Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary stability of vigilance coordination among social foragers

Coordination can greatly improve the efficiency of anti–predatory vigilance scans by increasing predator detection for a constant proportion of time spent vigilant. However, it has been rarely found in nature and most studies have detected or assumed independent scanning by group members. In this study, we analysed the functional consequences of the coordinated alternation of vigilance scanning by group foragers. We introduce coordination by assuming that interscan intervals (ISIs) follow a modified gamma distribution. Depending on the parameters of the distribution, successive scans can be evenly spaced (coordinated scanning) or may present a high overlap (uncoordinated scanning). Comparing evolutionarily stable strategies for animals that do not coordinate their scanning with animals that do coordinate their anti–predator behaviour shows that coordination has a marked effect on survival probability. Moreover, the coordinating strategy is quite robust against mutants that scan independently with exponential distributions of ISIs. However, coordination breaks down when animals can continuously adjust their level of coordination by deciding the proportion of time they spend monitoring the behaviour of other group members. In this case, coordination is only evolutionarily stable if it can be very easily achieved.
Infectious complications in geriatric renal transplant patients: comparison of two immunosuppressive protocols.

BACKGROUND It has been well documented that a regimen of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporine (CsA), and prednisone (Pred) reduces the incidence of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients, as compared with previous regimens based on azathioprine (AZA), CsA, and Pred. In the general renal transplant patient population, immunosuppressive regimens that include MMF are usually well tolerated. It is not clear whether this holds true for older transplant recipients, who may be more susceptible to complications from the greater immunosuppression conferred by MMF. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed our geriatric renal transplant population (age >60 years, 1990-1998) and compared a cohort of 46 patients treated with AZA, Pred, and CsA to a cohort of 45 patients treated with MMF, Pred, and CsA. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to pretransplantation demographics. Patient and graft survival during the first year was not significantly different between the groups. During the first year of follow-up, we observed 27 infections requiring hospitalization in 15 patients in the MMF-treated group as compared with 10 infections in 7 patients in the AZA-treated group. A Cox proportional hazard model accounting for the above mentioned covariates isolated MMF versus AZA as a significant risk factor for the occurrence of serious infectious events (all: P<0.01; cytomegalovirus, fungal: P<0.01). CONCLUSION We conclude that an immunosuppressive regimen of MMF, CsA, and Pred seems to be correlated with an increased incidence of infectious adverse events as compared with AZA, CsA, and Pred in elderly patients.
The Web-Based Osteoarthritis Management Resource My Joint Pain Improves Quality of Care: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Background Despite the availability of evidence-based guidelines for conservative treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), management is often confined to the use of analgesics and waiting for eventual total joint replacement. This suggests a gap in knowledge for persons with OA regarding the many different treatments available to them. Objective Our objective was to evaluate outcomes after usage of a Web-based resource called My Joint Pain that contains tailored, evidence-based information and tools aimed to improve self-management of OA on self-management and change in knowledge. Methods A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the My Joint Pain website intervention over a 12-month period. The intervention provided participants with general and user-specific information, monthly assessments with validated instruments, and progress-tracking tools. A nationwide convenience sample of 195 participants with self-assessed hip and/or knee OA completed both baseline and 12-month questionnaires (users: n=104; nonusers: n=91). The primary outcome measure was the Health Evaluation Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) to evaluate 8 different domains (health-directed activity, positive and active engagement in life, emotional distress, self-monitoring and insight, constructive attitudes and approaches, skill and technique acquisition, social integration and support, health service navigation) and the secondary outcome measure was the 17-item Osteoarthritis Quality Indicator (OAQI) questionnaire to evaluate the change in appropriateness of care received by participants. Independent t tests were used to compare changes between groups for the heiQ and chi-square tests to identify changes within and between groups from baseline to 12 months for each OAQI item. Results Baseline demographics between groups were similar for gender (152/195, 77.9% female), age (mean 60, SD 9 years) and body mass index (mean 31.1, SD 6.8 kg/m2). With the exception of health service navigation, mean effect sizes from all other heiQ domains showed a positive trend for My Joint Pain users compared to the nonusers, although the differences between groups did not reach statistical significance. Within-group changes also showed improvements among the users of the My Joint Pain website for self-management (absolute change score=15%, P=.03), lifestyle (absolute change score=16%, P=.02), and physical activity (absolute change score=11%, P=.04), with no significant improvements for the nonusers. Following 12 months of exposure to the website, there were significant improvements for users compared to nonusers in self-management (absolute change score 15% vs 2%, P=.001) and weight reduction (absolute change scores 3% vs –6%, P=.03) measured on the OAQI. Conclusions The My Joint Pain Web resource does not significantly improve overall heiQ, but does improve other important aspects of quality of care in people with hip and/or knee OA. Further work is required to improve engagement with the website and the quality of information delivered in order to provide a greater impact.
Anxious attachment style predicts an enhanced cortisol response to group psychosocial stress

