Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An objective instrument for measuring defense mechanisms.

The Defense Mechanism Inventory, a paper and pencil test which purports to measure the relative intensity of usage of five major groups of defenses, is described. The inventory consists of 10 brief stories, two per conflict area, followed by four questions regarding S's actual behavior, fantasy behavior, thoughts, and feelings in the situations described. Five responses typifying the five defenses (i.e., hostility-out, projection, principalization, turning-against-self, and reversal) are provided for each question, from which S selects the one most representative and the one least representative of his reaction. Reliability, validity, and normative studies are presented, all indicating that this inventory has many potential uses as a clinical and research instrument.
Astrocytes as a Source for Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Cytokines

Research of the past 25 years has shown that astrocytes do more than participating and building up the blood-brain barrier and detoxify the active synapse by reuptake of neurotransmitters and ions. Indeed, astrocytes express neurotransmitter receptors and, as a consequence, respond to stimuli. Within the tripartite synapse, the astrocytes owe more and more importance. Besides the functional aspects the differentiation of astrocytes has gained a more intensive focus. Deeper knowledge of the differentiation processes during development of the central nervous system might help explaining and even help treating neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, and psychiatric disorders in which astrocytes have been shown to play a role. Specific differentiation of neural stem cells toward the astroglial lineage is performed as a multi-step process. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes develop from a multipotent stem cell that prior to this has produced primarily neuronal precursor cells. This switch toward the more astroglial differentiation is regulated by a change in receptor composition on the cell surface and responsiveness to Fibroblast growth factor and Epidermal growth factor (EGF). The glial precursor cell is driven into the astroglial direction by signaling molecules like Ciliary neurotrophic factor, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, and EGF. However, the early astrocytes influence their environment not only by releasing and responding to diverse soluble factors but also express a wide range of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, in particular proteoglycans of the lectican family and tenascins. Lately these ECM molecules have been shown to participate in glial development. In this regard, especially the matrix protein Tenascin C (Tnc) proved to be an important regulator of astrocyte precursor cell proliferation and migration during spinal cord development. Nevertheless, ECM molecules expressed by reactive astrocytes are also known to act mostly in an inhibitory fashion under pathophysiological conditions. Thus, we further summarize resent data concerning the role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and Tnc under pathological conditions.
Using tree-grammars for training set expansion in page classi .cation

In this paper we describe a method for the expansionof training sets made by XY trees representing page layout.This approach is appropriate when dealing with page classificationbased on MXY tree page representations. The basicidea is the use of tree grammars to model the variationsin the tree which are caused by segmentation algorithms.A set of general grammatical rules are defined and used toexpand the training set. Pages are classified with a k - nnapproach where the distance between pages is computed bymeans of tree-edit distance.
Targeting Aurora B to the Equatorial Cortex by MKlp2 Is Required for Cytokinesis

Although Aurora B is important in cleavage furrow ingression and completion during cytokinesis, the mechanism by which kinase activity is targeted to the cleavage furrow and the molecule(s) responsible for this process have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that an essential mitotic kinesin MKlp2 requires myosin-II for its localization to the equatorial cortex, and this event is required to recruit Aurora B to the equatorial cortex in mammalian cells. This recruitment event is also required to promote the highly focused accumulation of active RhoA at the equatorial cortex and stable ingression of the cleavage furrow in bipolar cytokinesis. Specifically, in drug-induced monopolar cytokinesis, targeting Aurora B to the cell cortex by MKlp2 is essential for cell polarization and furrow formation. Once the furrow has formed, MKlp2 further recruits Aurora B to the growing furrow. This process together with continuous Aurora B kinase activity at the growing furrow is essential for stable furrow propagation and completion. In contrast, a MKlp2 mutant defective in binding myosin-II does not recruit Aurora B to the cell cortex and does not promote furrow formation during monopolar cytokinesis. This mutant is also defective in maintaining the ingressing furrow during bipolar cytokinesis. Together, these findings reveal that targeting Aurora B to the cell cortex (or the equatorial cortex) by MKlp2 is essential for the maintenance of the ingressing furrow for successful cytokinesis.
Emotion and eating in obesity: A review of the literature

