Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Programming Sagas in SOCK

SOCK is a process calculus for the modeling of Service Oriented systems recently extended with primitives for dynamic fault and compensation handling. In this paper we investigate the relationships between the Sagas calculi for compensable flow composition and SOCK. First, we present an encoding of Parallel Sagas (with interruption and centralized compensation) into SOCK. Then, we discuss a new semantics for Parallel Sagas that we consider more adequate to the dynamic approach to fault and compensation handling.
Cold War on Campus: A Study of the Politics of Organizational Control

During the early years of the cold war, concerns about communist, radical, or left-wing faculty in American institutions of higher learning were widespread. Now available in paperback, this is the first extensive study of how academic administrators responded to these public concerns, the underlying issues, and what accounted for which faculty members became victims of the cold war on campus. Lewis looks closely at controversies on fifty-eighth colleges and universities during the period from 1946 to 1956. He finds that in general the cold war on campuses was fought out over issues of academic freedom rather than political ideology. In fact, only a handful of faculty were members of the Communist party, and there is nothing to suggest that even this minority was involved in conspiratorial activities, sabotage, or other activities that resulted in civil unrest. What then explains what happened on American campuses during this period? The central argument of "Cold War on Campus "is that political considerations were important in . determining who was picked out and labeled, and whose career was threatened; but after that, political considerations played hardly any role in how matters on campus developed and were resolved.
Innovation Motivation: The Need to Be Different

All choice points mandate a dichotomous initial decision: whether to attempt to replicate a response previously used in similar situations or to essay a different approach. Individuals are hypothesized to differ in the direction and degree of their relative preference for consistent vs. innovative approaches. According to social learning theory, innovation motivation should be determined by (a) the generalized expectancy that innovation produces reinforcing outcomes and (b) the need value of the opportunity to engage in "different" behaviors. In a series of studies (cumulative N = 397), an inventory measuring the self-attributed value of behavioral variation (the value set on being different, hence, the vDiffer scale) displays adequate internal consistency (mean a =. 79) and independence of social desirability and psychological health-distress. The vDiffer scale correlates strongly (mean r =. 46) with sensation seeking, modestly (r =. 23) with imaginative involvement, and very strongly (r =. 66) with Openness to Experience; predicts divergent production of ideas (r =. 36) on a changes in society test; and correlates quite strongly (mean rs =. 62) with peer nominations.
Time-space hardness of learning sparse parities

We define a concept class ℱ to be time-space hard (or memory-samples hard) if any learning algorithm for ℱ requires either a memory of size super-linear in n or a number of samples super-polynomial in n, where n is the length of one sample. A recent work shows that the class of all parity functions is time-space hard [Raz, FOCS'16]. Building on [Raz, FOCS'16], we show that the class of all sparse parities of Hamming weight ℓ is time-space hard, as long as ℓ ≥ ω(logn / loglogn). Consequently, linear-size DNF Formulas, linear-size Decision Trees and logarithmic-size Juntas are all time-space hard. Our result is more general and provides time-space lower bounds for learning any concept class of parity functions. We give applications of our results in the field of bounded-storage cryptography. For example, for every ωlogn) ≤ k ≤ n, we obtain an encryption scheme that requires a private key of length k, and time complexity of n per encryption/decryption of each bit, and is provably and unconditionally secure as long as the attacker uses at most o(nk) memory bits and the scheme is used at most 2o(k) times. Previously, this was known only for k=n [Raz, FOCS'16].
Neural Stem Cell-Mediated Intratumoral Delivery of Gold Nanorods Improves Photothermal Therapy

