Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Underrepresentation of Girls and Women in Computer Science: Classification of 1990s Research

The proportions of Computer Science (CS) graduates who are women has been declining in the last fifteen years. At a time when the demand for computer programmers and systems analysts has been increasing, why are women becoming a smaller proportion of those enrolling in CS programs? This article presents a categorization by educational stages of the research into this topic, and an evaluation of the generalizability of findings to broader contexts. The categorization shows that the most extensive research on women in computing is done at the post-secondary stage, and uses students as non-randomly selected subjects. These studies are non-comprehensive, but where similar results are found in a number of studies, the findings are supported. The emphasis in research focuses on structural factors at the elementary stage, but by the post-secondary stage the emphasis is more likely to be on social psychological factors.
Chapter 2 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy of T-Cell Leukemia and Lymphoma

T-cell leukemias and lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of uncommon tumors that account for 7-15% of lymphomas. [1] They represent approximately 6,500 new cases annually in the United States. Typically patients with malignant T-cell disorders present with highgrade lesions, advanced stage disease and have systemic or “B” symptoms at diagnosis. Until relatively recently these diseases were treated with the same anthracycline-based chemother‐ apy regimens used to treat B-cell lymphomas. With few exceptions, the outcomes are poorer with lower response rates, shorter times to progression, and shorter median survivals com‐ pared to B-cell lymphomas. A number of new agents have recently entered the clinic for the treatment of T-cell lymphomas. [2] These include the histone deacetylase inhibitors voronistat (Zolinza®) and romidepsin (Istodax®) approved for treatment of previously treated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), the antifolate, pralatrexate (Fotolyn®) indicated for the treatment of relapsed or resistant peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), and the immunotoxin brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®) for the treatment of relapsed anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). These newer agents join a handful of drugs approved for the treatment of T-cell lymphomas including beraxotene (Targretin®) and the interleukin-2-diphtheria toxin fusion protein, denileukin diftitox (Ontak®).
Etiquette Books, Discourse and the Deployment of an Order of Things

Grounded on Foucault's suggestion that discourses are not just referential or representational systems, but part of the infrastructure ordering practices in a society, this article analyzes transformations in the etiquette literature in the USA at the beginning of the 20th century. It claims that the transformations undergone by etiquette books at the time involved not only a change in the substance of manners but also in their format, and it shows how this change in format embodied and helped deploy an infrastructure of social relations constituted by a logic of decenteredness, as opposed to a logic of centeredness. The article discusses both the theoretical issues raised by the concept of an infrastructure of social relations and methodological points concerning the use of etiquette books for social research, and raises some analytical questions regarding our understanding of American history at the time, as well as our more general conceptions of modernity and postmodernity. In order to reinforce its general argument concerning the embeddedness of an infrastructure of social relations in discourse, and to help clarify the idea of a logic of decenteredness, the article also illustrates how etiquette books from a much earlier period embodied and deployed a logic of centeredness.
Trends and characteristics of deliberate self-harm hospital presentations in an English County

Background. This study investigates deliberate self-harm (DSH) presentations to Southern Derbyshire hospitals from 1990 to 1997. Methods. Retrospective evaluation of deliberate self-harm rates and socio-demographic variables associated with DSH in 9961 consecutive attendances at Derby's two district general hospitals. Results. A significant rise in the rates of DSH in Derbyshire was noted (82%). The gender ratio has changed, with rising numbers of DSH episodes in males. The ratio of DSH episodes to the total Accident & Emergency (A&E) attendances changed from 1.54 to 2.42, with a 36% (95% CI 32–40%) rise in DSH presentations. Overdose remains the most common method of DSH (F = 85%, M = 78%). Two-thirds of the DSH presentations were first DSH attempts. Conclusions. Overall DSH rates are increasing especially in men. In contrast, official suicide rates have reduced during the same period. The increase in DSH rates has implications for already overworked A&E Departments, as well as other emergency and psychiatric services. Service provision and organisation should be reviewed in light of this increasing demand.
Mycophenolate mofetil affects monocyte Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling during mouse renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Background Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been used to prevent transplant rejection for many years and has been shown to have protective effects against renal failure. The objective was to investigate the effect of MMF on monocyte Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the early stages of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) of mice. Methods Sixty BALB/C mice were randomly divided into two groups: an IRI group, in which renal IRI was induced by clamping the renal pedicles for 45 minutes, and an MMF group, in which MMF was given (40 mg•kg‐1•d‐1, intraperitoneally) from 2 days before renal IRI. The plasma creatinine level and renal tissue damage of each group mice were observed 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion. The concentration of plasma high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB‐1) (TLR4 ligand), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and tumor necrosis factor &agr; (TNF‐&agr;) and the expression of TLR‐4 on monocytes were determined. Results The plasma creatinine concentration in the MMF group was lower compared to the IRI group (after reperfusion of 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours, P <0.05). Pathological analysis showed that the renal damage was slighter, TLR‐4 expression was reduced (after reperfusion of 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours, P <0.05), and the concentration of cytokines in the plasma was lower (P <0.05) in the MMF group. No differences in the concentrations of HMGB‐1 were observed (P >0.05). Conclusion Monocyte TLR4 signaling is important in the early stage of kidney IRI, but MMF can inhibit it and improve renal function.
Adenosine preconditions against ouabain but not against glutamate on CA1‐evoked potentials in rat hippocampal slices

