Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One speaker, two languages: The pragmatics of code-switching: a sequential approach

Introduction This paper will deal with code-switching in a specific sense. The perspective I want to take is an important one, but it does not exclude others. Bilingualism (including multilingualism) is often thought of as multiple linguistic competences, i.e., as a mental disposition which is accessible only indirectly by the usual techniques of psycholinguistic research. In the mentalistic framework of generative grammar, bilingual competence is also accessible via the analysis of well-formed sentences involving two languages which may be treated as a window on the bilingual mind. Yet both the psycholinguist and the generative grammarian treat bilingualism as something which – like competence in general – is basically hidden underneath the skull and therefore invisible; it can be, and must be, made visible by psycholinguistic methods, or the methods of generative grammatical research. Beginning with the discussion of compound vs coordinate bilingualism in its psycholinguistic reformulation (see chapter 12, this volume), and up to the present generative work on grammatical constraints on code-switching (see chapter 9, this volume), there is an impressive amount of research which has been gathered from such a perspective. Contrary to this tradition of research, I will be dealing here with bilingualism from the perspective of the conversationalist. For him or her, it has its foremost reality in the interactive exchanges between the members of a bilingual speech community (as well as between them and monolingual outsiders), by which they display to each other, and ascribe to each other, their bilingualism.
The Increased Expression of Integrin α6 (ITGA6) Enhances Drug Resistance in EVI1high Leukemia

Ecotropic viral integration site-1 (EVI1) is one of the candidate oncogenes for human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with chromosomal alterations at 3q26. High EVI1 expression (EVI1high) is a risk factor for AML with poor outcome. Using DNA microarray analysis, we previously identified that integrin α6 (ITGA6) was upregulated over 10-fold in EVI1high leukemia cells. In this study, we determined whether the increased expression of ITGA6 is associated with drug-resistance and increased cell adhesion, resulting in poor prognosis. To this end, we first confirmed the expression pattern of a series of integrin genes using semi-quantitative PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis and determined the cell adhesion ability in EVI1high leukemia cells. We found that the adhesion ability of EVI1high leukemia cells to laminin increased with the increased expression of ITGA6 and integrin β4 (ITGB4). The introduction of small-hairpin RNA against EVI1 (shEVI1) into EVI1high leukemia cells reduced the cell adhesion ability and downregulated the expression of ITGA6 and ITGB4. In addition, the overexpression of EVI1 in EVI1low leukemia cells enhanced their cell adhesion ability and increased the expression of ITGA6 and ITGB4. In a subsequent experiment, the introduction of shRNA against ITGA6 or ITGB4 into EVI1high AML cells downregulated their cell adhesion ability; however, the EVI1high AML cells transfected with shRNA against ITGA6 could not be maintained in culture. Moreover, treating EVI1high leukemia cells with neutralizing antibodies against ITGA6 or ITGB4 resulted in an enhanced responsiveness to anti-cancer drugs and a reduction of their cell adhesion ability. The expression of ITGA6 is significantly elevated in cells from relapsed and EVI1high AML cases; therefore, ITGA6 might represent an important therapeutic target for both refractory and EVI1high AML.
A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MDR1 gene as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 3435C > T in exon 26 of the MDR1 gene has been shown to correlate with the functioning of P-glycoprotein. We studied the frequency of SNP in exon 26 of the MDR1 gene in breast cancer and its role in predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety-six patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma were enrolled. Genotyping of exon 26 of the MDR1 gene was performed, and computed tomography scans were performed before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Response to 3 cycles of the 5-fluorouracil/doxorubicin/ cyclophosphamide (FAC) regimen was assessed. The prevalence of SNP was compared with that of historical controls. Association of the response was compared with the genotypes. RESULTS The frequency of genotypes was different from that of healthy sex-matched historical controls. Prevalence of TT genotype was significantly increased in breast cancer patients (P = .025). The patients with TT genotype had 2.26 times the chance of responding to neoadjuvant chemotherapy when compared with patients with the CC genotype (P = .44). CONCLUSION Significantly higher prevalence of 3435TT genotype in exon 26 of the MDR1 gene in patients with breast cancer might suggest the possibility of increased breast cancer susceptibility. The genotypes did not show any significant association to response to chemotherapy in the population studied.
Qualitative motor assessment allows to predict the degree of motor disturbances.

