Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Concentration Compactness and the Stability of Solitary-Wave Solutions to Nonlocal Equations

In their proof of the stability of standing-wave solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Cazenave and Lions used the principle of concentration compactness to characterize the standing waves as solutions of a certain variational problem. In this article we first review the techniques introduced by Cazenave and Lions, and then discuss their application to solitary-wave solutions of nonlocal nonlinear wave equations. As an example of such an application, we include a new result on the stability of solitary-wave solutions of the Kubota-Ko-Dobbs equation for internal waves in a stratified fluid.
Pecking order theory extension and the role of human capital in new technology based firms. Evidence from the Kauffman firm survey

This Draft June 2011 Abstract Literature has vastly investigated financial constraint of innovative small firms, which may be eager to resort to bank financing only after approaching VC, who add value to the business and suffer less information opacity towards NTBFs. Using unique data from Kauffman Firm Survey, this work aims to find evidence about the existence of a clear pecking order in the case of NTBFs in the access to sources of capital. Besides we examine the role played by human capital determinants. Results show that access to external capital is predicted by the excess of investment requested with respect to internal capital available, coherently with the pecking order prediction. However the existence of a reversed priority between external debt and equity capital provider emerges for technology base ventures, with respect to non-high-tech counterpart. Entrepreneur’s age and experience also play a role in clarifying financial priorities of NTBFs.
Classification of Power Density Spectrum Features and Estimation of the δ-invariant Value for the Z Source GX 340+0

We present a theoretical analysis of Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer data of Z source GX 340+0 obtained by Jonker et al. In the frameworks of the recently formulated transition layer model, the δ-angle is an angle between the neutron star (NS) magnetospheric axis and the disk (presumably NS rotational) axis. We determine the angle δ = 6. °3 ± 0. °3, which is a combination of the simultaneously observed kilohertz quasi-periodic and horizontal-branch oscillation frequencies. While these three frequencies change by a factor of 3 or more, their δ-combination stays almost constant. GX 340+0 is the fourth source (in addition to 4U 0614+09, Scorpius X-1, and 4U 1702-42) for which δ has been determined. With one (constrained) parameter, at most, we make a complete classification of six observed power spectral features, including the two kilohertz frequencies, the first and second harmonics of the horizontal-branch oscillation frequency, the low-frequency noise component, and the break frequencies. We demonstrate that a new component discovered by Jonker et al. in the GX 340+0 power spectrum is related to the viscous-frequency branch that has in fact been reported earlier in 4U 1728-34 by Ford & van der Klis. Finally, we reclassify several previously misidentified features in the power spectrum.
Developmental Aspects of Pediatric fMRI: Considerations for Image Acquisition, Analysis, and Interpretation

Functional MRI provides a powerful means to identify and trace the evolution, development, and consolidation of cognitive neural networks through normal childhood. Neural network perturbations due to disease and other adverse factors during development can also be explored. Studies performed to date suggest that normal children older than 5 years show activation maps comparable to adults for similar cognitive paradigms. Minor differences in adult and pediatric activation maps may reflect age dependent strategies or maturation of cognitive networks. However, there are important physiologic and anatomic differences in children, varying with age, that may affect the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of pediatric fMRI data. Differences between children and adult fMRI comparison studies may reflect technical aspects of data acquisition as much as developmental and brain maturation factors.
Dietary patterns and risk of oesophageal cancers: a population-based case–control study

Epidemiological studies investigating the association between dietary intake and oesophageal cancer have mostly focused on nutrients and food groups instead of dietary patterns. We conducted a population-based case–control study, which included 365 oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), 426 oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (OGJAC) and 303 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases, with frequency matched on age, sex and geographical location to 1580 controls. Data on demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors were collected using self-administered questionnaires. We used principal component analysis to derive three dietary patterns: ‘meat and fat’, ‘pasta and pizza’ and ‘fruit and vegetable’, and unconditional logistic regression models to estimate risks of OAC, OGJAC and OSCC associated with quartiles (Q) of dietary pattern scores. A high score on the meat-and-fat pattern was associated with increased risk of all three cancers: multivariable-adjusted OR 2·12 (95 % CI 1·30, 3·46) for OAC; 1·88 (95 % CI 1·21, 2·94) for OGJAC; 2·84 (95 % CI 1·67, 4·83) for OSCC (P-trend < 0·01 for all three cancers). A high score on the pasta-and-pizza pattern was inversely associated with OSCC risk (OR 0·58, 95 % CI 0·36, 0·96, P for trend = 0·009); and a high score on the fruit-and-vegetable pattern was associated with a borderline significant decreased risk of OGJAC (OR for Q4 v. Q1 0·66, 95 % CI 0·42, 1·04, P = 0·07) and significantly decreased risk of OSCC (OR 0·41, 95 % CI 0·24, 0·70, P for trend = 0·002). High-fat dairy foods appeared to play a dominant role in the association between the meat-and-fat pattern and risk of OAC and OGJAC. Further investigation in prospective studies is needed to confirm these findings.
α2 Adrenoceptors are involved in the regulation of the gripping‐induced immobility episodes in taiep rats

