Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The sulci of the inferior surface of the temporal lobe: An anatomical study

Understanding the anatomy of temporal lobe sulci and their variations can allow for safer neurosurgical approaches. Although the inferior temporal sulci and their relations to each other has been described by several authors, the nomenclature used has not been universal. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomic features of the three main sulci of the inferior temporal lobe and provide a simple description of complex patterns among these sulci. Sulcal variations and their relations were examined in seventy formalin‐fixed, adult cadaveric cerebral hemispheres. We recommend a simple but modified classification specifically for anatomic variations of the rhinal and collateral sulci. Furthermore, we describe the frequency of occipitotemporal sulci that contain 5 and 6 segments, not previously mentioned. The length and depth of all sulci were measured in all samples. Additionally, more detailed results regarding the patterns, courses, connections, relationships and measurements were given. Understanding of the complex anatomy of this clinically important region is of benefit to neurosurgeons, providing necessary guidance for neurosurgical approaches to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe. Clin. Anat. 29:932–942, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A circuit-equivalent battery model accounting for the dependency on load frequency

Circuit-equivalent battery models are considered defacto standard for modeling and simulation of digital systems due to many practical advantages. In spite of the many variants of models proposed in the literature, none of them accounts for one important feature of the battery dynamics, namely, the dependency on the frequency of current load profile. For a given average current value, current loads with different spectral distributions may have quite different impacts on the battery discharge. This is a very well-know issue in the design of hybrid energy storage systems, where different types of storages devices are used, each with different storage efficiency for different load frequency ranges. We propose a basic modification to a state-of-the-art model that incorporates this load frequency dependency, as well as a methodology to identify the frequency-sensitive parameters of the model from publicly available data (e.g., datasheets). The results show that frequency-agnostic models can significantly overestimate the battery state-of-charge, and that this effect is far from being negligible.
A Q-Method Analysis of Environmental Governance Discourses in Brazil's Northeastern Soy Frontier

This article describes and analyzes discourses regarding environmental governance held among key actors in a region of expanding high-input, high-output agriculture. Q-method, an intensive (small n) and quantitative technique in which n tests are measured by m individuals, was used to determine four empirically significant social perspectives: critical environmentalism, agri-environmentalism, private environmentalism, and statist environmentalism. The article highlights major differences and agreements among social perspectives, in addition to the arguments used to justify claims. These findings help fill a knowledge gap in the literature on governance debates between farmers and environmentalists; moreover, the findings contribute to a concern in the literature regarding the role of discourses in producing policy solutions to environmental governance problems. The article also supports continued use of Q-method in human geography, suggesting the value of Q as a research ends and means, particularly when research subjects include landed elites.
[The effect of caspase-3 inhibitor on the concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines in sepsis related acute kidney injury induced by peritoneal cavity infection in mice].

OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO on the concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines in sepsis related acute kidney injury induced by peritoneal cavity infection in mice. METHODS One hundred and two male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, a model of polymicrobial sepsis) or sham operation. The animals were assigned into three equal groups (n=34) according to random number table: sham group, model group, and caspase-3 inhibitor (CI) group. Thirty minutes before CLP, Ac-DEVD-CHO (4 μg/g) was injected subcutaneously in CI group. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were determined, and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the renal cell apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry and the expression of caspase-3 mRNA was determined by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at 6, 12 and 24 hours after operation. The 4-day and 7-day survival rates of three groups of mice were observed. RESULTS Compared with sham group, the concentrations of serum BUN, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and the renal cell apoptosis rates, the caspase-3 mRNA expression were increased significantly at all time points after CLP, the concentrations of serum Cr were increased significantly at 6 hours, with the 4-day and 7-day survival rates were decreased significantly. Compared with model group, in CI group, the concentrations of serum BUN were decreased significantly at all time points after operation and those of Cr were decreased significantly at 6 hours, then restored to those of the sham group at 12 hours and 24 hours; the concentrations of serum TNF-α, IL-6 were decreased and those of IL-10 elevated significantly at all time points [TNF-α (μg/L) 6 hours: 436.2±64.2 vs. 653.6±8.9, 12 hours: 233.4±85.4 vs. 579.7±137.1, 24 hours: 151.0±90.3 vs. 551.0±119.8; IL-6 (μg/L) 6 hours: 1 033.2±345.8 vs. 1 595.3±159.4, 12 hours : 366.3±68.3 vs. 1 330.7±249.8, 24 hours: 241.2±208.4 vs. 815.3±572.7; IL-10 (μg/L) 6 hours : 33.6±10.4 vs. 26.6±4.5, 12 hours: 37.2±5.0 vs. 24.5±4.3, 24 hours: 38.3±5.5 vs. 18.2±1.6, all P<0.05]; the renal cell apoptosis rate and the expression of caspase-3 mRNA were decreased significantly at all time points [apoptosis rates 6 hours: (13.9±3.2)% vs. (18.3±1.4)%, 12 hours: (10.5±3.6)% vs. (15.9±3.5)%, 24 hours: (8.4±1.8)% vs. (12.5±2.1)%; caspase-3 mRNA 6 hours: 1.95±0.16 vs. 3.84±0.35, 12 hours: 1.89±0.19 vs. 3.97±0.73, 24 hours : 2.01±0.20 vs. 4.97±0.24, all P<0.05]. The 4-day survival rate of CI group was improved (80% vs. 20%), but that of 7-day did not change (20% vs. 20%). CONCLUSION The modulation of caspase-3 inhibitor on the concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines in sepsis related acute kidney injury induced by peritoneal cavity infection may be associated with a decrease in renal cell apoptosis by Ac-DEVD-CHO.
Changes in Head and Neck Position Have a Greater Effect on Elbow Joint Position Sense in People With Whiplash-associated Disorders

