Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A systematic view on data descriptors for the visual analysis of tabular data

Visualization has become an important ingredient of data analysis, supporting users in exploring data and confirming hypotheses. At the beginning of a visual data analysis process, data characteristics are often assessed in an initial data profiling step. These include, for example, statistical properties of the data and information on the data’s well-formedness, which can be used during the subsequent analysis to adequately parametrize views and to highlight or exclude data items. We term this information data descriptors, which can span such diverse aspects as the data’s provenance, its storage schema, or its uncertainties. Gathered descriptors encapsulate basic knowledge about the data and can thus be used as objective starting points for the visual analysis process. In this article, we bring together these different aspects in a systematic form that describes the data itself (e.g. its content and context) and its relation to the larger data gathering and visual analysis process (e.g. its provenance and its utility). Once established in general, we further detail the concept of data descriptors specifically for tabular data as the most common form of structured data today. Finally, we utilize these data descriptors for tabular data to capture domain-specific data characteristics in the field of climate impact research. This procedure from the general concept via the concrete data type to the specific application domain effectively provides a blueprint for instantiating data descriptors for other data types and domains in the future.
Species Richness and Floristic Variation of Tree Communities in Island Forests of Langkawi Archipelago , Peninsular Malaysia

Island forests are among forest habitats that are vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances, whereby the disturbances would influence the survival of biological species of the ecosystems. Langkawi Archipelago contains many small island forests and rapid development of tourism industry within this archipelago might contribute impacts to the tree flora of the forest communities on the small islands. Hence, this study tries to explore species richness, floristic variation of tree communities and relationship between species and island areas of four selected island forests in the Langkawi Archipelago, and data gathered are anticipated to be used for management of island forests at the Langkawi Archipelago. Tree surveys were carried out in study plots of 0.5 hectare each, at island forests of Gunung Raya Forest Reserve (GRFR), Pulau Tuba Forest Reserve (PTB), Pulau Timun Forest Reserve (PTM), and Pulau Singa Besar Forest Reserve (PSB). All trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) of 5.0 cm and above were enumerated and tree species were identified. Species data were analyzed for diversity and richness using the Shannon and Margalef indices; rarefaction analysis was used to compare richness between sites; whilst Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to determine floristic pattern. A total of 1916 trees were recorded from all study plots which comprised of 52 families, 159 genera and 293 tree species. The GRFR exhibited the highest species number of 135 tree species, followed by the PTB (106 tree species), the PSB (84 tree species) and the PTM (75 species). Tree density varied from 394 (PTM) to 584 (PTB) individuals per 0.5 hectare. Species accumulation curves showed that the curves were far from reaching the asymptote even when the whole dataset were combined. The results exhibit positive relationship between number of species and island size with R value of 0.9053. The DCA ordination diagram clearly grouped the four study plots by their geological formation that indicated a gradient of species change from PTM to GRFR sites.
Elliptical Insights: Understanding Statistical Methods through Elliptical Geometry

Visual insights into a wide variety of statistical methods, for both didactic and data analytic purposes, can often be achieved through geometric diagrams and geometrically based statistical graphs. This paper extols and illustrates the virtues of the ellipse and her higher-dimensional cousins for both these purposes in a variety of contexts, including linear models, multivariate linear models and mixed-effect models. We emphasize the strong relationships among statistical methods, matrix-algebraic solutions and geometry that can often be easily understood in terms of ellipses.
Trends in West African floods : A comparative analysis with 1 rainfall and vegetation indices . 2 3

After the drought of the 1970s in West Africa, the variability of rainfall and land use changes 15 affected mostly flow, and recently flooding has been said to be an increasingly common 16 occurrence throughout the whole of West Africa. These changes raised many questions about 17 the impact of climate change on the flood regimes in West African countries. This paper 18 investigates whether floods are becoming more frequent or more severe, and to what extent 19 climate patterns have been responsible for these changes. We analyzed the trends in the floods 20 occurring in 14 catchments within West Africa’s main climate zones. The methodology 21 includes two methods for sampling flood events, namely the AM (annual maximum) method 22 and the POT (peak over threshold), and two perspectives of analysis are presented: long-term 23 analysis based on two long flood time series, and a regional perspective involving 14 24 catchments with shorter series. The Mann-Kendall trend test and the Pettitt break test were 25 used to detect non-stationarities in the time series. The trends detected in flood time series 26 were compared to the rainfall index trends and vegetation indices using contingency tables, in 27 order to identify the main driver of change in flood magnitude and flood frequency. The 28 Commentaire [BNN1]: Correction T1
The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Overview and Results

