Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sleep Does Not Promote Solving Classical Insight Problems and Magic Tricks

During creative problem solving, initial solution attempts often fail because of self-imposed constraints that prevent us from thinking out of the box. In order to solve a problem successfully, the problem representation has to be restructured by combining elements of available knowledge in novel and creative ways. It has been suggested that sleep supports the reorganization of memory representations, ultimately aiding problem solving. In this study, we systematically tested the effect of sleep and time on problem solving, using classical insight tasks and magic tricks. Solving these tasks explicitly requires a restructuring of the problem representation and may be accompanied by a subjective feeling of insight. In two sessions, 77 participants had to solve classical insight problems and magic tricks. The two sessions either occurred consecutively or were spaced 3 h apart, with the time in between spent either sleeping or awake. We found that sleep affected neither general solution rates nor the number of solutions accompanied by sudden subjective insight. Our study thus adds to accumulating evidence that sleep does not provide an environment that facilitates the qualitative restructuring of memory representations and enables problem solving.
Simulations of Phytoplankton Species and Carbon Production in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean 1. Model Configuration and Ecosystem Dynamics

The primary objective of this research is to investigate phytoplankton community response to variations in physical forcing and biological processes in the Cold Tongue region of the equatorial Pacific Ocean at 0N, 140W. This research objective was addressed using a one-dimensional multicomponent lower trophic level ecosystem model that includes detailed algal physiology, such as spectrally-dependent photosynthetic processes and iron limitation on algal growth. The ecosystem model is forced by a one-year (1992) time series of spectrally-dependent light, temperature, and water column mixing obtained from a Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) Array mooring. Autotrophic growth is represented by five algal groups, which have light and nutrient utilization characteristics of low-light adaptedProchlorococcus, high-light adaptedProchlorococcus,Synechococcus, autotrophic eukaryotes, and large diatoms. The simulated distributions and rates are validated using observations from the 1992 U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study Equatorial Pacific cruises. The modeldata comparisons show that the simulations successfully reproduce the temporal distribution of each algal group and that multiple algal groups are needed to fully resolve the variations observed for phytoplankton communities in the equatorial Pacific. The 1992 simulations show seasonal variations in algal species composition superimposed on shorter time scale variations (e.g., 8–20 days) that arise from changes in the upwelling/downwelling environmental structure. The simulated time evolution of the algal groups shows that eukaryotes are the most abundant group, being responsible for half of the annual biomass and 69% of the annual primary production and organic carbon export.
Lactobacilli-fermented cow's milk attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment in vitro and in vivo

Nutritional interventions are now recommended as strategies to delay Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effect (anti-inflammation) of lactic acid bacteria (either Lactobacillus fermentum LAB9 or L. casei LABPC) fermented cow's milk (CM) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial BV2 cells in vitro. The ability of CM-LAB in attenuating memory deficit in LPS-induced mice was also investigated. ICR mice were orally administered with CM-LAB for 28 d before induction of neuroinflammation by LPS. Learning and memory behaviour were assessed using the Morris Water Maze Test. Brain tissues were homogenised for measurement of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidative, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) and nitrosative stress (NO) parameters. Serum was collected for cytokine analysis. CM-LAB9 and CM-LABPC significantly (P < 0·05) decreased NO level but did not affect CD40 expression in vitro. CM-LAB attenuated LPS-induced memory deficit in mice. This was accompanied by significant (P < 0·05) increment of antioxidants (SOD, GSH, GPx) and reduction of MDA, AChE and also pro-inflammatory cytokines. Unfermented cow's milk (UCM) yielded greater cytokine lowering effect than CM-LAB. The present findings suggest that attenuation of LPS-induced neuroinflamation and memory deficit by CM-LAB could be mediated via anti-inflammation through inhibition of AChE and antioxidative activities.
SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF KARIYA (HILDEGARDIA BATERII) KERNEL FLOURS

