Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is it a bug or an enhancement?: a text-based approach to classify change requests

Bug tracking systems are valuable assets for managing maintenance activities. They are widely used in open-source projects as well as in the software industry. They collect many different kinds of issues: requests for defect fixing, enhancements, refactoring/restructuring activities and organizational issues. These different kinds of issues are simply labeled as "bug" for lack of a better classification support or of knowledge about the possible kinds. This paper investigates whether the text of the issues posted in bug tracking systems is enough to classify them into corrective maintenance and other kinds of activities. We show that alternating decision trees, naive Bayes classifiers, and logistic regression can be used to accurately distinguish bugs from other kinds of issues. Results from empirical studies performed on issues for Mozilla, Eclipse, and JBoss indicate that issues can be classified with between 77% and 82% of correct decisions.
Molecular Line Observations of Carbon-Chain-rich Core L492

We report on molecular abundances and distributions in a starless dense core, L492. We have found that the abundances of carbon-chain molecules such as CCS, C3S, HC3N, HC5N, and HC7N are comparable to those in chemically young dark cloud cores called "carbon-chain-producing regions," such as L1495B, L1521B, L1521E, and TMC-1. This is the first dark cloud core extremely rich in carbon-chain molecules that is found outside the Taurus region. In addition, the deuterium fractionation ratios of DNC/HNC and DCO+/HCO+ are also comparable to those in carbon-chain-producing regions, being significantly lower than those in the evolved prestellar cores such as L1498 and L1544. On the other hand, the abundances of NH3 and N2H+ are systematically higher than those in carbon-chain-producing regions. Our mapping observations reveal that the central hole of molecular distributions, which were reported for CCS and C34S in evolved prestellar cores, is not significant in L492, indicating that the depletion factor of molecules is not very high. Furthermore, L492 is dynamically more evolved than carbon-chain-producing regions, and the protostellar collapse has started like in L1498 and L1544. Therefore, it is likely that the chemical and dynamical evolutionary stage of L492 is intermediate between carbon-chain-producing regions (L1495B, L1521B, L1521E, and TMC-1) and evolved prestellar cores (L1498 and L1544).
Changes in ochratoxin A and type B trichothecenes contained in wheat flour during dough fermentation and bread-baking

Ochratoxin A (OTA) and type B trichothecenes are mycotoxins that occur frequently in cereals and thus can be found in cereal by-products such as bread. The aim of this work was to study the variation of the levels of OTA, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and nivalenol (NIV) during the bread-making process. This was done by using wheat flour spiked with different levels of toxins. Mycotoxin levels were controlled after fermentation of the dough with yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and after further baking at different temperature–time combinations. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the results showed a significant reduction in OTA level (p < 0.05) during fermentation of the dough. The reduction ranged between 29.8% and 33.5%, depending on the initial concentration of toxin in the flour. During this period, the level of the other mycotoxins studied was not modified. By contrast, in the baking phase there were significant changes in the levels of the four mycotoxins, although the reduction was similar under all the baking conditions. Considering all the temperature–time conditions tested, it can be concluded that during the baking period the average reduction of OTA, NIV, 3-ADON, and DON was 32.9%, 76.9%, 65.6%, and 47.9%, respectively.
Role of Apoptosis in Low-Dose Hyper-radiosensitivity

Abstract Krueger, S. A. , Joiner, M. C. , Weinfeld, M. , Piasentin, E. and Marples, B. Role of Apoptosis in Low-Dose Hyper-radiosensitivity. Radiat. Res. 167, 260–267 (2007). Little is known about the mode of cell killing associated with low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity, the radiation response that describes the enhanced sensitivity of cells to small doses of ionizing radiation. Using a technique that measures the activation of caspase 3, we have established a relationship between apoptosis detected 24 h after low-dose radiation exposure and low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity in four mammalian cell lines (T98G, U373, MR4 and 3.7 cells) and two normal human lymphoblastoid cell lines. The existence of low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity in clonogenic survival experiments was found to be associated with an elevated level of apoptosis after low-dose exposures, corroborating earlier observations (Enns et al., Mol. Cancer Res. 2, 557–566, 2004). We also show that enriching populations of MR4 and V79 cells with G1-phase cells, to minimize the numbers of G2-phase cells, abolished the enhanced low-dose apoptosis. These cell-cycle enrichment experiments strengthen the reported association between low-dose hyper-sensitivity and the radioresponse of G2-phase cells. These data are consistent with our current hypothesis to explain low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity, namely that the enhanced sensitivity of cells to low doses of ionizing radiation reflects the failure of ATM-dependent repair processes to fully arrest the progression of damaged G2-phase cells harboring unrepaired DNA breaks entering mitosis.
Teleconnection Between Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and European Temperature: Diversity and Evaluation of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Models

