Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Research Paper: Is Relevance Relevant? User Relevance Ratings May Not Predict the Impact of Internet Search on Decision Outcomes

OBJECTIVE A common measure of Internet search engine effectiveness is its ability to find documents that a user perceives as 'relevant'. This study sought to test whether user provided relevance ratings for documents retrieved by an Internet search engine correlate with the decision outcome after use of a search engine. DESIGN 227 university students were asked to answer four randomly assigned consumer health questions, then to conduct an Internet search on one of two randomly assigned search engines of different performance, and to again answer the question. MEASUREMENTS Participants were asked to provide a relevance score for each document retrieved as well as a pre and post search answer to each question. RESULTS User relevance rankings had little or no predictive power. Relevance rankings were unable to predict whether the user of a search engine could correctly answer a question after search and could not differentiate between two search engines with statistically different performance in the hands of users. Only when users had strong prior knowledge of the questions, and the decision task was of low complexity, did relevance appear to have modest predictive power. CONCLUSIONS User provided relevance rankings taken in isolation seem to be of limited to no value when designing a search engine that will be used in a general-purpose setting. Relevance rankings may have a place in situations in which experts provide rankings, and decision tasks are of complexity commensurate with the abilities of the raters. A more natural metric of search engine performance may be a user's ability to accurately complete a task, as this removes the inherent subjectivity of relevance rankings, and provides a direct and repeatable outcome measure which directly correlates with the performance of the search technology in the hands of users.
Be More: Buffering Against Gender Stereotypes by Building Self-Efficacy Beliefs

Research shows that organizations perform better when women are represented on senior leadership teams. Yet women are not rising to the highest ranks of leadership at equivalent rates as men. Gender stereotypes negatively influence women’s self-efficacy, the internal beliefs of what they are capable of. Women hold themselves back when they respond to these low self-efficacy beliefs, by not aspiring, not applying, not asking, and not acting. This paper explores current leadership gap data and the consequences of the disparity between men and women in leadership roles. Next, the paper describes how stereotypes can create the underlying problem: limiting internal beliefs. This paper proposes an evidence-based solution drawn from the field of positive psychology. A review of decades of research suggests that with increased career self-efficacy, women will be more likely to reach for, persist in, and succeed in senior leadership positions. The paper’s appendices describe four practical interventions that can be implemented by women and organizations designed to raise women’s career self-efficacy.
Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs) and change behaviors: the mediating role of LMX

Capitalizing upon Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs) and Leader-member exchange (LMX), this research aims to explore the relationship between the congruence of employees’ ILTs and those traits of their managers and employees’ supportiveness, resistance and behavioral creativity for change. After distributing three questionnaires at three points among teachers, 296 participants completed all three questionnaires. Having conducted some confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), we utilized Latent Congruence Modeling (LCM) to analyze the final proposed models. The findings showed that the congruence has no direct effects on behavioral change responses. However, LMX can function as a full mediator. LMX has significant relationships with employees’ support and resistance for change. Nevertheless, the path coefficient was non-significant for behavioral creativity to change. This study, therefore, extends prevailing follower-centric perspective on leadership and strengthens its essence in organizational change with fundamental socio-cognitive research.
A Gradient Based Weighted Averaging Method for Estimation of Fingerprint Orientation Fields

Estimation of orientation fields is an essential module in a fingerprint recognition system. Conventional gradient based approaches are popular but very sensitive to noise. In this paper, we propose a new implementation that is more resistant to noise. Our basic idea is to conduct redundant estimation over four overlapping neighborhoods for each target block. Following this idea, we devise a weighted averaging scheme operated on the base blocks directly. Thus, each block (including the target one) in the overlapping neighborhoods has different impact on estimation of the dominant orientation fields. Our preliminary experiment results suggest that the proposed weighted averaging algorithm is more robust against noise in comparison with other gradient based methods.
Dualisers in Aristotle’s Biology

Abstract Aristotle often claims that some animal kinds “dualise” between two opposite groups (e. g., terrestrial and aquatic, or biped and quadruped), i. e. that they belong “to both and to neither”. This claim is paradoxical since it appears to attribute incompatible features to the same kind. Some scholars have therefore suggested that, for Aristotle, dualisers are not an objective phenomenon, but rather a misleading appearance that depends of the ambiguity of terms like “aquatic”. Others have argued that Aristotle’s classifications contain overlaps because they are not meant to capture an essentialist hierarchy of kinds. I show that Aristotle sees dualisers as an objective feature of the world that does not depend on the ambiguity of our concepts, and that the passages on dualisers can be better understood on an essentialist (as opposed to a relativist) interpretation of classification. For Aristotle, dualisers belong “to both and to neither” of two opposite kinds because they belong to both in a spurious sense, but they are not full members of either.
The Relationship Between the Natural Environment and Individual-Level Academic Performance in Portland, Oregon

