Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bandwidth Knowledge of Results and Motor Learning: More than Just a Relative Frequency Effect

Motor learning is facilitated when knowledge of results (KR) is presented in accordance with a goal-centred bandwidth (i.e. when the error exceeds a tolerance limit about a movement goal). However, under different conditions of the bandwidth procedure the frequency with which KR is provided is also affected—the wider the goal-centred tolerance limits, the lower the frequency of KR. Since low-KR frequency conditions also have been shown to facilitate motor learning, it is not known whether the bandwidth KR effect is a unique phenomenon in motor learning or is simply due to differences in the frequency of KR. In the present study we partitioned the effects due to bandwidth KR from the effects due to KR frequency using a yoking procedure. Results from the acquisition performance trials indicated that bandwidth procedures exerted both error reduction and performance stabilization influences on motor behaviour that exceeded the effects of the relative frequency control procedures. Bandwidth procedures further resulted in better performance consistency during retention than the relative frequency conditions. These findings were discussed in terms of how KR about movement error and KR about the correctness of movement affect the learning of motor skill.
Acid Homeostasis Following Partial Ischemia in Neonatal Brain Measured In Vivo by 31P and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The purpose of this study was to investigate neonatal brain energy metabolism, acid, and lactate homeostasis in the period immediately following partial ischemia. Changes in brain buffering capacity were quantified by measuring mean intracellular brain pH, calculated from the chemical shift of Pi, in response to identical episodes of hypercarbia before and after ischemia. In addition, the relationship between brain buffer base deficit and intracellular pH was compared during and following ischemia. Thus, in vivo 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained from the brains of seven newborn piglets exposed to sequential episodes of hypercarbia, partial ischemia, and a second episode of hypercarbia in the postischemic recovery period. For the first episode of hypercarbia, brain buffering was similar to values reported for adult animals of other species (percentage pH regulation = 54 ± 16%). During ischemia, the brain base deficit per unit change in pH was −19 ± 5 mM/pH unit, which is similar to values reported for adult rats. By 20–35 min postischemia, brain acidosis partly resolved in spite of a net increase in lactate concentration. Therefore, the consumption of lactate could not explain acid homeostasis in the first 35 min following ischemia. We conclude that H+/HCO‐3 or other proton equivalent translocation mechanisms must be sufficiently developed in piglet brain to support acid regulation. This is surprising, because a substantial body of evidence implies these processes would be less active in immature brain. The second episode of hypercarbia, from 35 to 65 min postischemia, resulted in a smaller decrease in brain pH compared with the first episode, a result indicating an increase in brain buffering capacity (percentage pH regulation = 79 ± 29%). This was associated with a parallel decrease in brain lactate content, and therefore acid regulation could be attributed to either continued ion translocation or the consumption of lactate. A mild decrease in brain pH and content of energy metabolites was observed, a finding suggesting that the metabolic consequences of severe postischemic hypercarbia are neither particularly dangerous or beneficial.
Everyday Expertise: Cognitive Demands in Diabetes Self-Management

Objective: To assess the relationship between decision making and successful diabetes self-management. Background: Patients with type II diabetes make routine but critical self-management decisions. Method: We conducted cognitive task analysis interviews with 18 patients to examine problem detection, functional relationships, problem-solving strategies, and types of knowledge used to make self-management decisions. We expected that these decision processes would be related to behavioral adherence and glycemic control. Results: Verbal reports displaying problem detection skills, knowledge of functional relationships, and effective problem-solving strategies were all related to better adherence. Problem detection skill was linked to greater glycemic control. Participants differed in declarative and applied knowledge. Conclusion: Diabetes self-management draws on the same cognitive skills found in experts from diverse professional domains. Considering diabetes self-management as a form of expertise may support adherence. Application: Human factors approaches that support professional expertise may be useful for the decision making of patients with diabetes and other chronic diseases.
The Oldest Hominid Habit? Experimental Evidence for Toothpicking with Grass Stalks1

