Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apparent embrittlement saturation and radiation mechanisms of reactor pressure vessel steels

The irradiation and annealing results of three different reactor pressure vessel steels are reported. Steel A, a basic material according to ASTM A 533-B, was produced by Lukens as HSST Plate 03; Steel B was a modified A 533 B having 0.15 percent vanadium; and Steel C contained 3.2 percent nickel. The steels were irradiated at 150, 300, and 400°C with neutron fluxes of 6 X 10 1 1 and 3 X 10 1 3 neutrons (n)/cm 2 s [E > 1 MeV] to different neutron fluences in the research reactors Forschungs-Reactor Julich (FRJ)-1 and FRJ-2 in Julich, Germany. In addition to the trend curve for the increase in transition temperature with irradiation, the trend curves are presented for the relative increase of Vickers hardness, the relative decrease of the upper-shelf energy, and the relative increase of yield strength. An apparent saturation-in-irradiation effect was found within certain neutron fluence ranges. It was observed for irradiations with a high neutron flux of 3 × 10 1 3 n/ (cm 2 s), with a low neutron flux of 6 X 10 1 1 n/(cm 2 s), and also with 150°C irradiations as well as higher temperature irradiations. The annealing behavior normally was measured in terms of the Vickers hardness increase produced by irradiation relative to the initial hardness as a function of the annealing temperature. During the annealing, various recovery processes occur in different temperature ranges. These are characterized by various activation energies. The individual processes were determined by the different time dependencies at various temperatures. Two causes for the apparent saturation were discovered from the behavior of the annealing curves: first, the production of defects of higher activation energy without altering the effective defect density; and second, the tendency of one process to remain constant in spite of increasing neutron fluence.
Use of Anesthesia Induction Rooms Can Increase the Number of Urgent Orthopedic Cases Completed within 7 Hours

Background:Mean turnover times and the time spent in the operating room (OR) can be reduced by concurrent induction of anesthesia. Previous studies of anesthesia induction outside the OR have concentrated either on anesthesia-controlled time or turnover time. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of an induction room model on the whole surgical process, its phases and delays between the phases, and the number of cases performed during the 7-h working day. Methods:A prospective analysis of OR times was conducted for 5 weeks with the traditional induction-in-the-OR model followed by 4 weeks with a new model: A team of two nurses and one anesthesiologist was added to one OR to perform parallel anesthesia induction in a separate induction room. The durations of phases of surgical process, number of completed cases between 7:45 am and 3:00 pm, and daily raw utilization of the OR were assessed. Results were compared to those measured before the intervention. Results:The mean nonoperative time was reduced by 45.6%, whereas surgery time remained unchanged. The time savings contributed to the concurrent anesthesia induction and the cut down in delays between the phases. The new model allowed one additional case to be performed during the 7-h working day. Conclusions:Anesthesia induction outside the OR can increase the number of surgical cases performed during a regular workday.
Quantitative Analysis of Elements in Sediments and Soils by X-Ray Fluorescence

Previous applications of the method of known additions for quantitative X-ray fluorescent analysis have assumed a linear relationship between peak intensity and concentration of the element being analyzed. This assumption is true for soils or sediments containing small amounts of the element in question. In this paper, an equation is derived which takes into account both absorption and enhancement and thus is applicable to samples containing high concentrations of the element. The equation was tested by analyzing an artificial soil sample containing 60% kaolinite and 40% hematite, i.e. the sample contained 28% by weight iron. The fluorescent analysis utilizing the equation derived here resulted in an iron content of 27%. In addition, nine soils from Hawaii were analyzed by this method and the results of these analyses compared with analyses by atomic absorption. The agreement between the two methods is good. It is concluded that the method and equations proposed here provides a reliable measurement of elements in a soil sample which contains high concentrations of the elements in question.
Peak-to-background method for standardless electron microprobe analysis of particles

A peak-to-background method was implemented for standardless electron microprobe analysis of bulk samples and particles. First, a study on the choice of the beam entry point was performed; the region of the particle closest to the detector proved to be the most convenient. Then, a very simple algorithm, which does not require any kind of standard, was developed for particle analysis. This method was tested for glass standard particles and the results were compared with those given by other methods; the proposed standardless approach appeared to yield very satisfactory results.
On the impact of manufacturing process variations on the lifetime of sensor networks

