Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What’s really in a Name-Letter Effect? Name-letter preferences as indirect measures of self-esteem

People show a preference for the letters occurring in their name (Name-Letter Effect), a phenomenon that has inspired the development of a frequently used indirect measure of self-esteem. This article reviews the literature on the Name-Letter Effect as the basis for this measure. It discusses the tasks that have been used to measure name-letter preferences and the algorithms that have been designed to extract self-esteem scores from them. It also reviews the evidence that name-letter preferences are valid indicators of self-esteem. The article shows that current knowledge on the value of name-letter preferences as measures of self-esteem is limited by (a) the inherent difficulty of assessing the validity of implicit measures, (b) the use of different, insufficiently justified algorithms, (c) a historical focus on preferences for initials, and (d) neglect of the state–trait distinction. The article ends with recommendations for the use of name-letter preferences to measure self-esteem.
Book Buddies in the Bronx: Testing a Model for America Reads

The effective use of volunteer tutors has recently come to the forefront of literacy research. Sparked by the America Reads Challenge Act of 1997, thousands of volunteer tutors are entering our schools to work with struggling readers. The America Reads Challenge (ARC), a federal grassroots call to action, is an unprecedented national campaign that challenges every American to help all our children learn to read, including those with disabilities and limited English proficiency. Specifically, ARC proposes the use of adult volunteers to tutor children during and after school. Nationwide, thousands of ARC tutors serve their communities through Federal Work Study (FWS), AmeriCorps, VISTA, National Senior Service Corps, and Learn & Serve America. As a result of increased funding of these service organizations, hundreds of thousands of tutors are being sent into American public schools. Currently, 20,000 students at 1,100 colleges teach elementary students through the FWS program (“Rave Reviews,” 1999). Although volunteer tutors are not a new concept (Wasik, 1998), the sudden surge of thousands of volunteers in our public school systems is a phenomenon in need of study. For volunteers to make a lasting impact on young children, it is essential that tutoring programs are founded on a solid base of research, and that we know whether, in fact, they work. Unfortunately, there is a startling lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of one-on-one tutoring by volunteers. The success and popularity of Success For All (Slavin, Madden, Dolan, & Wasik, 1996) and Reading Recovery (see Pinnell, DeFord, & Lyons, 1988) has done much to create a general belief that one-on-one JOURNAL OF EDUCATION FOR STUDENTS PLACED AT RISK, 6(4), 319–333 Copyright © 2001, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Netrin Signaling Breaks the Equivalence between Two Identified Zebrafish Motoneurons Revealing a New Role of Intermediate Targets

Background We previously showed that equivalence between two identified zebrafish motoneurons is broken by interactions with identified muscle fibers that act as an intermediate target for the axons of these motoneurons. Here we investigate the molecular basis of the signaling interaction between the intermediate target and the motoneurons. Principal Findings We provide evidence that Netrin 1a is an intermediate target-derived signal that causes two equivalent motoneurons to adopt distinct fates. We show that although these two motoneurons express the same Netrin receptors, their axons respond differently to Netrin 1a encountered at the intermediate target. Furthermore, we demonstrate that when Netrin 1a is knocked down, more distal intermediate targets that express other Netrins can also function to break equivalence between these motoneurons. Significance Our results suggest a new role for intermediate targets in breaking neuronal equivalence. The data we present reveal that signals encountered during axon pathfinding can cause equivalent neurons to adopt distinct fates. Such signals may be key in diversifying a neuronal population and leading to correct circuit formation.
Mass production of Olea eurOpea l. (cv. rowghani) through Micropropagation

The effects of basal media (OM or DKW), carbohydrate source (mannitol or sucrose), different cytokinins (benzyl aminopurine (BAP), 2-isopentenyl adenine (2ip) solely or in combination) and different concentrations of CoCl2.6H2O on micropropagation of an Iranian olive cultivar were investigated. The highest number of nods and new shoots per explant was produced in the DKW supplemented with 2ip (4 mg l-1). Shoot proliferation rate was significantly decreased by using the combination of BAP and 2ip on DKW medium while it was increased on OM medium. Mannitol showed a positive effect on shoot proliferation. The number of nods and shoots were increased in all cobalt concentrations when mannitol was included in media while in the presence of sucrose these numbers decreased. In vitro shoots were rooted by indole-3butyric acid IBA. The highest number of roots as well as length of the roots was obtained in those explants which grew in the medium supplemented with mannitol and CoCl2.6H2O (0.037 mg l -1). Viability of micropropagated shoots was higher by using subcultured media (OM or DKW) supplemented with mannitol.
Porous flow in particle-based fluid simulations

