Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Personality and Parenting Processes Associated with Problem Behaviors: A Study of Adolescents in Santiago, Chile.

Considerable research in the U.S. has established that adolescent antisocial, aggressive, and attention problems have a negative influence on adolescents' ability to become productive members of society. However, although these behaviors appear in other cultures, little is known about the development of these problems among adolescents in countries other than the U.S. This study contributes to our understanding of personality and parenting factors associated with adolescent problem behaviors using an international sample. Data are from a NIDA-funded study of 884 community-dwelling adolescents in Santiago, Chile (Mean age=14, SD=1.4, 48% females) of mid-to-low socioeconomic status. Results revealed that rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors were both associated with greater levels of adolescent drive but lower levels of parental monitoring and positive parenting by both parents. Adolescents who reported more attention problems were more likely to exhibit driven behavior, more behavioral inhibition, to report lower levels of parental monitoring, and positive parenting by mother and father. Results of interactions revealed that the influences of positive parenting and parental monitoring on adolescent aggressive behaviors varied as a function of the gender of the adolescent. Helping parents build on their parenting skills may result in important reductions in adolescent problem behaviors among U.S. and international adolescents.
Alterations in Strength and Maximal Oxygen Uptake Consequent to Nautilus Circuit Weight Training

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Nautilus circuit weight training program on muscular strength and maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O 2 max) by comparing these effects to those produced by adhering to either a free weight (FW) strength training program or a running (R) program. Male college students who voluntarily enrolled in either a FW training class (n = 11), a Nautilus (N) circuit weight training class (n= 12), or a R conditioning class (n= 13) were subjects for this investigation. All groups participated in their respective programs 3 days per week for 10 weeks. Strength was assessed using a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer set at an angular velocity of 60° · s −1 and a damping of 2. The FW group served as the control group for the assessment of [Vdot]O 2 max changes, while the R group served as controls for the assessment of strength differences. ANCOVA revealed that the N and R groups experienced significant (p < .01) increases in [Vdot]O 2 max expressed in L · min −.
Surgery of the prostate.

What do you do to start reading surgery of the prostate? Searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read? Everybody has difference with their reason of reading a book. Actuary, reading habit must be from earlier. Many people may be love to read, but not a book. It's not fault. Someone will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read. In more, this is the real condition. So do happen probably with this surgery of the prostate.
Perceiving Status (In)stability in a Low-Status Group The Effects of Identification on Explicit and Implicit Intergroup Attitudes

We examined whether perceptions of status (in)stability moderate the effects of ingroup identification on explicit and implicit intergroup attitudes. We expected that identification with Italians (low-status group) would enhance ingroup bias toward (US) Americans (high-status group) more when status was unstable rather than stable. We also predicted that the effects of identification on bias would be driven by ingroup enhancement for explicit attitudes and by both ingroup enhancement and outgroup derogation for implicit attitudes. The results revealed that identification increased explicit ingroup evaluation and ingroup bias independently from status (in)stability. However, identification increased implicit outgroup derogation only with unstable status. The results are discussed with reference to social identity theory and to the importance of considering both explicit and implicit attitudes.
The Marx-Darwin Question: Implications for the Critical Aspects of Marx's Social Theory

This article deals with the implications of recently revived analogies between Marx and Darwin for the critical aspects of Marx's thought. Good prima facie reasons exist to be suspicious of such analogies, since they seem to ignore the distinction between sciences of natural objects and Marx's critical theory - an approach that relates explanations of social processes to the intentional and reflexive qualities of human practices. This article argues, however, that the analogy between Marx and Darwin presents no threat to the critical elements of Marx's thought. More specifically, the article claims (1) that consequence explanations of the Darwinian kind are both useful and formally compatible with Marx's, (2) that this formal compatibility highlights both the nature and limits of Marx's explanatory claims, and (3) that the critical elements of Marx's thought stem from the fact that he relates a form of explanation similar to Darwin's to a human subject.
In vitro predatory activity of conidia of fungal isolates of the Duddingtonia flagrans on Angiostrongylus vasorum first-stage larvae.