As an emerging technology, sensor networks provide the ability to accurately monitor the characteristics of wide geographical areas over long periods of time. The lifetime of individual nodes in a sensor network depends strongly on the leakage power that the nodes dissipate in the idle state, especially for low-throughput applications. With the introduction of advanced low power design techniques, such as sub-threshold voltage design styles, and the migration of fabrication processes to smaller technology generations, variability in leakage power dissipation of the sensor nodes will lead to increased variability in their lifetimes. In this paper, we analyze how this increased variability in the lifetime of individual sensor nodes affects the performance and lifetime of the network as a whole. We demonstrate how sensor network designers can use the proposed analysis framework to trade-off the cost of a sensor network deployment with the performance it offers. Our results indicate that up to 37% improvement in the critical lifetime of a sensor network (defined as the expected time at which the sensor network becomes disconnected) can be obtained over a baseline design with a 20% increase in the cost of the individual sensor nodes.
Measuring Coverage in MNCH: Tracking Progress in Health for Women and Children Using DHS and MICS Household Surveys

In a PLOS Medicine Review, Attila Hancioglu and Fred Arnold describe the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and highlight the methodological principles and challenges involved in using household survey data to measure reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health intervention coverage.
Different Histories, Different Destinies‒Impact of Evolutionary History and Population Genetic Structure on Extinction Risk of the Adriatic Spined Loaches (Genus Cobitis; Cypriniformes, Actinopterygii)

The region of Balkans is often considered as an ichthyologic “hot spot”, with a great number of species and high portion of endemics living in fresh waters in a relatively small area. The Adriatic watershed in Croatia and Herzegovina is inhabited by six spined loach species (genus Cobitis) whose extinction risk estimations were based solely on their extent of occurrence (and/or area of occupancy) and its fragmentation, and conservation proposals do not consider diversity below species level. In this investigation we employed molecular genetic methods to describe present genetic structure of the Adriatic spined loaches and reveal their demographic history. The divergence of the Adriatic lineages inside the genus Cobitis started in Miocene and lasted until Pleistocene epoch. Geological events responsible for shaping recent diversity of spined loaches in the Adriatic basin are: the Dinarid Mountains upwelling, the evolution of Dinaric Lake system, local tectonic activity, river connections during glaciations and differences in sea level. Even though all the investigated species inhabit karstic rivers located in the same geographic area and that were subject of similar geological events, the results obtained reveal great differences in their genetic diversity and structure and point out the necessity of different conservation measures to ensure their future viability. High level of genetic polymorphism is characteristic for species located more to the south. Two species comprised of more than one population have completely different intraspecific structure; populations of C. illyrica are genetically distinct and represent separate evolutionary significant units, whereas intraspecific structure of C. narentana corresponds to metapopulational pattern. Without population genetic data, evolutionary significant units could be easily misidentified. Furthermore, the obtained results affirm that population genetic measurements are able to detect differences among closely located and related species and estimate extinction risk even more accurately than currently applied IUCN criteria.
On Automatic Summarization of What and Why Information in Source Code Changes

Accurate and complete commit messages summarizing software changes are important to support various software maintenance activities. In practice, these commit messages are often manually submitted by individual software developer to provide information about the changes involved in the incremental changes. Hence, the content and quality of these commit messages may be different. For example, some commit messages are too short and lack of essential information while others with too much detailed information can be time-consuming to read. What's more, most of the commit messages focus on what has been changed by developers in a commit, but why they changed and the motivation behind the code changes (which can assist developers in understanding code changes), are usually ignored. In this paper, we present an approach that can automatically generate the commit messages related to the code changes, including not only what have been changed but also why they were changed. Our approach uses method stereotypes and the type of changes to generate commit messages. We evaluate our approach by comparing the quality of generated messages with the original commit messages written by the original developers and those generated by a state-of-art technique, i.e., ChangeScribe. The results demonstrate that the messages generated by our approach are preferred in about 69% of the cases.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor lasers: present status and future prospects

Dramatic progress in the development of high-quality vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VC-SELs) has been achieved during the last couple of years, with very strong contributions made by U.S. researchers. In particular, new concepts of microlasers and resonant-periodic- gain devices have been proposed and implemented, and devices with strained-quantum-well active regions have been demonstrated. This paper reviews the present status and future prospects for (VC-SELs), with emphasis on recent developments in the U.S.
Does Board Independence Reduce the Cost of Debt?

