Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Translating Max Weber

Although it is well-recognized that Max Weber was of central importance to many of the emigre social scientists who fled Hitler, commentators have overlooked both Weber’s attempt to found a new dynamic political science that would test partisan commitments and the endeavors of emigre political scientists to develop this project. This article lays out this new Weberian political science and assesses the fate of the various attempts on the part of the emigres to translate it into their new setting. It shows that Weber forged a notion of political science that combined an existential notion of politics as inexorable power struggle with a sociology of the business of politics that provided the setting in which that struggle was to take place. It also shows that the central purpose of this political science was to aid political partisans in clarifying the meaning of their political commitments by forcing them to view these commitments as they are shaped in the socio-political context that determines the struggle for power. I then show that Mannheim sought to radicalize this approach to political science by seeking to construct the political backdrop for the testing of political ideas out of a political field not out of parties, politicians, and state institutions but out of competing ideologies, each of which could be shown to have some insight into the dynamics of political conflict. For Mannheim we could now test political ideas against political reality by playing them off against each other. I call this project of testing political ideas against existential and sociological notions of the political field the Weber–Mannheim project. I then show how three emigre political scientists – Arnold Brecht, Hans Morgenthau, and Franz Neumann – sought to carry on the Weber–Mannheim project in their new setting. I argue that, of the three, Franz Neumann in his great work Behemoth, was most successful in staying true to that project. For he was able to find in his analysis of the Weimar Republic and the fascist regime a way of demonstrating the dynamics under which democracy and dictatorship fail or succeed while still maintaining openings for political will. Both Brecht and Morgenthau seem to have flattened the dynamic aspect of the Weberian and Mannheimian notions of a prudential political science – though it was Morgenthau who had the most successful reception in political science.
The route to diabetes: Loss of complexity in the glycemic profile from health through the metabolic syndrome to type 2 diabetes

Aims: In many physiologic systems, the evolution from health to disease correlates with a loss of complexity in the system’s output. We analyze the difference in complexity of the glycemic profile in healthy volunteers (H), patients with the metabolic syndrome (MS), and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We measured interstitial fluid glucose every 5 minutes for 3 days in 10 H, 10 MS, and 10 DM. Complexity of the glycemic profile was evaluated by means of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) was also calculated. Results: Glucose profile was more complex (lower DFA) in healthy subjects than in patients with MS or DM (mean DFA [SD]: H: 1.25 (0.10), MS: 1.39 (0.07), DM: 1.42 (0.10). ANOVA: F2,27 = 9.94, p = 0.001). DM had also a less complex profile than MS, but this difference was not statistically significant. There was an inverse relation between complexity (lower DFA) and the number of MS defining criteria (rho = 0.55, p = 0.002) and between complexity and MAGE (r = 0.68, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: There is a progressive loss of complexity in the glycemic profile from health, through the metabolic syndrome to type 2 diabetes mellitus. This loss of complexity precedes hyperglycemia and correlates with other markers of disease progression. Complexity analysis may be a useful tool to track the evolution from health to type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it may provide a way to measure glycemic control in real-life situations and has some distinct advantages over other conventional variability metrics.
Growth in bone mass and size--are racial and gender differences in bone mineral density more apparent than real?

In this issue of JCEM, Gilsanz and colleagues (1) (see page 1420) present data that give us insight into the racial differences in bone mass, bone size, and bone mineral density (BMD), which may partly contribute to the lower incidence of fractures in blacks than in whites. The work is refreshing reading because of the meticulous attention to study design and the resultant credibility of the observations. The investigators matched 80 black females and males with 80 whites of the same gender, age, bone age, pubertal stage, height, and weight, and report that: (i) blacks have higher volumetric apparent BMD of the cancellous (trabecular) bone of the vertebral body; (ii) there are no racial differences in femoral midshaft cortical thickness or its true BMD; (iii) blacks have longer legs and a larger femoral midshaft cross-sectional area, but shorter trunk length and vertebral height (despite having the same vertebral cross sectional area).
Unusually low thermal conductivity of gallium nitride nanowires

We report measurements of thermal conductivity κ on individual gallium nitride nanowires (GaN NWs) with diameters ranging from 97to181nm grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition. We observed unexpectedly small κ values, in the range of 13–19W∕mK at 300K, with very weak diameter dependence. We also observe unusual power law κ∼Tn behavior with n=1.8 at low temperature. Electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy measurements indicate Si and O concentrations in the ranges of 0.1–1 and 0.01–0.1at. %, respectively. Based on extensive numerical calculations, we conclude that both the unexpectedly low κ and the T1.8 dependence are caused by unusually large mass-difference scattering, primarily from Si impurities. Our analysis also suggests that mass-difference scattering rates are significantly enhanced by the reduced phonon group velocity in nanoscale systems. Planar defects running the length of the NW, previously characterized in detail, may also play a role in limiting the phonon mean free path.
Early experience with laparoscopic approach for adrenalectomy.

