Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic Type 2 Diabetes in Obese Youth

OBJECTIVE— Some obese youth with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes have evidence of islet cell autoimmunity with positive autoantibodies. In this study, we investigated the differences in insulin sensitivity and secretion between autoantibody-negative (Ab−) and -positive (Ab+) youth with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes in comparison with control subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Sixteen Ab− and 26 Ab+ clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and 39 obese control youth underwent evaluation of insulin sensitivity (3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), substrate oxidation (indirect calorimetry), first- and second-phase insulin secretion (2-h hyperglycemic clamp), body composition and abdominal adiposity (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scan, respectively), and glucose disposition index (first-phase insulin secretion × insulin sensitivity). RESULTS— Insulin-stimulated total, oxidative, and nonoxidative glucose disposal, and suppression of fat oxidation during hyperinsulinemia were significantly lower in Ab− compared with Ab+ clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetic and control subjects with no difference between the latter two. First- and second-phase insulin secretion and C-peptide were lower in Ab+ compared with Ab− type 2 diabetes. Glucose disposition index was not different between the Ab− and Ab+ clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients, but both were significantly lower than that in control subjects. Systolic blood pressure and alanine aminotransferase were higher in Ab− versus Ab+ clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients, whereas the frequency of ketonuria at diagnosis was higher in Ab+ versus Ab− patients. CONCLUSIONS— Islet-cell Ab− clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetic youth are characterized by severe insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, whereas Ab+ youth have severe insulin deficiency and β-cell failure. The former group has additional features of insulin resistance. These important metabolic differences could influence the natural history of hyperglycemia, insulin dependence, and clinical outcomes in these youth.
gyrA and parC associated with quinolone resistance in Vibrio anguillarum.

Keywords: gyrA, gyrB, parC, parE, quinolone resis-tance, Vibrio anguillarum.Vibrio anguillarum is a Gram-negative comma-shaped bacterium with polar ﬂagella that is amember of the family Vibrionaceae. It is the cause ofvibriosis or haemorrhagic septicaemic disease inwild and cultured marine and freshwater ﬁsh (Actis,Tolmasky & Crosa 1999; Austin & Austin 1999). Chemotherapeutic agents, including quinolones,have been widely used for the treatment of vibriosisin cultured ﬁsh and multiple drug-resistant strainsof V. anguillarum have subsequently arisen (Aoki1992; Pedersen, Tiainen & Larsen 1995; WorldHealth Organization 1999). Drug-resistance geneson the transferable R-plasmid have been previouslycharacterized, but the R-plasmid of V. anguillarumdoes not carry any genes for quinolone resistance(Aoki, Egusa & Arai 1974). The mutations in genesand amino acids associated with quinolone resis-tance in V. anguillarum are still unknown, and itwould therefore be useful to characterize thesemutations.There are two functional domains related toquinolone resistance in Gram-negative bacteria:DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Hooper2000). DNA gyrase is composed of two subunits,gyrA and gyrB, whereas topoisomerase IV comprisestwo subunits, parC and parE. Topoisomerase IVhas DNA decatenating and relaxing activities, andplays an essential role in partitioning chromosomesat the terminal stage of chromosome replication(Huang 1996; Hooper 1999, 2000). The molecularmechanisms of quinolone and ﬂuoroquinoloneresistance have been described in several organisms(Hooper & Wolfson 1993; Hooper 2000; Chen L Okuda, Hayakawa, Nishibu-chi & Nishino 1999; Ozanne, Benveniste, Tipper& Davies 2005). To understand the mechanism ofquinolone resistance in V. anguillarum, the nucle-otide sequences of the gyrA, gyrB, parC and parEgenes were sequenced and characterized in thisstudy.Twenty-ﬁve wild V. anguillarum strains isolatedfrom cultured ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis (Temminck& Schlegel), in Japan, and V. anguillarum strainH775-3 were used (Table 2). The 25 wildstrains included 10 oxolinic acid (OA)-sensitivestrains [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC):<0.4 lgmL
Review of by Alain Connes