A realistic simulation of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) and related teleconnections is essential to resolve and understand the potential predictability over Europe at decadal timescale. Based on a large ensemble of state‐of‐the‐art climate models, we show that a considerable intermodel spread exists in the spatiotemporal properties of the simulated AMV and teleconnections with European summer temperature. The greater the persistence, variance, and basin‐scale spatial coherence, the stronger the teleconnection. We demonstrate that only a few members of a few models produce a teleconnection that is consistent with observational estimates over the instrumental period. This highlights the possible extreme nature of the last century teleconnection and/or a detrimental underestimation of ocean‐land teleconnectivity in many climate models. Yet we emphasize the considerable uncertainties due to methods used to disentangle internal and externally forced variations in observations, and to sampling, which must be correctly accounted when analyses are performed on short temporal records.
The Role of Lipopeptidophosphoglycan in the Immune Response to Entamoeba histolytica

The sensing of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), is the first step in the inflammatory response to pathogens. Entamoeba histolytica, the etiological agent of amebiasis, has a surface molecule with the characteristics of a PAMP. This molecule, which was termed lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG), is recognized through TLR2 and TLR4 and leads to the release of cytokines from human monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells; LPPG-activated dendritic cells have increased expression of costimulatory molecules. LPPG activates NKT cells in a CD1d-dependent manner, and this interaction limits amebic liver abscess development. LPPG also induces antibody production, and anti-LPPG antibodies prevent disease development in animal models of amebiasis. Because LPPG is recognized by both the innate and the adaptive immune system (it is a “Pamptigen”), it may be a good candidate to develop a vaccine against E. histolytica infection and an effective adjuvant.
Modeling of Seasonal Lake Level Fluctuations of Titan's Seas/Lakes

Seasonal variations in lake levels of Titan's hydrocarbon seas/lakes are predicted by an ocean circulation model in an effort to understand the observed temporal changes in lake size or lack thereof. Three different ground permeabilities are assumed so as to change the relative importance of precipitation, evaporation, river runoff, and groundwater seepage for the lake methane budget. The lake level generally rises in the rainy season around the summer solstice and falls or stagnates during long dry periods in autumn and winter. The annual lake level range in the northern hemisphere amounts to 50–120 cm depending on geographic location and size of the lakes and ground permeability. If the hydraulic connection between Punga Mare and Kraken Mare is weak, the lake level range of Punga Mare amplifies at the expense of other seas and also establishes a large lake level difference between these two seas, which is not compatible with the observation by the Cassini spacecraft. On‐lake precipitation would cause the lake level of Ontario Lacus to vary seasonally by merely 15 cm, yet river runoff from the huge catchment area can increase the annual lake level range to several meters. The shrinkage of Ontario Lacus observed by Cassini is more likely to be caused by lakebed seepage than by evaporation. The ultimate cause of the difference in the seasonal behavior between northern and southern lakes may be the hemispheric asymmetry in precipitation, be it caused astronomically or topographically.
Quantum lower bounds for collision and element distinctness with small range

This disclosure relates to a pipe and tubing connector adapted to quickly and easily connect unthreaded pipe to a hollow body with a fluidtight seal, in which a variety of different pipe and tubing sizes may be accommodated. The pipe or tubing is tightly clamped to resist withdrawal from the connector, and electrical continuity is supplied between the pipe or tubing and the conduit.
A Healthcare Utilization Analysis Framework for Hot Spotting and Contextual Anomaly Detection

