Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gravitaxis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii studied with novel mutants.

Many free-swimming unicellular organisms show negative gravitaxis, i.e. tend to swim upward, although their specific densities are higher than the medium density. To obtain clues to the mechanism of this behavior, we examined how a mutation in motility or behavior affects the gravitaxis in Chlamydomonas. A phototaxis mutant, ptx3, deficient in membrane excitability showed weakened gravitaxis, whereas another phototaxis mutant, ptx1, deficient in regulation of flagellar dominance displayed normal gravitaxis. Two mutants that swim backwards only, mbo1 and mbo2, did not show any clear gravitaxis. We also isolated two novel mutants deficient in gravitaxis, gtx1 and gtx2. These mutants displayed normal motility and physical characteristics of cell body as assessed by the behavior of anesthetized cells. However, these cells were found to have defects in physiological responses involving membrane excitation. These observations are consistent with the idea that the gravitaxis in Chlamydomonas involves a physiological signal transduction system, which is at least partially independent of the system used for phototaxis.
The Nature of the Emission Components in the Quasar/NLS1 PG 1211+143

We present the study of the emission properties of the quasar PG 1211+143, which belongs to the class of narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies. On the basis of observational data analyzed by us and collected from the literature, we study the temporal and spectral variability of the source in the optical/UV/X-ray bands, and we propose a model that explains the spectrum emitted in this broad energy range. In this model, the intrinsic emission originating in the warm skin of the accretion disk is responsible for the spectral component that is dominant in the softest X-ray range. The shape of reflected spectrum as well as Fe K line detected in hard X-rays require the reflecting medium to be mildly ionized (ξ ~ 500). We identify this reflector with the warm skin of the disk, and we show that the heating of the skin is consistent with the classical αPtot prescription, while αPgas option is at least 2 orders of magnitude too low to provide the required heating. We find that the mass of the central black hole is relatively small (MBH ~ 107-108 M☉), which is consistent with the broad line region mapping results and characteristic for NLS1 class.
Physiological consequences of blocked Caulobacter crescentus dnaA expression, an essential DNA replication gene

Caulobacter crescentus chromosome replication is precisely coupled to a developmental cell cycle. Like most eubacteria, C. crescentus has a DnaA homologue that is presumed to initiate chromosome replication. However, the C. crescentus replication origin (Cori) lacks perfect consensus Escherichia coli DnaA boxes. Instead, the Cori strong transcription promoter (Ps) may regulate chromosome replication through the CtrA cell cycle response regulator. We therefore created a conditional dnaA C. crescentus strain. Blocking dnaA expression immediately decreased DNA synthesis, which stopped after approximately one doubling period. Fluorescent flow cytometry confirmed that DNA synthesis is blocked at the initiation stage. Cell division also stopped, but not swarmer to stalked cell differentiation. All cells became stalked cells that grew as long filaments. Therefore, general transcription and protein synthesis continued, whereas DNA synthesis stopped. However, transcription was selectively blocked from the flagellar fliQ and fliL and methyltransferase ccrM promoters, which require CtrA and are blocked by different DNA synthesis inhibitors. Interestingly, transcription from Cori Ps continued unaltered. Therefore, Ps transcription is not sufficient for chromosome replication. Approximately 6–8 h after blocked dnaA expression, cells lost viability exponentially. Coincidentally, β‐galactosidase was induced from one transcription reporter, suggesting an altered physiology. We conclude that C. crescentus DnaA is essential for chromosome replication initiation, and perhaps also has a wider role in cell homeostasis.
Immune Cytolysis I . The Release of Ribonucleoprotein Particles II . Membrane-Bounded Structures Arising during Cell Fragmentation

It has been shown that Krebs ascites tumor cells incubated in vitro with immune gamma globulin and complement lose the bulk of their cytoplasmic RNA to the suspending medium, although the cell membrane remains visibly intact. The present experiments show that about four-fifths of the lost RNA is sedimented by centrifugation of the cell-free medium at 105,000 g. Electron microscopic and chemical analyses of the pellets show them to consist of 150 A ribonucleoprotein particles. It is concluded that most of the RNA passes from the cells in this form. Antibody-complement action causes osmotic swelling of the tumor cells and they become quite fragile. Fragmentation of such preparations yields large numbers of membrane-bounded spheres which may be separated from the heavier nuclei by differential centrifugation. Electron microscopic study of the spheres provides evidence that they can arise from segments of the cell surface as well as from mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Efficient Visual Search for Objects in Videos