Hypoxic and ischaemic brain damage are believed to involve excessive release of glutamate, and recent work shows that glutamate‐induced damage in brain slices can be reduced by preconditioning with hypoxia or glutamate itself. Because adenosine is a powerful preconditioning agent, we have investigated whether adenosine could precondition against glutamate in vitro. In rat hippocampal slices, glutamate depolarization reduced the amplitudes of antidromic‐ and orthodromic‐evoked potentials, with only partial recovery. Applying adenosine before these insults failed to increase that recovery. Ouabain also produced depolarization with partial reversibility, but adenosine pretreatment increased the extent of recovery. The preconditioning effect of adenosine on ouabain responses was prevented by blocking receptors for N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA), but not receptors for kainate or α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and was blocked by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase. Preconditioning was also abolished by the ATP‐dependent potassium channel blockers, glibenclamide (cytoplasmic) or 5‐hydroxydecanoate (mitochondrial). We conclude that adenosine does not precondition against glutamate in hippocampal slices, but that it does precondition against ouabain with a pharmacology similar to studies in vivo. Ischaemic neuronal damage is a complex of many factors, and because adenosine can precondition against ischaemic neuronal damage, its failure to protect against glutamate highlights limitations of using glutamate alone as a model for ischaemia. Because damage following ischaemia, trauma or excitotoxicity also involves reduced Na+,K+‐ATPase activity, and adenosine can precondition against ouabain, we propose that ouabain‐induced damage represents an additional or alternative model for the contribution to cell damage of Na+,K+‐ATPase loss, this being more relevant to the mechanisms of preconditioning.
Cosmopolitanism: An alternative way of thinking in the contemporary Olympics

Abstract This contribution offers an alternative theoretical approach in examining the modern Olympics, using a cosmopolitan perspective. The vast literature and repeated discussions on cosmopolitanism are supplementary reactions to globalisation. The development of Olympic sport is closely linked to globalisation. A great number of controversial issues affecting the Olympics have already been analysed using globalisation concepts and theories that tend to ignore the potential cosmopolitan effects that the contemporary Olympics could have as a global phenomenon and as a common global culture. This paper endeavours to rethink the relationship between the Olympics and cosmopolitanism today, using a cosmopolitan lens.
The faculty of social sciences

In this era of Internet of Things (IoT), new technology innovations are constantly introduced globally however with less developed countries adopting these innovations and ways of doing things at a later stage. This research focuses on one of these innovations which is the use of social media by businesses as an advertising platform for products and services. Various types of businesses in Zimbabwe are embracing this concept of social media advertising but lacking the knowledge on the how to and also the benefits and drawbacks. The phenomenon that is discussed later is on Deepleague which has over the years grown to be one of the biggest E-commerce platforms in Zimbabwe advertising on behalf of other businesses and organizations. This shed more light on the whole process of advertising and the input that is required. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in investigating the use. The clients of Deepleague, followers, employees and social media users were interviewed. The study revealed that social media advertising requires skills and knowledge to get tangible benefits, amateur businesses in the advertising on social media still need to gain knowledge of how to interact with consumers as profits are still a challenge. Consumers are the main focus of online advertising as they wield power to determine the success of a business through electronic word of mouth and also interaction with the business. Once a business has achieved and understood the power of online consumers, the benefits are limitless like what Deepleague is enjoying now. The benefits include wide consumer base, low income expenditure since they are online operations, involuntary advertising of business by electronic word of mouth from satisfied consumers to the other among several others. Drawbacks include less tangible profits for the business and government interference affecting the stability of the business.
ASR: Adaptive Selective Replication for CMP Caches

