Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the External Reference Frames Relevant to Tactile Localization

Different reference frames appear to be relevant for tactile spatial coding. When participants give temporal order judgments (TOJ) of two tactile stimuli, one on each hand, performance declines when the hands are crossed. This effect is attributed to a conflict between anatomical and external location codes: hand crossing places the anatomically right hand into the left side of external space. However, hand crossing alone does not specify the anchor of the external reference frame, such as gaze, trunk, or the stimulated limb. Experiments that used explicit localization responses, such as pointing to tactile stimuli rather than crossing manipulations, have consistently implicated gaze-centered coding for touch. To test whether crossing effects can be explained by gaze-centered coding alone, participants made TOJ while the position of the hands was manipulated relative to gaze and trunk. The two hands either lay on different sides of space relative to gaze or trunk, or they both lay on one side of the respective space. In the latter posture, one hand was on its "regular side of space" despite hand crossing, thus reducing overall conflict between anatomical and external codes. TOJ crossing effects were significantly reduced when the hands were both located on the same side of space relative to gaze, indicating gaze-centered coding. Evidence for trunk-centered coding was tentative, with an effect in reaction time but not in accuracy. These results link paradigms that use explicit localization and TOJ, and corroborate the relevance of gaze-related coding for touch. Yet, gaze and trunk-centered coding did not account for the total size of crossing effects, suggesting that tactile localization relies on additional, possibly limb-centered, reference frames. Thus, tactile location appears to be estimated by integrating multiple anatomical and external reference frames.
Integrating Remote Sensing and Ecosystem Process Models for Landscape- to Regional-Scale Analysis of the Carbon Cycle

Abstract A growing body of research has demonstrated the complementary nature of remote sensing and ecosystem modeling in studies of terrestrial carbon cycling. Whereas remote sensing instruments are designed to capture spatially continuous information on the reflectance properties of landscape and vegetation, models focus on the underlying biogeochemical processes that regulate carbon transformation, often over longer temporal scales. Remote sensing capabilities, developed over the past several decades, now provide regular, high-resolution (10-meter to 1-kilometer) mapping and monitoring of land surface characteristics relevant to modeling, including vegetation type, biomass, stand age class, phenology, leaf area index, and tree height. Integration of these data sets with ecosystem process models and distributed climate data provides a means for regional assessment of carbon fluxes and analysis of the underlying processes affecting them. Applications include monitoring of carbon pools and flux in response to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Functional Asymmetry: Some Right Hemisphere Functions.

INTRODUCTION. 1 Method. 22 Subjects. 22 Procedure. 23 R e s u l t s . 25 DISCUSSION. 29 Conclusion. 34 SUMMARY. 36 REFERENCES. 38 APPENDIX A . 48 APPENDIX B . 50 V I T A . 59
Deoxynivalenol in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Immature Gilts under per os Toxin Application

Deoxynivalenol is also known as vomitoxin due to its impact on livestock through interference with animal growth and acceptance of feed. At the molecular level, deoxynivalenol disrupts normal cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis via binding to the ribosome and by activating critical cellular kinases involved in signal transduction related to proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Because of concerns related to deoxynivalenol, the United States FDA has instituted advisory levels of 5 µg/g for grain products for most animal feeds and 10 µg/g for grain products for cattle feed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of low doses of deoxynivalenol applied per os on the presence of this mycotoxin in selected tissues of the alimentary canal of gilts. The study was performed on 39 animals divided into two groups (control, C; n = 21 and experimental, E; n = 18), of 20 kg body weight at the beginning of the experiment. Gilts received the toxin in doses of 12 µg/kg b.w. /day (experimental group) or placebo (control group) over a period of 42 days. Three animals from two experimental groups were sacrificed on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42, excluding day 1 when only three control group animals were scarified. Tissues samples were prepared for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses with the application of solid phase extraction (SPE). The results show that deoxynivalenol doses used in our study, even when applied for a short period, resulted in its presence in gastrointestinal tissues. The highest concentrations of deoxynivalenol reported in small intestine samples ranged from 7.2 (in the duodenum) to 18.6 ng/g (in the ileum) and in large intestine samples from 1.8 (in transverse the colon) to 23.0 ng/g (in the caecum). In liver tissues, the deoxynivalenol contents ranged from 6.7 to 8.8 ng/g.
Forgiveness and gender between friends and coworkers

