Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approaches in Physical Activity: From Basic to Applied Research

1 Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK 2Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil 3Health and Exercise Science Research Unit, University of South Wales, Treforest, Pontypridd, UK 4Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, SP, Brazil 5Translational Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Aging Sciences, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Navigating the Technology Landscape of Innovation

Developing the right strategy for product innovation requires a fundamental understanding of how technical modularity affects R&D. In a modular design, a change in one component of a product has relatively little influence on the performance of the system. In a nonmodular, or coupled, design, the components are highly interdependent, and the result is that a minor change in one part can cause an unexpectedly huge difference in the functioning of the overall system. Generally speaking, modular designs make R&D more predictable, but they tend to result in incremental product improvements instead of important advances. Coupled designs are riskier to work with, but they are more likely to lead to breakthroughs. This trade-off between predictability and innovation can be visualized as a technology landscape, with gently sloping hills corresponding to incremental product improvements that are based on modular components -- and with soaring, craggy peaks representing breakthrough inventions that rely on tightly coupled parts. Developing new products requires a search across such technology terrain, and companies should first choose the type of landscape that suits them best and then develop the appropriate strategy for navigating that topography.
The HIV-1 Integrase Mutations Y143C/R Are an Alternative Pathway for Resistance to Raltegravir and Impact the Enzyme Functions

Resistance to HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitor raltegravir (RAL), is encoded by mutations in the IN region of the pol gene. The emergence of the N155H mutation was replaced by a pattern including the Y143R/C/H mutations in three patients with anti-HIV treatment failure. Cloning analysis of the IN gene showed an independent selection of the mutations at loci 155 and 143. Characterization of the phenotypic evolution showed that the switch from N155H to Y143C/R was linked to an increase in resistance to RAL. Wild-type (WT) IN and IN with mutations Y143C or Y143R were assayed in vitro in 3′end-processing, strand transfer and concerted integration assays. Activities of mutants were moderately impaired for 3′end-processing and severely affected for strand transfer. Concerted integration assay demonstrated a decrease in mutant activities using an uncleaved substrate. With 3′end-processing assay, IC50 were 0.4 µM, 0.9 µM (FC = 2.25) and 1.2 µM (FC = 3) for WT, IN Y143C and IN Y143R, respectively. An FC of 2 was observed only for IN Y143R in the strand transfer assay. In concerted integration, integrases were less sensitive to RAL than in ST or 3′P but mutants were more resistant to RAL than WT.
Gang Influence: Mediating the Gang–Delinquency Relationship With Proactive Criminal Thinking

Controlling for basic demographic variables, parental knowledge, prosocial peer associations, and precursor measures of each outcome, the current study sought to compare two putative intervening mechanisms for the gang affiliation–participant delinquency relationship: a social learning mechanism (proactive criminal thinking) and a self-control mechanism (reactive criminal thinking). The two mechanisms were explored in 3,136 (1,519 male, 1,612 female) early adolescents (mean age = 12.14 years) from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) study. A three-wave path analysis of Waves 1 to 3 of the G.R. E.A. T. study revealed a significant social learning pathway (gang affiliation → proactive criminal thinking → delinquency) and a nonsignificant self-control pathway (gang affiliation → reactive criminal thinking → delinquency). These findings were then replicated using data from Waves 4 to 6. From these results, it is concluded that gang affiliation may increase future delinquency by providing youth with increased opportunities to learn proactive criminal thinking.
Using a Threshold Approach to Flag Vulnerabilities in CESEE Economies

In this paper we examine macroeconomic, external and financial vulnerabilities of 22 Central, Eastern and Southeastern European (CESEE) economies. Our assessment is based on a nonparametric signaling or threshold approach, which involves monitoring selected indicators that show unusual behavior in the periods leading to a crisis. For that purpose, we have collected annual data on more than 90 emerging economies spanning the period from 1995 to 2012. Our dataset covers a broad range of potential early warning indicators related to the banking sector, the external side, and the macroeconomic and fiscal situation of the economy. Our in-sample test shows that the threshold approach identifies 73% of crisis events correctly while issuing false alarms only for 31% of the non-crisis observations. For the purpose of this paper, crisis events comprise banking crises, currency crises and sovereign debt crises. Applying a composite vulnerability indicator to CESEE economies using the latest available data (2012), we identify Turkey, Belarus and Moldova as the countries that appear especially vulnerable to an unexpected adverse event based on our threshold approach.
Rip11 is a Rab11- and AS160-RabGAP-binding protein required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes

The translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane underlies the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake, an event that involves the activation of protein kinase B, several members of the Rab family of GTP-binding proteins and the phosphorylation of the Rab GTPase-activating protein AS160. Here, we explored the regulation by insulin of the class I Rab11-interacting proteins Rip11, RCP and FIP2. We show that Rip11, but not RCP or FIP2, translocates to the plasma membrane of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in response to insulin. This unique response of Rip11 prompted us to explore the role of this protein in more detail. We found that Rip11 partially colocalises with GLUT4 in intracellular compartments. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rip11 inhibits insulin-stimulated uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, and overexpression of Rip11 blocks insulin-stimulated insertion of translocated GLUT4 vesicles into the plasma membrane. We additionally show that Rip11 forms a complex with AS160 in a Rab11-independent manner and that insulin induces dissociation of AS160 from Rip11. We propose that Rip11 is an AS160- and Rab-binding protein that coordinates the protein kinase signalling and trafficking machinery required to stimulate glucose uptake in response to insulin.
Structure and assembly of hemagglutinin mutants of fowl plague virus with impaired surface transport

Five temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus A/FPV/Rostock/34 (H7N1), ts206, ts293, ts478, ts482, and ts651, displaying correct hemagglutinin (HA) insertion into the apical plasma membrane of MDCK cells at the permissive temperature but defective transport to the cell surface at the restrictive temperature, have been investigated. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the HA gene of the mutants and their revertants demonstrated that with each mutant a single amino acid change is responsible for the transport block. The amino acid substitutions were compared with those of mutants ts1 and ts227, which have been analyzed previously (W. Schuy, C. Will, K. Kuroda, C. Scholtissek, W. Garten, and H.-D. Klenk, EMBO J. 5:2831-2836, 1986). With the exception of ts206, the changed amino acids of all mutants and revertants accumulate in three distinct areas of the three-dimensional HA model: (i) at the tip of the 80-A (8-nm)-long alpha helix, (ii) at the connection between the globular region and stem, and (iii) in the basal domain of the stem. The concept that these areas are critical for HA assembly and hence for transport is supported by the finding that the mutants that are unable to leave the endoplasmic reticulum at the nonpermissive temperature do not correctly trimerize. Upon analysis by density gradient centrifugation, cross-linking, and digestion with trypsin and endoglucosaminidase H, two groups can be discriminated among these mutants: with ts1, ts227, and ts478, the HA forms large irreversible aggregates, whereas with ts206 and ts293, it is retained in the monomeric form in the endoplasmic reticulum. With a third group, comprising mutants ts482 and ts651 that enter the Golgi apparatus, trimerization was not impaired.
On the Timing and Pricing of Cash Flows

We use TAQ data on S&P 500 index options in combination with the put-call parity relationship to study the pricing of short-term and long-term dividend claims on the S&P 500 index. When computing returns on short-term dividend claims, we find a high expected return and a high volatility, suggesting that the expected return and volatility of dividend strips is decreasing in maturity. The short-term claims have an average CAPM loading on the market of 0.5 and have a small positive loading on the book-to-market factor. We compare these empirical findings with the predictions of leading asset pricing models, and find that most existing models imply an upwardsloping term structure of expected returns.
Development of Insulin Resistance through Induction of miRNA-135 in C2C12 Cells

Objective Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of posttranscriptional regulators that play crucial roles in various biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests a direct link between miRNAs and development of several diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of predicted miRNA and target genes on insulin resistance. Materials and Methods This experimental study was conducted on the C2C12 cell line. Using bioinformatics tools miRNA-135 and two respective target genes-insulin receptor (Insr) and vesicle associated membrane protein 2 (Vamp2)were selected as potential factors involved in insulin resistance process. Levels of glucose uptake miRNA expression and respective gene targets were determined after cell transfaction by miR-135. Results It was determined that Insr gene expression was significantly down-regulated in miR-135 transfected C2C12 cell line (P≤0.05). Interestingly; these transfected cells have shown a significant difference in glucose uptake incomparision the positive control cells, while it was similar to the insulin resistant cell line (P≤0.05). In contrast, no significant alteration of Vamp2 gene expression was observed. Conclusion Our data indicated no change on the Vamp2 expression level after miRNA transfection, while expression level of Insr was reduced and miR-135 expression was contrarily increased leading to poor stimulation of glucose uptake through insulin, and development of insulin resistance phenotype in C2C12 cell line.
Slow Temperature Equilibration behind the Shock Front of Sn 1006

We report on the observation of O VII Doppler line broadening i a compact knot at the edge of SN 1006 detected with the Reflective Grating Spectrometer on board XMM-Newton. The observed line width of σ = 3.4± 0.5 eV at a line energy of 574 eV indicates an oxygen temperature o f kT = 528± 150 keV. Combined with the observed electron temperature of ∼ 1.5 keV the observed broadening is direct evidence for temperat ure nonequilibration in high Mach number shocks, and slow subseque nt equilibration. The O VII line emission allows an accurate determination of the ionization state of the plasm a, which is characterized by a relatively high forbidden line contribution, indicatinglog(net) ≃ 9.2. Subject headings: shock waves – X-rays: observations individual (SN 1006) – su pernova remnants
Reduced SIFT Features For Image Retrieval And Indoor Localisation

