Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Herpesvirus 6 and Measles Virus Employ Distinct CD46 Domains for Receptor Function*

We employed a quantitative cell fusion assay to identify structural domains of CD46 required for its function as a receptor for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We examined the activities of recombinant variants of CD46, including different isoforms as well as engineered truncations and molecular chimeras with decay-accelerating factor, a related protein in the family of regulators of complement activation (RCA). We observed strong receptor activity for all four CD46 isoforms, which differ in the membrane-proximal extracellular and cytoplasmic domains, indicating that the critical determinants for HHV-6 receptor activity reside outside the C-terminal portion of CD46. Analysis of the short consensus repeat (SCR) regions that comprise most of the extracellular portion of CD46 indicated a strong dependence on SCRs 2 and 3 and no requirement for SCRs 1 or 4. Fusion-inhibition studies with SCR-specific monoclonal antibodies supported the essential role of SCRs 2 and 3 in HHV-6 receptor activity. These findings contrast markedly with fusion mediated by measles virus glycoproteins for which we observed a strict dependence on SCRs 1 and 2, consistent with previous reports. These results expand the emerging notion that CD46 and other members of the RCA family are co-opted in distinct manners by different infectious pathogens.
Urban Adolescents' Postschool Aspirations and Awareness

The young adult years (approximately the age when one leaves high school to age 23) are pivotal to adult life success. They are the years when adolescents typically assume dramatic increases in responsibility for self-direction in areas such as socialization, independent living, citizenship, employment, education, and mental and physical health. From initial experiences in those years, the young adult lays foundations for how his or her life will progress in various domains. The purpose of the present study is to document urban adolescents' understanding of their aspirations and means for reaching them in their young adult years while still early in their high school years. The authors investigate whether there are differences based on if the students have a learning disability.
Bacterial synthesis of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates

Various bacterial species accumulate intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) granules as energy and carbon reserves inside their cells. PHAs are biodegradable, environmentally friendly and biocompatible thermoplastics. Varying in toughness and flexibility, depending on their formulation, they can be used in various ways similar to many nonbiodegradable petrochemical plastics currently in use. They can be used either in pure form or as additives to oil‐derived plastics such as polyethylene. However, these bioplastics are currently far more expensive than petrochemically based plastics and are therefore used mostly in applications that conventional plastics cannot perform, such as medical applications. PHAs are immunologically inert and are only slowly degraded in human tissue, which means they can be used as devices inside the body. Recent research has focused on the use of alternative substrates, novel extraction methods, genetically enhanced species and mixed cultures with a view to make PHAs more commercially attractive.
Gender ratio, societal culture, and male and female leadership

Top management teams are worldwide largely composed of men, with relatively few female members. The gender ratio in top management is indicative of the position of women in management within the organization, as well as related to leadership behaviours of male and female managers. In the present study, the relative importance of societal culture, organizational, and individual characteristics in explaining leadership behaviours and the associations of gender and gender ratio with leadership behaviours are studied. Hypotheses are tested with multi-level analyses using a dataset with information from subordinates rating leadership behaviours of 12,546 managers in 437 organizations in 32 countries. The results show that in a three-level model (i.e., societal, organizational, and individual level) to explain leadership behaviours, differences in leadership behaviours are predominantly explained by individual differences, followed by organizational and societal differences. Further, after controlling for societal influences, a higher gender ratio (relatively more female managers), was positively associated with consideration and negatively related to initiating structure. Moreover, for male managers, there was a negative association between gender ratio and initiating structure, indicating that male managers in organizations with more female managers tend to engage less in initiating structure, whereas the leadership behaviours of female managers were not associated with the gender ratio.
Minority children's intergroup attitudes about peer relationships

Intergroup attitudes were assessed in African-American (N = 70) and non-African-American minority (N = 80) children, evenly divided by gender, in first (M = 6.5 years old) and fourth (M = 9.6 years old) grades attending mixed-ethnicity public schools in a suburban area of a large mid-Atlantic city in the USA. Children were interviewed to test hypotheses about implicit racial biases, perceptions of similarity between peer dyads, and judgments about cross-race friendships. Implicit racial biases emerged when children evaluated ambiguous picture cards, with children viewing a White child as more likely to be a transgressor than a Black child in certain situations. There were no racial biases when evaluating potential cross-race friendship (it was judged to be feasible); nor was there any evidence of an outgroup homogeneity effect. Children who used ethnicity as a reason for judging peers to be similar, however, were less likely to judge that the cross-race dyads could be friends. The findings indicate the ways in which minority children's judgments about the majority and their perceptions of similarity between peer dyads influence their interpretations of peer interactions.
Can Elite Tournament Professional Golfers Prevent Habitual Actions in Their Putting Actions?

