Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Progressive increase in grid scale from dorsal to ventral medial entorhinal cortex

Grid cells are topographically organized in the sense that, within the dorsal part of the medial entorhinal cortex, the scale of the grid increases systematically with anatomical distance from the dorsal border of this brain area. The ventral limit of the spatial map is currently not known. To determine if the grid map extends into the intermediate and ventral parts of the medial entorhinal cortex, we recorded activity from entorhinal principal cells at multiple dorsoventral levels while rats shuttled back and forth on an 18 m long linear track. The recordings spanned a range of more than 3 mm, covering approximately three quarters of the dorsoventral extent of the medial entorhinal cortex. Distinct periodic firing fields were observed at all recording levels. The average interpeak distance between the fields increased from ∼50 cm in the most dorsal part to ∼3 m at the most ventral recording positions. The increase in grid scale was accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of theta modulation and the rate of phase precession. The increase in average spacing and field size was approximately linear but this relationship coincided with a substantial increase in the variability of each measure. Taken together, the observations suggest that the spatial scale of the grid representation increases progressively along most of the dorsoventral axis of the medial entorhinal cortex, mirroring the topographical scale expansion observed in place cells in the hippocampus. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of impulsive sources in the ocean using the method of images

Impulsive transient signals produced by snapping shrimp dominate the high frequency ambient noise in warm shallow waters. A receiver not only observes the direct arrival of the snap from the shrimp, but also multipath reflections from scattering boundaries such as the sea surface, seabed, etc. We formulate a geometric model corresponding to one direct arrival and one surface reflection. The originating location of a snap can be extracted from the model if the exact position of each element in the receiver array is known. In practice, we only have coarse prior knowledge of the array depth and orientation, and the exact array element locations have to be estimated. The situation is further complicated by the fact that many snaps occur concurrently, and associating a snap with its reflection is a nontrivial problem. We use least logarithmic absolute (LLA) criteria to explore the unknown parameter in this joint estimation and association problem. The association can be further refined based on the complete geometric model. We outline our method and present a numerical simulation to test the performance of the estimator. Results from a dataset collected in Singapore waters using a broadband small-aperture phased array are illustrated. We compare the results with previous findings, demonstrating that accurate passive localization of known structures in the ocean using natural noise made by snapping shrimp inhabiting the structures can be achieved.
The Influence of Natural Head Position on the Cervical Sagittal Alignment

Introduction This study investigated the relationship between the parameters related to the natural head position and cervical segmental angles and alignment of patients with neck pain. Material and Methods The lateral radiographs of the cervical spine were collected from 103 patients and were used to retrospectively analyze the correlation between the natural head position, cervical local sagittal angles, and alignment. Sagittal measurements were as follows: cervical curvature classification, slope of McGregor's line (McGS), local sagittal angles (C0–C2 angle, C2–C5 angle, C5–C7 angle, and C2–C7 angle), T1 slope, center of gravity of the head to sagittal vertical axis (CG–C7 SVA), and local sagittal alignment (C0–C2 SVA and C2–C7 SVA). Results McGS was significantly correlated to C0–C2 angle (r = 0.57), C0–C2 SVA (r = −0.53), C2–C7 SVA (r = −0.28), and CG–C7 SVA (r = −0.47). CG–C7 SVA was also significantly correlated to curvature type (r = 0.27), C5–C7 angle (r = −0.37), and C2–C7 angle (r = −0.39). Conclusions A backward shift with an extended head position may accompany a relatively normal curvature of the cervical spine. The effect of posture control in relieving abnormal mechanical state of the cervical spine needs to be further confirmed by biomechanical analysis.
Superconducting TiN Films Sputtered Over a Large Range of Substrate DC Bias

We have investigated properties of superconducting titanium nitride (TiN) films that were sputtered over a large range of RF-induced DC bias voltage applied to the substrate. Films grown with the largest bias voltages contained cubic TiN phases with a large fraction of the (200) crystalline growth orientation. These films also contained the smallest concentrations of oxygen impurities, resulting in stoichiometric TiN. Over the range of bias, variations of the stress from slightly tensile to highly compressive were measured and correlated to crystallinity of the (200) growth. The films exhibited highly uniform thickness and resistivity, and show the potential for yielding reproducible low-temperature devices. Finally, coplanar resonators fabricated with the films exhibited high kinetic inductance and quality factor, where the latter was obtained in part from temperature-dependent frequency shifts.
Effect of Ball Mass on Dribble, Pass, and Pass Reception in 9–11-Year-Old Boys' Basketball