792 NOTICES OF THE AMS VOLUME 44, NUMBER 7 " The correspondence between geometric spaces and commutative algebras is a familiar and basic idea of algebraic geometry. The purpose of this book is to extend the correspondence to the non-commutative case in the framework of real analysis. " Thus begins Connes' book Noncommutative Geometry. The central thesis is that the usual notion of a " space " —a set with some extra struc-ture—is inadequate in many interesting cases and that coordinates may profitably be replaced by a noncommutative algebra. Here is a simple but central example. Suppose the compact Haus-dorff space X is acted on by a discrete group Γ. If the action is sufficiently simple, one may put the quotient topology on the orbit space, X/Γ, thus capturing the orbit structure in an entirely satisfactory fashion. But as the action becomes more complicated, the quotient topology will fail to separate orbits, and in extreme cases like the action of Z by powers of an irrational rotation of the circle the quotient topology has no information whatsoever. The noncommutative approach is first to replace X by the algebra C(X) of all continuous complex-valued functions on X (which, by the famous Gelfand-Naimark theorem, completely captures the topol-ogy of a compact Hausdorff space). Then replace the quotient space not by a smaller algebra such as C(X/Γ) but by a larger one, the crossed product C(X) Γ consisting of sums γ∈Γ f γ γ (with f γ ∈ C(X)) which are multiplied according to the rule γf γ −1 = f • γ −1. This algebra is non-commutative and should be completed in some fashion, but when this is done, it provides a powerful tool for the study of X/Γ. In the context of operator algebras there is nothing pathological about C(X) Γ which can be thought of as a noncommutative desingularization of X/Γ. In our example the noncommutative algebra was obtained from a group acting on a com-mutative one, but once one admits the legitimacy of such algebras as " coordinate rings " , one may expect to find new examples devoid of any com-mutative origin. Connes explores many examples, as diverse as the space of Penrose tilings and the Brillouin zone in the quantum Hall effect. In so doing he develops a myriad of techniques, sometimes, as in the case of his Chern character, as necessary generalizations of known tools and …
Protective effects of alpha phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone and ascorbic acid in human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells from differently aged donors

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are multipotent stem cells that promote therapeutic effects and are frequently used in autologous applications. Little is known about how ADSCs respond to genotoxic stress and whether or not donor age affects DNA damage and repair. In this study, we used the comet assay to assess DNA damage and repair in human ADSCs derived from young (20-40 years), middle-aged (41-60 years), and older (61+ years) donors following treatment with H2O2 or UV light. Tail lengths in H2O2-treated ADSCs were substantially higher than the tail lengths in UV-treated ADSCs. After 30 minutes of treatment with H2O2, ADSCs preconditioned with alpha phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) or ascorbic acid (AA) showed a significant reduction in % tail DNA. The majority of ADSCs treated with PBN or AA displayed low olive tail movements at various timepoints. In general and indicative of DNA repair, % tail length and % tail DNA peaked at 30 minutes and then decreased to near-control levels at the 2 hour and 4 hour timepoints. Differently aged ADSCs displayed comparable levels of DNA damage in the majority of these experiments, suggesting that the age of the donor does not affect the DNA damage response in cultured ADSCs.
Evolution of solitary waves in a two-pycnocline system

Over two decades ago, some numerical studies and laboratory experiments identified the phenomenon of leapfrogging internal solitary waves located on separated pycnoclines. We revisit this problem to explore the behaviour of the near resonance phenomenon. We have developed a numerical code to follow the long-time inviscid evolution of isolated mode-two disturbances on two separated pycnoclines in a three-layer stratified fluid bounded by rigid horizontal top and bottom walls. We study the dependence of the solution on input system parameters, namely the three fluid densities and the two interface thicknesses, for fixed initial conditions describing isolated mode-two disturbances on each pycnocline. For most parameter values, the initial disturbances separate immediately and evolve into solitary waves, each with a distinct speed. However, in a narrow region of parameter space, the waves pair up and oscillate for some time in leapfrog fashion with a nearly equal average speed. The motion is only quasi-periodic, as each wave loses energy into its respective dispersive tail, which causes the spatial oscillation magnitude and period to increase until the waves eventually separate. We record the separation time, oscillation period and magnitude, and the final amplitudes and celerity of the separated waves as a function of the input parameters, and give evidence that no perfect periodic solutions occur. A simple asymptotic model is developed to aid in interpretation of the numerical results.
Is there a Correlation between Facebook Activity and the Constructs Narcissism and Self-esteem?

