Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perspectives from Healthcare Providers and Women about Completing Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Self-Testing at Home

Purpose: Cervical cancer (CC) incidence and mortality rates are increased and CC screening rates are low among women living in Ohio Appalachia. Mailing human papillomavirus (HPV) self-tests to women to complete at home is a potential new strategy in the United States to engage women in the CC screening process. Our study sought to understand both providers' and women's perspectives on an HPV self-test that could be mailed to women and how those viewpoints may differ and/or concur. Methods: Focus groups were conducted (2014–2015) among: 1) healthcare providers practicing in four Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) located in three Ohio Appalachia counties; and 2) women living in Ohio Appalachia. Results: Providers (n = 28) and women (n = 15) were accepting of HPV self-testing, however, the reason for acceptance differed between groups. Providers thought HPV self-testing would increase the possibility that under-screened women would return to the healthcare system, while women thought completing HPV self-tests at home would eliminate logistical/psychological CC screening barriers. Facilitators of completing an HPV self-test at home reported by women included decreased embarrassment, and the time and money saved by avoiding a doctor's appointment. Barriers to completing an HPV self-test at home reported by providers and women included women not being aware of the test, concerns about incorrectly completing the test and potential contamination of the obtained specimen, potential discomfort associated with completing the test, safety of the sample when returning it through the mail, issues associated with communicating test results (timing, channel, findings), and needed follow-up care. Both providers and women stressed the importance of including educational information about HPV and cervical cancer and detailed HPV self-test instructions with the mailed device. Conclusions: Findings provide insights into the facilitators and barriers of completing an HPV self-test at home, returning it, reporting results, and providing needed follow-up care. This information will be useful in developing CC screening programs that include mailed HPV self-tests.
Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Exclusion of Breast Cancer as an Integral Tumor of Hereditary Updated

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant genetic predisposition syndrome that accounts for 2–7% of all colorectal cancers. Diagnosis of HNPCC is based on family history (defined by Amsterdam or Bethesda Criteria), which often includes a history of multiple synchronous or metachronous cancers. The majority of HNPCC results from germ-line mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes hMSH2 and hMLH1 with rare alterations in hMSH6 and hPMS2 in atypical families. Both HNPCC and sporadic MMR-deficient tumors invariably display high microsatellite instability (MSI-H). Two types of HNPCC families can be distinguished: type I (Lynch I) with tumors exclusively located in the colon; and type II (Lynch II) with tumors found in the endometrium, stomach, ovary, and upper urinary tract in addition to the colon. A proposed association of breast cancer with type II HNPCC is controversial. To address this important clinical question, we examined MSI in a series of 27 female patients who presented with synchronous or metachronous breast plus colorectal cancer. Although MSI-H was found in 5 of 27 (18.5%) of the colon cancers, in all cases the matched breast cancer was microsatellite stable. We also examined the breast tumors from three women who were carriers of MMR gene mutations from HNPCC families. None of these three breast tumors displayed MSI nor was the expression of MMR proteins altered in these tumors. We conclude that breast cancer largely arises sporadically in HNPCC patients and is rarely associated with the HNPCC syndrome.
Comfort with the idea of formula feeding helps explain ethnic disparity in breastfeeding intentions among expectant first-time mothers.

OBJECTIVES Little is known regarding modifiable factors that may explain sociodemographic disparities in breastfeeding rates among women in the United States. Using a mediation model approach, we examined the relative contributions of breastfeeding and formula feeding psychosocial factors in explaining disparities in breastfeeding intentions. METHODS We interviewed 532 expectant first-time mothers regarding exposure to breastfeeding by others (breastfeeding exposure), comfort with ideas of breastfeeding (breastfeeding comfort) and formula feeding (formula feeding comfort), and breastfeeding self-efficacy. We used logistic regression to evaluate the independent and mediating effects of these variables on strength of intention to fully breastfeed for 6 months (breastfeeding intention). RESULTS The ethnic distribution of the sample was 41% white, non-Hispanic; 27% Hispanic; 14% African-American; 12% Asian; and 6% mixed or other ethnicity. In the overall sample, formula feeding comfort, breastfeeding comfort, and breastfeeding self-efficacy all independently predicted breastfeeding intention (p < 0.0001), but formula feeding comfort had the largest effect: adjusted odds of stronger breastfeeding intention increased threefold for each 1-level decrease (among four levels) in formula feeding comfort. The unadjusted odds (95% confidence interval) of stronger breastfeeding intention were 0.37 (0.24-0.58) for African-American versus non-African-American women; African-American women had higher formula feeding comfort (2.08 [1.32-3.29]) but similar breastfeeding comfort, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and breastfeeding exposure. Formula feeding comfort mediated 37% of the disparity in breastfeeding intentions between African-American and non-African-American women. CONCLUSIONS Formula feeding comfort strongly predicted and substantially mediated ethnic disparity in breastfeeding intention. These results suggest that research and public health efforts aimed at increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates should include consideration of formula feeding attitudes.
Primary murine mucosal response during cephalosporin‐induced intestinal colonization by Enterococcus faecium

