Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Herpes Simplex Type 1 Encephalitis

Encephalitides, an acute infection of the brain parenchyma, are characterized by fever, headache and altered consciousness. Neurological deficits and focal or generalized epileptic seizures may also be seen. There are important differences in clinical presentations between encephalitides caused by viruses. While some viral encephalitides, such as Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV type-1) encephalitis, cause sporadic infection; others, such as Japanese B encephalitis virus and Eastern equine encephalitis virus, cause epidemic infections with specific geographic distribution. Some viruses like HSV cause fulminant encephalitis leading to death within a couple of days whereas viruses such as Measles virus can cause progressive subacute sclerosing panencephalitis lasting several months and years. HSV type-1, HSV type-2, LaCrosse encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus usually causes encephalitis in healthy individuals, whereas HSV type-1, Cytomegalovirus, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Human herpes virus type-6 and Enteroviruses are associated with encephalitides in immunodeficient or immunocompromised patients (Mathewson Commission, 1929; Meyer et al.,1960; Roos,1999). Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of sporadic fatal encephalitis (Mathewson Commission, 1929; Meyer et al.,1960; Smith et al., 1941). Smith et al. detected inclusion bodies consistent with HSV infection from a newborn’s brain with encephalitis and virus was isolated from brain tissue then (Smith et al., 1941). The first adult case of HSE was reported by Zarafonetis et al. (Zarafonetis et al., 1944). The pathological findings in this patient's brain were prominent perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes and a large number small hemorrhages in left temporal lobe. Later in several studies, this temporal lobe localization was reported to be characteristic for HSE in patients older than 3 months. In the mid 1960s, Nahmias and Dowdle found two distinct antigenic type of HSV, as HSV type-1 and HSV type-2 (Nahmias & Dowdle, 1968). The HSE, observed in adults, is caused by HSV type-1 predominantly (Dennett et al., 1997; Whitley & Lakeman, 1995). HSV type-2 is rarely seen in healthy adults and usually causes benign CNS infection, whereas severe meningoencephalitis is seen in immunosuppressed individuals (Mommeja-Marin et al., 2003). Herpes neonatorum, transmitted from perinatal area, causes severe encephalitis in neonates (Corey et al., 1983). HSV type-1 and HSV type-2 are from Herpesviridae family. The common feature of Herpesviridae family is that they stay in life-long latent (persistent) form in the organism and they can reactivate later leading recurrent infections. Also other viruses from Herpesviridae group may lead CNS diseases (Garcia-Blanco et al., 1991).
Primary Health Care Service Use Among Women Who Have Recently Left an Abusive Partner: Income and Racialization, Unmet Need, Fits of Services, and Health

Primary health care (PHC) can improve the health of women who have experienced intimate partner violence; yet, access to and fit of PHC services may be shaped by income and racialization. We examined whether income and racialization were associated with differences in PHC service use, unmet needs, fit with needs, and mental and physical health in a sample of 286 women who had separated from an abusive partner. Mothers, unemployed women, and those with lower incomes used more PHC services and reported a poorer fit of services. Poorer fit of services was related to poorer mental and physical health.
THREE YEARS' EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF LSD AS AN AID IN PSYCHOTHERAPY

It might be worth while to begin by asking why treatment with psycholytica has found a placc in our range of psychiatric aids. For most of us thc initiating factor has doubtless bccn the great number of patients we meet who have undergone every sort of psychiatric treatment without very much success. These patients are a challenge to us as an admission of failure of our earlier efforts to help them. AREXDSES HEIS from Ederveen, Holland has described these patients in an outstanding article. He divides them into the following three groups:
Bi-literate bilingualism versus mono-literate bilingualism : A longitudinal study of reading acquisition in hebrew (L2) among russian-speaking (L1) children