BackgroundIt has been shown that perception of elbow joint position is affected by changes in head and neck position. Further, people with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) present with deficits in upper limb coordination and movement. ObjectivesThis study is aimed to determine whether the effect of changes in head position on elbow joint position error (JPE) is more pronounced in people with WAD, and to determine whether this is related to the participant's pain and anxiety levels. MethodsNine people with chronic and disabling WAD and 11 healthy people participated in this experiment. The ability to reproduce a position at the elbow joint was assessed after changes in the position of the head and neck to 30°, and with the head in the midline. Pain was monitored in WAD participants. ResultsAbsolute elbow JPE with the head in neutral was not different between WAD and control participants (P=0.5). Changes in the head and neck position increased absolute elbow JPE in the WAD group (P<0.05), but did not affect elbow JPE in the control group (P=0.4). There was a connection between pain during testing and the effect of changes in head position on elbow JPE (P<0.05). DiscussionElbow JPE is affected by movement of the head and neck, with smaller angles of neck rotation in people with WAD than in healthy individuals. This observation may explain deficits in upper limb coordination in people with WAD, which may be due to the presence of pain or reduced range of motion in this population.
An electronically isolated 12 pulse autotransformer rectification scheme to improve input power factor and lower harmonic distortion in variable frequency drives

Diode rectifier front ends with large DC bus capacitors used in Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) draw discontinuous current from the power system resulting in poor input power factor and high input current distortion. 12-pulse and 18-pulse techniques used to reduce input current harmonics are popular because of their simplicity, but are bulky, and expensive. Autotransformer techniques require additional external magnetic components that are bulky and add to the cost of the system. A new electronically isolated 12-pulse autotransformer topology that does not need bulky external magnetic components is proposed in this paper. The proposed topology employs active switches to achieve electronic isolation between the two rectifiers resulting in continuous input current with reduced harmonics. The proposed non regenerative active scheme achieves less than 5% THD at a much lower cost compared to other passive or active topologies currently in the market. Experimental results from a 240V, 75hp system are given to prove the concept.
Herpetocetus morrowi (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a new species of diminutive baleen whale from the Upper Pliocene (Piacenzian) of California, USA, with observations on the evolution and relationships of the Cetotheriidae

The extinct edentulous mysticete family Cetotheriidae historically has been viewed as a notoriously paraphyletic group, and only recently have rigorous studies been executed to rectify this issue. These problems do not necessarily just stem from lack of phylogenetic analyses, but are in part because of a general lack of complete specimens, poor descriptions of taxa, and long-lived taxonomic instability issues. The fossil mysticete genus Herpetocetus is a poster child of these problems as it is primarily only known from a few relatively incomplete and poorly described specimens. A new species of Herpetocetus from the upper Pliocene of California, Herpetocetus morrowi sp. nov., provides an archetypal model for the genus based on a multitude of well-preserved specimens. These specimens reveal a diminutive mysticete characterized by an elongate rostrum and roughly quadrate cranium. A mosaic of primitive and derived features preserved in this new species underscores its potential value in helping to resolve a number of taxonomic and phylogenetic problems. The occurrence of specimens assignable to juvenile through to mature adult individuals provides a basis for investigating ontogenetic changes. Functional analysis of the unusual craniomandibular anatomy of H. morrowi suggests a limited degree of mandibular gape and an enhanced capacity for longitudinal rotation of the dentary, features that support a hypothesis of suction feeding convergent with that of living grey whales. A phylogenetic analysis provides support for recognition of a redefined and monophyletic Cetotheriidae and Herpetocetinae, and also serves as a basis for evaluating the recent proposal that the pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) is a living cetothere. Morphological features of Herpetocetus morrowi, including features of the cranium and petrosal, suggest that a number of the purported synapomorphies supporting a Caperea−cetothere grouping are either symplesiomorphies, nonhomologous features, or are highly variable. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London
Effects of Selected Cultural, Financial, and School-Based Factors on Girl-Child’s Educational Access and Socioeconomic Development in Sarkish Flower Farm, Nakuru County, Kenya

