Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Induced Anxiety on the Denotative and Interpretive Content of Second Language Speech

N Previous research on anxiety and foreign language learning (see Scovel, 1978, for a full review of the literature) has focused primarily on the effects of anxiety on overall proficiency in a second language, which is typically measured by discrete-skills tasks or end-of-course grades. However, such measures of proficiency are likely to obscure some of the more subtle effects of anxiety on second language performance. For example, anxiety might affect the content and elaboration of second language speech as well as overall fluency and grammaticality. Indeed, research on the effects of writing apprehension has found that native-speaking students with higher levels of writing anxiety write shorter compositions, use less intense words, and qualify their writing less (Daly, 1977; Daly & Miller, 1975). If nonanxious second language students are more apt to attempt ambitious topics which require more complicated explication than their level of proficiency permits, they may actually appear to be less proficient than students whose anxiety restricts them to safer topics. Yet the nonanxious students may be the ones communicating at the higher level. Source of variation in the content of second language performance is, however, a relatively unexplored topic. For instance, Kleinmann (1977) found that the grammatical structures used by ESL learners varied with their level of facilitating anxiety; the informational content of their language was not examined, however. This study (Steinberg, 1982) explored the effect of induced anxiety on the content of oral descriptions, in a second language, of stimulus pictures. It was hypothesized that subjects undergoing an anxiety treatment and those undergoing a nonanxiety treatment would be differentiated by the proportion of interpretive to denotative content in their descriptions, with the anxiety group responding less interpretively. Since the study dealt with environmentally manipulated anxiety, it addressed an area readily susceptible to the intervention of the classroom teacher, that is, the atmosphere provided for student communication.
Towards real-time methane (CH4) capture and detection by nanoparticle-enhanced silicon carbide trampoline oscillators

This digest paper describes the initial efforts on real-time methane (CH4) capture and detection, by using silicon carbide (SiC) resonant microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) coated with SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The coating greatly boosts the active adsorption area, toward enhancing the capture. SiC tethered square trampoline devices coated with ultrathin SnO2 layers exhibit robust resonances in both vacuum and air, featuring large capturing area. Closed-loop oscillators with embedded SiC resonators enable fast, real-time readout of device responses upon exposure to CH4. An established electrochemical sensor is employed to verify the signature of CH4. SiC trampoline resonators are tested upon controlled CH4 flux in vacuum, and in atmospheric pressure with N2 carrier, demonstrating clear responses to CH4.
Preliminary psychometric evaluation of an acute aphasia screening protocol

Abstract Results of preliminary psychometric evaluations of the Acute Aphasia Screening Protocol are presented. This protocol demonstrates good concurrent validity with the Western Aphasia Battery and good content and construct validity when compared to existing aphasia batteries. Test-retest reliability is high, indicating temporal stability of the procedure. Preliminary interjudge reliability is high within and across patients. These results indicate that the AASP may be a useful clinical tool for aphasia assessment when used for its specified purposes. The need for additional psychometric evaluation is described.
Transfer Effects of Learning at Specific Speeds on Performance over a Range of Speeds

The effect of learning a novel skill at specific speeds on performance over a range of speeds was examined on the pursuit rotor. Three groups of subjects were given three days of training: Group 1 at 30 rpm, Group 2 at 60 rpm, and Group 3 at 30–45.60 rpm. Group 4, a control, practiced on a pegboard task during this period. On Days 4 and 5, all four groups were tested for transfer at 30, 45, and 60 rpm. For the most part, Group 3 appeared to perform equal to or better across the range of speeds than any of the other groups.
Expertise in the Management of Bushfires: Training and Decision Support

Bushfires have been a common occurrence across Australia for millennia. With the growing expansion of urban areas into surrounding bushland, fires pose an increasing threat to life and property. The extent of damage caused by a fire is a function of many variables, including the decision-making processes and expertise of bushfire-fighters. Previous research has shown that expert fire-fighters sometimes underestimate. the importance of terrain variables when predicting the spread of a fire. This article reports two ways in which experts' predictions can be improved. First, an experimental comparison of training regimes shows that visual aids can facilitate the acquisition of a more integrative mental model of fire behaviour. Second, a computer-assisted display is proposed that increases the salience of critical variables in a simulation of bushfires.
Molecular basis of Salmonella‐induced enteritis

