Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Principals’ Leadership Styles on Student Discipline in Public Secondary Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya

Student discipline in learning institutions has received high attention, not only in Kenya but all over the world. Indiscipline among students results into undesired outcomes such as destruction of school property, poor academic achievement among others. Education stakeholders have formulated policies and strategies to prevent and stop student indiscipline, but these efforts have not yielded fruits. This study assessed the effect of principals’ leadership styles on student discipline in public secondary schools in Nakuru County. More specifically, the study assessed the effect of Transformational Leadership Style, Transactional Leadership Style, Democratic Leadership Style and Autocratic Leadership Style on student discipline in public secondary schools in Nakuru County. The study adopted descriptive research design with a target population of 12,091 respondents. Stratified sampling, simple random sampling, and purposive sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 119 respondents to inform the study. This study obtained quantitative data from closed-ended questionnaires. The study data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The study found out that that there is significant relationship between principals’ transformational style of leadership (r=0.868, p<0.05), principals’ transactional style of leadership (r=0.602, p<0.05), principals’ democratic style of leadership (r=0.782, p<0.05), principals’ autocratic style of leadership (r=-0.467, p<0.05) and students’ discipline in public secondary schools in Nakuru County. A multiple linear regression model; Y = 0.436 + 0.845 X 1 + 0.304X 2 + 0.678X 3 - 0.586X 4 + 0.13472, Where; Y= Student Discipline, X 1 = Transformational Leadership Style, X 2 = Transactional Leadership Style, X 3 = Democratic Leadership Style and X 4 = Autocratic Leadership Style with a R 2 value of 0.731 and F-statistic of F (4, 105) = 38.992, p < 0.05 was obtained. This study concluded that Transformational Principal Leadership Style, Transactional Principal Leadership Style, Democratic Principal Leadership Style and Autocratic Principal Leadership Style affect student discipline in secondary schools in Nakuru County. This study recommended secondary school principals to use transformational leadership style complemented by transactional and democratic leadership styles. The study also recommended Teachers Service Commission to monitor leadership styles used by secondary school principals. Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Democratic Leadership, Autocratic Leadership, Students’ Discipline
Footprints: history-rich tools for information foraging

Inspired by Hill and Hollans original work [7], we have beendeveloping a theory of interaction history and building tools toapply this theory to navigation in a complex information space. Wehave built a series of tools - map, paths, annota- tions andsignposts - based on a physical-world navigation metaphor. Thesetools have been in use for over a year. Our user study involved acontrolled browse task and showed that users were able to get thesame amount of work done with significantly less effort.
COMBINING BREEDING BIRD SURVEY AND DISTANCE SAMPLING TO ESTIMATE DENSITY OF MIGRANT AND BREEDING BIRDS

Abstract We combined Breeding Bird Survey point count protocol and distance sampling to survey spring migrant and breeding birds in Vicksburg National Military Park on 33 days between March and June of 2003 and 2004. For 26 of 106 detected species, we used program DISTANCE to estimate detection probabilities and densities from 660 3-min point counts in which detections were recorded within four distance annuli. For most species, estimates of detection probability, and thereby density estimates, were improved through incorporation of the proportion of forest cover at point count locations as a covariate. Our results suggest Breeding Bird Surveys would benefit from the use of distance sampling and a quantitative characterization of habitat at point count locations. During spring migration, we estimated that the most common migrant species accounted for a population of 5000–9000 birds in Vicksburg National Military Park (636 ha). Species with average populations of >300 individuals during migration were: Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), and Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). Of 56 species that bred in Vicksburg National Military Park, we estimated that the most common 18 species accounted for >8150 individuals. The six most abundant breeding species, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, White-eyed Vireo, Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), and Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), accounted for >5800 individuals.
Adlerian Evidence-Based Practice Research: A Response to Sperry (2018)

Abstract:Sperry's (2018) article regarding the need for an evidence base to be developed for Adlerian psychology raises several challenging questions to be considered: If common-factors approaches have been validated, can't we just "rest" on that and be done with it? Do we risk shoehorning or manufacturing an approach where one does not exist? Do we have to conform to the constrictions of evidence-based practice? What about collateral research that has been done on the theoretical underpinnings of Adlerian psychology? Each of these questions is considered here, with implications for the need to conduct evidence-based practice for Adlerian psychology.
The set of primes dividing the Lucas numbers has density 2∕3

Dedicated to the memory of Ernst Straus The Lucas numbers L n are defined by L 0 = 2 , L 1 = 1 and the recurrence L n = L n − 1 + L n − 2 . The set of primes S L = { p: pdivides L n for some n } has density 2/3. Similar density results are proved for sets of primes S U = { p: p divides U n for some n } for certain other special second-order linear recurrences { U n }. The proofs use a method of Hasse.
Unconditionally secure key distribution in higher dimensions by depolarization

