Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variations of Median Nerve from Axillary Region to Cubital Fossa

Introduction: Median nerve (MN), one of terminal branches of brachial plexus, is commonly associated with several variations. This research aimed to review the literature related to the variations of MN from axillary region to cubital fossa. Results: Variations in the origin, communication with other nerves, region of formation, pattern of innervations, and story of MN are common. MN in cases with abnormal origination forms by 3 roots (91.1%), 4 roots (7.5%), and 1 root (1.2%). The most common variation of MN has been detected in its communication with other nerves. These types of variations include 1 communication between MN and musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) (80.2%), 2 communications between MN and MCN (6%), fusion of MN with MCN (6.3%), and communication with other nerves (7.3%). The unusual regions of MN formation include arm (60.5%), medial to axillary artery (34.6%), and posterior to axillary artery (4.8%). Anterior compartment of arm and lateral side of forearm are either completely (45.8%) or partially (43.7%) the abnormal pattern of MN innervation. Other variations in MN innervation form 10.4% of cases. Entrapment (57.5%) and non-entrapment (42.4%) forms are 2 types of MN story variations. Conclusion: The knowledge of these variations is crucial for medical experts such as anesthesiologists, radiologist, surgeons, neurophysiologists, and electromyographists to accomplish their duties properly. Dr. Hossein Nikzad is the professor in Kashan university of medical sciences. He has been lecturer in anatomy and embry-ology, clinical and surface anatomy & embryology. His research interests are vasectomy, TEM microscopy, experimental IVF & clinical IVF. Variations of median nerve from axillary region to cubital fossa. edian nerve (MN) is one of the terminal branches of the brachial plexus (BP). It is normally formed by union of lateral (C5, C6, C7) and medial (C8, T1) spinal roots, which arise from lateral and medial cords of BP. These roots fuse together at anterior or lateral side of the third part of the axillary artery to form MN [1]. At first, the nerve passes lateral to brachial artery and then near the insertion of coracobrachialis muscle (CBM) where it most often crosses in front of or rarely behind the artery, going down medial to it into cubital fossa where it passes anterior to brachialis muscle and posterior to the bicipital apo-neurosis. Typically, this nerve has no branches in the axilla or the arm [2]. MN is commonly associated with several variations, which include abnormalities in origination [3-8], communication with …
A conditional probability of reconstruction measure for internal cladogram branches.

The conditional probability of reconstruction is a measure of the robustness of cladogram internodes and, unlike Bremer support and bootstrapping values, directly gauges probability. The new method compares the three putative branch lengths (the optimal and two alternatives) obtained through branch recalculation after nearest neighbor interchange and recalculation under constraint. With rooted trees, one switches the two free lineages attached at the distal end of an internal branch with the basal lineage. Probabilistic reconstruction of a branch for small data sets (e.g., morphological) is defined as having no contrary support for the two alternative branches and, when sufficient data are available (e.g., molecular studies), as meeting a selected confidence limit in chi-squared analysis. The exact probability that the internal branch is reconstructed is the same as the preselected confidence level met with chi-squared analysis; alternatively, it is a simple calculation of the length of the optimal branch divided by the sum of the lengths of all three putative branches. This new measure of robustness allows calculation of summary probabilities of subclade and tree reconstruction. The measure is conditional on a particular data set and optimization method but may also compare support from conflicting gene trees. Examples are provided by a morphological data set (the bryophyte Didymodon) and a molecular data set (primates).
Router plugins: a software architecture for next generation routers

Present day routers typically employ monolithic operating systems which are not easily upgradable and extensible. With the rapid rate of protocol development it is becoming increasingly important to dynamically upgrade router software in an incremental fashion. We have designed and implemented a high performance, modular, extended integrated services router software architecture in the NetBSD operating system kernel. This architecture allows code modules, called plugins, to be dynamically added and configured at run time. One of the novel features of our design is the ability to bind different plugins to individual flows; this allows for distinct plugin implementations to seamlessly coexist in the same runtime environment. High performance is achieved through a carefully designed modular architecture; an innovative packet classification algorithm that is both powerful and highly efficient; and by caching that exploits the flow-like characteristics of Internet traffic. Compared to a monolithic best-effort kernel, our implementation requires an average increase in packet processing overhead of only 8%, or 500 cycles/2.1ms per packet when running on a P6/233.
Molecular Diversity of Plasmids Bearing Genes That Encode Toluene and Xylene Metabolism in Pseudomonas Strains Isolated from Different Contaminated Sites in Belarus

