Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finite subdivision rules

We introduce and study finite subdivision rules. A finite subdivision rule R consists of a finite 2-dimensional CW complex SR, a subdivision R(SR) of SR, and a continuous cellular map φR : R(SR) → SR whose restriction to each open cell is a homeomorphism. If R is a finite subdivision rule, X is a 2-dimensional CW complex, and f : X → SR is a continuous cellular map whose restriction to each open cell is a homeomorphism, then we can recursively subdivide X to obtain an infinite sequence of tilings. We wish to determine when this sequence of tilings is conformal in the sense of Cannon’s combinatorial Riemann mapping theorem. In this setting, it is proved that the two axioms of conformality can be replaced by a single axiom which is implied by either of them, and that it suffices to check conformality for finitely many test annuli. Theorems are given which show how to exploit symmetry, and many examples are computed.
The Primordial, Blue-Cone Color System of the Mouse Retina

Humans and old world primates have trichromatic color vision based on three spectral types of cone [long-wavelength (L-), middle-wavelength (M-), and short-wavelength (S-) cones]. All other placental mammals are dichromats, and their color vision depends on the comparison of L- and S-cone signals; however, their cone-selective retinal circuitry is still unknown. Here, we identified the S-cone-selective (blue cone) bipolar cells of the mouse retina. They were labeled in a transgenic mouse expressing Clomeleon, a chloride-sensitive fluorescent protein, under the control of the thy1 promoter. Blue-cone bipolar cells comprise only 1-2% of the bipolar cell population, and their dendrites selectively contact S-opsin-expressing cones. In the dorsal half of the mouse retina, only 3-5% of the cones express S-opsin, and they are all contacted by blue-cone bipolar cells, whereas all L-opsin-expressing cones (∼95%) are avoided. In the ventral mouse retina, the great majority of cones express both S- and L-opsin. They are not contacted by blue-cone bipolar cells. A minority of ventral cones express S-opsin only, and they are selectively contacted by blue-cone bipolar cells. We suggest that these are genuine S-cones. In contrast to the other cones, their pedicles contain only low amounts of cone arrestin. The blue-cone bipolar cells of the mouse retina and their cone selectivity are closely similar to primate blue-cone bipolars, and we suggest that they both represent the phylogenetically ancient color system of the mammalian retina.
Fading Reduction by Aperture Averaging and Spatial Diversity in Optical Wireless Systems

Atmospheric turbulence can cause a significant performance degradation in free-space optical communication systems. It is well known that the effect of turbulence can be reduced by performing aperture averaging and/or employing spatial diversity at the receiver. In this paper, we provide a synthesis on the effectiveness of these techniques under different atmospheric turbulence conditions from a telecommunication point of view. In particular, we quantify the performance improvement in terms of average bit error rate (BER) and outage capacity, which are among important parameters in practice. The efficiency of channel coding and the feasibility of exploiting time diversity in aperture averaging receivers are discussed as well. We also compare single- and multiple-aperture systems from the point of view of fading reduction by considering uncorrelated fading on adjacent apertures for the latter case. We show that when the receiver is background noise limited, the use of multiple apertures is largely preferred to a single large aperture under strong turbulence conditions. A single aperture is likely to be preferred under moderate turbulence conditions, however. When the receiver is thermal noise limited, even under strong turbulence conditions, the use of multiple apertures is interesting only when working at a very low BER. We also provide discussions on several practical issues related to system implementation.
Exploring factors that influence information sharing choices of organizations in networks

Organizations do not just decide on whether or not to exchange information digitally. In many cases, there are multiple alternative configurations of inter-organizational systems (IOS) that facilitate such information sharing. Although a lot is known about the factors that influence whether organizations do or do not adopt IOS, little is known about how these factors work when organizations are choosing among multiple configurations for information sharing. This paper takes two archetypical IOS forms - dyadic and multilateral arrangements – and explores how the known antecedents affect choosing among them. To this end, a case study was conducted on the selection and development of an IOS for information sharing in a network of utility service and infrastructure providers.
Early detection of microcirculatory impairment in diabetic patients with foot at risk.

