Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Contributes to Fluid Intelligence Through Multinetwork Connectivity

Our ability to effectively adapt to novel circumstances--as measured by general fluid intelligence--has recently been tied to the global connectivity of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC). Global connectivity is a broad measure that summarizes both within-network connectivity and across-network connectivity. We used additional graph theoretical measures to better characterize the nature of LPFC connectivity and its relationship with fluid intelligence. We specifically hypothesized that LPFC is a connector hub with an across-network connectivity that contributes to fluid intelligence independent of within-network connectivity. We verified that LPFC was in the top 10% of brain regions in terms of across-network connectivity, suggesting it is a strong connector hub. Importantly, we found that the LPFC across-network connectivity predicted individuals' fluid intelligence and this correlation remained statistically significant when controlling for global connectivity (which includes within-network connectivity). This supports the conclusion that across-network connectivity independently contributes to the relationship between LPFC connectivity and intelligence. These results suggest that LPFC contributes to fluid intelligence by being a connector hub with a truly global multisystem connectivity throughout the brain.
Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers

An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of Mobile Hosts without the required intervention of any centralized Access Point. In this paper we present an innovative design for the operation of such ad-hoc networks. The basic idea of the design is to operate each Mobile Host as a specialized router, which periodically advertises its view of the interconnection topology with other Mobile Hosts within the network. This amounts to a new sort of routing protocol. We have investigated modifications to the basic Bellman-Ford routing mechanisms, as specified by RIP [5], to make it suitable for a dynamic and self-starting network mechanism as is required by users wishing to utilize ad hoc networks. Our modifications address some of the previous objections to the use of Bellman-Ford, related to the poor looping properties of such algorithms in the face of broken links and the resulting time dependent nature of the interconnection topology describing the links between the Mobile Hosts. Finally, we describe the ways in which the basic network-layer routing can be modified to provide MAC-layer support for ad-hoc networks.
The Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein CLIC5 Is Expressed at High Levels in Hair Cell Stereocilia and Is Essential for Normal Inner Ear Function

Although CLIC5 is a member of the chloride intracellular channel protein family, its association with actin-based cytoskeletal structures suggests that it may play an important role in their assembly or maintenance. Mice homozygous for a new spontaneous recessive mutation of the Clic5 gene, named jitterbug (jbg), exhibit impaired hearing and vestibular dysfunction. The jbg mutation is a 97 bp intragenic deletion that causes skipping of exon 5, which creates a translational frame shift and premature stop codon. Western blot and immunohistochemistry results confirmed the predicted absence of CLIC5 protein in tissues of jbg/jbg mutant mice. Histological analysis of mutant inner ears revealed dysmorphic stereocilia and progressive hair cell degeneration. In wild-type mice, CLIC5-specific immunofluorescence was detected in stereocilia of both cochlear and vestibular hair cells and also along the apical surface of Kolliker’s organ during cochlear development. Refined immunolocalization in rat and chicken vestibular hair cells showed that CLIC5 is limited to the basal region of the hair bundle, similar to the known location of radixin. Radixin immunostaining appeared reduced in hair bundles of jbg mutant mice. By mass spectrometry and immunoblotting, CLIC5 was shown to be expressed at high levels in stereocilia of the chicken utricle, in an approximate 1:1 molar ratio with radixin. These results suggest that CLIC5 associates with radixin in hair cell stereocilia and may help form or stabilize connections between the plasma membrane and the filamentous actin core.
Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus in relation to other potential pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in Jordan

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children. Few data about the molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in developing countries, such as Jordan, are available. The frequency and severity of infections caused by HRSV were assessed in hospitalized Jordanian children <5 years of age compared with other potential etiological agents. Overall a potential pathogen was detected in 78% (254/326) of the children. HRSV was detected in 43% (140/326) of the nasopharyngeal aspirates. HRSV was found more frequently during the winter (January/February), being less frequent or negligible by spring (March/April). Analysis of 135 HRSV‐positive strains using restriction fragment length polymorphism showed that 94 (70%) belonged to subgroup A, and 41 (30%) to subgroup B. There were also two cases of mixed genotypic infection. Only four of the six previously described N genotypes were detected with NP4 predominating. There were no associations between subgroup or N‐genogroup and disease severity. HRSV was significantly associated with more severe acute respiratory infection and the median age of children with HRSV was lower than for those without. Next in order of frequency were adenovirus (116/312: 37%), human bocavirus (57/312: 18%), rhinovirus (36/325: 11%), Chlamydia spp. (14/312: 4.5%), human metapneumovirus (8/326: 2.5%), human coronavirus NL63 (4/325: 1.2%), and influenza A virus (2/323: 0.6%). Influenza B; parainfluenza viruses 1–4, human coronavirus HKU1 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were not detected. J. Med. Virol. 80:168–174, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beyond Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Cohousing Life in Contemporary Sweden

