Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finite-state Transducers for Semi-structured Text Mining

Text mining for semi-structured documents requires information extractors. Programming extractors by hand is diicult to catch up with the amount and the variation of the documents placed on the WorldWide Web everyday. This paper presents our recent result on applying machine learning techniques to au-tomatize the generation of the extractors. Our goal is to develop a domain and language independent approach that automatically learns an extractor from training examples of extraction. In particular, this paper discusses the use of nite-state transducers (FST) as the representation formalism of the extractors. Previously, we have shown that only a small number of examples is enough for learning perfect FST-based extractors for documents from a variety of real Web sites. In this paper, we introduce two classes of FST-based extractors: single-pass and multi-pass, and informally analyze their relative advantages and disadvantages. In terms of their sample complexity, we hypothesized that single-pass extractors may have an edge for tabular documents while multi-pass ex-tractors may require fewer examples for tagged-list documents. We veriied this hypothesis empirically and found that by slightly changing the problem setting, a single-pass learner can outperform a multi-pass learner for tagged-list documents. A prototype system based on this work will be presented in the demo session of this workshop.
The Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) occur in both old, passive galaxies and active, star-forming galaxies. This fact, coupled with the strong dependence of SN Ia rate on star formation rate, suggests that SNe Ia form from stars with a wide range of ages. Here we show that the rate of SN Ia explosions is about 1% of the stellar death rate, independent of star formation history. The dependence of SN Ia rate on star formation rate implies a delay time distribution proportional to t−0.5 ± 0.2. The single-degenerate channel for SNe Ia can be made to match the observed SN Ia rate-SFR relation, but only if white dwarfs are converted to SNe Ia with a uniform efficiency of ~1%, independent of mass. Since low-mass progenitors are expected to have lower conversion efficiencies than high-mass progenitors, we conclude that some other progenitor scenario must be invoked to explain some, or perhaps all, SNe Ia.
Multiplicity for symmetric indefinite functionals: applications to Hamiltonian and elliptic systems

In this article we study the existence of critical points for certain superquadratic strongly indefinite even functionals appearing in the study of periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems and solutions of certain class of Elliptic Systems. We first present two abstract critical point theorems for even functionals. These results are well suited for our applications, but they are interesting by their own. These theorems are then applied to the specific problems we mentioned, when the corresponding Hamiltonians are superquadratic. Critical points theory for even indefinite functionals was studied by Benci in [2], where he developed a general pseudo index theory, a variant of the classical genus theory (c.f. [10]). We want to point out that our approach is totally different from [2]. Taking advantages of the even nature of the functional we shall construct a geometric linking structure which does not require conditions near the origin (see [10] for examples of some standard linking and compare the set up of our linking in Theorem 1.1).
Relativistic Effects and Polarization in Three High-Energy Pulsar Models

We present the influence of the special relativistic effects of aberration and light-travel time delay on pulsar high-energy light curves and polarization characteristics predicted by three models: the two-pole caustic model, the outer gap model, and the polar cap model. Position angle curves and degree of polarization are calculated for the models and compared with the optical data on the Crab pulsar. The relative positions of peaks in gamma-ray and radio light curves are discussed in detail for the models. We find that the two-pole caustic model can qualitatively reproduce the optical polarization characteristics of the Crab pulsar: fast swings of the position angle and minima in polarization degree, associated with both peaks. The anticorrelation between the observed flux and the polarization degree (observed in the optical band also for B0656+14) naturally results from the caustic nature of the peaks, which are produced in the model because of the superposition of radiation from many different altitudes, i.e., polarized at different angles. The two-pole caustic model also provides an acceptable interpretation of the main features in the Crab's radio profile. Neither the outer gap model nor the polar cap model is able to reproduce the optical polarization data on the Crab. Although the outer gap model is very successful in reproducing the relative positions of gamma-ray and radio peaks in pulse profiles, it can reproduce the high-energy light curves only when photon emission from regions very close to the light cylinder is included.
Recent advances in the automatic recognition of audiovisual speech

