Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Management of hyperhidrosis

Primary hyperhidrosis (HH), a condition of sweating in excess of thermoregulatory requirements, affects nearly 3% of the US population and carries significant emotional and psychosocial implications. Unlike secondary HH, primary HH is not associated with an identifiable underlying pathology. Our limited understanding of the precise pathophysiologic mechanism for HH makes its treatment particularly frustrating. However, a wide array of interventions for the treatment of HH have been implemented throughout the world. Herein, we discuss the most extensively studied therapeutic options for primary HH, including systemic oxybutynin, botulinum toxin injections, skin excision, liposuction–curettage, and sympathotomy/sympathectomy. We conclude with a discussion of possible future therapies for HH, including the applications of laser, microwave, and ultrasound technologies.
Observations of a curving molecular outflow from V380 Ori-NE: further support for prompt entrainment in protostellar outflows

CO J=3–2 and 4–3 observations of V380 Ori-NE reveal a highly collimated bipolar molecular outflow associated with a jet traced here in H2 1–0 S(1) line emission. The source of the flow is also detected at 450 and 850 μm with SCUBA. The combined CO and near-IR observations offer compelling support for the prompt entrainment model of jet-driven molecular outflows. Not only are the H2 shock fronts spatially coincident with peaks in the CO outflow lobes, but the slope of the mass–velocity distribution in the flow, measured here at intervals along both flow lobes, also clearly decreases just behind the advancing shock fronts (and towards the ends of the flow lobes), as one would expect if the high-to-low velocity mass fraction was enhanced by the entraining shocks. We also find that both lobes of the CO outflow clearly deviate, by some 20°, from the H2 jet direction near the source. Both lobes may be being deflected at the locations of the observed H2 shock fronts, where they impact dense, ambient material. Alternatively, the almost point-symmetric CO flow pattern could be caused by precession at the source. The submillimetre (submm) data reveal the source of the outflow, V380 Ori-NE. The 450- and 850-μm maps show an elongated peak superimposed on to an extensive pedestal of weaker emission. The major axis of the source is oriented parallel with the inner flow axis. Indeed, weak 850-μm emission is detected along much of the bipolar outflow, particularly in the southern lobe and towards the southernmost CO intensity peak. The submm ‘continuum’ data therefore probably trace warm dust and CO associated with the outflow. These data also confirm the status of V380 Ori-NE as a Class I protostar. Overall, the orientation, simplicity and symmetry of this outflow, combined with the remarkable strength of the high-velocity line-wing emission in comparison to the ambient emission, make this system a perfect laboratory for future detailed studies of bipolar molecular outflows and their association with collimated jets from young, deeply embedded protostars.
Fractal Structure and Entropy Production within the Central Nervous System

Abstract: Our goal is to explore the relationship between two traditionally unrelated concepts, fractal structure and entropy production, evaluating both within the central nervous system (CNS). Fractals are temporal or spatial structures with self-similarity across scales of measurement; whereas entropy production represents the necessary exportation of entropy to our environment that comes with metabolism and life. Fractals may be measured by their fractal dimension; and human entropy production may be estimated by oxygen and glucose metabolism. In this paper, we observe fractal structures ubiquitously present in the CNS, and explore a hypothetical and unexplored link between fractal structure and entropy production, as measured by oxygen and glucose metabolism. Rapid increase in both fractal structures and metabolism occur with childhood and adolescent growth, followed by slow decrease during aging. Concomitant increases and decreases in fractal structure and metabolism occur with cancer
Increased Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in UK African Caribbeans and Its Relation to Chronic Inflammation and Vascular Candidate Gene Polymorphisms