In 1989 Holmgren et al. (Holmgren et al. 1989 Lab Anim Sci 39:226–228) described a new mutant rat that developed a progressive motor disturbance during its lifespan. The syndrome is characterized by a tremor in the hind limbs followed by ataxia, episodes of tonic immobility, epilepsy, and paralysis. The acronym of these symptoms (taiep) became the name of this autosomic, recessive mutant rat. The taiep rats are neurological mutant animals with a hypomyelination, followed by a progressive demyelination process. At 7–8 months of age, taiep rats develop immobility episodes (IEs) characterized by a cortical desynchronization, associated with the theta rhythm in the hippocampus and changes of the nucal electromyogram (EMG), whose pattern is like rapid‐eye‐movement (REM) sleep. These rats also show an altered sleep pattern with an equal REM sleep distribution. This study analyzed therole of α2 adrenoceptors in the expression of gripping‐induced IEs in 8‐month‐old male taiep rats. The α2 adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and xylacine increased the frequency of gripping‐induced IEs whereas the α2 antagonists yohimbine and idazoxandecreased or prevented such episodes. These findings correlate with the pharmacological observations in narcoleptic dogs and humans in which α2 adrenergic mechanisms are involved in the modulation of cataplexy. Unexpectedly, the repetitive administration of clonidine resulted in jumping behavior, indicative of phasic activation of extensor musculature. Taken together, our results show that α2 adrenoceptors are involved in the modulation in gripping‐induced IEs and after the administration of several doses of clonidine produced phasic motor activation. Synapse 60:362–370, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
STAR FORMATION RATES AND METALLICITIES OF K-SELECTED STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2

We present spectroscopy of 15 star-forming BzK galaxies (sBzKs) with KAB ≲ 23 in the Subaru Deep Field, for which Hα and some other emission lines are detected in 0.9–2.3 μ spectra with a resolution of R = 500. Using Hα luminosities, we obtain star formation rates (SFRs), and then specific SFRs (SSFRs) dividing SFRs by stellar masses, which are derived from SED fitting to BVRi′z′K photometry. It is found that sBzKs with higher stellar masses have larger SFRs. A negative correlation is seen between stellar mass and SSFR, which is consistent with the previous results for z ∼ 2 galaxies. This implies that a larger growth of stellar mass occurs in less massive galaxies. In addition, gas-phase oxygen abundances, 12+log(O/H), are derived from the ratio of [N II](λ6584) to Hα using the N2 index method. We have found a correlation between stellar mass and oxygen abundance in the sense that more massive sBzKs tend to be more metal rich, which is qualitatively consistent with the relation for UV-selected z ∼ 2 galaxies. However, the metallicity of the sBzKs is ∼0.2 dex higher than that of UV-selected galaxies with similar stellar masses, which is significant considering the small uncertainties. The sBzKs in our sample have redder R − K colors than the UV-selected galaxies. This galaxy color dependence in the oxygen abundance may be caused by older or dustier galaxies having higher metallicities at z ∼ 2.
High‐resolution FMRI at 1.5T using balanced SSFP

The resolution in conventional BOLD FMRI is considerably lower than can be achieved with other MRI methods, and is insufficient for many important applications. One major difficulty in robustly improving spatial resolution is the poor image quality in BOLD FMRI, which suffers from distortions, blurring, and signal dropout. This work considers the potential for increased resolution with a new FMRI method based on balanced SSFP. This method establishes a blood oxygenation sensitive steady‐state (BOSS) signal, in which the frequency sensitivity of balanced SSFP is used to detect the frequency shift of deoxyhemoglobin. BOSS FMRI is highly SNR efficient and does not suffer from image distortions or signal dropout, making this method an excellent candidate for high‐resolution FMRI. This study presents the first demonstration of high‐resolution BOSS FMRI, using an efficient 3D stack‐of‐segmented EPI readout and combined acquisition at multiple center frequencies. BOSS FMRI is shown to enable high‐resolution FMRI data (1 × 1 × 2 mm3) in both visual and motor systems using standard hardware at 1.5 T. Currently, the major limitation of BOSS FMRI is its sensitivity to temporal and spatial field drift. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The aspectual makeup of Perfect participles and the interpretations of the Perfect