Abstract The idea of cohousing is alive in many industrialized countries today. It is seen as an interesting alternative way of living in late modern cities, where a majority of people live in families, couples or single households, but since there is a general lack of knowledge of what it means to live in a cohousing unit there are also prejudices. In cohousing units, the members are bound up to each other not by family ties but as separate persons with different relations. The inhabitants are living in different households and flats and with common spaces. Architecture is important as well as the organization of cooperation and everyday life. This article presents results from a study on “cohousing for second half of life” in the capital city of Sweden. The main question is: What does it mean to live in a cohousing unit and who is living here? Through in-depth interviews, we found that the residents in this type of dwelling underscore the possibility of both autonomy and dependency, privacy and togetherness. Theoretically, the relations in a cohousing unit can neither be characterized as Gemeinschaft nor Gesellschaft but at the same time it could be both/and. This evokes a third social relationship of the Bund – a theoretical concept beyond the dichotomy of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with florid-type plaques after cadaveric dura mater grafting.

BACKGROUND Many reported cases of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) developed after grafting cadaveric dura mater contaminated with CJD prions (dura-associated CJD). They are known to be clinicopathologically similar to sporadic CJD. We report herein 2 autopsy cases of dura-associated CJD with atypical clinicopathological features. PATIENTS Two patients presented with progressive ataxia and mental deterioration 10 or 11 years after neurosurgical treatment with cadaveric dural grafting, which led to their deaths at 8 and 17 months, respectively, after onset. RESULTS The cases were clinically atypical in exhibiting no or late occurrence of myoclonus and periodic synchronous discharges on electroencephalographic studies. They were pathologically unique in several aspects. The most striking feature was the presence of many prion protein (PrP) plaques in multiple areas in the brain. Some of them were the "florid" type surrounded by a zone of spongiform changes known to be a hallmark for the new variant CJD. The distribution of spongiform degeneration was also unique in that it was intense in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum but milder in the cerebrum. There were no mutations in the PrP gene of the patients. There was no major difference in the size and glycoform pattern between the abnormal isoform of PrP extracted from the brain tissue from the dura-associated cases of CJD and that from a sporadic case of CJD. CONCLUSIONS These 2 cases are clinicopathologically distinct from typical dura-associated cases of CJD. They may be a subtype with florid-type plaques in dura-associated CJD.
Successful Desensitization of T cell Flow Cytometry Crossmatch Positive Renal Transplant Recipients Using Plasmapheresis and Super High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin

Background High-dose IVIG (2 g/kg) alone or low-dose IVIG (100 mg/kg) in conjunction with plasma exchange is typically administered as a renal transplantation desensitization therapy. Herein, we monitored changes in T cell and B cell flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) to assess the effects of short-term super high-dose IVIG (4 g/kg) administration with plasmapheresis before living-donor renal transplantation. Methods Seventeen patients, each showing positive T cell FCXM (median ratio, ≥ 1.4) after 2 rounds of double-filtration plasmapheresis, received 4-day regimens of IVIG (1 g/kg per day) over 1-week periods. T cell and B cell FCXM determinations were obtained after every IVIG dose and again up to 4 weeks after initiating IVIG to ascertain negative conversion of T cell FCXM (median ratio < 1.4). The primary study endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving T cell FCXM-negative status after the 4-dose IVIG regimen. Results Upon completion (4 g/kg total) or discontinuation of IVIG administration, 8 (47.1%) of 17 patients displayed negative T cell FCXM. Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates, the cumulative T cell FCXM-negative conversion rate 4 weeks after IVIG administration initiation was 60.3%. The T cell FCXM-negative conversion rates after cumulative doses of 1, 2, 3, and 4 g/kg IVIG were 29.4%, 35.3%, 56.3%, and 46.7%, respectively. Conclusions Desensitization of donor-specific antibody-positive renal transplant recipients seems achievable in only a subset of recipients through IVIG dosing (1 g/kg × 4) within 1 week after double-filtration plasmapheresis. The T cell FCXM-negative conversion rate resulting from a cumulative IVIG dose of 3 g/kg or greater surpassed that attained via conventional single-dose IVIG (2 g/kg) protocol. This short-term high-dose IVIG desensitization protocol may be an alternative to conventional protocols for recipients with donor-specific antibody.
Determining the WIMP mass from a single direct detection experiment; a more detailed study

