Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The unconscious processing information

The unconscious processing of information is explored by drawing on contributions from psychoanalysis, clinical and cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. A theory is constructed to explain why a hidden negative image embedded in a print advertisement can increase brand-name recall. An experimental design using actual advertisements in a mock magazine with and without the embedded images is used to test the theory. The results show that unaided brand-name recall is significantly higher for the print advertisements with hidden negative images embedded in them.
Automatically identifying health outcome information in MEDLINE records.

OBJECTIVE Understanding the effect of a given intervention on the patient's health outcome is one of the key elements in providing optimal patient care. This study presents a methodology for automatic identification of outcomes-related information in medical text and evaluates its potential in satisfying clinical information needs related to health care outcomes. DESIGN An annotation scheme based on an evidence-based medicine model for critical appraisal of evidence was developed and used to annotate 633 MEDLINE citations. Textual, structural, and meta-information features essential to outcome identification were learned from the created collection and used to develop an automatic system. Accuracy of automatic outcome identification was assessed in an intrinsic evaluation and in an extrinsic evaluation, in which ranking of MEDLINE search results obtained using PubMed Clinical Queries relied on identified outcome statements. MEASUREMENTS The accuracy and positive predictive value of outcome identification were calculated. Effectiveness of the outcome-based ranking was measured using mean average precision and precision at rank 10. RESULTS Automatic outcome identification achieved 88% to 93% accuracy. The positive predictive value of individual sentences identified as outcomes ranged from 30% to 37%. Outcome-based ranking improved retrieval accuracy, tripling mean average precision and achieving 389% improvement in precision at rank 10. CONCLUSION Preliminary results in outcome-based document ranking show potential validity of the evidence-based medicine-model approach in timely delivery of information critical to clinical decision support at the point of service.
Internal States Language in the Childhood Recollections of Adolescents with and without Abuse Histories

This study examined the representation of internal states in childhood recollections of male and female adolescents with and without abuse histories. Participants' (N = 71) exposure to spousal violence, physical abuse, and sexual abuse was documented when they were 6 to 12 years old and 6 years later when they were 12 to 18 years old. At the Year 6 assessment, teens recollected childhood experiences related to positive, negative, and neutral cues. Recollections were coded for references to emotions, cognitions, perceptions, and physiological states. Emotion terms varied according to childhood abuse history, whereas other internal states language did not. Teens with childhood abuse histories used fewer emotion terms than other teens but only for memories related to conflict and punishment. Emotion terms were unrelated to depression measured at the second assessment, regardless of abuse history. Explanations for abuse-related patterns of emotional language and possible links to coping and emotion regulation are discussed.
Effects of melatonin on maturation, histone acetylation, autophagy of porcine oocytes and subsequent embryonic development.

Melatonin (MLT) is an endogenous hormone with roles in animal germ cell development. However, the effect of MLT on porcine oocyte maturation and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of exogenous MLT on oocyte maturation, histone acetylation, autophagy and subsequent embryonic development. We found that 1 nmol/L MLT supplemented in maturation medium was the optimal concentration to promote porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent developmental competence and quality of parthenogenetic embryos. Interestingly, the beneficial effects of 1 nmol/L MLT treatment on porcine oocyte maturation and embryo development were mainly attributed to the first half period of in vitro maturation. Simultaneously, MLT treatment could also improve maturation of small follicle-derived oocytes, morphologically poor (cumulus cell layer ≤1) and even artificially denuded oocytes and their subsequent embryo development. Furthermore, MLT treatment not only could decrease the levels of H3K27ac and H4K16ac in metaphase II (MII) oocytes, but also could increase the expression abundances of genes associated with cumulus cell expansion, meiotic maturation, histone acetylation and autophagy in cumulus cells or MII oocytes. These results indicate that MLT treatment can facilitate porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development probably, through improvements in histone acetylation and autophagy in oocytes.
Stepping Into a Map: Initial Heading Direction Influences Spatial Memory Flexibility

