Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Risk Estimation Using Only Conditional Independence Structure

We show how to estimate a model's test error from unlabeled data, on distributions very different from the training distribution, while assuming only that certain conditional independencies are preserved between train and test. We do not need to assume that the optimal predictor is the same between train and test, or that the true distribution lies in any parametric family. We can also efficiently differentiate the error estimate to perform unsupervised discriminative learning. Our technical tool is the method of moments, which allows us to exploit conditional independencies in the absence of a fully-specified model. Our framework encompasses a large family of losses including the log and exponential loss, and extends to structured output settings such as hidden Markov models.
Solar-cycle variation of the sound-speed asphericity from GONG and MDI data 1995–2000

ABSTRA C T We study the variation of the frequency splitting coefficients describing the solar asphericity in both GONG and MDI data, and use these data to investigate temporal sound-speed variations as a function of both depth and latitude during the period 1995‐ 2000 and a little beyond. The temporal variations in even splitting coefficients are found to be correlated to the corresponding component of magnetic flux at the solar surface. We confirm that the soundspeed variations associated with the surface magnetic field are superficial. Temporally averaged results show a significant excess in sound speed around ra 0:92 R( and latitude of 608.
Existence characterizations of temporal-safety supervisors

This note shows that beyond the expected basic results on supervisor existence and synthesis, the temporal logic systems analysis for the invariance control of an arbitrary past formula P yields new insights into supremal control of temporal safety. These insights come in the form of equivalent temporal characterizations. One characterization allows a natural-language interpretation which provides a very good intuitive feel of the supremal controllability concept. Another provides a structurally elegant representation revealing that the past formula P must never be stronger than some fixed logic "constant. " Importantly, from the control synthesis viewpoint, these temporal characterizations provide the opportunity to use several (industrial-strength) commercially available theorem provers to accomplish the synthesis task in a transparent fashion. Finally, a controllable canonical form - unifying the supremal, exact, and infimal existences of temporal-safety control - is exhibited and its theoretical significance is discussed.
Sapience and scarce resources: Communication systems of the !Kung and other foragers

as important as the study of hunting techniques or of kinship relationships. I propose that we go even further in pinning this intention down, and that we lay careful groundwork for relating huntergatherers’ symbol systems, through the study of their use in social arrangements, to specific environmental adaptations. How does world view, through communication systems, govern social and economic activity in specific environmental contexts? The focus of
An Autonomous Agent Navigating with a Polarized Light Compass

One of the fundamental abilities required in autonomous agents is homing. Natural agents—for instance, desert ants—solve the homing problem mainly by using path integration within an egocentric frame of reference. When employing such a mechanism, compass information for determining direction is necessary, and the precision of the compass will have a crucial effect on the precision of homing. For deriving compass information, certain insects use the pattern of polarized light in the sky that arises due to scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere (polarized light compass). The analysis of skylight polarization is mediated by specialized photoreceptors and neurons in the visual system. Inspired by the insect's polarized light compass, we have constructed a polarization compass that was employed successfully on the mobile robot Sahabot. Three models for extracting compass information from the polarization pattern of the sky were tested. In this article, we describe the navigation system and report results of experiments performed with the Sahabot in one of the natural habitats of the desert ant Cataglyphis in North Africa.
A Dinuclear Cobalt Cryptate as a Homogeneous Photocatalyst for Highly Selective and Efficient Visible-Light Driven CO2 Reduction to CO in CH3 CN/H2 O Solution.

A dinuclear cobalt complex [Co2 (OH)L1 ](ClO4 )3 (1, L1 =N[(CH2 )2 NHCH2 (m-C6 H4 )CH2 NH(CH2 )2 ]3 N) displays high selectivity and efficiency for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO in CH3 CN/H2 O (v/v=4:1) under a 450 nm LED light irradiation, with a light intensity of 100 mW cm-2 . The selectivity reaches as high as 98 %, and the turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequencies (TOF) reach as high as 16896 and 0.47 s-1 , respectively, with the calculated quantum yield of 0.04 %. Such high activity can be attributed to the synergistic catalysis effect between two CoII ions within 1, which is strongly supported by the results of control experiments and DFT calculations.
Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part I: Model Description

During the past two decades, convective scale models have advanced sufficiently to study the dynamic and microphysical processes associated with mesoscale convective systems. The basic features of these models are that they are non-hydrostatic and include a good representation of microphysical pro­ cesses. The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model has been extensively applied to study cloud-environment interactions, cloud interaction and merg­ ers, air-sea interaction, cloud draft structure and trace gas transport. The GCE model has improved significantly during the past decade. For example, ice-microphysical processes, and solar and infrared radiative transfer pro­ cesses have been included. These model improvements allow the GCE model to study cloud-radiation interaction, cloud-radiation-climate relations and to develop rain retrieval algorithms for Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). In Part I, a full description of the GCE model is presented, as well as several sensitivity tests associated with its assumptions. In Part II (Simpson and Tao, 1993), we will review GCE model applications to cloud precipitating processes and to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), a joint U.S.-Japan satellite project to measure rain and latent heat release over the global tropics.
How perceived risk affects online buying

