Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Light intensity and Temperature on Crystalline Silicon Solar Modules Parameters

It is significant to understand the effect of the light intensity and temperature on output performance of the crystalline solar modules. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the J-V curves of solar module under various environmental conditions. This paper discuses the effect of light intensity and temperature on performance parameters of mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline silicon solar module. The experiments have been carried out under a solar simulator for various intensity levels in the range 0.2- 1.0 Sun and 10-50 o C, respectively. The results of the two modules indicated that light intensity has a dominant effect on current parameters. It is found that photocurrent; short circuit current and maximum current have been increased linearly with increasing light intensity. So, concentrating system may be regarded as a best choice to enhance the power output of solar system. The power density of the mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline silicon solar module increased from 8.96 and 7.72 mW/cm 2 to 46.72 and 40.4 mW/cm 2 for light intensity 0.2 and 1 Sun respectively. On the other hand, it has been observed that module temperature has a dramatic effect on voltage parameters. Open circuit voltage and maximum voltage are decrease with increasing module temperature. So, the maximum power density of the mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline silicon solar module decreased from 43.4 and 48.76/cm 2 to 36.32 and 41.88mW/cm 2 for temperature 10 o C and 50 o C respectively.
The mediating effects of ethical climate on the relationship between servant leadership and organizational citizenship behaviour

This study examined the relationship between servant leadership and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) as mediated by ethical climate. One hundred and twenty-three leader-follower dyads participated in a survey conducted in eight of the top 45 high-performing firms listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). Competing model analyses using structural equation modelling (SEM) suggested that individuals’ perceptions of ethical climate mediated the influence servant leaders have on followers’ citizenship behaviour. Another contribution the study makes is evidence that servant leadership is applicable in a collectivistic context. The study implications and future research directions are discussed in the concluding part of the paper.
Effect of exercise referral schemes in primary care on physical activity and improving health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To assess the impact of exercise referral schemes on physical activity and health outcomes. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and ongoing trial registries up to October 2009. We also checked study references. Study selection Design: randomised controlled trials or non-randomised controlled (cluster or individual) studies published in peer review journals. Population: sedentary individuals with or without medical diagnosis. Exercise referral schemes defined as: clear referrals by primary care professionals to third party service providers to increase physical activity or exercise, physical activity or exercise programmes tailored to individuals, and initial assessment and monitoring throughout programmes. Comparators: usual care, no intervention, or alternative exercise referral schemes. Results Eight randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, comparing exercise referral schemes with usual care (six trials), alternative physical activity intervention (two), and an exercise referral scheme plus a self determination theory intervention (one). Compared with usual care, follow-up data for exercise referral schemes showed an increased number of participants who achieved 90-150 minutes of physical activity of at least moderate intensity per week (pooled relative risk 1.16, 95% confidence intervals 1.03 to 1.30) and a reduced level of depression (pooled standardised mean difference −0.82, −1.28 to −0.35). Evidence of a between group difference in physical activity of moderate or vigorous intensity or in other health outcomes was inconsistent at follow-up. We did not find any difference in outcomes between exercise referral schemes and the other two comparator groups. None of the included trials separately reported outcomes in individuals with specific medical diagnoses. Substantial heterogeneity in the quality and nature of the exercise referral schemes across studies might have contributed to the inconsistency in outcome findings. Conclusions Considerable uncertainty remains as to the effectiveness of exercise referral schemes for increasing physical activity, fitness, or health indicators, or whether they are an efficient use of resources for sedentary people with or without a medical diagnosis.
Community detection for interaction networks

In many applications, it is common practice to obtain a network from interaction counts by thresholding each pairwise count at a prescribed value. Our analysis calls attention to the dependence of certain methods, notably Newman--Girvan modularity, on the choice of threshold. Essentially, the threshold either separates the network into clusters automatically, making the algorithm's job trivial, or erases all structure in the data, rendering clustering impossible. By fitting the original interaction counts as given, we show that minor modifications to classical statistical methods outperform the prevailing approaches for community detection from interaction datasets. We also introduce a new hidden Markov model for inferring community structures that vary over time. We demonstrate each of these features on three real datasets: the karate club dataset, voting data from the U.S.\ Senate (2001--2003), and temporal voting data for the U.S. Supreme Court (1990--2004).
Buying versus Renting – Determinants of the Net Present Value of Home Ownership for Individual Households