ABSTRACT Twenty different Pseudomonas strains utilizingm-toluate were isolated from oil-contaminated soil samples near Minsk, Belarus. Seventeen of these isolates carried plasmids ranging in size from 78 to about 200 kb (assigned pSVS plasmids) and encoding the meta cleavage pathway for toluene metabolism. Most plasmids were conjugative but of unknown incompatibility groups, except for one, which belonged to the IncP9 group. The organization of the genes for toluene catabolism was determined by restriction analysis and hybridization with xyl gene probes of pWW0. The majority of the plasmids carried xyl-type genes highly homologous to those of pWW53 and organized in a similar manner (M. T. Gallegos, P. A. Williams, and J. L. Ramos, J. Bacteriol. 179:5024–5029, 1997), with two distinguishable metapathway operons, one upper pathway operon, and threexylS-homologous regions. All of these plasmids also possessed large areas of homologous DNA outside the catabolic genes, suggesting a common ancestry. Two other pSVS plasmids carried only onemeta pathway operon, one upper pathway operon, and one copy each of xylS and xylR. The backbones of these two plasmids differed greatly from those of the others. Whereas these parts of the plasmids, carrying the xyl genes, were mostly conserved between plasmids of each group, the noncatabolic parts had undergone intensive DNA rearrangements. DNA sequencing of specific regions near and within the xylTE and xylAgenes of the pSVS plasmids confirmed the strong homologies to thexyl genes of pWW53 and pWW0. However, several recombinations were discovered within the upper pathway operons of the pSVS plasmids and pWW0. The main genetic mechanisms which are thought to have resulted in the present-day configuration of thexyl operons are discussed in light of the diversity analysis carried out on the pSVS plasmids.
Regional versus General Anesthesia for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Meta-Analysis

Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of regional anesthesia (RA) and general anesthesia (GA) for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). Patients and Methods PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and the Web of Knowledge databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. After literature screening and data extraction, a meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 software. Results Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and six non-randomized controlled trials (nRCTs) involving 2270 patients were included. Patients receiving RA were associated with shorter operative time (−6.22 min; 95%CI, −9.70 to −2.75; p = 0.0005), lower visual analgesic score on the first and third postoperative day (WMD, −2.62; 95%CI, −3.04 to −2.19; p < 0.00001 WMD, −0.38; 95%CI, −0.58 to −0.18; p = 0.0002), less analgesic requirements (WMD, −59.40 mg; 95%CI, −78.39 to −40.40; p<0.00001), shorter hospitalization (WMD, −0.36d; 95%CI, −0.66 to −0.05; p = 0.02), less blood transfusion (RR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.41 to 0.93; p = 0.02), fewer modified Clavion-Dindo Grade II (RR, 0.56; 95%CI, 0.37 to 0.83; p = 0.005), Grade III or above postoperative complications (RR, 0.51; 95%CI, 0.33 to 0.77; p = 0.001), and potential benefits of less fever (RR, 0.79; 95%CI, 0.61 to 1.02; p = 0.07), nausea or vomiting (RR, 0.54; 95%CI, 0.20 to 1.46; p = 0.23), whereas more intraoperative hypotension (RR, 3.13; 95%CI, 1.76 to 5.59; p = 0.0001) when compared with patients receiving GA. When nRCTs were excluded, most of the results were stable but the significant differences were no longer detectable in blood transfusion, Grade II and more severe complications. No significant difference in the total postoperative complications and stone-free rate were found. Conclusions Current evidence suggests that both RA and GA can provide safe and effective anesthesia for PNL in carefully evaluated and selected patients. Each anesthesia technique has its own advantages but some aspects still remain unclear and need to be explored in future studies.
Influenza Virus Drug Resistance: A Time-Sampled Population Genetics Perspective

The challenge of distinguishing genetic drift from selection remains a central focus of population genetics. Time-sampled data may provide a powerful tool for distinguishing these processes, and we here propose approximate Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and analytical methods for the inference of demography and selection from time course data. Utilizing these novel statistical and computational tools, we evaluate whole-genome datasets of an influenza A H1N1 strain in the presence and absence of oseltamivir (an inhibitor of neuraminidase) collected at thirteen time points. Results reveal a striking consistency amongst the three estimation procedures developed, showing strongly increased selection pressure in the presence of drug treatment. Importantly, these approaches re-identify the known oseltamivir resistance site, successfully validating the approaches used. Enticingly, a number of previously unknown variants have also been identified as being positively selected. Results are interpreted in the light of Fisher's Geometric Model, allowing for a quantification of the increased distance to optimum exerted by the presence of drug, and theoretical predictions regarding the distribution of beneficial fitness effects of contending mutations are empirically tested. Further, given the fit to expectations of the Geometric Model, results suggest the ability to predict certain aspects of viral evolution in response to changing host environments and novel selective pressures.
Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)

