Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empowerment—Fad or Fab? A Multilevel Review of the Past Two Decades of Research

In this article, the authors review research that has examined psychological empowerment at various levels of analysis. Specifically, at the individual, team, and organizational levels of analysis, the authors summarize research that has examined both antecedents to psychological empowerment and the various outcomes of empowerment. Similarly, they discuss studies that have considered the multilevel relationships of psychological empowerment. In addition to reviewing the multilevel empowerment nomological network, the review examines how empowerment has been conceptualized within the literature. The authors include a discussion of how psychological empowerment has been operationalized within the literature, as well as various methodological considerations of psychological empowerment research. Throughout this review, they suggest avenues for future research, including methodological and theoretical considerations that are important to advancing our understanding of psychological empowerment across various levels of analysis.
Comparing Anxiety in Cardiac Patients Candidate for Angiography with Normal Population

BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the anxiety of cardiac patients candidate for angiography with normal population in Isfahan province. METHODS The study population included 109 people, 53 cardiac patients referring to Chamran Cardiology Hospital in Isfahan for angiography and 56 people without cardiac disease. Data were collected by Cattle anxiety scale. In addition, demographic data of the sample population were collected at the same time using another questionnaire. RESULTS Independent t-test showed a significant difference between the anxiety of cardiac patients candidate for angiography and non-cardiac people (P < 0.001). Moreover, the differences between the amount of obvious anxiety and hidden anxiety in the two groups were significant (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION The results showed that cardiac disease and diagnosis instruments, especially angiography, cause anxiety in patients. Therefore, evaluating this anxiety and applying proper techniques to reduce this anxiety is necessary.
Complicated Bereavement: Disease State or State of Being?

The point at which the experience of grief in response to bereavement becomes “pathological” has been debated for many years without resolution. This article reviews the current status of this debate. The debate centers around the extent to which “complicated grief” represents a truly unique pathological entity, when contrasted with major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and “uncomplicated grief. ” Significant research findings suggest it may be possible to distinguish grief from depressed as well as traumatic forms of distress, with acceptable reliability and validity. Yet, “complicated grief” relates to both of these types of distress as well as to a unique aspect—separation distress. It is at the intersection of these types of distress with significant disruption of daily life functioning that we find the proposed diagnosis of “complicated grief. ” The question is whether this diagnosis should be designated at this time, and, if so, how. This article concludes in favor of a compromise position that the diagnosis should be incorporated into DSM-V but relegated to its Appendix B [disorders proposed for further study] due to the lack of clarity surrounding its diagnostic criteria.
A Comparison of Particulate Matter from Biomass-Burning Rural and Non-Biomass-Burning Urban Households in Northeastern China

Background Biomass fuel is the primary source of domestic fuel in much of rural China. Previous studies have not characterized particle exposure through time–activity diaries or personal monitoring in mainland China. Objectives In this study we characterized indoor and personal particle exposure in six households in northeastern China (three urban, three rural) and explored differences by location, cooking status, activity, and fuel type. Rural homes used biomass. Urban homes used a combination of electricity and natural gas. Methods Stationary monitors measured hourly indoor particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10) for rural and urban kitchens, urban sitting rooms, and outdoors. Personal monitors for PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were employed for 10 participants. Time–activity patterns in 30-min intervals were recorded by researchers for each participant. Results Stationary monitoring results indicate that rural kitchen PM10 levels are three times higher than those in urban kitchens during cooking. PM10 was 6.1 times higher during cooking periods than during noncooking periods for rural kitchens. Personal PM2.5 levels for rural cooks were 2.8–3.6 times higher than for all other participant categories. The highest PM2.5 exposures occurred during cooking periods for urban and rural cooks. However, rural cooks had 5.4 times higher PM2.5 levels during cooking than did urban cooks. Rural cooks spent 2.5 times more hours per day cooking than did their urban counterparts. Conclusions These findings indicate that biomass burning for cooking contributes substantially to indoor particulate levels and that this exposure is particularly elevated for cooks. Second-by-second personal PM2.5 exposures revealed differences in exposures by population group and strong temporal heterogeneity that would be obscured by aggregate metrics.
The Quantitative Theory of Diffraction by Spiral Nanotubes

The quantitative theory of diffraction by spiral nanotubes of any chemical composition is offered. Distribution of diffraction intensities along layer lines and layer planes, strong and diffuse reflexes, pseudoorthogonality effect has been simulated and analyzed. The investigation is oriented to electron microdiffraction from a single nanotube.
Exploring the dimensions of Chinese person perception with indigenous and imported constructs: Creating a culturally balanced scale.

