Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electron Drift Velocity in the μBooNE TPC

As the readout time associated with a trigger of μBooNE is proportional to the drift time, it is important to know the drift velocity precisely. Likewise, the reconstruction of track position from the drift time of ionization electrons depends on knowledge of the drift velocity. The nominal drift field in μBooNE is E = 500V/cm, and the peak electric field at the surface of the collection wires is about VV Y /a ln(b/a) = 400/0.015 ln(0.3/0.015) ≈ 9 kV/cm. Electron drift velocities in liquid argon for have reported in [1]-[7]. A comparison of many of these measurements was made by Walkowiak [6], as shown in fig. 1. Kalinin et al., and also Walkowiak, fit the measurements to a function that parameterizes the electron drift velocity v with respect to the electric field E and temperature T ,
IgE, IgG4 and IgA specific to Bet v 1-related food allergens do not predict oral allergy syndrome

Birch pollen‐associated plant food allergy is caused by Bet v 1‐specific IgE, but presence of cross‐reactive IgE to related allergens does not predict food allergy. The role of other immunoglobulin isotypes in the birch pollen‐plant food syndrome has not been investigated in detail.
Towards Zero Training for Brain-Computer Interfacing

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are highly subject-specific and vary considerably even between recording sessions of the same user within the same experimental paradigm. This challenges a stable operation of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems. The classical approach is to train users by neurofeedback to produce fixed stereotypical patterns of brain activity. In the machine learning approach, a widely adapted method for dealing with those variances is to record a so called calibration measurement on the beginning of each session in order to optimize spatial filters and classifiers specifically for each subject and each day. This adaptation of the system to the individual brain signature of each user relieves from the need of extensive user training. In this paper we suggest a new method that overcomes the requirement of these time-consuming calibration recordings for long-term BCI users. The method takes advantage of knowledge collected in previous sessions: By a novel technique, prototypical spatial filters are determined which have better generalization properties compared to single-session filters. In particular, they can be used in follow-up sessions without the need to recalibrate the system. This way the calibration periods can be dramatically shortened or even completely omitted for these ‘experienced’ BCI users. The feasibility of our novel approach is demonstrated with a series of online BCI experiments. Although performed without any calibration measurement at all, no loss of classification performance was observed.
Fuzzy route control of dynamic model of four-wheeled mobile robot

The dynamic model calculates the forces and electric activities that appear during the movement of the robot. The article [1] demonstrates a full kinematic model of a four-wheeled robot car which we have expanded with a minimal dynamic model in this work. Fuzzy route control was applied, because it was more customizable than the simple PID control. In the foreseen task, the robot must reach a target point by some predefined specific requirements. We performed a comparison between the P route controller solution in article [2] and our Fuzzy controller for a case. Fuzzy logic, one of the most suitable soft computing methods which can represent the knowledge base of the routing requirement [3]. We developed fitness function evaluation of driving, for which the kinematic and dynamic characteristics are required.
An empirical model for dual-diversity reception over fixed wireless channels in suburban macrocell environments

Fixed wireless multipoint communication systems are increasingly being deployed in suburban macrocell environments, either to provide voice and data services to residences (wideband systems) or to supply automated meter reading and related supervisory control and data acquisition services (narrowband systems). Here, we show that a particularly simple yet complete first-order statistical characterization of two-branch diversity reception over fixed wireless channels can be given in terms of just five channel parameters: the average path gains and Ricean K-factors for each branch and the complex envelope correlation coefficient between the time-varying parts of the two path gains. We further show that all five parameters can be estimated from amplitude-only measurements of path gain vs. time, subject only to the assumption that the time-varying component of the path gain is complex Gaussian. We present representative sets of model parameters based upon data collected in typical suburban macrocell environments over time, location, and/or frequency using polarization diversity antennas. Because each of the model parameters, or its logarithm, is close to Gaussian, the set may be cast as a five-element vector of jointly random Gaussian processes. Despite obvious physical differences between the environments, the results show a remarkable consistency.
Human Primary Auditory Cortex Follows the Shape of Heschl's Gyrus

