Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Galileo observations of post-imbrium lunar craters during the first Eearth-Moon flyby

Copernican-age craters are among the most conspicuous features seen on the far side and western limb of the Moon in the Galileo multispectral images acquired in December 1990. Among the new morphologic observations of far-side craters are bright rays, continuous ejecta deposits, and dark rings associated with probable impact-melt veneers. These observations suggest that the mapped age assignments of several large far-side craters (Ohm, Robertson, and possibly Lowell and Lenz) need revision. New crater size-frequency measurements on Lunar Orbiter images suggest the following age reassignments: Hausen (170 km diameter), Pythagoras (120 km), and Bullialdus (61 km) from Eratosthenian to Upper Imbrian, and Carpenter (60 km) and Harpalus (39 km) from Copernican to Eratosthenian. Colors and albedos of craters (away from impact-melt veneers) are correlated with their geologic emplacement ages as determined from counts of superposed craters; these age-color relations are used to estimate the emplacement age (time since impact event) for other Copernican-age craters. These age-color relations indicate a probable Copernican age for 27 far-side or western limb craters larger than 10 km diameter that were not previously mapped as Copernican. The apparent deficiency of Copernican craters on the far side compared with the near side in published geologic maps is not present in our data. Age-color trends differ between mare and highland regions and between the interiors and continuous ejecta of the craters. Similar trends are established for color and albedo versus soil-maturity indices for the returned lunar samples, with distinct trends for mare and highland soils. However, the mare versus highland offsets are reversed in the two comparisons. These relations can be explained by variations in regolith thicknesses and rates of mixing with relatively fresh, crystalline ejecta. Therefore, the soil-maturity trends represent longer geologic time periods in regions with thinner regoliths, such as the maria.
Troublemaker or Problem-Solver? Perceptions of Organizational Dissenters

This study sought to explore potential differences in organizational dissent seen as troublemaking and dissent seen as problem-solving. Participants completed open-ended items that measured perceptions of others’ dissent. Results revealed two key attributions that dissent audiences make: principled versus personal advantage dissent and appropriate versus inappropriate dissent. Results also demonstrated nuance in connecting dissent expressions and others’ perceptions of dissenters. Finally, the study draws attention to one aspect of residual communication, which includes communication about dissenters after they have expressed disagreement and which defines the context for future dissent.
Engagement and Well-being on Social Network Sites

Prior research has reported contradictory findings on the relationship between the use of Social Network Sites (SNS) and psychological well-being. We addressed this shortcoming by incorporating a finer measure of SNS user engagement and hypothesizing a U-shaped rather than purely linear relationship between the two. We tested our hypotheses via a Web based questionnaire administered to 289 Facebook users. Ordinary least squares approach confirmed the hypothesized U-shaped relationship. Our results further show that User Engagement, and in turn well-being, is associated with the number of SNS friends. These findings indicate that well-being derived from SNS usage could be optimized by avoiding underuse as well as overuse.
Coseismic surface deformation from air photos: The Kickapoo step over in the 1992 Landers rupture

Coseismic deformation of the ground can be measured from aerial views taken before and after an earthquake. We chose the area of the Kickapoo-Landers step over along the 1992 Landers earthquake zone, using air photos (scale 1:40,000) scanned at 0.4 m resolution. Two photos acquired after the earthquake are used to assess the accuracy and to evaluate various sources of noise. Optical distortions, film deformation, scanning errors, or errors in viewing parameters can yield metric bias at wavelength larger than 1 km. Offset field at shorter wavelength is more reliable and mainly affected by temporal decorrelation of the images induced by changes in radiometry with time. Temporal decorrelation and resulting uncertainty on offsets are estimated locally from the correlation degree between the images. Relative surface displacements are measured independently every about 15 m and with uncertainty typically below 10 cm (RMS). The offset field reveals most of the surface ruptures mapped in the field. The fault slip is accurate to about 7 cm (RMS) and measured independently every 200 m from stacked profiles. Slip distribution compares well with field measurements at the kilometric scale but reveals local discrepancies suggesting that deformation is generally, although not systematically, localized on the major fault zone located in the field. This type of data can provide useful insight into the fault zone's mechanical properties. Our measurements indicate that elastic coseismic strain near the fault zone can be as large as 0.5 × 10^(−3), while anelastic yielding was attained for strain in excess of about 1–2 × 10^(−3).
Individual variation in pup vocalizations and absence of behavioral signs of maternal vocal recognition in Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii)

