Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Injury classification agreement in linked Bureau of Labor Statistics and Workers' Compensation data

Background Estimates of select occupational injuries and illnesses often differ across data sources. We explored agreement in injury classifications and the impact of differences on case estimates among records reported to multiple data sources. Methods We linked cases reported in the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) to Washington State workers' compensation (WC) claims and evaluated agreement in injury characteristics coded in each data source according to the same occupational injury and illness classification system. Results Agreement between data sources was greatest for body part and lowest for event or exposure. Agreement on nature of injury varied by condition. WC-assigned injury codes estimated 94% more amputations than SOII-assigned codes while SOII-assigned codes estimated 34% more work-related MSD cases. Conclusions Accounting for classification differences may improve case ascertainment within individual data sources and help align injury and illness estimates derived from different data sources. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1100–1109, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primate diversification inferred from phylogenies and fossils

Biodiversity arises from the balance between speciation and extinction. Fossils record the origins and disappearance of organisms, and the branching patterns of molecular phylogenies allow estimation of speciation and extinction rates, but the patterns of diversification are frequently incongruent between these two data sources. I tested two hypotheses about the diversification of primates based on ∼600 fossil species and 90% complete phylogenies of living species: (1) diversification rates increased through time; (2) a significant extinction event occurred in the Oligocene. Consistent with the first hypothesis, analyses of phylogenies supported increasing speciation rates and negligible extinction rates. In contrast, fossils showed that while speciation rates increased, speciation and extinction rates tended to be nearly equal, resulting in zero net diversification. Partially supporting the second hypothesis, the fossil data recorded a clear pattern of diversity decline in the Oligocene, although diversification rates were near zero. The phylogeny supported increased extinction ∼34 Ma, but also elevated extinction ∼10 Ma, coinciding with diversity declines in some fossil clades. The results demonstrated that estimates of speciation and extinction ignoring fossils are insufficient to infer diversification and information on extinct lineages should be incorporated into phylogenetic analyses.
The Effects of Competition on Improvisers’ Motivation, Stress, and Creative Performance

We explored how competition affects the quality of musical improvisation, as well as the intrinsic motivation and stress reported by improvisers. Amateur musicians improvised on a keyboard in one of two conditions: induced competition and no competition. Employing the consensual assessment technique, improvisations were assessed for creativity and technical goodness by 10 expert judges. Findings indicate that improvisations were judged as more creative under competitive than non-competitive conditions. Moreover, improvisers in the competition condition were more intrinsically motivated, as well as more stressed, than improvisers in the no competition condition. The creativity and technical goodness dimensions of improvisations were positively related to each other. The findings are discussed in light of the intense debate over the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation and creativity and offer mechanisms through which competition may affect creative performance as well as discuss the role of stress in affecting motivation and creativity.
Governing Through Anti-Social Behaviour Regulatory Challenges to Criminal Justice

The ‘anti-social behaviour’ agenda in Britain and the introduction of diverse new powers and regulatory tools represent a major challenge to traditional conceptions of criminal justice. This article argues that the language of regulation has been appropriated and deployed to cloak and legitimise ambitious (yet ambiguous) bouts of hyper-active state interventionism. These may have more to do with quests to demonstrate government’s capacity to be seen to be doing something tangible about public anxieties than with meaningful behavioural change. Rather, regulatory ideas are being used to circumvent and erode established criminal justice principles, notably those of due process, proportionality and special protections traditionally afforded to young people. Consequently, novel technologies of control have resulted in more intensive and earlier interventions.
Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Have Developmental Effects on the Crop Pest, the Cabbage White Butterfly Pieris rapae

Nutritional enhancement of crops using genetic engineering can potentially affect herbivorous pests. Recently, oilseed crops have been genetically engineered to produce the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at levels similar to that found in fish oil; to provide a more sustainable source of these compounds than is currently available from wild fish capture. We examined some of the growth and development impacts of adding EPA and DHA to an artificial diet of Pieris rapae, a common pest of Brassicaceae plants. We replaced 1% canola oil with EPA: DHA (11:7 ratio) in larval diets, and examined morphological traits and growth of larvae and ensuing adults across 5 dietary treatments. Diets containing increasing amounts of EPA and DHA did not affect developmental phenology, larval or pupal weight, food consumption, nor larval mortality. However, the addition of EPA and DHA in larval diets resulted in progressively heavier adults (F 4, 108 = 6.78; p = 0.011), with smaller wings (p < 0.05) and a higher frequency of wing deformities (R = 0.988; p = 0.001). We conclude that the presence of EPA and DHA in diets of larval P. rapae may alter adult mass and wing morphology; therefore, further research on the environmental impacts of EPA and DHA production on terrestrial biota is advisable.
Conflict or Compatibility in Classroom Inquiry? One Teacher's Struggle to Balance Teaching and Research

