Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Maternal Separation on Adult Methamphetamine Self-Administration, Extinction, Reinstatement, and MeCP2 Immunoreactivity in the Nucleus Accumbens

The maternal separation (MS) paradigm is an animal model of early life stress. Animals subjected to MS during the first 2 weeks of life display altered behavioral and neuroendocrinological stress responses as adults. MS also produces altered responsiveness to and self-administration (SA) of various drugs of abuse including cocaine, ethanol, and amphetamine. However, no studies have yet examined the effects of MS on methamphetamine (METH) SA. This study was performed to examine the effects of MS on the acquisition of METH SA, extinction, and reinstatement of METH-seeking behavior in adulthood. Given the known influence of early life stress and drug exposure on epigenetic processes, we also investigated group differences in levels of the epigenetic marker methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core. Long–Evans pups and dams were separated on postnatal days (PND) 2–14 for either 180 (MS180) or 15 min (MS15). Male offspring were allowed to acquire METH SA (0.05 mg/kg/infusion) in 15 2-h daily sessions starting at PND67, followed by extinction training and cue-induced reinstatement of METH-seeking behavior. Rats were then assessed for MeCP2 levels in the NAc core by immunohistochemistry. The MS180 group self-administered significantly more METH and acquired SA earlier than the MS15 group. No group differences in extinction or cue-induced reinstatement were observed. MS15 rats had significantly elevated MeCP2-immunoreactive cells in the NAc core as compared to MS180 rats. Together, these data suggest that MS has lasting influences on METH SA as well as epigenetic processes in the brain reward circuitry.
A Survey of Lightweight-Cryptography Implementations

The tight cost and implementation constraints of high-volume products, including secure RFID tags and smart cards, require specialized cryptographic implementations. The authors review recent developments in this area for symmetric and asymmetric ciphers, targeting embedded hardware and software. In this article, we present a selection of recently published lightweight-cryptography implementations and compare them to state-of-the-art results in their field.
Environmental adversity and increasing genetic risk for externalizing disorders.

CONTEXT Studies of gene-environment interplay in the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders are rapidly accumulating. However, few attempts have been made to integrate findings and to articulate general mechanisms of gene-environment influence in the emergence of psychopathology. OBJECTIVE To identify patterns of gene-environment interplay between externalizing disorders (antisocial behavior and substance use) and several environmental risk factors. DESIGN We used quantitative genetic models to examine how genetic and environmental risk for externalizing disorders changes as a function of environmental context. SETTING Participants were recruited from the community and took part in a daylong assessment at a university laboratory. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 1315 male and female twin pairs participating in the assessment of the Minnesota Twin Family Study at age 17 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Multiple measures and informants were used to construct a composite of externalizing disorders and composite measures of 6 environmental risk factors, including academic achievement and engagement, antisocial and prosocial peer affiliations, mother-child and father-child relationship problems, and stressful life events. RESULTS A significant gene x environment interaction was detected between each environmental risk factor and externalizing such that greater environmental adversity was associated with increased genetic risk for externalizing. CONCLUSIONS In the context of environmental adversity, genetic factors become more important in the etiology of externalizing disorders. The consistency of the results further suggests a general mechanism of environmental influence on externalizing disorders regardless of the specific form of the environmental risk.
Clinicopathologic implications of the BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid cancer: a subgroup analysis of 3130 cases in a single center.

BACKGROUND The BRAF mutation has been shown to be associated with aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, several studies that analyzed hundreds of patients have not demonstrated any correlation. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of the BRAF mutation with clinicopathologic factors in a large group of homogenous PTC patients. METHODS We collected data of PTC patients who received curative resection of the thyroid gland and who had undergone BRAF mutation tests of their thyroid cancer tissue. Minor variant PTCs and mixed-type thyroid cancers were excluded in this analysis. Clinicopathologic characteristics, including age, sex, BRAF mutation, tumor histology, size, extrathyroidal extension, tumor margin, lymph node metastasis, multifocality, stage, and associated thyroid disease, were collected. The relationship of the BRAF mutation with clinicopathologic factors was analyzed in each homogenous histologic PTC. RESULTS There were 3130 PTC patients who met the criteria, and these patients were divided into three major histologic groups: conventional PTC (n = 2947), diffuse sclerosing variant PTC (n = 98), and follicular variant PTC (n = 85). The BRAF mutation was variably detected in 75.3%, 61%, and 40% of patients, respectively. In conventional PTC cases, the BRAF mutation was significantly associated with large tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis. Coexistent chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was significantly less prevalent in the BRAF mutant group. Age, sex, and tumor margin status were not significantly correlated with the BRAF status. There was no evidence that any clinicopathologic factors were linked with the BRAF mutation status in diffuse sclerosing and follicular variant PTCs. CONCLUSIONS The BRAF mutation was differentially detected in each histologic subtype of PTC and was strongly correlated with pathologic factors, most strongly with no coexistent chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, in conventional PTC. The BRAF mutation is suggested to be a poor prognostic marker in conventional PTC, and the BRAF mutational analysis may lead to better management for individual PTC patients.
Linezolid: low pre-treatment platelet values could increase the risk of thrombocytopenia.

