Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FROM THE QUaD CMB POLARIZATION EXPERIMENT

In this paper, we present a parameter estimation analysis of the polarization and temperature power spectra from the second and third season of observations with the QUaD experiment. QUaD has for the first time detected multiple acoustic peaks in the E-mode polarization spectrum with high significance. Although QUaD-only parameter constraints are not competitive with previous results for the standard six-parameter ΛCDM cosmology, they do allow meaningful polarization-only parameter analyses for the first time. In a standard six-parameter ΛCDM analysis, we find the QUaD TT power spectrum to be in good agreement with previous results. However, the QUaD polarization data show some tension with ΛCDM. The origin of this 1σ–2σ tension remains unclear, and may point to new physics, residual systematics, or simple random chance. We also combine QUaD with the five-year WMAP data set and the SDSS luminous red galaxies 4th data release power spectrum, and extend our analysis to constrain individual isocurvature mode fractions, constraining cold dark matter density, αcdmi < 0.11 (95% confidence limit (CL)), neutrino density, αndi < 0.26 (95% CL), and neutrino velocity, αnvi < 0.23 (95% CL), modes. Our analysis sets a benchmark for future polarization experiments.
Beyond Resources

Prior studies have advanced our knowledge of the individual determinants of corporate philanthropy; however, little empirical research has been conducted on how these determinants combine to influence giving. In this study, the authors develop and test an integrated model of the relationship between firm resources and corporate philanthropy as mediated by managerial discretion and managerial values. In addition, the authors offer organizational slack as an alternative measure of organizational resources. As predicted, the results show that firm resources have a positive effect on corporate philanthropy. This effect is fully mediated by managerial discretion and partially mediated by managerial values.
Factors Contributing to the Success of Hospitality Graduate Students

Introduction Graduate hospitality programs are attracting more students (Zabel, 1992; Rappole, Bott, & Klein, 1997). The growth of enrollment in twoand four-year hospitality programs worldwide may have influenced the number of students applying for graduate programs (Zabel, 1992; Rappole, Bott, & Klein, 1997). The increased opportunities in both higher education and the hospitality industry also may be influencing more individuals to pursue graduate education (Partlow & Gregoire, 1994; Morse, 1999). Regardless of the reasons why individuals pursue an advanced degree, graduate students invest a significant amount of resources to increase their competitiveness in the job market. Knowledge of factors that influence successful completion of
Leaving the countryside: rural-to-urban migration decisions in China.

This paper employs a simple theoretical model of labor allocation within rural households given existing land arrangements in an attempt to explain why rural Chinese do not fully participate in labor migration. It first explores the mechanisms by which individual household and community characteristics affect the migration decision. Empirical results are then presented to substantiate the derived hypotheses. The paper further explores the question of whether the migration decision is permanent by analyzing the responses of household consumption to income from migration. (EXCERPT)
Does Decentralized Collective Bargaining Have an Impact on the Labour Market in Hungary?

Previous institutional analysis of collective bargaining in Hungary found that an extremely decentralized wage-determination system was created after the change of the regime. Statistical sources show a fairly high coverage of company agreements, but case studies reveal that only a small proportion function as in developed market economies. This article uses a cross-sectional survey to provide a quantitative evaluation of the outcome of company-level bargaining. It analyses the wage gap between union and non-union settings, and differences regarding wage dispersion, productivity and other labour market dimensions. Compared to other countries with decentralized bargaining systems, Hungarian unions have almost negligible achievements in terms of the average union wage gap, and wage agreements do not have a strong regulatory effect. Unions do not represent any substantial barrier to increased productivity, but they do reduce earning inequalities.
Analysing and evaluating the taxpayer's demand for merit goods: the case of public sector education and health in Mauritius

This paper analyses the average taxpayer's demand for merit goods, namely, education and health, in Mauritius, a small developing island state. To study these development-related goods, a fresh methodology is employed that captures the characteristics of the Mauritian economy. The empirical evidence relates to the post-independence period of more than three decades, 1973 to 1999 and beyond. The respective demand elasticities for each merit good are analysed and evaluated. The findings indicate that, contrary to the conventional theory of demand, beneficiaries tend to demand more of such goods when their prices are increased, and less when they are decreased. The rationale for this behaviour is that people, in general, and taxpayers, in particular, being quality conscious, increase their demand when they are asked to pay more, expecting in return an improvement in the quality of services. However, there is evidence that over these three decades users' preferences have shifted, particularly in the case of education, towards private provision, indicating less reliance on public sector provision, and that during the years of structural adjustments the demand for these services was severely suppressed. 1This paper emanates from a research project undertaken by the author and which was fully sponsored by the Research and Consultancy Centre of the University of Mauritius in the year 2000.
Changing Trade Structure and its Implications for Growth

