Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs

Abstract The evolution of scutes in thyreophoran dinosaurs, based on Scutellosaurus, Scelidosaurus, Stegosaurus, and several ankylosaurs, began with small rounded or ovoid structures that typically had slight, anteroposteriorly oriented keels. These scutes were elaborated in two general and overlapping ways: they could flare laterally and asymmetrically beneath the keels that mark the anteroposterior axis, and they could be hypertrophied in their distal growth to produce plates, spikes, and other kinds of ornamentation. Stegosaurus plates and spikes are thus primarily hypertrophied keels of primitive thyreophoran scutes, sometimes with elaboration of dermal bone around their pustulate bases. Histologically, most thyreophoran scute tissues comprise secondary trabecular medullary bone that is sandwiched between layers of compact primary bone. Some scutes partly or mostly comprise anatomically metaplastic bone, that is, ossified fibrous tissue that shows incremental growth. The “plumbing” of Stegosaurus plates was not apparently built to support a “radiator” system of internal blood vessels that communicated with the outside of the plates and coursed along their external surfaces to return heated or cooled blood to the body core. Possibly a purely external system supported this function but there is no independent evidence for it. On the other hand, many of the vascular features in stegosaurian plates and spikes reflect bautechnisches artifacts of growth and production of bone. Surface vascular features likely supported bone growth and remodeling, as well as the blood supply to a keratinous covering. When the gross and microstructural features of the plates and spikes are viewed in phylogenetic context, no clear pattern of thermoregulatory function emerges, though an accessory role cannot be eliminated in certain individual species. It seems more likely, as in other groups of dinosaurs, that the variation of dermal armor form in stegosaurs was primarily linked to species individuation and recognition, perhaps secondarily to inter- and intraspecific display, and rarely to facultative thermoregulation.
Dynamic response of structures constructed from smart materials

The dynamic analysis of structures constructed of homogeneous smart materials is greatly simplified by the observation that the eigenfunctions of such structures are identical to those of the same structures constructed entirely of purely elastic materials. The dynamic analysis of such structures is thus reduced to the analysis of the temporal behaviour of the eigenmodes of the structure. The theory is illustrated for both continuous and discrete structures using the generalization of 'positive position feedback' to distributed control.
Traditional Small-Size Citrus from Taiwan: Essential Oils, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity

Background: The calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) and the kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) are two small-size citrus fruits that have traditionally been consumed in Taiwan; however, there has been a lack of scientific research regarding the active compounds and functionalities of these fruits. Methods: Analysis of volatile composition of essential oil and phytosterol was carried out using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Flavonoid and limonoid were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, antioxidant capacity from their essential oils and extracts were assessed in vitro. Results: The compositions of the essential oils of both fruits were identified, with the results showing that the calamondin and kumquat contain identified 43 and 44 volatile compounds, respectively. In addition, oxygenated compounds of volatiles accounted for 4.25% and 2.04%, respectively, consistent with the fact that oxygenated compounds are generally found in high content in citrus fruits. In terms of flavonoids, the calamondin exhibited higher content than the kumquat, with disomin-based flavonoids being predominant; on the other hand, phytosterol content of kumquat was higher than that of calamondin, with amyrin being the dominant phytosterol. Both of them contain high amounts of limonoids. The ethanol extracts and essential oils of small-sized citrus fruits have been shown to have antioxidant effects, with those effects being closely related to the flavonoid content of the fruit in question. Conclusions: The present study also reviewed antioxidant activity in terms of specific bioactive compounds in order to find the underlying biological activity of both fruits. The calamondin and kumquat have antioxidant effects, which are in turn very important for the prevention of chronic diseases.
Universality of the diffusion wake in the gauge-string duality

