Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fault-tolerant renormalization group decoder for abelian topological codes

We present a three-dimensional generalization of a renormalization group decoding algorithm for topological codes with Abelian anyonic excitations that we introduced for two dimensions in [7, 8]. We also provide a complete detailed description of the structure of the algorithm, which should be sufficient for anyone interested in implementing it. This 3D implementation extends our previous 2D algorithm by incorporating a failure probability of the syndrome measurements, i.e., it enables fault-tolerant decoding. We report a fault-tolerant storage threshold of ∼ 1:9(4)% for Kitaev's toric code subject to a 3D bit-flip channel (i.e. including imperfect syndrome measurements). This number is to be compared with the 2:9% value obtained via perfect matching [6]. The 3D generalization inherits many properties of the 2D algorithm, including a complexity linear in the space-time volume of the memory, which can be parallelized to logarithmic time.
Ancient genome duplications did not structure the human Hox-bearing chromosomes.

The fact that there are four homeobox (Hox) clusters in most vertebrates but only one in invertebrates is often cited as evidence for the hypothesis that two rounds of genome duplication by polyploidization occurred early in vertebrate history. In addition, it has been observed in humans and other mammals that numerous gene families include paralogs on two or more of the four Hox-bearing chromosomes (the chromosomes bearing the Hox clusters; i.e., human chromosomes 2, 7, 12, and 17), and the existence of these paralogs has been taken as evidence that these genes were duplicated along with the Hox clusters by polyploidization. We tested this hypothesis by phylogenetic analysis of 42 gene families including members on two or more of the human Hox-bearing chromosomes. In 32 of these families there was evidence against the hypothesis that gene duplication occurred simultaneously with duplication of the Hox clusters. Phylogenies of 14 families supported the occurrence of one or more gene duplications before the origin of vertebrates, and of 15 gene duplication times estimated for gene families evolving in a clock-like manner, only six were dated to the same time period early in vertebrate history during which the Hox clusters duplicated. Furthermore, of gene families duplicated around the same time as the Hox clusters, the majority showed topologies inconsistent with their having duplicated simultaneously with the Hox clusters. The results thus indicate that ancient events of genome duplication, if they occurred at all, did not play an important role in structuring the mammalian Hox-bearing chromosomes.
A 23pW, 780ppm/°C resistor-less current reference using subthreshold MOSFETs

This paper proposes a MOSFET-only, 20pA, 780ppm/°C current reference that consumes 23pW. The ultra-low power circuit exploits subthreshold-biased MOSFETs and a complementary-to-absolute temperature (CTAT) gate voltage to compensate for temperature dependency. The design shows low supply voltage sensitivity of 0.58%/V and a load sensitivity of 0.25%/V.
Modeling forage mediated aggregation in a gregarious ruminant

Two explanations exist for the evolutionary origin of grouping in primary consumers: reduction of individual predation risk and resource-mediated aggregation. While several studies have assessed relationships between aggregation and predation risk, few studies have examined the circumstances under which resource-mediated aggregation can lead to stable group formation. Using a model, we examined if forage preference alone can generate stable aggregation, and what were the circumstances of its emergence and stability. The model was a spatially explicit grazing model using empirically derived parameters to simulate large ruminant foraging in a meadow. Simulation results indicated that aggregation can spontaneously arise if grazers exhibit preference for forage of higher nutritional quality, usually associated with intermediate stages of forage growth. In this case, foragers could establish and maintain ‘islands’ of high quality forage as a result of revisiting continuous paths of previously grazed patches. However, aggregation was an intermittent phenomenon and occurred only within a narrow range of parameters. If grazer density was low compared to the amount of forage, the grazers’ foraging paths intersected too rarely to form contiguous islands of high forage quality; if their density was too high, the entire available area was uniformly utilized and foraging movements resembled unbounded random walks. We conclude that it is difficult to conceive of the evolution of grouping without the involvement of predators, since the relationship between grazer and forage abundance is ultimately co-regulated by predator abundance, and because in modern grazers, predator avoidance and foraging behavior seem to be functionally inseparable. Future research should consider the reinforcing effects of predator avoidance as well as foraging behavior on consumer aggregation.
Constrained space-time spreading for MIMO-CDMA systems: Tensor modeling and blind detection

