Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Employment in the Formal and Informal Sectors of the Urban Areas of Kenya

By applying a multinomial logit model and economic theory to labour force survey data, this study examines the determinants of formal and informal sector employment in the urban areas of Kenya. The fi ndings show that the determinants of employment in public, private and informal sectors of Kenya’s urban labour market vary by age cohort and gender. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of sex (being male rather thanfemale), marital status, household-headship and education variables, of which the first three illustrate the disadvantaged position of women in the labour market. Education has the strongest impact on formal sector employment, yet most women work in the informal sector despite signifi cant improvements in their education attainment. Two observations merit concern, high youth unemployment and gender imbalance in access to employment. Unemployment is particularly high amongst women, especially younger women. Younger women are either unemployed or employed in the inferior informal sector (in the sense of low income, precarious and unregulated forms of employment), as opposed to males in a similar age bracket who are likely to work inthe private sector. Overall results confi rm that the urban labour market is heterogeneous and reveal howlabour supply factors are valued in the labour market. They also indicate the existenceof sex discrimination in the labour market. The study raises the following questionsfor further research while identifying education and employment policy gaps: What specifi c skills or qualities do employers look for when recruiting new employees? Arethe recruitment practices gender balanced? Which training and skills are sought for what sectors? Is the current education system demand or supply driven, and does it equip graduates with adequate skills to become self-employed? Does the current policy environment and infrastructure encourage self-employment? What are the real constraints faced by women in fi nding reasonable work given their remarkably high unemployment rates? Answers to these questions have broad policy implications towards an achievement of gender balance in education, the labour market and poverty eradication.
Dual clocks: Entry order influences on incumbent and newcomer market share and survival when specialized assets retain their value

Entry order analysis often shows that early eritrrints to an itidustry or technical subfield of an industr? , outperform laggards. Some studiess, though, hme found thrit late entrrints prervil. This paper tests did-clock hypotheses of entry order effects on perfortilance, riieasitred both as market share and survival. One entry clock records the entry of all entrctrits to a new technical subfield within (in industry, while a second clock records the entry of’ industry incumbents. Relative to the cippropriate clock. early entrmit.s are predicted to oritperforin Irtggards, but when entry is inemired on only one clock, the estiriiuterl influences riiny be inaccurate. Error will be particularly likely if a study contriitis {t surr,ivor bias. The study. which finds entry timing tmde-ofjy between rmirket share and survird, is gerierrilizirble to cmes in which N plriisible set of conditions is found.
Vorstellungen von Lohngerechtigkeit in West- und Ostdeutschland und in der Ukraine

Conceptions of how fair or unfair the distribution of socioeconomic resources are - such as labour market income – and the principles of justice that are perceived to apply, have diverse affects on the motivations of individual actions and the stability and interaction within societies. The article focuses on subjective ideas on the fairness of earnings in two transitional societies 20 years after communism collapsed: east Germany as an example of total institutional transformation and the Ukraine as a post-Soviet society. West Germany serves as a point of reference. The analyses of representative survey data which employed a factorial survey module in order to empirically measure the fair evaluation of earnings underline that basic principles of fairness – equity, need, self-interest and adaption – vary between the three contexts and by age groups and educational degree. In the meantime in east Germany there can be observed extensive conformity with west German evaluations, in particular when examining performance criteria. Respondents in the Ukraine however orient much more strongly towards the principle of fairness according to need. Additionally, conceptions of social justice seem to be strongly oriented to the actual distributions of earnings.
Implementation of the Fast-JX Photolysis scheme (v6.4) into the UKCA component of the MetUM chemistry-climate model (v7.3)

Abstract. Atmospheric chemistry is driven by photolytic reactions, making their modelling a crucial component of atmospheric models. We describe the implementation and validation of Fast-JX, a state of the art model of interactive photolysis, into the MetUM chemistry-climate model. This allows for interactive photolysis rates to be calculated in the troposphere and augments the calculation of the rates in the stratosphere by accounting for clouds and aerosols in addition to ozone. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new photolysis scheme we employ new methods of validating the model, including techniques for sampling the model to compare to flight track and satellite data.
Valuing Time in Travel Cost Demand Analysis: An Empirical Investigation

The opportunity cost of time is usually a significant part of the price variable in the travel cost demand model. Thus, its accurate measurement is important to the estimation of demand and benefit valuation for nonmarket resources. This paper empirically tests models which assume that income is the basis for opportunity time cost with an alternative "pooled" model based on a disequilibrium labor market for some recreationists. Acceptance of the hypothesis that disequilibrium models may be necessary for some individuals implies increased survey information requirements so that the appropriate model can be applied to each individual.
An investigation of the effective factors on students´ motivational beliefs: The case of Iranian students

