Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modes of reproduction in the Swedish economic elite: education strategies of the children of the top one per cent

ABSTRACT Most sociological studies on the economic elite have focused on groups holding formal power in the economic field. In this paper, the Swedish economic elite is constructed in line with Thomas Piketty’s notions on the richest top one per cent, but the scope extended beyond the economic analysis by combining it with a sociological perspective. Differences within this distributional group are found in the volume and composition of economic capital – as well as in other forms of capital. The elite is structured by an opposition between, first, those holding large wealth and those receiving high-wage incomes and, second, between the established elite and newcomers. Moreover, many elite studies pay attention to the routes to elite position. This paper also examines modes of reproduction from elite positions, using the education strategies employed by children of the economic elite within Swedish higher education. Such strategies are more important – and narrow – for the children of the high-income elite, revealed by their overrepresentation at certain highly selective educational institutions.
Degrees of value: comparing the contextual complexities of UK transnational education in Malaysia and Hong Kong

Abstract This paper reveals the complex diversity that underpins ostensibly similar transnational education programmes (TNE), through a comparison of UK TNE in Malaysia and Hong Kong. It draws on data from two different yet cognate studies on the role of UK universities in delivering higher education in Asia. Some fine-grained and informative differences between the ways in which ‘value’ in TNE is constructed in different host contexts is revealed. The paper brings to light the ‘voices’ of TNE students and graduates, which are very seldom heard. The arguments adapt and extend the concepts of education as a positional good, and as cultural capital. For various instrumental, intrinsic and personal reasons the authors discuss in detail, UK TNE is more highly valued in Malaysia than in Hong Kong. The paper makes a wider contribution to knowledge on the changing landscape of international higher education and the impact on social and personal (dis)advantage.
Effort during visual search and counting: Insights from pupillometry

We investigated the processing effort during visual search and counting tasks using a pupil dilation measure. Search difficulty was manipulated by varying the number of distractors as well as the heterogeneity of the distractors. More difficult visual search resulted in more pupil dilation than did less difficult search. These results confirm a link between effort and increased pupil dilation. The pupil dilated more during the counting task than during target-absent search, even though the displays were identical, and the two tasks were matched for reaction time. The moment-to-moment dilation pattern during search suggests little effort in the early stages, but increasingly more effort towards response, whereas the counting task involved an increased initial effort, which was sustained throughout the trial. These patterns can be interpreted in terms of the differential memory load for item locations in each task. In an additional experiment, increasing the spatial memory requirements of the search evoked a corresponding increase in pupil dilation. These results support the view that search tasks involve some, but limited, memory for item locations, and the effort associated with this memory load increases during the trials. In contrast, counting involves a heavy locational memory component from the start.
Effect of Chlorine on Incorporation of Helicobacter pylori into Drinking Water Biofilms

ABSTRACT The use of a specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe demonstrated that Helicobacter pylori persisted inside biofilms exposed to low concentrations of chlorine (0.2 and 1.2 mg liter−1) for at least 26 days, although no culturable cells were recovered. Coupled with data obtained using viability stains in pure culture, this result suggests that H. pylori can survive chlorination but remain undetectable by culture methods, which can be effectively replaced by PNA hybridization.
Clock Synchronization using Packet Streams

Recent distributed applications in the domains of digital audio and sensor networks require clock synchronization in the order of 10μs. The achievable precision depends on system properties like synchronization message delay and synchronization message pattern. These properties are often unknown or difficult to determine. Therefore we propose a new analysis for clock synchronization algorithms. The analysis is based on two properties: safe synchronization and optimal selective synchronization. We present two algorithms that use an arbitrary stream of synchronization messages to achieve clock synchronization over an asynchronous communication channel and on clocks with unknown and variable drift. The first algorithm needs no parameterization, is safe and optimal selective. The second algorithm improves the first with a drift compensation mechanism. It is safe. A parameter of the algorithm allows to choose between fast drift compensation and high probability of optimal selective behavior. Simulation results show that the algorithms can achieve 10μs precision on 802.11b wireless LAN in ad-hoc mode.
Rotation invariant simultaneous clustering and dictionary learning

In this paper, we present an approach that simultaneously clusters database members and learns dictionaries from the clusters. The method learns dictionaries in the Radon transform domain, while clustering in the image domain. Themain feature of the proposed approach is that it provides rotation invariant clustering which is useful in Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). We demonstrate through experimental results that the proposed rotation invariant clustering provides better retrieval performance than the standard Gabor-based method that has similar objectives.
The density of humic acids and humic like substances (HULIS) from fresh and aged wood burning and pollution aerosol particles

