Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial Firing Properties of Hippocampal CA1 Populations in an Environment Containing Two Visually Identical Regions

Populations of 10-39 CA1 pyramidal cells were recorded from four rats foraging for food reward in an environment consisting of two nearly identical boxes connected by a corridor. For each rat, a higher-than-chance fraction of cells had similarly shaped spatial firing fields in both boxes, but other cells had completely different fields in the two boxes. The level of correlation of fields in the two boxes differed greatly across rats and, for three of the four rats, across recording sessions. Thus, the factors controlling the level of correlation are likely to be subtle. Two control manipulations were performed. First, the two boxes were physically interchanged. In no case did firing fields move along with the boxes. Second, on the final session of recording, the rat was started in the south box, after having been started in the north box for every previous session. For at least two of the four rats, the north fields from the previous session were instantiated in the south during the first visit of the second session, but thereafter reverted. Thus neither differences between the physical boxes nor sensory input from outside the apparatus could account for the differences in firing fields: most likely they were caused by a combination of learned expectations and a neural mechanism for remembering movements. These findings could be explained either by hypothesizing a more sophisticated attractor-map architecture than has been proposed previously, or by hypothesizing that the hippocampus conjunctively encodes both map information and some other type of information.
Teacher Attrition and Retention Along the Mexican Border

Abstract This study investigated teacher attrition and retention among 527 teachers who earned credentials between 1991 and 1998. They all attended a regional campus of a large university located in a rural area of southern California. Although the area had high poverty and many English language learners, the teacher attrition rate was markedly lower than nationally reported figures. Individual interviews of a randomly selected sample were conducted to determine differences between the conditions these teachers encountered during their first years of teaching and the conditions that contributed to dissatisfaction and attrition among teachers reported in Ingersoll and Smith (2003). No major differences in teaching conditions were found. Alternative explanations for the high retention rate are explored.
Subjective perceptions as prognostic factors of time to fitness for work during a 4-year period after inpatient rehabilitation for orthopaedic trauma.

INTRODUCTION Time to fitness for work (TFW) was measured as the number of days that were paid as compensation for work disability during the 4 years after discharge from the rehabilitation clinic in a population of patients hospitalised for rehabilitation after orthopaedic trauma. The aim of this study was to test whether some psychological variables can be used as potential early prognostic factors of TFW. MATERIAL AND METHODS A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the associations between predictive variables and TFW. Predictors were global health, pain at hospitalisation and pain decrease during the stay (all continuous and standardised by subtracting the mean and dividing by two standard deviations), perceived severity of the trauma and expectation of a positive evolution (both binary variables). RESULTS Full data were available for 807 inpatients (660 men, 147 women). TFW was positively associated with better perceived health (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.19), pain decrease (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.30-1.64) and expectation of a positive evolution (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.32-1.70) and negatively associated with pain at hospitalisation (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.59-0.76) and high perceived severity (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61-0.85). DISCUSSION The present results provide some evidence that work disability during a four-year period after rehabilitation may be predicted by prerehabilitation perceptions of general health, pain, injury severity, as well as positive expectation of evolution.
Expression of fatty acid synthase as a prognostic indicator in soft tissue sarcomas.

PURPOSE Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key enzyme in the de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids. Carcinoma cells are dependent on endogenous fatty acid synthesis for growth in vitro. In a subset of human cancers, elevated FAS is associated with poor prognosis; however, the expression of FAS and the relationship between FAS and prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) have not been studied. The objective of this study is to examine the expression of FAS in STSs and determine its relationship to clinicopathological features and prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sixty-four cases of STS were examined. The clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical expression of FAS and Ki-67 antigen were studied. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test and the Cox multivariate regression model. RESULTS FAS expression was observed in 20 of 64 cases (31.3%) of STS. FAS-positive sarcomas were found in 13 of 23 malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 3 of 17 liposarcomas, 3 of 7 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and 1 extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. No expression of FAS was seen in the synovial sarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, or rhabdomyosarcomas that were examined. Clinicopathologically, FAS-positive tumors were significantly deep-seated (P = 0.02) and large in size (P = 0.03). FAS expression correlated with decreased disease-free survival (P = 0.006) and decreased overall survival (P = 0.003). In a multivariate analysis, expression of FAS was able to predict decreased disease-free survival but did not reach the level of significance for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS FAS expression is one of the predictive indicators for disease prognosis in STS.
Die Entwicklung komplexer prospektiver Gedächtnisleistungim Kindesalter

