Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and prognostic impact of chronic kidney disease in STEMI from a gender perspective: data from the SWEDEHEART register, a large Swedish prospective cohort

Objectives Gender differences in prevalence and prognostic impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been poorly evaluated. In STEMI, female gender has been independently associated with an increased risk of mortality. CKD has been found to be an important prognostic marker in myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to evaluate gender differences in prevalence and prognostic impact of CKD on short-term and long-term mortality. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting The national quality register SWEDEHEART was used. In the beginning of the study period, 94% of the Swedish coronary care units contributed data to the register, which subsequently increased to 100%. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) according to Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (CG). Participants All patients with STEMI registered in SWEDEHEART from the years 2003–2009 were included (37 991 patients, 66% men). Main results Women had 1.6 (MDRD) to 2.2 (CG) times higher multivariable adjusted risk of CKD. Half of the women had CKD according to CG. CKD was associated with 2–2.5 times higher risk of in-hospital mortality and approximately 1.5 times higher risk of long-term mortality in both genders. Each 10 mL/min decline of eGFR was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital and long-term mortality (22–33% and 9–16%, respectively) and this did not vary significantly by gender. Both in-hospital and long-term mortality were doubled in women. After multivariable adjustment including eGFR, there was no longer any gender difference in early outcome and the long-term outcome was better in women. Conclusions Among patients with STEMI, female gender was independently associated with CKD. Reduced eGFR was a strong independent risk factor for short-term and long-term mortality without a significant gender difference in prognostic impact and seems to be an important reason why women have higher mortality than men with STEMI.
Religion as a Chronically Accessible Construct

Recent studies have examined religion in the context of a chronically accessible construct, one that colors how people attend to and recall information. A national survey is used to test whether religiosity and sharing the religious affiliation with a candidate is associated with more accuracy about that candidate's religion. In addition, the role of attention to the news media is examined in combination with religion. Although attention to the news is associated with more knowledge, it does not interact with religion. Overall religious variables are moderately associated with more accuracy about religion questions than nonreligion questions about political candidates.
Fears and Related Anxieties in Chinese High School Students

Chinese students from different high school settings face unique academic and emotional challenges. They are in a very vulnerable position due to high parent and teacher expectations and pressure to succeed in college entrance examinations and honour the family and the school. They are also vulnerable due to possible inappropriate parenting practices. This study examined whether there were significant differences in the number and type of reported fears and related anxieties in students from different high schools by grade level and gender, controlling for perceptions of family atmosphere. This study also investigated whether, in general, the fears and anxieties self-reported by the chinese sample differed from the normative sample. Finally it examined whether the standardized measure of fears was able to capture the unique fears of chinese students. The findings indicate that the level of fears and related anxieties did not differ based on school and grade. Gender differences were evident. Positive family atmosphere was related to decreased level of anxiety. chinese high school students were found to report higher levels of fears and related anxieties than their Western counterparts.
ON THE NOTION ‘BEYOND THE SENTENCE’

There is a small, but growing, interest among linguists in the 'upward extension' of linguistics, that is, in the extension of linguistics 'beyond the sentence'. Although several studies have appeared whose express purpose is such an extension, there has not been any systematic examination of the very notion itself. It is the purpose of this paper to consider just what is meant by the expression 'beyond the sentence'. The discussion will, for the most part, not be theoretical in the sense of propounding a theory of what SHOULD be involved in such an extension of linguistics — though some attention will be given to the problem of determining the limits, or restrictions, on what may be validly called an extension of linguistics. Rather, the paper as a whole attempts to determine the logical possibilities for extension and to discuss briefly published research which exemplifies these possibilities. Such an approach, which in effect yields a sort of taxonomy, is both useful and necessary, for as will be seen, the one expression 'beyond the sentence' covers an extremely wide range of analytic techniques and modes of description. These diverse approaches do have, nevertheless, certain features in common. First and foremost, there is a concern for linguistic'perform-
Getting to Know the Unknown Unknowns: Destructive-Noise Resistant Boolean Matrix Factorization

Finding patterns in binary data is a classical problem in data mining, dating back to at least frequent itemset mining. More recently, approaches such as tiling and Boolean matrix factorization (BMF), have been proposed to find sets of patterns that aim to explain the full data well. These methods, however, are not robust against non-trivial destructive noise, i.e. when relatively many 1s are removed from the data: tiling can only model additive noise while BMF assumes approximately equal amounts of additive and destructive noise. Most real-world binary datasets, however, exhibit mostly destructive noise. In presence/absence data, for instance, it is much more common to fail to observe something than it is to observe a spurious presence. To address this problem, we take the recent approach of employing the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle for BMF and introduce a new algorithm, Nassau, that directly optimizes the description length of the factorization instead of the reconstruction error. In addition, unlike the previous algorithms, it can adjust the factors it has discovered during its search. Empirical evaluation on synthetic data shows that Nassau excels at datasets with high destructive noise levels and its performance on real-world datasets confirms our hypothesis of the high numbers of missing observations in the real-world data.
Problem behaviors of students pursuing policing careers

