Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification and Characterization of the Functional Elements within the Tobacco Etch Virus 5′ Leader Required for Cap-Independent Translation

ABSTRACT Translation in plants is highly cap dependent, and the only plant mRNAs known to naturally lack a cap structure (m7GpppN) are viral in origin. The genomic RNA of tobacco etch virus (TEV), a potyvirus that belongs to the picornavirus superfamily, is a polyadenylated mRNA that is naturally uncapped and yet is a highly competitive mRNA during translation. The 143-nucleotide 5′ leader is responsible for conferring cap-independent translation even on reporter mRNAs. We have carried out a deletion analysis of the TEV 5′ leader to identify the elements responsible for its regulatory function and have identified two centrally located cap-independent regulatory elements (CIREs) that promote cap-independent translation. The introduction of a stable stem-loop structure upstream of each element demonstrated that CIRE-1 is less 5′ end dependent in function than CIRE-2. In a dicistronic mRNA, the presence of the TEV 5′ leader sequence in the intercistronic region increased expression of the second cistron, suggesting that the viral sequence can function in a 5′-distal position. Interestingly, the introduction of a stable stem-loop upstream of the TEV leader sequence or upstream of either CIRE in dicistronic constructs markedly increased their regulatory function. These data suggest that the TEV 5′ leader contains two elements that together promote internal initiation but that the function of one element, in particular, is facilitated by proximity to the 5′ end.
Fast fMRI can detect oscillatory neural activity in humans

Significance A major challenge in neuroscience is our limited ability to image neural signals noninvasively in humans. Oscillations in brain activity are important for perception, attention, and awareness, and progress in cognitive neuroscience depends on localizing these patterns. fMRI is thought to be too slow to measure brain oscillations because it depends on slow changes in blood flow. Here, we use recently developed imaging techniques to show that fMRI can measure faster neural oscillations than previously thought, and responses are 10 times larger than expected. With computational modeling and simultaneous electroencephalography we show that vascular responses are surprisingly fast when brain activity fluctuates rapidly. These results suggest that fMRI can be used to track oscillating brain activity directly during human cognition. Oscillatory neural dynamics play an important role in the coordination of large-scale brain networks. High-level cognitive processes depend on dynamics evolving over hundreds of milliseconds, so measuring neural activity in this frequency range is important for cognitive neuroscience. However, current noninvasive neuroimaging methods are not able to precisely localize oscillatory neural activity above 0.2 Hz. Electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography have limited spatial resolution, whereas fMRI has limited temporal resolution because it measures vascular responses rather than directly recording neural activity. We hypothesized that the recent development of fast fMRI techniques, combined with the extra sensitivity afforded by ultra-high-field systems, could enable precise localization of neural oscillations. We tested whether fMRI can detect neural oscillations using human visual cortex as a model system. We detected small oscillatory fMRI signals in response to stimuli oscillating at up to 0.75 Hz within single scan sessions, and these responses were an order of magnitude larger than predicted by canonical linear models. Simultaneous EEG–fMRI and simulations based on a biophysical model of the hemodynamic response to neuronal activity suggested that the blood oxygen level-dependent response becomes faster for rapidly varying stimuli, enabling the detection of higher frequencies than expected. Accounting for phase delays across voxels further improved detection, demonstrating that identifying vascular delays will be of increasing importance with higher-frequency activity. These results challenge the assumption that the hemodynamic response is slow, and demonstrate that fMRI has the potential to map neural oscillations directly throughout the brain.
Intra- and Interday Reliability of Spine Rasterstereography

To determine intra- and interday reliability of spine rasterstereographic system Formetric 4D with and without reflective markers. Twenty-six healthy volunteers (M group) had two markers placed in correspondence of vertebra prominens and intergluteal cleft, and 24 volunteers (NM group) were assessed without markers. All participants were analyzed two times in the same day and one time on a separate day. Trunk length, kyphotic angle, lordotic angle, pelvic inclination, kyphotic and lordotic apex, right and left lateral deviation, flèche cervicale and lombaire, trunk imbalance, pelvic tilt, inflection point, rotation correction, right and left surface rotation, pelvic torsion, and trunk torsion were measured. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach Alpha (Cα) were calculated. In M group, for intra-, interday, and overall evaluations, the higher reliability coefficients were 0.971, 0.963, and 0.958 (ICC) and 0.987, 0.983, and 0.985 (Cα) for trunk length, kyphotic angle, and lordotic apex, respectively; while in NM group, they were 0.978, 0.982, and 0.972 and 0.989, 0.991, and 0.991 for trunk length. In M group, the lower values were 0.598, 0.515, and 0.534 (ICC) and 0.742, 0.682, and 0.784 (Cα) for trunk and pelvic torsion and in NM group 0.561, 0.537, and 0.461 and 0.731, 0.695, and 0.729 for left lateral deviation. The reliability of most parameters was excellent.
Compatible complex structures on symplectic rational ruled surfaces