It has long been appreciated that integrating biological and cultural data sets represents one of the most productive approaches in paleoanthropology. The earliest evidence of material culture from the hominid paleontological record consists of stone tools embedded in sediments more than 2.5 million years old (Semaw et al. 1997). Behavioral insights into the butchery of large mammals by hominids have been generated by zooarchaeological analysis of modified animal bones of equivalent antiquity. Building on this record, the remains of early hominids themselves have often been used in attempts to understand early hominid behaviors. Early in the last century, some fossil hominid teeth were observed to bear grooves between adjacent postcanine teeth. A recent review of these interproximal wear grooves demonstrates how behaviors can be inferred from skeletal evidence (Ungar et al. 2001). These grooves appear mostly on the root, their axis often paralleling the cervicoenamel junction of some premolars and molars from members of the genus Homo, including H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens. These grooves are semicircular in mesiodistal cross section, 1.5 mm to 2.6 mm in width, and typically appear as elongated ovals on the mesial and/or distal aspects of the teeth. Interproximal wear grooves have been recognized for almost a century, and different ideas have been put forth to explain them. Ungar et al. (2001), summarizing this literature, conclude that toothpicking is the only hypothesis consistent with the known distribution, microanatomical morphology, and anatomical placement of these grooves in early hominid premolars and molars. Next to the use of lithics, the use of toothpicks by
Autonomy, Automaticity, and Attention: Why Empirical Research on Consciousness Matters to Autonomous Agency

ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction 7 1.1 Three Approaches to Autonomy 10 1.2 Autonomy as Coherence 18 1.2.1 The Original Hierarchy 18 1.2.2 Dworkin’s Amendment 24 1.2.3 Agency and Time: Bratman’s Account of Autonomous Agency 31 1.3 Putting an End the Regress Problem 39 1.4 Another Problem for Autonomous Agency 52 Chapter 2 2.0 Introduction 56 2.1 A First Pass at Automaticity 57 2.2 Automaticity and Automatism 62 2.3 An Overview of Automaticity 69 2.3.1 Percept-Judgment Automaticity 72 2.3.2 Behavioural Automaticity 74 2.3.3 Examples of Automaticity in the Lab 76 2.4 Actions Not as Planned 84 2.5 Habit 91 2.6 Automaticity, Dissociation and Autonomy 97 2.7 Automaticity as a Problem for Autonomy 101 Chapter 3 3.0 Introduction 114 3.1 Theories of Attention 117 3.1.1 A Preliminary: Divided Attention and Dual-Task Research 117 3.1.2 Broadbent’s Bottleneck Theory 122 3.1.3 Kahneman’s Effort Theory 128 3.1.4 Wickens’ Multiple Resource Model 135 3.1. 5 Attention as Selection for Action 140 3.2 Attention and Memory 148 3.3 The Central Executive 151 3.4 Attention and Autonomy 157 Chapter 4 4.0 Introduction 161 4.1 Consciousness: A Brief Sketch 163 vi 4.2 Unified Consciousness 173 4.3 The Problem Clarified 182 4.4 The Solution 193 4.5 Objections and Replies 200 4.6 Final Comments 211 Bibliography 213
Rapid Onset Relational Memory Effects Are Evident in Eye Movement Behavior, but Not in Hippocampal Amnesia

Little is known about the mechanisms by which memory for relations is accomplished, or about the time course of the critical processes. Here, eye movement measures were used to examine the time course of subjects' access to and use of relational memory. In four experiments, participants studied faces superimposed on scenic backgrounds and were tested with three-face displays superimposed on the scenes viewed earlier. Participants exhibited disproportionate viewing of the face originally studied with the scene, compared to other equally familiar faces in the test display. When a preview of a previously viewed scene was provided, permitting expectancies about the to-be-presented face to emerge, disproportionate viewing was manifested within 500750 msec after test display onset, more than a full second in advance of explicit behavioral responses, and occurred even when overt responses were not required. In the absence of preview, the viewing effects were delayed by approximately 1 sec. Relational memory effects were absent in the eye movement behavior of amnesic patients with hippocampal damage, suggesting that these effects depend critically on the hippocampal system. The results provide an index of memory for face-scene relations, indicate the time by which retrieval and identification of these relations occur, and suggest that retrieval and use of relational memory depends critically on the hippocampus and occurs obligatorily, regardless of response requirements.
The Impact of Psychological Contract Fulfillment on the Performance of In-Role and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

