Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glaucoma Tissue Transglutaminase Elevates Intraocular Pressure in Mice

Citation: Raychaudhuri U, Millar JC, Clark AF. Tissue transglutaminase elevates intraocular pressure in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:6197–6211. DOI:10.1167/ iovs.17-22236 PURPOSE. Tissue transglutaminase (TGM2) is elevated in glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) tissues. We investigated whether increased expression of TGM2 increases extracellular matrix crosslinking in the TM, thereby increasing aqueous humor outflow resistance and elevating intraocular pressure (IOP) in mouse eyes.
Myosin II is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation

During their development as myelinating cells, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPC) undergo dramatic changes in the organization of their cytoskeleton. These changes involve an increase in cell branching and in lamella extension, which is important for the ability of oligodendrocytes to myelinate multiple axons in the CNS. We have previously shown that the levels of the actin‐associated motor protein nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) decrease as oligodendrocyte differentiate and that inhibition of NMII activity increases branching and myelination, suggesting that NMII is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation. In agreement with this interpretation, we have found that overexpression of NMII prevents oligodendrocyte branching and differentiation and that OPC maturation is accelerated in NMII knockout mice as shown by a significant increase in the percentage of mature MBP+ cells. Although several pathways have been implicated in oligodendrocyte morphogenesis, their specific contribution to the regulation of NMII activity has not been directly examined. We tested the hypothesis that the activity of NMII in OPC is controlled by Fyn kinase via downregulation of RhoA‐ROCK‐NMII phosphorylation. We found that treatment with PP2 or knockdown of Fyn using siRNA prevents the decrease in myosin phosphorylation normally observed during OPC differentiation and that the inhibition of branching induced by overexpression of constitutively active RhoA can be reversed by treatment with Y27632 or blebbistatin. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Fyn kinase downregulates NMII activity, thus promoting oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discovering scene categories by information projection and cluster sampling

This paper presents a method for unsupervised scene categorization. Our method aims at two objectives: (1) automatic feature selection for different scene categories. We represent images in a heterogeneous feature space to account for the large variabilities of different scene categories. Then, we use the information projection strategy to pursue features which are both informative and discriminative, and simultaneously learn a generative model for each category. (2) automatic cluster number selection for the whole image set to be categorized. By treating each image as a vertex in a graph, we formulate unsupervised scene categorization as a graph partition problem under the Bayesian framework. Then, we use a cluster sampling strategy to do the partition (i.e. categorization) in which the cluster number is selected automatically for the globally optimal clustering in terms of maximizing a Bayesian posterior probability. In experiments, we test two datasets, LHI 8 scene categories and MIT 8 scene categories, and obtain state-of-the-art results.
Analysis of human interactions together with human-body exergy consumption rate

These days research on occupant behaviour is increasing. Nevertheless, still less is known about the effect of interactions on the occupants themselves. On the one hand, knowing such effects would permit conclusions regarding the purpose of behaviour. On the other hand, this would allow a more careful design of interaction opportunities, which fulfil the occupants’ desire for comfortable conditions without posing a danger to their health. This paper describes the analysis of data deriving from field measurements in a student dormitory in Tokyo, Japan. The focus was on the effect of the interaction with the window on the Human-Body Exergy-Consumption (HBx-) rate of the occupant themselves. In conclusion, with respect to thermal conditions, occupant behaviour aims at an optimum rate of exergy consumption, being in congruence with the need to consume as little exergy as possible, but at the same time being able to discard as much of the generated entropy as possible.
Sequential Modulations in a Combined Horizontal and Vertical Simon Task: Is There ERP Evidence for Feature Integration Effects?

