Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supersaturation and diffusional droplet growth in liquid clouds: Polydisperse spectra

Evolution of droplet size distribution (DSD) due to the water vapor diffusion in a vertically moving adiabatic parcels is investigated. Analytical expressions for height dependences of the main DSD parameters and DSD moments are obtained. The asymptotic behavior of the DSD parameters at large heights above cloud base is determined. It is shown that during diffusion growth, the width and the relative dispersion of the DSD decrease with height as z− 1/3 and z− 2/3, respectively. The paper presents examples of DSD evolution in cases DSD forms on aerosols with a three‐mode lognormal distribution. The aerosol distribution parameters used in the study correspond to four aerosol types: “Marine,” “Clean continental,” “Background,” and extremely polluted “Urban. ” The vertical profiles of DSD parameters are compared with the asymptotic profiles. It is shown that in case of polydisperse DSD evolution, the vertical profile of supersaturation within several hundred meters above the cloud base can be approximated by a supersaturation profile corresponding to the “equivalent” monodisperse DSD. The initial radius of this equivalent DSD is equal to the mean radius of polydisperse DSD (haze size distribution) at cloud base, which is estimated using the Kohler theory. This result of the relation between the polydisperse and monodisperse solutions is universal. A new equation for estimation of supersaturation maximum for polydisperse case is obtained. The obtained analytical expressions and numerical results are useful for understanding the mechanisms of DSD formation in clouds and for parameterization of warm microphysical processes in cloud models.
Successes and Failures of Bacteriophage Treatment of Enterobacteriaceae Infections in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Domestic Animals

Bacteriophages are numerous in the ecosystem and play a central role in bacterial ecology (Ashelford et al., 2000; Brabban et al., 2005; Breitbart et al., 2003; Danovaro et al., 2001; Fuhrman, 1999). Bacteriophages have frequently been isolated from various environmental sources and the gastrointestinal tract of animals (Adams et al., 1966; Bielke et al., 2007a; Breitbart et al., 2003; Callaway et al., 2003, 2006; Dhillon et al., 1976; Filho et al., 2007; Higgins et al., 2008; Klieve & Bauchop, 1988; Klieve & Swain, 1993; Kudva et al., 1999; Orpin & Munn, 1973; Raya et al., 2006; Smith & Huggins, 1982). Breitbart and co-workers (2003) found bacteriophages to be the second most abundant uncultured biological group in their analysis of human feces and Furhman (1999) suggests that bacteriophages could be responsible for as much as 50% of bacterial death in surface waters. It has been suggested that bacteriophages in cattle help maintain microbial diversity and balance, allowing the ecology of the gut, particularly the rumen, to adapt to changes in feed and water intake (Klieve and Swain 1993; Swain et al., 1996). Bacteriophages lytic for E. coli and Salmonella were isolated from cattle feedlots with no correlation between presence of E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella and bacteriophages against the specific pathogen (Callaway et al., 2006). Salmonella targeted bacteriophages were isolated from Salmonella-positive poultry farms, with bacteriophages found at only one Salmonella-negative farm. A total of seven bacteriophages were isolated from farms that were Salmonella-positive, and two bacteriophages from the single Salmonella-negative chicken house (Higgins et al., 2008). This might suggest that as environmental Salmonella increased, a near-simultaneous increase in bacteriophages may have also occurred. The hypothesis corresponds with other reports where it was found that bacteriophages within treated animals remained in the animal for the duration of the infection, but once the bacterial host was no longer present, the presence of bacteriophages also rapidly dropped (Barrow et al., 1998; Calloway et al., 2003; Hurley et al., 2008; Smith and Huggins, 1987).
Acetylcholine receptor clustering in rat myotubes: requirement for CA2+ and effects of drugs which depolymerize microtubules

The acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters which form in the plasma membranes of cultured rat myotubes disappear when the myotubes are exposed to medium depleted of Ca2+. This loss of receptor clusters is reversible and depends both on extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and on temperature. Other divalent cations (Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Co2+, Mn2+) do not maintain receptor clusters when Ca2+ is absent. Extracellular Na+, which promotes Ca2+ efflux from myotube cultures, is necessary for cluster loss to occur in Ca2+-depleted medium. Experiments using colchicine and other drugs which depolymerize microtubules suggest that the cytoskeleton is involved in AChR clustering. At submicromolar concentrations, these drugs afford partial protection against cluster loss caused by Ca2+ depletion. Colchicine also alters the organization of vinculin in the vicinity of AChR clusters. It is concluded that receptor clustering probably depends on intracellular Ca2+ and on a structure or mechanism indirectly affected by colchicine.
Where and what is the right shift factor or cerebral dominance gene? A critique of Francks et al. (2007)

Francks et al. (2007, p. 1129) claim to have identified “The first potential genetic influence on human handedness … and the first putative genetic effect on variability in human brain asymmetry” and a gene “that underlies much of human cognition, behaviour and emotion” (p. 1129). We criticise this claim on the basis that the authors have made unjustified assumptions concerning mode of transmission both of psychosis and relative hand skill, that they have failed to establish a parent of origin effect, and have overlooked previous findings concerning the genetic basis of handedness and asymmetry. We suggest that some of these errors relate to the application of linkage disequilibrium to detect variation that is common in the population and relates to the characteristic that defines the species. While we agree (and indeed first proposed) that the variation underlying psychosis is intrinsically related to the cerebral torque, which we take to be the anatomical basis of language, we are unconvinced by the data for LRRTM1 presented by Francks et al. We consider that a stronger case can be mounted for the Protocadherin11X/Y gene pair located in the hominid specific Xq21.3/Yp11.2 region of homology that was generated by a duplication from the X between 6 and 5 million years ago and that has been subject to a number of chromosomal and sequence changes. This gene pair can account for relationships between relative hand skill and verbal and non-verbal ability that are sex dependent, and morphological changes in the brain in psychosis that reflect interactions between sex and laterality, which are already established in the literature.
Asymmetric Coevolutionary Networks Facilitate Biodiversity Maintenance

The mutualistic interactions between plants and their pollinators or seed dispersers have played a major role in the maintenance of Earth's biodiversity. To investigate how coevolutionary interactions are shaped within species-rich communities, we characterized the architecture of an array of quantitative, mutualistic networks spanning a broad geographic range. These coevolutionary networks are highly asymmetric, so that if a plant species depends strongly on an animal species, the animal depends weakly on the plant. By using a simple dynamical model, we showed that asymmetries inherent in coevolutionary networks may enhance long-term coexistence and facilitate biodiversity maintenance.
Closing-in behaviour

Objective:Closing-in Behaviour (CIB) defines the abnormal misplacement of the copy performance, which is positioned very closed to or on the top of the model. This symptom is observed in graphic copying by patients suffering from different neurological diseases, most commonly dementia. The cognitive origins of this behaviour are still matter of investigation and research of the last ten years has been focusedon exploring two main accounts of CIB, the compensation and the attraction hypotheses, providing evidence in both directions. While the first account defines CIB as a compensatory strategy to overcome visuo-spatial and/or working memory deficitsduring copying tasks, the attraction hypothesis looks at CIB as primitive default behaviour in which attention and action are closely coupled and movements are performed towards the focus of attention. Method:We explored these two hypotheses in a sample of patients with and without CIB, and controls through a series of four experiments: Experiment 1 and 2 tested the attraction hypothesis and respectively the prediction that CIB can be elicited in a non-copying dual task condition loading upon attentional resources or by irrelevant attentional grabbing stimuli. The other two experiments investigated the compensation hypothesis manipulating the distance between model and copying space (Experiment 3) and, the task (copying and tracing) and visual demand (visual copy and memory) (Experiment 4). Results:The results support the attraction hypothesis of CIB.Conclusions: CIB reflects an impairment of the attention and action system, rather than a compensatory strategy.
SID-1 Functions in Multiple Roles To Support Parental RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans

Systemic RNA interference (RNAi) in Caenorhbaditis elegans requires sid-1, sid-3, and sid-5. Injected, expressed, or ingested double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is transported between cells, enabling RNAi in most tissues, including the germline and progeny (parental RNAi). A recent report claims that parental RNAi also requires the yolk receptor rme-2. Here, we characterize the role of the sid genes and rme-2 in parental RNAi. We identify multiple independent paths for maternal dsRNA to reach embryos and initiate RNAi. We showed previously that maternal and embryonic sid-1 contribute independently to parental RNAi. Here we demonstrate a role for embryonic sid-5, but not sid-2 or sid-3 in parental RNAi. We also find that maternal rme-2 contributes to but is not required for parental RNAi. We determine that parental RNAi by feeding occurs nearly exclusively in adults. We also introduce 5-ethynyluridine to densely internally label dsRNA, avoiding complications associated with other labeling strategies such as inhibition of normal dsRNA trafficking and separation of label and RNA. Labeling shows that yolk and dsRNA do not colocalize following endocytosis, suggesting independent uptake, and, furthermore, dsRNA appears to rapidly progress through the RAB-7 endocytosis pathway independently of sid-1 activity. Our results support the premise that although sid-1 functions in multiple roles, it alone is central and absolutely required for inheritance of silencing RNAs.
Peer-assisted content distribution with prices

Peer-assisted content distribution matches user demand for content with available supply at other peers in the network. Inspired by this supply-and-demand interpretation of the nature of content sharing, we employ price theory to study peer-assisted content distribution. The market-clearing prices are those which align supply and demand, and the system is studied through the characterization of price equilibria. We discuss the efficiency and robustness gains of price-based multilateral exchange, and show that simply maintaining a single price per peer (even across multiple files) suffices to achieve these benefits. Our main contribution is a system design---PACE (Price-Assisted Content Exchange)---that effectively and practically realizes multilateral exchange. Its centerpiece is a market-based mechanism for exchanging currency for desired content, with a single, decentralized price per peer. Honest users are completely shielded from any notion of prices, budgeting, allocation, or other market issues, yet strategic or malicious clients cannot unduly damage the system's efficient operation. Our design encourages sharing of desirable content and network-friendly resource utilization. Bilateral barter-based systems such as BitTorrent have been attractive in large part because of their simplicity. Our research takes a significant step in understanding the efficiency and robustness gains possible with multilateral exchange.
Microscale variations in C and N isotopes within mantle diamonds revealed by SIMS

These microanalytical techniques have allowed us to investigate the C and N isotope variations in previously well-characterized diamonds, concentrating on CL-defmed growth zones and sectors within polished diamond plates. Our approach is exemplified by the variations within two Siberian diamonds, #1013 (E-type, Mir) and #3648 (P-type, Udachnaya). #1013 is most likely E-type based on the occurrence of adjacent zones with highly different N concentrations and aggregation states; such features are found only in E-type diamonds at Mir. The internal structure of #1013 is fairly typical of Siberian diamonds, with a core of poor-quality diamond surrounded by clear octahedral growth. The central region shows considerable birefringence, indicative of strain. CL imaging of the central plane shows an irregular core (50-60 jim diameter) surrounded by 600 pm of complex oscillitory zoning, followed by a 1200 pm clear, sharp-edged octahedral rim with uniform CL brightness. CL brightness correlates with N abundance, with the central region being highly variable (13-1300 ppm) and the octahedral rim being fairly uniform at 1200 ppm. Nitrogen in the central region is highly aggregated (avg 75% B), implying prolonged residence at lithospheric mantle temperatures (2.9 Ga at 1190°C); the octahedral rim N is much less aggregated (avg 10-20% B), and demonstrate very different thermal histories for the core and rim of this diamond. Isotopic variations in the zoned diamond core are large (total ranges of 10.5%o in 513C and 26%o in 515N ); two spots near the center of the diamond, separated by only 50 pm, have very different 8 13C (-8.8%o, -5.8%o), 8 15N (+3.3%o, -15.6%o) and N abundance (1130 ppm, 14 ppm). The unzoned octahedral rim is uniform in both 8 13C (-4.3±0.2%o) and 8 15N (-11.2+0.9%o) to within the precision of the analyses.
ПОДЗЕМНЫЕ ЛЬДЫ И ИХ РОЛЬ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ВОРОНКИ ГАЗОВОГО ВЫБРОСА НА ПОЛУОСТРОВЕ ЯМАЛ // GROUND ICE AND ITS ROLE IN THE FORMATION OF GAS-EMISSION CRATER IN THE YAMAL PENINSULA