Purpose – The current study aims to examine problematic behaviors of college students who identified policing as their career of choice.Design/methodology/approach – A self‐report survey was administered and behaviors such as alcohol and drug use, arrest histories, and self‐reported criminality were identified in a sample of 874 undergraduate students, 171 of whom identified policing as their career goal.Findings – Findings indicate that over 60 percent of students (including those interested in becoming police officers) engage in some level of problematic behavior. While policing students engaged in more excessive recent binge drinking, they had a lower rate of arrests and less other‐than‐marijuana drug use than other students.Research limitations/implications – This research relies on self‐reported data and therefore under‐ or over‐reporting may occur. While the sample of policing students has similar characteristics to those of current police officers in terms of sex and race, generalizability issues f.
Group Cohesion Effects in Exercise Classes

Membership in cohesive groups has a powerful influence on individual behaviors such as adherence and conformity. Although the psychological andphysiological benefits of exercise have been well documented, individual adherence has proven to be problematic. Given that exercise classes are minimal groups at best, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether measures of cohesion secured during the early stages of group development could be used to predictsubsequent drop-out behavior In Study 1, participants in universityfitness classes were administered the Group Environment Questionnaire after the third week of a 13-week session. Adherence behavior, as measured by absenteeism, was monitored for 4 weeks and used to form two extreme groups-regular attenders and drop-outs. The regular attenders (n = 20) were those individuals who attended at least 66% of the monitored classes; drop-outs (n = 17) were those individuals who were absent for all classes in the monitored period. Discriminant function analysis showed that regular attenders held significantly greater perceptions of task cohesion than the drop-outs. Study 2 was a replication with exercise participants in private fitness clubs. A protocol identical to Study 1 was used to measure cohesion, operationalize adherence and analyze the data. Perceptions of cohesion again were a reliable predictor of adherence in the private club setting. However, it was measures of social cohesion that significantly discriminated between regular attenders (n = 30) and drop-outs (n = 16). The results were discussed in terms of their implications for (a) the dynamics of minimal groups, (b) the generality of the cohesion-adherence relationship in exercise groups, (c) the importance of considering the setting, and (d) health behavior change intervention programs.
Perceived Versus Meta-Analytic Effect Sizes: An Assessment of the Accuracy of Gender Stereotypes

The accuracy of people's stereotypes about gender differences was assessed in 2 studies by comparing perceptions of sizes of gender differences with meta-analytic findings. In Study 1, perceptions of variability among men and women and perceptions of mean differences were incorporated into measures of perceived effect sizes. In Study 2, Ss made direct judgments about the size of gender differences. Contrary to previous assertions about people's gender stereotypes, these studies' findings indicate that people do not uniformly overestimate gender differences. The results show that Ss are more likely to be accurate or to underestimate gender differences than overestimate them, and perceptions of the size of gender differences are correlated with meta-analytic effect sizes
Glycine and uridine prevent d‐galactosamine hepatotoxicity in the rat: Role of kupffer cells

