Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Detection of Student Mental Models Based on Natural Language Student Input During Metacognitive Skill Training

This article describes the problem of detecting the student mental models, i.e. students' knowledge states, during the self-regulatory activity of prior knowledge activation in MetaTutor, an intelligent tutoring system that teaches students self-regulation skills while learning complex science topics. The article presents several approaches to automatically detecting students' mental models in MetaTutor based on paragraphs generated by students during prior knowledge activation. Three major categories of methods (content-based overlap methods; cohesion analysis of text; and tf-idf based weighted representations) were developed and combined with machine learning algorithms in order to automatically infer the underlying parameters. A detailed comparison among the methods and across all machine learning algorithms is provided. The evaluation of the proposed methods is performed by eomparing the methods' predictions with human judgments on a set of 309 prior knowledge activation paragraphs collected from experiments with the MetaTutor system on college students. According to the experiments, a word-weighting method, which uses tf-idf values calculated from the corpus, combined with a Bayes Nets machine learning algorithm, offers the most accurate results. Second best performance is given by a Latent Semantic Analysis-based approach enhanced with lexical features and combined with the machine learning algorithm of Logistic Regression.
Parents of War: A Grounded Theory Study of the Experience of Parenting Through the War Experience

vii Chapter 1: Introduction to Study . 1 Background . 1 Statement of Problem . 2 Statement of Purpose and Research Questions . 5 Concepts and Definitions . 6 Methodology Overview . 10 Conclusion . 11 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 13 A Note on the Limitations of Literature Reviews in Grounded Theory Studies . 13 Child Development and the Importance of Parents . 14 Is There a Universal Way to Parent Effectively? 19 War and Parenting . 30 Conclusion . 42 Chapter 3. Research Methodology, Sources, Procedures and Expectations . 45 Methodology – Grounded Theory Method . 45 The Purpose of GTM is to Generate Theory . 45 GTM Background . 46 Essential Elements of a Grounded Theory Study . 50 Developing Theory Through Coding and Categories . 52
Calculation and use of inbreeding coefficients for genetic evaluation of United States dairy cattle.

Inbreeding coefficients are calculated routinely for all animals included in national genetic evaluations for yield traits. The base population for inbreeding is defined as animals born during 1960. Animals with unknown parents are assumed to have inbreeding coefficients that are equal to the mean of coefficients for animals with known parents born during the same year. Mean inbreeding coefficients reached . 03 to . 04 for recent years, and coefficients for some animals exceeded . 50. The annual increase in level of inbreeding was highest for Milking Shorthorns, but the rate of change of that increase was greatest for Holsteins. Accounting for inbreeding in calculation of the inverse of the relationship matrix had only a small effect on evaluations. For Jersey, the maximum change in breeding value was 73 kg of milk for cows and 40 kg of milk for bulls with > or = 10 daughters. Estimates of inbreeding depression were similar across breeds for production traits and were -29.6 kg of milk, -1.08 kg of fat, and -. 97 kg of protein per 1% of inbreeding for Holsteins. In January 1994, the USDA began considering the percentage of inbreeding when calculating inverses of relationship matrices, the largest matrix representing over 20 million Holsteins; this inbreeding percentage was released to the dairy industry for bulls.
Early Childhood Education and Care in Europe: Tackling Social and Cultural Inequalities.

The Eurydice network is an institutional network of 35 national units, established in all 31 countries taking part in the action programme in the eld of lifelong learning, and a European unit based in the EU Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency in Brussels which coordinates the network. Created by the European Community in 1980, the network eld of education by providing reliable and readily comparable information on education systems and policies in the countries concerned and by producing comparative studies on issues common to European education systems.
Vertex Exponents of Two-ColoredPrimitive Extremal Ministrong Digraphs