Abstract This research compares the relative effectiveness of imported and indigenous measures of personality perception for Hong Kong Chinese. The first study reports on the extraction of six factors of self-perception using bipolar, adjective rating scales from the U.S.A. tapping the Big Five (Digman, 1990), and Openness to Experience (McCrae & Costa, 1985; 1987). The second study reports on the extraction of six factors of self-perception derived from scales developed indigenously by Chinese psychologists. In the third study, the overlap of the imported and the indigenous dimensions is examined, and their relative power in explaining various criterion measures is assessed. The imported factors adequately explained all but one of the indigenous factors, although in complex combinations. Neither scale was better than the other in predicting the criterion variables. Imported measures may cut the phenomenal world differently from indigenous measures, but still enable scientists to predict behaviours just a.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial Comparing Transdermal Scopolamine Plus Ondansetron to Ondansetron Alone for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in the Outpatient Setting

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications after ambulatory surgery. We sought to determine whether the use of transdermal scopolamine (TDS) in combination with IV ondansetron (OND) is more effective than one alone for reducing PONV in outpatient settings. METHODS: In a randomized, double blind, multicenter trial, 620 at-risk female patients undergoing outpatient laparoscopic or breast augmentation surgery received either an active TDS patch or a similar appearing sham 2 h before entering the operating room. All patients received IV OND (4 mg) 2–5 min before induction of anesthesia followed by a general anesthetic regimen. Complete antiemetic response, defined as no vomiting/retching or rescue medication use, was measured through 24 h and 48 h after surgery. The proportion of patients with vomiting/retching, nausea, or use of rescue medication, the time from the end of surgery to the first episode of these events and the time to discharge from the hospital/surgery center, as well as the number and severity of vomiting/retching and nausea episodes, and patient satisfaction with antiemetic therapy were also collected. RESULTS: The combination of TDS + OND statistically significantly reduced nausea and vomiting/retching compared with OND alone 24 h after surgery but not at 48 h. The proportion of patients who did not experience vomiting/retching and did not use rescue medication was 48% for TDS + OND and 39% for OND alone (P < 0.02). Total response (no nausea, no vomiting/retching, and no use of rescue medication) was also statistically higher for the TDS + OND group compared with the OND-only group (35% vs 25%, P < 0.01). The time to first nausea, vomiting/retching, or rescue episode was statistically significantly longer for the TDS + OND group compared with the OND-only group (P < 0.05). The cumulative overall incidence of adverse events was lower in the TDS + OND group compared with the OND group (36.7% vs 49%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: TDS + OND reduces PONV compared with OND alone. This is achieved with a reduction in adverse events.
Computation of edge diffraction for more accurate room acoustics auralization.

Inaccuracies in computation and auralization of room impulse responses are related in part to inadequate modeling of edge diffraction, i.e., the scattering from edges of finite surfaces. A validated time-domain model (based on analytical extensions to the Biot-Tolstoy-Medwin technique) is thus employed here to compute early room impulse responses with edge diffraction. Furthermore, the computations are extended to include combinations of specular and diffracted paths in the example problem of a stage-house. These combinations constitute a significant component of the total nonspecular scattering and also help to identify edge diffraction in measured impulse responses. The computed impulse responses are then convolved with anechoic signals with a variety of time-frequency characteristics. Initial listening tests with varying orders and combinations of diffraction suggest that (1) depending on the input signal, the diffraction contributions can be clearly audible even in nonshadow zones for this conservative open geometry and (2) second-order diffraction to nonshadowed receivers can often be neglected. Finally, a practical implementation for binaural simulation is proposed, based on the singular behavior of edge diffraction along the least-time path for a given source-edge-receiver orientation. This study thus provides a first major step toward computing edge diffraction for more accurate room acoustics auralization.
Positive Emotions Trigger Upward Spirals Toward Emotional Well-Being

The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions predicts that positive emotions broaden the scopes of attention and cognition, and, by consequence, initiate upward spirals toward increasing emotional well-being. The present study assessed this prediction by testing whether positive affect and broad-minded coping reciprocally and prospectively predict one another. One hundred thirty-eight college students completed self-report measures of affect and coping at two assessment periods 5 weeks apart. As hypothesized, regression analyses showed that initial positive affect, but not negative affect, predicted improved broad-minded coping, and initial broad-minded coping predicted increased positive affect, but not reductions in negative affect. Further mediational analyses showed that positive affect and broad-minded coping serially enhanced one another. These findings provide prospective evidence to support the prediction that positive emotions initiate upward spirals toward enhanced emotional well-being. Implications for clinical practice and health promotion are discussed.
Transplacental Induction of Mouse Lung Tumors: Stage of Fetal Organogenesis in Relation to Frequency, Morphology, Size, and Neoplastic Progression of N-Nitrosoethylurea-Induced Tumors

