Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Nature Meets Nurture: Universal Grammar and Statistical Learning

Evidence of children’s sensitivity to statistical features of their input in language acquisition is often used to argue against learning mechanisms driven by innate knowledge. At the same time, evidence of children acquiring knowledge that is richer than the input supports arguments in favor of such mechanisms. This tension can be resolved by separating the inferential and deductive components of the language learning mechanism. Universal Grammar provides representations that support deductions about sentences that fall outside of experience. In addition, these representations define the evidence that learners use to infer a particular grammar. The input is compared with the expected evidence to drive statistical inference. In support of this model, we review evidence of (a) children’s sensitivity to the environment, (b) mismatches between input and intake, (c) the need for learning mechanisms beyond innate representations, and (d) the deductive consequences of children’s acquired syntactic representations.
Towards more accurate retrieval of duplicate bug reports

In a bug tracking system, different testers or users may submit multiple reports on the same bugs, referred to as duplicates, which may cost extra maintenance efforts in triaging and fixing bugs. In order to identify such duplicates accurately, in this paper we propose a retrieval function (REP) to measure the similarity between two bug reports. It fully utilizes the information available in a bug report including not only the similarity of textual content in summary and description fields, but also similarity of non-textual fields such as product, component, version, etc. For more accurate measurement of textual similarity, we extend BM25F - an effective similarity formula in information retrieval community, specially for duplicate report retrieval. Lastly we use a two-round stochastic gradient descent to automatically optimize REP for specific bug repositories in a supervised learning manner. We have validated our technique on three large software bug repositories from Mozilla, Eclipse and OpenOffice. The experiments show 10–27% relative improvement in recall rate@k and 17–23% relative improvement in mean average precision over our previous model. We also applied our technique to a very large dataset consisting of 209,058 reports from Eclipse, resulting in a recall rate@k of 37–71% and mean average precision of 47%.
Habit Formation and Multiple Means to Goal Attainment: Repeated Retrieval of Target Means Causes Inhibited Access to Competitors

Three studies examined the cognitive processes underlying the formation of goal-directed habits in a multiple means context. Repeated retrieval of target means upon goal activation was expected to result in inhibition of competing means for the same goal. In all studies, participants studied goal—means combinations and subsequently practiced the retrieval of certain means to attain the goals in a retrieval paradigm. Study 1 tested accessibility of the different means in a goal—means verification task and showed that competing means were not inhibited after a single retrieval but only upon repeated retrieval (three or nine times). Studies 2 and 3 extended these findings in a means—recognition task and demonstrated that inhibition occurred in the absence of explicit intent or instructions to suppress the competitors. These inhibitory effects of competing means are discussed against the background of current social cognition research on the processes underlying goal—means networks and the formation of habits.
RME-8 coordinates the activity of the WASH complex with the function of the retromer SNX dimer to control endosomal tubulation

ABSTRACT Retromer is a vital element of the endosomal protein sorting machinery and comprises two subcomplexes that operate together to sort membrane proteins (cargo) and tubulate membranes. Tubules are formed by a dimer of sorting nexins, a key component of which is SNX1. Cargo selection is mediated by the VPS35–VPS29–VPS26 trimer, which additionally recruits the WASH complex through VPS35 binding to the WASH complex subunit FAM21. Loss of function of the WASH complex leads to dysregulation of endosome tubulation, although it is unclear how this occurs. Here, we show that FAM21 also binds to the SNX1-interacting DNAJ protein RME-8. Loss of RME-8 causes altered kinetics of SNX1 membrane association and a pronounced increase in highly branched endosomal tubules. Building on previous observations from other laboratories, we show that these tubules contain membrane proteins that are dependent upon WASH complex activity for their localization to the plasma membrane. Therefore, we propose that the interaction between RME-8 and the WASH complex provides a means to coordinate the activity of the WASH complex with the membrane-tubulating function of the sorting nexins at sites where retromer-mediated endosomal protein sorting occurs.
Dental anomalies and associated factors in 2- to 5-year-old Brazilian children.

