Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mutations in the TIR1 Auxin Receptor That Increase Affinity for Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid Proteins Result in Auxin Hypersensitivity1[W][OA]

A directed genetic screen produced auxin receptors with increased activity both in vitro and in the plant. The phytohormone auxin regulates virtually every aspect of plant development. The hormone directly mediates the interaction between the two members of the auxin coreceptor complex, a TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE (TIR1)/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX protein and an AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) transcriptional repressor. To learn more about the interaction between these proteins, a mutant screen was performed using the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid system in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Two tir1 mutations were identified that increased interaction with Aux/IAAs. The D170E and M473L mutations increase affinity between TIR1 and the degron motif of Aux/IAAs and enhance the activity of the SCFTIR1 complex. This resulted in faster degradation of Aux/IAAs and increased transcription of auxin-responsive genes in the plant. Plants carrying the pTIR1:tir1 D170E/M473L-Myc transgene exhibit diverse developmental defects during plant growth and display an auxin-hypersensitive phenotype. This work demonstrates that changes in the leucine-rich repeat domain of the TIR1 auxin coreceptor can alter the properties of SCFTIR1.
Evaluating Multi-Sensor Nighttime Earth Observation Data for Identification of Mixed vs. Residential Use in Urban Areas

This paper introduces a novel top-down approach to geospatially identify and distinguish areas of mixed use from predominantly residential areas within urban agglomerations. Under the framework of the World Bank’s Central American Country Disaster Risk Profiles (CDRP) initiative, a disaggregated property stock exposure model has been developed as one of the key elements for disaster risk and loss estimation. Global spatial datasets are therefore used consistently to ensure wide-scale applicability and transferability. Residential and mixed use areas need to be identified in order to spatially link accordingly compiled property stock information. In the presented study, multi-sensor nighttime Earth Observation data and derivative products are evaluated as proxies to identify areas of peak human activity. Intense artificial night lighting in that context is associated with a high likelihood of commercial and/or industrial presence. Areas of low light intensity, in turn, can be considered more likely residential. Iterative intensity thresholding is tested for Cuenca City, Ecuador, in order to best match a given reference situation based on cadastral land use data. The results and findings are considered highly relevant for the CDRP initiative, but more generally underline the relevance of remote sensing data for top-down modeling approaches at a wide spatial scale.
The chemical evolution of dwarf spheroidal galaxies: dissecting the inner regions and their stellar populations

Using three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of isolated dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs), we undertake an analysis of the chemical properties of their inner regions, identifying the respective roles played by Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and Type II supernovae (SNe II). The effect of inhomogeneous pollution from SNe Ia is shown to be prominent within two core radii, with the stars forming therein amounting to similar to 20 per cent of the total. These stars are relatively iron-rich and alpha-element depleted compared to the stars forming in the rest of the galaxy. At odds with the projected stellar velocity dispersion radial profile, the actual three-dimensional one shows a depression in the central region, where the most metal-rich (i.e. [Fe/H]-rich) stars are partly segregated. This naturally results in two different stellar populations, with an anticorrelation between [Fe/H] and velocity dispersion, in the same sense as that observed in the Sculptor and Fornax dSphs. Because the most iron-rich stars in our model are also the most alpha depleted, a natural prediction and test of our model is that the same radial segregation effects should exist between [alpha/Fe] and velocity dispersion.
To evaluate corpus planning. A case of a Swedish language policy action concerning terms for disability

ABSTRACT Corpus planning has attracted attention ever since Deborah Cameron's seminal Verbal Hygiene (1995). However, evaluations of corpus planning aimed at addressing linguistic discrimination have been surprisingly scarce. Because corpus planning costs energy, time and money, evaluations are important for future actions. This study discusses how an evaluation of corpus planning can be conducted by performing a detailed, critical and empirical analysis of a limited Swedish language policy action aimed at addressing linguistic discrimination. The results show that, although the policy action was successful in terms of lexical change, the change was superficial, since the desired shift in focus, from individual/group to environment, occurred to only a very limited extent in the selected texts. From this analysis, I argue that there are three significant matters to attend to when evaluating corpus planning for these situations. The first is that a meaningful corpus should be created, preferably one comprising symmetrical texts from both before and after implementation of the policy. Additionally, the research questions that are formulated should be narrow enough to be operational. Finally, quantitative and qualitative methods should be combined to ensure a broad understanding of the outcomes of the corpus planning.
A 125-GHz Permittivity Sensor With Read-Out Circuit in a 250-nm SiGe BiCMOS Technology

