Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of dielectric breakdown of SF6 gas circuit breaker during large current interruption

This paper presents the analysis of the dielectric characteristics of hot SF6 gas in the gas circuit breaker. Hot gas flow is analyzed using the finite volume method-based CFD code considering the moving boundary, material properties of hot SF6 gas, and arc model. In the arc model, the re-absorption of the emitted radiation is approximated with the boundary source layer where the re-absorbed radiation energy is input as an energy source term in the energy conservation equation. The breakdown performance of the hot gas is predicted using the critical breakdown field and the applied field intensity. The analysis method is applied to the gas circuit breaker with different shield shapes and the results are compared.
The relationship between early family experience and courtship violence

The purpose ofthis study wasto examine the relation between adultfemales'early parent-child relationships and courtship violence. It was expected thatthose who experienced a less secure relationship with their parents during childhood (including having experienced child abuseor observed parental abuse)would be more likely as adults to have problems in intimate relationships, including becoming involved in violent dating relationships. Participants were 79female college students(36 who had experienced dating violence,and 43who had not)who ranged in age from 17 to 36 years old. All subjects completed a questionnaire that assessed early attachment history, violence in subjects' family-of-origin,current interpersonal relationships,and dating violence. A direct discriminantfunction analysis suggested thatthe primary variable that distinguished between those who experienced dating violence and those who did not was witnessing the parents abuse each other. Otherfactors included, in order, being abused asa child, having a"less secure" mother-child attachment,and having a "less secure"father-child attachment. Results of this study concur with other research that suggeststhat dysfunctional early family environments may predispose individuals toward having deficits in later intimate relationships.
Analisis Kepercayaan dan Kepuasan terhadap Penggunaan Sistem Transaksi Jual Beli Online (Studi pada Konsumen “Z”)

This study aims to determine and analyze 1) the belief effect on the use of online trading transaction system (Study on Consumer "Z") 2) satisfaction affect the use of online transactional trading system (Study On Consumer "Z") 3) trust and satisfaction effect simultaneously on the use of transactional system of online sale (Study On Consumer "Z"). The population in this study are consumers who conduct transactions through e-commerce with the amount that can not be known for certain. Data analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The conclusion of the research results as follows: 1) Trust affects the use of online buying and selling transaction system on Consumer "Z". The results of the analysis can be seen that "Z" is a buying and selling site that should give priority to consumer confidence in order to support transactions made by consumers. 2) Satisfaction affect the use of transactional trading system. ". The results of the analysis can be seen that "Z" is a buying and selling site that must provide assurance of customer satisfaction so that it can support consumers to conduct transactions online. Keywords: Trust, Satisfaction and Usage of Buy and Sell Transaction System Online ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis 1) kepercayaan berpengaruh terhadap penggunaan sistem transaksi jual beli online (Studi Pada Konsumen “Z”) 2) kepuasan berpengaruh terhadap penggunaan sistem transaksi jual beli online (Studi Pada Konsumen “Z”) 3) kepercayaan dan kepuasan berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap penggunaan sistem transaksi jual beli online (Studi Pada Konsumen “Z”). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah konsumen yang melakukan transaksi melalui e-commerce dengan jumlah yang tidak dapat diketahui secara pasti. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linier berganda. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: 1) Kepercayaan berpengaruh terhadap penggunaan sistem transaksi jual beli online pada Konsumen “Z”. Hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa “Z” merupakan situs jual beli yang harus mengutamakan kepercayaan konsumen sehingga dapat mendukung transaksi yang dilakukan oleh konsumen. 2) Kepuasan berpengaruh terhadap penggunaan sistem transaksi jual beli. ”. Hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa “Z” merupakan situs jual beli yang harus memberikan jaminan kepuasan konsumen sehinga dapat mendukung konsumen untuk melakukan transaksi secara online . Kata Kunci: Kepercayaan , Kepuasan dan Penggunaan Sistem Transaksi Jual Beli Online
Heterosynaptic metaplastic regulation of synaptic efficacy in CA1 pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampus

The induction threshold, and the magnitude and direction of changes in synaptic plasticity may depend on the previous history of neuronal activity. This phenomenon, termed “metaplasticity,” could play an important role in integration processes by coordinating the modulation of synapses. Although metaplasticity has been analyzed extensively, its underlying cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Using in vitro electrophysiological and computer simulation approaches, we investigated the contribution of the slow Ca2+‐dependent afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) in the metaplastic control of the induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) at convergent CA3‐CA1 pyramidal neuron synapses. We report that classical conditioning protocols may lead to the simultaneous induction of a sustained homosynaptic LTP and a potentiation of the sAHP that endured ≈1 h. The sAHP potentiation dramatically altered the spike responses of the CA1 pyramidal neuron. Of particular interest was the reduction of the CA1 neuron excitability and, consequently, of the capacity of a nonpotentiated synaptic input to elicit spikes while the sAHP was potentiated. This reduction in excitability temporarily prevented nonpotentiated synaptic inputs to exhibit an LTP induced by presynaptic tetanization. This metaplasticity was strongly resistant to increases in the magnitude of synaptic tetanization protocols. We propose that this heterosynaptic metaplasticity, mediated by intrinsic cellular mechanisms, triggered by brief periods of activity, and relying on changes of a slow Ca2+‐activated K+ current, may contribute to adjusting the efficacy of synaptic connections and shaping network behavior to regulate integration processes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Population of High-Redshift Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts

The redshift distribution of the short-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is a crucial, but currently fragmentary, clue to the nature of their progenitors. Here we present optical observations of nine short GRBs obtained with Gemini, Magellan, and the Hubble Space Telescope. We detect the afterglows and host galaxies of two short bursts, and host galaxies for two additional bursts with known optical afterglow positions, and five with X-ray positions (≲6'' radius). In eight of the nine cases we find that the most probable host galaxies are faint, R ≈ 23-26.5 mag, and are therefore starkly different from the first few short GRB hosts with R ≈ 17-22 mag and z ≲ 0.5. Indeed, we measure spectroscopic redshifts of z ≈ 0.4-1.1 for the four brightest hosts. A comparison to large field galaxy samples, as well as the hosts of long GRBs and previous short GRBs, indicates that the fainter hosts likely reside at z ≳ 1. Our most conservative limit is that at least half of the five hosts without a known redshift reside at z > 0.7 (97% confidence level), suggesting that about to of all short GRBs originate at higher redshifts than previously determined. This has two important implications: (1) we constrain the acceptable age distributions to a wide lognormal (σ ≳ 1) with τ* ~ 4-8 Gyr, or to a power law, P(τ) ∝ τn, with -1 ≲ n ≲ 0; and (2) the inferred isotropic energies, Eγ,iso ~ 1050-1052 ergs, are significantly larger than ~1048-1049 ergs for the low-redshift, short GRBs, indicating a large spread in energy release or jet opening angles. Finally, we reiterate the importance of short GRBs as potential gravitational-wave sources and find a conservative detection rate with the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) of ~2-6 yr-1.
Interested in Different Things or in Different Ways?: Exploring the Engagement Distinction Between Openness and Intellect

Openness and intellect may differentially predict engagement for two possible reasons. First, engagement with sensory experiences is associated with openness, whereas engagement with abstract information is associated with intellect – a distinction based on content. Second, openness reflects affective, and intellect cognitive processing – a distinction based on affect. These two positions are contrasted through associations of both openness and intellect with interest in a broad range of stimuli. Participants (N = 191) viewed images of visual art, philosophical quotations, and scientific discoveries and rated them on interest, appraised novelty and understanding. Only openness predicted greater interest in all stimuli types. Appraised understanding mediated the openness-interest relationship for visual art and philosophy, while intellect was associated with greater appraised understanding of science and philosophy. Openness was associated with weaker understanding-interest relationships for visual art, and greater reactivity to novelty for science and philosophy. We conclude that one way to think of the engagement distinction between openness and intellect is in terms of emotional versus cognitive engagement. That is, the aspects reflect engagement in different ways rather than in different things.
Those Who Do Big Bad Things also Usually Do Little Bad Things: Identifying Active Serious Offenders Using Offender Self-Selection

