Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complexity theoretical results for randomized branching programs

This work is settled in the area of complexity theory for rest icted variants of branching programs. Today, branching programs can be considered one of th standard nonuniform models of computation. One reason for their popularity is that they al low to describe computations in an intuitively straightforward way and promise to be easier to analyze than the traditional models. In complexity theory, we are mainly interested in upper and l ower bounds on the size of branching programs. Although proving superpolynomial lower boun ds on the size of general branching programs still remains a challenging open problem, ther e has been considerable success in the study of lower bound techniques for various restricte d variants, most notably perhaps read-once branching programs and OBDDs (ordered binary dec ision diagrams). Surprisingly, OBDDs have also turned out to be extremely useful in practica l applications as a data structure for Boolean functions. So far, research has concentrated on deterministic and, to s ome extent, also nondeterministic types of branching programs. Given the practical and theore tical importance of the probabilistic mode of computation, it seems natural to ask whether we can pr ove any interesting results for probabilistic variants of branching programs, defined in an alogy to the well-known probabilistic Turing machines. At the time of the beginning of this work, ve ry little was known about such randomized variants of branching programs. Meanwhile, a co nsiderable part of the “complexity landscape” for randomized variants of branching programs w ith limited read access to the input variables is charted. Here we describe how some pieces of thi s knowledge have been obtained. Lower bound results for randomized OBDDs and randomized syn tactic readk-times branching programs form the main part of this work.
Children'S Housing Style Preferences

The effects of region, socioeconomic level, age, and sex in children were examined in a study of housing style preferences using 126 children and 88 adults. Children's samples came from middle-class (n = 34) and lower income (n = 23) schools, and a low-income camp (n = 21) in the Northeast, a middle-class school in the Midwest (n = 23), and a lower income (n = 25) school in the South. Adults were primarily undergraduates from the Northeast. Participants separately ranked for preference two sets of houses, one from Kinzy (Langdon, 1982), the second from McAlester and McAlester (1984). They also ranked the McAlester and McAlester stimuli for cost. Results indicated no socioeconomic and regional differences, but a sizable number of differences when the judgments of children and adults were contrasted and when preferences by sex were compared. As in previous research (Langdon, 1982; Nasar, 1988, 1 989b), adults preferred the Farm and Tudor styles, and significantly more so than children; children liked the Ranch and Colonial houses significantly more than did adults. In the second stimulus set, adults preferred the Minimal Traditional, Split-level, Neo-French, and Mansard significantly more than the children, whereas the children, in contrast to the adults, significantly preferred the Mobile home, Quonset hut, and Geodesic dome.
P-RIO: a modular parallel-programming environment

The authors discuss the development of their Parallel Reconfigurable Interconnectable Object (P-RIO) environment, which offers a graphical programming tool, modular construction, high portability, a separate configuration language, and runtime support mechanisms for parallel programs. P-RIO provides a middleware-based environment for parallel and distributed programming. Its object-based, software construction methodology facilitates modularity and code reuse, allowing engineers and scientists with little training to build relatively complex programs.
Trauma and Dissociation

Abstract The inauguration of this journal is the fruit of 20 years of modern study of trauma and dissociation that began with the publication of DSM III. Beginning with Janet and Freud, this editorial traces the growth of research, teaching and treatment in these fields and examines their close link to historic waves of social recognition and denial of child abuse in Western societies. Beginning with the women's movement of the 1960s that publicized rape and incest, followed by the undeniable traumas of American Vietnam veterans, we trace the blossoming progress of research, theory and treatment techniques in the fields of trauma and dissociation, of which this journal is one of the fruits. We note three generations of trauma treatment theory that have focused successively on abreaction, on the three-stage model of trauma treatment, and finally on integration of trauma-focused work with other theoretical models in the emerging post-memory-backlash era. As this journal is launched, our field stands at a point of unprecedented theoretical sophistication and burgeoning research on memory, trauma and dissociation to assist therapists in helping trauma survivors put their victimization in the past.
Identifying Gifted and Talented Students

