Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Field of screams: difficulty and ethnographic fieldwork

Ethnographic fieldwork can be a time of intense vulnerability for PhD students. Often alone and in an unfamiliar context, they may face challenges that their pre-fieldwork training has done little to prepare them for. This study seeks to document some of the difficulties that PhD anthropologists at three UK universities have faced. It describes a range of feelings as experienced by 16 interviewees: alone, ashamed, bereaved, betrayed, depressed, desperate, disappointed, disturbed, embarrassed, fearful, frustrated, guilty, harassed, homeless, paranoid, regretful, silenced, stressed, trapped, uncomfortable, unprepared, unsupported, and unwell. The paper concludes with a set of questions for prospective fieldworkers, a reflection on the dilemmas faced by supervisors and university departments, and a proposal for action.
Security in Automotive Networks

With the increasing amount of interconnections between vehicles, the attack surface of internal vehicle networks is rising steeply. Although these networks are shielded against external attacks, they often do not have any internal security to protect against malicious components or adversaries who can breach the network perimeter. To secure the in-vehicle network, all communicating components must be authenticated, and only authorized components should be allowed to send and receive messages. This is achieved through the use of an authentication framework. Cryptography is widely used to authenticate communicating parties and provide secure communication channels (e.g., Internet communication). However, the real-time performance requirements of in-vehicle networks restrict the types of cryptographic algorithms and protocols that may be used. In particular, asymmetric cryptography is computationally infeasible during vehicle operation. In this work, we address the challenges of designing authentication protocols for automotive systems. We present Lightweight Authentication for Secure Automotive Networks (LASAN), a full lifecycle authentication approach. We describe the core LASAN protocols and show how they protect the internal vehicle network while complying with the real-time constraints and low computational resources of this domain. By leveraging the fixed structure of automotive networks, we minimize bandwidth and computation requirements. Unlike previous work, we also explain how this framework can be integrated into all aspects of the automotive product lifecycle, including manufacturing, vehicle maintenance, and software updates. We evaluate LASAN in two different ways: First, we analyze the security properties of the protocols using established protocol verification techniques based on formal methods. Second, we evaluate the timing requirements of LASAN and compare these to other frameworks using a new highly modular discrete event simulator for in-vehicle networks, which we have developed for this evaluation.
Solving the Entrepreneurial Puzzle: The Role of Entrepreneurial Interpretation in Opportunity Formation and Related Processes

Opportunity formation plays a central role in the entrepreneurship literature. The two dominant perspectives on this topic (discovery view and creation view) tended to consider search and action as the main mechanisms. Drawing on strategic issue interpretation view and managerial cognition perspective, we argue for the inclusion of a third mechanism (entrepreneurial interpretation). Specifically, we develop the boundary assumptions and testable propositions of an entrepreneurial interpretation model. Then, we show how entrepreneurial interpretation informs both discovery and creation processes. Overall, our theory provides an expanded understanding of how individuals form and decide to exploit opportunities.
Decreased Fronto-Temporal Interaction during Fixation after Memory Retrieval

Previous studies have revealed top-down control during memory retrieval from the prefrontal cortex to the temporal cortex. In the present functional MRI study, we investigated whether the fronto-temporal functional interaction occurs even during fixation periods after memory retrieval trials. During recency judgments, subjects judged the temporal order of two items in a study list. The task used in the present study consisted of memory trials of recency judgments and non-memory trials of counting dots, and post-trial fixation periods. By comparing the brain activity during the fixation periods after the memory trials with that during the fixation periods after the non-memory trials, we detected heightened brain activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, the lateral temporal cortex and the hippocampus. Functional interactions during the fixation periods after the memory vs. non-memory trials as examined using a psychophysiological interaction revealed a decreased interaction from the lateral prefrontal cortex to the lateral temporal cortex, but not to the hippocampus. The functional interaction between the same frontal and temporal regions was also present during the memory trials. A trial-based functional connectivity analysis further revealed that the fronto-temporal interaction was positive and decreased during the fixation periods after the memory trials, relative to the fixation periods after the non-memory trials. These results suggest that the fronto-temporal interaction existed during the post-trial fixation periods, which had been present during the memory trials and temporally extended into the fixation periods.
Resveratrol suppresses angiogenesis in gliomas: evaluation by color Doppler ultrasound.