As a particle moves through a fluid, it may generate a laminar wake behind it. In the gauge-string duality, we show that such a diffusion wake is created by a heavy quark moving through a thermal plasma and that it has a universal strength when compared to the total drag force exerted on the quark by the plasma. The universality extends over all asymptotically anti-de Sitter supergravity constructions with arbitrary scalar matter. We discuss how these results relate to the linearized hydrodynamic approximation and how they bear on our understanding of di-hadron correlators in heavy ion collisions.
The role of calcium in protease‐activated receptor‐induced secretion of chemokine GRO/CINC‐1 in rat brain astrocytes

Our recent data showed that activation of protease‐activated receptor (PAR)‐1 and PAR‐2 in rat astrocytes not only evokes calcium signaling, but also regulates the release of the chemokine growth‐regulated oncogene/cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant‐1 (GRO/CINC‐1), a counterpart of the human GRO. This chemokine provides a feedback to protect astrocytes from toxic insults. Activated PAR‐1 and PAR‐2 were strong stimuli to induce the release of GRO/CINC‐1. The effect was comparable to that induced by TNF‐α. However, the role of calcium in the PAR‐induced GRO/CINC‐1 secretion remains unknown. Here, we found that the pharmacological blockade of either calcium release from the intracellular stores, or influx from the extracellular space, increased PAR‐1‐ and PAR‐2‐induced GRO/CINC‐1 secretion. Under calcium‐free conditions, the basal mRNA level of GRO/CINC‐1 was clearly increased. Further studies revealed that the intracellular GRO/CINC‐1 protein level was slightly increased by treatment with thrombin or TRag in calcium‐free conditions. However, the amount of protein synthesized was largely reduced in the absence of extracellular calcium as compared to that under normal calcium conditions. Importantly, we found that the intracellularly formed GRO/CINC‐1 was not secreted into the cell culture supernatant under calcium‐free conditions. These data suggest a dual role of calcium. On the one side, an increase in cytosolic calcium negatively regulates PAR‐induced GRO/CINC‐1 gene expression in rat astrocytes, but on the other side, the basal level of calcium is the pre‐requisite for GRO/CINC‐1 protein synthesis and secretion.
Evidence for a secular trend in heights and weights of adults in Papua New Guinea.

Evidence for a secular change in heights and weights of adults of 13 populations in Papua New Guinea was sought by comparing data collected at two different times, using three types of source. These are: (1) values obtained from the literature; (2) previously unpublished measurements made by author; and (3) data found in the research notes of A.C. Haddon, and which were collected between 1897 and 1914. An increase in heights and weights has taken place in some, but not all, populations examined, whilst a decrease in adult body size has taken place in a smaller number of groups.
Molecular transduction mechanisms of cytokine–hormone interactions: role of gp130 cytokines

Highly sophisticated mechanisms confer on the immune system the capacity to respond with a certain degree of autonomy. However, the final outcome of an immune response depends on the interaction of the immune system with other systems. The immune and neuroendocrine systems have an intimate cross‐communication that makes possible a satisfactory response to environmental changes. Part of this interaction occurs through cytokines and steroid hormones. The last step of this cross‐talk is the molecular level. As a model of interaction, this review focuses on the gp130 cytokine family. These cytokines, as well as their receptors, are expressed in pituitary cells. They regulate hormone production as well as growth of pituitary cells. During acute or chronic inflammation or infection, systemic, hypothalamic and hypophyseal gp130 cytokines act on anterior pituitary cells, integrating the neuroendocrine–immune response. Disruptions of these pathways may lead not only to abnormal growth of pituitary cells but also to immune disorders, for which, based on recent findings, targeting these cytokines might be a novel therapeutic approach.
The emergence of compartmental organization in olfactory bulb glomeruli during postnatal development

