Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Emoji Ambiguity in Context: The Role of Text in Emoji-Related Miscommunication

Recent studies have found that people interpret emoji characters inconsistently, creating significant potential for miscommunication. However, this research examined emoji in isolation, without consideration of any surrounding text. Prior work has hypothesized that examining emoji in their natural textual contexts would substantially reduce potential for miscommunication. To investigate this hypothesis, we carried out a controlled study with 2,482 participants who interpreted emoji both in isolation and in multiple textual contexts. After comparing the variability of emoji interpretation in each condition, we found that our results do not support the hypothesis in prior work: when emoji are interpreted in textual contexts, the potential for miscommunication appears to be roughly the same. We also identify directions for future research to better understand the interplay between emoji and textual context.
Modification of mammalian reoviruses for use as oncolytic agents

The Reoviridae are a family of viruses with a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid and a segmented double-stranded RNA genome. Prototypes of the mammalian Orthoreoviruses have been isolated from human respiratory and enteric tracts and are not associated with human disease. One of these, human reovirus type 3 Dearing (T3D), usually serves as a model for the family. In the last decade the mammalian Orthoreoviruses, especially T3D, have been evaluated as oncolytic agents in experimental cancer therapy. This is based on the observation that reoviruses induce cell death and apoptosis in tumor cells, but not in healthy non-transformed cells. Several clinical trials have been initiated in Canada, the USA, and the UK, to study the feasibility and safety of this approach. Due to the segmented structure of their double-stranded RNA genomes genetic modification of Reoviridae has been notoriously difficult. Several techniques have been described recently that facilitate the genetic modification of reovirus genomes. The basis for reverse genetics of reovirus is the discovery in 1990 that reovirus RNA is infectious. Subsequently, it took ten years before a foreign gene was introduced into the reovirus genome. Here we review the methods for reovirus modification and their use for generating new reovirus-derived oncolytic agents.
PULSES OF PHOSPHATE PROMOTE DOMINANCE OF THE TOXIC CYANOPHYTE CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII IN A SUBTROPICAL WATER RESERVOIR 1

The role of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in promoting dominance of the toxic nitrogen (N)‐fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wołosz.) Seenayya et Subba Raju was examined in a subtropical water reservoir, Lake Samsonvale (=North Pine reservoir). A novel in situ bioassay approach, using dialysis tubing rather than bottles or bags, was used to determine the change in C. raciborskii dominance with daily additions of DIP. A statistically significant increase in dominance of C. raciborskii was observed when DIP was added at two concentrations (0.32 μM and 16 μM) in a daily pulse over a 4 d period in three separate experiments in the summer of 2006/2007. There was an increase in both C. raciborskii cell concentrations and biovolume in two DIP treatments, but not in the ammoniacal N + DIP treatment. In addition, overall phytoplankton cell concentrations increased with DIP addition, indicating that Lake Samsonvale was DIP limited at the time of experiments. Given the bioassay response, it is likely that dominance of C. raciborskii could increase in Lake Samsonvale with periodic injections of DIP such as inflow events.
CEO gender and corporate cash holdings. Are female CEOs more conservative?

In this paper, we empirically investigate how CEO gender affects corporate cash holdings and the over-investment of free cash flow among Chinese listed firms. Thereby, we utilize a sample of 468 listed firms with female CEOs and a matched sample of firms with male CEOs during 2007–2011. We then make a distinction between listed SOEs and non-SOEs in China. The empirical results show that female CEOs are associated with a higher level of corporate cash holdings, especially in Chinese listed non-SOEs. Compared with their male counterparts, female CEOs are more concerned with the precautionary motive of cash, while they care less about the opportunity cost of cash. Besides, we find that female CEOs moderate the over-investment problem of free cash flow, again indicating that they are more conservative than their male counterparts. The latter finding is more pronounced in the subsample of Chinese listed SOEs.
Medical problems presenting to paediatric emergency departments: 10 years on

