Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overuse and traumatic extremity injuries in schoolchildren surveyed with weekly text messages over 2.5 years

The objectives of this prospective cohort study were to report the incidence, prevalence, and duration of traumatic and overuse injuries during a period of 2.5 years and to estimate the odds of injury types. In all, 1259 schoolchildren, aged 6–12, were surveyed each week with an automated mobile phone text message asking questions on the presence of any musculo‐skeletal problems and participation in leisure‐time sport. Children were examined and injuries classified as overuse or traumatic. The overall injury incidence and prevalence were 1.2% and 4.6% per week, with 2.5 times more overuse than traumatic injuries in lower extremities, and mean injury duration of 5.3 and 4.8 weeks, respectively. A reverse pattern was found for upper extremities, with 3.1 times more traumatic than overuse injuries and mean durations of 3.3 and 5.2 weeks, respectively. Grade level, school type, leisure‐time sport, and seasonal variation were associated with the risk of sustaining lower extremity injuries. Only grade level was associated with upper extremity injuries. The magnitude of overuse and traumatic limb injuries emphasizes the need for health professionals, coaches, and parents to pay special attention in relation to the growing and physically active child.
Backpacking: Diversity and Change

Backpacking, a relatively little studied form of tourism, is a rapidly expanding phenomenon. This article follows the transition from the tramp to the drifter, and from the latter to the contemporary backpacker, and points to the diversity within this general category of tourists. The discrepancy between the ideal and the common practice of backpacking, and the mechanisms of bridging it deployed by contemporary backpackers, are discussed. It is claimed that backpackers tend to profess modern ideals of tourism (e.g. the quest for 'authenticity') but are 'post-modern' in the praxis. While it is accepted that the model of a 'rite-of-passage' is a useful heuristic device for the study of backpacking, some significant qualifications regarding the applicability of the model are pointed out. The article concludes by stressing the importance of the historical and national contexts of the backpackers' origins for the diversity of their motivations and conduct, and proposes future directions of research.
Clustering solutions : a novel approach to solving NP-complete problems

In this thesis, we introduce a novel approach to solving MAX-SAT problems. This algorithm clusters good solutions, and restarts the search from the closest feasible configuration to the centroid of each cluster. We call this method Clustered-Landscape Guided Hopping (CLGH). In addition, where clustering does not provide an advantage due to the non-clustered landscape configuration, we use Averaged-Landscape Guided Hopping (ALGH). CLGH is shown to be highly efficient for finding good solutions of large MAX-SAT problems. Systematic studies of the landscape are presented to show that the success of clustering is due to the learning of large-scale structure of the fitness landscape. Previous studies conducted by other researchers analysed the relationship between local and global minima and provided an insight into the configuration of the landscape. It was found that local minima formed clusters around global ones. We expanded these analyses to cover the relationship between clusters, and found that local minima form many correlated yet distant clusters. In addition, we show the existence of a relationship between the size of the problem and the distance between local minima. To rule out other possibilities of this success we test several other population based algorithms, and compare their performances to clustering. In addition, we compare with solo-search algorithms. We show that this method is superior to all algorithms tested. CLGH produces results that might be produced by a solo-local search algorithm within 95% less time. However, this is not a standalone technique, and can be incorporated within other algorithms to further enhance their performance. A further application of clustering is carried out on the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) in the discrete domain, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) using backpropagation for the purpose of data classification in the continuous domain. Since TSP does not show a clustered landscape configuration we find that ALGH is an effective method for improving search results. Preliminary results are shown indicating that extensions of the proposed algorithm can give similar improvements on these hard optimisation problems.
Evidence-Based Appraisal of Antireflux Fundoplication

Objective:To highlight the current available evidence in antireflux surgery through a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Summary Background Data:Laparoscopic fundoplication is currently suggested as the gold standard for the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, but many controversies are still open concerning the influence of some technical details on its results. Methods:Papers related to RCTs identified via a systematic literature search were evaluated according to standard criteria. Data regarding the patient sample, study methods, and outcomes were abstracted and summarized across studies. Defined outcomes were examined for 41 papers published from 1974 to 2002 related to 25 RCTs. A meta-analysis was performed pooling the results as odds ratios (OR), rate differences (RD), and number needed to treat (NNT). Data given as mean and/or median values were pooled as a mean ± SD (SD). Results:No perioperative deaths were found in any of the RCTs. Immediate results showed a significantly lower operative morbidity rate (10.3% versus 26.7%, OR 0.33, RD −12%, NNT 8), shorter postoperative stay (3.1 versus 5.2 days, P = 0.03), and shorter sick leave (20.1 versus 35.8 days, P = 0.03) for laparoscopic versus open fundoplication. No significant differences were found regarding the incidence of recurrence, dysphagia, bloating, and reoperation for failure at midterm follow-up. No significant differences in operative morbidity (13.1% versus 9.4%) and in operative time (90.2 versus 84.2 minutes) were found in partial versus total fundoplication. A significantly lower incidence of reoperation for failure (1.6% versus 9.6%, OR 0.21, RD −7%, NNT 14) was found after partial fundoplication, with no significant differences regarding the incidence of recurrence and/or dysphagia. Routine division of short gastric vessels during total fundoplication showed no significant advantages regarding the incidence of postoperative dysphagia and recurrence when compared with no division. The use of ultrasonic scalpel compared with clips or bipolar cautery for the division of short gastric vessels showed no significant effect on operative time, postoperative complications, and costs. Conclusions:Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is at least as safe and as effective as its open counterpart, with reduced morbidity, shortened postoperative stay, and sick leave. Partial fundoplication significantly reduces the risk of reoperations for failure over total fundoplication. Routine versus no division of short gastric vessels showed no significant advantages. A word of caution is needed when implementing these results derived from RCTs performed in specialized centers into everyday clinical practice, where experience and skills may be suboptimal.
Boltzmann's Entropy and Time's Arrow

