Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classification of MODIS EVI time series for crop mapping in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Agriculture in Brazilian Amazonia is going through a period of intensification. Crop mapping is important in understanding the way this intensification is occurring and the impact it is having. Two successive classifications based on MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)-TERRA/EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) time series are applied (1) to map agricultural areas and (2) to identify five crop classes. These classes represent agricultural practices involving three commercial crops (soybean, maize and cotton) planted in single or double cropping systems. Both classifications are based on five steps: (1) analysis of the MODIS/EVI time series, (2) application of a smoothing algorithm, (3) application of a feature selection/extraction process to reduce the data set dimensionality, (4) application of a classifier and (5) application of a post-classification treatment. The first classification detected 95% of the agricultural areas (5 617 250 ha during the 2006–2007 harvest) and correlation coefficients with agricultural statistics exceeded 0.98 for the three crop classes at municipality level. The second classification (overall accuracy = 74% and kappa index = 0.675) allowed us to obtain the spatial variability mapping of agricultural practices in the state of Mato Grosso. A total of 30% of the total planted area was cultivated through double cropping systems, especially along the BR163 highway and in the Parecis plateau region.
Diachronous sub‐volcanic intrusion along deep‐water margins: insights from the Irish Rockall Basin

The movement of magma in sedimentary basins often occurs through an extensive and interconnected complex of sills. Field‐, modelling‐, and seismic reflection‐based studies indicate that the emplacement of shallow‐level sills is commonly accommodated by the formation of forced folds, which may be expressed at the free surface and onlapped by younger strata. If the age of these onlapping strata can be constrained, important insights can be gained into the timing of magma emplacement and associated regional, tectono‐magmatic events. Previous studies have focused on isolated intrusions that are overlain by an individual forced fold formed during a single tectono‐magmatic event. However, the structure and evolution of ‘compound’ folds developed above stacked, interconnected sills, and what they may reveal about polyphase intrusive events has not been investigated. In this study, we use 3D seismic reflection data from the Irish Rockall Basin, offshore western Ireland, to constrain the structural style and emplacement history of a sill complex that contains 82 seismically resolved intrusions. Individual forced folds, <41 km2 in plan view and with mean fold amplitudes of 111 m, are developed above single intrusions. However, where sills are stacked, broader (100–244 km2), larger amplitude (mean of 296 m) compound folds occur following the coalescence of individual folds. Stratigraphic onlap and truncation observed within the folds throughout the Palaeocene‐to‐Middle Eocene succession, indicates that emplacement and forced folding initiated at the end Maastrichtian and lasted for ca. 15 Ma, before ceasing near the end of the Ypresian. We demonstrate (i) intrusion‐induced forced folds evolve dynamically and can form broad areas of sustained local uplift, and (ii) that the formation of sill complexes within the upper crust may occur over prolonged time periods. This study also highlights the importance of seismic reflection data to understanding the structural style and age relationships between igneous systems.
DYNAMO EFFICIENCY WITH SHEAR IN HELICAL TURBULENCE

To elucidate the influence of shear flow on the generation of magnetic fields through the modification of turbulence property, we consider the case where a large-scale magnetic field is parallel to a large-scale shear flow without direct interaction between the two in the kinematic limit where the magnetic field does not backreact on the velocity. By nonperturbatively incorporating the effect of shear in a helically forced turbulence, we show that turbulence intensity and turbulent transport coefficients (turbulent viscosity, α and β effect) are enhanced by a weak shear, while strongly suppressed for strong shear. In particular, β is shown to be much more strongly suppressed than α effect. We discuss its important implications for dynamo efficiency, i.e., on the scaling of the dynamo number with differential rotation.
Numerical Modeling of an Embankment over Soft Ground Improved with Deep Cement Mixed Columns: Case History

AbstractThis paper describes a case history of a deep cement mixed (DCM) column–supported embankment that is part of the Ballina Bypass section of the Pacific Highway Upgrade project in Australia. Measured settlements during and after construction of the embankment were significantly greater than the predicted settlements and suggested that the DCM columns were yielded. The case history was analyzed using a finite-element model based on the coupled theory of nonlinear porous media. Two cases were analyzed: with and without the strain-softening behavior of DCM columns caused by breakage of the soil-cement structure. The computed settlements, excess pore-water pressures, and lateral deformations were compared with field measurements. Results show that there was good agreement between the measured and the computed parameters when the strain-softening behavior of the columns was included. These results clearly show that consideration of the strain softening of DCM columns in the analysis is important if yield.
One-Shot Generalization in Deep Generative Models

