Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of generation strategies for interactive machine translation

Fully automatic translations are far from being perfect. Non-grammatical sentences are often produced by automatic systems and there is even no guarantee that the meaning of the sentence is preserved. Nevertheless, automatic translation systems can be used to help human translators to produce high-quality translations. This is the goal of the TransType2 project, where an interactive translation tool is being developed that suggests, in real time, possible completions for the sentences that the human translator is typing. This leads to a modification of the generation strategy of the translation system, as now we are looking for the best translation of the given source sentence that is compatible with the prefix. In order to remain within the tight response time constraints of such a system, some simplifications have to be done. In this paper, we review possible generation strategies for an interactive statistical machine translation system and analyze what is the loss in performance when strict time constraints have to be met. Experiments are performed on the Spanish-English and German-English Xerox corpora, which consist of the translation of technical manuals, and the results show that the real time generation strategy causes only a small performance degradation.
Effectiveness of an enhanced peer assessment program: Introducing education into regulatory assessment

Introduction: The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario developed an enhanced peer assessment (EPA), the goal of which was to provide participating physicians educational value by helping them identify specific learning needs and aligning the assessment process with the principles of continuing education and professional development. In this article, we examine the educational value of the EPA and whether physicians will change their practice as a result of the recommendations received during the assessment. Methods: A group of 41 randomly selected physicians (23 general or family practitioners, 7 obstetrician‐gynecologists, and 11 general surgeons) agreed to participate in the EPA pilot. Nine experienced peer assessors were trained in the principles of knowledge translation and the use of practice resources (tool kits) and clinical practice guidelines. The EPA was evaluated through the use of a postassessment questionnaire and focus groups. Results: The physicians felt that the EPA was fair and educationally valuable. Most focus group participants indicated that they implemented recommendations made by the assessor and made changes to some aspect of their practice. The physicians' suggestions for improvement included expanding the assessment beyond the current medical record review and interview format (eg, to include multisource feedback), having assessments occur at regular intervals (eg, every 5 to 10 years), and improving the administrative process by which physicians apply for educational credit for EPA activities. Conclusions: The EPA pilot study has demonstrated that providing detailed individualized feedback and optimizing the one‐to‐one interaction between assessors and physicians is a promising method for changing physician behavior. The college has started the process of aligning all its peer assessments with the principles of continuing professional development outlined in the EPA model.
Breast cancer prognosis and occult lymph node metastases, isolated tumor cells, and micrometastases.

BACKGROUND The prognostic relevance of isolated tumor cells and micrometastases in lymph nodes from patients with breast cancer has become a major issue since the introduction of the sentinel lymph node procedure. We conducted a systematic review of this issue. METHODS Studies published from January 1, 1977, until August 11, 2008, were identified by use of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. A total of 58 studies (total number of patients = 297,533) were included and divided into three categories according to the method for pathological assessment of the lymph nodes: cohort studies with single-section pathological examination of axillary lymph nodes (n = 285,638 patients), occult metastases studies with retrospective examination of negative lymph nodes by step sectioning and/or immunohistochemistry (n = 7740 patients), and sentinel lymph node biopsy studies with intensified work-up of the sentinel but not of the nonsentinel lymph nodes (n = 4155 patients). We used random-effects meta-analyses to calculate pooled estimates of the relative risks (RRs) of 5- and 10-year disease recurrence and death and the multivariably corrected pooled hazard ratio (HR) of overall survival of the cohort studies. RESULTS In the cohort studies, the presence (vs the absence) of metastases of 2 mm or less in diameter in axillary lymph nodes was associated with poorer overall survival (pooled HR of death = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29 to 1.62). In the occult metastases studies, the presence (vs the absence) of occult metastases was associated with poorer 5-year disease-free survival (pooled RR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.32 to 1.82) and overall survival (pooled RR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.88), although these endpoints were not consistently assessed in multivariable analyses. Sentinel lymph node biopsy studies were limited by small patient groups and short follow-up. CONCLUSION The presence (vs the absence) of metastases of 2 mm or less in diameter in axillary lymph nodes detected on single-section examination was associated with poorer disease-free and overall survival.
Prevalence of Problematic Mobile Phone Use in British Adolescents

