Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differentiated Control of TCP Flows Based on their Sizes

A careful study of the TCP (transmission control protocol) protocol shows that the congestion control mechanism is unfair in an environment where flows with different sizes compete for scarce resources. Short connections tend to lose to long connections in their competition for bandwidth. This is because short connections do not gain detailed knowledge of the network state, and therefore they are condemned to be less competitive due to the conservative nature of TCP congestion control algorithm. In this paper, we propose to give preferential treatment to the first packets of each flow with help from an active queue management (AQM) inside the bottleneck queue, so that short connections experience less packet drop rate than long connections. Based on analyses and simulations, we show that the sojourn time of short flows is reduced without penalizing the performance of long connections. Indeed, our method of classification treats the first packets of long flows like those of short flows. Therefore, the first packets of each flow (which are more sensible to loss) experience fewer losses
Mechanism of antitumor action of pyrimidinones in the treatment of B16 melanoma and P388 leukemia.

This study was undertaken in an attempt to understand the mechanism of antitumor action of pyrimidinones alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY). Pyrimidinones such as 2-amino-5-bromo-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-4(3H)pyrimidinone (ABMFPP) were relatively nontoxic toward murine L1210 leukemia cell growth in vitro with the concentration of drug required for a 50% inhibition of cell growth being greater than 50 micrograms/ml. In contrast, ABMFPP showed anti-B16 melanoma activity in vivo which was sensitive to X-irradiation of the hosts. These results collectively suggest that pyrimidinones may act differently from conventional cytotoxic antitumor agents. Multiple i.p. injections of ABMFPP (125 mg/kg/injection) significantly augmented the cytotoxicity of both natural killer cells and macrophages in peritoneal exudates. The augmentation of both effector cell populations was delayed, but was more pronounced when animals received a dose of CY (100 mg/kg) prior to ABMFPP injections. The combination of CY and ABMFPP also showed a synergistic anti-P388 leukemia effect which appeared to be related to the initial reduction of the tumor burden by CY and the marked augmentation of the cytotoxicity of both natural killer cells and macrophages by ABMFPP. The antitumor activity of ABMFPP against B16 melanoma was almost completely eliminated when animals received a dose of 400 rads X-irradiation 5 days prior to tumor inoculation or a dose of 200 rads X-irradiation followed by several injections of anti-asialo monosialoganglioside antibody. The administration of anti-asialo monosialoganglioside alone also markedly reduced the anti-B16 melanoma activity of ABMFPP. The magnitude of reduction of the antitumor effect of ABMFPP by radiation and/or anti-asialo monosialoganglioside antibody directly correlated with the inhibition of the ABMFPP-mediated augmentation of immune responses. These results strongly suggest that the antitumor effect of ABMFPP alone or in combination with CY is at least in part mediated through its augmentation of natural killer cell and/or macrophage activities.
The Impact of Celebrity Suicide on Subsequent Suicide Rates in the General Population of Korea from 1990 to 2010

The association between celebrity suicide and subsequent increase in suicide rates among the general population has been suggested. Previous studies primarily focused on celebrity suicides in the 2000s. To better understand the association, this study examined the impacts of celebrity suicides on subsequent suicide rates using the data of Korean celebrity suicides between 1990 and 2010. Nine celebrity suicides were selected by an investigation of media reports of suicide deaths published in three major newspapers in Korea between 1990 and 2010. Suicide mortality data were obtained from the National Statistical Office of Korea. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models with intervention analysis were used to test the impacts of celebrity suicides, controlling for seasonality. Six of the 9 celebrity suicides had significant impacts on suicide rates both in the total population and in the same gender- or the same age-subgroups. The incident that occurred in the 1990s had no significant impact on the overall suicide rates, whereas the majority of the incidents in the 2000s had significant influences for 30 or 60 days following each incident. The influence of celebrity suicide was shown to reach its peak following the suicide death of a renowned actress in 2008. The findings may suggest a link between media coverage and the impact of celebrity suicide. Future studies should focus more on the underlying processes and confounding factors that may contribute to the impact of celebrity suicide on subsequent suicide rates.
Llama Nanoantibodies with Therapeutic Potential against Human Norovirus Diarrhea

Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis, but no vaccines or therapeutic drugs are available. Llama-derived single chain antibody fragments (also called VHH) are small, recombinant monoclonal antibodies of 15 kDa with several advantages over conventional antibodies. The aim of this study was to generate recombinant monoclonal VHH specific for the two major norovirus (NoV) genogroups (GI and GII) in order to investigate their potential as immunotherapy for the treatment of NoV diarrhea. To accomplish this objective, two llamas were immunized with either GI.1 (Norwalk-1968) or GII.4 (MD2004) VLPs. After immunization, peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected and used to generate two VHH libraries. Using phage display technology, 10 VHH clones specific for GI.1, and 8 specific for GII.4 were selected for further characterization. All VHH recognized conformational epitopes in the P domain of the immunizing VP1 capsid protein, with the exception of one GII.4 VHH that recognized a linear P domain epitope. The GI.1 VHHs were highly specific for the immunizing GI.1 genotype, with only one VHH cross-reacting with GI.3 genotype. The GII.4 VHHs reacted with the immunizing GII.4 strain and showed a varying reactivity profile among different GII genotypes. One VHH specific for GI.1 and three specific for GII.4 could block the binding of homologous VLPs to synthetic HBGA carbohydrates, saliva, and pig gastric mucin, and in addition, could inhibit the hemagglutination of red blood cells by homologous VLPs. The ability of Nov-specific VHHs to perform well in these surrogate neutralization assays supports their further development as immunotherapy for NoV treatment and immunoprophylaxis.
Twenty Hirsch index variants and other indicators giving more or less preference to highly cited papers

The Hirsch index or h‐index is widely used to quantify the impact of an individual's scientific research output, determining the highest number h of a scientist's papers that received at least h citations. Several variants of the index have been proposed in order to give more or less preference to highly cited papers. I analyse the citation records of 26 physicists discussing various suggestions, in particular A, e, f, g, h(2), hw, hT, ħ, m, π, R, s, t, w, and maxprod. The total number of all and of all cited publications as well as the highest and the average number of citations are also compared. Advantages and disadvantages of these indices and indicators are discussed. Correlation coefficients are determined quantifying which indices and indicators yield similar and which yield more deviating rankings of the 26 datasets. For 6 datasets the determination of the indices and indicators is visualized.
Tropical plumes and extreme precipitation in subtropical and tropical West Africa

Three cases of extreme precipitation in October, January and March/April over subtropical north‐western and tropical West Africa have been selected in order to study the moisture transports, precipitation generation mechanisms and large‐scale dynamics involved. All cases show strong tropical–extratropical interactions and elongated cloud bands extending from the Tropics into the subtropics, usually referred to as tropical plumes (TPs). Investigations are based on observational data and high‐resolution output from simulations using the University of Wisconsin–Nonhydrostatic Modeling System. Trajectory analyses show that moisture is transported from the tropical easterly mid‐level flow, the monsoonal southerlies and the north‐easterly trade winds to provide precipitable water and potential instability at mid‐tropospheric levels. The instability is released through ascent related both to weak quasi‐geostrophic forcing to the east of an upper‐level trough and to the strong, inertially unstable and highly divergent upper‐level subtropical jet (STJ) accompanying the TP. In the January and March cases the passage of a precursor upper‐level trough over the same location precedes the development and initiates the moisture transport from the deep Tropics. The associated north‐westerly cold advection supports the generation of precipitation by triggering convection over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, whose outflow feeds into the STJ over Africa, and by enhancing the vertical mass transport within the intertropical discontinuity over and near West Africa. In October, when the still active African monsoon facilitates the extraction of tropical moisture, a wave in the tropical easterlies and strong trade winds from the southern hemisphere are dominant factors. Low‐level cyclogenesis and frontogenesis only play roles in the late stages of the developments. The elongated, mostly positively tilted potential‐vorticity (PV) streamers associated with the observed troughs form as a result of an equatorward transport of high‐PV air downstream of a large ridge over the North Atlantic. The rapid amplification of the ridge is achieved through a combination of negative horizontal PV advection and diabatic reduction of upper‐level PV through latent heating within a cloud band that forms in connection with an explosive baroclinic development near the east coast of North America. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies Working Paper Itls‐wp‐17‐04 the South Eastern Brt Network in Brisbane, Australia: How Much Is Added to Residential House Values as a Result of the Network Effect?

