Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE OCCURRENCE OF GAPEWORM (Syngamus trachea) IN WILLOW GROUSE

21.4% of the willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) examined from a coastal locality in northern Norway were infected with Syngamus trachea. None of the willow grouse examined from an inland locality with colder and longer winters were infected with the parasite. It is suggested that the parasite may influence survival of the grouse population.
NMDA receptor-mediated Arc expression in dorsal and ventral hippocampus contributes to the acquisition of trace and contextual fear conditioning

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.v INTRODUCTION.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE.19 GENERAL METHODS.21 EXPERIMENT 1. Effects of NMDA receptor antagonism in dorsal or ventral hippocampus on the acquisition of trace and contextual fear conditioning.26 EXPERIMENT 2. The role of Arc in trace fear conditioning.47 EXPERIMENT 3. The effect of blocking Arc translation in VH on the acquisition of delay fear conditioning.70 EXPERIMENT 4. The effect of NMDA receptor antagonism in dorsal or ventral hippocampus on the learning-induced enhancement of Arc protein.76 GENERAL DISCUSSION.80 REFERENCES.91 FIGURES.99-127
Distribution of N among plant parts of nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of soybeans.

Differences among plant parts in the natural abundance of (15)N are of interest from the point of view of developing a sampling strategy for using (15)N measurements to estimate the contribution of symbiotically fixed N to N(2) fixing plants, and because they reflect isotopic fractionation associated with degradation, transport, and resynthesis of N-bearing molecules. This paper reports such differences in nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of soybeans (Glycine max [L] (Merrill, variety Harosoy)) grown under several different conditions.Nodules were strikingly enriched in (15)N compared to other plant parts (by an average of 8.3 per thousand excess (15)N), and the enrichment increased with time during the growing season. (15)N was much more uniformly distributed among other plant parts. Although there were significant differences among other plant parts, the maximum deviation of the (15)N abundance of any plant part from that of the entire plant was about 2 per thousand (15)N excess. The (15)N abundance of the seed N was most representative of the whole plant.There were significant differences between isolines in the distribution of (15)N. The distribution of (15)N within plants also varied with experimental conditions. The implications of these results for estimation of N(2) fixation from measurements of the natural abundance of (15)N are discussed.
Do extracurricular roles impact on retention? A social exchange theory perspective.

Low first-year university retention rates continue to impact negatively on funding, enrolments and public perception of higher education institutions around the world. Today's student has many competing roles: student, worker, partner, parent, child, sibling and friend. Social Exchange Theory is explored as a model for understanding student decision-making behaviour regarding continuation of study. We propose that students continually evaluate the cost/benefits associated with each of their life roles, and invest in those roles that are relatively rewarding and disinvest in those that they perceive as relatively costly. Increasing numbers of roles does not appear to be related to intentions to leave study. We suggest that other factors such as optimism, motivation and self-management contribute to the strength of a role and its power to negotiate dominance within the SET framework.
Parkinson’s disease: genetic versus toxin‐induced rodent models

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and neuronal proteinaceous aggregates called Lewy bodies (LBs). The etiology of PD is probably a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Recent progress in molecular genetics has identified several genes causing PD, including α‐synuclein, leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), Parkin, DJ‐1 and PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (PINK1), many of them coding for proteins found in LBs and/or implicated in mitochondrial function. However, the mechanism(s) leading to the development of the disease have not been identified, despite intensive research. Animal models help us to obtain insights into the mechanisms of several symptoms of PD, allowing us to investigate new therapeutic strategies and, in addition, provide an indispensable tool for basic research. As PD does not arise spontaneously in animals, characteristic and specific functional changes have to be induced by administration of toxins or by genetic manipulations. This review will focus on the comparison of three types of rodent animal models used to study different aspects of PD: (a) animal models using neurotoxins; (b) genetically modified mouse models reproducing findings from PD linkage studies or based on ablation of genes necessary for the development and survival of dopamine neurons; and (c) tissue‐specific knockouts in mice targeting dopamine neurons. The advantages and disadvantages of these models are discussed.
Images of Work, Gender, and Social Commitment among Guatemalan Adolescents

The study involved 250 urban Guatemalan adolescents who ranked 10 qualities of either the ideal man or the ideal woman and drew a picture of the ideal person engaged in an activity. Both boys and girls ranked being kind and honest, being very intelligent, and liking children as the most important qualities for both the ideal man and the ideal woman. Drawings of the ideal person most often depicted the ideal person working in a job or at home. Many students attending public schools drew the ideal person sweeping or gardening, whereas many students attending private schools drew the ideal person working in an office. Comments on the drawings often suggested that the ideal person was working for the social good -his or her family, company, or country. These results are interpreted as reflecting both cultural ideals and the developmental stage of adolescence.
Pioglitazone, a specific PPAR-gamma ligand, inhibits aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.