Inter-species hybridization has been recently recognized as potentially common in wild animals, but the extent to which it shapes modern genomes is still poorly understood. Distinguishing historical hybridization events from other processes leading to phylogenetic discordance among different markers requires a well-resolved species tree that considers all modes of inheritance and overcomes systematic problems due to rapid lineage diversification by sampling large genomic character sets. Here, we assessed genome-wide phylogenetic variation across a diverse mammalian family, Felidae (cats). We combined genotypes from a genome-wide SNP array with additional autosomal, X- and Y-linked variants to sample ∼150 kb of nuclear sequence, in addition to complete mitochondrial genomes generated using light-coverage Illumina sequencing. We present the first robust felid time tree that accounts for unique maternal, paternal, and biparental evolutionary histories. Signatures of phylogenetic discordance were abundant in the genomes of modern cats, in many cases indicating hybridization as the most likely cause. Comparison of big cat whole-genome sequences revealed a substantial reduction of X-linked divergence times across several large recombination cold spots, which were highly enriched for signatures of selection-driven post-divergence hybridization between the ancestors of the snow leopard and lion lineages. These results highlight the mosaic origin of modern felid genomes and the influence of sex chromosomes and sex-biased dispersal in post-speciation gene flow. A complete resolution of the tree of life will require comprehensive genomic sampling of biparental and sex-limited genetic variation to identify and control for phylogenetic conflict caused by ancient admixture and sex-biased differences in genomic transmission.
Recent advances for handling imbalancement and uncertainty in labelling in medicinal chemistry data analysis

The discovery of new drugs is a very important area of study in medicinal chemistry. Developing a drug is not an easy task, as much time and money are needed to undertake all steps required for the development and test of new drugs. Amid this context, chemoinformatics is the area that has the role of interfacing between chemistry and computing, assisting in the process of identifying potential new drugs, through machine learning techniques for classification. This article will present the difficulties of classification found in chemoinformatics and approach machine learning techniques that, applied in the context of chemoinformatics, assist in treating issues related to uncertainty in data labeling and unbalanced classes, as they are common problems when using data sets of a chemical nature.
Onychomycosis: Clinico-mycologic study of 130 patients from Himachal Pradesh, India.

BACKGROUND Onychomycosis is a common nail infection caused by dermatophytes, yeast or other nondermatophyte molds and has diverse clinical presentations. Although common in this part of the country, no significant clinico-mycologic data is available. OBJECTIVES This study was carried out to document the clinico-mycologic pattern of onychomycosis in Himachal Pradesh (India). METHODS All consecutive patients of onychomycosis diagnosed clinically during March 2005 to February 2006 were studied for clinical forms, number of nails involved and severity of infection. The clippings from the most severely affected nails were subjected to potassium hydroxide (KOH) mounts for direct microscopy and fungal culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. RESULTS These 130 patients (M:F 98:32) were between 8-76 years of age (mean 41.35 +/- 14.98 years). The prevalence of onychomycosis was higher among farmers and office workers (20% each). Finger or toe nails were exclusively involved in 56.9 and 32.3% patients respectively while these were involved concurrently in the rest of the 10.8% patients. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis seen in 73.1% of the specimens was the most common clinical type. KOH- and culture-positivity were recorded in 59.2 and 37.6% cases respectively. Dermatophytes and yeast (Candida albicans) were isolated in 40.8% each of the cultured nail specimens while nondermatophytic molds (NDM) were cultured in 18.6% of the samples. Various dermatophytes cultured were Trichophyton rubrum (32.6%), T. mentagrophytes (6.1%) and T. verrucosum (2.1%) respectively. Aspergillus spp. (6.1%) was the most commonly isolated NDM while other detected molds were Acremonium spp, Fusarium spp,, Scopulariopsis spp, Curvularia spp. and Penicillium marneffei. Peripheral vascular disorders (7.69%), occupational trauma (13.8%), close association with animals (60.78%) and a family history of onychomycosis (26.15%) were a few of the predisposing factors identified. CONCLUSION Onychomycosis is not uncommon in this part of the country and has similar clinico-mycologic profiles in the different cases detected.
ATHEROGENIC INDEX OF PLASMA , CASTELLI RISK INDEX AND ATHEROGENIC COEFFICIENT-NEW PARAMETERS IN ASSESSING CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

