Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional Carbon Fluxes and Boundary Layer Heights from the Airborne Carbon in the Mountains Experiment 2007

The Central Rocky Mountains, with its abundant forests ecosystem, is likely an important carbon sink with an estimated annual uptake between 57.6 and 80.5 g C m−2. However, ongoing ecosystem stress (i.e. bark beetles, forest fires and drought stress) in the Western United States have added significant uncertainty about the future trajectory of these regional carbon fluxes. Moreover, current regional CO2 land-atmosphere exchanges are poorly constrained in mountainous regions. Additionally, the evolution of the boundary layer plays an essential role in determining the spatial distribution and vertical mixing of passive tracers and is strongly influenced by orography. To address these issues a field experiment in the Central Rocky Mountains, the Airborne Carbon in the Mountains Experiment, was conducted during the spring and summer of 2007. Regional surface fluxes of CO2 were quantified using a boundary layer budget, applied to paired upwind/downwind airborne observations, to determine the relative magnitude of carbon uptake during the 2007 growing season. Mean regional carbon uptake during the experiment was -7.5 μmol m−2 s−1. To determine the extent that boundary layer heights affect the uncertainty in boundary layer budget fluxes, three estimates of maximum boundary layer height were obtained. Airborne observations of virtual potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio, the bulk Richardson number and reanalysis data are used to determine the evolution of the boundary layer over the domain. Uncertainty in the maximum boundary layer height lead to a 26% spread in the regional surface carbon fluxes, computed using the boundary layer budget method, and explained roughly 60% of the variance among them. The uncertainties in boundary layer budget fluxes are further put into context with continuous observations from the Niwot Ridge Ameriflux Site and results from the CarbonTracker inverse model. All three estimates of regional carbon fluxes show consistency in magnitude but a shift in the timing of peak uptake, ecosystem drought stress and onset of the North American Monsoon. The onset of ecosystem drought stress is showed earliest in the airborne observations while CarbonTracker is the latest. Multiple parallel profiles were also flown during the experiment in order to capture
Low-Voltage Poly(3-Hexylthiophene)/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Field-Effect Transistor and Inverter

We report on bottom-gate top-contact organic field-effect transistors that use regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT) as a channel semiconductor and poly(vinyl alcohol) as a gate insulator. We determine that the field-effect mobility of the rr-P3HT is 0.08 cm<sup>2</sup> ·V<sup>-1</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup>, the threshold voltage is -1.1 V, and the on/off current ratio is 10<sup>3</sup>, demonstrating the transistor operation in an inverter.
Procedimientos de cohesión en el español actual

SE ESTUDIAN LOS MECANISMOS DE ENLACE INTERORACIONAL EN EL ESPANOL ACTUAL. ESTOS MECANISMOS SE REDUCEN A DOS GRANDES TIPOS: ANAFORA Y CONEXION. DENTRO DEL PRIMERO SE INCLUYEN LA ANAFORA MEDIANTE PROFORMA LA ANAFORA MEDIANTE FRASE NOMINAL DEFINIDA NO PRONOMINAL Y LA ELIPSIS. ESTA ENGLOBA A SU VEZ LA ELIPSIS NOMINAL LA COMPARATIVA Y LA VERBAL U ORACIONAL. EN LA CONEXION SE ENCUENTRAN EXPRESIONES DE MUY VARIADA NATURALEZA LOS CONECTIVOS ENCARGADOS DE PRECISAR LA RELACION SEMANTICA (ADITIVA DISYUNTIVA ADVERSATIVA CAUSAL TEMPORAL) ENTRE DOS ORACIONES. EL TRABAJO SE INSPIRA EN EL CONCEPTO DE COMESION DESARROLLADO POR M.A.K. HALLIDAY Y R. HASAN EN COMESION IN ENGLISH .
Coupling bio-logging with nutritional geometry to reveal novel insights into the foraging behaviour of a plunge-diving marine predator

