Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Early Sign Language Acquisition for Deaf Readers

Researchers have used various theories to explain deaf individuals’ reading skills, including the dual route reading theory, the orthographic depth theory, and the early language access theory. This study tested 4 groups of children—hearing with dyslexia, hearing without dyslexia, deaf early signers, and deaf late signers (N = 857)—from 4 countries using both shallow and deep orthographies (American English, Hebrew, German, and Turkish) to evaluate which of these theories best describes variances in deaf children's reading development. Results showed that deaf participants were unlike participants with dyslexia, suggesting that they do not have a phonological processing deficit. Rather, the early language access theory more readily explained the similarities between hearing and deaf early signer participants, stressing the importance of early access to visual language.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Cortical control of eye and head movements: integration of movements and percepts

The cortical control of eye movements is well known. It remains unclear, however, as to how the eye fields of the frontal lobes generate and coordinate eye and head movements. Here, we review the recent advances in electrical stimulation studies and evaluate relevant models. As electrical stimulation is conducted in head‐unrestrained, behaving subjects with the evoked eye and head movements sometimes being indistinguishable from natural gaze shifts, a pertinent question becomes whether these movements are evoked by motor programs or sensory percepts. Recent stimulation studies in the visual cortex and the eye fields of the frontal lobes have begun to bring both possibilities to light. In addition, cognitive variables often interact with behavioral states that can affect movements evoked by stimulation. Identifying and controlling these variables are critical to our understanding of experimental results based on electrically evoked movements. This understanding is needed before one can draw inferences from such results to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying natural and complex movements.
Aquatic Phycomycetes

This volume is a revised, greatly expanded, and thoroughly admirable successor to a first edition (1943) which has been of inestimable value in facilitating the labors and stimulating research among those concerned with various aspects of aquatic microbiology. The present authoritative work is a welcome and imposing addition to biological literature by an investigator internationally renowned for his contributions to our knowledge of aquatic fungi. The logical design of the earlier edition has been retained but much new and valuable information has been poured into the old format. In addition to the inclusion of freshwater and marine Phycomycetes reported since the publication of the first edition, the scope of the treatise has been broadened significantly. Thus, the present volume describes species of Pythium (in key form) and phytophthora known to exist as water molds in natural habitats, genera of the Saprolegniaceae and citation of new taxa described since the publication of Coker (1923) and Coker and Mathews (1937), parasites of desmids belonging to the genus Ancylistes of the Entomophthorales, as well as the names and citations of species of Physoderma which parasitize marsh and aquatic vascular plants. Full descriptions are also given of those members of the Plasmodrophorales which attack aquatic cryptogams. A comprehensive introduction provides a lucid account of various biological aspects of aquatic Phycomycetes. Falling within the purview of this section are discussions of their classification and phylogeny, zoospore types and their taxonomic importance, hydrobiological relationships, geographic distribution, and procedures relating to their isolation, cultivation, and preservation. The section concludes with a key to the ten orders of aquatic-Entomophthorales). These orders are then considered in individual sections which together constitute the major portion of this compendium. The systematic treatment of each order is preceded by a consideration of such matters as the taxonomic history of the group, descriptions of reproduction , morphology, and development, cytogenetic data, parasitic relationships , and references to relevant physiological studies. It is to Dr. Sparrow's credit and no mean stylistic feat that these expository sections are crisp and eminently readable in spite of the copious documentation. Indeed, these accounts make it clear that the massiveness of the new edition (double the size of the older one) results from the information explosion rather than from inattention to the principles of "literary girth control. " The methodical taxonomic treatment of the order follows the more general discussion and numerous line illustrations and keys to families, and …
Surgical Management of Mandibular Condylar Hyperplasia Type 1

This study compared outcomes of two surgical methods for patients diagnosed with active condylar hyperplasia type 1. Group 1 (n = 12) was treated with orthognathic surgery only, while group 2 (n = 42) was treated with high condylectomies, articular disc repositioning, and orthognathic surgery. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for maximum incisal opening, lateral excursions, and subjective jaw function before surgery. Group 2 showed more active presurgical mandibular growth (P < 0.05). At long-term follow up, no differences were found in lateral excursions and subjective jaw function. Group 2 showed a greater increase in maximum incisal opening (P < 0.01) and stability (P < 0.05) at long-term follow-up. All of the patients in group 1 grew back into skeletal and occlusal Class III relationships requiring secondary intervention, whereas all patients in group 2 remained stable in a Class I skeletal and occlusal relationship. Thus, patients with active condylar hyperplasia treated with high condylectomy, articular disc repositioning, and orthognathic surgery had stable, predictable outcomes compared with those treated with orthognathic surgery only. The high condylectomy effectively arrests disproportionate mandibular growth while maintaining normal jaw function.
Investors' Horizons and the Amplification of Market Shocks

This paper shows that during episodes of market turmoil, 13F institutional investors with short trading horizons sell their stockholdings to a larger extent than 13F institutional investors with longer trading horizons. This creates price pressure for stocks held mostly by short-horizon investors, which, as a consequence, experience larger price drops, and subsequent reversals, than stocks held mostly by long-horizon investors. These findings, obtained after controlling for the withdrawals experienced by the investors, are not driven by other institutional investors' and firms' characteristics. Overall, the evidence indicates that investors with short horizons amplify the effects of market-wide negative shocks by demanding liquidity at times when other potential buyers'capital is scarce. The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. , Oxford University Press.
Monitoring of Passage Inconsistency among Poor Comprehenders: A Preliminary Test of the “Piecemeal Processing” Explanation

AbstractPoor comprehenders from grades five and six were asked to read and rate the comprehensibility of three short passages: one informationally consistent, one informationally inconsistent, and one containing polysyllabic modifying words. Subjects were asked to indicate why passages rated as not readily comprehensible were difficult. The poor comprehenders rated informationally consistent and informationally inconsistent passages as equally comprehensible, but rated modifying word passages as much less comprehensible. They referred to long words, difficult words, and unfamiliar words within these passages as sources of difficulty. This focus on long words within sentences, rather than on inconsistent information across sentences, provides support for the hypothesis that poor comprehenders process print in piecemeal fashion.
CRANIAL IRRADIATION AND EARLY PUBERTY

Low doses of cranial irradiation (1800-2400 cGy) employed in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia may cause early or precocious puberty in girls but not boys. To determine if this sexual dichotomy exists at higher irradiation doses (2500-4700 cGy) the onset of puberty was identified in 46 children (30 male), previously irradiated for a brain tumour not involving the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and compared with the normal pubertal standards of Tanner. Regression analysis was employed to assess whether tumour diagnosis, sex, age at irradiation, chemotherapy, use of GH before puberty and radiotherapy protocol influenced age at pubertal onset. The onset of puberty occurred at an early age in both sexes (mean 8.5l years in girls and 9.21 years in boys plus 0.29 years for every year of age at irradiation). In the context of GH deficiency which is usually associated with a delay in the onset of puberty this is abnormal. There was a significant linear association between age at irradiation and age at onset of puberty in both sexes. At each age of irradiation the estimated age at the onset of puberty was approximately 0.7 years earlier in girls than boys. A similar trend was seen for bone age, which was abnormally early at the time of pubertal onset (mean 7.39 years in girls and 8.66 years in boys plus 0.25 years for every year of age at the time of irradiation). Radiation induced early puberty is not restricted to females at the doses of irradiation employed in the treatment of brain tumours. The clinical consequence of early puberty in the management of poor growth associated with radiation induced GH deficiency is to foreshorten the time available for treatment with GH.
When Persuasion Goes Undetected: The Case of Comparative Advertising

Why does the weight of current empirical evidence indicate little difference in the persuasiveness of comparative and noncomparative advertising? One explanation explored in this research is that the measures commonly used for assessing the persuasive impact of comparative advertising are limited in their ability to capture the unique effects that may arise from this type of advertising. Measures that capture relative impressions of the advertised and comparison brands are found to be far more sensitive in detecting persuasion effects of comparative advertising. Moreover, the appropriateness of different types of relative measures is shown to depend on the correspondence between the encoding frame adopted during ad processing and the measure's response frame.
Deletion of the Viral Anti-Apoptotic Gene F1L in the HIV/AIDS Vaccine Candidate MVA-C Enhances Immune Responses against HIV-1 Antigens

Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-like protein F1 that acts as an inhibitor of caspase-9 and of the Bak/Bax checkpoint but the role of this gene in immune responses is not known. Because dendritic cells that have phagocytosed apoptotic infected cells cross-present viral antigens to cytotoxic T cells inducing an antigen-specific immunity, we hypothesized that deletion of the viral anti-apoptotic F1L gene might have a profound effect on the capacity of poxvirus vectors to activate specific immune responses to virus-expressed recombinant antigens. This has been tested in a mouse model with an F1L deletion mutant of the HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate MVA-C that expresses Env and Gag-Pol-Nef antigens (MVA-C-ΔF1L). The viral gene F1L is not required for virus replication in cultured cells and its deletion in MVA-C induces extensive apoptosis and expression of immunomodulatory genes in infected cells. Analysis of the immune responses induced in BALB/c mice after DNA prime/MVA boost revealed that, in comparison with parental MVA-C, the mutant MVA-C-ΔF1L improves the magnitude of the HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell adaptive immune responses and impacts on the CD8 T cell memory phase by enhancing the magnitude of the response, reducing the contraction phase and changing the memory differentiation pattern. These findings reveal the immunomodulatory role of F1L and that the loss of this gene is a valid strategy for the optimization of MVA as vaccine vector.
Pedagogical Thinking in a Student's Mind: A conceptual clarification on the basis of self‐determination and volition theories

