Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Governance Delegation Agreements: Shared Sovereignty as a Substitute for Limited Statehood

Governance delegation agreements — international treaties allowing external actors legal authority within host states for fixed terms — succeed in simple and, under certain conditions, complex state-building tasks. These deals are well institutionalized and have input legitimacy because ratification requires sufficient domestic support from a ruling coalition. In order to obtain that input legitimacy, however, host states constrain external actors commensurate with their level of statehood: Stronger states delegate less legal authority. This article argues that these constraints, which produce joint rather than complete authority, require external actors to work within state structures rather than substituting for them, and thus make coordination of complex tasks more difficult. A quantitative overview of data on consent-based peacekeeping missions complements a qualitative analysis focused on comparative case studies in Melanesia and Central America to test the theory. The results support the theory and suggest that these deals hold promise particularly for accomplishing complex tasks in especially weak states.
Growth Hormone Induces Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Bone‐Related Proteins in the Developing Rat Periodontium

The hypothesis that growth hormone (GH) up‐regulates the expression of enzymes, matrix proteins, and differentiation markers involved in mineralization of tooth and bone matrices was tested by the treatment of Lewis dwarf rats with GH over 5 days. The molar teeth and associated alveolar bone were processed for immunohistochemical demonstration of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP‐2 and ‐4), bone morphogenetic protein type IA receptor (BMPR‐IA), bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and E11 protein (E11). The cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells responded to GH by expressing BMP‐2 and ‐4, BMPR‐IA, ALP, OC, and OPN and increasing the numbers of these cells. No changes were found in patterns of expression of the late differentiation markers BSP and E11 in response to GH. Thus, GH evokes expression of bone markers of early differentiation in cementoblasts, PDL cells, and osteoblasts of the periodontium. We propose that the induction of BMP‐2 and ‐4 and their receptor by GH compliments the role of GH‐induced insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) in promoting bone and tooth root formation.
An Electorate Adrift: Refugees and Elections in post-Milošević Serbia

Abstract A political scientist and an anthropologist combine methodologies and perspectives from their respective fields to re-examine the relationship between refugee populations and support for radical political options in the Republic of Serbia. The results of their research challenge the stereotype of a homogeneously radicalised refugee electorate and instead suggest that the Serbian Radical Party garners support only in those areas where highly concentrated populations of refugees from Croatia have created an ideal mix of socio-culture characteristics and alienation from the domicile population to raise support for the Radicals from voters in the refugee and domicile populations.
Cleft lips and palates: A societal perspective

The congenital anomaly of cleft lips and palates is probably more misunderstood than most. The attitude of National Governments, medical professionals and society at large often ranges from unsympathetic to callous. Luckily this is changing and bringing more cleft affected people back into the mainstream than at any other time in history. But there's still a long way to go.
Inequality, Tolerance, and Growth

This paper argues for the importance of individuals’ tolerance of inequality for economic growth. By using the political ideology of governments as a measure of revealed tolerance of inequality, the paper shows that controlling for ideology improves the accuracy with which the effects of inequality are measured. Results show that inequality reduces growth but more so in societies where people perceive it as being relatively unfair. Further results indicate that legal quality and social trust are likely transmission channels for the effects of inequality.
The Contribution of Women on Boards of Directors: Going Beyond the Surface

The increased attention to women on corporate boards presents new challenges to governance research. In this paper we go beyond demography and open the “black box” of board behavior by drawing upon theories of gender differences and group effectiveness. A unique survey of 201 Norwegian firms is used. The findings suggest that the ratio of women directors is positively associated with board strategic control. In addition, we find that the positive effects of women directors on board effectiveness are mediated through increased board development activities and through decreased level of conflict. However, our results show no evidence for a positive association between women directors and open debate. Nonetheless, open debate enhances board's strategic and operational control. Recognizing the limitations of traditional governance theories to explain the role and contributions of women on corporate boards, this paper draws upon group effectiveness and gender differences theories to shed some light on whether and how women make a difference to board effectiveness in strategic and operational control. Women's ability to make a contribution to the board may be attributable to their different leadership styles. The presence of women on corporate boards seems to increase board effectiveness through reducing the level of conflict and ensuring high quality of board development activities.
Partial Takeovers: Are They Coercive?

