Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Different Data Types on Classifier Performance of Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithms

This study aims to evaluate impact of three different data types (Text only, Numeric Only and Text + Numeric) on classifier performance (Random Forest, k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) and Naive Bayes (NB) algorithms). The classification problems in this study are explored in terms of mean accuracy and the effects of varying algorithm parameters over different types of datasets. This content analysis has been examined through eight different datasets taken from UCI to train models for all three algorithms. The results obtained from this study clearly show that RF and kNN outperform NB. Furthermore, kNN and RF perform relatively the same in terms of mean accuracy nonetheless kNN takes less time to train a model. The changing numbers of attributes in datasets have no effect on Random Forest, whereas Naive Bayes mean accuracy fluctuates up and down that leads to a lower mean accuracy, whereas, kNN mean accuracy increases and ends with higher accuracy. Additionally, changing number of trees has no significant effects on mean accuracy of the Random forest, however, the time to train the model has increased greatly. Random Forest and k-Nearest Neighbor are proved to be the best classifiers for any type of dataset. Thus, Naive Bayes can outperform other two algorithms if the feature variables are in a problem space and are independent. Besides Random forests, it takes highest computational time and Naive Bayes takes lowest. The k-Nearest Neighbor requires finding an optimal number of k for improved performance at the cost of computation time. Similarly, changing the number of attributes that effect Naive Bayes and k-Nearest Neighbor performance nevertheless not the Random forest. This study can be extended by researchers who use the parametric method to analyze results.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): what is PRP and what is not PRP?

P l atelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been a breakthrough in the stimulation and acceleration of bone and soft tissue healing. It represents a relatively new biotechnology that is part of the growing interest in tissue engineering and cellular therapy today. Because of its newness, there is a potential for misunderstanding, misuse, and application of what the practitioner may incorrectly think is PRP. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the definition of PRP, its safety, its proper development, and its most efficacious means of application.
Post-dicting eyewitness accuracy: Confidence, decision-times and person descriptions of choosers and non-choosers

This study sought to investigate the utility of several variables to post-dict eyewitness identifcation accuracy in target-present and target-absent line-ups in a staged-event paradigm. The incident involved an altercation between an experimenter and a confederate who a empted to take away the slide projector needed for an ongoing laboratory experiment. Sixty-two subject-witnesses were called back to the laboratory one week after the incident, purportedly to answer some additional questions about the laboratory experiment. They were asked to provide a description of the intruder and to indicate whether or not they thought they would be able to identify the target (pre-decision confidence). Next, they saw a video line-up with or without the target present. Using choice of a line-up member as a mediating variable, with choosers post-decision confidence (r = 0.58) and decision-time (r = −0.43) were strongly related to the accuracy of this choice while pre-decision confidence was not. For non-choosers, no meaningful relationship between these variables and identifcation accuracy was observed. There was also some evidence that the number of descriptors was significantly related to identifcation accuracy (r = 0.28). Results are discussed in terms of the importance of choice as a mediating variable for post-dieting identification decisions in studies using both target-present and target-absent line-ups. Forensic implications of confidence and decision-time as verbal and non-verbal indicators for the post-hoc assessment of identifcation accuracy are stressed.
Major depression in a community sample of African Americans.

OBJECTIVE This study examined demographic, sociocultural, familial background, and health-related risk factors for major depression in a community sample of African Americans. METHOD Data came from a probability sample of 865 urban African American adults, 20 years of age and older, who were given the structured National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS The findings indicated a 1-year prevalence of 3.1% for major depression. While age, residential mobility, health status, and stressful life events were significantly associated with major depression, none of the sociocultural and family background factors were. The strongest predictors of major depression were poor or fair health and being 20-29 years of age. In terms of treatment for depression, persons with major depression were significantly more likely than those without to engage in help seeking. However, only 11.1% actually saw a psychiatrist or other mental health professional, and 7.4% saw no one. CONCLUSIONS Young age and fair to poor physical health appear to be more powerful risk factors for major depression among African Americans than other demographic, sociocultural, and family background variables. Few African Americans with major depression actually receive clinical treatment for this illness. The results further suggest the need to increase awareness of major depression among general practitioners and to target outreach to African American communities.
Mexican‐American/Anglo cultural differences as recreation style determinants

