Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Database Queries that Explain their Work

Provenance for database queries or scientific workflows is often motivated as providing explanation, increasing understanding of the underlying data sources and processes used to compute the query, and reproducibility, the capability to recompute the results on different inputs, possibly specialized to a part of the output. Many provenance systems claim to provide such capabilities; however, most lack formal definitions or guarantees of these properties, while others provide formal guarantees only for relatively limited classes of changes. Building on recent work on provenance traces and slicing for functional programming languages, we introduce a detailed tracing model of provenance for multiset-valued Nested Relational Calculus, define trace slicing algorithms that extract subtraces needed to explain or recompute specific parts of the output, and define query slicing and differencing techniques that support explanation. We state and prove correctness properties for these techniques and present a proof-of-concept implementation in Haskell.
Profits of power-quality improvement by residential distributed generation

Improvement of the power quality in the utility grid can be obtained by connecting damping power-electronic devices. Regarding the increased presence of converter-based distributed generation units in the power system, an active front end for distributed generation units is extended with a mitigating function. However, in order to encourage the connection of mitigating devices to the power system, damping behaviour should be financially rewarded. In this paper, the financial benefits of connecting a damping distributed generation unit to the present power system are verified.
Malaria Risk Factors in North West Tanzania: The Effect of Spraying, Nets and Wealth

Malaria prevalence remains high in many African countries despite massive scaling-up of insecticide treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). This paper evaluates the protective effect of pyrethroid IRS and ITNs in relation to risk factors for malaria based on a study conducted in North-West Tanzania, where IRS has been conducted since 2007 and universal coverage of ITNs has been carried out recently. In 2011 community-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the two main malaria transmission periods that occur after the short and long rainy seasons. These included 5,152 and 4,325 children aged 0.5–14 years, respectively. Data on IRS and ITN coverage, household demographics and socio-economic status were collected using an adapted version of the Malaria Indicator Survey. Children were screened for malaria by rapid diagnostic test. In the second survey, haemoglobin density was measured and filter paper blood spots were collected to determine age-specific sero-prevalence in each community surveyed. Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in children 0.5–14 years old was 9.3% (95%CI:5.9–14.5) and 22.8% (95%CI:17.3–29.4) in the two surveys. Risk factors for infection after the short rains included households not being sprayed (OR = 0.39; 95%CI:0.20–0.75); low community net ownership (OR = 0.45; 95%CI:0.21–0.95); and low community SES (least poor vs. poorest tertile: OR = 0.13, 95%CI:0.05–0.34). Risk factors after the long rains included household poverty (per quintile increase: OR = 0.89; 95%CI:0.82–0.97) and community poverty (least poor vs. poorest tertile: OR = 0.26, 95%CI:0.15–0.44); household IRS or high community ITN ownership were not protective. Despite high IRS coverage and equitable LLIN distribution, poverty was an important risk factor for malaria suggesting it could be beneficial to target additional malaria control activities to poor households and communities. High malaria prevalence in some clusters and the limited protection given by pyrethroid IRS and LLINs suggest that it may be necessary to enhance established vector control activities and consider additional interventions.
Left ventricular diastolic function in normal human pregnancy.

BACKGROUND Little information is available about changes in left ventricular diastolic function during pregnancy. We used mitral inflow and pulmonary venous flow profiles to evaluate left ventricular diastolic function in 37 healthy pregnant women 26 to 41 years old (mean, 32 years). METHODS AND RESULTS Echocardiographic studies were performed at the end of each trimester. Eight subjects (control group) underwent similar testing 1 to 3.5 months (mean, 1.7 months) postpartum. During pregnancy, the cardiac output increased significantly as a result of an increased heart rate and, to a lesser degree, stroke volume. Significantly decreased systemic vascular resistance and increased left ventricular mass were also noted. Peak mitral flow velocity in early diastole (E) increased 13. 3% during the first trimester and remained at the high end of normal throughout pregnancy. Peak A-wave velocity (A) increased maximally in the third trimester. Compared with control subjects, first-trimester subjects had a significantly increased E/A ratio. The ratio subsequently decreased, reflecting the augmented A-wave velocity. Pulmonary venous peak systolic forward flow velocity increased, peaking in the second trimester (nonsignificant), but returned to baseline levels postpartum. The pulmonary venous diastolic time-velocity integral decreased significantly from the first to the third trimester. Peak pulmonary venous reverse flow velocity at atrial contraction increased significantly, without being markedly changed in duration. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy, a chronic, natural volume-overload state, has important effects on hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables. Based on pulmonary venous flow and left ventricular inflow velocities, our results provide a standard reference concerning diastolic filling dynamics by trimester.
Surviving the Global Financial Crisis: Foreign Direct Investment and Establishment Performance