Learning a novel environment involves integrating first-person perceptual and motoric experiences with developing knowledge about the overall structure of the surroundings. The present experiments provide insights into the parallel development of these egocentric and allocentric memories by intentionally conflicting body- and world-centered frames of reference during learning, and measuring outcomes via online and offline measures. Results of two experiments demonstrate faster learning and increased memory flexibility following route perspective reading (Experiment 1) and virtual navigation (Experiment 2) when participants begin exploring the environment on a northward (vs. any other direction) allocentric heading. We suggest that learning advantages due to aligning body-centered (left/right/forward/back) with world-centered (NSEW) reference frames are indicative of three features of spatial memory development and representation. First, memories for egocentric and allocentric information develop in parallel during novel environment learning. Second, cognitive maps have a preferred orientation relative to world-centered coordinates. Finally, this preferred orientation corresponds to traditional orientation of physical maps (i.e., north is upward), suggesting strong associations between daily perceptual and motor experiences and the manner in which we preferentially represent spatial knowledge.
Factors associated with poor performance of learners in mathematics and physical science in secondary schools in Soshanguve, South Africa

Abstract This paper presents a non-experimental, exploratory and descriptive study of learners and educators from seven Soshanguve secondary schools in order to learn more about factors that possibly contribute to lack of success in mathematics and physical sciences in the 11th grade. The paper focuses primarily on the learners’ and educators’ perceptions of why learners perform badly in Grade 11 and 12 mathematics and physical science. The methodology used includes data collected through unstructured interviews and the use of matric results made available by the Department of Education. The following categories of factors contributing to poor performance of learners in mathematics and physical science were identified: laboratory apparatus, teacher's content knowledge, time management, parents’ commitment to children's education, motivation and interest and teaching strategies.
Day-of-week mood patterns in the United States: On the existence of ‘Blue Monday’, ‘Thank God it's Friday’ and weekend effects

There are many beliefs about the patterning of positive and negative mood over the course of the week. Support has been found for ‘Blue Monday’, ‘Thank God it's Friday’ and Weekdays versus Weekend effects, although in relatively small studies and often with student samples. Using telephone questionnaire data from a large national survey (N = 340,000), we examined day-of-week (DOW) effects on positive and negative moods. Unlike prior studies, we also tested the potential moderating effects of four demographic variables on DOW. Strong support was found for better mood on weekends and Fridays, but there was minimal support for a Blue Monday effect and no differences were observed between Saturdays and Sundays. Demographics moderated some DOW effects: DOW effects were diminished for older and retired respondents, but there was little DOW difference by gender or presence of a partner. DOW is associated with mood, but not always in ways we believe.
Who's in My Family? A Longitudinal Study of Drawings of Children of Divorce

This paper reports on a pilot study in which a family perspective is applied to the analysis of family drawings of children of separation and divorce. The Draw A Family Test is administered to school age children in the first year of parental separation and at follow up one year later. Our focus on family composition and the relative size of each parent, reveals that children from mother custody families, with time, increasingly omit their fathers from the drawings, and tend to draw their mothers as larger than their fathers. It appears as if in this way children express their sense of the growing peripherality of their fathers. We also found a relationship between children adding people from outside the nuclear family and omitting their fathers. Finally, an increasing constriction in the drawings of one quarter of our sample at one year follow up, raises for us the question of how well or poorly children of divorce do over time.
Bit error rate analysis of convolutionally coded BICM with specific interleaver structures

Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) has found its application in various wireless communication systems due to its simplicity in the design of coding and modulation. In particular, the BICM combined with convolutional coding has been adopted by several recent standards due to its low complexity and low latency at the decoder side. The performance of the convolutionally coded BICM depends not only on the constraint length of the code but also significantly on the structure of the bit interleavers introduced mainly for the purpose of dispersing the correlated bits. To date, however, theoretical analysis of the performance that well captures its dependence on the interleaver structures has not been presented in conjunction with the convolutionally coded BICM due to its complexity in precise analysis. In this paper, we derive a tight approximate BER expression over AWGN channels to evaluate its performance for a given bit interleaver structure, and present a design guideline for an optimal interleaver structure with its performance over fading channels in mind.
Molecular genetics of bipolar disorder and depression

