Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Avian γδ T-Cell Subsets after Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection of Chicks

ABSTRACT Avian γδ T lymphocytes are frequently found in blood and organs and are assumed to be crucial to the immune defense against Salmonella infections of chicks. To elucidate the so-far-unknown immunological features of subpopulations of avian γδ T cells in the course of infection, day-old chicks were infected orally with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Until 11 days after infection, the occurrence as well as transcription of the CD8 antigen and immunologically relevant protein genes of CD8α− and CD8α+high (CD8αα+ CD8αβ+) γδ cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with blood, spleen, thymus, and cecum samples. After infection, an increased percentage of CD8α+high γδ T lymphocytes was found in blood, in spleen, and, with the highest values and most rapidly, in cecum. Within the CD8α+high subset, a significant rise in the number of CD8αα+ cells was accompanied by enhanced CD8α antigen expression and reduced gene transcription of the CD8β chain. CD8αα+ and CD8αβ+ cells showed elevated transcription for Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), interleukin-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). While the highest fold changes in mRNA levels were observed in CD8αβ+ cells, the mRNA expression rates of CD8αβ+ cells never significantly exceeded those of the CD8αα+ cells. In conclusion, both CD8α+high γδ T-cell subpopulations (CD8αα+ and CD8αβ+) might be a potential source of IFN-γ in Salmonella-infected chicks. However, due to their prominent frequency in blood and organs after infection, the avian CD8αα+ γδ T-cell subset seems to be unique and of importance in the course of Salmonella Typhimurium infection of very young chicks.
Crucial Residue Involved in L-Lactate Recognition by Human Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 (hMCT4)

Background Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) transport monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies. These transporters are very attractive therapeutic targets in cancer. Elucidations of the functions and structures of MCTs is necessary for the development of effective medicine which targeting these proteins. However, in comparison with MCT1, there is little information on location of the function moiety of MCT4 and which constituent amino acids govern the transport function of MCT4. The aim of the present work was to determine the molecular mechanism of L-lactate transport via hMCT4. Experimental approach Transport of L-lactate via hMCT4 was determined by using hMCT4 cRNA-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes. hMCT4 mediated L-lactate uptake in oocytes was measured in the absence and presence of chemical modification agents and 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulphonate (DIDS). In addition, L-lactate uptake was measured by hMCT4 arginine mutants. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed the localization of hMCT4. Results In hMCT4-expressing oocytes, treatment with phenylglyoxal (PGO), a compound specific for arginine residues, completely abolished the transport activity of hMCT4, although this abolishment was prevented by the presence of L-lactate. On the other hand, chemical modifications except for PGO treatment had no effect on the transport activity of hMCT4. The transporter has six conserved arginine residues, two in the transmembrane-spanning domains (TMDs) and four in the intracellular loops. In hMCT4-R278 mutants, the uptake of L-lactate is void of any transport activity without the alteration of hMCT4 localization. Conclusions Our results suggest that Arg-278 in TMD8 is a critical residue involved in substrate, L-lactate recognition by hMCT4.
An fMRI Study of the Ventriloquism Effect

In spatial perception, visual information has higher acuity than auditory information and we often misperceive sound-source locations when spatially disparate visual stimuli are presented simultaneously. Ventriloquists make good use of this auditory illusion. In this study, we investigated neural substrates of the ventriloquism effect to understand the neural mechanism of multimodal integration. This study was performed in 2 steps. First, we investigated how sound locations were represented in the auditory cortex. Secondly, we investigated how simultaneous presentation of spatially disparate visual stimuli affects neural processing of sound locations. Based on the population rate code hypothesis that assumes monotonic sensitivity to sound azimuth across populations of broadly tuned neurons, we expected a monotonic increase of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals for more contralateral sounds. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that BOLD signals in the posterior superior temporal gyrus increased monotonically as a function of sound azimuth. We also observed attenuation of the monotonic azimuthal sensitivity by spatially disparate visual stimuli. The alteration of the neural pattern was considered to reflect the neural mechanism of the ventriloquism effect. Our findings indicate that conflicting audiovisual spatial information of an event is associated with an attenuation of neural processing of auditory spatial localization.
Emotional Intelligence and Public Health Education