In this paper, we present a new space-time transmission framework for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems. A Constrained Space-Time Spreading (CSTS) model is proposed by using a tensor modeling formalism. The key feature of the CSTS model is the presence of two constraint matrices controlling the spatial spreading of the data streams and the reuse factor of the spreading codes across subsets of transmit antennas. The proposed CSTS model allows one to derive several multiple-antenna transmit schemes with different space-time spreading patterns by simply adjusting the structure of these two constraint matrices. Finite sets of CSTS schemes for 2, 3 and 4 transmit antennas are derived, which ensures the blind recovery of the transmitted data streams. Exploiting the constrained tensor model of the received signal, a joint blind detection using the alternating least squares algorithm is used for performance evaluation of several CSTS schemes.
Terminology Extraction Approaches for Product Aspect Detection in Customer Reviews

In this paper, we address the problem of identifying relevant product aspects in a collection of online customer reviews. Being able to detect such aspects represents an important subtask of aspect-based review mining systems, which aim at automatically generating structured summaries of customer opinions. We cast the task as a terminology extraction problem and examine the utility of varying term acquisition heuristics, filtering techniques, variant aggregation methods, and relevance measures. We evaluate the different approaches on two distinct datasets (hotel and camera reviews). For the best configuration, we find significant improvements over a state-of-the-art baseline method.
Sediment-entraining suspension clouds: a model of powder-snow avalanches

A dense cloud model of avalanches is presented which includes large density difference effects as well as sediment entrainment along the path of the cloud. This model demonstrates the importance of sediment entrainment in the evolution of the front velocity. Without sediment entrainment the cloud first accelerates and then decelerates, a behaviour known from previous studies of cloud or thermal motions. With sediment entrainment the cloud is mostly in an accelerating state. The closure coefficients in the model concerning the cloud shape and air entrainment are obtained from laboratory experiments. These coefficients can be considered generic in the Boussinesq limit. A correction for inertial effects which need to be taken into account when applied to large density difference clouds such as avalanches, is proposed. An expression for the sediment entrainment coefficient is derived, taking into account the flow parameters and the sediment layer properties. The model predictions are in good agreement with recent measurement of the front velocity of a powder-snow avalanche. A presentation, in terms of dimensionless variables, of avalanche and laboratory Boussinesq cloud velocities shows clearly the similarities and differences between the two.
A Semidefinite Relaxation Approach to Efficient Soft Demodulation of MIMO 16-QAM

Three computationally-efficient list-based soft MIMO demodulators are developed, each of which generates its list using the randomization procedure associated with the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) of a particular hard demodulation problem. The structure of this SDR depends on the signaling scheme, and we will focus on 16-QAM signaling. The key step in the development of the first two demodulators is the derivation of polynomial expressions for the extrinsic information provided by the decoder. These expressions enable this information to be incorporated into the SDR framework. The resulting "List-SDR" demodulators require one semidefinite program (SDP) to be solved at each demodulation-decoding iteration. In the proposed "Single-SDR" demodulator this requirement is reduced to one SDP per channel use by deriving an approximation of the randomization procedure used by the List-SDR demodulator and showing that this approximation enables the decoupling of the processing of the channel measurement from that of the extrinsic information from the decoder. Simulation results show that the proposed demodulators provide considerable reductions in computational cost over several existing soft demodulators, and that these reductions are obtained without incurring a substantial degradation in performance.
Detection of the white dwarf and the secondary star in the new SU UMa dwarf nova HS 2219+1824

