Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Tactile, Visual, and Auditory Warnings for Rear-End Collision Prevention in Simulated Driving

Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of rear-end collision warnings presented in different sensory modalities as a function of warning timing in a driving simulator. Background: The proliferation of in-vehicle information and entertainment systems threatens driver attention and may increase the risk of rear-end collisions. Collision warning systems have been shown to improve inattentive and/or distracted driver response time (RT) in rear-end collision situations. However, most previous rear-end collision warning research has not directly compared auditory, visual, and tactile warnings. Method: Sixteen participants in a fixed-base driving simulator experienced four warning conditions: no warning, visual, auditory, and tactile. The warnings activated when the time-to-collision (TTC) reached a critical threshold of 3.0 or 5.0 s. Driver RT was captured from a warning below critical threshold to brake initiation. Results: Drivers with a tactile warning had the shortest mean RT. Drivers with a tactile warning had significantly shorter RT than drivers without a warning and had a significant advantage over drivers with visual warnings. Conclusion: Tactile warnings show promise as effective rear-end collision warnings. Application: The results of this study can be applied to the future design and evaluation of automotive warnings designed to reduce rear-end collisions.
A mammalian pseudogene lncRNA at the interface of inflammation and anti-inflammatory therapeutics

Pseudogenes are thought to be inactive gene sequences, but recent evidence of extensive pseudogene transcription raised the question of potential function. Here we discover and characterize the sets of mouse lncRNAs induced by inflammatory signaling via TNFα. TNFα regulates hundreds of lncRNAs, including 54 pseudogene lncRNAs, several of which show exquisitely selective expression in response to specific cytokines and microbial components in a NF-κB-dependent manner. Lethe, a pseudogene lncRNA, is selectively induced by proinflammatory cytokines via NF-κB or glucocorticoid receptor agonist, and functions in negative feedback signaling to NF-κB. Lethe interacts with NF-κB subunit RelA to inhibit RelA DNA binding and target gene activation. Lethe level decreases with organismal age, a physiological state associated with increased NF-κB activity. These findings suggest that expression of pseudogenes lncRNAs are actively regulated and constitute functional regulators of inflammatory signaling. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.00762. 001
AtGEN1 and AtSEND1, Two Paralogs in Arabidopsis, Possess Holliday Junction Resolvase Activity1[W][OPEN]

Arabidopsis proteins resolve intermediary structures of DNA recombination and repair by symmetrically oriented incisions and provide mechanistic insight in processing of nicked structures. Holliday junctions (HJs) are physical links between homologous DNA molecules that arise as central intermediary structures during homologous recombination and repair in meiotic and somatic cells. It is necessary for these structures to be resolved to ensure correct chromosome segregation and other functions. In eukaryotes, including plants, homologs of a gene called XPG-like endonuclease1 (GEN1) have been identified that process HJs in a manner analogous to the HJ resolvases of phages, archaea, and bacteria. Here, we report that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a eukaryotic organism, has two functional GEN1 homologs instead of one. Like all known eukaryotic resolvases, AtGEN1 and Arabidopsis single-strand DNA endonuclease1 both belong to class IV of the Rad2/XPG family of nucleases. Their resolvase activity shares the characteristics of the Escherichia coli radiation and UV sensitive C paradigm for resolvases, which involves resolving HJs by symmetrically oriented incisions in two opposing strands. This leads to ligatable products without the need for further processing. The observation that the sequence context influences the cleavage by the enzymes can be interpreted as a hint for the existence of sequence specificity. The two Arabidopsis paralogs differ in their preferred sequences. The precise cleavage positions observed for the resolution of mobile nicked HJs suggest that these cleavage positions are determined by both the substrate structure and the sequence context at the junction point.
ABC of psychological medicine: Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes.

Concern about symptoms is a major reason for patients to seek medical help. Many of the somatic symptoms that they present with—such as pain, weakness, and fatigue—remain unexplained by identifiable disease even after extensive medical assessment. Several general terms have been used to describe this problem—somatisation, somatoform, abnormal illness behaviour, medically unexplained symptoms, and functional symptoms. We will use the term functional symptoms, which does not assume psychogenesis but only a disturbance in bodily functioning. ### Some common functional symptoms and syndromes Most functional symptoms are transient, but a sizeable minority become persistent. Persistent symptoms are often multiple and disabling and may be described as functional syndromes. Although different medical and psychiatric classifications of functional syndromes exist, these are simply alternative ways of describing the same conditions. Rene Descartes, who formulated the philosophical principle of separation of brain and mind. This has led to continuing dualism—separation of body and mind—in Western medicine and difficulty in accepting the interaction of physical and psychological factors in aetiology Medical syndromes (such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue, chronic pain, and irritable bowel syndromes) highlight patterns of somatic symptoms, often in relation to particular bodily systems. Although they are useful in everyday medical practice, recent studies show there is substantial overlap between them. Psychiatric syndromes (such as anxiety, depression, and somatoform disorders) highlight psychological processes and the number of somatic symptoms irrespective of the bodily system to which they refer. Depression and anxiety often present with somatic symptoms that may resolve with effective treatment of these disorders. In other cases the appropriate psychiatric diagnostic category is a somatoform disorder. The existence of parallel classificatory systems is confusing. Both have merits, and both are imperfect. For …
Sympathetic vasodilatation, kallikrein release and adrenergic receptors in the cat submandibular salivary gland.

