Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From dispensed to disposed: evaluating the effectiveness of disposal programs through a comparison with prescription drug monitoring program data

ABSTRACT Background: Organized disposal of controlled medications, such as take-back events and permanent drug donation boxes, is a prevention strategy that has been widely used to reduce the availability of controlled medications for diversion or abuse. However, little is known as to whether this strategy actually reduces the overall availability of these medications for the purposes of diversion or abuse. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the number and types of controlled medications that were disposed through organized efforts to the number dispensed in local communities. Methods: The quantity and type of controlled medication collected from three take-back events and permanent drug donation boxes over 4-week-long periods in five counties in south-central Kentucky was measured and compared to the number of controlled medications dispensed, as reported by Kentucky All Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting system. Results: In 2013, 21,121,658 controlled medications units were dispensed in the participating counties. Of those, 46.9% were opioid analgesics, 13.1% tranquilizers, and 37.3% “other. ” During the assessment periods, a total of 21,503 controlled medication units were collected. Of those, 39.9% were opioid analgesics, 2.7% tranquilizers, and 57.4% “other. ” Annually, controlled medications disposed were estimated to account for 0.3% of those dispensed. Conclusion: Controlled medications collected by take-back events and permanent drug donation boxes constituted a miniscule proportion of the numbers dispensed. Our findings suggest that organized drug disposal efforts may have a minimal impact on reducing the availability of unused controlled medications at a community level.
Effects of electron beam local heat treatment on fatigue properties for Ti-6Al-4V alloy joints

Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates after electron beam welding (EBW) were heat treated by electron beam local heat treatment (EBLHT), the joints specimens were tested by low cycle fatigue tests, and the influence of EBLHT on fatigue properties was studied. Experimental results have shown that the joints of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after EBW and EBLHT present soften during fatigue tests, and elasticity strains are higher than plastic strains. The fatigue life of the joints after EBLHT can increase 30%, and the equations of ɛ-N curve are gained. Therefore electron beam local heat treatment can improve the properties of EBW joint, especial for complex aero-components.
The Whorfian Time Warp: Representing Duration Through the Language Hourglass

How do humans construct their mental representations of the passage of time? The universalist account claims that abstract concepts like time are universal across humans. In contrast, the linguistic relativity hypothesis holds that speakers of different languages represent duration differently. The precise impact of language on duration representation is, however, unknown. Here, we show that language can have a powerful role in transforming humans’ psychophysical experience of time. Contrary to the universalist account, we found language-specific interference in a duration reproduction task, where stimulus duration conflicted with its physical growth. When reproducing duration, Swedish speakers were misled by stimulus length, and Spanish speakers were misled by stimulus size/quantity. These patterns conform to preferred expressions of duration magnitude in these languages (Swedish: long/short time; Spanish: much/small time). Critically, Spanish-Swedish bilinguals performing the task in both languages showed different interference depending on language context. Such shifting behavior within the same individual reveals hitherto undocumented levels of flexibility in time representation. Finally, contrary to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, language interference was confined to difficult discriminations (i.e., when stimuli varied only subtly in duration and growth), and was eliminated when linguistic cues were removed from the task. These results reveal the malleable nature of human time representation as part of a highly adaptive information processing system.
GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genes are Associated With DNA Damage of p53 Gene in Coke-oven Workers

Objectives: This study investigated whether variations in GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene are associated with the DNA damage level of p53 gene. Methods: We quantified urinary 1-hydroxypyrene using high-performance liquid chromatography, and examined the DNA damage level of p53 gene by real-time quantitative PCR in 756 coke-oven workers. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the presence or absence of genes. Results: DNA damage levels of p53 gene in the high exposure group and intermediate exposure group were significantly higher than that of p53 gene in the low exposure group (P < 0.01). In coke-oven workers, the DNA damage levels of subjects with non-null genotype in GSTT1 or GSTM1 gene were significantly higher than that of those with the null genotype (P < 0.01). Conclusions: GSTT1 and GSTM1 may modulate DNA damage levels of p53 gene when exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Choroidal Thickness in Childhood Obesity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of obesity on choroidal thickness (CT) in childhood. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-four patients with obesity (study group) and 42 healthy children (control group) were enrolled in the study. Subjects underwent a complete ocular examination. The mean CT was measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. RESULTS Mean BMI value was 31.8 ± 1.9 in the study group and 19.8 ± 4.4 in the control group. The mean subfoveal CT value 385.77 µm ± 6.09 µm in the study group and 348.43 µm ± 73.21 µm in the control group. There was a significant difference between the study and control groups with regard to subfoveal CT (P = .017). Subfoveal CT and BMI were positively correlated (r = 0.288; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS CT increases in childhood obesity. Findings revealed that adiposity causes a significant increase in CT, and it may be related to ocular complications. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:10-17. ].
The fifth 'CHiME' Speech Separation and Recognition Challenge: Dataset, task and baselines

