Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the variability of static carbon dioxide storage capacity estimates through integrated analysis of reservoir structure, aquifer performance and thermodynamic behaviour : case studies from three depleted triassic gas fields on the UK continental shelf

Evaluation of the variability of theoretical and effective CO2 storage capacity estimation within depleted gas reservoirs is dependent on the integrated analysis of reservoir structure, aquifer performance and thermodynamic behaviour. Four published theoretical CO2 storage capacity methods and one effective method have been used to estimate the capacity and variability of two Triassic depletion drive reservoirs and two Triassic water drive reservoirs located within the UK Southern North Sea and East Irish Sea Basin. Input parameters to the storage capacity equations have shown a degree of natural variability whereas others are more accurately constrained. As such, attempts have been made to more accurately constrain the most variable input parameters. The geometric, petrophysical and production characteristics of the reservoirs are analysed. Material balance methods are used to assess the reservoir drive mechanism of the reservoirs. If reservoirs are found to experience a water drive, the aquifer strength is estimated. The gas compressibility factor, gas formation volume factor and CO2 density is estimated under initial reservoir temperature conditions using six equations of state for comparison of results. These results are then input to storage capacity equations producing a range of estimates. The most susceptible parameter to variability was the cumulative volume of water influx to a reservoir, We. Variability was also found to be the result of error in estimation of the original gas in place. As such, the water drive reservoirs made further use of aquifer modelling to achieve more precise estimates of OGIP and We. The effective capacity coefficients for the various reservoirs have been estimated to assess the proportion of pore space available for CO2 storage. The effective CO2 storage capacity constitutes a fraction of the theoretical CO2 storage capacity which ranges between 0 (no storage possible) and 1 (all theoretically accessible pore volume is occupied by CO2). Overall, it was found that depletion drive reservoirs have the potential to store greater volumes of CO2 than water drive reservoirs whose aquifer waters occupy the newly liberated pore space.
Effect of Perilla frutescens var. acuta Kudo and rosmarinic acid on allergic inflammatory reactions

Allergy is characterized by an overreaction of the immune system. Perilla frutescens leaf extract has been reported to exhibit antiallergic inflammatory activity. To investigate precisely the effect and mechanism of 30% ethanol extract powder of P. frutescens var. acuta Kudo (EPPF) and rosmarinic acid (RA), a component of EPPF in allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis, the antiallergic effects of EPPF and RA were analyzed using in vivo and in vitro models. Cytokine production was analyzed by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytokine expression was analyzed via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Transcription factor and caspase-1 activity were analyzed by a luciferase assay and caspase-1 assay, respectively. The number of nasal, ear and eye rubs after an ovalbumin (OVA) challenge in OVA-sensitized mice was significantly higher than that in OVA-unsensitized mice. Increased number of rubs was inhibited by administration of EPPF or RA. Increased levels of IgE in the serum, spleen and nasal mucosa of OVA-sensitized mice were reduced by EPPF or RA administration. The histamine level was also reduced by EPPF or RA administration in the serum of OVA-sensitized mice. Protein levels and mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were inhibited by EPPF or RA administration in the nasal mucosa tissue or spleen of OVA-sensitized mice. In EPPF or RA-administered mice, the mast cell and eosinophil infiltration increase as caused by OVA-sensitization was decreased. In addition, EPPF or RA inhibited both cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression and caspase-1 activity in the same nasal mucosa tissue. In activated human mast cells, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/Rel A and caspase-1 activation increased, whereas NF-κB/Rel A and caspase-1 activation was inhibited after a treatment of EPPF or RA. These results indicate that EPPF and RA ameliorate allergic inflammatory reactions such as allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
Paleoseismology of the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China

The northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains consists of three rows of Cenozoic EW-striking fold and reverse fault zones, with en echelon right-lateral steps. The southernmost row involves sediments as young as lower Pleistocene, but there is no evidence of activity along this row during the last 30,000 years. The central row is composed of three linear anticlines (Houerguos, Manas, and Tugulu) and associated reverse faults. The northernmost row includes the Dushanzi, Halaande, and Anjihai anticlines and their associated reverse faults. Abundant fault scarps and folds of late Pleistocene to Holocene river terraces across the anticlines within the central and the northernmost rows indicate recent folding and reverse faulting. We divide the northern piedmont into the Dushanzi and Manas fold and reverse fault zone. In the Dushanzi zone, we excavated 15 trenches across scarps controlled by reverse faults and back thrusts. By comparing 11 trench logs among the 15 trenches, we identify three paleoearthquakes since 13,000 years B.P. The first event occurred between 11,300 and 13,300 years B.P., and the second and the third events occurred 6300–8400 and 3000–5000 years B.P., respectively. Considering the uncertainties of the data, the average recurrence interval for large earthquakes in the Dushanzi zone is about 4000 years. A large earthquake along this zone is expected in the near future because the elapsed time since the last surface-rupturing event is already 3000–4000 years. Three large trenches and several small trenches excavated across the fault scarps along the Manas fold and reverse fault zone reveal four events. The first, second, and third events occurred at 18,000–13,000 years B.P., 11,300–10,500 years B.P., and 6900–3600 years B.P., respectively. The fourth, the latest one, is the 1906 M = 7.7 Manas earthquake. Field investigation suggests that the 1906 Manas earthquake occurred along a blind thrust fault. This earthquake formed three discontinuous zones of fresh surface ruptures, the longest of which is only 8 km long along the eastern segment of the Tugulu reverse fault, and was associated with a zone of uplift 130 km long related to the Manas earthquake. The average recurrence interval along this zone is probably 5000–6000 years. Therefore it is unlikely that a large earthquake will occur along this zone in the near future because the Manas earthquake occurred only 89 years ago.
Numerically Simulating Seawall Overtopping