BACKGROUND Dental anomalies in primary teeth may lead to functional and aesthetic disorders, and their recognition contributes to early diagnosis and long-term treatment planning. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the prevalence of dental anomalies in primary dentition and associated factors in Brazilian preschoolers. METHODS The study population of this cross-sectional study comprised 1260 2- to 5-year-old children from public nurseries in Canoas, southern Brazil. Dental anomalies were recorded by five trained examiners according to Kreiborg criteria; classification included double teeth, hypodontia, supernumerary, and microdontia. RESULTS Dental anomalies as a group were found in 2.5% of children, although no significant difference occurred between genders and races. All the anomalies were observed in the anterior region, with no significant differences between the arches. However, supernumerary teeth were significantly more frequent among the non-white racial group (Fisher; P = 0.025) and double teeth on the lower arch (McNemar; P = 0.020). Individual anomaly frequencies were: double teeth, 1.3%; hypodontia, 0.6%; supernumerary, 0.3%; and microdontia, 0.3%. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of primary dentition anomalies as a group was greater than that reported in other populations; the findings of this study provide a clear vision of the distribution of this oral condition and may well contribute to early detection and treatment planning.
The Wisdom Paradox: How Your Mind Can Grow Stronger As Your Brain Grows Older

In THE WISDOM PARADOX, world-renowned neuropsychologist Elkhonon Goldberg argues that although some mental abilities (such as recent-memory recall) decline as the mind enters the autumn season of our lifespan and we increasingly experience 'senior moments', the brain actually becomes more powerful in its ability to recognize patterns. As a result, we are able to make decisions at more intuitive and effective levels -- a late-emerging mental strength he terms 'wisdom'. In lively, accessible prose, Goldberg delves into the mechanisms of the mind, outlining how the elegant structures of the brain develop and change over the course of a lifetime. Drawing on recent and historical examples of leaders and artists who achieved their greatest successes late in life -- from Goethe to Ronald Reagan -- Goldberg illustrates the effects of an emerging scientific understanding of the biology of wisdom. Most provocatively, he outlines how a 'cognitive fitness' programme can both curtail the negative mental effects of ageing and enhance our decision-making powers.Insightful and inspiring, THE WISDOM PARADOX is a groundbreaking look into our mental machinery that will change the way you think about ageing -- and about thinking.
Comparing Political Communication: Transnational Trends in Political Communication: Conventional Views and New Realities

Political communication systems are dynamic, constantly evolving, never settled. Just when we think we understand how it all works, things change. Sometimes the changes seem to be evolutionary, steps along a path that leads to a destination we can foresee. At other times, the familiar path turns in new and unexpected directions. Quite recently, the transnational trends in political communication that have been observed in many countries over the preceding decade have taken some unexpected turns. In some ways, these new turns challenge the conventional wisdom that emerged from many comparative studies. In other ways, the new turns confirm the conventional wisdom. We cannot yet know where the new turns will lead, but we do know that our settled views must be revisited. It is ever thus in the study of political communication. The game is always afoot. This chapter describes some of the conventional wisdom concerning transnational trends in political communication that has emerged from comparative studies, then identifies recent developments that seem alternately to confirm and challenge the received view. The chapter concludes by considering what we may learn from the new realities and where the new paths may lead. TRANSNATIONAL TRENDS: THE CONVENTIONAL VIEW The search for transnational trends in political communication through comparative studies hardly seems old enough to have a history. It was in 1975 that Blumler and Gurevitch (1975, 165) proposed a comparative framework for studies of political communication, noting that “few political communication studies have yet been mounted with a comparative focus” and that “comparative political communication research must be the least advanced topic dealt with in this volume [of approaches to the study of political communication]. ”
The Datacenter Needs an Operating System

Clusters of commodity servers have become a major computing platform, powering not only some of today’s most popular consumer applications—Internet services such as search and social networks—but also a growing number of scientific and enterprise workloads [2]. This rise in cluster computing has even led some to declare that “the datacenter is the new computer” [16, 24]. However, the tools for managing and programming this new computer are still immature. This paper argues that, due to the growing diversity of cluster applications and users, the datacenter increasingly needs an operating system.1 We take a broad view of an operating system as both a software layer that manages and abstracts hardware and a package of tools, such as programming languages and debuggers, that facilitate the use of a computer. Traditional OSes for a single computer play several key roles. First, they enable resource sharing between programs and users, allowing a computer to be used for multiple tasks and to respond interactively to several users. Second, they enable data sharing between programs, through abstractions such as pipes and files, so that users can combine independently written applications to solve problems. Third, they provide programming abstractions that simplify software development. Finally, OSes include system-wide debugging and monitoring facilities. Together, these features have allowed singlecomputer operating systems to foster a rich ecosystem of interoperable applications that we now take for granted. Much like the first computers, the first datacenters ran a small number of applications written by expert users. This situation is changing now, and we believe that datacenters need an OS-like layer for the same reason computers did: a rising diversity of applications and users. On the application side, there is an increasing number of cluster computing frameworks (e.g., MapReduce [10], Dryad [17], Pregel [21]) and storage systems [12, 9, 14], each suited for different use cases. Ideally, an organization should be able to dynamically share resources between these applications, and to easily exchange data between them (e.g., have a job that combines MapReduce
Optical and Near-Infrared Photometric Observation during the Superoutburst of the WZ Sge-Type Dwarf Nova, V455 Andromedae

