Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Back to life: How to use positive psychology to beat anorexia?

The aim of this research is to study the enigma of anorexia nervosa, and its survival from a positive point of view. The subjects are Finnish ex-anorectic women (N= 11), between the ages of 23 and 45 years. The focus of this article is to describe and discuss the features and factors that made survival possible and to consider the actual process that led to survival. Furthermore, the attention is drawn to positive coping strategies and the present article is based on positive psychology. The study offers hope to everyone who struggles with this difficult disease and their loved ones, friends, teachers, and healthcare professionals.
Retirement from sport and the loss of athletic identity

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how a sample of elite athletes coped with distressful reactions to retirement from sport. As part of a larger research project, 15 former elite athletes were identified as having experienced severe emotional difficulties upon athletic career termination. Through use of a micronarrative methodology, it was determined that account making can be a significant moderator of distress during the career transition process. In addition, the quality of the account making was found to be related to present affect and overall success in coping with athletic retirement. Finally, changes in athletic identity were found to be significant determinants of adjustment for athletes upon career termination. Suggestions are presented for future research on treatment strategies for distressful reactions to retirement from sport.
A Parametric ROC Model‐Based Approach for Evaluating the Predictiveness of Continuous Markers in Case–Control Studies

Summary The predictiveness curve shows the population distribution of risk endowed by a marker or risk prediction model. It provides a means for assessing the model's capacity for stratifying the population according to risk. Methods for making inference about the predictiveness curve have been developed using cross‐sectional or cohort data. Here we consider inference based on case–control studies, which are far more common in practice. We investigate the relationship between the ROC curve and the predictiveness curve. Insights about their relationship provide alternative ROC interpretations for the predictiveness curve and for a previously proposed summary index of it. Next the relationship motivates ROC based methods for estimating the predictiveness curve. An important advantage of these methods over previously proposed methods is that they are rank invariant. In addition they provide a way of combining information across populations that have similar ROC curves but varying prevalence of the outcome. We apply the methods to prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), a marker for predicting risk of prostate cancer.
Consistency of Clinical Skills Assessment Among Supervisors

Abstract Student counselors frequently practice counseling skills using role-play scenarios. The feedback they receive on these role-plays significantly influences their development of basic counseling skills. The purpose of this study was to explore how consistent various supervisors and teachers were when rating the skills demonstrated on a recorded role-play practice session. Twenty-one counselor educators and supervisors rated an 8-minute role-play recording of a student counselor. The results of the ratings were fairly consistent among supervisors although extreme outlying ratings were shown in both directions.
Factors affecting satisfaction with treatment in European women with chronic constipation: An internet survey

Background Data on factors affecting treatment satisfaction in European women with chronic constipation are limited. Objective To assess factors associated with treatment satisfaction among European women with chronic constipation. Methods A 2011–2012 internet survey was conducted in men and women from 12 European countries. Respondents analysed were female with self-reported chronic constipation (≥1 symptoms for ≥6 months of lumpy/hard stools, feeling of incomplete evacuation, and pain during defecation, as well as <3 bowel movements/week). For laxative users, satisfaction with treatment, factors affecting satisfaction, and interactions with healthcare professionals were collected. Results and conclusions In total, 4805/50,319 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria (female with chronic constipation). Of the laxative users (1575/4805), 57% (n = 896) were satisfied with their treatment, while 26% were neutral, and 17% dissatisfied. Dissatisfied respondents visited their GP less frequently in the past 12 months, were more likely to obtain over-the-counter laxatives, and took a dose higher than recommended more frequently than those satisfied. Respondents were most satisfied with ease of use of treatment and least satisfied with relief from bloating. Newer treatments aimed at alleviating symptoms, particularly bloating, are required for respondents neutral or dissatisfied with their current treatment.
Intracerebroventricular transplantation of ex vivo expanded endothelial colony-forming cells restores blood-brain barrier integrity and promotes angiogenesis of mice with traumatic brain injury.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration. Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between the number of circulating EPCs and clinical outcomes of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A recent study has further shown that intravenous infusion of human umbilical cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) improves outcomes of mice subjected to experimental TBI. This follow-up study was designed to determine whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of ECFCs, which may reduce systemic effects of these cells, could repair the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and promote angiogenesis of mice with TBI. Adult nude mice were exposed to fluid percussion injury and transplanted i.c. v. with ECFCs on day 1 post-TBI. These ECFCs were detected at the TBI zone 3 days after transplantation by SP-DiIC18(3) and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mice with ECFCs transplant had reduced Evans blue extravasation and brain water content, increased expression of ZO-1 and claudin-5, and showed a higher expression of angiopoietin 1. Consistent with the previous report, mice with ECFCs transplant had also increased microvascular density. Modified neurological severity score and Morris water maze test indicated significant improvements in motor ability, spatial acquisition and reference memory in mice receiving ECFCs, compared to those receiving saline. These data demonstrate the beneficial effects of ECFC transplant on BBB integrity and angiogenesis in mice with TBI.
Midlife women's attributions about perceived memory changes: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study.

