Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lone Inventors as Source of Breakthroughs: Myth or Reality?

Are lone inventors more or less likely to invent breakthroughs? Recent research has attempted to resolve this question by considering the variance of creative outcome distributions. It has implicitly assumed a symmetric thickening or thinning of both tails, i.e., that a greater probability of breakthroughs comes at the cost of a greater probability of failures. In contrast, we propose that collaboration can have opposite effects at the two extremes: it reduces the probability of very poor outcomes---because of more rigorous selection processes---while simultaneously increasing the probability of extremely successful outcomes---because of greater recombinant opportunity in creative search. Analysis of over half a million patented inventions supports these arguments: Individuals working alone, especially those without affiliation to organizations, are less likely to achieve breakthroughs and more likely to invent particularly poor outcomes. Quantile regressions demonstrate that the effect is more than an upward mean shift. We find partial mediation of the effect of collaboration on extreme outcomes by the diversity of technical experience of team members and by the size of team members' external collaboration networks. Supporting our meta-argument for the importance of examining each tail of the distribution separately, experience diversity helps trim poor outcomes significantly more than it helps create breakthroughs, relative to the effect of external networks.
Comparison of Electric- and Magnetic-Cardiograms Produced by Myocardial Ischemia in Models of the Human Ventricle and Torso

Myocardial ventricular ischemia arises from the lack of blood supply to the heart, which may cause abnormal excitation wave conduction and repolarization patterns in the tissue, leading to cardiac arrhythmias and even sudden death. Current diagnosis of cardiac ischemia by the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) has limitations as they are insensitive in many cases and may show unnoticeable differences compared to normal patterns. As the magnetic field provides extra information of cardiac excitation and is more sensitive to tangential currents to the surface of the chest, whereas the electric field is more sensitive to radial currents, it has been hypothesized that the magnetocardiogram (MCG) may provide a complementary methodto the ECG in ischemic diagnosis. However, it is unclear yet about the differences in the sensitivity of the ECG and MCG signals to ischemic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate such differences by using multi-scale biophysically detailed computational models of the human ventricles and torso model, to simulate normal and ischemic conditions.
Syntactic complexity during conversation of boys with fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome.

PURPOSE This study compared the syntax of boys who have fragile X syndrome (FXS) with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with that of (a) boys who have Down syndrome (DS) and (b) typically developing (TD) boys. METHOD Thirty-five boys with FXS only, 36 boys with FXS with ASD, 31 boys with DS, and 46 TD boys participated. Conversational language samples were evaluated for utterance length and syntactic complexity (i.e., Index of Productive Syntax; H. S. Scarborough, 1990). RESULTS After controlling for nonverbal mental age and maternal education levels, the 2 FXS groups did not differ in utterance length or syntactic complexity. The FXS groups and the DS group produced shorter, less complex utterances overall and less complex noun phrases, verb phrases, and sentence structures than did the TD boys. The FXS with ASD group and the DS group, but not the FXS-only group, produced less complex questions/negations than did the TD group. Compared with the DS group, both FXS groups produced longer, more complex utterances overall, but on the specific complexity measures, they scored higher only on questions/negations. CONCLUSION Boys with FXS and DS have distinctive language profiles. Although both groups demonstrated syntactic delays, boys with DS showed greater delays.
Tree inluence on understory vegetation: an edge correction and a conditional model

SUMMARY The relation between the understory vegetation species and the surrounding trees was studied using data collected in the permanent sample plots of the 1985-86 National Forest Inventory of Finland. The influence potential index quantified the effect of the trees with an exponential function of the spatial location and size of the tree. The observed values of the influence potential, however, were censored by the plot borders. An edge correction was therefore developed, which calculates the expected influence potential outside the plot borders; this was achieved with the Campbell theorem for a marked point process. The correction removed the bias in the influence potential of the large trees, but overcompensated in the case of the small trees. A model for the presence of an understory vegetation species was then derived that avoided the large-scale factors implicit in the data. The result was a conditional logistic regression for the pattern of presence and absence in the quadrats of the plot. Observations of cowberry (Vaccinum vitis-idaea) were fitted using the edge-corrected influence potential of pine, spruce, and birch as explanatory variables; the results show that higher influence from pine and spruce reduce the odds of the observed pattern.
Investigation of the In Vitro Therapeutic Efficacy of Nilotinib in Immortalized Human NF2-Null Vestibular Schwannoma Cells

Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are a common posterior fossa brain tumor, and though benign can cause significant morbidity, particularly loss of hearing, tinnitus, vertigo and facial paralysis. The current treatment options for VS include microsurgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery or close surveillance monitoring, with each treatment option carrying associated complications and morbidities. Most importantly, none of these options can definitively reverse hearing loss or tinnitus. Identification of a novel medical therapy, through the use of targeted molecular inhibition, is therefore a highly desirable treatment strategy that may minimize complications arising from both tumor and treatment and more importantly be suitable for patients whose options are limited with respect to surgical or radiosurgical interventions. In this study we chose to examine the effect of Nilotinib on VS. Nilotinib (Tasigna®) is a second-generation receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with a target profile similar to that of imatinib (Gleevec®), but increased potency, decreased toxicity and greater cellular and tissue penetration. Nilotinib targets not only the BCR-ABL oncoprotein, but also platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor signalling. In this preclinical study, the human NF2-null schwannoma cell line HEI-193 subjected to nilotinib inhibition demonstrated decreased viability, proliferation and anchorage-independent growth, and increased apoptosis. A daily dose of nilotinib for 5 days inhibited HEI-I93 proliferation at a clinically-relevant concentration in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 3–5 µmol/L) in PDGF-stimulated cells. These anti-tumorigenic effects of nilotinib were correlated to inhibited activation of PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β and major downstream signalling pathways. These experiments support a therapeutic potential for Nilotinib in VS.
Synthesis of power aware adaptive schedulers for embedded systems using developmental genetic programming

In this paper we present a method of synthesis of adaptive schedulers for real-time embedded systems. We assume that the system is implemented using multi-core embedded processor with low-power processing capabilities. First, the developmental genetic programming is used to generate the scheduler and the initial schedule. Then, during the system execution the scheduler modifies the schedule whenever execution time of the recently finished task occurred shorter or longer than expected. The goal of rescheduling is to minimize the power consumption while all time constraints will be satisfied. We present real-life example as well as some experimental results showing advantages of our method.
The Asian Single Profiles: Discovering Many Faces of Never Married Adults in Asia

There is a growing number of single people in the population in Asia, with a higher tendency for single people to be found in the East and Southeast Asia regions. Nevertheless, limited studies are available on the sociopsychological aspects of Asian singles. In fact, societies in many Asian countries have a variety of responses and attitudes toward singles. The overarching purpose of this literature review is, thus, to present many profiles of singles in Asia, although societal acceptance toward singles in each country varies. This study also explores several government policies and social acts that have been implemented to control the rising number of singles, and reviews their effectiveness. Directions for future studies are discussed at the end of this study.
Electronic structure of the N-V center in diamond: Theory.

We present insights into the electronic structure and relaxation of N-$V$ color centers in diamond which support the contention that Jahn-Teller effects may play a very significant role in the excited $E$ state. We also consider several opposing arguments, but show that the unusual relaxation behavior of the N-$V$ center can mask common signatures of the Jahn-Teller effect, and that it remains a strong candidate for the dominant interaction determining excited-state splittings.
Tension control for winding systems with two degrees of freedom H/sub /spl infin// controller

The plant considered in this paper is a web system with winder, traction motor and unwinder. Transport system dynamics change dramatically due to the wide variation in roll radii and inertia. The effect of these changes is reduced by gain scheduling control. Industrial systems typically use decentralized PID controllers. In this paper, the authors present multivariable H/sub /spl infin// robust control with two degrees of freedom and gain scheduling. This controller significantly improves disturbance rejection performance and significantly reduces coupling between web tension and velocity. Performances of this controller and classical H/sub /spl infin// controllers are compared.
Measuring Student Knowledge of Landscapes and Their Formation Timespans

ABSTRACT Geologic time is a crucial component of any geoscientist's training. Essential knowledge of geologic time includes rates of geologic processes and the associated time it takes for geologic features to form, yet measuring conceptual thinking abilities in these domains is challenging. We describe development and initial application of the Landscape Identification and Formation Test (LIFT), a concept inventory for measuring abilities to identify landscapes and their formation timespans. Test development included careful choice of concept questions followed by a cycle of validation steps involving student and expert think-aloud interviews. We then administered the test, together with eight validated questions about geological time, to 96 university students in second year and fourth year geoscience courses. Results showed that students' abilities and confidence were more closely aligned with their general knowledge about geologic time than with the level of the course in which they were enrolled. Students were better at identifying landscapes than estimating how long they take to form, and both students and experts had the most difficulty with intermediate formation timespans. Details about students' errors, including common landscape misidentifications and systematic errors in estimating formation timespans, can help instructors prioritize the content and pedagogy of their courses. The LIFT is a validated concept inventory that is available for anyone to use as a pre–post, diagnostic, progress, or end-of-degree assessment that can provide valuable feedback about knowledge and learning to students, instructors and program administrators.
Novel resources enabling comparative regulomics in forest tree species

