Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Specificity and Neural Basis of Impaired Inhibitory Control

Impaired inhibition is a deficit of several psychopathological disorders, particularly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the first study, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether impaired inhibition as measured by the Stop Signal Task is specific to ADHD, or whether it could be found in other psychopathological disorders. The meta-analysis found an inhibitory deficit in ADHD, but also in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), suggesting that deficient inhibition is not specific to ADHD. A common neural mechanism may underlie deficient inhibition in ADHD, OCD, and SCZ. Study 2 aimed to determine the neural basis of inhibition using a lesion-deficit approach in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Only TBI children with white matter lesions in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) region showed impaired inhibition compared with orthopedic injury controls. This suggests that deficient inhibition may stem from frontal lobe white matter damage, particularly in the SFG. %%%%MAST
The basis of musical consonance as revealed by congenital amusia

Some combinations of musical notes sound pleasing and are termed “consonant,” but others sound unpleasant and are termed “dissonant. ” The distinction between consonance and dissonance plays a central role in Western music, and its origins have posed one of the oldest and most debated problems in perception. In modern times, dissonance has been widely believed to be the product of “beating”: interference between frequency components in the cochlea that has been believed to be more pronounced in dissonant than consonant sounds. However, harmonic frequency relations, a higher-order sound attribute closely related to pitch perception, has also been proposed to account for consonance. To tease apart theories of musical consonance, we tested sound preferences in individuals with congenital amusia, a neurogenetic disorder characterized by abnormal pitch perception. We assessed amusics’ preferences for musical chords as well as for the isolated acoustic properties of beating and harmonicity. In contrast to control subjects, amusic listeners showed no preference for consonance, rating the pleasantness of consonant chords no higher than that of dissonant chords. Amusics also failed to exhibit the normally observed preference for harmonic over inharmonic tones, nor could they discriminate such tones from each other. Despite these abnormalities, amusics exhibited normal preferences and discrimination for stimuli with and without beating. This dissociation indicates that, contrary to classic theories, beating is unlikely to underlie consonance. Our results instead suggest the need to integrate harmonicity as a foundation of music preferences, and illustrate how amusia may be used to investigate normal auditory function.
The Saudi Paradox

Saudi Arabia is in the throes of a crisis, but its elite is bitterly divided on how to escape it. Crown Prince Abdullah leads a camp of liberal reformers seeking rapprochement with the West, while Prince Nayef, the interior minister, sides with an anti-American Wahhabi religious establishment that has much in common with al Qaeda. Abdullah cuts a higher profile abroad -- but at home Nayef casts a longer and darker shadow.
Variance components of fitness under stabilizing selection.

Variance components of fitness under the stabilizing selection scheme of Wright (1935) for metric characters are calculated, extending his original analysis to the case with any number of alleles and multiple characters assuming additivity of gene effects. They are calculated in terms of the moments of the effects of alleles at individual loci for the metric characters. From these formulas, the variance components of fitness are evaluated at the mutation–selection equilibria predicted by the ‘Gaussian’ approximation (Lande, 1976), which is applicable if the per locus mutation rate is high, and the ‘House of Cards’ approximation (Turelli, 1984), which is applicable if the per locus mutation rate is low. It is found that the additive variance of fitness is small compared to non-additive variance in the ‘Gaussian’ case, whereas the additive variance is larger than non-additive variance in the ‘House of Cards’ case if the number of loci per character and the number of characters affected by each locus are not too large. With the assumption that a significant portion of fitness is due to this type of stabilizing selection, it is suggested that the real parameters are in the range where the ‘House of Cards’ approximation is applicable, since available data on variance components of fitness components in Drosophila show that the additive variance is far larger than the non-additive variance. It is noted that the present method does not discriminate the two approximations if the average values of the metric characters deviate from the optimum values. Other limitations of the present method are also discussed.
Overview of the Manitou experimental forest observatory: Site description and selected science results from 2008 to 2013

