Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series Macroeconomic Implications of Changes in the Term Premium Macroeconomic Implications of Changes in the Term Premium

The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Abstract Linearized New Keynesian models and empirical no-arbitrage macro-finance models offer little insight regarding the implications of changes in bond term premiums for economic activity. We investigate these implications using both a structural model and a reduced-form framework. We show that there is no structural relationship running from the term premium to economic activity, but a reduced-form empirical analysis does suggest that a decline in the term premium has typically been associated with stimulus to real economic activity, which contradicts earlier results in the literature. * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other individuals within the Federal Reserve System. We thank John Cochrane and Monika Piazzesi for helpful comments and suggestions.
Poincaré recurrence and number theory

Introduction. Poincaré is largely responsible for the transformation of celestial mechanics from the study of individual solutions of differential equations to the global analysis of phase space. A system of differential equations such as those which embody the laws of Newtonian mechanics generates a one-parameter group of transformation of the manifold that represents the set of states of a dynamical system. The evolution of the dynamical system in time corresponds to a particular solution of the system of differential equations; it also corresponds to an orbit of the group of transformations acting on a single state. The efforts of the classical analysts in celestial mechanics had been directed to extracting by analytical means as much information as possible about the individual solutions to the system of differential equations. Poincaré's work gave impetus to a global approach which studies the totality of solutions and shifts attention to the transformation group of phase space. Two of Poincaré's achievements which can be traced to this point of view are his theory of periodic solutions and his recurrence theorem. In the former of these, the topological nature of the phase space plays a key role; Poincaré showed how an essentially topological analysis of orbits, under certain conditions, can be used to establish the existence of a periodic solution curve. In his recurrence theorem, Poincaré demonstrated how measure-theoretic ideas, particularly the idea of a measure-preserving group of transformations, lead to the existence of numerous "approximately periodic"—or, "recurrent" —solution curves. The impact of these ideas is felt today in the establishment of two new disciplines: topological dynamics and ergodic theory. In topological dynamics one abstracts from the classical setup the topological space representing the totality of states of a dynamical system, together with the group of homeomorphisms corresponding to the evolution of the system from its position at time 0 to its position at time /. For ergodic theory, the phase space is replaced by an abstract measure space and the "dynamics" come from the action of a group of measure-preserving transformations of the measure space. Initially these abstract settings for dynamical theory were contemplated in order to shed light on classical dynamics by focusing on those aspects of dynamical systems that were pertinent to the phenomena being studied. At the same time, however, the scope of dynamics was considerably broadened by the generality of the new theory, and the groundwork was laid for
Language, identity and borders in the former Serbo-Croatian area

This article presents a case study of the former Yugoslavia, focusing on the role of language in constructing collective identities and establishing ethnic boundaries in relation to political borders. After looking at the variable and frequently multiple language-identity links in the South Slavic world, it examines the part that Serbo-Croatian, the principal language of the region, has played in the life stories of successive states on Yugoslav territory. A survey of the main dialectological facts and historical developments is followed by tracing the alternating waves of softening and hardening ethnic and linguistic boundaries as a concomitant of attempts at unification and separation, mostly driven by different brands of nationalism. We see how the construction, destruction and reconstruction of states have been reflected in the destiny of Serbo-Croatian, which came to be manipulated as a weapon in the Yugoslav wars of succession. With the federation's demise it was officially split up into Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin as distinct national languages, nevertheless remaining a viable linguistic entity. We finally glance at the current situation of the four newly independent states, where both languages and borders are mainly employed to divide rather than to connect.
Review of Statecraft Online Simulation