outbreak caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Livingstone producing CTX-M-27 extended-spectrum b-lactamase in a neonatal unit in Sousse, Tunisia. Shigella sonnei and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates producing CTX-M b-lactamases as causes of community-acquired infection in France. Detection of extended-spectrum b-lactamases in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Kaufmann ME et al. Community and hospital spread of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M extended-spectrum b-lactamases in the UK. Sir, Recently, Senneville et al. 1 published a study including 45 patients with prolonged linezolid therapy (4 weeks or longer) for chronic osteomyelitis in whom risk factors for anaemia were assessed. The authors found that two independent risk factors were associated with anaemia: age >58 years and low pre-treatment haemoglo-bin. Patients who developed anaemia presented nearly 17 times more frequently with pre-treatment haemoglobin less than 10.5 g/dL (P = 0.04). In similar work, we have studied prospectively 49 critical non-thrombocytopenic patients with short course linezolid therapy for risk factors related to moderate to severe thrombocytopenia (plate-let count 100 · 10 3 cells/mL or less) at the end of linezolid treatment. 2 Statistical tests used were Mann–Whitney U-test for quantitative independent variables, and c 2 and Fischer exact tests for dichotomous variables. Patients were mainly male 27 (55.1%) and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to medical (21/49, 42.9%), surgical (27/49, 55.1%) and trauma (1/49, 2.0%) causes. The rest of patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. The mean duration of linezolid treatment lasted 14.4 days (95%CI 11.9–17.0, range 3–41). Thrombocytopenia was detected in 12 patients (24.5%). Through a univariate analysis, three factors were related to thrombocytopenia: Simplified Acute Physiologic Score II, pre-treatment albumin and pre-treatment pla-telet count. Through a multivariate analysis, only the pre-treatment platelet count remained as an independent factor related to throm-bocytopenia (P = 0.034) and to platelet decrease (P < 0.001). There were significant differences between the thrombocytopenic group and the non-thrombocytopenic group in mean initial pre-treatment platelet count [240.
Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (solitary circumscribed neuroma of skin) of the eyelid: report of two cases and review of the literature

BACKGROUND/AIMS Palisaded encapsulated neuroma of the skin (PEN) is an uncommon benign neural tumour that occurs on the head and neck, including the eyelid, but is unfamiliar to many ophthalmic clinicians. For the first time in the ophthalmic literature, the clinical and histopathological features of two patients with PEN of the eyelid are described. METHODS Two cases of PEN were identified in the archives of the Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, London. Clinical details were derived by a case note review and the histopathological features defined using standard methods including immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Two cases of PEN are described, from the eyelids of patients aged 43 and 70 years. The tumours were virtually identical in nature, being painless solid masses composed of a mixture of S100 positive Schwann cells and scattered neurofilament positive nerve fibres. An incomplete thin fibrous capsule, which contains EMA positive perineural cells, partially surrounded each lesion. The lesions were distinguishable from other more common eyelid lesions only on histopathological examination. Both tumours were completely excised with no evidence of recurrence. Neither patient had signs of any associated systemic disease. CONCLUSION PENs are usually solitary, firm, non-pigmented, dome-shaped lesions that are found on the face of patients usually over the age of 40 years. Most often these lesions are diagnosed clinically as basal cell carcinomas, dermal naevi, or skin adnexal tumours. Histologically, PENs must be differentiated from other neural tumours that may be associated with systemic syndromes, such as neurofibromas or mucosal neuromas.
Kolaviron Improved Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Blood (Erythrocyte, Serum, and Plasma) of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Aims. Bitter kola seed (Garcinia kola, family: Guttiferae) has been used as a social masticatory agent in Africa for several years and is believed to possess many useful medicinal properties. The present study evaluates the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antilipidemic effects of kolaviron (an extract from the Garcinia kola seeds) in the blood of streptozotocin- (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods. Diabetic rats were treated with kolaviron (100 mg/kg b·wt) orally, five times a week for a period of six weeks. Serum glucose and HBA1C concentrations were estimated in experimental groups. The activities of antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (in erythrocytes) as well as plasma concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were investigated. Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factor: interleukin- (IL-) 1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), respectively, were also analyzed. Results. Kolaviron treatment markedly improved antioxidant status and abated inflammatory response evidenced by reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factor, lipid peroxidation product, and the restoration of activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in the blood of diabetic rats. Conclusion. Kolaviron improved antioxidant status, reduced inflammation, and protected against hyperglycemic-induced oxidative damage in the blood of diabetic rats.
Role of Silicon in Mitigating Effects of Deficit Irrigation on Production of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L.) Under Arid Land Conditions

