Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Keeping Capital Flowing: The Role of the IMF

In this paper, we examine the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in maintaining the access of emerging market economies to international capital markets. We find evidence that both macroeconomic aggregates and capital flows improve following the adoption of an IMF programme, although they may initially deteriorate somewhat. Consistent with theoretical predictions and earlier empirical findings, we find that IMF programmes are most successful in improving capital flows to countries with bad, but not very bad, fundamentals. In such countries, IMF programmes are also associated with improvements in the fundamentals themselves. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2004
The Demand for and Supply of Accounting Theories: The Market for Excuses

This paper addresses the questions of why accounting theories are predominantly normative and why no single theory is generally accepted. Accounting theories are analyzed as economic goods, produced in response to the demand for theories. The nature of the demand is examined, first in an unregulated, then in a regulated economy. Government regulation creates incentives for individuals to lobby on proposed accounting procedures, and accounting theories are useful justifications in the political lobbying. Further, government intervention produces a demand for a variety of theories, because each group affected by an accounting change demands a theory that supports its position. The diversity of positions prevents general agreement on a theory of accounting, and accounting theories are normative because they are used as excuses for political action (i.e., the political process creates demand for theories that prescribe, rather than describe, the world). The implications of the authors' theory for the changes in the accounting literature as a result of major changes in the institutional environment are compared with observed phenomena.
The Cointegrated VAR Model: Methodology and Applications

This valuable text provides a comprehensive introduction to VAR modelling and how it can be applied. In particular, the author focuses on the properties of the Cointegrated VAR model and its implications for macroeconomic inference when data are non-stationary. The text provides a number of insights into the links between statistical econometric modelling and economic theory and gives a thorough treatment of identification of the long-run and short-run structure as well as of the common stochastic trends and the impulse response functions, providing in each case illustrations of applicability. This book presents the main ingredients of the Copenhagen School of Time-Series Econometrics in a transparent and coherent framework. The distinguishing feature of this school is that econometric theory and applications have been developed in close cooperation. The guiding principle is that good econometric work should take econometrics, institutions, and economics seriously. The author uses a single data set throughout most of the book to guide the reader through the econometric theory while also revealing the full implications for the underlying economic model. To test ensure full understanding the book concludes with the introduction of two new data sets to combine readers understanding of econometric theory and economic models, with economic reality.
Sequences in rotavirus glycoprotein VP7 that mediate delayed translocation and retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum

Glycosylation and translocation of the simian rotavirus protein VP7, a resident ER protein, does not occur co-translationally in vivo. In pulse-chase experiments in COS cells, nonglycosylated VP7 was still detectable after a 25-min chase period, although the single glycosylation site was only 18 residues beyond the signal peptide cleavage site. After labeling, glycosylated and nonglycosylated VP7 was recovered in microsomes but the latter was sensitive to trypsin (i.e., the nascent protein became membrane associated) but most of it entered the ER posttranslationally because of a rate-limiting step early in translocation. In contrast with the simian protein, bovine VP7 was glycosylated and translocated rapidly. Thus, delayed translocation per se was not required for retention of VP7 in the ER. By constructing hybrid proteins, it was further shown that the signal peptide together with residues 64-111 of the simian protein caused delayed translocation. The same sequences were also necessary and sufficient for retention of simian VP7 in the ER. The data are consistent with the idea that certain proteins are inserted into the ER membrane in a loop configuration.
Stayers as "Workers" and "Savers": Toward Reconciling the Pension-Quit Literature

The classic selection effect posits that deferred wages attract "stayers. " The results in this paper suggest an alternative explanation. Deferred wage contracts attract "savers. " All else constant, savers are better workers than nonsavers. A firm naturally works harder to retain better workers, and thus, is led to pay them higher wages; thereby encouraging savers to remain in the firm's employ. This process creates a confluence of deferred wages, high levels of compensation and low quit propensities. In this explanation, "staying" is merely the result of a selection process, and not the underlying factor that drives selection.
How different are the Spanish self-employed workers by underreporting their incomes?