This research examines the relationships between psychological contract fulfillment and three types of employee behavior: in-role performance, organizational citizenship behavior directed at the organization, and organizational citizenship behavior directed at individuals within the organization. Using a sample of 134 supervisor-subordinate dyads, this study suggests that the extent of psychological contract fulfillment is positively related to the performance of all three types of employee behavior. In addition, the results indicate that psychological contract fulfillment is more strongly related to citizenship behavior directed at the organization than to citizenship behavior directed at one’s colleagues. Finally, this research investigates if employees’ attributions regarding the reasons that psychological contract breach occurred also impact their work performance. However, the data provide only limited support for the idea that employees are most likely to reduce their work effort when they perceive that the organization has intentionally failed to live up to its commitments.
Estimated intracortical bone turnover in the femur of growing macaques: Implications for their use as models in skeletal pathology

Although macaques have been used widely to study the dynamics of bone remodeling, there have been few comparisons to skeletal tissue turnover in humans. This study analyzes variation in bone microstructure with respect to gender, age, and body weight in growing macaques to determine whether the pattern of osteonal remodeling in macaques is like that in analogous bones of humans. Histomorphometric measurements were made on femoral midshaft cross‐sections of 54 macaques from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. These data show that variation in bone microstructure occurs independent of gender, age, and body weight in macaques. Moreover, intracortical bone turnover in the macaque femur is much slower than in humans, making them poor models to study the effects of weightlessness, but good models to study low turnover skeletal dysplasias.
Efficient Correlated Topic Modeling with Topic Embedding

Correlated topic modeling has been limited to small model and problem sizes due to their high computational cost and poor scaling. In this paper, we propose a new model which learns compact topic embeddings and captures topic correlations through the closeness between the topic vectors. Our method enables efficient inference in the low-dimensional embedding space, reducing previous cubic or quadratic time complexity to linear w.r. t the topic size. We further speedup variational inference with a fast sampler to exploit sparsity of topic occurrence. Extensive experiments show that our approach is capable of handling model and data scales which are several orders of magnitude larger than existing correlation results, without sacrificing modeling quality by providing competitive or superior performance in document classification and retrieval.
Spousal communication about the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi

This paper uses qualitative and quantitative data from married men and women in rural Malawi to examine how they comprehend their risk to HIV/AIDS and what preventive strategies they consider within marriage. Program efforts to promote behavior change have consistently focused on promoting chastity before marriage and fidelity while married or using condoms. These behavioral prescriptions are suitable for extramarital contexts but not within marriage, where the condom is far from being accepted as a suitable preventive tool and spouses face the reality that one’s vulnerability to AIDS is not confined to his/her behavior alone. The survey data show, unsurprisingly, that those who have the most reason for concern (e.g. those worried about contracting the disease) and those who have greater program and informal social contacts are most likely to communicate. The semi-structured interviews show that husbands and wives use subtle and gendered strategies to encourage fidelity; they talk to each other about the consequences of HIV/AIDS on their children’s and their own lives as a prelude for highlighting and justifying joint sexual prudence. These results show that rather than giving up to fate, marital partners are actively challenging and persuading each other to reform sexual behavior to avoid the intrusion of HIV/AIDS into the home.
Age and Pattern of Pap Smear Abnormalities: Implications for Cervical Cancer Control in a Developing Country