Visual speech information from the speaker's mouth region has been successfully shown to improve noise robustness of automatic speech recognizers, thus promising to extend their usability in the human computer interface. In this paper, we review the main components of audiovisual automatic speech recognition (ASR) and present novel contributions in two main areas: first, the visual front-end design, based on a cascade of linear image transforms of an appropriate video region of interest, and subsequently, audiovisual speech integration. On the latter topic, we discuss new work on feature and decision fusion combination, the modeling of audiovisual speech asynchrony, and incorporating modality reliability estimates to the bimodal recognition process. We also briefly touch upon the issue of audiovisual adaptation. We apply our algorithms to three multisubject bimodal databases, ranging from small- to large-vocabulary recognition tasks, recorded in both visually controlled and challenging environments. Our experiments demonstrate that the visual modality improves ASR over all conditions and data considered, though less so for visually challenging environments and large vocabulary tasks.
Addressing the "Two Disciplines" Problem: Linking Theories of Cognition and Learning With Assessment and Instructional Practice

On September 2,1957, Lee Cronbach delivered his visionary presidential address to the American Psychological Association (APA), calling for the unification of differential and experimental psychology, the two disciplines of scientific psychology. He described the essential features of each approach to asking questions about human nature, and he strongly hinted at the benefits to be gained by unification. Cronbach was calling for linking theories and research on learning and instruction, especially the instructional treatments that logically and psychologically followed from such research, with the tradition of assessing individual differences in cognitive abilities. In his opinion, such work would probably yield information of profound educational relevance. In describing some illustrative examples, he stated, quite boldly, "Such findings . when replicated and explained, will carry us into an educational psychology which measures readiness for different types of teaching and which invents teaching methods to fit different types of readiness" (p. 681). He subsequently went even further and argued that this work had broader theoretical impact and meaning. "Constructs originating in differential psychology are now being tied to experimental variables. As a result, the whole theoretical picture in such an area as human abilities is changing" (p. 682).
Models for jet power in elliptical galaxies: a case for rapidly spinning black holes

The power of jets from black holes is expected to depend on both the spin of the black hole and the structure of the accretion disc in the region of the last stable orbit. We investigate these dependencies using two different physical models for the jet power: the classical Blandford–Znajek (BZ) model and a hybrid model developed by Meier. In the BZ case, the jets are powered by magnetic fields directly threading the spinning black hole while in the hybrid model, the jet energy is extracted from both the accretion disc as well as the black hole via magnetic fields anchored to the accretion flow inside and outside the hole's ergosphere. The hybrid model takes advantage of the strengths of both the Blandford–Payne and BZ mechanisms, while avoiding the more controversial features of the latter. We develop these models more fully to account for general relativistic effects and to focus on advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) for which the jet power is expected to be a significant fraction of the accreted rest mass energy. We apply the models to elliptical galaxies, in order to see if these models can explain the observed correlation between the Bondi accretion rates and the total jet powers. For typical values of the disc viscosity parameter α∼ 0.04 –0.3 and mass accretion rates consistent with ADAF model expectations, we find that the observed correlation requires j≳ 0.9; that is, it implies that the black holes are rapidly spinning. Our results suggest that the central black holes in the cores of clusters of galaxies must be rapidly rotating in order to drive jets powerful enough to heat the intracluster medium and quench cooling flows.
Identifying Key Features of Student Performance in Educational Video Games and Simulations through Cluster Analysis

The assessment cycle of evidence-centered design (ECD) provides a framework for treating an educational video game or simulation as an assessment. One of the main steps in the assessment cycle of ECD is the identification of the key features of student performance. While this process is relatively simple for multiple choice tests, when applied to log data from educational video games or simulations it becomes one of the most serious bottlenecks facing researchers interested in implementing ECD. In this paper we examine the utility of cluster analysis as a method of identifying key features of student performance in log data stemming from educational video games or simulations. In our study, cluster analysis was able to consistently identify key features of student performance in the form of solution strategies and error patterns across levels, which contained few extraneous actions and explained a sufficient amount of the data.
A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO BAYESIAN INFERENCE

xxx Although the Bayesian approach provides a complete solution to model-based analysis, it is often difficult to obtain closed-form solutions for complex models. However, numerical solutions to Bayesian modeling problems are now becoming attractive because of the advent of powerful, low-cost computers and new algorithms. We describe a general-purpose implementation of the Bayesian methodology on workstations that can deal with complex nonlinear models in a very flexible way. The models are represented by a data-flow diagram that may be manipulated by the analyst through a graphical-programming environment that is based on a fully object-oriented design. Maximum a posteriori solutions are achieved using a general optimization algorithm. A new technique for estimating and visualizing the uncertainties in specific aspects of the model is incorporated.
The Ecology of Foster Care – Resilience and Adaptation into Adulthood