The problematic use of mobile phones among adolescents has not been widely studied. There are very few instruments for assessing potential technological addiction to mobile phones, or for categorizing different types of users or uses. The most widely used scale is the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS), which is used to study adult populations, and has been applied in various forms in international contexts. The aims of this study were to adapt the Spanish version of this scale (MPPUSA) to British adolescents, and then to estimate the prevalence of possible problematic users. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,529 secondary school pupils aged between 11 and 18 years, with 1,026 completed questionnaires being collected. The analysis showed that the factor and construct validity and reliability were comparable to those obtained in previous studies. The prevalence of problematic users among the students was 10%, and the typical problematic user tended to be an adolescent between 11 and 14 years old, studying in a public school, who considered themselves to be an expert user of this technology, who made extensive use of his/her mobile phone, and who attributed the same problem of use among their peers. These users presented notable scores in all the symptoms covered by the scale used to assess problematic use. In conclusion, the adaptation of the MPPUSA as a screening scale for British adolescents presents good sensitivity and specificity for detecting the main addictive symptoms proposed in this validated version.
Role of Nutrition in the Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy in End-Stage Liver Failure

Malnutrition is common in patients with end-stage liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy, and is considered a significant prognostic factor affecting quality of life, outcome, and survival. The liver plays a crucial role in the regulation of nutrition by trafficking the metabolism of nutrients, their distribution and appropriate use by the body. Nutritional consequences with the potential to cause nervous system dysfunction occur in liver failure, and many factors contribute to malnutrition in hepatic failure. Among them are inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, increased protein losses, hypermetabolism, insulin resistance, gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites, inflammation/infection, and hyponatremia. Patients at risk of malnutrition are relatively difficult to identify since liver disease may interfere with biomarkers of malnutrition. The supplementation of the diet with amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins as well as probiotics in addition to meeting energy and protein requirements may improve nutritional status, liver function, and hepatic encephalopathy in patients with end-stage liver failure.
Hippocampal Sleep Features: Relations to Human Memory Function

The recent spread of intracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) recording techniques for presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant epileptic patients is providing new information on the activity of different brain structures during both wakefulness and sleep. The interest has been mainly focused on the medial temporal lobe, and in particular the hippocampal formation, whose peculiar local sleep features have been recently described, providing support to the idea that sleep is not a spatially global phenomenon. The study of the hippocampal sleep electrophysiology is particularly interesting because of its central role in the declarative memory formation. Recent data indicate that sleep contributes to memory formation. Therefore, it is relevant to understand whether specific patterns of activity taking place during sleep are related to memory consolidation processes. Fascinating similarities between different states of consciousness (wakefulness, REM sleep, non-REM sleep) in some electrophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive processes have been reported. For instance, large-scale synchrony in gamma activity is important for waking memory and perception processes, and its changes during sleep may be the neurophysiological substrate of sleep-related deficits of declarative memory. Hippocampal activity seems to specifically support memory consolidation during sleep, through specific coordinated neurophysiological events (slow waves, spindles, ripples) that would facilitate the integration of new information into the pre-existing cortical networks. A few studies indeed provided direct evidence that rhinal ripples as well as slow hippocampal oscillations are correlated with memory consolidation in humans. More detailed electrophysiological investigations assessing the specific relations between different types of memory consolidation and hippocampal EEG features are in order. These studies will add an important piece of knowledge to the elucidation of the ultimate sleep function.
A novel glycobiomarker, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin macrophage colony‐stimulating factor receptor, for predicting carcinogenesis of liver cirrhosis

Recently, we identified a novel liver fibrosis glycobiomarker, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)‐reactive colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (WFA+‐CSF1R), using a glycoproteomics‐based strategy. The aim of this study was to assess the value of measuring WFA+‐CSF1R levels for the prognosis of carcinogenesis and outcome in liver cirrhosis (LC) patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). WFA+‐CSF1R and Total‐CSF1R levels were measured in serum samples from 214 consecutive HCV‐infected patients to evaluate their impact on carcinogenesis and the survival of LC patients. Serum WFA+‐CSF1R levels were significantly higher in LC patients than chronic hepatitis (CH) patients (p < 0.001). The AUC of WFA+‐CSF1R for predicting overall survival, calculated by time‐dependent ROC analysis, was 0.691 and the HR (per 1‐SD increase) was 1.80 (95% CI, 1.23–2.62, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the survival rate of LC patients with high WFA+‐CSF1R levels (≥310 ng/ml) was significantly worse than those with lower levels (p < 0.01). The AUC of WFA+/total‐CSF1R percentage (WFA+‐CSF1R%) for predicting the cumulative carcinogenesis rate was 0.760, with an HR of 1.66 (95% CI 1.26–2.20, p < 0.001). In fact, the carcinogenesis rate was significantly higher in LC patients with a high WFA+‐CSF1R% (≥ 35%, p = 0.006). Assessing serum levels of WFA+‐CSF1R has diagnostic value for predicting carcinogenesis and the survival of LC patients.
What can we learn about lipoprotein metabolism and coronary heart disease from studying rare variants?

