Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Students’ Reactions to a Peer’s Cheating Behavior

While academic dishonesty has been an area of study for numerous decades, research has focused primarily on the perpetrators of cheating and understanding why students cheat. In contrast, little attention has been devoted to examining the reactions of students who witness cheating. The current study investigated undergraduate students’ reactions to a peer’s cheating behavior during an exam. While the vast majority of students did not respond by directly confronting the peer or voluntarily coming forth with information about the cheating to the examiner, most reported the act when asked relatively direct questions about what happened. The findings also revealed that the grading criteria of the exam had a significant impact on students’ reactions; yet, additional analyses revealed that these effects applied to female students only. Important implications for school professionals are discussed.
Illuminating search spaces by mapping elites

Many fields use search algorithms, which automatically explore a search space to find high-performing solutions: chemists search through the space of molecules to discover new drugs; engineers search for stronger, cheaper, safer designs, scientists search for models that best explain data, etc. The goal of search algorithms has traditionally been to return the single highest-performing solution in a search space. Here we describe a new, fundamentally different type of algorithm that is more useful because it provides a holistic view of how high-performing solutions are distributed throughout a search space. It creates a map of high-performing solutions at each point in a space defined by dimensions of variation that a user gets to choose. This Multi-dimensional Archive of Phenotypic Elites (MAP-Elites) algorithm illuminates search spaces, allowing researchers to understand how interesting attributes of solutions combine to affect performance, either positively or, equally of interest, negatively. For example, a drug company may wish to understand how performance changes as the size of molecules and their cost-to-produce vary. MAP-Elites produces a large diversity of high-performing, yet qualitatively different solutions, which can be more helpful than a single, high-performing solution. Interestingly, because MAP-Elites explores more of the search space, it also tends to find a better overall solution than state-of-the-art search algorithms. We demonstrate the benefits of this new algorithm in three different problem domains ranging from producing modular neural networks to designing simulated and real soft robots. Because MAP- Elites (1) illuminates the relationship between performance and dimensions of interest in solutions, (2) returns a set of high-performing, yet diverse solutions, and (3) improves finding a single, best solution, it will advance science and engineering.
New Strategies in Barrett's Esophagus: Integrating Clonal Evolutionary Theory with Clinical Management

Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus is replaced by intestinal metaplasia. For more than three decades, the prevailing clinical paradigm has been that Barrett's esophagus is a complication of symptomatic reflux disease that predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, no clinical strategy for cancer prevention or early detection based on this paradigm has been proven to reduce esophageal adenocarcinoma mortality in a randomized clinical trial in part because only about 5% to 10% of individuals with Barrett's esophagus develop esophageal adenocarcinoma. Recent research indicates that Barrett's metaplasia is an adaptation for mucosal defense in response to chronic reflux in most individuals. The risk of progressing to esophageal adenocarcinoma is determined by development of genomic instability and dynamic clonal evolution in the distal esophagus modulated by host and environmental risk and protective factors, including inherited genotype. The challenge for investigators of Barrett's esophagus lies in integrating knowledge about genomic instability and clonal evolution into clinical management to increase the lifespan and quality of life of individuals with this condition. Clin Cancer Res; 17(11); 3512–9. ©2011 AACR.
Learning and governance in inter-firm relations

This article connects theory of learning with theory of governance, in the context of inter-firm relations. It recognizes fundamental criticism of transaction cost economics (TCE), but preserves elements from that theory. Two kinds of relational risk are identified: hold-up and spillover risk. For the governance of relations, i.e. the control of relational risk, the article presents a set of instruments that includes trust, next to instruments adopted and adapted from TCE. It also includes roles for go-betweens. Some references to empirical evidence are included.
The Students' Problems Encountered in Using Present Perfect Tense