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest a model that reflects the role that web site cognitive and experiential signals, firm reputation, bricks-and-mortar experience, and consumer satisfaction play as determinants of trust in the web site, taking into account the moderating effect of consumer-perceived risk when buying online. Design/methodology/approach – The investigation uses quantitative research methods. Data collected from interviews with 507 Spanish online buyers are analysed through structural equation modelling. Findings – Internet users who buy online more frequently can trust a web site only based on their previous satisfaction, whereas users who perceive more risks need to perceive that the firm has a good reputation and bricks-and-mortar experience apart from other signals such the quality of the service. Practical implications – The results show interesting implications for online vendors, who should apply different commercial strategies to potential buyers according to the level of perceived risk. Originality/value – This study empirically considers several signals that electronic retailers send to the market in order to create buyer trust and satisfaction, while most studies on signals have been theoretical and normative or have not contemplated so many signals simultaneously. Besides, this paper has extended knowledge of the process of the generation of customer trust in online contexts for different types of users according to their level of perceived risk.
Slow‐slip evolves into megathrust earthquakes in 2D numerical simulations

Slow slip events (SSE) in many subduction zones incrementally stress the adjacent locked megathrust, suggesting that they could potentially either trigger or evolve into damaging earthquakes. We explore this with 2D quasi‐dynamic simulations with rate‐state friction, dilatancy, and coupled 1D pore‐fluid and heat transport. Steady‐state weakening friction allows transient slip to nucleate, but is inhibited by dilatant strengthening and destabilized by thermal pressurization. SSE spontaneously nucleate in Low Effective‐Stress Velocity‐Weakening (LESVW) regions. If the dimension of the LESVW is relatively small the SSE are trapped at its updip end, imparting a strong stress concentration in the locked zone. After several centuries SSE penetrate into the region of higher effective stress, where thermal pressurization eventually leads to dynamic rupture. For larger LESVW regions SSE tend to increase in length with time; ultimately higher slip speeds enhance thermal weakening, leading to dynamic instability within the SSE zone. In both cases the onset of the ultimate SSE is essentially indistinguishable from preceding events.
Effect of Multi-Micronutrients Fertilizers on Yield and Micronutrients Uptake by Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Grown on Medium Black Calcareous Soils of Saurashtra Region of Gujarat

A field experiment was conducted on Typic Heplustptes soils of Vegetable Research Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, during 2012-2015 (Three Years) to study the efficacy of multi-micronutrients formulation mixture fertilizers in improving crop production of okra. The results revealed that the mean green pod(12363 kg ha -1 ),stalk ( 5056 kg ha -1 )and drypod (1114 kg ha -1 )yields increased significantly due to soil application of FeSO4 @ 15 kg ha -1 and ZnSO4 @ 8 kg ha -1 as per soil test value (STV),follow by foliar multi-micronutrients supplementation through 1.0% spray of multi-micronutrients mixture having Fe-4.0%, Mn-0.1%, Zn-5.0%, Cu-0.5% and B-0.5 % grade-IV( T5-For Zn and Fe deficiency) at 45,60 and 75 days after sowing (DAS). Significantly higher value of internode length (8.2 cm), fruit length (13.6 cm), No of fruits per plant (19.9), plant height (129 cm), fruit girth (6.1 cm) and fruit weight (15.9 g) were also recorded with soil application of FeSO4 @ 15 kg/ha -1 and ZnSO4 @ 8 kg/ha -1 as per soil test value (STV). These both the treatment was statistically at par with each other but significantly superior over control. The soil application of multi-micronutrients mixture as per STV or foliar spray 1.0% grade -IV were found beneficial and economical in increasing okra yield.
Global Sourcing and Foreign Knowledge Seeking

We develop and test a rigorous theoretical account of firm global sourcing decisions, distinguishing the antecedents of offshore integration from those of offshore outsourcing. Although traditional theories of global sourcing focus on lowering costs, we argue that as high-performing firms seek to develop new capabilities by tapping into foreign knowledge, they will increasingly turn to offshore integration to reap colocation benefits and overcome expropriation challenges. By contrast, offshore outsourcing will be preferred by less profitable firms seeking to tap into low-cost inputs, especially as investments in information technology lower monitoring costs. Empirical analysis of a comprehensive panel of cross-border product transfers by U.S. manufacturing multinational corporations from 1989 to 2004 reveals support for these arguments. Our study thus highlights the effect of foreign knowledge seeking on global sourcing and helps explain recent trends in this increasingly important phenomenon, especially .
Calculating Hematopoietic-Mode-Lethality Risk Avoidance Associated with Radionuclide Decorporation Countermeasures Related to a Radiological Terrorism Incident

