Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human capital and per capita product: A comparison of US states*

This article analyzes the extent to which human capital differences can explain the differences in gross state product (GSP) per capita levels between the richer and poorer states of the US. It uses 1990 Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis data on educational attainment, wage levels of different segments of the labor force, and GSP to compare New York - our representative rich state - with the poorest third of the states. The findings indicate that human capital differences explain at least 49% of the observed difference in GSP per capita between New York and each of the poor states.
Synthesis and Flight Test of Automatic Landing Controller Using Quantitative Feedback Theory

Landing is a challenging flight phase for automatic control of fixed-wing aircraft. For unmanned air vehicles in particular, it is imperative that model uncertainty be considered in the control synthesis. These vehicles tend to have limited sensors and instrumentation yet must achieve sufficient performance in the presence of modeling uncertainties and exogenous inputs such as turbulence. Quantitative feedback theory has been reported in the literature for design of automatic landing control laws, but none of these controllers has been flight-tested. In this paper, quantitative feedback theory is employed to synthesize robust discrete-time controllers for automatic landing of an unmanned air vehicle. A low-cost flight vehicle with standard aileron, rudder, elevator, and throttle controls is used. Dynamic simulation is conducted using uncertain aircraft models and sensor noise profiles derived from flight hardware. Controllers are initially synthesized in deterministic simulations. Control validation is pe.
The Probability of Iterated Conditionals

Iterated conditionals of the form If p, then if q, r are an important topic in philosophical logic. In recent years, psychologists have gained much knowledge about how people understand simple conditionals, but there are virtually no published psychological studies of iterated conditionals. This paper presents experimental evidence from a study comparing the iterated form, If p, then if q, r with the "imported," noniterated form, If p and q, then r, using a probability evaluation task and a truth-table task, and taking into account qualitative individual differences. This allows us to critically contrast philosophical and psychological approaches that make diverging predictions regarding the interpretation of these forms. The results strongly support the probabilistic Adams conditional and the "new paradigm" that takes this conditional as a starting point.
GX 339—4: the distance, state transitions, hysteresis and spectral correlations

We study X-ray and variability and distance of GX 339–4. We derive the distance of > 7 kpc, based on recent determination of the binary parameters. We study data from the ASM aboard Ginga, the BATSE aboard CGRO, and the ASM, PCA and HEXTE aboard RXTE. From 1987 to 2004, GX 339–4 underwent �15 outbursts and went through all known states of black-hole binaries. For the first time, we present the PCA data from the initial hard state of the outburst of 2004. We then study colourcolour and colour-flux correlations. In the hard state, there is a strong anticorrelation between the 1.5–5 and 3–12 keV spectral slopes, which we explain by thermal Comptonization of disc photons. There is also a softening of the spectrum above 3 keV with the increasing flux that becomes stronger with increasing energy up to �200 keV. This indicates an anticorrelation between the electron temperature and luminosity, explained by hot accretion models. In addition, we see a variable broad-band slope with a pivot at �200 keV. In the soft state, there is a high energy tail with varying amplitude beyond a strong and variable blackbody component. We confirm the presence of pronounced hysteresis, with the hard-to-soft state transitions occurring at much higher (and variable) luminosities than the soft-to-hard transitions. We fit the RXTE/ASM data with a model consisting of an outer accretion disc and a hot inner flow. State transitions are associated then with variations in the disc truncation radius, which we fit as � 6GM/c 2 in the soft state and several times that in the hard state. The disappearence of the inner disc takes place at a lower accretion rate than its initial appearance due to the dependence of the transitions on the source history. We provide further evidence against the X-ray emission in the hard state being nonthermal synchrotron, and explain the observed radio-X-ray correlation by the jet power being correlated with the accretion power.
Securing the diasporic ‘self’ by travelling abroad: Taglit-Birthright and ontological security

