Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A high-speed CMOS current op amp for very low supply voltage operation

A CMOS implementation of a high-gain current mode operational amplifier (op amp) with a single-ended input and a differential output is described. This configuration is the current mode counterpart of the traditional voltage mode op amp. In order to exploit the inherent potential for high speed, low voltage operation normally associated with current mode analog signal processing, the op amp has been designed to operate off a supply voltage of 1.5 V, and the signal path has been confined to N-channel transistors. With this design, a gain of 94 dB and a gain-bandwidth product of 65 MHz has been achieved at a power consumption of 30 /spl mu/W. <<ETX>>
Rehearsal Strategy as a Function of Recall Expectation

The subjects were divided into three groups with respect to their expectations concerning a recall task given after the final trial of the usual STM distractor procedure. Group 1 were told only that they would have to recall during each trial's recall interval, thus did not expect to have to recall again. Group 2 were told that they would have to recall all the words presented in the experiment at the end of the last trial, in addition to the trial-by-trial recall. Group 3 were told only that they would have to recall after all words had been presented and they sat passively through the presentation trials. In addition to their recall expectations, half of the subjects in each group received a 2-s presentation and half received a 5-s presentation interval. It was found that the length of the presentation interval had an effect on the number of words recalled at the end of all trials, but recall expectancy did not. However, expectancy did determine the rehearsal strategies of subjects and hence the serial positions from which items were recalled.
Zero-Inflated and Hurdle Models of Count Data with Extra Zeros: Examples from an HIV-Risk Reduction Intervention Trial

Background: In clinical trials of behavioral health interventions, outcome variables often take the form of counts, such as days using substances or episodes of unprotected sex. Classically, count data follow a Poisson distribution; however, in practice such data often display greater heterogeneity in the form of excess zeros (zero-inflation) or greater spread in the values (overdispersion) or both. Greater sample heterogeneity may be especially common in community-based effectiveness trials, where broad eligibility criteria are implemented to achieve a generalizable sample. Objectives: This article reviews the characteristics of Poisson model and the related models that have been developed to handle overdispersion (negative binomial (NB) model) or zero-inflation (zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and Poisson hurdle (PH) models) or both (zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) and negative binomial hurdle (NBH) models). Methods: All six models were used to model the effect of an HIV-risk reduction intervention on the count of unprotected sexual occasions (USOs), using data from a previously completed clinical trial among female patients (N = 515) participating in community-based substance abuse treatment (Tross et al. Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS sexual risk reduction groups for women in substance abuse treatment programs: Results of NIDA Clinical Trials Network Trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48(5):581–589). Goodness of fit and the estimates of treatment effect derived from each model were compared. Results: The ZINB model provided the best fit, yielding a medium-sized effect of intervention. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: This article illustrates the consequences of applying models with different distribution assumptions on the data. If a model used does not closely fit the shape of the data distribution, the estimate of the effect of the intervention may be biased, either over- or underestimating the intervention effect.
Marginality of Transfer Commuter Students

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the construct of marginality in transfer commuter students, and (2) to discover possible demographic (e.g., race, gender) and situational (e.g., on-campus support, employment) characteristics that might contribute to this sense of marginality. In the first analysis, no significant differences were found between transfer and native commuter students on marginality. However, results showed that these students have few sources of on-campus support, and that this lack of support contributed to feelings of marginality. Also, women and Asian American participants experienced higher levels of marginality. Finally, different variables were contributors to marginality for transfer students as compared with an overall sample of commuter students.
Modeling the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI): A comparison of statistical methods

Introduction: The Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) is a scale designed to identify alcohol-related problems experienced by adolescents and young adults. RAPI scores tend to be skewed due in part to a substantial proportion of zero scores. In this study, we compared different statistical models for analyzing the RAPI as an outcome measure using data collected as part of an alcohol intervention program for college freshmen. Predictors included intervention group indicators. Model fit, predictive ability and practicality of implementation were compared among competing models and recommendations are made. Results: Of 558 students who completed the baseline survey (68% response rate), 76% completed a 3-month follow-up survey. Mean RAPI scores were 4.7 (SD = 6.0) at baseline and 4.6 (SD = 5.5) at 3 months. Significance of intervention group differences at 3 months adjusting for baseline RAPI were heavily dependent upon the type of statistical model employed. A zero-inflated (ZI) negative binomial model provided the best model fit. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that inferences and conclusions about intervention efficacy were method-dependent in analysis of RAPI scores. There was empirical evidence of improved inference when methods accounting for zero-inflation and skewness were employed.
Multiscale Wavelets on Trees, Graphs and High Dimensional Data: Theory and Applications to Semi Supervised Learning

