Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical Characteristics Associated with Suicide Attempts in Clinical Settings: A Comparison of Suicidal and Non-Suicidal Depressed Inpatients

Introduction Both psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses are involved in the psychiatric management of suicidal inpatients. One-to-one observation by qualified nurses and the accommodation of the patient in a room close to the infirmary are usually recommended. Suicidal risk should be reassessed periodically to check response to treatment. Aim To compare the severity of depressive symptoms in depressed inpatients admitted after an attempted suicide and those admitted for any other reason and to assess the severity of suicide attempts and the management of suicidal risk in clinical settings. Materials and methods We divided the sample into two subgroups: patients with a diagnosis of depression admitted because of a recent suicide attempt and depressed patients with no recent history of attempted suicide. Socio-demographic and clinical data were gathered; assessments included the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Nurses’ Global Assessment of Suicide Risk (NGASR). Results Forty-six patients were recruited over a 1-year period: 20 were admitted to the hospital following a suicide attempt; the other 26 had not attempted suicide and were admitted for other depression-related reasons. Multivariate analysis revealed a correlation between use of antidepressants and recent attempted suicide. Attempting suicide was not related to the severity of depressive symptoms. In the recent suicide attempt subgroup, NGASR suicide risk levels were lower at discharge than at admission. Patients with a recent history of attempted suicide had a higher number of suicide attempts in their clinical history than patients with no recent history of attempted suicide. Conclusion There were no correlations between psychiatric diagnosis, severity of depressive symptoms, and recent suicide attempt. Antidepressant therapy protected against suicide attempts. History of suicide attempts was one of the best predictors of recent attempted suicide. A more thorough understanding of the complex phenomenon of suicide and the reasons for suicidal behavior is needed.
Automatic Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring on Radiotherapy Planning CT Scans of Breast Cancer Patients: Reproducibility and Association with Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Objectives Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study assesses reproducibility of automatic CAC scoring on radiotherapy planning computed tomography (CT) scans of breast cancer patients, and examines its association with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Methods This study included 561 breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy between 2013 and 2015. CAC was automatically scored with an algorithm using supervised pattern recognition, expressed as Agatston scores and categorized into five categories (0, 1–10, 11–100, 101–400, >400). Reproducibility between automatic and manual expert scoring was assessed in 79 patients with automatically determined CAC above zero and 84 randomly selected patients without automatically determined CAC. Interscan reproducibility of automatic scoring was assessed in 294 patients having received two scans (82% on the same day). Association between CAC and CVD risk factors was assessed in 36 patients with CAC scores >100, 72 randomly selected patients with scores 1–100, and 72 randomly selected patients without CAC. Reliability was assessed with linearly weighted kappa and agreement with proportional agreement. Results 134 out of 561 (24%) patients had a CAC score above zero. Reliability of CVD risk categorization between automatic and manual scoring was 0.80 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.74–0.87), and slightly higher for scans with breath-hold. Agreement was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72–0.85). Interscan reliability was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.50–0.72) with an agreement of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.80–0.89). Ten out of 36 (27.8%) patients with CAC scores above 100 did not have other cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions Automatic CAC scoring on radiotherapy planning CT scans is a reliable method to assess CVD risk based on Agatston scores. One in four breast cancer patients planned for radiotherapy have elevated CAC score. One in three patients with high CAC scores don't have other CVD risk factors and wouldn't have been identified as high risk.
Real-Time Scheduling of Skewed MapReduce Jobs in Heterogeneous Environments

Supporting real-time jobs on MapReduce systems is particularly challenging due to the heterogeneity of the environment, the load imbalance caused by skewed data blocks, as well as real-time response demands imposed by the applications. In this paper we describe our approach for scheduling real-time, skewed MapReduce jobs in heterogeneous systems. Our approach comprises the following components: (i) a distributed scheduling algorithm for scheduling real-time MapReduce jobs endto-end, and (ii) techniques for handling the data skewness that frequently arises in MapReduce environments and can lead to significant load imbalances. Our detailed experimental results using real datasets on a truly heterogeneous environment, Planetlab, illustrate that our approach is practical, exhibits good performance and consistently outperforms its competitors.
Crytographic limitations on learning Boolean formulae and finite automata