Given the success of Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical approach in explaining the observed irreversible behavior of macroscopic systems in a manner consistent with their reversible microscopic dynamics, it is quite surprising that there is still so much confusion about the problem of irreversibility. (See figure 1.) I attribute this confusion to the originality of Boltzmann's ideas: It made them difficult for some of his contemporaries to grasp. The controversies generated by the misunderstandings of Ernst Zermelo and others have been perpetuated by various authors. There is really no excuse for this, considering the clarity of Boltzmann's later writings. Since next year, 1994, is the 150th anniversary of Boltzmann's birth, this is a fitting moment to review his ideas on the arrow of time. In Erwin Schrodinger's words, “Boltzmann's ideas really give an understanding” of the origin of macroscopic behavior. All claims of inconsistencies that I know of are, in my opinion, wrong; I see no need for alternate expl.
Effect of Time of Day on Performance, Hormonal and Metabolic Response during a 1000-M Cycling Time Trial

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of time of day on performance, pacing, and hormonal and metabolic responses during a 1000-m cycling time-trial. Nine male, recreational cyclists visited the laboratory four times. During the 1st visit the participants performed an incremental test and during the 2nd visit they performed a 1000-m cycling familiarization trial. On the 3rd and 4th visits, the participants performed a 1000-m TT at either 8 am or 6 pm, in randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design. The time to complete the time trial was lower in the evening than in the morning (88.2±8.7 versus 94.7±10.9 s, respectively, p<0.05), but there was no significant different in pacing. However, oxygen uptake and aerobic mechanical power output at 600 and 1000 m tended to be higher in the evening (p<0.07 and 0.09, respectively). There was also a main effect of time of day for insulin, cortisol, and total and free testosterone concentration, which were all higher in the morning (+60%, +26%, +31% and +22%, respectively, p<0.05). The growth hormone, was twofold higher in the evening (p<0.05). The plasma glucose was ∼11% lower in the morning (p<0.05). Glucagon, norepinephrine, epinephrine and lactate were similar for the morning and evening trials (p>0.05), but the norepinephrine response to the exercise was increased in the morning (+46%, p<0.05), and it was accompanied by a 5-fold increase in the response of glucose. Muscle recruitment, as measured by electromyography, was similar between morning and evening trials (p>0.05). Our findings suggest that performance was improved in the evening, and it was accompanied by an improved hormonal and metabolic milieu.
Integration of LwIP Stack over Intel(R) DPDK for High Throughput Packet Delivery to Applications

Performance of generic operating system like Linux based IP stacks on multicore processors is much less than that of the purpose built IP stacks from the commercial stack vendors which typically run on a SoC/ASICs/Network processor. The issue of under-utilization of hardware resources arises from the fact that the generic IP stacks operate with much higher overhead, thereby decreasing the overall system performance compared to the capability of the underlying hardware. With Intel multicore processors, it's possible to transition from using discrete architectures per major workload (application, control, packet, and signal processing) to a single architecture that consolidates the workloads into a more scalable and simplified solution. This is possible, in large part, due to the Intel Data Plane Development Kit (Intel DPDK), a set of data plane libraries that can improve packet processing performance by up to ten times compare to processing capabilities by traditional OS. Users can integrate their own custom IP stacks with the Intel DPDK and get the advantage of accelerated performance of the Intel DPDK to their applications. This paper explains integration of a version of Light Weight TCP/IP (LwIP) stack with Intel DPDK to extend high packet processing capabilities of Intel DPDK to application layer level and measuring the performance capabilities of DPDK-LwIP network stack.
Osseous autografts. III. Comparison of osseous coagulum-bone blend implants with open curetage.