In this article, we study the topology of the spaceIω of complex structures compatible with a fixed symplectic form ω, using the framework of Donaldson. By comparing our analysis of the spaceIω with results of McDuff on the spaceJω of compatible almost complex structures on rational ruled surfaces, we find that Iω is contractible in this case. We then apply this result to study the topology of the symplectomorphism group of a rational ruled surface, extending results of Abreu and McDuff.
Optimism, Accumulated Life Stress, and Psychological and Physical Adjustment: Is it Always Adaptive to Expect the Best

Abstract To evaluate Tennen and Affleck's (1987) vulnerability hypothesis, this study examined optimism-pessimism as a moderator of the link between accumulated negative life stress (over the past year) and psychological adjustment (depressive symptoms and life satisfaction) and physical adjustment (physical symptoms and vulnerability to illness) in a large sample of college students (N = 560). Results indicated that optimism-pessimism and negative life stress significantly predicted each outcome. Moreover, for all of the outcomes, except for life satisfaction, a significant Optimism-Pessimism × Accumulated Negative Life Stress interaction was found. As expected, a plot of the significant interactions indicated that optimism, but not pessimism, exacerbated the associations between accumulated negative life stress and poor psychological and physical outcomes. Implications of the present findings for future research and for understanding the costs and benefits of optimism and pessimism are discussed.
Psychosocial deprivation, executive functions, and the emergence of socio-emotional behavior problems

Early psychosocial deprivation can negatively impact the development of executive functions (EFs). Here we explore the impact of early psychosocial deprivation on behavioral and physiological measures (i.e., event-related potentials; ERPs) of two facets of EF, inhibitory control and response monitoring, and their associations with internalizing and externalizing outcomes in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP; Zeanah et al., 2003). This project focuses on two groups of children placed in institutions shortly after birth and then randomly assigned in infancy to either a foster care intervention or to remain in their current institutional setting. A group of community controls was recruited for comparison. The current study assesses these children at 8-years of age examining the effects of early adversity, the potential effects of the intervention on EF and the role of EF skills in socio-emotional outcomes. Results reveal exposure to early psychosocial deprivation was associated with impaired inhibitory control on a flanker task. Children in the foster care intervention exhibited better response monitoring compared to children who remained in the institution on the error-related positivity (Pe). Moreover, among children in the foster care intervention those who exhibited larger error-related negativity (ERN) responses had lower levels of socio-emotional behavior problems. Overall, these data identify specific aspects of EF that contribute to adaptive and maladaptive socio-emotional outcomes among children experiencing early psychosocial deprivation.
TOWARDS HEALTHY ORGANISATION IN CORRECTIONAL SETTING: CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS' WELLNESS, OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND PERSONALITY

Correctional officers always confronted with two in terrelated issues: wellness and stress at work. Correctional officers’ wellness was irrefutable due to intense pressure conditions at the workplace that continuou sly faltered their wellness. Gradual wellness fluctuation due to excessive stres s would severely tarnish performance of correctional officers and prison dep artment. Nevertheless, their personality played an important role in conserving their wellness level despite continuous overrun of stress during work. Therefore this paper elaborated on correctional officers’ personality and occupational stress in order to maintain their wellness at work. This research examined the relati onship between correctional officers’ wellness, their personality and occupatio nal stress in Prison Department of Malaysia. Pertinent question of the study was to look at influence of correctional officers’ personality and occupational stress on their wellness degree. These findings were significant since correctional officers’ wellness, their personality and occupational stress remained loose issue particularly in Malaysia. Findings revealed that personality and occupational stress influenced correctional officers’ health and wellbeing.
Recruiter Perceptions of Applicant Fit: Implications for Individual Career Preparation and Job Search Behavior