Patient medical records today contain vast amount of information regarding patient conditions along with treatment and procedure records. Systematic healthcare resource utilization analysis leveraging such observational data can provide critical insights to guide resource planning and improve the quality of care delivery while reducing cost. Of particular interest to providers are hot spotting: the ability to identify in a timely manner heavy users of the systems and their patterns of utilization so that targeted intervention programs can be instituted, and anomaly detection: the ability to identify anomalous utilization cases where the patients incurred levels of utilization that are unexpected given their clinical characteristics which may require corrective actions. Past work on medical utilization pattern analysis has focused on disease specific studies. We present a framework for utilization analysis that can be easily applied to any patient population. The framework includes two main components: utilization profiling and hot spotting, where we use a vector space model to represent patient utilization profiles, and apply clustering techniques to identify utilization groups within a given population and isolate high utilizers of different types; and contextual anomaly detection for utilization, where models that map patient's clinical characteristics to the utilization level are built in order to quantify the deviation between the expected and actual utilization levels and identify anomalies. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework using claims data collected from a population of 7667 diabetes patients. Our analysis demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed approaches in identifying clinically meaningful instances for both hot spotting and anomaly detection. In future work we plan to incorporate additional sources of observational data including EMRs and disease registries, and develop analytics models to leverage temporal relationships among medical encounters to provide more in-depth insights.
Primera cita de Orthetrum nitidinerve (Selys, 1841) (Odonata: Libellulidae) en el Algarve (sur de Portugal).

espanolSe aporta la primera cita de Orthetrum nitidinerve (Selys, 1841) (Odonata: Libellulidae) para el Algarve (sur de Portugal) y algunas consideraciones de su biologia. La especie se detecto en un pequeno rio con caracteristicas ecologicas similares a los lugares donde se han detectado recientemente las primeras poblaciones reproductoras en Espana EnglishThe first record of Orthetrum nitidinerve (Selys, 1841) (Odonata: Libellulidae) for the Algarve (Southern Portugal) and some considerations of its biology are provided. The species was found in a small river with ecological characteristics similar to the localities where the first breeding populations have been recently detected in Spain
Defective bone formation and anabolic response to exogenous estrogen in mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that is produced by bone cells constitutively and in response to diverse stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines, mechanical strain, and sex hormones. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the predominant NOS isoform expressed in bone, but its physiological role in regulating bone metabolism remains unclear. Here we studied various aspects of bone metabolism in female mice with targeted disruption of the eNOS gene. Mice with eNOS deficiency (eNOS KO) had reduced bone mineral density, and cortical thinning when compared with WT controls and histomorphometric analysis of bone revealed profound abnormalities of bone formation, with reduced osteoblast numbers, surfaces and mineral apposition rate. Studies in vitro showed that osteoblasts derived from eNOS KO mice had reduced rates of growth when compared with WT and were less well differentiated as reflected by lower levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. Mice with eNOS deficiency lost bone norma.
Exuberance in historical stock prices during the Mississippi and South Seas bubble episodes

Applying the methods of Phillips, Shi and Yu (2015, PSY), evidence of exuberance in share prices is confirmed for the Mississippi Company and South Sea Company, and for a number of other 18th century financial organisations, for the first time. There are signs of possible contagion in these historical shares.
Biological Activities and Traditional Use of Hyptis suaveolens in Human and Veterinary Medicine: A Review

Hyptis suaveolens (H. suaveolens), known as Gros baume or sweet-smelling Hyptis, is an invasive plant from tropical regions widely used to manage human and animal ailments, such as bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. This study aimed to synthesize a scientific research work on the use of this medicinal plant in the traditional pharmacopeia, as well as the biological and pharmacological activities already recognized in the literature. Information for this synthesis was collected from physical (libraries and documentation centers of universities in Benin) and reliable scientific databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, which were queried based on the keywords related to H. suaveolens. This plant contains secondary metabolites in its aerial parts, such as leaves, and stems, which are rich in essential oils. From leaves to roots, all parts of this plant are of interest to both humans and animals to treat various pathologies. The most frequently cited diseases include asthma, panariasis, jaundice, hyperthermia, indigestion, stomach pains, nausea, colds, gall bladder infections, breast abscesses, hemorrhoids, oral-anal candidiasis, edemas, cramps, and skin infections The various aqueous and ethanolic extracts are evaluated by researchers and the biological activities are indicated in the literature. Those activities include the antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, insect repellent, and insecticidal effects. However, no toxicity resulting from the use of this plant has yet been reported in the literature. Research on H. suaveolens toxicity must be continued to gain a comprehensive understanding of its application in human and livestock health. This literature review allows the virtues and risks related to the traditional use of H. suaveolens in human and animal pharmacopeia. The various potentialities of this plant provide a lever for exploring its antiviral effects in traditional veterinary medicine in general.
Oxidative stress, as measured by protein oxidation, is increased in primary Sjøgren's syndrome