OBJECTIVE To assess microcirculatory impairment and alterations of the skin oxygen supply in diabetic patients with foot at risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study evaluated skin blood flow in 21 type 2 diabetic patients with a foot at risk (defined as a foot with neuropathy but without ulceration or previous ulcerations), 20 type 2 diabetic patients without foot lesions or neuropathy, and 21 normal subjects as a control group. The skin blood flow was determined by measuring the transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO(2)) at the dorsum of the foot in supine and sitting position. The clinical assessment included standard measures of peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, but peripheral vascular disease was excluded by Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS In supine position, TcPO(2) was significantly reduced (means +/- SE) in diabetic patients with foot at risk (6.04 +/- 0.52 kPa) compared with diabetic (7.14 +/- 0.43 kPa, P = 0.035) and nondiabetic (8.10 +/- 0.44 kPa, P = 0.01) control subjects. The sitting/supine TcPO(2) difference was higher in diabetic subjects with foot at risk (3.13 +/- 0.27 kPa) compared with both diabetic (2.00 +/- 0.18, P = 0.004) and nondiabetic (1.77 +/- 0.15 kPa, P = 0.0003) control subjects. The mean sitting/supine ratio was 1.70 +/- 0.12 in diabetic patients with foot at risk, 1.32 +/- 0.04 in diabetic control subjects, and 1.25 +/- 0.03 in nondiabetic control subjects (P = 0.007). The sitting/supine TcPO(2) ratio was negatively correlated with the heart rate variation coefficient at rest (r = -0.32, P = 0.044) and at deep respiration (r = -0.31, P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that skin oxygen supply is reduced in type 2 diabetic patients with foot at risk. This is probably due to an impaired neurogenic blood flow regulation and may contribute to capillary hypertension, followed by disturbed endothelial function leading to edema and skin damage of the foot. The determination of TcPO(2) appears to be a useful tool in screening type 2 diabetic patients for foot at risk.
Laval and Trade Union Cooperation: Views on the Mobilizing Potential of the Case

Although the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Laval case has been thoroughly examined from both legal and political perspectives, few references have been made to its implications for cross-border trade union cooperation. Using qualitative data from interviews with European trade union representatives, this article explores whether Laval hampered or stimulated transnational cooperation and mobilization.The analysis reveals that, although the interviewees identified the Laval case as particularly significant, they had difficulty mapping out a common route for dealing with the potential consequences of the case, such as wage dumping. Competing discourses co-existed as to the measures to be taken, displaying important and historically rooted differences between European trade unions regarding the context, scope and objectives of transnational collective action. In contrast, it could be argued that the risk of wage dumping arising from the Laval case and the ongoing discussion to find ways to manage this risk led European trade unions to address controversial issues that were in need of attention. It emerges from the interview materials that the management of these issues arguably entailed mobilization but, above all, the effect on transnational union relations appeared to be constitutive.
Increment-based Estimators of Fractal Dimensionfor Two-Dimensional Surface

In a recent paper, Kent and Wood (1997) investigated some new increment-based estimators of the fractal dimension of a stationary Gaussian process. In the present paper, we extend this work by constructing increment-based estima-tors based on two-dimensional sampling of surface data (as opposed to the one dimensional, or line transect, sampling considered by Kent and Wood). Much of our attention is focussed on two new estimators, both of which are based on a particular increment, the \square increment". The practical performance of these estimators is examined in the study of several real datasets and via simulation. We also provide a detailed theoretical study of their properties in both Gaussian and non-Gaussian settings. Perhaps surprisingly, it turns out that there are diierences in the limit theory in the Gaussian and non-Gaussian cases.
Risk Factors for Severe Neutropenia following Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy for Intra-Ocular Retinoblastoma

Purpose Intra-arterial chemotherapy is a promising strategy for intra-ocular retinoblastoma. Neutropenia is the most commonly encountered systemic toxicity and in this study we aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the development of severe (≥grade 3) neutropenia. Methods Retrospective review of 187 evaluable cycles of melphalan-containing intra-arterial chemotherapy from the first three cycles administered to 106 patients with intra-ocular retinoblastoma from May 2006 to June 2011. Cycles were considered to be evaluable if (1) blood count results were available in the 7 to 14 days post-treatment interval and (2) concurrent intravenous chemotherapy was not administered. Toxicity was assessed via the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Results 54 cycles (29%) were associated with grade 3 (n = 43) or grade 4 (n = 11) neutropenia. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression revealed that a higher melphalan dose (>0.40 mg/kg) was significantly associated with severe neutropenia during all 3 cycles (odds ratio during cycle one 4.11, 95% confidence interval 1.33–12.73, p = 0.01), but the addition of topotecan and/or carboplatin were not. Prior treatment with systemic chemotherapy was not associated with severe neutropenia risk in any analysis. Conclusions Intra-arterial melphalan-based chemotherapy can cause severe neutropenia, especially when a dose of greater than 0.40 mg/kg is administered. Further study with a larger sample may be warranted.
Approximate Bayesian Smoothing with Unknown Process and Measurement Noise Covariances

We present an adaptive smoother for linear state-space models with unknown process and measurement noise covariances. The proposed method utilizes the variational Bayes technique to perform approximate inference. The resulting smoother is computationally efficient, easy to implement, and can be applied to high dimensional linear systems. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated on a target tracking example.
Evaluation of Genetic Variations in Maize Seedlings Exposed to Electric Field Based on Protein and DNA Markers

