Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using neural response properties to draw the distinction between modal and amodal representations

ABSTRACT Barsalou has recently argued against the strategy of identifying amodal neural representations by using their cross-modal responses (i.e., their responses to stimuli from different modalities). I agree that there are indeed modal structures that satisfy this “cross-modal response” criterion (CM), such as distributed and conjunctive modal representations. However, I argue that we can distinguish between modal and amodal structures by looking into differences in their cross-modal responses. A component of a distributed cell assembly can be considered unimodal because its responses to stimuli from a given modality are stable, whereas its responses to stimuli from any other modality are not (i.e., these are lost within a short time, plausibly as a result of cell assembly dynamics). In turn, conjunctive modal representations, such as superior colliculus cells in charge of sensory integration, are multimodal because they have a stable response to stimuli from different modalities. Finally, some prefrontal cells constitute amodal representations because they exhibit what has been called ‘adaptive coding’. This implies that their responses to stimuli from any given modality can be lost when the context and task conditions are modified. We cannot assign them a modality because they have no stable relation with any input type. Abbreviatons: CM: cross-modal response criterion; CCR: conjuntive cross-modal representations; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; MVPA: multivariate pattern analysis; pre-SMA: pre-supplementary motor area; PFC: prefrontal cortex; SC: superior colliculus; GWS: global workspace
The 69 μm forsterite band in spectra of protoplanetary disks. Results from the Herschel DIGIT programme

Context. We have analysed far‐infrared spectra of 32 circumstellar disks around Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri stars obtained within the Herschel key programme Dust, Ice and Gas in Time (DIGIT). The spectra were taken with the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on board the Herschel Space Observatory . In this paper we focus on the detection and analysis of the 69µm emission band of the crystalline silicate forsterite. Aims. This work aims at providing an overview of the 69µm forsterite bands present in the DIGIT sample. We use characteristics of the emission band (peak position and FWHM) to derive the dust temperature and to constrain the iron content of the cryst alline silicates. With this information, constraints can be place d on the spatial distribution of the forsterite in the disk an d the formation history of the crystalline grains. Methods. The 69µm forsterite emission feature is analysed in terms of positi on and shape to derive the temperature and composition of the dust by comparison to laboratory spectra of that band. The PACS spectra are combined with existing Spitzer IRS spectra and we compare the presence and strength of the 69µm band to the forsterite bands at shorter wavelengths. Results. A total of 32 disk sources have been observed. Out of these 32, 8 sources show a 69µm emission feature that can be attributed to forsterite. With the exception of the T Tauri star AS 205, all of the detections are for disks associated with Herbig Ae/Be stars. Most of the forsterite grains that give rise to the 69µm bands are found to be warm (∼100‐200 K) and iron-poor (less than∼2% iron). AB Aur is the only source where the emission cannot be fitted wi th iron-free forsterite requiring approximately 3‐4% of ir on. Conclusions. Our findings support the hypothesis that the forsterite grai ns form through an equilibrium condensation process at high temperatures. The large width of the emission band in some sources may indicate the presence of forsterite reservoirs at different temperatures. The connection between the strength of the 69 and 33µm bands shows that at least part of the emission in these two bands originates fom the same dust grains. We further find tha t any model that can explain the PACS and the Spitzer IRS observations must take the effects of a wavelength dependent optical depth into account. We find weak indications of a correlation of the detection rate of the 69µm band with the spectral type of the host stars in our sample. However, the sample size is too small to obtain a definitive result.
The Essential Meaning of Self-Actualization via Principalship: A Phenomenological Study

Abraham Harold Maslow’a gore kendini gerceklestirme, kisinin potansiyelini sonuna kadar kullanmasi olarak tanimlanabilir. Maslow bu kavrami saglikli olma haline ve arzu edilir kisilik ozelliklerinin her cesidine ulasabilmek icin karsilanmasi gereken ust duzey bir gereksinim olarak betimlemistir. Bu fenomenolojik arastirmanin amaci, kamuya ve ozel sektore ait okullarda calismakta olan bir grup okul mudurunun ifadelerine dayali olarak okul mudurlugu baglaminda kendini gerceklestirme kavraminin paylasilan anlamini ortaya koyabilmektir. Bu kapsamda on iki okul muduru ile kendini gerceklestirme kavraminin anlamina iliskin yari yapilandirilmis gorusmeler yapilmistir. Gorusmelerden elde edilen bulgular, katilimcilar arasinda bir okul mudurunun potansiyelini tamamen gerceklestirebilmesi icin bes temel becerisini kullanmasi gerektigi yonunde ortak bir algi oldugunu gostermistir. Soz konusu beceriler, iletisim, organizasyon, motivasyon, empati ve kendini gelistirmedir. Katilimcilar potansiyellerini gerceklestirebilmeleri halinde mutluluk ve huzur duyduklarini ve islerinden haz aldiklarini; bunlara ek olarak oz guvenlerinde ve bireysel motivasyonlarinda artis hissettiklerini dile getirmislerdir. Potansiyellerini gerceklestirmeleri onunde engellerle karsilastiklari durumlarda ise kisa sureli bir moral kaybi ve mutsuzluk hissettiklerini belirtmislerdir. Arastirma metni icerisinde bulgularin uygulama ve gelecek arastirmalar acisindan dogurgularina da yer verilmistir.
Credit Contagion from Counterparty Risk