There is a long tradition in the development literature that what a country exports matters for its growth prospects. Recent work has refocused on this issue by attempting to produce numerical scores for different types of product to identify the complexity or sophistication of a country’s export basket. Based on the insight that the type of product an economy exports can have important implications for its economic performance and that goods exported predominantly by rich countries will have different characteristics from those exported by poor countries, Lall et al. (2006) put forward a means of classifying commodities based on the income levels of a product’s main exporters. At around the same time, Hausmann et al. (2006), following a similar approach, put forward a slightly different form of product classification and Rodrik (2006) applied this specifically to an analysis of China. This paper highlights the difference between the approaches and its implications for the analysis of China, which appears less ‘special’ using the approach of Lall et al. It argues that the classification of products at a disaggregate level is a helpful starting point for assessing issues of trade competitiveness and that further work using either or both forms of classification is justified.
The opening price performance of initial public offerings of common stock

Initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stock are followed in the immediate after market by sizeable increases in stock prices on average. The large initial returns of IPO shares have attracted a great deal of attention in the empirical and theoretical literature of finance, and IPOs are said to be "underpriced" because of their large initial returns. The dominant explanations of the underpricing phenomenon suggest that the initial returns should be earned by purchasers who buy shares in the initial offering rather than those who buy shares in the aftermarket. Since many shares experience a great deal of trading activity during their first day of trading, and since observers have noted that many purchasers almost immediately "flip" (i.e., resell) their shares, it is not obvious who gains from the underpricing of the IPOs. We resolve that issue by examining opening price data in contrast to the closing price data on which previous studies have been based. We examine 175 operating company IPOs and 54 closed-end fund IPOs over the two-year period from December 1988 through December 1990. We contrast the returns based on the offering price to the first day's closing price against the returns based on the offering price to the price of the first transaction of the day, and we also examine the intraday price on the first day of trades.
Haemodynamics of cardiac arrest and resuscitation

Purpose of reviewThis review will summarize the available data regarding the haemodynamic changes occurring following cardiac arrest in humans and animal models. Recent findingsFollowing cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation without cardiopulmonary resuscitation, blood flow exponentially falls but continues for approximately 5 min until the pressure gradient between the aorta and the right heart is completely dissipated. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation forward flow occurs into the aorta during the compression phase. Coronary blood flow is retrograde during the compression phase and antegrade during the decompression phase. Carotid blood flow takes over a minute to reach plateau levels following the initiation of chest compressions, and even brief interruptions of compressions result in a dramatic reduction in carotid blood flow which takes a minute or so to recover to plateau levels when compressions are reinstituted. Coronary perfusion pressure during the release phase of cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been shown to be a powerful predictor of the likelihood of recovery of spontaneous circulation following restoration of electrical activity. SummaryRecent studies have provided important insights into the haemodynamics of cardiac arrest and of cardiopulmonary resuscitation which may inform more effective strategies for the management of cardiac arrest in the future.
Network coding noise reduction via relay power allocation in a two-unicast wireless system

Network coding (NC) is known as a promising approach to improve the cooperative communication network throughput. However, in certain situations, it can introduce additional noise terms which is recently referred to as NC noise. We consider such a problem in a two-unicast wireless system and seek to answer the following question: “Can we reduce or remove network coding noise by proper power allocation at the relay? ” To this end, we provide a mathematical framework for the output signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio and instantaneous sum-rate of the network-coded cooperative communication (NC-CC) system with the notion of power assignment at the relay. Based on this framework, we provide two novel closed-form power allocation techniques that are suitable for slow and fast fading conditions. Numerical analysis is used to confirm the accuracy of the derived theory and to show the effectiveness of proposed solutions in terms of average sum-rate and outage probability. It is shown that such techniques offer a significant advantage in overcoming the adverse effects of NC noise, especially in slow fading, without introducing significant extra costs or system complexity.
Structure of a thermostable disulfide-bridge mutant of phage T4 lysozyme shows that an engineered cross-link in a flexible region does not increase the rigidity of the folded protein.

