Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gary Becker's Contributions to Law and Economics

GARY Becker's contributions to the law and economics movement have been very great; but this claim, although true, is likely to occasion some surprise, because he is not so commonly associated with law as such other Nobel laureates in economics as Ronald Coase, Freidrich von Hayek, James Buchanan, and George Stigler. Even within the law and economics movement, his significance for the movement is not fully appreciated. His contributions cannot be understood merely by enumerating his writings on specific topics within the field of law and economics, important as those writings have been. They are familiar, so I can be brief. The most important in terms of impact is the 1968 paper on the economics of crime and punishment. ' It has given rise not only to a considerable empirical literature on deterrence, by Isaac Ehrlich and others, which challenged and ultimately changed the sociological and criminological consensus on deterrence, but also to a theoretical literature, to which A. Mitchell Polinsky and Steven Shavell and others have contributed, that refines and extends Becker's original model of crime and optimal punishment, to papers on criminal procedure by William Landes and by Frank Easterbrook, to papers by Shavell and by me on the economic structure of criminal law, and lately to the decision by the federal sentencing guidelines commission to emphasize fines in the punishment of white collar criminals. It is not widely realized that Guido Calabresi's path-
Discretionary deficit and its effects on Japanese economy

This paper identifies the discretionary component of Japan's public deficits, which is included in the structural component in existing work. The identification is done by collecting data and information of stimulus packages. Discretionary expenditure, discretionary revenue, and cyclical revenue are the main factors of increases in public deficits in the 1990s. The revenue side has had greater impacts on deficits than expenditure. The effects of stimulus packages are examined, using the discretionary deficits. Stimulus policies have multiplier effects, while overall public deficits have not. Results of analyses indicate that: (1) stimulus packages have economic effects, (2) they also bring fiscal deficits, thus can be additional constraints on the government budget, (3) public deficits can be eased with GDP growth if tax is returned to the previous level, (4) the public finance has a structural deficit.
Handling Negative Online Customer Reviews: The Effects of Elaboration Likelihood Model and Distributive Justice

ABSTRACT Online customer reviews have received considerable attention in hospitality research because of their impact on hotel sales. In practice, control the creation of these reviews, especially those from negative perspectives. However, hotel managers can control how they respond to such negative reviews. This study examines the effects of two important factors that could enable marketers to formulate their responses in a manner that will positively influence customers who have read negative reviews. The study used a quasi-experimental design with 259 respondents. Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) routes and outcomes that led to the occurrence of distributive justice were modeled as moderating variables. Compared with conventional complaint handling methods, posting a response that adopted a central route to persuasion was found to be most effective for handling negative reviews.
Changing organisations for a knowledge economy: The theory and practice of change management

This paper has its roots in a presentation made at CoreNet Global Summit in November 2002 in San Diego, California. In that talk, the authors briefly explained the field of human dynamics and change, and explored, through some actual experiences, the application of change management practices that Wachovia used to lead and nurture organisational change. This paper seeks to make more explicit these hidden forces by giving a more detailed overview of the theory of human dynamics as they relate to change, and some strategies for applying this theory for more effective change management. The venue for this exploration will be Wachovia Corporate Real Estate (CRE) Division’s experience, with significant organisational change required to respond to external and market conditions which threatened its continued success as an organisation. The reader will learn how to understand the human dynamics relating to change; obtain tools for communicating change concepts; find resources to help lead change; ensure that people deal more successfully with organisational change; and measure the significance of human dynamics to business performance.
Bundles = discount? Revisiting complex theories of bundle effects

Purpose – The paper seeks to propose and test a theory of the psychological impact of price bundling that is derived from bundling's economic impact. It is called the inferred bundle saving hypothesis. In the absence of explicit information about bundle savings, consumers infer a bundle saving when presented with a bundle offer. It is suggested that inferred bundle saving provides a simple, parsimonious explanation for pre‐ and post‐purchase bundle effects.Design/methodology/approach – The theory is tested in two laboratory studies that employ partial replications of two prior price bundle studies.Findings – The results show that the inferred bundle saving effect is robust in both product and service contexts, and can potentially explain the bundle effects found in these two studies.Research limitations/implications – Additional experimental studies are recommended to further test the proposed theory.Practical implications – First, contrary to convention, it is not always optimal for firms to integrate pr.
A study of ISO 9000 process, motivation and performance

