Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Justifying Additive Noise Model-Based Causal Discovery via Algorithmic Information Theory

A recent method for causal discovery is in many cases able to infer whether X causes Y or Y causes X for just two observed variables X and Y. It is based on the observation that there exist (non-Gaussian) joint distributions P(X,Y) for which Y may be written as a function of X up to an additive noise term that is independent of X and no such model exists from Y to X. Whenever this is the case, one prefers the causal model X → Y. Here we justify this method by showing that the causal hypothesis Y → X is unlikely because it requires a specific tuning between P(Y) and P(X|Y) to generate a distribution that admits an additive noise model from X to Y. To quantify the amount of tuning, needed we derive lower bounds on the algorithmic information shared by P(Y) and P(X|Y). This way, our justification is consistent with recent approaches for using algorithmic information theory for causal reasoning. We extend this principle to the case where P(X,Y)almost admits an additive noise model. Our results suggest that the above conclusion is more reliable if the complexity of P(Y) is high.
Quantification and Visualization of Periglacial Surface Deformation in the Inneres Hochebenkar Cirque, Ötztal Alps, Austria

Inneres Hochebenkar is a glacial cirque (approx. 0.84 km2) located in the Gurgl valley, Ötztal Alps, Tyrol. It holds not only a rock glacier (of the same name) but also a small glacier (Hochebenferner) in its root zone. During the Little Ice Age (last glacial maximum at around 1850) the Inneres Hochebenkar cirque was largely covered by the Hochebenferner Glacier, which has now receded to a small remnant (8.3 ha in 2006). The main focus of the present paper is to document the past and also more recent surface change of the periglacial environment of the Inneres Hochebenkar cirque. Remote sensing data, such as time-series of aerial photographs (1953-2010) and airborne laser scanner data (2006, 2010), were used to retrieve quantitative information on surface change, i.e. horizontal movement and/or surface height change. The results obtained are presented graphically (two separately moving rock glacier units connected by a small unit of inactive, but melting permafrost at the lower end of
Determination of the Fluoride Ions in the Groundwater in the Region of Khouribga (Morocco)

The objective of this work is to measure the fluoride ions in the groundwater in the region of Khouribga, The Great Basin phosphated in Morocco constitutes the basin of Ouled Abdoun and known of its effect on the groundwater table of Tadla which feeds the whole region. All the samples have been extracted in an area where there is an activity of the Phosphate Plant, which extends from the city of Khouribga up to the city of Oued-Zem. Ninety samples have been collected from the different douars that exist in this area. These samples have been selected because of the activity of the OCP, and also as a function of the population that has been affected and show signs of fluorosis; the dental disease caused mainly by the excess of fluoride ion in the waters of drink. After the transport of samples to the laboratory of Hydrology within the National Institute of Hygiene of Rabat, the measurement of fluoride ions has been made by the specific electrical to ions F-. The values found vary from 0.08 mg/L to 1.93 mg/L, and their standard deviation is 0.54 mg/L ± 0.45 mg/L, which indicates that some samples are loaded with fluorine. Thus, we conclude the emergence of fluorosis among the population that uses the groundwater as a drinking water.
Dicer is required for female reproductive tract development and fertility in the mouse

Dicer encodes a riboendonuclease required for microRNA biosynthesis. Dicer was inactivated in Müllerian duct mesenchyme‐derived tissues of the reproductive tract of the mouse, using an Amhr2‐Cre allele. Although Amhr2‐Cre; Dicer conditional mutant males appeared normal and were fertile, mutant females were infertile. In adult mutant females, there was a reduction in the size of the oviducts and uterine horns. The oviducts were less coiled compared to controls and cysts formed at the isthmus near the uterotubal junction. Unfertilized, degenerate oocytes were commonly found within these cysts, indicating a defect in embryo transit. Beads transferred into the mutant oviduct failed to migrate into the uterus. In addition, blastocysts transferred directly into the mutant uterus did not result in pregnancy. Histological analysis demonstrated that the mutant uterus contained less glandular tissue and often the few glands that remained were found within the myometrium, an abnormal condition known as adenomyosis. In adult mutants, there was ectopic expression of Wnt4 and Wnt5a in the luminal epithelium (LE) and glandular epithelium (GE) of the uterus, and Wnt11 was ectopically expressed in GE. These results demonstrate that Dicer is necessary for postnatal differentiation of Müllerian duct mesenchyme‐derived tissues of the female reproductive tract, suggesting that microRNAs are important regulators of female reproductive tract development and fertility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 678–688, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in Lymphocyte Number and Phenotype in Seven Lymphoid Compartments After Thermal Injury