The present study compared the early Hebrew (L2) literacy development of three groups; two groups of bilinguals — bi-literate and mono-literate Russian-Hebrew speakers, and a third group of monolingual Hebrew-speakers. We predicted that bi-literacy rather than bilingualism is the key variable as regards L2 literacy learning. In a longitudinal design, a variety of linguistic, meta-linguistic and cognitive tasks were administered at the commencement of first grade, with Hebrew reading and spelling assessed at the end of the year. Results demonstrated that bi-literate bilinguals were far in advance of both mono-literate (Russian-Hebrew) bilinguals and mono-lingual Hebrew-speakers on all reading fluency measures at the end of Grade 1. Bi-literate bilinguals also showed a clear advantage over mono-literate bilingual and mono-lingual peers on all phonological awareness tasks. The mono-literate bilinguals also demonstrated some modest gains over their monolingual peers in Grade 1 reading accuracy. All three groups performed similarly on L2 linguistic tasks. These findings confirm Bialystok’s (2002) assertion that bilingualism per se may not be the most influential factor in L2 reading acquisition. Early (L1) literacy acquisition, however, can greatly enhance L2 literacy development. The present findings also suggest that the actual mechanism of cross-linguistic transfer is the insight gained into the alphabetic principle common to all alphabetic writing systems and not merely the knowledge of a specific letter-sound code such as the Roman orthography.
Unscripted motherhood: Lesbian mothers negotiating incompletely institutionalized family relationships

In this article, I use Cherlin’s notion of incomplete institutionalization as a conceptual tool for understanding the parenting stories of 40 lesbian mothers. Using data gathered from interviews with 40 respondents, I examine these issues within a framework that acknowledges the differences among the respondents based on their trajectories to motherhood. I also address the unique difficulties they face as they negotiate their roles and relationships within their families and the extra layer of problems they experience in their interactions with social institutions, such as the law. My analysis suggests that lesbian-headed families are faced with internal dynamics that are similar to heterosexual stepfamilies, but also different, in that they encounter problems in their interactions with institutions (e.g., schools, the law) due to their incompletely institutionalized status. I present three resilience strategies employed by the respondents, including normalization tactics, second-parent adoptions, and commitment ceremonies. I close with a discussion of the study’s implications, limitations, and directions for further research.
Neural Activation in Blood-Flow-Restricted Versus Non-Blood-Flow-Restricted Exercise: An fMRI Study

Neural Activation in Blood-Flow-Restricted Versus Non-BloodFlow-Restricted Exercise: An fMRI Study Tiffany Dawn deVries Deparment of Exercise Sciences, BYU Master of Science Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to track neural activation in the brain during functional activities [1]. The purpose of this study was to investigate brain neural responses to blood flow restricted (BFR) versus control handgrip exercise. Using a randomized crossover design, 25 subjects (12 males, 13 females) completed handgrip exercises during two conditions: BFR vs. control. To familiarize participants with the exercise conditions, one week prior to MRI scanning participants completed each exercise condition once on separate days, with 72 hours between days. The following week fMRI scans were performed at the same time of day, separated by 72 hours. The exercise protocol consisted of five 30-second sets of squeezing a nonmetallic handgrip exerciser (a reported 13.6 kg resistance), doing as many repetitions as possible, with 20-second rest intervals between sets. We saw a significant main effect of exercise condition (BFR versus control) between premotor dorsal (PMd)(F = 5.71, p = 0.022), premotor ventral (PMv)(F = 8.21, p = 0.007), and right ventral striatum (VS_R)(F = 7.36, p = 0.01). When considering anatomical regions of interest, we did not find significant differences between exercise conditions in bilateral S1 (p > 0.82), primary motor cortex (M1)(p > 0.33), supplementary motor area (SMA)(p > 0.66), cerebellum (CB)(p > 0.70), insular cortex (INS)(p > 0.45), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)(p > 0.24), or thalamus (TH)(p > 0.66). Bilateral ACC (ACC_B), right middle frontal gyrus (MFG_R), and the right primary sensory cortex (S1_R) showed significant linear trends (p = 0.001) over the five exercise sets. Finally, the S1_R, left primary sensory cortex (S1_L), and the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC_R) showed a main effect of set (p < 0.02). These data demonstrate that acute training with BFR during handgrip exercise results in different neural activation patterns in select areas of the brain, compared to a control. These results show that while completing less work with BFR exercise, subjects can achieve a similar amount of brain neural activation as with a higher-volume exercise. Brain neural activation is important to overall patient health and these findings may be important for prescribing training with BFR in clinical and applied research settings.
Tissue differential microarray analysis of dexamethasone induction reveals potential mechanisms of steroid glaucoma.

