Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain Reading Using Full Brain Support Vector Machines for Object Recognition: There Is No Face Identification Area

Over the past decade, object recognition work has confounded voxel response detection with potential voxel class identification. Consequently, the claim that there are areas of the brain that are necessary and sufficient for object identification cannot be resolved with existing associative methods (e.g., the general linear model) that are dominant in brain imaging methods. In order to explore this controversy we trained full brain (40,000 voxels) single TR (repetition time) classifiers on data from 10 subjects in two different recognition tasks on the most controversial classes of stimuli (house and face) and show 97.4% median out-of-sample (unseen TRs) generalization. This performance allowed us to reliably and uniquely assay the classifier's voxel diagnosticity in all individual subjects' brains. In this two-class case, there may be specific areas diagnostic for house stimuli (e.g., LO) or for face stimuli (e.g., STS); however, in contrast to the detection results common in this literature, neither the fusiform face area nor parahippocampal place area is shown to be uniquely diagnostic for faces or places, respectively.
Heterotic Coset Models of Microscopic Strings and Black Holes

Following a recent conjecture by Lapan, Simons and Strominger, we revisit and discuss an intrinsically heterotic class of conformal field theories, emphasizing their Lagrangian construction as asymmetrically gauged WZW models, which may be useful in several applications to the study of supersymmetric strings and black holes in heterotic and type II string theory compactified on T^6 and K3 X T^2 respectively. In these cases, the leading supergravity geometry is singular, but higher order corrections remove this singularity in a way that is consistent with, for example the non-zero entropy for the black holes that these strings form after wrapping on an additional circle. The conformal field theories have the right structure to capture the features of the supergravity analysis, and possess precisely the microscopic target spaces required. We describe in detail the model with AdS_3 X S^2 geometry, which is conjectured by Lapan et. al. to represent a fundamental heterotic string in five dimensions, and then propose conformal field theories which are potential candidates for the microscopic geometry of heterotic strings in $D$ dimensions, with target space AdS_3 X S^{D-3}. We also discuss some conformal field theories that give microscopic AdS target spaces in various dimensions.
Commentary: Motor Imagery during Action Observation: A Brief Review of Evidence, Theory and Future Research Opportunities

Eaves et al. (2016) recently provided an informative review concerning motor imagery during action observation. Specifically, they addressed its effectiveness, mechanisms, and future directions for study. While there is an apparent scarcity of studies to date, it is clear that much similarity exists in neural activity during action, observation, and imagery, with clear super-additive advantages for performing the latter two concurrently. We could not agree more with these authors when it comes to encouraging practitioners (from our perspective, sport psychologists and coaches) to deploy mental simulation interventions as central pillars to assist a range of motor skill challenges (e.g., executing under high competitive anxiety, skill acquisition). Notably, the review also provided coverage of motoric factors (Carson and Collins, 2016) to offer an integrated understanding, something that has been somewhat neglected in other areas of psychology (e.g., the anxiety–performance relationship; Cheng et al., 2009). Reflecting this motoric emphasis, there are a number of interesting links, possibilities, and research directions which accrue from this paper. As Eaves et al. explain, " AO [action observation] evokes an internal representation of the observed movement " (p. 1). Accordingly, we raise several issues requiring attention from the translational research literature (Christina, 1987) and extend some of the suggestions by Eaves et al. Understandably, article length restrictions may have impacted on Eaves et al. in providing this necessary detail that we feel warrants additional mention. Therefore, it is not our intention to take away from the quality work presented but rather, to support its desired aims. Firstly, the issue of task difficulty in relation to the nature (i.e., content and automaticity) of motoric structures over which the observed and imagined information act. Eaves et al. (2016) discuss a dual-action simulation framework for conceptualizing previous empirical findings. However, such dual-action effects might vary for tasks internalized in different ways, for instance rhythmical window wiping (highly internalized) might show different dual-actions than a complex high jump skill (less well-internalized). Toner and Moran (2015) discuss the advantage of high-level athletes purposefully not committing their skills to totally automatic control as a strategy to ensure scope for future adaptability. Indeed, applied research from the multi-action plan (MAP) perspective supports this notion. Data show that optimal performances are achieved by elite-level athletes through both automatic and controlled execution processes (Bortoli et al., 2012), whereby consciously controlled motor processing can positively assist performances under psychological
CONSTRUCTIVISM AND EDUCATION: MISUNDERSTANDINGS AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Constructivism is a popular concept in contemporary teacher education programs. However, a genuine concern arises with the concept's application because many teachers and teacher educators claim that knowledge is constructed, without appreciating the epistemological and pedagogical implications such a claim entails. This article employs Phillips' (1995) analytic framework that divides the pedagogical applications of constructivism into three distinct categories: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Reviewing the constructivist epistemologies of Dewey and Vygotsky also enables the exploration of how constructivism might inform both our understanding of the impediments students confront when learning new knowledge and our understanding of general constructivist pedagogical practices. The primary objective in this article is to provide teacher educators and teachers with a richer understanding of constructivism—its limitations and its strengths—while offering concrete pedagogical strategies for its classroom application.
Intraocular Lens Multifocality Combined with the Compensation for Corneal Spherical Aberration: A New Concept of Presbyopia-Correcting Intraocular Lens