type="main"> Using the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the associated changes in listing standards as a natural experiment, we find that while board independence decreases the cost of debt when credit conditions are strong or leverage is low, it increases the cost of debt when credit conditions are poor or leverage is high. We also document that independent directors set corporate policies that increase firm risk. These results suggest that independent directors act in the interests of shareholders and are increasingly costly to bondholders with the intensification of the agency conflict between these two stakeholder groups.
An investigation of the determinants of household demand for bushmeat in the Serengeti using an open-ended choice experiment

Illegal hunting for bushmeat is regarded as an important cause of biodiversity decline in Africa. We use a stated preferences method to obtain information on determinants of demand for bushmeat in villages around the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We estimate the effects of changes in the own price of bushmeat and in the prices of two substitute protein sources - fish and chicken. Promoting the availability of protein substitutes at lower prices would be effective at reducing pressures on wildlife. Supply-side measures that raise the price of bushmeat would also be e ffective.
Biosynthesis and axonal transport of rat neurohypophysial proteins and peptides

35S-cysteine injected adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat is rapidly incorporated into proteins. These 35S-cysteine-labeled proteins in the SON (1-24 h after injection) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the distribution of radioactive proteins on the gels was analyzed. 1 h after injection, about 73% of the radioactivity appeared in two peaks (both about 20,000 mol wt). With time, these peaks (putative precursors of neurophysin) decreased, as a 12,000 mol wt peak (containing two distinct neurophysins) increased in radioactivity. Both the 20,000- and 12,000-mol wt proteins are transported into the axonal (median eminence) and nerve terminal (posterior pituitary) regions of the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Conversion of the larger precursor protein to the smaller neurophysin appears to occur, in large part, intra-axonally during axonal transport. Six distinct 35S-cysteine-labeled peptides (less than 2500 mol wt), in addition to arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, are also synthesized in the SON and transported to the posterior pituitary where they are released together with labeled neurophysin by potassium depolarization in the presence of extracellular calcium. These data provide support for the hypothesis that the neurohypophysial peptides (vasopressin and oxytocin) and neurophysins are derived from the post- translational clevage of protein precursors synthesized in the SON, and that the conversion process can occur in the neurosecretory granule during axonal transport.
A Measurement Experimentation Platform at the Internet's Edge

Poor visibility into the network hampers progress in a number of important research areas, from network troubleshooting to Internet topology and performance mapping. This persistent, well-known problem has served as motivation for numerous proposals to build or extend existing Internet measurement platforms by recruiting larger, more diverse vantage points. Capturing the edge of the network, however, remains an elusive goal. We argue that at its root the problem is one of incentives. Today's measurement platforms build on the assumption that the goals of experimenters and those hosting the platform are the same. As much of the Internet growth occurs in residential broadband networks, this assumption no longer holds. We present a measurement experimentation platform that reaches the network edge by explicitly aligning the objectives of the experimenters with those of the users hosting the platform. Dasu-our current prototype-is designed to support both network measurement experimentation and broadband characterization. Dasu has been publicly available since July 2010 and has been installed by over 100 000 users with a heterogeneous set of connections spreading across 2431 autonomous systems (ASs) and 166 countries. We discuss some of the challenges we faced building and using a platform for the Internet's edge, describe its design and implementation, and illustrate the unique perspective its current deployment brings to Internet measurement.
Electromigration induced failure in SnAg/sub 3.8/Cu/sub 0.7/ solder joints for flip chip technology

Electromigration of SnAg/sub 3.8/Cu/sub 0.7/ solder was investigated in flip chip solder bump. An under-bump metallization (UBM) of Cr/Cr-Cu/Cu tri-layer was deposited on the chip side and electroless Cu/Ni/Au pad was deposited on the BT board side. Electromigration damage was observed under the current density of 2/spl times/10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 100/spl deg/C. Voids were found at cathode side and crack was observed at solder/thin film UBM interface after current stressing, and the bump failed after 168-hour stressing. Copper atoms were found to move in the direction of electron flow. Intermetallic compounds of Cu-Sn and Ni-Cu-Sn were also observed to spread into the solder bump due to current stressing.
Carnosine decreased oxidation and glycation products in serum and liver of high‐fat diet and low‐dose streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats

High‐fat diet (HFD) and low‐dose streptozotocin (STZ)‐treated rats provide useful animal model for type II diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a role in the development of diabetic complications. Carnosine (CAR) has anti‐oxidant and anti‐glycating properties. We investigated the effects of CAR on oxidation and glycation products in HFD+STZ rats. Rats were fed with HFD (60% of total calories from fat) for 4 weeks, and then a single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg; i.p.) was applied. Rats with blood glucose levels above 200 mg/dl were fed with HFD until the end of the 12th week. CAR (250 mg/kg body weight; i.p.; five times a week) was administered to the rats for the last four weeks. CAR significantly decreased serum triglyceride (TG) (57.7%), cholesterol (35.6%) levels and hepatic marker enzyme activities of HFD+STZ rats. It significantly reduced serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) (23.7%), AGEs (13.4%) and advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP) (35.9%) and hepatic TG (59%), ROS (26%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (11.5%), protein carbonyl (PC) (19.2%) and AGE (20.2%) levels. Liver steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning were also significantly reduced. However, CAR treatment did not alter serum glucose and blood glycated haemoglobin and hepatic anti‐oxidant enzyme activities/mRNA expressions in HFD+STZ rats. Our results indicate that CAR decreased accumulation of oxidation and glycation products, such as MDA, AGE, AOPP and PC in the serum and liver and ameliorated hepatic dysfunction in HFD+STZ rats. This effect may be related to its anti‐oxidative, anti‐glycating, and anti‐lipogenic potential.
Photo-inspired model-driven 3D object modeling

We introduce an algorithm for 3D object modeling where the user draws creative inspiration from an object captured in a single photograph. Our method leverages the rich source of photographs for creative 3D modeling. However, with only a photo as a guide, creating a 3D model from scratch is a daunting task. We support the modeling process by utilizing an available set of 3D candidate models. Specifically, the user creates a digital 3D model as a geometric variation from a 3D candidate. Our modeling technique consists of two major steps. The first step is a user-guided image-space object segmentation to reveal the structure of the photographed object. The core step is the second one, in which a 3D candidate is automatically deformed to fit the photographed target under the guidance of silhouette correspondence. The set of candidate models have been pre-analyzed to possess useful high-level structural information, which is heavily utilized in both steps to compensate for the ill-posedness of the analysis and modeling problems based only on content in a single image. Equally important, the structural information is preserved by the geometric variation so that the final product is coherent with its inherited structural information readily usable for subsequent model refinement or processing.
Slash-and-char: a Feasible Alternative for Soil Fertility Management in the Central Amazon?

The application of charcoal to nutrient-poor upland soils of the central Amazon was tested in lysimeter studies in comparison to unamended control to evaluate the effects of charcoal on plant nutrition and nutrient leaching. Testing the application of charred organic matter was stimulated by the fact that anthropogenic soils in the Amazon (so-called " Terra Preta ") with high soil organic matter contents contain large amounts of pyrogenic carbon. These soils also show high cation exchange capacity and nutrient availability. Charcoal additions significantly increased biomass production of a rice crop in comparison to a control on a Xanthic Ferralsol. This increase was largely an effect of improved P, K, and possibly Cu nutrition, whereas N and Mg uptake decreased in charcoal amended soils. In order to improve crop growth, fertilizer applications of N, S, Ca, and Mg may be necessary in addition to charcoal for optimizing rice growth. Combined application of N with charcoal resulted in a higher N uptake than what would have been expected from sole fertilizer or charcoal applications. The reason is a higher nutrient retention of applied ammonium by the charcoal amended soils. Charcoal applications therefore acted in two ways, first as a direct fertilizer and secondly as an adsorber which retained N. The amount of charcoal which can be produced from forest biomass is significant and corresponds to charcoal amounts needed for effectively improving crop growth. The slash-and-char technique is an alternative to burning of the above ground biomass and only the biomass from the same cropping area will be used for charring. Field trials need to be conducted to investigate the efficiency of charcoal production and applications under field conditions. Introduction Upland soils in the humid tropics such as in the Amazon are highly weathered and therefore possess low plant available nutrient contents (Cravo and Smyth, 1997). This is a result of both high rainfall and low nutrient retention capacity. Applied nutrients are rapidly leached below the root zone of annual crops (Melgar et al., 1992; Cahn et al., 1993). Two basic approaches can be used to reduce nutrient leaching, first to apply
Energy saving electroheaters for household heating

The investigation results of temperature field distribution and energy parameters of flat plasma coated electric resistance heaters are presented in this paper. The comparison of its technical and consumer features with those of plastic wall fastening heaters are made. The advantages of plasma coated electric resistance heaters in comparison with plastic heaters are clearly shown. Some technology recommendations for such kind heaters design with high energy savings were presented.