Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigations on Translation Model Adaptation Using Monolingual Data

Most of the freely available parallel data to train the translation model of a statistical machine translation system comes from very specific sources (European parliament, United Nations, etc). Therefore, there is increasing interest in methods to perform an adaptation of the translation model. A popular approach is based on unsupervised training, also called self-enhancing. Both only use monolingual data to adapt the translation model. In this paper we extend the previous work and provide new insight in the existing methods. We report results on the translation between French and English. Improvements of up to 0.5 BLEU were observed with respect to a very competitive baseline trained on more than 280M words of human translated parallel data.
Preschool-Age Adopted Chinese Girls’ Behaviors That Were Most Concerning to Their Mothers

Children's behavioral difficulties are a major source of parental concern. The goals of the current study were to (1) describe preschool-age adopted Chinese girls’ behaviors that were most concerning to their adoptive mothers and (2) examine the relation between children's concerning behaviors and parent/child demographics. Qualitative data from 422 mothers on 480 adopted Chinese girls (M = 44.2 months, SD = 15.2) were collected using three sequenced methods (i.e., open-ended question, follow-ups, and a focus group discussion). These girls were adopted at 3 to 60 months of age (M = 13.8, SD = 8.0) and had lived in the adoptive homes for at least 6 months (M = 30.2, SD = 14.4). Data analysis showed that 242 (57.3%) mothers (representing 274 girls) reported one to three concerning behaviors per child (total = 323 concerns), including behaviors that indicated attachment problems (107 or 33.1%), poor social skills (46 or 14.2%), language/speech problems (42 or 13%), sleep problems (29 or 9%), health/physical problems (24 or 7.4%), and problems in other areas (e.g., potty training) (75 or 23.2%). Further analysis showed that the mothers with prior experience of raising adopted children, but not biological children, were more likely to report concerning attachment behaviors than first-time mothers.
Distribution and behavior of sludge in upflow reactors for anaerobic treatment of wastewater

A model has been developed and experimentally checked for the physical behavior of sludge in the blanket in upflow reactors. The model is based on the mass balance for the sludge in the blanket, and can be used to predict the distribution of sludge in an upflow reactor in relation with the gas production, sludge settling characteristics, and the linear fluid velocity in the reactor. The quantitative values of the transport factors that are a measure of the efficiency of the transport of sludge by the fluid streams occurring in the reactor were determined experimentally in reactors of 30‐ and 200‐m3 volumes. As this was done for wastewater containing lower fatty acids as the main organic pollutants and for sludge with good settling characteristics, the predictive value of the model is limited. It may be used for the second (methane forming) step of anaerobic treatment of wastewater.
Integrating gender into a basic medical curriculum

Introduction In 1998, gaps were found to exist in the basic medical curriculum of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre regarding health‐related gender differences in terms of biological, psychological and social factors. After screening the curriculum for language, content and context, adjustments aimed at incorporating gender issues were proposed. The aim of this study was to evaluate those adjustments, as well as to investigate whether gender had been successfully incorporated into the basic medical curriculum, and to identify the factors that played a role in this.
US for detecting renal calculi with nonenhanced CT as a reference standard.

PURPOSE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography (US) for detecting parenchymal and renal pelvis calculi and to establish the accuracy of US for determining the size and number of calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 123 US and computed tomographic (CT) examinations were compared retrospectively for the presence of renal calculi. The sensitivity of US was determined for individual calculi and at least one calculus per examination. Retrospective findings were compared with the original US interpretation. The sizes of calculi in longest axis were compared on US and CT images, and the US detection of calculi in the left and right kidneys was compared. The use of US for detecting the full extent of calculus burden was evaluated in patients with multiple calculi. RESULTS US depicted 24 of 101 calculi identified at CT, yielding a sensitivity of 24% and a specificity of 90%. There was no substantial difference for the detection of calculi in the right and left kidneys. The sensitivity of US for any calculi in a patient was 44%, equal to that of the original US interpretation. US enabled identification of 39% of patients with multiple calculi and demonstrated all calculi in 17% of these patients. The mean size of calculi detected with US was 7.1 mm +/- 1.2 (95% CI); 73% of calculi not visualized at US were less than 3.0 mm in size. Calculus size based on US and CT measurements was concordant in 79% of cases and differed by a mean of 1.5 mm +/- 0.7. CONCLUSION US is of limited value for detecting renal calculi.
Invisible Culprit: Intralabyrinthine Schwannomas That do not Appear on Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Intralabyrinthine schwannoma (ILS) is an infrequent tumor that arises in isolation within the periphery of the temporal bone. Only 32 cases have been reported to date in the literature, of which 12 were discovered at autopsy. Prior to the advent of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Gd-MRI), only 1 ILS had been diagnosed preoperatively. However, after Gd-MRI became a common modality, 5 ILSs were imaged. Two additional cases are reported that were discovered during labyrinth-destructive surgery despite normal Gd-MRI findings. Possible explanations for and potential ramifications of nonenhancing ILS are discussed.
Computing with matrix groups

