Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incomplete Reversibility of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline Following Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Exposure

Background. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been linked to renal impairment, but the extent to which this impairment is reversible is unclear. We aimed to investigate the reversibility of renal decline during TDF therapy. Methods. Cox proportional hazards models assessed factors associated with discontinuing TDF in those with an exposure duration of >6 months. In those who discontinued TDF therapy, linear piecewise regression models estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slopes before initiation of, during, and after discontinuation of TDF therapy. Factors associated with not achieving eGFR recovery 6 months after discontinuing TDF were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Results. We observed declines in the eGFR during TDF exposure (mean slopes, −15.7 mL/minute/1.73 m2/year [95% confidence interval {CI}, −20.5 to −10.9] during the first 3 months and −3.1 mL/minute/1.73 m2/year [95% CI, −4.6 to −1.7] thereafter) and evidence of eGFR increases following discontinuation of TDF therapy (mean slopes, 12.5 mL/minute/1.73 m2/year [95% CI, 8.9–16.1] during the first 3 months and 0.8 mL/minute/1.73 m2/year [95% CI, .1–1.5] thereafter). Following TDF discontinuation, 38.6% of patients with a decline in the eGFR did not experience recovery. A higher eGFR at baseline, a lower eGFR after discontinuation of TDF therapy, and more-prolonged exposure to TDF were associated with an increased risk of incomplete recovery 6 months after discontinuation of TDF therapy. Conclusions. This study shows that a decline in the eGFR during TDF therapy was not fully reversible in one third of patients and suggests that prolonged TDF exposure at a low eGFR should be avoided.
Incentives and the Allocation of Effort Over Time: The Joint Role of Affective and Cognitive Decision Making

We use natural experiments – plausibly exogenous, anticipated increases in the piece rate – to study how effort responds to incentives. Our first finding, like some previous studies, lends little support to the view that incentives increase effort: raising the piece rate has zero effect on total daily effort. Previous studies have speculated that changes in motivation over the course of the workday, caused by the increase in the piece rate, may lead to this result, but have relied on data aggregated to the day. Our data allow us to look within the workday. We find that workers do respond to incentives within the day: they work significantly harder in early hours of work, but significantly less hard later on, with a net effect of zero on total daily effort. We consider different possible explanations for this behavior. The most parsimonious explanation is a model in the spirit of Loewenstein and O'Donoghue (2005), in which a cognitive system, assumed to behave like the standard economic model predicts, is in conflict with the affective system. We review evidence from psychology and neuroscience to argue that the affective system may be strongly influenced by within-day changes in earnings, relative to an earnings goal. The affective system cares less about income once the goal is surpassed, providing an explanation for a drop in effort later in the day, and for the findings of earlier studies.
Can the AK Model Be Rescued? New Evidence from Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power

In this paper we revisit the work of Jones (1995a) which provided strong evidence against the empirical validity of AK-type models that predict increasing output growth rates as a result of permanent movements in the physical investment rate. For that purpose, we employ recently developed unit root tests with good size and power which are also able to accommodate the existence of a structural break in the data for 26 OECD countries over the period 1950-1992. Overall, the analysis of deterministic and stochastic trends in output growth and investment rates (in total physical investment, and in producer durables and total structures) do not render broad support for the empirical validity of AK models. This result appears to be confirmed by the estimation of autoregressive distributed lag growth models which consistently render insignificant long-run coefficients on the investment rates.
Impact of inactivated poliovirus vaccine on mucosal immunity: implications for the polio eradication endgame

The polio eradication endgame aims to bring transmission of all polioviruses to a halt. To achieve this aim, it is essential to block viral replication in individuals via induction of a robust mucosal immune response. Although it has long been recognized that inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is incapable of inducing a strong mucosal response on its own, it has recently become clear that IPV may boost immunity in the intestinal mucosa among individuals previously immunized with oral poliovirus vaccine. Indeed, mucosal protection appears to be stronger following a booster dose of IPV than oral poliovirus vaccine, especially in older children. Here, we review the available evidence regarding the impact of IPV on mucosal immunity, and consider the implications of this evidence for the polio eradication endgame. We conclude that the implementation of IPV in both routine and supplementary immunization activities has the potential to play a key role in halting poliovirus transmission, and thereby hasten the eradication of polio.
THE SURVEY OF INCOME AND PROGRAM PARTICIPATION THE IMPACT OF SURVEY AND QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN ON LONGITUDINAL LABOR FORCE MEASURES

