Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Human Cooperation

Biological explanations of cooperation are based on kin altruism, reciprocal altruism, and mutualism, all of which apply to human and nonhuman species alike. But human cooperation is based in part on capacities that are unique to, or at least much more highly developed in, Homo sapiens. We seek an explanation of cooperation that works for humans, but does not work for other species, or works substantially less well. Central to our explanation will be human cognitive, linguistic and physical capacities that allow the formulation of general norms of social conduct, the emergence of social institutions regulating this conduct, the psychological capacity to internalize norms, and the basing of group membership on such non-kin characteristics as ethnicity and linguistic behavior, which facilitates highly costly conflicts among groups. We show that these could have co-evolved with other human traits in a plausible representation of the relevant environments. The forms of cooperation we seek to explain are confirmed by natural observation, historical accounts, and behavioral experiments. Our account is based on a plausible evolutionary dynamic involving some combination of genetic and cultural elements, the consistency of which can be demonstrated through formal modeling. Moreover, the workings of the models we develop account for human cooperation under parameter values consistent with what can be reasonably inferred about the environments in which humans have lived. ∗To appear in Peter Hammerstein (ed.) The Genetic and Cultural Origins of Cooperation (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003). We are grateful to Eric Alden Smith for helpful comments and to the John D. and Catherine E. MacArthur Foundation for support of this research. Samuel Bowles is Professor of Economics at the University of Siena and Director of the Economics Program at the Santa Fe Institute. Herbert Gintis is a member of the External Faculty of the Santa Fe Institute. Both authors are Emeritus Professors of Economics, University of Massachusetts. Email addresses: bowles@santafe.edu and hgintis@attbi.com. Web sites: http://www-unix.oit. umass.edu/ ̃bowles, http://www-unix.oit. umass.edu/ ̃gintis.
Influence of Developmental Conditions on Immune Function and Dispersal-Related Traits in the Glanville Fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) Butterfly

Organisms in the wild are constantly faced with a wide range of environmental variability, such as fluctuation in food availability. Poor nutritional conditions influence life-histories via individual resource allocation patterns, and trade-offs between competing traits. In this study, we assessed the influence of food restriction during development on the energetically expensive traits flight metabolic rate (proxy of dispersal ability), encapsulation rate (proxy of immune defence), and lifespan using the Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, as a model organism. Additionally, we examined the direct costs of flight on individual immune function, and whether those costs increase under restricted environmental conditions. We found that nutritional restriction during development enhanced adult encapsulations rate, but reduced both resting and flight metabolic rates. However, at the individual level metabolic rates were not associated with encapsulation rate. Interestingly, individuals that were forced to fly prior to the immune assays had higher encapsulation rates than individuals that had not flown, suggesting that flying itself enhances immune response. Finally, in the control group encapsulation rate correlated positively with lifespan, whereas in the nutritional restriction group there was no relationship between these traits, suggesting that the association between encapsulation rate on adult lifespan was condition-dependent. Thus stressful events during both larval development (food limitation) and adulthood (forced flight) induce increased immune response in the adult butterflies, which may allow individuals to cope with stressful events later on in life.
The Contracting Benefits of Accounting Conservatism to Lenders and Borrowers

This paper examines the ex post and ex ante benefits of accounting conservatism to lenders and borrowers in the debt contracting process. I expect conservatism to benefit lenders ex post through the timely signaling of default risk, as manifested by accelerated covenant violations, and to benefit borrowers ex ante through lower initial interest rates. Consistent with these predictions, I find that more conservative borrowers are more likely to violate debt covenants following a negative price shock, and that lenders offer lower interest rates to more conservative borrowers.
How XCS evolves accurate classifiers

