Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nurses' and Nursing Students' Knowledge and Attitudes regarding Pediatric Pain

Nursing staff spend more time with patients with pain than any other health staff member. For this reason, the nurse must possess the basic knowledge to identify the presence of pain in patients, to measure its intensity and make the steps necessary for treatment. Therefore, a prospective, descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the knowledge and attitudes regarding pediatric pain in two different populations. The questionnaire, Pediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (PKNAS), was applied to 111 hospital pediatric nurses and 300 university nursing students. The final scores for pediatric nurses and nursing students were 40.1 ± 7.9 and 40.3 ± 7.5, respectively. None of the sociodemographic variables predicted the scores obtained by the participants (P > 0.05). There was a high correlation between the PKNAS scores of pediatric nurses and nursing students (r = 0.86, P < 0.001). It was observed that the degree of knowledge about pain and its treatment was very low in both groups. Due to this deficiency, pain in children remains inadequately managed, which leads to suffering in this population. It is necessary to increase the continued training in this subject in both areas.
Local Preparedness for Terrorism: A View from Law Enforcement

This article examines the views of the law enforcement community concerning critical issues related to local preparedness for possible terrorists' incidents. Information is derived from a statewide conference held on domestic preparedness in Ohio. Representatives from law enforcement agencies located in all 88 counties of the state attended the conference, and determined a set of top-five priority issues in response to four discussion questions: (1) critical equipment needs; (2) critical training needs; (3) critical internal issues; and (4) critical external issues.
Splitting Methods for Convex Clustering

Clustering is a fundamental problem in many scientific applications. Standard methods such as k-means, Gaussian mixture models, and hierarchical clustering, however, are beset by local minima, which are sometimes drastically suboptimal. Recently introduced convex relaxations of k-means and hierarchical clustering shrink cluster centroids toward one another and ensure a unique global minimizer. In this work, we present two splitting methods for solving the convex clustering problem. The first is an instance of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM); the second is an instance of the alternating minimization algorithm (AMA). In contrast to previously considered algorithms, our ADMM and AMA formulations provide simple and unified frameworks for solving the convex clustering problem under the previously studied norms and open the door to potentially novel norms. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm on both simulated and real data examples. While the differences between the two algorithms appear to be minor on the surface, complexity analysis and numerical experiments show AMA to be significantly more efficient. This article has supplementary materials available online.
Why information security is hard - an economic perspective

According to one common view, information security comes down to technical measures. Given better access control policy models, formal proofs of cryptographic protocols, approved firewalls, better ways of detecting intrusions and malicious code, and better tools for system evaluation and assurance, the problems can be solved. The author puts forward a contrary view: information insecurity is at least as much due to perverse incentives. Many of the problems can be explained more clearly and convincingly using the language of microeconomics: network externalities, asymmetric information, moral hazard, adverse selection, liability dumping and the tragedy of the commons.
Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin Secretion by Cultured Rat Islet Cell Tumor and Its Clones 1

Abstract Cells derived from rat islet tumor and grown in culture (parent cells—RIN-m) and two clones obtained from them were used to study the effect of various secretagogues on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion. Parent cells secreted all three hormones in various quantities, while clone 5F secreted predominantly insulin and clone 14B secreted predominantly somatostatin. The secretory behavior of these cells were compared to each other and to that of normal islets. In general, as in the case of normal islets, insulin secretion was stimulated by calcium, potassium, tolbutamide, theophylline, and glucagon. It was inhibited by somatostatin. Glucagon secretion was stimulated by calcium, arginine, and theophylline. Somatostatin secretion was stimulated in clone 14B by arginine, tolbutamide, theophylline, and insulin. These cells differ from normal islets, in that they do not respond to glucose or arginine with increased insulin secretion. Also somatostatin failed to inhibit glucagon secretion. The similarity in insulin secretory responses of parent cells and clone 5F suggests that local or paracrine islet hormone secretion plays only a negligible role in the control of other hormone secretion in these cells.
Loss of function of vascular smooth muscle cells by nitric oxide‐dependent and ‐independent interactions with tumorigenic cells