Extrahepatic factors, such as increased gut permeability and bacteria from the gut, have been shown to play a role ind ‐galactosamine toxicity in rats. Because bacterial endotoxin activates Kupffer cells, the purpose of this study was to clarify the role of Kupffer cells in the mechanism ofd‐galactosamine hepatotoxicity in rats and determine whether uridine, a compound that rescues animals fromd‐galactosamine toxicity, affects Kupffer cells. Rats were fed control or glycine (5%) containing diets to prevent Kupffer cell activation or treated with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3, 20 mg/kg) to destroy Kupffer cells selectively before injection ofd‐galactosamine(500 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). d ‐galactosamine caused panlobular focal hepatocellular necrosis, polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, and increased serum transaminases significantly at 24 hours. Dietary glycine or pretreatment with GdCl3prevented these effects.d ‐galactosamine caused a transient increase in circulating endotoxin that was maximal at 1 hour and was blunted significantly by dietary glycine. Additionally, antisera to tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) prevented hepatotoxicity caused byd‐galactosamine. Moreover, apoptosis in hepatocytes caused by d ‐galactosamine occurred before necrosis (6 hours) and was prevented by glycine, GdCl3, TNF‐α antiserum, and uridine. Thus, it was hypothesized that TNF‐α from Kupffer cells causes apoptosis after d ‐galactosamine administration in the rat. Indeed, increases in TNF‐α messenger RNA (mRNA) were detected as early as 2.5 hours after d ‐galactosamine treatment. Previous work proposed that uridine blocksd ‐galactosamine toxicity by preventing inhibition of mRNA synthesis. In view of these results, the possibility that uridine might affect Kupffer cells was investigated. Uridine significantly blunted the increase in [Ca2+]i and release of TNF‐α caused by endotoxin in isolated Kupffer cells and prevented apoptosis caused by d ‐galactosamine treatment in vivo. These data support the hypothesis that uridine preventsd ‐galactosamine hepatotoxicity not only by rescuing the hepatocyte in the late phases of the injury but also preventing TNF‐α release from Kupffer cells thereby blocking apoptosis that occurs early after d ‐galactosamine treatment. Taken together, these data strongly support the role of Kupffer cell activation by endotoxin early after d ‐galactosamine treatment as an important event in the mechanism of hepatotoxicity in the rat.
Application of the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure to Complex Samples of Items.

This Monte Carlo study examined the effect of complex sampling of items on the measurement of differential item functioning (DIF) using the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. Data were generated using a 3PL IRT model according to the balanced incomplete block design used in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The length of each block of items and the number of DIF items in the matching variable were varied, as was the difficulty, discrimination, and presence of DIF in the studied item. Block, booklet, pooled booklet and extra-information analyses were compared to a complete data analysis using the transformed log-odds on the delta scale. The pooled booklet approach is recommended for use when items are selected for examinees according to a BIB design. This study has implications for DIF analyses of other complex samples of items, such as computer administered testing or another complex assessment design.
Do picture‐naming tests provide a valid assessment of lexical retrieval in conversation in aphasia?

Background: Word‐finding problems commonly occur in aphasia and can significantly affect communication. Assessment of this deficit typically involves naming pictures. However, this method has been criticised as lacking ecological validity. Alternative methods include the measurement of lexical retrieval in narration or conversation, although few published studies have quantified word finding in the latter. Aims: We aimed to identify a reliable and valid assessment of lexical retrieval in conversation, and to elucidate the nature of the relationship between lexical retrieval in picture naming and in conversation. Methods and Procedures: We developed a quantitative measure of word finding in conversation in aphasia and established the reliability and stability of the method. We compared the scores of a group of people with aphasia on this measure with their scores on a picture‐naming test. Outcomes and Results: We found significant relationships between picture‐naming scores and a number of key variables analysed in the conversation measure. We propose that scores on picture naming relate to the ability to retrieve nouns in everyday conversation for the people with aphasia who took part in this study. Conclusions: The use of picture‐naming tasks is justified, providing a valid and rich means of assessment of lexical retrieval. Further research is required to replicate these results with more people with aphasia. We offer the quantitative assessment of conversation developed here for use in research and clinical spheres.
Global Calibration of Multiple Cameras Based on Sphere Targets

Global calibration methods for multi-camera system are critical to the accuracy of vision measurement. Proposed in this paper is such a method based on several groups of sphere targets and a precision auxiliary camera. Each camera to be calibrated observes a group of spheres (at least three), while the auxiliary camera observes all the spheres. The global calibration can be achieved after each camera reconstructs the sphere centers in its field of view. In the process of reconstructing a sphere center, a parameter equation is used to describe the sphere projection model. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation are carried out to analyze the factors that affect the calibration accuracy. Simulation results show that the parameter equation can largely improve the reconstruction accuracy. In the experiments, a two-camera system calibrated by our method is used to measure a distance about 578 mm, and the root mean squared error is within 0.14 mm. Furthermore, the experiments indicate that the method has simple operation and good flexibility, especially for the onsite multiple cameras without common field of view.
Females' Response to Males' Beardedness

Preferences of 482 Caucasian female college students for males' beardedness were investigated through a questionnaire. Observed low levels of liking for beardedness contrast markedly with earlier research on other college populations. The influence of region and rurality on political and social conservatism was discussed as a possible explanation for variation among studies of reaction to male beardedness.
New light on the old problem of lithium pre-MS depletion: models with 2D RHD convection