We report the discovery of a new, non-eclipsing SU UMa-type dwarf nova, HS 2219+1824. Photometry obtained in quiescence (V ≈ 17.5) reveals a double-humped light curve from which we derive an orbital period of 86.2 min. Additional photometry obtained during a superoutburst reaching V 12.0 clearly shows superhumps with a period of 89.05 min. The optical spectrum contains double-peaked Balmer and He I emission lines from the accretion disc as well as broad absorption troughs of Hβ, Hγ, and Hδ from the white dwarf primary star. Modelling of the optical spectrum implies a white dwarf temperature of 13 000 K < ∼ T eﬀ < ∼ 17 000 K, a distance of 180 pc < ∼ d < ∼ 230 pc, and suggests that the spectral type of the donor star is later than M 5. Phase-resolved spectroscopy obtained during quiescence reveals a narrow Hα emission line component which has a radial velocity amplitude and phase consistent with an origin on the secondary star, possibly on the irradiated hemisphere facing the white dwarf. This constitutes the first detection of line emission from the secondary star in a quiescent SU UMa star.
Engineering of quality requirements as perceived by near-shore development centers' architects in eastern Europe: the hole in the whole

Context: To software architects (SAs), the quality requirements (QRs) to a software system are key to designing the software architecture. However, understanding SAs' roles in the QRs engineering activities only recently became a topic in empirical requirements engineering research and very little is still known about QRs engineering from SAs' in large and distributed projects. Goal: This exploratory study aims at explicating how SAs are involved in engineering QRs in a specific distributed development setting, namely in organizations that distribute software development activities to closely located business units, known as near-shore development centres (NDCs), and in a specific geographic zone, namely Eastern Europe. Method: Based on interviews with 16 practitioners working on large projects in NDCs, we explicate the participation and involvement of NDCs' architects in QRs tasks. Results: We found that SAs from NDCs (i) are actively involved in QRs documentation and validation, (ii) are relatively passive participants in QRs elicitation and prioritization, and (iii) are not at all involved in QRs negotiation. Perhaps, our most surprising finding is that NDCs may often have economic incentives to misalign with onshore QRs practices. Conclusions: We explicated QRs practices, compared them to previously published ones, and found implications for both researchers and practitioners. Though, our results are preliminary, as they are from an exploratory study.
Prevalence and Spectrum of TBX5 Mutation in Patients with Lone Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common type of cardiac rhythm disturbance encountered in clinical practice, is associated with substantially increased morbidity and mortality. Aggregating evidence demonstrates that abnormal cardiovascular development is involved in the pathogenesis of AF. A recent study has revealed that the TBX5 gene, which encodes a T-box transcription factor key to cardiovascular development, was associated with AF and atypical Holt-Oram syndrome. However, the prevalence and spectrum of TBX5 mutation in patients with lone AF remain unclear. In this study, the coding regions and splicing junction sites of TBX5 were sequenced in 192 unrelated patients with lone AF and 300 unrelated ethnically-matched healthy individuals used as controls. The causative potential of the identified TBX5 variation was evaluated by MutationTaster and PolyPhen-2. The functional effect of the mutant TBX5 was assayed by using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. As a result, a novel heterozygous TBX5 mutation, p.H170D, was identified in a patient, with a mutational prevalence of approximately 0.52%. This mutation, which was absent in the 300 control individuals, altered the amino acid completely conserved evolutionarily across species, and was predicted to be disease-causing. Functional deciphers showed that the mutant TBX5 was associated with significantly reduced transcriptional activity when compared with its wild-type counterpart. Furthermore, the mutation significantly decreased the synergistic activation between TBX5 and NKX2-5 or GATA4. The findings expand the mutational spectrum of TBX5 linked to AF and provide new evidence that dysfunctional TBX5 may contribute to lone AF.
Sail Training: A Systematic Review.