1 . INTRODUCTION . 1 AN OVERVIEW OF LABOR FORCE MEASURES BASED ON SIPP AND CPS . 3 MEASURES OF LABOR FORCE STOCKS FROM THE SIPP AND THE MONTHLY CPS . 5 MEASURES OF GROSS CHANGE: MONTHLY FLOWS . 8 MEASURES OF EXPERIENCE . 1 9 SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS . 2 6 REFERENCES . 2 7 TABLES 1. Employment and Unemployment Rates in SIPP: Annual AveragesMay 1 9 8 6 April1987 . 1 2 2. Labor Force Transition Rates for Movers and Non-movers Annual Averages May 1 9 8 6 May 1 9 8 7 . 14
The case for the Freud–Breuer theory of hysteria: A response to Grünbaum’s foundational objection to psychoanalysis

ABSTRACT In his influential critique of psychoanalysis, philosopher Adolf Grünbaum has repeatedly objected that the psychoanalytic enterprise has a foundational flaw in that its fundamental claim that repressed thoughts can be pathogenic cannot be sustained. His criticism focuses on Freud and Breuer’s reasoning toward this claim in Studies on Hysteria, which Grünbaum rejects mainly on the ground that there is an alternative explanation, the placebo hypothesis, that Freud and Breuer have failed to rule out. I argue against this by showing in detail why Freud and Breuer’s claim about the pathogenicity of repressed thoughts can be sustained on the evidence presented in Studies. Providing such a detailed response to Grünbaum’s objection is important for several reasons, including that it illustrates how the possibility of the influence of suggestion that critics often bring against psychoanalysis need not be fatal, thereby offering an alternative, complementary solution to the problem of suggestion to one recently proposed.
An Accelerated Proximal Coordinate Gradient Method and its Application to Regularized Empirical Risk Minimization

We consider the problem of minimizing the sum of two convex functions: one is smooth and given by a gradient oracle, and the other is separable over blocks of coordinates and has a simple known structure over each block. We develop an accelerated randomized proximal coordinate gradient (APCG) method for minimizing such convex composite functions. For strongly convex functions, our method achieves faster linear convergence rates than existing randomized proximal coordinate gradient methods. Without strong convexity, our method enjoys accelerated sublinear convergence rates. We show how to apply the APCG method to solve the regularized empirical risk minimization (ERM) problem, and devise efficient implementations that avoid full-dimensional vector operations. For ill-conditioned ERM problems, our method obtains improved convergence rates than the state-of-the-art stochastic dual coordinate ascent (SDCA) method.
Image Re-ranking with an Alternating Optimization

In this work, we propose an efficient image re-ranking method, without additional memory cost compared with the baseline method~\cite{philbin2007object}, to re-rank all retrieved images. The motivation of the proposed method is that, there are usually many visual words in the query image that only give votes to irrelevant images. With this observation, we propose to only use visual words which can help to find relevant images to re-rank the retrieved images. To achieve the goal, we first find some similar images to the query by maximizing a quadratic function when given an initial ranking of the retrieved images. Then we select query visual words with an alternating optimization strategy: (1) at each iteration, select words based on the similar images that we have found and (2) in turn, update the similar images with the selected words. These two steps are repeated until convergence. Experimental results on standard benchmark datasets show that the proposed method outperforms spatial based re-ranking methods.
Evaluation of the DART 3 D model in the thermal domain using satellite / airborne imagery and ground-based measurements

This work provides an evaluation of the Discrete Anisotropy Radiative Transfer (DART) 3-dimensional model to assess the simulation of directional brightness temperatures both at-sensor and at-surface levels. Satellite imagery acquired with the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), airborne imagery acquired with the Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) sensor and ground-based measurements collected over an agricultural area were used to evaluate DART model at nadir views. Directional radiometric temperatures measured with a goniometric system at ground-level were also used to evaluate DART results at different view angles. DART model was evaluated over three different homogeneous plots: bare soil, green grass and sand. Results showed typically a good agreement between DART simulations and satellite, airborne and ground-based measurements, with Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) below 2 K. However, three major discrepancies were found: i) differences higher than 4 K over bare soil when comparing DART and ASTER, attributed to turbulence-induced temperature fluctuations, ii) higher differences in at-sensor level comparisons than in at-surface level ones when using AHS, due to thermal heterogeneity of selected regions of interest in the image and also to differences in atmospheric correction performed over the imagery and the one included in the DART model, specially for bands located in lowest atmospheric transmissivity regions, and iii) RMSEs higher than 2 K when comparing DART results and groundmeasurement over the sand plot, due to the strong emissivity correction in 8-9 m bands, where measured emissivity was below 0.75. In despite of these discrepancies, this paper shows that DART model is a useful tool for simulating remotely sensed thermal images over different landscapes. New versions of DART model are continuously being released in order to solve technical problems and improving simulation results.
File sharing in cloud computing using win stay lose shift strategy