Zusammenfassung. Trotz der grosen Bedeutung fur die kognitive Entwicklung und den Alltag von Kindern, ist uber die Entwicklung der prospektiven Gedachtnisleistung im Vor- und Grundschulalter bislang nur sehr wenig bekannt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung mit insgesamt 115 Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 11 Jahren wurden mit einem computergestutzten Erhebungsinstrument zunachst die Altersunterschiede in der verzogerten selbstinitiierten Ausfuhrung zuvor gefasster Intentionen erhoben. Zusatzlich wurden die Zusammenhange mit retrospektiver Gedachtnisleistung und der Planungsleistung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen Entwicklungsverlauf mit einer altersabhangigen Veranderung prospektiver Leistung bis zum Ende des Grundschulalters, sowie Zusammenhange mit der retrospektiven Gedachtnis- und der Planungsleistung hin.
Different for women? The challenges of doctoral studies

This exploratory study investigates gender-specific differences in the challenges of the doctoral experience through the observations of a counsellor working with doctoral students. The article first contextualises the study within the literature investigating doctoral attrition and gender equity, showing that identity transformation over the doctorate is problematic in particular aspects for women. We confirm that cultural expectations regarding women passivity, family nurturance and (at least symbolic) subordination to male authority can cause tensions between women's social relationships and academic performance which values assertiveness, clear communication and confident management of power relationships. We identify various conflicts between the female roles of the social sphere and the academic arena that problematise the identity transition of the doctorate from student to independent researcher.
Is the world round or flat? Children's understandingof the earth

Investigation of children's understanding of the earth provides important insights into the origins of children's knowledge, the structure of their concepts, and the development of scientific ideas. Vosniadou & Brewer (1992) proposed that, under the influence of intuitive constraints and observations, children form naïve but coherent mental models of the earth: for example they believe it to be flat, or that we live inside a hollow sphere. To test this claim, 59 children aged 6 – 8 years and 33 adults were given multiple-choice questions and a 3D model selection task. This approach avoided the criticisms of recent studies by providing participants with a full range of possible answers. Even the youngest children preferred scientific responses and so demonstrated some knowledge of the earth. Only 10% of the children showed any evidence of naïve mental models; other participants who gave non-scientific answers were inconsistent and unsystematic. It is argued that intuitive constraints have little or no influence on the development of children's ideas in this domain, and that emerging knowledge of the earth progresses from being fragmented to consistently scientific.
Relationship between Phylogenetic Groups, Genotypic Clusters, and Virulence Gene Profiles of Escherichia coli Strains from Diverse Human and Animal Sources

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli strains in water may originate from various sources, including humans, farm and wild animals, waterfowl, and pets. However, potential human health hazards associated with E. coli strains present in various animal hosts are not well known. In this study, E. coli strains from diverse human and animal sources in Minnesota and western Wisconsin were analyzed for the presence of genes coding for virulence factors by using multiplex PCR and biochemical reactions. Of the 1,531 isolates examined, 31 (2%) were found to be Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains. The majority of these strains, which were initially isolated from the ruminants sheep, goats, and deer, carried the stx1c and/or stx2d, ehxA, and saa genes and belonged to E. coli phylogenetic group B1, indicating that they most likely do not cause severe human diseases. All the STEC strains, however, lacked eae. In contrast, 26 (1.7%) of the E. coli isolates examined were found to be potential enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains and consisted of several intimin subtypes that were distributed among various human and animal hosts. The EPEC strains belonged to all four phylogenetic groups examined, suggesting that EPEC strains were relatively widespread in terms of host animals and genetic background. Atypical EPEC strains, which carried an EPEC adherence factor plasmid, were identified among E. coli strains from humans and deer. DNA fingerprint analyses, done using the horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive-element, palindromic PCR technique, indicated that the STEC, potential EPEC, and non-STEC ehxA-positive E. coli strains were genotypically distinct and clustered independently. However, some of the potential EPEC isolates were genotypically indistinguishable from nonpathogenic E. coli strains. Our results revealed that potential human health hazards associated with pathogenic E. coli strains varied among the animal hosts that we examined and that some animal species may harbor a greater number of potential pathogenic strains than other animal species.
G9a controls placental vascular maturation by activating the Notch Pathway

