Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A resource utilization projection study of EUS.

BACKGROUND EUS has emerged as standard practice with respect to the diagnosis and staging of GI malignancies. Whether currently available resources are sufficient to meet the potential need for EUS is uncertain. This study examines the hypothetical demand for EUS in the United States. METHODS EUS cases performed at 3 centers with well-established expertise in EUS in 1997 were retrospectively reviewed and trends were extrapolated to national cancer statistics. Indications for EUS fell into 3 categories: (1) diagnosis/staging of esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, or rectal cancers (established indications); (2) suspected GI malignancy (obligate "rule out"); and (3) "other" (emerging indications). Hypothetical total numbers of cases in which EUS could be performed in the United States were calculated taking into consideration the expected number of GI malignancies for which EUS would be appropriate (based on cancer statistics for 2000), the fraction unresectable by CT, the fraction of elderly nonsurgical candidates, proportionate "rule out" cases, as well as "other" emerging indications. RESULTS The calculated hypothetical number of cases (United States) in which EUS would be indicated is 79,568 per year (10,287 esophagus, 10,666 stomach, 23,069 pancreas, and 35,546 rectal). If "other" indications remained constant at 12%, there would potentially be 89,116 EUS procedures performed per year, with a conservative estimate of 79,572 per year. CONCLUSIONS This model suggests that currently available EUS resources are not sufficient to meet hypothetical demand. Future considerations include the number of endoscopy units in which EUS is performed, the capacity of individual units, and the implications for training programs in the United States.
On the Neo-Elitist Critique of Community Power

The process of inquiry occasionally exhibits a dialectical pattern in which a series of assertions is advanced and then attacked. A third phase, which consists of an attempt to salvage the first set of assertions, often ensues. The study of American community power has followed this sequence almost classically, and today we find ourselves in the third phase of the dialectic. The first period marked the contemporary emergence of community power as a distinct field of study, mainly through the investigations of Hunter, Mills and their followers. These observers contended that communities were controlled by “elites,” usually economic, who imposed their will, often covertly, on non-elites. The second phase was marked by the challenge of another group of observers, the “pluralists. ” Pluralists contended that the methods and premises of the “elitists” predisposed them to conclusions about community power which were unjustified. Elitists commonly reached their conclusions either by investigating the reputations for power of various members of the community or merely by assuming that all who possessed certain presumed sources of power were in fact powerful. The pluralists claimed that reputations did not guarantee control and demanded evidence that community decisions on political issues, major and minor, were controlled by a reputed elite. The pluralists, after studying community decisions on a variety of subjects, concluded that shifting coalitions of participants drawn from all areas of community life actually controlled local politics. Rarely could a single elite be discovered imposing itself in each area of decision, policy, and conflict. Many observers felt that the pluralists had won the day. Their methodology studied actual behavior, stressed operational definitions, and turned up evidence. Most important, it seemed to produce reliable conclusions which met the canons of science. Recently, however, new considerations have been introduced which intend to prop up the elitist Humpty Dumpty on a more substantial wall of theory than the one from which it had previously tumbled. The beginnings of a new position on community power appear in the work of those responsible for the third phase, the “neo-elitists,” as I shall call them. That position forms the subject of this analysis.
Can Accountability Produce Independence? Goals as Determinants of the Impact of Accountability on Conformity

People routinely confront the social pressure of being accountable to audiences whose preferences are known. Prior research indicates that these conditions create conformity, which often leads to sub par decision making. The authors hypothesized that conformity is the usual consequence of accountability when people are motivated to get along with others, but independence can occur when accountable people are motivated to make accurate decisions. Participants went through a priming procedure to focus them on the goal of compatibility or accuracy and then worked on a business decision task. They learned that another member of their group advocated a specific (actually sub par) solution and expected to explain their own decision to this person or not (accountable vs. unaccountable condition). The predicted interaction revealed that those who were accountable and had an accuracy goal displayed independence and made higher quality decisions than those in the other conditions, who displayed a conformity effect.
Political will, political skill, and political behavior

