Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RACE, GRIEVANCE SYSTEMS, AND PRISONERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF JUSTICE IN THREE CALIFORNIA PRISONS

Abstract A large body of social science consistently documents race differences in the U.S. criminal justice system and in related perceptions of justice. It is now beyond dispute that the criminal justice system is racialized in a plethora of ways that have consequences for how people perceive justice. Another vast body of literature documents the importance of perceptions of procedural justice in people’s satisfaction with dispute management and outcomes. Informed by these two well-established literatures, we draw on original quantitative and qualitative data, including a random sample of interviews with 120 men in three California prisons, to present an empirical analysis of prisoners’ experiences with the prisoner grievance system, their level of satisfaction with the process and outcomes of that system, and their perceptions of fairness. We find an absence of race effects regarding how fairly they say they have been treated in the past by the criminal justice system and in how they assess justice in the prisoner grievance system in particular. Specifically, we find that: 1) male prisoners’ perceptions of whether the overall criminal justice system has been fair to them in the past does not vary by race in statistically significant ways; and 2) the dominance of substantive grievance outcomes over procedural elements in prisoners’ satisfaction holds regardless of racial self-identification. We explain these findings by arguing that prison may perversely level the attitudinal gap among those who are subject to this profound experience of state power.
Temporal Postural Synergies of the Hand in Rapid Grasping Tasks

Postural synergies of the hand have been widely proposed in the literature, but only a few attempts were made to visualize temporal postural synergies, i.e., profiles of postural synergies varying over time. This paper aims to derive temporal postural synergies from kinematic synergies extracted from joint angular velocity profiles of rapid grasping movements. The rapid movements constrain the kinematic synergies to combine instantaneously, and thus, the movements can be approximated by a weighted summation of synchronous synergies. After being extracted by using singular value decomposition, the synchronous kinematic synergies were translated into temporal postural synergies, which revealed strategies of enslaving, metacarpal flexion for larger movements, and hierarchical recruitment of joints, adapted by subjects while grasping.
Optical Properties and van der Waals–London Dispersion Interactions of Polystyrene Determined by Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

The interband optical properties of polystyrene in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region have been investigated using combined spectroscopic ellipsometry and VUV spectroscopy. Over the range 1.5–32 eV, the optical properties exhibit electronic transitions we assign to three groupings, E1 ,E 2, and E3, corresponding to a hierarchy of interband transitions of aromatic (π → π*), non-bonding (n → π*, n → σ*), and saturated (σ → σ*) orbitals. In polystyrene there are strong features in the interband transitions arising from the side-chain π bonding of the aromatic ring consisting of a shoulder at 5.8 eV (E � ) and a peak at 6.3 eV (E1), and from the σ bonding of the C–C backbone at 12 eV (E � ) and 17.1 eV (E3). These E3 transitions have characteristic critical point line shapes associated with one-dimensionally delocalized electron states in the polymer backbone. A small shoulder at 9.9 eV (E2) is associated with excitations possibly from residual monomer or impurities. Knowledge of the valence electronic excitations of a material provides the necessary optical properties to calculate the van der Waals–London dispersion interactions using Lifshitz quantum electrodynamics theory and full spectral optical properties. Hamaker constants and the van der Waals–London dispersion component of the surface free energy for polystyrene were determined. These Lifshitz results were compared to the total surface free energy of polystyrene, polarity, and dispersive component of the surface free energy as determined from contact angle measurements with two liquids, and with literature values. The Lifshitz approach, using full spectral Hamaker constants, is a more direct determination of the van der Waals–London dispersion component of the surface free energy of polystyrene than other methods.
An Exploratory Study of the Support Needs in 24/7 Online Support for People With Mild Intellectual Disabilities

Service organizations for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) increasingly look for technological applications to improve their services. DigiContact is an online support service developed by Philadelphia Care Foundation in the Netherlands which enables independently living people with ID to contact specially trained support workers 24/7. The purpose of this study was to explore the support needs for which people with ID use online support. We first conducted interviews with 21 individuals with ID who use the online support service. Transcriptions of the interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Second, online support workers registered items regarding the support needs when in contact with support users. These data were analyzed to assess which and how often the support needs were present. Online support is used for a broad variety of issues. Four themes emerged during analysis of the interviews: mental health, social contacts (conflicts with others as well as lack of contacts), practical issues, and physical health. Analysis of the support workers' data showed that making a connection with someone and talking about worries and stress are the two most frequent support needs. Most support needs did not differ across the time of day or across the week. The results suggest that 24/7 online support is a useful way of providing services to independently living people with ID. Unlimited access to support has multiple advantages. It appears to have a signaling and a preventive function with regard to emotional and behavioral problems.
DeBAR: Deflection based adaptive router with minimal buffering

