Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AIDS awareness and information sources among selected university students.

Abstract AIDS has received considerable attention in the media since cases began being reported in the United States in 1981, but little research has been focused on the penetration of educational messages about AIDS in sexually active groups. The purpose of this study was to assess both knowledge of and sources about AIDS in a sample of selected university students. A 20-item forced-choice inventory consisting of cognitive and demographic items and based on fact sheets from the Centers for Disease Control was constructed and distributed in a general education course to 161 university students selected through cluster sampling from a pool of approximately 500 potential respondents. Overall, knowledge of key AIDS-related facts was high. However, 37.3% of the sample was unclear about AIDS' lethal potential, 35.4% did not recognize AIDS-associated opportunistic diseases, and 31.7% did not relate risk of contracting AIDS with indiscriminant sexual behavior. The three leading reported sources of AIDS informati.
Answering Definition Questions via Temporally-Anchored Text Snippets

A lightweight extraction method derives text snippets associated to dates from the Web. The snippets are organized dynamically into answers to definition questions. Experiments on standard test question sets show that temporally-anchored text snippets allow for efficiently answering definition questions at accuracy levels comparable to the best systems, without any need for complex lexical resources, or specialized processing modules dedicated to finding definitions.
How can Indigenous Research Contribute to Universal Knowledge? An Illustration with Research on Interpersonal Harmony

The indigenous perspective can provide a more complete, in‐depth, and accurate account of psychological phenomena for a given culture, but a major issue is that indigenous research tends to be ignored by researchers from other cultures. Chinese researchers who conduct research on indigenous issues may find it hard to publish in major English‐language journals. This paper explores how Chinese indigenous research is able to contribute to universal knowledge. Chinese are characterized by a relational and collectivistic orientation, whereas theories in the West tend to have a self‐focus, primarily due to its individualistic culture. However, most psychological research conducted in the Chinese context is guided by Western theories, which likely results in incomplete understanding of Chinese behavior. A relational perspective can augment Western theories and facilitate the contribution of Chinese indigenous research to new theory development. To illustrate this possibility, this article summarizes current indigenous research on two harmony motives, and shows how such research can contribute to a compelling refinement and extension of social exchange theory.
Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct St Helena petrel, Pterodroma rupinarum Olson, 1975 (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae), based on ancient DNA

Palaeontological studies show that three endemic procellariid seabird species became extinct on the remote island of St Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. At least one of these, Pterodroma rupinarum Olson, 1975, is likely to have survived until human colonization of the island, although it is known only from subfossil bones. Several species of Pterodroma are distributed across the Atlantic, but the skull and bill of Pt. rupinarum were judged to be more similar to the Indo-Pacific Pterodroma rostrata group, which was recently split into the separate genus Pseudobulweria. We used ancient DNA techniques to sequence the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the extinct Pt. rupinarum, and conducted phylogenetic analyses to investigate the placement of this enigmatic taxon. In trees constructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, Pt. rupinarum did not group with Pseudobulweria, but instead fell within a strongly supported clade of Atlantic Pterodroma, including the endangered Black-capped [Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl, 1820)] and Bermuda [Pterodroma cahow (Nichols & Mowbray, 1916)] petrels, as well as the Macaronesian petrels [Pterodroma madeira Mathews, 1934, Pterodroma feae (Salvadori, 1899) and Pterodroma deserta Mathews, 1934]. Pterodroma rupinarum shared a particularly close relationship with Pt. feae of the Cape Verde Islands, which is also the geographically closest species within the clade. Considering the osteological distinctiveness of Pt. rupinarum it was probably a separate species, or at least a highly diverged population that was isolated for a substantial period of time prior to its extinction. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London
Combined Lifestyle Factors and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Chinese Men and Women: The Singapore Chinese Health Study

