Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sisters Rise Up 4 CS: Helping Female Students Pass the Advanced Placement Computer Science A Exam

Female students are underrepresented in computing careers and in computing majors at the college or university level. This underrepresentation starts in high school. Only 20% of Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science (CS) A exam takers in 2014 nationally were female. In addition to being underrepresented, female students tend to have a lower pass rate on the exam than male students. Failing the exam could reduce interest in computing as a career. Sisters Rise Up 4 CS was created at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) to help more female high school students pass the AP CS A exam. It offers help sessions, near-peer role models, exposure to a college campus, and a community of learners. Sisters Rise Up 4 CS is based on Project Rise Up 4 CS, which was also created at Georgia Tech to help increase the number of African-American students that pass the AP CS A exam. However, Sisters Rise Up 4 CS does not include the financial incentives offered by Project Rise Up 4 CS. Project Rise Up 4 CS has resulted in statistically significant positive changes in attitudes for participants and a large increase in the participants' perception of their ability to pass the exam. Even students who did not pass the exam have reported positive benefits from being in Project Rise Up 4 CS. This paper summarizes the findings from Project Rise Up 4 CS from 2013-2015 and presents the findings from the pilot of Sisters Rise Up 4 CS from 2014-2015. We used a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the project and to judge the effectiveness of the project elements.
Orbitomedial prefrontal cortical projections to distinct longitudinal columns of the periaqueductal gray in the rat

We utilised retrograde and anterograde tracing procedures to study the origin and termination of prefrontal cortical (PFC) projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the rat. A previous study, in the primate, had demonstrated that distinct subgroups of PFC areas project to specific PAG columns. Retrograde tracing experiments revealed that projections to dorsolateral (dlPAG) and ventrolateral (vlPAG) periaqueductal gray columns arose from medial PFC, specifically prelimbic, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate cortices. Injections made in the vlPAG also labeled cells in medial, ventral, and dorsolateral orbital cortex and dorsal and posterior agranular insular cortex. Other orbital and insular regions, including lateral and ventrolateral orbital, ventral agranular insular, and dysgranular and granular insular cortex did not give rise to appreciable projections to the PAG. Anterograde tracing experiments revealed that the projections to different PAG columns arose from specific PFC areas. Projections from the caudodorsal medial PFC (caudal prelimbic and anterior cingulate cortices) terminated predominantly in dlPAG, whereas projections from the rostroventral medial PFC (rostral prelimbic cortex) innervated predominantly the vlPAG. As well, consistent with the retrograde data, projections arising from select orbital and agranular insular cortical areas terminated selectively in the vlPAG. The results indicate: (1) that rat orbital and medial PFC possesses an organisation broadly similar to that of the primate; and (2) that subdivisions within the rat orbital and medial PFC can be recognised on the basis of projections to distinct PAG columns. J. Comp. Neurol. 422:556–578, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Language, memory, and cognition in infancy and early childhood

Language, cognition, and memory are traditionally studied together prior to a researcher specializing in any one area. They are studied together initially because much of the development of one can affect the development of the others. Most books available now either tend to be extremely broad in the areas of all infant development including physical and social development, or specialize in cognitive development, language acquisition, or memory. Rarely do you find all three together, despite the fact that they all relate to each other. This volume consists of focused articles from the authoritative Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childood Development, and specifically targets the ages 0-3. Providing summary overviews of basic and cutting edge research, coverage includes attention, assessment, bilingualism, categorization skills, critical periods, learning disabilities, reasoning, speech development, etc. This collection of articles provides an essential, affordable reference for researchers, graduate students, and clinicians interested in cognitive development, language development, and memory, as well as those developmental psychologists interested in all aspects of development. * Focused content on age 0-3- saves time searching for and wading through lit on full age range for developmentally relevant info * Concise, understandable, and authoritative-easier to comprehend for immediate applicability in research
Finite State Dynamic Games with Asymmetric Information: A Framework for Applied Work

With applied work in mind, we define an equilibrium notion for dynamic games with asymmetric information which does not require a specification for players' beliefs about their opponent types. This enables us to define equilibrium conditions which, at least in principal, are testable and can be computed using a simple reinforcement learning algorithm. We conclude with an example that endogenizes the maintenance decisions for electricity generators in a dynamic game among electric utilities in which the costs states of the generators are private information.
Distinct Action of the Retinoblastoma Pathway on the DNA Replication Machinery Defines Specific Roles for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Complexes in Prereplication Complex Assembly and S-Phase Progression

