Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Document categorization in multi-agent environment with enhanced machine learning classifier

Text categorization task have gained the attention of researchers in last 10 years with the increase in web-based contents of documents. For searching a particular document from the web or any large document collection text or document categorization is most useful task. We demand some better system and enhanced machine learning classifiers to accomplish task of document categorization. We designed a multi-agent based system that consists of some software hybrid agents that obtains the category of a document and interact with each other to take final decision about the category and then data is fed to a machine learning classifier in order to enhance the performance. We analyzed the results of the system in form of performance measures such as accuracy, recall, precision and true negative rate. We analyzed the result in two scenarios: one is with decision of agents alone and another is with application of reinforcement clustering technique neural network. We observed that in first scenario the system's accuracy, precision and true negative rate is very good and recall measure is significantly good. After the application of reinforcement clustering technique there is no significant change in system's performance instead the recall is degraded. But still the system is producing good results in both scenarios.
HPA Axis Activation by Ethanol Dependence in Adult and Adolescent Rats

Alcoholism is a disorder marked by cycles of heavy drinking and chronic relapse, and adolescents are an age cohort particularly susceptible to consuming large amounts of alcohol, placing them at high risk for developing an alcohol use disorder. Adolescent humans and rats voluntarily consume more alcohol than their adult counterparts, suggesting that younger consumers of alcohol may be less sensitive to its aversive effects, which are regulated by the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. While HPA axis dysfunction resulting from ethanol exposure has been extensively studied in adult animals, what happens in the adolescent brain remains largely unclear. In this study, chronic injections of ethanol was used to model alcohol dependence in adult and adolescent rats, and post-withdrawal anxiety behaviors were measured using light-dark box testing. Furthermore, corticosterone (CORT) release during treatment and after withdrawal was measured by collecting fecal and plasma samples from adults and adolescents. It was found that adults, but not adolescents, exhibit significant anxiety-like behavior following chronic ethanol withdrawal. Additionally, while the process of chronic ethanol treatment elicits an increase in day-by-day CORT release in both adults and adolescents, significantly sustained levels of CORT were not observed during withdrawal for either age group. Moreover, it was found that adults experience a longer-lasting CORT increase during chronic treatment, suggesting a larger and more robust period of dysfunction in the HPA axis for older consumers of alcohol. These results highlight CORT and glucocorticoids in general as a potential therapeutic target for treatment for alcoholism, especially that which has an onset during adolescence. HPA AXIS ACTIVATION BY ETHANOL DEPENDENCE 3
Methods of improving vector-scalar quantization of LPC coefficients

Methods of improving vector-scalar quantization of linear predictive coding (LPC) coefficients with 20 to 30 bits per 20 ms speech frame are studied. The first approach used is to couple the vector and scalar quantization stages. The second innovation is the incorporation of a small adaptive codebook to the larger fixed codebook. Frame-to-frame correlation of the LPC coefficients is exploited at no extra cost in bits. It is shown that the performance of vector-scalar quantization of speech with the use of the two new techniques is better than that of scalar coding techniques currently used in LPC coders. <<ETX>>
A Dynamic Stochastic Model for DNA Replication Initiation in Early Embryos

Background Eukaryotic cells seem unable to monitor replication completion during normal S phase, yet must ensure a reliable replication completion time. This is an acute problem in early Xenopus embryos since DNA replication origins are located and activated stochastically, leading to the random completion problem. DNA combing, kinetic modelling and other studies using Xenopus egg extracts have suggested that potential origins are much more abundant than actual initiation events and that the time-dependent rate of initiation, I(t), markedly increases through S phase to ensure the rapid completion of unreplicated gaps and a narrow distribution of completion times. However, the molecular mechanism that underlies this increase has remained obscure. Methodology/Principal Findings Using both previous and novel DNA combing data we have confirmed that I(t) increases through S phase but have also established that it progressively decreases before the end of S phase. To explore plausible biochemical scenarios that might explain these features, we have performed comparisons between numerical simulations and DNA combing data. Several simple models were tested: i) recycling of a limiting replication fork component from completed replicons; ii) time-dependent increase in origin efficiency; iii) time-dependent increase in availability of an initially limiting factor, e.g. by nuclear import. None of these potential mechanisms could on its own account for the data. We propose a model that combines time-dependent changes in availability of a replication factor and a fork-density dependent affinity of this factor for potential origins. This novel model quantitatively and robustly accounted for the observed changes in initiation rate and fork density. Conclusions/Significance This work provides a refined temporal profile of replication initiation rates and a robust, dynamic model that quantitatively explains replication origin usage during early embryonic S phase. These results have significant implications for the organisation of replication origins in higher eukaryotes.
Towards automated mapping of depth to magnetic / gravity basement — examples using new extensions to an old method