Energy efficiency of the underlying communication framework plays a major role in the performance of multicore systems. NoCs with buffer-less routing are gaining popularity due to simplicity in the router design, low power consumption, and load balancing capacity. With minimal number of buffers, deflection routers evenly distribute the traffic across links. In this paper, we propose an adaptive deflection router, DeBAR, that uses a minimal set of central buffers to accommodate a fraction of mis-routed flits. DeBAR incorporates a hybrid flit ejection mechanism that gives the effect of dual ejection with a single ejection port, an innovative adaptive routing algorithm, and a selective flit buffering based on flit marking. Our proposed router design reduces the average flit latency and the deflection rate, and improves the throughput with respect to the existing minimally buffered deflection routers without any change in the critical path.
Presentation Attack Detection Methods for Face Recognition Systems

The vulnerability of face recognition systems to presentation attacks (also known as direct attacks or spoof attacks) has received a great deal of interest from the biometric community. The rapid evolution of face recognition systems into real-time applications has raised new concerns about their ability to resist presentation attacks, particularly in unattended application scenarios such as automated border control. The goal of a presentation attack is to subvert the face recognition system by presenting a facial biometric artifact. Popular face biometric artifacts include a printed photo, the electronic display of a facial photo, replaying video using an electronic display, and 3D face masks. These have demonstrated a high security risk for state-of-the-art face recognition systems. However, several presentation attack detection (PAD) algorithms (also known as countermeasures or antispoofing methods) have been proposed that can automatically detect and mitigate such targeted attacks. The goal of this survey is to present a systematic overview of the existing work on face presentation attack detection that has been carried out. This paper describes the various aspects of face presentation attacks, including different types of face artifacts, state-of-the-art PAD algorithms and an overview of the respective research labs working in this domain, vulnerability assessments and performance evaluation metrics, the outcomes of competitions, the availability of public databases for benchmarking new PAD algorithms in a reproducible manner, and finally a summary of the relevant international standardization in this field. Furthermore, we discuss the open challenges and future work that need to be addressed in this evolving field of biometrics.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Derived from Adult Donors are Not a Source of Pancreatic Beta Cells in Adult Non Diabetic Humans

Objective. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized respectively by ~98% and ~65% loss of pancreatic β-cells. Efforts to reverse either form of diabetes increasingly focus on the possibility of promoting β-cell replacement and/or regeneration. Islet transplantation has been explored, but does not provide longterm insulin independence. One possible source of β-cell regeneration is hematopoietic stem cells. In mice there are conflicting data as to whether hematopoietic stem cells contribute to pancreatic β-cells. We sought to establish if hematopoietic stem cells (derived from adult donors) transdifferentiate into pancreatic beta cells in adult humans. Research Design and Methods. We addressed this in 31 human pancreases obtained at autopsy from hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients who had received their transplant from a donor of the opposite gender. Results. While some donor derived cells were observed in the non-endocrine pancreas, no pancreatic beta cells were identified that were derived from donor hematopoietic stem cells, including two cases with type 2 diabetes. Conclusions. We conclude that hematopoietic stem cells derived from adult donors contribute minimally to pancreatic beta cells in non-diabetic adult humans. These data do not rule out the possibility that hematopoietic stem cells contribute to pancreatic beta cells in childhood or in people with type 1 diabetes.
Contents of macronutrients and growth of ‘BRS Marataoã’ cowpea fertigated with yellow water and cassava wastewater

Agricultural utilization of yellow waters associated with cassava wastewater is a sustainable technique, since it allows reduction of costs related to acquisition of industrialized fertilizers and minimizes the environmental pollution caused by the inadequate disposal of these effluents. In this context, this study evaluated the macronutrient macronutrient content and growth of cowpea fertigated with yellow water associated with cassava wastewater and NPK as source of nutrients. The experiment was set up in a greenhouse located at Campus I of the Federal University of Campina Grande. The experimental design was completely randomized, composed of five treatments characterized by: fertigation with mineral fertilizers, in the form of NPK; organic fertigation composed of human urine, cassava wastewater, human urine plus cassava wastewater; and organo-mineral fertigation composed of urine, cassava wastewater and mineral phosphorus, with four replicates. At 36 days after sowing, the following parameters were determined: contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and the variables number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot fresh matter and shoot dry matter. The use of yellow waters promotes significant increases for growth and production variables for nitrogen and potassium contents mainly, as well as for growth and production variables. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were higher than the levels considered as adequate for the cowpea crop. The use of human urine and cassava wastewater have potential to meet the needs for the main macronutrients required by cowpea and the irrigation via fertigation with these biofertilizers positively influences the development of cowpea.
Reactive silica nanoparticles turn epoxy coating from hydrophilic to super-robust superhydrophobic