The current study used Mintzberg's (1983) conceptualization of political will and political skill to evaluate the predictors and consequences of political behavior at work. As elements of political will, we hypothesized that need for achievement and intrinsic motivation would predict the use of political behavior at work. Furthermore, we argued that political skill would moderate the relationship between political behavior and emotional labor. Data gathered from employees (N = 193) representing a wide array of organizations substantiated the proposed relationships. Specifically, need for achievement and intrinsic motivation were positively associated with political behavior. In turn, those opting to employ political behavior at work experienced a higher degree of emotional labor, but this relationship was found to operate differently at low and high levels of political skill. Specifically, emotional labor was a consequence of political behavior for those low in political skill, but emotional labor reactions from political behavior were neutralized for individuals high in political skill. Implications of these results, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ensuring language acquisition for deaf children: What linguists can do

Parents of small deaf children need guidance on constructing home and school environments that affect normal language acquisition. They often turn to physicians and spiritual leaders and, increasingly, the internet. These sources can be underinformed about crucial issues, such as matters of brain plasticity connected to the risk of linguistic deprivation, and delay or disruption in the development of cognitive skills interwoven with linguistic ability. We have formed a team of specialists in education, linguistics, pediatric medicine, and psychology, and at times specialists in theology and in law have joined our group. We argue that deaf children should be taught a sign language in the early years. This does not preclude oral-aural training and assistive technology. With a strong first language (a sign language), the child can become bilingual (with the written form of the ambient spoken language and, perhaps, the spoken form), accruing the benefits of bilingualism. We have published in medical journals, addressing primary care physicians, in a journal with a spiritual-leader readership, and in a health-law journal. Articles in progress address medical educators and practitioners. Team members present findings at conferences, work on lobbying and legislative efforts with the National Association of the Deaf, and spread the word at conferences of target audiences. We share our work in Word format, so that anyone can easily appropriate it for our common interests. One of our articles has been downloaded over 27,000 times (as of April 2014), and we are asked to consult with committees in other countries as they draft national policies.
An Exchange Between Durkheim and Tonnies on the Nature of Social Relations, with an Introduction by Joan Aldous

Ferdinand Tonnies was already well established at the University of Kiel and working on his Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft in 1885 when Jtmile Durkheim's first contributions to sociological literature began appearing in the publication Revue philosophique. This journal, edited by Theodule Ribot, one of the fathers of French psychology, found a place for articles on psychology and psychopathology as well as sociology, disciplines at the time only recently separated from philosophy. The analyses Durkheim supplied of various contemporary sociological works went beyond the short book summary and reviewer's judgment we are accustomed to reading today. These critiques, which initiated his own series of publications, not only supplied the reader with the important ideas of the author, but also provided Durkheim with an opportunity to display his own thoughts on the subject in question. When Tonnies's classic appeared in 1887, Durkheim had already reviewed works by Spencer, Schaffle, and Gumplowicz (Alpert 1939), as well as other sociologists whose names have now largely been forgotten. The assignment to review Gemeinsckaft und Gesellschaft, however, came at a particularly opportune time. The year 1887 marked Durkheim's appointment o the University of Bordeaux, his first university position. More important, his doctoral dissertation, which would appear in 1893 as De la division du travail social: ttude sur l'organisation des societe's, was already taking shape. The review (Durkheim 1889), while presenting Tdnnies's views, gave Durkheim the opportunity to examine them in relation to the thesis he was in the process of developing. It is Durkheim's critique that catches the sociologist's attention. Here he outlines the thoughts which, as he notes, would require a book to explain fully. And, of course, what we know as The Division of Labor in Society became that book. In the review itself, Durkheim expresses his conviction that, contrary to Tonnies's argument, Gesellschaft societies are no less natural than Gemeinschaft communities. In his own work, as Sorokin (1928, p. 491) remarks, Durkheim seems to have labeled his own two societal types op-
History and current state of treatment for eating disorders in Romania

Romania has a population of around 22.5 million of which 51 per cent are female and around 36 per cent are girls and women between 10 and 45 years of age. Just over half of the total population live in cities. There have been major changes in Romania since 1989 and these have had important effects upon the lives of women. Women have come to be more preoccupied with issues of individuality and now show interest in new cultural models. Slimness has come to be highly valued. There has been a growing interest both in women's magazines offering dieting schedules and in western movies showing eating attitudes and behaviours as symptoms of disorder. None of this sort of information was public in Romania before 1989. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
‘Dirty looks’ and ‘trampy places’ in young people's accounts of community and neighbourhood: Implications for health inequalities

