Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain-Body Size Relations in Grasshopper Mice

Cranial volumes were measured on museum specimens of two species of grasshopper mice, Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus and Onychomys torridus pulcher. These were compared with body weights and body lengths, as recorded on the museum tags. On average, females were heavier and slightly longer than males, but they had smaller cranial volumes by about 3%. Statistically, the differences were marginally significant (with no difference in body length for one species), but the pattern of differences was the same in both species, and therefore probably real. This casts suspicion on the common notion that a larger body size requires a larger brain. It also questions the real meaning of encephalization quotients.
A Recursive Multistage Estimator for Bearings &#8212; Only Passive Target Tracking

Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) is a suitable algorithm for passive target tracking applications. Nardone, Lindgren and Gong [1] introduced this approach using batch processing [1]. In this paper, this batch processing is converted into sequential processing to use for real time applications like passive target tracking using bearings-only measurements. Adaptively, the variance of each measurement is computed and is used along with the measurement, making the estimate a generalized one. Instead of assuming some arbitrary values, Pseudo Linear Estimator (PLE) outputs are used for the initialization of MLE. The algorithm is tested in Monte Carlo simulation and its results are compared with that of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) estimator. The results of one scenario are presented. From the results, it is observed that this algorithm is also an effective method for the bearing-only passive target tracking.
Realization Theory for Multivariate Stationary Gaussian Processes

This paper collects in one place a comprehensive theory of stochastic realization for continuous-time stationary Gaussian vector processes which in various pieces has appeared in a number of our earlier papers. It begins with an abstract state space theory, based on the concept of splitting subspace. These results are then carried over to the spectral domain and described in terms of Hardy functions. Finally, differential-equations type stochastic realizations are constructed. The theory is coordinate-free, and it accommodates infinite-dimensional representations, minimality and other systems-theoretical concepts being defined by subspace inclusion rather than by dimension. We have strived for conceptual completeness rather than generality, and the same framework can be used for other types of stochastic realization problems.
Forecasting the student–professor matches that result in unusually effective teaching

Background Two important influences on students' evaluations of teaching are relationship and professor effects. Relationship effects reflect unique matches between students and professors such that some professors are unusually effective for some students, but not for others. Professor effects reflect inter-rater agreement that some professors are more effective than others, on average across students. Aims We attempted to forecast students' evaluations of live lectures from brief, video-recorded teaching trailers. Sample Participants were 145 college students (74% female) enrolled in introductory psychology courses at a public university in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Methods Students viewed trailers early in the semester and attended live lectures months later. Because subgroups of students viewed the same professors, statistical analyses could isolate professor and relationship effects. Results Evaluations were influenced strongly by relationship and professor effects, and students' evaluations of live lectures could be forecasted from students' evaluations of teaching trailers. That is, we could forecast the individual students who would respond unusually well to a specific professor (relationship effects). We could also forecast which professors elicited better evaluations in live lectures, on average across students (professor effects). Professors who elicited unusually good evaluations in some students also elicited better memory for lectures in those students. Conclusions It appears possible to forecast relationship and professor effects on teaching evaluations by presenting brief teaching trailers to students. Thus, it might be possible to develop online recommender systems to help match students and professors so that unusually effective teaching emerges.
Use of Post‐Hospital Care by Medicare Patients

BACKGROUND: Medicare's introduction of the Prospective Payment System for hospitals has shortened hospital stays and, as a consequence, has increased the use of post‐hospital care. Medicare coverage provides for various types of post‐hospital care. This paper examines the characteristics of patients, cities, and hospitals associated with discharge to these different types of post‐hospital care.
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma is associated with poor long‐term survival after surgical resection

The significance of allogeneic blood transfusion in the prognosis of patients with nonsmall lung carcinoma (NSCLC) remains controversial. Reports have suggested that patients with adenocarcinoma have a worse prognosis from cancer than patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but this evidence is lacking in NSCLC. The objective of the current study was to elucidate the correlation between perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion and the prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma and SCC.
Commentary: alcohol, coronary heart disease and public health: which evidence-based policy.

