Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HCMV glycoprotein B subunit vaccine efficacy mediated by nonneutralizing antibody effector functions

Significance The CDC estimates that every hour, a child is born in the United States with permanent neurologic disability resulting from human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection—more than is caused by Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and neural tube defects combined. A maternal vaccine to block transmission of HCMV to the developing fetus is a necessary intervention to prevent these adverse outcomes. The gB/MF59 vaccine is the most successful tested clinically to date, achieving 50% reduction in HCMV acquisition. This manuscript establishes the function and epitope specificity of the humoral response stimulated by this vaccine that may explain the partial vaccine efficacy. Understanding the mechanism of gB/MF59-elicited protective immune responses will guide rational design and evaluation of the next generation of HCMV vaccines. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection worldwide, frequently causing hearing loss and brain damage in afflicted infants. A vaccine to prevent maternal acquisition of HCMV during pregnancy is necessary to reduce the incidence of infant disease. The glycoprotein B (gB) + MF59 adjuvant subunit vaccine platform is the most successful HCMV vaccine tested to date, demonstrating ∼50% efficacy in preventing HCMV acquisition in multiple phase 2 trials. However, the mechanism of vaccine protection remains unknown. Plasma from 33 postpartum women gB/MF59 vaccinees at peak immunogenicity was tested for gB epitope specificity as well as neutralizing and nonneutralizing anti-HCMV effector functions and compared with an HCMV-seropositive cohort. gB/MF59 vaccination elicited IgG responses with gB-binding magnitude and avidity comparable to natural infection. Additionally, IgG subclass distribution was similar with predominant IgG1 and IgG3 responses induced by gB vaccination and HCMV infection. However, vaccine-elicited antibodies exhibited limited neutralization of the autologous virus, negligible neutralization of multiple heterologous strains, and limited binding responses against gB structural motifs targeted by neutralizing antibodies including AD-1, AD-2, and domain I. Vaccinees had high-magnitude IgG responses against AD-3 linear epitopes, demonstrating immunodominance against this nonneutralizing, cytosolic region. Finally, vaccine-elicited IgG robustly bound membrane-associated gB on the surface of transfected or HCMV-infected cells and mediated virion phagocytosis, although were poor mediators of NK cell activation. Altogether, these data suggest that nonneutralizing antibody functions, including virion phagocytosis, likely played a role in the observed 50% vaccine-mediated protection against HCMV acquisition.
Rural Father's Will、Acts and Experience of Parenting——Experienced Reseacher of Shanghai's Suburb

With the change of society,especially in the one-child era,many fathers are increasingly understanding the need to experience the children's growing up,they take initiative to share the responsibility of bringing up,and some put more in and achive more outstanding achievements than the mother even more,but their role Change of personal experience are often neglected,especially rural father's family role was not concerned by social,they not only bear a double load,but also there are complex and subtle social and psychological conflict.
Protective role of IFN‐γ in collagen‐induced arthritis conferred by inhibition of mycobacteria‐induced granulocyte chemotactic protein‐2 production

Mice with a disrupted IFN‐γ system are remarkably susceptible to experimental autoimmune diseases, such as collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), which rely on the use of CFA. The inflammatory lesions of these IFN‐γ knockout (KO) mice are characterized by an excessive proportion of neutrophils. Here, we show that the increased severity of CIA in IFN‐γR KO as compared with wild‐type mice is accompanied by increased levels of the CXC chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein‐2 (GCP‐2), a major neutrophil‐attracting chemokine in mice. We demonstrated that the heat‐killed mycobacteria present in CFA elicited production of GCP‐2 in mouse embryo fibroblast cultures and that this production was inhibited by IFN‐γ. Inhibition of GCP‐2 production by IFN‐γ was STAT‐1‐dependent. IFN‐γ receptor KO mice treated with neutralizing anti‐GCP‐2 antibodies were protected from CIA, indicating the in vivo importance of GCP‐2 in the pathogenesis of CIA. Our data support the notion that one of the mechanisms whereby endogenous IFN‐γ mitigates the manifestations of CIA consists of inhibiting production of GCP‐2, thereby limiting mobilization and infiltration of neutrophils, which are important actors in joint inflammation. These results may also be applicable to other experimental models of autoimmunity that rely on the use of CFA.
The Agreeableness Asymmetry in First Impressions: Perceivers' Impulse to (Mis)judge Agreeableness and How It Is Moderated by Power

