Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Shareholders Value Insider Trading Laws? International Evidence

The paper investigates the corporate valuation implications of insider trading legislation and enforcement. First, I present a simple agency model of insider trading and corporate valuation. Then, using standard measures of corporate valuation – Tobin’s Q and the cash flow to price ratio – and controlling for the incidence of enforcement and firm- level sales growth, I estimate the value of insider trading law. The firm- level data used in this paper come from a variety of firms with diverse ownership and control structures from a cross-section of developed countries that exhibit a wide range of legal and institutional characteristics. I find that stricter insider trading laws and enforcement are unambiguously associated with greater corporate valuation among firms in which ownership and control are separated – i.e., widely held firms. This finding suggests that insider trading laws and enforcement might mitigate corporate agency costs in widely held firms, consistent with theoretical studies that characterize insider trading as an agency problem (e.g., Maug, 2000) and contradictory to those that characterize insider trading as an incentive-alignment device (e.g., Carlton and Fischel, 1983; Manne, 1966). The evidence is mixed for firms with a controlling shareholder. The results of ordinary least squares regressions suggest that, for the latter firms, insider trading legislation might impair corporate monitoring, consistent with Bhide (1993) and Demsetz (1986). However, the results of instrumental variables regressions – to address the potential endogeneity of ownership/val uation and insider trading laws – suggest that insider trading legislation is associated with greater corporate valuation among firms with controlling owners as well. The paper is an important addition to both the law and economics debate about insider trading and the empirical law and finance literature.
Incidental vocabulary learning in classroom communication tasks

This study investigated the ways in which two groups of four adult learners of English as a second language (ESL) responded to unfamiliar words they encountered in four communication tasks and the effect that different levels of engagement with these words (including negotiation of form and meaning) had on subsequent recall of word meaning. Of the four tasks, two were information gap tasks and two were opinion gap tasks. The results showed a strong task type effect on both the amount and type of negotiation, with more negotiation of the form of words (including spelling and pronunciation) in the information gap tasks and, conversely, more negotiation of meaning in the opinion gap tasks. Through the negotiation process, the learners in the study provided accurate information to each other on word meaning. However, only a small proportion of the total number of unfamiliar words in the tasks were actually negotiated for meaning. The prediction that negotiated words would be more likely to be learnt was confirmed, although the learners also showed improved recall of many words that had not been negotiated. Averaged across learners and tasks, the post-test gains approximated to four instances of word learning per 30 minutes of task work, a gain measured three days after the words were met in the tasks. Seen as a proportion of unfamiliar words in the pre-test these are gains of around one in every three unfamiliar words met in the tasks. The finding that much of the improved recall of word meaning was for words that had not been negotiated indicates that the role of negotiation in learning through communication tasks needs to be viewed from a wider perspective.
Spatial Relations in Oral History: The Robstown Migrant Labor Camp beyond the Federal Period

Abstract This article applies the “spatial turn” in historical scholarship to oral history research, and adopts a longitudinal, landscape-based analysis to examine the lived experiences and memories of people with connections to the Robstown Migrant Farm Labor Camp in South Texas. Established by the New Deal-era Farm Security Administration (FSA) as one of several labor camps in Texas, the Robstown Labor Camp was operated by the federal government for eight years before becoming a county-run migrant labor camp, hurricane refuge, nonmigrant housing project, and county park over the course of the next sixty-six years. We take an approach that is geobiographical, focusing on individuals’ experiences with a place over several generations, and use the Robstown Labor Camp as a memory device which can conjure feelings and memories of wider histories that transcend that physical locale. In so doing, this article both builds on scholarship which typically discusses the FSA camp spaces only when they were under federal control, and examines how oral history can capture spatial relations in people’s memories, helping to elucidate more complex, even dissonant, historical landscapes.
New archeointensity data from Spain and the geomagnetic dipole moment in western Europe over the past 2000 years

Archeomagnetic studies on 14 kilns, a group of jar fragments, and a collection of baked bricks dated between 1000 and 1959 AD plus one Roman pottery kiln have been conducted in order to obtain high-quality archeointensity data to enhance the western European database. The Thellier method with corrections for anisotropy of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) and for cooling rate dependence upon TRM acquisition was used. The effect of TRM anisotropy is only important for the bricks where the corrected and uncorrected mean intensities differ by more than 5%. Cooling rate correction factors determined per sample are up to 15% and per site up to 7.7%. Our 17 new data together with 62 previously published results were used to obtain, by Bayesian modeling, the geomagnetic field intensity over the past two millennia for western Europe. Our results indicate that geomagnetic intensity remained more or less constant between the 1st and 4th centuries and between the 14th and 16th centuries (mean values, at Paris, around 65 and 57 μT, respectively), whereas an important decrease occurs between 1600 and 1800 AD. The detailed evolution of geomagnetic field intensity during the High Middle Ages is not yet well established. Despite their differences, geomagnetic global models predict our results reasonably well. This work indicates the need to obtain a number of archeointensity data for each time interval in order to reliably record variations of the geomagnetic field and to test whether any relationship exists between field intensity and climate
SiMMap: a web server for inferring site-moiety map to recognize interaction preferences between protein pockets and compound moieties