Superhydrophobic organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite coatings have received much attention because they possess the advantages of both inorganic and organic materials. Nevertheless, it is difficult to achieve strong bonding of inorganic nanoparticles to the polymer matrix while maintaining a sufficiently rough structure to impart superhydrophobicity. In this study, we fabricated silica nanoparticles with surface reactive groups that can further react with the epoxy resin. Thus, the hydrophobic silica nanoparticles were stably anchored and stabilized in the cured resin matrix while forming nanometer-scale roughness structures. The obtained silica-decorated epoxy resin coating shows great durability and water-repellency after mechanical abrasions and has superior adhesion to the substrate.
THE AMBIGUITY AVERSION LITERATURE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT

We provide a critical assessment of the ambiguity aversion literature, which we characterize in terms of the view that Ellsberg choices are rational responses to ambiguity, to be explained by relaxing Savage's Sure-Thing principle and adding an ambiguity-aversion postulate. First, admitting Ellsberg choices as rational leads to behaviour, such as sensitivity to irrelevant sunk cost, or aversion to information, which most economists would consider absurd or irrational. Second, we argue that the mathematical objects referred to as “beliefs” in the ambiguity aversion literature have little to do with how an economist or game theorist understands and uses the concept. This is because of the lack of a useful notion of updating. Third, the anomaly of the Ellsberg choices can be explained simply and without tampering with the foundations of choice theory. These choices can arise when decision makers form heuristics that serve them well in real-life situations where odds are manipulable, and misapply them to experimental settings.
No and No 2 Emission from Hungarian Forest Soils Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Hungarian Forest Soils; Link with Atmospheric N-deposition No and No 2 Emission from Hungarian Forest Soils

Studies of forest nitrogen (N) budgets generally measure inputs to the atmosphere in wet and dry precipitation and outputs via hydrologic export. Although denitrifica-tion has been shown to be important in many wetland ecosystems, emission of nitrogen oxides from forest soils is an important, and often overlooked, component of an 5 ecosystem nitrogen budget. During one year (2002–2003), emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) were measured from Sessile oak and Norway spruce forest soils in northeast Hungary. Accumulation in small static chambers followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection was used for the estimation of N 2 O emission flux. Because there are rapid chemical reactions of NO and ozone, small 10 dynamic chambers were used for in situ NO flux measurements. Average soil emissions of NO were 1.2 and 2.1 µg N m −2 h −1 , and for N 2 O were 15 and 20 µg N m −2 h −1 , for spruce and oak soils, respectively. The previously determined nitrogen balance between the atmosphere and the forest ecosystem was recalculated using these soil emission figures. The total (dry + wet) atmospheric N-deposition to the soil was 1.42 15 and 1.59 g N m −2 yr −1 for spruce and oak, respectively, while the soil emissions are 0.14 and 0.20 g N m −2 yr −1. Thus, about 10–13% of N compounds deposited to the soil, mostly as NH 3 /NH + 4 and HNO 3 /NO − 3 , are transformed in the soil and emitted back to the atmosphere, mostly as a greenhouse gas (N 2 O).
Comparison of the University Students in Turkey and Central Asia with Regards to Their Characteristics of Thinking, Decision Making and Cognitive Closure

The aim of this study is to compare the Turkish, Uzbek and Kyrgyz university students with regards to their thinking and decision making styles and as well as their cognitive closure. 141 Turkish, 69 Uzbek and 89 Kyrgyz students at the Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University participated in the study. As the data collection tool, the 15-point version of the thinking styles scale, decision making styles scale and the need for cognitive closure scale were used. The data were examined with the one-way variance analysis and the T2 test of Scheffe and Tamhane was applied to find the source of the difference in groups where a difference was determined. As a result of the study, significant differences were found between the Turkish, Uzbek and Kyrgyz students in 11 of the 13 thinking styles and in 3 of the 5 decision making styles. The highest difference in 3 sample groups was found for the need for cognitive closure. The importance of knowing the thinking and decision making styles of different cultures as a prerequisite for intercultural communication and cooperation was highlighted and some recommendations were made on this matter.
Improving the Accuracy of a Finite Element Based Manufacturing Simulation: A Case Study of Laser-Induced Bending in a Thin Metal Sheet