Emotional intelligence (EI) is an ability that is crucial to the field of Public Health due to the fact that it encompasses the practitioner’s ability to communicate professionally, show empathy, obtain patient compliance, and promote sustainable lifestyle changes in communities. This study seeks to evaluate a graduate Public Health program in order to determine what cross-competencies might exist between EI and program objectives, what EI development might currently exist, whether EI exists explicitly or indirectly, and what the attitudes of stakeholders are regarding EI and its importance to the field of Public Health. The information gathered makes it possible to formulate recommendations to further incorporate EI-building activities into a Master of Public Health program. Results of the study show a direct correlation between Public Health and EI competencies, which makes it an ideal program in which to integrate further training. Recommendations for future development of EI in the program include the incorporation of training into the existing new student orientation week, the addition of case studies into the courses most naturally related to EI-building, the provision of training seminars for faculty, the inclusion of an advanced seminar for students on a voluntary basis, and the evaluation of the program using both a self-report EI questionnaire and the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test at the beginning and end of each term to track program effectiveness in the long term.
Biologic aging, frailty, and age-related disease in chronic HIV infection.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Effective therapies have transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease, and new problems are arising related to aging. This article reviews the aging process, age-related deficit accumulation and frailty, and how these might be affected by chronic HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Aging is characterized by acceleration in the rate of unrepaired physiologic damage an organism accumulates. HIV infection is associated with many factors that might affect the aging process, including extrinsic behavioral risk factors and co-infections, and multiple intrinsic factors, including intercellular communication, inflammation, and coagulation pathways. Whether each factor affects the aging process, they likely result in an increase in the risk of adverse health outcomes, and so give rise to frailty, likely with several clinical manifestations. SUMMARY Age-related deficit accumulation is influenced by both the background or environmental rate of insults an organism sustains and the efficacy of intrinsic damage control and repair mechanisms. Both processes are likely affected in people living with HIV infection.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHY SUGGESTIONS WORK IN CHARITABLE FUNDRAISING: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM A NATURAL FIELD EXPERIMENT

People respond to those who ask. Within the charitable fundraising community, the power of the ask represents the backbone of most fundraising strategies. Despite this, the optimal design of communication strategies has received less formal attention. For their part, economists have recently explored how communication affects empathy, altruism, and giving rates to charities. Our study takes a step back from this literature to examine how suggestions–a direct ask for a certain amount of money–affect giving rates. We find that our suggestion amounts affect both the intensive and extensive margins: more people give and they tend to give the suggested amount. Resulting insights help us understand why people give, why messages work, and deepen practitioners’ understanding of how to use messages to leverage more giving. James T. Edwards The University of Chicago 5757 Woodlawn Chicago, IL 60422 jedwards@uchicago.edu John A. List Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Chicago, IL 60637 and NBER jlist@uchicago.edu
Veterans transitioning from isolation to integration: a look at veteran/service dog partnerships

Abstract Background: This study explored the dynamics of veteran/service dog partnerships by gathering the perspectives of veterans with a history of post-traumatic stress disorder and/or traumatic brain injury. Methods: Exploratory qualitative methods (focus groups and individual interviews) were used to investigate veteran/service dog relationships related to community involvement, family and friend relationships, self-care, work, and leisure. Nine male veterans, Paws, and Stripes program graduates participated. Data were audio recorded and transcribed by two research team members who used qualitative analytic software to manage and code the data. The full research team discussed themes and reached consensus on the themes that emerged from analysis. Results: Five themes emerged about the perceived benefit of veteran/service dog relationship: Secluded but Seeking Society (moving from isolation to reconnection); Opening Opportunities (navigating daily life); Bridging the Gap (facilitating social opportunities); and Reclaiming Life (transforming sense of worth and purpose). An overarching theme, Calming Catalyst, connected the other four themes. Conclusions: Veterans in this study reported that their goal was to reclaim and develop key aspects of their lives and they perceived service dogs as a support in their transition from isolation to reintegration. This study found that service dogs supported the veterans to meet their goal. Implications for rehabilitation There are a significant number of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and/or traumatic brain injury who are facing life challenges including self-care, securing work, participating in leisure activities, and integrating into the community. Service dogs are an emerging intervention used to assist veterans with reintegration into civilian life. There is a need for professionals to be aware of potential benefits of service dog/veteran partnerships. Based on our findings, veterans could benefit from being paired with a service dog to facilitate their successful return to community life.
Parental involvement in children's mathematics learning : a case of a rural community, Ghana