The current study analyzed proteins and nuclear DNA of electric fields (ELF) exposed and nonexposed maize seedlings for different exposure periods using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), isozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and comet assay, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed total of 46 polypeptides bands with different molecular weights ranging from 186.20 to 36.00 KDa. It generated distinctive polymorphism value of 84.62%. Leucine-aminopeptidase, peroxidase, and catalase isozymes showed the highest values of polymorphism (100%) based on zymograms number, relative front (R f), and optical intensity while esterase isozyme generated polymorphism value of 83.33%. Amino acids were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, which revealed the presence of 17 amino acids of variable contents ranging from 22.65% to 28.09%. RAPD revealed that 78 amplified DNA products had highly polymorphism value (95.08%) based on band numbers, with variable sizes ranging from 120 to 992 base pairs and band intensity. Comet assay recorded the highest extent of nuclear DNA damage as percentage of tailed DNA (2.38%) and tail moment unit (5.36) at ELF exposure of maize nuclei for 5 days. The current study concluded that the longer ELF exposing periods had genotoxic stress on macromolecules of maize cells and biomarkers used should be augmented for reliable estimates of genotoxicity after exposure of economic plants to ELF stressors.
Adolescent girls' infant and young child nutrition knowledge levels and sources differ among rural and urban samples in Bangladesh

Abstract In many low‐income countries, girls marry early and have children very soon after marriage. Although conveying infant and young child nutrition (IYCN) knowledge to adolescent girls in time is important to ensure the well‐being of their children, little is known about the best ways to convey these messages. This study examines the extent of, and sources from which adolescent girls derive IYCN knowledge in order to inform the design of programmes that convey such information. Data on adolescent girls aged 12–18 was collected in 2013 in 140 clusters of villages in rural areas (n = 436), and 70 clusters of slums in urban areas (n = 345) in Bangladesh. Data were analysed using multivariable Poisson regression models. In both the urban and rural samples, girls' schooling is positively and significantly associated with IYCN knowledge (P < 0.01 and P < 0.10, respectively). IYCN knowledge of adolescent girls' mothers is also associated with adolescents' IYCN knowledge in both urban and rural samples, but the magnitude of association in the urban sample is only half that of the rural sample (P < 0.01 and P < 0.10, respectively). In Bangladesh, efforts to improve knowledge regarding IYCN are typically focused on mothers of young children. Only some of this knowledge is passed onto adolescent girls living in the same household. As other messaging efforts directed towards mothers have only small, or no association with adolescent girls' knowledge of IYCN, improving adolescent girls' IYCN knowledge may require information and messaging specifically directed towards them. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Isolation, Characterization, and Identification of Biological Control Agent for Potato Soft Rot in Bangladesh

A total of 91 isolates of probable antagonistic bacteria of potato soft rot bacterium Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) were extracted from rhizospheres and endophytes of various crop plants, different soil varieties, and atmospheres in the potato farming areas of Bangladesh. Antibacterial activity of the isolated probable antagonistic bacteria was tested in vitro against the previously identified most common and most virulent soft rot causing bacterial strain Ecc P-138. Only two isolates E-45 and E-65 significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of Ecc P-138. Physiological, biochemical, and carbon source utilization tests identified isolate E-65 as a member of the genus Bacillus and the isolate E-45 as Lactobacillus sp. The stronger antagonistic activity against Ecc P-138 was found in E-65 in vitro screening and storage potatoes. E-65 reduced the soft rot infection to 22-week storage potatoes of different varieties by 32.5–62.5% in model experiment, demonstrating its strong potential to be used as an effective biological control agent for the major pectolytic bacteria Ecc. The highest (62.5%) antagonistic effect of E-65 was observed in the Granola and the lowest (32.7%) of that was found in the Cardinal varieties of the Bangladeshi potatoes. The findings suggest that isolate E-65 could be exploited as a biocontrol agent for potato tubers.
Applied Learning of Anatomy and Physiology: Virtual DissectionTables within Medical and Health Sciences Education

Anatomy is a core subject within medical and health science education which students often find relatively challenging, compared to other disciplines. Although dissection of cadavers remains the main teaching method utilised to teach human anatomy, a range of interactive multimedia learning modules and virtual visualization software and devices are available to supplement their use. Learning anatomy via 3D visual models is becoming increasingly prevalent with the use of virtual dissections. One available device, the Anatomage table, is a recent entry to the options that medical and health science anatomy program leads have when considering learning tools for their students. However, with this range of options now available, many educators find choosing which new technologies to adopt in the classroom or teaching laboratories overly complicated, with the risk of some technologies becoming distracting or not always effective for their students. It is also difficult to find concise, evidence-based reviews of upcoming technology, making the onus on the curriculum leads to identify which technology or modern devices may be most suitable for learning within their institution, without ever having utilised many of the devices on offer. As such, this report aims to provide insights into possible uses for the Anatomage table, and outline the recent literature surrounding these applications of the technology. In addition, this report will describe of the functionality, modules and potential of the Anatomage Table to provide insights for institutions seeking to consider the Anatomage Table, or to compare this to similar options for innovative technologies within their clinical or science curricula. This report makes no recommendations on whether the Anatomage itself would act as a suitable tool and instead, focuses on informing educators on possible use-cases for this device, to assist with considerations of which new technologies to consider for use medical and health science programs.
From Capture to Inhibition: How does Irrelevant Information Influence Visual Search? Evidence from a Spatial Cuing Paradigm

