Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associations Between Depressive Symptom Dimensions and Smoking Dependence Motives

Depressive symptoms are heterogeneous and can be parsed into four subdimensions (i.e., positive affect [PA], negative affect [NA], somatic features [SF], and interpersonal problems [IP]) that may have unique associations with the motivation to smoke. This study explored associations between depressive symptom dimensions and 13 theoretically distinct domains of smoking dependence motivation in current cigarette smokers (N = 212; 53% female, mean [M] age = 24 years). Results demonstrated substantial variability in the pattern of motivational correlates across depressive dimensions. Low PA exhibited the narrowest motivational profile, associating with only the tendency to prioritize smoking over other reinforcers. NA demonstrated a broader profile, associating with smoking for affect regulation and cognitive enhancement as well as prioritizing smoking. SF associated with prioritizing smoking and smoking because of cue exposure, craving, and weight control. IP demonstrated the broadest profile, associating with 7 of 13 motivational domains. These findings may assist the tailoring cessation interventions for smokers with depressive symptoms.
Effects of long-term head-down-tilt bed rest and different training regimes on the coagulation system of healthy men

Immobility plus preexisting chronic disease or acute trauma can activate the coagulation system, thus increasing the risk for thromboembolic events. The effects of long‐term bed‐rest immobility and microgravity on the coagulation system of healthy persons (e.g., during crewed Mars missions) have not yet been studied. The main objective of the second Berlin BedRest Study (BBR2‐2) “Coagulation Part” was to investigate adaptations of the hemostatic system during long‐term bed rest (60 days) under simulated microgravity (6° head‐down‐tilt [6°HDT]) and after mobilization in three different volunteer groups (randomly assigned to CTR= inactive control group; RE= resistive exercise only group; and RVE= resistive exercise with whole‐body vibration group). In 24 males (aged 21–45 years), before, during, and after long‐term bed rest, key parameters of coagulation were measured from venous blood samples: D‐dimer (DD), thrombin–antithrombin III complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (PT‐F1 + 2). Additionally, modified rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM®) analysis was performed. Times of exploratory analyses were as follows: baseline data collection 2 days before bed rest (BDC‐2); eight different days of 6°HDT bed rest (HDT1–HDT60), and two different days after reambulation (R + 3 and R + 6). We found significant changes in DD, TAT, and PT‐F1 + 2 over the total time course, but no consistent effect of physical interventions (RE, RVE) on these parameters. Notably, no parameter reached levels indicative of intravascular thrombin formation. All ROTEM® parameters remained within the normal range and no pathological traces were found. Sixty days of 6°HDT bed rest are not associated with pronounced activation of the coagulation system indicative of intravascular thrombus formation in healthy volunteers independent of the training type during the bed rest.
Contribution of astrocytic glutamate and GABA uptake to corticostriatal information processing

Non‐technical summary The striatum is a part of the basal ganglia that receives input from the cerebral cortex, extracts relevant information from background noise and relays that information to other parts of the basal ganglia. It is largely composed of nerve cells known as medium‐sized spiny neurons (MSNs), and neurons from the cerebral cortex make synaptic connections with them. This study investigates the function of astrocytes at this synaptic connection, where their role is to remove the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA that spills out from the synaptic cleft. It appears that astrocytes, via the uptake of neurotransmitters, increase the strength of filtering operated by MSNs.
On Lying and Being Lied To: A Linguistic Analysis of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication

This study investigated changes in both the liar's and the conversational partner's linguistic style across truthful and deceptive dyadic communication in a synchronous text-based setting. An analysis of 242 transcripts revealed that liars produced more words, more sense-based words (e.g., seeing, touching), and used fewer self-oriented but more other-oriented pronouns when lying than when telling the truth. In addition, motivated liars avoided causal terms when lying, whereas unmotivated liars tended to increase their use of negations. Conversational partners also changed their behavior during deceptive conversations, despite being blind to the deception manipulation. Partners asked more questions with shorter sentences when they were being deceived, and matched the liar's linguistic style along several dimensions. The linguistic patterns in both the liar and the partner's language use were not related to deception detection, suggesting that partners were unable to use this linguistic information to improve their deception detection accuracy.
Comparative Study of Malondialdehyde and Vitamin C in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non Diabetic Individuals

