Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulating the effect of active galactic nuclei feedback on the metal enrichment of galaxy clusters

We present a study of the effect of active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback on metal enrichment and thermal properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters. The simulations are performed using a version of the TREEPM-SPH GADGET-2 code, which also follows chemodynamical evolution by accounting for metal enrichment contributed by different stellar populations. We carry out cosmological simulations for a set of galaxy clusters, covering the mass range M 200 ≃ (0.1-2.2) x 10 15 h -1 M ☉ . Besides runs not including any efficient form of energy feedback, we carry out simulations including three different feedback schemes: (i) kinetic feedback in the form of galactic winds triggered by supernova explosions; (ii) AGN feedback from gas accretion on to supermassive black holes (BHs) and (iii) AGN feedback in which a 'radio mode' is included with an efficient thermal coupling of the extracted energy, whenever BHs enter in a quiescent accretion phase. Besides investigating the resulting thermal properties of the ICM, we analyse in detail the effect that these feedback models have on the ICM metal enrichment. We find that AGN feedback has the desired effect of quenching star formation in the brightest cluster galaxies at z < 4 and provides correct temperature profiles in the central regions of galaxy groups. However, its effect is not yet sufficient to create 'cool cores' in massive clusters while generating an excess of entropy in central regions of galaxy groups. As for the pattern of metal distribution, AGN feedback creates a widespread enrichment in the outskirts of clusters, thanks to its efficiency in displacing enriched gas from galactic haloes to the intergalactic medium. This turns into profiles of iron abundance, Z Fe , which are in better agreement with observational results, and into a more pristine enrichment of the ICM around and beyond the cluster virial regions. Following the pattern of the relative abundances of silicon and iron, we conclude that a significant fraction of the ICM enrichment is contributed in simulations by a diffuse population of intracluster stars. Our simulations also predict that profiles of the Z Si /Z Fe abundance ratio do not increase at increasing radii, at least out to 0.5R vir . Our results clearly show that different sources of energy feedback leave distinct imprints in the enrichment pattern of the ICM. They further demonstrate that such imprints are more evident when looking at external regions, approaching the cluster virial boundaries.
Paying Teachers for What They Know and Do: New and Smarter Compensation Strategies To Improve Schools. Second Edition.

Praise for the First Edition: 'It was refreshing to read a thorough exploration of such a complex issue. The ideas which are proposed are of interest ot policy makers, trade union negotiators adn headteachers' - Management in Education The demand for more innovative, more competitive, and more motivating compensation plans for teachers is growing every day . and now Allan Odden and Carolyn Kelley have updated their classic book on teacher compensation to give school administrators all the new information and insight they need to start moving in the right direction. The Second Edition of Paying Teachers for What They Know and Do describes various pay and compensation initiatives currently in use across the country, including signing bonuses, upgrades in teacher pensions, higher salaries to those who are willing to work in more challenging schools, and other approaches. It also explores the different types of compensation plans used in the private sector as well as systems based on the continued acquisition of skills, knowledge, and experience
Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds

▪ Abstract Stellar clusters are born embedded within giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and during their formation and early evolution are often only visible at infrared wavelengths, being heavily obscured by dust. Over the past 15 years advances in infrared detection capabilities have enabled the first systematic studies of embedded clusters in galactic molecular clouds. In this article we review the current state of empirical knowledge concerning these extremely young protocluster systems. From a survey of the literature we compile the first extensive catalog of galactic embedded clusters. We use the catalog to construct the mass function and estimate the birthrate for embedded clusters within ∼2 kpc of the sun. We find that the embedded cluster birthrate exceeds that of visible open clusters by an order of magnitude or more indicating a high infant mortality rate for protocluster systems. Less than 4–7% of embedded clusters survive emergence from molecular clouds to become bound clusters of Pleiades age. Th.
Team Dynamics, Leadership, and Employee Proactivity of Vietnamese Firms

Integrating the relational approach and social exchange theory, the authors conceptualize the quality of leader‒member and team member exchanges as mediators for understanding the role of transformational leadership in employee proactive behaviors (e.g., voice, taking charge, and innovative behaviors). The results based on data collected from 352 full-time employees working in pharmaceutical companies in Vietnam largely support the proposed theoretical framework and shed light on the mechanism through which leadership style influences employee proactivity in a manufacturing context. Using the results, the authors discuss research limitation and, managerial implications, and suggest future research directions for the relationship between leadership style and employee proactive behavior.
Math and Memory in Bilingual Preschoolers: The Relations Between Bilingualism, Working Memory, and Numerical Knowledge