Prior research shows that perceivers can judge some traits better than others in first impressions of targets. However, questions remain about which traits perceivers naturally do infer. Here, the authors develop an account of the “agreeableness asymmetry”: Although perceivers show little ability to accurately gauge target agreeableness in first impressions, they find that agreeableness is generally the most commonly inferred disposition among the Big Five dimensions of personality (agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and emotional stability). Using open-ended impressions based on photographs, videos, and face-to-face encounters, three studies show agreeableness as the most prevalently judged of the Big Five, although it is also poorly judged in both absolute and relative terms. The authors use interpersonal power to reveal an underlying mechanism. Manipulating the power of perceivers relative to targets substantially shifts impression content, suggesting that habitual interaction and relational concerns may partially explain perceiver's chronic interest in assessing agreeableness despite their limited ability to do so.
The effect of the manipulation of blood lactate on the integrated EMG of the vastus lateralis muscle during incremental exercise

This study was designed to t e s t the hypothesis that the electromyographic signal recorded from a working muscle r e f l e c t s changes i n blood lactate concentrations. A group of trained c y c l i s t s performed two incremental exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. The Control T r i a l was a incremental t e s t with power increments of 23.5 watts per minute. Cadence was monitored and maintained at 90+/-1 revolutions per minute. The Experimental T r i a l consisted of a high i n t e n s i t y arm exercise protocol designed to elevate blood l a c t a t e above 8 mmol/1. The arm protocol was followed by f i v e minutes of rest and the incremental exercise protocol used i n the Control T r i a l . Expired gases were sampled every f i f t e e n seconds and calculat e d values for oxygen uptake, v e n t i l a t i o n , excess C0 2, and R.Q. were averaged to give a mean value for each minute i n both t r i a l s . Heart rate was monitored and recorded every minute f o r both t r i a l s . Electromyographic data were sampled from the vastus l a t e r a l i s of the r i g h t leg for the f i n a l eight seconds of each workload i n both t r i a l s . The data were integrated for each pedal cycle and averaged to give a mean integrated value for each cycle (CIEMG) for each workload. During both t r i a l s blood samples were drawn from the cephalic vein of the l e f t arm during the l a s t ten seconds of each workload. The anaerobic threshold (Tlac) was determined
Linker Histones Do Not Interact with DNA Containing a Single Interstrand Cross-Link Created by Cisplatin

Abstract During our earlier investigations we have observed a prominent preference of the linker histone H1 for binding to a cis-platinated DNA (a synthetic fragment with global type of platination in respect to targets for cisplatin) comparing with unmodified and trans-Pt-modified DNA. In the present work we report our recent experimental results on the binding of the linker histones H1 and H5 to a cisplatin-modified synthetic DNA fragment containing a single nucleotide target d(GC/CG) for inter-platination. Surprisingly, no preferential binding of linker histones to cis-inter-platinated DNA was observed by means of the electromobilityshift assay. The same negative results were obtained with a part of the linker histone molecule suggested to be responsible for DNA-binding - its globular domain. Contrary, the data with another nuclear protein with similar DNA-binding properties as linker histones - HMGB1 - showed a strong afinity for interaction with DNA containing interstrand cross-links.
Far-field tsunami hazard from mega-thrust earthquakes in the Indian Ocean

SUMMARY We evaluate far-field tsunami hazard in the Indian Ocean Basin based on hydrodynamic simulations of ten case studies of possible mega earthquakes at the major seismic zones surrounding the basin. They represent worst-case scenarios of seismic rupture along the full extent of seismogenic faults having supported large earthquakes in the historical record. In a series of numerical experiments in which the source parameters of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami are allowed to vary one by one, while keeping the seismic moment and the fault orientation unchanged, we document that the main patterns of far-field tsunami amplitudes are remarkably robust with respect to nominal variations in such parameters as hypocentral depth, exact centroid location, and slip distribution on the fault plane. These results validate the concept of modelling case scenarios of potential future earthquakes whose source is by definition imprecise. We consider seismic sources located at the extremities of the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman rupture, namely along the southern coast of Sumatra and in the Andaman‐Myanmar province; along the Makran coast of Pakistan and Iran; and also along the southern coast of Java, where the possibility of a large interplate thrust earthquake cannot be entirely dismissed. The results of our hydrodynamic simulations indicate that the distribution of maximum amplitudes in the Indian Ocean Basin is primarily controlled by the classical effect of source directivity, and additionally by refraction and focusing along bathymetric features. As a result, many provinces in the basin could be threatened by higher tsunami amplitudes than in 2004. This pattern is particularly important along the coast of East Africa, from Somalia to and including South Africa, in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, especially under a South Sumatra scenario involving an earthquake comparable to, or even possibly larger than, the 1833 event, whose epicentral area is widely believed to be under enhanced seismic risk as a result of stress transfer from the 2004 and 2005 ruptures to the northwest, possibly even in the wake of the 2007 Bengkulu earthquakes.
ANISOTROPIC WINDS FROM CLOSE-IN EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