In the Simon task, participants respond faster when the task-irrelevant stimulus position and the response position are corresponding, for example on the same side, compared to when they have a non-corresponding relation. Interestingly, this Simon effect is reduced after non-corresponding trials. Such sequential effects can be explained in terms of a more focused processing of the relevant stimulus dimension due to increased cognitive control, which transfers from the previous non-corresponding trial (conflict adaptation effects). Alternatively, sequential modulations of the Simon effect can also be due to the degree of trial-to-trial repetitions and alternations of task features, which is confounded with the correspondence sequence (feature integration effects). In the present study, we used a spatially two-dimensional Simon task with vertical response keys to examine the contribution of adaptive cognitive control and feature integration processes to the sequential modulation of the Simon effect. The two-dimensional Simon task creates correspondences in the vertical as well as in the horizontal dimension. A trial-by-trial alternation of the spatial dimension, for example from a vertical to a horizontal stimulus presentation, generates a subset containing no complete repetitions of task features, but only complete alternations and partial repetitions, which are equally distributed over all correspondence sequences. In line with the assumed feature integration effects, we found sequential modulations of the Simon effect only when the spatial dimension repeated. At least for the horizontal dimension, this pattern was confirmed by the parietal P3b, an event-related potential that is assumed to reflect stimulus–response link processes. Contrary to conflict adaptation effects, cognitive control, measured by the fronto-central N2 component of the EEG, was not sequentially modulated. Overall, our data provide behavioral as well as electrophysiological evidence for feature integration effects contributing to sequential modulations of the Simon effect.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathologic Patterns and Biopsy Evaluation in Clinical Research

Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results in histologically complex specific and nonspecific injury patterns. In clinical research of NAFLD, the liver biopsy evaluation provides a wealth of information on the architectural arrangement and severity of a variety of histologic changes, including steatosis, inflammation, cellular injury, and fibrosis. This information is summarized as an overall diagnostic category, such steatosis or steatohepatitis and the severity of the injury can be graded and staged. Histopathologic disease classification in NAFLD is related to but separate from evaluation of individual histologic lesions. The patient population under study may affect the prevalence of histologic findings and in particular, pediatric patients with NAFLD may show a higher prevalence of zone 1 steatosis and periportal fibrosis as compared with adult populations. For the purposes of clinical research, it is important to provide the pathologist with biopsies that are adequate to classify the disease process as well as to grade and stage the changes. A current understanding of NAFLD pathologic classification, as well as nuances of grading and staging, is presented in this review.
Chip-level diagnostic strategy for full-scan designs with multiple faults

Fault diagnosis of full-scan designs has been progressed significantly However, most existing techniques are aimed at a logic block with a single fault. Strategies on top of these block-level techniques are needed in order to successfully diagnose a large chip with multiple faults. In this paper, we present such a strategy. Our strategy is effective in identifying more than one fault accurately. It proceeds in two phases. In the first phase we concentrate on the identification of the so-called structurally independent faults based on a concept referred to as word-level prime candidate, while in the second phase we further trace the locations of the more elusive structural dependent faults. Experimental results show that this strategy is able to find 3 to 4 faults within 10 signal inspections for three designs randomly injected with 5 node-type or stuck-at faults.
The Second Galanin Receptor GalR2 Plays a Key Role in Neurite Outgrowth from Adult Sensory Neurons

Expression of the neuropeptide galanin is markedly upregulated within the adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after peripheral nerve injury. We demonstrated previously that the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration is reduced in galanin knock-out mice, with similar deficits observed in neurite outgrowth from cultured mutant DRG neurons. Here, we show that the addition of galanin peptide significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth from wild-type sensory neurons and fully rescued the observed deficits in mutant cultures. Furthermore, neurite outgrowth in wild-type cultures was reduced to levels observed in the mutants by the addition of the galanin antagonist M35 [galanin(1–13)bradykinin(2–9)]. Study of the first galanin receptor (GalR1) knock-out animals demonstrated no differences in neurite outgrowth compared with wild-type animals. Similarly, use of a GalR1-specific antagonist had no effect on neuritogenesis. In contrast, use of a GalR2-specific agonist had equipotent effects on neuritogenesis to galanin peptide, and inhibition of PKC reduced neurite outgrowth from wild-type sensory neurons to that observed in galanin knock-out cultures. These results demonstrate that adult sensory neurons are dependent, in part, on galanin for neurite extension and that this crucial physiological process is mediated by activation of the GalR2 receptor in a PKC-dependent manner.
Etomidate Impairs Long-Term Potentiation In Vitro by Targeting α5-Subunit Containing GABAA Receptors on Nonpyramidal Cells

