Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What if there were no significance tests

Contents: Preface. Part I: Overview. L.L. Harlow, Significance Testing Introduction and Overview. Part II: The Debate: Against and For Significance Testing. J.Cohen, The Earth Is Round. F.L. Schmidt, J. Hunter, Eight Objections to the Discontinuation of Significance Testing in the Analysis of Research Data. S.A. Mulaik, N.S. Raju, R. Harshman, There Is a Time and Place for Significance Testing. R.P. Abelson, A Retrospective on the Significance Test Ban of 1999 (If There Were No Significance Tests, They Would Be Invented). Part III: Suggested Alternatives to Significance Testing. R.J. Harris, Reforming Significance Testing via Three-Valued Logic. J.S. Rossi, Spontaneous Recovery of Verbal Learning: A Case Study in the Failure of Psychology as a Cumulative Science. J.H. Steiger, R.T. Fouladi, Noncentrality Interval Estimation and the Evaluation of Statistical Models. R.P. McDonald, Goodness of Approximation in the Linear Model. Part IV: A Bayesian Approach to Hypothesis Testing. R.M. Pruzek, An Introduction to Bayesian Inference and Its Application. D. Rindskopf, Testing 'Small,' Not Null, Hypotheses: Classical and Bayesian Approaches. C.S. Reichardt, H.F. Gollob, When Confidence Intervals Should Be Used Instead of Statistical Significance Tests, and Vice Versa. Part V: Philosophy of Science Issues. W.W. Rozeboom, Good Science Is Abductive, Not Hypothetico-Deductive. P.E. Meehl, The Problem Is Epistemology, Not Statistics: Replace Significance Tests by Confidence Intervals and Quantify Accuracy of Risky Numerical Predictions.
Marital relations during the transition to parenthood

Abstract Aspects of marital relations over the transition to parenthood were studied as part of a longitudinal study of the experiences of first-time parents. The response of the sample was complex. Marital satisfaction started high and showed only a modest decline overall. Many parents reported gains in their marriage due to having a child. There were, however, more negative features. Uathcr more than one in 10 couples had significantly weakened marriages by the end of the transition period: parental age and length of marriage appeared to be relevant factors in this group, with younger couples and marriages of shorter duration more ‘at risk’. Moreover, this figure may be higher nationally because of the undcr-reprcsentation of certain ‘at risk’ groups in the sample. Finally, it is argued that the roots of further and later decline in many marriages can be seen in the transition period, especially in the areas of sexual relationships and men's lack of understanding of the experiences of women providing fu.
A Study on Adolescent Students’ Levels of Hopelessness, Loneliness and Self-Esteem: A Sample from Turkey

The purpose of the present study was to determine high school students’ levels of hopelessness, self-esteem and loneliness and to examine the relationship between some variables. The research sample included 403 students (Female: 234, Male: 169). In the study, Beck’s hopelessness scale, Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale, Ucla’s loneliness scale and demographic information questionnaire were used as the data collection tool. The data were analyzed using t-test, Anova and descriptive analysis. The findings obtained revealed that there were meaningful differences and correlations between scores of hopelessness, loneliness and self-esteem of the students in the study with respect to their types of schools, gender, family’s income. Depending on these findings, it is suggested that the students who have to struggle with various difficulties and problems during the period of adolescence, should be provided with psychological support both at schools and in various social units. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015. v6n2s1p341
The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A New Theory of Suicide Rooted in the "Ideation-to-Action" Framework

Klonsky and May (2014) argued that an “ideation-to-action” framework should guide suicide theory, research, and prevention. From this perspective, (a) the development of suicide ideation and (b) the progression from ideation to suicide attempts are distinct processes with distinct explanations. The present article introduces a specific theory of suicide rooted in the ideation-to-action framework: the Three-Step Theory (3ST). First, the theory hypothesizes that suicide ideation results from the combination of pain (usually psychological pain) and hopelessness. Second, among those experiencing both pain and hopelessness, connectedness is a key protective factor against escalating ideation. Third, the theory views the progression from ideation to attempts as facilitated by dispositional, acquired, and practical contributors to the capacity to attempt suicide. To examine the theory, the authors administered self-report measures to 910 U.S. adults utilizing Amazon's Mechanical Turk (oversampling for ideation a.
Unitary response of mouse olfactory receptor neurons