Do emotions influence the eating patterns of obese individuals? This paper reviews 30 years of clinical and experimental research in order to answer this question. The result is a picture of considerable complexity in which emotions appear to influence eating by obese subjects, but only if individual variability and several qualities of emotional eating are considered. That is, unlike Kaplan and Kaplan's (1957) simplistic anxiety-reduction model, current research indicates that individual differences in food choice and in type of emotion precipitating eating need to be considered. In addition, secrecy surrounding the eating and an episodic quality related to overall level of stress need to be taken into consideration. When these parameters are included, it appears that in certain emotional situations obese people eat more than normal-weight individuals. Such eating appears to have an affect-reducing effect, especially for negative emotions such as anger, loneliness, boredom, and depression. Problems with current research including methodological shortcomings are discussed. The concept that emotions induce eating in obese individuals has received greatest attention in psychosomatic models of obesity. The last major review on this subject was done in 1957 by Kaplan and Kapian. They conciuded that "the ultimate cause of the great majority of cases of obesity is psychological ly determined hyperphagia" (p. 199). Their anxiety-reduction model proposed that overeating by obese individuals reduces anxiety and that this is responsible for the development and maintenance of the hyperphagia believed to cause obesity. The concept that emotion strongly influences eating, hereafter referred to as "emotional eating," has generated considerable interest in clinical and experimental studies. The purpose of this paper is to review the post-1957 literature on the relationship between emotion and eating in adult obesity. This literature can be divided between the clinical and other nonlaboratory studies and the studies that use laboratory procedures. Most of the nonlaboratory studies have used
Pituitary Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor Genes and Associations with Mammographic Measures and Serum Growth Hormone

Background: Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer that is heritable and associated with blood levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). We tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in pituitary growth hormone (GH1) and growth hormone–releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) genes for an association with mammographic density, hormones of the growth hormone/IGF-I axis, and anthropometric variables. Methods: Mammograms from 348 women were measured using a computer-assisted method, blood collected, and DNA extracted. The SNPs genotyped were GH1 −57G>T, GH1 −75G>A, and GHRHR A57T. ANOVA and covariance were used to examine associations, adjusted for age, body mass index, ethnicity, and menopausal status, between each SNP and three measures of the mammogram: percent density, total dense area, and total nondense area. Similarly, the SNPs were tested for associations with serum growth hormone, IGF-I, IGFBP3, prolactin, and anthropometric variables. Results: GH1 −57G>T and GH1 −75G>A were both associated with percent density and total nondense area. GH1 −57T homozygotes had 5.2 more mean adjusted percent density than other subjects combined (P = 0.03) and 16.2 cm2 (14.6%) less nondense area (P = 0.01). GH1 −75A homozygotes had 3.4 more percent density than subjects with at least one G allele (P = 0.04) and also had 32% higher serum growth hormone levels (P = 0.02). Conclusion: We have found associations between mammographic density and two SNPs in the pituitary growth hormone gene, one of them also associated with serum growth hormone levels. These findings suggest that the GH1 gene may also influence breast cancer risk.
Gamma-Ray Bursts

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are short periods of γ-rays (high energy light waves) that are detected on Earth. They were originally detected by satellites that were designed to watch for nuclear weapons tests on Earth. GRBs are difficult to study because they last a wide range of times — from less to a second to a few hours — and they are most often seen in locations in the sky where previously there was no known objects. Currently it is believed that there are two main classes of GRBs: those that are caused by supernovas (the explosion of stars) and those that are caused by the merger of neutron stars. [Fishman and Meegan, 1995; Woosley and Bloom, 2006; Wikipedia Contributors , 2009]
Regulation of morphological differentiation in S. coelicolor by RNase III (AbsB) cleavage of mRNA encoding the AdpA transcription factor

RNase III family enzymes, which are perhaps the most widely conserved of all ribonucleases, are known primarily for their role in the processing and maturation of small RNAs. The RNase III gene of Streptomyces coelicolor, which was discovered initially as a global regulator of antibiotic production in this developmentally complex bacterial species and named absB (antibiotic biosynthesis gene B), has subsequently also been found to modulate the cellular abundance of multiple messenger RNAs implicated in morphological differentiation. We report here that regulation of differentiation‐related mRNAs by the S. coelicolor AbsB/RNase III enzyme occurs largely by ribonucleolytic cleavage of transcripts encoding the pleiotropic transcription factor, AdpA, and that AdpA and AbsB participate in a novel feedback‐control loop that reciprocally regulates the cellular levels of both proteins. Our results reveal a previously unsuspected mechanism for global ribonuclease‐mediated control of gene expression in streptomycetes.
Equations for Part-of-Speech Tagging

