Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Eliminative Connectionism

Humans routinely generalize universal relationships to unfamiliar instances. If we are told "if glork then frum," and "glork," we can infer "frum"; any name that serves as the subject of a sentence can appear as the object of a sentence. These universals are pervasive in language and reasoning. One account of how they are generalized holds that humans possess mechanisms that manipulate symbols and variables; an alternative account holds that symbol-manipulation can be eliminated from scientific theories in favor of descriptions couched in terms of networks of interconnected nodes. Can these "eliminative" connectionist models offer a genuine alternative? This article shows that eliminative connectionist models cannot account for how we extend universals to arbitrary items. The argument runs as follows. First, if these models, as currently conceived, were to extend universals to arbitrary instances, they would have to generalize outside the space of training examples. Next, it is shown that the class of eliminative connectionist models that is currently popular cannot learn to extend universals outside the training space. This limitation might be avoided through the use of an architecture that implements symbol manipulation.
Planck 2013 results. XXX. Cosmic infrared background measurements and implications for star formation

We present new measurements of cosmic infrared background (CIB) anisotropies using Planck. Combining HFI data with IRAS, the angular auto- and cross-frequency power spectrum is measured from 143 to 3000 GHz, and the auto-bispectrum from 217 to 545 GHz. The total areas used to compute the CIB power spectrum and bispectrum are about 2240 and 4400 deg 2 , respectively. After careful removal of the contaminants (cosmic microwave background anisotropies, Galactic dust, and Sunyaev-Zeldovich emission), and a complete study of systematics, the CIB power spectrum is measured with unprecedented signal to noise ratio from angular multipoles � ∼ 150 to 2500. The bispectrum due to the clustering of dusty, star-forming galaxies is measured from � ∼ 130 to 1100, with a total signal to noise ratio of around 6, 19, and 29 at 217, 353, and 545 GHz, respectively. Two approaches are developed for modelling CIB power spectrum anisotropies. The first approach takes advantage of the unique measurements by Planck at large angular scales, and models only the linear part of the power spectrum, with a mean bias of dark matter haloes hosting dusty galaxies at a given redshift weighted by their contribution to the emissivities. The second approach is based on a model that associates star-forming galaxies with dark matter haloes and their subhaloes, using a parametrized relation between the dust-processed infrared luminosity and (sub-)halo mass. The two approaches simultaneously fit all auto- and cross-power spectra very well. We find that the star formation history is well constrained up to redshifts around 2, and agrees with recent estimates of the obscured star-formation density using Spitzer and Herschel. However, at higher redshift, the accuracy of the star formation history measurement is strongly degraded by the uncertainty in the spectral energy distribution of CIB galaxies. We also find that the mean halo mass which is most efficient at hosting star formation is log (Meff/M� ) = 12. 6a nd that CIB galaxies have warmer temperatures as redshift increases. The CIB bispectrum is steeper than that expected from the power spectrum, although well fitted by a power law; this gives some information about the contribution of massive haloes to the CIB bispectrum. Finally, we show that the same halo occupation distribution can fit all power spectra simultaneously. The precise measurements enabled by Planck pose new challenges for the modelling of CIB anisotropies, indicating the power of using CIB anisotropies to understand the process of galaxy formation.
Not All Oil Price Shocks are Alike: Disentangling Demand and Supply Shocks in the Crude Oil Market

Using a newly developed measure of global real economic activity, a structural decomposition of the real price of crude oil in four components is proposed: oil supply shocks driven by political events in OPEC countries; other oil supply shocks; aggregate shocks to the demand for industrial commodities; and demand shocks that are specific to the crude oil market. The latter shock is designed to capture shifts in the price of oil driven by higher precautionary demand associated with concerns about the availability of future oil supplies. The paper quantifies the magnitude and timing of these shocks, their dynamic effects on the real price of oil and their relative importance in determining the real price of oil during 1975-2005. The analysis also sheds light on the origins of the major oil price shocks since 1979. Distinguishing between the sources of higher oil prices is shown to be crucial for assessing the effect of higher oil prices on U.S. real GDP and CPI inflation. It is shown that policies aimed at dealing with higher oil prices must take careful account of the origins of higher oil prices. The paper also quantifies the extent to which the macroeconomic performance of the U.S. since the mid-1970s has been determined by the external economic shocks driving the real price of oil as opposed to domestic economic factors and policies.
Test Development with Performance Standards and Achievement Growth in Mind