We tested the hypothesis that exposure to the natural environment is associated with improved academic performance. Specifically, we examined the association between individual-level standardized math and reading test scores and exposure to the natural environment using data from Portland Public Schools (17,918 students attending 83 schools for the math model and 19,459 students attending 90 schools for the reading model). We found that a 1-SD increase in tree cover within 200 m of a child’s home was associated with moving from the 50th percentile to the 51st percentile on math tests. A 1-SD increase in tree cover within 100 m of a child’s school was associated with moving from the 50th percentile to the 56th percentile on reading tests. Finally, a 1-SD increase in road density within 100 m of a child’s home was associated with moving from the 50th percentile to the 47th percentile on reading tests.
Constraints on extragalactic point source flux from diffuse neutrino limits

We constrain the maximum flux from extragalactic neutrino point sources by using diffuse neutrino flux limits. We show that the maximum flux from extragalactic point sources is E{sup 2}(dN{sub {nu}/}dE){<=}1.4x10{sup -9}(L{sub {nu}/}2x10{sup 43} erg/s){sup 1/3} GeV cm{sup -2} s{sup -1} from individual point sources with average neutrino luminosity per decade, L{sub {nu}. } It depends only slightly on factors such as the inhomogeneous matter density distribution in the local universe, the luminosity distribution, and the assumed spectral index. The derived constraints are at least 1 order of magnitude below the current experimental limits from direct searches. Significant constraints are also derived on the number density of neutrino sources and on the total neutrino power density.
The Political Economy of Incentive Regulation: Theory and Evidence from U.S. States

The determinants of incentive regulation are an important issue in economics. More powerful rules relax allocative distortions at the cost of lower rent extraction. Hence, they should be found where the reformer is more concerned with stimulating investments by granting higher expected profits, and where rent extraction is less necessary since the extent of information asymmetries is more limited. This prediction is consistent with US power market data. During the 1990s, performance based contracts were signed by firms operating in states where generation costs were historically higher than those characterizing neighboring markets and the regulator had stronger incentives to exert information-gathering effort because elected instead of being appointed.
Behavioral Interventions Associated with Smoking Cessation in the Treatment of Tobacco Use

Tobacco smoke is the leading cause of preventable premature death worldwide. While the majority of smokers would like to stop, the habitual and addictive nature of smoking makes cessation difficult. Clinical guidelines suggest that smoking cessation interventions should include both behavioural support and pharmacotherapy (e.g. nicotine replacement therapy). This commentary paper focuses on the important role of behavioural interventions in encouraging and supporting smoking cessation attempts. Recent developments in the field are discussed, including ‘cut-down to quit’, the behaviour change techniques taxonomy (BCTT) and very brief advice (VBA) on smoking. The paper concludes with a discussion of the important role that health professionals can and should play in the delivery of smoking cessation interventions.
Cardiac Complications in Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Incidence, Timing, Risk Factors, and Association With Short-Term Mortality

Background— Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) affects >5 million adults each year in the United States. Although incident cardiac complications occur in patients with community-acquired pneumonia, their incidence, timing, risk factors, and associations with short-term mortality are not well understood. Methods and Results— A total of 1343 inpatients and 944 outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia were followed up prospectively for 30 days after presentation. Incident cardiac complications (new or worsening heart failure, new or worsening arrhythmias, or myocardial infarction) were diagnosed in 358 inpatients (26.7%) and 20 outpatients (2.1%). Although most events (89.1% in inpatients, 75% in outpatients) were diagnosed within the first week, more than half of them were recognized in the first 24 hours. Factors associated with their diagnosis included older age (odds ratio [OR]=1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.04), nursing home residence (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2–2.9), history of heart failure (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 3.0–6.3), prior cardiac arrhythmias (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2–2.7), previously diagnosed coronary artery disease (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.04–2.0), arterial hypertension (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.1), respiratory rate ≥30 breaths per minute (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.3), blood pH <7.35 (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8–5.7), blood urea nitrogen ≥30 mg/dL (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.2), serum sodium <130 mmol/L (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.02–3.1), hematocrit <30% (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3–3.2), pleural effusion on presenting chest x-ray (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.4), and inpatient care (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.8–8.3). Incident cardiac complications were associated with increased risk of death at 30 days after adjustment for baseline Pneumonia Severity Index score (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.04–2.5). Conclusions— Incident cardiac complications are common in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and are associated with increased short-term mortality. Older age, nursing home residence, preexisting cardiovascular disease, and pneumonia severity are associated with their occurrence. Further studies are required to test risk stratification and prevention and treatment strategies for cardiac complications in this population.
The Own-Wage Elasticity of Labor Demand: A Meta-Regression Analysis