Pregnant C3H/HeNCr MTV- mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mmol N-nitrosoethyl-urea/kg on days 14, 16, or 18 of gestation. Six of the male of fspring were sacrificed for study at the ages of 2,4,8,16,32, and 52 weeks. Grossly visible lung tumors were counted and all lungs were sectioned completely, saving every tenth section for histologic evaluation. All N-nitrosoethylurea-induced mouse lung tumors have previously been shown to originate from alveolar type II cells. Lung tumors were diagnosed as solid, papillary, or mixed solid/papillary types, and at the largest area of each tumor, the perimeter was measured and compared with the number of sections per tumor. The fraction of tumors detected grossly depended on size and, on average, only 51% of neoplasms present were detected macroscopically. A significant correlation was seen between the mean number of histological sections and perimeter length per tumor, in particular for small and medium sized papillary neoplasms. The growth of solid tumors was limited to a maximum size, after which they progressed towards papillary types. The numbers of transplacentally induced mouse lung tumors were distributed in direct proportion to the weight of the individual lung lobes, unrelated to day of treatment of type or tumor. Tumor biology depended on the day of treatment reflecting numbers and degree of differentiation of fetal alveolar type II cells, i.e., the target cell: most tumors developed in of fspring treated on day 16, tumor size was greater and progression from solid to papillary neoplasms faster at earlier treatments, increase in tumor multiplicity postnatally was only seen in mice treated late in gestation, and mice treated on day 14 or day 16 showed a consistent ratio of solid to papillary tumors.
Mechanisms of Peer Influence among Adolescents: Cohesion versus Structural Equivalence

Peer influence is regarded as one of the strongest determinants of adolescents' behavior. Yet the concept of peer influence has been studied almost exclusively in terms of dyadic friendship relations. Based on actors' similar positions in the friendship network, the authors test an alternative mechanism of influence in this article, drawing on insights from network-inspired theories. This study focuses on both sexual activity and school deviant behavior. The authors used data from the Flemish Educational Assessment Study, which collected complete network data from a representative sample of Flemish secondary school adolescents (N = 11,872), clustered in 160 networks. Results indicate that best friends influence both adolescents' sexual activity and their school deviancy. However, the authors found no evidence of influence between actors who share a similar position in the network.
Teachers' perceptions of national identity and its intersection with gender: a phenomenological study in a conflict society

The aim of this study is to investigate Greek-Cypriot teachers' perceptions regarding the role that national identity and its intersection with gender play in representations of the past. Drawing on data deriving from forty individual interviews and analysed through the lens of intersectionality theory, it is shown that: although all teachers were able to recognise the role of national identity in representations of the past in the Cyprus conflict, the majority of these teachers were not equally aware of the gender politics in representations of the past. The participants seemed to be willing to take responsibility for the ways in which they represented the national identity, but they were not willing to assume responsibility for their gendered representations; instead, these representations were deemed ‘unconscious’ or a ‘product of tradition’ or the ‘natural order’ and, thus, not within their control. The paper ends with a discussion of how this study informs educational research and teacher professional development, concerning the intersection of national identity and gender in relation to issues of collective memory.
The effect of repeated freezing and thawing on levels of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors and fibrinogen in fresh frozen plasma

Background: Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is considered adequate for transfusion immediately after thawing or for up to 24 hours if kept at 1–6°C, and is currently used very often to replace deficient clotting factors. If factor levels in refrozen FFP are within normal limits, then this component can possibly be transfused, thus avoiding wastage of FFP. Aim: To study the fate of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (F II, F VII, F IX, F X) and fibrinogen activity levels in repeatedly (twice) frozen and thawed FFP. Materials and Methods: Two hundred FFP units comprising 50 units of each major blood group (A, B, AB, and O) were thawed at 37°C and 10–20 mL of FFP transferred to transfer bags with the help of a sterile connecting device (SCD). The FFP samples were taken into tubes (first sampling), and then the transfer bags were kept for 24 hours at 4°C. After 24 hours, repeat samples were taken in tubes from the transfer bag (second sampling), and then the bags were re-stored at < -18°C. One week later, the above procedure was repeated. Activity of coagulation factors and fibrinogen levels were measured by the automated coagulation analyzer. Results: The levels of F II, F VII, F IX, F X, and fibrinogen of all the 200 FFP units, at all four time points, were above the lower normal value, but well within the normal range. Conclusion: The levels of F II, F VII, F IX, F X, and fibrinogen remain stable and adequate for transfusion in twice-thawed-and-refrozen FFP. This component can be safely used for transfusion as a source of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and fibrinogen.
Freud’s Theory of Mind and Functional Imaging Experiments