The CHiME challenge series aims to advance robust automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology by promoting research at the interface of speech and language processing, signal processing , and machine learning. This paper introduces the 5th CHiME Challenge, which considers the task of distant multi-microphone conversational ASR in real home environments. Speech material was elicited using a dinner party scenario with efforts taken to capture data that is representative of natural conversational speech and recorded by 6 Kinect microphone arrays and 4 binaural microphone pairs. The challenge features a single-array track and a multiple-array track and, for each track, distinct rankings will be produced for systems focusing on robustness with respect to distant-microphone capture vs. systems attempting to address all aspects of the task including conversational language modeling. We discuss the rationale for the challenge and provide a detailed description of the data collection procedure, the task, and the baseline systems for array synchronization, speech enhancement, and conventional and end-to-end ASR.
AIS scores in spine and spinal cord trauma: Epidemiological considerations

ABSTRACT Background: The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an internationally accepted coding system created by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, utilized to code traumatic injuries as a function of severity, the latter often defined as mortality risk. Periodic reassessment of that risk is prudent, in light of advances in health care and relationship of nonanatomic factors to death. Objective: The objective of this study was to reevaluate the risk of death associated with spine fractures with and without neurologic deficit, age factors associated with it, and the impact of hospital coding on the accuracy of these efforts. Methods: Medical records and imaging of patients treated at a level 1 trauma center from 2014 through 2016 with discharge International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) diagnoses of spinal trauma and spinal cord injury (SCI) were reviewed. Data were collected on demographics, complications, neurologic status, and outcomes. Results: Three hundred seventy patients met the criteria for inclusion in this effort. Errors in ICD-10 discharge codes were seen in 45% of the cases, both false positive and negative. One hundred thirty-four patients, with a mean age of 45, were admitted with neurologic deficit. There were 8 SCI-related deaths; 2 were postoperative out of 110 undergoing surgical treatment. All deaths in this group were in patients with upper level SCI, with a mean age of 68. Ten patients had spontaneous neurologic improvement within 24 h. One hundred nineteen patients without deficit had AIS 2 scored fractures; there was one postoperative death out of 47 patients undergoing surgical treatment. One hundred seventeen patients without deficit suffered AIS 3 fractures; 66 underwent surgery without any deaths. There was one nonoperative death. Age and high quadriplegia were the only factors associated with mortality. Conclusions: Mortality risk in patients with deficit was associated more with age at injury than extent of anatomic injury. Spine trauma without neurologic deficit is benign in younger populations and AIS scores could be age adjusted. Mortality risk is higher in high cervical injuries with neurologic deficit and in the elderly. An incidental finding is that demographic studies based solely on discharge ICD coding may contain errors and should be considered critically.
Prevalence and associated factors of Internet gaming disorder among community dwelling adults in Macao, China

Background and aims Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been mainly studied among adolescents, and no research to date has examined its prevalence in general Chinese adult populations. This study estimated the prevalence of probable IGD in community-dwelling adults in Macao, China. Associations between IGD and psychological distress (i.e., depression and anxiety) as well as IGD and character strength (i.e., psychological resilience and purpose in life) were also tested. Methods A random, representative sample of 1,000 Chinese residents (44% males; mean age = 40.0) was surveyed using a telephone poll design from October to November 2016. Results The estimated prevalence of probable IGD was 2.0% of the overall sample and 4.3% among the recent gamers (n = 473), with no statistically significant sex and age effects observed (p > .05). The two most prevalent IGD symptoms were mood modification and continued engagement, despite negative consequences. Probable IGD respondents were more vulnerable to psychological distress (25.0% and 45.0% for moderate or above levels of depression and anxiety, respectively) than their non-IGD counterparts. They also reported a lower level of psychological resilience than non-IGD respondents. No significant buffering effect of the two character strength variables on the distress–IGD relationship was found. Discussion and conclusions These results provide empirical evidence that IGD is a mental health threat not only to adolescents but also to adults. IGD was significantly associated with psychological distress, which should be addressed in conjunction with IGD symptoms in interventions. Inclusion of gamers of both sexes and different age groups in future prevention programs is also recommended.
Use of guideline‐recommended adjuvant therapies and survival outcomes for people with colorectal cancer at tertiary referral hospitals in South Australia

