Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Restructuring Teachers' Knowledge for Urban Settings.

Future generations of Americans, especially those without access to private or parochial schools, will attend urban schools at one time or another, yet today's urban American schools have been described as the battlegrounds of educational change. They have been regarded as sites of oppositional stances-where students defy teachers, parents, and administrators; where administrators, concerned with keeping their schools open, provide security and uphold schooling as impermeable; where parents are disenfranchised from the schooling effort; where teachers view students as "the enemy"; where training rather than education takes place; and where daily survival is the paramount concern. However, within the confines of the noisy hallways, banging lockers, high-pitched commands over the intercom, and fast-paced interactions between teachers and students, a common cultural milieu is being created. The urban school is emerging as the mediation ground for incoming immigrant, refugee, ethnically and racially diverse, bilingual, and mainstream students. Its mission is clear: to salvage these adults of the future by teaching them the skills and content that will prepare them to make decisions and solve problems in the fast-changing, computer-based American workplace.1 While urban schools do not necessarily require of their teachers
How is the development of dental biofilms influenced by the host?

BACKGROUND The host provides environmental conditions that support diverse communities of microorganisms on all environmentally-exposed surfaces of the body. MATERIALS AND METHODS To review the literature to determine which properties of the host substantially influence the development of dental biofilms. RESULTS The mouth facilitates the growth of a characteristic resident microbiota. The composition of the oral microbiota is influenced by temperature, pH, and atmosphere, as well as by the host defences and host genetics. In addition, the host supplies endogenous nutrients and a variety of surfaces for biofilm formation. In health, the resident oral microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with the host, regulated by active host-microbe cross talk. This resident microbiota is sensitive to perturbations in the host environment, especially to changes in nutrient supply and pH, so that previously minor components of the microbiota can become more competitive (and vice versa), resulting in reorganization of biofilm community structure. CONCLUSION The host environment dictates the composition and gene expression of the resident microbiota. Changes in oral environmental conditions can disrupt the normal symbiotic relationship between the host and its resident microbes, and increase the risk of disease.
Multiepoch Very Long Baseline Array Observations of EGRET-detected Quasars and BL Lacertae Objects: Connection between Superluminal Ejections and Gamma-Ray Flares in Blazars

We examine the coincidence of times of high γ-ray flux and ejections of superluminal components from the core in EGRET blazars based on a Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) monitoring program at 22 and 43 GHz from 1993 November to 1997 July. In 23 cases of γ-ray flares for which sufficient VLBA data exist, 10 of the flares (in eight objects) fall within 1 σ uncertainties of the extrapolated epoch of zero separation from the core of a superluminal radio component. In each of two sources (0528+134 and 1730-130), two successive γ-ray flares were followed by the appearance of new superluminal components. We carried out statistical simulations that show that if the number of coincidences is ≥10, the radio and γ-ray events are associated with each other at greater than 99.999% confidence. Our analysis of the observed behavior, including variability of the polarized radio flux, of the sources before, during, and after the γ-ray flares suggests that the γ-ray events occur in the superluminal radio knots. This implies that the γ-ray flares are caused by inverse Compton scattering by relativistic electrons in the parsec-scale regions of the jet rather than closer to the central engine.
Caspases as therapeutic targets

• Introduction • Activation of caspases ‐ Activation of apoptotic caspases ‐ Activation of inflammatory caspases ‐ Interleukins, their activation by caspases and their role in inflammation • Small molecule inhibitors of caspase activity and activation ‐ Modification of caspase activation ‐ Synthetic molecules as inhibitors of caspase activity • Role of caspases in disease ‐ Caspases as targets in conditions associated with increased levels of apoptosis ‐ Neurodegenerative disease ‐ Ischaemia ‐ Ischaemia/reperfusion injury – implications in transplant injury ‐ Inflammatory diseases ‐ Role of caspases in sepsis – mediators of apoptosis and inflammation ‐ Role of caspase‐1 and ‐12 in sepsis ‐ Role of apoptotic caspases in sepsis • Challenges facing the development of caspase therapeutics • Role of caspases in other aspects of cell death • Role of caspases in non‐apoptotic and non‐inflammatory processes ‐ Role of caspases in differentiation and cell fusion ‐ Role of caspases in cell proliferation • The future of caspase therapeutics
Challenges to Organizational Change: Multi-Level Integrated Information Structures (MIIS)