We describe an approach to generalize the concept of text-based search to nontextual information. In particular, we elaborate on the possibilities of retrieving objects or scenes in a movie with the ease, speed, and accuracy with which Google retrieves web pages containing particular words, by specifying the query as an image of the object or scene. In our approach, each frame of the video is represented by a set of viewpoint invariant region descriptors. These descriptors enable recognition to proceed successfully despite changes in viewpoint, illumination, and partial occlusion. Vector quantizing these region descriptors provides a visual analogy of a word, which we term a ldquovisual word.rdquo Efficient retrieval is then achieved by employing methods from statistical text retrieval, including inverted file systems, and text and document frequency weightings. The final ranking also depends on the spatial layout of the regions. Object retrieval results are reported on the full length feature films ldquoGroundhog Day,rdquo ldquoCharade,rdquo and ldquoPretty Woman,rdquo including searches from within the movie and also searches specified by external images downloaded from the Internet. We discuss three research directions for the presented video retrieval approach and review some recent work addressing them: 1) building visual vocabularies for very large-scale retrieval; 2) retrieval of 3-D objects; and 3) more thorough verification and ranking using the spatial structure of objects.
Unifying the Sensory and Motor Components of Sensorimotor Adaptation

Adaptation of visually guided reaching movements in novel visuomotor environments (e.g. wearing prism goggles) comprises not only motor adaptation but also substantial sensory adaptation, corresponding to shifts in the perceived spatial location of visual and proprioceptive cues. Previous computational models of the sensory component of visuomotor adaptation have assumed that it is driven purely by the discrepancy introduced between visual and proprioceptive estimates of hand position and is independent of any motor component of adaptation. We instead propose a unified model in which sensory and motor adaptation are jointly driven by optimal Bayesian estimation of the sensory and motor contributions to perceived errors. Our model is able to account for patterns of performance errors during visuomotor adaptation as well as the subsequent perceptual aftereffects. This unified model also makes the surprising prediction that force field adaptation will elicit similar perceptual shifts, even though there is never any discrepancy between visual and proprioceptive observations. We confirm this prediction with an experiment.
A Naturalistic Study of Empathic Behaviors and Their Relation to Affective States and Perspective-Taking Skills in Preschool Children.

STRAYER, JANET. A Naturalistic Study of Empathic Behaviors and Their Relation to Affective States and Perspective-taking Skills in Preschool Children. CmLD DEVELOPMENT, 1980, 51, 815-822. The conditions for and incidence of empathic behaviors in a natural setting were investigated for 14 preschool children who were observed over an 8-week period. Interrelations among these behaviors, affective states, and performance in perspective-taking tasks and in a donating experiment were examined. Results indicate that 39% of naturally occurring affect displays were met with either affect-matching or instrumental responses indicating empathy. Happy displays occurred most frequently and were responded to significantly more than other affect displays. Children with more frequent happy displays were more likely to give empathic responses to others (r = .59), whereas children with more frequent sad displays were less likely to respond empathically (r = -.68). Modest correlations were obtained for performance on 2 perspective-taking tasks and empathic behaviors. Findings are discussed in terms of clarifying the cognitive, affective, and motivational components of empathy.
A necklace model for vesicles simulations in 2D

The aim of this paper is to propose a new numerical model to simulate 2D vesicles interacting with a Newtonian fluid. The inextensible membrane is modeled by a chain of circular rigid particles, which are maintained in cohesion by using two different types of forces. First, a spring force is imposed between neighboring particles in the chain. Second, in order to model the bending of the membrane, each triplet of successive particles is submitted to an angular force.
Exploring relationships between goal setting, goal pursuit and depression: a review

The following paper offers a new theory of conditional goal setting within a comprehensive overview of the literature on goals and depression. The past decade has seen a growing interest in the relationships between goals and depression. Several researchers have suggested that the content and framing of important goals are indicative of vulnerability to depression. For example, individuals valuing relationship goals above achievement oriented goals have been found to have a greater sense of wellbeing than individuals placing achievement goals above relationship goals. Other researchers have focused on the processes of goal pursuit. They have identified relationships between actual/ideal discrepancies, perceived progress to goal achievement and levels of depression. Reactions to goal loss and goal failure have also been an important topic of goals and depression research with a focus on the vulnerable individual's inability disengage from important failed goals. Although many of the goal theories examine w.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein activation predicts an unfavorable prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Aim To investigate the clinical significance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding (CREB) and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed to detect the expression and subcellular localizations of CREB and pCREB proteins in 130 pairs of HCC and adjacent nonneoplastic liver tissues. Results Both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses showed that the expression levels of CREB and pCREB proteins in HCC tissues were significantly higher than those in the adjacent nonneoplastic liver tissues (both P<0.001). In addition, the combined upregulation of CREB and pCREB proteins (CREB-high/pCREB-high) was significantly associated with serum α-fetoprotein (P=0.02), tumor stage (P<0.001), and tumor grade (P=0.01). Moreover, HCC patients with CREB-high/pCREB-high expression showed shortest 5-year disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival (both P<0.001). Furthermore, the multivariate survival analysis found that the combined upregulation of CREB and pCREB proteins may be an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for both 5-year disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival (both P=0.01) in HCC. Conclusion Our data indicate for the first time that the activation of the CREB protein may be associated with tumor progression in HCC, and may serve as a valuable marker of prognosis for patients with this malignancy.
EpCAM Is Overexpressed in Breast Cancer and Is a Potential Target for Breast Cancer Gene Therapy

EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) is a cell surface molecule that is known to be highly expressed in colon and other epithelial carcinomas. EpCAM is involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and has been the target of antibody therapy in several clinical trials. To assess the value of EpCAM as a novel target for breast cancer gene therapy, we performed real-time reverse transcription-PCR to quantify the level of EpCAM mRNA expression in normal breast tissue and primary and metastatic breast cancers. We found that EpCAM is overexpressed 100- to 1000-fold in primary and metastatic breast cancer. Silencing EpCAM gene expression with EpCAM short interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in a 35–80% decrease in the rate of cell proliferation in four different breast cancer cell lines. EpCAM siRNA treatment decreased cell migration by 91.8% and cell invasion by 96.4% in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in vitro. EpCAM siRNA treatment was also associated with an increase in the detergent-insoluble protein fraction of E-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin, consistent with the known biology of EpCAM as a regulator of cell adhesion. Our hypothesis is that modulation of EpCAM expression can affect cell migration, invasion, and proliferation by enhancing E-cadherin-mediated cell-to-cell adhesion. These data provide compelling evidence that EpCAM is a potential novel target for breast cancer gene therapy and offer insights into the mechanisms associated with EpCAM gene silencing.
The effects of self-esteem and personal control on the relationship between job insecurity and psychological well-being

129 employees of an Australian manufacturer completed measures of job insecurity, self-esteem, personal control and psychological well-being. Using hierarchical regression analysis, it was shown that the personal attributes of self-esteem and personal control moderated the impact of job insecurity on psychological wellbeing, as predicted, with low self-esteem and external control employees being significantly more adversely affected by insecurity than their high self-esteem and internal control counterparts.
Real-time summarization of user-generated videos based on semantic recognition

User-generated contents play an important role in the Internet video-sharing activities. Techniques for summarizing the user-generated videos (UGVs) into short representative clips are useful in many applications. This paper introduces an approach for UGV summarization based on semantic recognition. Different from other types of videos like movies or broadcasting news, where the semantic contents may vary greatly across different shots, most UGVs have only a single long shot with relatively consistent high-level semantics. Therefore, a few semantically representative segments are generally sufficient for a UGV summary, which can be selected based on the distribution of semantic recognition scores. In addition, due to the poor shooting quality of many UGVs, factors such as camera shaking and lighting condition are also considered to achieve more pleasant summaries. Experiments on over 100 UGVs with both subjective and objective evaluations show that our approach clearly outperforms several alternative methods and is highly efficient. Using a regular laptop, it can produce a summary for a 2-minute video in just 10 seconds.
Local rainbow colorings

Given a graph H, we denote by C(n,H) the minimum number k such that the following holds. There are n colorings of E(Kn) with k-colors, each associated with one of the vertices of Kn, such that for every copy T of H in Kn, at least one of the colorings that are associated with V (T ) assigns distinct colors to all the edges of E(T ). We characterize the set of all graphs H for which C(n,H) is bounded by some absolute constant c(H), prove a general upper bound and obtain lower and upper bounds for several graphs of special interest. A special case of our results partially answers an extremal question of Karchmer and Wigderson motivated by the investigation of the computational power of span programs.
The Role of Technology in Preservice Teachers' Images of Their Future Classroom

Participant drawings, descriptive essays, surveys, and interviews were used to assess how 160 beginning preservice teachers envisioned technology in future classrooms. Results were analyzed with the constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and trait coding (Haney, Russel, & Bebell, 2004). Data demonstrated persistence of teacher-centered technology uses and inconsistencies between espoused views and participant drawings. Results could be used to design interventions for transfer through a better understanding of beginning beliefs of preservice teachers.
Can Organization Studies Begin to Break Out of the Normal Science Straitjacket? An Editorial Essay