Oxidative stress resulting from enhances free-radic al formation and/or a defect in antioxidant defence s has been impli- cated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its assoc iated complications. Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in the initiation, progression and pathology of type 2 diabetes mellit us (DM). A cross sectional study conducted during t he period from January 2015 to June 2015 to assessment the serum levels of malondi aldehyde (as a marker of lipid peroxidation), antio xidant vitamin (C) in Sudanese with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to normotens ive persons. In all subjects were Men and Women, age fall between the 25-74 years individuals. Exclusion criteria were chronic disease, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and li pid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum samples. The aim was to determine the oxidative stress status and pl asma vitamin antioxidant (Vitamin C) level in diabe tes and apparently healthy indviduals. In134 subjects out 67 were found as a n controls normotensive individuals and the cases 6 7 diabetic patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in diabet ic patients and normotensive individuals (4.36± 1.17 µmol/l vs 1.72±0.68 µmol/l and p < 0.0001). Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant was h ighly significantly decrease in hypertensive patien ts and normotensive individuals (0.29± 0.15 mg/dl vs 0.37±0.18 mg/dl and p <0.0001). These findings demonstrate a strong association M DA and Vitamin C level, antioxidant level decrease and increase level of MD A in diabetic patients. Supplementary vitamin C may be helpful in decreasing blood glucose type 2 diabetes and thus reducing the risk of complications, should be considered in fur ther research.
The Effect of Child Support Enforcement on Marital Dissolution

This paper examines the effect of government child support enforcement (CSE) on marital dissolution. By raising the financial obligation of the absent father to the single mother under divorce, CSE generally lowers the wife's cost of divorce. On the other hand, it raises the husband's cost. Hence, the net effect of CSE on divorce is a priori ambiguous in sign. Using Current Population Survey data matched to CSE program data, I find empirical evidence that stronger CSE reduces marital breakup. This effect is larger for couples in which the wife is more likely to be a welfare recipient under divorce.
Does Unusual News Forecast Market Stress?

An increase in “unusual” news with negative sentiment predicts an increase in stock market volatility. Unusual positive news forecasts lower volatility. Our analysis is based on over 360,000 articles on 50 large financial companies, published during the period of 1996–2014. Unusualness interacted with sentiment forecasts company-specific and aggregate volatility several months ahead. Furthermore, unusual news is reflected more slowly in aggregate volatility than company-specific volatility. News measures from articles explicitly about the “market,” which are more easily accessible to investors, do not forecast volatility. The observed responses of volatility to news may be explained by attention constraints on investors.
Height gain measurements for DTV reception in Singapore

Very few height-gain measurements have been made especially in built-up areas. Measurements made in Singapore confirm that the height-gain is different in different locations and depends on the local clutter, ground reflection and the radiation pattern of the transmitting antenna. In high rise HDB (Housing Development Board) estates, height loss is observed instead of gain.
Treatment of Inherited Homocystinurias

Abstract Inherited homocystinurias, have in common, accumulation of homocysteine with subsequent neurotoxicity; they also encompass two distinctive clinical entities: classical homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency and the rare inborn errors of cobalamin and folate metabolism. In the latter group, remethylation disorders of homocysteine to methionine (chiefly CblC defect and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [MTHFR] deficiency) are by far the most frequently encountered situations. The natural history of CBS deficiency is relatively well known and described. Similarly, clinical presentations of remethylation defects are becoming better recognized and reported. Conversely, few data are available regarding treatment of these disorders, especially for remethylation defects. In this review, after an overview of the metabolic pathophysiology and the clinical features of inherited homocystinurias due to CBS deficiency, CblC defect, and MTHFR deficiency, we focus on present and prospective therapeutic approaches.
A Primer on Market Discipline and Governance of Financial Institutions for Those in a State of Shocked Disbelief

Self regulation encouraged by market discipline constitutes a key component of Basel II’s third pillar. But high-risk investment strategies may maximize the expected value of some banks. In these cases, does market discipline encourage risk-taking that undermines bank stability in economic downturns? This paper reviews the literature on corporate control in banking. It reviews the techniques for assessing bank performance, interaction between regulation and the federal safety net with market discipline on risk-taking incentives and stability, and sources of market discipline, including ownership structure, capital market discipline, product market competition, labor market competition, boards of directors, and compensation.
Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke

Background: Exposure to secondhand smoke causes lung cancer; however, there are little data in the open literature on the in vivo toxicology of fresh sidestream cigarette smoke to guide the debate about smoke-free workplaces and public places. Objective: To investigate the unpublished in vivo research on sidestream cigarette smoke done by Philip Morris Tobacco Company during the 1980s at its Institut für Biologische Forschung (INBIFO). Methods: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents now available at the University of California San Francisco Legacy Tobacco Documents Library and other websites. Results: Inhaled fresh sidestream cigarette smoke is approximately four times more toxic per gram total particulate matter (TPM) than mainstream cigarette smoke. Sidestream condensate is approximately three times more toxic per gram and two to six times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate by dermal application. The gas/vapour phase of sidestream smoke is responsible for most of the sensory irritation and respiratory tract epithelium damage. Fresh sidestream smoke inhibits normal weight gain in developing animals. In a 21day exposure, fresh sidestream smoke can cause damage to the respiratory epithelium at concentrations of 2 μg/l TPM. Damage to the respiratory epithelium increases with longer exposures. The toxicity of whole sidestream smoke is higher than the sum of the toxicities of its major constituents. Conclusion: Fresh sidestream smoke at concentrations commonly encountered indoors is well above a 2 μg/m3 reference concentration (the level at which acute effects are unlikely to occur), calculated from the results of the INBIFO studies, that defines acute toxicity to humans. Smoke-free public places and workplaces are the only practical way to protect the public health from the toxins in sidestream smoke.
Dental neglect among children in Chennai

Background: Child dental neglect is the failure of a parent or guardian to meet the child′s basic oral health needs such that the child enjoys adequate function and freedom from pain and infection, where reasonable resources are available to family or caregiver. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the phenomenon of dental neglect among children in Chennai and to associate dental neglect with oral health status of children aged 3-12 years. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 478 pairs of parents and children. Dental neglect scale and a questionnaire were used to assess the dental neglect score among parents of the children involved in the study. Oral health status of children was clinically assessed using oral hygiene index, decayed, extracted, filled teeth (def(t)), pulp, ulcers, fistula, abscess (pufa), decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT), PUFA as per the World Health Organization criteria and pufa/PUFA index. Student′s t-test and one-way ANOVA were used appropriately for statistical analysis using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: A significant higher dental neglect score was reported among the parents who reside in the suburban location (P < 0.001), whose educational qualification was secondary (P < 0.001) and who have not availed any dental service for >3 years (P = 0.001). A significant higher DMFT (P = 0.003), deft (P = 0 < 0.001), pufa (P = 0.011), and debris index (P = 0.002) scores were seen in the higher dental neglect group. Conclusion: Child dental neglect is seen among the parents whose educational qualification was secondary, who reside in the suburban location, and who have not utilized the dental services for more than 3 years in Chennai. This dental neglect results in poorer oral health of children.
Cascades and Cognitive State: Focused Attention Incurs Subcritical Dynamics

The analysis of neuronal avalanches supports the hypothesis that the human cortex operates with critical neural dynamics. Here, we investigate the relationship between cascades of activity in electroencephalogram data, cognitive state, and reaction time in humans using a multimodal approach. We recruited 18 healthy volunteers for the acquisition of simultaneous electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging during both rest and during a visuomotor cognitive task. We compared distributions of electroencephalogram-derived cascades to reference power laws for task and rest conditions. We then explored the large-scale spatial correspondence of these cascades in the simultaneously acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Furthermore, we investigated whether individual variability in reaction times is associated with the amount of deviation from power law form. We found that while resting state cascades are associated with approximate power law form, the task state is associated with subcritical dynamics. Furthermore, we found that electroencephalogram cascades are related to blood oxygen level-dependent activation, predominantly in sensorimotor brain regions. Finally, we found that decreased reaction times during the task condition are associated with increased proximity to power law form of cascade distributions. These findings suggest that the resting state is associated with near-critical dynamics, in which a high dynamic range and a large repertoire of brain states may be advantageous. In contrast, a focused cognitive task induces subcritical dynamics, which is associated with a lower dynamic range, which in turn may reduce elements of interference affecting task performance.
FIS-dependent trans activation of stable RNA operons of Escherichia coli under various growth conditions