Thermal injury is associated with dysfunction of host defense systems. The present study used flow cytometric immunofluorescence analyses to investigate changes in number and phenotype of lymphocytes in seven different lymphoid compartments at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 60 days after 50% total body-surface area thermal injury in the rat. Relative to sham-injured control rats, at postburn day 2, significant lymphopenia was observed in the peripheral blood along with depletion of lymphocytes from the spleen and thymus. By day 6 after injury, lymphocytes in the bone marrow and cervical lymph nodes decreased significantly while numbers in the spleen and thymus remained depressed. Splenic and cervical node lymphocyte numbers normalized by day 12, the bone marrow and thymus numbers still were significantly lower than control, and a 6.5-fold increase in number of lymphocytes was observed in the nodes draining the burn wound, pooled axillary, brachial, inguinal, and lumbar lymph nodes. At day 24 after injury, the thymus and bone marrow virtually were depleted of lymphocytes, the mesenteric lymph nodes manifested a significant decrease, and lymphocytes in the nodes draining the burn wound continued to increase in number. This same pattern was maintained on day 48, but numbers of lymphocytes in the mesenteric nodes normalized. At day 60 after injury, lymphocyte numbers in all tissues were normalized, but the spleen and nodes draining the burn wound where increased numbers compared to control persisted. Cell-surface phenotyping was performed on all lymphoid tissues at all time intervals to determine the percentages of lymphocytes comprising the following subsets: Ia+ cells (B cells and activated T cells), T cells, T-Helper/Inducer cells (T-H/I), and T-Suppressor/Cytotoxic (T-S/C) cells. Although changes in lymphocyte subset percentages were complex, they could be divided grossly into two phases. First, all compartments showed significant phenotypic changes in the first six days after burn. With the exception of the nodes draining the burn wound and the blood, this was followed by a return towards normal on day 12. The second phase then ensued with significant phenotypic changes again occurring in most tissues from days 24 to 60 after injury. These studies demonstrate that burn injury results in dramatic alterations in lymphocyte numbers and subset percentages in different lymphoid compartments. Immune alterations observed following thermal injury may be due, in part, to a redistribution of the cellular elements responsible for generation of the immune response.
Productive corecursion in logic programming*

Abstract Logic Programming is a Turing complete language. As a consequence, designing algorithms that decide termination and non-termination of programs or decide inductive/coinductive soundness of formulae is a challenging task. For example, the existing state-of-the-art algorithms can only semi-decide coinductive soundness of queries in logic programming for regular formulae. Another, less famous, but equally fundamental and important undecidable property is productivity. If a derivation is infinite and coinductively sound, we may ask whether the computed answer it determines actually computes an infinite formula. If it does, the infinite computation is productive. This intuition was first expressed under the name of computations at infinity in the 80s. In modern days of the Internet and stream processing, its importance lies in connection to infinite data structure processing. Recently, an algorithm was presented that semi-decides a weaker property – of productivity of logic programs. A logic program is productive if it can give rise to productive derivations. In this paper, we strengthen these recent results. We propose a method that semi-decides productivity of individual derivations for regular formulae. Thus, we at last give an algorithmic counterpart to the notion of productivity of derivations in logic programming. This is the first algorithmic solution to the problem since it was raised more than 30 years ago. We also present an implementation of this algorithm.
Transient Analysis of Irreversible Demagnetization of Permanent-Magnet Brushless DC Motor With Interturn Fault Under the Operating State

We investigated the irreversible demagnetization of a permanent-magnet (PM) brushless dc motor under an interturn fault condition. For the transient analysis, we developed a finite-element method-based demagnetization algorithm in the operating state, taking into account the circulating current flowing in the shorted turns and the freewheeling current flowing in the diode. We analyzed the magnetic distribution property, input current, circulating current, and demagnetization characteristic of the PM using this algorithm. The analysis results from the demagnetization algorithm were verified by dynamic fault experiments.
Cerebrospinal fluid and serum neuron‐specific enolase concentrations in a normal population *

The aim of this study was to determine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) concentrations in a normal population and to analyse their relationship with sex and age. The sample was recruited among patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia, without neurological diseases. NSE was determined by means of immunometric assay. One hundred and eight patients (68 men) were recruited. CSF‐NSE concentration was (mean ± SD) 17.3 ± 4.6 ng/ml (men 17.4 ± 4.2, women 17.0 ± 5.2, P = 0.62); serum concentration was 8.7 ± 3.9 ng/ml (men 8.9 ± 3.9, women 8.3 ± 4.0, P = 0.06). The mean CSF/serum NSE ratio was 2.3 ± 0.8 (men 2.2 ± 0.8, women 2.4 ± 0.9, P = 0.22). In both sexes, simple regression analysis showed not significantly increasing concentrations with advancing age for both CSF and serum NSE. Serum and CSF concentrations did not correlate in both sexes. In our study, CSF‐NSE was twice the serum concentration; both were not influenced by sex or age. Serum and CSF‐NSE values vary widely among different studies on normal populations because of different determination methods; therefore, each laboratory should obtain its own reference values. Finally, serum NSE should be used with caution as an indicator of CSF concentration as no correlation could be demonstrated between them in our study.
Nasal nitric oxide is low early in life: case study of two infants with primary ciliary dyskinesia

