Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finding temporal structure in music: blues improvisation with LSTM recurrent networks

We consider the problem of extracting essential ingredients of music signals, such as a well-defined global temporal structure in the form of nested periodicities (or meter). We investigate whether we can construct an adaptive signal processing device that learns by example how to generate new instances of a given musical style. Because recurrent neural networks (RNNs) can, in principle, learn the temporal structure of a signal, they are good candidates for such a task. Unfortunately, music composed by standard RNNs often lacks global coherence. The reason for this failure seems to be that RNNs cannot keep track of temporally distant events that indicate global music structure. Long short-term memory (LSTM) has succeeded in similar domains where other RNNs have failed, such as timing and counting and the learning of context sensitive languages. We show that LSTM is also a good mechanism for learning to compose music. We present experimental results showing that LSTM successfully learns a form of blues music and is able to compose novel (and we believe pleasing) melodies in that style. Remarkably, once the network has found the relevant structure, it does not drift from it: LSTM is able to play the blues with good timing and proper structure as long as one is willing to listen.
Atazanavir for treatment of HIV infection in clinical routine: efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety.

INTRODUCTION Atazanavir (ATV) is a novel protease inhibitor that has been recently introduced into therapy of HIV infection. Currently there is little data on ATV therapy from daily practice. METHODS In this retrospective study, we report on ATV efficacy and safety in clinical routine. Drug monitoring was performed consisting of unscheduled single measurements and a 4-hour-profile. Trough concentration of >80 ng/ml and peak concentration of 2000-6000 ng/ml were regarded as sufficient. RESULTS Between May 2003 and April 2004, ATV treatment was started in 42 patients, mean observation time was 32 weeks (6-53). Mean age was 45.6 years, 38% had prior AIDS, viral load was undetectable in 73%. Important side effects were minor or moderate diarrhea (27%) and fatigue (15%). ATV was discontinued in 10% due to side effects or malignant diseases. No significant influence on mean values of cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes, CD4-cell-count, and HI-viral load was seen. Virologic failure occurred in 13% of patients, all of them were PI-experienced. Pharmacokinetic data are available for 32 patients, all patients had sufficient trough levels. 30% with unboosted ATV and 21% with boosted ATV had peak plasma concentrations below the level defined as sufficient. Mean trough levels, plasma profile and AUC did not differ significantly between groups with non-boosted versus boosted ATV regimes but showed a wide inter-patient variability. CONCLUSIONS ATV treatment of HIV-infected patients with or without a RTV booster was safe and effective in clinical routine. Drug levels were sufficient in the majority of cases. The variability of pharmacokinetic results in our sample supports therapeutic drug monitoring in patients treated with ATV.
Cloudlet Enhanced Fiber-Wireless Access Networks for Mobile-Edge Computing

This paper proposes to enhance capacity-centric fiber-wireless (FiWi) broadband access networks based on data-centric Ethernet technologies with computation- and storage-centric cloudlets to provide reliable cloud services at the edge of FiWi networks and thereby realize the vision of mobile-edge computing (MEC). To reduce offload delay and prolong battery life of edge devices, a novel cloudlet-aware resource management scheme is proposed that incorporates offloading activities into the underlying FiWi dynamic bandwidth allocation process. The whole system is designed in two time division multiple access layers to enhance the network performance. To allow for the efficient coexistence of FiWi and MEC traffic, the offloaded traffic is scheduled outside the FiWi transmission slots. To thoroughly study the scheme’s performance, a comprehensive analytical framework is developed that covers a rich set of performance metrics, including packet delay of both FiWi and MEC traffic, response time efficiency, offload gain-overhead ratio, energy efficiency, and battery life. Analytical results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the cloudlet-enhanced FiWi networks for MEC by employing the proposed solution. Further, we develop an experimental testbed to validate the accuracy of our analytical model via real-world measurements.
Regression‐based regionalization for bias correction of temperature and precipitation

Statistical bias correction methods are inferred relationships between inputs and outputs. The constructed functions are based on available observations, which are limited in time and space. This study investigates the ability of regression models (linear and nonlinear) to regionalize a domain by defining a minimum number of training pixels necessary to achieve a good level of bias correction performance. Linear regression is used to divide northern South America into five regions. To correct the biases of temperature and precipitation, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was trained with selected pixels within each region and then used to reproduce bias‐corrected temperature and precipitation at all pixels within the delineated regions. The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) provided the climate model data. Results confirm that it is possible to identify regions in terms of physical features such as land cover, topography, and climatology over which models trained with a few pixels can correct the biases of climate variables with good accuracy over the entire domain. This approach saves computational time and reduces memory usage of using ANNs for correcting biases in climate model outputs.
Gravitational Interactions in Poor Galaxy Groups.