The protein–ligand interacting mechanism is essential to biological processes and drug discovery. The SiMMap server statistically derives site-moiety map with several anchors, which describe the relationship between the moiety preferences and physico-chemical properties of the binding site, from the interaction profiles between query target protein and its docked (or co-crystallized) compounds. Each anchor includes three basic elements: a binding pocket with conserved interacting residues, the moiety composition of query compounds and pocket–moiety interaction type (electrostatic, hydrogen bonding or van der Waals). We provide initial validation of the site-moiety map on three targets, thymidine kinase, and estrogen receptors of antagonists and agonists. Experimental results show that an anchor is often a hot spot and the site-moiety map can help to assemble potential leads by optimal steric, hydrogen bonding and electronic moieties. When a compound highly agrees with anchors of site-moiety map, this compound often activates or inhibits the target protein. We believe that the site-moiety map is useful for drug discovery and understanding biological mechanisms. The SiMMap web server is available at http://simfam.life. nctu.edu. tw/.
Risk factors are different for deep and lobar remote hemorrhages after intravenous thrombolysis

Background and purpose Remote parenchymal haemorrhage (rPH) after intravenous thrombolysis is defined as hemorrhages that appear in brain regions without visible ischemic damage, remote from the area of ischemia causing the initial stroke symptom. The pathophysiology of rPH is not clear and may be explained by different underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that rPH may have different risk factors according to the bleeding location. We report the variables that we found associated with deep and lobar rPH after intravenous thrombolysis. Methods This is a descriptive study of patients with ischemic stroke who were treated with intravenous thrombolysis. These patients were included in a multicenter prospective registry. We collected demographic, clinical and radiological data. We evaluated the number and distribution of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) from Magnetic Resonance Imaging. We excluded patients treated endovascularly, patients with parenchymal hemorrhage without concomitant rPH and stroke mimics. We compared the variables from patients with deep or lobar rPH with those with no intracranial hemorrhage. Results We studied 934 patients (mean age 73.9±12.6 years) and 52.8% were men. We observed rPH in 34 patients (3.6%); 9 (0.9%) were deep and 25 (2.7%) lobar. No hemorrhage was observed in 900 (96.6%) patients. Deep rPH were associated with hypertensive episodes within first 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis (77.7% vs 23.3%, p<0.001). Lobar rPH were associated with the presence of CMB (53.8% vs 7.9%, p<0.001), multiple (>1) CMB (30.7% vs 4.4%, p = 0.003), lobar CMB (53.8% vs 3.0%, p<0.001) and severe leukoaraiosis (76.9% vs 42%, p = 0.02). Conclusions A high blood pressure within the first 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis is associated with deep rPH, whereas lobar rPH are associated with imaging markers of amyloid deposition. Thus, our results suggest that deep and lobar rPH after intravenous thrombolysis may have different mechanisms.
Revisiting the Social Identity–Brand Equity Model: An Application to Professional Sports

This project revisits the social identity-brand equity (SIBE) model developed by Underwood, Bond, and Baer (2001). The model proposes that marketplace characteristics relevant to sports can be used to enhance one�s social identification with a team, which is assumed to have a positive influence on a team�s customer-based brand equity. The current study has two goals: (a) to provide an empirical assessment of the SIBE model in the context of professional sports and (b) assess the individual influence of the proposed marketplace characteristics on social identification. We report results of a survey of U.S. National Basketball Association fans, which provide partial support for the model. Group experience and venue were found to have the strongest influence on social identification with a team. Considerations for theoretical advancement of the model and practical application for sport brand managers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Association of lubricin concentration in synovial fluid and clinical status of osteoarthritic knee

Abstract Objectives: Although lubricin plays a role in controlling inflammation and pain as well as being a mechanical lubricant, clinical relevance of lubricin concentration in synovial fluid (SF) is unknown. The purpose was to determine whether lubricin concentration in SF is associated with the clinical status of the knee. Methods: SF was obtained from 61 knee joints from patients who underwent any knee surgery with several stages of knee osteoarthritis. Lubricin/PRG4 concentration in SF was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical evaluations of the knee by the Kellgren and Lawrence (K–L) system, Knee Society Score (KSS), and the range of knee motion, and assessment of joint laxity were performed. Association of lubricin concentration in SF and these clinical factors was statistically analyzed. Results: There was no significant correlation between lubricin concentration in SF and age, sex, K–L grade, or KSS. However, lubricin concentration was significantly correlated with anteroposterior laxity (R = 0.50, p < 0.001), full flexion angle (R = 0.39, p < 0.01), and range of knee motion (R = 0.38, p < 0.01), but not full extension angle, varus laxity, or valgus laxity. Conclusions: Lubricin concentration was correlated with joint flexibility, but not with clinical symptoms, including pain at that time.
Text Understanding with the Attention Sum Reader Network