Harmonic analysis, and in particular the relation between function smoothness and approximate sparsity of its wavelet coefficients, has played a key role in signal processing and statistical inference for low dimensional data. In contrast, harmonic analysis has thus far had little impact in modern problems involving high dimensional data, or data encoded as graphs or networks. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a harmonic analysis approach, including both learning algorithms and supporting theory, applicable to these more general settings. Given data (be it high dimensional, graph or network) that is represented by one or more hierarchical trees, we first construct multi-scale wavelet-like orthonormal bases on it. Second, we prove that in analogy to the Euclidean case, function smoothness with respect to a specific metric induced by the tree is equivalent to exponential rate of coefficient decay, that is, to approximate sparsity. These results readily translate to simple practical algorithms for various learning tasks. We present an application to transductive semi-supervised learning.
Histamine Induces Vascular Hyperpermeability by Increasing Blood Flow and Endothelial Barrier Disruption In Vivo

Histamine is a mediator of allergic inflammation released mainly from mast cells. Although histamine strongly increases vascular permeability, its precise mechanism under in vivo situation remains unknown. We here attempted to reveal how histamine induces vascular hyperpermeability focusing on the key regulators of vascular permeability, blood flow and endothelial barrier. Degranulation of mast cells by antigen-stimulation or histamine treatment induced vascular hyperpermeability and tissue swelling in mouse ears. These were abolished by histamine H1 receptor antagonism. Intravital imaging showed that histamine dilated vasculature, increased blood flow, while it induced hyperpermeability in venula. Whole-mount staining showed that histamine disrupted endothelial barrier formation of venula indicated by changes in vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) localization at endothelial cell junction. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis (NOS) by L-NAME or vasoconstriction by phenylephrine strongly inhibited the histamine-induced blood flow increase and hyperpermeability without changing the VE-cadherin localization. In vitro, measurements of trans-endothelial electrical resistance of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) showed that histamine disrupted endothelial barrier. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) or Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), NOS attenuated the histamine-induced barrier disruption. These observations suggested that histamine increases vascular permeability mainly by nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vascular dilation and subsequent blood flow increase and maybe partially by PKC/ROCK/NO-dependent endothelial barrier disruption.
Quantitative Structure-Activity Studies of Hydrazones, Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation

α-Acyl-α-cyanocarbonyl-phenylhydrazones are effective uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The pl50-values of a series of 60 hydrazones with substituent variations in six positions of the molecule were determined in rat liver mitochondria. They ranged from 4.96 to 7.06. The biological data together with physico-chemical compound and substituent parameters were analysed by multiple regression techniques to establish the structure activity relationship. The integral parameters pKa and log P (partition coefficient) gave correlations of only moderate significance. Good agreement of found and calculated pl50-values was obtained by an equation with electronic (σ) and hydrophobic (π) substituent parameters in linear and quadratic terms. It is concluded that the contribution of a substituent to uncoupling activity depends on its position in the molecule. The activity is enhanced by hydrophobic shielding of the acidic NH-group. The relevancy of these results in relation to current theories on the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation is discussed.
Transsaccadic memory for visual object detail