The outcomes of a prospective consecutive study aimed at evaluating the visual and refractive benefit after cataract surgery with the implantation of the aspheric diffractive multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) Tecnis ZMB00 (Abbott Medical Optics) are reported. A total of 31 eyes of 19 patients (age range, 40 to 81 years) underwent phacoemulsification surgery with implantation of this aspheric multifocal IOL. At 6 months after surgery, postoperative spherical equivalent was within ±1.00 D in 96.8% of eyes, with 94.7% of patients presenting a postoperative binocular far LogMAR uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 0.1 or better. Far best-corrected distance VA improved significantly (p < 0.01), with postoperative values of 0.1 or better in 96.8% of eyes. Postoperative near UCVA was 0.10 (equivalent to J1) or better in 93.55% of eyes. Furthermore, the IOL power was found to be very poorly correlated with the postoperative far LogMAR (r = 0.13) and near UCVA (r = 0.13). In conclusion, the aspheric diffractive multifocal IOL Tecnis ZMB00 provides a restoration of the far and near visual function after phacoemulsification surgery for cataract removal or presbyopia correction, which is predictable and independent from the optical power of the implanted IOL.
COLLARING THE CRIME, NOT THE CRIMINAL: RECONSIDERING THE CONCEPT OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIME*

The concept of white-collar crime, part of the sociological vocabulary for half a century, rests on a spurious correlation between role-specific norms and the characteristics of the occupants of these roles. In this paper, I strive to "liberate" the concept of white-collar crime by disentangling the identification of the perpetrators with their misdeeds. I suggest that white-collar criminals violate norms of trust, enabling them to rob without violence and burgle without trespass. I develop a conception of trust, expose the strategies by which wayward trustees establish and exploit trust, and demonstrate how the social organization of trust abuse confounds traditional systems of social control. Drawing on research on securities fraud, I debunk commonly-held understandings about the role of class bias in the legal system by showing that the leniency accorded white-collar criminals is due to the social organization of their misdeeds and the policing and punishment problems their crimes pose, rather than to their status. (abstract Adapted from Source: American Sociological Review, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by the American Sociological Association) White Collar Crime Adult Crime Adult Offender Crime Causes 10-99
Genetic differences between Chibcha and Non-Chibcha speaking tribes based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups from 21 Amerindian tribes from Colombia

We analyzed the frequency of four mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in 424 individuals from 21 Colombian Amerindian tribes. Our results showed a high degree of mtDNA diversity and genetic heterogeneity. Frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups A and C were high in the majority of populations studied. The distribution of these four mtDNA haplogroups from Amerindian populations was different in the northern region of the country compared to those in the south. Haplogroup A was more frequently found among Amerindian tribes in northern Colombia, while haplogroup D was more frequent among tribes in the south. Haplogroups A, C and D have clinal tendencies in Colombia and South America in general. Populations belonging to the Chibcha linguistic family of Colombia and other countries nearby showed a strong genetic differentiation from the other populations tested, thus corroborating previous findings. Genetically, the Ingano, Paez and Guambiano populations are more closely related to other groups of south eastern Colombia, as also inferred from other genetic markers and from archeological data. Strong evidence for a correspondence between geographical and linguistic classification was found, and this is consistent with evidence that gene flow and the exchange of customs and knowledge and language elements between groups is facilitated by close proximity.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURE

A characteristic pattern of organization was found with the help of the electron microscope in sectioned animal mitochondria irrespective of the species providing the specimen and of the cell type examined. Each mitochondrion was found to possess: 1) A limiting membrane. 2) A mitochondrial matrix that appears structureless at present levels of resolution. 3) A system of internal ridges (cristae mitochondriales) that protrude from the inside surface of the membrane towards the interior of the organelles. In many mitochondria the cristae are perpendicular to the long axis of the organelles and occur in series within which they lie parallel to one another at more or less regular intervals. In favorable electron micrographs the mitochondrial membrane appears to be double and the cristae appear to be folds of a second, internal mitochondrial membrane.
Expert practitioner's views about the Chinese early childhood environment rating scale

