Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Shocks: Scientific Discovery and Mobilization

Abstract Science, through the generation of new knowledge, has the ability to transform commonly held beliefs. Occasionally scientific discoveries produce “cognitive shocks”, which refer to new information that can restructure an individual's beliefs or understandings about the world in a way that affects attitudes toward, and support for, social change. Social movements can play a key role in deploying, framing, and in some cases, producing, cognitive shocks that affect public opinion and political advocacy. Three case studies of scientific cognitive shocks illuminate the interplay between social movements and science and the resulting effects on attitudes and activism: studies finding that smoking cigarettes and exposure to secondhand smoke have harmful health effects, studies suggesting that sexual orientation has a biological basis, and scientific evidence for cetacean intelligence. Cognitive shocks emphasize how compelling shifts in conceptual and logical perceptions can act as powerful motivators of activism and, by doing so, complement existing work done in social movement literature on the role of emotions in mobilization. It is likely that a combination of emotional and rational motivators sustain activism, and a more thorough understanding of how both of these processes affect mobilization can serve to better elucidate the mechanisms underlying opinions toward, and action taken for, social change.
Book Review: Security of attachment and the social development of cognition

In the nal chapter, Bishop assesses a modular account of SLI versus an interactional developmental approach. In her view, a modular approach is not well suited to explaining a developmental disorder, because it focuses on defective isolated parts and ignores the interactions between different parts of the whole cognitive system. In development, such interactions also take place on a temporal dimension, such that a particular malfunctioning earlier in time may inuence later functioning in different areas of cognitive activity. Bishop strongly argues for an interactional developmental approach and concludes the book with suggestions for future research strategies. This book is excellently written. Dorothy Bishop manages to combine discussing pertinent and controversial theoretical accounts of SLI with giving a clear presentation of empirical results and an introduction to basic terms of linguistic theory and psychological testing. The book is suited to researchers, students, teachers, and practitioners alike. It is well structured, presenting an outline in the rst chapter and containing an overview at the beginning of following chapters. Bishop presents the latest developments in the area of research and theory on specic language impairment. She does not shy away from controversies, exposes the strengths and weaknesses of different theoretical accounts with great clarity, and points to the routes research has to take next.
Television and Reality: Toddlers' Use of Visual Information from Video to Guide Behavior

Toddlers' ability to use a television display in order to guide their object retrieval and object placement was examined. In the first experiment, 2-, 2.5-, and 3-year-olds watched a toy being hidden in an adjacent room, after which they were asked to find it. In the second experiment, 2-year-olds watched a toy being placed in the adjacent room and were then asked to place the toy in the same place. Half the children in each experiment watched the event through a window and half watched the event on television. In both experiments children's performance was worse if they saw the event on television, although retrieval improved with age. In both experiments the 2-year-olds' performance in the television condition started above chance and then deteriorated over trials. These and other studies indicate that toddlers have considerable difficulty using a video image in order to guide behavior in a real setting. Three hypotheses that could account for these findings are discussed.
After the Movies

The effects of transient moods on a variety of social judgments were studied in an unobtrusive field study. Subjects were interviewed immediately after leaving film performances classified as predominantly happy, sad, or aggressive in affective tone. Questions covered four topic areas: political judgments, expectations about the future, judgments of responsibility and guilt, and quality-of-life judgments. Judgments on all four question categories were significantly influenced by the affective quality of the films. Judgments were more positive, lenient or optimistic after viewing a happy film than after a sad or an aggressive film. These mood biases were universal irrespective of the demographic background of subjects, suggesting the robustness of the phenomenon. The results were interpreted in terms of recent models of emotional influences on social cognition, and the practical implications of the findings were considered.
Growing Trade in Intermediate Goods: Outsourcing, Global Sourcing, or Increasing Importance of Mne Networks?

Trade in intermediate goods as one possible link between rising trade and foreign direct investment is examined. To explain growing intermediate goods trade, three hypotheses are brought forward: outsourcing, global sourcing and the increasing importance of MNE networks. These hypotheses are tested by employing a cross-section framework, which uses OECD input-output table data, and an analysis, which relies on German time-series data. Increasing importance of MNE networks is found to be a reason of growing trade in intermediate goods in the cross-section and the time-series framework. The evidence for outsourcing and global sourcing is found to be much weaker.
Integrated nature of chromatophore responses in the in vitro frog skin bioassay.

