Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Confidence-Hindsight Mirror Effect in Judgment: An Accuracy-Assessment Model for the Knew-It-All-Along Phenomenon

This article presents a model for the "knew-it-all-along effect": the accuracy-assessment model. The model is based on the assumption that participants in hindsight studies use the strategy of trying to reproduce the distribution of correct and wrong responses that seem appropriate in view of their assessment of the expected accuracy. The model provides precise, quantitative, parameter-free predictions about the extent and direction of hindsight bias. In particular, the model predicts good calibration in hindsight and a systematic relation between over/underconfidence in foresight and hindsight bias, referred to as the confutence-hindsight mirror effect. A novel and unique prediction by the model is a reversal of the knew-it-all-along effect in judgment domains characterized by underconfidence in foresight. This reversed hindsight phenomenon and other predictions by the model were tested and confirmed in 4 experiments. After the tragedy at the siege of a religious sect in Waco, Texas, in 1993, Swedish researchers on psychology of religion stated that with knowledge of such sects at hand, the outcome could not have been anything but violent. It is always easy to be wise after an event. Fischhoff (1975) coined the term creeping determinism for people's tendency in hindsight to believe that the world is more determinate and predictable than it indeed is. When subjective probabilities of an event are estimated in retrospect, with outcome information available, and judges are asked to make their estimation as if they had not received the outcome information, they are prone to be biased in the direction of the outcome, a manifestation of hindsight bias or the knew-it-allalong effect (Wood, 1978). Hindsight bias is measured by comparing hindsight estimates by participants who were given outcome information, either with those of a control (foresight) group without this information or with estimates given by the same participants at a prior occasion without outcome knowledge. Hindsight bias has been demonsurated in a variety of tasks and contexts, such as general knowledge items, political events, economic decisions, and sports events (see Christensen-Szalanski & Willham, 1991; Fischhoff, 1982; Hawkins & Hastie, 1990; for reviews). Motivational as well as cognitive factors have been proposed as causes of hindsight bias, with most recent research favoring cognitive explanations (Hawkins & Hastie, 1990).
Behavioral and subcortical signatures of musical expertise in Mandarin Chinese speakers

Both musical training and native language have been shown to have experience-based plastic effects on auditory processing. However, the combined effects within individuals are unclear. Recent research suggests that musical training and tone language speaking are not clearly additive in their effects on processing of auditory features and that there may be a disconnect between perceptual and neural signatures of auditory feature processing. The literature has only recently begun to investigate the effects of musical expertise on basic auditory processing for different linguistic groups. This work provides a profile of primary auditory feature discrimination for Mandarin speaking musicians and nonmusicians. The musicians showed enhanced perceptual discrimination for both frequency and duration as well as enhanced duration discrimination in a multifeature discrimination task, compared to nonmusicians. However, there were no differences between the groups in duration processing of nonspeech sounds at a subcortical level or in subcortical frequency representation of a nonnative tone contour, for fo or for the first or second formant region. The results indicate that musical expertise provides a cognitive, but not subcortical, advantage in a population of Mandarin speakers.
The module structure of a group action on a polynomial ring: A finiteness theorem

Consider a group acting on a polynomial ring over a finite field. We study the polynomial ring as a module for the group and prove a structure theorem with several striking corollaries. For example, any indecomposable module that appears as a summand must also appear in low degree, and so the number of isomorphism types of such summands is finite. There are also applications to invariant theory, giving a priori bounds on the degrees of the generators.
Quality of Security Service in a Resource Management System Beneﬁt Function

: Enforcement of a high-level statement of security policy may be difﬁcult to discern when mapped through functional requirements to a myriad of possible security services and mechanisms in a highly complex, networked environment. A method of articulating network security functional requirements, and their fulﬁllment, is presented. Using this method, security in a quality of service framework is discussed in terms of “variant” security mechanisms and dynamic security policies. For illustration, it is shown how this method can be used to represent Quality of Security Service (QoSS) in a network scheduler beneﬁt function 1 .
B-spline Curve Smoothing for Isobathymetric Line Generalization

Abstract This paper introduces a new method for curve smoothing which is specific for isobathymetric line generalization. Isobaths are modeled with B-spline curves that can maintain the smooth feature of the curves. Smoothing is performed by keeping the curve points always on the deepest side of the original curve so that the result is consistent with the safety constraint. It is done by using a snake model in which the constraints and the smoothness are expressed via external and internal energies defined from the curve derivatives. The advantage of the model is that the deformation is done by minimizing the system energy and, by tuning the parameters during the process, convergence towards a valid solution is ensured. Results from real case studies are presented.
Implicit Race/Ethnic Prejudice in Mexican Americans

