Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The psychological and linguistic profiles of self-reported code-switchers

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The study considers the relationships between multilinguals’ linguistic history, current linguistic practices, personality dimensions and self-reported frequency of code-switching (CS) in interactions with four types of interlocutors. It looks at variation in CS according to interlocutor type and the link with all the independent variables. Design/methodology/approach: Data was collected through an online questionnaire with closed questions on use of CS with friends, family members, colleagues and strangers. Data and analysis: A total of 298 adult multilingual participants of various nationalities provided scores on Likert scales. Statistical analyses were carried out to establish relationships between independent variables and CS. Findings/conclusions: The amount of self-reported CS differs significantly according to the type of interlocutor. A high level of multilingualism and early onset of bilingualism were linked with significantly more CS. High levels of Openmindedness and low levels of Flexibility were linked with significantly more frequent self-reported CS with certain types of interlocutors. Sex, age and education had no – or very little – effect on self-reported frequency of CS. Originality: The study confirms earlier research that considerable intra-individual variation exists in self-reported CS with various interlocutors. It shows that not just the linguistic but also the psychological profiles of participants determine the amount of self-reported CS. Significance/implications: Both linguistic and psychological variables need to be taken into account in the study of sociolinguistic phenomena. Limitations: Reporting frequency of CS with different categories of interlocutors requires a certain degree of metalinguistic awareness and some standard error cannot be excluded in self-reports.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in Children up to 5 Years of Age in Spain: Epidemiology and Comorbidities

AbstractThis epidemiological survey in Spain estimates the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children up to 5 year of age during a 15-year period (1997–2011). Observational retrospective survey was conducted by reviewing data of the National Surveillance System for Hospital Data, including >98% of Spanish hospitals. All hospitalizations related to RSV infection for children up to 5 years, reported during 1997–2011 period, were analyzed. Codes were selected by using the International Classification of Diseases 9th Clinical Modification 466.0–466.19, 480.1, and 079.6. A total of 326,175 and 286,007 hospital discharges for children up to 5 and 2 years of age were reported during the study period. The annual incidence was 1072 and 2413 patients per 100,000, respectively. The average length of hospital stay was 5.7 (standard deviation 8.2) days. Four hundred forty-six deaths were reported; of those, 403 occurred in children <2 years and 355 (80%) occurred in children <12 months of age.Hospitalization and mortality rates were significantly higher in boys and decrease significantly with age. The higher rate of hospitalization and mortality rates were found in the first year of life.Annual average cost for National Health Care System was &OV0556; 47 M with a mean hospitalization cost of &OV0556;2162. The average length of hospitalization and costs were significantly higher in high-risk children.RSV infections in children up to 5 year of age still pose a significant health threat in Spain, especially in the infants. The development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic guidelines focused in children with comorbidities may help reduce the hospital and economic burden of the disease.
When Memory Fails, Intuition Reigns

People often make logically sound decisions using explicit reasoning strategies, but sometimes it pays to rely on more implicit “gut-level” intuition. The transitive inference paradigm has been widely used as a test of explicit logical reasoning in animals and humans, but it can also be solved in a more implicit manner. Some researchers have argued that the hippocampus supports relational memories required for making logical inferences. Here we show that the benzodiazepene midazolam, which inactivates the hippocampus, causes profound explicit memory deficits in healthy participants, but enhances their ability in making implicit transitive inferences. These results are consistent with neurocomputational models of the basal ganglia—dopamine system that learn to make decisions through positive and negative reinforcement. We suggest that disengaging the hippocampal explicit memory system can be advantageous for this more implicit form of learning.
Microbial Dysbiosis in Pediatric Patients with Crohn's Disease

ABSTRACT Microbial dysbiosis has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD); however, many studies of gut microbial communities have been confounded by environmental and patient-related factors. In this study, the microbial flora of fecal samples from 19 children newly diagnosed with CD and 21 age-matched controls were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing to determine differences in the microbial composition between CD patients and controls. Analysis of the microbial composition of specific bacterial groups revealed that Firmicutes percentages were significantly lower in CD patients than in controls and that this was due largely to changes in the class Clostridia. Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria percentages were higher and significantly higher in CD patients than in controls, respectively. Both the detection frequencies of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes correlated (positively and negatively, respectively) with the calculated pediatric Crohn's disease activity index scores of patients. Upon further analysis, differences in the microbial compositions of patients with mild disease and moderate to severe disease were identified. Our findings indicate that a combination of different bacterial species or a dynamic interplay between individual species is important for disease and is consistent with the dysbiosis hypothesis of CD.
Prognostic considerations of the new World Health Organization classification of lung adenocarcinoma

