Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectropolarimetric Observation of an Emerging Flux Region: Triggering Mechanisms of Ellerman Bombs

A high spatial resolution observation of an emerging flux region (EFR) was made using a vector magnetograph and a Hα Lyot filtergraph with the Domeless Solar Telescope at Hida Observatory on 2006 October 22. In Hα wing images, we could see many Ellerman bombs (EBs) in the EFR. Observations in two modes, slit scan and slit fixed, were performed with the vector magnetograph, along with the Hα filtergraph. Using the Hα wing images, we detected 12 EBs during the slit scan observation period and 9 EBs during the slit fixed observation period. With the slit scan observation, we found that all the EBs were distributed in the area where the spatial gradient of vertical field intensity was large, which indicates the possibility of rapid topological change in the magnetic field in the area of EBs. With the slit fixed observation, we found that EBs were distributed in the areas of undulatory magnetic fields, in both the vertical and horizontal components. This paper is the first to report the undulatory pattern in the horizontal components of the magnetic field, which is also evidence for emerging magnetic flux triggered by the Parker instability. These results allow us to confirm the association between EBs and emerging flux tubes. Three triggering mechanisms for EBs are discussed with respect to emerging flux tubes: 9 out of 21 EBs occurred at the footpoints of emerging flux tubes, 8 occurred at the top of emerging flux tubes, and 4 occurred in the unipolar region. Each case can be explained by magnetic reconnection in the low chromosphere.
Perceptions of Female Agricultural Educators Regarding the Role of Women in Agriculture in Vzbekistan: Implications for Agriculture and Extension Education

This study focused on perceptions of women educators regarding the roles and responsibilities of women involved in agriculture in Uzbekistan. A qualitative study was conducted using interview data from fourteen women educators from the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers (TIIAME) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The interviewees held roles and responsibilities as teachers, advisors, and researchers. The interviewees defined agriculture in terms of production and revealed with some hesitation the viability and significance of women in agriculture. They cited male dominance of agricultural professions, domestic responsibilities, and a desire for the more “feminized” professions as reasons for women not pursuing professions in agriculture. Implications for agricultural and extension education are that training and information are needed to incorporate a gender perspective into curriculum, extension, and development programs to increase awareness of the importance of women in agriculture. Furthermore, a gender balance at the secondary and post-secondary level should be ensured so that women and their needs remain visible in the eyes of educators, administrators, and extension personnel.
FORMATION RATES OF POPULATION III STARS AND CHEMICAL ENRICHMENT OF HALOS DURING THE REIONIZATION ERA

The first stars in the universe formed out of pristine primordial gas clouds that were radiatively cooled to a few hundreds of degrees kelvin either via molecular or atomic (Lyman-α) hydrogen lines. This primordial mode of star formation was eventually quenched once radiative and/or chemical (metal enrichment) feedbacks marked the transition to Population II stars. In this paper, we present a model for the formation rate of Population III stars based on Press–Schechter modeling coupled with analytical recipes for gas cooling and radiative feedback. Our model also includes a novel treatment for metal pollution based on self-enrichment due to a previous episode of Population III star formation in progenitor halos. With this model, we derive the star formation history of Population III stars, their contribution to the reionization of the universe and the time of the transition from Population III star formation in minihalos (M ≈ 106 M☉, cooled via molecular hydrogen) to that in more massive halos (M ≳ 2 × 107 M☉, where atomic hydrogen cooling is also possible). We consider a grid of models highlighting the impact of varying the values for the free parameters used, such as star formation and feedback efficiency. The most critical factor is the assumption that only one Population III star is formed in a halo. In this scenario, metal-free stars contribute only to a minor fraction of the total number of photons required to reionize the universe. In addition, metal-free star formation is primarily located in minihalos, and chemically enriched halos become the dominant locus of star formation very early in the life of the universe—at redshift z ≈ 25—even assuming a modest fraction (0.5%) of enriched gas converted in stars. If instead multiple metal-free stars are allowed to form out of a single halo, then there is an overall boost of Population III star formation, with a consequent significant contribution to the reionizing radiation budget. In addition, the bulk of metal-free stars are produced in halos with M ≳ 2 × 107 M☉.
Design of two-dimensional IIR digital filters using an improved quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm

The design problem of two-dimensional recursive digital filters is generally reduced to a constraint minimization problem. Based on our previously proposed Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm, inspired by quantum physics, we proposed an improved QPSO, called Diversity-Guided QPSO (DGQPSO) to obtain the solution of the design problem. The DGQPSO is implemented by controlling the diversity measure of the swarm to enhance global search ability of the QPSO. The results yield by DGQPSO in design problem show its superiority compared to other competitive optimization algorithm.
Dyspepsia management in primary care: a decision analysis of competing strategies.