Abstract. The Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics & Nitrogen (BEACHON) project seeks to understand the feedbacks and inter-relationships between hydrology, biogenic emissions, carbon assimilation, aerosol properties, clouds and associated feedbacks within water-limited ecosystems. The Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory (MEFO) was established in 2008 by the National Center for Atmospheric Research to address many of the BEACHON research objectives, and it now provides a fixed field site with significant infrastructure. MEFO is a mountainous, semi-arid ponderosa pine-dominated forest site that is normally dominated by clean continental air but is periodically influenced by anthropogenic sources from Colorado Front Range cities. This article summarizes the past and ongoing research activities at the site, and highlights some of the significant findings that have resulted from these measurements. These activities include - soil property measurements; - hydrological studies; - measurements of high-frequency turbulence parameters; - eddy covariance flux measurements of water, energy, aerosols and carbon dioxide through the canopy; - determination of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compound emissions and their influence on regional atmospheric chemistry; - aerosol number and mass distributions; - chemical speciation of aerosol particles; - characterization of ice and cloud condensation nuclei; - trace gas measurements; and - model simulations using coupled chemistry and meteorology. In addition to various long-term continuous measurements, three focused measurement campaigns with state-of-the-art instrumentation have taken place since the site was established, and two of these studies are the subjects of this special issue: BEACHON-ROCS (Rocky Mountain Organic Carbon Study, 2010) and BEACHON-RoMBAS (Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study, 2011).
Approximation Schemes for Clustering with Outliers

Clustering problems are well studied in a variety of fields, such as data science, operations research, and computer science. Such problems include variants of center location problems, k-median and k-means to name a few. In some cases, not all data points need to be clustered; some may be discarded for various reasons. For instance, some points may arise from noise in a dataset or one might be willing to discard a certain fraction of the points to avoid incurring unnecessary overhead in the cost of a clustering solution. We study clustering problems with outliers. More specifically, we look at uncapacitated facility location (UFL), k-median, and k-means. In these problems, we are given a set X of data points in a metric space δ(., .), a set C of possible centers (each maybe with an opening cost), maybe an integer parameter k, plus an additional parameter z as the number of outliers. In uncapacitated facility location with outliers, we have to open some centers, discard up to z points of X, and assign every other point to the nearest open center, minimizing the total assignment cost plus center opening costs. In k-median and k-means, we have to open up to k centers, but there are no opening costs. In k-means, the cost of assigning j to i is δ2(j, i). We present several results. Our main focus is on cases where δ is a doubling metric (this includes fixed dimensional Euclidean metrics as a special case) or is the shortest path metrics of graphs from a minor-closed family of graphs. For uniform-cost UFL with outliers on such metrics, we show that a multiswap simple local search heuristic yields a PTAS. With a bit more work, we extend this to bicriteria approximations for the k-median and k-means problems in the same metrics where, for any constant ε > 0, we can find a solution using (1 + ε)k centers whose cost is at most a (1 + ε)-factor of the optimum and uses at most z outliers. Our algorithms are all based on natural multiswap local search heuristics. We also show that natural local search heuristics that do not violate the number of clusters and outliers for k-median (or k-means) will have unbounded gap even in Euclidean metrics. Furthermore, we show how our analysis can be extended to general metrics for k-means with outliers to obtain a (25 + ε, 1 + ε)-approximation: an algorithm that uses at most (1 + ε)k clusters and whose cost is at most 25 + ε of optimum and uses no more than z outliers.
Disruption of platelet-derived chemokine heteromers prevents neutrophil extravasation in acute lung injury.

RATIONALE Acute lung injury (ALI) causes high mortality, but its molecular mechanisms and therapeutic options remain ill-defined. Gram-negative bacterial infections are the main cause of ALI, leading to lung neutrophil infiltration, permeability increases, deterioration of gas exchange, and lung damage. Platelets are activated during ALI, but insights into their mechanistic contribution to neutrophil accumulation in the lung are elusive. OBJECTIVES To determine mechanisms of platelet-mediated neutrophil recruitment in ALI. METHODS Interference with platelet-neutrophil interactions using antagonists to P-selectin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa or a small peptide antagonist disrupting platelet chemokine heteromer formation in mouse models of ALI. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In a murine model of LPS-induced ALI, we uncover important roles for neutrophils and platelets in permeability changes and subsequent lung damage. Furthermore, platelet depletion abrogated lung neutrophil infiltration, suggesting a sequential participation of platelets and neutrophils. Whereas antagonists to P-selectin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa had no effects on LPS-mediated ALI, antibodies to the platelet-derived chemokines CCL5 and CXCL4 strongly diminished neutrophil eflux and permeability changes. The two chemokines were found to form heteromers in human and murine ALI samples, positively correlating with leukocyte influx into the lung. Disruption of CCL5-CXCL4 heteromers in LPS-, acid-, and sepsis-induced ALI abolished lung edema, neutrophil infiltration, and tissue damage, thereby revealing a causal contribution. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data identify a novel function of platelet-derived chemokine heteromers during ALI and demonstrate means for therapeutic interference.
Clinical features and neuropathology of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA17)

Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders clinically characterized by late‐onset ataxia and variable other manifestations. Genetically and clinically, SCA is highly heterogeneous. Recently, CAG repeat expansions in the gene encoding TATA‐binding protein (TBP) have been found in a new form of SCA, which has been designated SCA17. To estimate the frequency of SCA17 among white SCA patients and to define the phenotypic variability, we determined the frequency of SCA17 in a large sample of 1,318 SCA patients. In total, 15 patients in four autosomal dominant SCA families had CAG/CAA repeat expansions in the TBP gene ranging from 45 to 54 repeats. The clinical features of our SCA17 patients differ from other SCA types by manifesting with psychiatric abnormalities and dementia. The neuropathology of SCA17 can be classified as a “pure cerebellar” or “cerebello‐olivary” form of ataxia. However, intranuclear neuronal inclusion bodies with immunoreactivity to anti‐TBP and antipolyglutamine were much more widely distributed throughout the brain gray matter than in other SCAs. Based on clinical and genetic data, we conclude that SCA17 is rare among white SCA patients. SCA17 should be considered in sporadic and familial cases of ataxia with accompanying psychiatric symptoms and dementia.
Primary care practice a la carte among GPs: using organizational diversity to increase job satisfaction.

BACKGROUND Primary care revival in Canada and elsewhere is viewed by many as conditional to the introduction of new organizational models. Endorsement by GPs is a key factor in the success of these models, and increasing GPs' job satisfaction is often one of the desired outcomes of the reforms currently underway. OBJECTIVES The phenomenon of work satisfaction from the GP's perspective is not yet fully understood. The objectives of this study were to elicit its different facets and to understand better how organizational factors affect it. METHODS This is a case study carried out in the province of Quebec (Canada). We conducted semi-structured interviews with 28 GPs working in private clinics and community health centres (Centre local de services communautaires). RESULTS The main themes uncovered are related to the relationship between time management and quality of care, variation in work, autonomy in day-to-day practice, team 'orientedness' and social rewards. We also found that some GPs prefer to combine work in different organizations and models in order to increase their job satisfaction and to better cope with an increasingly complex task environment. CONCLUSION Our study provides a comprehensive view of the various dimensions that GPs consider important in their professional life. Our findings suggest that, for many GPs, the perfect practice is tailor made and implies a combination of organizational models in order to fulfil their multiple professional goals. This has important implications for decision makers who are promoting new primary care models.
An Observational Study of the Accuracy and Completeness of an Anesthesia Information Management System: Recommendations for Documentation System Changes

Anesthesia information management systems must often be tailored to fit the environment in which they are implemented. Extensive customization necessitates that systems be analyzed for both accuracy and completeness of documentation design to ensure that the final record is a true representation of practice. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of a recently installed system in the capture of key perianesthesiadata. This study used an observational design and was conducted using a convenience sample of nurse anesthetists. Observational data of the nurse anesthetists’delivery of anesthesia care were collected using a touch-screen tablet computer utilizing an Access database customized observational data collection tool. A questionnaire was also administered to these nurse anesthetists to assess perceived accuracy, completeness, and satisfaction with the electronic documentation system. The major sources of data not documented in the system were anesthesiologist presence (20%) and placement of intravenous lines (20%). The major sources of inaccuracies in documentation were gas flow rates (45%), medication administration times (30%), and documentation of neuromuscular function testing (20%)—all of the sources of inaccuracies were related to the use of charting templates that were not altered to reflect the actual interventions performed.
The efficacy of early childhood memories as indicators of current maladaptive schemas and psychological health

This thesis investigates theoretical propositions of Beck (1996), Epstein (1987), and Young (1999) that suggest maladaptive schemas operating as deep unconscious cognitions are intrinsically linked to the psychological health and wellbeing of the individual. To date, research on psychological health has mainly used self-report measures that focus on conscious processes. The primary aim of this thesis was to explore particular maladaptive schemas that purportedly operate unconsciously and to examine their relationship with self-reported psychological dysfunction. Bruhn’s (1990a) Cognitive Perceptual Theory of early childhood memories was employed as a vehicle to access schemas deemed outside of conscious awareness. These unconscious schemas were investigated in conjunction with current self-reported maladaptive schemas in Study 1 and psychological symptoms in Study 2. The participants in Study 1 comprised 249 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 198 women and 50 men with a mean age of 22 years who were asked to write down four early childhood memories. The first two memories were spontaneous in order to reveal the most pressing underlying schemas. The next two early memories requested were relating to mother and to father, to gain schema information about relationship dynamics. The participants then filled out the short-form of Young’s (1998) Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S). Independent raters coded the memories for Young’s (1994) Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Last and Bruhn’s (1992) Object Relations categories of ‘Perceptions of Others’, ‘Perceptions of the Self’, ‘Perception of Environment’, and ‘Degree of Interpersonal Contact’, and ‘Individual Distinctiveness’. Polyserial
Forgetting Constrains the Emergence of Cooperative Decision Strategies

