Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing techniques by means of encapsulation and connascence

Both approaches have their genesis in programming. Structured programming began in the late 1960s and is usually traced to workers such as Dijkstra [4]. Although object orientation is a river with many tributaries, the source of object-oriented programming is often t raced-inter al ia-to the late 1960s and the Simula language or to the Smalltalk work of Alan Kay and others at Xerox PARC, circa 1970 [5, 6]. Therefore, the structured approach rapidly grew into design and analysis techniques. Indeed, almost contemporaneously with the inception of structured programming, Larry Constantine and others were establishing the foundations of structured design [2]. Throughou t the 1970s, workers such as Doug Ross [11] and Tom DeMarco [3] were developing a technique that came to be known as structured analysis. Structured programming saw its initial rise in popularity in the early 1970s; structured design grew in popularity in the mid-1970s and structured analysis gained many adherents in the late 1970s. By contrast, object-oriented programming was a relative curiosity until the early 1980s. Object-oriented design and object-oriented analysis made their first significant appearances in the late 1980s [1]. During most of the two decades o f the coexistence of the structured and the object-oriented approaches, there has been little interaction between researchers of the two approaches. Consequently, the two fields tended to develop different vocabularies and different foci of utilization. These apparent differences have tended to obscure some of the similarities between the structured approach and the object-oriented approach. On the other hand, the two approaches are no t -as some people would imply--simply isomorphs with disparate terminology. There are some deep structural distinctions between them. In this article, I discuss the similarities and differences between the structured and object-oriented approaches to software design by means o f two principles: encapsulation and connascence. I conclude by suggesting experiments involving connascence, the use of tools to mediate its effects and a set of steps necessary to define any new design paradigm.
Impacts of a Summer Learning Program A Random Assignment Study of Building Educated Leaders for Life BELL

A growing body of evidence suggests that low-income children's test scores drop significantly relative to their higher-income counterparts during the summer months. This study finds that a well-implemented summer learning program can improve reading test scores and increase the extent to which parents encourage their children to read during the subsequent school year. The findings provide some support for investments in out-of-school time programming for low-income children during the summer, such as those currently coming from the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program and the Supplemental Services provisions of Title I of the No Child Left Behind Act.
The Relationship Between Use of the Internet and Traditional Information Sources

This study examines how the spread of the Internet has affected Japanese people’s information acquisition from traditional media or via traditional information channels. In particular, this study focuses on displacement and complementary effects and on devices for Internet access. Using representative data from Japan (N = 1,179), the results show that Internet use via mobile phone has complementary effects on information acquisition from traditional media, while Internet use via personal computers does not. In addition, the results show that Internet use via personal computers has a displacement effect on information acquisition from radio. These findings are discussed with regard to communication means, social contexts, and media interfaces.
A Facilitated Peer Mentoring Program for Junior Faculty to Promote Professional Development and Peer Networking

Purpose To explore the design, implementation, and efficacy of a faculty development program in a cohort of early career junior faculty. Method Interested junior faculty members were divided into interdisciplinary small groups led by senior faculty facilitators. The groups met monthly for 1.5 hours to review a modular curriculum from 2011 to 2013. Using a survey at two time points (September 2011 and 2013) and an interim program evaluation, the authors collected data on participants’ demographics, faculty interconnectedness, and self-reported knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA) in the domains of professional development and scholarship, including the ability to write career goals and align activities with those goals. Results A total of 104 junior faculty participated in the program. They demonstrated changes in self-reported KSA in the domains of professional development (P = .013, P = .001) and scholarship (P = .038, P = .015) with an increase in ability to write career goals (P < .001), ability to align activities with those goals (P < .001), and number of and amount of time spent pursuing activities related to those goals (P = .022). These changes were more significant among female faculty and were not affected by academic rank or time since last training. Interconnectedness among faculty increased during the period of study—the number of nodes and ties between nodes within the network increased. Conclusions This facilitated peer mentoring program for junior faculty was effective in improving the KSA necessary to promote early career advancement and peer networking, especially for women.
UK children go online : listening to young people's experiences

