Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The time between intention and action affects the experience of action

We present a study investigating how the delay between the intention to act and the following action, influenced the experience of action. In experiments investigating sense of agency and experience of action, the contrast is most often between voluntary and involuntary actions. It is rarely asked whether different types of intentions influence the experience of action differently. To investigate this we distinguished between proximal intentions (i.e., intentions for immediate actions) and delayed intentions (i.e., intentions with a temporal delay between intention and action). The distinction was implemented in an intentional binding paradigm, by varying the delay between the time where participants formed the intention to act and the time at which they performed the action. The results showed that delayed intentions were followed by a stronger binding effect for the tone following the action compared to proximal intentions. The actions were reported to have occurred earlier for delayed intentions than for proximal intentions. This effect was independent of the binding effect usually found in intentional binding experiments. This suggests that two perceptual shifts occurred in the contrast between delayed intentions and proximal intentions: The first being the binding effect, the second a general shift in the perceived time of action. Neither the stronger binding effect for tone, nor the earlier reports of action, differed across delays for delayed intentions. The results imply that delayed intentions and proximal intentions have a different impact on the experience of action.
Purpose in Life Among Alcoholics: A Comparison of Three Ethnic Groups

ABSTRACT Ethnic variability in perceived purpose in life was measured in a group of 100 alcohol dependent males. The sample was composed of Caucasian (38%), Hispanic (37%), and American Indian (25%) hospitalized alcoholics. Analysis of variance tests revealed significant differences on the Purpose in Life (PIL) instrument [F (2,97) = 6.47, p = . 002], Follow-up tests indicated that American Indians endorsed higher levels of purpose in life than either of the other two groups. Controlling for four alcohol severity covariates failed to obviate the effect of ethnicity on PILscores, suggesting important ethnic differences in this construct.
Isolated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients with Chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency Combined with Grade II Valgus Laxity

Background There is no consensus about whether isolated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using multistrand hamstring tendon with nonoperative treatment for chronic medial collateral ligament injury is sufficient. Purpose To assess clinical outcome for patients with chronic anterior cruciate ligament injury and accompanying grade II valgus laxity who received medial hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction alone. Results were compared with those of patients with isolated chronic anterior cruciate ligament injury without valgus laxity. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Two hundred eighty-nine patients with isolated anterior cruciate ligament injury were compared with 53 patients with accompanying valgus laxity (minimum follow-up, 24 months). The following parameters were compared between the 2 groups at the last follow-up: range of motion, KT-1000 arthrometer value, pivot-shift test result, Lysholm knee scale, knee extensor muscle strength, return to sporting activities, subjective recovery, and International Knee Documentation Committee grade. Differences in clinical outcome were evaluated between those with preoperative International Knee Documentation Committee grade B and grade C and between those with grade A and grade B or C at final evaluation. Results Postoperative KT-1000 arthrometer value averaged 1.2 mm for those with isolated anterior cruciate ligament injury and 1.6 mm for those with accompanying valgus laxity (not significant, P = .281). There was no significant difference between these 2 groups regarding the other items. In patients with preoperative valgus laxity, KT-1000 arthrometer values at final evaluation between patients with preoperative grade B and C were not significantly different. The value for subjects with grade A at final evaluation was 1.3 mm and for those with grade B or C at final evaluation was 2.7 mm (P = .065). Conclusion There was no clinically significant difference regarding outcome of anterior cruciate ligament multistrand hamstring reconstruction alone for 90% of patients with grade II valgus laxity who regained medial stability with nonoperative management compared with those who underwent the same anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction for an isolated anterior cruciate ligament tear.
hidden spaces and places in the preschool

The article discusses how children make use of their preschool context in order to withdraw. Ethnographic observations were made of two-to five-year-old children's interactions during free play and teacher-led activities in the preschool, and documentation was carried out through field notes and video recordings. The empirical material was analysed using Corsaro's theory on children's peer cultures. Results show that children, in their peer cultures, construct withdrawal strategies — `making oneself inaccessible' and `creating and protecting shared hidden spaces' — by making use of the preschool's organization of time and space.
How Does Meaning Specificity Affect Verb Learning and Extension?