from my university position working as an elementary school teacher, and I, too, was engaging in classroom inquiry. After reading the abstract and skimming the article, I put a yellow sticky note on the issue with a cryptic message, "teacher researcher role," brought it home, and put it in a stack of periodicals I was intending to read carefully when I had more time after the school year ended. When I received my November 1995 Educational Researcher, I again noted with interest an article on teacher re-
Effect of orlistat on periostin, adiponectin, inflammatory markers and ultrasound grades of fatty liver in obese NAFLD patients

Orlistat is recommended in the treatment of obesity, which is an independent risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The reported findings of orlistat in NAFLD are divisive. Recently, periostin is identified as an important regulatory molecule in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced fatty liver. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of orlistat in the treatment of NAFLD. A 16-week prospective observational study was conducted, with obese NAFLD patient (n=77) receiving orlistat (120 mg capsules, three times a day) with hypocaloric diet or hypocaloric diet only. Grades of fatty liver were determined using ultrasound (US) echogenicity of liver; serum levels of periostin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin-6 were determined using ELISA kits at 0 and 16 weeks. Correlations of US grades of fatty liver with these biomarkers were also determined. Orlistat significantly reversed the US grades of fatty liver (P=0.016), decreased serum levels of periostin (P=0.030) and TNF-α (P=0.040), and increased serum adiponectin levels (P<0.001) when compared with hypocaloric diet only. Serum interleukin-6 levels were not found to be significantly different in both groups after the treatment. In the orlistat group, the degree of reduction in grades of fatty liver was found to be positively correlated with the changes in serum levels of periostin (rs=0.306, P=0.041) and adiponectin (rs=0.314, P=0.036), whereas the associations were insignificant with the change in serum levels of TNF-α (rs=0.053, P=0.729). Mild gastrointestinal side effects (20%) were reported in the orlistat group. In conclusion, orlistat is effective in the treatment of NAFLD patients without fibrosis. This study demonstrated a positive association between the reduction of fatty infiltration in the liver and the changes in serum levels of periostin and adiponectin in obese NAFLD patients.
In Vitro Characterization of Axitinib Interactions with Human Efflux and Hepatic Uptake Transporters: Implications for Disposition and Drug Interactions

Axitinib is an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase vascular endothelin growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transport properties of axitinib were determined in selected cellular systems. Axitinib exhibited high passive permeability in all cell lines evaluated (Papp ≥ 6 × 10−6 cm/s). Active efflux was observed in Caco-2 cells, and further evaluation in multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells type 2 (MDCK) cells indicated that axitinib is at most only a weak substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) but not BCRP. Axitinib showed incomplete inhibition of P-gp-mediated transport of digoxin in Caco-2 cells and BCRP transport of topotecan in BCRP-transfected MDCK cells with IC50 values of 3 μM and 4.4 μM, respectively. Axitinib (10 mg) did not pose a risk for systemic drug interactions with P-gp or BCRP per regulatory guidance. A potential risk for drug interactions through inhibition of P-gp and BCRP in the gastrointestinal tract was identified because an axitinib dose of 10 mg divided by 250 mL was greater than 10-fold the IC50 for each transporter. However, a GastroPlus simulation that considered the low solubility of axitinib resulted in lower intestinal concentrations and suggested a low potential for gastrointestinal interactions with P-gp and BCRP substrates. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and OATP1B3 transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transported axitinib to a minor extent but uptake into suspended hepatocytes was not inhibited by rifamycin SV suggesting that high passive permeability predominates. Mouse whole-body autoradiography revealed that [14C]axitinib-equivalents showed rapid absorption and distribution to all tissues except the brain. This suggests that efflux transport of axitinib may occur at the mouse blood-brain barrier.
Factors associated with the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in Parkinson disease.

