Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stress Shifts of English Utterances Made by Indonesian Speakers of English (ISE)

This article examines students’ understanding on stress placement in English words. The objectives of the study were to find out: i) the types of English stress shifts made by university students, and ii) the most frequently English stress shifts made by students. There were 27 students participated in this research. They were students of first semester of English Language and Literature State University of Makassar who attended English Phonology subject. This research was qualitative and the instrument used was test. The test was vocabulary list and the students were asked to give primary stress on the word(s). Those words were ranging from one syllable to five syllables.
The Building Blocks Of Anticipatory Pleasure: Prospection, Memory & Imagery - eScholarship

Anticipatory pleasure deficits have been recently documented in people with schizophrenia (Kring & Caponigro, 2010). However, less is known about the extent to which particular processes that support anticipatory pleasure, including memory, prospection, and imagery, are disrupted in schizophrenia. We asked 32 people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 29 people without schizophrenia to provide prospection narratives in response to positive, negative, and neutral event cues. Prior to prospection, participants provided personal memory narratives or completed a control task. When prompted with salient event cues, the content and experience of personal memories rendered by people with schizophrenia did not differ from those of controls. Further, people with and without schizophrenia reported similar vividness of mental imagery and their prospections varied by valence in similar ways. However, we found interesting group differences in the context and experience of prospections. Specifically, the prospections of people with schizophrenia included fewer time and place indicators, less sensory experience, and were less likely to reference the past than controls. Contrary to expectations, talking about personal memories before prospection didn't influence the content or manner of rendering prospections with one exception: People with schizophrenia reported experiencing less positive emotion when prospecting and less predicted positive emotion than controls if they completed the control task before prospection, but did not differ from controls in current or predicted positive emotion if they completed the personal memory task before prospection. Taken together, these findings suggest that whereas the ability to generate memories and rich vivid imagery appear intact in schizophrenia, difficulties in anticipatory pleasure may be related, in part, to difficulties in prospections, including drawing from the past.
Peptides of Matrix Gla Protein Inhibit Nucleation and Growth of Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals

Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a phosphorylated and γ-carboxylated protein that has been shown to prevent the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the walls of blood vessels. MGP is also expressed in kidney and may inhibit the formation of kidney stones, which mainly consist of another crystalline phase, calcium oxalate monohydrate. To determine the mechanism by which MGP prevents soft-tissue calcification, we have synthesized peptides corresponding to the phosphorylated and γ-carboxylated sequences of human MGP in both post-translationally modified and non-modified forms. The effects of these peptides on hydroxyapatite formation and calcium oxalate crystallization were quantified using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Peptides YGlapS (MGP1-14: YγEpSHEpSMEpSYELNP), YEpS (YEpSHEpSMEpSYELNP), YGlaS (YγESHESMESYELNP) and SK-Gla (MGP43-56: SKPVHγELNRγEACDD) inhibited formation of hydroxyapatite in order of potency YGlapS > YEpS > YGlaS > SK-Gla. The effects of YGlapS, YEpS and YGlaS on hydroxyapatite formation were on both crystal nucleation and growth; the effect of SK-Gla was on nucleation. YGlapS and YEpS significantly inhibited the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, while simultaneously promoting the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate. The effects of these phosphopeptides on calcium oxalate monohydrate formation were on growth of crystals rather than nucleation. We have shown that the use of dynamic light scattering allows inhibitors of hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth to be distinguished. We have also demonstrated for the first time that MGP peptides inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate. Based on the latter finding, we propose that MGP function not only to prevent blood-vessel calcification but also to inhibit stone formation in kidney.
THE ROLE OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN PREDICTING VIOLENCE IN VICTIMS OF SPOUSE ABUSE IN TEHRAN

Objectives: The main objective of this research was to assess the roles of demographic and mental health variables as predictive variables of abuse among in- dividuals referred to police stations and family courts. Method: 450 individuals were selected through stratified convenience sampling from 49 police stations and the family court in the city of Tehran. The subjects were administered a demographics questionnaire, Spouse abuse questionnaire, and the Symptom Checklist -90- Revised (SCL-90-R). The data were analyzed through multivariate regression analysis and regression variance analysis. Results: The results revealed that the variables like pregnancy, low age and education, high number of children, addiction, spouse unemployment, and psychiatric problems could be considered as predictive variables for experience of various types of abuse (physical, sexual, and emotional), (P<0.01). In addition, pregnancy, low age and education, wife's unemployment, and high number of children, are predictive variables for severe spouse abuse. Conclusion: Identifying effective factors leading to spouse abuse can be helpful to develop purposeful programs for reducing and preventing spouse abuse.
Anatomical and Functional Assemblies of Brain BOLD Oscillations