ABSTRACT Bilingual children exhibit enhanced working memory (WM) skill relative to monolingual children, which could have implications for early mathematics development. Competency in mathematics is supported by conceptual and procedural mathematical knowledge, and numerical knowledge is in turn supported by underlying cognitive processes such as WM. Building on this evidence, we investigated whether bilingual preschoolers demonstrated, relative to monolingual peers, enhanced performance on WM and greater numerical knowledge. We examined the role of WM in numerical understanding for both monolingual and bilingual children. Participants were 4- and 5-year old children (74) recruited from preschools serving families from a range of socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. Participants completed a nonverbal WM task and a range of numerical-knowledge measures, specifically numeral identification, addition, symbolic magnitude comparison, and nonsymbolic magnitude comparison tasks. Results revealed that bilingual children outperformed monolingual peers on WM even after controlling for age and socioeconomic status (SES). Bilingual children also demonstrated greater performance on addition and numeral identification tasks. For all tasks except numeral identification, WM predicted children’s performance on numerical knowledge measures. We discuss results in terms of the possible unique cognitive and academic advantages bilingual children may have.
Corporate cash holding and firm value

The aim of this paper is to contrast the effect of cash holding on firm value for a sample of US industrial firms over the period 2001-2007. In order to do this, we first empirically test the existence of an optimal cash level that maximizes firm value. Secondly, we analyze whether deviations from the optimum cash level reduce firm value. Our results show a concave relation between cash holding and firm value, verifying that there is an optimal level of cash holding. Additionally, and consistent with the initial analysis, we also find that deviations above and below optimal cash holding decrease firm value.
To What Extent Do High Wages Kill Jobs? Estimating the Elasticity of The Job Creation Curve (Job Market Paper)

In search and bargaining models, the effect of higher wages on employment is determined by the elasticity of the job creation curve. In this paper, we use U.S. data over the 1970-2007 period to explore whether labor market outcomes abide by the restrictions implied by such models and to evaluate the elasticity of the job creation curve. The main difference between a job creation curve and a standard demand curve is that the former represents a relationship between wages and employment rates, while the latter represents a relationship between wages and employment levels. Although this distinction is quite simple, it has substantive implications for the identification of the effect of higher wages on employment. The main finding of the paper is that U.S. labor market outcomes observed at the city-industry level appear to conform well to the restrictions implied by search and bargaining theory and, using 10-year differences, we estimate the elasticity of the job creation curve with respect to wages to be -0.3.
Competition-Stability Relationship in the Banking Sector

The goal of the current research is to study the competitionstability relationship in the Latvian banking sector. Research period covers seven years – from 2007 till 2013. The sample consists of 16 Latvian commercial banks. Financial data is extracted from BankScope database. The main method applied to achieve the established goal is a multiple regression analysis. Bank stability is used as a dependent variable and proxied by risk index. To measure the level of competition Lerner index and Boone indicator are calculated. Besides, the consistency between concentration and competition measures is tested applying a correlation analysis. Concentration in the banking sector is measured using Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and concentration ratio CR5. Calculations are performed in SPSS environment. The research revealed no statistically significant relationship between the values of Lerner index and Boone indicator estimated for Latvian sample. The hypothesis about the consistency between different competition measures is rejected. In turn, the hypothesis about positive effect of competition on bank soundness is rejected only in the case when competition is proxied by Lerner index. Using Boone indicator as a competition measure, the results are doubtful.
Balancing Source Terms and Flux Gradientsin High-Resolution Godunov Methods : The Quasi-Steady Wave-Propogation AlgorithmRandall

Conservation laws with source terms often have steady states in which the ux gradients are nonzero but exactly balanced by source terms. Many numerical methods (e.g., fractional step methods) have diiculty preserving such steady states and cannot accurately calculate small perturbations of such states. Here a variant of the wave-propagation algorithm is developed which addresses this problem by introducing a Riemann problem in the center of each grid cell whose ux diierence exactly cancels the source term. This leads to modiied Riemann problems at the cell edges in which the jump now corresponds to perturbations from the steady state. Computing waves and limiters based on the solution to these Riemann problems gives high-resolution results. The 1D and 2D shallow water equations for ow over arbitrary bottom topography are use as an example, though the ideas apply to many other systems. The method is easily implemented in the software package clawpack.
In Economics and Social Sciences Working Papers Series Some Reflections on the Economics of Prosecutors: Mandatory V Selective Prosecution Some Reflections on the Economics of Prosecutors: Mandatory V Selective Prosecution *