BACKGROUND Neutrophils activation and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induction play a critical role in aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, has recently been implicated as a regulator of inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study was to determine whether pioglitazone, a specific PPAR-gamma ligand, can ameliorate aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats, and whether the agent can inhibit the increase in neutrophil accumulation associated with TNF-alpha expression. METHODS Aspirin-induced injury was produced by the intragastric administration of aspirin (200 mg/kg) and HCl (0.15 N, 8.0 mL/kg). Pioglitazone was given to the rats by gastric intubation 1 h before the aspirin administration. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and tissue-associated myeloperoxidase activity were measured in gastric mucosa as indices of lipid peroxidation and neutrophil infiltration. The gastric concentration of TNF-alpha and the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA was determined by ELISA and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The intragastric administration of acidified aspirin induced hyperemia and haemorrhagic erosions in rat stomachs. The increase in the total gastric erosive area after aspirin administration was significantly inhibited by treatment with pioglitazone in a dose-dependent manner. The increases in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and myeloperoxidase activity after aspirin administration were both significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg). The gastric content of TNF-alpha increased and the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA was up-regulated after aspirin treatment. However, the peak TNF-alpha mRNA expression 1 h after aspirin administration was inhibited by pioglitazone. CONCLUSION Based on these data, the beneficial effects of pioglitazone on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory properties.
Cell Proliferation Activity and Prognostic Index in Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma

Flow Cytometry (FC) has been incorporated into cancer research in relation to its prognostic value together with histological parameters and TNM stages. We have studied by means of FC the cell cycle of 132 samples from male patients with Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma (SQCLC). All of the patients received curative surgery and the clinical follow-up was 60 months. The clinical and cytometric parameters were evaluated in order to predict the patients’ outcome. The presence of tumoural recurrence and the tumoural stage showed statistical significance associated with survival. The multivariant analysis reveals radiotherapy (p = 0.004) as protective variable and the high S-phase fraction (SPF) (p = 0.001) and stage IIIA (p = 0.012) as risk factors. The SPF appears as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival time. We can build a prognostic index representative of different prognostic groups, which allows us to improve the individual monitoring of these patients.
Perceived Discrimination and Stigmatisation against Severely Obese Women: Age and Weight Loss Make a Difference

Aims: Patients’ perceptions about weight-related stigma and discrimination were assessed in 2 groups of patients, obese and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Methods: Seven focus group sessions were held including a total of 32 women, 8 obese (body mass index 35+) and 24 who had lost 50% of excess weight following bariatric surgery. During the sessions, participants were asked to consider their experiences in situations including general, family, friends, work place, medical, and educational settings. Results: Whilst perceptions of discrimination and stigmatisation were common and affected many life situations, they were less prevalent than previous reports. It appeared that it was not the frequency or number of events which affected an individual but the intensity of the experience. Younger women reported greater discrimination than older women and felt the social consequences of obesity to a greater extent. Older women were more concerned about the consequences of being overweight on their health. Conclusions: Women who had lost weight considered that aspects of their own behaviours when obese contributed to their experiences of discrimination and stigmatisation. Perceptions of discrimination and stigmatisation appear to be influenced by age and current weight status.
Feminist Media Ethnography in India: Exploring Power, Gender, and Culture in the Field

This article is a self-reflexive account of one postcolonial feminist media scholar’s research among young middle-class women in urban India who read Western romance fiction. Urging feminist scholars to pay attention to the politics of representation of audiences in media studies, the article explores power imbalances in the field that arise due to social constructions of gender, ethnic, class, and sexual identities. The article reflects on failures, successes, and dilemmas experienced during the research process to show that feminist media ethnographies are embedded within discourses of power. By examining the multiple positionalities occupied by the researcher in relation to people encountered in the field, this account challenges binary distinctions between categories such as Self/Other, native/Westerner, and insider/outsider. In concluding, the article underscores the implications of research by non-Western feminist scholars in their own cultures for postcolonial feminist ethnography, feminist media ethnographies, and for media reception research on globalization in the cultural studies tradition.
Frictionless Commerce? A Comparison of Internet and Conventional Retailers