We present two-dimensional hydrodynamic models of thermally driven winds from highly irradiated, close-in extrasolar planets. We adopt a very simple treatment of the radiative heating processes at the base of the wind, and instead focus on the differences between the properties of outflows in multidimensions in comparison to spherically symmetric models computed with the same methods. For hot (T ≳ 2 × 104 K) or highly ionized gas, we find that strong (supersonic) polar flows are formed above the planet surface which produce weak shocks and outflow on the night side. In comparison to a spherically symmetric wind with the same parameters, the sonic surface on the day side is much closer to the planet surface in multidimensions, and the total mass-loss rate is reduced by almost a factor of 4. We also compute the steady-state structure of interacting planetary and stellar winds. Both winds end in a termination shock, with a parabolic contact discontinuity which is draped over the planet separating the two shocked winds. The planetary wind termination shock and the sonic surface in the wind are well separated, so that the mass-loss rate from the planet is essentially unaffected. However, the confinement of the planetary wind to the small volume bounded by the contact discontinuity greatly enhances the column density close to the planet, which might be important for the interpretation of observations of absorption lines formed by gas surrounding transiting planets.
Intestinal helminths infection of rats (Ratus norvegicus) in the Belgrade area (Serbia): the effect of sex, age and habitat

Gastrointestinal helminths of Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) from the Belgrade area were studied as a part of a wider ecological research of rats in Serbia (data on the distribution, population ecology, economic and epizoothiological-epidemiological importance, and density control). Rats were captured from May 2005 to July 2009 at both urban and suburban-rural sites. Of a total of 302 trapped rats 48% were males and 52% females, with 36.5% and 38.8% of juvenile-subadult individuals, per sex respectively. Intestinal helminth infection was noted in 68.5% of rats, with a higher prevalence in male hosts and in adult individuals. Higher numbers of infected juveniles-subadults were noted in suburban-rural habitats, while an opposite tendency was noted in adult rats. Seven helminth species were recovered, of which five were nematode (Heterakis spumosa, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Capillaria sp., Trichuris muris and Syphacia muris) and two cestode species (Hymenolepis diminuta and Rodentolepis fraterna). The most prevalent parasites were Heterakis spumosa (36.7%) and Hymenolepis diminuta (30.5%). Sex and habitat-related differences were noted in the prevalence of infection with Capillaria sp. and Trichuris muris, while there were no age-related differences in the prevalence of infection with any individual helminth species. Significantly higher prevalence of infection was noted in summer as compared to spring or winter, with a tendency to be higher in autumn as compared to spring. The only significant difference in the prevalence of infection between habitat-related was noted during spring. H. spumosa was most prevalent in summer, while H. diminuta and N. brasiliensis in autumn. The mean intensity of infection with H. spumosa, R. fraterna, S. muris and T. muris was higher in autumn than in the other seasons, while N. brasiliensis and Capillaria sp. occured in winter. No more than four helminth species were found in one host.
The “thinning” blueline: a Bourdieuian appreciation of police subculture

ABSTRACT The notion of a recalcitrant “police subculture” is pervasive in the literature on policing, often invoked to explain many of the ills linked to police misconduct and corruption. This article argues that the failure of reform efforts is the result of interventionist strategies which had sought to change police subculture “head-on” without a corresponding change in the structural conditions in which the policing role is so located, and that these efforts, theoretically, have been informed by a conceptualisation of police subculture as homogenous, monolithic, and static. Using the Bourdieuian concepts of the “habitus” and “field”, the view of a “recalcitrant” subculture will be challenged in this article. Using the Singaporean experience as a case in point, it will be shown how changes in the field of policing can bring about changes, intended or otherwise, in the occupational habitus of the police: refashioning the informal repository of knowledge guiding police work.
The Differential Contributions of pFC and Temporo-parietal Cortex to Multimodal Semantic Control: Exploring Refractory Effects in Semantic Aphasia

Aphasic patients with multimodal semantic impairment following pFC or temporo-parietal (TP) cortex damage (semantic aphasia [SA]) have deficits characterized by poor control of semantic activation/retrieval, as opposed to loss of semantic knowledge per se. In line with this, SA patients show “refractory effects”; that is, declining accuracy in cyclical word–picture matching tasks when semantically related sets are presented rapidly and repeatedly. This is argued to follow a build-up of competition between targets and distractors. However, the link between poor semantic control and refractory effects is still controversial for two reasons. (1) Some theories propose that refractory effects are specific to verbal or auditory tasks, yet SA patients show poor control over semantic processing in both word and picture semantic tasks. (2) SA can result from lesions to either the left pFC or TP cortex, yet previous work suggests that refractory effects are specifically linked to the left inferior frontal cortex. For the first time, verbal, visual, and nonverbal auditory refractory effects were explored in nine SA patients who had pFC (pFC+) or TP cortex (TP-only) lesions. In all modalities, patient accuracy declined significantly over repetitions. This refractory effect at the group level was driven by pFC+ patients and was not shown by individuals with TP-only lesions. These findings support the theory that SA patients have reduced control over multimodal semantic retrieval and, additionally, suggest there may be functional specialization within the posterior versus pFC elements of the semantic control network.
Changing the Landscape of the HIV Epidemic among MSM in China: Results from Three Consecutive Respondent-Driven Sampling Surveys from 2009 to 2011