Abstract Insecure attachment style is associated with poor health outcomes. A proposed pathway implicates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis), dysregulation of which is associated with a wide range of mental and physical ill-health. However, data on stress reactivity in relation to attachment style is contradictory. This relationship was examined using the novel Trier Social Stress Test for groups (TSST-G): a group-based acute psychosocial stressor. Each participant, in the presence of other group members, individually performed public speaking and mental arithmetic tasks. Seventy-eight healthy young females (20.2 ± 3.2 years), in groups of up to six participants completed demographic information and the Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ), and were then exposed to the TSST-G. Physiological stress reactivity was assessed using salivary cortisol concentrations, measured on seven occasions at 10-min intervals. Vulnerable attachment predicted greater cortisol reactivity independent of age, smoking status, menstrual phase and body mass index. Supplementary analysis indicated that insecure anxious attachment style (high scores on the insecurity and proximity-seeking sub-scales of the VASQ) showed greater cortisol reactivity than participants with secure attachment style. Avoidant attachment style (high scores for insecurity and low scores for proximity seeking) was not significantly different from the secure attachment style. Attachment style was not associated with the timing of the cortisol peak or post-stress recovery in cortisol concentrations. These findings in healthy young females indicate subtle underlying changes in HPA axis function in relation to attachment style and may be important for future mental health and well-being.
Effects of two types of information on malingering of closed head injury on the MMPI-2: An analog investigation.

The impact of detailed information on closed-head injury (CHI) and/or the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) validity scales on malingering of psychological symptoms of CHI on the MMPI-2 was investigated. In an analog investigation using college student Ss, experimental malingerers produced reliably different MMPI-2 protocols relative to controls answering honestly. Experimental malingerers were divided into 4 groups on the basis of the complete crossing of 2 factors: CHI information (present/absent) and MMPI-2 validity scale information (VAL; present/absent). No two-way interactions were noted, but main effects for both factors were found on several MMPI-2 clinical and validity scales
Role of ventral striatum in reward-based decision making

So far, the specific role of the ventral striatum in reward-based decision making remains elusive. Here, we examined the role of the ventral striatum in reward-based decision making using functional MRI and a probabilistic object reversal task. During decision making, activity in the ventral striatum increased monotonically as a function of association learning and was greatest when the individuals expected to be rewarded for the decision with high certainty. Conversely, during the reward phase, activity in the ventral striatum showed an inverted U-shaped modulation by learning and was greatest when uncertainty about the outcome was maximal. Our data indicate that, during reward-based decision making, the ventral striatal signal dynamically changes over time dependent on the phase of the reward process and on the learning status and thereby acts as a motivational engine for the continuation of behavior.
Molecular Characterization of Microsporidia Indicates that Wild Mammals Harbor Host-Adapted Enterocytozoon spp. as well as Human-Pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi

ABSTRACT Over 13 months, 465 beavers, foxes, muskrats, otters, and raccoons were trapped in four counties in eastern Maryland and examined by molecular methods for microsporidia. A two-step nested PCR protocol was developed to amplify a 392-bp fragment of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene of Enterocytozoon spp. , with the use of primers complementary to the conserved regions of published nucleotide sequences. Fifty-nine PCR-positive samples were sequenced. Multiple alignments of these sequences identified 17 genotypes of Enterocytozoon spp. (WL1 to WL17); of these, 15 have not been reported before. Most of the genotypes were found in multiple species of wildlife and belonged to a major group consisting of all the previously described Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes from human and domestic animals. Some of the isolates from muskrats and raccoons formed two distinct groups. Results of this study indicate that fur-bearing mammals, especially those closely associated with surface water, can be a potential source of human-pathogenic E. bieneusi. However, there are also host-adapted Enterocytozoon genotypes in wildlife, which may represent species different from E. bieneusi and have no apparent public health significance. This is the first report of E. bieneusi in wildlife.
Reversibility of the Necker Cube: VII. Reversal Rate as a Function of Figure-on and Figure-off Durations

Reversal rate varied as a function of figure-off duration, holding figure-on duration constant at 300 msec. (N = 13). There was a rise in reversal rate from 14.0 at 10 msec. , then a sharp decline to 4.8 reversals at 800 msec. The rise in reversal rate with increase in figure-on duration from 3.0 at 400 to 18.9 at 4,500 msec. , holding figure-off duration constant at 1,000 msec. , seemed due primarily to within-exposure, not between-exposure, reversals (N = 21).
Some aspects of the comparative metabolism of plutonium and americium in rats.

