Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Spitzer Space Telescope First-Look Survey: KPNO Mosaic-1 R-Band Images and Source Catalogs

We present R-band images covering more than 11 square degrees of sky that were obtained in preparation for the Spitzer Space Telescope First-Look Survey (FLS). The FLS was designed to characterize the mid-infrared sky at depths 2 orders of magnitude deeper than previous surveys. The extragalactic component is the first cosmological survey done with Spitzer. Source catalogs extracted from the R-band images are also presented. The R-band images were obtained using the Mosaic-1 camera on the 4 m Mayall Telescope of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. Two relatively large regions of the sky were observed to modest depth: the main FLS extragalactic field (17h18m00s, +59°30′00.″0 [J2000]; l = 88.°3, b = +34.°9) and the ELAIS-N1 field (16h10m01s, +54°30′36.″0; l = 84.°2, b = +44.°9). While both these fields were in early plans for the FLS, only a single deep-pointing test observation was made at the ELAIS-N1 location. The larger Legacy program SWIRE will include this region among its surveyed areas. The data products of our KPNO imaging (images and object catalogs) are made available to the community through the World Wide Web (via the Spitzer Science Center and NOAO Science Archive). The overall quality of the images is high. The measured positions of sources detected in the images have rms uncertainties in their absolute positions on the order of 0. ″35 with possible systematic offsets on the order of 0. ″1, depending on the reference frame of comparison. The relative astrometric accuracy is much better than 1/10 of an arcsecond. Typical delivered image quality in the images is 1. ″1 full width at half-maximum. The images are relatively deep, since they reach a median 5 σ depth limiting magnitude of R = 25.5 (Vega) as measured within a 1.35 FWHM aperture, for which the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is maximal. Catalogs have been extracted with SExtractor, using thresholds in area and flux for which the number of false detections is below 1% at R = 25. Only sources with S/N > 3 have been retained in the final catalogs. Comparing the galaxy number counts from our images with those of deeper R-band surveys, we estimate that our observations are 50% complete at R = 24.5. These limits in depth are sufficient to identify a substantial fraction of the infrared sources that will be detected by Spitzer.
The Actor and Observer Bias in Causal Attribution: The Effects of Consistency and Perspective

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact ecommons@luc.edu. 1974 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express his deep appreciation to his advisor and chairman to the thesis committee, Dr. Emil J. Posavac. A special debt of appreciation is also due to those contributing to the production of the film used in the experiment. Among these persons, a special acknowledgment is given to Christopher Gude, Loraine Cammer and George Mueller.
Association between anxiety and pain in the latent phase of labour upon admission to the maternity hospital: A prospective, descriptive study

This study investigated the association between anxiety experienced by the mother, a request for analgesia, and the level of pain at maternity hospital admission in early labour. Anxiety levels were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and pain was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale. Anxiety and Visual Analogue Scale scores were compared using a linear regression model and indicated a statistically significant association between the anxiety state and degree of pain (p < 0.016; Y = 0.895 x score + 32.656). There was no significant association between anxiety and a request for epidural analgesia. During labour, an evaluation of anxiety should be associated with an assessment of the perceived degree of pain.
An ethological analysis of depression: comparison between ethological recording and Hamilton rating of five endogenously depressed patients

Five patients who had all been diagnosed as endogenously depressed at admission were rated twice a week and observed ethologically for 4 h/week during the entire hospitalization (4–11 weeks). Observations were carried out in the actual social environment of the ward. Data were analysed based on the parameters of behaviour diversity, behaviour activity, and marker elements. Depression was scored as low values of diversity and activity; improvement corresponded to higher values of these parameters. As possible markers of improvement, 8 behavioural elements have been singled out. One patient constituted a special case: at discharge she was rated as completely recovered; however, the ethological data indicated a serious aggravation. The day after discharge the patient attempted to commit suicide. It is concluded that ethological psychiatric research may be able to supplement traditional psychiatry with decisive information in the areas of diagnosis and treatment assessment.
Acting your age: a study of the relationship between online social interaction and identity in older adults

