Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study of Relationship between Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction

This study examined the relationship between of organizational justice encompassed by three components:(distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice) and job satisfaction, and employees’ perceptionsof workplace justice. The study investigated the relationship of these justice measures in the Jordanianenvironment. The data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires among 229 employees of numberElectrical Industrial Companies selected through a stratified random sampling.The study findings show that only one significant relationship exists between the age of respondents and theirperceptions of organizational justice. The findings also suggested that this was positive associationorganizational justice and job satisfaction. Employee job satisfaction depends upon the organizational justice ofmanagers. Nevertheless, in measuring the three dimensions of organizational justice, the current study usedsurvey items that asked employees to respond to items that asked whether something is generally fair.Finally, although this study was conducted in Jordan, it is anticipated that the findings may have relevance on abroader scale. By replicating this study in different countries and contexts the results could be very helpful fordeveloping a new model of organizational justice with new implementation techniques that can be implementedeasily and successfully.
Higher Total Protein Intake and Change in Total Protein Intake Affect Body Composition but Not Metabolic Syndrome Indexes in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults Who Perform Resistance and Aerobic Exercise for 36 Weeks.

BACKGROUND Studies assessing the effects of protein supplementation on changes in body composition (BC) and health rarely consider the impact of total protein intake (TPro) or the change in TPro (CTPro) from participants' usual diets. OBJECTIVE This secondary data analysis assessed the impact of TPro and CTPro on changes in BC and metabolic syndrome (MetS) indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults who participated in an exercise training program. METHODS Men and women [n = 117; age: 50 ± 0.7 y, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 30.1 ± 0.3; means ± SEs] performed resistance exercise 2 d/wk and aerobic exercise 1 d/wk and consumed an unrestricted diet along with 200-kcal supplements (0, 10, 20, or 30 g whey protein) twice daily for 36 wk. Protein intake was assessed via 4-d food records. Multiple linear regression model and stratified analysis were applied for data analyses. RESULTS Among all subjects, TPro and CTPro were inversely associated (P < 0.05) with changes in body mass, fat mass (FM), and BMI. Changes in BC were different (P < 0.05) among groups that consumed <1.0 (n = 43) vs. ≥1.0 to <1.2 (n = 29) vs. ≥1.2 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) (n = 45). The TPro group with ≥1.0 to <1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) reduced FM and %FM and increased percentage of LM (%LM) compared with the lowest TPro group, whereas the TPro group with ≥1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) presented intermediate responses on changes in FM, %FM, and %LM. The gain in LM was not different among groups. In addition, MetS indexes were not influenced by TPro and CTPro. CONCLUSIONS In conjunction with exercise training, higher TPro promoted positive changes in BC but not in MetS indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Changes in TPro from before to during the intervention also influenced BC responses and should be considered in future research when different TPro is achieved via diet or supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00812409.
The relationships between interoception and alexithymic trait. The Self-Awareness Questionnaire in healthy subjects

Interoception is the basic process enabling evaluation of one's own bodily states. Several previous studies suggested that altered interoception might be related to disorders in the ability to perceive and express emotions, i.e., alexithymia, and to defects in perceiving and describing one's own health status, i.e., hypochondriasis. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between alexithymic trait and interoceptive abilities evaluated by the “Self-Awareness Questionnaire” (SAQ), a novel self-report tool for assessing interoceptive awareness. Two hundred and fifty healthy subjects completed the SAQ, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 items (TAS-20), and a questionnaire to assess hypochondriasis, the Illness Attitude Scale (IAS). The SAQ showed a two-factor structure, with good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88). We observed significant direct correlations between SAQ, TAS-20 and two of its subscales, and the IAS. Regression analysis confirmed that the difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions is significantly related with awareness for one's own interoceptive feelings and with a tendency to misinterpret and amplify bodily sensations. From a clinical point of view, the assessment of interoceptive awareness by the SAQ could be pivotal in evaluating several psychopathological conditions, such as the somatoform disorders.
Listening to Mozart does not improve children's spatial ability: Final curtains for the Mozart effect