Little is known about the interaction of tumor cells with host vascular smooth muscle cells. In reconstitution experiments, tumorigenic cell lines (including the rat hepatocarcinoma Morris 7777 and human melanoma M‐21) were cultured for 17 hr in the presence of rat aortic rings, subsequently evaluated in contractility assays (response to phenylephrine and KCl). An agonist‐independent loss of contractility was observed in rings pre‐incubated with either tumorigenic cell lines or their conditioned medium (CM). The depressing effect of Morris cells depends largely on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in smooth muscle cells and was reversed by an inhibitor of this enzyme; iNOS immunoreactivity was verified in some muscular vessels at the periphery of tumors formed by the Morris cell line in rats. The M‐21 melanoma produces cytotoxicity in rat aortic rings (presence of single stranded DNA, cleavage of PARP, in differentiated smooth muscle only), accounting for the irreversible loss of contractility. The cytotoxicity produced by M‐21 CM is not dependent on NO. Gel filtration of CM suggests that both the iNOS‐ and cytotoxicity‐inducing substances from Morris hepatoma cells or M‐21 cells, respectively, are mainly of low molecular weight (1 kDa or less). Other cell lines derived from rat or human tumors produce minimal effects on the rat aorta smooth muscle (H4‐II‐E‐C3) or an irreversible anergy (RBL, MDA‐MB‐231, HEP‐3B, HEP G2). The results emphasize that inhibition of vascular smooth muscle is relevant to tumor biology both by modulation of tumoral hemodynamics and by influencing the state of vessel maturation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Romantic Relationships, Relationship Styles, Coping Strategies, and Psychological Distress among Chinese and Australian Young Adults

This study examined the association between relationship styles, coping strategies, and psychological distress among 144 Anglo‐Australian and 250 Hong Kong Chinese undergraduate students. The results indicated that relationship styles (secure, clingy, and fickle) influenced psychological distress through their association with coping strategies (avoidance and self‐punishment). Society of residence was a moderating factor for the association between clingy relationship style and psychological distress. Females also reported higher levels of psychological distress than males. Among participants who had experienced a romantic relationship break up, participants endorsing clingy relationship style and those whose partners initiated the break up expressed more hurt in comparison, whereas those who endorsed avoidance strategy reported less hurt. The results of the present study also suggested that psychosocial variables (relationship styles, coping strategies) were generally more important than demographic factors (e.g., age) in predicting mental health outcomes. However, relationship styles and coping strategies may operate differently under different contexts.
Comparing Verbal and Reaching Responses to Visually Perceived Egocentric Distances

Ability to visually perceive egocentric target distance was assessed using 2 response measures: verbal reports and reaches. These 2 response measures were made within experimental trials with the participants' eyes closed either immediately after viewing the target (Experiment 1) or after a 6- or 12-sec delay (Experiment 2). Systematic and random errors differed as a function of the response measure. The random errors for the verbal reports and the reaches were not correlated in the no-delay condition but became correlated in each of the 6- and 12-sec delay conditions. Systematic errors varied as a function of delay for the verbal reports but not for the reaches. These findings suggest that immediate verbal and action responses are not directed by a single internally represented perceived depth, as suggested by Philbeck and Loomis (1997). The findings are related to the possibility of separate neurological streams for vision (e.g., Bridgeman, 1989; Milner & Goodale, 1995; Rossetti, 1998), and our discussion contains a review that supplements Michaels's (2000) commentary on those theories. The findings are also related to the recent theories regarding task-specific devices, and a possible synthesis of task-specific devices and separate visual streams is offered.
The Impact of Precipitation on Land Interfacility Transport Times

