Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling evapotranspiration and its partitioning over a semiarid shrub ecosystem from satellite imagery: a multiple validation

Abstract Numerous modeling approaches have been proposed to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) and its partitioning between evaporation from soil (E) and transpiration from vegetation (T) over the last several decades. Although these ET models claimed to give reasonable E and T partitioning, few studies have compared their modeling results with direct E and T observations. In this study, a hybrid dual source scheme and trapezoid framework based evapotranspiration model (HTEM) fed with MODIS data was applied in a Chihuahuan Desert shrubland during the growing season of 2003 and validated with direct ET measurement using the Bowen-ratio technique and T measurement using scaled-up sap-flow measurements. Results show that the HTEM is capable of decomposing the remotely sensed land surface temperature into temperature components (soil and canopy temperatures) and providing accurate E and T estimates. At satellite overpass time, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of estimated latent heat flux (LE) is 47.7 W / m 2 . The agreement between estimated and simulated LE was largely improved when observed net radiation and ground heat flux were used ( 35.1 W / m 2 ). At daily scale, the RMSE of estimated daily ET, E, and T are 0.52, 0.36, and 0.41 mm / day , respectively.
Vitamin A isotope dilution predicts liver stores in line with long-term vitamin A intake above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance for young adult women.

BACKGROUND The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A are 1.7 and 2.4 μmol/d (500 and 700 μg retinol activity equivalents/d), respectively, for nonpregnant, nonlactating women aged >19 y. This intake is presumed to maintain a minimally acceptable liver concentration of 0.07 μmol (20 μg) retinol/g; however, liver reserves have not been evaluated with respect to vitamin A intake in women of any age group defined in the Dietary Reference Intakes. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study examined vitamin A intake and liver reserves estimated by stable-isotope dilution testing. DESIGN Forty nonpregnant, nonlactating women (mean ± SD age: 22.4 ± 2.3 y) completed a Harvard food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 3-d diet record (3DDR) before undergoing vitamin A status assessment by using a [(13)C2]retinol stable-isotope dilution test. RESULTS Vitamin A intake was 70% higher than the RDA by both dietary-assessment methods (P < 0.001). The mean (±SD) liver concentration of vitamin A was 0.45 ± 0.31 μmol/g (129 ± 89 μg/g) and ranged from 0.09 (26 μg/g) to 1.79 μmol/g (513 μg/g). Liver and total-body vitamin A were highly correlated with intake measured by FFQ (P ≤ 0.009), but 3DDR was not (P ≥ 0.22). Prediction equations were developed for 3- and 7-d data. CONCLUSIONS In this well-nourished population, vitamin A consumption was considerably higher than recommended, and liver reserves were consistent with intake. Because of their sensitivity, stable-isotope techniques can help to describe the vitamin A status and better characterize the intake needs of all groups defined in the Dietary Reference Intakes. Registration was not required for this trial.
Pattern of Prostate Specific Antigen and Gleason Score in Relation to Imunohistochemistry Features in Prostate Adenocarcinoma Patients in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital

Objective: To review the correlation between prostate specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason score and Cav-1 for diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma. Methods: Data were collected from one hundred fifty-nine patients with prostate adenocarcinoma at the Department of Urology, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in the period of January 2008–December 2010. The PSA levels were measured and classified into 10 ng/ml. The results were then analyzed and compared to the imunohistochemistry (caveolin-1) staining in the literature. The Gleason score was also noted and analyzed. Results: This study confirmed that positive caveolin-1 expression was related to the clinical markers of disease progression and was predictive of poor clinical outcome after surgery. The PSA results showed that one hundred fourty-one adenocarcinoma patients had a PSA level of >10 ng/ml with Gleason score of gleason 5–6 as the most common score. However, there was no correlation between PSA and Gleason score and caveolin-1 for diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: Caveolin-1 cannot be used to measure Gleason and PSA score due to different markers that have various advantages and disadvantages to predict carcinoma prostate. Therefore, further studies are needed. Keywords: Gleason score, imunohistochemistry, prostate adenocarcinoma, prostate specific antigen DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v4n1. 679
Occurrences of Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Cattle Slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse, Tanzania