The primary auditory cortex (PAC) is central to human auditory abilities, yet its location in the brain remains unclear. We measured the two largest tonotopic subfields of PAC (hA1 and hR) using high-resolution functional MRI at 7 T relative to the underlying anatomy of Heschl's gyrus (HG) in 10 individual human subjects. The data reveals a clear anatomical–functional relationship that, for the first time, indicates the location of PAC across the range of common morphological variants of HG (single gyri, partial duplications, and complete duplications). In 20/20 individual hemispheres, two primary mirror-symmetric tonotopic maps were clearly observed with gradients perpendicular to HG. PAC spanned both divisions of HG in cases of partial and complete duplications (11/20 hemispheres), not only the anterior division as commonly assumed. Specifically, the central union of the two primary maps (the hA1–R border) was consistently centered on the full Heschl's structure: on the gyral crown of single HGs and within the sulcal divide of duplicated HGs. The anatomical–functional variants of PAC appear to be part of a continuum, rather than distinct subtypes. These findings significantly revise HG as a marker for human PAC and suggest that tonotopic maps may have shaped HG during human evolution. Tonotopic mappings were based on only 16 min of fMRI data acquisition, so these methods can be used as an initial mapping step in future experiments designed to probe the function of specific auditory fields.
Lifetime Earnings Variability and Retirement Wealth

This paper explores how earnings variability is related to retirement wealth. Past research has demonstrated that the average American household on the verge of retirement would need to save substantially more, in order to preserve consumption flows in old age. While several socioeconomic factors have been examined that might explain such problems, prior studies have not assessed the role of earnings variability over the lifetime as a potential explanation for poor retirement prospects. Thus two workers having identical levels of average lifetime earnings might have had very different patterns of earnings variability over their lifetimes. Such differences could translate into quite different retirement wealth outcomes. This paper evaluates the effect of earnings variability on retirement wealth using information supplied by respondents to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). This is a rich and nationally representative dataset on Americans on the verge of retirement, with responses linked to administrative records from the Social Security Administration. Our research illuminates the key links between lifetime earnings variability and retirement wealth.
Growth Impairment and Nutritional Status in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Objective Malnutrition is closely linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adult patients with poor outcome. But data on pediatric patients is inadequate. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of growth failure and malnutrition in pediatric CKD patients and explore the relationship of these parameters to each other and to other clinical parameters. Methods This study included 42 patients and 29 healthy children matched for age and gender. Patients were classified firstly in age group and secondly in therapy modalities. Nutritional evaluations were performed according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines, and we performed adjustments using values from children with the same chronological age as reference. Findings In pubertal group, the mean height SDS was lower than in pre-pubertal period while it was higher than in early childhood (P=0.4 and P=0.03 respectively). In all groups, 45% of patients had malnutrition: 20 patients on predialysis, 22 patients with end stage renal disease (14 on hemodialysis, and 8 on peritoneal dialysis). The mean weight SDS was lower in end stage renal disease groups (P<0.001). The height SDS was lower in end stage renal disease groups (P<0.001). Conclusion Growth failure and malnutrition remain a significant clinical problem as age and therapy modalities are dependent in children with CKD.
Secure Welfare Services: Risk, Security and Rights of Vulnerable Young People in Victoria, Australia

The Victorian Children Youth and Families Act 2005 authorises the detention of children aged 10–17 years in Secure Welfare Services (SWS) if there is a substantial and immediate risk of harm. Children are generally on protection orders and administratively detained by the Department of Human Services. In 2014, the Children, Youth and Families Amendment (Security Measures) Bill 2013 was passed uncontested in parliament. It codifies existing SWS practices including searches, seizure of property, use of force and seclusion. The Security Measures Bill and associated government discourse construct children as risk and security as a necessary precursor to meeting their welfare needs. These conceptualisations problematise the safeguarding of children’s rights.
The Scaling Relationships between Leaf Mass and Leaf Area of Vascular Plant Species Change with Altitude

The scaling relationship between leaf dry mass and leaf surface area has important implications for understanding the ability of plants to harvest sunlight and grow. Whether and how the scaling relationships vary across environmental gradients are poorly understood. We analyzed the scaling relationships between leaf mass and leaf area of 121 vascular plant species along an altitudinal gradient in a subtropical monsoon forest. The slopes increased significantly with altitude, it varied from less than 1 at low altitude to more than 1 at high altitude. This means that plants growing at high altitude allocate proportionately more biomass to support tissues in larger leaves and less in smaller leaves, whereas the reverse is true at low altitude. This pattern can be explained by different leaf strategies in response to environmental pressure and constrains.
Resources, Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Perceptions

We review and develop a subjectivist theory of entrepreneurship that focuses on individuals, their knowledge, resources and skills, and the processes of discovery and creativity, which constitute the heart of entrepreneurship. First, we establish the fundamental importance of subjectivity in entrepreneurial discovery and creativity. Second, we build on Penrose (1959) to elaborate how entrepreneurs' perceptions and personal knowledge shape a firm's subjective productive opportunity set. Third, we explain that entrepreneurial perceptions and knowledge partly originate from entrepreneurs' experiences in specific business settings such as the firm, the management team, and the industry. Fourth, we highlight the causal connections between subjectivity in entrepreneurship and observed heterogeneity in firm-level economic performance. Lastly, we suggest directions for further advancing a subjectivist resource-based approach to future entrepreneurship research.
The Study of Association between Mother Weight Efficacy Life-style with Feeding Practices, Food Groups Intake and Body Mass Index in Children Aged 3-6 Years