There have been many claims that the Internet represents a new "frictionless market. " Our research empirically analyzes the characteristics of the Internet as a channel for two categories of homogeneous products -- books and CDs -- using a data set of over 4,500 price observations collected over a period of 9 months. We compare pricing behavior at 37 Internet and conventional retail outlets. We find support for the hypothesis of increased efficiency in Internet channels on several dimensions, but we also find evidence of considerable price dispersion. We find that prices on the Internet are 8-15% lower than prices in conventional outlets, depending on whether taxes, shipping and shopping costs are included. Additionally, we find that Internet retailers' price adjustments over time are up to 100 times smaller than conventional retailers' price adjustments -- presumably reflecting lower menu costs in Internet channels. However, we also find substantial price dispersion across retailers on the Internet. Prices for books and CDs differ by as much as 47% across Internet retailers at any one time and the dispersion of posted prices on the Internet is equal to or greater than comparable measures of dispersion across conventional retailers. Moreover, the Internet retailers with the lowest prices do not receive the most sales for either books or CDs. The observed dispersion is not easily explained as a response to existing models of search costs. However, price dispersion on the Internet may be explained by retailer heterogeneity with respect to factors such as branding and consumer "trust. " We note that branding and trust may play an enhanced role on the Internet because of the spatial and temporal separation between buyer, seller, and product in Internet channels for books and CDs.
Bacterial Contamination of Iranian Paper Currency

Abstract Background Transmission of human pathogens can be occurred via inert objects. Paper currency is a further common contact surface whereby pathogens can be transferred within a population although the significance remains unknown. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate microbial populations associated with Iranian paper currency. Methods This study was carried out by getting 108 samples of the Iranian currency notes (1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000 and 50000 RIALS) from food-related shops that included food service outlets, greengrocery, supermarket, bakery, confectionary and poultry meat retail outlets. All currency notes were examined for total bacterial count and identification of pathogenic bacteria. Results The average total bacterial count that was recovered from currency notes was found to be 3.27±0.31 colony forming unites.2000R had the highest total bacterial count, followed by 5000R, 10000R and the lowest in 50000R. In this study, the isolated bacteria recovered were Bacillus cereus (8.33%), E. coli (48.14%), Staphylococcus aureus(28.7%), Salmonella (0.92%), Listeria monocytogenes (0.92%), Yersinia entrocolitica(6.48%). It was revealed that all the pathogens screened for where encountered on currency notes were recovered from one sample. There were no significant (P>0.05) correlations between the carriage of pathogens/fecal indicator bacteria and currency note condition. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that Iranian currency notes represent a significant vehicle for human pathogens.
Financial philanthropy towards Australian public art galleries by individual benefactors: Some empirical evidence from the National Gallery of Victoria

The purpose of this study is to examine why individuals philanthropically contribute finances to public art galleries in Australia. As· government funding decreases philanthropy is becoming an increasingly attractive option for public art galleries as alternative sources of revenue need to be sought. A thorough understanding of the factors that influence giving is imperative for any organisation that engages in philanthropy as a revenue stream. This study examines these factors using a fundraising campaign conducted by the National Gallety of Victoria as a case in point. The motivations and characteristics of donors who gave to this campaign are examined using the between-method form of triangulation. In particular, a total of 64 donors completed a questionnaire and 6 donors participated in semi-structured interviews. Both these methods were designed around the factors that influence giving outlined by Sargeant (1999). This study found that NGV donors are typical arts attendees, consistent with international literature. They are wealthy, jn the late stages of their life and share a love for the visual arts. All these elements were shared amongst donors; a positive reaction to the way they were approached, a good perception of the NGV, and some kind of past experience with it. Six motivational factors were identified through the use of principal axis factoring; 'Personal Rewards', 'Altruistic Appreciation', 'Social Benefits', 'Benefits', 'Expectations' and 'Gratitude'. Each factor had varying levels of importance, however, overall it was found that benefactors were more strongly motivated by intrinsic motivations than extrinsic rewards. The only notable exception is the extrinsic reward that donors can receive through enjoying the gallery improvements made possible by their donation. This motivation is not dominant in current literature and could be specific to the visual arts, as would often not be relevant to most.charities. Numerous tests were conducted to assess 11 hypotheses relating to how various characteristics vaty according to the size of the contribution made. Overall it was found that females give more often, but when men do give, they give higher amounts. It was also found that chief wage earners give larger contributions than non chief wage earners, higher income levels result in greater contributions, and the stronger motivation to give, intrinsic or extrinsic, the larger the contribution. Higher levels of past experience with giving and public art galleries also correlated with higher contributions. While findings may not readily be generalised outside its specific context, this study aims to provide some empirical. evidence towards this area which may help other art galleries further understand donors, and consequently aid the solicitation of future gifts.
Revisiting Fayol: Anticipating Contemporary Management