Humans have an impressive ability to reason about new concepts and experiences from just a single example. In particular, humans have an ability for one-shot generalization: an ability to encounter a new concept, understand its structure, and then be able to generate compelling alternative variations of the concept. We develop machine learning systems with this important capacity by developing new deep generative models, models that combine the representational power of deep learning with the inferential power of Bayesian reasoning. We develop a class of sequential generative models that are built on the principles of feedback and attention. These two characteristics lead to generative models that are among the state-of-the art in density estimation and image generation. We demonstrate the one-shot generalization ability of our models using three tasks: unconditional sampling, generating new exemplars of a given concept, and generating new exemplars of a family of concepts. In all cases our models are able to generate compelling and diverse samples-- having seen new examples just once--providing an important class of general-purpose models for one-shot machine learning.
Dynamics of diamondback moth oviposition in the presence of a highly preferred non‐suitable host

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), highly prefers to oviposit on yellow rocket, Barbarea vulgaris (R. Br.) (Cruciferae) var. arcuata, despite larvae not being able to survive on it, suggesting it may have potential as a trap crop. In a no‐choice greenhouse experiment, P. xylostella laid 28% more eggs on B. vulgaris than on cabbage. Within the B. vulgaris plant, P. xylostella laid 3.7 times more eggs on younger than older leaves. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in the presence of B. vulgaris volatiles, P. xylostella laid 23% more eggs on cabbage plants than when B. vulgaris volatiles were absent. Because increased oogenesis in the presence of B. vulgaris could complicate the use of this host as a trap crop for P. xylostella, we wanted to examine levels of oogenesis in varying mixtures of cabbage and B. vulgaris. In outdoor screenhouse experiments, P. xylostella laid a decreasing percentage of eggs on cabbage as the percentage of B. vulgaris increased. However, the total number of eggs laid on cabbage did not differ among treatments, suggesting that the presence of B. vulgaris may have stimulated P. xylostella oviposition. In the field, total oviposition in cabbage plots containing B. vulgaris was 6.3 times higher than in cabbage plots without B. vulgaris. However, in plots with B. vulgaris, P. xylostella laid 99% of the eggs on B. vulgaris and oviposition on cabbage plants was 6.2 times lower than in the plots without B. vulgaris. The results of this study are discussed according to P. xylostella egg‐laying behavior and life history as it relates to its interaction with B. vulgaris.
Pathophysiology of merkel cell

The objective of this review is to introduce Merkel cells (MCs), to provide a basic overview on the theoretical background of function, development and clinical importance of MCs. The origin of human MCs have been controversial. Some investigators believe that it is a neural crest derivate, whereas others have proposed that it is a differentiation product of the fetal epidermal keratinocytes. MCs are cells primarily localized in the epidermal basal layer of vertebrates and concentrated in touch-sensitive areas in glabrous, hairy skin and in some mucosa. In routine light microscopy, human MCs can hardly be identified. Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) is a reliable marker with highest degree of specificity. MCs can be also distinguished by electron microscopy. MC carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon and often aggressive malignancy and found mainly in elderly patients. It occurs most frequently in the head and neck region. Diagnosis is based on typical histological presentation on hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stained slides together with the results of immunohistochemistry. Histologically, MCC has been classified into three distinct subtypes: Trabecular, intermediate and small cell type
Retrieval of stratospheric temperatures from spaceborne microwave limb sounding measurements

Microwave limb sounding is a well-suited technique for the observation of the composition and temperature of the middle atmosphere. The Shuttle-borne millimeter-wave atmospheric sounder (MAS) measures three oxygen lines in the 61–64 GHz region. Since oxygen is uniformly mixed in the lower and middle atmosphere, the amplitude and shape of the emission lines depend only on temperature and pressure. From these oxygen emission lines, vertical temperature profiles are retrieved with a vertical resolution of 5km in the altitude region of 15–45 km (127–1.5 hPa). The estimated total error is 1.5 K at altitudes of 25–35 km (24.5–5.7 hPa) and up to 5 K above and below this region. Simultaneously with the temperature profile, certain instrument parameters are retrieved. We present the first MAS temperature retrieval results taken at three different locations from measurements of March 31, 1992, during the ATLAS 1 mission. The temperature retrieval results are basically in good agreement with National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) analysis data, but the MAS retrievals have a tendency to low temperatures in the lower stratosphere.
Geochronological evolution of HP metamorphic rocks of the Adula nappe, Central Alps, in pre-Alpine and Alpine subduction cycles