Hospitalized patients are often administered antibiotics that perturb the gastrointestinal commensal microbiota, leading to outgrowth of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, like multidrug‐resistant Enterococcus faecium, subsequent spread, and eventually infections. However, the events that occur at the initial stage of intestinal colonization and outgrowth by multidrug‐resistant E. faecium within the antibiotic‐treated host have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we describe and visualize that only 6 hr after cephalosporin treatment of mice, the Muc‐2 mucus layer is reduced and E‐cadherin junctions were altered. In contrast, the cadherin‐17 junctions were unaffected in antibiotic treated mice during E. faecium colonization or in untreated animals. E. faecium was capable to colonize the mouse colon already within 6 hr after inoculation, and agglutinated at the apical side of the intestinal epithelium. During the primary stage of gastrointestinal colonization the number of IgA+ cells and CD11b+IgA+ cells increased in the lamina propria of the colon and mediated an elevated IgA response upon E. faecium colonization.
2017 American College of Rheumatology/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antirheumatic Medication in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty

This collaboration between the American College of Rheumatology and the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons developed an evidence‐based guideline for the perioperative management of antirheumatic drug therapy for adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA) including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) undergoing elective total hip (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
Inferring Perspective Versus Getting Perspective: Underestimating the Value of Being in Another Person’s Shoes

People use at least two strategies to solve the challenge of understanding another person’s mind: inferring that person’s perspective by reading his or her behavior (theorization) and getting that person’s perspective by experiencing his or her situation (simulation). The five experiments reported here demonstrate a strong tendency for people to underestimate the value of simulation. Predictors estimated a stranger’s emotional reactions toward 50 pictures. They could either infer the stranger’s perspective by reading his or her facial expressions or simulate the stranger’s perspective by watching the pictures he or she viewed. Predictors were substantially more accurate when they got perspective through simulation, but overestimated the accuracy they had achieved by inferring perspective. Predictors’ miscalibrated confidence stemmed from overestimating the information revealed through facial expressions and underestimating the similarity in people’s reactions to a given situation. People seem to underappreciate a useful strategy for understanding the minds of others, even after they gain firsthand experience with both strategies.
The Effects of 10 Hz Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Audiovisual Task Switching

Neural oscillations in the alpha band (7–13 Hz) are commonly associated with disengagement of visual attention. However, recent studies have also associated alpha with processes of attentional control and stability. We addressed this issue in previous experiments by delivering transcranial alternating current stimulation at 10 Hz over posterior cortex during visual tasks (alpha tACS). As this stimulation can induce reliable increases in EEG alpha power, and given that performance on each of our visual tasks was negatively associated with alpha power, we assumed that alpha tACS would reliably impair visual performance. However, alpha tACS was instead found to prevent both deteriorations and improvements in visual performance that otherwise occurred during sham & 50 Hz tACS. Alpha tACS therefore appeared to exert a stabilizing effect on visual attention. This hypothesis was tested in the current, pre-registered experiment by delivering alpha tACS during a task that required rapid switching of attention between motion, color, and auditory subtasks. We assumed that, if alpha tACS stabilizes visual attention, this stimulation should make it harder for people to switch between visual tasks, but should have little influence on transitions between auditory and visual subtasks. However, in contrast to this prediction, we observed no evidence of impairments in visuovisual vs. audiovisual switching during alpha vs. control tACS. Instead, we observed a trend-level reduction in visuoauditory switching accuracy during alpha tACS. Post-hoc analyses showed no effects of alpha tACS in response time variability, diffusion model parameters, or on performance of repeat trials. EEG analyses also showed no effects of alpha tACS on endogenous or stimulus-evoked alpha power. We discuss possible explanations for these results, as well as their broader implications for current efforts to study the roles of neural oscillations in cognition using tACS.
Visual and Haptic Perception Training to Improve Handwriting Skills in Children With Dysgraphia

We investigated a visual–perceptual and haptic–perceptual training program to enhance motor skills and Chinese handwriting performance among children with handwriting difficulties. The participants were 28 first- and second-grade children with handwriting difficulties. They were matched according to age and then randomly assigned into a control group or an experimental group. Participants in the experimental group received 12 sessions of a training program, whereas those in the control group received conventional handwriting training. The Test of Visual Perceptual Skills—Third Edition (TVPS–3), Tactual Performance Test (TPT), and Battery of Chinese Basic Literacy (BCBL) were all administered before and after 6 wk of intervention. Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that the experimental group showed significant improvement on the TVPS–3 but not on the TPT. Along with the improved visual–perceptual skills, the experimental group showed a significant difference in far-point copy speed and handwriting accuracy, as reflected in the BCBL.
A Walk with SGD

