Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE OCCURRENCE, BIOGENESIS AND LIFE HISTORY OF MAMMALIAN PEROXISOMES

Christian de Duve, The Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y. , and Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, Universit#{233} de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium. Biochemical Studies on the Occurrence, Biogenesis and Life History of Mammalian Peroxisomes. Estelle McGroarty and N. E. Tolbert, Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. Enzymes in Peroxisomes. MiklOs Muller, The Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y. Peroxisomes and Hydrogenosomes in Protozoa. Eugene L. Vigil, Department of Biology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisc. Plant Micro-
Disclosure of HIV-positive status: Towards the development of guidelines, strategies and interventions

 HIV disclosure is a lifelong process. Reasons for disclosing/not disclosing change constantly. Many individuals have their own personal strategies and reasons for disclosing, which are carefully planned to elicit positive outcomes.  Common facilitators/reasons for disclosing are: trust in the person receiving the disclosure; positive experiences with previous disclosure; existence of strong social support; to gain social support; to relieve the stress of keeping their HIV status a secret; obligation and duty to inform; self-acceptance of HIV-positive identity; to share knowledge; and to control disclosure (i.e. to disclose before someone else exposes them).  Common barriers to disclosing are: negative experiences with previous disclosures; fear of discrimination, stigma and rejection; lack of a strong social network; feelings of shame and guilt regarding one’s HIV status; struggle with HIV+ identity; cultural factors (e.g. homophobia) within one’s community; lack of HIV education and inability to cope with the outcome of the disclosure; and concern about harming or burdening others.  The impacts and outcomes of HIV-disclosure are wide-ranging. Negative outcomes include: rejection, abuse, violence, stigma and discrimination. Positive outcomes include: more high quality social support, stronger family cohesion and relationships, reductions in anxiety and depression, and improvements in physical health. Most studies found more positive outcomes than negative ones, particularly over the long term. Furthermore, the majority of people who have disclosed reported little to no regret postdisclosure.  There have been few studies examining interventions targeting HIV disclosure. Of the interventions reviewed, those that guided HIV-positive individuals through an introspective process, and helped them develop a disclosure plan and the skills to communicate their status, were found to be most effective in increasing disclosure, and improving disclosure outcomes.
Restricted Value Iteration: Theory and Algorithms

Value iteration is a popular algorithm for finding near optimal policies for POMDPs. It is ineffcient due to the need to account for the entire belief space, which necessitates the solution of large numbers of linear programs. In this paper, we study value iteration restricted to belief subsets. We show that, together with properly chosen belief subsets, restricted value iteration yields near-optimal policies and we give a condition for determining whether a given belief subset would bring about savings in space and time. We also apply restricted value iteration to two interesting classes of POMDPs, namely informative POMDPs and near-discernible POMDPs.
Evaluation of standardization capability of current cardiac troponin I assays by a correlation study: results of an IFCC pilot project

Abstract Background: As a part of an International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) project to prepare a commutable reference material for cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a pilot study evaluated current cTnI assays for measurement equivalence and their standardization capability. Methods: cTnI-positive samples collected from 90 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction were assessed for method comparison by 16 cTnI commercial assays according to predefined testing protocols. Seven serum pools prepared from these samples were also assessed. Results: Each assay was assessed against median cTnI concentrations measured by 16 cTnI assays using Passing-Bablok regression analysis of 79 patient samples with values above each assay’s declared detection limit. We observed a 10-fold difference in cTnI concentrations for lowest to highest measurement results. After mathematical recalibration of assays, the between-assay variation for patient samples reduced on average from 40% to 22% at low cTnI concentration, 37%–20% at medium concentration, and 29%–14% at high concentration. The average reduction for pools was larger at 16%, 13% and 7% for low, medium and high cTnI concentrations, respectively. Overall, assays demonstrated negligible bias after recalibration (y-intercept: –1.4 to 0.3 ng/L); however, a few samples showed substantial positive and/or negative differences for individual cTnI assays. Conclusions: All of the 16 commercial cTnI assays evaluated in the study demonstrated a significantly higher degree of measurement equivalence after mathematical recalibration, indicating that measurement harmonization or standardization would be effective at reducing inter-assay bias. Pooled sera behaved similarly to individual samples in most assays.
Digestive Proteolytic and Amylolytic Activities and Feeding Responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Different Host Plants