The paper reports the results of a survey on the benefits from ISO and the impact of motivation and implementation process on the benefits from ISO in Taiwan. The empirical result indicates that adopting ISO brings registered Taiwanese enterprises significantly help in quality improvement, international competitiveness, cost reduction, and sales increase. A regression model is used to test whether motivations and implementation processes determine performances. The effect of motivations and processes on benefits from ISO are also statistically significant. With more positive attitudes, more use of computerized information system, and more involvement of all employees, implementing ISO could give companies more help in enhancing product quality. With more positive and internationalizing attitudes, and more degree of implementing documentation through auditing, implementing ISO could give companies more help in enhancing international competitiveness. With more positive attitudes and more experiences in qua.
Sustained improvement of dyslipidaemia in HAART-treated patients replacing stavudine with tenofovir

Objective:To describe the 12-month evolution of lipid profile in HIV-infected virologically suppressed patients substituting tenofovir for stavudine. Design and methods:‘Recover’ was a prospective, multicenter, switch study conducted at 120 HIV units across Spain designed to identify single nucleoside analogue substitution due to adverse events in real practice. Tenofovir substituted stavudine in 873 adult patients. No other substitutions were allowed. This lipid sub-study included 352 randomly recruited patients with complete follow-up and lipid parameters. Main outcome measures:Changes in fasting levels of total cholesterol (TC), high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) at 48 weeks, and their cardiovascular risk (CVR) translation. Results:At 48 weeks, there was a sustained reduction in median TC (−17.5 mg/dl; P < 0.001), LDL-C (−8.1 mg/dl; P < 0.001), and TG (−35 mg/dl; P < 0.001). HDL-C remained roughly unchanged (−0.8 mg/dl). Patients with baseline hyperlipidaemia showed greater reductions in LDL-C (−29 mg/dl; P < 0.001) and TG (−76 mg/dl; P < 0.001). The greatest TG reduction was observed in patients with severe hyper-TG (−266 mg/dl; P < 0.001). The estimated 10-year CVR decreased in all patients (P < 0.001), and to a higher extent in patients with baseline hyperlipidaemia. There was a trend towards reduction according to the use of lipid-lowering agents (11.6% to 9,9%; P = non-significant). Conclusions:The substitution of tenofovir for stavudine causes a sustained improvement of dyslipidaemia. The reduction, although modest, is robust and sustained over time, and significantly reduces the CVR. This switch strategy is safe and contributes to an improvement in the lipid profile, especially TG, in HAART-treated patients.
Community, society and adaptation : assessing the institutional factors behind long-run growth in the local and regional economy

The purpose of this thesis is to develop and test a framework on the role and dynamic interaction of group life (community) and societal rules (society) as one of the factors shaping patterns of economic growth and adaptation. Cross-country regression analysis is undertaken to determine the significance of the relationships between community and society (individually and jointly) and various institutional factors. Following this, two pairs of comparative city-region case studies explore how these dynamics play out in specific geographical and institutional contexts. The findings confirm the importance of the interaction between community and society in shaping individual incentives and territorial responses to change. In general, 'bridging' forms of community and strong societal rules facilitate positive outcomes, whilst 'bonding' forms of community have broadly negative impacts on growth and adaptation. Critically, the significance and impact of community appears to be dependent on the societal environment in which it operates. Community matters most when society is weakest, but community is not simply a substitute for rules; indeed community and society appear to potentiate positive outcomes in important cases, for example near the technology frontier. Diversity - of sectors, groups, and institutions - appears to be particularly important in facilitating positive forms of community and society interaction, and in promoting adaptive economies. Overall, there is strong recursivity in the relationships, suggesting path dependency (lock-in or evolution) may be the norm. The study contributes to understanding the 'black box' of institutions, particularly within the context of regional economies, and underlines the importance of the role of community- level forces and political economy in processes of economic growth and adjustment. It suggests there is value in pursuing the role of institutions still further, and exploring in more detail the agenda of an evolutionary economic geography.
The impact of clinical and angiographic factors on percutaneous coronary angioplasty outcomes in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Introduction Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes are dependent on certain clinical and angiographic factors. The impact of modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors on PCI outcomes is still controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of clinical and angiographic factors on PCI outcomes for patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Material and methods Age, gender, CVD risk factors, Killip class and culprit coronary artery (CA) localization, total CA occlusion, initial and post-procedural thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade, and thrombus aspiration characteristics were assessed retrospectively in 188 consecutive patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI. Spearman’s rho test was performed to assess hospital stay correlations, and logistic regression was applied to identify predictors of distal embolization (DE), in-hospital worsening of heart failure (WHF), and in-hospital mortality rate. Local ethics committee approval was obtained for the study. Results DE occurred in 12 (6.4%) patients. In-hospital WHF was diagnosed in 16 (8.5%) patients. Twelve (6.4%) patients died in hospital. Age had a positive weak correlation with hospital stay and was an independent predictor of distal embolization, in-hospital worsening of heart failure, and in-hospital mortality rate. Killip class, left main CA stenosis (> 50.0%), and post-procedural TIMI flow grade 1-2 were other predictors of death in hospital. Conclusions Age was an independent predictor of distal embolization, in-hospital worsening of heart failure, and in-hospital mortality. Other independent predictors of in-hospital mortality rate were Killip class, left main CA stenosis (> 50.0%), and post-procedural TIMI flow grade 1-2. The present analysis highlighted the “cholesterol paradox” with respect to in-hospital worsening of heart failure and mortality in hospital.
The Politics of 'Light Handed Regulation': New Environmental Policy Instruments in Australia

