Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetically Targeted All-Optical Electrophysiology with a Transgenic Cre-Dependent Optopatch Mouse

Recent advances in optogenetics have enabled simultaneous optical perturbation and optical readout of membrane potential in diverse cell types. Here, we develop and characterize a Cre-dependent transgenic Optopatch2 mouse line that we call Floxopatch. The animals expressed a blue-shifted channelrhodopsin, CheRiff, and a near infrared Archaerhodopsin-derived voltage indicator, QuasAr2, via targeted knock-in at the rosa26 locus. In Optopatch-expressing animals, we tested for overall health, genetically targeted expression, and function of the optogenetic components. In offspring of Floxopatch mice crossed with a variety of Cre driver lines, we observed spontaneous and optically evoked activity in vitro in acute brain slices and in vivo in somatosensory ganglia. Cell-type-specific expression allowed classification and characterization of neuronal subtypes based on their firing patterns. The Floxopatch mouse line is a useful tool for fast and sensitive characterization of neural activity in genetically specified cell types in intact tissue. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Optical recordings of neural activity offer the promise of rapid and spatially resolved mapping of neural function. Calcium imaging has been widely applied in this mode, but is insensitive to the details of action potential waveforms and subthreshold events. Simultaneous optical perturbation and optical readout of single-cell electrical activity (“Optopatch”) has been demonstrated in cultured neurons and in organotypic brain slices, but not in acute brain slices or in vivo. Here, we describe a transgenic mouse in which expression of Optopatch constructs is controlled by the Cre-recombinase enzyme. This animal enables fast and robust optical measurements of single-cell electrical excitability in acute brain slices and in somatosensory ganglia in vivo, opening the door to rapid optical mapping of neuronal excitability.
Openness to experience and ego level in Loevinger's Sentence Completion Test: Dispositional contributions to developmental models of personality.

This article is concerned with the relationship between two distinct traditions in personality research: the dimensional or individual differences approach and the developmental stage or type approach. Research bridging these two traditions has been scarce although the possibility of measuring ego levels with self-report scales (Lorr & Manning, 1978) and the contribution of personality traits to the attainment of stages of moral development (Hogan, Johnson, & Emler, 1978) have been addressed. Both of these studies concentrated on dispositions or traits particularly relevant to interpersonal conduct or socialization . The present article considers the role of traits in the inner experiential aspects of ego development. Empirically, it tests the hypothesis that openness to experi
Status Relationships in Dual-Employment Marriages: Consequences for Psychological Well-Being.

The research reported here examines the consequences of inconsistency between the individual's statuses and between his or her spouse's statuses, as well as incompatibilities between husbands' and wives' educational and occupational status. Measures of generalized life dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction with marriage are the outcome variables examined. The data were collected as part of the 1973 and 1974 General Social Surveys conducted by the National Opinion Research Center. To further clarify the relationships, the analysis was performed separately for men and women while controlling for achievement orientation. The results show status inconsistency and incompatibility to be important variables for explaining life and marital dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the consequences of status inconsistency and incompatibility differ for men and women and are conditional on the individual's achievement orientation.
Capacity to choose and refuse? A case study

Purpose – This paper aims to present the distinctive roles and perspectives of the members of a multidisciplinary team supporting a man with multiple diagnoses who was under Section by the Mental Health Act.Design/methodology/approach – The management of risk for this man with intellectual disability, mental illness and a degenerative neurological condition was particularly complex due to his self‐harming and impulsivity. Each specialist clinician (nurse, speech and language therapist, psychiatrist) reflects on their role as a member of a team approach. The perspective of the man himself is represented, although he was unable to give a consistent descriptive self report.Findings – For people with mental illness and intellectual disability the capacity to understand and retain information about their condition may be limited and variable. The paper discusses the multiple ethical issues in attempting to preserve a modified autonomy and in decision making around best interests.Practical implications – Suppor.
Mortgaged Metropolis: Evolving Urban Geographies of Residential Lending1

The role of housing finance in neighborhood change has long been a fixture of urban geography. In the last decade, however, residential mortgage lending has been transformed by economic growth and an expanded secondary market, regulatory intervention designed to eliminate discrimination and expand access to homeownership, and aggressive industry efforts to capture "underserved markets. " In this paper I use Atlanta, Georgia, as a case study to assess changes in the spatial allocation of mortgage capital, the persistence of racial disparities in loan rejection, and the systematic disinvestment from urban neighborhoods that cannot be justified on the basis of demand-side factors. Analysis of conventional home-purchase loans by depositories reveals only slight change in the geography of capital investment between the 1980s and 1990s. Logistic regression models of loan rejection in the expansion of the 1990s confirm a stark institutional segmentation of the mortgage market, durable racial disparities, and marked disinvestment effects that constrain the geography of residential choice by reinforcing deeply entrenched processes of uneven urban development.
Epidermal growth factor receptor metabolism and protein kinase activity in human A431 cells infected with Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus or harvey or Kirsten murine sarcoma virus