OBJECTIVE Early diagnosis is necessary in order to determine neurological integrity and the potential risk of improper development, and also to undertake possible early intervention. The quantitative assessment consists of observation of motor development, and provides information about whether a child performs an activity (movement) expected at a given life period. The qualitative assessment of motor performance verifies whether a specific activity is performed properly. The papers aims to demonstrate the motor performance assessment sheet for infants at the age of 6 months and assessment of qualitative elements of 3rd month at the age of 6 months. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 173 infants (76f/97m) were assessed by a neurologist and a physiotherapist at the age of 6 and 9 months. The neurologist set the final diagnosis at the age of 16 months. Additionally, the physiotherapist assessed qualitative elements typical of the 6th month and of the 3rd month. Risk factors possibly affecting motor performance were considered. RESULTS The assessment performed by the neurologist and the physiotherapist demonstrated high conformity. Infants with varying degrees of developmental delay and with cerebral palsy at the age of 6 months have still not achieved all of the qualitative characteristics typical of the 3rd month of life, nor proper performance for the 6th month. The low Apgar score and the presence of intraventricular haemorrhage affected the motor development at the age of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The author's motor development assessment sheet applied at the age of 6 months proves to be a sensitive research tool and demonstrates good predictive value.
Anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviours in adolescence and young adulthood: findings from a longitudinal study

Background. The aim of this study was to estimate the extent to which anxiety disorders contribute to an increase in suicidal behaviour after controlling for both observed and non-observed sources of confounding. Method. Data were collected from the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS), a 25-year longitudinal study of over 1000 participants. Measures of anxiety disorders [phobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder], major depression (MD), substance use disorders, conduct/antisocial personality disorder, stressful life events, unemployment, and suicidal ideation/attempts for subjects aged 16–18, 18–21 and 21–25 years were used to fit random and fixed effects regression models of the associations between anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviours. Results. Anxiety disorders were strongly associated with suicidal ideation/attempts. Any single anxiety disorder increased the odds of suicidal ideation by 7·96 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 5·69–11·13] and increased the rate of suicide attempts by 5·85 times (95% CI 3·66–9·32). Control for co-occurring mental disorders, non-observed fixed confounding factors and life stress reduced these associations [suicidal ideation odds ratio (OR) 2·80, 95% CI 1·71–4·58; suicide attempts incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1·90, 95% CI 1·07–3·39]. Rates of suicidal behaviour also increased with the number of anxiety disorders. Estimates of the population attributable risk suggested that anxiety disorders accounted for 7–10% of the suicidality in the cohort. Conclusions. Anxiety disorders may be a risk factor for suicidality, even after controlling for confounding, with risks increasing with multiple anxiety disorders. Management of anxiety disorders may be an important component in strategies to reduce population rates of suicide.
Importance of oligoelectrolyte end effects for the thermodynamics of conformational transitions of nucleic acid oligomers: A grand canonical Monte Carlo analysis