ABSTRACT In recent years, the literature on diaspora politics has focused primarily on why and when migrant or ethno-religious groups adopt a diasporic stance and mobilise on behalf of their homeland. The ability of a community to sustain a diasporic stance across generations is less explored and often assumed to be dependent on discrimination in the host country or events in the homeland. By contrast, this article focuses on internal dynamics of the Jewish-American community to explore the development of Taglit-Birthright – a free educational trip to Israel offered to young Jewish adults. Drawing on the concept of ontological security – security of identity and subjectivity – I argue that the decision to invest in such a costly and experimental programme was the result of two perceived threats to Jewish diasporic identity: the threat to the diasporic narrative and the threat to the relationship with the homeland. Evidence for this claim is generated through interpretation of internal documents, media reports, and secondary literature.
Dynamic properties of ankyrin in T lymphocytes: colocalization with spectrin and protein kinase C beta

Ankyrin is a well characterized membrane skeletal protein which has been implicated in the anchorage of specific integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-based membrane skeleton in a number of systems. In this study, the organization of ankyrin was examined in lymphocytes in relation to T cell function. Light and electron microscope immunolocalization studies revealed extensive heterogeneity in the subcellular distribution of ankyrin in murine tissue-derived lymphocytes. While ankyrin can be localized at the lymphocyte plasma membrane, it can also be accumulated at some distance from the cell periphery, in small patches or in a single discrete, nonmembrane-bound structure. Double immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that ankyrin colocalizes with spectrin and with the signal transducing molecule protein kinase C beta (PKC beta) in tissue-derived lymphocytes, suggesting a functional association between these molecules in the lymphocyte cytoplasm. In addition, T lymphocyte activation-related signals and phorbol ester treatment, both of which lead to PKC activation, cause a rapid translocation of ankyrin, together with spectrin and PKC beta, to a single Triton X-100-insoluble aggregate in the cytoplasm. This finding suggests a mechanism for the reported appearance of PKC in the particulate fraction of cells after activation: activated lymphocyte PKC beta may interact with insoluble cytoskeletal elements like ankyrin and spectrin. Further evidence for a link between the subcellular organization of these proteins and PKC activity is provided by the observation that inhibitors of PKC activity cause their concomitant redistribution to the cell periphery. The dynamic nature of lymphocyte ankyrin and its ability to accumulate at sites distant from the plasma membrane are properties which may be unique to the lymphocyte form of the molecule. Its colocalization with PKC beta in the lymphocyte cytoplasm, together with its redistribution in response to physiological signals, suggests that structural protein(s) may play a role in signal transduction pathways in this cell type. Our data support the conclusion that ankyrin is not solely involved in anchorage of proteins at the plasma membrane in lymphoid cells.
Salicylic Acid Induction of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathways in Wheat Varies by Treatment

Salicylic acid is a promising compound for the reduction of stress sensitivity in plants. Although several biochemical and physiological changes have been described in plants treated with salicylic acid, the mode of action of the various treatments has not yet been clarified. The present work reports a detailed comparative study on the effects of different modes of salicylic acid application at the physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic levels. Seed soaking and hydroponic treatments were found to induce various changes in the protective mechanisms of wheat plants. The possible involvement of the flavonoid metabolism in salicylic acid-related stress signaling was also demonstrated. Different salicylic acid treatments were shown to induce different physiological and biochemical processes, with varying responses in the leaves and roots. Hydroponic treatment enhanced the level of oxidative stress, the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolism and the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds, namely ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and the flavonol quercetin in the leaves, while it decreased the ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonol contents and enhanced ascorbate peroxidase activity in the roots. In contrast, seed soaking only elevated the gene expression level of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in the roots and caused a slight increase in the amount of flavonols. These results draw attention to the fact that the effects of exogenous salicylic acid application cannot be generalized in different experimental systems and that the flavonoid metabolism may be an important part of the action mechanisms induced by salicylic acid.
Path Construction and Visit Scheduling for Targets by Using Data Mules