Nasal nitric oxide levels are low in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia, but it is not known whether this defect is already present in the first months of life. The current authors measured nasal nitric oxide in two infants with situs inversus and primary ciliary dyskinesia, diagnosed by electron microscopy at 4 and 6 months of age, and in five healthy control infants. Nasal nitric oxide values in the primary ciliary dyskinesia infants (85 and 115 parts per billion (ppb)) were markedly lower than in the healthy controls (mean: 295 ppb, range: 225–379 ppb). This is the first report to show that nasal nitric oxide values are already low in early life in primary ciliary dyskinesia children, supporting the hypothesis that a reduced production of nasal nitric oxide is an intrinsic feature of this disease. The current authors suggest that the nasal nitric oxide test may be a useful, noninvasive method for screening young children for primary ciliary dyskinesia in clinical practice.
Novel anti-cholesterol monoclonal immunoglobulin G antibodies as probes and potential modulators of membrane raft-dependent immune functions Published, JLR Papers in Press, October 5, 2006.

Natural autoantibodies against cholesterol are present in the sera of all healthy individuals; their function, production, and regulation, however, are still unclear. Here, we managed to produce two monoclonal anti-cholesterol antibodies (ACHAs) by immunizing mice with cholesterol-rich liposomes. The new ACHAs were specific to cholesterol and to some structurally closely related 3β-hydroxyl sterols, and they reacted with human lipoproteins VLDL, LDL, and HDL. They bound, usually with low avidity, to live human or murine lymphocyte and monocyte-macrophage cell lines, which was enhanced substantially by a moderate papain digestion of the cell surface, removing some protruding extracellular protein domains. Cell-bound ACHAs strongly colocalized with markers of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts and caveolae at the cell surface and intracellularly with markers of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. These data suggest that these IgG ACHAs may serve as probes of clustered cholesterol (e.g., different lipid rafts) in live cells and thus may also have immunomodulatory potential.
Poor (Wo)Man's Bootstrap

The bootstrap is a convenient tool for calculating standard errors of the parameter estimates of complicated econometric models. Unfortunately, the fact that these models are complicated often makes the bootstrap extremely slow or even practically infeasible. This paper proposes an alternative to the bootstrap that relies only on the estimation of one‐dimensional parameters. We introduce the idea in the context of M and GMM estimators. A modification of the approach can be used to estimate the variance of two‐step estimators.
Bioreactor environment‐sensitive sentinel genes as novel metrics for cell culture scale‐down comparability

Scale‐down of bioreactors is currently done based on matching one or more measurable parameters such as kLa and P/V, which could result in insufficient process comparability. Currently, there is a lack of genomic translational studies in cell culture scale‐down, which could help delineate measurable cellular attributes for improved scale‐down. In this study, we scaled‐down from a typical bench‐scale 5‐L bioreactor to a novel high‐throughput 35‐mL minibioreactor based on matching oxygen transfer rate, which resulted in cell growth and product‐related discrepancies using Sp2/0 cells. Performing DNA microarrays on time‐course samples from both systems, we identified ∼200 differentially expressed transcripts, presumably because of bioreactor aeration and mixing differences with scale‐down. Evaluating these transcripts for bioreactor‐relevant cellular functions such as oxidative stress response and DNA damage response, we chose 18 sentinel genes based on their degree of difference and functionality, which we further verified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Tracking the differential expression of Sod1, Apex1, and Odc1 genes, we were able to correlate sparging‐related damage and poor mixing, as possible causes for physiological changes such as prolonged culture in minibioreactors. Additionally, to verify our sentinel gene findings, we performed follow‐up improved scale‐down studies based on gene analysis and measured transcriptomic changes. As a result, qRT‐PCR‐based genomic profiles and cell growth profiles showed better convergence between the improved minibioreactor conditions and the model 5‐L bioreactor. Our results broadly show that based on the knowledge from transcriptomic changes of sentinel gene profiles, it is possible to improve bioreactor scale‐down for more comparable processes. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 2012
The Way of Offering Vertically Differentiated Airline Services