BACKGROUND Adrenalectomy performed by a posterior or transabdominal approach causes substantial postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate laparoscopy as a potential approach for adrenalectomy. METHODS We performed 25 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies on 22 patients from April 1, 1992, to March 30, 1993. Laparoscopic surgery was performed by using a lateral decubitus flank approach with four 11 mm trocars. RESULTS Twelve right and 13 left adrenal glands were removed in a mean time of 2.3 hours. Three patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomies in a mean time of 5.3 hours. The 15 women and 7 men range in age from 31 to 60 years (mean, 42 years). The adrenal gland diseases were nonfunctional adenoma (seven), pheochromocytoma (five), Cushing's disease (four), Cushing's adenoma (four), primary aldosteronism (two), dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate hypersecretion (one), angiomyolipoma (one), and medullary cyst (one). Average tumor size was 4.1 cm (range, 1 to 15 cm). Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was successful in 96% of patients, with one patient requiring a laparotomy because of inadequate exposure. The median postoperative stay was 4 days (range, 2 to 19), with a mean of five narcotic injections. There were no deaths, and morbidity was minor. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopy can be used successfully for adrenalectomy. It produces less postoperative pain and rapid return to normal activity. It may be the preferred method for removing most adrenal gland lesions that require operation.
Clustered Institutional Holdings and Stock Comovement

Previous literature has found that stock returns comove more than fundamentals. More recently, researchers have also found commonalities in liquidity and trading activity. In this paper, I document the role of institutional clienteles in comovement. To define clienteles, I take an innovative approach based on applying hierarchical clustering algorithms to institutional holdings. I find the majority of institutional investors can be stably clustered into a small number of clienteles. These clienteles seem to play an important role in explaining comovement. Stocks hold by the same clientele comove excessively in trading volume, return, and liquidity. Lastly, I provide a channel through which clientele effects generate comovement. Funds within the same clientele seem suffer correlated liquidity shocks. These shocks generate correlated order flow in the underlying stocks, inducing comovement in return and liquidity for these stocks.
The Osteological Paradox: Problems of Inferring Prehistoric Health from Skeletal Samples [and Comments and Reply]

Paleodemography and paleopathology presuppose that direct relationships exist between statistics calculated from archaeological skeletal series (e.g., skeletal lesion frequencies and mean age at death) and the health status of the past populations that gave rise to the series. However, three fundamental conceptual problems confound the interpretation ofsuch statistics: demographic nonstationarity, selective mortality, and unmeasured, individuallevel heterogeneity in the risks of disease and death. Using simple models of the relationship between individual "frailty" and the hazard of death at each age, this paper explores the implications of these problems for archaeological interpretation. One conclusion is that the skeletal evidence pertaining to the transition from hunting-and-gathering to settled agriculture is equally consistent with an improvement in health and a deterioration i health resulting from the transition.
Identification of Genetic Variants That Affect Histone Modifications in Human Cells

DNA Differences The extent to which genetic variation affects an individual's phenotype has been difficult to predict because the majority of variation lies outside the coding regions of genes. Now, three studies examine the extent to which genetic variation affects the chromatin of individuals with diverse ancestry and genetic variation (see the Perspective by Furey and Sethupathy). Kasowski et al. (p. 750, published online 17 October) examined how genetic variation affects differences in chromatin states and their correlation to histone modifications, as well as more general DNA binding factors. Kilpinen et al. (p. 744, published online 17 October) document how genetic variation is linked to allelic specificity in transcription factor binding, histone modifications, and transcription. McVicker et al. (p. 747, published online 17 October) identified how quantitative trait loci affect histone modifications in Yoruban individuals and established which specific transcription factors affect such modifications. Human genetic variation affects transcription factor binding, leading to histone modifications. [Also see Perspective by Furey and Sethupathy] Histone modifications are important markers of function and chromatin state, yet the DNA sequence elements that direct them to specific genomic locations are poorly understood. Here, we identify hundreds of quantitative trait loci, genome-wide, that affect histone modification or RNA polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy in Yoruba lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). In many cases, the same variant is associated with quantitative changes in multiple histone marks and Pol II, as well as in deoxyribonuclease I sensitivity and nucleosome positioning. Transcription factor binding site polymorphisms are correlated overall with differences in local histone modification, and we identify specific transcription factors whose binding leads to histone modification in LCLs. Furthermore, variants that affect chromatin at distal regulatory sites frequently also direct changes in chromatin and gene expression at associated promoters.
The Importance of Ethical Environment to Organizational Performance in Employment at Will States

