Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title Belief in a just world lowers perceived intention ofcorruption : the mediating role of perceived punishment

Corruption can be unfair and detrimental to societies; however, little is known regarding how individuals perceive corruption. We aim to understand how psychological factors, such as lay belief of the world, influence perceived intention of corruptive behavior. As corruption undermines justice, we hypothesize that belief in a just world to others (BJW-others) reduces perceived intention of corruptive behaviors. We conducted two correlational studies and one experimental study in China. Using hypothetical scenarios, perception toward bribery taking and nepotistic practices were assessed. In Study 1 and Study 2, we consistently found that BJW-others negatively predicted perceived intention of corruption, and this pattern was mediated by perceived likelihood of punishment. We further replicate this result in Study 3 by priming BJW-others, demonstrating its causal effect. The results indicate that BJW as one lay belief can be important in influencing people’s attitudes toward corruption. Implications for future research and anti-corruption policies are also discussed. Citation: Bai B-y, Liu X-x, Kou Y (2014) Belief in a Just World Lowers Perceived Intention of Corruption: The Mediating Role of Perceived Punishment. PLoS ONE 9(5): e97075. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0097075 Editor: Frank Krueger, George Mason University/Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, United States of America Received November 16, 2013; Accepted April 15, 2014; Published May 16, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Bai et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This research was supported by the MOE Project of Key Research Institutes of Humanities and Social Science at Universities (10JJDXLX002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71071021), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: yu_kou1@163.com
The prediction of adjustment in marriage

THE PROBLEM. We do not feel it necessary to justify an effort J to increase skill in guessing right about the future. Particularly is this true of fields of experience wherein correct guesses are relevant to immediate acts of personal adjustment. Hence without apology we submit a brief outline of an exploratory effort at predicting adjustment in marriage. Briefly stated, the problem in this study was to discover what prediction as to adjustments in marriage could be made from a knowledge of certain items in the background of prospective husbands and wives. The background items selected were those which would not require the subtle powers of the psychologist or psychiatrist to detect, but were chosen purposely on the basis of the ease with which the information could be elicited from persons willing to co-operate in the study. Such a choice of items should in no sense be taken to imply that we discount the importance of more elusive psychological and physiological factors in marital adjustment. Indeed, in the work of collecting schedule data we accumulated information on personality factors in marital adjustment that appeared more basic than any of the items on our schedules. We wish to reiterate, however, that we were after background material which would be easily obtainable and which could be used for predicting the probabilities of successful adjustment in marriage. A precise description of the relationships obtaining between
Dealing in Toxins on the Wrong Side of the Tracks: Lessons from a Hazardous Waste Controversy in Phoenix

The controversial expansion of a hazardous waste facility in a poor, minority neighborhood in Phoenix illustrates the unanticipated consequences of siting hazardous facilities in vulnerable communities, and the need to recognize neighborhood health/safety issues such as drug-related crime as environmental justice struggles. Copyright (c) 2008 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.
Are Positive Beliefs about Post-Event Processing Related to Social Anxiety?

Although positive metacognitive beliefs have been found to be associated with symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety disorder, surprisingly few studies have focused on the degree to which positive metacognitive beliefs are associated to social phobia symptoms. In response to this limitation, the primary goal of the current study was the development and validation of the Positive Beliefs about Post-Event Processing Questionnaire (PB-PEPQ). It was anticipated that the PB-PEPQ would exhibit adequate psychometric properties. Based on a non-referred sample of 300 undergraduate students, the PB-PEPQ was found to be positively associated with measures of post-event processing and social anxiety symptoms. Further, support was found for the incremental validity of the PB-PEPQ, as the measure predicted variance in social phobia symptoms after controlling for other metacognitive variables, including positive beliefs about worry and positive beliefs about rumination. Overall, the findings may have implications for cognitive models of social phobia. Further, the current findings have possible treatment implications, as individuals with social phobia may benefit from interventions focused on the identification and modification of positive metacognitive beliefs.
The Mnemonic Effect of Noticing Alliteration in Lexical Chunks