ABSTRACT Using original instrumentation four vignettes investigated differences in forgiveness of friends based on gender. A general linear model found significant differences in five items that investigated gender differences about doing anything do get ahead, the importance of forgiveness over revenge, being punished for doing wrong, offering forgiveness in relationships, and that men are more likely than women to be forgiving. Women respondents were more likely to believe that people will do anything to get ahead and that forgiving is better than getting revenge. Men believed they were more forgiving. Practitioners should be alert for these themes in their clinical work.
Additional Time in Soccer – Influence of League and Referee

The objectives of the present study were to analyse a possible influence of the playing country and the referee on the additional time added up at the end of a soccer match. Therefore, 699 matches of the second leg season 2012/2013 of Premier League (England), Serie A (Italy), Primera Division (Spain) and Bundesliga (Germany) were analysed in detail. Results showed significant differences between the four leagues (F3,263 = 16.943, p < .001) with a small effect size (η² = 0.068). The highest difference between duration of relevant game stoppages and additional time was observed for the German Bundesliga (- 47.6s), thus resulting in the highest rate of additional time set too low (57.3%). Moreover, results of ANOVA concerning the referees revealed a non-significant difference between the referees within each league (pPremier League = .409, pBundesliga = .780, pPrimera Division = .379, pSerie A = .580). As a consequence of these results all referees need to be trained very well and continuously. Furthermore, FIFAs law of the game is to general and needs to be adapted to the problem. A more detailed definition of the additional time and the situations, which have an influence to it, have to be introduced.
Neural Correlates of Opposing Effects of Emotional Distraction on Perception and Episodic Memory: An Event-Related fMRI Investigation

A main question in emotion and memory literature concerns the relationship between the immediate impact of emotional distraction on perception and the long-term impact of emotion on memory. While previous research shows both automatic and resource-mediated mechanisms to be involved in initial emotion processing and memory, it remains unclear what the exact relationship between the immediate and long-term effects is, and how this relationship may change as a function of manipulations at perception favoring the engagement of either more automatic or mediated mechanisms. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we varied the degree of resource availability for processing task-irrelevant emotional information, to determine how the initial (impairing) impact of emotional distraction related to the long-term (enhancing) impact of emotion on memory. Results showed that a direct relationship between emotional distraction and memory was dependent on automatic mechanisms, as this was found only under conditions of limited resource availability and engagement of amygdala (AMY)-hippocampal (HC) mechanisms to both impairing and enhancing effects. A hemispheric disassociation was also identified in AMY-HC, where while both sides were associated with emotional distraction and left AMY and anterior HC were linked to emotional memory, functional asymmetry was only identified in the posterior HC, with only the left side contributing to emotional memory. Finally, areas dissociating between the two opposing effects included the medial frontal, precentral, superior temporal, and middle occipital gyri (linked to emotional distraction), and the superior parietal cortex (linked to emotional memory). These findings demonstrate the relationship between emotional distraction and memory is context dependent and that specific brain regions may be more or less susceptible to the direction of emotional modulation (increased or decreased), depending on the task manipulation, and processes investigated.
with Lyn Deficiency Autoimmune Disease Normally Associated A Kinase-Dead Allele of Lyn Attenuates

Robyn StarrS. Alexander, Douglas J. Hilton, Benjamin T. Kile and E. Collinge, Mhairi J. Maxwell, Margaret L. Hibbs, WarrenSarah A. Jones, Hayley A. Croom, Donald Metcalf, Janelle Anne M. Verhagen, Morgan E. Wallace, Ankita Goradia,http://www.jimmunol.org/content/182/4/2020doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803127J Immunol€2009; 182:2020-2029; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/182/4/2020.full#ref-list-1This article cites 44 articles, 25 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai. org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional development affects student achievement