ABSTRACT The retinoblastoma (RB) and p16ink4a tumor suppressors are believed to function in a linear pathway that is functionally inactivated in a large fraction of human cancers. Recent studies have shown that RB plays a critical role in regulating S phase as a means for suppressing aberrant proliferation and controlling genome stability. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for p16ink4a in replication control that is distinct from that of RB. Specifically, p16ink4a disrupts prereplication complex assembly by inhibiting mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein loading in G1, while RB was found to disrupt replication in S phase through attenuation of PCNA function. This influence of p16ink4a on the prereplication complex was dependent on the presence of RB and the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. Strikingly, the inhibition of CDK2 activity was not sufficient to prevent the loading of MCM proteins onto chromatin, which supports a model wherein the composite action of multiple G1 CDK complexes regulates prereplication complex assembly. Additionally, p16ink4a attenuated the levels of the assembly factors Cdt1 and Cdc6. The enforced expression of these two licensing factors was sufficient to restore the assembly of the prereplication complex yet failed to promote S-phase progression due to the continued absence of PCNA function. Combined, these data reveal that RB and p16ink4a function through distinct pathways to inhibit the replication machinery and provide evidence that stepwise regulation of CDK activity interfaces with the replication machinery at two discrete execution points.
How to Measure Indirect Genetic Effects: The Congruence of Trait-Based and Variance-Partitioning Approaches

Indirect genetic effects (IGEs), which occur when phenotypic expression in one individual is influenced by genes in another conspecific individual, may have a drastic effect on evolutionary response to selection. General evolutionary models of IGEs have been developed using two distinct theoretical frameworks derived from maternal effects theory. The first framework is trait-based and focuses on how phenotypes are influenced by specific traits in a social partner, with the strength of interactions defined by the matrix Ö. The second framework partitions total genetic variance into components representing direct effects, indirect effects, and the covariance between them, without identifying specific social traits responsible for IGEs. The latter framework has been employed more commonly by empiricists because the methods for estimating variance components are relatively straightforward. Here, we show how these two theoretical frameworks are related to each other and derive equations that can be used to translate between them. This translation leads to a generalized method that can be used to estimate &PSgr; via standard quantitative genetic breeding designs or pedigrees from natural populations. This method can be used in a very general set of circumstances and is widely applicable to all IGEs, including maternal effects and other interactions among relatives.
Concept-based knowledge discovery in texts extracted from the Web

ABSTRACT This paper presents an approach for knowledge discovery in texts extracted from the Web. Instead of analyzing words or attribute values, the approach is based on concepts, which are extracted from texts to be used as characteristics in the mining process. Statistical techniques are applied on concepts in order to find interesting patterns in concept distributions or associations. In this way, users can pe rform discovery in a high level, since concepts describe real world events, objects, thoughts, etc. For identifying concepts in texts, a categorization algorithm is used associated to a previous classification task for concept definitions. Two experiments are presented: one for political analysis and other for competitive intelligence. At the end, the approach is discussed, examining its problems and advantages in the Web context. Keywords Knowledge discovery, data mining, information extraction, categorization, text mining. 1. INTRODUCTION The Web is a large and growing collection of texts. This amount of text is becoming a valuable resource of information and knowledge. As Garofalakis and partners comment, "
Career exploration of Chinese university students in Hong Kong : testing relations among antecedent, process and outcome variables

A quantitative research study was conducted with Chinese students from a university in Hong Kong over a period of up to six months to examine relations among antecedent, process and outcome variables of career exploration. With reference to Flum. and Blustein's (2000) research framework of vocational exploration and the situation in Hong Kong, 22 hypotheses were developed for testing. A cross-sectional sample of 271 and a longitudinal sample of 101 respondents were obtained from students who participated in either a student internship or a series of career seminars. The results demonstrated that relational support, prior career exploration and time effects were related consistently to career exploration as hypothesized, but the claim that achievement motivation is an antecedent of exploration received only limited support. Career exploration was also found to be related consistently to career decision making self efficacy and associated with identity status as hypothesized, but the propositions that self clarity, career decisiveness and career decidedness are outcomes of career exploration were not sufficiently proved. Moreover, participants in work internships did not show a significantly greater increase in career exploration over time than participants in career seminars. Taken in total, the study was fruitful in applying the framework of Flum and Blustein (2000) for the first time in Hong Kong and adding culture-specific variables to it. Especially, the constructs of Chinese motivation (Yu & Yang, 1987) and of prior career exploration (Millar & Shevlin, 2003) were found relevant in understanding career exploration behaviour. The theoretical and applied implications of this study are discussed and suggestions are made to further extend the line of career exploration research in Hong Kong and other Chinese societies.
Apoptosis in Pneumovirus Infection

