Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perioperative Red Blood Cell Transfusion: What We Do Not Know

Objective:Blood transfusion saves lives but may also increase the risk of injury. The objective of this review was to evaluate the possible adverse effects related to transfusion of red blood cell (RBC) concentrates stored for prolonged periods. Data Sources:The data used in this review were mainly from PubMed articles published in English up to February 2015. Study Selection:Clinical and basic research articles were selected according to their relevance to this topic. Results:The ex vivo changes to RBC that occur during storage are collectively called storage lesion. It is still inconclusive if transfusion of RBC with storage lesion has clinical relevance. Multiple ongoing prospective randomized controlled trials are aimed to clarify this clinical issue. It was observed that the adverse events related to stored RBC transfusion were prominent in certain patient populations, including trauma, critical care, pediatric, and cardiac surgery patients, which leads to the investigation of underlying mechanisms. It is demonstrated that free hemoglobin toxicity, decreasing of nitric oxide bioavailability, and free iron-induced increasing of inflammation may play an important role in this process. Conclusion:It is still unclear whether transfusion of older RBC has adverse effects, and if so, which factors determine such clinical effects. However, considering the magnitude of transfusion and the widespread medical significance, potential preventive strategies should be considered, especially for the susceptible recipients.
Marriages of convenience or inconvenient marriages: regulating spousal migration to Britain

At a glance In the context of the European Convention on Human Rights obligation to respect family life, the UK government’s stated aim of significantly reducing immigration is challenged by the volume of marriage–related migration and settlement. In this context, increased immigration policy attention has focussed on the genuineness of marriages involving migrants. The resulting attempts to define, identify and combat marriages of convenience are, however, based on a binary of genuine and ‘sham’ marriages, and sometimes normative criteria for evaluating the authenticity of relationships. These may not adequately account for the diversity of marital practices involving migration, and risk producing discriminatory outcomes. With the assistance of previously unpublished UKBA material, this article explores recent developments surrounding ‘sham marriages’ to highlight areas of particular concern, before setting out an agenda for urgently needed research in this under–studied but increasingly critical area.
Of One Mind: Proposal for a Non-Cartesian Cognitive Architecture

Intellectually, we may reject Cartesian Dualism, but dualism often dominates our everyday thinking: we talk of “mental” illness as though it were non-physical; we tend to blame people for the symptoms of brain malfunctions in a way that differs from how we treat other illnesses. An examination of current theories of mind will reveal that some form of dualism is not always limited to the non-scientific realm. While very few, if any, cognitive scientists support mind-body dualism, those who support the view of the mind as a symbol-manipulator are often constrained to postulate more than one cognitive system in response to the failure of the symbol-system model to account for all aspects of human cognition. In this dissertation, I argue for an empiricist, rather than a realist, theory of perception, for an internalist semantics, and for a model of cognitive architecture which combines a connectionist approach with highly-specialized, symbolic, computational component which includes functions that provide input to a a causally-inert conscious mind. I reject the symbol-system hypothesis and propose a cognitive architecture which, I contend, is biologically-plausible and more consistent with the results of recent neuroscientific studies. This hybrid model can accommodate the processes commonly discussed by dual-process theorists and can also accommodate the processes which have proved to be so problematic for models based on the symbol-system hypothesis.
The Effect of Labor's Emotional Intelligence on Their Job Satisfaction, Job Performance and Commitment

Emotional Intelligence is one of the most important concepts introduced to psychology and management in the last decade. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of labor's emotional intelligence on job satisfaction, job performance and commitment in Fars Province industries in Iran. The population from which we drew our sample consisted of employees employed in Fars Province industries in Iran. A total number of three hundred and fifty participants who were selected randomly answered the questionnaires. Two hundred eighty nine questionnaires were used for analysis. The instrument to measure employees’ emotional intelligence was the MSEIS (Schutte, Malouff, & Hall, 1998), and the Grikson (1983) was used to gather information about employees’ job satisfaction. Also, Alen and Mayer's questionnaire (1990) was considered in order to collect employees’ commitment data. The results showed that employees’ emotional intelligence was positively correlated with job satisfaction. Then, there was a significant relationship between the labor's emotional intelligence and their job performance. Also, there was not any relationship between labor's emotional intelligence and their commitment. The results underline the important role of emotional intelligence and its effect on work situations.
A Personal Experience with 100 Consecutive Total Colectomies and Straight Ileoanal Endorectal Pull‐throughs for Benign Disease of the Colon and Rectum in Children and Adults