ABSTRACT It is widely believed that predators maximise their energy intake while foraging and consume prey that are nutritionally similar. We combined GPS data loggers, miniaturised cameras, dietary sampling and nutritional geometry to examine the nutritional variability in the prey and selected diet, and foraging performance, of the masked booby (Sula dactylatra tasmani), a wild carnivore and marine top predator. Data loggers also revealed no significant differences between sexes in the foraging performance of chick-rearing adults. Females provided more food to their chicks than the males and, regardless of the nutritional variability of prey consumed, both sexes showed similar amounts of protein and lipid in their diets. Miniaturised cameras combined with nutritional analysis of prey provided, for the first time, fine-scale detail of the amounts of macronutrients consumed in each plunge dive and the overall foraging trip. Our methodology could be considered for future studies that aim to contribute to the general understanding of the behavioural and physiological mechanisms and ecological and evolutionary significance of animal foraging (e.g. energy expenditure budgets and prey selection for self- and offspring-feeding that could lead to sex-specific foraging strategies).
Meta‐analyses of the effect of false‐positive mammograms on generic and specific psychosocial outcomes

Objectives: While a previous meta‐analysis found that false‐positive mammography results affect women's likelihood of returning for screening, effects on well being have yet to be meta‐analyzed. We investigated whether the effects of false‐positive mammograms on women's well‐being are limited to outcomes specific to breast cancer.
An Investigation of the Impact of Light Stemming Strategies on Arabic Information Retrieval

Due to the affix structure of words in Arabic, a given word may take different forms in different contexts. These variants may not be recognized as semantically equivalent in IR without some processing, Stemming is one of the most commonly used techniques for doing so. The research reported in this paper evaluates the retrieval effectiveness of four different stemming algorithms for Arabic information retrieval systems, including those reported by Khoja, Taghva, Mustafa, and Aljlayl and compare their performance with no stemming. The first two are considered heavy stemmers, while the others are classified as light stemmers. The evaluation was based on a set of 477 documents on medical herbs comprising more than 95856 Arabic words. The index terms were prepared by an expert in the field. Three performance metrics were used in this study, including average precision at recall 10, P@5, and R-precision. The results indicated that all stemmers significantly outperformed zero stemming. However, light stemming algorithms showed better performance than heavy stemming algorithms in all experiments using the three evaluation metrics.
Characterization of YvcJ, a Conserved P-Loop-Containing Protein, and Its Implication in Competence in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT The uncharacterized protein family UPF0042 of the Swiss-Prot database is predicted to be a member of the conserved group of bacterium-specific P-loop-containing proteins. Here we show that two of its members, YvcJ from Bacillus subtilis and YhbJ, its homologue from Escherichia coli, indeed bind and hydrolyze nucleotides. The cellular function of yvcJ was then addressed. In contrast to results recently obtained for E. coli, which indicated that yhbJ mutants strongly overproduced glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS), comparison of the wild type with the yvcJ mutant of B. subtilis showed that GlmS expression was quite similar in the two strains. However, in mutants defective in yvcJ, the transformation efficiency and the fraction of cells that expressed competence were reduced. Furthermore, our data show that YvcJ positively controls the expression of late competence genes. The overexpression of comK or comS compensates for the decrease in competence of the yvcJ mutant. Our results show that even if YvcJ and YhbJ belong to the same family of P-loop-containing proteins, the deletion of corresponding genes has different consequences in B. subtilis and in E. coli.
Improving pain management by nurses: A pilot Peer Intervention Program.

