Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Per-Sample Capacity of Nondispersive Optical Fibers

The capacity of the channel defined by the stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which includes the effects of the Kerr nonlinearity and amplified spontaneous emission noise, is considered in the case of zero dispersion. In the absence of dispersion, this channel behaves as a collection of parallel per-sample channels. The conditional probability density function of the nonlinear per-sample channels is derived using both a sum-product and a Fokker-Planck differential equation approach. It is shown that, for a fixed noise power, the per-sample capacity grows unboundedly with input signal. The channel can be partitioned into amplitude and phase subchannels, and it is shown that the contribution to the total capacity of the phase channel declines for large input powers. It is found that a 2-D distribution with a half-Gaussian profile on the amplitude and uniform phase provides a lower bound for the zero-dispersion optical fiber channel, which is simple and asymptotically capacity-achieving at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). A lower bound on the capacity is also derived in the medium-SNR region. The exact capacity subject to peak and average power constraints is numerically quantified using dense multiple ring modulation formats. The differential model underlying the zero-dispersion channel is reduced to an algebraic model, which is more tractable for digital communication studies, and, in particular, it provides a relation between the zero-dispersion optical channel and a 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output Rician fading channel. It appears that the structure of the capacity-achieving input distribution resembles that of the Rician fading channel, i.e., it is discrete in amplitude with a finite number of mass points, while continuous and uniform in phase.
Insulin Dysfunction Induces In Vivo Tau Hyperphosphorylation through Distinct Mechanisms

Hyperphosphorylated tau is the major component of paired helical filaments in neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, and tau hyperphosphorylation is thought to be a critical event in the pathogenesis of the disease. The large majority of AD cases is late onset and sporadic in origin, with aging as the most important risk factor. Insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes mellitus (DM) are other common syndromes in the elderly also strongly age dependent, and there is evidence supporting a link between insulin dysfunction and AD. To investigate the possibility that insulin dysfunction might promote tau pathology, we induced insulin deficiency and caused DM in mice with streptozotocin (STZ). A mild hyperphosphorylation of tau could be detected 10, 20, and 30 d after STZ injection, and a massive hyperphosphorylation of tau was observed after 40 d. The robust hyperphosphorylation of tau was localized in the axons and neuropil, and prevented tau binding to microtubules. Neither mild nor massive tau phosphorylation induced tau aggregation. Body temperature of the STZ-treated mice did not differ from control animals during 30 d, but dropped significantly thereafter. No change in β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein (APP), APP C-terminal fragments, or Aβ levels were observed in STZ-treated mice; however, cellular protein phosphatase 2A activity was significantly decreased. Together, these data indicate that insulin dysfunction induced abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation through two distinct mechanisms: one was consequent to hypothermia; the other was temperature-independent, inherent to insulin depletion, and probably caused by inhibition of phosphatase activity.
Short sleep duration and obesity: mechanisms and future perspectives

A reduction of sleep time has become common over the last century, and growing evidence from both epidemiological and laboratory‐based studies suggests sleep curtailment is a new risk factor for the development of obesity. On this basis, the present review examines the role of sleep curtailment in the metabolic and endocrine alterations, including decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, increased evening concentrations of cortisol, increased levels of ghrelin, decreased levels of leptin and increased hunger and appetite. It will be discussed how sleep restriction may lead to increase in food intake and result in greater fatigue, which may favour decreased energy expenditure. Altogether, evidences point to a possible role of decreased sleep duration in the current epidemic of obesity and therefore present literature highlights the importance of getting enough good sleep for metabolic health. Many aspects still need to be clarified and intervention studies also need to be conducted. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Belief in context

I argue for a view I call sensitivism about belief. According to sensitivism, belief is sensitive to just those factors of context which epistemic contextualists claim are relevant to the semantics of words like "know": in particular, whether an agent believes p depends on the not-p alternatives salient to the agent, and the practical importance of p for the agent. I argue for sensitivism about both outright belief and partial belief, and outline a sensitivist formal model of belief. In chapter 1, I make a preliminary case for sensitivism, and for interest in sensitivism. After surveying some similar views in the literature, I present a scenario which is nicely explained by sensitivism, and which gives the view some intuitive plausibility. I also argue for the relevance of sensitivism to the debate over epistemic contextualism. In chapter 2, I argue that we need sensitivism about outright belief if we want to maintain both a Stalnakerian picture of how assertion works, and the principle that an assertion that p is sincere if and only if the assertor believes that p. I then outline a sensitivist formal model of outright belief. In chapter 3, I present a solution to the preface paradox which this model of belief makes available, and argue that it is more intuitively appealing than the more popular probabilistic solutions. In chapter 4, I argue that we should extend sensitivism to credences as well as outright belief. In particular, I advance the following two theses: (CONTEXT) Degrees of belief change from context to context, depending on the space of alternative possibilities. (UNITY) Outright belief is belief to degree 1. I claim that (UNITY) solves the usual paradoxes to which threshold views of outright belief fall prey, and (CONTEXT) undermines the usual reasons given for rejecting (UNITY).
Multi-Product Firms and Trade Liberalization

