Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
12‐month follow‐up analysis of a multicenter, randomized, prospective trial in de novo liver transplant recipients (LIS2T) comparing cyclosporine microemulsion (C2 monitoring) and tacrolimus

The LIS2T study was an open‐label, multicenter study in which recipients of a primary liver transplant were randomized to cyclosporine microemulsion (CsA‐ME) (Neoral) (n = 250) (monitoring of blood concentration at 2 hours postdose) C2 or tacrolimus (n = 245) (monitoring of trough drug blood level [predose]) C0 to compare efficacy and safety at 3 and 6 months and to evaluate patient status at 12 months. All patients received steroids with or without azathioprine. At 12 months, 85% of CsA‐ME patients and 86% of tacrolimus patients survived with a functioning graft (P not significant). Efficacy was similar in deceased‐ and living‐donor recipients. Significantly fewer hepatitis C–positive patients died or lost their graft by 12 months with CsA‐ME (5/88, 6%) than with tacrolimus (14/85, 16%) (P < 0.03). Recurrence of hepatitis C virus in liver grafts was similar in each group. Based on biopsies driven by clinical events, the mean time to histological diagnosis of hepatitis C virus recurrence was significantly longer with CsA‐ME (100 ± 50 days) than with tacrolimus (70 ± 40 days) (P < 0.05). Median serum creatinine at 12 months was 106 μmol/L with CsA‐ME and with tacrolimus. More patients who were nondiabetic at baseline received antihyperglycemic therapy in the tacrolimus group at 12 months (13% vs. 5%, P < 0.01). Of patients who were diabetic at baseline, more tacrolimus‐treated individuals required anti‐diabetic treatment at 12 months (70% vs. 49%, P = 0.02). Treatment for de novo or preexisting hypertension or hyperlipidemia was similar in both groups. In conclusion, the efficacy of CsA‐ME monitored by blood concentration at 2 hours postdose and tacrolimus in liver transplant patients is equivalent to 12 months, and renal function is similar. More patients required antidiabetic therapy with tacrolimus regardless of diabetic status at baseline. Liver Transpl 12:1464–1472, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
A 10.4-ENOB 120MS/s SAR ADC with DAC linearity calibration in 90nm CMOS

This paper proposes a DAC linearity calibration and a phase-splitting bit register for a SAR ADC. The calibration corrects the conversion nonlinearity of the bridge DAC structure in the digital domain leading to higher accuracy and insensitivity to comparison offset. Moreover, a phase-splitting bit register is presented to optimize the speed of the digital circuitry. Measurements obtained from a 90nm CMOS prototype operating at 120MS/s and 1.2V supply achieve a SNDR of 64.3dB with 3.2mW power dissipation.
Married Women in the Labor Force; An Economic Analysis

guidelines for improved public policy is particularly murky. Then there are references, like "cybernated" and "pre-cybernated" society, which do not really promote understanding. Sometimes there seems to be confusion about how some of our on-going training programs actually operate. Several of the authors, for example, seemed to be unclear about current practices in apprenticeship. The limitations are minor, however, when compared to the contributions to thought which this volume offers. Unemployment and other problems of youth cannot be wished away, even though a combination of factors in the spring of 1967 have tended to hide some of our manpower difficulties. We still have high unemployment among youth, disillusionment, alienation in some cases, and the need, as Heilbroner so aptly put it in his summary paper, to adopt individual programs which have to be worked out in painful detail. Slogans and glittering generalities may alert the public to some of the needs, but the fight against unemployment will not be won with words alone. This the symposium made clear. Felician F. Foltman Professor New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations Cornell University
The Endless Frontier: Reaping What Bush Sowed?

I examine and document how the Endless Frontier changed the research landscape at universities and how universities responded to the initiative. I show that the agencies it established and funded initially recruited research proposals from faculty and applications from students for fellowships and scholarships. By the 1960s the tables had begun to turn and universities had begun to push for more resources from the federal government for research, support for faculty salary and research assistants and higher indirect costs. The process transformed the relationship between universities and federal funders; it also transformed the relationship between universities and faculty. The university research system that has grown and evolved faces a number of challenges that threaten the health of universities and the research enterprise and have implications for discovery and innovation. Five are discussed in the closing section. They are (1) a proclivity on the part of faculty and funding agencies to be risk averse; (2) the tendency to produce more PhDs than the market for research positions demands; (3) a heavy concentration of research in the biomedical sciences; (4) a continued expansion on the part of universities that may place universities at increased financial risk and (5) a flat or declining amount of federal funds for research.
Transplantation of Autologous Keratinocyte Suspension in Fibrin Matrix to Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers: Improved Long‐Term Healing after Removal of the Fibrin Carrier

