Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Google FindBugs fixit

In May 2009, Google conducted a company wide FindBugs "fixit". Hundreds of engineers reviewed thousands of FindBugs warnings, and fixed or filed reports against many of them. In this paper, we discuss the lessons learned from this exercise, and analyze the resulting dataset, which contains data about how warnings in each bug pattern were classified. Significantly, we observed that even though most issues were flagged for fixing, few appeared to be causing any serious problems in production. This suggests that most interesting software quality problems were eventually found and fixed without FindBugs, but FindBugs could have found these problems early, when they are cheap to remediate. We compared this observation to bug trends observed in code snapshots from student projects. The full dataset from the Google fixit, with confidential details encrypted, will be published along with this paper.
of the Thirty Eighth Spring Conference of the Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians Borovetz , April 1 – 5 , 2009 DISCRETE MONITORED BARRIER OPTIONS BY FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEMES

The paper is devoted to pricing options characterized by discontinuities in the terminal condition. Finite difference schemes are examined to highlight how discontinuities can generate numerical drawbacks such as spurious oscillations. We propose a finite difference scheme that is free of spurious oscillations and satisfies both the positivity requirement and maximum principle, as it is demanded for the financial and diffusive solution of the original Black-Scholes partial differential equation. We explore examples of discrete double barrier knock-out call options and the results are in very good agreement with those in the literature.
More Than Meets the (Rationalistic) Eye: A Neophyte Sport Psychology Practitioner’s Reflections on the Micropolitics of Everyday Life within a Rugby League Academy

Despite the welcome contributions of the reflective practice literature, an understanding of the complexities, nuances, and dilemmas of applied sport psychology practice is in need of further development. For example, there remains a paucity of inquiry addressing how practitioners make sense of, and subsequently write themselves into, the (micro)political landscape of a sporting organization. Utilizing a reflective, ethnographic approach, this article examined the first author’s engagement with the sociopolitical dynamics of everyday life within a professional rugby league academy. Key themes identified were that (a) players simultaneously collaborate and compete with one another, (b) tensions exist between the coaches, and (c) most players end up being released. Micropolitical theorizing was used as the primary heuristic framework, thus promoting the utility of these theories to inform critical appreciation of the day-to-day realities of applied sport psychology practice. The article concludes by highlighting the potential benefits of researchers, educators, and practitioners better engaging with the contested, ambiguous, and professionally challenging demands of practice than that which has been achieved to date. Lay Summary: This article discusses the first author's critical reflections on issues of practice as a sport psychologist working within a professional rugby league academy. The issues discussed illustrate how power, conflict, and vulnerability typified day-to-day interactions within this sporting context and impacted upon applied practice.
The Rational Toomer Invariant and Certain Elliptic Spaces

We give an explicit formula for the rational category of an elliptic space whose minimal model has a homogeneous-length differential. We also show that for such a space, there are no gaps in the sequence of integers realized as the rational Toomer invariant of some cohomology class. With an additional hypothesis, we show a result from which we deduce the relation dim(H^*(X;Q)) >= 2 cat_0(X).
The Effects of Purposeful Vocabulary Instruction

Vocabulary instruction is an important part of the literacy framework. It introduces students to tier two (high frequency words that appear in written texts for mature language users (Beck & McKowen, 2013)) words that are not often heard in colloquial language. Many primary elementary teachers struggle to incorporate vocabulary instruction into their daily practices. However, this is a vital skill for all readers to develop as they learn to read and read to learn. It is important that students have the opportunity to interact with these new words, understanding what they mean, how they fit into semantics in English and word associations. There are several ways to do this through teacher read alouds, class shared readings, and cloze reading strategies. Teachers need to focus on incorporating informational texts into their classroom libraries, teaching students how to preview a text and preview key vocabulary terms. With these instructional techniques, teachers can provide rich vocabulary instruction to students. This literature review gathered background information for an action research study answering the question: What effect will purposeful vocabulary instruction in a second grade elementary classroom have on student literacy skills as measured by benchmark assessments, performance assessments, weekly word check ins, and teacher observational notes?
On plasma antennas (State-of-the-art, actual problems, some results)

The state-of-the-art and actual problems of plasma antennas (PA) are considered. An approach to approximate evaluation of the conductivity of two-component plasma is proposed. The loop PA impedance and efficiency at the UHF range are investigated. The results of computation for PA are compared with experimental data and the same results for the loop metal oscillator.
Exploring Treebank Transformations in Dependency Parsing

This paper presents a set of experiments performed on parsing the Basque Dependency Treebank. We have concentrated on treebank transformations, maintaining the same basic parsing algorithm across the experiments. The experiments can be classified in two groups: 1) feature optimization, which is important mainly due to the fact that Basque is an agglutinative language, with a rich set of morphosyntactic features attached to each word, 2) graph transformations, ranging from language independent methods, such as projectivization, to language specific approaches, as coordination and subordinated sentences, where syntactic properties of Basque have been used to reshape the dependency trees used for training the system. The transformations have been tested independently and also in combination, showing that their order of application is relevant. The experiments were performed using a freely available state of the art data-driven dependency parser [11].
Analysis of decreased conductance serotonergic response in Aplysia ink motor neurons.