We investigated the Mozart effect, as documented by Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993), with school-aged children. Experiment 1 contrasted the spatial IQ scores of children who had listened to a Mozart sonata (K.448) with the scores of children who had listened to a piece of popular dance music in a pretest-post-test design. There was no significant main effect of music and no significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores for both groups. Owing to the non-significant findings, a second experiment was carried out. We used a methodology that had previously replicated the Mozart effect. Again, Expt. 2 did not support the claim that Mozart's music can enhance spatial performance. Groups performed similarly on the control test and the experimental test, irrespective of whether they listened to Mozart or to popular dance music. Since the two different designs produced similar findings, the data suggest that the Mozart effect is so ephemeral that it is questionable as to whether any practical application will come from it. In the discussion, we suggest more fruitful avenues for future research on the relationship between music and spatial performance: arousal and transfer of learning.
Quality of parental caregiving and security of attachment

The assumption that qualitative differences in parental behavior are associated with attachment security was examined in a sample of 62 children (M age = 21.5 months) who were seen separately with their mothers and fathers. Multiple measures of parental caregiving were used, including 2 qualitative behavioral rating scales and a self-report measure of attitudes and beliefs about child rearing. Analyses of the relation between these measures and maternal and paternal Strange Situation classifications of attachment security revealed effects only for mothers and only with 1 parent measure. These results add to a fairly impressive body of evidence indicating inconsistent and often weak associations between parental behavior and attachment security
Earth’s oxygen cycle and the evolution of animal life

Significance Earth is currently the only planet known to harbor complex life. Understanding whether terrestrial biotic complexity is a unique phenomenon or can be expected to be widespread in the universe depends on a mechanistic understanding of the factors that led to the emergence of complex life on Earth. Here, we use geochemical constraints and quantitative models to suggest that marine environments may have been unfavorable for the emergence and large-scale proliferation of motile multicellular life for most of Earth’s history. Further, we argue that a holistic evaluation of environmental variability, organismal life history, and spatial ecological dynamics is essential for a full accounting of the factors that have allowed for the emergence of biological complexity on Earth. The emergence and expansion of complex eukaryotic life on Earth is linked at a basic level to the secular evolution of surface oxygen levels. However, the role that planetary redox evolution has played in controlling the timing of metazoan (animal) emergence and diversification, if any, has been intensely debated. Discussion has gravitated toward threshold levels of environmental free oxygen (O2) necessary for early evolving animals to survive under controlled conditions. However, defining such thresholds in practice is not straightforward, and environmental O2 levels can potentially constrain animal life in ways distinct from threshold O2 tolerance. Herein, we quantitatively explore one aspect of the evolutionary coupling between animal life and Earth’s oxygen cycle—the influence of spatial and temporal variability in surface ocean O2 levels on the ecology of early metazoan organisms. Through the application of a series of quantitative biogeochemical models, we find that large spatiotemporal variations in surface ocean O2 levels and pervasive benthic anoxia are expected in a world with much lower atmospheric pO2 than at present, resulting in severe ecological constraints and a challenging evolutionary landscape for early metazoan life. We argue that these effects, when considered in the light of synergistic interactions with other environmental parameters and variable O2 demand throughout an organism’s life history, would have resulted in long-term evolutionary and ecological inhibition of animal life on Earth for much of Middle Proterozoic time (∼1.8–0.8 billion years ago).
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentations and features of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy and the role of Helicobacter pylori in children with UGI bleeding. METHODS A retrospective review was done of the medical records of 112 infants and children who presented with UGI bleeding. They underwent UGI endoscopy in the Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan between July 1996 and December 2000. Patients with hematemesis caused by swallowing caustic agents or foreign bodies were excluded. RESULTS There were 112 patients involved in this study. Clinical manifestations included hematemesis (77 cases, 68.8%), tarry stool (37 cases, 33%) and hematochezia (9 cases, 8%). Fifty-three patients (47.3%) had underlying diseases, including neuromuscular deficits (17), hepatobiliary disease (17), renal insufficiency (8), Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) (3), and cow milk allergy (3). Another 34 patients had a preceding acute febrile illness history. The endoscopic appearances included esophageal varices (10.7%), esophagitis or esophageal ulcers (30.4%), superficial gastric mucosal lesions (SGML) (44.6%), gastric ulcers (9.8%), duodenal ulcers (DU) (15.2%), and hemorrhagic erosive duodenitis (2.7%). Eleven cases (9.8%) showed negative findings. There were 13 (11.6%) patients receiving endoscopic hemostatic therapy. The rate of positive results in rapid urease tests in the patients without underlying diseases was 54.8%, which was significantly higher than that of the patients with underlying diseases (17.1%), while Helicobacter pylori was closely related to primary DU. CONCLUSIONS In children with UGI bleeding, UGI endoscopy provides an accurate diagnostic tool and also provides therapeutic intervention when needed. SGML was the most common endoscopic finding. About 30% of the infants and children with UGI bleeding had history of acute febrile illness. Half of the children had underlying diseases. Helicobacter pylori plays a role in a subgroup of children with UGI bleeding, particularly in children with primary DU.
Pictures and Young children's Prose Learning: A Supplementary Reporta

