Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of cognitive neuropsychology in aphasiology: A response to the commentaries

Luria, A. R. (1963). Restoration of function after brain Injury. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Luria, A. R. (1965). L. S. Vygotsky and the problem of localisation of functions. Neuropsychologia, 3, 387–392. Luria, A. R. (1970). Traumatic aphasia. The Hague: Mouton. Luria, A. R. (1979). The making of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Luria, A. R. (1981). Language and cognition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. McNeil, M. , Hula, W. , & Sung, J. E. (2011). The role of memory and attention in aphasic language performance. In J. Guendouzi, F. Loncke, & M. J. Williams (Eds.), The handbook of psycholinguistic and cognitive processes (pp. 551–577). New York, NY: Psychology Press. McNeil, M. R. , & Doyle, P. J. (2000). Reconsidering the hegemony of linguistic explanations in aphasia: The challenge for the beginning of the millennium. Brain & Language, 71, 154–156. Salonen, L. (2012). L. S. Vygotsky’s psychology and the theory of learning applied to the rehabilitation of aphasia: A developmental and systemic view. Manuscript submitted for publication. Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1965). Psychology and localisation of functions. Neuropsychologia, 3, 381–386. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1987, 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1997a, 1997b). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky (Vols. 1–6). New York, NY: Plenum Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1997a). Problems of the theory and history of psychology including the chapter on the crisis in psychology (Vol. 3). In R. W. Rieber & J. Wollock (Eds.), The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky (Vols. 1–6). New York, NY: Plenum Press. Wertsch, J. V. (1981). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
The psychological management of violence in clinical and forensic settings: Pitfalls and remedies

The psychological management of violence is an important priority for clinical and forensic professionals. Programs designed to reduce violent behaviour have proliferated in recent years, many of them based on anger management principles. This paper addresses the question of what the necessary conditions for an adequate program might be. Attention is drawn to the need for a theoretical base, for a full formulation of the individual case, for links with adjacent fields and for a consideration of cultural factors. The need to extend interventions beyond therapeutic sessions and to target serious offending in the mentally disordered is also discussed.
Obesity and prostate cancer detection and progression.

Obesity is an epidemic in the United States affecting over 30% of the adult population.1 Obesity is more prevalent among minorities, particularly black men.2 It has been associated with numerous chronic diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. It has also been associated with several types of cancers, particularly breast and colon cancer.3 Recent evidence suggests that obese men have an increased risk of dying of prostate cancer.4–6 Three recent articles shed light on the association between obesity and the development of newly diagnosed prostate cancers following primary therapy and outcomes.
The Baryon spectrum and chiral dynamics

The fine structure of the low energy part of the nucleon and strange hyperon spectra, which are formed of single states without parity doublets, may be understood in terms of an $SU(3)$ flavor-symmetric quark-quark interaction that describes chiral pseudoscalar boson exchange. The model predicts the fine structure splittings within 10-30\% of their empirical values and provides an explanation of the reversed ordering of the lowest positive and negative parity resonances in the nucleon and the $\Lambda$ hyperon spectra.
Staff and caregiver attitude to coercion in India

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess attitudes of Indian psychiatrists and caregivers toward coercion. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Krishna Rajendra Hospital, Mysore, India. Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale (SACS), a 15-item questionnaire, was administered to self-selected psychiatrists across India and caregivers from Mysore to measure attitudes on coercion. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and investigating differences in subgroups by means of Chi-square test, Student's t–test, and analysis of variance. Reliability of the SACS was tested in this Indian sample. Results: A total of 210 psychiatrists and 210 caregivers participated in the study. Both groups agreed that coercion was related to scarce resources, security concerns, and harm reduction. Both groups agreed that coercion is necessary, but not as treatment. Older caregivers and male experienced psychiatrists considered coercion related to scarce resources to violate patient integrity. All participants considered coercion necessary for protection in dangerous situations. Professionals and caregivers significantly disagreed on most items. The reliability of the SACS was reasonable to good among the psychiatrists group, but not in the caregiver group (alpha 0.58 vs. 0.07). Conclusion: Caregivers and psychiatrists felt that the lack of resources is one of the reasons for coercion. Furthermore, they felt that the need on early identification of aggressive behavior, interventions to reduce aggressiveness, empowering patients, improving hospital resources, staff training in verbal de-escalation techniques is essential. There is an urgent need in the standardized operating procedure in the use of coercive measure in Indian mental health setting.
Learner and native speaker perspectives on a culturally-specific Japanese refusal gesture