Starting around 2000, research activity about sail training increased such that there is now sufficient research on the subject to constitute a foundation upon which an emerging body of literature can be identified. The literature has the potential to be utilized to influence program design, policy, theory, and practice—a growing area of youth development practice. This systematic review of the current literature on sail training (post-2000) aims to (a) provide a single work for researchers and practitioners to consult for an overview of the current research on sail training; (b) perform a thematic analysis of the current trends for sail training research within the categories of demographic characteristics, research strategies, process, and outcomes; (c) quantify the greater discourse on sail training; and (d) suggest directions in which sail training research can go to build upon the current foundation. The main findings from this systematic review are that a limited set of methods are used in sail training research; participants experience a positive long-term effect in regard to personal and social domains; structured program design can lead to better specified outcomes; and the effects of demographic characteristics such as gender, age, or socioeconomic background remain unexplored. Much of the research is noncumulative and the related theoretical frameworks lack coherence. Subscribe to JOREL
Quantitative analysis of commensal Escherichia coli populations reveals host-specific enterotypes at the intra-species level

The primary habitat of the Escherichia coli species is the gut of warm‐blooded vertebrates. The E. coli species is structured into four main phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2, and D. We estimated the relative proportions of these phylogroups in the feces of 137 wild and domesticated animals with various diets living in the Ile de France (Paris) region by real‐time PCR. We distinguished three main clusters characterized by a particular abundance of two or more phylogroups within the E. coli animal commensal populations, which we called “enterocolitypes” by analogy with the enterotypes defined in the human gut microbiota at the genus level. These enterocolitypes were characterized by a dominant (>50%) B2, B1, or A phylogroup and were associated with different host species, diets, and habitats: wild and herbivorous species (wild rabbits and deer), domesticated herbivorous species (domesticated rabbits, horses, sheep, and cows), and omnivorous species (boar, pigs, and chickens), respectively. By analyzing retrospectively the data obtained using the same approach from 98 healthy humans living in Ile de France (Smati et al. 2013, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79, 5005–5012), we identified a specific human enterocolitype characterized by the dominant and/or exclusive (>90%) presence of phylogroup B2. We then compared B2 strains isolated from animals and humans, and revealed that human and animal strains differ regarding O‐type and B2 subgroup. Moreover, two genes, sfa/foc and clbQ, were associated with the exclusive character of strains, observed only in humans. In conclusion, a complex network of interactions exists at several levels (genus and intra‐species) within the intestinal microbiota.
Denervation-Induced Activation of the Standard Proteasome and Immunoproteasome

The standard 26S proteasome is responsible for the majority of myofibrillar protein degradation leading to muscle atrophy. The immunoproteasome is an inducible form of the proteasome. While its function has been linked to conditions of atrophy, its contribution to muscle proteolysis remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if the immunoproteasome plays a role in skeletal muscle atrophy induced by denervation. Adult male C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and immunoproteasome knockout lmp7-/-/mecl-1-/- (L7M1) mice underwent tibial nerve transection on the left hindlimb for either 7 or 14 days, while control mice did not undergo surgery. Proteasome activity (caspase-, chymotrypsin-, and trypsin- like), protein content of standard proteasome (β1, β5 and β2) and immunoproteasome (LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1) catalytic subunits were determined in the gastrocnemius muscle. Denervation induced significant atrophy and was accompanied by increased activities and protein content of the catalytic subunits in both WT and L7M1 mice. Although denervation resulted in a similar degree of muscle atrophy between strains, the mice lacking two immunoproteasome subunits showed a differential response in the extent and duration of proteasome features, including activities and content of the β1, β5 and LMP2 catalytic subunits. The results indicate that immunoproteasome deficiency alters the proteasome’s composition and activities. However, the immunoproteasome does not appear to be essential for muscle atrophy induced by denervation.
High potential programs and employee outcomes: The roles of organizational trust and employee attributions