Objective: Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and physiological antioxidant defences. It occurs frequently in conditions characterized by immune activation and inflammation. Plasma levels of oxidized end products have never been evaluated in primary Sjøgren's syndrome (pSS). The aim of this study was to investigate the level of oxidative stress in primary Sjøgren's syndrome. As a secondary outcome, the association between oxidative stress and fatigue was explored. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 26 pSS patients was carried out. Oxidative stress was assessed using two markers of protein oxidation, protein carbonyl (PC) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). Reference values for the oxidative stress markers were obtained from 15 healthy subjects. Results: AOPP and PC levels were increased in the pSS patients compared to the healthy subjects. This is a novel finding. There were no associations between oxidative stress measures and fatigue in the patients. Conclusions: Patients with pSS have increased levels of oxidative stress compared to healthy subjects.
Evaluating the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Zambia;1996-2020

Zambia has sought to attract foreign direct investment because of the many benefits that it brings to the economy. Foreign direct investment is considered beneficial not only because it brings in much-needed capital but also because it generates employment and provides access to advanced technologies and other spillovers. It has been argued that foreign direct investment has a positive impact on the economic growth of the host country by reducing inflation, unemployment, interest, and the national saving rate. This motivated the conduct of this study. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between FDI and a country’s economic growth, in the case of Zambia from 1996 to 2020, with the purpose of providing knowledge and information to the government, potential investors, and academia on how FDI can contribute to the economic growth of the country. The study was designed with a case study nature and made use of secondary data accessed from UNCTAD, the World Bank, the Bank of Zambia, CSO, etc. and analyzed using an econometrics software known as EViews. The main findings are that the inflow of foreign direct investment varied at a decreasing rate from 1996 to 2020. The results justify the decreasing rate due to the to the global pandemic and a reduction in mining activities. Further, it was found that overall, FDI leads to economic growth. Although the results show that FDI leads to an improvement in interest, unemployment, and the national saving rate, the impact was not significant. However, the results show that FDI has a significant impact on inflation. Hence, the government should build stronger and also safeguard its relationship with foreign investors, as they are key partners in fostering the economic growth of the country.
Improved Prediction of Disease Relapse after Radical Prostatectomy through a Panel of Preoperative Blood-Based Biomarkers

Purpose: The preoperative blood levels of biomarkers may allow accurate identification of patients who are likely to fail radical prostatectomy as a first-line therapy for localized prostate cancer, thereby allowing more efficient delivery of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the added value of biomarkers relative to established predictors of biochemical recurrence, such as clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen. Experimental Design: The preoperative plasma levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), endoglin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and uPA receptor were measured with the use of commercially available enzyme immunoassays in 423 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Multivariable models were used to explore the gain in the predictive accuracy of the models. This predictive accuracy was quantified by the concordance index statistic and was validated with 200 bootstrap resamples. Results: In standard multivariable analyses, TGF-β1 (P < 0.001), sIL-6R (P < 0.001), IL-6 (P < 0.001), VCAM-1 (P < 0.001), VEGF (P = 0.008), endoglin (P = 0.002), and uPA (P < 0.001) were associated with biochemical recurrence. The multivariable model containing standard clinical variables alone had an accuracy of 71.6%. The addition of TGF-β1, sIL-6R, IL-6, VCAM-1, VEGF, endoglin, and uPA increased the predictive accuracy by 15% to 86.6% (P < 0.001) and showed excellent calibration. Conclusions: A nomogram based on these biomarkers improves the accuracy of standard predictive models and could help counsel patients about their risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy.
A novel Bayesian method for inferring and interpreting the dynamics of adaptive landscapes from phylogenetic comparative data

Our understanding of macroevolutionary patterns of adaptive evolution has greatly increased with the advent of large-scale phylogenetic comparative methods. Widely used Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) models can describe an adaptive process of divergence and selection. However, inference of the dynamics of adaptive landscapes from comparative data is complicated by interpretational difficulties, lack of identifiability among parameter values and the common requirement that adaptive hypotheses must be assigned a priori. Here we develop a reversible-jump Bayesian method of fitting multi-optima OU models to phylogenetic comparative data that estimates the placement and magnitude of adaptive shifts directly from the data. We show how biologically informed hypotheses can be tested against this inferred posterior of shift locations using Bayes Factors to establish whether our a priori models adequately describe the dynamics of adaptive peak shifts. Furthermore, we show how the inclusion of informative priors can be used to restrict models to biologically realistic parameter space and test particular biological interpretations of evolutionary models. We argue that Bayesian model-fitting of OU models to comparative data provides a framework for integrating of multiple sources of biological data—such as microevolutionary estimates of selection parameters and paleontological timeseries—allowing inference of adaptive landscape dynamics with explicit, process-based biological interpretations.