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between Facebook Activity and the constructs Self-esteem and Narcissism in two different age groups, 18-23yrs and 24yrs and above. A total of 82 full-time and part-time students (F=47 M=35) participated by way of convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Each participant completed a questionnaire pack containing the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 and the Facebook Intensity Scale. A quantitative design using correlation found no significant relationships between Facebook Activity and Self-esteem or Facebook Activity and Narcissism in either group. However, the results reported that there was a significant difference in Facebook Activity between the groups and a t-test also highlighted a significant difference in Self-esteem between the groups. Implications of the findings and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Global Health Systems: Pricing and User Fees

This chapter is concerned with the issue of user fees (or user charges) for public health services. We discuss the implications of user fees for cost-eectiveness, alloca- tive e¢ ciency, equity, progressivity of public health care spending, and quality of service. Each of these is a desirable end in itself, and so each is an important factor in the optimal pricing decision. They are not always compatible with each other, however. Furthermore, they all have to be …nanced from a single, and typically constrained, budget. Thus governments have to tradeoover them. We review the theory and empirical evidence on the eects of user fees on each factor. � I am grateful to Nava Ashraf and Kudzaishe Takavarasha for detailed comments.
Modeling Realized Covariances and Returns

This paper proposes new dynamic component models of returns and realized covariance (RCOV) matrices based on time-varying Wishart distributions. Bayesian estimation and model comparison is conducted with a range of multivariate GARCH models and existing RCOV models from the literature. The main method of model comparison consists of a term-structure of density forecasts of returns for multiple forecast horizons. The new joint return-RCOV models provide superior density forecasts for returns from forecast horizons of 1 day to 3 months ahead as well as improved point forecasts for realized covariances. Global minimum variance portfolio selection is improved for forecast horizons up to 3 weeks out.
Predicting Bus Arrival Time on the Basis of Global Positioning System Data

The ability to obtain accurate predictions of bus arrival time on a real-time basis is a vital element to both bus operations control and passenger information systems. Several studies had been devoted to this arrival time prediction problem; however, few resulted in completely satisfactory algorithms. This paper presents a new system that can be used to predict the expected bus arrival times at individual bus stops along a service route. The proposed prediction algorithm combines real-time location data from Global Positioning System receivers with average travel speeds of individual route segments, taking into account historical travel speed as well as temporal and spatial variations of traffic conditions. A geographic information system–based map-matching algorithm is used to project each received location onto the underlying transit network. The system is implemented as a finite state machine to ensure its regularity, stability, and robustness under a wide range of operating conditions. A case study on a real bus route is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed system in terms of prediction accuracy. The results indicate that the proposed system is capable of achieving satisfactory accuracy in predicting bus arrival times and perfect performance in predicting travel direction.
Supplementary Information Supplementary Figures Supplementary Figure 1. Principles and Examples for Sims and Sted Imaging Supplementary Figure 2. Sample Preparation for Correlated Imaging Supplementary Figure 3. Line Scans Performed on the Correlated Images from Figure 3 Supplementary Figure 5. Line