Marmot concluded that moderate alcohol intake was associated with decreased coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality while heavy drinking resulted in higher mortality compared to non-drinkers. The consistency of the findings across ecological, case-control and prospective studies and the availability of convincing data on plausible mechanisms suggested a cardioprotective effect of moderate alcohol consumption. However, Marmot warned that increased intake was not recommended in view of the social and medical consequences of an increase of alcohol consumption in the population. Epidemiological data published since this review support the original conclusions by Marmot and have provided further information to fine tune our understanding of the relation of alcohol to CHD and their relevance to policy. Large prospective cohort studies have provided further solid data since 1984. Cohorts among middle-aged or elderly people included, for example, 51 529 American male health professionals with information on alcohol consumption studied for 12 years, 87 526 American female nurses followed for 4 years, 276 802 men enrolled by the American Cancer Society followed for 12 years, 490 000 American men and women from the American Cancer Study II followed for 9 years, 123 840 American adults from a prepaid health plan followed for 8 years, 12 321 British male doctors followed for 13 years, 36 250 middle-aged French men followed 12–18 years or 13 285 Danish men and women followed for an average of 13.5 years. These and most other studies and reviews have consistently found that consumption of 1–6 drinks a day was associated with a 20–50% lower risk of CHD. (One 120–150 ml glass of wine, one 280–360 ml bottle/can of light beer or one 20–30 ml measure of spirit each typically correspond to one ‘unit’ or ‘drink’ and contain 10–17 ml alcohol or 8–15 g of alcohol). Moderate alcohol intake has also been associated with a 20–30% reduced risk of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases and a 20% reduced risk of sudden death. Consistency of results among various populations and analytical control for several potential confounders in many of these studies makes it very unlikely that the apparent inverse relation between alcohol intake and CHD results from selection biases or confounding factors. In particular, results were generally not substantially altered in analyses excluding people with illnesses or abnormal risk factor levels at baseline. This argues against the view that higher mortality in non-drinkers relates to the inclusion of sick people (including former drinkers) into the categories of non-drinkers. Although ethical and feasibility issues preclude the conduct of clinical trials of alcohol consumption, current epidemiological evidence supports, virtually irrefutably, that light-to-moderate drinking substantially reduces the risk of CHD. The effects of moderate alcohol consumption on all-cause mortality depends on a person’s underlying (or absolute) risk 734 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Expression pattern of CK7, CK20, CDX-2, and villin in intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma

Background: Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma (ITAC) is an uncommon neoplasm, which resembles adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. ITAC occurs sporadically or in association with occupational exposure to hardwood dust and other agents. Aims: To investigate the phenotype and possible pathogenetic mechanisms of primary sinonasal and nasopharyngeal adenocarcinomas by staining for cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CK20, CDX-2, and villin. Methods: Twelve sporadic sinonasal and nasopharyngeal adenocarcinomas were stained with monoclonal antibodies to CK7, CK20, CDX-2, and villin. The ITACs were classified as papillary, colonic, solid, mixed, or mucinous types. Results: The diagnosis of ITAC was confirmed in 10 cases: five were colonic type and five were papillary. One was a sinonasal papillary low grade adenocarcinoma, and one a papillary nasopharyngeal adenocarcinoma, and these tumours were CK7 positive, but CK20, CDX-2, and villin negative. All ITACs were positive for CK20, CDX-2, and villin, and six were CK7 positive. One ITAC had a focus of intestinal metaplasia away from the invasive carcinoma. Conclusions: Sinonasal ITACs have a distinctive phenotype, with all cases expressing CK20, CDX-2, and villin. Most ITACs also express CK7, although a proportion of tumours are CK7 negative. ITAC seems to be preceded by intestinal metaplasia of the respiratory mucosa, which is accompanied by a switch to an intestinal phenotype. Although ITACs are morphologically similar, differences in cytokeratin expression patterns suggest two distinct types. The expression pattern of CK7, CK20, CDX-2, and villin positive may be useful in separating these tumours from other non-ITAC adenocarcinomas of the sinonasal tract and nasopharynx.
Amyloid Oligomer Neurotoxicity, Calcium Dysregulation, and Lipid Rafts

Amyloid proteins constitute a chemically heterogeneous group of proteins, which share some biophysical and biological characteristics, the principal of which are the high propensity to acquire an incorrect folding and the tendency to aggregate. A number of diseases are associated with misfolding and aggregation of proteins, although only in some of them—most notably Alzheimer's disease (AD) and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)—a pathogenetic link with misfolded proteins is now widely recognized. Lipid rafts (LRs) have been involved in the pathophysiology of diseases associated with protein misfolding at several levels, including aggregation of misfolded proteins, amyloidogenic processing, and neurotoxicity. Among the pathogenic misfolded proteins, the AD-related protein amyloid β (Aβ) is by far the most studied protein, and a large body of evidence has been gathered on the role played by LRs in Aβ pathogenicity. However, significant amount of data has also been collected for several other amyloid proteins, so that their ability to interact with LRs can be considered an additional, shared feature characterizing the amyloid protein family. In this paper, we will review the evidence on the role of LRs in the neurotoxicity of huntingtin, α-synuclein, prion protein, and calcitonin.
Transient Model of a Doubly Excited Reluctance Motor

A transient machine model of a doubly fed reluctance motor is derived by means of winding function and d-q transformation theory. The machine consists of a double-wound stator with four and eight pole sets. The rotor is equipped with six poles. The machine, related to the Hunt motor, has the synchronous speed of a twelve-pole machine. Comparison of simulated results to test results indicates that the higher harmonics in the motor inductances are important for predicting the current waveform. >
Micromolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide induce oxidative DNA lesions more efficiently than millimolar concentrations in mammalian cells.

