Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Meanings of Trees: Forest and Identity for the Batek of Pahang, Malaysia

According to the Batek of Pahang, Peninsula Malaysia, if there were no people in the forest, the world would collapse. This position is tantamount to an indigenous concept of environmental guardianship. Guardianship is emergent in people's ongoing interactions with the forest. By focusing on the meanings of trees and forest, I will explore the Batek's view of their role in reproducing the forest. Their focus is not on the physical aspects of the forest but, rather, the relationship that renders that resource apparent. The disengagement of trees from everyday life—to the extent that they must be pushed from human society, specially protected in human-free parks and reserves and so on—has not yet begun for them. The problem is whether these concepts can coexist with official simplifications in resource management.
Phonemic false evaluation: Theoretical and clinical aspects

The phenomenon of phonemic false evaluation has been appreciated since the latter part of the 19th century, when it was first observed that hearers quite often assign speech sounds produced by speakers to phonemic units different from the ones intended by speakers. This speaker-hearer mismatch had occasioned serious problems for the first linguistic analyses of American Indian languages. Early in the 20th century, N. Trubetzkoy coined the term ‘phonemic false evaluation’, and elaborated upon it in his characterizations and comparisons of the phonological systems of a vast array of languages of the world. The present paper is an attempt to show that phonemic false evaluation can represent a stumbling block in the analysis of aphasia, since as we demonstrate, many subphonemic articulatory aberrations produced by aphasic speakers are perceived by hearers as higher level phonemic substitutions—substitutions quite often never intended by the aphasic. The theoretical and diagnostic consequences of phonemic fals.
Word Semantics Is Processed Even without Attentional Effort

We examined the attentional modulation of semantic priming and the N400 effect for spoken words. The aim was to find out how the semantics of spoken language is processed when attention is directed to another modality (passive task), to the phonetics of spoken words (phonological task), or to the semantics of spoken words (word task). Equally strong behavioral priming effects were obtained in the phonological and the word tasks. A significant N400 effect was found in all tasks. The effect was stronger in the word and the phonological tasks than in the passive task, but there was no difference in the magnitude of the effect between the phonological and the word tasks. The latency of the N400 effect did not differ between the tasks. Although the N400 effect had a centroparietal maximum in the phonological and the word tasks, it was largest at the parietal recording sites in the passive task. The effect was more pronounced at the left than right recording sites in the phonological task, but there was no laterality effect in the other tasks. The N400 effect in the passive task indicates that semantic priming occurs even when spoken words are not actively attended. However, stronger N400 effect in the phonological and the word tasks than in the passive task suggests that controlled processes modulate the N400 effect. The finding that there were no differences in the N400 effect between the phonological and the word tasks indicates that the semantics of attended spoken words is processed regardless of whether semantic processing is relevant for task performance.
Using Information and Communication Technologies in School Administration: Researching Greek Kindergarten Schools

New technologies are widely used in several domains of human activity and business, including education, because of their positive impact on information management and service delivery. Considering technology’s ability to provide for advanced and updated technological tools and applications, information and communication technologies (ICT) have been increasingly incorporated into school administration, in order to improve the organization of official data and to facilitate administrative transactions. This research aims to determine the level of technological infrastructure present in Greek kindergarten schools and also to examine the extent to which this equipment meets their administrative needs, as well as the conditions that influence the implementation of ICT in school management.
Gender, place and entrepreneurship

In this paper it is argued that feminist geographies may contribute to new insights about entrepreneurship. First, the implicit masculinism of conventional entrepreneurship research is challenged. Second, different conceptions of place and gender are explored to demonstrate that the way we conceive of place and gender is crucial to our understanding of entrepreneurship. Third, the interweaving of place, gender and entrepreneurship is focused. It is concluded that when studying entrepreneurs one is studying gendered individuals in gendered places. The difference that place makes to gender relations and entrepreneurship should be taken into account.
Leadership Styles of Wrestling Coaches