This research was carried out to find out and analyse the types of problem encountered by the first grade students of SMKN 1 Lhoknga in using present perfect tense. Specifically, it is aimed at describing the types of students’ problem in using present perfect tense and the causing problem causes which became the factors of students’ problems in using present perfect tense. Besides, this study also found their frequency. In doing the research, the researcher used descriptive analysis method. Then, the data were collected through test and questionnaire. Furthermore, the subject of this research is the first grade students of SMKN 1 Lhoknga which consisted of 61 students and the writer took 52 students as the sample because there were 9 students who were absent when the research was done. The writer gave the 52 students the test that consisted of 20 items; 10 items multiple choice, 5 items of making sentence, 5 items of filling in the blank.In addition, questionnaire to students that consisted of 6 questions. The writer also gave questionnaire to the English teacher that consisted of 10 questions just as additional information. Finally, the finding showed that there are eight types of problem consisting ofusing incorrect formula or problem in forming: affirmative, negative and interrogative form of present perfect tense, using of auxiliary that is frequently switched, using no instead of not in negative sentence, spelling, selecting of the regular and irregular verb/ change Verb -1 to Verb-3, and the difficulties in distinguishing the usage of past tense and present perfect tense. The data also showed thatthere are many factors of students’ problems in using present perfect tense, such as : a lot of tenses in English, Interference L1, differences between English structure and B. Indonesia, lack of vocabulary mastery, lack of textbook to support learning process, lack of interest in teaching learning process,lack of motivation, family’s background ( economics, education, family’s structure), lack of English learning facilities or the instructional resources such as Grammar books, LCD/projector, English CD/movie, library, lack of practice and repetition, teacher didn’t give more detail example and explanation, time provided in learning is inadequate, student’s confidence “ I fell doubt and afraid of mistake”, lack of interaction between teacher and students, Society, resident and school, lack of support, classroom environment is not suitable (crowded class, class temperature), student’s laziness,lack of concentration in class as the result students don’t pay attention to the teacher.
AN EFFICIENT FEATURE EXTRACTION METHOD

Face recognition is one of the most challenging problems in the domain of image processing and machine vision. Face recognition system is critical when individuals have very similar biometric signature such as identical twins. In this paper, new efficient facial-based identical twins recognition is proposed according to the geometric moment. The utilized geometric moment is Pseudo-Zernike Moment (PZM) as a feature extractor inside the facial area of identical twins images. Also, the facial area inside an image is detected using Ada Boost approach. The proposed method is evaluated on two datasets, Twins Days Festival and Iranian Twin Society which contain scaled, which contain the shifted and rotated facial images of identical twins in different illuminations. The results prove the ability of proposed method to recognize a pair of identical twins. Also, results show that the proposed method is robust to rotation, scaling and changing illumination.
CO-CREATE: Teachers' voices to inform special education teacher education

Teacher education is under increasing scrutiny regarding the preparedness of graduates to work in the profession in the early years of their career. To inform a teacher education program on the issues affecting graduates working in the field of special education, 77 special education teachers and principals were surveyed. Findings highlight the importance of consultation and engagement with adults with a disability and the families of children with disabilities, in meaningful ways, such as Q&A sessions, tutoring, presentations and involvement in local support groups. The research seeks to add teachers’ voices to uncover potential ways for universities to enhance course delivery for pre-service teachers wishing to work in special education. Six key areas emerged as necessary for inclusion in special education teacher education programs, summarised by CO-CREATE (Consult, Observe, Collaborate, Resource, Evaluate, Analyse, Technology integration and Engagement).
Noncorrecting syntax error recovery

A parser must be able to continue parsing after encountering a syntactic error to check the remainder of the input. To achieve this, it is not necessary to perform corrections on either the input text or the stack contents. A formal framework is provided in which noncorrecting syntax error recovery concepts are defined and investigated. The simplicity of these concepts allows the statement of provable properties, such as the absence of spurious error messages or the avoidance of skipping input text. These properties are due to the fact that no assumptions about the nature of the errors need be made to continue parsing.
MoJMJ1, Encoding a Histone Demethylase Containing JmjC Domain, Is Required for Pathogenic Development of the Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae

Histone methylation plays important roles in regulating chromatin dynamics and transcription in eukaryotes. Implication of histone modifications in fungal pathogenesis is, however, beginning to emerge. Here, we report identification and functional analysis of a putative JmjC-domain-containing histone demethylase in Magnaporthe oryzae. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified seven genes, which encode putative histone demethylases containing JmjC domain. Deletion of one gene, MoJMJ1, belonging to JARID group, resulted in defects in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, appressorium formation as well as invasive growth in the fungus. Western blot analysis showed that global H3K4me3 level increased in the deletion mutant, compared to wild-type strain, indicating histone demethylase activity of MoJMJ1. Introduction of MoJMJ1 gene into ΔMojmj1 restored defects in pre-penetration developments including appressorium formation, indicating the importance of histone demethylation through MoJMJ1 during infection-specific morphogenesis. However, defects in penetration and invasive growth were not complemented. We discuss such incomplete complementation in detail here. Our work on MoJMJ1 provides insights into H3K4me3-mediated regulation of infection-specific development in the plant pathogenic fungus.
Prospective Associations between Plasma Saturated, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Overall and Breast Cancer Risk – Modulation by Antioxidants: A Nested Case-Control Study