Although verbs are in general harder to learn than nouns, children’s early vocabularies do contain some verbs (e.g., Fenson et al. 1994). Furthermore, children’s early vocabularies contain a much higher proportion of verbs in Chinese than in English (e.g., Tardif et al. 2008). One explanation for Chinese children’s relative verb advantage is the high input frequency of verbs in child-directed speech (Tardif, Shatz & Naigles 1997). Another explanation is the high imageability of early Chinese verbs (Ma, Golinkoff, Hirsh-Pasek, McDonough & Tardif 2009). “Imageability” refers to a word’s capability to generate a mental image (Paivio, Yuille & Madigan 1968). Words learned early are more imageable than words learned later, independent of form class and language (e.g., Gilhooly & Logie 1980). But what about verb meaning is imageability tapping? High imageability may reflect the specificity of verb meaning such that verbs with narrower meanings may be easier to learn than verbs with broader meanings, as the correlational results suggest. This is the first experimental test of the imageability hypothesis: Would children more readily learn more specific than less specific verb meanings when all other factors were controlled? Forty-seven English-speaking three-year-olds participated in this study. Using video display, participants learned two novel verbs (twilling and clooming). In the training, participants watched two video clips illustrating each verb. For each participant, one novel verb served as a narrow verb, and the other verb as a broad verb. A narrow verb referred to two actions with slightly different manners, and a broad verb referred to two actions with more variable
Graphene versus Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Glucose Biosensing

A simple procedure was developed for the fabrication of electrochemical glucose biosensors using glucose oxidase (GOx), with graphene or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Graphene and MWCNTs were dispersed in 0.25% 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and drop cast on 1% KOH-pre-treated glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). The EDC (1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide)-activated GOx was then bound covalently on the graphene- or MWCNT-modified GCE. Both the graphene- and MWCNT-based biosensors detected the entire pathophysiological range of blood glucose in humans, 1.4–27.9 mM. However, the direct electron transfer (DET) between GOx and the modified GCE’s surface was only observed for the MWCNT-based biosensor. The MWCNT-based glucose biosensor also provided over a four-fold higher current signal than its graphene counterpart. Several interfering substances, including drug metabolites, provoked negligible interference at pathological levels for both the MWCNT- and graphene-based biosensors. However, the former was more prone to interfering substances and drug metabolites at extremely pathological concentrations than its graphene counterpart.
Oligoribonuclease is a central feature of cyclic diguanylate signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Significance Many bacteria possess enzymes that synthesize and degrade the intracellular second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Bacteria use this molecule to relay environmental signals into physiological responses that control motility, virulence, and biofilm formation. There are two pathways for enzymatic c-di-GMP degradation. One of these pathways involves the production of an intermediate molecule called 5ʹ-phosphoguanylyl-(3ʹ,5ʹ)-guanosine (pGpG). Although many enzymes responsible for c-di-GMP degradation have been characterized, microbiologists have long sought those responsible for pGpG degradation. Here we identify that oligoribonuclease (Orn) mediates pGpG degradation and show that Orn is important for c-di-GMP signaling in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This discovery reveals that nanoribonucleases, which have been considered housekeeping proteins crucial for mRNA turnover, also have a key role in c-di-GMP signaling. The second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) controls diverse cellular processes among bacteria. Diguanylate cyclases synthesize c-di-GMP, whereas it is degraded by c-di-GMP–specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Nearly 80% of these PDEs are predicted to depend on the catalytic function of glutamate-alanine-leucine (EAL) domains, which hydrolyze a single phosphodiester group in c-di-GMP to produce 5ʹ-phosphoguanylyl-(3ʹ,5ʹ)-guanosine (pGpG). However, to degrade pGpG and prevent its accumulation, bacterial cells require an additional nuclease, the identity of which remains unknown. Here we identify oligoribonuclease (Orn)—a 3ʹ→5ʹ exonuclease highly conserved among Actinobacteria, Beta-, Delta- and Gammaproteobacteria—as the primary enzyme responsible for pGpG degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells. We found that a P. aeruginosa Δorn mutant had high intracellular c-di-GMP levels, causing this strain to overexpress extracellular polymers and overproduce biofilm. Although recombinant Orn degraded small RNAs in vitro, this enzyme had a proclivity for degrading RNA oligomers comprised of two to five nucleotides (nanoRNAs), including pGpG. Corresponding with this activity, Δorn cells possessed highly elevated pGpG levels. We found that pGpG reduced the rate of c-di-GMP degradation in cell lysates and inhibited the activity of EAL-dependent PDEs (PA2133, PvrR, and purified recombinant RocR) from P. aeruginosa. This pGpG-dependent inhibition was alleviated by the addition of Orn. These data suggest that elevated levels of pGpG exert product inhibition on EAL-dependent PDEs, thereby increasing intracellular c-di-GMP in Δorn cells. Thus, we propose that Orn provides homeostatic control of intracellular pGpG under native physiological conditions and that this activity is fundamental to c-di-GMP signal transduction.
A discursive textscape of workplace spirituality