Chelladurai and Saleh (1978, 1980) developed the coach's version of the Leadership Scale for Sports which measures coaches' perceptions of the extent to which they provide training and instruction, are democratic, are autocratic, provide social support, and provide positive feedback. We can find only one study (Horne & Carron, 1985) in which this scale has been used to examine the leadership styles of coaches, so normative data are lacking. The purpose of the present study was to assess leadership styles among wrestling coaches, using the scale. The demographic characteristics of the sample of 38 coaches who completed this five-point rating scale are described elsewhere (Dwyer & Fischer, 1988). Briefly, 34 of the coaches were volunteers, their average age was 32.3 yr. (SD = 5.9), and their average coaching experience was 7 . 8 yr. (SD = 4.3). Analysis of the coaches' responses to a shortened, more reliable version of the scale (refer to Dwyer & Fischer, 1988) indicated that the wrestling coaches reported high positive feedback (M = 4.5, SD = .4), high training and instruction (M = 3.9, SD = .5), high social support (M = 3.6, SD = .5), moderately democratic behavior (M = 3.2, SD = .6), and low autocratic behavior (M = 2.3, SD = .4). The psychological profile of this group was very similar to that of the smaller, more heterogeneous group of coaches in the Horne and Carron (1985) study. In this study, the subscale scores for nine coaches from volleyball, basketball, track and field, and swimming were as follows: positive feedback, M = 4.4, SD = . 5; training and instruction, M = 4.0, SD = . 5; social support, M = 3.3, SD = . 6; democratic behavior, M = 3.2, SD = . 6; and autocratic behavior, M = 2.5, SD = . 4. Further research on coaches from different sports is needed to provide a normative data base for the scale.
Science centers and scientific literacy: Promoting a relationship with science

This research explores the perceptions, ideas, and understanding about science of the staff and adult visitors to an interactive science center. Data were collected from 63 staff and 102 visitors through interviews and a survey designed for the study. Visitors' perceptions about science were more limited than those of the Center staff, especially in terms of the nature of science. For example, after their visit, visitors were more likely to think that scientists always agree with each other, that scientific explanations are definite, and that science has the answers to all problems. Staff were more skeptical than visitors about scientists' ability to communicate their work clearly and that scientific knowledge would not be misused. Staff were more positive and confident about their own use of science than were visitors. The research suggests that visitors to the science center have a positive experience, most of them recognize a change in the way they think about science, and this change represents not just learning new knowledge, but a step toward a change in their relationship with science. This outcome is consistent with one of the major roles the staff saw for the Center: that visitors should become more aware of and interested in science, and leave feeling more comfortable with it. Although the staff were very enthusiastic about what they saw as a positive impact on visitors' science-related experience, many also felt there was room for improvement, especially in terms of how the nature of science was portrayed, and the representation of controversial aspects of science. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:706–726, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10030
Assessment of circulating concentrations of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in dogs with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate plasma concentrations of inflammatory mediators in dogs with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome, identify a possible role for these mediators in the syndrome, and investigate the relationship between plasma concentrations of inflammatory mediators and severity of clinical signs. ANIMALS 17 dogs with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome and 10 mesocephalic (control) dogs. PROCEDURES A blood sample was collected once from each dog. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-10, and IL-13 were measured with ELISAs. Nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were determined with a Griess test. For analysis, brachycephalic dogs were categorized into groups depending on weight (small [< 16 kg]) and large [≥ 16 kg]) or on whether they required medical or surgical treatment. RESULTS Compared with control dog values, plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17A were significantly higher in brachycephalic dogs and markedly so for brachycephalic dogs that required surgery; findings for small and large brachycephalic dogs did not differ. A similar pattern of differences between control and brachycephalic dogs was identified for plasma NO concentration. Plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations in control and brachycephalic dogs did not differ. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In brachycephalic dogs, plasma TNF-α, IL-10, IL-13, L-17A, and NO concentrations were higher than values in control dogs and appeared to be associated with disease severity. These variables may be useful as indicators of inflammatory processes associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs.
Relational Maintenance and Inclusion of the Other in the Self: Measure Development and Dyadic Test of a Self-Expansion Theory Approach

This article reports a series of two studies that develop and validate a measure of relational maintenance behavior informed by self-expansion theory. The first study evaluated an initial item pool, identified 11 dimensions of maintenance behavior, and established concurrent/divergent validity with theoretically related constructs. The second study further tested the instrument in a sample of 123 romantic dyads, demonstrating that inclusion of the other in the self (Aron, Mashek, & Aron, 2004) predicts frequency of maintenance behavior in a communally oriented fashion. Additional analysis identified four maintenance dimensions corresponding to dimensions of self-other inclusion in self-expansion theory. These results commend self-expansion theory as a promising direction for future maintenance research and offer a maintenance measure for theoretical development and practical application.
Idiom understanding in people with Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism

PURPOSE: To extend previous research in the development of idiom comprehension by investigating this ability in children with Asperger Syndrome (AS) or with High Functioning Autism (HFA). METHODS: Three groups participated in the study. The first group consisted of 27 children with AS/HFA (mean age 11.3 years) and the other two consisted of typically developing children and adults, respectively. The Comprehension Test of Idiomatic Phrases (CTIP) was administered to all participants. RESULTS: Children with AS/HFA had lower performance compared to the other two groups. No difference was found in the performance between the two typically developing groups. Also, there was no significant correlation between the IQ and the performance for the children with AS/HFA, while positive correlations were revealed between performance and age for the two groups of children. CONCLUSION: The results provide further evidence that children with AS/HFA have difficulties in understanding idioms and they confirm their tendency to make literal interpretations. These impairments are irrelevant to their intelligence and they affect their communication with others. The understanding of these difficulties is important in order to find ways to limit the confusion and the misinterpretations which are observed during the communicative acts with this clinic group.
Population structure, virulence factors and resistance determinants of invasive, non-invasive and colonizing Streptococcus agalactiae in Poland.

OBJECTIVES To analyse Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus; GBS) isolates collected in Poland from various human infections and carriage in respect of their clonality, distribution of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance determinants, including the detection of transposons involved in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. METHODS One hundred and fourteen GBS isolates were analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), serotyping and detection of alp genes of the alpha-like-protein (Alp) family. Determinants of resistance to macrolides and tetracycline, and associated transposons, were detected by PCR and analysed by sequencing. RESULTS GBS isolates represented 30 different sequence types (STs), grouped in four clonal complexes (CCs), and belonged to seven serotypes. Serotype III was predominant (36.0%), followed by Ia, V, Ib, II, IV and VI. The most common alp genes were rib (26.3%) and alp1/alp5 (23.7%). The bac gene encoding the beta-compound of the surface C-protein was present in 17.5% of isolates. Erythromycin resistance (18.4% of isolates) was found in all CCs, but was associated with serotype V and ST1. The most prevalent determinant of resistance was erm(B), usually located on the Tn3872-like transposon. Several changes were observed in the regulatory region of erm(B), some of them resulting in elevated ketolide MICs. Resistance to tetracycline was ubiquitous (91.2%) and its most common determinant was tet(M), occurring in several variants that were typically carried on Tn916-family transposons. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of bacterial serotypes, alp genes and antimicrobial resistance determinants in the background of MLST-based population structure strengthened evidence of the importance of horizontal gene transfer in GBS evolution.
Prefrontal Cortex Modulation during Anticipation of Working Memory Demands as Revealed by Magnetoencephalography

During the anticipation of task demands frontal control is involved in the assembly of stimulus-response mappings based on current goals. It is not clear whether prefrontal modulations occur in higher-order cortical regions, likely reflecting cognitive anticipation processes. The goal of this paper was to investigate prefrontal modulation during anticipation of upcoming working memory demands as revealed by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Twenty healthy volunteers underwent MEG while they performed a variation of the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) task. Beta band (14–30 Hz) SAM (Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry) analysis was performed. During the preparatory periods there was an increase in beta power (event-related synchronization) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) bilaterally, left inferior prefrontal gyrus, left parietal, and temporal areas. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that, during preparatory states, the prefrontal cortex is important for biasing higher order brain regions that are going to be engaged in the upcoming task.
Multiple Stage Residual Model for Image Classification and Vector Compression

Feature coding is a fundamental issue with many vision tasks, such as image classification, image retrieval and image segmentation, etc. There is no doubt that the encoding procedure leads to information loss, due to the existence of quantization error. The residual vector, defined as the difference between the feature and its corresponding visual word, is the chief culprit to be responsible for the quantization error. Many previous algorithms consider it as a coding issue, and focus on reducing the quantization error by reconstructing the feature with more than one visual word, or by the so-called soft-assignment strategy. In this paper, we consider the problem from a different point of view, and propose an effective and efficient model called multiple stage residual model (MSRM). It makes full use of the residual vector to generate a multiple stage code. MSRM is a hierarchical structure, with the bottom stage producing the coarsest quantization, and the top stage producing the finest quantization. Moreover, our proposed model is a generic framework, which can be built upon many coding algorithms. The interplay of such a coarse-to-fine quantization procedure with a discriminative classifier (e.g., SVM) can improve the classification accuracy of the baseline algorithms significantly. As a special case of MSRM, multiple stage vector quantization (MSVQ) can be directly used for vector compression and approximate nearest neighbor search, and achieves competitive performances with high efficiency.
Impact of Biotic Interferences on Yousmarg Forest Ecosystem, Kashmir