The sense of smell begins with odorant molecules binding to membrane receptors on the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), thereby activating a G protein, Golf, and the downstream effector enzyme, an adenylyl cyclase (ACIII). Recently, we have found in amphibian ORNs that an odorant-binding event has a low probability of activating sensory transduction at all; even when successful, the resulting unitary response apparently involves a single active Gαolf–ACIII molecular complex. This low amplification is in contrast to rod phototransduction in vision, the best-quantified G-protein signaling pathway, where each photoisomerized rhodopsin molecule is well known to produce substantial amplification by activating many G-protein, and hence effector-enzyme, molecules. We have now carried out similar experiments on mouse ORNs, which offer, additionally, the advantage of genetics. Indeed, we found the same low probability of transduction, based on the unitary olfactory response having a fairly constant amplitude and similar kinetics across different odorants and randomly encountered ORNs. Also, consistent with our picture, the unitary response of Gαolf+/− ORNs was similar to WT in amplitude, although their Gαolf-protein expression was only half of normal. Finally, from the action potential firing, we estimated that ≤19 odorant-binding events successfully triggering transduction in a WT mouse ORN will lead to signaling to the brain.
Expressions of Charity and Action towards Justice: Faith-based Welfare Provision in Urban New Zealand

Christian churches have long been involved in responding to social need in New Zealand cities. Since the formation of city missions in the late 19th century, their engagements have variously encompassed emergency relief, social housing, orphanages and residential aged care. In recent years, the churches and their affiliated social service operations have also sought to intervene in the political and social processes that contribute to disadvantage in New Zealand. The article analyses this movement towards a more explicit concern for social justice, with specific reference to developments among a set of Christian social service organisations in the city of Christchurch between 1999 and 2006. Alongside transformations in local services, national lobbying to highlight the situation of disadvantaged social groups has been an important element of this transition. The analysis offers insights into the place of faith-based welfare organisations within socio-political settings that might be characterised as `third way' or `after neo-liberalism'.
Conflicts between Lesser Kestrel Conservation and European Agricultural Policies as Identif ied by Habitat Use Analyses

European pseudo‐steppes have suffered from extensive changes in agricultural practices during the past decades with the disappearance of field margins and fallow systems and the increase of biocide treatments. The negative effect on wildlife has led to the adoption by the European Union of policies more compatible with environmental conservation, but decisions about optimal land use are difficult to make because of lack of information. We studied habitat use by the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni), a globally vulnerable species, in a Spanish pseudo‐steppe (Los Monegros) where traditional agro‐grazing systems are still being practiced, and we compared the results with those of another Spanish pseudo‐steppe where modern and intensive agriculture has been implemented. We focused on the use by Lesser Kestrels of habitats subject to changes provoked by recent agricultural policies. Habitat availability was determined in a 3‐km radius around 11 colonies, where 23 Lesser Kestrels were radio‐tracked during the chick‐rearing stage. Habitat selection was determined through compositional analysis. The rank of selected habitats was similar for all kestrels, considering both habitats surveyed and habitats where kestrels hunted. Kestrels selected field margins and cereal fields and rejected abandoned crops and scrubland. This selectivity seemed to be due to prey availability. In the intensively cultivated areas the kestrels selected similar habitats but used only small foraging patches and obtained smaller prey than in the traditional agro‐grazing systems, probably because of the irregular distribution of prey resources as a result of the intensive biocide treatments. Consequently, in intensively cultivated habitats Lesser Kestrels had larger home ranges (63.65 km2) than in those with traditional systems (12.36 km2). These differences are reflected in the productivity and population trends of both populations. Thus, the best strategy for conserving the Lesser Kestrel seems to be the maintainance of traditional cereal cultures with low biocide treatments and numerous field margins. Both agricultural intensification and marginal land abandonment (with subsequent scrubland invasion) have detrimental consequences for this and probably for other pseudo‐steppe species. Positive management steps can be encouraged by recent agro‐environmental regulations such as the 2078/92 European Union Reglament, which favors the creation of programs in which agricultural practices accord with wildlife conservation.
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT Use of Simulation to Enhance Learning in a Pediatric Elective

Assessment. Forty-two students participated in the simulation activity over 2 academic years. A pretest and posttest study design was used, with average scores 4.1 6 1.2 out of 9 on pretest and average 7.0 6 1.5 out of 9 on posttest (p , 0.0001). Ninety-five percent (40/42) of students’ scores improved. Students felt the learning experiences were positive and realistic. Conclusions. Pharmacy students’ knowledge and application skills improved through use of pediatric simulation exercises.
Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains from Contaminated Raw Beef Trim during “High Event Periods”