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the views of 176 expert practitioners on the relevance and feasibility of applying the Chinese Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (CECERS), which is developed based on the Chinese version of Harms, Clifford, and Cryer's (2005) world renowned Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-revised (ECERS-R). The CECERS measures the quality of Chinese kindergartens, in which teachers have traditionally utilised whole-group teaching as the main approach to curriculum planning and delivery as well as organisation of learning environment. What constitutes quality kindergarten practice in the Chinese contexts and tension between ‘objective’ quality and culturally-appropriate quality will be discussed. Using a five-point Likert Scale, reviewers rated and provided comments for: (1) the quality of the instrument overall; (2) the appropriateness of the major changes made in CECERS in comparison to the ECERS-R; and (3) feedback for each quality dimension. Results, organised by the predetermined survey questions, show that, overall, reviewers highly support CECERS as a much needed, valuable, quality measure. They also support all the suggested changes to make the instrument culturally relevant and contextually meaningful. Meanwhile, they offer helpful suggestions for future revisions and pose some issues and concerns about the applicability of the instrument to measure quality practice in rural areas of China which are worth debating.
"A Vent Which Has Conveyed Our Principles": English Radical Patriotism in the Aftermath of 1848

The question of class and class consciousness has long exercised scholars of nineteenth-century England, dominating historical debate on the tenor of social relations and radical politics in the period that stretched from the Napoleonic wars to the consolidation of liberal politics and economics in the mid-Victorian period. Anxious to explain the "peculiarities of the English" -the failure of workers in Europe's first industrial nation to engage in sustained class conflict -a generation of historians emphasized the triumph of liberalization or embourgeoisement and the moderating influence of the so-called labor aristocracy in attempts to illuminate the sharp diminution of radical protest in the years that followed the collapse of the Chartist movement in 1848.1 The past decade has seen a significant shift in the emphasis of this line of historical enquiry. Whereas earlier approaches to the character of class relations focused on a perceived decline of class antagonism in the mid-Victorian period, historians now underline the limits of class identity in even the heyday of the Chartist agitation. Gareth Stedman Jones's influential analysis of Chartist language set the parameters of this new phase of the debate on English class consciousness, emphasizing the ideological affinities that joined workingand middle-class radicals and thus militated against the formation of a truly plebeian politics. In this view, opposition to corrupt aristocratic government, not hostility to capitalist market mechanisms, underpinned the Chartists' democratic convictions and established the foundations upon which a liberal consensus could be built.2 More recent and more broadly conceived studies of nineteenthcentury social relations have reinforced this line of analysis, emphasizing
Analogical Modeling : An Update

Analogical modeling is a supervised exemplar-based approach that has been widely applied to predict linguistic behavior. The paradigm has been well documented in the linguistics and cognition literature, but is less well known to the machine learning community. This paper sets out some of the basics of the approach, including a simplified example of the fundamental algorithm’s operation. It then surveys some of the recent analogical modeling language applications, and sketches how the computational system has been enhanced lately to offer users increased flexibility and processing power. Some comparisons and contrasts are drawn between analogical modeling and other language modeling and machine learning approaches. The paper concludes with a discussion of ongoing issues that still confront developers and users of the analogical modeling framework.
Preliminary Molecular Characterizations of Sarcoptes scaibiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) from Farm Animals in Egypt

Little is known about the genetic diversity of Sarcoptes scabiei mites in farm animals in Egypt. In this study, we characterized S. scabiei in 25 skin scrapes from water buffalo, cattle, sheep, and rabbits at the nuclear marker ITS2 and mitochondrial markers COX1 and 16S rRNA. Sequences of the ITS2 showed no host segregation or geographical isolation, whereas those of the mitochondrial COX1 and 16S rRNA genes indicated the presence of both host-adapted and geographically segregated populations of S. scabiei. Host adaptation may limit inter-species transmission of. S. scabiei, thus restrict gene flow among S. scabiei from different hosts. This is the first report on the molecular characterization of sarcoptic mites in Egypt. Further genetic studies involving larger numbers of specimens, especially those from humans and companion animals, are needed to understand the molecular epidemiology of sarcoptic mange in Egypt.
Isolation of a bioemulsifier from Candida lipolytica

The yeast Candida lipolytica produced an inducible extracellular emulsification activity when it was grown with a number of water-immiscible carbon substrates. Negligible emulsification activity was produced by this yeast when it was grown with glucose as the carbon substrate. In hexadecane-supplemented cultures, emulsification activity was first detected after 36 h of growth, with maximum production after 130 h. A water-soluble emulsification activity was partially purified by repeated solvent extractions of the culture filtrate. This emulsifier, which we named liposan, was primarily composed of carbohydrate. Maximum emulsification activity was obtained when the ratio of hexadecane to liposan was 50:1. Maximum emulsification activity was obtained from pH 2 to 5. Liposan was heat stable to temperatures up to 70 degrees C, with a 60% loss in activity after heating for 1 h at 100 degrees C. Liposan effected stable oil-in-water emulsions with a variety of hydrocarbons.
The effect of post‐natal symptoms of post‐traumatic stress and depression on the couple's relationship and parent–baby bond

