Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Periconceptional multiple-micronutrient supplementation and placental function in rural Gambian women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial1

Background: Maternal micronutrient deficiencies are commonly associated with clinical indicators of placental dysfunction. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that periconceptional multiple-micronutrient supplementation (MMS) affects placental function. Design: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of MMS in 17- to 45-y-old Gambian women who were menstruating regularly and within the previous 3 mo. Eligible subjects were pre–randomly assigned to supplementation with the UNICEF/WHO/United Nations University multiple micronutrient preparation (UNIMMAP) or placebo on recruitment and until they reached their first antenatal check-up or for 1 y if they failed to conceive. Primary outcome measures were midgestational indexes of utero-placental vascular-endothelial function [ratio of plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI) 1 to PAI-2 and mean uterine-artery resistance index (UtARI)] and placental active transport capacity at delivery [fetal to maternal measles antibody (MMA) ratio]. Results: We recruited 1156 women who yielded 415 pregnancies, of which 376 met all of the inclusion criteria. With adjustment for gestational age at sampling, there were no differences in PAI-1 to PAI-2 or MMA ratios between trial arms, but there was a 0.02-unit reduction in UtARI between 18 and 32 wk of gestation (95% CI: −0.03, −0.00; P = 0.040) in women taking UNIMMAP. Conclusions: Placental vascular function was modifiable by periconceptional micronutrient supplementation. However, the effect was small and supplementation did not further affect other variables of placental function. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN 13687662.
Back pain and MRI changes in the thoraco‐lumbar spine of young elite Mogul skiers

Athletes have a higher prevalence of LBP and spinal abnormalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) compared to non‐athletes. The objective of this study was to investigate the amount of spinal MRI abnormalities and the lifetime prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in 16 young elite Mogul skiers compared to 28 non‐athletes in the corresponding age in a cross‐sectional design. LBP was assessed by a questionnaire consisting of a part regarding previous or present back pain, the Oswestry disability index, and the EuroQol questionnaire. MRI examinations from Th5 to sacrum were conducted to evaluate spinal pathologies. The Mogul skiers had significantly more MRI abnormalities (like disc degeneration) in mean (7.25 vs 3.78, P < 0.023) compared to the controls. No significant difference was seen regarding the lifetime LBP prevalence between the groups (50% vs 42%, P = 0.555). No correlation could be found between disc degeneration and back pain in this study. Young elite Mogul skiers, compared to an age‐matched control group of non‐athletes, have an increased risk of developing spinal abnormalities potentially due to the different high loads that they are subjected to in their sport. Future relationship between the MRI abnormalities and LBP cannot be verified by this study design.
Introduction to personality

Part I: Introduction. 1. Orientation to Personality. Part II: Psychodynamic Approaches. 2. Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Conceptions. 3. Ego Psychology and Object Relations. 4. Psychodynamic Personality Assessment. 5. Psychodynamic Processes. Part III: Trait and Biological Approaches. 6. Trait Theories: Conceptions. 7. Measuring Individual Differences. 8. Genetic and Biochemical Roots of Personality. 9. Traits: Biological Bases and Behavioral Expressions. Part IV: Phenomenological Approaches. 10. Phenomenological Conceptions. 11. The Internal View. Part V: Behavioral Approaches. 12. Behavioral Conceptions. 13. Analyzing Behavior. 14. Behavior Change. Part VI: Social Cognitive--Affective Approaches. 15. Social Cognitive--Affective Conceptions. 16. Cognitive--Affective Processes. 17. Self--Regulation and Control. 18. Person--Situation Interaction. Part VII: Summary Evaluation. Epilogue and Perspective. Glossary. References. Literary Credits. Photo Credits. Name Index. Subject Index.
Efficient Mitigation of Data and Control Flow Errors in Microprocessors