The own-wage elasticity of labor demand is a key parameter in empirical research and policy analysis. However, despite extensive research, estimates of labor demand elasticities are subject to considerable heterogeneity. In this paper, we explore various dimensions of this heterogeneity by means of a comprehensive meta-regression analysis, building on information from 151 different studies containing 1334 estimates in total. Our results show that heterogeneity in the estimates of the elasticity is natural to a considerable extent: the magnitude of the elasticity depends on the theoretical model applied and features of the workforce. Moreover, we find that labor demand has become more elastic over time, and is particularly elastic in countries with low levels of employment protection legislation. Furthermore, we find heterogeneity due to the empirical specification of the labor demand model, characteristics of the dataset and publication bias.
Orthodontic bonding to acid- or laser-etched prebleached enamel

Objective Bonding forces of brackets to enamel surfaces may be affected by the procedures used for bleaching and enamel etching. The aim of this study was to investigate the bonding strength of orthodontic brackets to laser-etched surfaces of bleached teeth. Methods In a nonbleached control group, acid etching (group A) or Er:YAG laser application (group B) was performed prior to bracket bonding (n = 13 in each group). Similar surface treatments were performed at 1 day (groups C and D; n = 13 in each subgroup) or at 3 weeks (groups E and F; n = 13 in each subgroup) after 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching in another set of teeth. The specimens were debonded after thermocycling. Results Laser etching of bleached teeth resulted in clinically unacceptable low bonding strength. In the case of acid-etched teeth, waiting for 3 weeks before attachment of brackets to the bleached surfaces resulted in similar, but not identical, bond strength values as those obtained with nonbleached surfaces. However, in the laser-etched groups, the bonding strength after 3 weeks was the same as that for the nonbleached group. Conclusions When teeth bleached with 38% hydrogen peroxide are meant to be bonded immediately, acid etching is preferable.
Low frequency modulation of transionospheric radio wave amplitude at low-latitudes: possible role of field line oscillations

Abstract. Ionospheric scintillations of radio waves at low-latitudes are associated with electron density irregularities. These irregularities are field-aligned and can provide excitation energy all along the field line to non-local field-aligned oscillations, such as the local field line oscillations. Eigen-periods of toroidal field line oscillations at low-latitudes, computed by using the dipole magnetic field and ion distributions obtained from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) for typical nighttime conditions, fall in the range of 20–25 s. When subjected to spectral analysis, signal strength of the radio waves recorded on the 250 MHz beacon at Pondicherry (4.5° N dip), Mumbai (13.4° N dip) and Ujjain (18.6° N dip) exhibit periodicities in the same range. For the single event for which simultaneous ground magnetic data were available, the geomagnetic field also oscillated at the same periodicity. The systematic presence of a significant peak in the 20–25 s range during periods of strong radio wave scintillations, and its absence otherwise suggests the possibility that field line oscillations are endogenously excited by the irregularities, and the oscillations associated with the excited field line generate the modulation characteristics of the radio waves received on the ground. The frequency of modulation is found to be much lower than the characteristic frequencies that define the main body of scintillations, and they probably correspond to scales that are much larger than the typical Fresnel scale. It is possible that the refractive mechanism associated with larger scale long-lived irregularities could be responsible for the observed phenomenon. Results of a preliminary numerical experiment that uses a sinusoidal phase irregularity in the ionosphere as a refracting media are presented. The results show that phase variations which are large enough to produce a focal plane close to the ground can reproduce features that are not inconsistent with our observations. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere – ionosphere interactions) Ionosphere (ionosphere – magnetoshere interactions; ionospheric irregularities)
Basic paramodulation and decidable theories

We prove that for sets of Horn clauses saturated under basic paramodulation, the word and unifiability problems are in NP, and the number of minimal unifiers is simply exponential (i). For Horn sets saturated wrt. a special ordering under the more restrictive inference rule of basic superposition, the word and unifiability problems are still decidable and unification is finitary (ii). We define standard theories, which include and significantly extend shallow theories. Standard presentations can be finitely closed under superposition and result (ii) applies. Generalizing shallow theories to the Horn case, we obtain (two versions of) a language we call Catalog, a natural extension of Datalog to include functions and equality. The closure under paramodulation is finite for Catalog sets, hence (i) applies. Since for shallow sets this closure is even polynomial, shallow unifiability is in NP, which is optimal: unifiability in ground theories is already NP-hard. We even go beyond: the shallow word problem is tractable and for Catalog sets S we prove decidability of the full first-order theory of T(F)/=/sub s/.
Applying the tourist area life cycle within sport tourism: the case of Stellenbosch and German athletes