The results of hydro-geochemical and isotopic studies of tabular ground ice and crater-lake water from the gas-emission crater in theYamalPeninsulaare analyzed. These data are compared with the results of similar studies of tabular and ice-wedge ice, as well as surface and atmospheric waters of theYamalPeninsula. Similarity in the isotopic and ionic composition of the crater tabular ground ice and stratified tabular ice of Marre-Sale area was found, in contrast to the ionic and isotopic composition of surface and atmospheric waters, as well as polygonal ice wedges in the region. Анализируются результаты гидрогеохимических и изотопных исследований пластового подземного льда и озерной воды воронки газового выброса на Ямале. Данные сопоставляются с результатами аналогичных исследований пластового и полигонально-жильного льда, а также поверхностных и атмосферных вод Ямала. Установлено сходство по изотопному и ионному составу пластового льда воронки и слоистого пластового льда района Марре-Сале и отличие этих льдов от ионного и изотопного состава поверхностных и атмосферных вод, а также полигонально-жильных льдов региона. Ключевые слова: воронка газового выброса, подземные льды, стабильные изотопы, химический состав, метан. жильных льдов региона.
A Hexanucleotide Element Directs MicroRNA Nuclear Import

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate partially complementary target messenger RNAs. Target selection in animals is dictated primarily by sequences at the miRNA 5′ end. We demonstrated that despite their small size, specific miRNAs contain additional sequence elements that control their posttranscriptional behavior, including their subcellular localization. We showed that human miR-29b, in contrast to other studied animal miRNAs, is predominantly localized to the nucleus. The distinctive hexanucleotide terminal motif of miR-29b acts as a transferable nuclear localization element that directs nuclear enrichment of miRNAs or small interfering RNAs to which it is attached. Our results indicate that miRNAs sharing common 5′ sequences, considered to be largely redundant, might have distinct functions because of the influence of cis-acting regulatory motifs.
Gut mucosal damage during endotoxic shock is due to mechanisms other than gut ischemia.

Whether the gut alterations seen during sepsis are caused by microcirculatory hypoxia or disturbances in cellular metabolic pathways associated with mitochondrial respiration remains controversial. We hypothesized that hypoperfusion or hypoxia and local production of nitric oxide might play an important role in the development of gut mucosal injury during endotoxic shock and investigated their roles by using differing levels of fluid resuscitation and occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Anesthetized New Zealand rabbits were allocated to group I (sham, n = 8); group II [low-dose endotoxin (LPS, Escherichia coli-055:B5, 150 microg/kg)/fluid resuscitation (12 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1)); n = 8]; group III [high-dose LPS (1 mg/kg)/fluid resuscitation (12 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1)); n = 8]; group IV [high-dose LPS (1 mg/kg)/hypovolemia (4 ml x kg-1 x h(-1) fluids); n = 8]; and group V [SMA ligation/fluid resuscitation (12 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1)); n = 4]. Luminal gut lactate concentrations and PCO2 gap increased in groups IV and V (P < 0.05), reflecting alterations in gut perfusion. Interestingly, significant histological alterations were observed in all LPS groups but not in group V. Blood and luminal gut nitrate/nitrite concentrations increased only in group IV. The mechanism of gut injury in endotoxic shock seems unrelated to hypoxia and release of nitric oxide. Gut dysfunction may occur as a result of so-called "cytopathic hypoxia. "
Projective structures with discrete holonomy representations