When human A431 cells, which carry high numbers of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, are exposed to EGF, the total content of phosphotyrosine in cell protein is increased, the EGF receptor becomes phosphorylated at tyrosine, and new phosphotyrosine-containing 36,000- and 81,000-dalton proteins are detected. We examined the properties of A431 cells infected with Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus, whose transforming protein has associated tyrosine protein kinase activity, and Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses, whose transforming proteins do not. In all cases, the infected cells were more rounded and more capable of anchorage-independent growth than the uninfected cells. EGF receptors were assayed functionally by measuring EGF binding and structurally by metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation. In no case did infection appear to alter the rate of EGF receptor synthesis, but infection reduced EGF receptor stability by about 50% for cloned Harvey sarcoma virus-infected cells and by 80% for cloned feline sarcoma virus-infected cells. The corresponding reductions in EGF binding were 70 and 90%, respectively. The proteins of feline sarcoma virus-infected A431 cells contained an increased amount of phosphotyrosine, and the 36,000- and 81,000-dalton phosphoproteins were detected. The EGF receptor was not detectably phosphorylated at tyrosine, however, unless the cells were exposed to EGF. The Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma virus-infected cells did not exhibit elevated levels of phosphotyrosine either in the total cell proteins or in the EGF receptor, nor were the 36,000- and 81,000-dalton proteins detectable. However, these phosphoproteins were found in the infected cells after EGF treatment. Thus, all of the infected A431 cells exhibited reduced EGF binding and increased degradation of EGF receptors, yet their patterns of protein phosphorylation were distinct from those of EGF-treated A431 cells.
Visual Attention to Plain and Ornamented Human Bodies: An Eye-Tracking Study

Signaling mate quality through visual adornments is a common phenomenon in animals and humans. However, humans are probably the only species who applies artificial ornaments. Such deliberate alterations of the skin, e.g., tattoos and scarring patterns, have been discussed by researchers as potential handicap signals, but there is still very little information about a potential biological signaling value of body modification. In this study eye-tracking was employed to investigate the signaling value of tattoos and other body modification. Measurement of gaze duration of 50 individuals while watching plain, scarred, accessorized, and tattooed bodies of artificial human images indicated that participants looked significantly longer at tattooed than at scarred, accessorized, and plain bodies. Generally, male participants paid more attention to tattooed stimuli of both sexes. More detailed analyses showed that particularly female tattooed stimuli were looked at longer. These findings are discussed within an evolutionary framework by suggesting that tattoos might have some signaling value which influences the perception of both male and female conspecifics and may hence also affect mating decisions.
Teacher Interpersonal Behavior and Elementary Students' Outcomes

Abstract This study examined teacher's interpersonal behavior and its associations with affective and cognitive outcomes among elementary mathematics students. A random sample of 1,512 boys and girls from government elementary schools in Singapore was involved. For the analysis of behavior-outcome associations, simple, multiple, and canonical correlation analyses and multilevel (hierarchical linear model) analyses were conducted for two levels of analysis; namely, the individual student and the class mean. The study led to the validation of a widely applicable and convenient questionnaire to assess teacher interpersonal behavior for future use by researchers and teachers at the elementary school level. Overall, the different methods of analysis yielded consistent associations between teacher interpersonal behavior and student outcomes.
Cholesterol Reduction, Heart Disease, and Mortality