Salmonella pathogenesis is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon. Many genes required for full virulence in mice have been identified, but only a few of these have been shown to be necessary for the induction of enteritis. Likewise, at least some of the Salmonella virulence factors affecting enteritis do not appear to be required for infection of systemic sites in mice. This suggests that subsets of virulence genes influence distinct aspects of Salmonella pathogenesis. Recently, considerable progress has been made in characterizing the virulence mechanisms influencing enteritis caused by non‐typhoid Salmonella spp. The Salmonella pathogenicity island‐1‐encoded type III secretion system mediates the translocation of secreted effector proteins into target epithelial cells. These effector proteins are key virulence factors required for Salmonella intestinal invasion and the induction of fluid secretion and inflammatory responses.
Shamanism and the Origins of Spirituality and Ritual Healing

The concept of the shaman has cross-cultural validity, reflecting common patterns of behavior associated with spiritual healing practices found in foraging societies worldwide. These empirical characteristics associated with these practices are examined from evolutionary perspectives and in terms of an evolutionary psychology that identifies their underlying biological bases. The physiological foundations of shamanism are revealed by examining the biological and evolutionary roots for community ritual and the physiological aspects of altered states of consciousness (ASC). Shamanic rituals expanded primate community bonding rituals involving emotional vocalizations and drumming as social signaling and communication processes. The ASC involve the ritual induction an integrative mode of consciousness that enhanced self-awareness and social identity formation in the concepts of souls and spirits and produced a variety of physical and psychological healing processes. Shamanic practices are part of human nature and involve a variety of evolved capacities that have assisted in human adaptation and survival.
Parents, Peers, Teachers and Other Significant Partners in Adolescence

ABSTRACT This paper presents data from an ongoing study on psychosocial stress and sources of social support in adolescence. It is a longitudinal survey of a representative sample of 1717 13–16 year olds supplemented by detailed case studies. Data on problem behaviour such as delinquency, aggression, drug abuse, and psychosomatic complaints are related to measures of the quality of adolescents ‘relationships with friends, parents, and teachers. The focus of this paper is on the effectiveness of teachers and other professionals (psychologists, social workers, career counselors, ministers) in helping adolescents deal with problems. Among the sources of stress identified are discrepancies between adolescents’ school performance, their parents' expectations and their feelings of inadequacy in ‘keeping up’ with their peers. Potential preventive and remedial interventions are considered, including preventive youth and family policies, teachers as counselors, peer counseling and the introduction of professional .
Audience Participation in Political Discourse

This article describes rhetorical and sequential resources used by audiences as they participate in political discourse.The data are recordings of Area Assemblies held in North London between 2001 and 2003.The research contributes to studies of political discourse, by describing the fine interactional organization of the seemingly ‘unruly’ scenes that arise when councillors and officers confront large numbers of angry residents.
The Differences in Role Division Between Partners in Long-term Marriages and Their Well-being

The study aims were to examine the relationships of 128 elderly couples married longer than 45 years and the role division between the partners, including a comparison of their perceptions of their first 3 years of their marriage with today. The research hypotheses were (a) there will be a change in the couple's perceptions about the traditional roles at the time of their marriage as opposed to today, and (b) men and women who recognize a change in traditional role division will experience better mental well-being than those who do not. The results showed a change in the couple's perceptions about traditional role division during the years of marriage. It was also found that these changes showed a positive correlation to the couple's mental well-being in those couples who recognized the changes.
Recognition and retrieval of proper names: Age differences in the fan effect

Abstract A spreading activation model was applied, to explain. some aspects of retrieval failure for proper names. The fact that retrieval failures occur more frequently for well-known names than for unfamiliar names, and the increased incidence of name blocking in the elderly, are both interpreted in terms of the fan effect. Fanning is created when multiple far are known about a single person and results in slower and more error-prone retrieval, but the fan effect can be counteracted if the facts form an integrated set. Three groups of subjects—young, middle-aged, and elderly—learned sets of name-attribute statements in three conditions. In the no-fan condition, each name was uniquely paired with a single attribute; in the fan condition, each name was linked with three different attributes; in the crossed-fan condition, different names shared some of the same attributes. Verification RTs and cued recall responses showed that all subjects found the crossed-fan condition most difficult, but, when name-attr.
Support vector machines and Joint Factor Analysis for speaker verification