Significant pain continues to be reported by many hospitalized patients despite the numerous and varied educational programs developed and implemented to improve pain management. A theoretically based Peer Intervention Program was designed from a predictive model to address nurses' beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy, perceived control and intentions in the management of pain with p.r. n. (as required) narcotic analgesia. The pilot study of this program utilized a quasi-experimental pre-post test design with a patient intervention, nurse and patient intervention and control conditions consisting of 24, 18 and 19 nurses, respectively. One week after the intervention, significant differences were found between the nurse and patient condition and the two other conditions in beliefs, self-efficacy, perceived control, positive trend in attitudes, subjective norms and intentions. The most positive aspects of the program were supportive interactive discussions with peers and an awareness and understanding of beliefs and attitudes and their roles in behavior.
WIN 57273, a new fluoroquinolone with enhanced in vitro activity versus gram-positive pathogens

WIN 57273 is a new fluoroquinolone with excellent in vitro activity versus gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and gentamicin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecalis. We compared the microdilution MICs and MBCs of this compound to those of other antimicrobial agents for more than 30 clinical isolates of each of these groups of organisms and found that with few exceptions, it was at least 10 times more active than all other drugs tested. Selection for resistance to ciprofloxacin (greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml) or WIN 57273 (greater than or equal to 0.16 microgram/ml) by the gradient plate method produced mutants with diminished susceptibility to the other fluoroquinolone; however, the MICs and MBCs of WIN 57273 for such strains were still quite low and remained below the preliminary susceptibility breakpoint (less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml). Spontaneous mutations conferring resistance to two and five times the WIN 57273 MIC were detectable at low frequencies for S. aureus and S. epidermidis; such mutations were virtually undetectable for E. faecalis. Further testing is necessary to establish if the effectiveness of WIN 57273 is maintained in vivo, first in animals and then in humans with infections caused by methicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis or gentamicin-susceptible and -resistant strains of E. faecalis.
Magnesium decreases cardiac injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery

Background The calcium-channel blocking effect of magnesium might have protective effects in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. We assessed the effects of magnesium on hearts undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery with intermittent warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia in the antegrade fashion. Patients and Methods Twenty patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery were randomly divided into two groups, a control group who received intermittent antegrade warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia for myocardial protection, and a study group who received the same solution with the addition of magnesium to the cardioplegia. Extracellular substrates (creatinine Phosphokinase, creatinine phosphokinase-MB group, lactate dehydrogenase, c-reactive protein, and cardiac troponin I were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Results There were significant differences in the post-operative concentrations of creatinine phosphokinase, creatinine phosphokinase-MB group, c-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase after cardiopulmonary bypass (P<0.001 ) in the study group compared with the control subjects. Cardiac troponin I levels were also significantly lower in the study group after cardiopulmonary bypass (P<0.005). Conclusions Our study indicates that if magnesium is added to intermittent antegrade warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia, blood levels of many markers of cardiac myocardial injury after cardiopulmonary bypass are lowered. This finding may have implications for myocardial protection.
Experiments on the effectiveness of dataflow- and control-flow-based test adequacy criteria

This paper reports an experimental study investigating the effectiveness of two code-based test adequacy criteria for identifying sets of test cases that detect faults. The all-edges and all-DUs (modified all-uses) coverage criteria were applied to 130 faulty program versions derived from seven moderate size base programs by seeding realistic faults. We generated several thousand test sets for each faulty program and examined the relationship between fault detection and coverage. Within the limited domain of our experiments, test sets achieving coverage levels over 90% usually showed significantly better fault detection than randomly chosen test sets of the same size. In addition, significant improvements in the effectiveness of coverage-based tests usually occurred as coverage increased from 90% to 100%. However the results also indicate that 100% code coverage alone is not a reliable indicator of the effectiveness of a test set. We also found that tests based respectively on control-flow and dataflow criteria are frequency complementary in their effectiveness. <<ETX>>
Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Kahweol, a Coffee Diterpene