The use of microprocessor-based systems is gaining importance in application domains where safety is a must. For this reason, there is a growing concern about the mitigation of SEU and SET effects. This paper presents a new hybrid technique aimed to protect both the data and the control-flow of embedded applications running on microprocessors. On one hand, the approach is based on software redundancy techniques for correcting errors produced in the data. On the other hand, control-flow errors can be detected by reusing the on-chip debug interface, existing in most modern microprocessors. Experimental results show an important increase in the system reliability even superior to two orders of magnitude, in terms of mitigation of both SEUs and SETs. Furthermore, the overheads incurred by our technique can be perfectly assumable in low-cost systems.
Early Mobilization After Sliding Achilles Tendon Lengthening In Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Equinus deformity is a common finding in children with cerebral palsy and may be treated by Achilles tendon lengthening. To prevent recurrence, some authors recommend immobilizing the operated leg with an aboveknee cast for six weeks, followed by use of a night splint or orthosis. Nevertheless, there are recurrence rates of up to 20.5%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term result of postoperative immobilization for two weeks in a below-knee cast and early weight bearing, without the use of a splint or orthosis. Thirty-six children (52 feet) with spastic cerebral palsy underwent sliding Achilles tendon lengthening. Followup of five to ten years showed a comparable recurrence rate (19.2%) to that reported with the standard, more stringent management approach. Most of the recurrences were in children operated on before five years of age. We believe earlier motion helps to sustain the tendon length achieved at surgery and allows for earlier independent gait.
Synthesizing Crisis Communication and Reputation Management

Abstract This experiment used a counterbalanced, within-subjects design to assess two factors in crisis communication and reputation management: Defensive and apologetic responses to news stories and the effects of good and bad reputation. The dependent measures examined subjects' memory about the companies in the short and long term. Interaction effects ran counter to conventional wisdom abjuring the stonewall response. Subjects recalled fewer details about corporations with a bad reputation that apologized. However, a positive reputation reinforced by an apologetic response resulted in stronger ability to recall details. Reputation appears to be a powerful force in subsequent attributions about other aspects of the organization. The power of reputation was evidenced by significant differences found as a function of reputation and response in a measure assessing defensiveness. Subjects did not, however, link response with the measure evaluating reputation. The interaction of reputation and response found here suggests that traditional strategies do not apply in all cases and certainly calls into question pat answers or formulaic principles such as: “Always apologize” or “Never Say No Comment. ” Taking a relational approach, reputation is an ongoing index of previous responses to situations, making the most immediate response strategy a key element of that index, but also a response that should be made in light of current reputation.
Placement of accelerometers in a hand-held active tremor compensation instrument for high angular sensing resolution

Angular sensing resolution provided by accelerometers in Micron, a physiological tremor compensation instrument, is determined by noise levels of accelerometer outputs and placement of the accelerometers. The angular sensing resolution can be increased by properly placing accelerometers in the instrument. In this paper, propositions for the placement of accelerometers to obtain the highest possible angular sensing resolution in micromanipulation tasks are shown. Following the propositions, new designs of accelerometer placements to sense 6 degree-of-freedom instrument motion with higher angular sensing resolution are proposed. Comparison of noise levels between the current accelerometer placement design and proposed designs are made. Angular acceleration noise is reduced by 75.42% comparing to that due to the current placement design.
Gli3-mediated repression of Hedgehog targets is required for normal mammary development