This paper offers estimates of the underreporting of income by self-employed workers using the Spanishhousehold surveys over the period 2006-2009. We use the well-known model by Pissarides and Weber (1989)but extending its interpretation for admitting also the (lower) concealment of income by salary workers. Ourresults show that the reported income by self-employed has to be increased by about 25-30 percent to obtainthe level of income which would equal the level of underreporting by employees. Our estimates are robust tochanges in specification, endogeneity and non-linearities. Este articulo ofrece estimaciones de la ocultacion de rentas por parte de los trabajadores autonomosespanoles usando Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares en el periodo 2006-2009. Para ello empleamos elconocido modelo de Pissarides y Weber (1989), cuya interpretacion extendemos para admitir tambien la(menor) ocultacion de renta por parte de los trabajadores asalariados. Nuestros resultados muestran que larenta reconocida por los trabajadores autonomos espanoles debe incrementarse entre un 25 y 30 por cientopara obtener el nivel de renta que igualaria el grado de ocultacion de los empleados. Dichas estimacionesson robustas a cambios en la especificacion, endogeneidad y no linealidades.
Quarterly National Accounts Manual: Concepts, Data Sources, and Compilation

This Manual provides guidance to compilers of national accounts on the concepts, data sources, and compilation methods required for development of a system of quarterly national accounts. More and more countries are recognizing that quarterly national accounts are an essential tool for management and analysis of their economy. The Manual is intended particularly for compilers who already have a knowledge of annual national accounting concepts and methods, and provides techniques for the development of a consistent time series of annual and quarterly accounts. It serves as a complement to the System of National Accounts 1993, which has only a limited discussion of quarterly accounts, and will also prove useful as a tool for sophisticated users of quarterly national accounts.
Functional Polymorphisms of Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 9 Genes in Women with Spontaneous Preterm Birth

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of functional MMP-1-1607 1G/2G and MMP-9-1562 C/T gene polymorphisms with spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB; preterm birth with intact membranes) in European Caucasian women, as well as the contribution of these polymorphisms to different clinical features of women with SPTB. Methods and Patients. A case-control study was conducted in 113 women with SPTB and 119 women with term delivery (control group). Genotyping of MMP-1-1607 1G/2G and MMP-9-1562 C/T gene polymorphisms was performed using the combination of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of neither individual nor combinations of genotype and allele frequencies of MMP-1-1607 1G/2G and MMP-9-1562 C/T polymorphisms between women with SPTB and control women. Additionally, these polymorphisms do not contribute to any of the clinical characteristics of women with SPTB, including positive and negative family history of SPTB, gestational age at delivery, and maternal age at delivery, nor fetal birth weight. Conclusion. We did not find the evidence to support the association of MMP-1-1607 1G/2G and MMP-9-1562 C/T gene polymorphisms with SPTB in European Caucasian women.
A Survey of Semantic Relatedness Measures

Semantic relatedness measures are widely employed today to estimate the strength the semantic relationship among two terms of two pieces of texts. In other words, the ability to compute semantic relatedness among terms has widespread applications and is considered as an important pre-processing step in Natural Language Processing. Despite an extensive amount of work dedicated to this area of research, the strengths and weaknesses of various methods have not been compared extensively. In this paper, a comprehensive survey of the broad notion of semantic relatedness measure for computing semantic relatedness of terms and texts are presented and benefits and drawbacks of different approaches to evaluating semantic relatedness are discussed. It must be noted that this survey will be a valuable reference to researchers of lexical semantic relatedness and can substantially support the research activities in this field.
The Foreign Policy Disconnect: What Americans Want from Our Leaders but Don't Get

With world affairs so troubled, what kind of foreign policy should the United States pursue? Benjamin Page and Marshall Bouton look for answers in a surprising place: among the American people. Drawing on a series of national surveys conducted between 1974 and 2004, Page and Bouton reveal that contrary to conventional wisdom Americans generally hold durable, coherent, and sensible opinions about foreign policy. Nonetheless, their opinions often stand in opposition to those of policymakers, usually because of different interests and values, rather than superior wisdom among the elite. "The Foreign Policy Disconnect" argues that these gaps between leaders and the public are harmful, and that by using public opinion as a guideline policymakers could craft a more effective, sustainable, and democratic foreign policy. Page and Bouton support this argument by painting a uniquely comprehensive portrait of the military, diplomatic, and economic foreign policies Americans favor. They show, for example, that protecting American jobs is just as important to the public as security from attack, a goal the current administration seems to pursue single-mindedly. And contrary to some officials unilateral tendencies, the public consistently and overwhelmingly favors cooperative multilateral policy and participation in international treaties. Moreover, Americans foreign policy opinions are seldom divided along the usual lines: majorities of virtually all social, ideological, and partisan groups seek a policy that pursues the goals of security and justice through cooperative means. Written in a clear and engaging style, "The Foreign Policy Disconnect "calls, in an original voice, for a more democratic approach to creating such a policy. "
Testing the Validity of Financial Liberalization Policies under the Framework of McKinnon’s Complementarity Hypothesis: The Case of Turkey