Theoretical studies of cooperative behavior have focused on decision strategies that depend on a partner's last choices. The findings from this work assume that players accurately remember past actions. The kind of memory that these strategies employ, however, does not reflect what we know about memory. Here, we show that human memory may not meet the requirements needed to use these strategies. When asked to recall the previous behavior of simulated partners in a cooperative memory task, participants performed poorly, making errors in 10-24% of the trials. Participants made more errors when required to track more partners. We conducted agent-based simulations to evaluate how well cooperative strategies cope with error. These simulations suggest that, even with few errors, cooperation could not be maintained at the error rates demonstrated by our participants. Our results indicate that the strategies typically used in the study of cooperation likely do not reflect the underlying cognitive capacities used by humans and other animals in social interactions. By including unrealistic assumptions about cognition, theoretical models may have overestimated the robustness of the existing cooperative strategies. To remedy this, future models should incorporate what we know about cognition.
Controlled Lagrangians and the stabilization of Euler–Poincaré mechanical systems

In this paper we develop a constructive approach to the determination of stabilizing control laws for a class of Lagrangian mechanical systems with symmetry — systems whose underlying dynamics are governed by the Euler–Poincaré equations. This work extends our previous work on the stabilization of mechanical control systems using the method of controlled Lagrangians. The guiding principle behind our methodology is to develop a class of stabilizing feedback control laws which yield closed‐loop dynamics that remain in Lagrangian form. Using the methodology for Euler–Poincaré systems, we analyse stabilization of a satellite and an underwater vehicle controlled with momentum wheels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose-dependent Effects of Halothane on the Carbon Dioxide Responses of Expiratory and Inspiratory Bulbospinal Neurons and the Phrenic Nerve Activities in Dogs

Background:Expiratory bulbospinal and inspiratory bulbospinal neurons in the ventral respiratory group provide drive for thoracoabdominal expiratory and phrenic and thoracic inspiratory motor neurons. Potent inhalational agents such as halothane may have differential effects on inspiratory and expiratory neurons, but detailed studies comparing neurons at a homologous level are lacking. Methods:The dose-dependent effects of anesthesia with 1.0- 2.5 minimum alveolar concentration halothane on the CO2 responses of single expiratory and inspiratory bulbospinal neurons of the ventral respiratory group and on phrenic neural activities were studied in nonpremedicated, anesthetized, paralyzed, vagotomlzed dogs. Hyperventllation with O2 and the addition of CO2-O2 mixtures were used to produce low, medium, and high steady-state levels of central CO2 drive. Results:Peak neuron discharge frequency decreased progressively with increasing halothane dose at all levels of CO2 drive for both types of neurons. The sensitivities of inspiratory and expiratory bulbospinal neuronal activities to halothane were not significantly different from one another, whereas the sensitivity to halothane of the peak phrenic activity was markedly greater than those of the neurons. Increasing halothane dose caused a downward, predominantly parallel shift of the CO2 response curves. Phrenic nerve activity also showed a decrease in slope of the CO2 response. Conclusions:The activities of respiratory premotor neurons are less depressed by Increasing doses of halothane than is phrenic nerve activity. The greater depression of phrenic activity may result from additional anesthetic actions on the efferent motor pathways, resulting in decreased descending synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons.
Longitudinal Study of Effects on Academic Achievement for Early and Late Age of School Entry

A large group of children was assessed at the end of kindergarten (1984) on a battery of achievement and ability assessment instruments. To examine the effects of age at kindergarten entry, the academic progress of those children continuing in the same school system was tracked at the end of grades 1 (1985), 3 (1987), 6 (1990), and 9 (1993). There was no evidence for gender or socioeconomic effects on IQ or kindergarten entry age. There was some suggestion that children young at kindergarten entry were more likely to repeat a year or require remedial assistance at some point in their school years. However, the younger children were also brighter on average. Tracking 23 children who required long-term remedial assistance found no indication of greater long-term remedial needs for young-at-entry children.
SIZE EFFECT IN PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE OF SLABS.

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