Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Batch Adsorption of Iron (II) ions from Aqueous Solution using Activated carbon from Strychnos Nux-Vomica L

Strychnos Nux-Vomica L leaves obtained from nearby pudukkottai district, having the particle size (53-150 μm) was used as an adsorbent for the removal of Fe (II) ion from aqueous solution. The effect of various factors (temperature, adsorbent dose and Initial pH) on adsorption of Fe (II) on Strychnos Nux-Vomica L was investigated. The effect of pH shows that the amount adsorbed increased with the increase of pH of solution. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models can describe the adsorption equilibrium but the Langmuir model shows better agreement. The amount adsorbed increased with the increase of temperature suggests the formation of dimer in the contact region. SEM micrographs and differential molar isosteric heat of adsorption (ΔH) calculated at different surface coverage, indicate that the surface is heterogeneous having energetically different adsorption sites. Values of n calculated from Freundlich plots indicate that adsorption of Fe (II) on Strychnos Nux-Vomica L is spontaneous. At high surface coverage, the differential heat of adsorption versus surface coverage plot shows maximum value indicating the occurrence of structural rearrangement in the adsorbate. With the increase of adsorbent dose, amount adsorbed increased due to the increased surface area of adsorbent.
The sociocultural model of eating disturbance in young women : The effects of personal attributes and family environment

The current study was designed to replicate previous research documenting the links between exposure to thinness norms and eating pathology and to extend it by examining the influence of personality and environmental factors hypothesized to be protective. Questionnaire and anthropometric data were provided by 249 undergraduate women during a single session. Multiple regression analyses were then used to establish that internalization of a “thin ideal” and body dissatisfaction mediated the relation between exposure to thinness norms and eating pathology. Further, personality measures reflecting nonconformity, self-esteem, and perceived shape, as well as the social influences of family, moderated the links between exposure to thinness norms and eating pathology. Nonconformity and low family pressures to control weight moderated the relation between exposure to thinness norms and internalization of such norms; perceived shape moderated the relation between thin-ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction;.
ect of Lactobacillus reuteri Supplementation in Adults with Chronic Functional Constipation : a Randomized , Double-Blind , Placebo-Controlled Trial *

Background & Aims: ere is a growing interest for the use of probiotics for chronic constipation. A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed a positive e ect of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) on bowel movement frequency in infants with chronic constipation. e aim of the present study was to evaluate the e ects of L. reuteri in adult patients with functional constipation. Methods: A double-blind, placebo RCT was conducted in 40 adults (18M/22F, 35±15 years) a ected by functional constipation according to the Rome III criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a supplementation of L. reuteri (DSM 17938), or matching placebo for 4 weeks. e increase of bowel movements/week was the primary outcome, while the improvement of stool consistency was the secondary outcome. Results: At week 4, the mean increase in bowel movements/week was 2.6 (SD±1.14, 95% CI:1.6-3.6) in the L. reuteri group and 1.0 (SD±1. 95% CI:0.12-1.88) in the placebo group (p=0.046). At the end of the treatment, the mean bowel movements/week was 5.28±1.93 in the L. reuteri group and 3.89±1.79 in the placebo group. ere was a not signi cant di erence in the stool consistency between the two groups. Conclusions: L. reuteri is more e ective than the placebo in improving bowel movement frequency in adult patients with functional constipation as previously demonstrated in children, even if it seems to have no e ect on stool consistency.
Opposing Standards Within the Cultural Worldview: Terror Management and American Women's Desire for Uniqueness Versus Inclusiveness

Two different standards within American women's overall cultural worldview were examined in two studies: standing out and fitting in. American culture prescribes and values uniqueness, yet gender norms for women prescribe and value inclusiveness. Thus, unlike American men, American women encounter incongruent cultural norms that make it unclear which she will uphold when faced with thoughts of death. We hypothesized that, for women (and not men), gender salience would moderate worldview adherence. Using standard terror management manipulations, American women were subjected to a self or gender prime (Study 1) as well as a non-gender-group prime and compared to men (Study 2). Results showed that under mortality salience, women primed with gender identified more with their gender group, were more likely to behave inclusively, and were more likely to desire affiliation. In contrast, those primed with the self, a non-gender-group prime, as well as men, were more likely to desire uniqueness. These findings suggest that, for an American woman, both inclusiveness and uniqueness are responses to mortality salience, depending on her momentary reference point.
‘Anger is Why We're All Here’: Mobilizing and Managing Emotions in a Professional Activist Organization