TO THE EDITOR: Gaziano and colleagues [1] recently presented yet another study on cholesterol reduction. The authors stated that there is little doubt that elevated cholesterol levels increase the risk for coronary heart disease. This statement is made on the basis of results from the consensus conference of 1985 [2], in which the statistically significant difference in rate of myocardial infarction in treated patients compared with control patients was evaluated. Little emphasis was placed on death in that study, although death is clearly the best end point. Are these small numbers clinically important? The authors state that although most randomized cholesterol reduction trials do not show a statistically significantly lower total mortality rate, it is important to distinguish between the finding of no effect and the inability to detect an effect. Are they forgetting the very small numbers of cardiovascular deaths that were described? What clinical importance would there be if the small number of deaths was statistically significantly different, as was reported in the 4S (Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival) trial [3]? The 4S trial was cogently criticized by Stehbens [4]. In addition, that the placebo group contained 58 more Q-wave infarctions, 32 more patients with a 1- to 5-year history of angina, and 21 more patients with both angina and myocardial infarction (numbers not mutually exclusive) than did the control group suggests that the difference of 189 deaths among patients receiving placebo compared with 111 deaths among patients treated with simvastatin out of 4444 patients may have resulted from differences in the two groups and that the attempt at randomization may have failed. Furthermore, no difference in mortality rate was seen among women: Twenty-seven deaths were seen among 407 patients receiving the study drug, and 25 deaths were seen among 420 patients receiving placebo. Clinicians look for advances to help patients. Perhaps nothing will again achieve the remarkable effect of penicillin in the 1940s, which made a clinically important difference in the treatment of appropriate infections. It did not require pressure from academic experts to convince physicians to prescribe the drug. In view of the small number of cardiovascular deaths and given that most randomized cholesterol reduction trials do not show a statistically significantly lower total mortality rate, does this trial provide a good reason to again urge clinicians to increase their treatment of serum cholesterol levels?
Christian Universities and Colleges: The Need to Train Instructors to Teach the Bible as Literature in Public Schools

The author examines the national growth of Bible literacy courses in America's public schools and examines what steps Christian universities and colleges can take to help meet the demand for teachers for these courses. The author asserts that several sources of training are currently available, but declares that they will be unable to train a majority of the increasing number of instructors that will be needed to fill these classes. As a result, Christian institutions need to develop courses specifically designed to prepare these instructors. The article examines why the recent growth of these courses across both entire states and school districts is likely to continue. The article then addresses the likely benefits of such courses, based on meta-analysis research and the examination of nationwide data sets. It then distinguishes the difference between Bible literacy and religious literacy, and also explains why Bible literacy is an important component of religious literacy. The paper concludes by examining the appropriate response of Christian universities and colleges.
On the Relation Between Marr's Levels: A Response to Blokpoel (2017)

Blokpoel reminds us of the importance of consistency of function across Marr's levels, but we argue that the approach to ensuring consistency that he advocates-a strict relation through exact implementation of the higher level function at the lower level-is unnecessarily restrictive. We show that it forces overcomplication of the computational level (by requiring it to incorporate concerns from lower levels) and results in the sacrifice of the distinct responsibilities associated with each level. We propose an alternative, no less rigorous, potential characterization of the relation between levels.
Metformin: On Ongoing Journey across Diabetes, Cancer Therapy and Prevention

Cancer metabolism is the focus of intense research, which witnesses its key role in human tumors. Diabetic patients treated with metformin exhibit a reduced incidence of cancer and cancer-related mortality. This highlights the possibility that the tackling of metabolic alterations might also hold promising value for treating cancer patients. Here, we review the emerging role of metformin as a paradigmatic example of an old drug used worldwide to treat patients with type II diabetes which to date is gaining strong in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities to be included in clinical trials. Metformin is also becoming the focus of intense basic and clinical research on chemoprevention, thus suggesting that metabolic alteration is an early lesion along cancer transformation. Metabolic reprogramming might be a very efficient prevention strategy with a profound impact on public health worldwide.
The skull.