Considerable publicity has been given to the call for further regulating partial takeover bids in Australia. This call is largely based on a premise that they coerce shareholders into accepting a takeover offer which will decrease their wealth. An alternate argument is that in a competitive market for corporate control partial takeovers will increase the wealth of shareholders, not decrease it. In this paper, data reported in the Companies and Securities Law Review Committee's Discussion Paper No. 2 is extended and evaluated in a conceptual framework. The evidence is consistent with partial takeovers being shareholder-wealth-increasing events.
Agrarian change and rising vulnerability in rural sub-Saharan Africa

The past 20 years or so have seen the marked emergence of highly vulnerable peasant populations in many sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Here vulnerability is taken to have the twin attributes of exposure to risk and inability to deal with risky events when they occur. Over much of SSA, the livelihood circumstances of all except perhaps the top income quarter of peasant households are failing to improve to any measurable degree, and in many instances are deteriorating so that livelihoods become more rather than less prone to collapse in the event of even minor disturbances in the normal rhythm of daily and seasonal life. In the literature many different factors have been implicated in this state of affairs: flaws in the market liberalisation project; economic growth failures; politics and governance failures; adverse trends in natural resource access and environmental conditions; climate change; the HIV/AIDS pandemic; trade disadvantages; and globalisation. This essay steers one particular course through this maze, focusing successively on flaws in liberalisation processes, diversification responses, external factors and vulnerability outcomes, based in the main on findings from micro-level studies. Some preliminary points are worth making that connect this essay to certain literatures. The distinctive cultural and social features of SSA peasantries are widely recognised to have experienced accelerated erosion since the start of the liberalisation era in the mid 1980s. Two differing peasant trajectories are discussed in the literature: the decline in their reliance on agriculture, known as ‘deagrarianisation’, and the erosion of the family basis of their livelihoods, sometimes referred to as ‘depeasantisation’. The former has been extensively researched under the rubric of livelihood diversification, and this essay returns later to some critical features of this process. The latter is difficult to pin down but might be expected to manifest itself in rising wage labour and non-farm enterprise ownership and declining ‘unpaid’ family labour on farms and in other activities in rural areas. These are less definitive tendencies in contemporary rural Africa. Few would argue nowadays that the contemporary peasant sector in SSA represents good opportunities for surplus extraction in order to fuel the growth of the New Political Economy, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 2006
Reduction of contradictory partial occlusion in mixed reality by using characteristics of transparency perception

One of the challenges in mixed reality (MR) applications is handling contradictory occlusions between real and virtual objects. The previous studies have tried to solve the occlusion problem by extracting the foreground region from the real image. However, real-time occlusion handling is still difficult since it takes too much computational cost to precisely segment foreground regions in a complex scene. In this study, therefore, we proposed an alternative solution to the occlusion problem that does not require precise foreground-background segmentation. In our method, a virtual object is blended with a real scene so that the virtual object can be perceived as being behind the foreground region. For this purpose, we first investigated characteristics of human transparency perception in a psychophysical experiment. Then we made a blending algorithm applicable to real scenes based on the results of the experiment.
Expression of chemokine receptors predicts the site of metastatic relapse in patients with axillary node positive primary breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that chemokine receptors are involved in development of organ-specific pattern of metastases. In the present study, we evaluated the association between the chemokine receptors expressed in primary tumor cells and the site of metastatic relapse in patients with breast cancer. METHODS Primary tumors were obtained from 142 patients with axillary node-positive breast cancer and stained for CX3CR1, CXCR4, CCR6, and CCR7 expression. All statistical analyses were adjusted for systemic post-operative treatment. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 13 years, none of the chemokine receptors was associated with overall survival or disease free survival. However, expression of chemokine receptors was found to be associated with increased risk of relapse in certain organs. By estimating the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR), CXCR4 was associated with increased risk of metastasis to the liver (OR = 3.71, P = 0.005), CX3CR1 was associated with metastasis to the brain (OR = 13.18, P = 0.01). Patients with CCR6 positivity were more likely to develop a first metastasis in the pleura (OR = 2.82, P = 0.06). In addition, CCR7 expression was associated with the occurrence of skin metastases (11% versus 0%, P = 0.017). INTERPRETATION Expression of chemokine receptors in the primary tumor predicts the site of metastatic relapse in patients with axillary node positive breast cancer. This study, in concordance with the data obtained in animal models, suggests that the chemokine receptors family could be the biological support of the 'seed and soil' theory.
On the Relation of Job Insecurity, Job Autonomy, Innovative Work Behaviour and the Mediating Effect of Work Engagement

