Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consistent Individualized Feature Attribution for Tree Ensembles

Interpreting predictions from tree ensemble methods such as gradient boosting machines and random forests is important, yet feature attribution for trees is often heuristic and not individualized for each prediction. Here we show that popular feature attribution methods are inconsistent, meaning they can lower a feature's assigned importance when the true impact of that feature actually increases. This is a fundamental problem that casts doubt on any comparison between features. To address it we turn to recent applications of game theory and develop fast exact tree solutions for SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation) values, which are the unique consistent and locally accurate attribution values. We then extend SHAP values to interaction effects and define SHAP interaction values. We propose a rich visualization of individualized feature attributions that improves over classic attribution summaries and partial dependence plots, and a unique "supervised" clustering (clustering based on feature attributions). We demonstrate better agreement with human intuition through a user study, exponential improvements in run time, improved clustering performance, and better identification of influential features. An implementation of our algorithm has also been merged into XGBoost and LightGBM, see this http URL for details.
A Simple Assay for Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Detection of Ag+ at Picomolar Levels Using Platinum Nanoparticles

In this work, uniformly-dispersed platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) were synthesized by a simple chemical reduction method, in which citric acid and sodium borohydride acted as a stabilizer and reducer, respectively. An ultrasensitive colorimetric sensor for the facile and rapid detection of Ag+ ions was constructed based on the peroxidase mimetic activities of the obtained PtNPs, which can catalyze the oxidation of 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2 to produce colored products. The introduced Ag+ would be reduced to Ag0 by the capped citric acid, and the deposition of Ag0 on the PtNPs surface, can effectively inhibit the peroxidase-mimetic activity of PtNPs. Through measuring the maximum absorption signal of oxidized TMB at 652 nm, ultra-low detection limits (7.8 pM) of Ag+ can be reached. In addition to such high sensitivity, the colorimetric assay also displays excellent selectivity for other ions of interest and shows great potential for the detection of Ag+ in real water samples.
Morphological Integration of the Human Pelvis with Respect to Age and Sex

Considerable research has shown that modern human pelvic dimensions, especially of the birth canal, are sexually dimorphic. Studies also suggest that females with younger ages‐at‐death have narrower canal dimensions than those who die at older ages, possibly due to continued independent growth of the pubis. A recent examination of this pattern argued that it is unlikely that these differences relate to mortality, but the source of the difference in pelvic dimensions with age remains unresolved. We use pelvic dimensions to assess differences in magnitudes of morphological integration between adult females and males across ages‐at‐death. We first ascertain whether the sexes have different strengths of integration, and then assess if differences in magnitudes of integration are associated with age‐at‐death. Pelvic dimensions of all groups were moderately integrated. Females and males have similar magnitudes of integration, and there is no change in the strength of integration with age. Examining individual regions of the pelvis indicates that the ilium, pubis, and pelvic inlet and outlet have stronger integration than the overall pelvis. This was particularly true of the pelvic outlet, which demonstrated the strongest integration. Our findings suggest that regions of the pelvis are more strongly integrated internally, and less integrated with each other, which would allow for proportional growth among regions of the pelvis with age that do not affect its overall integration. No single region of the pelvis appears to be motivating the difference in pelvic dimensions between age groups. We further consider the implications of these findings on evolutionary constraints. Anat Rec, 300:666–674, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UK medical students’ perceptions, attitudes, and interest toward medical leadership and clinician managers

Background We aimed to determine UK medical students’ perceptions and attitudes and interest toward medical leadership and clinician managers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted during the academic year 2015–2016. An online questionnaire was distributed to 2,349 final-year students from 10 UK medical schools. Participants were asked to complete a 5-point Likert scale on their current perceptions, attitudes, and interest toward medical leadership and clinician managers. They were also asked to self-rate their leadership competences set by the Medical Leadership Competency Framework and to rate the quality of management and leadership training they received from their medical school. Results In total, we received 114 complete responses. Only 7.9% of respondents were in agreement (strongly agree or agree) when asked whether they felt they were well informed about what a managerial position in medicine entails. When asked whether clinicians should influence managerial decisions within a clinical setting, 94.7% of respondents were in agreement with the statement. About 85% of respondents were in agreement that it is important for clinicians to have managerial or leadership responsibilities, with 63.2% of students in agreement that they would have liked more management or leadership training during medical school. Over half the respondents rated their management and leadership training they received during medical school as “very poor” or “poor” (54.4%). Conclusion Our study suggests that UK medical students have an appetite for management and leadership training and appreciate its importance but feel that the training they are receiving is poor. This suggests that there is a gap between the demand for management and leadership training and the quality of training supplied by UK medical schools.
A new oxo-sterol derivative from the rhizomes of Costus speciosus