SIFT features are distinctive invariant features used to robustly describe and match digital image content between different views of a scene. While invariant to scale and rotation, and robust to other image transforms, the SIFT feature description of an image is typically large and slow to compute. This paper presents a method to reduce the size, complexity and matching time of SIFT feature sets for use in indoor image retrieval and robot localisation. Our method takes advantage of the structure of typical indoor environments to reduce the complexity of each SIFT feature and the number of SIFT features required to describe a scene. Our results show that there is a minimal loss of accuracy in feature retrieval while achieving a significant reduction in image descriptor size and matching time. We also outline how the scale information of the SIFT features can be used to improve the accuracy of a localisation filter. The results were obtained using digital images from interior home and office environments.
Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession

IN J U N E 1993, Jacques Delors made a special presentation to the leaders of the nations of the European Community, meeting in Copenhagen, on the growing problem of European unemployment. Economists who study the European situation were curious to see what Delors, president of the EC Commission, would say. Most of them share more or less the same diagnosis of the European problem: the taxes and regulations imposed by Europe's elaborate welfare states have made employers reluctant to create new jobs, while the relatively generous level of unemployment benefits has made workers unwilling to accept the kinds of low-wage jobs that help keep unemployment comparatively low in the United States. The monetary difficulties associated with preserving the European Monetary System in the face of the costs of German reunification have reinforced this structural problem. It is a persuasive diagnosis, but a politically explosive one, and everyone wanted to see how Delors would handle it. Would he dare tell European leaders that their efforts to pursue economic justice have produced unemployment as an unintended by-product? Would he admit that the EMS could be sustained only at the cost of a recession and face the implications of that admission for European monetary union?
The Peck of the Pigeon : Free for All

There seem to be four discernible areas of conflict between behaviourism, especially the experimental analysis variety, and other scientific schools of behavioural studies. I would like to discuss these briefly before introducing some factual information that hopefully will illustrate how I conceive a free-for-all analysis of behaviour. It is inevitable that I shall need to set up straw men to deal with these initial generalities. The diversity of standpoints among individual representatives of the various traditions is great and has doubtlessly increased recently. An eclectic attitude, for which I shall be pleading, seems to be spreading. Gradations rather than divisions of opinion are the rule. Schools of thought are no longer as monolithic as they once were. Other branches of the natural sciences appear to have gone through a similar dissolution of factions as the volume of positive knowledge they could command increased. One of the areas of conflict has to do with the range of behaviours that the various schools study. I consider that for an ambitious general account of behaviour, the "experimental analysis" school of behaviourism studies a too restricted range of phenomena. We have been told that a botanising of behaviour is not needed but it would seem that this can no longer be taken for granted. What is, for example, the experimental behaviour analysis account of the sexual behaviour of the female rat or the singing behaviour of song birds? One should in principle be able to deduce from leverpressing rats and key-pecking pigeons, but can one? The account offered by hehavioural endocrinologists for the first case and by neuroethologists for the second is likely to be closer to the truth by any definition than one behaviourists could offer. It might be argued that the demand is unfair but
CLUSTERING WEB PAGE SEARCH RESULTS : A FULL TEXT BASED APPROACH

With so much information available on the web, looking for relevant documents on the Internet has become a tough task. In this paper we present as approach which is a match between a query-based Google and a category-based Yahoo. WISE is a web page hierarchical clustering system, language and topic independent, supported by a graph based overlapping algorithm that groups web relevant pages into a hierarchy of properly labeled overlapping clusters. We consider phrases instead of single words, web content mining techniques to represent the documents, and an hierarchical soft clustering approach as opposed to a flat clustering one. Together, this will improve the organization of the results, enhancing the experience of looking for relevant and hide documents and helping on solving the synonym and ambiguity problem.
Some concepts of stability analysis in combinatorial optimization

This paper surveys the recent results in stability analysis for discrete optimization problems, such as a traveling salesman problem, an assignment problem, a shortest path problem, a Steiner problem, a scheduling problem and so on. The terms “stability”, “sensitivity” or “postoptimal analysis” are generally used for the phase of an algorithm at which a solution (or solutions) of the problem has been already found, and additional calculations are also performed in order to investigate how this solution depends on changes in the problem data. In this paper, the main attention is paid to the stability region and to the stability ball of optimal or approximate solutions. A short sketch of some other close results has been added to emphasize the differences in approach surveyed.
Intestinal absorption of different types of folate in healthy subjects with an ileostomy

