Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parental Involvement in School: A Literature Review

Parents are actively involved in their children’s education at all ages, and school-based parental involvement programmes are in fashion in developed countries. Yet so far, economists have devoted little attention to determinants, levels and effects of parental involvement. This review is concerned with parental involvement for school-aged children. We comprehensively survey the economic literature on the topic, and selectively review theoretical and empirical studies outside economics. Studies on the spontaneous involvement of parents can answer questions on why parents become involved. On the other hand, recent local and national reforms can improve our understanding of the extent to which children’s success is influenced by what parents do. We use this distinction to organize the literature and underline the open questions in each field.
Effects of late‐night short‐sleep on in‐home polysomnography: relation to adult age and sex

Bedtime is frequently delayed by many factors in life, and a homeostatic response to the delay may compensate partly for increased time awake and shortened sleep. Because sleep becomes shorter with age and women complain of disturbed sleep more often than men, age and sex differences in the homeostatic response to a delayed bedtime may modify the homeostatic response. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of late‐night short‐sleep (3 h with awakening at about 07:00 hours) on in‐home recorded sleep in men and women in two age groups (20–30 and 65–75 years). Results (N = 59) showed that late‐night short‐sleep was associated with an increase in percentage of N3 sleep and a decrease in percentage of rapid eye movement sleep, as well as decreases in several measures of sleep discontinuity and rapid eye movement density. Men showed a smaller decrease in percentage of rapid eye movement sleep than women in response to late‐night short‐sleep, as did older individuals of both sexes compared with younger. Older men showed a weaker percentage of N3 sleep in response to late‐night short‐sleep than younger men. In general, men showed a greater percentage of rapid eye movement sleep and a lower percentage of N3 sleep than women, and older individuals showed a lower percentage of N3 sleep than younger. In particular, older men showed very low levels of percentage of N3 sleep. We conclude that older males show less of a homeostatic response to late‐night short‐sleep. This may be an indication of impaired capacity for recovery in older men. Future studies should investigate if this pattern can be linked to gender‐associated differences in morbidity and mortality.
Stability of a U.K. money demand equation: a Bayesian approach to testing exogeneity

The paper analyses an M3 demand for money equation for the United Kingdom. Attention is paid to the policy change that occurred in 1971 with the introduction of the measure known as Competition and Credit Control. Classical and Bayesian single equation instrumental variables procedures are developed to investigate the exogeneity of the short-term interest rate and the constancy of the parameters of the underlying relationships. The parameters of the short-term equation have changed as well as the exogeneity status of the interest rate variable but the parameters of the long-term equation appear to be less affected by the policy change.
The protection of meloxicam against chronic aluminium overload-induced liver injury in rats

The present study was designed to observe the protective effect and mechanisms of meloxicam on liver injury caused by chronic aluminium exposure in rats. The histopathology was detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The levels of prostaglandin E2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of cyclooxygenases-2, prostaglandin E2 receptors and protein kinase A were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our experimental results showed that aluminium overload significantly damaged the liver. Aluminium also significantly increased the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2, prostaglandin E2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A and the prostaglandin E2 receptors (EP1,2,4) and the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, while significantly decreased the EP3 expression in liver. The administration of meloxicam significantly improved the impairment of liver. The contents of prostaglandin E2 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were significantly decreased by administration of meloxicam. The administration of meloxicam also significantly decreased the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2 and protein kinase A and the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, while significantly increased the EP1,2,3,4 expressions in rat liver. Our results suggested that the imbalance of cyclooxygenases-2 and downstream prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway is involved in the injury of chronic aluminium-overload rat liver. The protective mechanism of meloxicam on aluminium-overload liver injury is attributed to reconstruct the balance of cyclooxygenases-2 and downstream prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway.
Inequality in the Lifetime Earnings of Women

