Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning by example: school exclusion and life-enacted learning

From the discourse of life-long learning comes the proposal that any interaction has the potential to become a learning experience. Further, that the relationships established and enacted via such exchanges are paramount to learning and psychosocial development. With this in mind the question begs: what is it that governments expect students and their school communities to learn from instances of State sanctioned exclusion? In this paper the discursive context is set with an analysis of Queensland’s Education (General Provisions) Act 1989 and discussion of the legislative power authorised to principals to enforce school exclusion. From this examination it will be tendered that legislative practice is incongruent with several policy initiatives currently directing State and federal educational practice in Australia. The cost of this conflict is examined in the second part of the paper when interview narratives, sourced from students who have experienced formal school exclusion, will be presented. It is argued that language use does contribute to the ongoing and situated construction of student’s identities and thus has the potential to engage or estrange a variety of learning-based relationships. In this sense the principle of temporality inferred in the concept of life-long learning can be conjoined with the contex tual importance of life-enacted learning encouraged through relational engagement. To enable such a transformation it is necessary to re-vision the principles informing the conduct of every day relationships. The concept of relational responsibility is advanced as a promising supplement to individually-based discourses which dominate and debilitate contemporary communicative activity. Activity in and through which the practice of education takes place.
Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps

UNLABELLED Research over the last few years has revealed significant haplotype structure in the human genome. The characterization of these patterns, particularly in the context of medical genetic association studies, is becoming a routine research activity. Haploview is a software package that provides computation of linkage disequilibrium statistics and population haplotype patterns from primary genotype data in a visually appealing and interactive interface. AVAILABILITY http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview/ CONTACT jcbarret@broad.mit.edu
FORMATION OF MASSIVE GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT: COLD STREAMS, CLUMPY DISKS, AND COMPACT SPHEROIDS

We present a simple theoretical framework for massive galaxies at high redshift, where the main assembly and star formation occurred, and report on the first cosmological simulations that reveal clumpy disks consistent with our analysis. The evolution is governed by the interplay between smooth and clumpy cold streams, disk instability, and bulge formation. Intense, relatively smooth streams maintain an unstable dense gas-rich disk. Instability with high turbulence and giant clumps, each a few percent of the disk mass, is self-regulated by gravitational interactions within the disk. The clumps migrate into a bulge in ≲10 dynamical times, or ≲0.5 Gyr. The cosmological streams replenish the draining disk and prolong the clumpy phase to several Gigayears in a steady state, with comparable masses in disk, bulge, and dark matter within the disk radius. The clumps form stars in dense subclumps following the overall accretion rate, ∼100 M☉ yr−1, and each clump converts into stars in ∼0.5 Gyr. While the clumps coalesce dissipatively to a compact bulge, the star-forming disk is extended because the incoming streams keep the outer disk dense and susceptible to instability and because of angular momentum transport. Passive spheroid-dominated galaxies form when the streams are more clumpy: the external clumps merge into a massive bulge and stir up disk turbulence that stabilize the disk and suppress in situ clump and star formation. We predict a bimodality in galaxy type by z ∼ 3, involving giant-clump star-forming disks and spheroid-dominated galaxies of suppressed star formation. After z ∼ 1, the disks tend to be stabilized by the dominant stellar disks and bulges. Most of the high-z massive disks are likely to end up as today's early-type galaxies.
Investigation of PACAP Fragments and Related Peptides in Chronic Retinal Hypoperfusion

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has neuroprotective effects in different neuronal and retinal injuries. Retinal ischemia can be effectively modelled by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), which causes chronic hypoperfusion-induced degeneration in the entire rat retina. The retinoprotective effect of PACAP 1-38 and VIP is well-established in ischemic retinopathy. However, little is known about the effects of related peptides and PACAP fragments in ischemic retinopathy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential retinoprotective effects of different PACAP fragments (PACAP 4-13, 4-22, 6-10, 6-15, 11-15, and 20-31) and related peptides (secretin, glucagon) in BCCAO-induced ischemic retinopathy. Wistar rats (3-4 months old) were used in the experiment. After performing BCCAO, the right eyes of the animals were treated with PACAP fragments or related peptides intravitreal (100 pM), while the left eyes were injected with saline serving as control eyes. Sham-operated (without BCCAO) rats received the same treatment. Routine histology was performed 2 weeks after the surgery; cells were counted and the thickness of retinal layers was compared. Our results revealed significant neuroprotection by PACAP 1-38 but did not reveal retinoprotective effect of the PACAP fragments or related peptides. These results suggest that PACAP 1-38 has the greatest efficacy in ischemic retinopathy.
Gender Differences in the Association between Socioeconomic Status and Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Objectives This study explored the pattern of associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and atherosclerosis progression (as indicated by carotid intima media thickness, CIMT) across gender. Design Cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 5474 older persons (mean age 73 years) recruited between 1999 and 2001 in the 3C study (France). We fitted linear regression models including neighborhood SES, individual SES and cardiovascular risk factors. Results CIMT was on average 24 µm higher in men (95% CI: 17 to 31). Neighborhood SES was inversely associated with CIMT in women only (highest versus lowest tertiles: −12.2 µm, 95%CI −22 to −2.4). This association persisted when individual SES and risk factors were accounted for. High individual education was associated with lower CIMT in men (−21.4 µm 95%CI −37.5 to −5.3) whereas high professional status was linked to lower CIMT among women (−15.7 µm 95%CI: −29.2 to −2.2). Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors resulted in a slightly more pronounced reduction of the individual SES-CIMT association observed in men than in women. Conclusion In this sample, neighborhood and individual SES displayed different patterns of associations with subclinical atherosclerosis across gender. This suggests that the causal pathways leading to SES variations in atherosclerosis may differ among men and women.
Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Sperm Activity and Early Life Stages of the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

