Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human factors in software development: models, techniques, and outcomes

We present the results of a survey designed to identify ways that human factors engineers have been successfully involved in software projects. Surveys describing successful and unsuccessful outcomes were returned by 14 human factors engineers and 21 software and documentation engineers at Hewlett Packard. In addition to describing the type of involvement and techniques used, respondents were also asked to define what they considered to be a successful outcome and give their views on what factors contribute to success or failure. The results of this study suggest ways in which the human factors/R&D partnership can be more effective in current development scenarios
Afferent input regulates the formation of distal dendritic branches

During postembryonic development, the dendritic arbors of neurons grow to accommodate new incoming synaptic inputs. Our goal was to examine which features of dendritic architecture of postsynaptic interneurons are regulated by these synaptic inputs. To address this question, we took advantage of the cockroach cercal system where the morphology of the sensory giant interneurons (GIs) is uniquely identified and, therefore, amenable to quantitative analysis. We analyzed the three‐dimensional architecture of chronically deafferented vs. normally developed dendritic trees of a specific identified GI, namely GI2. GI2 shows five prominent dendrites, four of which were significantly altered after deafferentation. De‐afferentation induced an average of 55% decrease in metric measures (number of branch points, total length, and total surface area) on the entire dendritic tree. Sholl and branch order analysis showed a decrease in the most distal and higher order branches. We suggest that afferent input plays a specific role in shaping the morphology of dendritic trees by regulating the formation or maintenance of high‐order distal branches. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:1–10, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attitudes of Journal Editors to Nonnative Speaker Contributions

More and more nonnative speakers (NNSs) are seeking to publish in international journals devoted to English language teaching and applied linguistics. Strong anecdotal evidence and occasional references in the literature attest to the disadvantages NNSs encounter vis-a-vis their native speaker (NS) peers. This article presents the results of an interview study with the editors of 12 leading international journals in applied linguistics and English language teaching. The purpose was to find out how these editors viewed the issue of NNSs publishing in their journals and to gain insight into how to enhance the chances of successful publication by NNSs. The results of the interviews included a questioning of the concept of the term nonnative speaker, the overall attitudes of editors and reviewers to NNS contributions, problematic aspects of NNS contributions, and positive attributes of NNS contributors. Problematic aspects included surface errors, parochialism, absence of authorial voice, and nativized varieties of English. Positive attributes include awareness of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural issues, objectivity of outsider perspectives, an international perspective, a testing mechanism for the dominant theories of the centre, access to research sites and data where NSs would be intrusive, and the alerting of centre scholars to research undertaken on the periphery.
Recent developments in the neuropsychology of dementia

The paper reviews recent experimental studies of cognition in dementia, focusing primarily on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuropsychological deficits are related to structural and functional brain changes. In particular, the dysexecutive syndrome in Alzheimer's disease (Morris, 1984; Morris & Baddeley, 1988) is explained in terms of lack of synchronous activity between the different association areas of the cortex. The review also explores the nature of the episodic and autobiographical deficits, relating episodic memory dysfunction in terms of mesiotemporal lobe damage that occurs early on in AD. Attentional dysfunction, language and semantic processing are also discussed and, finally, the heterogeneity of cognitive dysfunction even within distinct etiological groups.
An Electrophysiologist Perspective on Risk Stratification in Heart Failure: Can Better Understanding of the Condition of the Cardiac Sympathetic Nervous System Help?

Heart failure is often complicated by arrhythmias that can adversely affect the quality of life and increase the risk for sudden cardiac death. Current risk stratification strategies for sudden cardiac death in the heart failure patient are not ideal, with much potential for further refinement. Overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system has been shown to be associated with worsening heart failure as well as arrhythmic events. Recent advances in our understanding of the autonomic nervous system and new methods for quantification of the pathologic activation of the sympathetic nerves have triggered increasing interest in this field. This viewpoint focuses on the need for and challenges of risk stratification of sudden death in the heart failure patient and discusses the potential value of measuring sympathetic nervous system activity to better stratify risk and to select patients with heart failure for implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy.
Foot, face and hand representation in the human supplementary motor area

The ability to localize the limb representation in the supplementary motor area (SMA) would be useful in planning surgical ablation of medial frontal lobe tumours. We investigated the relationship between the anatomy of the SMA and the functional representation of fingers, toes, and lips using fMRI in healthy volunteers. There was a significant difference between the location of the different body parts in the SMA, with a rostro-caudal location of the face, hand and foot areas. Limb representation was located in an area spanning < 1 cm rostral and 1 cm caudal to the paracentral sulcus. These results support the somatotopic organization of the human SMA and suggest that the paracentral sulcus represents a landmark for body representation.
Transduction of Human T Cells with a Novel T-Cell Receptor Confers Anti-HCV Reactivity

