Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Bone Strain and Ontogenetic Growth Patterns in Relation to Life‐History Strategies and Performance in Two Vertebrate Taxa: Goats and Emu*

This study examined ontogenetic patterns of limb loading, bone strains, and relative changes in bone geometry to explore the relationship between in vivo mechanics and size‐related changes in the limb skeleton of two vertebrate taxa. Despite maintaining similar relative limb loads during ontogeny, bone strain magnitudes in the goat radius and emu tibiotarsus generally increased. However, while the strain increases in the emu tibiotarsus were mostly insignificant, strains within the radii of adult goats were two to four times greater than in young goats. The disparity between ontogenetic strain increases in these taxa resulted from differences in ontogenetic scaling patterns of the cross‐sectional bone geometry. While the cross‐sectional and second moments of area scaled with negative allometry in the goat radius, these measures were not significantly different from isometry in the emu tibiotarsus. Although the juveniles of both taxa exhibited lower strains and higher safety factors than the adults, the radii of the young goats were more robust relative to the adult goats than were the tibiotarsi of the young compared with adult emu. Differences in ontogenetic growth and strain patterns in the limb bones examined likely result from different threat avoidance strategies and selection pressures in the juveniles of these two taxa.
When contact with immigrants matters: threat, interethnic attitudes and foreigner exclusionism in Spain's Comunidades Autónomas

Abstract This article examines the ‘contact hypothesis’ and theories of group threat in Spain, a country of recent mass immigration. Drawing on data for the period 1991–2000, we investigate whether respondents who interact with African and Latin American immigrants express lowered exclusionism compared to those who do not. Measures assessing contact include: close relationship, occasional encounter or acquaintanceship, and workplace contact. After multiple individual- and contextual-level controls, it is found that the close and occasional forms of contact are consistent predictors of lessened foreigner exclusionism across time, but workplace contact is not. Group threat (measured as perceived number of people with different nationality, race, religion or culture) contributes considerably to explaining variation in attitudes inter-regionally. Over time, close contact with migrants becomes a weaker predictor of reduced foreigner exclusionism. Finally, these results suggest that perceived threat is a consistent predictor of exclusionism over time, while the proportional presence of immigrants has no impact in either competitive or non-competitive settings.
The Group Context of Delinquent Behavior

Cumulative empirical evidence suggests that the majority of offenses for which juveniles are apprehended involved more than one offender. Evidence supporting this claim has generally been interpreted as support for the theoretical assertion that “delinquency is predominantly a group phenomenon. ” However, most of the studies reported in the literature are based exclusively on official records (either police or juvenile court records), and thus the question arises whether the proportion of offenses committed by groups would also be high if other sources of data were utilized. This paper reports the results of a study of “self-reported” delinquent behavior with specific emphasis on the extent to which offenses that individuals report having committed took place in a “group context. ” The relationship between “group violation rates” (proportion of self-reported offenses that were committed in a group context) and other characteristics of offenses are examined. An analysis is made of the relationships between group violation rates, seriousness of offense, frequency of violation, frequency of arrest, and arrest rates.
Mozaffarian Dietary and Policy Priorities

Abstract—Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of poor health. Nutrition and policy science have advanced rapidly, creating confusion yet also providing powerful opportunities to reduce the adverse health and economic impacts of poor diets. This review considers the history, new evidence, controversies, and corresponding lessons for modern dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Major identified themes include the importance of evaluating the full diversity of diet-related risk pathways, not only blood lipids or obesity; focusing on foods and overall diet patterns, rather than single isolated nutrients; recognizing the complex influences of different foods on long-term weight regulation, rather than simply counting calories; and characterizing and implementing evidencebased strategies, including policy approaches, for lifestyle change. Evidence-informed dietary priorities include increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, vegetable oils, yogurt, and minimally processed whole grains; and fewer red meats, processed (eg, sodium-preserved) meats, and foods rich in refined grains, starch, added sugars, salt, and trans fat. More investigation is needed on the cardiometabolic effects of phenolics, dairy fat, probiotics, fermentation, coffee, tea, cocoa, eggs, specific vegetable and tropical oils, vitamin D, individual fatty acids, and diet-microbiome interactions. Little evidence to date supports the cardiometabolic relevance of other popular priorities: eg, local, organic, grass-fed, farmed/wild, or non–genetically modified. Evidence-based personalized nutrition appears to depend more on nongenetic characteristics (eg, physical activity, abdominal adiposity, gender, socioeconomic status, culture) than genetic factors. Food choices must be strongly supported by clinical behavior change efforts, health systems reforms, novel technologies, and robust policy strategies targeting economic incentives, schools and workplaces, neighborhood environments, and the food system. Scientific advances provide crucial new insights on optimal targets and best practices to reduce the burdens of diet-related cardiometabolic diseases. (Circulation. 2016;133:187-225. DOI: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585.)
Evaluation of a PC-based teleconferencing system for reading chest radiographs