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Adjuvant care for colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased over the past 3 decades in South Australia (SA) in accordance with national treatment guidelines. This study explores the (1) receipt of adjuvant therapy for CRC in SA as related to national guideline recommendations, with a focus on stage C colon and stage B and C rectal cancer; (2) timing of these adjuvant therapies in relation to surgery; and (3) comparative survival outcomes. METHODS Data from the SA Clinical Cancer Registry from 4 tertiary referral hospitals for 2000 to 2010 were examined. Patterns of care were compared with treatment guidelines using multivariable logistic regression. Disease-specific survivals were calculated by treatment pathway. RESULTS Four hundred forty-three (60%) patients with stage C colon cancer and 363 (46%) with stage B and C rectal cancer received guideline-recommended care. While an overall increase in proportion receiving adjuvant care was not evident across the study period, the proportion having neoadjuvant care increased substantially. Older age was an independent predictor of not receiving adjuvant care. Patients with stage C colon cancer who received recommended adjuvant care had a higher 5-year survival than those not receiving this care, ie, 71.2% vs 53.2%. Similarly adjuvant therapy was associated with better outcomes for stage C rectal cancers. The median time for receiving adjuvant care was 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Survival was better for stage C CRC treated according to guidelines. Adjuvant care should be provided except where clear contraindications present. Other possible contributors to guideline adherence warranting additional investigation include co-morbidity status, multidisciplinary team involvement, and choice.
Long‐term effects of systemic gene therapy in a canine model of myotubular myopathy

X‐linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM), a devastating pediatric disease caused by the absence of the protein myotubularin, results from mutations in the MTM1 gene. While there is no cure for XLMTM, we previously reported effects of MTM1 gene therapy using adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector on muscle weakness and pathology in MTM1‐mutant dogs. Here, we followed 2 AAV‐infused dogs over 4 years.
Blockade of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors reduces spontaneous waking in the rat.

We have previously hypothesized that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is involved in the regulation of physiological waking. To further elucidate this role for CRH, we administered intracerebroventricularly into rats two specific CRH-receptor antagonists, α-helical CRH-(9-41) (α-hCRH) or astressin, and determined changes in electroencephalogram-defined waking and sleep. Our results indicate that both of these receptor antagonists reduce the amount of time spent awake in a dose-related manner when administered before the dark period of the light-dark cycle. However, the time courses for these effects differ between antagonists; effective doses of α-hCRH reduce waking during the first 2 h postinjection, whereas effective doses of astressin reduce waking during postinjection hours 7-12. In contrast to dark-onset administrations, the amount of waking is not altered by either CRH-receptor antagonist when administered before the light period. These results support our hypothesis that CRH contributes to the regulation of physiological waking, since interfering with the binding of CRH to its receptor reduces spontaneous waking.
Independent inhibition of calcineurin and K+ currents by the immunosuppressant FK-506 in rat ventricle.

FK-506 increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration transient in rat ventricular myocytes by prolonging the action potential through inhibition of the K+ currents I to and I K[ J. Physiol. (Lond.) 501: 509-516, 1997]. Physiological and biochemical techniques were used in parallel to examine the electrophysiological mechanisms and the role of calcineurin inhibition in these effects. FK-506 prolonged the recovery of I to from inactivation. Thus I to inhibition was frequency dependent, with no decrease at 0.2 Hz (recorded at +50 mV from -70 mV) but a 40% decrease at 2.0 Hz. In contrast, inhibition of I K(∼60%) was time and voltage independent. At 25 μM, FK-506 (by 65%) and cyclosporin A (by 57%) inhibited calcineurin activity in myocyte extracts. However, only FK-506 increased the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration transient in field-stimulated myocytes. Furthermore, FK-506 was still active on K+ currents when cells were dialyzed with 10 mM EGTA. These results demonstrate that calcineurin inhibition is not responsible for the functional effects of FK-506 in heart and suggest that I K and I to are modulated by FK-506-binding proteins or directly by FK-506.
Functions of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 in a Behavioral Animal Model of Depression