If good proficiency in L2 entails the acquisition not only of many single words but of many lexical chunks as well, it must then be asked how all this additional lexis is to be committed to long-term memory in the limited time available on non-intensive classroom-based language courses. If it is the case that a significant fraction of conventionalized lexical chunks exhibit mnemonic phonological repetition—alliteration—for example, then the L2 learner's task may be less daunting. We note evidence that alliteration is relatively common in lexical chunks in English. Because of this evidence, three experiments were carried out involving advanced level young adult, Dutch-speaking language majors. Experiment 1 addresses the possibility that two-word alliterative phrases such as day dream are more memorable than ‘no repetition’ phrases such as phone call. Experiment 2 assesses the likelihood that alliteration in chunks will be autonomously noticed. Experiment 3 assesses the effect on the recall of alliterative chunks of very brief teacher-led noticing of the phonemic/orthographic repetition involved. Collectively, the results of the experiments suggest that alliteration has considerable mnemonic potential that could be exploited to facilitate chunk-learning, but also that learners are not very likely to unlock this potential autonomously.
Continuity and Change From Full-Inclusion Early Childhood Programs Through the Early Elementary Period

A large and well-characterized group of children with mild developmental delays initially enrolled in full-inclusion preschool or kindergarten programs was followed for 3 years. Changes in the type of inclusive placements as children transitioned to first and second grades were monitored, and associations between placement type and child and family characteristics were examined. Results revealed a high level of continuity in that most children remained in partial or full inclusion settings over time. However, a substantial reduction in full-inclusion placements occurred between the 2nd and 3rd year when children were completing the transition to first and second grades. Placements in less inclusive settings were associated with children's levels of cognitive and language development but not their adaptive, social, or behavioral characteristics. A hypothesis was put forward that placement in full-inclusion programs during the early childhood years creates a momentum to continue maximum participation in inclusive settings over time.
On approximating strip packing with a better ratio than 3/2

In the strip packing problem we are given a set of rectangular items that we want to place in a strip of given width such that we minimize the height of the obtained packing. It is a very classical two-dimensional packing problem that has received a lot of attention and it has applications in many settings such as stock-cutting and scheduling. A straight-forward reduction from P artition shows that the problem cannot be approximated with a better absolute factor than 3/2. However, this reduction requires the numeric values to be exponentially large. In this paper, we present a (1.4 + e)-approximation algorithm with pseudo-polynomial running time. This implies that for polynomially bounded input data the problem can be approximated with a strictly better ratio than for exponential input which is a very rare phenomenon in combinatorial optimization. Our algorithm is based on a structural lemma proving that there is a packing of height (1.4 + e)OPT that allows a partition of the packing area into few rectangular boxes. These boxes have the property that they decouple the packing decisions for the items that are thin and high, wide and narrow, or large in both dimensions. The interaction of these item types is typically a major problem when designing algorithms and our partition completely solves this. Particularly difficult are items that are thin and high since a single one of them can increase the optimal packing height significantly if placed wrongly and there can be up to Ω(n) of them. For those items the box partition is even fine grained enough so that all items in a box have essentially the same height. This reduces the usually difficult packing decisions for these items to a problem that can be solved easily via a pseudo-polynomial time dynamic program. The mentioned reduction from P artition also breaks down if we allow to drop a constant number of input items (while the compared optimal solution cannot do this). We show that then we can approximate the problem much better and present a polynomial time algorithm computing a packing of height at most (1 + e)OPT that needs to drop at most Oe(1) items.
Metabolic syndrome in adult population of rural Wardha, central India

Background & Objectives: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high among Asians including Indians. Scarce information is available about the magnitude of metabolic syndrome in rural areas and hence present study in rural area of Wardha district, central India. Methods: In 300 randomly selected subjects, blood pressure and anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were noted. Blood sample was collected after overnight fasting and was subjected to biochemical quantification such as fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, VLDL-C and LDL-C. Data were analyzed using ATP-III definition as well as by modifying the waist circumference cut-offs as per Asia-Pacific guidelines. Results: Overall metabolic syndrome as per ATP-III criteria was observed in 5.0 per cent adult rural population. When ATP-III criteria were modified using waist circumference cut-offs recommended by Asia-Pacific guidelines, metabolic syndrome was seen in 9.3 per cent. It was 10.7 per cent among females and 8.2 per cent among males. Receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to find out the best cut-off of BMI to identify the individuals with metabolic syndrome. The best cut-off for BMI came out to be 23.32 kg/m2. Interpretation & conclusions: The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was low among rural adults of Wardha as compared to reported values in urban areas. BMI of 23.32 kg/m2 and higher was found to predict significant risk of metabolic syndrome in these study subjects. However, studies with larger sample need to be conducted to confirm these findings.
Through a Different Lens