Background Mechanistic data suggest that different types of fatty acids play a role in carcinogenesis and that antioxidants may modulate this relationship but epidemiologic evidence is lacking. Our aim was to investigate the association between plasma saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs) and overall and breast cancer risk and to evaluate the potential modulatory effect of an antioxidant supplementation on these relationships. Methods A nested case-control study included all first incident cancer cases diagnosed in the SU.VI. MAX study between 1994 and 2002 (n = 250 cases, one matched control/case). Participants to the SU.VI. MAX randomized controlled trial received either vitamin/mineral antioxidants or placebo during this intervention period. Baseline fatty acid composition of plasma total lipids was measured by gas chromatography. Conditional logistic regression was performed overall and stratified by intervention group. Results Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (Ptrend = 0.002), the dihomo-γ-linolenic/linoleic acids ratio (Ptrend = 0.001), mead acid (Ptrend = 0.0004), and palmitoleic acid (Ptrend = 0.02) were inversely associated with overall cancer risk. The arachidonic/dihomo-γ-linolenic acids ratio (Ptrend = 0.02) and linoleic acid (Ptrend = 0.02) were directly associated with overall cancer risk. Similar results were observed for breast cancer specifically. In stratified analyses, associations were only observed in the placebo group. Notably, total PUFAs were directly associated with overall (Ptrend = 0.02) and breast cancer risk in the placebo group only. Conclusion Specific SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs were prospectively differentially associated with cancer risk. In addition, this study suggests that antioxidants may modulate these associations by counteracting the potential effects of these fatty acids on carcinogenesis.
Chapter 13 Mindfulness in organizations

This chapter discusses the practice of mindfulness in organizations. In the first section we describe the growing interest in mindfulness training among organizations and discuss possible reasons for this development. We then review work on the definition and concept of mindfulness as they have been developed in psychology and organizational scholarship. In the second section, we discuss different forms of mindfulness practice in organizations, including Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) as the most prominent. The third section reviews empirical evidence on the effects of mindfulness on work-related outcomes and processes such as employee performance, employee wellbeing, leadership, and ethical decision making. We then discuss in more detail a recently developed self-administered mindfulness training program as it contains some unique and interesting features relevant to mindfulness intervention studies. In the fifth section, we present the results from qualitative interviews we conducted with participants of a corporate mindfulness training program. We conclude that the study and application of mindfulness in the workplace offers many promising directions; however, much more research is needed to create a basis of evidence for successful mindfulness training programs. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the (intended and unintended) consequences, mediating mechanisms, moderating factors, and boundary conditions of mindfulness would benefit organizational scholarship.
Adopting a Social Network Perspective in Global Software Development

In the past few years, software engineering researchers have adopted social network analysis techniques to understand collaboration patterns in global software teams. In this paper, we investigate current research in global software development where social network theory is used as an analysis technique. We do so through a systematic literature review where we collect and analyze previous work that adopt a social network perspective in distributed software development. We use the 3C collaboration model to classify our results based on the communication, coordination and cooperation aspects of global networks. Our results reveal two main coordination structures used in distributed teams, namely the clustering and the core-periphery structure. The analysis of the cooperation activities of the global networks reveal differences between planning and practice. Finally, several tools have been identified that aim to improve communication patterns among distributed team members.
The Effect of Firm Cash Holdings on Monetary Policy

Firm cash holdings increased substantially from 1980 to 2013. The overall distribution of firm cash holdings changed in the same period. We study the implications of these changes for monetary policy. We use Compustat data and a model with financial frictions that allows the calculation of the monetary policy effects according to the distribution of cash holdings. We find that the interest rate channel of the transmission of monetary policy has become more powerful, as the impact of monetary policy over real interest rates increased. With the observed changes in firm cash holdings, the real interest rate takes 3.4 months more to return to its initial value after a shock to the nominal interest rate.
Automated speech-unit delimitation in spoken learner English

