Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive network intrusion detection system using a hybrid approach

Any activity aimed at disrupting a service or making a resource unavailable or gaining unauthorized access can be termed as an intrusion. Examples include buffer overflow attacks, flooding attacks, system break-ins, etc. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) play a key role in detecting such malicious activities and enable administrators in securing network systems. Two key criteria should be met by an IDS for it to be effective: (i) ability to detect unknown attack types, (ii) having very less miss classification rate. In this paper we describe an adaptive network intrusion detection system, that uses a two stage architecture. In the first stage a probabilistic classifier is used to detect potential anomalies in the traffic. In the second stage a HMM based traffic model is used to narrow down the potential attack IP addresses. Various design choices that were made to make this system practical and difficulties faced in integrating with existing models are also described. We show that this system achieves good performance empirically.
Rapid Resistome Fingerprinting and Clonal Lineage Profiling of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates by Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing

ABSTRACT Thirty-two carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, representative of different resistance mechanisms and clonal lineages, were analyzed with the Pathogenica HAI BioDetection system, based on targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. With most strains, the system simultaneously yielded comprehensive information on relevant β-lactam resistance determinants and accurate discrimination of clonal lineages, in a shorter time frame and in a less labor-intensive manner than currently available methods for molecular epidemiology analysis. Results supported the usefulness of targeted NGS-based technologies for similar applications.
Hemispheric brainwave activity of violinists performing with music notation and without music notation

Music has been known to improve learning and cognition. The ways in which musicians think and perform have increasingly become subjects of interest to scientists particularly in light of advances in neuroscience research. This study examines the brainwave activity of a group of violinists as they perform. Using electroencephalography (EEG), the left and right brainwaves of the musicians were recorded when they played a piece of music by first reading the score and then without reading the score. Results indicate that playing with music notation enhances left brain activity while playing without music notation enhances right brain activity.
Effects of local grain misorientation and β-Sn elastic anisotropy on whisker and hillock formation–CORRIGENDUM

A whisker and hillock growth model based on local film microstructure, grain misorientation, and elastic strain energy density (ESED) as the driving force for growth was developed to predict preferred sites for growth. Local grain orientations and strains measured by synchrotron microdiffraction in nine regions containing whiskers or hillocks were compared with elastic finite element analysis simulations including Sn elastic anisotropy. Whisker and hillock grains were observed to have higher crystallographic misorientations with neighboring grains than generally observed in the microstructure. While elastic simulations predicted higher local out-of-plane elastic strains and ESEDs at those locations with high misorientations before growth, synchrotron measurements of out-of-plane strains of whisker and hillock grains after growth showed relaxation, with correspondingly low ESEDs calculated from measured strains. Hence, highly localized out-of-plane elastic strains and ESEDs of grains with high relative misorientations with their neighbors determined, at least in part, which grains became whiskers or hillocks.
Assessment of Mountainous Ecosystems In Central Asia by using Remote Sensing Based Vegetation Cover Fractions

Mountainous regions are especially vulnerable to climate and land use change. For a monitoring of subtle changes detailed and continuous land cover information is necessary. Therefore vegetation cover fractions are derived for the Naryn river catchment in Kyrgyzstan using a remote sensing multi-scale approach. First a very high resolution QuickBird image is classified into discrete classes using a hybrid approach. This result is aggregated to the spatial resolution of Landsat and used as training data for a random forest and Landsat data to derive sub-pixel fractions of woody vegetation, herbaceous vegetation and bare soil. These results are again spatially aggregated and training pixels are extracted to derive finally vegetation fractions for the whole river catchment using a random forest with moderate resolution MODIS data. The results have a RMSE between 8 and 17 and show that woody cover can be found mainly on northern slopes, while bare soils are predominant on southern
A methodology for quality assessment in tensor images

Since tensor usage has become more and more popular in image processing, the assessment of the quality between tensor images is necessary for the evaluation of the advanced processing algorithms that deal with this kind of data. In this paper, we expose the methodology that should be followed to extend well-known image quality measures to tensor data. Two of these measures based on structural comparison are adapted to tensor images and their performance is shown by a set of examples. By means of these experiments the advantages of structural based measures will be highlighted, as well as the need for considering all the tensor components in the quality assessment.
Assessment of the extent of unpublished studies in prognostic factor research: a systematic review of p53 immunohistochemistry in bladder cancer as an example