Purpose – Based on themes the authors observed in workplace spirituality texts, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the historicity of these texts and induce a model to help them understand how this discourse of workplace spirituality came into being. Design/methodology/approach – The authors perform intertextual analysis to show how authors draw upon concepts available in the broader discursive context, from which the authors produced a textscape of the workplace spirituality discourse to depict these layers of discursive interconnections. Findings – The expressed novelty and recency of workplace spirituality as a form of management knowledge, the authors argue, is made ambiguous by its heavy borrowing from other discourses. The authors show how existent spiritual, organizational and societal-level discourses create the conditions of possibility for the discourse of workplace spirituality to emerge. Most of the authors within the corpus engaged the same theories in organizational studies that creat.
A Case Study of Teacher Personal Practice Assessment Theories and Complexities of Implementing Formative Assessment

The value and effectiveness of formative assessment in the classroom has gained an increasing amount of attention during the past decade, especially since the publication of seminal work by Black and Wiliam titled Assessment and Classroom Learning. Since that time, there has been a renewed interest in describing and evaluating teacher practices related to formative assessment. Based on evidence of its effectiveness in the classroom and on improving standardized test scores, many prominent educational entities have initiated reform efforts to promote the use of formative assessment, yet these practices have not been embraced by classroom teachers. This case study investigated internally constructed and externally imposed contextual elements that constrained or facilitated the use of formative assessment by three high school science teachers. Cornett’s curriculum development model of personal practice theories was modified to include assessment, termed personal practice assessment theories (PPATs), and chosen as a framework for the study. This research revealed distinct differences among the three teachers’ PPATs and several different factors that constrained or facilitated the use of formative assessment in their instruction. Most notable of these factors were the forms of teacher knowledge that played a critical role in shaping their assessment practices and had a bearing on their ability to convert espoused theories about assessment into actual classroom practice. Other externally imposed barriers that constrained the use of formative assessment included expectations, habits, and dispositions of students; the pressure that teachers felt to “cover” all of the curriculum in order to prepare students for the end-of-year, high-stakes exam; and an instructivist rather than constructivist approach to teaching and learning. Results from this study add to the growing body of knowledge about the complex terrain teachers negotiate in making teaching and assessment decisions and provides a framework for future studies.
Predicting New Materials for Hydrogen Storage Application