We examine in this paper the differential response of establishments to the global financial crisis, with particular emphasis on the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in determining micro economic performance. Using a new worldwide dataset that reports the activities of more than 12 million establishments before and after 2008, we investigate how multinationals around the world responded to the crisis relative to local firms. We explore three distinct channels through which FDI affects establishment performance, (i) production linkages, (ii) financial linkages, and (iii) multinational networks. Our analysis shows that while multinational owned establishments performed, on average, better than their local competitors, there is considerable heterogeneity in the role of FDI. First, multinationals located in countries that experienced sharper declines in aggregate output, demand, and credit conditions displayed a greater advantage over local firms. Multinationals headquartered in countries with a greater incidence of the crisis, in contrast, fared less satisfactorily abroad. Second, multinationals that engaged in activities with vertical production linkages or stronger financial constraints exhibited particularly better responses compared to local firms. Finally, being part of a larger multinational network also led to superior economic performance.
Checkpointing strategy for multiple real-time tasks

We analyze a checkpointing strategy for multiple real time tasks with deadlines. Real time tasks usually have deadlines associated with them. For multiple real time tasks, a checkpointing strategy considering deadlines of all tasks is very difficult to derive. We analyze the problem of checkpoint placement for such multiple tasks. In our strategy, the interval between checkpoints are determined for each task. An approximated failure probability over a specified interval is derived. Then the number of checkpoints for each task is selected to minimize the approximated failure probability. To show the usefulness of our strategy, the error bound between the exact and the approximated failure probability is estimated, which is revealed to be quite small.
FEAR but not MEN Genes are Required for Exit from Meiosis I

Exit from mitosis is regulated by Cdc14, which plays an essential role intriggering cyclin-dependent kinase inactivation. Throughout most of the cell cycle,Cdc14 is sequestered in the nucleolus where it remains inactive. After thecompletion of anaphase, an essential signaling cascade, named the Mitotic ExitNetwork, or MEN, promotes Cdc14 release. Cdc14 is also released from thenucleolus in early anaphase by another, nonessential, pathway called FEAR(CdcFourteen Early Anaphase Release). Separase (Esp1), polo kinase (Cdc5), thekinetochore protein Slk19, and Spo12, whose molecular function remains unknown,have been identified as members of the FEAR pathway. In meiosis, mutations inCDC14 and its FEAR pathway regulators, CDC5, SLK19, and SPO12, all form ascithat contain only two diploid spores because of a defect in the ability to exit meiosisI. Thus although the FEAR pathway is dispensible for mitotic exit it, is essential formeiosis I exit. The way that the genes of the Mitotic Exit Network contribute tocoordinating meiotic progression is less clear. Here, we explore this issue. Ourresults demonstrate that the orderly transition from meiosis I to meiosis II isaccomplished by eliminating MEN function and using the FEAR pathway tomodulate cyclin dependent kinase activity, in part through the actions of SIC1.
Osteoid Osteoma: A Current Review

Osteoid osteoma (OO), first described by Bergstrand in 1930 and characterized by Jaffe as an entity in 1935, remains an enigma and challenge to all who manage patients with this condition. Although it is small, it can produce significant pain and discomfort for prolonged periods. Its pathology and pathogenesis have not been clearly defined, its radiological features can mimic other conditions, and surgical treatment is not always successful. The natural history tends toward spontaneous regression over a number of years, which has brought into question the need to surgically ablate most OOs. In the recent past, treatment modalities have surfaced, many of which are less invasive but may also be a bit less effective. This article attempts to present a coherent review of the current knowledge on this interesting bone lesion.
Sparse random graphs with clustering

In 2007, we introduced a general model of sparse random graphs with (conditional) independence between the edges. The aim of this article is to present an extension of this model in which the edges are far from independent, and to prove several results about this extension. The basic idea is to construct the random graph by adding not only edges but also other small graphs. In other words, we first construct an inhomogeneous random hypergraph with (conditionally) independent hyperedges, and then replace each hyperedge by a (perhaps complete) graph. Although flexible enough to produce graphs with significant dependence between edges, this model is nonetheless mathematically tractable. Indeed, we find the critical point where a giant component emerges in full generality, in terms of the norm of a certain integral operator, and relate the size of the giant component to the survival probability of a certain (non‐Poisson) multi‐type branching process. While our main focus is the phase transition, we also study the degree distribution and the numbers of small subgraphs. We illustrate the model with a simple special case that produces graphs with power‐law degree sequences with a wide range of degree exponents and clustering coefficients. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 38, 269–323, 2011
Systematic Evaluation of Rating Scales for Drug-Induced Parkinsonism and Recommendations for Future Research