Due to the accuracy based fitness approach, the ultimate goal for XCS is the evolution of a compact, complete, and accurate payoff mapping of an environment. This paper investigates what causes the XCS classifier system to evolve accurate classifiers. The investigation leads to two challenges for XCS, the covering challenge and the schema challenge. Both challenges are revealed theoretically and experimentally. Furthermore, the paper provides suggestions for overcoming the challenges as well as investigates environmental properties that can help XCS to overcome the challenges autonomously. Along those lines, a deeper insight into how to set the initial parameter values in XCS is provided.
Should We Use the Sample? Analyzing Datasets Sampled from Twitter’s Stream API

Researchers have begun studying content obtained from microblogging services such as Twitter to address a variety of technological, social, and commercial research questions. The large number of Twitter users and even larger volume of tweets often make it impractical to collect and maintain a complete record of activity; therefore, most research and some commercial software applications rely on samples, often relatively small samples, of Twitter data. For the most part, sample sizes have been based on availability and practical considerations. Relatively little attention has been paid to how well these samples represent the underlying stream of Twitter data. To fill this gap, this article performs a comparative analysis on samples obtained from two of Twitter’s streaming APIs with a more complete Twitter dataset to gain an in-depth understanding of the nature of Twitter data samples and their potential for use in various data mining tasks.
Rethinking Thinking Schools, Learning Nation: teachers’ and students’ perspectives of critical thinking in Singaporean education

One of the key thrusts in Singapore’s Thinking Schools, Learning Nation (TSLN) educational vision, launched in 1997, is the emphasis on critical thinking in schools. This entails pedagogical changes and challenges for teachers, especially, in terms of their knowledge, dispositions and practices of critical thinking, which are argued to be fundamental in fulfilling the TSLN thrust. Although TSLN is now 10 years into its implementation, to date, there has been little research undertaken to determine the efficacy of the implementation of the critical thinking policy thrust through the perspectives and voices of both teachers and students — the key stakeholders of education and the ultimate agents in the successful implementation of educational initiatives. Therefore, in gaining an in-depth understanding of teachers’ and students’ perspectives of the implementation of critical thinking from the ‘swampy lowlands’, a qualitative case study approach was used. Six government school teachers and their students participated in the case study and data were gathered through lesson observations, interviews, and the analysis of documents. Findings suggest that a multitude of interrelated systemic and contextual factors, which are predisposed by underlying ‘technocratic and instrumental rationalities’ that govern Singaporean education, remain major barriers to the realisation of TSLN’s critical thinking thrust. The study found that there are gaps and uncertainties in the teachers’ knowledge base of critical thinking and that the incorporation of critical thinking as part of their pedagogy and classroom practice is marginal. Student data corroborate the general lack of emphasis and the limited role of critical thinking in the classroom and they indicate that the hegemony of both school curricula and high stakes examination perpetuate rote learning and didactic pedagogies. Implications of the study suggest the need to reorientate teacher education and professional development programmes with the explicit aim of transforming teachers’ knowledge base and dispositions to engage with the pedagogical changes that TSLN’s critical thinking policy thrust necessitates. However, to effect deep change and realize the core aspiration of ‘thinking learners’, there must not only be restructuring; reculturing also needs to occur across and beyond the educational system. Importantly, such changes need to be primarily informed by the reconceptualisation of teachers — from mere ‘technicians’ to ‘transformative intellectuals’ — and teachers’ work — from ‘technical work’ to ‘intellectual work’. It is also vital that teachers who are entrusted with the task of developing ‘thinking learners’ under TSLN teach curricula and work in school contexts that explicitly encourage, value and reward critical thinking.
When a 12.86% Mortality is More Dangerous than 24.14%: Implications for Risk Communication