ABSTRACT The development and implementation of effective antimicrobial interventions by the beef processing industry in the United States have dramatically reduced the incidence of beef trim contamination by Escherichia coli O157:H7. However, individual processing plants still experience sporadic peaks in contamination rates where multiple E. coli O157:H7-positive lots are clustered in a short time frame. These peaks have been referred to as “high event periods” (HEP) of contamination. The results reported here detail the characterization of E. coli O157:H7 isolates from 21 HEP across multiple companies and processing plants to gain insight regarding the mechanisms causing these incidents. Strain genotypes were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and isolates were investigated for characteristics linking them to human illness. Through these analyses, it was determined that individual HEP show little to no diversity in strain genotypes. Hence, each HEP has one strain type that makes up most, if not all, of the contamination. This is shown to differ from the genotypic diversity of E. coli O157:H7 found on the hides of cattle entering processing plants. In addition, it was found that a large proportion (81%) of HEP are caused by strain types associated with human illness. These results pose a potential challenge to the current model for finished product contamination during beef processing.
Quantifying and Reducing Stereotypes in Word Embeddings

Machine learning algorithms are optimized to model statistical properties of the training data. If the input data reflects stereotypes and biases of the broader society, then the output of the learning algorithm also captures these stereotypes. In this paper, we initiate the study of gender stereotypes in {\em word embedding}, a popular framework to represent text data. As their use becomes increasingly common, applications can inadvertently amplify unwanted stereotypes. We show across multiple datasets that the embeddings contain significant gender stereotypes, especially with regard to professions. We created a novel gender analogy task and combined it with crowdsourcing to systematically quantify the gender bias in a given embedding. We developed an efficient algorithm that reduces gender stereotype using just a handful of training examples while preserving the useful geometric properties of the embedding. We evaluated our algorithm on several metrics. While we focus on male/female stereotypes, our framework may be applicable to other types of embedding biases.
Update in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2008.

The last year has seen important new information published on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), its pathogenesis, systemic effects, exacerbations, and treatment. Several important new COPD research programs have been initiated during the past year, including the Sub-Populations and Intermediate Outcomes Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS) program, which will categorize patients on the basis of molecular fingerprinting and will attempt to identify and validate intermediate outcome measures in COPD. The Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) study (1) aims to define clinically relevant COPD subtypes and identify genetic factors and biomarkers that correlate with these COPD subtypes and predict disease progression. In addition, several large research consortia have been established, including the COPD clinical research network and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–funded lung tissue research consortium (2).
Malathion‐induced oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells

Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide that is known for its high toxicity to insects and low to moderate potency to humans and other mammals. Its toxicity has been associated with the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, leading to the interference with the transmission of nerve impulse, accumulation of acetylcholine at synaptic junctions, and subsequent induction of adverse health effects including headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, and miosis. Oxidative stress (OS) has been reported as a possible mechanism of malathion toxicity in humans. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the role of OS in malathion‐induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. To achieve this goal, MTT, lipid peroxidation, and single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays were performed, respectively, to evaluate the levels of cell viability, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and DNA damage in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Study results indicated that malathion is mitogenic at lower levels of exposure, and cytotoxic at higher levels of exposure. Upon 48 h of exposure, the average percentages of cell viability were 100% ± 11%, 117% ± 15%, 86% ± 15%, 35% ± 9%, and 27% ± 7% for 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mM, respectively. In the lipid peroxidation assay, the concentrations of MDA produced were 12.55 ± 0.16, 20.65 ± 0.27, 31.1 ± 0.40, 34.75 ± 0.45, and 15.1 ± 0.20 μM in 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mM malathion, respectively. The Comet assay showed a significant increase in DNA damage at the 24 mM malathion exposure. Taken together, our results indicate that malathion exposure at higher concentrations induces cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in HepG2 cells, and its toxicity may be mediated through OS as evidenced by a significant production of MDA, an end product of lipid peroxidation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2010.
The Relation Between Trust Beliefs and Loneliness During Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adulthood

Four studies examined the relation between trust and loneliness. Studies 1, 2, and 3 showed that trust beliefs negatively predicted changes in loneliness during early childhood (5—7 years), middle childhood (9—11 years), and young adulthood (18—21 years). Structural equation modeling yielded support for the hypothesis that the relation between trust beliefs and loneliness was mediated, in part, by social disengagement, which varied by age and gender. Study 4 showed that when young adults were primed for distrust rather than for trust cognitions, they showed greater withdrawal (loneliness) affect, lower willingness to disclose, and less perceived success in achieving rapport. The findings yielded support for the hypotheses that (a) low trust beliefs promote loneliness from childhood to adulthood and (b) social disengagement and cognitive schema mechanisms account for the relation.
Proton-based total-dose irradiation effects on Cu/HfO2:Cu/Pt ReRAM devices

