Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEXUAL ISOLATION BETWEEN TWO SIBLING SPECIES WITH OVERLAPPING RANGES: DROSOPHILA SANTOMEA AND DROSOPHILA YAKUBA

Abstract Drosophila yakuba is widespread in Africa, whereas D. santomea, its newly discovered sister species, is endemic to the volcanic island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea. Drosophila santomea probably formed after colonization of the island by a D. yakuba–like ancestor. The species presently have overlapping ranges on the mountain Pico do São Tomé, with some hybridization occurring in this region. Sexual isolation between the species is uniformly high regardless of the source of the populations, and, as in many pairs of Drosophila species, is asymmetrical, so that hybridizations occur much more readily in one direction than the other. Despite the fact that these species meet many of the conditions required for the evolution of reinforcement (the elevation of sexual isolation by natural selection to avoid maladaptive interspecific hybridization), there is no evidence that sexual isolation between the species is highest in the zone of overlap. Sexual isolation is due to evolutionary changes in both female preference for heterospecific males and in the vigor with which males court heterospecific females. Heterospecific matings are also slower to take place than are homospecific matings, constituting another possible form of reproductive isolation. Genetic studies show that, when tested with females of either species, male hybrids having a D. santomea X chromosome mate much less frequently with females of either species than do males having a D. yakuba X chromosome, suggesting that the interaction between the D. santomea X chromosome and the D. yakuba genome causes behavioral sterility. Hybrid F1 females mate readily with males of either species, so that sexual isolation in this sex is completely recessive, a phenomenon seen in other Drosophila species. There has also been significant evolutionary change in the duration of copulation between these species; this difference involves genetic changes in both sexes, with at least two genes responsible in males and at least one in females.
On the Identification of Production Functions: How Heterogeneous is Productivity?

The estimation of production functions suffers from an unresolved identification problem caused by flexible inputs, such as intermediate inputs. We develop an identification strategy for production functions based on a transformation of the firm's short-run first order condition that solves the problem for both gross output and valueadded production functions. We apply our approach to plant-level data from Colombia and Chile, and find that a gross output production function implies fundamentally different patterns of productivity heterogeneity than a value-added specification. This finding is consistent with our analysis of the bias induced by the use of value-added.
Aircraft Microphysical and Surface-Based Radar Observations of Summertime Arctic Clouds

Abstract Updated analyses of in situ microphysical properties of three Arctic cloud systems sampled by aircraft in July 1998 during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA)/First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment–Arctic Clouds Experiment (FIRE–ACE) are examined in detail and compared with surface-based millimeter Doppler radar. A fourth case is given a cursory examination. The clouds were at 78°N over a melting ice surface, in distinctly different yet typical synoptic conditions. The cases comprise a midlevel all-ice cloud on 8 July; a deep, weakly forced, layered, mixed-phase stratus cloud system with pockets of drizzle, large dendrites, rimed ice and aggregates on 18 July; and a deep, mixed-phase cloud system with embedded convection on 28 July followed by an all-water boundary layer cloud on 29 July. The new observations include measured ice water content exceeding 2 g m−3 on 18 and 28 July and 3-cm snowflakes and 5-mm graupel particles on 28 July,.
The new AM CVn star in Hydra

High-speed photometry of the new AM CVn star in Hya (previously known as SN2003aw), spectroscopically identified by Chornock & Filippenko, shows it to have a superhump period of 2041.5 ′ 0.3 s. We find a range of brightness from V ∼ 16.5 to 20.3, presumably caused by variations in the rate of mass transfer. In the intermediate state the system cycles in brightness with a period of ∼16 h and range ≥0.4 mag. There are sidebands to the principal frequencies in the Fourier transform which have constant frequency difference from the superhump harmonics.
Early Development in Infants at Risk of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Longitudinal Investigation

This study examined early features of the heritable phenotype associated with childhood apraxia-of-speech (CAS). We compared speech and language development from 9 to 24 months of age in eight children at familial risk of CAS to that of eight infants with no such family history. At-risk infants scored lower on expressive language, speech development, and fine motor skills. Results support a broad, heritable verbal trait deficit for children at risk of CAS. Single case analyses showed poor prelinguistic speech development can dissociate from emerging receptive language and conceptualization skills, consistent with a deficit originating in speech motor control.
Deformation Study of Lean Methane-Air Premixed Spherically Expanding Flames under a Negative Direct Current Electric Field