Statecraft is a multiweek, flexible online simulation that can be a useful supplement in both introductory and more advanced international relations classes. Learning the intricacies of the simulation requires some time commitment, but the result of the investment is an effective teaching tool. Setting up the simulation requires the professor to create a free account through the Statecraft Web site. The Web site has useful resources (many as downloadable documents) to guide the faculty member through the set-up process, including choosing the number of rounds the game will last, the number of students who will be in each country, and how the students will be assigned to the countries. The students pay for the simulation directly ($30 as of fall 2013) and the day-to-day running of the simulation is largely automated, although the professor can control a number of aspects of game play through the simulation’s ‘‘God Control. ’’ The flexibility of the simulation allows the professor to determine the extent to which the simulation is integrated in class. In my semesters of using it, I have found that it works best to dedicate about 30 minutes of class time per week to the simulation. Once assigned, students then set up their countries—selecting their government type (e.g., democracy, constitutional monarchy, etc.) and country attributes (e.g., militarism, industrialization, etc.), each of which convey different advantages and disadvantages in game play. During the simulation, students have tremendous freedom to invest in their military, clandestine operations, education, health care, cultural sites, diplomatic corps, and international organizations. Students must also manage their resources, including gold, scientific knowledge, and political capital. Every move impacts not only international relations but also the quality of life within the country and the approval ratings from different political factions. The game has incredibly rich options for students, and actions often must be planned out over time as the acquisition of certain structures (e.g., hospitals) and technologies (e.g., nuclear weapons) requires several steps. The student manual includes useful guides for the students to see what is required for each item they wish to purchase or build.
Fifty Years of Second Language Attrition: Implications for Programmatic Research

MUCH EFFORT IS DEVOTED TO THE ACQUISITION of foreign language skills, but little is known about their rate of attrition. Knowledge about attrition would yield benefits to teachers and students of foreign languages, because it would lead to understanding how various procedures of acquisition affect the rate of loss, and would ultimately help to establish optimum conditions of rehearsal so as to minimize the potential for later attrition. The purpose of this paper is to present an abbreviated version of a large scale investigation of second language attrition covering fifty years, and to relate the results of this investigation to a research program which would yield benefits to teachers and students of foreign languages. ' Systematic memory research is now 100 years old, but long-term forgetting of foreign languages, or other semantic memory content, has not been investigated.2 Several factors have contributed to this neglect: 1) psychologists have concentrated their research on the so-
Diffusion of Innovations

THE finest research, the most innovative solutions to practical prob lems, the best packages of materials, can have no effect on practice if they are not diffused to the level of the prac titioner. It is obvious that one cannot hope for any considerable improvement in American education unless one also pays a great deal of attention to the process of diffusion. Diffusion has been defined in many ways. Rogers' classification of the five stages of diffusion has become classic:
Active or Passive Learning From Television? Political Information Opportunities and Knowledge Gaps During Election Campaigns

This article investigates how television, by providing various news and special election programs, influenced the development of knowledge gaps during the 2010 Swedish national election campaign. By contrasting two competing claims on the knowledge-leveling role of television in today's high-choice media environment, the article further analyzes mechanisms of active and passive learning from television. Analysis of panel survey data shows that television functioned as a knowledge-leveler by narrowing gaps in knowledge over the course of the campaign. Additionally, the findings provide evidence of passive forms of learning as the key explanation as to why television news and special election programs narrow gaps in knowledge. The results are discussed in light of ongoing media market changes as well as recent longitudinal and cross-national studies on political information environments.
Optical Defocus Rapidly Changes Choroidal Thickness in Schoolchildren

The current study aimed to examine the short-term choroidal response to optical defocus in schoolchildren. Myopic schoolchildren aged 8–16 were randomly allocated to control group (CG), myopic defocus group (MDG) and hyperopic defocus group (HDG) (n = 17 per group). Children in MDG and HDG received additional +3D and -3D lenses, respectively, to their full corrections on the right eyes. Full correction was given to their left eyes, and on both eyes in the CG. Axial length (AXL) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) were then measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Children wore their group-specific correction for 2 hours after which any existing optical defocus was removed, and subjects wore full corrections for another 2 hours. Both the AXL and SFChT were recorded hourly for 4 hours. The mean refraction of all subjects was -3.41 ± 0.37D (± SEM). SFChT thinned when exposed to hyperopic defocus for 2 hours but less thinning was observed in response to myopic defocus compared to the control group (p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA). Removal of optical defocus significantly decreased SFChT in the MDG and significantly increased SFChT in the HDG after 1 and 2 hours (mean percentage change at 2-hour; control vs. hyperopic defocus vs. myopic defocus; -0.33 ± 0.59% vs. 3.04 ± 0.60% vs. -1.34 ± 0.74%, p < 0.01). Our results showed short-term exposure to myopic defocus induced relative choroidal thickening while hyperopic defocus led to choroidal thinning in children. This rapid and reversible choroidal response may be an important clinical parameter in gauging retinal response to optical defocus in human myopia.
Workaholism: Bridging the Gap Between Workplace, Sociocultural, and Family Research

