Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors contributing to the development of medial tibial stress syndrome in high school runners.

STUDY DESIGN Predictive correlational study. OBJECTIVES To identify the incidence of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) in a group of high school cross-country runners and to determine if a relationship exists between lower extremity structural measures and the incidence of MTSS. BACKGROUND Medial tibial stress syndrome is an overuse injury that occurs in long-distance runners. Literature exists that implicates structural deformity as a contributor to MTSS, but no studies have developed a predictive model. METHODS AND MEASURES We measured 125 high school cross-country runners for tibiofibular varum, resting calcaneal position during stance, and gastrocnemius length. Runners developing MTSS over an 8-week period were placed in the injured group (2 men, 13 women; age 15.3 years 1.0), and 21 randomly selected uninjured runners were placed in the uninjured group (13 men, 8 women; age 15.7 years +/-1.5). Navicular drop was measured for runners in both groups. Reliability of measures was determined using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3,1). Paired t tests were used to compare the injury and noninjury groups. A logistic regression analysis was used to establish if the descriptive data could accurately predict the development of MTSS. RESULTS Paired t tests showed a significant difference in navicular drop test measures between the injured (6.8 mm 3.7) and noninjured (3.6 mm 3.3) groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed navicular drop test measurements and sex correctly identified athletes who developed MTSS with 76% accuracy. CONCLUSION Our study supported the hypothesis that a pronatory foot type is related to MTSS. The combination of sex and navicular drop test measures provides an accurate prediction for the development of MTSS. Clinical measures that identify biomechanical risk factors for MTSS may allow prevention or early intervention.
Information transmission with spiking Bayesian neurons

Spike trains of cortical neurons resulting from repeatedpresentations of a stimulus are variable and exhibit Poisson-like statistics. Many models of neural coding therefore assumed that sensory information is contained in instantaneous firing rates, not spike times. Here, we ask how much information about time-varying stimuli can be transmitted by spiking neurons with such input and output variability. In particular, does this variability imply spike generation to be intrinsically stochastic? We consider a model neuron that estimates optimally the current state of a time-varying binary variable (e.g. presence of a stimulus) by integrating incoming spikes. The unit signals its current estimate to other units with spikes whenever the estimate increased by a fixed amount. As shown previously, this computation results in integrate and fire dynamics with Poisson-like output spike trains. This output variability is entirely due to the stochastic input rather than noisy spike generation. As a result such a deterministic neuron can transmit most of the information about the time varying stimulus. This contrasts with a standard model of sensory neurons, the linear–nonlinear Poisson (LNP) model which assumes that most variability in output spike trains is due to stochastic spike generation. Although it yields the same firing statistics, we found that such noisy firing results in the loss of most information. Finally, we use this framework to compare potential effects of top-down attention versus bottom-up saliency on information transfer with spiking neurons.
Polyketide Synthase Gene Diversity within the Microbiome of the Sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis, Endemic to the Southern Atlantic Ocean

ABSTRACT Microbes associated with marine sponges are considered important producers of bioactive, structurally unique polyketides. The synthesis of such secondary metabolites involves type I polyketide synthases (PKSs), which are enzymes that reach a maximum complexity degree in bacteria. The Haplosclerida sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis hosts a complex microbiota and is the source of arenosclerins, alkaloids with cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. In the present investigation, we performed high-throughput sequencing of the ketosynthase (KS) amplicon to investigate the diversity of PKS genes present in the metagenome of A. brasiliensis. Almost 4,000 ketosynthase reads were recovered, with about 90% annotated automatically as bacterial. A total of 235 bacterial KS contigs was rigorously assembled from this sequence pool and submitted to phylogenetic analysis. A great diversity of six type I PKS groups has been consistently detected in our phylogenetic reconstructions, including a novel and A. brasiliensis-exclusive group. Our study is the first to reveal the diversity of type I PKS genes in A. brasiliensis as well as the potential of its microbiome to serve as a source of new polyketides.
Euphemistic Metaphors in English and Spanish Epitaphs: A Comparative Study