This paper provides theoretical health-risk-assessment tools that are designed to facilitate planning for and managing radiological terrorism incidents that involve ingestion exposure to bone-seeking radionuclides (e.g., radiostrontium nuclides). The focus is on evaluating lethality risk avoidance (RAV; i.e., the decrease in risk) that is associated with radionuclide decorporation countermeasures employed to remove ingested bone-seeking beta and/or gamma-emitting radionuclides from the body. To illustrate the application of tools presented, hypothetical radiostrontium decorporation scenarios were considered that involved evaluating the hematopoietic-mode-lethality RAV. For evaluating the efficacy of specific decorporation countermeasures, the lethality risk avoidance proportion (RAP; which is the RAV divided by the total lethality risk in the absence of protective countermeasures) is introduced. The lethality RAP is expected to be a useful tool for designing optimal radionuclide decorporation schemes and for identifying green, yellow and red dose-rate zones. For the green zone, essentially all of the lethality risk is expected to be avoided (RAP = 1) as a consequence of the radionuclide decorporation scheme used. For the yellow zone, some but not all of the lethality risk is expected to be avoided. For the red zone, none of the lethality risk (which equals 1) is expected to be avoided.
Minichromosome Maintenance Protein Expression According to the Grade of Atypism in Actinic Keratosis

The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) family is agroup of proteins that are key initiation factors for DNA replication and are expressed only in cycling cells. Recent studies on various cancerous conditions have shown that MCM proteins are better markers for malignant cells compared to other proliferative markers. It has been also proven that MCM proteins are independent prognostic factors. The aim of this study was to characterize the pattern and frequency of MCM 2 protein expression in actinic keratosis (AK) and determine whether the expression is correlated with the degree of histological atypism. Biopsy samples of 34 patients who had been diagnosed as AK were used in this study. Samples were divided into three groups (grade I, grade II, and grade III) according to the degree of atypism. Immunohistochemical staining for MCM 2 protein, Ki-67, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen was performed, and the number of positively staining cells per unit area (10−4 μm2) was calculated for evaluation of immunoreactivity. MCM 2 protein was expressed in atypical keratinocytes in AK. Mean numbers of immunoreactive cells positive for MCM 2 were 165.1 in grade I, 304.5 in grade II, and 513.3 in grade III. Moreover, the correlation between the immunoreactivity for MCM 2 protein and AK grade was significantly more positive than that for other markers. Thus, we suggest that MCM 2 protein is a reliable marker for diagnosing and grading AK and further could be hypothesized as an important prognostic factor.
Comparison of the germination rates of Metarhizium spp. conidia from Japan at high and low temperatures

The knowledge of the growth characteristics of entomopathogenic fungi at different temperatures is very important for understanding their ecology and field efficacy as biological control agents. However, the relationships between their DNA‐based phylogenetic tree classifications and growth characteristics at different temperatures have not been adequately investigated. In this study, we compared the phylogenetic relationships between Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato and M. flavoviride isolates obtained from soils in various environments in Japan and the germination rates of their conidia on agar medium in hot and cold conditions. The results showed that the 89 Japanese isolates belonged to the clade of eight species, according to the molecular phylogenetic analysis. The germination rates of isolates belonging to the M. brunneum and M. flavoviride var. pemphigi clades were higher at lower temperatures (9·7–11·0°C) and lower at higher temperatures (34·3–35·2°C) compared with the other six species. The isolates of these two species originated from different geographical regions in Japan, despite their uniform germination characteristics. This study detected the clear interspecific differences in the in vitro germination characteristics of the Japanese isolates of Metarhizium spp. at two different temperature regimes.
Performance Comparison of Parabolic and Flat Plate Solar Collectors Utilizing in the Heating System of a Room-An Experimental Investigation

In the present study, two solar heating systems, including flat plate solar collector (FPC) and parabolic solar collector (PTC) for heating a room were experimentally studied and compared with each other. For doing this, an experiment was conducted in the winter and the performance of these two systems was first measured and then compared with each other. It should be mentioned that the PTC system was manufactured and tested in this study. The ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity, and working fluid temperature in different locations of the two heating systems were measured. The results showed that the PTC solar heating system has higher collector and total efficiencies compared to the FPC heating system. The total efficiencies of the FPC and PTC systems were 6% and 12%, respectively. It was also indicated that the PTC system with lower occupied space can produce higher thermal energy quality compared to the FPC heating system. It was also concluded that the PTC solar heating system is very suitable and efficient to utilize in the heating system of the building.
Ageing influences myonuclear domain size differently in fast and slow skeletal muscle of rats