Abstract The fastest growing minority group in the United States is Hispanic, with the majority of this group made up of Mexican‐Americans. Researchers question whether this group forms a distinct subculture in American society and if present recreation facility design provides opportunities for the reinforcement of cultural values. Mexican‐American and Anglo campers using a minimally developed U.S. Forest Service managed campground in New Mexico were surveyed during the summer of 1985. Significant differences were noted between the groups. In particular, larger party sizes were noted for Mexican‐American campers than for the Anglo groups. Mexican Americans also indicated a preference for nearness to other campers, placed a higher priority on tangible campground design features, and intended to use more highly developed campgrounds and decrease use of dispersed or roadless area campgrounds in the future. Noted differences were believed related more to cultural identity than either socioeconomic or social .
Influences of developmental contexts and gender differences on school performance of children and adolescents

This study investigated children and adolescents’ school performance over time focusing on two variables that may influence it: developmental context and gender. The sample comprised 627 participants (Mage = 11.13, SD = 1.8), 51% of them female, from grade one to eight, living either with family (n = 474) or in care institutions (n = 153). Participants answered individually the Teste de Desempenho Escolar (School Performance Test) and the Structured PRONEX Interview. Findings indicated a main effect of time on school performance (i.e., writing, reading and arithmetic). Furthermore this main effect was further qualified by a time and developmental context interaction and by a time and gender interaction. Interactions revealed that the participants from care institutions attained more significant increases in writing and reading than participants living within a family context; and that girls attained more significant increases in writing than boys. Therefore, school performance progress appears as affected by developmental contexts and gender. The findings reveal how school performance needs to be observed as a multidimensional variable, affected by individual characteristics but also by external ones.
Incorporating Choice into an Attitudinal Framework: Analyzing Models of Mental Comparison Processes

Choice is introduced into attitudinal models, which traditionally have focused on nonchoice contexts. Four alternative models integrating the information-processing and attitudinal literatures are developed to represent different possible mental comparison processes leading to choice. It is proposed that consumers may compare beliefs about alternatives, or they may compare expectancy-value components, attitudes, or intentions, in order to choose between alternatives. The conditions under which each of these choice models is likely to be employed are discussed. For example, when facing few alternatives where one or more alternatives are somewhat unfamiliar and where beliefs about alternatives can be naturally grouped into a small number of salient dimensions, consumers are most likely to compare expectancy-value components across alternatives in order to make a choice. In a preliminary test of the proposed framework, the four alternative choice models are tested for a context that fits these specific conditions. A comparative analysis indicates that the Expectancy Comparison Model, which is conceptually appropriate for these conditions, also has the best fit with the data.
Reply: Does dominant pedunculopontine nucleus exist? Probably not.

Sir, We are pleased to continue the discussion with regards to our recent manuscript detailing altered structural connectivity of the locomotor network within the right hemisphere of individuals with Parkinson’s disease who experience freezing of gait (Fling et al. , 2013). Our previous work has asserted the possibility of right hemisphere pathology as a principal neural component underlying freezing of gait, with an emphasis placed on disrupted communication between locomotor centres in the brainstem and cerebellum with medial areas of the frontal and prefrontal cortices (Fling et al. , 2013, 2014 a ). In their letter to the editor, Hall and colleagues (2014) provide data demonstrating that freezing of gait is evident in Parkinson's disease regardless of which side of the body is more affected. The authors report no difference in the proportion of subjects ( n = …
Computing and Partitioning Cloud Feedbacks Using Cloud Property Histograms. Part II: Attribution to Changes in Cloud Amount, Altitude, and Optical Depth

AbstractCloud radiative kernels and histograms of cloud fraction, both as functions of cloud-top pressure and optical depth, are used to quantify cloud amount, altitude, and optical depth feedbacks. The analysis is applied to doubled-CO2 simulations from 11 global climate models in the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project.Global, annual, and ensemble mean longwave (LW) and shortwave (SW) cloud feedbacks are positive, with the latter nearly twice as large as the former. The robust increase in cloud-top altitude in both the tropics and extratropics is the dominant contributor to the positive LW cloud feedback. The negative impact of reductions in cloud amount offsets more than half of the positive impact of rising clouds on LW cloud feedback, but the magnitude of compensation varies considerably across the models. In contrast, robust reductions in cloud amount make a large and virtually unopposed positive contribution to SW cloud feedback, though the intermodel spread is greater than for any other i.
Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for colorectal adenomatous polyps.