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major public health concern, with no effective vaccines currently available and 3% of the world's population being infected. Despite the existence of both B- and T-cell immunity in HCV-infected patients, chronic viral infection and HCV-related malignancies progress. Here we report the identification of a novel HCV TCR from an HLA-A2-restricted, HCV NS3:1073–1081-reactive CTL clone isolated from a patient with chronic HCV infection. We characterized this HCV TCR by expressing it in human T cells and analyzed the function of the resulting HCV TCR-transduced cells. Our results indicate that both the HCV TCR-transduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognized the HCV NS3:1073–1081 peptide-loaded targets and HCV+ hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC) in a polyfunctional manner with cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) production as well as cytotoxicity. Tumor cell recognition by HCV TCR transduced CD8− Jurkat cells and CD4+ PBL-derived T cells indicated this TCR was CD8-independent, a property consistent with other high affinity TCRs. HCV TCR-transduced T cells may be promising for the treatment of patients with chronic HCV infections.
The relationship between the readiness for change and clinical outcomes in response to multidisciplinary pain management.

OBJECTIVE The pain stages of change questionnaire (PSOCQ) has been designed to assess the willingness of chronic pain patients to engage in self-management approaches. This study sought to examine the utility of the PSOCQ as a predictor of treatment completion and the relationship with treatment outcome. DESIGN A convenience sample, uncontrolled, pre- and post-intervention cohort design. SETTING Multidisciplinary pain management center. PATIENTS Two hundred and sixty-one participants with chronic nonmalignant pain. INTERVENTIONS Eight-week program of either cognitive behavioral therapy group or a functional restoration group. OUTCOME MEASURES Brief Pain Inventory average pain rating. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36 version 2) mental health and physical functioning subscales as well as the PSOCQ. RESULTS Results suggest that those higher on precontemplation and lower on the other scales are less likely to complete treatment. A two-way multiple analysis of variance also found that when comparing those who progress through stages with those who stagnate or regress, "progressors" show significantly more improvement in measures of mood and functionality but not pain. The treatment groups did not appear to have significantly different outcomes in terms of stage of change. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the PSOCQ may be useful in making treatment more efficient, both by predicting who is less likely complete treatment and by providing targeted treatments according to patients' readiness to engage in self-management.
The Effect of Summer Environmental Education Program (SEEP) on Elementary School Students' Environmental Literacy

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Summer Environmental Education Program (SEEP) on elementary school students’ environmental knowledge, affect, skills and behavior which are the main components of environmental literacy. The sample consisted of 45 students (25 males, 20 females) studying in 4 th through 8 th grades and living in Orphanage in Antalya. Various data collection instruments (e.g. Environmental Knowledge Test, Affective Disposition toward Environment Scale, Children’s Responsible Environmental Behavior Scale and Scientific Process Skill for the Environmental Test) were used for assessing students’ different outcomes prior to and after SEEP. The open-ended responses were subjected to content analysis whilst the remaining data were subjected to statistical analysis (e.g. repeated t-test). The results revealed that students’ environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, intention, environmental attitudes and responsible environmental behaviors significantly increased after intervention. Even though students’ “cognitive skills” and “saving behavior” increased from pre-test to post-test, these increases were not statistically significant.
Mitochondrial Genome Analyses Suggest Multiple Trichuris Species in Humans, Baboons, and Pigs from Different Geographical Regions

Background The whipworms Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris suis are two parasitic nematodes of humans and pigs, respectively. Although whipworms in human and non-human primates historically have been referred to as T. trichiura, recent reports suggest that several Trichuris spp. are found in primates. Methods and Findings We sequenced and annotated complete mitochondrial genomes of Trichuris recovered from a human in Uganda, an olive baboon in the US, a hamadryas baboon in Denmark, and two pigs from Denmark and Uganda. Comparative analyses using other published mitochondrial genomes of Trichuris recovered from a human and a porcine host in China and from a françois’ leaf-monkey (China) were performed, including phylogenetic analyses and pairwise genetic and amino acid distances. Genetic and protein distances between human Trichuris in Uganda and China were high (~19% and 15%, respectively) suggesting that they represented different species. Trichuris from the olive baboon in US was genetically related to human Trichuris in China, while the other from the hamadryas baboon in Denmark was nearly identical to human Trichuris from Uganda. Baboon-derived Trichuris was genetically distinct from Trichuris from françois’ leaf monkey, suggesting multiple whipworm species circulating among non-human primates. The genetic and protein distances between pig Trichuris from Denmark and other regions were roughly 9% and 6%, respectively, while Chinese and Ugandan whipworms were more closely related. Conclusion and Significance Our results indicate that Trichuris species infecting humans and pigs are phylogenetically distinct across geographical regions, which might have important implications for the implementation of suitable and effective control strategies in different regions. Moreover, we provide support for the hypothesis that Trichuris infecting primates represents a complex of cryptic species with some species being able to infect both humans and non-human primates.
"FORTUNATELY, I'M NO EINSTEIN": COMPARISON RELEVANCE AS A DETERMINANT OF BEHAVIORAL ASSIMILATION AND CONTRAST