A clinical investigation was undertaken to compare regeneration of osseous defects following either osseous coagulum-bone blend grafts or open debridement procedures. Seventy-five sites in 28 patients were treated by the two procedures. The average fill in the 37 intraosseous defects treated by graft procedures (initial average depth = 4.22 mm, S.D. 1.73) was 2.98 mm, S.D. 1.44. The average fill in the 38 intraosseous lesions treated by open debridement procedure (initial average depth = 3.03 mm, S.D.0.80) was 0.66 mm, S.D. 0.80. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P greater than 0.01) in fill patterns between the bone blend and open debridement responses in favor of graft treated sites. Therefore greater levels of osseous regeneration apparently took place in our cases following osseous coagulum-bone blend autogenous graft procedures than following open debridement procedures in all types of defects studies.
Effect of Preseason Concurrent Muscular Strength and High-Intensity Interval Training in Professional Soccer Players

Wong, P-L, Chaouachi, A, Chamari, K, Dellal, A, and Wisloff, U. Effect of preseason concurrent muscular strength and high-intensity interval training in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 24(3): 653-660, 2010-This study examined the effect of concurrent muscular strength and high-intensity running interval training on professional soccer players' explosive performances and aerobic endurance. Thirty-nine players participated in the study, where both the experimental group (EG, n = 20) and control group (CG, n = 19) participated in 8 weeks of regular soccer training, with the EG receiving additional muscular strength and high-intensity interval training twice per week throughout. Muscular strength training consisted of 4 sets of 6RM (repetition maximum) of high-pull, jump squat, bench press, back half squat, and chin-up exercises. The high-intensity interval training consisted of 16 intervals each of 15-second sprints at 120% of individual maximal aerobic speed interspersed with 15 seconds of rest. EG significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) 1RM back half squat and bench press but showed no changes in body mass. Within-subject improvement was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) in the EG compared with the CG for vertical jump height, 10-m and 30-m sprint times, distances covered in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and maximal aerobic speed test, and maximal aerobic speed. High-intensity interval running can be concurrently performed with high load muscular strength training to enhance soccer players' explosive performances and aerobic endurance.
Tumor-Specific CD4+ T Cells Render the Tumor Environment Permissive for Infiltration by Low-Avidity CD8+ T Cells1

CD4+ T cells enhance tumor destruction by CD8+ T cells. One benefit that underlies CD4+ T cell help is enhanced clonal expansion of newly activated CD8+ cells. In addition, tumor-specific CD4+ help is also associated with the accumulation of greater numbers of CD8+ T cells within the tumor. Whether this too is attributable to the effects of help delivered to the CD8+ cells during priming within secondary lymphoid tissues, or alternatively is due to the action of CD4+ cells within the tumor environment has not been examined. In this study, we have evaluated separately the benefits of CD4+ T cell help accrued during priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells with a vaccine, as opposed to the benefits delivered by the presence of cognate CD4+ cells within the tumor. The presence of CD4+ T cell help during priming increased clonal expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in secondary lymphoid tissue; however, CD8+ T cells that have low avidity for tumor Ag were inefficient in tumor invasion. CD4+ T cells that recognized tumor Ag were required to facilitate accumulation of CD8+ T cells within the tumor and enhance tumor lysis during the acute phase of the response. These experiments highlight the ability of tumor-specific CD4+ T cells to render the tumor microenvironment receptive for CD8+ T cell immunotherapy, by facilitating the accumulation of all activated CD8+ T cells, including low-avidity tumor-specific and noncognate cells.
Neu Differentiation Factors: A Family of Alternatively Spliced Neuronal and Mesenchymal Factors

Abstract The Neu proto-oncogene (also called ErbB-2 and HER-2) encodes a tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor homologous to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). Overexpression, a point-mutation, and co-expression with EGF-R activate the oncogenic potential of the Neu protein by permanent coupling to signal transducing pathways. The search for ligands that elevate tyrosine phosphorylation of Neu led to the discovery of a 44-kDa glycoprotein that acts either as a differentiation factor or as a mitogen for mammary tumor cells. This protein, termed Neu differentiation factor (NDF), is derived from a transmembrane precursor that contains an EGF-like motif and an immunoglobulin-like domain. Alternative splicing generates a dozen NDF-related proteins that are expressed in a variety of mesenchymal and neuronal tissues. This unprecedented multiplicity raises the possibility that different isoforms fulfill distinct biological roles.
Can a vector field be responsible for the curvature perturbation in the Universe