In order to apply computational linguistic analyses and pass information to downstream applications, transcriptions of speech obtained via automatic speech recognition (ASR) need to be divided into smaller meaningful units, in a task we refer to as ‘speech-unit (SU) delimitation’. We closely recreate the automatic delimitation system described by Lee and Glass (2012), ‘Sentence detection using multiple annotations’, Proceedings of INTERSPEECH, which combines a prosodic model, language model and speech-unit length model in log-linear fashion. Since state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) tools have been developed to deal with written text and its characteristic sentence-like units, SU delimitation helps bridge the gap between ASR and NLP, by normalising spoken data into a more canonical format. Previous work has focused on native speaker recordings; we test the system of Lee and Glass (2012) on non-native speaker (or ‘learner’) data, achieving performance above the state-of-the-art. We also consider alternative evaluation metrics which move away from the idea of a single ‘truth’ in SU delimitation, and frame this work in the context of downstream NLP applications.
Nonlinear Analysis of Individual Vehicle Behavior in Car Following

It is well known that traffic systems are highly nonlinear. Previous research has shown the existence of the chaotic behavior in traffic flow data. However, the corresponding result in individual vehicle behavior has not been investigated. In this paper, we use tools of nonlinear time series analysis to explore the chaotic characteristic from data of individual vehicle behavior in car following. The maximal Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension of these data are calculated numerically and compared with the results of traffic volume. The consistency of traffic flow and individual vehicle behavior is illustrated clearly from viewpoints of chaotic analysis.
Product Quality, Productive Efficiency, and International Technology Diffusion: Evidence from Plant-Level Panel Data

What mechanisms most frequently transmit foreign technologies to developing country firms? Do these foreign technologies affect both productive efficiency and product quality in the recipient firms? Under what circumstances do firms pursue activities that give them access to foreign knowledge? To address these questions, the authors develop a new methodology and apply the framework to plant-level panel data from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco. Their results point to several basic messages. First, by imposing enough structure on the production function and the demand system, it is possible to measure product quality and marginal costs at the plant level and to relate the evolution of these variables to firms' activity histories. Doing so, the authors find strong firm-level persistence in both quality and marginal costs. But in most industry or country panels that they study, past international activities help little in predicting current performance once past realizations on quality and marginal cost are controlled for. That is, activities do not typically Granger-cause performance. Interestingly, in the minority of cases where significant associations emerge, international activities appear to move costs and product quality in the same direction. So the net effect on profits in these cases is not immediately apparent. Second, several basic patterns emerge with respect to the determinants of international activities. Most fundamentally, activities are highly persistent, even after unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for. That suggests that firms incur sunk threshold costs when they initiate or cease activities, so temporary policy or macroeconomic shocks may have long-run effects on the patterns of activities observed in a particular country or industry. Also, activities tend to go together, so that studies that relate firms' performance to one international activity and ignore the others may generate misleading conclusions. But the bundling of activities seems to mainly reflect unobserved plant characteristics, such as managerial philosophy, contacts, product niche, and location. Once these are controlled for, there is little evidence that engaging in one international activity increases the probability that a firm will engage in others in the future.
Adaptation in an insect host-plant pathogen interaction

Selection on parasites to adapt to local host populations may be direct or through other components of the system such as vectors or the food plant on which the parasite is ingested. To test for local adaptation of nucleopolyhedrovirus among island populations of western tent caterpillars, Malacosoma californicum pluviale, we compared virus isolates from three geographically distinct sites with different dominant host plants. Pathogenicity, speed of kill and virus production of each isolate were examined on the three food plants. Virus isolates from the two permanent host populations had the fastest speed of kill on the host plant from which they were isolated. This was not the case for a caterpillar population that goes extinct when populations are regionally low. Virus isolates on some plant species combined rapid speed of kill with high virus yield. Infection of hosts by mixed microparasite populations could facilitate local adaptation in response to differing food plant chemistry.
Insomnia and sleep apnea in midlife women: prevalence and consequences to health and functioning

Sleep disturbance is common during the menopausal transition, with numerous downstream consequences to health and functioning, including reduced quality of life, impaired mental health, and increased physical health morbidity. Insomnia affects approximately 50% of midlife women and is characterized by nocturnal symptoms of difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep (or both) and daytime symptoms that impair occupational, social, or other components of functioning. In addition, approximately 20% of midlife women develop sleep-disordered breathing during the menopausal transition. This commentary summarizes the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment options for each of these sleep disorders in midlife women, with specific focus on first-line treatments for insomnia (cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia) and sleep-disordered breathing (continuous positive airway pressure) and unique considerations for treating sleep disorders in midlife women. Future directions are also discussed.