Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Up-Regulation of P-Glycoprotein Expression in Small Intestine under Chronic Serotonin-Depleted Conditions in Rats

To investigate the role of serotonin (5-HT), an important neurotransmitter and hormone/paracrine agent in the small intestine, in the transport activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the intestinal transport of quinidine, a P-gp substrate, was examined in 5-HT-depleted rats prepared by intraperitoneal administration of p-chlorophenylalanine, a specific inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase in 5-HT biosynthesis. In the in vitro transport study, quinidine transport across rat jejunum was significantly enhanced in both the secretory and absorptive directions under 5-HT-depleted conditions, although the secretory transport was still predominant. The electrophysiological study suggested that the quinidine transport via passive diffusion was enhanced presumably through a paracellular route. This might be due to looser tight junctions under 5-HT-depleted conditions. The voltage-clamp technique clearly indicated that the secretory transport of quinidine through the transcellular pathway was also enhanced by the depletion of 5-HT. Furthermore, 5-HT depletion increased verapamil-sensitive secretory transport of quinidine in rat jejunum. These results indicate that the secretory transport of quinidine via P-gp was significantly enhanced under 5-HT-depleted conditions. The level of ATP, an energy source for functioning P-gp, wet weight of jejunum, and total protein level in rat jejunal mucosa were not changed by 5-HT depletion, but the expression of P-gp in the brush-border membrane of rat jejunum was significantly induced, which is partly responsible for the enhancement of P-gp activity under the 5-HT-depleted condition.
Association between environmental tobacco smoke and depression among Korean women

Objective To evaluate the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and depression among Korean women. Methods Between 2008 and 2011, we examined 731 men and 1249 women (aged 39–85 years) for the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)-Kangwha. Among 1208 never-smoking women, we excluded two women taking antidepressants and five women who did not complete the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Therefore, we performed a cross-sectional analysis on 1201 women. ETS exposure was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire, and was classified into three groups: no exposure, occasional exposure and regular exposure. Depression was assessed using the BDI score, which ranged from 0 to 63, and the presence of depression was defined as a BDI score ≥10. Results Women exposed to ETS were more likely to have depression than those without ETS exposure (p=0.019). When BDI was analysed as a continuous variable, women exposed to ETS had significantly higher BDI scores after full adjustment (overall exposure: β=1.36, p=0.013; occasional exposure: β=1.15, p=0.063; regular exposure: β=1.90, p=0.039). ETS exposure was significantly associated with depression in a dose–response manner even after adjusting for age, body mass index, menopause, socioeconomic status, lifestyle and prevalent chronic diseases. The adjusted OR for depression (95% CI) was 1.72 (1.25 to 2.37) for overall ETS exposure, 1.56 (1.09 to 2.24) for occasional exposure and 2.19 (1.30 to 3.69) for regular exposure, when compared to no exposure. Conclusions Exposure to ETS was associated with depression among middle aged and elderly Korean women.
Direct On-Chip 3-D Aerosol Jet Printing With High Reliability

We demonstrate a new, low-cost, additive aerosol jet (AJ) printing fabrication method for 3-D on-chip interconnects on III–V semiconductor chips. A dielectric layer and bridge-type gold interconnects were printed on a GaAs-based microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) to connect a gate pad and a ground pad of the MMIC. The MMICs with the printed 3-D interconnects show the same RF performance as those tested before printing with the gate voltage biased at 0 V. This indicates that the 3-D printed interconnects can provide effective and reliable connections. Extensive reliability tests including thermal shock, thermal cycle, and current stress tests were performed on the MMIC with the printed 3-D interconnects. No performance degradation was found after the reliability tests. The performance and reliability study demonstrates that the low-cost, additive 3-D AJ printing is an effective fabrication method for adding highly reliable on-wafer circuit functionalities and features. Additive printing is an excellent complementary technology to existing semiconductor technologies for instantaneous on-wafer circuit prototyping, repair, tuning, reconfiguration, and system on-chip integration with high reliability.
Rasch analysis of the Fatigue Severity Scale in multiple sclerosis