Background and Purpose— Individuals of African Caribbean descent who live in the United Kingdom have an increased risk of stroke. The reasons for this are not fully understood, but differences in genetic predispositions or other novel stroke risk factors could play a role. US blacks have been reported to have increased common carotid artery wall thickness, or intima-media thickness (IMT), measured by ultrasound. We measured carotid IMT in UK African Caribbeans compared with UK whites and determined whether different distributions of polymorphisms in potential candidate vascular genes or differences in measures of chronic inflammation or infection could account for any difference. Methods— In a population study, common carotid artery IMT was measured in 202 white men and 89 African Caribbean men. The distribution of polymorphisms in ACE, paraoxonase 1, paraoxonase 2, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genes was determined. Serum C-reactive protein and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity were determined. Results— Carotid IMT was increased in African Caribbeans even after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors, including homocysteine and social class: &bgr;=0.113, 95% CI 0.036 to 0.189, P =0.004. There was a significant interaction with smoking and mean IMT (P =0.022), and the difference in both measures of IMT between ethnic groups was largely limited to individuals who had never smoked. There were significant ethnic differences in the distributions of 3 of the 4 candidate genes studied (ACE, paraoxonase 1, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase). H pylori seropositivity was increased in African Caribbeans (78.7% versus 53% in UK whites). However, neither the genetic polymorphisms nor H pylori seropositivity was related to IMT, and ethnic differences in their distribution did not account for the increased IMT seen in African Caribbeans. Conclusions— Carotid IMT is increased in UK African Caribbeans even after controlling for conventional risk factors. There are highly significant ethnic differences in the distribution of many potential cerebrovascular candidate genes. Although those we examined did not explain the ethnic differences in IMT, other genetic predispositions or environmental exposures could account for these differences.
Cell Signaling-Based Classifier Predicts Response to Induction Therapy in Elderly Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Single-cell network profiling (SCNP) data generated from multi-parametric flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) samples collected from patients >55 years old with non-M3 AML were used to train and validate a diagnostic classifier (DXSCNP) for predicting response to standard induction chemotherapy (complete response [CR] or CR with incomplete hematologic recovery [CRi] versus resistant disease [RD]). SCNP-evaluable patients from four SWOG AML trials were randomized between Training (N = 74 patients with CR, CRi or RD; BM set = 43; PB set = 57) and Validation Analysis Sets (N = 71; BM set = 42, PB set = 53). Cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis pathway signaling were used as potential inputs for DXSCNP. Five DXSCNP classifiers were developed on the SWOG Training set and tested for prediction accuracy in an independent BM verification sample set (N = 24) from ECOG AML trials to select the final classifier, which was a significant predictor of CR/CRi (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve AUROC = 0.76, p = 0.01). The selected classifier was then validated in the SWOG BM Validation Set (AUROC = 0.72, p = 0.02). Importantly, a classifier developed using only clinical and molecular inputs from the same sample set (DXCLINICAL2) lacked prediction accuracy: AUROC = 0.61 (p = 0.18) in the BM Verification Set and 0.53 (p = 0.38) in the BM Validation Set. Notably, the DXSCNP classifier was still significant in predicting response in the BM Validation Analysis Set after controlling for DXCLINICAL2 (p = 0.03), showing that DXSCNP provides information that is independent from that provided by currently used prognostic markers. Taken together, these data show that the proteomic classifier may provide prognostic information relevant to treatment planning beyond genetic mutations and traditional prognostic factors in elderly AML.
Sequencing-Based Detection of Low-Frequency Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug-Resistant Mutants by an RNA/DNA Heteroduplex Generator-Tracking Assay

ABSTRACT Drug-resistant viruses may be present as minority variants during early treatment failures or following discontinuation of failed antiretroviral regimens. A limitation of the traditional direct PCR population sequencing method is its inability to detect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants present at frequencies lower than 20%. A drug resistance genotyping assay based on the isolation and DNA sequencing of minority HIV protease variants is presented here. A multiple-codon-specific heteroduplex generator probe was constructed to improve the separation of HIV protease genes varying in sequence at 12 codons associated with resistance to protease inhibitors. Using an RNA molecule as probe allowed the simple sequencing of protease variants isolated as RNA/DNA heteroduplexes with different electrophoretic mobilities. The protease gene RNA heteroduplex generator-tracking assay (RNA-HTA) was tested on plasma quasispecies from 21 HIV-1-infected persons in whom one or more protease resistance mutations emerged during therapy or following initiation of salvage regimens. In 11 of 21 cases, RNA-HTA testing of virus from the first episode of virologic failure identified protease resistance mutations not seen by population-based PCR sequencing. In 8 of these 11 cases, all of the low-frequency drug resistance mutations detected exclusively by RNA-HTA during the first episode became detectable by population-based PCR sequencing at the later time point. Distinct sets of protease mutations could be linked on different genomes in patients with high-frequency protease gene lineages. The enhanced detection of minority drug resistance variants using a sequencing-based assay may improve the efficacy of genotype-assisted salvage therapies.
Support varieties for infinitesimal group schemes