Pneumovirus infections cause a wide spectrum of respiratory disease in humans and animals. The airway epithelium is the major site of pneumovirus replication. Apoptosis or regulated cell death, may contribute to the host anti-viral response by limiting viral replication. However, apoptosis of lung epithelial cells may also exacerbate lung injury, depending on the extent, the timing and specific location in the lungs. Differential apoptotic responses of epithelial cells versus innate immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) during pneumovirus infection can further contribute to the complex and delicate balance between host defense and disease pathogenesis. The purpose of this manuscript is to give an overview of the role of apoptosis in pneumovirus infection. We will examine clinical and experimental data concerning the various pro-apoptotic stimuli and the roles of apoptotic epithelial and innate immune cells during pneumovirus disease. Finally, we will discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting apoptosis in the lungs.
Attitudes of Patients With Bipolar Disorder Toward the Life Chart Methodology

BACKGROUND: The Dutch guideline for bipolar disorder (BD) recommends the use of the Life Chart Methodology (LCM) to help patients to monitor fluctuating mood patterns. But in practice patients show ambivalent attitudes toward this instrument. OBJECTIVE: To describe attitudes and motivations of patients with BD for (non-)using the LCM. DESIGN: A phenomenological study with unstructured in-depth interviews of 14 patients with BD. Patient narratives were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, analyzed, and coded inductively. RESULTS: The results show that despite variability in perceptions and willingness to work with the LCM, the general attitude toward this instrument was a recognized value for using the LCM. However, the emotional impact of daily mood charting was experienced as a substantial burden, particularly during the early stages of diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The impact of the diagnosis of BD needs to be taken in account when introducing the instrument for the first time to a patient.
Low-Profile Compact Dual-Band Unit Cell for Polarizing Surfaces Operating in Orthogonal Polarizations

This communication introduces a novel periodic reflector which provides linear to circular polarization (CP) conversion in two frequency bands. Significantly, the reflector converts a slant 45° linearly polarized wave into two orthogonal CPs over two separate frequency bands while further the unit cell dimensions are maintained below the critical grating lobe limit of half wavelength. Unlike previous designs providing this performance, which are based on linear dipole elements, miniaturization is here achieved by exploiting resonances in both TE and TM polarized waves. The operating principle of the polarizer is discussed and a parametric study is presented to derive design guidelines. A prototype working in the satellite Ku-band has been designed and tested to validate the proposed design. The proposed polarizer can find applications in multiple-beam satellite antenna systems in order to reduce the number of reflector apertures in a single-feed-per-beam configuration.
The Causal Effect of Infrastructure Investments on Income Inequality: Evidence from US States

Through utilizing US state-level data at annual frequency from 1976 to 2008, this paper documents a causal effect of infrastructure investments, specifically public spending on highways, on income inequality. The number of seats in the US House of Representatives Committee On Appropriations serves as a valid instrument to identify quasi-random variations in state-level spending on highways. When a given state gains an additional committee member, which is rather exogenous, new federal grants are allocated to that state, resulting in the state government slashing its investment expenditures on highways. In other words, a crowding-out effect of federal funding for state investment in highways is at play. The main contribution of this paper is to show that such committee-driven cuts in spending on highways cause an increase in income inequality within a two-year horizon. In addition, we show that wages paid for construction jobs correlate positively and strongly with spending on highways at the state level. This further provides suggestive evidence that the construction sector plays an important role in the transmission channel from a rise in state spending on highways to a reduction in income inequality.
Measurement of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite Generation in the Postischemic Heart

