Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘Killed by charity’ – Towards interdisciplinary children’s rights studies

‘Killed by charity’ is the title of the second album of the avant-garde rock/jazz-band X-Legged Sally and was released in 1993. The phrase also reminds of a tragic event that occurred in the course of food droppings by air over a drought-stricken region in Africa in the early 1990s. According to the band’s lead musician, Peter Vermeersch, the title of the album refers to an incident which had lead to the accidental death of some of the people who had received heavy food palettes on their head. They had been, literally, killed by charity. Researchers in the field of childhood studies and children’s rights have recurrently uncovered that charity can also ‘kill’ in a figurative sense. Many articles published in Childhood over the last 20 years have demonstrated that taking unjustified and unfounded measures in order to protect children – in their best interests – has not been without contradictions or even tragedies (A time for celebrations, 1999). Consider, for instance, the infamous example of ingrained child protection policies in Australia during the 20th century that involved the forced removal from their families and placement in institutional or foster care of Aboriginal and mixed-descent children. The history of child protection policy and interventions contains numerous other examples of wellintended charity interventions on children’s behalf that have led not to improving but to deteriorating children’s conditions. Childhood has also published articles on the harmful consequences of interventions in children’s lives in the field of development practice. A recent example includes Susan Levine’s (2011) study on how the introduction of child labour legislation in South Africa since the end of apartheid has had the unintended consequence of deepening chronic hunger and poverty among children who formerly participated as seasonal or part-time workers, rather than improving their lives. In another article, Sircar and Dutta (2011) have pointed at the effects of attempts at ‘rescuing’ children of sex workers by kindhearted outsiders, that are at best temporary and at worst come at the cost of abrogating the children’s and their families’ rights. Childhood studies and children’s rights share the rejection of policies and interventions that are concerned about children merely as passive objects; both approaches can be seen as providing an antidote for the harm inflicted on children by charity approaches that do not consider their agency nor their rights. An appropriate starting point for exploring the relations between childhood studies and children’s rights are the first issues of The International Journal of Children’s Rights and of Childhood, two of the field’s leading academic journals that both appeared in 1993. In the Editorial introduction (1993) to the first issue of The International Journal of Children’s Rights, the editors emphasized 547453 CHD0010.1177/0907568214547453ChildhoodEditorial editorial2014
Groups in supersimple and pseudofinite theories

We consider groups G interpretable in a supersimple finite rank theory T such that Teq eliminates ∃∞. It is shown that G has a definable soluble radical. If G has rank 2, then if G is pseudofinite, it is soluble‐by‐finite, and partial results are obtained under weaker hypotheses, such as ‘functional unimodularity’ of the theory. A classification is obtained when T is pseudofinite and G has a definable and definably primitive action on a rank 1 set.
A Pilot Study to Compare Oxidative Status between Organically and Conventionally Managed Dairy Cattle During the Transition Period.

The aim of this study was to assess the redox balance of organically managed dairy cattle (OMC; n = 40) during the transition period and to compare this with conventionally managed cattle (CMC; n = 22). Serum samples of dairy cows from two organic and one conventional farm were taken. Markers of oxidants production [reactive oxygen species] and total serum antioxidant capacity were measured in four different production stages: (i) far-off dry (2 to 1 months before calving; 44 samples in CMC and 48 in OMC); (ii) close-up dry (1 month until 3 days before calving; 44 CMC; 54 OMC); (iii) fresh (3 days to +1 month after calving; 44 CMC; 49 OMC); and (iv) peak of lactation (+1 to +3 months; 71 CMC; 78 OMC). Values were compared between production stages and against a metabolic baseline status (4th-5th month of pregnancy; 40 CMC; 30 OMC). Our results indicated that throughout the periparturient period, OMC had lower concentrations of reactive oxygen species, but also a lower antioxidant capacity than CMC. Indeed, when the two components of the redox balance were assessed together through the Oxidative Stress index, the values of this parameter were higher for OMC than for CMC, thereby implying a higher risk of oxidative stress. Therefore, further larger studies are needed to confirm the current observations, as organically reared animals might be exposed to a lack of antioxidants supply.
Asian and Pacific Islander American Men's Help-Seeking: Cultural Values and Beliefs, Gender Roles, and Racial Stereotypes