Background Epidemiological studies have shown that unfiltered coffee consumption is associated with a low incidence of cancer. This study aims to identify the effects of kahweol, an antioxidant diterpene contained in unfiltered coffee, on angiogenesis and key inflammatory molecules. Methodology/Principal Findings The experimental procedures included in vivo angiogenesis assays (both the chicken and quail choriallantoic membrane assay and the angiogenesis assay with fluorescent zebrafish), the ex vivo mouse aortic ring assay and the in vitro analysis of the effects of treatment of human endothelial cells with kahweol in cell growth, cell viability, cell migration and zymographic assays, as well as the tube formation assay on Matrigel. Additionally, two inflammation markers were determined, namely, the expression levels of cyclooxygenase 2 and the levels of secreted monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. We show for the first time that kahweol is an anti-angiogenic compound with inhibitory effects in two in vivo and one ex vivo angiogenesis models, with effects on specific steps of the angiogenic process: endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation on Matrigel. We also demonstrate the inhibitory effect of kahweol on the endothelial cell potential to remodel extracellular matrix by targeting two key molecules involved in the process, MMP-2 and uPA. Finally, the anti-inflammatory potential of this compound is demonstrated by its inhibition of both COX-2 expression and MCP-1 secretion in endothelial cells. Conclusion/Significance Taken together, our data indicate that, indeed, kahweol behaves as an anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic compound with potential use in antitumoral therapies. These data may contribute to the explanation of the reported antitumoral effects of kahweol, including the recent epidemiological meta-analysis showing that drinking coffee could decrease the risk of certain cancers.
Levels of platelet calmodulin for the prediction of progression and severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Calmodulin is a calcium-binding receptor protein that regulates the contractile protein systems of skeletal muscle and platelets. The levels of platelet calmodulin were measured in twenty-seven adolescents to determine whether there was a relationship between these levels and the progression or the severity of idiopathic scoliosis. The study included seventeen patients who had idiopathic scoliosis of varying severity and patterns and a control group consisting of ten age and sex-matched subjects: eight patients who were being managed for non-scoliosis-related problems and two normal volunteers. Platelets were isolated from the venous blood of all adolescents. The platelets were homogenized and centrifuged, and the calmodulin-containing supernatant was isolated. The level of calmodulin was then measured with use of a radioimmunoassay that employs competitive binding between native, unlabeled calmodulin and 125I-labeled calmodulin. The results showed that the level of platelet calmodulin in the patients who had a progressive curve (more than 10 degrees of progression in the previous twelve months) (3.83 nanograms per microgram of protein) was significantly higher than the level in the patients who had a stable curve (less than 5 degrees of progression in the previous twelve months) (0.60 nanogram per microgram of protein) (p < 0.01); the levels in the stable group and the control group (0.69 nanogram per microgram of protein) were similar. The level of platelet calmodulin appeared to be an independent and possibly more acute predictor of progression of the curve than the Risser sign alone. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fuzzy Logic Analysis of Kinase Pathway Crosstalk in TNF/EGF/Insulin-Induced Signaling

When modeling cell signaling networks, a balance must be struck between mechanistic detail and ease of interpretation. In this paper we apply a fuzzy logic framework to the analysis of a large, systematic dataset describing the dynamics of cell signaling downstream of TNF, EGF, and insulin receptors in human colon carcinoma cells. Simulations based on fuzzy logic recapitulate most features of the data and generate several predictions involving pathway crosstalk and regulation. We uncover a relationship between MK2 and ERK pathways that might account for the previously identified pro-survival influence of MK2. We also find unexpected inhibition of IKK following EGF treatment, possibly due to down-regulation of autocrine signaling. More generally, fuzzy logic models are flexible, able to incorporate qualitative and noisy data, and powerful enough to produce quantitative predictions and new biological insights about the operation of signaling networks.
A subsequence matching with gaps-range-tolerances framework

We propose a novel subsequence matching framework that allows for gaps in both the query and target sequences, variable matching tolerance levels efficiently tuned for each query and target sequence, and also constrains the maximum match length. Using this framework, a space and time efficient dynamic programming method is developed: given a short query sequence and a large database, our method identifies the subsequence of the database that best matches the query, and further bounds the number of consecutive gaps in both sequences. In addition, it allows the user to constrain the minimum number of matching elements between a query and a database sequence. We show that the proposed method is highly applicable to music retrieval. Music pieces are represented by 2-dimensional time series, where each dimension holds information about the pitch and duration of each note, respectively. At runtime, the query song is transformed to the same 2-dimensional representation. We present an extensive experimental evaluation using synthetic and hummed queries on a large music database. Our method outperforms, in terms of accuracy, several DP-based subsequence matching methods---with the same time complexity---and a probabilistic model-based method.
The Performance of Currency Hedge Funds and Foreign Exchange Risk Premia

