Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of guided careful online planning on complexity, accuracy and fluency in intermediate EFL learners’ oral production: The case of English articles

The purpose of the study reported in this article was twofold: First, to see whether guided careful online planning assists intermediate learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in accurate oral production of English articles (an/a and the); and, second, to see whether guided careful online planning has any effects on global complexity and fluency of intermediate EFL learners’ oral language performance. Forty-five intermediate EFL learners were required to perform an oral narrative task under three planning conditions: guided careful online planning, unguided careful online planning, and pressured online planning (n = 15). Results pointed to the positive effects of guided careful online planning on the accurate production of English articles as well as the global complexity of language in learners’ speech. However, compared to pressured online planners, the global fluency of guided and unguided careful online planners was adversely affected.
Experimental Investigation on Friction and Wear Properties of Different Steel Materials

Friction coefficient and wear rate of different steel materials are investigated and compared in this study. In order to do so, a pin on disc apparatus is designed and fabricated. Experiments are carried out when different types of disc materials such as stainless steel 314 (SS 314), stainless steel 202 (SS 202) and mild steel slide against stainless steel 314 (SS 314) pin. Experiments are conducted at normal load 10, 15 and 20 N, sliding velocity 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s and relative humidity 70%. At different normal loads and sliding velocities, variations of friction coefficient with the duration of rubbing are investigated. The obtained results show that friction coefficient varies with duration of rubbing, normal load and sliding velocity. In general, friction coefficient increases for a certain duration of rubbing and after that it remains constant for the rest of the experimental time. The obtained results reveal that friction coefficient decreases with the increase in normal load for all the tested materials. It is also found that friction coefficient increases with the increase in sliding velocity for all the materials investigated. Moreover, wear rate increases with the increase in normal load and sliding velocity for SS 314, SS 202 and mild steel. In addition, at identical operating condition, the magnitudes of friction coefficient and wear rate are different for different materials depending on sliding velocity and normal load. © 2013 Published by Faculty of Engineering Corresponding author: Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur Gazipur‐1700, Bangladesh E‐mail: asadzmn2003@yahoo.com
Working Models of Childhood Attachment and Couple Relationships

Previous research has documented connections between adults' working models of childhood attachment relationships and the quality of parent-child relationships, but less attention has been devoted to examining such links for intimate adult relationships. Twenty-seven married couples were given George, Kaplan, and Main's Adult Attachment Interview and each person was rated as either secure or insecure with respect to attachment. Self-report measures of satisfaction with couple communication and marital relations and laboratory observations of couple interactions were collected. Results showed that self-reported marital satisfaction was not related to adult attachment classifications for either husbands or wives. However, observational ratings of couple interaction yielded differences for husbands. As compared to husbands classified as insecure, secure husbands were likely to be in better-functioning couples who engaged in more positive and fewer conflictual behaviors. In addition, couples' joint attachment classifications were related to observed couple behavior. Insecure-secure and secure-secure dyads did not differ, but both groups showed less conflict and were rated as better functioning than were insecure-insecure dyads. These findings suggest that a secure partner may buffer the negative effects of insecure attachment on the marital relationship.
A Search for Temperature and Density Variations in NGC 7027 with the Hubble Space Telescope

We observed the young planetary nebula NGC 7027 with the HST Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) in long-slit mode at five slit positions along the major axis of the nebula, over the wavelength range from 3000 to ~10,000 Å. We used dereddened line ratios to determine line-of-sight average values for (1) He++ and He+ ionization fractions from He II λ4686 and He I λ5876; (2) electron density from both [S II] (λ6716/λ6731) and [Ar IV] (λ4711/λ4740); and (3) temperature from [O III] (λ4959 + λ5007)/λ4363. The He++/H+ ratio varies across the nebula, with values up to 0.06 over the central parts, falling off to 0.03 at offsets of 5″-6″ from the central star. The line-of-sight mean densities vary by factors of ~5 on angular scales as small as ~1″. The average electron temperatures are generally consistent with a constant ⟨Te⟩ = 13,800 ± 2000 K within the uncertainties, except for ~2% of measured pixels where Te > 18,000 K. The variations of density along the slits are not obviously correlated with variations in extinction. The ionization structure of the nebula varies on both large and small scales. [O I] λ6300, Hα, and He II λ4686 intensity profiles along each slit appear to trace ionization gradients at Hα peaks, with the highest ionization on the side toward the central star and lowest ionization on the far side. These structures may result from effects of stellar radiation, shocks from a fast stellar wind, or some combination of the two processes.
International Hospitality Management Students' Epistemological Beliefs and Conceptions of Teaching and Learning