Standard credit risk models cannot explain the observed clustering of default, sometimes described as "credit contagion. " This paper provides the first empirical analysis of credit contagion via direct counterparty effects. We find that bankruptcy announcements cause negative abnormal equity returns and increases in CDS spreads for creditors. In addition, creditors with large exposures are more likely to suffer from financial distress later. This suggests that counterparty risk is a potential additional channel of credit contagion. Indeed, the fear of counterparty defaults among financial institutions explains the sudden worsening of the credit crisis after the Lehman bankruptcy in September 2008. Copyright (c) 2009 the American Finance Association.
A compression-driven test access mechanism design approach

Driven by the industrial need for low-cost test methodologies, the academic community and the industry alike have put forth a number of efficient test data compression (TDC) methods. In addition, the need for core-based System-on-a-Chip (SoC) test led to considerable research in test access mechanism (TAM) design. While most previous work has considered TAM design and TDC independently, this work analyzes the interrelations between the two, outlining that a minimum test time solution obtained using TAM design will not necessarily correspond to a minimum test time solution when compression is applied. This is due to the dependency of some TDC methods on test bus width and care bit density, both of which are related to test time, and hence to TAM design. Therefore, this paper illustrates the importance of considering the characteristics of the compression method when performing TAM design, and it also shows how an existing TAM design method can be enhanced toward a compression-driven solution.
Collaborative Performance Measurement: Examining and Explaining the Prevalence of Collaboration in State and Local Government Contracts

Viewing collaboration as an imperative for public managers, scholars are calling for a better understanding of its origins, prevalence, and impact on organizational performance. The objective of this study is to explore the prevalence and the determinants of collaboration pursued in the course of monitoring government contracts. The theoretical framework proposed in this study explores the effect of several categories of collaboration determinants pertaining to government agencies, contractors, contractual relationships, services, and markets. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews administered to 69 state and local contract managers as well as nonprofit and for-profit contractors in five jurisdictions. Qualitative analysis identifies a variety of collaborative strategies used by agencies seeking vendors’ input and by vendors proposing and negotiating performance monitoring arrangements. Regressions analysing the determinants of collaboration suggest that the latter is more often pursued by nonprofit contractors and vendors with a unique expertise and higher resource dependency. Governments with advanced in-house professional capacity and willingness to collaborate are also more likely to rely on the contractors’ input. Meanwhile, high service measurability, long-term relationships, and dynamic markets reduce the likelihood of collaboration. This study suggests that collaborative performance evaluation presents both challenges and opportunities for effective contract implementation. The responsibilities of monitoring officers appear to extend beyond specifying and enforcing performance standards-they require the skills and motivation to empower contractors and to learn from their input and the professional capacity to evaluate their claims.
Imaging distributed and massed repetitions of natural scenes: Spontaneous retrieval and maintenance

Repetitions that are distributed (spaced) across time prompt enhancement of a memory‐related event‐related potential, compared to when repetitions are massed (contiguous). Here, we used fMRI to investigate neural enhancement and suppression effects during free viewing of natural scenes that were either novel or repeated four times with massed or distributed repetitions. Distributed repetition was uniquely associated with a repetition enhancement effect in a bilateral posterior parietal cluster that included the precuneus and posterior cingulate and which has previously been implicated in episodic memory retrieval. Unique to massed repetition, conversely, was enhancement in a right dorsolateral prefrontal cluster that has been implicated in short‐term maintenance. Repetition suppression effects for both types of spacing were widespread in regions activated during novel picture processing. Taken together, the data are consistent with a hypothesis that distributed repetition prompts spontaneous retrieval of prior occurrences, whereas massed repetition prompts short‐term maintenance of the episodic representation, due to contiguous presentation. These processing differences may mediate the classic spacing effect in learning and memory. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1381–1392, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projection effects in cluster catalogues