Objectives When study groups fail to publish their results, a subsequent systematic review may come to incorrect conclusions when combining information only from published studies. p53 expression measured by immunohistochemistry is a potential prognostic factor in bladder cancer. Although numerous studies have been conducted, its role is still under debate. The assumption that unpublished studies too harbour evidence on this research topic leads to the question about the attributable effect when adding this information and comparing it with published data. Thus, the aim was to identify published and unpublished studies and to explore their differences potentially affecting the conclusion on its function as a prognostic biomarker. Design Systematic review of published and unpublished studies assessing p53 in bladder cancer in Germany between 1993 and 2007. Results The systematic search revealed 16 studies of which 11 (69%) have been published and 5 (31%) have not. Key reason for not publishing the results was a loss of interest of the investigators. There were no obviously larger differences between published and unpublished studies. However, a meaningful meta-analysis was not possible mainly due to the poor (ie, incomplete) reporting of study results. Conclusions Within this well-defined population of studies, we could provide empirical evidence for the failure of study groups to publish their results that was mainly caused by loss of interest. This fact may be coresponsible for the role of p53 as a prognostic factor still being unclear. We consider p53 and the restriction to studies in Germany as a specific example, but the critical issues are probably similar for other prognostic factors and other countries.
Axonal activity in vivo: technical considerations and implications for the exploration of neural circuits in freely moving animals

While extracellular somatic action potentials from freely moving rats have been well characterized, axonal activity has not. We have recently reported extracellular tetrode recordings of short duration waveforms (SDWs) with an average peak-trough duration less than 172 μs. These waveforms have significantly shorter duration than somatic action potentials and tend to be triphasic. The present review discusses further data that suggests SDWs are representative of axonal activity, how this characterization allows for more accurate classification of somatic activity and could serve as a means of exploring signal integration in neural circuits. The review also discusses how axons may function as more than neural cables and the implications this may have for axonal information processing. While the technical challenges necessary for the exploration of axonal processes in functional neural circuits during behavior are impressive, preliminary evidence suggests that the in vivo study of axons is attainable. The resulting theoretical implications for systems level function make refinement of this approach a necessary goal toward developing a more complete understanding of the processes underlying learning, memory and attention as well as the pathological states underlying mental illness and epilepsy.
Tissue-Specific Activities of SARM-ASK1-MKK3 Signaling Coordinate Immunity and Behavior to Pathogenic and Nutritional Bacteria in C. elegans

Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Summary Microbes represent both an essential source of nutrition and a potential source of lethal infection to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Immunity in C. elegans requires a signaling module comprised of orthologs of the mammalian Toll-Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain protein SARM, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) ASK1, and MAPKK MKK3, which activates p38 MAPK. We determined that the SARM-ASK1-MKK3 module has dual tissue-specific roles in the C. elegans response to pathogens—in the cell autonomous regulation of innate immunity, and the neuroendocrine regulation of serotonin-dependent aversive behavior. SARM-ASK1-MKK3 signaling in the sensory nervous system also regulates egg-laying behavior that is dependent on bacteria provided as a nutrient source. Our data demonstrate that these physiological responses to bacteria share a common mechanism of signaling through the SARM-ASK1-MKK3 module and suggest the co-option of ancestral immune signaling pathways in the evolution of physiological responses to microbial pathogens and nutrients.
Efficient Divide-and-Conquer Classification Based on Parallel Feature-Space Decomposition for Distributed Systems

This paper presents a divide-and-conquer (DC) approach based on feature-space decomposition for classification. When large-scale data sets are present, typical approaches usually employed truncated kernel methods on the feature space or DC approaches on the sample space. However, this did not guarantee separability between classes, owing to overfitting. To overcome such problems, this paper proposes a novel DC approach on feature spaces consisting of three steps. First, we divide the feature space into several subspaces using the decomposition method proposed in this paper. Subsequently, these feature subspaces are sent into individual local classifiers for training. Finally, the outcome of local classifiers are fused together to generate the final classification results. We also propose a Cascade-TRBFKRR classifier to reweight training samples for data refinement. Experiments on large-scale data sets are carried out for performance evaluation. The results show that the error rates of the proposed DC method decreased compared with the state-of-the-art fast support vector machine solvers, e.g., reducing error rates by 10.53% and 7.53% on RCV1 and covtype data sets, respectively.
Computing Loops with at Most One External Support Rule

