Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ventricular Fibrillation in Preconditioned Pig Hearts: Role of K Atp Ϩ Channels

fibrillation in preconditioned pig hearts: role of K ATP ϩ channels. Am. —ATP-dependent potassium (K ATP ϩ) channels play a role in the infarct size-limiting effect of preconditioning in pigs. We previously demonstrated that preconditioning shortens monophasic action potential duration (MAPD) and accelerates the time to ventricular fibrillation (VF) during a prolonged ischemia in pigs. We sought to determine whether the mechanism of the reduced time to VF in preconditioned pigs is a consequence of K ATP ϩ channel activation. Pigs underwent 40 min of coronary occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion. Before this, animals received either no intervention (control), 10 min of ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion (precondi-tioned), or an intravenous infusion of nicorandil, a K ATP ϩ channel opener. Additional control, preconditioned, and nicor-andil-treated pigs were pretreated by glibenclamide, an antagonist of K ATP ϩ channels. Because 1) the K ATP ϩ channel activator nicorandil did not produce shorter time to VF, 2) the K ATP ϩ channel inhibitor glibenclamide did not block the acceleration of VF by preconditioning, and 3) there was no relationship between time to VF and infarct size or MAPD, the major conclusion is that reduced time to VF in precondi-tioned animals is not a consequence of K ATP ϩ channel activation. EXPOSING THE HEART to sublethal periods of ischemia renders it more resistant to subsequent sustained ischemic insult (11). This protection, termed precondi-tioning, can delay ischemic irreversible cell death in dogs, rats, rabbits, and pigs (10, 11, 15, 18). Numerous studies clearly demonstrated that preconditioning also reduces ischemia and reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias in the rat model (9, 19). However, whether preconditioning protects against ventricular arrhyth-mias in larger animal species remains controversial. Vegh et al. (21) demonstrated that preconditioning reduces ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibril-lation (VF) during a 25-min coronary artery occlusion in dogs. In contrast, Murry et al. (11) and Przyklenk and Kloner (16) failed to demonstrate similar protection during a sustained ischemic insult and the following reperfusion in the canine heart. We recently showed that preconditioning reduces infarct size but fails to prevent VF in the pig model (14). Rather, precondition-ing accelerated the time to VF during the prolonged coronary artery occlusion (14). This detrimental effect was accompanied by a rapid and significant shortening of the monophasic action potential duration (MAPD) and a decrease in the VF threshold in the first minutes of the sustained ischemic insult (14). A large body of …
Recreational Fisheries: Socioeconomic Importance, Conservation Issues and Management Challenges

Human exploitation of fi sh and other aquatic animals such as crustaceans and mammals is virtually ubiquitous on Earth and since ancient times has provided humanity with food, income and other social goods such as recreation. Fishing where the primary objective is not to produce food or generate income through the sale or trade of fi shing products is commonly termed ‘recreational fi shing’ or ‘angling’ (Arlinghaus et al., 2007). In most developed or industrialised societies of the temperate regions, recreational fi sheries have long represented the major use of aquatic wildlife, thus constituting the dominant fi shing activity in limnetic surface waters (Arlinghaus et al., 2002). Furthermore, the importance of recreational fi shing in many coastal areas (Coleman et al., 2004) and less developed nations (Cowx, 2002) is increasing rapidly.
Sea level, dinosaur diversity and sampling biases: investigating the ‘common cause’ hypothesis in the terrestrial realm

The fossil record is our primary window onto the diversification of ancient life, but there are widespread concerns that sampling biases may distort observed palaeodiversity counts. Such concerns have been reinforced by numerous studies that found correlations between measures of sampling intensity and observed diversity. However, correlation does not necessarily mean that sampling controls observed diversity: an alternative view is that both sampling and diversity may be driven by some common factor (e.g. variation in continental flooding driven by sea level). The latter is known as the ‘common cause’ hypothesis. Here, we present quantitative analyses of the relationships between dinosaur diversity, sampling of the dinosaur fossil record, and changes in continental flooding and sea level, providing new insights into terrestrial common cause. Although raw data show significant correlations between continental flooding/sea level and both observed diversity and sampling, these correlations do not survive detrending or removal of short-term autocorrelation. By contrast, the strong correlation between diversity and sampling is robust to various data transformations. Correlations between continental flooding/sea level and taxic diversity/sampling result from a shared upward trend in all data series, and short-term changes in continental flooding/sea level and diversity/sampling do not correlate. The hypothesis that global dinosaur diversity is tied to sea-level fluctuations is poorly supported, and terrestrial common cause is unsubstantiated as currently conceived. Instead, we consider variation in sampling to be the preferred null hypothesis for short-term diversity variation in the Mesozoic terrestrial realm.
The predictive value of muscularis mucosae invasion and p53 over expression on progression of stage T1 bladder carcinoma.

