Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The tongue and associated structures in two species of African pangolins, Manis gigantea and Manis tricuspis.

The tongue, together with its associated structures, was studied in two species of African pangolins, Manis gigantea and M. tricuspis. Observa- tions were made on living animals, and anatomical studies were made on seven adults. The tongue, 70 centimeters long in Manis gigantea and 30 centimeters long in M. tricuspis, is of similar morphology in the two species. It lies ventral to the larynx and trachea and occupies the thorax and abdomen just internal to the body waIl. A description is given of the mandible, hyoid, and sternum; the attachments of transverse and longitudinal tongue protrudor and retractor muscles; the histology of the tongue epithelium and lytta; the intrinsic muscle arrangements and the salivary glands. The structural features are related to the specialized pangolin mode of food gathering, and compared with similar arrangements present in other mammals which feed on a diet requiring little or no mastication. African pangolins exhibit many interesting anatomical specializations. The forelimbs are pronograde and well adapted for tearing apart termite nests; the dorsal and lateral body hair is modified to form scale-like plaques; the tail is extremely muscular, contains a large complex retia mirabilia, and in the arboreal species possesses a terminal caudal sensory pad containing many Pacinian corpuscles. Such morphological adaptations and those of the tongue and jaws are specializations to a particular diet and mode of life, namely, anteating. Accounts of the tongue and associated structures in the Pholidota are con- fined to brief, and not wholly consistent reports. Cuvier (1845), Weber (1894), and Beddard (1909) described various aspects of pangolin anatomy, but only mentioned the tongue in passing. The anatomy of the taste organs of the tongue has been described in detail (Bronn, 1874; Tuckerman, 1890; Sonntag, 1923; Kubota et al., 1962). Our study is the first to consider in detail the structure, myology, nerve supply, and function of the tongue in the Pholidota.
The Pure Theory of Government Finance: A Suggested Approach

A FRAMEWORK for the pure theory of government finance may be erected on either of two political foundations, which represent, in turn, two separate and opposing theories of the state. Since neither construction is entirely appropriate when applied to all the problems faced in the fiscal area, the proper methodological procedure seems to be the setting-up of alternate theories. In the first, or what may be called the "organismic," theory, the state, including all individuals within it, is conceived as a single organic entity. In the second, the state is represented as the sum of its individual members acting in a collective capacity. The individual and the state are fundamentally opposing forces in the latter concept, while in the organic view the state, or general interest, subsumes all individual interests. The theory of government finance based upon the second concept of the state may be called the "individualistic" one. These two approaches have not been clearly separated or distinguished in the literature of government finance. Some variant of the organismic theory normally has been applied to the public expenditure side, while the individualistic theory has been predominantly employed in considering the distribution of the tax load. Fiscal marginalism has been extended to define the optimum allocation of public expenditures among alternative uses, that is, in the pure theory of budgeting. The allocation of total tax burden among alternative sources, has, on the other hand, traditionally been discussed in terms of the relative tax pressures imposed upon individuals. ' Such asymmetry, while perhaps appropriate in practical application, does not appear formally complete. It seems desirable to develop the two theories independently at the outset. II In the organismic theory the state is considered as a single decision-making unit acting for society as a whole. Presumably, it seeks to maximize some conceptually quantifiable magnitude. A major difficulty is apparent in the determination of what is to be maximized. What is the common denominator to which the alternative goals of the collective entity may be reduced for comparative purposes, analogous to the equally vague, but less elusive, "satisfaction" or "utility" for the individual? A common denominator is necessary as a starting point in order that any one "configuration of
Financial Sector Regulation in Pakistan: The Way Forward

The 2008 global financial crisis that turned into the worst economic recession across the world has led to some serious soul searching among the scholars and practitioners about the ways in which financial sector has to be regulated and supervised. There is very little doubt that the U.S. and European financial systems were badly affected and trillions of public tax dollars had to be poured into the system to avert a complete breakdown. The prompt and coordinated response of the G-8 and G-20 to the crisis was something which had not been seen before. Emerging and Developing Economies (EDEs) particularly China, India and Pakistan however survived this onslaught as well as the 1995-96 Asian crisis. It thus becomes an interesting question to explore as to why the financial systems in these countries were able to insulate themselves or at least created fire walls of safety and security that were difficult to permeate. This paper would begin by analyzing the lessons learnt for the financial sector from the recent global crisis, and the differentiated approach adopted to manage and mitigate these risks. By dividing the two groups of countries – Emerging & Developing Economies (EDEs) and Developed Economies (DEs) in two broad categories the differentiation becomes easier to follow. There are at least seven reasons that buttress this differentiation. First, Bank lending forms the bulk of financial sector lending in EDEs and capital markets are not so well developed unlike the U.S. and Europe. The contagion risk and transmission effects of an interconnected world capital markets in the EDEs therefore remain muted and is not as intense as in the DEs. Second, Asian countries had learnt the hard way from their 1997-98 crisis and developed a number of shock absorbers that made them resilient in facing this latest global crisis. Prudent macroeconomic management, credibility of policy makers, open trading and investment regimes, accumulation of sufficient foreign exchange reserves, an enabling environment all combined together to maintain macroeconomic stability as well as promote growth impulses. Countries that had
Nutrition: What Hospitality Students Think and Know