Abstract Introduction Timely transfer of patients among facilities within a regionalized critical-care system remains a large obstacle to effective patient care. For medical transport systems where dispatchers are responsible for planning these interfacility transfers, accurate estimates of interfacility transfer times play a large role in planning and resource-allocation decisions. However, the impact of adverse weather conditions on transfer times is not well understood. Hypothesis/Problem Precipitation negatively impacts driving conditions and can decrease free-flow speeds and increase travel times. The objective of this research was to quantify and model the effects of different precipitation types on land travel times for interfacility patient transfers. It was hypothesized that the effects of precipitation would accumulate as the distance of the transfer increased, and they would differ based on the type of precipitation. Methods Urgent and emergent interfacility transfers carried out by the medical transport system in Ontario from 2005 through 2011 were linked to Environment Canada's (Gatineau, Quebec, Canada) climate data. Two linear models were built to estimate travel times based on precipitation type and driving distance: one for transfers between cities (intercity) and another for transfers within a city (intracity). Results Precipitation affected both transfer types. For intercity transfers, the magnitude of the delays increased as driving distance increased. For median-distance intercity transfers (48 km), snow produced delays of approximately 9.1% (3.1 minutes), while rain produced delays of 8.4% (2.9 minutes). For intracity transfers, the magnitude of delays attributed to precipitation did not depend on distance driven. Transfers in rain were 8.6% longer (1.7 minutes) compared to no precipitation, whereas only statistically marginal effects were observed for snow. Conclusion Precipitation increases the duration of interfacility land ambulance travel times by eight percent to ten percent. For transfers between cities, snow is associated with the longest delays (versus rain), but for transfers within a single city, rain is associated with the longest delays. GiangWCW, DonmezB, AhghariM, MacDonaldRD. The impact of precipitation on land interfacility transport times. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-7 .
重要他人回饋影響創意生活經驗？：以模式競爭方式檢驗創意自我效能與創意動機的中介效果Do significant Others’ Feedback Iinfluence one’s Creative Bhavior? - Using Structural Equation Modeling to Examine Creativity Self- Efficacy and Creativity Motivation Mediation Effect

本研究嘗試以社會認知理論為基礎，建構創意生活經驗的產生歷程模式，其中包含五個變項：重要他人回饋、個體內在心理歷程（含創意內、外在動機及創意自我效能）與創意生活經驗，研究的樣本取自台灣北部六所大學學生，有效樣本 636份。 除呈現描述性統計、差異性檢定並結合IRT分析方式與結構方程模式的優勢進行模式檢驗。 結果發現：1. 模式比較結果發現創意自我效能在動機變項之前的模式較佳。 2. 重要他人正面回饋對於創意自我效能與創意外在動機均具有正面的影響效果，但是對於創意內在動機則不具影響性。 3. 個體知覺重要他人正面回饋透過創意自我效能、創意內、外在動機等中介變項對於創意生活經驗具有正面影響效果，其中以個體的創意自我效能對創意生活經驗的預測力較強。 最後提出若干建議供未來研究與教學實務參考。 關鍵詞 重要他人回饋、創意生活經驗、創意自我效能、創意動機 。 《詳全文》 Do significant Others’ Feedback Iinfluence one’s Creative Bhavior? - Using Structural Equation Modeling to Examine Creativity Self- Efficacy and Creativity Motivation Mediation Effect This study aimed to construct a model of significant others’ feedback, inner process, and creative behavior based on social cognitive theory, and explored the role of creative self-efficacy in one’s inner process. Participants were 636 undergraduates from six universities in Northern Taiwan. The results were analyzed using three methods. First, we compared Model 1 (- creative self-efficacy influencing intrinsic motivation and, extrinsic motivation) and Model 2 (- creative self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation were parallel). The result indicated that Model 1 is a better fit with data than Model 2, which supported social cognitive theory. Second, the result showed that positive feedback was directly predictive of creative self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation, as suggested by hypothesis suggested , but not predictive of intrinsic motivation. Third, people perceived positive feedback and negative feedback from their significant others, though could not directly predict creative behavior; they displayed indirect effect on creative behavior through mediated variables. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that when individuals receive feedback, one often evaluates the task and feedback. Then the evaluation outcomes that we called creative self-efficacy will affect one’s motivation which in turn affects creative behavior. Based on these results, recommendations for future research are discussed. Key Words creative motivation, creative self-efficacy, feedback from significant others
Regulation of fos and jun immediate-early genes by redox or metabolic stress in cardiac myocytes.