This study combined quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the relationship between Internet use and identity, particularly age-identity, in older Internet users. It has a theoretical basis in symbolic interactionism - particularly the theories of Erving Goffman - and conceptualizes identities as roles that are negotiated during social interaction. The focus on older users was motivated by the strong focus of prior Internet research on younger users. Few studies have examined older users specifically, and fewer still have examined age-identity. Thus, the focus in this study is on how changes in social interaction that occur due to Internet use affect the identity negotiation process. The research is focused around two key areas: whether older users experience the same kinds of online identity processes as younger users, and the impact exposure to novel audiences has on identity negotiation. The study consists of two phases. In the first, a quantitative survey was administered in which a measure of age-identity was assessed and compared with measures of audience novelty. Results showed that a significant increase in variance of ageidentity is associated with communication with people from other countries. This finding supports the theory that identity is formed in negotiation with the audience with whom one communicates, and that expanding this audience may lead to identity effects. To investigate this issue more deeply, a qualitative phase was conducted in which participants were interviewed using rapid ethnography techniques, and at the conclusion of which a model of the interaction between age-identity and Internet communication was developed. This model was then verified with follow-up interviews with key informants and with field observations from sites of online social interaction among seniors. The model developed during the qualitative stage identifies three ways in which ageidentity is influenced by social interaction on the Internet. First, the Internet is used in response to emotional or practical consequences of ageing. Second, older Internet users could take advantage of the ability to manage their personal front online to achieve agelessness, and third, the Internet is used as a backstage area to discuss ageidentity issues. The context of these claims is all-important; each individual's unique circumstances, emotions and motivations influence the way in which they will use the Internet and respond to others encountered through it. The extension of Goffman's dramaturgical metaphor to age - identity on the Internet and to include the concept of character development, in which identity evolves over time in response to inner tensions and external events, is a tentative but powerful finding. It poses a challenge for future research into the nature of identity change, both online and offline.
Sociololinguistic competence and the bilingual's adoption of phonetic variants : auditory and instrumental data from English-Arabic bilinguals

This study is an auditory and acoustic investigation of the speech production patterns developed by English-Arabic bilingual children. The subjects are three Lebanese children aged five, seven and ten, all born and raised in Yorkshire, England. Monolingual friends of the same age were chosen as controls, and the parents of all bilingual and monolingual children were also taped to obtain a detailed assessment of the sound patterns available in the subjects' environment. The study addresses the question of interaction between the bilingual's phonological systems by calling for a refinement of the notion of a `phonological system' using insights from recent phonetic and sociolinguistic work on variability in speech (e. g. Docherty, Foulkes, Tillotson, & Watt, 2002; Docherty & Foulkes, 2000; Local, 1983; Pisoni, 1997; Roberts, 1997; Scobbie, 2002). The variables under study include /1/, In, and VOT production. These were chosen due to the existence of different patterns in their production in English and Arabic that vary according to contextual and dialectal factors. Data were collected using a variety of picture-naming, story-telling, and free-play activities for the children, and reading lists, story-telling, and interviews for the adults. To control for language mode (Grosjean, 1998), the bilinguals were recorded in different language sessions with different interviewers. Results for the monolingual children and adults in this study underline the importance of including controls in any study of bilingual speech development for a better interpretation of the bilinguals' patterns. Input from the adults proved highly variable and at times conflicted with published patterns normally found in the literature for the variables under study. Results for the bilinguals show that they have developed separate sociolinguistically-appropriate production patterns for each of their languages that are on the whole similar to those of monolinguals but that also reflect the bilinguals' rich socio-phonetic repertoire. The interaction between the bilinguals' languages is mainly restricted to the bilingual mode and is a sign of their developing sociolinguistic competence.
Mirror (a)symmetry? Visuo-proprioceptive interactions in individuals with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy

The work presented in this thesis aimed to get more insight into the previously reported positive effects of mirror visual feedback in children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy (SHCP) and into visuo-proprioceptive interactions in children and adolescents with SHCP during goal-directed matching tasks. Individuals with SHCP have unilateral motor impairments that hamper them in accurate movement performance. In conjunction with the motor problems, these individuals experience sensory problems. The first study in this thesis (chapter two) found that mirror visual feedback of the impaired arm in SHCP led to significantly higher levels of neuromuscular activity than mirror visual feedback of the less-impaired arm. This indicates that the mirror-effect was not just caused by the illusory perception of symmetry between two limbs, and confirmed that the beneficial effect is dependent on mirror visual feedback of the less-impaired arm. In chapter three and four it was demonstrated that the ability of children with SCHP to match one (matching) hand with the position of the other (reference) hand, without visual information, is deteriorated when compared to typically developing children. However, if visual information of the static reference arm was available to the participants, the matching accuracy of the matching hand was significantly higher. Mirror visual feedback of the reference arm, generated by placing a mirror in between the arms in the sagittal plane, created the illusion that both hands were already at the endpoint. However, this did not impact upon the matching accuracy of the matching arm and resulted in similar error scores as regular feedback of the reference arm. Chapter five showed that moving the less-impaired arm in synchrony with the impaired arm resulted in higher matching accuracy than moving the impaired arm alone. Moreover, mirror visual feedback of the less-impaired arm improved matching accuracy for a subset of the participants. The effects of a short practice of a bimanual matching task with (mirror) visual feedback of the less-impaired arm on matching accuracy of the impaired arm was studied in chapter six. The results showed a higher matching accuracy of the impaired arm after the practice period. However, the role of the mirror is still inconclusive in this respect. From this it can be concluded that for individuals with SHCP practice of a matching movement can induce a transfer from visual to proprioceptive control of movement. Taken together, the work in this thesis showed that the deficit in position sense of the impaired arm in individuals with SHCP can be modified by visual feedback of the less-impaired arm. Although the role of mirror visual feedback is still inconclusive, it seems that motor learning can induce a transfer from visual to proprioceptive control of movement, which can have implications for therapy.
A conservation-law-based modular fluid-flow model for network congestion modeling

A modular fluid-flow model for network congestion analysis and control is proposed. The model is derived from an information conservation law stating that the information is either in transit, lost or received. Mathematical models of network elements such as queues, users, and transmission channels, and network description variables, including sending/ acknowledgement rates and delays, are inferred from this law and obtained by applying this principle locally. The modularity of the devised model makes it sufficiently generic to describe any network topology, and appealing for building simulators. Previous models in the literature are often not capable of capturing the transient behavior of the network precisely, making the resulting analysis inaccurate in practice. Those models can be recovered from exact reduction or approximation of this new model. An important aspect of this particular modeling approach is the introduction of new tight building blocks that implement mechanisms ignored by the existing ones, notably at the queue and user levels. Comparisons with packet-level simulations corroborate the proposed model.
Measuring spirituality and religiosity in clinical research: a systematic review of instruments available in the Portuguese language

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Despite numerous spirituality and/or religiosity (S/R) measurement tools for use in research worldwide, there is little information on S/R instruments in the Portuguese language. The aim of the present study was to map out the S/R scales available for research in the Portuguese language. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review of studies found in databases. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in three phases. Phases 1 and 2: articles in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published up to November 2011, dealing with the Portuguese translation and/or validation of S/R measurement tools for clinical research, were selected from six databases. Phase 3: the instruments were grouped according to authorship, cross-cultural adaptation, internal consistency, concurrent and discriminative validity and test-retest procedures. RESULTS: Twenty instruments were found. Forty-five percent of these evaluated religiosity, 40% spirituality, 10% religious/spiritual coping and 5% S/R. Among these, 90% had been produced in (n = 3) or translated to (n = 15) Brazilian Portuguese and two (10%) solely to European Portuguese. Nevertheless, the majority of the instruments had not undergone in-depth psychometric analysis. Only 40% of the instruments presented concurrent validity, 45% discriminative validity and 15% a test-retest procedure. The characteristics of each instrument were analyzed separately, yielding advantages, disadvantages and psychometric properties. CONCLUSION: Currently, 20 instruments for measuring S/R are available in the Portuguese language. Most have been translated (n = 15) or developed (n = 3) in Brazil and present good internal consistency. Nevertheless, few instruments have been assessed regarding all their psychometric qualities.
Interactive Tooth Separation from Dental Model Using Segmentation Field

Tooth segmentation on dental model is an essential step of computer-aided-design systems for orthodontic virtual treatment planning. However, fast and accurate identifying cutting boundary to separate teeth from dental model still remains a challenge, due to various geometrical shapes of teeth, complex tooth arrangements, different dental model qualities, and varying degrees of crowding problems. Most segmentation approaches presented before are not able to achieve a balance between fine segmentation results and simple operating procedures with less time consumption. In this article, we present a novel, effective and efficient framework that achieves tooth segmentation based on a segmentation field, which is solved by a linear system defined by a discrete Laplace-Beltrami operator with Dirichlet boundary conditions. A set of contour lines are sampled from the smooth scalar field, and candidate cutting boundaries can be detected from concave regions with large variations of field data. The sensitivity to concave seams of the segmentation field facilitates effective tooth partition, as well as avoids obtaining appropriate curvature threshold value, which is unreliable in some case. Our tooth segmentation algorithm is robust to dental models with low quality, as well as is effective to dental models with different levels of crowding problems. The experiments, including segmentation tests of varying dental models with different complexity, experiments on dental meshes with different modeling resolutions and surface noises and comparison between our method and the morphologic skeleton segmentation method are conducted, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of our method.
Stochastic Convenience Yield , Optimal Hedging and the Term Structure of Open Interest and Futures Prices