Micropressure ejection of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) produced excitatory responses in the L14 ink motor neurons of Aplysia that depended on the site of application. Ejection of 5-HT onto the cell body produced a slow response that showed variability in voltage sensitivity between preparations. In contrast, ejection of 5-HT onto the neuropil underneath the cell body produced a response whose amplitude was consistently a linear function of the holding potential, reversing near the predicted potassium equilibrium potential. Subsequent analyses focused on this second response. The neuropil response induced by 5-HT had a linear current-voltage relationship (reversing at ca. -80 mV), was associated with a decrease in input conductance, and was sensitive to changes in the concentration of extracellular K+. Serotonin application in artificial seawater (ASW) containing 30 mM K+ produced a response that reversed close to the altered Nernst potential for K+. The 5-HT response did not appear to be due to secondary activation of interneurons or to depend primarily on extracellular Ca2+, since ejection of 5-HT onto cells bathed in ASW containing 30 mM Co2+ produced responses comparable to, although somewhat attenuated from, those observed in ASW. Serotonin responses similar to those produced in ASW were obtained after perfusing the ganglion with ASW containing Co2+, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and tetraethylammonium (TEA). This suggests that the 5-HT-sensitive current is separate from the Ca2+-activated, fast, and delayed rectifying K+ currents. The 5-HT response appeared to be mediated by changes in levels of cAMP. Bath application of the phosphodiesterase inhibitors IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) or Ro 20-1724, or the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin mimicked the 5-HT response by producing a slow inward current associated with a decrease in membrane conductance. Alteration of cellular cAMP metabolism modulated the response to 5-HT. Exposure of the ganglion to low concentrations of either Ro 20-1724 or forskolin potentiated the 5-HT response. Higher concentrations of these agents largely blocked the response to subsequent 5-HT applications. Bath application of the 8-bromo derivative of either cAMP or cGMP produced a slow inward current associated with a decrease in membrane conductance in cells voltage clamped at the resting potential. Responses to 5-HT were blocked, however, after exposure to 8-bromo-cAMP, but not to 8-bromo-cGMP. These results suggest that 5-HT produces a voltage-independent decrease in a steady-state potassium conductance that may be mediated by cAMP. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
On determining the cluster abundance normalization

Different determinations currently suggest scattered values for the power spectrum normalization on the scale of galaxy clusters, σ 8 . Here we concentrate on the constraints coming from the X-ray temperature and luminosity functions (XTF and XLF), and investigate several possible sources of discrepancies in the results. We conclude that the main source of error in both methods is the mass scaling relation involved, in particular the way its intrinsic scatter and systematic normalization are treated. For temperature-derived constraints, we use a sample adapted from the Highest X-ray Flux Galaxy Cluster Sample (HIFLUGCS), and test for several sources of systematic error. We parametrize the mass-temperature relation with an overall factor T * , which varies between approximately 1.5 and 1.9 in the literature, with simulations typically giving lower results than empirically derived estimates. After marginalizing over this range of 7 * , we obtain a 68 per cent confidence range of σ 8 = 0.77 + 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 4 for a standard A-cold dark matter (ACDM) model. Most other determinations have chosen a single value for T * , and hence have neglected an important source of uncertainty. For luminosity-derived constraints we use the XLF from the REFLEX survey and explore how sensitive the final results are to the details of the mass-luminosity, M-L, conversion. Assuming a uniform systematic uncertainty of ′20 per cent in the amplitude of the mass-luminosity relation by Reiprich & Bohringer, we derive σ 8 = 0.79 + 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 7 for the same standard ACDM model. Although the XTF- and XLF-derived constraints agree very well with each other. we emphasize that such results can change by approximately 10-15 per cent, depending on how uncertainties in the L-T-M conversions are interpreted and included in the analysis. We point out that in order to achieve precision cosmology on σ 8 using cluster abundance, it is first important to separate the uncertainty in the scaling relation into its intrinsic and overall normalization parts. Careful consideration of all sources of scatter is also important, as is the use of the most accurate formulae and full consideration of dependence on cosmology. A significant improvement will require the simultaneous determination of mass using a variety of distinct methods, such as X-ray observations, weak lensing, Sunyaev-Zel'dovich measurements and velocity dispersions of member galaxies, for a moderately large sample of clusters.
Basal Ganglia Circuits Underlying the Pathophysiology of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia

Involuntary movements or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. Dyskinesia is, ultimately, experienced by the vast majority of the patients. Despite the importance of this problem, little was known about the cause of dyskinesia, a situation that has dramatically evolved in the last few years with a focus upon the molecular and signaling changes induced by chronic levodopa treatment. Departing from this, we here review the progress made in functional anatomy and neuroimaging that have had a tremendous impact on our understanding of the anatomo-functional organization of the basal ganglia in Parkinsonism and dyskinetic states, notably the demonstration that dyskinesia are linked to a pathological processing of limbic and cognitive information.
Accuracy of probabilistic and deterministic record linkage: the case of tuberculosis

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the accuracy of deterministic and probabilistic record linkage to identify TB duplicate records, as well as the characteristics of discordant pairs. METHODS The study analyzed all TB records from 2009 to 2011 in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A deterministic record linkage algorithm was developed using a set of 70 rules, based on the combination of fragments of the key variables with or without modification (Soundex or substring). Each rule was formed by three or more fragments. The probabilistic approach required a cutoff point for the score, above which the links would be automatically classified as belonging to the same individual. The cutoff point was obtained by linkage of the Notifiable Diseases Information System – Tuberculosis database with itself, subsequent manual review and ROC curves and precision-recall. Sensitivity and specificity for accurate analysis were calculated. RESULTS Accuracy ranged from 87.2% to 95.2% for sensitivity and 99.8% to 99.9% for specificity for probabilistic and deterministic record linkage, respectively. The occurrence of missing values for the key variables and the low percentage of similarity measure for name and date of birth were mainly responsible for the failure to identify records of the same individual with the techniques used. CONCLUSIONS The two techniques showed a high level of correlation for pair classification. Although deterministic linkage identified more duplicate records than probabilistic linkage, the latter retrieved records not identified by the former. User need and experience should be considered when choosing the best technique to be used.
The Impact of Mild Stroke on Participation in Physical Fitness Activities

Objective. To compare participation in moderate to high intensity physical activities in persons before and after a mild stroke. Methods. We used data from the Cognitive Rehabilitation and Research Group to examine changes in moderate to high intensity physical activity participation in persons who had a mild stroke as defined by an NIH Stroke Scale score of less than 6 (N = 127). Using the Activity Card Sort, we compared the participants' high-demand leisure activity (leisure activities that are moderate to high intensity physical activities) participation at 6-months after stroke with their prestroke level. Results. We found a significant decrease in numbers of high-demand leisure activities in all participants and in each demographic group after mild stroke. Conclusion. These results suggest that persons after mild stroke are not retaining the high-demand leisure activities they were doing prior to their stroke. Health professionals must promote participation in high-demand leisure activities in patients with mild stroke as a tool to enhance health and fitness.
Is adolescent sibling violence a precursor to college dating violence?

OBJECTIVE To determine whether experiencing sibling violence in adolescence is a significant predictor for later dating violence. The influence of parent-to-child and parent-to-parent violence is also explored. METHODS A modified version of the CTS2 was administered to community college students. The survey instrument used the CTS2 psychological and physical assault subscales. RESULTS Adolescent sibling violence was a predictor for college dating violence. Males reported experiencing more sibling violence than females did, but females reported experiencing more dating violence, both as perpetrators and victims. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to improve understanding of the reasons for and the long-term consequences of sibling violence.
All-Inclusive ECC: Thorough End-to-End Protection for Reliable Computer Memory