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate international hospitality management students' beliefs about knowledge and their conceptions of teaching and learning in a problem-based learning environment. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to investigate the relation between epistemological beliefs and conceptions of teaching and learning. Results show structural relations between several dimensions of epistemological beliefs and constructivist and traditional conceptions of teaching and learning. Congruency exists between the constructivist nature of the problem-based learning environment, the students' constructivist conceptions of teaching and learning, and the students' beliefs in hard work and in learning effort. Our findings indicate that hospitality management students' epistemological beliefs and their conceptions of teaching and learning are in alignment with the demands of problem-based hospitality education. Moreover, students from different cultural backgrounds may benefit from their learning experiences in a problem-based environment.
External Behavior Monitoring Mirrors Internal Behavior Monitoring

Abstract: The discovery of mirror neurons in monkeys has reshaped thinking about how the brain processes observed actions. There is growing evidence that these neurons, which show similar firing patterns for action execution and observation, also exist in humans. Many parts of the motor system required to perform a specific action are activated during the observation of the same action. We hypothesized that behavior monitoring that occurs during action execution is mirrored during action observation. To test this, we measured error negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) while participants performed and observed a Go/NoGo task. The Ne/ERN is an event-related potential that is thought to reflect an error detection process in the brain. In addition to finding an Ne/ERN for performed errors, we found that an Ne/ERN was also generated for observed errors. The Ne/ERN for observed errors may reflect a system that plays a key role in imitation and observational learning.
Stabilized Nearest Neighbor Classifier and its Statistical Properties

ABSTRACT The stability of statistical analysis is an important indicator for reproducibility, which is one main principle of the scientific method. It entails that similar statistical conclusions can be reached based on independent samples from the same underlying population. In this article, we introduce a general measure of classification instability (CIS) to quantify the sampling variability of the prediction made by a classification method. Interestingly, the asymptotic CIS of any weighted nearest neighbor classifier turns out to be proportional to the Euclidean norm of its weight vector. Based on this concise form, we propose a stabilized nearest neighbor (SNN) classifier, which distinguishes itself from other nearest neighbor classifiers, by taking the stability into consideration. In theory, we prove that SNN attains the minimax optimal convergence rate in risk, and a sharp convergence rate in CIS. The latter rate result is established for general plug-in classifiers under a low-noise condition. Extensive simulated and real examples demonstrate that SNN achieves a considerable improvement in CIS over existing nearest neighbor classifiers, with comparable classification accuracy. We implement the algorithm in a publicly available R package snn. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Clubbing Masculinities and Crime: A Qualitative Study of Philadelphia Nightclub Scenes

The purpose of our article is to explore the relationship between masculinities and crime within the hip-hop (HH) and electronic dance music (EDM) nightclub scenes in Philadelphia. Given extant theory and research showing gender is a situated performance,the social context of the nightclub setting offers an important opportunity to contribute to the ever-growing masculinities and crime literature because it is an understudied setting populated by atypical offenders. Direct observation of 33 club events and interviews with 24 male clubbers yielded three important patterns: (a) Men with consistently high masculinities (hypermasculine types) reported the most frequent involvement in nightclub crime, (b) men with consistently low masculinity scores reported the least involvement, and (c) men with variable masculinity scores put on a more hypermasculine identity while clubbing, leading them to engage in nightclub crime. Contextual factors, such as excessive alcohol use, heightened sexuality, competitiveness, and commercialism, explain this more nuanced relationship between masculinity and crime.
Habitat use and Movement Patterns of the Viviparous Aquatic Snake, Oocatochus rufodorsatus, from Northeast Asia

To determine the habitat usage and movement patterns of the viviparous aquatic snake Oocatochus rufodorsatus (formerly Elaphe rufodorsata), we radio-tracked 21 snakes on agricultural lands during two active seasons in 2007 and 2008. Male and female snakes stayed close to aquatic habitats such as paddy fields and agricultural ponds during both breeding and non-breeding periods, except when the snakes moved to dry terrestrial areas to hibernate in late fall. The use of different structural features in the habitat, such as ground, tree, underground, and water, varied depending on the air and water temperatures, female's reproductive conditions, and the time of day. Male and female snakes moved about 17 m daily and postpartum females moved farther than antepartum females. The home ranges of males and females were 0.45 ha and 0.47 ha, respectively, and the year-round home range of this species was approximately 1.54 ha (95% fixed kernel). Thus, to conserve a population of O. rufodorsatus in our study area, areas including both aquatic and terrestrial habitats within a radius of 150 m from a core pond habitat must be preserved.
Ideology in Applied Linguistics for Language Teaching