Plasmonic photothermal therapy utilizes biologically inert gold nanorods (AuNRs) as tumor-localized antennas that convert light into heat capable of eliminating cancerous tissue. This approach has lower morbidity than surgical resection and can potentially synergize with other treatment modalities including chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite these advantages, it is still challenging to obtain heating of the entire tumor mass while avoiding unnecessary collateral damage to surrounding healthy tissue. It is therefore critical to identify innovative methods to distribute an effective concentration of AuNRs throughout tumors without depositing them in surrounding healthy tissue. Here we demonstrate that AuNR-loaded, tumor-tropic neural stem cells (NSCs) can be used to improve the intratumoral distribution of AuNRs. A simple UV–vis technique for measuring AuNR loading within NSCs was established. It was then confirmed that NSC viability is unimpaired following AuNR loading and that NSCs retain AuNRs long enough to migrate throughout tumors. We then demonstrate that intratumoral injections of AuNR-loaded NSCs are more efficacious than free AuNR injections, as evidenced by reduced recurrence rates of triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) xenografts following NIR exposure. Finally, we demonstrate that the distribution of AuNRs throughout the tumors is improved when transported by NSCs, likely resulting in the improved efficacy of AuNR-loaded NSCs as compared to free AuNRs. These findings highlight the advantage of combining cellular therapies and nanotechnology to generate more effective cancer treatments.
Mobility as a first class function

Seamless host mobility has been a desirable feature for a long time, but was not part of the original design of the Internet architecture or protocols. Current approaches to network-layer mobility typically require additional network-layer entities for mobility management, which add complexity to the current engineering landscape of the Internet. We present a host-based, end-to-end architecture for host mobility using the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP). ILNP provides mobility support as a first class function, since mobility management is controlled and managed by the end-systems, and does not require additional network-layer entities. We demonstrate an instance of ILNP that is a superset of IPv6 - called ILNPv6 - that is implemented by extending the current IPv6 code in the Linux kernel. We make a direct comparison of performance of ILNPv6 and Mobile IPv6, showing the improved performance of ILNPv6.
Severe trauma is not an excuse for prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis.

HYPOTHESIS For critically injured patients, a limited course of antibiotics is as effective as a prolonged course in preventing sepsis and organ failures. DESIGN Prospective nonrandomized study. SETTING Surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of an academic hospital with a level I trauma center. PATIENTS A population of 250 trauma patients who required an operation and SICU stay of 3 days or more received antibiotic prophylaxis by 1 antibiotic for 24 hours (SHORT group, n = 133) or 1 or more antibiotics for more than 24 hours (LONG group, n = 117). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Twenty-two outcome variables, including 9 conventional outcomes (eg, sepsis, septic shock, and organ failure) and 13 objective outcomes (days with temperature >38.5 degrees C, days with white blood cell count >14.0 x10(3)/microL, positive cultures, cultures with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, SICU and hospital stay, and death). RESULTS The LONG group included more patients with orthopedic injuries (60 patients [51%] vs 52 [39%], P =.05) and orthopedic operations (47 patients [40%] vs 30 [23%], P =.003) than did the SHORT group. No other difference was identified in compared characteristics between the 2 groups. There was no difference in any of the examined outcomes except for a higher incidence of resistant infections in the LONG group compared with the SHORT group (59 patients [50%] vs 47 [35%], P =.02). Patients with resistant infections stayed in the hospital longer (mean +/- SD, 33 +/- 18 vs 15 +/- 11 days, P<.001) and had a higher mortality rate (13% vs 1%, P<.001) compared with patients without resistant infections. Prolonged prophylaxis by multiple antibiotics was an independent risk factor of resistant infection (odds ratio, 2.13, 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.74; P =.008). CONCLUSIONS The prophylactic administration of more than 1 antibiotic for more than 24 hours following severe trauma does not offer additional protection against sepsis, organ failure, and death, but increases the probability of antibiotic-resistant infections.
Different kinetic properties of two T‐type Ca2+ currents of rat reticular thalamic neurones and their modulation by enflurane