A cytological analysis of the in vitro response of frog skin chromatophores to hormonal and pharmacological agents is presented. The significance of the diverse chromatophore responses to stimulation is discussed in light of interpretations that might erroneously be drawn from objective photometric measurements as in the frog skin bioassay. Melanophorestimulating hormone (MSH) disperses melanin granules within both dermal and epidermal melanophores; the previously dispersed reflecting platelets within iridophores become aggregated. Acetylcholine lightens MSH-darkened skin to a near pre-MSH level by reversing the action of MSH on all chromatophores. Melatonin and norepinephrine only weakly reverse the darkening action of MSH on frog skin as not all chromatophores respond to these agents. Melatonin causes melanin granule aggregation within only a small number of localized dermal melanophores and is without effect on iridophores. Norepinephrine, unlike melatonin, but like acetylcholine, redisperses the refle.
MARKOVIAN BRIDGES: WEAK CONTINUITY AND PATHWISE CONSTRUCTIONS

A Markovian bridge is a probability measure taken from a disintegration of the law of an initial part of the path of a Markov process given its terminal value. As such, Markovian bridges admit a natural parameterization in terms of the state space of the process. In the context of Feller processes with continuous transition densities, we construct by weak convergence considerations the only versions of Markovian bridges which are weakly continuous with respect to their parameter. We use this weakly continuous construction to provide an extension of the strong Markov property in which the flow of time is reversed. In the context of self-similar Feller process, the last result is shown to be useful in the construction of Markovian bridges out of the trajectories of the original process.
Buying Kindness: Effect of an Extrinsic Incentive for Helping on Perceived Altruism

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether an extrinsic incentive would undermine intrinsic, altruistic motivation for helping. In Experiment 1 male undergraduates agreed to help an experimenter code data. Pavment for coding was not mentioned (no-payment), was mentioned prior to agreement to help (paynent-prior), or was mentioned after agreement to help (payment-after). As predicted from Nisbett and Valins' overly sufficient justification hypothesis, subjects in the payment-prior condition rated themselves as less altruistic relative to a comparison other who did not help (a confederate) than did subjects in the no-payment condition. Subjects in the payment-after condition and in the no-request control group responded similarly to those in the no-payment condition. Experiment 2 provided a conceptual replication in a field setting of the payment-prior and no-payment conditions of Experiment 1. Results again indicated that prior payment undermined intrinsic, altruistic motivation for helping.
Stigmatizing Attitudes of the Community Towards People Living with HIV/AIDS

This research involved an exploratory study in which a questionnaire was used to investigate the personal stigma and perceived community stigma regarding HIV/AIDS in a South African community. Student fieldworkers interviewed a convenient sample of 901 respondents from different races, gender and age groups, and found that respondents tended towards stigmatizing persons with HIV/ AIDS. Yet, this degree of stigmatization was significantly less severe than the degree of stigmatization that respondents attributed to the community at large. Altogether 17% of the respondents had high stigmatizing attitudes, while 42% perceived the stigmatization by others in the community to be high. Race group, personal knowledge of someone with HIV, area of residence, gender and age group impacted on the respondents’ personal tendency to stigmatize those with HIV/AIDS. The article discusses the difference between the level of personal stigma attached by the respondents and that perceived by them to be attached by the community. Attention is also paid to the possible implications of stigmatizing behaviour patterns and interventions on a community level. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test-enhanced learning in third-grade children

Several recent studies have shown that retrieval is more efficient than restudy in enhancing the long-term retention of memories. However, studies investigating this effect in children are still rare. Here, we report an experiment in which third-grade children initially read a brief encyclopaedic text twice and then either performed a cued recall test on selected target contents of the text or reread the same text twice. A final four-choice memory test about the text’s contents was administered to all children after seven days as well as tests measuring their IQ and reading skills. In the final four-choice memory test, children who took the initial cued recall test showed significantly greater performance in comparison with children who restudied the text twice (their responses were 87 and 53% correct, respectively). The results suggest that cued recall tests can elicit very robust testing effects in young children, even when complex, educationally relevant materials are used as stimuli.
Differential regulation of imprinting in the murine embryo and placenta by the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting control region

