Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Opioid receptor activation is one factor underlying the frequency dependence of mossy fiber LTP induction

The contribution of high-frequency synaptic activity to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the opioid peptide-containing mossy fiber projection was investigated in vivo in anesthetized rats. Because high-frequency mossy fiber activity is essential for both the release of opioid peptides and the induction of mossy fiber LTP, we investigated whether the activation of opioid receptors underlies the requirement of sustained high-frequency mossy fiber activity for LTP induction. Mossy fiber responses were found to have a distinct threshold for the number of 100 Hz pulses necessary to induce LTP, with bursts of 25–30 pulses being the minimum for LTP induction. Application of 1 nmol of the mu-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO to the CA3 region potentiated mossy fiber responses, but, unlike for mossy fiber LTP, this potentiation could be reversed by mu-opioid receptor antagonist CTOP. Stimulation of the mossy fibers with either a single burst of 15 pulses at 100 Hz or application of 100 pmol of DAMGO was ineffective in potentiating mossy fiber responses. However, delivery of a 15 pulse burst 10 min following DAMGO application was effective in potentiating mossy fiber responses. This potentiation was not reversed by CTOP and it occluded stimulation-induced LTP, suggesting that brief bursts delivered in the presence of DAMGO had induced mossy fiber LTP. The release of opioid peptides and the resulting activation of mu-opioid receptors is suggested as one factor that underlies the requirement of sustained high-frequency stimulation for the induction of mossy fiber LTP. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Notice of RetractionTemporal characteristics of tropopause over Wuhan and Haikou

The temporal characteristics of local tropopause are derived from the routine radiosonde data obtained at Wuhan (30.5° N, 114° E)and Haikou ( 20°N, 114°E ) from 2000 to 2004. The annual variations of temperature, altitude and potential temperature of tropopause are compared with those over a tropical site. The tropopause height of both site reach maximum in summer and minimum in winter, but inverse trends can be found between these two sites for their tropopause temperature. The annual variation of tropopause height and temperature from Haikou is similar as that of Truk, a tropical site.
DNA Load Analysis Using Real Time PCR In Comparison With Immunohistochemical Findings of Dry Type Cutaneous Leishmaniasis; Before and After Treatment by Imiquimod,Glucantime and Combination of Both Drugs

Background and Objectives: Kerman Province, especially city of Bam in the southeast part of Iran, is epidemics for dry type cutaneous leishmaniasis (DTCL). This study was conducted to compare the effect of different treatments on parasite DNA load following therapies using Real-Time PCR method. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients were divided into three groups under therapy with intralesional meglumine antimoniate, topical imiquimod and combination of both drugs. After obtaining consent from patients, punch biopsies were taken before and after treatment . To compare the amount of DNA load a relative quantitative Real-Time PCR method was designed and set up using Leishmania tropica ITS (internal transcribed spacer) gene. After doing PCR, the obtained results were analyzed using 2^-ΔΔC t method and relativity of DNA load before and after treatment
The interaction between motion and form in expression recognition

Faces are a powerful and versatile communication channel. Physically, facial expressions contain a considerable amount of information, yet it is clear from stylized representations such as cartoons that not all of this information needs to be present for efficient processing of communicative intent. Here, we use a high-fidelity facial animation system to investigate the importance of two forms of spatial information (connectivity and the number of vertices) for the perception of intensity and the recognition of facial expressions. The simplest form of connectivity is point light faces. Since they show only the vertices, the motion and configuration of features can be seen but the higher-frequency spatial deformations cannot. In wireframe faces, additional information about spatial configuration and deformation is available. Finally, full-surface faces have the highest degree of static information. The results of two experiments are presented. In the first, the presence of motion was manipulated. In the second, the size of the images was varied. Overall, dynamic expressions performed better than static expressions and were largely impervious to the elimination of shape or connectivity information. Decreasing the size of the image had little effect until a critical size was reached. These results add to a growing body of evidence that shows the critical importance of dynamic information for processing of facial expressions: As long as motion information is present, very little spatial information is required.
Colorful Image Colorizations Supplementary Material

This document is divided into three sections. Section 2 adds some clarifications regarding filtering grayscale images from the dataset, along with additional details about the network architecture. Section 3 contains a discussion of our algorithm in comparison to Cheng et al. [1]. Section 4 contains a more detailed explanation of the VGG category analysis presented in Section 4.1 and Figure 8 of the paper, along with an additional analysis on common category confusions after recolorization.
A G ] 2 J un 2 00 3 The Hodge theory of algebraic maps