Currents arising from T‐type Ca2+ channels in nucleus reticularis thalami (nRT) play a critical role in generation of low‐amplitude oscillatory bursting involving mutually interconnected cortical and thalamic neurones, and are implicated in the state of arousal and sleep, as well as seizures. Here we show in brain slices from young rats that two kinetically different T‐type Ca2+ currents exist in nRT neurones, with a slowly inactivating current expressed only on proximal dendrites, and fast inactivating current predominantly expressed on soma. Nickel was about twofold more potent in blocking fast (IC50 64 μm) than slow current (IC50 107 μm). The halogenated volatile anaesthetic enflurane blocked both currents, but only the slowly inactivating current was affected in voltage‐dependent fashion. Slow dendritic current was essential for generation of low‐threshold Ca2+ spikes (LTS), and both enflurane and nickel also suppressed LTS and neuronal burst firing at concentrations that blocked isolated T currents. Differential kinetic properties of T currents expressed in cell soma and proximal dendrites of nRT neurones indicate that various subcellular compartments may exhibit different membrane properties in response to small membrane depolarizations. Furthermore, since blockade of two different T currents in nRT neurones by enflurane and other volatile anaesthetics occurs within concentrations that are relevant during clinical anaesthesia, our findings suggest that these actions could contribute to some important clinical effects of anaesthetics.
Ten Years of WMT Evaluation Campaigns: Lessons Learnt

The WMT evaluation campaign (http://www.statmt.org/wmt16) has been run annually since 2006. It is a collection of shared tasks related to machine translation, in which researchers compare their techniques against those of others in the field. The longest running task in the campaign is the translation task, where participants translate a common test set with their MT systems. In addition to the translation task, we have also included shared tasks on evaluation: both on automatic metrics (since 2008), which compare the reference to the MT system output, and on quality estimation (since 2012), where system output is evaluated without a reference. An important component of WMT has always been the manual evaluation, wherein human annotators are used to produce the official ranking of the systems in each translation task. This reflects the belief of the WMT organizers that human judgement should be the ultimate arbiter of MT quality. Over the years, we have experimented with different methods of improving the reliability, efficiency and discriminatory power of these judgements. In this paper we report on our experiences in running this evaluation campaign, the current state of the art in MT evaluation (both human and automatic), and our plans for future editions of WMT.
CT venography after knee replacement surgery: comparison of dual-energy CT-based monochromatic imaging and single-energy metal artifact reduction techniques on a 320-row CT scanner

Background An optimal metal artifact reduction (MAR) technique is needed for a reliable and accurate image-based diagnosis. Purpose Using a 320-row scanner, we compared the dual-energy computed tomography (CT)-based monochromatic and the single-energy metal artifact reduction (SEMAR) techniques for CT venography (CTV) to identify the better imaging method for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients who had undergone knee replacement surgery. Material and Methods Twenty-three consecutive patients with suspected DVT after unilateral knee replacement surgery underwent dual-energy CT (135/80 kVp). Monochromatic images of 35–135 keV were generated; the monochromatic image with the best signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the popliteal vein near the metal prosthesis were selected. The projection data of 80 kVp were reconstructed using MAR algorithm. The mean SNR ON MAR and the best SNR ON monochromatic images were compared. Two radiologists evaluated visualization of the metal artifacts on a four-point scale where 1 = extensive artifacts, 2 = strong artifacts, 3 = mild artifacts, and 4 = minimal artifacts. Results The mean SNR was significantly higher on the MAR than the monochromatic images (12.8 ± 4.7 versus 7.7 ± 5.1, P < 0.01) and the visual scores were significantly higher for MAR than monochromatic images (2.6 ± 0.8 versus 1.3 ± 0.4, P < 0.01). Conclusion For CTV after knee replacement surgery, the MAR technique is superior to the monochromatic imaging technique.
Fully 4D motion-compensated reconstruction of cardiac SPECT images