An experiment was designed to demonstrate the strength of habitual movements in golf putting and examined the immediate effect of instructing elite tournament professional golfers to execute a golf putt using different muscles than they normally do in order to prevent the movement of certain joints. In a study involving fifteen players on the PGA European Tour, it was found that players who usually use shoulder movement in their putting action were not able to prevent such movement when instructed to do so. Also, players who usually use wrist and hands movement in their putting action were not able to prevent such movement when instructed to do so Results were explained using notions about rigid coupling of degrees of freedom
Stereotyping in Self Image Brand Image Research

Self Image Brand Image theory implies that consumers attracted to different brands should have different Self Images. Unfortunately, the presence or absence of such Self Image differences is generally not reported in the literature and the few articles that do address the topic yield conflicting results. The A. explores the idea that the occasional Self Image differences that are reported in the literature may be the artificial result of the specific methodology used. If the investigation stereotypes the subjects as users of a particular brand their Self Images may shift towards the image of this brand resulting in Self Image differences that are not present without such stereotyping. Two studies in the domains of smoking and cars are presented that support the position that Self Image differences between users of different brands will not be found unless stereotyping has occurred.
Track to the future: Spatio-temporal video segmentation with long-range motion cues

Video provides not only rich visual cues such as motion and appearance, but also much less explored long-range temporal interactions among objects. We aim to capture such interactions and to construct a powerful intermediate-level video representation for subsequent recognition. Motivated by this goal, we seek to obtain spatio-temporal oversegmentation of a video into regions that respect object boundaries and, at the same time, associate object pixels over many video frames. The contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, we develop an efficient spatiotemporal video segmentation algorithm, which naturally incorporates long-range motion cues from the past and future frames in the form of clusters of point tracks with coherent motion. Second, we devise a new track clustering cost function that includes occlusion reasoning, in the form of depth ordering constraints, as well as motion similarity along the tracks. We evaluate the proposed approach on a challenging set of video sequences of office scenes from feature length movies.
Naturally sampled triangle carrier PWM bandwidth limit and output spectrum

This paper first presents a general theory predicting harmonic components in naturally sampled pulse-width modulation (PWM) output signals, so that any input signal with a Fourier series representation may be handled. This theory provides a basis for the mathematical analysis of PWM systems, such as converters transmitting a main signal and a broadband of feedback or feedforward signals, or Class D amplifiers. Ultimately, the results of this theory are applied to two concrete problems, and conditions similar to the Nyquist theorem or Carson's rule for FM modulation are derived for the cases of recovery of an input signal consisting of a main signal and a bandwidth of small feedback or feedforward signals and a bandlimited signal consisting of several harmonics of comparable magnitude. A rule of thumb, and conservative estimate of the bandwidth in both cases is one third of the carrier frequency (/spl omega//sub upper/<(1/3)/spl omega//sub c/). This research has been based on the premise that the results obtained will provide valuable insight into the general behavior of PWM systems, and provide a supporting theory for concrete systems utilizing signals of this kind, such as PWM converters whose purpose is to ensure a dominant sinusoidal waveform along with a broadband frequency channel for small feedback signals.
Tests for Distributed, Nonfocal Brain Activations

Most approaches to detecting changes in functional brain images assume that activations are focal or very localized. However, the brain's response to cognitive of sensorimotor challenge may be spatially or anatomically distributed. In this paper we consider the usefulness of a test based on the mean sum of squares of statistical parametric maps. The performance of this test is evaluated using simulated and real data and is compared to the gamma 2 test, a test of the size of the activated region, and a focal activation test based on the intensity of local maxima. We demonstrate that the mean sum of squares test is more sensitive to nonfocal signals and propose that it could be used to complement approaches that are more sensitive to focal activations.
Targeting cell motility in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), contribute to obliterative vascular remodelling and are characterised by enhanced proliferation, suppressed apoptosis and, a much less studied, increased migration potential. One of the major proteins that regulate cell migration is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), but its role in PAH is not fully understood. We hypothesised that targeting cell migration by FAK inhibition may be a new therapeutic strategy in PAH. In vivo, inhalation of FAK-siRNA (n=5) or oral delivery of PF-228 (FAK inhibitor PF-573 228; n=5) inhibited rat monocrotaline induced PAH, improving the haemodynamics, vascular remodelling (media thickness), and right ventricular hypertrophy. In vitro, FAK was activated in PAH human lungs (n=8) or PASMC when compared to those form healthy subjects (Western blot, n=5), in a Src-dependent manner, as it was reversed by the specific Src inhibitor PP2. The degree of FAK phosphorylation at Y576 correlated positively with pulmonary vascular resistance in PAH patients. FAK inhibition (siRNA, PF-228 and PP2) in PAH-PASMCs induced a fivefold increase in apoptosis (percentage of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling), a 2.5-fold decrease in proliferation (%Ki67), an 18% decrease in cell migration (colorimetric assay) and a 50% decrease in cell invasion (wound healing). Suppressing PASMC migration by FAK inhibition inhibits PAH progression and may open a new therapeutic window in PAH. Suppressing PASMC migration by FAK inhibition inhibits PAH progression and may open a new therapeutic window in PAH http://ow.ly/pRAYP
The Influence of Mechanical Force on the Rosette Test for Human T Lymphocytes