Implicit race/ethnic prejudice was assessed using Spanish- and English-language versions of an Implicit Association Test that used Hispanic/Anglo first names and pleasant/unpleasant words as stimuli. This test was administered to a consecutive sample of Mexican American adults residing in the Rio Grande Valley region of Texas of whom about two-thirds chose to be tested in English and one-third preferred Spanish. Participants were mostly female (73%) with a mean age of 32 years and mean education of 13 years. Among 83 participants, 43% demonstrated in-group implicit prejudice while 26% showed out-group implicit prejudice toward Anglos. There was a significant negative correlation between family values (familism and filial piety) and implicit race/ethnic prejudice scores but no significant association was found between implicit race/ethnic prejudice scores and acculturation or skin tone. Results contribute to the ongoing controversy regarding the validity of implicit race/ethnic prejudice, supporting the concept that societal not individual prejudices are being measured.
Automated assessment of short free-text responses in computer science using latent semantic analysis

In the last few decades, much research has focused on the evaluation and assessment of students' knowledge. The idea that computers can now be used to aid assessment is appealing. While implementing automatic marking of multiple choice questions is trivial, most educators agree that such form of assessment provides only limited insight into students' knowledge. Due to this limitation, teachers prefer to use unstructured questions in assessments. These questions, however, are much more complicated to mark as the semantic meaning of a response is more important than any of the individual keywords. Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) has a remarkable ability to infer meaning from a text in this way. This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of an automatic marking system based on LSA and designed to grade paragraph responses to exam questions. In addition to presenting the algorithm and the theoretical basis of the system, we describe the tests that were conducted to test its efficacy. The tests included comparing the marks for several computer science courses exams generated by the system with the original grades awarded by a human examiner. The various settings of the system are studied to understand their effect on the accuracy. Using this understanding, along with trial and error, good configurations for each question are found. Under ideal configurations the system is capable of generating marks with correlations above 0.80 compared to the human examiner's grades. This is considered an acceptable variance. Generating these ideal configurations is nontrivial but possible by designing effective ways to extract appropriate settings from features of the data. If there is enough training data the system easily performs at rates that match the inter-correlation between human markers.
Rate Tests for Phenotypic Evolution Using Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts

Most studies of evolutionary rates, except those concerning laboratory populations, use data from fossils to measure amounts of change occurring over time (e.g., Raup and Crick 1981; Cracraft 1984; Stanley 1985; Futuyma 1986; Bookstein 1987, 1988, 1989; Campbell and Day 1987; Gingerich 1987; Rosenzweig et al. 1987; Forey 1988; MacFadden 1988; McNamara 1990; Taylor and Larwood 1990; Fenster and Sorhannus 1991). For many phenotypic traits and for many kinds of organisms, however, fossil information is either sparse or unavailable (e.g., physiological or behavioral traits, such as maximal running speed or home range area [Garland 1983; Garland et al. 1988; Garland and Losos, in press; Janis, in press]; organisms such as Drosophila [Parsons 1987, 1991]). Evolutionary-rate tests based on comparative data from living species may, therefore, greatly extend the types of traits and organisms that can be studied and compared (e.g., Coyne and Orr 1989; Lynch 1990; Vogl and Wagner 1990). Possible explanations for variation in evolutionary rates are discussed elsewhere (e.g., Futuyma 1986; Bookstein 1987, 1988, 1989; Campbell and Day 1987; Coyne and Orr 1989; Vrba 1989; Lynch 1990; Vogl and Wagner 1990; Fenster and Sorhannus 1991; Janis, in press) and will not be considered here. Recently, Lynch (1990) has described a test for comparing evolutionary rates within a clade with those predicted under the neutral theory of phenotypic evolution. His test requires estimates of divergence times (as may be derived from paleontological information and/or molecular clocks) and of the expected rate at which mutation adds new phenotypic variance to populations. Here, I consider a different but complementary problem, that of comparing rates of phenotypic evolution among clades. I show that phylogenetically independent contrasts (Felsenstein 1985) allow simple and statistically valid comparisons of evolutionary rates among monophyletic groups of extant (or extinct) species. The proposed test requires the genealogy (or cladogram) for all included species, as well as estimates of phylogenetic branch lengths, but it does not require information on mutation rates. As well, the clades to be compared do not need to be sister clades. Because organisms are related hierarchically, data for living species generally lack biological and hence statistical independence (e.g., Grafen 1989; Harvey and Pagel 1991; Harvey and Purvis 1991; Martins and Garland 1991). As noted by
Large-scale spatial join query processing in Cloud

