Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Section Ii-exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine Cardiovascular Responses, Perceived Exertion and Technical Actions during Small-sided Recreational Soccer: Effects of Pitch Size and Number of Players

Authors submitted their contribution of the article to the editorial board. The aim of this study was to determine the cardiovascular, perceived exertion and technical effects of altering pitch size and number of players in recreational soccer match-play. The further aim was to evaluate to what extent exercise intensity during various game formats corresponds to the recommended intensity level for cardiovascular fitness improvement. Ten male recreational players aged 31.7±7.6 years (mean ± SD) completed four variations of small-sided games (except for goalkeepers, 5-aside and 7-aside on small and large pitches) during which heart rate, perceived exertion and technical actions were evaluated. Two-way analysis of variance on repeated measures was applied to collected data. The results indicated that an average workload expressed as heart rate and percentage of heart rate reserve during 5-aside games was higher than for 7-aside games. The rate of perceived exertion values were moderate and similar for all formats of games. The players performed more dribbling and successful passes, but fewer unsuccessful passes during 5-aside games. Furthermore, the number of ball possessions and unsuccessful passes was higher on a small pitch than on a large one. Consequently, the current findings suggest that, independent of pitch size, the cardiovascular demands imposed on participants increase when the game is played with fewer players. However, all formats of recreational soccer can be used as an effective activity to promote cardiovascular fitness. Finally, participants may have more chance to perform basic technical actions during 5-aside games on small and large pitches.
Algebraic Formalism for Genome Rearrangements ( Part 1 )

One of the most important techniques of analysis of distinct genome sequences is the comparison of the order of their blocks of genes. Genome Rearrangements are mutational events that move large blocks of genes in a genome. We are interested in finding a minimum sequence of rearrangement events such as reversals and transpositions that transform one genome into another. This work is composed by two parts. In the first part, we present the classical contributions for the genome rearrangement problem and discuss some of their characteristics. In the second part, we restate some problems and important results involving rearrangement events and present a new algebraic formalism based on Meidanis and Dias [16]. We prove the equivalence between the problems and some concepts of the classical theory and the new algebraic theory. The last objective of this work is to convince the reader that the algebraic model for genome rearrangement problems is more appropriate and complete in the sense that it extends the classical results and allow us to model not only rearrangement events but also recombination events.
Paternal involvement in childcare and unintentional injury of young children: a population-based cohort study in Japan.

BACKGROUND Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in young children. A previous study reported the protective effect of maternal parenting on young childhood injury; however, few studies have shown an association between paternal involvement in childcare and young childhood injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of paternal involvement in childcare to reduce the likelihood of childhood injury. METHODS A population-based birth cohort study in Japan (2001-02), the 'Longitudinal Survey of Babies Born in 21st Century', was used (n = 42 144). The impact of paternal involvement in childcare of 6-month-old infants (feeding, diaper change, bathing, putting the child to sleep, playing, taking a walk) on the incidence of young childhood injury (fall, near-drowning, accidental ingestion or burn) until 18 months of age was analysed by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Infants who received a high degree of paternal involvement in childcare at 6 months were less likely to suffer from all unintentional injuries at 18 months than those who received a low degree of paternal involvement in childcare (adjusted odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.98). Taking the child for a walk by the father strongly prevented all unintentional injuries, and there were dose-effect relationships (P(trend) < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Paternal involvement in childcare at 6 months of age prevented childhood injury at 18 months of age. Paternal involvement in childcare might be a useful indicator for predicting childhood injury.
Violence as a source of pleasure or displeasure is associated with specific functional connectivity with the nucleus accumbens

The appraisal of violent stimuli is dependent on the social context and the perceiver's individual characteristics. To identify the specific neural circuits involved in the perception of violent videos, forty-nine male participants were scanned with functional MRI while watching video-clips depicting Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and Capoeira as a baseline. Prior to scanning, a self-report measure of pleasure or displeasure when watching MMA was collected. Watching MMA was associated with activation of the anterior insula (AI), brainstem, ventral tegmental area (VTA), striatum, medial, and lateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, somatosensory cortex, and supramarginal gyrus. While this pattern of brain activation was not related to participants' reported experience of pleasure or displeasure, pleasurable ratings of MMA predicted increased functional connectivity (FC) seeded in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) (a structure known to be responsive to anticipating both positive and negative outcomes) with the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anterior insular cortex (AIC) (regions involved in positive feelings and visceral somatic representations). Displeasure ratings of MMA were related to increased FC with regions of the prefrontal cortex and superior parietal lobule, structures implicated in cognitive control and executive attention. These data suggest that functional connectivity is an effective approach to investigate the relationship between subjective feelings of pleasure and pain of neural structures known to respond to both the anticipation of positive and negative outcomes.
A soft robotic exoskeleton utilizing granular jamming

