Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring cognitive bias: expert ratings of business schools

Purpose – This study aims to explore the objectivity in third-party ratings. Third-party ratings are often based on some form of aggregation of various experts' opinions with the assumption that the potential judgment biases of the experts cancel each other out. While psychology research has suggested that experts can be unintentionally biased, management literature has not considered the effect of expert bias on the objectivity of third-party ratings. Thus, this study seeks to address this issue. Design/methodology/approach – Ranking data from the US News and World Report between 1993 and 2008, institution-related variables and, to represent sports prominence, NCAA football and basketball performance variables are leveraged in testing our hypotheses. A mediating-model is tested using regression with panel-corrected standard errors. Findings – This study finds that the judgments of academicians and recruiters, concerning the quality of universities, have been biased by the prominence of a university's spo.
Optimum Grade Classification with the California Achievement Test Battery

scores (e.g., Cronbach, 1960, pp. 69-87), the diagnostic and prognostic value of the test scores, and a reasonable summary of an individual’s achievement record. The latter problem is often resolved by means of a profile pattern indicating an individual’s standing on each subtest (viz., achievement area) in relation to population norms. An over-all achievement level, however, is not obviously available from an individual’s profile, and so the user is left with no over-all
Understanding the Mirai Botnet

The Mirai botnet, composed primarily of embedded and IoT devices, took the Internet by storm in late 2016 when it overwhelmed several high-profile targets with massive distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we provide a seven-month retrospective analysis of Mirai's growth to a peak of 600k infections and a history of its DDoS victims. By combining a variety of measurement perspectives, we analyze how the botnet emerged, what classes of devices were affected, and how Mirai variants evolved and competed for vulnerable hosts. Our measurements serve as a lens into the fragile ecosystem of IoT devices. We argue that Mirai may represent a sea change in the evolutionary development of botnets--the simplicity through which devices were infected and its precipitous growth, demonstrate that novice malicious techniques can compromise enough low-end devices to threaten even some of the best-defended targets. To address this risk, we recommend technical and nontechnical interventions, as well as propose future research directions.
Social Capital, Cognition, and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: A Theoretical Framework

Entrepreneurship—the recognition and exploitation of opportunities—is valuable within organizations as well as in the establishment of new ventures. Some studies have addressed the issue why some individuals take advantage of opportunities and some do not. While some studies find that psychological variables, personality traits and demographic factors may distinguish entrepreneurial activity, these findings are equivocal. Other research has looked to the importance of social capital and network ties to new venture creation. Yet, there is little discussion regarding the possibility that social capital and personal factors interact and influence entrepreneurial behavior. Drawing from social cognitive theory (Augoustinos & Walker, 1995; Fiske & Taylor, 1984; Bandura, 1986; Wood & Bandura, 1989) this paper advances a model suggesting that entrepreneurial behavior is a result of the interplay of environments (i.e., social networks) and certain cognitive biases in entrepreneurs. We propose that both individual cognition and social capital are important in understanding entrepreneurial behavior. If the domain of entrepreneurship is “…the nexus of two phenomena: the presence of lucrative opportunities and the presence of enterprising individuals” (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000) then our model suggests an explanation of this nexus through exploring how both external (i.e., social capital) and internal factors (i.e., cognition) affect why some people and not others exploit opportunities.
Fat, Sugar, Whole Grains and Heart Disease: 50 Years of Confusion

During the 1970s some investigators proposed that refined carbohydrates, especially sugar and a low intake of dietary fiber, were major factors in coronary heart disease (CHD). This suggestion was eclipsed by the belief that an excess intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was the key dietary factor, a view that prevailed from roughly 1974 to 2014. Findings that have accumulated since 1990 inform us that the role of SFA in the causation of CHD has been much exaggerated. A switch from SFA to refined carbohydrates does not lower the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol in the blood and therefore does not prevent CHD. A reduced intake of SFA combined with an increased intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids lowers the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol; this may reduce the risk of CHD. The evidence linking carbohydrate-rich foods with CHD has been steadily strengthening. Refined carbohydrates, especially sugar-sweetened beverages, increase the risk of CHD. Conversely, whole grains and cereal fiber are protective. An extra one or 2 servings per day of these foods increases or decreases risk by approximately 10% to 20%.
Experience with and Attitudes toward Explicit Sexual Materials1