SUMMARY Participants assessed the riskiness of 11 well-known causes of death. Each participant was presented with an estimation of the number of deaths in the population due to that particular cause. The estimates were obtained from a previous study of naive participants’ intuitive estimations. For instance, based on the result of the previous study, the number of deaths due to cancer was presented as: ‘2,414 out of 10,000’, ‘1,286 out of 10,000’, ‘24.14 out of 100’ and ‘12.86 out of 100’. The estimates of deaths were presented in analogous ways for the remaining ten causes of death. It was hypothesized that the judged degree of riskiness is affected by the number of deaths, irrespective of the total possible number (such as 10,000 or 100). Results from Experiment 1 were consistent with this prediction. Participants rated cancer as riskier when it was described as ‘kills 1,286 out of 10,000 people’ than as ‘kills 24.14 out of 100 people’, and similar results were observed regarding the remaining 10 causes of death. Experiment 2 replicated this trend. Implications for risk communications are discussed. & 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic Mode Reduction for Particle-Based Simulation Methods for Complex Microfluid Systems

We illustrate the stochastic mode reduction procedure as formulated recently by Majda, Timofeyev, and Vanden-Eijnden [Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 54 (2001), pp. 891--974] (MTV) on the equations of motion underlying various particle-based simulation approaches (such as Stokesian dynamics and Brownian dynamics) and the conceptually distinct dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation approaches for complex microfluid systems. The resulting coarse-grained dynamics are compared and contrasted with each other. We show that the stochastic mode reduction procedure provides a way to recover the Smoluchowski dynamics for a standard model of multiple interacting particles in a fluid. The DPD, however, has some subtle aspects which obstruct the application of the stochastic mode reduction procedure. We discuss the mathematical and physical properties of the DPD method that underlie thisdifficulty.
Outcome dan Tantangan Penggunaan Metode Pembelajaran Flipped Classroom dalam Pendidikan Kedokteran

Kemajuan teknologi telah menciptakan tekanan besar pada generasi muda ki ta untuk tetap mengikuti perkembangan baru. Kondisi ini juga terjadi dalam hal metode pembelajaran terutama pembelajaran ilmu kedokteran. Pendidik harus mengembangkan pedagogi atau metode pembelajaran yang inovatif untuk membantu mempersiapkan generasi ini terhadap tantangan di masa depan. Salah satu alasannya adalah peningkatan rasio mahasiswa dibanding dosen yang semakin besar. Selain itu, kebutuhan mahasiswa kedokteran akan keterampi lan pendidikan kedokteran berbasis kompetensi. Termasuk keterampilan dalam menumbuhkan kebiasaan belajar mandi ri dan seumur hidup. Flipped classroom adalah salah satu inovasi yang dapat memberdayakan mahasiswa untuk mengembangkan keterampilan berpiki r kri tis dan menguasai cara-cara untuk menyerap informasi yang luas dengan melibatkan mahasiswa dalam proses pembelajaran aktif. Mengenal , membaca, memahami topik perkuliahan dilakukan di rumah, dan waktu kelas digunakan untuk tingkat pembelajaran yang lebih tinggi seperti menganalisis, mengevaluasi, dan penerapan informasi dasar. Penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa flipped classroom berhubungan dengan pencapaian akademik yang lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan metode pembelajaran tradisional (lecture based). Artikel review ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan apa i tu flipped classroom, mengapa flipped classroom dibutuhkan, bagaimana outcome metode pembelajaran ini serta tantangan penggunaannya dalam pendidikan kedokteran. Kata Kunci: Flipped Classroom, Outcome Akademis, Tantangan Pembelajaran.
Molecular characterization and genetic structure of the Nero Siciliano pig breed