This paper compares numerical simulations with experiments to study the deformation of lean premixed spherically expanding flames under a negative direct current (DC) electric field. The experiments, including the flame deformation and the ionic distribution on the flame surface were investigated in a mesh to mesh electric field. Besides, a numerical model of adding an electric body force to the positive ions on the flame surface was also established to perform a relevant simulation. Results show that the spherical flame will acquire an elliptical shape with a marked flame stretch in the horizontal direction and a slight inhibition in the vertical direction under a negative DC electric field. Meanwhile, a non-uniform ionic distribution on the flame surface was also detected by the Langmuir probe. The simulation results from the numerical model show good agreement with experimental data. According to the velocity field analysis in simulation, it was found the particular motion of positive ions and neutral molecules on the flame surface should be responsible for the special flame deformation. When a negative DC electric field was applied, the majority of positive ions and colliding neutral molecules will form an ionic flow along the flame surface by a superposition of the electric field force and the aerodynamic drag. The ionic flow was not uniform and mainly formed on the upper and lower sides, so it will lead to a non-uniform ionic distribution along the flame surface. What’s more, this ionic flow will also induce two vortexes both inside and outside of the flame surface due to viscosity effects. The external vortexes could produce an entraining effect on the premixed gas and take away the heat from the flame surface by forced convection, and then suppress the flame propagation in the vertical direction, while, the inner vortexes would scroll the burned zones and induce an inward flow at the horizontal center, which could be the reason for the pitted structure at the horizontal center when a high voltage was applied.
What Do Trade Negotiators Negotiate About? Empirical Evidence from the World Trade Organization

What do trade negotiators negotiate about? There are two distinct theoretical approaches in the economics literature that offer an answer to this question: the terms-of-trade theory and the commitment theory. The terms-of-trade theory holds that trade agreements are useful to governments as a means of helping them escape from a terms-of-trade-driven Prisoners' Dilemma. The commitment theory holds that trade agreements are useful to governments as a means of helping them make commitments to the private sector. These theories are not mutually exclusive, but there is little direct evidence on the empirical relevance of either. We attempt to investigate empirically the purpose served by market access commitments negotiated in the World Trade Organization. We find broad support for the terms-of-trade theory in the data. We claim more tentatively to find support in the data for the commitment theory as well.
Connecting the Dots between PubMed Abstracts

Background There are now a multitude of articles published in a diversity of journals providing information about genes, proteins, pathways, and diseases. Each article investigates subsets of a biological process, but to gain insight into the functioning of a system as a whole, we must integrate information from multiple publications. Particularly, unraveling relationships between extra-cellular inputs and downstream molecular response mechanisms requires integrating conclusions from diverse publications. Methodology We present an automated approach to biological knowledge discovery from PubMed abstracts, suitable for “connecting the dots” across the literature. We describe a storytelling algorithm that, given a start and end publication, typically with little or no overlap in content, identifies a chain of intermediate publications from one to the other, such that neighboring publications have significant content similarity. The quality of discovered stories is measured using local criteria such as the size of supporting neighborhoods for each link and the strength of individual links connecting publications, as well as global metrics of dispersion. To ensure that the story stays coherent as it meanders from one publication to another, we demonstrate the design of novel coherence and overlap filters for use as post-processing steps. Conclusions We demonstrate the application of our storytelling algorithm to three case studies: i) a many-one study exploring relationships between multiple cellular inputs and a molecule responsible for cell-fate decisions, ii) a many-many study exploring the relationships between multiple cytokines and multiple downstream transcription factors, and iii) a one-to-one study to showcase the ability to recover a cancer related association, viz. the Warburg effect, from past literature. The storytelling pipeline helps narrow down a scientist's focus from several hundreds of thousands of relevant documents to only around a hundred stories. We argue that our approach can serve as a valuable discovery aid for hypothesis generation and connection exploration in large unstructured biological knowledge bases.
Functions of cyclins and CDKs in mammalian gametogenesis†