The emotions involved in social activism are central factors in the recruitment to, motivation for, and sustainability of social movements. But this perspective on the role of emotions within social movements contrasts with studies of emotions within mainstream organizations where employees are called on to manage their own emotions and those of others. Thus, while much social movement research focuses on how activists actively cultivate emotional expression, these ideas rarely intersect with the organizational research that examines how a diminished quality of working life may result from the need for employees to modify, suppress or emphasize emotions. Using in-depth interviews with activists at Amnesty International, this article bridges this theoretical divide by examining emotional labour and emotional regulation among paid activists in a professional social movement organization. I explore the ways in which employees struggle with the emotional component of their work and the implications of these emotions for the quality of their working life, the stability of such organizations and the maintenance of social movements.
Optimal Monetary Policy with State-Dependent Pricing

Estudiamos la politica monetaria optima desde una perspectiva atemporal en un modelo general de fijacion de precios dependiente del estado (state-dependent pricing). Las empresas tienen poder monopolistico y estan sujetas a perturbaciones idiosincraticas a sus costes de menu. Encontramos que, bajo preferencias iso-elasticas y en ausencia de gasto publico, la estabilidad estricta de precios es optima tanto en el largo plazo como en respuesta a perturbaciones agregadas. La clave de este resultado es una propiedad «envolvente»: con inflacion cero, un incremento marginal en la tasa de inflacion no tiene ningun efecto sobre el beneficio de las empresas y por tanto tampoco sobre la frecuencia de ajuste de los precios. Ofrecemos una solucion analitica que no requiere de aproximaciones locales ni de la eficiencia del estado estacionario.
Distance-Based Hierarchical Cutting of Complex Networks with Non-Preferential and Preferential Choice of Seeds

Graphs and complex networks can be successively separated into connected components associated to respective seed nodes, therefore establishing a respective hierarchical organization. In the present work, we study the properties of the hierarchical structure implied by distance-based cutting of Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi, Barab\'asi-Albert, and a specific geometric network. Two main situations are considered regarding the choice of the seeds: non-preferential and preferential to the respective node degree. Among the obtained findings, we have the tendency of geometrical networks yielding more balanced pairs of connected components along the network progressive separation, presenting little chaining effects, followed by the Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi and Barab\'asi-Albert types of networks. The choice of seeds preferential to the node degree tended to enhance the balance of the connected components in the case of the geometrical networks.
Use of positive interventions: Does neuroticism moderate the sustainability of their effects on happiness?

Previous research indicates that performing positive activities boosts happiness. The present studies examined whether neuroticism would moderate the sustainability of the effects of positive activities on happiness. Study 1 showed that the effects of counting blessings/kindness daily for seven days lasted a week after participants stopped performing the activity, but only for low-neuroticism individuals (who reported increased happiness) and not high-neuroticism individuals. However, a week post-intervention, gratitude-/kindness-listing participants were more likely to choose an amusing rather than a sad film, regardless of neuroticism differences. This suggests that behavioral choice is more sensitive to positive intervention effects than self-reported happiness. In Study 2, high-neuroticism individuals who occasionally visualized and wrote about their best possible selves over three weeks were happier than their counterparts in the control condition. The present research illustrates that although neuroticism moderates the sustainability of positive intervention effects, encouraging continuance of positive activities may produce more lasting effects.
So Happy Together or Better Off Alone? Women's Economic Activities, Cooperative Work, and Employment in Rural Paraguay

Development organizations are emphasizing the use of women's groups to improve socioeconomic welfare and empower women at the household and community levels. This study looks at income-generating activities (IGAs) of women in a small rural community in eastern Paraguay, their contribution to family welfare, and women's involvement in community management. Economically active women in the study community had decision-making power within the household, but were not actively involved in community management. Further, the women preferred to work independently and not with others. There was a near universal preference for the use of particular IGAs, but personal and family circumstances affected production methods and yields. These preferences - along with negative experiences with previous group projects, a desire to work autonomously, socioeconomic differences, and attitudes of distrust among the women - affect women's willingness to participate in cooperative projects and community management. Recognition of differences in social stratification among women and their socioeconomic circumstances is crucial to developing projects that complement individual needs and capabilities as well as facilitate involvement and leadership of females in community affairs.
Significance of Population Size on the Fixation of Nonsynonymous Mutations in Genes Under Varying Levels of Selection Pressure

Previous studies observed a higher ratio of divergences at nonsynonymous and synonymous sites (ω = dN/dS) in species with a small population size compared to that estimated for those with a large population size. Here we examined the theoretical relationship between ω, effective population size (Ne), and selection coefficient (s). Our analysis revealed that when purifying selection is high, ω of species with small Ne is much higher than that of species with large Ne. However the difference between the two ω reduces with the decline in selection pressure (s → 0). We examined this relationship using primate and rodent genes and found that the ω estimated for highly constrained genes of primates was up to 2.9 times higher than that obtained for their orthologous rodent genes. Conversely, for genes under weak purifying selection the ω of primates was only 17% higher than that of rodents. When tissue specificity was used as a proxy for selection pressure we found that the ω of broadly expressed genes of primates was up to 2.1-fold higher than that of their rodent counterparts and this difference was only 27% for tissue specific genes. Since most of the nonsynonymous mutations in constrained or broadly expressed genes are deleterious, fixation of these mutations is influenced by Ne. This results in a higher ω of these genes in primates compared to those from rodents. Conversely, the majority of nonsynonymous mutations in less-constrained or tissue-specific genes are neutral or nearly neutral and therefore fixation of them is largely independent of Ne, which leads to the similarity of ω in primates and rodents.
The Role Skills of Cabinet Ministers: A Cross-National Review