This article highlights the importance of ethical environment in enhancing organizational performance. It is vital that organizations set ethical standards for their employees alongside providing an environment that fosters trust and commitment, provides leadership, and creates a high quality of workforce to improve organizational performance. To study the impact of ethical environment on organizational performance, we employ elements from André de Waal’s high-performance organization (HPO) framework. Data for this study come from a national survey conducted in four states in the United States, which are classified as at-will employment states: Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Florida. We find evidence that ethical environment plays an important role in determining organizational performance. This is particularly important in the context of at-will employment, where state governments are facing the challenge to maintain employee commitment while improving organizational performance.
‘What’s the plan?’ ‘What plan?’ Changing aspirations among Gypsy youngsters, and implications for future cultural identities and group membership

Considering data from a research project with two Gypsy communities (2010–2012) in South West England, this article explores issues of education and identity. The two communities have contrasting experiences within the education system. Informed by inter-disciplinary perspectives on identity and assimilation theories, the article explores these experiences within the wider context of the researcher’s work with Romani communities over the past two decades, exploring the impact of schooling on cultural identity and group membership. Questions are raised about theories concerning hybrid and multiple identities. Finally, the author emphasizes the need to acknowledge the heterogeneity of minority groups in formulating policy.
Bactericidal and opsonizing effects of normal serum on mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium

The bactericidal and opsonizing effects of normal human serum on six strains of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 having different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition were demonstrated through five indices. Complement activity in the presence of antibody was important for the opsonization of all six strains and for the bactericidal effect on rough mutants. Complement activity, either in the presence or absence of antibody, was involved in the ingestion strains of SL 901 (SR) and SL 1032 (Rd1) by human neutrophils. Strain SH 5014 (Rb2) was avidly ingested by neutrophils and totally dependent on complement activity in the presence of antibody. The ingestion of strain SH 2201 (S) was also mediated exclusively by complement activity in the presence of antibody but not as efficiently as were rough mutants. Antibody, as demonstrated by quantitative fluorescence, enhanced the complement activity on the ingestion of the S, SR, and Rb2 strains by neutrophils. The intracellular killing of six strains was enhanced significantly by complement activity in the presence of antibody. The overall survival in the presence of serum and neutrophils decreased as the LPS became shorter. Complement activity in the presence of antibody enhanced extracellular killing only for strains SL 901 (SR) and his 515 (Ra). It was shown that there was no difference between SR and Ra strains in all five indices, suggesting that the one additional O-antigen side chain does not make the SR strain more resistant than the Ra strain. Although resistance by S. typhimurium to host defense mechanisms increases as the LPS chain length increases, the specific LPS structure appears to be of greater importance, especially with respect to opsonization.
Mutations of p53 in gallbladder carcinomas in high-incidence areas of Japan and Chile.

Gallbladder adenocarcinomas from patients in two high-prevalence areas, Niigata (Japan) and Santiago (Chile), were analyzed for acquired mutations in exons 5-8 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and the characteristics of p53 alterations in the two groups were compared. Of 42 tumors, 22 (52.4%) harbored 25 alterations identified by PCR amplification and direct sequencing (13 of 22 tumors from Niigata and 12 of 20 tumors from Santiago). All alterations were single base pair substitutions, 20 (80%) leading to an amino acid substitution or a chain-termination signal, and 5 (20%) were silent. Immunohistochemically, 55 of 84 cases (65.5%) showed overexpression of p53 protein, with no significant difference in frequency between the two areas. Missense mutations correlated highly with overexpression of the p53 protein (93.4%). Mutations of p53 occurred in all four exons examined, most commonly in exon 5, but in no particular "hot spot. " In base-change spectra, all 12 mutations from Santiago showed transitions, with 4 arising at the CpG dinucleotide (33.3%). In contrast, no such transition was found at CpG sites in Niigata, and 4 of 13 mutations (30.8%) were transversions. The data indicated that p53 mutations are highly important in carcinogenesis in the gallbladder. In addition, the difference in p53 mutational spectra in Niigata and Santiago indicate a likely regional difference in mutagenesis.
Effects of Novelty On Taste-Avoidance Learning in Chicks