A group is usually input into a computer by specifying the group either using a presentation or using a generating set of permutations or matrices. Here we will emphasize the latter approach, referring to [Si3, Si4, Ser1] for details of the other situations. Thus, the basic computational setting discussed here is as follows: a group is given, specified as G = 〈X〉 in terms of some generating set X of its elements, where X is an arbitrary subset of either Sn or GL(d, q) (a familiar example is the group of Rubik’s cube). The goal is then to find properties of G efficiently, such as |G|, the derived series, a composition series, Sylow subgroups, and so on. When G is a group of permutations there is a very well-developed body of literature and algorithms for studying its properties (see Section 2). The matrix group situation is much more difficult, and is the focus of the remaining sections of this brief survey. Sections 4 and 5 discuss the case of simple groups, and section 6 uses these to deal with general matrix groups. We will generally emphasize the group-theoretic aspects of the subject, rather than ones involving implementation in the computer systems GAP [GAP4] or Magma [BCP]. Thus, the word “efficiently” used above will usually mean for us “in time polynomial in the input length of the problem” rather than “works well in practice”. One can ask for the relevance of such questions to finite group theory. Certainly computers have been involved in the construction of sporadic simple groups, as well as in the study of these and other simple groups. We will make a few comments concerning the expected uses in GAP and Magma of the results presented here. However, our point of view includes a slightly different aspect: the purely mathematical questions raised by computational needs have led to new points of view and new questions concerning familiar groups.
Towards assessing the complexity of object migration in dynamic, feature-oriented software product lines

Dynamic Software Product Lines (DSPLs) implement features of a product family, from which products can be derived and reconfigured at runtime. This way, systems can alternate their configurations without service interruption. The activation and deactivation of features at runtime pose challenges for the implementation of a DSPL, in particular for handling object states such as runtime changes to object-scoped variables, their value assignments, and the variable properties. To quantify the complexity of this object migration, we propose a systematic code-level measurement approach which harvests feature implementations and the corresponding variability models for code introductions responsible for critical changes to object states. We have applied our measurement process tentatively to data sets representing 9 SPLs implemented using Fuji. This way, we arrived at first insights on object-migration complexity in SPLs. For example, we observed that the number of feature-specific object states is distributed very unequally in Fuji SPLs, with a few objects having an overly complex map of potential object states and the majority of objects potentially seeing transitions between 1 and 5 object states. We also evaluated different tactics of applying SAT solvers to analyze variability models in this context.
Importance of relationship management for the career success of Australian managers

The aim of the study was to derive and crossvalidate a model in which managers' quality of work-related relationships and networking behaviour were hypothesised to contribute to objective and subjective career success. Two hundred and seventy-three Australian managers from seven organisations took part in a questionnaire-based study. A validated model, demonstrating good fit of the data, showed that relationship quality contributed to subjective career success but showed no clear relationship with objective career success. Networking behaviour contributed directly to objective career success and indirectly to subjective career success, mediated by both relationship quality and social support.
Angiotensin II Stimulates Thick Ascending Limb Superoxide Production via Protein Kinase Cα-dependent NADPH Oxidase Activation*

Angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulates thick ascending limb (TAL) O production, but the receptor(s) and signaling mechanism(s) involved are unknown. The effect of Ang II on O is generally attributed to the AT1 receptor. In some cells, Ang II stimulates protein kinase C (PKC), whose α isoform (PKCα) can activate NADPH oxidase. We hypothesized that in TALs, Ang II stimulates O via AT1 and PKCα-dependent NADPH oxidase activation. In rat TALs, 1 nm Ang II stimulated O from 0.76 ± 0.17 to 1.97 ± 0.21 nmol/min/mg (p < 0.001). An AT1 antagonist blocked the stimulatory effect of Ang II on O (0.87 ± 0.25 nmol/min/mg; p < 0.006), whereas an AT2 antagonist had no effect (2.16 ± 0.133 nmol/min/mg; p < 0.05 versus vehicle). Apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, blocked Ang II-stimulated O by 90% (p < 0.01). Ang II failed to stimulate O in TALs from p47phox−/− mice (p < 0.02). Monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Ang II increased PKC activity from 0.02 ± 0.03 to 0.13 ± 0.02 arbitrary units (p < 0.03). A general PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, blocked the effect of Ang II on O (1.47 ± 0.21 versus 2.72 ± 0.47 nmol/min/mg with Ang II alone; p < 0.03). A PKCα- and β-selective inhibitor, Gö6976, also blocked the stimulatory effect of Ang II on O (0.59 ± 0.15 versus 2.05 ± 0.28 nmol/min/mg with Ang II alone; p < 0.001). To distinguish between PKCα and PKCβ, we used tubules expressing dominant-negative PKCα or -β. In control TALs, Ang II stimulated O by 2.17 ± 0.44 nmol/min/mg (p < 0.011). In tubules expressing dominant-negative PKCα, Ang II failed to stimulate O (change: −0.30 ± 0.27 nmol/min/mg). In tubules expressing dominant-negative PKCβ1, Ang II stimulated O by 2.08 ± 0.69 nmol/min/mg (p < 0.002). We conclude that Ang II stimulates TAL O production via activation of AT1 receptors and PKCα-dependent NADPH oxidase.
The Internet in the everyday life‐world: a comparison between high‐school students in China and Norway