It is contended that much of present-day applied linguistics for language teaching (ALLT) fails to mediate effectively, primarily because an ideological construction, emanating from a critical theory perspective, is too often imposed on everyday pedagogical practices. This has resulted in an exaggerated level of concern about the power imbalances that language teaching involves, leading to the promotion of approaches which attempt to subvert teaching and the teacher role, irrespective of the pedagogical consequences, while simultaneously proscribing others, which, from a practitioner perspective, are widely regarded as axiomatic. Such a stance has taken root, it is also argued, because of insufficient critical questioning of its moral and intellectual underpinnings. As a remedy, more should be done by ALLT to appreciate the rationale for and build on existing pedagogical traditions.
Gastrointestinal pH profile in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome

Aim To investigate the small bowel pH profile and small intestine transit time (SITT) in healthy controls and patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods Nine IBS patients (3 males, mean age 35 yr) and 10 healthy subjects (6 males, mean age 33 yr) were studied. Intestinal pH profile and SITT were assessed by a wireless motility pH and pressure capsule (Smart Pill). Mean pH values were measured in the small intestine (SI) and compared both within and between groups. Data presented as mean or median, ANOVA, P <0.05 for significance. Results We found the pH for the first (Q1), second (Q2), third (Q3), and fourth quartile (Q4) of the SI in healthy versus IBS patients was 5.608 ± 0.491 vs. 5.667 ± 0.297, 6.200 ± 0.328 vs. 6.168 ± 0.288, 6.679 ± 0.316 vs. 6.741 ± 0.322, and 6.884 ± 0.200 vs. 6.899 ± 0.303, respectively. We found no significant group difference in pH per quartile (P=0.7979). The proximal SI was significantly more acidic, compared to distal segments, in both healthy subjects and IBS patients (P<0.0001). We found no significant difference in the measured SITT between IBS and control groups with a mean SITT of 218.56 ± 59.60 min and 199.20 ± 82.31 min, respectively (P=0.55). Conclusion This study shows the presence of a gradient of pH along the SI, in both IBS and healthy subjects, the distal being less acidic. These finding may be of importance in small bowel homeostasis.
Multi-objective competitive coevolution for efficient GP classifier problem decomposition

A novel approach to the classification of large and unbalanced multi-class data sets is presented where the widely acknowledged issues of scalability, solution transparency, and problem decomposition are addressed simultaneously within the context of the genetic programming (GP) paradigm. A cooperative coevolutionary training environment that employs multi-objective evaluation provides the basis for problem decomposition and reduced solution complexity, while scalability is achieved through a Pareto competitive coevolutionary framework, allowing the system to be applied to large data sets (tens or hundreds of thousands of exemplars) without recourse to hardware-specific speedups. Moreover, a key departure from the canonical GP approach to classification is utilized in which the output of GP is expressed in terms of a non-binary, local membership function (e.g. a Gaussian), where it is no longer necessary for an expression to represent an entire class. Decomposition is then achieved through reformulating the classification problem as one of cluster consistency, where an appropriate subset of the training patterns can be associated with each individual such that problems are solved by several specialist classifiers rather than by a single 'super' individual.
Distributed Leadership in Colleges

This article on leadership in the English learning and skills sector is a development of a keynote paper presented at the BELMAS 2002 conference and forms a pair with the companion article on schools by Alma Harris. The article argues that research on colleges to date has focused on discrete levels of management/leadership and seems to be out of key with developing theories of distributed leadership emerging from schools research. It is suggested that leadership is embedded in the activities of staff and students, including delegated management, and can be understood to be both distributed and systemic. The creation and enactment of such leadership is explored by drawing on data from two research projects in England, one of which focused on general further education colleges and the other on sixth form colleges. It is argued that the distribution of tasks and responsibilities are fundamentally different in the two categories of college. The reasons for these differences indicate that the leadership which is constructed in each type of college is shaped not only by the pressures of government policies, as suggested by previous research, but also by a number of factors including the socioeconomic composition of students and the profile of staff. This article therefore suggests that leadership cannot be understood by discretely analysing the practice of particular categories of staff. Rather it can be seen as distributed in a variety of different ways and also as simultaneously systemic, flowing through and shaped by the entire community of each college.
Giving in early modern history: philanthropy in Amsterdam in the Golden Age

