Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unirhinal olfactory identification deficits and convergent lateralized neuropsychological impairment in male patients with schizophrenia

Prior research has revealed that olfactory identification ability is impaired in male patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, lateralized differences have been observed in olfactory functioning in normal individuals who have intact sense of smell. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pattern of olfactory laterality observed in male patients with schizophrenia was different from that observed in non-schizophrenic, normal, male control subjects. In addition, if patients with unirhinal olfactory identification deficits were found, did these individuals have a different profile of neuropsychological impairment relative to those patients with intact sense of smell? Methods: Forty-three male in-patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and 59 normal male control subjects were assessed unirhinally on three measures of olfactory function: olfactory acuity, identification and discrimination ability. Additionally, a battery of neuropsychological tests sensitive to brain lesions in regions critical to olfaction (left and right temporal and frontal lobes) was also administered. Results: No particular pattern of olfactory laterality was observed in either the normal control or the male patient groups on any of the olfactory measures. Using cutting scores generated from performance of the normal control subjects on the olfactory identification task, patients were classified according to nostril deficit. Three groups were compared: left microsmic (n=12), right microsmic (n=5) and normosmic schizophrenic controls (n=25). On tests of left hemisphere function, the left microsmic group was preferentially impaired while on tests of right hemisphere function, the right microsmic group
The proteome of rat olfactory sensory cilia

Olfactory sensory neurons expose to the inhaled air chemosensory cilia which bind odorants and operate as transduction organelles. Odorant receptors in the ciliary membrane activate a transduction cascade which uses cAMP and Ca2+ for sensory signaling in the ciliary lumen. Although the canonical transduction pathway is well established, molecular components for more complex aspects of sensory transduction, like adaptation, regulation, and termination of the receptor response have not been systematically identified. Moreover, open questions in olfactory physiology include how the cilia exchange solutes with the surrounding mucus, assemble their highly polarized set of proteins, and cope with noxious substances in the ambient air. A specific ciliary proteome would promote research efforts in all of these fields. We have improved a method to detach cilia from rat olfactory sensory neurons and have isolated a preparation specifically enriched in ciliary membrane proteins. Using LC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis, we identified 377 proteins which constitute the olfactory cilia proteome. These proteins represent a comprehensive data set for olfactory research since more than 80% can be attributed to the characteristic functions of olfactory sensory neurons and their cilia: signal processing, protein targeting, neurogenesis, solute transport, and cytoprotection. Organellar proteomics thus yielded decisive information about the diverse physiological functions of a sensory organelle.
Glassy dynamics of landscape evolution

Significance Soil is apparently solid as it moves downhill at glacial speeds, but can also liquefy from rain or earthquakes. This behavior is actually similar to that of glass, which creeps very slowly at low temperatures but becomes a liquid at higher temperatures. We develop a discrete granular-physics hillslope model, which shows that the similarities between soil and glass are more than skin deep. Despite the geologic and climatic complexity of natural environments, the shapes and erosion rates of hillsides over geologic timescales appear to be governed by generic dynamics characteristic of disordered and amorphous materials. Soil creeps imperceptibly downhill, but also fails catastrophically to create landslides. Despite the importance of these processes as hazards and in sculpting landscapes, there is no agreed-upon model that captures the full range of behavior. Here we examine the granular origins of hillslope soil transport by discrete element method simulations and reanalysis of measurements in natural landscapes. We find creep for slopes below a critical gradient, where average particle velocity (sediment flux) increases exponentially with friction coefficient (gradient). At critical gradient there is a continuous transition to a dense-granular flow rheology. Slow earthflows and landslides thus exhibit glassy dynamics characteristic of a wide range of disordered materials; they are described by a two-phase flux equation that emerges from grain-scale friction alone. This glassy model reproduces topographic profiles of natural hillslopes, showing its promise for predicting hillslope evolution over geologic timescales.
Without My medal on My Mind: Counterfactual Thinking and Other Determinants of Athlete Emotions

How achievement makes people feel depends upon counterfactual thoughts about what could have been. One body of evidence for this comes from studies of observer ratings of Olympians' happiness, which suggests that category-based counterfactual thoughts affect the perceived happiness of Olympians. Silver medallists are less happy than bronze medallists, arguably because silver medallists think about how they could have won gold, and bronze medallists feel lucky to be on the podium at all. We contribute to this literature by showing that the effect of category-based counterfactual thoughts on Olympians' happiness depends on the margin by which athletes secured their medal. Although gold and bronze medallists appeared happier the better they performed, silver medallists were less happy when they were closer to winning gold. This suggests silver medallists feel disappointed relative to gold medallists but that bronzes do not feel particularly fortunate relative to non-medal winners. Teams were rated as happier than individual athletes and Olympians happier than Paralympians. Observers' ethnic and gender similarity to athletes negatively influence happiness ratings; whilst observers' self-reported happiness has a negligible effect on ratings. We integrate these findings with prior literature on counterfactual thinking and the determinants of happiness, and suggest avenues for future research.
An Interval Valued K-Nearest Neighbors Classifier