This study explored the effective factors on students’ motivational beliefs (familial, individual, academic and environmental) among Iranian students. The data are derived from a survey using a standard questionnaire with adequate validity and reliability. The participants of the study were selected from high school students in Tehran (total = 518; female = 293 (56.6%) and male = 225 (43.4%)) through random sampling and within the age group of 15-18 in May 2010. The data was analyzed with the help of Independent Sample Tests, Pearson Correlations and Multiple Regressions. The results revealed that there is a significant relationship between the above mentioned factors and students' motivational beliefs. The effective factors, in the order of their importance are: environmental factors, individual factors and academic factors. It was observed that familial factors do not have a significant effect on students' motivational beliefs; however this result was different between male and female participants.
Testing of Residential Homes under Wind Loads

Aerodynamic testing of low-rise structures is fraught with difficulties that can be the cause of large measurement errors, resulting in the underestimation of aerodynamic pressures by a factor of as much as two. The errors are primarily attributable to the inadequate knowledge and simulation of wind flows affecting low-rise buildings, especially residential homes in suburban environments. A type of aerodynamic testing of sufficiently small low-rise structures is explored that does not entail the simulation of the turbulence intensity and integral turbulence scales. That type of testing would offer several advantages: eliminating a major cause of discrepancies among measurements conducted in different laboratories, allowing the use of larger model scales, and allowing testing in both typical commercial wind tunnels and in open jet facilities of the Wall of Wind (WoW) type. Preliminary tests based on data obtained at the University of Western Ontario wind tunnel and the Florida International University large-scale six-fan WoW facility suggest that the proposed type of testing yields systematically conservative results for the specialized type of measurements considered herein. In most cases, but not all, the degree of conservatism is modest. The results appear to be of sufficient interest to warrant additional research.
Estimation of External Blood Loss by Paramedics: Is There Any Point?

Abstract Objectives: There are many patient assessment challenges in the prehospital setting, especially the estimation of external blood loss. Previous studies of experienced paramedics have demonstrated that external blood loss estimation is highly inaccurate. The objective of this study was to determine if undergraduate paramedic students could accurately estimate external blood loss on four surfaces commonly found in the prehospital environment. Methods: This prospective, observational, blinded study used a convenience sample of undergraduate students studying at Monash University during 2006. Students were provided with four clinical vignettes using four different surfaces and varying simulated blood amounts. Results: Accurate estimation occurred with the vinyl simulation (100 ml), with a mean value of the estimations of 98 ml (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 84–113 ml). Carpet and concrete surfaces were both associated with large under-estimations.The carpet simulation (1,000 ml) had a mean value for the estimations of 347 ml (95% CI 320–429 ml). The concrete simulation (1,500 ml) had a mean value for the estimations of 885ml (95% CI 771–999 ml). Conversely, the clothing simulation (500 ml) emphasized over-estimation, with a mean value for the estimations of 1,253 ml (95% CI 1,093–1,414 ml). There was no relationship between increased accuracy and clinical experience, exposure, educational qualifications, or age of students. Conclusions: External blood loss estimation by undergraduate paramedic students generally is too inaccurate to be of any clinical benefit. Particularly, absorbent and impermeable surfaces precipitated inaccuracies by undergraduate paramedic students.
Approximation schemes for the generalized geometric problems with geographic clustering

This paper is concerned with polynomial time approximations schemes for the generalized geometric problems with geographic clustering. We illustrate the approach on the generalized traveling salesman problem which is also known as Group-TSP or TSP with neighborhoods. We prove that under the condition that all regions are non-intersecting and have comparable sizes and shapes, the problem admits PTAS. To derive a PTAS we extend the algorithm by Arora [2]. This extension involves the dissection mechanism and solution of the selection problem. We observe that the results are applicable to many generalized geometric problems, to other Minkowski norms, and to other Â¯xed dimensional spaces.
The selective orexin receptor 1 antagonist ACT-335827 in a rat model of diet-induced obesity associated with metabolic syndrome