INTRODUCTION Angiostrongylus vasorum is a nematode that parasitizes molluscs, dogs, and even man. METHODS The objective was to evaluate the predatory activity of the conidia of two fungal isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001 and CG722) on first-stage larvae (L1) of A. vasorum in laboratory conditions. RESULTS At the end of the experiment, there were significant reductions (p<0.01) of 74.5% and 63.2%, on average, in the A. vasorum L1 recovered in the AC001 and CG722 treatment conditions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The two isolates of fungi were efficient in the capture and destruction of A. vasorum L1.
Dietary Capsaicin Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Alters the Gut Microbiota in Obese Diabetic ob/ob Mice

Background: The effects of capsaicin on obesity and glucose homeostasis are still controversial and the mechanisms underlying these effects remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between the regulation of obesity and glucose homeostasis by dietary capsaicin and the alterations of gut microbiota in obese diabetic ob/ob mice. Methods: The ob/ob mice were subjected to a normal, low-capsaicin (0.01%), or high-capsaicin (0.02%) diet for 6 weeks, respectively. Obesity phenotypes, glucose homeostasis, the gut microbiota structure and composition, short-chain fatty acids, gastrointestinal hormones, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Results: Both the low- and high-capsaicin diets failed to prevent the increase in body weight, adiposity index, and Lee's obesity index. However, dietary capsaicin at both the low and high doses significantly inhibited the increase of fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. These inhibitory effects were comparable between the two groups. Similarly, dietary capsaicin resulted in remarkable improvement in glucose and insulin tolerance. In addition, neither the low- nor high-capsaicin diet could alter the α-diversity and β-diversity of the gut microbiota. Taxonomy-based analysis showed that both the low- and high-capsaicin diets, acting in similar ways, significantly increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level as well as increased the Roseburia abundance and decreased the Bacteroides and Parabacteroides abundances at the genus level. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the Roseburia abundance was negatively while the Bacteroides and Parabacteroides abundances were positively correlated to the fasting blood glucose level and area under the curve by the oral glucose tolerance test. Finally, the low- and high-capsaicin diets significantly increased the fecal butyrate and plasma total GLP-1 levels, but decreased plasma total ghrelin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels as compared with the normal diet. Conclusions: The beneficial effects of dietary capsaicin on glucose homeostasis are likely associated with the alterations of specific bacteria at the genus level. These alterations in bacteria induced by dietary capsaicin contribute to improved glucose homeostasis through increasing short-chain fatty acids, regulating gastrointestinal hormones and inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, our results should be interpreted cautiously due to the lower caloric intake at the initial stage after capsaicin diet administration.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nasally delivered midazolam.

AIMS To investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nasal formulations containing midazolam (5-30 mg ml(-1)) complexed with cyclodextrin. METHODS An open-label sequential trial was conducted in eight healthy subjects receiving single doses of 1 mg and 3 mg intranasally and 1 mg midazolam intravenously. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartmental and two-compartmental models. Pharmacodynamic effects of midazolam were assessed using VAS and a reaction time test. RESULTS Mean bioavailability of midazolam after nasal administration ranged from 76 +/- 12% to 92 +/- 15%. With formulations delivering 1 mg midazolam, mean C(max) values between 28.1 +/- 9.1 and 30.1 +/- 6.6 ng ml(-1) were reached after 9.4 +/- 3.2-11.3 +/- 4.4 min. With formulations delivering 3 mg midazolam, mean C(max) values were between 68.9 +/- 19.8 and 80.6 +/- 15.2 ng ml(-1) after 7.2 +/- 0.7-13.0 +/- 4.3 min. Chitosan significantly increased C(max) and reduced t(max) of midazolam in the high-dose formulation. Mean ratios of dose-adjusted AUC after intranasal and intravenous application for 1'-hydroxymidazolam were between 0.97 +/- 0.15 and 1.06 +/- 0.24, excluding relevant gastrointestinal absorption of intranasal midazolam. The pharmacodynamic effects after the low-dose nasal formulations were comparable with those after 1 mg intravenous midazolam. The maximum increase in reaction time by the chitosan-containing formulation delivering 3 mg midazolam was greater compared with 1 mg midazolam i.v. (95 +/- 78 ms and 19 +/- 22 ms, mean difference 75.5 ms, 95% CI 15.5, 135.5, P < 0.01). Intranasal midazolam was well tolerated but caused reversible irritation of the nasal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Effective midazolam serum concentrations were reached within less than 10 min after nasal application of a highly concentrated midazolam formulation containing an equimolar amount of the solubilizer RMbetaCD combined with the absorption enhancer chitosan.
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn disease. A meta-analysis.