contributed to the literature review that forms a part of this chapter. Robin McKinnon carried out the primary research and writing of the Grants.gov case study. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND Smokers have a substantially increased risk of intra- and postoperative complications. Preoperative smoking intervention may be effective in decreasing this incidence. The preoperative period may be a well chosen time to offer smoking cessation interventions due to increased patient motivation. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to assess the effect of preoperative smoking intervention on smoking cessation in the postoperative period and longer term. We also set out to determine the effect of smoking cessation on the incidence of postoperative complications. SEARCH STRATEGY The specialized register of the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group was searched using the free text and keywords (surgery) OR (operation) OR (anaesthesia) or (anesthesia). MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were also searched, combining tobacco- and surgery-related terms. Most recent search February 2005. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered randomized trials which recruited smokers prior to surgery, offered a smoking cessation intervention, and measured abstinence from smoking in the preoperative and postoperative periods. We also considered randomized trials of the effect of smoking cessation on the incidence of intra- and postoperative complications. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The authors independently assessed studies to determine eligibility. The results were discussed between the authors. MAIN RESULTS Four trials met the inclusion criteria. All trials significantly reduced preoperative smoking but the effect sizes were heterogeneous so a pooled effect was not estimated. Only two trials reported the effect of the smoking intervention on wound complications, and the results were heterogeneous, with a significant reduction in wound-related complications, cardiopulmonary complications and the overall risk of any complication in one trial, and no evidence of a difference in complications in the other. The effect on longer term smoking cessation was not significant in either of the two trials with follow up beyond the perioperative period. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Preoperative smoking interventions are effective for changing smoking behaviour perioperatively. Direct evidence that reducing or stopping smoking reduces the risk of complications is based on two small trials with differing results. The impact on complications may depend on how long before surgery the smoking behaviour is changed, whether smoking is reduced or stopped completely, and the type of surgery.
Drift Diving by Hooded Seals (Cystophora cristata) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean

Many pinniped species perform a specific dive type, referred to as a ‘drift dive’, where they drift passively through the water column. This dive type has been suggested to function as a resting/sleeping or food processing dive, and can be used as an indication of feeding success by calculating the daily change in vertical drift rates over time, which reflects the relative fluctuations in buoyancy of the animal as the proportion of lipids in the body change. Northwest Atlantic hooded seals perform drift dives at regular intervals throughout their annual migration across the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. We found that the daily change in drift rate varied with geographic location and the time of year and that this differed between sexes. Positive changes in buoyancy (reflecting increased lipid stores) were evident throughout their migration range and although overlapping somewhat, they were not statistically associated with high use areas as indicated by First Passage Time (FPT). Differences in the seasonal fluctuations of buoyancy between males and females suggest that they experience a difference in patterns of energy gain and loss during winter and spring, associated with breeding. The fluctuations in buoyancy around the moulting period were similar between sexes.
Leader Substitutes in Educational Organizations

This study, using stepwise multiple regression analysis, examined the presence of leader substitutes in educational organizations, the relationship between leader substitutes, department head leader behaviors, and teacher-perceived organizational commitment, role ambiguity, and role conflict. Into this study, I incorporated the variables, design, methodology, instrumentation, and data analysis procedures developed by Kerr and Jermier (1978). Generally, leader substitutes, not leader behaviors, were identifled by teachers as having significant relationships to the criterion variables of organizational commitment and role ambiguity. Both leader substitutes and leader behavior weresignificant predictor variables with role conflict.
Social-Psychological Accessibility and Faculty-Student Interaction Beyond the Classroom.

A survey of faculty members at six diverse colleges and universities indicates that the amount of interaction college faculty have with students outside of class is related to faculty accessibility for such interaction. Further, among the most important indicators of accessibility were the teaching practices used by faculty members inside their classrooms. It is asserted that these teaching practices communicate to students how accessible a teacher is for interaction outside the classroom, especially in discussion areas not usually prescribed by the faculty-student role relationship. Data suggesting some of the consequences of out-of-class interaction for faculty are also presented. At the core of most critiques of American higher education is the assertion that effective education requires close working relationships between faculty and undergraduate students. Indeed, whether implicitly or explicitly, many recent indictments of higher education have been made from a philosophical vantage point which posits the importance of close faculty-student interaction not only as a means by which the transmission of knowledge and student intellectual growth is best facilitated, but as an educational goal in and of itself. While it is entirely possible for a teacher to establish close working relationships with his undergraduates as a group, unless his classes are quite small, out-of-class interaction is probably necessary if close, interpersonal relationships between teacher and individual student are to develop. In any case, interaction beyond the classroom would appear to be a *Based on data from the Study of Faculty Characteristics and Faculty
Educating Croesus: talking and learning in Herodotus' Lydian logos