Abstract In this review, all papers relevant to the molecular genetics of bipolar disorder published from 2004 to the present (mid 2006) are reviewed, and major results on depression are summarized. Several candidate genes for schizophrenia may also be associated with bipolar disorder: G72, DISC1, NRG1, RGS4, NCAM1, DAO, GRM3, GRM4, GRIN2B, MLC1, SYNGR1, and SLC12A6. Of these, association with G72 may be most robust. However, G72 haplotypes and polymorphisms associated with bipolar disorder are not consistent with each other. The positional candidate approach showed an association between bipolar disorder and TRPM2 (21q22.3), GPR50 (Xq28), Citron (12q24), CHMP1.5 (18p11.2), GCHI (14q22‐24), MLC1 (22q13), GABRA5 (15q11‐q13), BCR (22q11), CUX2, FLJ32356 (12q23‐q24), and NAPG (18p11). Studies that focused on mood disorder comorbid with somatic symptoms, suggested roles for the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 3644 mutation and the POLG mutation. From gene expression analysis, PDLIM5, somatostatin, and the mtDNA 3243 mutation were found to be related to bipolar disorder. Whereas most previous positive findings were not supported by subsequent studies, DRD1 and IMPA2 have been implicated in follow‐up studies. Several candidate genes in the circadian rhythm pathway, BmaL1, TIMELESS, and PERIOD3, are reported to be associated with bipolar disorder. Linkage studies show many new linkage loci. In depression, the previously reported positive finding of a gene–environmental interaction between HTTLPR (insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter of a serotonin transporter) and stress was not replicated. Although the role of the TPH2 mutation in depression had drawn attention previously, this has not been replicated either. Pharmacogenetic studies show a relationship between antidepressant response and HTR2A or FKBP5. New technologies for comprehensive genomic analysis have already been applied. HTTLPR and BDNF promoter polymorphisms are now found to be more complex than previously thought, and previous papers on these polymorphisms should be treated with caution. Finally, this report addresses some possible causes for the lack of replication in this field.
Education-Specific normative data on common neuropsy-chological indices for individuals older than 75 Years

Abstract Few norms are available to judge the performance of the very elderly individual on widely used neuropsychological tests. Similarly, little information is available to adjust for educational history, a factor that has been consistently shown to impact performance on neuropsychological tests. The current study presents both age- and education-specific normative information on commonly used neuropsychological tests for individuals older than age 75 years and with educational levels ranging from 4th grade to college education. Participants were 101 independently living, active drivers who were recruited from a cohort of community-residing elderly adults. The mean performances of individuals with 12 or more years of education in the current study were comparable to norms available in the literature. However, the mean performances of those with less than 12 years education were significantly poorer than their better educated counterparts. These data confirm the well-established relation between cogniti.
Contextual Effects on the Self-Perceived Efficacy of High School Teachers.

If the self-efficacy of high school teachers is situated rather than global, it ought to vary within teachers (across a teacher's several assigned classes), as well as among teachers. An analysis of survey data from academic teachers in 16 high schools confirmed the existence of substantial intrateacher variation and revealed that a teacher tends to feel most efficacious when teaching high-track students. This effect is most pronounced for math and science teachers and disappears when the level of student engagement is controlled. A teacher's level of preparation and the grade level of the class also predict intrateacher variation. An analysis of interteacher variation revealed that teachers who exercise control over key working conditions and work in highly collaborative environments have elevated self-efficacy.
Full Stability in Finite-Dimensional Optimization

The paper is devoted to full stability of optimal solutions in general settings of finite-dimensional optimization with applications to particular models of constrained optimization problems, including those of conic and specifically semidefinite programming. Developing a new technique of variational analysis and generalized differentiation, we derive second-order characterizations of full stability, in both Lipschitzian and Holderian settings, and establish their relationships with the conventional notions of strong regularity and strong stability for a large class of problems of constrained optimization with twice continuously differentiable data.
A Comparative Test of the Adaptive Plasticity Hypothesis: Relationships between Habitat and Phenotype in Anuran Larvae

The hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity is maintained by divergent natural selection acting across different environments predicts that populations and species exposed to highly variable environments will express high levels of plasticity. I tested this prediction by measuring the behavioral and morphological responses to aeshnid dragonfly larvae of 16 tadpole species and asking whether predator‐induced plasticity is greater in species that experience more variable densities of predators in nature. Tadpole phenotypes were measured in a series of similar experiments in outdoor artificial ponds carried out over a 9‐yr period. I quantified tadpole habitats by soliciting evaluations by seven to 36 experienced field observers for each species. There were large differences among species in phenotype, mostly in agreement with earlier descriptions. Nearly all species responded to dragonflies by decreasing activity and body length relative to overall body size and by increasing relative tail fin depth, although the magnitude of the responses differed among species. There was a significant positive phylogenetic correlation between morphological plasticity and variability in exposure to predators, thus upholding the adaptive hypothesis. The correlation between behavioral responses and habitat variability was not significant, and there was little relationship between behavioral and morphological plasticity, raising the possibility that behavioral responses evolve under different scales of environmental variation than morphological responses.
GROUNDED THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM BEHAVIOR