When we move our eyes around in real-world scenes, we typically have several peripheral previews of an object before we direct our eyes straight at the object. Numerous studies on transsaccadic memory have investigated whether there is any evidence for the integration of peripheral object information acquired presaccadically with foveal object information acquired postsaccadically. We review this evidence to illustrate the currently dominant view that transsaccadic object memory is sparse and contains little visual object detail. However, based on some recent studies of the role of postsaccadic stimulus blanking in transsaccadic change detection, we hypothesize that transsaccadic object memory involves the automatic emergence of a visual analog: a high-capacity, non-selective, intemal representation of visual object detail. This hypothesis is tested by examining cued detection of intrasaccadic changes in the in-depth orientation of objects in scenes. The data provide preliminary support for the presence of the visual analog, but also show that its functionality is strictly limited by attentional and temporal constraints on the process of reading out information from the visual analog. Transsaccadic memory: the great interfixational void Explorat ion of an everyday visual scene typical ly involves an alternation between fixations on objects in the scene and saccades bringing peripheral ly located objects in foveal vision (De Graef et al., 1990; Henderson and Holl ingworth, 1999a). Because visual intake is reduced during saccades (Matin, 1974; Matin, 1986; Ross et al., 2001) and the retinal project ion of the outside world changes posi t ion with every saccade, the result of this scanning behavior is a temporal ly and spatial ly discontinuous train of ' snapshots ' . To explain the contrast between this characterizat ion of the proximal stimulus during scene explorat ion and our phenomenological experience of a stable and continuous visual world, numerous studies have addressed the question of whether, and i f so, how * Correspondence to: Peter De Graef, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Tel. : -t-32-16-32-59-67; Fax: -t-32-16-32-60-99; E-mail: peter.degraef@ psy.kuleuven. ac.be information acquired on one fixation is stored across saccades and integrated with information from subsequent fixations (for overviews see Pol la tsek et al., 1990; Irwin and Andrews, 1996). In other words, is there such a thing as transsaccadic memory and what
Abnormal pigmentation and unusual morphogenesis of the optic stalk may be correlated with retinal axon misguidance in embryonic siamese cats

Studies of albino rodents have shown that an absence of pigment in the developing optic stalk may alter the position of the first retinal fibers that grow toward the brain, thereby disrupting the gross topographic relationship of fibers in the nerve (Silver and Sapiro: J. Comp. Neurol. 202:521–538, ′81). The abnormalities associated with albinism are more extensive in the Siamese cat than in previously studied species. Therefore, any abnormalities in differentiation of the stalk and axon guidance may be more readily detected. To investigate the guidance and/or misguidance of optic axons, light and electron microscope analyses were made of serial sections through the optic stalk in normally pigmented and Siamese fetal cats.
Early Hospital Mortality among Adult Trauma Patients Significantly Declined between 1998-2011: Three Single-Centre Cohorts from Mumbai, India

Background Traumatic injury causes more than five million deaths each year of which about 90% occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Hospital trauma mortality has been significantly reduced in high-income countries, but to what extent similar results have been achieved in LMIC has not been studied in detail. Here, we assessed if early hospital mortality in patients with trauma has changed over time in an urban lower middle-income setting. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients admitted due to trauma in 1998, 2002, and 2011 to a large public hospital in Mumbai, India. Our outcome measure was early hospital mortality, defined as death between admission and 24-hours. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the association between time and early hospital mortality, adjusting for patient case-mix. Injury severity was quantified using International Classification of Diseases-derived Injury Severity Score (ICISS). Major trauma was defined as ICISS<0.90. Results We analysed data on 4189 patients out of which 86.5% were males. A majority of patients were between 15 and 55 years old and 36.5% had major trauma. Overall early hospital mortality was 8.9% in 1998, 6.0% in 2002, and 8.1% in 2011. Among major trauma patients, early hospital mortality was 13.4%, in 1998, 11.3% in 2002, and 10.9% in 2011. Compared to trauma patients admitted in 1998, those admitted in 2011 had lower odds for early hospital mortality (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.41–0.76) including those with major trauma (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.41–0.78). Conclusions We observed a significant reduction in early hospital mortality among patients with major trauma between 1998 and 2011. Improved survival was evident only after we adjusted for patient case-mix. This finding highlights the importance of risk-adjustment when studying longitudinal mortality trends.
Estimation of Soil Moisture from Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing: A Review

As an important parameter in recent and numerous environmental studies, soil moisture (SM) influences the exchange of water and energy at the interface between the land surface and atmosphere. Accurate estimate of the spatio-temporal variations of SM is critical for numerous large-scale terrestrial studies. Although microwave remote sensing provides many algorithms to obtain SM at large scale, such as SMOS and SMAP etc., resulting in many data products, they are almost low resolution and not applicable in small catchment or field scale. Estimations of SM from optical and thermal remote sensing have been studied for many years and significant progress has been made. In contrast to previous reviews, this paper presents a new, comprehensive and systematic review of using optical and thermal remote sensing for estimating SM. The physical basis and status of the estimation methods are analyzed and summarized in detail. The most important and latest advances in soil moisture estimation using temporal information have been shown in this paper. SM estimation from optical and thermal remote sensing mainly depends on the relationship between SM and the surface reflectance or vegetation index. The thermal infrared remote sensing methods uses the relationship between SM and the surface temperature or variations of surface temperature/vegetation index. These approaches often have complex derivation processes and many approximations. Therefore, combinations of optical and thermal infrared remotely sensed data can provide more valuable information for SM estimation. Moreover, the advantages and weaknesses of different approaches are compared and applicable conditions as well as key issues in current soil moisture estimation algorithms are discussed. Finally, key problems and suggested solutions are proposed for future research.
University Teachers' Views on the Distressing Elements of Pedagogical Interaction