This paper sought to establish the effects of selected cultural, financial, and school-based factors on the girl-child’s access to educational and socioeconomic development in Kenya. It is arguably observed that various local and international conventions, treaties, commissions, and state actors have strived to promote the development of girl-child education. Specifically, Kenya’s National Goals of Education arguably observed that education should foster social equality and responsibility irrespective of gender. The same has been articulated within the Dakar Framework for Education for All, the Millennium Development Goals, Kenya’s Vision 2030, and in the Jubilee Manifesto (2013–2017). It is therefore crucial for any government to invest substantially in resources that enhance access to quality education for meaningful socioeconomic development of its citizens. Despite this surge forward, most developing countries, including Kenya, face serious challenges in equitably providing educational opportunities to their citizens. This often results in many conservative societies rationing the scarce educational opportunities to disproportionately favor the boy-child to the disadvantage of the girl-child. The study employed patriarchy and gender equality frameworks as theoretical conceptualization. A case study design was utilized in which a single unit was used to draw the subjects from whom the data was collected and analyzed. The sampling process involved a snowball strategy after the key respondents were purposively selected. The data collection was done using a structured questionnaire and an interview schedule. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the interview data were qualitatively done. Contrary to the general belief that most girl-children drop out of school because of cultural, social, or economic reasons, the study established that most of these factors played peripheral roles in determining the level of schooling among girls and therefore suggested that when the selected factors are compared, the financial and school-based factors are more critical in determining a girl-child’s access to education. The study therefore concludes that on the whole, the financial background of the girl-child with respect to family support and school-based factors have significant influence on their access to education. Any effort to promote girl-child development through education needs to focus on these factors.
Analysis of Heavy Metals of Muscle and Intestine Tissue in Fish - in Banan Section of Chongqing from Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The present study was carried out to investigate contamination of heavy metals in 19 fish species from the Banan section of Chongqing in the Three Gorges, Yangtze River. The results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals were higher in intestine than muscle, except zinc in upper strata. In the fish inhabiting the upper strata, there were significant differences between mean concentrations of As, Cr, Cu and Hg in muscle and intestine (P <0.05). There were also significant differences between mean concentrations of Cr and Cu in muscle and intestine in the fish inhabiting middle strata. However, significant differences between mean concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn were measured in fish inhabiting bottom strata in both intestine and muscle tissues (P <0.05). For the fish inhabiting different strata, the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Ph in muscle and intestine of the fish from bottom strata (BS) were higher than those in both upper strata (US) and middle strata (MS); whereas a higher concentration of Zn was measured in muscle and intestine from fish inhabiting upper strata. Mean metal concentrations were found to be higher in age 11 than those in age I in Coreius heterodon (2- and 1-year odl fish respectively). The overall results indicated that fish muscle in the Banan section were slightly contaminated by heavy metals, but did not exceed Chinese food standards.
ADAPTATION TO RACIAL CONTENT OF EMERGENT RACE FACES: GRADIENT SHIFT OR PEAK SHIFT?

At the heart of stereotypes, attitudes, and misidentifications involving race is the question ofhow faces are initially categorized according to race. We examined racial classification usinga continuum of morphed faces resulting from African-American and Caucasian 'parent' faceswhereas an emergent Hispanic race is perceived at the center of the continuum. Using themethod of adaptation, observers adapted to either a novel African-American or a Caucasianface prior to classifying race. A peak shift was found similar to stimulus discriminationtraining in animal subjects (Hanson, 1959). These results were unexpected as it has beencommonly thought that adaptation to faces results in a gradient shift (MacLin & Webster,2001), and the fact that no discrimination training was used to acquire the peak shift. Resultsare discussed in terms of Helson's (1964) adaptation level theory. The authors conclude thatpsychophysics can be effectively used to answer social psychological questions.
ERP evaluation during the shakedown phase: lessons from an after‐sales division