PURPOSE To identify myocilin (TIGR/MYOC) properties that are specific to the human trabecular meshwork (HTM). To search for genes highly expressed in dexamethasone (DEX)-induced HTM cells that are barely expressed or absent in DEX-induced cells from other tissues. METHODS TIGR/MYOC induction by DEX (10(-7) M for 8-10 days) was analyzed by Northern and Western blot analyses in HTM, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HeLa cells, and human embryonic skeletal muscle cells and optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes at confluence. Processing and secretion were analyzed after the cells were infected with adenoviruses overexpressing wild-type and mutant forms of TIGR/MYOC. Affymetrix U95Av2 GeneChips (n = 6) and software were used to compare paired expression profiles of HTM, HTM-DEX, ONH astrocytes, and ONH astrocytes-DEX. Identification of HTM-DEX-specific genes (compared with ONH astrocytes-DEX) was performed by selecting genes with the highest fold change values (>/=20). Genes with fold change values of four or more were matched with loci linked to glaucoma, by using gene databases. RESULTS TIGR/MYOC induction by DEX occurred only in HTM cells. Secretory and glycosylation characteristics remained the same across cell types. Expression profile analysis revealed multiple genes differentially upregulated in HTM-DEX including, in addition to TIGR/MYOC, a serine protease inhibitor (alpha1-antichymotrypsin), a neuroprotective factor (pigment epithelium-derived factor), an antiangiogenesis factor (cornea-derived transcript 6), and a prostaglandin synthase (prostaglandin D(2) synthase). Fifteen of the 249 genes with fold change values of four or more mapped to glaucoma-linked loci. CONCLUSIONS The induction of TIGR/MYOC by DEX is HTM-specific, whereas its secretory and glycosylation characteristics are ubiquitous. The known functions of HTM-DEX-specific genes reveal the presence of protective and damaging mechanisms for regulation of IOP during DEX treatment. Besides TIGR/MYOC, other HTM-DEX-specific genes may be good candidates for linkage to glaucoma.
The Intersubjective Approach in Supervision

Abstract The supervisory process develops within a professional and cultural reality that is much more open to multiplicity of opinions and less solid and certain than ever before. While the resulting expanse of possibilities may freeze or disable supervisees, it also has enormous potential for fostering growth through shared and unique creativity. We propose important developments in the theory and practice of supervision: (a) Emphasizing the supervisor's subjectivity and personal contribution to the supervisory process, (b) Concentrating on conceptualizing the supervisor-supervisee's relationship in the context of the wider network such as the training program, (c) Advocating the development of adequate language for describing the supervisory relationship from the perspective of “two-person psychology,” and (d) Shifting the conception of supervision from a parental model to one of mutual development through relationship.
Collider Phenomenology: Basic Knowledge and Techniques

This is the writeup for TASI--04 lectures on Collider Phenomenology. These lectures are meant to provide an introductory presentation on the basic knowledge and techniques for collider physics. Special efforts have been made for those theorists who need to know some experimental issues in collider environments, and for those experimenters who would like to know more about theoretical considerations in searching for new signals at colliders.
PERCEPTION OF CHILDREN'S INFLUENCE ON FAMILY DECISION PROCESSES

While several studies have examined the roles of husbands and wives in making decisions about products, few have examined the impact of children. This article reports the results of a 1985 study of the influence of children on families. The study examines children's influence in each of four stages of the purchase decision, for 25 products, and by age of the children. For child‐centered (e.g., toys, children's clothing, food) and child‐used products or services (e.g., vacations, restaurant choices, outside entertainment), the study shows that children are perceived as influential by most households. Older children are perceived as more influential than younger children for nearly all the products studied. The study concludes that “family” decision making is quite different from “husband‐wife” decision making.
Powered ankle exoskeletons reveal the metabolic cost of plantar flexor mechanical work during walking with longer steps at constant step frequency