Previous experiments using genetic and pharmacological manipulations have provided strong evidence that etomidate impairs synaptic plasticity and memory by modulating α5-subunit containing GABAA receptors (α5-GABAARs). Because α5-GABAARs mediate tonic inhibition (TI) in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and etomidate enhances TI, etomidate enhancement of TI in pyramidal cells has been proposed as the underlying mechanism (Martin et al., 2009). Here we tested this hypothesis by selectively removing α5-GABAARs from pyramidal neurons (CA1–pyr–α5–KO) and comparing the ability of etomidate to enhance TI and block LTP in fl–α5 (WT), global–α5–KO (gl–α5–KO), and CA1–pyr–α5–KO mice. Etomidate suppressed LTP in slices from WT and CA1–pyr–α5–KO but not gl–α5–KO mice. There was a trend toward reduced TI in both gl–α5–KO and CA1–pyr–α5–KO mice, but etomidate enhanced TI to similar levels in all genotypes. The dissociation between effects of etomidate on TI and LTP in gl–α5–KO mice indicates that increased TI in pyramidal neurons is not the mechanism by which etomidate impairs LTP and memory. Rather, the ability of etomidate to block LTP in WT and CA1–pyr–α5–KO mice, but not in gl–α5–KO mice, points toward α5-GABAARs on nonpyramidal cells as the essential effectors controlling plasticity in this in vitro model of learning and memory.
Local Radiative Feedback in the Formation of the First Protogalaxies

The first galaxies form under the influence of radiative feedback from the first generations of stars. This feedback acts to heat and ionize the gas within the H II regions surrounding the first stars, as well as to photodissociate hydrogen molecules within the larger Lyman-Werner (LW) bubbles that surround these sources. Using a ray-tracing method in three-dimensional cosmological simulations, we self-consistently track the formation of, and radiative feedback from, individual stars in the formation of a protogalaxy. We compute in detail the H II regions of each of these sources, as well as the regions affected by their molecule-dissociating radiation. We follow the thermal, chemical, and dynamical evolution of the primordial gas as it becomes incorporated into the protogalaxy. While the IGM is, in general, optically thick to LW photons only over physical distances of ≳30 kpc at redshifts z ≲ 20, the high molecule fraction that is built up in relic H II regions and their increasing volume-filling factor renders even the local IGM optically thick to LW photons over physical distances of a few kiloparsecs. We find that Population III relic black holes may begin accreting efficiently after ~60 Myr from the time of their formation, when the photo-heated relic H II region gas can cool and recollapse into the 106 M☉ minihalo which hosts the black hole. Population II.5 stars, postulated to have masses of the order of 10 M☉, can also likely form from this recollapsing relic H II region gas. Overall, we find that the local radiative feedback from Population III stars suppresses the star formation rate only slightly.
Group-Sparse Model Selection: Hardness and Relaxations

Group-based sparsity models are instrumental in linear and non-linear regression problems. The main premise of these models is the recovery of “interpretable” signals through the identification of their constituent groups, which can also provably translate in substantial savings in the number of measurements for linear models in compressive sensing. In this paper, we establish a combinatorial framework for group-model selection problems and highlight the underlying tractability issues. In particular, we show that the group-model selection problem is equivalent to the well-known NP-hard weighted maximum coverage problem. Leveraging a graph-based understanding of group models, we describe group structures that enable correct model selection in polynomial time via dynamic programming. Furthermore, we show that popular group structures can be explained by linear inequalities involving totally unimodular matrices, which afford other polynomial time algorithms based on relaxations. We also present a generalization of the group model that allows for within group sparsity, which can be used to model hierarchical sparsity. Finally, we study the Pareto frontier between approximation error and sparsity budget of group-sparse approximations for two tractable models, among which the tree sparsity model, and illustrate selection and computation tradeoffs between our framework and the existing convex relaxations.
Patients with Multiple Admissions in a Psychiatric Record Linkage System

