Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Double roots of [-1, 1] power series and related matters

For a given collection of distinct arguments $\vec{\theta}=(\theta_{1},\ldots , \theta_{t})$, multiplicities $\vec{k}=(k_{1},\ldots ,k_{t}),$ and a real interval $I=[U,V]$ containing zero, we are interested in determining the smallest $r$ for which there is a power series $f(x)=1+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{i}x^{i}$ with coefficients $a_{i}$ in $I$, and roots $\alpha_{1}=re^{2\pi i\theta_{1}}, \ldots ,\alpha_{t}=re^{2\pi i\theta _{t}}$ of order $k_{1},\ldots ,k_{t}$ respectively. We denote this by $r(\vec{\theta},\vec{k};I)$. We describe the usual form of the extremal series (we give a sufficient condition which is also necessary when the extremal series possesses at least $ \left(\sum_{i=1}^{t} \delta (\theta_{i})k_{i}\right) -1$ coefficients strictly inside $I$, where $\delta (\theta_{i})$ is 1 or 2 as $\alpha_{i}$ is real or complex). We focus particularly on $r(\theta,2;[-1,1])$, the size of the smallest double root of a $[-1,1]$ power series lying on a given ray (of interest in connection with the complex analogue of work of Boris Solomyak on the distribution of the random series $\sum \pm \lambda^{n}$). We computed the value of $r(\theta,2; [-1,1])$ for the rationals $\theta$ in $(0,1/2)$ of denominator less than fifty. The smallest value we encountered was $r(4/29,2;[-1,1])=0.7536065594. $. For the one-sided intervals $I=[0,1]$ and $[-1,0]$ the corresponding smallest values were $r(11/30,2;[0,1])=. 8237251991. $ and $r(1/3,2;[-1,0])=. 8656332072. $ .
Instructional leadership in Malaysia: a review of the contemporary literature*

ABSTRACT This article provides a review of the contemporary instructional leadership research base in Malaysia. The core aim of this review is to assess the recent knowledge base on instructional leadership in Malaysia and to evaluate its current contribution to the existing international literature. The article explores a range of published material that has focused explicitly on instructional leadership and instructional leadership practices in Malaysia, including that written in Bahasa Malaysia. The article outlines the findings from the review and highlights certain strengths and limitations. The article concludes by identifying areas for further enquiry and investigation.
Life-long environmental enrichment counteracts spatial learning, reference and working memory deficits in middle-aged rats subjected to perinatal asphyxia

Continuous environmental stimulation induced by exposure to enriched environment (EE) has yielded cognitive benefits in different models of brain injury. Perinatal asphyxia results from a lack of oxygen supply to the fetus and is associated with long-lasting neurological deficits. However, the effects of EE in middle-aged rats suffering perinatal asphyxia are unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess whether life-long exposure to EE could counteract the cognitive and behavioral alterations in middle-aged asphyctic rats. Experimental groups consisted of rats born vaginally (CTL), by cesarean section (C+), or by C+ following 19 min of asphyxia at birth (PA). At weaning, rats were assigned to standard (SE) or enriched environment (EE) for 18 months. During the last month of housing, animals were submitted to a behavioral test battery including Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field, Novel Object Recognition and Morris water maze (MWM). Results showed that middle-aged asphyctic rats, reared in SE, exhibited an impaired performance in the spatial reference and working memory versions of the MWM. EE was able to counteract these cognitive impairments. Moreover, EE improved the spatial learning performance of middle-aged CTL and C+ rats. On the other hand, all groups reared in SE did not differ in locomotor activity and anxiety levels, while EE reduced locomotion and anxiety, regardless of birth condition. Recognition memory was altered neither by birth condition nor by housing environment. These results support the importance of environmental stimulation across the lifespan to prevent cognitive deficits induced by perinatal asphyxia.
Behavioral Consequences of NMDA Antagonist-Induced Neuroapoptosis in the Infant Mouse Brain

Background Exposure to NMDA glutamate antagonists during the brain growth spurt period causes widespread neuroapoptosis in the rodent brain. This period in rodents occurs during the first two weeks after birth, and corresponds to the third trimester of pregnancy and several years after birth in humans. The developing human brain may be exposed to NMDA antagonists through drug-abusing mothers or through anesthesia. Methodology/Principal Findings We evaluated the long-term neurobehavioral effects of mice exposed to a single dose of the NMDA antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), or saline, on postnatal day 2 (P2) or P7, or on both P2 and P7. PCP treatment on P2 + P7 caused more severe cognitive impairments than either single treatment. Histological examination of acute neuroapoptosis resulting from exposure to PCP indicated that the regional pattern of degeneration induced by PCP in P2 pups was different from that in P7 pups. The extent of damage when evaluated quantitatively on P7 was greater for pups previously treated on P2 compared to pups treated only on P7. Conclusions These findings signify that PCP induces different patterns of neuroapoptosis depending on the developmental age at the time of exposure, and that exposure at two separate developmental ages causes more severe neuropathological and neurobehavioral consequences than a single treatment.
Analysis of liver function test abnormalities in kidney transplant recipients: 7 year experience