The purpose of this research was to determine the nutrition knowledge level of students in four-year hospitality programs in Texas, their attitudes toward nutrition in general (general attitudes), and their attitudes toward the role of nutrition in commercial foodservice (restaurant attitudes). Correlations between knowledge and attitudes and differences based on gender, age, college classification, and completion of a college nutrition course were also examined. Hospitality manage ment majors in baccalaureate programs at three Texas universities completed 454 usable questionnaires. Although nutrition knowledge was not extensive, general and restaurant nutrition attitudes were positive. Knowledge was influenced by all factors except gender. General attitudes were influenced by gender, age, and college classification. Only gender influenced restaurant attitudes. Knowledge was posi tively correlated with favorable attitudes. Hospitality students should be taught courses on nutrition knowledge throughout their curriculum, in order to incorporate nutrition concepts into their body of knowledge.
Internationalisation through the Warsaw Stock Exchange: an empirical analysis

This article presents the results of empirical research relating to internationalisation of Polish companies. The analysis relates mainly to motives for undertaking investment, methods of financing, ownership structure and one aspect of institutional environment, i.e. the Polish mandatory pension fund system. The research was based on a sample of 400 large and medium-size companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, out of which 96 companies conducting international activities were selected. The time range covers the years 2000–10, and in the case of annual financial statements 2009 is the last year of the research period. The results may be helpful both in further theoretical analyses of internationalisation of companies from CEE and other emerging markets and may also represent a significant practical value for the management of the companies.
The Cost Structure of American Research Universities

This study estimates translog variable cost functions for 147 American doctorate granting universities, accounting for three major products of these institutions: undergraduate and graduate instruction, and research. Explicit measures of research output and quality are employed. Evidence is found for considerable economies of scale for the average institution, as well as economies of scope related to the joint production of undergraduate and graduate instruction. The public or private ownership of an institution is not significant for the explanation of variable costs. The intensity of state regulation in the public sector does not have a significant impact on production efficiency. Copyright 1991 by MIT Press.
Environmental Innovations as a Source of Competitive Advantage or Vice Versa

The aim of this paper is to examine the links between developed environmental innovations and the competitiveness of firms. It seeks answers to the question: Are the developed environmental innovations associated with the improved or impaired competitiveness of firms? In addition, it explores how competitive advantage is created along the innovation process. This will be done by comparing the successful and unsuccessful green innovators. The empirical evidence is based on the longitudinal dataset gathered from 128 Finnish firms which have developed one or more environmental innovations. The data covers nine years from 2002 to 2010. This study provides two contributions to academic literature. First, it deepens the existing knowledge of how environmental innovations are associated with competitive advantage. It identifies the types of competitive advantages as well as potential disadvantages along the innovation process. Second, this study demonstrates how the competitive advantage was enhanced along the successful innovation process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Impact of firm characteristics on Capital Structure of Banking Industry of Bangladesh

This study attempts to investigate the impact of firm characteristics on capital structure of banking industry of Bangladesh where includes 47 banks for the period of 2008 to 2012. This research has been conducted on the basis of secondary information and for conducting smooth analysis data has been collected from different sources such as annual reports, articles and publications etc. We tried to find out whether there is any association between firm characteristics and capital structure of banking industry of Bangladesh and which capital structure theory is applicable for banking industry to take financing decision. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), debt to asset, debt to equity and elements of capital structure are also tried to investigate by using mean, standard deviation, variance and regression analysis by using SPSS software. We selected debt to asset ratio as dependent variable and size, liquidity, tangibility of asset and profitability as independent variables and there are found a negative significant correlation between debt to asset ratio and tangibility of asset that is why Pecking order theory is more applicable and suitable for taking financing decision compare to Trade off theory and Agency cost theory.
Numerical Study of Lightning-Induced Currents on Buried Cables and Shield Wire Protection Method