This paper identifies some of the key debates about the evidence from outcomes for children placed in foster care, the challenging issues in the design of the system, how it operates and what the outcomes for children look like. The paper explores foster care as being based in the evolution of the human species in its capacity to adapt, problem-solve and identify resources through cooperative effort between individuals and social groupings with the family as key. An essential attribute of families and parenting is the ability to form close, meaningful and sustained relationships that provide security, stability and opportunity, including connectedness to the community and the resources that are a part of this. Family forms the basis for the child being able to access personal, social, cultural and economic capital both in the present and into the future. One of the serious issues for foster care is the short-term basis of that commitment and, even when it lasts over the longer term, the care arrangement typically ends as the child reaches adulthood. These issues are explored through the concept of resilience and place foster care within an ecological framework that evolves over time.
Power LinesVegetation enchroachment monitoring based on Satellite Stereo images using stereo matching

Continuous monitoring the vegetation encroachment for high voltage transmission lines is challenging task for electrical distribution authorities. The enchroachment causes interruption which results in blackouts. It also endures great cost to the authorities for maintenance and damage compensation. There are many methods available to monitor growth of vegetation near transmission line poles. However, these methods are constrained with time consumption and cost. In this paper,a new method based estimating 3D height/depth of vegetation or trees near transmission lines using satellite stereo vision is proposed. We have evaluated local methods of stereo matching using Quickbird Satellite stereo images and compare the performance of stereo matching cost functions in terms of processing speed and time. Results show that our proposed algorithm is faster and more accurate than the existing algorithm for disparity calculation.
Can race really be erased? A pre-registered replication study

When encountering an unknown individual, social categorization of the individual has been shown to automatically proceed on the basis of three fundamental dimensions: People seem to mandatorily encode race, sex and age. In contradiction to this general finding, Kurzban et al. (2001) showed that race encoding is not automatic and inevitable, but rather a byproduct of categorization in terms of coalitions. In particular, they argue and empirically support that when other coalitional information is present, the encoding of race is spectacularly reduced. In the present contribution, we present a replication of the race-erased effect reported by Kurzban et al. First, we give a detailed overview of the hypotheses, the experimental methodology, the derivation of the sample size required to achieve a power of 95%, and the criteria that need to be met for a successful replication. Then we present the findings of an empirical test that met the requirements of our power analyses. Our results indicate that the encoding of race is indeed reduced when another coalitional cue is available, yet this reduction is less marked than in the original study. This experiment was preregistered before data collection at Open Science Framework, osf.io/vnhrm/.
Mobile Capital , Local Externalities and Industrialization 1

This paper seeks to understand how industrialization is distributed geographically when capital is mobile and labor is not. A stylized model of a spatial economy is constructed where individuals not employed in industry work in traditional activities. Results show that convergence across locations is characterized by a succession of catching-up episodes. One one location at a time industrializes; the others stagnate. This occurs whether or not local externalities are present. Investments in infrastructure and education respond to expectations about future industrial activity; pessimism can be self-fulfilling. Free access to technology does not guarantee the industrialization of undeveloped locations. These results cast doubt on whether free movements of capital and technology transfers can foster the rapid industrialization of all countries and regions of the world simultaneously. In recent years, the international mobility of capital has attracted a lot of attention from policy makers and the general public alike. While workers in developed economies often are busy fighting the relocation of industries to low wage areas, much hope is put in foreign direct investment by developing countries recently converted to the virtues of the free market (e.g., Dicken (1992)). Similarly, in financial circles, emerging markets are the catch word of the day (e.g., Dicheva, Drach and Stefek (1992), Wilcox (1992)). Even within developed economies like the United States and the European Union, it is common for states and regions to compete to attract industrial investors. To throw some light on these important issues, this paper examines how industries naturally distribute themselves over space if capital is mobile and labor is not. It belongs to a growing literature on the effect of factor mobility on trade (e.g., Norman and Venables (1995)) and growth (e.g., Barro, Mankiw and Sala-I-Martin (1995), Adsera (1994)). We consider a stylized economy with a large number of possible locations for industrial activity. Each of these locations is assumed endowed with a stock of immobile labor resources. Industries locate freely until returns to capital are equalized across industrialized locations. Unlike most growth theory, we adopt Lewis-like framework (see Lewis (1954)) and assume that workers who are not employed in industry work in laborintensive activities -e.g., subsistence farming, informal sector activities, export crops. Given these simple assumptions, we show that industries concentrate in small number of locations. Convergence across locations is not smooth and gradual. Instead, it is characterized by a succession of catching-up episodes. Many locations remain unindustrialized for extended periods of time. These results stand in sharp contrast with what would obtain in a neo-classical growth model with mobile capital (e.g., King and Rebelo (1992)). In that case, convergence would be smooth and would benefit all economies
Major Host Factors Involved in Epithelial Cell Invasion of Campylobacter jejuni: Role of Fibronectin, Integrin Beta1, FAK, Tiam-1, and DOCK180 in Activating Rho GTPase Rac1

