Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A method to measure the mass of damped Lyα absorber host galaxies using fluctuations in 21-cm emission

Observations of damped Lyα absorbers (DLAs) indicate that the fraction of hydrogen in its neutral form (H i) is significant by mass at all redshifts. This gas represents the reservoir of material that is available for star formation at late times. As a result, observational identification of the systems in which this neutral hydrogen resides is an important missing ingredient in models of galaxy formation. Precise identification of DLA host mass via traditional clustering studies is not practical owing to the small numbers of known systems being spread across sparsely distributed sightlines. However, following the completion of re-ionization, 21-cm surface brightness fluctuations will be dominated by neutral hydrogen in DLAs. No individual DLAs could be detected in 21-cm emission. Rather, observations of these fluctuations will measure the combined clustering signal from all DLAs within a large volume. We show that measurement of the spherically averaged power spectrum of 21-cm intensity fluctuations due to DLAs could be used to measure the galaxy bias for DLA host galaxies when combined with an independent measurement of the cosmological H i mass density from quasar absorption studies. Utilizing this technique, the low-frequency arrays now under construction could measure the characteristic DLA host mass with a statistical precision as low as 0.3 dex at z≳ 4. In addition, high signal-to-noise ratio observations of the peculiar-motion-induced anisotropy of the power spectrum would facilitate measurement of both the DLA host mass and the cosmic H i density directly from 21-cm fluctuations. By exploiting this anisotropy, a second generation of low-frequency arrays with an order of magnitude increase in collecting area could measure the values of cosmic H i density and DLA host mass, with uncertainties of a few per cent and a few tens of per cent, respectively.
Molecular Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii from Ruminants in Q Fever Outbreak, the Netherlands

Q fever is a zoonosis caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. One of the largest reported outbreaks of Q fever in humans occurred in the Netherlands starting in 2007; epidemiologic investigations identified small ruminants as the source. To determine the genetic background of C. burnetii in domestic ruminants responsible for the human Q fever outbreak, we genotyped 126 C. burnetii–positive samples from ruminants by using a 10-loci multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses panel and compared them with internationally known genotypes. One unique genotype predominated in dairy goat herds and 1 sheep herd in the human Q fever outbreak area in the south of the Netherlands. On the basis of 4 loci, this genotype is similar to a human genotype from the Netherlands. This finding strengthens the probability that this genotype of C. burnetii is responsible for the human Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands.
Genetic erosion in maize’s center of origin

Significance Unlike germplasm banks, on-farm conservation allows crops to evolve continuously in response to changing conditions. Agricultural adaptation to climate change, emerging pests, and diseases thus depends on conserving crop genetic diversity in situ. However, increasing awareness of these issues has not translated into effective conservation policies. We find that previous assessments of on-farm maize diversity in Mexico are flawed and conceal widespread genetic erosion that could thwart current food security strategies for climate adaptation. Unable to mitigate declining yields by recourse to diversity, farmers might abandon agriculture, leading to a vicious cycle of yield and diversity losses. A reassessment of the conservation status in other centers of crop diversity is similarly urgent but could take a decade given data requirements. Crop genetic diversity is an indispensable resource for farmers and professional breeders responding to changing climate, pests, and diseases. Anecdotal appraisals in centers of crop origin have suggested serious threats to this diversity for over half a century. However, a nationwide inventory recently found all maize races previously described for Mexico, including some formerly considered nearly extinct. A flurry of social studies seems to confirm that farmers maintain considerable diversity. Here, we compare estimates of maize diversity from case studies over the past 15 y with nationally and regionally representative matched longitudinal data from farmers across rural Mexico. Our findings reveal an increasing bias in inferences based on case study results and widespread loss of diversity. Cross-sectional, case study data suggest that farm-level richness has increased by 0.04 y−1 nationwide; however, direct estimates using matched longitudinal data reveal that richness dropped −0.04 y−1 between 2002 and 2007, from 1.43 to 1.22 varieties per farm. Varietal losses occurred across regions and altitudinal zones, and regardless of farm turnover within the sector. Extinction of local maize populations may not have resulted in an immediate loss of alleles, but low varietal richness and changes in maize’s metapopulation dynamics may prevent farmers from accessing germplasm suitable to a rapidly changing climate. Declining yields could then lead farmers to leave the sector and result in a further loss of diversity. Similarities in research approaches across crops suggest that methodological biases could conceal a loss of diversity at other centers of crop origin.
Dynamic relationships of therapist alliance and group cohesion in transdiagnostic group CBT for anxiety disorders.