Objective To describe the common medical presenting problems of children attending a paediatric emergency department (ED) compared with 10 years previously. Design A retrospective review of electronic patient record and comparison with previous cohort. Setting A UK university hospital ED. Patients A cohort of children and young people aged 0–15 years who attended the ED between 7 February 2007 and 6 February 2008 (n=39 394) compared with a historical cohort from 10 years earlier. Main outcome measures and results Information on presenting problem, demographic data and source of referral were collected. Presenting problems were ranked and comparisons made with previous data using the difference between proportions analysis and the significance test for a difference in two proportions. A total of 39 394 children (57% boys) were seen with 14 724 medical attendances compared with 10 369 attendances from the 1997 cohort, an increase of 42%. Most (85%) ED attendances can be accounted for by the 10 most common presenting problems, including breathing difficulty (2494, 20.1%), febrile illness (1752, 14.1%), diarrhoea with or without vomiting (1731, 14.0%), rash (1066, 8.6%) and cough (835, 6.7%). Similar proportions are described to a decade earlier; however, there were fewer patients attending with breathing difficulty (−10.9%, p<0.001). Conclusions Over a 10-year period, there has been a rise in the number of people attending the ED with medical conditions. The 10 most common presenting problems account for 85% of medical attendees. These results suggest the increasing utilisation of ED services for children with common medical presenting problems and should inform further research exploring the pathways for attendance and the thresholds in seeking medical advice in order to inform the commissioning of paediatric emergency and urgent care services.
Catching Up? Consolidating Liberal Democracy in Bulgaria and Romania after EU Accession

This article investigates the most important determinants of domestic institutional change in combating corruption and reforming the judiciary in Bulgaria and Romania since EU accession in 2007. It explores how EU and domestic incentives trigger domestic institutional change, and how the two interact with one another. It argues that political leaders and parties will only continue and deepen reforms in response to the twin forces of EU and domestic influence. The EU incentives that shape elite choices stem primarily from public monitoring by the European Commission of government performance and the possibility of sanctions by the EU. The domestic incentives centre on winning elections and holding power, with substantial variation explained in part by diverging sources of domestic support.
Sustaining Leadership in Challenging Times.

Some governments hit by recession have chosen to invest in higher education as part of long-term economic and social development and international competitiveness agendas; others have opted for a route of cuts, financial stringency and contraction of their higher education systems. This article explores challenges to leadership in the latter context. Different types of institutional responses are examined in terms of three categories: reactive, adaptive and generative, first in terms of the nature of responses and second in relation to three institutional case studies. The higher education responses are then compared with the responses – and associated leadership lessons – that have been compiled from other sectors. Different forms of leadership development are also helping leaders to meet the challenges at individual, team and organisational levels, within and across countries and sectors.
Global financial crisis: an Islamic finance perspective

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to initially contribute the literature linking the global financial crisis and the Islamic finance model which is competent of playing down the severity and frequency of financial crises, by introducing the financial system based on sharing in the risk. It links credit expansion to the growth of the real economy by allowing credit primarily for the purchase of real goods and services which the seller owns and possesses, and the buyer wishes to take delivery. It also requires the creditor to bear the risk of default by prohibiting the sale of debt, thereby ensuring that he evaluates the risk more carefully. It is important for everyone's future that we study the current crisis in order to develop sustainable financial practices and in quest of a new business model based on sharing the profit and loss. Design/methodology/approach - The divergence approach is used for exploring possibilities and constraints of inherited situations by applying critical thinking and analysis through the published literature in Islamic finance. This is to create new understandings of international finance and using new banking business model towards better design solutions for the current global financial crisis and preventing more collapse in the future. Findings - A new business model for the banking system based on non-interest-based transactions but profit and loss sharing should be in practice at the financial system. The financial institutions should encourage business and trade activities that generate fair and legitimate profit. In Islamic finance, there is always a close link between financial flow and productivity. This intrinsic property of Islamic finance contributes towards insulating it from the potential risks resulting from excess leverage and speculative financial activities which are part of the root causes of the current financial crisis. Research limitations/implications - This paper is based on published research papers but does not include empirical investigation. Practical implications - The new business model based on Islamic finance principles will help in financing businesses by using alternative methods to the banking systems or as a different way to run our banking system. The Islamic finance system with proper checks and controls introduces greater discipline into the economy and links credit expansion to the growth of the real economy. Originality/value - The paper sheds new light on the relationship between the Islamic finance model and a new business model for the financial institutions to be used in order to think through how to prevent future financial collapses and make capital markets work more effectively.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor support in therapy of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.