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies (IFB) in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse, Tanzania. A total of 387 slaughter cattle were examined for presence of IFB. Out of 387 examined cattle, 93 (24.03%) had IFB in their forestomachs. The observed IFB were plastic bags, fruit seeds, clothing materials, ropes, hairballs, leather materials, stones, metallic nails, and wire. Plastic bags were the most frequently (50.5%) observed IFB followed by fruit seeds (18.3%). A significantly (p < 0.05) high proportion of old animals (31.7%) had IFB compared to the young animals (21.2%). Similarly, the frequency of occurrence of IFB was significantly high (p < 0.05) in crossbred dairy cattle (42.3%) compared to local breeds (22.7%). Cattle that appeared with poor body condition (37.8%) were found to be more affected (p < 0.05) by IFB than those with good body condition (15.9%). In 91.4% of animals which had IFB, all the materials were located in the rumen. This study showed that presence of IFB is a common problem in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse and may significantly cause poor production and mortality in affected animals. Therefore, appropriate solid waste disposal should be implemented.
On Predicting Form and Meaning in a Second Language

We used event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate whether Spanish−English bilinguals preactivate form and meaning of predictable words. Participants read high-cloze sentence contexts (e.g., “The student is going to the library to borrow a . . .”), followed by the predictable word (book), a word that was form-related (hook) or semantically related (page) to the predictable word, or an unrelated word (sofa). Word stimulus onset synchrony (SOA) was 500 ms (Experiment 1) or 700 ms (Experiment 2). In both experiments, all nonpredictable words elicited classic N400 effects. Form-related and unrelated words elicited similar N400 effects. Semantically related words elicited smaller N400s than unrelated words, which however, did not depend on cloze value of the predictable word. Thus, we found no N400 evidence for preactivation of form or meaning at either SOA, unlike native-speaker results (Ito, Corley et al., 2016). However, non-native speakers did show the post-N400 posterior positivity (LPC effect) for form-related words like native speakers, but only at the slower SOA. This LPC effect increased gradually with cloze value of the predictable word. We do not interpret this effect as necessarily demonstrating prediction, but rather as evincing combined effects of top-down activation (contextual meaning) and bottom-up activation (form similarity) that result in activation of unseen words that fit the context well, thereby leading to an interpretation conflict reflected in the LPC. Although there was no evidence that non-native speakers preactivate form or meaning, non-native speakers nonetheless appear to use bottom-up and top-down information to constrain incremental interpretation much like native speakers do.
le GERODONTOLOGY ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SERUM RESISTIN LEVEL AND PERIODONTAL CONDITION CHANGE AMONG ELDERLY PEOPLE

Aim: This study aimed to compare periodontal condition in four years of Japanese elderly between high and low serum resistin levels. Materials and methods: One hundred and thirty-two dentate community-dwelling participants enrolled in this cohort study. At baseline, blood sample were drawn for serum resistin and other adipokines/cytokines measurements. The participants were then divided into 2 groups; low resistin (LR, resistin < 5.3 ng/mL) group (n = 84) and high resistin (HR, resistin ≥ 5.3 ng/mL) group (n = 48). At baseline and after four years, all participants were subjected to periodontal examination (assessment pocket depth; PD and bleeding on probing; BOP). Annual general/oral health questionnaires were also performed. Intergroup comparisons of periodontal parameters and categorical variables were accomplished by t-test and Chi-square test, respectively. Association between baseline serum resistin level and periodontal condition alteration after four years in each group were analyzed by a multiple linear regression analysis. Results: At baseline, HR group had more sites with PD ≥ 4 mm concomitant BOP than those of LR group (5.8±9.0 vs. 2.8±4.8 sites). High serum resistin concentration and number of tooth loss markedly associated with reduction of sites with PD ≥ 4 mm and PD ≥ 4 mm concomitant BOP. Conclusion: High serum resistin level might negatively be associated to periodontal disease progression.
Dual comb generation in a monochromatically driven crystalline microresonator