1. The types of perfect Interpretation-wise, several types of perfect expressions have been recognized in the literature (e. To illustrate, a present perfect can have one of at least three interpretations: (1) a. Since 2000, Alexandra has lived in LA. UNIVERSAL b. Alexandra has been in LA (before). EXPERIENTIAL c. Alexandra has (just) arrived in LA. RESULTATIVE The three types of perfect make different claims about the temporal location of the underlying eventuality, i.e., of live in LA in (1a), be in LA in (1b), arrive in LA in (1c), with respect to a reference time. The UNIVERSAL perfect, as in (1a), asserts that the underlying eventuality holds throughout an interval, delimited by the time of utterance and a certain time in the past (in this case, the year 2000). The EXPERIENTIAL perfect, as in (1b), asserts that the underlying eventuality holds at a proper subset of an interval, extending back from the utterance time. The RESULTATIVE perfect makes the same assertion as the Experiential perfect, with the added meaning that the result of the underlying eventuality (be in LA is the result of arrive in LA) holds at the utterance time. The distinction between the Experiential and the Resultative perfects is rather subtle. The two are commonly grouped together as the EXISTENTIAL perfect (McCawley 1971, Mittwoch 1988) and this terminology is adopted here as well. 1 Two related questions arise: (i) Is the distinction between the three types of perfect grammatically based? (ii) If indeed so, then is it still possible to posit a common representation for the perfect – a uniform structure with a single meaning – which, in combination with certain other syntactic components , each with a specialized meaning, results in the three different readings? This paper suggests that the answer to both questions is yes. To start addressing these questions, let us look at some of the known factors behind the various interpretations of the perfect. It has to be noted that the different perfect readings are not a peculiarity of the present perfect despite the fact that they are primarily discussed in relation to that form. The same interpretations are available to the past, future and nonfinite per
Recovery of Hypersomnia Concurrent With Recovery of an Injured Ascending Reticular Activating System in a Stroke Patient

AbstractWe report on a stroke patient who showed recovery of hypersomnia concurrent with the recovery of an injured ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which was demonstrated by diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). A 70-year-old female patient underwent coiling of the left ruptured posterior communicating artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage and both extraventricular drainage for management of an intraventricular hemorrhage. At 2 months after onset, when she started rehabilitation, she exhibited intact consciousness, with the full score on the Glasgow Coma Scale: 15. However, she showed severe hypersomnia: she always fell asleep without external stimulation and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EPS) score was 24 (full score: 24, cut off for hypersomnia: 10). She underwent comprehensive rehabilitative therapy, including neurotropic drugs, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. Her hypersomnia has shown improvement as 14 (3 months after onset), 11 (4 months after onset), 7 (12 months after onset), and 6 (24 months after onset), respectively.On 2-month DTT, narrowing of both lower dorsal and ventral ARASs was observed on both sides: in particular, among 4 neural tracts of the lower ARAS, the right lower ventral ARAS was the narrowest. By contrast, on 24-month DTT, the 4 narrowed neural tracts of both lower dorsal and ventral ARASs were thickened compared with those of 2-month DTT.Recovery of hypersomnia with recovery of an injured lower ARAS on DTT was observed in a stroke patient. Our results suggest that evaluation of the lower ARAS using DTT might be useful for stroke patients with hypersomnia.
Governance in new European regions: the case of Centrope

This dissertation analyses governance in the process of the formation of new regional alliances and spaces in Europe, by studying the case of the Central European Region - Centrope, which is both a region and a political project at the border area of Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. This research aims at illuminating the historically founded relationship between emerging territories and new socioeconomic institutionalisations through unveiling the mode of governance in Centrope. It uncovers the progress and dilemmas of the institutionalization of a new region and regional alliances. The focus is on socio-spatial transformations, bringing in conceptual clarifications to unravel, among other issues, the ways in which actor's alliances are formed and mobilized to defend and promote particular interests grounded within already established, emerging, or potential state spaces. It thus sheds light on the mode of governance and regional development being fostered by the EU in new trans-border regions, as well as on the challenges involved in implementing new spaces in the EU under the absolute rule of a specific notion of competitiveness. This enabled sketching some alternative policy recommendations. (author's abstract)
Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction : epidemiological analysis of 91 patients