A disulfide bond introduced between amino acid positions 9 and 164 in phage T4 lysozyme has been shown to significantly increase the stability of the enzyme toward thermal denaturation [Matsumura, M. , Becktel, W.J., Levitt, M. , & Matthews, B. W. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 6562-6566]. To elucidate the structural features of the engineered disulfide, the crystal structure of the disulfide mutant has been determined at 1.8-A resolution. Residue 9 lies in the N-terminal alpha-helix, while residue 164 is located at the extreme C terminus of T4 lysozyme, which is the most mobile part of the molecule. The refined structure shows that the formation of the disulfide bond is accompanied by relatively large (approximately 2.5 A) localized shifts in C-terminal main-chain atoms. Comparison of the geometry of the engineered disulfide with those of naturally observed disulfides in proteins shows that the engineered bridge adopts a left-handed spiral conformation with a typical set of dihedral angles and C alpha-C alpha distance. The geometry of the engineered disulfide suggests that it is slightly more strained than the disulfide of oxidized dithiothreitol but that the strain is within the range observed in naturally occurring disulfides. The wild-type and cross-linked lysozymes have very similar overall crystallographic temperature factors, indicating that the introduction of the disulfide bond does not impose rigidity on the folded protein structure. In particular, residues 162-164 retain high mobility in the mutant structure, consistent with the idea that stabilization of the protein is due to the effect of the disulfide cross-link on the unfolded rather than the folded state. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Patient length of stay and mortality prediction: A survey

Over the past few years, there has been increased interest in data mining and machine learning methods to improve hospital performance, in particular hospitals want to improve their intensive care unit statistics by reducing the number of patients dying inside the intensive care unit. Research has focused on prediction of measurable outcomes, including risk of complications, mortality and length of hospital stay. The length of stay is an important metric both for healthcare providers and patients, influenced by numerous factors. In particular, the length of stay in critical care is of great significance, both to patient experience and the cost of care, and is influenced by factors specific to the highly complex environment of the intensive care unit. The length of stay is often used as a surrogate for other outcomes, where those outcomes cannot be measured; for example as a surrogate for hospital or intensive care unit mortality. The length of stay is also a parameter, which has been used to identify the severity of illnesses and healthcare resource utilisation. This paper examines a range of length of stay and mortality prediction applications in acute medicine and the critical care unit. It also focuses on the methods of analysing length of stay and mortality prediction. Moreover, the paper provides a classification and evaluation for the analytical methods of the length of stay and mortality prediction associated with a grouping of relevant research papers published in the years 1984 to 2016 related to the domain of survival analysis. In addition, the paper highlights some of the gaps and challenges of the domain.
The anthropology of pregnancy loss : comparative studies in miscarriage, stillbirth, and neonatal death

Contents: R. Cecil, Introduction: An Insignificant Event? Literary and Anthropological Perspectives on Pregnancy Loss -- P. Jeffery and R. Jeffery, Delayed Periods and Falling Babies: The Ethnophysiology and Politics of Pregnancy Loss in Rural North India -- E. Sobo, Cultural Explanations for Pregnancy Loss in Rural Jamaica -- A. Winkvist, Water Spirits, Medicinemen and Witches: Avenues to Successful Reproduction among the Abelam, Papua New Guinea -- J.A. R. Wembah-Rashid, Explaining Pregnancy Loss in Matrilineal Southeastern Tanzania -- O.M. Njikam Savage, 'Children of the Rope' and Other Aspects of Pregnancy Loss in Cameroon -- M. DeLuca and P.W. Leslie, Variation in Risk of Pregnancy Loss -- L.L. Layne, 'Never Such Innocence Again': Irony, Nature, and Technoscience in Narratives of Pregnancy Loss -- B. Chalmers, Cultural Variations in South African Women's Experiences of Miscarriage: Implications for Clinical Care -- R. Cecil, Memories of Pregnancy Loss: Recollections of Elderly Women in Northern Ireland -- M. Jackson, 'Something More Than Blood': Conflicting Accounts of Pregnancy Loss in 18th-Century England
Stochastically Induced Critical Depensation and Risk of Stock Collapse

ABSTRACT This article investigates the risk of stock collapse due to stochastically induced critical depensation in managed fisheries. We use a continuous-time surplus production model and an economic model with downward-sloping demand and stock-dependent costs. First, we derive an optimal exploitation policy as a feedback control rule by applying the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman approach and analyze the effects of stochasticity on the optimal policy. Then, we characterize the long-term sustainable optimal state and estimate the risk of stock collapse due to stochastically induced critical depensation. We find that the optimal harvest policy in the stochastic setting is conservative at low stochasticity and approaches the myopic solution at high stochasticity. The risk of stock collapse is increasing with the stochasticity and decreasing with stock sizes. JEL Codes: C61, Q22, Q57.
Telemedicine in Vascular Surgery: Does it Work?