This paper presents the development and design of an exoskeleton for the hand, utilising a physical phenomena known as granular jamming, where pressure within a soft membrane is varied to cause a granular material to change from a solid to fluid-like state. Experimentation and simulation is performed to discover and analyse the relationship between chamber size and the generation of resistive forces or bending stiffness, and to observe the general behaviour of granular beam systems under bending forces. A prototype was developed and tested. It was found that increasing the chamber size of a jammed granular beam increases the generated resistive forces. There also appears to be two regions of bending for a jammed granular beam identified by a change in gradient on a graph of deflection versus weight. This indicates a change in the granular structure during bending and is theorised to be caused by two mechanisms, buckling and longitudinal strain. The prototype indicates that the exoskeleton is functional and is able to stabilise the hand, but fails to provide significant force. The work done in this project can be used as a foundation for further design and investigation.
Forecasting of Geomagnetic Activity with Neural Networks

Neural networks are developed as a predictive (cid:12)lter for geomagnetic activity. The networks use as inputs a vector containing time delayed copies of the time series for the geomagnetic activity level (AL) and the product of the interplanetary solar wind velocity and recti(cid:12)ed southern component of the interplanetary magnetic (cid:12)eld (VB s ). Several new methods which improve predictive ability are considered, including a gating method which accounts for di(cid:11)erent levels of activity, and a preconditioning algorithm which allows the network to ignore very short time (cid:13)uctuations. These results are compared with the previous work by Hernandez et al. [1993].
Same as it Ever Was: The Search for Evidence of Increasing Hypercompetition

Some strategy scholars and practitioners contend that markets have become increasingly hypercompetitive in recent years. We examine this contention by analyzing industry and business performance patterns in a broad sample of firms drawn from the Compustat Industry Segment database for the 1978-97 period. We find little support for the argument that markets have become more hypercompetitive. From the late 1970s to the late-1980s we observe decreased performance and market stability, consistent with increasing hypercompetition contentions. From the late 1980s to the mid-1990s, however, trends reverse and performance and market stability increase. For strategy research, our results suggest that hypercompetitive perspectives are important but no more so now than they were in recent years. For practice, our results suggest that managers today face markets no more dynamic and opportunities to gain and sustain competitive advantage no more challenging than in the past. Accordingly, they should continue developing a portfolio of skills to manage businesses whether conditions are increasingly stable or unstable.
Comparative study of vertebral fractures and luxations in dogs and cats

Summary The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare patterns of vertebral fractures and luxations in 42 cats and 47 dogs, and to evaluate the impact of species-related differences on clinical outcome. Data regarding aetiology, neurological status, radiographic appearance and follow-up were compared between the groups. The thoracolumbar (Th3-L3) area was the most commonly affected location in both cats (49%) and dogs (58%). No lesions were observed in the cervical vertebral segments in cats, and none of the cats showed any signs of a Schiff-Sherrington syndrome. Vertebral luxations were significantly more frequent in dogs (20%) than in cats (6%), whereas combined fracture-luxations occurred significantly more often in cats (65%) than in dogs (37%). Caudal vertebral segment displacement was mostly dorsal in cats and ventral in dogs, with a significant difference in direction between cats and large dogs. The clinical outcome did not differ significantly between the two populations, and was poor in most cases (cats: 61%; dogs: 56%). The degree of dislocation and axis deviation were both significantly associated with a worse outcome in dogs, but not in cats. Although several differences in vertebral fractures and luxation patterns exist between cats and dogs, these generally do not seem to affect outcome.
Crystal structure of N-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)(4-methylphenyl)methyl]acetamide

In the title molecule, C20H19NO2, the naphthalene ring system subtends a dihedral angle of 82.50 (7)° with the benzene ring and an intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond closes an S(6) ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate C(8) chains propagating in the [010] direction. The crystal structure also features weak π–π interactions [centroid–centroid separation = 3.7246 (10) Å].
Feasibility and Acceptability of the Informant AD8 for Cognitive Screening in Primary Healthcare: A Pilot Study