We have previously demonstrated coordinate inductions of c-fos, c-jun, jun B, and jun D in cardiac myocytes exposed to hypoxia for 2 to 4 hours. Induction of these transcripts occurred before any significant loss of intracellular ATP. In the present study, the origin of the signal(s) that regulates immediate-early gene induction was investigated by comparing the effects of hypoxia with those of the metabolic inhibitors cyanide, deoxyglucose and cyanide combined, and iodoacetic acid. Cyanide, an inhibitor of oxidative metabolism, closely mimicked the metabolic effects of hypoxia, with elimination of oxygen consumption, increased lactate production, and minimal decline in ATP levels under both conditions. Compared with hypoxia, cyanide mediated small transient inductions of fos and jun transcripts that followed a different time course. The combination of cyanide and deoxyglucose resulted in inhibition of lactate production as well as respiration, and ATP dropped rapidly to 20% of control levels. The loss of intracellular ATP was followed by fourfold inductions of c-fos and c-jun with minor changes in jun B and jun D transcript levels. Similarly, iodoacetic acid caused a major (90%) loss of ATP and irreversible cell damage as measured by leakage of creatine phosphokinase enzyme and loss of membrane arachidonic acid; ATP loss was followed by fivefold to sevenfold inductions of c-fos, c-jun and jun B transcripts. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preventing avoidable incidents leading to a presentation to the emergency department (ED) by older adults with cognitive impairment: protocol for a scoping review

Introduction Older adults with cognitive impairment represent a large portion (21–42%) of people (65+) who consult at an emergency department (ED). Because this sub-group is at higher risk for hospitalisation and mortality following an ED visit, awareness about ‘avoidable’ incidents should be increased in order to prevent presentations to the ED due to such incidents. This study aims to synthetise the actual knowledge related to ‘avoidable’ incidents (ie, traumatic injuries, poisoning and other consequences of external causes) (WHO, 2016) leading to ED presentations in older people with cognitive impairment. Methodology and analysis A scoping review will be performed. Scientific and grey literature (1996–2016) will be searched using a combination of key words pertaining to avoidable incidents, ED presentations, older adults and cognitive impairment. A variety of databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Ageline, SCOPUS, ProQuest Dissertations/theses, EBM Reviews, Healthstar), online library catalogues, governmental websites and published statistics will be examined. Included sources will pertain to community-dwelling older adults presenting to the ED as a result of an avoidable incident, with the main focus on those with cognitive impairment. Data (eg, type, frequency, severity, circumstances of incidents, preventive measures) will be extracted and analysed using a thematic chart and content analysis. Discussion and dissemination This scoping review will provide a picture of the actual knowledge on the subject and identify knowledge gaps in existing literature to be filled by future primary researches. Findings will help stakeholders to develop programmes in order to promote safe and healthy environments and behaviours aimed at reducing avoidable incidents in seniors, especially those with cognitive impairment.
Factors Influencing Zoo Visitors' Conservation Attitudes and Behavior

Abstract The author predicted that Zoo Atlanta visitors who had interactive experience with the zoo's elephant demonstration and bio-fact program would be more likely to actively support elephant conservation than those who simply viewed the animals in their exhibit and read graphics. The survey instruments used in this research consisted of 25 closed-ended questions, petitions, and conservation-action solicitation cards. A random sample of 471 zoo visitors was selected, and 350 individuals completed the survey, signed petitions, and took solicitation cards. The overall return rate of the solicitation cards was 18.3%; the return rate was higher for visitors who had higher levels of interaction with the elephant exhibit. The return rates by experience were highest—29.7%, high—20.3%, undetermined—14.8%, low—14.3%, and lowest—11.6%. For the five categories of experience, the distribution of return rates was not random, χ2(4,N = 64) = 9.88, p < . 04.
PERCIPIRANE POSLJEDICE DOSELJAVANJA I STAV PREMA DOSELJAVANJU