Traditionally the identification and apprehension of active serious offenders has relied on information from the public, the targeting of ‘known’ offenders and current knowledge of offending patterns. More recently, the method of offender self-selection has been offered as an additional identification tool, where certain minor infractions have been found to be ‘triggers' for uncovering serious criminality — self-selection because the individual has broken a law in the first place. This paper details a police operation — ‘Operation Visitor’ (focused on visitors to a young offenders' institute, to explore whether minor offences committed (either whilst at, or en route to the institution) can be used as trigger offences to indicate serious criminality. One-third of visitors caught offending had criminal histories, several considered serious active offenders.
Association between Self-Efficacy and Health Behaviour in Disease Control: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND : Self-efficacy is defined as his or her belief of their capacity to produce specific performance attainments where represent the ability of positive and negative control over their own motivation, behavior, and social environment. Interventions to increase self-efficacy are a potentially effective way of changing health behavior towards attractive results, however the subject has not been systematically reviewed. This review aims to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and change in good health behaviour. METHODS : A comprehensive and extensive search of four bibliographic data bases was conducted for papers reporting health promotion and educational interventions that explicitly targeted self-efficacy in order to change health behaviour in achieving better disease control. RESULTS : Out of 314 studies, 13 were included in the review. Of these, 8 were found to have significant association between self-efficacy and specific health behaviours. However, 5 studies failed to show any significant prediction towards health behavior. Another 6 studies showed either significant mediation effect or indirect relationship of self-efficacy and health behaviours. CONCLUSIONS : Self-efficacy appears to be an important psychosocial construct that may directly or indirectly affect health behaviour to control diseases. Self-efficacy may also function as a link between effective health promotion and educational interventions and health behaviour change in disease control.
Countering State-Sponsored Cyber Economic Espionage under International Law

=2479609. 486 N.C. J. INT'L L. & COM. REG. Vol. XL related to the actions of those same rebels or the government, with no other actions taken, while arguably violating the domestic espionage laws and sovereignty of the state, would not violate the norm of non-intervention since there would be no element of coercion involved in the intelligence collection activities alone. The topic of coercion as an element of the norm of nonintervention will be addressed in more detail later in this Article as it relates to the theft of intellectual property as a form of coercive intervention. Some observers have argued that espionage may be legal as a matter of customary international law. The suggestion is that because of the long-standing practice by most states, sending spies clandestinely into another country is not legally wrong. Under international law, this argument is based on the principle of customary international law that supports the existence of an international rule based on evidence of a “general practice accepted as law. ” As stated in Article 38(1)(b) of the ICJ Statute and supported by decisions of the ICJ, a customary rule requires both generally uniform and consistent state practice and opinio juris, the belief by the state that the behavior is required or permitted under international law. Scholars have suggested that the argument of customary law is a flawed offering as support the fact that when a state’s spy is captured, the sending state typically does not intervene and 186 McDougal et al., supra note 4, at 368 n.7 (“We may, nonetheless, distinguish between gathering operations which constitute an intense intervention in some segment of social process and those whose degree of passive observation approaches social innocuousness. The degree of intervention of the gathering process has a number of important legal ramifications.”). 187 See Smith, supra note 64, at 545 (“[B]ecause espionage is such a fixture in international affairs, it is fair to day that the practice of states recognizes espionage as a legitimate function of the states, and therefore it is legal as a matter of customary international law. Evidence of that is when intelligence officers are accused of operating under diplomatic cover in an embassy, they are nearly always declared personae non gratae and sent home. In exercising the right to ‘PNG’ a diplomat, the receiving state typically says their activities were inconsistent with diplomatic activities. I can recall no instance in which a receiving state has said that these activities violate international law.”). 188 Id. 189 Statute of the International Court of Justice art. 38 para. 1b, June 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1031, 33 U.N.T.S. 993, available at http;//www.icj-cij.org/documents/ index.php? p1=4p North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, 1969 I.C. J. 44, para.
Exploring a conceptual model, based on the combined effects of entrepreneurial leadership, market orientation and relationship marketing orientation on South Africa's small tourism business performance