Mandatory prosecution is inefficient according to legal economists. We argue that when prosecutors are fairly insulated from their performance or are highly risk averse mandatory prosecution is better than selective prosecution. This result has important implications for comparative law since mandatory prosecution generally prevails in civil law jurisdictions whereas selective prosecution is typical of common law jurisdictions. JEL Classification: K4.
An analytical framework for evaluating e-commerce business models and strategies

Electronic commerce or business is more than just another way to sustain or enhance existing business practices. Rather, e‐commerce is a paradigm shift. It is a “disruptive” innovation that is radically changing the traditional way of doing business. The industry is moving so fast because it operates under totally different principles and work rules in the digital economy. A general rule in e‐commerce is that there is no simple prescription and almost no such thing as an established business or revenue model for companies even within the same industry. Under such conditions, an analytical framework is needed to assist e‐commerce planners and strategic managers in assessing the critical success factors when formulating e‐commerce business models and strategies. This research develops an analytical framework based on the theories of transaction costs and switching costs. Both demand‐side and supply‐side economies of scale and scope are also applied to the development of this framework. In addition, e‐commer.
“Other Fields Are More Lucrative and Sexy”: A Qualitative Examination of the Low Number of Men in Psychology

While the underrepresentation of women in traditionally masculine fields has received much scholarly attention, less work has examined men’s lower numbers in women majority fields. Additionally, much of the available research on men in these fields is limited to a few vocations (e.g., nursing and teaching). Expanding career-related research on men in other women majority fields allows for more targeted career interventions with young boys and men as they are making career decisions in a service-oriented economy. The current study focuses on men in psychology (N = 210) to examine factors that contribute to the low number of men in this women majority field. Using consensual qualitative research–modified, four domains were identified that may help explain the paucity of men in psychology: professional psychology issues, socialization, financial factors, and broader changes in higher education. Implications of these findings for career practice and research with boys and men are discussed.
Considering Students’ Reading Interest in Text-Selection to Foster Literacy in the English Classroom

This work is a review paper. This conceptual writing focuses on how students’ reading interest is essential for reading instruction. This argument is derived from some experts who suggest the teachers carry literacy in the classroom. It means that teachers should take students’ interest into account. There are some benefits of considering students’ interest in reading classrooms. In addition, some factors can influence reading activities in the classroom. One of those is the text. Texts serve as the input for the students in reading activities. However, not all texts are appropriate for the students. Therefore, this conceptual study presents some considerations in choosing the texts and ways to take students’ interest into account in reading activities. The considerations in choosing the text are taken and analyzed from some experts who are concern with this topic. Along the way, teachers can finally consider the students’ reading interest by understanding the ways how to consider the students’ interest in selecting the texts that will be used in the English reading classroom proposed by experts.
Vacuum structure in supersymmetric Yang--Mills theories with any gauge group

We consider the pure supersymmetric Yang--Mills theories placed on a small 3-dimensional spatial torus with higher orthogonal and exceptional gauge groups. The problem of constructing the quantum vacuum states is reduced to a pure mathematical problem of classifying the flat connections on 3-torus. The latter problem is equivalent to the problem of classification of commuting triples of elements in a connected simply connected compact Lie group which is solved in this paper. In particular, we show that for higher orthogonal SO(N), N > 6, and for all exceptional groups the moduli space of flat connections involves several distinct connected components. The total number of vacuumstates is given in all cases by the dual Coxeter number of the group which agrees with the result obtained earlier with the instanton technique.
Spectral methods for network community detection and graph partitioning

We consider three distinct and well-studied problems concerning network structure: community detection by modularity maximization, community detection by statistical inference, and normalized-cut graph partitioning. Each of these problems can be tackled using spectral algorithms that make use of the eigenvectors of matrix representations of the network. We show that with certain choices of the free parameters appearing in these spectral algorithms the algorithms for all three problems are, in fact, identical, and hence that, at least within the spectral approximations used here, there is no difference between the modularity- and inference-based community detection methods, or between either and graph partitioning.
Adaptable measurement testbed for wireless systems applied to mimo channel modeling

