Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo modeling of the photo and Auger electron production in X-ray lithography with synchrotron radiation

A Monte Carlo model has been constructed for the photo and Auger electron production in X-ray lithography with synchrotron radiation. First, the accuracy of electron simulation at low energies of 0.1-2.5 keV was checked in comparison with published experimental results of developed depths of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films under electron exposure. The agreement was within about 20 percent. Next, Monte Carlo calculations of X-ray exposure on a 1.0-µm PMMA film were performed for three cases with and without Si and Au Substrates. Etching simulation of pattern profiles for an infinitely fine-line exposure was conducted combining both the solubility rate for a developer of methyl isobutyl ketone and the calculated spatial distribution of absorbed energy in the resist film. Electron orbital energies investigated were 0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 GeV in a synchrotron with a radius of 4 m. The calculated ultimate resolution was found to be about 100 nm. There was no significant difference between the ultimate resolutions at both energies. The exposure time required for the pattern fabrication was less at 1.3 GeV by a factor of 2.8 than at 1.0 GeV. With the Si substrate a favorable compensation was seen for the energy loss near the boundary due to escaped electrons, while with the Au substrate the effect was excessive, suggesting a preference of a lower energy of 1.0 GeV.
Polymorphic Genes of Major Effect: Consequences for Variation, Selection and Evolution in Arabidopsis thaliana

The importance of genes of major effect for evolutionary trajectories within and among natural populations has long been the subject of intense debate. For example, if allelic variation at a major-effect locus fundamentally alters the structure of quantitative trait variation, then fixation of a single locus can have rapid and profound effects on the rate or direction of subsequent evolutionary change. Using an Arabidopsis thaliana RIL mapping population, we compare G-matrix structure between lines possessing different alleles at ERECTA, a locus known to affect ecologically relevant variation in plant architecture. We find that the allele present at ERECTA significantly alters G-matrix structure—in particular the genetic correlations between branch number and flowering time traits—and may also modulate the strength of natural selection on these traits. Despite these differences, however, when we extend our analysis to determine how evolution might differ depending on the ERECTA allele, we find that predicted responses to selection are similar. To compare responses to selection between allele classes, we developed a resampling strategy that incorporates uncertainty in estimates of selection that can also be used for statistical comparisons of G matrices.
Special Issue: Frontiers of Organization Science, Part 1 of 2: Designing Work Within and Between Organizations

The design of work has been and will continue to be a central problem challenging organization theory and practice. The system of arrangements and procedures for doing work affects all workers every day throughout the world. Work is changing dramatically. In an increasingly global and knowledge-intensive economy, work design is no longer contained within an organization; it often transcends the boundaries of organizations and countries. These changes call for a renewed research focus on work design. Building on configuration and complexity perspectives, we propose a framework for studying work design. We argue that three issues require attention to advance the knowledge of work design: (1) defining the boundaries of work systems, (2) examining how the system is nested in a hierarchy within and between organizations, and (3) determining interactions between the elements of a work system. We propose a method of frontier analysis for identifying equifinal designs-the set of equally effective work designs for different combinations of inputs (situations or contexts) and outputs (performance criteria). When work designs are examined longitudinally, these methods permit an examination of adaptation processes on changing fitness landscapes, suggesting how work systems may increase, decrease, or sustain their relative performance over time.
An Empirical Assessment of Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of SMS Advertising

Mobile advertising has emerged as one of the most popular applications in mobile commerce, particularly in the form of SMS advertising campaigns. However, looking at the process of mobile advertising scientific inquiry, one observes that little is known regarding the effectiveness of an SMS advertisement and the factors contributing to its success. This research investigates the significance of such factors via an experimental method based on a student sample. Several content and medium factors were manipulated and the key finding is that (1) incentive, (2) interactivity, (3) appeal, (4) product involvement, (5) acronyms usage and (6) attitude towards SMS advertising in general, exhibit main effects on attitudinal variables and purchase intentions
Three‐dimensional hydraulic characterisation of the Arno River in Florence

Rivers in historical cities, such as the Arno River in Florence, are typically characterised by unique complex‐shaped hydraulic structures (such as bridges and weirs). The flow interaction with these structures can lead to a fully 3D flow field which cannot be properly investigated with commonly employed 1D, and even 2D, hydraulic models. Nowadays, 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools can be successfully used in river management context. Florence is characterised by a high risk of flooding and the disastrous consequences of such events being greatly increased due to its inestimable artistic heritage. The main cause of flooding is the limited hydraulic conveyance capacity of the Arno River in Florence due to several complex hydraulic structures along the reach. The present work represents the first 3D hydraulic model of the Arno River in the urban reach of Florence. The geometric model was created using the 3D bed topography of the river surveyed in 2015. The hydraulic model was calibrated and validated using discharge and water stage field data measured in 2016. The 3D model can be used as a more realistic tool for exploring mitigation solutions for the reduction of hydraulic risk.
Essential Role of Synoptic Environment on Rainfall Distribution of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Over China