Developments in computational modelling of storm waves propagating in the coastal surf zone and overtopping at sea walls and related structures is reported. The AMAZON suite of 1D and 2D Plan shallow water models are used for the calculations. The models employ a modern Riemann-based upwind scheme in a finite volume form for use on boundary-conforming meshes. Sea wall structures are approximately represented using a steep bed slope. Breaking waves are modelled as steep moving fronts represented by bore waves. Comparisons with measured data show good agreement for sloping sea walls. Results are presented for the effects of wave obliquity on overtopping discharges including cases involving Mach stem formation. For vertical and recurved sea walls, an accurate model of wave breaking is required.
Towards a White Box Approach to Automated Algorithm Design

To date, algorithms for real-world problems are most commonly designed following a manual, adhoc, trial & error approach, making algorithm design a tedious, time-consuming and costly process. Recently, Programming by Optimization (PbO) has been proposed as an alternative design paradigm in which algorithmic choices are left open by design and algorithm configuration methods (e.g. ParamILS) are used to automatically generate the best algorithm for a specific use-case. We argue that, while powerful, contemporary configurators limit themselves by abstracting information that can otherwise be exploited to speed up the optimization process as well as improve the quality of the resulting design. In this work, we propose an alternative white box approach, reformulating the algorithm design problem as a Markov Decision Process, capturing the intrinsic relationships between design decisions and their respective contribution to overall algorithm performance. Subsequently, we discuss and illustrate the benefits of this formulation experimentally.
Role of microglia in embryonic neurogenesis

Microglia begin colonizing the developing brain as early as embryonic day 9, prior to the emergence of neurons and other glia. Their ontogeny is also distinct from other central nervous system cells, as they derive from yolk sac hematopoietic progenitors and not neural progenitors. In this review, we feature these unique characteristics of microglia and assess the spatiotemporal similarities between microglia colonization of the central nervous system and embryonic neurogenesis. We also infer to existing evidence for microglia function from embryonic through to postnatal neurodevelopment to postulate roles for microglia in neurogenesis.
Progress in the search for circulating biomarkers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Abstract Context: The definitive standard for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is clinico-pathological correlation, but frequently the only laboratory abnormality is an elevation of serum aminotransferases. Objective: This has resulted in the search for more specific laboratory biomarkers. Methods: The literature was searched for novel plasma/serum markers of NAFLD. Results: Studies reviewed here included histologically-confirmed patients presenting some stage of NAFLD and monitored one or more novel serum/plasma biomarkers. Conclusion: The most promising application of some of these novel biomarkers for the detection and quantification of NAFLD and particularly NASH appears to be in the combination of several into diagnostic panels.
Localized Solutions of a Semilinear Parabolic Equation with a Recurrent Nonstationary Asymptotics

We examine the behavior of positive bounded, localized solutions of semilinear parabolic equations $u_t=\Delta u+f(u)$ on $\mathbb{R}^N$. Here $f\in C^1$, $f(0)=0$, and a localized solution refers to a solution $u(x,t)$ which decays to 0 as $x\to\infty$ uniformly with respect to $t>0$. In all previously known examples, bounded, localized solutions are convergent or at least quasi-convergent in the sense that all their limit profiles as $t\to\infty$ are steady states. If $N=1$, then all positive bounded, localized solutions are quasi-convergent. We show that such a general conclusion is not valid if $N\ge 3$, even if the solutions in question are radially symmetric. Specifically, we give examples of positive bounded, localized solutions whose $\omega$-limit set is infinite and contains only one equilibrium.
Comment on ``Surface layers on ice'' by C. A. Knight