Following the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, it is the aim of this paper to analyse the conceptual organisation underlying death-related metaphorical expressions in English and Spanish. With this in mind, this paper presents a comparative study of death metaphors in a sample of epitaphs from Highgate Cemetery (London, UK) and from the Cemetery of Albacete (Albacete, Spain) focusing specifically on those aimed at substituting the notions of ‘death’ and ‘dying’. The results obtained reveal that the conceptual organisations that underlie the euphemistic metaphors for death in English and Spanish derive both from our common bodily experience and from specific cultural constraints. Although the set of conceptual metaphors for the domain of death is similar in both languages, the Spanish epitaphs show a clear preference for source domains in which Jewish-Christian beliefs and political issues play a crucial role, whereas the English epitaphs tend to display a more optimistic, life-like approach to death.
Incidental Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: The management and clinical prognosis of incidental intracranial aneurysms in acute ischemic stroke patients have been understudied. We investigated the clinical outcome of acute ischemic stroke subjects with incidentally found intracranial aneurysms. Methods: We consecutively included acute ischemic stroke patients within 7 days of onset. Their demographics, risk factors, stroke subtypes, antithrombotics use and modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months after stroke were obtained. CT or MR angiography was used to diagnose the intracranial aneurysms. The development of an aneurysmal rupture was checked during the following 3 months. Results: Incidental intracranial aneurysms were found in 17 (6.6%) of the 258 patients. The female sex and old age were associated with the presence of incidental intracranial aneurysms (p = 0.001, 0.032). The most common site of aneurysm was at the distal internal carotid artery (n = 9), followed by the middle cerebral artery (n = 6). The diameters of the aneurysms ranged from 2.09 to 8.06 mm. All the participants except 1 who had cancer were taking antiplatelet agents. No aneurysmal rupture or subarachnoid hemorrhage happened until 3 months after stroke.There was no significant difference in excellent outcome (3-month mRS = 0, 1) between the patients with an aneurysm and those without (28.6 vs. 53.4%, p = 0.097). Conclusion: There was no rupture of the incidentally found aneurysms in the patients with acute ischemic stroke during their first 3 months. The 3-month mRS was not affected by the presence of incidental intracranial aneurysm. A large cohort study and long-term follow-up are required.
Energy Efficient Image Transmission in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

The key obstacle to communicating images over wireless sensor networks has been the lack of suitable processing architecture and communication strategies to deal with the large volume of data. High packet error rates and the need for retransmission make it inefficient in terms of energy and bandwidth. This paper presents novel architecture and protocol for energy efficient image processing and communication over wireless sensor networks. Practical results show the effectiveness of these approaches to make image communication over wireless sensor networks feasible, reliable and efficient.
Learning Discriminative Part Detectors for Image Classification and Cosegmentation

In this paper, we address the problem of learning discriminative part detectors from image sets with category labels. We propose a novel latent SVM model regularized by group sparsity to learn these part detectors. Starting from a large set of initial parts, the group sparsity regularizer forces the model to jointly select and optimize a set of discriminative part detectors in a max-margin framework. We propose a stochastic version of a proximal algorithm to solve the corresponding optimization problem. We apply the proposed method to image classification and co segmentation, and quantitative experiments with standard benchmarks show that it matches or improves upon the state of the art.
How active are our children? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study

Objective To describe levels of physical activity, sedentary time and adherence to Chief Medical Officers (CMO) physical activity guidelines among primary school-aged children across the UK using objective accelerometer-based measurements. Design Nationally representative prospective cohort study. Setting Children born across the UK, between 2000 and 2002. Participants 6497 7-year-old to 8-year-old singleton children for whom reliable accelerometer data were available for at least 10 h a day for at least 2 days. Main outcome measures Physical activity in counts per minute (cpm); time spent in sedentary and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA); proportion of children meeting CMO guidelines (≥60 min/day MVPA); average daily steps. Explanatory measures Gender, ethnicity, maternal current/most recent occupation, lone parenthood status, number of children in the household and country/region of residence. Results The median daily physical activity level was 595 cpm (IQR 507, 697). Children spent a median of 60 min (IQR 47–76) in MVPA/day and were sedentary for a median of 6.4 h/day (IQR 6–7). Only 51% met CMO guidelines, with girls (38%) less active than boys (63%). Children took an average of 10 229 (95% CI (8777 to 11 775)) steps each day. Children of Indian ethnicity were significantly less active overall than all other ethnic groups. Children of Bangladeshi origin and those living in Northern Ireland were least likely to meet CMO guidelines. Conclusions Only half of 7-year-old children in the UK achieve recommended levels of physical activity, with significant gender, ethnic and geographic variations. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the relevance of these (in)activity patterns for long-term health and well-being. In the meantime population-wide efforts to boost physical activity among young people are needed which are likely to require a broad range of policy interventions.
A Signal Detection Analysis of Memory for Nonoccurrence in Pigeons