The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of ball mass on dribble, pass, and pass reception in real game situations in 9–11-year-old boys' basketball. Participants were 54 boys identified from six federated teams. The independent variable was ball mass, and dependent variables were number of dribbles, passes, and pass receptions. Three situations were established in which the participants played four games with each of the following: (a) regulation ball (485 g, 69–71 cm), (b) ball of smaller mass (440 g, 69–71 cm), and (c) ball of greater mass (540 g, 69–71 cm). Four observers recorded data from observing game videos using a computerized register instrument. Participants executed more dribbles, passes, and pass receptions with the 440-g ball when compared to the regulation (p < .05) and 540-g ball (p < .01). Reduction of ball mass seems to have enabled the children to go from paying attention to aspects related to ball handling to aspects of game interpretation.
On Trivial Solution and Scale Transfer Problems in Graph Regularized NMF

Combining graph regularization with nonnegative matrix (tri-)factorization (NMF) has shown great performance improvement compared with traditional nonnegative matrix (tri-)factorization models due to its ability to utilize the geometric structure of the documents and words. In this paper, we show that these models are not well-defined and suffering from trivial solution and scale transfer problems. In order to solve these common problems, we propose two models for graph regularized non-negative matrix (tri-)factorization, which can be applied for document clustering and co-clustering respectively. In the proposed models, a Normalized Cut-like constraint is imposed on the cluster assignment matrix to make the optimization problem well-defined. We derive a multiplicative updating algorithm for the proposed models, and prove its convergence. Experiments of clustering and coclustering on benchmark text data sets demonstrate that the proposed models outperform the original models as well as many other state-of-the-art clustering methods.
1/N Effects in Non-Relativistic Gauge-Gravity Duality

We argue that higher-curvature terms in the gravitational Lagrangian lead, via non-relativistic gauge-gravity duality, to finite renormalization of the dynamical exponent of the dual conformal field theory. Our argument includes a proof of the non-renormalization of the Schrodinger and Lifshitz metrics beyond rescalings of their parameters, directly generalizing the AdS case. We use this effect to construct string-theory duals of non-relativistic critical systems with non-integer dynamical exponents, then use these duals to predict the viscosity/entropy ratios of these systems. The predicted values weakly violate the KSS bound.
Combination of bright light and caffeine as a countermeasure for impaired alertness and performance during extended sleep deprivation

Effects of four conditions (Dim Light‐Placebo, Dim Light‐Caffeine, Bright Light‐Placebo and Bright Light‐Caffeine) on alertness, and performance were studied during the night‐time hours across 45.5 h of sleep deprivation. Caffeine (200 mg) was administered at 20.00 and 02.00 hours and bright‐light exposure (>2000 lux) was from 20.00 to 08.00 hours each night. The three treatment conditions, compared to the Dim Light‐Placebo condition, enhanced night‐time performance. Further, the combined treatment of caffeine and all‐night bright light (Bright Light‐Caffeine) enhanced performance to a larger degree than either the Dim Light‐Caffeine or the Bright Light‐Placebo condition. Beneficial effects of the treatments on performance were largest during the early morning hours (e.g. after 02.00 hours) when performance in the Dim Light‐Placebo group was at its worst. Notably, the Bright Light‐Caffeine condition was able to overcome the circadian drop in performance for most tasks measured. Both caffeine conditions improved objective alertness on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test. Taken together, the above results suggest that the combined treatment of bright light and caffeine provides an effective intervention for enhancing alertness and performance during sleep loss.
The Effect of the Brainstorming Teaching Method on UNRWA- FES Students' Achievement and their Critical Thinking in the Geography Course

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the brainstorming ‎teaching method on Faculty of Educational Sciences (FES) students' ‎achievement and on improving their critical thinking in the geography ‎course. The population of the study consisted of (131) male and female ‎Class Teacher sophomore students, distributed among five classes. Two ‎classes were randomly selected to form two cluster groups; an ‎experimental group and a control group. The experimental group ‎consisted of (25) male and female students while the control group ‎consisted of (28) male and female students. An achievement multiple ‎choice test designed by the researcher mainly for the purpose of ‎conducting the study was administered. The said test consisted of (40) ‎items. The validity and reliability of the test was checked. Furthermore, ‎the researcher used the California Critical Thinking Test (version 2000) ‎which consisted of (34) items distributed among five skills. The ‎equivalence of the two groups was tested by applying the achievement ‎pre-test and the California Critical Thinking Test (CCTT). Results of the ‎achievement posttest, the California Critical Thinking Post Test and the ‎whole test for the analytical , inductive and evaluation skills revealed that ‎there were statistically significant differences at (α≤0.05) in favor of the ‎experimental group which were taught using the brainstorming teaching ‎method. However, the results revealed that there were statistically no ‎significant differences between the two groups with respect to the ‎deductive and reasoning skills. ‎
A 6 Gb/s 6 pJ/b 5 mm-Distance Non-Contact Interface for Modular Smartphones Using Two-Fold Transmission Line Coupler and High EMC Tolerant Pulse Transceiver