Larval stages are among those most vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). Projected atmospheric CO2 levels for the end of this century may lead to negative impacts on communities dominated by calcifying taxa with planktonic life stages. We exposed Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) sperm and early life stages to pHT levels of 8.0 (current pH) and 7.6 (2100 level) by manipulating pCO2 level (380 and 1000 ppm). Sperm activity was examined at ambient temperatures (16–17 °C) using individual males as replicates. We also assessed the effects of temperature (ambient and ≈20 °C) and pH on larval size, survival, respiration and calcification of late trochophore/early D-veliger stages using a cross-factorial design. Increased pCO2 had a negative effect on the percentage of motile sperm (mean response ratio R= 71%) and sperm swimming speed (R= 74%), possibly indicating reduced fertilization capacity of sperm in low concentrations. Increased temperature had a more prominent effect on larval stages than pCO2, reducing performance (RSize = 90% and RSurvival = 70%) and increasing energy demand (RRespiration = 429%). We observed no significant interactions between pCO2 and temperature. Our results suggest that increasing temperature might have a larger impact on very early larval stages of M. galloprovincialis than OA at levels predicted for the end of the century.
ELECTRICAL RESPONSES FROM THE LATERAL-LINE NERVES OF FISHES

The spontaneous discharge of impulses from the lateral-line nerves of trout and catfish has been examined. 1. Broken endings of nerve fibers supplying receptors of the lateral-lines of trout and catfish may be the source of a repetitive discharge of nerve impulses. 2. This injury discharge occurs more frequently in trout and may mask the spontaneous discharge from the receptor cells. Experiments indicate that the latter discharge is not the result of injury. 3. The injury discharge ceases in from 10 to 15 minutes. The spontaneous receptor discharge in trout may continue for an hour if the circulation remains intact. The receptor response also fails in from 10 to 15 minutes after failure of the circulation. 4. The receptor discharge, the injury discharge, or the summed discharges frequently become synchronized. The excitability of the fibers of the nerve trunk appears to vary synchronously, so that nerve impulses initiated in fibers from tactile receptors not contributing to the spontaneous discharge can be conducted only during the part of the cycle occupied by the spontaneous discharge.
The concept of Box Invariance for biologically- inspired dynamical systems

In this paper we introduce a special notion of Invariance Set for certain classes of dynamical systems: the concept has been inspired by our experience with models drawn from Biology. We claim that Box Invariance, that is, the existence of “boxed” invariant regions, is a characteristic of many biologically-inspired dynamical models, especially those derived from stoichiometric reactions. Moreover, box invariance is quite useful for the verification of safety properties of such systems. This paper presents effective characterization of this notion for linear and affine systems, the study of the dynamical properties it subsumes, computational aspects of checking for box invariance, and a comparison with related concepts in the literature. The concept is illustrated using two models from biology.
The impact of E-marketing use on small business enterprises' marketing success

Small business enterprises (SBEs) are considered to be the economic engine leading to worldwide economic development. They have attracted substantial consideration from researchers, academics and practitioners in the last three decades. Meanwhile, E-marketing (EM) has emerged as one of the key drivers in sustaining an organisation's competitive advantage. Yet, there is a lack of systematic empirical evidence regarding marketing activities that are affected by the use of EM in the (SBEs) context, and their consequent performance outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of EM use by SBEs on marketing success and to develop and test a conceptual model of the antecedents and consequences of EM use by SBEs. The conceptual framework consists of the following constructs: EM budget, EM tools, pre-sales activities, after-sales activities, marketing performance and marketing effectiveness. Moreover, 12 hypotheses were developed and tested. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the validity of measures, while structural equation modelling was used in hypotheses testing. Data were collected from 114 SBEs who had used different EM tools. Findings reveal that the use of EM tools has a positive influence on SBEs pre-sales activities, after-sales activities, marketing performance and marketing effectiveness. The results of this study have major implications for the marketing domain, as they stress the central role of marketing people in the successful implementation of EM in SBEs.
First detection of a lithium rich carbon star in the Draco dwarf galaxy: Evidence for a young stellar population