<? Pub Dtl? >In this paper, an integrated dielectric sensor with a read-out circuit in an unmodified SiGe BiCMOS technology at 125 GHz is presented. The sensor consists of a 500-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\hbox {m}}$</tex></formula> shorted half-wave coplanar-waveguide transmission line in the uppermost metal layer of the silicon process, while the read-out is obtained by reflection coefficient measurement with an integrated reflectometer and a signal source. The reflectometer is verified with a circuit breakout including an integrated dummy sensor. The reflectometer is able to measure the phase of the reflection coefficient from 117 to 134 GHz with a resolution of 0.1<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula> and a standard deviation of 0.082<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex> </formula>. The integrated sensor with the reflectometer circuit have been fabricated in a 190-GHz <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${ f}_{ T}$</tex></formula> SiGe:C BiCMOS technology. It spans an area of 1.4 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\hbox {mm}}^{2}$</tex></formula> and consumes 75 mA from a 3.3-V supply. The circuit has been assembled on a printed circuit board for characterization by immersion into test liquids. The sensor is controlled by a controller board and a personal computer enabling a measurement time of up to 1 ms per frequency point. Functionality of the sensor is demonstrated from 118 to 133 GHz with immersion of the sensor into different binary methanol–ethanol mixtures, showing good correlation between theory and measurement. The sensor shows a standard deviation of the measured phase of 0.220<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula> and is able to detect a difference in <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\epsilon_{r}^{\prime}$</tex> </formula> of 0.0125.
*droid

The security research community has invested significant effort in improving the security of Android applications over the past half decade. This effort has addressed a wide range of problems and resulted in the creation of many tools for application analysis. In this article, we perform the first systematization of Android security research that analyzes applications, characterizing the work published in more than 17 top venues since 2010. We categorize each paper by the types of problems they solve, highlight areas that have received the most attention, and note whether tools were ever publicly released for each effort. Of the released tools, we then evaluate a representative sample to determine how well application developers can apply the results of our community’s efforts to improve their products. We find not only that significant work remains to be done in terms of research coverage but also that the tools suffer from significant issues ranging from lack of maintenance to the inability to produce functional output for applications with known vulnerabilities. We close by offering suggestions on how the community can more successfully move forward.
Understanding Log Lines Using Development Knowledge

Logs are generated by output statements that developers insert into the code. By recording the system behaviour during runtime, logs play an important role in the maintenance of large software systems. The rich nature of logs has introduced a new market of log management applications (e.g., Splunk, XpoLog and log stash) that assist in storing, querying and analyzing logs. Moreover, recent research has demonstrated the importance of logs in operating, understanding and improving software systems. Thus log maintenance is an important task for the developers. However, all too often practitioners (i.e., operators and administrators) are left without any support to help them unravel the meaning and impact of specific log lines. By spending over 100 human hours and manually examining all the email threads in the mailing list for three open source systems (Hadoop, Cassandra and Zookeeper) and performing web search on sampled logging statements, we found 15 email inquiries and 73 inquiries from web search about different log lines. We identified that five types of development knowledge that are often sought from the logs by practitioners: meaning, cause, context, impact and solution. Due to the frequency and nature of log lines about which real customers inquire, documenting all the log lines or identifying which ones to document is not efficient. Hence in this paper we propose an on-demand approach, which associates the development knowledge present in various development repositories (e.g., code commits and issues reports) with the log lines. Our case studies show that the derived development knowledge can be used to resolve real-life inquiries about logs.
Mobile Agent Security with Efficient Oblivious Transfer

Cachin et al. and Algesheimer et al. proposed schemes using secure function evaluation for protecting mobile agents in untrusted environments. One of essential ingredients of their protocols is oblivious transfer (although not all of them require it). Unfortunately, naive application of oblivious transfer is inefficient because it must be performed for each bit of encrypted circuit inputs. Therefore, in this paper we propose secure mobile agent protocols with emphasis on efficient oblivious transfer suitable for secure function evaluation.
A Two‐stage active learning method for learning to rank

Learning to rank (L2R) algorithms use a labeled training set to generate a ranking model that can later be used to rank new query results. These training sets are costly and laborious to produce, requiring human annotators to assess the relevance or order of the documents in relation to a query. Active learning algorithms are able to reduce the labeling effort by selectively sampling an unlabeled set and choosing data instances that maximize a learning function's effectiveness. In this article, we propose a novel two‐stage active learning method for L2R that combines and exploits interesting properties of its constituent parts, thus being effective and practical. In the first stage, an association rule active sampling algorithm is used to select a very small but effective initial training set. In the second stage, a query‐by‐committee strategy trained with the first‐stage set is used to iteratively select more examples until a preset labeling budget is met or a target effectiveness is achieved. We test our method with various LETOR benchmarking data sets and compare it with several baselines to show that it achieves good results using only a small portion of the original training sets.
46 7 v 1 2 6 M ar 2 00 2 GRB 011121 : A Massive Star Progenitor