Telemedicine (TM) using closed-circuit television systems allows specialists to evaluate patients at remote sites. Because an integral part of the vascular examination involves palpation of peripheral pulses the applicability of TM for the evaluation of vascular surgery patients is open to question. This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that TM is as effective as direct patient examination for the development of a care plan in vascular patients. Sixty-four vascular evaluations were done in 32 patients. The patients presented with a variety of vascular problems and were seen in regularly scheduled rural outreach vascular clinics. Two faculty vascular surgeons evaluated each patient; one was on site and the second, using TM, remained at the medical center. Each surgeon was blinded to the other's findings. The TM physician was aided by a nonphysician assistant, who obtained blood pressures, utilized a continuous-wave Doppler probe, positioned the patient, and operated the TM equipment. The results of each surgeon's evaluations were compared. Patient and physician satisfaction with the TM evaluation was appraised by questionnaires. Eight patients were seen for initial evaluations; 24 patients were seen for follow-up visits. Patients were seen with a variety of diagnoses, including aneurysm (seven), cerebrovascular disease (five), lower extremity occlusive disease (13), multiple vascular problems (three), and other disease (four). The average duration for the TM and on-site evaluations were 20.6 ± 1.4 and 19.0 ± 1.3 minutes, respectively (P = not significant). Physician concordance, as determined by treatment recommendations, was the same in 29 (91%) patients. Physician confidence in the ability to obtain an accurate history via TM was rated as excellent in 97 per cent; confidence in the TM physical examination was rated as excellent in 70 per cent. All patients rated the TM evaluation as the “same as” or “better than” the on-site examination, and all indicated a preference for being seen locally using TM as opposed to traveling to a regional medical center. We conclude that the TM evaluation of vascular patients is accurate and is as effective as on-site evaluations for a variety of vascular problems. Important adjuncts to enhance the success of a TM evaluation are physician experience with the technology and the presence of a knowledgeable on-site assistant. This technology can be easily adapted to other clinical situations.
Cytarabine and clofarabine after high‐dose cytarabine in relapsed or refractory AML patients

Clofarabine has been shown to be effective in AML patients, either as single agent or, mainly, in association with intermediate dose cytarabine. Based on these reports, we conducted a preliminary study combining clofarabine and intermediate dose cytarabine in AML patients who relapsed or failed to respond to at least two induction therapies. We treated 47 patients affected by relapsed/refractory AML with a regimen including clofarabine at 22.5 mg/m2 daily on days 1–5, followed after 3 hr by cytarabine at 1 g/m2 daily on days 1–5. Ten patients received a further consolidation cycle with clofarabine at 22.5 mg/m2 and cytarabine at 1 g/m2 day 1–4. Among the 47 patients, 24/47 (51%) achieved a complete remission, 5/47 (10.5%) a partial response, 10/47 (21%) had a resistant disease, and 6/47 (13%) died of complications during the aplastic phase. The most frequent nonhematologic adverse events were vomiting, diarrhea, transient liver toxicity, febrile neutropenia, and infections microbiologically documented. Among the 24 patients who obtained a CR 13 underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In 14 patients, complete remission duration was shorter than 12 months, whereas 10 patients experienced longer complete remission duration. These very preliminary results suggest that clofarabine‐cytarabine regimen is effective in this particularly poor prognosis category of patients, representing a potential “bridge” toward bone marrow transplant procedures. Safety data were consistent with previously reported salvage therapies. Further studies and a longer follow up are warranted. Am. J. Hematol. , 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Crisis of Higher Education in Sub‐Saharan Africa: the continuing search for relevance

Based upon empirical research conducted in 1994, the purpose of this article is to examine the contribution that higher education institutions have played in Sub-Saharan development. After thirty years of formal independence, it is time to take a critical look at the role of higher education in nation building in Sub-Saharan Africa. The conclusion from the research is that though higher education has contributed significantly to meeting the human resource needs of each country, the overall performance has been less than satisfactory. Everywhere in Sub-Saharan Africa the progress anticipated at the time of independence has not materialised. In some cases the socioeconomic situation has deteriorated, as in the case of Sierra Leone and Guinea. Higher education needs to examine its priorities in light of the current situation.
Corporate Governance and Earnings Management in the European Football Industry

Abstract The scope of this paper is to analyze the impact of corporate governance quality (namely board size, board independence, managerial ownership, institutional ownership and CEO duality) on the earnings management behaviour of European Union's football clubs over the period 2006–2009. Empirical results documented that corporate governance quality mitigates aggressive earnings manipulation (income smoothing, accrual manipulation and reporting small positive income) by football managers and specifically clubs with increased board independence, managerial ownership and institutional ownership and small board size are associated with high quality financial reporting through the deterioration of earnings management behaviour. These findings dictate the necessity of sound corporate governance principles to protect the interests of shareholders and various stakeholders, and prevent the expropriation of wealth by managers and maximize the clubs’ economic results and social return. The empirical findings are robust to several sensitivity tests concerning the functioning form of the models and the measures of earnings management.