Growth of sorghum under irrigation water stress i.e. under reduction of irrigation water from 100% to 60% ETc resulted in significant reduction in growth components of sorghum. Plant height, number of tillers and total fresh forage yield decreased with decrease in irrigation water from 100% to 80% and 60% ETc. Folliar application of silicon mitigated and alleviated the harsh conditions created by drought stress on sorghum plant growth. Silicon when applied at concentration of 2 kg/ha with water stress level 2 (80%ETc) gave the maximum plant height (109.0 cm) and the maximum fresh forage yield (44.00 t/ha) compared to control treatment (100% ETc). Root volume was maximum (0.031 m3) under 60% ETc and 2 kg ha-1 Si treatments compared with control (100% ETc). For production of sorghum fodder under the arid land environmental conditions of Saudi Arabia deficit irrigation with (80% and 60% ETc) with application of 2 kg ha-1 silicon (Si) as foliar spray seems a reasonable option than irrigating the crop with 100% ETc due to scarcity of irrigation water in this country. It gives higher yields than 100% irrigation and optimum moister level in the root zoon.
University of Southern Denmark Improving implementation of emental health for mood disorders in routine practice Systematic review of barriers and facilitating factors

Background: Electronic mental health interventions (eMental health or eMH) can be used to increase accessibility of mental health services for mood disorders, with indications of comparable clinical outcomes as face-to-face psychotherapy. However, the actual use of eMH in routine mental health care lags behind expectations. Identifying the factors that might promote or inhibit implementation of eMH in routine care may help to overcome this gap between effectiveness studies and routine care. Objective: This paper reports the results of a systematic review of the scientific literature identifying those determinants of practices relevant to implementing eMH for mood disorders in routine practice. Methods: A broad search strategy was developed with high sensitivity to four key terms: implementation, mental health care practice, mood disorder, and eMH. The reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework was applied to guide the review and structure the results. Thematic analysis was applied to identify the most important determinants that facilitate or hinder implementation of eMH in routine practice. Results: A total of 13,147 articles were screened, of which 48 studies were included in the review. Most studies addressed aspects of the reach (n=33) of eMH, followed by intervention adoption (n=19), implementation of eMH (n=6), and maintenance (n=4) of eMH in routine care. More than half of the studies investigated the provision of mental health services through videoconferencing technologies (n=26), followed by Internet-based interventions (n=20). The majority (n=44) of the studies were of a descriptive nature. Across all RE-AIM domains, we identified 37 determinants clustered in six main themes: acceptance, appropriateness, engagement, resources, work processes, and leadership. The determinants of practices are expressed at different levels, including patients, mental health staff, organizations, and health care system level. Depending on the context, these determinants hinder or facilitate successful implementation of eMH. Conclusions: Of the 37 determinants, three were reported most frequently: (1) the acceptance of eMH concerning expectations and preferences of patients and professionals about receiving and providing eMH in routine care, (2) the appropriateness of eMH in addressing patients’ mental health disorders, and (3) the availability, reliability, and interoperability with other existing technologies such as the electronic health records are important factors for mental health care professionals to remain engaged in providing eMH to their patients in routine care. On the basis of the taxonomy of determinants of practices developed in this JMIR Ment Health 2018 | vol. 5 | iss. 1 | e20 | p.1 http://mental.jmir. org/2018/1/e20/ (page number not for citation purposes) Vis et al JMIR MENTAL HEALTH
A nonpreemptive priority-based access control scheme for broadband ad hoc wireless ATM local area networks

