Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Active Learning and Co-Training in Text Classification

Ever increasing volumes of data in electronic format are being produced and stored, due mainly to the relatively inexpensive cost of storage and emerging techniques for extracting useful information from such data. A large corpus of data, in itself does not offer a lot of value but if it were categorised into relevant, prescribed categories, this data could become quite useful. Text classification is the name given to automated techniques for grouping textual information into categories. The task of categorisation lends itself fully to automation. Large corpora of data require administration and a technique to effectively manage the data, since the rate at which data is produced is far in greater that the rate at which it can be manually processed. Manual categorisation of data is feasible only in the small scale. Even a small organisation can now produce large amounts of data. Modern machine learning techniques (supervised learning) allow for a classifier to be produced using only labelled examples from concept that is required to be learned. Previously, considerable human effort was required to manually construct and maintain hand-crafted rules which formed the classifier. Modern machine learning techniques has allowed for off the shelf learners which given enough training data can construct an accurate classifier. Large quantities of training data are required for an accurate classifiers to be produced. However, obtaining labelled training examples can often be an expensive task in itself. Typically, examples need to be manually labelled which is a laborious, time consuming and repetitive task. Most humans do not relish the idea of labelling thousands of examples. In many domains labelled training data is either scarce or expensive to produce. Unlabelled data, on the other hand, is plentiful and inexpensive to collect. The learner should make use of this unlabelled data to help it produce an accurate classifier without the need for large amounts of labelled training data. Active learning and Co-Training are methods which require very little labelled training data and exploit unlabelled data in order to increase accuracy
Higher education and graduate employment in Europe: results from graduates surveys in twelve countries

This book reports the outcomes of a study of the relationship between higher education and employment three to four years after graduation. Conducted between 1998 and 2000, the Career after Higher Education: a European Research Study (CHEERS) project questioned graduates from nine countries in the European Union (Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the UK), Norway, the Czech Republic, and Japan, about their socio-biographical background, study paths, transition from higher education to employment, early career, links between study and employment, job satisfaction and their retrospective view on higher education. The book provides a description of the study methodology and the major results, with a focus on the differences by country. The companion volume provides details of the various topics of the study and uses more complex methods of analysis. The chapters are: Developments, prior research and the concepts of this study; Methods used; The educational paths and attainments; Course of study; Job search, transition to employment and early career; Early career; Employment several years after graduation; Competences and work assignments; Match between education and employment; Orientations and job satisfaction; Career relevant aspects; Major findings and policy implications.
The 40-year history of modeling active dendrites in cerebellar Purkinje cells: emergence of the first single cell “community model”

The subject of the effects of the active properties of the Purkinje cell dendrite on neuronal function has been an active subject of study for more than 40 years. Somewhat unusually, some of these investigations, from the outset have involved an interacting combination of experimental and model-based techniques. This article recounts that 40-year history, and the view of the functional significance of the active properties of the Purkinje cell dendrite that has emerged. It specifically considers the emergence from these efforts of what is arguably the first single cell “community” model in neuroscience. The article also considers the implications of the development of this model for future studies of the complex properties of neuronal dendrites.
An efficient failure detector for sparsely connected networks

We present an implementation of an eventually perfect failure detector for sparsely connected, partitionable networks, where each process has only a bounded number of neighbors. Processes and links may fail by crashing. Regarding synchrony, our algorithm only needs to know an upper bound on the jitter " of the communication between direct neighbors. No a-priori knowledge about the number of processes in the system is required. The algorithm uses heartbeats to determine whether a process is in the same partition. By reducing the frequency of forwards by distance, information about nearer processes is more accurate than about farther ones, and the message size becomes constant. Since this property can be guaranteed independently of the number of processes in the system, our failure detector is very efﬁcient in terms of communication complexity.
Gender Obesity Inequities Are Huge but Differ Greatly According to Environment and Socio-Economics in a North African Setting: A National Cross-Sectional Study in Tunisia

