Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Excess Mortality Associated with Influenza among Tuberculosis Deaths in South Africa, 1999–2009

Background Published data on the interaction between influenza and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are limited. We aimed to estimate the influenza-associated mortality among individuals with PTB in South Africa from 1999–2009. Methods We modelled the excess influenza-associated mortality by applying Poisson regression models to monthly PTB and non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths, using laboratory-confirmed influenza as a covariate. Results PTB deaths increased each winter, coinciding with influenza virus circulation. Among individuals of any age, mean annual influenza-associated PTB mortality rate was 164/100,000 person-years (n = 439). The rate of non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths was 27/100,000 (n = 1125) for HIV-infected and 5/100,000 (n = 2367) for HIV-uninfected individuals of all ages. Among individuals aged <65 years, influenza-associated PTB mortality risk was elevated compared to influenza-associated non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths in HIV-infected (relative risk (RR): 5.2; 95% CI: 4.6–5.9) and HIV-uninfected individuals (RR: 61.0; CI: 41.4–91.0). Among individuals aged ≥65 years, influenza-associated PTB mortality risk was elevated compared to influenza-associated non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths in HIV-uninfected individuals (RR: 13.0; 95% CI: 12.0–14.0). Conclusion We observed an increased risk of influenza-associated mortality in persons with PTB compared to non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths. If confirmed in other settings, our findings may support recommendations for active inclusion of patients with TB for influenza vaccination and empiric influenza anti-viral treatment of patients with TB during influenza epidemics.
Psychopathy in Adolescence and Criminal Recidivism in Young Adulthood

Very few studies to date have examined the long-term predictive validity of psychopathy among juveniles. The current study reports general and violent recidivism data for an ethnically heterogeneous sample of male offenders (n = 75) who had been administered the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV) in 1996 when they were on average 16 years of age. Neither total scores nor factor scores of the PCL: YV predicted general or violent reconvictions throughout this time frame. These modest effects underscore recent concerns raised about the utility of psychopathy as a risk factor for future criminality, particularly among multiethnic offender samples.
A Cue Alone or a Probe to Think? The Dual Role of Affect in Product Evaluations

Two studies investigate the conditions under which mood acts as a heuristic cue that influences the judgments of a message and when mood acts as a resource (facilitates relational elaboration). The findings indicate that mood serves as a cue when the message information is not easily accessible. This outcome is qualified by the individuals' willingness to hold accurate beliefs. When respondents are alerted to the potential effect of their mood on their judgment, they correct for it. Positive mood acts as a resource when information about the target is accessible and there are contextual cues that are perceived as relevant to the judgment of a target. (c) 2006 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc.
Effects of number-of-letters on eye movements during reading are independent from effects of spatial word length

Word length is an important determinant of eye movement behaviour in reading. The current study is the first attempt to disconfound a word's number of letters from its spatial extent. In a sentence-reading experiment using closely matched stimuli, clear differences were observed between target words that subtended the same visual angle but differed in number of letters: the more letters in the word, the more fixations made on the word, and the longer the duration of these fixations. Analyses of the full set of sentence words confirmed these results for a wider range of word lengths, and are consistent with a role for number-of-letters distinct from spatial extent. The most plausible explanation for these findings is that long words are subject to a reater degree of visual crowding, which is costly for both temporal and spatial eye movement systems.
From omnipotence to exhaustion: the perspectives of adolescents in drug therapy

This study aimed at understanding the meaning of chemotherapeutic treatment for adolescents with cancer. It is a qualitative study using Alfred Schutz’s social phenomenology as a framework. Seven adolescents were interviewed. Four themes emerged from the analysis of their discourses: Impact of the disease on their lives; The discomfort of treatment; Coping strategies and Projection to the future without the disease. The statements of the adolescents revealed that the experience with the chemotherapeutic treatment affects several possibilities of being-in-the-world-with-the-others. The healthcare team plays a fundamental role in the lives of these adolescents, and this relationship goes beyond the scientific level.
Modeling the Aminogenic Potential of Enterococcus faecalis EF37 in Dry Fermented Sausages through Chemical and Molecular Approaches

