Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Statins on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Histomorphometry in Rodents

Statins have been postulated to affect bone metabolism. We investigated the effects of different doses of simvastatin (1, 5, 10, and 20 mg · kg−1 · d−1), atorvastatin (2.5 mg · kg−1 · d−1), and pravastatin (10 mg · kg−1 · d−1) administered orally for 12 weeks to intact female Sprague-Dawley rats and the effect of 20 mg · kg−1 · d−1 simvastatin in sham-operated and ovariectomized rats on femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and quantitative bone histomorphometry (QBH) and compared them with controls. BMD was decreased by 1 mg · kg−1 · d−1 simvastatin (P =0.042), atorvastatin (P =0.0002), and pravastatin (P =0.002). The effect on QBH parameters differed with different doses of simvastatin (ANOVA, P =0.00012). QBH parameters of both bone formation and resorption were equivalently and markedly increased by 20 mg · kg−1 · d−1 simvastatin in 2 separate groups of intact rats and were reflected by a relatively unchanged BMD. At lower doses, 1 mg · kg−1 · d−1 simvastatin decreased bone formation while increasing bone resorption, as reflected by a marked decrease in BMD. Ovariectomized animals receiving 20 mg · kg−1 · d−1 simvastatin showed no change in BMD relative to the untreated, ovariectomized controls; their increase in bone formation was smaller than in sham-operated rats receiving simvastatin, and there was no change in bone resorption. Dose-response curves of simvastatin for bone formation and resorption differed. These studies indicate that (1) statins decrease BMD in rodents, (2) high-dose simvastatin increases bone formation and resorption, (3) low-dose simvastatin decreases bone formation and increases bone resorption, (4) the effects of simvastatin on QBH differ at different dosages, (5) the effects of simvastatin seen in intact rats are not observed in ovariectomized rats, and (6) simvastatin is unable to prevent bone loss caused by ovariectomy.
Towards a Typology of Leadership for the Early Childhood Professional of the 21 st Century

∗The coresearcher in this study was Margaret Clyde and research assistants were Anthoula Kapsalakis and Romana Morda. The project was funded by grants from The University of Melbourne and the Australian Research Council, 1993 to 1995. This paper reviews the findings of a number of studies which were conducted between 1993 and 1995 which investigated the perceptions of child care coordinators in Victoria, Australia about leadership attributes and skills which were considered to be related to effective leadership of early childhood centres. The findings from the studies revealed a general and common understanding of leadership characteristics, roles and responsibilities, with few differences in perception existing between coordinators of child care centres working in the different sectors of the industry. The data have contributed to the creation of an neophyte typology related to leadership in early childhood professionals.
Junsuk and Junhyuck

A parent-researcher examines two adolescent immigrants’ educational journey to success through the analysis of positioning theory and negotiated identities. Through the boys’ direct voices about their schooling experiences with a particular focus on the middle and high school years in the United States, this article reports on the complexities of their identity negotiation and the process of their self-positioning and interactive positioning. This longitudinal study suggests that, rather than a single focus on language or culture, the immigrant students’ critical awareness of identity, negotiated identities, and external confirmation of unique abilities enable them to construct and reconstruct the context that contributes to their success. This study aims to help educators reframe the dialogue on immigrant students to include a new voice, from their own perspectives, of how they have been able to be successful in the U.S. social and educational systems.
Factors influencing innovation at individual, group and organisational levels: a content analysis

By undertaking an exhaustive content analysis on all innovation studies published over the last 12 years (2000-2012) in the top rated scientific journals of management. The present review investigated and summarised the determinant factors that can either foster or hinder innovation at the individual, group and organisational level. The result indicated that: 1) personality, motivation and cognition ability were the main influencing factors at the individual level; 2) structure, climate, leadership and task characteristics were the group level factors; 3) structure, culture, strategy and resources were the influencing factors at organisational level. We also discussed the effect of the influencing factors on innovation and suggested a new future framework.
Conscientiousness, self‐determination, and satisfaction in soccer academies: A longitudinal perspective

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate from a longitudinal perspective the relationships between conscientiousness, soccer and school self‐determination, and satisfaction in soccer academies. Newly recruited French soccer athletes responded to satisfaction and self‐determination measures three times, once every four months, and to conscientiousness measure in Time 2. Results showed that soccer self‐determination of trainees decreased and that its relationship with satisfaction was stronger over time. Moreover, results indicated that the relationship between trainee conscientiousness and satisfaction depends on the level of soccer self‐determination (S S‐D); when it was relatively high (in the middle of the year) the relationship was moderated by S S‐D and when it was weak (at the end of the year) the relation was mediated by S S‐D. Applied suggestions are made to develop means to maintain trainees’ feelings of autonomy toward soccer and school experience
Time-Varying Networks: Recovering Temporally Rewiring Genetic Networks During the Life Cycle of Drosophila melanogaster