Five experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of novelty on visually-mediated taste-avoidance learning in domestic chicks. In experiments l a and b, chicks were reared with either uncoloured or blue fluid in their home cages, and then required to discriminate between blue and uncoloured fluids that were either palatable or unpalatable (quinine-adulterated). For some chicks the distasteful fluid was novel in appearance, for others it was familiar. In both experiments chicks readily discriminated between a novel unpalatable fluid and a familiar palatable one, but failed to discriminate between a familiar unpalatable fluid and a novel palatable one. This failure to discriminate resulted from avoidance of the palatable fluid. In neither experiment did novelty enhance the rate of avoidance learning. Experiment 2 tested more directly the effect of novelty on speed of avoidance learning. Chicks were reared on either red or blue palatable fluid, then tested with either red or blue distasteful fluid. Avoidance learning was more rapid when the distasteful fluid was novel in colour, in both red-reared and blue-reared chicks. Experiment 3 investigated the inability of chicks to discriminate between a familiar unpalatable fluid and a novel palatable one, demonstrated in experiment 1. Chicks were required to discriminate between different-coloured palatable and unpalatable fluids when both were familiar in appearance (experiment 3a) or when both were novel (experiment 3b). Discrimination occurred in the first case but not in the second. In addition, avoidance learning was slower when both unpalatable fluids were familiar. I conclude that (a) novelty faciliates visually-mediated taste-avoidance learning in chicks and (b) the failure of chicks to discriminate a novel palatable fluid from a familiar unpalatable one depends on the relative novelty of the palatable fluid and not on the relative familiarity of the unpalatable one. The results are discussed in the context of warning coloration and are explained in terms of an interaction between unlearned and learned avoidance tendencies.
Temporally and Spatially Heterogeneous Distribution of mTHPC in a Murine Tumor Observed by Two-color Confocal Fluorescence Imaging and Spectroscopy in a Whole-mount Model

Abstract Efficient intratumor delivery of anticancer drugs and photosensitizers is an important factor in the success of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, respectively. Unfortunately, their adequate and uniform intratumor distribution is impeded by several physiological barriers and by binding to tissue components. Measurement of gross tumor drug accumulation is a routine method of investigating the uptake and clearance of chemotherapy agents and photosensitizers but tells little about their extravascular spatial distribution. We use whole-mount two-color confocal fluorescence imaging and imaging spectroscopy of unprocessed excised murine tumor fragments to investigate the intratumor distribution of the photosensitizer meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin (mTHPC) as a function of distance from blood vessels perfused with 0.2 μm diameter fluorescent microspheres. Significant mismatches between drug and perfused vasculature are caused by heterogeneities in tumor blood supply. We describe complex microscopic mTHPC gradients that reverse dramatically relative to the perfused vasculature with time after injection. This imaging technique can be applied to screen the dynamic intratumor distribution of other fluorescent photosensitizers and anticancer drugs.
EU Regional Innovation Strategies

This article reviews the emergence of regional policy initiatives designed to stimulate learning, innovation and regional development in Europe’s less favoured regions. Drawing on the European Commission-sponsored Wales Regional Technology Plan as a case study, it examines progress and outcomes using the conceptual framework of regional experimentalism. The article concludes that the Wales RTP has helped to develop significant interactive learning processes among the regional state, firms and intermediaries. Important questions, however, are raised as to whether the RTP process in Wales has engendered the sufficiently path-breaking forms of dialogue anticipated by theorists. In this respect, the article suggests that regional experimentalism under-estimates the problems associated with creating novel policy processes in environments characterized by well entrenched interests and responsibilities.
WHAT DID YOU BOUGHT? Explaining a typical error in the acquisition of English

L'auteur de cet article estime que les constructions avec l'auxiliaire do dans la formation des phrases interrogatives et negatives constituent une des principales difficultes pour les eleves d'anglais, quelle que soit leur langue maternelle. Selon l'experience de l'auteur, l'apparition de telles fautes n'est pas limitee aux premidres semaines d'apprentissage. Elles reviennent sans cesse au cours des quatre ou cinq premieres ann£es d'enseignement. Difförentes explications de ce phenomöne ont ete propos^es et sont discutoes dans cet article. L'auteur est d'avis que l'eldve produit des phrases incorrectes parce qu'il n'est pas encore devenu conscient du fait que la seule forme verbale permise en combinaison avec do est l'infinitif 'pur la dite bare infinitive only hypothese.
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy: an evidence‐based treatment for children with complex trauma and disorders of attachment

Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP) is a family therapy treatment based on Attachment Theory. It is an integration of several approaches, methods and techniques that have a strong evidence base. The approach was originally developed to treat children with disorders of attachment and has been shown to be effective. It has since been more broadly used to help families with a variety of difficulties, including complex trauma. This paper outlines the primary principles and components of DDP and the evidence to support the effectiveness of the components and, therefore, of DDP.