ABSTRACT Amino acid decarboxylase activity of the Enterococcus faecalis strain EF37 was monitored during fermentation and ripening of a traditional dry fermented sausage from Northern Italy (Salame Veronese) by means of microbiological, chemical, and molecular approaches in relation to three technological factors: fermentation temperature, sodium chloride concentration, and amount of glucose added to the meat mixture. Besides the analytical determination of tyramine and phenylethylamine accumulation and the counts of enterococci, the presence and quantification of the tyrosine decarboxylase gene (tdc) and its mRNA transcript were also investigated by using real-time PCR. According to the mathematical models obtained, all of the three factors studied were statistically significant and microbiologically relevant for the early development of enterococci, although the fermentation temperature had a more relevant influence on the enterococcal viable cells of the ripened product. Sodium chloride concentration was the most determinant factor of the final tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine accumulation and also of the levels of tdc present in the final product. In contrast, an effect of glucose concentration on tdc expression was observed in the last period of ripening. Moreover, increasing amounts of sodium chloride and decreasing fermentation temperature resulted in a reduced tdc expression. This is the first time that bacterial tyrosine decarboxylase potential is directly examined through a molecular approach in a fermented meat. The quantification of tdc and its transcript can help to elucidate the critical steps and factors during food manufacturing at which bacterial aminogenesis is possible, thus allowing researchers to propose technological measures to control decarboxylase activities.
Popularity-driven content caching

This paper presents a novel cache replacement method - Popularity-Driven Content Caching (PopCaching). PopCaching learns the popularity of content and uses it to determine which content it should store and which it should evict from the cache. Popularity is learned in an online fashion, requires no training phase and hence, it is more responsive to continuously changing trends of content popularity. We prove that the learning regret of PopCaching (i.e., the gap between the hit rate achieved by PopCaching and that by the optimal caching policy with hindsight) is sublinear in the number of content requests. Therefore, PopCaching converges fast and asymptotically achieves the optimal cache hit rate. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of PopCaching by applying it to a movie.douban. com dataset that contains over 38 million requests. Our results show significant cache hit rate lift compared to existing algorithms, and the improvements can exceed 40% when the cache capacity is limited. In addition, PopCaching has low complexity.
Are All Proximity Effects Created Equal? Fast Food near Schools and Body Weight among Diverse Adolescents

Prior research has demonstrated that the proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools is related to higher youth body weight and also suggests that this relationship may be stronger in urban areas. Research also suggests that some segments of youth may be more vulnerable to this relationship than others. The authors investigate the relationship of fast-food proximity to middle and high schools and adolescent weight outcomes, with a focus on understanding intra-urban differences across groups defined by ethnicity and school income. Their results suggest that body weight associations with proximity to a fast-food restaurant from school are not equal for all youth. Black and Hispanic students at low-income and urban schools have higher associations between school–fast food distance and youth body weight, up to four times greater than general distance associations. The authors discuss their findings in light of the complexity of understanding the relationship between retail marketing proximity and weight-related associations among youth, as well as obesity disparities.
Process Into Products

This article addresses the need for novice teachers to receive exposure and experiences related to family engagement as part of their academic preparation to better facilitate their actual parent involvement practices. In a graduate-level parent involvement in education course, early childhood educators had an opportunity to engage in a variety of family engagement practices and reflect on the effectiveness and outcomes for the students and their families.
In What Circumstances Does Job Performance Vary With Ages

Abstract This paper examines what is known about employee age and the effectiveness of job behaviour, concentrating on studies carried out in work settings and linking these with laboratory investigations. Rated job performance is shown to be generally unrelated to age; overall, absenteeism tends to be greater among younger employees; accidents are more common at lower ages; and staff turnover declines with age. A framework is proposed in terms of three main components of job behaviour: (1) physical ability; (2) adaptability; and (3) general work effectiveness. The major practical need is seen to be the implementation of procedures that enhance adaptability among older employees. An outline model is suggested, with the objective of identifying those jobs in which greater age is either a benefit or a limitation. This model indicates that, in research as well as in practice, the key issues now concern the nature and enhancement of adaptability.
Price elasticity reconsidered: Panel estimation of an agricultural water demand function

Using panel data from a period of water rate reform, this paper estimates the price elasticity of irrigation water demand. Price elasticity is decomposed into the direct effect of water management and the indirect effect of water price on choice of output and irrigation technology. The model is estimated using an instrumental variables strategy to account for the endogeneity of technology and output choices in the water demand equation. Estimation results indicate that the price elasticity of agricultural water demand is −0.79, which is greater than that found in previous studies.
Cross-Cultural Validity of the Ruminative Responses Scale in Argentina and the United States