Project Overview: UK Children Go Online. This new research project, part of the ESRC’s E-Society Programme, focuses on the nature of children’s internet use. The report presents qualitative research findings, drawing on fourteen focus groups with children. The next step will be to survey internet-related attitudes and practices among 9-19 year olds across the UK.
Regulatory T cells interfere with the development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Presence and extent of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is subject to considerable variations between species and is only occasionally observed in lungs of mice. Here we demonstrate that mice deficient for the chemokine receptor CCR7 regularly develop highly organized BALT. These structures were not present at birth but were detectable from day 5 onwards. Analyzing CCR7−/−/wild-type bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that the development of BALT is caused by alterations of the hematopoietic system in CCR7-deficient mice. These observations together with the finding that CCR7-deficient mice posses dramatically reduced numbers of regulatory T cells (T reg cells) in the lung-draining bronchial lymph node suggest that BALT formation might be caused by disabled in situ function of T reg cells. Indeed, although adoptive transfer of wild-type T reg cells to CCR7-deficient recipients resulted in a profound reduction of BALT formation, neither naive wild-type T cells nor T reg cells from CCR7−/− donors impair BALT generation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that CCR7-deficient T reg cells, although strongly impaired in homing to peripheral lymph nodes, are fully effective in vitro. Thus our data reveal a CCR7-dependent homing of T reg cells to peripheral lymph nodes in conjunction with a role for these cells in controlling BALT formation.
Open Access Research Characterization of a Naturally-occurring P27 Mutation Predisposing to Multiple Endocrine Tumors

Background: p27Kip1 (p27) is an important negative regulator of the cell cycle and a putative tumor suppressor. The finding that a spontaneous germline frameshift mutation in Cdkn1b (encoding p27) causes the MENX multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome in the rat provided the first evidence that Cdkn1b is a tumor susceptibility gene for endocrine tumors. Noteworthy, germline p27 mutations were also identified in human patients presenting with endocrine tumors. At present, it is not clear which features of p27 are crucial for this tissue-specific tumor predisposition in both rats and humans. It was shown that the MENX-associated Cdkn1b mutation causes reduced expression of the encoded protein, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. To better understand the role of p27 in tumor predisposition and to characterize the MENX animal model at the molecular level, a prerequisite for future preclinical studies, we set out to assess the functional properties of the MENX-associated p27 mutant protein (named p27fs177) in vitro and in vivo. Results: In vitro, p27fs177 retains some properties of the wild-type p27 (p27wt) protein: it localizes to the nucleus; it interacts with cyclin-dependent kinases and, to lower extent, with cyclins. In contrast to p27wt, p27fs177 is highly unstable and rapidly degraded in every phase of the cell-cycle, including quiescence. It is in part degraded by Skp2-dependent proteasomal proteolysis, similarly to p27wt. Photobleaching studies showed reduced motility of p27fs177 in the nucleus compared to p27wt, suggesting that in this compartment p27fs177 is part of a multi-protein complex, likely together with the degradation machinery. Studies of primary rat newborn fibroblasts (RNF) established from normal and MENX-affected littermates confirmed the rapid degradation of p27fs177 in vivo which can be rescued by Bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor drug). Overexpression of the negative regulators microRNA-221/222 plays no role in regulating the amount of p27fs177 in RNFs and rat tissues. Conclusion: Our findings show that reduced p27 levels, not newly acquired properties, trigger tumor formation in rats, similarly to what has been observed in mice. The molecular characteristics of p27fs177 establish MENX as a useful preclinical model to evaluate compounds that inhibit p27 degradation for their efficacy against endocrine tumors. Background The putative tumor suppressor p27Kip1 (referred to as p27) controls the progression from G1 to the S phase by regulating the activity of cyclinE/and cyclinA/Cdk2 complexes [1]. Several external signals regulate the intracellu-lar level of p27 by either causing its increase (i.e. serum deprivation, TGFβ, contact inhibition) or its decrease
Reinstitutionalizing Families: Life Course Policy and Marriage in the Military

The transition to adulthood has become an increasingly telescoped process for Americans, with marital formation occurring increasingly later in the life course. It is therefore striking to find a context like the U.S. military, in which marriage rates bear an anachronistic resemblance to those of the 1950s era. Using narrative data from life history interviews with military affiliates, the authors show that the military has reinstitutionalized military families at the same time that civilian families are becoming deinstitutionalized. Structural conditions of modern military service, such as war deployment and frequent geographical relocation, have created policies that rely on families to make these conditions more bearable for military personnel. These policies are part of an overarching institutional culture that directly and indirectly promotes marriage. The authors bring together life course literatures on turning points, the welfare state, and linked lives to show how the military has reinstitutionalized families in these ways.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL COHESION AND COMPUTER- INTERNET USAGE