Individually stereotyped vocalizations often play an important role in relocation of offspring in gregarious breeders. In phocids, mothers often alternate between foragingatseaandattendingtheirpup.Pupcallsareindividuallydistinctiveinvarious phocid species. However, experimental evidence for maternal recognition is rare. In this study, we recorded Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pup vocalizations at two whelping patches in Atka Bay, Antarctica, and explored individual vocal variation based on eight vocal parameters. Overall, 58% of calls were correctly classified according to individual. For males (n = 12) and females (n = 9), respectively, nine and seven individuals were correctly identified based on vocal parameters. To investigate whether mothers respond differently to calls of familiar vs. unfamiliar pups, we conducted playback experiments with 21 mothers. Maternal responses did not differ between playbacks of own, familiar, and unfamiliar pup calls. We suggest that Weddell seal pup calls may need to contain only a critical amount of individually distinct information because mothers and pups use a combination of sensory modalities for identification. However, it cannot be excluded that pup developmental factors and differing environmental factors between colonies affect pup acoustic behavior and the role of acoustic cues in the relocation process.
Learning about academic ability and the drop-out decision

Using unique longitudinal data, we study beliefs about academic ability at the time of college entrance and how students revise these beliefs as noisy information if received. We show that what a person learns about his academic ability during the first year is an important predictor of whether he remains in school. By taking advantage of additional longitudinal survey information, we compare the importance of learning about ability to the importance of learning about the enjoyability of school and a variety of other factors that theory suggests may be important.
Liquidity Constraints and Product Market Competition : Ex-ante vs . Ex-post Incentives

This paper analyzes the interaction of financing and output market decisions in a duopolistic setting. We integrate two ideas that have been analyzed separately in previous work: some authors argue that existing debt strategically affects a firm’s output market decisions, typically making it more aggressive; others argue that a firm that has to rely on debt becomes less aggressive because the threat of bankruptcy makes debt-financed output costly. Our model integrates both ideas; moreover, we derive debt as an optimal contract instead of taking its use as given. We find that an indebted firm produces less than an unleveraged firm. Its level of output depends on its net worth; this relationship is U-shaped. These results hold for a monopoly, but are more pronounced in a duopoly if the rival is not financially constrained. Prices of both firms are higher than they would be if both were financially unconstrained. The unconstrained rival has a higher market share, not because of predation but because of the cost disadvantage of the financially constrained firm.
The INSuRE Project: CAE-Rs Collaborate to Engage Students in Cybersecurity Research

Since fall 2012, several National Centers of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Research (CAE-Rs) fielded a collaborative course to engage students in solving applied cybersecurity research problems. We describe our experiences with this Information Security Research and Education (INSuRE) research collaborative. We explain how we conducted our project-based research course, give examples of student projects, and discuss the outcomes and lessons learned.
An Evaluation of Mutation and Data-Flow Testing: A Meta-analysis