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate how learners of Japanese as a second language (n=16) and Japanese native speakers (n=17) interpret a Japanese refusal gesture, the so-called Hand Fan, to observe how these interpretations are accompanied by similar manual gestures, and to see how participants perceive its comprehensibility. Results indicate that learners are significantly poorer than native speakers at interpreting this uniquely Japanese refusal gesture, although there was no significant difference between the two groups in their judgments of the difficulty to interpret the Hand Fan gesture. This suggests that the acquisition of allegedly simple conventional gestures may not be so easy for language learners either for reception or production.
Dengue--old disease, new challenges in an ageing population.

1Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital 2Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Address for Correspondence: Dr Jenny Low, Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608. Email: jenny.low@sgh.com. sg Singapore has experienced yet another epidemic. With more than 13,000 cases reported as of mid July 2013, this could possibly be one of the worst outbreaks in Singapore’s history. Dengue claimed its fi rst death in May this year and since then, 4 others have died of dengue. Of these 5 deaths, 80% occurred in patients older than 60 years. The last epidemic from 2004 to 2005 saw more than 14,000 cases with 27 reported deaths. The median age of death cases then was 59.5 years.1 Mankind has been living with the dengue disease from as early as the Jin Dynasty (265 – 420 AD) period when the fi rst case of probable dengue was recorded in a Chinese medical encyclopedia.2 In the last 50 years or so, we have witnessed an unprecedented expansion in the geographic distribution of epidemic dengue globally. This expansion is facilitated by unplanned and rapid urbanisation in many tropical and subtropical countries, modern trans-national transportation, lack of effective mosquito control and globalisation at a rate that we have not experienced before. Dengue is currently considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be one of the most important infectious diseases affecting tropical urban areas in the 21st century. The latest estimate is that nearly 400 million people are infected with dengue each year with a quarter of these presenting with acute illness.3 Besides the geographic expansion of dengue, the epidemiology of dengue has also been changing. The modal age of disease presentation has also been increasing over the more recent decades. When epidemic dengue emerged in Southeast Asia after the Second World War, it was predominantly a paediatric disease.4 However, since the 1980s, there has been an increasing incidence of dengue reported among adults from many parts of the tropics and subtropical countries. Multiple factors have contributed to this trend. In Singapore, the increase in age of dengue cases is likely to be caused by the reduced vector population and hence transmission intensity.5,6 Rural to urban migration of adults seeking employment and other economic activity has also raised the age of the population susceptible to dengue infection. At the same time, the world’s population is rapidly ageing. Between 2000 and 2050, the proportion of the world’s population over 60 years will double from about 11% to 22% with the absolute number expected to increase from 605 million to 2 billion over the same period.7 According to Singapore’s statistics, by 2050, 38% of our
Risk of Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter: A Canadian National-Level Cohort Study

Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada. Objective: We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults. Methods: We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM2.5 derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models. Results: Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m3 increase in concentrations of PM2.5. Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively. We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM2.5 based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities. Conclusions: In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5. Associations were observed with exposures to PM2.5 at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m3; interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m3) than those reported previously.
No More Pesky Learning Rate Guessing Games

It is known that the learning rate is the most important hyper-parameter to tune for training deep convolutional neural networks (i.e., a "guessing game"). This report describes a new method for setting the learning rate, named cyclical learning rates, that eliminates the need to experimentally find the best values and schedule for the learning rates. Instead of setting the learning rate to fixed values, this method lets the learning rate cyclically vary within reasonable boundary values. This report shows that training with cyclical learning rates achieves near optimal classification accuracy without tuning and often in many fewer iterations. This report also describes a simple way to estimate "reasonable bounds" - by linearly increasing the learning rate in one training run of the network for only a few epochs. In addition, cyclical learning rates are demonstrated on training with the CIFAR-10 dataset and the AlexNet and GoogLeNet architectures on the ImageNet dataset. These methods are practical tools for everyone who trains convolutional neural networks.
Development of reading and metaphonological abilities: A transversal study of French-speaking children aged 5 to 12 years