The representation theory of a connected smooth affine group scheme over a field k of characteristic p > 0 is faithfully captured by that of its family of Frobenius kernels. Such FRobenius kernels are examples of infinitesimal group schemes, affine group schemes G whose coordinate (Hopf) algebra k[G] is a finite-dimensional local k-algebra. This paper presents a study of the cohomology algebra H* (G, k) of an arbitrary infinitesimal group scheme over k. We provide a geometric determination of the "cohomological support variety" CGl _ Spec H" (G, k) analogous to that given by D. Quillen for the cohomology of finite groups [Q]. We further study finite-dimensional rational G-modules M for arbitrary infinitesimal group schemes G over k. In a manner initiated by J. Alperin and L. Evens [A-E] and J. Carlson [CI] for finite groups, we consider the variety IGIM c IGI of the ideal IM = ker{Hev(G,k) -* Ext*(M,M)} and provide a geometric description of this variety which is analogous to that given by G. Avrunin and L. Scott for finite-dimensional modules for finite groups [A-S]. This paper is a continuation of our recent work establishing the finite generation of H* (G, k) [F-S] and investigating the infinitesimal 1-parameter subgroups of G [S-F-B]. Earlier work of E. Friedlander and B. Parshall [FP1], [FP2], [FP3], [FP4] and J. Jantzen [JI] concerning the cohomology of restricted Lie algebras are forerunners of the results presented here: finite-dimensional restricted Lie algebras are in 1-1 correspondence with infinitesimal group schemes of height < 1. Our main theorems (Theorems 5.2 and 6.7 below) when restricted to infinitesimal group schemes of height < 1 significantly strengthen previously known cohomological information for restricted Lie algebras. An interesting aspect of our work is the extent to which infinitesimal 1-parameter subgroups v : G? a(r) G for infinitesimal group schemes G of height < r play the role of elementary abelian p-subgroups (and their generalizations, shifted subgroups) for finite groups. Indeed, much of our effort is dedicated to proving that cohomology classes are detected (modulo nilpotence) by such 1-parameter subgroups. This is first done in ? 2 for unipotent infinitesimal group schemes, using an induction argument made possible by a structure theorem presented in ? 1. This structure theorem is the analogue in our context of a theorem of J.-P. Serre characterizing elementary abelian p-groups [S].
Using reduced rank regression methods to identify dietary patterns associated with obesity: a cross-country study among European and Australian adolescents

Abstract This study aims to examine repeatability of reduced rank regression (RRR) methods in calculating dietary patterns (DP) and cross-sectional associations with overweight (OW)/obesity across European and Australian samples of adolescents. Data from two cross-sectional surveys in Europe (2006/2007 Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study, including 1954 adolescents, 12–17 years) and Australia (2007 National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, including 1498 adolescents, 12–16 years) were used. Dietary intake was measured using two non-consecutive, 24-h recalls. RRR was used to identify DP using dietary energy density, fibre density and percentage of energy intake from fat as the intermediate variables. Associations between DP scores and body mass/fat were examined using multivariable linear and logistic regression as appropriate, stratified by sex. The first DP extracted (labelled ‘energy dense, high fat, low fibre’) explained 47 and 31 % of the response variation in Australian and European adolescents, respectively. It was similar for European and Australian adolescents and characterised by higher consumption of biscuits/cakes, chocolate/confectionery, crisps/savoury snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and lower consumption of yogurt, high-fibre bread, vegetables and fresh fruit. DP scores were inversely associated with BMI z-scores in Australian adolescent boys and borderline inverse in European adolescent boys (so as with %BF). Similarly, a lower likelihood for OW in boys was observed with higher DP scores in both surveys. No such relationships were observed in adolescent girls. In conclusion, the DP identified in this cross-country study was comparable for European and Australian adolescents, demonstrating robustness of the RRR method in calculating DP among populations. However, longitudinal designs are more relevant when studying diet–obesity associations, to prevent reverse causality.
ReCLIP (Reversible Cross-Link Immuno-Precipitation): An Efficient Method for Interrogation of Labile Protein Complexes

The difficulty of maintaining intact protein complexes while minimizing non-specific background remains a significant limitation in proteomic studies. Labile interactions, such as the interaction between p120-catenin and the E-cadherin complex, are particularly challenging. Using the cadherin complex as a model-system, we have developed a procedure for efficient recovery of otherwise labile protein-protein interactions. We have named the procedure “ReCLIP” (Reversible Cross-Link Immuno-Precipitation) to reflect the primary elements of the method. Using cell-permeable, thiol-cleavable crosslinkers, normally labile interactions (i.e. p120 and E-cadherin) are stabilized in situ prior to isolation. After immunoprecipitation, crosslinked binding partners are selectively released and all other components of the procedure (i.e. beads, antibody, and p120 itself) are discarded. The end result is extremely efficient recovery with exceptionally low background. ReCLIP therefore appears to provide an excellent alternative to currently available affinity-purification approaches, particularly for studies of labile complexes.
Quantitative Trait Evolution and Environmental Change

Background Given the recent changes in climate, there is an urgent need to understand the evolutionary ability of populations to respond to these changes. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed individual-based simulations with different shapes of the fitness curve, different heritabilities, different levels of density compensation, and different autocorrelation of environmental noise imposed on an environmental trend to study the ability of a population to adapt to changing conditions. The main finding is that when there is a positive autocorrelation of environmental noise, the outcome of the evolutionary process is much more unpredictable compared to when the noise has no autocorrelation. In addition, we found that strong selection resulted in a higher load, and more extinctions, and that this was most pronounced when heritability was low. The level of density-compensation was important in determining the variance in load when there was strong selection, and when genetic variance was lower when the level of density-compensation was low. Conclusions The strong effect of the details of the environmental fluctuations makes predictions concerning the evolutionary future of populations very hard to make. In addition, to be able to make good predictions we need information on heritability, fitness functions and levels of density compensation. The results strongly suggest that patterns of environmental noise must be incorporated in future models of environmental change, such as global warming.
Pleckstrin Associates with Plasma Membranes and Induces the Formation of Membrane Projections: Requirements for Phosphorylation and the NH2-terminal PH Domain