Atmospheric aerosols play significant roles in cli- matic related phenomena. Size, density and shape of par- ticles affect their fluid-dynamic parameters which in turn dictate their transport and lifecycle. Moreover, density and shape are also related to particles' optical properties, influ- encing their regional and global radiative effects. In the present study we have measured and compared the effective densities of humic like substances (HULIS) extracted from smoke and pollution aerosol particles to those of molecu- lar weight-fractionated aquatic and terrestrial Humic Sub- stances (HS). The effective density was measured by compar- ing the electro mobility and vacuum aerodynamic diameter of aerosol particles composed of these compounds. Charac- terization of chemical parameters such as molecular weight, aromaticity and elemental composition allow us to test how they affect the effective density of these important environ- mental macromolecules. It is suggested that atmospheric ag- ing processes increase the effective density of HULIS due to oxidation, while packing due to the aromatic moieties plays important role in determining the density of the aquatic HS substances.
Mutation of a Single Residue Renders Human Tetherin Resistant to HIV-1 Vpu-Mediated Depletion

The recently identified restriction factor tetherin/BST-2/CD317 is an interferon-inducible trans-membrane protein that restricts HIV-1 particle release in the absence of the HIV-1 countermeasure viral protein U (Vpu). It is known that Tantalus monkey CV1 cells can be rendered non-permissive to HIV-1 release upon stimulation with type 1 interferon, despite the presence of Vpu, suggesting species-specific sensitivity of tetherin proteins to viral countermeasures such as Vpu. Here we demonstrate that Tantalus monkey tetherin restricts HIV-1 by nearly two orders of magnitude, but in contrast to human tetherin the Tantalus protein is insensitive to HIV-1 Vpu. We have investigated tetherin's sensitivity to Vpu using positive selection analyses, seeking evidence for evolutionary conflict between tetherin and viral countermeasures. We provide evidence that tetherin has undergone positive selection during primate evolution. Mutation of a single amino acid (showing evidence of positive selection) in the trans-membrane cap of human tetherin to that in Tantalus monkey (T45I) substantially impacts on sensitivity to HIV-1 Vpu, but not on antiviral activity. Finally, we provide evidence that cellular steady state levels of tetherin are substantially reduced by Vpu, and that the T45I mutation abrogates this effect. This study provides evidence that tetherin is important in protecting mammals against viral infection, and that the HIV-1 Vpu–mediated countermeasure is specifically adapted to act against human tetherin. It also emphasizes the power of selection analyses to illuminate the molecular details of host–virus interactions. This work suggests that tetherin binding agents might protect it from viral encoded countermeasures and thus make powerful antivirals.
Early Child Care and Children’s Development Prior to School Entry: Results from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care

Effects of early child care on children’s functioning at the age of 41/2 years were examined in the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) Study of Early Child Care, a prospective longitudinal study of more than 1,000 children. Even after controlling for multiple child and family characteristics, children’s development was predicted by early child-care experience. Higher-quality child care, improvements in the quality of child care, and experience in center-type arrangements predicted better pre-academic skills and language performance at 41/2 years. More hours of care predicted higher levels of behavior problems according to caregivers. Effect sizes associated with early child-care experiences were evaluated in relation to effect sizes obtained for two other well-recognized influences on early development: parenting and poverty. The findings indicated the importance (and relative independence) of quantity, quality, and type of child care for children’s development just prior to the time that children initiate formal schooling.
Multi-class Discriminant Kernel Learning via Convex Programming

Regularized kernel discriminant analysis (RKDA) performs linear discriminant analysis in the feature space via the kernel trick. Its performance depends on the selection of kernels. In this paper, we consider the problem of multiple kernel learning (MKL) for RKDA, in which the optimal kernel matrix is obtained as a linear combination of pre-specified kernel matrices. We show that the kernel learning problem in RKDA can be formulated as convex programs. First, we show that this problem can be formulated as a semidefinite program (SDP). Based on the equivalence relationship between RKDA and least square problems in the binary-class case, we propose a convex quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) formulation for kernel learning in RKDA. A semi-infinite linear programming (SILP) formulation is derived to further improve the efficiency. We extend these formulations to the multi-class case based on a key result established in this paper. That is, the multi-class RKDA kernel learning problem can be decomposed into a set of binary-class kernel learning problems which are constrained to share a common kernel. Based on this decomposition property, SDP formulations are proposed for the multi-class case. Furthermore, it leads naturally to QCQP and SILP formulations. As the performance of RKDA depends on the regularization parameter, we show that this parameter can also be optimized in a joint framework with the kernel. Extensive experiments have been conducted and analyzed, and connections to other algorithms are discussed.
An Empirical Study of Adoption of Software Testing in Open Source Projects

