Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydraulics of aerated flows: qui pro quo?

In turbulent free-surface flows, the deformation of the surface leads to air bubble entrainment and droplet projections when the turbulent shear stress is greater than the surface tension stress that resists to the interfacial breakup. These complex processes at the water–air interface have been the focus of extensive experimental, numerical and theoretical studies over last two decades and this paper reviews the key advancements. It is highlighted that the recent progress in metrology enables the detailed measurements of a range of air–water flow properties under controlled flow conditions, representing the sine qua non requirement for the development of improved physical understanding and for validating phenomenological and numerical models. The author believes that the future research into aerated flow hydraulics should focus on field measurements of high quality, development of new measurement approaches and data analyses tools, computational fluid dynamics modelling of aerated flows, and the mechanics of aerated flows in conduits.
The Stability of Rater Severity in Large‐Scale Assessment Programs

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of rater severity over an extended rating period. Multifaceted Rasch analysis was applied to ratings of 16 raters on writing performances of 8, 285 elementary school students. Each performance was rated by two trained raters over a period of seven rating days. Performances rated on the first day were re-rated at the end of the rating period. Statistically significant differences between raters were found within each day and in all days combined. Daily estimates of the relative severity of individual raters were found to differ significantly from single, on-average estimates for the whole rating period. For 10 raters, severity estimates on the last day were significantly different from estimates on the first day. These fndings cast doubt on the practice of using a single calibration of rater severity as the basis for adjustment of person measures.
REWRITING SELF-NARRATIVES: THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS

Narrative constructivism places emphasis on how therapy can be used for rewriting patients' stories through the construction of more adaptive narratives, assisting patients in overcoming their conflicts and tackling the world's complexities. In this article, we shall use the analysis of a clinical case to show how a patient put together her set of narratives using the tool of Self-Investigation. We shall then show how the set changed after six months, as expressed in a second Self-Investigation. Finally, we shall describe the process by which this change took place, through the qualitative microanalysis of the diaries written by the patient during psychotherapy and the description of what was happening at the same time to the therapeutic relationship. It emerges that the patient's negative emotions diminished in intensity, and dependent characters, suffering from guilt feelings, gave way in the texts to narratives in which the self acts independently and without feeling it is harming others if it accomplishes its own objectives.
Age Appropriateness and Motivation, Engagement, and Performance in High School: Effects of Age within Cohort, Grade Retention, and Delayed School Entry.

The present study examined the relative salience of age within cohort, grade retention, and delayed school entry (3 dimensions of age appropriateness) in 3,684 high school students' academic motivation, engagement, and performance. Structural equation modeling revealed that after the effects of demographic characteristics and grade retention were taken into account, little significant variance was explained by the linear effects of age within cohort, However, subsequent modeling incorporating nonlinear effects showed that the markedly older-for-cohort students (i.e., over the "standard" 12-month age range for a given cohort) and delayed-entry students (i,e., academic "red shirts") experienced some academic disadvantage in motivation, engagement, and performance while the age-appropriate students (particularly the younger ones) fared best. Over and above demographic and age-within-cohort effects, the effects of grade retention were consistently negative. Taken together, data suggest that there appear to ie little or no motivation, engagement, or performance advantages to being markedly older-for-cohort, having delayed-entry status, or being retained in a grade.
Failure Analysis of MetaMap Transfer (MMTx)

A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the MetaMap Transfer (MMTx), a tool that extracts terms from free text and suggests matches to concepts in the Unified Medical Language System' (UMLS'). Five participants, including a content domain expert and a UMLS Expert, manually extracted and mapped terms to UMLS concepts for two disease summary documents from NLM's consumer health site, Genetic Home Reference. The resulting adjudicated annotations were used as a gold standard. Differences in auto-mated term extraction and mapping between MMTx and MetaMap were noted. A failure analysis was conducted to categorize the types of terms not correctly mapped by MMTx. The most frequent type of failure (30%) resulted from missing inferential or world knowledge. Characteristics of each category are discussed. We distinguish between classes of failures that may be easily rectified, such as alternative retrieval strategies to extract exact matches, and ones that require additional research, such as coordinating conjunctions, co-reference resolution, and word sense disambiguation
The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised.