Items on test score scales located at and below the Proficient cut score define the content area knowledge and skills required to achieve proficiency. Alternately, examinees who perform at the Proficient level on a test can be expected to be able to demonstrate that they have mastered most of the knowledge and skills represented by the items at and below the Proficient cut score. It is important that these items define intended knowledge and skills, especially increasing levels of knowledge and skills, on tests that are intended to portray achievement growth across grade levels. Previous studies show that coherent definitions of growth occur often as a result of good fortune rather than by design. In this paper, we use grades 3, 4, and 5 mathematics tests from a state assessment program to examine how well (a) descriptors for Proficient performance define achievement growth across grades, and (b) the knowledge and skill demands of test items that define Proficient performance at each grade level may or may not define achievement growth coherently. Our purpose is to demonstrate (a) the results of one state assessment program's first attempt to train item writers to hit assigned proficiency level targets, and (b) how those efforts support and undermine coherent inferences about what it means to achieve Proficient performance from one grade to the next. Item writers’ accuracy in hitting proficiency level targets and resulting inferences about achievement growth are mixed but promising.
Correlates of organizational identification as a function of career pattern and organizational type.

This study examines personal and organizational correlates of organizational identification in two types of organization-the Roman Catholic Church and research and development laboratories. ' The results are compared with those obtained in the United States Forest Service (Hall, Schneider, and Nygren, 1970). Priests and foresters typically spend their entire careers in one organization (the single-organization career pattern), while research professionals are more mobile (the multiorganization career pattern). Because of differences in organizational socialization and mobility, tenure is a stronger correlate of organizational identification in the single-organization career. The effects of tenure are independent of other correlates-job challenge, job involvement, self-image, need importance, and satisfaction. Job challenge, through the intervening effects of job satisfaction, is a strong correlate of identification for both career types. The researcher's self-image is more strongly tied to his work involvement and the forester's to his organizational involvement. This is consistent with the differential mobility patterns. Higher-order need satisfaction is correlated with high organizational involvement for both career patterns, although the importance of needs correlates differentially; for the single-organization career, organizational identification is related to security and affiliation, while identification is linked to low concern for self-fulfillment for the multiorganization career. The single-organization career thus combines security and localism with growth and cosmopolitanism, whereas in the multiorganization career the professional must choose between these alternatives.
Green Tea Catechins for Prostate Cancer Prevention: Present Achievements and Future Challenges

Green tea catechins (GTCs) are a family of chemically related compounds usually classified as antioxidant molecules. Epidemiological evidences, supported by interventional studies, highlighted a more than promising role for GTCs in human prostate cancer (PCa) chemoprevention. In the last decades, many efforts have been made to gain new insights into the mechanism of action of GTCs. Now it is clear that GTCs’ anticancer action can no longer be simplistically limited to their direct antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Recent contributions to the advancement of knowledge in this field have shown that GTCs specifically interact with cellular targets, including cell surface receptors, lipid rafts, and endoplasmic reticulum, modulate gene expression through direct effect on transcription factors or indirect epigenetic mechanisms, and interfere with intracellular proteostasis at various levels. Many of the effects observed in vitro are dose and cell context dependent and take place at concentrations that cannot be achieved in vivo. Poor intestinal absorption together with an extensive systemic and enteric metabolism influence GTCs’ bioavailability through still poorly understood mechanisms. Recent efforts to develop delivery systems that increase GTCs’ overall bioavailability, by means of biopolymeric nanoparticles, represent the main way to translate preclinical results in a real clinical scenario for PCa chemoprevention.
Appraisal and coping processes in acute time‐limited stressful situations: A study of police officers

This study focuses on the appraisal and coping process in acute, time‐limited stressful situations in a stress experienced group: 54 Swedish police officers. Each police officer retrospectively reported their thoughts, emotions, and actions during five recent stressful job events. The relations among appraisals of threat and of coping options, seven forms of problem‐ and emotion‐focused coping strategies, and selfrated performance were examined. Compared with previous studies of ordinary people in stressful situations, the police officers felt less threatened, appraised the situations as more solvable, and used considerably more problem‐focused forms of coping. Age had a significant effect on appraisal, while organizational position had a significant effect on coping. Using latent profile analysis, four appraisal styles were obtained. Consistency of cross‐situational appraisal style amongst individuals was high. The functional relationships among variables, i.e. appraisal, coping, and performance, are discussed.
Enhancement of Synthetic Lethality via Combinations of ABT-888, a PARP Inhibitor, and Carboplatin In Vitro and In Vivo Using BRCA1 and BRCA2 Isogenic Models