We investigated the development of phonological awareness and reading abilities in French-speaking children aged 5–12 years. Participants were divided into seven groups (kindergarten to grade 6). Metaphonological tasks included segmentation, blending and inversion at the syllable and the phoneme level, reading of regular and irregular words and nonwords, rhyme production and rhyme recognition. We hypothesised that: (1) children will rely more heavily on phonological awareness in the first years of reading acquisition; (2) development of phonological awareness at the phoneme level will facilitate reading of regular words and nonwords. Results in metaphonological tasks showed a clear developmental progression between kindergarten and 2nd grade. Regular words were easily read in grade 2, nonwords were adequately decoded in grade 3, whereas irregular word reading gradually increased until grade 6 and beyond. These results suggest that the facilitatory effect between phonological awareness and reading appears to be limited to the phoneme unit.
Aggressive Policing and the Deterrence of Crime

Recent analyses of the relationship between crime and an aggressive patrol strategy have led to no single conclusion concerning the deterrent power of aggressive policing. This research adds to that debate by exploring the effects of a variety of aggressive patrol tactics on several different crimes. The empirical analysis, based on cross-sectional data from sixty urban neighborhoods, indicates that there appears to be no stable complex of police actions that constitute an aggressive patrol strategy. However, one form of police action usually included under the rubric of aggressive patrol—suspicion stops—may indeed deter certain types of criminal activity.
Proteolytic Profile of Cysteine Proteases and Inhibitors Determines Tumor Cell Phenotype in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

The hypothesis was tested that a specific pattern in the cysteine cathepsin/inhibitor ratio is associated with the development of more aggressive tumor cell phenotypes in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). For this purpose commercially available ELISAs were used to determine the concentrations of cysteine cathepsins B and L and their inhibitors, stefins A and B, in cytosols of nontumorous mucosa and primary tumors from 92 patients. Using the stefin A concentration difference in matched pairs of tissue samples as a stratifying variable, 53 cases were found to be upregulated (higher concentrations in tumor samples than in nontumorous mucosa) and 39 cases downregulated. Disease recurrence was more frequent in the downregulated group than in the upregulated group (35.9% vs 11.3%, p=0.009), which resulted in significantly different 5-year disease-free survival rates (61.2% vs 88%, p=0.004). The consistency of these results was confirmed by repeating the analysis in an independent group of patients (the reference group). The presented results suggest that in patients with SCCHN, specific patterns in the proteolytic profile of cysteine proteases and their inhibitors are associated with the development of distinctly aggressive tumor cell phenotypes and are of prognostic value.
$k^{\tau,\epsilon}$-anonymity: Towards Privacy-Preserving Publishing of Spatiotemporal Trajectory Data

Mobile network operators can track subscribers via passive or active monitoring of device locations. The recorded trajectories offer an unprecedented outlook on the activities of large user populations, which enables developing new networking solutions and services, and scaling up studies across research disciplines. Yet, the disclosure of individual trajectories raises significant privacy concerns: thus, these data are often protected by restrictive non-disclosure agreements that limit their availability and impede potential usages. In this paper, we contribute to the development of technical solutions to the problem of privacy-preserving publishing of spatiotemporal trajectories of mobile subscribers. We propose an algorithm that generalizes the data so that they satisfy $k^{\tau,\epsilon}$-anonymity, an original privacy criterion that thwarts attacks on trajectories. Evaluations with real-world datasets demonstrate that our algorithm attains its objective while retaining a substantial level of accuracy in the data. Our work is a step forward in the direction of open, privacy-preserving datasets of spatiotemporal trajectories.
Optimization of the Receive Filter and Transmit Sequence for Active Sensing