The phenomenon of spontaneous nonimmune rosette formation between human lymphocytes and sheep erythrocytes has been investigated with respect to its sensitivity to mechanical trauma It is shown that tin percentage of rosettes depends on the strength of the force used to resuspend the lymphocyte‐erythrocyte pellet alter incubation but not on the duration of the resuspension procedure Differences between patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and persons with normal percentages of T lymphocytes are clearly shown when the resuspension force is weak but not when a relatively strong force is used Practical and theoretical aspects of these findings are discussed
Retrospective observational study of trends in hospital admissions for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Spain (2004–2013) using administrative data

Objective To assess changes in incidence, diagnostic procedures, comorbidity profiles, length of hospital stay (LOHS), economic costs and in-hospital mortality (IHM) associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Methods We identified patients hospitalised with IPF in Spain from 2004 to 2013. Data were collected from the National Hospital Discharge Database. Results The study population comprised 22 214 patients. Overall crude incidence increased from 3.82 to 6.98 admissions per 100 000 inhabitants from 2004 to 2013 (p<0.05). The percentage of lung biopsies decreased significantly from 10.68% in 2004 to 9.04% in 2013 (p<0.05). The percentage of patients with a Charlson comorbidity index ≥2 was 15.14% in 2004, increasing to 26.95% in 2013 (p<0.05). IHM decreased from 14.77% in 2004 to 13.72% in 2013 (adjusted OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97 to 0.99). Mean LOHS was 11.87±11.18 days in 2004, decreasing to 10.20±11.12 days in 2013 (p<0.05). The mean cost per patient increased from €4838.51 in 2004 to €5410.90 in 2013 (p<0.05). Conclusions The frequency of hospital admissions for IPF increased during the study period, as did healthcare costs. However, IHM and LOHS decreased.
Listener propensity to counterargue, distraction, and resistance to persuasion

This study addresses the question of whether or not persons differ in their general propensity to counterargue and if such differences affect the efficacy of distraction as a persuasion‐enhancing mechanism. Results of the study support the hypothesis that persons having a high propensity to counterargue who are not distracted will be most resistant to persuasion, while distracted persons having a low propensity to counterargue will be least resistant to persuasion.
Organizational Commitment and Constraints on Work-Family Policy Use: Corporate Flexibility Policies in a Global Firm

Academics, policy makers, and human resource professionals advocate flexibility policies as a way to help employees balance work and family and to promote a more committed workforce for employers. This mutually beneficial scenario assumes that employees are interested in work-family policies and perceive themselves as being able to use them. We examine these issues among managers and professionals in a global, high-commitment firm. Our analysis of individual-level and work group–level factors that contribute to workers' feeling constrained from using a corporation's generous official flexibility policies reveals that those with the heaviest job demands and least supportive work groups are most likely to feel unable to use these policies. Further, this sense of constraint is associated with lower organizational commitment. These findings suggest contradictions in the high-commitment model of employment as it has been applied to managers and professionals in the rapidly changing, competitive financial services industry.
Topics in 0--1 data

Large 0--1 datasets arise in various applications, such as market basket analysis and information retrieval. We concentrate on the study of topic models, aiming at results which indicate why certain methods succeed or fail. We describe simple algorithms for finding topic models from 0--1 data. We give theoretical results showing that the algorithms can discover the epsilon-separable topic models of Papadimitriou et al. We present empirical results showing that the algorithms find natural topics in real-world data sets. We also briefly discuss the connections to matrix approaches, including nonnegative matrix factorization and independent component analysis.
Epidemiology of cancers of uterine cervix and corpus, breast and ovary in Israel and New York City.