OBJECTIVE Little is known about the temporal variability of the alliance-symptom change and cohesion-symptom change relationships over the course of group therapy. These questions were examined in a sample of 373 clients receiving a transdiagnostic cognitive behavior therapy (tCBT), which culled the principle research-supported mechanisms of change for anxiety disorders. METHOD The authors examined relationships between the client versions of the Working Alliance Inventory and Group Cohesion Scale in predicting subsequent symptom change, as assessed by the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS Alliance and cohesion were significant predictors of next session anxiety scores. The alliance was consistently associated with anxiety symptoms (rs = -.152 to -.198, ps < .05), but cohesion only showed significant relationships with anxiety symptoms at Sessions 8 and 10 (Session 8, r = -.233, p = .020, and 10, r = -.236, p = .027). Alliance-anxiety relations remained constant, whereas cohesion-anxiety relations substantially increased from earlier to later sessions. DISCUSSION Differences that were obtained in the relation of alliance and cohesion with anxiety symptoms suggests that these processes have different roles within group tCBT. If replicated, the present findings would suggest that the dynamic relationships between alliance and cohesion and symptoms within group CBT for anxiety disorders have been an important omission in process-outcome studies.
Phase I and pharmacological study of a new camptothecin derivative, exatecan mesylate (DX-8951f), infused over 30 minutes every three weeks.

PURPOSE A Phase I study of exatecan, a new water-soluble camptothecin derivative, was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose and a recommended dose, according to an internationally standardized core protocol. Pharmacological profiles of lactone and total (lactone + carboxylate) exatecan were also investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with 3, 5, and 6.65 mg/m(2) of exatecan infused over 30 min every 3 weeks. Concentrations of lactone, total drug, and a metabolite in plasma and urine were determined during the first course. RESULTS Dose-limiting neutropenia and liver dysfunction were observed in two of six patients at 6.65 mg/m(2), but no grade 3 or worse diarrhea was observed. Emesis was moderate, and no grade 3 or worse nausea and vomiting were observed at a recommended dose of 5 mg/m(2), with prophylactic use of granisetron. Pharmacokinetics were linear and had moderate variability; clearances of lactone and total drug were 6.8 +/- 2.8 and 2.1 +/- 1.1 (mean +/- SD) l/h/m(2), respectively. The ratio of lactone concentration to total drug concentration in plasma decreased from 0.81 +/- 0.06 at the end of infusion to 0.15 +/- 0.06 10 h after the infusion. The lactone:total ratio of drug exposure was 0.30 +/- 0.08, ranging from 0.16 to 0.43. Neutropenia was related to the drug exposure of both lactone and total drug. CONCLUSIONS The recommended dose of exatecan infused over 30 min every 3 weeks is 5 mg/m(2), with a favorable toxicity profile of mild and infrequent diarrhea. Interpatient variability of pharmacokinetics was similar to or smaller than that with other camptothecin derivatives.
Learning rules with negation for text categorization

This paper describes Olex, a novel method for the automatic construction of rule-based text classifiers. Olex relies on an optimization algorithm whereby a set of (both positive and negative) discriminating terms is generated for the category being learned. Such terms are then used to construct a classifier of the form "if term <i>t</i><inf>1</inf> or . term <i>t<inf>n</inf></i> occurs in document <i>d</i>, and none of terms <i>t</i><inf><i>n</i>--1</inf>, · · · <i>t<inf>n--m</inf></i> occurs in <i>d</i>, then <i>d</i> belongs to category <i>c</i>". The proposed method is simple and elegant. Despite this, the results of a systematic experimentation performed on both the REUTERS-21578 and the OHSUMED data collections show that Olex is both effective and efficient.
Somatosensory stimulation suppresses the excitability of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats

The hippocampal region of the brain is important for encoding environment inputs and memory formation. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. To investigate the behavior of individual neurons in response to somatosensory inputs in the hippocampal CA1 region, we recorded and analyzed changes in local field potentials and the firing rates of individual pyramidal cells and interneurons during tail clamping in urethane-anesthetized rats. We also explored the mechanisms underlying the neuronal responses. Somatosensory stimulation, in the form of tail clamping, chan-ged local field potentials into theta rhythm-dominated waveforms, decreased the spike firing of pyramidal cells, and increased interneuron firing. In addition, somatosensory stimulation attenuated orthodromic-evoked population spikes. These results suggest that somatosensory stimulation suppresses the excitability of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region. Increased inhibition by local interneurons might underlie this effect. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of signal processing in the hippocampus and suggest that sensory stimulation might have therapeutic potential for brain disorders associated with neuronal hyperexcitability.
Funding Data from Publication Acknowledgments: Coverage, Uses, and Limitations