Exploring why stochastic gradient descent (SGD) based optimization methods train deep neural networks (DNNs) that generalize well has become an active area of research. Towards this end, we empirically study the dynamics of SGD when training over-parametrized DNNs. Specifically we study the DNN loss surface along the trajectory of SGD by interpolating the loss surface between parameters from consecutive \textit{iterations} and tracking various metrics during training. We find that the loss interpolation between parameters before and after a training update is roughly convex with a minimum (\textit{valley floor}) in between for most of the training. Based on this and other metrics, we deduce that during most of the training, SGD explores regions in a valley by bouncing off valley walls at a height above the valley floor. This 'bouncing off walls at a height' mechanism helps SGD traverse larger distance for small batch sizes and large learning rates which we find play qualitatively different roles in the dynamics. While a large learning rate maintains a large height from the valley floor, a small batch size injects noise facilitating exploration. We find this mechanism is crucial for generalization because the valley floor has barriers and this exploration above the valley floor allows SGD to quickly travel far away from the initialization point (without being affected by barriers) and find flatter regions, corresponding to better generalization.
Micronutrient Status and Nutritional Intake in 0- to 2-Year-old Children Consuming a Cows’ Milk Exclusion Diet

Objectives: To study micronutrient status and nutritional intake from complementary feeding in children on a cows’ milk exclusion (CME) diet. Methods: Fifty-seven children with cows’ milk allergy, younger than 2 years, were included in a cross-sectional study. Blood was analyzed for micronutrient status. Complementary feeding was defined as all solids and liquids except of breast milk, and assessed by 3-day food diary. The results were analyzed according to 3 feeding patterns: mainly breast-fed (mBF), partially breast-fed, and no breast milk group (nBM). Results: The children had a median age of 9 months and micronutrient status was within normal range for total homocysteine (p-tHcy), s-B12, s-folate, b-Hb, s-ferritin, s-zinc, and s-25(OH)D. There were no significant differences between feedings groups, except for B12-biomarkers. The mBF had higher p-tHcy (P < 0.000) and lower s-B12 (P = 0.002) compared nBM. Vitamin B12 deficiency (p-tHcy >6.5 &mgr;mol/L combined with s-B12 <250 pmol/L) was found in 12% of participants, most frequently among the mBF (36%) and none in nBM group (P = 0.009). Vitamin B12 intake from complementary feeding was negatively correlated with p-tHcy (r = −0.479, P = 0.001) and positively with s-B12 (r = 0.410, P = 0.003). Iron deficiency anemia was found in 5%. Iron intake correlated positively with b-Hb (r = 0.324, P = 0.02). Zinc deficiency was found in 7% and low 25(OH)D in 9%. Vitamin D intake was positively correlated with the use of supplements (r = 0.456, P = 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of B12 deficiency was high in mBF infants on CME diet, and complementary feeding was associated with better B12 status. Iron, zinc, and vitamin D deficiencies were present in all feeding groups. Complementary feeding should be introduced at 4 to 6 months of age. Vitamin D supplement is recommended to ensure adequate intake.
The Influence of Keel Bone Damage on Welfare of Laying Hens

This article reviews current knowledge about welfare implications of keel bone damage in laying hens. As an initial part, we shortly describe the different conditions and present major risk factors as well as findings on the prevalence of the conditions. Keel bone damage is found in all types of commercial production, however with varying prevalence across systems, countries, and age of the hens. In general, the understanding of animal welfare is influenced by value-based ideas about what is important or desirable for animals to have a good life. This review covers different types of welfare indicators, including measures of affective states, basic health, and functioning as well as natural living of the birds, thereby including the typical public welfare concerns. Laying hens with keel bone fractures show marked behavioral differences in highly motivated behavior, such as perching, nest use, and locomotion, indicating reduced mobility and potentially negative affective states. It remains unclear whether keel bone fractures affect hen mortality, but there seem to be relations between the fractures and other clinical indicators of reduced welfare. Evidence of several types showing pain involvement in fractured keel bones has been published, strongly suggesting that fractures are a source of pain, at least for weeks after the occurrence. In addition, negative effects of fractures have been found in egg production. Irrespective of the underlying welfare concern, available scientific evidence showed that keel bone fractures reduce the welfare of layers in modern production systems. Due to the limited research into the welfare implications of keel bone deviation, evidence of the consequences of this condition is not as comprehensive and clear. However, indications have been found that keel bone deviations have a negative impact on the welfare of laying hens. In order to reduce the occurrence of the conditions as well as to examine how the affected birds should be treated, more research into the welfare implications of keel bone damage is needed. Research should focus on effects of genetic lines, genetic selection, housing, and nutrition for the development, prevalence, and severity of these conditions, preferably conducted as longitudinal and/or transnational studies.
An Appraisal of the Cephalic Index in Sagittal Craniosynostosis, and the Unseen Third Dimension.