The data reported in this paper come from a national probability sample survey designed to provide an empirical description of the national experience with explicit sexual materials, the public's attitudes toward these types of material, and social-psychological correlates of both experience and attitudes. An overwhelming majority of adults report having been exposed at some time in their life to very explicit sexual materials that are often labeled pornography. Nevertheless, considerable variation in experience does exist. Differential exposure is related to the content of depictions, mode of depiction, and characteristics of the viewer. The data do not support a concept of a "contemporary community standard" relating to the representation of sexual matters: There does not exist anything approaching consensus in attitudes regarding the availability of sexual materials; attitudes toward availability vary greatly according to the circumstances of availability; and attitudes vary considerably among groups formed on the basis of demographic characteristics. Language: en
Gender, student confidence and communicative styles at university: the views of lecturers in history and psychology

This study examines the perceptions of 100 university lecturers in history and psychology regarding the impact of gender on their students' achievement. Qualitative data were gathered from semi‐structured interviews and analysed according to discipline and gender of respondent. Key findings were that most respondents (with the exception of most female history lecturers) did not believe gender had an impact on essay writing style but that it did have an impact on other aspects of undergraduate achievement. Twice as many psychology lecturers as history lecturers believed that women had superior language abilities, and over twice as many women as men believed that confidence affected student performance. Gender differences in communicative style and approach to study were also noted by many respondents. Educational practices (teaching and assessment methods, as well as the gender imbalance of many university departments) were highlighted as impacting particularly on the performance of women. The authors suggest that subject and gender perspectives are interacting here in ways that may affect student experience and performance across the university curriculum.
Between Complicity and Subversion: Body Politics in Palestinian National Narrative

Israeli soldiers chased a group of young Palestinian men and finally caught up with one. As the Israeli soldiers were dragging him towards their jeep to arrest him, a young woman with a baby in her arms rushed up, screaming in anger, at the young Palestinian man. ‘‘There you are! I told you not to come here! I told you there would be trouble! Now what do you expect me to do if you are arrested? How will I eat? How will I feed our baby? I’m tired of your irresponsibility! Here, you take the baby and try to feed her! ’’ And shoving the baby into the arms of the dumbfounded young man, she fled. The soldiers, as shocked as the young man, suddenly had a baby to deal with. In a state of bewilderment, the soldiers shoved the
A syllable-synchronous network search algorithm for word decoding in Chinese speech recognition

The Chinese language is syllabic in nature with frequent homonym phenomena and severe word boundary uncertainty problem. This makes the Chinese continuous speech recognition (CSR) slightly difficult. In order to solve these problems, a Chinese syllable-synchronous network search (SSNS) algorithm is proposed. Together with the vocabulary word search tree and the N-gram based language model, the syllable-synchronous network search algorithm gives a good solution to the Chinese syllable-to-word conversion. In addition, this algorithm is a good method for the accent Chinese speech recognition. The experimental results have showed that the SSNS algorithm can achieve a good overall continuous Chinese speech recognition system performance.
Motivations for Television Viewing Among Deaf and Hearing Students

Television viewing motives among hearing and hearing-impaired teenagers were compared in this study. Additional measurements were taken on the sample's frequency of daily televiewing, frequency of specific program viewing, enjoyment of specific programs, attraction to the medium, and perceptions of how true-to-life television portrayals are. Factor analysis revealed seven viewing motives; differences between hearing and hearing-impaired respondents were found on three motives. Frequency of televiewing, affinity toward television, and perceived realism of television were each explained by the seven viewing motivations. Discriminant analysis of the data correctly classified 83% of the hearing-impaired and 78% of the hearing respondents. Results of this study suggest an explanatory framework in which hearing-impaired viewers and their interaction with television can be better understood.
Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in a mixed methods research design to explore music in the lives of mature age amateur keyboard players

This article discusses the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in a mixed methods research design with reference to five recent publications about music in the lives of mature age amateur keyboard players. It explores the links between IPA and the data-gathering methods of ‘Rivers of Musical Experience’, conversation-based repertory grids and audio stimulus recall, together with the use of IPA to construct emergent theory. Using IPA in a mixed methods research design allows researchers to take advantage of its flexibility and potential for creativity when exploring individual perceptions of music learning, and encourages readers to reflect on their own experience of music learning and teaching. The article ends with advice for student researchers and educators on how to achieve quality and validity when using IPA together with other data-gathering methods.
Tolerance and safety evaluation of N, N-dimethylglycine, a naturally occurring organic compound, as a feed additive in broiler diets