This paper investigates the Hodge theory of proper algebraic maps f : X → Y of complex algebraic varieties and its topological implications. The key case is when X and Y are projective and X is nonsingular. In this case, it is shown that the map endows the rational cohomology of X with a filtration (the perverse filtration) by Hodge sub-structures. The choice of ample line bundles η on X and A on Y gives rise to a double, Lefschetz-type, direct sum decomposition of the graded spaces (the perverse cohomology groups) associated with the perverse filtration. Each primitive summand is shown to be naturally polarized by a suitable bilinear form stemming from the Poincaré pairing on X. This result is a generalization of the classical HodgeRiemann Bilinear Relations for the primitive cohomology of a projective manifold. The relevant graded pieces of the rational singular homology of the fibers of f are shown to be Hodge sub-structures of the part of the perverse cohomology groups which is primitive with respect to the pull-back of A to X , thus generalizing the Grauert-Mumford criterion on the negative definiteness of the intersection matrix of contractible curves on surfaces. From these results we derive a Hodge-theoretic and direct proof of the so-called Decomposition Theorem of Beilinson, Bernstein, Deligne and Gabber for proper maps of complex algebraic varieties, which does not rely on either arithmetic, or D-modules techniques.
Polyphenol Rich Extract of Garcinia pedunculata Fruit Attenuates the Hyperlipidemia Induced by High Fat Diet

Fatty foods, the most common diet today are the crux of many metabolic disorders which need urgent attention. Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. (GP, Clusiaceae) is a plant found available in Northeast (NE) region of India, is considered to have versatile therapeutic properties. The people of this region has been using dried pulp of GP fruit for the treatment of different stomach related diseases traditionally. This study aimed at evaluating the potential therapeutic action of the polyphenol-rich methanolic extract of the fruit in experimental induced obese rats. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of GP extracts, i.e., fruit extract (GF) and seed extract (GS) were determined by using various methods viz., 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and α-glucosidase inhibition assay for detection of antihyperglycemic activity. In vivo antilipidemic and antiobesity activities were evaluated by administrating oral dose of GF for 60 days on a high-fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia in the rat. GF showed higher antioxidant activity than GS by DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 4.01 μg/ml), ABTS•+ (IC50 = 0.82 μg/ml), NBT (IC50 = 0.07 μg/ml) and also showed notable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 19.26 μg/ml). Furthermore, GF treated rat revealed a reduction in the body weight (~60%), serum total cholesterol (33%), triglycerides (32%), low-density lipoprotein (38%) and liver biomarker enzymes after 60 days HFD fed animals. Simultaneously, GF supplementation significantly protected the HFD induced changes in hematological parameters. Histological observations clearly differentiate the structural changes in liver of HFD and GF treated group. This novel dietary lipid adsorbing agent of GF exhibited prevention of hyperlipidemia induced by HFD in the rat.
High levels of interspecific gene flow in an endemic cichlid fish adaptive radiation from an extreme lake environment

Studying recent adaptive radiations in isolated insular systems avoids complicating causal events and thus may offer clearer insight into mechanisms generating biological diversity. Here, we investigate evolutionary relationships and genomic differentiation within the recent radiation of Alcolapia cichlid fish that exhibit extensive phenotypic diversification, and which are confined to the extreme soda lakes Magadi and Natron in East Africa. We generated an extensive RAD data set of 96 individuals from multiple sampling sites and found evidence for genetic admixture between species within Lake Natron, with the highest levels of admixture between sympatric populations of the most recently diverged species. Despite considerable environmental separation, populations within Lake Natron do not exhibit isolation by distance, indicating panmixia within the lake, although individuals within lineages clustered by population in phylogenomic analysis. Our results indicate exceptionally low genetic differentiation across the radiation despite considerable phenotypic trophic variation, supporting previous findings from smaller data sets; however, with the increased power of densely sampled SNPs, we identify genomic peaks of differentiation (FST outliers) between Alcolapia species. While evidence of ongoing gene flow and interspecies hybridization in certain populations suggests that Alcolapia species are incompletely reproductively isolated, the identification of outlier SNPs under diversifying selection indicates the radiation is undergoing adaptive divergence.
THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE STRATEGY AND REGULATION ON THE RISK OF ELECTRIC UTILITIES

Very little is known about the influences of corporate strategy and regulation on the risk of regulated firms. The current study addresses this gap by examining the relationship among the level of diversification, the regulatory environment, and risk levels of regulated electric utility companies. Results suggest that both the regulatory environment and level of diversification impact firm risk. Specifically, the regulatory environment in which a firm operates moderates the relationship between diversification and risk. Electric utilities operating in the least favorable regulatory environments benefited the most from diversification in terms of risk reduction, while electric utilities in the most favorable regulatory environments experienced increases in risk from diversification. These findings extend previous studies by showing how both the regulatory environment and corporate strategy impact the risk of regulated utilities.
The Antioxidant Profiles, Lysosomal and Membrane Enzymes Activity in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis

Oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, play an important role in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. The study was aimed to assess the degree of the pro/antioxidative imbalance and estimate which antioxidant plays a role in the maintenance of pro/antioxidative balance during acute pancreatitis. The study was investigated in the blood of 32 patients with acute pancreatitis and 37 healthy subjects. IL-6 concentration as early marker of inflammation was determinated. The intensity of oxidative stress was assessed by TBARS concentration. To investigate antioxidative status, the GPx and Cu/Zn SOD activities and the levels of GSH, MT, SH groups, and TRAP were measured. The concentrations of Cu and Zn as ions participating in the maintenance of antioxidant enzymes stability and playing a role in the course of disease were determinated. The activities of GGT, AAP, NAG, and β-GD as markers of tissue damage were also measured. An increase in IL-6 concentration, which correlated with Ranson criteria, and an increase in GPx activity, levels of MT, TBARS, or GGT, and NAG activities in patients group compared to healthy subjects were demonstrated. A decrease in GSH level in patients group compared to control group was noted. The studies suggest that GPx/GSH and MT play the role of the first line of defence against oxidative stress and pro/antioxidant imbalance in the course of acute pancreatitis.
Dirac Sea for Bosons Also and SUSY for Single Particles(Frontiers of Quantum Physics)

We consider the long standing problem in field theories of bosons that the boson vacuum does not consist of a 'sea', unlike the fermion vacuum. We show with the help of supersymmetry considerations that the boson vacuum indeed does also consist of a sea in which the negative energy states are all "filled", analogous to the Dirac sea of the fermion vacuum, and that a hole produced by.the annihilation of one negative energy boson is an anti-particle. This might be formally coped with by introducing the notion of a double harmonic oscillator, which is obtained by extending the condition imposed on the wave function. Next, we present an attempt to formulate the supersymmetric and relativistic quantum mechanics utilizing the equations of motion.
ER‐mediated phagocytosis: myth or reality?

Dear Editor, In a manuscript by Touret et al. [1], published in the present issue, the authors oppose a so-called " conventional model " of phagocytosis involving the plasma membrane (PM) and early endosomes to an " endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mediated " model, where the ER is the sole source of initial membrane for the formation of phagosomes. We argue that none of these models integrate accurately the sum of knowledge acquired in the last few years on membrane trafficking events during phagocytosis. Moreover, the ER-mediated model shown certainly does not represent our current view. It would have been more appropriate to present as a conventional model the original concept derived from Elie Metchnikoff's observations, where the PM is the sole source of membrane, and the alternative view is that other organelles, including various endo-cytic organelles and ER, also contribute membrane, as proposed recently [2]. Indeed, the seminal work of Metchnikoff at the end of the 19th century led to the proposal that phagosomes were formed by the invagination of the PM. For over a century, this prevailing view was unchallenged. However, it appeared to many scientists that the use of the cell surface might waste an important membrane to form a compartment destined for degradation and that in some conditions, the membrane needed to form phagosomes was exceeding the actual cell surface, implying that membranes from endovacuolar organelles might participate directly in the formation of phagosomes. It is only in the last few years that evidence for the contribution of several organelles in the formation of phagosomes at the cell surface, including recycling and late endosomes, was provided in the Touret et al. [1] paper. More recently, we and others [3, 4] presented a significant body of evidence indicating that ER is also directly involved in the formation of nascent phagosomes. Although the functional advantage of using recycling or early endosome membranes for the formation of phagosomes is still unclear, the contribution of ER led to the proposal that ER-mediated phagocytosis must confer functional properties, enabling phagosomes to play a direct role in the processing and presentation of exogenous peptides on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules , a process referred to as cross-presentation [2]. Following this proposal, three independent studies published simultaneously confirmed that phagosomes, in macrophages and den-dritic cells, were competent organelles for cross-presentation [5–7]. In the Touret et al. [1] manuscript, the authors challenge the idea that …
Effects of moderate hypertension on cardiac function and metabolism in the rabbit.

