Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Public health capacity in the new primary care organizations: defining a workforce that is fit for the purpose

Recent UK government policy calls for a strong public health function within health and local authority services. The recent restructuring of the National Health Service has drastically changed the organizational structure of Public Health, and has resulted in concerns over the capacity and capabilities of the specialist public health workforce. This paper presents findings from the first phase of a study assessing the capacity and development needs of specialists in public health. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of key public health informants. Four key themes were identified. First, interviewees noted the lack of clarity encompassing the term ‘specialist in public health’ and the consequent confusion regarding the role of a specialist and the public health function. Second, concern was expressed over the recent fragmentation of the workforce, the loss of critical mass and the potential for professional isolation. This was seen as particularly worrisome in light of a growing public heath agenda. Third, respondents identified key skills gaps within the workforce such as health protection, partnership working and leadership. Last, inadequacies and regional inequities in training and continuing professional development were identified, with interviewees calling for these issues to be addressed immediately. Capacity and skills gaps in the specialist public health workforce are evident and exacerbated by the confusion surrounding the definition of a specialist and, hence, individual roles and responsibilities. The ability of the public health workforce to meet the growing public heath agenda will be dependent on the success of various new mechanisms for joint working, capacity building, and skill enhancement.
Fatigue, inflammation, and ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid intake among breast cancer survivors.

PURPOSE Evidence suggests that inflammation may drive fatigue in cancer survivors. Research in healthy populations has shown reduced inflammation with higher dietary intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which could potentially reduce fatigue. This study investigated fatigue, inflammation, and intake of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs among breast cancer survivors. METHODS Six hundred thirty-three survivors (mean age, 56 years; stage I to IIIA) participating in the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study completed a food frequency/dietary supplement questionnaire and provided a blood sample assayed for C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (30 months after diagnosis) and completed the Piper Fatigue Scale and Short Form-36 (SF-36) vitality scale (39 months after diagnosis). Analysis of covariance and logistic regression models tested relationships between inflammation and fatigue, inflammation and ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA intake, and PUFA intake and fatigue, controlling for three incremental levels of confounders. Fatigue was analyzed continuously (Piper scales) and dichotomously (SF-36 vitality ≤ 50). RESULTS Behavioral (P = .003) and sensory (P = .001) fatigue scale scores were higher by increasing CRP tertile; relationships were attenuated after adjustment for medication use and comorbidity. Survivors with high CRP had 1.8 times greater odds of fatigue after full adjustment (P < .05). Higher intake of ω-6 relative to ω-3 PUFAs was associated with greater CRP (P = .01 after full adjustment) and greater odds of fatigue (odds ratio, 2.6 for the highest v lowest intake; P < .05). CONCLUSION Results link higher intake of ω-3 PUFAs, decreased inflammation, and decreased physical aspects of fatigue. Future studies should test whether ω-3 supplementation may reduce fatigue among significantly fatigued breast cancer survivors.
Host-country patriotism among European immigrants: a comparative study of its individual and societal roots

While research has traditionally focused on first- and second-generation immigrants' socio-economic incorporation and to a lesser extent on their cultural and political integration, we analyse their affective attachment to the host country. Specifically, we assess: (1) the extent to which immigrants appear more or less ‘patriotic’ than non-immigrants; (2) what individual-level characteristics lead immigrants to greater (or lesser) attachment and; (3) whether cross-national differences in affective feelings towards the host country can be explained by relevant contextual characteristics. Analysing the 2008 wave of the European Values Study, we arrive at the conclusion that immigrants are not disaffected in terms of national pride, and that their own attachment is largely a function of the community in which they find themselves.
Melatonin concentrations in the luminal fluid, mucosa, and muscularis of the bovine and porcine gastrointestinal tract

Abstract: Melatonin concentrations were measured in serum, luminal fluid, and tissues of the mucosa and muscularis of the entire bovine and porcine gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In both species, GIT levels profoundly exceeded serum levels. In pigs, melatonin was lowest in the luminal fluid and highest in the mucosa. No difference was found in various layers of bovine GIT. Compared to pigs, cows had higher melatonin levels in the stomach and ileum, but lower in the cecum and colon. There was no difference in melatonin levels between anterior and posterior segments of bovine GIT, whereas pigs exhibited several fold higher concentration of melatonin in the posterior segment (cecum and colon). Conversely, melatonin values in the anterior segment were significantly higher in cows, but in the posterior segments porcine values were higher. In cows, concentrations in the mucosa correlated with levels in the muscularis. Melatonin levels in the mucosa and muscularis were higher in the rumen and reticulum than in the omasum and abomasum. The species‐specific levels and a distinct distribution of melatonin in the layers of the digestive tube indicates that this indole may be involved in the modulation of gastrointestinal function of monogastric as well as polygastric ungulates, albeit in a different capacity.
Later adolescents' reactions to three types of childhood teasing: Relations with self-esteem and body image