A two-colored digraph D(2) is a digraph D whose each of its arcs is colored by either red or blue. A two-colored digraph D(2) is primitive provided that there is a positive integer h+k such that any pair of vertices in D(2) can be connected by a walk of length h+k consisting of h red arcs and k blue arcs. The smallest of such positive integer h+k is the exponent of D(2) and is denoted by exp(D(2)). The exponent of a vertex v in a two-colored digraph D(2) is the smallest positive integer s+t such that for each vertex x in D(2) there is a walk of length s+t consisting of s red arcs and t blue arcs. In this paper we discuss the vertex exponents of a primitive twocolored extremal ministrong digraph D(2) on n vertices. If D(2) has one blue arc, we show that the exponents of vertices of D(2) lie on [n2 – 5n + 8, n2 – 3n + 1]. If D(2) has two blue arcs, we show that the exponents of vertices in D(2) lie on [n2 – 4n + 4, n2 – n].
Wireless Virtual Multiple Antenna Networks for Critical Process Control: Protocol Design and Experiments

Wireless telemetry systems for remote monitoring and control of industrial processes are now becoming a relevant topic in the field of networked control. Wireless closed-loop control systems have stricter delay and link reliability requirements compared to conventional sensor networks for open-loop monitoring and call for the development of advanced network architectures. By following the guidelines introduced by recent standardization, this paper focuses on the most recent technological advances to enable wireless networked control for tight closed-loop applications with cycle times below 100 ms. The cooperative network paradigm is indicated as the key technology to enable cable replacing even in critical control applications. A cooperative communication system enables wireless devices placed at geographically separated locations to act as a virtual ensemble of antennas that creates a virtual multiple-antenna-distributed system. A proprietary link-layer protocol/based on the IEEE 802.15. 4 physical layer has been developed and tested in an indoor environment characterized by non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation and dense obstacles. The measurements obtained from the testbed evaluate experimentally the benefits (and the limitations) of cable replacing in critical process control.
Evaluation of a web-based intervention for college marijuana use

Young adults in college have high rates of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. Web-based interventions have been growing in popularity, but their dissemination currently exceeds empirical support. One especially popular (but understudied) program is The Marijuana eCHECKUP TO GO (e-TOKE) for Universities & Colleges (San Diego State University Research Foundation, 2009). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this program is effective in changing marijuana involvement and perceived norms in undergraduates. Participants were 317 undergraduates (52% female, 78% White) who reported marijuana use within the month preceding baseline. Conditions were the e-TOKE program or assessment only, crossed with brief vs. extensive baseline assessment (to assess assessment reactivity), producing four experimental conditions to which participants were randomly assigned. Thus, 161 (51%) received eTOKE (77 with extended baseline, 84 with brief baseline), and 156 (49%) received assessment-only control (85 with extended baseline, 71 with brief baseline). One month later, all participants reported on marijuana use, problems, abuse and dependence symptoms, and descriptive norms. Assessment reactivity analyses yielded no significant differences by assessment condition. Individuals completing the e-TOKE program reported less extreme descriptive norms (ps 0.10). Analyses controlling for baseline yielded similar results. The program thus seems effective for changing perceptions of others’ use, but there is not yet evidence for its utility in changing personal use and problem indicators. More research with longer follow-ups is indicated, especially given the possibility that descriptive norms could play a mediating role in change. EVALUATION OF A WEB-BASED INTERVENTION FOR COLLEGE MARIJUANA USE
Nonself Recognition Through Intermolecular Disulfide Bond Formation of Ribonucleotide Reductase in Neurospora

Type I ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are conserved across diverse taxa and are essential for the conversion of RNA into DNA precursors. In Neurospora crassa, the large subunit of RNR (UN-24) is unusual in that it also has a nonself recognition function, whereby coexpression of Oak Ridge (OR) and Panama (PA) alleles of un-24 in the same cell leads to growth inhibition and cell death. We show that coexpressing these incompatible alleles of un-24 in N. crassa results in a high molecular weight UN-24 protein complex. A 63-amino-acid portion of the C terminus was sufficient for un-24PA incompatibility activity. Redox active cysteines that are conserved in type I RNRs and essential for their catalytic function were found to be required for incompatibility activity of both UN-24OR and UN-24PA. Our results suggest a plausible model of un-24 incompatibility activity in which the formation of a complex between the incompatible RNR proteins is potentiated by intermolecular disulfide bond formation.
Removal of Noise by Wavelet Method to Generate High Quality Temporal Data of Terrestrial MODIS Products