Testing is an indispensable part of software development efforts. It helps to improve the quality of software systems by finding bugs and errors during development and deployment. Huge amount of resources are spent on testing efforts. However, to what extent are they used in practice? In this study, we investigate the adoption of testing in open source projects. We study more than 20,000 non-trivial software projects and explore the correlation of test cases with various project development characteristics including: project size, development team size, number of bugs, number of bug reporters, and the programming languages of these projects.
Sound discrimination in left-hemisphere stroke patients with aphasia as reflected by mismatch negativity (MMN) and behavioral indices

Abstract. 5Acknowledgements 6List of original publications 71. Introduction 8 1.1. Ischaemic stroke 8 1.2. Classiﬁ cation and diagnosis of aphasias 9 1.3. Effect of left-hemisphere stroke on auditory perception 11 1.4. Language recovery after stroke 12 1.5. Event-related potentials (ERPs) 13 1.5. 1. Exogenous P1, N1, and P2 components 13 1.5. 2. P1, N1, and P2 components in patients with brain lesions . 13 1.5. 3. Mismatch negativity (MMN) component 14 1.5. 4. MMN in patients with brain lesions 14
On Quantum Cohomology Rings of Fano Manifolds and a Formula of Vafa and Intriligator

We observe a general structure theorem for quantum cohomology rings, a non-homogeneous version of the usual cohomology ring encoding information about (almost holomorphic) rational curves. An application is the rigorous computation of the quantum cohomology of Grassmannians. As purely algebraic consequence we prove a beautiful formula of Vafa and Intriligator for intersection numbers of certain compactifications of moduli spaces of maps from a Riemann surface (any genus) to G(k,n) which recently has excited many mathematicians. The formula generalizes to any Fano manifold whose cohomology ring can be presented as complete intersection.
Using Online Peer Review through Discussion via Schoology to Enhance College Students' Proficiency in Argumentative Writing: A Case Study

Due to its difficulties, many students find that writing is challenging and many teachers struggle to find effective methods to teach the skill. The primary aim of this study is to review the use of Schoology, a Learning Management System (LMS) with its peer review and discussion feature to enhance the proficiency of students in argumentative writing. The method used in this study is a case study. Subjects of this research is the second semester college students of English Education Department in Sebelas Maret University. In general, this paper reports the result of a case study research mainly talking about (1) how to enhance college students’ proficiency in argumentative writing, (2) innovative teaching practice on argumentative writing for intermediate students by using the benefits of online peer review through discussion via Schoology.
Backward tracking of gas chemistry measurements at Erebus volcano

Erebus volcano in Antarctica offers an exceptional opportunity to probe the dynamics of degassing – its behavior is characterized by an active lava lake through which sporadic Strombolian eruptions occur. Here, we develop a framework for interpreting contrasting degassing signatures measured at high temporal resolution, which integrates physical scenarios of gas/melt separation into a thermodynamic model that includes new volatile solubility data for Erebus phonolite. In this widely applicable framework, the measured gas compositions are backtracked from surface to depth according to physical templates involving various degrees of separation of gas and melt during ascent. Overall, explosive signatures can be explained by large bubbles (gas slugs) rising slowly in equilibrium from at least 20 bars but at most a few hundred bars in a magmatic column closer to the stagnant end‐member than the convecting end‐member. The span of explosive signatures can be due to various departure depths and/or slug acceleration below a few tens of bars. Results also reveal that explosive gases last equilibrated at temperatures up to 300°C colder than the lake due to rapid gas expansion just prior to bursting. This picture (individual rise of gas and melt batches from a single, potentially very shallow phonolitic source) offers an alternative to the conclusions of previous work based on a similar data set at Erebus, according to which differences between quiescent and explosive gas signatures are due to the decompression of two deep, volatile‐saturated sources that mixed to various degrees (phonolite at 1–3 kbar and basanite at 5–8 kbar).
Encoding by Synchronization in the Primate Striatum

Information is encoded in the nervous system through the discharge and synchronization of single neurons. The striatum, the input stage of the basal ganglia, is divided into three territories: the putamen, the caudate, and the ventral striatum, all of which converge onto the same motor pathway. This parallel organization suggests that there are multiple and competing systems in the basal ganglia network controlling behavior. To explore which mechanism(s) enables the different striatal domains to encode behavioral events and to control behavior, we compared the neural activity of phasically active neurons [medium spiny neurons (MSNs), presumed projection neurons] and tonically active neurons (presumed cholinergic interneurons) across striatal territories from monkeys during the performance of a well practiced task. Although neurons in all striatal territories displayed similar spontaneous discharge properties and similar temporal modulations of their discharge rates to the behavioral events, their correlation structure was profoundly different. The distributions of signal and noise correlation of pairs of putamen MSNs were strongly shifted toward positive correlations and these two measures were correlated. In contrast, MSN pairs in the caudate and ventral striatum displayed symmetrical, near-zero signal and noise correlation distributions. Furthermore, only putamen MSN pairs displayed different noise correlation dynamics to rewarding versus neutral/aversive cues. Similarly, the noise correlation between tonically active neuron pairs was stronger in the putamen than in the caudate. We suggest that the level of synchronization of the neuronal activity and its temporal dynamics differentiate the striatal territories and may thus account for the different roles that striatal domains play in behavioral control.
REVISITING THE DERIVATION OF THE FRACTIONAL DIFFUSION EQUATION