THE purpose of this paper is to suggest that existing data on the recruitment of political leaders may productively be used to estimate the extent to which leaders possess the skills required to perform their roles in ofice. This role skills approach is used in relation to Cabinet Ministers in five Western industrialized democracies-Canada, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands and the United States-and hypotheses are advanced to explain variance in ministerial skills. The concluding section reviews possible consequences for government of ministers being better qualified to perform some of their roles than others. Studies of the recruitment of political leaders have told us a great deal about their social origins, schooling, occupations, club memberships, the acreage they own and their political careers. It is tempting to suggest that researchers who have collected these data may be divided into those who apparently have no theoretical starting point-theirs are data in search of a theory-and those who enjoy extreme theoretical certitude, which could hardly be shaken by any amount of refractory evidence. Thus, in the former category, there are numerous studies of a largely descriptive nature, which tell us what kinds of men our leaders are, but which draw few inferences from the evidence collected, except that manifestly leaders are not socially representative of the populations from which they are drawn. In the latter category are mainly writers with a Marxist orientation whose theorietical standpoint gives them an Q prior; conviction that business interests dominate policy making in the Western democracies and who use social background data to show that middle class persons, if not specifically businessmen, are prominent (dominant ? ) in Clite groups. The theoretical assumption here-the assumption that underlies the so-called sociology of leadership method-is that social origins predict policy preferences. It is assumed that if leaders have middle class backgrounds they will prefer, and generally speaking adopt, policies which accord with middle class (business ? ) interests. Recent studies by Lewis J. Edinger and Donald D. Searing have demonstrated what non-Marxists have long asserted, namely that the assumption of strong obvious relationships between social background characteristics and policy preferences (let alone policy decisions) is highly dubious if not definitely false. ’ Their data relate to France, Germany, the United States, Israel and Venezuela and they conclude that, although some social background variables have modest
On a class of perimeter-type distances of probability distributions

The class If , p G ( l ,oo] , of /-divergences investigated in this paper generalizes an /-divergence introduced by the author in [9] and applied there and by Reschenhofer and Bomze [11] in different areas of hypotheses testing. The main result of the present paper ensures that, for every p € (1, oo), the square root of the corresponding divergence defines a distance on the set of probability distributions. Thus it generalizes the respecting statement for p = 2 made in connection with Example 4 by Kafka, Osterreicher and Vincze in [6]. From the former literature on the subject the maximal powers of /-divergences defining a distance are known for the subsequent classes. For the class of Hellinger-divergences given in terms of p\u) = 1 + u — (u -\-u~) , s £ (0,1) , already Csiszar and Fischer [3] have shown that the maximal power is min(s, 1 — s). For the following two classes the maximal power coincides with their parameter. The class given in terms of f(a)(u) = | l — u \ , a € (0,1], was investigated by Boekee [2]. The previous class and this one have the special case s = a = \ in common. This famous case is attributed to Matusita [8]. The class given by
PROBING WOLF–RAYET WINDS: CHANDRA/HETG X-RAY SPECTRA OF WR 6

With a deep Chandra/HETGS exposure of WR 6, we have resolved emission lines whose profiles show that the X-rays originate from a uniformly expanding spherical wind of high X-ray-continuum optical depth. The presence of strong helium-like forbidden lines places the source of X-ray emission at tens to hundreds of stellar radii from the photosphere. Variability was present in X-rays and simultaneous optical photometry, but neither were correlated with the known period of the system or with each other. An enhanced abundance of sodium revealed nuclear-processed material, a quantity related to the evolutionary state of the star. The characterization of the extent and nature of the hot plasma in WR 6 will help to pave the way to a more fundamental theoretical understanding of the winds and evolution of massive stars.
Repeat Surgery After Disc Excision

Sixty patients requiring repeat surgery after lumbar disc excision are reviewed. Thirty-one had had their initial surgery performed by the authors and represent a 5.9% frequency of repeat surgery after initial laminectomy for sciatica. Of the 60 patients, 49 suffered recurrent radicular pain, 20 suffered from back pain, and 8 had other problems (infection, extradural cycts, etc.). In patients with recurrent sciatica, perineural fibrosis and recurrent herniation were the most common problems; those patients with the latter pathologic condition responded most favorably to repeat surgery. Of 520 patients who had undergone disc excision, only 9 required secondary fusion.
The fertilizing life of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis of mice and hamsters.