ABSTRACT This article offers a set of recommended best practices in the identification of students who are gifted and talented. The article recommends that school psychologists gain familiarity with gifted children and their families, recognize the multiple manifestations of giftedness and the developmental nature of talent development, link identification to intervention, employ multiple assessment measures, include the assessment of motivation, consider social and emotional needs, and monitor the recommended interventions. The article also reviews recurring issues that adversely impact upon the provision of gifted services in the public schools. These issues include society not viewing the gifted as a high-priority special needs group, definitions of giftedness that vary across states, differing expert opinions on what giftedness represents, uncertainty about prevalence rates, under-representation of certain groups of gifted students, the role of creativity, and whether gifted education should be a part of special education.
La maximisation microéconomique du taux de profit

On the traditional microeconomic theory, firms are supposed to maximise pure profit. We study what happened when we consider shareholders and the social profit remunerating the social capital. We show the consequences of the surrender of the profit maximisation to use the rate of profit maximisation. The cases of concurrence with fix coefficient of capital, monopoly with fix coefficient of capital, monopoly with variable coefficient of capital are studied. The solutions given by the behaviors of profit maximisation and rate of profit maximisation are compared. We conclude to a reduction of the volume of investment on the most probable situations and to the optimality of the rate of profit maximisation from the view point of shareholders. If we adopt the rate of profit maximisation, we must revise some conclusions of industrial, normative and welfare economics in the case where the rate of profit maximisaiton is adopted.
Preparation of Educational Researchers in Philosophical Foundations of Inquiry

In this article we examine the nature, scope, and significance of basic philosophical issues in the preparation of researchers. Following a brief review of the history of educational research and a discussion of the philosophy of science supporting much of this research, we present and discuss two central assertions in the context of the growing prominence of paradigmatic and methodological pluralism in education and the human sciences. The first assertion is that the curriculum for preparing researchers in education continues to be dominated by the epistemology of logical empiricism, the philosophy of science undergirding the quantitative research tradition. The second assertion is that research education tends to place a disproportionate emphasis on technical methods and procedures, with little attention given to the philosophical, moral, and political values that underpin procedural practices and that frame, however tacitly, the context for knowledge production. We argue that the hegemony of quantitative science and the narrow preoccupation with methodological rigor as the singular yardstick for judging good science are serious problems requiring immediate attention in research education programs. We present a case for expanding the research education curriculum to include a strong and broad foundation in the history, philosophy, sociology, and ethics of inquiry. To illustrate how this can be achieved, we propose two features of an intellectual culture that may be developed: (a) course work on philosophical issues in inquiry, which doctoral students should be required to take in preparation for—or as a supplement to—technical courses on statistical methods and research design; and (b) an atmosphere of interdisciplinary and multiparadigmatic collaborative research that provides an informal context for students to experience and practice the values fostered by such course work.
On the bit communication complexity of randomized rumor spreading

We study the communication complexity of rumor spreading in the random phone-call model. Suppose nplayers communicate in parallel rounds, where in each round every player calls a randomly selected communication partner. A player u is allowed to exchange messages during a round only with the player that u called, and with all the players that $u$ received calls from, in that round. In every round, a (possibly empty) set of rumors to be distributed among all players is generated, and each of the rumors is initially placed in a subset of the players. Karp et. al \cite{Karp2000} showed that no rumor-spreading algorithm that spreads a rumor to all players with constant probability can be both time-optimal, taking O(lg n) rounds, and message-optimal, using O(n) messages per rumor. For address-oblivious algorithms, in particular, they showed that Ω(n lg lg n) messages per rumor are required, and they described an algorithm that matches this bound and takes O(lg n) rounds. We investigate the number of communication bits required for rumor spreading. On the lower-bound side, we establish that any address-oblivious algorithm taking O(lg n) rounds requires Ω(n (b+ lg lg n)) communication bits to distribute a rumor of size b bits. On the upper-bound side, we propose an address-oblivious algorithm that takes O(lg n) rounds and uses O(n(b+ lg lg n lg b)) bits. These results show that, unlike the case for the message complexity, optimality in terms of both the running time and the bit communication complexity is attainable, except for very small rumor sizes b << lg lg n lg lg lg n.
Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Herpes Keratitis