Finite element analysis (FEA) has become an increasingly popular tool used by researchers and professionals for comparing experimental data to theoretically expected values. Its use can prove to be an invaluable resource when analyzing or designing a system by giving the user the ability to understand the process being modeled at a much deeper level. However, finite element analysis it is still prone to generating inaccurate results if not used properly. When simulating certain physical processes, such as those found during manufacturing, the obtained results are sometimes prone to error when compared with their experimentally obtained counterparts. The present work concentrates on exploring the various methods available for improving the accuracy of FEA for manufacturing processes. Specifically, the methods of improvement are explored as applied to laser-induced bending for a thin metal sheet. A series of sequentially-coupled thermomechanical analyses have been created for the laser bending process and the results have been improved upon through multiple analysis configurations. Through this approach, numerous finite element models have been created in order to study the effects of incorporating different element technologies available within current FEA commercial software. An improved model has been created and is discussed in detail for its better performance. Additionally, many model configurations for the same laser forming analysis are presented that do not show superior performance. They are included to investigate why certain modeling configurations do not yield accurate results.
Reduced inflammation and lymphoid tissue immunopathology in rhesus macaques receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections induce robust, generalized inflammatory responses that begin during acute infection and lead to pathological systemic immune activation, fibrotic damage of lymphoid tissues, and CD4⁺ T-cell loss, pathogenic processes that contribute to disease progression. METHODS To better understand the contribution of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a key regulator of acute inflammation, to lentiviral pathogenesis, rhesus macaques newly infected with SIVmac239 were treated for 12 weeks in a pilot study with adalimumab (Humira), a human anti-TNF monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Adalimumab did not affect plasma SIV RNA levels or measures of T-cell immune activation (CD38 or Ki67) in peripheral blood or lymph node T cells. However, compared with untreated rhesus macaques, adalimumab-treated rhesus macaques showed attenuated expression of proinflammatory genes, decreased infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells into the T-cell zone of lymphoid tissues, and weaker antiinflammatory regulatory responses to SIV infection (ie, fewer presumed alternatively activated [ie, CD163⁺] macrophages, interleukin 10-producing cells, and transforming growth factor β-producing cells), along with reduced lymphoid tissue fibrosis and better preservation of CD4⁺ T cells. CONCLUSIONS While HIV/SIV replication drives pathogenesis, these data emphasize the contribution of the inflammatory response to lentiviral infection to overall pathogenesis, and they suggest that early modulation of the inflammatory response may help attenuate disease progression.
Examining the group-level effects of corporate identity cues on organisational identification and role behaviours

Corporate identity cues – the information that amongst other things reflects the central, enduring and distinctive attributes of the organisation that comprise its corporate identity – help influence the psychological bond of identification that employees have with their organisations. Organisational identification in turn affects the job-specific in-role and additional voluntary extra-role behaviours that employees practice within and towards their organisations that can influence its success. Corporate identity research has mostly addressed corporate identity cues as manifestations of the communications, behaviour and symbolism of the organisation. Despite being part of the many pieces of information that employees store in memory about their organisations which provide insights into their interpretations of and responses to the corporate identity (i.e., their member organisational associations), considerably less attention has been directed towards examining these cues from this perspective. Consequently, it is unclear which of these manifestations, or types, of corporate identity cues affect organisational identification and its subsequent influence on role behaviours, or whether these effects are constant across the organisation and under different conditions. This study contributes to building understanding of the manifestations and effects of corporate identity cues on organisational identification and its influence on role behaviours, by examining empirically this relationship at the aggregate and subgroup level. Its underlying premise is that to evaluate sufficiently the effects of corporate identity cues, these cues must also be considered from the member organisational associations perspective. The findings of this mixed methods study show a significant relationship between corporate identity cues derived from member organisational associations, organisational identification and role behaviours, and that the cues that influence organisational identification vary according to organisational levels and conditions. This points to the strategic importance and value of examining periodically corporate identity cues drawn from member organisational associations.