Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
US Census Classifications and Arab Americans: Contestations and Definitions of Identity Markers

Arab Americans represent an ethnic group that has been deeply divided over state and Census official classifications of racial, ethnic and ancestry identities. Classified as ‘white’ by race due to historical court cases, there have been initiatives by Arab American organisations to obtain a sub-race or alternative racial/ethnic checkboxes since the 1980s. The rise of multiculturalism and ethnic pride, combined with influxes of new, more diverse immigrants, has created large segments of Arab Americans who do not feel ‘white’ and who perceive themselves as persons of colour. The divergent opinions on the race issue and disputes over the meaning and value of ‘Arab’ and of ‘Middle Eastern’ led to many contestations of the US federal classifications on race and ethnicity from the mid-1990s. Ongoing negotiations and alliances with the Census Bureau have highlighted the differences between Arab American organisations over self-definitions of community as well as strategies for obtaining state recognition as an ethnic group. Since 1980, the most viable solution has been to create an aggregate ethnic or ancestry group from responses that range from country of origin to broader regional identifiers. The logistical challenges of defining identity markers for Census enumeration have emphasised the diversity and complexity of the communities in question. Through archival legal research, census records, congressional testimonies and interviews with key players, this paper examines how the state's racial definitions have acted to split and unite different elements within the community defined as ‘of Arab ancestry’.
Vascular Health and Risk Management Dovepress Postmarketing Safety Experience with Edoxaban in Japan for Thromboprophylaxis following Major Orthopedic Surgery

Purpose: Edoxaban is an oral, once-daily, selective, direct factor Xa inhibitor approved in Japan for the prevention of venous thromboembolism following major orthopedic surgery. Currently, edoxaban is in Phase III clinical development for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation, and for the treatment and prevention of recurrences of venous thromboembolism. This report describes the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) spontaneously reported during early postmarketing phase vigilance from the time of its commercial launch in Japan. were entered into the safety database and included in this review. Approximately 20,000 patients were estimated to have been treated with edoxaban. Results: The mean age of patients was 74.2 years, their mean weight was 59.4 kg, and approximately 70% were female. A total of 67 ADRs were reported in 56 patients, of which the majority included bleeding events (51 ADRs in 42 patients). Of these, 15 ADRs (in 14 patients) were serious, including cerebral hemorrhage (n = 1), gastric hemorrhage (n = 2; gastric hemorrhage [n = 1] and gastric ulcer hemorrhage [n = 1]), and surgical-site hemorrhage (n = 12; hemorrhage [n = 6], subcutaneous hemorrhage [n = 3], wound hemorrhage [n = 2], and wound hematoma [n = 1]). Most ADRs occurred within the first week of treatment and there were no fatalities. Nonserious ADRs associated with bleeding that occurred in . 1 patient included subcutaneous hemorrhage (n = 9), wound hemorrhage (n = 5), postprocedural hematoma (n = 4), anemia (n = 4), and hemarthrosis (n = 3). Other nonserious ADRs not associated with bleeding and occurring in . 1 patient included abnormal hepatic function (n = 4) and diarrhea (n = 2). Conclusion: Safety data from the first 6 months of postmarketing experience with edoxaban did not identify any unforeseen safety signals, consistent with the known safety profile of edoxaban.
N‐acetylcysteine reduces lipopolysaccharide‐sensitized hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury

Maternal inflammation/infection alone or in combination with birth asphyxia increases the risk for perinatal brain injury. Free radicals are implicated as major mediators of inflammation and hypoxia‐ischemia (HI)–induced perinatal brain injury. This study evaluated the neuroprotective efficacy of a scavenging agent, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), in a clinically relevant model.
COMMENT ON DAVIS'S “CHANGEABLE WEATHER IN A COOLING CLIMATE ATOP THE LIBERAL PLATEAU”

This is a most stimulating article, rich in findings about the dynamics of shifts in national attitudes on matters sociopolitical. The analytic separation of conversion and replacement effects produces an interesting counterpoint, and the remarkable dearth of any noteworthy interaction effects allays at least a substantial part of our concern about the underlying indeterminacy of the age/period/cohort paradigm. My only motivation for this postscript is to ask what these data mean on the broadest possible canvas-the evolution of liberal/conservative feelings in the American population. It is possible that they mean exactly what the article implies. There are, however, discordant notes within the data themselves that give one pause. The first discordant note has to do with the fact that the time tracks of these 42 items go every which way from one time period to the next, even in the relatively aggregated assembly of the data being used. The presence of a lot of item movement but very little synchronization of it across items is not a configuration that cries out for some unitary trend descriptor for all 42 items such as "liberal" or "conservative. " To be sure, there seems to be somewhat more synchronization if we drop out the two middle periods and look at end point data only (period 1 vs. 4, as in tables 3 and 4). Moreover, the netting out of all this movement, once items are keyed liberal/conservative, does not work out exactly to zero, but goes faintly in a liberal direction. There is nothing wrong with looking at end points in this way: indeed, it is indicated if we are concerned to distill small but true trends of climate from large but short-term blips of weather. And to top matters off, the faintly liberal resultant of all this movement locks in nicely with what is later shown to be a steady cohort replacement pressure in a rather unanimously liberal direction. This is almost a smoking gun.
Tight bounds on the Laplace transform of interference in a poisson hole process