ABSTRACT Digestive proteolytic and amylolytic activities and feeding responses of fifth instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on different host plants including chickpea (cultivars Arman, Hashem, Azad, and Binivich), common bean (cultivar Khomein), white kidney bean (cultivar Dehghan), red kidney bean (cultivar Goli), cowpea (cultivar Mashhad), tomato (cultivar Meshkin), and potato (cultivars Agria and Satina) were studied under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 [L:D] h). Our results showed that the highest protease activity in optimal pH was on cultivar Dehghan (8.717U/mg) and lowest one was on Meshkin (3.338 U/mg). In addition, the highest amylase activity in optimal pH was on cultivar Dehghan (0.340 mU/mg) and lowest was on Meshkin (0.088 mU/ mg). The larval weight of fifth instar H. armigera showed significant difference, being heaviest on Binivich (125.290 ± 5.050 mg) and lightest on Meshkin (22.773 ± 0.575 mg). Furthermore, the highest and lowest values of food consumed were on Goli (362.800 ± 27.500 mg) and Satina (51.280 ± 4.500 mg), respectively. In addition, the lowest values of prepupal and pupal weight were on Meshkin (32.413 ± 0.980 and 41.820 ± 1.270 mg, respectively). The results indicated that tomato (Meshkin) was unsuitable host for feeding fifth instar larvae of H. armigera.
The E ff ects of Regularization on Learning Facial Expressions with Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become effective instruments in facial expression recognition. Very good results can be achieved with deep CNNs possessing many layers and providing a good internal representation of the learned data. Due to the potentially high complexity of CNNs on the other hand they are prone to overfitting and as a result, regularization techniques are needed to improve the performance and minimize overfitting. However, it is not yet clear how these regularization techniques affect the learned representation of faces. In this paper we examine the effects of novel regularization techniques on the training and performance of CNNs and their learned features. We train a CNN using dropout, max pooling dropout, batch normalization and different combinations of these three. We show that a combination of these methods can have a big impact on the performance of a CNN, almost halving its validation error. A visualization technique is applied to the CNNs to highlight their activations for different inputs, illustrating a significant difference between a standard CNN and a regularized CNN.
Solifenacin Succinate versus Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Women with Overactive Bladder Syndrome: Results of a Randomized Controlled Crossover Study

Aims: This study compared the effectiveness of solifenacin succinate (SS) versus percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in women with overactive bladder syndrome (OABS). Methods: A randomized controlled crossover study of 40 women with OABS was performed. Patients were randomized into two groups. In group A, patients received SS and then PTNS. In group B, patients underwent PTNS and then SS. Voiding diaries, quality of life surveys and patient perception of intensity of urgency questionnaire were performed before and after each treatment. The global impression of improvement questionnaire was performed at the end of the study. Results: A reduction in the number of daily micturitions, episodes of nocturia and urge incontinence were found with both SS and PTNS in all groups, but PTNS showed a greater effectiveness than SS. There was an increase in voided volume in all groups with both SS and PTNS, but patients treated with PTNS had a greater increase. PTNS showed greater effectiveness in patient perception of urgency and quality of life. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of SS and PTNS In women with overactive bladder symptoms. However, greater improvements were found with PTNS.
Anchoring Effects on Consumers' Willingness-to-Pay and Willingness-to-Accept

When purchasing products, consumers often need to decide on the highest price they are willing to pay (WTP) and, when selling products, on the lowest price they are willing to accept (WTA). In this research, we contrast the determinants of WTP and WTA judgments and investigate their susceptibility to influence by arbitrary anchors that are unrelated to the product value. Consistent with our analysis, we demonstrate in a series of studies that purchase, but not selling, prices are influenced by arbitrary anchors (e.g., the last two digits of the person's social security number), even when such anchors are rejected as possible purchase/selling prices. Conversely, selling, but not purchase, prices are influenced by arbitrary anchors relating to the perceived market price of the product. The results also indicate that selling prices become sensitive to arbitrary anchors that are considered as possible prices, if the uncertainty about the value of the product to the consumer is made salient. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to our understanding of the determinants of consumers' willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept, value-based pricing, and the anchoring effect.
Neurons immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat primary somatosensory cortex: Morphology and spatial relationship to barrel‐related columns

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in neocortex affects neuronal excitability as well as cortical blood flow and metabolism. Interneurons immunoreactive for VIP (VIP‐IR neurons) are characterized by their predominantly bipolar appearance and the radial orientation of their main dendrites. In order to determine whether the morphology of VIP‐IR neurons is related to the functional organization of the cortex into vertical columns, we combined both immunostaining of neurons containing VIP and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry for visualizing barrels, morphological layer IV correlates of functional columns, in the primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex of rats. VIP‐IR neurons were localized in supragranular (48%), granular (16%), and infragranular layers (36%) as well as in the white matter. In the granular layer, a clear trend that more neurons were located in interbarrel septa rather than in barrels could be observed, resulting in a neuronal density which was about one‐third higher in the septal area. VIP‐IR neurons from the different cortical layers were three‐dimensionally reconstructed from serial sections by using a computer microscope system. The neurons were mostly bipolar. Striking morphological differences in both axonal and dendritic trees were found between neurons whose cell bodies were located in supragranular, granular, and the upper part of infragranular layers, and those whose cell bodies were located in the area below. The former had dendrites which often reached layer I, where they bifurcated several times, and axonal trees which were particularly oriented vertically, with a tangential extent smaller than the width of barrels. Therefore, these neurons were mostly confined to either a barrel‐ or septum‐related column. By contrast, the dendrites of neurons of the latter group did not reach the granular layer. Furthermore, these neurons had axons with sometimes very long horizontal collaterals, which often spanned two, in one case three, barrel columns. It is proposed that the differential morphology of neurons with different locations as stated above parallels to some extent the divergence of input streaming into the corresponding layer‐defined areas. As a possible consequence of this, VIP‐IR neurons may be capable of adapting the excitability and metabolism of cortical compartments either in a spatially limited or more extensive way. J. Comp. Neurol. 420:291–304, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatostat: Liver regeneration and normal liver tissue maintenance