Based on in‐depth interviews, this study offers a comparison of how high‐school students in China and Norway are actively constructing the Internet as an element of their everyday lives. Through the Schutzian notions of everyday life‐world, social‐biographical situation and relevance, the study has revealed striking differences between the Chinese and Norwegian participants concerning their relationship with the Net, although both have been referred to as members of the Net Generation. These are summarised in four interrelated themes that highlight the differences. Together, they shed light on the different places and meanings the Net has acquired in the young people’s lives in the two cases and how they negotiate their identities as students within the Internet‐transformed context. It is argued that these differences cannot be explained merely by the material resources in the two societies. More importantly, they have to do with the individuals’ and their families’ relevance systems.
Somnolence syndrome after cranial irradiation: a literature review

Somnolence syndrome is a commonly seen, early-delayed side effect of radiation treatment to the brain. Despite being a recognised side effect for over 30 years, many associated aspects of the syndrome are still unclear, such as which patients are most prone to the condition, what are its associated symptoms, what is its aetiology, what treatment factors affect it and how can it be managed? Literature has shown that somnolence syndrome can occur in children and adults after receiving cranial irradiation. The syndrome is characterised by a variety of symptoms, including mild drowsiness to extreme exhaustion, low grade fever, nausea, anorexia and headache. Symptoms generally appear between five to six weeks after the completion of treatment. Why and how the syndrome comes about is still uncertain. Popular theory suggests that it is due to transient demyelination of the nerve fibre. The condition has been shown to appear at doses as low as 12 Gy and up to 54 Gy with a fraction size dependence not yet established. The use of steroid therapy has proven to be an effective method to reduce the occurrence of somnolence syndrome in patients receiving cranial irradiation, with the optimal regime still to be determined. Health care professionals should acknowledge and warn their patients of the syndrome, ensuring proper care is available if it develops. Further study is required on the aetiology of the syndrome, the late neurological outcomes of the syndrome and the optimal steroid schedule for its management. (author abstract)
Interparental Conflicts and the Development of Psychopathology in Adolescents and Young Adults

The objective in this study was to analyze to what extent inter parental conflicts and divorce act as predictors of psychopathological development in young people from intact and divorced families. The participants were 827 Portuguese young people between 13 and 25 years of age. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory were used. Significant difference in the psychopathology were found with regard to gender, age and family structure. As verified, the intensity and lack of solution of the inter parental conflicts positively predict the development of psychopathology. In conclusion, the children whose parents are separated or divorced perceive the frequency and intensity of inter parental conflicts more highly, but present a higher solution level of the inter parental conflicts and higher psychopathology levels. Nevertheless, the family structure has no moderating effect on the interaction between the inter parental conflicts and the development of pyschopathology.
Detection of OPCML methylation, a possible epigenetic marker, from free serum circulating DNA to improve the diagnosis of early-stage ovarian epithelial cancer

The aim of the present study was to identify the appropriate DNA sequence and design high-quality primers for methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). These primers may be used to examine and identify patients with early-stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Opioid binding protein/cell adhesion molecule like (OPCML), Runt-related transcription factor 3 and tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 were selected as possible molecular markers. MSP primer sets were designed to monitor the methylation of the three markers. Free circulating DNA (fcDNA) from 194 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma and healthy donors were templates in the nested MSP. OPCML MSP was effective with respect to screening methylated fcDNA. One-way ANOVA P-values indicated that the difference in cancer antigen 125 (CA125), a biomarker for EOC diagnosis, level between early EOC and healthy donors was not significant. The methylation of OPCML was significantly altered in early-stage EOC compared with healthy donors (P<0.0001), and this supported the hypothesis that specific fcDNA methylation was able to distinguish patients with early-stage EOC from healthy donors. With respect to detecting early EOC, compared with the results of the CA125 test, MSP increased the κ coefficient from 0.140 to 0.757. Therefore, OPCML combined with fcDNA may be used to establish an improved clinical assay compared with the current CA125 test.
Nomic-Role Nonreductionism: Identifying Properties by Total Nomic Roles

