Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate and carbohydrate + protein for cycling time-trial performance

Abstract Carbohydrate intake during endurance exercise delays the onset of fatigue and improves performance. Two recent cycling studies have reported increased time to exhaustion when protein is ingested together with carbohydrate. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ingestion of a carbohydrate + protein beverage will lead to significant improvements in cycling time-trial performance relative to placebo and carbohydrate alone. Thirteen cyclists completed 120 min of constant-load ergometer cycling. Thereafter, participants performed a time-trial in which they completed a set amount of work (7 kJ · kg−1) as quickly as possible. Participants completed four experimental trials, the first for familiarization and then three randomized, double-blind treatments consisting of a placebo, carbohydrate, and carbohydrate + protein. Participants received 250 ml of beverage every 15 min during the constant-load ride. Time-trial performance for carbohydrate (37.1 min, s = 3.8) was significantly (P < 0.05) faster than placebo (39.7 min, s = 4.6). Time-trial performance for carbohydrate + protein (38.8 min, s = 5.5) was not significantly different from either placebo or carbohydrate. Ingestion of a carbohydrate beverage during two hours of constant-load cycling significantly enhanced subsequent time-trial performance compared with placebo. The carbohydrate + protein beverage provided no additional performance benefit.
Understanding the Weakness of Bank Lending

The flow of new bank lending to UK households and businesses fell sharply following the start of the global financial crisis in mid-2007. That provoked an ongoing debate about the extent to which the sustained weakening of bank lending was caused by a fall in demand for credit, or a fall in supply. While it is difficult to disentangle the effects of shifts in credit demand and supply, this article finds evidence of a substantial and persistent tightening in credit supply conditions from mid-2007. But independently weaker credit demand — probably associated with the impact of the global financial crisis — is also likely to have contributed to the weakness in bank lending.
Antifibrotic peptide N‐acetyl‐Ser‐Asp‐Lys‐Pro (Ac‐SDKP): Opportunities for angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor design

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is central to regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), a key protease in the RAS, has a range of substrates, including N‐acetyl‐Ser‐Asp‐Lys‐Pro (Ac‐SDKP). The peptide Ac‐SDKP is cleared almost exclusively by ACE, and specifically by the N‐domain active site of this enzyme. N‐Acetyl‐Ser‐Asp‐Lys‐Pro is a negative regulator of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation and is a potent antifibrotic agent. In this review, the physiological actions of Ac‐SDKP are presented, together with the potential clinical usefulness of raising Ac‐SDKP levels. This emphasizes the possible opportunity of N‐domain‐selective ACE inhibitors or ACE‐resistant Ac‐SDKP analogues for the treatment of fibrosis.
A meta-analysis of the association between diabetic patients and AVF failure in dialysis

Abstract Purpose: The most preferable vascular access for patients with end-stage renal failure needing hemodialysis is native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) on account of its access longevity, patient morbidity, hospitalization costs, lower risks of infection and fewer incidence of thrombotic complications. Meanwhile, according to National Kidney Foundation (NKF)̸Dialysis Out-comes Quality Initiative (DOQI) guidelines, AVF is more used than before. However, a significant percentage of AVF fails to support dialysis therapy due to lack of adequate maturity. Among all factors, the presence of diabetes mellitus was shown to be one of the risk factors for the development of vascular access failure by some authors. Therefore, this review evaluates the current evidence concerning the correlation of diabetes and AVF failure. Methods: A search was conducted using MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, SPRINGER, WILEY-BLACKWELL, KARGER, EMbase, CNKI and WanFang Data from the establishment time of databases to January 2016. The analysis involved studies that contained subgroups of diabetic patients and compared their outcomes with those of non-diabetic adults. In total, 23 articles were retrieved and included in the review. Results: The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significantly higher rate of AVF failure in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients (OR = 1.682; 95% CI, 1.429–1.981, Test of OR = 1: z = 6.25, p <.001). Conclusions: This review found an increased risk of AVF failure in diabetes patients. If confirmed by further prospective studies, preventive measure should be considered when planning AVF in diabetic patients.
Public Agricultural Research in Latin America and the Caribbean: Investment and Capacity Trends

This report reviews major institutional developments and investment and human resource trends in public agricultural R&D in LAC from 1981 to 2006, drawing from a set of country briefs and a regional report for Central America prepared by the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative using comprehensive ASTI datasets derived from primary surveys for a 15-country sample conducted during 2007-08. These datasets have been linked with investment and human resources data collected in the region during the late 1990s, as well as with ASTI's global datasets, to provide a wider context for agricultural R&D investment trends over time and across other regions.
A millimeter-wave massive MIMO system for next generation mobile broadband