Time-series terrestrial parameters derived from NOAA/AVHRR, SPOT/VEGETATION, TERRA, or AQUA/MODIS data, such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Leaf Index Area (LAI), and Albedo, have been extensively applied to global climate change. However, the noise impedes these data from being further analyzed and used. In this paper, a wavelet-based method is used to remove the contaminated data from time-series observations, which can effectively maintain the temporal pattern and approximate the "true" signals. The method is composed of two steps: (a), time-series values are linearly interpolated with the help of quality flags and the blue band, and (b), time series are decomposed into different scales and the highest correlation among several adjacent scales is used, which is more robust and objective than the threshold-based method. Our objective was to reduce noise in MODIS NDVI, LAI, and Albedo time-series data and to compare this technique with the BISE algorithm, Fourier-based fitting method, and the Savitzky-Golay filter method. The results indicate that our newly developed method enhances the ability to remove noise in all three time-series data products.
On the Suitability of the Weibull Distribution for the Approximation of Machine Failures

In this research we investigate how the Weibull distribution is suited as an alternative to common approaches in the stochastic modeling of machine downtimes and times between failures. We present an algorithm that automatically calculates Weibull parameters from machine data based on the SEMI E10 standard. We also discuss the question whether sampling shop-floor data should not only include first order statistics, but also measures that allow to monitor and model the variability of the equipment and processes.
Perceptual Linear Filters: Low-Order ARMA Approximation for Sound Synthesis

This paper deals with the approximation of a given frequency response by a low-order linear ARMA filter (Auto-Regressive Mo ving Average). The aim of this work is the audio synthesis, then to improve the perceptual quality, a criterion based on human listening is defined and minimized. Two complementary approach es are proposed here for solving this non-linear and non-convex problem: first, a weighted version of the Iterative Prefiltering, second, an adaptation of the Gauss-Newton method. This algorithm is adapted to guarantee the causality/stability of the obtain ed filter, and eventually its minimum phase property. The benefit of the new method is illustrated and evaluated.
The Role of Platelet Serotonin and Depression in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Population

Platelet serotonin has been associated with depression and coronary artery disease. Understanding the association between platelet serotonin and depressive symptoms during acute coronary syndrome (ACS) may explain some of the ACS events seen in depressed individuals. The objectives were to evaluate whether levels of platelet serotonin during an ACS event differ between individuals who screen positive or negative for depressive symptoms and to determine if a linear relationship exists. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected on 51 patients with ACS. Multiple linear regression models were examined. Platelet serotonin levels were not significantly different between the depressed and non-depressed groups (β = -4.093 and p = .293); a linear relationship was not found (β = -.254 and p = .250). In conclusion, a relationship between platelet serotonin and depressive symptoms was not found. It remains unclear if an association exists between platelet serotonin levels and depressive symptoms during hospitalization for ACS.
Current-Fed Switched Inverter

High-boost dc-ac inverters are used in solar photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell, wind energy, and uninterruptible power supply systems. High step-up and step-down capabilities and shoot-through immunity are some of the desired properties of an inverter for a reliable, versatile, and low-distortion ac inversion. The recently developed Z-source inverter (ZSI) possesses these qualities. However, the realization of ZSI comes at a cost of higher passive component count as it needs two sets of passive filters. A switched boost inverter (SBI) has similar properties as ZSI, and it has one L-C pair less compared to ZSI, but its gain is less than ZSI. This paper proposes the current-fed switched inverter (CFSI) which combines the high-gain property of ZSI and low passive component count of SBI. The proposed inverter uses only one L-C filter and three switches apart from the inverter structure. The inverter topology is based on current-fed dc/dc topology. Steady-state analysis of the inverter is presented to establish the relation between the dc input and the ac output. A pulse width modulation (PWM) control strategy is devised for the proposed inverter. An experimental prototype is built to validate the proposed inverter circuit in both buck and boost modes of operation. A 353-V dc-link and a 127 V (rms) ac are obtained from a 35.3-V dc input to demonstrate the boost mode of operation. A 200-V dc-link and a 10.5-V (rms) ac are obtained from a 37.8-V dc input to verify the buck mode of operation of CFSI.
The emergence of quantum mechanics