A non-contact interface for modular smartphones that can provide a data connection at a maximum MIPI rate of 6 Gb/s has been developed. A two-fold transmission line coupler, which is a small-size coupler that has a wide bandwidth, is proposed for modular smartphones, where the layout area is strictly limited. The coupler size is 6 mm2 for a 5 mm communication distance, which is 1/24 smaller than the conventional coupler. Since many wireless communication components, such as LTE, WiFi, and GPS transceivers, are assembled in a small module, the interference between the non-contact interface and the wireless transceivers should be suppressed. To improve noise immunity and reduce unwanted radiation from the coupler, an electromagnetic-compatibility robust pulse transceiver is proposed. A synchronous receiver using an edge counting clock recovery circuit improves noise immunity, and a bi-phase pulse transmitter reduces noise radiation in the GPS band. There is no EMS by LTE or WiFi signals on the data connection at BER <; 10-12 when the coupler is separated by a distance of 2 mm and no EMI on GPS signals at a separation of 10 mm. Compared with the state-of-the-art result, the highest energy efficiency (6 pJ/b) and space efficiency (1.2 mm2/1 mm distance) is achieved.
The Hydration Characteristics of Demineralized and Nondemineralized Allograft Bone: Scientific Perspectives on Graft Function

Demineralized bone matrix grafts are osteoinductive due to the increase in bioavailability of bone morphogenetic proteins that occurs from demineralization. The manner by which demineralization increases their bioavailability, however, is not known with certainty. It is known that the mineral phase of bone masks the proteins of the organic matrix. Proteins depend on their interaction with water for their three-dimensional conformation, biologic activity, and stability. It is possible that demineralization allows a more complete hydration of bone matrix, changing the local environment and allowing the bone morphogenetic proteins to desorb and form a concentration gradient, signaling the appropriate cell types to begin the process of bone regeneration. Under similar test conditions, it was discovered that hydration of demineralized bone matrix powder produces a strong exotherm on the order of 14°C whereas hydration of bone powder produces a smaller exotherm of about 2°C. The details of the hydration reactions of demineralized bone matrix and bone were investigated by measuring the exotherm produced under varying conditions. The results suggest that bone mineral does mask, or limit, the ability of the organic matrix to interact with water. An understanding of the hydration characteristics of demineralized bone matrix can also help in the development of carrier systems that optimize osteoinductive potential.
Lysine Acetyltransferases CBP and p300 as Therapeutic Targets in Cognitive and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neuropsychiatric pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental syndromes, are frequently associated with dysregulation of various essential cellular mechanisms, such as transcription, mitochondrial respiration and protein degradation. In these complex scenarios, it is difficult to pinpoint the specific molecular dysfunction that initiated the pathology or that led to the fatal cascade of events that ends with the death of the neuron. Among the possible original factors, epigenetic dysregulation has attracted special attention. This review focuses on two highly related epigenetic factors that are directly involved in a number of neurological disorders, the lysine acetyltransferases CREB-binding protein (CBP) and E1A-associated protein p300 (p300). We first comment on the role of chromatin acetylation and the enzymes that control it, particularly CBP and p300, in neuronal plasticity and cognition. Next, we describe the involvement of these proteins in intellectual disability and in different neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential of ameliorative strategies targeting CBP/p300 for the treatment of these disorders.
Nitrogen oxides emission from two beech forests subjected to different nitrogen loads

Abstract. We analysed nitrogen oxides (N 2 O, NO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from two beech forest soils close to Vienna, Austria, which were exposed to different nitrogen input from the atmosphere. The site Schottenwald (SW) received 20.2 kg N ha −1 y −1 and Klausenleopoldsdorf (KL) 12.6 kg N ha −1 y −1 through wet deposition. Nitric oxide emissions from soil were measured hourly with an automatic dynamic chamber system. Daily N 2 O measurements were carried out by an automatic gas sampling system. Measurements of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and CO 2 emissions were conducted over larger areas on a biweekly (SW) or monthly (KL) basis by manually operated chambers. We used an autoregression procedure (time-series analysis) for establishing time-lagged relationships between N-oxides emissions and different climate, soil chemistry and N-deposition data. It was found that changes in soil moisture and soil temperature significantly effected CO 2 and N-oxides emissions with a time lag of up to two weeks and could explain up to 95% of the temporal variations of gas emissions. Event emissions after rain or during freezing and thawing cycles contributed significantly (for NO 50%) to overall N-oxides emissions. In the two-year period of analysis the annual gaseous N 2 O emissions at SW ranged from 0.64 to 0.79 kg N ha −1 y −1 and NO emissions were 0.24 to 0.49 kg N ha −1 per vegetation period. In KL significantly lower annual N 2 O emissions (0.52 to 0.65 kg N 2 O-N kg ha −1 y −1 ) as well as considerably lower NO-emissions were observed. During a three-month measurement campaign NO emissions at KL were 0.02 kg N ha −1 ), whereas in the same time period significantly more NO was emitted in SW (0.32 kg NO-N ha −1 ). Higher N-oxides emissions, especially NO emissions from the high N-input site (SW) may indicate that atmospheric deposition has an impact on emissions of gaseous N from our forest soils. At KL there was a strong correlation between N-deposition and N-emission over time, which shows that low N-input sites are especially responsive to increasing N-inputs.
Patterns of Homework Initiation for Web-based Activities in Economics: A Study of Academic Procrastination