The olfactory bulb glomerulus is a discrete and heterogeneous neuropil where olfactory receptor cell axons synapse with dendrites of mitral, tufted, and periglomerular neurons. To understand better the maturation of glomeruli and the spatiotemporal interactions that occur during postnatal development, we employed confocal microscopy and markers for immature and mature olfactory receptor cell axons in parallel with a marker for synaptic structure in maturing glomeruli. Sprague‐Dawley rats at postnatal days 1, 6, 12, and 18 were processed for single‐ and double‐label immunocytochemistry for olfactory marker protein (OMP), growth‐associated protein (GAP‐43), and synaptophysin. Mature or adult‐like subcompartmental organization within the glomerulus emerged by postnatal day 12. Earlier in development immature axons entered the core of the glomerulus and moved to the periphery as they matured. However, beginning around 12 days postnatal, immature axons distributed in the periphery and moved toward the core as they matured. This change in the trajectories of axons into glomeruli suggests that different rules may be followed in establishing versus maintaining glomeruli. Double labeling with OMP and synaptophysin demonstrated strong colocalization compared with GAP‐43 and synaptophysin, which showed much less colocalization, consistent with the notion that OMP is associated with more mature axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 422:297–311, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information-seeking behavior of basic science researchers: implications for library services.

OBJECTIVES This study examined the information-seeking behaviors of basic science researchers to inform the development of customized library services. METHODS A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted on a sample of basic science researchers employed at a university medical school. RESULTS The basic science researchers used a variety of information resources ranging from popular Internet search engines to highly technical databases. They generally relied on basic keyword searching, using the simplest interface of a database or search engine. They were highly collegial, interacting primarily with coworkers in their laboratories and colleagues employed at other institutions. They made little use of traditional library services and instead performed many traditional library functions internally. CONCLUSIONS Although the basic science researchers expressed a positive attitude toward the library, they did not view its resources or services as integral to their work. To maximize their use by researchers, library resources must be accessible via departmental websites. Use of library services may be increased by cultivating relationships with key departmental administrative personnel. Despite their self-sufficiency, subjects expressed a desire for centralized information about ongoing research on campus and shared resources, suggesting a role for the library in creating and managing an institutional repository.
Affinity Anti-Self Antibodies Breakthrough of B Cells Producing Low Anti-Carbohydrate Antibodies: Ig Knock-In Mice Producing

Natural Abs speciﬁc for the carbohydrate Ag Gal (cid:1) 1–3Gal (cid:2) 1–4GlcNAc-R ( (cid:1) Gal) play an important role in providing protective host immunity to various pathogens; yet little is known about how production of these or other anti-carbohydrate natural Abs is regulated. In this study, we describe the generation of Ig knock-in mice carrying functionally rearranged H chain and L chain variable region genes isolated from a B cell hybridoma producing (cid:1) Gal-speciﬁc IgM Ab that make it possible to examine the development of B cells producing anti-carbohydrate natural Abs in the presence or absence of (cid:1) Gal as a self-Ag. Knock-in mice on a (cid:1) Gal-deﬁcient background spontaneously developed (cid:1) Gal-speciﬁc IgM Abs of a sufﬁciently high titer to mediate rejection of (cid:1) Gal expressing cardiac transplants. In the spleen of these mice, B cells expressing (cid:1) Gal-speciﬁc IgM are located in the marginal zone. In knock-in mice that express (cid:1) Gal, B cells expressing the knocked in BCR undergo negative selection via receptor editing. Interestingly, production of low afﬁnity (cid:1) Gal-speciﬁc Ab was observed in mice that express (cid:1) Gal that carry two copies of the knocked in H chain. We suggest that in these mice, receptor editing functioned to lower the afﬁnity for self-Ag below a threshold that would result in overt pathology, while allowing development of low afﬁnity anti-self Abs. The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 180: 3839–3848.
Anxiety in the Face of Risk

We model an anxious agent as one who is more risk averse with respect to imminent risks than with respect to distant risks. Based on a utility function that captures individual subjects’ behavior in experiments, we provide a tractable theory relaxing the restriction of constant risk aversion across horizons and show that it generates rich implications. We first apply the model to insurance markets and explain the high premia for short-horizon insurance. Then, we show that costly delegated portfolio management, investment advice, and withdrawal fees emerge as endogenous features and strategies to cope with dynamic inconsistency in intratemporal risk-return trade-offs.
Genomic admixture increases fitness during a biological invasion