Asian and Pacific Islander American (APIA) individuals comprise one of the fastest growing populations in the United States; however, little is know about their health status, and even less is known about the health status and help-seeking patterns of these men. This article provides an overview of APIA men’s helpseeking behavior, using an ecological-contextual framework to understand the impact of cultural values and beliefs, gender roles, and racial stereotypes on helpseeking. We consider the influence on their lives of Asian philosophical and religious thought; cultural values of harmony, interdependence, and saving face; alternative views of health based on holism, fatalism, and spiritism; and the impact of racism and the model minority stereotype. Generalizations about cultures and peoples in this group of men are balanced by an emphasis on within-group differences such as ethnic background and acculturation.Implications for culturally responsive services and service providers are discussed.
Augmenting the navigation of complex data sets using sonification: a case study with BrainX3

The meaningful representation and exploration of big data constitutes a challenge for many scientific fields. In recent years, auditory displays have been effectively employed to address this problem. The coupling of sonification with visualization techniques in multimodal displays can lead to the implementation of powerful tools for the understanding of complex datasets. In this study, we applied sonification techniques to a complex dataset from neuroscience. To do so, we used BrainX3, a novel immersive technology for the exploration of large brain networks. We conducted an experiment to assess whether the addition of an auditory layer would result in better user performance of brain region identification at different spatial resolutions.
Delphi4LED — from measurements to standardized multi-domain compact models of LED: A new European R&D project for predictive and efficient multi-domain modeling and simulation of LEDs at all integration levels along the SSL supply chain

There are a few bottlenecks hampering efficient design of products on different integration levels of the SSL supply chain. One major issue is that data sheet information provided about packaged LEDs is usually insufficient and inconsistent among different LED vendors. Many data such as temperature sensitivity of different light output properties are provided to a limited extent only and usually by means of plots. Also, reported light output properties are typically rated for a junction temperature of 25 °C, which is obviously much below the junction temperature expected under real operating conditions. Even if “hot lumens” measured at a junction temperature of 85 °C this is not the actual operating temperature and there is little information about how such “hot lumen” tests are performed. The gap between and reported LED test data and actual operating conditions can be bridged by proper simulation models of LEDs and their environments. Such models should be accurate, hence capable of proper prediction of LED operation but simple enough to assure fast numerical simulations. However, LED integration do not get access to detailed LED information to perform those simulation at system level, thus perform reverse engineering which is time and cost consuming. A bridge, in the form of standardization, has to be established between the semiconductor industry and the LED component integrators. In order to achieve this, the following tools have to be provided: · Generic, multi-domain model of LED chips · Compact thermal model of the LED chips `environment (including the package and module assembly) · Modeling interface towards the luminaire The goal of the project is to develop a standardized method to create multi-domain LED compact models from testing data.
Ambivalent Social Networks and Their Consequences for Participation

Does perceived disagreement in political discussion help or hinder citizens’ political participation? Some argue that disagreement prompts reflection, perspective-taking, and tolerance. Challengers argue that disagreement fosters ambivalence and hinders participatory activities and turnout. One seminal study that tackled this dilemma formulated the ‘cross-pressures’ hypothesis (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, & Gaudet, 1944/1968), which posited that the more individuals are betwixt and between conflicting social positions, the longer the time for their vote intention to crystallize (and the lower the likelihood they would vote). This paper offers a critique and refinement of the cross-pressures hypothesis. First, previous studies confounded intra-individual and structural sources of cross-pressures. Second, past operationalizations of exposure to disagreement focused on the sheer amount of opposition to the individual’s point of view, rather than his or her exposure to two conflicting points of view. A new measure—network ambivalence—is proposed to capture the latter dynamic. Conceptual and methodological refinements of the cross-pressures hypothesis are tested on a representative sample of voting-age respondents in the United States, interviewed on the American National Election Study 2000 panel (N= 1,555). Results suggest that not only were these pressures hardly detrimental to participation, but they also facilitated the formation of considered electoral
Single-center retrospective review of ultrasound-accelerated versus traditional catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

