Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perspective Switching in Virtual Environments

When exploring new environments, people regularly alternate among many sources of spatial information including direct visual input, navigation aids such as maps and mobile devices, and verbal route descriptions. These spatial representations typically depict the environment from one of two perspectives: first-person, embedded route perspective or top-down, bird's eye survey perspective. Visual spatial cognition research has explored the nature of learning within each of these perspectives independently, but little work has been done to explore how on-line visual processing of combined perspectives affects cognition, meaning there is little understanding of the cognitive costs of using different navigation tools to learn large-scale environments. This dissertation addresses such questions through two experiments that guide participants through simple paths in large-scale environments, each consisting of a simple path through a small virtual town presented on a desktop computer display. By timing participants' movement through each environment and how they respond to either externally-controlled or participant-controlled perspective switches, the experiments measure the cognitive load of visually processing dynamic perspectives during navigation. These on-line processing measures are complemented by tests of visual recognition and recall memory, which reveal how switching perspectives affects the accuracy of the resulting spatial mental model. The results indicate that the cognitive load associated with changing perspectives is primarily dependent on the quantity of visual information the change introduces -- the transformation itself is not particularly disorienting after the first exposure to the environment. Furthermore, although forced perspective switches do not appear to significantly affect spatial memory accuracy relative to viewing the environment from a consistent perspective, navigator-controlled switching results in significantly more accurate spatial memory, indicating that navigation aids which allow for perspective control might better support spatial learning than fixed-perspective interfaces. The findings also support previous research showing that route perspective navigation generally yields more accurate spatial memory than survey perspective learning, particularly after extensive experience in the environment. Overall, the findings demonstrate many new aspects of how perspective affects spatial cognition, with implications for spatial learning and the design of navigation aids.
Research on Defect Recognition Method of Glass Screen Based on Machine Vision

At present, the glass screen defects recognition mos tly rely on manual detection, eye long time will lead to visual fatig ue, thus affecting the accuracy of the glass screen defect detection and recognition of the time used for each piece of glass screen. T his paper proposes a machine vision-based glass defect detection method, for the glass screen scratches defective features are often presented inconspicuously, resulting in faulty detection, omission detection of the situation, using the detection process of two angl es of light with the left side of the light and 45 ° oblique angle of t he light, to solve the weak scratches presented inconspicuous pro blem. Data preprocessing is performed using grayscaling and ima ge differencing to remove redundant information. The algorithm uses the Yolov8 neural network, which is made more suitable for industrial machine environments by thinning the network and usi ng slim-neck to reduce the amount of Yolov8 network computatio n. The attention mechanism Triplet Attention is added after the S PPF module of the backbone network to ensure good detection. T he improved network weight file size drops by 11.3%, mAP0.5 ris es by 1.4%, and the detection speed is 13.2ms, which effectively re places manual labor to achieve fast and effective defect detection.
UNDER-estimation of biomass loss with REDD+ standard reporting method

Countries that have ratified and/or are signatories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its related Kyoto Protocol have been actively involved in developing relevant policy processes that aim at mitigating the effects of climate change, collectively known as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+). A key question for REDD+ measurement reporting and verification (MRV), is how much aboveground biomass (AGB) or carbon has been released. The standard method for REDD+ MRV consists in using earth observation optical data to assess change in forest cover, together with a priori knowledge of values of forest carbon per unit area. However, current results of mapping forest cover and estimating forest cover changes using optical remote sensing depend on the forest definition. Each country can select their forest definition using recommended values. In this paper, the focus is on the assessment of African tropical forests AGB that are not taken into account into REDD+ processes. To do so, the AGB map from [1] over Africa has been improved and AGB from this map has been assessed in UN-REDD partner countries over areas from the Landsat tree cover benchmark map [2] that are not considered as forests (the so-called non forest class). The results show that biomass loss estimation is clearly under-estimated when using standard methods such as changes in forest cover using spaceborne optical data, in countries mostly covered by savannas.
The use of an antibody drug conjugate, glembatumumab vedotin (CDX-011), for the treatment of breast cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women in the USA. Despite the multi-modality treatments that are currently available, advanced BC has a persistent and unacceptable mortality rate. The need for new therapeutic strategies is extremely high. Experimental approaches with targeted therapies such as antibody drug conjugates provide hope for future treatment possibilities. Areas covered: The development status and the possible role of antibody-mediated cytotoxic therapy are discussed in the setting of advanced BC. An overview of, mechanism of action, preclinical and Phase I/II results of glembatumumab vedotin (CDX-011) are discussed. Expert opinion: The evidence that the glycoprotein NBM (GPNMB) target is a relevant target in BC, along with data showing that CDX-011 is safe and active in patients with advanced BC, provide a strong rationale to continue to explore this drug in patients with GPNMB-expressing breast tumors.
Noise sensitivity in relation to baseline arousal, physiological response and psychological features to noise exposure during task performance