Aim. To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). Method. The study was a retrospective view of medical records of inpatients and outpatients who developed PANDO during a 10-year study period from 1994-2003 in Split-Dalmatian County managed at the Eye Clinic of Split University Hospital. The total number of patients was 91. Result. The annual incidence of PANDO was 1.96 per 100,000 inhabitants. The mean age ± SD of patients was 64.3 ± 16.0 years. There were 67 (73.6%) females and 24 (28.4%) males. The female to male ratio was 2.8, the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.000007). The differences in occurence were not statistically significant (p = 0.46) and a bilateral involvement was observed in 6 (6.6%) cases. An acute form of PANDO occured in 50 (54.9%) of cases, and a chronic form in 41 (45.1%) of cases. Although prevalence of an acute form of PANDO was a little greater in warmer seasons (spring and summer) than in colder seasons (autumn and winter), the seasonal variations in the occurrence of PANDO were statistically not significant (p = 0.26). Conclusion. The findings of this study are important because they make possible a better disease evaluation and better ophthalmological service planning in the treatment of PANDO.
Top Management Team Heterogeneity and Faultlines in Initial Public Offering Firms

In this article we introduce a new concept, group faultlines (Lau & Murnighan, 1998; 2005), into the literature on entrepreneurial top management teams. A group faultline is a hypothetical line, a split within the group, created by common demographic characteristics that serve to form two or more subgroups. Group faultlines, and the factional groups that result, are believed to create conflict and communication difficulties between the sub-groups and these problems have the potential to reduce overall group performance (Lau & Murnighan, 2005; Li & Hambrick, 2005). While TMT heterogeneity has received considerable attention among management researchers during the past two decades, the faultlines concept offers a new method for understanding why heterogeneity may have an impact on firm performance. To examine this concept, and its relationship to TMT heterogeneity, we structure the paper in the following way: First, we provide an overview of the TMT heterogeneity literature, with a specific focus on its association with firm performance. Second, we provide an explanation of the group faultlines concept and its relationship to group heterogeneity. Third, we then produce three hypotheses that predict the associations for short and long-term firm performance to TMT heterogeneity and TMT faultlines. Fourth, we then present the results of an empirical investigation of TMT heterogeneity and TMT faultlines in 299 firms that completed initial public offerings between the years 1996 and 2000. Finally, we finish with a discussion of the implications of the faultlines concept on the TMT literature.
The Determinants of Efficiency and Productivity in the Swiss Insurance Industry

Using state-of-the-art frontier efficiency methodologies, we study the efficiency and productivity of Swiss insurance companies in the life, property/casualty, and reinsurance sectors from 1997–2013. The broad scope of this study provides an opportunity to compare and cross-check the findings from other countries, across different time periods, and across different subsectors. Moreover, we are the first to analyze the internationalization strategies of insurance companies, a topic of high interest in the business and economics literature, but one that has not to date been the focus of efficiency studies in the insurance sector. We find that productivity and efficiency in the Swiss insurance market have improved for the property/casualty and reinsurer sectors, but not in the case of life insurance. The results suggest that the internationalization of the insurance business has a positive impact on insurer efficiency. We also illustrate the importance of analyzing nonlinear and interaction effects in second-stage regressions so as to obtain richer insight into the determinants of efficiency. These tests show that being either a small specialist or a large diversified company is optimal from an efficiency point of view. Our findings are of interest not only for Swiss insurance company managers, regulators, and policymakers, but also for academics in other fields and practitioners in other countries.
Machine learning of syndromes for different types of features

Working with different types of features (symptoms) is critical to the performance of machine learning algorithms such as classifiers. Previous methods have focused on either combining classifiers working on different types of features or applying one classifier working on transformed features using principle component analysis. In this paper, we propose integration of the feature space with different types of features based on construction of thresholds. In the transformed binary space we propose a machine learning method for construction of syndromes. Syndromes are represented as Boolean conjunctions. For real-valued features the mathematical method for transforming features into binary is based on parallel feature partitioning. The binary descriptions of fuzzy features are obtained through the use of threshold values calculated based on the distance between patterns. A numerical example from medicine is given.
A SURVEY ON PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MEASURES FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM

information to the users. To make the search effective, a tool called search engine has been introduced. These engines crawl the web for the given users query and display the results to the user based on the relevance score (ranking). Different search engine employs different ranking algorithm. Many ranking algorithm is being introduced frequently by several researchers. Several metrics are available to assess the quality of the ranked web pages. This paper presents a survey on different evaluation measures that are available for information retrieval systems and search engines. Several illustrations are provided for all these metrics.
Ethnic minorities in the UK: burden or benefit?

This paper investigates the degree of the labour market competition between White and ethnic minority labour using four waves of the British Quarterly Labour Force Survey (1997). The extent of the labour market competition is examined in terms of wage elasticities and elasticities of complementarity using translog production technology. The estimations suggest that ethnic minority labour is complementary to most of White workers. The substitution relationship is especially evident between ethnic minority labour on the one hand and low skilled, medium skilled non-manual and low skilled manual White labour on the other hand. Ethnic minorities do not seem to be substitute for each other.