The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) is a 16-item self-report measure designed to assess ordinary experiences of connection with the transcendent in daily life. It includes constructs such as awe, gratitude, mercy, sense of connection with the transcendent and compassionate love. It also includes measures of awareness of discernment/inspiration and a sense of deep inner peace. Originally developed for use in health studies, it has been increasingly used more widely in the social sciences, for program evaluation, and for examining changes in spiritual experiences over time. Also it has been used in counseling, addiction treatment settings, and religious organizations. It has been included in longitudinal health studies and in the U.S. General Social Survey which established random-sample population norms. It has publications on its psychometric validity in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, German and Mandarin Chinese. Translations have been made into twenty languages including Hindi, Hebrew and Arabic and the scale has been effectively used in a variety of cultures. The 16-item scale does not have a psychometrically representative shorter form although a 6-item adaptation has been used. The DSES was developed using extensive qualitative testing in a variety of groups, which has helped its capacity to be useful in a variety of settings. It was constructed to reflect an overlapping circle model of spirituality/religiousness and contains items that are more specifically theistic in nature, as well as items to tap the spiritual experience of those who are not comfortable with theistic language. The scale has been used in over 70 published studies. This paper will provide an overview of the scale itself, describe why it has proved useful, and discuss some studies using the scale. See http://www.dsescale. org/ for more information on the scale.
Microsite effects on abundance of sown species on uncultivable slopes

ISSN 0110-8581 (Print) ISSN 2463-4751 (Online) Abstract Hill country has a vast array of microsites that may influence the success and uniformity of establishment of oversown pasture species and their persistence. In spring 2014, studies were conducted at Woodville (southern Hawke’s Bay; summer-wet) and Cheviot (North Canterbury; summer-dry) to determine the effect of gentle (14-21) and steep (32-40) slopes on the presence and contribution to sward dry matter (DM) of oversown species in rotationally grazed swards aged 30 or 36 months. Gentle slopes had greater soil water content (29 versus 25%) and Olsen P (34 versus 26 μg/ ml) than nearby steep slopes. Perennial ryegrass (94 versus 80%) and phalaris (6 versus 2%) were present in a greater proportion of plots on gentle than on steep slopes, respectively, whereas subterranean clover had a greater presence on steep than on gentle slopes (6 versus 1%). Perennial ryegrass comprised a higher percentage of DM in swards on gentle than on steep slopes (27 versus 11%). The percentage of DM contributed by other individual species did not differ significantly between slope classes. The persistence of most sown species was unaffected by slope; microsite variation was not a major influence on species persistence.
Chemical aspects on the final disposal of irradiated graphite and aluminium: A literature survey

The Finnish FiR 1 TRIGA Mark II reactor is facing shut-down after more than 50 years of operation. The decommissioning of the reactor is planned to start during fall 2015. The management and final disposal of the decommissioning waste require knowledge about, among other things, the possible waste-related chemical reactions and the effects of such reactions on long-term safety. The above warrants the rationale for the literature survey, which was conducted to collect information on: i) The chemical behaviour of irradiated aluminium and graphite in FiR 1 decommissioning waste under expected final repository conditions. ii) The international practices concerning the management and final disposal of irradiated aluminium and graphite. iii) The experimental techniques for determining the chemical form (organic or inorganic) of the C released from graphite waste. The report describes initially the FiR 1 TRIGA reactor, its associated decommissioning waste and foreseen final disposal conditions. The main part of the report focuses on the chemical behaviour of aluminium and graphite under such conditions. In addition, a few examples are provided concerning available methods for managing irradiated graphitic waste and for measuring the contents of organic and inorganic C in irradiated graphite. Finally, the report proposes outlines for some experiments to be conducted at VTT in order to determine the release rates of organic and inorganic C from the FiR 1 decommissioning waste.
Supporting awareness and interaction through collaborative virtual interfaces

This paper explores interfaces to virtual environments supporting multiple users. An interface to an environment allowing interaction with virtual artefacts is constructed, drawing on previous proposals for 'desktop' virtual environments. These include the use of Peripheral Lenses to support peripheral awareness in collaboration; and extending the ways in which users' actions are represented for each other. Through a qualitative analysis of a design task, the effect of the proposals is outlined. Observations indicate that, whilst these designs go some way to re-constructing physical co-presence in terms of awareness and interaction through the environment, some issues remain. Notably, peripheral distortion in supporting awareness may cause problematic interactions with and through the virtual world; and extended representations of actions may still allow problems in re-assembling the composition of others' actions. We discuss the potential for: designing representations for distorted peripheral perception; and explicitly displaying the course of action in object-focused interaction.
Long-term Behaviour of Cast-iron Tunnel Cross Passage in London Clay