Aim: To characterize the age and pattern of Pap smear abnormalities in a major teaching hospital in Southwestern Nigeria. Design: This is a review of medical records of patients that came for cervical cancer screening. Materials and Methods: The Pap smear results of women between May 2013 and April 2015 were retrieved. A total of 2048 Pap smear results were retrieved during the study period and analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. A total of 252 (12.3%) samples were excluded from the analysis. Results: The mean age of the women was 45.77 ± 9.9 years and the mode was 50 years. Normal Pap smear result was reported in 728 (40.6%) women. Only 20 women has had more than one more than one Pap smear done. The most common abnormality was inflammatory smear result as this was reported in 613 (29.9%) women. Atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) were reported in 117 (5.7%), 209 (10.2%), and 111 (5.4%) women, respectively. Atypical glandular cell and squamous cell carcinoma were reported in 12 (6.0%) and 3 (1.0%), respectively. Conclusion: There is a high incidence of abnormal Pap smear in this environment and women start cervical cancer screening late in their reproductive life, past the age at which cervical premalignant lesions peak. This may be a contributing factor to the high burden of cervical cancer in developing countries.
Factors Associated with Early Hospital Discharge of Adult Influenza Patients

Background Understanding factors affecting length of hospital stay (LOS) in patients with severe influenza may improve their management. Methods A retrospective cohort study on laboratory-confirmed, adult influenza patients hospitalized in 2004 and 2005 was conducted. For all influenza cases during that period, immunofluorescence assay on nasopharyngeal aspirate was used for rapid diagnosis, and oseltamivir (75 mg twice daily for 5 days) prescribed if the patient presented within 2 days of symptom onset. Independent factors associated with time to discharge were identified using Cox proportional hazards models. An adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) >1 signifies a higher chance of early discharge. Viral shedding and influenza vaccination history were studied during one ‘flu’ season. Results A total of 356 patients (influenza A 93.5%) were studied. The majority of patients were old (70.2 ±8.4years), had ≥1 comorbid illness (69.1%) and developed respiratory or cardiovascular complications (69.4%). Oseltamivir initiated within 2 days of illness was associated with shorter total LOS (Kaplan-Meier estimated median 4 versus 6 days [-33%]; aHR for discharge 1.54, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 1.23–1.92, P<0.0001). Older age (≥70 years), comorbidities and complications were associated with prolonged LOS. Prolonged viral RNA detection >day 4 of illness (23 out of 99 consecutive patients) was also independently associated with longer LOS (aHR 0.36 [95% CI 0.19–0.71], P=0.003), whereas influenza vaccination within 6 months was associated with shorter LOS (aHR 2.14 [95% CI 1.18–3.85], P=0.012). Conclusion Our analyses suggest that timely oseltamivir treatment is independently associated with shorter LOS in patients hospitalized for severe influenza. Efforts to ensure early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention are warranted.
Toward a Unified Model of Information Security Policy Compliance

Information systems security (ISS) behavioral research has produced different models to explain security policy compliance. This paper (1) reviews 11 theories that have served the majority of previous information security behavior models, (2) empirically compares these theories (Study 1), (3) proposes a unified model, called the unified model of information security policy compliance (UMISPC), which integrates elements across these extant theories, and (4) empirically tests the UMISPC in a new study (Study 2), which provided preliminary empirical support for the model. The 11 theories reviewed are (1) the theory of reasoned action, (2) neutralization techniques, (3) the health belief model, (4) the theory of planned behavior, (5) the theory of interpersonal behavior, (6) the protection motivation theory, (7) the extended protection motivation theory, (8) deterrence theory and rational choice theory, (9) the theory of self-regulation, (10) the extended parallel processing model, and (11) the control balance theory. The UMISPC is an initial step toward empirically examining the extent to which the existing models have similar and different constructs. Future research is needed to examine to what extent the UMISPC can explain different types of ISS behaviors (or intentions thereof). Such studies will determine the extent to which the UMISPC needs to be revised to account for different types of ISS policy violations and the extent to which the UMISPC is generalizable beyond the three types of ISS violations we examined. Finally, the UMISPC is intended to inspire future ISS research to further theorize and empirically demonstrate the important differences between rival theories in the ISS context that are not captured by current measures.
Natural Killer-Like Cells in the Sheep: Functional Characterization and Regulation by Pregnancy-Associated Proteins