The distribution of Pu/sup 239/ and Am/sup 241/ in the bones and tissues of rats was compared following intravenous or oral administration of the nuclides in several different chemical forms. Both Pu/sup 239/ and Am/sup 241/ were deposited extensively in the skeleton in approximately equal quantities, but in the liver the concentration of Am/sup 241/ was 5- 10 times greater than that of Pu/sup 239/. The rate of removal of Am/sup 241/ from the plasma was more rapid than that of Pu/sup 239/, and this difference was reflected in the rate of uptake of these nuclides into the proximal, distal, and shaft regions of the femur. (auth)
Aminopeptidase I Is Targeted to the Vacuole by a Nonclassical Vesicular Mechanism

The yeast vacuolar protein aminopeptidase I (API) is synthesized as a cytosolic precursor that is transported to the vacuole by a nonclassical targeting mechanism. Recent genetic studies indicate that the biosynthetic pathway that transports API uses many of the same molecular components as the degradative autophagy pathway. This overlap coupled with both in vitro and in vivo analysis of API import suggested that, like autophagy, API transport is vesicular. Subcellular fractionation experiments demonstrate that API precursor (prAPI) initially enters a nonvacuolar cytosolic compartment. In addition, subvacuolar vesicles containing prAPI were purified from a mutant strain defective in breakdown of autophagosomes, further indicating that prAPI enters the vacuole inside a vesicle. The purified subvacuolar vesicles do not appear to contain vacuolar marker proteins. Immunogold EM confirms that prAPI is localized in cytosolic and in subvacuolar vesicles in a mutant strain defective in autophagic body degradation. These data suggest that cytosolic vesicles containing prAPI fuse with the vacuole to release a membrane-bounded intermediate compartment that is subsequently broken down, allowing API maturation.
Factors Associated With Truck Crashes in a Large Cross Section of Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers

Objective: This large, cross-sectional study calculated prevalence of disorders and assessed factors associated with self-reported lifetime crashes. Methods: Truck drivers (n = 797) completed computerized questionnaires reporting crashes, demographics, psychosocial factors, and other elements, as well as had taken measurements (eg, height, weight, serum, and blood pressure). Results: Most drivers were male (n = 685, 85.9%), and the mean body mass index was 32.9 ± 7.5 kg/m2 with 493 (61.9%) being obese. Many drivers (n = 326, 39.9%) experienced at least one, with 132 (16.6%) having multiple, lifetime, reportable crashes. Many factors were associated with crashes, including increasing age, increasing truck driving experience, male sex, alcohol, low back pain, heart disease, and feeling tense. The most consistent associations with crashes were pulse pressure, cell phone use, and feeling physically exhausted after work. Conclusions: Modifiable factors associated with self-reported crashes were identified. These suggest targeted interventions may reduce risks of crashes.
A Critical Race Analysis of Latina/o and African American Advanced Placement Enrollment in Public High Schools

Using critical race theory as a framework, this article examines the access and availability of Advanced Placement (AP)1 courses and how they impact educational outcomes for Latina/o2 and African American students. To begin thinking critically about enrollment patterns of AP courses we ask the following questions: How do school structures, practices, and discourses help maintain racial and ethnic discrimination in access to AP courses? How do Latina/o and African American students and parents respond to the educational structures, practices, and discourses that help maintain racial and ethnic discrimination in access to AP courses? Finally, how can school reforms help end racial and ethnic discrimination in access to AP courses? In order to answer these questions, we examined a school district in California that serves a large population of Latina/o and African American students. Three different patterns emerged around access and availability of AP courses: Latina/o students are disproportionately underrepresented in AP enrollment district-wide; schools that serve urban, low-income Latina/o and African American communities have low student enrollment in AP courses; and even when Latina/o and African American students attend high schools with high numbers of students enrolled in AP courses, they are not equally represented in AP enrollment. We call this structure and process "Schools Within Schools. "
Vergleich der Effektivität von artikulatorischer vs. phonologischer Therapie in der Behandlung kindlicher phonologischer Störungen: Eine Pilotstudie

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Detection of Serum IgG4 Levels in Patients with IgG4-Related Disease and Other Disorders