Recent works on Kerr frequency combs demonstrated the possibility to simultaneously generate multiple soliton states with different group velocities in a single microresonator, which could be beneficial for many applications utilizing dual-comb systems. In this work we demonstrate a dual-comb configuration in a single crystalline microresonator by monochromatically pumping counter-propagating solitons in the same spatial mode with equal powers. Moreover, we demonstrate experimentally and through simulations the key role of Cherenkov radiation interferences on the repetition rate of a multi-soliton state. This result not only shines new light on the impact of dispersive waves on dissipative Kerr solitons but also introduces a novel approach to develop coherent dual-comb spectrometer based on microcombs.
Synthesis, microstructural, corrosion and antimicrobial properties of Zn and Zn–Al coatings

Development of a new coating named ‘Zincal’ is introduced for future smart cities’ infrastructures. Pure Zn and newly developed ‘Zincal’ (a composition of Zn–Al) thermal sprayed (TS) coatings were applied onto low-carbon steel to investigate coating's life against the corrosive and dusty environment for future smart cities’ infrastructures (big bridges, buildings, poles, stadiums, railway structures etc.). Therefore, for both coatings, salt spray humidity and microbial tests were carried out. The result shows that Zincal coating has promising anti-corrosion properties under combat microbiological corrosion attack and is also suitable in the humid and salt containing environment.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ROADWAY GEOMETRICS AND ACCIDENTS (AN ANALYSIS OF KENTUCKY RECORDS)

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ROADWAY GEOMETRICS AND ACCIDENTS by K. R. Agent and R. C. Deen Statewide average and critical rates of accidents were determined from 1970-1972 Kentucky accident records for each type of rural highway. Accident data, obtained from state police computer tapes, were summarized to give the number of accidents on each highway type as well as information on accident severity, road surface conditions, light conditions, road character, and type of traffic control. Four~lane undivided highways had the highest average accident rate; parkways (toll roads) had the lowest rate. The severity of accidents was related to types of accidents, highways, and traffic control and to safety belt usage. Accidents involving pedestrians were the most severe types; single~vehicle accidents ranked next highest in severity. Excluding accidents at railroad crossings, accidents which occurred on curves had the highest severity index. The use of safety belts was associated with reduced severity.
Effects of Population Size a Dynamics on a Mating-Sys

The evolutionary dynamics of neutral alleles un Similarly, the effect of population turnover o has attracted recent attention in theoretical s simulations of a simple model that considers population dynamics on a mating-system po morphs. The details of the model are based o the annual plant Eichhornia paniculata, but t density-dependent selfing rates in general. In o two alleles segregating at a single diploid loc ovules are selfed through competing self-fe random mating among gametes. Fitness differ determined by inbreeding depression and poll Simulation results showed evidence of frequen ing and inbreeding depression in finite popu outcrossers through random mating among through drift, even when the mating-system tion, high colony turnover generally favoured inbreeding depression reduced opportunities f dispersal. Our results thus demonstrate that po lead to evolutionary dynamics involving polle large populations with stable demography. ] Key Wordsy selfing outcrossing polymorph metapopulation; extinction; colonisation; effe
Determination of the Self-Compensation Ratio of Carbon in AlGaN for HEMTs

