Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Faster Response Time Analysis of Tasks With Offsets

We present a method that enables an efficient implementation of the approximative response time analysis for tasks with offsets presented by Tindell [7] and Palencia Gutierrez et al. [2]. The method utilises the fact that the interference a transaction imposes on a lower priority task exhibits a periodic and static pattern. This pattern can be pre-computed in a table, reducing the fix-point calculations to a simple lookupup function. We show by simulations that the speed-up is substantial, and for realistically sized task sets, more than 600 times, compared to the original analysis.
Effect of running to exhaustion on skeletal muscle mitochondria: a biochemical study.

TERJUNG, R. L. , K. M. BALDWIN, P. A. MOLI? , G. H. KLINKERFUSS, AND J. 0. HOLLOSZY. Effect of running to exhaustion on skeletal muscle mitochondria: a biochemical study. Am. J. Physiol. 223(3): 549-554. 1972. ~Exercise to the point of exhaustion has been reported to result in damage to skeletal muscle mitochondria. This study was undertaken to evaluate and quantitate, in biochemical terms, any disruption of skeletal muscle mitochondria associated with exercise to exhaustion. Trained rats were run at treadmill speeds between 31 and 60 m/min for approximately 2 hr until they were exhausted. Rectal temperature increased to 41. I C. Muscle and liver glycogen stores were depleted 93 %. The capacity of whole homogenates and of the mitochondrial fraction of leg muscles to oxidize pyruvate was unaffected by the run to exhaustion. Total yield, P : 0 ratios and respiratory control indices of skeletal muscle rnitochondria were high in the exhausted animals and not significantly different from control values. No evidence was found of leakage of soluble enzymes out of muscle mitochondria. Concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate in gastrocnemius muscles were normal 3 min after cessation of exercise. The mitochondria appeared well preserved on electron micrographs of gastrocnemius muscle from the exhausted animals. It is concluded that significant impairment of function of skeletal muscle mitochondria due to disruption does not occur during strenuous exercise to exhaustion.
Childhood family factors predict developmental trajectories of hostility and anger: a prospective study from childhood into middle adulthood

Background Low socio-economic status (SES), and a conflictive, cold and unsupportive family environment in childhood have been associated with early adulthood hostility. However, it is unknown whether this association changes in magnitude with age from childhood to adulthood. We investigated whether childhood family factors (SES and parental child-rearing style) predicted differential development of offspring hostility and anger from early to middle adulthood. Method Between 2041 and 2316 participants (age range 3–18 years at baseline) were selected from the longitudinal Young Finns study. The participants were followed for 27 years between 1980 and 2007. Childhood SES and parent's self-reported child-rearing style were measured twice: at baseline and 3 years after baseline. Hostility and anger were assessed with self-report questionnaires at 12, 17, 21 and 27 years after baseline. Results Low parental SES and hostile child-rearing style at baseline predicted higher mean levels of offspring anger and hostility. Low parental SES and one of the hostile child-rearing style components (strict disciplinary style) became more strongly associated with offspring hostility with age, suggesting an accumulating effect. Conclusions Childhood family factors predict the development of hostility and anger over 27 years and some of these family factors have a long-term accumulating effect on the development of hostility.
A simulation-based assessment of alternative assembly line configurations

The problem of optimally assigning a set of timed tasks (work elements) that compose a production process to workstations, while satisfying precedence constraints, is known as the assembly line balancing (ALB) problem. The ALB problem (and its variants) is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem and for large-scale lines the objective is often reduced to finding feasible solutions. The situation is further exasperated by the time variability inherent in manufacturing tasks. Recent surveys on this field reveal that research efforts are directed primarily towards algorithmic approaches that provide incrementally better deterministic solutions to the ALB problem. Concurrently, the same surveys identify a considerable and widening gap between theoretical developments and actual implementations for assembly line configuration. In this paper, the focus is shifted towards developing a concise framework to assess actual performance under realistic conditions and it is proposed that simulation experiments may better predict the performance and robustness of balancing solutions before they are implemented in practice.
How Deep is Knowledge Tracing?

In theoretical cognitive science, there is a tension between highly structured models whose parameters have a direct psychological interpretation and highly complex, general-purpose models whose parameters and representations are difficult to interpret. The former typically provide more insight into cognition but the latter often perform better. This tension has recently surfaced in the realm of educational data mining, where a deep learning approach to predicting students' performance as they work through a series of exercises---termed deep knowledge tracing or DKT---has demonstrated a stunning performance advantage over the mainstay of the field, Bayesian knowledge tracing or BKT. In this article, we attempt to understand the basis for DKT's advantage by considering the sources of statistical regularity in the data that DKT can leverage but which BKT cannot. We hypothesize four forms of regularity that BKT fails to exploit: recency effects, the contextualized trial sequence, inter-skill similarity, and individual variation in ability. We demonstrate that when BKT is extended to allow it more flexibility in modeling statistical regularities---using extensions previously proposed in the literature---BKT achieves a level of performance indistinguishable from that of DKT. We argue that while DKT is a powerful, useful, general-purpose framework for modeling student learning, its gains do not come from the discovery of novel representations---the fundamental advantage of deep learning. To answer the question posed in our title, knowledge tracing may be a domain that does not require `depth'; shallow models like BKT can perform just as well and offer us greater interpretability and explanatory power.
Stress and quality of life in international and domestic university students: cultural differences in the use of religious coping