In 1974 total colectomy and ileoanal straight endorectal pull-throgh (ERPT) were first used at our institution for the definitive management of total colonic Hirschsprung's disease in infants and children. Early success with this operation encouraged us to use this procedure in children and adults with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis in 1977. Since 1974 we have performed total colectomy and straight ileoanal ERPT on 100 consecutive patients with ulcerative colitis (79), familial polyposis (19), and total colonic Hirschsprung's disease (10). Patients who have undergone a colectomy and ERPT but have not had their temporary ileostomy closed have been excluded from this reprot. This group of patients represents the only large series of straight ERPTs available for comparison with the various reservoir modifications that have been reported. All operations were performed under the direction of the author. The mean age at surgery was 20.6 + 9.8 years, with a range of 1 to 48 years. Forty-six patients were younger than 18 years at the time of operation. All patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis underwent a temporary loop ileostomy with total abdominal colectomy with ERPT; the 10 infants and children with Hirschsprung's disease underwent the total colectomy and ERPT without a back-up ileostomy. There were two deaths in this series, one from fulminate hepatic failure in the late postoperative period and the other from multiple bowel fistulas and sepsis in a teenager with Crohn's disease, in whom the initial diagnosis was ulcerative colitis. Follow-up has ranged from 3 months to 15 years. There were 13 cases of adhesive bowel obstruction, seven of which required an enterolysis. Pelvic sepsis occurred in three patients, two of whom required operative drainage. Two women developed rectovaginal fistulas, which healed with temporary diversion. Minor wound infections occurred in five patients. There were no anastomotic leaks, nor were any cases of pouchitis encountered. In five patients permanent conversion to a Brooke ileostomy was required. Mean stool frequency 3 years after surgery was 7.7 per 24 hours. Daytime continence was achieved in all patients. Occasional nocturanal soiling occurred in 11.1% of patients at 1 year and was absent by 3 years. Neither age nor diagnosis (ulcerative colitis versus familial polyposis) affected stool frequency. The straight endorectal ileoanal pull-through compares favorably with pull-throughs using various reservoir procedures (7.7 versus 7 stools per 24 hours) and appears to have a lower incidence of major complications (0% pouchitis versus 14% to 26%, 0% daytime incontinence versus 6%, and 3% pelvic sepsis versus 5% to 7%). Therefore the straight ERPT remains an appropriate alternative for both children and adults with benign disease of the colon and rectum.
The Nerve Growth Factor Signaling and Its Potential as Therapeutic Target for Glaucoma

Neuroprotective therapies which focus on factors leading to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degeneration have been drawing more and more attention. The beneficial effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the glaucoma have been recently suggested, but its effects on eye tissue are complex and controversial in various studies. Recent clinical trials of systemically and topically administrated NGF demonstrate that NGF is effective in treating several ocular diseases, including glaucoma. NGF has two receptors named high affinity NGF tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA and low affinity receptor p75NTR. Both receptors exist in cells in retina like RGC (expressing TrkA) and glia cells (expressing p75NTR). NGF functions by binding to TrkA or p75NTR alone or both together. The binding of NGF to TrkA alone in RGC promotes RGC's survival and proliferation through activation of TrkA and several prosurvival pathways. In contrast, the binding of NGF to p75NTR leads to apoptosis although it also promotes survival in some cases. Binding of NGF to both TrkA and p75NTR at the same time leads to survival in which p75NTR functions as a TrkA helping receptor. This review discusses the current understanding of the NGF signaling in retina and the therapeutic implications in the treatment of glaucoma.
Variability in Human Response Time Reflects Statistical Learning and Adaptive Decision-Making

Response time (RT) is an oft-used but ”noisy” behavioral measure in psychology. Here, we combine modeling and psychophysics to examine the hypothesis that RT variability may reflect ongoing statistical learning and consequent adjustment of behavioral strategy. We utilize the stop-signal task, in which subjects respond to a go stimulus on each trial, unless instructed not to by a subsequent, rare stop signal. We model across-trial learning of stop signal frequency (P(stop)) and stop-signal onset time (SSD) with a Bayesian hidden Markov model, and within-trial decision-making as optimal stochastic control. The model predicts that RT should increase with expected P(stop) and SSD, a prediction borne out by our human data. Thus, it appears that humans continuously monitor environmental statistics and adjust behavioral strategy accordingly. More broadly, our approach exemplifies the use of ”noisy” RT measures for extracting insights about cognitive and neural processing.
Timing Recovery in Digital Synchronous Data Receivers