Background— Lifestyle factors directly influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, yet little research has examined the association of combined lifestyle factors with CVD mortality, especially in Asian populations. Methods and Results— We examined the association of 6 combined lifestyle factors (dietary pattern, physical activity, alcohol intake, usual sleep, smoking status, and body mass index) with CVD mortality in 50 466 (44 056 without a history of diabetes mellitus, CVD, or cancer and 6410 with diabetes mellitus or history of clinical CVD) Chinese men and women in Singapore who were 45 to 74 years of age during enrollment in the Singapore Chinese Health Study in 1993 to 1998 and followed up through 2009. Each lifestyle factor was independently associated with CVD mortality. When combined, there was a strong, monotonic decrease in age- and sex-standardized CVD mortality rates with an increasing number of protective lifestyle factors. Relative to participants with no protective lifestyle factors, the hazard ratios of CVD mortality for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to 6 protective lifestyle factors were 0.60 (95% confidence interval, 0.45–0.84), 0.50 (95% confidence interval, 0.38–0.67), 0.40 (95% confidence interval, 0.30–0.53), 0.32 (95% confidence interval, 0.24–0.43), and 0.24 (95% confidence interval, 0.17–0.34), respectively, among those without a history of diabetes mellitus, CVD, or cancer (P for trend <0.0001). A parallel graded inverse association was observed in participants with a history of CVD or diabetes mellitus at baseline. Results were consistent for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease mortality. Conclusion— An increasing number of protective lifestyle factors is associated with a marked decreased risk of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and overall CVD mortality in Chinese men and women.
The study of the effect of e-education on physical activity and body mass index of female employees

Background and Aim: Physical inactivity is one of the 10 leading cause s of mortality and disability. This study aimed to investigate the eff ect of e-learning on physical activity and body mass index (BMI) of female-employees. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental interventional study, 120 female-employees of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selec t d randomly and assigned to a case or control group. Data were collected using a demograp hic and an international physical activity questionnaire. Pre-test and post-test questionnaire s were completed by the case and control subjects prior to, and 2 months after the final pha se of, the intervention. The intervention included virtual education through short message se rvice (SMS), email messages or messages via intanet, and educational films for a period of 16 weeks. SPSS-17 was used to analyze the data, the statistical tests being Chi-square, indep endent and paired-t, and Fisher's exact tests. Results: The mean age of the participants was 41 and 39 year s in the case and control group, respectively. Most of them held a bachelor's degree and were married with 1 or 2 children. After the intervention, the mean score of physical activi ty in the intervention group increased significantly as compared with the control value (p <0.001). However, the intervention did not produce any change in the mean BMI of the case in c omparison with the control group (p=0.119), although it brought about a statisticall y significant reduction in the initial BMI (p<0.001). Conclusion: Web-based education, SMS and multi-media messages can increase physical activity in female-employees and might prevent illn esses caused by physical inativity.
A comparison of evolutionary and environmental theories of erotic response part II: Empirical arenas

Areas of empirical strength for socialization and sociobiology theories are critically reviewed. Sociobiology has little to say about erotic mechanisms that are uniquely human, though ethology has begun to address the question through cross‐cultural research. The areas of incest avoidance and connections between sex and aggression are viewed as unsubstantiated, either theoretically or empirically. A connection between sex and love is viewed as more likely, and survey, though not laboratory, research supports it. A classical conditioning theory of sexuality is presented, and its relevance to constructs of socialization theory is sketched. Empirical data relevant to sociobiological analyses of sex differences in sexuality are reviewed. Human size dimorphism is as yet not clearly interpretable. The research paradigms of aberrant hormone effects and response to novelty have not yielded clear or compelling data to date. Results from survey research about homosexual lifestyles and the details of sex differences.
Endotoxemia Is Associated with Altered Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Untreated HIV-1 Infected Individuals

Background Microbial translocation may contribute to the immunopathogenesis in HIV infection. We investigated if microbial translocation and inflammation were associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in adults with HIV. Methodology/Principal Findings This was an observational cohort study. Sera from HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals were analyzed for microbial translocation (soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharides [LPS], endotoxin core antibody, and anti-α-galactosyl antibodies) and inflammatory markers (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II, and IL-10) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-infected persons and healthy controls (primed with single-stranded HIV-1-derived RNA) were stimulated with LPS, and cytokine production was measured. Finally, HIV-infected patients were immunized with Prevnar 7vPnC±CpG 7909 followed by Pneumo Novum PPV-23. Effects of microbial translocation and inflammation on immunization were analyzed in a predictive regression model. We included 96 HIV-infected individuals, 76 on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 20 HAART-naive, and 50 healthy controls. Microbial translocation and inflammatory markers were higher among HIV-infected persons than controls. Cytokine levels following LPS stimulation were increased in PBMCs from HAART-naive compared to HAART-treated HIV-infected persons. Further, RNA-priming of PBMCs from controls acted synergistically with LPS to augment cytokine responses. Finally, high serum LPS levels predicted poor vaccine responses among HAART-naive, but not among HAART-treated HIV-infected individuals. Conclusions/Significance LPS acts synergistically with HIV RNA to stimulate innate immune responses in vitro and increasing serum LPS levels seem to predict poor antibody responses after vaccination among HAART-naive HIV-infected persons. Thus, our results suggest that microbial translocation may be associated with innate and adaptive immune dysfunction in untreated HIV infection.
Constructing Meaning Despite the Drudgery of Repetitive Work