Abstract During biological invasions, multiple introductions can provide opportunities for admixture among genetically distinct lineages. Admixture is predicted to contribute to invasion success by directly increasing fitness through hybrid vigour or by enhancing evolutionary potential within populations. Here, we demonstrate genome‐wide admixture during an invasion that substantially boosted fitness in the cosmopolitan weed, Silene vulgaris. We identified three divergent demes in the native European range that expanded from glacial refugia and experienced historical admixture in a well‐known suture zone. During recent invasion of North America, multiple introductions created additional opportunities for admixture. In common garden experiments, recombinant genotypes from North America experienced a two‐fold increase in fitness relative to nonrecombinants, whereas recombinant genotypes from Europe showed no lasting fitness benefits. This contrast implicates hybrid vigour behind the boost in fitness and supports the hypothesis that admixture can lead to fitness increases that may catapult invasion into a new range.
Alcohol dependence symptoms and alcohol dehydrogenase 2 polymorphism: Israeli Ashkenazis, Sephardics, and recent Russian immigrants.

BACKGROUND Jews have lower rates of alcohol-related problems than other Caucasians. The ADH2*2 allele of the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2 ) gene protects against alcoholism in Asians and is found in approximately 20% of Jews. We studied the relationship of ADH2*2 to DSM-IV dependence severity in a random community sample of Israeli Ashkenazis, recent Russian immigrants (also Ashkenazis), and Sephardics. METHODS Subjects participated in a structured interview that included highly reliable questions on DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms. ADH2 genotype was determined for 68 subjects. RESULTS Recent Russian immigrants had more past and lifetime DSM-IV dependence symptoms. Sephardics had a higher prevalence of ADH2*2 than Ashkenazis. Controlling for group and other potentially confounding factors, ADH2*2 was associated with a lower lifetime DSM-IV alcohol dependence severity, although this differed somewhat within groups. CONCLUSIONS ADH2*2 protects against dependence severity in Jewish samples. Future work in larger samples should address genetic and environmental factors that affect the relationship of ADH2*2 to alcohol consumption and dependence.
Gratuitous repression of avtA in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium

avtA , which encodes transaminase C (alanine-valine transaminase), is repressed by excess-L-alanine or L-leucine, and also by limitation for any of a number of amino acids in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Amino acid limitation causes repression by promoting the accumulation of L-alanine or L-leucine or both. avtA is also repressed by L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and other nonprotein amino acids which are structurally similar to L-alanine. We hypothesize that L-alanine and L-alpha-aminobutyric acid, whose syntheses are catalyzed by transaminase C, are the true corepressors of avtA . Repression by structural analogs of the true corepressors is termed gratuitous repression.
Electroencephalogram and Physiological Signal Analysis for Assessing Flow in Games

Passive brain-computer interaction (BCI) can provide useful information to understand a user's state and anticipate intentions, which is needed to support adaptivity and personalization. Given the huge variety of audiences, a game's capability of adapting to different user profiles-in particular to keep the player in flow-is crucial to make it ever more enjoyable and satisfying. We have performed a user experiment exploiting a four-electrode electroencephalogram (EEG) tool similar to the ones that are soon likely to appear in the market for game control. We have performed a spectral characterization of the video-gaming experience, also in comparison with other tasks. Results show that the most informative frequency bands for discriminating among gaming conditions are around low beta. Simple signals from the peripheral nervous system add marginal information. Classification of three levels of user states is possible, with good accuracy, using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. A user-independent classification performs worse than a user-dependent approach (50.1% versus 66.4% rate). Personalized SVM training and validation time is reasonable (7-8 min). Thus, we argue that a personalized system could be implemented in a consumer context and research should aim at improving classifiers that can be trained online by end users.
Gamma-ray Bursts, Classified Physically