The Hedgehog pathway is vital for the development of many epidermal appendages, but its role in mammary development has been unclear. Here, we show that although Gli2 and Gli3 are expressed during embryonic mammary development, transcriptional reporters of positive Hedgehog signaling are absent. Nevertheless, Gli3xt/xt embryos show aberrant early mammary marker expression and lack two pairs of mammary buds, demonstrating that Gli3 is essential for mammary bud formation and preceding patterning events. Misactivation of the Hedgehog pathway by targeted expression of the constitutive activator Gli1, from the Gli2 promoter in Gli3xt/+ mice, also induces mammary bud loss. Moreover, loss of Gli3 expression induces Gli1 misexpression in mammary mesenchyme. These results establish that the essential function of Gli3 during embryonic mammary development is to repress Hedgehog/Gli1-inducible targets. During postnatal mammary development, Gli2 and Gli3 are expressed in stromal and myoepithelial cells, and Gli3 is also found within the lumenal epithelium. Again, transcriptional reporters of positive Hedgehog signaling are absent from these cell types, yet are expressed robustly within mammary lymphatics. Thus, positive Hedgehog signaling is absent throughout mammary development, distinguishing the mammary gland from other epidermal appendages, such as hair follicles, which require Hedgehog pathway activity.
Working memory and children's mental addition.

Two experiments investigated the extent to which children's mental arithmetic is constrained by working memory rather than their arithmetical competence. A span procedure was used to measure the limit on English- and German-speaking children's ability to add together pairs of multidigit numbers. The children's ages ranged from 7 years 7 months to 11 years 5 months. Spans for mental addition were higher when the numbers to be added were visible throughout calculation than when they were not, consistent with a working memory constraint. Variation in addition span with children's age and with difficulty of the arithmetical operations approximated to a linear function of the speed of adding integers. A similar speed/span relationship has previously been observed for counting span, an artificial task designed to load working memory by combining separate processing and storage subtasks. We conclude that the natural task of mental addition, which combines processing and storage as intrinsic components, reflects working memory in a similar way. Results were remarkably similar both between cultures and across age groups, consistent with the notion of working memory as a general-purpose resource with dynamics that are indifferent to the detailed nature of operations.
Genome-wide promoter binding profiling of protein phosphatase-1 and its major nuclear targeting subunits

Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) is a key regulator of transcription and is targeted to promoter regions via associated proteins. However, the chromatin binding sites of PP1 have never been studied in a systematic and genome-wide manner. Methylation-based DamID profiling in HeLa cells has enabled us to map hundreds of promoter binding sites of PP1 and three of its major nuclear interactors, i.e. RepoMan, NIPP1 and PNUTS. Our data reveal that the α, β and γ isoforms of PP1 largely bind to distinct subsets of promoters and can also be differentiated by their promoter binding pattern. PP1β emerged as the major promoter-associated isoform and shows an overlapping binding profile with PNUTS at dozens of active promoters. Surprisingly, most promoter binding sites of PP1 are not shared with RepoMan, NIPP1 or PNUTS, hinting at the existence of additional, largely unidentified chromatin-targeting subunits. We also found that PP1 is not required for the global chromatin targeting of RepoMan, NIPP1 and PNUTS, but alters the promoter binding specificity of NIPP1. Our data disclose an unexpected specificity and complexity in the promoter binding of PP1 isoforms and their chromatin-targeting subunits.
Dynamics of donor cell persistence and recipient cell replacement in orthotopic corneal allografts in mice.

PURPOSE To determine the extent to which donor cells persist and recipient cells repopulate each of the three cell layers of orthotopic corneal grafts in mice. METHODS BALB/c, C57BL/6, and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) transgenic mice (B6 background) were used as donors and recipients for orthotopic syngeneic and allogeneic corneal grafts. Graft-bearing eyes were harvested at 5, 10, 15, 28, and 56 days, stained with propidium iodide, and observed (layer by layer) by confocal microscopy. Bone marrow-derived cells in the grafts were assessed immunohistochemically. RESULTS Donor epithelium was totally replaced by recipient epithelial cells within 15 days in both syngeneic and allogeneic grafts, whereas donor stromal keratocytes and endothelial cells were retained virtually intact in syngeneic grafts and in accepted allografts. In rejected allografts, neither donor-derived keratocytes nor endothelial cells were detected, and, instead, recipient-derived stromal fibroblasts, neovessels, and infiltrating leukocytes were heavily represented. The posterior surface of rejected grafts was devoid of corneal endothelium and was covered incompletely with bone marrow-derived cells of recipient origin. CONCLUSIONS Whereas in mice graft-derived epithelium is largely irrelevant to corneal allograft outcome, persistence of donor-derived endothelium and keratocytes correlates perfectly with graft acceptance. Recipient endothelium is incapable of covering the posterior surface of accepted or rejected corneal grafts, whereas bone marrow-derived cells of recipient origin come to occupy this site in rejected grafts.
Effect of cavity preparation techniques and different preheating procedures on microleakage of class V resin restorations

