Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conservatoire students as instrumental teachers

Many undergraduates studying performance at UK conservatoires have taught their instrument to children, and others teach before graduation. We investigate the careers of conservatoire students as teachers, their beliefs about instrumental teaching, and whether these beliefs vary between groups. 61 undergraduates at a London conservatoire completed a questionnaire. They emerge as young musicians who expect and hope to include instrumental teaching in their career, look forward to engaging with teaching intellectually, think that teacher training is needed, and consider that teaching will improve their playing. Students who teach currently are more confident that they know how to teach, as are bowed string specialists. Males wish more strongly to teach in a conservatoire, and to teach advanced pupils and pupils who find music easy. While they believe as strongly as female students that teaching will improve their playing, their conservatoire tutor is less likely to have articulated this.
Use of cDNA microarray in the search for molecular markers involved in the onset of Alzheimer's disease dementia

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting as many as 4 million older persons and results from abnormal changes in the brain that most likely begin long before cognitive impairment and other clinical symptoms become apparent. Thus, efforts aimed at identifying methods of early detection and diagnosis for improving AD care might be the most appropriate strategy to initiate promising new treatments and/or prevention. We used cDNA microarray technology to investigate the sequence of changes in gene expression in brain that may take place during the transition from normal cognitive functioning through the early stages of impairment to frank AD. We examined the expression of approximately 7,000 genes in the brains of cases at the early stage of AD dementia using reference sample cases characterized by normal cognitive status. Genes that are differentially regulated in early AD cases were identified and were categorized into gene clusters based on similarities in biological functions. This analysis revealed that selected biological processes, including protein and amino acid metabolism, cytoskeleton integrity, and fatty acid metabolism, are involved in early phases of AD dementia. Most notable is the observation that selected genes involved in neurotransmitter release are differentially regulated in the brains of cases at high risk for dimentia. This evidence supports the feasibility and usefulness of cDNA microarray techniques to study sequential changes of distinctive gene‐expression patterns in the brain as a function of the progression of AD dementia. The study suggests new means to dissect and classify stages of AD dementia, or neuropathology, at the molecular level. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:471–476, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychometrics in Support of a Valid Assessment of Linguistic Minorities: Implications for the Test and Sampling Designs

In this study, we propose that the unique needs and characteristics of linguistic minorities should be considered throughout the test development process. Unlike most measurement invariance investigations in the assessment of linguistic minorities, which typically are conducted after test administration, we propose strategies that focus on the early stages of test development. Our approaches involve considering linguistic minorities in the selection of the test and sampling designs. We posit that joint consideration of these issues preemptively can strengthen the claims derived from tests used to assess linguistically diverse populations. This also will contribute to more psychometrically robust assessments, which can yield accurate and valid score-based inferences for linguistic minorities. To this end, we provide various examples and methodological approaches that can be used in the selection of the test and sampling designs that take these issues into consideration.
Acceptance of Monetary Rewards in Open Source Software Development

The open source software (OSS) movement thrives on innovation and volunteer effort of developers. Scholars have expressed widespread concern about the sustainability of the OSS movement due to high levels of volunteerism. In this paper, we address a central challenge to the sustainability of OSS-developers’ acceptance of monetary rewards. We strive to explain why some OSS developers accept monetary rewards and others do not. Viewed through the theoretical lens of the private-collective innovation model (Von Hippel and Von Krogh, 2003, 2006), this allows us to describe when developers will accept private financial rewards. Our main research objective is to clearly map the web of relationships between causal antecedents, and developers’ acceptance behavior. Using a unique dataset that combines survey and behavioral measures, we find that – (a) intention to accept monetary rewards mediates the impact of motivational elements on developers’ acceptance of monetary rewards; (b) intrinsic and extrinsic motivations positively affect their intention to accept monetary rewards, community motivation negatively impacts intention and ideological motivation does not affect the intention to accept rewards and (c) these effects are obtained even after inclusion of several control variables. The theoretical and managerial implications of our work are described.
Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a twin study.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in only a subset of persons exposed to traumatic stress, suggesting the existence of stressor and individual differences that influence risk. In this study the authors examined the heritability of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in male and female twin pairs of nonveteran volunteers. METHOD Scores on a traumatic events inventory and a DSM-IV PTSD symptom inventory were examined in 222 monozygotic and 184 dizygotic twin pairs. Biometrical model fitting was conducted by using standard statistical methods. RESULTS Additive genetic, common environmental, and unique environmental effects best explained the variance in exposure to assaultive trauma (e.g., robbery, sexual assault), whereas exposure to nonassaultive trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accident, natural disaster) was best explained by common and unique environmental influences. PTSD symptoms were moderately heritable, and the remaining variance was accounted for by unique environmental experiences. Correlations between genetic effects on assaultive trauma exposure and on PTSD symptoms were high. CONCLUSIONS Genetic factors can influence the risk of exposure to some forms of trauma, perhaps through individual differences in personality that influence environmental choices. Consistent with symptoms in combat veterans, PTSD symptoms after noncombat trauma are also moderately heritable. Moreover, many of the same genes that influence exposure to assaultive trauma appear to influence susceptibility to PTSD symptoms in their wake.
First use of 18F-labeled ML-10 PET to assess apoptosis change in a newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme patient before and early after therapy