BACKGROUND Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias can cause disability and reduce quality of life for patients with Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVES To evaluate factors associated with the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias and to assess the sequence in which they occur in individual patients. DESIGN We performed a retrospective analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial comparing pramipexole dihydrochloride and levodopa as initial treatment for PD. Subjects were followed up for 48 to 58 months and evaluated at 3-month intervals for the presence of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. SETTING Academic and private practices. Patients Three hundred one patients with early Parkinson disease were enrolled in this study between October 2, 1996, and August 21, 1997, and were observed through August 24, 2001, when the last patient enrolled completed 4 years of follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Order of appearance of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias, time to the first occurrence of motor fluctuations, and time to the first occurrence of dyskinesias. RESULTS One hundred eighty-nine subjects (62.8%) developed motor complications. Of these, 71 (37.6%) developed fluctuations but not dyskinesias, 23 (12.2%) developed dyskinesias but not fluctuations, 48 (25.4%) developed fluctuations before dyskinesias, 33 (17.5%) developed dyskinesias before fluctuations, and 14 (7.4%) developed both at the same time. Factors significantly associated with earlier occurrence of dyskinesia were Hoehn and Yahr stage of 2 or higher, cumulative levodopa dose, cumulative levodopa equivalent dose (levodopa plus pramipexole), and occurrence of motor fluctuations. Pramipexole treatment was associated with later occurrence of dyskinesias. Factors associated with earlier occurrence of motor fluctuations were cumulative levodopa dose, cumulative levodopa equivalent dose, and occurrence of dyskinesias. Factors associated with later occurrence of motor fluctuations were age at onset of 65 years or older and pramipexole treatment. CONCLUSIONS Higher cumulative levodopa doses and higher cumulative levodopa equivalent doses (levodopa plus pramipexole) were associated with the earlier occurrence of motor complications. Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias appear to be interrelated because the presence of one is associated with the earlier development of the other.
Filipino Education and Spanish Colonialism: Toward an Autonomous Perspective

THE CHOICE OF VANTAGE POINT for viewing Philippine history is crucial to the picture one has of the role of colonialism in the development of Philippine education. Existing histories tend to view it from a "colonial" perspective. By this we mean that their primary focus is upon the educational policies and practices of the Spanish Crown and the Philippine Catholic Mission, and that their chief concern lies with what the Spaniards did to educate Filipinos. The typical picture drawn from this perspective divides Philippine educational history into three periods. The first, 1565-1768, covers educational developments from the beginning of Spanish colonialism to the expulsion of the Jesuits who were, as usual, active agents of education. The second period covers developments between 1768 and 1863 and includes the battle over the educational carcass left by the fleeing Jesuits and government efforts to establish vocational schools. The third period, 18631898, begins with the Educational Decree of 1863 and government efforts to weaken church control over education, and ends with the Filipino Revolution and the American acquisition of the Islands. ' Given this picture of Philippine education it is fairly easy to conclude that colonialism was a major factor shaping educational development. A closer examination of it reveals, however, that Filipinos-their responses to Spanish education and their efforts to establish an independent educational system-are largely absent from the picture of Philippine education drawn from a colonial perspective. An adequate assessment of the role of colonialism cannot be made until Filipino educational behavior is examined.
Mannan-Binding Lectin Is Involved in the Protection against Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Dietary Restriction

Preoperative fasting and dietary restriction offer robust protection against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) in mice. We recently showed that Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), the initiator of the lectin pathway of complement activation, plays a pivotal role in renal I/RI. Based on these findings, we investigated the effect of short-term DR (30% reduction of total food intake) or three days of water only fasting on MBL in 10–12 weeks old male C57/Bl6 mice. Both dietary regimens significantly reduce the circulating levels of MBL as well as its mRNA expression in liver, the sole production site of MBL. Reconstitution of MBL abolished the protection afforded by dietary restriction, whereas in the fasting group the protection persisted. These data show that modulation of MBL is involved in the protection against renal I/RI induced by dietary restriction, and suggest that the mechanisms of protection induced by dietary restriction and fasting may be different.
Personality correlates of paranormal belief: Locus of control and sensation seeking

