Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examining School Psychologists' and Teachers' Application of Approaches Within a Response to Intervention Framework

Approaches consistent with a Response to Intervention (RTI) framework are becoming increasingly prominent. The present study is a preliminary investigation aimed at gaining a greater understanding of educators' knowledge of RTI and application of RTI principles. It serves as the first step toward understanding educators' preparation to implement these mandated changes. Educators (308) completed an online study to assess their knowledge of tasks inherent in RTI procedures. Respondents were asked to rate their familiarity with RTI principles. Then, respondents were asked to interpret graphical data that were consistent with RTI screening and progress monitoring approaches. Overall, results indicated that the majority of educators perceived themselves as having the knowledge to implement RTI practices. However, when asked to apply RTI-consistent principles, not all were successful. Specifically, school psychologists were better at interpreting and making decisions based on graphical data relative to general and special education teachers. There may be a disconnect between the expectations inherent in an RTI model and teachers' ability to meet these expectations. School psychologists may be positioned to support teachers in this area. The implications of these results for implementing RTI practices and developing professional development programs for general and special educators in elementary schools are discussed.
The Dependence of Radiative Forcing and Feedback on Evolving Patterns of Surface Temperature Change in Climate Models

AbstractExperiments with CO2 instantaneously quadrupled and then held constant are used to show that the relationship between the global-mean net heat input to the climate system and the global-mean surface air temperature change is nonlinear in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). The nonlinearity is shown to arise from a change in strength of climate feedbacks driven by an evolving pattern of surface warming. In 23 out of the 27 AOGCMs examined, the climate feedback parameter becomes significantly (95% confidence) less negative (i.e., the effective climate sensitivity increases) as time passes. Cloud feedback parameters show the largest changes. In the AOGCM mean, approximately 60% of the change in feedback parameter comes from the tropics (30°N–30°S). An important region involved is the tropical Pacific, where the surface warming intensifies in the east after a few decades. The dependence of climate feedbacks on an evolving p.
Switching Costs in Pension Plan Choice

How well do market mechanisms for retirement savings function when there are switching costs? This work answers this question by estimating a dynamic demand model with switching costs for pension fund administrator choice in Chile's privatized pension market. This market exhibits signi cant price dispersion and very low switching rates, and switching costs are often mentioned as a likely driver of this outcome. If this is the case, then regulatory intervention to lower switching costs may increase welfare. This is not only important for the functioning of the Chilean pension market, but also more generally for other settings where governments mandate consumer participation and set the default as continuing in the same rm as last period. A key challenge in dynamic demand models is the fact that consumers form expectations about the future evolution of product characteristics and base their choices on them. Using a new methodology, based on a combination of revealed preference inequalities and latent variable integration, this work takes these expectations into account without having to model them explicitly, while using exclusion restrictions to separate switching costs from unobserved preference heterogeneity. I nd ∗I thank Victor Chernozhukov, Nancy Rose, and Paulo Somaini for their invaluable advice. I would also like to thank Nikhil Agarwal, Isaiah Andrews, Panle Jia Barwick, Glenn Ellison, Sara Fisher Ellison, Anna Mikusheva, James Poterba, Che-Lin Su and Michael Whinston for their helpful comments and suggestions. This paper has bene ted from conversations with Carolina Alfero, Vivek Bhattacharya, Loreto Cox, Manasi Deshpande, Peter Diamond, Kathleen Easterbrook, Dong Jae Eun, Alfred Galichon, Jon Gruber, Sally Hudson, Augusto Iglesias, Bradley Larsen, Jing Li, Elena Manresa, Jorge Mastrangelo, Sarah Moshary, Yusuke Narita, Carlos Noton, Ana Maria Orellana, Manisha Padi, Parag Pathak, Maria Polyakova Breiter, Frank Schilbach, Bradley Shapiro, Ashish Shenoy, Daan Struyven, Daniel Waldinger and Melanie Wasserman; as well as participants in the MIT Industrial Organization seminar and eld lunch, the Econometrics and Public Finance eld lunches, and the Structural Econometrics Reading Group. I would also like to thank seminar participants at the Centro de Economia Aplicada Universidad de Chile and at the Universidad de Santiago de Chile. I thank Augusto Iglesias and Solange Bernstein for their crucial help procuring data, as well as Olga Fuentes, Eugenio Salvo and Ximena Quintanilla at the Superintendencia de Pensiones. I gratefully acknowledge support from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the George P. and Obie B. Shultz Dissertation Grant, and from Conicyt Chile.
Differential susceptibility to colorectal cancer due to naturally occurring gut microbiota