A consequence of a logic program under answer set semantics is one that is true for all answer sets. This article considers using loop formulas to compute some of these consequences in order to increase the efficiency of answer set solvers. Since computing loop formulas are in general intractable, we consider only loops with either no external support or at most one external support, as their loop formulas are either unit or binary clauses. We show that for disjunctive logic programs, loop formulas of loops with no external support can be computed in polynomial time, and that an iterative procedure using unit propagation on these formulas and the program completion computes the well-founded models in the case of normal logic programs and the least fixed point of a simplification operator used by DLV for disjunctive logic programs. For loops with at most one external support, their loop formulas can be computed in polynomial time for normal logic programs, but are NP-hard for disjunctive programs. So for normal logic programs, we have a procedure similar to the iterative one for loops without any external support, but for disjunctive logic programs, we present a polynomial approximation algorithm. All these algorithms have been implemented, and our experiments show that for certain logic programs, the consequences computed by our algorithms can significantly speed up current ASP solvers cmodels, clasp, and DLV.
Automatic Human Knee Cartilage Segmentation From 3-D Magnetic Resonance Images

This study aimed at developing a new automatic segmentation algorithm for human knee cartilage volume quantification from MRI. Imaging was performed using a 3T scanner and a knee coil, and the exam consisted of a double echo steady state (DESS) sequence, which contrasts cartilage and soft tissues including the synovial fluid. The algorithm was developed on MRI 3-D images in which the bone-cartilage interface for the femur and tibia was segmented by an independent segmentation process, giving a parametric surface of the interface. First, the MR images are resampled in the neighborhood of the bone surface. Second, by using texture-analysis techniques optimized by filtering, the cartilage is discriminated as a bright and homogeneous tissue. This process of excluding soft tissues enables the detection of the external boundary of the cartilage. Third, a technology based on a Bayesian decision criterion enables the automatic separation of the cartilage and synovial fluid. Finally, the cartilage volume and changes in volume for an individual between visits was assessed using the developed technology. Validation included first, for nine knee osteoarthritis patients, a comparison of the cartilage volume and changes over time between the developed automatic system and a validated semi-automatic cartilage volume system, and second, for five knee osteoarthritis patients, a test-retest procedure. Data revealed excellent Pearson correlations and Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) for the global knee (r = 0.96 , p <; 0.0001, and median DSC = 0.84), for the femur ( r = 0.95, p <; 0.0001, and median DSC = 0.85 ), and the tibia (r = 0.83, p <; 0.0001, and median DSC = 0.84). Very good similarity between the automatic and semi-automatic methods in regard to cartilage loss was also found for the global knee (r = 0.76 and p = 0.016) as well as for the femur (r = 0.79 and p = 0.011). The test-retest revealed an excellent measurement error of -0.3 ±1.6% for the global knee and 0.14 ±1.7% for the femur. In conclusion, the newly developed fully automatic method described herein provides accurate and precise quantification of knee cartilage volume and will be a valuable tool for clinical follow-up studies.
Some Puzzles of Predicate Possessives

Possessive constructions like John’s teacher, John’s team, John’s cat, friend of John’s offer an interesting test-bed for the argument-modifier distinction in NPs, both in English and cross-linguistically. Many, perhaps all, possessives seem to have some properties of arguments and some of modifiers, but some seem more argument-like and some more modifier-like. Recent proposals by Jensen and Vikner (1994), Vikner and Jensen (ms.1999), Partee and Borschev (1998), Borschev and Partee (1999a,b) analyze all possessives as argument-like, a conclusion we are no longer sure of. It is not easy to settle the question of whether there is a substantive difference between these two “roles” of possessives, and it may well be the case that all or many possessives play both roles at once. One central question about possessive constructions, then, is the following: Are all, some, or no possessives arguments of nouns, and if so, which ones (and how can we tell? ), and of what kind, and at what ‘level’ of analysis? Within this larger question, we discuss here a relevant narrower question: Do predicate possessives provide strong evidence against a unified treatment of all possessives as arguments?
Evaluation of Speech Recognition of Cochlear Implant Recipients Using Adaptive, Digital Remote Microphone Technology and a Speech Enhancement Sound Processing Algorithm.