People who consider themselves sensitive to noise, experience more noise annoyance, sleep disturbance and reduced daytime performance. Besides psychological factors, an association with cardiovascular reactions during noise has been established in noise sensitives. Decreased efficiency of the parasympathetic nervous system in the regulation of heart rate has been hypothesized. In this study the effect of background noise (65 dB(A)) on cortical arousal levels and heart rate variability was studied in a group of high and low Noise Sensitivity (NS). Subjects (N=30) were selected based on their score on the NSS. EEG and ECG were recorded during task performance with and without background noise. The results showed a non-significant trend: high NS subjects seemed to have slightly higher baseline arousal levels. When controlling for baseline arousal levels high NS subjects showed more high arousal activity during noise condition than during silence. This was not the case for low NS subjects, who remained at intermediate levels during both conditions. Mean heartbeat variation was significantly higher within the high NS group compared to the low NS group. Even moderate background noise levels resulted in different physiological responses between groups. When exploring the association between NS and personality traits, neuroticism appeared to be a predictor for NS. High correlations were found with introversion and overall sensitivity to (non-acoustical) stimuli. This led us to conclude that NS might not be a single construct, but part of a more generic sensitivity to environmental stimuli as has been suggested previously.
Transsexuals and workplace diversity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the key issues involved in situations within the workplace when an employee goes through gender reassignment, in order to consider how such situations might be managed more effectively.Design/methodology/approach – It analyses a case study from a national public sector organisation in the UK where a transsexual person went through male to female gender reassignment. The case was compiled via participant observation and one to one interviews with the key players in the process (managers, human resource staff and colleagues as well as the individual). Findings – Key issues discussed include the effects on trust and relationships at work, harassment, the role of trade unions, training, and other support. It explores the difficulty of gaining acceptance for a transsexual, and links this to literature on managing diversity and change management.Research limitations/implications – The case study is in the public sector in the UK, but implications are valid for ot.
The impact of changing policies about technology on the professional development needs of early years educators in England

This paper considers the implications of UK policy approaches to ICT (Information Communication Technology) in education by exploring the views of early years (0–8 years) educators about their ICT CPD (continuing professional development) needs. UK policy approaches to ICT may be visualised as a ‘house that Jack built’. The policies are cumulative and they can be interpreted as being flawed due to their contradictory nature. As ICT educational policies in the UK are shaped by politicians, the contradictory policy approaches are a consequence of different political ideals. Recent research has identified a significant gap in early years practitioners’ knowledge and their understanding of pedagogical practice in relation to technology. Attention is drawn to the importance of facilitating an innovative use of technology within pedagogy in early years. For this to happen it is important to facilitate CPD that responds to the needs of early years pedagogical practitioners. The paper explores how CPD can be developed in this area by reflecting on the views of selected participants about their technology CPD needs.
Redescription of Spinitectus tabascoensis (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae) from fishes of the Lacandon rain forest in Chiapas, southern Mexico, with remarks on Spinitectus macrospinosus and S. osorioi.

Two little-known species of Spinitectus (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae) were, for the first time, recorded from fishes of the Lacantún River (Usumacinta River basin) in the Lacandon rain forest, Chiapas, southern Mexico: S. tabascoensis Moravec, Garcia-Magaña et Salgado-Maldonado, 2002 in intestines of Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes) (Ictaluridae) (adults and juveniles), Cathorops aguadulce (Meek) and Potamarius nelsoni (Evermann et Goldsborough) (both Ariidae) (in both only juveniles), and S. osorioi Choudhury et Pérez-Ponce de León, 2001 in Atherinella alvarezi (Díaz-Pardo) (Atherinopsidae) (adults in intestine) and Eugerres mexicanus (Steindachner) (Gerreidae) (adults and juveniles in stomach). Eugerres mexicanus, C. aguadulce and P. nelsoni represent new host records. Detailed light and electron microscopical studies of S. tabascoensis revealed some taxonomically important, previously not observed features, such as cuticular spines arranged in four sectors, the cephalic structure, the number (2) of ventral precloacal ridges or the structure of the male caudal end. Therefore, Spinitectus tabascoensis is redescribed. Spinitectus macrospinosus Choudhury et Perryman, 2003, described from ictalurids in Canada and the USA, is considered its junior synonym. Spinitectus tabascoensis seems to be a specific parasite of Ictalurus spp. , whereas C. aguadulce and P. nelsoni, as well as some other fishes, serve only as its paratenic hosts. The definitive hosts of S. osorioi are atherinopsid fish (A. alvarezi, Chirostoma spp.), whereas the gerreid E. mexicanus probably serves only as its postcyclic host.
FORMATION OF WATER IN THE WARM ATMOSPHERES OF PROTOPLANETARY DISKS