Mutation testing is a fault-based testing technique for assessing the adequacy of test cases in detecting synthetic faulty versions injected to the original program. The empirical studies report the effectiveness of mutation testing. However, the inefficiency of mutation testing has been the major drawback of this testing technique. Though a number of studies compare mutation to data ? ow testing, the summary statistics for measuring the magnitude order of effectiveness and efficiency of these two testing techniques has not been discussed in literature. In addition, the validity of each individual study is subject to external threats making it hard to draw any general conclusion based solely on a single study. This paper introduces a novel meta-analytical approach to quantify and compare mutation and data ? ow testing techniques based on findings reported in research articles. We report the results of two statistical meta-analyses performed on comparing and measuring the effectiveness as well as efficiency of mutation and data-? ow testing based on relevant empirical studies. We focus on the results of three empirical research articles selected from the premier venues with their focus on comparing these two testing techniques. The results show that mutation is at least two times more effective than data-? ow testing, i.e., odds ratio= 2.27. However, mutation is three times less efficient than data-? ow testing, i.e., odds ratio= 2.94.
Linear model-based error identification and calibration for data converters

For the example of a 12-bit Nyquist-rate ADC, a model for nonlinearity-causing mechanisms is developed based on circuit simulations. The model is used to estimate circuit element values from measured device characteristics. Post-manufacture reconfiguration of the digital control part of the device-type that is used as a test vehicle in this work can improve the linearity performance of a device. An algorithm is proposed that searches for a locally-optimal reconfiguration based on the determined circuit element values. Applying calibration to the circuit simulation model allows one to estimate the performance improvement obtainable with the proposed calibration scheme for a given manufacturing process prior to a physical implementation.
Modeling and Analysis of Distortion Caused by Markov-Model Burst Packet Losses in Video Transmission

This paper addresses the problem of distortion modeling for video transmission over burst-loss channels characterized by a finite-state Markov chain. Based on a detailed analysis of the error propagation and the bursty losses, a distortion trellis model is proposed, enabling us to estimate at the both the frame level and sequence level the expected mean-square error (MSE) distortion caused by Markov-model burst packet losses. The model takes into account the temporal dependencies induced by both the motion-compensated coding scheme and the Markov-model channel losses. The model is applicable to most block-based motion-compensated encoders, and most Markov-model lossy channels as long as the loss pattern probabilities for that channel is computable. Based on the study of the decaying behavior of the error propagation, a sliding window algorithm is developed to perform the MSE estimation with low complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed models are accurate for all tested average loss rates and average burst lengths. Based on the experimental results, the proposed techniques are used to analyze the impact of factors such as average burst length on the average decoded video quality. The proposed model is further extended to a more general form, and the modeled distortion is compared with the data produced from realistic networks loss traces. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed model is also accurate in estimating the expected distortion for video transmission in real networks.
Towards more systematic Twitter analysis: metrics for tweeting activities

Twitter is an important and influential social media platform, but much research into its uses remains centred around isolated cases – e.g. of events in political communication, crisis communication, or popular culture, often coordinated by shared hashtags (brief keywords, prefixed with the symbol ‘#’). In particular, a lack of standard metrics for comparing communicative patterns across cases prevents researchers from developing a more comprehensive perspective on the diverse, sometimes crucial roles which hashtags play in Twitter-based communication. We address this problem by outlining a catalogue of widely applicable, standardised metrics for analysing Twitter-based communication, with particular focus on hashtagged exchanges. We also point to potential uses for such metrics, presenting an indication of what broader comparisons of diverse cases can achieve.
Thermographic nondestructive evaluation: overview of recent progress

This paper presents a summary of recent research activities carried out at our laboratory in the field of Infrared Thermography for Nondestructive Evaluation (TNDE). First, we explore the latest developments in signal improvement. We describe three approaches: multiple pulse stimulation; the use of Synthetic Data for de-noising of the signal; and a new approach derived from the Fourier diffusion equation called the Differentiated Absolute Contrast method (DAC). Secondly, we examine the advances carried out in inverse solutions. We describe the use of the Wavelet Transform to manage pulsed thermographic data, and we present a summary on Neural Networks for TNDE. Finally, we look at the problem of complex geometry inspection. In this case, due to surface shape, heat variations might be incorrectly identified as flaws. We describe the Shape-from-Heating approach and we propose some potential research avenues to deal with this problem.
What Lurks Beneath : Syntactic Priming During Language Comprehension in Preschoolers ( and Adults )