Lignocellulosic plants are the most abundant source of terrestrial biomass and are one of the potential sources of renewable energy that can replace the use of fossil fuels. For a country such as Sweden, where the forest industry accounts for 10% of the total export, there would be large economical benefits associated with increased biomass yield. The availability of research on wood development conducted in conifer tree species, which represent the majority of the forestry in Sweden, is limited and the majority of research has been conducted in model angiosperm species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the large evolutionary distance between angiosperms and gymnosperms limits the possibility to identify orthologous genes and regulatory pathways by comparing sequence similarity alone. At such large evolutionary distances, the identification of gene similarity is, in most cases, not sufficient and additional information is required for functional annotation. In this thesis, two high-spatial resolution datasets profiling wood development were processed; one from the angiosperm tree Populus tremula and the other from the conifer species Picea abies. These datasets were each published together with a web resource including tools for the exploration of gene expression, co-expression and functional enrichment of gene sets. One developed resource allows interactive, comparative co-expression analysis between species to identify conserved and diverged co-expression modules. These tools make it possible to identifying conserved regulatory modules that can focus downstream research and provide biologists with a resource to identify regulatory genes for targeted trait improvement.
Using background knowledge to improve inductive learning of DNA sequences

Successful inductive learning requires that training data be expressed in a form where underlying regularities can be recognized by the learning system. Unfortunately, many applications of inductive learning/spl minus/especially in the domain of molecular biology/spl minus/have assumed that data are provided in a form already suitable for learning, whether or not such an assumption is actually justified. This paper describes the use of background knowledge of molecular biology to re-express data into a form more appropriate for learning. Our results show dramatic improvements in classification accuracy for two very different classes of DNA sequences using traditional "off-the-sheIf" decision-tree and neural-network inductive-learning methods. <<ETX>>
Subspace Clustering for Sequential Data

We propose Ordered Subspace Clustering (OSC) to segment data drawn from a sequentially ordered union of subspaces. Current subspace clustering techniques learn the relationships within a set of data and then use a separate clustering algorithm such as NCut for final segmentation. In contrast our technique, under certain conditions, is capable of segmenting clusters intrinsically without providing the number of clusters as a parameter. Similar to Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC) we formulate the problem as one of finding a sparse representation but include a new penalty term to take care of sequential data. We test our method on data drawn from infrared hyper spectral data, video sequences and face images. Our experiments show that our method, OSC, outperforms the state of the art methods: Spatial Subspace Clustering (SpatSC), Low-Rank Representation (LRR) and SSC.
Whole-Organism Developmental Expression Profiling Identifies RAB-28 as a Novel Ciliary GTPase Associated with the BBSome and Intraflagellar Transport

Primary cilia are specialised sensory and developmental signalling devices extending from the surface of most eukaryotic cells. Defects in these organelles cause inherited human disorders (ciliopathies) such as retinitis pigmentosa and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), frequently affecting many physiological and developmental processes across multiple organs. Cilium formation, maintenance and function depend on intracellular transport systems such as intraflagellar transport (IFT), which is driven by kinesin-2 and IFT-dynein motors and regulated by the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) cargo-adaptor protein complex, or BBSome. To identify new cilium-associated genes, we employed the nematode C. elegans, where ciliogenesis occurs within a short timespan during late embryogenesis when most sensory neurons differentiate. Using whole-organism RNA-Seq libraries, we discovered a signature expression profile highly enriched for transcripts of known ciliary proteins, including FAM-161 (FAM161A orthologue), CCDC-104 (CCDC104), and RPI-1 (RP1/RP1L1), which we confirm are cilium-localised in worms. From a list of 185 candidate ciliary genes, we uncover orthologues of human MAP9, YAP, CCDC149, and RAB28 as conserved cilium-associated components. Further analyses of C. elegans RAB-28, recently associated with autosomal-recessive cone-rod dystrophy, reveal that this small GTPase is exclusively expressed in ciliated neurons where it dynamically associates with IFT trains. Whereas inactive GDP-bound RAB-28 displays no IFT movement and diffuse localisation, GTP-bound (activated) RAB-28 concentrates at the periciliary membrane in a BBSome-dependent manner and undergoes bidirectional IFT. Functional analyses reveal that whilst cilium structure, sensory function and IFT are seemingly normal in a rab-28 null allele, overexpression of predicted GDP or GTP locked variants of RAB-28 perturbs cilium and sensory pore morphogenesis and function. Collectively, our findings present a new approach for identifying ciliary proteins, and unveil RAB28, a GTPase most closely related to the BBS protein RABL4/IFT27, as an IFT-associated cargo with BBSome-dependent cell autonomous and non-autonomous functions at the ciliary base.
Credit, Debt, and Inequality