Background The 9-item, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS-9) has been widely used as an outcome measure in multiple sclerosis (MS). Modern psychometric theory, in the form of the Rasch measurement model, has set new quality standards for outcome measures by appraising a broad range of measurement properties in addition to the reliability and validity emphasized by classical test theory. Objective To appraise the FSS-9 by application of the Rasch model. Method The FSS-9 was posted to patients with clinically definite MS in two centers in the United Kingdom. Analysis was based on 416 records (55% response). Results The 9-item scale failed to meet Rasch model expectations. Two items had poor discrimination across the scale, and two further items showed bias for factors such as age. Removal of these four items provided a valid 5-item Rasch scale that satisfied strict tests of unidimensionality. Conclusion Summating the nine items of the FSS-9 is invalid. Five items (FSS-5), which seem to be measuring the social impact of fatigue, provide a strictly unidimensional Rasch scale. Studies using the FSS-9 may need to be re-evaluated using the FSS-5, preferably using the Rasch transformed scores.
Oral findings and dental behaviour before and after liver transplantation - a single-centre cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this single-centre, cross-sectional study was to evaluate dental, periodontal and mycological findings, as well as oral behaviour, in patients before (pre-LTx) and after (post-LTx) liver transplantation. METHODS A total of 47 patients pre-LTx and 119 patients post-LTx were asked to participate. Oral health behaviour was assessed using a standardised questionnaire. Oral examinations included dental [decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index] and periodontal [papillary bleeding index (PBI), periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL)] findings. For Candida screening, swabs from the oral mucosa were cultured. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test, depending on whether or not the data followed a normal distribution; Fisher's exact test was also performed. The significance level was α = 5%. RESULTS A total of 110 patients were included (pre-LTx, n = 35; post-LTx, n = 75). Different patients were investigated in the post-LTx and pre-LTx groups. Lack of use of supplemental oral-hygiene aids was noted. Between-group comparisons failed to find significant overall differences in DMFT and periodontal status. The post-LTx group showed fewer decayed teeth (P = 0.03). A total of 86% of patients pre-LTx and 84% of patients post-LTx were found to need dental treatment, and 60% of patients pre-LTx and 55% of patients post-LTx showed a need for periodontal treatment. The prevalence of Candida albicans was high; however, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in regard to fungal infection. CONCLUSION Improved dental care pre- and post-transplant, including screening for fungal infections, is recommended to avoid systemic infections in LTx patients. Increased attention to oral health care, and interdisciplinary collaboration to provide guidance, is needed to improve the oral health of patients before and after LTx.
E-Cadherin Can Replace N-Cadherin during Secretory-Stage Enamel Development

Background N-cadherin is a cell-cell adhesion molecule and deletion of N-cadherin in mice is embryonic lethal. During the secretory stage of enamel development, E-cadherin is down-regulated and N-cadherin is specifically up-regulated in ameloblasts when groups of ameloblasts slide by one another to form the rodent decussating enamel rod pattern. Since N-cadherin promotes cell migration, we asked if N-cadherin is essential for ameloblast cell movement during enamel development. Methodology/Principal Findings The enamel organ, including its ameloblasts, is an epithelial tissue and for this study a mouse strain with N-cadherin ablated from epithelium was generated. Enamel from wild-type (WT) and N-cadherin conditional knockout (cKO) mice was analyzed. μCT and scanning electron microscopy showed that thickness, surface structure, and prism pattern of the cKO enamel looked identical to WT. No significant difference in hardness was observed between WT and cKO enamel. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry revealed the WT and N-cadherin cKO secretory stage ameloblasts expressed approximately equal amounts of total cadherins. Strikingly, E-cadherin was not normally down-regulated during the secretory stage in the cKO mice suggesting that E-cadherin can compensate for the loss of N-cadherin. Previously it was demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) induces E- and N-cadherin expression in human calvaria osteoblasts and we show that the N-cadherin cKO enamel organ expressed significantly more BMP2 and significantly less of the BMP antagonist Noggin than did WT enamel organ. Conclusions/Significance The E- to N-cadherin switch at the secretory stage is not essential for enamel development or for forming the decussating enamel rod pattern. E-cadherin can substitute for N-cadherin during these developmental processes. Bmp2 expression may compensate for the loss of N-cadherin by inducing or maintaining E-cadherin expression when E-cadherin is normally down-regulated. Notably, this is the first demonstration of a natural endogenous increase in E-cadherin expression due to N-cadherin ablation in a healthy developing tissue.
Duration of untreated psychosis and need for admission in patients who engage with mental health services in the prodromal phase