To maintain tractability, interference field is often modeled as a homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) in the analysis of wireless networks. While it provides meaningful first-order results, it falls short in modeling the effect of interference management techniques, which typically introduce some form of spatial interaction among transmitters. In some applications, such as cognitive radio and device-to-device networks, this interaction results in the formation of holes in an otherwise homogeneous interference field. The resulting interference field can be accurately modeled as a Poisson Hole Process (PHP). Despite the importance of PHP in modeling wireless networks, exact characterization of the interference experienced by a typical node in a PHP is an open problem. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to modeling the PHP, in which we dissolve the holes in such a way that it results in an equivalent non-homogeneous PPP, which is much more amenable to shot-noise analysis. Using this approach, we derive new lower and upper bounds on the Laplace transform of interference in a PHP. The new bounds are compared numerically to the known approaches and are shown to be very tight under various operational regimes.
Hepatic gene expression profiles differentiate presymptomatic patients with mild versus severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Clinicians rely upon the severity of liver fibrosis to segregate patients with well‐compensated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) into subpopulations at high‐ versus low‐risk for eventual liver‐related morbidity and mortality. We compared hepatic gene expression profiles in high‐ and low‐risk NAFLD patients to identify processes that distinguish the two groups and hence might be novel biomarkers or treatment targets. Microarray analysis was used to characterize gene expression in percutaneous liver biopsies from low‐risk, “mild” NAFLD patients (fibrosis stage 0‐1; n = 40) and high‐risk, “severe” NAFLD patients (fibrosis stage 3‐4; n = 32). Findings were validated in a second, independent cohort and confirmed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC). As a group, patients at risk for bad NAFLD outcomes had significantly worse liver injury and more advanced fibrosis (severe NAFLD) than clinically indistinguishable NAFLD patients with a good prognosis (mild NAFLD). A 64‐gene profile reproducibly differentiated severe NAFLD from mild NAFLD, and a 20‐gene subset within this profile correlated with NAFLD severity, independent of other factors known to influence NAFLD progression. Multiple genes involved with tissue repair/regeneration and certain metabolism‐related genes were induced in severe NAFLD. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and IHC confirmed deregulation of metabolic and regenerative pathways in severe NAFLD and revealed overlap among the gene expression patterns of severe NAFLD, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Conclusion: By demonstrating specific metabolic and repair pathways that are differentially activated in livers with severe NAFLD, gene profiling identified novel targets that can be exploited to improve diagnosis and treatment of patients who are at greatest risk for NAFLD‐related morbidity and mortality. (Hepatology 2014;59:471–482)
Image, Media Bias, and Voter Characteristics

The view of image as a transaction between what candidates say and do and the way in which voters compare that behavior to their beliefs of what candidates should be or do stimulates three critical questions important to political communication. First, although the power of the media to affect the outcome of political campaigns and candidates is believed by citizens and has been documented by researchers, do the views of individual members of the media regarding the ideal qualities required of presidential candidates differ significantly from those of the voters? Second, do the criteria of the “ideal presidential candidate” vary across elections? And finally, do the evaluative dimensions of idealness differ by party affiliation, age, or gender? The answers to these and related questions were determined from a survey of 562 journalists covering, and 1,246 citizens attending, political rallies in New Hampshire during the presidential primaries of 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000.
Science, reform, and the ‘science of reform’: Booker T Washington, Robert Park, and the making of a ‘science of society’

This article examines how Robert Park’s work, first at the American Congo Reform Association (ACRA) as a secretary/publicity agent and later at Tuskegee Institute as Booker T Washington’s researcher, ghostwriter, and co-author, influenced how he conceptualized what academic sociology could do and should be. Once he secured an academic position at the University of Chicago, Park, like many of his peers, sought to establish his difference from and superiority over practical reformers by defining his object of study – society – as a ‘social organism’ which was governed by natural laws. Park’s definition of sociology and its object of study made it possible not only to exclude non-academic researchers from the discipline but also to place his own actions as a ‘reformer’ (i.e. imperial consultant at Tuskegee and the ACRA) beyond scholarly inquiry. Park’s relationship to Washington helps to explain the relationship between sociology’s separation from the reform movement and the erasure of colonialism and imperialism from disciplinary history. It also partially accounts for why contemporary sociology’s analytical structure still struggles to account for and theoretically capture the complexities of colonial history.
Predicting the risks of venous thromboembolism versus post-pancreatectomy haemorrhage: analysis of 13,771 NSQIP patients.