Abstract: SHRIMP dating of zircon from eclogites, their country rock gneisses and quartz veins from the northern and middle Adula nappe, Central Alps, accompanied by cathodoluminescence imaging and REE geochemistry of these dated zircon crystals revealed that the Adula nappe has been affected by two pre-Alpine high-pressure (HP) metamorphic events (northern: c. 330–340 Ma; middle: c. 370 Ma). In the northern Adula nappe, loss of radiogenic Pb of the c. 330–340 Ma zircon domains in combination with previous geochronological data argue for an overprinting Alpine HP event. In the middle Adula nappe, metamorphic zircon domains record in addition a 33–32 Ma event, interpreted to reflect HT metamorphism, already identified in the southern part of the nappe, where such SHRIMP ages have been related to HT (Lepontine) metamorphism. The Alpine HP event indicated by previous SHRIMP data in the southern Adula nappe at c. 35 Ma is not recorded in the zircons of the rocks dated herein. The absence in this dataset is probably because either no HP (c. 35 Ma) zircon domains were formed or such domains were completely reset during the 33–32 Ma HT event. Protolith ages of orthogneisses and eclogites are 470–457 Ma and 595–587 Ma, respectively, and maximum sedimentation ages of paragneisses 500–460 Ma. The lack of Hercynian protolith zircon ages implies pre-Hercynian formation for the precursors of the dated HP rocks. Our data suggest that the Adula nappe contains various Hercynian basement slivers that underwent subduction to HP conditions at c. 330–340 Ma and c. 370 Ma prior to the Alpine orogeny, similar to many other parts of the Hercynian basement in Central and Southern Europe. Supplementary material: U, Pb and Th SHRIMP data and REE and trace element analyses are availaible at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18367.
Resistance to reinfection in experimental mouse typhoid

Mice surviving infection with a strain of Salm. typhimurium of reduced virulence developed a progressive resistance to reinfection with virulent strains. The degree of resistance was greater than that of vaccinated mice, although the primary infection had not caused any significant degree of natural selection or higher serum titres of O antibody. The previously infected animals responded to reinfection with a virulent strain of Salm. typhimurium by gradually restraining bacterial growth. Many of the survivors eradicated the reinfecting strain. The possible reasons for the difference between vaccinated mice and survivors of previous infection have been discussed. I am indebted to the Medical Research Council for the provision of a grant towards the expenses of this investigation and to Mr T. Norris and Miss Italia S. Alderton for technical assistance.
Impulsive Personality Predicts Dopamine-Dependent Changes in Frontostriatal Activity during Component Processes of Working Memory

Dopaminergic drugs affect a variety of cognitive processes, but the direction and extent of effects vary across individuals and tasks. Paradoxical effects are observed, by which the same drug causes cognitive enhancing as well as adverse effects. Here, we demonstrate that individual differences in impulsive personality account for the contrasting effects of dopaminergic drugs on working memory and associated frontostriatal activity. We observed that the dopamine D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine improved the flexible updating (switching) of relevant information in working memory in high-impulsive subjects, but not in low-impulsive subjects. These behavioral effects in high-impulsive subjects accompanied dissociable effects on frontostriatal activity. Bromocriptine modulated the striatum during switching but not during distraction from relevant information in working memory. Conversely, the lateral frontal cortex was modulated by bromocriptine during distraction but not during switching. The present results provide a key link between dopamine D2 receptor function, impulsivity, and frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the rRNA Operon and Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeats in the Lipoprotein Gene among Mycoplasma genitalium Strains from Clinical Specimens

ABSTRACT We characterized the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the rRNA operon and variable numbers of tandem repeats in the lipoprotein gene MG309 among Mycoplasma genitalium strains from clinical specimens by PCR and sequencing. Analysis of 31 M. genitalium-infected patient specimens and 7 American Type Culture Collection strains identified six types of rRNA sequences and 11 different numbers of MG309 repeats. Examination of sequential specimens from 10 patients showed that these genotypes were stable for at least 5 weeks. These data suggest the potential usefulness of the rRNA genotypes and the MG309 repeats for genotyping of M. genitalium.
Can survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma be predicted by primary size or stage?