Haworth, Charles T. , and Carol Jean Reuther, 'Industrial Concentration and Inter-industry Wage Determination," this REVIEW 60 (Feb. 1978), 85-95. Johnson, George E. "Economic Analysis of Trade Unionism,' American Economic Review 65 (May 1975), 23-28. Lester, Richard, "Pay Differentials by Size of Establishment,'' Indiuistrial Relaitionis 7 (Oct. 1967), 57-67. Lewis, H. Gregg, "Interpreting Unionism Coefficients in Wage Equations," mimeo, Duke University (Aug. 1980). Masters, Stanley H. , "Wages and Plant Size: An Interindustry Analysis," this REVIEW 51 (Aug. 1969), 341-345. Mellow, Wesley, "Unionism and Wages: A Longitudinal Analysis," this REVIEW 63 (Feb. 1981), 43-52. Miller, Edward M. , 'Size of Firm and Size of Plant," Soulther,i Econotnic Journal 44 (Apr. 1978), 861-872. Ohta, Makoto, and Zvi Griliches, "Automobile Prices Revisited: Extensions of the Hedonic Hypothesis," in Nestor E. Terleckyj (ed.), Houisehlold Production anid Conisumtiption1, Studies in Income and Wealth, No. 40, N BER (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975). Gi, Walter, "Heterogeneous Firms and the Organization of Production," mimeo, University of Rochester (Mar. 1981). Pugel, Thomas A. , "Profitability, Concentration and the Interindustry Variation in Wages," this REVIEW 62 (May 1980), 248-253. Rosen, Sherwin, *Trade Union Power, Threat Effects and the Extent of Organization," Reviei of Economic Studies 36 (Apr. 1969), 185-196. , ''Unionism and the Occupational Wage Structure in the United States,' Initernattionatil Economic Reviewi' 11 (June 1970), 269-286. Stigler, George J., "Information in the Labor Market," Joirt1i11 of Political Econoiny1 70 (Supplement, Oct. 1962), 94-105. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1972 Censuss of Manufjactures, Special Report Series (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973). , 1972 Enterprise Statistics (Pairt 1, Genieral Report oni I industriai l Or-gantiiza tioni) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Selectedl Earninigs anid DeInograph ic Characteristics ojl Uniioni Members, 1970, Report 417 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972). EmploN,ee Comnpenisati(otn in the Private Notijoairm Economv,, 1974, Bulletin 1963 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977). Weiss, Leonard, Concentration and Labor Earnings," Amnericanl Economic Review 56 (Mar. 1966), 96-117.
Vintage Human Capital, Growth, and the Diffusion of New Technology

We develop a model of vintage human capital in which each technology requires vintage-specific skills. We examine the properties of a stationary equilibrium for our economy. The stationary equilibrium is characterized by an endogenous distribution of skilled workers across vintages. The distribution is shown to be single-peaked. Under general conditions, there is a lag between the appearance of a technology and its peak usage, a phenomenon known as diffusion. An increase in the rate of exogenous technological change shifts the distribution of human capital to more recent vintages, thereby increasing the diffusion rate.
De‐concentration of Disadvantage and Mixed Income Housing: a Critical Discourse Approach

Despite differences in the history, form, and tenant populations, housing authorities in the UK, USA and Australia have embarked on similar redevelopment projects designed to address social exclusion by replacing areas of concentrated public housing with “mixed‐income” developments. Drawing on examples from Australia, this paper analyses the discourse which supports these redevelopment projects. Elements of the discursive strategy revealed include: the construction of public tenancy as a disadvantage in itself; the creation of particular research categories and objects (such as “estates”) based on selective use of statistics and scale; the generation of binary narratives concerning community life; and constrained forms of consultation and participation. The analysis demonstrates that while purporting to be an anti‐poverty measure, policy directed at de‐concentration of public housing and “mixed income” development forms part of a neo‐liberal agenda of housing reform and fails to address the demonstrated connections between housing and social disadvantage.
A Prospective Comparison of Cardiac Imaging Using Intracardiac Echocardiography With Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: The Intracardiac Echocardiography Guided Cardioversion Helps Interventional Procedures Study

Background—The Intracardiac Echocardiography Guided Cardioversion Helps Interventional Procedures study evaluated the concordance of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and Results—Patients with AF undergoing right heart catheterization underwent left atrium (LA) and interatrial septal (IAS) imaging by TEE and ICE. A blinded comparison of the 2 modalities was performed at a core laboratory. Ninety-five patients aged 58±12 years completed the study. The LA was profiled in all patients with both techniques, and concordance for image quality was 96%. LA appendage (LAA) imaging was achieved in 85% with ICE and 96% with TEE. There was no difference in the presence of spontaneous echo contrast between ICE and TEE during LA imaging, but there was a trend toward a greater incidence in the LAA with TEE (P=0.109). Intracardiac thrombus was uncommonly seen (TEE, 6.9%; ICE, 5.2%). The concordance for the presence or absence of thrombus was 97% in the LA and 92% in the LAA, but the latter was detected more frequently with TEE. IAS imaging was achieved in 91% with ICE and in 97% with TEE (P=0.177). Concordance for patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysms was 100% and 96%, respectively. A negative ICE examination was associated with absence of dense echo contrast or thrombus on TEE in 86%. Conclusions—This study provides validation for the use of ICE for LA and IAS imaging. ICE imaging was less sensitive compared to TEE for LAA thrombus identification. Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00281073.
Glucose and lipid metabolism in small for gestational age infants at 48 hours of age.