BACKGROUND The transplantation of keratinocytes suspended in fibrin carrier represents a candidate regimen for chronic ulcer treatment in an outpatient setting. We evaluated the integration and survival of autologous individualized keratinocytes applied within fibrin matrix onto chronic venous leg ulcers in vivo. Parallel in vitro culture was used to validate keratinocyte survival and apoptosis in fibrin compared to collagen matrix carrier. METHODS Seven patients with chronic venous leg ulcers were transplanted with autologous keratinocytes suspended in fibrin sealant after isolation and expansion from full-skin biopsy. The fibrin carrier was removed in three patients after 7 days, whereas four patients served as control with fibrin remaining. In parallel in vitro cultures, primary keratinocyte movement in fibrin as well as viability in three-dimensional (3D) fibrin versus collagen lattices was examined. RESULTS Complete ulcer healing was observed in four of seven ulcers after a mean duration of 14.5 weeks. If the fibrin layer was removed, complete wound healing occurred in three of three patients, compared to one of four in the control group. In vitro, keratinocytes formed a monolayer underneath but remained isolated and nonmobile within the fibrin matrix, suggesting reepithelialization along the lower fibrin interphase. Keratinocyte culture in 3D fibrin at clinically used concentration (90 mg/mL) caused high levels of apoptosis, similar to 3D collagen, which was prevented by diluting fibrin concentration to 3 mg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of autologous keratinocytes suspended in fibrin is efficient in the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers. Due to an antimigratory and survival-compromising effect, the presently used fibrin carrier should be removed after a few days of transplantation.
Antiinflammatory, analgesic and free radical scavenging activities of the marine microalgaeChlorella stigmatophora andPhaeodactylum tricornutum

A pharmacological study of hydrosoluble and liposoluble extracts of the marine microalgae Chlorella stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum indicated that hydrosoluble components of both species show significant antiinflammatory, analgesic and free radical scavenging activity. These activities were not detected in the liposoluble fractions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration and inter-industry mobility of UK graduates: Effect on earnings and career satisfaction

Career progression is often associated with migration and/or industry change, but the relationship between the two, and their effect on the earnings and career satisfaction of recent graduates are not well understood. We analyse the relationship between migration and inter-industry mobility using longitudinal microdata on 5,000 recent UK graduates who finished their studies in 2002/03, and who were surveyed 6 months and 3 1/2 years after graduation. We define migration as a move of more than 15 km from the location of employment, and analyse the effects of a locational move in conjuction, or in the absence of, a change in industry. We allow for the possibility of selection bias, whereby unobservable characteristics may lead graduates to both change their location and/or industry, and earn a higher or lower salary, by estimating a treatment effects model with multinomial choice. Our results indicate that the effect on both earnings and career satisfaction of a change in location is positive, and there is a strong negative effect associated with changing both location and industry. The results also show that the subject of study is an important determinant of both migration choice and career outcomes for UK graduates.
Reply to “Distribution of Genotypes between CTX-M-Producing and Non-Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates”

e thank Park et al. (1) for their comments on our paper (2) regarding the emergence and spread of CTX-M-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in South Korea. Our paper focused on the ﬁtness of strains acquiring a plasmid with bla CTX-M . Park et al. have provided an alternative explanation regarding our ﬁnding that only limited clones were detected in both CTX-M-producing and non-extended-spectrum- (cid:2) -lactamase (non-ESBL)-produc-ing K. pneumoniae isolates in South Korea. We agree with their interpretations that speciﬁc clones acquire bla CTX-M more frequently and that the three main clones of CTX-M-producing K. pneumoniae in South Korea (ST11, ST15, and ST48) have been clonally disseminated. We already determined that ST11 and ST15 were the prevalent clones among ESBL-pro-ducing K. pneumoniae isolates causing bacteremia and urinary tract infections in South Korea. We also found that the high prevalence of the CTX-M enzyme among K. pneumoniae isolates in Asian countries might be due to the spread of certain clones, such as ST11 and ST15 (3, 4). It is possible that certain clones, such as ST11, ST15, and ST48, will become the main clones in South Korea because of clonal spreading after the incorporation of bla CTX-M , although it is not known if they are prone to acquiring bla CTX-M .
The Audit Committee and Earnings Quality