This study investigates the impact that certain demographic and academic characteristics have on the degree of academic procrastination by college students in a Principles of Macroeconomics course. The study employs an objective measure of academic procrastination (homework initiation) rather than the self-reported measures typically employed in the literature. The empirical results indicate that students who procrastinate less are academically stronger, non-traditionally aged, or had a previous college level course in economics. Upper level students tend to procrastinate more. The amount of academic procrastination varied during the term for each student but procrastination generally worsened as the academic term progressed.
The Power of the Little Blue Pill: Innovations and Implications of Lifestyle Drugs in an Aging Population

The launch of Viagra in April 1998 led to a historically unprecedented high usage of erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs. We test whether Viagra's introduction significantly influenced outcomes for its target population such as STD rates of older men, as well as its non-target populations, such as divorces, natality, the distribution of the age spread within couples, female STDs and sexual assault rates. We find causal evidence that Viagra's introduction increased Gonorrhea rates in older men by 15-28%. We find no significant evidence of any effects on other variables. We take this as evidence that this lifestyle drug causes significant changes in choices only which affect short term outcomes, while long term planned decisions are unaffected. Overall, we find that the welfare impacts of Viagra with respect to our outcomes of interest are positive and large.
Creation of stable molecular junctions with a custom-designed scanning tunneling microscope

The scanning tunneling microscope break junction (STMBJ) technique is a powerful approach for creating single-molecule junctions and studying electrical transport in them. However, junctions created using the STMBJ technique are usually mechanically stable for relatively short times (<1 s), impeding detailed studies of their charge transport characteristics. Here, we report a custom-designed scanning tunneling microscope that enables the creation of metal–single molecule–metal junctions that are mechanically stable for more than 1 minute at room temperature. This stability is achieved by a design that minimizes thermal drift as well as the effect of environmental perturbations. The utility of this instrument is demonstrated by performing transition voltage spectroscopy—at the single-molecule level—on Au–hexanedithiol–Au, Au–octanedithiol–Au and Au–decanedithiol–Au junctions.
Was the New Deal Contractionary?

Can government policies that increase the monopoly power of firms and the militancy of unions increase output? This paper studies this question in a dynamic general equilibrium model with nominal frictions and shows that these policies are expansionary when certain “emergency” conditions apply. I argue that these emergency conditions— zero interest rates and deflation—were satisfied during the Great Depression in the United States. Therefore, the New Deal, which facilitated monopolies and union militancy, was expansionary, according to the model. This conclusion is contrary to the one reached by Cole and Ohanian (2004), who argue that the New Deal was contractionary. The main reason for this divergence is that the current model incorporates nominal frictions so that inflation expectations play a central role in the analysis. The New Deal has a strong effect on inflation expectations in the model,changing excessive deflation to modest inflation, thereby lowering real interest rates and stimulating spending.
End-to-End Online Writer Identification With Recurrent Neural Network

Writer identification is an important topic for pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. Traditional methods rely heavily on sophisticated hand-crafted features to represent the characteristics of different writers. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end framework for online text-independent writer identification by using a recurrent neural network (RNN). Specifically, the handwriting data of a particular writer are represented by a set of random hybrid strokes (RHSs). Each RHS is a randomly sampled short sequence representing pen tip movements ( $xy$-coordinates) and pen-down or pen-up states. RHS is independent of the content and language involved in handwriting; therefore, writer identification at the RHS level is more general and convenient than the character level or the word level, which also requires character/word segmentation. The RNN model with bidirectional long short-term memory is used to encode each RHS into a fixed-length vector for final classification. All the RHSs of a writer are classified independently, and then, the posterior probabilities are averaged to make the final decision. The proposed framework is end-to-end and does not require any domain knowledge for handwriting data analysis. Experiments on both English (133 writers) and Chinese (186 writers) databases verify the advantages of our method compared with other state-of-the-art approaches.