In contrast to all other organs, liver‐to‐body‐weight ratio needs to be maintained always at 100% of what is required for body homeostasis. Adjustment of liver size to 100% of what is required for homeostasis has been called “hepatostat. ” Removal of a portion of any other organ is followed with local regeneration of a limited degree, but it never attempts to reach 100% of the original size. The complex mechanisms involved in this uniquely hepatic process encompass a variety of regenerative pathways that are specific to different types of injury. The most studied form of liver regeneration (LR) is that occurring after loss of hepatocytes in a single acute injury, such as rodent LR after two‐thirds partial hepatectomy or administration of damaging chemicals (CCl4, acetaminophen, etc.). Alternative regenerative pathways become activated when normal regeneration is thwarted and trigger the appearance of “progenitor” cells. Chronic loss of hepatocytes is associated with regenerative efforts characterized by continual hepatocyte proliferation and often has adverse consequences (development of cirrhosis or liver cancer). Even though a very few hepatocytes proliferate at any given time in normal liver, the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of liver weight by this slow process in the absence of liver injury are not as well understood. (Hepatology 2017;65:1384‐1392)
High and Low Trait Anger, Angry Thoughts, and the Recognition of Anger Problems

Abstract This research had two goals: (1) it tested hypotheses of the State-Trait Model of anger, and (2) it explored characteristics that may distinguish individuals with high trait anger who recognize problems with their anger from those who do not recognize anger problems. Regarding the first goal, findings supported three hypotheses tested. In particular, compared to those low in trait anger, individuals with high trait anger reported: (a) more intense anger (intensity hypothesis), p < . 001, effect size (η2) = . 109; (b) more thoughts involving pejorative labeling/denigration, p < . 001, η2 = . 280, thoughts of revenge, p < . 001, η2 = . 170, more outward, negative anger expression (anger-out), p < . 001, η2 = . 229, and more physically aggressive expression, p < . 001, η2 = . 046-. 123, (aggression hypothesis); and (c) more anger suppression (anger-in), p < . 001, η2 = . 231, and fewer thoughts of self-control, p < . 001, η2 = . 088, and behavioral efforts to control angry feelings (anger control-in), p < . 001, η2 = . 116, and behavior (anger control-out), p < . 001, η2 = . 260 (reduced positive coping hypothesis). For the second goal we employed two types of individuals, both with high trait anger: those who identified anger as a personal problem and wanted help, and those who did not identify anger as a personal issue. As a result, compared to those who did not report anger problems, those who reported anger problems demonstrated a higher overall propensity to experience anger (i.e., higher trait anger), p < . 01, η2 = . 028, greater anger suppression and harboring grudges (anger-in), p < . 001, η2 = . 035, fewer thoughts of self-control, p < . 05, η2 = . 015, and attempts to control their angry feelings (anger-control-in), p < . 05, η2 = . 016, and behavior (anger-control-out), p < . 001, η2 = . 054. Gender was not associated with trait anger or anger problem recognition. Findings were discussed in terms of State-Trait Theory and implications for anger interventions.
DETECTION OF ADAPTIVE SHIFTS ON PHYLOGENIES USING SHIFTED STOCHASTIC PROCESSES ON A TREE

Comparative and evolutive ecologists are interested in the distribution of quantitative traits among related species. The classical framework for these distributions consists of a random process running along the branches of a phylogenetic tree relating the species. We consider shifts in the process parameters, which reveal fast adaptation to changes of ecological niches. We show that models with shifts are not identifiable in general. Constraining the models to be parsimonious in the number of shifts partially alleviates the problem but several evolutionary scenarios can still provide the same joint distribution for the extant species. We provide a recursive algorithm to enumerate all the equivalent scenarios and to count the effectively different scenarios. We introduce an incomplete-data framework and develop a maximum likelihood estimation procedure based on the EM algorithm. Finally, we propose a model selection procedure, based on the cardinal of effective scenarios, to estimate the number of shifts and prove an oracle inequality.
High genetic diversity among and within bitter manioc varieties cultivated in different soil types in Central Amazonia