Traditionally, users in clouds are assumed to be willing to store and share files in clouds, where the security and efficiency issues are discussed. However, few studies involve the incentives to share files in clouds. In this paper, we delve into users' incentives for using the cloud system to store and share their files towards the view of game theory. More specifically, the process of file sharing is reduced to an infinitely repeated prisoner's dilemma PD game and the action of sharing files in clouds is considered as the action of cooperation in the infinitely repeated PD game. We incorporate win stay lose shift WSLS strategy into file sharing and simulate it compared with tit-for-tat TFT strategy in clouds. Simulation results show that WSLS is an optimal strategy for users to share their files in clouds. Furthermore, WSLS is robust for unintentional deviation and returns to mutual cooperation after deviation.
Statistical Delay Analysis of TDMA and ALOHA in Wireless Multihop Networks

We employ discrete-time queueing theory to analyze wireless multihop networks and derive an explicit end-to-end (e2e) delay distribution. The analysis takes into account the scheduling scheme, which is a two-level problem including both the (global) channel access scheduler (MAC) and the (local) packet scheduler at each node. Two MAC schemes, TDMA and ALOHA, are considered. Queueing models are established in such a way that the access delay can be incorporated into the service process. Characterizing the wireless channel by a capture model, the individual nodes are modeled as GI/Geom/1 queueing systems. However, in TDMA with constant bit rate (CBR) traf(cid:2)c, the corresponding D/Geom/1 system has a non-integer interarrival time and thus cannot be analyzed as usual. We use an eigenvalue approach to derive closed-form queue length and delay distributions of such D/Geom/1 systems. The error-prone wireless channel transforms the smooth and deterministic CBR traf(cid:2)c to bursty and correlated on-off, causing correlations in the delays at different nodes. We propose an approximative approach that includes the long-distance correlations in the correlation between the neighboring nodes. Based on a set of simulation results, an empirical model for the correlation coef(cid:2)cient is established. Then the network is modeled as a series of independent servers, but the delay variances are scaled by the correlation coef(cid:2)cient. Finally, TDMA and ALOHA are quantitatively compared in terms of the delay and the delay outage probability.
Glycomics expression analysis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans of human colorectal cancer tissues and non-neoplastic mucosa by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the presence of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue from neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal tissues, since it has a central role in tumor development and progression. Methods Tissue samples from neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal tissues were obtained from 64 operated patients who had colorectal carcinoma with no distant metastases. Expressions of heparan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate and their fragments were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, with the technique for extraction and quantification of glycosaminoglycans after proteolysis and electrophoresis. The statistical analysis included mean, standard deviation, and Student’s t test. Results The glycosaminoglycans extracted from colorectal tissue showed three electrophoretic bands in agarose gel. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry showed characteristic disaccharide fragments from glycosaminoglycans, indicating their structural characterization in the tissues analyzed. Some peaks in the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were not characterized as fragments of sugars, indicating the presence of fragments of the protein structure of proteoglycans generated during the glycosaminoglycan purification. The average amount of chondroitin and dermatan increased in the neoplastic tissue compared to normal tissue (p=0.01). On the other hand, the average amount of heparan decreased in the neoplastic tissue compared to normal tissue (p= 0.03). Conclusion The method allowed the determination of the glycosaminoglycans structural profile in colorectal tissue from neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal tissue. Neoplastic tissues showed greater amounts of chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate compared to non-neoplastic tissues, while heparan sulphate was decreased in neoplastic tissues.
Teachers as role models for physical activity: Are preschool children more active when their teachers are active?