The authors present the first use of the novel positron emission tomography (PET) apoptosis tracer 18F‐labeled 2‐(5‐fluoro‐pentyl)‐2‐methyl‐malonic acid (18F‐ML‐10) for early‐therapy response assessment of a newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patient.
Are Protestants More Committed to Their Organizations

This article examines the impact of religious factors on organizational commitment in South Korea from the perspective of Max Weber’s the Protestant work ethic. Data from the ISSP topical module of work orientation in 2005 is used to explore the effect of Protestantism on organizational commitment. Conducting t-test and OLS demonstrates that Protestants and non-Protestants do not differ on the level of organizational commitment and that being a Protestant does not have an impact on organizational commitment. Rather, the analyses find that the overall religious attendance has a positive relation to organizational commitment. However, this positive effect is turned upside down when it comes to Protestants. More church attendance among Protestants is associated with less organizational commitment. These results can be interpreted in light of the fact that the majority of Korean Protestants are evangelical and on the road to Pentecostalization. Generally, it is often observed that evangelicals engage in church activities at the expense of the commitment to the wider community. Although the commitment Korean Protestants make to their church has been a driving force behind the explosive growth of Protestantism, it leads to diminishing the degree of commitment to the organizations they work for.
Mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and in the TERT promoter define clinically distinct subgroups of adult malignant gliomas

Frequent mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) and the promoter of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) represent two significant discoveries in glioma genomics. Understanding the degree to which these two mutations co-occur or occur exclusively of one another in glioma subtypes presents a unique opportunity to guide glioma classification and prognosis. We analyzed the relationship between overall survival (OS) and the presence of IDH1/2 and TERT promoter mutations in a panel of 473 adult gliomas. We hypothesized and show that genetic signatures capable of distinguishing among several types of gliomas could be established providing clinically relevant information that can serve as an adjunct to histopathological diagnosis. We found that mutations in the TERT promoter occurred in 74.2% of glioblastomas (GBM), but occurred in a minority of Grade II-III astrocytomas (18.2%). In contrast, IDH1/2 mutations were observed in 78.4% of Grade II-III astrocytomas, but were uncommon in primary GBM. In oligodendrogliomas, TERT promoter and IDH1/2 mutations co-occurred in 79% of cases. Patients whose Grade III-IV gliomas exhibit TERT promoter mutations alone predominately have primary GBMs associated with poor median OS (11.5 months). Patients whose Grade III-IV gliomas exhibit IDH1/2 mutations alone predominately have astrocytic morphologies and exhibit a median OS of 57 months while patients whose tumors exhibit both TERT promoter and IDH1/2 mutations predominately exhibit oligodendroglial morphologies and exhibit median OS of 125 months. Analyzing gliomas based on their genetic signatures allows for the stratification of these patients into distinct cohorts, with unique prognosis and survival.
Optimizing the Start Time of Statin Therapy for Patients with Diabetes