We investigated the determinants of whether activated knowledge leads to behavioral assimilation or to contrast. Whereas early studies concluded that behavior assimilates to activated categories but contrasts from activated exemplars, more recent results suggest that the comparison relevance of a prime may predict the direction of its effect. Thus, in four experiments, we manipulated the perceived relevance of category and exemplar primes. Behaviors consistently assimilated to irrelevant primes and contrasted from relevant primes, regardless of the primes’ exemplar–category status. Furthermore, participants who explicitly rejected a series of irrelevant self–exemplar comparisons showed relative assimilation to subsequent exemplar primes, suggesting that experience can momentarily render extreme exemplars comparison irrelevant. The role of comparison relevance as a moderator of automatic behavior is discussed.
The F plasmid‐encoded TraM protein stimulates relaxosome‐mediated cleavage at oriT through an interaction with TraI

Conjugative DNA transfer is a highly conserved process for the direct transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient. The conjugative initiator proteins are key players in the DNA processing reactions that initiate DNA transfer – they introduce a site‐ and strand‐specific break in the DNA backbone via a transesterification that leaves the initiator protein covalently bound on the 5′‐end of the cleaved DNA strand. The action of the initiator protein at the origin of transfer (oriT) is governed by auxiliary proteins that alter the architecture of the DNA molecule, allowing binding of the initiator protein. In the F plasmid system, two auxiliary proteins have roles in establishing the relaxosome: the host‐encoded IHF and the plasmid‐encoded TraY. Together, these proteins direct the loading of TraI which contains the catalytic centre for the transesterification. The F‐oriT sequence includes a binding site for another plasmid‐encoded protein, TraM, which is required for DNA transfer. Here the impact of TraM protein on the formation and activity of the F plasmid relaxosome has been examined. Purified TraM stimulates the formation of relaxed DNA in a reaction that requires the minimal components of the relaxosome, TraI, TraY and IHF. Unlike TraY and IHF, TraM is not essential for the formation of the relaxosome in vitro and TraM cannot substitute for either TraY or IHF in this process. The TraM binding site sbmC, along with both IHF binding sites, is essential for stimulation of the relaxase reaction. In addition, stimulation of transesterification appears to require the C‐terminal domain of TraI suggesting that TraM and TraI may interact through this domain on TraI. Taken together, these results provide additional evidence of a role for TraM as a component of the relaxosome, suggest a previously unknown interaction between TraI and TraM, and allow us to propose a molecular role for the C‐terminal domain of TraI.
DETERMINANTS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS IN MUTARE URBAN, ZIMBABWE

Violence against women and girls is determined by various factors that are culturally accepted regardless of the negative consequences that ensue. The study was done in Mutare Urban using qualitative research methods with women in the reproductive age range being the target group. The study noted that physical abuse, sexual violence and emotional/psychological abuse are determined primarily by a culture of silence that is deeply embedded in patriarchal societies. Socio-cultural factors, religious beliefs, economic and policy implementation problems underlie a culture of silence that succeeds amongst the victims of violence. The study recommends economic empowerment of women and provision of information, education, communication and counselling with regards to the determinants of violence against women and girls to both males and females in communities. There is need for education about grievance processes and scaling up of policy implementation for the purpose of controlling violence that is perpetrated against women and girls.
EFFECTS OF PROCESSING STRATEGY ON EPISODIC MEMORY AND CONTINGENCY LEARNING IN GROUP STEREOTYPE FORMATION

The present research investigates episodic memory for individual events and learning of frequency and contingency relations across series of events in the processing of group-related information. Experiment 1 used the paradigm of illusory correlations in group stereotype formation. Experiment 2 used a more complex, trivariate stimulus design with a confounding factor. Initial instructions were manipulated to induce either a memorization strategy or on-line impression formation during encoding. In both experiments, impression formation during encoding elicited better episodic memory and more accurate extraction of frequency relations and contingencies than memorization. In particular, multinomial source monitoring analyses revealed enhanced source memory for the social context of behaviors after impression formation as compared with memorization. These findings support the notion of strengthened cognitive binding of episodic information in the case of impression formation during encoding. Previous research has shown that the processing strategy adopted during the initial encoding of social information has a remarkable
Thinking How to Live