This study assessed the changes of HIV incidence and its predictors among Beijing's men who have sex with men (MSM). Three consecutive cross-sectional surveys were carried out using a consistent respondent-driven sampling (RDS) approach in 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Structured-questionnaire based interviews were completed with computer-assisted self-administration. Incident infection was examined with BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA). The overall rate of HIV prevalence was 8.0% in the three years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.9%–11.2%). The overall rate of BED-CEIA incidence was 7.8/100 person years (PY) (95% CI: 5.5–10.1) with 6.8/100PY (95% CI: 3.4–10.2) in 2009, 11.2/100PY (95% CI: 6.2–16.3) in 2010, and 5.8/100PY (95% CI: 2.4–9.3) in 2011, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that, compared with HIV-negative MSM, recently infected MSM were more likely to be bisexual (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1–4.1), live in Beijing ≤3 years (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2–4.0), and have a negative attitude towards safe sex (AOR = 1.1 per scale point, 95% CI: 1.0–1.1). This study demonstrated a disturbing rise of HIV infections among Beijing's MSM. These findings underscored the urgency of scaling up effective and better-targeted intervention services to stop the rapid spread of the virus.
Place-selective firing contributes to the reverse-order reactivation of CA1 pyramidal cells during sharp waves in open-field exploration

On the linear track, the recent firing sequences of CA1 place cells recur during sharp wave/ripple patterns (SWRs) in a reverse temporal order [Foster & Wilson (2006) Nature, 440, 680–683]. We have found similar reverse‐order reactivation during SWRs in open‐field exploration where the firing sequence of cells varied before each SWR. Both the onset times and the firing patterns of cells showed a tendency for reversed sequences during SWRs. These effects were observed for SWRs that occurred during exploration, but not for those during longer immobility periods. Additionally, reverse reactivation was stronger when it was preceded by higher speed (> 5 cm/s) run periods. The trend for reverse‐order SWR reactivation was not significantly different in familiar and novel environments, even though SWR‐associated firing rates of both pyramidal cells and interneurons were reduced in novel environments as compared with familiar. During exploration‐associated SWRs (eSWR) place cells retain place‐selective firing [O'Neill et al. (2006) Neuron, 49, 143–155]. Here, we have shown that each cell's firing onset was more delayed and firing probability more reduced during eSWRs the further the rat was from the middle of the cell's place field; that is, cells receiving less momentary place‐related excitatory drive fired later during SWR events. However, even controlling for place field distance, the recent firing of cells was still significantly correlated with SWR reactivation sequences. We therefore propose that both place‐related drive and the firing history of cells contribute to reverse reactivation during eSWRs.
Annual Cash Income from Community Forest Management in the Brazilian Amazon: Challenges for the Future

Community forest management (CFM) is considered an alternative way to protect forests while providing income for smallholders. Since the mid-1990s, the number of CFM projects has rapidly increased in the Brazilian Amazon, although most of them still face several difficulties. In this paper, we discuss the obstacles to the financial viability of CFM in this region and propose some ways to overcome them. Based on evidence from five case studies, we assess the extent to which sustainable forest management for commercial timber production contributes to smallholder income. We show that harvesting timber only provides a limited cash income to smallholders, even though forest covers 80% of their landholding. Market access to timber is very uncertain and smallholder communities often fail to make a profit from their timber. Minimum remunerative public prices and support for timber marketing are thus needed. Simpler and more flexible procedures are required to reduce the high transaction costs of obtaining a permit and increase smallholder involvement in legal forest management for commercial purposes. Finally, a better assessment of timber potential in smallholder forest reserves through systematic inventories would be useful to avoid arousing false expectations.
Preparation of Activated Carbon from Parkia Speciosa Pod by Chemical Activation

— Parkia speciosa pod which is known as stink bean or 'petai', is selected as a precursor for activated carbon preparation by activation with phosphoric acid. The effects of carbonisation temperatures ranging from 450°C to 650°C and mass ratio of acid to precursor (1:1 and 1:2) on the porosity formation of the resulting carbons are studied for a carbonization period of 1 hour, heating rate of 5°C/min and nitrogen purge rate of 10 cm 3 /min. Carbon yield is determined by measuring the weight of a sample before and after carbonisation. The surface area and pore volume are measured using the Micromeritics 2020 surface analyser. The maximum surface area of 190 m 2 /g and pore volume of 0.0950 cm 3 /g are obtained at carbonization temperature of 600°C and impregnation ratio of 1:1. The measured carbon yield, which was comparable with that of a commercial activated carbon, was 41.1 %.