Chest radiographs from 50 patients, including 25 with lung cancer, were digitized at a resolution of 100dots inch 40 dots cm and saved in JPEG format at a low compression ratio. The average size of the stored images was 55kByte range 6-86 kByte . Four respiratory specialists observed these images on the cathode ray tube CRT display of a PC-based teleconferencing system with a resolution of 800 x 600 pixels. One month later they observed the original chest radiographs. A receiver operating characteristic ROC analysis was performed on their diagnoses, based on a five-point confidence scale about the presence of lung cancer. The observer-specific Az values for the teleconferencing system ranged from 0.801 to 0.944, and the corresponding Az values for the conventional radiographs from 0.926 to 0.957. No significant differences were found between the teleconferencing images and the original images, which suggests that a PC-based teleconferencing system could be useful in the diagnosis of lung cancer on chest radiographs.
The Exchange

In this discussion, an Australian sound artist/radio producer and a new media educator debate the potential for a radio-web project that enables new forms of radio content, production and distribution. The radio-website will offer two levels of interaction: digital media producers can use it as an ‘open studio’, and the public can interact with published works. The project explores the ways in which radio artists, who now find limited avenues for research and development in broadcast radio, can exploit new forms of listening made available through internet services. The site is intended to offer content appropriate for convergent media, thereby demonstrating how latest technologies can be used to extend content approaches beyond accepted broadcast forms.
Exploring the interactional dimension of social communication: A collective case study of older people with aphasia

Background: Increasingly, clinicians and researchers emphasise the need to investigate the social consequences of living with aphasia. While the importance of social affiliation and conversations has been acknowledged, there has been limited research that specifically addresses the impact of aphasia on this interactional dimension of communication. Aims: The aims of this study were to explore the insider perspective on the impact of aphasia on social communication and social relationships, and to explore components of the interactional function of everyday communication that are identified by older people with aphasia. Methods & Procedures: This research utilised a collective case study design that included three older people with aphasia. Data from three sources were collected and analysed: a weekly diary that included information on the purpose of the person's daily communication; qualitative interviewing with a focus on the impact of aphasia on that person's social communication; and stimulated recall, in which the older person was interviewed following video replay of their everyday conversation with two regular communication partners. Outcomes & Results: Findings from qualitative analysis of case‐study data record factors that affect social affiliation and satisfaction in conversations for an older person with aphasia. The concept of connectedness was identified, together with the role of humour and story telling in furthering interactions. The role of phatic communion was revealed as relevant to establishing and maintaining social communication. Implications of this research are a renewed focus on the personal, relational, and environmental factors that influence the everyday communication of the older person. A diagrammatic framework for conceptualising the interactional dimension of social communication is proposed. Emergent themes hold relevance for programmes for older people with aphasia and their communication partners, including addressing, in therapy, the interactional nature of communication and including satisfaction ratings of social communication in outcome measures. Conclusions: Findings illuminate the interactional function of social communication and contextual issues for the person living with aphasia in older age.
The Other Sex Work

This article examines subjective experiences of stigma by contemporary sociologists in the field of sexuality studies. Many sexuality scholars reported experiences of stigma and marginalization in academic departments, such as disparaging jokes and assumptions about the researcher’s personal sexual identity or behavior. Women were more likely than men to report these types of subjective experiences. Although preliminary, these findings suggest the possibility of stigma in the academic workplace based on the area of research.
When is the Structural Context Effective?