This article explores the relationships between entrepreneurial leadership, market orientation and relationship marketing orientation and South Africa’s Small tourism business performance. The entrepreneurial leadership construct is a product of the fusion of entrepreneurship and leadership constructs. This article firstly explores the relationship of entrepreneurial leadership as an antecedent to the blend of market orientation and relationship marketing orientation on small tourism performance, and secondly the relationship of the combined effects of entrepreneurial leadership, market orientation and relationship marketing orientation on small tourism business performance. It is a descriptive and theoretical article, and thus secondary data from previous studies are used as comparative analysis for examination and discussion. The findings indicate that there is a relationship between the identified constructs. However, the exact nature and extent of these relationships need to be further investigated.
Validity of a three-variable Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score in children with new-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Objectives To investigate the validity and feasibility of the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS) in the routine clinical setting for all juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) disease categories and explore whether exclusion of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) from JADAS (the ‘JADAS3’) influences correlation with single markers of disease activity. Methods JADAS-71, JADAS-27 and JADAS-10 were determined at baseline for an inception cohort of children with JIA in the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study. JADAS3-71, JADAS3-27 and JADAS3-10 were determined using an identical formula but with exclusion of ESR. Correlation of JADAS with JADAS3 and single measures of disease activity/severity were determined by category. Results Of 956 eligible children, sufficient data were available to calculate JADAS-71, JADAS-27 and JADAS-10 at baseline in 352 (37%) and JADAS3 in 551 (58%). The median (IQR) JADAS-71, JADAS-27 and JADAS-10 for all 352 children was 11 (5.9–18), 10.4 (5.7–17) and 11 (5.9–17.3), respectively. Median JADAS and JADAS3 varied significantly with the category (Kruskal–Wallis p=0.0001), with the highest values in children with polyarticular disease patterns. Correlation of JADAS and JADAS3 across all categories was excellent. Correlation of JADAS71 with single markers of disease activity/severity was good to moderate, with some variation across the categories. With the exception of ESR, correlation of JADAS3-71 was similar to correlation of JADAS-71 with the same indices. Conclusions This study is the first to apply JADAS to all categories of JIA in a routine clinical setting in the UK, adding further information about the feasibility and construct validity of JADAS. For the majority of categories, clinical applicability would be improved by exclusion of the ESR.
The Informed Consent Model of Transgender Care: An Alternative to the Diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria

Historically, researchers and clinicians have viewed the transgender experience through a narrow diagnostic lens and have neglected to acknowledge the diverse experiences of those who identify as transgender. Currently, under the mainstream treatment paradigm, in order to be deemed eligible for gender transition services, transgender clients must meet criteria for a diagnosis of “gender dysphoria” as described in the DSM-5. An alternative to the diagnostic model for transgender health is the Informed Consent Model, which allows for clients who are transgender to access hormone treatments and surgical interventions without undergoing mental health evaluation or referral from a mental health specialist. This model shows promise for the treatment and understanding of the transgender experience outside of the lens of medical pathologization.
Commentary on Pharmacometrics for Immunotherapy

This commentary provides an overview of recent examples of pharmacometrics applied during the clinical development of two antagonists of the programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) cell surface receptor, pembrolizumab and nivolumab. Despite the remarkable achievements obtained in predicting the correct dosing schedule from different quantitative approaches, data indicated a great degree of heterogeneity in tumor response. To achieve therapeutic goals the search for predictive biomarkers associated with a lack of response and mechanism‐based combination studies are warranted.
Master ’ s Thesis Title Design , Implementation and Evaluation of Scalable Resource Management System for Internet Servers

A great deal of research has been devoted to solving the problem of network congestion posed against the context of increasing Internet traffic. However, there has been little concern regarding improvements of the performance of Internet servers such as Web/Web proxy servers in spite of the projections that the performance bottleneck will shift from networks to endhosts. For example, Web servers or Web proxy servers must accommodate many TCP connections simultaneously and their server throughputs degrade when resource management schemes are not considered. In the previous work, we have proposed a scalable resource management scheme for Web servers in order to overcome above-mentioned problems, which has two major mechanisms: one is a dynamic allocation of send socket buffer, which assigns a proper size of send socket buffer to each TCP connection based on an ‘expected’ throughput estimated at a TCP sender host. The other is a memory-copy reduction scheme, which decreases the number of memory access operations in a data transmission at a TCP sender host. We have validated the effectiveness of our proposed scheme through some simulation and implementation experiments, and confirmed that our scheme can improve a server performance and fair and effective usage of the send socket buffer can be achieved. In the current Internet, however, many Web document transfer requests are transferred via Web proxy servers, which are usually prepared by ISPs (Internet Service Providers) for their customers. They must accommodate many TCP connections both upward TCP connections (from the proxy 1 server to Web servers) and downward TCP connections (from client hosts to the proxy server). Hence, a proxy server becomes a likely spot for bottlenecks to occur during Web document transfers, even when the bandwidth of the network and Web server performance are adequate. In this thesis, therefore, we propose a novel scalable resource management scheme for Web proxy servers. Our proposed scheme has two following mechanisms: one is a dynamic allocation of receive socket buffer for each TCP connection at a TCP receiver host, which assigns it based on its utilization monitored at the receiver host. Another is a connection management scheme that intentionally tries to close ‘idle’ persistent TCP connections, which transfer no data, in order to prevent newly arriving TCP connections from being rejected when the server resources becomes shorthanded. We validate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme through some simulation and implementation experiments. From these results, we conclusively confirm that our proposed scheme can improve the server performance by up to 50% at maximum, and document transfer delay perceived by client hosts can be decreased by up to about 30%.