Some physico-chemical and functional properties of kariya kernel flours were investigated with a view to exploiting its potentials as ingredients in food applications. Proximate composition showed that protein and crude fat were: 28.68 and 40.37 g/100 g for the full fat flour, and 39.20 and 3.75 g/100 g for the defatted flour respectively. Nitrogen solubility, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, in-vitro protein digestibility, foaming capacity, foaming stability, emulsion capacity, emulsion stability and bulk density of the defatted flour 3 were: 72.36, 124.37, 106.45, 79.36, 40.00, 33.94, 29.68, 336.03% and 573.05 kg/m , respectively. The water and oil absorption capacities, foaming properties and emulsion properties of defatted kariya flour were found to be affected by NaCl concentration and pH. The least nitrogen solubility of defatted kariya flour occurred at pH 4, hence the iso-electric pH of the protein. In view of the good functionality of kariya kernel flours, it may be explored as a potential source of vegetable protein especially in the tropics where the tree has find favourable conditions for growth.
Sensitive Diagnostics Confirm That Influenza C is an Uncommon Cause of Medically Attended Respiratory Illness in Adults

Abstract Among 4200 adults who presented with acute respiratory symptoms at a variety of medical practice settings (November 2006 through May 2012), only 13 (0.3%) nasal/throat swabs were positive for influenza C. Influenza C was rarely associated with medical care visits in adults.
Optimal long-term pharmacological treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism that was unprovoked or associated with weak risk factors

ABSTRACT Introduction: Unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE) tend to recur. Many factors, patient- or event-related, influence the individual risk of recurrence. After initial and long-term (usually for 3–6 months) anticoagulant therapy, extended anticoagulation has been recommended in patients at high risk of recurrence, provided they do not have a high risk of bleeding. Areas covered: The effect of different risk factors on the risk of recurrence is discussed, as well as risk factors for bleeding. The estimation of individual balance between these two risks is crucial to decide which can be the best treatment duration in single patients. The use of direct oral anticoagulants, with likely less risk of bleeding, may influence the balance. D-dimer assessment during and after anticoagulation is stopped is also commented for its role to help identifying the individual risk of recurrence. Expert commentary: All patients with a first VTE should be reconsidered after the initial 3–6 months of treatment. Anticoagulation can then be stopped or continued in relation to low or very high risk of recurrence, respectively. Serial D-dimer assessment during the first 2 or 3 months after anticoagulation is stopped is useful in patients with uncertain risk evaluation (especially after unprovoked events).
Myelin injury without astrocytopathy in neuroinflammatory disorders with MOG antibodies

Objective To compare myelin and astrocyte injury in patients with antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) or aquaporin-4 (anti-AQP4), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Myelin basic protein (MBP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels were measured in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from anti-MOG+ or anti-AQP4+ patients tested in both sera and CSF by cell-based assays with live transfected cells. Results In total, 75.6% (68/90) of the patients were positive for either anti-MOG or anti-AQP4 antibodies in both serum and CSF; 74.2% (23/31) were anti-MOG+, and 76.3% (45/59) were anti-AQP4+. No patients were only CSF positive or were positive for both anti-MOG and anti-AQP4 antibodies, and none of the MS patients or controls had these autoantibodies in the serum or CSF. MBP levels were elevated in the anti-MOG+ cases compared to the multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and the levels found were similar between anti-MOG+ cases and anti-AQP4+ neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) cases. Meanwhile, GFAP was only elevated in the anti-AQP4+ NMOSD. Moreover, CSF pleocytosis, high protein levels, and oligoclonal IgG band negativity distinguished the anti-MOG+ cases from MS patients. Conclusions Myelin injury was more severe in the anti-MOG+ cases than in the MS cases, and anti-MOG+ cases have differences in the CSF characteristics compared to MS. GFAP elevation in anti-AQP4+ cases was absent in anti-MOG+ patients (even in cases with NMOSD phenotype), indicating that immune-mediated astrocytopathy is unique to anti-AQP4+ patients. Our study suggests that anti-MOG+ cases are distinct from MS and anti-AQP4+ NMOSD.
Prior Familiarization With Takeover Requests Affects Drivers’ Takeover Performance and Automation Trust