We derive from first principles the basic equations for a few of the basic hidden-Markov-model word taggers as well as equations for other models which may be novel (the descriptions in previous papers being too spare to be sure). We give performance results for all of the models. The results from our best model (96.45% on an unused test sample from the Brown corpus with 181 distinct tags) is on the upper edge of reported results. We also hope these results clear up some confusion in the literature about the best equations to use. However, the major purpose of this paper is to show how the equations for a variety of models may be derived and thus encourage future authors to give the equations for their model and the derivations thereof.
Leupaxin stimulates adhesion and migration of prostate cancer cells through modulation of the phosphorylation status of the actin-binding protein caldesmon

The focal adhesion protein leupaxin (LPXN) is overexpressed in a subset of prostate cancers (PCa) and is involved in the progression of PCa. In the present study, we analyzed the LPXN-mediated adhesive and cytoskeletal changes during PCa progression. We identified an interaction between the actin-binding protein caldesmon (CaD) and LPXN and this interaction is increased during PCa cell migration. Furthermore, knockdown of LPXN did not affect CaD expression but reduced CaD phosphorylation. This is known to destabilize the affinity of CaD to F-actin, leading to dynamic cell structures that enable cell motility. Thus, downregulation of CaD increased migration and invasion of PCa cells. To identify the kinase responsible for the LPXN-mediated phosphorylation of CaD, we used data from an antibody array, which showed decreased expression of TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) after LPXN knockdown in PC-3 PCa cells. Subsequent analyses of the downstream kinases revealed the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as an interaction partner of LPXN that facilitates CaD phosphorylation during LPXN-mediated PCa cell migration. In conclusion, we demonstrate that LPXN directly influences cytoskeletal dynamics via interaction with the actin-binding protein CaD and regulates CaD phosphorylation by recruiting ERK to highly dynamic structures within PCa cells.
A Pharmacometric Framework for Axitinib Exposure, Efficacy, and Safety in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients

The relationships between exposure, biomarkers (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptors (sVEGFR)‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and soluble stem cell factor receptor (sKIT)), tumor sum of longest diameters (SLD), diastolic blood pressure (dBP), and overall survival (OS) were investigated in a modeling framework. The dataset included 64 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients (mRCC) treated with oral axitinib. Biomarker timecourses were described by indirect response (IDR) models where axitinib inhibits sVEGFR‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 production, and VEGF degradation. No effect was identified on sKIT. A tumor model using sVEGFR‐3 dynamics as driver predicted SLD data well. An IDR model, with axitinib exposure stimulating the response, characterized dBP increase. In a time‐to‐event model the SLD timecourse predicted OS better than exposure, biomarker‐ or dBP‐related metrics. This type of framework can be used to relate pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety to long‐term clinical outcome in mRCC patients treated with VEGFR inhibitors. (ClinicalTrial.gov identifier NCT00569946.)
Provided for Non-commercial Research and Educational Use Only. Not for Reproduction, Distribution or Commercial Use. Affect as a Psychological Primitive Author's Personal Copy Author's Personal Copy

commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution's website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: Abstract In this article, we discuss the hypothesis that affect is a fundamental, psychologically irreducible property of the human mind. We begin by presenting historical perspectives on the nature of affect. Next, we proceed with a more contemporary discussion of core affect as a basic property of the mind that is realized within a broadly distributed neuronal workspace. We then present the affective circumplex, a mathematical formalization for representing core affec-tive states, and show that this model can be used to represent individual differences in core affective feelings that are linked to meaningful variation in emotional experience. Finally, we conclude by suggesting that core affect has psychological consequences that reach beyond the boundaries of emotion, to influence learning and consciousness. ''. stimuli do something more than arouse sensation; they give rise to processes of a different kind, to ''feelings'' in a special sense; we do not merely take the impressions as they come, but we are affected by them, we feel them'' In English, the word ''affect'' means ''to produce a change. '' To be affected by something is to be influenced by it. In science, and particularly in psychology, ''affect'' refers to a special kind of influence—something's ability to influence your mind in a way that is linked to your body. Historically, ''affect'' referred to a simple feeling—to be affected is to feel something. In modern psychological usage, ''affect'' refers to the mental counterpart of internal bodily representations associated with emotions, actions that involve some degree of motivation, intensity, and force, or even personality dispositions. In the science of emotion, ''affect'' is a general term that has come to mean anything emotional. A cautious term, it allows reference to something's effect or someone's internal state without specifying exactly what kind of an effect or state it is. It allows researchers to talk about emotion in a theory-neutral way. In this review, we begin with a historical account of the concept of affect in …
On the Metaphysics of Management