The spectacular growth of mobile data traffic calls for drastic improvement in mobile network capacity beyond current 3G/4G networks. In this paper, we describe a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system that taps the vast spectrum in 3 - 300 GHz to meet that demand. We discuss the unique advantages of millimeter waves such as spectrum availability and massive antenna arrays in small form factors. We also describe a practical MMB system design that provides Gbps data rate at distance up to 500 meters and supports mobility up to 350 kmph. We show in system simulation that an MMB system with basic configuration achieves more than 30 times cell throughput and cell-edge performance than a 20-MHz LTE system.
The effect of acute unilateral inflammation of the equine temporomandibular joint on the kinematics of mastication.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Diseases of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are well reported in man and some domestic animals other than the horse. The pathophysiology of equine TMJ disease and the effects of disease on the kinematics of mastication are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine whether transient unilateral inflammation of the equine TMJ results in alterations in the masticatory cycle. STUDY DESIGN An experimental controlled study utilising 6 horses of various ages with normal dentition. METHODS Each horse was equipped with an optical motion tracking (kinematic) system. Horses were observed chewing grass hay over 3 min intervals. Regardless of the initial side of the power stroke in the masticatory cycle, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected in the left TMJ in each horse and the horses were reassessed after 6 h. RESULTS Four horses developed effusion of the injected TMJs; 2 of these also began quidding. All horses injected on the original side of the power stroke switched sides while the 2 injected on the contralateral side did not. All horses developed reduced vertical pitch (vertical opening) of the mandible. Overall, rostrocaudal movement of the mandible did not change; however, the timing of this movement relative to the phase of the masticatory cycle did. Injection with LPS did not affect the amount of lateral movement of the mandible. CONCLUSIONS Injection of LPS into the TMJ significantly altered the masticatory cycle compared with baseline values representing avoidance behaviour due to inflammation of the joint, despite which the horses continued to eat using the contralateral mandible. Lipopolysaccharide administration also led to quidding and a loss of feed efficiency (in some individuals).
Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin. An ultrastructural study of two cases

The ultrastructure of two atypical fibroxanthomas of the skin was studied. The first lesion was a spindle cell tumor on light microscopy, which electron micros copy revealed was composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The second lesion had a highly pleomorphic appearance on both light and electron microscopy. It was formed by atypical histiocytic cells and abundant “typical” Langerhans cells. The second lesion was considered to be a proliferation either of atypical Langerhans cells or of histiocytes related to Langerhans cells. Thus, atypical fibroxanthoma of skin may not be a homogeneous entity but could be a group of mesenchymal proliferative lesions in a similar clinical setting.
Effects of short- and long-term unemployment on health satisfaction: evidence from German data

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of short- and long-term unemployment on health satisfaction. The data source used for the analysis is the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) which, given its longitudinal structure, allows one to better overcome the problem of endogeneity. Three different models are used in order to assess the effect of short and long-term unemployment and reemployment on health satisfaction. The results show that short-term unemployment has only a significant (and negative) effect for men, while for women short-term unemployment does not have a significant effect on health satisfaction. Being unemployed for a long period has a significant and negative effect for both men and women. Finally, it can be also concluded from the empirical analysis that reemployment has a significant and positive effect on health satisfaction for both unemployed men and women, independent of how long individuals have been unemployed.
Terrorism Effects on Travel Arrangements and Tourism Practices

Abstract In light of the unprecedented terrorist assaults on September 11, 2001, this research attempts to assess their underlying impacts on travel arrangements and business practices. A questionnaire reflecting the objectives of the study is developed accordingly. To gather the empirical data, this research draws samples from an academic community consisting of faculty, staff, and students. This study first reveals that the level of perceived risk differs among the respondents; students tend to be risk-takers while faculty and staff could be considered as risk-averters. In large, respondents agree that the recovery of airline business will take at least a year. As for travel arrangements, participating in leisure activities around government buildings notably decreases. Regarding tourism practices, it indicates that both governments and businesses have taken rightful measurements against future terrorist movements. Critical marketing implications along with suggestions for future research are discussed in the conclusion section.
Awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: a critical comparison and meta-analysis