We report the results of the spatial analysis of deep ROSAT HRI observations, optical imaging and spectroscopy, and high-resolution VLA H I and continuum imaging of NGC 1961 and NGC 2276. These spirals were selected as showing some previous evidence for interaction with a surrounding (hot) diffuse medium. Our results favor most aspects of these galaxies as being shaped by gravitational interactions with companions, rather than the asymmetric pressure from motion through an external medium. The old stars follow the asymmetric structures of young stars and ionized gas, which suggests a tidal origin for the lopsided appearance of these galaxies. In NGC 2276, the H I and star-forming regions are strongly concentrated along the western edge of the disk. In this case, the ROSAT HRI detects the brightest star-forming regions as well as the diffuse disk emission, the most distant galaxy with such a detection. An asymmetric ionization gradient in the H II regions suggests radial movement of gas, which might have occurred in either tidal or wind scenarios. The X-ray emission from NGC 1961 is dominated by a point source near the nucleus of the galaxy but extended emission is seen out to a radius of ~0.8'. Previous studies of the enrichment of the intragroup medium in the NGC 2300 group indicates that stripping may be important in this system, but the density of the IGM is much too tenuous to effectively strip the gas from the galaxy. However, we propose that gravitational interactions in the group environment may enhance stripping. During a gravitational encounter the disk of the spiral galaxy may be warped, making ram pressure stripping more efficient than in a quiescent disk.
Convergence Studies on Iterative Algorithms for Image Reconstruction

We introduce a general iterative scheme for image reconstruction based on Landweber's method. In our configuration, a sequential block-iterative (SeqBI) version can be readily formulated from a simultaneous block-iterative (SimBI) version, and vice versa. This provides a mechanism to derive new algorithms from known ones. It is shown that some widely used iterative algorithms, such as the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), simultaneous ART (SART), Cimmino's, and the recently designed diagonal weighting and component averaging algorithms, are special examples of the general scheme. We prove convergence of the general scheme under conditions more general than assumed in earlier studies, for its SeqBI and SimBI versions in the consistent and inconsistent cases, respectively. Our results suggest automatic relaxation strategies for the SeqBI and SimBI versions and characterize the dependence of the limit image on the initial guess. It is found that in all cases the limit is the sum of the minimum norm solution of a weighted least-squares problem and an oblique projection of the initial image onto the null space of the system matrix.
Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 4 in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer

The presence of receptor subtypes for the inhibitory peptide somatostatin in prostatic tissue has been a controversial issue with conflicting reports. To elucidate whether prostatic epithelial cells express mRNA for somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype 2 and 4, we have investigated the localization of SSTR2 and SSTR4 transcripts in prostatic tissues by in situ hybridization.
The Impact of Collateralization on Swap Rates

Interest rate swap pricing theory traditionally views swaps as a portfolio of forward contracts with net swap payments discounted at LIBOR rates. In practice, the use of marking-to-market and collateralization questions this view as they introduce intermediate cash flows and alter credit characteristics. We provide a swap valuation theory under marking-to-market and costly collateral and examine the theory's empirical implications. We find evidence consistent with costly collateral using two different approaches; the first uses single-factor models and Eurodollar futures prices, and the second uses a formal term structure model and Treasury/swap data. Copyright 2007 by The American Finance Association.
Cosmic distance-duality as a probe of exotic physics and acceleration

In cosmology, distances based on standard candles (e.g. supernovae) and standard rulers (e.g. baryon oscillations) agree as long as three conditions are met: (1) photon number is conserved, (2) gravity is described by a metric theory with (3) photons travelling on unique null geodesics. This is the content of distance-duality (the reciprocity relation) which can be violated by exotic physics. Here we analyse the implications of the latest cosmological data sets for distance-duality. While broadly in agreement and confirming acceleration we find a 2-sigma violation caused by excess brightening of SN-Ia at z > 0.5, perhaps due to lensing magnification bias. This brightening has been interpreted as evidence for a late-time transition in the dark energy but because it is not seen in the d_A data we argue against such an interpretation. Our results do, however, rule out significant SN-Ia evolution and extinction: the "replenishing" grey-dust model with no cosmic acceleration is excluded at more than 4-sigma despite this being the best-fit to SN-Ia data alone, thereby illustrating the power of distance-duality even with current data sets.
Tempt me just a little bit more: the effect of prior food temptation actionability on goal activation and consumption