syntactic priming for the kinds of sentences that we intended to explore (post-verbal ambiguities in argument structure). Two of the studies that found robust priming effects (Luka & Barsalou, 2005; Noppeney & Price, 2004) used structures which were not semantically equivalent (e.g., relative clause attachment ambiguities), leaving open the possibility that the priming effects were semantic rather than syntactic. In addition, these studies used measures with a coarse temporal grain, creating uncertainty about whether the effects are due to initial structural analysis or later reanalysis. Two recent eye-tracking studies have searched for evidence of priming during online comprehension. Scheepers & Crocker (2004) studied the processing of German transitive sentences with case-marking. They found that the online interpretation of ambiguously marked preverbal arguments was influenced by prior unambiguously marked prime sentences. In contrast, using the English dative alternation, Arai, Van Gompel and Scheepers (2007) looked for priming of the interpretation of post-verbal arguments. They found priming when prime and target sentences contained the same verb, but not when they contained different verbs (see also Branigan, Pickering & McLean, 2005). Thus, while there is robust evidence for verb-specific priming during comprehension the scope and status of abstract priming is uncertain. Our first experiment revisited the role of abstract structural
Intra-Arterial Drug and Light Delivery for Photodynamic Therapy Using Visudyne®: Implication for Atherosclerotic Plaque Treatment

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is based on the activation of photosensitizers with light, can be used to reduce plaque burden. We hypothesized that intra-arterial photosensitizer administration and photo-activation will lead to high and rapid accumulation within the plaque with reduced systemic adverse effects. Thus, this “intra-arterial” PDT would be expected to have less side effects and due to the short time involved would be compatible with percutaneous coronary interventions. Aim: We characterized the dose-dependent uptake and efficacy of intra-arterial PDT using Liposomal Verteporfin (Visudyne®), efficient for cancer-PDT but not tested before for PDT of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: Visudyne® (100, 200, and 500 ng/ml) was perfused for 5–30 min in atherosclerotic aorta isolated from ApoE−/− mice. The fluorescence Intensity (FI) after 15 min of Visudyne® perfusion increased with doses of 100 (FI-5.5 ± 1.8), 200 (FI-31.9 ± 1.9) or 500 ng/ml (FI-42.9 ± 1.2). Visudyne® (500 ng/ml) uptake also increased with the administration time from 5 min (FI-9.8 ± 2.5) to 10 min (FI-23.3 ± 3.0) and 15 min (FI-42.9 ± 3.4) before reaching saturation at 30 min (FI-39.3 ± 2.4) contact. Intra-arterial PDT (Fluence: 100 and 200 J/cm2, irradiance-334 mW/cm2) was applied immediately after Visudyne® perfusion (500 ng/ml for 15 min) using a cylindrical light diffuser coupled to a diode laser (690 nm). PDT led to an increase of ROS (Dihydroethidium; FI-6.9 ± 1.8, 25.3 ± 5.5, 43.4 ± 13.9) and apoptotic cells (TUNEL; 2.5 ± 1.6, 41.3 ± 15.3, 58.9 ± 6%), mainly plaque macrophages (immunostaining; 0.3 ± 0.2, 37.6 ± 6.4, 45.3 ± 5.4%) respectively without laser irradiation, or at 100 and 200 J/cm2. Limited apoptosis was observed in the medial wall (0.5 ± 0.2, 8.5 ± 4.7, 15.3 ± 12.7%). Finally, Visudyne®-PDT was found to be associated with reduced vessel functionality (Myogram). Conclusion: We demonstrated that sufficient accumulation of Visudyne® within plaque could be achieved in short-time and therefore validated the feasibility of local intravascular administration of photosensitizer. Intra-arterial Visudyne®-PDT preferentially affected plaque macrophages and may therefore alter the dynamic progression of plaque development.
Computational Investigations on the Effects of Gurney Flap on Airfoil Aerodynamics