Mouse and hamster spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis were deposited into the female tract at various periods following ligation of the corpus epididymidis. It was found that the number of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis decreased sooner in the hamster than in the mouse but the initial decrease in fertilizing ability occurred much earlier in the mouse than in the hamster. The fertilizing life of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis is approximately 25 days in both species.
Comparative analysis of hepatitis B virus genotype a molecular evolution in patients infected with HBV and in patients co‐infected with HBV and HIV

HIV infection has a significant impact on the natural progression of liver disease caused by infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), but its role in the molecular evolution of HBV is unknown. It is difficult to study the molecular evolution of HBV longitudinally considering its genomic complexity, which implies the analysis of paired samples. This study aimed to analyze the difference in the evolutionary dynamics of HBV among patients with HIV and uninfected individuals. In this study, 17 patients infected chronically with HBV were recruited, 9 of them were co‐infected with HIV. Patients were HBe antigen‐positive and infected with HBV genotype A. Paired plasma samples were collected from each patient 3 years apart, and they were compared subsequently to each other. The HBV phylogenetic inference among isolates from patients infected with HBV and co‐infected with HBV and HIV tends to cluster separately. Likewise, when comparing the HBV evolutionary rate and genetic distances, values were higher in the former in both preC/C and S genomic regions. Intra‐host analyses of HBV isolates revealed high diversity and complexity of quasispecies among patients infected with HBV exhibiting high numbers of viral variants and genetic distance. In summary, after studying the HBV molecular evolution among isolates ascribed to genotype A at inter‐ and intra‐host levels, HBV exhibited low quasispecies complexity and diversity as well as low evolutionary rates in the presence of HIV co‐infection, suggesting that the co‐infection may have an impact on the HBV molecular evolution most likely from the weakened cellular immune response. J. Med. Virol. 84:562–569, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Kinematic Signature of Face-on Peanut-shaped Bulges

We present a kinematic diagnostic for peanut-shaped bulges in nearly face-on galaxies. The face-on view provides a novel perspective on peanuts that would allow study of their relation to bars and disks in greater detail than hitherto possible. The diagnostic is based on the fact that peanut shapes are associated with a flat density distribution in the vertical direction. We show that the kinematic signature corresponding to such a distribution is a minimum in the fourth-order Gauss-Hermite moment s4. We demonstrate our method on N-body simulations of varying peanut strength, showing that strong peanuts can be recognized to inclinations i ≃ 30°, regardless of the strength of the bar. We also consider compound systems in which a bulge is present in the initial conditions, as may happen if bulges form at high redshift through mergers. We show that in this case, because the vertical structure of the bulge is not derived from that of the disk, the signature of a peanut in s4 is weakened. Thus the same kinematic signature of peanuts can be used to explore bulge formation mechanisms. The observational requirements for identifying peanuts with this method are challenging, but feasible.
Ingestion after Stress: Evidence for a Regulatory Shift in Food-Rewarded Operant Performance

Abstract Stress usually decreases food consumption and body weight in rats. According to the regulatory shift hypothesis, these effects reflect orderly changes in how animals meet their metabolic needs in dangerous circumstances. This interpretation was tested by examining food-rewarded operant performance before and after stress. Six fixed-ratio (FR) schedules were used in a within-subject design in Experiment 1, and a between-subject design (FR2 versus FR32) was used in Experiment 2. In both experiments, exposure to 100 inescapable tailshocks reduced response rate on smaller schedules, whereas responding on larger schedules was unchanged or increased. This pattern can be interpreted as a decrease in preferred eating rate and an improvement in the behavioral regulation of food intake. Milder stressors generally had less impact but did increase preferred feeding rate, an effect potentially related to stress-induced eating in other paradigms. This study provides evidence that strong stressors reorganize ingestive behavior, as predicted by the regulatory shift hypothesis.
Pediatric Lateral Atlantodental Interval: How Much Asymmetry is Normal?

Imaging of the cervical spine is commonly performed in the pediatric patient population, typically after trauma, as well as for a variety of nontraumatic reasons. There are many challenges in the interpretation of these studies, particularly at the level of the atlantoaxial joint. We recognized a particular problem with assessing the lateral atlantodental interval in our emergency radiology department. Mild lateral atlantodental interval asymmetry in relatively asymptomatic patients was being interpreted as indicative of atlantoaxial rotatory fixation, which leads to the recommendation for dynamic computed tomographic examinations. The goal of this study was to define the reference range of the lateral atlantodental interval in pediatric patients to help avoid misinterpretation of radiographic findings and resultant excessive imaging.