London has one of the most extensive network and oldest sections of subway tunnels in the world. In particular, the engineering conditions of old cross passages between adjacent cast-iron tunnels are found to be critical by recent assessment. This thesis investigates long-term behaviour of old cross passage tunnels through three dimensional structural & geotechnical finite-element analyses, which provides an understanding of castiron tunnel behaviour as well as the effect of cross passage on ground response. The behaviour of cast-iron tunnel segments is investigated using the 3-D finite element (FE) method. Results show the details of segmental joint, especially the bolt behaviour, significantly influence its overall joint behaviour. Since such detailed modelling of bolts increases the computational time, it is proposed to replace the bolt model to a set of bolt-spring models. Based upon the bolt-spring model, a series of numerical simulations on a cast-iron segmental ring are conducted. It is found that the construction process, which occurs before soil loading is applied, influences the ring deformation as well as stress built up after soil loading is applied. Further to a full tunnel ring, the behaviour of a critical cast-iron cross passage in London Underground is investigated. Results indicate that a lintel across an opening effectively transfers the hoop thrust applied on the opened section to adjacent rings, and hence lintel distortion behaviour can be critical. Finally, to examine the long-term tunnel behaviour in stiff clay, a series of 3D soilfluid coupled finite element analyses is conducted. Results show that surface ground settlement is similar along the tunnel rail direction regardless of a cross passage. A semicoupled soil-structure model is proposed to consider both the complex soil behaviour and the structural features in precise manner, which in turn simulates the tunnel behaviour more realistically and predicts a more critical tunnel structural condition against previous efforts.
Heat Shock Protein 27: Developmental Regulation and Expression after Peripheral Nerve Injury

The heat shock protein (HSP) 27 is constitutively expressed at low levels in medium-sized lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in adult rats. Transection of the sciatic nerve results in a ninefold upregulation of HSP27 mRNA and protein in axotomized neurons in the ipsilateral DRG at 48 hr, without equivalent changes in the mRNAs encoding HSP56, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90. Dorsal rhizotomy, injuring the central axon of the DRG neuron, does not upregulate HSP27 mRNA levels. After peripheral axotomy, HSP27 mRNA and protein are present in small, medium, and large DRG neurons, and HSP27 protein is transported anterogradely, accumulating in the dorsal horn and dorsal columns of the spinal cord, where it persists for several months. Axotomized motor neurons also upregulate HSP27. Only a minority of cultured adult DRG neurons are HSP27-immunoreactive soon after dissociation, but all express HSP27 after 24 hr in culture with prominent label throughout the neuron, including the growth cone. HSP27 differs from most axonal injury-regulated and growth-associated genes, which are typically present at high levels in early development and downregulated on innervation of their targets, in that its mRNA is first detectable in the DRG late in development and only approaches adult levels by postnatal day 21. In non-neuronal cells, HSP27 has been shown to be involved both in actin filament dynamics and in protection against necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Therefore, its upregulation after adult peripheral nerve injury may both promote survival of the injured neurons and contribute to alterations in the cytoskeleton associated with axonal growth.
UVES spectra of young brown dwarfs in Cha I: Radial and rotational velocities ?

Based on high-resolution UVES spectra we found that the radial velocity (RV ) dispersion of nine of twelve known young bona de and candidate brown dwarfs in the Cha I dark cloud is 2.0 km s 1 , i.e. signicantly smaller than the RV dispersion of T Tauri stars in Cha I (3.6 km s 1 ) and only slightly larger than the dispersion of the surrounding molecular gas (1.2 km s 1 ) (Mizuno et al. 1999). This result indicates that the majority of these brown dwarfs are not ejected with high velocity out of a dense region as proposed by some formation scenarios for brown dwarfs. The mean RV values are consistent with the objects being kinematic members of Cha I. The RV dispersion of the T Tauri stars conned to the Cha I region is based on a compilation of T Tauri stars with known RV s from the literature plus three T Tauri stars observed with UVES and unpublished RV s for nine T Tauri stars. Time{resolved spectroscopy revealed RV variations for ve out of nine of the bona de and candidate brown dwarfs in Cha I, which could be due to orbiting planets or surface features. Furthermore we derived rotational velocities v sini and the Lithium 6708 A equivalent width.
Optimal Taxation of Entrepreneurial Capital with Private Information