Effects of salt concentration on the stabilities of oligonucleotide helices are analyzed directly in terms of ΔΓN→yN ≡ Γ yNden − ΓNnat, the difference in the salt–nucleotide phosphate preferential interaction coefficients for the denatured state, having yN phosphate charges, and for the native state, having N phosphate charges (y = 1 for hairpin denaturation and y = 0.5 for dimer denaturation). Previous experimental studies of the denaturation of hairpin oligo‐nucleotides (having 18 < N < 44) indicate significant differences between ΔΓN→N and ΔΓ∞, the value determined for the denaturation of the corresponding polynucleotide. These differences are thermodynamic manifestations of the oligoelectrolyte end effect. In contrast, the available data on the denaturation of oligonucleotide dimer helices (N ⩽ 22) imply that differences between ΔΓ∞ and ΔΓN→0.5N, and hence oligoelectrolyte end effects, are small or negligible. To determine the origin of these apparently conflicting implications concerning the importance of oligoelectrolyte end effects, we have calculated the N dependence of ΓN from grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations for an idealized model of the structure and charge distribution of each oligomer conformation. Our calculations are in quantitative agreement with the experimental finding for d(TA) hairpin oligomers that − ΔΓN→N decreases linearly as N−1 increases, and with the extant experimental determinations of ΔΓN→0.5N. These results provide an illustration of how the large electrostatic end effects exhibited by the hairpin denaturation data are masked when ΔΓ∞ is compared with values of ΔΓN→0.5N for short dimer helices (N ⩽ 22). For 0.5N > 24, − ΔΓN→0.5N is predicted to be a linear function of N−1 whose slope has the opposite sign from, and is more salt‐concentration dependent than, the corresponding slope of − ΔΓN→N as a function of N−1. Our calculations also yield predictions about the N dependences of the individual values of ΓN that can be tested by determining Donnan coefficients from membrane dialysis equilibrium experiments. For long enough hairpin and dimer oligonucleotides (yN ⩾ 24), in either native or denatured forms, we predict that the (positive) difference Γ∞ − ΓN increases linearly with increasing N−1. For smaller values of N the difference Γ∞ − ΓN continues to increase with increasing N−1.
A 280-GHz 10-dBm Signal Source Based on InP HBT Technology

A 280-GHz high-power signal source has been developed in this work based on a 250-nm InP heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology. The fabricated signal source is composed of two in-phase locked common-base cross-coupled oscillators, the output of which is on-chip combined by a pair of rat-race couplers and a Wilkinson power combiner for enhanced output power. The developed signal source exhibits an oscillation frequency of 276.4 GHz and a phase noise of–89 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The output power of the signal source is measured to be 10 dBm (10 mW), while consuming a dc power of 196 mW (dc-to-RF efficiency of 5.1%).
Adaptive Dynamic Output Feedback Neural Network Control of Uncertain MIMO Nonlinear Systems With Prescribed Performance

An adaptive dynamic output feedback neural network controller for a class of multi-input/multi-output affine in the control uncertain nonlinear systems is designed, capable of guaranteeing prescribed performance bounds on the system's output as well as boundedness of all other closed loop signals. It is proved that simply guaranteeing a boundedness property for the states of a specifically defined augmented closed loop system is necessary and sufficient to solve the problem under consideration. The proposed dynamic controller is of switching type. However, its continuity is guaranteed, thus alleviating any issues related to the existence and uniqueness of solutions. Simulations on a planar two-link articulated manipulator illustrate the approach.
Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces MPTP-induced substantia nigra neuron loss by suppressing oxidative stress

AbstractAim:To investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rg1, an effective ingredient from ginsenoside, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced substantia nigra neuron lesion.Methods:C57-BL mice were given MPTP to prepare Parkinson disease mice model. Different doses of Rg1 (5, 10, and 20 mg·kg−1·d−1) or N-acetylcystein (NAC) (300 mg·kg−1·d−1) were given 3 d prior to MPTP in the pretreatment groups. Glutathione (GSH) level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in substantia nigra were determined by spectrophotometry. Nissl staining, tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, and TUNEL labeling were used to observe the damage and apoptosis of nigral neurons. Western blot analysis was used to detect the phospho-JNK and phospho-c-Jun levels in midbrain homogenates.Results:Pretreatments of C57-BL mice with different doses of Rg1 or NAC were found to protect against MPTP-induced substantia nigra neurons loss. Rg1 or NAC prevented GSH reduction and T-SOD activation in substantia nigra, and attenuated the phosphorylations of JNK and c-Jun following MPTP treatment.Conclusion:The antioxidant property of Rg1 along with the blocking of JNK signaling cascade might contribute to the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against MPTP.
Comparative Chemical Structure and Pharmacokinetics of MRI Contrast Agents