Memory changes are of increasing interest as midlife women approach menopause. Recent studies of relationships between estrogen and Alzheimer's disease have prompted interest in memory experiences around the time of menopause. The purpose of this analysis, part of the larger Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (SMWHS), was to describe the types of memory changes women perceived during midlife, to describe their attributions about the memory changes, and to describe the relationship among these types and attributions of memory changes and age, menopausal transition stage, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, stress, and major life roles. Women (n = 230) with a mean age of 46.7 years, enrolled in the SMWHS, described whether they had noticed any changes in their memory, when they noticed them first, the nature of the changes, and what they thought were the reasons for the changes. Types of memory changes were collapsed into five categories, which included difficulty recalling words or numbers, forgetting.
Increasing Level of Aspiration by Matching Construal Level and Temporal Distance

The current research demonstrates that construal level has opposing effects on level of aspiration depending on the goal’s temporal distance: A concrete goal leads to a higher level of aspiration in the proximate future, but an abstract goal leads to a higher level of aspiration in the distant future. Two reasons are proposed for this interactive effect. First, these combinations of abstraction and distance afford functional advantages in goal pursuit. Second, given prior demonstrations of the relationship between concreteness and proximity on one hand and abstraction and distance on the other hand, these combinations provide value from fit in that goal pursuit subjectively seems appropriate and important. Taken together, this line of research points to one reason why prior research on the motivating effects of construal level has led to equivocal results by implicating the moderating role of temporal distance.
MRI of hippocampal volume loss in early Alzheimer's disease in relation to ApoE genotype and biomarkers

Hippocampal volume change over time, measured with MRI, has huge potential as a marker for Alzheimer's disease. The objectives of this study were: (i) to test if constant and accelerated hippocampal loss can be detected in Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and normal ageing over short periods, e.g. 6-12 months, with MRI in the large multicentre setting of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI); (ii) to determine the extent to which the polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene modulates hippocampal change; and (iii) to determine if rates of hippocampal loss correlate with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, such as the beta-amyloid (Abeta(1-42)) and tau proteins (tau). The MRI multicentre study included 112 cognitive normal elderly individuals, 226 mild cognitive impairment and 96 Alzheimer's disease patients who all had at least three successive MRI scans, involving 47 different imaging centres. The mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease groups showed hippocampal volume loss over 6 months and accelerated loss over 1 year. Moreover, increased rates of hippocampal loss were associated with presence of the ApoE allele epsilon4 gene in Alzheimer's disease and lower CSF Abeta(1-42) in mild cognitive impairment, irrespective of ApoE genotype, whereas relations with tau were only trends. The power to measure hippocampal change was improved by exploiting correlations statistically between successive MRI observations. The demonstration of considerable hippocampal loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients over only 6 months and accelerated loss over 12 months illustrates the power of MRI to track morphological brain changes over time in a large multisite setting. Furthermore, the relations between faster hippocampal loss in the presence of ApoE allele epsilon4 and decreased CSF Abeta(1-42) supports the concept that increased hippocampal loss is an indicator of Alzheimer's disease pathology and a potential marker for the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in Alzheimer's disease.
Harm to others outweighs harm to self in moral decision making