The purposes of this study were: 1) to examine how predictive 3 types of childhood teasing (competency, weight, and appearance) were of later self-esteem; and 2) to examine how predictive these same three variables were of later body image. Additionally, the pattern of relationships for each gender was explored. Each of these questions will be explored for males and females separately. The participants in this study were 89 female and 75 male undergraduates from two midwestern universities, with a mean age of 20. Results showed that more frequent teasing in childhood was significantly predictive of lower self-esteem and poorer body image among females and males. However, the findings varied by teasing types. Certain types of teasing were found to be related to self-esteem and body image while other types of teasing were not. Different patterns emerged for each gender. Implications of these findings and applications for professionals are discussed.
Managers’ Prototypes Of Financial Terms

Like most experience, people endow organizations with meaning. Meaninggiving has been explained as a categorization process of matching stimuli against prototypes. This study explores the applicability of such a view to organizations by focusing on a central component of the perspective - prototypes. A phenomenological design is used to uncover the content of organizational prototypes. Data collected from a sample of managers in the financial industry demonstrate the utility of the prototype notion, indicating that further exploration is warranted of how organizations are categorized.
Video modeling imitation training to support gestural imitation acquisition in young children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Children with autism struggle to imitate, and this lack of imitative ability is related to the severity of autism symptoms. Teaching children with autism to imitate is a necessary component of intervention as poor imitation ability affects development in a variety of areas including play skills, social skills and language skills. The purpose of this research was to determine whether there is a functional relation between video modeling imitation training (VMIT) and increased gestural imitation in young children with autism. Secondary analyses of collateral gains, specifically language development, gesture, and play skill acquisition, after exposure to VMIT was also conducted. Results indicated that two out of three participants demonstrated an immediate, increased frequency in imitation of gestures viewed on an iPad. All three participants showed gains in receptive language and gestures before treatment. Expressive language and play skills increased for two out of three participants.
Anomaly Detection in the Bitcoin System - A Network Perspective

The problem of anomaly detection has been studied for a long time, and many Network Analysis techniques have been proposed as solutions. Although some results appear to be quite promising, no method is clearly to be superior to the rest. In this paper, we particularly consider anomaly detection in the Bitcoin transaction network. Our goal is to detect which users and transactions are the most suspicious; in this case, anomalous behavior is a proxy for suspicious behavior. To this end, we use the laws of power degree and densification and local outlier factor (LOF) method (which is proceeded by k-means clustering method) on two graphs generated by the Bitcoin transaction network: one graph has users as nodes, and the other has transactions as nodes. We remark that the methods used here can be applied to any type of setting with an inherent graph structure, including, but not limited to, computer networks, telecommunications networks, auction networks, security networks, social networks, Web networks, or any financial networks. We use the Bitcoin transaction network in this paper due to the availability, size, and attractiveness of the data set.
Exploring a Two-dimensional Model of Community Pluralism and Its Effects on the Level of Transparency in Community Decision Making

This study examines how a broader look at the concept of community pluralism might provide a more comprehensive perspective. A model employing dimensions of community power and leadership diversity was used to examine how decision making affects the level of transparency within communities. Results indicated that each dimension had a significant impact on the availability of public records and that gender and ethnicity differed in their influence on transparency.
Pointing to Nothing? Empty Places Prime Infants' Attention to Absent Objects

People routinely point to empty space when referring to absent entities. These points to “nothing” are meaningful because they direct attention to places that stand in for specific entities. Typically, the meaning of places in terms of absent referents is established through preceding discourse and accompanying language. However, it is unknown whether nonlinguistic actions can establish locations as meaningful places, and whether infants have the capacity to represent a place as standing in for an object. In a novel eye-tracking paradigm, 18-month-olds watched objects being placed in specific locations. Then, the objects disappeared and a point directed infants' attention to an emptied place. The point to the empty place primed infants in a subsequent scene (in which the objects appeared at novel locations) to look more to the object belonging to the indicated place than to a distracter referent. The place–object expectations were strong enough to interfere when reversing the place–object associations. Findings show that infants comprehend nonlinguistic reference to absent entities, which reveals an ontogenetic early, nonverbal understanding of places as representations of absent objects.
Combinations of Personal Responsibility: Differences on Pre-service and Practicing Teachers’ Efficacy, Engagement, Classroom Goal Structures and Wellbeing