In this paper, the target patrolling problem was considered, in which a set of mobile data collectors, known as data mules (DMs), must efficiently patrol a given set of targets. Because the time interval (or visiting interval) between consecutive visits to each target reflects the degree to which that target is monitored, the goal of this paper was to balance the visiting interval of each target. This paper first presents the basic target points patrolling algorithm, which enables an efficient patrolling route to be constructed for numerous DMs, such that the visiting intervals of all target points are stable. For scenarios containing weighted target points, a weighted target points patrolling (W-TPP) algorithm is presented, which ensures that targets with higher weights have higher data collection frequencies. The energy constraint of each DM was also considered, and this paper presents a W-TPP with recharge (RW-TPP) algorithm, which treats the energy recharge station as a weighted target and arranges for DMs to visit the recharge station before running out of energy. The performance results demonstrated that the proposed algorithms outperformed existing approaches in average visiting frequency, DM movement distance, average quality of monitoring satisfaction rate, and efficiency index.
Breast Cancer Progesterone Receptor and Prognosis in Human Primary Immunocytochemical Localization of Estrogen and Updated Version

An immunocytochemical assay (ICA) for the measurement of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) has been evaluated in 426 human primary breast carcinomas. For estrogen receptor determi nation ER ICA was used. PgR ICA was performed using the monoclonal antibody KD 68. Assay results for progesterone receptor immunocytochemistry were in agreement (/' < 0.0001) with those of biochemical determination in 74%. Progesterone receptor positivity determined with a semiquantified approach based on intensity and heterogeneity of im munocytochemical staining correlated significantly with biochemically determined progesterone receptor levels (/' = 0.0001). Survival data showed a significantly better overall survival for patients with either ER ICAor PgR ICA-positive carcinomas (ER ICA, P < 0.00001; PgR ICA, P = 0.004). Patients with both negative ER ICA and PgR ICA showed a poorer prognosis than patients with only one negative receptor. In ER ICAand PgR ICA-positive carcinomas a trend could be found that patients whose carcinomas contained high numbers of receptor-positive tumor cells had a better survival. This study demonstrates that ER ICA and PgR ICA are strong prognostic indicators and that the proportion of steroid hormone receptor-positive tumor cells seems to be of clinical
Quality of Life in People with Type 2 Diabetes in Relation to Deprivation, Gender, and Age in a New Community-Based Model of Care

Objectives. To evaluate changes in health related quality of life (HRQL) for individuals with Type 2 diabetes following the introduction of a new community-based model of care. Methods. A survey method was used in which HRQL, Problems Areas In Diabetes (PAID) and demographics were assessed before and 18 months after introducing the new service. Results. Overall HRQL and PAID scores were lower than published levels in individuals with diabetes but remained stable during the transition to the new model of care except for the bodily pain domain and deteriorating PAID scores for older patients. Four domains of SF36 health showed deterioration in the highest socio-economic groups. Deterioration was also observed in males, most notably mental health, in patients aged 54 years or less, 75 years or more and patients from socio-economic groups 1 and 2. HRQL was lowest at baseline and follow-up in socio-economic groups 6 & 7. Low levels of distress in patients across all deprivation categories was observed but remained stable over the transition. Conclusions. HRQL and distress associated with diabetes remained stable following the introduction of the new community-based model of care except for deterioration in the bodily pain domain and deteriorating PAID scores for older patients. Relevance for Practice. (i) Health related quality of life assessment is practical and acceptable to patients. (ii) In clinical governance terms it is good practice to monitor the impact of change in service delivery on the health of the patients in your care. (iii) Screening with health related quality of life tools such as generic and disease specific tools could help identify health problems otherwise undetected within current clinical care. Systematic identification of the most vulnerable groups with Type 2 diabetes should allow care to be better targeted.
Rapid mixing of Swendsen–Wang dynamics in two dimensions