Studying overseas entails a number of transitions and challenges, and the present study investigated the strategies international university students use to cope with stressors. Previous research suggests that international students may be more likely than domestic students to draw on religion/spirituality as a source of dealing with stress, but the direct links between stress, religious coping and quality of life are yet to be documented explicitly. A sample of 679 university students in New Zealand completed the quality of life scale WHOQOL-BREF with an additional WHOQOL module used to assess spiritual, religious, and personal beliefs (SRPB). The students also completed the Perceived Stress Scale and the Brief COPE inventory. Irrespective of stress levels encountered or whether participants were international or domestic students, Asian students were more likely to use religious coping strategies than European students. Unlike European students, Asian students’ use of religious coping was effective in improving psychological and social quality of life. The findings also provide support for the main effects hypothesis of religion/spirituality. The present study demonstrates that cultural factors play an important role in the manner in which individuals maintain mental health and quality of life.
Targeted Ablation of Nesprin 1 and Nesprin 2 from Murine Myocardium Results in Cardiomyopathy, Altered Nuclear Morphology and Inhibition of the Biomechanical Gene Response

Recent interest has focused on the importance of the nucleus and associated nucleoskeleton in regulating changes in cardiac gene expression in response to biomechanical load. Mutations in genes encoding proteins of the inner nuclear membrane and nucleoskeleton, which cause cardiomyopathy, also disrupt expression of a biomechanically responsive gene program. Furthermore, mutations in the outer nuclear membrane protein Nesprin 1 and 2 have been implicated in cardiomyopathy. Here, we identify for the first time a role for the outer nuclear membrane proteins, Nesprin 1 and Nesprin 2, in regulating gene expression in response to biomechanical load. Ablation of both Nesprin 1 and 2 in cardiomyocytes, but neither alone, resulted in early onset cardiomyopathy. Mutant cardiomyocytes exhibited altered nuclear positioning, shape, and chromatin positioning. Loss of Nesprin 1 or 2, or both, led to impairment of gene expression changes in response to biomechanical stimuli. These data suggest a model whereby biomechanical signals are communicated from proteins of the outer nuclear membrane, to the inner nuclear membrane and nucleoskeleton, to result in changes in gene expression required for adaptation of the cardiomyocyte to changes in biomechanical load, and give insights into etiologies underlying cardiomyopathy consequent to mutations in Nesprin 1 and 2.
Glycoconjugates of the urodele amphibian testis shown by lectin cytochemical methods

Lectin histochemistry is a useful method that allows the in situ identification of the terminal sugar moieties of the carbohydrates that form the glycoconjugates. Moreover, when it is combined with chemical or enzymatic deglycosylation pretreatments, lectin histochemistry can be employed to determine if carbohydrates are linked to the protein core by means of an N‐ or O‐glycosidic linkage or, indeed, to partially sequence the sugar chains. One of the most interesting model organs for the study of spermatogenesis is the amphibian urodele testis. However, this organ has not been very widely investigated with lectin histochemical research. In the last few years, we have carried out a research project to identify and locate glycoconjugates in the testis of the urodele Pleurodeles waltl, the Spanish newt, as a first approach to identify possible carbohydrates with key roles in spermatogenesis. Our findings reveal some glycan chains located in a fusome‐like structure in early (diploid) germ cells, oligosaccharides with terminal GalNAc in the acrosome, the occurrence of glycan modifications in the acrosomal contents during spermiogenesis, and changes in glycan composition of follicle and interstitial cells during the spermatogenetic cycle. Furthermore, the similar labeling pattern of follicle and duct cells supports the hypothesis for a common origin of both cell types. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:63–76, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cointegration analysis in the presence of flexible trends

Intercept and deterministic trend functions are known to have a substantial e ect on cointegration analysis and notably on the asymptotic distributions of various test statistics In this paper we propose a unifying approach to the analysis of cointegrated vector autoregressions by allowing for a wide class of trend functions Next estimates of these trends are incorporated in the asymptotic distributions of the test statistics This approach allows incorporating elaborate drift functions in cointegration analysis while avoiding the issue of the signicance of the trend these functions give rise to Simulation techniques can yield the appropriate critical values
Human Visual Short-Term Memory Precision Can Be Varied at Will When the Number of Retained Items Is Low

