Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Airways inflammation after exposure in a swine confinement building during cleaning procedure.

BACKGROUND Healthy volunteers exposed for 3 hr during weighing of pigs develop an airway inflammation characterized by a massive influx of neutrophilic granulocytes in the upper and lower airways and increased bronchial responsiveness to methacholine. The purpose of the present study was to investigate health effects from exposure during cleaning of the swine confinement building and to evaluate the effect of a respiratory protection device. METHODS Sixteen subjects were exposed for 3 hr during cleaning of a swine confinement room with a high-pressure cleaner. Seven out of sixteen subjects were equipped with a mask during exposure. RESULTS The bronchial responsiveness increased in all subjects following exposure, significantly more in the group exposed without a mask (P < 0.05). The cell concentration (mainly neutrophilic granulocytes) in nasal lavage fluid as well as the concentration of interleukin-8, increased significantly only in those subjects exposed without a respiratory protection device. In peripheral blood, an increase of neutrophilic granulocytes was observed in both groups, although it was significantly higher in the group without mask (P < 0.05). The inhalable dust level was 0.94 (0.74 - 1.55) mg/m(3) and respirable dust 0.56 (0.51-0.63) mg/m(3). CONCLUSION Exposure to dust aerosols during the cleaning of the interior of a swine confinement building induces increased bronchial responsiveness and an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airways. The use of a mask attenuated but did not abolish the inflammatory response. This suggests that gases and/or ultrafine particles in this environment could be important factors in the development of increased bronchial responsiveness.
Personalised Ranking of News Stories from Twitter

Twitter is a large-scale short-messaging service, with an increased focus as a platform for following news and interests. While there have been significant developments in the field of detecting news stories from Twitter, this project addresses the problem of ranking the stories identified by such a system, such that the ones of interest will be ranked highest and spam will be pushed towards the bottom of the ranking. For this task, a machine learning approach called learn to rank was employed to determine the impact on ranking of various features extracted from Twitter. A set of features identified using this method showed significant improvements over the ranking method used in a state-of-the-art news story detection system. Moreover, a novel idea is presented that combines the learn to rank method with traditional techniques from recommendation systems to achieve a personalised ranking based on the interests of individual users. A pilot test carried out as part of this research project demonstrates the capabilities of this method, by improving the ranking for a small group of volunteer users, compared to a non-personalised learn to rank system. It is believed that this is the first effort towards designing a personalised ranking of news stories extracted from Twitter.
Optimum ISI-Free DMT Systems with Integer Bitloading and Arbitrary Data Rates: When Does Orthonormality Suffice?

We consider the design of optimum ISI-free, discrete multitone transmission (DMT) systems designed to achieve a quality of service (QoS) requirement quantified by bit rate and symbol error rate specifications. The optimality is in the sense of minimizing the transmitted power given the QoS specifications subject to the knowledge of the channel and colored interference at the receiver input of the DMT system. Earlier papers, obtained their optimum DMT design based on approximations that included high bit rates and/or real (as opposed to integer) bit loading schemes, and showed that orthonormal transforms suffice for optimality. In this paper we relax both the high bit rate and the integer bitloading approximation, and provide sufficient conditions on the underlying modulation schemes for which orthonormal DMT remains optimum
Neighbourhood environment and its association with self rated health: evidence from Scotland and England

Objectives: To investigate associations between measures of neighbourhood social and material environment and self rated health. Design: New contextual measures added to cross sectional study of a sample of people from the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health Survey to provide multilevel data. Participants: 13 899 men and women aged 16 or over for whom data on self rated health were available from the Health Survey for England (years 1994–99) and the Scottish Health Survey (years 1995 and 1998). Results: Fair to very bad self rated health was significantly associated with six neighbourhood attributes: poor physical quality residential environment, left wing political climate, low political engagement, high unemployment, lower access to private transport, and lower transport wealth. Associations were independent of sex, age, social class, and economic activity. Odds ratios were larger for non-employed residents than for employed residents. Self rated health was not significantly associated with five other neighbourhood measures: public recreation facilities, crime, health service provision, access to food shops, or access to banks and buildings societies. Conclusions: Some, but not all, features of the neighbourhood environment are associated with self rated health and may be indicators of important causal pathways that could provide a focus for public health intervention strategies. Associations were more pronounced for non-employed residents, perhaps because of greater exposure to the local environment compared with employed people. Operationalising specific measures of the characteristics of local areas hypothesised to be important for living a healthy life provides a more focused approach than general measures of deprivation in the search for area effects.
Major Influences on Attitudes Toward Science