We prove comparison results for the Swendsen-Wang (SW) dynamics, the heat-bath (HB) dynamics for the Potts model and the single-bond (SB) dynamics for the random-cluster model on arbitrary graphs. In particular, we prove that rapid mixing of HB implies rapid mixing of SW on graphs with bounded maximum degree and that rapid mixing of SW and rapid mixing of SB are equivalent. Additionally, the spectral gap of SW and SB on planar graphs is bounded from above and from below by the spectral gap of these dynamics on the corresponding dual graph with suitably changed temperature. As a consequence we obtain rapid mixing of the Swendsen-Wang dynamics for the Potts model on the two-dimensional square lattice at all non-critical temperatures as well as rapid mixing for the two-dimensional Ising model at all temperatures. Furthermore, we obtain new results for general graphs at high or low enough temperatures.
BER-constrained loading algorithms for multicarrier spatial diversity systems

In this paper, four novel loading algorithms are proposed for multicarrier systems employing spatial diversity. The objective of these algorithms is to increase system throughput while ensuring the mean bit error rate (BER) is below a specified limit. A subcarrier signal is transmitted simultaneously on a subset of antennas, passed through a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) channel, intercepted by a subset of receive antennas, and linearly combined. Both antenna subset configurations may differ for each subcarrier. The rationale for this form of antenna selection is to efficiently distribute power across the antennas and to reduce array processing complexity. Bit loading is employed by two of the proposed algorithms to further increase throughput. Simulation results show a tradeoff between the allocation algorithm computational complexity and system throughput.
Premature lethality, hyperactivity, and aberrant phosphorylation in transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active form of Fyn

The kinase Fyn, the microtubule-associated protein tau and the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) constitute a toxic triad in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau's subcellular localization is mainly regulated by phosphorylation whereas Fyn's localization is dictated by palmitoylation targeting it to the plasma membrane in a reversible manner. We have previously shown that tau is required for Fyn to be targeted to the dendritic spine. We had also shown that a truncated form of tau (Δtau) that accumulates in the cell soma is capable of trapping Fyn and preventing it from entering the spine. Here we determined that palmitoylation is required for Fyn's membrane and spine localization. We further evaluated the functional consequences of neuronal over-expression of the constitutively active Y531F mutant form of Fyn (FynCA) in transgenic mice. We found that the FynCA transgenic mice displayed a reduced weight, a massively reduced lifespan and a high level of hyperactivity. The lifespan of the FynCA mice was only slightly extended by crossing them with Δtau transgenic mice, possibly reflecting differences in expression patterns of the transgenes and high levels of transgenic FynCA compared to endogenous Fyn. Analysis of synaptosomes revealed that FynCA accumulated at high levels in the spine, resulting in increased levels of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2b phosphorylated at residue Y1472. Tau was strongly phosphorylated at the AT8 epitope S202/T205 as shown by Western blot and immunohistochemistry indicating that an increased tyrosine kinase activity of Fyn has down-stream consequences for serine/threonine-directed phosphorylation.
Plantaris Excision Reduces Pain in Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy Even in the Absence of Plantaris Tendinosis

Background: It is becoming increasingly apparent that the plantaris can contribute to symptoms in at least a subset of patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy. However, the nature of its involvement remains unclear. Purpose: To determine whether excised plantaris tendons from patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy display tendinopathic changes and whether the presence of such changes affect clinical outcomes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Sixteen plantaris tendons in patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy recalcitrant to conservative management underwent histological examination for the presence of tendinopathic changes. All patients had imaging to confirm the presence of the plantaris tendon adherent to or invaginated into the focal area of Achilles tendinosis. Visual analog scale (VAS) and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) results were recorded pre- and postoperatively. Results: Sixteen patients (mean age, 26.2 years; range, 18-47 years) underwent surgery, with a mean follow-up of 14 months (range, 6-20 months). The plantaris tendon was histologically normal in 13 of 16 cases (81%). Inflammatory changes in the loose peritendinous connective tissue surrounding the plantaris tendon were evident in all cases. There was significant improvement in mean VAS scores (P < .05) and all domains of the FAOS postoperatively (P < .05). Conclusion: The absence of any tendinopathic changes in the excised plantaris of 13 patients who clinically improved suggests plantaris involvement with Achilles tendinopathy may not yet be fully understood and supports the concept that this may be a compressive or a frictional phenomenon rather than purely tendinopathic.
Aerosol radiative forcing during African desert dust events (2005–2010) over Southeastern Spain