13C in vivo NMR experiments have measured large neuronal neurotransmitter fluxes in resting rat and human brains which are coupled to brain energy consumption. In the awake, resting state this “baseline” neuronal activity accounts for ~80% of brain energy consumption. The resting activity decreases with deepening anesthesia. In stimulated anesthetized rats, high localized somatosensory brain activity is restored by incremental changes during forepaw stimulation. Functional imaging experiments generally measure such incremental changes in activities during a task period and discard the highly active baseline. Single electrode measurements of the spiking rates in a representative population of neurons in the rat somatosensory region have been correlated with the functional imaging under the same stimulation. The population response has allowed patterns from the sensory stimulation to be distinguished from connections with the brain’s global activity. In this way it is becoming possible to identify global task activities that include the organismic responses normally submerged in the large unassigned baseline activities. We propose that the high baseline plus any incremental activity supports total mental activity across all levels of mentation. In contrast to cognitive psychology, which neglects baseline and assumes that task activities are supported by measurable increments, we suggest that Freud’s layers of consciousness provide a more fitting conceptual framework for understanding brain activity and its relation to mentation. Freud’s topographical model of mind is consistent with the high neuronal activity that is required to support tasks, and its layered structure offers an interpretive guide to total brain activities.
Co-Offender Ties and the Criminal Career

Objectives: This study aims to assess three related aspects of co-offending networks: (1) the characteristics of co-offending groups and the duration of group offending careers, (2) the impact of membership in co-offending groups on total offending and the length of individual offending careers, and (3) the impact of offender arrest (or changes in co-offending group structure) on the offending patterns of connected co-offenders. Methods: Data on sentenced burglary offenders (N = 270) in one county in Pennsylvania from 2001 to 2010 are used to examine the impact of co-offending group membership, as well as the relationship between the changing network structure and the offending patterns of connected co-offenders, within a two-level modeling framework. Results: Larger groups with more dispersed offending structures offend over the longest span. Additionally, membership in co-offending groups is associated with more total offending and a longer individual offending career. Finally, the arrest of structurally important offenders, compared to more peripheral offenders, is significantly associated with the decreased offending of connected co-offenders. Conclusions: The removal of a highly central “instigator” or “recruiter” is associated with desistance among connected co-offenders. Future research should examine the mechanisms behind these effects, and why the arrest of co-offending partners is associated with desistance.
Association of Facebook Use With Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study

Face-to-face social interactions enhance well-being. With the ubiquity of social media, important questions have arisen about the impact of online social interactions. In the present study, we assessed the associations of both online and offline social networks with several subjective measures of well-being. We used 3 waves (2013, 2014, and 2015) of data from 5,208 subjects in the nationally representative Gallup Panel Social Network Study survey, including social network measures, in combination with objective measures of Facebook use. We investigated the associations of Facebook activity and real-world social network activity with self-reported physical health, self-reported mental health, self-reported life satisfaction, and body mass index. Our results showed that overall, the use of Facebook was negatively associated with well-being. For example, a 1-standard-deviation increase in "likes clicked" (clicking "like" on someone else's content), "links clicked" (clicking a link to another site or article), or "status updates" (updating one's own Facebook status) was associated with a decrease of 5%-8% of a standard deviation in self-reported mental health. These associations were robust to multivariate cross-sectional analyses, as well as to 2-wave prospective analyses. The negative associations of Facebook use were comparable to or greater in magnitude than the positive impact of offline interactions, which suggests a possible tradeoff between offline and online relationships.
The Relationship between Coercion and Protest

The relationship between coercion and protest, arguably the core of any theory of rebellion, remains unresolved. Competing hypotheses have emerged from formal models and empirical research. This article uses two forms of the predator-prey model to test these competing hypotheses. Time-series data from three coercive states (the German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, and the Palestinian Intifada) are used to estimate parameters for both models. Results show stable, damped relationships in all three cases. The “inverted U” hypothesis receives less support than its “backlash” alternative, that is, that dissidents react strongly to extremely harsh coercion. Moreover, the study indicates that protesters adapt to coercion by changing tactics.