Pre-service and practicing teachers feel responsible for a range of educational activities. Four domains of personal responsibility emerging in the literature are: student achievement, student motivation, relationships with students, and responsibility for ones own teaching. To date, most research has used variable-centered approaches to examining responsibilities even though the domains appear related. In two separate samples we used cluster analysis to explore how pre-service (n = 130) and practicing (n = 105) teachers combined personal responsibilities and their impact on three professional cognitions and their wellbeing. Both groups had low and high responsibility clusters but the third cluster differed: Pre-service teachers combined responsibilities for relationships and their own teaching in a cluster we refer to as teacher-based responsibility; whereas, practicing teachers combined achievement and motivation in a cluster we refer to as student-outcome focused responsibility. These combinations affected outcomes for pre-service but not practicing teachers. Pre-service teachers in the low responsibility cluster reported less engagement, less mastery approaches to instruction, and more performance goal structures than the other two clusters.
Multilateral trade liberalization and public goods provision in a North-South trade model with nonhomothetic preferences

Nonhomothetic preferences imply that developing countries are less likely to gain from multilateral trade liberalization than developed countries. This paper shows that this relative disadvantage for developing countries changes when effects on public good provision are taken into account. The direction of the change depends on the strength of their comparative advantage in export markets. We show that a strong (weak) comparative advantage in export markets mitigates (reinforces) the relative disadvantage of multilateral trade liberalization for developing countries. Moreover, in the presence of public goods provision, the relative disadvantage for developing countries with a strong comparative advantage is further mitigated when income differences within countries are also taken into account.
The stress of driving: A diary study

Abstract A study of daily behaviours and feelings while driving was carried out with a sample of drivers to ascertain driving stress levels and changes in these as a function of time of day and day of the week. The analysis of responses to a specially designed diary/checklist showed that drivers experience more stress in the evening than in the morning, and in mid-week than either at the beginning or end of the week. Daily driving stress varies with age and experience as well as with health condition and sleep quality. It is also related to driving conditions and depends upon people's overall perception of driving as a stressful activity.
The Effects of a Voluntary Summer Reading Intervention on Reading Activities and Reading Achievement.

The causal effects of a voluntary summer reading intervention on children's reading activities and reading achievement were assessed in a randomized experiment involving 331 children in Grades 1-5. Children were pretested in the spring on a standardized test of reading achievement (Stanford Achievement Test, 10th ed.), on the Elementary Reading Attitudes Survey, and on a reading preference survey. At the end of the school year, children were stratified by their grade level and classroom and were randomly assigned to receive 10 books matched to their reading levels and preferences during summer vacation or after the administration of posttests. Children in the treatment group received books through airmail in July and August. In September, children were readministered the reading test and completed a survey of their summer reading activities. Although the treatment group reported reading more books and participating in more literacy activities than did the control group, there was no significant difference in reading achievement. Recommendations for enhancing the effects of voluntary reading through teacher-directed instruction and for conducting a replication study are discussed.
On the Profit Performance of Tidy Cost Systems : A Numerical Experiment

Organizations routinely use reported product costs to select their product portfolio. However, these data contain errors because observed cost systems are based on limited information and rely on ad hoc design rules. We employ a numerical experiment to examine the effect of these errors on the quality of the product mix decision and the resulting profit. As decisions change total costs, we consider systems that have a tidy allocation: total resource costs must equal total product costs so that decisions are consistent with available information. We examine how tidy systems evolve and the role of variations in tolerance for tidiness. With the full information based profit as the benchmark, we investigate cross-sectional variation in the profit efficiency caused by differences in output markets and cost system design choices. In particular, we focus on the effects of cost system design on improving low profit efficiency.
From Cyber-Libertarianism to Neoliberalism: Internet Exceptionalism, Multi-stakeholderism, and the Institutionalisation of Internet Governance in the 1990s