In a relatively unexplored memory procedure, pigeons indicated whether or not an event recently occurred. On positive trials, a sample stimulus was presented, followed by a delay, followed by a choice between the yes and no alternatives (with yes being the correct choice). On negative trials, the yes and no choice alternatives were presented without a preceding sample, and on these trials no was the correct choice. Recent research on this topic seems to suggest that performance on negative trials is governed by a memory-free default response strategy, whereas performance on positive trials is governed by memory for the sample stimulus. However, a signal detection analysis leads to a different conclusion. In both cases, according to this account, performance was determined by the strength of a memory trace in relation to a decision criterion. For various reasons, investigations of pigeon short-term memory have often involved sample stimuli consisting of presentations of food versus no food. Typically, the presentation of one of these samples is followed, after some delay, by a choice between two comparison stimuli (e.g., red and green). A response to one comparison is reinforced following samples of food, and a response to the other comparison is reinforced following samples of no food. The precise manner in which these sample stimuli are presented varies from study to study. In some cases, trials are initiated by a warning stimulus (e.g., a white light) followed either by the presentation of food or by nothing at all (i.e., no food). In other cases, no warning stimulus is used, and the samples consist of the brief presentation of food or a brief blackout (i.e., no food). In still other cases, no exteroceptive stimulus change is correlated with no-food samples. In spite of these procedural differences, the consistent finding is that performance following samples of food declines as the retention interval increases, whereas performance following samples of no food does not (Colwill, 1984; Colwill & Dickinson, 1980; Grant, 1991; Wilson & Boakes, 1985). The obvious question raised by these results is why performance is unaffected by the size of the retention interval on no-food trials. Although food versus no-food samples clearly differ in motivational value, recent research suggests that a more important difference is that one involves the presence of an event (i.e., the occurrence of food), whereas the other involves the absence of an event (i.e., the nonoccurrence of food). Indeed, the same asymmetrical decay functions were observed by Grant (1991) when samples consisted of the presence versus absence of a variety of stimuli (including colors, shapes, and food). In each case, performance following the presence of an event declined as the retention interval increased, but performance following the absence of an event did not.
Dyslexia-Successful Inclusion in the Secondary School

Part 1 Dyslexia - implication for secondary schools: dyslexia and its manifestations in the secondary school biological and cognitive dimension of dyslexia - current scientific thinking the dyslexia-friendly secondary school. Part 2 Inclusion - principles and practices: inclusion - the challenges, changing the variables inclusion and equal opportunities. Part 3 The subject of success: learning styles and mathematics dyslexia and the teaching of modern foreign languages implications for the humanities - dyslexia in the history classroom implications for the sciences supporting students with dyslexia in the maths classroom dyslexia and music dyslexia in the art classroom dyslexia with geography, drama and PE. Part 4 Cross-curricular aspects: dyslexia across the curriculum cross-curricular approaches to staff development in secondary schools. Part 5 Professional perspectives: assessment and support in the secondary school - an educational psychologist's view the careers service dyslexia and the law implications for teachers.
Thesaurus-based automatic query expansion for interface-driven code search

Software engineers often resort to code search practices to support software maintenance and evolution tasks, in particular code reuse. An issue that affects code search is the vocabulary mismatch problem: while searching for a particular function, users have to guess the exact words that were chosen by original developers to name code entities. In this paper we present an automatic query expansion (AQE) approach that uses word relations to increase the chances of finding relevant code. The approach is applied on top of Test-Driven Code Search (TDCS), a promising code retrieval technique that uses test cases as inputs to formulate the search query, but can also be used with other techniques that handle interface definitions to produce queries (interface-driven code search). Since these techniques rely on keywords and types, the vocabulary mismatch problem is also relevant. AQE is carried out by leveraging WordNet, a type thesaurus for expanding types, and another thesaurus containing only software-related word relations. Our approach is general but was specifically designed for non-native English speakers, who are frequently unaware of the most common terms used to name functions in software. Our evaluation with 36 non-native subjects - including developers and senior Computer Science students - provides evidence that our approach can improve the chances of finding relevant functions by 41% (recall improvement of 30%, on average), without hurting precision.
Hebbian and neuromodulatory mechanisms interact to trigger associative memory formation