Introduction Southern Mediterranean countries have experienced a marked increase in the prevalence of obesity whose consequences for gender related health inequities have been little studied. We assessed gender obesity inequalities and their environmental and socio-economic modifiers among Tunisian adults. Methods Cross-sectional survey in 2005; national, 3 level random cluster sample of 35–70 years Tunisians (women: n = 2964, men: n = 2379). Overall adiposity was assessed by BMI = weight(kg)/height(m)2 and obesity was BMI≥30, WHtR = waist circumference to height ratio defined abdominal obesity as WHtR≥0.6. Gender obesity inequality measure was women versus men Prevalence Proportion Odds-Ratio (OR); models featuring gender x covariate interaction assessed variation of gender obesity inequalities with area (urban versus rural), age, marital status or socio-economic position (profession, education, household income proxy). Results BMI was much higher among women (28.4(0.2)) versus men (25.3(0.1)), P<0.0001) as was obesity (37.0% versus 13.3%, OR = 3.8[3.1–7.4], P<0.0001) and abdominal obesity (42.6% versus 15.6%, 4.0[3.3–4.8], P<0.0001). Gender obesity inequalities (women versus men adjusted OR) were higher in urban (OR = 3.3[1.3–8.7]) than rural (OR = 2.0[0.7–5.5]) areas. These gender obesity inequalities were lower for subjects with secondary education or more (OR = 3.3[1.3–8.6]), than among those with no schooling (OR = 6.9[2.0–23.3]). They were also lower for those with upper/intermediate profession (OR = 1.4[0.5–4.3]) or even employees/workers OR = 2.3[1.0–5.4] than those not professionaly active at all (OR = 3.3[1.3–8.6]). Similar results were observed for addominal obesity. Conclusion The huge overall gender obesity inequities (women much more corpulent than men) were higher in urban settings, but lower among subjects of higher education and professional activity. Reasons for gender inequalities in obesity and their variation with socio-economic position should be sought so that appropriate policies to reduce these inequalities can be implemented in Tunisia and similar settings.
Protected gates for topological quantum field theories

We study restrictions on locality-preserving unitary logical gates for topological quantum codes in two spatial dimensions. A locality-preserving operation is one which maps local operators to local operators --- for example, a constant-depth quantum circuit of geometrically local gates, or evolution for a constant time governed by a geometrically-local bounded-strength Hamiltonian. Locality-preserving logical gates of topological codes are intrinsically fault tolerant because spatially localized errors remain localized, and hence sufficiently dilute errors remain correctable. By invoking general properties of two-dimensional topological field theories, we find that the locality-preserving logical gates are severely limited for codes which admit non-abelian anyons; in particular, there are no locality-preserving logical gates on the torus or the sphere with M punctures if the braiding of anyons is computationally universal. Furthermore, for Ising anyons on the M-punctured sphere, locality-preserving gates must be elements of the logical Pauli group. We derive these results by relating logical gates of a topological code to automorphisms of the Verlinde algebra of the corresponding anyon model, and by requiring the logical gates to be compatible with basis changes in the logical Hilbert space arising from local F-moves and the mapping class group.
Data classification for artificial intelligence construct training to aid in network incident identification using network telescope data

This paper considers the complexities involved in obtaining training data for use by artificial intelligence constructs to identify potential network incidents using passive network telescope data. While a large amount of data obtained from network telescopes exists, this data is not currently marked for known incidents. Problems related to this marking process include the accuracy of the markings, the validity of the original data and the time involved. In an attempt to solve these issues two methods of training data generation are considered namely; manual identification and automated generation. The manual technique considers heuristics for finding network incidents while the automated technique considers building simulated data sets using existing models of virus propagation and malicious activity. An example artificial intelligence system is then constructed using these marked datasets.
Developing insight into effective SPSA parameters through sensitivity analysis

Traffic simulation models have seen increasing use during the past decades. One of the biggest challenges related to their successful application, is the appropriate set of their values, thus achieving the accurate representation of driving and travel behavior parameters' diversity. Models' calibration using optimization algorithms, and more specifically the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) algorithm, is a crucial step. In this research, we study several aspects of SPSA's algorithm. A sensitivity analysis is implemented, in the context of finding the appropriate set of parameters, that will significantly improve its performance. Through successive experiments, the most efficient set is selected, and some guidelines are presented.
Polyurethane-Coated Breast Implants Revisited: A 30-Year Follow-Up