This paper discusses the joint design of receive filters and transmit signals for active sensing applications such as radar and active sonar. The goal is to minimize the mean-square error (MSE) of target's scattering coefficient estimate in the presence of clutter and interference, which is equivalent to maximizing the signal-to-clutter-plus-interference ratio. A discrete-time signal model is assumed and practical constant-modulus or low peak-to-average-power ratio (PAR) constraints are imposed on the transmit signal. Several optimization methods are proposed for this joint design. Furthermore, the MSE criterion is expressed in the frequency domain and a corresponding MSE lower bound is derived. Numerical examples for different types of interferences are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed designs.
Incarcerated Men and the Perceived Sources of Their Loneliness

The present study examined the influence of incarceration on perceived sources of loneliness. It was hypothesized that incarcerated offenders would perceive the causes of their loneliness differently than would the general population sample. On an 82-item, yes-or-no questionnaire, 162 men from the general population and 199 male offenders, all of which were recruited on a voluntary basis, reported the sources of their loneliness. Results indicated a significant difference in the perceived sources of loneliness among the two populations. It also was found that the duration of loneliness (i.e., chronic vs. episodic) and its presence at the time of testing affect the perception of its causes.
Artificial Polyploidy Improves Bacterial Single Cell Genome Recovery

Background Single cell genomics (SCG) is a combination of methods whose goal is to decipher the complete genomic sequence from a single cell and has been applied mostly to organisms with smaller genomes, such as bacteria and archaea. Prior single cell studies showed that a significant portion of a genome could be obtained. However, breakages of genomic DNA and amplification bias have made it very challenging to acquire a complete genome with single cells. We investigated an artificial method to induce polyploidy in Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 by blocking cell division and have shown that we can significantly improve the performance of genomic sequencing from a single cell. Methodology/Principal Findings We inhibited the bacterial cytoskeleton protein FtsZ in B. subtilis with an FtsZ-inhibiting compound, PC190723, resulting in larger undivided single cells with multiple copies of its genome. qPCR assays of these larger, sorted cells showed higher DNA content, have less amplification bias, and greater genomic recovery than untreated cells. Significance The method presented here shows the potential to obtain a nearly complete genome sequence from a single bacterial cell. With millions of uncultured bacterial species in nature, this method holds tremendous promise to provide insight into the genomic novelty of yet-to-be discovered species, and given the temporary effects of artificial polyploidy coupled with the ability to sort and distinguish differences in cell size and genomic DNA content, may allow recovery of specific organisms in addition to their genomes.
Racial identity, racial attitudes, and race socialization among Black Canadian parents.

The primary aim of this study was to examine the influence of racial identity on the socialization strategies used by Black parents to deal with issues of racism and discrimination. The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI) was used to capture the complexity of Black identity and to provide a framework for the study of the socialization process. Ninety-one Black Canadian parents responded to measures of racial identity (e.g., identity centrality, racial ideologies), racial appraisals (e.g., concern for stereotyping), and socialization practices (e.g., preparation for bias). Racial identity measures were hypothesised to predict racial appraisals and socialization behaviours, while racial appraisals were expected to predict socialization behaviours. Furthermore, racial salience was expected to moderate the relationship between racial ideologies (e.g., nationalist ideology) and socialization behaviours. Although this latter hypothesis was not supported, the Sellers model did provide a useful theoretical framework for understanding the socialization practices of Black Canadian parents. Parents were more likely to socialize their children when they endorsed a humanist ideology and when they perceived their children as being likely targets of stereotyping and discrimination. These findings underscore the need for multidimensional measures of identity to obtain a more complete picture of the socialization process.
Political parallelism in news and commentaries on the Haider conflict. A comparative analysis of Austrian, British, German, and French quality newspapers

Abstract Normative theories of media functions require a clear distinction between the media's two roles as forum and speaker in public spheres. This article seeks to study potential violations of the rule of separating fact from opinion. The comparative content analysis takes a European political conflict, the so-called Haider debate, as a litmus test of objectivity of news reporting. The study reveals some critical consequences of the press' political involvement in the debate. In all countries under study, the press tends to incorporate journalistic evaluations into the news. The Haider debate was characterized by a ‘political parallelism’ of the press in a manner which Hallin and Mancini re-defined as ‘party-press parallelism’. The newspapers favorably gave voice to speakers supporting their own positions, thus instrumentalizing opportune witnesses. As a result, the newspapers ‘synchronized’ the coverage with their editorial stances, which lead to biased news reporting in all outlets.