Teachers are considered important role models for the behavior of children during early childhood. The purposes of this study are to: (a) compare activity levels of preschool children in a structured physical education (PE) class taught by an active or less active teacher; (b) examine the interaction effect of gender, school size, and teacher activity levels on the activity levels of children. The participants were 248 preschool children (134 boys, 114 girls; mean age = 5.5 years) and teachers from 12 preschools in Hong Kong. Regular classroom teachers conducted a 30-min structured PE class, and the participants’ physical activity (PA) levels were measured using pedometers. The recorded step counts of teachers were employed to classify whether children were in the classes taught by active or less active teachers. Factorial analysis of variance was used to examine differences in the pedometer-determined activity regarding gender and school size between the different types of classes. The results indicated that preschool children had higher PA levels in PE classes taught by more active teachers than in those taught by less active teachers (1712 versus 951 steps). Future studies could explore other teacher-related factors that might facilitate appropriate strategies to engage preschoolers in higher PA during PE classes.
Anthropogenic disturbance and evolutionary parameters: a lemon shark population experiencing habitat loss

The level of genetic variation in natural populations influences evolutionary potential, and may therefore influence responses to selection in the face of future environmental changes. By combining long‐term monitoring of marked individuals with genetic pedigree reconstruction, we assessed whether habitat loss influenced genetic variation in a lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) population at an isolated nursery lagoon (Bimini, Bahamas). We also tracked changes in the strength and direction of natural selection. Contrary to initial expectations, we found that after the habitat loss neutral genetic variation increased, as did additive genetic variance for juvenile morphological traits (body length and mass). We hypothesize that these effects might result from philopatric behavior in females coupled with a possible influx of male genotypes from other nursery sites. We also found changes in the strength of selection on morphological traits, which weakened considerably after the disturbance; habitat loss therefore changed the phenotypes favored by natural selection. Because such human‐induced shifts in the adaptive landscape may be common, we suggest that conservation biologists should not simply focus on neutral genetic variation per se, but also on assessing and preserving evolutionary parameters, such as additive genetic variation and selection.
An experimental study on changes of muscle fatigue among traveling by standing-type mobile vehicles and walking

Many robotics technologies are being developed. One of the technologies is utilized in a personal vehicle. A personal vehicle, which has high energy efficiency, has been expected as new personal mobility. It is well-known that a personal vehicle is higher energy efficiency, and requires less space than a normal vehicle. On the other hand, with respect to the fatigue, there are less enough experimental data using a personal vehicle, especially a standing-type personal vehicle. Thus, it will be necessary to evaluate the fatigue using standing-type personal vehicle. Two types of standing-type personal vehicles were used as personal vehicles in this study. The changes of muscle hardness on legs and subject's feeling were employed in order to measure the amount of fatigue. The amount of fatigue was measured before and after moving about 3 km distance in real world on using each vehicle. The experiments and questionnaires after doing experiments were done with 6 subjects. Experimental result shows that there is a difference between two kinds of standing-type personal vehicles. The amount of muscle fatigue by using one small vehicle changes larger than other two methods. It assumed that muscle fatigue can be affected by stability, power and space around legs from the results of experiments and questionnaires.
Nonparametric tests of alternative option pricing models using all reported trades and quotes on the

The tests reported here differ in several ways from those of most other papers testing option pricing models: an extremely large sample of observations of both trades and bid-ask quotes is examined, careful consideration is given to discarding misleading records, nonparametric rather than parametric statistical tests are used, reported results are not sensitive to measurement of stock volatility, special care is taken to incorporate the effects of dividends and early exercise, a simple method is developed to test several option pricing formulas simultaneously, and the statistical significance and consistency across subsamples of the most important reported results are unusually high. The three key results are: (1) short-maturity out-of-the-money calls are priced significantly higher relative to other calls than the Black-Scholes model would predict, (2) striking price biases relative to the Black-Scholes model are also statistically significant but have reversed themselves after long periods of time, and (3) no single option pricing model currently developed seems likely to explain this reversal.
A Secure Mobile Banking Scheme Based on Certificateless Cryptography in the Standard Security Model

Providing the security services (authenticity, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation) all together in mobile banking has remained a problematic issue for both banks and their customers. Both the public key infrastructure (PKI) and the identity-based public key cryptography (IB-PKC) which have been thought to provide solutions to these security services, have their own limitations. While the PKI suffers the scalability and certificate management problems, the identity-based cryptography suffers the key escrow problem. This paper proposes a secure web-based mobile banking scheme using certificateless public key cryptography. Within this scheme, the key generating center(KGC) has an offline connection with a public directory server. Both of the client and the bank’s web-server use the identities of each other to obtain the public key of each from the KGC’s public directory server. Then, each party computes an authenticated per-session shared secret symmetric key. By using this shared secret key the client can encrypt his username and password to access his banking account and carry out signed banking transactions. As a result, the proposed scheme is secure in the standard model and provides authentication, confidentiality, integrity and nonrepudiation. Moreover, the scheme is secure against known key attack, resilient against unknown key share and key-compromise impersonation, and secure against weak perfect forward secrecy.