(a) SIMS imaging principle. The primary Cs + beam irradiates the sample, causing sputtering of secondary particles from the sample surface. These partly ionized particles (only a subset of which are depicted in the figure) are then identified by mass spectrometry. (b) An example SIMS image of 12 C 14 N-(labelled as 14 N) ions from a neuronal cell body section. The graph shows a line scan (red) along the spot indicated by the white arrowhead. The black curve represents a Lorentzian fit to the line scan with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 76 nm. Applying the 16%-84% criterion 6 , instead of FWHM fitting, gives similar values. (c) STED imaging principle. 2 A toroid-shaped depletion beam (red, adjusted through a phase modulator plate) is superimposed on the excitation beam (green), resulting in stimulated emission depletion of all fluorophores except those located in the zero-intensity centre of the depletion beam. This combination of STED optics with the confocal elements (such as the detection pinhole or beam scanner) yields an effective fluorescent emission of sub-diffraction size (orange). (d) Examples of confocal and STED images of a neuronal cell body immunostained for calnexin, processed by deconvolution. The graphs show line scans (red) through the protein cluster indicated by the white arrowheads. Signal intensities are shown as arbitrary fluorescence units (a.u.). The FWHM obtained from Lorentzian fits (black) corresponds to 278 nm for the confocal and 51 nm for the STED images. Size bars in b and d, 2 μm. (a) The cells are embedded in LR White and 200-nm sections are cut with an ultramicrotome. The sections (blue rectangles; one indicated by the red arrow) are placed onto a silicon wafer (grey square). (b) The chosen cell area is imaged in the confocal or STED mode (only the STED image is shown here). Size bar, 2.5 μm. (c) Afterwards the multiphoton laser used for STED depletion (a Spectra-Physics Mai Tai tunable laser) is applied at maximum intensity, at 750 nm, onto the zone surrounding the imaged area, resulting in the heat-dependent deformation of the LR White resin. The deformed areas of section can be seen as black markings in a reflection image obtained from the bottom surface of the silicon wafer. The markings can later be recognized using a brightfield camera in the SIMS setup, enabling the identification of the area that needs to be imaged. (a) To determine …
Interactive Segmentation with Intelligent Scissors

Abstract We present a new, interactive tool called Intelligent Scissors which we use for image segmentation. Fully automated segmentation is an unsolved problem, while manual tracing is inaccurate and laboriously unacceptable. However, Intelligent Scissors allow objects within digital images to be extracted quickly and accurately using simple gesture motions with a mouse. When the gestured mouse position comes in proximity to an object edge, a live-wire boundary “snaps” to, and wraps around the object of interest. Live-wire boundary detection formulates boundary detection as an optimal path search in a weighted graph. Optimal graph searching provides mathematically piece-wise optimal boundaries while greatly reducing sensitivity to local noise or other intervening structures. Robustness is further enhanced with on-the-fly training which causes the boundary to adhere to the specific type of edge currently being followed, rather than simply the strongest edge in the neighborhood. Boundary cooling automatically freezes unchanging segments and automates input of additional seed points. Cooling also allows the user to be much more free with the gesture path, thereby increasing the efficiency and finesse with which boundaries can be extracted.
The social network side of individual innovation

The current study provides a comprehensive analysis and integration of the literature on the social network correlates of individual innovation. Reviewing the extant literature, we cluster existing network measures into five general properties—size, strength, brokerage, closure, and diversity. Using meta-analysis, we estimate the population effect sizes between these network properties and innovation. Results showed that brokerage had the strongest positive relation to innovation, followed by size, diversity, and strength. Closure, by contrast, had a weak, negative association with innovation. In addition, we offer a path-analytic integration of the literature proposing and testing the direct and indirect effects of the five properties on innovation. We suggest that network size and strength impact innovation through a web of relations with the more proximal features of brokerage, closure, and diversity. Our path-analytic integration considers the two dominant perspectives on the effects of social networks—brokerage versus closure—simultaneously allowing us to establish their relative efficacy in predicting innovation. In addition, our model highlights that network strength can have both negative and positive effects (via different direct and indirect pathways) and thus inherently involves a tradeoff. We discuss the implications of these results for future research and practice.
Image Quality Assessment: From Error Measurement to Structural Similarity

Objective methods for assessing perceptual im- age quality traditionally attempt to quantify the visibility of errors (dierences) between a distorted image and a ref- erence image using a variety of known properties of the hu- man visual system. Under the assumption that human visual perception is highly adapted for extracting structural information from a scene, we introduce an alternative com- plementary framework for quality assessment based on the degradation of structural information. As a specific exam- ple of this concept, we develop a Structural Similarity Index and demonstrate its promise through a set of intuitive ex- amples, as well as comparison to both subjective ratings and state-of-the-art objective methods on a database of images compressed with JPEG and JPEG2000. A MatLab imple- mentation of the proposed algorithm is available online at http://www.cns. nyu.edu/~lcv/ssim/.
The effect of using peers teaching strategy on the development of the self concept for geography students at the basic education college