PURPOSE To assess the effectiveness of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in inducing remission of active Crohn disease and the effectiveness of azathioprine in maintaining remission of quiescent disease. DATA SOURCES Pertinent studies were selected from the MEDLINE database (1966 to May 1994), abstracts from major gastrointestinal meetings, and references from published articles and reviews. STUDY SELECTION Nine randomized, placebo-controlled trials of azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine therapy were identified: Four addressed active disease, two addressed quiescent disease, and three had multiple therapeutic arms. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted by three independent observers on the basis of the intention-to-treat principle and were analyzed with logistic regression. Each study was given a quality score on the basis of predetermined criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS Compared with placebo, azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine therapy had an odds ratio of response of 3.09 (95% CI, 2.45 to 3.91) in patients with active Crohn disease. When the single trial that used 6-mercaptopurine in active disease was excluded from the analysis, the odds ratio of response was 1.45 (CI, 1.12 to 1.87). No trials of quiescent disease used 6-mercaptopurine; the odds ratio of response in these trials of quiescent disease was 2.27 (CI, 1.76 to 2.93). For active disease, continuation of therapy for at least 17 weeks improved response (P = 0.03). For quiescent disease, a higher dose improved response (P = 0.008). Increased cumulative dose improved response in both groups (P < 0.001 for active disease and P = 0.01 for quiescent disease). A steroid-sparing effect was seen in active disease (odds ratio, 3.69 (CI, 2.12 to 6.42) and in quiescent disease (odds ratio, 4.64 [CI, 1.00 to 21.54]). Fistulae improved with therapy (odds ratio, 4.44 [CI, 1.50 to 13.20]). Adverse events requiring withdrawal from a trial, primarily allergy, leukopenia, pancreatitis, and nausea, were increased with therapy (odds ratio, 5.26 [CI, 2.20 to 12.60]). CONCLUSIONS Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are effective in treating active Crohn disease and in maintaining remission. Cumulative dose was an important factor in predicting response. Adverse effects were more common among patients receiving therapy.
Molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical American genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata : Plethodontidae) and its evolutionary and biogeographical implications

The largest genus of salamanders, Bolitoglossa (Plethodontidae), is widespread in tropical America, where it occurs in diverse habitats and elevations, from high elevation grasslands to lowland rain forest. It has the most extensive geographical range of any salamander genus. While most species occur in Middle America, it ranges throughout most of tropical South America as well. Phylogenetic analysis of 1196 bp of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, 16S RNA) from 55 species offers strong support for the monophyly of the genus and sorts the species into a number of clades. Taking into account morphology, distribution, general ecology, and prior systematic and taxonomic studies, we recognize seven subgenera, four of them new: Bolitoglossa Dumeril, Bibron et Dumeril, 1854, Eladinea Miranda Ribeiro, 1937, Magnadigita Taylor, 1944, Mayamandra, Nanotriton, Oaxakia and Pachymandra. All South American and some lower Middle American species are included in a single well supported clade, Eladinea. At the species level our analyses uncover the existence of large genetic diversity within morphologically homogeneous taxa. We propose the new combination: B. (Eladinea) paraensis (Unterstein, 1930) stat. nov., for Brazilian salamanders previously included under B. altamazonica. We evaluate evidence for the multiple colonization of the tropical lowlands by morphologically derived species groups. South America was invaded by members of one clade, Eladinea, which we infer to have dispersed to South America prior to closure of the Panamanian Portal. Despite the relatively long history of salamanders in South America, that continent now accounts for a relatively small proportion of the lineages and species of neotropical salamanders. (C) 2004 The Linnean Society of London,
Phagocytic Functions and Tumor Necrosis Factor Secretion of Human Monocytes Exposed to Natural Porcine Surfactant (Curosurf)

ABSTRACT: In this study we have analyzed various phagocytic functions and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion of human monocytes exposed to either a biochemically well-defined porcine surfactant or a purified phospholipid preparation. Adherence, random migration, and chemotactic response to zymosan activated serum and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine were normal in surfactant-treated monocytes; surfactant was not a chemotactic stimulus. In contrast, phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by monocytes exposed to surfactant (100 μg/mL) or phospholipids (100 μg/mL) was slightly impaired [surfactant: at 30 min (t30) 48.5 ± 11%, t60 73.3 ± 10.1%; phospholipids: t30 47.3 ± 2.5%, t60 68.0 ± 6.6%; controls: t30 66.6 ± 9.9%, t60 81.0 ± 6.6%, p < 0.05 at t30 for both, p < 0.05 at t60 for phospholipids]. Due to the smaller number of S. aureus ingested, bactericidal activity of surfactant- or phospholipid-treated monocytes was slightly reduced when compared with controls. Surfactant or phospholipids had no bactericidal activity. Uptake of Candida albicans was identical in surfactant- or phospholipid-treated monocytes and untreated controls; the same was true for the number of Candida organisms ingested per cell. Phagocytosis-associated chemiluminescence and production of superoxide anion by monocytes of either source in response to phorbol myristate acetate and opsonized zymosan were also unaffected. Surfactant or phospholipids (500 μg/mL), however, effectively suppressed TNF secretion by resting and by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes in a dose-dependent fashion, (LPS-stimulated monocyte controls: 3004 ± 570 pg/mL; LPS + surfactant: 426 ± 162 pg/mL; LPS + phospholipids: 28 ± 9.6 pg/mL; p < 0.001 for both). TNF is an important mediator of inflammation, and our data suggest that surfactant or phospholipids, by suppressing monocyte TNF secretion, may have an important role in down-regulating inflammatory reactions in the lung.
Genetic Instability of Heterozygous, Hybrid, Natural Wine Yeasts