This study argues that in classifying Fayol as a founding father of the Classical Management School, we have to some extent misrepresented this still important management theorist. The received Fayol portrayed in contemporary texts invariably emerges as a caricature of a much more insightful, complex, visionary and rounded management thinker. This study re-examines Fayol's personal and career history, as well as the arguments presented in his original work, General and Industrial Management. It finds that he was a much more complex and multidimensional figure than his conventional stereotype today, and that his management theories embraced a wider spectrum of approaches and concepts than traditionally identified with the classical management school of thought. In marked contrast to his traditional portrayal, this study uncovers traces of ideas and concepts that anticipated aspects of the human relations movement, systems-based contingency theory, the movement towards greater employee involvement in decision-making and elements of knowledge management.
Has the Fed Reacted Asymmetrically to Stock Prices?

This paper presents an empirical study of a potential asymmetry in the response of monetary policy to stock prices in the US. The main finding is that while monetary policy reacts significantly to stock price drops, no significant reaction to stock price increases is found. This result is obtained by applying the method of identification through heteroskedasticity to a daily dataset covering the period 1998-2008. The result is confirmed in an estimated, augmented Taylor rule based on monthly data for the same period. The size of the estimated, asymmetric reaction is modest.The study constitutes an empirical contribution to the debate about the role of asset prices in monetary policy, which has seen a revival in the aftermath of the crisis. In particular, the results lend empirical support to recent claims that the pre-crisis approach to monetary policy implied an asymmetric policy stance towards stock price movements.
INTEGRABILITY IN QCD AND BEYOND

Yang–Mills theories in four space–time dimensions possess a hidden symmetry which does not exhibit itself as a symmetry of classical Lagrangians but is only revealed on the quantum level. It turns out that the effective Yang–Mills dynamics in several important limits is described by completely integrable systems that prove to be related to the celebrated Heisenberg spin chain and its generalizations. In this review we explain the general phenomenon of complete integrability and its realization in several different situations. As a prime example, we consider in some detail the scale dependence of composite (Wilson) operators in QCD and super-Yang–Mills (SYM) theories. High-energy (Regge) behavior of scattering amplitudes in QCD is also discussed and provides one with another realization of the same phenomenon that differs, however, from the first example in essential details. As the third example, we address the low-energy effective action in a SYM theory which, contrary to the previous two cases, corresponds to a classical integrable model. Finally, we include a short overview of recent attempts to use gauge/string duality in order to relate integrability of Yang–Mills dynamics with the hidden symmetry of a string theory on a curved background.
Flow cytometric minimal residual disease monitoring in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: A retrospective study

We retrospectively reviewed the flow cytometry (FCM) data from bone marrow aspirates of multiple myeloma (MM) patients before and after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Light scatter properties and CD38 expression were used to identify plasma cells, and CD19/CD45/CD56 further distinguished normal from abnormal plasma cells (NPC and APC, respectively), the latter defined as plasma cells with aberrant CD56, decreased or absent CD19 and/or CD45 expression. Forty-seven patients were screened. After ASCT, 66% (31/47) patients achieved complete remission (CR)/very good partial remission (VGPR), as compared to only 40% (19/47) prior to ASCT (P = 0.01). In 39 patients with data before and after ASCT, all 39 (100%) had a detectable APC population prior to ASCT. Twenty-six out of 39 patients (67%) also had detectable NPC. Following ASCT, the number of patients with detectable NPC increased to 35/39 (89%), while 3/39 (8%) had no detectable NPC and 1/39 (3%) had neither NPC nor APC. The proportion of APC decreased significantly after transplant from a median of 79% to 52% post-transplant (P < 0.001). The APC/total events ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.0001) after transplant. Prior to transplant, patients with less than 1.8% APC had significantly longer progression free survival (PFS) than patients with greater than 1.8% (P = 0.017, by log rank test), while the difference in overall survival did not achieve statistical significance (P = 0.081). Patients who achieved CR/VGPR after transplant had significantly longer PFS in comparison to all others (26 months vs. 11 months, P = 0.004). In conclusion, the detection of a significant population of APC by FCM prior to ASCT significantly correlates with poorer PFS in MM patients.