Tweedle MF, Eaton SM, Eckelman WC, Gaughan GT, Hagan JJ, Wedeking PW, Yost FJ. Comparative chemical structure and pharmacokinetics of MRI contrast agents. Invest Radiol 1988; 23(Suppl 1):S236‐S239. The blood clearance kinetics of five gadolinium complexes, Gd(L), were determined in rats and the results interpreted in terms of an open two‐compartment pharmacokinetic model. The complexes were tested in vitro for stability in serum and in aqueous solutions of ions that they might encounter in vivo and that might be expected to react with the Gd(L) complexes to produce uncomplexed gadolinium. Reaction with serum was observed in two instances. Chemical structural differences among the chelating ligands appear to govern the overall reactivity of their Gd(L) complexes. It may be inferred from the results that a preferred structural feature of the ligand is the presence of a 12‐membered 1,4,7,10‐tetraaza macrocycle.
Effect of Varying Dispenser Point Source Density on Mating Disruption of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

ABSTRACT Hand-applied dispensers are successfully used in mating disruption programs, but cost of labor to apply these dispensers limits their adoption. Creating hand-applied dispensers that release larger amounts of pheromone and that can be applied at lower densities per hectare could reduce the cost of mating disruption and increase its use. The effect of reducing the number of point sources per hectare while keeping the amount of pheromone applied per hectare constant on the success of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) mating disruption was investigated with Confuse-OFM, paraffin disk, and Isomate-M Rosso dispensers. For all dispensers, as point source density decreased, numbers of moths captured increased, percentage of orientation disruption to traps decreased, and variability in these measures increased. Decreasing point source density, even while keeping the amount of pheromone applied per hectare constant is not a viable option for reducing the cost of G. molesta mating disruption with hand-applied dispensers. Puffers (aerosol dispensers) are applied at 2.5–5 dispensers per ha for G. molesta control. However, hand-applied dispensers fail when clumped at such low numbers of release sites. Potential explanations for the success of Puffers and the failure of hand-applied dispensers at very low point source densities are presented. The utility of paraffin disk dispensers as experimental devices also is discussed.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FISCAL STIMULUS IN A MONETARY UNION: EVIDENCE FROM U.S. REGIONS

We use rich historical data on military procurement spending across U.S. regions to estimate the effects of government spending in a monetary union. Aggregate military build-ups and drawdowns have differential effects across regions. We use this variation to estimate an "open economy relative multiplier" of approximately 1.5. We develop a framework for interpreting this estimate and relating it to estimates of the standard closed economy aggregate multiplier. The closed economy aggregate multiplier is highly sensitive to how strongly aggregate monetary and tax policy "leans against the wind. " In contrast, our open economy relative multiplier "differences out" these effects because different regions in the union share a common monetary and tax policy. Our estimates provide evidence in favor of models in which demand shocks can have large effects on output. Emi Nakamura Columbia Business School 3022 Broadway, Uris Hall 820 New York, NY 10027 and NBER enakamura@columbia.edu Jón Steinsson Department of Economics Columbia University 1026 International Affairs Building 420 West 118th Street New York, NY 10027 and NBER jsteinsson@columbia.edu
Object perception: When our brain is impressed but we do not notice it

Although our eyes receive incomplete and ambiguous information, our perceptual system is usually able to successfully construct a stable representation of the world. In the case of ambiguous figures, however, perception is unstable, spontaneously alternating between equally possible outcomes. The present study compared EEG responses to ambiguous figures and their unambiguous variants. We found that slight figural changes, which turn ambiguous figures into unambiguous ones, lead to a dramatic difference in an ERP (“event-related potential”) component at around 400 ms. This result was obtained across two different categories of figures, namely the geometric Necker cube stimulus and the semantic Old/Young Woman face stimulus. Our results fit well into the Bayesian inference concept, which models the evaluation of a perceptual interpretation’s reliability for subsequent action planning. This process seems to be unconscious and the late EEG signature may be a correlate of the outcome.
The content of artemisinin in the Artemisia annua tea infusion.