Increasing access to diverse types of credit and spreading indebtedness across many social groups were significant economic developments of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, with implications for social inequality and insecurity. This review evaluates the role of credit and debt in social inequality in the United States. Credit and debt shape inequalities along multiple pathways, in defining social inclusion and exclusion, directing life chances, and facilitating oppression. On the basis of this review, I conclude that building on the progress made in prior research calls for a relational approach to understanding credit, debt, and inequality that includes a focus on the powerful actors that benefit from a political economy increasingly dependent on credit and debt to distribute, regulate, and control social resources. I close by identifying outstanding questions that need to be answered in order to move forward our understanding of economic inequality and insecurity, as well as for social policy and the prospects for collective action.
Salicylate Induces Tinnitus through Activation of Cochlear NMDA Receptors

Salicylate, the active component of aspirin, is known to induce tinnitus. However, the site and the mechanism of generation of tinnitus induced by salicylate remains unclear. Here, we developed a behavioral procedure to measure tinnitus in rats. The behavioral model was based on an active avoidance paradigm in which rats had to display a motor task (i.e., to jump on a climbing pole when hearing a sound). Giving salicylate led to a decrease in the percentage of correct responses (score) and a drastic increase in the number of false positive responses (i.e., animals execute the motor task during a silent period). Presentation of the sound at a constant perceptive level prevents decrease of the score, leading to the proposal that score is related to hearing performance. In contrast, the increase of false positive responses remained unchanged. In fact, animals behaved as if they hear a sound, indicating that they are experiencing tinnitus. Mefenamate in place of salicylate also increased the number of false positive responses, suggesting that salicylate-induced tinnitus is related to an inhibition of cyclooxygenase. One physiological basis of salicylate ototoxicity is likely to originate from altered arachidonic acid metabolism. Because arachidonic acid potentiates NMDA receptor currents, we tested the involvement of cochlear NMDA receptors in the occurrence of tinnitus. Application of NMDA antagonists into the perilymphatic fluids of the cochlea blocked the increase in pole-jumping behavior induced by salicylate, suggesting that salicylate induces tinnitus through activation of cochlear NMDA receptors.
Muscle Activity in Single- vs. Double-Leg Squats

Muscular activity, vertical displacement and ground reaction forces of back squats (BS), rear-leg elevated split squats (RLESS) and split squats (SS) were examined. Nine resistance-trained men reported for two sessions. The first session consisted of the consent process, practice, and BS 1-repetition maximum testing. In the second session, participants performed the three exercises while EMG, displacment and ground reaction force data (one leg on plate) were collected. EMG data were collected from the gluteus maximus (GMX), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial gastrocnemius (MGas) of the left leg (non-dominant, front leg for unilateral squats). Load for BS was 85% one repetition maximum, and RLESS and SS were performed at 50% of BS load. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare all variables for the three exercises, with Bonferroni adjustments for post hoc multiple comparisons, in addition to calculation of standardized mean differences (ES). Muscle activity was similar between exercises except for biceps femoris, which was significantly higher during RLESS than SS during both concentric and eccentric phases (ES = 2.11; p=0.012 and ES= 2.19; p=0.008), and significantly higher during BS than the SS during the concentric phase (ES = 1.78; p=0.029). Vertical displacement was similar between all exercises. Peak vertical force was similar between BS and RLESS and significantly greater during RLESS than SS (ES = 3.03; p=0.001). These findings may be helpful in designing resistance training programs by using RLESS if greater biceps femoris activity is desired.
Mixed Initiative Interactive Edge Detection

Interactive edge detection is used in both graphics art tools and in tools for building anatomical models from serially sectioned images. To build models, contours are traced and later triangulated. Contour tracing is time-consuming because of the fidelity and quantity of points needed, and expensive because of the background training required of individuals who do the tracing. Here we report extensions to interactive edge detection that reduce errors and effort. Our key contribution is a simple feedback interface called the leash, currently implemented as an extension to Intelligent Scissors, that lets the human user ‘lead’ the edge detection algorithm along a contour, but also helps the user to anticipate errors and provide immediate corrective feedback.