This paper addresses an area of policy much understudied in the literature. It emerged out of investigating the policy needs of governments seeking to find new ways of funding public transport infrastructure. Land rent theory (Alonso, 1964) identifies that the value of unimproved land reflects accessibility gradients with new transport infrastructure, through improvements in accessibility, uplifting land values. Capturing the uplift in land value for funding requires that the amount of uplift be known as well as when the uplift occurs – is this after the announcement of the project, after building starts or when the new infrastructure starts to operate? However, many cities plan a number of projects over a longer timescale, what is the value of the network effect as additional infrastructure provides the opportunity to access more destinations quickly. This network effect is a case of a 'product' that has less value in isolation but increases in value when in combination with other 'products' (Katz and Shapiro, 1994). There have been a few studies on the timing of uplift (Gatzlaff and Smith, 1993; Knaap et al., 2001), but these have been generally confined to rail based infrastructure in the public transport domain. The objective of this paper is to identify how much is added to residential land values through the provision of bus rapid transit (BRT) in Brisbane, Australia and to identify specifically the value of the network effect as incrementally adding to existing transport infrastructure as a feature of Australian cities. The paper is structured as follows. The next section explores the literature context for this study. This is followed by a description of the data and the case-study area. The method follows which describes the difference in difference methodology employed while the following section interprets the results. The final section discusses the results and concludes with recommendations for future research. Acknowledgements: The authors recognise the contribution of Dr Geoffrey Clifton in sharing his knowledge of the development of the Brisbane busways. The conclusions are those of the authors who are also responsible for any remaining errors.
Unity Versus Uniformity: Effects of Targeted Advertising on Perceptions of Group Politics

While a great deal of attention has been paid to how political media can divide and polarize politicized groups in the U.S., little is understood about its effects within those groups. In this study, I use a population based survey experiment to explore whether targeted political media are affecting two factors associated with political voice – perceptions of political homogeneity and perceptions of political power. Drawing on theories from social psychology, I outline and test a set of theoretical predictions to explore this relationship in the context of Spanish-language political ads. The results suggest that Spanish-language political ads do, in fact, increase perceptions of collective political power among Latinos, but not in a way that unequivocally promote perceptions of political homogeneity. In doing so, the findings provide some of the first evidence of a causal relationship between targeted political media and perceptions of targeted political groups.
Essays on Risk Preferences and Behavioral Finance

This thesis contributes to the field of behavioral economics. Research in behavioral economics investigates whether predictions of theoretical models and their underlying assumptions hold. It thereby enhances the predictive power of economics. While the first chapter provides an introduction and overview, Chapter 2 of this thesis studies whether an intergenerational transmission of risk preferences revealed by occupational choice from parents to children can be observed. The analysis shows that different male generations of a family indeed exhibit similar risky behavior, however, the link is rather weak. Chapter 3 answers the question of whether subjects are aware of the correlation between risk preferences and sociodemographic characteristics and attach informational value to sociodemographics when assessing the risk attitudes of others. The results of the experiment show that subjects recognize the correlation between the sociodemographic variables age, gender, parenthood and family status and risk preferences. Furthermore, subjects attach informational value to sociodemographic characteristics. Chapter 4 analyzes the process of the assessment of risk preferences of others in detail. A major asset is that our sample for the experiments in Chapter 3 and 4, besides student subjects, includes individuals that professionally make decisions on behalf of others every day: senior and junior advisors with differing years of counseling experience in the financial sector. In particular, it is studied whether professional and non-professional advisors are capable of correctly assessing the risk preferences of a specific advisee given sociodemographic information. The results of the experiment show, that when forming beliefs about the risk preferences of others, a false consensus bias of the advisors is present; the advisors' own risk preferences positively correlate with their beliefs about the advisees' ones. The precision of advice increases if more information is available. Professionals outperform non-professionals significantly when forecasting the risk attitudes of others. Chapter 5 of this thesis analyses whether herding out of reputational concerns exists in financial markets. Therefore, the subjects' behavior is studied in two treatments. First, in the role of financial investors, subjects take the decision which of two assets to buy without career concerns. In a second treatment, career concerns are incorporated. While in the first treatment, according to the theory, investors should always follow their own signal and buy the respective asset, in the second treatment with career concerns, investors should engage in herd behavior and neglect their own signal. However, the experimental results indicate that a similar herd behavior can be observed in the treatment with reputational concerns as well as in the treatment without reputational concerns. Moreover, we provide further evidence for investors (irrationally) imitating predecessors.
Computationally Manageable Combinational Auctions