How the rainfall characteristics of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) over China change with the dry‐air intrusion is explored through analyzing Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and environmental fields. It is found that the rainfall area of landfalling TC is positively correlated to the midlevel environmental relative humidity: the larger the surrounding relative humidity before TC landfall, especially in the southern quadrants of the TC, the larger the rainfall coverage at landfall. Even when situated in a dry environment, the TC may produce severe concentrated rainfall with stronger intensity than in a moist environment. Results show that interaction between synoptic environment and TC is essential for influencing rainfall distribution for landfalling TCs over China. As a TC moves with northward component under two subtropical highs and westerly trough, it is under the influence of significant dry‐air intrusion, which results in limited rainfall area. The increasing northwesterly vertical wind shear that is nearly opposite to the TC movement, on the one hand enhances the upshear‐side subsidence, which offsets the friction‐induced ascent ahead of TC. On the other hand, it strengthens the downshear‐side updraft with the corporation of increasing synoptic convergence and results in severe asymmetric rainfall there. When a TC moves under the influences of enhanced subtropical high and monsoonal southwesterlies, it is under the moist environment that causes a larger rainfall area. Influenced by the weaker vertical wind shear with a similar direction as the TC movement, the rainfall distributes relatively symmetrically with heavy rain over the downshear‐friction convergence overlapping region at landfall.
In Vitro Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activities ofZ- and E-Methylenecyclopropane Nucleoside Analogues and Their Phosphoro-l-Alaninate Diesters

ABSTRACT Nucleoside analogues with a Z- or anE-methylenecyclopropane moiety were synthesized and examined for activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro. The addition of a methyl phenyl phosphoro-l-alaninate moiety to modestly active analogues resulted in potentiation of their anti-HIV-1 activity. Two such compounds, designated QYL-685 (with 2,6-diaminopurine) and QYL-609 (with adenine), were most potent against HIV-1 in vitro, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.034 and 0.0026 μM, respectively, in MT-2 cell-based assays. Both compounds were active against zidovudine-resistant, didanosine-resistant, and multi-dideoxynucleoside-resistant infectious clones in vitro. Further development of these analogues as potential therapies for HIV-1 infection is warranted.
Replication and Active Demethylation Represent Partially Overlapping Mechanisms for Erasure of H3K4me3 in Budding Yeast

Histone modifications affect DNA–templated processes ranging from transcription to genomic replication. In this study, we examine the cell cycle dynamics of the trimethylated form of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3), a mark of active chromatin that is viewed as “long-lived” and that is involved in memory during cell state inheritance in metazoans. We synchronized yeast using two different protocols, then followed H3K4me3 patterns as yeast passed through subsequent cell cycles. While most H3K4me3 patterns were conserved from one generation to the next, we found that methylation patterns induced by alpha factor or high temperature were erased within one cell cycle, during S phase. Early-replicating regions were erased before late-replicating regions, implicating replication in H3K4me3 loss. However, nearly complete H3K4me3 erasure occurred at the majority of loci even when replication was prevented, suggesting that most erasure results from an active process. Indeed, deletion of the demethylase Jhd2 slowed erasure at most loci. Together, these results indicate overlapping roles for passive dilution and active enzymatic demethylation in erasing ancestral histone methylation states in yeast.
In Silico Pattern-Based Analysis of the Human Cytomegalovirus Genome

ABSTRACT More than 200 open reading frames (ORFs) from the human cytomegalovirus genome have been reported as potentially coding for proteins. We have used two pattern-based in silico approaches to analyze this set of putative viral genes. With the help of an objective annotation method that is based on the Bio-Dictionary, a comprehensive collection of amino acid patterns that describes the currently known natural sequence space of proteins, we have reannotated all of the previously reported putative genes of the human cytomegalovirus. Also, with the help of MUSCA, a pattern-based multiple sequence alignment algorithm, we have reexamined the original human cytomegalovirus gene family definitions. Our analysis of the genome shows that many of the coded proteins comprise amino acid combinations that are unique to either the human cytomegalovirus or the larger group of herpesviruses. We have confirmed that a surprisingly large portion of the analyzed ORFs encode membrane proteins, and we have discovered a significant number of previously uncharacterized proteins that are predicted to be G-protein-coupled receptor homologues. The analysis also indicates that many of the encoded proteins undergo posttranslational modifications such as hydroxylation, phosphorylation, and glycosylation. ORFs encoding proteins with similar functional behavior appear in neighboring regions of the human cytomegalovirus genome. All of the results of the present study can be found and interactively explored online (http://cbcsrv.watson.ibm.com/virus/ ).
Visualization and Calculation of the Roughness of Acoustical Musical Signals using the Synchronization Index Model (SIM).