Individuals with an inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have an elevated risk of developing breast cancer. The resulting tumors typically lack homologous recombination repair as do a subset of sporadic tumors with acquired BRCA deficiency. Clinical responses to monotherapy with platinum drugs or poly PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been shown for BRCA-associated cancers. However, there are limited data on combination therapy with PARPi and platinum drugs, the mechanism of action of this combination, and the role of BRCA1 or BRCA2 in chemosensitivity. We compared the efficacy of ABT-888 (a PARPi) with that of cisplatin or carboplatin (platinum drugs) alone or in combinations by examining the survival of treated Brca-proficient and -deficient mouse embryonic stem cells. In addition, drug-induced growth inhibition of a BRCA1 and a BRCA2 null cell line were compared with their isogenic BRCA-complemented lines. Although each monotherapy killed or inhibited proliferation of Brca/BRCA-deficient cells, an enhanced effect was observed after treatment with ABT-888 in combination with carboplatin. Moreover, the ABT-888/carboplatin combination delayed tumor growth in Brca2 xenografts. The drugs caused DNA damage and apoptosis. Along with greater PARP activity in Brca/BRCA-deficient cells, these effects correlated with increased chemosensitivity. Our data suggest that ABT-888 and carboplatin combination treatment will be more successful than monotherapy in addressing many BRCA-associated cancers. A randomized phase II trial has recently been initiated to test this hypothesis to assist in the discovery of more effective therapies for patients with BRCA. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(9); 1948–58. ©2012 AACR.
How followers’ unethical behavior is triggered by leader–member exchange: The mediating effect of job satisfaction

In previous studies (see e.g., Liden, Sparrowe, & Wayne, 1997; Schyns & Croon, 2006; Volmer, Niessen, Spurk, Linz, & Abele, 2011), leader-member exchange (LMX) has been shown to be related to positive outcomes. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between LMX and negative organizational behaviors such as unethical behavior. In this study we investigated 249 Chinese managers in 4 different finance companies in China, and found that there is a mediating effect of job satisfaction on the negative relationship between LMX and unethical behavior.
Quantifying the experience of immersion in games.

Games are undoubtedly the most successful computer application yet it is not easy to attribute their success to any one particular feature. Nonetheless, when talking about games, gamers and reviewers frequently refer to the immersive experience of the game as an important aspect to be attained. However, it is not clear what immersion is and even if it is a comparable experience be-tween diﬀerent players and diﬀerent games. This paper aims to develop more quantiﬁable and therefore objective measures of immersion. We describe a study into switching from an immersive gaming experience to an-other task, not in the game world. Though the degree of immersion does seem to have an impact on the ability to perform the task, the experimental approach is complex and possibly quite fragile. We therefore set out hypotheses for a similar experiment with the aim of exploring whether eye tracking and body motion provide better indicators of the degree of immersion.
Distribution of the limbic system‐associated membrane protein (LAMP) in pigeon forebrain and midbrain

The limbic system‐associated membrane protein (LAMP) is an adhesion molecule involved in specifying regional identity during development, and it is enriched in the neuropil of limbic brain regions in mammals but also found in some somatic structures. Although originally identified in rat, LAMP is present in diverse species, including avians. In this study, we used immunolabeling with a monoclonal antibody against rat LAMP to examine the distribution of LAMP in pigeon forebrain and midbrain. LAMP immunolabeling was prominent in many telencephalic regions previously noted as limbic in birds. These regions include the hippocampal complex, the medial nidopallium, and the ventromedial arcopallium. Subpallial targets of these pallial regions were also enriched in LAMP, such as the medial‐most medial striatum. Whereas some telencephalic areas that have not been regarded as limbic were also LAMP‐rich (e.g., the hyperpallium intercalatum and densocellulare of the Wulst, the mesopallium, and the intrapeduncular nucleus), most nonlimbic telencephalic areas were LAMP‐poor (e.g., field L, the lateral nidopallium, and somatic basal ganglia). Similarly, in the diencephalon and midbrain, prominent LAMP labeling was observed in such limbic areas as the dorsomedial thalamus, the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area, and the central midbrain gray, as well as in a few nonlimbic areas such as nucleus rotundus, the shell of the nucleus pretectalis, the superficial tectum, and the parvocellular isthmic nucleus. Thus, as in mammals, LAMP in birds appears to be enriched in most known forebrain and midbrain limbic structures but is present as well in some somatic structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:221–242, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ProSLAM: Graph SLAM from a Programmer's Perspective

In this paper we present ProSLAM, a lightweight open-source stereo visual SLAM system designed with simplicity in mind. This work stems from the experience gathered by the authors while teaching SLAM and aims at providing a highly modular system that can be easily implemented and understood. Rather than focusing on the well known mathematical aspects of stereo visual SLAM, we highlight the data structures and the algorithmic aspects required to realize such a system. We implemented ProSLAM using the C++ programming language in combination with a minimal set of standard libraries. The results of a thorough validation performed on several standard benchmark datasets show that ProSLAM achieves precision comparable to state-of-the-art approaches, while requiring substantially less computation.
On the Activation of Social Stereotypes: The Moderating Role of Processing Objectives

