Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NIF-type iron-sulfur cluster assembly system is duplicated and distributed in the mitochondria and cytosol of Mastigamoeba balamuthi

In most eukaryotes, the mitochondrion is the main organelle for the formation of iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters. This function is mediated through the iron-sulfur cluster assembly machinery, which was inherited from the α-proteobacterial ancestor of mitochondria. In Archamoebae, including pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica and free-living Mastigamoeba balamuthi, the complex iron-sulfur cluster machinery has been replaced by an ε-proteobacterial nitrogen fixation (NIF) system consisting of two components: NifS (cysteine desulfurase) and NifU (scaffold protein). However, the cellular localization of the NIF system and the involvement of mitochondria in archamoebal FeS assembly are controversial. Here, we show that the genes for both NIF components are duplicated within the M. balamuthi genome. One paralog of each protein contains an amino-terminal extension that targets proteins to mitochondria (NifS-M and NifU-M), and the second paralog lacks a targeting signal, thereby reflecting the cytosolic form of the NIF machinery (NifS-C and NifU-C). The dual localization of the NIF system corresponds to the presence of FeS proteins in both cellular compartments, including detectable hydrogenase activity in Mastigamoeba cytosol and mitochondria. In contrast, E. histolytica possesses only single genes encoding NifS and NifU, respectively, and there is no evidence for the presence of the NIF machinery in its reduced mitochondria. Thus, M. balamuthi is unique among eukaryotes in that its FeS cluster formation is mediated through two most likely independent NIF machineries present in two cellular compartments.
Structural insight into the dimerization of human protein disulfide isomerase

Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are responsible for catalyzing the proper oxidation and isomerization of disulfide bonds of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, it is shown that human PDI (PDIA1) dimerizes in vivo and proposed that the dimerization of PDI has physiological relevance by autoregulating its activity. The crystal structure of the dimeric form of noncatalytic bb′ domains of human PDIA1 determined to 2.3 Å resolution revealed that the formation of dimers occludes the substrate binding site and may function as a mechanism to regulate PDI activity in the ER.
Hemodialysis in small children.

Eighteen children, aged 1 1/2 to 9 years and weighing 5 to 25 kg (11 to 55 lb), were hemodialyzed for three weeks to 11 months in preparation for renal homotransplantation. Technical problems encountered during dialysis were few and easily overcome. Normal linear growth occurred in five patients. Psychological and social adjustment of the children and families to the treatment program was good. We believe it has resulted from a team approach with nephrologists, psychologically oriented pediatricians, public health nurse, social worker, and personnel of the dialysis unit working closely together to orient, prepare, and support the children and families during each step of the treatment program. If transplantation facilities are available to offer the prospect of full rehabilitation, extended hemodialysis should be offered to young small children.
Time Scales of Climate Response

Abstract A coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) is integrated to a near-equilibrium state with the normal, half-normal, and twice-normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Most of the ocean below the surface layers achieves 70% of the total response almost twice as fast when the changes in radiative forcing are cooling as compared to the case when they are warming the climate system. In the cooling case, the time to achieve 70% of the equilibrium response in the midoceanic depths is about 500–1000 yr. In the warming case, this response time is 1300–1700 yr. In the Pacific Ocean and the bottom half of the Atlantic Ocean basins, the response is similar to the global response in that the cooling case results in a shorter response time scale. In the upper half of the Atlantic basin, the cooling response time scales are somewhat longer than in the warming case due to changes in the oceanic thermohaline circulation. In the oceanic surface mixed layer and atmosphere, the response .
Performance Analysis of Wireless Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio Networks Under Smart Jamming Attacks

