Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crushed by a Rational Stampede: Strategic Share Dumping and Shareholder Insurrections

In this paper, we develop a dynamic model of institutional share dumping surrounding control events. Uninformed institutional investors dump shares, despite trading losses, in order to manipulate share prices and trigger activism by activist "relationship" investors. Nonactivist institutional investors, who have private information regarding both firm value and the quality of their own information, are motivated to trade not only by trading profits but also by a desire to protect the value of their inventory and to disguise the quality of the information underlying their trades. Relationship investors, who use price and volume information to identify target firms, profit both from improving firm performance and from their private information about their own targeting activity. In addition to explicating recent empirical results on the relationship between institutional investor trading and corporate control events, the paper provides a number of new insights into the interaction between market microstructure and corporate governance, including predictions regarding the effect of share volume on subsequent governance activity, the relationship between the trading patterns of activist and nonactivist strategic investors, the effect of order flow on subsequent shareholder activism, and the effect of institutions' portfolio positions on the informativeness of their trading activity.
Slow freezing and vitrification differentially modify the gene expression profile of human metaphase II oocytes.

BACKGROUND Cryopreservation is now considered as an efficient way to store human oocytes to preserve fertility. However, little is known about the effects of this technology on oocyte gene expression. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the two cryopreservation procedures, slow freezing and vitrification, on the gene expression profile of human metaphase II (MII) oocytes. METHODS Unfertilized MII oocytes following ICSI failure were cryopreserved either by slow freezing or by the Cryotip method for vitrification. After thawing, total RNA was extracted and analyzed using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip arrays. The gene expression profiles and associated biological pathways in slowly frozen/thawed and vitrified MII oocytes were determined and compared with those of non-cryopreserved MII oocytes used as controls. RESULTS Both cryopreservation procedures negatively affected the gene expression profile of human MII oocytes in comparison with controls. However, slowly frozen and vitrified MI oocytes displayed specific gene expression signatures. Slow freezing was associated with down-regulation of genes involved in chromosomal structure maintenance (KIF2C and KIF3A) and cell cycle regulation (CHEK2 and CDKN1B) that may lead to a reduction in the oocyte developmental competence. In vitrified oocytes, many genes of the ubiquitination pathway were down-regulated, including members of the ubiquitin-specific peptidase family and subunits of the 26S proteasome. Such inhibition of the degradation machinery might stabilize the maternal protein content that is necessary for oocyte developmental competence. CONCLUSIONS The low pregnancy rates commonly observed when using human MII oocytes after slow freezing-thawing may be explained by the alterations of the oocyte gene expression profile.
Do job resources moderate the effect of emotional dissonance on burnout

Purpose – Using the Job Demands‐Resources (JD‐R) model as the theoretical framework, the purpose of this study is to develop and test a research model that investigates the moderating role of perceived organizational support and job autonomy on the relationships between emotional dissonance and exhaustion and disengagement. The model also seeks to test the impact of emotional dissonance on exhaustion and disengagement.Design/methodology/approach – Data for this empirical investigation were gathered from a sample of full‐time frontline hotel employees in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. Respondents self‐administered the questionnaires. A total number of 620 questionnaires were obtained.Findings – Results based on hierarchical regression analysis reveal that emotional dissonance intensifies exhaustion and disengagement. Results also demonstrate that perceived organizational support and job autonomy buffer the impact of emotional dissonance on disengagement.Research limitations/implications – Future studi.
Promoting learner development - preventing and working with barriers to learning, Petra Engelbrecht and Lena Green (Eds.)