There is interest in designing simultaneous auctions for situations such as the recent FCC radio spectrum auctions, in which the value of assets to a bidder depends on which other assets he or she wins. In such auctions, bidders may wish to submit bids for combinations of assets. When this is allowed, the problem of determining the revenue maximizing set of nonconflicting bids can be difficult. We analyze this problem, identifying several different structures of permitted combinational bids for which computational tractability is constructively demonstrated and some structures for which computational tractability cannot be guaranteed.
Sources of Disability in Tourette Syndrome: Children vs. Adults

Background Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by tics and neuropsychiatric co-morbidities like Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD), among others. In many instances tics get better with age but this is not always true regarding the psychiatric co-morbidities. Methods This manuscript reviews the disease-specific Quality of Life (QOL) instruments used to measure disability in TS and the existing literature on sources of functional impairment in children and adults with TS. Results Traditionally, disability in TS has been recorded using objective measures. In recent years there has been a development of disease-specific instruments to measure subjectively the impact of the different aspects of TS on the patient's daily function. The differential impact of tics vs. the psychiatric co-morbidities in children with TS is an issue of debate in the existing literature. In adults with TS, the literature is scant, therefore the sources of disability in this group are even less defined compared to children. Discussion As clinicians, we need to focus on determining the sources of disability in children and adults with TS so we can target our interventions successfully.
SVD-Based Precoding for Single Carrier MIMO Transmission With Frequency Domain MMSE Turbo Equalization

This letter proposes an SVD-based precoding technique for single carrier transmission over frequency selective MIMO channels with frequency domain (FD) minimum-mean-squared-error (MMSE) turbo equalization. We consider the problem of optimizing the transmit power allocation over the FD channel eigenmodes subject to maintaining a target bit error rate of the turbo equalizer, and show that this problem can be efficiently solved by convex programming techniques. Results of the simulations conducted to demonstrate the superiority of the turbo equalizer with the proposed precoding technique, and to verify the accuracy of the analysis are presented in this letter.
The nature and role of norms in translation

OWEVER HIGHLY ONE may think of Linguistics, Text-Linguistics, Contrastive Textology or Pragmatics and of their explanatory power with respect to translational phenomena, being a translator cannot be reduced to the mere generation of utterances which would be considered “translations” within any of these disciplines. Translation activities should rather be regarded as having cultural significance. Consequently, “translatorship” amounts first and foremost to being able to play a social role, i.e., to fulfil a function allotted by a community— to the activity, its practitioners and/or their products—in a way which is deemed appropriate in its own terms of reference. The acquisition of a set of norms for determining the suitability of that kind of behaviour, and for manoeuvring between all the factors which may constrain it, is therefore a prerequisite for becoming a translator within a cultural environment. The process by which a bilingual speaker may be said to gain recognition in his/ her capacity as a translator has hardly been studied so far. [. ] In the present chapter the nature of the acquired norms themselves will be addressed, along with their role in directing translation activity in socio-culturally relevant settings. This presentation will be followed by a brief discussion of translational norms as a second-order object of Translation Studies, to be reconstructed and studied within the kind of framework which we are now in the process of sketching. As strictly translational norms can only be applied at the receiving end, establishing them is not merely justified by a target-oriented approach but should be seen as its very epitome.
Aggregating Phillips Curves

Since it burst onto the scene of mainstream monetary economics, the New Neo-Classical Phillips Curve has been the focus of two important empirical debates. First, to what extent properly measured marginal costs affect inflation dynamics. Second, to what extent purely forward looking inflation can be reconciled with the data. In this paper, we show heterogeneity in the pricing behavior of firms, matters for both issues. If pricing is heterogeneous, estimations based on GMM techniques are flawed, to an extent that increases with the correlation between aggregate and disaggregate price dynamics. We use sectoral quarterly French data on prices and marginal costs to illustrate this possibility and quantify the magnitude and direction of the implied bias. Two results arise when the estimation accounts for the possibility of heterogeneity. First, marginal costs become substantially more important in affecting inflation dynamics (i.e. heterogeneity induces a negative bias in the response of aggregate inflation to marginal costs). Second, lagged inflation also becomes more important than previously reported using GMM techniques. We provide analytical expressions for the biases which arise when heterogeneity is not taken into account. It helps pinpoint the sources of the differences in results. These are relevant to our data, where they help explain the biases just described, but they also provide a toolkit with which to gauge the magnitude and direction of an aggregation bias in any disaggregated data.