This paper presents the simulation of a fluid flowing through a porous deformable material. We introduce the physical principles governing porous flow, expressed by the Law of Darcy, into the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) framework for simulating fluids and deformable objects. Contrary to previous SPH approaches, we simulate porous flow at a macroscopic scale, making abstraction of individual pores or cavities inside the material. Thus, the number of computational elements is kept low, while at the same time realistic simulations can be achieved. Our algorithm models the changing behavior of the wet material as well as the full two-way coupling between the fluid and the porous material. This enables various new effects, such as the simulation of sponge-like elastic bodies and water-absorbing sticky cloth.
Alignment in star-debris disc systems seen by Herschel

Many nearby main-sequence stars have been searched for debris using the far-infrared Herschel satellite, within the DEBRIS, DUNES and Guaranteed-Time Key Projects. We discuss here 11 stars of spectral types A–M where the stellar inclination is known and can be compared to that of the spatially resolved dust belts. The discs are found to be well aligned with the stellar equators, as in the case of the Sun’s Kuiper belt, and unlike many close-in planets seen in transit surveys. The ensemble of stars here can be fitted with a star–disc tilt of 10 ◦ . These
‘Whoever does not write is written’: the role of ‘nature’ in post‐post approaches to environmental education research

While McKenzie mentions in passing her concern about anthropocentrism and human oppression of the natural world, she is mostly silent about the role of ‘nature’ in post‐post approaches to environmental education research. If one takes feminist poststructuralist ideas about voice and representation seriously, surely the place of ‘nature’ in environmental education research must be interrogated? Is there space for ‘nature’ in multivocal representations of research? How might our own polyvocality include our experiences of our animality? How might we assess the legitimacy of such representations? What are the limits and possibilities of post‐post approaches to environmental education research when ‘nature’ is taken into account?
The Role of Followers in the Charismatic Leadership Process: Relationships and Their Consequences

We present a theoretical analysis of the follower's role in the charismatic leadership process. Specifically, we distinguish between two types of charismatic relationships—personalized and socialized—and present general propositions about how followers' self-concepts may determine the type of charismatic relationship they form with the leader. We then develop more specific propositions about the follower's role in various stages of the charismatic relationship process, and we conclude by outlining the implications of the propositions and suggesting further opportunities for theoretical extension.
Viral Respiratory Infections in Children Receiving Chemotherapy or Undergoing Stem Cell Transplantation

In immunocompromised hematology/oncology patients, respiratory infections are both common and potentially severe. However, there is still a noticeable gap in the medical literature, regarding the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections in pediatric hematology/oncology patients. This is mainly due to research being focused on readily treatable causes and to limitations by time-consuming diagnostic techniques. Recent developments, though, have produced sensitive and accurate methods for detecting viruses, yielding results within hours and able to screen for multiple species and subtypes, illuminating at the same time “novel” viruses that cause disease in immunocompromised patients. In this review, the epidemiology and disease burden of viral respiratory infections among pediatric oncology patients and hemopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients are discussed. Additionally, recent therapeutic and preventive options promising improved outcomes are reviewed.
A short‐term perceptual priming account of spacing effects in explicit cued‐memory tasks for unfamiliar stimuli

Memory for repeated items improves when presentations are spaced during study. This effect is found in explicit memory tasks using different types of material, different experimental paradigms, and in different subject populations. Two experiments are described where the spacing effect was assessed on a yes/no recognition memory task using words and nonwords as targets. The main results showed that changing the font between repeated occurrences of targets at study did not affect the spacing effect for words, even under shallow encoding conditions, but effectively removed the spacing effect with nonwords. In both experiments, the font manipulation was made between subjects, ruling out explanations in terms of differential attention to particular font conditions. These results provide further support for short‐term perceptual priming accounts of the spacing effect: Semantically‐based repetition priming affects memory for words; perceptual priming mechanisms affect memory for nonwords.
WebStickers: using physical tokens to access, manage and share bookmarks to the Web