This study sought to understand the experiences of a cohort of students who entered a strengths-based private school for twice-exceptional students during middle school and successfully completed graduation requirements. Using a case study design, the researchers analyzed data collected from student and teacher interviews, parent focus groups, educational records, and psychological reports. Findings indicate areas of change and development across cognitive, emotional/behavioral, and social domains and identified five factors underlying student growth: psychological safety, tolerance for asynchrony, time, positive relationships, and the consistent use of a strengths-based, talent-focused philosophy. Data also revealed four benefits from the talent development opportunities offered by the school. Participating in talent development activities enabled students to become part of a social group; to overcome some social, emotional, and cognitive challenges in context; to develop ongoing mentor and professional relationships with people in talent areas; and to develop expertise in an area of talent. This research supports the incorporation of a strengths-based, talent-focused approach for twice-exceptional learners.
Time Varying Prediction of Thoughts of Death and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents: Weekly Ratings over 6-month Follow-Up

Suicidal ideation (SI) and thoughts of death are often experienced as fluctuating; therefore a dynamic representation of this highly important indicator of suicide risk is warranted. Theoretical accounts have suggested that affective, behavioral, and interpersonal factors may influence the experience of thoughts of death/SI. This study aimed to examine the prospective and dynamic impact of these constructs in relation to thoughts of death and SI. We assessed adolescents with a recent hospitalization for elevated suicide risk over 6 months. Using the methodology of the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation, weekly ratings for SI, course of depressive illness, affect sensitivity, negative affect intensity, behavioral dysregulation, peer invalidation, and family invalidation were obtained. Using multilevel modeling, results indicated that (a) same-week ratings between these constructs and SI were highly correlated at baseline and throughout follow-up; (b) baseline ratings of affect sensitivity, behavioral dysregulation, and peer invalidation were positive prospective predictors of SI at any week of follow-up; (c) weekly ratings of each of these constructs had significant associations with next-week ratings of SI; and (d) ratings of SI had positive significant associations with next-week ratings on each of the constructs. These results suggest that affective sensitivity, behavioral dysregulation, peer invalidation, and SI are highly associated with SI levels both chronically (over months) and acutely (one week to the next), whereas depression, negative affect intensity, and family invalidation were more acutely predictive of SI. Elevated SI may then aggravate all these factors in a reciprocal manner.
Dwarf galaxies in the dynamically evolved NGC 1407 Group

The NGC 1407 Group stands out among nearby structures by its properties that suggest it is massive and evolved. It shares properties with entities that have been called fossil groups: the 1.4 m differential between the dominant elliptical galaxy and the second brightest galaxy comes close to satisfying the definition that has been used to define the fossil class. There are few intermediate-luminosity galaxies, but a large number of dwarfs in the group. We estimate there are 250 group members to the depth of our survey. The slope of the faint end of the luminosity function (reaching MR =− 12) is α =− 1.35. Velocities for 35 galaxies demonstrate that this
Rolling stones for the resurrection of policy as the focus of comparative housing research

In this essay, I try to roll some stones away which block the resurrection of policy as a proper focus for comparative housing research. To this end, I propose a classification of policy content based on processes common to all systems of housing provision. I also outline an analytical framework linking important contextual factors to that content, and allowing for the elaboration of theories concerning those linkages. The framework furthermore links policy to consequences in housing as well as in other parts of society. Finally, I discuss how policy‐focussed housing studies should address issues in evaluative research on housing.
The relationship of teacher clarity and immediacy with student state receiver apprehension, affect, and cognitive learning

This study examines the relationships among receiver apprehension, teacher clarity, and teacher immediacy in the instructional context. The relationships between state receiver apprehension and student motivation, affect, and cognitive learning are examined, as are the relationships of teacher clarity and immediacy with receiver apprehension. Analyses reveal that, although state receiver apprehension is significantly related to negative instructional outcomes, clear and immediate teaching may be able to negate this relationship. The importance of being both a clear and immediate teacher are discussed in terms of state receiver apprehension and other instructional outcomes.
Programming with Equations