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are sequences of ∼100 amino acids that form “modules” that have been proposed to facilitate protein/protein or protein/lipid interactions. Pleckstrin, first described as a substrate for protein kinase C in platelets and leukocytes, is composed of two PH domains, one at each end of the molecule, flanking an intervening sequence of 147 residues. Evidence is accumulating to support the hypothesis that PH domains are structural motifs that target molecules to membranes, perhaps through interactions with Gβγ or phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), two putative PH domain ligands. In the present studies, we show that pleckstrin associates with membranes in human platelets. We further demonstrate that, in transfected Cos-1 cells, pleckstrin associates with peripheral membrane ruffles and dorsal membrane projections. This association depends on phosphorylation of pleckstrin and requires the presence of its NH2-terminal, but not its COOH-terminal, PH domain. Moreover, PH domains from other molecules cannot effectively substitute for pleckstrin's NH2terminal PH domain in directing membrane localization. Lastly, we show that wild-type pleckstrin actually promotes the formation of membrane projections from the dorsal surface of transfected cells, and that this morphologic change is similarly PH domain dependent. Since we have shown previously that pleckstrin-mediated inhibition of PIP2 metabolism by phospholipase C or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase also requires pleckstrin phosphorylation and an intact NH2-terminal PH domain, these results suggest that: (a) pleckstrin's NH2terminal PH domain may regulate pleckstrin's activity by targeting it to specific areas within the cell membrane; and (b) pleckstrin may affect membrane structure, perhaps via interactions with PIP2 and/or other membrane-bound ligands.
CHROMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY IN EARLY F-TYPE STARS

Using precise measurements of the helium D3 line, we have searched for statistically significant variations in the strength of chromospheric activity in 13 early F-type stars and two late F-type stars. In two early F-type stars, we find short-term (hours to days) variability based on ∼25 observations over the course of a week. In an additional two cases we find significant differences between observations taken years apart, but we can most likely explain this apparent long-term variation as an artifact of probable short-term variations. The evidence suggests that pure rotational modulation of discrete active regions is not responsible for the short-term variations in the early F-type stars and that either a more global process is at work or we are seeing large number of small active regions spread across the star. In contrast, the two late F-type stars in the sample show strength and/or wavelength variations that are consistent with “solar-type” activity typified by the rotational modulation of active regions. Our results suggest that variability does not cause the wide range in activity levels observed within the early F-type stars.
On the formation of the angular distribution of ions of different spices in a plasma jet of a vacuum arc with composite cathode

This paper deals with the computer modeling of vacuum arc with composite multicomponent cathode. This arc is typical for certain kind of ion sources, plasma generator and vacuum interrupters. The described hybrid model treats the electrons as an inertialess fluid and ions as macroparticles. The macroparticle dynamic is calculated with the use of PIC method. Ion-ion Coulomb collision is considered with the use of MC method. The model can simulate vacuum arc as a whole including separate cathode plasma jets, mixing zone, and common plasma column. The dependence of ion angular current distribution on the cathode composition reproduced with the help of developed model agrees well with experimental results.
Measuring Word Meaning in Context

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is an old and important task in computational linguistics that still remains challenging, to machines as well as to human annotators. Recently there have been several proposals for representing word meaning in context that diverge from the traditional use of a single best sense for each occurrence. They represent word meaning in context through multiple paraphrases, as points in vector space, or as distributions over latent senses. New methods of evaluating and comparing these different representations are needed.In this paper we propose two novel annotation schemes that characterize word meaning in context in a graded fashion. In WSsim annotation, the applicability of each dictionary sense is rated on an ordinal scale. Usim annotation directly rates the similarity of pairs of usages of the same lemma, again on a scale. We find that the novel annotation schemes show good inter-annotator agreement, as well as a strong correlation with traditional single-sense annotation and with annotation of multiple lexical paraphrases. Annotators make use of the whole ordinal scale, and give very fine-grained judgments that “mix and match” senses for each individual usage. We also find that the Usim ratings obey the triangle inequality, justifying models that treat usage similarity as metric.There has recently been much work on grouping senses into coarse-grained groups. We demonstrate that graded WSsim and Usim ratings can be used to analyze existing coarse-grained sense groupings to identify sense groups that may not match intuitions of untrained native speakers. In the course of the comparison, we also show that the WSsim ratings are not subsumed by any static sense grouping.