Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Identity: Child Rights and the Legal Framework for Marriage in Nigeria

Colonial English heritage and its interaction with local customs in West Africa have been the subject of much debate. Its impact runs through the fabric of the life of the nation, from religion to sociological and sociolegal frameworks. The tension engaged is most profound within the framework of marriages and its effect on children's rights. Illegitimacy, for instance, as understood in Common Law is a concept unknown to Nigerian customs. In Nigeria, customary law allows and envisages polygamy, and a man's adultery is perceived as “a heroic feat. ” This is not so for a woman, translating to a tension on premarital and postdivorce relationships expressed in diverse ways. It is easily verifiable that in Nigeria, births out of marriage are attributable more to the nature of the marriage structure and patriarchy than to juvenile delinquency. For women, this single motherhood is often a question of self-preservation or survival. Although strengthening welfare systems and according equal rights to children seem to have been effective in catering to the welfare of children and reducing the number born out wedlock in some jurisdictions, this approach is likely to yield the opposite result in Nigeria. Recently, retention of the Common Law doctrine of illegitimacy was canvassed as “punishment for the misdeeds of parents,” which seems to indict misconduct in the question of birth out of wedlock in Nigeria. This article examines the validity of this claim in the light of Nigeria's sociolegal milieu vis-a-vis the right of a child to identity, origin, and self-actualization. It concludes that although discrimination may have short-term benefits for a privileged class, equality provides a society with an enduring platform for conversation, dialogue, cohesion, and realization of developmental aspirations. The article proffers recommendations on reform and policy direction that allow for growth of customary law in relation to family and child rights while engaging masculinity in a constructive manner.
NR2A and NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptors differentially regulate striatal output pathways

Triple probe microdialysis was employed to investigate whether striatal NR2A and NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptors regulate the activity of striato‐pallidal and striato‐nigral projection neurons. Probes were implanted in the striatum, ipsilateral globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata. Intrastriatal perfusion with the NR2A subunit selective antagonist (R)‐[(S)‐1‐(4‐bromo‐phenyl)‐ethylamino]‐(2,3‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoxalin‐5‐yl)‐methyl]‐phosphonic acid (NVP‐AAM077) reduced pallidal GABA and increased nigral glutamate (GLU) release whereas perfusion with the NR2B subunit selective antagonist (R‐(R*,S*)‐α‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐β‐methyl‐4‐(phenylmethyl)‐1‐piperidinepropanol (Ro 25‐6981) reduced nigral GABA and elevated striatal and pallidal GLU release. To confirm that changes in GABA levels were because of blockade of (GLUergic‐driven) tonic activity of striatofugal neurons, tetrodotoxin was perfused in the striatum. Tetrodotoxin reduced both pallidal and nigral GABA release without changing GLU levels. To investigate whether striatal NR2A and NR2B subunits were also involved in phasic activation of striatofugal neurons, NVP‐AAM077 and Ro 25‐6981 were challenged against a NMDA concentration able to evoke GABA release in the three areas. Both antagonists prevented the NMDA‐induced striatal GABA release. NVP‐AAM077 also prevented the NMDA‐induced surge in GABA release in the globus pallidus, whereas Ro 25‐6981 attenuated it in the substantia nigra. We conclude that striatal NMDA receptors containing NR2A and NR2B subunits preferentially regulate the striato‐pallidal and striato‐nigral projection neurons, respectively.
Components of Trust: Note on Use of Rotter's Scale

The Rotter Trust Scale was administered to 97 college students whose responses were subjected to factor analysis. Results indicated that the scale measures several discrete components of trust including: (a) trust toward institutions, (b) perceived sincerity of others, and (c) need to be cautious of others. It was suggested that a previous observation indicating college students had become less trusting between 1964 and 1970 might largely be accounted for by changes in trust toward institutions.
The Outcomes of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Treatments in a Retrospective Study, Single Center Experience