This research study investigated the attitudes toward science of 8th-grade students in Australia, Canada, Cyprus, and Korea, based on recent TIMSS data, and suggests a model of family and school influences on their attitudes. The structural equation model contained 3 exogenous constructs – family’s educational background, aspiration, school climate – and 2 endogenous constructs – teaching and student attitudes toward science. Educational background, aspiration, and school climate were shown to have a direct effect on attitudes, while teaching was shown to directly affect attitudes and to be affected by aspiration and school climate.
The Nicaraguan Peace Commissions: A Sustainable Bottom-Up Peace Infrastructure

This article offers a first-hand account of a grassroots peace initiative that appeared in war-affected areas of Nicaragua in the 1980s and still exists to date. While bottom-up initiatives usually hardly scale up, the Nicaraguan peace commissions managed to convert into a broad peace infrastructure, weaving horizontal and vertical relationships with a variety of actors with the assistance of external organizations. They adapted their work to the evolving socio-political context, beginning with immediate concerns during the armed conflict, such as mediating between warring parties to protect civilians, and progressively addressing a broader range of conflicts. While this adaptive capacity could explain their endurance, the sustainability of their peacebuilding endeavours matters most. By establishing local capacities for peace throughout society, the peace commissions laid the ground for these peacebuilding endeavours to last.
Prediction of Satisfactoriness and Satisfaction: An 8-Year Follow Up

Abstract Four propositions from the Theory of Work Adjustment (Dawis & Lofquist, 1984) were examined in a sample of 115 young adults followed up 8 years after their original aptitude and interest testing as high school seniors. Congruent with the theory, results indicated that aptitude-job correspondence predicted performance satisfactoriness and that satisfaction accounted for significant additional variance in the prediction. Also as expected from the theory, interest-job correspondence and satisfactoriness both predicted satisfaction, but they predicted different measures of satisfaction, and only when current interests rather than the original interests were used.
Mouse Cellular Cementum is Highly Dependent on Growth Hormone Status

Cementum is known to be growth-hormone (GH)-responsive, but to what extent is unclear. This study examines the effects of extremes of GH status on cementogenesis in three lines of genetically modified mice; GH excess (giant), GH antagonist excess (dwarf), and GH receptor-deleted (GHR-KO) (dwarf). Age-matched mandibular molar tissues were processed for light microscope histology. Digital images of sections of first molar teeth were captured for morphometric analysis of lingual root cementum. Cross-sectional area of the cellular cementum was a sensitive guide to GH status, being reduced nearly 10-fold in GHR-KO mice, three-fold in GH antagonist mice, and increased almost two-fold in giant mice (p < 0.001). Cellular cementum length was similarly influenced by GH status, but to a lesser extent. Acellular cementum was generally unaffected. This study reveals cellular cementum to be a highly responsive GH target tissue, which may have therapeutic applications in assisting regeneration of the periodontium.
International education, values and attitudes: A critical analysis of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Learner Profile

This article provides a critical review of the way that the International Baccalaureate (IB) promotes international education and international mindedness through the IB Learner Profile. While discussing theories of values and attitudes, and the teaching of values and theories of value acquisition, the paucity of such topics in IB texts is noted. It is acknowledged that the IB is in the process of providing support for schools in their delivery of the Learner Profile, and this article is intended to contribute to discussion as to how best that might be done.
‘Women Can Do What Men Can Do’: The Causes and Consequences of Growing Flexibility in Gender Divisions of Labour in Kitwe, Zambia

Economic insecurity has catalysed growing flexibility in gender divisions of labour in Kitwe, Zambia. People's resulting exposure to, as well as collective reflection about, a critical mass of women performing work that was previously presumed to be beyond their capabilities, and valorised because of its association with masculinity, appears to erode gender stereotypes relating to competence and status. It is this weakening of gender beliefs, rather than women's increased access to resources per se, that appears to have directly undermined gender-status inequalities. This article's portrayal of growing gender egalitarianism contrasts with (though does not dispute the empirical claims of) earlier accounts of economic crisis in Zambia, which emphasised women's increased burdens. Some domains, such as unpaid care work, continue to be marked by persistent inequalities; however, drawing on ethnographic research (comprising life history narratives, group interviews and observation), it is argued that this is not necessarily an indicator of women's low status generally.
Effectiveness of "Learning by Doing" Methodology in Training Programs - An Evaluation of a Teacher Training Program for Information Technology Education