Abstract To date, normative selection models have focused primarily on matching individual knowledge, skills, and abilities to job requirements. However, recently, job seekers have been advised to adjust their preparation and job search behaviors to capitalize on the shifting emphasis on fit to broader organizational characteristics such as strategy, culture, and values. Despite the apparent reasonableness of this advice, there has been little research on how employers actually go about the task of screening or selecting for broader organizational fit. Accordingly, the present study examined how organizational recruiters assess applicant fit. Fifty-four campus recruiters in four colleges provided examples of "best-fitting" and "worst-fitting" applicants from just-completed interview schedules, along with specific descriptions of what it was that made each applicant "fit" or "not fit. " Examination of interview transcripts suggested that despite the recent emphasis on unique organizational values, strategies, or cultures in discussions of fit, by far the most frequently mentioned determinants of fit were either (1) job-related coursework or experience or (2) generally (rather than uniquely) desirable personal characteristics such as articulateness, positive personal appearance, and good general communication skills. However, some systematic differences were detected in the extent to which particular characteristics were sought by recruiters in different colleges. Findings are related to previous research, and implications for applicants are discussed.
Fischer−Tropsch Kinetic Studies with Cobalt−Manganese Oxide Catalysts

An investigation was undertaken to establish the reaction mechanism for the Fischer−Tropsch reaction, in the presence of the water−gas shift reaction, over a cobalt−manganese oxide catalyst under conditions favoring the formation of gaseous, liquid, and solid (waxes) hydrocarbons (210−250 °C and 6−26 bar). A micro-fixed-bed reactor was used with a cobalt−manganese oxide catalyst prepared by a coprecipitation method. An integral reactor model involving both Fischer−Tropsch and water−gas shift reaction kinetics was used to describe the overall performance. Reaction rate equations based on Langmuir−Hinshelwood−Hougen−Watson models for the Fischer−Tropsch reaction (hydrocarbon forming) and empirical reaction rate equations for the water−gas shift reaction from the literature were tested. Different combinations of the reaction rate equation were evaluated with the aid of a nonlinear regression procedure. It was found that a reaction rate equation for the Fischer−Tropsch reaction based on the enolic theory perf.
Determination of diferences in runs between boys and girls aged 5.5

The aim of this research is to determine whether there are distinctions in runs among five and a half year old boys and girls. The research is based on studying 80 girls and 64 boys from seven kindergartens in Slovenia. The following five measurement methods have been used in our research: a 10-meter run, a 150-meter run, a 10-meter run with a flying start, 4-times 5-meter run, and a 300-meter run. The results of the t-test indicate a statistically characteristic difference among boys and girls in 300 m run test results only, that is, a method used for measuring aerobic endurance. Other motor skills results have shown that there are no statistically characteristic differences among boys and girls. It is important that sport activities for boys and girls are organized for both groups of children equally. Especially girls must take part in a variety of running exercises in order to increase their aerobic endurance. They should be encouraged to take part in a variety of games which require activating the energy component of movement. Based on the results of this research we can say that physical education (PE) of preschool children should be planned regardless of sex and the PE program should be the same for both boys and girls.
The Relationship of Selected Auditory Perceptual Skills and Reading Ability

A review of studies using correlational statistical procedures to examine the relationship of reading to measures of auditory discrimination, memory, blending, and auditory-visual integration is presented. The consensus of this research suggests that the auditory skills are not sufficiently related to reading to be particularly useful for school practice. The conclusions provide information regarding the desirability of training these skills with the aim of increasing reading ability. The direction future research must take to further explore the relation of other auditory variables to reading is indicated.
Your Morals are Your Moods

We test the effect of players' moods on their behavior in a gift-exchange game. In the first stage of the game, player 1 chooses a transfer to player 2. In the second stage, player 2 chooses an effort level. Higher effort is more costly for player 2, but it increases player 1's payoff. We say that player 2 reciprocates if effort is increasing in the transfer received. Player 2 is generous if an effort is incurred even when no transfer is received. Subjects play this game in two different moods. To induce a 'bad mood', subjects in the role of player 2 watched a sad movie before playing the game; to induce a `good mood', they watched a funny movie. Mood induction was effective: subjects who saw the funny movie reported a significantly better mood than those who saw the sad movie. These two moods lead to significant differences in player 2's behavior. We find that a bad mood implies more reciprocity while a good mood implies more generosity. Since high transfers are relatively more common, player 1 makes more money when second movers are in a bad mood. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Asian Spine Journal Asian Spine Journal Lumbar Transpedicular Implant Failure: a Clinical and Surgical Challenge and Its Radiological Assessment