Objective: Immunosuppressive drugs, antimicrobial agents and infectious complications may cause liver function test abnormalities (LFTA) in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). The objectives of this study were to identify the outcome of (LFTA). To identify the risk factors affecting development and severity of hepatotoxicity in KTR. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of KTR. Hepatotoxicity attacks were defined as impairment in liver function tests that was responsive to drug dose reduction or discontinuation, or treatment of specific causes such as infectious complications. Results: One hundred-fifty-six episodes of hepatotoxicity occurred in 107 patients in 281 KTR, with an incidence of 38%. Patients with hepatotoxicity episodes had a high total mortality rate, higher incidence of positive pre-transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgM test, higher creatinine values during the first month post-transplant, underwent additional acute rejection episodes, and received fewer cyclosporin A based ID. Only positive CMV IgM testing was identified as a significant independent risk factor for hepatotoxicity in our multiple analysis. Mycophenolatemofetil (MMF) related hepatotoxicity was the most common cause of drug related LFTA. Conclusions: Patients with LFTA can have significant complications. Pre-transplant positive CMV IgM tests predispose transplant recipients to the development of LFTA during the post-transplant period. MMF can be a serious hepatotoxic drug.
A Foundation for the Persuasive Gameplay Experience

Games are increasingly used for purposes that stretch be-yond their primary strength as medium for entertainment.The interactive nature of games provide players with variousopportunity to deal with complex (societal) issues on a moreinvolved and personal level, far more than any other mediumaﬀords. As such it is not surprising to see that games oﬀer agreat platform for persuading players to adopt a particularperspective on events that occur in the real, physical, world.Games for persuasion, or games for attitude-change, havebeen a topic of discussion over the past decade. Concretedesign strategies however, to analyze persuasive gameplayor guide the designer in embedding persuasive messages ingameplay, are scarce. As such, to advance the disciplinewe have set our focus on the development of strategies thataid the persuasive game design process. In this paper we de-scribe the Attitudinal Gameplay Model as foundation for thePersuasive Gameplay Experience. The model serves as anoverview of what game elements can be utilized for persua-sion, how they are interrelated and what mental processesof the player are important to take into account.
Psychological Skills Used by Sport Psychology Consultants to Improve Their Consulting

The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine self-practice by identifying the psychological skills that sport psychology consultants (SPCs) used to improve their consulting as well as where, when, why, and how they used those skills. The participants were 8 Canadian-based SPCs (3 male, 5 female) with a mean age of 37 years (SD = 6.86) and approximately 10 years of consulting experience, who were professional members of the Canadian Sport Psychology Association. Most SPCs were part-time mental performance consultants with either a PhD or a master’s degree. Individual open-ended, semistructured interviews were conducted with the participants, and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The SPCs reported using deep breathing, goal setting, self-reflection, time management, imagery, mindfulness, self-talk, and bio-neurofeedback with themselves. They practiced these psychological skills at different times (e.g., when needed, before a session), in a variety of ways (e.g., spontaneously, deliberately, applying specific techniques), and for various purposes (e.g., refine their service delivery, achieve a work–life balance). As such, SPCs should be encouraged to “practice what they preach,” given the range of potential benefits associated with the use of psychological skills (e.g., foster the consultant–client relationship, understand the psychological skill, enhance psychological constructs). Lay summary: The purpose of this study was to identify the psychological skills that sport psychology consultants (SPCs) used to improve their consulting. The SPCs reported using eight distinct psychological skills. They practiced these psychological skills at different times, in a variety of ways, and for various purposes.
Initial evidence of the beneficial effects of glutamate-modulating agents in the treatment of self-injurious behavior associated with borderline personality disorder.

Sir: Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication introduced to the United States in 1989. It is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine derivative chemically related to the traditional antipsychotic medication loxapine. Side effects pose a significant problem during clozapine therapy. Adverse reactions occur most frequently during the initiation of clozapine treatment and during the acute treatment and dose titration phase. Clozapine’s adverse effects, including agranulocytosis, seizures, hypersalivation, orthostasis, tachycardia, constipation, and drowsiness, are well described. Reports in the literature of uncommon and rare side effects of clozapine include cutaneous reactions with urticaria or eczematous exanthema with pruritus, allergic asthmatic reaction, polyserositis, a syndrome resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), papular rash and bilateral pleural effusion, pericarditis and elevated troponin I, pericarditis with pericardial effusion, myocarditis, Sweet syndrome with polyserositis, and sudden death. We report a case of pericarditis, polyserositis, and rash that developed after the initiation of clozapine therapy and that subsequently resolved after discontinuation of clozapine.
The Ordovician Radiation: A Follow-up to the Cambrian Explosion?1