The term surface melting refers to the melting of a layer of fluid on the surface of a solid at temperatures below the bulk melting point of the solid. It is an equilibrium phenomenon, well established (as shown below) both experimentally and theoretically on a wide range of solids. The melted material is liquidlike, and the surface-melted or disordered region is often called a "quasi-liquid layer" (QLL). The existence of a QLL at equilibrium can be understood by consideration of a thought experiment in which a fresh solid/ vapor interface is created on a solid at a temperature T below the bulk melting temperature (by cleaving the solid, for instance). (We consider here a one-component system, as does K.) In this thought experiment, the solid, or crystal, structure is intact up to the surface in the first instant after the new surface is created. The system free energy consists of a volume term and a term proportional to the surface area. We ask under what conditions the evolution to equilibrium requires formation of a QLL. Let us imagine that a QLL of depth h exists on the surface. Let the surface area be A and the depths of the solid (vapor) layers be L,(L,,), where the subscripts "s" and "v" refer to solid and vapor phases. Let the surface free energy per unit area be %,,(h). Since the pressure is not uniform in this system, it is convenient to express the conditions of mechanical and thermodynamic equilibrium in terms of the grand potential, 12 -= F G, where F(G) are the Helmholtz (Gibbs) free energies. 12 = -p l/ + 3,A in each phase of surface area A, surface energy % pressure p, and volume V. Let the pressure in the bulk phases be p and let that in the surface-melted layer be p'. We have
Cross-Validation and the Estimation of Conditional Probability Densities

Many practical problems, especially some connected with forecasting, require nonparametric estimation of conditional densities from mixed data. For example, given an explanatory data vector X for a prospective customer, with components that could include the customer's salary, occupation, age, sex, marital status, and address, a company might wish to estimate the density of the expenditure, Y, that could be made by that person, basing the inference on observations of (X, Y) for previous clients. Choosing appropriate smoothing parameters for this problem can be tricky, not in the least because plug-in rules take a particularly complex form in the case of mixed data. An obvious difficulty is that there exists no general formula for the optimal smoothing parameters. More insidiously, and more seriously, it can be difficult to determine which components of X are relevant to the problem of conditional inference. For example, if the jth component of X is independent of Y, then that component is irrelevant to estimating the density of Y given X, and ideally should be dropped before conducting inference. In this article we show that cross-validation overcomes these difficulties. It automatically determines which components are relevant and which are not, through assigning large smoothing parameters to the latter and consequently shrinking them toward the uniform distribution on the respective marginals. This effectively removes irrelevant components from contention, by suppressing their contribution to estimator variance; they already have very small bias, a consequence of their independence of Y. Cross-validation also yields important information about which components are relevant; the relevant components are precisely those that cross-validation has chosen to smooth in a traditional way, by assigning them smoothing parameters of conventional size. Indeed, cross-validation produces asymptotically optimal smoothing for relevant components, while eliminating irrelevant components by oversmoothing. In the problem of nonparametric estimation of a conditional density, cross-validation comes into its own as a method with no obvious peers.
Combined effect of rifampicin-induced P-glycoprotein expression and lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal sepsis on the effective permeability and pharmacokinetics of an anti-malarial candidate CDRI 97/78 in rats

Abstract 1. The study aimed to investigate the influences on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of an anti-malarial drug 97/78 in rats pretreated with orally administered rifampicin and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 2. In-situ intestinal absorption studies were conducted on rats pretreated with rifampicin and LPS or both to estimate effective permeability (Peff) of 97/78. In-vivo studies were then conducted to explore 97/78 PK profile under these conditions. In-situ studies revealed that Peff value decreased to 64% (2.7 ± 0.6) × 10−4 cm/s in rats pretreated with rifampicin. This decrease was further enhanced very significantly to 4.5% (0.19 ± 0.03) × 10−4 cm/s in rats pretreated both with rifampicin and LPS (p<0.05). For PK studies, it was found that relative bioavailability (RB) was decreased to 22.56% in rifampicin-pretreated rats and to 8.02% in rats pretreated both with rifampicin and LPS. About five-fold decrease was observed in systemic exposure (AUC) of 97/78 in rifampicin-pretreated rats. This decrease was further augmented to 12-fold upon rifampicin and LPS pretreatment. 3. Orally administered rifampicin decreased the concentration of 97/78 in circulation. This decrease was further enhanced significantly to a very low level by LPS-induced intestinal sepsis.
Cripto‐1 Is a Cell Surface Marker for a Tumorigenic, Undifferentiated Subpopulation in Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

