Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emotions and Economic Theory

Economists and psychologists who study emotions have worked in near-total isolation from each other. The article discusses some areas in which economists might take account of emotions. After a survey of the main features of emotions as analyzed by psychologists and physiologists, the article discusses three aspects of the relation between emotion and choice. (1) Given that emotions may be intrinsically valuable or instrumentally useful, can one choose to have them? (2) Can emotions supplement rationality in cases where it yields indeterminate prescriptions for choice? (3) When an emotion and self-interest suggest different courses of action, how do they interact to produce a final decision?
Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians' Health Study.

BACKGROUND Previous studies of diet and coronary heart disease (CHD) have focused on intake of nutrients rather than whole foods. Because of the findings that dietary fibre, folate and antioxidants may be protective for CHD, increased intake of vegetables has been recommended. However, due to the chemical and physical complexity of vegetables, the effects of individual nutrients may differ if eaten as whole foods. Moreover, little is known about the direct association between vegetable intake and risk of CHD. METHODS We prospectively evaluated the relation between vegetable intake and CHD risk in the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized trial of aspirin and beta-carotene among 22 071 US male physicians aged 40-84 years in 1982. In this analysis, we included 15 220 men without heart disease, stroke or cancer at baseline who provided information on their vegetable intake at baseline, and in the 2nd, 4th and 6th years of follow-up using a simple semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire including eight vegetables. We confirmed 1148 incident cases of CHD (387 incident cases of myocardial infarction and 761 incident cases of coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) during 12 years of follow-up. RESULTS After adjusting for age, randomized treatment, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, and use of multivitamins, men who consumed at least 2.5 servings/day of vegetables had a relative risk (RR) of 0.77 (95% CI : 0.60-0.98) for CHD, compared with men in the lowest category (<1 serving/day). Adjusting for the same covariates in an analysis of the overall trend that considered intake of vegetables as a continuous variable, we found a RR of 0.83 (95% CI : 0.71-0.98) for risk of CHD for each additional serving/day of vegetables. The inverse relation between vegetable intake and CHD risk was more evident among men with a BMI > or =25 (RR = 0.71, 95% CI : 0.51-0.99) or current smokers (RR = 0.40, 95% CI : 0.18-0.86) comparing highest to the lowest categories of intake. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an inverse association between vegetable intake and risk of CHD. These prospective data support current dietary guidelines to increase vegetable intake for the prevention of CHD.
Salvage autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma relapsing or progressing after up-front autologous transplantation

Abstract Progression or relapse occurs in the vast majority of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who undergo up-front autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT1), which remains a cornerstone of treatment in the era of novel agents. Limited data are available regarding the value of salvage therapy with a second AHCT (AHCT2) in patients who relapse/progress after AHCT1. We analyzed the outcome of 83 patients who underwent salvage AHCT2 between 1994 and 2011. Most patients (77%) had received treatment with novel agents between AHCT1 and AHCT2, and 28% of patients were from ethnic minority groups. Median overall survival (OS) from AHCT2 was 31.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22–41), and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 15.5 months (95% CI: 11–20). In multivariate analysis, only disease status (≥ PR) at AHCT2 was associated with better OS. The 3-year OS rates for patients receiving AHCT2 in > PR and PR were 85.9% (95% CI: 61–96) and 51.3% (95% CI: 34–68), respectively. Disease status at AHCT2 and time to progression/relapse after AHCT1 were associated with PFS in multivariate analysis. In summary, salvage AHCT2 is an effective treatment option in patients with chemosensitive relapse/progression and prolonged remission after a prior autograft.
Postmodernity and the history of African American religious representations: A Foucauldian approach

African Americans' religious expression may be significantly related to social change and cultural shifts. African American Christians engaged in worship, praise, and practice, were probably immersed in a fluid interplay between religiosity and spirituality, within the context of a troublesome racial legacy. Writers often employ literature to deliver the experiences of people; therefore, it seems logical to examine the literary social elite when attempting to explore religion. This research concerns to what degree did religious and/or spiritual dialogue manifest in black literature from slavery to postmodernity. Foucault provides exemplary ways to interpret organic meaning-making within the context of life course experiences. Therefore, a Foucauldian approach was used to navigate the sensitive minefield that is black religion, expression, and spirituality. The findings suggest that from 1619 to 2006, religious and spiritual representations in literature seemed to reflect black's experiences with slavery, emancipation, civil rights and the black power movement, and postmodernity.
Virgil's Aeneid; a critical description