It has been debated whether human visual working memory is limited by the number of items or the precision with which they are represented. In the research reported here, we show that the precision of working memory can be flexibly and willfully controlled, but only if the number of retained items is low. Electroencephalographic recordings revealed that a neural marker for visual working memory (contralateral delay activity, or CDA) that is known to increase in amplitude with the number of retained items was also affected by the precision with which items were retained. However, willfully enhanced precision increased CDA amplitude only when the number of retained items was low. These results show that both the number and the (willfully controlled) precision of retained items constrain visual working memory: People can enhance the precision of their visual working memory, but only for a few items.
Predictors of Threat to Self-Appraisals for Children from Divorced Homes

Abstract This study examined the contribution of variables in the domains of event, child, and family contextual characteristics to predict children's threat to self-appraisals (negative self-evaluation; negative evaluation by others; rejection from others) for negative events. One hundred and forty-three children ages 8–12 and their mothers who experienced divorce participated in two assessments separated by 5.5 months. Children made appraisal ratings for two events. The domain of child characteristics, assessed at Time 1, uniquely predicted Time 2 threat to self-appraisals. Time 2 event characteristics were significantly associated with Time 2 threat to self-appraisals. The family contextual characteristics domain was not a unique predictor. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Kindlin‐2 interacts with endothelial adherens junctions to support vascular barrier integrity

A reduction in Kindlin‐2 levels in endothelial cells compromises vascular barrier function. Kindlin‐2 is a previously unrecognized component of endothelial adherens junctions. By interacting directly and simultaneously with β‐ or γ‐catenin and cortical actin filaments, Kindlin‐2 stabilizes adherens junctions. The Kindlin‐2 binding sites for β‐ and γ‐catenin reside within its F1 and F3 subdomains. Although Kindlin‐2 does not associate directly with tight junctions, its downregulation also destabilizes these junctions. Thus, impairment of both adherens and tight junctions may contribute to enhanced leakiness of vasculature in Kindlin‐2+/− mice.
El ocio como valor en la sociedad actual

Leisure is an unquestionable value in today’s society. In this article we will try to reflect the increasing importance that the free time and leisure are having in our life, based on the results obtained in the European values survey in its implementation in Europe, Spain and the Basque country. It will try to show a comparative overview of the three realities identified, the importance and the meaning of leisure, over time, in a period that ranges from 1999 until 2008.
Stochastic properties of Trichel-pulse corona: A non-Markovian random point process.

The stochastic properties of negative, point-to-plane, Trichel-pulse corona discharges are completely characterized in terms of a set of measured conditional and unconditional discharge pulse-amplitude and pulse-time-separation distributions. The Trichel-pulse phenomenon is shown to be a clear example of a non-Markovian, marked random point process in which memory effects play an important role. Strong correlations are shown to exist among the amplitudes and time separations of successive discharge pulses that indicate how initiation and growth of a discharge pulse are affected by the presence of residual ion space charge and metastable species from previous pulses. The analysis required to assess consistency among the various measured probability distributions is discussed and used to interpret observed variations in distribution profiles. Because of the observed dependence of discharge pulse amplitude on both the amplitude of and time separation from the previous pulse, memory can propagate indefinitely back in time. The experimental limitations to verifying the extent of memory propagation are analyzed.
Parenting Practices and Aggressive Behavior in Chinese Children

Objective. We examined relations between parental warmth, guidance, and power assertion and child aggressive behavior in Chinese children. Design. A sample of children (N = 68), at 4 years of age, and their parents in P. R. China, participated in the study. Observational data concerning parenting and child compliance were obtained from home visits. Aggressive behavior was assessed in the context of peer interactions in the laboratory. Results. Maternal warmth and guidance were negatively associated with aggression. Parental power assertion was positively associated with aggression. The relations between parenting practices and aggressive behavior might be moderated by the child's characteristics: Whereas maternal warmth was negatively related to aggression mainly for compliant children, paternal positive parenting was negatively related to aggression for noncompliant and defiant children. Finally, maternal power assertion and paternal power assertion interacted with each other in predicting child aggression. Conclusions. The study provided valuable information about functional "meanings" of major parenting dimensions in Chinese culture.
What Students Feel in School Influences the Strategies They Use for Learning: Academic Emotions and Cognitive/Meta-Cognitive Strategies

The aim of this study was to investigate how academic emotions were related to cognitive and metacognitive strategy use. Secondary school students (N = 1,147) participated in this study and answered relevant questionnaires on academic emotions (enjoyment, hope, pride, anger, anxiety, shame, hopelessness, and boredom) and the use of various cognitive (elaboration, organisation, and rehearsal) and metacognitive strategies (planning, monitoring, regulating). Results of the analyses indicated that students who experienced positive emotions were more likely to use different types of cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Negative academic emotions were found to be non-significant predictors of strategy use. Implications are discussed.
Treatment-refractory schizophrenia