Deregulation of stem cells is associated with the generation and progression of malignant tumors. In addition, genes that are associated with early embryogenesis are frequently expressed in cancer. Cripto‐1 (CR‐1), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐linked glycoprotein, is expressed during early embryogenesis and in various human carcinomas. We demonstrated that human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are heterogeneous for CR‐1 expression and consist of two distinct subpopulations: a CR‐1High and a CR‐1Low population. By segregating CR‐1High and CR‐1Low populations of NTERA2/D1 EC cells by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, we demonstrated that CR‐1High cells were more tumorigenic than CR‐1Low cells by an in vitro tumor sphere assay and by in vivo xenograft formation. The CR‐1High population was enriched in mRNA expression for the pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell genes Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. CR‐1 expression in NTERA2/D1 cells was regulated by a Smad2/3‐dependent autocrine loop, by the ES cell‐related transcription factors Oct4/Nanog, and partially by the DNA methylation status of the promoter region. These results demonstrate that CR‐1 expression is enriched in an undifferentiated, tumorigenic subpopulation and is regulated by key regulators of pluripotent stem cells. STEM CELLS 2010;28:1303–1314
Teaching-to-Learn and Learning-to-Teach for Multi-label Propagation

Multi-label propagation aims to transmit the multi-label information from labeled examples to unlabeled examples based on a weighted graph. Existing methods ignore the specific propagation difficulty of different unlabeled examples and conduct the propagationin an imperfect sequence, leading to the error-prone classification of some difficult examples with uncertain labels. To address this problem, this paper associates each possible label with a "teacher", and proposesa "Multi-Label Teaching-to-Learn and Learning-to-Teach" (ML-TLLT) algorithm, so that the entire propagationprocess is guided by the teachers and manipulated from simple examples to more difficult ones. In the teaching-to-learn step, the teachers select the simplest examples for the current propagation by investigating both the definitiveness of each possible label of the unlabeled examples, and the dependencies between labels revealed by the labeled examples. In the learning-to-teach step, the teachers reversely learn from the learner’s feedback to properly select the simplest examples for the next propagation. Thorough empirical studies show that due to the optimized propagation sequence designed by the teachers, ML-TLLT yields generally better performance than seven state-of-the-art methods on the typical multi-label benchmark datasets.
Gender differences in quality of life are minimal in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND Prior investigators have suggested that quality of life differs in men and women with heart failure, especially in the physical functioning domain. The purpose of this study was to compare quality of life in men and women with heart failure to determine if differences exist after controlling for functional status, age, and ejection fraction. METHODS Data from a sample of 640 men and women (50% each) matched on New York Heart Association functional classification and age were used for this secondary analysis. Scores on the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire were compared at baseline and 3 months after enrollment using multivariate techniques with ejection fraction controlled. Treatment group (intervention versus control) was controlled statistically at 3 months because the original data were drawn from experimental and quasi-experimental studies in which an improvement in quality of life had been a goal of the intervention. The sexes differed on marital status, so this variable was controlled in analyses as well. RESULTS In all analyses, quality of life was minimally worse in women compared with men (1-3 points at most). None of the differences reached statistical significance except for emotional quality of life at baseline (P =.03). By 3 months, both men and women reported significantly improved and comparable quality of life and there were no significant differences between them. CONCLUSION Quality of life is similar in men and women with heart failure when functional status, age, ejection fraction, and marital status differences are controlled.
Climate‐driven polar motion

The output of a coupled climate system model provides a synthetic climate record with temporal and spatial coverage not attainable with observational data, allowing evaluation of climatic excitation of polar motion on timescales of months to decades. Analysis of the geodetically inferred Chandler excitation power shows that it has fluctuated by up to 90% since 1900 and that it has characteristics representative of a stationary Gaussian process. Our model-predicted climate excitation of the Chandler wobble also exhibits variable power comparable to the observed. Ocean currents and bottom pressure shifts acting together can alone drive the 14-month wobble. The same is true of the excitation generated by the combined effects of barometric pressure and winds. The oceanic and atmospheric contributions are this large because of a relatively high degree of constructive interference between seafloor pressure and currents and between atmospheric pressure and winds. In contrast, excitation by the redistribution of water on land appears largely insignificant. Not surprisingly, the full climate effect is even more capable of driving the wobble than the effects of the oceans or atmosphere alone are. Our match to the observed annual excitation is also improved, by about 17%, over previous estimates made with historical climate data. Efforts to explain the 30-year Markowitz wobble meet with less success. Even so, at periods ranging from months to decades, excitation generated by a model of a coupled climate system makes a close approximation to the amplitude of what is geodetically observed.
Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age and obstetric history

1 Garry R. The place of subtotal/supracervical hysterectomy in current practice. BJOG 2008;115:1597–600. 2 Lieng M, Qvigstad E, Istre O, Langebrekke A, Ballard K. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy. BJOG 2008;115:1605–10 (Epub 25 August 2008). 3 Esdaile BA, Chalian RA, Del Priore G, Smith JR. The role of supracervical hysterectomy in benign disease of the uterus. J Obstet Gynaecol 2006;26:52–58. 4 Esdaile BA, Chalian RA, Del Priore G, Smith JR. A randomized comparison of total or supracervical hysterectomy: surgical complications and clinical outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:581 (Author reply 582–3. No abstract available).