Abstract Chemical investigation of the rhizomes of Costus speciosus led to the isolation of a new compound, 22-ketocholesteryl palmitate (1) along with four known compounds, 24-methylenecycloartanol (2), cycloartanol (3), stigmasterol (4) and linoleic acid (5). The structure of new compound was characterised by extensive 1D-, 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry (GC-MS and HR-ESI-MS) techniques.
Extremely low genetic diversity across mangrove taxa reflects past sea level changes and hints at poor future responses

The projected increases in sea levels are expected to affect coastal ecosystems. Tropical communities, anchored by mangrove trees and having experienced frequent past sea level changes, appear to be vibrant at present. However, any optimism about the resilience of these ecosystems is premature because the impact of past climate events may not be reflected in the current abundance. To assess the impact of historical sea level changes, we conducted an extensive genetic diversity survey on the Indo‐Malayan coast, a hotspot with a large global mangrove distribution. A survey of 26 populations in six species reveals extremely low genome‐wide nucleotide diversity and hence very small effective population sizes (Ne) in all populations. Whole‐genome sequencing of three mangrove species further shows the decline in Ne to be strongly associated with the speed of past changes in sea level. We also used a recent series of flooding events in Yalong Bay, southern China, to test the robustness of mangroves to sea level changes in relation to their genetic diversity. The events resulted in the death of half of the mangrove trees in this area. Significantly, less genetically diverse mangrove species suffered much greater destruction. The dieback was accompanied by a drastic reduction in local invertebrate biodiversity. We thus predict that tropical coastal communities will be seriously endangered as the global sea level rises. Well‐planned coastal development near mangrove forests will be essential to avert this crisis.
Coverage, Capacity, and Energy Efficiency Analysis in the Uplink of mmWave Cellular Networks

In this paper, using the concept of stochastic geometry, we present an analytical framework to evaluate the signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{SINR}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>) coverage in the uplink of millimeter wave cellular networks. By using a distance-dependent line-of-sight (LOS) probability function, the location of LOS and nonLOS users are modeled as two independent nonhomogeneous Poisson point processes, with each having a different pathloss exponent. The analysis takes account of per-user fractional power control (FPC), which couples the transmission of users based on location-dependent channel inversion. We consider the following scenarios in our analysis: 1) pathloss-based FPC (PL-FPC) which is performed using the measured pathloss and 2) distance-based FPC (D-FPC) which is performed using the measured distance. Using the developed framework, we derive expressions for the area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. Results suggest that in terms of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{SINR}$</tex-math></inline-formula> coverage, D-FPC outperforms PL-FPC scheme at high <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{SINR}$</tex-math></inline-formula> where the future networks are expected to operate. It achieves equal or better area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency compared with the PL-FPC scheme. Contrary to the conventional ultra-high frequency cellular networks, in both FPC schemes, the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{SINR}$</tex-math></inline-formula> coverage decreases as the cell density becomes greater than a threshold, while the area spectral efficiency experiences a slow growth region.
Widegap Ii Vi Compounds For Opto Electronic Applications

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Attention-Based Guided Structured Sparsity of Deep Neural Networks

Network pruning is aimed at imposing sparsity in a neural network architecture by increasing the portion of zero-valued weights for reducing its size regarding energy-efficiency consideration and increasing evaluation speed. In most of the conducted research efforts, the sparsity is enforced for network pruning without any attention to the internal network characteristics such as unbalanced outputs of the neurons or more specifically the distribution of the weights and outputs of the neurons. That may cause severe accuracy drop due to uncontrolled sparsity. In this work, we propose an attention mechanism that simultaneously controls the sparsity intensity and supervised network pruning by keeping important information bottlenecks of the network to be active. On CIFAR-10, the proposed method outperforms the best baseline method by 6% and reduced the accuracy drop by 2.6x at the same level of sparsity.
Investigating the development of core cognitive skills in autism: a 3-year prospective study

This longitudinal study tested the veracity of one candidate multiple-deficits account of autism by assessing 37 children with autism (M age = 67.9 months) and 31 typical children (M age = 65.2 months) on tasks tapping components of theory of mind (ToM), executive function (EF), and central coherence (CC) at intake and again 3 years later. As a group, children with autism showed poor false-belief attribution, planning ability, and set-shifting, together with enhanced local processing at both time points. At an individual level, however, the profile was far from universal at either intake or follow-up. Moreover, autistic children demonstrated significant changes over time in ToM and EF, but not CC, over the 3-year period. The challenges these findings pose for a multiple-deficits account are discussed.
Eight generations of selection for duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen in the chicken.

