Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pressure Raman effects and internal stress in network glasses

Raman scattering from binary ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ glasses under hydrostatic pressure shows onset of a steady increase in the frequency of modes of corner-sharing $\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$ tetrahedral units when the external pressure $P$ exceeds a threshold value ${P}_{c}$. The threshold pressure ${P}_{c}(x)$ decreases with $x$ in the $0.15lxl0. 20$ range, nearly vanishes in the $0.20lxl0. 25$ range, and then increases in the $0.25lxl1∕3$ range. These ${P}_{c}(x)$ trends closely track those in the nonreversing enthalpy, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{\mathit{nr}}(x)$, near glass transitions $({T}_{g}s)$, and in particular, both $\ensuremath{\Delta}{H}_{\mathit{nr}}(x)$ and ${{P}_{c}}_{(x)}$ vanish in the reversibility window $(0.20lxl0.25)$. It is suggested that ${P}_{c}$ provides a measure of stress at the Raman-active units, and its vanishing in the reversibility window suggests that these units are part of an isostatically rigid backbone. Isostaticity also accounts for the nonaging behavior of glasses observed in the reversibility window.
Neural Network NARMA Control of a Gyroscopic Inverted Pendulum

The objective herein is to demonstrate the feasibility of a real-time digital control of an in verted pendulum for modeling and control, with emphasis on nonlinear auto regressive moving average based neural network (NARMA). The plant of interest is a novel Gyroscopic Inverted Pendulum (GIP) device that is nonlinear and open-loop unstable. The GIP balances a pendulum on its free knife-edge base using a flywhe el driven by DC motor fixated on the top. In this application, an indirect data-based technique is ta ken, where a model of the plant is identified on the bas is of input-output data and then used in the model-based design of a NARMA controller. The plant under digital PID control with I-adaptation provides initial stab ility at the beginning of a single layer NARMA neural network training. NARMA models of increasing complexity are used successively to generate input-output data for the training of multilayered NARMA models. In using a NARMA neural network the control laws are nonlinear and online adaptation of the model is possible to c apture un-modeled or time-varying dynamics. Such an environment provides for experimentation, data collection, system identification and real time con trol strategy implementation.
On Compressive Sensing in Coding Problems: A Rigorous Approach

We take an information theoretic perspective on a classical sparse-sampling noisy linear model and present an analytical expression for the mutual information, which plays a central role in a variety of communications/signal processing problems. Such an expression was addressed previously by bounds, by simulations, and by the (nonrigorous) replica method. The expression of the mutual information is based on techniques used, addressing the minimum mean square error analysis. Using these expressions, we study specifically a variety of sparse linear communication models, which include coding in various settings, accounting also for multiple access channels, broadcast channels, and different wiretap problems. For those, we provide single-letter expressions and derive achievable rates, capturing the communications/signal processing features of these contemporary models.
Influence of UV radiation from a massive YSO on the chemistry of its envelope

We have studied the influence of far ultraviolet (UV) radiation (6 < h ν< 13.6 eV) from a massive young stellar object (YSO) on the chemistry of its own envelope by extending the models of Doty et al. (2002) to include a central source of UV radiation. The models are applied to the massive star-forming region AFGL 2591 for different inner UV field strengths. Depth-dependent abundance profiles for several molecules are presented and discussed. We predict enhanced column densities for more than 30 species, especially radicals and ions. Comparison between observations and models is improved with a moderate UV field incident on the inner envelope, corresponding to an enhancement factor G0 ≈ 10-100 at 200 AU from the star with an optical depth τ ≈ 15-17. The chemical networks of various species are explored. Subtle differences are found compared with traditional models of Photon Dominated Regions (PDRs) because of the higher temperatures and higher gas- phase H2O abundance caused by evaporation of ices in the inner region. In particular, the CN/HCN ratio is not a sensitive tracer of the inner UV field, in contrast with the situation for normal PDRs: for low UV fields, the extra CN reacts with H2 in the inner dense and warm region and produces more HCN. It is found that the CH + abundance is strongly enhanced and grows steadily with increasing UV field. In addition, the ratio CH + /CH is increased by a factor of 10 3 -10 5 depending on the inner UV flux. High-J lines of molecules like CN and HCN are most sensitive to the inner dense region where UV radiation plays a role. Thus, even though the total column density affected by UV photons is small, comparison of high-J and low-J lines can selectively trace and distinguish the inner UV field from the outer one. In addition, future Herschel-HIFI observations of hydrides can sensitively probe the inner UV field.
The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society

1. A long forgotten civilization 2. Geographical and environmental settings 3. From foraging to farming and pastoralism 4. An expanded world of peer polities 5. Urbanism and states: cities, regions and edge zones 6. Agrarian and craft producing economies - intensification and specialization 7. Agrarian and craft producing economies - diversification, organization of production, and exchange 8. The lure of distant lands 9. Landscapes of order and difference - the cultural construction of space, place and material access 10. The final days of urbanism and the Indus civilization: decline, transition and transformation.
THE FLUCTUATION SPECTRA AROUND A GAUSSIAN CLASSICAL SOLUTION OF A TENSOR MODEL AND THE GENERAL RELATIVITY

Tensor models can be interpreted as theory of dynamical fuzzy spaces. In this paper, I study numerically the fluctuation spectra around a Gaussian classical solution of a tensor model, which represents a fuzzy flat space in arbitrary dimensions. It is found that the momentum distribution of the low-lying low-momentum spectra is in agreement with that of the metric tensor modulo the general coordinate transformation in the general relativity at least in the dimensions studied numerically, i.e. one to four dimensions. This result suggests that the effective field theory around the solution is described in a similar manner as the general relativity.
Mineralogy of the Martian interior up to core‐mantle boundary pressures

In order to determine the mineralogy of the Martian interior along a high-temperature areotherm, multianvil experiments have been performed with a model Martian mantle composition up to 23.5 GPa. The Dreibus and Wanke [19851 Martian mantle composition yields an upper mantle that consists of olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + garnet at pressures up to 9 GPa. Above 9 GPa, orthopyroxene is no longer present. The transition zone is marked by the appearance of γ spinel at 13.5 GPa. Up to 15 GPa, clinopyroxene and majorite coexists with β phase and/or γ spinel. By 17 GPa, clinopyroxene is entirely replaced by majorite and the modal abundance of γ spinel increases at the expense of β phase. The dominant assemblage throughout most of the transition zone is γ spinel + majorite. Two experiments completed in the perovskite stability field indicate that the lower mantle consists of Mg-Fe silicate-perovskite, magnesiowustite, and majorite. CaSiO 3 -perovskite is not present in these experiments. Both the presence of a Martian lower mantle, i.e., an Mg-Fe silicate-perovskite bearing zone, and the phase assemblage stable in the Martian lower mantle are very sensitive to the temperature profile of the interior. A low-temperature profile may stabilize stishovite in the lower mantle or it may lead to the absence of the lower mantle because of the higher transition pressure required for forming perovskite at lower temperatures. Regardless of the temperature profile assumed, the Martian upper mantle and transition zone will account for a larger proportion of the planet's interior than is the case for the Earth's interior because of the smaller size of Mars.
Vertical movement in orogenic belts and the timing of metamorphism relative to deformation

Summary Any phase of deformation in an orogenic belt that causes relative vertical movements of bodies of rock by a few kilometres or more should have a recognizable imprint in the metamorphic history. The effect seen in a P-T-t path will depend on whether the rock body examined moved relatively up or down in the orogenic pile. An upthrown block is predicted to cool soon after the onset of movement, but the resulting P-T path will be insignificantly different to that resulting from a cycle of thickening and erosion. A downthrown block will undergo renewed heating after movement, and evidence of the earlier metamorphic history will probably be overprinted. It is suggested that the recognition of phases of relative vertical movement in an orogenic belt is best made by combined studies of deformation-metamorphism textural relationships, and P-T-t paths. The Lukmanier Pass area of the Alps illustrates the textural patterns predicted: here, a phase of deformation immediately post-dates the metamorphic peak, suggesting uplift of the area relative to the Helvetic nappes to the north.
Region Based Local Binarization Approach for Handwritten Ancient Documents

Due to the fact that historical handwritten documents present many degradations, pre-processing of such documents is considered as a big challenge. Most pre-processing methods and specifically binarization return better results when they are applied on printed documents. We present in this paper a binarization approach adaptive for handwritten historical documents based on extraction of regions-of-interest. During our tests several images datasets are used, the benchmarking datasets for binarization DIBCO 2009 and H-DIBCO 2010 (15 images) as well as complete handwritten documents from the IAM historical database (about 60 images). The evaluation of the proposed binarization method is based on several evaluation metrics for binarization. The results show that the proposed method fit with handwritten historical documents (FM about 88%) for images of the binarization competitions.
Role of the Clinical Mycobacteriology Laboratory in Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis in Low-Prevalence Settings

