Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Most-Cited Articles of the 21st Century

The aim of this paper is to collect the most-cited articles of the 21 century and to study how this group changed over time. Here the term “most-cited” is operationalized by considering yearly h-cores in the Web of Science. These h-cores are analysed in terms of authors, research areas, countries, institutions, journals and average number of authors per paper. We only consider publications of article or proceedings type. The research of some of the more prolific authors is on genetics and genomes publishing in multidisciplinary journals, such as Nature and Science, while the results show that writing a software tool for crystallography or molecular biology may help collecting large numbers of citations. English is the language of all articles in any h-core. The core institutions are largely those best placed in most rankings of world universities. Some attention is given on the relation between h-core articles and the information sciences. We conclude by stating that the notion of an h-core provides a new perspective on leading countries, articles and scientists. Conference Topic Citation and co-citation analysis Introduction The objective of this paper is to collect the most-cited articles of the 21 century and to study how this group changed over time. The term “most-cited” is operationalized by considering the h-core (Hirsch, 2005; Rousseau, 2006) in the Web of Science (WoS) for each period of time, starting with the period 2001-2005, continuing with 2001-2006 and ending with 20012013. These periods refer to the publication and the citation window. We recall that the h-core at a given moment in time, for instance on January 1, 2009, consists of the set of articles which at that time received a number of citations at least equal to their rank among all articles published during the period 2001-2008. This approach is different from the one taken in (Van Noorden et al., 2014) where a fixed number, concretely 100, of articles is considered. Furthermore, we study the papers making up the corresponding h-cores in terms of authors, research areas, countries, institutions, journals and average number of authors per paper. Methodology We have to point out that the 21 century starts on January 1, 2001. This implies that we only consider publications from 2001 on. Moreover, we only consider publications in Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) and we restrict ourselves to publications of article or proceedings type. Although finding today’s h-core for a set of articles in the Web of Science is easy, finding an h-core in the past needs some specific knowledge of the tools available in the WoS. First one retrieves the set for which one wants to determine the h-core (ending in the year Y). Its
Mechanisms Underlying Differential D1 versus D2 Dopamine Receptor Regulation of Inhibition in Prefrontal Cortex

Typically, D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors exert opposing actions on intracellular signaling molecules and often have disparate physiological effects; however, the factors determining preferential activation of D1 versus D2 signaling are not clear. Here, in vitro patch-clamp recordings show that DA concentration is a critical determinant of D1 versus D2 signaling in prefrontal cortex (PFC). Low DA concentrations (<500 nm) enhance IPSCs via D1 receptors, protein kinase A, and cAMP. Higher DA concentrations (>1 μm) decrease IPSCs via the following cascade: D2→Gi→platelet-derived growth factor receptor→↑phospholipase C→↑IP3→↑Ca2+→↓dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32→↑protein phosphatase 1/2A→↓GABAA. Blockade of any molecule in the D2-linked pathway reveals a D1-mediated increase in IPSCs, suggesting that D1 effects are occluded at higher DA concentrations by this D2-mediated pathway. Thus, DA concentration, by acting through separate signaling cascades, may determine the relative amount of cortical inhibition and thereby differentially regulate the tuning of cortical networks.
Reasons why Current Speech-Enhancement Algorithms do not Improve Speech Intelligibility and Suggested Solutions

Existing speech enhancement algorithms can improve speech quality but not speech intelligibility, and the reasons for that are unclear. In the present paper, we present a theoretical framework that can be used to analyze potential factors that can influence the intelligibility of processed speech. More specifically, this framework focuses on the fine-grain analysis of the distortions introduced by speech enhancement algorithms. It is hypothesized that if these distortions are properly controlled, then large gains in intelligibility can be achieved. To test this hypothesis, intelligibility tests are conducted with human listeners in which we present processed speech with controlled speech distortions. The aim of these tests is to assess the perceptual effect of the various distortions that can be introduced by speech enhancement algorithms on speech intelligibility. Results with three different enhancement algorithms indicated that certain distortions are more detrimental to speech intelligibility degradation than others. When these distortions were properly controlled, however, large gains in intelligibility were obtained by human listeners, even by spectral-subtractive algorithms which are known to degrade speech quality and intelligibility.
Dimensionality and Psychometric Analysis of an Alcohol Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale

Objective: The current study examined the dimensionality of a protective behavioral strategies (PBS) measure among undergraduate, predominantly freshmen (92.5%) college students reporting recent alcohol use (n = 320). Method: Participants completed a web-based survey assessing 22 PBS items. Factor analyses determined the underlying factor structure of the items. Congruence of the factor structure among gender and racial sub-groups was examined by rotating the sub-groups' matrices via the Procrustes rotation method. Reliability analyses determined internal consistency. Results: A 2-factor solution was retained utilizing 17 of the original items. Both PBS subscales (Limits and Avoidance) had acceptable internal consistency across all samples. Conclusions: This PBS Scale was determined to be bi-dimensional and reliable. The dimensions suggest two underlying foci: ways to limit alcohol intake and ways to avoid alcohol intake while socializing. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Internet in the Schools: A Literacy Perspective.

schools: A literacy perspective Dennis G. Mike ^^M Even people who think computers are boring are aware that something called the Internet (or simply "the Net") has emerged as a prominent new technology. It is almost impossible to pick up a newspaper or magazine without seeing some reference to the Internet. In this, the Information Age, electronic mail (e-mail) and World Wide Web addresses are provided at the end of television news broadcasts and commercials. The Internet has even
Virulent and Avirulent Strains of Francisella tularensis Prevent Acidification and Maturation of Their Phagosomes and Escape into the Cytoplasm in Human Macrophages

ABSTRACT Francisella tularensis, the agent of tularemia, is an intracellular pathogen, but little is known about the compartment in which it resides in human macrophages. We have examined the interaction of a recent virulent clinical isolate of F. tularensis subsp. tularensis and the live vaccine strain with human macrophages by immunoelectron and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. We assessed the maturation of the F. tularensis phagosome by examining its acquisition of the lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins (LAMPs) CD63 and LAMP1 and the acid hydrolase cathepsin D. Two to four hours after infection, vacuoles containing live F. tularensis cells acquired abundant staining for LAMPs but little or no staining for cathepsin D. However, after 4 h, the colocalization of LAMPs with live F. tularensis organisms declined dramatically. In contrast, vacuoles containing formalin-killed bacteria exhibited intense staining for all of these late endosomal/lysosomal markers at all time points examined (1 to 16 h). We examined the pH of the vacuoles 3 to 4 h after infection by quantitative immunogold staining and by fluorescence staining for lysosomotropic agents. Whereas phagosomes containing killed bacteria stained intensely for these agents, indicating a marked acidification of the phagosomes (pH 5.5), phagosomes containing live F. tularensis did not concentrate these markers and thus were not appreciably acidified (pH 6.7). An ultrastructural analysis of the F. tularensis compartment revealed that during the first 4 h after uptake, the majority of F. tularensis bacteria reside within phagosomes with identifiable membranes. The cytoplasmic side of the membranes of ∼50% of these phagosomes was coated with densely staining fibrils of ∼30 nm in length. In many cases, these coated phagosomal membranes appeared to bud, vesiculate, and fragment. By 8 h after infection, the majority of live F. tularensis bacteria lacked any ultrastructurally discernible membrane separating them from the host cell cytoplasm. These results indicate that F. tularensis initially enters a nonacidified phagosome with LAMPs but without cathepsin D and that the phagosomal membrane subsequently becomes morphologically disrupted, allowing the bacteria to gain direct access to the macrophagic cytoplasm. The capacity of F. tularensis to alter the maturation of its phagosome and to enter the cytoplasm is likely an important element of its capacity to parasitize macrophages and has major implications for vaccine development.
Non-commercial Research and Educational Use including without Limitation Use in Instruction at Your Institution, Sending It to Specific Colleagues That You Know, and Providing a Copy to Your Institution's Administrator. All Other Uses, Reproduction and Distribution, including without Limitation Comm

General navigation requires a spatial map that is not anchored to one environment. The firing fields of the ''grid cells'' found in the rat dorsolateral medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) could be such a map. dMEC firing fields are also thought to be modeled well by a regular triangular grid (a grid with equilateral triangles as units). We use computational means to analyze and validate the regularity of the firing fields both quantitatively (using summary statistics for geometric and photometric regularity) and qualitatively (using symmetry group analysis). Upon quantifying the regularity of real dMEC firing fields, we find that there are two types of grid cells. We show rigorously that both are nearest to triangular grids using symmetry analysis. However, type III grid cells are far from regular, both in firing rate (highly non-uniform) and grid geometry. Type III grid cells are also more numerous. We investigate the implications of this for the role of grid cells in path integration.
Encoding and decoding of BCH codes using light and short codewords