The traditional use of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua for the treatment of malaria entails the preparation of a tea infusion. In the scientific literature there have been some discrepancies on the quantity of the active principle, artemisinin, in the tea infusion. Due to these discrepancies, we decided to quantify artemisinin in tea infusions prepared according to different methods. We also studied the water solubility of pure artemisinin at room temperature and at 100 °C and compared it to the solubility of artemisinin from the plant material. We found that the extraction efficiency is very sensitive to temperature and that efficiencies of above 90 % can be reached. We also showed that the solubility of artemisinin is not improved by other components in the extract but that a supersaturated solution of artemisinin might be formed, which is stable for at least 24 hours.
Metabolic profiling of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) Tissue by 1H‐NMR analysis: evidence for unusual phospholipid metabolism

The TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mouse model has frequently been used in preclinical studies with chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive rationales. Here the hypothesis was tested using 1H‐NMR‐based metabolic profiling that the TRAMP tumor metabolic phenotype resembles that reported for human prostate cancer.
A 1600-Element Dual-Frequency Electronically Reconfigurable Reflectarray at X/Ku-Band

A dual-frequency reconfigurable reflectarray (RRA) is proposed and verified experimentally. The RRA consists of 1600 electronically controllable elements. By integrating only a single PIN diode, the proposed element is capable to operate at two working frequencies with 1-bit phase resolution. The dual-frequency mechanism is explained through the mode analysis, and a parametric study is performed to provide guidelines for determining the two working frequencies. As an example, a 1600-element RRA prototype is realized by assembling five identical $8 \times 40$ subarrays. An field programmable gate array control board is used to achieve real-time phase control of each element individually. The experimental results show that the broadside gains of the RRA are 29.3 and 30.8 dBi at 11.1 and 14.3 GHz, respectively. Excellent beam scanning performance is also obtained at both frequencies.
Drug resistance pulmonary tuberculosis in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and pattern of antituberculous drug resistance and patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the Eastern Province and its impact on the tuberculosis control program. METHODS Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, proven by culture, admitted to Dammam Chest Hospital from November 1993 through May 1996 were reviewed. Patients who had at least one documented isolate of mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to at least one standard anti-tuberculosis drug were identified. Medical records were reviewed and information was retrieved regarding age, sex, nationality, history of previous tuberculosis, human immune deficiency status, and results of direct smear and chest radiograph abnormalities. RESULTS A total of 411 cases of culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis with drug susceptibility testing, were identified during the period mentioned, of these 123 (30%) were Saudi nationals and 228 (70%) were non-Saudis. Drug resistance to at least one drug was observed in 43 (10.5%) patients, resistance to isoniazid alone was observed in 25 (6%) patients, whereas resistance to rifampicin was noted in only one (0.2%) patient, and to streptomycin in 3 (1%) patients, multidrug resistance was observed in 11 (3%) patients. CONCLUSION The study has shown that the overall drug resistance rate of 10.5% in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is the lowest reported in the Kingdom, compared with Riyadh (13%), Taif (23%) and Gizan (44%). However, it appears to be similar to that reported in neighboring countries. In light of the study findings, and as per the recommendation of the World Health Organization, we suggest that a 4-drug regimen, as an initial treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis should be maintained, as resistance to isoniazid is still higher than the cut off value of 4%, and susceptibility testing for first line antituberculosis drugs should be carried out whenever possible. We also recommend applying stricter medical criteria for tuberculosis screening in newcomers, and for Saudi nationals, application of directly observed therapy should be a priority.