AIMS To determine whether and to what extent acute cannabis intoxication increases motor vehicle crash risk. DESIGN Study 1 replicates two published meta-analyses, correcting for methodological shortcomings. Study 2 is an updated meta-analysis using 28 estimates from 21 observational studies. These included studies from three earlier reviews, supplemented by results from a structured search in Web of Science and Google Scholar, and by the personal libraries of the research team. Risk estimates were combined using random-effects models and meta-regression techniques. SETTING Study 1 replicates the analysis of Asbridge et al., based on nine studies from five countries, published 1982-2007; and Li et al., based on nine studies from six countries, published 2001-10. Study 2 involves studies from 13 countries published in the period 1982-2015. PARTICIPANTS In study 1, total counts extracted totalled 50 877 (27 967 cases, 22 910 controls) for Asbridge et al. and 93 229 (4236 cases and 88 993 controls) for Li et al. Study 2 used confounder-adjusted estimates where available (combined sample size of 222 511) and crude counts from the remainder (17 228 total counts), giving a combined sample count of 239 739. MEASUREMENTS Odds ratios (OR) were used from case-control studies and adjusted OR analogues from culpability studies. The impact of the substantial variation in confounder adjustment was explored in subsample analyses. FINDINGS Study 1 substantially revises previous risk estimates downwards, with both the originally reported point estimates lying outside the revised confidence interval. Revised estimates were similar to those of study 2, which found cannabis-impaired driving associated with a statistically significant risk increase of low-to-moderate magnitude [random-effects model OR 1.36 (1.15-1.61), meta-regression OR 1.22 (1.1-1.36)]. Subsample analyses found higher OR estimates for case-control studies, low study quality, limited control of confounders, medium-quality use data and not controlling for alcohol intoxication. CONCLUSIONS Acute cannabis intoxication is associated with a statistically significant increase in motor vehicle crash risk. The increase is of low to medium magnitude. Remaining selection effects in the studies used may limit causal interpretation of the pooled estimates.
Dynamic assignment of orthogonal variable-spreading-factor codes in W-CDMA

This paper presents an optimal dynamic code assignment (DCA) scheme using orthogonal variable-spreading-factor (OVSF) codes. The objective of dynamic code assignment is to enhance statistical multiplexing and spectral efficiency of W-CDMA systems supporting variable user data rates. Our scheme is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the number of OVSF codes that must be reassigned to support a new call. By admitting calls that would normally be blocked without code reassignments, the spectral efficiency of the system is also maximized. Simulation results are presented to show the performance gain of dynamic code assignment compared to a static assignment scheme in terms of call blocking rate and spectral efficiency. We also discuss various signaling techniques of implementing our proposed DCA scheme in third-generation wideband CDMA systems.
Challenges facing people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in Botswana: Implications for behavioural risk reduction intervention.

This paper is based on a study carried out between October 2006 and April 2007 with People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) who are currently in support groups based in the Gaborone, Gabane and Gaphatshwa areas of Botswana. The research project was conducted by the University of Botswana research team as part of the SAHARA collaborative study on PLWHA. Using a qualitative approach, the study explored challenges that PLWHA face and identified appropriate intervention strategies. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) were organised with a total of 60 PLWHA, while 17 in-depth interviews were conducted with HIV and AIDS service providers including doctors, nurses and PLWHA support group managers. Challenges such as stigma and discrimination, denial and fear of disclosure, and risky sexual behaviors were found to be common. Underlying these challenges were stigmatising behaviours, primarily associated with fear of HIV rather than with the route of the infection. The research results will be useful for developing interventions to reduce fear and stigma among PLWHA
Galactose-induced cataract formation in guinea pigs: morphologic changes and accumulation of galactitol.

PURPOSE To develop and characterize a new model of galactose-induced cataract formation in young, 3- to 4-week-old Hartley guinea pigs. METHODS Experimental animals were fed 50% galactose in powdered guinea pig chow containing 0.5 g ascorbate/kg diet. Control animals were fed normal powdered guinea pig chow (0.5 g ascorbate/kg diet). Lenses from all animals were subjected to photo-slit-lamp examination, light microscopic analysis, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of polyol content. RESULTS Photo-slit-lamp examination indicated initial opacities in equatorial subcapsular region between 3 and 5 days in all galactose-fed animals (20/20); opacities progressed toward the anterior pole when diet was extended to 14 days. Histologic analysis of the equatorial changes confirmed progressive cataract formation consisting of small intra-fibrillar vacuoles in the pre-equatorial region (3 days), an increased number of enlarged and coalesced vacuoles (6 days), and progressive tissue swellings with cellular disruption and signs of epithelial multilayering (14 days). The anterior epithelium showed increased cell height and swelling after 3 days of the galactose diet. HPLC analysis of lens tissue indicated progressive accumulation of galactitol, 18 mM after 3 days, which plateaued to about 30 mM between 6 and 14 days. The level of myo-inositol dropped from a control value of 2.8 +/- 0.7 mM to 1.5 +/- 0.7 mM after 3 days, and was nearly undetectable after 14 days of the galactose diet. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that the guinea pig model may serve as a valuable new tool to study sugar-induced cataract formation and to characterize the early morphologic and biochemical events in cataractogenesis.
Core level regulatory network of osteoblast as molecular mechanism for osteoporosis and treatment