This article contributes to the development of methods for analysing research funding systems by exploring the robustness and comparability of emerging approaches to generate funding landscapes useful for policy making. We use a novel data set of manually extracted and coded data on the funding acknowledgements of 7,510 publications representing UK cancer research in the year 2011 and compare these “reference data” with funding data provided by Web of Science (WoS) and MEDLINE/PubMed. Findings show high recall (around 93%) of WoS funding data. By contrast, MEDLINE/PubMed data retrieved less than half of the UK cancer publications acknowledging at least one funder. Conversely, both databases have high precision (+90%): That is, few cases of publications with no acknowledgment to funders are identified as having funding data. Nonetheless, funders acknowledged in UK cancer publications were not correctly listed by MEDLINE/PubMed and WoS in around 75% and 32% of the cases, respectively. Reference data on the UK cancer research funding system are used as a case study to demonstrate the utility of funding data for strategic intelligence applications (e.g., mapping of funding landscape and co‐funding activity, comparison of funders' research portfolios).
Coding theorems for Shannon's cipher system with correlated source outputs, and common information

Source coding problems are treated for Shannon's (1949) cipher system with correlated source outputs (X,Y). Several cases are considered based on whether both X and Y, only X, or only Y must be transmitted to the receiver, whether both X and Y, only X, or only Y must be kept secret, or whether the security level is measured by (/sup 1//spl sol//sub K/H(X/sup K//spl verbar/W), (/sup 1//spl sol//sub K/H(Y/sup K//spl verbar/W)) or /sup 1//spl sol//sub K/H(X/sup K/Y/sup K//spl verbar/W) where W is a cryptogram. The admissible region of cryptogram rate and key rate for a given security level is derived for each case. Furthermore, two new kinds of common information of X and Y, say C/sub 1/(X;Y) and C/sub 2/(X;Y), are considered. C/sub 1/(X;Y) is defined as the rate of the attainable minimum core of (X/sup K/,Y/sup K/) by removing each private information from (X/sup K/,Y/sup K/) as much as possible, while C/sub 2/(X;Y) is defined as the rate of the attainable maximum core V/sub C/ such that if one loses V/sub C/, then each uncertainty of X/sup K/ and Y/sup K/ becomes H(V/sub C/). It is proved that C/sub 1/(X;Y)=I(X;Y) and C/sub 2/(X;Y)=min /spl lcub/H(X), H(Y)/spl rcub/. C/sub 1/(X;Y) justifies the author's intuitive feeling that the mutual information represents a common information of X and Y. >
Parent‐reported feeding and feeding problems in a sample of Dutch toddlers

Little is known about the feeding behaviors and problems with feeding in toddlers. In the present questionnaire study, data were collected on the feeding behaviors and feeding problems in a relatively large (n = 422) sample of Dutch healthy toddlers (i.e. 18–36 months old) who lived at home with their parents. Results show that three meals a day was standard and the mean mealtime duration was 22 minutes. Most children eat independently and sit in a high chair. All of the generally recommended foods were consumed with a decreasing tendency across age groups. Of the total sample, 65% had at least one type of feeding problem. In seven percent of the cases feeding problems were moderate to severe and significantly related to parental concern. However, few had sought professional help. Two dimensions of feeding problems (i.e. pickiness and disturbing mealtime behavior) and three dimensions of parental management techniques could be identified. Several significant associations were found. For example, associations were found between pickiness and variables such as parental concerns, difficulties in learning to eat solid foods, and several food items. No associations were found between pickiness and mealtime duration. In conclusion, implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the treatment of severe feeding problems in toddlers with developmental disabilities.
The Effects of Horticultural Therapy on the Well-Being and Hope of Women in Rural Korea

Purposes: Horticultural therapy (HT) is an enjoyable and accessible method of recreation that readily lends itself to a variety of healthful lifestyle activities. HT is valued for its physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and recreational benefits. This study was designed to examine the effects of HT on the psychological well-being and hope of rural women. Methods: HT consists of three stages: establishing credibility (sessions 1-3), well-being and interpersonal relationships improvement (session 4-22), and maintenance (sessions 23-24). Participants consisted of 45 women from rural Korea, of which 21 were assigned to the experimental group and 24 to the control group. The experimental participants attended 24 sessions of HT. Results: Two groups undergone the program had a significant difference in the psychological well-being and hope. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that HT has positive effects on psychological and emotional health, and can be utilized as an intervention to help rural women.
Targeted Inactivation of the IL-4 Receptor α Chain I4R Motif Promotes Allergic Airway Inflammation

The insulin/interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor (I4R) motif mediates the association of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 with the interleukin-4 (IL-4)Rα chain and transduces mitogenic signals in response to IL-4. Its physiological functions were analyzed in mice with a germline point mutation that changed the motif's effector tyrosine residue into phenylalanine (Y500F). The Y500F mutation abrogated IRS-2 phosphorylation and impaired IL-4–induced CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation but left unperturbed Stat6 activation, up-regulation of IL-4-responsive gene products, and Th cell differentiation under Th2 polarizing conditions. However, in vivo the Y500F mutation was associated with increased allergen-induced IgE production, airway responsiveness, tissue eosinophilia, and mucus production. These results define an important role for the I4R motif in regulating allergic inflammation.
Reconsidering the coordinate structure constraint in Japanese and Korean: Syntactic constraint or pragmatic principle?