The dominant logic in conventional research methods involves collecting and analyzing data to rigorously test a deductive theory. In contrast, grounded theory posits constructing theory from data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). This analysis demonstrates the application of McCracken's (1988) long interview method to collect data for grounded theory development. Both emic (self) and etic (researcher) interpretations of international visitor experiences uncover important insights on leisure travel decisions and tourist behavior. Long interviews of tourists visiting Hawaii's Big Island enable mapping and comparing visitors' plans, motivations, decisions, and consequences. The results demonstrate the complexity of visitors' travel decisions and behavior.
Remarks on the first century of the International Psychoanalytic Association and a utopian vision of its future

The International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA) was founded in 1910, the same year that Freud’s paper on “wild” analysis appeared. Most important for understanding the history of the psychoanalytic movement is a coincidence: that in this same year too the famous Flexner Report was published, which led to the rise of American medicine when it ended privately organized medical training in the USA. This report applied the Humboldtian idea of the unity of teaching and research to medicine – supplemented by treatment – and forced universities to include medicine in their academic life. And so in 1910 began the tragic history of psychoanalysis, which exists due to the “exclusion of psychoanalysis from universities” (Freud, 1919). Up to the present day, this exclusion has been responsible for most of the contemporary negative aspects of the psychoanalytic movement. It is the history of an unfortunate 100-year-old love affair that is discussed in detail in Part 1 of this article under four headings: “Wild” analysis and the foundation of the IPA; Psychoanalysis and the university; Clinical intersubjectivity; and From the historical “Controversial Discussions” to “True Controversies. ”
The reasons why young children are placed for adoption: findings from a recently placed sample and a discussion of implications for subsequent identity development

It is widely accepted that the processing of identity issues can be problematic for some adopted children. Needing to know why placement for adoption was necessary is often central to adopted people’s identity concerns. Adoption practices have altered and children are now placed for adoption for different reasons and from different backgrounds than were children in the past. This study aims to present an up to date picture of the reasons why children are placed for adoption. Using information from questionnaires completed by social workers, the circumstances of a sample of 168 young (mean age at placement = 18 months), recently adopted children are examined. Children fall into three groups according to the reason for their adoption: relinquished infants (14%), those whose parents had requested adoption in complex circumstances (24%), and those children required to be adopted by social services and the courts (62%). Child and birthparent characteristics and openness arrangements are examined and are found to differ significantly between the three groups, indicating that children will have different types of information to appraise and differing capacities to make sense of their personal histories. Because of the multiplicity of difficulties in children’s backgrounds, it is concluded that resolving identity issues is likely to be challenging for many children, and professionals will need to take this into account when working with adopters and birth relatives.
Acceptance of noise with intelligible, reversed, and unfamiliar primary discourse.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of intelligible and unintelligible primary discourse on acceptance of noise. Of particular interest was the effect of intelligibility on the most comfortable loudness (MCL) component of acceptable noise level (ANL). METHOD ANLs were measured for 30 participants using an intelligible discourse, a reversed discourse, and an unfamiliar primary discourse. For each discourse, MCL and background noise level (BNL) were found. The ANL was then computed by subtracting the mean BNL from the MCL. RESULTS The intelligibility of the primary discourse did not affect MCL. The ANL was significantly different for the intelligible versus reversed condition and the intelligible versus unfamiliar (Chinese) condition. CONCLUSION Results indicate that ANL may change as speech intelligibility changes and/or speech recognition ability decreases in adults with normal hearing.
Proteomics in Clinical Trials and Practice

The study of clinical proteomics is a promising new field that has the potential to have many applications, including the identification of biomarkers and monitoring of disease, especially in the field of oncology. Expression proteomics evaluates the cellular production of proteins encoded by a particular gene and exploits the differential expression and post-translational modifications of proteins between healthy and diseased states. These biomarkers may be applied towards early diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapy. Functional proteomics seeks to decipher protein-protein interactions and biochemical pathways involved in disease biology and targeted by newer molecular therapeutics. Advanced spectrometry technologies and new protein array formats have improved these analyses and are now being applied prospectively in clinical trials. Further advancement of proteomics technology could usher in an era of personalized molecular medicine, where diseases are diagnosed at earlier stages and where therapies are more effective because they are tailored to the protein expression of a patient’s malignancy.