Nero Siciliano is an autochthonous pig breed that is reared mainly in semi-extensive systems in northeastern Sicily. Despite its economic importance and well-appreciated meat products, this breed is currently endangered. Consequently, an analysis of intra-breed variability is a fundamental step in preserving this genetic resource and its breeding system. In this work, we used 25 microsatellite markers to examine the genetic composition of 147 unrelated Nero Siciliano pigs. The total number of alleles detected (249, 9.96 per locus) and the expected heterozygosity (0.708) indicated that this breed had a high level of genetic variability. Bayesian cluster analysis showed that the most likely number of groups into which the sample could be partitioned was nine. Based on the proportion of each individuals genome derived from ancestry, pigs with at least 70% of their genome belonging to one cluster were assigned to that cluster. The cluster size ranged from 7 to 17 (n = 108). Genetic variability in this sub-population was slightly lower than in the whole sample, genetic differentiation among clusters was moderate (FST 0.125) and the FIS value was 0.011. NeighborNet and correspondence analysis revealed two clusters as the most divergent. Molecular coancestry analysis confirmed the good within-breed variability and highlighted the clusters that retained the highest genetic diversity.
The Hawaii+Anglo-Australian Observatory K-Band Galaxy Redshift Survey. I. The Local K-Band Luminosity Function

We present the K-band local luminosity function derived from a sample of 1056 bright (K < 15) K-selected galaxies from the Hawaii+Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO) K-band redshift survey. The Hawaii+AAO K-band redshift survey covers four equatorial fields with a total area of 8.22 deg2. We derive both the nonparametric and Schechter luminosity function from our data and determine M*(K) = -23.70 ± 0.08 + 5 log10(h), α = -1.37 ± 0.10, and ϕ* = 0.013 ± 0.003 h3 Mpc-3 for a universe with Ωm = 0.3 and ΩΛ = 0.7. We also measure the K-band luminosity function for the early- and later type galaxies from our morphologically classified subsample. It appears that later type galaxies have a fainter M* and a steep slope, while early-type galaxies have a much brighter M* and a quite flat slope in their K-band luminosity functions. This is consistent with what has been found in optical-type dependent luminosity function. The K-band luminosity density derived using our luminosity function is now measured at a similar redshift depth to optical luminosity densities in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey redshift survey. It is 2 times higher than the previous measurement from the shallower 2MASS sample and resolves the previously reported discrepancies between optical and near-infrared luminosity densities.
Asset Pricing when Market Sentiments Regulate Asset-Returns: Evidences from Emerging Markets

After 2003, the growth of equity prices in emerging markets in Asia, Latin America and Europe has been considerably higher in comparison with developed markets and, therefore, these markets have become the focus of attention of investors, the financial press, and researchers. These markets are needed to be studied separately because features of these markets are different from a developed market: on the one hand, they are hypersensitive to investors' sentiments and, on the other, equity returns are predictable by past observations. Unfortunately, common asset pricing models cannot explain such predictability in stock returns. The factor which is responsible for such predictability and hence the nonrandom behavior of the stock return can be accounted for in an asset pricing model. Based on this observation, the present paper proposes a generalization of the conventional asset pricing model. However, the framework would be applicable to all types of markets ranging from strictly efficient to inefficient.
Helping hands? Gesture and self-repair in schizophrenia

Successful social encounters require mutual understanding between interacting partners, and patients with schizophrenia are known to experience difficulties in social interaction. Several studies have shown that in general people compensate for verbal difficulties by employing additional multimodal resources such as hand gesture. We hypothesise that this will be impaired in patients with schizophrenia, and present a preliminary study to address this question. The results show that during social interaction, schizophrenia patients repair their own speech less. In addition, although increased hand gesture is correlated with increased self-repair in healthy controls, there is no such association in patients with schizophrenia, or their interlocutors. This suggests that multimodal impairments are not merely seen on an individual level but may be a feature of patients’ social encounters.
Reliability evaluation of wirelesshart under faulty link scenarios