Evaluation of diagnosis and treatment modalities in pancreas cancer is hampered by the lack of a suitable staging system. The current staging protocol of the American Joint Committee is arranged as follows: intrapancreatic disease (stage I), localized invasion (stage II), positive regional lymph nodes (stage III), and distant metastases (stage IV). Primary size is not taken into account and may represent an important determinant of survival, as it does in other malignancies. Primary size as a criterion of operability may assume increasing importance, given the demonstrated accuracy of sonography and computed tomography. Chart review was undertaken of the 119 consecutive patients with pancreas cancer presenting at Grady Hospital between 1976 and 1981. Ninety-one per cent were histologically confirmed. The presence or absence of metastases continues to be the most important factor predicting survival (P less than 0.001). It was demonstrated, however, that patients with primary lesions less than 5 cm lived significantly longer than those with primaries greater than or equal to 5 cm (P less than 0.02). Using the currently recommended American Joint Committee protocol, there was no difference in survival curves among stages, I, II, and III. The median survival times were 7.5 months, 5 months, and 5 months, respectively. Between combined stages I, II, and III and stage IV (median survival, 1.0 month), there was a significant difference (P less than 0.001) in survival. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Monitoring the grasslands of the Sahel 1984-1985

Abstract Normalized difference vegetation index data obtained from polar-orbiting meteorological satellites were used to compare the growing or rainy seasons of 1984 and 1985 for the Sahelian zone of Africa. A substantial difference was found between these two years, with 1985 generally having higher normalized difference vegetation index values indicating higher levels of primary production in 1985 than in 1984. 1 km data were compared for Senegal, Mali, Niger and Sudan, and 7 km data were compared for sub-Saharan Africa. The qualitative comparison of these data suggests the use of similar data to assist in centralized monitoring of rangeland conditions, to identify areas of deficiencies in primary production and provide synoptic information in support of regional drought monitoring
Neonatal Skin Maturation—Vernix Caseosa and Free Amino Acids

Abstract: Neonatal skin hydration decreases rapidly postnatally and then increases, indicating adaptive changes in stratum corneum water handling properties. Transition from high to low humidity at birth may initiate filaggrin proteolysis to free amino acids. Neonatal skin with vernix caseosa retained is more hydrated than skin with vernix removed. This study examines the potential roles of free amino acids and vernix in postnatal adaptation of infant stratum corneum in vivo. Specifically, the ontogeny of free amino acid generation in neonatal stratum corneum and the role of vernix caseosa in postnatal adaptation were examined using high performance liquid chromatography. Free amino acids were quantified for infant skin samples collected at (i) birth and 1 month and (ii) birth and 24 hours after vernix caseosa retention or removal and compared to neonatal foreskin, vernix caseosa, and adult stratum corneum using t‐tests, analysis of variance, or univariate procedures. Free amino acids were extremely low at birth, significantly higher 1 month later but lower than in adults. Vernix caseosa retention led to significantly higher free amino acids 24 hours after birth compared to infants with vernix caseosa removed, and it paralleled the higher stratum corneum hydration of vernix caseosa‐retained skin. Vernix caseosa contained free amino acids, with glutamic acid and histidine levels higher than in infants. Free amino acids in vernix caseosa‐retained skin appear to originate from vernix caseosa. Free amino acids were lower in neonatal foreskin than adult forearm stratum corneum. Arginine was higher than citrulline at birth, but levels were comparable in older infants. The free amino acid increase at 1 month may be initiated by the humidity transition at birth and supports results in animals. The findings have implications for infant skin care practices.
The dust temperature distribution in prestellar cores

We have computed the dust temperature distribution to be expected in a pre-protostellar core in the phase prior to the onset of gravitational instability. We have done this under the approximation that the heating of the dust grains is solely due to the attenuated external radiation field and that the core is optically thin to its own radiation. This permits us to consider non spherically symmetric geometries. We predict the intensity distributions of our model cores at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths and compare then with observations of the well studied object L1544. We have also developed an analytical approximation for the temperature at the center of spherically symmetric cores and we compare this with the numerical calculations. Our results show (in agreement with Evans et al. 2001) that the temperatures in the nuclei of cores of high visual extinction (>30 mag) are reduced to values of below ∼ 8 K or roughly half of the surface temperature. This has the consequence that maps at wavelengths shortward of 1.3 mm see predominantly the low density exterior of pre-protostellar cores. It is extremely difficult to deduce the true density distribution from such maps alone. We have computed the intensity distribution expected on the basis of the models of Ciolek & Basu (2000) and compared with the observations of L1544. The agreement is good with a preference for higher inclinations (37° instead of $16^{\circ}$) than that adopted by Ciolek & Basu (2000). We find that a simple extension of the analytic approximation allows a reasonably accurate calculation of the dust temperature as a function of radius in cores with density distributions approximating those expected for Bonnor-Ebert spheres and suggest that this may be a useful tool for future calculations of the gas temperature in such cores.