Background: Nutrition in childhood has a significant role in current and adulthood health. Recent studies have shown that the mother's life-style has an important role in the methods used by mother to feed child, child's diet and body mass index (BMI). This study paper aimed to investigate the association between mother's weight efficacy life-style (WEL) with feeding practices and diet in children aged 3-6 years. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, which was carried out in 18 Primary Schools of Rasht (Iran) in 2012, 165 mothers with children aged 3-6 years were participated. Mothers reported their own and their child's demographics. Aspects of mother's WEL and mother's control practices were assessed using WEL questionnaire and Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire respectively. Height and weight of mothers participated in the study were measured. Child's dietary intake was measured using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The role of mother's weight efficacy in predicting child's feeding practices and child's diet was assessed using the linear regression. Statistical significance for all P values was set at 0.003. Results: The results were showed that mother's weight efficacy was related to child feeding practices and child's dietary intake. The mothers with similar WEL applied similar methods in child nutrition. Mothers with better weight efficacy used more encourage balance and variety (β = 1.860), environmental control (β = 0.437), child involvement (β = 0.203) and less emotion regulation using foods (β = −0.213) and their children eat fewer snacks (β = −0.318) (PV= 0.003). Conclusions: The result of this study showed that maternal life-style was associated with feeding practices and child's intake. There was no significant relation between the maternal self-efficacy and child BMI.
L p regularity of averages over curves and bounds for associated maximal operators

We prove that for a finite type curve in â3 the maximal operator generated by dilations is bounded on Lp for sufficiently large p. We also show the endpoint Lp â Lp1/p regularity result for the averaging operators for large p. The proofs make use of a deep result of Thomas Wolff about decompositions of cone multipliers.
Dynamic curvature regulation accounts for the symmetric and asymmetric beats of Chlamydomonas flagella

Cilia and flagella are model systems for studying how mechanical forces control morphology. The periodic bending motion of cilia and flagella is thought to arise from mechanical feedback: dynein motors generate sliding forces that bend the flagellum, and bending leads to deformations and stresses, which feed back and regulate the motors. Three alternative feedback mechanisms have been proposed: regulation by the sliding forces, regulation by the curvature of the flagellum, and regulation by the normal forces that deform the cross-section of the flagellum. In this work, we combined theoretical and experimental approaches to show that the curvature control mechanism is the one that accords best with the bending waveforms of Chlamydomonas flagella. We make the surprising prediction that the motors respond to the time derivative of curvature, rather than curvature itself, hinting at an adaptation mechanism controlling the flagellar beat. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.13258. 001
International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease Dovepress Formation of Tight Junctions between Neighboring Podocytes Is an Early Ultrastructural Feature in Experimental Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms Purpose: In crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN), the development of cellular bridges between podocytes and parietal epithelial cells (PECs) triggers glomerular crescent formation. However, the sequential changes in glomerular ultrastructure in CGN are not well defined. This study investigated the time course of glomerular ultrastructure in experimental CGN. Methods: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed using kidney samples from rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN) from day 1 to day 14. Morphometric analysis was conducted on randomly selected glomeruli captured on TEM digital images. Results: On day 1 of NSN, there was widespread formation of focal contacts between the cell bodies of neighboring podocytes, and tight junctions were evident at the site of cell-to-cell contact. This was confirmed by the increased expression of the tight junction molecule, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), which localized to the points of podocyte cell–cell body contact. On day 2, the interpodocyte distance decreased and the glomerular basement membrane thickness increased. Foot process effacement (FPE) was segmental on day 3 and diffuse by day 5, accompanied by the formation of podocyte cellular bridges with Bowman's capsule, as confirmed by a decrease in podocyte-to-PEC distance. Fibrinoid necrosis and cellular crescents were evident in all glomeruli by days 7 and 14. In vitro, the exposure of podocytes to macrophage-conditioned media altered cellular morphology and caused an intracellular redistribution of ZO-1. Conclusion: The formation of tight junctions between podocytes is an early ultrastructural abnormality in CGN, preceding FPE and podocyte bridge formation and occurring in response to inflammatory injury. Podocyte-to-podocyte tight junction formation may be a compensatory mechanism to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier following severe endocapillary injury.
Small sample statistics for classi cation error rates II: Con-dence intervals and signi cance tests