Recent studies investigating the human microbiome have identified particular bacterial species that correlate with the presence of colorectal cancer. To evaluate the role of qualitatively different but naturally occurring gut microbiota and the relationship with colorectal cancer development, genetically identical embryos from the Polyposis in Rat Colon (Pirc) rat model of colorectal cancer were transferred into recipients of three different genetic backgrounds (F344/NHsd, LEW/SsNHsd, and Crl:SD). Tumor development in the pups was tracked longitudinally via colonoscopy, and end-stage tumor burden was determined. To confirm vertical transmission and identify associations between the gut microbiota and disease phenotype, the fecal microbiota was characterized in recipient dams 24 hours pre-partum, and in Pirc rat offspring prior to and during disease progression. Our data show that the gut microbiota varies between rat strains, with LEW/SsNHsd having a greater relative abundance of the bacteria Prevotella copri. The mature gut microbiota of pups resembled the profile of their dams, indicating that the dam is the primary determinant of the developing microbiota. Both male and female F344-Pirc rats harboring the Lewis microbiota had decreased tumor burden relative to genetically identical rats harboring F344 or SD microbiota. Significant negative correlations were detected between tumor burden and the relative abundance of specific taxa from samples taken at weaning and shortly thereafter, prior to observable adenoma development. Notably, this naturally occurring variation in the gut microbiota is associated with a significant difference in severity of colorectal cancer, and the abundance of certain taxa is associated with decreased tumor burden.
Orthonormal Expansion  $\ell_{1}$-Minimization Algorithms for Compressed Sensing

Compressed sensing aims at reconstructing sparse signals from significantly reduced number of samples, and a popular reconstruction approach is ℓ1-norm minimization. In this correspondence, a method called orthonormal expansion is presented to reformulate the basis pursuit problem for noiseless compressed sensing. Two algorithms are proposed based on convex optimization: one exactly solves the problem and the other is a relaxed version of the first one. The latter can be considered as a modified iterative soft thresholding algorithm and is easy to implement. Numerical simulation shows that, in dealing with noise-free measurements of sparse signals, the relaxed version is accurate, fast and competitive to the recent state-of-the-art algorithms. Its practical application is demonstrated in a more general case where signals of interest are approximately sparse and measurements are contaminated with noise.
Leadership emergence in autonomous work teams: Antecedents and outcomes.

The aim of this study was to investigate (a) personality attributes and cognitive ability (g) as determinants of leadership emergence in teams, and (b) the impact of leadership that can emerge from the team leader (operationalized as the team member with the highest leadership score) and other team members (staff) on team performance. Autonomous work team members who had been working together for 13 weeks were studied. Participants were 480 undergraduates in 94 initially leaderless teams of 5 or 6. We found that leadership emergence was associated most strongly with g, followed by conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional stability. Teams performed best when both the team leader and staff were high in leadership. Furthermore, an effective team leader does not ameliorate the negative affects of a staff low in leadership.
Young people, social media and connective action: from organisational maintenance to everyday political talk

Social media is pervasive in the lives of young people, and this paper critically analyses how politically engaged young people integrate social media use into their existing organisations and political communications. This qualitative research project studied how young people from a broad range of existing political and civic groups use social media for sharing information, mobilisation and, increasingly, as a means to redefine political action and political spaces. Twelve in-person focus groups were conducted in Australia, the USA and the UK with matched affinity groups based on university campuses. The groups were of four types: party political group, issue-based group, identity-based group and social group. Our focus group findings suggest that this in-depth approach to understanding young people's political engagement reveals important group-based differences emerging in young people's citizenship norms: between the dutiful allegiance to formal politics and a more personalised, self-actualising preference for online, discursive forms of political engagement and organising. The ways in which political information is broadcast, shared and talked about on social media by engaged young people demonstrate the importance of communicative forms of action for the future of political engagement and connective action.
Racial Environment and Political Participation

How does the racial environment influence mass political participation? The power—threat hypothesis predicts that a larger out-group population in the surrounding environment increases citizen participation, whereas the relational goods hypothesis predicts that it decreases participation. I attempt to reconcile these conflicting arguments into a single hypothesis positing that citizens’ decisions to participate in politics are simultaneously shaped by the power—threat and relational goods effects. I conclude that the racial environment plays a significant role as a determinant of mass participation but in ways more complicated than what simple models of contextual effects suggest.
Reference intervals for plasma levels of fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, free protein S and antithrombin during third-trimester pregnancy

Wickström K, Edelstam G, Löwbeer Ch, Hansson L-O, Siegbahn A. Reference intervals for plasma levels of flbronectin, von Willebrand factor, free protein S and antithrombin during third-trimester pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2004; 64: 31-40. During pregnancy, significant changes occur in the hemostatic system and in the plasma levels for several plasma proteins, especially towards term. In this study changes occurring during normal pregnancy and immediately postpartum were investigated to establish adequate reference intervals for important hemostatic parameters. Blood samples were collected during pregnancy weeks 33, 36, 39 and 1-3 h after delivery from 153 healthy pregnant women with at least one previous normal pregnancy. The plasma samples were analyzed for antithrombin, von Willebrand factor (vWf), free protein S and flbronectin. Fibroncctin and vWf are contact-promoting proteins responsible for adhesion and aggregation during primary hemostasis, but are also released from thrombocytes during activation of the coagulation process. Antithrombin is the most important primary physiological inhibitor of activated serine proteases related to the coagulation cascade. Protein S is a co-factor to protein C and in cooperation is also an important inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. During third-trimester pregnancy, vWf was higher than in non-pregnant women, and continued to increase postpartum. The flbronectin plasma level was mostly unchanged in comparison with non-pregnant values. Within this reference interval it gradually increased during the third trimester, but fell slightly postpartum. Antithrombin decreased slightly during the third trimester and even further, postpartum. Free protein S decreased markedly but to a stable level from week 33 to 39, decreasing even more postpartum. The present results are concordant with clinical knowledge of increased risk of thrombosis during pregnancy and early Puerperium, with increased levels of vWf and fibronectin and decreased levels of antithrombin and free protein S. Clearly, current reference values based on healthy non-pregnant subjects are not usable during late pregnancy and immediately postpartum.
Investigating the impact of self on attitudes toward luxury brands among teens in Iran

The major purpose of this study is to understand the impact of self on attitudes toward luxury brands among Iranian teens. In order to do this, the model presented by Gil et al. (2012) is examined among an Iranian sample. This article investigates the relation of self on social consumption motivation, the moderating role of peer pressure, and the effect of social consumption motivation on attitudes toward luxury brand. Also, the impact of materialism on social consumption motivation and attitudes toward luxury, are examined. This study used a sample of 419 teenagers between the ages of 14 to 19. It is the first time that this effective and powerful group of consumers is the focus of a study in Iranian luxury marketing literature. Structural equation modeling is used to test hypotheses. Results show that there is a negative relation between self concept clarity and social consumption motivation and social consumption motivation relates positively to interest toward luxury brands; also, materialism is an important factor in teenagers' attitude toward luxury brands.
WATER-RESISTANT WHEY PROTEIN BASED WOOD ADHESIVE MODIFIED BY POST-TREATED PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE OLIGOMERS (PFO)

With the attempt to develop an environmentally safe whey protein-based adhesive with good water resistance, a low-molecular-weight PFO was used as a modifier, and the effects of scavengers on the formaldehyde emission and bond properties were investigated. Plywood evaluation and HPLC analysis indicated that the PFO synthesized with a low content of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst (NaOH/phenol mole ratio = 0.064) at a low reaction temperature (60-75oC) had good water solubility and very low viscosity that was preferable to the modification of whey protein-based adhesives. Combinations of ammonia and sodium sulfite as formaldehyde scavengers had positive effects on the formaldehyde emissions of plywood panels bonded by the PFO-modified whey protein adhesives and had slight effects on bond properties. A necessary stoichiometric excess of ammonia-sulfite combination during PFO post-treatment is critical to effectively reduce formaldehyde emission. The whey protein-based adhesive modified with the most preferable post-treated PFO is water-resistant and environmentally safe, which had a dry shear bond strength of 1.98 MPa and a 28 hour-boiling-dry-boiling wet shear strength of 1.73 MPa according to standard JIS K6806-2003, a formaldehyde emission of 0.067mg/L according to standard JIS A5908, and undetectable level of free phenol by HPLC.
Influence of diet on the metabolic responses to exercise

The relationship between dietary intake and skeletal-muscle exercise metabolism is central to the interests of exercise physiologists. This area has been examined experimentally for over 100 years. Classic studies with male subjects demonstrated the importance of dietary CHO in maximizing muscle and liver glycogen stores in an attempt to optimize exercise performance. CHO becomes the predominant fuel for exercise at power outputs above 50-60% Vo2max and its availability limits prolonged aerobic exercise at intensities corresponding to 65-85% VO2max. Recent information suggests that female subjects are less able to maximize muscle glycogen stores through dietary means. Contemporary studies have documented in more detail the greater reliance on CHO metabolism following a high-CHO-low-fat and -protein diet and the greater reliance on fat metabolism following a low-CHO-high-fat and protein diet. More emphasis on documenting key enzymic changes in the energy-producing pathways and transport proteins has appeared. However, very little is known regarding the mechanisms that induce these changes over the short or long term in human skeletal muscle. For example, the central role of PDH activity in the selection of intramuscular fuel during exercise and the role of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 in the entry of NEFA into the mitochondria, and the effects of diet on these enzymes has received little attention to date. Many research studies have examined extreme diet variations (% total energy; > 85% CHO v. < 5-10% CHO) for short periods of time in an attempt to maximize diet-induced alterations and study the mechanisms responsible for the changes. However, future studies will need to examine less-severe diet alterations for longer periods of time that more accurately reflect what the normal population might experience, such as a diet containing (% total energy) 60 fat, 20 CHO, 20 protein or the recently popular diet with (% total energy) 30 fat, 40 CHO, 30 protein.
Affect expression in prenatally psychotropic exposed and nonexposed mother–infant dyads