Background . Clinicians often use validated risk models to guide treatment decisions for cardiovascular risk reduction. The most common risk models for predicting cardiovascular risk are the UKPDS, Framingham, and Archimedes models. In this article, the authors propose a model to optimize the selection of patients for statin therapy of hypercholesterolemia, for patients with type 2 diabetes, using each of the risk models. For each model, they evaluate the role of age, gender, and metabolic state on the optimal start time for statins. Method . Using clinical data from the Mayo Clinic electronic medical record, the authors construct a Markov decision process model with health states composed of cardiovascular events and metabolic factors such as total cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins. They use it to evaluate the optimal start time of statin treatment for different combinations of cardiovascular risk models and patient attributes. Results . The authors find that treatment decisions depend on the cardiovascular risk model used and the age, gender, and metabolic state of the patient. Using the UKPDS risk model to estimate the probability of coronary heart disease and stroke events, they find that all white male patients should eventually start statin therapy; however, using Framingham and Archimedes models in place of UKPDS, they find that for male patients at lower risk, it is never optimal to initiate statins. For white female patients, the authors also find some patients for whom it is never optimal to initiate statins. Assuming that age 40 is the earliest possible start time, the authors find that the earliest optimal start times for UKPDS, Framingham, and Archimedes are 50, 46, and 40, respectively, for women. For men, the earliest optimal start times are 40, 40, and 40, respectively. Conclusions . In addition to age, gender, and metabolic state, the choice of cardiovascular risk model influences the apparent optimal time for starting statins in patients with diabetes.
Sources of Self‐Efficacy: Four Professional Development Formats and Their Relationship to Self‐Efficacy and Implementation of a New Teaching Strategy

This quasi‐experimental study tested the potency of different sources of self‐efficacy beliefs. Respondents were primary teachers (N = 93) in 9 schools who completed surveys of their self‐efficacy beliefs and level of implementation of a new teaching strategy for beginning readers before and after participating in 1 of 4 formats of professional development presenting the same teaching strategy with increasing levels of efficacy‐relevant input. Results indicated that the professional development format that supported mastery experiences through follow‐up coaching had the strongest effect on self‐efficacy beliefs for reading instruction as well as for implementation of the new strategy. A substantial proportion of the teachers who participated in formats that included a demonstration with local students and a planning and practice session, but no follow‐up coaching, experienced a decrease in their self‐efficacy for reading instruction.
Masking release due to linguistic and phonetic dissimilarity between the target and masker speech.

PURPOSE To investigate masking release for speech maskers for linguistically and phonetically close (English and Dutch) and distant (English and Mandarin) language pairs. METHOD Thirty-two monolingual speakers of English with normal audiometric thresholds participated in the study. Data are reported for an English sentence recognition task in English and for Dutch and Mandarin competing speech maskers (Experiment 1) and noise maskers (Experiment 2) that were matched either to the long-term average speech spectra or to the temporal modulations of the speech maskers from Experiment 1. RESULTS Listener performance increased as the target-to-masker linguistic distance increased (English-in-English < English-in-Dutch < English-in-Mandarin). CONCLUSION Spectral differences between maskers can account for some, but not all, of the variation in performance between maskers; however, temporal differences did not seem to play a significant role.
Managing cross-understanding: An extension of cross training

This paper will focus on the ways cross training practices impact and lead to cross understanding, perspective taking, enhanced interpersonal relationships, and greater organizational understanding within organizational settings. The literature surrounding cross training is centered largely around ideas of efficiency and task management and tends to focus on the practice and techniques used when creating a cross trained organization (Ebeling & Lee, 1994; Kaeter, 1993; Slomp & Molleman, 2002); however, most research fails to look at other communication aspects which are enhanced when workers are given the opportunity to cross train. This paper identifies four byproducts of cross training which seem to enhance overall organizational function and show potential for relationship enhancement and conflict management throughout the organization. Further, the results cited here give some clues to the way in which organizations may productively address boundary items, items of common interest between parties found in disparate areas of the organizational structure, (Gal, 2008; Star & Griesemer, 1989; Wilson & Herndl, 2007) in a more productive method.
Perceived Difficulty in Integrating Educational Objectives within the Mathematics Classroom: A Comparison of Beginner and Experienced Teachers.

Differences in the perception of the difficulty level of integrating specific educational objectives into Mathematics teaching between beginner and experienced secondary school Mathematics teachers was examined. One hundred and seventeen Mathematics teachers from State Secondary Schools in Anambra, Nigeria were included in the investigation. A descriptive survey instrument was constructed for the study which incorporated 32 items in the areas of Planning Instruction (PI), Implementing Instruction (II), Use of Educational Technology (ET), and Maintenance of Discipline (MD). Analysis of the survey results showed that: a. There was a significant difference between beginner and experienced teachers in their perceptions of the difficulty of integrating PI, II, and MD educational objectives into Mathematics classes, b. There was no significant difference between experienced and beginner teachers in their perceptions of the difficulty of integrating ET into their classroom teaching, and c. The perceived level of difficulty experienced by Mathematics teachers in using those skills is independent of gender. The results of this study suggest that, student Mathematics teachers should be prepared by their various institutions as to the importance and methods of implementation of the educational objectives defined by the survey items in this study.
The Association Between Violence Exposure and Aggression and Anxiety