SUMMARY We examined the metabolic cost of plantar flexor muscle–tendon mechanical work during human walking. Nine healthy subjects walked at constant step frequency on a motorized treadmill at speeds corresponding to 80% (1.00 m s–1), 100% (1.25 m s–1), 120% (1.50 m s–1) and 140% (1.75 m s–1) of their preferred step length (L*) at 1.25 m s–1. In each condition subjects donned robotic ankle exoskeletons on both legs. The exoskeletons were powered by artificial pneumatic muscles and controlled using soleus electromyography (i.e. proportional myoelectric control). We measured subjects' metabolic energy expenditure and exoskeleton mechanics during both unpowered and powered walking to test the hypothesis that ankle plantarflexion requires more net metabolic power (W kg–1) at longer step lengths for a constant step frequency (i.e. preferred at 1.25 m s–1). As step length increased from 0.8 L* to 1.4 L*, exoskeletons delivered ∼25% more average positive mechanical power (P=0.01; +0.20±0.02 W kg–1 to +0.25±0.02 W kg–1, respectively). The exoskeletons reduced net metabolic power by more at longer step lengths (P=0.002;– 0.21±0.06 W kg–1 at 0.8 L* and– 0.70±0.12 W kg–1 at 1.4 L*). For every 1 J of exoskeleton positive mechanical work subjects saved 0.72 J of metabolic energy (`apparent efficiency'=1.39) at 0.8 L* and 2.6 J of metabolic energy (`apparent efficiency'=0.38) at 1.4 L*. Declining ankle muscle–tendon `apparent efficiency' suggests an increase in ankle plantar flexor muscle work relative to Achilles' tendon elastic energy recoil during walking with longer steps. However, previously stored elastic energy in Achilles' tendon still probably contributes up to 34% of ankle muscle–tendon positive work even at the longest step lengths we tested. Across the range of step lengths we studied, the human ankle muscle–tendon system performed 34–40% of the total lower-limb positive mechanical work but accounted for only 7–26% of the net metabolic cost of walking.
Inferring Directed Road Networks from GPS Traces by Track Alignment

This paper proposes a method to infer road networks from GPS traces. These networks include intersections between roads, the connectivity between the intersections and the possible traffic directions between directly-connected intersections. These intersections are localized by detecting and clustering turning points, which are locations where the moving direction changes on GPS traces. We infer the structure of road networks by segmenting all of the GPS traces to identify these intersections. We can then form both a connectivity matrix of the intersections and a small representative GPS track for each road segment. The road segment between each pair of directly-connected intersections is represented using a series of geographical locations, which are averaged from all of the tracks on this road segment by aligning them using the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we detect potential intersections by clustering the turning points on the GPS traces. Second, we infer the geometry of the road segments between intersections by aligning GPS tracks point by point using a “stretch and then compress” strategy based on the DTW algorithm. This approach not only allows road estimation by averaging the aligned tracks, but also a deeper statistical analysis based on the individual track’s time alignment, for example the variance of speed along a road segment.
Structural characterization of a dimer of RNA duplexes composed of 8-bromoguanosine modified CGG trinucleotide repeats: a novel architecture of RNA quadruplexes

Fragile X syndrome and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) are neurodegenerative disorders caused by the pathogenic expansion of CGG triplet repeats in the FMR1 gene. FXTAS is likely to be caused by a ‘toxic’ gain-of-function of the FMR1 mRNA. We provide evidence for the existence of a novel quadruplex architecture comprising CGG repeats. The 8-bromoguanosine (BrG)-modified molecule GCBrGGCGGC forms a duplex in solution and self-associates via the major groove to form a four-stranded, antiparallel (GCBrGGCGGC)4 RNA quadruplex with BrG3:G6:BrG3:G6 tetrads sandwiched between mixed G:C:G:C tetrads. Self-association of Watson–Crick duplexes to form a four-stranded structure has previously been predicted; however, no experimental evidence was provided. This novel four-stranded RNA structure was characterized using a variety of experimental methods, such as native gel electrophoresis, NMR spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Identity-Processing Style, Psychosocial Resources, and Adolescents' Perceptions of Parent-Adolescent Relations