To develop and evaluate the long-term prophylactic treatment for chronic diseases such as osteoporosis requires a clear view of mechanism at the molecular and systems level. While molecular signaling pathway studies for osteoporosis are extensive, a unifying mechanism is missing. In this work, we provide experimental and systems-biology evidences that a tightly connected top-level regulatory network may exist, which governs the normal and osteoporotic phenotypes of osteoblast. Specifically, we constructed a hub-like interaction network from well-documented cross-talks among estrogens, glucocorticoids, retinoic acids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, vitamin D receptor and calcium-signaling pathways. The network was verified with transmission electron microscopy and gene expression profiling for bone tissues of ovariectomized (OVX) rats before and after strontium gluconate (GluSr) treatment. Based on both the network structure and the experimental data, the dynamical modeling predicts calcium and glucocorticoids signaling pathways as targets for GluSr treatment. Modeling results further reveal that in the context of missing estrogen signaling, the GluSr treated state may be an outcome that is closest to the healthy state.
Are All Latinas the Same? Perceived Breast Cancer Screening Barriers and Facilitative Conditions

In this article, we examine perceived breast cancer screening barriers and facilitative conditions for immigrant women from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, El Salvador, and South America (N = 58). Focus groups conducted separately with women of each ancestry were analyzed using grounded theory methods. Identified barriers comprise secrecy, lack of information, embarrassment, fear, and distrust of health care providers. Perceived facilitative conditions include knowing the importance of early detection and noticing a symptom. We compare and contrast findings across ancestries and discuss how psychosocial and cultural factors could be better integrated into early detection programs. The women's high screening rates also suggest that breast cancer screening can be facilitated in this population by addressing institutional factors (e.g., access to health care, transportation).
Would you do that?: understanding social acceptance of gestural interfaces

With gesture-based interactions in mobile settings becoming more popular, there is a growing concern regarding the social acceptance of these interaction techniques. In this paper we begin by examining the various definitions of social acceptance that have been proposed in the literature to synthesize a definition that is based on how the user feels about performing a particular interaction as well as how the bystanders perceive the user during this interaction. We then present the main factors that influence gestures' social acceptance including culture, time, interaction type and the user's position on the innovation adoption curve. Through a user study we show that an important factor in determining social acceptance of gesture-based interaction techniques is the user's perception of others ability to interpret the potential effect of a manipulation.
Consumer‐directed personal assistance and ‘care’: perspectives of workers and ventilator users

‘Consumer‐directed personal assistance’ has been a central tenet of the North American Independent Living Movement since its inception. There is, however, surprisingly little research that explores how consumer‐directed assistance gets played out in practice. We conducted a qualitative study that explored the relationships between disabled ventilator users and their personal support workers (PSWs) in supportive housing environments in Ontario, Canada. The results show that while all participants agreed that they adhered to the philosophies of ‘independent living’ embedded in ‘consumer‐directed personal assistance’, how this was understood and enacted varied considerably. Narrow interpretations focused on the task‐oriented aspects of PSWs’ work, while broader interpretations included interpersonal aspects of care, respect and mutuality. We discuss how a conceptualization of consumer‐directed personal assistance can be elaborated to accommodate a notion of ‘care’ while retaining the core tenets of the independent living philosophy.
Not all visual memories are created equal

Two experiments examined how well the long-term visual memories of objects that are encountered multiple times during visual search are updated. Participants searched for a target two or four times (e.g., white cat) among distractors that shared the target's colour, category, or were unrelated while their eye movements were recorded. Following the search, a surprise visual memory test was given. With additional object presentations, only target memory reliably improved; distractor memory was unaffected by the number of object presentations. Regression analyses using the eye movement variables as predictors indicated that number of object presentations predicted target memory with no additional impact of other viewing measures. In contrast, distractor memory was best predicted by the viewing pattern on the distractor objects. Finally, Experiment 2 showed that target memory was influenced by number of target object presentations, not number of searches for the target. Each of these experiments demonstrates visual memory differences between target and distractor objects and may provide insight into representational differences in visual memory.
Developing learning communities: using communities of practice within community psychology