Abstract There was a major diversification known as the Ordovician Radiation, in the period immediately following the Cambrian. This event is unique in taxonomic, ecologic and biogeographic aspects. While all of the phyla but one were established during the Cambrian explosion, taxonomic increases during the Ordovician were manifest at lower taxonomic levels although ordinal level diversity doubled. Marine family diversity tripled and within clade diversity increases occurred at the genus and species levels. The Ordovician radiation established the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna; those taxa which dominated the marine realm for the next 250 million years. Community structure dramatically increased in complexity. New communities were established and there were fundamental shifts in dominance and abundance. Over the past ten years, there has been an effort to examine this radiation at different scales. In comparison with the Cambrian explosion which appears to be more globally mediated, local and regional studies of Ordovician faunas reveal sharp transitions with timing and magnitudes that vary geographically. These transitions suggest a more episodic and complex history than that revealed through synoptic global studies alone. Despite its apparent uniqueness, we cannot exclude the possibility that the Ordovician radiation was an extension of Cambrian diversity dynamics. That is, the Ordovician radiation may have been an event independent of the Cambrian radiation and thus requiring a different set of explanations, or it may have been the inevitable follow-up to the Cambrian radiation. Future studies should focus on resolving this issue.
Expanding technology training: using digitized video to facilitate web-based learning

ITV program plans to use a number of the programs as contentfor local broadcasting. Perhaps the most interesting use will be as video footage that can be digitized and then included with a user-interface as part of the on-line information and technology resources available through USCWeb. Here, we will be using emerging streaming video and audio technologies such as RealMedia (For samples of use on campus, http://www.usc.edu/go/webcast).
Axisymmetric Self-similar Equilibria of Self-gravitating Isothermal Systems

We show that there are two families of axisymmetric self-similar equilibria of self-gravitating, rotating, isothermal systems: (1) cylindrically symmetric solutions in which the density varies with cylindrical radius as R-2(n+1), with -1 ≤ n ≤ 0 and (2) axially symmetric solutions in which the density varies as f(θ)/r2, where r is the spherical radius and θ is the colatitude. The singular isothermal sphere is a special case of the latter class with f(θ) = constant. The axially symmetric equilibrium configurations form a two-parameter family of solutions and include equilibria which are asymmetric with respect to the equatorial plane. The asymmetric equilibria are, however, not force-free at the singular points r = 0,∞, and their relevance to real systems is unclear. For each hydrodynamic equilibrium, we determine the phase-space distribution of the collisionless analog.
Public water and sewerage investments and the urban mortality decline in Sweden 1875–1930

ABSTRACT The mortality decline that started in the eighteenth century led to an unprecedented rise in life expectancy in Europe and other parts of the world. The Swedish mortality decline, starting in the early nineteenth century, had a distinct delay in urban areas and occurred simultaneously as a sharp increase in the share of urban population. Despite the importance of the mortality decline for modern economic growth, research on its determinants is still relatively inconclusive. Using a newly digitized city-level data source, this article quantifies the contribution of public investments in water and sewerage to the Swedish urban mortality decline between 1875 and 1930. A control strategy with a fixed-effects maximum likelihood model is used to isolate the treatment variable, which is represented with high accuracy in the data. Our results show a 9 percent reduction in waterborne disease mortality associated with the implementation of water and/or a sewerage system in Swedish cities, for the whole study period. This result is also present for infant mortality (6 percent) and all-cause mortality (5 percent). The implementations of these systems, however, do not affect airborne disease mortality, which strengthens the reliability of the results on waterborne disease mortality. A sub-analysis of water processing shows that both simple and advanced processing are associated with reductions in water-borne disease mortality. A specific analysis of the cities that had a slow incremental implementation of first a sewerage system, then both water and sewerage systems, suggests that there are complementary gains from having both systems implemented. The magnitude of the main results is smaller compared to previous research on larger cities, which is in line with expectations both according to theory and previous research on the Swedish urban mortality decline.
Direct Anthelmintic Effects of Condensed Tannins from Diverse Plant Sources against Ascaris suum