The resistive switching properties of Cu-doped-HfO2-based resistive-random-access-memory (ReRAM) devices are investigated under proton-based irradiations with different high-range total doses of 1.5, 3 and 5 Giga-rad[Si]. The measurement results obtained immediately after irradiation demonstrate that the proton-based total dose will introduce significant variations in the operation voltages and resistance values. These effects are enhanced almost linearly when the dose increases from 1.5 to 5 Giga-rad[Si]. Furthermore, five days after irradiation, the electrical properties of the device rebound, resulting in reduced operation voltages and resistance values. This is consistent with the time-dependent super-recovery behavior observed previously in CMOS gate oxide. These results can be explained by the proton irradiation effect on the electron/hole trap density inside HfO2 and its impact on ReRAM device metallic filament formation-and-rupture, which is based on electrolyte theory.
Delusional Attitudes and Default Thinking

Jennifer Radden has drawn attention to two features of delusion, ambivalence and subjectivity, which are problematic for theories of delusion that treat delusions as empirical beliefs. She argues for an ‘attitude’ theory of delusion. I argue that once the cognitive architecture of delusion formation is properly described the debate between doxastic and attitude theorists loses its edge. That architecture suggests that delusions are produced by activity in the ‘default mode network’ unsupervised by networks required for decontextualized processing. The cognitive properties of these networks explain the features of delusion which generate the debate between doxastic and attitude theorists.
Books Recieved

Books listed below that are marked with a "t will be reviewed in a future issue. Readers who wish to review books for the journal should write, outlining their qualifications, to: Graeme Hirst, book review editor,ously, we cannot promise the availability ol. " books in anyone's exact area of interest. Authors and publishers who wish their books to be considered for review in Computational Linguistics should send a copy to the book review editor at the address above. All books received will be listed, but not all can be reviewed. (The Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science; natural language processing and machine translation)
Prosodically constrained postverbal PPs in Mandarin Chinese

This article discusses postverbal PPs in Mandarin Chinese and proposes that the constraints on postverbal PPs are not syntactic per se, but prosodic in character. It is shown that the NSR (Nuclear Stress Rule), formulated in terms of government, is responsible for the grammaticality of postverbal PPs in Mandarin Chinese.
Esporte de competição para crianças e adolescentes: saúde ou exploração

COMPETITION SPORTS FOR CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS: HEALTH OR EXPLOITATION? Author: Souto, Valeska Ilienko Villela Adviser: Dr. Shigunov, Viktor The objective studied for this paper relied on the relationship between competitive sports and its applied methodology for children and teenagers and their participation in sport contests, eventually viewing some transgression concerning the Youth Welfare Decree (Law nr.8069/90). Investigation was executed by focalizing on factors of modality involvement, on notions of the children and youth rights, on family data, information about coaching procedures, besides notes on individual impressions and self-esteem indicators. All the subjects were members of the County of Joinville Sport Foundation Athletics and Swimming teams, in Joinville, Santa Catarina. Therefore, the population sample was constituted by 10 (ten) athletes of each modality, totalizing 20 (twenty), and always considering the participants’ two years sports competition involvement. The instruments used were one specifically elaborated questionnaire, interviews and individual training observation. The organization of collected data was followed by a descriptive analysis process, and the comparison to percentage scores on the categorical variables as long as qualitative variables have been involved, and faced to the legislation afterwards. As a conclusive point there can be said that the contesting sport modalities for children and adolescents, in the way they are led by now, are restraining the youngsters’ rights even though not directly facing the current social principles. The educational function of sports, however, does not raise much higher over its productivity, deceiving in this manner the actual purpose to educate one person in and for individual and social harmony. There is a possibility to restore and preserve young people as they deserve to practice sports, if there will be action toward a clearer definition of sports and its adequacy to children and teenagers, with limits and the establishment of the functions in accordance to the legal aspects already present.
User Skills for Qualitative Analysis: Perspective, Interpretation and the Delivery of Impact

This article argues that qualitative research in psychology has tended to reify methods and police their application. Such reification is problematic in the sense that it promotes the idea that “proper” application of a method might, in and of itself, deliver the most interesting and/or reliable research findings. It may also lead new and developing qualitative researchers to become unnecessarily inhibited and falsely reliant on method-driven prescriptions. The truth, however, is that methods are simply tools, and, like all tools, their effectiveness is maximized only in the hands of a skilled, dexterous, and creative user. The main aim of this paper is to encourage such skillful use. Issues covered include the reading and coding of qualitative data, the selection of data extracts for analysis, the process of analysis and interpretation, as well as the discussion and generalizability of qualitative research findings. Emphasis is placed throughout on the analytic perspective and creative engagement of the researcher.