This article presents several techniques to combine between Support vector machines (SVM) and Joint Factor Analysis (JFA) model for speaker verification. In this combination, the SVMs are applied to different sources of information produced by the JFA. These informations are the Gaussian Mixture Model supervectors and speakers and Common factors. We found that using SVM in JFA factors gave the best results especially when within class covariance normalization method is applied in order to compensate for the channel effect. The new combination results are comparable to other classical JFA scoring techniques.
Effects of tiotropium on sympathetic activation during exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Background Tiotropium partially relieves exertional dyspnea and reduces the risk of congestive heart failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, its effect on the sympathetic activation response to exercise is unknown. Aims This study aimed to determine whether tiotropium use results in a sustained reduction in sympathetic activation during exercise. Methods We conducted a 12-week, open-label (treatments: tiotropium 18 μg or oxitropium 0.2 mg × 3 mg), crossover study in 17 COPD patients. Treatment order was randomized across subjects. The subjects underwent a pulmonary function test and two modes of cardiopulmonary exercise (constant work rate and incremental exercise) testing using a cycle ergometer, with measurement of arterial catecholamines after each treatment period. Results Forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity were significantly larger in the tiotropium treatment group. In constant exercise testing, exercise endurance time was longer, with improvement in dyspnea during exercise and reduction in dynamic hyperinflation in the tiotropium treatment group. Similarly, in incremental exercise testing, exercise time, carbon dioxide production, and minute ventilation at peak exercise were significantly higher in the tiotropium treatment group. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations and dyspnea intensity were also lower during submaximal isotime exercise and throughout the incremental workload exercise in the tiotropium treatment group. Conclusion Tiotropium suppressed the increase of sympathetic activation during exercise at the end of the 6-week treatment, as compared with the effect of oxipropium. This effect might be attributed to improvement in lung function and exercise capacity and reduction in exertional dyspnea, which were associated with decreases in respiratory frequency and heart rate and reduced progression of arterial acidosis.
Conceptualising teacher education and research as ‘critical praxis’

A particular approach to epistemological action as ‘critical praxis’ is proposed where we bring together the ideas of ideology critique, self-reflective consciousness and emancipatory action. Critical praxis for educators seeks to move beyond the constraints of formal teaching, knowledge and curriculum and instead encourages communities, teachers and students to work together in producing new understandings and practices for the public good. As teacher educators, we are attempting to design a research methodology that will enable our field of practice to be theorised and to encourage a movement towards new critical understandings of teaching and learning for our students and for ourselves. This is a process of reflexive practice that endeavours to constantly and systematically interrogate our own views and to move beyond the status quo of conservative educational systems, procedures and rigidities so that knowledge is a legitimate investigation of possibility and transformation. In this article, we report a Critical Praxis Protocol to guide further development of teacher education and research. We trace our trajectory from a progressive emphasis on improving learning and professional educational practice to an emerging notion of criticality that seeks explanation with the theorising of Bourdieu. A draft habitus–field analysis is provided to indicate our current understanding of generative themes that suggest the emancipatory potential of teaching and schooling.
Measuring the Discriminative Power of Object-Oriented Class Cohesion Metrics