Background Polyurethane coating of breast implants has been shown to reduce capsular contracture in short-term follow-up studies. This 30-year study is the longest examination of the use of polyurethane-coated implants and their correlation with capsular contracture. Methods This study evaluates the senior surgeon's (F.D.P.) experience with the use of polyurethane-coated implants in aesthetic breast augmentation in 382 patients over 30 years. Follow-up evaluations were conducted for six months after surgery. After the six-month follow-up period, 76 patients returned for reoperation. The gross findings, histology, and associated capsular contracture were noted at the time of explantation. Results No patient during the six-month follow-up period demonstrated capsular contracture. For those who underwent reoperation for capsular contracture, Baker II/III contractures were noted nine to 10 years after surgery and Baker IV contractures were noted 12 to 21 years after surgery. None of the explanted implants had macroscopic evidence of polyurethane, which was only found during the first five years after surgery. The microscopic presence of polyurethane was noted in all capsules up to 30 years after the original operation. Conclusions An inverse correlation was found between the amount of polyurethane coating on the implant and the occurrence of capsular contracture. Increasingly severe capsular contracture was associated with a decreased amount of polyurethane coating on the surface of the implants. No contracture occurred in patients whose implants showed incomplete biodegradation of polyurethane, as indicated by the visible presence of polyurethane coating. We recommend research to find a non-toxic, non-biodegradable synthetic material as an alternative to polyurethane.
Detection of the downlink WiMAX signal for DAA operation of MB-OFDM UWB receivers

The detector proposed in this paper tries to address the challenge of low signal-to-noise ratio signal detection in low-complexity MB-OFDM UWB receivers. The idea is to exploit the 128-point FFT of the UWB receiver to carry out frequency-domain energy detection. The main advantage of the proposed detector is that it only requires a memory buffer the size of the UWB receiver FFT, which makes it lighter on additional hardware requirements than correlation-based detectors.
Dopamine Preferentially Inhibits NMDA Receptor-Mediated EPSCs by Acting on Presynaptic D1 Receptors in Nucleus Accumbens during Postnatal Development

Nucleus accumbens (nAcb), a major site of action of drugs of abuse and dopamine (DA) signalling in MSNs (medium spiny neurons), is critically involved in mediating behavioural responses of drug addiction. Most studies have evaluated the effects of DA on MSN firing properties but thus far, the effects of DA on a cellular circuit involving glutamatergic afferents to the nAcb have remained rather elusive. In this study we attempted to characterize the effects of dopamine (DA) on evoked glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in nAcb medium spiny (MS) neurons in 1 to 21 day-old rat pups. The EPSCs evoked by local nAcb stimuli displayed both AMPA/KA and NMDA receptor-mediated components. The addition of DA to the superfusing medium produced a marked decrease of both components of the EPSCs that did not change during the postnatal period studied. Pharmacologically isolated AMPA/KA receptor-mediated response was inhibited on average by 40% whereas the isolated NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC was decreased by 90%. The effect of DA on evoked EPSCs were mimicked by the D1-like receptor agonist SKF 38393 and antagonized by the D1-like receptor antagonist SCH 23390 whereas D2-like receptor agonist or antagonist respectively failed to mimic or to block the action of DA. DA did not change the membrane input conductance of MS neurons or the characteristics of EPSCs produced by the local administration of glutamate in the presence of tetrodotoxin. In contrast, DA altered the paired-pulse ratio of evoked EPSCs. The present results show that the activation D1-like dopaminergic receptors modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by preferentially inhibiting NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC through presynaptic mechanisms.
Tree Species Traits but Not Diversity Mitigate Stem Breakage in a Subtropical Forest following a Rare and Extreme Ice Storm

Future climates are likely to include extreme events, which in turn have great impacts on ecological systems. In this study, we investigated possible effects that could mitigate stem breakage caused by a rare and extreme ice storm in a Chinese subtropical forest across a gradient of forest diversity. We used Bayesian modeling to correct stem breakage for tree size and variance components analysis to quantify the influence of taxon, leaf and wood functional traits, and stand level properties on the probability of stem breakage. We show that the taxon explained four times more variance in individual stem breakage than did stand level properties; trees with higher specific leaf area (SLA) were less susceptible to breakage. However, a large part of the variation at the taxon scale remained unexplained, implying that unmeasured or undefined traits could be used to predict damage caused by ice storms. When aggregated at the plot level, functional diversity and wood density increased after the ice storm. We suggest that for the adaption of forest management to climate change, much can still be learned from looking at functional traits at the taxon level.
Materials and Optimized Designs for Human‐Machine Interfaces Via Epidermal Electronics