Even though information is spatially and temporally irrelevant, it can influence the processing of subsequent information. The present study used a spatial cuing paradigm to investigate the origins of this persisting influence by means of event-related potentials (ERPs) of the EEG. An irrelevant color cue that was either contingent (color search) or non-contingent (shape search) on attentional sets was presented prior to a target array with different stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOA; 200, 400, 800 ms). Behavioral results indicated that color cues captured attention only when they shared target-defining properties. These same-location effects persisted over time but were pronounced when cue and target array were presented in close succession. N2 posterior contralateral (N2pc) showed that the color cue generally drew attention, but was strongest in the contingent condition. A subsequently emerging contralateral posterior positivity referred to the irrelevant cue (i.e., distractor positivity, Pd) was unaffected by the attentional set and therefore interpreted as an inhibitory process required to enable a re-direction of the attentional focus. Contralateral delay activity (CDA) was only observable in the contingent condition, indicating the transfer of spatial information into working memory and thus providing an explanation for the same-location effect for longer SOAs. Inhibition of this irrelevant information was reflected by a second contralateral positivity triggered through target presentation. The results suggest that distracting information is actively maintained when it resembles a sought-after object. However, two independent attentional processes are at work to compensate for attentional distraction: the timely inhibition of attentional capture and the active inhibition of mental representation of irrelevant information.
Gravitraps for Management of Dengue Clusters in Singapore

Although Singapore has an intensive dengue control program, dengue remains endemic with regular outbreaks. We report development and use of a novel adult oviposition trap, the Gravitrap, in managing dengue cluster areas. The Gravitrap is a simple, hay infusion-filled cylindrical trap with a sticky inner surface to serve as an oviposition site for gravid female Aedes mosquitoes. Wire gauze fitted above the water level minimizes the risk of it being an unwanted breeding habitat. The Gravitrap was deployed in 11 dengue cluster areas throughout Singapore. Aedes aegypti was the predominant mosquito caught in the trap and some (5.73%) were found to be positive for dengue virus.
Number dissimilarities facilitate the comprehension of relative clauses in children with (Grammatical) Specific Language Impairment*

ABSTRACT This study investigates whether number dissimilarities on subject and object DPs facilitate the comprehension of subject- and object-extracted centre-embedded relative clauses in children with Grammatical Specific Language Impairment (G-SLI). We compared the performance of a group of English-speaking children with G-SLI (mean age: 12;11) with that of two groups of younger typically developing (TD) children, matched on grammar and receptive vocabulary, respectively. All groups were more accurate on subject-extracted relative clauses than object-extracted ones and, crucially, they all showed greater accuracy for sentences with dissimilar number features (i.e., one singular, one plural) on the head noun and the embedded DP. These findings are interpreted in the light of current psycholinguistic models of sentence comprehension in TD children and provide further insight into the linguistic nature of G-SLI.
Checking security policies through an enhanced Control Flow Analysis

We introduce a Control Flow Analysis that statically approximates the dynamic behavior of mobile processes, expressed in (a variant of) the π-calculus. Our analysis of a system is able to describe the essential behaviour of each sub-system, tracking where and between which sub-processes communications may occur. This means that we can safely approximate the behaviour of a system plugged in a larger and mainly unknown context, without explicitly analysing it. Several possible properties can be investigated using this approximation, among which some related to confidentiality and to access control policies.
Sustainable Recruitment: Individual Characteristics and Psychosocial Working Conditions Among Swedish Police Officers

Selection research has typically focused on how to identify suitable candidates, while less is known regarding the long-term effects of various selection factors once the suitable candidates have start- ed working.The overall aim of this study was to examine the relative importance of selection fac- tors (measured during recruitment), and psychosocial working conditions (once candidates started working) for four outcomes, namely (1) job satisfaction, (2) organizational citizenship behavior, (3) occupational retention, and (4) health. Data came from a longitudinal study of newly hiredpolice officers in Sweden (N = 508), including recruitment data and a follow-up after 3.5 years.Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that psychosocial working conditionswere more important than selection factors in predicting the four outcomes.The findings suggestthat employers, to ensure sustainability, need to focus on activities that facilitate newcomers’ enter- ing in the organization and their professions by providing a sound work climate