Chapter 1: The Heroic Impulse Chapter 2: Genesis - I. What is the Aeneid about? II. The Task and its Problems III. The Problems Solved Chapter 3: Structure - I. General Description II. Structure of the Twelve Books III. The Episodes IV. Projection of the Narrator into his Narrative V. Parallel and Suspended Narrative VI. Tempo of the Narrative: Tenses Chapter 4: The Twelve Books Chapter 5: Form and Technique - Part 1: Form I. Not only Homer II. Difference in attitude between Virgil and Homer III. The Exploitation of Form IV. Impure Poetry Part 2: Technique I. Gods II. Characterization and Motivation III. Parallel Divine and Psychological Motivation IV. Fate Part 3: The Contribution of Tragedy I. Tragic Attitude II. Tragic Suspense III. Tragic Irony and Insight IV. Implicit Comment Chapter 6: Style - I. Words Alone II. Words in Action (i) The Tradition: (a) Ennius and the Old Poets (b) Catullus and the New Poets (c) A Common Style (ii) Innovation - callida iunctura. (a) Latent Metaphor (b) Archaism brought about by Context (c) Etymological Puns (iii) Ambiguity (iv) Syntactical Ambiguity III. The Virgilian Sentence (i) Metre (ii) Theme and Variation (iii) Subordinate Clauses (iv) Imagery
A Comparison of High-Dose Recombinant Erythropoietin Treatment Regimens in Brain-Injured Neonatal Rats

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rEpo) is neuroprotective in neonatal models of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. However, the optimal rEpo dose, dosing interval, and number of doses for reducing brain injury are still undetermined. We compared the neuroprotective efficacy of several subcutaneous rEpo treatment regimens. Seven-day-old rats underwent unilateral carotid ligation plus 90 min 8% hypoxia. Treatment began immediately after injury. Treatment regimens examined included 1, 3, or 7 daily subcutaneous injections of either 0 (vehicle), 2,500, 5,000, or 30,000 U/kg rEpo. Gross brain injury, neuronal apoptosis (TUNEL), and gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were assessed at 48 h or 1 wk post injury. Immunoreactive cells and brain injury were quantified for statistical comparison to vehicle controls. rEpo treatment reduced brain injury, apoptosis, and gliosis, in a dose-dependent U-shaped manner at both 48 h and 1 wk. Neither one injection of 2,500, seven injections of 5,000, or three injections of 30,000 U/kg rEpo were protective. Three doses of 5,000 and one dose of 30,000 U/kg rEpo were most protective at both time intervals. rEpo provides dose-dependent neuroprotection. Of the regimens tested, three doses of 5,000 U/kg was optimal because it provided maximal benefit with limited total exposure.
Dysregulation of renal aquaporins and Na-Cl cotransporter in CCl4-induced cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND Severe hepatic cirrhosis is associated with abnormal renal water retention. METHODS Semiquantitative immunoblotting was employed to investigate the abundance of the major renal aquaporins (water channels) and sodium-dependent cotransporters in kidneys from control rats and rats with cirrhosis secondary to chronic CCl4 inhalation. RESULTS The cirrhotic rats had ascites and manifested a water excretion defect detected by a standard water-loading test. The abundance of aquaporin-1 (the major aquaporin in the proximal tubule) was increased, an effect markedly accentuated in high-density membrane fractions prepared by differential centrifugation. Differential centrifugation studies demonstrated a redistribution of aquaporin-2 from high-density to low-density membranes, compatible with increased trafficking of aquaporin-2 to the plasma membrane. The abundance of aquaporin-3, but not aquaporin-2, was increased in collecting ducts of rats with CCl4-induced cirrhosis. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter of the thick ascending limb showed no change in abundance. However, the abundance of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter of the distal convoluted tubule was markedly suppressed in cirrhotic rats, possibly contributing to a defect in urinary dilution. CONCLUSIONS In this model of cirrhosis, the development of a defect in urinary dilution may be multifactorial, with contributions from at least four abnormalities in transporter regulation: (1) an increase in the renal abundance of aquaporin-1, (2) a cellular redistribution of aquaporin-2 in the collecting duct compatible with trafficking to the plasma membrane without an increase in total cellular aquaporin-2, (3) an increase in the renal abundance of aquaporin-3, and (4) a decrease in the abundance of the thiazide-sensitive cotransporter of the distal convoluted tubule.
Beyond Abilities: A Dispositional Theory of Thinking.