This paper presents a prepare-and-measure scheme using N-dimensional quantum particles as information carriers where N is a prime power. One of the key ingredients used to resist eavesdropping in this scheme is to depolarize all Pauli errors introduced to the quantum information carriers. Using the Shor-Preskill-type argument, we prove that this scheme is unconditionally secure against all attacks allowed by the laws of quantum physics. For N=2n>2, each information carrier can be replaced by n entangled qubits. In this case, there is a family of eavesdropping attacks on which no unentangled-qubit-based prepare-and-measure (PM) quantum key distribution scheme known to date can generate a provably secure key. In contrast, under the same family of attacks, our entangled-qubit-based scheme remains secure whenever 2nges4. This demonstrates the advantage of using entangled particles as information carriers and of using depolarization of Pauli errors to combat eavesdropping attacks more drastic than those that can be handled by unentangled-qubit-based prepare-and-measure schemes
The Role of Self-compassion in Romantic Relationships

Self-compassion (SC) involves being kind to oneself when confronting personal inadequacies or situational difficulties, framing the imperfection of life in terms of common humanity, and being mindful of negative emotions so that one neither suppresses nor ruminates on them. The current study explored whether being self-compassionate is linked to healthier romantic relationship behavior, such as being more caring and supportive rather than controlling or verbally aggressive with partners. A total of 104 couples participated in the study, with self-reported SC levels being associated with partner reports of relationship behavior. Results indicated that self-compassionate individuals displayed more positive relationship behavior than those who lacked SC. SC was also a stronger predictor of positive relationship behavior than trait self-esteem (SE) or attachment style. Finally, partners were able to accurately report on each other's SC levels, suggesting that SC is an observable trait.
Subdued, a TMEM16 family Ca2+-activated Cl− channel in Drosophila melanogaster with an unexpected role in host defense

TMEM16A and TMEM16B are calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) with important functions in mammalian physiology. Whether distant relatives of the vertebrate TMEM16 families also form CaCCs is an intriguing open question. Here we report that a TMEM16 family member from Drosophila melanogaster, Subdued (CG16718), is a CaCC. Amino acid substitutions of Subdued alter the ion selectivity and kinetic properties of the CaCC channels heterologously expressed in HEK 293T cells. This Drosophila channel displays characteristics of classic CaCCs, thereby providing evidence for evolutionarily conserved biophysical properties in the TMEM16 family. Additionally, we show that knockout flies lacking subdued gene activity more readily succumb to death caused by ingesting the pathogenic bacteria Serratia marcescens, suggesting that subdued has novel functions in Drosophila host defense. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.00862. 001
Economic Gains from Publicly Provided Education in Germany

The aim of this paper is to estimate income advantages arising from publicly provided education and to analyse their impact on the income distribution in Germany. Using representative micro-data from the SOEP and considering regional and education-specific variation, from a cross-sectional perspective the overall result is the expected levelling effect. When estimating the effects of accumulated educational transfers over the life course within a regression framework, however, and controlling for selectivity of households with children as potential beneficiaries of educational transfers, we find evidence that social inequalities are increasing from an intergenerational perspective, reinforced in particular by public transfers for non-compulsory education, thus negating any social equalisation effects achieved within the compulsory education framework.
Response Mixture Modeling of Intraindividual Differences in Responses and Response Times to the Hungarian WISC-IV Block Design Test

Response times may constitute an important additional source of information about cognitive ability as it enables to distinguishing between different intraindividual response processes. In this paper, we present a method to disentangle interindividual variation from intraindividual variation in the responses and response times of 978 subjects to the 14 items of the Hungarian WISC-IV Block Design test. It is found that faster and slower responses differ in their measurement properties suggesting that there are intraindivual differences in the response processes adopted by the subjects.
Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Composite for Active Food Packaging Applications

Chitosan-zinc oxide (C-ZnO) films were prepared by a simple one pot procedure. In order to investigate the property of C-ZnO films, two composite films were prepared by varying the loading of ZnO and compared with pure chitosan film (C). The films were characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, DSC, tensile, contact angle and water vapour permeability. FTIR analysis showed changes in hydrogen bonds band at 3351 cm-1 compared to pure chitosan film. The incorporation of ZnO in chitosan films increased the contact angle by 30.5% in C-ZnO1.0 film while water vapour transmission rate decreased by 7.8% compared to C film. From the tensile test, C-ZnO0.5 and C-ZnO1.0 films were found to be much superior by 1.5 times and 2.5 times respectively compared to bare chitosan film. Larger inhibition ring (by 47%) was exhibited by C-ZnO1.0 as compared to C-ZnO0.5 when tested against S.aureus. From the results, it is displayed that the incorporation of zinc oxide to chitosan improve their properties which also shown the potential to become a candidate for food active packaging.
Combination of structural and state analysis for partial scan