The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of McKinnon’s complementarity hypothesis that puts forward by McKinnon (1993) and Shaw (1973) for Turkish economy. In the analysis the method of Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) that developed by Stock and Watson (1993) and the cointegration test that developed by Shin (1994) are used for the sample period that covers 1980–2007. In respect of the empirical findings, within the framework of the financial liberalization policies, raising the interest rates have positive effect on savings and loanable funds however have no positive effect on investments. Accordingly, it is understood that the McKinnon’s complementarity hypothesis is not a valid hypothesis for Turkish economy
ONE-PARAMETER GROUPS AND COMBINATORIAL PHYSICS

In this communication, we consider the normal ordering of sums of elements of the form (a*^r a a*^s), where a* and a are boson creation and annihilation operators. We discuss the integration of the associated one-parameter groups and their combinatorial by-products. In particular, we show how these groups can be realized as groups of substitutions with prefunctions.
Video completion using global optimization

Video completion is a computer vision technique to restore the holes in video sequences due to removal of the dynamic or static foreground object by filling the unknown region with the known information. In this paper, a novel algorithm for video completion of large holes in video sequences is proposed. Video completion is treated as a global optimization problem by enforcing the spatial-temporal consistency. We solve the completion problem using texture synthesis and consider texture propagation as a graph labeling problem. We extend a pixel in one frame to a cubic spatial-temporal point. To minimize the energy defined on 3D label graph for measuring the similarity between source and target patches, we adopt belief propagation algorithm to find the optimal patches by iterative steps. At last, the color information of the selected optimal patches is copied to each node in the unknown regions to complete the texture propagation. Experiment results on natural videos are encouraging and indicate that the performance of the proposed approach is effective.
Atypical Febrile Seizures, Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, and Dual Pathology

Febrile seizures occurring in the neonatal period, especially when prolonged, are thought to be involved in the later development of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) in children. The presence of an often undetected, underlying cortical malformation has also been reported to be implicated in the epileptogenesis process following febrile seizures. This paper highlights some of the various animal models of febrile seizures and of cortical malformation and portrays a two-hit model that efficiently mimics these two insults and leads to spontaneous recurrent seizures in adult rats. Potential mechanisms are further proposed to explain how these two insults may each, or together, contribute to network hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis. Finally the clinical relevance of the two-hit model is briefly discussed in light of a therapeutic and preventive approach to mTLE.
Hygiène dans les cabinets de médecine générale en Midi-Pyrénées : précision des réalités actuelles au travers d'un audit

Introduction : l'hygiene au cabinet du medecin generaliste a fait l'objet de Recommandations de Bonne Pratique (RBP) claires et precises. Cependant, il n'existe que peu d'evaluations sur le terrain du respect de ces recommandations. L'objectif de cette etude etait d'evaluer la proportion de medecins generalistes respectant les RBP a propos du lavage des mains, l'asepsie de la peau des patients, l'integrite du materiel medical, l'organisation des locaux et la gestion des dechets. Materiel et Methodes : il s'agissait d'une etude observationnelle basee sur un auto-questionnaire puis d'un audit du lieu d'exercice des medecins interroges. L'etude a eu lieu en Midi-Pyrenees. Resultats : sur les 50 medecins interroges, aucun ne respectait l'ensemble des RBP. Les points les moins respectes concernaient le tri encore marginal des Dechets d'Activite de Soins a Risque Infectieux, le lavage et la desinfection des mains non-systematiques, le defaut de desinfection des stethoscopes et brassards tensionnels, la reutilisation du materiel medical a usage unique, le manque de nettoyage des jouets. Discussion : certaines interventions simples, par exemple sur la desinfection des mains et du materiel medical, permettraient d'ameliorer sensiblement le niveau d'hygiene dans les cabinets de medecine generale. Le niveau d'information des medecins gagnerait a etre ameliore, par le biais d'ateliers pratiques ou de l'instauration d'un systeme de medecine preventive.
Ultrastructure of the olfactory organ in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, during larval development and metamorphosis