Knowledge about the ground-state crystal structure is a prerequisite for the rational understanding of solid-state properties of new materials. To act as an efficient energy carrier, hydrogen should be absorbed and desorbed in materials easily and in high quantities. Owing to the complexity in structural arrangements and difficulties involved in establishing hydrogen positions by x-ray diffraction methods, the structural information of hydrides are very limited compared to other classes of materials (like oxides, intermetallics, etc.). This can be overcome by conducting computational simulations combined with selected experimental study which can save environment, money, and man power. The predicting capability of first-principles density functional theory (DFT) is already well recognized and in many cases structural and thermodynamic properties of single/multi component system are predicted. This review will focus on possible new classes of materials those have high hydrogen content, demonstrate the ability of DFT to predict crystal structure, and search for potential meta-stable phases. Stabilization of such meta-stable phases is also discussed.
Energy optimal Adaptive Cruise Control during following of other vehicles

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) automates longitudinal guidance of the vehicle. This paper presents a method to calculate energy optimal drive strategies when the longitudinal movement of the vehicle is constrained by another vehicle, i.e. when the ACC vehicle follows another slower vehicle. The A* Algorithm is employed for optimization and is shown to yield the optimal solution due to a suitable heuristics. Energy optimal drive strategies are calculated for some ACC use cases and their benefit is illustrated with measurements from test tracks, on public roads as well as with simulation of traffic scenarios as encountered on public roads.
Análisis de la validez de constructo y de la validez predictiva del cuestionario de clima motivacional percibido en el deporte (PCMSQ-2) con tenistas espanoles de competición

En este trabajo se analiza la validez de constructo del Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional Percibido en el Deporte (PMCSQ-2) utilizando el modelo de ecuacion estructural. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 219 jugadores de tenis (76 mujeres y 138 hombres), con una edad media de 15,55±1.89 anos, de distinto nivel de competicion (intermedios, avanzados y profesionales). Los resultados del presente trabajo ofrecen apoyo preliminar a la validez del PMCSQ-2 con deportistas espanoles: Los analisis factoriales confirmatorios, basados en un modelo de ecuacion estructural, apoyan dos dimensiones del PMCSQ-2 (Task-climate y Ego climate) y los analisis de correlaciones entre el PMCSQ y el TEOSQ ofrecen apoyo inicial a la validez predictiva del mismo. Aunque se ha obtenido apoyo preliminar, a nivel exploratorio, para las subescalas que subyacen al PMCSQ-2, algunas de estas no presentan buena consistencia interna. Se discuten los motivos de las concordancias y discordancias halladas en el trabajo desde un enfoque cross-cultural
Parental Presence during Induction of Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background To determine whether parental presence during induction of anesthesia is an effective preoperative behavioral intervention, a randomized controlled trial with children undergoing outpatient surgery was conducted. Methods Eighty-four children were randomly assigned to a parent-present or parent-absent group. Using multiple behavioral and physiologic measures of anxiety, the effect of the intervention on the children and their parents was assessed. Predictors for the response to the intervention were examined using multivariate linear regression analysis. Results When the intervention group (parent-present) was compared to the control group (parent-absent), overall there were no significant differences in any of the behavioral or physiologic measures of anxiety tested during induction of anesthesia. Using the child's serum cortisol concentration as the outcome, parental presence, the child's age and baseline temperament, and trait anxiety of the parent, were identified as predictors of the child's anxiety during induction. Analysis of variance demonstrated that three groups showed diminished cortisol concentrations with parental presence: children older than 4 yr (P = 0.001), children whose parent had a low trait anxiety (P = 0.02), and children who had a low baseline level of activity as assessed by temperament (P = 0.05). Conclusions Children who were older than 4 yr or those with a parent with a low trait anxiety or who had a low baseline level of activity/temperament benefited from parental presence during induction.
A new path to the waterfall: A narrative on a use of entrepreneurial narrative

The limitations of the paradigmatic mode of thought as an approach for describing and understanding the nature of entrepreneurial intentions and actions and their interrelationships with circumstance is explored by showing how the author’s previous empirical scholarship often fails to offer insights into the intention/action/circumstance condition (IACC) in entrepreneurship. As a way to understand and describe the IACC in entrepreneurship, the rubric ‘narrative’ is offered as a ‘solution. ’ The author suggests a particular narrative gambit (the ‘new path’) for studying entrepreneurship.
Autonomic Blockade Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Subjects

Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of insulin resistance. Initial compensatory mechanisms include an increase in insulin levels, which are thought to induce sympathetic activation in an attempt to restore energy balance. We have previously shown, however, that sympathetic activity has no beneficial effect on resting energy expenditure in obesity. On the contrary, we hypothesize that sympathetic activation contributes to insulin resistance. To test this hypothesis, we determined insulin sensitivity using a standard hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp protocol in obese subjects randomly assigned in a crossover design 1 month apart to receive saline (intact day) or trimetaphan (4 mg/min IV, autonomic blocked day). Whole-body glucose uptake (MBW in mg/kg per minute) was used as index of maximal muscle glucose use. During autonomic blockade, we clamped blood pressure with a concomitant titrated intravenous infusion of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine. Of the 21 obese subjects (43±2 years; 35±2 kg/m2 body mass index) studied, 14 were insulin resistant; they were more obese, had higher plasma glucose and insulin, and had higher muscle sympathetic nerve activity (23.3±1.5 versus 17.2±2.1 burst/min; P=0.03) when compared with insulin-sensitive subjects. Glucose use improved during autonomic blockade in insulin-resistant subjects (MBW 3.8±0.3 blocked versus 3.1±0.3 mg/kg per minute intact; P=0.025), with no effect in the insulin-sensitive group. These findings support the concept that sympathetic activation contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and may result in a feedback loop whereby the compensatory increase in insulin levels contributes to greater sympathetic activation.
Distance graphs with missing multiples in the distance sets

Given positive integers m, k, and s with m > ks, let Dm,k,s represent the set {1, 2, …, m} - {k, 2k, …, sk}. The distance graph G(Z, Dm,k,s) has as vertex set all integers Z and edges connecting i and j whenever |i - j| e Dm,k,s. The chromatic number and the fractional chromatic number of G(Z, Dm,k,s) are denoted by χ(Z, Dm,k,s) and χf(Z, Dm,k,s), respectively. For s = 1, χ(Z, Dm,k,1) was studied by Eggleton, Erdos, and Skilton [6], Kemnitz and Kolberg [12], and Liu [13], and was solved lately by Chang, Liu, and Zhu [2] who also determined χf(Z, Dm,k,1) for any m and k. This article extends the study of χ(Z, Dm,k,s) and χf(Z, Dm,k,s) to general values of s. We prove χf(Z, Dm,k,s) = χ(Z, Dm,k,s) = k if m < (s + 1)k; and χf(Z, Dm,k,s) = (m + sk + 1)-(s + 1) otherwise. The latter result provides a good lower bound for χ(Z, Dm,k,s). A general upper bound for χ(Z, Dm,k,s) is obtained. We prove the upper bound can be improved to [(m + sk + 1)-(s + 1)] + 1 for some values of m, k, and s. In particular, when s + 1 is prime, χ(Z, Dm,k,s) is either [(m + sk + 1)-(s + 1)] or [(m + sk + 1)-(s + 1)] + 1. By using a special coloring method called the precoloring method, many distance graphs G(Z, Dm,k,s) are classified into these two possible values of χ(Z, Dm,k,s). Moreover, complete solutions of χ(Z, Dm,k,s) for several families are determined including the case s = 1 (solved in [2]), the case s = 2, the case (k, s + 1) = 1, and the case that k is a power of a prime. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 30: 245259, 1999
Just Paying Attention: Communication for Organizational Attention

The main premises in this article are that organizational attention is inherently communicative, and can be nurtured through communication interventions. Two communication practices that reflect organizational attention—information allocation and dialogue—can be nurtured through organizational structures and interventions. Increasing opportunities for dialogue across organizational functions is critical to improve collective attention. Prior research and empirical data are presented to assert that a long-term orientation is also imperative to develop attention through communication practices such as information allocation and dialogue.