People are often exposed to actionable food temptations (i.e., an immediate opportunity to consume, like when friends offer cookies) and nonactionable food temptations (i.e., no immediate consumption opportunity, like ads for chocolate). The results of three experiments suggest that prior exposure to nonactionable food temptations does not prevent the activation of an eating goal, given a subsequent consumption opportunity, while prior exposure to actionable food temptations prevents such activation. As a consequence, prior exposure to actionable food temptations enhances self-control on a current consumption occasion, while prior exposure to nonactionable food temptations reduces it.
Surgical Outcomes of 111 Spinal Accessory Nerve Injuries

OBJECTIVEIatrogenic injury to the spinal accessory nerve is not uncommon during neck surgery involving the posterior cervical triangle, because its superficial course here makes it susceptible. We review injury mechanisms, operative techniques, and surgical outcomes of 111 surgical repairs of the spinal accessory nerve. METHODSThis retrospective study examines clinical and surgical experience with spinal accessory nerve injuries at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center during a period of 23 years (1978–2000). Surgery was performed on the basis of anatomic and electrophysiological findings at the time of operation. Patients were followed up for an average of 25.6 months. RESULTSThe most frequent injury mechanism was iatrogenic (103 patients, 93%), and 82 (80%) of these injuries involved lymph node biopsies. Eight injuries were caused by stretch (five patients) and laceration (three patients). The most common procedures were graft repairs in 58 patients. End-to-end repair was used in 26 patients and neurolysis in 19 patients if the nerve was found in continuity with intraoperative electrical evidence of regeneration. Five neurotizations, two burials into muscle, and one removal of ligature material were also performed. More than 95% of patients treated by neurolysis supported by positive nerve action potential recordings improved to Grade 4 or higher. Of 84 patients with lesions repaired by graft or suture, 65 patients (77%) recovered to Grade 3 or higher. The average graft length was 1.5 inches. CONCLUSIONSurgical exploration and repair of spinal accessory nerve injuries is difficult. With perseverance, however, these patients with complete or severe deficits achieved favorable functional outcomes through operative exploration and repair.
Privacy-aware personalization for mobile advertising

Mobile advertising is an increasingly important driver in the Internet economy. We point out fundamental trade-offs between important variables in the mobile advertisement ecosystem. In order to increase relevance, ad campaigns tend to become more targeted and personalized by using context information extracted from user's interactions and smartphone's sensors. This raises privacy concerns that are hard to overcome due to the limited resources (energy and bandwidth) available on the phones. We point out that in the absence of a trusted third party, it is impossible to maximize these three variables - ad relevance, privacy, and efficiency - in a single system. This leads to the natural question: can we formalize a common framework for personalized ad delivery that can be instantiated to any desired trade-off point? We propose such a flexible ad-delivery framework where personalization is done jointly by the server and the phone. We show that the underlying optimization problem is NP-hard and present an efficient algorithm with a tight approximation guarantee. Since tuning personalization rules requires implicit user feedback (clicks), we ask how can we, in an efficient and privacy-preserving way, gather statistics over a dynamic population of mobile users? This is needed for end-to-end privacy of an ad system. We propose the first differentially-private distributed protocol that works even in the presence of a dynamic and malicious set of users. We evaluate our methods with a large click log of location-aware searches in Microsoft Bing for mobile. Our experiments show that our framework can simultaneously achieve reasonable levels of privacy, efficiency, and ad relevance and can efficiently support a high churn rate of users during the gathering statistics that are required for personalization.
System Y : A sub-System P fragment for combining probabilistic events