Ascaris suum is one of the most prevalent nematode parasites in pigs and causes significant economic losses, and also serves as a good model for A. lumbricoides, the large roundworm of humans that is ubiquitous in developing countries and causes malnutrition, stunted growth and compromises immunity to other pathogens. New treatment options for Ascaris infections are urgently needed, to reduce reliance on the limited number of synthetic anthelmintic drugs. In areas where Ascaris infections are common, ethno-pharmacological practices such as treatment with natural plant extracts are still widely employed. However, scientific validation of these practices and identification of the active compounds are lacking, although observed effects are often ascribed to plant secondary metabolites such as tannins. Here, we extracted, purified and characterised a wide range of condensed tannins from diverse plant sources and investigated anthelmintic effects against A. suum in vitro. We show that condensed tannins can have potent, direct anthelmintic effects against A. suum, as evidenced by reduced migratory ability of newly hatched third-stage larvae and reduced motility and survival of fourth-stage larvae recovered from pigs. Transmission electron microscopy showed that CT caused significant damage to the cuticle and digestive tissues of the larvae. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the strength of the anthelmintic effect is related to the polymer size of the tannin molecule. Moreover, the identity of the monomeric structural units of tannin polymers may also have an influence as gallocatechin and epigallocatechin monomers exerted significant anthelmintic activity whereas catechin and epicatechin monomers did not. Therefore, our results clearly document direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins against Ascaris and encourage further in vivo investigation to determine optimal strategies for the use of these plant compounds for the prevention and/or treatment of ascariosis.
Investigation of Academic Self Efficacy of University Students in the Sports Area

The purpose of this research; was to investigate the academic self-efficacy of the university students studying in the field of sports according to various variables. The sample group of the study consisted of 386 (female, 42.7% male, 57.3%) volunteer university students who were educated in physical education and sports teaching, sports management and coaching education departments by convenience sampling method. In order to collect the necessary information, a personal information form was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants and “Academic SelfEfficacy Scale'', which was conducted by Ekici (2012) was used for Turkish validity and reliability study. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to determine whether the data showed normal distribution. In the analysis of the data, independent sample t test was applied according to gender variable. One-Way ANOVA test was used in the analysis of the place where the participants' grew up, age, university, department, class variables and LSD test was used to determine the significant difference. Pearson Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between academic selfefficacy sub-dimensions and a significant relationship was found. As a result of the study, while there were no differences in terms of gender, age, university and department variables in academic selfefficacy subscales, a significant difference was found in the place where their families lived and class variables. When the results of the study were evaluated; it can be said that demographic variables are not an important factor in academic self-efficacy of the students.
Training educators to support sexual minority students: views of Chinese teachers

ABSTRACT Good quality teacher education and training has been acknowledged as an effective strategy to reduce sexual prejudice against sexual minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning/queer [LGBQ]) students. However, no mandated programmes have been developed to include LGBQ-related content in teacher training in Hong Kong, a Chinese society in which heterosexism prevails. Based on the concepts of sexual prejudice, minority stress and contact theory, this paper explores the international and regional literature on LGBQ students’ school experiences, highlighting the significant role teachers play in supporting these students to transgress sexual prejudice, and presenting suggested themes and strategies for teacher training programmes, drawn from qualitative interviews with eleven Chinese teacher allies. Data analysis led to the identification of the following themes: 1) starting sexual diversity training officially; 2) reconsidering assumptions; 3) engaging with relevant cultural knowledge and skills; and 4) using dialogue as a training strategy. This paper argues that accurate content about sexual diversity should be incorporated into the professional teacher training curriculum, with updated sexuality concepts and prejudice-free, LGBQ-inclusive language relevant to the Chinese cultural context. Teachers need to become more aware of how sexual prejudice is manifested through cultural forces. Intergroup contact can be included as a useful training strategy.
Macrophage-Mediated Optic Neuritis Induced by Retrograde Axonal Transport of Spike Gene Recombinant Mouse Hepatitis Virus

After intracranial inoculation, neurovirulent mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains induce acute inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss in the central nervous system. Prior studies using recombinant MHV strains that differ only in the spike gene, which encodes a glycoprotein involved in virus-host cell attachment, demonstrated that spike mediates anterograde axonal transport of virus to the spinal cord. A demyelinating MHV strain induces optic neuritis, but whether this is due to the retrograde axonal transport of viral particles to the retina or due to traumatic disruption of retinal ganglion cell axons during intracranial inoculation is not known. Using recombinant isogenic MHV strains, we examined the ability of recombinant MHV to induce optic neuritis by retrograde spread from the brain through the optic nerve into the eye after intracranial inoculation. Recombinant demyelinating MHV induced macrophage infiltration of optic nerves, demyelination, and axonal loss, whereas optic neuritis and axonal injury were minimal in mice infected with the nondemyelinating MHV strain that differs in the spike gene. Thus, optic neuritis was dependent on a spike glycoprotein-mediated mechanism of viral antigen transport along retinal ganglion cell axons. These data indicate that MHV spreads by retrograde axonal transport to the eye and that targeting spike protein interactions with axonal transport machinery is a potential therapeutic strategy for central nervous system viral infections and associated diseases.