The sensitization of herpes simplex virus by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies was studied. Although herpes simplex virus sensitized by IgG could not be neutralized by IgA antibodies known to neutralize a similar number of unsensitized viruses, this protection could be overcome by larger amounts of IgA antibodies. This suggests that the effective neutralization of herpes simplex virus in ocular tissue is dependent on the relative concentrations of IgA and IgG antibodies. In vivo sensitized virus was isolated from chronically infected animals, and this may be the mechanism by which herpes simplex virus persists in animals with high titers of circulating antibodies in their serum.
A Novel Metric for Opportunistic Routing in Heterogenous Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper investigates the suboptimal problem of existing state-of-the-art routing protocols when they are applied to heterogeneous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In particular, we discover that the selected optimal routes with the least cost based their routing metric may not always lead to the least transmission cost. The key reason is that the existing routing metrics used do not sufficiently capture packet transmission cost in heterogeneous duty-cycled WSNs. To address this issue, we propose a novel routing metric, namely expected transmission cost (ETC), which efficiently captures packet transmission cost in heterogeneous duty-cycled WSNs by estimating both expected rendezvous cost and communication cost. Based on ETC, we design an opportunistic routing protocol (EoR) which is proved to select optimal routes with the least packet transmission cost. Our experimental results show that EoR outperforms the state-of-the-art protocols in terms of energy efficiency, latency, and packet delivery ratio.
Cerebral mechanismus underlying the automatic processing of the facial expression of pain

Gesichtsausdrucke ubermitteln wichtige Informationen uber den emotionalen Zustand eines Individuums. Obwohl ein schmerzverzerrtes Gesicht, das wohl dominanteste Merkmal nonverbalen Schmerzverhaltens, in der Literatur als einzigartig und distinkt von den Gesichtsausdrucken der Basisemotionen beschrieben wird, ist bisher nur wenig zu den neurobiologischen Grundlagen der Schmerzkommunikation bekannt. Mit Hilfe funktioneller Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie (1.5 T) wurde die neuronale Antwort auf dynamische Gesichtsausdrucke des Schmerzes im Vergleich zu wutenden und neutralen Gesichtern bestimmt. Daruber hinaus wurden Verhaltensdaten sowie peripherphysiologische Messgrosen erhoben. Die Ergebnisse belegen eine signifikante Aktivierung verschiedener emotionsbezogener Areale, einschlieslich der Amygdala, spezifisch auf dynamische Gesichtsausdrucke des Schmerzes im Vergleich zu neutralen und wutenden Gesichtern. Uberraschenderweise unterlagen diese Aktivierungsmuster einer Interaktion mit dem Geschlecht des Darstellers.
Terahertz detector utilizing two-dimensional electronic fluid

We report on the first implementation of a terahertz detector utilizing two-dimensional (2-D) electronic fluid in a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) operating at 2.5 THz. The terahertz radiation induced a dc drain-to-source voltage proportional to the radiation intensity. The measured dependencies of the detector responsivity on the gate bias are in good agreement with the gate bias dependence of the normalized responsivity predicted by the detector theory. This result shows the potential for developing a new family of electronics devices-plasma wave electronics devices-operating at terahertz frequencies.
Comparative Analysis of the Western Arctic Surface Climate among Observations and Model Simulations