459e 3. Slack GC, Tabit CJ, Allam KA, Kawamoto HK, Bradley JP. Parry-Romberg reconstruction: Beneficial results despite poorer fat take. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73:307–310. 4. Raposo-Amaral CE, Denadai R, Camargo DN, et al. ParryRomberg syndrome: Severity of the deformity does not correlate with quality of life. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2013;37:792–801. 5. Denadai R, Raposo-Amaral CA, Buzzo CL, Raposo-Amaral CE. Isolated autologous free fat grafting for management of facial contour asymmetry in a subset of growing patients with craniofacial microsomia. Ann Plast Surg. 2016;76:288–294. support efforts to elevate the bar in assessing outcomes using whole head morphometrics. We congratulate the authors on this large body of work. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004153
Registry of Youth Onset Diabetes in India (YDR)

Background: With the aim of addressing the relative scarcity of information on youth-onset diabetes in India, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) decided to establish the Registry of People with Diabetes with Young Age at Onset (YDR) in 2006. The major objectives of YDR are to generate information on disease pattern or types of youth-onset diabetes including their geographical variations within India and to estimate the burden of diabetes complications. Methods: YDR is an observational multicenter clinic based registry enlisting physician diagnosed diabetes in individuals below 25 years of age. Diabetes was classified using symptom based clinical criteria. YDR data collection is coordinated through regional collaborating centers and their interacting reporting centers across India. A baseline and an annual follow-up proformas are used to obtain information on sociodemographic details, clinical profile, and anthropometric and laboratory measurements of the patients. Results: In phase 1, the registry has enrolled 5546 patients, in which type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was the most prevalent (63.9%), followed by youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (25.3%). Conclusion: This registry provides a unique opportunity to study the natural history of youth-onset diabetes in India.
Differential Influences of Emotion, Task, and Novelty on Brain Regions Underlying the Processing of Speech Melody

We investigated the functional characteristics of brain regions implicated in processing of speech melody by presenting words spoken in either neutral or angry prosody during a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment using a factorial habituation design. Subjects judged either affective prosody or word class for these vocal stimuli, which could be heard for either the first, second, or third time. Voice-sensitive temporal cortices, as well as the amygdala, insula, and mediodorsal thalami, reacted stronger to angry than to neutral prosody. These stimulus-driven effects were not influenced by the task, suggesting that these brain structures are automatically engaged during processing of emotional information in the voice and operate relatively independent of cognitive demands. By contrast, the right middle temporal gyrus and the bilateral orbito-frontal cortices (OFC) responded stronger during emotion than word classification, but were also sensitive to anger expressed by the voices, suggesting that some perceptual aspects of prosody are also encoded within these regions subserving explicit processing of vocal emotion. The bilateral OFC showed a selective modulation by emotion and repetition, with particularly pronounced responses to angry prosody during the first presentation only, indicating a critical role of the OFC in detection of vocal information that is both novel and behaviorally relevant. These results converge with previous findings obtained for angry faces and suggest a general involvement of the OFC for recognition of anger irrespective of the sensory modality. Taken together, our study reveals that different aspects of voice stimuli and perceptual demands modulate distinct areas involved in the processing of emotional prosody.
Blunted cerebrovascular response is associated with elevated beta-amyloid

The goal of this study was to explore the association of beta-amyloid accumulation and cerebrovascular response (CVR) in cognitively normal older adults. Beta-amyloid accumulation was characterized with [18F] Florbetapir positron emission tomography scans. CVR was calculated as middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity change from rest to moderate intensity exercise. We found that individuals with elevated beta-amyloid aggregation had a blunted CVR (n = 25, age 70.1 ± 4.8; 3.3 ± 3.7 cm/s) compared to non-elevated individuals (n = 45, age 72.0 ± 4.9; 7.2 ± 5.0 cm/s, p < 0.001). Further, greater beta-amyloid burden was linearly associated with less CVR across all participants (b = −11.7, p < 0.001). Greater CVR and less beta-amyloid burden were associated with processing speed (p < 0.05). This study is the first to show that CVR from rest to exercise is blunted across increased global beta-amyloid burden.