The popular and professional press is filled with discussions of major changes on the organizational landscape, including organizational design experiments at entrepreneurial firms as well as at major corporations, the slashing of corporate staffs, the downsizing, delayering and revitalization of firms, the emerging electronic organization, mergers and acquisitions, failures of high reliability organizations, and time-based competition. Each of these issues has been associated with the redesign of organizations, yet these redesigns seem far removed from academic research, and they do not typically utilize the academic body of knowledge. Although the field has progressed enormously in new methods and insights during a century of research, it seems to us that organization studies have been a source of recurrent disappointment for practitioners and academics alike (Bedian 1989; Cummings 1983; Luthans 1986; Slocum 1984). For example, Miner (1984) analyzed 32 established organizational science theories and concluded that with the exception of theories of motivation there is no relationship between usefulness and validity. Is the field of organization studies irrelevant? Organizations have become the dominant institution on the social landscape. Yet the body of knowledge published in academic journals has practically no audience in business or government. Unlike a field such as economics, research on organizations has not typically focused on problems relevant to business and government organizations, and the real world of organizations has not drawn on the work undertaken by organizational scientists. From colleagues within our field and in allied disciplines, we hear complaints that manuscripts espousing radical ideas, or topics outside the mainstream, are difficult to publish. Reviewers for established journals seem to value papers whose theses are anchored in established theories or that use "legitimate" methods, thus implicitly creating a publication barrier for research that falls outside mainstream topics or methods. Moreover, we observe that scholars with interests in organizations span many disciplines and fields of inquiry such as anthropology, economics, history, information science, communication theory, artificial intelligence, systems theory, psychology, sociology, political science, policy sciences, as well as organization behavior, strategic management and organization theory. We sense that a new discipline of organization science is evolving and we envision that a new journal can become a forum for a discipline defined more broadly. The purpose of this essay is to discuss these issues and the need for reorienting research away from incremental, footnote-on-footnote research as the norm for the field. Although current research approches have made solid contributions, they do not
Differing Methods and Definitions Influence DALY estimates: Using Population-Based Data to Calculate the Burden of Convulsive Epilepsy in Rural South Africa

Background The disability adjusted life year (DALY) is a composite measure of disease burden that includes both morbidity and mortality, and is relevant to conditions such as epilepsy that can limit productive functioning. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study introduced a number of new methods and definitions, including a prevalence-based approach and revised disability weights to calculate morbidity and new standard life expectancies to calculate premature mortality. We used these approaches, and local, population-based data, to estimate the burden of convulsive epilepsy in rural South Africa. Methods & Findings Comprehensive prevalence, incidence and mortality data on convulsive epilepsy were collected within the Agincourt sub-district in rural northeastern South Africa between 2008 and 2012. We estimated DALYs using both prevalence- and incidence-based approaches for calculating years of life lived with disability. Additionally, we explored how changing the disease model by varying the disability weights influenced DALY estimates. Using the prevalence-based approach, convulsive epilepsy in Agincourt resulted in 332 DALYs (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 216–455) and 4.1 DALYs per 1,000 individuals (95%UI: 2.7–5.7) annually. Of this, 26% was due to morbidity while 74% was due to premature mortality. DALYs increased by 10% when using the incidence-based method. Varying the disability weight from 0.072 (treated epilepsy, seizure free) to 0.657 (severe epilepsy) caused years lived with disability to increase from 18 (95%UI: 16–19) to 161 (95%UI: 143–170). Conclusions DALY estimates are influenced by both the methods applied and population parameters used in the calculation. Irrespective of method, a significant burden of epilepsy is due to premature mortality in rural South Africa, with a lower burden than rural Kenya. Researchers and national policymakers should carefully interrogate the methods and data used to calculate DALYs as this will influence policy priorities and resource allocation.
Doing, seeing, or both: Effects of learning condition on subsequent action perception

It has been proposed that common codes for vision and action emerge from associations between an individual's production and simultaneous observation of actions. This typically first-person view of one's own action subsequently transfers to the third-person view when observing another individual. We tested vision–action associations and the transfer from first-person to third-person perspective by comparing novel hand-action sequences that were learned under three conditions: first, by being performed and simultaneously viewed from a first-person perspective; second, by being performed but not seen; and third, by being seen from a first-person view without being executed. We then used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the response to these three types of learned action sequences when they were presented from a third-person perspective. Visuomotor areas responded most strongly to sequences that were learned by simultaneously producing and observing the action sequences. We also note an important asymmetry between vision and action: Action sequences learned by performance alone, in the absence of vision, facilitated the emergence of visuomotor responses, whereas action sequences learned by viewing alone had comparably little effect. This dominance of action over vision supports the notion of forward/predictive models of visuomotor systems.