The energy spectrum of nuclear recoils in weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) direct detection experiments depends on the underlying WIMP mass. We study how the accuracy with which the WIMP mass could be determined by a single direct detection experiment depends on the detector configuration and the WIMP properties. We investigate the effects of varying the underlying WIMP mass and cross-section, the detector target nucleus, exposure, energy threshold and maximum energy, the local circular speed and the background event rate and spectrum. The number of events observed is directly proportional to both the exposure and the cross-section; therefore these quantities have the greatest bearing on the accuracy of the WIMP mass determination. The relative capabilities of different detectors for determining the WIMP mass depend not only on the WIMP and target masses, but also on their energy thresholds. The WIMP and target mass dependence of the characteristic energy scale of the recoil spectrum suggests that heavy targets will be able to measure the mass of a heavy WIMP more accurately. We find, however, that the rapid decrease of the nuclear form factor with increasing momentum transfer which occurs for heavy nuclei means that this is in fact not the case. Uncertainty in the local circular speed and non-negligible background would both lead to systematic errors in the WIMP mass determination. For deviations of ± 20 km s−1 in the underlying value of the circular speed the systematic error is of order 10%, increasing with increasing WIMP mass. This error can be reduced by also fitting for the circular speed. With a single detector it will be difficult to disentangle a WIMP signal (and the WIMP mass) from background if the background spectrum has a similar shape to the WIMP spectrum (i.e. exponential background, or flat background and a heavy WIMP).
Career Choice Intentions of Adolescents With a Family Business Background

This study investigates the determinants of career choice intentions of adolescents with family business background from both adolescents’ and parents’ views. Comparing three groups of adolescents (“intentional successors,” “intentional founders,” and “intentional employees”) from 106 German family firms through multinomial regression analyses, the authors found personality traits (i.e., Openness and Agreeableness), gender, adolescent identification with the family business, perceived parental job rewards, and parental succession preference and preparation to significantly differentiate adolescents’ career choice intentions. Findings add to previous succession research by empirically demonstrating the impact of individual and socialization influences on offspring’s succession intentions as early as in adolescence.
Assessing Intelligence: Applying a Bio-Cultural Model

PART ONE: INTELLIGENCE: MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Intellectual Assessment in a Multicultural Society Conceptions of Human Intelligence and Implications for Its Assessment Culture and Cognition Toward a Biocultural Perspective of Intellectual Development PART TWO: INTELLECTUAL ASSESSMENT AND CULTURE: A NEW PARADIGM The Evolution of the Biocultural Assessment System The Biocultural Assessment System A Critical Review of Standardized Tests and Approaches of Intelligence Using the Biocultural Assessment Model Report Writing Utilizing the Four-Tier Biocultural Assessment System Evaluation of the Biocultural Assessment System PART THREE: TRAINING AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE BIOCULTURAL ASSESSMENT SYSTEM Training of Mental Health Workers, Educators and Parents To Enhance the Intellectual Functioning of Children Implications for Future Research and Policy
Trauma as an objective or subjective experience: The association between types of traumatic events, personality traits, subjective experience of the event, and posttraumatic symptoms

ABSTRACT The study aimed to examine the discrete effect of objective (type of trauma and demographic characteristics) and subjective (proximity to the trauma, subjective experience of the trauma as a threat, the Big Five personality traits, and dissociative symptoms) factors on the risk for PTSD among 1,210 undergraduate students. The findings indicate that survivors of physical/sexual assault scored the highest on proximity to the trauma, subjective experience of the trauma as a threat, neuroticism, dissociation, and PTSD symptoms. In addition, subjective experience of the trauma, proximity to it, type of trauma, dissociation, and neuroticism were associated with the risk for PTSD symptoms. The findings point to the significance of both subjective and objective variables in the risk for PTSD symptoms.
Problems and pressures facing lone mothers in management and professional occupations – a pilot study

Investigates the problems and pressures facing lone mothers in management and professional occupations. Qualitative data were gained from semi‐structured interviews with 20 lone mothers, and the sample also completed the Pressure Management Indicator questionnaire. The interviews revealed that the lone mothers experienced some of the problems and pressures previously reported by women in dual career couples, including difficulties with childcare, work overload and role conflict, but to a much greater degree. Finds also that the death of a partner, separation or divorce affects the career aspirations and career development of the women in the sample and that the lone mothers were less able to take advantage of job‐sharing and part‐time working because of greater financial pressures. The lone mothers reported higher levels of pressure from workload and the home/work balance than comparative normative groups. However, as stress moderating strategies they employed better use of problem‐focussed coping than other women and made more use of social support than other managers.
Referential Translation Machines for Predicting Translation Performance