Extracted from text . Promoting learner development - preventing and working with barriers to learning Petra Engelbrecht and Lena Green (Editors) Pretoria: Van Schaik, 2001 251 pages ISBN 0 627 02501 3 This book is an eye-opener for those who trained and worked in the field of education in outh Africa during the apartheid era. We are exposed to the terminology and views of our new democratic system. In the past we talked about the "main stream" as opposed to "special schools" which recognized special needs such as those children who had cerebral palsy or were blind. Now we are introduced to the .
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Background: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is characterized by vasogenic subcortical edema without infarction. It has been associated with hypertensive crises and with immunosuppressive medications but not with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Methods: We reviewed the clinical and neuroimaging features of five NMO–immunoglobulin G (IgG) seropositive white women who experienced an episode of PRES and had a coexisting NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD). We also tested for the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel autoantibody (NMO-IgG) in 14 patients from an independently ascertained cohort of individuals with PRES. Results: All five patients developed abrupt confusion and depressed consciousness consistent with PRES. The encephalopathy resolved completely within 7 days. Comorbid conditions or interventions recognized to be associated with PRES included orthostatic hypotension with supine hypertension, plasma exchange, IV immunoglobulin treatment, and high-dose IV methylprednisolone. Brain MRI studies revealed bilateral T2-weighted (T2W) hyperintense signal abnormalities, primarily in frontal, parieto-occipital, and cerebellar regions. Three patients had highly symmetric lesions and three had gadolinium-enhancing lesions. Follow-up neuroimaging revealed partial or complete disappearance of T2W hyperintensity or gadolinium-enhancing lesions in all five patients. Patients with PRES without NMOSD were uniformly NMO-IgG seronegative. Conclusions: Brain lesions in some patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) may be accompanied by vasogenic edema and manifest as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Water flux impairment due to aquaporin-4 autoimmunity may predispose to PRES in patients with NMOSD who experience blood pressure fluctuations or who are treated with therapies that can cause rapid fluid shifts. ADC = apparent diffusion coefficient; AQP4 = aquaporin-4; DWI = diffusion-weighted imaging; FLAIR = fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; Gd = gadolinium; IgG = immunoglobulin G; IVIg = IV immunoglobulin; IVMP = IV methylprednisolone; LETM = longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis; NMO = neuromyelitis optica; NMOSD = neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; ON = optic neuritis; PLEX = plasma exchange; PRES = posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; T2W = T2-weighted.
BRIEF INTERVENTION MODEL FOR ACCESS‐BASED POSTSEPARATION DISPUTES

With the increasing demand on the courts to “manage” parental disputes, coupled with the dwindling of publicily funded resources, briefer interventions to service some highly conflicted families become necessary. This article describe an innovative, brief intervention for examining access-based disputes between parents before the courts in two public services in Ontario. Included will be a description of the model, the selection criteria, and the results of preliminary outcome data. Offering a differential intervention to a sample of 40 families has shown that less time was spent on the intervention and that no further court intervention was necessary. Parents reported satisfaction with the expeditious handling of their disputes.
Gaseous 3-pentanol primes plant immunity against a bacterial speck pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato via salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathways in Arabidopsis

3-Pentanol is an active organic compound produced by plants and is a component of emitted insect sex pheromones. A previous study reported that drench application of 3-pentanol elicited plant immunity against microbial pathogens and an insect pest in crop plants. Here, we evaluated whether 3-pentanol and the derivatives 1-pentanol and 2-pentanol induced plant systemic resistance using the in vitro I-plate system. Exposure of Arabidopsis seedlings to 10 μM and 100 nM 3-pentanol evaporate elicited an immune response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. We performed quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the 3-pentanol-mediated Arabidopsis immune responses by determining Pathogenesis-Related (PR) gene expression levels associated with defense signaling through salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene signaling pathways. The results show that exposure to 3-pentanol and subsequent pathogen challenge upregulated PDF1.2 and PR1 expression. Selected Arabidopsis mutants confirmed that the 3-pentanol-mediated immune response involved SA and JA signaling pathways and the NPR1 gene. Taken together, this study indicates that gaseous 3-pentanol triggers induced resistance in Arabidopsis by priming SA and JA signaling pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first report that a volatile compound of an insect sex pheromone triggers plant systemic resistance against a bacterial pathogen.
Who’s messing with my mind?

The debate surrounding the ethics of advertising to children generally centres on the age at which children have developed sufficient cognitive resources both to understand the persuasive intent of marketing messages and to critically evaluate them. In this paper we argue that this debate requires urgent updating to take into account recent and significant findings from psychology and neuroscience. Substantial evidence now shows that judgements and behaviours, including those relating to consumption, can be strongly influenced by implicitly acquired affective associations, rather than via consciously mediated persuasive information. Contemporary advertising formats typically targeted at children are particularly likely to ‘implicitly persuade’ in this way. The implications for the ethical and empirical agenda are profound, pointing the way for a re-evaluation of what constitutes responsible children’s advertising, a new research agenda and a new approach to media literacy strategies.
Optimism moderates psychophysiological responses to stress in older people with Type 2 diabetes

Abstract Optimism is thought to be beneficial for health, and these effects may be mediated through modifications in psychophysiological stress reactivity. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with reduced cardiovascular responses to stress and heightened cortisol over the day. This study assessed the relationships between optimism, stress responsivity, and daily cortisol output in people with T2D. A total of 140 participants with T2D were exposed to laboratory stress. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and cortisol were measured throughout the session. Cortisol output over the day was also assessed. Optimism and self‐reported health were measured using the revised Life Orientation Test and the Short Form Health Survey. Optimism was associated with heightened SBP and DBP stress reactivity (ps < .047) and lower daily cortisol output (p = .04). Optimism was not related to HR, cortisol stress responses, or the cortisol awakening response (ps > .180). Low optimism was related to poorer self‐reported physical and mental health (ps < .01). Optimism could have a protective role in modulating stress‐related autonomic and neuroendocrine dysregulation in people with T2D.
Does a Regression Equation to Predict Maximal Strength in Untrained Lifters Remain Valid When the Subjects Are Technique Trained