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the extent of microleakage of a single type of composite resin (Clearfil Majesty Posterior, Kuraray, Osaka, Japan) following different preheating procedures in Class V cavities prepared with a diamond bur or Er:YAG (erbium: yttrium aluminum garnet) laser. Methods: The study randomly divided 72 permanent molar teeth divided into eight groups (n = 9): G1: Diamond bur–unheated composite resin (room temperature-24 ºC); G2: Diamond bur–composite preheated to 37 ºC; G3: Diamond bur–composite preheated to 54 ºC; G4: Diamond bur–composite preheated to 68 ºC; G5: Er:YAG laser–unheated composite resin (room temperature-24 ºC); G6: Er:YAG laser–composite preheated to 37 ºC; G7: Er:YAG laser–composite preheated to 54 ºC; and G8: Er:YAG laser–composite preheated to 68 ºC. The specimens were subjected to a thermal cycling regimen of 5000 cycles between 5 and 55 ºC; then they were immersed in a solution of 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours. The dyed specimens were sectioned in the buccolingual direction and dye penetration was scored in a blinded manner using a five-point qualitative scale. Microleakage scores were analyzed with the Kruskall-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the microleakages of composite applied to cavities prepared by either the Er:YAG laser or diamond bur (P>.05). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the enamel and dentin in all restorations (P<.001). However, there were no significant differences among the preheated groups (P>.05). Conclusions: For all groups, microleakage values were higher at gingival margins than at occlusal margins. The use of the Er:YAG laser at different preheating procedures did not influence the marginal sealing in Class V composite resin restorations.
Monocyte Recruitment to the Dermis and Differentiation to Dendritic Cells Increases the Targets for Dengue Virus Replication

Dengue virus (DENV) causes the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans. Although Aedes mosquitoes transmit DENV when probing for blood in the skin, no information exists on DENV infection and immune response in the dermis, where the blood vessels are found. DENV suppresses the interferon response, replicates, and causes disease in humans but not wild-type mice. Here, we used mice lacking the interferon-α/β receptor (Ifnar –/–), which had normal cell populations in the skin and were susceptible to intradermal DENV infection, to investigate the dynamics of early DENV infection of immune cells in the skin. CD103+ classical dendritic cells (cDCs), Ly6C– CD11b+ cDCs, and macrophages in the steady-state dermis were initial targets of DENV infection 12-24 hours post-inoculation but then decreased in frequency. We demonstrated recruitment of adoptively-transferred Ly6Chigh monocytes from wild-type and Ifnar –/– origin to the DENV-infected dermis and differentiation to Ly6C+ CD11b+ monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), which became DENV-infected after 48 hours, and were then the major targets for virus replication. Ly6Chigh monocytes that entered the DENV-infected dermis expressed chemokine receptor CCR2, likely mediating recruitment. Further, we show that ∼100-fold more hematopoietic cells in the dermis were DENV-infected compared to Langerhans cells in the epidermis. Overall, these results identify the dermis as the main site of early DENV replication and show that DENV infection in the skin occurs in two waves: initial infection of resident cDCs and macrophages, followed by infection of monocytes and moDCs that are recruited to the dermis. Our study reveals a novel viral strategy of exploiting monocyte recruitment to increase the number of targets for infection at the site of invasion in the skin and highlights the skin as a potential site for therapeutic action or intradermal vaccination.
Secondary, somatic mutations might promote cyst formation in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Heterozygous germline mutations in PRKCSH cause autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (PCLD), but it is not clear how they lead to cyst formation. We investigated whether mutations in cyst epithelial cells and corresponding loss of the PRKCSH gene product (hepatocystin) contributed to cyst development. METHODS Liver cyst material was collected through laparoscopic cyst fenestration from 8 patients with PCLD who had a heterozygous germline mutation in PRKCSH. Tissue sections from 71 cysts (2-14 per patient) were obtained for hepatocystin staining and mutation analysis. Cyst epithelium was acquired using laser microdissection; DNA was isolated and analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and somatic mutations using restriction analysis and sequencing. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 70-kilobase region surrounding the germline mutation were used to determine variations in the genomic region with LOH. RESULTS The wild-type allele of PRKCSH was lost (LOH) in 76% of cysts (54/71). Hepatocystin was not detected in cyst epithelia with LOH, whereas heterozygous cysts still expressed hepatocystin. The variation observed in the LOH region analysis indicates that cysts develop independently. We also detected somatic mutations in PRKCSH in 17% (2/12) of the cysts without LOH. Trans-heterozygous mutations in SEC63 were not observed. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with PCLD who have a heterozygous germline mutation in PRKCSH, we found secondary, somatic mutations (second hits) in more than 76% of the liver cyst epithelia. PCLD is recessive at the cellular level, and loss of functional PRKCSH is an important step in cystogenesis.
An attempt to get access to a speaker’s mind : The expectation marker actually in spoken conversation