Relevance scoring and estimation deals with both finding the relevant set of answers and ordering them according to the degree of their relevance to the user-intent. The traditional information retrieval (IR) systems successfully find and order the relevant documents and leave them to the users, who then have to locate the relevant information embedded somewhere within the document. In contrast, estimating relevance in semi-structured retrieval means not only retrieving and ordering the relevant documents but also locating the relevant information within the document as well. When it comes to semi-structured retrieval, the traditional IR style retrieval is simply insufficient. The main focus of this thesis is estimating relevance in a schema-agnostic environment. Here, “schema-agnostic” means that the schema or the structure exists explicitly within the documents but the user does not or need not know that schema. In such an environment, the structure is generally defined loosely, which means: (a) it can evolve over time, (b) it can constitute a large part of the data, and (c) it might exist seamlessly within the document. The natural question that comes into mind is, why is such a structure there at all? The structure in a schemaagnostic environment is there to be used by retrieval systems for several useful tasks. This thesis is about unveiling the capabilities of the structural constructs within semi-structured documents in schema-agnostic settings. Structural constructs can form what we call the structural context of the relevant item. A structural context builds up the internal and external contextual features of a semi-structured document. These contextual features help with a series of tasks. The work presented in this thesis contributes towards understanding and utilizing the contextual features in the retrieval of focused information in schema-agnostic settings. During the course of this study we have identified, implemented and experimented with several intuitive types of contextual features in semi-structured retrieval settings. Contextualization is the generic process of utilizing features in the structural context of the retrievable units in relevance scoring. The proposed retrieval approaches, based mainly on contextual features, exhibited notable improvements in retrieval effectiveness, during empirical analyses. The evaluations and empirical analyses are performed in several tasks, spread across different phases of this study. The tasks are performed by looking at different aspects and challenges of the semi-structured retrieval domain. The following tasks are performed at different phases of this study: ad-hoc tasks, granulation tasks, and standard tasks offered by INitiative for the Evaluation of Xml retrieval (INEX). The contributions of this thesis are also grouped by these tasks.
Components of Software Development Risk: How to Address Them? A Project Manager Survey

Software risk management can be defined as an attempt to formalize risk oriented correlates of development success into a readily applicable set of principles and practices. By using a survey instrument we investigate this claim further. The investigation addresses the following questions: 1) What are the components of software development risk? 2) how does risk management mitigate risk components, and 3) what environmental factors if any influence them? Using principal component analysis we identify six software risk components: 1) scheduling and timing risks, 2) functionality risks, 3) subcontracting risks, 4) requirements management, 5) resource usage and performance risks, and 6) personnel management risks. By using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons we examine how risk management (or the lack of it) and environmental factors (such as development methods, manager's experience) influence each risk component. The analysis shows that awareness of the importance of risk management and systematic practices to manage risks have an effect on scheduling risks, requirements management risks, and personnel management risks. Environmental contingencies were observed to affect all risk components. This suggests that software risks can be best managed by combining specific risk management considerations with a detailed understanding of the environmental context and with sound managerial practices, such as relying on experienced and well-educated project managers and launching correctly sized projects.
Acquisition of Full-Length Viral Helicase Domains by Insect Retrotransposon-Encoded Polypeptides

Recent metagenomic studies in insects identified many sequences unexpectedly closely related to plant virus genes. Here we describe a new example of this kind, insect R1 LINEs with an additional C-terminal domain in their open reading frame 2. This domain is similar to NTPase/helicase (SF1H) domains, which are found in replicative proteins encoded by plant viruses of the genus Tobamovirus. We hypothesize that the SF1H domain could be acquired by LINEs, directly or indirectly, upon insect feeding on virus-infected plants. Possible functions of this domain in LINE transposition and involvement in LINEs counteraction the silencing-based cell defense against retrotransposons are discussed.
Combined therapy with zaprinast and inhaled nitric oxide abolishes hypoxic pulmonary hypertension

Objective To determine whether the combination of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor zaprinast and inhaled nitric oxide (NO) decreases hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the rat. Design Prospective, experimental study. Setting Animal laboratory of a university medical center. Subjects Male Sprague-Dawley rats. Interventions Anesthetized rats were mechanically ventilated and instrumented for measurement of mean systemic arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and cardiac output. In group 1, four acute hypoxic challenges (Fio2 = 0.17 for 5 mins) were performed: initial, during 40 ppm inhaled NO, immediately after discontinuation of 5 mins of inhaled NO, and final. In group 2 rats, an initial hypoxic challenge was performed and rats then received zaprinast (3 mg/kg bolus followed by 0.3 mg/kg/min infusion). Four hypoxic challenges analogous to group 1 were then performed during zaprinast administration. Measurements and Main Results Initial hypoxic challenge produced similar increases in pulmonary arterial pressure in both groups. In group 1, inhaled NO either only before or only during hypoxia decreased the pulmonary hypertensive response to hypoxia. In group 2, zaprinast administration did not alter hemodynamics. Zaprinast alone decreased the pulmonary hypertensive response to hypoxia. The combination of zaprinast and inhaled NO (either before or during hypoxia) abolished the pulmonary hypertensive response to hypoxia. Conclusions Treatment with inhaled NO for 5 mins before but not during hypoxia is as effective as inhaled NO during hypoxia. Inhaled NO and zaprinast both decrease the pulmonary hypertensive response to hypoxia, and the combination abolishes the response. The combination of a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor and inhaled NO may have clinical applicability in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
ASSESSING THE INCREMENTAL VALIDITY OF TEAM CONSENSUS RATINGS OVER AGGREGATION OF INDIVIDUAL‐LEVEL DATA IN PREDICTING TEAM EFFECTIVENESS