Aim: In multinucleated skeletal muscle, a myonuclear domain is the region of cytoplasm governed by one nucleus, and myofibres are mosaics of overlapping myonuclear domains. Association of ageing and myonuclear domain is important in the understanding of sarcopenia and with prevention or combating age‐related muscle declines. This study examined the effects of age, fibre type and muscle on nucleo‐cytoplasmic (N/C) relationships as reflecting myonuclear domain size.
Three new monoterpene glycosides from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora

Three new monoterpene glycosides, 2′-O-benzoylpaeoniflorin, albiflorin R2, and albiflorin R3 (1–3) were isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic means including one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments.
Smoking and Cognitive Impairment Among Older Persons in Malaysia

Introduction: Previous studies have shown conflicting results on the association between smoking and cognitive function. This study aims to examine the relationship of smoking with cognitive function. Methodology: Data for the study, consisting of 2553 older adults aged 60 years and older, were drawn from a nationwide household survey entitled “Determinants of Wellness among Older Malaysians: A Health Promotion Perspective” conducted in 2010. Results: Current smokers had lower rates of cognitive impairment compared to never smokers (17.4% vs 25.9%), while cognitive function in former or ex-smokers was almost similar to that of the never smokers. Findings from multiple logistic regression analysis showed that current smokers were 37% less likely to be cognitively impaired, compared to the never smokers (odds ratio [OR] = .63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .46-.86) while controlling for potential confounders. No difference in cognitive function was observed between former smokers and never smokers (OR = .94; 95% CI: .71-1.25). Conclusion: Although the findings indicated a negative association between cigarette smoking and cognitive impairment, we are unable to conclude whether this relationship is causal or affected by other unmeasured confounding factors, especially survival bias.
Commentary on Gmel et al. (2015): Are alcohol outlet densities strongly associated with alcohol-related outcomes? A critical review of recent evidence.

We read with interest the recent systematic review by Gmel, Holmes and Studer [1], summarising the January 2009 to October 2014 literature regarding ecological relationships between alcohol outlet density and alcohol-related outcomes. Given the recent proliferation of studies in this area, an updated synthesis is timely and most welcome. However, we have a number of concerns about the methods and theoretical approach the authors used. In particular, we believe the review does not take into consideration the quality of the included studies, and that the authors overstate the effects of ecological bias and the modifiable areal unit problem. Moreover, by limiting the review to so narrow a time frame, they missed an opportunity to assess recent studies within the context of a literature that dates back almost half a century [2,3]. In our opinion, the main conclusion, that ‘it makes little sense to continue aggregate-level studies in which heterogeneous outlet types are aggregated’, does not do justice to the state of the science.
Prevalence of symptoms indicative of temporomandibular disorders in adults: cross-sectional epidemiological investigations covering two decades

Abstract Objectives. The aims were (1) to study possible secular trends in the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms in adults and (2) to analyse possible associations between TMD symptoms and background factors. Materials and methods. The investigation has a repeated cross-sectional design. Three independent, randomly selected samples of ∼100 individuals in the age groups of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 years, a total of 1704 subjects, participated in the Jönköping studies in 1983, 1993 and 2003. All the subjects were evaluated using a questionnaire and a structured interview relating to the presence of TMD symptoms. Associations between symptoms and the Anamnestic Dysfunction Index (Ai) as dependent variables and each of the independent variables, age group, gender, reported bruxism, trauma (1983), self-perceived health impairment and the year of investigation were analysed in binary logistic regression models. Results. The prevalence of the separate symptoms, apart from for TMJ clicking, did not vary to any statistically significant degree between the different examination years. However, the prevalence of recurrent headache in 20-year-old subjects rose remarkably in 2003 and an increase in the Ai I and Ai II for the whole population was observed during the 20-year period. Reported bruxism, which increased during the study period, and self-perceived health impairment were associated with most of the TMD symptoms and the Ai. Conclusions. An increase in the prevalence of TMD symptoms expressed as Anamnestic Dysfunction Index I and II has been noted over a 20-year period.
Design and performance of an electronic ballast for high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps

Design requirement and performance evaluation were carried out on an experimental electronic ballast for High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamp. The ballast included a high voltage ignitor and dimming capability. It was used to drive and examine the high frequency characteristics of commercial HPS lamp (NAV-T 150 W (SON-T), OSRAM). The experimental results reveal that for the frequency range of this study (27 to 75 kHz), the lamp is free of the acoustic resonance problem. It was also found that for the present experimental conditions, the lamp is purely resistive and that the resistance is practically independent of the power level and operating frequency. The lamp exhibited stable operation over a very large dimming range, down to about 7% of nominal power. The 2.8 kV ignition pulse was found to be sufficient for both cold and hot start up under the proposed operating conditions.