Increasing transfer rates and decreasing I/O voltage levels make signals more vulnerable to transmission errors. While the data in computer memory are well-protected by modern error checking and correcting (ECC) codes, the clock, control, command, and address (CCCA) signals are weakly protected or even unprotected such that transmission errors leave serious gaps in data-only protection. This paper presents All-Inclusive ECC (AIECC), a memory protection scheme that leverages and augments data ECC to also thoroughly protect CCCA signals. AIECC provides strong end-to-end protection of memory, detecting nearly 100% of CCCA errors and also preventing transmission errors from causing latent memory data corruption. AIECC provides these system-level benefits without requiring extra storage and transfer overheads and without degrading the effective level of data protection.
Sex differences in stress-induced social withdrawal: role of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Depression and anxiety disorders are more common in women than men, and little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to this disparity. Recent data suggest that stress-induced changes in neurotrophins have opposing effects on behavior by acting in different brain networks. Social defeat has been an important approach for understanding neurotrophin action, but low female aggression levels in rats and mice have limited the application of these methods primarily to males. We examined the effects of social defeat in monogamous California mice (Peromyscus californicus), a species in which both males and females defend territories. We demonstrate that defeat stress increases mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein but not mRNA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in females but not males. Changes in BDNF protein were limited to anterior subregions of the BNST, and there were no changes in the adjacent nucleus accumbens (NAc). The effects of defeat on social withdrawal behavior and BDNF were reversed by chronic, low doses of the antidepressant sertraline. However, higher doses of sertraline restored social withdrawal and elevated BDNF levels. Acute treatment with a low dose of sertraline failed to reverse the effects of defeat. Infusions of the selective tyrosine-related kinase B receptor (TrkB) antagonist ANA-12 into the anterior BNST specifically increased social interaction in stressed females but had no effect on behavior in females naïve to defeat. These results suggest that stress-induced increases in BDNF in the anterior BNST contribute to the exaggerated social withdrawal phenotype observed in females.
A short survey on biharmonic maps between Riemannian manifolds

and the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation is H = 0, where H is the mean curvature vector field. If φ : (M, g) → (N, h) is a Riemannian immersion, then it is a critical point of the bienergy in C∞(M,N) if and only if it is a minimal immersion [26]. Thus, in order to study minimal immersions one can look at harmonic Riemannian immersions. A natural generalization of harmonic maps and minimal immersions can be given by considering the functionals obtained integrating the square of the norm of the tension field or of the mean curvature vector field, respectively. More precisely: • biharmonic maps are the critical points of the bienergy functional E2 : C∞(M,N) → R, E2(φ) = 12 ∫
Biological shot-noise and quantum-limited signal-to-noise ratio in affinity-based biosensors

We study the statistical behavior of affinity-based biosensors. The detection uncertainty and noise in such devices originates primarily from probabilistic molecular-level bindings within the sensing regions, and the stochastic mass-transfer processes within the reaction chamber. In this paper, we model the dynamic behavior of these sensory systems by a Markov process, which enables us to estimate the sensor inherent noise power spectral density (PSD) and response time. We also present the methods by which the Markov parameters are extracted from the reaction kinetic rates, diffusion coefficients, and reaction chamber boundary conditions. Using this model, we explain why Poisson shot noise has been reported in such biosensors and additionally predict a Lorentzian profile for the fluctuation PSD. Furthermore, we demonstrate that affinity-based biosensors have a quantum-limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We also show that the SNR decreases as the dimensions are isomorphically scaled down while the biosens.
The Low-Level Structure of African Easterly Waves in 1995

Abstract The existence of African easterly waves (AEWs) north of the African easterly jet (AEJ) core with maximum amplitude at low levels has been confirmed and clarified using radiosonde data and the U.K. Meteorological Office global model analysis from the hurricane season of 1995. At Bamako (12.5°N, 8.0°W) the AEWs were characterized mainly by maximum amplitudes at the level of the AEJ (around 700 mb), whereas at Dakar (14.7°N, 17.5°W) the waves were characterized by maxima between 850 and 950 mb. The low-level waves to the north of the AEJ arise in association with baroclinic interactions between the negative meridional potential vorticity (PV) gradients in the jet core and the positive low-level gradient of potential temperature, θ, enhanced by the presence of low-static-stability air north of the AEJ. These waves follow the positive meridional θ gradients over northern Africa in contrast to the jet-level AEWs that follow the meridional PV gradients at the level of the AEJ. Cross-correlation analysis.
An 8-bit 200-MSample/s Pipelined ADC With Mixed-Mode Front-End S/H Circuit

This paper describes an 8-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using a mixed-mode sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit at the front-end. The mixed-mode sampling technique reduces signal swings in pipelined ADCs while maintaining the signal-to-noise ratio. The reduction of signal swings relaxes the operational amplifier (opamp) gain, slew rate, bandwidth, and capacitor-matching requirements in pipelined ADCs. Due to the mixed-mode S/H technique, the single-stage opamps and small capacitor sizes can be used in this pipelined ADC, leading to a high speed and low-power consumption. Fabricated in a 0.18-mum CMOS process, the 8-bit pipelined ADC consumes 22 mW with 1.8-V supply voltage. When sampling at 200 MSample/s, the prototype ADC achieves 54-dB spurious free dynamic range and 45-dB signal-to-noise and distortion ratio. The measured integral nonlinearity and differential nonlinearity are 0.34 LSB and 0.3 LSB, respectively.