Introduction Esophageal and gastric cancers are among the most common cancers in Iran. Usually survival of these cases is poor despite of treatment. Here we studied outcome of these cases in our center to have an estimation of general prognosis of patients. Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed the data of patient's files before treatment, including cancer stage at diagnosis, types of treatments and outcomes. We studied 368 patients treated between 1995 and 2011. Results The study included 368 patients (248 [67.4%] males and 120 [32.6%] females) with a median age of 58 (range: 23 - 94). Sixty nine patients (18.8%) had esophageal cancer with a median age of 58.5 years (range: 33 – 84), and 47.8% (33/69) of whom were male. Sixty five (17.7%) were reported to have gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) with a median age of 62.0 (range: 32 – 94), among them 72.3% (47/65) of whom were male and finally Two hundred thirty four (63.6%) had gastric cancer with a median age of 57.0 (range: 23 – 82), which 71.8% (168/234) of whom were male. The Median follow-up was 10 months. The majority of patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease. Stage III or IV was observed in 65.0% (39/60) of patients with esophageal cancer, 75.0% (33/44) with GEJ cancer and 65.4% (121/185) with gastric cancer. In this study, 58% of patients with esophageal cancer, 50.8% with GEJ and gastric cancers had unresectable disease or metastases at presentation. One-year EFS was 51.8% (95% CI: 39.8 – 67.3%), 32.8% (95% CI: 22.1 – 48.7%), and 56.7% (95% CI: 50.1 – 64.3%) in patients with esophageal, GEJ and gastric cancers, respectively (p = 0.002). The 1-year OS was 54.5% (95% CI: 42.6 – 69.8%), 39.5% (95 CI: 28.1 – 55.5%), and 68.2% (95% CI: 61.8 – 75.3%), respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion Cancers of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract contribute to the high mortality and morbidity rates because they are more likely to be diagnosed at late or advanced stages of disease. Cancer of the GEJ has a poor prognosis compared to esophageal and gastric cancers. Moreover, treatment protocols may need improvement to achieve better results.
Workload, stress and family life in British members of parliament and the psychological impact of reforms to their working hours

The Select Committee which reviewed the working hours of the House of Commons revealed that MPs were facing two major problems: first, they had not the time and/or resources to carry out their work as they would wish; and second, a disastrous price had been, and continued to be paid in terms of their private and family lives.1 Such problems serve to illustrate the limits in human ability to adapt to overload, which can result in impaired judgement and long-term mental drain.2 Furthermore, such findings assume greater significance when one is considering the occupational group which is responsible for the decisions which affect the daily lives of people living in the UK. Yet prior to this study, no psychological research had been carried out with national politicians.
The Effects of tDCS Across the Spatial Frequencies and Orientations that Comprise the Contrast Sensitivity Function

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has recently been employed in traditional psychophysical paradigms in an effort to measure direct manipulations on spatial frequency channel operations in the early visual system. However, the effects of tDCS on contrast sensitivity have only been measured at a single spatial frequency and orientation. Since contrast sensitivity is known to depend on spatial frequency and orientation, we ask how the effects of anodal and cathodal tDCS may vary according to these dimensions. We measured contrast sensitivity with sinusoidal gratings at four different spatial frequencies (0.5, 4, 8, and 12 cycles/°), two orientations (45° Oblique and Horizontal), and for two stimulus size conditions [fixed size (3°) and fixed period (1.5 cycles)]. Only contrast sensitivity measured with a 45° oblique grating with a spatial frequency of 8 cycles/° (period = 1.5 cycles) demonstrated clear polarity specific effects of tDCS, whereby cathodal tDCS increased and anodal tDCS decreased contrast sensitivity. Overall, effects of tDCS were largest for oblique stimuli presented at high spatial frequencies (i.e., 8 and 12 cycles/°), and were small or absent at lower spatial frequencies, other orientations and stimulus size. Thus, the impact of tDCS on contrast sensitivity, and therefore on spatial frequency channel operations, is opposite in direction to other behavioral effects of tDCS, and only measurable in stimuli that generally elicit lower contrast sensitivity (e.g., oblique gratings with period of 1.5 cycles at spatial frequencies above the peak of the contrast sensitivity function).
Calcium Binding to Leptospira Outer Membrane Antigen LipL32 Is Not Necessary for Its Interaction with Plasma Fibronectin, Collagen Type IV, and Plasminogen*

LipL32 is the most abundant outer membrane protein from pathogenic Leptospira and has been shown to bind extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as well as Ca2+. Recent crystal structures have been obtained for the protein in the apo- and Ca2+-bound forms. In this work, we produced three LipL32 mutants (D163–168A, Q67A, and S247A) and evaluated their ability to interact with Ca2+ and with ECM glycoproteins and human plasminogen. The D163–168A mutant modifies aspartate residues involved in Ca2+ binding, whereas the other two modify residues in a cavity on the other side of the protein structure. Loss of calcium binding in the D163-D168A mutant was confirmed using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, circular dichroism, and thermal denaturation whereas the Q67A and S247A mutants presented the same Ca2+ affinity as the wild-type protein. We then evaluated if Ca2+ binding to LipL32 would be crucial for its interaction with collagen type IV and plasma proteins fibronectin and plasminogen. Surprisingly, the wild-type protein and all three mutants, including the D163–168A variant, bound to these ECM proteins with very similar affinities, both in the presence and absence of Ca2+ ions. In conclusion, calcium binding to LipL32 may be important to stabilize the protein, but is not necessary to mediate interaction with host extracellular matrix proteins.
Australian young people's participatory practices and internet use