This paper develops a general equilibrium model of international trade that features selection across …rms, products and countries. Firms’export decisions depend on a combination of …rm “productivity”and …rm-product-country “consumer tastes”, both of which are stochastic and unknown prior to the payment of a sunk cost of entry. Higher-productivity …rms export a wider range of products to a larger set of countries than lower-productivity …rms. Trade liberalization induces endogenous reallocations of resources that foster productivity growth both within and across …rms. Empirically, we …nd key implications of the model to be consistent with U.S. trade
Bidding for Industrial Plants: Does Winning a 'Million Dollar Plant' Increase Welfare?

Increasingly, local governments compete by offering substantial subsidies to industrial plants to locate within their jurisdictions. This paper uses a novel research design to examine the consequences of successfully bidding for a plant on county-level labor earnings, property values, and public finances. Each issue of the corporate real estate journal Site Selection includes an article titled The Million Dollar Plant that describes how a large plant decided where to locate. These articles report the county where the plant chose to locate (i.e., the 'winner'), as well as the one or two runner-up counties (i.e., the 'losers'). The losers are counties that have survived a long selection process, but narrowly lost the competition. We use these revealed rankings of profit-maximizing firms to form a counterfactual for what would have happened in the winner counties in the absence of the plant opening. We find that a plant opening is associated with a 1.5% trend break in labor earnings in the new plant's industry in winning counties (relative to losing ones) after the opening of the plant (relative to the period before the opening). Property values may provide a summary measure of the net change in welfare, because the costs and benefits of attracting a plant should be capitalized into the price of land. We find a positive, relative trend break of 1.1% in property values. Further, we fail to find any deterioration in local governments' financial position. Overall, the results undermine the popular view that the provision of local subsidies to attract large industrial plants reduces local residents' welfare.
Managing Financial Risks: From Global to Local

Recent market turmoil, bank runs, global equities sell-off, and the 'credit crunch' have demonstrated the sophisticated and interconnected nature of financial markets today - seemingly localized problems have quickly spread, putting at risk the solvency of both local and global financial institutions. As these markets are increasingly complex, interconnected, and embedded in the daily lives of individuals, there is a pressing need to unravel and understand the complexities and prospects of this new and transformative social, political, and geographical paradigm. This book brings together a group of leading scholars from a range of disciplines to formulate a more holistic understanding of financial risk by rooting it in different environments, spatial scales, and disciplines. The result is an all-encompassing exposition of current and future financial risk management practices, possibilities, and problems. Contributors to this volume - Gary A. Dymski, Professor of Economics, University of California, Riverside, Gordon L. Clark, Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography, University of Oxford, Adam D. Dixon, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Ewald Engelen, associate professor, Amsterdam Metropolitan Institute for Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Lisa A. Hagerman, Director, Mission Investing Campaign Resource Center, Boston College Institute for Responsible Investment, Tessa Hebb, Director, Carleton Centre for Community Innovation, Carleton University, Canada, Paul Langley, Senior Lecturer in Politics, Northumbria University, Donald MacKenzie, personal chair in sociology, University of Edinburgh, Ashby H. B. Monk, Research Fellow, University of Oxford, and Research Fellow, Center for Retirement Research, Boston College, Yuval Millo, lecturer, Department of Accounting, London School of Economics, Phillip O'Neill, Professor and Foundation Director, Urban Research Centre, University of Western Sydney, Louis W. Pauly, Canada Research Chair in Globalization and Governance and Director, Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto, Samuel Randalls, lecturer in geography, University College London, Susan J. Smith, director, Institute of Advanced Study, and Professor of Geography, Durham University, Kendra Strauss, Research Associate, School of Geography, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dariusz Wojcik, Lecturer, Oxford University Centre for the Environment.
Patterns of treatment utilization before suicide among male veterans with substance use disorders.