Introduction In order to understand the potential of New Environmental Policy Instruments (NEPIs) in tackling issues like climate change, this paper places their development in the context of challenges to the traditional role of the Australian state in promoting welfare and national economic development through regulatory measures. This contextual information is crucial to understanding the mix of policy instruments adopted by contemporary policy makers. The analysis of environmental policy highlights the persistence of regulatory traditions and the emergence of new ways of organizing state interventions – including voluntary agreements, targeting resources to create competitive eco-efficient industries and research on economic or market-based systems like emissions trading.
Interpretable & Explorable Approximations of Black Box Models

We propose Black Box Explanations through Transparent Approximations (BETA), a novel model agnostic framework for explaining the behavior of any black-box classifier by simultaneously optimizing for fidelity to the original model and interpretability of the explanation. To this end, we develop a novel objective function which allows us to learn (with optimality guarantees), a small number of compact decision sets each of which explains the behavior of the black box model in unambiguous, well-defined regions of feature space. Furthermore, our framework also is capable of accepting user input when generating these approximations, thus allowing users to interactively explore how the black-box model behaves in different subspaces that are of interest to the user. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach which can produce global explanations of the behavior of any given black box model through joint optimization of unambiguity, fidelity, and interpretability, while also allowing users to explore model behavior based on their preferences. Experimental evaluation with real-world datasets and user studies demonstrates that our approach can generate highly compact, easy-to-understand, yet accurate approximations of various kinds of predictive models compared to state-of-the-art baselines.
The uncertainties of probabilistic LV network analysis

The anticipated impact of low-carbon technology and the advent of the Smart Grid has provoked increased interest in the low voltage (LV) power distribution networks. Probabilistic and long period time-series analysis of LV networks is becoming increasingly common, as is the use of unbalanced, three-phase network modeling. This paper reviews some recent approaches to probabilistic analysis of LV networks and considers the uncertainty introduced by the underlying assumptions. A specific case study analysis of electric vehicle (EV) penetration on a generic UK distribution network is used to investigate the effect of key assumptions on the results of a probabilistic analysis. The paper concludes that probabilistic LV network analysis is a powerful tool for distribution network planning, however the trade-offs between imperfect modeling data and the reliability of results need to be well understood and incorporated into the interpretation of results.
Prevalence of HPV and variation of HPV 16/HPV 18 E6/E7 genes in cervical cancer in women in South West China

Genetic variations of High‐Risk HPV E6/E7 may be associated with the development of cervical cancer in specific geographic regions. Few data have been reported about the HPV prevalence and E6/E7 variants among cervical cancer patients in Southwest China. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of HPV and E6/E7 variants of most prevalent HPV among cervical cancer patients in Southwest China. After genotyping, E6/E7 genes of most prevalent HR HPV samples were sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic trees were then constructed, followed by an analysis of the diversity of secondary structure and selection pressures. HPV 16 (73.8%) and HPV 18 (16.4%) are the most prevalent infection types among cervical cancer patients, followed by HPV 58, HPV 56 and HPV 59, which is different from the high HPV 58 infection rate of outpatients in this region. Eighteen single nucleotide changes were observed in HPV 16 E6 with 13/18 non‐synonymous mutations (5 in beta sheet and 2 in alpha helix). Ten single nucleotide changes were identified among HPV 16 E7 with 3/10 non‐synonymous mutations. Three single nucleotide changes were observed in HPV 18 E6 with one non‐synonymous mutation, and only one synonymous mutation was identified in HPV 18 E7. HPV 16 E6‐D25E, E7‐N29S and E7‐T846C (S95S) exhibited a prevalent linkage mutation. The phylogenetic tree demonstrates that European and Asian lineages were the main patterns. This study may help understand the intrinsic geographical relatedness and oncogenic potential of HR HPV and contributes further to research of diagnostic, therapeutic and therapeutic vaccine strategy. J. Med. Virol. 86:1926–1936, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cointegrated money in production function: evidence from a developing country