We investigate the importance of projection effects in the identification of galaxy clusters in 2D galaxy maps and their effect on the estimation of cluster velocity dispersions. From large N-body simulations of a standard cold dark matter universe, we construct volume-limited galaxy catalogues that have similar low-order clustering properties to those of the observed galaxy distribution. We then select clusters using criteria tailored to match those employed in the construction of real cluster catalogues such as Abell’s. We find that our mock Abell cluster catalogues are heavily contaminated and incomplete. Over one third (34±6 per cent) of clusters of richness class R�1 are miclassifications arising from the projection of one or more sub-clumps onto an intrinsically poor cluster. Conversely, 32±5 per cent of intrinsically rich clusters are missed altogether from the R�1 catalogues, mostly because of statistical fluctuations in the background count. Selection by X-ray luminosity rather than optical richness reduces, but does not completely eliminate, these problems. Contamination by unvirialised sub-clumps near a cluster leads to an overestimation of the cluster velocity dispersion which can be very substantial even if the analysis is restricted only to galaxies close to the cluster centre. Thus, the distribution of cluster masses – often used to test cosmological models – is a highly unreliable statistic. The median value of the distribution, however, is considerably more robust because the main effect of contamination is to create an artificial tail of high velocity dispersion clusters. Improved estimates of the cluster velocity dispersion distribution require constructing new cluster catalogues in which clusters are defined according to the number of galaxies within a radius about three times smaller than the Abell radius.
Distributed collaboration activities in a blended learning scenario and the effects on learning performance

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of tutor and student online communication and collaboration activities in a blended learning course. The hypothesis that these activities are related to student learning performance (exam results) was tested based on the number of messages posted, as well as the nature of these messages (type of content transmitted in terms of course content-related, interpersonal and organizational activities). Descriptive results show that tutors were mainly involved in organizational tasks, whereas students communicated mostly at content-related and interpersonal levels. Student performance was not related to the quantity of tutors' activity, but to the quantity of students' activity. Closer examination of the nature of different activities showed that not only tutors' interpersonal, but also students' own content-related and interpersonal messages had an impact on students' learning performance. This study raises the possibility that the nature of messages is more important than their quantity. It calls into question former research, which has indicated the importance of the amount of activity while mostly neglecting to discriminate between the differences in nature of activities and which has based its findings almost entirely on subjective ratings for both activities and performance. Implications for evaluation of activities and design of personal support are discussed.
Early-type variables in the Magellanic Clouds: I.β Cephei stars in the LMC bar

A thorough analysis of the OGLE-II time-series photometry of the Large Magellanic Cloud bar supplemented by similar data from the MACHO database led us to the discovery of three β Cephei-type stars. These are the first known extragalactic β Cephei-type stars. Two of the three stars are multiperiodic. Two stars have inferred masses of about 10 $M_\odot$ while the third is about 2 mag brighter and at least twice as massive. All three variables are located in or very close to the massive and young LMC associations (LH 41, 59 and 81). It is therefore very probable that the variables have higher than average metallicities. This would reconcile our finding with theoretical predictions of the shape and location of the β Cephei instability strip in the H-R diagram. The low number of β Cephei stars found in the LMC is another observational confirmation of strong dependence of the mechanism driving pulsations in these variables on metallicity. Follow-up spectroscopic determination of the metallicities in the discovered variables will provide a good test for the theory of pulsational stability in massive main-sequence stars.
Theoretical description of pressure-induced phase transitions: a case study of Ti–V alloys†

We discuss theoretical description of pressure-induced phase transitions by means of first-principles calculations in the framework of density functional theory. We illustrate applications of theoretical tools that allow one to take into account configurational and vibrational disorders, considering Ti–V alloys as a model system. The universality of the first-principles theory allows us to apply it in studies of different phenomena that occur in the Ti–V system upon compression. Besides the transitions between different crystal structures, we discuss isostructural transitions in bcc Ti–V alloys. Moreover, we present arguments for possible electronic transitions in this system, which may explain peculiar behaviour of elastic properties of V upon compression.
Deciding When to Decide: Time-Variant Sequential Sampling Models Explain the Emergence of Value-Based Decisions in the Human Brain