Thin, soft, and elastic electronics with physical properties well matched to the epidermis can be conformally and robustly integrated with the skin. Materials and optimized designs for such devices are presented for surface electromyography (sEMG). The findings enable sEMG from wide ranging areas of the body. The measurements have quality sufficient for advanced forms of human-machine interface.
Recomposition: putting it all back together again

Together Again ' " building sofivare from the Perspectiveof the coordination Design and development work have become increasingly interesting to CSCW researchers. This paper introduces a new perspective for extimg that work. decomposition. Decomposition focuses on the activities required to coordinate the assembly of an artifacL Using examples drawn from a study of three software development organizations, I show how decomposition is a form of articulation work I describe how that articulation work influences the product produce~ and how the product itseK influences the coordination required-I discuss the implications of a decomposition view for CSCW research. INTRODUCTION h the last few years there has been an increasing interest in design among CSCW researchers. First, design is the activity bat studies of work intend to inform [23]. As discussions about the relationship behveen studies of work and systems development continue, design wi~ remain a focus of attention within the community. Secon& design is a highly collaborative activi~. It provides a good opportunity to study issues that are relevant to CSCW concetns.
Portfolio Selection with Skewness: A Comparison and a Generalized Two Fund Separation Result

The main aim of this contribution is to compare existing and newly developed techniques for geometrically representing mean-variance-skewness portfolio frontiers based on the rather widely adapted methodology of polynomial goal programming (PGP) on the one hand and the more recent approach based on the shortage function on the other hand. Moreover, we explain the working of these different methodologies in detail and provide graphical illustrations. Inspired by these illustrations, we prove a generalization of the well-known two fund separation theorem from traditional mean-variance portfolio theory.
Parenting beliefs and practices of Turkish immigrant mothers in Western Europe

The major aims of this study were (1) to investigat e the differences and similarities in longterm socialization goals of German mothers and Turk ish immigrant mothers living in Germany; and (2) to examine socialization goals of Turkish immigrant mothers in relation to their acculturation attitudes. Participants were co mp sed of 79 Turkish mothers who were either raised in Germany or migrated to Germany, an d 91 German mothers of preschoolers living in Germany. Turkish immigrant mothers were m ore likely to expect their children to have close relations with the family, to be well-ma nnered and they were less likely to value autonomy than were German mothers. Turkish mothers who were more integrated into German culture were found to value individualistic goals such as self-control more than Turkish mothers who were more separated from the Ge rman culture, yet both groups valued mutual support within the family very highly. The f indings reveal that socialization goal patterns of Turkish immigrant mothers represent the pattern depicted in the psychological interdependence model proposed by Kagitcibasi (2007 ). *This study was conducted as a part of “Home Start Before School Start” project funded by Volkswagen Foundation and run by Prof Birgit Leyendecker from Ruhr-Bochum University. *This chapter is based on Durgel, E.S. , Leyendecker , B. , Yagmurlu, B. , & Harwood, R. (2009). Sociocult ural influences on German and Turkish immigrant mothers’ long-term socialization goals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 40, 834-852.
The prognosis in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: young patients versus older patients

Backgrounds/Aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is uncommon in young adults and the prognosis of these patients is still unclear. In this retrospective study, we compared the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of young patients with HCC with those of older patients with HCC. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological characteristics of a total of 1,124 patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy at our institution between 2006 and 2010. Patients ≤40 years of age at the time of HCC diagnosis were classified in the younger group. Results One hundred and three patients (9.2%) were classified in the younger group. whereas, 1021 patients were classified in the older group. The incidences of hepatitis B virus infection, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, and indocyanine green retention test were all higher in younger patients than in older patients (p<0.05). Disease-free survival and overall survival were longer in older patients than in younger patients, without statistical significance. In younger patients, increased levels of protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) and alkaline phosphatase, portal vein tumor thrombosis, and intrahepatic metastasis were all predisposing factors for tumor recurrence after hepatectomy. Conclusions Although the AFP levels were higher in younger patients with HCC than in older patients with HCC, disease-free survival and overall survival after liver resection were not significantly different between the two groups.