The notion that real money balances is a factor input has attracted considerable amount of attention from researchers and academicians. However, the debate is controversial and the consensus has yet to be developed. This issue becomes more important when a country follows contractionary monetary policy to curb inflation. The limited research for developing countries with sophisticated econometric techniques powered us to conduct this study. The underlying study employs cointegration approach to investigate the validity of money in production function of a developing country for the period 1964-2008. The cointegration results confirm money as an important factor input in the production function in the long run. The variance decomposition results surface money as greater contributor than labor and capital to output variability.
Evolutionary trace report_maker: a new type of service for comparative analysis of proteins

: Evolutionary trace report_maker offers a new type of service for researchers investigating the function of novel proteins. It pools, from different sources, information about protein sequence, structure and elementary annotation, and to that background superimposes inference about the evolutionary behavior of individual residues, using real-valued evolutionary trace method. As its only input it takes a Protein Data Bank identifier or UniProt accession number, and returns a human-readable document in PDF format, supplemented by the original data needed to reproduce the results quoted in the report.
Outcome of Unoperated Discogram‐Positive Low Back Pain

Study Design No previous discography study has addressed the nonoperative outcome of low back pain. Objectives This study was undertaken to retrospectively analyze the outcome of patients with documented single-level discogenic pain who were considered candidates for surgery but did not receive it. Summary of Background Data The natural history of “discogenic” low back pain is unknown, and its treatment is controversial.Although positive discography is viewed as a valid diagnostic technique, the results of fusion surgery are often disappointing. Method Twenty-five individuals (16 women, 9 men) underwen comphensive evaluation (examination, radiography, objective disability determination). Study criteria included incapacitating low back, pain, single level+ morphologic + provocative discogram, no surgery, and a minimum follow-up period of 3 years. Results Average age of patients at discography was 43 years and at study was 48 years; level of involvement in 10 patients was L4-L5 and in 15 patients was L5-S1. The mean follow-up period was 4.9 years(range, 3.3–7.0 years). The condition of 17 (68%) patients improved two (8%) stayed the same, and six (24%) worsened. Improved patients had a shorter history of low back pain(3.5 yr vs 11.0 yr) and older age at onset (45 versus 33 yrs) Psychiatric disease was present in 66.7% (4 of 6) patients whose conditions worsened. Eighty percent (12 of 15) of patients receiving of workers' compensation improved. There was no correlation between disc level, gender, smoking and outcome. Conclusions Discogenic low back pain improved in patients without psychiatric disease. Older age at onset and shorter duration of low back pain were favorable indicatiors. These results are comparable with or better than those reported for surgical treatment of this condition.
Balloon dilation laryngoplasty for subglottic stenosis in children: eight years' experience.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes of balloon dilation laryngoplasty for laryngeal stenosis in children. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Academic tertiary care department of pediatric otolaryngology. PATIENTS All children treated with laryngeal balloon dilation (primarily or secondarily following laryngeal surgery) from 2002 to 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Stenosis severity, measured using the Cotton and Myer classification. RESULTS A total of 44 children ranging in age from 1 month to 10 years (14 [32%] with grade II stenosis, 25 [59%] with grade III stenosis, and 4 [9%] with grade IV stenosis) were included. Twelve children [27%] had congenital laryngeal stenoses, and the in other 32 [7 3%], stenosis was acquired. A total of 52 balloon dilation laryngoplasties were performed, and 37 (71%) were deemed successful. Twenty of the 31 patients undergoing primary dilation (65%) had successful outcomes, and in the other 11 [35%], outcomes were unsuccessful (4 had grade II stenosis and 7 had grade III stenosis) and required either laryngotracheal reconstruction or tracheotomy. Twenty-one balloon dilations were performed as a secondary procedure after recent open surgery; 17 of the procedures (81%) were successful, and thus surgical revision was avoided. CONCLUSION Balloon dilation laryngoplasty is an efficient and safe technique for the treatment of both primary and secondary pediatric laryngotracheal stenosis.
Firm Heterogeneity, Exporting and Foreign Direct Investment

A rapidly expanding literature on firm heterogeneity and firm level globalisation strategies has developed over the last decade. There are new insights on why some firms export and others do not, why some firms fail to survive in export markets and some choose to produce overseas rather than export. This article provides a synthesis and evaluation of this literature. It reviews both new theories of firms in an open economy context and the extensive microeconometric evidence base, which has now developed. It highlights the implications of this evidence base for policy and includes an assessment of how the research agenda may evolve.