Host cell entry by the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni has been reported as one of the primary reasons of tissue damage in infected humans, however, molecular invasion mechanisms and cellular factors involved in this process are widely unclear. Here we used knockout cell lines derived from fibronectin−/−, integrin beta1−/−, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK)−/− deficient mice and corresponding wild-type (WT) controls, to study C. jejuni-induced signaling cascades involved in the bacterial invasion process. Using high resolution scanning electron microscopy, GTPase pull-downs, G-LISA, and gentamicin protection assays we found that each of these host cell factors is indeed required for activation of the small Rho GTPase member Rac1 and maximal host cell invasion of this pathogen. Interestingly, membrane ruffling, tight engulfment of bacteria and invasion were only seen during infection of WT control cells, but not in fibronectin−/−, integrin beta1−/−, and FAK−/− knockout cell lines. We also demonstrate that C. jejuni activates FAK autophosphorylation activity at Y-397 and phosphorylation of Y-925, which is required for stimulating two downstream guanine exchange factors, DOCK180 and Tiam-1, which are upstream of Rac1. Small interfering (si) RNA studies further show that DOCK180 and Tiam-1 act cooperatively to trigger Rac1 activation and C. jejuni invasion. Moreover, mutagenesis data indicate that the bacterial fibronectin-binding protein CadF and the intact flagellum are involved in Rho GTPase activation and host cell invasion. Collectively, our results suggest that C. jejuni infection of host epithelial target cells hijacks a major fibronectin → integrin beta1 → FAK → DOCK180/Tiam-1 signaling cascade, which has a crucial role for Rac1 GTPase activity and bacterial entry into host target cells.
Targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: novel agents on the horizon

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer, accounting for 90% of primary liver cancers. In the last decade it has become one of the most frequently occurring tumors worldwide and is also considered to be the most lethal of the cancer systems, accounting for approximately one third of all malignancies. Although the clinical diagnosis and management of early-stage HCC has improved significantly, HCC prognosis is still extremely poor. Furthermore, advanced HCC is a highly aggressive tumor with a poor or no response to common therapies. Therefore, new effective and well-tolerated therapy strategies are urgently needed. Targeted therapies have entered the field of anti-neoplastic treatment and are being used on their own or in combination with conventional chemotherapy drugs. Molecular-targeted therapy holds great promise in the treatment of HCC. A new therapeutic opportunity for advanced HCC is the use of sorafenib (Nexavar). On the basis of the recent large randomized phase III study, the Sorafenib HCC Assessment Randomized Protocol (SHARP), sorafenib has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced HCC. Sorafenib showed to be able to significantly increase survival in patients with advanced HCC, establishing a new standard of care. Despite this promising breakthrough, patients with HCC still have a dismal prognosis, as it is currently the major cause of death in cirrhotic patients. Nevertheless, the successful results of the SHARP trial underscore the need for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this devastating disease. In this review we summarize the most important studies on the signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC, as well as the newest emerging drugs and their potential use in HCC management.
Rasch analysis of Stamps's Index of Work Satisfaction in nursing population

One of the most commonly used tools for measuring job satisfaction in nursing is the Stamps Index of Work Satisfaction. Several studies have reported on the reliability of the Stamps' tool based on traditional statistical model. The aim of this study was to apply the Rasch model to examine the adequacy of Stamps's Index of Work Satisfaction for measuring nurses' job satisfaction cross‐culturally and to determine the validity and reliability of the instrument using the Rasch criteria.
Exploring the Job Duties That Impact School Counselor Wellness: The Role of RAMP, Supervision, and Support

The authors examined the predictive relationship between the performance of job duties informed by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model and overall wellness of school counselors. We also examined the relationship between organizational factors (i.e., Recognized ASCA Model Program, supervision, and support), the frequency of job duties performed, and overall wellness. The results revealed a predictive relationship between some of the job duties school counselors perform and wellness. We provide implications for school counseling practice and training programs.