This study investigates the performance and risk of currency hedge funds from 1999 to 2009. Our results show that a substantial number of hedge funds generate returns that exceed foreign exchange risk premia obtained through carry trades. Small funds perform better than large funds and the best alpha-generating funds exhibit a performance that persists over a one-year horizon. This performance persistence is associated with currency risk-related factors and, only for the best-performing funds, is due to the remuneration for active management skills. JEL classi cation: F31; F37. Keywords: hedge funds, foreign exchange; asset allocation, funds performance evaluation. Acknowledgments: This work was partly written while Giorgio Valente was visiting the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and the Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research, whose hospitality is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank Pasquale della Corte, Nikolaus Hatsch, Richard Levich, Mike McCraken, Lukas Menkho¤, Chris Neely, Momtchil Pojarliev, Maik Schmeling, Lucio Sarno, and Ilias Tsiakas for useful conversations and comments on an earlier draft of this paper and the seminar participants at the Bank for International Settlements, Humboldt University, University of Hannover, University of Essex, Korea University Business School and the 2010 Asian Finance Association Meetings, Hong Kong, the 5th Conference on Asia-Paci c Financial Markets, Seoul. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed and any errors that may remain. yGiorgio Valente (corresponding author), Essex Business School, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK. Phone: +44-1206-872254. E-mail: gvalente@essex.ac. uk. Federico Nucera, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy, E-mail: federico.nucera@phd.unibocconi. it.
Computable model theory

In the last few decades there has been increasing interest in computable model theory. Computable model theory uses the tools of computability theory to explores algorithmic content (e¤ectiveness) of notions, theorems, and constructions in various areas of ordinary mathematics. In algebra this investigation dates back to van der Waerden who in his 1930 book Modern Algebra de ned an explicitly given eld as one the elements of which are uniquely represented by distinguishable symbols with which we can perform the eld operations algorithmically. In his pioneering paper on non-factorability of polynomials from 1930, van der Waerden essentially proved that an explicit eld (F;+; ) does not necessarily have an algorithm for splitting polynomials in F [x] into their irreducible factors. Gödels incompleteness theorem from 1931 is an astonishing early result of computable model theory. Gödel showed that there are in fact relatively simple problems in the theory of ordinary whole numbers which cannot be decided from the axioms. The work of Turing, Gödel, Kleene, Church, Post, and others in the mid-1930s established the rigorous mathematical foundations for the computability theory. In the 1950s, Fröhlich and Shepherdson used the precise notion of a computable function to obtain a collection of results and examples about explicit rings and elds. For example, Fröhlich and
A novel computational tool for automated structure‐based drug design

The computer program LUDI for automated structure‐based drug design is described. The program constructs possible new ligands for a given protein of known three‐dimensional structure. This novel approach is based upon rules about energetically favourable non‐bonded contact geometries between functional groups of the protein and the ligand which are derived from a statistical analysis of crystal packings of organic molecules. In a first step small fragments are docked into the protein binding site in such a way that hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions can be formed with the protein and hydrophobic pockets are filled with lipophilic groups of the ligands. The program can then append further fragments onto a previously positioned fragments or onto an already existing ligand (e.g., a lead structure that one seeks to improve). It is also possible to link several fragments together by bridge fragments to form a complete molecule. All putative ligands retrieved or constructed by LUDI are scored. We use a simple scoring function that was fitted to experimentally determined binding constants of protein–ligand complexes. LUCI is a very fast program with typical execution times of 1–5 min on a work station and is therefore suitable for interactive usage.