Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants and Mapping of Collective Perceptions of Technological Risk: The Case of the Second Nuclear Power Plant in Taiwan

Nuclear power is a highly controversial and salient example of environmental risk. The siting or operating of a nuclear power plant often faces widespread public opposition. Although studies of public perceptions of nuclear power date back to 1970s, little research attempts to explain the spatial heterogeneity of risk attitude toward nuclear power among individuals or communities. This article intends to improve the knowledge about the major factors contributing to nuclear power plant risk perceptions by mapping the geographical patterns of local risk perception and examining the determinants in forming the nature and distribution of the perceived risk among potentially affected population. The analysis was conducted by a case study of the Second Nuclear Power Plant (SNPP) in Taiwan by using a novel methodology that incorporates a comprehensive risk perception (CRP) model into an ethnographic approach called risk perception mapping (RPM). First, we examined the determinants of local nuclear power risk perceptions through the CRP model and multivariate regression analysis. Second, the results were integrated with the RPM approach to map and explain the spatial pattern of risk perceptions. The findings demonstrate that the respondents regard the nuclear power plant as an extremely high‐risk facility, causing them to oppose the SNPP and reject the compensation payment to accept its continuing operation. Results also indicate that perceptions of nuclear power risk were mainly influenced by social trust, psychological and socioeconomic attributes, proximity, and the perceived effects of the SNPP on the quality of everyday life.
Alternatives to prison : punishment, custody and the community

The prison crisis and alternatives to custody - a brief history the prison crisis in the 1980s alternatives v custody - the debates rage on alternatives as a trojan horse - the case re-examined community service as a process of tolerance probation day centres as an alternative to custody punishment in the community - policy and prospects.
The Moral Foundation of Economic Behavior

This book explains why moral beliefs can and likely do play an important role in the development and operation of market economies. It shows why the maximization of general prosperity requires that people genuinely trust others - even those whom they know don't particularly care about them. It then identifies characteristics that moral beliefs must have for people to trust others even when there is no chance of detection and no possibility of harming anyone. It shows that when moral beliefs with these characteristics are held by a sufficiently high proportion of the population, a high trust society emerges that supports maximum cooperation and creativity while permitting honest competition at the same time. The required characteristics are not tied to any specific religious narrative and have nothing to do with the moral earnestness of individuals or the set of moral values. What really matters is how moral beliefs affect the way people think about morality. The required characteristics are based on abstract ideas that must be learned so they are matters of culture, not genes, and are therefore potentially capable of explaining differences in material success across human societies. This work has many theoretical and empirical implications including but not limited to social capital theory and trust-based economic experiments. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship. com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780199781744/toc.html
Notes on Patriarcy, Professionalization and the Semi-Professions

This article is an attempt to demonstrate the interrelationship of patriarchy and professionalization, with particular reference to the semi-professions. The introductory and second sections review the state of the sociology of professions and the neglect of a number of issues concerned with gender. The third section sets out a theoretical framework drawing on and clarifying patriarchy, reproduction, capitalism and their relationships. The next section considers professionalization as essentially a patriarchal process through which reproduction and emotionality are controlled by men. The fifth section focuses on the semi-professions and the way they may be transformed in their professionalization with increasing control by men. The concluding section considers a number of general theoretical issues.
Testing a developmental cascade model of adolescent substance use trajectories and young adult adjustment

Abstract Developmental models highlight the impact of early risk factors on both the onset and growth of substance use, yet few studies have systematically examined the indirect effects of risk factors across several domains, and at multiple developmental time points, on trajectories of substance use and adult adjustment outcomes (e.g., educational attainment, mental health problems, criminal behavior). The current study used data from a community epidemiologically defined sample of 678 urban, primarily African American youth, followed from first grade through young adulthood (age 21) to test a developmental cascade model of substance use and young adult adjustment outcomes. Drawing upon transactional developmental theories and using growth mixture modeling procedures, we found evidence for a developmental progression from behavioral risk to adjustment problems in the peer context, culminating in a high-risk trajectory of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use during adolescence. Substance use trajectory membership was associated with adjustment in adulthood. These findings highlight the developmental significance of early individual and interpersonal risk factors on subsequent risk for substance use and, in turn, young adult adjustment outcomes.
Physical Impossibility Instead of Fault Models