Data from the Kingston Psychiatric Record Linkage System are used to examine the patterns of both inpatient and outpatient service utilization by patients with multiple admissions during a three year period compared with a control group with single admissions. The subgroup with drug and alcohol abuse disorders alone or in combination with a major functional disorder is examined in detail. An index of service utilization, which is based on aggregate inpatient stay and outpatient contacts, is calculated for each patient. Those with multiple admissions tend to be young, poorly educated, living alone and diagnosed with a major functional disorder; however, multiple regression analysis shows that other factors, as yet undetermined, contribute significantly to readmission. Among those with a major functional disorder, the subgroup of patients who also have drug and alcohol abuse disorders is particularly prone to multiple admissions. The need for specific services for patients with dual diagnoses is discussed. Early identification of those types of psychiatric patients who are likely to use services extensively is necessary to allow for planning and implementing of more cost-efficient and effective services.
Left Ventricular Endocardial Pacing Improves Resynchronization Therapy in Canine Left Bundle-Branch Hearts

Background—We investigated the benefits of the more physiological activation achieved by left ventricular (LV) endocardial pacing (ENDO) as compared with conventional epicardial (EPI) LV pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Methods and Results—In 8 anesthetized dogs with experimental left bundle-branch block, pacing leads were positioned in the right atrium, right ventricle, and at 8 paired (EPI and ENDO) LV sites. Systolic LV pump function was assessed as LVdP/dtmax and stroke work and diastolic function as LVdP/dtmin. Electrical activation and dispersion of repolarization were determined from 122 epicardial and endocardial electrodes and from analysis of the surface ECG. Overall, ENDO-biventricular (BiV) pacing more than doubled the degree of electrical resynchronization and increased the benefit on LVdP/dtmax and stroke work by 90% and 50%, respectively, as compared with EPI-BiV pacing. During single-site LV pacing, the range of AV intervals with a >10% increase in LV resynchronization (79±31 versus 32±24 ms, P<0.05) and LVdP/dtmax (92±29 versus 63±39 ms) was significantly longer for ENDO than for EPI pacing. EPI-BiV but not ENDO-BiV pacing created a significant (40±21 ms) transmural dispersion of repolarization. Conclusions—Data from this acute animal study indicate that the use of an endocardial LV pacing electrode may increase the efficacy of resynchronization therapy as compared with conventional epicardial resynchronization therapy.
Soaring energetics and glide performance in a moving atmosphere

Here, we analyse the energetics, performance and optimization of flight in a moving atmosphere. We begin by deriving a succinct expression describing all of the mechanical energy flows associated with gliding, dynamic soaring and thermal soaring, which we use to explore the optimization of gliding in an arbitrary wind. We use this optimization to revisit the classical theory of the glide polar, which we expand upon in two significant ways. First, we compare the predictions of the glide polar for different species under the various published models. Second, we derive a glide optimization chart that maps every combination of headwind and updraft speed to the unique combination of airspeed and inertial sink rate at which the aerodynamic cost of transport is expected to be minimized. With these theoretical tools in hand, we test their predictions using empirical data collected from a captive steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis) carrying an inertial measurement unit, global positioning system, barometer and pitot tube. We show that the bird adjusts airspeed in relation to headwind speed as expected if it were seeking to minimize its aerodynamic cost of transport, but find only weak evidence to suggest that it adjusts airspeed similarly in response to updrafts during straight and interthermal glides. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.
On the single-user capacity of some multiple access channels