This article attempts to narrow the gap between the studies of workaholism and human relations/organizational development and workaholism and cross-cultural research and family counseling. Important studies on workaholism in the cross-cultural and family counseling fields, which are typically absent in the organizational and career research literature, are reviewed. Recommendations for future research considerations also are presented.
Beyond the Sensorimotor Plasticity: Cognitive Expansion of Prism Adaptation in Healthy Individuals

Sensorimotor plasticity allows us to maintain an efficient motor behavior in reaction to environmental changes. One of the classical models for the study of sensorimotor plasticity is prism adaptation. It consists of pointing to visual targets while wearing prismatic lenses that shift the visual field laterally. The conditions of the development of the plasticity and the sensorimotor after-effects have been extensively studied for more than a century. However, the interest taken in this phenomenon was considerably increased since the demonstration of neglect rehabilitation following prism adaptation by Rossetti et al. (1998). Mirror effects, i.e., simulation of neglect in healthy individuals, were observed for the first time by Colent et al. (2000). The present review focuses on the expansion of prism adaptation to cognitive functions in healthy individuals during the last 15 years. Cognitive after-effects have been shown in numerous tasks even in those that are not intrinsically spatial in nature. Altogether, these results suggest the existence of a strong link between low-level sensorimotor plasticity and high-level cognitive functions and raise important questions about the mechanisms involved in producing unexpected cognitive effects following prism adaptation. Implications for the functional mechanisms and neuroanatomical network of prism adaptation are discussed to explain how sensorimotor plasticity may affect cognitive processes.
Concomitants of Social Support: Social Skills, Physical Attractiveness and Gender.

Abstract : This study investigated the naturally occuring relationship between social support, as measured by self-report and social skills as measured by self-report, a variety of behavioral measures, and rated physical attractiveness. Subjects were 84 male and 84 female introductory psychology students selected on the basis of high and low number scores on the Social Support Questionnaire. The subjects were videotaped in two dyadic situations with a same sex partner. Subjects also completed the Loneliness Questionnaire, a special social competence questionnaire, a story completion task and self and partner evaluations. The videotaped behavior was rated qualitatively and quantitatively. Significant differences were found in the social skills of subjects high and low in social support. Women also were found to be significantly more socially skilled and were rated as being more physically attractive than men. The various self-report and behavioral measures of social skills were significantly interrelated. The results help to delineate more clearly the dimensions of social support by demonstrating the relationship between social support and social skill.
Disciplining, chastisement and physical child abuse: perceptions and attitudes of the British Pakistani community

There are a number of cross‐cultural differences in people's perspectives of what constitutes physical abuse of children. The focus of the present study was to explore the British Pakistani community's perception about physical child abuse and to understand more about the values held by them in relation to child protection. The study aimed to discover issues that are important to protect the children from harm, and to describe the possibilities these issues present. The study used a questionnaire survey that focused on 16–25‐year‐old British Pakistani's, exploring their experiences of childhood, of physical punishment and physical child abuse. The findings indicated that although serious child abuse was not experienced by most of the respondents, 75% of respondents experienced some kind of physical punishment as part of their childhood experience. However, 72% of respondents who received such punishment in childhood accepted it as an appropriate disciplining method. The future research and policy implications with prevention in mind are discussed.
Resiliency in Families with a Member with a Psychological Disorder

The aim of this study was to identify resiliency factors in families with a mentally ill family member. The study population was composed of 30 families, where questionnaires were independently completed by both a parent and a child. The results indicate that family hardiness was an important resilience factor for both the parents and the children. According to the parents the passive evaluation of a crisis situation, or the use of avoidance strategies, was also helpful for the family to adapt. For the children, the extent to which they found support from within the community and the extent to which they experienced emotional support, self-worth, and community support were linked to their view on family adaptation to stressful situations.
THROMBOSIS AND HEMOSTASIS The diversity of the immune response to the A 2 domain of human factor VIII

