Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive routing in mesh-connected networks

It is shown that wormhole routing in mesh-connected networks can be deadlock free and adaptive without the addition of channels to the basic topology. Several partially adaptive routing algorithms for 2-D and 3-D meshes are described and simulated for a variety of conditions. Simulations of policies for selecting input channels show that transmitting extra information in the header flits can reduce communication latencies at high network throughputs. Simulations of policies for selecting output channels show that avoiding turns reduces latencies at high throughputs. Unrestricted nonminimal routing is found to reduce latencies slightly at low throughputs but increase latencies significantly at high throughputs. For nonuniform traffic patterns, a partially adaptive routing algorithm performs better than a nonadaptive one. <<ETX>>
The impact of cohabitation and divorce on partners' labour force participation: comparing Britain with Flanders

In this paper we look into the possible impact on labour force participation of two demographic variables that have undergone considerable changes in the past few decades: divorce and cohabitation. More specifically we analyse the labour force participation probabilities of men and women currently living with a partner and study the impact of a previous divorce or separation and current non-marital cohabitation. We use seven waves of data of the BHPS and the PSBH to compare British results with results of Flemish individuals. Estmates suggest that cohabitation implies significantly higher labour force participation for women, especially for the older cohorts. A divorce experience is generally found to be insignificant, except for British men who are less likely to be in the labour force after experiencing a divorce or separation than without this experience.
On the generalized degrees of freedom of the K-user symmetric MIMO Gaussian interference channel

This work derives inner and outer bounds on the generalized degrees of freedom (GDOF) of the K-user symmetric MIMO Gaussian interference channel. For the inner bound, an achievable GDOF is derived by employing a combination of treating interference as noise, zero-forcing at the receivers, interference alignment (IA), and extending the Han-Kobayashi (HK) scheme to K users, depending on the number of antennas and the INR/SNR level. An outer bound on the GDOF is derived, using a combination of the notion of cooperation and providing side information to the receivers. Several interesting conclusions are drawn from the bounds. For example, in terms of the achievable GDOF in the weak interference regime, when the number of transmit antennas (M) is equal to the number of receive antennas (N), treating interference as noise performs the same as the HK scheme and is GDOF optimal. For K > N/M+1, a combination of the HK and IA schemes performs the best among the schemes considered. However, for N/M &#60; K ≤ N/M+1, the HK scheme is found to be GDOF optimal.
Test Data Compression Using Selective Encoding of Scan Slices

We present a selective encoding method that reduces test data volume and test application time for scan testing of intellectual property (IP) cores. This method encodes the slices of test data that are fed to the scan chains in every clock cycle. To drive N scan chains, we use only c tester channels, where c=lceillog2(N+1)rceil+2 . In the best case, we can achieve compression by a factor of N/c using only one tester clock cycle per slice. We derive a sufficient condition on the distribution of care bits that allows us to achieve the best-case compression. We also derive a probabilistic lower bound on the compression for a given care-bit density. Unlike popular compression methods such as embedded deterministic test (EDT), the proposed approach is suitable for IP cores because it does not require structural information for fault simulation, dynamic compaction, or interleaved test generation. The on-chip decoder is small, independent of the circuit under test and the test set, and it can be shared between different circuits. We present compression results for a number of industrial circuits and compare our results to other recent compression methods targeted at IP cores.
ONTOGENY OF B-LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION

The ontogeny of the ability of B lymphocytes to produce an antihapten response which is heterogeneous with respect to affinity for the antigenic determinant was studied in a cell transfer system. The heterogeneity of affinity of the immune response of lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic, adult thymus cells and fetal or neonatal tissues as a source of B lymphocytes was studied. It was found that B cells from 17 day fetal liver or neonatal liver are highly restricted with respect to heterogeneity of affinity as compared with adult spleen or bone marrow. The B-cell population achieves an adult character with respect to heterogeneity of affinity by 2 wk of age. The peripheral lymphoid tissues (spleen) appear to mature in this respect more rapidly than do central lymphoid tissues (bone marrow). Spleens from 10-day old donors behave in an adult, heterogeneous manner while bone marrow from the same donors exhibit a marked restriction in heterogeneity of affinity. Germfree mice produce an immune response which is indistinguishable from conventionally reared adult animals with respect to heterogeneity of affinity. The earlier appearance of the ability to transfer a heterogeneous immune response in spleen as compared with bone marrow suggests that the increasing heterogeneity of the B-lymphocyte population which occurs between birth and 2 wk of age is the result of a differentiation event and not of a somatic mutation or recombination event.
Linking Resting-State Networks in the Prefrontal Cortex to Executive Function: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Executive function (EF) plays vital roles in our everyday adaptation to the ever-changing environment. However, limited existing studies have linked EF to the resting-state brain activity. The functional connectivity in the resting state between the sub-regions of the brain can reveal the intrinsic neural mechanisms involved in cognitive processing of EF without disturbance from external stimuli. The present study investigated the relations between the behavioral executive function (EF) scores and the resting-state functional network topological properties in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC). We constructed complex brain functional networks in the PFC from 90 healthy young adults using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We calculated the correlations between the typical network topological properties (regional topological properties and global topological properties) and the scores of both the Total EF and components of EF measured by computer-based Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). We found that the Total EF scores were positively correlated with regional properties in the right dorsal superior frontal gyrus (SFG), whereas the opposite pattern was found in the right triangular inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Different EF components were related to different regional properties in various PFC areas, such as planning in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), working memory mainly in the right MFG and triangular IFG, short-term memory in the left dorsal SFG, and task switch in the right MFG. In contrast, there were no significant findings for global topological properties. Our findings suggested that the PFC plays an important role in individuals' behavioral performance in the executive function tasks. Further, the resting-state functional network can reveal the intrinsic neural mechanisms involved in behavioral EF abilities.
Simultaneous state and disturbance estimation for seeker system using sliding modes