A new experimental way of testing MIMO systems is proposed by means of two reverberation chambers coupled through a waveguide. The modularity of this experimental setup is emphasized and some theoretical and experimental results are presented. The effect of the waveguide on the propagation channel is pointed out. I. INTRODUCTION MIMO systems have gained a lot of attention since they promise an increase of the capacity with a very high spectral efficiency. The knowledge of the propagation mechanisms is crucial in order to define reliable, precise and adaptive channel models. Theoretical researches have been carried out in order to obtain such a channel model (1). However, a model must be supported by measurements campaigns. Those measurements are highly environment dependent and it is difficult to reproduce or to control the environment. In this paper, a new measurement system is proposed which allows to control and to reproduce different specific environments. This measurement testbed is composed of two reverberation chambers coupled through a waveguide. First, the theoretical modeling of the chambers is presented. To model accurately the channel we have to deepen the understanding of the propagation in the waveguide. The basics of waveguide modal analysis are presented. Then, the power weight of each mode is computed. From this result, we are able to understand intu- itively the propagation mechanism in waveguide like systems and the notion of independent paths with different amount of power. To fulfill the understanding of the waveguide, the radiation of each mode in the receiving chamber is deduced. Some numerical results are provided. A channel model is then presented in order to take into account all the parameters of our system. Measurement results are finally provided, pointing out the ability to obtain different propagation conditions. A discussion about the benefits and the drawbacks of this system concludes the paper. II. THE COUPLED REVERBERATION CHAMBERS The proposed testbed is composed of two mode stirred reverberation chambers (MSRC) of about 16m 3 each. MSRC have first been developed for susceptibility testing of electronic devices. Since they allow to produce a dense and isotropic multipath environment, they are now also used for testing antenna characteristics (such as correlation between antennas, mutual coupling or embedded element pattern) and wireless communications systems (2), (3). By means of the movement of the mechanical stirrer, the boundary conditions are changed and a new distribution of the propagating plane waves in the chamber is obtained. The originality in this paper is the use of two chambers to model separate environments for the emitter and the receiver. Those chambers are coupled through a waveguide (cf. Fig. 1) whose transverse dimensions can be changed in order to modify the channel characteristics between the emitter and the receiver. The waveguide allows to obtain independent propagation paths, and to control the degrees of freedom of the channel.
Service Use and Perceived Service Effectiveness for People with Intellectual Disability and Dual Diagnosis in Israel

ABSTRACT Introduction: Studies regarding the use of support services for persons with a dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and psychopathology are scarce; even fewer have focused on children and young adults. The aim of the present study, conducted in Israel, was to compare the use of support services and their perceived effectiveness by families of children and young adults with intellectual disability (ID) and with dual diagnosis. Methods: Data were collected from 195 family (parental) caregivers of individuals with ID or dual diagnosis, aged 10–30. Using a structured questionnaire, family caregivers reported on the use of support services and on their perceived effectiveness. Results: Findings showed that in addition to the obvious mental health services, caregivers of individuals with ID and dual diagnosis report using a range of services and resources. Caregivers of persons diagnosed only with ID perceived some of the mental health services as being more effective than did caregivers of individuals with dual diagnosis. Conclusion: We advocate for enhanced training for professionals working with individuals with dual diagnosis within all services. Furthermore, parents need to be supported in their search for services for their child and in dealing with complex situations. In addition, more research is needed to identify why individuals with dual diagnosis may not benefit from current mental health services and, in line with this, develop more effective services. Finally, we advocate for the establishment of a one-stop shop that can provide for the comprehensive needs of these individuals within one center.
Assessing the short‐term stability of spatial patterns of macrobenthos in a dynamic estuarine system

Recent studies of macrofauna on sandflats have emphasized postsettlement dispersal, particularly associated with sediment bedload transport. This study investigated the short‐term (3 weeks) stability in spatial patterns of eight common, potentially mobile, near‐surface macrofaunal species inhabiting a 4,000‐m2 area of intertidal sandflat. Over this period, wind conditions reworked the sediment to a depth of 3 cm, thus generating sediment and animal transport. Movement and changes in spatial arrangement of juvenile Macomona liliana and Paphies australis demonstrated the need to consider postsettlement dispersal in survivorship and experimental studies and to conduct such studies at a relevant scale. However, the majority of the species exhibited stability of spatial pattern, even when undergoing movement and changes in mean density. This finding suggests that biological interactions and organism‐habitat relationships are important processes even in habitats where the sediment and organisms are mobile.