This paper provides empirical evidence on the association between audit committee formation and the quality of accounting earnings. The audit committee is responsible for overseeing the financial reporting and auditing process of the firm. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the audit committee in discharging these responsibilities by comparing the quality, or informativeness, of earnings reports before and after audit committee formation. For this paper, informativeness is measured by the extent to which the market reacts to the release of earnings reports. Economic theory predicts that the magnitude of the market's reaction to earnings is a nondecreasing function of earnings quality. The results show a significant increase in the market's reaction to earnings reports subsequent to the formation of the audit committee. Specifically, the reaction to earnings reports is more than 20 percent greater after the formation of the committee than before. These findings are robust to alternative variations in the research design. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the audit committee providing meaningful oversight of the financial reporting and auditing process.
Botnet Communication Patterns

Malicious botnets have become a common threat and pervade large parts of the Internet today. Existing surveys and taxonomies focus on botnet topologies, command and control protocols, and botnet objectives. Building on these research results, network-based detection techniques have been proposed that are capable of detecting known botnets. Methods for botnet establishment and operation have evolved significantly over the past decade resulting in the need for detection methods that are capable of detecting new, previously unknown types of botnets. In this paper we present an in-depth analysis of all network communication aspects in botnet establishment and operation. We examine botnet topology, protocols, and analyze a large set of very different and highly sophisticated existing botnets from a network communication perspective. Based on our analysis, we introduce a novel taxonomy of generalized communication patterns for botnet communication using standardized unified modeling language sequence diagrams. We furthermore examine data exchange options and investigate the influence of encryption and hiding techniques. Our generalized communication patterns provide a useful basis for the development of sophisticated network-based botnet detection mechanisms and can offer a key component for building protocol- and topology-independent network-based detectors.
Jurisdictional Competition between Private and Public Sector Auditors: The Case of the Danish Certified Public Sector Auditor Qualification

: This paper explores the apparent paradox that while public sector auditors have become more powerful by claiming performance auditing expertise and linking this to New Public Management reforms, the same reforms have provided an opening for competition between private and public sector auditors. In Denmark, the competitive relation has led to a jurisdictional dispute between public and private sector auditors in which the former have developed a special qualification for public sector auditors. The paper analyses the development of this qualification using Abbott's (1988) theory of the system of professions, thus focusing on how the involved groups have attempted to build networks of support for their competing jurisdictional claims of expertise. The case contributes to knowledge about the potential for development of a distinct public sector auditor identity. The case suggests that to develop such an identity and gain professional recognition, public sector auditors need to convince parliaments, standard-setting bodies and universities that a public sector auditing qualification serves as a solution to some of their problems, too.
Cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin‐6 in experimental biliary obstruction in mice

The putative role of the cytokines interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of the complications and mortality after surgery in jaundiced patients was studied in a murine model. Cytokine serum levels were determined in mice with experimental biliary obstruction. As an indicator of the activation status of macrophages, cytokine release by mononuclear phagocytes obtained from such mice was assessed.
Inter-Linkages Among Stock Markets of South Asia

Purpose – Internationalization of capital markets gives opportunities to investors to invest their money in the country of their choice, not just in their own country. The relationships between international stock markets have become increasingly important in recent times. The purpose of this paper is to study the inter-linkages between stock markets of India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.Design/methodology/approach – This paper studies the inter-linkages between stock markets of India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Daily closing levels of the benchmark indices in the three countries are taken for a period of January 2003-June 2010. While line charts, correlogram and unit-root test are applied to check the stationary nature of the series; Granger’s causality model, vector auto regression (VAR) model and variance decomposition analysis are performed to find out the linkages between the markets under study.Findings – The paper concludes that while the National Stock Exchange (India) Granger causes Karachi Stock Exchange (Pakistan) and Colombo Stock Exchange (Sri Lanka), the vice versa is not true. These results of Granger’s causality model are also confirmed by the VAR models.Originality/value – Studies have been conducted in large numbers to test the linkages and integration between stock exchanges of the developed nations, namely the USA, Canada, Europe and Japan. Even the studies that have focused on the developing and under-developed nations have studied the linkages of those with the developed nations. Little research has been conducted about the inter-linkages between the nations from Asia. Even fewer studies have focused on stock exchanges in the South-Asian region. This research paper focuses on the return from the benchmark stock exchanges from these three countries and also on the linkages between India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Evolution of Darwin’s Peloric Gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa) Is Caused by a Null Mutation in a Pleiotropic TCP Gene