The response to eight generations of selection for duration of fertility of frozen-thawed chicken semen, the correlated responses of other fertility parameters of frozen-thawed semen and the fertility of fresh semen, and the heritabilities of frozen-thawed and fresh semen were studied. The selected and control lines were derived from a base meat-type control male population developed at Peel's Poultry Farm Ltd., Port Perry, Ontario. Selection has improved duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen significantly (P less than .01) with the mean increasing from 1 day in Generation 1 to 5 days in Generation 8 and an average improvement per generation of . 29 day since Generation 3. There were significant (P less than .01) correlated increases in percent fertility for 2 to 8 days postinsemination and percent fertility for the duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen as well as the fertility of fresh semen. Percent hatchability of fertile eggs of frozen-thawed semen did not change. In Generation 8, means and standard errors of fertility parameters of frozen-thawed semen in the selected and control lines, respectively, were: 38.54 +/- 1.39 and 25.58 +/- 1.77 for percent fertility for 2 to 8 days postinsemination, 47.73 +/- 3.54 and 32.02 +/- 2.17 for percent fertility for the duration of fertility, and 78.21 +/- 1.56 and 79.27 +/- 2.53 for percent hatchability of fertile eggs. For fertility of fresh semen, means and standard errors were: 12.69 +/- . 20 and 11.54 +/- . 42 for duration of fertility, 82.91 +/- 1.45 and 75.71 +/- 2.83 for percent fertility for 2 to 8 days postinsemination, and 71.89 +/- 1.25 and 69.22 +/- 2.06 for percent fertility for the duration of fertility. The means of the heritability estimates of the fertility of frozen-thawed and fresh semen, respectively, ranged from . 01 to . 31 and -. 01 to . 21. The realized heritability of duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen, based on five generations, was . 17 +/- . 05. The phenotypic correlations of duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen with percent fertility for 2 to 8 days postinsemination and percent fertility for the duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen were high and positive and correlations between fertility of frozen-thawed and fresh semen were low but positive.
Effect of Annealing Temperature on Phase Transition of Nanoalumina Synthesized by Auto-Combustion Route

Nanocrystalline Al2O3 powder has been successfully synthesized by a simple and fast sol-gel auto-combustion method. The transformation of crystalline phases of as-synthesized nano powders was investigated through X-ray diffraction in terms of their crystallinity and crystallite size. Subsequently, a detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation, including specific area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis revealed the crystallographic alterations and morphological information even at lattice scale which co-include the XRD analysis. The results obtained allow to explain the evolution of an amorphous state into different crystalline phases with increased calcining temperature; and their relation to particle size. The particle size is found to be closely related to phase transition of Al2O3 from γ → δ → θ → κ →α. The existence of distinctive bonds and band energy were studied by employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy, respectively. On the other hand, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) had also been performed to confirm the phase purity of nano powder.
Papilla height in relation to the distance between bone crest and interproximal contact point at single‐tooth implants: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the tooth-implant papilla formation in correlation with the distance between the interproximal bone level and the prosthetic contact point. MATERIAL AND METHODS A comprehensive search of the current literature (01/01/2000-01/01/2017) was performed to identify human trials that included 10 patients or more, with at least 12 months follow-up, in need of the replacement of one single tooth in the anterior maxillary region with an implant-supported single crown. To meet the inclusion criteria, studies had to provide both radiographic and clinical data regarding the distance between the interproximal bone level and the prosthetic contact point. RESULTS The search yielded 136 records. After evaluation of abstracts and full texts, 12 papers were included in the final review, even though various reference points, for the comparison between the vertical distance and the papilla height, were used. The vertical distance between the interproximal bone level and prosthetic contact point ranged between 2 and 11 mm, and the partial or complete papilla fill (Jemt's score 2-3) ranged between 56.5% and 100% of cases. CONCLUSION There is limited evidence that the vertical distance from the base of the interproximal contact point to the crestal bone level seems to affect the interproximal papilla height; that is, the lower is the distance the higher is the percentage of papilla fill. Complete embrasure fill between an implant restoration and the adjacent tooth seems to be correlated with the integrity of the periodontal ligament of the tooth. To reduce the risk of aesthetic failures, interproximal probing on the adjacent teeth should be encouraged before implant placement.
The neglected morula/compact stage embryo transfer.