We consider an additive multiple-access channel where single-user decoding is performed at the receiver and study the Shannon capacity when the interference is modeled as impulsive alpha-stable and the additive noise as Gaussian distributed. We investigate scenarios whereby the input is possibly non-linearly distorted, and consider generic cost functions on the input. We prove that the optimal input is compactly supported' and that it is generally discrete with finite number of mass points provided that the cost function and the channel distortion function are analytically extendable.
Intracapillary leucocyte accumulation as a novel antihaemorrhagic mechanism in acute pancreatitis in mice

Background: Pancreatic infiltration by leucocytes represents a hallmark in acute pancreatitis. Although leucocytes play an active role in the pathophysiology of this disease, the relation between leucocyte activation, microvascular injury and haemorrhage has not been adequately addressed. Methods: We investigated intrapancreatic leucocyte migration, leucocyte extravasation and pancreatic microperfusion in different models of oedematous and necrotising acute pancreatitis in lys-EGFP-ki mice using fluorescent imaging and time-lapse intravital microscopy. Results: In contrast to the current paradigm of leucocyte recruitment, the initial event of leucocyte activation in acute pancreatitis was represented through a dose- and time-dependent occlusion of pancreatic capillaries by intraluminally migrating leucocytes. Intracapillary leucocyte accumulation (ILA) resulted in dense filling of almost all capillaries close to the area of inflammation and preceded transvenular leucocyte extravasation. ILA was also initiated by isolated exposure of the pancreas to interleukin 8 or fMLP, demonstrating the causal role of chemotactic stimuli in the induction of ILA. The onset of intracapillary leucocyte accumulation was strongly inhibited in LFA-1−/− and ICAM-1−/− mice, but not in Mac-1−/− mice. Moreover, prevention of intracapillary leucocyte accumulation led to the development of massive capillary haemorrhages and transformed mild pancreatitis into lethal haemorrhagic disease. Conclusions: ILA represents a novel protective and potentially lifesaving mechanism of haemostasis in acute pancreatitis. This process depends on expression of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 and precedes the classical steps of the leucocyte recruitment cascade.
Rapid Loss of Relativistic Electrons by EMIC Waves in the Outer Radiation Belt Observed by Arase, Van Allen Probes, and the PWING Ground Stations

There has been increasing evidence for pitch angle scattering of relativistic electrons by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Theoretical studies have predicted that the loss time scale of MeV electrons by EMIC waves can be very fast, suggesting that MeV electron fluxes rapidly decrease in association with the EMIC wave activity. This study reports on a unique event of MeV electron loss induced by EMIC waves based on Arase, Van Allen Probes, and ground‐based network observations. Arase observed a signature of MeV electron loss by EMIC waves, and the satellite and ground‐based observations constrained spatial‐temporal variations of the EMIC wave activity during the loss event. Multisatellite observation of MeV electron fluxes showed that ~2.5‐MeV electron fluxes substantially decreased within a few tens of minutes where the EMIC waves were present. The present study provides an observational estimate of the loss time scale of MeV electrons by EMIC waves.
A Sub-0.5 Electron Read Noise VGA Image Sensor in a Standard CMOS Process

A sub-0.5e<sub>rms</sub><sup>-</sup> temporal read noise VGA (640H×480V) CMOS image sensor has been integrated in a standard 0.18 μm 4PM CMOS process. The low noise performance is achieved exclusively through circuit optimization without any process refinements. The presented imager relies on a 4T pixel of 6.5 μm pitch with a properly sized and biased thin oxide PMOS source follower. A full characterization of the proposed image sensor, at room temperature, is presented. With a pixel bias of 1.5 μA the sensor chip features an input-referred noise histogram from 0.25 e<sub>rms</sub><sup>-</sup> to a few e<sub>rms</sub><sup>-</sup> peaking at 0.48 e<sub>rms</sub><sup>-</sup>. The imager features a full well capacity of 6400 e<sup>-</sup> and its frame rate can go up to 80 fps. It also features a fixed pattern noise as low as 0.77%, a lag of 0.1% and a dark current of 5.6 e<sup>-</sup>/s. It is also shown that the implementation of the in-pixel n-well does not impact the quantum efficiency of the pinned photo-diode.