: ثحبلا صخلم فدهی فرعتلا ىلإ ثحبلا ىلإ ةیلعاف مادختسا ةیجیتا رتسإ موهفم ةیمنت يف نا رقلأا سیردت ثـحبلا ةـنیع تـنوكت لـصوملا ةـعماج ةیـساسلأا ةـیبرتلا ةـیلك يـف ةـیفا رغجلا مـسق ةـبلط ىدـل تاذـلا ةــیبرتلا ةــیلك يــف ةــیفا رغجلا مــسق ثــلاثلا فــصلا تاــبلاطو ةــبلط عــیمج تلمــش ةدــحاو ةــعومجم نــم ماــــعلل ةیــــساسلأا يــــسا ردلا ) ٢٠٠٦ ٢٠٠٧ ( ددــــع غــــ لب دــــقو م اــــهدا رفأ ) ٢٣ ةــــبلاطو اــــبلاط ( دــــقو ، ـثحابلا تناعتـسا ) رـكب اهدــعأ يـتلا ةادلأاــب ة ١٩٧٩ ( ءا رــبخلا نـم ةــعومجم ىـلع اهــضرع مـت دــقو ، سفنــلا مــلعو ةــیبرتلا يــف داــجیلإ ةــقیرطب بــسح دــقف تاــبثلا اــمأو ، ةادلأــل يرهاــظلا قدــصلا ةداــعإ راــبتخلاا غــلب ثــیح ) ٠. ٨٠ ( ةــنیع ىــلع تاذــلا موــهفم ساــیقمل يــلبقلا قیبطتلاــب ةــثحابلا تــماقو ب ةعومجملا سیردتب ذئدعب تماق مث نمو ثحبلا مادختسا ةیجیتا رتسإ نا رقلأا سیردت ترمتسا دقو ، ةرـشع ةبرجتلا أ عیباـس اـهقیبطت نـم ءاـهتنلاا دـعبو ، ساـیقملل يدـعبلا قـیبطتلا ءا رـجإ مـت بو . مادختـسا راـــبتخلاا يئاـــتلا t-test (ةیئاـــصحإ ةلیـــسو) ـــللاد تاذ قورـــف دوـــجو جئاـــتنلا ترـــهظأ ة ةیئاـــصحإ ةبلطلا تاباجتسا حلاصل ثانلإاو روكذلا) ( ىزعت سایقملل يدعبلا قیبطتلا يف ةیجیتا رتسلإ ردت سی تاذــلا موــهفم ةــیمنت يــف نا رــقلأا اــهنم تایــصوتلا نــم ةــعومجم ةــثحابلا تمدــق كــلذ ءوــض يــفو ، ةرورـض مادختــسا ةیجیتا رتــسإ یردــت سیردــت يــف نا رــقلأا س ءا رــجإ ةــثحابلا تــحرتقا اــمیف ةــیفا رغجلا داوــملا ةیسا رد لحا رم يف ةیلاحلا ةسا ردلل ةلثامم ةسا رد ىرخأ .
Nest defense by Iberian azure-winged magpies (Cyanopica cyanus): do they recognize the threat of brood parasitism?

The ultimate goal of nesting is the production of young and therefore predation and brood parasitism may constrain reproductive success. Breeding azurewinged magpies (Cyanopica cyanus) were exposed to mounts of an sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) (i.e. an avian predator on adult and fledged chicks), a female great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) (i.e. a brood parasite that also preys on eggs and chicks), and a mistle thrush (Turdus viscivorus) (i.e. an innocuous control) at different stages throughout the breeding cycle. In addition, the nest defensive behaviour of the azure-winged magpie and the common magpie (Pica pica) (the current favorite host for the great spotted cuckoo in Iberia) were compared. Azure-winged magpies behaved more aggressively (i.e. higher intensity and shorter latency to an aggressive response) towards the brood parasite and the predator mounts than towards the control. The number of individuals defending a nest was higher when exposed to a predator than to a control or a brood parasite. Aggressiveness against the brood parasite mount was not higher at laying as compared to other breeding periods. Azure-winged magpies defended more intensely than magpies when facing a great-spotted cuckoo, although the number of birds attacking the decoy was similar for both species. Thus, azure-winged magpies appear to perceive a different level of threat and defend their nests accordingly. We discuss the relevance of these results in explaining the current absence of brood parasitism in Iberian azure-winged magpies.