Due to the dynamic nature of biological systems, biological networks underlying temporal process such as the development of {\it Drosophila melanogaster} can exhibit significant topological changes to facilitate dynamic regulatory functions. Thus it is essential to develop methodologies that capture the temporal evolution of networks, which make it possible to study the driving forces underlying dynamic rewiring of gene regulation circuity, and to predict future network structures. Using a new machine learning method called Tesla, which builds on a novel temporal logistic regression technique, we report the first successful genome-wide reverse-engineering of the latent sequence of temporally rewiring gene networks over more than 4000 genes during the life cycle of \textit{Drosophila melanogaster}, given longitudinal gene expression measurements and even when a single snapshot of such measurement resulted from each (time-specific) network is available. Our methods offer the first glimpse of time-specific snapshots and temporal evolution patterns of gene networks in a living organism during its full developmental course. The recovered networks with this unprecedented resolution chart the onset and duration of many gene interactions which are missed by typical static network analysis, and are suggestive of a wide array of other temporal behaviors of the gene network over time not noticed before.
Social Inequalities in Mental Health: A Review of Concepts and Underlying Assumptions

We provide an overview of two major theoretical subjects in the study of the relation between social inequalities and mental health in the last 50 years: the conceptualization of social inequalities, and assumptions about their causes. The two conceptual approaches to the conceptualization of social inequalities are: 1) ‘social stratification’ or the ordering of individuals according to economic, political, or cultural rankings; and 2) ‘social class’ relations that yield a set of class positions for individuals according to their control over different types of assets (economic, political, cultural). The two major assumptions underlying these conceptual choices in studies of social inequalities and mental health are: 1) whether effects on mental health originate at the individual or at the group level (i.e. the ‘levels-of-analysis’ issue); and 2) whether mental health is the consequence of environmental determination or the individual’s capacity for making independent decisions (the ‘agency’ issue). We propose a typology of models of social inequalities in mental health that relates these levels-of-analysis and agency issues. The typology provides an efficient conceptual reorganization that uncovers the assumptions and policy implications of research on social inequalities in mental health.
Empirical evidence of fixed and homeostatic patterns of polyploid advantage in a keystone grass exposed to drought and heat stress

A long-standing hypothesis in evolutionary biology is that polyploid plants have a fitness advantage over diploids in climatically variable or extreme habitats. Here we provide the first empirical evidence that polyploid advantage in these environments is caused by two distinct processes: homeostatic maintenance of reproductive output under elevated abiotic stress, and fixed differences in seed development. In an outdoor climate manipulation experiment using coastal to inland Australian populations of the perennial grass Themeda triandra Forssk. , we found that total output of viable seed in drought- and heat-stressed tetraploid plants was over four times higher than in diploids, despite being equal under more favourable growing conditions. Tetraploids also consistently produced heavier seeds with longer hygroscopic awns, traits which increase propagule fitness in extreme environments. These differences add to fitness benefits associated with broader-scale local adaptation of inland T. triandra populations to drought stress. Our study provides evidence that nucleotypic effects of genome size and increased reproductive flexibility can jointly underlie polyploid advantage in plants in stressful environments, and argue that ploidy can be an important criterion for selecting plant populations for use in genetic rescue, restoration and revegetation projects, including in habitats affected by climate change.
The National Association for Women in Education: An Enduring Legacy

This chronicle of the National Association for Women in Education (NAWE) from 1916–2000 examines the contributions the association and its leaders made to the advancement of women administrators, faculty, and students during its 84-year history. Established at the turn of the 20th century when women still lacked the right to vote, the association’s founding members, the deans of women, set a high standard for their profession and their students, placing advocacy for women front and center. Although NAWE came to an end at the turn of the 21st century, the association left a significant legacy worthy of its original mission and intent.
The effects of social support on adjustment to stress: The mediating role of coping

The present research tested Thoits' (1986) proposal that coping mediates in the relationship between social support and adjustment to stress in two different contexts, namely adjustment to work stress and women's adjustment to the birth of their first child. The research was also designed to examine whether sources of support are more likely to influence coping if they are similar to the support recipient or proximal to the source of stress. In the first study, 137 employees from a large retail organization participated. Measures of social support (from supervisor, work colleagues, nonwork network members) and coping were obtained at Time 1. Two weeks later (Time 2), measures of employee adjustment were obtained. The second study was conducted on 197 expectant mothers. The measures of social support (from partner, family members, nonfamily members) were obtained at Time 1, coping was assessed at Time 2, and adjustment (self‐report and husband ratings) was assessed at Time 3. Results of structural equation analyses revealed, in the first study, that the effects of colleague support on levels of adjustment were mediated through coping responses. In contrast, the effects of supervisor support on adjustment (job satisfaction) were direct. In Study 2, there was evidence that the effects of partner support on women's adjustment to new parenthood were mediated through coping responses. In contrast, levels of family support had direct effects on self‐reported and external measures of adjustment.
Increased Structural Flexibility at the Active Site of a Fluorophore-conjugated β-Lactamase Distinctively Impacts Its Binding toward Diverse Cephalosporin Antibiotics*