From Galactic binary sources, to extragalactic magnetized neutron stars, to long‐duration GRBs without associated supernovae, the types of sources we now believe capable of producing bursts of gamma‐rays continues to grow apace. With this emergent diversity comes the recognition that the traditional and newly formulated high‐energy observables used for identifying sub‐classes does not provide an adequate one‐to‐one mapping to progenitors. The popular classification of some >100 sec duration GRBs as “short bursts” is not only an unpalatable retronym and syntactically oxymoronic but highlights the difficultly of using what was once a purely phenomenological classification to encode our understanding of the physics that gives rise to the events. Here we propose a physically based classification scheme designed to coexist with the phenomenological system already in place and argue for its utility and necessity.
Worldwide contribution of Indian authors in various anesthesia-related journals

Sir, Over the years, there is a continuing increase in the number of journals related to the field of anesthesia. Good quality articles are being submitted to anesthesiarelated journals from all over the world. Indian authors have also increased their participation in submitting many articles on various sections. Though the contribution of Indian authors in international journals has increased over the years, the input still remains meager. There are roughly around 122 anesthesia and pain-related journals (indexed and nonindexed) worldwide. We searched for the contribution of Indian authors in some of the popular anesthesia journals such as British Journal of Anaesthesia (BJA), European Journal of Anaesthesiology (EJA), Canadian Journal of Anesthesiology (CJA), Pediatric Anesthesia (PA), Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (AIC), Anesthesia Analgesia (AA), and Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology (JNSA). All the above journals are indexed by PubMed, the database, we searched. The country of origin of each corresponding author was retrieved. We used appropriate abbreviations of journals as suggested in PubMed along with search terms “India. ” Randomized controlled trial (RCT) are one of the powerful tools in the field of modern clinical research in terms of the quality of evidence. [1] The highest level of evidence that can help in clinical practice comes from RCT. [2,3] However, other study designs, for example, Cohort, case–control, cross-sectional, case studies, or series, can also provide useful information in some cases for clinical decision making. RCTs and systematic reviews of RCTs form the strongest structure of clinical evidence. [4-6] The RCT is considered the gold standard for a clinical trial. We then collected the total number of RCT in each journal after applying search filter “RCT. ” A total of 16,932 articles was published in BJA (since 1946), 4009 articles in EJA (since 1984), 6882 articles in CJA (since 1987), 4318 articles in PA (since 1995), 6152 articles in AIC (since 1972), 24493 articles in AA (since 1945), and 1470 articles in JNSA (since 1989). The search was conducted on the January 22, 2015, showed a very little contribution from Indian authors: 0.33% in BJA, 0.94% in EJA, 0.78% in CJA, 2.8% in PA, 0.48% in AA, 6.8% in JNSA, and 1.6% in AIC, respectively. Furthermore, the contribution of Indian authors in RCT so was again found to be very minimal: 8% in BJA, 17% in EJA, 13% in CJA, 17% in PA, 20% in AA, 15% in ANIC, and 10% in JNSA, respectively.
A Model-Based Approach to System-Level Co-Design

In this paper we present an object-oriented approach and a development environment for the systemlevel design of run-time reconfigurable computer systems. We use the Unified Modeling Language for the specification, modeling, and visualization throughout all phases of development. In this way we address a number of problems which are common to system-level development, like comprehensible and complete system representation, platform-independence, and seamless transition from specification to implementation. Further we show how object-oriented applications can be implemented and executed on custom computing machines comprising run-time reconfigurable logic resources and how the problem of hardware platform mapping can be solved in such an environment. Finally we present experimental results that indicate the feasibility of our approach.
Painting Gradients: Free-form Surface Design Using Shading Patterns

An interactive system for designing curved surfaces is proposed which is based on direct manipulation of a single-view shaded image of this surface. Apart from functions like carving in the surface or adding to it, and local smoothing, sharpening or shifting of selected surface regions, the system supports painting local gradient distributions. An iterative algorithm enforces conservativity of the gradient map at all times, so that the shaded image corresponds everywhere to a possible 3-dimensional surface. This surface can be output either as a gradient map, to be used e.g. in bump mapping, or as an adaptively tiled triangular mesh.