Whether the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC) (Ross, 1967) is a syntactic constraint has been discussed much in the literature. This paper reconsiders this issue by drawing on evidence from Japanese and Korean. Our examination of the CSC patterns in relative clauses in the two languages reveals that a pragmatically-based approach along the lines of Kehler (2002) predicts the relevant empirical patterns straightforwardly whereas alternative syntactic approaches run into many problems. We take these results to provide strong support for the view that the CSC is a pragmatic principle rather than a syntactic constraint.
A changing sense of Somaliness: Somali women in London and Toronto

This article considers how direct and indirect transnational linkages influence Somali refugee women settling in London, England and Toronto, Canada, and lead to shifts in identity in resettlement contexts. Drawing on interviews with Somali refugee women and discussions with resettlement staff, this article shows that under influences of distant and local linkages with other Somalis and through the cultural and social influences of the receiving society, Somali women develop a changing sense of their own Somaliness. The article argues that indicators of belonging, such as dress, religion and language, come to hold new and increased value within the new context, and familiar facets of national, cultural and religious identity shift in significance in response to competing influences and are used as intentional signifiers of identity.
Hormonal regulation and cellular localization of fatty acid synthase in human fetal lung

Wagle, Sameer, Anh Bui, Philip L. Ballard, Henry Shuman, John Gonzales, and Linda W. Gonzales. Hormonal regulation and cellular localization of fatty acid synthase in human fetal lung. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 21): L381–L390, 1999. —Fatty acid synthase (FAS; EC 2.3.1.85) supplies de novo fatty acids for pulmonary surfactant synthesis, and FAS gene expression is both developmentally and hormonally regulated in the fetal lung. To further examine hormonal regulation of FAS mRNA and to determine the cellular localization of FAS gene expression, we cultured human fetal lungs (18–22 wk gestation) as explants for 1–4 days in the absence (control) or presence of glucocorticoid [dexamethasone (Dex), 10 nM] and/or cAMP agents (8-bromo-cAMP, 0.1 mM and IBMX, 0.1 mM). FAS protein content and activity increased similarly in the presence of Dex (109 and 83%, respectively) or cAMP (87 and 111%, respectively), and responses were additive in the presence of both hormones (230 and 203%, respectively). With a rabbit anti-rat FAS antibody, FAS immunoreactivity was not detected in preculture lung specimens but appeared in epithelial cells lining the tubules with time in culture. Dex and/or cAMP markedly increased staining of epithelial cells, identified as type II cells, whereas staining of mesenchymal fibroblasts was very low under all conditions. With in situ hybridization, FAS mRNA was found to be enriched in epithelial cells lining the alveolar spaces, and the reaction product increased in these cells when the explants were cultured with the hormones. The increased FAS mRNA content in the presence of Dex and/or cAMP is primarily due to increased stabilization of mRNA, although Dex alone increased the transcription rate by ,30%. We conclude that hormonal treatment of cultured human fetal lungs increases FAS gene expression primarily by increasing stability of the message. The induction of FAS during explant culture and by hormones occurs selectively in type II epithelial cells, consistent with the regulatory role of this enzyme in de novo synthesis of fatty acid substrate for surfactant synthesis in perinatal lungs.
Moving the Brain: Neuroimaging Motivational Changes of Deep Brain Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical technique that involves the implantation of electrodes in the brain. DBS enables electrical modulation of abnormal brain activity for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Mrs. D. has been suffering from OCD for more than 20 years, which caused her to compulsively clean every detail of her house and have obsessive thoughts about dirt and contamination. DBS helped her to overcome all of her obsessions and compulsions but also helped her stop smoking and overeating. How is DBS capable of changing these different disorders in one single patient? This thesis will answer this intriguing question by studying brain networks related to reward and motivation in OCD patients, and how effective DBS influences these networks.
A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING OF INTERNETBANKING USAGE IN MALAYSIA

Internet banking is a contemporary trend amongst financial services worldwide. However, the level of acceptance among consumers is unknown. This study intends to examine the determinants of internet usage intention in banks using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and exploring the mediating effect of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived credibility on the relationship between self-efficacy and intention. The exogenous variable is self- efficacy and the mediators are perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived credibility while endogenous variables is intention of banking internet usage. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis method, the results show that self-efficacy has significant and positive direct impact on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived credibility while two variables perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have direct significant positive influence on intention. Perceived credibility has a insignificant direct impact intention of internet banking usage. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are partial mediators while perceived credibility is a full mediator. In general the use of TAM in internet banking usage intention is substantiated in this study