The Ω-loop at the active site of β-lactamases exerts significant impact on the kinetics and substrate profile of these enzymes by forming part of the substrate binding site and posing as steric hindrance toward bulky substrates. Mutating certain residues on the Ω-loop has been a general strategy for molecular evolution of β-lactamases to expand their hydrolytic activity toward extended-spectrum antibiotics through a mechanism believed to involve enhanced structural flexibility of the Ω-loop. Yet no structural information is available that demonstrates such flexibility or its relation to substrate profile and enzyme kinetics. Here we report an engineered β-lactamase that contains an environment-sensitive fluorophore conjugated near its active site to probe the structural dynamics of the Ω-loop and to detect the binding of diverse substrates. Our results show that this engineered β-lactamase has improved binding kinetics and positive fluorescence signal toward oxyimino-cephalosporins, but shows little such effect to non-oxyimino-cephalosporins. Structural studies reveal that the Ω-loop adopts a less stabilized structure, and readily undergoes conformational change to accommodate the binding of bulky oxyimino-cephalosporins while no such change is observed for non-oxyimino-cephalosporins. Mutational studies further confirm that this substrate-induced structural change is directly responsible for the positive fluorescence signal specific to oxyimino-cephalosporins. Our data provide mechanistic evidence to support the long-standing model that the evolutionary strategy of mutating the Ω-loop leads to increased structural flexibility of this region, which in turn facilitates the binding of extended spectrum β-lactam antibiotics. The oxyimino-cephalosporin-specific fluorescence profile of our engineered β-lactamase also demonstrates the possibility of designing substrate-selective biosensing systems.
Social networks and the process of "globalization"

We propose a stylized dynamic model to understand the role of social networks in the phenomenon we call “globalization”. In a nutshell, this term refers to the process by which even agents who are geographically far apart come to interact, thus being able to overcome what would otherwise be a fast saturation of local opportunities. A key feature of our model is that the social network is the main channel through which agents exploit new opportunities. Therefore, only if the social network becomes global (heuristically, it “reaches far in few steps”) can global interaction be steadily sustained. An important insight derived from the model is that, for the social network to turn global, the long-range links required (bridges) cannot endogenously arise unless the matching mechanism displays significant local structure (cohesion). This sheds novel light on the dichotomy between bridging and cohesion that has long played a prominent role in the socio-economic literature. Our analysis also relates the process of globalization to other features of the environment such as the quality of institutions or the arrival rate of fresh ideas. The model is partially studied analytically for a limit scenario with a continuum population and is fully solved numerically for finite-population contexts.
Physicians, Clinics, and Neighborhoods: Multiple Levels of Influence on Colorectal Cancer Screening

Background: We (i) described variability in colorectal cancer (CRC) test use across multiple levels, including physician, clinic, and neighborhood; and (ii) compared the performance of novel cross-classified models versus traditional hierarchical models. Methods: We examined multilevel variation in CRC test use among patients not up-to-date with screening in a large, urban safety net health system (2011–2012). Outcomes included: (i) fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or (ii) colonoscopy and were ascertained using claims data during a 1-year follow-up. We compared Bayesian (i) cross-classified four-level logistic models nesting patients within separate, nonoverlapping “levels” (physicians, clinics, and census tracts) versus (ii) three hierarchical two-level models using deviance information criterion. Models were adjusted for covariates (patient sociodemographic factors, driving time to clinic, and census tract poverty rate). Results: Of 3,195 patients, 157 (4.9%) completed FOBT and 292 (9.1%) completed colonoscopy during the study year. Patients attended 19 clinics, saw 177 physicians, and resided in 332 census tracts. Significant variability was observed across all levels in both hierarchical and cross-classified models that was unexplained by measured covariates. For colonoscopy, variance was similar across all levels. For FOBT, physicians, followed by clinics, demonstrated the largest variability. Model fit using cross-classified models was superior or similar to 2-level hierarchical models. Conclusions: Significant and substantial variability was observed across neighborhood, physician, and clinic levels in CRC test use, suggesting the importance of factors at each of these levels on CRC testing. Impact: Future multilevel research and intervention should consider the simultaneous influences of multiple levels, including clinic, physician, and neighborhood. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(7); 1346–55. ©2014 AACR.
The (Mis)understanding of Scientific Uncertainty? How Experts View Policy-Makers, the Media and Publics