In the WebStickers system, where barcode stickers may be attached to physical objects making them act as bookmarks to the worldwide web in a convenient way to the user. Using readily available technology, i.e., standard barcode readers and adhesive stickers, WebStickers enable users to take advantage of their physical environment when organizing and sharing bookmarks. Starting from a user-centered rather than technology-driven point of view, we discuss how the affordances of physical tokens, as well as the context they are placed in, can act as useful cues for users. Since many objects already have barcodes printed on them, they can be used with the WebStickers system without physical modification. In addition, WebStickers meets proposed design criteria for information workspaces.
Please Scroll down for Article Qualitative Research in Psychology Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology

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Varieties of joy-related pleasurable activities and feelings

College students (N = 162) listed activities that they found pleasurable, and provided ratings of the degree to which those activities led them to feel each of 12 different joy-related pleasurable feelings. A factor analysis revealed three types of pleasurable feelings: cheerfulness, contentment, and enchantment. Participants also completed a personality inventory, the NEO-FFI, and a questionnaire developed for this study to measure pleasure elicited by three types of activities: social, intellectual, and basic needs (e.g., eating and sleeping). Different types of pleasure-eliciting activities were associated with different types of pleasurable experience, and the different types of pleasure-eliciting activities and pleasurable experiences were associated with different personality dimensions. For example, social activities were differentially associated with cheerfulness, and both social activities and cheerfulness were associated with extraversion; intellectual activities were differentially associated with enchantment, and both intellectual activities and enchantment were associated with openness to experience.
The automatic activation and perception of emotion in word processing: Evidence from a modified dot probe paradigm

Öhman (1993) suggested that participants more readily pay attention to negative information than neutral information. Theoretically, this “automatic vigilance hypothesis” appears to be evolutionarily derived to ensure the proper detection of threatening stimuli thereby increasing the probability of survival. The current study was designed to examine the processing of both positive and negative emotion words in a nonclinical sample using a modified version of the attentional dot probe paradigm. In Experiment 1 the words were presented without a mask; however, in Experiment 2 the words were presented quickly, then masked. Regardless of the method of presentation, the key findings from Experiments 1 and 2 were identical. Specifically, participants responded faster to the probe when it appeared in the same location as the negative words than the neutral words. Findings are discussed with regards to the automatic processing of emotion words and their influence on the perception of emotional versus nonemotional stimuli.
Academic Presentations across Post-secondary Contexts: The Discourse Socialization of Non-native English Speakers

This qualitative multiple-case study draws on second language (L2) socialization theory (Duff, 1995, 2003; Schieffelin & Ochs, 1986) to explore the discourse socialization of six non-native graduate students through their engagement in an oral activity, the academic presentation (AP) in regular content courses at a Canadian university. Multiple data sources (AP observations, interviews, field notes, course outlines) were collected and triangulated for analysis, which involved recursively going over the data identifying salient and recurrent themes. The study extends our understanding of APs across post-secondary settings by analyzing and comparing the main activity characteristics in four disciplines. In addition, an examination of the presentation challenges and coping strategies of the participating students contributes to viewing their L2 academic discourse socialization as a complex process that may be perceived as difficult even by students with advanced language proficiency and may be resisted by students whose home academic discourse values contrast with those in their new contexts. Cette étude qualitative de multiples cas part de la théorie de la socialisation de la langue seconde (Duff, 1995, 2003; Schieffelin et Ochs, 1986) pour explorer la socialisation du discours de six étudiants étrangers lors de leur participation á une activité orale, une présentation universitaire (PU), dans le cadre d'un cours normal aux cycles supérieurs dans une université canadienne. Des sources de données multiples (observations sur les présentations, entrevues, notes, plans de cours) ont été recueillies et validées avant d'être analysées, ce qui a exigé de revoir les données de façon récursive pour déterminer les thèmes essentiels et récurrents. L'étude nous permet de mieux comprendre les PU dans un cadre postsecondaire, grâce á l'analyse et á la comparaison des caractéristiques de l'activité dans quatre disciplines. De plus, elle examine les défis liés á la présentation elle-même et les stratégies d'adaptation des étudiants participants, ce qui permet d'envisager la socialisation de leur discours universitaire en L2 comme un processus complexe qui peut être perçu comme étant difficile, et ce, même par les étudiants ayant une compétence langagière de niveau avancé. De plus, les étudiants dont les valeurs du discours universitaire á la maison vont á l'encontre de celles notées dans le nouveau contexte peuvent y être réfractaires.
Continuous Collision Detection for Two Moving Elliptic Disks