In this paper we consider the problem of learning from examples classes of functions when there are no restrictions on the allowed hypotheses other than that they are polynomial time evaluatable. We prove that for Boolean formulae, finite automata, and constant depth threshold circuits (simplified neural nets), this problem is computationally as difficult as the quadratic residue problem, inverting the RSA function and factoring Blum integers (composite number p q where p and q are both primes congruent to 3 modulo 4). These results are for the distributionfree model of learning [31]. They hold even when the inference task is that of deriving a probabilistic polynomial-time classification algorithm that predicts the correct value of a random input with probability $ + &, where s is the size of the formula, automaton or circuit, and p is any polynomial. (We call this model weak learning). Previously the only nonlearnability results that were similarly independent of hypothesis representation were those implied by the work of Goldreich, Goldwasser and Micali [17], for such classes as unrestricted Boolean circuits [25,31]. In addition to the particular results stated above we can abstract from our method a general technique for proving nonlearnability based on the existence of trapdoor functions in the sense of Yao [34].
Chronic high inspired CO2 decreases excitability of mouse hippocampal neurons

To examine the effect of chronically elevated CO2 on excitability and function of neurons, we exposed mice to 8% and 12% CO2 for 4 weeks (starting at 2 days of age), and examined the properties of freshly dissociated hippocampal neurons obtained from slices. Chronic CO2‐treated neurons (CC) had a similar input resistance (Rm) and resting membrane potential (Vm) as control (CON). While treatment with 8% CO2 did not change the rheobase (64±11 pA, n=9 vs. 47±12 pA, n=8 for CC 8% vs. CON), 12% CO2 treatment increased it significantly (73±8 pA, n=9, p=0.05). Furthermore, the 12% CO2 but not the 8% CO2 treatment decreased the Na+ channel current density (244±36 pA/pF, n=17, vs. 436±56 pA/pF, n=18, for CC vs. CON, p=0.005). Recovery from inactivation was also lowered by 12% but not 8% CO2. Other gating properties of Na+ current, such as voltage‐conductance curve, steady state inactivation, and time constant for deactivation, were not modified by either treatment. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of Na+ channel types I, II and III was not changed by 8% CO2 treatment but their expression was significantly decreased by 20–30% (p=0.03) by the 12% treatment. We conclude from these data and others (Gu et al. 2004) that
Contextually-Based Utility: An Appraisal-Based Approach at Modeling Framing and Decisions

Creating accurate computational models of human decision making is a vital step towards the realization of socially intelligent systems capable of both predicting and simulating human behavior. In modeling human decision making, a key factor is the psychological phenomenon known as "framing", in which the preferences of a decision maker change in response to contextual changes in decision problems. Existing approaches treat framing as a one-dimensional contextual influence based on the perception of outcomes as either gains or losses. However, empirical studies have shown that framing effects are much more multifaceted than one-dimensional views of framing suggest. To address this limitation, we propose an integrative approach to modeling framing which combines the psychological principles of cognitive appraisal theories and decision-theoretic notions of utility and probability. We show that this approach allows for both the identification and computation of the salient contextual factors in a decision as well as modeling how they ultimately affect the decision process. Furthermore, we show that our multi-dimensional, appraisal-based approach can account for framing effects identified in the empirical literature which cannot be addressed by one-dimensional theories, thereby promising more accurate models of human behavior.
Insulin Sensitivity and Albuminuria: The RISC Study

OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence suggests an association between insulin sensitivity and albuminuria, which, even in the normal range, is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We evaluated whether insulin sensitivity is associated with albuminuria in healthy subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated 1,415 healthy, nondiabetic participants (mean age 43.9 ± 8.3 years; 54.3% women) from the RISC (Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease) study, of whom 852 participated in a follow-up examination after 3 years. At baseline, insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamps, expressed as the M/I value. Oral glucose tolerance test–based insulin sensitivity (OGIS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were determined at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Microalbuminuria (UACR ≥30 mg/g) was present in fewer than 2% at either study visit. After multivariate adjustments, there was no cross-sectional association between UACR and any measure of insulin sensitivity. Neither OGIS nor HOMA-IR was significantly associated with follow-up UACR, but in a multivariate regression analysis, baseline M/I emerged as an independent predictor of UACR at follow-up (β-coefficient −0.14; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In healthy middle-aged adults, reduced insulin sensitivity, assessed by hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp, is continuously associated with a greater risk of increasing albuminuria. This finding suggests that reduced insulin sensitivity either is simply related to or might causally contribute to the initial pathogenesis of albuminuria.
Immune Activation and CD8+ T-Cell Differentiation towards Senescence in HIV-1 Infection

Progress in the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic is hindered by our failure to elucidate the precise reasons for the onset of immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infection. Increasing evidence suggests that elevated immune activation is associated with poor outcome in HIV-1 pathogenesis. However, the basis of this association remains unclear. Through ex vivo analysis of virus-specific CD8+ T-cells and the use of an in vitro model of naïve CD8+ T-cell priming, we show that the activation level and the differentiation state of T-cells are closely related. Acute HIV-1 infection induces massive activation of CD8+ T-cells, affecting many cell populations, not only those specific for HIV-1, which results in further differentiation of these cells. HIV disease progression correlates with increased proportions of highly differentiated CD8+ T-cells, which exhibit characteristics of replicative senescence and probably indicate a decline in T-cell competence of the infected person. The differentiation of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells towards a state of replicative senescence is a natural process. It can be driven by excessive levels of immune stimulation. This may be part of the mechanism through which HIV-1-mediated immune activation exhausts the capacity of the immune system.
Programming languages - history and fundamentals

We may not be able to make you love reading, but programming languages history and fundamentals will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.
Implication of PBP74/mortalin/GRP75 in the radio-adaptive response

Purpose : To investigate the relationship between expression of the human peptide-binding protein PBP74 and the occurrence of an adaptive response to ionizing radiation. Materials and methods : Human tumour cell lines HT29 and MCF-7 were transfected with a PBP74 or PBP74 antisense construct. For demonstration of an adaptive response, cells lines were irradiated with a conditioning dose of 0.25 Gy cobalt-60 γ-rays followed by a second dose of 4.0 Gy after an interval of 4.5 h. Response was measured in terms of clonogenic survival. Results : Transfection of a PBP74 plasmid caused transient overexpression of PBP74 mRNA in both cell lines. The optimal dose for the induction of PBP74 in the cell lines investigated was 0.1-0.25Gy and PBP74 induction occurred within 30 min of irradiation. For both cell lines, the adaptive response was repressed when cells were transfected with the anti-PBP plasmid. However, the converse, an enhancement of the adaptive response in cell lines transfected with the PBP74 construct, was seen only for HT29 cells under certain experimental conditions. Conclusions : The results support the view that while PBP74 is necessary to the adaptive response, it may not by itself be sufficient for the adaptive response to occur.
Quantitative determination of estradiol fatty acid esters in human pregnancy serum and ovarian follicular fluid.

BACKGROUND Lipophilic estradiol derivatives carried by lipoprotein particles in blood may mediate antioxidant or endocrine effects. We developed a new quantitative method to determine the concentration of circulating lipophilic estradiol fatty acid esters in human early- and late-pregnancy serum and in ovarian follicular fluid. METHODS After extraction from serum or follicular fluid, estradiol fatty acid esters were separated from nonesterified estradiol by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The estradiol ester fraction was hydrolyzed by saponification and further purified by several chromatographic steps. The hydrolyzed estradiol esters were measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. RESULTS The average estradiol fatty acid ester concentration in serum increased 10-fold during pregnancy, from 40.4 pmol/L (expressed as pmol/L estradiol; range, 25.0-64.2 pmol/L) in early pregnancy (n = 8) to 404 pmol/L (196-731 pmol/L) in late pregnancy (n = 10). The ratio of estradiol ester to nonesterified estradiol remained relatively constant during pregnancy, at 0.4-0.6%. In 10 follicular fluid samples, the mean estradiol ester concentration was 106 nmol/L (56.9-262 nmol/L). Compared with serum, a greater proportion of estradiol in follicular fluid (3.0-10%) was in the esterified form. CONCLUSION The new method provides a means to measure circulating estradiol fatty acid ester concentrations in human pregnancy serum.
On-the-fly programmable hardware for networks

Ongoing research in adaptive protocols and active networks has presumed that flexibility is offered exclusively through software systems, and the performance implications have generated considerable skepticism. The programmable protocol processing pipeline (P4) exploits the dynamic reconfigurability of RAM based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to provide both hardware performance and dynamic functionality to network components. We use forward error correction (FEC) as an example of a protocol processing function which we insert and remove from the protocol stack on an as-needed basis. Our measurements show that the P4 is able to process the data stream at OC-3 (155 Mbps) link rate, and consequently improve the TCP performance in noisy environments.
A Census of Atmospheric Variability From Seconds to Decades

This paper synthesizes and summarizes atmospheric variability on time scales from seconds to decades through a phenomenological census. We focus mainly on unforced variability in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. In addition to atmosphere‐only modes, our scope also includes coupled modes, in which the atmosphere interacts with the other components of the Earth system, such as the ocean, hydrosphere, and cryosphere. The topics covered include turbulence on time scales of seconds and minutes, gravity waves on time scales of hours, weather systems on time scales of days, atmospheric blocking on time scales of weeks, the Madden–Julian Oscillation on time scales of months, the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation on time scales of years, and the North Atlantic, Arctic, Antarctic, Pacific Decadal, and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations on time scales of decades. The paper serves as an introduction to a special collection of Geophysical Research Letters on atmospheric variability. We hope that both this paper and the collection will serve as a useful resource for the atmospheric science community and will act as inspiration for setting future research directions.
Fibroblast growth factor signaling instructs ensheathing glia wrapping of Drosophila olfactory glomeruli