The adrenergic receptors involved in secretion of kallikrein and the vasodilatation occurring subsequent to sympathetic nerve stimulation have been studied in the cat submandibular salivary gland. Measurements were made of kallikrein content in glandular homogenate and of venous outflow and glandular perfusion pressure. Isoprenaline failed to cause secretion of kallikrein in contrast to sympathetic nerve stimulation and close arterial injections of noradrenaline. Nerve stimulation and noradrenaline reduced the amount of kallikrein in the glands by 60 and 50 per cent, respectively. The α-blocking agent Regitin® inhibited completely the secretion of kallikrein induced by nerve stimulation, while adrenergic β-blockade had no inhibitory effect on enzyme secretion. In this gland, therefore, the secretion of kallikrein is mediated entirely through activation of adrenergic α-receptors. The β-blocking agent propranolol reduced the nerve induced vasodilatation by about 40 per cent. This sympathetic vasodilator response was present, but markedly reduced, after pretreatment with Regitin,® which abolished kallikrein secretion and the vasoconstrictor phase of the nerve-induced vascular response. This study and an earlier report (Gautvik, Kriz and Lund-Larsen 1972 a) suggest that β-adrenergic receptors in the glandular vessels, as well as ®aL-adrenergic receptors involved in the secretion of kallikrein, play a role in the vasodilatation observed in this gland subsequent to sympathetic nerve stimulation.
Towards Data Partitioning for Parallel Computing on Three Interconnected Clusters

We present a new data partitioning strategy for parallel computing on three interconnected clusters. This partitioning has two advantages over existing partitionings. First it can reduce communication time due to a lower total volume of communication and a more efficient communication schedule. When the network topology is a linear array this partitioning always results in a lower total volume of communication compared to existing partitionings, provided the most powerful node is at the center of the array. When the topology is fully connected this partitioning results in a lower total volume of communication for all but a few power ratios. Second, it allows for the overlapping of communication and computation. These two inherent advantages work together to reduce overall execution time significantly.
Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking

In functional magnetic resonance imaging research, nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation spontaneously increases before financial risk taking. As anticipation of diverse rewards can increase NAcc activation, even incidental reward cues may influence financial risk taking. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we predicted and found that anticipation of viewing rewarding stimuli (erotic pictures for 15 heterosexual men) increased financial risk taking, and that this effect was partially mediated by increases in NAcc activation. These results are consistent with the notion that incidental reward cues influence financial risk taking by altering anticipatory affect, and so identify a neuropsychological mechanism that may underlie effective emotional appeals in financial, marketing, and political domains.
PI3Kγ Drives Priming and Survival of Autoreactive CD4+ T Cells during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

The class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma enzyme complex (PI3Kγ) functions in multiple signaling pathways involved in leukocyte activation and migration, making it an attractive target in complex human inflammatory diseases including MS. Here, using pik3cg −/− mice and a selective PI3Kγ inhibitor, we show that PI3Kγ promotes development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In pik3cg−/− mice, EAE is markedly suppressed and fewer leukocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes infiltrate the CNS. CD4+ T cell priming in secondary lymphoid organs is reduced in pik3cg−/− mice following immunisation. This is attributable to defects in DC migration concomitant with a failure of full T cell activation following TCR ligation in the absence of p110γ. Together, this results in suppressed autoreactive T cell responses in pik3cg−/− mice, with more CD4+ T cells undergoing apoptosis and fewer cytokine-producing Th1 and Th17 cells in lymphoid organs and the CNS. When administered from onset of EAE, the orally active PI3Kγ inhibitor AS605240 caused inhibition and reversal of clinical disease, and demyelination and cellular pathology in the CNS was reduced. These results strongly suggest that inhibitors of PI3Kγ may be useful therapeutics for MS.
Help-seeking intentions and subsequent 12-month mental health service use in Chinese primary care patients with depressive symptoms