European policy is focusing on innovation as a way out of the economic crisis. At the same time, job insecurity is rising as Europe is still in crisis. In this paper, we examine whether job insecurity affects the innovative work behaviour of employees by focusing on the relation between job insecurity, job autonomy, work engagement and innovative work behaviour (IWB). Using employee level survey data, we use structural equation modelling to disentangle the relations between these variables. The partially mediated model shows the best fit with the data. This model shows that job insecurity and autonomy are both directly and indirectly, through work engagement, related with IWB. For autonomy these relations are positive, while they are negative (and smaller) for job insecurity. Moreover, a negative covariance is observed between job insecurity and autonomy.
Do LBO Supermarkets Charge More? An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of LBOs on Supermarket Pricing

This article examines changes in supermarket prices in local markets following supermarket leveraged buyouts (LBOs). The author finds that prices rise following LBOs in local markets in which the LBO firm's rivals are also highly leveraged and that LBO firms have higher prices than their less leveraged rivals, suggesting that LBOs create incentives to raise prices. However she also finds that prices fall following LBOs in local markets in which rival firms have low leverage and are concentrated. These price drops are associated with LBO firms exiting the local market suggesting that rivals attempt to 'prey' on LBO chains. Copyright 1995 by American Finance Association.
Market Efficiency and Insider Trading: New Evidence

That corporate insiders earn profits from stock trading does not surprise most financial economists, but that outsiders can earn abnormal returns by using pub licly-available, insider-trading data constitutes a serious exception to stock-market efficiency. The authors show that this anomaly conti nues to exist despite the publication of studies attesting to its exi stence. They suggest that the anomalous profits to outsiders are a ma nifestation of the size and earnings/price ratio effects. Controlling for these factors reduces outsider profits by half: the additional a ssumption of a 2 percent transactions cost makes outsider profits zer o or negative. Insider profits, after an assumed 2 percent transactio ns cost, are a moderate 3 percent per annum for annual holding period s. Copyright 1988 by the University of Chicago.
Corporate governance and capital structure in developing countries: a case study of Bangladesh

This paper investigates the influence of firm-level corporate governance on the capital structure pattern of non-financial listed firms, using a case study of Bangladesh. The agency theory suggests that better corporate governance will reduce agency costs and improve investor confidence, which in turn will enhance the ability of a firm to gain access to equity finance, reducing dependence on debt finance. Conversely, the controlling shareholders of poorly governed firms are likely to prefer debt, in order to retain absolute ownership and control rights. The OLS regression framework uses a questionnaire-survey based Corporate Governance Index (CGI). The study results seem to support agency theory, with a statistically significant inverse relationship between corporate governance quality and the total as well as long-term debt ratios.
Mechanism of Dissipative-Soliton-Resonance Generation in Passively Mode-Locked All-Normal-Dispersion Fiber Lasers

Numerical simulations on dissipative-soliton-resonance generation in an all-normal-dispersion fiber ring laser are presented. Situations with monotonic and periodical saturable absorption are both considered. The multipulse operation in dissipative soliton laser is found to be caused by the spectral filtering effect that limits the spectral maximum width, and the multipulsing can be fully circumvent by inducing strong peak-power-clamping effect of a sinusoidal saturable absorber in the cavity. When the cavity peak-power-clamping effect is strong enough that the pulse peak power and the pulse spectral width are both confined at a low value, the spectral filtering effect induced multipulse operation is prevented and the dissipative-soliton-resonance is generated. Otherwise, the spectral filtering effect causes pulse breaking before the pulse peak power reaches the saturation point. Further results show that under the dissipative-soliton-resonance, the generated pulse peak power can be directly controlled by the cavity peak-power-clamping effect, which is determined by the saturation power of the saturable absorber.
Labour‐market performance in the OECD: some recent cross‐country evidence

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to assess the evolution of labour-market performance in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) over the last decade, considering the robustness of the claims made in an important OECD follow-up study. Design/methodology/approach - The paper sets up an empirical framework calibrated on an important OECD follow-up study, and suggests some ways in which the impact of unobserved heterogeneity and outliers on policy estimates can be treated in a cross-section framework. The framework applies to the data for 30 OECD countries. Findings - The paper finds that changes in labour-market performance are inversely linked to lagged unemployment. Changes in the share of construction workers are also significant even in the presence of various kinds of policy change indicators. As far as the latter are concerned, the results highlight the role of unemployment benefits and, especially, active labour-market policies. Research limitations/implications - The kind of policy change indicators used do not allow the adoption of panel data techniques. Practical implications - An important policy role seems to emerge for unemployment benefit reforms and, even more so, active labour-market policies. The evidence also supports the contention that the construction sector is important for labour-market performance. Originality/value - The paper brings to the fore novel evidence about cross-country labour-market performance at a time when this issue is of high interest for citizens and policy-makers.
ECONOMIC CRISIS IN CROATIA