Abstract Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle. Most of our understanding of their functions has been obtained from studies in single-cell organisms and mitotically proliferating cultured cells. In mammals, there are more than 20 cyclins and 20 CDKs. Although genetic ablation studies in mice have shown that most of these factors are dispensable for viability and fertility, uncovering their functional redundancy, CCNA2, CCNB1, and CDK1 are essential for embryonic development. Cyclin/CDK complexes are known to regulate both mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. While some mechanisms are common to both types of cell divisions, meiosis has unique characteristics and requirements. During meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two successive rounds of cell division. In addition, mammalian germ cells experience a prolonged prophase I in males or a long period of arrest in prophase I in females. Therefore, cyclins and CDKs may have functions in meiosis distinct from their mitotic functions and indeed, meiosis-specific cyclins, CCNA1 and CCNB3, have been identified. Here, we describe recent advances in the field of cyclins and CDKs with a focus on meiosis and early embryogenesis. Summary Sentence A comprehensive review on genetic studies of cyclins and CDKs in mouse germ cell development.
Formation of potential titanium antigens based on protein binding to titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Degradation products of titanium implants include free ions, organo-metallic complexes, and particles, ranging from nano to macro sizes. The biological effects, especially of nanoparticles, is yet unknown. The main objective of this study was to develop Ti-protein antigens in physiological solutions that can be used in testing of cellular responses. For this purpose, 0.1% TiO2 nanoparticles less than 100 nm were mixed with human serum albumin (HSA), 0.1% and 1%, in cell culture medium (DMEM, pH 7.2). The Ti concentrations in the resulting solutions were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The stability of the nanoparticles in suspension was analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometer and Dynamic Light Scattering. The concentration of Ti in suspension was dependent on the presence and concentration of HSA. Albumin prevented high aggregation rate of TiO2 nanoparticles in cell culture medium. It is shown that nano TiO2-protein stable aggregates can be produced under physiological conditions at high concentrations, and are candidates for use in cellular tests.
Visual Attentional Load Influences Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex

Neural plasticity plays a critical role in learning, memory, and recovery from injury to the nervous system. Although much is known about the physical and physiological determinants of plasticity, little is known about the influence of cognitive factors. In this study, we investigated whether selective attention plays a role in modifying changes in neural excitability reflecting long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity. We induced LTP-like effects in the hand area of the human motor cortex using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). During the induction of plasticity, participants engaged in a visual detection task with either low or high attentional demands. Changes in neural excitability were assessed by measuring motor-evoked potentials in a small hand muscle before and after the TMS procedures. In separate experiments plasticity was induced either by paired associative stimulation (PAS) or intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS). Because these procedures induce different forms of LTP-like effects, they allowed us to investigate the generality of any attentional influence on plasticity. In both experiments reliable changes in motor cortex excitability were evident under low-load conditions, but this effect was eliminated under high-attentional load. In a third experiment we investigated whether the attentional task was associated with ongoing changes in the excitability of motor cortex, but found no difference in evoked potentials across the levels of attentional load. Our findings indicate that in addition to their role in modifying sensory processing, mechanisms of attention can also be a potent modulator of cortical plasticity.
Device-Dependent Readability for Improved Text Understanding

Readability is used to provide users with highquality service in text recommendation or text visualization. With the increasing use of handheld devices, reading device is regarded as an important factor for readability. Therefore, this paper investigates the relationship between readability and reading devices such as a smart phone, a tablet, and paper. We suggest readability factors that are strongly related with the readability of a specific device by showing the correlations between various factors in each device and human-rated readability. Our experimental results show that each device has its own readability characteristics, and thus different weights should be imposed on readability factors according to the device type. In order to prove the usefulness of the results, we apply the device-dependent readability to news article recommendation.
Perceptual and affective mechanisms in facial expression recognition: An integrative review

Facial expressions of emotion involve a physical component of morphological changes in a face and an affective component conveying information about the expresser’s internal feelings. It remains unresolved how much recognition and discrimination of expressions rely on the perception of morphological patterns or the processing of affective content. This review of research on the role of visual and emotional factors in expression recognition reached three major conclusions. First, behavioral, neurophysiological, and computational measures indicate that basic expressions are reliably recognized and discriminated from one another, albeit the effect may be inflated by the use of prototypical expression stimuli and forced-choice responses. Second, affective content along the dimensions of valence and arousal is extracted early from facial expressions, although this coarse affective representation contributes minimally to categorical recognition of specific expressions. Third, the physical configuration and visual saliency of facial features contribute significantly to expression recognition, with “emotionless” computational models being able to reproduce some of the basic phenomena demonstrated in human observers. We conclude that facial expression recognition, as it has been investigated in conventional laboratory tasks, depends to a greater extent on perceptual than affective information and mechanisms.
Global regularity of wave maps III. Large energy from $\R^{1+2}$ to hyperbolic spaces

