Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and experimental evaluation of multi-user beamforming in wireless LANs

Multi-User MIMO promises to increase the spectral efficiency of next generation wireless systems and is currently being incorporated in future industry standards. Although a significant amount of research has focused on theoretical capacity analysis, little is known about the performance of such systems in practice. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the first multi-user beamforming system and experimental framework for wireless LANs. Using extensive measurements in an indoor environment, we evaluate the impact of receiver separation distance, outdated channel information due to mobility and environmental variation, and the potential for increasing spatial reuse. For the measured indoor environment, our results reveal that two receivers achieve close to maximum performance with a minimum separation distance of a quarter of a wavelength. We also show that the required channel information update rate is dependent on environmental variation and user mobility as well as a per-link SNR requirement. Assuming that a link can tolerate an SNR decrease of 3 dB, the required channel update rate is equal to 100 and 10 ms for non-mobile receivers and mobile receivers with a pedestrian speed of 3 mph respectively. Our results also show that spatial reuse can be increased by efficiently eliminating interference at any desired location; however, this may come at the expense of a significant drop in the quality of the served users.
Beyond transcriptional silencing: Is methylcytosine a widely conserved eukaryotic DNA elimination mechanism?

Methylation of cytosine DNA residues is a well‐studied epigenetic modification with important roles in formation of heterochromatic regions of the genome, and also in tissue‐specific repression of transcription. However, we recently found that the ciliate Oxytricha uses methylcytosine in a novel DNA elimination pathway important for programmed genome restructuring. Remarkably, mounting evidence suggests that methylcytosine can play a dual role in ciliates, repressing gene expression during some life‐stages and directing DNA elimination in others. In this essay, I describe these recent advances in the DNA methylation field and discuss whether this unexpected novel role for methylcytosine in DNA elimination might be more widely conserved in eukaryotic biology, particularly in apoptotic pathways.
Multidimensional Disaggregation of Land Surface Temperature Using High-Resolution Red, Near-Infrared, Shortwave-Infrared, and Microwave-L Bands

Land surface temperature data are rarely available at high temporal and spatial resolutions at the same locations. To fill this gap, the low spatial resolution data can be disaggregated at high temporal frequency using empirical relationships between remotely sensed temperature and fractional green (photosynthetically active) and senescent vegetation covers. In this paper, a new disaggregation methodology is developed by physically linking remotely sensed surface temperature to fractional green and senescent vegetation covers using a radiative transfer equation. Moreover, the methodology is implemented with two additional factors related to the energy budget of irrigated areas, being the fraction of open water and soil evaporative efficiency (ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation). The approach is tested over a 5 km by 32 km irrigated agricultural area in Australia using airborne Polarimetric L-band Multibeam Radiometer brightness temperature and spaceborne Advanced Scanning Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) multispectral data. Fractional green vegetation cover, fractional senescent vegetation cover, fractional open water, and soil evaporative efficiency are derived from red, near-infrared, shortwave-infrared, and microwave-L band data. Low-resolution land surface temperature is simulated by aggregating ASTER land surface temperature to 1-km resolution, and the disaggregated temperature is verified against the high-resolution ASTER temperature data initially used in the aggregation process. The error in disaggregated temperature is successively reduced from 1.65°C to 1.16°C by including each of the four parameters. The correlation coefficient and slope between the disaggregated and ASTER temperatures are improved from 0.79 to 0.89 and from 0.63 to 0.88, respectively. Moreover, the radiative transfer equation allows quantification of the impact on disaggregation of the temperature at high resolution for each parameter: fractional green vegetation cover is responsible for 42% of the variability in disaggregated temperature, fractional senescent vegetation cover for 11%, fractional open water for 20%, and soil evaporative efficiency for 27%.
Probing the Interaction of Human Serum Albumin with Norfloxacin in the Presence of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Circular Dichroism Investigations

The present study describes an investigation by fluorescence quenching, circular dichroism and UV-visible spectroscopy of the interaction between norfloxacin (NRF) and human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). The results obtained from this study indicated that NRF had a strong ability to quench HSA at λex = 280 nm. In addition, a slight blue shift occurred, which suggested that the microenvironment of the protein became more hydrophobic after addition of NRF. The interaction between the NRF and HSA, whether in the absence or presence of an EMF, was considered to be a static quenching mechanism. Moreover, synchronous fluorescence demonstrated that the microenvironment around Trp became modified. Data of HSA-NRF in the presence of EMFs between 1 Hz–1 MHz confirmed the results of quenching and blue shifts. Corresponding Stern-Volmer plots were also drawn and the resultant Ksv and kq values were compared. Moreover, the binding parameters, including the number of binding sites, the binding constant and the distance, r, between donor and acceptor, were calculated based on Förster’s non-radiative energy transfer theory. According to far and near UV-CD, the formation of the complex caused changes of the secondary and tertiary structures of HSA. The obtained results are significant for patients who are subjected to high-frequency radiation as this was found to reduce the affinity of NRF to HSA.
Theoretical Bounds and System Design for Multipinhole SPECT