Abstract Unlike most crops, which were domesticated through long periods of selection by ancient humans, horticultural plants were primarily domesticated through intentional selection over short time periods. The molecular mechanisms underlying the origin and spread of novel traits in the domestication process have remained largely unexplored in horticultural plants. Gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa), whose attractive peloric flowers influenced the thoughts of Darwin, have been cultivated since the early 19th century, but its origin and genetic basis are currently unknown. By employing multiple experimental approaches including genetic analysis, genotype–phenotype associations, gene expression analysis, and functional interrogations, we showed that a single gene encoding a TCP protein, SsCYC, controls both floral orientation and zygomorphy in gloxinia. We revealed that a causal mutation responsible for the development of peloric gloxinia lies in a 10-bp deletion in the coding sequence of SsCYC. By combining genetic inference and literature searches, we have traced the putative ancestor and reconstructed the domestication path of the peloric gloxinia, in which a 10-bp deletion in SsCYC under selection triggered its evolution from the wild progenitor. The results presented here suggest that a simple genetic change in a pleiotropic gene can promote the elaboration of floral organs under intensive selection pressure.
Insights into the port training of the new European Union member states 1

The establishment and implementation of a training programme requires a training needs assessment (TNA). Without this approach, more often than not, training programmes have failed to succeed and to make such an assessment the instructional designer, i.e. the person in charge for this work, needs to follow a methodology. Unlike the other industries, the port industry has neglected the use of these methodologies, which is shown by the lack of research work published in academic journals. With a view to fill the existing gap, the paper proposes a five-step TNA methodology to be used in the port industry and applies its first three steps to investigate the port training situation in the new European Union member states. To achieve this objective, the paper is structured in the following way: Section 1 puts the research work into context; section 2 addresses the role of ports; section 3. presents a port TNA methodology; section 4. explains research methodology; section 5 addresses port training issues in the new European-member states; and section 6 presents conclusions and further comments.
Carbon Taxes with Exemptions in an Open Economy: A General Equilibrium Analysis of the German Tax Initiative

Abstract Sectoral exemptions from environmental regulation are applied in many countries to avoid adverse adjustment effects in specific industries. The problem with exemptions is that they can make environmental policy more costly. Our paper analyzes the welfare costs of exemptions in environmental policy together with the issue of unilateral carbon taxes in an open economy. Several countries within the EU have introduced or contemplated unilateral taxes to reduce anthropogenic CO2emissions. Taxes which are unilaterally imposed in an open economy can have significant impacts on production and employment of energy- and export-intensive industries. To save jobs by maintaining “international competitiveness” most CO2taxation schemes include exemptions for energy- and export-intensive industries as a compromise between environmental objectives and employment in these sectors. This paper shows that such compromises are costly: as the tax base narrows, the dead-weight loss increases. Our calculations illustrate this point in the framework of a static general equilibrium model for West Germany calibrated to 1990 data. We evaluate the excess costs of exemptions as a means of saving jobs in specific industries relative to an alternative instrument, a uniform carbon tax cum wage subsidy which achieves an identical level of national emissions and employment at a fraction of the cost.
An Optimal Control Model of Forest Carbon Sequestration

This study develops an optimal control model of carbon sequestration and energy abatement to explore the potential role of forests in greenhouse gas mitigation. The article shows that if carbon accumulates in the atmosphere, the rental price for carbon sequestration should rise over time. From an empirical model, we find that carbon sequestration is costly, but that landowners can sequester substantial amounts of carbon in forests mainly by increasing forestland and lengthening rotations. Forest sequestration is predicted to account for about one-third of total carbon abatement. Tropical forests store over two-thirds of this added carbon. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Gender, Occupation, and Promotion to Management in the Nonprofit Sector: The critical case of Médecins sans Frontières Holland

Although one can assume the work values within nonprofit organizations promote gender equality in promotion decisions, there is preliminary evidence that in the nonprofit sector women are underrepresented in higher management positions. Whereas the mechanisms resulting in underrepresentation of women in management have been studied extensively in for-profit organizations, little is known about these mechanisms in nonprofit organizations. Is gender in nonprofit organizations—even given the underlying values of these organizations—an impediment to attaining a management position? This article presents a case study of employment patterns within the Dutch section of the humanitarian INGO Medecins Sans Frontieres and focuses particularly on the effects of gender and occupation on transitions to management. The case study organization represents a “critical case” because the nature of this organization's work environment can be expected to result in a relatively high percentage of women in management. Employee records (N = 2,247) were analyzed using event history models. We found that women made the transition to management less rapidly than men, even when controlling for factors like age, previous work experience, and nationality. However, gender differences were completely explained by occupation. Those employees in female-dominated occupations (in this case, medical personnel such as nurses) had a lower promotion-to-management rate than those in male-dominated occupations (in this case, nonmedical personnel such as financial officers), irrespective of their gender. This case study highlights the importance to nonprofit management research of studying the effects of occupational sex segregation on promotion.