The large working sets of commercial and scientific workloads stress the L2 caches of chip multiprocessors (CMPs). Some CMPs use a shared L2 cache to maximize the on-chip cache capacity and minimize off-chip misses. Others use private L2 caches, replicating data to limit the delay due to global wires and minimize cache access time. Recent hybrid proposals use selective replication to balance latency and capacity, but their static replication rules result in performance degradation for some combinations of workloads and system configurations. This paper proposes adaptive selective replication (ASR), a mechanism that dynamically monitors workload behavior to control replication. ASR replicates cache blocks only when it estimates the benefit of replication (lower L2 hit latency) exceeds the cost (more L2 misses). Full-system simulations of 8-processor CMPs show that ASR provides robust performance: improving performance by as much as 29% versus shared caches, 19% versus private caches, and 12% versus CMP-NuRapid and Victim Replication. Furthermore, while ASR does not improve the performance of all workloads, it provides performance stability by always performing at least comparably to the best alternative including cooperative caching
Effects of moisture exposure on the mechanical behavior of flip chip underfills in microelectronic packaging

Reliable, consistent, and comprehensive material property data are needed for microelectronics encapsulants for the purpose of mechanical design, reliability assessment, and process optimization of electronic packages. Since the vast majority of contemporary underfills are epoxy based, they have the propensity to absorb moisture, which can lead to undesirable changes in their mechanical and adhesion behaviors. In this study, the effects of moisture adsorption on the stress-strain behavior of an underfill encapsulant were evaluated experimentally and theoretically. A novel specimen preparation procedure has been used to manufacture 60 × 3 mm uniaxial tension test samples, with a specified thickness of 0.5 mm. The test specimens were dispensed and cured with production equipment using the same conditions as those used in actual flip chip assembly, and no release agent was required to extract them from the mold. The fabricated uniaxial test specimens were then exposed in an adjustable thermal and humidity chamber to combined hygrothermal exposures at 85 C and 85% RH for various durations. After moisture preconditioning, a microscale tension-torsion testing machine was used to evaluate the complete stress-strain behavior of the material at several temperatures (T = 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 C). The viscoelastic mechanical response of the underfill encapsulant has also been characterized via creep testing for a large range of applied stress levels and temperatures before moisture exposure. From the recorded results, it was found that the moisture exposures strongly affected the mechanical properties of the tested underfill including the initial elastic modulus and ultimate tensile stress. With the obtained mechanical property data, a three-dimensional linear viscoelastic model based on Prony series response functions has been applied to fit the stress-strain and creep data, and excellent correlation had been obtained for samples with and without moisture exposure. The effects of moisture were built into the model using the observed changes in the glass transition temperature within the WLF Shift Function.
Women are Warmer but No Less Assertive than Men: Gender and Language on Facebook

Using a large social media dataset and open-vocabulary methods from computational linguistics, we explored differences in language use across gender, affiliation, and assertiveness. In Study 1, we analyzed topics (groups of semantically similar words) across 10 million messages from over 52,000 Facebook users. Most language differed little across gender. However, topics most associated with self-identified female participants included friends, family, and social life, whereas topics most associated with self-identified male participants included swearing, anger, discussion of objects instead of people, and the use of argumentative language. In Study 2, we plotted male- and female-linked language topics along two interpersonal dimensions prevalent in gender research: affiliation and assertiveness. In a sample of over 15,000 Facebook users, we found substantial gender differences in the use of affiliative language and slight differences in assertive language. Language used more by self-identified females was interpersonally warmer, more compassionate, polite, and—contrary to previous findings—slightly more assertive in their language use, whereas language used more by self-identified males was colder, more hostile, and impersonal. Computational linguistic analysis combined with methods to automatically label topics offer means for testing psychological theories unobtrusively at large scale.
Electrically elicited behavior in the rat : sources of reinforcement.

The eating, drinking and gnawing behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ESLH) in rats was studied in order to assess the role of reinforcement in controlling the behavior. In the first study, an attempt was made to modify the initial stimulus-bound behavior to emerge by giving the animal previous experience with the drinking response in the presence of ESLH. The results showed that a contiguous relationship between a 30-second train of ESLH and the performance of a drinking response was not sufficient to modify the type of stimulus-bound behavior to initially emerge . A second set of experiments examined the role of ESLH as a reinforcer in stimulus-bound behavior by allowing animals in a shuttle apparatus to choose between various stimulation conditions and no stimulation. The results indicated that most animals had a slight preference for long durations of ESLH. In the final experiment stimulus-bound animals were trained to bar press for 3 second trains of ESLH that would elicit the stimulus-bound response. The bar press rate was then measured with the appropriate goal object present where the animal could perform the consummatory response and in a situation without the goal object present whare the animal could not make the response. Stimulus -bound gnawers, as well as eaters and drinkers, all bar pressed more when they could perform the consummatory response, hence supporting the notion that the performance of the response is reinforcing in electrically induced behavior. This research supported an interpretation which suggests that the behaviors elicited by ESLH are maintained by reinforcement arising from the incentive qualities of the goal object, the ESLH itself, and the performance of the response. It was suggested that future research should explore the ESLH as a reinforcer in stimulus -bound animals under conditions that maximize the strength of the reinforcement (ie. where the animals regulate the rate and duration of the stimulation) .
Qualidade de vida dos cuidadores de crianças com transtorno do espectro autístico