One-third of adults experience pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen during a given year.1 Of these, 1/4 seek treatment, making dyspepsia the presenting complaint of 4% of patients visiting primary care physicians.2,3 The optimal approach to uncomplicated dyspepsia in this setting remains controversial. Previous guidelines recommended initial antisecretory therapy, while reserving additional interventions for nonresponders.4 However, as evidence mounts to suggest that Helicobacter pylori eradication may relieve symptoms in many patients,5 several consensus statements have suggested a “test and treat” approach for patients with simple uninvestigated dyspepsia.6–9 Specifically, patients younger than 45 with dyspepsia6,8 and without “alarm” symptoms (bleeding, weight loss, dysphagia, anorexia, vomiting) should be tested for H. pylori and, if positive, receive a 10to 14-day course of eradication therapy. If symptoms fail to improve with treatment, then diagnostic upper endoscopy should be performed. Despite evidence in support of this approach,5 several prospective trials have cast uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of “test-and-treat” for dyspepsia.10–13 For example, 1 recent high-quality randomized control trial suggested that the test and treat strategy applied to the general population may provide symptomatic relief for only 5% of patients and makes no appreciable impact on quality of life.10 These results may be explained in part by 4 advances in our understanding of H. pylori eradication:
Comparison of Hourly PM2.5 Observations Between Urban and Suburban Areas in Beijing, China

Hourly PM2.5 observations collected at 12 stations over a 1-year period are used to identify variations between urban and suburban areas in Beijing. The data demonstrates a unique monthly variation form, as compared with other major cities. Urban areas suffer higher PM2.5 concentration (about 92 μg/m3) than suburban areas (about 77 μg/m3), and the average PM2.5 concentration in cold season (about 105 μg/m3) is higher than warm season (about 78 μg/m3). Hourly PM2.5 observations exhibit distinct seasonal, diurnal and day-of-week variations. The diurnal variation of PM2.5 is observed with higher concentration at night and lower value at daytime, and the cumulative growth of nighttime (22:00 p.m. in winter) PM2.5 concentration maybe due to the atmospheric stability. Moreover, annual average PM2.5 concentrations are about 18 μg/m3 higher on weekends than weekdays, consistent with driving restrictions on weekdays. Additionally, the nighttime peak in weekdays (21:00 p.m.) is one hour later than weekends (20:00 p.m.) which also shows the evidence of human activity. These observed facts indicate that the variations of PM2.5 concentration between urban and suburban areas in Beijing are influenced by complex meteorological factors and human activities.
The Degrees of Freedom of the 2-Hop, 2-User Interference Channel with Feedback

The layered two-hop, two-flow interference network is considered that consists of two sources, two relays and two destinations with the first hop network between he sources and the relays and the second hop network between relays and destinations both being i.i. d. Rayleigh fading Gaussian interference channels. Two feedback models are studied. In the first one, called the delayed channel state information at the sources (delayed CSI-S) model, the sources know all channel coefficients with a finite delay but the relays have no side information whatsoever. In the second feedback model, referred to as the limited Shannon feedback model, the relays know first hop channel coefficients instantaneously and the second hop channel with a finite delay and one relay knows the received signal of one of the destinations with a finite delay and the other relay knows the received signal of the other destination with a finite delay but there is no side information at the sources whatsoever. It is shown in this paper that under both these settings, the layered two-hop, two-flow interference channel has 4/3 degrees of freedom. The result is obtained by developing a broadcast-channel-type upper-bound and new achievability schemes based on the ideas of retrospective interference alignment and retro-cooperative interference alignment, respectively.
Learning from the past and present: measuring Internet banking service quality

The Internet has played a pivotal role in transforming banking services into e-services. While several studies have examined the effective measurement of e-banking service quality, their lack of a holistic view has hindered the accumulation of past knowledge. To address this issue, this study first reviews and summarizes the methodology, service quality dimensions, suggestions and limitations of seven e-banking service quality studies conducted in seven countries. An empirical study is then conducted to derive the first robust and comprehensive measure of e-banking service quality in Taiwanese context by compensating three shortcomings of a prior Taiwanese study. To improve our understanding of e-banking service quality, a comprehensive scheme is proposed that has managerial implications. The primary contribution of this study is to present a holistic view of e-service quality for e-banking with embedded cultural factors and to provide a rigorous measurement scale development procedure applicable to areas other than e-banking.
Plasticity in the spinal cord sensory map following peripheral nerve injury in rats