BACKGROUND The effects of resveratrol (a natural polyphenol) on angiogenesis in rat gliomas were investigated by color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS). The correlation among the tumor growth rate, macroscopic angiogenesis measured by CDUS and microscopic angiogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fischer rats were subcutaneously inoculated with rat RT-2 glioma cells and treated with resveratrol for 4 weeks. The tumor size was measured and the animal survival followed. CDUS examination was used to measure tumor blood flow shown as the color Doppler vascularity index (CDVI). Immunohistochemical staining of CD31 was carried out to assess the microvessel density (MVD) of the tumors. The CDVI, MVD and tumor size were correlated. RESULTS Rats treated with resveratrol (40 mg/kg/day) had slower tumor growth rates than those of the control groups (p < 0.05). The CDVI, MVD and tumor size were significantly correlated (linear regression, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Resveratrol-suppressed glioma growth was significantly correlated with the inhibition of macroscopic and microscopic angiogenesis.
Improved Limited Discrepancy Search

We present an improvement to Harvey and Ginsberg's limited discrepancy search algorithm, which eliminates much of the redundancy in the original, by generating each path from the root to the maximum search depth only once. For a complete binary tree of depth d, this reduces the asymptotic complexity from O(d+2/2 2d) to O(2d). The savings is much less in a partial tree search, or in a heavily pruned tree. The overhead of the improved algorithm on a complete b-ary tree is only a factor of b/(b - 1) compared to depth-first search. While this constant factor is greater on a heavily pruned tree, this improvement makes limited discrepancy search a viable alternative to depth-first search, whenever the entire tree may not be searched. Finally, we present both positive and negative empirical results on the utility oflimited discrepancy search, for the problem of number partitioning.
Seabed morphology, sediment grain size, and macrobenthic communities in a fished area and an area unaffected by fishing in the central Adriatic (Italy)

Studies performed in Italy for assessing the effects of fishing activities have been largely confined to the Adriatic Sea. They mostly investigated effects of experimentally induced impacts. The objective of this study was to compare a commercial fishing ground with an area in which no fishing was conducted. The two areas were less than 2 km apart and close to a gas platform in the central Adriatic. Seabed morphology, sediment grain size, and macrobenthic community composition were investigated. There were clear physical effects on the seabed morphology, mostly as a consequence of the trawling passage. Strong and unequivocal signs of disturbance were not detected from the grain size analysis but there was a major spatial variability of sediment distribution. There were signs of stress in the macrobenthic community, i.e., reduction of complexity and diversity, increased variability of distributional patterns, and fewer large long-lived species in the fished area.
Dairy Products, Calcium Intake, and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in China

The results of dairy food consumption and breast cancer risk are conflicting, and their relationship has not previously been studied in China. The objective of this study is to examine the association between dairy products, calcium intake, and breast cancer risk among Chinese women. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted among Chinese women in the Guangdong province from June 2007 to August 2008. Four hundred and thirty-eight consecutively recruited cases with primary breast cancer were frequency-matched to 438 controls on age and residence. Dietary intake information was collected by interviewers using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression adjusted for various potential confounders. We observed a statistically significant inverse association of dietary calcium intake with breast cancer risk, with the adjusted OR (95% CI) of 0.35 (0.22–0.56) comparing the highest with the lowest quartile. No significant association was found between dairy products measured either by dry weight of dairy product or dairy product protein intake and breast cancer risk. Our study supports a protective effect of high intake of dietary calcium on breast cancer risk, and no association with dairy product intake.
Feminist geography in practice : research and methods

Acknowledgments.List of Figures and Tables.Notes on Contributors.1. Taking on, Thinking about, and Doing Feminist Research in Geography. (Pamela Moss)Part I: Taking on Feminist Research.Defining Feminism? : Feminist Pedagogy Working Group.Short 1. Being Feminist in Geography - Feminist Geography in the German-Speaking Academy: History of a Movement. (Elisabeth Baschlind)2. Making Space for Personal Journeys. (Mary Gilmartin)3. Feminist Epistemology in Geography. (Meghan Cope)4. The Difference Feminism Makes: Researching Unemployed Women in an Australian Region. (Louise C. Johnson)Study Material for Taking on Feminist Research: Feminist Pedagogy Working Group.Part II: Thinking about Feminist Research.Delimiting Language? : Feminist Pedagogy Working Group.Short 2. Putting Feminist Geography into Practice - Gender, Place and Culture: Paradoxical Spaces? (Liz Bondi) 5. Paradoxical Space: Geography, Men, and Duppy Feminism. (David Butz and Lawrence D. Berg) 6. Toward a More Fully Reflexive Feminist Geography. (Karen Falconer Al-Hindi and Hope Kawabata)7. People Like Us: Negotiating Sameness and Difference in the Research Process. (Gill Valentine)Study Material for Thinking About Feminist Research: Feminist Pedagogy Working Group.Part III: Doing Feminist Research.Decentering Authority! : Feminist Pedagogy Working Group.Short 3. Doing Geography as a Feminist - Reconsidering Success and Failure in Feminist Research. (Maureen G. Reed)8. Doing Feminist Fieldwork about Geography Fieldwork. (Karen Nairn)9. Quantitative Methods and Feminist Geographic Research. (Mei-Po Kwan)10. Borderlands in Feminist Ethnography. (Joan Marshall)11. Negotiating Positionings: Exchanging Life Stories in Research Interviews. (Deirdre McKay)12. Interviewing Elites: Cautionary Tales about Researching Women Magazines in Canada's Banking Industry. (Kim V. L. England) 13. Studying Immigrants in Focus Groups. (Geraldine Pratt) Study Material for Doing Feminist Research: Feminist Pedagogy Working Group.14. Further Notes on Feminist Research: Embodied Knowledge in Place. (Isabel Dyck)References.Index.
Encoding of Coordinated Reach and Grasp Trajectories in Primary Motor Cortex