PURPOSE We determine the significance of muscularis mucosae invasion and nuclear p53 over expression on the progression of stage T1 transitional cell bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pathological findings in 149 cases of T1 tumors diagnosed between 1973 and 1996 were reviewed. Diagnosis was stage T1 in 94 tumors in which the muscular layer was clearly identifiable and disease-free. Mean followup was 64.9 months (range 5 to 288). T1 bladder cancers were subclassified into 2 groups, with (T1b) or without (T1a) muscularis mucosae invasion. The p53 nuclear antibody immunoreactivity was determined with antibody D07 and a cutoff point at 15%. RESULTS T1 subclassification was possible in all 94 patients. Of all tumors 37.2% expressed p53 nuclear over expression. Univariate statistical analysis showed that p53 expression (p <0.05) and tumor invasion depth (p <0.001) significantly correlated with progression. However, on multivariate analysis only invasion depth (p <0.0001) and associated carcinoma in situ (p <0.03) remained independently significant as predictors of progression. CONCLUSIONS In our study the depth of tumor invasion was a significant independent predictor of progression in patients with T1 bladder cancer. This result suggests that the depth of invasion in stage T1 should be included in the histopathological report.
Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD

Working memory (WM) capacity is the ability to retain and manipulate information during a short period of time. This ability underlies complex reasoning and has generally been regarded as a fixed trait of the individual. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represent one group of subjects with a WM deficit, attributed to an impairment of the frontal lobe. In the present study, we used a new training paradigm with intensive and adaptive training of WM tasks and evaluated the effect of training with a double blind, placebo controlled design. Training significantly enhanced performance on the trained WM tasks. More importantly, the training significantly improved performance on a non-trained visuo-spatial WM task and on Raven's Progressive Matrices, which is a nonverbal complex reasoning task. In addition, motor activity - as measured by the number of head movements during a computerized test - was significantly reduced in the treatment group. A second experiment showed that similar training-induced improvements on cognitive tasks are also possible in young adults without ADHD. These results demonstrate that performance on WM tasks can be significantly improved by training, and that the training effect also generalizes to non-trained tasks requiring WM. Training improved performance on tasks related to prefrontal functioning and had also a significant effect on motor activity in children with ADHD. The results thus suggest that WM training potentially could be of clinical use for ameliorating the symptoms in ADHD.
Effect of troglitazone on urinary albumin excretion and serum type IV collagen concentrations in Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria

Aims Troglitazone, a newly developed thiazolidinedione derivative, has been shown to ameliorate microalbuminuria in diabetic animal model and in human diabetic nephropathy in short‐term studies. The aim of the present study was to determine whether troglitazone or sulphonylurea affect micro‐ albuminuria, macroalbuminuria, or serum type IV collagen concentrations in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Comparative crystal chemistry of orthosilicate minerals

The Earth’s average mantle composition is presumed to lie between an Si:O atom ratio of 1:3 and 1:4 (e.g. Ita and Stixrude 1992). The orthosilicate group, which comprises minerals that contain isolated SiO4 tetrahedra, has thus been the subject of considerable structural investigation at elevated temperature or pressure. The group includes olivines, silicate spinels, garnets, the aluminosilicates, zircon and a few minor mineral groups such as humites and datolites (Deer et al. 1997). In addition, the silicate spinelloids are typically included here, but are not strictly orthosilicates as they contain Si2O7 dimers. Titanite (CaTiSiO5), though technically an orthosilicate, has a framework structure and is considered in a chapter by Ross (this volume), which also examines aspects of the garnet framework structure not reviewed here. Interestingly, no natural members of the group contain major amounts of monovalent (alkali) cations, although LiScSiO4 has been synthesized with the olivine structure. The most geologically significant members of the group are those minerals of formula X 2SiO4, where X is a divalent cation, typically Mg, Fe, Mn, Ca, and (more rarely) Co and Ni. These groups include the olivines, the silicate spinels and wadsleyite-type spinelloids, plus some minor phases such as phenakite (Be2SiO4), willemite (Zn2SiO4), and cadmium and chromous orthosilicates. The structures of most of the major members of the group have been studied at elevated temperatures or at elevated pressures, but there have not yet been many studies of structures at simultaneously elevated temperature and pressure. Other members of the orthosilicate group that are of major geological and geophysical significance are the Al2SiO5 aluminosilicate polymorphs (sillimanite, andalusite and kyanite), zircon (ZrSiO4), and the garnets, which are abundant in high-pressure metamorphic rocks. The structures of these …
Concordance of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis and PCR fingerprinting