This paper investigates should an airline offer vertically differentiated services, which are substitutes of its own services. The airline operates a certain number of direct flights to offer various types of services including nonstop, one-stop, or multiple-stop services. Homogenous passengers care about the fare and the flight(s) schedule when using a service. Under this general setting, we show that it is optimal for the airline to offer only one type of service in any particular city-pair market. This result supports a number of previous works that primarily argue network efficiency under the condition that only one type of service is offered in a particular market. This result also provides a theoretical explanation for the empirical finding that airlines that offer one-stop service through a hub are less likely to enter that same market with nonstop service than those that do not. This paper also presents an example of that if passengers horizontally differentiate among the type of services by other factors, the airline may offer multiple types of substitutive services in a market on its network.
Microarchitectural synthesis of ICs with embedded concurrent fault isolation

In an increasing number of applications, reliability is essential. On-line resiliency when confronted with permanent faults is a difficult and important aspect of providing reliability. Particularly vexing is the problem of fault identification. Current methods are either domain specific or expensive. We have developed an approach to permanent fault isolation. In high-level synthesis that enables isolation through algorithmic application without necessitating complete functional unit replication. Fault identification is achieved through a unique binding methodology based on an extension of parity-like error correction equations in the domain of functional units. The result is an automated chip level approach with extremely low area and cost overhead.
Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Crop Water Requirement of Some Selected Vegetable Crops at Central Experimental Field of Urban Food Plus Project in Sanarigu District, Tamale, Ghana

This study was carried out to determine the crop water requirement of some selected vegetable crops cultivated at the Central Experimental Site for Urban Food Plus Project. These crops include `Ayoyo` (Corchorus spp), Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Amaranthus (Amaranthus candatus) and Carrot ( Daucus carota ). Crop water requirement for each of the crops was determined by using 30-year climatic data from the Tamale Synoptic station as and input in CROPWAT programme, FAO, version 8, 2014. Using CROPWAT, Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined using the FAO Penman Monteith method. For all the crops, daily, decadal and seasonal crop and net irrigation requirements were computed for the various growth stages: initial, development, mid-season and late season. The soil infiltration test was conducted in situ while composite soil samples were also collected for laboratory analysis of some soil physico-chemical properties of the experimental site. The study shows that the soil was low in organic matter content, slightly acidic, but not saline and also has low water holding capacity due to its low amount of clay content. The site however, is well drained and is therefore suitable for cultivation of vegetables and upland arable crops. Climate conditions, however demand considerable amount of irrigation to supplement rainfall in the period mid- November to March, when the experiment was taking place. Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) varied from 3.9 mm / d in August to 8.9 mm / d in February. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for `ayoyo` varied from 4.03 to 8.81 mm / d, for cabbage from 4.03 to 9.43 mm / d, for lettuce from 4.03 to 9.19 mm / d, for carrot, 4.03 to 10.53 mm / d, for amaranthus from 4.03 to 9.75 mm / d. Thus, with the calculation of crop water requirement and net irrigation demand for each of the crops cultivated, an appropriate water planning and management can be scheduled to ensure that adequate soil water is maintained by rainfall and/or irrigation, so that it does not limit plant growth and crop yield.
FrameNet+: Fast Paraphrastic Tripling of FrameNet

We increase the lexical coverage of FrameNet through automatic paraphrasing. We use crowdsourcing to manually filter out bad paraphrases in order to ensure a high-precision resource. Our expanded FrameNet contains an additional 22K lexical units, a 3-fold increase over the current FrameNet, and achieves 40% better coverage when evaluated in a practical setting on New York Times data.
Renal transplantation in young children.

AIMS To review the outcome of renal transplantation in small children treated with triple immunosuppression at a single Australian centre. METHODS The medical records of all children under the age of five years undergoing renal transplantation from 1988 were reviewed. The duration of follow-up was 30 months (range 18-36). RESULTS Six children received seven renal allografts (five living-related [LR] and two cadaveric [CD]). They had a median age of 3.75 years (range 1.5-4.9) and weight of 11.6 kg (9.1-14.5) at the time of transplantation. All patients received an immunosuppressive regime involving cyclosporin A, azathioprine and prednisolone. There were no deaths. The only graft lost was a CD graft (severe acute rejection within one week of transplantation). Hypertension occurred in all recipients and usually required more than one antihypertensive drug for treatment. Renal function measured by serum median creatinine concentration (range) was 0.05 mmol/L (0.03-0.11) at three months (n = 6) and 0.10 mmol/L (0.07-0.22) at 30 months (n = 4). Growth estimated from median (range) height standard deviation scores was -1.97 (-1.36-(-4.04)) at three months (n = 6) and -1.90 (-1.74-2.50) at 30 months (n = 4). No patient was entirely weaned from prednisolone. Cyclosporin A side effects included hirsutism (five patients), gingival hyperplasia (six patients) and nephrotoxicity (three patients). CONCLUSIONS Satisfactory patient and graft survival can be accomplished in this recipient age group. The results compare with other international experience and accumulating Australian experience. Hypertension and poor skeletal growth were consistent observations. The long-term outcome of renal function using triple immunosuppression remains to be determined.