Several object-oriented cohesion metrics have been proposed in the literature. These metrics aim to measure the relationship between class members, namely, methods and attributes. Different metrics use different models to represent the connectivity pattern of cohesive interactions (CPCI) between class members. Most of these metrics are normalized to allow for easy comparison of the cohesion of different classes. However, in some cases, these metrics obtain the same cohesion values for different classes that have the same number of methods and attributes but different CPCIs. This leads to incorrectly considering the classes to be the same in terms of cohesion, even though their CPCIs clearly indicate that the degrees of cohesion are different. We refer to this as a lack of discrimination anomaly (LDA) problem. In this paper, we list and discuss cases in which the LDA problem exists, as expressed through the use of 16 cohesion metrics. In addition, we empirically study the frequent occurrence of the LDA problem when the considered metrics are applied to classes in five open source Java systems. Finally, we propose a metric and a simulation-based methodology to measure the discriminative power of cohesion metrics. The discrimination metric measures the probability that a cohesion metric will produce distinct cohesion values for classes with the same number of attributes and methods but different CPCIs. A highly discriminating cohesion metric is more desirable because it exhibits a lower chance of incorrectly considering classes to be cohesively equal when they have different CPCIs.
Design, Methodology and Baseline Data of a School-based Cohort Study in Central China: The Anyang Childhood Eye Study

Abstract Purpose: To report the design, methods and baseline data of the Anyang Childhood Eye Study (ACES), aiming to determine the prevalence, incidence and risk factors of myopia and other ocular diseases in children in central China. Methods: The ACES was a school-based cohort study conducted in Anyang city. Students have been examined and will be followed-up annually for 3–5 years. Ocular examinations included visual acuity, identification of amblyopia and strabismus, ocular biometry, optical coherence tomography, retinal photography, cycloplegic autorefraction, accommodative response, peripheral refraction, visual perception and so on. A questionnaire survey was performed to collect risk factors for myopia including near work, outdoor activity, parental myopia, birth history, habits of wearing spectacles and reading, living habits, food habits and so on. Results: Of 3112 grade 1 and 2363 grade 7 students eligible for the ACES, 2893 (93.0%) and 2267 (95.9%) participated in the study, with a mean age of 7.1 years (range 5.7–9.3 years) and 12.7 years (range 10.0–15.9 years), and proportions of male to be 57.8% and 50.0%, respectively. The prevalence rates of myopia, high myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia were 3.9%, 0.1%, 72.9% and 23.3% in grade 1, and 67.3%, 2.7%, 31.4% and 1.2% in grade 7, respectively. Similar data were found in the children confined in 6-year-old and 12-year-old ages. Conclusions: The ACES is the first large-scale cohort study in China with baseline response rates over 90%. Continuous documentation of changes and risk factors of refractive errors in these cohorts would provide new insights into myopia control in school-aged children.
Employing SWOT Analysis in Coursework on the Geographies of Regional Economic Development and Trade

Abstract The use of SWOT analysis is a means through which geography students can investigate key concepts in economic geography and essential topics in regional economic development. This article discusses the results of a course project where economic geography students employed SWOT analysis to explore medium-sized metropolitan areas across the southern United States and their suitability for export-led development. The results suggest that students were able to critically evaluate these urban regions and their potential for integration into the global economy. This case also intimates that the SWOT concept could be applied to other situations and regions in geography coursework.
Motion Sickness and Differential Susceptibility

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ARTIFICIAL ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM FOR EVOLVING COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES

This paper explores a model where computational procedures themselves are evolved for the development of the next generation of emergent computing. The proposed model is an artificial ecosystem consisting of Turing machines which are a mathematical model of computing or algorithm. These Turing machines interact with each other by reading the other machines' descriptions as an input tape. As the simulation proceeds, a series of effective computational procedures emerges from an initial set. This evolutionary process does not require any mutation or static fitness function. This paper demonstrates the self-organizational evolution of these computational procedures through computer simulations.
Implicit Trait Policies in Multimedia Situational Judgment Tests for Leadership Skills: Can They Predict Leadership Behavior?

To explain why situational judgment tests are often correlated with personality measures, Motowidlo, Hooper, and Jackson (2006a, 2006b) developed the implicit trait policy theory. Implicit trait policies are beliefs about causal relationships between personality traits and behavioral effectiveness. Among 180 employees, this field study examined whether a multimedia situational judgment test that was intended to assess leadership skills can capture individual differences in such policies. Furthermore, it was examined whether these implicit trait policies were able to predict leadership behavior. Results confirmed that the situational judgment test was able to capture individual differences in implicit trait policies for Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Furthermore, results showed that implicit trait policies for Extraversion can predict leadership behavior over and above leadership experience and the associated personality trait.