It is pointed out that a mathematical relation exists between cellular automata and quantum field theories. Although the proofs are far from perfect, they do suggest a new look at the origin of quantum mechanics: quantum mechanics may be nothing but a natural way to handle the statistical correlations of a cellular automaton. An essential role for the gravitational force in these considerations is suspected.
Gratitude and Organizational Commitments in the Office Boy

The Office Boy is the lowest level employee, whose working hours are long and sometimes do tasks outside of his duties. His salary is generally below the standard of the UMR so that he does not meet his daily needs, but can always carry out every task optimally and effectively and be able to enjoy every work done. This is interesting to study because they feel comfortable, accept everything they get and are proud to work at UNISBA. The research method is descriptive. The study population was 60 employees. Gratitude measuring instruments based on Al Quran and Hadith made by A. Rusdi and measuring instruments of organizational commitment based on Allen and Meyer's theory. The results showed that all employees in the Office Boy at UNISBA had a high level of gratitude, but the low dominant organizational commitment was the aspect of Continuance Commitment, indicating that they were unable to identify organizational goals and were less willing to involve themselves in organizational goals (88%). Keywords—gratitude; office boy; organizational commitment
Examining the Relationship of Individual Resources and Burnout in Mothers of Children with Disabilities.

The relationship between two key factors of parental burnout of mothers of children with disabilities was studied on a population of 69 women. Exhaustion and helplessness two subscales of the new instrument: Parental Burnout Measure-12 showed a decreasing correlation with coherence and personal resiliency. Multiple regression analysis showed coherence as more predicative of exhaustion, while personal resiliency of helplessness. The research did not present any relation between sociodemographic factors or the type of disability (Autism Spectrum Disorder versus Cerebral Palsy) and the level of parental burnout. The results can be considered as significant in designing actions that would support the activities of mothers in the rehabilitation of their children.
Related polymorphic F-box protein genes between haplotypes clustering in the BAC contig sequences around the S-RNase of Japanese pear

Most fruit trees in the Rosaceae exhibit self-incompatibility, which is controlled by the pistil S gene, encoding a ribonuclease (S-RNase), and the pollen S gene at the S-locus. The pollen S in Prunus is an F-box protein gene (SLF/SFB) located near the S-RNase, but it has not been identified in Pyrus and Malus. In the Japanese pear, various F-box protein genes (PpSFBB-α–γ) linked to the S-RNase are proposed as the pollen S candidate. Two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contigs around the S-RNase genes of Japanese pear were constructed, and 649 kb around S4-RNase and 378 kb around S2-RNase were sequenced. Six and 10 pollen-specific F-box protein genes (designated as PpSFBB4-u1–u4, 4-d1–d2 and PpSFBB2-u1–u5, 2-d1–d5, respectively) were found, but PpSFBB4-α–γ and PpSFBB2-γ were absent. The PpSFBB4 genes showed 66.2–93.1% amino acid identity with the PpSFBB2 genes, which indicated clustering of related polymorphic F-box protein genes between haplotypes near the S-RNase of the Japanese pear. Phylogenetic analysis classified 36 F-box protein genes of Pyrus and Malus into two major groups (I and II), and also generated gene pairs of PpSFBB genes and PpSFBB/Malus F-box protein genes. Group I consisted of gene pairs with 76.3–94.9% identity, while group II consisted of gene pairs with higher identities (>92%) than group I. This grouping suggests that less polymorphic PpSFBB genes in group II are non-S pollen genes and that the pollen S candidates are included in the group I PpSFBB genes.
Piecewise Convex-Concave Approximation in the $\ell_{\infty}$ Norm