ABSTRACT We describe a genetic instability found in natural wine yeasts but not in the common laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Spontaneous cyh2R/cyh2R mutants resistant to high levels of cycloheximide can be directly isolated from cyh2S/cyh2S wine yeasts. Heterozygous cyh2R/cyh2S hybrid clones vary in genetic instability as measured by loss of heterozygosity at cyh2. There were two main classes of hybrids. The lawn hybrids have high genetic instability and generally become cyh2R/cyh2R homozygotes and lose the killer phenotype under nonselective conditions. The papilla hybrids have a much lower rate of loss of heterozygosity and maintain the killer phenotype. The genetic instability in lawn hybrids is 3 to 5 orders of magnitude greater than the highest loss-of-heterozygosity rates previously reported. Molecular mechanisms such as DNA repair by break-induced replication might account for the asymmetrical loss of heterozygosity. This loss-of-heterozygosity phenomenon could be economically important if it causes sudden phenotype changes in industrial or pathogenic yeasts and of more basic importance to the degree that it influences the evolution of naturally occurring yeast populations.
A Lifetime of Trauma: Mental Health Challenges for Higher Education in a Conflict Environment in Afghanistan

More than 30 years of war in Afghanistan have resulted in immense policy challenges to address the resulting mental health issues. The purpose of this policy analysis is to examine the potential role of higher education in addressing the pressing mental health problems in Afghanistan’s public universities and higher education institutions as a major policy challenge. We define and spell out the extent and nature of the mental health problems and policy issues involved, putting them in the context of students in a war environment. We discuss efforts by the leadership of the Ministry of Higher Education to respond to the physical damage of war and the resulting mental health crises in a setting of very scarce human and financial resources. We describe a system of higher education battered by years of war yet seeking to rebuild and raise quality even while the fighting continues. The conditions of the higher education system are described, as well as the scope, complexity and nature of mental health problems, and major challenges faced in trying to rebuild both the system and the lives of the higher education community. We spell out the immense challenges faced in rebuilding a system badly devastated by war while dealing with the tremendous human mental health toll experienced by its students, faculty, and staff. We conclude by setting out some possible directions, options and recommendations for responding to the mental health problems while recognizing the difficulties higher education faces in trying to respond to them.
Understanding Work in Public Transport Management Control Rooms

Urban transport systems are increasingly important for modern cities as they provide sustainable transport and a positive social environment. The systems that allow controlling transport infrastructures integrate many legacy systems and require increasing resources for maintenance. Authorities managing public transport facilities not only need to dynamically adapt to the daily fluctuations in city life, but they also strive to be in constant dialogue with the citizens. In this poster paper, we present our preliminary insights from a study where we looked closely at the operations centre of a light rail and bus operator in a major German city. Through contextual inquiry, we chart emerging issues and design challenges. We showcase how urban facility managers negotiate legacy systems and cooperate with each other to keep transport systems functioning.
Ring chromosome 4 and Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) in a child with multiple anomalies

We report on a 16‐month‐old male patient with ring chromosome 4 and deletion of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) region with multiple congenital anomalies including unilateral cleft lip and palate, iris coloboma, microcephaly, midgut malrotation, hypospadias, and double urethral orifices. Peripheral chromosome analysis of the patient showed 46,XY,r(4)(p16.3q35) de novo. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study was also performed and according to multicolor banding (MCB) a r(4)(::p16.3 → q34.3 ∼ 35.1::) was found in all metaphases. Subtelomeric 4p region, subtelomeric 4q region, as well as, Wolf–Hirschhorn critical region were deleted in ring chromosome 4. Genomic microarray analysis was also performed to delineate the size of deletion. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hypoplastic corpus callosum, delayed myelinization, and frontal and occipital lobe atrophies. Both maternal and paternal chromosomal analyses were normal. We compare the phenotypic appearance of our patient with the previously reported 16 cases of ring chromosome 4 in the medical literature. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MENTAL MODELS IN CHEMISTRY: SENIOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTS MENTAL MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING

In this paper we describe research into learners mental models for chemical bonding. New Zealand senior secondary students, undergraduates and postgraduates mental models for chemical bonding were probed using an interview protocol that included the use of a variety of common substances and focus cards that depicted model use in some way. The study found that the learners mental models were simple and realist in nature, in contrast with the sophisticated and mathematically complex models they were exposed to during instruction. The learners drew upon some concepts from other models when their models proved inadequate to explain macroscopic events. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. Eur. : 2002, 3, 175-184]