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global epidemic, despite a significant decline in reported cases in the United States between 2008 and 2009. While the exact nature of this decline is unclear, one thing remains certain: TB, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB, is no longer restricted to developing regions of the globe. It is of vital importance that both public and private mycobacteriology laboratories maintain the ability to detect and identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patient specimens, as well as correctly determine the presence of antibiotic resistance. To do this effectively requires careful attention to preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical aspects of testing. Respiratory specimens require digestion and concentration followed by fluorescence microscopy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the performance of a direct nucleic acid amplification method, regardless of smear results, on specimens from patients in whom the suspicion of tuberculosis is high. Liquid-based technologies are more rapid and sensitive for the detection of M. tuberculosis in culture and nucleic acid probes, but biochemicals are preferred for identification once growth is detected. Susceptibility testing is most often done using either the agar proportion method or a commercial broth system. New genotypic and phenotypic methods of susceptibility testing include first- and second-line agents and are promising, though not yet widely available. Finally, gamma interferon release assays are preferred to the tuberculin skin test for screening certain at-risk populations, and new CDC guidelines are available that assist clinicians in their use.
Low Fertility of The English-speaking Countries

1. Setting the Issues Most Western Developed Countries (WDCs) have low levels of fertility, in fact generally below replacement, an issue already raising concerns in the 1980s (Bourgeois-Pichat 1987; Preston 1987). The occurrence of low fertility is not, however, an entirely new phenomenon as some countries (eg New Zealand, NZ) fell marginally below replacement for one or two years during the 1930s depression. But it is its magnitude, intensity and duration that sets apart the present episode: “Never before in recorded history.has fertility been so low for whole societies as it is now in the industrialised world” (Davis 1987: 48). At the same time levels have converged across the WDCs: at the peak of the baby-boom (1955-60) over 17 WDCs, including the six English–speaking countries (ESCs) , Total Fertility Rates (TFR) varied across a range of 1.74 births per woman (4.07 –2.23), if Japan is excluded, and 1.90 (4.07 – 2.08) if Japan is included. By 1990-95, this had dropped to only 0.79 (2.06 – 1.27). Thus any research looking at the causes and consequences of differences in fertility among low fertility countries starts with a major handicap – the relative lack of variance between groupings of low fertility countries.
Ensemble Probabilistic Forecasts of a Tornadic Mesoscale Convective System from Ensemble Kalman Filter Analyses using WSR-88D and CASA Radar Data

AbstractThis study examines the ability of a storm-scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model to predict precipitation and mesovortices within a tornadic mesoscale convective system that occurred over Oklahoma on 8–9 May 2007, when the model is initialized from ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) analyses including data from four Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) X-band and five Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) S-band radars. Ensemble forecasts are performed and probabilistic forecast products generated, focusing on prediction of radar reflectivity (a proxy of quantitative precipitation) and mesovortices (an indication of tornado potential). Assimilating data from both the CASA and WSR-88D radars for the ensemble and using a mixed-microphysics ensemble during data assimilation produces the best probabilistic mesovortex forecast. The use of multiple microphysics schemes within the ensemble aims to address at least partially the model physi.
Effects of Feeding Marula [Sclerocarya birrea (L.)] Seed Cake on Milk Yield and Composition for Lactating Dairy Cows

Aim: To investigate the effect on milk yield and composition of feeding Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed cake as a protein source to lactating dairy cows. Study Design: Nine multiparous Friesian dairy cows in mid-lactation were assigned to a 3 x 3 Latin square design (three replicate). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, University of Swaziland, between September 2014 and December 2014 (90 days). Methodology: The treatments were as follows: Control diet (CD) containing 100% CP from SBM; Marula seed meal (MSM) diet containing 100% crude protein (CP) from Marula seed cake (MSC); and soya bean meal (SBM) + Marula seed cake (SBM+MSC) diet containing 50% CP from MSC and 50% from SBM, and. Milking was done twice daily and the milk yield was recorded. Milk samples were stored at -18°C pending chemical analysis. Original Research Article Mdziniso et al.; BJAST, 18(1): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BJAST. 29682 2 Results: The results of substituting SBM with MSC indicated no significant (P = .05) differences in dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and composition among the diets. Milk yield was 19.5 litres per day across the diets. Milk protein ranged from 3.16% (CD) to 3.29% (SBM+MSC) while milk fat ranged from 3.23% (CD) to 3.73% (MSM). Conclusion: The study shows that dairy cattle diets can be formulated using MSC as a protein source while maintaining or increasing dry matter intake, milk yield and composition of dairy cows. It indicates that MSC, which is a by-product in oil extraction companies, is a valuable protein feed resource that holds profitable potential in animal production.
A meta‐analysis of chromosome 18 linkage data for bipolar illness