This paper develops a dynamic, equilibrium model of a futures market to study optimal hedging and the term structure of open interest and futures prices. Investors continuously face spot price risk over time and attempt to hedge this risk using futures. Convenience yield shocks generate basis risk to rolling over near-to-maturity futures. Hence, investors need to simultaneously trade far-from-maturity futures. The model predicts that in markets with substantial and mean reverting convenience yield shocks (e.g. energy futures), open interest is evenly distributed among contracts of different maturities. In markets where these shocks are persistent (e.g. metal futures), open interest is concentrated in near-to-maturity futures. The model generates additional implications regarding how the term structure of futures price volatility and the futures risk premium depend on the nature of convenience yield shocks. JEL No(s): G11, G12, G13
Impact of acid washing and chelation on Mg(OH)2-based hydrogen peroxide bleaching of mixed hardwoods CMP at high consistency

The removal of transition metal ions is crucial for improving the efficiency of subsequent peroxide bleaching. Acid-washing and chelation have been proposed for such a purpose. However, their influences on the Mg(OH)2-based peroxide bleaching of hardwood pulps at a high consistency have not been well documented in the literature. In this work, we studied the influence of acid-washing using sulfuric acid or chelation using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic (DTPA) on the Mg(OH)2- or NaOH-based hydrogen peroxide bleaching efficiency, effluent properties of bleaching filtrates, and paper properties. The results showed that for Mg(OH)2-based peroxide bleaching, the pulp yield and water retention value of acid-washed pulp were higher than those of the chelated pulp; the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity of the bleaching filtrates for the acid-washed pulp were lower than those of the chelated pulp. The bleached acid-washed pulp had lower strength properties than bleached chelated pulp did. Additionally, at a high pulp consistency (25%), the Mg(OH)2-based process had a higher bleaching efficiency and superior bleaching effluent properties, but a lower strength properties, in comparison with the NaOH-based process.
Leucine-nicotinic acid synergy stimulates AMPK/Sirt1 signaling and regulates lipid metabolism and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, and hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Nicotinic acid (NA), a lipid-lowering drug, serves as a source of NAD+, the cofactor for Sirt1. Leucine (Leu) stimulates the AMPK/Sirt1 axis and amplifies the effects of other AMPK/Sirt1 activating compounds. Therefore, we tested the interactive effects of leucine and low dose NA on AMPK/Sirt1 signaling and downstream effects of lipid metabolism in cell culture, C. elegans and mice. METHODS LDL-receptor knockout mice were fed an atherogenic Western diet supplemented with leucine (24 g/kg diet) and sub-therapeutic NA combinations (50 mg/kg diet and 250 mg/kg diet) or low therapeutic NA (1000 mg/kg diet) for 8 weeks to evaluate markers of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. RESULTS NA-Leu increased P-AMPK and Sirt1 in adipocytes and myotubes. In C. elegans, NA-Leu increased P-AMPK and DAF-16 (FOXO), reduced lipid accumulation and increased median survival under mild oxidative stress conditions. In the mice, NA-Leu reduced total cholesterol, cholesterol esters, plasma triglycerides, atherosclerotic lesion size, lipid area, and aortic macrophage infiltration, similar to the therapeutic NA dose. CONCLUSION Leu amplifies the effects of NA on lipid metabolism, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice, at least in part by activation of the AMPK/Sirt1 axis. This combination may be a potential therapeutic alternative for hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Generation and Comprehension of Unambiguous Object Descriptions

We propose a method that can generate an unambiguous description (known as a referring expression) of a specific object or region in an image, and which can also comprehend or interpret such an expression to infer which object is being described. We show that our method outperforms previous methods that generate descriptions of objects without taking into account other potentially ambiguous objects in the scene. Our model is inspired by recent successes of deep learning methods for image captioning, but while image captioning is difficult to evaluate, our task allows for easy objective evaluation. We also present a new large-scale dataset for referring expressions, based on MSCOCO. We have released the dataset and a toolbox for visualization and evaluation, see https://github.com/ mjhucla/Google_Refexp_toolbox.