WirelessHART specification is emerging nowadays as a solution for the last mile connection in order to attend a trend on industrial networks that aims the usage of wireless technologies. Despite its high degree of applicability, a WirelessHART network faces some challenges. One of the most challenging problems are its reliability, energy consumption and the environment interference. Thus, representing a key component for the lower layers. In order to enable performance evaluations in a low cost and scalable way, computer simulations might be adopted. In this paper, we do a reliability and energy consumption evaluation over a faulty link industrial scenario using a new NS-3 module for the WirelessHART physical layer. This new model features includes an error model (Gilbert-Elliot), station positioning, signal attenuation and energy consumption. Furthermore, the module permits to configure each link with different fault probabilities, allowing to simulate more accurate scenarios.
Vitiligo is an independent favourable prognostic factor in stage III and IV metastatic melanoma patients: results from a single-institution hospital-based observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND The clinical features and the prognostic relevance of vitiligo lesions in melanoma patients are still controversial. This prospective observational study was designed to characterise the clinical features of melanoma-associated vitiligo, to analyse the association with other autoimmune manifestations and to ascertain whether the development of vitiligo lesions carries a prognostic relevance on the clinical course of melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2954 consecutive patients have been included; multivariate analyses of distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) were carried out to ascertain the independent prognostic role of vitiligo as a time-dependent covariate. RESULTS Vitiligo was demonstrated in 83 of 2954 melanoma patients (2.8%). A significantly higher percentage of autoimmune diseases was demonstrated in vitiligo patients (7 of 83) with respect to patients without vitiligo (80 of 2871) (P = 0.004). Multivariate analyses selected the time-dependent covariate vitiligo as the favourable independent prognostic variable associated to a longer DMFS in stage III and a higher OS in both stage III and stage IV. CONCLUSION Melanoma-associated vitiligo should be considered as a distinct clinical entity, separate from vitiligo vulgaris, and identifies a subgroup of patients characterised by a high prevalence of immune-mediated diseases and by a favourable prognosis.
A Comparison of the Trade Union Merger Process in Britain and Germany: Joining Forces?

116 When Sidney and Beatrice Webb wrote their classic Industrial Democracy more than a century ago, they remarked at length on the obstacles to accomplishing amalgamation among the then well over one thousand British trade unions. ‘The efficient working of an amalgamated society requires that all sections of the members should be fairly uniform in the methods of their remuneration, the conditions of their employment, and the amount of their standard earnings. Moreover, it may be confidently predicted that no amalgamation will be stable in which the several sections differ appreciably in strategic position, in such a manner as to make it advantageous for them to move at different times, or by different expedients. ’ Half a century later, when the composition of the unionised workforce was certainly no less heterogeneous, the number of unions had fallen by roughly a half. By the mid1980s the total had halved again, and the trend has continued: today there are fewer than 200 British unions remaining. In large measure, the reduction has stemmed from mergers and amalgamations, seemingly as popular as in the business world. And British experience is far from exceptional. It seems the Webbs were wrong.
Sequence and simple-sequence repeat analyses of the fungal pathogen Seiridium cardinale indicate California is the most likely source of the cypress canker epidemic for the Mediterranean region.

Seiridium cardinale is the pathogenic fungus of unknown origin responsible for a world pandemic known as cypress canker affecting several species of Cupressaceae in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. In this study, a comparative genetic analysis of worldwide populations was performed using sequence analysis of a portion of the ? -tubulin locus and seven polymorphic simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci on 96 isolates. Sequence analysis identified two distinct ? -tubulin alleles, both present in California. Only one of the two alleles was detected in the Mediterranean basin, while two isolates from the Southern Hemisphere were characterized by the presence of the allele absent from the Mediterranean. SSRs identified a total of 46 multilocus genotypes (MGs): genotypic diversity was always higher in the California population, and calculations of the index of association (I(A)) determined the presence of linkage disequilibrium associated with the absence of sexual reproduction only in the Mediterranean population but not in California. In 50 instances, the same MG was found at great geographic distances, implying a role played by humans in spreading the disease. Network analysis performed on SSR data identified three clusters of MGs: California, Morocco, and the rest of the Mediterranean. Both the Morocco and the Mediterranean clusters were linked to the California cluster. Coalescent analysis identified insignificant migration between California and Italy, as expected in the presence of a single introduction event, and very high migration from Italy into Greece, as expected of an outbreak still in exponential growth phase and starting from an Italian source.