ABSTRACT The popular tourist town of Stellenbosch in South Africa has long been a favoured training destination for European athletes during the northern hemisphere winter months. This paper considers the case study of German athletes – one of the most prominent groups to train in Stellenbosch since the early 1990s. The analysis involves the application of the concept of the Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) to the town’s sport tourism offering. In this regard Stellenbosch continues to experience notable demographic changes, not all of which are related to tourism. The impact of these changes is considered in the context of the factors which have historically made the town a sought-after destination for high performance athletics training camps. Consequently this paper offers an analysis of Stellenbosch’s current and future attractiveness as far as this particular dimension of sport tourism is concerned. This is an important consideration given the availability of alternative training destinations both in South Africa and internationally.
Empirical study of buffer management scheme for Diffserv assured forwarding PHB

The IETF Differentiated Services Working Group has recently standardized the assured forwarding (AF) per hop behavior (PHB). RFC 2597 recommends that an active queue management (AQM) technique be used to realize the multiple levels of drop precedence required in the AF PHB. The most widely used AQM scheme is RED (random early detection). There are several ways to extend RED to a multi-level RED (MRED) algorithm suitable for the AF PHB. This work compares two possible MRED implementations and their ability to protect lower drop precedence traffic: WRED (weighted RED) and RIO (RED with in/out). Based on an empirical study, this paper makes the following key contributions: firstly, the results show that for ON-OFF traffic, RIO is better than WRED in protecting packets marked for treatment with lower drop precedence. Secondly, for short-lived flows, RIO achieves higher transactional rates than WRED. Thirdly, for bulk transfer, RIO and WRED achieve comparable long-term throughput. Finally, this paper also reports the results of experiments with 3 different models for setting of WRED and RIO parameters. We recommend the "staggered" model as best suited to achieve the requirements of the AF PHB.
Moderating effects of age on personality, driving behavior towards driving outcomes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the effect of people’s personality on driving behavior and traffic accidents and violations in the province of South Sulawesi. Design/methodology/approach This research was conducted in order to determine the moderating effects of age on the relationship between personality variables, driving behavior and driving outcomes. The research was conducted over two years. For the first year of this study, research was conducted in the city of Makassar, the capital of the South Sulawesi province, which has the highest volume of accidents compared to other districts/cities in South Sulawesi. The approach used in conducting the data analysis was a quantitative approach; the inferential statistical analysis method of analysis used to test the hypothesis of the research was structural equation modeling. Findings The results of the analysis show that age is a moderating variable in the relationship between personality, driving behavior and driving outcomes. The higher the age, the stronger the influence of personality on driving behavior and driving outcomes, and the stronger the effect of driving behavior on driving outcomes. Originality/value Originality for this paper is shown as follows: using age on personality has a moderating effect on the relationship between driving behavior and driving outcomes; and the research would implicate driving behavior and inclined factors from the eastern part of Indonesia, since most research works were conducted in the western part of Indonesia and they hardly considered the moderating effect of age.
The Integral of the Supremum Process of Brownian Motion

In this paper we study the integral of the supremum process of standard Brownian motion. We present an explicit formula for the moments of the integral (or area) (T) covered by the process in the time interval [0,T]. The Laplace transform of (T) follows as a consequence. The main proof involves a double Laplace transform of (T) and is based on excursion theory and local time for Brownian motion.
Does Multidimensionality Cause DIF

The differential item functioning (DIF) of an item that initially assumed unidimensional is frequently attributed to the assumption of multidimensionality. Therefore, it is important to test the assumption that multidimensionality causes an item to be functionally different between the disadvantaged group (i.e. focal group) and the benefited group (i.e. reference group) on the Aptitude Potential Test for New Student Selection in State Islamic University (AP SPMB-PTAIN). This study aims to: (a) explore and confirm the internal structure of AP SPMB-PTAIN; (b) identify items containing DIF based on the types of school the candidates attended (Madrasah Aliyah/MA, that is, secondary education managed by the Ministry of Religious Affairs, or regular high school/SMA); and (c) evaluate the multidimensionality effects on DIF. The data analyses (n = 10,000) showed that: (1) the internal structure of AP SPMB-PTAIN is semi-complex multidimensional; (2) 15 items contain DIF UIRT (12 items benefited high school graduates while three items benefited MA graduates); five items contain DIF MRT that benefited high school graduates; and (3) the multidimensionality difference between the focal and reference group did not appear to correspond to DIF.