Significance The influential Hebbian plasticity hypothesis suggests that an increase in the strength of connections between neurons whose activity is correlated produces memories. Other theories, however, propose that neuromodulatory systems need to be activated together with Hebbian plasticity mechanisms to engage memory formation. The present work provides direct in vivo evidence supporting the idea that a parallel mechanism involving neuromodulation and Hebbian processes is both necessary and sufficient to trigger synaptic strengthening and behavioral associative memory formation. This parallel process may represent a general mechanism used by many learning systems in the brain. A long-standing hypothesis termed “Hebbian plasticity” suggests that memories are formed through strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons with correlated activity. In contrast, other theories propose that coactivation of Hebbian and neuromodulatory processes produce the synaptic strengthening that underlies memory formation. Using optogenetics we directly tested whether Hebbian plasticity alone is both necessary and sufficient to produce physiological changes mediating actual memory formation in behaving animals. Our previous work with this method suggested that Hebbian mechanisms are sufficient to produce aversive associative learning under artificial conditions involving strong, iterative training. Here we systematically tested whether Hebbian mechanisms are necessary and sufficient to produce associative learning under more moderate training conditions that are similar to those that occur in daily life. We measured neural plasticity in the lateral amygdala, a brain region important for associative memory storage about danger. Our findings provide evidence that Hebbian mechanisms are necessary to produce neural plasticity in the lateral amygdala and behavioral memory formation. However, under these conditions Hebbian mechanisms alone were not sufficient to produce these physiological and behavioral effects unless neuromodulatory systems were coactivated. These results provide insight into how aversive experiences trigger memories and suggest that combined Hebbian and neuromodulatory processes interact to engage associative aversive learning.
The effect of nitrate and phosphate availability on Emiliania huxleyi (NZEH) physiology under different CO2 scenarios

Growth and calcification of the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi is affected by ocean acidification and macronutrients limitation and its response varies between strains. Here we investigated the physiological performance of a highly calcified E. huxleyi strain, NZEH, in a multiparametric experiment. Cells were exposed to different CO2 levels (ranging from 250 to 1314 μatm) under three nutrient conditions [nutrient replete (R), nitrate limited (-N), and phosphate limited (-P)]. We focused on calcite and organic carbon quotas and on nitrate and phosphate utilization by analyzing the activity of nitrate reductase (NRase) and alkaline phosphatase (APase), respectively. Particulate inorganic (PIC) and organic (POC) carbon quotas increased with increasing CO2 under R conditions but a different pattern was observed under nutrient limitation. The PIC:POC ratio decreased with increasing CO2 in nutrient limited cultures. Coccolith length increased with CO2 under all nutrient conditions but the coccosphere volume varied depending on the nutrient treatment. Maximum APase activity was found at 561 μatm of CO2 (pH 7.92) in -P cultures and in R conditions, NRase activity increased linearly with CO2. These results suggest that E. huxleyi's competitive ability for nutrient uptake might be altered in future high-CO2 oceans. The combined dataset will be useful in model parameterizations of the carbon cycle and ocean acidification.
BioLayout-an automatic graph layout algorithm for similarity visualization

UNLABELLED Graph layout is extensively used in the field of mathematics and computer science, however these ideas and methods have not been extended in a general fashion to the construction of graphs for biological data. To this end, we have implemented a version of the Fruchterman Rheingold graph layout algorithm, extensively modified for the purpose of similarity analysis in biology. This algorithm rapidly and effectively generates clear two (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) graphs representing similarity relationships such as protein sequence similarity. The implementation of the algorithm is general and applicable to most types of similarity information for biological data. AVAILABILITY BioLayout is available for most UNIX platforms at the following web-site: http://www.ebi. ac.uk/research/cgg/services/layout.
Prevalence of apical periodontitis and quality of root canal fillings in population of Zagreb, Croatia: a cross-sectional study

Aim To determine the prevalence of apical periodontitis and assess the quality of endodontic fillings in the population of the city of Zagreb, Croatia. Methods A total of 1462 orthopantomograms from new patients at 6 different dental practices was analyzed during 2006 and 2007. The presence of periapical lesions was determined by using the periapical index score (PAI). The quality of endodontic fillings was assessed according to the filling length and homogeinicity. Data were analyzed using t test and ANOVA with Scheffe post-hoc test. Results There were 75.9% of participants with endodontically treated teeth and 8.5% of all teeth were endodontically treated. Only 34.2% of endodontically treated roots had adequate root canal filling length, while 36.2% of root canal fillings had homogenous appearance. From the total number of teeth with intracanal post, 17.5% had no visible root canal filling. Using PAI 3 as a threshold value for apical periodontitis, periapical lesions were detected in 8.5% of teeth. Adequate quality of root canal fillings was associated with a lower prevalence of periapical lesions. Conclusion We found a large proportion of endodontically treated teeth with apical periodontitis and a correlation between the quality of endodontic filling and the prevalence of periapical lesions. This all suggests that it is necessary to improve the quality of endodontic treatment in order to reduce the incidence and prevalence of apical periodontitis.