The present study comprises steady state, two-dimensional computational investigations performed on NACA 0012 airfoil to analyze the effect of Gurney flap (GF) on airfoil aerodynamics using k-ε RNG turbulence model of FLUENT. Airfoil with GF is analyzed for six different heights from 0.5% to 4% of the chord length, seven positions from 0% to 20% of the chord length from the trailing edge, and seven mounting angles from 30° to 120° with the chord. Computed values of lift and drag coefficients with angle of attack are compared with experimental values and good agreement is found at low angles of attack. In addition static pressure distribution on the airfoil surface and pathlines and turbulence intensities near the trailing edge are present. From the computational investigation, it is recommended that Gurney flaps with a height of 1.5% chord be installed perpendicular to chord and as close to the trailing edge as possible to obtain maximum lift enhancement with minimum drag penalty.
The functional neuroanatomy of actions

Our current understanding of the neural basis of semantic memory is informed primarily by studies of concrete objects. However, conceptual knowledge encompasses many other, albeit less concrete, domains. This article reviews evidence from neuroimaging and patient studies that speaks to the neural basis of action concepts and the words that refer to them. These data highlight 2 important principles governing the neural instantiation of semantic knowledge. First, the organization of conceptual representations in the brain parallels perception and action. Action concepts are at least partially represented within modality-specific areas responsible for the perception and execution of dynamic actions. Second, unimodal sensory and motor cortices act as “points of entry” for more abstract action knowledge. Increasingly abstract conceptual knowledge derived from these modalities is represented in brain areas located anterior and centripetal to modality-specific regions. Extending research on the neural basis of semantics to include dynamic and relational aspects of the world gives us a more complete appreciation of the range of cognitive and communication impairments that may be experienced by patients with neurologic disease.
PET evidence of neuroplasticity in adult auditory cortex of postlingual deafness.

UNLABELLED Controversy regarding functional reorganization in the adult brain remains. To investigate whether neuroplasticity is present in adults with postlingual deafness, we examined the pattern of cerebral glucose metabolism on (18)F-FDG brain PET images of postlingually deaf patients by comparing the auditory cortical activation pattern with those of age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. We also correlated the cerebral glucose metabolism in deaf patients with the duration of deafness using statistical parametric mapping. METHODS In the resting state (eye closed, ears unoccluded in a dark and quiet environment), (18)F-FDG brain PET scans were performed on 9 postlingually deaf patients and 9 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Significant increases and decreases of regional cerebral metabolism in the patient group were estimated by comparing their PET images with those of the healthy volunteers using t statistics at every voxel. To reveal regions in which metabolism was significantly correlated with the duration of deafness, the general linear model with the duration of deafness as a covariate was tested at each voxel. RESULTS When we compared (18)F-FDG brain PET images of postlingually deaf patients with those of age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects by performing a t test at every voxel, the glucose metabolism of deaf patients was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of the control subjects in both anterior cingulate gyri (Brodmann area 24 [BA24]) and superior temporal cortices (BA41, BA42) and in the right parahippocampal gyrus. No area showed a significant increase of metabolism in deaf patients with the same threshold. When we correlated glucose metabolism of deaf patients with the duration of deafness after total deprivation of hearing capability using a general linear model with the duration of deafness as a covariate at every voxel, metabolism in both anterior cingulate gyri (BA24) and superior temporal cortices (BA41, BA42) showed a significant (P < 0.005) positive correlation with the duration of deafness. CONCLUSION This study suggests that plasticity is present in adult brains of postlingually deaf patients. In the mature brain, auditory deprivation decreased neuronal activity transiently in primary auditory and auditory-related cortices, and, over time, functional reorganization likely takes place in the auditory cortex. Plasticity was prominent in superior temporal and anterior cingulate gyri in the sensory-deprived mature brain and militated against postimplantation improvement in patients with cochlear implants.