We present a spectroscopic study of D461, a giant star belonging to Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy. From spectral synthesis in LTE we derive a lithium abundance of log � (Li) = 3.5±0. 4a nd aC /O ratio between 3 and 5. This is the first detection of a lithium rich C-star in a dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Basing on stellar models of appropriate chemical composition, we show that a similar C enrichment is compatible with that expected for a low mass low metallicity thermally pulsing AGB star, undergoing few third dredge up episodes. The position in the log g-log Teff diagram of D461 is also compatible with this theoretical scenario. In particular, the low effective temperature, lower than that expected for a low metallicity giant star, is a consequence of the huge increase of the envelope opacity occurring after the carbon dredge up. The Li enrichment may be explained if a deep circulation would take place during the interpulse period, the so called cool bottom process. In spite of the low resolution of our spectra, we derive a lower limit for the carbon isotopic ratio, namely 12 C/ 13 C > 40, and a constraint for the Ba abundance, namely 0.5 < (Ba/Fe) < 2. The proposed scenario also fits these further constraints. Then, we estimate that the mass of D461 ranges between 1.2 and 2 M� , which corresponds to an age ranging between 1 and 3 Gyr. We conclude that this star is more massive and younger than the typical stellar population of Draco.
Epigenotype–phenotype correlations in Silver–Russell syndrome

Background Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterised by intrauterine growth restriction, poor postnatal growth, relative macrocephaly, triangular face and asymmetry. Maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) of chromosome 7 and hypomethylation of the imprinting control region (ICR) 1 on chromosome 11p15 are found in 5–10% and up to 60% of patients with SRS, respectively. As many features are non-specific, diagnosis of SRS remains difficult. Studies of patients in whom the molecular diagnosis is confirmed therefore provide valuable clinical information on the condition. Methods A detailed, prospective study of 64 patients with mUPD7 (n=20) or ICR1 hypomethylation (n=44) was undertaken. Results and conclusions The considerable overlap in clinical phenotype makes it difficult to distinguish these two molecular subgroups reliably. ICR1 hypomethylation was more likely to be scored as ‘classical’ SRS. Asymmetry, fifth finger clinodactyly and congenital anomalies were more commonly seen with ICR1 hypomethylation, whereas learning difficulties and referral for speech therapy were more likely with mUPD7. Myoclonus-dystonia has been reported previously in one mUPD7 patient. The authors report mild movement disorders in three further cases. No correlation was found between clinical severity and level of ICR1 hypomethylation. Use of assisted reproductive technology in association with ICR1 hypomethylation seems increased compared with the general population. ICR1 hypomethylation was also observed in affected siblings, although recurrence risk remains low in the majority of cases. Overall, a wide range of severity was observed, particularly with ICR1 hypomethylation. A low threshold for investigation of patients with features suggestive, but not typical, of SRS is therefore recommended.
Simple analytic variable density spiral design

Variable density spirals have been proposed in a variety of applications, including MR fluoroscopy, cardiac imaging, and MR spectroscopic imaging. In this work, a simple analytic solution for designing a flexible set of variable density spiral trajectory waveforms is presented. The method enables real‐time waveform prescription on scanners with limited computational power. Both slew rate‐limited and amplitude‐limited regimes are incorporated in the design process. Magn Reson Med 50:214–219, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networks

We study the problem of attributing the prediction of a deep network to its input features, a problem previously studied by several other works. We identify two fundamental axioms— Sensitivity and Implementation Invariance that attribution methods ought to satisfy. We show that they are not satisfied by most known attribution methods, which we consider to be a fundamental weakness of those methods. We use the axioms to guide the design of a new attribution method called Integrated Gradients. Our method requires no modification to the original network and is extremely simple to implement; it just needs a few calls to the standard gradient operator. We apply this method to a couple of image models, a couple of text models and a chemistry model, demonstrating its ability to debug networks, to extract rules from a network, and to enable users to engage with models better.
Dynamic trust evaluation based routing model for ad hoc networks