To enhance the quality of IT education in Indian engineering colleges, we started a Teacher Training Program (TTP) in 2008. Through this TTP an effort was made to provide the faculty members hands-on experience in a myriad of skills/tools necessary to integrate technology into teaching and learning activities through the "Learning by Doing" (LBD) methodology. The focus of this paper is on the integration of these efforts into the TTP and to discuss our formative evaluation of our training process using Kirkpatrick's model. As this is an ongoing program, these results will be fed back to future training programs.
The Trace Deletion Hypothesis and the Tree-Pruning Hypothesis: Still valid characterizations of Broca's aphasia

I begin with a characterization of neurolinguistic theories, trying to pinpoint some general properties that an account of brain/language relations should have. I then address specific criticisms made in the commentaries regarding the syntactic theory assumed in the target article, properties of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH) and the Tree-Pruning Hyothesis (TPH), other experimental results from aphasia, and findings from functional neuroimaging. Despite the criticism, the picture of the limited role of Broca's area remains unchanged.
CHILDHOOD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MEAUSREMENT SCHEDULE: DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION*

SUMMARY Development and standardization of an instrument Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Schedule (CPMS) to assess psychopathology in children is reported. CPMS is standardized on Indian population and is applicable to children of both sexes in the age range of 4-14 years. It measures overall psychopathology in the form of a total scores and also the type of psychopathology in the form of eight factorially derived syndromes which have satisfactory reliability and validity. CPMS is proposed to be used as a screening instrument in population surveys to identify disturbed children as well as a research tool involving measurement of childhood psychopathology and its classification.
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Activity Is Associated with Phosphorylation of Raptor by mTOR*

mTORC1 contains multiple proteins and plays a central role in cell growth and metabolism. Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)), a constitutively binding protein of mTORC1, is essential for mTORC1 activity and critical for the regulation of mTORC1 activity in response to insulin signaling and nutrient and energy sufficiency. Herein we demonstrate that mTOR phosphorylates raptor in vitro and in vivo. The phosphorylated residues were identified by using phosphopeptide mapping and mutagenesis. The phosphorylation of raptor is stimulated by insulin and inhibited by rapamycin. Importantly, the site-directed mutation of raptor at one phosphorylation site, Ser863, reduced mTORC1 activity both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the Ser863 mutant prevented small GTP-binding protein Rheb from enhancing the phosphorylation of S6 kinase (S6K) in cells. Therefore, our findings indicate that mTOR-mediated raptor phosphorylation plays an important role on activation of mTORC1.
The impact of fading and interference cancelation on node density - Outage probability tradeoff in wireless networks

Outage probability in wireless networks with random Poisson location of the nodes is studied, including the effects of a broad class of fading processes and of various types of interference cancelation. For all scenarios considered, the total (aggregate) interference power is shown to be dominated by that of the nearest interferer (at the low outage region), which is used as a major performance indicator, instead of a traditionally-used aggregate interference power. This simplifies the problem significantly so that explicit closed-form analysis of the outage probability becomes feasible and the effect of various system/network parameters becomes also explicit, including the impacts of complete/partial interference cancelation, of different types of fading and of linear filtering, either alone or in combination with each other. When a given number of strongest interferers are completely canceled, the outage probability scales down exponentially in this number. Three different models of partial cancelation are considered and compared via their outage probabilities, which are obtained in compact closed form. The partial cancelation level required to eliminate the impact of an interferer is quantified. The effect of a broad class of fading processes (including all popular fading models) is included in the analysis in a straightforward way, which can be positive or negative depending on a particular model and propagation/system parameters.
Development of sustained, focused attention in young children during free play.

The purpose of this project was to investigate the maintenance of focused attention in the first 5 years. In Study 1,67 children were seen at 1, 2 and 3.5 years of age in free play with a number ofage-appropriate toys. In Study 2, children at 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 years were also seen in free play
A theory of colonialism in the Malay world

This article addresses a crucial dimension which has distinguished studies of colonialism in Malaysia from those of other formerly colonized lands: the lack of a comprehensive analysis of the ways in which the colonized thought and wrote about their colonial experiences. Aljunied argues that Malay intellectuals in the postwar period have indeed contributed to the formulation of theories about colonialism in Malaysia in particular and the Malay world in general. In demonstrating such a claim, this article directs its analytical gaze to a seminal text entitled Perjuangan Kita written by a Malay intellectual and activist, Dr Burhanuddin Al-Helmy (1911–1969). By exploring a variety of influences that shaped Burhanuddin's ideas, the methods he applied to systematically explain the roots and persistence of colonialism in the Malay world, and his definition and discussion of the causes and impact of colonialism, the article attempts to place Burhanuddin's ideas within the ranks of established Third World theories of colonialism in his time.
Reduced Metabolic Cost of Locomotion in Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea) during Winter