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism controlling parental-origin-specific gene expression. Perturbing the parental origin of the distal portion of mouse chromosome 12 causes alterations in the dosage of imprinted genes resulting in embryonic lethality and developmental abnormalities of both embryo and placenta. A 1 Mb imprinted domain identified on distal chromosome 12 contains three paternally expressed protein-coding genes and multiple non-coding RNA genes, including snoRNAs and microRNAs, expressed from the maternally inherited chromosome. An intergenic, parental-origin-specific differentially methylated region, the IG-DMR, which is unmethylated on the maternally inherited chromosome, is necessary for the repression of the paternally expressed protein-coding genes and for activation of the maternally expressed non-coding RNAs: its absence causes the maternal chromosome to behave like the paternally inherited one. Here, we characterise the developmental consequences of this epigenotype switch and compare these with phenotypes associated with paternal uniparental disomy of mouse chromosome 12. The results show that the embryonic defects described for uniparental disomy embryos can be attributed to this one cluster of imprinted genes on distal chromosome 12 and that these defects alone, and not the mutant placenta, can cause prenatal lethality. In the placenta, the absence of the IG-DMR has no phenotypic consequence. Loss of repression of the protein-coding genes occurs but the non-coding RNAs are not repressed on the maternally inherited chromosome. This indicates that the mechanism of action of the IG-DMR is different in the embryo and the placenta and suggests that the epigenetic control of imprinting differs in these two lineages.
Visual Orienting Attention was influenced by Auditory Processing

Visual orienting is critical signal to ability of attention. In particular, eye gaze is one of important visual orienting to refer our belief, desires and feeling etc. However, in real life, visual orienting has been indicated to be influenced by others modality processing, such as auditory supplement. Less previous studies have been comprehensively investigated how visual orienting is influenced by auditory processing. In this study, the authors conduct two experiments to investigate how visual orienting effect would be influenced by auditory processing, when used nonsocial and social stimuli as cues respectively (i.e., arrow and eye gaze). The results indicate that visual orienting is clearly influenced by auditory processing in both social and non-social stimuli as cues. Functional MRI data suggest that DLPFC plays an important role in regulating visual and auditory attention. Visual Orienting Attention was Influenced by Auditory Processing
The Perception of Neighborhood Disorder in Flemish Belgium: Differences between Ethnic Majority and Minority Group Members and Bearing on Fear of Crime.

The present research examines whether the perception of neighborhood disorder differs between ethnic majority and minority group members and whether perceived disorder has the same impact on fear of crime among ethnic minorities as among the majority group. To answer the research questions, data are used from a survey among persons of Moroccan, Turkish, and Flemish descent (n=960), gathered in three Flemish Belgian cities (Antwerp, Genk, and Ghent). Multiple regression analyses show differences between majority and minority group members with regard to the perception of loitering youths, dog mess, and littering. Also, results provide support for the broken windows hypothesis in all ethnic groups, but the impact of perceived disorder on fear of crime is highest among the Flemish majority. Possible explanations are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi-label sparse coding for automatic image annotation

In this paper, we present a multi-label sparse coding framework for feature extraction and classification within the context of automatic image annotation. First, each image is encoded into a so-called supervector, derived from the universal Gaussian Mixture Models on orderless image patches. Then, a label sparse coding based subspace learning algorithm is derived to effectively harness multi-label information for dimensionality reduction. Finally, the sparse coding method for multi-label data is proposed to propagate the multi-labels of the training images to the query image with the sparse ℓ1 reconstruction coefficients. Extensive image annotation experiments on the Corel5k and Corel30k databases both show the superior performance of the proposed multi-label sparse coding framework over the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Functional adaptation of the switch‐2 nucleotide sensor enables rapid processive translocation by myosin‐5

Active site loops that are conserved across superfamilies of myosins, kinesins, and G proteins play key roles in allosteric coupling of NTP hydrolysis to interaction with track filaments or effector proteins. In this study, we investigated how the class‐specific natural variation in the switch‐2 active site loop contributes to the motor function of the intracellular transporter myosin‐5. We used single‐molecule, rapid kinetic and spectroscopic experiments and semiempirical quantum chemical simulations to show that the class‐specific switch‐2 structure including a tyrosine (Y439) in myosin‐5 enables rapid processive translocation along actin filaments by facilitating Mg2+‐dependent ADP release. Using wild‐type control and Y439 point mutant myosin‐5 proteins, we demonstrate that the translocation speed precisely correlates with the kinetics of nucleotide exchange. Switch‐2 variants can thus be used to fine‐tune translocation speed while maintaining high processivity. The class‐specific variation of switch‐2 in various NTPase superfamilies indicates its general role in the kinetic tuning of Mg2+‐dependent nucleotide exchange. —Nagy, N.T. , Sakamoto, T. , Takács, B. , Gyimesi, M. , Hazai, E. , Bikádi, Z. , Sellers, J.R. , Kovács, M. Functional adaptation of the switch‐2 nucleotide sensor enables rapid processive translocation by myosin‐5. FASEB J. 24, 4480–4490 (2010). www.fasebj. org
The Eysenck Personality Inventory as a selection test for military pilots