A new class of fast-converging timing recovery methods for synchronous digital data receivers is investigated. Starting with a worst-case timing offset, convergence with random binary data will typically occur within 10-20 symbols. The input signal is sampled at the baud rate; these samples are then processed to derive a suitable control signal to adjust the timing phase. A general method is outlined to obtain near-minimum-variance estimates of the timing offset with respect to a given steady-state sampling criterion. Although we make certain independence assumptions between successive samples and postulate ideal decisions to obtain convenient analytical results, our simulations with a decision-directed reference and baud-to-baud adjustments yield very similar results. Convergence is exponential, and for small loop gains the residual jitter is proportional and convergence time is inversely proportional to the loop gain. The proposed algorithms are simple and economic to implement. They apply to binary or multilevel PAM signals as well as to partial response signals.
Complexity Measures, Task Type, and Analytic Evaluations of Speaking Proficiency in a School-Based Assessment Context

This study, which is part of a large-scale study of using objective measures to validate assessment rating scales and assessment tasks in a high-profile school-based assessment initiative in Hong Kong, examined how grammatical complexity measures relate to task type and analytic evaluations of students' speaking proficiency in a classroom-based assessment context. An in-depth analysis of oral performance on two different assessment tasks (i.e., monologic vs. interactive) from 30 English as a Second Language, Cantonese-mother-tongue, secondary school students was conducted using a range of measures of grammatical complexity derived from the previous second language (L2) speaking and writing studies. Results showed that the individual presentation task tended to promote not only a greater number of T-units, clauses, verb phrases, and words but also longer T-units and utterances, thus probably stretching learners more in terms of complexity of grammatical and lexical processing. Results also showed that complexity measures recommended as among the most useful complexity measures demonstrated no significant correlations with analytic ratings of learner speaking proficiency. These findings were then discussed in light of the complex, dynamic, and developmental nature of grammatical complexity as well as in light of a learner-, task-, and L2 form-sensitive account of L2 oral production.
Mortgage Amortization and Amplification

Mortgages characterized by negative or low early amortization schedules amplify the macroeconomic effects of a housing risk shock. We analyze the role of mortgage amortization in a two-sector DSGE model with housing risk and endogenous default. Mortgage loan contracts extend to two periods and have adjustable rates. The fraction of principal to be repaid in the first period can vary. As the fraction of principal to be paid in the first period falls, steady-state mortgages and leverage increase and the impact of a housing risk shock on consumption and output is amplified. Borrowers prefer negative amortization. If free to choose the amortization schedule, borrowers would repay most of the principal in the last period of the contract. Low early repayments of principal allow borrowers to hold on to their housing stock and postpone default to the second period having incurred small sunk costs.
NuSTAR UNVEILS A HEAVILY OBSCURED LOW-LUMINOSITY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS IN THE LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXY NGC 6286

We report the detection of a heavily obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 6286 identified in a 17.5 ks Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array observation. The source is in an early merging stage and was targeted as part of our ongoing NuSTAR campaign observing local luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies in different merger stages. NGC 6286 is clearly detected above 10 keV and by including the quasi-simultaneous Swift/XRT and archival XMM-Newton and Chandra data, we find that the source is heavily obscured (NH ≃(0.95−1.32) × 1024 cm−2) with a column density consistent with being Compton-thick (CT, log ( N H / cm − 2 ) ≥ 24 ? > ). The AGN in NGC 6286 has a low absorption-corrected luminosity (L2−10 keV ∼ 3−20 × 1041 erg s−1) and contributes ≲1% to the energetics of the system. Because of its low luminosity, previous observations carried out in the soft X-ray band (<10 keV) and in the infrared did not notice the presence of a buried AGN. NGC 6286 has multiwavelength characteristics typical of objects with the same infrared luminosity and in the same merger stage, which might imply that there is a significant population of obscured low-luminosity AGNs in LIRGs that can only be detected by sensitive hard X-ray observations.
Accurate Metacognition for Visual Sensory Memory Representations

The capacity to attend to multiple objects in the visual field is limited. However, introspectively, people feel that they see the whole visual world at once. Some scholars suggest that this introspective feeling is based on short-lived sensory memory representations, whereas others argue that the feeling of seeing more than can be attended to is illusory. Here, we investigated this phenomenon by combining objective memory performance with subjective confidence ratings during a change-detection task. This allowed us to compute a measure of metacognition—the degree of knowledge that subjects have about the correctness of their decisions—for different stages of memory. We show that subjects store more objects in sensory memory than they can attend to but, at the same time, have similar metacognition for sensory memory and working memory representations. This suggests that these subjective impressions are not an illusion but accurate reflections of the richness of visual perception.
Comparisons of protein changes in human and rodent hepatocytes induced by the rat‐specific carcinogen, methapyrilene