The K-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifier has become a well-known, successful method for pattern classification tasks. In recent years, many enhancements to the original algorithm have been proposed. Fuzzy sets theory has been the basis of several proposed models towards the enhancement of the nearest neighbors rule, being the Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbors (FuzzyKNN) classifier the most notable procedure in the field. In this work we present a new approach to the nearest neighbor classifier based on the use of interval valued fuzzy sets. The use and implementation of interval values facilitates the membership of the instances and the computation of the votes in a more flexible way than the original FuzzyKNN method, thus improving its adaptability to different supervised learning problems. An experimental study, contrasted by the application of nonparametric statistical procedures, is carried out to ascertain whether the Interval Valued K-Nearest Neighbor (IV-KNN) classifier proposed here is significantly more accurate than k-NN, FuzzyKNN and other fuzzy nearest neighbor classifiers. We conclude that the IV-KNN is indeed significantly more accurate than the rest of classifiers analyzed.
Intratumoral heterogeneity of KRAS mutations in patients with colorectal cancer and metastatic livers in southwest China

Introduction: KRAS mutations are the most common somatic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody therapies are effective in 50% of the CRC patients with wild-type KRAS. To confirm the possible causes of the therapeutic failure, we examined KRAS mutations and analyzed their intratumoral heterogeneity in different areas of the primary tumors and the metastatic liver lesions. Methods: The sequences of exon 2 of KRAS were evaluated by direct sequencing of samples from 26 CRC patients, including 2 patients with colorectal liver metastasis. Tumor tissues were macrodissected from five different areas in primary CRC tumors and two different areas of metastatic liver lesions. Results: KRAS mutations were detected in 26.9% of the primary tumors. By comparing the different areas of primary tumors and liver metastasis, the intratumoral heterogeneity of KRAS mutations was observed in 11.5% of the primary tumors, but not in patients with liver metastasis. This study is the first to report the intratumoral heterogeneity of KRAS mutations in CRC patients from Southwest China, although our relatively small sample size might not provide sufficient statistical power. Conclusions: The failure of EGFR antibody therapies in CRC patients with wild-type KRAS might be attributed to the false-negative sequencing results caused by intratumoral heterogeneity. Considering the high rates of heterogeneity among primary tumors, the different parts of tumors should be tested to correctly predict the KRAS mutations.
Working memory and language learning: A review

Children with speech, language, and communication needs (SLCN) form a highly heterogeneous group, including those with an unexplained delay in language development known as specific language impairment (SLI). There is growing recognition that multiple mechanisms underlie the range of profiles observed in these children. Broadly speaking, both the domain-general executive attentional system known as working memory and domain-specific linguistic processing have been implicated in children with SLI. It has been challenging to tease apart these influences, however, due to the symbiotic relationship between working memory and language learning. For example, working memory limits might constrain the linguistic detail encoded, whereas poor language knowledge would place greater demands on working memory for retaining unfamiliar phonological information. There is growing evidence for separable impairments in these processing resources leading to relative deficits in linguistic or working memory processes in different children. Such findings have important clinical implications for both the assessment and treatment of children with SLCN.
Primary flexor enthesopathy of the canine elbow: imaging and arthroscopic findings in eight dogs with discrete radiographic changes