OBJECTIVE To study the consequences of low birth weight on glucose and lipid metabolism 48 hours after delivery. METHODS We studied 136 small for gestational age (SGA) and 34 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) term neonates who were born in Santiago, Chile. Prefeeding venous blood was obtained 48 hours after birth for determination of glucose, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxy butyrate, insulin, C-peptide, leptin, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and cortisol. RESULTS SGA newborns had lower glucose (SGA versus AGA, median [interquartile range]: 3.6 mmol/L [2.9-4.1 mmol/L] vs 3.9 mmol/L [3.6-4.6 mmol/L]) and insulin levels (31.3 pmol/L [20.8-47.9 pmol/L] vs 62.5 pmol/L [53.5-154.9]) than AGA infants, and they had higher glucose/insulin ratios (13.9 mg/dL/uIU/mL [8.6-19.1 mg/dL/uIU/mL] vs 8.2 mg/dL/uIU/mL [4.6-14.1 mg/dL/uIU/mL]). SGA infants also had higher levels of IGFBP-1 (5.1 nmol/L [4.4-6.7 nmol/L] vs 2.9 nmol/l [1.4-4.2 nmol/L]), free fatty acids (0.72 mEq/L [0.43-1.00 mEq/L] vs 0.33 mEq/L [0.26-0.54 mEq/L]) and beta-hydroxy butyrate (0.41 mEq/L [0.15-0.91 mEq/L] vs 0.09 mEq/L [0.05-0.13 mEq/L]). Sex-hormone binding globulin levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS In early postnatal life, SGA infants display an increased insulin sensitivity with respect to glucose disposal but not with respect to suppression of lipolysis, ketogenesis, and hepatic production of IGFBP-1. It will be important to determine how these differential sensitivities to insulin vary with increasing age.
Accepting Authoritative Decisions: Humans as Wary Cooperators

Why are people more willing to accept some governmental decisions than others? In this article, we present results from a series of original experiments showing that people's reactions to a given outcome are heavily influenced by the procedure employed to produce the outcome. We find that subjects react much less favorably when a decision maker intentionally keeps a large payoff, thereby leaving the subject with a small payoff, than when that same payoff results from a procedure based on chance or on desert. Moreover, subjects react less favorably to outcomes rendered by decision makers who want to be decision makers than they do to identical outcomes selected by reluctant decision makers. Our results are consistent with increasingly prominent theories of behavior emphasizing people's aversion to being played for a “sucker,” an attitude that makes perfect sense if people's main goal is not to acquire as many tangible goods as possible but to make sure they are a valued part of a viable group composed of cooperative individuals.
New Observations on the Correlation Between Hole-Trapping Transformation and SILC Generation Under NBTI Stressing

New observations on the correlation between the recoverable-to-permanent transformation of hole trapping and the generation of stress-induced leakage current (SILC) under negative-bias temperature stressing are presented. Both effects are shown to exhibit very similar temperature dependence, activation energies, and power-law time exponents. In addition, a corner temperature (~125 °C), which marks an increase in the activation energy from the high-to-low temperature regime, is revealed in both the trapped-hole transformation and the SILC generation, further highlighting the strongly correlated behaviors of the two effects. These findings corroborate an earlier hypothesis that both phenomena share a common degradation mechanism.
Biased Managers as Strategic Commitment

This paper analyzes a model in which owners of competing firms can hire biased managers for strategic reasons. We show that independent of the mode of competition, that is, price or quantities, owners hire aggressive managers. This result contrasts with the classic literature on strategic delegation. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the impact of treatment with individual antiretrovirals.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature on HIV mathematical models that evaluate the effect of antiretroviral treatment on mortality, morbidity, HIV and other key outcomes. The focus of our attention is models which explicitly model specific effects of individual antiretroviral drugs. RECENT FINDINGS The number of studies that use mathematical models to evaluate the impact of antiretroviral drugs as a treatment or prevention strategy is increasing.Many mathematical models are deterministic compartmental models, and do not have the level of detail of specific effects of individual drugs. However, models that include specific antiretroviral drugs have been increasingly employed to assess the cost-effectiveness of prevention interventions, to evaluate benefits and harms (toxicities, side-effects, resistance development) of different regimens and different intervention timing and to predict long-term outcomes of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that are not usually measured in the time frame of a trial. SUMMARY The number of models that consider specific antiretroviral drugs, with their own peculiarities, is limited. This factor is particularly the case for dynamic individual-based stochastic models. In order to address some research questions it is necessary to accurately take into consideration implications of toxicities, side-effects, and resistance acquisition, and hence to model specific drugs or at least specific drug classes.
Reduction and maintenance of overabundance. A case study on Italian verb paradigms