In this paper, we investigate the benefits of a spatiotemporal approach for reconstruction of image sequences. In the proposed approach, we introduce a temporal prior in the form of motion compensation to account for the statistical correlations among the frames in a sequence, and reconstruct all the frames collectively as a single function of space and time. The reconstruction algorithm is derived based on the maximum a posteriori estimate, for which the one-step late expectation–maximization algorithm is used. We demonstrated the method in our experiments using simulated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) cardiac perfusion images. The four-dimensional (4D) gated mathematical cardiac-torso phantom was used for simulation of gated SPECT perfusion imaging with Tc-99m-sestamibi. In addition to bias–variance analysis and time activity curves, we also used a channelized Hotelling observer to evaluate the detectability of perfusion defects in the reconstructed images. Our experimental results demonstrated that the incorporation of temporal regularization into image reconstruction could significantly improve the accuracy of cardiac images without causing any significant cross-frame blurring that may arise from the cardiac motion. This could lead to not only improved detection of perfusion defects, but also improved reconstruction of the heart wall which is important for functional assessment of the myocardium.
Effects of the CYP2D6 Gene Duplication on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tramadol

The analgesic drug tramadol is bioactivated by CYP2D6 to the opioid receptor agonist O-desmethyltramadol. Case reports indicated that carriers of the CYP2D6 gene duplication may be at high risk for opioid adverse events. However, the effects of the CYP2D6 duplication on kinetics and dynamics of tramadol have not been systematically studied. Pharmacokinetics and effects were monitored after a single dose of 100 mg racemic tramadol in 11 carriers of a CYP2D6 gene duplication allele (ultrarapid metabolizer [UM]) and compared with 11 carriers of 2 active CYP2D6 genes (extensive metabolizer [EM]). Pharmacodynamics was measured by cold pressure test, pupillometry, and standardized adverse event recording. The maximum plasma concentrations of the active metabolite (+)R,R-O-desmethyltramadol were significantly higher in the UM group compared with the EM group (P = 0.005; t test) with a mean difference of 14 ng/mL (95% confidence limit of difference, 2-26 ng/mL). Median (+)R,R-tramadol area under the curve was 786 and 587 μg·h·L−1 in EMs and UMs, and the corresponding median (+)R,R-O-desmethyltramadol area under thecurve was 416 and 448 μg·h·L−1 (P = 0.005, t test). There was an increased pain threshold and pain tolerance and a stronger miosis after tramadol in UMs compared with EMs. Almost 50% of the UM group experienced nausea compared with only 9% of the EM group. In conclusion, pharmacokinetic differences between EMs and UMs were smaller than expected; nevertheless, UMs were more sensitive to tramadol than EMs. Therefore, tramadol may frequently cause adverse effects in southern European and Northern African populations with a high proportion of UMs.
Capacity Improvement of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Directional Antennae

This paper investigates the scale law of network capacity of wireless ad hoc networks with phased array antennae and demonstrates its dramatic improvement over that with omni-directional antennae. The contributions of this paper are three-fold. First, we establish a general interference model for directional antennae of generic antenna patterns. Second, we argue that an arbitrary directional antenna pattern can be approximated by that of a phased array antenna. We investigate wireless networks with phased array antennae and derive the impact of nulls and null width in the antenna pattern on the scalability of network capacity. Third, we introduce a novel analytical approach that gives rise to a new set of network-capacity upper and lower bounds when directional antennae are used. We believe that this is the first work that shows that Theta(n) scalability in network capacity is achievable provided the dimension of the antenna array is sufficiently large
The Enigma of Ethnicity: Another American Dilemma