Summary Of the more than 1,300 studies identi-fied as potentially addressing the effect of teacher professional development on student achievement in three key con-tent areas, nine meet What Works Clear-inghouse evidence standards, attesting to the paucity of rigorous studies that directly examine this link. This report finds that teachers who receive sub-stantial professional development—an average of 49 hours in the nine studies—can boost their students’ achievement by about 21 percentile points. How does teacher professional development affect student achievement? The connection seems intuitive. But demonstrating it is difficult. Examining more than 1,300 studies identified as potentially addressing the effect of teacher professional development on student achieve-ment in three key content areas, this report finds nine that meet What Works Clearing-house evidence standards. That only nine meet standards attests to the paucity of rigorous studies that directly assess the effect of in-service teacher professional development on student achievement in mathematics, science, and reading and English/language arts.But the results of those studies—that average control group students would have increased their achievement by 21 percentile points if their teacher had received substantial profes-sional development—indicates that provid-ing professional development to teachers had a moderate effect on student achievement across the nine studies. The effect size was fairly consistent across the three content areas reviewed. All nine studies focused on elementary school teachers and their students. About half fo-cused on lower elementary grades (kindergar-ten and first grade), and about half on upper elementary grades (fourth and fifth grades). Six studies were published in peer-reviewed journals; three were unpublished doctoral dissertations. The studies were not particularly recent, ranging from 1986 to 2003.Five studies were randomized controlled trials that meet evidence standards without reserva-tions. Four studies meet evidence standards with reservations (one randomized controlled trial with group equivalence problems and three quasi-experimental designs). Four focused on student achievement in read-ing and English/language arts—unsurprising given the large literature in this content area. Two studies focused on mathemat-ics, two on mathematics and reading and
An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of the Functions of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Young Adults with and without a History of Interpersonal Trauma

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) involves acute deliberate damage to one’s body without suicidal intent. Considerable heterogeneity has been reported in NSSI characteristics and in the functions NSSI serves for individuals who engage in it. The present study investigated a theorized link between NSSI functions, particularly self-punishment, and interpersonal trauma history. As well, cross-sectional and experience sampling methodologies were compared. Participants were 39 community-based young adults (ages 18 to 30; 90% female) with a history of repeated NSSI and at least 2 NSSI urges in the previous 2 weeks. The sample was diverse: 44% identified non-European ethnocultural backgrounds and 46% identified nonheterosexual orientations. Electronic daily diary methodology was used. Participants tracked NSSI urges and acts for 21 days, completing measures of NSSI characteristics, urge severity, and functions. All participants completed the study (M = .49 missed days). All participants reported NSSI urges or acts (M = 5, SD = 4.21). NSSI characteristics related to trauma severity were number of NSSI methods, number of NSSI functions, and urge severity. NSSI functions related to trauma severity were affect regulation, interpersonal boundaries, anti-dissociation, self-care, and marking distress. In multiple regression analysis, a model including number of NSSI functions and the relevance scores for anti-dissociation and interpersonal boundaries functions predicted 34.2% of the variance in trauma severity and remained significant when controlling for the number of NSSI
Neural Basis of Emotional Decision Making in Trait Anxiety

Although trait anxiety has been associated with risk decision making, whether it is related to risk per se or to the feeling of the risk, as well as the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms, remains unclear. Using a decision-making task with a manipulation of frame (i.e., written description of options as a potential gain or loss) and functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the neurocognitive relationship between trait anxiety and decision making. The classic framing effect was observed: participants chose the safe option when it was described as a potential gain, but they avoided the same option when it was described as a potential loss. Most importantly, trait anxiety was positively correlated with this behavioral bias. Trait anxiety was also positively correlated with amygdala-based “emotional” system activation and its coupling with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) when decisions were consistent with the framing effect, but negatively correlated with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)-based “analytic” system activation and its connectivity to the vmPFC when decisions ran counter to the framing effect. Our findings suggest that trait anxiety is not associated with subjective risk preference but an evaluative bias of emotional information in decision making, underpinned by a hyperactive emotional system and a hypoactive analytic system in the brain.
Quantifying Pore‐Size Spectrum of Macropore‐Type Preferential Pathways

these patterns suggested that the impact of preferential pathways on contaminanttransportcanbeconceptualizedasthatoccurringthrough small sample sizes in a field may not represent the speccylindrical capillary tubes. We then proposed a distribution function trum of the entire field. Temporal extrapolation of meabracketed by sharp cut-off points to represent the pore spectrum of surements may be similarly invalid. For these reasons, these tubes.Finally, we usedthe measured tracerbreakthrough curves it is difficult to directly measure the field-scale spectrum (BTCs) as data sources to find the parameters of the proposed func- of the large structural pores, yet this property is among tion.Ourresults,basedonthebestfitting,showedthatthepreferential the most important soil properties when dealing with pathways are naturally clustered into domains; preferential pathways issues related to water quality. with a wide range of pore radii could become active simultaneously Soil characteristic curves and hydraulic conductivity when infiltration rate increases. Because the derived pore spectra sicurves were used in past research from the 1950s and multaneously satisfy both water movement and solute transport, pore
CD44 Staining of Cancer Stem-Like Cells Is Influenced by Down-Regulation of CD44 Variant Isoforms and Up-Regulation of the Standard CD44 Isoform in the Population of Cells That Have Undergone Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition

CD44 is commonly used as a cell surface marker of cancer stem-like cells in epithelial tumours, and we have previously demonstrated the existence of two different CD44high cancer stem-like cell populations in squamous cell carcinoma, one having undergone epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the other maintaining an epithelial phenotype. Alternative splicing of CD44 variant exons generates a great many isoforms, and it is not known which isoforms are expressed on the surface of the two different cancer stem-like cell phenotypes. Here, we demonstrate that cancer stem-like cells with an epithelial phenotype predominantly express isoforms containing the variant exons, whereas the cancer stem-like cells that have undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition down-regulate these variant isoforms and up-regulate expression of the standard CD44 isoform that contains no variant exons. In addition, we find that enzymatic treatments used to dissociate cells from tissue culture or fresh tumour specimens cause destruction of variant CD44 isoforms at the cell surface whereas expression of the standard CD44 isoform is preserved. This results in enrichment within the CD44high population of cancer stem-like cells that have undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and depletion from the CD44high population of cancer stem-like cells that maintain an epithelial phenotype, and therefore greatly effects the characteristics of any cancer stem-like cell population isolated based on expression of CD44. As well as effecting the CD44high population, enzymatic treatment also reduces the percentage of the total epithelial cancer cell population staining CD44-positive, with potential implications for studies that aim to use CD44-positive staining as a prognostic indicator. Analyses of the properties of cancer stem-like cells are largely dependent on the ability to accurately identify and assay these populations. It is therefore critical that consideration be given to use of multiple cancer stem-like cell markers and suitable procedures for cell isolation in order that the correct populations are assayed.
Mengakomodasi Efek Metode dalam Pengujian Validitas Konstruk Melalui Analisis Faktor Konfirmatori

Literatures in the field of psychometrics recommend researchers to employvarious of methods on measuring individual attributes. Ideally,each methods are complementary and measuresthe construct designed to be measured. However, some problems arise when among the methods is unique and unrelated to the construct being measured. The uniqueness of method can lead what is called the method effect. In testing construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis, the emergence of this effect tend to reducing the goodness of fit indices of the model. There are many ways to solve these problem, one of themis controling the method effects and accommodate it to the model. This paper introduces how to accommodate method effecton the confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling. In the application section, author identify the emergence of method effects due to the differences item writing direction (favorable-unfavorable). The analysis showed that method effectemerge from different writing direction.
Heterogeneity of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung adenocarcinoma harboring anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements: A case report

Lung cancer is a heterogeneous and complex disease that remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements has changed the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, creating a personalized treatment era that is based on the appropriate molecular selection of patients. In spite of the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), acquired resistance remains inevitable due to various mechanisms. The present study reports the case of a 30-year-old patient with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma initially harboring an EGFR mutation. However, following disease progression and a series of treatments, the wild-type EGFR gene was observed and the ALK rearrangements were revealed. Erlotinib administration resulted in a good response in the patient initially, but crizotinib did not. This indicated an association between the secondary mutations in kinases and the drug resistance to TKIs. This case should also highlight the clinical significance of repeat biopsies for the subsequent therapeutic choices at the onset of clinical progression.
Disease-causing missense mutations in actin binding domain 1 of dystrophin induce thermodynamic instability and protein aggregation

Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) most commonly through loss of protein expression. In a small subpopulation of patients, missense mutations can cause DMD, Becker muscular dystrophy, or X-linked cardiomyopathy. Nearly one-half of disease-causing missense mutations are located in actin-binding domain 1 (ABD1) of dystrophin. To test the hypothesis that ABD1 missense mutations cause disease by impairing actin-binding activity, we engineered the K18N, L54R, D165V, A168D, L172H, and Y231N mutations into the full-length dystrophin cDNA and characterized the biochemical properties of each mutant protein. The K18N and L54R mutations are associated with the most severe diseases in humans and each caused a small but significant 4-fold decrease in actin-binding affinity, while the affinities of the other four mutant proteins were not significantly different from WT dystrophin. More interestingly, WT dystrophin was observed to unfold in a single-step, highly cooperative manner. In contrast, all six mutant proteins were significantly more prone to thermal denaturation and aggregation. Our results suggest that missense mutations in ABD1 may all cause loss of dystrophin function via protein instability and aggregation rather than through loss of ligand binding function. However, more severe disease progressions may be due to the combinatorial effects of some mutations on both protein aggregation and impaired actin-binding activity.