Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Confining strings in SU(N) gauge theories

We calculate the string tensions of k-strings in $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ gauge theories in both 3 and 4 dimensions. We do so for SU(4) and SU(5) in $D=3+1,$ and for SU(4) and SU(6) in $D=2+1. $ In $D=3+1,$ we find that the ratio of the $k=2$ string tension to the $k=1$ fundamental string tension is consistent, at the $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level, with both the M(-theory) QCD-inspired conjecture that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{k}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{sin}(\ensuremath{\pi}k/N)$ and with ``Casimir scaling,'' ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{k}\ensuremath{\propto}k(N\ensuremath{-}k). $ In $D=2+1,$ where our results are very precise, we see a definite deviation from the MQCD formula, as well as a much smaller but still significant deviation from Casimir scaling. We find that in both $D=2+1$ and $D=3+1$ the high temperature spatial k-string tensions also satisfy approximate Casimir scaling. We point out that approximate Casimir scaling arises naturally if the cross section of the flux tube is nearly independent of the flux carried, and that this will occur in an effective dual superconducting description if we are in the deep-London limit. We estimate, numerically, the intrinsic width of k-strings in $D=2+1$ and indeed find little variation with k. In addition to the stable k-strings we investigate some of the unstable strings, which show up as resonant states in the string mass spectrum. While in $D=3+1$ our results are not accurate enough to extract the string tensions of unstable strings, our more precise calculations in $D=2+1$ show that there the ratios between the tensions of unstable strings and the tension of the fundamental string are in reasonably good agreement with (approximate) Casimir scaling. We also investigate the basic assumption that confining flux tubes are described by an effective string theory at large distances, and we attempt to determine the corresponding universality class. We estimate the coefficient of the universal L\"uscher correction from periodic strings that are longer than 1 fm, and find ${c}_{L}=0.98(4)$ in the $D=3+1$ SU(2) gauge theory and ${c}_{L}=0.558(19)$ in $D=2+1. $ These values are within $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of the simple bosonic string values, ${c}_{L}=\ensuremath{\pi}/3$ and ${c}_{L}=\ensuremath{\pi}/6,$ respectively, and are inconsistent with other simple effective string theories such as the fermionic, supersymmetric, or Neveu-Schwartz theory.
Reading, Writing, and Rising Up: Teaching About Social Justice and the Power of the Written Word

"Linda Christensen has created a profound work of emancipatory pedagogy that brings together theory, classroom practice, personal narrative, and student work. She has distilled her 24 years with students in a rainbow classroom into a major accomplishment that is a must-read for every teacher seeking to reach students that are 'unreachable. '" — Geneva Smitherman, University Distinguished Professor atMichigan State University and author of Talkin' That Talk: Language, Culture, and Education in AfricanAmerica.
Local Structural Features Threaten Privacy across Social Networks

Can only a handful of structural features and no knowledge of link-level connectivity threaten privacy of individuals in a social network? Specifically, can we use a small number of local structural features defined on nodes (such as degree, clustering coefficient, average degree of neighbors, average clustering coefficient of neighbors, etc ) to reduce the uncertainty of individuals’ identities? Our work shows that the answer is yes. We detail how without direct access to the adjacency matrix, we can use the information in an auxiliary graph to effectively and efficiently reduce the uncertainty of any individual’s identity. To our knowledge, our work is the first of its kind that uses only structural features in order to reduce the uncertainty of an individual’s identity to the best possible set of candidates. In addition to being efficient (i.e., sub-quadratic computation), our approach automatically selects the appropriate size of the best possible set of candidates. Previous works assume the adjacency matrix of the anonymized graph is released; and hence rely on the sparsity of the human behavior exhibited in the adjacency matrix. The node × feature matrix is not sparse, making the re-identification problem a lot harder. Our experiments involve multiple synthetic and real graphs plus different noise models and parameter settings. On average for 84.5% of the individuals in real graphs, we are able to reduce the uncertainty by 85.4%. In synthetic graphs, on average for 82% of the nodes, we are able to reduce the uncertainty by 60%. We compare our approach to three baseline methods; and explain our results in terms of Jaccard Similarity and the number of Lookalikes between the original and auxiliary graphs.
gCad: A Near-Miss Clone Genealogy Extractor to Support Clone Evolution Analysis