Aims: Depression is one of the most common inflammatory and mental disorders. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) plays a crucial role in the pathology of mental disorders as well as inflammatory diseases. Methods: Here we determined the role of STAT6 in the pathogenesis of depression using STAT6-deficient mice in a forced swimming test. Results: The immobility time was significantly decreased in STAT6-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice without alteration of locomotor activity. STAT6-deficient mice exhibited a significantly enhancing dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) in brain. In addition, the expression of serotonin transporter in the hippocampus was markedly downregulated in STAT6-deficient mice. These results provide the first evidence that STAT6 affects depressive-like behavior through downregulating monoamines, including dopamine and 5-HT in the hippocampus of brain. Conclusions: In conclusion, identification of STAT6 signaling pathways on depression might open new perspectives for antidepressant therapies.
Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China

Significance Following severe environmental degradation from rapid economic development, China is now advancing policies to secure biodiversity and ecosystem services. We report the first nationwide assessment, showing that protected areas (PAs) are not well delineated to protect either biodiversity or key ecosystem services. This serious deficiency exists in many countries. We propose creating a national park system in China to help guide development along a path of green growth, improving the well-being of both people and nature. This involves establishing new, strictly protected PAs for biodiversity and ecosystem services that are highly sensitive to human impacts, as well as a new PA category—in China and ideally worldwide—for integrating biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human activities to achieve sustainable development goals. Recent expansion of the scale of human activities poses severe threats to Earth’s life-support systems. Increasingly, protected areas (PAs) are expected to serve dual goals: protect biodiversity and secure ecosystem services. We report a nationwide assessment for China, quantifying the provision of threatened species habitat and four key regulating services—water retention, soil retention, sandstorm prevention, and carbon sequestration—in nature reserves (the primary category of PAs in China). We find that China’s nature reserves serve moderately well for mammals and birds, but not for other major taxa, nor for these key regulating ecosystem services. China’s nature reserves encompass 15.1% of the country’s land surface. They capture 17.9% and 16.4% of the entire habitat area for threatened mammals and birds, but only 13.1% for plants, 10.0% for amphibians, and 8.5% for reptiles. Nature reserves encompass only 10.2–12.5% of the source areas for the four key regulating services. They are concentrated in western China, whereas much threatened species’ habitat and regulating service source areas occur in eastern provinces. Our analysis illuminates a strategy for greatly strengthening PAs, through creating the first comprehensive national park system of China. This would encompass both nature reserves, in which human activities are highly restricted, and a new category of PAs for ecosystem services, in which human activities not impacting key services are permitted. This could close the gap in a politically feasible way. We also propose a new category of PAs globally, for sustaining the provision of ecosystems services and achieving sustainable development goals.
A Climatology of Midlatitude Continental Clouds from the Arm Sgp Central Facility.Part II; Cloud Fraction and Radiative Forcing

Abstract A record of single-layer and overcast low cloud (stratus) properties has been generated using approximately 4000 h of data collected from January 1997 to December 2002 at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains Central Facility (SCF). The cloud properties include liquid-phase and liquid-dominant mixed-phase low cloud macrophysical, microphysical, and radiative properties including cloud-base and -top heights and temperatures, and cloud physical thickness derived from a ground-based radar and lidar pair, and rawinsonde sounding; cloud liquid water path (LWP) and content (LWC), and cloud-droplet effective radius (re) and number concentration (N) derived from the macrophysical properties and radiometer data; and cloud optical depth (τ), effective solar transmission (γ), and cloud/top-of-atmosphere albedos (Rcldy/RTOA) derived from Eppley precision spectral pyranometer measurements. The cloud properties were analyzed in terms of their seasonal, monthly, and hourly variations.
Multi-scale Review for Possible Mechanisms of Natural Frequency Change of Reinforced Concrete Structures under an Ordinary Drying Condition

Based on a review from a view point of multi-scale perspective, it is concluded that possible mechanisms of natural frequency change of concrete structures under an ordinary drying condition are reduction of Young’s modulus of concrete and stiffness reduction of reinforced concrete member due to shrinkage-induced cracking. Both two mechanisms can be provoked by drying, which is natural environmental condition for all the building structures. This natural frequency change is important for the integrity analysis of nuclear power plants because seismic response change and sympathetic vibration between structure and installed implementations are expected. In addition, to understand the mechanism this mechanism should contributed to post-earthquake integrity evaluation which is necessary to efficient and continuous operation of nuclear power plants. The lost parts of scientific knowledge and needs of experimental data for whole picture of this natural frequency change have been pointed out.