BACKGROUND Our purpose was to increase the dose intensity of chemotherapy and reduce the days with neutropenic fever in childhood high-risk (HR) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by systematic use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). PROCEDURE All children with HR-ALL in Finland during 1990-1996 were included. Two open-label study groups were formed: 1) 34 children diagnosed between January, 1992, and December, 1996, received seven or nine courses (depending on cranial RT or no cranial RT) of GM-CSF at 5 microg/kg s.c. daily until an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 1,000 x 10(6)/liter at scheduled places in the protocol and 2) 80 control children, those diagnosed between January, 1990, and December, 1991, plus all with significant coexpression of myeloid markers, did not receive GM-CSF. RESULTS Dose intensity increased in patients who received regular GM-CSF support. The intensive phase of therapy, including induction, consolidation courses, and delayed intensification, was 33 days shorter (P < 0.001) in children with seven courses and 26 days shorter (P < 0.01) in those with nine courses of GM-CSF compared to controls. The number of infections during the whole ALL therapy was reduced by use of GM-CSF in children aged >5 years (P < 0.001), but not in those aged <5 years. The mean total duration of intravenous antibiotics per child was 39 days in the GM-CSF group and 48 days in the control group (P < 0. 001). Systematic use of GM-CSF was cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS Systematic use of GM-CSF improved dose intensity by shortening the intensive treatment period by about 4 weeks. Use of GM-CSF reduced the days for inpatient antibiotics by about 1 week per child, which translates into reduced costs.
Complement and myoblast transfer therapy: Donor myoblast survival is enhanced following depletion of host complement C3 using cobra venom factor, but not in the absence of C5

Myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) is a potential cell therapy for myopathies such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and involves the injection of cultured muscle precursor cells (‘myoblasts’) isolated from normal donor skeletal muscles into dystrophic host muscle. The failure of donor myoblast survival following MTT is widely accepted as being due to the immune response of the host. The role of complement as one possible mechanism for the initial, very rapid death of myoblasts following MTT was investigated. Donor male myoblasts were injected into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of female host mice that were: (i) untreated; (ii) depleted of C3 complement (24 h prior to MTT) using cobra venom factor (CVF); and/or (iii) deficient in C5 complement. Quantification of surviving male donor myoblast DNA was performed using the Y‐chromosome specific (Y1) probe on slot blots for samples taken at 0 h, 1 h, 24 h, 1 week and 3 weeks after MTT. Peripheral depletion of C3 was confirmed using double immunodiffusion, and local depletion of C3 in host TA muscles was confirmed by immunostaining of muscle samples. Cobra venom factor treatment significantly increased the initial survival of donor myoblasts, but there was a marked decline in myoblast numbers after 1 h and little long‐term benefit by 3 weeks. Strain specific variation in the immediate survival of donor male myoblasts following MTT in untreated C57BL/10Sn, DBA‐1 and DBA‐2 (C5‐deficient) female hosts was observed. Cobra venom factor depletion of C3 increased initial donor male myoblast survival (approximately twofold at 0 h) in C57BL/10Sn and DBA‐1 host mice and approximately threefold in DBA‐2 hosts at 0 h and 1 h after MTT. The rapid and extensive number (approximately 90%) of donor male myoblasts in untreated DBA‐2 mice (that lack C5) indicates that activation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) plays no role in this massive initial cell death. The observation that myoblast survival was increased in all mice treated with CVF suggests that CVF may indirectly enhance donor myoblast survival by a mechanism possibly involving activated C3 fragments.
The Q angle and sport

Quadriceps muscle contraction tends to straighten the Q angle. We expected that sports comprising a high amount of quadriceps training could be associated with low Q angles. The aim of the present study was to estimate the Q angle in athletes and to investigate its potential associations with participation in sport. Three hundred and thirty‐nine athletes had their Q angle measured. The mean of right‐side Q angles was higher than left side, and the mean Q angle was higher in women than in men. The Q angle was positively associated with years of jogging, and negatively with years of soccer, swimming and sports participation at all. It is concluded that the use of Q angle measurements is questionable.
Practical Applications of A Global Perspective on Pension Fund Investments in Real Estate

A lack of research into the cost, investment approach and performance of pension fund real estate investments globally has led to an incomplete understanding of the true performance of real estate investments. Previous studies have focused only on property indices, specific buildings and REITs. In A Global Perspective on Pension Fund Investments in Real Estate, (JPM 2013 Special Real Estate Issue) , Aleksandar Andonov , Nils Kok and Piet Eichholtz take that research a step further. Using data from CEM Benchmarking Inc. of Canada, they seek to uncover the real expenses pension funds pay to play in the property sector. In this Practical Applications report, Eichholtz—Professor of Real Estate Finance at Maastricht University —gives practical advice on how pension funds can improve the performance of their real estate holdings.
Creating Value Across Generations in Family-Controlled Businesses: The Role of Family Social Capital