Understanding the evolution of code clones is important for both developers and researchers to understand the maintenance implications of clones and to design robust clone management systems. Generally, a study of clone evolution starts with extracting clone genealogies across multiple versions of a program and classifying them according to their change patterns. Although these tasks are straightforward for exact clones, extracting the history of near-miss clones and classifying their change patterns automatically is challenging due to the potential diverse variety of clone fragments even in the same clone class. In this tool demonstration paper we describe the design and implementation of a near-miss clone genealogy extractor, gCad, that can extract and classify both exact and near-miss clone genealogies. Developers and researchers can compute a wide range of popular metrics regarding clone evolution by simply post processing the gCad results. gCad scales well to large subject systems, works for different granularities of clones, and adapts easily to popular clone detection tools.
NEAR-INFRARED PHOTOMETRIC SURVEY OF HERBIG Ae/Be CANDIDATE STARS

We report near-infrared photometric measurements of 35 Herbig Ae/Be candidate stars obtained with direct imaging and aperture photometry. Observations were made through the broadband J, H, and K′ filters, with each source imaged in at least one of the wavebands. We achieved subarcsecond angular resolution for all observations, providing us with the opportunity to search for close binary candidates and extended structure. The imaging revealed five newly identified binary candidates and one previously resolved T Tauri binary among the target sources with separations of ≲2. ″5. Separate photometry is provided for each of the binary candidate stars. We detect one extended source that has been identified as a protoplanetary nebula. Comparing our magnitudes to past measurements yields significant differences for some sources, possibly indicating photometric variability. H-band finding charts for all of our sources are provided to aid follow-up high-resolution imaging.
Effects of outmigration of labour migrants on gender roles: A Study in Nepal

In Nepal, growing number of men work abroad leaving their wives back home. Study on the situation of these left behind wives is limited so far. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of outmigration of male labour migrants on gender roles in Nepalese context and to understand whether outmigration has bearing on women’s empowerment. Adopting purposive sampling and snowball technique, 38 respondents were accessed and interviewed from three districts of Nepal: Kathmandu, Kavrepalanchowk and Makwanpur. The findings of this study revealed that the effect of outmigration of husband on gender roles is contextual and is not homogeneous. Outmigration of husband increased the work burden of wives in nuclear families particularly agricultural work whereas in extended families, wives’ roles remained almost same. In the study sample, most wives had access to resources but control on them was limited. Most wives had authority to make decision on everyday household expense but for large expenses and investments, they had to discuss with husbands. Outmigration of husband expanded avenue for wives to interact in public sphere. The study also reported family structure, employment of wives and development intervention aspects were influential on changing gender roles and women’s empowerment in addition to outmigration of husbands. (Less)
Can environmental constraints determine random patterns of plant species co-occurrence?

Plant community ecologists use the null model approach to infer assembly processes from observed patterns of species co-occurrence. In about a third of published studies, the null hypothesis of random assembly cannot be rejected. When this occurs, plant ecologists interpret that the observed random pattern is not environmentally constrained – but probably generated by stochastic processes. The null model approach (using the C-score and the discrepancy index) was used to test for random assembly under two simulation algorithms. Logistic regression, distance-based redundancy analysis, and constrained ordination were used to test for environmental determinism (species segregation along environmental gradients or turnover and species aggregation). This article introduces an environmentally determined community of alpine hydrophytes that presents itself as randomly assembled. The pathway through which the random pattern arises in this community is suggested to be as follows: Two simultaneous environmental processes, one leading to species aggregation and the other leading to species segregation, concurrently generate the observed pattern, which results to be neither aggregated nor segregated – but random. A simulation study supports this suggestion. Although apparently simple, the null model approach seems to assume that a single ecological factor prevails or that if several factors decisively influence the community, then they all exert their influence in the same direction, generating either aggregation or segregation. As these assumptions are unlikely to hold in most cases and assembly processes cannot be inferred from random patterns, we would like to propose plant ecologists to investigate specifically the ecological processes responsible for observed random patterns, instead of trying to infer processes from patterns.
The influence of playful activities on children's anxiety during the preoperative period at the outpatient surgical center.

OBJECTIVE To verify the influence of playful activities during the preoperative period on the anxiety of children participating in the therapeutic recreation project conducted at the outpatient surgical center of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil. METHODS The modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) was administered to 50 children between 5 and 12 years of age undergoing medical procedures at the outpatient surgical center. The children were divided in two groups: recreation group (individuals who participated in playful interventions in the recreation room) and control group (individuals who did not participate in playful interventions). Anxiety was measured using the mYPAS at two different moments: soon after the individuals arrived at the outpatient surgical center (minute 0) and 15 minutes after the first measurement. RESULTS The results showed that soon after arriving at the outpatient surgical center, the patients did not have significant differences regarding anxiety, showing high values. However, after 15 minutes waiting or undergoing intervention, the children in the recreation group had reduced anxiety levels and those in the control group remained anxious. CONCLUSIONS During the preoperative period, children who participate in playful activities in the recreation room have their anxiety reduced in comparison with those that only stay in the preoperative holding area for at least 15 minutes.
The pole dynamics of rational solutions of the viscous Burgers equation