The rapidly increasing amount of location data available in many applications has made it desirable to process their large-scale spatial queries in Cloud for performance and scalability. We report our designs and implementations of two prototype systems that are ready for Cloud deployments: SpatialSpark based on Apache Spark and ISP-MC based on Cloudera Impala. Both systems support indexed spatial joins based on point-in-polygon test and point-to-polyline distance computation. Experiments on the pickup locations of ~170 million taxi trips in New York City and ~10 million global species occurrences records have demonstrated both efficiency and scalability using Amazon EC2 clusters.
Unsupervised determination of efficient Korean LVCSR units using a Bayesian Dirichlet process model

Korean is an agglutinative language that does not have explicit word boundaries. It is also a highly inflective language that exhibits severe coarticulation effects. These characteristics pose a challenge in developing large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems. Many existing Korean LVCSR systems attempt to overcome these difficulties by defining a set of “word” units using morphological analysis (rule-based) or statistical methods. These approaches usually require a great deal of linguistic knowledge or at least some explicit information about the statistical distribution of the units. However, exceptions or uncommon words (e.g., foreign proper nouns) still exist that cannot be covered by rules alone. In this paper, we investigate the use of an unsupervised, nonparametric Bayesian approach to automatically determining efficient units for a Korean LVCSR system. Specifically, we utilize a Dirichlet process model trained using Bayesian inference through block Gibbs sampling. Our approach provides a principled way of learning units without explicit linguistic knowledge or any static parameters. Experiments were conducted on a travel domain corpus, which includes many foreign words and proper nouns. In our experiments we compared our method to a set of state-of-the-art baseline systems that relied on either morphological analysis or segmentation heuristics. Our system was able to produce a considerably more compact set of “word” units than the best baseline system (the lexical dictionary was approximately half the size), with a recognition accuracy 5.89% higher in terms of the relative word error rate than the best baseline system.
A revertant of the major founder Native American haplogroup C common in populations from northern South America

We examined the mtDNA RFLP diversity of 17 Native American populations from Colombia. Five of the populations studied were found to have variable frequencies of a mtDNA type lacking the characteristic changes of haplogroups A‐D. Sequencing of mtDNA HVS‐I and II showed that this “null” RFLP type carries all the substitutions characteristic of Native American founder lineage C. A back mutation has therefore recreated the +13,259 HincII/−13,262 AluI restriction sites that tipify RFLP haplogroup C. This revertant C lineage is further characterized by three changes in HVS‐II sequence: C/T transitions at positions 115 and 152, and the deletion of an A residue at position 116. This lineage is observed at high frequency mostly in populations from Greenberg's Equatorial–Tucano linguistic family. Genetic structure analyses are consistent with the reversion mutation occurring at an early stage during the tribalization process. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:59–65, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wilms' tumor gene 1 silencing inhibits proliferation of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis activation

Wilms’ tumor gene 1 (WT1) plays complex roles in tumorigenesis, acting as tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene depending on the cellular context. A high WT1 expression level was described in various types of human bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, including osteosarcoma (OS), but its function in carcinogenesis is not yet well understood. This study investigated WT1 both in human OS tissues and in human OS MG-63 cell line in which WT1 gene is up-regulated. The results demonstrated that WT1 is expressed in 50% of human OS cases. WT1-silenced MG-63 cells showed deregulation of proteins of cell cycle and down-regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway. Induction of apoptotic programme was also established by activation of caspase-3 and increase of Bax/Bcl2 ratio and p53 protein. This study provided new findings on role of WT1 and indicated an association between WT1 expression, cell cycle and apoptotic machinery. In conclusion, WT1 acts as a tumour promoter in osteosarcoma and it could be a potential therapeutic target.
Why Is Nature Beneficial?

Three studies examine the effects of exposure to nature on positive affect and ability to reflect on a life problem. Participants spent 15 min walking in a natural setting (Studies 1, 2, & 3), an urban setting (Study 1), or watching videos of natural and urban settings (Studies 2 & 3). In all three studies, exposure to nature increased connectedness to nature, attentional capacity, positive emotions, and ability to reflect on a life problem; these effects are more dramatic for actual nature than for virtual nature. Mediational analyses indicate that the positive effects of exposure to nature are partially mediated by increases in connectedness to nature and are not mediated by increases in attentional capacity. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the exposure to nature/well-being effects.
Factorial Validity of a Computer Self-Efficacy Scale and the Impact of Computer Training

In this article, a 30-item computer self-efficacy scale is validated and used to examine the influence of computer training on computer self-efficacy. The scale was used to collect data from 224 undergraduates at the beginning and at the end of an introductory computer course. A principal factor analysis of the Computer Self-Efficacy Scale produced a conceptually meaningful four-factor solution with high alpha reliabilities. Data analysis suggests that training significantly improved the computer self-efficacy of males and females in this study for all factors.
Identity Politics and Cultural Asymmetries: Singaporean Transmigrants ‘Fashioning’ Cosmopolitanism