BACKGROUND This retrospective study analysed the outcomes of 339 embryo transfers on either day 3 (n = 97) or day 4 (n = 242), and proposed a grading system for morula/compact embryos. METHODS The morula/compact embryo grading was based on: (i) the proportion of blastomeres undergoing the compaction process; (ii) the morphology of the compacted multicellular mass; (iii) the embryo quality on day 2 and 3; and (iv) the amount of fragmentation. Embryo transfers were classified into groups as follows: group I: transferred with zero 'good' embryos; group II: one 'good' embryo; group III: two or more 'good' embryos. RESULTS Patients on day 4 were transferred with significantly fewer embryos in groups II and III (2.58 +/- 0.9 and 2.35 +/- 0.6 respectively) when compared with the correspondent day 3 transfers (3.81 +/- 1.4 and 4.07 +/- 0.9 respectively) (P < 0.05), but had the same or higher implantation and pregnancy rates. Analysing the patients who had transfers with all 'good' embryos, day 4 transfer achieved a significantly higher implantation rate compared with day 3 transfer (46.4 versus 21.4%, P < 0.01), but the number of embryos transferred on day 4 was significantly lower than day 3 (2.1 +/- 0.5 versus 3.5 +/- 0.9, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The morula/compact embryos had great value for embryo selection, which significantly reduced the number of embryos needed for transfer.
Dust in High-Redshift Galaxies

Measurements of Zn and Cr abundances in 18 damped Lyα systems (DLAs) at absorption redshifts zabs = 0.692-3.390 (but mostly between zabs ≃ 2 and 3) show that metals and dust are much less abundant in high-redshift galaxies than in the Milky Way today. Typically, [Zn/H] ≃ -1.2; as Zn tracks Fe closely in Galactic stars of all metallicities and is only lightly depleted onto interstellar grains, we conclude that the overall degree of metal enrichment of damped Lyα galaxies ≈ 13.5 Gyr ago (H0 = 50 km s-1 Mpc-1, q0 = 0.05) was ~1/15 solar. Values of [Cr/Zn] span the range from ≃0 to ≲ - 0.65 which we interpret as evidence for selective depletion of Cr onto dust in some DLAs. On average Cr and other refractory elements are depleted by only a factor of ≈ 2, significantly less than in local interstellar clouds. We propose that this reflects an overall lower abundance of dust—which may be related to the lower metallicities, likely higher temperature of the ISM and higher supernova rates in these young galaxies—rather than an “exotic” composition of dust grains. Combining a metallicity ZDLA ≃ 1/15 Z☉ with a dust-to-metals ratio ≈ ½ of that in local interstellar clouds, we deduce that the “typical” dust-to-gas ratio in damped Lyα galaxies is ≈ 1/30 of the Milky Way value. This amount of dust will introduce an extinction at 1500 Å of only A1500 ≈ 0.1 in the spectra of background QSOs. Similarly, we expect little reddening of the broad spectral energy distribution of the high-z field galaxies now being found routinely by deep imaging surveys. Even such trace amounts of dust, however, can explain the weakness of Lyα emission from star-forming regions. We stress the approximate nature of such general statements; in reality, the range of metallicities and dust depletions encountered indicates that some sight lines through high-redshift galaxies may be essentially dust-free, while others could suffer detectable extinction. Finally, we show that, despite claims to the contrary, these conclusions are not inconsistent with recent high-resolution observations of DLAs with the Keck telescope. We point out that the star formation histories of high-z galaxies are not necessarily the same as that of the Milky Way and that, if depletions of some elements onto dust are not taken into account correctly, it is possible to misinterpret the clues to early nucleosynthesis provided by nonsolar element ratios.
Role of cannabinoid receptor type 1 in rostral ventrolateral medulla in high-fat diet-induced hypertension in rats

Background: Stimulation of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) increases renal sympathetic activity (RSNA) and blood pressure (BP) in rats. Thus, we hypothesized that CB1 receptor in the RVLM may play a critical role in the development of obesity-induced hypertension. Methods: To this end, we evaluated the levels of endocannabinoids and CB1 receptors in the RVLM in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hypertensive rats. We then used pharmacological and molecular methods to examine the role of RVLM CB1 receptors in regulation of BP, heart rate (HR), and RSNA in obesity-induced hypertensive rats. Results: We found that HFD-fed rats exhibited higher basal BP, HR, and RSNA than standard diet-fed rats, which were associated with increased levels of endocannabinoids and CB1 receptor expression in the RVLM. Furthermore, unilateral intra-RVLM microinjections of AM251 (0, 100, or 500 nM/0.5 &mgr;l/site) dose-dependently decreased BP, HR, and RSNA to a greater extent in HFD-fed rats than in standard diet-fed rats. Finally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CB1 receptor expression in the RVLM robustly decreased BP, HR, and RSNA in HFD-fed rats. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggested that enhanced CB1 receptor-mediated neurotransmissions in the RVLM may play a role in the development of obesity-induced hypertension.