The synchronization index model of sensory dissonance and roughness accounts for the degree of phase-locking to a particular frequency that is present in the neural patterns. Sensory dissonance (roughness) is defined as the energy of the relevant beating frequencies in the auditory channels with respect to the total energy. The model takes rate-code patterns at the level of the auditory nerve as input and outputs a sensory dissonance (roughness) value. The synchronization index model entails a straightforward visualization of the principles underlying sensory dissonance and roughness, in particular in terms of (i) roughness contributions with respect to cochlear mechanical filtering (on a Critical Band scale), and (ii) roughness contributions with respect to phase-locking synchrony (=the synchronization index for the relevant beating frequencies on a frequency scale). This paper presents the concept, and implementation of the synchronization index model and its application to musical scales.
Cosmological implications of the pscz pdf and its moments

We compare the probability density function (PDF) and its low-order moments (variance and skewness) of the smoothed IRAS Point Source Catalogue Redshift Survey (PSCz) galaxy density field and of the corresponding simulated PSCz look-alikes, generated from N-body simulations of six different dark matter models: four structure-normalized with and , one COBE-normalized, and the old standard cold dark matter model. The galaxy distributions are smoothed with a Gaussian window at three different smoothing scales, , 10 and 15 h−1 Mpc. We find that the simulation PSCz look-alike PDFs are sensitive only to the normalization of the power spectrum, probably owing to the shape similarity of the simulated galaxy power spectrum on the relevant scales. We find that the only models that are consistent, at a high significance level, with the observed PSCz PDF are models with a relatively low power spectrum normalization . From the phenomenologically derived σ8–moments relation, fitted from the simulation data, we find that the PSCz moments suggest .
Organizational Values: A Dynamic Perspective

We make the case that there are four distinct forms of organizational values – espoused, attributed, shared and aspirational. These partial, but related, forms encompass variation in temporal orientation and levels of analysis. We use these forms to reveal the dynamic nature of organizational values by delineating the evolution of gaps and overlaps between them. We set out a series of propositions, originating from institutional, organizational and managerial sources to explain the nature of movement between these distinct forms of values and the potential implications for organizational behaviour and performance. Finally, we consider the possibilities of this fine-grained analysis of the organizational values concept for future research.
An X-Ray Investigation of the NGC 346 Field in the Small Magellanic Cloud. II. The Field Population

We present results from a Chandra observation of the NGC 346 cluster, which is the ionizing source of N66, the most luminous H II region and the largest star formation region in the SMC. In the first part of this investigation, we have analyzed the X-ray properties of the cluster itself and the remarkable star HD 5980, but the field contains additional objects of interest. In total, 75 X-ray point sources were detected in the Chandra observation: this is 5 times the number of sources detected by previous X-ray surveys. We investigate here their characteristics in detail. Because of high foreground absorption, the sources possess rather high hardness ratios. Their cumulative luminosity function appears generally steeper than that for the rest of the SMC at higher luminosities. Their absorption columns suggest that most of the sources belong to NGC 346. Using Digitized Sky Survey data and new UBVRI imaging with the ESO 2.2 m telescope, we also discovered possible counterparts for 32 of these X-ray sources and estimated a B spectral type for a large number of these counterparts. This tends to suggest that most of the X-ray sources in the field are in fact X-ray binaries. Finally, some objects show X-ray and/or optical variability, with a need for further monitoring.
Stabilizing switching rule design for affine switched systems

We propose a method for designing switching rules that can drive the state of the switched dynamic system to a desired equilibrium point. The method deals with the class of switched systems where each sub-system has an affine vector field. The results are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities and they guarantee global asymptotic stability of the tracking error dynamics even if sliding motion occurs along a switching surface of the system. The switching rules are based on complete and partial state measurements. Two examples are used to illustrate the approach.
Conservation and management of populations in a fragmented forest landscape : behavioural ecology meets population genetics

The effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the genetic structure and vulnerability of populations strongly depend on the behaviour of a particular species. In this thesis, I examined the effects of forest fragmentation on genetic population structure with the aim of identifying and evaluating the different genetic and behavioural factors important for species conservation and management on different geographical scales. The species studied were the mound building red wood ants Formica lugubris and F. aquilonia, and a lekking bird, the capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus. Habitat loss and fragmentation affected the genetic structure in both wood ants and capercaillie. In general, the effects were related to the time since fragmentation and to the level of habitat loss and isolation from the other existing populations. The loss of genetic diversity due to population fragmentation was less observable than the differences in population structure. The response to habitat fragmentation was further dependent on species characteristics such as dispersal and mating behaviour. Sociality affected the genetic vulnerability of wood ant populations by decreasing gene diversity, increasing inbreeding depression and restricting gene flow between subpopulations. The results on the capercaillie in turn suggested that lekking behaviour restricts dispersal of both sexes, thus elevating the occurrence of inbreeding between individuals. The present study provided important information on species conservation and management in terms of better understanding species' biology and behaviour, as well as increased knowledge concerning the genetic issues that should be taken into account when planning conservation actions. By examining the genetic structure of the species it was possible to clarify the conservation status including the effective population size, the question of origin, and the genetic vulnerability (genetic diversity, inbreeding and inbreeding depression) of the populations and/or species. Overall, the results emphasised the importance of preserving the effective population size and the connectivity of habitat patches when planning species specific management strategies. There were great differences in conservation needs among the species, which should be taken into account especially in local management actions.
Effect of Sand and Sawdust Bedding Materials on the Fecal Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Cows

ABSTRACT Farm management practices that reduce the prevalence of food-borne pathogens in live animals are predicted to enhance food safety. To ascertain the potential role of livestock bedding in the ecology and epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on farms, the survival of this pathogen in used-sand and used-sawdust dairy cow bedding was determined. Additionally, a longitudinal study of mature dairy cattle housed on 20 commercial dairy farms was conducted to compare the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle bedded on sand to that in cattle bedded on sawdust. E. coli O157:H7 persisted at higher concentrations in used-sawdust bedding than in used-sand bedding. The overall average herd level prevalence (3.1 versus 1.4%) and the number of sample days yielding any tests of feces positive for E. coli O157:H7 (22 of 60 days versus 13 of 60 days) were higher in sawdust-bedded herds. The choice of bedding material used to house mature dairy cows may impact the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 on dairy farms.
The minimum period problem in cataclysmic variables

We investigate whether consequential angular momentum losses or an intrinsic deformation of the donor star in cataclysmic variables (CVs) could increase the CV bounce period from the canonical theoretical value 65 min to the observed value Pmin≈ 77 min, and whether a variation of these effects in a CV population could wash out the theoretically predicted accumulation of systems near the minimum period (the period spike). We are able to construct suitably mixed CV model populations that a statistical test cannot rule out as the parent population of the observed CV sample. However, the good quality of the fit is never convincing, and is always slightly worse than for a simple, flat period distribution. Generally, the quality of the fit is much improved if all CVs are assumed to form at long orbital periods. The weighting suggested by King, Schenker and Hameury does not constitute an improvement if a realistically shaped input period distribution is used.
QUANTUM EFFECTS IN ACOUSTIC BLACK HOLES: THE BACKREACTION.

We investigate the backreaction equations for an acoustic black hole formed in a Laval nozzle under the assumption that the motion of the fluid is one-dimensional. The solution in the near-horizon region shows that as phonons are (thermally) radiated the sonic horizon shrinks and the temperature decreases. This contrasts with the behavior of Schwarzschild black holes, and is similar to what happens in the evaporation of (near-extremal) Reissner-Nordstroem black holes (i.e., infinite evaporation time). Finally, by appropriate boundary conditions the solution is extended in both the asymptotic regions of the nozzle.
RTcams: A New Perspective on Nonphotorealistic Rendering from Photographs

We introduce a simple but versatile camera model that we call the rational tensor camera (RTcam). RTcams are well principled mathematically and provably subsume several important contemporary camera models in both computer graphics and vision; their generality is one contribution. They can be used alone or compounded to produce more complicated visual effects. In this paper, we apply RTcams to generate synthetic artwork with novel perspective effects from real photographs. Existing nonphotorealistic rendering from photographs (NPRP) is constrained to the projection inherent in the source photograph, which is most often linear. RTcams lift this restriction and so contribute to NPRP via multiperspective projection. This paper describes RTcams, compares them to contemporary alternatives, and discusses how to control them in practice. Illustrative examples are provided throughout.