Overabundance occurs when two or more forms are available to realize the same cell in an inflectional paradigm, as in It. devo/debbo ‘must.1sg. prs.ind’. Such multiple forms, called cell-mates, abound in Italian. This paper presents a case study of the diachronic evolution of the cell-mates realizing the 1sg and 3pl cells of the Present Indicative of the verbs dovere ‘must’, vedere ‘see’, chiedere ‘ask’, sedere ‘sit’, possedere ‘possess’. Analysis of corpora of Italian texts dating from the 13th to the 20th century shows that some cases of overabundance were reduced over time, while others have been maintained till the present. This paper explores the factors responsible for these different outcomes. Previous observations that overabundance tends to be better preserved in low-frequency items and in forms learned relatively late appear confirmed by the Italian data; in addition, conscious normative interventions have been found to play a great role in the Italian situation. In conclusion, this study shows t.
Social Movement Studies for East Central Europe? The Challenge of a Time-Space Bias on Postwar Western Societies

The paper claims that through its genealogy, Social Movement Studies (SMS) as a discipline incorporated a time-space bias on postwar Western affluent societies which defined the way it conceived of movements and their socio-institutional contexts. Two interrelated effects of that bias were the assumption that material claims belong to the past, and a focus on short-term contextual factors in movement dynamics. As a new wave of movements after 2008 raise material claims in Western contexts again, earlier frameworks of SMS are being transformed so as to capture the relationship of movements to long-term structural processes. However, a newly forming consensus that links new movements to the “crisis of democratic capitalism” seems to maintain the bias on Western experience. East Central European (ECE) countries, where austerity and democratization came hand in hand after 1990, hardly fit that picture. The paper asks whether new transformations within SMS, and an increased attention toward ECE movements due to their new proliferation provides a possibility for comparative perspectives beyond the time-space bias. It identifies a tendency in SMS of post-socialism to translate the time-space bias of SMS frameworks into a normative framework of development toward Western models (or lack thereof), which worked to obscure the long-term history of movements in ECE, as well as forms of popular politics and state-society relations different from Western models. The paper proposes a world-systems approach to the task of comparative understanding of movements in different contexts, and illustrates its possible gains through the conceptualization of new middle class movements in ECE.
Long-term consequences of Kawasaki disease. A 10- to 21-year follow-up study of 594 patients.

BACKGROUND The long-term consequences of the cardiovascular sequelae in Kawasaki disease remain uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 594 consecutive children with acute Kawasaki disease between 1973 and 1983, and this cohort was followed up for 10 to 21 years (mean, 13.6 years). In all patients, we evaluated coronary lesions by coronary angiography just after the acute stage. One hundred and forty-six patients (24.6%) were diagnosed as having coronary aneurysms. A second angiogram was performed 1 to 2 years later in all 146 patients who previously had coronary aneurysms, which demonstrated that 72 (49.3%) of these 146 had regression in the coronary aneurysm. A third angiogram was performed for 62 patients, a fourth for 29, and a fifth for 17. By 10 to 21 years after the onset of the illness, stenosis in the coronary aneurysm had developed in 28 patients. Myocardial infarction occurred in 11 patients, 5 of whom died. In the 26 patients with giant coronary aneurysms, stenotic lesions developed in 12, and no regression occurred. The 448 patients with normal findings at the first angiogram subsequently never developed any abnormal cardiac findings. Systemic artery aneurysms developed in 13 patients (2.2%), and valvular heart disease appeared in 7 (1.2%). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of coronary aneurysm in acute Kawasaki disease was 25%, 55% of which showed regression. During follow-up, ischemic heart disease developed in 4.7% and myocardial infarction in 1.9%. Death occurred in 0.8%.
Measuring Financial Contagion by Local Gaussian Correlation

This paper examines financial contagion, that is, whether the cross-market linkages in financial markets increases after a shock to a country. We introduce the use of a new measure of local dependence (introduced by Hufthammer and Tjostheim (2009)) to study the contagion effect. The central idea of the new approach is to approximate an arbitrary bivariate return distribution by a family of Gaussian bivariate distributions. At each point of the return distribution there is a Gaussian distribution that gives a good approximation at that point. The correlation of the approximating Gaussian distribution is taken as the local correlation in that neighbourhood. By examining the local Gaussian correlation before the shock (in a stable period) and after the shock (in the crisis period), we are able to test whether contagion has occurred by a proposed bootstrap testing procedure. Examining the Mexican crisis of 1994, the Asian crisis of 1997-1998 and the financial crisis of 2007-2009, we find some evidence of contagion based on our new procedure.
HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa: The Costs of Inaction

This book reviews the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) situation in the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean (MENA/EM) region, and is intended to stimulate discussion and promote dialogue among the region's policy and decisionmakers. It seeks to provide a framework for multisectoral strategic action to reduce behaviors that risk spreading HIV, to care for and support those who become infected, and to diminish vulnerability among specific segments of society. Although most evidence suggests that overall HIV prevalence is low in the region, greater investments in improved surveillance, and care needed now-to maintain low prevalence levels and preserve the focus on national and regional development goals.