III. Sutures and Epiphyses Many bony features change in size and shape as the individual develops and matures; these features can be used as milestones in life history studies, and in some cases, they can be fairly accurate estimators of age. Some postcranial elements grow from separate ossification centers at the margins of the bones (Fig. 7A). Epiphyses are regions at the ends of bones (most often at or near a joint) associated with longitudinal growth in mammals. Epiphyses allow the portion of the bone near a joint to grow at a different rate than the rest of the bone and allow new bone to be laid down away from the articulating surface. Growth occurs at a cartilaginous plate between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. At the completion of growth, the epiphysis fuses with the rest of the bone, and the cartilage plate disappears. Eventually, the suture between the two parts also disappears. Because most marine mammals are large, their epiphyses are more evident than those of the smaller terrestrial mammals. The long bones of the limbs have epiphyses, but many other bones do too. For example, the proximal phalanges bones may have epiphyses (Fig. 7B). The pattern of epiphyseal fusion in the flipper can be used to determine relative age of an individual, when compared to the fusion pattern in other animals of known age. Occasionally epiphyses are found on the proximal ends of ribs, on the scapula located at or near the coracoid (Fig. 7A), or on the tips of neural spines and transverse processes. Vertebrae also have epiphyses (Fig. 7C). Manatees (and humans) are among the few species of mammals that have indistinct or no vertebral epiphyses. In manatees, the vertebral epiphyses are delicate irregular films of bony tissue found within the cartilaginous surfaces at the cranial and caudal ends of the centrum. After these epiphyseal sutures are completely fused, the skeleton cannot grow in length and the individual is considered skeletally mature. Skeletal maturity may or may not coincide with other forms of maturity, such as reproductive maturity. Nonepiphyseal sutures can also be used to estimate age of parts of the postcranial skeleton (Fig. 7C)—for example, the two halves of the neural arch ankylose at the dorsal midline to form the base of the neural spine. These sutures may persist well into adulthood in cetaceans.
Functional disability in France and its relationship with health-related quality of life - a population-based prevalence study.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of functional disability in France and assess its association with the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS Each member in 8,000 households randomly selected in the Lorraine population were mailed a questionnaire asking about their sociodemographic characteristics; the presence of chronic locomotor or non-rheumatic diseases; functional disability on the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ); and HRQoL on the Duke Health Profile. The prevalence of functional disability was described, and its relationship with HRQoL was assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Among the 6,148 subjects who responded (mean age 46 years +/- 18.3, 48% men), the prevalence of moderate (HAQ >or= 1) and severe (HAQ >or= 2) functional disability, adjusted for age and sex, was 6.5% and 1.6% respectively. HRQoL was significantly low in all dimensions for subjects with severe functional disability. Functional disability of locomotor origin significantly affected the physical (OR = 10.6 [5.1-22.1]), mental (OR = 4.4 [2.5-7.8]), and social (OR = 2.4 [1.4-4.3]) dimensions, with a threshold effect according to the disability level and perceived health (OR= 10.6 [5.8-19.4]), with a cause-effect relationship. CONCLUSION The prevalence of reported (i.e., not observed) functional disability in terms of its impact on HRQoL helps physicians to better understand its differential consequences, which should ease patient dependence, facilitate the analysis of health care needs and the development of prevention measures, and improve the HRQoL of patients and their families.
Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on the incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular events in nonsleepy patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first-line treatment for patients with symptomatic obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, its indication for all patients with sleep-disordered breathing, regardless of daytime symptoms, is unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of CPAP treatment on the incidence of hypertension or cardiovascular events in a cohort of nonsleepy patients with OSA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Multicenter, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial in 14 teaching hospitals in Spain. Between May 2004 and May 2006, 725 consecutive patients were enrolled who had an apnea-hypopnea index of 20 h(-1) or greater and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 10 or less (scores range from 0-24, with values <10 suggesting no daytime sleepiness). Exclusion criteria were previous cardiovascular event, physical or psychological incapacity, chronic disease, or drug or alcohol addiction. Follow-up ended in May 2009. INTERVENTION Patients were allocated to receive CPAP treatment or no active intervention. All participants received dietary counseling and sleep hygiene advice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of either systemic hypertension (taking antihypertensive medication or blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg) or cardiovascular event (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, transient ischemic attack, hospitalization for unstable angina or arrhythmia, heart failure, or cardiovascular death). RESULTS Seven hundred twenty-three patients underwent follow-up for a median of 4 (interquartile range, 2.7-4.4) years (1 patient from each group did not receive allocated treatment); 357 in the CPAP group and 366 in the control group were included in the analysis. In the CPAP group there were 68 patients with new hypertension and 28 cardiovascular events (17 unstable angina or arrhythmia, 3 nonfatal stroke, 3 heart failure, 2 nonfatal myocardial infarction, 2 transient ischemic attack, 1 cardiovascular death). In the control group there were 79 patients with new hypertension and 31 cardiovascular events (11 unstable angina or arrhythmia, 8 nonfatal myocardial infarction, 5 transient ischemic attack, 5 heart failure, 2 nonfatal stroke). The hypertension or cardiovascular event incidence density rate was 9.20 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 7.36-11.04) in the CPAP group and 11.02 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 8.96-13.08) in the control group. The incidence density ratio was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.63-1.1; P = .20). CONCLUSIONS In patients with OSA without daytime sleepiness, the prescription of CPAP compared with usual care did not result in a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of hypertension or cardiovascular events. However, the study may have had limited power to detect a significant difference. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00127348.