Test generation complexity varies exponentially as the depth of cycles in the S-graph of the circuit. We map the hard-to-reach states obtained from a sequential test generator onto the cycles in the S-graph of the circuit. We then proceed to rank the cycles in terms of the testability gain that would result if the cycle were broken. The primary objective is not to cut all the cycles but to cut those cycles which are preventing the test generator from reaching these hard-to-reach states. To this end, we introduce new measures that combine conventional testability measures such as controllability and observability with the information from hard-to-reach states. We show that this approach overcomes some of the limitations of conventional cycle-cutting. This selective cutting of cycles is shown to yield better results in terms of fault coverage than conventional cycle-cutting.
Predictors of herpes simplex virus type 2 prevalence and incidence among bar and hotel workers in Moshi, Tanzania.

BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 increases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and, in regions with high prevalence of both viruses, control of HSV-2 may be an effective method of HIV prevention. Identification of modifiable factors for prevention of HSV-2 infection is essential. We conducted this study among female bar and hotel workers in Moshi, Tanzania. METHODS Factors associated with prevalent infection were examined among 1039 women. Predictors of incident infection were examined among 360 women initially HSV-2 negative, with at least 1 follow-up visit. RESULTS HSV-2 prevalence was 56.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53.3%-59.3%). Only 2.5% of women able to name a sexually transmitted infection named herpes. Incidence was 14.2 cases/100 person-years (95% CI, 10.5-18.8 cases/100 person-years). Incident HSV-2 infection was independently associated with HIV infection, younger age of sexual initiation, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, and having a male partner with other sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of HSV-2 is high in this population, but knowledge is low. Development of education programs to increase awareness of HSV-2 is critical. The control of both HSV-2 and HIV infections is a major public health priority in Moshi. Prevention interventions in this and other high prevalence populations might most effectively target younger women, before initiation of sexual activity.
Identification and characterization of the monoblast in mononuclear phagocyte colonies grown in vitro

A liquid culture technique for growing mononuclear phagocyte colonies on a glass surface is described. This useful and reliable technique made it possible to study immature mononuclear phagocytes. In the mononuclear phagocyte colonies the cells grow separate from each other in a single layer. Three types of cells are recognized in these colonies, namely nondividing macrophages, and proliferating promonocytes and monoblasts. The macrophage and the promonocyte exhibit the typical characteristics previously demonstrated by the other methods, whereas the monoblast could only be fully characterized by the present liquid culture method. This proliferating cell (labeling index with [3H]thymidine, 92-96%) is almost round (diameters, 10 X 10 mum), has only a small rim of strongly basophilic cytoplasm, almost devoid of granules, and shows a certain degree of ruffling of the cell surface. The monoblast is positive for esterase with alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate (91%), for peroxidase (78% in the peroxidase-positive colonies), and lysozyme (43%). The monoblast is able to pinocytize dextran sulphate (15-20%) and to phagocytize opsonized bacteria (20- 30%), latex particles (47%), and IgG-coated red cells (96%). IgG receptors (94%) and complement receptors (16%) are present at the cell surface. In these respects the monoblast has the typical characteristics of the mononuclear phagocytes, but its properties show it to be a more immature cell type than the promonocyte. On the basis of these criteria and the sequence of appearance of the different cell types during incubation and during the development of the individual mononuclear phagocyte colony, monoblasts being present before promonocytes appear in the colony, it is concluded that the monoblast is the precursor of the promonocyte. In these cultures granulocyte colonies are also formed, consisting of myeloblasts, (pro)myelocytes, stabs, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Besides the typically tight structure of this kind of colony, the granulocytic cells themselves are quite distinct from the mononuclear phagocytes by their morphology, cytochemical characteristics (e.g. all negative for esterase with alpha- naphthyl butyrate, but 96% positive with N-acetyl DL-alanyl 1- naphthylester), functional characteristics (pinocytic index 13-21%; phagocytic index; for opsonized bacteria 15-36%, for latex particles 10%, and for IgG-coated red cells 0%), and their very small number of IgG receptors and lack of complement receptors. On the basis of these criteria, these granulocytic cells are easily distinguished from the immature cells of the mononuclear phagocyte colonies. The present study confirms the conclusion that the mononuclear phagocytes are a separate cell line, quite distinct from the granulocytic series, since even the most immature cells so far identified--the monoblast and the myeloblast- -have quite different characteristics.
Genetic Profile Variation in Vaccine Strains and Clinical Isolates of Bordetella pertussis Recovered from Iranian Patients