As part of a study of the selection of candidates for pilot training in the Army Air Corps, EPI scores have been analysed in relation to success in training. Data from 432 AAC and 205 RAF student pilots have been examined. Statistical analyses show that EPI scores are related to success in training. Possible underlying reasons for this relationship are discussed. Both samples were more Stable than the general population at the beginning of their training. In addition, there is evidence for positive correlations with success in training for both Stability and Extraversion. As EPI scores are independent of existing selection test scores, improvements in the prediction of success might be achieved if they were taken into account. However, ‘faking-good’ may be a problem.
Active Learning With Imbalanced Multiple Noisy Labeling

With crowdsourcing systems, it is easy to collect multiple noisy labels for the same object for supervised learning. This dynamic annotation procedure fits the active learning perspective and accompanies the imbalanced multiple noisy labeling problem. This paper proposes a novel active learning framework with multiple imperfect annotators involved in crowdsourcing systems. The framework contains two core procedures: label integration and instance selection. In the label integration procedure, a positive label threshold (PLAT) algorithm is introduced to induce the class membership from the multiple noisy label set of each instance in a training set. PLAT solves the imbalanced labeling problem by dynamically adjusting the threshold for determining the class membership of an example. Furthermore, three novel instance selection strategies are proposed to adapt PLAT for improving the learning performance. These strategies are respectively based on the uncertainty derived from the multiple labels, the uncertainty derived from the learned model, and the combination method (CFI). Experimental results on 12 datasets with different underlying class distributions demonstrate that the three novel instance selection strategies significantly improve the learning performance, and CFI has the best performance when labeling behaviors exhibit different levels of imbalance in crowdsourcing systems. We also apply our methods to a real-world scenario, obtaining noisy labels from Amazon Mechanical Turk, and show that our proposed strategies achieve very high performance.
Mindreading and moral awareness in popular and rejected preschoolers

This study sought to examine links among young children's peer relations, their moral understanding in terms of the ability to distinguish lies from mistakes, and their theory-of-mind development. Based on sociometric measures, 109 children with a mean age of 4.8 years were divided into groups of popular and rejected preschoolers. Rejected children who had a stable mutual friend scored higher on measures of moral understanding and theory of mind than did rejected children without such friendships. Similarly, popular children who had a stable mutual friendship outperformed other popular children on mindreading, although their moral understanding was no better than that of the popular group who lacked mutual friends. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that peer popularity was a significant independent predictor of children's moral understanding after any effects of verbal maturity, age and theory-of-mind were statistically controlled. Moreover, having a reciprocal stable friendship made a significant independent contribution to the explanation of individual differences in mindreading, over and above age and verbal maturity, which also contributed significantly. These results are discussed in terms of conversational, cognitive, and emotional processes in the development of social cognition.
Rationale for en bloc vein resection in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma adherent to the superior mesenteric-portal vein confluence. Pancreatic Tumor Study Group.

OBJECTIVE Tumor invasion of the superior mesenteric-portal vein (SMPV) confluence is often considered a contraindication to pancreaticoduodenectomy for patients with malignant tumors of the pancreas or periampullary region. The authors sought to determine whether pancreaticoduodenectomy with en bloc resection of the SMPV confluence could be safely performed and whether tumors involving the SMPV confluence were associated with pathologic parameters suggesting poor prognosis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Several centers have reported high rates of retroperitoneal margin positivity after pancreaticoduodenectomy for tumors of the pancreatic head and periampullary region. Positive-margin or incomplete resection is associated with early tumor recurrence and no survival benefit compared with palliative therapy. Tumor adherence to the lateral of posterior wall of the SMPV confluence often represents the only barrier to complete tumor resection at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS Data on all patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or periampullary region over a 3.5-year period were entered prospectively in a pancreatic tumor database. To be considered for surgery, patients were required to fulfill the following computed tomography criteria for resectability: 1) the absence of extrapancreatic disease, 2) no tumor encasement of the superior mesenteric artery or celiac axis, and 3) a patent SMPV confluence. Tumor adherence to the superior mesenteric vein or SMPV confluence was assessed intraoperatively, and en bloc venous resection was performed when necessary to achieve complete tumor extirpation. Data on operative characteristics, morbidity, mortality, tumor size, nodal metastases, margin positivity, perineural invasion, and tumor DNA content were compared for patients who did and did not receive venous resection. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, 36 without venous resection and 23 with en bloc resection of the SMPV confluence. No differences in median hospital stay, morbidity, mortality, tumor size, margin positivity, nodal positivity, or tumor DNA content were observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS When necessary, segmental resection of the SMPV confluence may be performed safely during pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary malignant tumors. Tumors invading the SMPV confluence are not associated with histologic parameters suggesting a poor prognosis. Our data suggest that venous involvement is a function of tumor location rather than an indicator of aggressive tumor biology.