This article explores the processes through which family-controlled businesses (FCBs) access and recombine resources to match the evolving needs of their business activities. We do so by applying the conceptual lens offered by social capital to the comparative study of four FCBs active in traditional competitive arenas. Our data reveal that these firms' ability to create financial value over generations does not result from possession of some unique resource, nor from higher-level combinative capabilities; rather, these FCBs have systematically created value through their ability to renew and to reshape their social interactions within and outside the controlling family.
Probabilistic Expectations in Developing Countries

Many decisions are made under uncertainty, and individuals are likely to form subjective expectations about the probabilities of events that are relevant to their decisions. I review here a recent and growing literature that uses probabilistic expectations elicited from survey respondents in developing countries. I first present an illustrative model of one particular decision under uncertainty—the choice of a college—to exemplify the importance of subjective expectations data for identification purposes. I then review existing evidence emphasizing that it is feasible to elicit probabilities from survey respondents in low-literacy settings and describe common patterns of answers. Finally, I describe existing applications, many of which seek to assess how expectations influence behavior, in various domains, including health, education, agricultural production, and migration.
Predictors of Ventricular Shunt Infection Among Children Presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department

Objectives Among a population of children with a ventricular shunt presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED), and in whom cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained, we sought to (1) determine the rate of positive CSF bacterial culture and (2) identify clinical predictors of ventricular shunt infection. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of children 3 months to 21 years of age evaluated in a single pediatric tertiary ED from 1995 to 2008. All included children had CSF obtained within 24 hours of presentation to the ED. A shunt infection was defined by growth of bacteria in the CSF of a child who underwent shunt removal within 7 days of presentation. Results Nine hundred seventy-nine children met the inclusion criteria; 130 patients (13%) had growth of bacteria in CSF, of which 58 (5.9% of total) had a shunt infection. The median time since last shunt revision or replacement was shorter for patients with a shunt infection compared with children without shunt infection (44 vs 209 days, P = 0.001). After adjustment for patient age, the following factors were associated with shunt infection: shunt revision within the prior 90 days (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3–4.4), presence of fever (aOR, 8.4; 95% CI, 4.3–16.3), and white blood cell count greater than 15,000/&mgr;L (aOR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5–6.6). Conclusions Among children with a ventricular shunt who had CSF obtained in the ED, the presence of recent shunt revision, fever, and leukocytosis was associated with ventricular shunt infection.
Policy Transfer among Local Governments: An Information–Theory Approach

We argue that the burgeoning literature on policy transfer suffers from the lack of an analytical framework that would facilitate understanding and, thus, theory–building. We suggest that policy transfer be conceptualized as occurring through a communications and information framework and that it focus on information networks that include producers, senders, and facilitators of information, as well as recipients. We apply this framework to an illustrative study of how British local–authority officials involved in the area of urban regeneration policy learn from each other’s experience. Utilizing this approach, the results of our case study yield several testable hypotheses for future study. In particular, they direct us towards the importance of informal networks in the policy–transfer process, towards an examination of the motivations of producers, senders, and disseminators of information, and towards the difficulty all participants in the network have in assessing the quality and validity of the information they receive.
Gated Communities and Spatial Inequality

ABSTRACT: In this article we analyze gated communities as a nexus of social and spatial relations within the context of urban inequality. We apply Tickamyer’s (2000) sociological framework for incorporating space into the study of inequality, which allows us to substantiate the arguments that the process of gating increases urban inequality. The contributions of this article are three: (1) We generate a new systematic theoretical approach toward the study of gated communities, which we consider as middle range theory; (2) We argue that gated communities reproduce the existing levels of social stratification and that they also define a new, permanent differentiation order in the spatial organization of cities in the United States (in this respect we also arrive at six hypotheses, which can be tested in future research); (3) We introduce the term “gating machine,” where the combination of the interests and actions of local governments, real estate developers, the media, and consumers suggest that prevailing structural conditions assure the future proliferation of gated communities.
Corporate performance management

Focuses on the changes in performance measurement, following research conducted with executives in a number of leading European companies. Found that there is a growing trend towards managing performance improvement through focusing on the underlying drivers of performance, whether improvements in the processes or the underlying resources that give these processes capability. The past obsession with pure financial performance is decreasing and there may be a recognition that there is a trade off between hitting today’s financial results and sustaining the capabilities and competences that allow companies to compete effectively in the future.