We show that wave maps $\phi$ from two-dimensional Minkowski space $\R^{1+2}$ to hyperbolic spaces $\H^m$ are globally smooth in time if the initial data is smooth, conditionally on some reasonable claims concerning the local theory of such wave maps, as well as the self-similar and travelling (or stationary solutions); we will address these claims in the sequels \cite{tao:heatwave2}, \cite{tao:heatwave3}, \cite{tao:heatwave4} to this paper. Following recent work in critical dispersive equations, the strategy is to reduce matters to the study of an \emph{almost periodic} maximal Cauchy development in the energy class. We then repeatedly analyse the stress-energy tensor of this development (as in \cite{tao:forges}) to extract either a self-similar, travelling, or degenerate non-trivial energy class solution to the wave maps equation. We will then rule out such solutions in the sequels to this paper, establishing the desired global regularity result for wave maps.
THE MODULUS OF CONTINUITY FOR Γ 0 ( m ) \ H SEMI-CLASSICAL LIMITS

We study the behavior of a large-eigenvalue limit of eigenfunctions for the hyperbolic Laplacian for the modular quotient SL(2; Z)\H. Féjer summation and results of S. Zeldicth are used to show that the microlocal lifts of eigenfunctions have largeeigenvalue limit a geodesic flow invariant measure for the modular unit cotangent bundle. The limit is studied for Hecke-Maass forms, joint eigenfunctions of the Hecke operators and the hyperbolic Laplacian. The first modulus of continuity result is presented for the limit. The singular concentration set of the limit cannot be a compact union of closed geodesics and measured geodesic laminations.
Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoans among Schoolchildren in Suburban Areas near Yangon, Myanmar

Although intestinal protozoans are common etiologies of diarrhea, few studies have been conducted in Myanmar. This study planned to investigate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, and Endolimax nana among schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. We performed a cross-sectional survey among schoolchildren and their guardians from 7 primary schools in South Dagon and Hlaing Thar Yar districts, Yangon, Myanmar. Stool samples were observed with a microscope after concentration technique and iodine staining. Total 821 stool samples, including 556 from schoolchildren and 265 from guardians, were examined. The median age was 6 years old for schoolchildren and 36 years old for guardians. A 53.1% of the school children and 14.6 % of the guardians were males. The overall prevalence of each intestinal protozoan species was as follows: 3.4% (28/821) for G. lamblia; 3.5% (29/821) for E. coli; 1.2% (10/821) for E. histoytica, and 3.0% for E. nana. This study showed that intestinal protozoans are common in primary schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. Health interventions, such as hand washing education, improvement of sanitation, and establishment of water purification systems are urgently needed in this area.
Enabling energy-aware collaborative mobile data offloading for smartphones

Searching for mobile data offloading solutions has been topical in recent years. In this paper, we present a collaborative WiFi-based mobile data offloading architecture - Metropolitan Advanced Delivery Network (MADNet), targeting at improving the energy efficiency for smartphones. According to our measurements,WiFi-based mobile data offloading for moving smartphones is challenging due to the limitation ofWiFi antennas deployed on existing smartphones and the short contact duration with WiFi APs. Moreover, our study shows that the number of open-accessible WiFi APs is very limited for smartphones in metropolitan areas, which significantly affects the offloading opportunities for previous schemes that use only open APs. To address these problems, MADNet intelligently aggregates the collaborative power of cellular operators, WiFi service providers and end-users. We design an energy-aware algorithm for energy-constrained devices to assist the offloading decision. Our design enables smartphones to select the most energy efficient WiFi AP for offloading. The experimental evaluation of our prototype on smartphone (Nokia N900) demonstrates that we are able to achieve more than 80% energy saving. Our measurement results also show that MADNet can tolerate minor errors in localization, mobility prediction, and offloading capacity estimation.
Addressing the IGARCH puzzle

A scanning type exposure apparatus includes a projection optical system which projects a pattern of a reticle onto a wafer, which is held by a wafer chuck, a scanning stage system which scanningly moves the reticle and the wafer synchronously with respect the projection optical system, and an inspection system which automatically inspects influence of particles on at least one of the wafer and on the wafer chuck. The inspection system includes a focus detector which measures a focus state of the wafer and a calculator which calculates outputs of the focus detector.