Significance Concern for the welfare of others is a key component of moral decision making and is disturbed in antisocial and criminal behavior. However, little is known about how people evaluate the costs of others’ suffering. Past studies have examined people’s judgments in hypothetical scenarios, but there is evidence that hypothetical judgments cannot accurately predict actual behavior. Here we addressed this issue by measuring how much money people will sacrifice to reduce the number of painful electric shocks delivered to either themselves or an anonymous stranger. Surprisingly, most people sacrifice more money to reduce a stranger’s pain than their own pain. This finding may help us better understand how people resolve moral dilemmas that commonly arise in medical, legal, and political decision making. Concern for the suffering of others is central to moral decision making. How humans evaluate others’ suffering, relative to their own suffering, is unknown. We investigated this question by inviting subjects to trade off profits for themselves against pain experienced either by themselves or an anonymous other person. Subjects made choices between different amounts of money and different numbers of painful electric shocks. We independently varied the recipient of the shocks (self vs. other) and whether the choice involved paying to decrease pain or profiting by increasing pain. We built computational models to quantify the relative values subjects ascribed to pain for themselves and others in this setting. In two studies we show that most people valued others’ pain more than their own pain. This was evident in a willingness to pay more to reduce others’ pain than their own and a requirement for more compensation to increase others’ pain relative to their own. This ‟hyperaltruistic” valuation of others’ pain was linked to slower responding when making decisions that affected others, consistent with an engagement of deliberative processes in moral decision making. Subclinical psychopathic traits correlated negatively with aversion to pain for both self and others, in line with reports of aversive processing deficits in psychopathy. Our results provide evidence for a circumstance in which people care more for others than themselves. Determining the precise boundaries of this surprisingly prosocial disposition has implications for understanding human moral decision making and its disturbance in antisocial behavior.
Using gamification to inspire new citizen science volunteers

Gamifying citizen science campaigns has the potential to further engage existing volunteers, as well as to attract new contributors. By evaluating Biotracker, a gamified mobile application that gathers plant phenology data, we explored the feasibility of engaging a secondary group of Millennials, who are notorious technology enthusiasts, with a gamified citizen science app. We also explored the potential benefits that using an application might offer these users. Results suggest that gamification is key to attracting many Millennials, as are social motivations and, to a lesser extent, education. Potential benefits to these participants include an increased awareness of community and an increase in domain knowledge.
Polymeric films as vehicle for buccal delivery: swelling, mechanical, and bioadhesive properties.

PURPOSE To investigate the suitability of an SCMC (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethylene glycol 400/carbopol 934P) and an HPMC (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose/polyethylene glycol 400/carbopol 934P) films as drug vehicle for buccal delivery. METHODS The mechanical and in vitro bioadhesive strength properties of the films were investigated using texture analyzer equipment, while swelling behavior was studied in different media, namely, distilled water and simulated saliva solution. In addition, the in vivo bioadhesion of the film was studied by estimating the film residence time on buccal mucosa of human volunteers. RESULTS Increase in carbopol 934P content was found to elevate the elasticity, softness and bioadhesive strength but decrease the strength and degree of swelling of both SCMC and HPMC films. SCMC films swelled more extensively in distilled water while HPMC films in simulated saliva solution. HPMC films exhibited greater in vivo bioadhesion although the in vitro bioadhesive strength was lower than SCMC films. Correlation existed between the in vivo and in vitro bioadhesion data within the polymer, but no rank correlation was observed between the two polymers. CONCLUSION HPMC films may be preferred over SCMC films as drug vehicle for buccal delivery as the former was tougher, more elastic, more bioadhesive in vivo and swelled in a more tolerable manner in the oral cavity than the latter.
The Use of Blacks in Magazine and Television Advertising: 1946 to 1986

Secondary analysis of several major content analysis studies, combined with original data from five magazines in 1986 (including Time, Ladies' Home Journal, and Life), reveal an increase in the black presence in advertising. Data from 1967–1986 television commercials indicate that the black presence, in as many as 16% of commercials in one 1986 study, sometimes approaches the percentage of blacks in the population. This trend, while increasing over the 1946–1986 period, is less dramatic for magazines.
Seismic Waves in Finely Layered VTI Media: Poroelasticity, Thomsen Parameters, and Fluid Effects on Shear Waves