Abstract Although manioc is well adapted to nutrient-poor Oxisols of Amazonia, ethnobotanical observations show that bitter manioc is also frequently cultivated in the highly fertile soils of the floodplains and Amazonian dark earths (ADE) along the middle Madeira River. Because different sets of varieties are grown in each soil type, and there are agronomic similarities between ADE and floodplain varieties, it was hypothesized that varieties grown in ADE and floodplain were more closely related to each other than either is to varieties grown in Oxisols. We tested this hypothesis evaluating the intra-varietal genetic diversity and the genetic relationships among manioc varieties commonly cultivated in Oxisols, ADE and floodplain soils. Genetic results did not agree with ethnobotanical expectation, since the relationships between varieties were variable and most individuals of varieties with the same vernacular name, but grown in ADE and floodplain, were distinct. Although the same vernacular name could not always be associated with genetic similarities, there is still a great amount of variation among the varieties. Many ecological and genetic processes may explain the high genetic diversity and differentiation found for bitter manioc varieties, but all contribute to the maintenance and amplification of genetic diversity within the manioc in Central Amazonia.
Video reminders in a representational change task: memory for cues but not beliefs or statements.

Two experiments investigated the effect of video reminders on 3-year-olds' performance in a representational change task. In Experiment 1, children in a video support condition viewed videotapes of their initial incorrect statements about a misleading container prior to being asked to report their initial belief. Children in a control condition viewed an irrelevant videotape. Despite reporting what they had said on the videotape, children in the video support condition typically failed the representational change task. Experiment 2 replicated the main findings from Experiment 1 and also revealed that a video reminder failed to increase the likelihood that children would correctly report what they had said about the object. Results are discussed in terms of the processes whereby mnemonic cues might affect performance on tasks assessing theory of mind.
Music Therapy in Context: Music, Meaning and Relationship

Preface, Colwyn Trevarthen. Introduction. 1. Creating Meaning. PART ONE 2. Music, Meaning and Music Therapy: A View from Music Theory. 3. Music Therapy and Universals: Between Culture and Compromise. 4. With Rigour and Imagination: Music Therapy and Music Psychology. 5. Perception, Cognition, Improvisation: A View from Music Therapy. 6. In Concert: Improvisation, Cognition and Music Therapy. PART TWO 7. Meaning in Relationship: The Music Between. 8. Songs Without Words: Music in Communication. 9. Music in Dynamic Form and Dynamic Form in Music. PART THREE 10. Meaning in Relationship: A View from Psychodynamic Theory. 11. Playing with Winnicott's Reality. 12. Psychodynamic Meaning in Music Therapy. 13. Why Do We Become Therapists? Italian translation rights sold '. throughout her book, the author presents interesting ideas which should be stimulating and useful to music therapists. ' - Counselling
Threatened by Violence

Stranger violence can have a variety of different physical, psychological, social, and economic effects on the victim. In this article, we address one possible impact, namely, a heightened sense of uncertainty, risk, and fear of violent crime. Drawing on recent advances in the psychology of risk, we make three contributions. First, we differentiate in our analysis between primary experience of violence (where the individual in question has been attacked by a stranger in the local streets) and secondary experience of violence (where the individual knows somebody who has been attacked in the local streets by a stranger). Second, we assess whether risk perception (beliefs about the likelihood, impact, and controllability of future victimization) mediates the empirical links between primary and secondary experience of violence and worry about violent crime. Finally, we examine whether victimization experience seems to have a greater impact on risk perception and worry among people with a high need for cognitive closure (who are averse to uncertainty and desire order and structure in their lives). Our findings indicate a number of potentially important mediating and moderating effects regarding the impact of stranger violence on fear of violent crime. We conclude with some implications for research and policy.
The Contribution of Psychological Maturity and Personality in the Prediction of Adolescent Academic Achievement

Numerous studies show that intelligence and impulsiveness are important predictors of academic achievement in adolescence. However, it is not clear what contribution is made by the big five personality traits, because some studies suggest that Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Openness to experience are predictors while others show precisely the opposite. Direct aggression, through its relationship with impulsiveness, is another factor that has been linked to academic achievement. However, no previous studies have been made on the relationship that indirect aggression and psychological maturity have with academic achievement. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to determine the relative importance of psychological maturity, indirect aggression and the big five personality traits in predicting academic achievement in adolescents. As was expected, results show that intelligence and impulsivity are important predictors of academic performance. As far as psychological maturity is concerned, only the Work orientation component is related to academic performance. However, indirect aggression is not related to academic performance. The results pertaining to the big five personality traits suggest that Conscientiousness and Openness to experience are important for predicting academic achievement