N, N-dimethylglycine (DMG) is a tertiary amino acid that naturally occurs as an intermediate metabolite in choline-to-glycine metabolism. The objective of the present trial was to evaluate tolerance, safety and bioaccumulation of dietary DMG in broilers when supplemented at 1 g and 10 g Na-DMG/kg. A feeding trial was conducted using 480 1-d-old broiler chicks that were randomly allocated to twenty-four pens and fed one of three test diets added with 0, 1 or 10 g Na-DMG/kg during a 39 d growth period. Production performance was recorded to assess tolerance and efficacy of the supplement. At the end of the trial, toxicity was evaluated by means of haematology, plasma biochemistry and histopathology of liver, kidney and heart (n 12), whereas bioaccumulation was assessed on breast meat, liver, blood, kidney and adipose tissue (n 8). Carcass traits were similar between the control and 1 g Na-DMG/kg feed groups (P>0·05), but the feed:gain ratio was significantly improved at 1 g Na-DMG/kg feed compared with the control or the 10-fold dose (P = 0·008). Histological examinations showed no pathological effects and results of haematology and plasma biochemistry revealed similar values between the test groups (P>0·05). Bioaccumulation occurred at the 10-fold dose, but the resulting DMG content in breast meat was comparable with, for instance, wheat bran and much lower than uncooked spinach. In conclusion, DMG at 1 g Na-DMG/kg improved the feed:gain ratio in broilers without DMG being accumulated in consumer parts. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with DMG up to 10 g Na-DMG/kg did not induce toxicity or impaired performance in broilers.
User‐centred design for sustainable behaviour

Traditional eco‐design has a strong focus on the supply side. Even when focusing on the use phase of products, it still impacts directly under the control of the manufacturer dominate. However, the way users interact with a product may strongly influence the environmental impact of a product. Designers can try to influence this behaviour through the products they design. Several strategies have been proposed in the literature, such as eco‐feedback and scripting. Existing literature in this field has its limitations. Publications either focus on a single strategy, or do not take a design perspective, or lack empirical data. This paper will present a typology of the different strategies available to designers. This typology will be illustrated with examples and experiments related to two sustainability problems, namely littering behaviour and energy using products. Furthermore, a methodology will be presented for applying these strategies. This will be demonstrated in a case study on an energy meter.
Connective tissue growth factor is expressed in bone marrow stromal cells and promotes interleukin-7-dependent B lymphopoiesis

Hematopoiesis occurs in a complex bone marrow microenvironment in which bone marrow stromal cells provide critical support to the process through direct cell contact and indirectly through the secretion of cytokines and growth factors. We report that connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf, also known as Ccn2) is highly expressed in murine bone marrow stromal cells. In contrast, connective tissue growth factor is barely detectable in unfractionated adult bone marrow cells. While connective tissue growth factor has been implicated in hematopoietic malignancies, and is known to play critical roles in skeletogenesis and regulation of bone marrow stromal cells, its role in hematopoiesis has not been described. Here we demonstrate that the absence of connective tissue growth factor in mice results in impaired hematopoiesis. Using a chimeric fetal liver transplantation model, we show that absence of connective tissue growth factor has an impact on B-cell development, in particular from pro-B to more mature stages, which is linked to a requirement for connective tissue growth factor in bone marrow stromal cells. Using in vitro culture systems, we demonstrate that connective tissue growth factor potentiates B-cell proliferation and promotes pro-B to pre-B differentiation in the presence of interleukin-7. This study provides a better understanding of the functions of connective tissue growth factor within the bone marrow, showing the dual regulatory role of the growth factor in skeletogenesis and in stage-specific B lymphopoiesis.
Stochastic games for security in networks with interdependent nodes

This paper studies a stochastic game theoretic approach to security and intrusion detection in communication and computer networks. Specifically, an Attacker and a Defender take part in a two-player game over a network of nodes whose security assets and vulnerabilities are correlated. Such a network can be modeled using weighted directed graphs with the edges representing the influence among the nodes. The game can be formulated as a non-cooperative zero-sum or nonzero-sum stochastic game. However, due to correlation among the nodes, if some nodes are compromised, the effective security assets and vulnerabilities of the remaining ones will not stay the same in general, which leads to complex system dynamics. We examine existence, uniqueness, and structure of the solution and also provide numerical examples to illustrate our model.
Critical Literacy needs teachers as transformative leaders. Reflections on teacher training for the introduction of the (new) Modern Greek language curriculum in Cyprus