The 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) lung adenocarcinoma classification divides tumours into categories of indolent pre-invasive, minimally invasive and predominantly lepidic and, by examining predominant patterns of invasion, allows for further stratification into intermediate and high-grade tumours. The impact of the 2015 classification on prognosis was reviewed by a PubMed search for search terms “adenocarcinoma”, “lung pathology” and “prognosis” and relevant publications reviewed. These were sorted for data on stage and survival as impacted by histological classification, and survival studies were separated into all stage versus stage 1 studies. Predictive aspects of histological classification were also examined, but molecular correlates were not. The separation of adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma from invasive subtypes as distinct prognostic entities and the prognostic significance, for disease specific and overall survival for low- and high-grade categories, are discussed. The impact on stage at presentation including risk of node metastasis by histology is examined, as well as histology in relation to recurrence after surgery. Early data with regard to the value of predominant histology in the prediction of chemotherapy response will also be explored. Lepidic lung ADC often early stage and indolent; solid and micropapillary tumours often metastatic and recurrent http://ow.ly/DCiT305xExK
Group norms, intra-group position and children's aggressive intentions

This study aimed to explore the peer group's role in childhood aggression. Participants (N = 356), aged 8.92 to 13.67 years (M = 11.22, SD = .96), were asked to pretend that they had been placed in a team and were then provided with information regarding their team's norms (aggression vs. helping) and their position within the team (prototypical vs. peripheral). Subsequently, participants were asked to rate the likelihood that they would directly or indirectly aggress towards another team. When compared to children in the helping norm condition, those in the aggression norm condition reported a significantly higher likelihood of engaging in direct and indirect aggression. For indirect aggression, prototypical members of aggressive groups also reported being more likely to engage in such behaviour than peripheral members of these groups did. Further, peripheral members of aggressive groups reported a greater likelihood of engaging in indirect aggression than either peripheral or prototypical members of helping groups. The contribution of these results to our understanding of the group mechanisms underlying childhood aggression is discussed.
How Humans Count: Numerosity and the Parietal Cortex

Numerosity (the number of objects in a set), like color or movement, is a basic property of the environment. Animal and human brains have been endowed by evolution by mechanisms based on parietal circuitry for representing numerosity in an highly abstract, although approximate fashion. These mechanisms are functional at a very early age in humans and spontaneously deployed in the wild by animals of different species. The recent years have witnessed terrific advances in unveiling the neural code(s) underlying numerosity representations and showing similarities as well as differences across species. In humans, during development, with the introduction of symbols for numbers and the implementation of the counting routines, the parietal system undergoes profound (yet still largely mysterious) modifications, such that the neural machinery previously evolved to represent approximate numerosity gets partially “recycled” to support the representation of exact number.
Students’ Risk Perceptions of Nanotechnology Applications: Implications for science education

Scientific literacy as a goal of a science education reform remains an important discourse in the research literature and is a key component of students’ understanding and acceptance of emergent technologies like nanotechnology. This manuscript focuses on undergraduate engineering students’ perceptions of the risks and benefits posed by nanotechnology as an important component of scientific literacy. Specifically, this study examined the perceived risk of nanotechnology of a group of American students (N = 102) in three material science engineering courses focusing on nanotechnology. Students completed a survey of risk perception and a sub‐sample were interviewed (n = 21). It was found that perceptions of risks and benefits of nanotechnology tended to be closely tied to specific groups of applications including common consumer products, health‐related products, and advanced technological applications. The intersection of scientific application and perception is discussed in the context of science education curriculum considerations.
Endocardial and epicardial activation pathways of the canine right atrium.