Two studies investigated the effects of processing goals (semantic vs presemantic) on stereotype activation. We posited that spontaneous stereotype activation would only occur when participants process targets (i.e., people) in a semantic manner. In line with this prediction, participants who first processed a target face in a semantic fashion were subsequently faster to verify words that were stereotypic of the target person's gender group compared to participants who had processed the face in presemantic ways. Face recognition, however, did not differ across processing goals. In a second experiment, we replicated these findings using a much shorter stimulus presentation time, verifying that conscious or intentional processes did not underlie the differential stereotype activation. We consider our findings in the context of contemporary issues in stereotyping and automaticity.
ON THE PROBLEM OF SYNTACTIC VARIATION AND PRAGMATIC MEANING IN SOCIOLINGUISTIC THEORY

L'A. montre les difficultes d'un traitement sociolinguistique de la variation syntaxique analogue a celui de la phonologie, tant qu'on ne dispose pas d'une theorie sociolinguistique articulee et contrainte, apte, notamment, a situer les roles respectifs de la semantique et de la pragmatique.
The realm of microbial lipases in biotechnology

In this review, a comprehensive and illustrious survey is made of the applied aspects of microbial lipases in modern biotechnological practices. Lipases are the most versatile biocatalyst and bring about a range of bioconversion reactions such as hydrolysis, interesterification, esterification, alcoholysis, acidolysis and aminolysis. After a brief description of the microbial sources of lipases, the pivotal role of lipases in the processes and products of the food and flavourings industry is illustrated. An illustration is presented of biomedical applications. The panorama of lipases in the manufacture of fine chemicals is depicted with special emphasis on pharmaceuticals, pesticides, cosmetics, biosensors and detergents. Widening applications such as those in waste management and improved tanning techniques are other novel aspects of lipase utilization that are discussed in this review.
Locus of Control as a Life-Span Developmental Process: Revision of the Construct

This paper critiques the theoretical foundation of the locus of control construct from a life-span developmental perspective. It is argued that the locus of control construct, as currently used, does not reflect a life-span developmental perspective due to its lack of congruence with basic principles of developmental interactionism. This incongruence is exemplified in three interrelated areas: (1) the meaning and representation of the "psychological situation", (2) the conceptualization and treatment of the time continuum (e.g. age), and (3) the nature and utilization of interactionism. Revision is advocated in order to increase the validity of the locus of control construct within a life-span developmental orientation. Revision is also advocated in order to increase the conceptual clarity of this popular yet elusive construct. The paper concludes with a discussion of suggested revisions which include a life-span concept of situations, the concept of qualitative changes in perceived control, and a transactional meaning to interactionism with a dialectic role for individuals.
Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union

This article aims to make a contribution to the conceptualization of mainstreaming gender equality promoted by the European Union. It starts by exploring the historical periodization of equal opportunities delivery strategies and challenging the compartmentalization of these developments. It suggests that equality policies can better be conceptualized in terms of a `three-legged equality stool', which recognizes the interconnectiveness of three perspectives — the equal treatment perspective, the women's perspective and the gender perspective. The article argues that the gender perspective has been closely associated with strategies for mainstreaming gender equality, but that this association is misleading. As a result mainstreaming has remained a `fuzzy' concept, which in turn has led to many different styles and forms of practical implementation in European member states.
Learning to Analyze Binary Computer Code

We present a novel application of structured classification: identifying function entry points (FEPs, the starting byte of each function) in program binaries. Such identification is the crucial first step in analyzing many malicious, commercial and legacy software, which lack full symbol information that specifies FEPs. Existing pattern-matching FEP detection techniques are insufficient due to variable instruction sequences introduced by compiler and link-time optimizations. We formulate the FEP identification problem as structured classification using Conditional Random Fields. Our Conditional Random Fields incorporate both idiom features to represent the sequence of instructions surrounding FEPs, and control flow structure features to represent the interaction among FEPs. These features allow us to jointly label all FEPs in the binary. We perform feature selection and present an approximate inference method for massive program binaries. We evaluate our models on a large set of real-world test binaries, showing that our models dramatically outperform two existing, standard disassemblers.
Mentoring In Organizations: A Social Judgment Perspective For Developing Tomorrow's Leaders

Executive Summary Mentoring has been identified as an effective means of leadership development in organizations. This paper presents a theory of mentoring that proposes that effective mentorship fundamentally depends on the mentor's ability to help solve various complex social problems that arise in the protégé's career. The social judgment capacities (e.g., wisdom, social perceptiveness, moral and social reasoning) that enable complex social problem solving in a mentoring context are discussed. A framework of relationships between social judgment capacity, mentoring functions and protégé outcomes is presented along with implications of these observations for mentoring research and for development of human potential in organizations.