Abstract Although it is often taken for granted that Internet governance should employ the principle of multi-stakeholderism and that existing governance structures are not suitable for the regulation of the Internet, this article places the emergence of such principles in the context of the 1990s. Drawing on international political sociology and neo-Gramscian scholarship, it explores how different elites were able to coalesce around basic principles of Internet governance to create the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). These principles were the common elements of distinct discourses and were instrumental in the unification of a power elite. They also helped to create a hegemonic discourse that was acceptable to a broader public. Based on the study of policy documents produced during the debates that led to the creation of the ICANN, this article outlines five different discourses on Internet governance and focuses on the principles of multi-stakeholderism and Internet exceptionalism as basic elements of a hegemonic discourse. The study of the origins of these principles in the 1990s can shed light on their status in current debates.
Divergent perspectives, multiple meanings: A comparison of caregivers' and observers' interpretations of infant behaviour

A growing body of research has pointed to the importance of examining the signalling function of infant expressions for caregivers. Three experiments are reported which examine the divergence in perspective between external observers' and mothers' perceptions of infant facial expressions. Experiment 1 examined the relationship between mothers' and observers' criteria for the identification of meaningful infant expressions. Both mothers and observers inferred emotion states from infant facial expression. It was found that mothers perceived more meaningful infant acts than observers did. In Experiment 2 the differing interpretations of the babies' expressions were restricted by providing observers with the mothers' criteria for what were meaningful infant acts. Results revealed differences in the interpretation of intersubjective meanings. Experiment 3 examined the relationship between mothers' attributions of emotional states and their infants' corresponding emotional expressions. The infants' expressions were coded using MAX. Mothers' interpretations of their babies' facial expressions and the inferred emotion states were influenced by situational context. The implications of these results for a social theory of emotional development are discussed.
Ratings of Violin and Viola Vibrato Performance in Audio-Only and Audiovisual Presentations

In this study, the researcher compared the ratings assigned to audio and videotaped vibrato performances of inexperienced and experienced violinists and violists. Thirty-three inexperienced players and 28 experienced players were videotaped white performing vibrato. A panel of experts rated the videotaped performances and then 6 months later rated the audio-only portion of the performances on five vibrato factors: width, speed, evenness, pitch stability, and overall sound. Experienced players' vibrato was rated higher for all factors, regardless of mode of presentation. In addition, results revealed significantly higher audiovisual ratings for pitch stability, evenness, and overall sound for inexperienced players, and for pitch stability for experienced players. Results suggest that string teachers need to occasionally listen to their students' vibrato without watching them since visual cues may inadvertently influence their evaluation of student achievement.
Transfer effects in learning a second language grammatical gender system

In this article second language (L2) knowledge of Dutch grammatical gender is investigated. Adult speakers of German, English and a Romance language (French, Italian or Spanish) were investigated to explore the role of transfer in learning the Dutch grammatical gender system. In the first language (L1) systems, German is the most similar to Dutch coming from a historically similar system. The Romance languages have grammatical gender; however, the system is not congruent to the Dutch system. English does not have grammatical gender (although semantic gender is marked in the pronoun system). Experiment 1, a simple gender assignment task, showed that all L2 participants tested could assign the correct gender to Dutch nouns (all L2 groups performing on average above 80%), although having gender in the L1 did correlate with higher accuracy, particularly when the gender systems were very similar. Effects of noun familiarity and a default gender strategy were found for all participants. In Experiment 2 agreement between the noun and the relative pronoun was investigated. In this task a distinct performance hierarchy was found with the German group performing the best (though significantly worse than native speakers), the Romance group performing well above chance (though not as well as the German group), and the English group performing at chance. These results show that L2 acquisition of grammatical gender is affected more by the morphological similarity of gender marking in the L1 and L2 than by the presence of abstract syntactic gender features in the L1.
The relationship between parental anger and behavior problems in children and adolescents.

Two studies examined the relationship between parental trait anger, parental symptomatology, and children's and adolescents' emotional/behavioral problems. Results of Study 1 suggested that parental trait anger did not serve as a mediator between parental symptoms and children's emotional/behavioral problems. Study 2, however, suggested that parental trait anger did serve as a mediator between parental depression and adolescents' emotional/behavioral problems. For internalizing behaviors, inward anger expression and trait anger were mediators in father-son dyads, and outward anger expression was a mediator in mother-daughter dyads. For externalizing behavior, inward anger expression was a mediator in father-son dyads, and outward anger expression was a mediator in mother-son dyads. These results suggest the importance of examining parental dispositions toward anger in relation to the psychological symptoms family members may experience.