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between social cohesion and computer-internet usage among university students. The research was conducted among university students in North Cyprus. The sample for the research consists of 38.8% (n=80) female, 61.2 % (n=126) male, 206 university students by using the criterion sampling method. “Hacettepe Personality Inventory – Social Cohesion Scale” developed by Ozguven (1992) and Biographic-Demographic Information Form was used as a collecting data. Percentage documentation average, ANOVA and Pearson Moment’s correlation were figured out in data analysis in this study. The results of this study showed that there is a significant correlation between social cohesion as social relations and the computer usage of the university students. There is significant correlation between social cohesion as family relations, social relations, social norms and antisocial tendency with each other.
An Exploratory Comparison of Milieu Teaching and Responsive Interaction in Classroom Applications

An exploratory study was conducted to compare 2 naturalistic language intervention methods: milieu teaching and responsive interaction. Classroom teachers implemented the treatment methods in 6 classrooms. Thirty-six children were matched on 4 pretreatment language measures and assigned to 1 of the 2 treatments. No main effects for treatment were found. However, milieu teaching was more effective than responsive interaction in facilitating receptive language and expressive vocabulary, if the children began intervention with relatively low receptive or expressive language levels. In contrast, responsive interaction was more effective than milieu teaching in facilitating receptive language and expressive vocabulary if the children began intervention with relatively high receptive or expressive language levels. The explanations for these results suggest several directions for future research and highlight the increasingly common finding that no 1 intervention is superior for all children.
Students' Perceptions of Single Parents and Social Injustice: A Women's Issue

This study examined graduate social work students' perceptions of vulnerable populations. The results suggest that although the students were able to identify oppression as a factor in the lives of women and other at-risk populations, for the most part, their perceptions of single parents underscored the belief that the life conditions of femaleheaded families are the consequence of individual choice, rather than of societal arrangements that have a disproportionately negative impact on women.
The Relationship Between Being Perceived as Trustworthy by Coworkers and Individual Performance†

Although research has focused on the implications of trusting others, little is known regarding how being trustworthy might influence one's own performance. In this article, the relationship between being perceived as trustworthy by one's coworkers and individual performance is examined. Exchange theory is used to consider the implications of the different factors of trustworthiness (capability, integrity, and benevolence) and how these factors might interact to predict performance. Results of a field study (Study 1) revealed that coworkers' perceptions of an individual's capability and integrity interacted to predict his or her performance. A laboratory study (Study 2) provided further insight into the exchange mechanism underlying this relationship.
Experiential Analysis of a Multicultural Learning Adventure in a Hispanic-Serving Institution

Two faculty members of a liberal arts, Catholic university use constructivist learning theory and Reuven Feuerstein's concept of the mediated learning experience to create an environment of enculturation in an interdisciplinary philosophy course for doctoral students from multiple cultures. This article demonstrates how two female faculty members of Anglo descent translated the experience into the definition and development of thinking skills and meaning making for students in a Hispanic-serving institution from multiple cultures with diverse areas of professional expertise and very different personal philosophies.
Do career satisfaction and support mediate the effects of justice on organizational citizenship behaviour and counterproductive work behaviour

Following Lavelle, Rupp, and Brockner's (2007) target similarity framework, we propose that perceptions of support and career satisfaction mediate the influence of justice perceptions on citizenship and counterproductive performance. Structural equation modelling results from 356 employees supporting partial mediation. Collectively, the model explained 19% of the variance in perceptions of organizational support, 44% in perceived supervisor support, 33% in career satisfaction, 35% in citizenship performance directed toward the supervisor, 42% in citizenship performance directed toward the organization, 49% in job/task conscientiousness citizenship performance, 9% in counterproductive performance toward the supervisor, and 20% of the variance in counterproductive performance directed toward the organization. We argue that distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal dimensions of organizational justice follow different pathways and variously influence organizational outcomes. We discuss the implications of the results for the target similarity framework and more generally for human resources management. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Resume S'inspirant du cadre theorique propose par Lavelle, Rupp et Brockner (2007) sur la similarite des cibles, cet article montre que les perceptions de soutien et la satisfaction professionnelle facilitent l'influence des perceptions de la justice sur la performance de la mission sociale et la performance contre-productive. Le modelage de l'equation structurelle decoule de 356 employes adeptes de la mediation partiale. Dans son ensemble, le modele explique 19 % de la variance dans les perceptions du soutien organisationnel, 44 % dans le soutien du superviseur percu, 33 % dans la satisfaction professionnelle, 35 % dans la performance de la mission sociale orientee vers le superviseur, 42 % dans la performance de la mission sociale orientee vers l'organisation, 49 % dans la performance de la mission sociale en matiere de conscience professionnelle, 9 % dans la performance contre-productive orientee vers le superviseur et 20 % dans la performance contreproductive orientee vers l'organisation. L'etude soutient que les dimensions distributives, procedurales, informationnelles et interpersonnelles de la justice organisationnelle suivent des voies differentes et influencent les resultats organisationnels de plusieurs manieres. Elle s'acheve par un examen des implications des resultats pour le cadre theorique de la similarite des cibles en particulier et pour la gestion des ressources humaines en general.
Use of the availability heuristic by children