This paper draws on preliminary data collected in an ongoing school-based research project for the Health Education Authority (HEA) which is exploring Putnam's (1993) concept of 'social capital' in relation to children and young people's well-being and health. Putnam's conceptualization of social capital consists of the following features: trust, reciprocal support, civic engagement, community identity, and social networks; and the premise is that levels of social capital in a community have an important effect on people's well-being. A range of qualitative methods have been used to elicit 12-15 year olds' views of friendship networks and neighbourhoods: (1) written accounts of out-of-school activities, who is important, definitions of 'friend', future aspirations and social networks (2) visual methods including map drawing and photography by the participants and (3) group discussions exploring use of and perceptions of neighbourhoods, and community and institutional participation. The paper presents data, which suggest that young people face many paradoxes and contradictions in their environments that on the one hand support them and on the other hand exclude them. They often seem to develop their own 'communities' in the face of a strongly felt hostility from the adults around them. The paper concludes firstly that age is an important structuring principle which needs to be taken into account when considering entitlements to use of public space within neighbourhoods, and secondly that how young people use and experience communal areas is likely to have an important effect on their sense of community identity and ultimately their well-being.
Chinese proverbs: How are women and men represented?

Chinese proverbs, a mode of language that children encounter in their early stage of learning, are important tools with which to instil values and transform the social order. Any biases hidden in them may affect children’s self-images and their perceptions of others. The present study examines the images of men and women represented in Chinese proverbs as found in a dictionary published in Hong Kong. Despite the absence of the under-representation of women, gender inequality is evident in the stereotypical depiction of women, who are described as dependent on and submissive to men, and who are valued for their physical charm, chastity, domestic roles and ability to bear sons to continue the family line. For men, on the other hand, values are placed on their talents, friendship building and such personal attributes as bravery, modesty and kindness. Men’s fondness for women is neutrally or positively portrayed as unrestrained or romantic, reflecting the sexual objectification of women. Male supremacy is also evident in the common use of masculine generic constructions and male-firstness in Chinese proverbs.
Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the LVIS device: a systematic review

Objective Despite promising initial results, current knowledge regarding the use of the Low-profile Visualized Intraluminal Support (LVIS) device to treat wide-necked intracranial aneurysms is still limited. Our aim is to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of the LVIS device in stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms. Methods We conducted a systematic review by searching PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library for all published studies on the treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the LVIS device up to March 2016. Feasibility was evaluated by the technical success rate during the procedure, efficacy was evaluated by the rate of complete aneurysm occlusion at follow-up angiography, and safety was assessed by procedure-related morbidity and mortality. Results A total of nine studies were included in the analysis, including 384 patients with 390 aneurysms. The overall technical success rate was 96.8% (95% CI 94.4% to 99.1%). The aneurysmal complete occlusion rate was 54.6% (95% CI 31.8% to 77.4%) on immediate control and 84.3% (95% CI 78.9% to 89.7%) at follow-up angiography. Procedural-related morbidity and mortality were 1.4% (95% CI 0.2% to 2.6%) and 0% (95% CI 0%), respectively. The thromboembolic event rate was 4.9% (95% CI 1.9% to 7.9%) and the hemorrhagic event rate was 2.1% (95% CI 0.7% to 3.5%), with 0.9% (95% CI 0% to 1.8%) experiencing neurologic hemorrhagic complications and 1.9% (95% CI 0.5% to 3.2%) experiencing non-neurologic hemorrhagic complications. Conclusions Our systematic review suggests that endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the LVIS device is feasible, safe, and effective in the short term. However, the rate of thromboembolic complications is not negligible. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of the LVIS device.
Emociones mixtas y conducta de riesgo

"ABSTRACf This reseasch-explores the roleplaYedbyami~edem()tio~a1;experiellpe onpredieting a specific risk.behavior (getting intoayehicle kt:1n;lfci",gthattht:tlri~erhos,<1runk;excessive alcohol). Theseemotions could be different thantheevaluativ~componentofan attitude. A sample ofyoung people with experieaeein thisTi$. khehaviorrememberedtohave felt two opposite emotions (happiness andfear)before,dllring anda&rperforming it, This mixed emotional experience and attitudeare ! bebest preqict0r.sofbehavioralint:ention. OUt' results indicate the importance ofconsideringemotionalexperience asa moderator between attitude and behavioral intention.
PRNP Val129 homozygosity increases risk for early‐onset Alzheimer's disease