Background It is unknown whether prodromal services improve outcomes in those who go on to develop psychosis, and whether these patients are demographically different from the overall first-episode population. Aims To compare sociodemographic features, duration of untreated psychosis, hospital admission and frequency of compulsory treatment in the first year after the onset of psychosis in patients who present to prodromal services with patients who did not present to services until the first episode of psychosis. Method We compared two groups of patients with first-episode psychosis: one who made transition after presenting in the prodromal phase and the other who had presented with a first episode. Results The patients who had presented before the first episode were more likely to be employed and less likely to belong to an ethnic minority group. They had a shorter duration of untreated psychosis, and were less likely to have been admitted to hospital and to have required compulsory treatment. Conclusions Patients who develop psychosis after being engaged in the prodromal phase have a better short-term clinical outcome than patients who do not present until the first episode. Patients who present during first episodes may be more likely to have sociodemographic features associated with relatively poor outcomes.
Digital Media and Political Engagement Worldwide: A Comparative Study

associates were taking care of children in addition to programming’’ (p. 138). This included, for Shirley, adopting a masculine first name (‘‘Steve’’ instead of Stephanie) and hiding her maternal status, which she compelled her employees to do as well. Chapter Five shifts focus to examine women in academic computing from the postwar era to the present day, highlighting some women’s strategies to carve out a more hospitable space for women in this intensely maledominated field. Such strategies included, for example, an early listserv dedicated to women’s discussions of ‘‘purely technical topics’’ while explicitly avoiding ‘‘womenspecific’’ issues (p. 167), as well as a computer science conference explicitly for women, which provided on-site childcare and recognition for women’s achievements in the field while also creating a women-centered atmosphere for technical discussion and debate. Abbate’s tour through the postwar history of women in computing is both interesting and thought-provoking, yet at times the tour itself feels disjointed, as though the single thread—’’women in computing’’—that weaves through the book’s chapters is too thin to hold them together. Such a thread would be much stronger with increased attention to the theoretical questions that pervade this subject, including a sustained analysis of how each chapter of this history extends scholarly understanding of the processes by which work and organizations are gendered. One way to gain purchase on this would be to interrogate more deeply the anomalies and ambiguities that emerge from the history of women in computing. For instance, Abbate notes that, in postwar computer programming, ‘‘the conceptual categories of skilled work and women’s work were not mutually exclusive but rather existed in ambiguous tension’’ (p. 68). Indeed, she observes that metaphors about women’s domesticity helped legitimize women’s participation in early computing without feminizing (i.e., devaluing) the field. This apparent paradox warrants deeper interrogation as it would shed new light on the complex cultural processes by which feminized work becomes (or does not become) economically and culturally devalued. Abbate’s useful book thus sets the stage for further investigation into the mechanisms of organizational gendering and its consequences.
Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Fixation of Anterior Column Acetabular Fractures

Objective: The current standard treatment of anterior column acetabular fractures includes formal open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) through a variety of anterior approaches. These approaches have been associated with significant blood loss, infection, lengthy operative times, and neurovascular complications. It therefore seems reasonable to consider less invasive alternatives to conventional treatment methods. A technique for percutaneous reduction and fixation of a particular acetabular fracture pattern is presented. Execution of this technique has been facilitated by the use of image-guided surgical navigation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 23 patients who had suffered an acute anterior column fracture of the acetabulum (OTA 62-A3.2, 62-A3.3, 62-B3.2, 62-B3.3) managed with closed reduction and internal fixation using large-bore cannulated screws over an 11-year period. An additional three patients treated during the study period underwent formal ORIF with plates and screws after failure of attempted closed reduction, and were not included in this analysis. Eight of the 23 patients had an associated posterior hemitransverse fracture that was also managed with minimally invasive fixation. A variety of surgical navigation techniques were used to allow accurate percutaneous screw placement: CT-guided percutaneous fixation was performed in 10 patients (1990-1995); fluoroscopy alone was used in four patients (1995-1998); and computer-assisted virtual fluoroscopy was used in nine patients (1999-2002). Some fractures were nondisplaced but potentially unstable, and involved the superior weight-bearing dome; others required closed manipulation using Schanz-pin joysticks placed into the iliac wings and held in place with a temporary external fixator. One patient required a limited open reduction followed by percutaneous screw fixation. After confirmation of adequate reduction, one to three large-bore cannulated screws were placed percutaneously using previously defined safe trajectories. All patients were managed postoperatively with early mobilization and physical therapy. Results: The average preoperative and postoperative displacements were 8.9 and 2.4 mm, respectively. No patient had a loss of reduction during healing. As experience was gained with the computer-assisted imaging, total fluoroscopy times were as little as 6 s, and were routinely kept below 45 s. None of the patients experienced infection, significant blood loss, or iatrogenic neurologic or visceral injury. No symptomatic heterotopic ossification was noted. Of those patients available for follow-up at a minimum of 2 years, the average HSS self-administered hip score was 91. Conclusion: We believe that our findings substantiate percutaneous reduction and internal fixation of anterior column acetabular fractures as a safe and effective alternative to formal ORIF, with a low anticipated complication rate and excellent outcome.
Adolescent Marriage in Nepal: A Subregional Level Analysis