This study aimed to generalize and extend research on identity styles among early adolescents in the Netherlands. The study investigated associations between perceived parent-adolescent relations and identity-processing styles among 13-year-old adolescents and the role identity styles played in mediating relationships between parent-adolescent relations and the identity commitments early adolescents held and the levels of self-regulation they exercised. Associations between perceived parent-adolescent relations and a normative style were positive and those with a diffuse-avoidant style were negative. Parental information solicitation was related to information-style scores. All three styles were related to identity commitments and self-regulation. Linkages with the normative style were positive and those with the diffuse-avoidant style negative. An informational identity style was associated positively with commitment but negatively with self-regulation. The relationship between adolescents' perceptions of open parental communication and their levels of identity commitment was partially mediated by a normative style. The role parent-adolescent relations may play in developing identity processes and self-regulation during early adolescence is considered.
Intrinsic motivation as a moderator on the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance

The purpose of this study was to explore an alternative relationship between job autonomy and employee outcomes. In contrast to the dominating view that perceived job autonomy leads to increased levels of intrinsic motivation and in turn work performance, we developed a hypothesis proposing that intrinsic motivation moderates the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance. Two cross-sectional surveys among 302 employees from different Norwegian service organizations showed that the relationship between perceived job autonomy and both self-reported and line-manager rated work quality was moderated by intrinsic motivation. The form of the moderation revealed a positive relationship only for employees high in intrinsic motivation in both studies. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.
Activation of an epithelial neurokinin NK-1 receptor induces relaxation of rat trachea through release of prostaglandin E2.

We studied the type of neurokinin (NK) receptor involved in the epithelium-dependent substance P (SP)-induced relaxation of rat trachea precontracted with serotonin (5-HT). We first compared the relaxant effects of different agonists to the three NK receptors on rat trachea in the presence (E+) and absence (E-) of the epithelium. The three agonists to the NK-1 receptor, SP, SP-O-methylester and [beta Ala4, Sar9, Met(O2)] SP(4-11), at a concentration of 1 microM induced a relaxation of 40 +/- 5, 33 +/- 4 and 31 +/- 6%, respectively in E+ segments. They had weak and nonsignificant effects in E- segments. In addition, (+/-)CP-96,345 (1 microM), the NK-1-selective non-peptide antagonist, inhibited the SP-induced relaxation by 45%. Conversely, the three NK-2 receptor agonists, NKA, NKA(4-10) and [Nle10]NKA(4-10), and the two NK-3 receptor agonists, neurokinin B (NKB) and [MePhe7]NKB(4-10), had no effect on E+ or E- tracheal segments. The N-terminal SP fragment SP(1-9) was also inactive. These results suggest that SP-induced relaxation is mediated through activation of epithelial NK-1 receptors. Preincubation with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (2.8 microM), abrogated the relaxant effect of the three NK-1 receptor agonists on E+ tracheas. We measured in additional experiments prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2 alpha, 6-keto PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2. SP (1 microM) induced a 6.1-fold increase in PGE2 production (from 13 pg after 5-HT to 78 pg) in E+ segments, whereas only a 1.5-fold increase occurred in E- preparations. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Immigration , Integration and Fiscal Sustainability 1

Economic theory points out that immigration of even low-skilled immigrants may improve public finances in Western welfare states, and it is some times suggested that fiscal sustainability problems in Western countries caused by ageing populations could be solved by increasing immigration. We examine consequences of various immigration scenarios using the large-scale computable general equilibrium model DREAM describing the Danish economy. It turns out that increased immigration will generally worsen the Danish fiscal sustainability problem. Improved economic integration of immigrants and their descendants, however, may alleviate the problems of the public sector considerably. JEL classification: F22, E62, D58