We analyzed the PRNP M129V polymorphism in a Dutch population‐based early‐onset Alzheimer's disease sample. We observed a significant association between early‐onset Alzheimer's disease and homozygosity of M129V (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–3.3; p = 0.02) with the highest risk for V homozygotes (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4–7.1; p < 0.01). In patients with a positive family history, these risks increased to 2.6 (95% CI, 1.3–5.3; p < 0.01) and 3.5 (95% CI, 1.3–9.3; p = 0.01), respectively. Ann Neurol 2003;53;409–412
MOTIVATIONAL COMPONENTS OF TEST TAKING

The first phase of this research effort describes an effort to directly measure the attitudes and opinions of employment test takers toward the tests they just took; the instrument is called the Test Attitude Survey (TAS). Nine factors were developed which reflect test takers' expressed effort and motivation on the test, the degree of concentration, perceived test ease, and the like. Several studies were conducted showing that TAS factors were significantly sensitive to differences in test types and administration permitting the inference that the TAS possessed construct validity. The second phase of this study tested several propositions and hypotheses. In one study, it is shown that the applicants report significantly higher effort and motivation on the employment tests compared to incumbents, even when ability is held constant. A second study showed that a small but significant relationship exists between TAS factor scores, test performances, and the person factors. Moreover, some of the racial differences on test performances can be accounted for via the TAS factor scores; it is observed that after holding these TAS factors constant, racial differences on the employment tests scores diminished. In a third study, very limited evidence was found for the incremental and moderating effects of these attitudes, but there were several limitations to the study associated with small sample sizes, unknown reliabilities in the criterion scales, and so forth. Discussion focussed on the potential practical applications of the TAS instrument and factor scores. It is suggested that further research could have some utility in this domain.
Short Stress State Questionnaire

Conscious appraisals of stress, or stress states, are an important aspect of human performance. This article presents evidence supporting the validity and measurement characteristics of a short multidimensional self-report measure of stress state, the Short Stress State Questionnaire (SSSQ; Helton, 2004). The SSSQ measures task engagement, distress, and worry. A confirmatory factor analysis of the SSSQ using data pooled from multiple samples suggests the SSSQ does have a three factor structure and post-task changes are not due to changes in factor structure, but to mean level changes (state changes). In addition, the SSSQ demonstrates sensitivity to task stressors in line with hypotheses. Different task conditions elicited unique patterns of stress state on the three factors of the SSSQ in line with prior predictions. The 24-item SSSQ is a valid measure of stress state which may be useful to researchers interested in conscious appraisals of task-related stress.
Formal mentoring versus supervisor and coworker relationships: differences in perceptions and impact

Formal mentoring programs in two companies were examined regarding (1) the extent to which mentees and mentors agreed on the nature of the mentoring relationships and (2) the extent to which dimensions of mentoring relationships were related to outcomes for the mentees, compared with the extent to which dimensions of supervisory and coworker relationships were related to the same outcomes: job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions. Mentors were at least two hierarchical levels above the mentee, and both were part of the companyies' formal mentoring program. Sixty-one pairs of mentors and mentees participated. Overall, there was little agreement between mentees and mentors regarding the nature of the mentoring relationship. Furthermore, the mentoring relationship was not related to mentee outcomes, while supervisory and coworker relationships were. It is suggested that, if one desires to affect job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and organizational commitment, mentoring functions may be best performed by supervisors and coworkers rather than assigned formal mentors from higher up in the organizational hierarchy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure

The pecking order theory of corporate leverage is tested against the static tradeoff theory of corporate leverage, using a broad cross-section of US firms over the period 1980-1998. A derivation of the conditional target adjustment framework is provided as a better empirical test of mean reversion. None of the predictions of the pecking order theory hold in the data. As predicted by the static tradeoff theory, robust evidence of mean reversion in leverage is found. This is true both unconditionally and conditionally on financial factors. Leverage is more persistent at lower levels than at higher levels. When debt matures, it is not replaced dollar for dollar by new debt and so leverage declines. Large firms increase their debt in order to support the payment of dividends. By contrast, small firms reduce their debt while they pay dividends.