Sixty-one clinical and forty-nine environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Australia and the United States were analyzed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), using 12- to 22-mer primers in pairs, and/or PCR fingerprinting with a single primer derived from the microsatellite core sequence of the wild-type phage M13 (5' GAGGGTGGCGGTTCT 3'). Three major genetic profiles were identified by both typing techniques. A single RAPD profile (VGI) predominated among clinical isolates (44 of 48, 92%) and isolates from host eucalypts (45 of 45, 100%) from Australia. Of the 94 Australian isolates, 4 (3 clinical and 1 environmental) were assigned to profile VGII; 2 of these were recovered from patients and one was recovered from plant debris from Western Australia. Only one Australian clinical isolate was assigned to profile VGIII. A different distribution of RAPD profiles (four VGIII, two VGII, and one VGI) was found among four clinical and three environmental isolates from the United States. RAPD profiles of 8 of the 101 isolates studied revealed minor genetic variants, 4 of profile VGI and 4 of profile VGII. Genetic concordance between the majority of clinical and environmental isolates in Australia is consistent with the hypothesis that human disease is acquired from exposure to host eucalypts. Profiles of clinical isolates were independent of body site of infection, and profiles of all isolates were stable over time. Analysis by PCR fingerprinting confirmed the RAPD results. A second RAPD profile (VGII) was associated with infection in southwest Western Australia, where the two host eucalypts do not occur naturally. This raises the possibility of an alternative and as yet unidentified natural habitat of C. neoformans var. gattii. Our results indicate that RAPD analysis is a sensitive and useful method for investigating environmental sources of human infection with this biotype.
The Experiential, Sexual, and Clinical Dimensions of Female Bisexuality in Canada: What are the Implications of Being In-between Monosexualities?

Female bisexuality has been understudied and it is unclear how it is most adequately defined. Although it has been found bisexual women face mental health disparities compared to lesbian and heterosexual women, there is a lack of research examining risk and resilience factors. This dissertation sheds light on why female bisexuality has been understudied and provides findings relevant to bisexual women’s sexuality and mental health. Manuscript I, a review, suggests that an “imposed invisibility” of female bisexuality is related to the simplicity of using dichotomous sexual orientation categories, the gay movement’s desire to establish homosexuality as constitutional, feminist lesbians’ fight against patriarchy, and queer theorists’ neglect of including bisexuality in their discourse. Manuscripts II to IV include data, collected over a three-year period, from a confidential online survey including 388 women living in Canada (188 heterosexual, 53 mostly heterosexual, 64 bisexual, 32 mostly lesbian, 51 lesbian). The survey included questions about demographics, substance abuse, childhood abuse, sexual orientation/ identity/behaviour, sexual/romantic/emotional attractions, sexual arousal/desire/orgasm, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Manuscript II compared the sexual and emotional characteristics of bisexual, lesbian, and heterosexual women and provides suggestions about how to define female bisexuality. Manuscript III compared subjective ratings of sexual arousal and desire in partnered sexual activities for women of five sexual orientation groups. Findings indicate non-monosexual women have higher sexual arousal and desire in sexual activities with women than monosexual women, and that bisexual women do not differentiate their sexual arousal with men versus women while the other sexual orientation groups differentiate in terms of their motivation to engage in sexual activity. Manuscript IV investigated whether the association between sexual orientation and mental health is moderated by childhood abuse, and mediated by risky sexual behaviour and sexual orientation disclosure for monosexual versus non-monosexual women. Findings suggest childhood abuse is not a moderator but that increased risky sexual behaviour and decreased sexual orientation disclosure mediate the association for bisexual women. Results of this dissertation have implications for the measurement of female bisexuality, the conceptualization of female sexual orientation, and the identification of risk factors associated with bisexual women’s mental health.
Maximum acceptable weight of lift.

Abstract This paper discusses the maximum amount of weight that an individual can be expected to lift comfortably and without strain. Recommendations based on empirical estimates, biomechanical techniques, and psychophysical methods are reviewed, including those of the International Labour Office, the Swiss Accident Insurance Institute, the Danish National Association for Infantile Paralysis, and the U. S. Air Force. The approach used in two Air Force experiments is identified as a variation of the psychophysical method of magnitude production. An improved experimental design is described which includes the following advantages: (1) The control of additional variables not considered in previous studies. (2) Experimental controls and statistical procedures found necessary for use in psychophysical experiments. (3) Instructions and tasks which are more applicable to industrial situations. (4) Subjects who are experienced industrial workers, older and better conditioned to the lifting task. The results colle.
Multi-frequency polarimetric snow discrimination in Alpine areas