Most views of good thinking and its development hold that good thinking depends on general and specific abilities. A theory of good thinking based on the concept of dispositions is proposed here. Dispositions are often considered to be a matter of motivation. However, defined here is an expanded concept called triadic dispositions which emphasizes (a) inclinations, which may reflect motivation, habit, policy, or other factors; (b) sensitivity to occasion; and (c) abilities themselves. Advanced is a list of seven general dispositions that are argued to be collectively sufficient and individually necessary for a general characterization of good thinking. For example, these include the disposition to be broad and adventurous, the disposition toward sustained intellectual curiosity, and the disposition to be metacognitive. Finally, it is argued that a dispositional perspective on good thinking is a generative way of approaching issues concerning theories of thinking, the generality of thinking abilities, cnceptual development, culture, and education
Creativity And The Mind: Discovering The Genius Within

1 Probing the Creative Mind. - 2 Concepts and Creativity. - 3 Visualizing in a Creative Way. - 4 Problem Solving and Reasoning. - 5 Invention and Product Development. - 6 Business Applications. - 7 Science Fiction and Fantasy Writing. - 8 Science and Art.- 9 Just Having Fun. - 10 Looking Back and Looking Forward.
Writing for academia: Getting your research into print: AMEE Guide No. 74

The authors identify and describe strategies for success in writing for publication, including how to choose an educational research topic, define the question and choose the correct design, know the anatomy of a research paper, write each of the sections, optimize the writing before publication, choose a journal, and respond to editors and reviewers. The research question should be focused, modest, and achievable given the constraints of the setting, significant, and appropriately imbedded in the available literature. The choice of methods is determined by the nature of the educational research question and should conform to ethical standards. Specific strategies for writing include starting where it is easiest to do so, spontaneously and uncritically writing the first paragraphs through, minimizing external impediments to the work, and knowing how each section of a manuscript is routinely structured. All papers require a number of revisions with careful attention to accuracy and detail as well as to specific requirements of the target journal before submission. Authors should respond positively, not defensively, and in detail to all of the editor's and reviewers’ suggestions for revision. Writing for success is therefore a disciplined and systematic process following prescribed steps, which, although hard work, is rewarding.
Assessment of macronutrient and micronutrient intake in women with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of diet history compared to observed food intake in the nutritional assessment of women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy age-matched controls. METHOD One-month diet history was compared to 1-day observed food intake in 30 women with AN and 28 control subjects. RESULTS Reported intake by diet history was similar to observed intake for macronutrient composition and fat intake for patients with AN. Reported energy intake was higher than observed intake (1,602 +/- 200 kcal vs. 1,289 +/- 150 kcal, p <.05), but was in agreement with predicted energy expenditure by the Harris-Benedict equation (1,594 +/- 18 kcal, p =.97) in patients with AN. Micronutrient intake by diet history was highly correlated with observed intake in patients with AN. More than one half of the patients with AN failed to meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin D, calcium, folate, vitamin B12, zinc, magnesium, and copper when assessed by diet history. In contrast to patients with AN, diet history did not correlate with observed intake of energy, macronutrients, or most micronutrients among the controls. DISCUSSION Diet history is an accurate tool to assess fat intake and macronutrient composition in patients with AN and demonstrates significant micronutrient deficiencies in this population. The agreement between total energy intake and predicted energy expenditure supports the overall utility of the diet history in the nutritional assessment of patients with AN.
Role of triple fixed combination valsartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in controlling blood pressure

Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and the search for new therapeutic strategies aimed at optimizing its control remains an ongoing research and clinical challenge. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the use of combinations of antihypertensive drugs with complementary mechanisms of action, with the aims of reducing blood pressure levels more rapidly and vigorously than strategies employing monotherapy and improving treatment compliance and adhesion. Therefore, as recommended by the 2009 reappraisal of the European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, the use of a triple combination that combines a calcium channel blocker, an angiotensin II receptor blocker and a thiazide diuretic seems a reasonable and efficacious combination for the management of hypertensive patients with moderate, high or very high risk. This article reviews the clinical trials carried out with the fixed combination of amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide at the doses recommended for each drug in monotherapy. The data show that this combination achieved greater reductions in mean sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressure than amlodipine, valsartan or hydrochlorothiazide in monotherapy, with favorable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. The triple combination at high single doses should be used with caution in elderly patients and those with renal or liver failure. Although the tolerability and safety of the triple combination are good, the most-frequently reported adverse effects were peripheral edema, headache and dizziness. Analytical alterations were consistent with the already-known biochemical effects of amlodipine, valsartan or hydrochlorothiazide in monotherapy. In summary, triple-therapy with amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide in a single pill contributes additional advantages to fixed -combinations of two drugs, achieving a greater and more rapid reduction in blood pressure levels in a safe, well-tolerated manner.
Temperature Responses of C 4 Photosynthesis : Biochemical Analysis of Rubisco , Phospho enol pyruvate Carboxylase , and Carbonic Anhydrase in Setaria viridis 1 [ OPEN ]

The photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 in C4 plants is potentially limited by the enzymatic rates of Rubisco, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc), and carbonic anhydrase (CA). Therefore, the activity and kinetic properties of these enzymes are needed to accurately parameterize C4 biochemical models of leaf CO2 exchange in response to changes in CO2 availability and temperature. There are currently no published temperature responses of both Rubisco carboxylation and oxygenation kinetics from a C4 plant, nor are there known measurements of the temperature dependency of the PEPc Michaelis-Menten constant for its substrate HCO3 , and there is little information on the temperature response of plant CA activity. Here, we used membrane inlet mass spectrometry to measure the temperature responses of Rubisco carboxylation and oxygenation kinetics, PEPc carboxylation kinetics, and the activity and first-order rate constant for the CA hydration reaction from 10°C to 40°C using crude leaf extracts from the C4 plant Setaria viridis. The temperature dependencies of Rubisco, PEPc, and CA kinetic parameters are provided. These findings describe a new method for the investigation of PEPc kinetics, suggest an HCO3 2 limitation imposed by CA, and show similarities between the Rubisco temperature responses of previously measured C3 species and the C4 plant S. viridis.
A proteomic approach to cisplatin resistance in the cervix squamous cell carcinoma cell line A431

Since drug resistance is a complex and multifactorial event involving activation/repression of multiple biochemical pathways, we used a proteomic approach to study cisplatin resistance and drug response in human tumor cell lines. The cervix squamous cell carcinoma cell line A431 and its cisplatin‐resistant subline, A431/Pt, were used as a model system. The experimental set‐up involved not just a two‐way comparison of the control vs. the drug‐resistant cell line, but also an acute cisplatin treatment of both cell lines, leading to a four‐way comparison, as follows: 1) A431 vs. A431/Pt cells; 2) A431 vs. A431 cisplatin exposed cells; 3) A431/Pt vs. A431/Pt cisplatin exposed cells; 4) A431 cisplatin exposed cells vs. A431/Pt cisplatin exposed cells. We found modulation of proteins, which could be classified under various categories, such as molecular chaperones (e.g. heat‐shock proteins HSP60, HSP90, HSC71, heat‐shock cognate 71 kDa protein), Ca2plus;‐binding proteins (e.g. calmodulin, calumenin), proteins involved in drug detoxification (such as peroxiredoxins PRX 2 and PRX 6, and glutathione‐S‐transferase, GST), anti‐apoptotic proteins (such as 14‐3‐3 switched on in cisplatin‐exposed cells) and ion channels (such as VDAC‐1, voltage‐dependent anion‐selective channel). In particular, the basal levels of HSC71 and HSP60 were increased in A431/Pt cells as compared to A431 cells, and cisplatin exposure resulted in up‐regulation of HSP60 and HSP90 only in A431 cells. Moreover, cisplatin exposure up‐regulated the anti‐apoptotic 14‐3‐3 protein in both cell lines, GST in sensitive cells and PRX6 in A431/Pt cells. These findings are consistent with a constitutive expression of defence factors by resistant cells and with activation by cisplatin of mechanisms acting to protect cells from drug‐induced damage. This pattern of response, also observed in parental cells, could reflect an intrinsic resistance of this tumor type.
Developmental regulation of transmitter release at the calyx of Held in rat auditory brainstem

1 Postnatal development of synaptic efficacy was studied at a single glutamatergic synapse formed by the calyx of Held in the rat brainstem. Throughout postnatal development from day 7 (P7) to day 14 (P14), both the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked at a basal frequency (0.05 Hz) and spontaneous miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) remained similar in their mean amplitudes, but became faster in their decay times. 2 During repetitive stimulation at 1–100 Hz, EPSCs underwent a depression. The magnitude of the depression significantly decreased from P7 to P14, whereas the time course of recovery from depression (after 10 Hz stimulation) remained similar throughout development. 3 The size of the readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles (N) and the release probability (p) were estimated from the cumulative amplitude histogram of EPSCs during high frequency stimulation. From P7 to P14, N increased 2‐fold, whereas p decreased to a similar extent. 4 The open channel blocker MK‐801 caused an activity‐dependent attenuation of NMDA receptor‐mediated EPSCs. The blocking rate became slower from P7 to P14, further supporting the developmental decrease in p. 5 Given that the mean amplitudes of mEPSCs (q) and evoked EPSCs (Npq) remain constant throughout the developmental period, these results suggest that a developmental increase in N compensates for a concomitant decrease in p. We conclude that the developmental decrease in the release probability will establish a stable synapse at which only a small fraction of releasable synaptic vesicles is depleted during high frequency transmission.
The Fallacy of Endogenous Discounting of Trust Recommendations

Recommendations are widely used in recommender systems, reputation systems, and trust-based security systems. Some existing reputation systems and trust-based security systems use the flawed notion of endogenous discounting. Endogenous discounting is the idea that claims deviating from prior expectations should be ignored or discounted, which introduces confirmation bias. To show the fallacy of endogenous discounting, we construct a semantic meta-model that captures the key notions surrounding recommendations. We prove that any model covered by the meta-model can be formulated in a divide-and-conquer fashion. We show how divide-and-conquer clashes with endogenous discounting. Lastly, we discuss the implications on existing work that applies endogenous discounting, and provide suggestions for future work.