Significance This research reports that reciprocal interactions between Drosophila olfactory neurons and ensheathing glia mediate the formation of neuronal compartments, groups of synapses that are packed into discrete structures called “glomeruli” that carry specific olfactory information. Ensheathing glia respond to a neuronal cue, the FGF Thisbe, to pattern the boundaries of the nascent compartments. Neural compartments, in turn, require such glial barriers to separate themselves from neighboring compartments and thus ensure the correct organization of the olfactory circuit. These findings highlight the importance of glia in the assembly and maintenance of neural circuits and the functions of FGF signaling in these processes. The formation of complex but highly organized neural circuits requires interactions between neurons and glia. During the assembly of the Drosophila olfactory circuit, 50 olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) classes and 50 projection neuron (PN) classes form synaptic connections in 50 glomerular compartments in the antennal lobe, each of which represents a discrete olfactory information-processing channel. Each compartment is separated from the adjacent compartments by membranous processes from ensheathing glia. Here we show that Thisbe, an FGF released from olfactory neurons, particularly from local interneurons, instructs ensheathing glia to wrap each glomerulus. The Heartless FGF receptor acts cell-autonomously in ensheathing glia to regulate process extension so as to insulate each neuropil compartment. Overexpressing Thisbe in ORNs or PNs causes overwrapping of the glomeruli their axons or dendrites target. Failure to establish the FGF-dependent glia structure disrupts precise ORN axon targeting and discrete glomerular formation.
Equilibrium Binding Studies of Non-claret Disjunctional Protein (Ncd) Reveal Cooperative Interactions between the Motor Domains*

Non-claret disjunctional protein (Ncd) is a minus end-directed microtubule motor required for normal spindle assembly and integrity during Drosophila oogenesis. We have pursued equilibrium binding experiments to examine the affinity of Ncd for microtubules in the presence of the ATP nonhydrolyzable analog 5′-adenylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), ADP, or ADP + Pi using both dimeric (MC1) and monomeric (MC6) Ncd constructs expressed in Escherichia coli. Both MC1 and MC6 sediment with microtubules in the absence of added nucleotide as well as in the presence of either ADP or AMP-PNP. Yet, in the presence of ADP + Pi, there is a decrease in the affinity of both MC1 and MC6 for microtubules. The data for dimeric MC1 show that release of the dimer to the supernatant is sigmoidal with the apparentK d(Pi ) for the two phosphate sites at 23.3 and 1.9 mm, respectively. The results indicate that binding at the first phosphate site enhances binding at the second site, thus cooperatively stimulating release. Stopped-flow kinetics indicate that MgATP promotes dissociation of the Mt·MC1 complex at 14 s−1, yet AMP-PNP has no effect on the Mt·MC1 complex. These results are consistent with a model for the ATPase cycle in which ATP hydrolysis occurs on the microtubule followed by detachment as the Ncd·ADP·Pi intermediate.
A model of hippocampally dependent navigation, using the temporal difference learning rule

This paper presents a model of how hippocampal place cells might be used for spatial navigation in two watermaze tasks: the standard reference memory task and a delayed matching‐to‐place task. In the reference memory task, the escape platform occupies a single location and rats gradually learn relatively direct paths to the goal over the course of days, in each of which they perform a fixed number of trials. In the delayed matching‐to‐place task, the escape platform occupies a novel location on each day, and rats gradually acquire one‐trial learning, i.e., direct paths on the second trial of each day. The model uses a local, incremental, and statistically efficient connectionist algorithm called temporal difference learning in two distinct components. The first is a reinforcement‐based “actor‐critic” network that is a general model of classical and instrumental conditioning. In this case, it is applied to navigation, using place cells to provide information about state. By itself, the actor‐critic can learn the reference memory task, but this learning is inflexible to changes to the platform location. We argue that one‐trial learning in the delayed matching‐to‐place task demands a goal‐independent representation of space. This is provided by the second component of the model: a network that uses temporal difference learning and self‐motion information to acquire consistent spatial coordinates in the environment. Each component of the model is necessary at a different stage of the task; the actor‐critic provides a way of transferring control to the component that performs best. The model successfully captures gradual acquisition in both tasks, and, in particular, the ultimate development of one‐trial learning in the delayed matching‐to‐place task. Place cells report a form of stable, allocentric information that is well‐suited to the various kinds of learning in the model. Hippocampus 2000;10:1–16. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.