Summary Objective: To describe the radiographic, ultrasonographic, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and arthroscopic findings in eight dogs with elbow lameness caused by primary flexor enthesopathy. Study design: Clinical study. Animals: Eight client-owned dogs. Methods: In all dogs, lameness was localized to the elbow by clinical examination. Radiographic examination, ultrasound, CT and MRI were performed prior to arthroscopy. In seven dogs, surgical treatment and subsequent histopathology were performed. Results: Primary enthesopathy of the medial epicondyle was diagnosed in eight dogs (13 joints) by combining the minimal radiographic changes with specific ultrasonographic, CT, MRI and arthroscopic findings at the medial epicondyle. In all joints, any other pathology could be excluded. Histopathology of the affected tissue revealed degeneration and metaplasia in the flexor muscles. Conclusions: Primary flexor enthesopathy at the medial epicondyle is an unrecognized condition and is a possible cause of elbow lameness in the dog. Diagnosis is based on specific imaging and arthroscopic findings. Clinical relevance: The most important cause of elbow lameness in dogs is medial coronoid disease. Often this condition presents with minimal radiographic and arthroscopic changes. In these cases, primary enthesopathy of the medial epicondyle should be considered as a differential diagnosis, in order to make the correct treatment decision.
The diagnosis value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography for thyroid malignancy without highly suspicious features on conventional ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential diagnostic performance of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in identifying malignancy in nodules that do not appear highly suspicious on conventional ultrasound (US). METHODS 330 pathologically confirmed thyroid nodules (40 malignant and 290 benign; mean size, 22.0±11.6 mm) not suspicious of malignancy on conventional US in 330 patients (mean age 52.8±11.7 years) underwent ARFI elastography before surgery. ARFI elastography included qualitative ARFI-induced strain elastography (SE) and quantitative point shear wave elastography (p-SWE). ARFI-induced SE image was assessed by SE score, while p-SWE was denoted with shear wave velocity (SWV, m/s). The diagnostic performance of four criteria sets was evaluated: criteria set 1 (ARFI-induced SE), criteria set 2 (p-SWE), criteria set 3 (either set 1 or 2), criteria set 4 (both set 1 and 2). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses were performed to assess the diagnostic performance. RESULTS SE score ≥4 was more frequently found in malignant nodules (32/40) than in benign nodules (30/290, P<0.001). The mean SWV of malignant nodules (3.64±2.23 m/s) was significantly higher than that of benign nodules (2.02±0.69 m/s) (P<0.001). ARFI-induced SE (set 1) had a sensitivity of 80.0% (32/40) and a specificity of 89.7% (260/290) with a cut-off point of SE score ≥4; p-SWE (set 2) had a sensitivity of 80.0% (32/40) and a specificity of 57.9% (168/290) with a cut-off point of SWV ≥2.15 m/s. When ARFI-induced SE and p-SWE were combined, set 3 had the highest sensitivity (92.5%, 37/40) while set 4 had the highest specificity (95.2%, 276/290). CONCLUSION ARFI elastography can be used for differential diagnosis of malignant thyroid nodules without highly suspicious features on US. The combination of ARFI-induced SE and p-SWE leads to improved sensitivity and specificity.
High-Resolution 4.7 micron Keck/NIRSPEC Spectra of Protostars. I. Ices and Infalling Gas in the Disk of L1489 IRS

We explore the infrared M-band (4.7 μm) spectrum of the Class I protostar L1489 IRS in the Taurus molecular cloud. This is the highest-resolution wide-coverage spectrum at this wavelength of a low-mass protostar observed to date (R = 25,000; Δv = 12 km s-1). A large number of narrow absorption lines of gas-phase 12CO, 13CO, and C18O are detected, as well as a prominent band of solid 12CO. The gas-phase 12CO lines have redshifted absorption wings (up to 100 km s-1), which likely originate from warm disk material falling toward the central object. Both the isotopes and the extent of the 12CO line wings are successfully fitted with a contracting-disk model of this evolutionary transitional object. This shows that the inward motions seen in millimeter-wave emission lines continue to within ~0.1 AU of the star. The amount of high-velocity infalling gas is, however, overestimated by this model, suggesting that only part of the disk is infalling, e.g., a hot surface layer or hot gas in magnetic field tubes. The colder parts of the disk are traced by the prominent CO-ice band. The band profile results from CO in "polar" ices (CO mixed with H2O) and CO in "apolar" ices. At high spectral resolution, the "apolar" component is, for the first time, resolved into two distinct components, likely due to pure CO and CO mixed with CO2, O2, and/or N2. The ices have probably undergone thermal processing in the upper disk layer traced by our pencil absorption beam: much of the volatile "apolar" ices has evaporated, the depletion factor of CO onto grains is remarkably low (~7%), and the CO2 traced in the CO-band profile was possibly formed energetically.This study shows that high spectral resolution 4.7 μm observations provide important and unique information on the dynamics and structure of protostellar disks and on the origin and evolution of ices in these disks.
Effect of aerobic fitness on capillary blood volume and diffusing membrane capacity responses to exercise

Endurance trained athletes exhibit enhanced cardiovascular function compared to non‐athletes, although it is considered that exercise training does not enhance lung structure and function. An increased pulmonary capillary blood volume at rest is associated with a higher V̇O2 max . In the present study, we compared the diffusion capacity, pulmonary capillary blood volume and diffusing membrane capacity responses to exercise in endurance‐trained males compared to non‐trained males. Exercise diffusion capacity was greater in athletes, secondary to an increased membrane diffusing capacity, and not pulmonary capillary blood volume. Endurance‐trained athletes appear to have differences within the pulmonary membrane that facilitate the increased O2 demand needed for high‐level exercise.
Mechanisms of Trichodesmium demise within the New Caledonian lagoon during the VAHINE mesocosm experiment