This interview study is a qualitative and explorative in-depth analysis of meaning in work and its relation to other important concepts. Meaning in work is analyzed in the context of repetitive work to examine employees’ efforts to construct meaning despite aversive working conditions. The proposed relations between the concepts are discussed in light of previous studies and the present empirical study, for which 28 workers with repetitive work were interviewed thoroughly and their psychosocial working environment was observed. Eight categories of meaning in work are outlined, showing that 75% of the workers in the study experience meaning in their work. Employees construct meaning in repetitive work even though this type of work causes stress symptoms. Meaning in work is proposed as the function of diminishing stress.
Childhood Behavior Problems and Age at First Sexual Intercourse: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Early first sexual intercourse (FSI) is a risk factor for unplanned teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted infection, and adverse social, emotional, and physical health outcomes in adolescence and into adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between internalizing (eg, anxious/depressed, withdrawn) and externalizing (eg, delinquent, aggressive) behavior problems in childhood and age at FSI. METHODS: We used a large, population-based birth cohort (The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort [Raine] Study) to address this question. Child behavior was measured by using the Child Behavior Checklist collected from parents at ages 2, 5, 8, 10, and 14 and scores calculated for total, internalizing, and externalizing behavior problems. At age 17, 1200 participants reported sexual behavior. RESULTS: Participants with clinically significant Child Behavior Checklist scores (T ≥60) were at increased risk for earlier first sexual intercourse (FSI) (<16 years). Adjusted odds ratios revealed that total and externalizing behavior problems from age 5 years onward significantly increased the risk of earlier FSI for boys. In girls, externalizing problems from age 10 years increased the risk for earlier FSI. Internalizing problems at ages 8 and 10 were significantly associated with early FSI for boys but not girls. CONCLUSIONS: Externalizing behavior from as early as 5 in boys and 10 in girls is a significant risk factor for earlier age at FSI. Adolescent sexual health promotion should consider early intervention in children with behavior problems, particularly boys.
Managing Bilingual Interaction in a Gujarati Complementary School in Leicester

This paper focuses on teacher-student interaction in two Gujarati complementary school classrooms in one school in the East Midlands city of Leicester, UK. To date, little work has been published on interaction in complementary schools, and little is therefore known about the cultures of learning and teaching in such contexts. Our study of complementary schools in Leicester has shown how the classroom participants manage bilingualism and bilingual learning and teaching. One of the most noticeable features of the discourses of the two classrooms is the way two languages are juxtaposed to create learning opportunities. This uncontested use of two languages through the pedagogic strategy of code-switching goes against the perceived notion of bilingual learning/teaching as being a deficient strategy. Classrooms in complementary schools offer a highly significant, though under-researched, context in which to study language choice, and specifically the multilingual experiences of classroom participants. By exploring the educational pedagogies and classroom discourses, it is the aim of the paper to extend theoretical insights into the way complementary schools might help to transform, negotiate and manage the linguistic, social and learning identities of the participants in the classroom.
Commanding mobile robots via wireless ad-hoc networks — A comparison of four ad-hoc routing protocol implementations

Future applications of mobile robot teams or robot teleoperation require highly dynamic network topologies. One promising approach is the use of relay nodes in wireless ad-hoc networks which require special routing protocols to provide a transparent communication network to the user. This work tests and compares four different existing ad-hoc routing protocol implementations with respect to aspects of mobile robot teleoperation. The reactive routing protocols ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR), the proactive optimized link state routing (OLSR) and B.A.T.M.A.N. are used in test scenarios to command a mobile robot via an ad-hoc network of several communication relay nodes. For all four ad-hoc routing protocols, the route reestablishing behavior is observed. In particular the packet loss and the duration of route reestablishing during test runs with real hardware in an outdoor environment are analyzed.
Analysis and Design of (non-)Isotropic Arrays for 3D Direction Finding

A simple Cramer-Rao bound on the estimation, using an array of sensors, of the azimuth and elevation angles of a radiating source has been developed recently. It is used here to develop a methodology to design ambiguity-free antenna arrays with a desired directive positioning performance. To reduce the number of the design parameters, a family of V-shaped arrays is investigated. Its gain and directivity (compared to the most commonly used uniform circular array) are defined and analytically computed as a function of the angle between the two branches of the V-shape. We obtain a class of antenna arrays whose performance and directivity can be adapted to the specified application
Employees and e‐learning: what do the end‐users think?