An interval bounded formula is a pair consisting of a propositional formula φ in the first coordinate and a closed interval [l, u] in the second coordinate, interpreted to express that the lower probability of φ is between [l, u]. Converting conjunctive/disjunctive combinations of interval bounded formulas to a single bounded formula consisting of the conjunction/disjunction of the propositions occurring the collection along with a newly calculated lower probability is called absorption. This scheme allows for representing both an agent’s ignorance about the particular measure of an event, and his ignorance of the exact probabilistic relationship between the events to be combined. However, because mutual exclusivity of compound events is captured in the underlying probabilistic semantics, the absorption rules do preserve glb and lub for compounding events when nothing is known about the probabilistic dependencies between events.
Wheat response to soil-applied micronutrients and relationships among soil and tissue tests

Optimum plant growth under field conditions requires adequate levels of essential nutrients. The objectives of this study were; i) to determine the effect of micronutrient fertilizer application on the concentration of macro and micronutrients in winter wheat plant tissue, and ii) investigate the relationship between soil test parameters and concentration of macro and micronutrients in plant tissue. The study was conducted at six locations in 2012 and 2013 in Kansas. The experimental design consisted of two treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were applied in field-long strips approximately 364 meters (1,200 feet) long and a minimum of 12 meters (40 feet) wide. The treatments included a fertilized strip and a control strip. The study was initially established to evaluate micronutrients with no P, and K fertilizer applied. The fertilized strips included N, Zn, Mn, Cu (11.2 kgha-1), and B (2.8 kgha-1). Soil samples were collected at planting from points marked with flags located every 30 meters along each strip. Soil samples were collected at the 0 to 15centimeter depth with 15-20 cores per sample from around each flag in about a five-meter radius. Tissue samples were also collected in a five-meter radius of each flag. Wheat flag leaves were collected at flowering with at least 30 leaves per sample. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic matter, soil test phosphorus, potassium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Tissue samples were also analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. A complete analysis was done for each location as well as across all study locations using the Proc Mixed procedure in SAS. The micronutrient fertilizer application did not significantly (at P-value level <0.05) influenced tissue N, P, and K but increased S, Zn and Cu tissue concentration across all locations. Manganese tissue concentration was not affected by the application of Mn fertilizer application. Soil test Cu, Fe, and Mn showed good correlation with soil pH and soil test Zn with soil OM. However, only Cu and Mn in the wheat tissue show correlation to soil test for these nutrients. These results suggest that micronutrient concentration in the tissue is governed by multiple soil factors and only partially by DTPA extractable micronutrients. Results from this study also showed that tissue analysis could reflect fertilizer application and availability of micronutrients to the plant. However, there was significant variability in tissue analysis, likely affected by abiotic factors influencing plant nutrient uptake and concentration. While tissue analysis can help as diagnostic tool, producers should be aware of the limitations, and decisions on fertilizer recommendations cannot be based exclusively on tissue test.
The Psychosocial Burden of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a disorder associated with significant psychological and social consequences for everyday living (1). People with the condition report a significant impact of epilepsy and its management in terms of family dysfunction, reduced social and leisure opportunities, and increased levels of anxiety and depression and poor selfesteem compared with people without the condition (2). A central feature of the condition is its stigmatising nature (3). A number of studies have reported that the quality of life of people with epilepsy can be severely compromised by statutory conditions on driving and employment and by limitations in insurance provision, causing problems for well-being and independent living (4). Recent studies have, however, shown that people with wellcontrolled seizures are less likely to report psychosocial problems, and people in seizure remission (>2 years seizure free) report a quality of life not significantly different from those without the condition (5). Most of the evidence for the psychosocial problems associated with epilepsy has been drawn from studies in developed countries; in comparison, relatively little is known about the situation of people with epilepsy in developing countries. This is partly explained by the lack of resources available to conduct such research. A number of small studies have shown that attitudes toward and beliefs about epilepsy are largely pejorative, explained to some degree by the notion that the condition is infectious or the outcome of possession by evil spirits. Opportunities for marriage and employment are likely to be substantially worse for people with epilepsy in the developing world than for their developed world counterparts. The unpredictability of the nature and course of epilepsy is a key factor in the psychosocial handicaps it engenders for people in whom it develops. For centuries and across countries, epilepsy has been a condition with extremely negative connotations, and even now, the label of epilepsy is often rejected by those with the condition. I draw evidence from published research to highlight what is known about the psychosocial consequences of this condition and the contribution physical, social, and psychological variables make to its impact on the quality of life of those affected in both developed and developing countries.