This article suggests that educational psychology should pay more attention to the role of the curriculum when the optimal motivation to learn in school is considered. The curriculum frames the teaching‐studying‐learning process in school. This fact has several implications on the motivation to learn in school. After the child starts school, his or her motivation to learn seems to change from an intrinsic motivation to an extrinsic motivation. To develop pedagogical thinking in a student's mind means that the student must become acquainted with the aims and goals of the curriculum, assimilate them into his or her integrated sense of self and, thus, fully accept them as their own. If this succeeds, it will have positive effects on the student's motivation at school and especially on the motivation to study and learn. The concept of pedagogical thinking in a student's mind is analogous to the concept of teacher's pedagogical thinking. Based on previous studies, this article provides an example of how joint‐planning can offer a learning environment that promotes students' pedagogical thinking and the internalisation of the aims and goals of the curriculum in school. This article calls for new theoretical syntheses and research programmes that better take into account the normative nature of learning and teaching in school.
Ethnic Identity, Ethnic Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Esteem toward Others among Estonian and Russian Adolescents

Ethnic identity in relation to self-esteem and esteem toward others, along with attitudes toward one’s own and other ethnic groups, was examined among Estonian and Russian adolescents. Significant differences appeared across components of ethnic identity and between minority and majority groups. Positive feelings about the in-group (ethnic pride—EP) were associated with positive attitudes toward other ethnic groups among minority but not majority youths. Strong ethnic differentiation (ED), in turn, was associated with negative out-group attitudes among both groups and positive in-group attitudes among the majority group. This contrast between aspects of ethnic identity appeared also in relation to self-esteem and esteem toward others. Whereas EP was associated with positive esteem toward others, ED correlated with negative evaluation of other people. Self-esteem correlated negatively with ED and was not related to EP. The salience of EP and ED may vary across different ethnic groups, depending on the group status and historical background of identity development.
Testing a multi-group model of culturally competent behaviors among underrepresented nurse practitioners.

Diversifying the health professional workforce and enhancing cultural competence are recommended for decreasing health disparities. We tested a structural equation model of the predictors of culturally competent behaviors in a mailed survey of three groups of underrepresented nurse practitioners (n = 474). Our model had good fit and accounted for 29% of the variance in culturally competent behaviors. Life experiences with diversity had direct effects on awareness/sensitivity and behaviors, and diversity training had a direct effect on behaviors. Cultural awareness/sensitivity mediated the relationship between life experiences with diversity and culturally competent behaviors; all paths remained after controlling for covariates. For unique experiences that contribute to workplace diversity, life experiences with diversity, and diversity training are important for culturally competent behaviors.
Environmental conditions in relation to variability of deciduous forest vegetation — a study from volcanic mountain in central Slovakia

The deciduous forests represent dominant natural vegetation of Central European landscape and an important functional component for maintenance of biological diversity. However, their syntaxonomy and ecological gradients still remain unclear. The numerical classification was conducted to determine the main units of forest vegetation, while ordination techniques were used to explain the structure of vegetation-environmental data matrix consisting of 110 forest stands in the Štiavnické vrchy Mts (central Slovakia). Ten vegetation types within the phytosociological classes of deciduous forests Quercetea robori-petraeae and Querco-Fagetea were distinguished. The major environmental driver responsible for variation in forest species composition was interpreted as a response to soil moisture which also accounted for a large part of species variability (3.74%). Soil nutrient/acidity complex expressed by pH, Ca and Al concentration was also an important source of vegetation variability. Relevance of soil conditions in relation to plant survival and community distribution was discussed. Along the soil moisture gradient, vegetation types were arranged from the subxerophilous oak forests through the mesophilous beech and ravine forests to the hygrophilous alder ash vegetation.
Development of a work/family social support measure