I investigate the possibility that the observed curvature perturbation is due to a massive vector field. To avoid generating a large scale anisotropy the vector field is not taken to be driving inflation. Instead it is assumed to become important after inflation when it may dominate the Universe and imprint its perturbation spectrum before its decay, as in the curvaton scenario. It is found that, to generate a scale invariant spectrum of perturbations, the mass-squared of the vector field has to be negative and comparable to the Hubble scale during inflation. After inflation the mass-squared must become positive so that the vector field engages into oscillations. It is shown that such an oscillating vector field behaves as pressureless matter and does not lead to large scale anisotropy when it dominates the Universe. The possibility of realizing this scenario in supergravity is also outlined.
Consumer Brand Managers' Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, Perceived Performance and Intention to Leave

This paper examines the effect of brand managers' role stress (role ambiguity, role conflict and role overload), perceived performance and satisfaction on the intention to leave. The results revealed that increased role stress is associated with lower levels of perceived job performance and job satisfaction, but its influence on the intention to leave was not significant. In addition, higher levels of perceived job performance and lower levels of satisfaction were generally associated with higher intention to leave.
Working-Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory

Preface Part One: Traditions and approaches 1. Sociology, cultural studies and the post-war working class Chas Critcher 2. Culture and the historians Richard Johnson Part Two: Studies 3. 'Really useful knowledge': radical education and working-class culture, 1790-1848 Richard Johnson 4. Imperialism, nationalism and organized youth Michael Blanch 5. Daughters and mothers - maids and mistresses: domestic service between the wars Pam Taylor 6. Recreation in Rochdale, 1900-40 Paul Wild 7. Football since the war Chas Critcher 8. Shop-floor culture, masculinity and the wage form Paul Willis Part Three: Theories 9. Three Problematics: elements of a theory of working-class culture Richard Johnson 10. Capital and culture: the post-war working class revisited John Clarke Notes and references Index
The effects of variance in perceived message sensation value and optimum stimulation levels on consumer responses to ads promoting violent sports media

The current study adds to the sport marketing and media literature on the effect of individual differences (sensation seeking; SS) on the consumption of violent sport media. It extends the literature on SS and Perceived Message Sensation Value (PMSV) by exploring the role of image intensity in subjects' responses to print ads promoting an after-market sports media product (i.e., a sport highlights DVD) for a violent combative sport (Mixed Martial Arts; MMA). Image intensity (violence) is manipulated in the ad stimuli to present high- and low-PMSV advertisements. A personality trait (SS) and the order of ad stimuli presentation were included as moderators. A 2 (PMSV: high/low) × 2 (SS: high/low) × 2 (ad presentation order) mixed design involving US undergraduate students (N = 270) is employed to test the hypotheses. The results of this study generally support the PMSV main effect on ad responses, suggesting that a high-PMSV ad elicits higher arousal and a more favorable attitude toward the ad (AAd) than a low-PMSV ad. Meanwhile, the moderating role of SS received limited support. The study provides preliminary evidence that the sequence of exposure to media with varying levels of (sport) violence moderates the effects of PMSV on ad response.
The Evolving Landscape of Neurotoxicity by Unconjugated Bilirubin: Role of Glial Cells and Inflammation

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a common condition in the first week of postnatal life. Although generally harmless, some neonates may develop very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), which may surpass the protective mechanisms of the brain in preventing UCB accumulation. In this case, both short-term and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as acute and chronic UCB encephalopathy, known as kernicterus, or more subtle alterations defined as bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) may be produced. There is a tremendous variability in babies’ vulnerability toward UCB for reasons not yet explained, but preterm birth, sepsis, hypoxia, and hemolytic disease are comprised as risk factors. Therefore, UCB levels and neurological abnormalities are not strictly correlated. Even nowadays, the mechanisms of UCB neurotoxicity are still unclear, as are specific biomarkers, and little is known about lasting sequelae attributable to hyperbilirubinemia. On autopsy, UCB was shown to be within neurons, neuronal processes, and microglia, and to produce loss of neurons, demyelination, and gliosis. In isolated cell cultures, UCB was shown to impair neuronal arborization and to induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglia and astrocytes. However, cell dependent sensitivity to UCB toxicity and the role of each nerve cell type remains not fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive insight into cell susceptibilities and molecular targets of UCB in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and on phenotypic and functional responses of microglia to UCB. Interplay among glia elements and cross-talk with neurons, with a special emphasis in the UCB-induced immunostimulation, and the role of sepsis in BIND pathogenesis are highlighted. New and interesting data on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of different pharmacological agents are also presented, as novel and promising additional therapeutic approaches to BIND.
'I'm a good mother really!' Gendered parenting roles and responses to the disclosure of incest

The disclosure of incestuous abuse of a child constitutes such a departure from normative expectations of mothering that it necessitates a complete reappraisal and reconstruction of the mother's identity. This article draws on interview material with women in this situation in order to demonstrate how very traditional gendered parenting models were employed in repairing damaged identities. The ways in which such reliance on the protective and selfless aspects of mothering could contribute to the failure to recognise the abuse of their child are also discussed. In conclusion, motherhood as a source of power for women within the family is critically examined.