In Escherichia coli transcription of the tRNA operon thrU (tufB) and the rRNA operon rrnB is trans-activated by the protein FIS. This protein, which stimulates the inversion of various viral DNA segments, binds specifically to a cis-acting sequence (designated UAS) upstream of the promoter of thrU (tufB) and the P1 promoter of the rrnB operon. There are indications that this type of regulation is representative for the regulation of more stable RNA operons. In the present investigation we have studied UAS-dependent transcription activation of the thrU (tufB) operon in the presence and absence of FIS during a normal bacterial growth cycle and after a nutritional shift-up. In early log phase the expression of the operon rises steeply in wild-type cells, whereafter it declines. Concomitantly, a peak of the cellular FIS concentration is observed. Cells in the stationary phase are depleted of FIS. The rather abrupt increase of transcription activation depends on the nutritional quality of the medium. It is not seen in minimal medium. After a shift from minimal to rich medium, a peak of transcription activation and of FIS concentration is measured. This peak gets higher as the medium gets more strongly enriched. We conclude that a correlation between changes of the UAS-dependent activation of the thrU (tufB) operon and changes of the cellular FIS concentration under a variety of experimental conditions exists. This correlation strongly suggests that the production of FIS responds to environmental signals, thereby trans-activating the operon. Cells unable to produce FIS (fis cells) also show an increase of operon transcription in the early log phase and after a nutritional shift-up, albeit less pronounced than that wild-type cells. Presumably it is controlled by the ribosome feedback regulatory system. cis activation of the operon by the upstream activator sequence is apparent in the absence of FIS. This activation is constant throughout the entire growth cycle and is independent of nutritional factors. The well-known growth rate-dependent control, displayed by exponentially growing cells studied under various nutritional conditions, is governed by two regulatory mechanisms: repression, presumably by ribosome feedback inhibition, and stimulation by trans activation. FIS allows very fast bacterial growth.
Nucleotide sequence of the sucB gene encoding the dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase of Escherichia coli K12 and homology with the corresponding acetyltransferase.

The nucleotide sequence of the sucB gene, which encodes the dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase component (E2o) of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli K12, has been determined by the dideoxy chain-termination method. The results extend by 1440 base pairs the previously reported sequence of 3180 base pairs, containing the sucA gene. The sucB structural gene comprises 1209 base pairs (403 codons excluding the initiating AUG), and it is preceded by a 14-base-pair intercistronic region containing a good ribosomal binding site. The absence of a typical terminator sequence and the presence of an IS-like sequence downstream of sucB suggest that there may be further gene(s) in the suc operon. The IS-like sequence is homologous with other intercistronic sequences including that between the sdhB and sucA genes, the overall gene organisation being: sdhB-IS-sucAsucB-IS-. The patterns of codon usage indicate that sucB may be more strongly expressed than sucA, consistent with the disproportionate contents of their products in the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The predicted amino acid composition and Mr (43 607) of the succinyltransferase component agree with previous studies on the purified protein. Comparison with the corresponding acetyltransferase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (E2p, aceF gene product) indicates that each contains two analogous domains, an amino-terminal lipoyl domain linked to a carboxy-terminal catalytic and subunit binding domain. The lipoyl domain of the acetyltransferase (E2p) comprises three tandemly repeated approximately 100-residue lipoyl binding regions containing two short (approximately 19 residues) internal repeats, whereas the lipoyl domain of the succinyltransferase (E2o) contains just one approximately 100-residue lipoyl binding region, with approximately 27% homology to each of the three comparable regions in E2p, and no detectable internal repeats. The catalytic and subunit binding domains, each approximately 300 residues, have an overall homology of 34% and, consistent with their combination of analogous and specific functions, some regions are more homologous than others. Both sequences feature segments rich in proline and alanine. In E2p these occur at the carboxy-terminal ends of each of the three lipoyl binding regions, there being a particularly extended sequence at the end of the third repeat, whereas in E2o the main proline-alanine segment is found approximately 50 residues into the subunit binding domain. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series How Robustness Can Lower the Cost of Discretion How Robustness Can Lower the Cost of Discretion

The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Abstract Model uncertainty has the potential to change importantly how monetary policy is conducted , making it an issue that central banks cannot ignore. Using a standard new Keynesian business cycle model, this paper analyzes the behavior of a central bank that conducts policy under discretion while fearing that its model is misspeci…ed. The main results are as follows. First, policy performance can be improved if the discretionary central bank implements a robust policy. This important result is obtained because the central bank's desire for robustness directs it to assertively stabilize in ‡ation, thereby mitigating the stabilization bias associated with discretionary policymaking. Second, the central bank's fear of model misspeci…cation leads it to forecast future outcomes under the belief that in ‡ation (in particular) will be persistent and have large unconditional variance , raising the probability of extreme outcomes. Private agents, however, anticipating the policy response, make decisions under the belief that in ‡ation will be more closely stabilized, that is, more tightly distributed, than under rational expectations. Finally, as a technical contribution, the paper shows how to solve with robustness an important class of linear-quadratic decision problems. for comments. I would also like to thank Anita Todd for editioral suggestions. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily re ‡ect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Federal Reserve System.