Between one-third and one-half of the individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia remain actively ill despite optimal pharmacological treatment. These individuals tend to progressively deteriorate in terms of social and vocational functioning despite major public and private investments in their rehabilitation. For patients who do not respond to the first prescribed antipsychotic drug, current clinical practice is to switch to a second and a third drug, and eventually to clozapine, the only antipsychotic drug proven to be effective in treatment-refractory schizophrenia (TRS). Occasionally, two antipsychotics are given concomitantly or psychotropic drugs are added to antipsychotic drugs; however, very few empirical data exist to support this practice. Although there are many exceptions, patients who do not benefit from the first prescribed drug will not benefit from any pharmacological intervention. Therefore, efforts are under way to determine the reason for lack of response to available treatments and devise novel, more effective treatments. To be successful these efforts must result in a more specific definition of TRS, as well as in a better understanding of the illness pathophysiology and the mechanism of action of the drugs.
Lactic dehydrogenase in normal and leukemia lymphocyte subpopulations: evidence for the presence of abnormal T cells and B cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) was quantitated and the isozyme pattern studied in lymphocyte subpopulations from normal people and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Normal T lymphocytes differed from normal B lymphocytes in having greater total LDH activity (597.2 versus 252.1). Total LDH activity in CLL T cells (347.1) was lower than normal T cells. , but not significantly different than normal B cells. Total LDH activity in CLL B cells (124.6) was lower then normal B cells and normal T cells. The isozyme pattern of normal T lymphocytes showed a higher activity in the LDH-1 band (26.7% versus 5.4%) but showed a lower activity in LDH-5 band (4.3% versus 16.3%) compared to normal B cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia T cells could be distinguished from CLL B cells by a high LDH-5 band (22.3% versus 7.6%) and from normal T cells by a high LDH-5 band (22.3% versus 4.3%) and a low LDH-1 band (7.3% versus 26.7%). CLL B cells could be distinguished from normal B cells by a low LDH-5 band (7.6% versus 16.3%). Thus, the LDH isozyme pattern distinguishes normal T lymphocytes from normal B lymphocytes, and normal T and B lymphocytes from CLL T and B lymphocytes.
How Do Shocks to Non-Cognitive Skills Affect Test Scores?

This paper investigates the extent to which test performance is affected by shocks to non-cognitive skills. 440 students took a low stakes mathematics test. About half of them were exposed to positive affirmation while being given test instructions, whereas the other half served as controls. The students were allocated to 14 tutorials and randomisation was conducted at the tutorial level. Mean comparisons suggest that test scores were raised by the intervention. In particular, students with low maths grades and with self-assessed difficulties in maths gained from the positive affirmation. Results suggest that teachers might increase their students' performance by interventions to their non-cognitive skills. Inference is obtained by four different methods that take into account that randomisation was clustered at the tutorial group level. These methods are evaluated in a Monte Carlo study for data generating processes which resemble actual data. We find that randomisation inference followed by the wild cluster bootstrap have superior size properties compared to conventional approaches.
The Social and Economic Characteristics of American Suburbs

IN THE traditional popular image, "the suburb" is nothing more than the dwelling place of commuters who work in the near-by central city. While it is certainly correct to characterize many outlying subcenters as little more than "bedroom cities," a realistic portrayal must reflect the fact that "dormitory towns are only one species of suburb. " Some suburbs, are literally manufacturing centers, devoted to light or heavy industry, while others are given over to the provision of such specialized services as education or recreation; as such, they represent significant centers of employment, drawing workers from other subcenters and even from the central city itself. Indeed, the range of economic specialization that can be discerned among suburbs is virtually as wide as that observable among other cities. Despite the great variety of suburban functions, however, it has proved useful to distinguish two main types of suburbemploying and residential. This distinction made an early appearance in the literature of urban sociology, notably in the work of Taylor and that of Douglass.2 Subsequent research has demonstrated the utility of this simple dichotomy. Harris has shown that "the commonest types of suburb are housing or dormitory suburbs and manufacturing or industrial suburbs,"3 and it has been further shown that these two basic types differ with respect to a number of important social, economic, and demographic charac-
Pharmacokinetics of drugs in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats and responses to select diuretics

To report (1) the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are mainly metabolized via hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs) or mainly excreted via the urine and bile, (2) the mechanism for the urinary excretion of drugs (such as glomerular filtration or renal active secretion or re‐absorption), and (3) the diuretic effect of some loop diuretics in mutant Nagase analbuminaemic rats (NARs), an animal model for human familial analbuminaemia based on the pharmacokinetics of drugs reported in the literatures.