To study the early effects of hypertension on the heart, we examined isolated hearts from rabbits with slowly developing hypertension of up to 64 weeks in duration after unilateral nephrectomy and renal artery stenosis. Normotensive animals kept under identical conditions served as controls. Mean arterial blood pressure rose from 83 to 155 mm Hg in the hypertensive group of longest duration, but the ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight was not different between the experimental and control groups. Although left ventricular hypertrophy was not present, left ventricular peak systolic pressure of perfused hearts was significantly higher in hypertensive than in normotensive hearts. Furthermore, while in hypertensive hearts the left ventricular end-diastolic volume was increased, the peak systolic pressure did not respond to an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Functional changes were accompanied by metabolic changes in the left ventricle. Rates of glucose utilization were increased and rates of ketone body utilization were decreased in hypertensive hearts. Activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism (phosphorylase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase) were increased, while those of ketone body metabolism (3-oxoacid-CoA transferase, acetoacetyl-CoA synthase) were decreased and those of the citric acid cycle (citrate synthase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase) were not different between groups. In summary, moderate hypertension for a period of more than 1 year resulted in functional and metabolic changes of the left ventricle in hypertensive animals that were already manifest at 8 weeks of hypertension. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Higher education and lifelong learners : international perspectives on change

Part I: Introduction: Comparative Perspectives 1. Traditions and New Directions in Higher Education: a Comparative Perspective on Non-traditional Students and Lifelong Learners Part II: Europe 2. Austria: the Enduring Myth of the Full-time Student: an Exploration of the Reality of Participation Patterns in Austrian Universities 3. Germany: Non-traditional Students in German Higher Education: Situation, Profiles, Policies and Perspectives 4. Ireland: Adult Learners and Non-traditional Students in Irish Higher Education 5. Sweden: Non-traditional Students in Higher Education in Sweden: from Recurrent Education to Lifelong Learning 6. The United Kingdom: Redefining the Non-traditional Student: Equity and Lifelong Learning in British Higher Education, 1985 - 2000 Part III: North America 7. Canada: Higher Education and Lifelong Learning in Canada: Re-interpreting the Notions of 'Traditional' and 'Non-traditional' Students in the Context of a 'Knowledge Society' 8. The United States: Heterogeneity of the Student Body and the Meaning of 'Non-traditional' in US Higher Education Part IV: Australia, Japan and New Zealand 9. Australia: Higher Education and Lifelong Learning: an Australian Perspective 10. Japan: from Traditional Higher Education to Lifelong Learning: Changes in Higher Education in Japan 11. New Zealand: the Impact of Market Forces in the Quest for Lifelong Learning in New Zealand Universities
Views of students regarding problems encountered in postgraduate education: a phenomenological research

High-quality manpower is needed greatly in development process. A successful and qualified postgraduate education is rather important for especially underdeveloped and developing countries in order to raise this manpower that is highly needed. Due to these reasons, there is a need for giving importance to postgraduate education and solving the problems in the field (Sevinç, 2001). In this study, it is aimed to determine the problems that the individuals studying postgraduate education at Institute of Education Sciences encounter and to offer solutions concerning the problems encountered. In this study, qualitative research method and phenomenological research was used. The participants studied postgraduate education in different majors and departments in the Institute of Education Sciences at a state university Data of the study was collected with semi-structured interview schedule designed by the researchers. The data collected in the study were analyzed by content analysis technique. The study findings revealed that postgraduate students had mainly problems of foreign language and Academic Personnel and Postgraduate Education Entrance Exam (ALES), problems of getting permission from their institution or school, communication problem with thesis supervisor and problem of toilsomeness of thesis writing process. In the conclusion section, recommendations regarding the problems encountered by students in postgraduate education are made.
Lumps and Clusters in Duopolistic Investment Games: An Early Exercise Premium Approach

This paper investigates strategic investment policies in a duopolistic continuous-time real options game. Our contribution is twofold, economic and methodological. The former is the recognition that, under fixed costs of investment and time-to-build, a firm's exercise of its capital-replacement option leads to a significant temporary reallocation of the firm's revenues to its competitor. The latter is the introduction of the early exercise premium representation as a valuable device for the characterization of optimal exercise policies in real options games. Assuming exogenous firm roles, we find that (i) as the leader installs its newly purchased capital, the follower's optimal investment policy displays a markedly convex and monotonically decreasing pattern over time, which finds its justification in the temporary transfer of the leader's consumer demand to its competitor, and (ii) once the leader has completed its investment process, the follower's trigger boundary -- i.e., the level of market demand that renders capital replacement optimal -- is time-independent. Moreover, we demonstrate that the follower's willingness to delay investment is enhanced by a longer time-to-build and a more volatile market demand, while it is weakened by a higher quality improvement upon replacement and by a higher expected growth in market demand. Finally, we study the probability that the follower mimics the leader's decision within the leader's time-to-build window. We conclude that, while a higher quality advancement upon investment and a higher growth rate in market demand make it more likely for the follower to exercise its investment option promptly, a higher market uncertainty and a longer time-to-build alter the probability of an investment cluster non-monotonically.