Rational solutions of the viscous Burgers equation are examined using the dynamics of their poles in the complex x-plane. The dynamical system for the motion of these poles is finite dimensional and not Hamiltonian. Nevertheless, we show that this finite-dimensional system is completely integrable, by explicit construction of a sufficient number of conserved quantities. The dynamical system has a class of non-equilibrium similarity solutions for which all poles have equal real part for t sufficiently large. Within the context of the finite-dimensional dynamical system these solutions are shown to be asymptotically stable.
Modelling Different Volatility Components in High-Frequency Financial Returns

This paper considers simultaneous modelling of seasonality, slowly changing un- conditional variance and conditional heteroskedasticity in high-frequency financial returns. A new approach, called a seasonal SEMIGARCH model, is proposed to perform this by introducing multiplicative seasonal and trend components into the GARCH model. A data-driven semiparametric algorithm is developed for estimating the model. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are investigated brie y. An approximate significance test of seasonality and the use of Monte Carlo confidence bounds for the trend are proposed. Practical performance of the proposal is investigated in detail using some German stock price returns. The approach proposed here provides a useful semiparametric extension of the GARCH model.
Validation of prognostic scoring and assessment of clinical benefit for patients with bone sarcomas enrolled in phase I clinical trials

Background We sought to validate the Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH) and MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) prognostic scoring systems for the selection of bone sarcoma patients for phase I clinical trials and to identify additional risk factors related to survival. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the baseline characteristics and outcomes of 92 bone sarcoma patients who were referred to MDACC's Phase I Clinical Trials Program. Results Ninety-two patients with Ewing sarcoma (N = 47), osteosarcoma (N = 22), chondrosarcoma (N = 16), and other tumors (N = 7) were evaluated; 78 were enrolled in at least 1 of 43 different phase I trials. The median overall survival (OS) was 8.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.8–13.7 months). Independent factors that predicted shorter survival were male sex, >2 metastatic sites, >3 previous therapies, hemoglobin level <10.5 g/dL, platelet count >200 x103/L, creatinine level ≥1.3 mg/dL, and lactate dehydrogenase level >ULN. Patients with good RMH scores (0-1) had longer OS than patients with poor RMH scores (2-3) (HR = 5.8, 95% CI = 2.9–11.0; P < 0.0001), as did patients with low MDACC scores (0-1) as compared to patients with higher MDACC scores (2–4) (HR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.9–5.6; P < 0.0001). Conclusion The RMH prognostic score can be used to predict the OS of bone cancer patients referred for phase I trials. The MDACC score added no value to the RMH score and therefore does not have a role in assessment of patients with bone tumors. Patients with advanced bone sarcomas should be considered for phase I trials.
Adaptive design for decision support systems

Decision Support Systems (DSS) represent a concept of the role of computers within the decision making process . The term has become a rallying cry for researchers, practitioners, an d managers concerned that Management Science and Management Information Systems fields hav e become unnecessarily narrow in focus . As with many rallying cries, the term is not well defined . For some writers, DSS simply mean interactive systems for use by managers . To others, the key issue is support, rather than system . They focus on understanding and improving the decision process; a DSS is then designed using any available and suitable technology . Some researchers view DSS as a subfield of MIS, while others regard it as an extension of Management Science techniques . The former define Decision Support as providing managers with access to data and the latter as giving them access to analytic models .
Chromatin assembly factor 1, subunit A (P150) facilitates cell proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Several studies have revealed that the abnormal expression of chromatin assembly factor 1, subunit A (P150) (CHAF1A) was involved in the development of some types of malignant tumors. However, CHAF1A expression and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain poorly characterized. In this study, we first investigated CHAF1A expression in six cell lines and 116 pairs of HCC and matched normal tumor-adjacent tissues to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of CHAF1A in HCC. Then, we detected the proliferation and apoptosis in HCC cells. In addition, a subcutaneous tumor model in nude mice was performed to evaluate tumor growth in vivo. We found that the expression of CHAF1A was significantly higher in HCC tissues than that in adjacent nontumor tissues (P<0.01). Clinical analysis indicated that CHAF1A expression was significantly correlated with the tumor–node–metastasis stage, tumor number, and tumor differentiation in HCC tissues (P<0.05, respectively). We also found that CHAF1A may potentially function as a poor prognostic indicator for 5-year overall and disease-free survival in patients with HCC (P<0.05, respectively). The elevated expression of CHAF1A was also observed in HCC cell lines compared with that in normal LO2 hepatic cell line (P<0.01). HCC cancer cells exhibited inhibition of cell growth, reduction in colony-formation ability, increased cell apoptosis rate, and impaired tumorigenicity in nude mice after CHAF1A knockdown. Collectively, we propose that CHAF1A by potentially mediating cancer cell proliferation plays an important role in promoting the development of HCC and may serve as a potential therapeutic target in HCC.
MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF A NEW MARINE SAND‐DWELLING PROROCENTRUM SPECIES, P. TSAWWASSENENSE (DINOPHYCEAE, PROROCENTRALES), FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA 1