In this paper simultaneous estimation of states and disturbance for seeker system of a missile using sliding mode observer (SMO) has been proposed. The modeling of the plant is done by classical method and the complete seeker system has been simulated for generation of spiral scan loop with control input provided by a simple state feedback controller. An extended state observer using sliding modes is designed to estimate the system states and the total lumped disturbances acting on the system. The estimated disturbance takes into account the disturbance due to cross coupling in the gimbal system and externally added sinusoidal disturbance in input channel. Simulations verify that the output estimation error is made zero in finite time due to sliding modes and the estimated disturbance is in close agreement with actual disturbance.
Analysis of repetitive element DNA methylation by MethyLight

Repetitive elements represent a large portion of the human genome and contain much of the CpG methylation found in normal human postnatal somatic tissues. Loss of DNA methylation in these sequences might account for most of the global hypomethylation that characterizes a large percentage of human cancers that have been studied. There is widespread interest in correlating the genomic 5-methylcytosine content with clinical outcome, dietary history, lifestyle, etc. However, a high-throughput, accurate and easily accessible technique that can be applied even to paraffin-embedded tissue DNA is not yet available. Here, we report the development of quantitative MethyLight assays to determine the levels of methylated and unmethylated repeats, namely, Alu and LINE-1 sequences and the centromeric satellite alpha (Satα) and juxtacentromeric satellite 2 (Sat2) DNA sequences. Methylation levels of Alu, Sat2 and LINE-1 repeats were significantly associated with global DNA methylation, as measured by high performance liquid chromatography, and the combined measurements of Alu and Sat2 methylation were highly correlative with global DNA methylation measurements. These MethyLight assays rely only on real-time PCR and provide surrogate markers for global DNA methylation analysis. We also describe a novel design strategy for the development of methylation-independent MethyLight control reactions based on Alu sequences depleted of CpG dinucleotides by evolutionary deamination on one strand. We show that one such Alu-based reaction provides a greatly improved detection of DNA for normalization in MethyLight applications and is less susceptible to normalization errors caused by cancer-associated aneuploidy and copy number changes.
On growth rates of hereditary permutation classes

A class of permutations is called hereditary if implies where the relation is the natural containment of permutations Let n be the set of all permutations of n belonging to We investigate the counting functions n j nj of hereditary classes Our main result says that if j nj n for at least one n then there is a unique k such that Fn k j nj Fn k n c holds for all n with a constant c Here Fn k are the generalized Fibonacci numbers which grow like powers of the largest positive root of xk xk We characterize also the constant and the polynomial growth of hereditary permutation classes and give two more results on these
Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus, feeding constraints, and suction performance in the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum

The nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, is an obligate suction feeder that preys on benthic invertebrates and fish. Its cranial morphology exhibits a suite of structural and functional modifications that facilitate this mode of prey capture. During suction‐feeding, subambient pressure is generated by the ventral expansion of the hyoid apparatus and the floor of its buccopharyngeal cavity. As in suction‐feeding bony fishes, the nurse shark exhibits expansive, compressive, and recovery kinematic phases that produce posterior‐directed water flow through the buccopharyngeal cavity. However, there is generally neither a preparatory phase nor cranial elevation. Suction is generated by the rapid depression of the buccopharyngeal floor by the coracoarcualis, coracohyoideus, and coracobranchiales muscles. Because the hyoid arch of G. cirratum is loosely connected to the mandible, contraction of the rectus cervicis muscle group can greatly depress the floor of the buccopharyngeal cavity below the depressed mandible, resulting in large volumetric expansion. Suction pressures in the nurse shark vary greatly, but include the greatest subambient pressures reported for an aquatic‐feeding vertebrate. Maximum suction pressure does not appear to be related to shark size, but is correlated with the rate of buccopharyngeal expansion. As in suction‐feeding bony fishes, suction in the nurse shark is only effective within approximately 3 cm in front of the mouth. The foraging behavior of this shark is most likely constrained to ambushing or stalking due to the exponential decay of effective suction in front of the mouth. Prey capture may be facilitated by foraging within reef confines and close to the substrate, which can enhance the effective suction distance, or by foraging at night when it can more closely approach prey. J. Morphol. , 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Approximation Bounds for Quadratic Maximization with Semidefinite Programming Relaxation

In this paper, we consider a class of quadratic maximization problems. One important instance in that class is the famous quadratic maximization formulation of the max-cut problem studied by Goemans and Williamson [6]. Since the problem is NP-hard in general, following Goemans and Williamson, we apply the approximation method based on the semideﬁnite programming (SDP) relaxation. For a subclass of the problems, including the ones studied by Helmberg [9] and Zhang [23], we show that the SDP relaxation approach yields an approximation solution with the worst-case performance ratio at least α = 0 . 87856 · · · . This is a generalization of the results obtained in [6, 9, 23]. In fact, the estimated worst-case performance ratio is dependent on the data of the problem with α being a uniform lower bound. In light of this new bound, we study the original max-cut problem and show that the actual worst-case performance ratio of the SDP relaxation approach (with the triangle inequalities added) is at least α + δ d , where δ d > 0 is a constant depending on the problem dimension and data. Karloﬀ [10] showed that for any positive (cid:4) > 0 there is an instance of the max-cut problem such that the SDP relaxation (with triangle inequalities) bound is worse than α + (cid:4) . Hence the improvement is in this sense best possible for the Goemans and Williamson type approach to the max-cut problem.
Expression and Characterization of Yeast Derived Chikungunya Virus Like Particles (CHIK-VLPs) and Its Evaluation as a Potential Vaccine Candidate

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has emerged as a global health concern due to its recent spread in both old and new world. So far, no CHIKV specific drug or vaccine is licensed for human use. In this study, we report production of Chikungunya virus like particles (CHIK-VLPs) using novel yeast expression system (Pichia pastoris) and its evaluation as vaccine candidate. The gene encoding structural polyprotein of CHIKV from a recent epidemic strain was cloned into yeast expression system. The multicopy integrants were processed for expression of CHIK-VLPs. The VLPs were purified and confirmed through electron microscopic analysis for their morphological identity with CHIKV. The in vitro and in vivo evaluation of CHIK-VLPs as vaccine candidate was determined in Balb/c mice. Induction of both humoral and cellular immune response was observed with different doses of CHIK-VLPs. The humoral immune response was studied through different techniques like enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, IgG Isotyping and plaque reduction neutralization test. CHIK-VLPs were found to elicit high titer of antibodies that are able to recognize native CHIKV. Higher level of IgG2a and IgG1 subtypes was identified suggestive of balanced Th1/Th2 response. Both in vitro and in vivo neutralization activity of CHIK-VLPs antibodies was observed even with low concentration, which shows its high specificity and neutralizing activity against two different CHIKV strains. Neonatal mice receiving anti-CHIK-VLPs antibodies were protected from CHIKV challenge. Induction of cellular immune response was confirmed through higher level of TNF-α, IL-10 and substantial level of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ indicating a balanced response. This is the first report, where CHIK-VLPs has been expressed by Pichia pastoris and evaluated for neutralizing activity against CHIKV. These promising results indicate the utility of CHIK-VLPs as a promising vaccine candidate against emerging CHIKV.
Closed-Loop Deep Vision

There has been a resurgence of interest in one of the most fundamental aspects of computer vision, which is related to the existence of a feedback mechanism in the inference of a visual classification process. Indeed, this mechanism was present in the first computer vision methodologies, but technical and theoretical issues imposed major roadblocks that forced researchers to seek alternative approaches based on pure feed-forward inference. These open loop approaches process the input image sequentially with increasingly more complex analysis steps, and any mistake made by intermediate steps impair all subsequent analysis tasks. On the other hand, closed-loop approaches involving feed- forward and feedback mechanisms can fix mistakes made during such intermediate stages. In this paper, we present a new closed- loop inference for computer vision problems based on an iterative analysis using deep belief networks (DBN). Specifically, an image is processed using a feed-forward mechanism that will produce a classification result, which is then used to sample an image from the current belief state of the DBN. Then the difference between the input image and the sampled image is fed back to the DBN for re- classification, and this process iterates until convergence. We show that our closed-loop vision inference improves the classification results compared to pure feed-forward mechanisms on the MNIST handwritten digit dataset and the Multiple Object Categories containing shapes of horses, dragonflies, llamas and rhinos.
Is Fertility Related to Religiosity? Evidence from Spain