The standard of care for patients with congenital hemophilia A is the infusion of recombinant or plasma-derived factor VIII (fVIII). Approximately 30% of patients with severe hemophilia A develop detectable inhibitory anti-fVIII antibodies (Abs) (inhibitors) in response to these infusions, which is the most serious complication in the treatment of hemophilia A. In addition, nonhemophiliacs can break tolerance to their native fVIII protein. This results in acquired hemophilia A, which can produce lifeor limb-threatening bleeding. fVIII is a glycoprotein that contains an A1-A2-B-ap-A3-C1-C2 domain sequence. The A domains are homologous to corresponding triplicated domains in factor V (fV) and ceruloplasmin. Each A domain contains 2 ;20-kDa cupredoxin-like subdomains. Intracellular cleavages within the B domain of fVIII or at the A2-B junction prior to its secretion produce A1-A2-B or A1-A2 heavychain species and an ap-A3-C1-C2 light-chain. fVIII circulates predominantly as an A1-A2-B/ap-A3-C1-C2 heterodimer tightly bound to von Willebrand factor (VWF). fVIII is activated by thrombin-catalyzed heavy-chain cleavages at Arg372 at the A1-A2 junction and Arg740 at the A2-B junction and by light-chain cleavage at Arg1689 at the ap-A3 junction, which results in dissociation of fVIIIa from VWF. The product is a 160-kDa A1/A2/ A3-C1-C2 fVIIIa heterotrimer. fVIIIa is a cofactor for factor IXa (fIXa) in the activation of factor X (fX) in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. The A2 subunit participates in the binding of fX to the intrinsic fXase complex. Additionally, it has been reported that fIXa interacts with the A2 subunit. Following thrombin activation, the A2 domain spontaneously dissociates resulting in loss of cofactor activity. fVIII inhibitors in congenital and acquired hemophilia A are polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) populations that typically recognize both the A2 and C2 domains. Scandella et al identified an immunodominant A2 epitope using a murine monoclonal Ab (mAb), designated 413. 413 competes with human inhibitor plasmas for binding to fVIII, indicating that the Arg484-Ile508 epitope is clinically relevant. The 413 epitope was mapped to a linear segment bounded by residues Arg484-Ile508.413 interferes with fX binding and is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the intrinsic fXase complex. We have produced a large panel of murine anti-human fVIII hybridomas by immunizing mice with human fVIII under conditions that mimic therapeutic use of fVIII. Anti-A2 mAbs were identified that do not overlap the 413 epitope. In this study, 29 murine anti-human A2 mAbs were characterized to develop a comprehensive epitope map and to identify additional inhibitory properties of A2 inhibitors.
Understanding triggers for clarification requests in community-based software help forums

Help-seekers on community-based software help forums often face difficulty in composing queries or troubleshooting requests that bring immediate resolution, forcing help givers to request clarification that delays diagnosis. We investigate the characteristics of a forum post that trigger these requests for clarification from help givers (e.g., missing information, unclear goals, non-standard terminology). We created a classification scheme based on such triggers and applied it to 1000 Q&A pairs from four popular consumer software help forums to understand the prevalence of these triggers across different applications. Even though the user interface for posting questions on the four forums that we studied was largely uniform, we found a large difference in the presence of these triggers across the forums. Our findings suggest that instead of trying to create universal automated tools and recommendations for improving question quality on software forums, we should take into account the unique characteristics of the software and its user community.
Regularized Statistical Analysis of Anatomy

This thesis presents the application and development of regularized methods for the statistical analysis of anatomical structures. Focus is on structure-function relationships in the human brain, such as the connection between early onset of Alzheimer’s disease and shape changes of the corpus callosum. One of the comprehensive goals of this type of research is to use non-invasive imaging devices for the detection of diseases which are otherwise difficult to diagnose at an early stage. A more modest but equally interesting goal is to improve the understanding of the brain in relation to body and mind. Statistics represents a quintessential part of such investigations as they are preluded by a clinical hypothesis that must be verified based on observed data. The massive amounts of image data produced in each examination pose an important and interesting statistical challenge, in that there are many more image features (variables) than subjects (observations), making an infinite number of solutions possible. To arrive at a unique and interesting answer, the analysis must be constrained, or regularized, in a sensible manner. This thesis describes such regularization options, discusses efficient algorithms which make the analysis of large data sets feasible, and gives examples of applications.