The tenure decision upon whether to buy or to rent accommodation has long-term consequences for households' financial wellbeing that influence macroeconomic development and stability when the cumulative effects of individual decisions are aggregated across populations. The author explains how the net present value (NPV) of ownership versus renting can be used as a framework for informing housing tenure decisions. Increases in holding periods, inflation and the spread between imputed rent and the opportunity cost of household savings shifts the balance in favour of ownership. With plausible assumptions the model demonstrates that households typically need a holding period of between five and ten years to achieve a breakeven NPV. The findings support the conjecture that inflation transfers wealth from renters and mortgage providers to owners, whereas deflation reverses the flow until rising default levels establish a new equilibrium.
Optimal deficit irrigation using AquaCrop model : a methodology study

Both developing and developed countries have problems with availability of water to increase agricultural productivity. The importance of improving water efficiency in agriculture has been the subject in many research papers. The usual approach to limit water consumption in agriculture at the district and farm level is to apply water quotas. These quotas may be either for the whole season or for specific months. In this situation farmers have to use an optimal irrigation scheduling that maximizes the yield within these quota constraints. The same problem is of interest for the water authority managers in order to show anticipated results of the water quota allocation between farms, districts or crops. This is a constrained optimization problem where the decision variables are the daily irrigation amounts for each day of the season and the objective function, which is nonlinear and non-smooth, is the expected yield calculated with the use of a model. The model used in this study is Aquacrop developed by FAO which has been proved to be a very useful tool in many previous studies, and a cotton crop in Greece during 2009 is used as case study. This optimization problem is far trom trivial because of the non-smooth behavior of the objective function and the fact that it involves multiple integer variables. We have used the TOMLAB library in Matlab environment and have tested different solvers. The most effective results were obtained with the OQLNP solver with the glcAssign procedure of TOMLAB. OQNLP is a multistart heuristic algorithm to find global optima of constrained nonlinear programs (NLPs) in cooperation with optimal methods. To use it more effectively we have applied some problem-oriented additional pre-filters like scaling of the variables and randomized rounding of the integer variables. We achieved significantly better results for yield (400 kg/ha increase) with approximately the same irrigation water compared to the automatic scheduling determined by Aquacrop. After gradually increasing the value of the water quota and storing our best solutions, convex hull points were fitted with a third order polynomial curve, which describes yield as a function of irrigation water IWE irrigation water efficiency. A more detailed investigation shows that the constraint for August when the water demand of the cotton is known to be maximal is one that is violated systematically. Therefore we have derived a specific IWE function for the irrigation in August keeping the other months schedule unchanged. This function may be very useful for the farmers in order to use irrigation water optimally according to the given quota and for water authority in order to manage the monthly quotas correctly.
National identity and belonging among gay ‘new speakers’ of Irish

‘New speakers’ refer to people who use a language regularly but are not traditional ‘native’ speakers of that language. Although this discussion has been going on for some time in other sub-disciplines of linguistics, it is more recent in research about European minoritised languages. A feature of discourse around such languages relates to their perceived suitability for diverse urban settings removed from their historical rural heartlands. Irish is an example of a minoritised language which was long associated with conservative rural communities, a reified Catholic discourse of national identity and language ideologies based on nativism. Such an approach not only marginalised urban new speakers of Irish but also exhibited hostility to LGBTQ citizens who did not befit its particular version of Irishness. In this paper, a framework of Critical Sociolinguistics is used to analyse identity positions and ideologies expressed by urban new speakers of Irish who identify as gay and/or queer.
Solar wind plasma correlations between IMP 8, INTERBALL‐1, and WIND

Solar wind plasma flux correlations between data from three spacecraft (IMP 8, WIND, and INTERBALL-1) were analyzed for approximately 4 months during late 1995 and mid 1996 (near solar minimum) in order to investigate the local homogeneity of the solar wind. The data were split into 6-hour segments, resulting in a total of 397 segments where data from at least one pair of spacecraft could be correlated. The results show that the average flux correlation was 0.7 over distances ranging from 0 to 220 RE in the radial direction and up to 80 RE perpendicular to the Earth-Sun line. 43% of the segments studied had correlation coefficients of at least 0.8, while only 19% of the segments had correlation coefficients less than 0.5. The additional lags, after performing radial advection shifts at the plasma bulk speed, cluster near zero (71% of the best correlations occur with lags under 10 min), implying that the advection shift is a good approximation of the propagation time for the structures being correlated. There appeared to be no dependence of the correlation on spacecraft separation in either XGSE or YGSE. The best organizers of the flux correlation appear to be the value of the flux and the standard deviations of the flux and the density.
Agronomic management of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajana) based intercropping systems for improving productivity under rainfed conditions