Purpose of review Rare variant association studies (RVAS) target the class of genetic variation with frequencies less than 1%. Recently, investigators have used exome sequencing in RVAS to identify rare alleles responsible for Mendelian diseases but have experienced greater difficulty discovering such alleles for complex diseases. In this review, we describe what we have learned about lipoprotein metabolism and coronary heart disease through the conduct of RVAS. Recent findings Rare protein-altering genetic variation can provide important insights that are not as easily attainable from common variant association studies. First, RVAS can facilitate gene discovery by identifying novel rare protein-altering variants in specific genes that are associated with disease. Second, rare variant associations can provide supportive evidence for putative drug targets for novel therapies. Finally, rare variants can uncover new pathways and reveal new biologic mechanisms. Summary The field of human genetics has already made tremendous progress in understanding lipoprotein metabolism and the causes of coronary heart disease in the context of rare variants. As next generation sequencing becomes more cost-effective, RVAS with larger sample sizes will be conducted. This will lead to more novel rare variant discoveries and the translation of genomic data into biological knowledge and clinical insights for cardiovascular disease.
A Research of Image Retrieval Based on Combined Feature

In content-based image retrieval, image has various inherent aspects which reflect its contenets; so how to organize these contents effectively to improve the performance is a valuable research topic. In this paper, a new kind of image retrieval method is proposed which is based on the combined feature of histograms, gray-level co-occurrence matrix and moment invariants. The result of experiment demonstrates that image retrieval based on combined feature has a very good effect.
Physician Attitudes Toward Urinary Incontinence Identification

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition. Urinary incontinence impacts health, quality of life, and financial resources. Most barriers research is evaluated from the patient perspective. Research from physician perspective is needed to determine how best to address UI barriers. Objective This study aimed to elucidate physician barriers to UI identification and treatment. Methods After institutional review board waiver, we surveyed 78 NorthShore University HealthSystem primary care physicians. The survey was designed to assess physician comfort, familiarity with UI, and current practice patterns. Results Fifty-five (71%) of the 78 physicians completed the survey. Most indicated that they clearly understood UI and that UI was a common problem in their practice. Fifty-six percent of the physicians were very comfortable inquiring about UI. Only 19% of the physicians were very comfortable diagnosing UI and 11% of the physicians were very comfortable treating UI. Fifty-nine percent of the physicians agreed that differentiating the different types of UI is difficult and 69% of the physicians believed that managing UI is difficult. However, only 26% of the physicians agreed that managing UI takes too much time. Overall, 65% of the physicians would like to diagnose and treat UI more in their practices. The most common barriers listed were (1) “not familiar with algorithm available for treatment,” (2) “no good screening tool,” and (3) “uncomfortable with diagnosis and treatment. ” Conclusions We initially thought that time would be the biggest barrier to care for UI, but we identified discomfort with diagnosis and treatment as barriers. The most common barrier was the lack of an accessible algorithm. Attention to physician education implementation of a screening tool algorithm for treatment of UI could improve UI identification.
Use of Spring Whistle Counts to Predict Northern Bobwhite Relative Abundance

Spring whistle counts are commonly used to index northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) breeding populations and make inference about relative autumn abundance. They are relatively cheap and easy to implement and provide the advantage of surveying bobwhite populations from multiple points daily and early in the year. This could prove useful on properties available for potential lease, purchase, or as translocation sites; as well as to monitor population trends. Our objective was to determine whether spring whistle counts reliably forecast autumn covey numbers on a wide range of sites, years, and densities on 6 properties in southwestern Georgia from 2006 to 2015. We conducted spring whistle counts weekly during peak calling activity (late May–early Jun, for 4–6 consecutive years) on an average of 7 points/property (range1⁄4 5–9). We conducted autumn covey counts using these same sampling points as an index of relative abundance. Peak number of males heard in spring and number of coveys heard in autumn was strongly correlated (R1⁄4 0.791, n 1⁄4 198) for all points combined, indicating that spring whistle counts are a reliable tool for assessing bobwhite relative abundance on sites where autumn covey counts are precluded or the information is needed prior to autumn. Citation: Sisson, D. C. , and T. M. Terhune II. 2017. Use of spring whistle counts to predict northern bobwhite relative abundance. National Quail Symposium Proceedings 8:248–253.
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series Higher-order Perturbation Solutions to Dynamic, Discrete-time Rational Expectations Models Higher-order Perturbation Solutions to Dynamic, Discrete-time Rational Expectations Models