OBJECTIVES We sought to describe the extent and nature of contact with the health care system before suicide among veterans with substance use disorders (SUDs). METHODS We examined all male Veterans Health Administration patients who died by suicide between October 1, 1999, and September 30, 2007, and who had a documented SUD diagnosis during the 2 years before death (n = 3132). RESULTS Over half (55.5%; n = 1740) of the male patients were seen during the month before suicide, and 25.4% (n = 796) were seen during the week before suicide. In examining those with a medical visit in the year before suicide (n = 2964), most of the last visits before suicide (56.6%; n = 1679) were in a general medical setting, 32.8% (n = 973) were in a specialty mental health setting, and 10.5% (n = 312) were in SUD treatment. CONCLUSIONS Men with SUDs who died from suicide were frequently seen in the month before their death. Most were last seen in general medical settings, although a substantial minority of those with SUDs was seen in specialty mental health settings.
Infections as Abstract Symbolic Finite Automata: Formal Model and Applications

In this paper, we propose a methodology, based on machine learning, for building a symbolic finite state automata-based model of infected systems, that expresses the interaction between the malware and the environment by combining in the same model the code and the semantics of a system and allowing to tune both the system and the malware code observation. Moreover, we show that this methodology may have several applications in the context of malware detection.
X-RAY CAVITIES IN A SAMPLE OF 83 SPT-SELECTED CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES: TRACING THE EVOLUTION OF AGN FEEDBACK IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES OUT TO z = 1.2

X-ray cavities are key tracers of mechanical (or radio mode) heating arising from the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). We report on a survey for X-ray cavities in 83 massive, high-redshift ( 0.4 < z < 1.2 ? > ) clusters of galaxies selected by their Sunyaev-Zel’dovich signature in the South Pole Telescope data. Based on Chandra X-ray images, we find a total of six clusters having symmetric pairs of surface brightness depressions consistent with the picture of radio jets inflating X-ray cavities in the intracluster medium (ICM). The majority of these detections are of relatively low significance and require deeper follow-up data in order to be confirmed. Further, this search will miss small (<10 kpc) X-ray cavities that are unresolved by Chandra at high ( z ≳ 0.5 ? > ) redshift. Despite these limitations, our results suggest that the power generated by AGN feedback in BCGs has remained unchanged for over half of the age of the universe ( > 7 ? > Gyr at z ∼ 0.8 ? > ). On average, the detected X-ray cavities have powers of ( 0.8 − 5 ) × 10 45 erg s - 1 ? > , enthalpies of ( 3 − 6 ) × 10 59 erg ? > , and radii of ∼17 kpc. Integrating over 7 Gyr, we find that the supermassive black holes in BCGs may have accreted 108 to several 10 9 M ⊙ ? > of material to power these outflows. This level of accretion indicates that significant supermassive black hole growth may occur not only at early times, in the quasar era, but at late times as well. We also find that X-ray cavities at high redshift may inject an excess heat of 0.1–1.0 keV per particle into the hot ICM above and beyond the energy needed to offset cooling. Although this result needs to be confirmed, we note that the magnitude of excess heating is similar to the energy needed to preheat clusters, break self-similarity, and explain the excess entropy in hot atmospheres.
Comparative protein and amino acid digestibilities in growing pigs and sows.

An experiment was conducted to compare apparent total tract protein digestibilities and apparent ileal digestibilities of protein and amino acids in growing pigs and adult pregnant and lactating sows. Twelve growing pigs and 12 sows were used and surgically fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum. Six experimental diets based on corn, barley, wheat, soybean meal, canola meal, or meat and bone meal were formulated, and each diet was fed to growing pigs, gestating sows, and lactating sows for 7 d. Chromium oxide was included in all diets as an indigestible marker (.25%) for calculating nutrient digestibilities. Fecal material was collected on d 5 of each feeding period by grab sampling, and ileal samples were collected for 12 h/d during the last 2 d of each feeding period. Apparent fecal protein digestibilities for all feed ingredients were higher (P < .05) in gestating and lactating sows compared to growing pigs, but no differences between the two groups of sows were observed (P > .05). At the distal ileum, no differences (P > .05) in protein digestibilities were detected between sows and growing pigs regardless of feed ingredient. For all feed ingredients tested, lactating sows had apparent ileal digestibilities of most amino acids that were two to six percentage units higher than those obtained in growing pigs, but not all of the differences were significant. Gestating sows had digestibilities of most amino acids that were intermediate between those of growing pigs and lactating sows. The combined results from the six feed ingredients showed that lactating sows had higher (P < .05) digestibilities of all indispensable amino acids except arginine, and gestating sows had higher (P < .05) digestibilities of five of the indispensable amino acids than did growing pigs. The results of this experiment indicate that apparent fecal protein and apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities obtained in growing pigs are not always representative of digestibilities in either gestating or lactating sows.
Baseline Predictors of Placebo Response in Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB): Pooled Regression Analysis >From Three Studies of Montelukast in EIB