This paper examines the relationship between Internet use and political participation among Australian young people. Based on original survey data it demonstrates that there clearly exists a ‘digital divide’ amongst 18–34-year-old Australians, which is delineated on demographic characteristics of geography, education level, income level and occupational classification. While the Internet has far from replaced the traditional information sources of television and newspapers, it does, however, facilitate participation undertaken by already politically engaged young people. The Internet has fundamental importance in facilitating information sharing and organizing for young people involved in activist and community groups. The paper also provides case studies of two non-government, youth-oriented organizations with participatory Internet sites (Vibewire Youth Services and Inspire Foundation) to further explore the potential of Internet enhancement of young people's autonomous political spaces. One site provides Internet-only, youth-specific mental health services and has developed a portal for active community-based participation. It has won commendations for encouraging youth ownership of service provision and providing space for youth participation. The other site provides discussion and journalism for and by young people on a range of cultural, social and political issues. This site also engages in mainstream political issues through ‘electiontracker’, which provided four young people with the opportunity to join the mainstream media in following and reporting on the 2004 Australian federal election campaign. The focus in this paper on heterogenous acts of participation is able to expand our understanding of the democratizing potential of young people's Internet-based political practices.
Coping with Childhood Trauma and Dissociation in Argentina

Abstract This piece will review two categories of childhood trauma in Argentina. First, the tragedy of the children kidnapped and missing during the last military government in Argentina (1976–1983). Second, the current occurrence of child sexual abuse and its treatment in this country. The author will show the societal response to these two categories of childhood trauma in the context of the particular cultural background, and discuss the potential damaging impact on the victims. The clinical vignettes will help the reader to better understand to which extent dissociation is present in these societal responses. Issues related to the mental health and legal systems in Argentina are also discussed.
Servant Leadership: A Model for Future Faculty and Future Institutions

The prospect of the comprehensive transformation of higher education provides the special opportunity to consider a new model for future faculty and future institutions. The model proposed and explored in detail is servant leadership as espoused and advocated by Robert Greenleaf. That model offers at least five dimensions for the consideration of both faculty and their institutions: 1. Identity: the curtailment and redirection of ego and image; 2. Leadership: the employment of the old Roman standard of primus inter pares; 3. Reciprocity: the circular relationship between leaders and followers, teachers and students; 4. Commitment: the absolute devotion to the academic discipline; and 5. The Future: the alignment of faculty and institution.
Dynamical origin of the effective storage capacity in the brain's working memory.

The capacity of working memory (WM), a short-term buffer for information in the brain, is limited. We suggest a model for sequential WM that is based upon winnerless competition amongst representations of available informational items. Analytical results for the underlying mathematical model relate WM capacity and relative lateral inhibition in the corresponding neural network. This implies an upper bound for WM capacity, which is, under reasonable neurobiological assumptions, close to the "magical number seven. "
Dietary Folate and Biogenic Amines in the CNS

Abstract: Abnormal biogenic amine biosynthesis has been observed in humans and animals with endogenous and exogenous disturbances in folate metabolism. In an attempt to study this interaction biochemically, rats were depleted or repleted with folate for 10 weeks. Folate levels in depleted animals in serum and CSF correlated with stores in liver and brain, respectively. In depleted or repleted animals, there was no significant effect on biogenic amine metabolism in the CNS, as determined by quantitation of biogenic amines in brain and their respective metabolites in brain and CSF. These results are contrary to studies by other investigators. We suspect, however, that specific genetic defects in folate metabolism do result in impaired biogenic amine metabolism and probably at the level of disturbed biopterin cofactor functions.
Secure Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

In this paper, a novel secure routing protocol is proposed for wireless sensor networks in which sensor nodes as well as the base station are mobile. The protocol achieves security property through symmetric key cryptography and threshold key cryptography. An analysis of the security strengths of the protocol is presented. Simulation results show the throughput of the proposed protocol and a comparison with LEACH regarding its throughput.
Oxygen Concentrations Required for Reductive Defluorination of Halothane by Rat Hepatic Microsomes