Layered earth models are well justied by experience, and provide a simple means of studying fairly general behavior of the elastic and poroelastic characteristics of seismic waves in the earth. Thomsen’s anisotropy parameters for weak elastic and poroelastic anisotropy are now commonly used in exploration, and can be conveniently expressed in terms of the layer averages of Backus. Since our main interest is usually in the uids underground, it would be helpful to have a set of general equations relating the Thomsen parameters as directly as possible to the uid properties. This end can be achieved in a rather straightforward fashion for these layered earth models, and the present paper develops and then discusses these relations. Furthermore, it is found that, although there are ve effective shear moduli for any layered VTI medium, one and only one effective shear modulus for the layered system contains all the dependence of pore uids on the elastic or poroelastic constants that can be observed in vertically polarized shear waves in VTI media. The effects of the pore uids on this effective shear modulus can be substantial. An increase of shear wave speed on the order of 10% is shown to be possible when circumstances are favorable, which occurs when the medium behaves in an undrained fashion, and the shear modulus uctuations are large (resulting in strong anisotropy). These effects are expected to be seen at higher frequencies such as sonic and ultrasonic waves for well-logging or laboratory experiments, or at seismic wave frequencies for low permeability regions of reservoirs, prior to hydrofracing. Results presented are strictly for velocity analysis.
Acid-Base Disorders in the Emergency Department: Incidence, Etiologies and Outcomes

Objective: Acid-base disorders (ABDs) are usually correlated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to analyze the causes, outcomes, types and incidences of ABDs in patients presenting at the emergency department (ED). Material and Methods: We prospectively analyzed data from patients who presented between January 2011 and May 2011. Data on age, gender, chief complaint, and diagnosis in the ED were collected for ABD cases. Results: Of the 736 cases with an ABD, 173 patients (23.5%) had simple ABD and 563 patients (76.5%) had mixed ABD. The most common ABD was a mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis (MACRAL) (n=408, 55.4%). All ABD types were most commonly observed in patients over 65 years of age. Dyspnea was the most common complaint among ABD patients who presented at the ED (44.4%). In cases of ABD, pneumonia was the most common diagnosis (16.3%). Of the ABD cases, 379 patients (51.6%) were discharged, while 318 patients (43.2%) were hospitalized. Death was more commonly observed in cases with mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis (MRAC) (n=6) and MACRAL (n=11). Conclusion: ABDs are quite common in patients presenting at the ED, especially among patients in a critical condition (71%). Mixed MACRAL was the most commonly noted ABD. Dyspnea and pneumonia were the most common diagnoses in ABD patients. Mortality was more common in cases with a mixed MRAC and MACRAL. This knowledge may provide important information concerning the diagnosis, treatment and early prognosis of patients. (JAEM 2014; 13: 4-9)
Attitudinal and Behavioral Outcomes of an Upward Feedback Process

A pretest-posttest design was used at a large telecommunications firm whereby a 6-month interval separated the first and second rounds of an upward feedback administration. The purpose was to examine outcomes including perceived usefulness of the process, additional feedback-seeking behavior on the part of recipients, and optimal uses of upward feedback information. Results indicated that managers who receive lower formal appraisal scores from their bosses are more likely to perceive an upward feedback process to be useful. Furthermore, those managers receiving lower subordinate ratings are more likely to seek clarification through additional feedback. In addition, subordinates are more likely than managers to believe that upward feedback scores should be incorporated into formal performance appraisal. These beliefs are accentuated when either upward feedback or formal appraisal scores (i. e., by superiors) are lower. Upward feedback scores appear to possess convergent validity in that subordinate ratings were correlated with formal appraisal scores.
Effect of fault distribution and execution patterns on fault exposure in software: a simulation study

Execution patterns and fault distribution characteristics of a program will affect the failure process and thus reliability estimates. The failure process of a software system is influenced by many factors, and traditional software reliability engineering has found it difficult to isolate the effect of each individual factor. A simulation approach is used to investigate the effects of fault distribution, execution pattern and program structure on software reliability estimates. A reliability simulation environment (RSIM) is extended by introducing variable fault distribution patterns in its code generation phase. Flow control points allow varying the execution frequency of different parts of a program. The simulation results show that fault distribution patterns and execution patterns have dramatic effects on fault exposure rate. If the fault distribution is non‐uniform, a non‐uniform code execution exposes faults more efficiently and effectively than uniform execution. Results also show that the structure of a program affects fault exposure rate and testing time required. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a capabilities approach to understand poverty and social exclusion of psychiatric survivors

The purpose of this project is to better understand poverty and social exclusion of psychiatric survivors using a capabilities approach to social justice as part of a larger mixed-methods longitudinal study (N=380) in Ontario, Canada. Using thematic coding, four themes emerged: poverty, ‘You just try to survive’; stigma, ‘People treat you like trash’; belonging, ‘You feel like you don’t belong’; and shared concern and advocacy, ‘Everyone deserves housing’. This analysis provides a deeper understanding of poverty and other social determinants of experiences of psychiatric survivors, including the synergism of poverty and social exclusion.