The pinhole camera in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has an inherent trade-off between resolution and sensitivity. Recent systems overcome this to some extent by utilizing multiple pinholes distributed around the imaging object. The present work is a theoretical study on how to optimally construct such systems. We use an analytic model to analyze the multipinhole SPECT geometry and identify the underlying trade-offs. One of the results is the derivation of the upper bound for the sensitivity, given the geometric resolution and field-of-view (FOV). Reaching this bound requires an infinitely large detector. However, a sensitivity very close to the upper bound can be achieved by a system with realistic proportions. We show that it is usually possible to get a sensitivity that is 95%-99% of the upper bound. Further analysis reveals a trade-off between sensitivity, magnification, and the number of pinholes. Based on this new theory, we develop a strategy for multipinhole SPECT design, from which a number of example systems are computed. Penetration in the pinhole knife edge is accounted for by using the resolution and sensitivity equivalent apertures.
The cell biology of mammalian fertilization

Fertilization is the process by which eggs and spermatozoa interact, achieve mutual recognition, and fuse to create a zygote, which then develops to form a new individual, thus allowing for the continuity of a species. Despite numerous studies on mammalian fertilization, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the fertilization event remain largely unknown. However, as I summarize here, recent work using both gene-manipulated animals and in vitro studies has begun to elucidate essential sperm and egg molecules and to establish predictive models of successful fertilization.
Lower Bounds on the Capacity Regions of the Relay Channel and the Cooperative Relay-Broadcast Channel with Non-Causal Side Information.

In this work, coding for the relay channel (RC) and the cooperative relay broadcast channel (RBC) controlled by random parameters are studied. In the first channel, the RC, information is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver through a multiplicity of nodes which all "simply" act as relays. In the second channel, the cooperative RBC, each intermediate node also acts as a receiver, i.e., it decodes a "private message". For each of these two channels, we consider the situation when side information (SI) Sn on the random parameters is non- causally provided to the transmitter and all the intermediate nodes but not the final receiver, and derive an achievable rate region based on the relays using the decode-and-forward scheme. In the special case when the channels are degraded Gaussian and the side information (SI) is additive i.i. d. Gaussian, we show that 1) the rate regions are tight and provide the corresponding capacity regions and 2) the state Sn does not affect these capacity regions, even though the final receiver has no knowledge of the state. For the degraded Gaussian RC, the results in this paper can be seen as an extension of those by Kim et al. to the case of more than one relay.
Minimum energy mobile wireless networks

We describe a distributed position-based network protocol optimized for minimum energy consumption in mobile wireless networks that support peer-to-peer communications. Given any number of randomly deployed nodes over an area, we show that a simple local optimization scheme executed at each node guarantees strong connectivity of the entire network and attains the global minimum energy solution for the stationary case. Due to its localized nature, this protocol proves to be self-reconfiguring and stays close to the minimum energy solution when applied to the case of mobile nodes. Our simulations verify its performance.
Compensatory Roles of Foxa1 and Foxa2 during Lung Morphogenesis*

Foxa1 and Foxa2 are closely related family members of the Foxa group of transcription factors that are coexpressed in subsets of respiratory epithelial cells throughout lung morphogenesis. Shared patterns of expression, conservation of DNA binding, and transcriptional activation domains indicate that they may serve complementary functions in the regulation of gene expression during lung morphogenesis. Whereas branching morphogenesis of the fetal lung occurs normally in the Foxa2Δ/Δ and Foxa1–/– mice, deletion of both Foxa1 and Foxa2 (in Foxa2Δ/Δ, Foxa1–/– mice) inhibited cell proliferation, epithelial cell differentiation, and branching. Dilation of terminal lung tubules and decreased branching were observed as early as embryonic day 12.5. Foxa1 and Foxa2 regulated Shh (sonic hedgehog) and Shh-dependent genes in the respiratory epithelial cells that influenced the expression of genes in the pulmonary mesenchyme that are required for branching morphogenesis. Epithelial cell differentiation, as indicated by lack of expression of surfactant protein B, surfactant protein C, the Clara cell secretory protein, and Foxj1, was inhibited. Foxa family members regulate signaling and transcriptional programs required for morphogenesis and cell differentiation during formation of the lung.
Drosophila valois encodes a divergent WD protein that is required for Vasa localization and Oskar protein accumulation