In this paper we describe the concept of physical impossibility as an alternative to the specification of fault models. These axioms can be used to exclude impossible diagnoses similar to fault models. We show for Horn clause theories while the complexity of finding a first diagnosis is worst-case exponential for fault models, it is polynomial for physical impossibility axioms. Even for the case of finding all diagnoses using physical impossibility axioms instead of fault models is more efficient, although both are exponential in the worst case. These results are used for a polynomial diagnosis and measurement strategy which finds a final sufficient diagnosis.
Design, Optimization, and Prototyping of Segmental-Type Linear Switched-Reluctance Motor With a Toroidally Wound Mover for Vertical Propulsion Application

Linear switched-reluctance motor (LSRM) is investigated and proved to be an alternative for direct linear driving systems, especially for long-distance transportation applications, such as vertical elevator driving motor. This paper presents the design, sensitivity analysis, and optimization of a toroidally wound mover LSRM with segmental stator. The presented LSRM has much higher copper utilization ratio and flux carrying capability than the conventional LSRM for vertical linear propulsion application. The features of motor performance influenced by various geometrical parameters are described using magnetic circuit and finite element analysis to give the guidelines for selecting the reasonable range of those parameters of this kind of machine. Furthermore, an optimization procedure is performed to obtain the optimal machine dimensions considering active payload ratio and force ripples. Finally, the experimental results from the prototype validate the design procedures and analysis above.
Novel Microsatellite Markers of Meretrix petechialis and Cross-species Amplification in Related Taxa (Bivalvia: Veneroida)

The Asian hard clam, Meretrix petechialis, is an economically important bivalve, but its catch and population sizes are decreasing rapidly, owing to many factors, including large-scale reclamation of its natural habitat on the western coast of the Korean peninsula. Attempts to restore the resources and production of this species require genetic structure and diversity information. In this study, we developed 15 microsatellite markers from a partial genomic library enriched in GT repeats. Nine of these markers were polymorphic, with an average allele number of six, and six were monomorphic in 95 tested individuals. No linkage disequilibrium was found between any pair of loci (p > 0.05), and deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test showing excess of heterozygotes was observed in only one of nine loci. In addition, no null alleles or genetic differentiation between two tested populations were detected. A cross-species amplification in 12 species of four families resulted in two M. petechialis-specific loci and three possible universal markers. This information will be useful in the future development of high-quality artificial seedlings and sustainable resource management.
Adaption of the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Cytome Assay for Improved Triage Biodosimetry

The purpose of this work was to adapt a more advanced form of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay for triage biodosimetry in the event of a mass casualty radiation incident. We modified scoring procedures for the CBMN cytome assay to optimize field deployability, dose range, accuracy, speed, economy, simplicity and stability. Peripheral blood of 20 donors was irradiated in vitro (0–6 Gy X ray, maximum photon energy 240 keV) and processed for CBMN. Initially, we assessed two manual scoring strategies for accuracy: 1. Conventional scoring, comprised of micronucleus (MN) frequency per 1,000 binucleated (BN) cells (MN/1,000 BN cells); and 2. Evaluation of 1,000, 2,000 and 3,000 cells in total and different cellular subsets based on MN formation and proliferation (e.g., BN cells with and without MN, mononucleated cells). We used linear and logistic regression models to identify the cellular subsets related closest to dose with the best discrimination ability among different doses/dose categories. We validated the most promising subsets and their combinations with 16 blind samples covering a dose range of 0–8.3 Gy. Linear dose-response relationships comparable to the conventional CBMN assay (r2 = 0.86) were found for BN cells with MN (r2 = 0.84) and BN cells without MN (r2 = 0.84). Models of combined cell counts (CCC) of BN cells with and without MN (BN+MN and BN–MN) with mononucleated cells (Mono) improved this relationship (r2 = 0.92). Conventional CBMN discriminated dose categories up to 3 Gy with a concordance between 0.96–1.0 upon scoring 1,000 total cells. In 1,000 BN cells, concordances were observed for conventional CBMN up to 4 Gy as well as BN+MN or BN–MN (about 0.85). At doses of 4–6 Gy, the concordance of conventional CBMN, BN+MN and BN–MN declined (about 0.55). We found about 20% higher concordance and more precise dose estimates of irradiated and blinded samples for CCC (Mono + BN+MN) after scoring 1,000 total cells. Blinded sample analysis revealed that the mean absolute difference (MAD) of dose estimates and the number of dose estimates outside the ±0.5 Gy interval based on CCC (Mono + BN+MN) was comparable to conventional CBMN for doses ≤4 Gy when scoring 3,000 total cells or more. At doses >4–8.3 Gy, the MAD of CCC (Mono + BN+MN) declined to half of the MADs observed for conventional CBMN, suggesting that the combined cell counts approach improved the discrimination ability. Conventional CBMN at 1,000 total-cell counts performed as efficiently as counting 1,000 BN cells. Discriminating and counting only BN cells with and without MN after 1,000 BN cells at ≤4 Gy revealed performances similar to conventional CBMN. After 3,000 total cells were scored, CCC (Mono + BN+MN) was superior to conventional CBMN at >4 Gy up to about 8 Gy. Our modification of CBMN evaluations saved time compared to the widely established semiautomated MN scoring and extended the dose range up to approximately 6 Gy for triage biodosimetry.
Morphosyntactic Processing in Late Second-Language Learners