A field experiment was conducted at Gulbarga during kharif seasons of 2003 - 2005 to evaluate the effect of two pigeonpea varieties viz., ICPL-87119 (Asha) and ICP-8863 (Maruti) and two intercrops viz., greengram cv. Chinamung and pearlmillet cv. ICTP-8203 in 1:2 row proportions. The pooled results indicated that intercropping of pigeonpea genotype ICPL-87119 (Asha) with greengram (15.11 q/ha) and pearlmillet (13.87 q ha-1) recorded significantly higher seed yield as compared to ICP-8863 (Maruti) genotype intercropped with greengram (13.69 q ha-1) and pearlmillet (12.56 q ha-1). The seed yield of greengram and pearlmillet were more when intercropped with Asha (3.24 and 5.46 q ha-1, respectively) genotype as compared to ICP-8863 (Maruti) (2.96 and 5.04 q ha-1, respectively). Among the cropping systems, pigeonpea ICPL-87119 (Asha) + greengram intercropping system with RDF + 2% urea spray at 15 and 30 Days after harvest of intercrops recorded significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent (19.53 and 18.99 q ha-1), gross returns (Rs. 31439 and 30576 ha-1), net returns (Rs.23984 and 22928 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.81 and 3.63) over other intercropping systems
DISTRIBUTION: A RESOURCE FOR UNDERSTANDING ERROR AND NATURAL VARIATION

The studies we present investigate elementary students’ reasoning about distributions in two contexts: (a) measurement and (b) naturally occurring variation. We first summarize an investigation in which fourth-graders measured the heights of a variety of objects and phenomena, including the school’s flagpole, a pencil, and several launches of model rockets. Students noted that the measurements were distributed and that sources of error corresponded to differences in qualities of distribution, especially spread. Next, students investigated the distributions of measurements of height for rockets of different design, to learn whether and how they could be confident that rockets with rounded nose cones “really” went higher than those with pointed nose cones. We then turn to the naturally-occurring variation context, in which these same students (now fifth-graders) studied the growth of Wisconsin Fast Plants™, fast-growing members of the Brassica family that enable multiple cycles of classroom observation and experiment within a school year (life cycle is about 40 days). We recount how students became adept at using changing shapes of distributions to support plausible accounts of growth processes. Questions about what would be likely to happen “if we grew them again” motivated investigations of sampling, which, in turn, suggested choices of statistics to represent a sample distribution. Finally, students invented means for considering how one might know whether two different distributions of measures could reasonably be considered “really different. ”
Reducing false positive responses in lung nodule detector system by asymmetric adaboost

We are developing a complex computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system to detect small pulmonary nodules from helical CT scans. Here we present a classifier to reduce the number of false positive responses of the primary detector. Our approach is based on an asymmetric Adaboost which enables us to give different weights to missed nodules (false negatives, FNs) and incorrectly detected structures (false positives, FPs). This is useful because there are noticeably more negative examples in the nodule candidate set than real nodules-true positives (TPs). The whole system is meant as a second opinion for a human radiologist to speed up reading the examination. That is why we should detect as many true nodules as possible, while a certain number of FPs is acceptable. The system was tested on 147 cases (36559 slices) containing 357 nodules marked by an expert radiologist. The new classifier significantly reduced the number of false positives, while only a few nodules were incorrectly omitted.
Efficient Estimation of the Parameter Path in Unstable Time Series Models

The paper investigates inference in non-linear and non-Gaussian models with moderately time-varying parameters. We show that for many decision problems, the sample information about the parameter path can be summarized by an artificial linear and Gaussian model, at least asymptotically. The approximation allows for computationally convenient path estimators and parameter stability tests. Also, in contrast to standard Bayesian techniques, the artificial model can be robustified so that in misspecified models, decisions about the path of the (pseudo-true) parameter remain as good as in a corresponding correctly specified model. Copyright , Wiley-Blackwell.
Glucose-Dependent Enhancement of Diabetic Bladder Contraction Is Associated with a Rho Kinase-Regulated Protein Kinase C Pathway

Urinary bladder dysfunction, which is one of the most common diabetic complications, is associated with alteration of bladder smooth muscle contraction. However, details regarding the responses under high-glucose (HG) conditions in diabetes are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify a relationship between extracellular glucose level and bladder smooth muscle contraction in diabetes. Bladder smooth muscle tissues were isolated from spontaneously type II diabetic (ob/ob mouse; 16-20 weeks of age, male) and age-matched control (C57BL mouse) mice. Carbachol (CCh) induced time- and dose-dependent contractions in ob/ob and C57BL mice; however, maximal responses differed significantly (14.34 ± 0.32 and 12.69 ± 0.22 mN/mm2 after 30 μM CCh treatment, respectively; n = 5-8). Pretreatment of bladders under HG conditions (22.2 mM glucose; concentration is twice that of normal glucose for 30 min) led to enhancement of CCh-induced contraction solely in diabetic mice (15.9 ± 0.26 mN/mm2; n = 5). Basal extracellular glucose-dependent enhancement of bladder contraction in diabetes was documented initially in this study. The correlation between intracellular calcium concentration and contraction was enhanced only in the ob/ob mouse. This enhancement of contraction and total protein kinase C (PKC) activity were inhibited by pretreatment with not only a PKC inhibitor (rottlerin) but also with a rho kinase inhibitor, fasudil [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)homopiperazine HCl]. These reagents also suppressed the differences between ob/ob and C57BL mouse bladder contractions under HG conditions. The data indicated that glucose-dependent enhancement of contraction in diabetic bladder is involved in the activation of the rho kinase and calcium-independent PKC pathways. This dysfunction may contribute to bladder complications such as detrusor overactivity and reduced bladder capacity in diabetes.
Volatile Organic Compounds Sensing Using Optical Fibre Long Period Grating with Mesoporous Nano-Scale Coating