Abstract Frequent claims that publics ‘misunderstand’ science ignore the contested definition of scientific uncertainty itself. Scientific uncertainty means different things in the natural sciences, social sciences and the humanities, while public controversies show that interpretations of scientific uncertainty have different implications for policy and decision-making. This prompts analysis of the ways that experts view scientific uncertainty and how they characterise the (mis)understandings of this uncertainty by policy-makers, media and publics. Experts from diverse academic fields define scientific uncertainty differently depending on their disciplinary background. For example, mathematics provides experts from the natural sciences with a practice language that facilitates communication with those sharing this cultural competence, but it does not suffice for engaging with wider audiences. Further, experts’ views of diverse publics come across as folk theories, in Arie Rip's terms, which, compiled from disparate pieces of information, can be used to fill a gap in the knowledge about publics.
Gaining Access to Employment Opportunities

Work plays a central role in life, not only as a source of income but also as a means of gaining a sense of personal identity and sustaining status and self-respect. Yet the majority of disabled people are excluded from paid work and are therefore unable to access either the economic or social benefits it affords. An estimated three out of four visually impaired people of working age are neither in employment nor in a position to access the opportunities it can offer. In Summer 1996, as part of a study investigating access to employment amongst people with vision problems, the RNIB conducted a survey of 60 individuals who had previously been interviewed in the RNIB surveys of adults and children (Bruce et al 1991; Walker et at 1992)1, 3 . This article presents the main findings of this follow-up survey and explores the ways in which access to employment for visually impaired people could be improved.
Adult attachment and the perceived cost of housework and child care

Objective: This study examined the link between new mothers’ attachment orientation and the perceived cost of sole responsibility in housework and child care. Background: The transition to motherhood can be very stressful, and according to the Vulnerability Stress Adaptation Model (VSA model), the way it affects the couple relationship is likely to depend on interacting factors from different domains of risk (e.g. individual and couple level). We expected interactions to appear between domains of attachment and labour division. The hypothesis was that sole responsibility in child care and housework would predict lower relationship satisfaction, particularly among mothers who were high on attachment insecurity. Methods: Data from self-report measures of adult attachment, child care, housework and relationship satisfaction were collected from 255 first-time mothers at six months postpartum. Results: Sole responsibility in child care predicted lower relationship satisfaction, particularly among mothers who were high on attachment avoidance. This interaction effect was significant but small. Among main effects, higher levels of either attachment anxiety or avoidance were linked with lower relationship satisfaction and lower levels of sole responsibility in childcare was linked with higher relationship satisfaction. Conclusion: These findings provide new data on the how risk factors from separate domains combine, and implications are discussed in terms of applying the VSA model when developing preventive interventions for new mothers.
Adolescent Drug Abuse in Chinese Families: An Insider Perspective

Understanding of the role of the family in adolescent drug abuse and rehabilitation in Chinese contexts is scarce, particularly from an insider's perspective that elicits the voices of the participants. This study maps the salient aspects of family relationships in adolescent drug rehabilitation in Hong Kong. Thirty-four Chinese male adolescents, 32 mothers, and 25 fathers participated in pretreatment and posttreatment interviews using the family grid. From a content analysis of the constructs employed by the families, tenderness, forcefulness, social interaction, and emotional arousal were prevalent at both pretreatment and posttreatment. Surprise findings include the presence of tenderness at both pretreatment and posttreatment. The study concludes that there is a need to reconceptualize the idiosyncratic role of Chinese parents in adolescent drug rehabilitation.
Measuring Driver Adaptation to In-Vehicle Information Systems: Disassociation of Subjective and Objective Situation Awareness Measures

This study examined a range of design parameters for an in-vehicle signing and warning system, using a low-fidelity driving simulator and a variety of driver performance measures. A series of probe questions provided an objective measure of situation awareness, and drivers' confidence ratings in these answers provided a subjective measure of situation awareness. The correspondence between the accuracy of the answers to the probe questions and subjective confidence in the answers to the probe questions provides a measure of meta-situation awareness. Meta-situation awareness is a necessary condition for the validity of any subjective measure of situation awareness. Analysis of subjective and objective measures of situation awareness showed that they were both sensitive to design parameters, but that they responded in different ways. In addition, they were poorly calibrated and were only slightly correlated. This indicates a poor level of meta-situation awareness. Poor meta-situation awareness argues for great caution in using subjective measures of situation awareness. The results also suggest that meta-situation awareness may be a useful concept in explaining human performance.