Collision detection and avoidance are important in robotics. Compared with commonly used circular disks, elliptic disks provide a more compact shape representation for robots or other vehicles confined to move in the plane. Furthermore, elliptic disks allow a simpler analytic representation than rectangular boxes, which makes it easier to perform continuous collision detection (CCD). We shall present a fast and accurate method for CCD between two moving elliptic disks, which avoids any need to sample the time domain of the motion, thus avoiding the possibility of missing collisions between time samples. Based on some new algebraic conditions on the separation of two ellipses, we reduce collision detection for two moving ellipses to the problem of detecting real roots of a univariate equation, which is the discriminant of the characteristic polynomial of the two ellipses. Several techniques are investigated for robust and accurate processing of this univariate equation for two classes, of commonly used motions: planar cycloidal motions and planar rational motions. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy, and robustness of our method
Microhardness of superficial and deep sound human dentin.

Our purpose in this study was to determine the microhardness of superficial and deep dentin by means of two indentation methods (Knoop and Vickers) under two different applied loads. Twelve dentin discs approximately 2-mm thick were obtained from both superficial and deep dentin by transversally sectioning the crowns of sound, extracted human third molars with a diamond blade under water irrigation. Dentin surfaces were sequentially polished, and indentations (n = 20 per surface) were performed with either Vickers indentor at loads of 300 and 500 g, respectively, or Knoop indentor at loads of 50 and 100 g, respectively. Average Vickers hardness number (VHN) and Knoop hardness number (KHN) were calculated and treated with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t test. Microhardness of dentin was not influenced by the different loads applied for both indentation methods. Knoop hardness was significantly higher for superficial than for deep dentin (p < 0.05). Conversely, Vickers hardness was not significantly different for both substrates (p > 0.05). Differences in dentin hardness as a function of depth exist, but they might not be relevant, and no alteration of the distribution of stresses along the adhesive interface is expected.
‘Good teaching for all students?’: sheltered instruction programming in Washington state language policy

Many in the field of language policy have called for studies that connect policy texts at the macro level with their interpretations in districts, schools, and classrooms at the micro level. The purpose of this study is to trace Washington's educational language policy through the layers of interpretation to educational practice to see how the policy impacts educational opportunity for English language learners (ELLs). It examines a small school district where the sheltered instruction model is used in mainstream classrooms as the main form of programming for language minority students. We utilize a critical framework to make connections between macro- and micro-level policies as well as highlight the tension between policy structure and educator agency. Ethnographic methods are adopted to uncover the impacts of sheltered instruction as implemented in this context for students and we examine key issues in policy implementation for teachers and administrators in the district. Findings reveal the disconnect between state policy and educational practice and illuminate the reasons teachers struggle to make use of the sheltered instruction program model for their ELLs.
Antagonism Also Flows Through Retweets: The Impact of Out-of-Context Quotes in Opinion Polarization Analysis

In this paper, we study the implications of the commonplace assumption that most social media studies make with respect to the nature of message shares (such as retweets) as a predominantly positive interaction. By analyzing two large longitudinal Brazilian Twitter datasets containing 5 years of conversations on two polarizing topics — Politics and Sports, we empirically demonstrate that groups holding antagonistic views can actually retweet each other more often than they retweet other groups. We show that assuming retweets as endorsement interactions can lead to misleading conclusions with respect to the level of antagonism among social communities, and that this apparent paradox is explained in part by the use of retweets to quote the original content creator out of the message's original temporal context, for humor and criticism purposes.
Investigating Pre-Service Gifted Education Teachers' Self-Efficacy toward Science Teaching and Scientific Attitudes.

Problem Statement: Education of gifted has attracted attention for a few decades. Components of gifted education environments like identification, differentiation of teaching processes, social-emotional characteristics of gifted students and educating teachers of gifted students etc. have been studied in different studies. Gifted students have different learning needs apart from their pers. So teachers of gifted students should master on characteristics of gifted students and learning needs of them. Gifted students have intrinsic interest and motivation toward science and these students need their teachers to guide them effectively. So their teachers should have positive viewpoint and attitudes about science. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study is to explore the pre-service gifted education teachers’ self-efficacy toward science teaching and scientific attitudes based on different variables (gender, grade level, etc.) and to assert the relationship between self-efficacy and scientific attitude. Method: The general model of the research was a quantitative study, and ninety undergraduate students in the Gifted Education program were voluntarily participated in this study. The data were collected by the use of Scientific Attitude Inventory and the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument. The researcher used an unpaired t-test, analysis of variance and a correlation method to analyze the data. Findings and Results:: The results indicated that there were significantly positive correlations between grade level and scientific attitude and