Several large cloze-style context-question-answer datasets have been introduced recently: the CNN and Daily Mail news data and the Children's Book Test. Thanks to the size of these datasets, the associated text comprehension task is well suited for deep-learning techniques that currently seem to outperform all alternative approaches. We present a new, simple model that uses attention to directly pick the answer from the context as opposed to computing the answer using a blended representation of words in the document as is usual in similar models. This makes the model particularly suitable for question-answering problems where the answer is a single word from the document. Ensemble of our models sets new state of the art on all evaluated datasets.
Women without Class: Chicas, Cholas, Trash, and the Presence/Absence of Class Identity

En examinant les categories exprimees par des etudiantes blanches et Mexicaines-Americaines d'origine modeste, l'A. decrit des femmes sans classe selon un double sens : d'une part, leur difficulte quant a la mobilite sociale, et, d'autre part, leur absence d'identite de classe, qu'il attribue au fait que la theorie sociale et l'analyse de classe, qui restent marquees blanches et masculines, continuent d'ignorer la position des femmes en tant que sujets de classes. La race et le genre continuent d'etre consideres comme des epiphenomenes de la formation de classe alors qu'ils en sont des elements constitutifs
Successional changes in live and dead wood carbon stores: implications for net ecosystem productivity.

If forests are to be used in CO2 mitigation projects, it is essential to understand and quantify the impacts of disturbance on net ecosystem productivity (NEP; i.e., the change in ecosystem carbon (C) storage with time). We examined the influence of live tree and coarse woody debris (CWD) on NEP during secondary succession based on data collected along a 500-year chronosequence on the Wind River Ranger District, Washington. We developed a simple statistical model of live and dead wood accumulation and decomposition to predict changes in the woody component of NEP, which we call NEP(w). The transition from negative to positive NEP(w), for a series of scenarios in which none to all wood was left after disturbance, occurred between 0 and 57 years after disturbance. The timing of this transition decreased as live-tree growth rates increased, and increased as CWD left after disturbance increased. Maximum and minimum NEP(w) for all scenarios were 3.9 and -14.1 Mg C ha-1 year-1, respectively. Maximum live and total wood C stores of 319 and 393 Mg C ha(-1), respectively, were reached approximately 200 years after disturbance. Decomposition rates (k) of CWD ranged between 0.013 and 0.043 year-1 for individual stands. Regenerating stands took 41 years to attain a mean live wood mass equivalent to the mean mass of CWD left behind after logging, 40 years to equal the mean CWD mass in 500-year-old forest, and more than 150 years to equal the mean total live and dead wood in an old-growth stand. At a rotation age of 80 years, regenerating stands stored approximately half the wood C of the remaining nearby old-growth forests (predominant age 500 years), indicating that conversion of old-growth forests to younger managed forests results in a significant net release of C to the atmosphere.
Neural Substrates of Contextual Interference during Motor Learning Support a Model of Active Preparation

When individuals acquire new skills, initial performance is typically better and tasks are judged to be easier when the tasks are segregated and practiced by block, compared to when different tasks are randomly intermixed in practice. However, subsequent skill retention is better for a randomly practiced group, an effect known as contextual interference (CI). The present study examined the neural substrates of CI using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Individuals learned a set of three 4-element sequences with the left hand according to a block or random practice schedule. Behavioral retest for skill retention confirmed the presence of a typical CI effect with the random group outperforming the block group. Using a go/no-go fMRI paradigm, sequence preparation during the premovement study period was separated from movement execution. Imaging data for the two groups were compared for the first 1/3 and final 1/3 of training trials. Toward the end of training, behavioral performance between the two groups was similar, although the random group would later display a performance advantage on retention testing. During study time, the random group showed greater activity in sensorimotor and premotor regions compared to the block group. These areas are associated with motor preparation, sequencing, and response selection. This pattern of recruitment is consistent with the hypothesis that CI benefits in a sequencing task are due to improved capacity to actively prepare motor responses.
Developing Managers as Learners and Researchers: Using Action Learning and Action Research