The daily (24 h) averages of the aerosol radia- tive forcing (ARF) at the surface and the top of the at- mosphere (TOA) were calculated during desert dust events over Granada (southeastern Spain) from 2005 to 2010. A radiative transfer model (SBDART) was utilized to simu- late the solar irradiance values (0.31-2.8 µm) at the sur- face and TOA, using as input aerosol properties retrieved from CIMEL sun photometer measurements via an in- version methodology that uses the sky radiance measure- ments in principal plane configuration and a spheroid par- ticle shape approximation. This inversion methodology was checked by means of simulated data from aerosol mod- els, and the derived aerosol properties were satisfactorily compared against well-known AERONET products. Good agreement was found over a common spectral interval (0.2- 4.0 µm) between the simulated SBDART global irradiances at surface and those provided by AERONET. In addition, simulated SBDART solar global irradiances at the surface have been successfully validated against CM-11 pyranome- ter measurements. The comparison indicates that the radia- tive transfer model slightly overestimates (mean bias of 3 %) the experimental solar global irradiance. These results show that the aerosol optical properties used to estimate ARF rep- resent appropriately the aerosol properties observed during desert dust outbreak over the study area. The ARF mean monthly values computed during desert dust events ranged from 13± 8 W m 2 to 34± 15 W m 2 at surface, from 4± 3 W m 2 to 13± 7 W m 2 at TOA and from +6± 4 to +21± 12 W m 2 in the atmosphere. We have checked if the differences found in aerosol optical properties among desert dust sectors translate to differences in ARF. The mean ARF at surface (TOA) were 20± 12 ( 5± 5) W m 2 , 21± 9 ( 7± 5) W m 2 and 18± 9 ( 6± 5) W m 2 for sector A (northern Morocco; northwestern Algeria), sector B (western Sahara, northwestern Mauritania and southwest- ern Algeria), and sector C (eastern Algeria, Tunisia), respec- tively. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test revealed that daily ARF values at TOA for sector A were significantly dif- ferent from the other two sectors, likely as a result of the lower values of single scattering albedo obtained for sector A. The mean values of aerosol radiative forcing efficiency at surface (TOA) were 74± 12 W m 2 ( 17± 7 W m 2 ) for sector A, 70± 14 W m 2 ( 20± 9 W m 2 ) for sector B, and 65± 16 W m 2 ( 22± 10 W m 2 ) for sector C, and thus comparable between the three sectors in all seasons.
Responding to teen dating violence: Perspectives from mothers who have been abused and seeking services in domestic violence shelters

ABSTRACT Teen dating violence (TDV) is a significant public health problem, but we know little about how mothers who have been abused respond to TDV. This article analyzes qualitative data from three focus groups conducted with 17 mothers who had experienced abuse. Mothers responded to four hypothetical scenarios of their child reporting TDV to them. Mothers reported that their approach to children’s reports of TDV would entail engaging in varying levels of authoritarianism, considering the gender of the child, and exercising caution in their responses. In response to the scenarios, mothers stated that they would ask questions, educate their teens, contact the perpetrator and/or parents, share their own experiences, and call for outside help. The study’s findings may assist prevention educators working with mothers who experienced abuse in responding to their children’s disclosures of incidents of TDV.