This study was implemented to determine if predicting 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press strength in untrained lifters from a 7–10RM strength test remains valid when subjects practiced the proper bench press technique. Thirty men 18–26 years of age participated in 2 testing sessions to assess 1RM and 7–10RM bench press strength. The sessions were separated by a minimum of 48 hours. Regression analysis indicated the following equation to predict 1RM strength from weight lifted during the 7–10RM strength test: 1RM 5 8.841 1 (1.1828*7–10RM). Analysis of predictive accuracy of the regression equation indicated correlation of r 5 0.969 (SEE 5 4.2 kg or 5.56% of the measured [M] 1RM). Subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group practiced proper lifting technique during 4 training sessions during a 2-week period. The control group did not lift weights during this period. Following training, all subjects were reassessed for 1RM and 7–10RM bench press strength. Using the regression equation developed before training, the experimental group demonstrated a correlation of r 5 0.983 (SEE 5 3.1 kg or 4.2% of M 1RM). The control group demonstrated a correlation of r 5 0.989 (SEE 5 2.5 kg or 8.8% of the M 1RM). An independent t-test comparing the differences between posttraining bench press scores indicated no significant difference in bench press lifting ability between the experimental group (82.96 kg) following technique training and the control group (75.69 kg). Although the experimental group demonstrated a trend for increased lifting ability following instruction, results suggest that lifting technique does not affect the accuracy of the regression equation to predict 1RM strength.
Function Words in Authorship Attribution. From Black Magic to Theory?

This position paper focuses on the use of function words in computational authorship attribution. Although recently there have been multiple successful applications of authorship attribution, the field is not particularly good at the explication of methods and theoretical issues, which might eventually compromise the acceptance of new research results in the traditional humanities community. I wish to partially help remedy this lack of explication and theory, by contributing a theoretical discussion on the use of function words in stylometry. I will concisely survey the attractiveness of function words in stylometry and relate them to the use of character n-grams. At the end of this paper, I will propose to replace the term ‘function word’ by the term ‘functor’ in stylometry, due to multiple theoretical considerations.
Lateral Injection Using a Whitacre Needle with Patients in the Lateral Decubitus Position Maintained for a Prolonged Time Period Produces Symmetric Sensory Block

BACKGROUND:The directional flow of injection through a Whitacre needle can be used to modify the level of sensory blockade. We hypothesized that injection of hyperbaric local anesthetic through a Whitacre needle with the bevel oriented laterally can produce a more symmetric sensory block. METHODS:Patients scheduled for lower limb surgery under spinal anesthesia with the patient in lateral decubitus position were randomized to receive 10 mg, 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with the Whitacre needle orifice in 1 of 2 orientations, cephalad and lateral. The patient's position was maintained for 15 min after the injection, and sensory blocks were recorded. The primary outcome was the sensory levels between the dependent and nondependent side. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test odds was used to compare unpaired nonparametric data. For the paired samples, 95% confidence intervals (CI) of differences between group medians were calculated using the Hodges-Lehman estimator for the median difference in number of blocked segments. RESULTS:There was no significant difference in block level between dependent and nondependent sides in the lateral group. The Hodges-Lehmann point estimator was 0.5% and 95% CI was 0–2.5, suggesting a more symmetric sensory block in patients in the lateral decubitus position maintained for a sufficient period of time. A significantly lower level of blockade was noticed on the nondependent side compared to the dependent side in the cephalad group. The Hodges-Lehmann point estimator was 2.5 segments and 95% CI was 0.5–5. CONCLUSIONS:Injection of 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with the bevel of the Whitacre needle oriented laterally produces more symmetric sensory levels of blockade between the dependent and nondependent sides.
The Relationship Between Resource Allocation and Pupil Attainment: A Review