Brain oscillatory activity has long been thought to have spatial properties, the details of which are unresolved. Here we examine spatial organizational rules for the human brain oscillatory activity as measured by blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal. Resting-state BOLD signal was transformed into frequency space (Welch's method) and averaged across subjects, and its spatial distribution was studied as a function of four frequency bands, spanning the full BOLD bandwidth. The brain showed anatomically constrained distribution of power for each frequency band. This result was replicated on a repository dataset of 195 subjects. Next, we examined larger-scale organization by parceling the neocortex into regions approximating Brodmann areas (BAs). This indicated that BAs of simple function/connectivity (unimodal), versus complex properties (transmodal), are dominated by low-frequency BOLD oscillations, and within the visual ventral stream we observe a graded shift of power to higher-frequency bands for BAs further removed from the primary visual cortex (increased complexity), linking BOLD frequency properties to hodology. Additionally, BOLD oscillation properties for the default mode network demonstrated that it is composed of distinct frequency-dependent regions. When the same analysis was performed on a visual–motor task, frequency-dependent global and voxelwise shifts in BOLD oscillations could be detected at brain sites mostly outside those identified with general linear modeling. Thus, analysis of BOLD oscillations in full bandwidth uncovers novel brain organizational rules, linking anatomical structures and functional networks to characteristic BOLD oscillations. The approach also identifies changes in brain intrinsic properties in relation to responses to external inputs.
Reflections and challenges in the teaching of human anatomy at the beginning of the

SUMMARY The last years of the twentieth century and the first years of the third millennium have been a critical time in the teaching of Gross Anatomy. In the present work the authors report and analyse the reasons why Gross Anatomy lost importance as a major subject in medical teaching in the last century, basing their arguments on the data found in the literature. Among these causes, we analyse the following: the stagnation affecting the teaching of Gross Anatomy; the decline in anatomical dissection; the delayed introduction of other teaching methods; the formulation of aims and contents; the amalgam of professionals from different fields forming Departments of Anatomy, and the identity crisis experienced by anatomists. We also address the efforts of professionals to bring about changes in the teaching of anatomy through (among others) the use of new technologies; application of technological advances in the field of medical education; increased time spent on dissection; the compilation of a common medical terminology, and the development of greater “dynamism” in Anatomical Societies and Federations. Finally, the authors offer some general considerations aimed at defending and improving the teaching of Anatomy in medical curricula and the dissemination of Anatomy and anatomical research, and give a brief outline of their own experience at the University of Salamanca (Spain).
MFGE8 Does Not Influence Chorio-Retinal Homeostasis or Choroidal Neovascularization in vivo

Purpose Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII (MFGE8) is necessary for diurnal outer segment phagocytosis and promotes VEGF-dependent neovascularization. The prevalence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in MFGE8 was studied in two exsudative or “wet” Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) groups and two corresponding control groups. We studied the effect of MFGE8 deficiency on retinal homeostasis with age and on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice. Methods The distribution of the SNP (rs4945 and rs1878326) of MFGE8 was analyzed in two groups of patients with “wet” AMD and their age-matched controls from Germany and France. MFGE8-expressing cells were identified in Mfge8 +/− mice expressing ß-galactosidase. Aged Mfge8 +/− and Mfge8 −/− mice were studied by funduscopy, histology, electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts of the choroid, and after laser-induced CNV. Results rs1878326 was associated with AMD in the French and German group. The Mfge8 promoter is highly active in photoreceptors but not in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Mfge8−/− mice did not differ from controls in terms of fundus appearance, photoreceptor cell layers, choroidal architecture or laser-induced CNV. In contrast, the Bruch's membrane (BM) was slightly but significantly thicker in Mfge8−/− mice as compared to controls. Conclusions Despite a reproducible minor increase of rs1878326 in AMD patients and a very modest increase in BM in Mfge8−/− mice, our data suggests that MFGE8 dysfunction does not play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
Quality of reporting of chemotherapy compliance in randomized controlled trials of breast cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVE The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement requires detailed reporting of interventions for randomized controlled trials. We hypothesized that there was variable reporting of chemotherapy compliance in published randomized controlled trials in breast cancer, and therefore surveyed the literature to assess this parameter and determine the study characteristics associated with reporting quality. METHODS Published Phase III randomized controlled trials (January 2005-December 2011; English language) evaluating chemotherapy in breast cancer were identified through a systematic literature search. Articles scored 1 point each for reporting of the four measures: number of chemotherapy cycles, dose modification, early treatment discontinuation and relative dose intensity. Logistic regression identified study characteristics associated with reporting quality score of ≥ 2. RESULTS Of the 115 eligible randomized controlled trials, 79 (69%) were published in high-impact journals, 66 (57%) were published since 2008, 43 (37%) reported advanced-stage disease and 37 (32%) were industry sponsored. Relative dose intensity, number of cycles, dose modification and early treatment discontinuation were reported in 70 (61%), 53 (46%), 65 (57%) and 81 (70%) articles, respectively. Eighty-two (71%) articles showed a quality score of ≥ 2; 25 (22%) articles reported all four compliance measures. Articles published since 2008 (P = 0.035) and those reporting advanced-stage disease (P < 0.001) showed significantly higher quality of compliance. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate variable reporting of chemotherapy compliance in published randomized controlled trials with a modest improvement noted in recent years. Incorporating standards for reporting chemotherapy compliance in scientific guidelines or the journal peer review process may decrease the variability and improve the quality of reporting.
Child maltreatment, attachment, and the self system: Emergence of an internal state lexicon in toddlers at high social risk