Reactive oxygen species produce oxidized bases, deoxyribose lesions and DNA strand breaks in mammalian cells. Previously, we demonstrated that aldehydic DNA lesions (ADLs) were induced in mammalian cells by 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interestingly, a bimodal H2O2 dose-response relationship in cell toxicity has been reported for Escherichia coli deficient in DNA repair as well as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that H2O2 causes single-strand breaks in purified DNA in the presence of iron and induces mitochondrial DNA damage in CHO cells with a biphasic dose-response curve. Here we show that H2O2 produces ADLs at concentrations as low as 0.06 mM in HeLa cells and that lower concentrations of H2O2 were much more efficient at inducing ADLs than higher concentrations. This dose-response curve is strikingly similar to that for cell killing effects in E.coli deficient in DNA repair exposed to H2O2. Interestingly, serial treatment of submillimolar levels of H2O2 induced a massive accumulation of ADLs. The toxicity arising from H2O2 determined by intracellular NAD(P)H in cells correlated well with the formation of ADLs. The addition of dipyridyl, an iron (II)-specific chelator, significantly protected against DNA damage and cell toxicity from submillimolar, but not millimolar, amounts of H2O2. These results suggest that ADLs induced by submillimolar levels of H2O2 may be due to a Fenton-type reaction between H2O2 and intracellular iron ions in mammalian cells.
Frequency dependent S-N curves for predicting drop impact robustness of Pb-free solder interconnects

In this paper, a series of PCB strain-to-fatigue life characteristics were generated at a constant bending frequency of 100Hz for different material combinations: eutectic SnPb solder, SAC101 solder, and In/Ni-doped SAC101 solder, assembled on PCB with OSP and ENIG finish respectively. As expected, SAC101 solder exhibits similar performance as eutectic SnPb solder, and solder joints on OSP finish show better performance than solder joints on ENIG. The effect of bending frequency in the range of 30Hz to 150Hz was investigated and the fatigue life was found to decrease with increasing bending frequency. Failure analysis has shown that failures tend to become more brittle with increasing cyclic bending frequency. The PCB strain-to-fatigue life characteristics were converted to peeling stress in the solder joint -to-fatigue life (S-N) using 3D finite element modeling supported by strain rate dependent stress-strain properties of the solder alloy. The S-N characteristics so obtained were found to be independent of the bending frequency.
HANABA TARANU Is a GATA Transcription Factor That Regulates Shoot Apical Meristem and Flower Development in Arabidopsisw⃞

We have isolated a new mutant, hanaba taranu (han), which affects both flower and shoot apical meristem (SAM) development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutants have fused sepals and reduced organ numbers in all four whorls, especially in the 2nd (petal) and 3rd (stamen) whorls. han meristems can become flatter or smaller than in the wild type. HAN encodes a GATA-3–like transcription factor with a single zinc finger domain. HAN is transcribed at the boundaries between the meristem and its newly initiated organ primordia and at the boundaries between different floral whorls. It is also expressed in vascular tissues, developing ovules and stamens, and in the embryo. han interacts strongly with clavata (clv) mutations (clv1, clv2, and clv3), resulting in highly fasciated SAMs, and we find that WUS expression is altered in han mutants from early embryogenesis. In addition, HAN is ectopically expressed both in clv1 and clv3 mutants. We propose that HAN is normally required for establishing organ boundaries in shoots and flowers and for controlling the number and position of WUS-expressing cells. Ectopic HAN expression causes growth retardation, aberrant cell division patterns, and loss of meristem activity, suggesting that HAN is involved in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation.
Adherence to the 2008 IHS guidelines for controlled trials of drugs for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine in adults

Introduction Since the definition of chronic migraine as a new disease entity in 2004, numerous clinical trials have examined the efficacy of preventive treatments in chronic migraine. Our aim was to assess the adherence of these trials to the Guidelines of the International Headache Society published in 2008. Methods We searched PubMed for controlled clinical trials investigating preventive treatment for chronic migraine in adults designed after the release of the Guidelines and published until December 2017. Trial quality was evaluated with a 13-item scoring system enlisting essential recommendations adapted from the Guidelines. Results Out of 3352 retrieved records, we included 16 papers in the analysis dealing with pharmacological treatment of chronic migraine. The median score was 6.5 (range 2–13). All trials were randomized, the large majority (81.25%) were placebo-controlled and double-blinded (87.5%). Adherence was lowest on i) a priori definition of outcomes (31.25%), ii) primary endpoint definition (37.5%%) and iii) trial registration (37.5%). Discussion Most clinical trials adhered to the recommendations of the IHS, whereas adherence to migraine-specific recommendations was lower. Greater awareness and adherence to the guidelines are essential to improve the quality of clinical trials, validity of publications and the generalizability of the results.
Building Bridges for Student Success: Are Higher Education Articulation Policies Effective?