Background Re-emergence of pertussis has been reported in Iran despite a high rate of vaccination coverage. Low efficacy of the vaccine might be due to the genetic divergence between clinical versus vaccine strains. In the current study, the genetic profiles of clinical isolates and vaccine strains of Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) were assessed by using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Methods Following phenotypic and molecular identification of isolates, XbaI-digested genomic DNA of 5 clinical isolates, 2 vaccine strains and a Tohama I strain were analyzed by PFGE along with B. parapertussis as a control. Results Seven distinct PFGE profiles were found among all examined isolates/strains. In 5 clinical isolates, 4 profiles were identified whereas the vaccine strains displayed 2 distinct profiles. The reference strain, Tohama I had a distinct profile. Vaccine and clinical profiles had low similarity, with relatedness of approximately 40%. Conclusion The genetic profiles of B. pertussis were different between circulating isolates and vaccine strains used in the national vaccination programs. Since new genetic profiles of B. pertussis can be disseminated periodically, the profiles of isolates circulating in the population should be monitored over the course of the re-emergence.
Quantifying the Variability of Internode Allometry within and between Trees for Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. Using a Multilevel Nonlinear Mixed-Effect Model

Allometric models of internodes are an important component of Functional-Structural Plant Models (FSPMs), which represent the shape of internodes in tree architecture and help our understanding of resource allocation in organisms. Constant allometry is always assumed in these models. In this paper, multilevel nonlinear mixed-effect models were used to characterize the variability of internode allometry, describing the relationship between the last internode length and biomass of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. trees within the GreenLab framework. We demonstrated that there is significant variability in allometric relationships at the tree and different-order branch levels, and the variability decreases among levels from trees to first-order branches and, subsequently, to second-order branches. The variability was partially explained by the random effects of site characteristics, stand age, density, and topological position of the internode. Tree- and branch-level-specific allometric models are recommended because they produce unbiased and accurate internode length estimates. The model and method developed in this study are useful for understanding and describing the structure and functioning of trees.
Awareness of Organizational Readiness in ERP implementation process : results from case studies

The literature on ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems implementation is replete with stories of unsuccessful project outcomes. One of the issues that have attracted relatively little research is the level of firm’s awareness about organizational problems that can occur in the course of the implementation process, and that represents one of the main reason of the large amount of unsuccessful implementation project. The goal of this article is to explore this issue through the use of three case studies from the US realized in the course of a visiting research period the authors were involved in. The data from the case studies is used to demonstrate whether the implementation teams had been aware, before the implementation project started, of the organizational problems and how they were able to measure the organizational readiness of the firm. Based on the unique patterns of the implementation process in each of the three different case studies, broader issues of ERP implementation are explored and directions for future research on change management in ERP implementation are proposed.
Optimal Design of Trade Agreements in the Presence of Renegotiation

We study the optimal design of trade agreements when governments can renegotiate after the resolution of uncertainty but compensation between them is inefficient. In equilibrium, renegotiation always results in trade liberalization, not protection. The optimal contract may be a "property rule" or a "liability rule". High uncertainty favors liability over property rules, while asymmetries in bargaining power favor property over liability rules. Moreover, optimal property rules are never renegotiated. With a cost of renegotiation, property rules are favored when this cost is higher, reversing a central conclusion of the law-and-economics literature. (JEL C78, D86, F13, F15, K12)
Language learning applications for Sepedi: a user experience study

Abstract Being a multilingual country rich in culture and diversity, South Africa has residents who use a variety of the 11 official languages for daily communication. Multilingual communication occurs especially in hospitals and clinics. People visiting healthcare facilities often struggle to locate a health professional that shares the same language or even a language which is similar to their own and thus intelligible to them. The research which is reported on here aimed to assist the University of Pretoria in its endeavours to address this situation by teaching students an additional language. This was done by providing three custom-designed, mobile-assisted Sepedi language learning applications to students from the Faculty of Health Sciences enrolled for the Sepedi language module, Sepedi for Beginners. The applications were specifically designed to assist students with the acquisition of vocabulary related to healthcare. The students used the applications as supplementary tools and gave feedback through a questionnaire, to establish whether the students perceived the mobile applications to be useful as a supplement to the course material and whether they had a clear preference for a specific application. The results of this study show a positive response to the applications, including strong preferences expressed by the participants.