The politics of identity and difference are often intensely experienced and negotiated in everyday encounters. By examining the experiences of highly skilled Singaporean transmigrants in London and their projects of cosmopolitan self-fashioning, this paper highlights the way in which ‘race’ and nationality trouble claims to cosmopolitanism. In the analysis I consider the mixing of cultures and selective ‘local’ norms picked up by this group of migrants. I focus on the oscillating cultural framings that they navigate in their professional and social interactions, particularly in terms of phenotype, cultural discourse and bodily presentations. In so doing, I argue for a more critical view towards popular notions of cosmopolitanism currently in circulation and instead invoke an alternative cosmopolitan urbanism.
The Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms in Pre-adolescent School Children in Iceland

Abstract The Icelandic translation of the Children Depression Inventory (CDI) was administered to 436 children attending fifth through ninth grade of primary school (228 girls and 208 boys). The cohort was composed of three equally big groups, from the fifth to sixth grade, seventh grade and eight to ninth grade. The CDI total scores were somewhat lower than in most Anglo-Saxon studies. A cut-off score of 15 identified the upper 10% of the children as depressed. An analysis of variance yielded a significant difference due to grade, but no sex difference, and no interaction between grade and sex. The reliability of the inventory was satisfactory. The factor structure found by Kovacs (1992) was not replicated. It is proposed that total scores should be used rather than scores on specific factors for the Icelandic translation.
Long-term survival of skin allografts induced by donor splenocytes and anti-CD 154 antibody in thymectomized mice requires CD 4 ( + ) T cells , interferon-gamma , and CTLA 4

Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with one transfusion of BALB/c spleen cells and anti-CD154 (anti–CD40-ligand) antibody permits BALB/c islet grafts to survive indefinitely and BALB/c skin grafts to survive for z 50 d without further intervention. The protocol induces long-term allograft survival, but the mechanism is unknown. We now report: ( a ) addition of thymectomy to the protocol permitted skin allografts to survive for . 100 d, suggesting that graft rejection in euthymic mice results from thymic export of alloreactive T cells. ( b ) Clonal deletion is not the mechanism of underlying long-term graft survival, as recipient thymectomized mice were immunocompetent and harbor alloreactive T cells. ( c ) Induction of skin allograft acceptance initially depended on the presence of IFNg , CTLA4, and CD4 1 T cells. Addition of anti-CTLA4 or anti–IFNg mAb to the protocol was associated with prompt graft rejection, whereas anti–IL-4 mAb had no effect. The role of IFNg was confirmed using knockout mice. ( d ) Graft survival was associated with the absence of IFNg in the graft. ( e ) Long-term graft maintenance required the continued presence of CD4 1 T cells. The results suggest that, with modification, our short-term protocol may yield a procedure for the induction of long-term graft survival without prolonged immunosuppression. ( J. Clin. Invest. 1998. 101:2446–2455.)
TEI and LMF crosswalks

The present paper explores various arguments in favour of making the Text Encoding Initia-tive (TEI) guidelines an appropriate serialisation for ISO standard 24613:2008 (LMF, Lexi-cal Mark-up Framework) . It also identifies the issues that would have to be resolved in order to reach an appropriate implementation of these ideas, in particular in terms of infor-mational coverage. We show how the customisation facilities offered by the TEI guidelines can provide an adequate background, not only to cover missing components within the current Dictionary chapter of the TEI guidelines, but also to allow specific lexical projects to deal with local constraints. We expect this proposal to be a basis for a future ISO project in the context of the on going revision of LMF.
Patient perspectives on the impact of Crohn’s disease: results from group interviews

Aim To understand the impact of Crohn’s disease (CD) on various aspects of daily life from the perspective of patients living with CD. Awareness of the disease and biologic therapies, patient satisfaction and adherence, and physician (provider) relationships were also assessed. Background CD is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that substantially impacts patients’ physical and emotional well-being. For patients eligible for biologic therapy, anti-tumor necrosis factor agents represent an important addition to the available therapies for CD. Methods The study sample included biologic-naïve and biologic-experienced patients who had self-reported moderate to severe CD, were under the care of a specialist, and agreed to film a video diary and participate in a focus group. Data from the videos and group interviews were collected from May to June of 2009 and summarized qualitatively by grouping similar answers and quotations. Results Of the 44 participants who submitted video diaries, 23 were biologic-experienced and 21 were biologic-naïve. Participants stated that CD caused fear and embarrassment, that they were reluctant to share the full impact of CD with family and providers, and that they relied on their provider for treatment decisions. Many participants accepted a new state of normalcy if their current medication helped their most bothersome symptoms without providing sustained remission. Participants receiving biologic therapy generally were more informed, more satisfied, and more likely to adhere to treatment regimens. Conclusion Participants’ responses suggest a need for more patient education and more collaborative relationships between patients and providers (physicians) regarding treatment decisions.