In this paper, the two-step finite-difference time-domain method of solving full-wave Maxwell's equations is adopted to analyze the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) coupling to buried cables. The influences of lightning strike point, cable length, and ground conductivity on the LEMP coupling to buried cable are evaluated. The method of using shield wires to decrease the lightning-induced currents on the buried cables is proposed, and the protection efficiencies of different installing ways of the shield wires are evaluated. The numerical results show that when the lightning strike point is in the axial direction of the cable, the coupling is rather strong; the induced current acutely increases as the lightning strike point approaches the cable; when the length of the cable does not exceed about 150 m, the induced currents at the cable ends increase as the length increases, whereas once the length of the cable exceeds 150 m, the induced currents begin to decrease; the shield wires can effectively decrease the lightning-induced currents on the buried cables, closer the shield wire, greater the protection efficiency, and more shield wires provide greater protection efficiency.
Total quality management in financial services: Beyond the fashion the reality has to take off

Abstract This article discusses and reviews the total quality management (TQM) process in the financial service industry. It describes the TQM system to be applied in the financial service sector. The rewards and pitfalls in the change process which is essential to sustain the total quality transformation are detailed. The findings of a recent survey in this sector are discussed.
Common Variants in the ENPP1 Gene Are Not Reproducibly Associated With Diabetes or Obesity

The common missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) K121Q in the ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase (ENPP1) gene has recently been associated with type 2 diabetes in Italian, U.S., and South-Asian populations. A three-SNP haplotype, including K121Q, has also been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in French and Austrian populations. We set out to confirm these findings in several large samples. We genotyped the haplotype K121Q (rs1044498), rs1799774, and rs7754561 in 8,676 individuals of European ancestry with and without type 2 diabetes, in 1,900 obese and 930 lean individuals of European ancestry from the U.S. and Poland, and in 1,101 African-American individuals. Neither the K121Q missense polymorphism nor the putative risk haplotype were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes or BMI. Two SNPs showed suggestive evidence of association in a meta-analysis of our European ancestry samples. These SNPs were rs7754561 with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio for the G-allele, 0.85 [95% CI 0.78–0.92], P = 0.00003) and rs1799774 with BMI (homozygotes of the delT-allele, 0.6 [0.42–0.88], P = 0.007). However, these findings are not supported by other studies. We did not observe a reproducible association between these three ENPP1 variants and BMI or type 2 diabetes.
Gender Differences in Competitive and Non Competitive Environments: An Experimental Evidence †

We present a new experimental design that permits us to explore gender differences in both performance and compensation choice. We design a game in which participants are asked to choose between a flat wage and a tournament scheme and to perform under each scheme. Our data indicate that men and women of similar ability differ in both performance and compensation choice. Men are more likely to choose a tournament than a flat wage scheme. These findings reflect both higher women (men)‟s concerns for equality (competitive preferences) and stronger men‟s overconfidence. Our data also indicate significant gender differences in effort provision. Men increase significantly more their effort than women when moving from a flat wage to a tournament. More surprisingly, our data show that women provide significantly more effort than men under a flat wage scheme despite the absence of any penalty for shirking and the fastidious and boring dimension of the task. This gender gap remains highly significant after controlling for several individual and social preferences. As such, we believe that an interpretation in terms of gender differences in intrinsic motivation is the most consistent with all of our experimental findings.
Posterior lumbar interbody fusion using posterolateral placement of a single cylindrical threaded cage.

STUDY DESIGN An in vitro biomechanical study of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) with threaded cages was performed on 18 bovine lumbar functional spinal units. OBJECTIVES To compare the segmental stiffness among PLIF with a single long posterolateral cage, PLIF with a single long posterolateral cage and simultaneous facet joint fixation, and PLIF with two posterior cages. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In most cases, PLIF with threaded cage techniques needs bilateral facetectomy, extensive exposure, and retraction of the cauda equina. Posterior element deficiency is detrimental to postoperative segmental stiffness. METHODS All specimens were tested intact and with cage insertion. Group 1 (n = 12) had a long threaded cage (15 x 36 mm) inserted posterolaterally and oriented counter anterolaterally on the left side by posterior approach with left unilateral facetectomy. Group 2 (n = 6) had two regular-length cages (15 x 24 mm) inserted posteriorly with bilateral facetectomy. Six specimens from Group 1 were then retested after unilateral facet joint screw fixation in neutral (Group 3). Similarly, the other six specimens from Group 1 were retested after fixation with a facet joint screw in an extended position (Group 4). Nondestructive tests were performed in pure compression, flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion. RESULTS The PLIF procedure involving a single cage (Group 1) had a significantly higher stiffness than PLIF with two cages (Group 2) in left and right torsion (P < 0.05). Group 1 had higher stiffness values than Group 2 in pure compression, flexion, and left and right bending, but differences were not significant. Group 3 had a significant increase in stiffness in comparison with Group 1 for pure compression, extension, left bending, and right torsion (P < 0.05). For Group 4, the stiffness significantly increased in comparison with Group 1 for extension, flexion, and right torsion (P < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference between Groups 3 and 4, Group 4 had increased stiffness in extension, flexion, right bending, and torsion. CONCLUSIONS Posterior lumbar interbody fusion with a single posterolateral long threaded cage with unilateral facetectomy enabled sufficient decompression while maintaining most of the posterior elements. In combination with a facet joint screw, adequate postoperative stability was achieved.
Treatment of intracranial hypertension using nonsurgical abdominal decompression.