Coronary artery disease is the epidemic of modern civilization in which dyslipidemia contributes significantly to its pathogenesis. We studied the significance of three important lipid ratios i.e. Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) {(logTG)/HDLc}, Castelli’s Risk Index I & II (TC/HDLc and LDLc/HDLc respectively) and Atherogenic coefficient (AC) {(Non-HDLc)/HDLc} in predicting the risk of CAD. A case-control study was conducted with 60 angiographically confirmed patients and 60 healthy volunteers. Lipid profile {Total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol (TG), HDLc, LDLc} was measured on automated analyser and ratios were calculated for both case and control groups. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. TC and LDLc were not different between the two groups. But the ratios based on these parameters were significantly different (p<0.05). These ratios can contribute significantly to the estimation of risk of CAD especially when absolute values of lipid profile parameters are not markedly deranged or in centres with insufficient resources.
CaO insulator and Be intermetallic coatings on V-base alloys for liquid-lithium fusion blanket applications

The objective of this study is to develop (a) stable CaO insulator coatings at the liquid-Li/structural-material interface, with emphasis on electrically insulating coatings that prevent adverse MHD-generated currents from passing through the V-alloy wall, and (b) stable Be-V intermetallic coatings for first-wall components that face the plasma. Electrically insulating and corrosion-resistant coatings are required at the liquid-Li/structural interface in fusion first-wall/blanket applications. The electrical resistance of CaO coatings produced on oxygen-enriched surface layers of V-5%Cr-5%Ti by exposing the alloy to liquid Li that contained 0.5-85 wt. % dissolved Ca was measured as a function of time at temperatures between 250 and 600/spl deg/C. Crack-free Be/sub 2/V intermetallic coatings were also produced by exposing V-alloys to liquid Li containing Be as a solute. These techniques can be applied to various shapes (e.g., inside/outside of tubes, complex geometrical shapes) because the coatings are formed by liquid-phase reactions.
Positron annihilation studies of defects and fine size effects in nanocrystalline nickel oxide

Ultrafine nickel oxide nanoparticles were prepared by sol–gel method using a solution of nickel nitrate hexahydrate and ammonium hydroxide and subsequently annealed in air at different temperatures in the range 200–275 °C for different hours to vary the particle sizes. They were characterised for phase, purity, structure and sizes by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. They were found polycrystalline in nature and possessed face-centred cubic (NaCl-type) structure with lattice parameter varying with annealing temperature. The ultrafine structure clearly revealed the formation of hexagons with average diameter about 5 nm. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy was carried out to study the optical properties and for the estimation of the bandgap. The nanoparticles exhibited weak and strong quantum confinement in the size ranges of 10.47–8.47 and 6.57–5 nm. The samples were then investigated through positron annihilation spectroscopy to characterise and closely monitor the evolution of vacancy-type defects and defect clusters during particle growth in the samples. The positron lifetime drastically increased at very low particle sizes, supporting the confinement effects demonstrated by optical absorption studies. The results from coincidence Doppler broadening measurements were consistent and indicated changes also in the electron momentum distribution during the occurrence of these finite size effects in the nanoparticles.
The Selective Target of Capsaicin on FASN Expression and De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Mediated through ROS Generation Triggers Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells

The inhibition of the mammalian de novo synthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCFAs) by blocking the fatty acid synthase (FASN) enzyme activity in tumor cells that overexpress FASN can promote apoptosis, without apparent cytotoxic to non-tumor cells. The present study aimed to focus on the potent inhibitory effect of capsaicin on the fatty acid synthesis pathway inducing apoptosis of capsaicin in HepG2 cells. The use of capsaicin as a source for a new FASN inhibitor will provide new insight into its possible application as a selective anti-cancer therapy. The present findings showed that capsaicin promoted apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. The onset of apoptosis was correlated with a dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Apoptotic induction by capsaicin was mediated by inhibition of FASN protein expression which was accompanied by decreasing its activity on the de novo fatty acid synthesis. The expression of FASN was higher in HepG2 cells than in normal hepatocytes that were resistant to undergoing apoptosis following capsaicin administration. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of capsaicin on FASN expression and activity was found to be mediated by an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Treatment of HepG2 cells with capsaicin failed to alter ACC and ACLY protein expression, suggesting ACC and ACLY might not be the specific targets of capsaicin to induce apoptosis. An accumulation of malonyl-CoA level following FASN inhibition represented a major cause of mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic induction instead of deprivation of fatty acid per se. Here, we also obtained similar results with C75 that exhibited apoptosis induction by reducing the levels of fatty acid without any change in the abundance of FASN expression along with increasing ROS production. Collectively, our results provide novel evidence that capsaicin exhibits a potent anti-cancer property by targeting FASN protein in HepG2 cells.