Of the cosmological gamma-ray bursts, GRB 011121 has the lowest redshift, z = 0.36. More importantly, the multi-color excess in the afterglow detected in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) light curves is compelling observational evidence for an underlying supernova. Here we present near-infrared and radio observations of the afterglow. We undertake a comprehensive modeling of these observations and those reported in the literature and find good evidence favoring a wind-fed circumburst medium. In detail, we infer the progenitor had a mass loss rate of Ṁ ∼ 10/vw3 M⊙ yr −1 where vw3 is the speed of the wind from the progenitor in units of 10 km s. This mass loss rate is similar to that inferred Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, via Cotter Road, Weston, ACT, 2611, Australia. Palomar Observatory, 105-24, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125. Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, P.O. Box 76, Epping NSW 1710, Australia. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box O, Socorro, NM, 87801. Anglo-Australian Observatory, P.O. Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom. Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101. University of California Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720. National Optical Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box 26732, Tucson, AZ, 85726. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771. Istituto Tecnologie e Studio Radiazioni Extraterrestri, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy. Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Ferrara, Via Paradiso 12, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
Social Capital and Economic Development: Well-Being in Developing Countries

Since the mid 1990s, theoretical and empirical research on how social capital affects well-being has blossomed in the field of economic development. Based on noted theoretical and empirical work in other social sciences, this concept is now becoming a vital new tool for economists. The chapters in this volume explore the challenges and opportunities raised by this concept for researchers, practitioners and teachers. The book is based upon a consistent, policy-based vision of how social capital affects well-being in developing countries. It includes a comparison of experimental and empirical evidence on social capital and a range of field-based evidence, from environmental to cultural to nation-building and on how investment in social capital can improve well-being. The contributions are from leading development economists as well as non-economic social scientists with expertise in this field.
Arabidopsis cold shock domain proteins: relationships to floral and silique development

Cold shock domain proteins (CSPs) are highly conserved from bacteria to higher plants and animals. Bacterial cold shock proteins function as RNA chaperones by destabilizing RNA secondary structures and promoting translation as an adaptative mechanism to low temperature stress. In animals, cold shock domain proteins exhibit broad functions related to growth and development. In order to understand better the function of CSPs in planta, detailed analyses were performed for Arabidopsis thaliana CSPs (AtCSPs) on the transcript and protein levels using an extensive series of tissue harvested throughout developmental stages within the entire life cycle of Arabidopsis. On both the transcript and protein levels, AtCSPs were enriched in shoot apical meristems and siliques. Although all AtCSPs exhibited similar expression patterns, AtCSP2 was the most abundantly expressed gene. In situ hybridization analyses were also used to confirm that AtCSP2 and AtCSP4 transcripts accumulate in developing embryos and shoot apices. AtCSPs transcripts were also induced during a controlled floral induction study. In vivo ChIP analysis confirmed that an embryo expressed MADS box transcription factor, AGL15, interacts within two AtCSP promoter regions and alters the respective patterns of AtCSP transcription. Comparative analysis of AtCSP gene expression between Landsberg and Columbia ecotypes confirmed a 1000-fold reduction of AtCSP4 gene expression in the Landsberg background. Analysis of the AtCSP4 genomic locus identified multiple polymorphisms in putative regulatory cis-elements between the two ecotypes. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that AtCSPs are involved in the transition to flowering and silique development in Arabidopsis.
Similar but different: social relations and achievement motivation in adolescent students from Montréal and Moscow

ABSTRACT Researchers, school personnel and parents are concerned with students’ academic motivation. However, research on the topic yields ambiguous results. While adolescents in Western societies report a decline in achievement drive over the school years, adolescents in some Eastern societies may avoid this negative trend. In addition to personal characteristics, students’ social relations with their teachers and peers may impact their achievement motivation. Although it is widely accepted that high-quality social relations improve motivation, research has been conducted mainly in Western societies. To address this research gap and explore students’ motivational sources, this study compares students from Montréal (N = 389) and Moscow (N = 396) attending grades 7 through 9 in their socio-motivational relations and achievement motivation at school. The results of multigroup structural equation modelling suggest both differences and similarities among the student groups.
Category O and slk link invariants