Within the majority of organisations, e‐learning is now an accepted means of increasing skills and knowledge across the enterprise. Early adopters no longer think of themselves and their organisations as pioneers of a new and unproven method of training. For the most part they have seamlessly integrated e‐learning into their training strategy along with all the other methods of delivering training. Even those organisations that waited until e‐learning was proven are now enjoying the many benefits that e‐learning brings. However, whilst much has been made of the benefits to the organisation of e‐learning, there has been little, if any, qualitative investigation into the attitudes and views of the users themselves. SkillSoft embarked on an ambitious project to interview a broad spectrum of over 200 employees, across a range of organisations, in over 14 countries across EMEA. This article details the main findings of the research and shares the best practices adopted by organisations that have enjoyed e‐learning success.
Changes in the Viral Distribution Pattern after the Appearance of the Novel Influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) Virus in Influenza-Like Illness Patients in Peru

Background We describe the temporal variation in viral agents detected in influenza like illness (ILI) patients before and after the appearance of the ongoing pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) in Peru between 4-January and 13-July 2009. Methods At the health centers, one oropharyngeal swab was obtained for viral isolation. From epidemiological week (EW) 1 to 18, at the US Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD) in Lima, the specimens were inoculated into four cell lines for virus isolation. In addition, from EW 19 to 28, the specimens were also analyzed by real time-polymerase-chain-reaction (rRT-PCR). Results We enrolled 2,872 patients: 1,422 cases before the appearance of the pH1N1 virus, and 1,450 during the pandemic. Non-pH1N1 influenza A virus was the predominant viral strain circulating in Peru through (EW) 18, representing 57.8% of the confirmed cases; however, this predominance shifted to pH1N1 (51.5%) from EW 19–28. During this study period, most of pH1N1 cases were diagnosed in the capital city (Lima) followed by other cities including Cusco and Trujillo. In contrast, novel influenza cases were essentially absent in the tropical rain forest (jungle) cities during our study period. The city of Iquitos (Jungle) had the highest number of influenza B cases and only one pH1N1 case. Conclusions The viral distribution in Peru changed upon the introduction of the pH1N1 virus compared to previous months. Although influenza A viruses continue to be the predominant viral pathogen, the pH1N1 virus predominated over the other influenza A viruses.
Bridging the Gap between Privacy by Design and Privacy in Practice

While there has been considerable academic work over the past decade on preserving and enhancing digital privacy, little of this scholarship has influenced practitioners in design or industry. By bringing together leading privacy academics and commercial stakeholders, this workshop builds on previous gatherings at ACM conferences and in the broader privacy community. Workshop attendees will address the 'privacy by design' implementation problem, and will work together to identify actionable methods and design heuristics for closing the gap between academic research and industry solutions for protecting user privacy in the design of systems, digital products and services.
Relation between mRNA Expression Level of Multidrug Resistance 1/ABCB1 in Blood Cells and Required Level of Tacrolimus in Pediatric Living-Donor Liver Transplantation

It has been difficult to set an individualized therapeutic window of tacrolimus after organ transplantation, because of wide interindividual variation of responsiveness to immunosuppressive therapy. In this study, we examined the significance of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) in the peripheral blood cells by comparing the trough concentration of tacrolimus with the occurrence of acute cellular rejection (ACR) in retrospectively collected pediatric living-donor liver transplant patients, who were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent. No significant difference in the intraindividual variation in MDR1 mRNA expression in the peripheral blood cells was observed between postoperative days 3 and 7. The average trough concentration of tacrolimus during the 15-day postoperative period was significantly higher in the event-free patients than in those who experienced ACR (21 of 44 cases), and they had higher levels of blood MDR1 mRNA. In addition, the average trough concentration of tacrolimus significantly correlated with the logarithmically transformed MDR1 mRNA data from the blood cells in patients of both the event-free (r = 0.5406; P = 0.0077) and ACR (r = 0.4772; P = 0.0284). The cellular accumulation of [14C]tacrolimus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was 2-fold higher in mdr1a/1b-knockout mice than in wild-type mice (P = 0.0182). These results suggest that MDR1 in blood cells decreases the leukocytic concentration of tacrolimus, and it could be a useful marker to establish an individualized target concentration of tacrolimus to prevent ACR in pediatric patients after liver transplantation.