Background/Context Although the importance of facilitating transfer from community colleges to 4-year institutions is almost universally accepted, there is little consensus on how to measure transfer success or evaluate policies aimed at assisting students in making this educational transition. Despite the increasing attention on transfer in recent decades, the most fundamental types of questions, such as whether community colleges are successful at facilitating transfer and bachelor's degree attainment and whether articulation policies are effective, lack satisfactory answers. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study I describe challenges associated with current endeavors to facilitate and measure transfer success, attempt to resolve some of the inconsistencies in previous research on articulation policies, and illuminate promising paths for the future. Research Design The manuscript begins with a synthesis of previous research, including different definitions of transfer success and articulation policies. I then analyze state-level and individual-level data to examine the effectiveness of articulation policies using these distinct definitions. Finally, I draw on descriptive information from various higher education systems to illustrate the variety of strategies adopted to facilitate transfer, and I suggest potential explanations for why statewide articulation policies may not appear effective. Conclusions/Recommendations The current state of knowledge and data collection efforts make it impossible to provide definitive answers regarding the effectiveness of articulation policies in higher education. I conclude with recommendations for improving future research and policy regarding this crucial transition in higher education, including collecting and sharing data (with collaboration between higher education institutions and state and federal governments), clearly defining goals of articulation policies and evaluating them accordingly, and developing a consistent set of definitions and measurements of transfer success. I suggest that these recommendations can be implemented by building on existing systems of collaboration and coordination in higher education. The 2/4 community college-baccalaureate transfer function is one of the most important state policy issues in higher education because its success (or failure) is central to many dimensions of state higher education performance, including access, equity, affordability, cost effectiveness, degree productivity, and quality. Wellman, 2002, p. 3
Sources of prejudice and how they interact

This study aimed to examine different sources of prejudice and how these interact. Specifically, I examined feelings and impressions participants displayed in reaction to targets who varied by sex, sexual orientation, gender conformity, and socio-economic status. In addition to measuring participants’ reactions to a described target, I gathered participant information including demographics, prejudice, social desirability, religiosity, masculinity, and femininity. Among the participants, higher levels of religiosity and prejudice were associated with less favorable ratings, whereas higher levels of reported femininity were associated with more favorable ratings. After controlling for level of parents’ education and personal levels of prejudice, religiosity, social desirability, masculinity, and femininity, I found that participants showed preferences for individuals of higher SES over individuals of lower SES and for heterosexual individuals over gay and lesbian individuals. Levels of religiosity and prejudice moderated the effect of sexual orientation on ratings; heterosexual individuals were evaluated significantly more positively than gay or lesbian targets by highly-religious and highly-prejudiced participants. Additionally, I found an interaction between sex of the participant and sex of the described target in favorability ratings. Female targets rated by male participants received the most favorable ratings whereas male targets rated by male participants received the least favorable ratings. There was also an interaction between target sex and target gender conformity. Female targets who were gender conforming received the highest ratings, followed by male targets who were gender nonconforming and then by female targets who were gender nonconforming. Male targets who were gender conforming received the lowest ratings. However, the manipulation of gender conformity was problematic as participants appeared to have difficulty encoding
Extremely Cost‐Effective and Efficient Solar Vapor Generation under Nonconcentrated Illumination Using Thermally Isolated Black Paper

Passive solar vapor generation represents a promising and environmentally benign method of water purification/desalination. However, conventional solar steam generation techniques usually rely on costly and cumbersome optical concentration systems and have relatively low efficiency due to bulk heating of the entire liquid volume. Here, an efficient strategy using extremely low‐cost materials, i.e., carbon black (powder), hydrophilic porous paper, and expanded polystyrene foam is reported. Due to the excellent thermal insulation between the surface liquid and the bulk volume of the water and the suppressed radiative and convective losses from the absorber surface to the adjacent heated vapor, a record thermal efficiency of ≈88% is obtained under 1 sun without concentration, corresponding to the evaporation rate of 1.28 kg (m2 h)−1. When scaled up to a 100 cm2 array in a portable solar water still system and placed in an outdoor environment, the freshwater generation rate is 2.4 times of that of a leading commercial product. By simultaneously addressing both the need for high‐efficiency operation as well as production cost limitations, this system can provide an approach for individuals to purify water for personal needs, which is particularly suitable for undeveloped regions with limited/no access to electricity.