The performance and security of ad hoc networks rely on the cooperative and the trusted between the distributed links. To route and forward the data, it is important to evaluate the transmission behavior of link in network. This paper defines the trust value in routing protocol as the records associated with the behaviors of links to deliver message to the intended next node reliably, timely, and integrally. After using a trust graph theoretic model to evaluate dynamically, to maintain trust relationships, and to make trust-based routing decisions, five trust-based theoretic strategies have been presented for routing selection. The simulation shows that the proposed strategies can detect effectively malicious behaviors and improve the network throughput in ad hoc networks.
Entertainment-Education in a Media-Saturated Environment: Examining the Impact of Single and Multiple Exposures to Breast Cancer Storylines on Two Popular Medical Dramas

In the United States, entertainment-education (E-E) initiatives in primetime television that provide public health information are at risk for diminished impact due to the media-saturated environment in which they must compete. One strategy to overcome this limitation is to use multiple primetime TV shows to reinforce similar health messages in multiple storylines. The current study explores such an approach by evaluating the impact of two separate breast cancer genetics storylines featured on two different TV programs as the result of outreach to writers and producers. These storylines aired within approximately 3 weeks of each other on the popular medical dramas, ER (NBC) and Grey's Anatomy (ABC), and included information about the BRCA1 breast cancer gene mutation and the risks it poses to women who test positive for it. The evaluation used data collected from a panel sample of 599 female survey respondents at three points in time. Results show that while the individual storylines had a modest impact on viewers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to breast cancer, combined exposure seemed to be most effective at changing outcomes. Implications of our findings for future E-E interventions and evaluations are discussed.
Ribonuclease inhibitor and latent ribonuclease in rat liver during feeding of 2-acetamidofluorene.

The activities of the ribonuclease (RNase)[4][1] inhibitor and latent RNase (1-RNase) were studied in supernatant material prepared by high-speed centrifugation from rat liver during the feeding of 2-acetamidofluorene (AAF). Liver nodules produced by feeding this carcinogen were also assayed. An improved assay method for the RNase inhibitor was used, which gives a reliable estimate of the amount of this component present. The specific RNase inhibitor activity of the AAF-fed group, based on nitrogen (N) as well as on DNA, showed a significant increase compared with controls during the period of drug feeding; a maximum increase of 100% was observed about Week 12. During the period after discontinuation of AAF, RNase inhibitor activity of the experimental rats decreased to values lower than or similar to those of the control group. RNase inhibitor activity in the liver nodules, at least one of which was a hepatoma, was not greatly different from that in adjacent liver or in livers of the control group. The specific 1-RNase activity (N and DNA basis) of the AAF-fed group decreased during the period of drug administration when compared with the control group. During the period after discontinuation of the drug, the 1-RNase activity of the liver and resultant nodules in the AAF-fed group was generally the same as that of the control group. [1]: #fn-4
CO2-Emissions and Economic Growth - A bounds-testing cointegration analysis for German industries

We model pollution as an input in the production process and test the long-run relationship between pollution and growth at the industry level. Most empirical studies, especially based on the environmental Kuznets curve, use highly aggregated data. Arguably, the results found may not be generalized for all industries in a given country. Using CO-2 emissions and GDP data for 47 industries observed over the period 1995-2010, we find a long-run relationship between pollution and growth only for a few German industries, e.g. the energy-generating-, the aviation- and agricultural industry. For these industries CO-2 emissions have a negative effect on growth, e.g. through environmental taxes and pollution allowances.
The time has come to limit the placebo period in rheumatoid arthritis trials to 3 months: a systematic comparison of 3- and 6-month response rates in trials of biological agents

Background: Most registration trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include a placebo arm in the setting of an incomplete response to disease-modifying antirheumatic treatment (DMARD-IR). A minimum duration of 6 months is required despite serious methodological and ethical shortcomings. Objective: To study whether a 3-month placebo period is sufficient to prove efficacy. Methods: Meta-analysis of placebo- or active control trials of biological agents in DMARD-IR RA, comparing the contrast in ACR response between experimental and control groups at 3 and 6 months. Results: Twenty trials yielded 15 placebo and 18 active control contrasts (>10 000 patients). At 3 months active treatment showed a highly significant contrast with placebo for ACR20 and ACR50 in every instance. As all groups improved further the mean contrast at 6 months was unchanged. For ACR70 the contrast was clearly greater at 6 months owing to further improvement only in the experimental groups. In active control trials contrasts were smaller, and for ACR50 and ACR70 these decreased somewhat owing to “catch-up” responses in the control groups. Conclusion: The placebo phase of registration trials for RA can be limited to 3 months. An accompanying viewpoint proposes that patients receiving placebo should then be switched to standard of care, allowing a more valid and comprehensive assessment, including safety.