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida dos cuidadores de criancas incluidas no espectro autistico e determinar se ha algum tipo de relacao entre os diferentes dominios e aspectos demograficos como escolaridade e classe social. METODOS: Foram sujeitos 150 cuidadores de criancas pertencentes ao espectro autistico, com idades entre 24 e 65 anos, os quais responderam as questoes feitas por meio do instrumento de avaliacao da qualidade de vida WHOQOL-bref, elaborado pelo Programa de Saude Mental da Organizacao Mundial de Saude, composto de 26 questoes, divididas em quatro dominios (Fisico, Psicologico, Relacoes Sociais, e Meio Ambiente). RESULTADOS: Os dados revelaram diferencas significantes entre todos os dominios. O unico dominio do questionario de qualidade de vida que mostrou correlacao estatisticamente significante com todas as variaveis demograficas foi o dominio Meio Ambiente. CONCLUSAO: Fatores como acesso a lazer, saude e transporte tem papel importante na qualidade de vida percebida por pais de criancas do espectro autistico.
Romanian and American Life Aspirations in Relation to Psychological Well-Being

Researchers have concluded that individuals who perceive extrinsically related goals as relatively more important than intrinsically related aspirations show lower levels of psychological well-being (e.g., Kasser & Ryan, 1993). We found only partial support for the intrinsic goals hypothesis: In this cross-cultural study, Romanians and Americans both showed positive correlations with psychological well-being when community feeling (intrinsic) was considered central to their lives. However, when financial success (extrinsic) was held to be the most central aspiration, only the American sample showed a negative relationship with psychological well-being. Further analyses revealed the meaning of financial success for both cultures: For Americans, financial success was related to “power” and “security,” whereas the same construct more closely related to “self- direction” for the Romanian sample.
The use of fibrin glue for the repair of experimental csf rhinorrhea

Surgical repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea requires the production of a seal able to resist cerebrospinal fluid pressure during the period of healing. Direct suturing, packing with muscle and fat grafts, and coverage with mucosal or muscle flaps have been effective in repairing most CSF leaks. Fibrin glue may enhance the results of a CSF leak repair by providing better adhesion of the graft and improving the initial seal during healing. A study was performed on 36 rats to assess the effectiveness of fibrin glue in repairing experimentally produced CSF leaks. CSF rhinorrhea was produced by creating a defect in the anterior cranial fossa through the region of the cribriform plate. There were four treatment groups: 1. no treatment control; 2. fibrin adhesive alone; 3. muscle packing alone; and 4. fibrin glue with muscle packing. The CSF leaks were evaluated 3 weeks after operation. Persistent CSF leakage was noted in 89% of group 1, 55% of group 2, 33% of group 3, and 22% of group 4. The reduced CSF leakage in the muscle plus fibrin glue group suggests that fibrin glue, by its adhesive sealing properties, enhances the results of muscle packing alone for the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.
The effect of fluoride on bone

Small quantities of fluoride appear to be beneficial to man, imparting an increased resistance to dental caries and producing no general ill effects. Even at minimal levels of ingestion fluoride accumulates in the hard tissues, but at relatively low intakes there is no observed pathological effect. At some point, however, depending upon the rate of ingestion, and possibly related to the concentration of fluoride in bones, skeletal lesions characteristic of chronic fluorosis develop. Few instances of human skeletal fluorosis have been reported, and most of our knowledge concerning this disease has been obtained from experimental animals and from farm animals grazing in fields contaminated with fluorides. I n view of the great interest in the use of fluoride in caries prevention, it is important to recognize the nature of the skeletal lesions, the level of ingested fluoride that can cause them, and the fluoride content of bone associated with the lesions. This paper briefly discusses these aspects of chronic skeletal fluorosis.
Total and specific IgE (house dust mite and intestinal helminths) in asthmatics and controls from Gondar, Ethiopia

The role, if any, of parasitosis in the development of asthma remains incompletely understood; both ‘protective’ and ‘predictive’ associations have been reported. We report a study which examined immunoglobulin (Ig) E responses to two common helminths in asthmatics living in Ethiopia.