BACKGROUND Results of epidemiologic studies suggest that there is limited evidence for the association between cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal cancer. Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase the risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps, which are recognized as precursors of colorectal cancer, while few studies have examined the association between alcohol consumption and the development of adenomatous polyps. PURPOSE We examined the association between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and the presence of colorectal adenomatous polyps. METHODS Analyses were based on data from a case-control study of dietary and other lifestyle factors for colorectal adenomatous polyps. We assessed the risk of adenomatous polyps associated with total number of years of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and pack-years of smoking for past and current smokers separately. We also assessed the joint association between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on the risk of adenomatous polyps. RESULTS Current smokers who smoked more than 20 pack-years were at significantly higher risk of adenomatous polyps compared with never smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28-5.14). Past smokers also had an increased risk of having adenomatous polyps, but no clear trend was observed for pack-years of smoking. Alcohol consumption was positively associated with risk of adenomatous polyps. Compared with nondrinkers, the strongest risk was observed for individuals who consumed 2.31-9.46 g alcohol per day (OR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.29-3.83), and a decrease in risk was observed for individuals who consumed 9.47-67.36 g alcohol per day (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 0.92-2.88). Among current smokers, a joint effect was observed for individuals who smoked and drank compared with those who never smoked and were not current drinkers (OR = 4.21; 95% CI = 1.88-9.41). For past smokers, a significant joint effect of smoking and current alcohol consumption was also observed, but the risk was not as strong as that for current smokers (OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.40-4.87). CONCLUSIONS These data provide further evidence of the positive association between cigarette smoking and the development of colorectal adenomatous polyps. The combination of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption increased the risk of adenomatous polyps. IMPLICATIONS Future research should focus on the understanding of the role of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption as these two factors relate to the evolution of colorectal adenomatous polyps and subsequent carcinogenesis.
Models of tinnitus suffering and treatment compared and contrasted

This paper discusses the two main approaches to tinnitus management: the ‘psychological’ approach that seeks to understand and treat tinnitus within a cognitive behavioural model, and the ‘neurophysiological’ approach that suggests that tinnitus distress can be understood within a classical conditioning paradigm. Both models, and their corresponding approaches to therapy, have strong followings, and this has given rise to debate about their relative merits. However, there is some confusion among practitioners over points of similarity and differences between the two approaches. The psychological model proposes that autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal is involved, but highlights the importance of cognitive processes in the tinnitus experience. The neurophysiological model also contends that ANS and brain processes play a fundamental role in the perception of tinnitus; it suggests that tinnitus becomes problematic because it becomes associated with something negative. This model stresses the importance of unconscious conditioning over conscious cognitive processes. Both models represent a major departure from an earlier focus on cochlear mechanisms. Both propose that habituation is a key process in attenuating tinnitus distress. There is an overlap in the evidence cited in support of each model but they differ in the emphasis they give to the role of cognition and classical conditioning within the process of tinnitus perception, suffering and treatment. This difference indicates that they derive from different philosophical traditions. The similarities and differences between the models and the theories underpinning them are discussed. Questions concerning the models are raised. The need for more evidence in support of the habituation hypothesis is discussed. The relevance of the classical conditioning paradigm, and therefore the neurophysiological model, to the human experience of tinnitus is questioned. In questioning the psychological approach, the need for a more elaborate cognitive model is highlighted. The models need stronger experimental support than they currently enjoy, but either of them provides a more clinically relevant account of tinnitus than the older cochlear models. They have both led to practitioners offering at least some help to people for whom tinnitus is problematic. However, neither gives a complete picture, and a more comprehensive model of tinnitus that seeks to elucidate the mind‐body interaction is still needed.
Lived Difference: A Narrative Account of Spatiotemporal Processes of Social Differentiation

This paper draws on empirical research conducted as part of a study funded by the European Research Council to explore how individuals understand and live processes of social differentiation. Specifically, it draws on a case-study-life story narrative to examine how social identifications unfold across biographical time, examining the spatiotemporal complexity of experiences of differentiation, and the marginalization of self and/or others. In doing so, it contributes to the geographies of encounter literature by exploring the implications of insights from an individual's narrative of lived experiences of difference for group politics and the management of prejudicial social relations.
Affective experience of J. League fans: the relationship between affective experience, team loyalty and intention to attend