The DQRUMA (distributed-queueing request update multiple access) protocol has been considered as an access protocol for the BAHAMA (broadband ad hoc wireless ATM local area network). However, it cannot support the service discipline of integrated multimedia traffic since it does not include any priority and access control policy. In this paper, we propose a nonpreemptive priority-based access control scheme for the DQRUMA protocol. Under such a scheme, modifying the CSMA/CA protocol in the contention period supports many levels of priorities such that user mobility (handoff) can be supported in BAHAMA. Besides, the proposed transmit-permission policy and adaptive bandwidth allocation scheme provide various QoS (quality-of-service) guarantees while maintaining high bandwidth utilization. Simulations show that it provides a good performance in ad hoc wireless ATM LAN environments.
Male Fertility*

This presentation includes a description of an improved method for judging the degree of male fertility, and the practical application of this testing in the study of the male. The male should possess an adequate number of normal spermatozoa. This statement immediately raises two questions: What are the characteristics of normal spermatozoa ? ; and What is an adequate number of them? It may not be possible to list all of the characteristics of normal spermatozoa, but it is reasonable to believe that one of them is normal motility. If the spermatozoon cannot move it is obvious that it cannot reach the ovum. The movement should be progressive and with a certain speed. Until* standards of normality of spermatozoa, other than that of movement, are established, motility of the kind just described might be considered the chief indication of normality. [The film " Human Spermatozoa-Morphology and Motility" was shown at this point. ] The number of active spermatozoa in an ejaculate which are required in order to make fertilization possible is unknown. However, while it is agreed that a single spermatozoon only is actually required for fertilization, yet we realize that the greater the number of active spermatozoa available in an emission the more likely the possibility that a single one may reach the site of fertilization. Theoretically, it was found that 70 million active spermatozoa (Farris, 1950b, p. 173) deposited in the vagina would be required for one spermatozoon to reach the ovum in the upper third of the oviduct. The following observations may throw some light upon the requirements for male fertility. In my opinion, no previously described method supplies a satisfactory measure of male fertility. Since fertility is dependent on active permatozoa, it is felt that such criteria as the number of fixed spermatozoa per cubic centimetre, the volume of the specimen, the morphology, and an estimate of the percentage of motility should be supplemented by a count of the
Evolution of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase in the Vertebrates: An Atypical Butyrylcholinesterase from the Medaka Oryzias latipes

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are thought to be the result of a gene duplication event early in vertebrate evolution. To learn more about the evolution of these enzymes, we expressed in vitro, characterized, and modeled a recombinant cholinesterase (ChE) from a teleost, the medaka Oryzias latipes. In addition to AChE, O. latipes has a ChE that is different from either vertebrate AChE or BChE, which we are classifying as an atypical BChE, and which may resemble a transitional form between the two. Of the fourteen aromatic amino acids in the catalytic gorge of vertebrate AChE, ten are conserved in the atypical BChE of O. latipes; by contrast, only eight are conserved in vertebrate BChE. Notably, the atypical BChE has one phenylalanine in its acyl pocket, while AChE has two and BChE none. These substitutions could account for the intermediate nature of this atypical BChE. Molecular modeling supports this proposal. The atypical BChE hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and propionylthiocholine (PTCh) preferentially but butyrylthiocholine (BTCh) to a considerable extent, which is different from the substrate specificity of AChE or BChE. The enzyme shows substrate inhibition with the two smaller substrates but not with the larger substrate BTCh. In comparison, AChE exhibits substrate inhibition, while BChE does not, but may instead show substrate activation. The atypical BChE from O. latipes also shows a mixed pattern of inhibition. It is effectively inhibited by physostigmine, typical of all ChEs. However, although the atypical BChE is efficiently inhibited by the BChE-specific inhibitor ethopropazine, it is not by another BChE inhibitor, iso-OMPA, nor by the AChE-specific inhibitor BW284c51. The atypical BChE is found as a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI-anchored) amphiphilic dimer (G2 a), which is unusual for any BChE. We classify the enzyme as an atypical BChE and discuss its implications for the evolution of AChE and BChE and for ecotoxicology.
AdSplit: Separating Smartphone Advertising from Applications

A wide variety of smartphone applications today rely on third-party advertising services, which provide libraries that are linked into the hosting application. This situation is undesirable for both the application author and the advertiser. Advertising libraries require their own permissions, resulting in additional permission requests to users. Likewise, a malicious application could simulate the behavior of the advertising library, forging the user's interaction and stealing money from the advertiser. This paper describes AdSplit, where we extended Android to allow an application and its advertising to run as separate processes, under separate user-ids, eliminating the need for applications to request permissions on behalf of their advertising libraries, and providing services to validate the legitimacy of clicks, locally and remotely. AdSplit automatically recompiles apps to extract their ad services, and we measure minimal runtime overhead. AdSplit also supports a system resource that allows advertisements to display their content in an embedded HTML widget, without requiring any native code.