A long period grating (LPG) modified with a mesoporous film infused with a calixarene as a functional compound was employed for the detection of individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their mixtures. The mesoporous film consisted of an inorganic part, SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), along with an organic moiety of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) polycation PAH, which was finally infused with the functional compound, p-sulphanato calix[4]arene (CA[4]) or p-sulphanato calix[8]arene (CA[8]). The LPG sensor was designed to operate at the phase matching turning point to provide the highest sensitivity. The sensing mechanism is based on the measurement of the refractive index (RI) change induced by a complex of the VOCs with calixarene. The LPG, modified with a coating of 5 cycles of (SiO2 NPs/PAH) and infused with CA[4] or CA[8], was exposed to chloroform, benzene, toluene and acetone vapours. The British Standards test of the VOCs emissions from material (BS EN ISO 16000-9:2006) was used to test the LPG sensor performance.
EARLY FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE QUASAR 3C 454.3

This is the first report of Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope observations of the quasar 3C 454.3, which has been undergoing pronounced long-term outbursts since 2000. The data from the Large Area Telescope, covering 2008 July 7–October 6, indicate strong, highly variable γ-ray emission with an average flux of ∼3 × 10−6 photons cm−2 s−1, for energies >100 MeV. The γ-ray flux is variable, with strong, distinct, symmetrically shaped flares for which the flux increases by a factor of several on a timescale of about 3 days. This variability indicates a compact emission region, and the requirement that the source is optically thin to pair production implies relativistic beaming with Doppler factor δ>8, consistent with the values inferred from Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations of superluminal expansion (δ ∼ 25). The observed γ-ray spectrum is not consistent with a simple power law, but instead steepens strongly above ∼2 GeV, and is well described by a broken power law with photon indices of ∼2.3 and ∼3.5 below and above the break, respectively. This is the first direct observation of a break in the spectrum of a high-luminosity blazar above 100 MeV, and it is likely direct evidence for an intrinsic break in the energy distribution of the radiating particles. Alternatively, the spectral softening above 2 GeV could be due to γ-ray absorption via photon–photon pair production on the soft X-ray photon field of the host active galactic nucleus, but such an interpretation would require the dissipation region to be located very close (≲100 gravitational radii) to the black hole, which would be inconsistent with the X-ray spectrum of the source.
Are the effects of monetary policy asymmetric in Australia

This paper examines whether monetary policy shocks have asymmetric effects on output in Australia. Using methods similar to Cover (1992) together with some other simple threshold models, evidence is found of certain types of asymmetries when comparing monetary contractions to monetary policy expansions. Unanticipated decreases in interest rates appear to significantly raise GDP growth rates, whilst unexpected increases in rates do not appear to significantly lower growth. These findings are also found in a brief examination of the investment and consumption channels within the monetary policy transmission process. Economic growth is also significantly higher in a low interest rate regime (when interest rates are below a certain threshold, such as the sample average or average over some longer time period) than in a high interest rate environment. These results appear to refute the idea that monetary policy is like ‘pushing on a string’, at least for Australian data over the period 1973:1-2005:1.
Modeling Cortical Maps with Feed-Backs

High-level specification of how the brain represents and categorizes the causes of its sensory input allows to link "what is to be done" (perceptual task) with "how to do it" (neural network calculation). More precisely, a general class of cortical map computations can be specified representing what is to be done as an optimization problem, in order to derive the related neural network parameters considering regularization mechanisms (implemented using so-called partial-differential-equations). The present contribution revisits this framework with three add-ons. It is generalized to a larger class of (non-linear) map computations, including winner-take-all mechanisms. The capability to represent standard "analog" neural network and guaranty their convergence, providing their weights are local and unbiased, is made explicit. The fact that not only one but several cortical maps can interact, with feed-backs, in a stable way is shown. Two experiments are provided as an illustration of this general framework.