Objective Systemic anticoagulation remains the standard for acute lower extremity (LE) deep venous thrombosis (DVT), but growing interest in catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) and its potential to reduce the incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) has led to advent of ultrasound-accelerated CDT (US-CDT). Few studies to date have examined the outcomes of US-CDT against traditional CDT (T-CDT). Methods This is a retrospective, single-center review of all patients treated for acute LE DVT over a five-year period with either US- and T-CDT. Patients were stratified based on demographics, presentation, co-morbidities, risk factors, and peri-procedural data. Results Seventy-six limbs in 67 patients were treated; 51 limbs in 42 patients were treated with US-CDT, and 25 limbs in 25 patients were treated with T-CDT. Adjuncts include: pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (n = 28 vs. 20, p = 0.04), angioplasty (n = 22 vs. 18, p = 0.11), stenting (n = 30 vs. 6, p ≤ 0.001), and IVC filter insertion (n = 5 vs. 0, p = 0.07). Mean lysis times were 21 ± 1.7 and 24 ± 1.8 h for US- and T-CDT, respectively (p = 0.26). Thirty (25 ultrasound, 5 traditional) limbs had complete lysis. Thirty-one (22 ultrasound, 9 traditional) limbs had incomplete lysis. Fifteen (4 ultrasound, 11 traditional) limbs had ineffective lysis (p = 0.002 in favor of ultrasound). Four patients (3 US-CDT, 1 T-CDT) had recurrent ipsilateral thrombosis within 30 days (p = 0.60). By Kaplan-Meier analysis, there were no significant difference between primary patency, primary-assisted patency, secondary patency, re-thrombosis, and recurrent symptoms at 6, 12, and 24 months. Conclusion US-CDT does not significantly improve mid-term patencies but results in greater acute clot burden reduction in patients with acute LE DVTs compared to T-CDT, which may be beneficial in reducing the long-term incidence of PTS.
Characteristics of Adult Learners With Implications for Online Learning Design

The online educational environment is increasingly being used by adults and should be designed based on the needs of adult learners. This article discusses andragogy, an important adult learning theory, and reviews three other adult learning theories: self-directed learning, experiential learning, and transformational learning. During this discussion, the theories are examined for the ways in which they may be applied to the design of online learning environments. In addition, the characteristics of adult learners are examined, and an analysis of how these characteristics influence the design of an online learning environment is presented. Recommendations follow regarding how to design an online classroom environment while considering the application of adult learning theories.
The emotional feeling as a combination of two qualia: A neurophilosophical-based emotion theory

It is argued that the emotional feeling comprises the following two emotional qualia. (1) A nucleus feeling or primary emotional quale, which is the phenomenological counterpart of the end product of appraisal by the central nervous system. (2) The experience of being urged to emotion-related reflection or secondary emotional quale, which is the phenomenological counterpart of the brain's decision to inhibit pre-programmed emotional behaviour, and to initiate emotion-related reflections. Different brain modules regulate these two qualia, and thus each can be experienced independently of the other. The primary emotional quale is related to activation of the amygdala, it is emotion specific, and neutral with respect to affect. The secondary emotional quale is related to activation of the orbito-prefrontal cortex (O-PFC), and includes affective aspects. It is argued that emotional behaviour is regulated by the following three neural mechanisms, two of which two are directly related to the two qualia. (1) An evolutionary ancient system (amygdala-system), which comprises the amygdalae and subcortical nuclei, and which activates pre-programmed emotional behaviour. (2) An evolutionary recent system (PFC-system), comprising the prefrontal cortex, which inhibits pre-programmed emotional behaviour, activates emotional reflection, generates and evaluates behavioural alternatives. In contrast to the pre-programmed behaviour, the behavioural alternatives are more likely to serve long-term goals. (3) A default mechanism, which gives rise to default (i.e., “just do something”) behaviour. The first two systems are mutually competitive, while the third mechanism takes over if either the competition between the first two mechanisms, or the decision process of the PFC-system, takes too long. This default mechanism involves the function of the medial-prefrontal cortex (M-PFC).
Changes in self-esteem across the first year in college: the role of achievement goals

This longitudinal study examined the effects of achievement goals on the growth trajectories of self-esteem during the first-year at a comprehensive public university. College freshmen (N = 311) were followed for one academic year with three time points. Between-individual differences and within-individual change in achievement goals were distinguished and used as predictors for the growth trajectories of self-esteem. A growth curve analysis revealed that initially high mastery goals and subsequent increases in mastery goals were related to high self-esteem while initially high performance-avoidance goals were related to low self-esteem. The initial levels of performance-approach goals were not related to self-esteem but subsequent increases in performance-approach goals were associated with low self-esteem. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Ignorance and Science

Recent decades have seen a dramatic increase in creative work on scientifc ignorance and uncertainty, which can be traced in part to a realization that ignorance and uncertainty cannot always be reduced or banished from science, and that they are social and cultural products rather than merely "part of the phenomenon. " The fact that ignorance is negotiable and yet fundamental to scientific work poses several important dilemmas and prospects. We may be participating in a shift from the traditional research strategies of reducing or banishing ignorance toward a deeper understanding of and greater capacity to cope with ignorance.
Determinants of Reconciliation and Compromise Among Israelis and Palestinians