Natural killer (NK) cells represent an important component of the innate immune system. In ruminants there are few reports regarding presence or characterization of NK cells. Although absence of expression of major histocompatibility complex proteins on ovine trophoblast makes it potentially a target for NK cells, little is known about regulation of NK cells by products of pregnancy in sheep. Objectives of the present study were to determine whether cells with characteristics of NK cells exist in preparations of ovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and endometrial epithelial cells (EEC) and to determine regulation of such cells by two pregnancy-associated molecules with immunoregulatory properties (ovine uterine serpin [OvUS] and interferon-τ [IFN-τ]). Ovine PBL and EEC lysed a putative NK target cell, the BHV-1 infected D17 cell, and lysis by both types of cells was neutralized by antibody against a molecule called function-associated molecule (FAM) expressed on NK cells of several species. Moreover, inhibitors that interfere with perforin-mediated lysis blocked NK-like activity of PBL. The NK-like lytic activity of PBL and EEC was inhibited by OvUS, whereas ovine and bovine IFN-τ significantly enhanced NK-like activity of PBL. In conclusion, NK-like activity present in preparations of ovine PBL and EEC is mediated by FAM+ cells, is dependent on processes that involve perforin processing, and is regulated by OvUS and IFN-τ. Inhibition of NK-like activity of PBL and EEC by OvUS is consistent with a role for OvUS in protecting the conceptus from maternal cytotoxic lymphocytes. Stimulation of lysis by IFN-τ implies the existence of other inhibitory mechanisms during early pregnancy to prevent NK cell-mediated destruction of the conceptus.
DNA Methylation in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell Specification, Proliferation, and Differentiation

An unresolved and critically important question in skeletal muscle biology is how muscle stem cells initiate and regulate the genetic program during muscle development. Epigenetic dynamics are essential for cellular development and organogenesis in early life and it is becoming increasingly clear that epigenetic remodeling may also be responsible for the cellular adaptations that occur in later life. DNA methylation of cytosine bases within CpG dinucleotide pairs is an important epigenetic modification that reduces gene expression when located within a promoter or enhancer region. Recent advances in the field suggest that epigenetic regulation is essential for skeletal muscle stem cell identity and subsequent cell development. This review summarizes what is currently known about how skeletal muscle stem cells regulate the myogenic program through DNA methylation, discusses a novel role for metabolism in this process, and addresses DNA methylation dynamics in adult skeletal muscle in response to physical activity.
Evolution as a Coexistence Mechanism: Does Genetic Architecture Matter?*

Species sharing a prey or a predator species may go extinct due to exploitative or apparent competition. We examine whether evolution of the shared species acts as a coexistence mechanism and to what extent the answer depends on the genetic architecture underlying trait evolution. In our models of exploitative and apparent competition, the shared species evolves its defense or prey use. Evolving species are either haploid or diploid. A single locus pleiotropically determines prey nutritional quality and predator attack rates. When pleiotropy is sufficiently antagonistic (e.g., nutritional prey are harder to capture), eco-evolutionary assembly culminates in one of two stable states supporting only two species. When pleiotropy is weakly antagonistic or synergistic, assembly is intransitive: species-genotype pairs are cyclically displaced by rare invasions of the missing genotypes or species. This intransitivity allows for coexistence if, along its equilibria, the geometric mean of recovery rates exceeds the geometric mean of loss rates of the rare genotypes or species. By affecting these rates, synergistic pleiotropy can mediate coexistence, while antagonistic pleiotropy does not. For diploid populations experiencing weak antagonistic pleiotropy, superadditive allelic contributions to fitness can mitigate coexistence via an eco-evolutionary storage effect. Density dependence and mutations also promote coexistence. These results highlight how the efficacy of evolution as a coexistence mechanism may depend on the underlying genetic architecture.