Background. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) can be variable in its presentation and severity. Evaluating patterns of placebo response and patient-related factors driving placebo response could facilitate more efficient clinical trials for EIB. Methods. Data were pooled from three randomized, double-blind, crossover trials evaluating single-dose montelukast 10 mg or placebo in patients (N = 160) 15–45 years of age with EIB, defined as maximum % fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) ≥20% after two screening exercise challenges. Serial exercise challenges were performed at 2, 8.5–12, and 24 h postdose. The authors evaluated the distribution and variability of placebo response. They also evaluated possible drivers of response, analyzing all baseline patient demographic and prerandomization screening visit pulmonary function data as single covariates in a simple univariate regression model for maximum % fall in FEV1 while on placebo at 2 h postdose. All covariates with p values <. 1 were entered into both stepwise forward and backward regression procedures to select the “best” model. Results. Placebo response was variable, and showed a significant non-normal distribution (p < .001). Significant predictors of a greater response to placebo included: higher screening FEV1 % predicted (p <.001), smaller maximum % fall in FEV1 in screening (p < .001), shorter time to recovery in screening (p = .007), more asthma-related health care visits in the previous year (p = .004), older age (p = .001), less frequent asthma awakenings in the previous month (p = .003), and less frequent asthma symptoms in the past year (p = .011). Conclusion. Predictors of a larger placebo response were generally markers of less severe asthma and/or EIB. This may be related to EIB variability, spontaneous improvement, or the extent of placebo response relative to the outcomes in less severe patients.
Effects of Decision Variables and Intraparietal Stimulation on Sensorimotor Oscillatory Activity in the Human Brain

To decide effectively, information must not only be integrated from multiple sources, but it must be distributed across the brain if it is to influence structures such as motor cortex that execute choices. Human participants integrated information from multiple, but only partially informative, cues in a probabilistic reasoning task in an optimal manner. We tested whether lateralization of alpha- and beta-band oscillatory brain activity over sensorimotor cortex reflected decision variables such as the sum of the evidence provided by observed cues, a key quantity for decision making, and whether this could be dissociated from an update signal reflecting processing of the most recent cue stimulus. Alpha- and beta-band activity in the electroencephalogram reflected the logarithm of the likelihood ratio associated with the each piece of information witnessed, and the same quantity associated with the previous cues. Only the beta-band, however, reflected the most recent cue in a manner that suggested it reflected updating processes associated with cue processing. In a second experiment, transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced disruption was used to demonstrate that the intraparietal sulcus played a causal role both in decision making and in the appearance of sensorimotor beta-band activity.
Expression and activity profiling of selected cysteine cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

Abstract Cysteine cathepsins and matrix metalloproteases are considered to play important roles in the development of arthritic diseases. Their accumulation in synovial fluid of primarily rheumatoid arthritis patients is also well documented. However, a detailed comparison between the protease levels and activities between rheumatoid arthritis samples and osteoarthritis samples has never been made. Here, we report that both cysteine cathepsins B and S and matrix metalloproteases-1, -3 and -13 are detected in patient synovial fluid samples with significantly higher levels detected in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Among the proteases, cathepsin S was found to be significantly elevated, consistent with its critical role in the immune response. These results suggest that cysteine cathepsins have a major role in inflammation at least in rheumatoid arthritis. In addition to proteases, interleukin-6 was detected at significant levels in most samples, suggesting that proinflammatory cytokines might be in-volved in the stimulation of expression of these proteases during inflammation.
Turismo. Tendencias Globales y Planificación Estratégica

El turismo es una de las actividades generadoras de recursos a nivel mundial, abordada desde diferentes puntos de vista por los estudiosos que se han ocupado de entenderla e impulsarla a lo largo de los años, su importancia como versatilidad ha permitido que se aborde desde diferentes puntos de vista, como lo es el comportamiento del turista, mercado turístico, espacio turístico, mantenimiento de la sostenibilidad y las nuevas tendencias del turismo, entre otros, temas que independientemente de su relevancia no es posible que se vean de manera aislada, es por ello que el autor que se cita en este trabajo trata de ver al turismo como un sistema en donde cada uno de sus componentes confluye para dar respuesta no solo a la exigencia de un mercado que demanda algo nuevo cada día sino de una comunidad receptora necesitada de recursos y de visibilidad hacia el ámbito nacional e internacional teniendo como punto de partida la planificación turística. En esta nueva perspectiva es indispensable tener en cuenta la totalidad de los componentes de un sistema turístico representados por recursos naturales, culturales, económicos, políticos, sociales, cadenas productivas, prestadores de servicios, etc.