In cognitive radio networks with wireless energy harvesting, secondary users are able to harvest energy from a wireless power source and then use the harvested energy to transmit data opportunistically on an idle channel allocated to primary users. Such networks have become more common due to pervasiveness of wireless charging, improving the performance of the secondary users. However, in such networks, the secondary users can be vulnerable to jamming attacks by malicious users who can also harvest wireless energy to launch the attacks. In this paper, we first formulate the throughput optimization problem for a secondary user under the attacks by jammers as a Markov decision process (MDP). We then introduce a new solution based on the deception tactic to deal with smart jamming attacks. Furthermore, we propose a learning algorithm for the secondary user to find an optimal transmission policy and extend to the case with multiple secondary users in the same environment. Through the simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed learning algorithms can effectively reduce adverse effects from smart jammers even when they use different attack strategies.
Prediction of Pressure Variation at an Elbow subsequent to a Liquid Slug Impact by using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

Liquid slug flow driven by pressurized air in an inclined pipe with a downstream elbow is investigated numerically. As the liquid slug hits the elbow, the impact pressure and the associated force generated at the elbow may damage pipe supports as well as the pipe itself. It is essential for the design engineers of pipeline systems to accurately predict the pressure trace during the impact for safe operation. The slug arrival velocity and slug length (i.e., mass) at the elbow directly affect that pressure. In order to calculate these slug parameters just before the impact, an improved one-dimensional (1D) model proposed in the literature is used. At the elbow, pressure variation with respect to time is calculated by a recently developed computer code which uses a two-dimensional (2D) smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. In the numerical setup, two representative initial slug lengths, one for short slugs and one for long slugs, and three different initial air tank pressures are used. The obtained numerical data are validated with available experimental results. For both short and long slugs, calculated peak pressures show great agreement with measured peak pressures.
Framing the empirical findings on firm growth

This paper proposes a general framework to account for the divergent results in the empirical literature on the relation between firm sizes and growth rates, and on many results on growth autocorrelation. In particular, we provide an explanation for why traces of the LPE sometimes occur in conditional mean (i.e. OLS) autoregressions of firm size or firm growth, and in conditional median (i.e. least absolute deviation) autoregressions, but never in high or low quantile autoregressions. Based on an original empirical analysis of the population of manufacturing firms in the Netherlands between 1994 and 2004, we find that there is no peculiar role played by the median of the growth distribution, which is approximately equal to zero independent of firm size. In economic terms, this is equivalent to saying that most of the phenomena of interest for industrial dynamics can be studied without reference to the behaviour of the median firm, and many â€˜averageâ€™ relations retrieved in the literature, starting from the negative relation between average size and average growth, are driven by the few dynamic firms in the sample rather than the many stable ones. Moreover, we observe the tent shape of the empirical firm growth rate distribution and confirm the skewness-size and the variance-size relations. The identified quantile regression patterns - autoregressive coefficients above 1 for fast decliners, and below 1 for fast growers - can be obtained by assuming negative variance-size scaling and Laplace growth rate distributions, and are robust to a mild positive relationship between skewness and size. A relationship between quantile regression patterns and previous findings is therefore uncovered.
Language and theory-of-mind development in prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants: a preliminary investigation

Abstract One cognitive domain in which deaf children are known to lag behind their hearing peers is that of ‘theory of mind’. Impoverished early conversational experience and deprivation of discussion about intangible mental states are seen as likely contributors to this deficit. The present study explored the relation between language and theory-of-mind capabilities in prelingually deafened children aged 4 to 11 years who were cochlear implant users. The children completed theory-of-mind tasks that indexed their ability to reason about conflicting mental representations, namely the understanding of false belief and the distinction between appearance and reality. Controlling for age, language ability was found to correlate positively and reliably with theory-of-mind performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enabling Smart Air Conditioning by Sensor Development: A Review

The study investigates the development of sensors, in particular the use of thermo-fluidic sensors and occupancy detectors, to achieve smart operation of air conditioning systems. Smart operation refers to the operation of air conditioners by the reinforcement of interaction to achieve both thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Sensors related to thermal comfort include those of temperature, humidity, and pressure and wind velocity anemometers. Improvements in their performance in the past years have been studied by a literature survey. Traditional occupancy detection using passive infra-red (PIR) sensors and novel methodologies using smartphones and wearable sensors are both discussed. Referring to the case studies summarized in this study, air conditioning energy savings are evaluated quantitatively. Results show that energy savings of air conditioners before 2000 was 11%, and 30% after 2000 by the integration of thermo-fluidic sensors and occupancy detectors. By utilizing wearable sensing to detect the human motions, metabolic rates and related information, the energy savings can reach up to 46.3% and keep the minimum change of predicted mean vote (∆PMV→0), which means there is no compromise in thermal comfort. This enables smart air conditioning to compensate for the large variations from person to person in terms of physiological and psychological satisfaction, and find an optimal temperature for everyone in a given space. However, this tendency should be evidenced by more experimental results in the future.
Evaluation of polyol‐made Gd3+‐substituted Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 nanoparticles as high magnetization MRI negative contrast agents

The structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties of ~5‐nm‐sized Co0.6Zn0. 4Fe2 − xGdxO4 nanoparticles were investigated in order to evaluate their capability to enhance the magnetic resonance imaging contrast as high magnetization agents. A focus was made on the solubility of Gd3+ cations within the spinel lattice. By coupling X‐ray diffraction to X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, we demonstrated that only a limited fraction of Gd3+ can substitute Fe3+ ions into the whole crystal structure and does not exceed 6 at. ‐%. At this concentration, the room temperature (27°C) saturation magnetizations of the prepared superparamagnetic nanocrystals were found to be close to 80 emu g−1. Coating these nanoparticles with hydrophilic dopamine ligands leads to the formation of ~50‐nm‐sized clusters in water. As a consequence, relatively high r2/r1 ratios of transverse to longitudinal proton relaxivities and high r2 values were measured in the resulting colloids at physiological temperature (37°C) for an applied magnetic field of 1.41 T: 33 and 188 mM−1 sec−1, respectively, for the richest system in gadolinium. Moreover, after incubation with healthy human model cells (fibroblasts) at doses as high as 10 μg mL−1, they induce neither cellular death nor acute cellular damage making the engineered probes particularly valuable for negative magnetic resonance imaging contrasting.
Large Monochromatic Triple Stars in Edge Colourings

Following problems posed by Gyárfás 2011, we show that for every r‐edge‐colouring of Kn there is a monochromatic triple star of order at least n/(r−1) , improving Ruszinkó's result 2012. An edge colouring of a graph is called a local r‐colouring if every vertex spans edges of at most r distinct colours. We prove the existence of a monochromatic triple star with at least rn/(r2−r+1) vertices in every local r‐colouring of Kn .
Cylindrical extrusions on A5083 aluminum alloy plate fabricated by friction stir forming

This paper reports fabrication of cylindrical extrusions on an aluminum alloy medium gauge plate utilizing friction-stir forming (FSF). A material plate is placed on the die, and friction stirring is conducted on its back surface. The material deforms due to high pressure and heat caused by the friction-stir process, and the die pattern is transferred precisely. The processes have been mainly focused on mechanical joining and microforming; however, they seem hopeful for bulk products as well. The authors applied the process for generating various bulk-product shapes. In this paper, a 3mm-thick JIS A5083P-O aluminum alloy plate was put on a die having 2-9mm-diameter holes, and friction stirring was conducted on its back surface. The material successfully filled the cavities to form the cylindrical extrusions. The authors investigated the volume, the maximum height with different spindle speeds, tool feed rates, and tool passes. A faster spindle speed and lower tool feed rate were found to contribute to taller extrusions. The maximum height of the extrusions was l5.23mm for the 2mm-diameter hole with spot FSF but without tool traveling, i.e., with 0mm/min tool feed. For holes of less than 5mm in diameter, extrusions produced by spot FSF were taller than those produced by FSF with tool travel because the tool plunge contributes to raising forming pressure. However, for hole diameters exceeding 5mm, extrusions produced by FSF with tool traveling were taller than those produced by the former because tool feeding creates greater material volume.This paper reports fabrication of cylindrical extrusions on an aluminum alloy medium gauge plate utilizing friction-stir forming (FSF). A material plate is placed on the die, and friction stirring is conducted on its back surface. The material deforms due to high pressure and heat caused by the friction-stir process, and the die pattern is transferred precisely. The processes have been mainly focused on mechanical joining and microforming; however, they seem hopeful for bulk products as well. The authors applied the process for generating various bulk-product shapes. In this paper, a 3mm-thick JIS A5083P-O aluminum alloy plate was put on a die having 2-9mm-diameter holes, and friction stirring was conducted on its back surface. The material successfully filled the cavities to form the cylindrical extrusions. The authors investigated the volume, the maximum height with different spindle speeds, tool feed rates, and tool passes. A faster spindle speed and lower tool feed rate were found to contribute to tal.
Expectations of parents on low incomes and therapists who work with parents on low incomes of the first therapy session.

BACKGROUND/AIM Family-centred practice involves allowing families' needs to direct therapy. Parents and therapists often come from different socio-economic positions, yet little is known about how this impacts family-centred practice. This study aimed to explore expectations of care among parents on low incomes and among occupational therapists who work with these families. METHOD Ten parents who were holders of a low-income Health Care Card and had a child on a waiting list for publicly funded occupational therapy services, and nine paediatric occupational therapists were asked about perceptions of therapy using semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Interview transcripts were analysed using a qualitative descriptive approach. RESULTS While therapists recognised families' expectations that therapy would 'fix' their child, some of the concerns of parents such as how their child's behaviour reflected on their parenting skills went largely unrecognised. In addition, no therapists recognised parents' primary concerns about their child's physical health, their desires for a structured approach to therapy or the somewhat fatalistic approach some parents were taking to therapy. Some therapists recognised the complexities they encountered in engaging with parents from low socio-economic positions and tried to adapt their practice with some taking less of a family-centred approach and focussing on the needs of either the parent or the child while others continued to practice with a focus on the family as a whole. CONCLUSION These findings have implications for therapists seeking to work within a framework of family-centred practice with clients from low socio-economic positions.
Immunological abnormalities in the chronic fatigue syndrome

: The chronic fatigue syndrome is a disorder of unknown aetiology which is characterized by debilitating fatigue. Recent evidence has suggested that viruses may persist in the tissues of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. A concurrent immunological disturbance is likely to be associated with the persistence of viral antigens. Therefore, the humoral and cellular immunity of 100 patients who were suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome and that of 100 healthy, age- and sex-matched control subjects were compared. This study documents the frequent occurrence of abnormalities within the cellular and humoral immune systems of patients with well-defined chronic fatigue syndrome. Disordered immunity may be central to the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome. In patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction was found in the absolute number of peripheral blood lymphocytes in the total T-cell (CD2), the helper/inducer T-cell (CD4) and the suppressor/cytotoxic T-cell (CD8) subsets. A significant (P less than 0.001) reduction also was found in T-cell function, which was measured: in vivo by delayed-type hypersensitivity skin-testing (reduced responses were recorded in 50 [88%] of 57 patients); and in vitro by phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. Reduced immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were common (56% of patients), with the levels of serum IgG3- and IgG1-subclasses particularly (P less than 0.05) affected.
Quinone Reductase 2 Is a Catechol Quinone Reductase*

The functions of quinone reductase 2 have eluded researchers for decades even though a genetic polymorphism is associated with various neurological disorders. Employing enzymatic studies using adrenochrome as a substrate, we show that quinone reductase 2 is specific for the reduction of adrenochrome, whereas quinone reductase 1 shows no activity. We also solved the crystal structure of quinone reductase 2 in complexes with dopamine and adrenochrome, two compounds that are structurally related to catecholamine quinones. Detailed structural analyses delineate the mechanism of quinone reductase 2 specificity toward catechol quinones in comparison with quinone reductase 1; a side-chain rotational difference between quinone reductase 1 and quinone reductase 2 of a single residue, phenylalanine 106, determines the specificity of enzymatic activities. These results infer functional differences between two homologous enzymes and indicate that quinone reductase 2 could play important roles in the regulation of catecholamine oxidation processes that may be involved in the etiology of Parkinson disease.
A Heme Export Protein Is Required for Red Blood Cell Differentiation and Iron Homeostasis

Hemoproteins are critical for the function and integrity of aerobic cells. However, free heme is toxic. Therefore, cells must balance heme synthesis with its use. We previously demonstrated that the feline leukemia virus, subgroup C, receptor (FLVCR) exports cytoplasmic heme. Here, we show that FLVCR-null mice lack definitive erythropoiesis, have craniofacial and limb deformities resembling those of patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and die in midgestation. Mice with FLVCR that is deleted neonatally develop a severe macrocytic anemia with proerythroblast maturation arrest, which suggests that erythroid precursors export excess heme to ensure survival. We further demonstrate that FLVCR mediates heme export from macrophages that ingest senescent red cells and regulates hepatic iron. Thus, the trafficking of heme, and not just elemental iron, facilitates erythropoiesis and systemic iron balance.
Study of the effects of natural toothbrush (Salva-dora persica) in prevention of dental caries and plaque index

Background: Nowadays, though more attention is being paid to oral and dental hygiene all over the world, dental caries and periodontal diseases are increasing daily. We decided to study the effectiveness of natural toothbrush in prevention of dental caries and plaque formation. Methods: This analytic, semi-experimental clinical trial included 390 individuals. Subjects were divided into 3 groups: using natural toothbrush, using artificial toothbrush and using both natural and artificial toothbrush. The plaque index and DMFT was assessed at the beginning of the study until 1 year. ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, LSD, Paired t-test, chi square, Fisher exact and Mc-Nemar tests were used for data analysis. Results: The plaque index in all three groups showed a mean reduction of 0.71. The mean DMFT in the samples before intervention was 8.38 ± 4.14 and increased to 9.1 ± 4.56. At the end of the study, the lowest plaque index was observed in the group using both the natural and artificial methods. During one year follow-up, the plaque index decreased 1.16, 0.83, and 0.21 degrees in the first, second and third groups. Conclusion: The increase in DMFT in the group that used artificial toothbrush was more than other groups. Thus, use of natural toothbrush leads to a decrease in growth rate of DMFT. Therefore natural toothbrush can be used for the cleaning of teeth and prevention of dental caries.
Computer vision syndrome

Kemajuan di bidang teknologi saat ini menyebabkan tingginya pengguna perangkat elektronik pada semua kelompok umur. Terdapat perbedaan kebutuhan visual ketika seseorang melihat tampilan dilayar perangkat elektronik dibandingkan dengan materi cetak. Mata harus bekerja lebih keras saat melihat tampilan di layar perangkat elektronik, sehingga penggunaan perangkat elektronik dalam waktu lama dapat menyebabkan sekelompok keluhan pada mata yaitu kelelahan mata, iritasi, kemerahan, kekeringan, penglihatan kabur dan ganda yang disebut juga dengan computer vision syndrome. Menghilangkan faktor penyebab merupakan pengelolaan paling penting dalam mengatasi computer vision syndrome. Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis informasi terkini tentang prevalensi, gejala, patogenesis dan penatalaksanaan computer vision syndrome. Kesimpulan dari studi ini yaitu computer vision syndrome merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat utama yang berdampak besar pada penurunan kualitas hidup dan efisiensi di tempat kerja yang dapat dicegah dengan pemeriksaan mata rutin, menjaga kesehatan mata, posisi ergonomis dan lingkungan yang mendukung.