This study examines the relationship between affective experience at the stadium, team loyalty, and intention to attend future games. Two surveys were conducted on spectators, excluding away team fans, of two games of the 2000 J. League (Japan Professional Football League). To measure the affective experience of the fans, six categories consisting of 22 items were selected from The Consumption Emotion Set. Those six categories are joy, anger, sadness, excitement, worry and love. The findings of this study show that the affective experience of the fan at the stadium directly influenced their team loyalty. It seems that affective experience at the stadium might be one of the factors that creates strong links between a team and their fans. Although some implications are suggested, it is pointed out that further research on the emotional component in sport spectator study would be needed for more practical implications.
Sickness Absence among Immigrants in Norway, 1992—2003

Utilizing register panel data (1992—2003), in this article we study long-term sickness absence among immigrants and ethnic Norwegians (n = 200,022). The data contain detailed information on socio-economic background, labour market participation and social insurance benefits for all individuals aged between 16 and 67 years residing in Norway. We present four main findings: (1) There is no difference in sickness absence between ethnic Norwegians and immigrants from the other Nordic countries, Western and Eastern Europe after controlling for demographic, socio-economic and labour market factors; (2) the sickness absence rates are higher among individuals from Asia (men and women) and Africa (men), and lower among men from North America and Oceania compared with ethnic Norwegians; (3) second-generation immigrants share the same level of sickness absence as ethnic Norwegians; (4) residence time has a curve-linear effect (reversed U-shape) on sickness absence for most immigrant groups. We discuss the findings in relation to the reason for emigrating, health risks related to immigration, social exclusion and norms towards sickness absence.
Variable Populations Within Variable Populations: Quantifying Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy in Natural Populations of the Gynodioecious Plant Silene vulgaris

Populations of mitochondria reside within individuals. Among angiosperms, these populations are rarely considered as genetically variable entities and typically are not found to be heteroplasmic in nature, leading to the widespread assumption that plant mitochondrial populations are homoplasmic. However, empirical studies of mitochondrial variation in angiosperms are relatively uncommon due to a paucity of sequence variation. Recent greenhouse studies of Silene vulgaris suggested that heteroplasmy might occur in this species at a level that it is biologically relevant. Here, we use established qualitative methods and a novel quantitative PCR method to study the intraindividual population genetics of mitochondria across two generations in natural populations of S. vulgaris. We show incidences of heteroplasmy for mitochondrial atpA and patterns of inheritance that are suggestive of more widespread heteroplasmy at both atpA and cox1. Further, our results demonstrate that quantitative levels of mitochondrial variation within individuals are high, constituting 26% of the total in one population. These findings are most consistent with a biparental model of mitochondrial inheritance. However, selection within individuals may be instrumental in the maintenance of variation because S. vulgaris is gynodioecious. Male sterility is, in part, regulated by the mitochondrial genome, and strong selection pressures appear to influence the frequency of females in these populations.
Microtiming in “Samba de Roda” —Preliminary experiments with polyphonic audio

In this paper we report on preliminary experiments in the stu dy of microtiming features in Samba music. Focusing on polyphoni c audio music with almost constant tempo, we propose an algorithm to discover f rom data in a bottom-up manner systematic timing deviations at the 16thnote level in quarternote-long temporal patterns. Our analysis of the data highlights a systematic shift of thi rd and fourth 16thnote beats, slightly ahead of their corresponding quantize d positions.
Prevalence of Articulation Errors in New South Wales Primary School Pupils

Using the Edinburgh Test of Articulation, an investigation of the prevalence of speech defects in New South Wales primary school populations was undertaken. The sample comprised 2,251 students from Kindergarten to Year 6, representing five metropolitan and two country regions. Articulatory responses were analysed in terms of omissions, substitutions, distortions and/or additions. Approximately 4.6 percent of children obtained error scores more than two standard deviations above the mean. Further analysis revealed that males obtained significantly higher error scores than females, and children who came from homes where English was regularly used made significantly fewer errors, but there was no significant relationship between social class and error scores. In terms of psychometric purposes the Edinburgh Test of Articulation showed adequate levels of reliability (internal consistency and retest). An analysis of the most discriminative items yielded a reduced list of test words which may be useful for futur.