Defective fetoplacental vascular maturation causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). A transcriptional switch initiates placental maturation, during which blood vessels elongate. However, the cellular mechanisms and regulatory pathways involved are unknown. We show that the histone methyltransferase G9a, also known as Ehmt2, activates the Notch pathway to promote placental vascular maturation. Placental vasculature from embryos with G9a-deficient endothelial progenitor cells failed to expand owing to decreased endothelial cell proliferation and increased trophoblast proliferation. Moreover, G9a deficiency altered the transcriptional switch initiating placental maturation and caused downregulation of Notch pathway effectors including Rbpj. Importantly, Notch pathway activation in G9a-deficient endothelial progenitors extended embryonic life and rescued placental vascular expansion. Thus, G9a activates the Notch pathway to balance endothelial cell and trophoblast proliferation and coordinates the transcriptional switch controlling placental vascular maturation. Accordingly, G9A and RBPJ were downregulated in human placentae from IUGR-affected pregnancies, suggesting that G9a is an important regulator in placental diseases caused by defective vascular maturation. Highlighted Article: In the mouse placenta, G9a activates Notch signaling and coordinates a global transcriptional switch to promote placental vascular maturation. Its deficiency may underlie human placental disease.
Fluorides and its effects on plant metabolism.

Fluoride (F) is one of the most important phytotoxic air pollutants (Weinstein, 1977). F toxicity to terrestrial plants has been studied extensively and has been clearly demonstrated in laboratory, greenhouse and controlled field plot experiments (Weinstein, 1977; Doley, 1986, 1989; McCune et al., 1991). F injury to plants may be acute or chronic. Acute F injury is caused by short-term exposures to high concentrations of atmospheric F. Injury symptoms similar to those caused by atmospheric fluorides may also be due to other agents, such as insects, disease, nutritional disorder and adverse weather. F injury to vegetation commonly results from gradual accumulation of F in the plant tissue over a period of time (Davison, 1984). Therefore the duration of exposure as well as the atmospheric concentration is important in determining the severity of injury.
Quiescent Hepatic Stellate Cells Functionally Contribute to the Hepatic Innate Immune Response via TLR3

Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pathogen pattern recognition receptor that plays a key role in innate immunity. TLR3 signalling has numerous functions in liver, both in health and disease. Here we report that TLR3 is expressed by quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSC) where it functions to induce transcription and secretion of functional interferons as well as a number of other cytokines and chemokines. Upon transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, HSCs rapidly loose the ability to produce interferon gamma (IFNγ). Mechanistically, this gene silencing may be due to Polycomb complex mediated repression via methylation of histone H3 lysine 27. In contrast to wild type, quiescent HSC isolated from tlr3 knockout mice do not produce IFNγ in response to Poly(I∶C) treatment. Therefore, quiescent HSC may contribute to induction of the hepatic innate immune system in response to injury or infection.
The Counseling Evaluation Inventory and the Counselor Rating Form: Their Relationship to Perceived Improvement and to Each Other

Although the Counseling Evaluation Inventory and the Counselor Rating Form are frequently used among researchers studying clients' perceptions in counseling-therapy, few data are available on the relationship of these measures to outcome with real-life clients and on their relationship one to another. 49 clients of a university consultation center serving a broad community were seen by 25 practicum therapists for an average of 20 sessions. Clients completed both measures and a 21-item improvement measure at the conclusion of therapy. All test dimensions showed significant positive association with perceived improvement; therapeutic climate and perceived trustworthiness and expertness yielded the highest correlations. Among treatment variables examined, number of sessions correlated significantly with perceived improvement but not with test dimensions. Clients' and therapists' ratings of improvement were compared and indicated significant moderate agreement. Intrascale correlations indicated all dimensions of each measure were significantly interrelated. In general, the Counselor Rating Form variables were more highly interrelated than variables of the Counseling Evaluation Inventory. Interscale correlations indicate some interdependence of variables on the tests particularly with regard to perceived expertness, satisfaction, climate, and trustworthiness. Further study of common dimensions underlying the two scales seems warranted.
A practical password-based two-server authentication and key exchange system

Most password-based user authentication systems place total trust on the authentication server where cleartext passwords or easily derived password verification data are stored in a central database. Such systems are, thus, by no means resilient against offline dictionary attacks initiated at the server side. Compromise of the authentication server by either outsiders or insiders subjects all user passwords to exposure and may have serious legal and financial repercussions to an organization. Recently, several multiserver password systems were proposed to circumvent the single point of vulnerability inherent in the single-server architecture. However, these multiserver systems are difficult to deploy and operate in practice since either a user has to communicate simultaneously with multiple servers or the protocols are quite expensive. In this paper, we present a practical password-based user authentication and key exchange system employing a novel two-server architecture. Our system has a number of appealing features. In our system, only a front-end service server engages directly with users while a control server stays behind the scene; therefore, it can be directly applied to strengthen existing single-server password systems. In addition, the system is secure against offline dictionary attacks mounted by either of the two servers
Examining the relationships between individual, team and organizational learning in an Australian hospital