Though the joints of the arm and hand together comprise 27 degrees of freedom, an ethological movement like reaching and grasping coordinates many of these joints so as to operate in a reduced dimensional space. We used a generalized linear model to predict single neuron responses in primary motor cortex (MI) during a reach-to-grasp task based on 40 features that represent positions and velocities of the arm and hand in joint angle and Cartesian coordinates as well as the neurons' own spiking history. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to reach and grasp one of five objects, located at one of seven locations while we used an infrared camera motion-tracking system to track markers placed on their upper limb and recorded single-unit activity from a microelectrode array implanted in MI. The kinematic trajectories that described hand shaping and transport to the object depended on both the type of object and its location. Modeling the kinematics as temporally extensive trajectories consistently yielded significantly higher predictive power in most neurons. Furthermore, a model that included all feature trajectories yielded more predictive power than one that included any single feature trajectory in isolation, and neurons tended to encode feature velocities over positions. The predictive power of a majority of neurons reached a plateau for a model that included only the first five principal components of all the features' trajectories, suggesting that MI has evolved or adapted to encode the natural kinematic covariations associated with prehension described by a limited set of kinematic synergies.
Bayesian algorithmic mechanism design

The principal problem in algorithmic mechanism design is in merging the incentive constraints imposed by selfish behavior with the algorithmic constraints imposed by computational intractability. This field is motivated by the observation that the preeminent approach for designing incentive compatible mechanisms, namely that of Vickrey, Clarke, and Groves; and the central approach for circumventing computational obstacles, that of approximation algorithms, are fundamentally incompatible: natural applications of the VCG approach to an approximation algorithm fails to yield an incentive compatible mechanism. We consider relaxing the desideratum of (ex post) incentive compatibility (IC) to Bayesian incentive compatibility (BIC), where truthtelling is a Bayes-Nash equilibrium (the standard notion of incentive compatibility in economics). For welfare maximization in single-parameter agent settings, we give a general black-box reduction that turns any approximation algorithm into a Bayesian incentive compatible mechanism with essentially the same approximation factor.
Predicting protein-ligand binding site with differential evolution and support vector machine

Identification of protein-ligand binding site is an important task in structure-based drug design and docking algorithms. In these two decades, many different approaches have been developed to predict the binding site, such as geometric, energetic and sequence-based methods. When the scores are calculated from these methods, the method of classification is very important and can affect the prediction results greatly. A developed support vector machine (SVM) is used to classify the pockets, which are most likely to bind ligands with the attributes of grid value, interaction potential, offset from protein, conservation score and the information around the pockets. Since SVM is sensitive to the input parameters and the positive samples are more relevant than negative samples, differential evolution (DE) is applied to find out the suitable parameters for SVM. We compare our algorithm to four other approaches: LIGSITE, SURFNET, PocketFinder and Concavity. Our algorithm is found to provide the highest success rate.
A Retrospective and Theoretical Evaluation of Rapid Methods for Detecting Chromosome Abnormalities and Their Implications on Genetic Counseling Based on a Series of 3868 CVS Diagnoses

Objectives: To report our experience over the past 10 years of chorionic villi sampling (CVS) prenatal diagnosis in a high-risk population for chromosomal anomalies, and to analyze, according to the results, the advantages and disadvantages of using quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) in amniotic fluid with respect to a conventional semi-direct cytogenetic CVS method in a retrospective theoretical review. Methods: We performed 3,868 cytogenetic analyses from CVS using a semi-direct culture method in a selected high-risk population for chromosomal abnormalities and we compare our findings with the theoretical results obtained using QF-PCR on amniotic fluid. Results: The rate of chromosomal anomalies detected with the semi-direct CVS cytogenetic study, excluding confined placental mosaicism (CPM), was 6.8%. 26.3% of all them would be missed by using QF-PCR only and among them, 21.4% of cases would represent a severe adverse obstetric outcome. Conclusions: We think that semi-direct CVS cytogenetic analysis in comparison with QF-PCR in amniotic fluid is similarly rapid, performed earlier and more complete, allowing the chromosomal diagnosis in the first trimester of gestation. We propose the use of QF-PCR as an additional method to semi-direct CVS analysis in order to avoid false-negative results, as a rapid alternative to long-term culture.
Emerging concept: ‘central benefit model’ of exercise in falls prevention