Abstract Accurate estimates of the spatial and temporal variation in terrestrial water and energy fluxes and mean states are important for simulating regional hydrology and biogeochemistry in high-latitude regions. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop high-resolution hydroclimatological datasets at finer spatial resolutions than are currently available from global analyses. This study uses a regional climate model (RCM) to develop a hydroclimatological dataset for hydrologic and ecological application in the Western Arctic. The fifth-generation Penn State–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) forced by global reanalysis products at the boundaries is used to perform 12 yr of simulation (1990 through 2001) over the Western Arctic. An analysis that compares the RCM simulations with independent observationally derived data sources is conducted to evaluate the temporal and spatial distribution of the mean states, variability, and trends during the period of simulation. The RCM simulation of sea level pressure agrees w.
Vα24+ natural killer T‐cell responses against T‐acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells: implications for immunotherapy

Summary. Human Vα24+ natural killer T (NKT) cells correspond to mouse Vα14+ NKT cells, both cell types use an invariant T‐cell receptor‐α chain and are activated by glycolipids in a CD1d‐dependent manner. Mouse Vα14+ NKT cells have been reported to have an antitumour effect in vivo. Human Vα24+ NKT cells can kill a proportion of tumour cells in a CD1d‐dependent manner in vitro. We report here that many human leukaemic T‐cell lines express CD1d and can be directly killed by Vα24+ NKT cells. This killing activity was enhanced in the presence of α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer), a ligand of Vα24+ NKT cells. Moreover, primary leukaemic T cells from five of eight T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL) patients expressed CD1d and were good targets of Vα24+ NKT cells. This cytotoxicity was increased in the presence of α‐GalCer. Our results suggest that T‐ALL is a good candidate for Vα24+ NKT‐cell‐based immuno‐cell therapy.
Ego-lane estimation for lane-level navigation in urban scenarios

Future lane-precise navigation systems will recommend lane changes to drivers if needed. To achieve this, robust lane-level localization on a navigable map is essential. We propose an ego-lane estimation algorithm to robustly determine the ego-lane in urban scenarios based on a particle filter approach. The method only requires sensors available in a current production car, i.e. visual lane-marking detection, radar, and GPS, and a digital map describing road geometry and topology. Extensive experimental validation has shown an error rate of less than 0.75% with an availability of 95% of the total time and below 0.4% at 96% availability in situations most relevant for navigation. The influence of the used sensors has been evaluated.
Absence of IgD 2 CD 27 1 Memory B Cell Population in X-linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome

The present study analyzed peripheral blood B cell populations separated by IgD and CD27 expression in six males with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (XHIM). Costimulation of mononuclear cells from most of the patients induced no to low levels of class switching from IgM to IgG and IgA with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain (SAC) plus IL-2 or anti-CD40 mAb (anti-CD40) plus IL-10. Measurable levels of IgE were secreted in some of the patients after stimulation with anti-CD40 plus IL-4. Costimulation with SAC plus IL-2 plus anti-CD40 plus IL-10 yielded secretion of significant levels of IgG in addition to IgM, but not IgA. The most striking finding was that peripheral blood B cells from all of the six patients were composed of only IgD 1 CD27 2 and IgD 1 CD27 1 B cells; IgD 2 CD27 1 memory B cells were greatly decreased. IgD 1 CD27 1 B cells from an XHIM patient produced IgM predominantly. Our data indicate that the low response of IgG production in XHIM patients is due to reduced numbers of IgD 2 CD27 1 memory B cells. However, the IgG production can be induced by stimulation of immunoglobulin receptors and CD40 in cooperation with such cytokines as IL-2 and IL-10 in vitro. ( J. Clin. Invest. 1998. 102:853–860.)
Photopatterning of hydrogel scaffolds coupled to filter materials using stereolithography for perfused 3D culture of hepatocytes