It is shown that every q-ary primitive Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghen code of designed distance delta and sufficiently large length n contains a codeword c/sub 0/ of weight w=O( delta ) and degree deg(c/sub 0/)=o(n). Here, the standard asymptotic notation O( delta ) is used for a function f( delta ) bounded above by lambda delta for some constant lambda , and o(n) for a function h(n) such that lim/sub n/ to infinity h(n)/n=O. These so-called light and short codewords are used to describe encoding and decoding algorithms which run on sequential machines in time O( delta n), i.e., linear in n for fixed delta . For high-rate primitive BCH codes this is faster than the commonly used algorithms, which are nonlinear in n when run on sequential machines. >
Crowdware: A Framework for GPU-Based Public-Resource Computing with Energy-Aware Incentive Mechanism

The power of the crowd, more precisely crowdsourced resources, is in its ubiquity. Accounting for traditional desktop/laptop computers and recent mobile computing devices including tablets and smart phones far surpasses the number of servers in cloud data centers. Besides, the capacity and capability of these resources owned by the crowd (crowd-sourced resources) has increased dramatically with GPUs in particular. Although a myriad of public-resource (or volunteer) computing projects, including SETI@home and Milkyway@home, have attracted the participation of crowd-sourced resources at very large scale, the sustainability of such participation is in doubt due primarily to ever-increasing energy costs. In this paper, we present Crowdware, a framework for enabling sustainable GPU-based public-resource computing with a realistic financial incentive mechanism. To this end, we design an auction-based resource allocation algorithm and a profit-based resource participation algorithm, explicitly considering the electricity cost of participating resources. Our results show that Crowdware greatly promotes profitability and cost efficiency for resource providers and resource consumers, respectively. Specifically, Crowdware has enabled the execution of MD5 password recovery jobs, in our testbed, with only 2.2% of the cost of using Amazon EC2 GPU instances while the participation of crowd-sourced resources is profitable with an average profit rate of 9.2%. Crowdware also shows great scalability with its fat-client and thin-server design. Together, Crowdware significantly improves the sustainability of public-resource computing.
Person-independent facial expression detection using Constrained Local Models

In automatic facial expression detection, very accurate registration is desired which can be achieved via a deformable model approach where a dense mesh of 60–70 points on the face is used, such as an active appearance model (AAM). However, for applications where manually labeling frames is prohibitive, AAMs do not work well as they do not generalize well to unseen subjects. As such, a more coarse approach is taken for person-independent facial expression detection, where just a couple of key features (such as face and eyes) are tracked using a Viola-Jones type approach. The tracked image is normally post-processed to encode for shift and illumination invariance using a linear bank of filters. Recently, it was shown that this preprocessing step is of no benefit when close to ideal registration has been obtained. In this paper, we present a system based on the Constrained Local Model (CLM) method which is a generic or person-independent face alignment algorithm which gains high accuracy. We show these results against the LBP feature extraction on the CK+ and GEMEP-FERA datasets.
Differential plant invasiveness is not always driven by host promiscuity with bacterial symbionts

Acacias have been widely introduced outside their native range, with a subset of species becoming invasive in multiple parts of the world. Our study examined whether a key mechanism in acacia life history, the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, influences invasiveness of these species. We determined whether more invasive acacias formed symbioses with a wider diversity of rhizobial strains (i.e. are more promiscuous hosts) and found that acacias introduced to California are promiscuous hosts regardless of invasive status. Our results highlight the importance of examining mechanisms driving species invasions on different scales and in their native and introduced ranges.
Effect of solid loading and aggregate size on the rheological behavior of PDMS/Calcium Carbonate suspensions

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of solid loading and aggregate size on the rheological behavior of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane)/CC (calcium carbonate) suspensions. Mixtures containing 10 to 40 vol% of CC were prepared; the effect of shear rate and particle content on aggregate size and rheological properties was studied. Rheological properties including viscosity, loss modulus, storage modulus and yield stress were measured using rotational and oscillatory rheometry. Casson's equation was found to satisfactorily model the samples' stress response as a function of shear rate for different solid content. While solid content did not have any effect on the aggregate size, shear rate did influence the aggregate median diameter. It was observed that suspensions with higher aggregate size had a higher viscosity. In general, for a given volume fraction, a small change in the aggregate size had a significant impact on the viscosity, particularly at low shear rates.
Intravenous Injection in Man of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-OH-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

A microsuspension of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and of its metabolic derivative 11-OH-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol has been prepared with 25 percent human serum albumin as the vehicle. Intravenous infusion of this preparation to humans indicates that both tetrahydrocannabinols are equally potent in producing the typical marihuana-like pschological and physiological effects.
A practical algorithm for rendering interreflections with all-frequency BRDFs