This article takes the view that formal educational programs often miss opportunities to use the rich experiences of working managers to produce both learning and knowledge. Two alternative pedagogical approaches, action learning and action research, are proposed as contributing to management education by their respective capabilities to generate practical learning and produce actionable knowledge. These approaches are compared with one another and with conventional classroom methodology using a new framework based on voice, level, form, and time.
A Uniform Approach to Modeling Risk Factor Relationships for Ischemic Lesion Prevalence and Extent: The Women’s Health Initiative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Background: Both the prevalence and extent of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities are related to risk factors for dementia. Typically these associations have been explored separately, but an integrated modeling approach would allow the separate relationships to be consistently described and contrasted. Methods: Region-specific measures of ischemic lesion volumes were obtained from standardized brain MRI from 1,403 women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative hormone therapy trials. Mixed-effects mixed-distribution models were fitted to explore jointly the relationships that the region-specific prevalence of ischemic lesions and region-specific ischemic lesion volumes had with risk factors and scores from tests of cognitive function. Results: Women with greater probabilities (prevalence) of having ischemic lesions in brain regions also tended to have larger volumes (extent) of ischemic lesions within the affected regions (p < 0.001). Across the 5 regions included in analyses (frontal, limbic, occipital, parietal and temporal), prevalence and extent varied (p < 0.001). Each was increased among women who were older, had hypertension or who had previously been classified as cognitively impaired (p < 0.01). Additionally, extent was significantly increased among women with a history of smoking (p = 0.02). Cognitive function tests were more strongly related to the extent than prevalence of ischemic lesions and relationships varied among cognitive domains (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Mixed-effects mixed-distribution models provide a coherent basis for examining relationships involving the prevalence and extent of ischemic brain lesions. Across the cohort and regions we examined, relationships with risk factors and cognitive function appeared to be stronger for extent than for prevalence.
Amylin in the Periphery

Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide) is a peptide synthesized principally in the b-cells of the pancreatic islets together with insulin and has actions as a hormone, growth factor, and modifier of behavior. As a hormone, amylin acts to modify gastric motility, renal resorption, and has metabolic actions. It is postulated that the principal function of amylin as a hormone is the activation of physiological processes associated with feeding. As a growth factor, amylin acts on bone cells, renal proximal tubular cells, and islet b-cells. Amylin has important targets in the brain that mediate its actions in the modification of behavior, including thirst and satiety. In man, amylin can form islet amyloid deposits, an event linked to the reduction of b-cell mass and loss of signal-secretion coupling. Recent evidence has defined a new role for monomeric amylin as a growth factor and regulator of b-cell mass that is postulated to be a key factor in pathophysiological processes that result in overt diabetes.
The influence of car and driver stereotypes on attributions of vehicle speed, position on the road and culpability in a road accident scenario

Purpose. Laymen and legal professionals frequently make decisions on the culpability of drivers involved in collisions on the basis of incomplete and inconsistent information. Could attributions based on car and driver stereotypes influence decisions on culpability? Methods. In Experiment 1, ratings were collected on the perceived on-road aggressiveness of drivers of different age and gender, and for models and colours of motorcars driven. In Experiment 2, participants read an accident scenario involving two cars and were asked to estimate relative speed, position on the road and blame. The ages of the drivers, colours, make and model of car driven were manipulated using the aggressiveness ratings collected in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, participants read another scenario and were again invited to allocate blame; colour, model of car and driver's age were varied systematically to establish the relative contribution of the different elements of the stereotype.Results. Combinations of colour, car and driver rated high on aggression were judged as travelling faster, being further across the road and more likely to be the cause of an accident than those rated low on these dimensions.Conclusions. Pre-existing car and driver stereotypes have a demonstrable influence on judgments of driver behaviour from conflicting accident statements. The possible implications for the handling of accident claims and legal cases are discussed.
Total and Regional Coronary Blood Flow Measured by Radioactive Microspheres in Conscious and Anesthetized Dogs

Total and regional coronary blood flow were measured in dogs by left atrial injection of carbonized microspheres labeled with different radioactive isotopes (mean diameter 14 to 61μ). Simultaneously blood was collected at 20 ml/min from a catheter tied into a peripheral artery. The ratios of flow to radioactivity in myocardium and arterial blood should be equal if microspheres are well mixed in the aortic root and are distributed regionally in proportion to flow. This was proved in seven right heart by-pass experiments where coronary venous drainage was measured directly. Also, less than 0.1% of total myocardial radioactivity appeared in coronary venous blood, even with hypoxemia and small microspheres. Total coronary flow in seven conscious dogs averaged 95 to 150 ml/min/100 g heart; and flow to the left ventricle was 111 to 169 ml/100 g. Although not validated independently, there was evidence that values for flow to each ventricle, the atria and the septum were correct. The radioactivity per gram of left ventricular subendocardial muscle was 2.5 times that of subepicardial muscle using microspheres 51 to 61μ in diameter, but the ratios were 1.4 and 1.3 using microspheres of mean diameters 20 to 23μ and 14μ, respectively. It is unlikely that any of these microspheres measure blood flow to small portions of the ventricle.