The medial part of the L4 and 5 dorsal horn in adult rats is dominated by afferents from the toes and foot. After transection of the sciatic and saphenous nerves, virtually all cells in this region are left without any peripheral receptive field. Beginning 4 to 5 days after nerve section, however, many peripherally deafferented cells take on a novel receptive field on the thigh, lower back, or perineum. The new receptive fields are served by intact nerves ending in proximal skin rather than by misdirected sprouts of cut toe-foot nerves. Thus, peripheral axotomy results in synaptic reorganization in the spinal cord proper. Receptive field reorganization occurs after nerve transection, ligation, or ligation with distal transection but does not occur if the nerve is crushed. If a cut nerve is sutured and regeneration is permitted, spinal reorganization is reversed and the toe-foot afferents regain exclusive dominance of the medial dorsal horn.
Towards a Guideline for Conducting Economic Experiments on Amazon's Mechanical Turk

During the last decade Amazon Mechanical Turk has evolved to an established platform for conducting behavioral research. However, designing and conducting economic experiments on online labor markets remains a complex and ambitious task. In comparison to laboratory environments, a set of specific challenges (such as synchronization and control) has to be thoroughly addressed. In order to support researchers in fulfilling this task, we provide a framework of a continuously updating guideline for conducting economic experiments on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Our main contributions are the proposition of (i) a challenge-oriented view based on common experimental economics practices, and (ii) a collaborative continuous guideline approach.
Setting Real Time WIP Levels in Production Lines

(No page numberings) Abstract— A new algorithm is developed for setting WIP level in production lines. It is a pull policy that determines when to authorize a job to be processed. Dynamic information in the system such as machine failures and repairs, and demand variations are taken into consideration to provide an efficient method to dynamically determine the WIP level. Two types of production lines are examined in this paper. The first is production lines which have few random interruptions and the second production line is exposed to frequent interruptions. Experiment results from these two types of production lines illustrate that the new algorithm generates higher service level with lower WIP compared to the CONWIP policy. In addition, the superiority of the new algorithm is more significant when the production line is exposed to frequent random interruptions.
Assessing the Credibility of a Target Zone: Evidence from the EMS

This paper provides some new evidence on the credibility of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) of the European Monetary System (EMS). We differ from previous studies in the literature in three main respects. First, our main contribution is the use of several credibility indicators, some of which have never been applied before to all of the currencies under study. This allows us to strengthen the results obtained in this paper. Second, we analyse a longer period than that of previous studies, covering the complete EMS history. Third, we have carried out a comparison of the prediction qualities of the different indicators, in order to explore their ability to capture the main ERM events (realignments, changes in the fluctuations bands and speculative pressures). Fourth, we apply the indicators to the experience of the new, modified ERM linking the currencies of non-euro area Member States to the euro, showing the relevance of this approach in the near future with the enlargement of the European Union.
The Effects of Basal Resistance and Hydroplaning on the Initial Kinematics of Seismically Induced Tsunamigenic Landslides

According to current landslide tsunami generation models, the initial acceleration time history of a submarine mass failure is an important factor influencing the source characteristics of tsunami waves. Translational models developed thus far typically simulate rigid or deforming bodies sliding down an inclined plane, assuming either negligible basal resistance or an idealized basal resistance, with or without the inclusion of hydrodynamic forces. However no known models incorporate realistic basal resistance, hydrodynamic forces, and hydroplaning together to quantify their effects on the initial kinematics of submarine failures. In all current models it is assumed that the maximum initial acceleration occurs nearly instantaneously after the moment of failure. Here, we propose a new rigid body model that incorporates hydrodynamic drag, with realistic basal resistance and hydroplaning effects. Utilizing the post failure shear strength of the sediment, this new model investigates the initial kinematics and time histories of the slide event in relation to tsunami generation over varying slope angles and idealized hydroplaning conditions. The current work is restricted to seismically induced submarine landslides in normally consolidated clay. The modeling results indicate a decrease in the magnitude of the peak slide acceleration by 27% to 47% and significant delays in the acceleration time histories of the sliding mass. The results also show an exponential increase in the delay of the acceleration time histories as the slope angle decreases, suggesting a greater influence of basal resistance and hydroplaning effects on typical submarine failures, for slopes of less than 5°. Further research is necessary to determine the influence of using the refined basal resistance models on predicted initial landslide tsunamis wave heights, lengths, and subsequent costal run-up elevations.
Exploring the link between employment search time and reservation wages in Southern Europe

In our piece of work we are facing a two-fold problem: on the one hand, we study the behaviour of job seekers and the extent to which reservation wages and unemployment benefits play a relevant role in the transition into working life. On the other hand, we intend to find out whether the determinants of the job search process may also affect subsequent wages.
Mechanism of strand displacement synthesis by DNA replicative polymerases