Preferences, including preferences for children, are shaped during the formative years of childhood. It is therefore essential to include exposure to religious practice during childhood in an attempt to establish a link between religiosity and fertility. This path has not been explored in the documented literature that looks at the relationship between current religiosity (measured by one dichotomous church attendance variable) and fertility. The International Social Survey Programme: Religion 2 (ISSP) provides the data base. It includes information on maternal/paternal/own mass participation when the respondent was a child (nine levels each), as well as on his current churchgoing (six levels) and prayer habits (eleven levels). These variables are included as explanatory variables in 'fertility equations' that explain the number of children of Catholic women in Spain. The core findings are that exposure to religiosity during the formative years of childhood, has a pronounced effect on women's 'taste for children' that later on translates into the number of her offspring. The two parents have major effects on women. However, interestingly, while an intensively practicing father encourages the daughter to have more children (by about 0.8, on average), an intensively practicing mother has a negative effect on the daughter s birth rate, leading to lower fertility by one child. Current religiosity seems to be irrelevant. It follows that religiosity and fertility are interrelated but the mechanism is probably different from the simplistic causality that is suggested in the literature.
Real-Time Model Uncertainty in the United States: The Fed from 1996-2003

We study 30 vintages of FRB/US, the principal macro model used by the Federal Reserve Board staff for forecasting and policy analysis. To do this, we exploit archives of the model code, coefficients, baseline databases and stochastic shock sets stored after each FOMC meeting from the model’s inception in July 1996 until November 2003. The period of study was one of important changes in the US economy with a productivity boom, a stock market boom and bust, a recession, the Asia crisis, the Russian debt default, and an abrupt change in fiscal policy. We document the surprisingly large and consequential changes in model properties that occurred during this period and compute optimal Taylor-type rules for each vintage. We compare these optimal rules against plausible alternatives. Model uncertainty is shown to be a substantial problem; the efficacy of purportedly optimal policy rules should not be taken on faith. We also find that previous findings that simple rules are robust to model uncertainty may be an overly sanguine conclusion.
H-Band and Spectroscopic Properties of A1644

We discuss H-band (1.65 μm) near-infrared photometry of the central 9 h-2 Mpc2 of Abell 1644 (A1644) to a limiting MH ∼ M*H + 3 (throughout this paper H0 = 100 h km s-1 Mpc-1). There are 861 galaxies in the photometric survey region. We also measured radial velocities of 155 galaxies; 141 of these are cluster members within 2.44 h-1 Mpc of the cluster center. The completeness limit of the spectroscopic survey is H ∼ 13 (MH ∼ M). The cluster velocity dispersion of σ ∼ 1000 km s-1 remains constant out to the limiting radius. We find no evidence for substructure in the cluster. The cluster mass within R = 2.4 h-1 Mpc is 7.6 ± 1.3 × 1014 h -1 M⊙. We compute the cluster luminosity function; the Schechter parameters α = -1.14 ± 0.08 and M = -24.3 ± 0.2 (with h = 0.5) agree well with other H-band luminosity functions. From the virial theorem and the caustic method we compute one of the first mass-to-light ratios at H; the result is M/LH = 82–127 h M⊙/L⊙ within 1.5 h-1 Mpc. This ratio corresponds to 374–579 h M⊙/L⊙ at R. The agreement of our IR measurement with previous M/L determinations indicates that at low redshift dust and young stellar populations may produce only negligible systematic errors in optical mass-to-light ratios.
SSD Failures in Datacenters: What? When? and Why?

Despite the growing popularity of Solid State Disks (SSDs) in the datacenter, little is known about their reliability characteristics in the field. The little knowledge is mainly vendor supplied, and such information cannot really help understand how SSD failures can manifest and impact the operation of production systems, in order to take appropriate remedial measures. Besides actual failure data and the symptoms exhibited by SSDs before failing, a detailed characterization effort requires wide set of data about factors influencing SSD failures, right from provisioning factors to the operational ones. This paper presents an extensive SSD failure characterization by analyzing a wide spectrum of data from over half a million SSDs that span multiple generations spread across several datacenters which host a wide spectrum of workloads over nearly 3 years. By studying the diverse set of design, provisioning and operational factors on failures, and their symptoms, our work provides the first comprehensive analysis of the what, when and why characteristics of SSD failures in production datacenters.