BACKGROUND Cochlear implant recipients often experience difficulty with understanding speech in the presence of noise. Cochlear implant manufacturers have developed sound processing algorithms designed to improve speech recognition in noise, and research has shown these technologies to be effective. Remote microphone technology utilizing adaptive, digital wireless radio transmission has also been shown to provide significant improvement in speech recognition in noise. There are no studies examining the potential improvement in speech recognition in noise when these two technologies are used simultaneously. PURPOSE The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits and limitations associated with the simultaneous use of a sound processing algorithm designed to improve performance in noise (Advanced Bionics ClearVoice) and a remote microphone system that incorporates adaptive, digital wireless radio transmission (Phonak Roger). RESEARCH DESIGN A two-by-two way repeated measures design was used to examine performance differences obtained without these technologies compared to the use of each technology separately as well as the simultaneous use of both technologies. STUDY SAMPLE Eleven Advanced Bionics (AB) cochlear implant recipients, ages 11 to 68 yr. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS AzBio sentence recognition was measured in quiet and in the presence of classroom noise ranging in level from 50 to 80 dBA in 5-dB steps. Performance was evaluated in four conditions: (1) No ClearVoice and no Roger, (2) ClearVoice enabled without the use of Roger, (3) ClearVoice disabled with Roger enabled, and (4) simultaneous use of ClearVoice and Roger. RESULTS Speech recognition in quiet was better than speech recognition in noise for all conditions. Use of ClearVoice and Roger each provided significant improvement in speech recognition in noise. The best performance in noise was obtained with the simultaneous use of ClearVoice and Roger. CONCLUSIONS ClearVoice and Roger technology each improves speech recognition in noise, particularly when used at the same time. Because ClearVoice does not degrade performance in quiet settings, clinicians should consider recommending ClearVoice for routine, full-time use for AB implant recipients. Roger should be used in all instances in which remote microphone technology may assist the user in understanding speech in the presence of noise.
Nocodazole, a microtubule-active drug, interferes with apical protein delivery in cultured intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2)

The polarized delivery of membrane proteins to the cell surface and the initial secretion of lysosomal proteins into the culture medium were studied in the polarized human intestinal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco- 2 in the presence or absence of the microtubule-active drug nocodazole. The appearance of newly synthesized proteins at the plasma membrane was measured by their sensitivity to proteases added either to the apical or the basolateral surface of cells grown on nitrocellulose filters. Nocodazole was found to reduce the delivery to the cell surface of an apical membrane protein, aminopeptidase N, and to lead to its partial missorting to the basolateral surface, whereas the drug had no influence on the delivery of a basolateral 120-kD membrane protein defined by a monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, nocodazole selectively blocked the apical secretion of two lysosomal proteins, cathepsin D and acid alpha-glucosidase, whereas the drug had no influence on their basolateral secretion. These results suggest that in Caco-2 cells an intact microtubular network is important for the transport of newly synthesized proteins to the apical cell surface.
Testing goodness‐of‐fit for the proportional hazards model based on nested case–control data

Nested case–control sampling is a popular design for large epidemiological cohort studies due to its cost effectiveness. A number of methods have been developed for the estimation of the proportional hazards model with nested case–control data; however, the evaluation of modeling assumption is less attended. In this article, we propose a class of goodness‐of‐fit test statistics for testing the proportional hazards assumption based on nested case–control data. The test statistics are constructed based on asymptotically mean‐zero processes derived from Samuelsen's maximum pseudo‐likelihood estimation method. In addition, we develop an innovative resampling scheme to approximate the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics while accounting for the dependent sampling scheme of nested case–control design. Numerical studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposed approach, and an application to the Wilms' Tumor Study is given to illustrate the methodology.
Replantation after traumatic avulsion

The aim of this report is to present the case of an accidentally avulsed maxillary central incisor kept in saline solution from the moment of trauma until its replantation 3 h later in a 13-year-old girl. The avulsed tooth was replanted back into the alveolar socket and splinted with composite resin. Calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing was used to prevent inflammatory root resorption. Radiographic and clinical examinations were performed during 27 months follow-up. During the 15 months follow-up period, the tooth remained in a stable functional position and did not reveal replacement resorption. But mild infraocclusion and root resorption were developed 21 months after replantation. The amount of damage to tooth and supporting structures, emergency treatment and follow-up period play a role in the prognosis of the avulsed tooth. It can be recommended to keep the avulsed tooth in saline solution at least when more appropriate storage media are not on handle immediately.