Objective To identify the factors associated with 12-month mental health service use in primary care patients with depressive symptoms. Design Cross-sectional followed by 12-month cohort study. Setting and participants 10 179 adult patients were recruited from the waiting rooms of 59 primary care clinics across Hong Kong to complete a questionnaire which screened for depression. 518 screened-positive participants formed the cohort and were telephoned at 3, 6 and 12 months to monitor mental health service use. Primary and secondary outcomes ▸ Help-seeking preferences; ▸ Intention to seek help from a healthcare professional; ▸ 12-month mental health service use. Results At baseline, when asked who they would seek help from if they thought they were depressed, respondents preferred using friends and family (46.5%) over a psychiatrist (24.9%), psychologist (22.8%) or general practitioner (GP; 19.9%). The presence of depressive symptoms was associated with a lower intention to seek help from family and friends but had no effect on intention to seek help from a healthcare professional. Over 12 months, 24.3% of the screened-positive cohort reported receiving services from a mental health professional. Factors associated with service use included identification of depression by the GP at baseline, having a past history of depression or other mental illness, and being a public sector patient. Having a positive intention to seek professional help or more severe depressive symptoms at baseline was not associated with a greater likelihood of receiving treatment. Conclusions Mental health service use appears to be very low in this setting with only one in four primary care patients with depressive symptoms receiving treatment from a psychiatrist, GP or psychologist over a year. To help reduce the burden of illness, better detection of depressive disorders is needed especially for patients who may be undertreated such as those with no prior diagnosis of depression and those with more severe symptoms.
Bronchial Epithelial Ki-67 Index Is Related to Histology, Smoking, and Gender, but Not Lung Cancer or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Purpose: To determine whether increased bronchial epithelial proliferation is associated with histology, smoking status, gender, age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or lung cancer. Experimental Design: Cross-sectional study of 113 subjects undergoing white light and autofluorescence bronchoscopy: 27 never smokers; 27 current or ex-smokers with normal spirometry; 31 current or ex-smokers with COPD; and 28 current, ex-, or never smokers with lung cancer. Ki-67 expresssion was determined by immunohistochemistry on all evaluable biopsy sites without carcinoma. Relationships between Ki-67 index (percentage of epithelial cells expressing Ki-67), demographic variables, smoking, histology, and the presence of COPD and/or lung cancer were determined. Results: Results for both maximal and mean Ki-67 index are similar, so only the former are reported. Average maximal Ki-67 index was higher in current smokers than either ex-smokers or never smokers (48.0% versus 30.6% versus 22.6%; P < 0.001). Males had higher Ki-67 index than females (39.9% versus 23.6%; P < 0.001). Compared with subjects without disease (Ki-67 index = 30.0%), maximal Ki-67 index was not significantly elevated (P = 0.44) in subjects with either lung cancer (Ki-67 = 39.1%) or COPD (Ki-67 = 38.9%). Conclusions: Smoking status, bronchial histology, and gender were significantly associated with Ki-67 index. No increase in Ki-67 index was found in the nonmalignant epithelium of patients with lung cancer or COPD. Although Ki-67 index may provide insight into the short-term effects of chemoprevention agents on cell proliferation, its lack of association with lung cancer or COPD raises question regarding its utility as a lung cancer risk biomarker. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2425–31)
Swarm-wavelet based extreme learning machine for finger movement classification on transradial amputees

The use of a small number of surface electromyography (EMG) channels on the transradial amputee in a myoelectric controller is a big challenge. This paper proposes a pattern recognition system using an extreme learning machine (ELM) optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO). PSO is mutated by wavelet function to avoid trapped in a local minima. The proposed system is used to classify eleven imagined finger motions on five amputees by using only two EMG channels. The optimal performance of wavelet-PSO was compared to a grid-search method and standard PSO. The experimental results show that the proposed system is the most accurate classifier among other tested classifiers. It could classify 11 finger motions with the average accuracy of about 94 % across five amputees.
Surface energies in nonconvex discrete systems