The fractional diffusion equation is derived from the master equation of continuous time random walks (CTRWs) via a straightforward application of the Gnedenko-Kolmogorov limit theorem. The Cauchy problem for the fractional diffusion equation is solved in various important and general cases. The meaning of the proper diffusion limit for CTRWs is discussed.
RASS-SDSS galaxy cluster survey - V. The X-ray-underluminous Abell clusters

Aims. In this paper we consider a large sample of optically selected clusters, in order to elucidate the physical reasons for the existence of X-ray underluminous clusters. Methods. For this purpose we analyzed the correlations of the X-ray and optical properties of a sample of 137 spectroscopically confirmed Abell clusters in the SDSS database. We searched for the X-ray counterpart of each cluster in the ROSAT All Sky Survey. We find that 40% of our clusters have a marginal X-ray detection or remain undetected in X-rays. These clusters appear too X-ray faint on average for their mass as determined by velocity dispersion; i.e. they do not follow the scaling relation between X-ray luminosity and virial mass traced by the other clusters. On the other hand, they do follow the general scaling relation between optical luminosity and virial mass. We refer to these clusters as the X-ray-underluminous Abell clusters (AXU clusters, for short) and designate as “normal” the X-ray detected Abell systems. We separately examined the distributions and properties of the galaxy populations of the normal and the AXU clusters. Results. The AXU clusters are characterized by leptokurtic (more centrally concentrated than a Gaussian) velocity distribution of their member galaxies in the outskirts ($1.5 < r/r_{200} \leq 3.5$), as expected for the systems in accretion. In addition, the AXU clusters have a higher fraction of blue galaxies in the external region and show a marginally significant paucity of galaxies at the center. Our results seem to support the interpretation that the AXU clusters are systems in formation undergoing a phase of mass accretion. Their low X-ray luminosity should be due to the still accreting intracluster gas or to an ongoing merging process.
ROS Accumulation by PEITC Selectively Kills Ovarian Cancer Cells via UPR-Mediated Apoptosis

Unfolded protein response (UPR) is crucial for both survival and death of mammalian cells, which is regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nutrient depletion. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of ROS-accumulation, induced by β-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), on UPR-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. We used ovarian cancer cell lines, PA-1 and SKOV-3, with different p53 status (wild- and null-type, respectively). PEITC caused increased ROS-accumulation and inhibited proliferation selectively in ovarian cancer cells, and glutathione (GSH) depletion in SKOV-3. However, PEITC did not cause any effect in normal ovarian epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After 48 h of PEITC treatment (5 μM), apoptotic cell death was shown to increase significantly in the ovarian cancer cells and not in the normal cells. The key regulator of UPR-mediated apoptosis, CHOP/GADD153 and endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone BiP/GRP78 were parallely up-regulated with activation of two major sensors of the UPR [PERK and ATF-6 in PA-1; PERK, and IRE1α in SKOV-3) in response to ROS accumulation induced by PEITC (5 μM). ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), attenuated the effect of PEITC on UPR signatures (P-PERK, IRE1α, CHOP/GADD153, and BiP/GRP78), suggesting the involvement of ROS in UPR-mediated apoptosis. Altogether, PEITC induces UPR-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via accumulation of ROS in a cancer-specific manner.
Distractibility in Attention/Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Virtual Reality Classroom

Nineteen boys aged 8 to 14 with a diagnosis of ADHD and 16 age-matched controls were compared in a virtual reality (VR) classroom version of a continuous performance task (CPT), with a second standard CPT presentation using the same projection display dome system. The Virtual Classroom included simulated “real-world” auditory and visual distracters. Parent ratings of attention, hyperactivity, internalizing problems, and adaptive skills on the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Monitor for ADHD confirmed that the ADHD children had more problems in these areas than controls. The difference between the ADHD group (who performed worse) and the control group approached significance (p = .05; adjusted p = .02) in the Virtual Classroom presentation, and the classification rate of the Virtual Classroom was better than when the standard CPT was used (87.5% versus 68.8%). Children with ADHD were more affected by distractions in the VR classroom than those without ADHD. Results are discussed in relation to distractibility in ADHD.