Endocardial and epicardial activation pathways of the canine right atrium. Am. JS Physiol. 220(l) : l-l 1. 197 1 . -Right atria1 epicardial and endocardial activation was explored in Langendorff-perfused canine hearts during sinus rhythm and during stimulation near the coronary sinus and elsewhere in the right atrium. Control experiments demonstrate close correlation to epicardial activation in situ; conduction velocity increased about 5-20y0 during perfusion. In situ overall conduction velocity in two directions along the crista terminalis was 0.9-l . 2 m/set, parallel to the pectinate muscles of the atria1 roof 0.88 m/set, and perpendicular to these muscle bundles 0.56 m/set. In one experiment a conduction velocity along Bachmann's bundle of 3 m/set was found. The rapid conduction along the internodal tracts-with the possible exception of Bach-mann's bundle-can be accounted for by the parallel arrangement of myocardial fibers and does not require participation of specialized fibers. The posterior tract was the most stable inter-nodal connection, conduction along the anterior tract was not continuous in some experiments, and the middle tract was inconsistent. The limbus of the fossa ovalis is a barrier to propagated activation, deflecting it around the fossa ovalis. THE PRESENCE of a specialized conduction system in the atria has been discussed frequently in recent years. The existence of the anterior, middle, and posterior internodal tracts has been proven by the morphological studies of James (11). Recently, relatively fast conduction along these tracts during sinus rhythm has been demonstrated by the electrophysio-logical investigations of Holsinger et al. (9) who studied-them from a surgical point of view. Specialized fibers and fiber tracts have been demonstrated in the internodal tracts, in various preparations and in (different species, both by histological (16, 21) and by ,electrophysiological techniques including microelectrode An excellent review has been given by Merideth and Titus (16). However, it has not been demonstrated whether preferential conduction also occurs in the internodal tracts during rhythms originating outside the sinus node, nor whether the specialized fiber systems indeed contribute to fast conduction of excita-tion along these pathways. In fact, evidence has been found that relatively fast conduction occurs along thick bundles of atria1 myocardium, including the crista terminalis, without the participation of specialized fibers (10, 18). In order to determine whether specialized paths do function as such in the intact atria of the dog, we carefully analyzed excitation at the epicardial and endocardial surfaces of the right atrium and adjacent parts of the …
Detecting dark matter annihilation with CMB polarization: Signatures and experimental prospects

Dark matter (DM) annihilation during hydrogen recombination (z{approx}1000) will alter the recombination history of the Universe, and affect the observed CMB temperature and polarization fluctuations. Unlike other astrophysical probes of DM, this is free of the significant uncertainties in modelling galactic physics, and provides a method to detect and constrain the cosmological abundances of these particles. We parametrize the effect of DM annihilation as an injection of ionizing energy at a rate {epsilon}{sub DM}, and argue that this simple 'on the spot' modification is a good approximation to the complicated interaction of the annihilation products with the photon-electron plasma. Generic models of DM do not change the redshift of recombination, but change the residual ionization after recombination. This broadens the surface of last scattering, suppressing the temperature fluctuations and enhancing the polarization fluctuations. We use the temperature and polarization angular power spectra to measure these deviations from the standard recombination history, and therefore, indirectly probe DM annihilation. The modifications to the temperature power spectrum are nearly degenerate with the primordial scalar spectral index and amplitude; current CMB data are therefore unable to put any constraints on the annihilation power. This degeneracy is broken by polarization; Planck will have the sensitivitymore » to measure annihilation power {epsilon}{sub DM}(z=1000)>10{sup -15} eV/s/proton, while high sensitivity experiments (e.g. NASA's CMBpol) could improve that constraint to {epsilon}{sub DM}(z=1000)>4x10{sup -16} eV/s/proton, assuming a fractional detector sensitivity of {delta}T/T{approx}1{mu}K and a beam of 3{sup '}. These limits translate into a lower bound on the mass of the DM particle, M{sub DM}>10-100 GeV, assuming a single species with a cross section of {approx}2x10{sup -26} cm{sup 3}/s, and a fraction f{approx}0.1-1 of the rest mass energy used for ionization. The bounds for the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) 4y data are significantly lower, because of its lack of high S/N polarization measurements, but it can strongly constrain O(MeV) particles such as those proposed by Boehm et al. (2004)« less
Volatile Compounds of Young Wines from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet and Chardonnay Varieties Grown in the Loess Plateau Region of China

In order to elucidate the aroma components of wine produced in the Loess Plateau region of China, volatile compounds of young wines from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet and Chardonnay varieties grown in the new ecological region were investigated for the first time in this research. Among the volatile compounds analyzed by HS-SPME with GC-MS, a total of 45, 44 and 42 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet and Chardonnay wines, respectively. In the volatiles detected, alcohols formed the most abundant group in the aroma compounds of the three wines, followed by esters and fatty acids. According to their odor active values (OAVs), 18 volatile compounds were always present in the three wines at concentrations higher than their threshold values, but ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and isoamyl acetate were found to jointly contribute to 92.9%, 93.3%, and 98.7%, of the global aroma of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet and Chardonnay wines, respectively. These odorants are associated with “fruity’’ and ‘‘ripe fruit’’ odor descriptors.
Training teachers in peer-assessment skills: effects on performance and perceptions