Epitaxial AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN-on-Si high-electron mobility structures with and without carbon doping have been studied. By considering the donor density required to suppress a 2D hole gas in the undoped structure, we demonstrate that the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 10^{19}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm<sup>−3</sup> substitutional carbon incorporated during metal-organic chemical vapor deposition must be a source of donors as well as acceptors, with a donor to acceptor ratio of at least 0.4. This compensation ratio was determined based on the comparison of substrate bias experiments with TCAD simulations. This value, which was previously unknown, is a key parameter in GaN power switching high- electron- mobility transistors, since it determines the resistivity of the layer used to suppress leakage and increase breakdown voltage.
Terrestrial carbon balance in a drier world: the effects of water availability in southwestern North America

Global modeling efforts indicate semiarid regions dominate the increasing trend and interannual variation of net CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, mainly driven by water availability. Many semiarid regions are expected to undergo climatic drying, but the impacts on net CO2 exchange are poorly understood due to limited semiarid flux observations. Here we evaluated 121 site‐years of annual eddy covariance measurements of net and gross CO2 exchange (photosynthesis and respiration), precipitation, and evapotranspiration (ET) in 21 semiarid North American ecosystems with an observed range of 100 – 1000 mm in annual precipitation and records of 4–9 years each. In addition to evaluating spatial relationships among CO2 and water fluxes across sites, we separately quantified site‐level temporal relationships, representing sensitivity to interannual variation. Across the climatic and ecological gradient, photosynthesis showed a saturating spatial relationship to precipitation, whereas the photosynthesis–ET relationship was linear, suggesting ET was a better proxy for water available to drive CO2 exchanges after hydrologic losses. Both photosynthesis and respiration showed similar site‐level sensitivity to interannual changes in ET among the 21 ecosystems. Furthermore, these temporal relationships were not different from the spatial relationships of long‐term mean CO2 exchanges with climatic ET. Consequently, a hypothetical 100‐mm change in ET, whether short term or long term, was predicted to alter net ecosystem production (NEP) by 64 gCm−2 yr−1. Most of the unexplained NEP variability was related to persistent, site‐specific function, suggesting prioritization of research on slow‐changing controls. Common temporal and spatial sensitivity to water availability increases our confidence that site‐level responses to interannual weather can be extrapolated for prediction of CO2 exchanges over decadal and longer timescales relevant to societal response to climate change.
The equivalent translational stiffness of steel studs

The effect of the resilience of the steel studs on the sound insulation of steel stud cavity walls can be modelled as an equivalent translational stiffness in simple models for predicting the sound insulation of walls. Numerical calculations (Poblet-Puig et al., 2009) have shown that this equivalent translational stiffness varies with frequency. Vigran (2010a) has derived a best-fit third order polynomial approximation to the logarithm of these numerical values as a function of the logarithm of the frequency for the most common type of steel stud. This paper uses an inverse experimental technique. It determines the values of the equivalent translational stiffness of steel studs which make Davy’s (2010) sound insulation theory agree best with experimental sound insulation data from the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) (Halliwell et al., 1998) for 126 steel stud cavity walls with gypsum plasterboard on each side of the steel studs and sound absorbing material in the wall cavity. These values are approximately constant as a function of frequency up to 400 Hz. Above 400 Hz they increase approximately as a non-integer power of the frequency. The equivalent translational stiffness also depends on the mass per unit surface area of the cladding on each side of the steel studs and on the width of the steel studs. Above 400 Hz, this stiffness also depends on the stud spacing. The equivalent translational stiffness of steel studs determined in this paper and the best-fit approximation to that data are compared with that determined numerically by Poblet-Puig et al. (2009) and with Vigran’s (2010a) best-fit approximation as a function of frequency. The best-fit approximation to the inversely experimentally determined values of equivalent translational stiffness are used with Davy’s (2010) sound insulation prediction model to predict the sound insulation of steel stud cavity walls whose sound insulation has been determined experimentally by NRCC (Halliwell et al., 1998) or CSTB (Guigou-Carter and Villot, 2006).
Regional differences in store-operated Ca2+ entry in the epithelium of the intact human lens.