We analyze the variational limit of one-dimensional next-to-nearest neighbours (NNN) discrete systems as the lattice size tends to zero when the energy densities are of multiwell or Lennard–Jones type. Properly scaling the energies, we study several phenomena as the formation of boundary layers and phase transitions. We also study the presence of local patterns and of anti-phase transitions in the asymptotic behaviour of the ground states of NNN model subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. We use this information to prove a localization of fracture result in the case of Lennard–Jones type potentials.
High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was surgically performed in murine hearts which were then subjected to repeated imaging to monitor temporal changes in functional parameters of key clinical significance. Two-dimensional movies were acquired at high frame rate (8 kHz) and were utilized to estimate high-quality myocardial strain. Two-dimensional elastograms (strain images), as well as strain profiles, were visualized. Results were powerful in quantitatively assessing IR-induced changes in cardiac events including left-ventricular (LV) contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases of both pre-IR and post-IR beating hearts in intact mice. In addition, compromised sector-wise wall motion and anatomical deformation in the infarcted myocardium were visualized. The elastograms were uniquely able to provide information on the following parameters in addition to standard physiological indices that are known to be affected by myocardial infarction in the mouse: internal diameters of mitral valve orifice and aorta, effective regurgitant orifice, myocardial strain (circumferential as well as radial), turbulence in blood flow pattern as revealed by the color Doppler movies and velocity profiles, asynchrony in LV sector, and changes in the length and direction of vectors demonstrating slower and asymmetrical wall movement. This work emphasizes on the visual demonstration of how such analyses are performed.
Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs

To identify genetic changes underlying dog domestication and reconstruct their early evolutionary history, we generated high-quality genome sequences from three gray wolves, one from each of the three putative centers of dog domestication, two basal dog lineages (Basenji and Dingo) and a golden jackal as an outgroup. Analysis of these sequences supports a demographic model in which dogs and wolves diverged through a dynamic process involving population bottlenecks in both lineages and post-divergence gene flow. In dogs, the domestication bottleneck involved at least a 16-fold reduction in population size, a much more severe bottleneck than estimated previously. A sharp bottleneck in wolves occurred soon after their divergence from dogs, implying that the pool of diversity from which dogs arose was substantially larger than represented by modern wolf populations. We narrow the plausible range for the date of initial dog domestication to an interval spanning 11–16 thousand years ago, predating the rise of agriculture. In light of this finding, we expand upon previous work regarding the increase in copy number of the amylase gene (AMY2B) in dogs, which is believed to have aided digestion of starch in agricultural refuse. We find standing variation for amylase copy number variation in wolves and little or no copy number increase in the Dingo and Husky lineages. In conjunction with the estimated timing of dog origins, these results provide additional support to archaeological finds, suggesting the earliest dogs arose alongside hunter-gathers rather than agriculturists. Regarding the geographic origin of dogs, we find that, surprisingly, none of the extant wolf lineages from putative domestication centers is more closely related to dogs, and, instead, the sampled wolves form a sister monophyletic clade. This result, in combination with dog-wolf admixture during the process of domestication, suggests that a re-evaluation of past hypotheses regarding dog origins is necessary.
Achievable throughput of wireless networks with local traffic

Many applications in wireless networks impose locally distributed traffic on the network. We consider the effect of traffic localization on throughput of large wireless networks in the scaling sense. We show that by careful exploitation of traffic localization, one can enhance the throughput of various schemes in wireless networks. Also, the important case of Small World traffic distribution in wireless networks is addressed. In this type of traffic, in addition to the local traffic, a non-negligible amount of global traffic should be handled by the network. It is shown that a non-negligible amount of network-wide traffic can be tolerated by network without any performance degradation in the scaling sense.
The implementation methods of high speed FIR filter on FPGA

This paper implements a sixteen-order high-speed Finite Impose Response (FIR) filter with four different popular methods: Conventional multiplications and additions; Full custom Distributed Arithmetic (DA) scheme; Add-and-Shift method with advanced calculation schedule. Each scheme is analyzed in detail including implementing process and advantages and/or drawbacks in order to present a practical reference. All of these implementations are aimed to implement on Xilinx Spartan 3 devices and we also compare our results with an industry result produced by Xilinx CoregenTM also using Distributed Arithmetic. The premium add-and-shift method observes up to 80% reduction in total occupied slices and 63.3% versus the largest conventional parallel multiplication implementation.
Leadership and innovation in the public sector

This article considers the nature and role of leadership in three ideal types of public management innovation: politically‐led responses to crises, organizational turnarounds engineered by newly‐appointed agency heads, and bottom‐up innovations initiated by front‐line public servants and middle managers. Quantitative results from public sector innovation awards indicate that bottom‐up innovation occurs much more frequently than conventional wisdom would indicate. Effective political leadership in a crisis requires decision making that employs a wide search for information, broad consultation, and skeptical examination of a wide range of options. Successful leadership of a turnaround requires an agency head to regain political confidence, reach out to stakeholders and clients, and to convince dispirited staff that change is possible and that their efforts to do better will be supported. Political leaders and agency heads can create a supportive climate for bottom‐up innovation by consulting staff, instituting formal awards and informal recognition for innovators, promoting innovators, protecting innovators from control‐oriented central agencies, and publicly championing bottom‐up innovations that have proven successful and have popular appeal.