This study examined how peer relationships contribute to young adolescents’ adaptation in the face of exposure to community and family violence. It tested hypotheses about peers’ role in processes relating exposure to behavioral and psychological outcomes, specifically, aggression and anxiety. Data were collected from 667 middle school students, followed from sixth grade to eighth grade, in a high crime urban school district, and from their parents and classmates. Friends’ antisocial behavior mediated the relationship between violence exposure and later aggressive behavior. A bias toward hostile attribution contributed to, but did not alone explain, the relationship. Friends’ prosocial behavior failed to moderate the association between exposure and later aggressive behavior. Social acceptance moderated the relationship between exposure and later anxiety when exposure was low, but not when it was high. Peer intimacy/closeness, while demonstrating a direct, inverse effect on anxiety, failed to moderate the association between violence exposure and anxiety.
Academics, Self-Esteem, and Race: A Look at the Underlying Assumptions of the Disidentification Hypothesis

Theorists have argued that global self-esteem should be related to performance in academics. However, studies have reported lower academic achievement among African American students than among White students but have failed to find lower global self-esteem among African American students. Steele has attempted to explain this paradox by proposing that African American children detach their self-esteem from academic outcomes, thus protecting them from failure. The present study tested empirical hypotheses derived from Steele's theoretical framework. Data were taken from a nationally representative longitudinal study of American students. Analyses revealed a pattern of weakening correlations between self-esteem and academic outcomes from 8th to 10th grade for African American students particularly African American male students, whereas the correlations for White students remained stable or increased. These results show general support for Steele's model in the context of a nationally representative sample.
Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of cognitive and psychiatric disorders in patients with COPD

COPD is highly prevalent and associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Clinicians have long been aware that patients with COPD have problems with cognition and are susceptible to mood (depression) and anxiety disorders. With the increasing awareness of COPD as a multisystem disorder, many studies have evaluated the prevalence of neuropsychiatric conditions in patients with COPD. This review presents evidence regarding the prevalence of neuropsychiatric conditions (cognitive disorders/impairment, depression/anxiety) in COPD, their risk factors, and their impact on relevant outcomes. It also discusses both assessment and treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions and makes recommendations for improved screening and treatment. The findings suggest that clinicians caring for patients with COPD must become familiar with diagnosing these comorbid conditions and that future treatment has the potential to impact these patients and thereby improve COPD outcomes.
Effects of mahjong on the cognitive function of middle‐aged and older people

for treating delirium (Flaherty et al., 2011). Nevertheless, we clinicians frequently treat delirium patients with antipsychotics that are associated with many adverse events, including sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, and cardiac arrhythmias that could be fatal (Flaherty et al., 2011). Ramelteon is a chronohypnotic agent that has high affinity for melatonin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It causes a sleep-promoting effect by suppressing the firing rate of SCN neurons via MT1 receptors, and it induces physiological sleep by acting on MT2 receptors that synchronize the biological clock or produce a phase shift of circadian rhythms (Turek and Gillette, 2004). The great advantage of ramelteon is its safety, as demonstrated by several clinical trials (Pandi-Perumal et al., 2009). The combination ramelteon with antipsychotics therapy for treating delirium might not only normalize neurotransmitters imbalance but also regulate sleep-wake cycle disruption; it is thus understandable that ramelteon therapy shows greater effectiveness than antipsychotics monotherapy. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that adjunctive ramelteon with antipsychotics may be a promising option for treating delirium.
Unemployment during working life and mental health of retirees: Results of a representative survey

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine differences in mental health and satisfaction with life in retired men and women depending on experienced unemployment during working life. Method: Based on a representative survey, 1396 retirees in the age range of 60–92 years were interviewed face-to-face, assessing two screening instruments for anxiety and depression as well as the Questions on Life Satisfaction questionnaire. Among others, analyses of variance were used to test the differences between groups with distinct experiences of unemployment periods. Results: Retirees with the experience of repeated unemployment – but not with one-time unemployment – during working life reported worse mental health and satisfaction with life. Calculated effect sizes were 0.53 for anxiety, 0.42 for depression and between 0.21 and 0.51 for satisfaction with different domains of daily life. Differences between men and women emerged, but similarities dominated. Participants with higher current household incomes were found to be less affected. Conclusion: The experience of repeated unemployment periods during working life is associated with more psychosocial distress in retired men and women. Thus, unemployment may have serious negative implications even for persons retired already.