Replicative holoenzymes exhibit rapid and processive primer extension DNA synthesis, but inefficient strand displacement DNA synthesis. We investigated the bacteriophage T4 and T7 holoenzymes primer extension activity and strand displacement activity on a DNA hairpin substrate manipulated by a magnetic trap. Holoenzyme primer extension activity is moderately hindered by the applied force. In contrast, the strand displacement activity is strongly stimulated by the applied force; DNA polymerization is favoured at high force, while a processive exonuclease activity is triggered at low force. We propose that the DNA fork upstream of the holoenzyme generates a regression pressure which inhibits the polymerization-driven forward motion of the holoenzyme. The inhibition is generated by the distortion of the template strand within the polymerization active site thereby shifting the equilibrium to a DNA-protein exonuclease conformation. We conclude that stalling of the holoenzyme induced by the fork regression pressure is the basis for the inefficient strand displacement synthesis characteristic of replicative polymerases. The resulting processive exonuclease activity may be relevant in replisome disassembly to reset a stalled replication fork to a symmetrical situation. Our findings offer interesting applications for single-molecule DNA sequencing.
Partner-Specific Adaptation in Dialog

No one denies that people adapt what they say and how they interpret what is said to them, depending on their interactive partners. What is controversial is when and how they do so. Several psycholinguistics research programs have found what appear to be failures to adapt to partners in the early moments of processing and have used this evidence to argue for modularity in the language processing architecture, claiming that the system cannot take into account a partner's distinct needs or knowledge early in processing. We review the evidence for both early and delayed partner-specific adaptations, and we identify some challenges and difficulties with interpreting this evidence. We then discuss new analyses from a previously published referential communication experiment (Metzing & Brennan, 2003) demonstrating that partner-specific effects need not occur late in processing. In contrast to Pickering and Garrod (2004) and Keysar, Barr, and Horton (1998b), we conclude that there is no good evidence that early processing has to be be "egocentric,""dumb," or encapsulated from social knowledge or common ground, but that under some circumstances, such as when one partner has made an attribution about another's knowledge or needs, processing can be nimble enough to adapt quite early to a perspective different from one's own.
InP DHBT TIA-DMUX integrated circuit for 100-Gb/s optical communication systems

We report the design and measurement of a 1:2 demultiplexer (DMUX) integrated circuit (IC) including a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) as input stage for optimum sensitivity and automatic single-ended-to-differential signal conversion. The monolithic TIA-DMUX was realised in a 0.7-μm indium phosphide (InP) double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) technology. Measured on wafer at 100 Gb/s with a single-ended input signal of 28.2-mVpp eye height, the TIA-DMUX provides two clear 50-Gbit/s demultiplexed outputs larger than 400 mVpp for a total power consumption of 2.1 W.
Dollarization in Argentina

Argentina became highly "dollarized" during its hyperinflations of 1989 and early 1990. Although inflation has returned to very low rates, a high degree of dollarization has persisted during the early 1990s, counter to what the currency substitution hypothesis predicts. This paper provides new evidence that explains the continued dollarization of the Argentine economy. ; First, we develop a new measure of dollar currency circulating in foreign countries. This measure improves our ability to analyze dollariza­tion and currency substitution by distinguishing between dollar currency holdings and dollar deposits, and thereby represents an important advance over previous studies that focused on dollar deposit holdings only. Em­pirically, these components of dollar assets for Argentina have responded differently to recent macroeconomic shocks. ; Second, cointegration analysis of peso money demand in Argentina finds a negative "ratchet effect" from inflation on the demand for pesos. The reduction in peso money demand attributable to the ratchet effect is similar in magnitude to the estimated stock of all dollar assets held domestically by Argentine residents, consistent with the hypothesis of irreversible dollarization.
Why Some Hybrid Solutions aren ’ t Really Solutions ( and Why Others aren ’ t Really Hybrid )

In this paper we argue that cognitively plausible hybrid models constitute a small subset of the space of possible apparently hybrid models. By classifying hybrid models on the basis of the level of description at which hybridness operates, and examining the cognitive commitments that ensue, we demonstrate that only level 2, or behavioural hybridness, can satisfy the twin requirements of flowing from general cognitive requirements (physicalism, etc.) and yielding additional cognitive plausibility. Level 1, or descriptively hybrid solutions, are not truly hybrid because their hybridness is viewer-dependent, and the solutions provided by level 3, or physical hybridness, flow not from hybridness as such, but modularity. Behavioural hybridness is not, however, a soft option. In particular it raises difficult issues concerning the nature of symbolic/connectionist approximations, algorithms, representations, and the computability of connectionist functions. Our discussion of behavioural hybridness suggests natural solutions to some of these issues.