The concept of organizational learning has continued to capture the interests of scholars and practitioners. At the core of this notion is the belief that organizational learning provides a number of advantages. Some of these advantages include improved team performance, enhanced service quality, better quality-of-work life and, ultimately, competitive advantage. Hence, not surprisingly, there is a sustained upsurge in the interest of organizational learning. Moreover, there is widespread acceptance that learning could occur at the individual, team and organizational levels. Understanding of learning orientations at these three levels has the capacity to advance the current knowledge and practice of organizational learning. In spite of an outpouring of literature on learning, empirical research on organizational learning is still scarce. Thus, the three linkages addressed in this current study include: individual learning and organizational learning; team learning and organizational learning; and individual learning and team learning. These linkages were examined in a field study of an Australian hospital, where 189 respondents participated in an organization-wide survey. Interestingly, individual learning was not significantly related to organizational learning. However, individual learning was a significant predictor of team learning. Team learning was significantly related to organizational learning. The implications of the research findings are discussed.
Organizational Service Orientation as a Quality Predicator in Services

The concept of the “service economy” was reviled many years ago, but some crucial issues like service quality are still interesting as research fields. Now, in the globalized, web 2.0 economy, services are an area of many outstanding challenges to managers. The old question very often asked by managers, “How can I delight my customers? ” sounds every time fresh and curiously. Even in the digitalised world, when customer service staff use intensively electronic devices while serving customers, quality is still crucial and challengeable, because on the two sides of a Skype connection or an e-mail exchange they are real humans. Staff can provide outstanding service via the latest Facebook communication interface and delight their customers, or staff can provide poor service via the same channel disregarding customers, and treating them as petitioners. Customer services are taking on an ever-increasing level of importance in today’s global economy (Baydoun et al., 2001). Furthermore, we can observe the growing popularity of the service approach to management. According to Vargo & Lusch (2004), service logic is valid not only in what have traditionally been called services, but also in all industries in the economy.
Diffusion of Innovation Theory

One of the greatest pains to human nature is the pain of a new idea. It. makes you think that after all, your favorite notions may be wrong, your firmest beliefs ill-founded. Naturally, therefore, common men hate a new idea, and are disposed more or less to ill-treat the original man who brings it. In his comprehensive book Diffusion of Innovation, Everett Rogers defines diffusion as the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. Rogers' definition contains four elements that are present in the diffusion of innovation process. The four main elements are: (1) innovation-an idea, practices, or objects that is perceived as knew by an individual or other unit of adoption. (2) communication channels-the means by which messages get from one individual to another. (3) time-the three time factors are: (a) innovation-decision process (b) relative time with which an innovation is adopted by an individual or group. (c) innovation's rate of adoption. (4) social system-a set of interrelated units that are engaged in joint problem solving to accomplish a common goal. Make a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to our door.
Spontaneous Correction in the Behavioral Confirmation Process: The Role of Naturally-Occurring Variations in Self-Regulatory Resources

Perceivers' tendencies to correct for expectancy-related biases can be affected by experimental manipulations of goals and cognitive resources. In the current research, we examined the role of naturally-occurring, environmentally-produced variations in self-regulatory resources, represented by the time of semester in which college students participated. A pilot study established the association between time of semester and self-regulatory resources. Using a simulated job interview paradigm, interviewers were induced with extreme expectancies regarding their applicants. The effects of expectancy valence depended on time of semester. Interviewers with depleted self-regulatory resources (i.e., late-semester participants) asked expectancy-biased questions, elicited expectancy-confirming behavior from applicants, and formed expectancy-consistent impressions, while their less-depleted, early-semester counterparts did not. The findings suggest that interviewers engaged in spontaneous behavioral and perceptual correction for the biasing influence of extreme expectancies, but only when sufficient self-regulatory resources were available. The discussion focuses on theoretical implications for models of bias correction and applied significance.
Nested quasicrystalline discretisations of the line

One-dimensional cut-and-project point sets obtained from the square lattice in the plane are considered from a unifying point of view and in the perspective of aperiodic wavelet constructions. We successively examine their geometrical aspects, combinatorial properties from the point of view of the theory of languages, and self-similarity with algebraic scaling factor $\theta$. We explain the relation of the cut-and-project sets to non-standard numeration systems based on $\theta$. We finally examine the substitutivity, a weakened version of substitution invariance, which provides us with an algorithm for symbolic generation of cut-and-project sequences.