Our knowledge on the absorption of folate is incomplete. The deconjugation process as a possible limiting factor in the absorption of folates was investigated. The study also attempted to validate the use of the area under the serum response curve (AUC) from food compared with folic acid as a proxy variable for food folate bioavailability. Folate absorption was determined in healthy ileostomy volunteers (n 11) using a single-dose short-term protocol. In a randomised crossover design, volunteers received spinach meals and a supplement. Based on analysis of test meals and ileostomy effluents, there was no difference in folate absorption between spinach with a mono-:polyglutamate ratio 40:60 and the same spinach with a 100:0 ratio. The absolute absorption of spinach folate (79 %) calculated from the difference between folate intake and folate content of ileostomy effluents was approximately equal to the relative absorption (81 %) calculated from the AUC after consumption of spinach meals in relation to the AUC after consumption of the folic acid supplement. We conclude that the deconjugation process is not a limiting factor in the absorption of spinach folates. Comparison of AUC of food folate v. folic acid in a short-term protocol may be suitable for assessing food folate bioavailability.
Dissecting Early Differentially Expressed Genes in a Mixture of Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

The differentiation of embryonic stem cells is initiated by a gradual loss of pluripotency-associated transcripts and induction of differentiation genes. Accordingly, the detection of differentially expressed genes at the early stages of differentiation could assist the identification of the causal genes that either promote or inhibit differentiation. The previous methods of identifying differentially expressed genes by comparing different cell types would inevitably include a large portion of genes that respond to, rather than regulate, the differentiation process. We demonstrate through the use of biological replicates and a novel statistical approach that the gene expression data obtained without prior separation of cell types are informative for detecting differentially expressed genes at the early stages of differentiation. Applying the proposed method to analyze the differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells, we identified and then experimentally verified Smarcad1 as a novel regulator of pluripotency and self-renewal. We formalized this statistical approach as a statistical test that is generally applicable to analyze other differentiation processes.
Precipitation of Intermetallic Phases in Coarse-Grained Hardmetals by Low-Temperature Annealing

Binder-phase modification was performed by annealing of coarse-grained WC-15%Co hardmetal grades used for rock-drilling, mining and road construction. Technically applicable, short annealing cycles were applied to low-C hardmetals in order to cause precipitation of intermetallic phases in the Co binder. Detailed TEM investigations showed that the precipitations consist of Co3W (at higher annealing temperatures) or closely-related precursors thereof (at lower annealing temperatures). The presence of the Co3W phase was also confirmed by XRD and a Rietveld analysis yielded an amount of 0.5% wt%. The hardmetals were further characterised by SEM, Vickers hardness (HV30), coercive force (Hc) and magnetic saturation measurements, bending strength (TRS) and erosive mass loss. Hc increased upon precipitation of intermetallic phases whereas the WC grain size remained unchanged. For moderate annealing conditions of a short period at low temperatures TRS and hardness remained unchanged but the erosive resistance increased by ~12%.
Entropy Evolution in Galaxy Groups and Clusters: a Comparison of External and Internal Heating

The entropy in hot, X-ray-emitting gas in galaxy groups and clusters is a measure of past heating events, except for the entropy lost by radiation from denser regions. Observations of galaxy groups indicate higher entropies than can be achieved in the accretion shock experienced by gas when it fell into the dark halos. These observations generally refer to the dense, most luminous inner regions where the gas that first entered the halo may still reside. It has been proposed that this nongravitational entropy excess results from some heating process in the early universe that is external to the group and cluster halos and that it occurred before most of the gas had entered the dark halos. This universal heating of cosmic gas could be due to active galactic nuclei (AGNs), Population III stars, or some as yet unidentified source. Alternatively, the heating of the hot gas in groups may be produced internally by Type II supernovae when the galactic stars in these systems formed. We investigate here the consequences of various amounts of external, high-redshift heating with a suite of gasdynamical calculations. We consider the influence of radiation losses and distributed mass dropout on the X-ray luminosity and emission-weighted temperature of the hot gas as well as its central entropy. In general, we find that externally heated flows are unsatisfactory; when the heating is high enough to bring the X-ray luminosities into agreement with observations, the gas entropy is too high. We compare these solutions with flows that are internally heated by Type II supernovae; this type of heating depends on the initial mass function (IMF) and the efficiency that the supernova energy is conveyed to the hot gas. These internally heated flows give much better agreement with X-ray observations of galaxy groups and are insensitive to the levels of supernova heating that we consider as well as to the epoch and spatial distribution of the supernova heating process. However, to fit X-ray observations, a large fraction of the energy produced by high-redshift Type II supernovae must heat the hot gas if the number of supernovae is based on a Salpeter IMF. Alternatively, only about 20% of the Type II supernova energy would be required to heat the gas if the IMF has a flatter slope than Salpeter, as suggested by stellar mass-to-light ratios.