Objectives. The utility of informant AD8 for case finding of cognitive impairment at primary healthcare settings is unknown and therefore its feasibility and acceptability for targeted screening at a primary healthcare clinic should be investigated. Methods. The informants of older adult patients attending a primary healthcare clinic in Singapore were administered the AD8. Positive screening findings were provided to patients' primary care physicians for referrals to specialist memory clinics. The acceptability of AD8 was evaluated by collecting feedbacks from the informants and primary care physicians. Results. 205 patients and their informants were recruited. However, 6 (2.9%) informants were uncontactable, while the majority of the remaining 199 patients with completed AD8 (96.5%, n = 192) found it acceptable where 59 (29.6%) patients were deemed cognitively impaired (AD8 ≥ 2). Clinicians (100%, n = 5) found the AD8 helpful in facilitating referrals to memory clinics. However, most referral recommendations (81.4%, n = 48) were declined by patients and/or informant due to limited insight of implications of cognitive impairment. Conclusions. The AD8 can be easily administered and is well tolerated. It detected cognitive impairment in one-third of older adult patients and therefore may be useful for case finding of cognitive impairment in the primary healthcare.
Economic Change and Worker Displacement in Canada: Consequences and Policy Responses

Change is an enduring feature of the economy and the labour market, even in normal times. The importance of adjusting to change, and of policies that promote adjustment, has been a recurring theme throughout David Dodgeâ€™s distinguished career. This paper deals with â€œdisplaced workers,â€ those who permanently lose their jobs because of changing economic circumstances. I examine what we know about displacement and its consequences, and assess policies designed to assist workers adversely affected by economic change. A central finding of research on displacement is that long tenure displaced workers -- those who have held their jobs for an extended period of time -- suffer much more from losing their jobs than do others. Canadaâ€™s Employment Insurance does not take into account this salient feature of the consequences of job loss. The paper discusses ways of addressing this deficiency in our primary social insurance program for job losers.
Electrical Properties of Frog Saccular Hair Cells: Distortion by Enzymatic Dissociation

Although it is widely accepted that the electrical resonance seen in many types of auditory and vestibular hair cells contributes to frequency selectivity in these sensory systems, unexplained discrepancies in the frequency (f) and sharpness (Q) of tuning have raised serious questions. For example, enzymatically dissociated hair cells from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus resonate at frequencies well above the range of auditory and seismic stimuli to which the sacculus is most responsive. Such disparities, in addition to others, have led to the proposal that electrical resonance alone cannot account for frequency tuning. Using grassfrog (Rana pipiens) saccular hair cells, we show that the reported discrepancies in f andQ in this organ can be explained by the deleterious effects of enzyme (papain) exposure during cell dissociation. In patch-clamp studies of hair cells in a semi-intact epithelial preparation, we observed a variety of voltage behaviors with frequencies of 35–75 Hz. This range is well below the range of resonant frequencies observed in enzymatically dissociated hair cells and more in tune with the frequency range of natural stimuli to which the sacculus is maximally responsive. The sharpness of tuning also agreed with previous studies using natural stimuli. In contrast to results from enzymatically dissociated hair cells, both a calcium-activated K+ (KCa) current and a voltage-dependent K+(KV) current contributed to the oscillatory responses of hair cells in the semi-intact preparation. The properties of the KCa and the Ca2+ current were altered by enzymatic dissociation. KV and a small-conductance calcium-activated K+ current were apparently eliminated.
Optimal Reinsurance with Heterogeneous Reference Probabilities

This paper studies the problem of optimal reinsurance contract design. We let the insurer use dual utility, and the premium is an extended Wang’s premium principle. The novel contribution is that we allow for heterogeneity in the beliefs regarding the underlying probability distribution. We characterize layer-reinsurance as an optimal reinsurance contract. Moreover, we characterize layer-reinsurance as optimal contracts when the insurer faces costs of holding regulatory capital. We illustrate this in cases where both firms use the Value-at-Risk or the conditional Value-at-Risk.
Post Mortem DNA Degradation of Human Tissue Experimentally Mummified in Salt

Mummified human tissues are of great interest in forensics and biomolecular archaeology. The aim of this study was to analyse post mortem DNA alterations in soft tissues in order to improve our knowledge of the patterns of DNA degradation that occur during salt mummification. In this study, the lower limb of a female human donor was amputated within 24 h post mortem and mummified using a process designed to simulate the salt dehydration phase of natural or artificial mummification. Skin and skeletal muscle were sampled at multiple time points over a period of 322 days and subjected to genetic analysis. Patterns of genomic fragmentation, miscoding lesions, and overall DNA degradation in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was assessed by different methods: gel electrophoresis, multiplex comparative autosomal STR length amplification, cloning and sequence analysis, and PCR amplification of different fragment sizes using a damage sensitive recombinant polymerase. The study outcome reveals a very good level of DNA preservation in salt mummified tissues over the course of the experiment, with an overall slower rate of DNA fragmentation in skin compared to muscle.
Characterization of extended co-culture of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae with primary human respiratory tissues

Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that comprise part of the normal flora of the human upper airway, but are also responsible for a number of mucosal infections such as otitis media and bronchitis. These infections often recur and can become chronic. To characterize the effect of long-term co-culture of NTHi with human tissues, we infected primary respiratory epithelial cells grown at the air–liquid interface with three NTHi strains over a range of 1–10 days. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of tissues confirmed that intact NTHi were persisting paracellularly, while organisms observed in intracellular vacuoles appeared degraded. Furthermore, the apical surface and tight junctions of the infected tissues were undisturbed, with high transepithelial electrical resistances, while the basal cell layer displayed more junctional disorganization and wider intercellular spaces than the uninfected control tissues. Although the tissues elaborated the cytokine profile reported for NTHi-caused otitis media in vivo, there was little change in the dynamics of cytokine secretion over the time points tested. Finally, we report that NTHi strains released outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during extended co-culture with the tissues, and show that these OMVs directly interact with host cell membranes.
Review of tocilizumab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Constitutively overproduced in proliferating synovial tissues, interleukin-6 (IL-6) is deeply involved in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tocilizumab is a humanized anti-human IL-6 receptor antibody that binds to soluble and membrane-bound IL-6 receptor, and at detectable levels in blood, tocilizumab is capable of almost completely blocking the transmembrane signaling of IL-6. In clinical trials for patients with RA in Japan, tocilizumab monotherapy has shown clinical efficacy equaling that of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor in combination with methotrexate, and in an extension study in patients who responded to tocilizumab, almost no patients showed a decrease in the efficacy of tocilizumab. Evidence obtained in a phase III study in Japan demonstrated that tocilizumab monotherapy had a sig-nificant inhibitory effect on the progression of structural joint damage compared with that of conventional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Furthermore it has been shown that tocilizumab has an excellent ability to suppress serum amyloid A levels and could therefore be an important therapeutic strategy in amyloid A amyloidosis secondary to rheumatic diseases. The safety profile of tocilizumab appears to be satisfactory. However, several serious infections were also reported, and careful monitoring is therefore important during use.
Compound descriptors in context: a matching function for classifications and thesauri

There are many advantages for Digital Libraries in indexing with classifications or thesauri, but some current disincentive in the lack of flexible retrieval tools that deal with compound descriptors. This paper discusses a matching function for compound descriptors, or multi-concept subject headings, that does not rely on exact matching but incorporates term expansion via thesaurus semantic relationships to produce ranked results that take account of missing and partially matching terms. The matching function is based on a measure of semantic closeness between terms, which has the potential to help with recall problems. The work reported is part of the ongoing FACET project in collaboration with the National Museum of Science and Industry and its collections database. The architecture of the prototype system and its interface are outlined. The matching problem for compound descriptors is reviewed and the FACET implementation described. Results are discussed from scenarios using the faceted Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus. We argue that automatic traversal of thesaurus relationships can augment the user's browsing possibilities. The techniques can be applied both to unstructured multi-concept subject headings and potentially to more syntactically structured strings. The notion of a focus term is used by the matching function to model AAT modified descriptors (noun phrases). The relevance of the approach to precoordinated indexing and matching faceted strings is discussed.
An Evaluation of Epidemiological and Reporting Characteristics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Systematic Reviews (SRs)

Background Systematic reviews (SRs) are abundant. The optimal reporting of SRs is critical to enable clinicians to use their findings to make informed treatment decisions. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies are widely used therefore it is critical that conduct and reporting of systematic research in this field be of high quality. Here, methodological and reporting characteristics of a sample of CAM-related SRs and a sample of control SRs are evaluated and compared. Methods MEDLINE® was searched to identify non-Cochrane SRs indexed from January 2010 to May 2011. Control SRs were retrieved and a search filter was used to identify CAM SRs. Citations were screened and publications that met a pre-specified definition of a SR were included. Pre-designed, standardized data extraction forms were developed to capture reporting and methodological characteristics of the included reviews. Where appropriate, samples were compared descriptively. Results A total of 349 SRs were identified, of which 174 were CAM-related SRs and 175 were conventional SRs. We compared 131 CAM-related non-Cochrane SRs to the 175 conventional non-Cochrane reviews. Fifty-seven percent (75/131) of CAM SRs specified a primary outcome compared to 21% (37/175) of conventional sample reviews. Reporting of publication bias occurred in less than 5% (6/131) of the CAM sample versus 46% (80/175) of the conventional sample of SRs. Source of funding was frequently and consistently under-reported. Less than 5% (11/306) of all SRs reported public availability of a review protocol. Conclusion The two samples of reviews exhibited different strengths and weaknesses. In some cases there were consistencies across items which indicate the need for continued improvements in reporting for all SR reports. We advise authors to utilise the PRISMA Statement or other SR guidance when reporting SRs.