Abstract The ability to talk about the internal states (ISs) and feelings of self and other is an age-appropriate development of late toddlerhood hypothesized to reflect toddlers' emergent self–other understanding and to be fundamental to the regulation of social interaction. This study examined the effects of child maltreatment on the emergence of low-socioeconomic status 30-month-old toddlers' IS lexicons. Children's lexicons were derived both from maternal interviews and from observations of children's spontaneous IS utterances in four laboratory contexts. Results from both data sources indicated that maltreated toddlers produced significantly fewer IS words, fewer IS word types, and proportionately fewer IS words denoting physiological states and negative affect than nonmaltreated toddlers. In addition, maltreated toddlers were more context bound in IS language use and more restricted in their attributions of internal states to self and other. Gender differences were also observed. Individual differences in children's IS language production were significantly related to general linguistic maturity in both groups but to toddlers' conversational skills only in the comparison group. In addition, a cumulative risk model describing the effects of the child's attachment relationship with the caregiver on early IS language was tested. Toddlers most severely at risk (maltreated/insecure) had the most compromised IS language. Thus, secure attachment may serve as a protective mechanism against self-dysfunction in maltreated toddlers.
Globalization, Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Africa: A Macroeconomic Perspective

The last two decades has witnessed an increase in globalizing influences affecting most countries, Africa included. These influences have arisen partly as a result of domestic and international policies, such as trade policies, and partly as a result of general globalizing impulses, such as technological developments and enhanced communications. The single overarching objective of this paper is to outline the macro evidence on the extent to which globalization is taking place and poverty is reducing in Africa, and to consider this to both characteristics of the region (i.e., within the region) and relative to other global regions. It draws on some of the most recent evidence about the globalizing processes in various forms so as to try to determine the speed and extent of globalization in Africa. This helps to put into proper perspective the impact of globalization on poverty and inequality. It is essentially a partial and descriptive approach, at best indicative of associations, and stops short of attempting to identify, empirically, channels of influence and causal relationships.
Increased prevalence of developmental dental defects in low birth-weight, prematurely born children: a controlled study.

This study of prematurely born children shows that the prevalence of enamel defects increases with decreasing birth weight. In very low birth-weight (VLBW, 2500 g, the prevalence was 12.8%. Both systemic and local factors contribute to the etiology of dental defects. In children who were intubated at birth, left-sided defects on maxillary anterior teeth occurred twice as frequently as right-sided defects, probably the result of trauma from leftsided laryngoscopy. weight there is greater propensity for systemic illness and the likelihood of endotracheal intubation increases. Hence, it is likely that the lower the birth weight, the greater the prevalence of enamel defects. In this study, the authors attempt to further delineate the causes of enamel defects in prematurely born children by studying the prevalence of enamel defects in 3 groups of children with different birth weights: very low birth-weight (VLBW, 2500 g). This classification newborn birth weights is an accepted standard recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (Silverman 1967). Defects of the enamel can result from various disturbances during amelogenesis. These defects may manifest as surface breaks and decreased enamel thickness known as enamel hypoplasia. Alternatively, the defect may be evident as an abnormality of the translucence of enamel known as enamel opacity. Clinically these enamel defects
AIP56: A Novel Bacterial Apoptogenic Toxin

Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) is a Gram-negative pathogen agent of an important fish septicemia. The key virulence factor of Phdp is the plasmid-encoded exotoxin AIP56, which is secreted by exponentially growing pathogenic strains. AIP56 has 520 amino acids including an N-terminal cleavable signal peptide of 23 amino acid residues, two cysteine residues and a zinc-binding region signature HEXXH that is typical of most zinc metallopeptidases. AIP56 induces in vitro and in vivo selective apoptosis of fish macrophages and neutrophils through a caspase-3 dependent mechanism that also involves caspase-8 and -9. In vivo, the AIP56-induced phagocyte apoptosis progresses to secondary necrosis with release of cytotoxic phagocyte molecules including neutrophil elastase. Fish injected with recombinant AIP56 die with a pathology similar to that seen in the natural infection.
Spatial Evolution of Social Norms in a Common-Pool Resource Game

We study the conditions for the emergence of cooperation in a spatial common-pool resource (CPR) game. We consider three types of agents: cooperators, defectors and enforcers. The role of enforcers is to punish defectors for overharvesting the resource. Agents are located on a circle and they only observe the actions of their two nearest neighbors. Their payoffs are determined by both local and global interactions and they modify their actions by imitating the strategy in their neighborhood with the highest average payoffs on average. Using theoretical and numerical analysis, we find a large diversity of equilibria to be the outcome of the game. In particular, we find conditions for the occurrence of equilibria in which the three strategies coexist. We also derive the stability of these equilibria. Finally, we show that introducing resource dynamics in the system favors the occurrence of cooperative equilibria.
Indole‐3‐carbinol inhibits MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell motility and induces stress fibers and focal adhesion formation by activation of Rho kinase activity

Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical derived from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts, has potent antiproliferative effects in human breast cancer cells and has been shown to decrease metastatic spread of tumors in experimental animals. Using chemotaxis and fluorescent‐bead cell motility assays, we demonstrated that I3C significantly decreased the in vitro migration of MDA‐MB‐231 cells, a highly invasive breast cancer cell line. Immunofluorescence staining of the actin cytoskeleton revealed that concurrent with the loss of cell motility, I3C treatment significantly increased stress fiber formation. Furthermore, I3C induced the localization of the focal adhesion component vinculin and tyrosine‐phosphorylated proteins to the cell periphery, which implicates an indole‐dependent enhancement of focal adhesions within the outer boundary of the cells. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis of focal adhesion kinase demonstrated that I3C stimulated the dynamic formation of the focal adhesion protein complex without altering the total level of individual focal adhesion proteins. The RhoA‐Rho kinase pathway is involved in stress fiber and focal adhesion formation, and I3C treatment stimulated Rho kinase enzymatic activity and cofilin phosphorylation, which is a downstream target of Rho kinase signaling, but did not increase the level of active GTP‐bound RhoA. Exposure of MDA‐MB‐231 cells to the Rho kinase inhibitor Y‐27632, or expression of dominant negative RhoA ablated the I3C induced formation of stress fibers and of peripheral focal adhesions. Expression of constitutively active RhoA mimicked the I3C effects on both processes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that I3C induces stress fibers and peripheral focal adhesions in a Rho kinase‐dependent manner that leads to an inhibition of motility in human breast cancer cells. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adverse Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extracts and the Major Components in the Stems of Impatiens balsamina L. on Caenorhabditis elegans

Impatiens balsamina L. (Balsaminaceae), an annual herb found throughout China, has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, our knowledge regarding the adverse effects of I. balsamina in vivo is very limited. In this present study, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans model was employed to fully assess the adverse effects of hydroalcoholic (EtOH 55%) extracts of I. balsamina stems (HAEIBS) in vivo. After exposure to 10 mg/mL HAEIBS, the major organism-level endpoints of C. elegans of percent survival, frequency of head thrash and body bends, and reproduction had decreased by 24%, 30%, and 25%, respectively. The lifespan of C. elegans was also greatly reduced after HAEIBS exposure compared to the controls. The active compounds in HAEIBS were separated using high speed countercurrent chromatograph (HSCCC) and characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Two compounds, lawsone and 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ), and their adverse effects were then more thoroughly detailed in this study. It was found that lawsone is the major toxin in HAEIBS with a higher toxicity than MNQ in terms of negative impact on C. elegans mortality, locomotion, reproduction, and lifespan. Our data also suggests that the C. elegans model may be useful for assessing the possible toxicity of other Chinese medicines, plant extracts, and/or compounds.