Equations provide a convenient notation for defining many computations, for example, for programming language interpreters. This paper illustrates the usefulness of equational programs, describes the problems involved in implementing equational programs, and investigates practical solutions to those problems. The goal of the study is a system to automatically transform a set of equations into an efficient program which exactly implements the logical meaning of the equations. This logical meaning may be defined in terms of the traditional mathematical interpretation of equations, without using advanced computing concepts. _
Pouch Motors: Printable Soft Actuators Integrated with Computational Design

Abstract We propose pouch motors, a new family of printable soft actuators integrated with computational design. The pouch motor consists of one or more inflatable gas-tight bladders made of sheet materials. This printable actuator is designed and fabricated in a planar fashion. It allows both easy prototyping and mass fabrication of affordable robotic systems. We provide theoretical models of the actuators compared with the experimental data. The measured maximum stroke and tension of the linear pouch motor are up to 28% and 100 N, respectively. The measured maximum range of motion and torque of the angular pouch motor are up to 80° and 0.2 N, respectively. We also develop an algorithm that automatically generates the patterns of the pouches and their fluidic channels. A custom-built fabrication machine streamlines the automated process from design to fabrication. We demonstrate a computer-generated life-sized hand that can hold a foam ball and perform gestures with 12 pouch motors, which can be fabricat.
Discovering Memories of Abuse in the Light of Meta-Awareness

Abstract Discovered memories of abuse are often viewed with marked skepticism due to the relative dearth of well-corroborated evidence for their occurrence and the absence of a compelling theory to explain them. This article addresses these concerns by reviewing seven recovered (or, as will be explained, what I prefer to term “discovered”) memory cases in which there was independent corroborative evidence for the alleged abuse. These cases are considered within the context of a theory of meta-awareness that assumes that experiential consciousness (i.e., the contents of phenomenological experience) can be distinct from meta-awareness (i.e., one's consciousness of their consciousness). In this context, discovered memories can be understood as involving changes in individuals' meta-awareness of the abuse. In some cases, discovered memories may involve the gaining of a different meta-awareness of the meaning of an experience. The discovery of this new meaning may become confused with the discovery of the memory itself, leading to the (sometimes erroneous) belief that the memory is just now being accessed for the first time. In other cases, the discovery may involve the regaining of a prior meta-awareness of the experience that either deliberately or non-deliberately may have been avoided for some time. In still other cases, the discovery may actually involve the gaining of a previously non-existent meta-awareness of the experience. A variety of factors ranging from the very straightforward (e.g., age, lack of discussion, stress) to the more esoteric (e.g., dissociation, nocturnal cognitive processing) may prevent incidents of abuse from being initially encoded with meta-awareness. Such non-reflected memories, particularly when they are aschematic and disjunctive with other experiences, may continue to elude meta-awareness until a specific (and potentially obscure) contextual retrieval cue is encountered. Once recalled in the alarming light of meta-awareness, individuals may understand what happened to them, and this discovery may fundamentally change their view of their personal histories.
State Repression and Political Order

▪ Abstract State repression includes harassment, surveillance/spying, bans, arrests, torture, and mass killing by government agents and/or affiliates within their territorial jurisdiction. Over the past 40 years, the systematic study of state repression has grown considerably. The development of this work, however, has been uneven. Though unified in their focus on the problem of order (i.e., trying to ascertain how political authorities wield coercive power amid potential and actual domestic challengers), different scholars tend to emphasize distinct aspects of the topic. Consequently, a great deal of progress has been made in specific areas but others have lagged behind. In this review, I attempt to identify the dominant traditions in the repression literature, the core empirical findings, and some persisting puzzles.
Theoretical Electron Mobility Analysis in Thin-Body FETs: Dependence on Substrate Orientation and Biaxial Strain

Results of recent mobility measurements in ultrathin-body FETs are analyzed theoretically for different substrate orientations. A Monte Carlo method incorporating the degenerate statistics exactly is used for calculations of the mobility. Due to volume inversion, the mobility in double-gate ultrathin-body (110) FETs is enhanced in comparison with the mobility of single-gate structures, in the whole range carrier concentrations. In contrast, the mobility in a double-gate (100) 3 nm thick structure plotted as a function of the carrier concentration per channel sinks below the single-gate mobility value for high effective fields. It is shown that degeneracy effects play a crucial role in mobility degradation for (100) double-gate FETs, as they lead to the opening of additional intersubband scattering channels. Biaxial strain has little influence on the mobility of ultrathin-body FETs. Simulation results are in good agreement with recent mobility measurements