ABSTRACT Philanthropy was enduring in early modern Europe. For centuries local charities gave small sums that helped many people to survive. Such charity can be studied from below, from the persepective of survival strategies, and from above, from the perspective of social control, but it can also be studied as scholars of philanthropic studies do for contemporary societies. This article does the latter. It pays attention to benefactors and benefactions; how many people gave and who were they? ; when, where and what did benefactors give, and what were their motives? The article places an in-depth study of Amsterdam from the late sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century in the context of the literature on early modern European philanthropy. Donations à l'époque moderne: l'action philanthropique à Amsterdam sous l'Âge d'or L'action philanthropique persista en Europe à l'époque moderne. Pendant des siècles, les institutions caritatives locales distribuèrent de petites sommes qui aidèrent beaucoup de gens à survivre. Ces gestes de bienfaisance peuvent être étudiés selon deux perspectives: à partir de la base, comme composantes des stratégies de survie mais aussi d'en haut, comme composante du contrôle social. Mais elles peuvent aussi être étudiées comme le font les chercheurs qui s'attachent de nos jours à analyser la philanthropie dans les sociétés contemporaines: ils prêtent attention aux bienfaiteurs et aux bienfaits. Ils demandent « combien de gens ont-ils donné et qui étaient-ils ? » Et « quand et où les bienfaiteurs ont-ils donné, et quoi. Quelles étaient leurs motivations? ». L'article suit cette ligne de conduite et s'attache à placer l'étude approfondie d'Amsterdam, entre la fin du seizième et la fin du dix-huitième siècle, dans le contexte des recherches européennes actuellement disponibles sur la philanthropie en Europe à l'époque moderne. Spenden in der frühneuzeitlichen Geschichte: Philanthropie in Amsterdam im Goldenen Zeitalter Im frühneuzeitlichen Europa war Philanthropie wichtig und von bleibender Bedeutung. Über Jahrhunderte hinweg verteilten örtliche Wohlfahrtseinrichtungen kleine Summen, die vielen Leuten halfen zu überleben. Solche Wohltätigkeitsformen lassen sich sowohl ‘von unten’, aus der Perspektive auf Überlebensstrategien, als auch, von oben, aus der Perspektive sozialer Kontrolle erforschen; man sich aber auch an der Forschung zur Philanthropie in gegenwärtigen Gesellschaften orientieren. Studien dieser Art richten ihr Augenmerk auf Spender und Spenden, um Fragen folgender Art zu beantworten:,, Wie viele Leute spendeten und was für Leute waren es? “ , ,,Wann und wo wurde was gespendet, und welche Motive hatten die Spender? “. Der Beitrag lässt sich von solchen Fragen leiten und diskutiert eine tiefschürfende Untersuchung über Amsterdam vom späten 16. bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts im Kontext der Literatur zur frühneuzeitlichen Philanthropie.
The Effects of Divided Attention on Encoding Processes under Incidental and Intentional Learning Instructions: Underlying Mechanisms?

Divided attention (DA) at encoding has been shown to significantly disrupt later memory for the studied information. However, what type of processing gets disrupted during DA remains unresolved. In this study, we assessed the degree to which strategic effortful processes are affected under DA by comparing the effects of DA at encoding under intentional and pure incidental learning instructions. In three experiments, participants studied list of words or word pairs under either full or divided attention. Results of three experiments, which used different methodologies, converged to show that the effects of DA at encoding reduce memory performance to the same degree under incidental and intentional learning. Secondary task performance indicated that encoding under intentional learning instructions was more effortful than under incidental learning instructions. In addition, the results indicated enhanced attention to the initial appearance of the words under both types of learning instructions. Results are interpreted to imply that other processes, rather than only strategic effortful ones, might be affected by DA at encoding.
Family and other social contexts in the intergenerational transmission of values

This special issue includes seven studies concerning the role of family relationships and other social contexts in the intergenerational transmission of values between parents and their children. Recent research has shown that value transmission is a complex, bi-directional, and selective process, which involves various pathways and transmission belts, and may produce intergenerational similarity as well as intergenerational change. Together, the studies reported in this special issue provide a complex picture of this process and of parent–child value similarity, as one of the possible outcomes of the transmission. The results of these studies illustrate the interdependent, but not exchangeable, contribution of different sources (family, value climate, group membership, etc.) in children's value acquisition, and suggest implications for parenting practices and for social policies in promoting value continuity.
Relationships of Self-Monitoring, Special Attention, Body Fat Percent, and Self-Motivation to Attendance at a Community Gymnasium

Upon becoming members at a community gymnasium, 55 women were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, self-monitoring of gym attendance, or self-monitoring of attendance plus extra staff attention. The effect of these interventions on gym attendance over 3 months was examined. A 3 X 4 (Group X Time Phase, first 3 weeks to last 3 weeks) ANOVA indicated that the main effects for group and time predicted attendance at the gym. Attendance during the first 3 weeks was significantly greater than attendance thereafter. The control subjects attended significantly less than the self-monitoring subjects at all phases. Further research is suggested toward using self-monitoring, staff support, and periodic progress feedback for increasing program adherence. In addition, self-motivation and body fat percent were assessed initially. Correlations between these two variables and attendance failed to support their usefulness as predictors at any time phase.