Suppose that $\ff \in \reals^{n}$ is a vector of $n$ error-contaminated measurements of $n$ smooth values measured at distinct and strictly ascending abscissae. The following projective technique is proposed for obtaining a vector of smooth approximations to these values. Find \yy\ minimizing $\| \yy - \ff \|_{\infty}$ subject to the constraints that the second order consecutive divided differences of the components of \yy\ change sign at most $q$ times. This optimization problem (which is also of general geometrical interest) does not suffer from the disadvantage of the existence of purely local minima and allows a solution to be constructed in $O(nq)$ operations. A new algorithm for doing this is developed and its effectiveness is proved. Some of the results of applying it to undulating and peaky data are presented, showing that it is economical and can give very good results, particularly for large densely-packed data, even when the errors are quite large.
The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries

Economists have long warned about the pernicious impacts of corruption, arguing that it increases transaction costs, reduces investment incentives, and ultimately results in reduced economic growth. Political scientists, on the other hand, ever the realists, have had a much more ambivalent view of the problem. Indeed, much classic literature focusing on the Third World saw corruption as functional for political development, enabling citizens to overcome intransigent, inefficient bureaucracies while increasing loyalty to the political system. More recent research, however, points in the opposite direction toward an erosion of public support for corrupt regimes. A series of serious methodological problems has prevented the testing of these contradictory assertions about the impact of corruption. This article uses national sample survey data, with a total N of over 9,000, from four Latin American countries to test the effect of corruption experiences on belief in the legitimacy of the political system. It finds that independent of socioeconomic, demographic, and partisan identification, exposure to corruption erodes belief in the political system and reduces interpersonal trust. The evidence seems clear, at least for these four countries, that corruption carries with it important political costs.
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Calmodulin‐Dependent Protein Kinase IIα Undergo Neurotoxin‐Induced Proteolysis

Abstract: Calpain (calcium‐activated neutral protease) has been implicated as playing a role of neuronal injury in cerebral ischemia and excitotoxicity. Here we report that, in addition to extreme excitotoxic conditions [N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA), α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and kainate challenges], other neurotoxins such as maitotoxin, A23187, and okadaic acid also induce calpain activation, as detected by m‐calpain autolytic fragmentation and nonerythroid α‐spectrin breakdown. Under the same conditions, calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II‐α (CaMPK‐IIα) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) are both proteolytically cleaved by calpain. Such fragmentation can be reduced by calpain inhibitors (acetyl‐Leu‐Leu‐Nle‐CHO and PD151746). In vitro digestion of protein extract from cortical cultures with purified μ‐ and m‐calpain produced fragmentation patterns for CaMPK‐IIα and nNOS similar to those produced in situ. Also, several other calpain‐sensitive calmodulin‐binding proteins (plasma membrane calcium pump, microtubule‐associated protein 2, and calcineurin A) and protein kinase C‐α are also degraded in neurotoxin‐treated cultures. Lastly, in a rat pup model of acute excitotoxicity, intrastriatal injection of NMDA resulted in breakdown of CaMPK‐IIα and nNOS. The degradation of CaMPK‐IIα, nNOS, and other endogenous calpain substrates may contribute to the neuronal injury associated with various neurotoxins.
Optimized Inverted List Assignment in Distributed Search Engine Architectures

We study efficient query processing in distributed Web search engines with global index organization. The main performance bottleneck in this case is due to the large amount of index data that is exchanged between nodes during the processing of a query, and previous work has proposed several techniques for significantly reducing this cost. We describe an approach that provides substantial additional improvement over previous techniques. In particular, we analyze search engine query traces in order to optimize the assignment of index data to the nodes in the system, such that terms frequently occurring together in queries are also often collocated on the same node. Our experiments show that in return for a modest factor increase in storage space, we can achieve a reduction in communication cost of an order of magnitude over the previous best techniques.