Referential translation machines (RTMs) pioneer a language independent approach for predicting translation performance and to all similarity tasks with top performance in both bilingual and monolingual settings and remove the need to access any task or domain specific information or resource. RTMs achieve to become 1st in documentlevel, 4th system at sentence-level according to mean absolute error, and 4th in phrase-level prediction of translation quality in quality estimation task. 1 Referential Translation Machines Prediction of translation performance can help in estimating the effort required for correcting the translations during post-editing by human translators if needed. Referential translation machines achieve top performance in automatic and accurate prediction of machine translation performance independent of the language or domain of the prediction task. Each referential translation machine (RTM) model is a data translation prediction model between the instances in the training set and the test set and translation acts are indicators of the data transformation and translation. RTMs are powerful enough to be applicable in different domains and tasks while achieving top performance in both monolingual (Bicici and Way, 2015) and bilingual settings (Bicici et al., 2015b). Figure 1 depicts RTMs and explains the model building process (Bicici, 2016). RTMs use ParFDA (Bicici et al., 2015a) for selecting instances and interpretants, data close to the task instances for building prediction models and machine translation performance prediction system (MTPPS) (Bicici and Way, 2015) for generating features. We improve our RTM models (Bicici et Figure 1: RTM depiction: ParFDA selects interpretants close to the training and test data using parallel corpus in bilingual settings and monolingual corpus in the target language or just the monolingual target corpus in monolingual settings; an MTPPS uses interpretants and training data to generate training features and another uses interpretants and test data to generate test features in the same feature space; learning and prediction takes place taking these features as input. al., 2015b) with numeric expression identification using regular expressions and replace them with a label (Bicici, 2016). 2 RTM in the Quality Estimation Task We develop RTM models for all of the four subtasks of the quality estimation task (QET) in WMT16 (Bojar et al., 2016) (QET16), which include English to Spanish (en-es), English to German (en-de), and German to English (de-en) translation directions. The subtasks are: sentencelevel prediction (Task 1), word-level prediction (Task 2), phrase-level prediction (Task 2p), and document-level prediction (Task 3). Task 1 is about predicting HTER (human-targeted translation edit rate) (Snover et al., 2006) scores of sentence translations, Task 2 is about binary classification of word-level quality, Task 2p is about binary classification of phrase-level quality, and
Generalized binary search

This paper studies a generalization of the classic binary search problem of locating a desired value within a sorted list. The classic problem can be viewed as determining the correct one-dimensional, binary-valued threshold function from a finite class of such functions based on queries taking the form of point samples of the function. The classic problem is also equivalent to a simple binary encoding of the threshold location. This paper extends binary search to learning more general binary-valued functions. Specifically, if the set of target functions and queries satisfy certain geometrical relationships, then an algorithm, based on selecting a query that is maximally discriminating at each step, will determine the correct function in a number of steps that is logarithmic in the number of functions under consideration. Examples of classes satisfying the geometrical relationships include linear separators in multiple dimensions. Extensions to handle noise are also discussed. Possible applications include machine learning, channel coding, and sequential experimental design.
Receptive multilingualism in ‘monolingual’ media: managing the presence of Slovak on Czech websites

This paper investigates how the presence of a minority language closely related to the majority language is received and treated on the World Wide Web. Specifically, it deals with the acceptability and treatment of texts written in Slovak in the . cz domain, which belongs to the Czech Republic, more than a decade after the split of Czechoslovakia. Employing Language Management Theory and focusing on membership categorisation, the investigation first examines user comments which refer to the use of Slovak on . cz websites as inadequate or problematic. The analysis then proceeds in two directions: first, it deals with users’ expectations regarding the use of Slovak on specific websites. Second, it focuses on how users and the website editors subsequently managed the problematic deviations from these expectations. As a result, the study centres around three phenomena which were shown to be relevant for the online participants: Internet nationalism, the intelligibility of Slovak to Czechs and the searchability of webpages in a closely related language.
Does Access to Finance Improve Productivity? Evidence from a Natural Experiment We Are Grateful for Helpful Comments from Does Access to Finance Improve Productivity? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

We study the relation between access to finance and productivity at the county level. We exploit an exogenous shift in demand for a product to expose how producers adapt their productivity in the presence of varying levels of access to finance. We use a differences-indifferences in differences testing approach and find that production increases the most over the sample period in counties with relatively strong access to finance, even in comparison to a control group. This result is statistically significant, and robust to a variety of controls, alternative variables, and tests. Our findings show how access to finance can have a positive impact on productivity, and speak to the larger role of finance in economic growth. Abstract We study the relation between access to finance and productivity at the county level. We exploit