Using data collected from 98 work teams, empowerment levels were assessed based on the aggregation of individual team member ratings as well as on a team consensus approach utilized after aggregation. These 2 methods of measuring team empowerment were then compared on their ability to predict manager ratings of team effectiveness on 4 dimensions. Findings demonstrated that the consensus method of measuring team empowerment explained significantly greater variance in team effectiveness than did the aggregation method alone. We discuss implications for team research and practice based on these findings and include a discussion on when using consensus after aggregation may be most appropriate.
Reduced positive future-thinking in depression: Cognitive and affective factors

A pessimistic view of the future is an important feature of depressive thinking, and appears to be influenced at least as strongly by reduced positive expectancies as it is by increased negative expectancies. The present study examined whether reduced positive future-thinking in depression could be accounted for by a reduced capacity to anticipate experiencing pleasure. Depressed and nondepressed participants were asked to generate positive future expectancies using a future-thinking task, and their capacity to anticipate experiencing pleasure in such events was also assessed. Depressed participants provided fewer anticipated positive experiences, a finding which was not accountable for by their reduced pleasure ratings. This reduced positive anticipation was related to levels of depression but not to levels of anxiety. The results are consistent with the view that the lack of anticipated positive experiences in depression arises from a difficulty in accessing mental representations of such experiences.
Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT Few depressed older adults receive effective treatment in primary care settings. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) collaborative care management program for late-life depression. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial with recruitment from July 1999 to August 2001. SETTING Eighteen primary care clinics from 8 health care organizations in 5 states. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1801 patients aged 60 years or older with major depression (17%), dysthymic disorder (30%), or both (53%). INTERVENTION Patients were randomly assigned to the IMPACT intervention (n = 906) or to usual care (n = 895). Intervention patients had access for up to 12 months to a depression care manager who was supervised by a psychiatrist and a primary care expert and who offered education, care management, and support of antidepressant management by the patient's primary care physician or a brief psychotherapy for depression, Problem Solving Treatment in Primary Care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Assessments at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months for depression, depression treatments, satisfaction with care, functional impairment, and quality of life. RESULTS At 12 months, 45% of intervention patients had a 50% or greater reduction in depressive symptoms from baseline compared with 19% of usual care participants (odds ratio [OR], 3.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.71-4.38; P<.001). Intervention patients also experienced greater rates of depression treatment (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 2.34-3.79; P<.001), more satisfaction with depression care (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 2.66-4.30; P<.001), lower depression severity (range, 0-4; between-group difference, -0.4; 95% CI, -0.46 to -0.33; P<.001), less functional impairment (range, 0-10; between-group difference, -0.91; 95% CI, -1.19 to -0.64; P<.001), and greater quality of life (range, 0-10; between-group difference, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.32-0.79; P<.001) than participants assigned to the usual care group. CONCLUSION The IMPACT collaborative care model appears to be feasible and significantly more effective than usual care for depression in a wide range of primary care practices.
Multiple systems for the biliary excretion of organic anions in rats: liquiritigenin conjugates as model compounds.

Liquiritigenin (LG), 2, 3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-(S)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-1, is metabolized to five kinds of conjugates (glucuronides and sulfates) that are excreted predominantly into the bile (Shimamura et al., 1993). Using LG as a model compound, we studied the multiplicity for the biliary excretion of conjugates in vivo. LG was administered i.v. as a bolus to Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats) that received i.v. infusions of the inhibitors [glycyrrhizin (GR), dibromosulfophthalein (DBSP) and indocyanine green (ICG)] at their maximal transport rates. The infusion of GR and that of DBSP reduced significantly the biliary excretion of all the conjugates except LG 4',7-O-disulfate (M3), whereas infusion of ICG did not affect the excretion of conjugates. To minimize the effect of the other tissues on the disposition of the conjugates, the apparent biliary excretion clearance (CLbile,app) was calculated. The CLbile,app values of LG 4'-O-glucuronide (M1), LG 7-O-glucuronide (M2), LG 4'-O-glucuronide 7-O-sulfate (M4) and LG 7-O-glucuronide 4'-O-sulfate (M5) were significantly reduced by GR and DBSP infusion, whereas the CLbile, app value of M3 was not affected by these inhibitors. The CLbile, app values of all the conjugates except M2 were not reduced by ICG infusion. In Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats, which have a hereditary defect in the canalicular transport system for several organic anions, the biliary excretion clearance of M1, M2, M4 and M5 was markedly reduced, whereas that of M3 was comparable with that in control rats. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)