The present investigation of forest ecosystem was undertaken during May 2010 to Dec 2010. The main aim of the study was to analyze the impact of biotic interferences on Yousmarg forest ecosystem. The cumulative effect of the biotic interferences was signif icantly seen in the reduction of vegetation cover. The present study revealed that the prominent factor for the exploitation of the vegetation cover of the study area at herbaceous level is simply the overgrazing. The increasing disturbances not only disturb the plant species diversity, richnes s and evenness significantly but various plant species have been got completely eliminated from grazing area by different kinds of interferences like overgrazing, deforestation, forest fire, tourist impacts etc. It has been observed that about 10 species were absent in the grazing area where as all species were present in the fenced (protected) area . Most of the species have medicinal value like Achillea millefolium, Fragaria nubicola, Taraxacum officinale, Prunella vulgaris, Potentilla reptans, Rumex hastatus, etc. The data showed that the importance value index (IVI) of Pinus wallichiana at all the three sites like Nabrepather, Mashid Nar and Chota Yous of Yousmarg area, gets constantly decrease from protected site to unprotected site while as there is over all decrease in the IVI of other two species like Picea smithana (spruce) and Abies pindrow (fir).
The Conjunction Error and the Representativeness Heuristic

The conjunction error, wherein a compound event is judged to be more likely than is one of its elements considered alone, was tested under conditions in which the compound event joined two unrepresentative (unlikely) events, two representative events, or one representative and one unrepresentative event. A total of 12 problems were used, four replications in each condition, and each of 144 subjects worked two problems. As predicted by the representativeness heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983), the conjunction error was eliminated almost totally by pairing two unrepresentative events (average 7% errors), whereas the pairing of a representative with an unrepresentative event produced a high rate of the conjunction error (average = 72% errors). Pairing two representative events produced a moderate rate of the conjunction error (average = 24% errors). The results are interpreted as being consistent with the representativeness-heuristic view of the conjunction error and support Tversky and Kahneman's claim th.
Acceptable and Unacceptable Immigrants: How Opposition to Immigration in Britain is Affected by Migrants' Region of Origin

Comparative European research has established that public opposition to immigration is widespread and politically important. However, most existing research has suffered from a serious methodological shortcoming: it employs aggregate measures of attitudes to immigrants, which do not distinguish between different migrant groups. This paper corrects this shortcoming by examining disaggregated British attitudes to migration from seven different regions. I find evidence for a consistent hierarchy of preferences between immigrant groups, with white and culturally more proximate immigrant groups less opposed than non-white and culturally more distinct immigrants. The differences in attitudes to the various migrant groups are very large, calling into question the reliability of analyses which employ aggregate measures of attitudes to immigration. Both total opposition to migration and discrimination between migrant groups decline during the period examined. This is the result of large generational differences in attitudes to immigrants, which are in turn the consequence of cohort differences in education levels, ethnic diversity and, in particular, value orientations. Younger Britons, who are on average less authoritarian and ethnocentric, oppose immigration less and regard different immigrant groups more equally.
Origin of supposedly biogenic magnetite in the Martian meteorite Allan Hills 84001

Crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) and periclase (MgO) in Fe-Mg-Ca carbonate in the Martian meteorite Allan Hills 84001 were studied by using transmission electron microscopy to understand their origin and evaluate claims that the magnetites were made by Martian microorganisms. In magnesian carbonate, periclase occurs as aggregates of crystals (grain size ≈3 nm) that are preferentially oriented with respect to the carbonate lattice. Larger periclase crystals ≈50 nm in size are commonly associated with voids of similar size. Periclase clearly formed by precipitation from carbonate as a result of partial decomposition and loss of CO2. Magnetite occurs in more ferroan carbonate, and, like periclase, it is associated with voids and microfractures and the two oxides may be intermixed. Magnetite nanocrystals that are commonly euhedral and entirely embedded in carbonate are topotactically oriented with respect to the carbonate lattice, showing that they formed as solid-state precipitates. Magnetites in Fe-rich carbonate rims are not well oriented. These magnetites are generally more irregular in shape and diverse in size than the euhedral variety. All occurrences of magnetite and periclase are entirely consistent with in situ growth by solid-state diffusion as a result of carbonate decomposition during impact heating. Biogenic sources should not be invoked for any magnetites.