We report on optical and infrared photometric observations of a WZ Sge-type dwarf nova, V455 And during a superoutburst in 2007. These observations were performed with the KANATA (V , J ,a ndKs bands) and MITSuME (g 0 , RC ,a ndIC bands) telescopes. Our 6-band simultaneous observations allowed us to investigate the temporal variation of the temperature and the size of the emitting region associated with the superoutburst and short-term modulations, such as early and ordinary superhumps. A hot (> 11000 K) accretion disk suddenly disappeared when the superoutburst finished, while blackbody emission, probably from the disk, still remained dominant in the optical region with a moderately high temperature (� 8000 K). This indicates that a substantial amount of gas was stored in the disk even after the outburst. This remnant matter may be a sign of an expected mass-reservoir, which can trigger echo outbursts observed in several WZ Sge stars. The color variation associated with superhumps indicates that viscous heating in a superhump source stopped on the way to the superhump maximum, and a subsequent expansion of a low-temperature region made the maximum. The color variation of early superhumps was totally different from that of superhumps: the object was bluest at the early superhump minimum. The temperature of the early superhump light source was lower than that of an underlying component, indicating that the early superhump light source was a vertically expanded low-temperature region at the outermost part of the disk.
Native LDL Upregulation of ATP‐Binding Cassette Transporter‐1 in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells

&NA; ATP‐binding cassette transporter‐1 (ABCA1) mediates the lipid efflux from cells to apolipoproteins. In studying the gene expression and regulation of ABCA1 in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs), we found that native low density lipoprotein (LDL) elevates ABCA1 in both protein and mRNA levels in a time‐ and dose‐dependent fashion. Transfection of full‐length human ABCA1 in ECs lowers cellular cholesterol content and increases apolipoprotein (apo) A‐I‐mediated cholesterol efflux. Transfection of the ABCA1 promoter‐luciferase reporter results in a 2‐fold induction after LDL exposure. The responsive element was mapped within −116 to −54 of the promoter region with use of promoter deletion constructs, as reported in other cells. A mutation of the DR4 site greatly diminished the LDL effect. Results showing that LDL increases the liver X receptor responsive element (LXRE)‐driven luciferase activity demonstrate the effect of LDL on LXR activation. Furthermore, ligands of the retinoid X receptor and LXR activate ABCA1 in ECs at levels of both promoter activation and mRNA induction. Therefore, ABCA1 is expressed in vascular ECs and is transcriptionally upregulated by LDL. Overexpression of ABCA1 in these cells prevents overloading of cholesterol by increasing the efflux of cholesterol. Thus, ABCA1 plays an important role in the homeostasis of cholesterol in the vascular endothelium.
In vivo measurement of human wrist extensor muscle sarcomere length changes.

1. Human extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) sarcomere length was measured intraoperatively in five subjects using laser diffraction. 2. In a separate cadaveric study, ECRB tendons were loaded to the muscle's predicted maximum tetanic tension, and tendon strain was measured to estimate active sarcomere shortening at the expense of tendon lengthening. 3. As the wrist joint was passively flexed from full extension to full flexion, ECRB sarcomere length increased from 2.6 to 3.4 microns at a rate of 7.6 nm/deg joint angle rotation. Correcting for tendon elongation during muscle activation yielded an active sarcomere length range of 2.44 to 3.33 microns. Maximal predicted sarcomere shortening accompanying muscle activation was dependent on initial sarcomere length and was always < 0.15 microns, suggesting a minimal effect of tendon compliance. 4. Thin filament lengths measured from electron micrographs of muscle biopsies obtained from the same region of the ECRB muscles were 1.30 +/- . 027 (SE) microns whereas thick filaments were 1.66 +/- . 027 microns long, suggesting an optimal sarcomere length of 2.80 microns and a maximum sarcomere length for active force generation of 4.26 microns. 5. These experiments demonstrate that human skeletal muscles can function on the descending limb of their sarcomere length-tension relationship under physiological conditions. Thus, muscle force changes during joint rotation are an important component of the motor control system.
Spatial Patterns in the Abundance of the Coastal Horned Lizard