Although frequently used in the United States, the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) has not been extensively studied in cross-cultural samples. The present study evaluated the factor structure of Treynor et al.’s 10-item version of the RRS in samples from Argentina (N = 308) and the United States (N = 371). In addition to testing measurement invariance between the countries, we evaluated whether the maladaptive implications of rumination were weaker for the Argentinians than for the U.S. group. Self-critical perfectionism was the criterion in those tests. Partial scalar invariance supported an 8-item version of the RRS. There were no differences in factor means or factor correlations in RRS dimensions between countries. Brooding and Reflection were positively correlated with self-critical perfectionism in both countries, with no significant differences in the sizes of these relations between the two samples. Results are discussed in terms of psychometric and cross-cultural implications for rumination.
Potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico em crianças encaminhadas de um programa de triagem auditiva neonatal

OBJECTIVES: to describe the findings of the brainstem auditive evoked potential (BAEP) test in children on a neonatal auditive triage program and analyze the difference in gender and the interference of age on the measurement of BAEP interwave latency. METHODS: 41 children aged between one and nine months referred to a Municipal Triage Program of the Education and Health Study Centre (EHSS) in the town of Marilia, Sao Paulo State, Brazil in the year of 2010 were evaluated. RESULTS: a normal result in 31 (75.6%) and an altered result in 10 (24.4%) patients were observed. Among the latter, alterations principally of the unilateral and bilateral conductive types were observed. It was also observed that with increasing age, the interwave latency decreased in an inverse correlation. CONCLUSIONS: the diagnosis of children in this Neonatal Auditive Triage Program was premature. The results of the BAEP can serve as a reference for other studies in this field. Applying BAEP in this population allows a better direction of conduct and intervention and specific counseling for family members.
Caste, Class and the Love-Marriage: Social Change in India.

The present study of a small town in rural West Bengal, India, reveals a number of "love-marriages" involving individuals from castes of distinctly different ranks in the local caste hierarchy. Despite the prevailing rule of caste endogamy, inter-caste couples appear to face little difficulty living in a very small town in which one-third of the households are of recent village origin. The data suggest that such inter-caste marriages are tolerated because they are not inconsistent with the system of social ranking operating in both the town and the surrounding rural microregion. This system is class-like and an individual's social status in the social hierarchy is based on the evaluation of multiple ranking-gradients, of which caste is one.
The isolation of trichophytin glycopeptide and its structure in relation to the immediate and delayed reactions.

1. A pure glycopeptide has been isolated from submerged cultures of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. It contains galactose and mannose in a ratio which varied from 1:3 to 1:8 and about 10–12 per cent of protein consisting of the following amino acids: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, proline, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, and in trace amounts tyrosine, serine and lysine. 2. This glycopeptide will produce both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions in man and guinea pigs. 3. Degradation of the carbohydrate causes a great reduction in immediate reactions and degradation of the peptide causes a loss of the delayed reactivity. 4. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of the immediate and the delayed reaction.
A Comparison of At-Risk Preschool Children's Performance On the K-Abc, McCarthy Scales, and Stanford-Binet

This study examined the relationship among performance on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), McCarthy Scales, and Stanford-Binet for 72 children referred for placement in two early intervention preschool programs. The correlational results of the study yielded moderate positive relationships between both the Mental Processing Composite (MFC) and General Cognitive Index (GCI) (r = .59) and the MPC and Stanford-Binet IQ (r = 45). Individual performance profiles of the children placed in the programs were relatively flat on both the K-ABC and McCarthy. On the K-ABC, the Simultaneous scale (SIM) was 2 points higher than the Sequential scale (SEQ), and the Achievement scale (ACH) was about 2 points higher than MPC. On the McCarthy, all of the scale indexes were within 2 to 3 points of each other, except Verbal, which was 4 to 5 points higher.
Violent Youths in Southern Public Schools in America

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study of 600 adolescents from three Southern public schools in the United States was to examine the differential effects of elements of social control and social learning theories on violence according to age groups (13 to 15 and 16 to 18 years of age). As hypothesized, developmental (differences were found that have implications for theory and intervention. Attachments to caregivers and self-esteem were significantly related to violence only among young adolescents. Sexual and physical abuse, beliefs, religiosity, and feelings of frustration and alienation, and use of excuses were predictive of violence irrespective of age. On the other hand, deviant peer associations, modeling, drug use, carrying a weapon, and gang membership was predictive of violent deeds only among older adolescents. Conceptual and practice implications of these findings are discussed.
Towards a more humanistic psychiatry: Development of need‐adapted treatment of schizophrenia group psychoses