The new Curricula of Cyprus aspire to deliver a new ethos in teaching and learning that promotes the notion of ‘the humane and democratic school' and emphasises the right of every child to succeed. In this context, the new Modern Greek language curriculum in Cyprus has been moulded upon the notion of Critical Literacy (CL). CL is neither an instructional strategy nor a lesson plan. It is a philosophical belief committed to a different worldview. As such, CL requires people's acceptance. Not just students but also teachers must first learn, understand and embrace the notion before applying its principles to their practice. This can only be done through a process of transformative leadership enabling teachers to become transformative leaders themselves. Has this axiom been taken into consideration in the case of Cyprus? Do teachers in Cyprus learn about CL in a process of transformative leadership? This article will attempt to answer these questions utilising the testimonies of Sandra, a primary school teacher who attended the seminars and workshops organised for training teachers to use the new language curriculum.
Increased Efficiency of Selection Resulting from Replacement of a Single Predictor with Several Differential Predictors

a situation to develop a single composite measure having the highest average validity for all jobs or to develop a battery of tests with differential weighting for each job. In choosing between these two alternative approaches, it is usually recognized that differential weighting is likely to result in higher validities, on the average, than those obtained when the same weighted composite is employed for all jobs. It is not so generally recognized that, even though little increase in validity is obtained by differential weighting, efficiency of selection can be very materially increased in this way. In the present article the possibility of such increase will be established, and the way in which it varies with the number of assignments, the per-
Supervised vs Unsupervised Models: A Holistic Look at Effort-Aware Just-in-Time Defect Prediction

Effort-aware just-in-time (JIT) defect prediction aims at finding more defective software changes with limited code inspection cost. Traditionally, supervised models have been used; however, they require sufficient labelled training data, which is difficult to obtain, especially for new projects. Recently, Yang et al. proposed an unsupervised model (LT) and applied it to projects with rich historical bug data. Interestingly, they reported that, under the same inspection cost (i.e., 20 percent of the total lines of code modified by all changes), it could find more defective changes than a state-of-the-art supervised model (i.e., EALR). This is surprising as supervised models that benefit from historical data are expected to perform better than unsupervised ones. Their finding suggests that previous studies on defect prediction had made a simple problem too complex.Considering the potential high impact of Yang et al.'s work, in this paper, we perform a replication study and present the following new findings: (1) Under the same inspection budget, LT requires developers to inspect a large number of changes necessitating many more context switches. (2) Although LT finds more defective changes, many highly ranked changes are false alarms. These initial false alarms may negatively impact practitioners' patience and confidence. (3) LT does not outperform EALR when the harmonic mean of Recall and Precision (i.e., F1-score) is considered.Aside from highlighting the above findings, we propose a simple but improved supervised model called CBS. When compared with EALR, CBS detects about 15% more defective changes and also significantly improves Precision and F1-score. When compared with LT, CBS achieves similar results in terms of Recall, but it significantly reduces context switches and false alarms before first success. Finally, we also discuss the implications of our findings for practitioners and researchers.
Changes in the practice of biliary surgery and ERCP during the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to Australia: their possible significance.

Two and a half years after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to Australia in February 1990, estimates from Medicare statistics suggest that by July 1992, 69% of cholecystectomies were being performed laparoscopically. There was a smaller decline in the numbers of open cholecystectomies performed, suggesting a 28% rise in the rate of cholecystectomy. This has been associated with a 66% decline in the use of intra-operative cholangiography. Whereas 87% of cholecystectomies had an operative cholangiogram performed, now only 23% of all cholecystectomies do. It is suggested that in approximately half the patients, no attempt is made to exclude common duct stones. With those patients in whom an attempt is made, most surgeons rely on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, as evidenced by a 43% increase in its use, or, more recently, a small proportion of surgeons have been using intravenous cholangiography, as evidenced by a 26% increase in its use. Once diagnosed, these stones are no longer being treated by open exploration of the bile duct, indicated by a 46% decrease in this procedure, but are being treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy, which has shown a 242% increase in its use. From the published results of the outcome of these treatments, the added risk, nationally, of these additional procedures in managing uncomplicated bile duct stones is predicted to increase mortality 1-3-fold and morbidity 10-15-fold. This risk can be reduced by the use of laparoscopic bile duct exploration. These techniques are already well established and can be learnt quickly if practice is achieved by performing routine intra-operative cholangiography. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
L-R-smash biproducts, double biproducts and a braided category of Yetter-Drinfeld-Long bimodules

Let H be a bialgebra and D an H-bimodule algebra H-bicomodule coalgebra. We find sufficient conditions on D for the L-R-smash product algebra and coalgebra structures on D\otimes H to form a bialgebra (in this case we say that (H, D) is an L-R-admissible pair), called L-R-smash biproduct. The Radford biproduct is a particular case, and so is, up to isomorphism, a double biproduct with trivial pairing. We construct a prebraided monoidal category {\cal LR}(H), whose objects are H-bimodules H-bicomodules M endowed with left-left and right-right Yetter-Drinfeld module as well as left-right and right-left Long module structures over H, with the property that, if (H, D) is an L-R-admissible pair, then D is a bialgebra in {\cal LR}(H).