Objective: The objective for this study was to investigate the effects of prior familiarization with takeover requests (TORs) during conditional automated driving on drivers’ initial takeover performance and automation trust. Background: System-initiated TORs are one of the biggest concerns for conditional automated driving and have been studied extensively in the past. Most, but not all, of these studies have included training sessions to familiarize participants with TORs. This makes them hard to compare and might obscure first-failure-like effects on takeover performance and automation trust formation. Method: A driving simulator study compared drivers’ takeover performance in two takeover situations across four prior familiarization groups (no familiarization, description, experience, description and experience) and automation trust before and after experiencing the system. Results: As hypothesized, prior familiarization with TORs had a more positive effect on takeover performance in the first than in a subsequent takeover situation. In all groups, automation trust increased after participants experienced the system. Participants who were given no prior familiarization with TORs reported highest automation trust both before and after experiencing the system. Conclusion: The current results extend earlier findings suggesting that prior familiarization with TORs during conditional automated driving will be most relevant for takeover performance in the first takeover situation and that it lowers drivers’ automation trust. Application: Potential applications of this research include different approaches to familiarize users with automated driving systems, better integration of earlier findings, and sophistication of experimental designs.
New Insights in Trigeminal Anatomy: A Double Orofacial Tract for Nociceptive Input

Orofacial pain in patients relies on the anatomical pathways that conduct nociceptive information, originating from the periphery towards the trigeminal sensory nucleus complex (TSNC) and finally, to the thalami and the somatosensorical cortical regions. The anatomy and function of the so-called trigeminothalamic tracts have been investigated before. In these animal-based studies from the previous century, the intracerebral pathways were mapped using different retro- and anterograde tracing methods. We review the literature on the trigeminothalamic tracts focusing on these animal tracer studies. Subsequently, we related the observations of these studies to clinical findings using fMRI trials. The intracerebral trigeminal pathways can be subdivided into three pathways: a ventral (contralateral) and dorsal (mainly ipsilateral) trigeminothalamic tract and the intranuclear pathway. Based on the reviewed evidence we hypothesize the co-existence of an ipsilateral nociceptive conduction tract to the cerebral cortex and we translate evidence from animal-based research to the human anatomy. Our hypothesis differs from the classical idea that orofacial pain arises only from nociceptive information via the contralateral, ventral trigeminothalamic pathway. Better understanding of the histology, anatomy and connectivity of the trigeminal fibers could contribute to the discovery of a more effective pain treatment in patients suffering from various orofacial pain syndromes.
Modelling high resolution ALMA observations of strongly lensed highly star forming galaxies detected by Herschel

We have modelled ∼ 0.1 arcsec resolution ALMA imaging of six strong gravitationally lensed galaxies detected by the Herschel Space Observatory. Our modelling recovers mass properties of the lensing galaxies and, by determining magnification factors, intrinsic properties of the lensed sub-millimetre sources. We find that the lensed galaxies all have high ratios of star formation rate to dust mass, consistent with or higher than the mean ratio for high redshift sub-millimetre galaxies and low redshift ultra-luminous infra-red galaxies. Source reconstruction reveals that most galaxies exhibit disturbed morphologies. Both the cleaned image plane data and the directly observed interferometric visibilities have been modelled, enabling comparison of both approaches. In the majority of cases, the recovered lens models are consistent between methods, all six having mass density profiles that are close to isothermal. However, one system with poor signal to noise shows mildly significant differences.
Causes of Mortality of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Trees