Abstract: Coastal horned lizards ( Phrynosoma coronatum) have undergone severe declines in southern California and are a candidate species for state and federal listing under the Endangered Species Act. Quantitative data on their habitat use, abundance, and distribution are lacking, however. We investigated the determinants of abundance for coastal horned lizards at multiple spatial scales throughout southern California. Specifically, we estimated lizard distribution and abundance by establishing 256 pitfall trap arrays clustered within 21 sites across four counties. These arrays were sampled bimonthly for 2–3 years. At each array we measured 26 “local” site descriptors and averaged these values with other “regional” measures to determine site characteristics. Our analyses were successful at identifying factors within and among sites correlated with the presence and abundance of coastal horned lizards. These factors included the absence of the invasive Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile) (and presence of native ant species eaten by the lizards), the presence of chaparral community plants, and the presence of sandy substrates. At a regional scale the relative abundance of Argentine ants was correlated with the relative amount of developed edge around a site. There was no evidence for spatial autocorrelation, even at the scale of the arrays within sites, suggesting that the determinants of the presence or absence and abundance of horned lizard can vary over relatively small spatial scales ( hundreds of meters). Our results suggest that a gap‐type approach may miss some of the fine‐scale determinants of species abundance in fragmented habitats.
Distinct GDP/GTP bound states of the tandem G-domains of EngA regulate ribosome binding

EngA, a unique GTPase containing a KH-domain preceded by two consecutive G-domains, displays distinct nucleotide binding and hydrolysis activities. So far, Escherichia coli EngA is reported to bind the 50S ribosomal subunit in the guanosine-5′-trihosphate (GTP) bound state. Here, for the first time, using mutations that allow isolating the activities of the two G-domains, GD1 and GD2, we show that apart from 50S, EngA also binds the 30S and 70S subunits. We identify that the key requirement for any EngA–ribosome association is GTP binding to GD2. In this state, EngA displays a weak 50S association, which is further stabilized when GD1 too binds GTP. Exchanging bound GTP with guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP), at GD1, results in interactions with 50S, 30S and 70S. Therefore, it appears that GD1 employs GTP hydrolysis as a means to regulate the differential specificity of EngA to either 50S alone or to 50S, 30S and 70S subunits. Furthermore, using constructs lacking either GD1 or both GD1 and GD2, we infer that GD1, when bound to GTP and GDP, adopts distinct conformations to mask or unmask the 30S binding site on EngA. Our results suggest a model where distinct nucleotide-bound states of the two G-domains regulate formation of specific EngA–ribosome complexes.
Effect of different drying methods and storage time on the retention of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of wine grape pomace (Pinot Noir and Merlot).

The effects of different drying methods (40 °C conventional and vacuum oven, 25 °C ambient air and freeze dry) on the stability of two red wine grape (Pinot Noir, PN and Merlot, M) byproducts, pomace containing skins and seeds (P) and pomace containing skins only (S) were investigated. Freeze dried samples retained the highest bioactive compounds with total phenolic content (TPC) of 21.19-67.74 mg GAE/g d.m. , anthocyanin content (ACY) of 0.35-0.76 mg Mal-3-glu/g d.m. , DPPH antiradical scavenge activity (ARS) of 22.01-37.46 mg AAE/g d.m. , and total flavanol content (TFC) of 30.16-106.61 mg CE/g d.m. , followed with ambient air dried samples. All samples lost significant amount of bioactive compounds during 16 wk of storage at 15 ± 2 °C, in which ambient air and freeze dried samples had TPC reduction of 32-56% and 35-58%, respectively, but ARS in PN-P and M-P still remained more than 50 mg TE/g d.m. Overall, TPC, ARS, and TFC were higher in PN than in M, and higher in pomace than in skins, while reverse results were observed in ACY. Pomace extracts showed higher antibacterial efficiency against Listeria innocua ATCC 51142 than Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of 3%, 6%, 4%, and 9% against E. coli, and 2%, 7%, 3%, and 8% against L. innocua for PN-P, PN-S, M-P, and M-S samples, respectively. Dietary fiber content of samples was 57-63% of total dry matter. This study demonstrated that Pinot Noir and Merlot pomace are good sources of antioxidant dietary fibers and may be incorporated into various food products as a functional ingredient. Practical Application: Wine grape pomace (WGP), the byproduct of wine making, is a good source of polyphenols and dietary fibers and may be incorporated into various food products as a functional ingredient. This study reported the effect of four drying methods and storage at 15 ± 2 °C up to 4 months on the retention of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in two types of red WGP (with and without seeds). Antibacterial activity, dietary fiber content and the basic physicochemical properties of dried pomace powder were also reported. The information is essential for developing specific applications of the pomace.
Alkanes in Fungal Spores

The chlamydospores of Ustilago maydis, U. nuda, and Sphacelotheca reiliana were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for their hydrocarbon contents. For the first time we observed that they contain paraffinic hydrocarbons; the average contents were 42, 58, and 146 parts per million, respectively. n-Alkanes having odd numbers of carbon atoms predom-inate, with carbon-chain lengths ranging from C14 to C37. The major alkanes are n-C27 in U. maydis, n-C27 and n-C35 in U. nuda, and n-C29 in S. reiliana. Each type of spore carried a distinctly characteristic population of hydrocarbons.