This joint Palestinian-Israeli study stresses the importance of public opinion in reconciliation processes. It was conducted in the wake of the Arafat-Barak Camp David summit and intended to set up a baseline for sentiments of compromise and reconciliation among Israelis and Palestinians at the peak of the Palestinian-Israeli peace process. The study is based on surveys of representative samples of the Israeli adult population (n = 525) and the Palestinian adult population in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem (n = 1,259). It focuses on the role of expectations for lasting peace and democracy in shaping attitudes towards reconciliation and political compromise. Both publics felt that there is no room for further compromise on the most critical issues of the conflict; the majority in both samples believed that their delegations have made too much of a compromise already. A reliable reconciliation scale was devised from a range of steps listed in the reconciliation literature as prerequisites for successful reconciliation following protracted conflicts. Palestinians overwhelmingly supported reconciliation steps, which promise normalization and a chance for economic well-being. They were more reluctant to support steps towards political alliance and ethos-transforming steps. Israelis' support for all reconciliation measures except for open borders was noticeably higher. Expectations were found to account for reconciliation and compromise sentiments beyond demographic and political-orientation variables for both the Israeli and Palestinian samples.
Association of Attitudes and Beliefs towards Antiretroviral Therapy with HIV-Seroprevalence in the General Population of Kisumu, Kenya

Background Since antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available in the developed world, the prevalence of unprotected sex and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV have increased. We hypothesized that a similar phenomenon may be occurring in sub-Saharan Africa concomitant with the scale-up of HIV treatment. Methods We conducted a general population-based survey in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants completed an interview that included demographics as well as ART-related attitudes and beliefs (AB) and then underwent HIV serological testing. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of AB about ART indicated two factors: 1) ART-related risk compensation (increased sexual risk taking now that ART is available); and 2) a perception that HIV is more controllable now that ART is available. Logistic regression was used to determine associations of these factors with HIV-seroprevalence after controlling for age. Findings 1,655 (90%) of 1,844 people aged 15–49 contacted, including 749 men and 906 women, consented to participate in the study. Most participants (n = 1164; 71%) had heard of ART. Of those who had heard of ART, 23% believed ART was a cure for HIV. ART-related risk compensation (Adjusted (A)OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.16–1.81), and a belief that ART cures HIV (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.22–3.76) were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence in men but not women after controlling for age. In particular, ART-related risk compensation was associated with an increased HIV-seroprevalence in young (aged 15–24 years) men (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.12–2.19). Conclusions ART-related risk compensation and a belief that ART cures HIV were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence among men but not women. HIV prevention programs in sub-Saharan Africa that target the general population should include educational messages about ART and address the changing beliefs about HIV in the era of greater ART availability.
Conserved Nucleotides within the J Domain of the Encephalomyocarditis Virus Internal Ribosome Entry Site Are Required for Activity and for Interaction with eIF4G

ABSTRACT The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements of cardioviruses (e.g., encephalomyocarditis virus [EMCV] and foot-and-mouth disease virus) are predicted to have very similar secondary structures. Among these complex RNA structures there is only rather limited complete sequence conservation. Within the J domain of the EMCV IRES there are four highly conserved nucleotides (A704, C705, G723, and A724). , which are predicted to be unpaired and have been targeted for mutagenesis. Using an IRES-dependent cell selection system, we have isolated functional IRES elements from a pool of up to 256 mutants. All changes to these conserved nucleotides resulted in IRES elements that were less efficient at directing internal initiation of translation than the wild-type element, and even some of the single point mutants were highly defective. Each of the mutations adversely affected the ability of the RNAs to interact with the translation initiation factor eIF4G.
Personality consistency: Eminent architects 25 years later

Abstract: One hundred and twenty‐four American male architects representing three levels of eminence and creativity were studied by Donald W. MacKinnon and his collaborators in 1958–1960. The present report is based on a follow‐up of 70 of the 83 (78%) surviving architects (mean age 71 years, with a range of 62–88). The architects were individually interviewed at their place of residence between 1983–1984 and received several of the same tests they had received 25 years before, including the Adjective Check List (ACL) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The present study offered the architects a chance to look back at lifelong careers, and it allowed the researchers to establish that the distinct personality characteristics of the three groups of architects remained remarkably stable, and were at least partially responsible for moderating longevity and achievement. Opportunities for full‐time practice were radically different for the three groups after age 65. The interview data suggested th.
Building a Golden Grove ‘community’: a study of suburban production processes in South Australia, 1970s–1980s

Ideals of community have been associated with the practice of planning for over a century. Proponents of the Golden Grove Development considered particular ideals of community to be fundamental to the financial and social success of the new suburban development. This paper will analyse the early planning processes that underpinned the production of community ideals and argue that these planning processes took place at the transition between welfarism and neo‐liberalism. This study will offer provocative glimpses into late twentieth century suburban planning practices; practices that establish the Golden Grove Development as a model of late twentieth century suburban production processes.