Cette etude a examine des profils affectifs infantils, maternels et dyadiques a trois mois post-partum chez des dyades bebe-mere qui etaient exposees a des medicaments psychotropes in utero, comparees a des dyades temoins non exposees a des psychotropes. Les dyades temoins de meres non-deprimees et leurs bebes ont fait preuve de bien des similarites dans l'expression d'affect avec les dyades mere-bebe qui etaient exposees uniquement a des inhibiteurs selectifs du recaptage de la serotonine (abrege SSRIs en anglais) pour le traitement de la depression maternelle. Par contraste, les meres recevant a la fois des SSRIs et du Rivotril (un derivatif du Benzodiazepine) pour le traitement de la depression et de l'anxiete ont fait preuve d'un affect a la fois positif et negatif envers leur bebe. Les implications cliniques pour l'utilisation de psychotropes tels que les SSRIs utilises seuls ou en combinaison avec d'autres medicaments pour le traitement de l'anxiete maternelle et la depression maternelle durant la grossesse sont discutees. Les cliniciens devraient savoir qu'il existe une reponse differentielle possible dans l'interaction mere-bebe dans un groupe au diagnotique melange (c'est-a-dire depression et anxiete) pour ce qui concerne le temperament du bebe, suggerant peut-etre une teratogenicite latente comportementale avec les psychotropes.
Social Selection and Stratification Within Schools

This paper examines the degree to which stratification within schools contributes to the prevalent association between socioeconomic background and educational outcomes of students. The institutionalized mechanisms for social selection and differentiation, such as tracking and curriculum assignment, are essessed in 48 urban public high schools. Little evidence is found for overt class bias in placement. The relationship between socioeconomic status and curriculum assignment is largely mediated by verbal achievement. stratification patterns entail segregation and the allocation of resources within schools, however. The paper concludes that educational outcomes depend more on the criteria of selection than on the process within schools.
Effect of Long‐Term Preservation Methods on Fecal Glucocorticoid Concentrations of Grizzly Bear and African Elephant

Fecal hormone analysis has become a powerful noninvasive tool for the study of animal endocrine status and stress physiology (Graham and Brown 1997; Wasser et al. 1997a; Whitten et al. 1998; Goymann et al. 1999; Mostl et al. 1999; Foley et al. 2001; Creel et al. 2002; Lynch et al. 2002; Morrow et al. 2002). Variation in field and storage conditions makes it essential to know whether fecal steroid concentrations change with the method and duration of sample storage. Lyophilization (freeze-drying) with subsequent storage at or below 20 C is generally regarded as the most reliable method of long-term fecal hormone preservation (e.g., Wasser et al. 1988; Terio et al. 2002). However, lyophilizers are not widely available, and therefore investigators have turned to a variety of other fecal storage methods, including freezing at 20 C, preservation in ethanol, and/or drying the feces with silica, ovens, solar radiation, fires, or other drying methods (Wasser et al. 1988; Whitten et al. 1998; Foley et al. 2001; Tecot 2001). Yet, some of these preservation methods may result in significant changes in immunoreactive hormone concentrations, varying with the preservation method, species, and hormone. In this article, we report effects of several commonly used fecal preservation methods on immunoreactive glucocorticoid concentrations in feces of two species, African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), over a 2-yr period. Five different preservation methods were chosen for comparison: no preservative, oven-drying at 45 C, silicadrying, 90% ethanol, and lyophilization, each with subsequent storage either at room temperature or in a 20 C freezer. Con-
Faster coroutine pipelines

Coroutine pipelines provide an attractive structuring mechanism for complex programs that process streams of data, with the advantage over lazy streams that both ends of a pipeline may interact with the I/O system, as may processes in the middle. Two popular Haskell libraries, Pipes and Conduit, support such pipelines. In both libraries, pipelines are implemented in a direct style by combining a free monad of communication events with an interpreter for (pseudo-)parallel composition that interleaves the events of its argument processes. These implementations both suffer from a slow-down when processes are deeply nested in sequence or in parallel. We propose an alternative implementation of pipelines based on continuations that does not suffer from this slow-down. What is more, the implementation is significantly faster on small, communication-intensive examples even where they do not suffer from the slow-down, and comparable in speed with similar programs based on lazy streams. We also show that the continuation-based implementation may be derived from the direct-style implementation by algebraic reasoning.