Cilj istraživanja bio je provjeriti socioekonomska i identitetska obilježja sudionika kao moguce odrednice opcega stava prema doseljavanju i percipiranih posljedica doseljavanja (percipiranih prijetnji) te utvrditi jesu li percipirane posljedice doseljavanja u osnovi doprinosa socioekonomskih i identitetskih obilježja za objasnjenje stava prema doseljavanju. Istraživanje se temelji na podacima o stavovima prema doseljavanju i doseljenicima među 866 stanovnika Zapadne i Istocne Slavonije. Analizirana obilježja sudionika obuhvacaju demografska obilježja (spol, dob, stupanj naobrazbe sudionika, oca i majke), socioekonomska (radni status, prosjecan prihod po clanu obitelji te relativnu procjenu životnoga standarda) i identitetska obilježja (objektivan i subjektivan osjecaj pripadnosti mjestu, odnosno regiji, boravka), a percipirane posljedice mjeru ekonomske, sigurnosne i kulturne prijetnje. Pozitivniji opci stav prema doseljavanju u prosjeku je karakteristicniji za mlađe sudionike, one koji svoj životni standard procjenjuju visim i one koji se u sadasnjem mjestu boravka ne smatraju domacima, pri cemu se navedeni efekti mogu (potpuno ili djelomicno) objasniti percipiranim posljedicama doseljavanja. Sažeto, istraživanje potvrđuje percipirane prijetnje kao neposredne odrednice stava prema doseljavanju. Ujedno je potvrđeno da se pojavljivanje demografskih, socioekonomskih te identitetskih obilježja sudionika kao odrednica stava prema doseljavanju može barem dijelom objasniti percipiranim posljedicama doseljavanja.
Proteomic Analysis of Liver in Rats Chronically Exposed to Fluoride

Fluoride (F) is a potent anti-cariogenic element, but when ingestion is excessive, systemic toxicity may be observed. This can occur as acute or chronic responses, depending on both the amount of F and the time of exposure. The present study identified the profile of protein expression possibly associated with F-induced chronic hepatotoxicity. Weanling male Wistar rats (three-weeks old) were divided into three groups and treated with drinking water containing 0, 5 or 50 mg/L F for 60 days (n=6/group). At this time point, serum and livers were collected for F analysis, which was done using the ion-sensitive electrode, after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. Livers were also submitted to histological and proteomic analyses (2D-PAGE followed by LC-MS/MS). Western blotting was done for confirmation of the proteomic data A dose-response was observed in serum F levels. In the livers, F levels were significantly increased in the 50 mg/L F group compared to groups treated with 0 and 5 mg/L F. Liver morphometric analysis did not reveal alterations in the cellular structures and lipid droplets were present in all groups. Proteomic quantitative intensity analysis detected 33, 44, and 29 spots differentially expressed in the comparisons between control vs. 5 mg/L F, control vs. 50 mg/L F, and 5 mg/L vs. 50 mg/L F, respectively. From these, 92 proteins were successfully identified. In addition, 18, 1, and 5 protein spots were shown to be exclusive in control, 5, and 50 mg/L F, respectively. Most of proteins were related to metabolic process and pronounced alterations were seen for the high-F level group. In F-treated rats, changes in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and GRP-78 expression may account for the F-induced toxicity in the liver. This can contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatoxicity induced by F, by indicating key-proteins that should be better addressed in future studies.
The Minor Capsid Protein L2 Contributes to Two Steps in the Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Life Cycle

ABSTRACT Prior studies, which have relied upon the use of pseudovirions generated in heterologous cell types, have led to sometimes conflicting conclusions regarding the role of the minor capsid protein of papillomaviruses, L2, in the viral life cycle. In this study we carry out analyses with true virus particles assembled in the natural host cell to assess L2's role in the viral infectious life cycle. For these studies we used the organotypic (raft) culture system to recapitulate the full viral life cycle of the high-risk human papillomavirus HPV31, which was either wild type or mutant for L2. After transfection, the L2 mutant HPV31 genome was able to establish itself as a nuclear plasmid in proliferating populations of poorly differentiated (basal-like) human keratinocytes and to amplify its genome to high copy number, support late viral gene expression, and cause formation of virus particles in human keratinocytes that had been induced to undergo terminal differentiation. These results indicate that aspects of both the nonproductive and productive phases of the viral life cycle occur normally in the absence of functional L2. However, upon the analysis of the virus particles generated, we found an approximate 10-fold reduction in the amount of viral DNA encapsidated into L2-deficient virions. Furthermore, there was an over-100-fold reduction in the infectivity of L2-deficient virus. Because the latter deficiency cannot be accounted for solely by the 10-fold decrease in encapsidation, we conclude that L2 contributes to at least two steps in the production of infectious virus.