Algorithms for rendering interreflection (or indirect illumination) effects often make assumptions about the frequency range of the materials' reflectance properties. For example, methods based on Virtual Point Lights (VPLs) perform well for diffuse and semi-glossy materials but not so for highly glossy or specular materials; the situation is reversed for methods based on ray tracing. In this article, we present a practical algorithm for rendering interreflection effects with all-frequency BRDFs. Our method builds upon a spherical Gaussian representation of the BRDF, based on which a novel mathematical development of the interreflection equation is made. This allows us to efficiently compute one-bounce interreflection from a triangle to a shading point, by using an analytic formula combined with a piecewise linear approximation. We show through evaluation that this method is accurate for a wide range of BRDFs. We further introduce a hierarchical integration method to handle complex scenes (i.e., many triangles) with bounded errors. Finally, we have implemented the present algorithm on the GPU, achieving rendering performance ranging from near interactive to a few seconds per frame for various scenes with different complexity.
An Interpretive Study of How Practitioners Use Entity-Relationship Modelling in a Ternary Relationship Situation

This paper discusses the use of interpretive research to learn about the practicality of entityrelationship modelling in ternary relationship situations. The findings can be compared with previous studies of novice modellers who used the same invented scenario. Previous research excluded the interaction between practitioners that would occur during a modelling session because novices were used to complete tasks in isolation. A team of experienced practitioners are shown to use entity-relationship modelling in a business context of social interaction about design. The interaction proves to be a key part of the modelling process. Practitioners ‘talk with the notation’ as well as using the notation to draw a diagram. The entity-relationship model constrains the social interaction because the model provides a way of talking about design. The practitioners use the model to talk about a normalized relational data structure in a way that undermines the idea of the entity-relationship model as an independent conceptual model. The findings show that theories from the field of linguistics explain why the model is used in this design-dependent way and suggest that this dependency may be inevitable. When the design conversation is about a normalized relational data structure there is no benefit to the practitioners from using a special notation for ternary relationships. On the contrary, the practitioner’s design dependence seems to enable them to expose aspects of a domain that do not make business sense. The wider implication is that interpretive research’s role is important in generating insights about the extent to which conceptual modelling is usable by practitioners. Interpretive research highlights the importance of being able to distinguish between ideas about conceptual modelling and ideas about how to apply modelling to practice.
Augmented Betweenness Centrality for Environmentally Aware Traffic Monitoring in Transportation Networks

Network planning and traffic flow optimization require the acquisition and analysis of large quantities of data such as the network topology, its traffic flow data, vehicle fleet composition, emission measurements and so on. Data acquisition is an expensive process that involves household surveys and automatic as well as semiautomatic measurements performed all over the network. For example, in order to accurately estimate the effect of a certain network change on the total emissions produced by vehicles in the network, assessment of the vehicle fleet composition for each origin–destination pair is required. As a result, problems that optimize nonlocal merit functions become highly difficult to solve. One such problem is finding the optimal deployment of traffic monitoring units. In this article we suggest a new traffic assignment model that is based on the concept of shortest path betweenness centrality measure, borrowed from the domain of complex network analysis. We show how betweenness can be augmented in order to solve the traffic assignment problem given an arbitrary travel cost definition. The proposed traffic assignment model is evaluated using a high-resolution Israeli transportation data set derived from the analysis of cellular phones data. The group variant of the augmented betweenness centrality is then used to optimize the locations of traffic monitoring units, hence reducing the cost and increasing the effectiveness of traffic monitoring.
Occurrence of a Highly Heat-Sensitive Spore Subpopulation of Bacillus coagulans STCC 4522 and Its Conversion to a More Heat-Stable Form

The profile of the survival curves, at different heating temperatures, of B. coagulans STCC 4522 sporulated at 52(deg)C has been studied, focusing on the early moments of treatment. A highly heat-sensitive spore subpopulation that includes more than 90% of the total spore population has been found. This heat-sensitive spore fraction was inactivated after 2 s of treatment at 111(deg)C. Its heat resistance was as much as 200-fold lower than that of the heat-resistant spore fraction (D(inf111(deg)C) of 0.01 min for the heat-sensitive spore fraction compared with D(inf111(deg)C) of 2 min for the heat-resistant fraction). The shape of the survival curve at 108.5(deg)C was modified after a sublethal heat shock at 80(deg)C for 3.5 h, resulting in a straight-line survival curve. The temperature of treatment also influenced the shape of the survival curves. The conversion of the highly heat-sensitive spore subpopulation to a more heat-stable form is discussed.