Over a 13-year period we examined the mortality of cavity trees (n = 453) used by red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) on national forests in eastern Texas. Bark beetles (53%), wind snap (30%), and fire (7%) were the major causes of cavity tree mortality. Bark beetles were the major cause of mortality in loblolly (Pinus taeda) and shortleaf (P. echinata) pines, whereas fire was the major cause in longleaf pines (P. palustris). Cavity trees on the Angelina National Forest (NF) were dying at a higher rate than new, complete cavities were being excavated. Cavity enlargement by pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) on the Angelina NF was substantial, with 20% (49/ 249) of the cavity trees being enlarged over 7 years. To reduce cavity tree mortality, site disturbances in cluster areas (e.g., midstory control, prescribed burning, thinning) should be minimized during years when southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) populations are elevated. Careful planning of timber cutting to avoid funneling wind into cluster areas might reduce wind damage to cavity trees. The red-cockaded woodpecker has been legally defined as an endangered species since 1970 (35 Fed. Register 16047, 13 Oct 1970). A habitat feature that is essential for the survival 0~ this species is a constant supply of living, old Ptnes with decayed heartwood (Jackson 1977, Conner and Locke 1982) and large crowns and open boles that have had some suppression in their growth history (Conner and O'Halloran 1987). The woodpecker excavates nest and roost ~~ies. in these trees (U.S. Fish W ildl. Serv. S • Lrgon et al. 1986). In the southern United tates old · f h ' 1 . Cos ' pmes o t IS type are re atlvely rare. ta and Escano (1989) indicated that suffictentl ld . sho Y 0 pmes for cavity excavation are in So ~supply on many national forests in the is ut and that the age structure of most forests lo~u~h that supply of old pines is likely to be lions ; >20 years. Recent declines in populaRudo~ ~ed-cockad.ed woodpeckers (Conner and lack r 1989) might be caused in part by a 0 old-growth pines in southern pine forests. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 55(3):531-537 Thus, to develop management options that reduce the loss of cavity trees, it is important to identify factors causing this loss. In our study, we evaluate mortality of cavity trees used by red-cockaded woodpeckers and suggest management options to reduce losses. We thankS. C. Loeb, P. Lorio, R. W. Mannan, F . L. Oliveria, and J. R. Walters for constructive comments on an early draft of the manuscript. Partial funding was provided by a Challenge Cost Share Agreement (#19-90-008) with the Resource Protection Division, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.
Randomized trial of the anti-FGF23 antibody KRN23 in X-linked hypophosphatemia.

BACKGROUND X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common heritable form of rickets and osteomalacia. XLH-associated mutations in phosphate-regulating endopeptidase (PHEX) result in elevated serum FGF23, decreased renal phosphate reabsorption, and low serum concentrations of phosphate (inorganic phosphorus, Pi) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. KRN23 is a human anti-FGF23 antibody developed as a potential treatment for XLH. Here, we have assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and immunogenicity of KRN23 following a single i.v. or s.c. dose of KRN23 in adults with XLH. METHODS Thirty-eight XLH patients were randomized to receive a single dose of KRN23 (0.003-0.3 mg/kg i.v. or 0.1-1 mg/kg s.c.) or placebo. PK, PD, immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability were assessed for up to 50 days. RESULTS KRN23 significantly increased the maximum renal tubular threshold for phosphate reabsorption (TmP/GFR), serum Pi, and 1,25(OH)2D compared with that of placebo (P<0.01). The maximum serum Pi concentration occurred later following s.c. dosing (8-15 days) compared with that seen with i.v. dosing (0.5-4 days). The effect duration was dose related and persisted longer in patients who received s.c. administration. Changes from baseline in TmP/GFR, serum Pi, and serum 1,25(OH)2D correlated with serum KRN23 concentrations. The mean t1/2 of KRN23 was 8-12 days after i.v. administration and 13-19 days after s.c. administration. Patients did not exhibit increased nephrocalcinosis or develop hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia, anti-KRN23 antibodies, or elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) or creatinine. CONCLUSION KRN23 increased TmP/GFR, serum Pi, and serum 1,25(OH)2D. The positive effect of KR23 on serum Pi and its favorable safety profile suggest utility for KRN23 in XLH patients. Trial registration. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00830674. Funding. Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Inc.
Cardiovascular and Cutaneous Responses to the Combination of Alcohol and Soft Drinks: The Way to Orthostatic Intolerance?