A large proportion of older basement regions of the Australian continent is covered with a variable thickness of sedimentary and regolith material, which obscures most direct geological signatures of the basement architecture (Figure 1). Interpretations of magnetic and gravity potential field survey data provide a means to gaining an indirect insight into the underlying geology, and the continent is now well covered by such data (Milligan et al., 2003). Mineral exploration activity continues to spread from areas of outcropping and subcropping basement into areas with greater thickness of cover. For resource exploration purposes, one of the most useful inferences that may be derived from analyses of potential field data is the depth of crystalline basement beneath the cover. Figure 1. Geology of Australia (from Shaw et al. 1996), showing the extent of cover material. Example areas for analysis are: 1. Springvale 1:250 000 map sheet, 2. Portion of the Cundeelee 1:250 000 map sheet, 3. Olympic Cu-Au Province (part) of the eastern Gawler Craton.
An Assessment of Radiological Hazards from Gold Mine Tailings in the Province of Gauteng in South Africa

Radiological hazards associated with exposure to Naturally Occurring Radionuclides Materials from gold mine tailings in the province of Gauteng in South Africa were evaluated. A comparison was made with soil samples from a control area. In this study, gamma spectroscopy was used to measure the activity concentrations of these radionuclides in 56 soil samples from the mine tailings and 10 soil samples from the control area. The average activity concentrations in Bq∙kg−1 for Uranium-238, Thorium-232, and Potassium-40 from the mine tailings were found to be 785.3 ± 13.7, 43.9 ± 1.0 and 427.0 ± 13.1, respectively. On the other hand, the average activity concentrations in Bq∙kg−1 for Uranium-238, Thorium-232, and Potassium-40 from the control area were found to be 17.0. 1 ± 0.4, 22.2 ± 0.5 and 496.8 ± 15.2, respectively. Radiological hazard parameters calculated from these activity concentrations were higher than recommended safe limits. In particular, calculated average values for the external hazard (Hex) and the internal hazard (Hin) from the mine tailings were found to be 2.4 and 4.5. Both these values were higher than unity, posing a significant health risk to the population in the area.
The role of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders

The cerebellum has been repeatedly implicated in gene expression, rodent model and post-mortem studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). How cellular and molecular anomalies of the cerebellum relate to clinical manifestations of ASD remains unclear. Separate circuits of the cerebellum control different sensorimotor behaviors, such as maintaining balance, walking, making eye movements, reaching, and grasping. Each of these behaviors has been found to be impaired in ASD, suggesting that multiple distinct circuits of the cerebellum may be involved in the pathogenesis of patients' sensorimotor impairments. We will review evidence that the development of these circuits is disrupted in individuals with ASD and that their study may help elucidate the pathophysiology of sensorimotor deficits and core symptoms of the disorder. Preclinical studies of monogenetic conditions associated with ASD also have identified selective defects of the cerebellum and documented behavioral rescues when the cerebellum is targeted. Based on these findings, we propose that cerebellar circuits may prove to be promising targets for therapeutic development aimed at rescuing sensorimotor and other clinical symptoms of different forms of ASD.
Marked Exacerbation of Orthostatic Intolerance After Long- vs. Short-Duration Spaceflight in Veteran Astronauts

Objective The incidence of postflight orthostatic intolerance after short-duration spaceflight is about 20%. However, the incidence after long-duration spaceflight was unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that orthostatic intolerance is more severe after long-duration than after short-duration flight. Methods We performed tilt tests on six astronauts before and after long-duration (129–190 days) spaceflights and compared these data with data obtained during stand tests before and after previous short-duration missions. Results Five of the six astronauts studied became presyncopal during tilt testing after long-duration flights. Only one had become presyncopal during stand testing after short-duration flights. We also compared the long-duration flight tilt test data to tilt test data from 20 different astronauts who flew on the short-duration Shuttle missions that delivered and recovered the astronauts to and from the Mir Space Station. Five of these 20 astronauts became presyncopal on landing day. Heart rate responses to tilt were no different between astronauts on long-duration flights and astronauts on short-duration flights, but long-duration subjects had lower stroke volumes and cardiac outputs than short-duration presyncopal subjects, suggesting a possible decrease in cardiac contractile function. One subject had subnormal norepinephrine release with upright posture after the long flight but not after the short flight. Plasma volume losses were not greater after long flights. Conclusion Long-duration spaceflight markedly increases orthostatic intolerance, probably with multiple contributing factors.
Preferences,Development And The Corruption Trap

A perpetual scarcity of public goods/services produces distortions of an individual’s attitudes towards the cost of bureaucratic procedures: even if bureaucracy is not cumbersome, poverty induces people to perceive honesty as too expensive and to prefer illegal payments because they cannot completely satisfy their needs by following the legal bureaucratic procedures. So traditional anticorruption measures such as the increase in corruption costs or the organization of public education campaigns would not permanently reduce corruption levels if poverty remains diffused. Using an overlapping generation model based on a mechanism of cultural transmission, we study the evolution both of social attidudes towards bureaucratic corruption and the institutional framework. Theoretical analysis displays how in poorer countries corruption appears to be a permanent state; institutional reforms are blocked and the only relevant anticorruption intervention consists in public education campaigns. However, also in this case, we simply obtain a temporary reduction of corruption. We call this situation “the corruption trap” because the preferences of population always converge to equilibria with a very high proportion of corrupt agents and honesty is only a temporary state due to anticorruption measures. Similar situations could be observed in developed countries with high levels of corruption owing to unexpected institutional shoks. Finally, we empirically corroborate the model’s implications in a cross-country framework, using both corruption indices and a new data-set which measures the population’s expectation of future corruption for each country.
Network Intrusion Detection Systems in High-Speed Traffic in Computer Networks

With the various and increasingly malicious attacks on networks and wireless systems, traditional security tools such as anti-virus programs and firewalls are not sufficient to provide free, integrated, reliable and secure networks. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are one of the most tested and reliable technologies to monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic to identify unauthorized usage and mishandling of computer system networks. It is critical to implement network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) in computer networks that have high traffic and high-speed connectivity. Due to the fact that software NIDSs are still unable to detect all the growing threats to high-speed environments, such as flood attacks (UDP, TCP, ICMP and HTTP) or Denial and Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DoS/DDoS), because the main function of these kinds of attacks is simply to send more traffic in high speed to systems to stop or slow down the performance of systems. Here we have designed a suitable real network to present experiments that use Snort NIDSs to demonstrate the weaknesses of NIDSs, such as its inability to process multiple packets at high speeds and its propensity to drop packets without analysing them. This paper outlines Snort NIDSs' failures in high-speed and heavy traffic and its propensity to drop more packets as the speed and volume of traffic increase. We ran some consecutive tests to analyse the Snort performance using the number of packets received, the number of packets analysed, the number of packets filtered and the number of packets dropped. We suggest a parallel NIDS technology to reduce dropping packets as a solution.
On Local Housing Supply Elasticity

Housing markets have been established as fundamental to our understanding of business cycles, labor mobility, household wealth accumulation, portfolio allocation, and urban dynamics. Housing supply is a key element to explain housing price levels and fluctuations and recent literature argues about the extent to which residential land regulations drive housing price changes. However, research has failed to treat regulation as endogenous to the housing market equilibrium, and to local attributes that have an independent impact on housing supply. In this paper I use new US data about the local extent of restrictive housing development regulations and a wealth of institutional and demographic variables for the metropolitan areas of the United States. I give empirical content to the concept o land availability by processing satellite-generated data on elevation and presence of water bodies to precisely estimate the amount of developable land in each metro area . I demonstrate that development is effectively curtailed by the presence of slopes above 15% and that most areas that are widely regarded as supply-inelastic are, in fact, severely land-constrained by their topography. Furthermore, the extent of topographical constraints correlates positively ands strongly with regulatory barriers to development. I estimate a system of equations where housing prices, construction, and regulations are all determined endogenously. Housing supply elasticities can be wellcharacterized as functions of both physical and regulatory constraints, which in turn are endogenous to prices and past growth. The results provide operational estimates of local supply elasticities in all major US metropolitan areas.
Testing a Modified PCA-Based Sharpening Approach for Image Fusion

Image data sharpening is a challenging field of remote sensing science, which has become more relevant as high spatial-resolution satellites and superspectral sensors have emerged. Although the spectral property is crucial for mineral mapping, spatial resolution is also important as it allows targeted minerals/rocks to be identified/interpreted in a spatial context. Therefore, improving the spatial context, while keeping the spectral property provided by the superspectral sensor, would bring great benefits for geological/mineralogical mapping especially in arid environments. In this paper, a new concept was tested using superspectral data (ASTER) and high spatial-resolution panchromatic data (WorldView-2) for image fusion. A modified Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based sharpening method, which implements a histogram matching workflow that takes into account the real distribution of values, was employed to test whether the substitution of Principal Components (PC1–PC4) can bring a fused image which is spectrally more accurate. The new approach was compared to those most widely used—PCA sharpening and Gram–Schmidt sharpening (GS), both available in ENVI software (Version 5.2 and lower) as well as to the standard approach—sharpening Landsat 8 multispectral bands (MUL) using its own panchromatic (PAN) band. The visual assessment and the spectral quality indicators proved that the spectral performance of the proposed sharpening approach employing PC1 and PC2 improve the performance of the PCA algorithm, moreover, comparable or better results are achieved compared to the GS method. It was shown that, when using the PC1, the visible-near infrared (VNIR) part of the spectrum was preserved better, however, if the PC2 was used, the short-wave infrared (SWIR) part was preserved better. Furthermore, this approach improved the output spectral quality when fusing image data from different sensors (e.g., ASTER and WorldView-2) while keeping the proper albedo scaling when substituting the second PC.
A Novel Brain Network Construction Method for Exploring Age-Related Functional Reorganization