The question about the metaphysics of management is considered especially from the point of view of the subject, acts and object of management. Management is understood holistically, in connection to production, rather than as an independent domain in itself. In terms of metaphysics, the time-honoured question about the superiority of thing (substance, matter) ontology or process ontology is addressed. The determination of metaphysical commitments is discussed. Empirical evidence on the appropriateness of alternative metaphysical assumptions inmanagement is forwarded. It is concluded that Western management thinking has been dominated by thing metaphysics. This has led to deficient conceptualizations and counterproductive methods, present in the 20th century. There have been process metaphysics based correctives, which include Japanese-originated methods and out-of-the box methods developed by Western parties. These correctives have often outperformed their substance based counterparts, but their adoption in the West has been slow. It is concluded that the Western metaphysical assumptions, especially when implicit, hinder learning, understanding and implementation of the process based correctives in the realm of management. However, even if the dominant Western metaphysics constrains our thinking, it might be possible to break out of it, through appropriate ontology training.
Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Objective To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. Data sources A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies. Review methods The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression. Results Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333 693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100 602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based v occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate. Conclusions Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.
MODIFIED TRIANGLE METHOD TO ESTIMATE SOIL MOISTURE STATUS WITH MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER ( MODIS ) PRODUCTS

Soil moisture condition is one of the key parameters in environmental and agricultural modeling. In this paper, a modified triangle method (Ts/VI space) is suggested. Both NDVI and EVI are used in constructing the space. Based on this method we calculated the Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) using 20 MODIS images (Land surface temperature and vegetation index products) to estimate the soil moisture condition in Northern China Plain. In situ moisture data from 133 agricultural stations are used to validate the TVDI. Finally, the relationship between TVDI and rainfall is examined. We found that the triangle method can be a fast and simple method to estimate regional soil moisture conditions. * Corresponding author. Supported by High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (2006AA12Z142) and National Key Technology R&D Program, China (2006BAD20B02).
The Relationship Between Parathyroid Hormone and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D During and After Pregnancy.

CONTEXT There is debate about whether women may need greater vitamin D supplementation when pregnant. However, it is unclear whether the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) concentration required for suppression of PTH (ie, suggesting vitamin D sufficiency) differs between pregnancy and the nongravid state. OBJECTIVE To systematically characterize the relationship between 25-OH-D and PTH during and after pregnancy. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS In this study, 468 women underwent serial assessment of serum 25-OH-D and PTH in late pregnancy, at 3 months postpartum, and at 12 months postpartum. At each visit, segmented regression analysis was performed to: 1) determine the best model to fit the relationship between 25-OH-D and PTH; and 2) identify the 25-OH-D threshold above which PTH is maximally suppressed. RESULTS Serum 25-OH-D and PTH were inversely correlated at each of the pregnancy (r = −0.33; P < .0001), 3 months postpartum (r = −0.37; P < .0001), and 12 months postpartum (r = −0.34; P < .0001) assessments. In pregnancy, PTH first rises when 25-OH-D falls below 82 nmol/L (95% confidence interval, 61–103) and follows a linear relationship with declining 25-OH-D thereafter. In contrast, at both postpartum visits, there was a curvilinear relationship between 25-OH-D and PTH below the 25-OH-D threshold at which PTH is suppressed (71 nmol/L [61–81] at 3 months and 81 nmol/L [61–100] at 12 months). The 25-OH-D thresholds for PTH suppression in pregnancy and at 3 and 12 months postpartum were not significantly different from one another (all pairwise P ≥ .26). CONCLUSION Although the shape of the relationship between 25-OH-D and PTH differs between pregnancy and the postpartum, the 25-OH-D thresholds for PTH suppression are similar, supporting comparable targets for vitamin D supplementation.