Development of the olfactory epithelia of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Stages examined ranged from hatching through the end of metamorphosis. The larval olfactory organ consists of two chambers, the principal cavity and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). A third sensory chamber, the middle cavity, arises during metamorphosis. In larvae, the principal cavity is exposed to water‐borne odorants, but after metamorphosis it is exposed to airborne odorants. The middle cavity and the VNO are always exposed to waterborne odorants.
Moving Object Classification Using a Combination of Static Appearance Features and Spatial and Temporal Entropy Values of Optical Flows

This paper proposes a new approach for classifying four types of moving objects in an intelligent transportation system. Pedestrians, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles are classified based on their side views from a fixed camera. A moving object is segmented and tracked using background subtraction, silhouette projection, an area ratio, a Kalman filter, and appearance correlation operations. For the classification of a segmented object, a combination of static and spatiotemporal features based on the cooccurrence of its appearance and the movements of its local parts is proposed. To extract the static appearance features, adaptive block-based gradient intensities and histograms of oriented gradients are proposed. For the spatiotemporal features, the optical-flow-based entropy values of instantaneous and short-term movements are proposed. The former finds the spatial entropy values of the orientations and the amplitudes of optical flows in a block to extract the local movement information from two consecutive image frames. The latter finds the temporal entropy values of the tracked optical flows in different orientation bins to extract the short-term movement information from several consecutive frames. Linear support vector machines with batch incremental learning are proposed to classify the four classes of objects. Experimental results from 12 test video sequences and comparisons with several feature descriptors show the effect of the proposed classification system and the advantage of the proposed features in classification.
Development NGOs: Basic Facts

This paper systematizes the results of the empirical literature on development non-governmental organizations (NGOs), drawing both from quantitative and qualitative analyses, and constructs a set of basic facts about these organizations. These basic facts concern the size of the development NGO sector and its evolution, the funding of NGOs, the allocation of NGO aid and projects across beneficiary countries, the relationship of NGOs with beneficiaries, and the phenomenon of globalization of development NGOs.
Multiple Roots of [−1, 1] Power Series

We are interested in how small a root of multiplicity k can be for a power series of the form f(z):=1+∑n=1∞aizi with coefficients ai in [−1, 1]. Let r(k) denote the size of the smallest root of multiplicity k possible for such a power series. We show that 1‐log(ek1/2)k+1⩽r(k)⩽1‐1k+1
Energy Development in the Western United States: Impact on Rural Areas

This attempt to provide an overview of social, economic and demographic impacts of energy development in rural areas in the Western U.S., identifies major topics related to the impacts and the major aspects of these areas, discusses research findings and suggests emerging generalizations. Research issues and priorities requiring additional analyses and emphases are noted. The first chapter discusses questions relating to the scope of energy developments and to the nature of impacts in rural areas. Chapter 2 introduces the topic of energy resources and the levels of development projected for the immediate future. The historical, social, demographic, and economic context of energy development in the west is discussed in Chapter 3. Employment-related issues surrounding energy development is covered in Chapter 4. The fifth Chapter examines the size, distribution, and characteristics of energy-related populations in impacted areas. Chapter 6, 7, 8 and 9 examine the effects of energy developments on agriculture and business, the cost and revenue structures, community service structures, and the social impacts of energy development related to social structures organization, values, attitudes and perceptions. The interrelationships between many of the above factors are examined in Chapter 10. The policy implications and forms of assistance available for managing impacts are discussed in Chapter 11.
The Persistent Puzzles Of Safeguards: Lessons From The Steel Dispute

The recent WTO dispute between the United States and eight complainant nations over protective measures for the steel industry brought widespread attention to a little known area of WTO law -- the rules governing 'safeguard measures', the temporary protection of troubled industries against import surges. The use of safeguard measures is normatively controversial, although their welfare implications are much less clear than their critics sometimes suggest. This paper makes the point that WTO rules, as interpreted by recent Appellate Body decisions and applied by the dispute panel in the steel case, pose nearly insurmountable hurdles to the legal use of safeguard measures by WTO members. Among other things, the current interpretation of the 'nonattribution' requirement for the use of safeguard measures in the WTO Safeguards Agreement obliges members to make a demonstration that is logically impossible as an economic matter. Those who believe that safeguard measures are merely wasteful protectionism may welcome such impediments to their use, but it is not obvious that the trading system will benefit in the long run, and there can be little doubt that one key objective of the Uruguay Round negotiators -- to revive the use of disciplined, temporary safeguard actions -- is being frustrated. Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved, Oxford University Press.