Objective Elevated serum IgG4 levels are an important hallmark for diagnosing IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), but can also be observed in other diseases. This study aimed to compare two different testing methods for IgG4: ELISA and nephelometric assay. Both assays were used to measure serum IgG4 concentrations, and to assess the prevalence of high serum IgG4 levels in both IgG4-RD and non-IgG4-RD diseases. Methods A total of 80 serum samples were tested using the nephelometric assay and ELISA method that we established. Serum IgG4 concentrations were determined by ELISA for 957 patients with distinct diseases, including 12 cases of IgG4-RD and 945 cases of non-IgG4-RD. Results IgG4 levels from 80 selected serum samples examined by ELISA were in agreement with those detected using the nephelometry assay. Meanwhile, the serum IgG4 concentrations measured by ELISA were also consistent with the clinical diagnoses of patients with IgG4-RD during the course of disease. The Elevated levels of serum IgG4 (>1.35 g/L) were detected in all IgG4-RD (12/12) patients, and the prevalence of high IgG4 serum levels was 3.39% in non-IgG4-RD cases. Among them, the positive rates of serum IgG4 were 2.06% in patients with carcinoma and 6.3% in patients with other non-IgG4 autoimmune diseases. Conclusion Our established ELISA method is a reliable and convenient technique, which could be extensively used in the clinic to measure serum IgG4 levels. High levels of IgG4 were observed in IgG4-RD. However, this phenomenon could also be observed in other diseases, such as carcinomas and other autoimmune diseases. Thus, a diagnosis of IgG4 disease cannot only be dependent on the detection of elevated serum IgG4 levels.
Treatment of interpersonal deficits for head-trauma patients in inpatient rehabilitation settings

Abstract Deficits in interpersonal behavior are common after closed-head injury and frequently are a major source of disability. Although modest success in treating interpersonal deficits during the postacute phase of rehabilitation has been noted, few attempts to treat interpersonal deficits during inpatient rehabilitation have been reported. Problems with interpersonal behavior can be the result of neurological injury, emotional reaction to injury, premorbid personality, or some combination of these factors. Treatment begins with accurate assessment of the source of the aberrant interpersonal behavior. Because of differences in stage of recovery, patient abilities, and treatment setting, assessment and treatment methods will vary from methods used in the postacute phase of rehabilitation. Interpersonal deficits can be treated in the context of group-therapeutic activities, in one-to-one contacts with therapists, and during unstructured time on the ward. Accurate feedback regarding inappropriate interper.
The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To present an expert consensus, standardized, patient-informed sleep diary. METHODS AND RESULTS Sleep diaries from the original expert panel of 25 attendees of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference(1) were collected and reviewed. A smaller subset of experts formed a committee and reviewed the compiled diaries. Items deemed essential were included in a Core sleep diary, and those deemed optional were retained for an expanded diary. Secondly, optional items would be available in other versions. A draft of the Core and optional versions along with a feedback questionnaire were sent to members of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference. The feedback from the group was integrated and the diary drafts were subjected to 6 focus groups composed of good sleepers, people with insomnia, and people with sleep apnea. The data were summarized into themes and changes to the drafts were made in response to the focus groups. The resultant draft was evaluated by another focus group and subjected to lexile analyses. The lexile analyses suggested that the Core diary instructions are at a sixth-grade reading level and the Core diary was written at a third-grade reading level. CONCLUSIONS The Consensus Sleep Diary was the result of collaborations with insomnia experts and potential users. The adoption of a standard sleep diary for insomnia will facilitate comparisons across studies and advance the field. The proposed diary is intended as a living document which still needs to be tested, refined, and validated.
Intercultural communicative competence in the context of the European higher education area

Abstract In this paper, we analyse the close relationship between the European higher education area (EHEA), the common European framework of reference for languages and intercultural communicative competence (ICC) and show how the implementation of ICC in foreign language teaching can become an essential tool to acquire the full achievement of the EHEA. En este artículo analizamos la estrecha relación entre el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, el Marco Europeo de las Lenguas y la competencia comunicativa intercultural y mostrar cómo la implementación de la CCI en la enseñanza de una lengua extranjera puede convertirse en una herramienta esencial para conseguir los objetivos del EEES.
Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin Induce Apoptosis in Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line SH‐SY5Y

Our previous in vivo studies showed that chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cypermethrin (CM) in a mixture dermally administered, strongly inhibited cholinesterase activity in plasma and the brain and were very toxic to the rat central nervous system. In this work, the mechanisms of neurotoxicity have not been elucidated. We used human undifferentiated SH‐SY5Y cells to study mechanisms of pesticide‐induced neuronal cell death. It was found that chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its mixture with cypermethrin (CPF+CM) induced cell death of SH‐SY5Y cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, as shown by MTT assays. Pesticide‐induced SH‐SY5Y cell death was characterized by concentration‐dependent down‐regulation of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL as well as an increase in the caspase 3 activation. Pan‐caspase inhibitor Q‐VD‐OPh produced a slight but significant reversal effect of pesticide‐induced toxicity indicating that the major caspase pathways are not integral to CPF‐ and CPF+CM‐induced cell death. Furthermore, signal transduction inhibitors PD98059, SL‐327, SB202190, SP600125 and mecamylamine failed to attenuate pesticides effect. Atropine exhibited minimal ability to reverse toxicity. Finally, it was shown that inhibition of TNF‐α by pomalidomide attenuated CPF‐/CPF+CM‐induced apoptosis. Overall, our data suggest that FAS/TNF signalling pathways may participate in CPF and CPF+CM toxicity.