BACKGROUND Elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) increases intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduces cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). We evaluated a nonsurgical means of reducing IAP to reverse this process. METHODS Swine with a baseline ICP of 25 mm Hg produced by an intracranial balloon catheter were studied. In group 1 (n = 5), IAP was increased by 25 mm Hg. Continuous negative abdominal pressure (CNAP) was then applied. Group 2 (n = 4) had neither IAP elevation nor CNAP. Group 3 (n = 4) had CNAP without IAP elevation. RESULTS Elevation of IAP by 25 mm Hg above baseline led to deleterious changes in ICP (25.8+/-0.8 to 39.0+/-2.8; p < 0.05) and CPP (85.2+/-2.0 to 64.8+/-2.6; p < 0.05). CNAP led to a reduction in IAP (30.2+/-1.2 to 20.4+/-1.3; p < 0.05) and improvements in cerebral perfusion (ICP, 33+/-2.7; CPP, 74.4+/-1.2; both p < 0.05). Group 2 had stable ICP (25.8+/-0.25 to 28.7+/-1.7; p > 0.05) and CPP (80.8+/-1.4 to 80.5+/-1.8; p > 0.05). In group 3, CNAP decreased cardiac index (2.9+/-0.2 to 1.1+/-0.4; p < 0.05), mean arterial pressure (105.2+/-4.0 to 38.2+/-12.0; p < 0.05), and CPP (74.2+/-4.7 to 14.5+/-12.2; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Elevations in IAP led to increased ICP and decreased CPP. CNAP ameliorated these intracranial disturbances. With normal IAP, CNAP impaired cerebral perfusion.
Experience economy constructs as a framework for understanding wine tourism

Global growth in wine tourism mirrors that of wine consumption and rural tourism. Existing research reveals that wine tourists look for dining, shopping, and cultural and recreational activities along with authentic (e.g. reflecting local elements, unique events) products and experiences. This suggests the importance of hedonic and experiential consumption theories, which have been recently referenced in wine tourism literature. The present study proposes utilization of pertinent constructs of the experience economy model to explain the experiential nature of wine tourism. Evidence from wine tourism literature in support of this proposition is presented. This proposed framework advances the emergent theory in experiential consumption and wine tourism with a comprehensive approach that may be applied to wine tourism geographies in varying stages of development. Consequently, this examination of these associations promises new theoretical directions for wine tourism and contemporary applications for managers.
Acute Psychotic Reactions and Stress Response Syndromes Following Intramuscular Aqueous Procaine Penicillin

Acute non-anaphylactic reactions to procaine penicillin include fear of death, sensations of disintegration, perceived changes of body shape, and visual and auditory hallucinations. Fragments of the original reaction experience, or elaborations of it, feature prominently in a chronic syndrome which persists if the initial reaction is not supported emotionally or professionally. The cultural acceptance of the reality of ‘mysterious' forces played a role in the syndrome. Compatible diagnostic labels were panic disorder, post-traumatic disorder, mixed phobic disorder, and depressive illness. The observed period prevalence rate is 5.9 per 1000.
JOINT TITLING — A WIN-WIN POLICY? GENDER AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN CHANDIGARH, INDIA

Abstract This article extends the debate on gender and property rights that has previously focused on agricultural land in rural areas to housing in urban areas. Specifically, it explores the impact of joint titling of houses on women's empowerment in urban informal settlements in Chandigarh, India. Property rights increase women's participation in decision making, access to knowledge and information about public matters, sense of security, self-esteem, and the respect that they receive from their spouses. Women display a higher attachment to their houses than men, especially after getting joint titles, because houses play a valuable role in fulfilling women's practical and strategic gender needs. This increased attachment to the house helps reduce property turnover in regularized settlements, hence assisting the government in attaining its goals and making joint titling a win-win policy.
Payoffs from Research and Development Along the Australian Food Value Chain: A General Equilibrium Analysis

type="main" xml:id="ajar12062-abs-0001"> The payoffs and distribution of payoffs from research and development (R&D) along the food value chain depend on many interacting economic factors. To quantify these, we have developed a general equilibrium model of the Australian economy with detailed farming, processing and marketing information. We use the model to assess potential payoffs and distributions from various R&D scenarios that lead to demand expansion and productivity improvement. We find that productivity improvement caused by R&D is unambiguously beneficial to the whole economy while the benefits of export or domestic market demand expansion mainly accrue to the primary producers and processing industry, when the economy is at full employment. Also, productivity improvement from R&D on-farm may benefit processors while improvements postfarm may benefit farmers.