Croatia is becoming the 28th member of the European Union on July 1st, 2013. Croatia has gone a long way from a socialist republic to an independent country recognized as one of the economic tigers of the Western Balkans in the first decade of the 21st century. Croatia has been hit by the global crisis, which turned out to be a huge external shock for the region of the Western Balkans. Although it does not enter the economy through the direct channels, as local banks have not been engaged in toxic assets trade, but indirect channels, like the decrease of FDI, which deepens foreign trade deficits, slow credit growth or decrease of remittance which lead to economic disturbances during the last phase of the European integration process. Small economies, like Croatia, are exposed much more to the effects of any disturbances on the international scene. They are dependent on foreign trade and the inflow of FDI, while their demand and inflation rate are affected by the pace of changes in big economies. The article addresses the problem of economic development in the country which needs to deal with a problem of the economic crisis infection and the EU integration process. The article studies the economic situation in Croatia which is the consequence of a recovery plan undertaken by the Croatian government.
Important Food and Service Quality Attributes of Dining Service in Continuing Care Retirement Communities

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance and performance of food and service quality attributes in the provision of foodservice for older adults. This study surveyed the independent living residents of three continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs) in a Midwestern state. Attributes with highest importance rating included food sanitation skills, personal hygiene and clean appearance of wait staff tenderness of meat, and taste and flavor of food. Overall respondents rated perceived service quality attributes higher than food quality attributes. By knowing which attributes are most important to residents, the foodservice manager can determine the specific attributes to promote in order to increase the frequency with which residents eat in the dining room.
A modular family 19 chitinase found in the prokaryotic organism Streptomyces griseus HUT 6037

The specificity of chitinase C-1 of Streptomyces griseus HUT 6037 for the hydrolysis of the beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages in partially acetylated chitosan is different from that of other microbial chitinases. In order to study the primary structure of this unique chitinase, the chiC gene specifying chitinase C-1 was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 294 amino acids with a calculated size of 31.4 kDa. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the deduced polypeptide with that of other proteins revealed a C-terminal catalytic domain displaying considerable sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of plant class I, II, and IV chitinases which form glycosyl hydrolase family 19. The N-terminal domain of the deduced polypeptide exhibits sequence similarity to substrate-binding domains of several microbial chitinases and cellulases but not to the chitin-binding domains of plant chitinases. The previously purified chitinase C-1 from S. griseus is suggested to be generated by proteolytic removal of the N-terminal chitin-binding domain and corresponds to the catalytic domain of the chitinase encoded by the chiC gene. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the hydrolysis products from N-acetyl chitotetraose revealed that chitinase C-1 catalyzes hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond with inversion of the anomeric configuration, in agreement with the previously reported inverting mechanism of plant class I chitinases. This is the first report of a family 19 chitinase found in an organism other than higher plants.
The impact of personal and social comparison information about health risk.

OBJECTIVES To examine the emotional and cognitive impact of personal and social comparison information about health risk. METHODS A total of 970 adults responded to vignettes describing risk presentation scenarios that varied in terms of having (a) a 'real world' analogue (cardiac event) versus no such analogue (a fictitious pancreatic disease) condition, (b) high versus low levels of personal risk, and (c) no comparison group information given, comparison group risk higher or lower than own risk. RESULTS For both the cardiac and pancreatic disease vignettes, respondents' emotional responses and estimates of their own risk were influenced by both personal and social comparison risk information. The cardiac event vignettes produced larger effects than the pancreatic disease vignettes. Unfavourable social comparison information had no discernible impact, relative to not providing any social comparison information. Favourable social comparison information resulted in greater reassurance, less worry, and perceptions of lower susceptibility. Lower personal risk generally produced similar effects, relative to higher personal risk. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous theory and research in this area, we found that both personal and (favourable) social comparison risk information have emotional and cognitive consequences. We hypothesize that the perceived clarity of the information may account for the different patterns of findings in the literature.
Substitutes for Legal Protection: Corporate Governance and Dividends in Victorian Britain

Companies in Victorian Britain operated in a laissez-faire legal environment from the perspective of outside investors, implying that such investors were not protected by the legal system. This article seeks to identify the alternative mechanisms that outside shareholders used to protect themselves by examining the dividend policy and governance of over 800 publicly traded companies at the beginning of the 1880s. We assess the importance of these mechanisms by estimating their impact on Tobin's Q. Our evidence suggests that dividends and well-structured and incentivized boards of directors may have played a role in protecting the interests of outside investors.