The use of the expectation marker actually in spoken conversation is an interesting topic. This study investigates the different functions of actually and the importance of context in eight spoken conversations from the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English. The chosen conversations are different when it comes to social factors like the participants’ age or gender.The interactions are studied using Karin Aijmer’s suggested functions of actually. Aijmer divides the expectation marker into two major functions: contrastive and emphatic. Basically, the contrastive actually functions as an opposition between points of views, and the empathic actually is used to justify or explain an earlier statement.The method used for the study is of a qualitative character as I study the interactions thoroughly both by listening to the conversations as well as studying the available transcript versions of the interactions.Overall, the study shows that emphatic actually is most common in the data used, and it is mainly used to explain or justify something or as a marker of a participant’s style of speech. In other words, actually is more often used as a way to underline an utterance rather than to correct or make a contrast to another participant’s statement. Actually is often used as a marker of style, a way for a speaker to signal or mark a specific style of speech.All of the conversations are taken from everyday life and should therefore be considered unprepared. When it comes to context it seems as if actually is more frequently used in conversations between participants close in age and who are involved in a closer sort of relationship, for example cousins or a couple in a love relationship. As for gender, actually is used by both women and by men.
Preparation of high‐quality ultrathin transmission electron microscopy specimens of a nanocrystalline metallic powder

This article explores the achievable transmission electron microscopy specimen thickness and quality by using three different preparation methods in the case of a high‐strength nanocrystalline Cu–Nb powder alloy. Low specimen thickness is essential for spatially resolved analyses of the grains in nanocrystalline materials. We have found that single‐sided as well as double‐sided low‐angle Ar ion milling of the Cu–Nb powders embedded into epoxy resin produced wedge‐shaped particles of very low thickness (<10 nm) near the edge. By means of a modified focused ion beam lift‐out technique generating holes in the lamella interior large micrometer‐sized electron‐transparent regions were obtained. However, this lamella displayed a higher thickness at the rim of ≥30 nm. Limiting factors for the observed thicknesses are discussed including ion damage depths, backscattering, and surface roughness, which depend on ion type, energy, current density, and specimen motion. Finally, sections cut by ultramicrotomy at low stroke rate and low set thickness offered vast, several tens of square micrometers uniformly thin regions of ∼10‐nm minimum thickness. As major drawbacks, we have detected a thin coating on the sections consisting of epoxy deployed as the embedding material and considerable nanoscale thickness variations. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:711–719, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.