Published as Pelling, C. (2006). 'Educating Croesus: talking and learning in Herodotus' Lydian logos', Classical Antiquity, 25(1), 141-177 © 2006 by the Regents of the University of California. Copying and permissions notice: Authorization to copy this content beyond fair use (as specified in Sections 107 and 108 of the U. S. Copyright Law) for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the Regents of the University of California for libraries and other users, provided that they are registered with and pay the specified fee via Rightslink® on Caliber (http://caliber.ucpress.net/)/ AnthroSource (http://www.anthrosource.net) or directly with the Copyright Clearance Center, http://www.copyright. com.
Clinical Significance of Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Interleukin-6 in Patients with Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

ABSTRACT Purpose/Aim: Although several prognostic factors for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHC) have been reported, preoperative prognostic factors have yet to be established. We investigated the serum concentration of angiogenic, inflammatory, and nutritional parameters. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients with EHC were enrolled before starting treatment. Preoperative prognostic factors were identified using multivariate analyses. Results: The serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels were significantly higher in the patients with EHC (436.0 ± 43.2 ng/ml) than in the healthy volunteers (228.6 ± 22.0 ng/ml) (p <.001). In addition, the serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the patients (18.0 ± 5.6 pg/ml) than in the healthy volunteers (5.7 ± 0.8 pg/ml) (p <.05). The serum IL-6 and sICAM-1 showed a strong correlation (r = 0.559) in the patients with EHC (p <.01). The serum IL-6 (area under the curve = 0.764, p =.030, cut-off level = 11.6) and sICAM-1 (area under the curve = 0.818, p =.007, cutoff level = 322.6) were revealed to be useful as prognostic factors by the receiver operating characteristic curves. The high IL-6 group and the high sICAM-1 group showed poorer DSS than those of the respective low groups. In the multivariate analysis, IL-6 (hazard ratio: 1.050, 95% confidence interval: 1.002–1.100, p =.043) and sICAM-1 (hazard ratio: 1.009, 95% confidence interval: 1.002–1.015, p =.009) were independent prognostic factors for DSS. Conclusions: IL-6 and sICAM-1 were independent preoperative prognostic factors in EHC patients, causing continuous inflammation and malnutrition in collaboration with other pro-angiogenic factors.
The Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Distribution of Convection in Tropical Cyclones

Abstract The influence of vertical wind shear on the azimuthal distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning in tropical cyclones was examined using flash locations from the National Lightning Detection Network. The study covers 35 Atlantic basin tropical cyclones from 1985–99 while they were over land and within 400 km of the coast over water. A strong correlation was found between the azimuthal distribution of flashes and the direction of the vertical wind shear in the environment. When the magnitude of the vertical shear exceeded 5 m s−1, more than 90% of flashes occurred downshear in both the storm core (defined as the inner 100 km) and the outer band region (r = 100–300 km). A slight preference for downshear left occurred in the storm core, and a strong preference for downshear right in the outer rainbands. The results were valid both over land and water, and for depression, storm, and hurricane stages. It is argued that in convectively active tropical cyclones, deep divergent circulations oppose the ver.
Attitude and Behavior Regarding Pleasure Travel Among Mature Consumers

Abstract Socialization Theory guides this study's examination of factors that influence mature consumers' attitudes and behavior regarding pleasure travel. The study examines the extent to which social structural variables are related to mature travelers' interaction with socialization agents, and how social structural and developmental variables are related to their attitudes, past travel behavior, and future travel intentions. Data (n = 182) were collected via mailed questionnaires. A series of multiple regression analyses were used to test hypotheses. The findings reveal that socialization theory serves well in explaining attitude, behavior, and intentions regarding pleasure travel. Socialization agents, social structural variables, and attitudinal components are identified and their relationships with past travel behavior and future travel intentions are assessed.
Human age estimation: What is the influence across race and gender?

In this paper we study some problems important for large-scale human age estimation. First, we study age estimation performance under variations across race and gender. Through a large number of age estimation experiments, significant differences are observed for age estimation between “no crossing” and “crossing. ” Our study discovers that crossing race and gender can result in significant error increases for age estimation. This finding provides a guide for age estimation in practice, especially for cross-database experiments. Second, we propose a complete framework for crossing race and gender age estimation, based on our findings. Third, age estimation is performed on the large database of MORPH-II with more than 55,000 images. A small MAE of 4.45 years is obtained based on our proposed framework, which is much smaller than a recently reported MAE of 8.60 years on MORPH-II.
Agile Compass: A Tool for Identifying Maturity in Agile Software-Development Teams