An incidence interview and pathology study of cancer of the cervix and corpus in Puerto Rican Negro Jewish and non-Jewish white women in New York City and of uterine cervix uterine corpus breast and ovary in women in Israel is presented. There were differences and similarities in the incidence rates of cancer of the cervix among the various groups of women in New York City and Askenazi and Shepardi-Oriental women in Israel. In New York and Israel the rates for the Jewish women were virtually identical 4.1 and 4.8 respectively. The 2 subgroups of Jewish women in Israel also had virtually identical rates of cancer of the cervix 4.7 and 4.9 respectively. The incidence rate for Jews was less than that for non-Jewish white women. The incidence for white women was 15 for Negro 49.6 and for Puerto Rican women 105.7. Cancer of the corpus did not show the wide variation in incidences rates of cancer of the cervix. Within the range of variation the difference in the rate of cancer for the corpus was actually greater between Jewish women in New York and Jewish women in Israel than between the Jewish women of New York and the other groups of women in New York. The incidence of breast and ovary cancer in Israel was respectively 23.5 and 3 for the Sephardi-Oriental and 47.9 and 9.5 for Ashkenazi. Environmental factors and cultural traits were analyzed.
Quantitative Analysis of Membrane Protein Transport Across the Nuclear Pore Complex

Nuclear transport of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae membrane proteins Src1/Heh1 and Heh2 across the NPC is facilitated by a long intrinsically disordered linker between the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and the transmembrane domain. The import of reporter proteins derived from Heh2 is dependent on the FG‐Nups in the central channel, and the linker can position the transport factor‐bound NLS in the vicinity of the FG‐Nups in the central channel, while the transmembrane segment resides in the pore membrane. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of karyopherin‐mediated import and passive efflux of reporter proteins derived from Heh2, including data on the mobility of the reporter proteins in different membrane compartments. We show that membrane proteins with extralumenal domains up to 174 kDa, terminal to the linker and NLS, passively leak out of the nucleus via the NPC, albeit at a slow rate. We propose that also during passive efflux, the unfolded linker facilitates the passage of extralumenal domains through the central channel of the NPC.
Robustness of distributive double-integrator consensus to loss of graph connectivity

In this paper, robustness of PD-like distributive consensus of multiple agents with double-integrator dynamics communicating over a network prone to link failures is discussed. This paper proposes a novel Lyapunov function for stability analysis of double-integrator distributive consensus for a connected topology. In case of non-connected topology the growth of disagreement vector is analyzed using state decomposition. The results obtained for connected and non-connected topologies are then combined to derive a sufficient condition, which guarantees convergence of the agents' states to consensus under switching network topologies. For solving the sufficient condition's concomitant optimization problem, a convex optimization problem is derived which is also of independent interest for any general exponentially stable second-order linear system.
Temporal dissociation of salience and prediction error responses to appetitive and aversive taste

The feedback-related negativity, a frontocentral event-related potential (ERP) occurring 200350 milliseconds (ms) after emotionally-valued outcomes, has been posited as the neural correlate of reward prediction error, a key component of associative learning. Recent evidence challenged this interpretation and has led to the suggestion that this ERP expresses salience, instead. Here we distinguish between utility prediction error and salience by delivering or withholding hedonistically matched appetitive and aversive tastes, and measure ERPs to cues signalling each taste. We observed a typical FRN (computed as the loss-minus-gain difference wave) to appetitive taste, but a reverse-FRN to aversive taste. When tested axiomatically, frontocentral ERPs showed a salience response across tastes, with a particularly early response to outcome delivery, supporting recent propositions of a fast, unsigned and unspecific response to salient stimuli. ERPs also expressed aversive prediction error peaking at 285ms, which conformed to the logic of an axiomatic model of prediction error. With stimuli that most resemble those used in animal models we did not detect any frontocentral ERP signal for utility prediction error, in contrast with dominant views of the functional role of the feedback-related negativity ERP. We link the animal and human literature and present a challenge for current perspectives on associative learning research using ERPs.
The passive legitimization of Spanish. A macrosociolinguistic study of a quasi-border: Tucson, Arizona

L'A. propose une etude sociolinguistique de la langue espagnole dans la communaute mexicano-americaine de Tucson. Il examine les facteurs macrosociolinguistiques qui contribuent au maintient et au changement de la langue espagnole dans cette communaute urbaine (Distance entre Tucson et Mexico, taille, densite, distribution, croissance et homogeneite de la population mexicano-americaine)