The Centre for the Economics of Education is an independent research centre funded by the Department of Education and Employment. The view expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Education and Employment. All errors and omissions remain the authors. 1. This report examines the impact of measurable resource inputs on primary and secondary school students' achievement. The objectives of this report are to summarise the findings from the educational production function literature, to identify the many methodological difficulties in this field, and to provide an outline for a high quality research project. 2. Section 1 concentrates on the methodological techniques most commonly used in the field – regression analysis 1 and stochastic frontier/data envelopment analysis-evaluating each technique and commenting on the advantages and disadvantages associated with each method. 3. Section 2 reviews a 'high quality' subset of the recent (post-Hanushek, 1997) international educational production function literature. This section has two aims. First and foremost, and in keeping with the methodological focus of the report, to evaluate how effectively the methodological issues have been addressed in the predominantly US centred literature. Second, to report the empirical results from this literature. 4. In Section 2 it is established that recent international research, in contrast to the widely held view that inputs have no systematic impact on student outcomes, has generally been able to establish a link between certain education inputs (particularly expenditure and teacher characteristics) and enhanced student outcomes. 5. Sections 3 and 4 present a r eview of the UK literature. Reflecting our interest in UK policy, and the limited amount of high quality research in the UK, the criteria for inclusion in this section are weaker than for Section 2 and consequently the review is more broad ranging. The review of the UK research is divided into two parts. The first (Section 3), reviews the production function based literature, while the second (Section 4) examines studies of cost effectiveness of school provision. 6. The UK literature review shows that, while the link between educational expenditure and outcomes is not proven, some real resources seem to have an impact on outcomes. For example, several studies found a correctly signed and statistically significant relationship between the school level pupil teacher ratio and outcomes. However, there is almost no UK evidence that smaller class size leads to better outcomes. In …
Long-Term Stable Control of Motor-Imagery BCI by a Locked-In User Through Adaptive Assistance

Performance variation is one of the main challenges that BCIs are confronted with, when being used over extended periods of time. Shared control techniques could partially cope with such a problem. In this paper, we propose a taxonomy of shared control approaches used for BCIs and we review some of the recent studies at the light of these approaches. We posit that the level of assistance provided to the BCI user should be adjusted in real time in order to enhance BCI reliability over time. This approach has not been extensively studied in the recent literature on BCIs. In addition, we investigate the effectiveness of providing online adaptive assistance in a motor-imagery BCI for a tetraplegic end-user with an incomplete locked-in syndrome in a longitudinal study lasting 11 months. First, we report a reliable estimation of the BCI performance (in terms of command delivery time) using only a window of 1 s in the beginning of trials (AUC $\approx 0.8$ ). Second, we demonstrate how adaptive shared control can exploit the output of the performance estimator to adjust online the level of assistance in a BCI game by regulating its speed. In particular, online adaptive assistance was superior to a fixed condition in terms of success rate ( ${p}<0.01$ ). Remarkably, the results exhibited a stable performance over severalmonths without recalibration of the BCI classifier or the performance estimator.
Partial Adjustment to Public Information and the Efficiency of the IPO Process

This paper studies the effect of public information on the pricing of IPOs. It shows that public information (as inferred from market wide stock returns observed prior to the IPO) affects the pricing of IPOs by changing the incentives of investors to reveal private information to the underwriter during the subscription period, and by shifting the distribution in their demand for allocations. Consistent with empirical evidence, the model predicts a positive relation between market wide stock returns observed prior to the IPO date and the mean initial return, and a positive relation between the mean and the volatility of initial returns. In addition, it yields a number of new testable implications.
Limited temperature response to the very large AD 1258 volcanic eruption

The large AD 1258 eruption had a stratospheric sulfate load approximately ten times greater than the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Yet surface cooling was not substantially larger than for Pinatubo (∼0.4 K). We apply a comprehensive Earth System Model to demonstrate that the size of the aerosol particles needs to be included in simulations, especially to explain the climate response to large eruptions. The temperature response weakens because increased density of particles increases collision rate and therefore aerosol growth. Only aerosol particle sizes substantially larger than observed after the Pinatubo eruption yield temperature changes consistent with terrestrial Northern Hemisphere summer temperature reconstructions. These results challenge an oft‐held assumption of volcanic impacts not only with respect to the immediate or longer‐term temperature response, but also any ecosystem response, including extinctions.
Confirmation of GRHL2 as the gene for the DFNA28 locus

More than 10 years ago, a c. 1609_1610insC mutation in the grainyhead‐like 2 (GRHL2) gene was identified in a large family with nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss, so far presenting the only evidence for GRHL2 being an autosomal‐dominant deafness gene (DFNA28). Here, we report on a second large family, in which post‐lingual hearing loss with a highly variable age of onset and progression segregated with a heterozygous non‐classical splice site mutation in GRHL2. The c.1258‐1G>A mutation disrupts the acceptor recognition sequence of intron 9, creating a new AG splice site, which is shifted by only one nucleotide in the 3′ direction. cDNA analysis confirmed a p.Gly420Glufs*111 frameshift mutation in exon 10. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.