Objective: Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is one of the most common adverse effects of antipsychotic agents. The limited agreement about which rating scale should be used in clinical practice to assess DIP prompted us to review the feasibility and the psychometric qualities of the available instruments. Methods: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched in November 2008 using the terms "parkinsonism," "scale," and "drug induced" to identify instruments used to measure DIP. Then, the literature was searched for studies investigating the use and psychometric properties of each identified instrument. Outcome measures included feasibility, validity (including appropriateness of used reference test), and reliability (internal consistency and interrater and intrarater reliability). Results: Seventeen rating scales were identified, each with a different representation of the concept of parkinsonism. The Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) was used the most, followed by the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale. There were limited psychometric data, especially regarding validity, available for any scale. The SAS, the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Scale, and the parkinsonism subscale of the Schedule for the Assessment of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders, which is identical to the St Hans Rating Scale for Extrapyramidal Syndromes, seemed to have moderate to good reliability and acceptable validity. The time-consuming nature of the Schedule for the Assessment of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders would make it less useful in daily practice. Conclusions: Although various scales are used to assess DIP, few have been evaluated for validity and reliability. The SAS, St Hans Rating Scale for Extrapyramidal Syndromes, and Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Scale seem to be the most valid, reliable, and easy-to-use instruments to evaluate DIP in clinical practice.
The Sensitivity of Value-Added Estimates to Specification Adjustments: Evidence From School- and Teacher-Level Models in Missouri

We provide a side-by-side comparison of school and teacher growth measures estimated from different value-added models (VAMs). We compare VAMs that differ in terms of which student and school-level (or teacher-level) control variables are included and how these controls are included. Our richest specification includes 3 years of prior test scores for students and the standard demographic controls; our sparsest specification conditions only on a single prior test score. For both schools and teachers, the correlations between VAM estimates across the different models are high by conventional standards (typically at or above 0.90). However, despite the high correlations overall, we show that the choice of which controls to include in VAMs, and how to include them, meaningfully influences school and teacher rankings based on model output. Models that are less aggressive in controlling for student-background and schooling-environment information systematically assign higher rankings to more-advantaged schools, and to individuals who teach at these schools.
Rheumatoid arthritis patients’ experience of climate care

The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand and examine how patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience climate care and its effects. A qualitative approach was chosen for the study. Two men and six women were interviewed according to a semistructured interview guide. The text was analyzed using a manifest content analysis. The analysis resulted in four categories and 10 subcategories. The interviewees experienced climate care positively. The training was perceived increasing gradually. The patients felt that they performed to a maximum capacity during training and were impressed by the staff's enthusiasm and encouragement. The patients felt that they were involved in the goal setting and the choice of treatment, and the staff noticed individual needs. There was a feeling among the patients of being acknowledged by the staff. Information about the disease was perceived as individualized. The climate and beautiful surroundings were viewed as encouraging physical activity and a feeling of well-being. Patients made new friends, had fun together and also shared experiences about their disease. Furthermore, the patients described a sense of belonging to a group as well as a feeling of not being the only one that was sick among the healthy. Not having to do everyday tasks and having time to themselves were perceived positively. Several factors contributed to the positive experiences of climate care; climate, environment, physical activity, social context, staff involvement, and information about the disease were described as interacting together and resulting in a sense of well-being. A proposal for future research would be to examine if/how the various factors might interact and affect the RA patients' illness and quality of life.
Milk Intolerance, Beta-Casein and Lactose

True lactose intolerance (symptoms stemming from lactose malabsorption) is less common than is widely perceived, and should be viewed as just one potential cause of cows’ milk intolerance. There is increasing evidence that A1 beta-casein, a protein produced by a major proportion of European-origin cattle but not purebred Asian or African cattle, is also associated with cows’ milk intolerance. In humans, digestion of bovine A1 beta-casein, but not the alternative A2 beta-casein, releases beta-casomorphin-7, which activates μ-opioid receptors expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and body. Studies in rodents show that milk containing A1 beta-casein significantly increases gastrointestinal transit time, production of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and the inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase compared with milk containing A2 beta-casein. Co-administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone blocks the myeloperoxidase and gastrointestinal motility effects, indicating opioid signaling pathway involvement. In humans, a double-blind, randomized cross-over study showed that participants consuming A1 beta-casein type cows’ milk experienced statistically significantly higher Bristol stool values compared with those receiving A2 beta-casein milk. Additionally, a statistically significant positive association between abdominal pain and stool consistency was observed when participants consumed the A1 but not the A2 diet. Further studies of the role of A1 beta-casein in milk intolerance are needed.
Experiences of children/young people and their parents, using insulin pump therapy for the management of type 1 diabetes: qualitative review