Abstract. Integrated information systems and operational efficiency are both pivotal issues for contemporary firms. While there is substantial evidence that enterprise resources planning (ERP) systems can deliver related improvements, the implementation of these systems can turn out to be a very complex and risky task. One key aspect of managing these risks is maintaining operational momentum and preventing possible problems from escalating in the so‐called shakedown phase shortly after system implementation. The objective of this paper is to examine how user evaluations of ERP system success could be used to trace down the source of potential problems, which can arise during the shakedown phase, and how and why experienced system success might vary between different user groups. The paper builds on a case study completed in the after‐sales division of a large multinational organization. This context is considered a fruitful empirical setting for the study as the business sets enormous demands for ERP system functionality and its smooth implementation. Based on the case study, it is argued that in such a context the importance of sufficient user skills, data reliability and intra‐organizational communication becomes emphasized in the ERP implementation process. Moreover, results illustrate how downstream operations and customer relations are particularly vulnerable to problems accumulated in upstream business processes. Related problems can potentially form a self‐fulfilling cycle, where the lack of skills and information constantly deteriorates both user perceptions and actual operational performance.
Schools and Leadership in Transition: the case of Scandinavia

This article will set the context of democratic leadership in Scandinavian countries. This concept will be discussed in a dual perspective. On the one hand there are pressures to transform the governing of the schools towards a more ‘rigorous’ form of New Public Management (NPM) with models of leadership/management from the world of business and industry. This trend is affected by a new wave of economical and cultural globalisation, while the discourse of NPM is exerting a strong influence on how municipalities organize and govern the schools in Scandinavia (Moos, 2000; Peters et al., 2000). On the other hand there is a growing consciousness of the need for sustaining trust and loyalty in the school as an organisation. This may be seen as an effect of European/Scandinavian societies becoming increasingly complex. These societies are often called hyper complex societies with no one single centre from which government can be exercised. The governing of the public sectors therefore has largely to rest on trust and communication (Kirkeby, 1998; Giddens, 1991; Thyssen, 2001). This article will discuss how Scandinavian school leaders try to cope with this dual pressure while maintaining distinctive aspects of Scandinavian educational culture. This is one of many dilemmas being faced by school leaders coming to terms with notions of accountability. As an illustration we will refer to some findings from an international research project in which Danish and Norwegian school leaders participated (Biott et al., 2001; Sugrue, 2003, forthcoming).
REALIZING ‘EU-TOPIA’:

The paper seeks to provide an insider's view into the implementation of goals set by the European Commission for socio-economic research. By analysing project coordinators’ responses to questionnaires (n=88), several aspects of the emergence of a European social science research community are examined. Focus is placed on three ‘European Added Values’, defined within two subsequent calls for research proposals and funding opportunities: framework programmes 4 and 5 (1994–1998, and 1998–2002 accordingly). These ‘Added Values’ will set the expected features of European-funded research projects, and will include: (1) transnationality – the involvement of researchers from a variety of EU states; (2) applied research – the potential implementation of outcomes in socioeconomic policy; and (3) interdisciplinarity – the integration and collaboration of different disciplinary perspectives. These ‘ideals’ were tested against reports as to the reality of the research practices, and found to have a significant compatibility, as well as several discrepancies, with the objectives set out by the EU research committee. This paper allows for an understanding of the dynamics of European research consortia, and the factors involved in the success or failure in attaining the overarching goals of the EU Commission.
Assessing the Quality of Doctoral Programs in Criminology in the United States

This study assessed the quality of doctoral programs in criminology in the United States by examining publication records of program graduates in select criminology journals. Descriptive information and other measures of quality are also considered alongside the primary findings in an effort to move towards a more comprehensive evaluation of doctoral programs in criminology. Findings revealed that graduates trained at the University of Maryland, State University of New York at Albany, Florida State University, and the University of Cincinnati were the most productive scholars over the period examined here. Discipline‐level trends and findings are also discussed. * Preliminary findings from this study were presented at the Summit meetings of the Association of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Program Directors, May, 2006, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas. The authors would like to thank Emily Wright, Jodi Sleyo, Tamara Madensen, and the reviewers (especially Reviewer 2) for their helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this manuscript.
CD101: a novel long‐acting echinocandin

CD101 is a novel echinocandin drug being developed to treat severe fungal infections including invasive candidiasis. We have performed a series of studies to evaluate the antifungal properties of CD101 against both echinocandin‐susceptible and ‐resistant Candida strains. Antifungal susceptibility testing performed on a collection of 95 Candida strains including 30 caspofungin‐resistant isolates containing fks mutations demonstrated comparable antifungal potency of CD101 relative to micafungin (MCF) across different Candida species. Comparable kinetic inhibition of glucan synthase activity was also observed for CD101 and MCF on both wild‐type (WT) and resistant fks mutant Candida strains. Similarly, both drugs yielded nearly identical values for a mutant prevention concentration. In a murine model of invasive candidiasis, CD101 displayed better or at least comparable efficacy relative to MCF in treating WT or fks mutant Candida albicans. An exceptional long‐lived pharmacokinetic profile was observed in mice following a single dose of CD101. Collectively, CD101 has great potential not only in treating invasive Candida infections but also in preventing emergence of resistance to currently approved echinocandin drugs.