We find a meta‐data set (715 families, up to 1,124 sib pairs) for bipolar illness to have a strong signal in a 10 cM region around D18S40, and excess paternal sharing on the q arm near marker D18S64. We describe a method for meta‐analysis of microsatellite marker data using affected sib‐pair (ASP) methodology. Inherent difficulties in such analysis include heterogeneity of allele frequencies and protocol design, measurement errors in genotyping, and map construction. Using identity‐by‐descent (IBD) allele sharing as the dependent variable, a logistic regression to test for heterogeneity finds only mild heterogeneity, and a limited parent‐of‐origin effect. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
History of Major Degradational Events in the Ancient Highlands of Mars: Preliminary Results From Crater Depth and Diameter Measurements

Introduction: In an effort to gain insight into the degradational history of the highlands of Mars, we have measured ther depth (d) and diameter (D) for 1665 craters in the diameter range 6 km to over 100 km using the technique developed by Mouginis-Mark et al, [1] applied to the 128 degree MOLA digital elevation model. We selected 14 test locations (Figure 1) (10 test areas in Noachian-age regions: Meridiani, Margaritifer, Memnonia, Ma’adin, Promethei, Thyles, S. Argyre, Sirenum, Tempe, and Dueteronilus regions and 4 test areas are in Hesperian-age regions: Sinai, Hesperia, Lunae Planum, Amphitrites regions)
Randomization helps to perform independent tasks reliably

This paper is about algorithms that schedule tasks to be performed in a distributed failure‐prone environment, when processors communicate by message‐passing, and when tasks are independent and of unit length. The processors work under synchrony and may fail by crashing. Failure patterns are imposed by adversaries. Linearly‐bounded adversaries may fail up to a constant fraction of the processors. Weakly‐adaptive adversaries have to select, prior to the start of an execution, a subset of processors to be failure‐prone, and then may fail only the selected processors, at arbitrary steps, in the course of the execution. Strongly adaptive adversaries have a total number of failures as the only restriction on failure patterns. The measures of complexity are work, measured as the available processor steps, and communication, measured as the number of point‐to‐point messages. A randomized algorithm is developed, that attains both 𝒪(n log*n) expected work and 𝒪(n log*n) expected communication, against weakly‐adaptive linearly‐bounded adversaries, in the case when the numbers of tasks and processors are both equal to n. This is in contrast with performance of algorithms against strongly‐adaptive linearly‐bounded adversaries, which has to be Ω(n log n/log log n) in terms of work. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 2004
Antiapoptotic Effects of EGb 761

Ginkgo biloba extracts have long been used in Chinese traditional medicine for hundreds of years. The most significant extract obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves has been EGb 761, a widely used phytopharmaceutical product in Europe. EGb 761 is a well-defined mixture of active compounds, which contains two main active substances: flavonoid glycosides (24–26%) and terpene lactones (6–8%). These compounds have shown antiapoptotic effects through the protection of mitochondrial membrane integrity, inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release, enhancement of antiapoptotic protein transcription, and reduction of caspase transcription and DNA fragmentation. Other effects include the reduction of oxidative stress (which has been related to the occurrence of vascular, degenerative, and proliferative diseases), coupled to strong induction of phase II-detoxifying and cellular defense enzymes by Nrf2/ARE activation, in addition to the modulation of transcription factors, such as CREB, HIF-1α, NF-κB, AP-1, and p53, involved in the apoptosis process. This work reviews experimental results about the antiapoptotic effects induced by the standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb 761).
Designing Interactive Graphics for Validating and Interpreting Storm Track Model Outputs

We report on some initial work in which we designed interactive graphics to help climate scientists identify and extract good examples of simulated storm-tracks from a large dataset to help disseminate information to various audiences. A side-effect of this work was that the exploratory potential offered by the interactive graphics helped our climate scientist coauthors validate and interpret their data in a way that was not previously possible for them. We are extending this work to provide support for a wider range of validation and interpretative tasks, with a focus on answering questions of relevance to the insurance industry. We describe our collaborative approach, that draws on ideas from ’patchwork prototyping’ [2, 5] in which a rapid iterative process of design, implementation and testing, is used to help provide the functionality to support a set of ‘user stories’.
VERTICAL VIBRATION AND ADDITIONAL DISTRESS OF GROUPED PILES IN LAYERED SOIL

Analytical solutions are developed for calculating the harmonic steady-state axial stiffness, damping, and internal forces of pile groups embedded in multi-layered soil. Pile-soil interaction is represented through a dynamic Winkler model, with frequency-dependent spring and dashpot moduli. Pile-to-pile interaction is taken into account analytically by considering the wave field originating along an oscillating ("source") pile and the diffraction of this field by an adjacent ("receiver") pile. In the case of uniform and two-layer soil profiles, closed-form expressions are derived for both pile impedances and dynamic interaction factors between piles. A solution is finally presented for the additional axial forces developed in piles due to pile-to-pile interaction. The predictions of the model compare well with results of earlier studies, while its simplicity offers a versatile alternative to complicated numerical solutions.