which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Study Design: It is a multicenter, controlled case study review of a big scale of pedicle-screw procedures from January 2000 to June 2010. The outcomes were compared to those with no implant failure. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review retrospectively the outcome of 100 patients with implant failure in comparison to 100 control-patients, and to study the causes of failure and its prevention. Overview of Literature: Transpedicular fixation is associated with risks of hardware failure, such as screw/rod breakage and/or loosening at the screw-rod interface and difficulties in the system assembly, which remain a significant clinical problem. Removal or revision of the spinal hardware is often required. Methods: Two hundred patients (88 women, 112 men) were divided into 2 major groups, with 100 patients in group I (implant failure group G1) and 100 patients in group II (successful fusion, control group G2). We subdivided the study groups into two subgroups: subgroup a (single-level instrumented group) and subgroup b (multilevel instrumented group). The implant status was assessed based on intraoperative and follow-up radiographs. Results: Implant failure in general was present in 36% in G1a, and in 64% in G1b, and types of implant failure included screw fracture (34%), rod fracture (24%), rod loosening (22%), screw loosening (16%), and failure of both rod and screw (4%). Most of the failures (90%) occurred within 6 months after surgery, with no reported cases 1 year postoperatively. Conclusions: We tried to address the problem and study the causes of failure, and proposed solutions for its prevention.
A Constructive Approach to Singular Value Decomposition and Symmetric Schur Factorization

Remark. If one does not want to use Zorn's Lemma, one can also proceed in the foregoing proof as in [1] or [2]: if K in K/ is not a singleton, then it can be split by some hyperplane into two convex compact subsets K = K1 U L1, and by our lemma we may assume that K1 belongs to AC. Continuing this process, one can arrange the construction of sets K, in KC (n = 1, 2, 3,.) such that their diameters decrease to 0, hence, ineN K, is a singleton {xo}. Now Up (y) rKn K~ 0 for each n, so xo lies in U (y) for each y in Y (i.e., {xo} is a member of C).
Distinctive cognitive profiles in Alzheimer's disease and subcortical vascular dementia.

BACKGROUND There are inconsistencies in published reports regarding the profile of cognitive impairments in vascular dementia, and its differentiation from Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES To identify the overall profile of cognitive impairment in subcortical vascular dementia as compared with Alzheimer's disease; and the tests which best discriminate between these groups. METHODS 57 subjects participated: 19 with subcortical vascular dementia, 19 with Alzheimer's disease, and 19 controls. The dementia groups were matched for age, education, and general levels of cognitive and everyday functioning. Subcortical vascular dementia was defined by clinical features (prominent vascular risk factors plus a previous history of transient ischaemic events or focal neurological signs) and substantial white matter pathology on magnetic resonance imaging. All subjects were given a battery of 33 tests assessing episodic and semantic memory, executive/attentional functioning, and visuospatial and perceptual skills. RESULTS Despite a minimal degree of overall dementia, both patient groups had impairments in all cognitive domains. The Alzheimer patients were more impaired than those with vascular dementia on episodic memory, while the patients with vascular dementia were more impaired on semantic memory, executive/attentional functioning, and visuospatial and perceptual skills. Logistic regression analyses showed that the two groups could be discriminated with 89% accuracy on the basis of two tests, the WAIS logical memory--delayed recall test and a silhouette naming test. CONCLUSIONS Subcortical vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease produce distinctive profiles of cognitive impairment which can act as an adjunct to diagnosis. Many of the neuropsychological deficits thought to characterise Alzheimer's disease are also found in subcortical vascular dementia.
How teachers′ knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder makes difference in doctors′ diagnostic decisions and management?

Objective: The teacher′s knowledge plays a key role in the process of assessing, screening, and diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This was a cross-sectional study aimed at surveying teachers′ knowledge about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, one of the most prevailing neurodevelopmental disorders. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirteen female elementary school teachers were randomly chosen from six regular female public and private schools in Al-Khobar in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. They completed a self-reported questionnaire on their general "factual" knowledge of the nature of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the management "action knowledge" of the condition. Factors which might affect their knowledge were also examined. Results: About 48.7% of the total sample had adequate factual knowledge, but only 27 (23.9%) showed adequate action knowledge about how to deal with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Teachers′ knowledge of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (factual and action) was not significantly correlated with their years of experience, level of education (qualification) and duration of training in educational methodology. Conclusion: It was concluded that teachers in female primary schools had inadequate knowledge about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Implications and recommendation for health and educational professional are outlined.
Show, Ask, Attend, and Answer: A Strong Baseline For Visual Question Answering

This paper presents a new baseline for visual question answering task. Given an image and a question in natural language, our model produces accurate answers according to the content of the image. Our model, while being architecturally simple and relatively small in terms of trainable parameters, sets a new state of the art on both unbalanced and balanced VQA benchmark. On VQA 1.0 open ended challenge, our model achieves 64.6% accuracy on the test-standard set without using additional data, an improvement of 0.4% over state of the art, and on newly released VQA 2.0, our model scores 59.7% on validation set outperforming best previously reported results by 0.5%. The results presented in this paper are especially interesting because very similar models have been tried before but significantly lower performance were reported. In light of the new results we hope to see more meaningful research on visual question answering in the future.