A new marine benthic, sand‐dwelling Prorocentrum species from the temperate region of the Pacific coast of British Columbia, Canada, is described using LM and EM and molecular phylogenetic analyses. The cells have a broad oval shape, 40.0–55.0 μm long and 30.0–47.5 μm wide, and a wide U‐shaped periflagellar area on the right thecal plate. The left thecal plate consists of a straighter apical outline in the form of a raised ridge. Five to six delicate apical spines in the center of the periflagellar area are present. The nucleus is located in the posterior region of the cell, and a conspicuous pusule is located in the anterior region of the cell. The cells have golden‐brown chloroplasts with a compound, intrachloroplast pyrenoid that lacks a starch sheath. The thecal plates are smooth with round pores of two different sizes. The larger pores are arranged in a specific pattern of radial rows that are evenly spaced around the plate periphery and of irregular rows (or double rows) that form an incomplete “V” at the apical end of the plates. Large pores are absent in the center of the left and right thecal plates. The intercalary band is striated transversely and also has faint horizontal striations. Trichocysts and two types of mucocysts are present. The molecular phylogenetic position of Prorocentrum tsawwassenense sp. nov. was inferred using SSU rDNA sequences. This new species branched with high support in a Prorocentrum clade containing both benthic and planktonic species.
Algorithms for Selecting Informative Marker Panels for Population Assignment

Given a set of potential source populations, genotypes of an individual of unknown origin at a collection of markers can be used to predict the correct source population of the individual. For improved efficiency, informative markers can be chosen from a larger set of markers to maximize the accuracy of this prediction. However, selecting the loci that are individually most informative does not necessarily produce the optimal panel. Here, using genotypes from eight species--carp, cat, chicken, dog, fly, grayling, human, and maize--this univariate accumulation procedure is compared to new multivariate "greedy" and "maximin" algorithms for choosing marker panels. The procedures generally suggest similar panels, although the greedy method often recommends inclusion of loci that are not chosen by the other algorithms. In seven of the eight species, when applied to five or more markers, all methods achieve at least 94% assignment accuracy on simulated individuals, with one species--dog--producing this level of accuracy with only three markers, and the eighth species--human--requiring approximately 13-16 markers. The new algorithms produce substantial improvements over use of randomly selected markers; where differences among the methods are noticeable, the greedy algorithm leads to slightly higher probabilities of correct assignment. Although none of the approaches necessarily chooses the panel with optimal performance, the algorithms all likely select panels with performance near enough to the maximum that they all are suitable for practical use.
Recidivism in Australia: findings and future research

increasingly important in the criminal justice policy arena, recidivism research provides promise for crime control strategies targeted at reducing reoffending. Identifying recidivists, understanding the correlates of high volume offending, and evaluating programs designed to reduce offending remain three key research and policy priorities in Australia. Despite the importance of recidivism, there is a large divide between research and policy. What policy makers would like to measure often bears little resemblance to what researchers are able to measure, given the limitations on appropriate data and available information. As a result, research findings are often used out of context and with little regard for limitations imposed on them by the methodological constraints they face. This is driven primarily by a lack of clarity surrounding an appropriate definition of recidivism and clear articulation of research methodologies. This report summarises studies published in the Australian literature that have focused on recidivism over the past ten years. Despite recidivism being a key aspect in understanding offenders and their offending behaviour, there have been relatively few studies. In addition, it brings together for the first time the different methods used by Australian researchers to measure recidivism, and highlights their strengths and weaknesses. The report deals with important questions relating to recidivism research. It provides a conceptual framework through which recidivism can be defined and interpreted and arms both researchers and policy makers with a battery of tools useful in critical assessment of the research literature.