ABSTRACT This study aims to identify the distribution of marriages among adolescents, aged 10 to 19 years, throughout Nepal. Data were obtained from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were used to identify the main determinants of adolescent marriages (AMs). Of a total 11,967 weighted samples, 9.3% of adolescents (95% CI, 8–10%) were found to have been married; a significantly higher percentage of these were female. The variability of AMs varied among the regions of Nepal, with a higher percentage occurring in the Western Mountain, Mid-Western Hill, and Central Terai areas. AMs were also more likely to have occurred among poorer households. The findings show a substantial differences of AMs in different geographic areas and demographic levels in Nepal.
A cross‐sectional study of thyroid function in 66 patients with bipolar disorder receiving lithium for 10–44 years

An important side effect of lithium therapy is an influence on thyroid function. It is unclear whether there is a significant association between thyroid function and duration of lithium administration. The aim of the present cross‐sectional study was to measure levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies in patients with bipolar disorder receiving lithium for more than ten years.
The Role of Rules in Recall

Recall-clustering, as first described by Bousfield,' is subject to both associative and information-processing explanations. Associative explanations assume that Ss cluster words in recall to the degree that the words share common associative relations, e.g. are mutual word associates2 or are semantically similar.3 Informational analyses, on the other hand, assume that Ss actively organize or code materials into categories on the basis of some rule or strategy during acquisition and that recall is best considered a later reconstruction on the basis of the initial coding rule.4 Since the role of associative factors in clustering has been reasonably well established, the present experiments attempted to determine the role of coding rules in recall and recall-clustering. In a free-recall task involving clustered materials, it is reasonable to assume that Ss rearrange randomly presented materials so as to minimize the number of specific items to be stored. Under this strategy, specific category-items need not be retained but rather may be subsumed under more general rubrics such as the category-name and later generated during recall itself. Thus, Ss presented the letters C, A, and T would code these into a single word, and their production of the individual letters during recall could be construed as a case of generation or reconstruction during recall. Such an analysis implies that if Ss were told explicitly the rule by which a categorized list was constructed, this information would facilitate the storageor reconstructionstages of memory and thereby lead to increased clustering and greater total
The Multiple Phases and Faces of Wnt Signaling During Cardiac Differentiation and Development

Understanding heart development on a molecular level is a prerequisite for uncovering the causes of congenital heart diseases. Therapeutic approaches that try to enhance cardiac regeneration or that involve the differentiation of resident cardiac progenitor cells or patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells will also benefit tremendously from this knowledge. Wnt proteins have been shown to play multiple roles during cardiac differentiation and development. They are extracellular growth factors that activate different intracellular signaling branches. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how these factors affect different aspects of cardiogenesis, starting from early specification of cardiac progenitors and continuing on to later developmental steps, such as morphogenetic processes, valve formation, and establishment of the conduction system.
Absence of movement disorders after surgical resection of glioma invading the right striatum.

OBJECT Despite the high frequency of striatal lesions, the rate of movement disorders reported in the literature is lower than expected (< 10%). To maximize the extent of resection in low-grade gliomas invading the right striatum, the authors performed a striatal resection in a series of 14 patients, observed the lack of movement disorders following these procedures, and discuss herein the mechanisms likely to explain these findings. METHODS Fourteen patients harboring a low-grade glioma that was infiltrating the right nondominant striatum, and in whom the results of neurological examination were normal, underwent surgery in which intraoperative electrical mapping was used, allowing the identification of pyramidal pathways. The striatum was resected in all procedures, and corticospinal tracts were systematically detected and preserved. Ten patients presented with a transient postoperative motor deficit, and nine with a loss of interest and affect. These symptoms all resolved within 3 months, except for one case of persistent hemiparesis. No postoperative movement disorder was noted, even transitorily. All resections were categorized as either total or subtotal on control magnetic resonance images. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the nondominant striatum can be removed in cases of glioma invasion without inducing even transitory movement disorders. This phenomenon could be explained by the combined resection of the two classes of striatal neurons, an associated pallidal and thalamocortical resection, or a compensatory recruitment of parallel networks. Thus, these results may allow the surgeon to maximize the extent of removal of low-grade gliomas involving basal ganglia. Striatal resection may induce transient hemiparesis and "athymhormic syndrome," however, necessitating that the patient be clearly informed before surgery.