The idea that communities need to be inclusive is almost axiomatic. The process, whereby, community members engage in inclusive practices is far less understood. Similarly, UK universities are being encouraged to include the wider community and extent campus boundaries. Here, I suggest a particular theoretical lens which sheds light on engagement and relationships between community members and university members. Communities of practice is a theory which offers much to understanding community psychology (CP) and ways in which universities can work with and within communities. Indeed, the ideas behind communities of practice can be extended to CP practice, to explore how communities learn and empower themselves. Communities of practice are aggregates of people who share doing, talking, beliefs and values (i.e. practices). Participants in these so‐called communities of practice learn through doing, becoming and belonging. Through a process of legitimate peripheral participation, apprentices are exposed to a learning curriculum, where practices and knowledge are integral to action and the development of practice. These notions of community of practice can be seen in community settings where CP is enacted. To illustrate this, I draw upon a case study in which CP undergraduate students learn how to do CP by undertaking a social change project within a community. Here, CP students, CP tutors and community members all participated, simultaneously learning and transforming their communities of practice. Communities of practice around geographical communities and university communities of practice are examined through the relationships between community psychologists (tutors and students) and community members. The ideas of legitimate membership (i.e. who can belong) and access to knowledge (and therefore power) can be explored using communities of practice ideas. If social change and sustainability are ultimate goals for CP, we need mechanisms which explore how participation, knowledge, identity and power are enacted in community settings. Communities of practice may be one step towards inclusive communities.
Oxidative Modification and Inactivation of the Proteasome during Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion*

Restoration of blood flow to ischemic myocardial tissue results in an increase in the production of oxygen radicals. Highly reactive, free radical species have the potential to damage cellular components. Clearly, maintenance of cellular viability is dependent, in part, on the removal of altered protein. The proteasome is a major intracellular proteolytic system which degrades oxidized and ubiquitinated forms of protein. Utilizing an in vivo rat model, we demonstrate that coronary occlusion/reperfusion resulted in declines in chymotrypsin-like, peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolase, and trypsin-like activities of the proteasome as assayed in cytosolic extracts. Analysis of purified 20 S proteasome revealed that declines in peptidase activities were accompanied by oxidative modification of the protein. We provide conclusive evidence that, upon coronary occlusion/reperfusion, the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal selectively modifies 20 S proteasome α-like subunits iota, C3, and an isoform of XAPC7. Occlusion/reperfusion-induced declines in trypsin-like activity were largely preserved upon proteasome purification. In contrast, loss in chymotrypsin-like and peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolase activities observed in cytosolic extracts were not evident upon purification. Thus, decreases in proteasome activity are likely due to both direct oxidative modification of the enzyme and inhibition of fluorogenic peptide hydrolysis by endogenous cytosolic inhibitory protein(s) and/or substrate(s). Along with inhibition of the proteasome, increases in cytosolic levels of oxidized and ubiquitinated protein(s) were observed. Taken together, our findings provide insight into potential mechanisms of coronary occlusion/reperfusion-induced proteasome inactivation and cellular consequences of these events.
When the role fits: Increasing demand in negotiation

When the Role Fits: Increasing Demand in Negotiation Kirstin C. Appelt Does adoption of one negotiator role or the other matter for negotiation? In negotiations emphasizing a single issue, role predicts negotiator frame. When the negotiation emphasizes price, buyers adopt non-loss/loss frames whereas sellers adopt gain/non-gain frames (Studies 2 & 4). Studies 1 and 2 investigate whether a match between role and regulatory focus creates regulatory fit (Higgins, 2000). In price negotiations, prevention buyers and promotion sellers are in focus-role fit whereas promotion buyers and prevention sellers are in non-fit. Focus-role fit negotiators report experiencing greater fit with their role and plan to be, and actually are, more demanding. Studies 3 and 4 clarify how focus-role fit operates. Focus-role fit intensifies negotiator responses through the regulatory fit “feeling right” experience. High assessors in focus-role fit, who are sensitive to the difference between feeling right and doing right, overcorrect the bias in their responses due to fit and show a reversal in their preparatory responses compared to low assessors in fit, who replicate the pattern of fit effects found in Studies 1 and 2 (Study 3). Focus-role fit is created through the strategic commonalities between role and regulatory focus. When strategy itself is manipulated, this commonality disappears and focus-role fit is eliminated. Instead focus-strategy fit and role-strategy fit impact experienced fit and planned demand (Study 4). Study 5 uses a negotiation about an issue other than price. When buyers are instructed to obtain information which sellers are instructed not to reveal, role now predicts negotiator frame in the opposite direction—buyers adopt gain/non-gain frames whereas sellers adopt non-loss/loss frames. Study 6 investigates role beyond single-issue, buyer-seller negotiations. In a two-issue negotiation between candidate and recruiter, role interacts with the emphasized issue to predict negotiator frame, planned demand, actual demand, and negotiated outcomes. Negotiators emphasizing their non-loss/loss issue adopt non-loss/loss frames more, are more demanding on their non-loss/loss issue, and reach better outcomes on their non-loss/loss issue than negotiators emphasizing their gain/non-gain issue. Together, these six studies demonstrate the importance of role in negotiations. Role impacts the psychological experience of negotiation as well as negotiator behavior and outcomes.