BACKGROUND The fear of an early post-pancreatectomy haemorrhage (PPH) may prevent surgeons from prescribing post-operative venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemoprophylaxis. The primary hypothesis of this study was that the national post-pancreatectomy early PPH rate was lower than the rate of VTE. The secondary hypothesis was that patients at high risk for post-discharge VTE could be identified, potentially facilitating the selective use of extended chemoprophylaxis. PATIENTS AND METHODS All elective pancreatectomies were identified in the 2005 to 2010 American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. Factors associated with 30-day rates of (pre- versus post-discharge) VTE, early PPH (transfusions > 4 units within 72 h) and return to the operating room (ROR) with PPH were analysed. RESULTS Pancreaticoduodenectomies (PD) and distal pancreatectomies (DP) numbered 9140 (66.4%) and 4631 (33.6%) out of 13 771 pancreatectomies, respectively. Event rates included: VTE (3.1%), PPH (1.1%) and ROR+PPH (0.7%). PD and DP had similar VTE rates (P > 0.05) with 31.9% of VTE occurring post-discharge. Independent risk factors for late VTE included obesity [odds ratio (OR), 1.5], age ≥ 75 years (OR, 1.8), DP (OR, 2.4) and organ space infection (OR, 2.1) (all P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Within current practice patterns, post-pancreatectomy VTE outnumber early haemorrhagic complications, which are rare. The fear of PPH should not prevent routine and timely post-pancreatectomy VTE chemoprophylaxis. Because one-third of VTE occur post-discharge, high-risk patients may benefit from post-discharge chemoprophylaxis.
Group Identification, Intergroup Perceptions and Collective Action

This chapter examines the impact of group identification on intergroup perceptions and on willingness to take part in collective action. Based on social identity theory, the argument is put forward that strong group identification is associated with intergroup differentiation and stereotypic perception. This in turn has implications for the acceptance of social influence from ingroup and outgroup sources. In addition, group identification facilitates participation in collective action by promoting shared perceptions within the ingroup concerning the desirability and possibility of social change. Participation in collective action feeds back to affect the individual's attitudes and social identity.
Cohort Differences in the Structure and Outcomes of an African American Belief System

The authors examine the structure of African American belief systems across different age strata or cohorts. The authors speculate that, because of negative categorical treatment on the part of the dominant culture, African Americans in different age cohorts possess and share a common schemalike set of beliefs, culminating in “double consciousness. ” The results demonstrate substantial similarity across age cohorts of African Americans in their understanding of these belief systems and their tendency to share a strong sense of group attachment and self-worth. The results also indicate substantial overall mean differences in age groups. Further, the authors found that the different constructs of these belief systems relate differentially to an individual’s sense of well-being and system orientation for those who came of age during the Civil Rights era, especially as compared to those who were socialized during an earlier era.
A new evolutionary model based on family eugenics: the first results

Several popular approaches of simulated evolution have been developed. The approaches emphasize different facets of natural evolutionary processes. One has recognized that simulated evolution will benefit from an adequate combination of approaches. The paper views the primary difference between existing approaches as the difference between simulations of genetic link and behavioral link. We propose a new model of simulated evolution, called family eugenics based evolution (FEBE), which combines the genetic link with the behavioral link using the idea of family eugenics. In the FEBE model the orthogonal design technique is introduced into offspring breeding inside a family so as to enhance the behavioral improvement of individuals. We investigate an application of the FEBE model to Goldberg's (1989) deceptive problem that is challenging for most evolutionary algorithms. Exciting experimental results have been achieved.
The Global Transmission of Volatility in the Foreign Exchange Market

Volatility spillovers of the DM/ and / exchange rate across regional markets are examined using the integrated volatility of high-frequency data. An analysis of quoting patterns reveals five distinct regions: Asia, Asia-Europe overlap, Europe, Europe-America overlap, and America. After reviewing theoretical foundations for persistence of volatility in dealership markets, regional volatility models are constructed where volatility in one region is a function of yesterday's volatility in that region (heat-wave effect) and volatility in other regions (meteor-shower effect). Evidence of statistically significant effects is found for both own-region and interregional spillovers, but the economic significance of own-region spillovers indicates that heat waves are more important than meteor showers.
Camera Eye-Contact by the Candidates in the Presidential Debates of 1976