The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Abstract We present an algorithm and software routines for computing nth-order Taylor series approximate solutions to dynamic, discrete-time rational expectations models around a nonstochastic steady state. The primary advantage of higher-order (as opposed to first-or second-order) approximations is that they are valid not just locally, but often globally (i.e., over nonlocal, possibly very large compact sets) in a rigorous sense that we specify. We apply our routines to compute first-through seventh-order approximate solutions to two standard macroeconomic models, a stochastic growth model and a life-cycle consumption model, and discuss the quality and global properties of these solutions. The first version of this paper was prepared for the 2003 AEA Meetings in a session on perturbation methods and applications. We thank and suggestions. The views expressed in this paper, and all errors and omissions, should be regarded as those solely of the authors, and do not necessarily represent those of the individuals or groups listed above, the Federal Reserve Board, the management of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, or any other individual within the Federal Reserve System.
Illness representations in patients with multimorbid long-term conditions: Qualitative study

Most research on illness representations explores how patients view single conditions, but many patients report more than one long-term condition (known as multimorbidity). It is not known how multimorbidity impacts on patient illness representations. This exploratory qualitative study examined patients’ representations of multimorbid long-term conditions and sought to assess how models of illness representation might need modification in the presence of multimorbidity. We explored two major issues: (1) the impact of multimorbidity on patient representations of their individual conditions and (2) the representation of multimorbidity itself. Twenty eight adults with at least two long-term conditions (mean of 4) were interviewed. The presence of multimorbidity impacted on patient illness representations in relation to the dimensions of identity, perceived cause, coherence and consequences. Representations of multimorbidity itself concerned representations of the burden of medication and perceived priorities among conditions and synergies and antagonisms between conditions and their management. The results have implications for the measurement of multimorbidity (through scales such as the Illness Perception Questionnaire) and the use of illness representations in the design and delivery of interventions to improve health behaviour and outcomes of patients with multiple long-term conditions.
Joint MAC-aware routing and load balancing in mesh networks

Past approaches to routing in mesh networks either (i) do not account for the MAC-layer interactions between the links in a tractable manner, or (ii) are agnostic to load-balancing across gateways. Our answer to these problems is MaLB (MAC-aware and Load Balanced routing algorithm), a greedy, tractable, and distributed mesh routing algorithm. Since the underlying objective function has high combinatorial complexity, MaLB uses a greedy approach. MaLB finds an optimum routing forest (union of trees rooted at the gateways) by taking into account MAC-layer interaction between links, as well as optimum multi-hop association of mesh nodes to gateways. MaLB builds on top of ETP (Expected Through-Put), a recently proposed MAC-aware routing metric. We also propose a low complexity variant of MaLB called LB (Load Balanced routing algorithm) which performs load balancing in a MAC-agnostic manner. MaLB performs especially well in networks with skewed topologies that result from unplanned mesh network deployment, as well as in the presence of gateway failures. Simulations with an enhanced version of ns-2 show that MaLB results in up to 60% higher throughput than a shortest path algorithm with ETX (Expected Transmission Count). Furthermore, MaLB results in up to 30% improvement over the LB algorithm, as well as a shortest path algorithm with ETT (Expected Transmission Time).
An investigation into student characteristics affecting novice programming performance

Novice programmers usually experience difficulties when programming for the first time. The main aim of the study presented in this paper is to identify those characteristics that negatively effect procedural programming performance, so that additional support can be provided in the instruction of programming courses for students possessing these characteristics. Investigations were conducted at two South African tertiary institutions. At both institutions a first course in Java programming, focussing on procedural programming aspects, was used for purposes of the study. The characteristics investigated were the student's problem solving ability, gender, learning style, first language and previous computer experience. The study revealed that a student's problem solving ability and first language definitely have an impact on his or her programming performance.