Objectives: Research has shown that between 1 and 3% of women may suffer from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth. However, the potential effect of childbirth on fathers, and the implications of post‐natal symptoms of PTSD for family relationships, have received little attention. The current study therefore examined the potential effects of PTSD symptoms on the couple's relationship and parent–baby bond. Design: Internet‐based questionnaire study. Methods: One hundred and fifty‐two parents (126 women and 26 men) completed questionnaire measures of PTSD, depression, quality of the couple's relationship, and the parent–baby bond. Results: Symptoms of PTSD and depression were significantly correlated with the couples' relationship and parent–baby bond. Structural equation modelling found the model that best fitted the data was one where PTSD symptoms had a direct effect on the parent–baby bond, but the effect of PTSD on the couples' relationship was mediated by depression. Conclusions: The results indicate the importance of examining the psychological reactions of men and women after birth; and suggest that symptoms of PTSD have an effect on the parent–baby bond. However, methodological considerations mean further research is needed to replicate and extend this study before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Predictive and convergent validity of the ASAM criteria software in Norway

The ASAM Criteria Software from the American Society of Addiction Medicine is a new computer-assisted structured interview and clinical decision support program that implements validated tools such as the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), and measures biopsychosocial conditions to match patients to an optimal level of care (LOC). The study methods involved a prospective, double-blind, multi-site, naturalistic study of substance use disordered treatment seekers. We analyzed: (1) discrepancies in ASAM Criteria LOC recommendations versus Treatment-as-Usual (TAU), (2) the software's ability to clinically distinguish between patients with different LOC (convergent validity) and (3) predictive validity. Results indicated that the discrepancies in TAU LOC recommendations versus the Software were in line with previous research. Baseline comparisons using ASI Composite Subscale scores (CSs) showed better agreement with the ASAM LOC recommendations versus TAU. Finally, the ASAM recommendations were associated with better outcomes three months later for the matched versus mis-matched groups. These results confirmed the Software's convergent validity as well as predictive validity. These outcomes are promising and suggest that programs should avoid both under- and over-matching patients. Future, both national and international studies, should include the full complement of LOC specified in the ASAM Criteria, properly characterized, with larger samples.
Beat‐to‐beat oscillations in pulse pressure

We compared 5‐min standard deviations (SD) and frequency domain measures of beat‐to‐beat pulse pressure (PP) variability with those of RR‐interval, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure variabilities, and with cross‐spectral baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in a population‐based sample of 150 healthy individuals, aged 35–64 years. Beat‐to‐beat variability of PP was composed of similar frequency components as the other spectral variabilities, and was closely related to SBP variability. The proportion of high frequency (HF) component from overall variability was higher in PP variability than in SBP and DBP variabilities. The low frequency (LF) component and the SD of beat‐to‐beat PP correlated inversely with BRS (−0·48 and −0·32, respectively; P<0·001 for both). To test a hypothesis that arterial stiffening is associated with increased beat‐to‐beat oscillation in PP, we examined associations of beat‐to‐beat PP variability with risk factors of atherosclerosis, i.e. with age, gender, smoking, blood pressure, body mass index, serum lipids, glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. The SD of beat‐to‐beat PP variability correlated with age (0·21, P = 0·010), PP (0·31, P<0·001) and body mass index (0·22, P = 0·008). The LF component of PP variability correlated not only with age (0·17, P = 0·041), PP (0·27, P = 0·001) and body mass index (0·22, P = 0·007), but also with serum insulin (0·17, P = 0·042), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (0·18, P = 0·031) and serum triglycerides (0·16, P = 0·048). Our findings suggest that increased beat‐to‐beat oscillation of PP reflects arterial stiffening and impaired baroreflex function.
Stages, Turning Points, and Crises

A framework for the analysis of processes of international negotiations is described. It construes the process as an unfolding set of stages in which turning points and crises mark passage from one stage to another. This sequence is driven by certain factors that influence negotiator activities and rhetoric. The framework is applied to the bilateral negotiations between Spain and the United States over military base rights (1975-1976). A pattern of influences and events is shown to resemble a balancing process, alternating between an intensifying influence (lack of coordination within a delegation) and a moderating influence (high-level meetings to produce a framework agreement) on the conflict. Content analysis of the discussions suggests an indicator of forthcoming impasses: A large difference between the delegations in hard or soft behavior preceded an impasse in the next round. This pattern of responsiveness has been observed in other negotiating contexts and is referred to as “threshold-adjustment. ” Implications of these findings for a general model of negotiating behavior are discussed.