In The Enigma of Ethnicity Wilbur Zelinsky draws upon more than half a century of exploring the cultural and social geography of an ever-changing North America to become both biographer and critic of the recent concept of ethnicity. In this ambitious and encyclopedic work, he examines ethnicity's definition, evolution, significance, implications, and entanglements with other phenomena as well as the mysteries of ethnic identity and performance. Zelinsky begins by examining the ways in which "ethnic groups" and "ethnicity" have been defined; his own definitions then become the basis for the rest of his study. He next focuses on the concepts of heterolocalism -- the possibility that an ethnic community can exist without being physically merged -- and personal identity -- the relatively recent idea that one can concoct one's own identity. In his final chapter, which is also his most provocative, he concentrates on the multifaceted phenomenon of multiculturalism and its relationship to ethnicity. Throughout he includes a close look at African Americans, Hispanics, and Jews as well as such less-studied groups as suburbanized Japanese, Cubans in Washington, Koreans, Lithuanian immigrants in Chicago, Estonians in New Jersey, Danish Americans in Seattle, and Finns. Reasonable, nonpolemical, and straightforward, Zelinsky's text is invaluable for readers wanting an in-depth overview of the literature on ethnicity in the United States as well as a well-thought-out understanding of the meanings and dynamics of ethnic groups, ethnicity, and multiculturalism.
When Organizational Voice Systems Fail

Recently, organizations have been introducing greater types and numbers of systems for employees to voice their complaints. Yet academic and popular accounts indicate that some voice systems are causing what they are intended to prevent, exacerbating employees’ perceptions of unfairness and discontent. Analysis of interview data from an inductive study of employees’ experiences of workplace injustice provides strong evidence of the deaf-ear syndrome (organizational failures to respond to employees’ complaints) and frustration effects (the pattern of increased dissatisfaction when people voice). Informal systems, namely, open-door policies, were particularly susceptible to failure. Drawing on organizational justice theory and industrial relations research, these results are explained, and additional avenues for research and theory development are acknowledged. Implications for individuals and organizations also are discussed.
On Looking into the Black Box: Prospects and Limits in the Search for Mental Models

To place the arguments advanced in this paper in alternative points of view with regard to mental models are reviewed. Use of the construct in areas such as neural information processing, manual control, decision making, problem solving, and cognitive science are discussed. Also reviewed are several taxonomies of mental models. The available empirical evidence for answering questions concerning the nature and usage of mental models is then discussed. A variety of studies are reviewed where the type and form of humans' knowledge have been manipulated. Also considered are numerous transfer of training studies whose results provide indirect evidence of the nature of mental models. The alternative perspectives considered and the spectrum of empirical evidence are combined to suggest a framework within which research on mental models can be viewed. By considering interactions of dimensions of this framework, the most salient unanswered questions can be identified.
Explicating the Black Box Through Experimentation: Studies of Authoritarianism and Threat

We advocate for an experimental approach to the study of personality and politics. In particular, we propose an “interactionist” model of political behavior in which the cognitive and behavioral effects of dispositional variables are qualified by experimentally induced contexts. Our operating assumption is that the political effects of personality do not occur in a contextual vacuum, but instead are magnified by the presence of key precipitating or “activating” features of the political environment. We illustrate the approach with four experimental studies of authoritarianism. Results indicate that the effects of authoritarianism depend critically on the presence of situationally induced threat. More generally, we argue that interactions between personality variables and experimental treatments can lead to valuable insights about when and why personality makes a meaningful contribution to public opinion and political behavior. Finally, we close with a critique of the traditional skepticism toward experimentation in political science, and suggest that external validity is an overrated virtue when the research goal is the development of theory rather than the description of “real-world” phenomena.
Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do

We define self-enhancement and self-protection as interests that individuals have in advancing one or more self-domains or defending against negative self-views. We review ways in which people pursue self-enhancement and self-protection, discuss the role of these motivational constructs in scientific explanations, argue for their importance in maintaining psychological and physical well-being, and consider the conditions in which they are likely to operate. At various points, we address the perennial “cognition–motivation” debate. We argue that, despite the conceptual and practical difficulties that attend this distinction, the pervasiveness of the self-enhancement and self-protection motives makes it impossible and imprudent to ignore them in explaining self-related findings and theories.