The cognitive and neuronal mechanisms of perceptual decision making have been successfully linked to sequential sampling models. These models describe the decision process as a gradual accumulation of sensory evidence over time. The temporal evolution of economic choices, however, remains largely unexplored. We tested whether sequential sampling models help to understand the formation of value-based decisions in terms of behavior and brain responses. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity while human participants performed a buying task in which they freely decided upon how and when to choose. Behavior was accurately predicted by a time-variant sequential sampling model that uses a decreasing rather than fixed decision threshold to estimate the time point of the decision. Presupplementary motor area, caudate nucleus, and anterior insula activation was associated with the accumulation of evidence over time. Furthermore, at the beginning of the decision process the fMRI signal in these regions accounted for trial-by-trial deviations from behavioral model predictions: relatively high activation preceded relatively early responses. The updating of value information was correlated with signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, left and right orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral striatum but also in the primary motor cortex well before the response itself. Our results support a view of value-based decisions as emerging from sequential sampling of evidence and suggest a close link between the accumulation process and activity in the motor system when people are free to respond at any time.
Sleeping With My Abuser: A Qualitative Study on the Development of Transferred Aggression Expression among Battered Women

This qualitative study aimed at understanding the experiences of battered women. Using the grounded theory method, the author generated a conceptual model of transferred aggression expression explaining abused women’s perpetration of aggression in intimate relationships. For broader sampling, 18 battered women in a highly populated province in the Philippines were selected as the participants for one-on-one, semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The field texts gathered in the study were subjected to Strauss and Corbin’s (2008) grounded theory method of data analysis, comprising open, axial and theoretical coding procedures. Six stages emerged which described women’s manifestation of transferred aggression expression, namely enduring, inhibiting, placating, reciprocating, aggressing and retaliating. Results indicated that women who faced intimate partner violence were likely to exhibit transferred aggression expression via passive, passive-aggressive and reactive-aggressive ways. Implications and future directions of study are also offered.
On the control of mechanical systems with dynamic backlash

The focus of this work is the analysis and control of a simple rigid body mechanical system with dynamic backlash. Contrary to most of the existing work in the control literature we explicitly treat all the dynamic and nonlinear characteristics of this system. A desired symmetric periodic orbit locally stable is generated by a PD control scheme. In order to enlarge the basin of attraction of this orbit we propose the use of a hybrid control in addition to the PD control. This work finds potential application in several areas including the control of kinematic chains with joint clearance and vibro-impact systems.
Identification of N2-fixing plant- and fungus-associated Azoarcus species by PCR-based genomic fingerprints

Most species of the diazotrophic Proteobacteria Azoarcus spp. occur in association with grass roots, while A. tolulyticus and A. evansii are soil bacteria not associated with a plant host. To facilitate species identification and strain comparison, we developed a protocol for PCR-generated genomic fingerprints, using an automated sequencer for fragment analysis. Commonly used primers targeted to REP (repetitive extragenic palindromic) and ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus) sequence elements failed to amplify fragments from the two species tested. In contrast, the BOX-PCR assay (targeted to repetitive intergenic sequence elements of Streptococcus) yielded species-specific genomic fingerprints with some strain-specific differences. PCR profiles of an additional PCR assay using primers targeted to tRNA genes (tDNA-PCR, for tRNA(IIe)) were more discriminative, allowing differentiation at species-specific (for two species) or infraspecies-specific level. Our protocol of several consecutive PCR assays consisted of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-targeted, genus-specific PCR followed by BOX- and tDNA-PCR; it enabled us to assign new diazotrophic isolates originating from fungal resting stages (sclerotia) to known species of Azoarcus. The assignment was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. Additionally, the phylogenetic distances and the lack of monophyly suggested emendment of the genus Azoarcus: the unnamed species Azoarcus groups C and D and a new group (E) of Azoarcus, which was detected in association with fungi, are likely to have the taxonomic rank of three different genera. According to its small subunit rRNA, the sclerotium-forming basidiomycete was related to the Ustilagomycetes, facultatively biotrophic parasites of plants. Since they occurred in a field which was under cultivation with rice and wheat, these fungi might serve as a niche for survival for Azoarcus in the soil and as a source for reinfection of plants.
Transferring Colours to Grayscale Images by Locally Linear Embedding

In this paper, we propose a learning-based method for adding colours to grayscale images. In contrast to many previous computer-aided colourizing methods, which require intensive and accurate human intervention, our method needs only the user to provide a colourful image of the similar content as the grayscale image. We accept the “image manifold” assumption and apply manifold learning methods to model the relations between the chromatic channels and the gray levels in the training images. Then we synthesize the objective chromatic channels using the learned relations. Experiments show that our method gives superior results to those of the previo us work.
Identifying Active Manifolds

Determining the “active manifold” for a minimization probl em is a large step towards solving the problem. Many researchers have studied under what conditions certain alg orithms identify active manifolds in a finite number of iterations. In this work we outline a unifying framework enc ompassing many earlier results on identification via the Subgradient (Gradient) Projection Method, Newton-like Me thods, and the Proximal Point Algorithm. This framework, prox-regular partial smoothness, has the advantage of not r equiring convexity for its conclusions, and therefore exte nds many of these earlier results.