Researchers investigated how agile software development teams evolve. They analyzed nine teams' evolution of practices and found that the process was idiosyncratic. Each team adopted practices on the basis of its circumstances and improved the practices on the basis of the challenges it faced. Using this research, the researchers designed the Agile Compass, a questionnaire based on a set of guidelines for agile-development improvement, supported by real teams' values and principles. The article has three Web extras. The first shows the Agile Compass questionnaire (https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieeecs.cdn.csdl.public/mags/so/2015/06/extras/mso201506_AnAgile_s1.pdf), which can help development teams identify which outcomes they have accomplished. The second describes the Agile Compass research approach (https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieeecs.cdn.csdl.public/mags/so/2015/06/extras/mso201506_AnAgile_s2.png). The third is the Map of Evidence (https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieeecs.cdn.csdl.public/mags/so/2015/06/extras/mso201506_AnAgile_s3.png), showing the information supporting each type of project outcome that the authors gathered during interviews with development teams.
An Engineered Zinc Finger Protein Activator of the Endogenous Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Provides Functional Neuroprotection in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Loss of dopaminergic neurons is primarily responsible for the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD); thus, neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative strategies remain critical to the treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease. Here we explore a novel approach to neurotrophic factor-based therapy by engineering zinc finger protein transcription factors (ZFP TFs) that activate the expression of the endogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene. We show that GDNF activation can be achieved with exquisite genome-wide specificity. Furthermore, in a rat model of PD, striatal delivery of an adeno-associated viral vector serotype 2 encoding the GDNF activator resulted in improvements in forelimb akinesia, sensorimotor neglect, and amphetamine-induced rotations caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. Our results suggest that an engineered ZFP TF can drive sufficient GDNF expression in the brain to provide functional neuroprotection against 6-OHDA; therefore, targeted activation of the endogenous gene may provide a method for delivering appropriate levels of GDNF to PD patients.
Structured communication in torus networks

Studies one-to-all and all-to-all data movement patterns on cycles, tori, and multi-dimensional tori that use synchronous circuit-switched routing with virtual channels. The data movement patterns that we study are broadcasting, scattering, gossiping and multi-scattering. We present new circuit-switching algorithms for all of these patterns for cycles, two-dimensional tori and multi-dimensional tori. We compare our new algorithms to the best known store-and-forward algorithms and lower bounds. In most cases, we conclude that circuit-switched routing is best when messages are "short" and store-and-forward routing is best for long messages. Surprisingly, a few of our new circuit-switching algorithms outperform all known store-and-forward algorithms for all message lengths. <<ETX>>
The ability of rapid retinal reattachment to stop or reverse the cellular and molecular events initiated by detachment.

PURPOSE To determine the effects of reattachment on the molecular and cellular events initiated by a retinal detachment lasting 1 hour or 1 day. METHODS Experimental retinal detachments were created in the right eyes of nine cats. Reattachments were performed 1 hour (n = 3) or 1 day (n = 3) after the detachment, and the animals were killed 3 days after detachment. Three-day detached (n = 3) and normal (n = 3) retinas were used for comparisons. Agarose-embedded sections were double labeled with a panel of antibodies. Some sections were also probed with the TUNEL technique to detect apoptotic cells. Wax-embedded sections were labeled with the MIB-1 antibody to the Ki67 protein to detect proliferating cells. RESULTS The 1-hour and 1-day detachments followed by reattachment showed a very similar and consistent reduction in photoreceptor deconstruction and the Müller cell gliotic response when compared with 3-day retinal detachments without reattachment. Light microscopy and immunolabeling with opsin antibodies showed a significant reduction in both rod and cone outer segment (OS) degeneration, even though OS length was shorter than normal. The reattachments also showed a reduction in opsin redistribution, retraction of rod terminals, TUNEL-labeled photoreceptors, loss of cytochrome oxidase staining in photoreceptors, neurite outgrowth from second-order neurons, the number of proliferating cells, and the increase in intermediate filaments and loss of soluble proteins from Müller cells. The apparent re-ensheathing of the OS by the apical processes of the retinal pigment epithelium had begun but was not completely normal. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that, even though the length of the OS is less than normal, retinal reattachment within 1 day of detachment can either greatly retard or reverse many of the molecular and cellular changes initiated by detachment.
Adults with aphasia value their involvement in teaching nursing assistant students about aphasia and communication

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Welsh, B. D. , & Szabo, G. B. (2011). Teaching nursing assistant students about aphasia and communication. Seminars in Speech and Language, 32, 243–255. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: The author is funded by an Australian NHMRC Postdoctoral Fellowship. No conflicts of interest reported by the original authors of this research report.