ABSTRACT The T eﬀ location of Pre-Main Sequence (PMS) evolutionary tracks depends on thetreatment ofover-adiabaticity.We present here the PMS evolutionarytrackscomputedby using the mixing length theory of convection (MLT) in which the α MLT = l/H p parameter calibration is based on 2D–hydrodynamical models (Ludwig et al. 1999). These MLT–α 2D stellar models and tracks are very similar to those computed withnon–grey ATLAS9 atmospheric boundary conditions and Full Spectrum of Turbulence(FST) convection model both in the atmosphere and in the interior. The comparisonof the new tracks with the location on the HR diagram of pre–MS binaries is notcompletely satisfactory, as some binary components are located at too low T eﬀ . Be-sides, the pre–MS lithium depletion in the MLT–α 2D tracks is still much larger thanthat expected from the observations of lithium in young open clusters. This result issimilar to that of FST models. Thus, in spite of the fact that 2D RHD models shouldprovide a better convection description than any local model, their introduction is notsuﬃcient to reconcile theory and observations. Lithium depletion in young clusterspoints towards a convection eﬃciency which, in pre–MS, should be smaller than inthe MS. The pre–MS lithium depletion decreases signiﬁcantly in FST models if wereduce the solar metallicity down to the value suggested by Asplund et al. (2004), butthe corresponding solar model does not reproduce the depth of the convective zone asdetermined by helioseismology.Key words: stars: stellar structure; stars: convection; stars: abundances; stars: pre-main sequence
Affective Intonation-Modeling for Mandarin Based on PCA

The speech fundamental frequency (henceforth F0) contour plays an important role in expressing the affective information of an utterance. The most popular F0 modeling approaches mainly use the concept of separating the F0 contour into a global trend and local variation. For Mandarin, the global trend of the F0 contour is caused by the speaker's mood and emotion. In this paper, the authors address the problem of affective intonation. For modeling affective intonation, an affective corpus has been designed and established, and all intonations are extracted with an iterative algorithm. Then, the concept of eigen-intonation is proposed based on the technique of Principal Component Analysis on the affective corpus and all the intonations are transformed to the lower-dimensional eigen sub-space spanned by eigen-intonations. A model of affective intonations is established in the sub-space. As a result, the corresponding emotion (maybe a mixed emotion) can be expressed by speech whose intonation is modified according to the above model. The experiments are performed with the affective Mandarin corpus, and the experimental results show that the intonation modeling approach proposed in this paper is efficient for both intonation representation and speech synthesis.
Pre and post‐test differences between Vietnamese and Latino residents involved in a community policing experiment – Reducing fear of crime and improving attitudes towards the police

To address a persistent crime problem in a large, high crime apartment complex occupied by Latino and Vietnamese immigrants in Garden Grove, California, the local police department opened a storefront office. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact this community policing effort had on the residents of the complex in terms of reducing fear of crime and improving attitudes towards the police. A questionnaire was administered to the residents before opening the storefront office and at the conclusion of the project. Despite group differences, the results revealed that the intervention had a positive impact on both groups. Overall, Latinos reported less fear of crime after the intervention and improved perception of the police. The Vietnamese reported more fear of crime than Latinos (pre and post) but less fear of crime after the intervention. However, their attitudes towards the police, which were very positive on the pretest, did not improve on the post‐test.
Making Sense of Literal and Nonliteral Falsehood

Children's comprehension of literal and nonliteral falsehood was examined to determine (a) the role of memory demands and (b) the role of intonation and the relationship between sentence and speaker meaning in comprehension, in Experiment 1, 5-year-olds' comprehension of sarcasm, errors, and lies was assessed in high- and low-memory-demand conditions. Memory affected only comprehension of errors. In Experiment 2, comprehension of sarcasm, hyperbole, and understatement was assessed in 6-, 8-, and 10-year-olds. These utterances differ in the relationship between sentence and speaker meaning: opposition (sarcasm), exaggeration (hyperbole), and minimization (understatement). Presence of intonation did not facilitate comprehension, hut type of underlying relationship did.
Pre-Teen Drug Users in Scotland

Aim. To compare and contrast those SI pupils in Scotland (typically age 11 to 12) who have initiated illegal drug use with their non-illegal drug using peers. Design. Self-completion school surveys totaling 930 SI pupils. Setting. Dundee, Perth and Kinross, and Lanarkshire, Scotland. Findings. This research has identified that approximately one in ten SI pupils have already initiated illegal drug use in Scotland. Young people who reported using illegal drugs at this early age tended to have started smoking and drinking alcohol at an earlier age than their non-illegal drug using peers and to be both smoking and drinking alcohol at a higher level than those peers. The illegal drug using pupils were much more likely than their peers to have been exposed to illegal drugs, to have been involved in a range of problem behaviours and to have friends who were also involved in a range of problem behaviours. The illegal drug using young people were also much more likely to have someone in their family who was also u.