The goal of the present study was to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of second-language (L2) morphosyntactic processing in highly proficient late learners of an L2 with long exposure to the L2 environment. ERPs were collected from 22 English–Spanish late learners while they read sentences in which morphosyntactic features of the L2 present or not present in the first language (number and gender agreement, respectively) were manipulated at two different sentence positions—within and across phrases. The results for a control group of age-matched native-speaker Spanish participants included an ERP pattern of LAN-type early negativity followed by P600 effect in response to both agreement violations and for both sentence positions. The late L2 learner results included a similar pattern, consisting of early negativity followed by P600, in the first sentence position (within-phrase agreement violations) but only P600 effects in the second sentence position (across-phrase agreement violation), as well as significant amplitude and onset latency differences between the gender and the number violation effects in both sentence positions. These results reveal that highly proficient learners can show electrophysiological correlates during L2 processing that are qualitatively similar to those of native speakers, but the results also indicate the contribution of factors such as age of acquisition and transfer processes from first language to L2.
Automatically Prioritizing Pull Requests

In previous work, we observed that in the pull-based development model integrators face challenges with regard to prioritizing work in the face of multiple concurrent pull requests. We present the design and initial implementation of a prototype pull request prioritisation tool called PRioritizer. PRioritizer works like a priority inbox for pull requests, recommending the top pull requests the project owner should focus on. A preliminary user study showed that Prioritize provides functionality that GitHub is currently lacking, even though users need more insight into how the priority ranking is established to make Prioritize really useful.
Effective Spelling Instruction

The Elementary School Journal Volume 83, Number 5 ? 1983 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0013-5984/83/8305-0002$01.00 Even though most elementary schools devote considerable time to spelling instruction, the public, as well as many professionals, are concerned that schools are not doing an adequate job of teaching spelling (Graham & Miller 1979). Although there are many possible reasons some students have difficulty learning to spell words correctly, unsatisfactory spelling progress may be attributed in part to at least three instructional factors. First, spelling instruction is strongly influenced by commercial materials that form the foundation of most spelling programs. Several investigators, however, have questioned the adequacy of current spelling texts. In a study designed to examine the efficacy of textbook exercises, Cohen (1969) found that spelling books often contained numerous activities that were irrelevant and inappropriate. For example, exercises that called attention to silent letters and inflectional endings were ineffective, while some activities involving phonetic respelling and homophones actually deterred learning. According to an investigation conducted by Graves (1976), many spelling texts contain a large proportion of the exercises that were shown to be of debatable value in the Cohen study. In addition, research by Cronnell and Humes (1980) revealed that spelling books generally offer a minimal amount of instructional practice and rarely require students to generate spelling words in response to their own needs. Spelling skills are also impeded because contemporary classroom instruction usually does not account for the wide range of spelling abilities and achievement appar-
Connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) in the monkey