The human brain undergoes complex reorganization and changes during aging. Using graph theory, scientists can find differences in topological properties of functional brain networks between young and elderly adults. However, these differences are sometimes significant and sometimes not. Several studies have even identified disparate differences in topological properties during normal aging or in age-related diseases. One possible reason for this issue is that existing brain network construction methods cannot fully extract the “intrinsic edges” to prevent useful signals from being buried into noises. This paper proposes a new subnetwork voting (SNV) method with sliding window to construct functional brain networks for young and elderly adults. Differences in the topological properties of brain networks constructed from the classic and SNV methods were consistent. Statistical analysis showed that the SNV method can identify much more statistically significant differences between groups than the classic method. Moreover, support vector machine was utilized to classify young and elderly adults; its accuracy, based on the SNV method, reached 89.3%, significantly higher than that with classic method. Therefore, the SNV method can improve consistency within a group and highlight differences between groups, which can be valuable for the exploration and auxiliary diagnosis of aging and age-related diseases.
Establishing a predictive model for aspirin resistance in elderly Chinese patients with chronic cardiovascular disease

Background Resistance to anti-platelet therapy is detrimental to patients. Our aim was to establish a predictive model for aspirin resistance to identify high-risk patients and to propose appropriate intervention. Methods Elderly patients (n = 1130) with stable chronic coronary heart disease who were taking aspirin (75 mg) for > 2 months were included. Details of their basic characteristics, laboratory test results, and medications were collected. Logistic regression analysis was performed to establish a predictive model for aspirin resistance. Risk score was finally established according to coefficient B and type of variables in logistic regression. The Hosmer–Lemeshow (HL) test and receiver operating characteristic curves were performed to respectively test the calibration and discrimination of the model. Results Seven risk factors were included in our risk score. They were serum creatinine (> 110 μmol/L, score of 1); fasting blood glucose (> 7.0 mmol/L, score of 1); hyperlipidemia (score of 1); number of coronary arteries (2 branches, score of 2; ≥ 3 branches, score of 4); body mass index (20–25 kg/m2, score of 2; > 25 kg/m2, score of 4); percutaneous coronary intervention (score of 2); and smoking (score of 3). The HL test showed P ≥ 0.05 and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ≥ 0.70. Conclusions We explored and quantified the risk factors for aspirin resistance. Our predictive model showed good calibration and discriminative power and therefore a good foundation for the further study of patients undergoing anti-platelet therapy.
Short‐term response of methane fluxes and methanogen activity to water table and soil warming manipulations in an Alaskan peatland

[1] Growing season CH4 fluxes were monitored over a two year period following the start of ecosystem-scale manipulations of water table position and surface soil temperatures in a moderate rich fen in interior Alaska. The largest CH4 fluxes occurred in plots that received both flooding (raised water table position) and soil warming, while the lowest fluxes occurred in unwarmed plots in the lowered water table treatment. A combination of treatment and soil hydroclimate variables explained more than 70% of the variation in ln-transformed CH4 fluxes, with mean daily water table position representing the strongest predictor. We used quantitative PCR of the α-subunit of mcr operon to explore the influence of soil climate manipulations on methanogen abundances. Methanogen abundances were greatest in warmed plots, and showed a positive relationship with mean daily CH4 fluxes. Our results show that water table manipulations that led to soil inundation (flooding) had a stronger effect on CH4 fluxes than water table drawdown. Seasonal CH4 fluxes increased by 80–300% under the combined wetter and warmer soil climate treatments. Thus, while warming is expected to increase CH4 emissions from Alaskan wetlands, higher water table positions caused by increases in precipitation or disturbances such as permafrost thaw that lead to thermokarst and flooding in wetlands will stimulate CH4 emissions beyond the effects of soil warming alone. Consequently, we argue that modeling the effects of climate change on Alaskan wetland CH4 emissions needs to consider the interactive effects of soil warming and water table position on CH4 production and transport.