Facilitative effects of illustration activity on prose learning have been previously established for young (first grade) children in a listening task. The present study tested for illustration effects with passages of varying complexity and length. Positive effects were found for long and short passages (100 vs. 50 words) that were either simple (one locational setting) or complex (two settings). The pattern of results for cued and free recall suggested that illustration facilitates individual sentence comprehension more than passage integration for these children. Analysis of subject-constructed illustrations showed a clear relationship between illustration content and passage recall.
PROCESSING OF REAL AND IMPLIED MOTION

Processing of real and implied motion We readily recognize whether an animal, person or object within a photograph was moving or standing motionless at the moment the photograph was taken. Photographers, painters, sculptures and cartoonist can successfully convey motion information, even though conveying motion by a static medium seems a great contradiction. It seems that perception of such implied motion must rely on a specialized neural network in the brain, that combines static visual information with real motion processing. Orientation, body posture and positioning of the limbs of an animal or person may provide static form information that enables us to identify implied motion. In this thesis, I focus on processing of real and implied motion and their integration. The questions that will be investigated and discussed are how implied and real motion are processed, and where, when and what the functional benefits of integration may be. The studies that are discussed in this thesis will contribute to a further understanding of our brain and visual motion processing in particular.
Implementation intentions and repeated behaviour: augmenting the predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour

Two experiments based upon Gollwitzer's (1993) concept of implementation intentions are described. In both experiments, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions from Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour were used to measure participants' motivation prior to an intervention in which participants made implementation intentions specifying where and when they would take a vitamin C pill each day. Behaviours were assessed by self-report and pill count at both 10 days and 3 weeks in Experiment 1, and at 2 weeks and 5 weeks in Experiment 2. Results supported the view that participants who formed implementation intentions were less likely to miss taking a pill every day compared to controls. Evidence suggested that implementation intentions were effective because they allowed participants to pass control of behaviour to the environmental cues contained in the implementation intention. Implications of the study and some suggestions for future research are outlined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute wards: problems and solutions: A participant observation study of life on an acute psychiatric ward

The College Research Unit is undertaking an ethnographic study to describe life on acute psychiatric wards from the point of view of patients. The project is funded by a generous donation from Jim Birley, former President of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. It aims to bring a new perspective to our understanding of the current state of acute wards. The underlying premise is that solutions to current problems must be informed by a good understanding of what actually happens on the wards and what it feels like to be a patient there.
Use of in vitro transporter assays to understand hepatic and renal disposition of new drug candidates

Hepatic and renal transporters contribute to the uptake, secretion and reabsorption of endogenous compounds, xenobiotics and their metabolites and have been implicated in drug–drug interactions and toxicities. Characterising the renal and hepatic disposition of drug candidates early in development would lead to more rational drug design, as chemotypes with ‘ideal’ pharmacokinetic characteristics could be identified and further refined. Because transporters are often organ specific, ‘custom’ transporter panels need to be identified for each major organ and chemotype to be evaluated, and appropriate studies planned. This review outlines the major renal and hepatic transporters and some of the in vitro transporter reagents, assays and processes that can be used to evaluate the renal and hepatic disposition of new chemical entities during drug discovery and development.
Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles

Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due to anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection of engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts of nanotoxicology can be identified from the results of these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes of NSPs are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions of the respiratory tract. The small size facilitates uptake into cells and transcytosis across epithelial and endothelial cells into the blood and lymph circulation to reach potentially sensitive target sites such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and heart. Access to the central nervous system and ganglia via translocation along axons and dendrites of neurons has also been observed. NSPs penetrating the skin distribute via uptake into lymphatic channels. Endocytosis and biokinetics are largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) and in vivo surface modifications. The greater surface area per mass compared with larger-sized particles of the same chemistry renders NSPs more active biologically. This activity includes a potential for inflammatory and pro-oxidant, but also antioxidant, activity, which can explain early findings showing mixed results in terms of toxicity of NSPs to environmentally relevant species. Evidence of mitochondrial distribution and oxidative stress response after NSP endocytosis points to a need for basic research on their interactions with subcellular structures. Additional considerations for assessing safety of engineered NSPs include careful selections of appropriate and relevant doses/concentrations, the likelihood of increased effects in a compromised organism, and also the benefits of possible desirable effects. An interdisciplinary team approach (e.g., toxicology, materials science, medicine, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to name a few) is mandatory for nanotoxicology research to arrive at an appropriate risk assessment.
A cognitive approach to characterization: Katherina in Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew

In this article, I argue that literary characterization can be fruitfully approached by drawing upon theories developed within social cognition to explain the perception of real-life people. I demonstrate how this approach can explain the construction of Katherina, the protagonist in Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew. Specifically, I introduce notions from cognitive theories of knowledge (especially schema theory), and impression formation. Using these, I describe (1) the role of prior knowledge in forming an impression of a character, and (2) how various types of impression are formed. Prior to my analysis of Katherina, I outline the kind of shrew schema the Elizabethans might have had knowledge of. Then, in my analysis I argue that the textual evidence in the first part of the play is largely consistent with this schema, and thus Katherina at this stage is largely a schema-based character. However, I show that as the play progresses a number of changes create the conditions for a more complex and personalized character. As a consequence of this analysis, I claim that Katherina is not, as some critics have argued, simply a shrew, or an inconsistent character, or a typical character of a farce.
On the Relationship between Co-Offending Network Redundancy and Offending Versatility

The role of criminal, social interactions occupies a central place in criminology, yet minimal research exists on the relationship between co-offender networks and dimensions of offending. Drawing on the social network literature, this investigation hypothesizes that a link exists between the level of redundancy (i.e., the extent of overlap) in an individual’s co-offender network and offending versatility. Relying on longitudinal data for a random sample of delinquents from Philadelphia, this study begins by constructing egocentric co-offending networks for the respondents. Then, using Tobit regression models, it finds that higher levels of co-offender network redundancy (more dense networks) are related to higher levels of specialized offending in group crimes, but no such relationship exists with overall (i.e., solo and group) offending specialization. The discussion considers the implications of these findings and offers suggestions for future research.
Contributions to the social identity approach to conformity and intragroup differentiation

Contributions to the Social Identity Approach to Conformity and Intragroup Differentiation In the present work, we aim to obtain evidence for the implicit character of referent informational influence (e.g., Hogg & Turner, 1987; Turner, 1987; 1991) and of normative intragroup differentiation aimed to achieve a positive social identity, Subjective Group Dynamics (e.g., Marques, Paez & Abrams, 1998; Marques, Abrams & Serodio, 2001). In the first study, we examined conformity to implicit group norms as a function of their credibility. In the first experiment, participants (n = 26), after observing the selection of abstract pictures made by a jury of experts, characterized by an implicit norm, judged other pictures similar to either the ones approved or rejected by the jury. The results suggest that the implicit norm of the jury affected participants’ subsequent evaluations. The second experience (n = 35) showed that Arts students, but not Sciences students, stereotypically considered, respectively, credible or non-credible in esthetical appreciation, conformed more to the implicit norm of the in-group than to that of the out-group. In the third experience, participants (n = 37), were categorized in one of two group artificial groups, respectively, credible and non-credible in the task. The results showed that explicit conformity, group identification and perception of groups’ credibility were correlated, particularly when the group was credible. In the fourth experience (n = 57), we replicated the previous findings, and confirmed that explicit and implicit conformity differed in degree but not in the endorsed norms. In the whole, the results are consistent with the Referent Informational Influence model. The second study focused on the possibility of implicit normative differentiation. In the first experiment, participants (n = 31) categorized in two artificial groups upgraded in-group over out-group members, but not members that endorsed the implicit norm of the ingroup over those that endorsed that of the outgroup. In the second experience (n = 25), focused on the norms, we found an upgrading of members that adopted the implicit ingroup norm relatively to members that adopted the equivalent out-group norm. The results of the two experiments are discussed at the light of Subjective Group Dynamics.