valois (vls) was identified as a posterior group gene in the initial screens for Drosophila maternal-effect lethal mutations. Despite its early genetic identification, it has not been characterized at the molecular level until now. We show that vls encodes a divergent WD domain protein and that the three available EMS-induced point mutations cause premature stop codons in the vls ORF. We have generated a null allele that has a stronger phenotype than the EMS mutants. The vlsnull mutant shows that vls+ is required for high levels of Oskar protein to accumulate during oogenesis, for normal posterior localization of Oskar in later stages of oogenesis and for posterior localization of the Vasa protein during the entire process of pole plasm assembly. There is no evidence for vls being dependent on an upstream factor of the posterior pathway, suggesting that Valois protein (Vls) instead acts as a co-factor in the process. Based on the structure of Vls, the function of similar proteins in different systems and our phenotypic analysis, it seems likely that vls may promote posterior patterning by facilitating interactions between different molecules.
Time Dilation in the Light Curve of the Distant Type Ia Supernovae SN 1995K

The light curve of a distant Type Ia supernova acts like a clock that can be used to test the expansion of the Universe. SN 1995K, at a spectroscopic redshift of z = 0 . 479, provides one of the ﬁrst meaningful data sets for this test. We ﬁnd that all aspects of SN 1995K resemble local supernova Ia events when the light curve is dilated by (1+ z ), as prescribed by cosmological expansion. In a static, non-expanding universe SN 1995K would represent a unique object with a spectrum identifying it as a regular Type Ia supernova but a light curve shape and luminosity which do not follow the well-established relations for local events. We conclude that SN 1995K provides strong evidence for an interpretation of cosmological redshifts as due to universal expansion. Theories in which photons dissipate their energy during travel are excluded as are age-redshift dependencies.
Probabilistic Bag-Of-Hyperlinks Model for Entity Linking

Many fundamental problems in natural language processing rely on determining what entities appear in a given text. Commonly referenced as entity linking, this step is a fundamental component of many NLP tasks such as text understanding, automatic summarization, semantic search or machine translation. Name ambiguity, word polysemy, context dependencies and a heavy-tailed distribution of entities contribute to the complexity of this problem. We here propose a probabilistic approach that makes use of an effective graphical model to perform collective entity disambiguation. Input mentions (i.e., linkable token spans) are disambiguated jointly across an entire document by combining a document-level prior of entity co-occurrences with local information captured from mentions and their surrounding context. The model is based on simple sufficient statistics extracted from data, thus relying on few parameters to be learned. Our method does not require extensive feature engineering, nor an expensive training procedure. We use loopy belief propagation to perform approximate inference. The low complexity of our model makes this step sufficiently fast for real-time usage. We demonstrate the accuracy of our approach on a wide range of benchmark datasets, showing that it matches, and in many cases outperforms, existing state-of-the-art methods.
Classifications of the Host Galaxies of Supernovae, Set III

A homogeneous sample comprising host galaxies of 604 recent supernovae, including 212 objects discovered primarily in 2003 and 2004, has been classified on the David Dunlap Observatory system. Most SN 1991bg–like SNe Ia occur in E and E/Sa galaxies, whereas the majority of SN 1991T–like SNe Ia occur in intermediate‐type galaxies. This difference is significant at the 99.9% level. As expected, all types of SNe II are rare in early‐type galaxies, whereas normal SNe Ia occur in all Hubble types. This difference is significant at the 99.99% level. A small number of SNe II in E galaxies might be due to galaxy classification errors or to a small young‐population component in these mainly old objects. No significant difference is found between the distributions over the Hubble type of SNe Ibc and SNe II. This confirms that both of these types of objects have similar (massive) progenitors. The present data show that in order to understand the dependence of supernova type on host‐galaxy population, it is more important to obtain accurate morphological classifications than it is to increase the size of the data sample.
Impact of Diversity Reception on Fading Channels with Coded Modulation. Part I: Coherent Detection

We address the problem of designing and analyzing the performance of a coded modulation scheme for the fading channel when space diversity is used. Under fairly general conditions a channel aaected by fading can be turned into an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel by increasing the number of diversity branches. Consequently , it can be expected (and is indeed veriied by our analyses and simulations) that a coded modulation scheme designed to be optimal for the AWGN channel will perform asymptotically well also on a fading channel with diversity. Thus, we can argue that \fading codes" are not essential when diversity is introduced. This paper contains the following results: Bounds on the bit error probability of a system with coded modulation and diversity , for space-and time-correlated Rician at fading. Speciically, we derive a new method which allows evaluation of the pairwise error probability extremely easy, as well as accurate and computationally fast. The accuracy achieved improves considerably on the widely used, but rather loose, Chernoo bound. Asymptotic behavior of the fading channel with diversity as the number of diversity branches increases. EEects of diversity on coded-modulation performance and design criteria, including the eeect on interleaver depth (which aaects the total delay of the system).
Changes in regional cerebral blood flow on recovery from depression