I introduce “nomic-role nonreductionism” as an alternative to causal-role functionalism in the philosophy of mind. It is inspired by recent trends in cognitive science that emphasize embodied cognition and multi-level methods of explanation in the special sciences. While causal-role functionalists identify mental properties by an intra-level transition theory that describes relations between inputs, internal mental states, and outputs, I suggest that one identify mental properties by a more comprehensive theory that includes inter-level facts about realization from the appropriate implementation sciences. Thus mental properties are understood by a broad network that includes a horizontal dimension of intra-level causal relations as well as a vertical dimension of inter-level realization relations. To set the stage, in section 1 I describe the popular second-order version of causal-role functionalism. In section 2 I present the alternative nomic-role nonreductionism. In section 3 I support this view by an argument that generalizes upon an imputed rationale for scientific versions of causal-role functionalism. In section 4 I consider some possible problems. Then in section 5 I describe a general account of property identity that utilizes the same picture of causal and realization relations.
Cardiovascular abnormalities in Down's syndrome: spectrum, management and survival over 22 years

Background The prevalence of cardiovascular anomalies in Down's syndrome is well described, but there are few data on spectrum, management and outcome. The authors aimed to provide this information for infants with Down's syndrome in a defined population over a 22-year period. Methods The regional paediatric cardiology database in Newcastle upon Tyne provided information on all cardiovascular anomalies, surgical treatment and outcome. Data was subdivided into two eras, 1985–1995 and 1996–2006, and surgical results and outcomes compared. Data on live births with Down's syndrome were obtained from the Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey (NorCAS). Denominator data on all live births in the region were obtained from UK Statistics. Results In 1985–2006 there were 754,486 live births in the population. 821 infants were live-born with Down's syndrome (1.09 per 1000 live births). 342 (42%) infants with Down's syndrome had a cardiovascular anomaly. The commonest anomaly was complete atrioventricular septal defect in 125 (37%) infants. Three patients had univentricular physiology. In 1985–1995, 101/163 (62%) infants had surgery with 30% mortality; in 1996–2006, 129/180 (72%) had surgery with 5% mortality. One patient underwent Fontan completion. There were two cardiac transplants for cardiomyopathy. One-year survival in Down's syndrome with a cardiovascular anomaly improved from 82% in 1985–1995 to 94% in 1996–2006. Conclusions The incidence of cardiovascular anomalies in Down's syndrome was 42%. There has been a significant reduction in postoperative mortality and improvement in 1-year survival. Treatment modalities such as single ventricle palliation and cardiac transplantation are now considered in these patients.
Figures of speech: Figurative expressions and the management of topic transition in conversation

ABSTRACT In conversation, speakers occasionally use figurative expressions such as “had a good innings,” “take with a pinch of salt,” or “come to the end of her tether. ” This article investigates WHERE in conversation such expressions are used, in terms of their sequential distribution. One clear distributional pattern is found: Figurative expressions occur regularly in topic transition sequences, and specifically in the turn where a topic is summarized, thereby initiating the closing of a topic. The paper discusses some of the distinctive features of the topic termination/transition sequences with which figurative closings are associated, particularly participants' orientation to their moving to new topics. Finally, the interactional use of figurative expressions is considered in the context of instances where their use fails to secure topical closure, manifesting some conflict (disaffiliation, etc.) between the participants. (Figurative expressions, idioms, conversation, topic)
Sequence of tissue responses in the early stages of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE): Immunohistochemical, light microscopic, and ultrastructural observations in the spinal cord

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in adult Lewis rats with purified guinea pig CNS myelin and Freund' adjuvant. As soon as the very earliest clinical signs appeared the animals were perfused with fixatives and the spinal cord analyzed by electron microscopy, silver methods, and immunocytochemistry.
Factor structure of the revised TOEIC® test: A multiple-sample analysis

This study examined the factor structure of the listening and reading sections of the revised Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC®) test. The data from the TOEIC IP (institutional program) test taken by 569 English learners were randomly split into two samples (n = 285 vs. 284). Four models (higher-order, correlated, uncorrelated, and unitary) were hypothesized on the basis of the literature and were tested with each sample. The results from confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the correlated model fit the data best in both samples. Further, multiple-sample analysis using the two samples supported an invariance of factor loadings, measurement error variances, factor variances, and factor covariances for the correlated model in the revised TOEIC test. The presence of distinctive factors of listening and reading skills supports the reporting of separate scores for each skill, whereas the relatively high correlation between the two factors may support single score reporting. This is in accordance with the formats used to report revised TOEIC test scores. The results of the current study provide empirical support for the reporting practice of the revised TOEIC test and thus for test interpretation based on the test scores.