In vitro models that recapitulate the liver's structural and functional complexity could prolong hepatocellular viability and function to improve platforms for drug toxicity studies and understanding liver pathophysiology. Here, stereolithography (SLA) was employed to fabricate hydrogel scaffolds with open channels designed for post‐seeding and perfused culture of primary hepatocytes that form 3D structures in a bioreactor. Photopolymerizable polyethylene glycol‐based hydrogels were fabricated coupled to chemically activated, commercially available filters (polycarbonate and polyvinylidene fluoride) using a chemistry that permitted cell viability, and was robust enough to withstand perfused culture of up to 1 µL/s for at least 7 days. SLA energy dose, photoinitiator concentrations, and pretreatment conditions were screened to determine conditions that maximized cell viability and hydrogel bonding to the filter. Multiple open channel geometries were readily achieved, and included ellipses and rectangles. Rectangular open channels employed for subsequent studies had final dimensions on the order of 350 µm by 850 µm. Cell seeding densities and flow rates that promoted cell viability were determined. Perfused culture of primary hepatocytes in hydrogel scaffolds in the presence of soluble epidermal growth factor (EGF) prolonged the maintenance of albumin production throughout the 7‐day culture relative to 2D controls. This technique of bonding hydrogel scaffolds can be employed to fabricate soft scaffolds for a number of bioreactor configurations and applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 777–787. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytoplasmic free calcium, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and force in phasic and tonic smooth muscle

The time course of [Ca2+]i, tension, and myosin light chain phosphorylation were determined during prolonged depolarization with high K+ in intact tonic (rabbit pulmonary artery) and phasic (longitudinal layer of guinea pig ileum) smooth muscles. [Ca2+]i was monitored with the 340 nm/380 nm signal ratio of the fluorescent indicator fura-2. The fluorescence ratio had a similar time course in both muscle types during depolarization with 109 mM [K+]o; after a transient peak, there was a decline to 70% of its peak value in tonic smooth muscle, and to 60% in phasic smooth muscle. Tension, however, continued to increase in the pulmonary artery, while in the ileum it declined in parallel with the [Ca2+]i. On changing [K+]o from 109 to 20 mM, tension and [Ca2+]i either remained unchanged or declined in parallel in the pulmonary artery. Phosphorylation of the 20-kD myosin light chain, measured during stimulation of muscle strips with 109 mM [K+]o in another set of experiments, increased from 3% to a peak of 50% in the intact pulmonary artery, and then declined to a steady state value of 23%. In the intact ileum, a very rapid, early transient phosphorylation (up to 50%) at 2-3 s was seen. This transient declined by 30 s to a value that was close to the resting level (7%), while tension remained at 55% of its peak force. A quick release during maintained stimulation induced no detectable change in the [Ca2+]i in either type of smooth muscle. We discuss the possibility that the slowly rising tonic tension in pulmonary artery could be due to cooperativity between phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated crossbridges.
Globalisation and education in the postcolonial world: the conundrum of the higher education system of the United Arab Emirates

Occupying a crucial economic role in supporting capitalism through the supply of oil, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a very‐high income, early‐development stage nation with high annual economic growth levels but low levels of labour market participation by its citizens. The national higher education system was established in 1977 and offers a different context through which to examine the relevance of existing accounts of globalisation and education in a postcolonial nation. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which the UAE context challenges and extends Tikly’s proposed conceptual framework, described in his article, ‘Globalisation and education in the postcolonial world: towards a conceptual framework’, when considering the impact of globalisation on the higher education system of a very high‐income developing country.
The Effects of Different Aspects of Supervision Among Female and Male Correctional Staff: A Preliminary Study

This study examined a gendered model of the effects of supervisory factors on job outcomes for both men and women. Two competing hypotheses, the importation-differential experiences model and the work role prisonization model, guided the analyses of the effects of supervisor support, supervisor structure, and supervisor trust on job stress, job satisfaction, and affective organizational commitment. Data came from surveys of 160 correctional staff employed at a Midwestern prison. The results provide substantial support for the work model and less support for the importation model. Few differences were found in how men and women respond to supervisory factors. The implications of these results are discussed.