This paper presents a new method to map dry snow in Alpine areas. A supervised discrimination algorithm, based on polarimetric contrast, is proposed to enhance multi-temporal and/or multi-frequency polarimetric behavior variations over snow-covered areas. This technique is shown to be more robust with respect to topography and underlying media diversity than classical contrast enhancement approaches. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using SIR-C L and C-band polarimetric data sets
The trouble with ‘women in computing’: a critical examination of the deployment of research on the gender gap in computer science

Abstract The pessimistic scenario for ‘women in information communications technology’ and for ‘women in technology’ generally is even more paradoxical and insidious with respect to ‘women in computing’. Studies within this field not only report insignificant improvement in the proportion of women in Western countries’ computing fields but also alert us of a declining trend. Moreover, that decline has been accompanied – or even preceded – by years of research and programs that have specifically focused on increasing women’s participation in computing; however, they have not had the expected effect. More surprisingly, there has been a significant increase in the representation of women in all other science-related fields and professions. Our aim is to provide some clues to fight the feeling of inexorability that may be entailed by the research on women in computing. We will argue that part of the problem is related to the static nature of the research deployed around the problem of ‘women in computing’, primarily, the research constructed around the ‘leaky pipeline’ metaphor. We provide a synthesis of the critiques this research has received in recent decades and highlight research trends that render other landscapes visible when studying ‘women in computing’. These trends help us question how we are conducting research within this field and urge us to problematise assumptions about computing and gender that we may paradoxically continue to reproduce even while denouncing the paucity of women in computing and studying the reasons for this state of affairs. In short, we present the need for different researchers’ eyes that allow different landscapes of women and computing to be seen and produced.
Energy availability influences microclimate selection of hibernating bats

SUMMARY Many species hibernate to conserve energy during periods of low food and water availability. It has long been assumed that the optimal hibernation strategy involves long, deep bouts of torpor that minimize energy expenditure. However, hibernation has ecological (e.g. decreased predator avoidance) and physiological (e.g. sleep deprivation) costs that must be balanced with energy savings; therefore, individuals possessing sufficient energy reserves may reduce their use of deep torpor. We tested the hypothesis that energy (fat) availability influences temperature selection of two fat-storing bat species during hibernation. We predicted that individuals with small energy reserves would select colder temperatures for hibernation in order to minimize energy expenditure, while individuals with larger energy reserves would choose warmer temperatures to minimize the costs of hibernation. Results from our field experiment indicate that little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) hibernating in warm microclimates were significantly heavier than individuals hibernating in cooler microclimates. To determine if energy availability was mediating this relationship, we limited fatty acid availability with mercaptoacetate (MA) and quantified its effect on torpid metabolic rate (TMR) and thermal preference of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Administration of MA caused a 43% drop in TMR at 10°C and caused bats to choose significantly colder temperatures for hibernation. Our results suggest that fat-storing bats minimize torpor expression using both physiological and behavioral mechanisms.
High Speed and Low Energy Capacitively Driven On-Chip Wires

We present circuits for driving long on-chip wires through a series capacitor. The capacitor improves delay through signal pre-emphasis, offers a reduced voltage swing on the wire for low energy without a second power supply, and reduces the driven load, allowing for smaller drivers. Sidewall wire parasitics used as the series capacitor improve process tracking, and twisted and interleaved differential wires reduce both coupled noise as well as Miller-doubled cross-capacitance. Multiple drivers sharing a target wire allow simple FIR filters for driver-side pre-equalization. Receivers require DC bias circuits or DC-balanced data. A testchip in a 180 nm, 1.8 V process compared capacitively-coupled long wires with optimally-repeated full-swing wires. At a 200 mV swing, we measured energy savings of 3.8x over full-swing wires. At a 50 mV swing, we measured energy savings of 10.5x. Throughput on a 14 mm wire experiment due to capacitor pre-emphasis improved 1.7x using a 200 mV swing.
Attachment patterns relationship to intelligence and academic achievement in school -age children

The purpose of this study was to investigate the links among children’s representations of attachment and their intelligence and academic achievement. John Bowlby’s attachment theory is the framework used in this study to understand and explain differences in children’s intelligence and academic achievement. Bowlby maintained that the quality of children’s attachment to their caregivers exerts a strong influence on their ability and interest in investigating their environment. According to attachment theory, the quality of children’s attachment to their primary caregivers would be expected to be associated with their intelligence and scholastic achievement. The findings from this study suggest that attachment patterns are significantly related to children’s crystallized intelligence, which involves learning, knowledge and skills that are accumulated from past experiences. Attachment patterns were not significantly related to children’s global intelligence or their academic achievement. The results of this study are relevant not only to attachment researchers but also school psychologists, parents, and teachers.