The orexin system regulates feeding, nutrient metabolism and energy homeostasis. Acute pharmacological blockade of orexin receptor 1 (OXR-1) in rodents induces satiety and reduces normal and palatable food intake. Genetic OXR-1 deletion in mice improves hyperglycemia under high-fat (HF) diet conditions. Here we investigated the effects of chronic treatment with the novel selective OXR-1 antagonist ACT-335827 in a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Rats were fed either standard chow (SC) or a cafeteria (CAF) diet comprised of intermittent human snacks and a constant free choice between a HF/sweet (HF/S) diet and SC for 13 weeks. Thereafter the SC group was treated with vehicle (for 4 weeks) and the CAF group was divided into a vehicle and an ACT-335827 treatment group. Energy and water intake, food preference, and indicators of MetS (abdominal obesity, glucose homeostasis, plasma lipids, and blood pressure) were monitored. Hippocampus-dependent memory, which can be impaired by DIO, was assessed. CAF diet fed rats treated with ACT-335827 consumed less of the HF/S diet and more of the SC, but did not change their snack or total kcal intake compared to vehicle-treated rats. ACT-335827 increased water intake and the high-density lipoprotein associated cholesterol proportion of total circulating cholesterol. ACT-335827 slightly increased body weight gain (4% vs. controls) and feed efficiency in the absence of hyperphagia. These effects were not associated with significant changes in the elevated fasting glucose and triglyceride (TG) plasma levels, glucose intolerance, elevated blood pressure, and adiposity due to CAF diet consumption. Neither CAF diet consumption alone nor ACT-335827 affected memory. In conclusion, the main metabolic characteristics associated with DIO and MetS in rats remained unaffected by chronic ACT-335827 treatment, suggesting that pharmacological OXR-1 blockade has minimal impact in this model.
co-evolutionary litter feedback as a driver of exotic plant invasion

Many studies have examined positive feedbacks between invasive plant traits and nutrient cycling, but few have investigated whether feedbacks arise from introduction of pre-adapted species or from ecoevolutionary feedback that develops after introduction. Eco-evolutionary feedback could occur between an invader’s leaf tissue C:N ratio and its response to litter accumulation. Previous modeling predicts that occurrence of this feedback would be reflected by: (1) field data showing higher litter:biomass ratios in the invasive range; (2) high C:N genotypes benefiting more from experimental litter additions than low C:N genotypes; (3) this beneficial effect on high C:N genotypes inducing a critical transition toward invader dominance when a critical amount of litter is added to a native species-dominated community experiencing low nutrient conditions. Here, we empirically tested these predictions for the invasive grass Phalaris arundinacea, which has undergone post-introduction evolutionary change toward attaining higher C:N ratios under high nutrient conditions. We performed a biogeographical comparison of litter:biomass ratios in the native (Europe) and invasive (USA) range, and an experiment with mesocosms from the invasive range under low nutrient conditions. Low and high C:N Phalaris genotypes were introduced into native-dominated and bare mesocosms, to which varying litter amounts were added. The biogeographical comparison revealed that litter:biomass ratios were higher in the invasive range. The mesocosm experiment showed that when grown in isolation, only high C:N genotypes responded positively to litter. This effect, however, was not strong enough to stimulate Phalaris when exposed to competition with native species. Our results suggest that eco-evolutionary feedback between Phalaris’ C:N ratio and litter accumulation could occur, but only under high nutrient conditions. Our experiments suggest that eco-evolutionary feedback may select for specialist rather than superior genotypes. Hence, genotypic variation induced by post-introduction admixture may be subject to context-dependent selection due to eco-evolutionary feedback, increasing trait variation within invasive populations.
Large deviation convergence of generated pseudo measures

The large deviation theory is a tool for asymptotic computation of very small probabilities. It is used for study of the convergence of "very small" probabilities. We shall give an short overwiev of some approaches of large deviation theory, and we shall consider the large deviation convergence of a sequence of generated pseudo-measures to sup-decomposable measure.
MicroRNA-497 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting AMOT in human osteosarcoma cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a role in the development and progression of human malignancy. The expression of miR-497 is decreased in malignant tumors, which suggests a role for miR-497 as a tumor suppressor. Angiomotin is encoded by the AMOT gene, which is a target for miR-497. Angiomotin has a role in angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and invasion in human malignancies, including osteosarcoma. However, the role of miR-497 in human osteosarcoma is unknown. This preliminary study included human osteosarcoma tissues and normal tissues from 20 patients, the osteosarcoma cell lines, MG-63, SAOS-2, U-2 OS, and the human osteoblast cell line hFOB (OB3). Western blots for angiomotin and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the expression of miR-497 and AMOT were performed. Knockdown studies were performed using RNA interference and transfection studies used miR-497 mimics. Quantitative cell migration assays were performed, and cell apoptosis was studied by flow cytometry. Osteosarcoma cells and cell lines showed reduced expression of miR-497 and increased expression of angiomotin. Transfection of osteosarcoma cells with miR-497 mimics suppressed the expression of angiomotin. Results from a dual-luciferase reporter system supported AMOT as a direct target gene of miR-497. Knockdown of AMOT using RNA interference resulted in inhibition of osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. These preliminary studies support a role for miR-497 as a suppressor of AMOT gene expression in human osteosarcoma cells, resulting in suppression of tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Further studies are recommended to investigate the role of miR-497 in osteosarcoma and other malignant mesenchymal tumors.
The Contradictions of Telehealth User Experience in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis

Objective As the global burden of chronic disease rises, policy makers are showing a strong interest in adopting telehealth technologies for use in long term condition management, including COPD. However, there remain barriers to its implementation and sustained use. To date, there has been limited qualitative investigation into how users (both patients/carers and staff) perceive and experience the technology. We aimed to systematically review and synthesise the findings from qualitative studies that investigated user perspectives and experiences of telehealth in COPD management, in order to identify factors which may impact on uptake. Method Systematic review and meta-synthesis of published qualitative studies of user (patients, their carers and clinicians) experience of telehealth technologies for the management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ASSIA, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge databases were searched up to October 2014. Reference lists of included studies and reference lists of key papers were also searched. Quality appraisal was guided by an adapted version of the CASP qualitative appraisal tool. Findings 705 references (after duplicates removed) were identified and 10 papers, relating to 7 studies were included in the review. Most authors of included studies had identified both positive and negative experiences of telehealth use in the management of COPD. Through a line of argument synthesis we were able to derive new insights from the data to identify three overarching themes that have the ability to either impede or promote positive user experience of telehealth in COPD: the influence on moral dilemmas of help seeking—(enables dependency or self-care); transforming interactions (increases risk or reassurance) and reconfiguration of ‘work’ practices (causes burden or empowerment). Conclusion Findings from this meta-synthesis have implications for the future design and implementation of telehealth services. Future research needs to include potential users at an earlier stage of telehealth/service development.
On Multi-Agent Based Simulation

Agent-Based Computational Economics (ACE) and Agent Based Simulation (ABS) are two relatively young fields of research that lie on the boundary of social science, computer science and the cognitive sciences (AI and cognitive psychology). Originally these fields find their origin in computational physics, where multi-agent systems (MAS) are used to study models with heterogeneous agent populations. As AI researchers were looking for new applications for their artificial agent models, these could be readily found within the confines of the social sciences, in particular in economics and game theory, that are already strongly founded in analytical and computational methods. For example John von Neumann was a strong proponent of the idea of replacing Homo Oeconomicus with so called Homo Algoritmicus, focussing more on the process of rationality rather than on the outcome. The proponents of agent-based simulation are therefore sometimes referred to as Simulationists since the research is mainly centered around simulation studies, instead of mathematical analysis. At the boundaries where the orthodox deductive-analytical research program and the simulation approach touch on issues that have usually solely been studied within the orthodox research program, the first nowadays finds more competition from the second during formal and informal meetings than perhaps a decade ago. Although this may cause heated debates among researchers, it may turn out that there is much to learn on both sides of the divide as the boundaries between the two approaches begin to fade and a new synthesis is formed between the more rigorous mathematical analysis of orthodox neoclassical economics and the more
Immigration and Immigrants: Setting the Record Straight

This report sets the record straight on immigration in America. Drawing on the 1990 Census, INS statistics, and Urban Institute reviews of the substantial literature on the subject, the authors cover immigration policy past and present, give a detailed picture of who America's immigrants are and where they live, and provide the facts needed to address the key questions: What impact does immigration have on the wages and jobs of native-born Americans? What impact does immigration have on the public sector?
Communicating Authority Online: Perceptions and Interpretations of Internet Credibility among College Students

This paper discusses how students understand and interpret credibility in their search for online information, especially in relation to websites such as Wikipedia, which present new approaches to authority and information management. Based on focus group and survey data, we found that source authority is not a major determinant in students' informational evaluations, in contrast to some previous research. Due to the difficulty of reliably determining source characteristics and to compensate for this perceived lack of authority, students corroborate information with additional sources and employ other heuristic strategies. Wikipedia poses an interesting epistemological challenge as it represents a relatively novel form of authority and information creation - open editing by semi-anonymous visitors to the site. We find that student credibility assessments are highly pragmatic, and present an expanded model of assessment that accounts for the contemporary communication on the web, with implications for communication researchers and educators.