PURPOSE An elevated level of Ca(2+) is an important factor in cataract, yet precisely how Ca(2+) enters the lens is unknown. Lens epithelial cells contain a range of G-protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases that induce increases in intracellular Ca(2+). Receptor-associated Ca(2+) influx is, therefore, likely to be an important route for Ca(2+) influx to the lens. The authors investigated stimulated and passive Ca(2+) influx in in situ human lens epithelium. METHODS Ca(2+) changes in equatorial (E) and central anterior (CA) epithelial cells were monitored with the use of a Ca(2+) indicator (Fluo4) and confocal microscopy. Gene expression was monitored by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. RESULTS Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) induced Ca(2+) responses that were smaller in CA than E. Ca(2+) store depletion, using ATP (100 microM) or thapsigargin (1 microM), revealed greater relative store capacity and Ca(2+) influx in E. Ca(2+) influx was blocked by La(3+) (0.5 microM) in both regions. Unstimulated Ca(2+) influx was greater in E than CA. Greater expression of Orai1 and STIM1 was detected in E than in CA. CONCLUSIONS Greater Ca(2+) store capacity and Ca(2+) influx in E compared with CA reflects underlying differences in proliferation and differentiation between the regions. The relatively small resting Ca(2+) influx in CA epithelium suggests that store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is the main route of Ca(2+) influx in these cells. Greater resting influx and SOCE in E cells suggests that these are a major route for Ca(2+) influx into the lens. Increased expression of Orai1 and STIM1 in E could account for the differences in Ca(2+) entry. Receptor activation will modulate Ca(2+) influx, and inappropriate activity may contribute to cortical cataract.
Update on Endocytosis Endocytosis , Actin Cytoskeleton , and Signaling 1

Endocytosis is the internalization of plasma membrane proteins and lipids, extracellular molecules, fluids, particles, exosomes, viruses, and bacteria. Endocytic internalization is a conserved process for all eukaryotic cells that is required for diverse cellular functions. These include turnover and degradation of plasma membrane proteins and receptors, transduction and dispersal of signals within the cell and between cells of an organized tissue, spread of morphogens, cell-to-cell communication at synapses, elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, establishment of symbiosis with microorganisms, and nutrient uptake. Endocytosis has played a crucial role in endosymbiosis during eukaryotic evolution and laid the foundation for the emergence of specialized organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids. Several basic forms of endocytosis have been defined according to the type of cargo and molecular machinery driving its internalization. The endocytic pathways include clathrin-mediated, caveolae/lipid raft-mediated, clathrin-, and caveolae-independent endocytosis, fluid-phase endocytosis, and phagocytosis. Among them, clathrin-dependent endocytosis represents the best studied form of endocytic internalization. During the last decade, a significant number of studies revealed that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is highly regulated by structural, adaptor, regulatory, and signaling proteins involved in the formation (budding) of endocytic vesicles, their pinching off the plasma membrane, trafficking and selective fusion with endosomal/ lysosomal compartments (for review, see Brodsky et al., 2001). For example, the structural protein clathrin and several adaptor proteins build up the macromolecular lattice on the surface of endocytic vesicles (known as clathrin coat) that interacts with the large GTPase dynamin, as well as with cytoskeletal and signaling protein complexes (for review, see EngqvistGoldstein and Drubin, 2003). Importantly, endocytosis is required not only for retrieval and desensitization of receptors, but also for efficient signal dispersal within the cell (for review, see Sorkin and von Zastrow, 2002; Piddini and Vincent, 2003). In this update, we highlight recent progress in plant endocytosis. We also discuss data revealing inherent interactions between endocytosis, the actin cytoskeleton, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammalian models with possible implications for plant cells. Finally, we outline a perspective of future research in this emerging field of plant cell biology. We do not deal here with biosynthetic and vacuolar pathways merging eventually with endosomes since these have been covered elsewhere recently (Surpin and Raikhel, 2004).