Let Zg be a compact oriented differentiable surface of genus g > 2. A projective structure (or CP1-structure) on Z9 is a maximal system of charts with transition maps in the projective automorphism group of CP1, namely, PSL2(C). Let P9 denote the space of all projective structures on Eg with markings. Since elements of PSL2(C) are holomorphic, a projective structure determines its underlying complex structure. Hence there is a natural map r: Pg -Tg, where 7' denotes the Teichmiiller space. For each projective structure, we can take its developing map on the universal cover and have a holomorphic quadratic differential (or a projective connection) on the Riemann surface (the underlying complex structure under the projective structure) by taking the Schwarzian derivative. It is well-known (cf. section 2 for detail) that this procedure gives a natural identification between r: Pg -* Tg and the bundle of holomorphic quadratic differentials over the Teichmiiller space r: Q -, Tg. In this paper, we will investigate the set of projective structures on YZ9 with discrete holonomy representations with respect to the parametrizationby Q. Let K c Q be the set of all projective structures with discrete holonomy representations. It is well-known that there is an open set QF of Q, which is a neighborhood of the 0-section {0} x Tg of Q -Tg, consisting of all projective structures with univalent developing maps and quasifuchsian holonomy representations. For any Riemann surface X C Tg, the fiber of wr QF: QF -Tg over X, which wre denote by QF(X), is a domain which is holomorphically equivalent to the Teichrniller space and is called a Bers slice. One of our main results shows that a similar phenomenon occurs for each component of the interior point set int K. Let Q(X) denote the fiber over X of Q -, T. , namely, Q(X) is the space of projective structures on the complex structure X. Let K(X) denote the fiber of
Failure of Swimming Exercise to Improve Capillarization in Cardiac Hypertrophy of Renal Hypertensive Rats

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were made hypertensive by the two kidney/one clip Goldblatt procedure, while control animals were sham-operated. One week later, half of the animals were subjected to a moderate swimming exercise and the other half remained sedentary. Thus, four experimental groups, each consisting of 14 rats, were formed: control animals that were exercised or kept sedentary and corresponding renal hypertensive animals either exercised or sedentary. In hypertensive rats, a significantly increased left ventricular weight and reduced coronary reserve were found. Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertensive rats was characterized by a lower number of capillaries on a tissue cross-section, larger heterogeneity of the capillary net, and a less uniform orientation of capillaries in space. Total length of capillaries in the hypertrophic hearts increased significantly, but less than the increase in cardiac weight, resulting in reduced capillary length density. Chronic swimming for 2 hr/day for a period of 6 weeks, subsequent to a 4-week acclimation period, did not significantly influence any of the investigated indexes of capillaries from hypertrophic hearts. In the normotensive rats, chronic swimming resulted only in a moderate increase in total capillary length associated with a small increase in the left ventricular weight of similar degree. Thus, chronic exercise in normotensive rats induced a moderate increase in total capillary length per left ventricle, while it did not alleviate impaired capillarization of hypertrophic hearts from hypertensive rats. (Clrculation Research 1987;61:641-647)
RAI1 Transcription Factor Activity Is Impaired in Mutants Associated with Smith-Magenis Syndrome

Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) is a complex genomic disorder mostly caused by the haploinsufficiency of the Retinoic Acid Induced 1 gene (RAI1), located in the chromosomal region 17p11.2. In a subset of SMS patients, heterozygous mutations in RAI1 are found. Here we investigate the molecular properties of these mutated forms and their relationship with the resulting phenotype. We compared the clinical phenotype of SMS patients carrying a mutation in RAI1 coding region either in the N-terminal or the C-terminal half of the protein and no significant differences were found. In order to study the molecular mechanism related to these two groups of RAI1 mutations first we analyzed those mutations that result in the truncated protein corresponding to the N-terminal half of RAI1 finding that they have cytoplasmic localization (in contrast to full length RAI1) and no ability to activate the transcription through an endogenous target: the BDNF enhancer. Similar results were found in lymphoblastoid cells derived from a SMS patient carrying RAI1 c.3103insC, where both mutant and wild type products of RAI1 were detected. The wild type form of RAI1 was found in the chromatin bound and nuclear matrix subcellular fractions while the mutant product was mainly cytoplasmic. In addition, missense mutations at the C-terminal half of RAI1 presented a correct nuclear localization but no activation of the endogenous target. Our results showed for the first time a correlation between RAI1 mutations and abnormal protein function plus they suggest that a reduction of total RAI1 transcription factor activity is at the heart of the SMS clinical presentation.