Synopsis We have previously described focal abnormalities of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex and angular gyrus in 40 patients with major depression. We now report on the patterns of change in rCBF in a subgroup of 25 of the same patients who were rescanned following clinical remission of depression. Fifteen patients were scanned when optimally matched for drug treatment (4) or drug free on both occasions (11). The other 10 patients were fully recovered but could not be matched for drug status for clinical and ethical reasons. In a paired comparison of the same patients when ill and following recovery it was evident that remission was associated with a significant increase in rCBF in the left DLPFC and medial prefrontal cortex including anterior cingulate. Increases in rCBF in the angular gyrus were not seen when the comparison of depressed and recovered scans was matched for medication. The previously described relationship between clinical symptoms and brain perfusion in the depressed state was no longer present in the recovered state; this supports the hypothesis of state relatedness. Thus, recovery from depression is associated with increases in rCBF in the same areas in which focal decreases in rCBF are described in the depressed state in comparison with normal controls.
Requirements for the induction and adoptive transfer of cyclosporine- induced syngeneic graft-versus-host disease

These studies further delineate the requirements for the establishment and transfer of SGVHD. We show that (a) two mechanisms distinguishable by radiation and drug sensitivities exist, (b) lethal irradiation correlates with a 100% incidence in the induction of SGVHD, whereas (c) both sublethal or lethal irradiation and cytoxan therapy are effective in ablating the host autoregulatory system in order to transfer autoreactivity, (d) unfractionated as well as nylon wool-nonadherent splenocytes effectively inhibit the transfer of autoimmunity, and (e) OX19 depletion of that population, however, destroys the autoregulatory effect present in normal splenocytes. To demonstrate complete inhibition of immune reactivity, twice the number of unfractionated splenocytes from normal animals was required for every splenocyte from autoimmune donors. Last, the infusion of effector splenocytes on 4, 7, and 14 d after transplantation correlates to a decrease from 100%, 70 to 0% incidence of SGVHD, thus emulating the incidence obtained in a pretransplant rat within 2 wk. These findings further clarify the immunobiological complexity of SGVHD and suggest that since autoregulatory cells already exist in normal animals that CsA-induced autoimmunity is a reflection of not an induced reactivity specific to one therapeutic reagent but the uncoupling of normal immunologic mechanisms essential in controlling autoimmunity.
Integrated Haematological Profiles of Redox Status, Lipid, and Inflammatory Protein Biomarkers in Benign Obesity and Unhealthy Obesity with Metabolic Syndrome

The pathogenesis of obesity (OB) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) implies free radical-, oxidized lipid- (LOOH-), and inflammatory cytokine-mediated altered pathways in target organs. Key elements of the transition from benign OB to unhealthy OB+MetS remain unclear. Here, we measured a panel of redox, antioxidant, and inflammation markers in the groups of OB patients (67 with, 45 without MetS) and 90 controls. Both OB groups displayed elevated levels of adipokines and heavy oxidative stress (OS) evidenced by reduced levels of glutathione, downregulated glutathione-S-transferase, increased 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts, reactive oxygen species, and membrane-bound monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Exclusively in OB+MetS, higher-than-normal glutathione peroxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α, and other proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines/growth factors were observed; a combination of high adipokine plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and MUFA was consistent with increased cardiovascular risk. The uncomplicated OB group showed features of adaptation to OS such as decreased levels of vitamin E, activated superoxide dismutase, and inhibited catalase, suggesting H2O2 hyperproduction. Proinflammatory cytokine pattern was normal, except few markers like RANTES, a suitable candidate for therapeutic approaches to prevent a setting of MetS by inhibition of LOOH-primed leukocyte chemotaxis/recruitment to target tissues.
Improving Image Classification with Location Context

With the widespread availability of cellphones and cameras that have GPS capabilities, it is common for images being uploaded to the Internet today to have GPS coordinates associated with them. In addition to research that tries to predict GPS coordinates from visual features, this also opens up the door to problems that are conditioned on the availability of GPS coordinates. In this work, we tackle the problem of performing image classification with location context, in which we are given the GPS coordinates for images in both the train and test phases. We explore different ways of encoding and extracting features from the GPS coordinates, and show how to naturally incorporate these features into a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), the current state-of-the-art for most image classification and recognition problems. We also show how it is possible to simultaneously learn the optimal pooling radii for a subset of our features within the CNN framework. To evaluate our model and to help promote research in this area, we identify a set of location-sensitive concepts and annotate a subset of the Yahoo Flickr Creative Commons 100M dataset that has GPS coordinates with these concepts, which we make publicly available. By leveraging location context, we are able to achieve almost a 7% gain in mean average precision.