Abstract. The globally important marine diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is abundant in the New Caledonian lagoon (southwestern Pacific Ocean) during austral spring/summer. We investigated the cellular processes mediating Trichodesmium mortality from large surface accumulations (blooms) in the lagoon. Trichodesmium cells (and associated microbiota) were collected at the time of surface accumulation, enclosed under simulated ambient conditions, and sampled over time to elucidate the stressors and subcellular underpinning of rapid biomass demise (> 90 % biomass crashed within ∼ 24 h). Metatranscriptomic profiling of Trichodesmium biomass, 0, 8 and 22 h after incubations of surface accumulations, demonstrated upregulated expression of genes required to increase phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) availability and transport, while genes responsible for nutrient storage were downregulated. Total viral abundance oscillated throughout the experiment and showed no significant relationship with the development or demise of the Trichodesmium biomass. Enhanced caspase-specific activity and upregulated expression of a suite of metacaspase genes, as the Trichodesmium biomass crashed, implied autocatalytic programmed cell death (PCD) as the mechanistic cause. Concurrently, genes associated with buoyancy and gas vesicle production were strongly downregulated concomitant with increased production and high concentrations of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP). The rapid, PCD-mediated, decline of the Trichodesmium biomass, as we observed from our incubations, parallels mortality rates reported from Trichodesmium blooms in situ. Our results suggest that, whatever the ultimate factor, PCD-mediated death in Trichodesmium can rapidly terminate blooms, facilitate aggregation, and expedite vertical flux to depth.
Synergy of light and nutrients on the photosynthetic efficiency of phytoplankton populations from the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina

A series of mesocosm studies were conducted using natural phytoplankton communities isolated from the Neuse River Estuary in the spring of 1998 and 1999 to assess the interactions between nutrient limitation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on photosynthetic parameters. Treatments consisted of the addition of different forms of nutrients typically found in estuarine environments and the exclusion of ambient UV radiation (wavelengths < 400 nm). The quantum yield of photochemistry (F v /F m ), species composition, and photosynthesis irradiance parameters were measured repeatedly over the course of 4 days. In spring 1998, during a period of stratification and low run-off nutrient limitation was observed in the Neuse River. The F v /F m parameters in all the mesocosm treatments responded to the addition of nitrogen. The form of the nitrogen addition (nitrate, ammonium, or urea) was insignificant and the addition of phosphorus had no observable effect. Conversely, during a period of high mixing in spring 1999, there was no nutrient addition effect on F v /F m . During both experiments F v /F m exhibited midday light-driven depressions in response to high irradiances, with complete recovery at night. UV radiation accounted for a significant fraction of the midday depression seen in F v /F m . Samples treated with the D1 protein synthesis inhibitor lincomycin showed that the midday decrease in photochemical efficiency was mostly due to photoinduced damage to the D1 protein. As an upper limit estimate, 80% of the decrease in F v /F m centered around local noon appears to be related to this damage. The decrease in photochemical efficiency seen at high light levels in both UV-exposed and UV-excluded treatments was not correlated with a decrease in carbon fixation parameters.
Genetic Diversity of Goats from Korea and China Using Microsatellite Analysis

Nine microsatellite loci were analyzed in 84 random individuals to characterize the genetic variability of three domestic goat breeds found in Korea and China: Korean goat, Chinese goat and Saanen. Allele diversity, heterozygosity, polymorphism information content, F-statistics, indirect estimates of gene flow (Nm) and Nei's standard distances were calculated. Based on the expected mean heterozygosity, the lowest genetic diversity was exhibited in Korean goat (H E =0.381), and the highest in Chinese goat (H E =0.669). After corrections for multiple significance tests, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were statistically significant over all populations and loci, reflecting the deficiencies of heterozygotes (global F I S =0.053). Based on pairwise F S T and Nm between different breeds, there was a great genetic differentiation between Korean goat and the other two breeds, indicating that these breeds have been genetically subdivided. Similarly, individual clustering based on the proportion of shared alleles showed that Korean goat individuals formed a single cluster separated from the other two goat breeds.
Genomic Profiling of Thyroid Nodules: Current Role for ThyroSeq Next-Generation Sequencing on Clinical Decision-Making

In recent years there has been an increased awareness of the genetic alterations underlying both benign and malignant neoplasms of the thyroid. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is an emerging technology that allows for rapid detection of a large number of genetic mutations in thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. NGS for targeted mutational analysis in thyroid tumors has been proposed as a tool to assist in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA cytology. Results of genomic testing of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancers could also have prognostic implications and play a role in determining optimal treatment strategies including targeted therapies. We provide a critical review of existing studies assessing the performance of the ThyroSeq NGS test for the diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytopathology and discuss the applicability of findings from these studies to clinical practice. While there are early indications to suggest a possible utility of data obtained from NGS to aid in prognostication and therapeutic decision-making in thyroid cancer, we recommend judicious use and cautious interpretation of such molecular testing until results of ongoing clinical trials become available. Lastly, we discuss recommendations provided from clinical practice guidelines regarding the use of mutation detection via NGS in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules.