Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intracerebral hemorrhage location and outcome among INTERACT2 participants

Objective: To clarify associations between intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) location and clinical outcomes among participants of the main phase Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial (INTERACT2). Methods: Associations between ICH sites and poor outcomes (death [6] or major disability [3–5] of modified Rankin Scale) and European Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) utility scores at 90 days were assessed in logistic regression models. Results: Of 2,066 patients included in the analyses, associations were identified between ICH sites and poor outcomes: involvement of posterior limb of internal capsule increased risks of death or major disability (odds ratio [OR] 2.10) and disability (OR 1.81); thalamic involvement increased risks of death or major disability (OR 2.24) and death (OR 1.97). Involvement of the posterior limb of the internal capsule, thalamus, and infratentorial sites were each associated with poor EQ-5D utility score (≤0.7 [median]; OR 1.87, 2.14, and 2.81, respectively). Posterior limb of internal capsule involvement was strongly associated with low scores across all health-related quality of life domains. ICH encompassing the thalamus and posterior limb of internal capsule were associated with death or major disability, major disability, and poor EQ-5D utility score (OR 1.72, 2.26, and 1.71, respectively). Conclusion: Poor clinical outcomes are related to ICH affecting the posterior limb of internal capsule, thalamus, and infratentorial sites. The highest association with death or major disability and poor EQ-5D utility score was seen in ICH encompassing the thalamus and posterior limb of internal capsule. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT00716079.
Bounded Auditable Restoration of Distributed Systems

We focus on protocols for auditable restoration of distributed systems. The need for such protocols arises due to conflicting requirements (e.g., access to the system should be restricted but emergency access should be provided). One can design such systems with a tamper detection approach (based on the intuition of In-case-of-emergency-break-glass). However, in a distributed system, such tampering, which are denoted as auditable events, is visible only for a single node. This is unacceptable since the actions they take in these situations can be different than those in the normal mode. Moreover, eventually, the auditable event needs to be cleared so that system resumes the normal operation. With this motivation, in this paper, we present two protocols for auditable restoration, where any process can potentially identify an auditable event. The first protocol has an unbounded state space while the second protocol uses bounded state space that does not increase with the length of the computation. In both protocols, whenever a new auditable event occurs, the system must reach an auditable state where every process is aware of the auditable event. Only after the system reaches an auditable state, it can begin the operation of restoration. Although any process can observe an auditable event, we require that only authorized processes can begin the task of restoration. Moreover, these processes can begin the restoration only when the system is in an auditable state. Our protocols are self-stabilizing and can effectively handle the case where faults or auditable events occur during the restoration protocol. Moreover, they can be used to provide auditable restoration to other distributed protocols.
Maximum likelihood and signal-selective TDOA estimation for noncircular signals

This paper addresses the issue of time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) estimation for complex noncircular signals. First, under the wide-sense stationary assumption, we derive the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator and the Cramer-Rao lower bound for Gaussian noncircular signals in Gaussian circular noise. The ML estimator uses the second-order statistics information of a noncircular signal more comprehensively when compared with the cross-correlation (CC) and the conjugate CC estimators. Further, we present a scheme to modify the traditional signal-selective TDOA methods for noncircular signals on the basis of the cyclostationarity of man-made signals. This scheme simultaneously exploits the information contained in both the cyclic cross-correlation (CCC) and the conjugate CCC of a noncircular signal.
Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 1: prevalence of dental disorders.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Dental disorders have a high prevalence in older donkeys and horses, but the nature and pathogenesis of many of these disorders have yet to be established. OBJECTIVES The identification and determination of the prevalence of important dental disorders in different age groups in a large single population of donkeys, to establish a better understanding of the nature and pathogenesis of these disorders. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study was performed on the donkey population at The Donkey Sanctuary with detailed oral examinations of 357 donkeys within 7 different age groups (age range 2-53 years) recorded. RESULTS The prevalence of dental disease in all donkeys was 73%, increasing in prevalence from 28% in the youngest to 98% in the oldest age group. There was an increase in prevalence of commonly recognised dental disorders with increasing age, such as: diastemata (3.8% in youngest to 86% in oldest group); missing teeth (0-56%); overgrown teeth (15-86%); worn teeth (8-84%); displaced teeth (0-38%); and periodontal disease (0-28%). CONCLUSIONS There was a significant increase in the prevalence of dental disorders with increasing age with the largest significant increase for most dental disorders occurring in the 15-20 year age group. POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE: Most dental disorders significantly increase in prevalence in the 15-20 year age group and, therefore, prophylactic geriatric dental treatment in donkeys should be commenced from age 15 years.
IQ in late adolescence/early adulthood, risk factors in middle-age and later coronary heart disease mortality in men: the Vietnam Experience Study

Objective Examine the relation between IQ in early adulthood and later coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, and assess the extent to which established risk factors measured in middle-age might explain this gradient. Design Cohort study of 4316 male former Vietnam-era US army personnel with IQ scores (mean age 20.4 years), risk factor data (mean age 38.3 years) and 15 years mortality surveillance. Results In age-adjusted analyses, lower IQ scores were associated with an increased rate of CHD mortality (hazard ratio per SD decrease in IO; 95% confidence interval: 1.34; 1.00, 1.79). Adjustment for later chronic disease (1.22; 0.91, 1.64), behavioural (1.29; 0.95, 1.74) and physiological risk factors (1.19; 0.88, 1.62) led to some attenuation of this gradient. This attenuation was particularly pronounced on adding socioeconomic indices to the multivariable model when the IQ–CHD relation was eliminated (1.05; 0.73, 1.52). A similar pattern of association was apparent when cardiovascular disease was the outcome of interest. Conclusion High IQ may lead to educational success, well remunerated and higher prestige employment, and this pathway may confer cardio-protection.
Rofecoxib

Background: Inflammatory mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and may be mediated via the cyclo-oxygenase–2 enzyme. This study sought to evaluate the effect of rofecoxib, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that selectively inhibits cyclo-oxygenase–2, in slowing the progression of dementia in patients with established AD. Methods: A double-blinded, multicenter trial was conducted in which 692 patients with mild or moderate AD aged 50 years or older were randomly assigned to receive 25 mg rofecoxib or placebo daily for 12 months. The key efficacy measures were mean change from baseline at month 12 on the cognitive subscale of the AD Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) and score on the Clinician’s Interview Based Impression of Change with caregiver input (CIBIC+). Results: Four hundred eighty-one patients (70%) completed assessments and remained on treatment at 12 months. No significant differences between treatments were found on the mean change from baseline error score for the ADAS-cog (rofecoxib = 4.84; placebo = 5.44; difference = −0.60) or mean score on the CIBIC+ (rofecoxib = 4.90; placebo = 4.87; difference = 0.03) over 12 months. This result persisted after adjusting for severity of dementia at baseline, presence of the APOE-ε4 allele, and donepezil use. Secondary analyses did not reveal any significant differences on any other measures. Conclusion: The failure of selective cyclo-oxygenase–2 inhibition to slow the progression of AD may indicate either that the disease process is too advanced to modify in patients with established dementia or that cyclo-oxygenase–2 does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disorder.
Optimisation of power allocation for asymmetric relay placement in multi-hop relay systems

In this study, schemes for optimisation of power allocation (OPA) for asymmetric relay placement are presented for multi-hop communication in a Rayleigh-fading environment. For a decode-and-forward (DF) multi-hop communication system, expressions are derived for optimised power allocation based on symbol error probability (SEP) and global channel state information (GCSI). The analysis for OPA based on GCSI is extended to a hybrid combination of amplify-and-forward (AF) and DF relays. Analysis is done for two kinds of modulation schemes: M -ary phase-shift keying with coherent detection and orthogonal M -ary frequency-shift keying with non-coherent detection. Simulation results show that for a multi-hop system with asymmetric relay placement, power optimisation schemes perform better than the conventional equal power allocation scheme. In addition, power optimisation based on GCSI shows substantially improved performance compared with power allocation based on end-to-end SEP. Further, performance comparison is shown for increase in number of relay nodes in an AF and DF multi-hop system with and without power allocation. The performance of a DF system improves with increase in number of relay nodes whereas performance of an AF system degrades. Hybrid relaying provides an option to exercise switching between DF and AF so as to extract the maximum advantage of the two relaying schemes.
Use of buspirone for treatment of cerebellar ataxia. An open-label study.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of buspirone hydrochloride, a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine1A) agonist, in treating patients with cerebellar ataxia. DESIGN Open-label study in which 20 patients (14 with cerebellar cortical atrophy and six with olivopontocerebellar atrophy) received buspirone hydrochloride, up to 60 mg/d, for 8 weeks. SETTING Research hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical, physiological, and psychological assessment. RESULTS Nine patients with mild or moderate cerebellar dysfunction who completed the study showed significant improvement in clinical and self-assessment ratings, but not in a motor performance test, posturography (data were incomplete), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. Seven patients with severe cerebellar dysfunction who completed the study had no improvement on any measure. CONCLUSIONS Buspirone may be effective in treating mild to moderate cerebellar ataxia. A double-blind study of the efficacy of buspirone in cerebellar ataxia is warranted.
Texas 4-H Agents' Perceptions of Selected Competencies in the 4-H Professional Research, Knowledge, and Competencies Model.

There are many competencies necessary for success as a 4-H agent. The 4-H Professional Research, Knowledge, and Competencies (PRKC) Model organizes competencies into six domains: (a) Youth Development, (b) Youth Program Development, (c) Volunteerism, (d) Partnerships, (e) Organizational Systems, and (f) Equity, Access and Opportunity (National 4-H Professional Development Task Force, 2004). Previous research (Harder & Dooley, 2007; Seevers, Baca & VanLeeuwen, 2005) identified competencies in the Organizational Systems domain as some of the most important, but most competency research has focused on volunteer management. A modified Borich (1980) model of needs assessment was used to determine the training needs of Texas 4-H agents in the Organizational Systems domain. Agents perceived they were more proficient in the competencies associated with program delivery and less proficient in competencies associated with their own personal wellness. Significant differences existed between perceived proficiency and importance levels for several competencies. Training is most needed in providing the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to overcome the stresses associated with careers as 4-H extension agents.
Supersonic Flutter Analysis Based on a Local Piston Theory

DOI: 10.2514/1.37750 A highly efficient local-piston theory is presented for the prediction of inviscid unsteady pressure loads at supersonic and hypersonic speeds. A steady mean flow solution is first obtained by an Euler method. The classical pistontheoryismodifiedtoapplylocallyateachpointontheairfoilsurfaceontopofthelocalmean flowtoobtainthe unsteadypressureperturbationscausedbythedeviationoftheairfoilsurfacefromitsmeanlocationwithouttheneed of performing unsteady Euler computations. Results of two- and three-dimensional unsteady air loads and flutter predictions are compared with those obtained by the classical piston theory and an unsteady Euler method to assess theaccuracyandvalidityrangeinairfoilthickness, flightMachnumber,andangleofattackandwiththepresenceof blunt leading edges. The local-piston theory is found to offer superior accuracy and much wider validity range compared with the classical piston theory, with the cost of only a fraction of the computational time needed by an unsteady Euler method.
The relationship between specific cognitive impairment and behaviour in Prader-Willi syndrome.

BACKGROUND Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have been shown to demonstrate a particular cognitive deficit in attention switching and high levels of preference for routine and temper outbursts. This study assesses whether a specific pathway between a cognitive deficit and behaviour via environmental interaction can exist in individuals with PWS. METHODS Four individuals with PWS participated in a series of three single-case experiments including laboratory-based and natural environment designs. Cognitive (computer-based) challenges placed varying demands on attention switching or controlled for the cognitive demands of the tasks while placing no demands on switching. Unexpected changes to routines or expectations were presented in controlled games, or imposed on participants' natural environments and compared with control conditions during which no unexpected changes occurred. Behaviour was observed and heart rate was measured. RESULTS Participants showed significantly increased temper outburst related behaviours during cognitive challenges that placed demands on attention switching, relative to the control cognitive challenges. Participants showed significantly increased temper outburst related behaviours when unexpected changes occurred in an experimental or the natural environment compared with when no changes occurred. CONCLUSIONS Difficult behaviours that could be triggered reliably in an individual by a specific cognitive demand could also be triggered via manipulation of the environment. Results suggest that a directional relationship between a specific cognitive deficit and behaviour, via environmental interaction, can exist in individuals with PWS.
Measuring Religion as Quest: 1) Validity Concerns

In this paper, concerns are addressed regarding the validity of the Quest scale introduced by Batson (1976) and Batson and Ventis (1982). Some have wondered whether this scale might be more a measure of agnosticism, of anti-orthodoxy, of sophomoric religious doubt, or of religious conflict, if indeed, it is a measure of anything religious at all. We have reviewed the available evidence regarding validity, much of which has appeared in unpublished research reports, theses, dissertations, or convention papers, and thus has not been widely available. Based on the evidence, we have concluded that the Quest scale does indeed measure a dimension of personal religion very much like the one it was designed to measure: an open-ended, active approach to existential questions that resists clearcut, pat answers. Concerns regarding the reliability of the Quest scale, which have proved more persistent, are addressed in a companion paper.
Courtroom Encounters: An Observation Study of a Lower Criminal Court

This is a study of the criminal trial court as a formal organization. The processing of defendants through court can be seen simply as a task for the courtroom personnel-the cases presenting not only occasions for moral outrage or legal acumen but also presenting problems for the legal bureaucracy as such. From one perspective, defendants are as deviant if they do not conform to the routines of the court as they are if they do not conform to the rules of the state. Like the wider society it supports, the court has a social integrity which can be disrupted. The court processes persons alleged to have been deviant in the larger society. The defendants are then subject to the moral exigencies of the court itself. The discussion treats the court as a business as well as a prime sanctioning center for the outer society. But the control of crime is more than a business; it is an industry. The immediate suppliers of the court-the police-act upon and in turn are conditioned by courtroom configurations. Several features of this police-court interrelation also form a part of this study.
Measures of Social Support: Assessment of Validity

The evidence of construct validity that resulted from conjoint testing of two measures of social support, the Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ85) and the Cost and Reciprocity Index (CRI) is presented. Both instruments were used with two samples of adults, 333 who were part of a large health project and 99 who participated in a methodological study. The PRQ85 and CRI appear to tap the construct of support yet are not highly redundant. Both tools demonstrated similar curves of relationships to external criteria. Dissimilar patterns of relationships with negative mood states indicated an area of need for future study.
Combined Effects of Surface Morphology and Mechanical Straining Magnitudes on the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells without Using Biochemical Reagents

Existing studies examining the control of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into desired cell types have used a variety of biochemical reagents such as growth factors despite possible side effects. Recently, the roles of biomimetic microphysical environments have drawn much attention in this field. We studied MSC differentiation and changes in gene expression in relation to osteoblast-like cell and smooth muscle-like cell type resulting from various microphysical environments, including differing magnitudes of tensile strain and substrate geometries for 8 days. In addition, we also investigated the residual effects of those selected microphysical environment factors on the differentiation by ceasing those factors for 3 days. The results of this study showed the effects of the strain magnitudes and surface geometries. However, the genes which are related to the same cell type showed different responses depending on the changes in strain magnitude and surface geometry. Also, different responses were observed three days after the straining was stopped. These data confirm that controlling microenvironments so that they mimic those in vivo contributes to the differentiation of MSCs into specific cell types. And duration of straining engagement was also found to play important roles along with surface geometry.
Religious Problem-Solving Styles and Guilt

In this study, the Religious Problem-solving Scale (Pargament et al. 1988) was administered to 121 college students to investigate the relationship of three coping styles to self-reported guilt. Results indicated that the self-directing style (when a person relies on his/her own resources to solve life's problems) correlated negatively with the Mosher Sex Guilt, Hostility Guilt, and Morality-Conscience Guilt Scales, with the McConahay and Hough Guilt-oriented Scales, and with the Sin-Grace Scale. Both the collaborative style (when a person works with God) and the deferring style (when a person submits to God) showed significant positive correlations with the measures of guilt as well as with measures of religious interest and participation.
CONTROL OF DISCRETE-TIME PIECEWISE AFFINE SYSTEMS

Abstract In this paper we propose a new approach for the control of discrete-time piecewise affine hybrid systems on full-dimensional polytopes. The new strategy is divided into a local and a supervisory control problem. The local problem is to reach and cross one facet of a polytope ensuring that the next sample of the time-discrete trajectory is picked up in the adjacent polytope. Therefore, a local piecewise affine control law is obtained by solving an optimization problem, minimizing the retention period of the trajectory in the polytope or the quadratic sum of the input signal. This procedure is based on system inherent bounds. The supervisory control problem is to find a suitable combination of polytopes and local control strategies that transfers the trajectory to the operating point and keeps it there.
Civic Engagement Through Presidential Debates

This study explores the effects of televised presidential debate viewing on young citizens’ candidate evaluations and normative democratic attitudes, including political cynicism and political information efficacy. Findings revealed that debate viewing decreases young citizens’ political cynicism and strengthens political information efficacy. Longitudinal analysis tracked young citizens’ democratic attitudes from pre-debate to post-election, finding that one’s political information efficacy intensifies throughout the course of the ongoing campaign, but debates’ immediate effect of reducing political cynicism is not sustained as the campaign progresses.