Objective No definitive comparative studies of the efficacy of ‘awake’ deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s disease (PD) under local or general anaesthesia exist, and there remains significant debate within the field regarding differences in outcomes between these two techniques. Methods We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis of all published DBS for PD studies (n=2563) on PubMed from January 2004 to November 2015. Inclusion criteria included patient number >15, report of precision and/or clinical outcomes data, and at least 6 months of follow-up. There were 145 studies, 16 of which were under general anaesthesia. Data were pooled using an inverse-variance weighted, random effects meta-analytic model for observational data. Results There was no significant difference in mean target error between local and general anaesthesia, but there was a significantly less mean number of DBS lead passes with general anaesthesia (p=0.006). There were also significant decreases in DBS complications, with fewer intracerebral haemorrhages and infections with general anaesthesia (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Section II scores off medication, UPDRS III scores off and on medication or levodopa equivalent doses between the two techniques. Awake DBS cohorts had a significantly greater decrease in treatment-related side effects as measured by the UPDRS IV off medication score (78.4% awake vs 59.7% asleep, p=0.022). Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrates that while DBS under general anaesthesia may lead to lower complication rates overall, awake DBS may lead to less treatment-induced side effects. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in clinical motor outcomes between the two techniques. Thus, DBS under general anaesthesia can be considered at experienced centres in patients who are not candidates for traditional awake DBS or prefer the asleep alternative.
The practice of ICT-enabled development

ABSTRACT While information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) research examines the diverse range of topics, settings, and technologies, there has been a lack of attention on theorizing the process of information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled development. This paper draws on Bourdieu’s practice theory to provide a framework for doing so. This framework captures the multi-level, generative, and processual nature of ICT-enabled development, and illustrates that ICT-enabled development is an ongoing activity that is recreated, reinforced, and restricted by the interaction between the dispositions of the stakeholders involved and changes in the various forms of capital that are valued in a community. The utility of the framework is illustrated by using practice theory to re-analyze three ICT4D initiatives from the literature.
Learning Combinatory Categorial Grammars for Plan Recognition

This paper defines a learning algorithm for plan grammars used for plan recognition. The algorithm learns Combinatory Categorial Grammars (CCGs) that capture the structure of plans from a set of successful plan execution traces paired with the goal of the actions. This work is motivated by past work on CCG learning algorithms for natural language processing, and is evaluated on five well know planning domains.
Does the Change of Anterior Chamber Depth or/and Episcleral Venous Pressure Cause Intraocular Pressure Change in Postural Variation?

Purpose. Previous studies have found that the intraocular pressure (IOP) variation from postural change is due to the obstruction of aqueous outflow by an increase in episcleral venous pressure. This study investigated if any shift of anterior lens position from postural variation would be another contributing factor. Methods. Thirty-three Chinese subjects were recruited with their IOP and anterior chamber depth (ACD) measured in the sitting, supine, and prone postures. The IOP was measured using a Pulsair 2000 noncontact tonometer and ACD with a Nidek US-2000 EchoScan unit. Results. The highest IOP was obtained in the prone position and this value was significantly different from the IOP obtained in other postures, whereas there was no significant difference in ACD. Conclusions. Because no significant variation in ACD was demonstrated, the prone and supine IOP variation could be due to something other than the change in lens position. However, a higher IOP in the prone position rather than in the supine position also suggests that it is not merely the episcleral venous pressure causing the IOP change. Investigation of the entire iris profile at different postures would be more informative in future studies.
Eastern Enlargement: The Sooner, the Better?

This conference volume discusses the pros and cons of early integration into the European Union of Eastern transition countries, given the information available at the turn of the century. The questions posed refer to the structural gap between accession countries (ACs) and the EU, the optimal exchange rate regime for ACs, and the effects on employment in either area of international fragmentation. On balance, discussions tilted towards early enlargement. However, there was also consensus that accession must be subject to successful establishment of market attitudes and thorough implementation of the acquis communautaire.
Leaving Home in Britain and Spain

This paper compares leaving home for a cohort of British and Spanish young people, aged in their early 30s in 1991. These two countries have been chosen as they are representative of a Northern and Southern European pattern of leaving home. British young people leave home earlier and are less likely to leave home for partnership than their Spanish counterparts. The analysis presented here compares the impact of family resources, labour-market experiences, and family structure on the transition out of the parental home. This comparison establishes how young people from similar backgrounds in both countries have different experiences of leaving home and demonstrates the importance of cultural norms of leaving home on the transition out of the parental home
Inequalities in Use of the Internet for Job Search: Similarities and Contrasts by Economic Status in Great Britain

By 2009 four in every five job seekers in Great Britain were making use of the Internet in job search, generally alongside other methods. While the Internet has created new opportunities for job seekers, there are concerns that inequalities in use of and access to the Internet will intensify difficulties experienced by disadvantaged groups in finding work. This paper analyses the incidence and determinants of online job search in Great Britain, using Labour Force Survey data for 2006 to 2009. Use of the Internet increased over this period, with employed job seekers most likely to undertake online job search. A probit model reveals that age and highest qualification are key factors affecting individuals' use of the Internet for job search, with older job seekers and those with lower education levels most likely to ‘lose out’ in terms of accessing employment opportunities via the Internet. Some significant urban and regional differences are revealed, indicating that job seekers from less prosperous regions and those outside major metropolitan areas are least likely to make use of the Internet for job search.
Forward Markets May Not Decrease Market Power When Capacities are Endogenous