In order to more fully understand the relationship between paranormal belief, locus of control, and sensation seeking, 81 undergraduate university students were administered the Paranormal Belief Scale (PBS), Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and the Sensation Seeking Scale. Results indicated that a greater external locus of control was associated with greater overall number of paranormal beliefs. Greater external locus of control was especially associated with the PBS subscales of spirituality and precognition. Contrary to expectations, belief in superstition was associated with a greater internal locus of control. Whereas overall sensation seeking was not related to overall PBS scores, the PBS subscales of greater belief in psi phenomena and superstition were found to be associated with higher levels of sensation seeking. Results are discussed in relation to conceptualizations of the different personality/belief constructs.
Effect of body composition, aerobic performance and physical activity on exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND Oxidative stress could be the result of an increase in ATP resynthesis during exercise. The aim of the study was to compare prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) disturbances induced by exercise at maximal intensity in young men with differing body compositions. METHODS Thirty-nine subjects were selected from 1549 volunteers aged 18-30, based on lean body mass (LBM) and body fat percentage (%BF), and then assigned into one of the following groups: control group (CON), including subjects with average LBM (59.0-64.3 kg) and average %BF (14.0-18.5%); high body fat (HBF) group, including subjects with high %BF (>21.5%) and average LBM; and high lean body mass (HLBM) group, including subjects with high LBM (>66.3 kg) and average %BF. Participants' physical activity was determined. A running test with a gradually increased load was used. Before and 3 minutes after exercise, total oxidative status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined in the plasma, and the Oxidative Stress Index (OSI = TOS/TAC) was calculated. RESULTS Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was comparable in the HBF and HLBM groups (53.12±1.51 mL/kg and 50.25±1.27 mL/kg, respectively) and significantly lower compared to the CON group (58.23±1.62 mL/kg). The CON, HBF and HLBM groups showed similar significant (P<0.05) increases in TOS levels (36%, 35% and 31%, respectively). Post-exercise TAC increased by 8% in the HBF and HLBM groups (P<0.05), compared to the 3% increase in the CON group (P>0.05). There was significant negative correlation between OSI, measured before and after exercise, and participants' physical activity. There was no correlation between OSI and VO2max, BM, LBM, %BF and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Exercise at maximal intensity causes a similar increase in TOS and in TAC in subjects with increased %BF and elevated content of LBM and regardless of body composition, the ratios of TOS/TAC concentrations before and after maximal-intensity exercise, have lower values in people with higher physical activity levels and are not dependent on aerobic performance (VO2max).
Changing Behavior and Outlook of Aging Men and Women: Implications for Marriage in the Middle and Later Years.

Not only do circumstances of marriage in later years differ from those of earlier years but so, it seems, do the marriage partners. This paper reviews research on changes in personality, social involvement, and roles which occur in individuals as they move into and through the latter half of life with a particular focus upon the differing and often divergent directions that men and women take. The overall purpose of the paper was to consider the significance of these changes both to the individual and to marital harmony.
Automatic Bolus Tracking Versus Fixed Time-Delay Technique in Biphasic Multidetector Computed Tomography of the Abdomen

Background Bolus tracking can individualize time delay for the start of scans in spiral computed tomography (CT). Objectives We compared automatic bolus tracking method with fixed time-delay technique in biphasic contrast enhancement during multidetector CT of abdomen. Patients and Methods Adult patients referred for spiral CT of the abdomen were randomized into two groups; in group 1, the arterial and portal phases of spiral scans were started 25 s and 55 s after the start of contrast material administration; in group 2, using the automatic bolus tracking software, repetitive monitoring scans were performed within the lumen of the descending aorta as the region of interest with the threshold of starting the diagnostic scans as 60 HU. The contrast enhancement of the aorta, liver, and spleen were compared between the groups. Results Forty-eight patients (23 males, 25 females, mean age=56.4±13.5 years) were included. The contrast enhancement of the aorta, liver, and spleen at the arterial phase was similar between the two groups (P>0.05). Regarding the portal phase, the aorta and spleen were more enhanced in the bolus-tracking group (P<0.001). The bolus tracking provided more homogeneous contrast enhancement among different patients than the fixed time-delay technique in the liver at portal phase, but not at the arterial phase. Conclusions The automatic bolus-tracking method, results in higher contrast enhancement of the aorta and spleen at the portal phase, but has no effect on liver enhancement. However, bolus tracking is associated with reduced variability for liver enhancement among different patients.
Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity

In this ambitious work a leading scholar undertakes a full-scale reconceptualization of international relations. Turbulence in World Politics is an entirely new formulation that accounts for the persistent turmoil of today's world, even as it also probes the impact of the microelectronic revolution, the postindustrial order, and the many other fundamental political, economic, and social changes under way since World War II. To develop this formulation, James N. Rosenau digs deep into the workings of communities and the orientations of individuals that culminate in collective action on the world stage. His concern is less with questions of epistemology and methodology and more with the development of a comprehensive theoryone that is different from other paradigms in the field by virtue of its focus on the tumult in contemporary international relations. The book depicts a bifurcation of global politics in which an autonomous multi-centric world has emerged as a competitor of the long established state-centric world. A central theme is that the analytic skills of people everywhere are expanding and thereby altering the context in which international processes unfold. Rosenau shows how the macro structures of global politics have undergone transformations linked to those at the micro level: long-standing structures of authority weaken, collectivities fragment, subgroups become more powerful at the expense of states and governments, national loyalties are redirected, and new issues crowd onto the global agenda. These turbulent dynamics foster the simultaneous centralizing and decentralizing tendencies that are now bifurcating global structures. "Rosenau's new work is an imaginative leap into world politics in the twenty-first century. There is much here to challenge traditional thought of every persuasion. " --Michael Brecher, McGill University