This paper studies optimal taxation of entrepreneurial capital with private information and multiple assets. Entrepreneurial activity is subject to a dynamic moral hazard problem and entrepreneurs face idiosyncratic capital risk. We first characterize the optimal allocation subject to the incentive compatibility constraints resulting from the private information. The optimal tax system implements such an allocation as a competitive equilibrium for a given market structure. We consider several market structures that differ in the assets or contracts traded and obtain three novel results. First, differential asset taxation is optimal. Marginal taxes on bonds depend on the correlation of their returns with idiosyncratic capital risk, which determines their hedging value. Entrepreneurial capital always receives a subsidy relative to other assets in the bad states. Second, if entrepreneurs are allowed to sell equity, the optimal tax system embeds a prescription for double taxation of capital income â€" at the firm level and at the investor level. Finally, we show that taxation of assets is essential even with competitive insurance contracts, when entrepreneurial portfolios are also unobserved.
Factors in fl uencingself-management inpatientswith type 2 diabetes in general practice : a qualitative study

Many Australian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) do not follow recommended self-management behaviours that could prevent or delay complications. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the factors influencing self-management of T2DM in general practice. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with patients with T2DM (n = 10) and their GPs (n = 4) and practice nurses (n = 3) in a low socioeconomic area of Sydney, New SouthWales, Australia. The interviews were analysed thematically using the socio-ecological model as a framework for coding. Additional themes were derived inductively based on the explicitly stated meaning of the text. Factors influencing self-management occurred on four levels of the socio-ecological model: individual (e-health literacy, motivation, time constraints); interpersonal (family and friends, T2DM education, patient-provider relationship); organisational (affordability, multidisciplinary care); and community levels (culture, self-management resources). Multi-level strategies are needed to address this wide range of factors that are beyond the scope of single services or organisations. These could include tailoring health education and resources to e-health literacy and culture; attention to social networks and the patient–provider relationship; and facilitating access to affordable on-site allied health services. Received 22 June 2018, accepted 12 January 2019, published online 20 March 2019
Part 1 Reliable Communication in the Presence of an Adversarial User 1 . 1

We study communication over multiple access channels (MAC) where one of the users is possibly adversarial. When all users behave non-adversarially, we want their messages to be decoded reliably. When an adversary is present, we consider two different decoding guarantees. In part I, we require that the honest users’ messages be decoded reliably. We study the three-user MAC. We characterize the capacity region for randomized codes (where each user shares an independent secret key with the receiver). We also study the capacity region for deterministic codes. We obtain necessary conditions including a new non-symmetrizability condition for this capacity region to be non-trivial. We show that when none of the users are symmetrizable, the randomized coding capacity region is also achievable with deterministic codes. This is analogous to the result of Ahlswede and Cai (1991) for arbitrarily varying MAC. In part II, we consider the weaker goal of authenticated communication where we only require that an adversarial user must not be able to cause an undetected error on the honest users’ messages. Therefore, when an adversarial user is present, it is sufficient to detect its presence without decoding the message of the honest user. For the two-user MAC, we show that the following three-phase scheme is rate-optimal: a standard MAC code is first used to achieve unauthenticated communication; this is followed by two authentication phases where each user authenticates their message treating the other user as a possible adversary. We show that the authentication phases can be very short since this form of authentication itself, when possible, can be achieved for message sets whose size grow doubly exponentially in blocklength. This leads to our result that the authenticated communication capacity region of a discrete memoryless MAC is either zero or the (unauthenticated) MAC capacity region itself. This also, arguably, explains the similar nature of authenticated communication capacity of a discrete memoryless point-to-point adversarial channel recently found by Kosut and Kliewer (ITW, 2018). We also obtain analogous results for additive Gaussian noise channels. 1It turns out that the capacity region for the two-user MAC follows from the capacity of the point-to-point arbitrarily varying channel. 1 Part I Reliable Communication in the Presence of an Adversarial User
Enhancing Knowledge Sharing Between Educational Portals

Information and knowledge in exchange in public networks is a crucial challenge that needs to be overcome in order to consolidate the benefits associated with such structures. We study the impact of the nature of the information exchanged over the possibilities of success of this process, basing ourselves on the analysis of the information produced by the members of the Network of National Educational Portals. One of the main challenges that the Network of National Educational Portals faces consists in finding effective ways of sharing information that can promote knowledge transfer between members of the network. We argue that a key factor that prevents information sharing is the use of performance metrics by portal responsibles to evaluate the results of their decisions. These metrics are highly sensitive, context-dependent, and produced through non-standardized methods, all of which reduce the willingness of knowledge sharing. We present a different approach: based on the Network of National Educational Portals case, we propose creating a comprehensive information system aimed at providing reliable and timely information in a systematic fashion. We believe that adopting standardized procedures and indicators of less sensitive nature, we can produce information for all partners without the shortcomings of the usual practices.