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive measure of social support to include within and across domain support from the organization, supervisor, coworkers, and family for two types of support, emotional, and instrumental. Design/methodology/approach – Four diverse samples were used in an iterative process to develop and provide an initial validation of the 16 dimensions of social support. Findings – The results provide support for the development and initial validation of the 16 dimensions of social support. Research limitations/implications – A cross-sectional design was used and may be problematic when examining relationships that occur over time. Further, capturing all scales with a single survey could result in common method bias, which may inflate predictive relationships. Practical implications – A comprehensive measure of social support can assess the differential effect of various types of social support, which can help in identifying unique work-family variables. The mul.
A content analysis of sexually explicit magazines sold in an adult bookstore

What is the content of sexually explicit magazines sold in adult bookstores? Although there have been content analyses of sexually oriented paperback fiction for the general public (Smith, 1976) and of soft-core general magazines (Malamuth & Spinner, 1980), no comparable analysis of the "stronger" hardcore magazines sold in adult bookstores has been reported. These materials are more explicit and represent a different kind of publication, addressed to a different audience. A content analysis of these magazines could identify the outer dimensions or "limits of candor" of permissible sex content in magazines today. Although the New York Times estimate of 20,000 U.S. adult bookstores is probably high ("Sex Industries," 1981), there certainly is a large number of establishments which sell explicit magazines.
High‐precision location and yield of North Korea's 2013 nuclear test

Using North Korea's 2009 nuclear test as reference and satellite imagery, we show that the location and yield of North Korea's 2013 nuclear test can be quickly and accurately determined based on seismic data. North Korea's 2013 nuclear test site is pinpointed by deriving relative location of North Korea's 2009 and 2013 nuclear tests and using the previously determined location of the 2009 nuclear test, while its yield is estimated based on the relative amplitude ratios of the Lg waves recorded for both events, the previously determined Lg‐magnitude of 2009 nuclear test and burial depth inferred from satellite imagery. North Korea's 2013 test site is determined to be located at (41°17′26.88″N, 129°4′34.68″E), about 345 m south and 453 m west of its 2009 nuclear test site, with a geographic precision of 94 m. Its yield is estimated to be 12.2 ± 3.8 kt.
Policing Perversion: The Contemporary Governance of Paedophilia

This paper explores recent vigilance attending pedophilia in the UK context. It examines governmental and popular responses to the perceived threat posed by child sex offenders, exhibited respectively in provisions for sex offender orders within the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, and in press and public campaigns for the “naming and shaming” of paedophiles. These two responses cohabit in current contexts of concern about childhood as innocence and vulnerability, and are worked out against the figure of the paedophile as a “dangerous individual”; nevertheless, they invoke different visions of political community. Developing Foucault's observation that contemporary political rationalities combine two distinct models of political community, that of the juridically constituted polity and that of the society rendered calculable and organized through normalizing models of risk, the paper argues that both of these models are evident in governmental and popular responses to paedophilia. However, where the former, a technical and administrative response to a problem of social order, aims to achieve public safety through the professional prediction and management of risk, the latter is premised on the elimination of danger,demanding the public outing of paedophiles and their exorcism from the community. While these responses contest whether danger can be turned into risk through professional management, they are mutually enhancing in fostering governmental and popular concern with public and community safety.
Relationship between Intracranial Granulomas and Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-10 in Patients with Tuberculous Meningitis

ABSTRACT Cerebrospinal fluid gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 levels in 39 patients with tuberculous meningitis were serially measured. Cytokine levels did not predict intracranial granuloma (IG) development, but IFN-γ levels in the top quartile after 1 month of therapy were highly associated (odds ratio = 18) with detection of an IG by computed tomography scanning.
First Complete Genome Sequence of Cherry virus A

ABSTRACT The 5′-terminal genomic sequence of Cherry virus A (CVA) has long been unknown. We determined the first complete genome sequence of an apricot isolate of CVA (7,434 nucleotides [nt]). The 5′-untranslated region was 107 nt in length, which was 53 nt longer than those of known CVA sequences.
Ageing and organisation strategies in free recall: The role of cognitive flexibility

The first goal of this experiment was to examine the effect of age on recall and clustering across three successive trials. Sixty-two young (age 20–40 years) and 62 elderly (age 60–80 years) adults learnt a categorised word list for subsequent recall. A clustering index was computed to assess organisational strategy. Results showed that elderly adults performed less well on the recall test and forgot more words across trials. They also indicated that their clustering index was lower than that of younger adults but increased more across trials. Clustering was only associated with the recall scores for the younger adults. Participants were also administered cognitive tests (cognitive flexibility, cognitive speed, and categorical fluency) to explore the possible mediators of memory and organisational strategy performances. Younger adults performed better on all these tests. Statistical analyses revealed that the variable most closely associated with clustering was cognitive flexibility. This finding supports the view that the age-related decrement in strategic organisation is due to a decrease in cognitive flexibility.