This paper analyzes the properties of three capacity games in an oligopolistic market with Cournot players. In the first game, capacity and the operation of that capacity is determined simultaneously. This is the classic open-loop Cournot game. In the second game capacity is decided in the first stage and the operation of that capacity is determined in the second stage. The first stage decision of each player is contingent on the solution of the second-stage game. This is a two-stage, closed-loop game. We show that when the solution exists, it is the same as the solution in the first game. However, it does not always exist. The third game has three stages with a futures position taken between the capacity stage and the operations stage and is also a closed-loop game. As with the second game, the equilibrium is the same as the open-loop game when it exists. However, the conditions for existence are more restrictive once a futures market is added. When both games have an equilibrium, the solution values are identical. The results are very different from games with no capacity stage as studied by Allaz and Vila (1993), which have been used to argue that futures markets can ameliorate market power.
SWAPTION PRICING IN AFFINE AND OTHER MODELS

This paper shows that Singleton and Umantsev's method for swaption pricing in affine models can be simplified and extended to other models. Two alternative methods for approximating the option exercise boundary are introduced: one based on the multivariate Taylor series expansion, and the other based on duration‐matched zero‐coupon bond approximation. Applied to affine models and quadratic‐Gaussian models, these methods are found to give accurate swaption prices.
Determinants of high and low IPO initial returns: Evidence from Taiwan's stock markets

This paper employs the quantile regression method to investigate the determinants of high and low initial public off ering (IPO) initial returns in Taiwan's stock markets. It is found that various diff erences arise between the ordinary least squares approach and the quantile regression method. In addition, fi ve independent variables, namely, the set-up of independent directors and supervisors, market momentum, market volatility, fi rm size and electronic stocks, are found to have diff erent signifi cant eff ects on market-adjusted initial returns between high and low initial returns.
Speed Cameras Improving Safety or Raising Revenue

Despite numerous studies showing the effectiveness of speed enforcement, especially automated speed enforcement, in reducing crashes, public debate still continues in regard to the revenue-raising aspect of speed enforcement. Using speed camera enforcement data from the City of Edmonton, this study found that catching offenders had a significant effect in reducing injury crashes that was beyond the deterrent effect provided by the presence of police on the roads alone. The apprehension of offenders is therefore a key component needed to maximise the effectiveness of the speed camera programme and not solely as a means to raise revenue. © 2010 LSE and the University of Bath
The Role of K+ Channels in Determining Pulmonary Vascular Tone, Oxygen Sensing, Cell Proliferation, and Apoptosis: Implications in Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Potassium channels are tetrameric, membrane‐spanning proteins that selectively conduct K+ at near diffusion‐limited rates. Their remarkable ionic selectivity results from a highly‐conserved K+ recognition sequence in the pore. The classical function of K+ channels is regulation of membrane potential (EM) and thence vascular tone. In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), tonic K+ egress, driven by a 145/5 mM intracellular/extracellular concentration gradient, contributes to a EM of about −60 mV. It has been recently discovered that K+ channels also participate in vascular remodeling by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. PASMC express voltage‐gated (Kv), inward rectifier (Kir), calcium‐sensitive (KCa), and two‐pore (K2P) channels. Certain K+ channels are subject to rapid redox regulation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from the PASMC's oxygen‐sensor (mitochondria and/or NADPH oxidase). Acute hypoxic inhibition of ROS production inhibits Kv1.5, which depolarizes EM, opens voltage‐sensitive, L‐type calcium channels, elevates cytosolic calcium, and initiates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Hypoxia‐inhibited K+ currents are not seen in systemic arterial SMCs. Kv expression is also transcriptionally regulated by HIF‐1α and NFAT. Loss of PASMC Kv1.5 and Kv2.1 contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) by causing a sustained depolarization, which increases intracellular calcium and K+, thereby stimulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, respectively. Restoring Kv expression (via Kv1.5 gene therapy, dichloroacetate, or anti‐survivin therapy) reduces experimental PAH. Electrophysiological diversity exists within the pulmonary circulation. Resistance PASMC have a homogeneous Kv current (including an oxygen‐sensitive component), whereas conduit PASMC current is a Kv/KCa mosaic. This reflects regional differences in expression of channel isoforms, heterotetramers, splice variants, and regulatory subunits as well as mitochondrial diversity. In conclusion, K+ channels regulate pulmonary vascular tone and remodeling and constitute potential therapeutic targets in the regression of PAH.