Although emergent literature and anecdotal experience indicate the importance of parental involvement in their children’s mathematics learning, there is still a void in literature with regard to involvement of parents with low formal education in their children’s mathematics learning in culturally diverse contexts. In an attempt to address this void, a study that employed socio cultural learning and social constructivist theories investigated how parents with low formal education are involved in their children’s mathematics learning in a rural Community, Ghana. Data was collected from six parents with low formal education, their 8-9 year old children as well as the children’s class teachers through semi-structured individual face to face interviews and home visit observations. Analysis of the data corpus revealed that 1) parents’ mentorship and engagement in local business transactions, were used as learning and evaluation contexts for a child’s mathematics competence; 2) parents perceived giving and receiving correct change as a key indicator of one’s moral standing and mediated children’s mathematics accordingly; 3) parents, teachers and children consider mathematics as a hallmark of future success; 4) parents’ belief that increasing time spent on academic activities improved children’s success, within the examination culture of the context;5) teachers see low formal education as a handicap of parental involvement in children’s mathematics learning; 6) children typically corroborate their parents’ perceived ways of supporting their mathematics learning. These findings are significant and offer insight into how parents with low formal education from a different cultural context are involved in their older children’s mathematics learning. The study adds to the literature on the topic of parental involvement from a non-western context.
An Infinite Restricted Boltzmann Machine

We present a mathematical construction for the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) that does not require specifying the number of hidden units. In fact, the hidden layer size is adaptive and can grow during training. This is obtained by first extending the RBM to be sensitive to the ordering of its hidden units. Then, with a carefully chosen definition of the energy function, we show that the limit of infinitely many hidden units is well defined. As with RBM, approximate maximum likelihood training can be performed, resulting in an algorithm that naturally and adaptively adds trained hidden units during learning. We empirically study the behavior of this infinite RBM, showing that its performance is competitive to that of the RBM, while not requiring the tuning of a hidden layer size.
Politics Out of History

Acknowledgment ix 1. INTRODUCTION: Politics Out of History 3 2. SYMPTOMS: Moralism as Anti-Politics 18 3. DESIRE: The Desire to Be Punished: Freud's "'A Child Is Being Beaten'" 45 4. POWER: Power without Logic without Marx 62 5. POLITICS: Politics without Banisters: Genealogical Politics in Nietzsche an Foucault 91 6. DEMOCRACY: Democracy against Itself: Nietzsche's Challenge 121 7. FUTURES: Specters an Angels: Benjamin an Derrida 138 Note 175 Index 189
Teaching five to eight year olds

This book gives teachers, student teachers and parents insight into the development and education of children between the ages of five and eight. "Teaching Five to Eight Year Olds" considers first the physical, emotional and moral development through these years. It then examines the curriculum best suited for the needs of this age-group, and considers traditional concerns of education for young children, namely play and language development. Cognitive growth and emotional and social development are then covered, before three final chapters go on to look at children who find learning difficult, for whatever reason; at ways of working with parents and others; and at how the transition from the first stage of education to the next can be most smoothly accomplished. There are suggestions for further reading related to all of those topics.
Face Recognition in Human: The Roles of Featural and Configurational Processing

During the last few decades, face perception has emerged as a prevailing issue in social research. Face recognition is a fundamental and crucial skill for communicating and understanding in human society. Fortunately, most adults are able to recognize faces to identify a particular face and to discriminate among faces at a glance, begging questions of the nature of the mechanisms that underlie such face recognition. It has been established that the processing involved in face recognition likely differs qualitatively from that involved in recognizing other objects. Indeed, responses to faces are more affected by inversion than are those to non-face objects. When faces are presented upside down, it is much harder to identify them accurately. Configurational properties are disrupted by presenting visual objects upside down or by laterally offsetting the top and bottom halves of objects, and greater disruption has been found when those objects are faces than when they are other types of objects (Maurer et al., 2002). Clinical studies have provided additional evidence of the special nature of face processing. Individuals with prosopagnosia experience difficulties with discriminating among human faces. They are able to perceive a face as face, but are unable to distinguish among different persons (Banich, 2004). Their deficit is specific to faces and derives neither from problems with visual perception nor from memory impairment. Neuroimaging studies have also indicated that the neural correlates involved in face recognition are distinct from those involved in the recognition of other objects. Face processing can be divided into two types: configurational and featural (Maurer et al., 2007). Configurational processing refers to perceptions of the internal relationships among features. This approach contrasts with featural, analytic, piecemeal, or parts-based processing, which refers to perceptions of the shapes of individual features. The relative contributions of the two types of processing to face recognition and the interaction between them remain controversial. Although researchers have proposed different hypotheses about the mechanisms by which faces are processed on the basis of experimental findings, this issue is unresolved. In the context of the remarkable progress in brain imaging technology, recent studies have investigated the neural correlates of featural and configurational face processing, offering biological evidence related to behavioral phenomena. Consistent with these findings, this chapter addresses how humans recognize faces by reviewing the relevant findings from several research areas. In particular, the chapter focuses on the
Clinical and polygraphic study of familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with PRRT2 mutation

BackgroundParoxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is a neurological condition characterised by brief attacks of involuntary movements triggered by sudden voluntary movements.MethodsWe describe the clinical, polygraphic, and genetic features of an Italian family with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia.ResultsParoxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia manifested as brief choreoathetosic-dystonic attacks precipitated by sudden movements, varying in severity and frequency, amongst the four affected family members. The disorder follows an autosomal dominant transmission and affects female members. Mutation of SLC2A1, MR1, CACNA1A, and ATP1A2 genes was excluded by direct sequencing. Mutation analysis of the PRRT2 gene revealed a single nucleotide duplication, c.649dupC, resulting in the frameshift mutation p.Arg217Profs*8 in all affected members.ConclusionParoxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is the most common type of paroxysmal movement disorder and is often misdiagnosed clinically as epilepsy. We describe a family with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia associated with PRRT2 gene mutation, mild intrafamilial clinical heterogeneity, and benign course.
Science and medicine in dialogue : thinking through particulars and universals

General Introduction Between Generalities and Particulars: Availability of Cognitive Heuristics Fast and Frugal Heuristics in Medical Decision Making by Gerd Gigerenzer and Stephanie Kurzenhaeuser Prevention and Detection: The General and the Particular in the Framing of Messages About Health by Peter Salovey Health Risk Escalators by Bob Heyman Dialogicality within Medical Practice: Generalized Knowledge and Individualized Decisions A Qualitative Approach to Health Risk Management by Bob Heyman Understanding Benefits and Risks: Why the Representation of Statistical Information Matters by Ulrich Hoffrage, Stephanie Kurzenhaeuser and Gerd Gigerenzer The Centrality of the Clinician: A View of Medicine from the General to the Particular by Kenneth L. Noller Relating Universals and Particulars: A No-Fault Learning Program Based on Sensory-Driven Evidence in Medicine by Roger Bibace and Kenneth L. Noller Psychological Processes Involved in the NFLP by Roger Bibace, Robert Leeman, and Kenneth L. Noller Evidence-based Medicine: Quantitatively Moving from the Universal to the Particular by David Chelmow Laypersons Encountering Medical Practice: Personal Decisions under Uncertainty Seeking Health Care: Practical Steps Taken by a Woman in an Immigration Context by Sofie Baarnhielm Babies' Health/Disease Processes in Day Care, Analyzed by the Network of Meanings Perspectives by Katia Amorin and M. Clotilde Rossetti Ferreira Generic Disease and Particular Lives: A Systematic and Dynamic Approach to Childhood Cancer by Micheline de Souza Silva From the Dialogue Between Universals and Particulars to New Methodology A Microgenetic Developmental Perspective on Statistics and Measurement by James Laird Decision-making with Incomplete Information: Systemic and Non-systemic Ways of Thinking in Psychology and Medicine by Aaro Toomela Listening Is Not Hearing: Improving Diagnostic Accuracy in Cardiac Auscultation by Jeremy Golding, David Stevens, and Roger Bibace From Questions to Answers: The Microcosm of Participation Recruitment and Retention: Examining Process in Research Relationships by Mary Alston Kerllenevich, Kenneth L. Noller, and Roger Bibace What Happens When a Researcher Asks a Question? by Jaan Valsiner, Roger Bibace, and Talia LaPushin Making Sense of Personality: Generic Self Processes and Personal Uniqueness by Jaan Valsiner, Rainer Diriwaechter, and Christine Sauck
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a structured group program that employs mindfulness meditation to alleviate suffering associated with physical, psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders. The program, nonreligious and nonesoteric, is based upon a systematic procedure to develop enhanced awareness of moment-to-moment experience of perceptible mental processes. The approach assumes that greater awareness will provide more veridical perception, reduce negative affect and improve vitality and coping. In the last two decades, a number of research reports appeared that seem to support many of these claims. We performed a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies of health-related studies related to MBSR. METHODS Sixty-four empirical studies were found, but only 20 reports met criteria of acceptable quality or relevance to be included in the meta-analysis. Reports were excluded due to (1) insufficient information about interventions, (2) poor quantitative health evaluation, (3) inadequate statistical analysis, (4) mindfulness not being the central component of intervention, or (5) the setting of intervention or sample composition deviating too widely from the health-related MBSR program. Acceptable studies covered a wide spectrum of clinical populations (e.g., pain, cancer, heart disease, depression, and anxiety), as well as stressed nonclinical groups. Both controlled and observational investigations were included. Standardized measures of physical and mental well-being constituted the dependent variables of the analysis. RESULTS Overall, both controlled and uncontrolled studies showed similar effect sizes of approximately 0.5 (P<.0001) with homogeneity of distribution. CONCLUSION Although derived from a relatively small number of studies, these results suggest that MBSR may help a broad range of individuals to cope with their clinical and nonclinical problems.