Altered nitric oxide (NO·) production is a critical factor in tissue reperfusion injury; however, controversy remains regarding these alterations and how they cause injury. Since superoxide (O2) generation is triggered during the early period of reperfusion the cytotoxic oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO−) could be formed, but it is not known if this occurs. Therefore electron paramagnetic resonance and chemiluminescence studies were performed of the magnitude and time course of NO·, O2, and ONOO− formation in the postischemic heart. Isolated rat hearts were subjected either to normal perfusion or to reperfusion after 30 min of ischemia in the presence of the NO· trap Fe2+-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate with electron paramagnetic resonance measurements performed on the effluent. Although only trace signals were present prior to ischemia, prominent NO· adduct signals were seen during the first 2 min of reflow which were abolished by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. Similar studies with the O2 trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide demonstrated a burst of O2 generation over the first 2 min of reflow. Chemiluminescence measurements using 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione (luminol) demonstrated a similar marked increase in ONOO− which was blocked by NOS inhibitors or superoxide dismutase. NOS inhibition or superoxide dismutase greatly enhanced the recovery of contractile function in postischemic hearts. Immunohistology demonstrated that the ONOO−-mediated nitration product nitrotyrosine was formed in postischemic hearts but not in normally perfused controls. Thus, NO· formation is increased during the early period of reflow and reacts with O2 to form ONOO−, which results in amino acid nitration and cellular injury.
Regret Minimization in Games with Incomplete Information

Extensive games are a powerful model of multiagent decision-making scenarios with incomplete information. Finding a Nash equilibrium for very large instances of these games has received a great deal of recent attention. In this paper, we describe a new technique for solving large games based on regret minimization. In particular, we introduce the notion of counterfactual regret, which exploits the degree of incomplete information in an extensive game. We show how minimizing counterfactual regret minimizes overall regret, and therefore in self-play can be used to compute a Nash equilibrium. We demonstrate this technique in the domain of poker, showing we can solve abstractions of limit Texas Hold'em with as many as 1012 states, two orders of magnitude larger than previous methods.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in a Case of Central Poststroke Pain

The role of the lesion location within functional pain systems is not fully understood for central poststroke pain (CPSP) pathogenesis. In a patient with CPSP we used data from both functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for anatomo-functional correlations. Structural MRI showed a small residual cavity confined to the right thalamic ventral posterolateral nucleus and the adjacent posterior arm of the internal capsule. DTI maps showed selective reduction of right sensory thalamocortical fibers. Functional MRI, performed with different thermonociceptive stimuli, showed pain-specific signal changes in the anterior cingulate gyrus (BA 24/32) and in the associative parietal regions (BA 5/7). These findings underline, for CPSP pathogenesis, the role of damage of lateral nociceptive thalamoparietal fibers together with the release of activity of anterior cingulate and posterior parietal regions. Perspective: In a patient with CPSP, we combined noninvasive neuroimaging techniques (functional and diffusion MRI) to assess the anatomo-functional relationship in CPSP. Our investigations show, for CPSP pathogenesis, the role of damage of lateral nociceptive thalamoparietal fibers together with the release of activity of anterior cingulate and posterior parietal regions. © 2005 by the American Pain Society
The Link between Inactivation and High-Affinity Block of hERG1 Channels

Block of human ether-à-go-go–related gene 1 (hERG1) K+ channels by many drugs delays cardiac repolarization, prolongs QT interval, and is associated with an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Preferential block of hERG1 channels in an inactivated state has been assumed because inactivation deficient mutant channels can exhibit dramatically reduced drug sensitivity. Here we reexamine the link between inactivation gating and potency of channel block using concatenated hERG1 tetramers containing a variable number (0–4) of subunits harboring a point mutation (S620T or S631A) that disrupts inactivation. Concatenated hERG1 tetramers containing four wild-type subunits exhibited high-affinity block by cisapride, dofetilide, and MK-499, similar to wild-type channels formed from hERG1 monomers. A single S620T subunit within a tetramer was sufficient to fully disrupt inactivation gating, whereas S631A suppressed inactivation as a graded function of the number of mutant subunits present in a concatenated tetramer. Drug potency was positively correlated to the number of S620T subunits contained within a tetramer but unrelated to mutation-induced disruption of channel inactivation. Introduction of a second point mutation (Y652W) into S620T hERG1 partially rescued drug sensitivity. The potency of cisapride was not altered for tetramers containing 0 to 3 S631A subunits, whereas the potency of dofetilide was a graded function of the number of S631A subunits contained within a tetramer. Together these findings indicate that S620T or S631A substitutions can allosterically disrupt drug binding by a mechanism that is independent of their effects on inactivation gating.