This paper focuses on two increasingly important issues in teacher education: the design of more skill-based education and the involvement of students by means of peer assessment. Ninety-three student teachers were trained in one important peer-assessment skill, namely ‘defining performance criteria’. This training, which consisted of four peer-assessment tasks, was integrated in an existing course. Half of the group was trained in the skill of ‘defining criteria’ (experimental groups) and the other half was not (control group). By working on the peer-assessment tasks, student teachers in the experimental group learned to define performance criteria for a course content-related product. The effects of the training on students' ability to define criteria and the effects on the content-related skill were examined. Findings show that the student teachers from the experimental group scored significantly higher on the use of criteria, but did not surpass the control group on the content-related task performance.
Negative Affectivity, Emotional Distress, and the Cognitive Appraisal of Occupational Stress

Abstract We tested for mediating effects of trait negative affectivity and trait positive affectivity on the associations between cognitive appraisals of occupational stress and emotional distress among professional journalists and school teachers. According to past research, it was expected that trait negative affectivity (TNA) would mediate the appraisal-distress relation. According to transactional models of adjustment, cognitive appraisals of (a) the degree to which an occupational stressor interfered with cognitive expectations on the job (Elliott & Harkins, 1992), (b) the person′s ability to tolerate the discorrespondence imposed by the stressor (Dawis & Lofquist, 1984), and (c) personal control over the stressor should remain predictive of emotional distress above and beyond the variance attributed to TNA. Results from separate multiple regression analyses indicated that TNA did not completely explain the appraisal-distress relation for either sample. Minimal relations were found for trait positive affectivity with appraisal activity and distress. Appraisals of interference, tolerance, and control were associated with distress, as expected. Our findings indicate cognitive processes and TNA both contribute to the negative emotional reactions to occupational stress. Pertinent implications for theoretical models of stress appraisal, coping, and work adjustment are discussed.
The Relationship among Intercultural Communication Apprehension, Ethnocentrism, Uncertainty Reduction, and Communication Satisfaction during Initial Intercultural Interaction: An Extension of Anxiety and Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory

This paper presents the results of an examination of the relationship among intercultural communication apprehension, ethnocentrism, uncertainty reduction, and communication satisfaction during initial intercultural interaction. Poised within the theoretical assumptions of Anxiety and Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory hypotheses are forwarded predicting that intercultural communication apprehension and ethnocentrism would negatively affect uncertainty reduction and communication satisfaction during initial intercultural encounters. In the first phase of the study, participants (N = 107) completed measures of intercultural communication apprehension and ethnocentrism. Replicating procedures of earlier uncertainty reduction research, participants in intercultural dyads (i.e., experimental group) and intracultural dyads (i.e., control group) were instructed to become acquainted. After a specified period of time, the dyads were separated and participants completed measures of uncertainty reduction and communication satisfaction. Correlational and regression analyses indicate that, for the experimental group, measures of intercultural communication apprehension and ethnocentrism were significantly and negatively correlated with measures of uncertainty reduction and communication satisfaction. For the control group, measures of intercultural communication apprehension and ethnocentrism were not correlated with measures of uncertainty reduction or communication satisfaction. Results are discussed within the parameters of AUM.
Cancer/testis‐associated genes: Identification, expression profile, and putative function

Cancer/testis‐associated genes (CTAs) are a subgroup of tumor antigens with a restricted expression in testis and malignancies. During the last decade, many of these immunotherapy candidate genes have been discovered using various approaches. Most of these genes are localized on the X‐chromosome, often as multigene families. Methylation status seems to be the main, but not the only regulator of their specific expression pattern. In testis, CTAs are exclusively present in cells of the germ cell lineage, though there is a lot of variation in the moment of expression during different stages of sperm development. Likewise, there is also a lot of heterogeneity in the expression of CTAs in melanoma samples. Clues regarding functionality of CTAs for many of these proteins point to a role in cell cycle regulation or transcriptional control. Better insights in the function of these genes may shed light on the link between spermatogenesis and tumor growth and could be of use in anti‐tumor therapies. This review outlines the CTA family and focuses on their expression and putative function during male germ cell development and melanocytic tumor progression. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perceptions of Discrimination in Recruitment and the Workplace

Previous Swedish studies show that, due to stigmatization and discrimination, immigrants occupy inferior positions in the labor market. This article investigates the extent to which natives and immigrants perceive discrimination of immigrants establishes the discrepancy between concrete and abstract attitudes about discrimination, and evaluates the assimilation hypothesis and the consciousness hypothesis as alternative explanations of perceived discrimination by immigrants. Data for this study came from a survey of individuals employed by the Malmö municipality. The results show that, concerning abstract attitudes, natives hold largely the same opinion about discrimination against immigrants as do immigrants themselves, and that there is a significant difference between concrete and abstract perceptions of discrimination among natives and immigrants. But immigrants embrace stronger positions than do natives on the prevalence of discrimination in the workplace. With one exception, our results tend to be more in line with the consciousness perspective.