There is a growing concern that the rodent biossay may not always serve as an appropriate model to assess the carcinogenic risk for humans exposed to certain compounds. Mechanistic research that examines the effects of a compound in rodent and man could help in the interpretation of bioassay results. This paper reports a novel use of two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐D PAGE) technology to assess similarities and differences in the response of rodents and humans to the rat‐specific hepatocarcinogen, methapyrilene (MP). A sequential examination of rodent and human hepatic proteins was conducted following in vivo exposure of rats and mice and in vitro exposure of rat, mouse, and human hepatocytes to MP. Results showed that covalent modifications observed in rats and mice in vivo were duplicated both qualitatively and quantitatively in the corresponding in vitro systems and that these modifications correlated with carcinogenic susceptibility. Covalent modifications in human hepatocytes were minimal despite exposure to concentrations of MP that were 6‐fold higher than those used in rodent hepatocytes. These studies suggest that in the case of MP the rat is not the most appropriate model for assessing the human situation. Furthermore, these data show that in vitro‐in vivo comparisons based on 2‐D PAGE may provide adjunctive information for extrapolating rodent toxicity/bioassay results to human risk assessment.
Caring and learning intertwined in supervision at a dedicated education unit ‒ a phenomenological study

Supervising student nurses in clinical praxis entails dealing with both caring and learning aspects. There is a dearth of research focusing on both the caring and learning aspects in supervision. The present study describes how caring and learning is intertwined in supervision. The study was performed with a Reflective Lifeworld Research approach and analyzed phenomenologically for meanings. Eight interviews were conducted with supervisors on an orthopedic-dedicated education unit. The findings reveal how supervisors constantly move in order to be either close to or standing back, adjusting to the students’ and the patients’ needs. This is described in more detail via the constituents: handling responsibility in constant movement, participating in a new and different way, coexisting with students creates meaning and development. The findings show that a reflective attitude in supervision , clear structure for daily activities, and a lifeworld-led didactics can promote a learning and caring environment. Supervisors’ demanding task requires pauses in order to maintain motivation among supervisors. A mutual link between supervisors, students and patients is crucial in order to create an environment where caring and learning are intertwined.
Inflated type I error rates when using aggregation methods to analyze rare variants in the 1000 Genomes Project exon sequencing data in unrelated individuals: summary results from Group 7 at Genetic Analysis Workshop 17

As part of Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 (GAW17), our group considered the application of novel and standard approaches to the analysis of genotype‐phenotype association in next‐generation sequencing data. Our group identified a major issue in the analysis of the GAW17 next‐generation sequencing data: type I error and false‐positive report probability rates higher than those expected based on empirical type I error levels (as high as 90%). Two main causes emerged: population stratification and long‐range correlation (gametic phase disequilibrium) between rare variants. Population stratification was expected because of the diverse sample. Correlation between rare variants was attributable to both random causes (e.g., nearly 10,000 of 25,000 markers were private variants, and the sample size was small [n = 697]) and nonrandom causes (more correlation was observed than was expected by random chance). Principal components analysis was used to control for population structure and helped to minimize type I errors, but this was at the expense of identifying fewer causal variants. A novel multiple regression approach showed promise to handle correlation between markers. Further work is needed, first, to identify best practices for the control of type I errors in the analysis of sequencing data and then to explore and compare the many promising new aggregating approaches for identifying markers associated with disease phenotypes. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:S56–S60, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GEOMETRY ON NODAL CURVES II : CYCLE MAP AND INTERSECTION CALCULUS

We study the relative Hilbert scheme of a family of nodal (or smooth) curves via its (birational) cycle map, going to the relative symmetric product. We show the cycle map is the blowing up of the discriminant locus, which consists of cycles with multiple points. We derive an intersection calculus for Chern classes of tautological bundles on the relative Hilbert scheme, which has applications to enumerative geometry. Consider a family of curves given by a flat projective morphism π : X → B over an irreducible (and usually projective) base, with fibres Xb = π−1(b), b ∈ B which are irreducible nonsingular for the generic b and at worst nodal for every b. Many questions in the classical projective and enumerative geometry of this family can be naturally phrased, and in a formal sense solved (see for instance [R]), in the context of the relative Hilbert scheme X [m] B = Hilbm(X/B), which parametrizes length-m subschemes of X contained in fibres of π, and the natural tautological vector bundles that live on X [m] B . Typically, the questions include ones involving relative multiple points and multisecants in the family, and the formal solutions involve Chern numbers of the tautological bundles. Thus, turning these formal solutions into meaningful ones requires computing the Chern numbers in question. Aside from some low-degree cases, this problem was left open in [R]. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 14N99, 14H99.