The group of schizophrenic psychoses is clinically and prognostically very heterogeneous. Contradictory views about etiology have had a major negative effect of the development of treatment, especially psychotherapeutic methods. There is an obvious need for more integrated approaches. We should study the development and precipitating factors of every person’s psychosis individually and plan his/her treatment on this knowledge. This has been done in the need‐adapted treatment of schizophrenia group psychoses, developed gradually by the author and his co‐workers in Finland over 40 years ago. Our aim is a comprehensive and psychotherapeutically oriented treatment approach for public psychiatric health care. A crucial step forward was the initiation of treatment with therapy meetings, including the treatment team, the patient, and his/her family members (or sometimes other persons close to him). During the last few decades, several projects applying the need‐adapted model have been developed. The author describes the experiences and results of some projects and also deals with the use of neuroleptic drugs in connection with the need‐adaptive orientation.
Latent state–trait theory and research in personality and individual differences

Latent state–trait (LST) theory is a generalization of classical test theory designed to take account of the fact that psychological measurement does not take place in a situational vacuum. The basic concepts of latent state–trait theory (LST theory) are introduced. The core of LST theory consists of two decompositions: (a) the decomposition of any observed score into latent state and measurement error, and (b) the decomposition of any latent state into latent trait and latent state residual representing situational and/or interaction effects. Latent states and latent traits are defined as special conditional expectations. A score on a latent state variable is defined as the expectation of an observable variable Yik given a person in a situation whereas a score on a latent trait variable is the expectation of Yik given a person. The theory also comprises the definition of consistency, occasion specificity, reliability, and stability coefficients. An overview of different models of LST theory is given. It is shown how different research questions of personality psychology can be and have been analysed within the LST framework and why research in personality and individual differences can profit from LST theory and methodology. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Most People Happier than their Peers, or Are They Just Happy?

Most people judge themselves to be content with their lives. However, they also judge themselves to be more content than the others in their group, which is a logical impossibility. In line with previous speculations, the authors found in two studies that comparative contentment judgments were highly related to judgments of one’s own contentment but entirely unrelated to judgments of comparison of others’ contentment. That is, comparative contentment judgments are predominantly self-focused. Researchers asking the question, “How content are you relative to your peers? ” should be aware that the response might well be to the question “How content are you? ”
Differences among Pollen-Allergic Patients with and without Plant Food Allergy

Background: A considerable number of pollen-allergic patients develops allergy to plant foods, which has been attributed to cross-reactivity between food and pollen allergens. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences among pollen-allergic patients with and without plant food allergy. Methods: Eight hundred and six patients were recruited from 8 different hospitals. Each clinical research group included 100 patients (50 plant food-allergic patients and 50 pollen-allergic patients). Diagnosis of pollen allergy was based on typical case history of pollen allergy and positive skin prick tests. Diagnosis of plant-food allergy was based on clear history of plant-food allergy, skin prick tests and/or plant-food challenge tests. A panel of 28 purified allergens from pollens and/or plant foods was used to quantify specific IgE (ADVIA-Centaur® platform). Results: Six hundred and sixty eight patients (83%) of the 806 evaluated had pollen allergy: 396 patients with pollen allergy alone and 272 patients with associated food and pollen allergies. A comparison of both groups showed a statistically significant increase in the food and pollen allergy subgroup in frequency of: (1) asthma (47 vs. 59%; p < 0.001); (2) positive skin test results to several pollens: Plantago,Platanus,Artemisia,Betula,Parietaria and Salsola (p < 0.001); (3) sensitization to purified allergens: Pru p 3, profilin, Pla a 1 – Pla a 2, Sal k 1, PR-10 proteins and Len c 1. Conclusion: Results showed relevant and significant differences between both groups of pollen-allergic patients depending on whether or not they suffered from plant-derived food allergy.
Rosacea‐like demodicidosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

We present a 35‐year‐old patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had demodicidosis on his face, characterized by multiple papules and papulopustules, associated pruritus, numerous mites on skin‐surface biopsy and in biopsy specimens, and rapid response to topical treatment with permethrin. It seems likely that Demodex infestation does not manifest unless local or systemic immune function is altered, leading to the proliferation of the organism and subsequent disease.
Assessment in higher education: drivers, barriers and directions for change in the UK

Assessment is fundamental to student learning and achievement. However, whilst research consistently emphasises the role of assessment in supporting the development of the learner, the reality of assessment processes and practices in higher education is frequently indicated to fall someway short. This article aims to contribute to a shared understanding of the discourse surrounding assessment in higher education in the UK, and presents a synopsis of the role of assessment in curriculum change. Key drivers for change, the inhibitory role of the dominant discourse of assessment and suggestions for future development towards an assessment for learning culture, are considered as a means of giving greater prioritisation to assessment than is currently afforded.