The gas-phase chemistry of water in protoplanetary disks is analyzed with a model based on X-ray heating and ionization of the disk atmosphere. Several uncertain processes appear to play critical roles in generating the column densities of warm water that are detected from disks at infrared wavelengths. The dominant factors are the reactions that form molecular hydrogen, including formation on warm grains, and the ionization and heating of the atmosphere. All of these can work together to produce a region of high water abundances in the molecular transition layer of the inner disk atmosphere, where atoms are transformed into molecules, the temperature drops from thousands to hundreds of Kelvins, and the ionization begins to be dominated by the heavy elements. Grain formation of molecular hydrogen and mechanical heating of the atmosphere can play important roles in this region and directly affect the amount of warm water in protoplanetary disk atmospheres. Thus, it may be possible to account for the existing measurements of water emission from T Tauri disks without invoking transport of water from cooler to warmer regions. The hydroxyl radical OH is underabundant in this model of disk atmospheres and requires consideration of additional production and excitation processes.
Structure and Catalytic Regulatory Function of Ubiquitin Specific Protease 11 N-Terminal and Ubiquitin-like Domains

The ubiquitin specific protease 11 (USP11) is implicated in DNA repair, viral RNA replication, and TGFβ signaling. We report the first characterization of the USP11 domain architecture and its role in regulating the enzymatic activity. USP11 consists of an N-terminal “domain present in USPs” (DUSP) and “ubiquitin-like” (UBL) domain, together referred to as DU domains, and the catalytic domain harboring a second UBL domain. Crystal structures of the DU domains show a tandem arrangement with a shortened β-hairpin at the two-domain interface and altered surface characteristics compared to the homologues USP4 and USP15. A conserved VEVY motif is a signature feature at the two-domain interface that shapes a potential protein interaction site. Small angle X-ray scattering and gel filtration experiments are consistent with the USP11DU domains and full-length USP11 being monomeric. Unexpectedly, we reveal, through kinetic assays of a series of deletion mutants, that the catalytic activity of USP11 is not regulated through intramolecular autoinhibition or activation by the N-terminal DU or UBL domains. Moreover, ubiquitin chain cleavage assays with all eight linkages reveal a preference for Lys63-, Lys6-, Lys33-, and Lys11-linked chains over Lys27-, Lys29-, and Lys48-linked and linear chains consistent with USP11’s function in DNA repair pathways that is mediated by the protease domain. Our data support a model whereby USP11 domains outside the catalytic core domain serve as protein interaction or trafficking modules rather than a direct regulatory function of the proteolytic activity. This highlights the diversity of USPs in substrate recognition and regulation of ubiquitin deconjugation.
Transitions from Injection-Drug-Use-Concentrated to Self-Sustaining Heterosexual HIV Epidemics: Patterns in the International Data

Background Injecting drug use continues to be a primary driver of HIV epidemics in many parts of the world. Many people who inject drugs (PWID) are sexually active, so it is possible that high-seroprevalence HIV epidemics among PWID may initiate self-sustaining heterosexual transmission epidemics. Methods Fourteen countries that had experienced high seroprevalence (<20%) HIV epidemics among PWID and had reliable data for injection drug use (IDU) and heterosexual cases of HIV or AIDS were identified. Graphs of newly reported HIV or AIDS cases among PWID and heterosexuals were constructed to identify temporal relationships between the two types of epidemics. The year in which newly reported cases among heterosexuals surpassed newly reported cases among PWID, aspects of the epidemic curves, and epidemic case histories were analyzed to assess whether it was “plausible” or “highly unlikely” that the HIV epidemic among PWID might have initiated the heterosexual epidemic in each country. Results Transitions have occurred in 11 of the 14 countries. Two types of temporal relationships between IDU and heterosexual HIV epidemics were identified, rapid high incidence transitions vs. delayed, low incidence transitions. In six countries it appears “plausible” that the IDU epidemic initiated a heterosexual epidemic, and in five countries it appears “highly unlikely” that the IDU epidemic initiated a heterosexual epidemic. A rapid decline in incidence among PWID after the peak year of new cases and national income were the best predictors of the “highly unlikely” initiation of a heterosexual epidemic. Discussion Transitions from IDU concentrated epidemics to heterosexual epidemics are common in countries with high seroprevalence among PWID though there are distinct types of transitions. Interventions to immediately reduce HIV incidence among PWID may reduce the likelihood that an IDU epidemic may initiate a heterosexual epidemic.
Centroblastic variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Case report and review of literature