The afferent and efferent cortical and subcortical connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) were studied in cebus (Cebus apella) and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys using the retrograde and anterograde capabilities of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. The principal intraparietal corticocortical connections of area 7m in both cebus and macaque cases were with the ipsilateral medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (MIP) and adjacent superior parietal lobule (area 5), inferior parietal lobule (area 7a), lateral bank of the IPS (area 7ip), caudal parietal operculum (PGop), dorsal bank of the caudal superior temporal sulcus (visual area MST), and medial prestriate cortex (including visual area PO and caudalmedial lobule). Its principal frontal corticocortical connections were with the prefrontal cortex in the shoulder above the principal sulcus and the cortex in the shoulder above the superior ramus of the arcuate sulcus (SAS), the area purported to contain the smooth eye movement‐related frontal eye field (FEFsem) in the cebus monkey by other investigators. There were moderate connections with the cortex in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus (purported to contain the saccade‐related frontal eye field; FEFsac), supplementary eye field (SEF), and rostral dorsal premotor area (PMDr). Area 7m also had major connections with the cingulate cortex (area 23), particularly the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus. The principal subcortical connections of area 7m were with the dorsal portion of the ventrolateral thalamic (VLc) nucleus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, lateral pulvinar, caudal mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and medial pulvinar, central lateral, central superior lateral, and central inferior intralaminar thalamic nuclei, dorsolateral caudate nucleus and putamen, middle region of the claustrum, nucleus of the diagonal band, zona incerta, pregeniculate nucleus, anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei, intermediate layer of the superior colliculus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch and dorsomedial parvicellular red nucleus (macaque cases only), dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral basilar pontine nuclei, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, locus ceruleus, and superior central nucleus. The findings are discussed in terms of the possibility that area 7m contains a “medial parietal eye field” and belongs to a neural network of oculomotor‐related structures that plays a role in the control of eye movement. Anat Rec 263:215–236, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polychronicity and Multitasking: A Diary Study at Work

Polychronicity and multitasking have been described as being indispensible in work today because they enable people to use their time flexibly and effectively. We conducted a diary study among 93 employees during the mornings and evenings of 5 consecutive workdays (n = 418 observations). The study used hierarchical linear modeling with polychronicity and other personal characteristics at the person level, and multitasking behavior along with multitasking opportunities, interruptions, and unplanned work as antecedents, and affective well-being and self-rated performance as outcomes at the day level. We found several relations between antecedents and multitasking, as well as between multitasking and consequences. Polychronicity interacts with these relationships, such that polychronic individuals’ affective well-being and self-rated performance are less affected on days with much multitasking compared to monochronic individuals.
Consuming Male Identities: Masculinities, Gender Relations and Alcohol Consumption in Aotearoa New Zealand

The excessive and public consumption of alcohol with other men has been a traditional indication of manliness in Western cultures for many years. However, over the last two decades, this association has been eroded, in part through increased consumption by women. Within the gender-relational context of this increase, we empirically explore ways in which particular (friendship) groups of young men and women (re)construct masculine identities. The male participants demonstrated greater discursive flexibility in enacting their gender identities through alcohol consumption compared with earlier NZ research although also greater constraints on change compared with more recent UK research. A minority of men constructed themselves as atypical in that they did not like rugby, beer or consuming vast quantities of alcohol. These men were all in professional occupations, and we speculate that their social class and financial status may enable them to negotiate alternative demonstrations of masculinity. We conclude that these findings could be explicated through an examination of national gendered identities that arose out of a pioneer culture, and the commodification of gender identities through alcohol consumption. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dark side of social media: Associations between the Dark Triad of personality, self-disclosure online and selfie-related behaviours

The present study investigated the relations between the Dark Triad personality traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy), distinct dimensions of self-disclosure online (i.e., honesty, amount, positive valence, and intent) and selfie related-behaviours (taking, posting and editing selfies). The results indicated, that all three Dark Triad components were positively correlated with posting and editing selfies on social networking sites (SNSs). However, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that only narcissism predicted selfie-related behaviours. Narcissism and Machiavellianism were positively related to the amount of personal information disclosed online and the tendency to self-disclose intentionally in computer-mediated communication (CMC). Moreover, we found no significant correlations between the perceived controllability of Internet communication and two types of self-promotion in the Internet (self-disclosure online and selfie-related behaviours). Our findings demonstrate the importance of analysing the "dark" personality traits in the context of self-promotional behaviours in social media.
A CRITICAL INCIDENT STUDY OF INFANTRY, AIRBORNE, AND ARMORED JUNIOR NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Abstract : Parallel listings are presented of approved and disapproved noncommissioned officer behaviors as reported and evaluated by persons who had served with these junior NCOs. The material was gathered in the form of critical incidents, by interviewing 135 persons subordinate to, and 135 persons superior to, junior noncommissioned officers in infantry, airborne, and armored units, stationed both in the ZI and in Europe. The subjects were asked to relate three incidents of good and three incidents of bad performance on the part of a junior NCO. The nine general areas identified by the researchers are: planning and foresight, informal teaching and briefing, supervising and checking, correcting and rewarding or punishing, manner of dealing with subordinates, concern with welfare of men, attitude towards job, deportment, and technical job knowledge and ability. The frequency with which subordinates and superiors reported each behavior as either good or bad is shown; subordinate and superior differences in evaluation are discussed. (Author)