Falls are a common geriatric syndrome and are the third leading cause of chonic disability worldwide. Falls are not random events and occur, at least in part, due to impaired physiological function, such as impaired balance, and cognitive impairment. The clinical syndrome of falls is important for Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinicians as there is Level 1 evidence that targeted exercise prescription is an effective intervention strategy. The widely accepted dogma is that improved physical function, balance and muscle strength, underlies the effectiveness of the exercise in reducing falls. However, findings from randomised controlled trials suggest that exercise reduce falls via mechanisms other than improved physiological function. The authors propose that improved cognitive function – specifically, executive functions – and associated functional plasticity may be an important yet underappreciated mechanism by which the exercise reduces falls in older adults.
Decisions on sick leave certifications for acute airways infections based on vignettes: A cross-sectional survey of GPs in Norway and Poland

Abstract Objective. To explore whether frequency and duration of sick-leave certification for acute airway infections differ between general practitioners (GPs) in Poland and Norway. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Setting. Educational courses for GPs. Intervention. We used a questionnaire with four vignettes presenting patients with symptoms consistent with pneumonia, sinusitis, common cold, and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respectively. For each vignette GPs were asked whether they would offer a sick-leave note, and if so, for how many days. Subjects. Convenience samples of GPs in Poland (n = 216) and Norway (n = 171). Main outcome measures. Proportion of GPs offering a sick-leave certificate. Duration of sick-leave certification. Results. In Poland 100%, 95%, 87%, and 94% of GPs would offer sick leave for pneumonia, sinusitis, common cold, and exacerbation of COPD, respectively. Corresponding figures in Norway were 97%, 83%, 60%, and 90%. Regression analysis adjusting for the GPs' sex, speciality, experience, and workload indicated that relative risks for offering sick leave (Poland versus Norway) were 1.16 (95% CI 1.07–1.26) for sinusitis and 1.50 (1.28–1.75) for common cold. Among GPs who offered sick leave for pneumonia, sinusitis, common cold, and exacerbation of COPD, mean duration was 8.9, 7.5, 5.1, and 6.9 days (Poland) versus 6.6, 4.3, 3.1, and 6.1 days (Norway), respectively. In regression analyses the differences between the Polish and Norwegian samples in duration of sick leave were statistically significant for all vignettes. A pattern of offering sick leave for three, five, seven, 10, or 14 days was observed in both countries. Conclusion. In the Polish sample GPs were more likely to offer sick-leave notes for sinusitis and common cold. GPs in Poland offered sick leaves of longer duration for pneumonia, sinusitis, common colds, and exacerbation of COPD compared with GPs in the Norwegian sample.
Neurocysticercosis in Nonendemic Countries: Time for a Reappraisal

get in contact with human feces by visiting rural villages, where open-air defecation is common. It is also possible that travelers first become Taenia carriers (by ingesting undercooked pork infected by cysticerci) and then infected themselves by the fecal-oral route. The most common pattern of NCC expression in travelers (single cysticercus granuloma) suggests that the most common form of disease acquisition is through contact with Taenia carriers’ food handlers [3] . Otherwise, travelers would more often develop disseminated infections, as those observed in Taenia carriers who infect themselves or in those who ingest heavy loads of T. solium eggs directly from nature [1] . Among the traditionally considered nonendemic countries, it was in the USA where the increasing prevalence of NCC was first studied. Mass immigration of people from Latin America increased the number of NCC patients in the Southwestern USA during the eighties [7] . This was followed by the occurrence of NCC in other states, as well as by the appearance of autochthonous cases, which constitute about 5% of NCC patients diagnosed in the USA [8, 9] . NCC should be currently considered prevalent in the USA, as more than 5,000 patients have been reported over the past years. Recent evidence also indicates an increasing frequency of NCC in other countries that were apparently free of the disease until the past years, including Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Western European countries and Muslim countries of the Arab World. The current epidemiological scenario in these regions is similar to what was observed in the USA, as 70–80% of more than 1,000 NCC patients diagnosed in these countries were reported during the past two decades [3–6] . The increasing number of NCC patients in nonendemic countries is of concern. Physicians working in these regions may not be familiar with the different aspects of NCC, which in turn may cause diagnostic pitfalls (leading to the practice of unnecessary invasive procedures). Improved physician’s awareness of the possibility of NCC among populations at risk (travelers, immigrants, refugees), as well as a compulsory report of cases, should allow a better assessment of the problem and identify subgroups at higher risk [10] . Also, compulsory search of Taenia carriers among household contacts of NCC patients will allow the detection of a potential source of infection, and will reduce further spread of the disease.