I. Preliminaries 1. Introduction: A Possibility Proof 2. Intuitionism as Template: Emending Moore II. The Thing to Do 3. Planning and Ruling Out: The "Frege-Geach" Problem 4. Judgment, Disagreement, Negation 5. Supervenience and Constitution 6. Character and Import III. Normative Concepts 7. Ordinary Oughts: Meaning and Motivation 8. Normative Kinds: Patterns of Engagement 9. What to Say about the Thing to Do: The Expressivistic Turn and What it Gains Us IV. Knowing What to Do 10. Explaining with Plans 11. Knowing What to Do 12. Ideal Response Concepts 13. Deep Vindication and Practical Confidence 14. Impasse and Dissent References Index
Interpreting cosmological vacuum decay

The cosmological vacuum decay scenario recently proposed by Wang and Meng [Classical Quantum Gravity 22, 283 (2005)] is rediscussed. From thermodynamic arguments it is found that the $ϵ$ parameter quantifying the vacuum decay rate must be positive in the presence of particle creation. If there is no particle creation, the proper mass of Cold Dark Matter (CDM) particles is necessarily a time-dependent quantity, scaling as $m(t)={m}_{o}a(t{)}^{ϵ}$. By considering the presence of baryons in the cosmological scenario, it is also shown that their dynamic effect is to alter the transition redshift ${z}_{*}$ (the redshift at which the Universe switches from decelerating to accelerating expansion), predicting values of ${z}_{*}$ compatible with current estimates based on type Ia supernova. In order to constrain the ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{m}\ensuremath{-}ϵ$ plane, a joint statistical analysis involving the current supernovae observations, gas mass fraction measurements in galaxy clusters and CMB data is performed. At $95%$ c.l. it is found that the vacuum decay rate parameter lies on the interval $ϵ=0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$. The possibility of a vacuum decay into photons is also analyzed. In this case, the energy density of the radiation fluid scales as ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{r}={\ensuremath{\rho}}_{ro}{a}^{\ensuremath{-}4+ϵ}$, and its temperature evolution law obeys $T(t)={T}_{o}a(t{)}^{ϵ/4\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Anxiety and Mathematics: An Update.

Sheila Tobias and Carol Weissbrod argue that remedies for "math anxiety" need to be evaluated and new techniques devised that are more closely linked to theories of learning. They maintain that proper techniques can be effective in reversing female under-achievement in mathematics and that further research will indicate comparable techniques to prevent math avoidance. Research relating mathematical achievement to gender is reviewed.
New Measures for Course Evaluation in Higher Education and their Relationships with Student Learning

The authors have developed a new instrument to measure teaching and learning quality (TALQ) in postsecondary education. In a study of 464 students in 12 courses, when students agreed that their instructors used First Principles of Instruction and also agreed that they experienced academic learning time (ALT), they were about 5 times more likely to achieve high levels of mastery of course objectives and 26 times less likely to achieve low levels of mastery, according to independent instructor assessments. First Principles of Instruction include: authentic tasks for students to learn to do, activation of student learning, demonstration of what is to be learned, student application with instructor feedback, and student integration of what they have learned into their personal lives.
Drinking, other substance use and suicidal ideation in middle adolescence: a population study

Aims To assess the relationship between self-reported suicidal ideation and alcohol and other substance use among 14-16-year-olds. Design, setting, participants A cross sectional school survey of 16 464 subjects aged 14-16 years in two Finnish regions. Findings Alcohol use frequency and any use of substances other than alcohol were significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Of girls (boys) who reported drinking weekly, 8% (7%) reported severe suicidal ideation compared with 1% (0.7%) of those not drinking. Of girls (boys) who reported use of substances other than alcohol five times or more, 13% (21%) reported severe suicidal ideation, compared with 1.3% (1.1%) of those who had no use of substances other than possibly alcohol. These associations persisted in multivariate analyses controlling for depressive symptoms and sociodemographic background. Conclusions Frequent alcohol use and use of substances other than alcohol independently indicate a risk for adolescent suicidal ideation and may thus represent an early warning signal for attempted suicides. School and health service personnel should pay attention to adolescents who drink frequently or experiment with or use drugs to improve the identification of suicidality and the possibilities for early intervention.
Performance evaluation of ad hoc networks based on SPN

This paper presents a stochastic Petri net-based approach for performance evaluation of ad hoc networks. The approach exploits the symmetry in ad hoc networks, and accurately models the semantics of activities of a node. The numerical results of the SPN model show a good match to simulation results of NS2, especially under heavy traffic. Because of its easiness and accuracy, the proposed approach has great benefit to the design and implementation of ad hoc networks.