Televised presidential debates have finally reached a point at which they may become a regular exercise of our national election process. The demand for and utility of these events, combined with a less complicated procedure for getting them on the air, makes the prospect for debates in the future very g0od.l Speculation on the impact of the Kennedy-Nixon debates has been extensive and diverse, ranging from intuitive impressionism by political observers to scientific analysis of audience attention, attitude and voting preference characteristics. At a minimum, it is accepted that the 1960 debates were a significant factor in the election of John F. Kennedy. As the research results begin to surface on the Carter-Ford debates of 1976, we will slowly begin to define and make conclusions as to their effect on the campaign. Audience survey and polling studies measuring an even more comprehensive set of variables than in 1960 will of course be a major contribution to the nature of the '76 debates. In addition however, the Carter-Ford
Evolution, Biodiversity and Ecology in Microbial Communities: Mathematical Modeling and Simulation with the “Haploid Evolutionary Constructor” Software Tool

Life on Earth exists in the form of interacting communities of two types: populations and ecosystems. Populations maintain reproduction and Darwinian selection. Substance and energy exchange both with the environment and between populations is one of the major functions of ecosystems, which, as a result, enables the necessary conditions for organism reproduction [1–3]. Consequently, it is reasonable to consider any evolutionary process both in terms of population and in terms of ecosystems. Therefore, the evolutionary success of any given genotype carrier is related not only to fixation in population, but also the influence of such a population on functioning of the ecosystem. It is impossible to understand patterns of certain species’ evolution without considering the trophic structure of the ecosystem, as a part of which they exist. An ecosystem enables the sparing use of environmental resources by setting up various linear or branched trophic chains [4]. When several linear chains or their branches integrate, a trophic cycle can arise, which enables reproduction of one or another resource [5–7]. On the other hand, an unusable resource – a metabolic cul-de-sac – can arise in ecosystems, which is buried or removed by the flow [8–10].
Catch-Up Growth Following Fetal Growth Restriction Promotes Rapid Restoration of Fat Mass but Without Metabolic Consequences at One Year of Age

Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) followed by rapid weight gain during early life has been suggested to be the initial sequence promoting central adiposity and insulin resistance. However, the link between fetal and early postnatal growth and the associated anthropometric and metabolic changes have been poorly studied. Methodology/Principal Findings Over the first year of post-natal life, changes in body mass index, skinfold thickness and hormonal concentrations were prospectively monitored in 94 infants in whom the fetal growth velocity had previously been measured using a repeated standardized procedure of ultrasound fetal measurements. 45 infants, thinner at birth, had experienced previous FGR (FGR+) regardless of birth weight. Growth pattern in the first four months of life was characterized by greater change in BMI z-score in FGR+ (+1.26+/−1.2 vs +0.58 +/−1.17 SD in FGR−) resulting in the restoration of BMI and of fat mass to values similar to FGR−, independently of caloric intakes. Growth velocity after 4 months was similar and BMI z-score and fat mass remained similar at 12 months of age. At both time-points, fetal growth velocity was an independent predictor of fat mass in FGR+. At one year, fasting insulin levels were not different but leptin was significantly higher in the FGR+ (4.43+/−1.41 vs 2.63+/−1 ng/ml in FGR−). Conclusion Early catch-up growth is related to the fetal growth pattern itself, irrespective of birth weight, and is associated with higher insulin sensitivity and lower leptin levels after birth. Catch-up growth promotes the restoration of body size and fat stores without detrimental consequences at one year of age on body composition or metabolic profile. The higher leptin concentration at one year may reflect a positive energy balance in children who previously faced fetal growth restriction.
A Systematic Design Methodology of Asynchronous SAR ADCs

Successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are widely used in biomedical and portable/wearable electronic systems due to their excellent power efficiency. However, both the design and the optimization of high-performance SAR ADCs are time consuming, even for well-experienced circuit designers. For system designers, it is also hard to quickly evaluate the feasibility of a given specification in a process node. This paper presents a systematic sizing procedure for asynchronous SAR ADCs based on design considerations. A sizing tool based on the proposed design procedure is also implemented, the sizing results of which are highly competitive in comparison with other state-of-the-art manual works. Moreover, the sizing time is relatively short due to the efficient and effective search algorithms employed. In addition to the simulation results, two silicon proofs with different specifications and process nodes are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of this design methodology.