Author(s): Martin, J. Kent; Hirschberg, D.S. S. | Abstract: Several techniques for estimating the range of uncertainty of estimated error rates and for estimating the significance of observed differences in error rates are explored in this paper. Textbook formulas which assume a large test set (i.e., a normal distribution) are commonly used to approximate the confidence limits of error rates or as an approximate significance test for comparing error rates. Expressions for determining more exact limits and significance levels for small samples are given here, and criteria are also given for determining when these more exact methods should be used. The assumed normal distribution gives a poor approximation to the confidence interval in most cases, but is usually useful for significance tests when the proper mean and variance expressions are used. A commonly used ±2
Near‐field propagation of tsunamis from megathrust earthquakes

We investigate controls on tsunami generation and propagation in the near‐field of great megathrust earthquakes using a series of numerical simulations of subduction and tsunamigenesis on the Sumatran forearc. The Sunda megathrust here is advanced in its seismic cycle and may be ready for another great earthquake. We calculate the seafloor displacements and tsunami wave heights for about 100 complex earthquake ruptures whose synthesis was informed by reference to geodetic and stress accumulation studies. Remarkably, results show that, for any near‐field location: (1) the timing of tsunami inundation is independent of slip‐distribution on the earthquake or even of its magnitude, and (2) the maximum wave height is directly proportional to the vertical coseismic displacement experienced at that location. Both observations are explained by the dominance of long wavelength crustal flexure in near‐field tsunamigenesis. The results show, for the first time, that a single estimate of vertical coseismic displacement might provide a reliable short‐term forecast of the maximum height of tsunami waves.
Protease-Mediated Maturation of HIV: Inhibitors of Protease and the Maturation Process

Protease-mediated maturation of HIV-1 virus particles is essential for virus infectivity. Maturation occurs concomitant with immature virus particle release and is mediated by the viral protease (PR), which sequentially cleaves the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins into mature protein domains. Maturation triggers a second assembly event that generates a condensed conical capsid core. The capsid core organizes the viral RNA genome and viral proteins to facilitate viral replication in the next round of infection. The fundamental role of proteolytic maturation in the generation of mature infectious particles has made it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Development of small molecules that target the PR active site has been highly successful and nine protease inhibitors (PIs) have been approved for clinical use. This paper provides an overview of their development and clinical use together with a discussion of problems associated with drug resistance. The second-half of the paper discusses a novel class of antiretroviral drug termed maturation inhibitors, which target cleavage sites in Gag not PR itself. The paper focuses on bevirimat (BVM) the first-in-class maturation inhibitor: its mechanism of action and the implications of naturally occurring polymorphisms that confer reduced susceptibility to BVM in phase II clinical trials.
Long-Period Hash Functions For Procedural Texturing

Procedural texturing is commonly used to increase visual complexity and realism in rendered scenes. Procedural texture basis functions, such as Perlin's noise function, are often built on hash functions defined over the integer lattice. These hash functions are usually based on permutation tables and have a short period. This causes procedural textures to repeat. In this paper, we present a method for constructing hash functions with long periods. Our method is based on techniques for constructing long-period pseudo-random number generators. The hash functions we propose are almost as efficient as the traditional ones, but allow to generate procedural textures with very large periods. This increases the visual complexity and realism of procedural textures, and enables robust implementations of texture basis functions.
Feedback-driven Evolution of the Far-Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous and Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

We calculate infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from simulations of major galaxy mergers, and study the effect of active galactic nucleus (AGN) and starburst-driven feedback on the evolution of the SED as a function of time. We use a self-consistent three-dimensional radiative equilibrium code to calculate the emergent SEDs and to make images. To facilitate a simple description of our findings, we describe our results in reference to an approximate analytic solution for the far-IR SED. We focus mainly on the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) and ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) phases of evolution. We contrast the SEDs of simulations performed with AGN feedback to simulations performed with starburst-driven wind feedback. We find that the feedback processes critically determine the evolution of the SED. Changing the source of illumination (whether stellar or AGN) has virtually no impact on the reprocessed far-infrared SED. We find that AGN feedback is particularly effective at dispersing gas and rapidly injecting energy into the ISM. The observational signature of such powerful feedback is a warm SED. In general, simulations performed with starburst-driven winds have colder spectra and reprocess more of their emission into the infrared, resulting in higher infrared to bolometric luminosities compared to (otherwise equivalent) simulations performed with AGN feedback. We depict our results in IRAS, as well as in Spitzer's MIPS bands, and in Herschel's PACS bands.