The Svalbard rock ptarmigan, Lagopus muta hyperborea experiences extreme photoperiodic and climatic conditions on the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. This species, however, is highly adapted to live in this harsh environment. One of the most striking adaptations found in these birds is the deposition, prior to onset of winter, of fat stores which may comprise up to 32% of body mass and are located primarily around the sternum and abdominal region. This fat, while crucial to the birds' survival, also presents a challenge in that the bird must maintain normal physiological function with this additional mass. In particular these stores are likely to constrain the respiratory system, as the sternum and pelvic region must be moved during ventilation and carrying this extra load may also impact upon the energetic cost of locomotion. Here we demonstrate that winter birds have a reduced cost of locomotion when compared to summer birds. A remarkable finding given that during winter these birds have almost twice the body mass of those in summer. These results suggest that Svalbard ptarmigan are able to carry the additional winter fat without incurring any energetic cost. As energy conservation is paramount to these birds, minimising the costs of moving around when resources are limited would appear to be a key adaptation crucial for their survival in the barren Arctic environment.
Radiotherapy for early-stage primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (POAML) is a rare disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcome and patterns of failure of patients with early-stage POAML treated with radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 1995 to 2008, 53 patients with early-stage POAML were reviewed. Tumors were categorized as either superficial or mass-forming type. In principle, superficial lesions (n=11) were treated with 24 Gy, while the mass-forming lesions (n=42) were irradiated with 30 Gy. The median follow-up period was 3.9 years. RESULTS All four cases of relapse had mass-forming lesions. The 5-year overall and progression-free survival rates were 100% and 91.5%, respectively. Although 30 patients experienced grade 2 or 3 late adverse events, no patients had radiation-related retinopathy. CONCLUSION Early-stage POAML can be well-controlled with radiotherapy. However, the risk of distant relapse should be noted, in particular, for mass-forming tumors.
Electrical activity enhances neuronal survival and regeneration

The failure of regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) remains an enormous scientific and clinical challenge. After injury or in degenerative diseases, neurons in the adult mammalian CNS fail to regrow their axons and reconnect with their normal targets, and furthermore the neurons frequently die and are not normally replaced. While significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis for this lack of regenerative ability, a second approach has gained momentum: replacing lost neurons or lost connections with artificial electrical circuits that interface with the nervous system. In the visual system, gene therapy-based ‘optogenetics’ prostheses represent a competing technology. Now, the two approaches are converging, as recent data suggest that electrical activity itself, via the molecular signaling pathways such activity stimulates, is sufficient to induce neuronal survival and regeneration, particularly in retinal ganglion cells. Here, we review these data, discuss the effects of electrical activity on neurons' molecular signaling pathways and propose specific mechanisms by which exogenous electrical activity may be acting to enhance survival and regeneration.
Status Characteristics and Social Interaction

This paper discusses the small groups literature on status organizing processes in decisionmaking groups whose members differ in external status. This literature demonstrates that status characteristics, such as age, sex, and race determine the distribution of participation, influence, and prestige among members of such groups. This effect is independent of any prior cultural belief in the relevance of the status characteristic to the task. To explain this result, we assume that status determines evaluations of, and performance-expectations for group members and hence the distribution of participation, influence, and prestige. We stipulate conditions sufficient to produce this effect. Further, to explain the fact that the effect is independent of prior cultural belief, we assume that a status characteristic becomes relevant in all situations except when it is culturally known to be irrelevant. Direct experiment supports each assumption in this explanation independently of the others. Subsequent work devoted to refining and extending the theory finds among other things that, given two equally relevant status characteristics, individuals combine all inconsistent status information rather than reduce its inconsistency. If this result survives further experiment it extends the theory on a straightforward basis to multi-characteristic status situations.
Verified programming in Guru

Operational Type Theory (OpTT) is a type theory allowing possibly diverging programs while retaining decidability of type checking and a consistent logic. This is done by distinguishing proofs and (program) terms, as well as formulas and types. The theory features propositional equality on type-free terms, which facilitates reasoning about dependently typed programs. OpTT has been implemented in the Guru verified programming language, which includes a type- and proof-checker, and a compiler to efficient C code. In addition to the core OpTT, Guru implements a number of extensions, including ones for verification of programs using mutable state and input/output. This paper gives an introduction to verified programming in Guru.