The free oxygen concentrations required for reductive defluorination of halothane by rat hepatic microsomes from control and phenobarbital- (PB) and polychlorinated biphenyl- (PCB) treated animals were determined. Halothane-exposed microsomes from treated rats generated measurable levels of fluoride ion after 30 min incubations with oxygen concentrations of 5% or less. Microsomes from control animals produced fluoride only if the free oxygen concentration was 2% or less. During anoxic (0% oxygen) incubations, defluorination rates of 2.10 ± 0.17, 5.55 ± 0.38, and 5.46 ± 0.30 nmol fluoride·mg protein −1·30 min−1 were observed for microsomes from control, PB, and PCB rats, respectively. Normalizing the maximal rates of defluorination to the microsomal cytochrome P-450 content yielded values of 5.14 ± 1.40, 3.70 ± 0.15, and 2.38 ± 0.26 nmol fluoride·nmol cytochrome P-450−1·30 min−1 for control, PB, and PCB microsomes, respectively. Oxygen concentrations required for reductive metabolism of halothane by isolated rat hepatic microsomes are close to normal physiologic free oxygen concentrations of 4–5% reported for centrilobular areas of the rat liver. Thus even slight reductions in hepatic oxygenation during anesthetic exposure could lead to enhanced reductive biotransformation, an observation found in rat models of halothane-associated hepatic injury. The large differences among the treatment groups in the rates of fluoride ion generated per nanomole cytochrome P-450 indicate that enzyme induction regimens disproportionately increase those isozymes of hepatic cytochrome P-450 that are not involved with the reductive defluorination of halothane.
RELATING APPROACHES TO STUDY AND QUALITY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE COURSE LEVEL

Summary. Research into qualitative differences in students' approaches to study, the quality of learning outcomes, and the relations between them has, in the main, been conducted on learning resulting from involvement in small academic tasks such as reading an academic article. This study, based on a sample of 122 first year university nursing students, focused on student learning on the whole course. The results of the study confirmed the hypothesised relationship between approach and outcome at the course level. In the process, an indicator of qualitative differences in learning outcomes at the course level was developed. The results also provided further support for the validity of three subscales of the Approaches to Study Inventory, and cast further doubt on the use of assessment results as measures of learning outcomes.
Can soluble CD73 predict the persistent organ failure in patients with acute pancreatitis?

Critical Care Medicine www.ccmjournal. org e35 Cochin University Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, AP-HP, Paris, France; Jean-Philippe Empana, MD, PhD, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité—Medical School, Paris, France, and INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; Alain Cariou, MD, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité—Medical School, Paris, France, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France, and Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, AP-HP, Paris, France
Initial Insomnia And Paradoxical Intention: An Experimental Investigation Of Putative Mechanisms Using Subjective And Actigraphic Measurement Of Sleep

Paradoxical Intention (PI) is a cognitive treatment approach for sleep-onset insomnia. It is thought to operate by eliminating voluntary sleep effort, thereby ameliorating sleep performance anxiety, an aroused state incompatible with sleep. However, this remains untested. Moreover, few PI studies have employed objective sleep measures. The present study therefore examined the effect of PI on sleep effort, sleep anxiety and both objective and subjective sleep. Following a seven-night baseline, 34 sleep-onset insomniacs were randomly allocated to 14 nights of PI, or to a control (no PI) condition. Consistent with the performance anxiety model, participants allocated to PI, relative to controls, showed a significant reduction in sleep effort, and sleep performance anxiety. Sleep-onset latency (SOL) differences between PI participants and controls using an objective sleep measure were not observed, although an underlying trend for significantly lowered subjective SOL amongst PI participants was demonstrated. This may relate to actigraphic insensitivity, or more probably confirms recent suggestions that insomniacs readily overestimate sleep deficit, due to excessive anxiety about sleep. Together, results help determine putative mechanisms underlying PI, have important implications for the clinical application of PI, and emphasize the need for further PI research within an experimental cognitive framework.
High-level synthesis with distributed controller for fast timing closure

Centralized controllers commonly used in high-level synthesis often cause long wires and high load capacitance and that is why critical paths typically occur on paths from controllers to data registers. However, conventional high level synthesis has focused on the delay of datapaths making it difficult to solve the timing closure problem during physical synthesis. This paper presents a hardware architecture with a distributed controller, which makes the timing closure problem much easier. It also presents a novel high-level synthesis flow for synthesizing such hardware through datapath partitioning and controller optimization. According to our experimental results, the proposed approach reduces the controller and interconnect delay by 20.3–27.4% and the entire critical path delay by 6.6∼10.3% with 0.2∼13.3% area overhead. Even without area overhead, it reduces the critical path delay by 5.8∼10%.
Learning to Identify Definitions using Syntactic Features

This paper describes an approach to learning concept deﬁnitions which operates on fully parsed text. A subcorpus of the Dutch version of Wikipedia was searched for sentences which have the syntactic properties of deﬁnitions. Next, we experimented with various text classiﬁcation techniques to distinguish actual deﬁ-nitions from other sentences. A maximum entropy classiﬁer which incorporates features referring to the position of the sentence in the document as well as various syntactic features, gives the best results.