The purpose of this paper is to understand how and under what conditions employees’ participation in high potential (HiPo) programs leads to various employee outcomes (i.e. affective commitment, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and turnover intent). ,Data were collected by a cross-sectional survey among 242 employees who had HiPo programs in their current organizations. ,Findings provided support for the mediating role of commitment-focused HiPo attributions in the relationships between HiPo program participation and employee outcomes (affective commitment, job satisfaction, OCBs, and turnover intent). The results also demonstrated significant interaction effects of HiPo program participation and organizational trust on commitment-focused attributions. Additionally, the results provided support for several mediated-moderated models. ,This study opened the “black box” by examining the processes through which talent management (TM) shapes employee attitudes and behaviors, and demonstrated that these relationships are not necessarily direct. ,To ensure employees’ career success, organizations need to build trustworthy relationships with their employees, and must consider the processes related to the talent identification, as well as the messages this identification communicates to employees about their contributions. ,This study is the first to examine employees’ attributions about their participation in HiPo programs. Further, this study is also the first to empirically investigate the role of employees’ perceptions of organizational trust in the context of TM.
Effect of latitude on the persistence of eddy‐driven jets

An asymmetry in the persistence of the eddy‐driven jet is demonstrated, whereby the equatorward‐shifted (low‐phase) jet is more persistent than the poleward‐shifted (high‐phase) jet. The asymmetry is investigated by stirring the non‐divergent vorticity equation on the sphere and is shown to arise due to the sphericity of the earth, which inhibits poleward wave breaking when the jet is at high latitudes. This spherical effect becomes increasingly important as the mean jet is positioned at higher latitudes. The persistence of the annular mode decreases as the mean jet moves closer to the pole due to the decreased persistence of the high‐phase state, while the low‐phase state exhibits similar persistence regardless of the jet position. These results suggest that with the expected poleward shift of the jet due to increasing greenhouse gases, the annular mode's total persistence will decrease due to a decrease in the persistence of the high‐phase.
Effect of varying calcium concentrations and light intensities on calcification and photosynthesis in Emiliania huxleyi

Various protective and metabolic functions for coccolithophore calcification have been proposed such as providing a means to supply CO2 for photosynthesis. It has also been speculated that calcification helps to dissipate excess energy under high irradiance, thereby circumventing photoinhibition. To address these questions, cells of a calcifying strain of Emiliania huxleyi were grown at three irradiances (30, 300, and 800 µmol photons m−2 s−1) in combination with four calcium (Ca) concentrations (0.1, 1, 2.5, and 10 mmol L−1) leading to different degrees of calcification in the same strain. Growth rates (µ), particulate organic carbon (POC), and inorganic carbon (PIC) production as well as carbon isotope fractionation (p) were determined. Photosynthetic O2 evolution and CO2 and HCO3− uptake rates were measured by membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). The application of this multimethod approach provides new information on the role of calcification in E. huxleyi. Noncalcifying cells showed POC production rates as high as calcifying ones. No differences in p were observed under different Ca concentrations. MIMS measurements indicate that noncalcifying cells can photosynthesize as efficiently as, or even more efficiently than, calcifying ones and that both use HCO3− as the main carbon source. The ratio of photosynthetic HCO3− uptake relative to net fixation did not differ among cells acclimated to 10 mmol L−1 or to 0.1 mmol L−1 Ca. These results indicate that (1) calcification is not involved in photosynthetic carbon acquisition, and (2) calcification does not provide a means of energy dissipation under high irradiances.
Local Rely-Guarantee Conditions for Linearizability and Lock-Freedom

Rely-guarantee reasoning specifications typically consider all components of a concurrent system. For the important case where components operate on a shared data object, we derive a local instance of rely-guarantee reasoning, which permits specifications to examine a single pair of representative components only. Based on this instance, we define local proof obligations for linearizability and lock-freedom, which we then apply to a non-blocking concurrent stack with explicit memory reuse. Both the derivation of this local instance and its application are mechanized in the KIV interactive theorem prover.