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the aspects of pedagogical interaction that give rise to negative emotional experiences among university teachers. The study used a phenomenological approach and the data was gathered by interviewing eight teachers from various disciplines in an open manner. The aim of the analysis was to identify the distressing aspects of various pedagogical situations and to identify the potential sources of teachers' negative experiences. The study showed that coping with the emotional load placed on them by the students, making pedagogical decisions under uncertain conditions and facing conflicting expectations and beliefs concerning the teaching‐learning process were the sources of negative emotions. Keeping in mind the subjectivity of human experience this study suggests that university teachers need to be better informed about the complex nature of pedagogical interaction especially when a teacher is regarded as a facilitator of learning.
The effects of alcohol alone or in combination with other drugs on information processing, task performance and subjective responses

This paper reviews the effects of alcohol on human psychomotor performance and cognitive function. It concentrates particularly on effects on reaction time and on skills related to car driving. The effects of alcohol on performance are very variable at low doses (under 1 g per kg body weight). The variability is due to the different measures and methods employed by the researchers and to the large interindividual and interoccasional differences in the effects of alcohol. That is, alcohol affects different people in different ways and it affects the same person differently on separate occasions. Greater performance deficits are observed as the dose increases and as the tasks become more complex. Although results vary, both nicotine and caffeine appear to antagonize the detrimental effects of alcohol on performance. Many other drugs interact with alcohol, the most important of which are sedative agents that can combine synergistically with alcohol to produce profound psychomotor and cognitive impairment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction Impedance for Space Harmonics of Circular Helix Using Simulations

Design of traveling-wave tubes requires accurate estimate of interaction impedance for the fundamental and nonfundamental space harmonics of the slow wave structures such as circular helix. Previous work based on Fourier decomposition has shown that the interaction impedance for the fundamental space harmonic can be estimated accurately using simulations. Here, we consider the interaction impedance for the nonfundamental space harmonics; the accuracy of the simulation results is assessed by comparison with those obtained from the tape-helix model. We present illustrative results for the on-axis and off-axis interaction impedance values for the fundamental and the −1th space harmonic of the circular helix based on simulations. Together with Fourier decomposition, the simulation-based approach can provide accurate estimate of the interaction impedance. This can be particularly useful in many practical cases where an accurate analysis or method of measurement of interaction impedance is not available.
Developmental Students: The Challenge of Peer Relationships

Despite increased program offerings at many community colleges, the retention and success of developmental students are often extremely low. Research has indicated that a complex set of challenges complicates developmental student success, but students' experiences with these variables are not well understood. In this paper, I report findings from a qualitative study that was conducted at a community college in New York City to explore the ways in which developmental students describe and understand their experiences with education. Findings indicated that students viewed their decision to attend college as a separation from high school peers whom they associated with academic failure; they continued to differentiate themselves from their peers when they entered college and were wary of developing college friendships because they viewed peers as a hindrance to educational success. However, relationships with like-minded college peers might prove to be a necessary source of support that is essential to the.
A novel cost-aware multi-objective energy management method for microgrids

This paper proposes a multi-objective energy management method for microgrids which include local generation sources, grid connection, energy storage units and various loads. Minimization of the energy cost and maximization of batterys lifetime in a microgrid are considered as two main objectives which are optimized simultaneously. To achieve these objectives, microgrids central controller must find the best pattern for charging and discharging the battery. To this purpose, there is a need to have information about time-of-use (TOU) grid electricity rates, forecasted load profile and renewable generation levels. Model predictive control (MPC) policy is then utilized for solving the optimization problem and real-time implementation in a closed-loop framework. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulating a microgrid model with real yearly data for the demand and renewable generation profiles and TOU rates. It is shown that the saving in energy cost can be increased considerably by applying the proposed MPC algorithm instead of a static energy management approach. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is capable of regulating the battery usage based on the expected lifetime by considering the battery life span maximization objective.