What is known and Objective: Advances in medical technology have made insulin pumps an attractive treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes and in particular for children and young people. Previous studies have accounted the experiences and views of children/young people and their parents for the use of the injection therapy, but very few have focused on the use of insulin pumps. The objective of this review was to identify studies that explore the experiences of children/young people and their parents on the transition from injections to insulin pump therapy, in the context of their social life.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Edema Following Carotid Occlusion in the Gerbil

A technique for measuring focal cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain specific gravity (SG) in gerbils is described; CO2 reactivity and autoregulation were tested. The mean CBF was 29.5 ± 4.5 ml/100 gm/min and brain SG 1.0500 ±0.0004. Unilateral carotid occlusion resulted in a reduction of flow to 12.8 ± 5.8 ml/100 gm/min in the ipsilateral hemisphere with little change in the contralaterai hemisphere; there was also a decrease in brain SG. One hour after occlusion, brain edema, as judged by decreased SG, developed at CBF less than 20 ml/100 gm/min and reached maximal levels at 7 ± 2 ml/100 gm/min. The amount of edema appeared to be related chiefly to the residual post-occlusion flow. With bilateral occlusion, CBF was close to zero and there was no change in SG, indicating that in the “no flow” situation, there is no edema.
Do Others Perceive You As You Want Them To?: Modeling Personality based on Selfies

In this work, selfies (self-portrait images) of users are used to computationally predict and understand their personality. For users to convey a certain impression with selfie, and for the observers to build a certain impression about the users, many visual cues play a significant role. It is interesting to analyse what these cues are and how they influence our understanding of personality profiles. Selfies of users (from a popular microblogging site, Sina Weibo) were annotated with mid-level cues (such as presence of duckface, if the user is alone, emotional positivity etc.) relevant to portraits (especially selfies). Low-level visual features were used to train models to detect these mid-level cues, which are then used to predict users' personality (based on Five Factor Model). The mid-level cue detectors are seen to outperform state-of-the-art features for most traits. Using the trained computational models, we then present several insights on how selfies reflect their owners' personality and how users' are judged by others based on their selfies.
Electric Vehicles for Improved Operation of Power Systems with High Wind Power Penetration

In a power system with a high share of wind energy the wind fluctuation causes a variation in the power generation, which must be compensated from other sources. The situation in Denmark with a penetration of more than 20% wind in yearly average is presented. The introduction of electric drive vehicles (EDV) as flexible loads can improve the system operation. Bidirectional power exchange through batteries (vehicle to grid) can be seen as a storage system in the grid. An analysis of possible economical incentives for the vehicle owners will be shown. By control of EDV charging through a price signal from the day ahead market the economical incentives for an EDV-owner will be small. If the EDV's can participate in the regulation of the grid through ancillary services the incentives will be increased to an attractive level.
Changes in macromolecular transport appear early in Caco-2 cells infected with a human rotavirus

Objective. Rotavirus is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, but its interaction with intestinal mucosa is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Wa rotavirus (VP7 serotype 1) on barrier function in confluent Caco-2 cell monolayers. Wa is the most common serotype causing severe diarrhoea in humans. Material and methods. We examined light and electron microscopic morphology, macromolecular transport, paracellular permeability, electrical parameters, disaccharidases and cytoskeletal structure in Wa- and in control sham-infected cells using a homologous human virus-cell system resembling human infection. Results. During the first 48 h following Wa infection, there was no evidence of loss of integrity or of cytopathic effect in the monolayer. A significant cytopathic effect was noticed after 48 h. Further studies examined the initial 24-h period during which there was no evidence of significant injury. Apical-to-basolateral transcytosis of the macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was selectively inhibited at 4 and 24 h post-infection with Wa. There were no significant changes in basolateral-to-apical transcytosis, endocytosis or in apical-to-apical recycling of HRP after Wa infection. G- and F-actin levels were significantly reduced within an area corresponding to the viroplasm in Wa-infected cells but not elsewhere in the monolayer. Conclusions. The early stages of rotavirus infection, before gross epithelial injury, are associated with a selective reduction in the apical uptake and transcytosis of macromolecules. We speculate that this is an epithelial defence mechanism.