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) making up about approximately 30% of all NHL. Its occurrence in the mandible is very rare. Histopathologically, five variants of DLBCL have been recognized among which centroblastic variant is the one with better prognosis. We report a case of a 55 year-old patient who presented with a painless swelling in the lower right body of the mandible since 4 months. Incisional biopsy revealed NHL like features, confirmed by immunohistochemistry using CD45, CD20, and CD3 markers to be a DLBCL of centroblastic variant. Patient was treated with chemotherapy following which the lesion regressed completely with no further recurrences. Precise histological diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management and ultimately for the survival of the patient.
Differentiation of Oligodendroglial Progenitors Derived from Cortical Multipotent Cells Requires Extrinsic Signals Including Activation of gp130/LIFβ Receptors

We have previously isolated epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive multipotent progenitor cells from the early postnatal rodent cerebral cortex independent of generative zones. In this study we have examined the mechanisms regulating the generation of differentiated oligodendrocytes (OLs) from these multipotent cells. Although cultures of primary cortical OL progenitor cells propagated at clonal density spontaneously gave rise to differentiated OLs in defined medium, cultures of multipotent progenitors isolated from identical regions supported the elaboration of OL progenitors but not differentiated OLs. These observations indicate that the terminal maturation of OL progenitors derived from multipotent cells is dependent on signals present within the cellular environment. Application of cytokines such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or neurotrophin 3 (NT3) to clonal density cultures of cortical multipotent progenitors increased the proportion of OL progenitors but failed to support the generation of differentiated OLs. By contrast, application of factors that activate gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor β (LIFβ) heterodimeric receptors, such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), activated signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 in these OL progenitor cells and promoted the generation of differentiated OLs. Clonal analysis also demonstrated that CNTF directly targets OL progenitors derived from the multipotent cells. These observations suggest that two distinct progenitor cell pathways contribute to the generation of differentiated OLs during postnatal cortical gliogenesis. Although oligodendroglial maturation of classical OL progenitor cells is driven by cell autonomous mechanisms, our findings demonstrate that the generation of differentiated OLs from cortical multipotent progenitor cells is dependent on environmental cues, including activation of gp130/LIFβ receptors.
Role and functions of code-switching in Malaysian courtrooms

Malay is the National Language of Malaysia. English is an important second language. Many of the older lawyers are more comfortable and proficient in English as English was the medium of instruction when they were in school. The younger lawyers had Malay as the medium of instruction and are consequently more comfortable in Malay. It was therefore hypothesized that code-switching would be used in a courtroom setting and the objective of this research is to investigate the functions of code-switching used by key personnel in a courtroom, i. e. lawyers, judges and witnesses.
Implications of the Wounded-Healer Paradigm for the Use of the Self in Therapy

The use of the self in therapy relates closely to the paradigm of the wounded-healer. The paradigm holds that deep within each healer lies an inner wound which may not only play an important role in vocational choice. but constitute a significant if not essential factor contributing to healing the patient. Its mythical origins are described along with a diagrammatic model which attempts to analyze the interactional dynamics in the healerpatient encounter.
Antibody responses and interferon titers in the respiratory tracts of mice after aerosolized exposure to influenza virus

We studied the temporal appearance of immunoglobulins (immunoglobulins G1, G2, M, and A) and interferon in lung lavage fluids of mice after aerosol exposure to influenza virus in six animal groups in which mortality rates ranged from 0 to 24%. Immunoglobulin levels in the lung lavage fluids were markedly higher in mouse groups with higher mortality rates (16, 20, and 24%) than in those with low mortality rates (0, 2.5, and 7.5%). Analysis of serum albumin in the respiratory secretions as an index of edema indicated that increased immunoglobulin G levels during the early phase of infection were due to increased vascular permeability. The detection of virus-neutralizing antibodies and antibodies reactive with influenza virus antigens in the lavage fluids at 6 to 8 days postinfection suggested local immunoglobulin synthesis as a result of antigenic stimulation. Both systemic and local antibody productions contributed to immunoglobulin levels in the respiratory secretions after aerosolized influenza virus infection. Peak levels of interferon in the lavage fluids were reached before detection of significant levels of virus-neutralizing antibody in the serum or the lung lavage.