Aim: Acute ingestion of alcohol is often accompanied by cardiovascular dysregulation, malaise and even syncope. The full hemodynamic and cutaneous responses to the combination of alcohol and sugar (i.e., alcopops), a common combination in young people, and the mechanisms for the propensity to orthostatic intolerance are not well established. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular and cutaneous responses to alcopops in young subjects. Methods: Cardiovascular and cutaneous responses were assessed in 24 healthy young subjects (12 men, 12 women) sitting comfortably and during prolonged active standing with a 30-min baseline and 130 min following ingestion of 400 mL of either: water, water + 48 g sugar, water + vodka (1.28 mL.kg−1 of body weight, providing 0.4 g alcohol.kg−1), water + sugar + vodka, according to a randomized cross-over design. Results: Compared to alcohol alone, vodka + sugar induced a lower breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), blood pressure and total peripheral resistance (p < 0.05), a higher cardiac output and heart rate (p < 0.05) both in sitting position and during active standing. In sitting position vodka + sugar consumption also led to a greater increase in skin blood flow and hand temperature (p < 0.05) and a decrease in baroreflex sensitivity (p < 0.05). We observed similar results between men and women both in sitting position and during active standing. Conclusion: Despite lower BrAC, ingestion of alcopops induced acute vasodilation and hypotension in sitting position and an encroach of the hemodynamic reserve during active standing. Even if subjects did not feel any signs of syncope these results could be of clinical importance with higher doses of alcohol or if combined to other hypotensive challenges.
The Influence of the Compaction Energy on the SWCC of a Residual Soil

The proliferation of the use of the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) to obtain the unsaturated soil parameters is unavoidable and in some cases desired. However, the complex interrelation between soil water content and soil water suction makes the adequate indirect determination of the unsaturated soil parameters a difficult task. There are many aspect to be considered when using SWCC for predicting mechanical or hydraulic behaviour of the soil. The paper describes a study involving a residual soil of Gneiss, compacted using three different compaction energies. Soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) are obtained with volume measurement during the drying process and the soil suction was obtained using the filter paper method. The filter paper was placed in direct contact with the soil sample. Discussions on the relationship between the compaction energy, SWCC shape and the drying behaviour of the soil samples are given.
A Positive Amplification Mechanism Involving a Kinase and Replication Initiation Factor Helps Assemble the Replication Fork Helicase*

The assembly of the replication fork helicase during S phase is key to the initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. One step in this assembly in budding yeast is the association of Cdc45 with the Mcm2–7 heterohexameric ATPase, and a second step is the assembly of the tetrameric GINS (GG-Ichi-Nii-San) complex with Mcm2–7. Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) and S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (S-CDK) are two S phase-specific kinases that phosphorylate replication proteins during S phase, and Dpb11, Sld2, Sld3, Pol ϵ, and Mcm10 are factors that are also required for replication initiation. However, the exact roles of these initiation factors in assembly of the replication fork helicase remain unclear. We show here that Dpb11 stimulates DDK phosphorylation of the minichromosome maintenance complex protein Mcm4 alone and also of the Mcm2–7 complex and the dsDNA-loaded Mcm2–7 complex. We further demonstrate that Dpb11 can directly recruit DDK to Mcm4. A DDK phosphomimetic mutant of Mcm4 bound Dpb11 with substantially higher affinity than wild-type Mcm4, suggesting a mechanism to recruit Dpb11 to DDK-phosphorylated Mcm2–7. Furthermore, dsDNA-loaded Mcm2–7 harboring the DDK phosphomimetic Mcm4 mutant bound GINS in the presence of Dpb11, suggesting a mechanism for how GINS is recruited to Mcm2–7. We isolated a mutant of Dpb11 that is specifically defective for binding to Mcm4. This mutant, when expressed in budding yeast, diminished cell growth and DNA replication, substantially decreased Mcm4 phosphorylation, and decreased association of GINS with replication origins. We conclude that Dpb11 functions with DDK and Mcm4 in a positive amplification mechanism to trigger the assembly of the replication fork helicase.