Two groups of children aged 7 and 10 years made judgements of the relative frequency of names and human and animal cartoon characters in a list presented to them. Children in both age groups erroneously judged the category containing the more famous names to be more numerous, supporting the hypothesis that they were using the availability heuristic.
Allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors by chloride ions

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play key roles in the modulation of many synapses. Chloride (Cl‐) is known to directly bind and regulate the function of different actors of neuronal activity, and several studies have pointed to the possible modulation of mGluRs by Cl‐. Herein, we demonstrate that Cl‐ behaves as a positive allosteric modulator of mGluRs. For example, whereas glutamate potency was 3.08 ± 0.33 μM on metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 4 receptors in high‐Cl‐ buffer, signaling activity was almost abolished in low Cl_ in cell‐based assays. Cl‐ potency was 78.6 ± 3.5 mM. Cl‐ possesses a high positive cooperativity with glutamate (Hill slope ã6 on mGlu4), meaning that small variations in [Cl‐] lead to large variations in glutamate action. Using molecular modeling and mutagenesis, we have identified 2 well‐conserved Cl‐binding pockets in the extracellular domain of mGluRs. Moreover, modeling of activity‐dependent Cl‐ variations at GABAergic synapses suggests that these variations may be compatible with a dynamic modulation of the most sensitive mGluRs present in these synapses. Taken together, these data reveal a necessary role of Cl‐ for the glutamate activation of manymGluRs. Exploiting Cl‐ binding pockets may yield to the development of innovative regulators of mGluR activity. —Tora, A. S. , Rovira, X. , Dione, I. , Bertrand, H. ‐O. , Brabet, I. , De Koninck, Y. , Doyon, N. , Pin, J.P., Acher, F. , Goudet, C. Allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors by chloride ions. FASEB J. 29, 4174‐4188 (2015). www.fasebj. org
Peer group cultures and social identity: an integrated approach to understanding masculinities

Sociological research investigating boys' masculinity performances has commonly recognised the importance of peer group cultures in identity construction. Whilst such work has undoubtedly offered important and useful frameworks for interpreting and understanding boys' behaviour in schools, the article argues that social psychological theories of intergroup relations also proffer important insights. Drawing upon interview and survey data, the article focuses on the existence of intergroup bias between peer groups in two secondary schools and demonstrates how a social identity framework can assist in providing a fuller and more complex understanding of boys' masculinities than sociological insights alone. Furthermore, it is suggested that gender work strategies designed to address and ultimately help some boys restructure their constructions of masculinity, which recognise the range of complex sociological and social psychological processes at work, are likely to more effective than those that offer partial.
The beholder beheld: A study of social emotionality

The study reported in this paper is concerned with social emotions. These are defined as states which are experienced either exclusively or more intensively before a real or imagined audience. It is argued that when social emotions arise as a consequence of disrupting social rules, this is because the actor in question is aware of a discrepancy between his or her self-image, which is assumed to be neutral, and the image which he or she assumes to have conveyed to those who witness the incident, in a role-playing experiment, subjects were presented with four situations depicting disruptions of routine activity, two of which involved rule disruption. These situations were described from one of two perspectives (actor or observer) and set in one of two social contexts (public or private). Results confirmed the main predictions, which were (1) that in the case of rule disruptions, the emotionality attributed to the actor would be greater in public than in private; (2) that dispositional ratings of the actor would reveal a discrepancy between self image and public image, and that this discrepancy would covary with the actor's emotionality; and (3) that dispositional ratings of the actor would reveal a discrepancy between public image and subjective public image.