We construct a functor valued invariant of oriented tangles on certain singular blocks of category O. Parabolic subcategories of these blocks categorify tensor products of various fundamental sl(k) representations. Projective functors restricted to these categories give rise to a functorial action of the Lie algebra. On the derived category, Zuckerman functors categorify sl(k)- homomorphisms. Cones of natural transformations between the identity functor and Zuckerman functors are assigned to crossings and this assignment satisfies the appropriate relations. On the Grothendieck group, the functors assigned to the crossings satisfy the sl(k)- specialization of the two variable HOMFLYPT polynomial. For the special case of links, we get a homological invariant.
Cells Messenger RNA in Human Normal MLH 1 Alternative Splicing of Updated

The hMI.IlI protein, composed of 756 amino acids, is the human homologue of the bacterial DNA mismatch repair protein Muti,, and germ line mutations of the li.MlJII gene have been identified in kindreds with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. We have detected three alter natively spliced forms of liMI.III mRNA in normal lymphocytes and tissues. One of the spliced forms lacks the coding region of hMLHl from codons 227 to 295 and the two other transcripts are predicted to encode two truncated proteins retaining the 264 and 226 N-terminal amino acids of hMLHl, respectively. The biological significance of this alternative splicing remains to be established.
The Future of a Hybrid Mechanism : The Case ofthe Single Supervisory Mechanism

The Single Supervisory Mechanism, first component of the EU's Banking Union, represents an important step in revising the supervision system in the EU's financial sector and European integration. It aims to break the vicious circle that impacted the European economies heavily during the sovereign debt crisis. Interestingly, the Mechanism was created as a hybrid of supranational and national components and actors. Although supervisory powers were pooled at the ECB, the national competent authorities are also included. This set-up leaves room for questions looking at the future development of the Mechanism, either able to go beyond the will of the member states or effectively remain under national control. Derived from this general interest the primary research question asks “What is the relative power of the supranational and the national side within the Single Supervisory Mechanism? ” (RQ1). The analysis is carried out as a Congruence Analysis within the theoretical framework of the two prominent European integration theories: Neo-Functionalism (NF) and Liberal Intergovernmentalism (LI). Both offer opposed views on integration: NF focuses on how the demand for integration is created and deems the supranational actors and underlying mechanisms responsible. LI highlights the role of the member states, supplying integration. The thesis has two objectives, on the one hand to explore the possibilities for the future development of the SSM, and providing evidence for the applicability of the theories and their relative potential to explain the evolving integration of the European financial sector, on the other. To enable conclusions to be drawn on RQ1 the sub-research question is “Which European Integration theory is better suited to explain the integration process in the European Union's financial supervision sector, and the establishment of the Single Supervisory Mechanism? “ (sRQ). The analysis of the negotiation process and the final output shows that Liberal Intergovernmentalism seems to be better suited to explain integration in the financial supervision sector. The influence of the supranational side was rather limited, as the national side remains influential even after the creation of the SSM influencing the scope and scale of the SSM's possible development. Still, to ensure a proper functioning and effective Mechanism, the ECB was equipped with rather strong competences. The relationship between the ECB, as the central actor of the SSM, and the NCAs will largely determine the future development and the success of the Mechanism. The ECB has to be careful to decide when to interfere at the national level of supervision.
A Fast Neural Network Approach to Predict Lung Tumor Motion during Respiration for Radiation Therapy Applications

During radiotherapy treatment for thoracic and abdomen cancers, for example, lung cancers, respiratory motion moves the target tumor and thus badly affects the accuracy of radiation dose delivery into the target. A real-time image-guided technique can be used to monitor such lung tumor motion for accurate dose delivery, but the system latency up to several hundred milliseconds for repositioning the radiation beam also affects the accuracy. In order to compensate the latency, neural network prediction technique with real-time retraining can be used. We have investigated real-time prediction of 3D time series of lung tumor motion on a classical linear model, perceptron model, and on a class of higher-order neural network model that has more attractive attributes regarding its optimization convergence and computational efficiency. The implemented static feed-forward neural architectures are compared when using gradient descent adaptation and primarily the Levenberg-Marquardt batch algorithm as the ones of the most common and most comprehensible learning algorithms. The proposed technique resulted in fast real-time retraining, so the total computational time on a PC platform was equal to or even less than the real treatment time. For one-second prediction horizon, the proposed techniques achieved accuracy less than one millimeter of 3D mean absolute error in one hundred seconds of total treatment time.