Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Battlefield sites as dark tourism attractions: an analysis of experience

There has been much discussion by scholars about the efficacy of the term ‘dark tourism’ with a call to move from a theoretical to a more evidence-based approach to research. Recent analyses of dark heritage sites have shown that research has yet to engage fully with the experiences of tourists at dark sites. This paper seeks to meet this challenge by providing more evidence of the actual experiences of tourists at those sites which are conceptually identified as ‘dark’ using the particular example of battlefields in the UK. Based on a wide-ranging survey of battlefield sites the study used a blend of quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the nature of tourist experience. Central to this was a content analysis of visitor comments and vocabulary used to describe the sites. The results showed that visitors had a wide range of experiences but there was no evidence of a considered appreciation of the sites’ ‘darker’ aspects. Visitor experience here is casual and dominated by a lighter set of values. This is affected by the commercial nature of the sites which supports the assertion that thanatopsis is a rare feature of tourist visits.
A classification of achilles tendon disease

Athletic Injuries (American Medical Association) is based on symptomatology and clinical findings. This classification is as follows: ( 1 ) tenosynovitis, (2) tendinitis, (3) ruptures. The term tenosynovitis is used indiscriminately to refer to tendons that are invested by true synovial sheaths as well as tendons, like the tendo Achilles, that are in actuality surrounded by peritendon.1 Our opinion is that a precise difference exists between the structures of these two types of coverings. We reserve the use of the term tenosynovitis exclusively to refer to acute and chronic inflamatory processes involving true synovial sheaths.
Stabilizing consensus with the power of two choices

In the standard consensus problem there are n processes with possibly different input values and the goal is to eventually reach a point at which all processes commit to exactly one of these values. We are studying a slight variant of the consensus problem called the stabilizing consensus problem [2]. In this problem, we do not require that each process commits to a final value at some point, but that eventually they arrive at a common, stable value without necessarily being aware of that. This should work irrespective of the states in which the processes are starting. Our main result is a simple randomized algorithm called median rule that, with high probability, just needs O(log m log log n + log n) time and work per process to arrive at an almost stable consensus for any set of m legal values as long as an adversary can corrupt the states of at most √n processes at any time. Without adversarial involvement, just O(log n) time and work is needed for a stable consensus, with high probability. As a by-product, we obtain a simple distributed algorithm for approximating the median of n numbers in time O(log m log log n + log n) under adversarial presence.
Assessing Achievement Motive of American and Israeli Managers: Design and Application of a Three-Facet Measure

A questionnaire to assess the presence of achieve ment motive in various populations was developed and its structure analyzed. A facet definition of achievement motive was suggested which provided guidelines for the creation of items and the formu lation of hypotheses. The Achievement Motive Questionnaire was administered to 132 U.S. and 114 Israeli middle managers from various public and private organizations. The results support the main hypotheses. An empirical double-ordered con ceptual system was obtained which reflects the two facets characteristic to this study: (1) kind of con frontation (being confronted or confronting an an swer with a challenge) and (2) time perspective (be fore, during, or after) relative to task performance. The behavior modalities facet was found to order the conceptual space from instrumental to affective and cognitive modality. The systematic construction of the questionnaire based on the facet definition of achievement motive made it possible to distinguish differences in achievement tendencies between the U.S. and the Israeli samples.
The role of long-term memory mechanisms in memory span

We present an experiment relating memory span for words and non-words of differing spoken lengths to speech rate. Linear functions related memory span to speech rate for both words and non-words. Recall of non-words, however, is substantially worse than for words and this difference is not attributable to differences in speech rate. Familiarizing subjects with the pronunciations of the nonwords increased memory span for them and these improvements in recall were also, at least partially, independent of changes in speech rate. The results are interpreted as evidence for a separable influence of long-term memory on immediate memory span performance.
Enhanced expression of the central survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis

The identification of new components implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) might improve our understanding of the disease process. Here, we investigated the levels of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) expression in OA cartilage considering the fundamental role of the SMN protein in cell survival and its involvement in other stress‐associated pathologies. We report that SMN expression is up‐regulated in human OA compared with normal cartilage, showing a strong correlation with the disease severity, a result confirmed in vivo in an experimental model of the disease. We further show that the prominent inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, TNF‐α) are critical inducers of SMN expression. This is in marked contrast with the reported impaired levels of SMN in spinal muscular atrophy, a single inherited neuromuscular disorder characterized by mutations in the smn gene whereas OA is a complex disease with multiple aetiologies. While the precise functions of SMN during OA remain to be elucidated, the conclusions of this study shed light on a novel pathophysiological pathway involved in the progression of OA, potentially offering new targets for therapy.
Visual performance after the implantation of a new trifocal intraocular lens

Purpose To evaluate the subjective and objective visual results after the implantation of a new trifocal diffractive intraocular lens. Methods A new trifocal diffractive intraocular lens was designed combining two superimposed diffractive profiles: one with +1.75 diopters (D) addition for intermediate vision and the other with +3.50 D addition for near vision. Fifty eyes of 25 patients that were operated on by one surgeon are included in this study. The uncorrected and best distance-corrected monocular and binocular, near, intermediate, and distance visual acuities, contrast sensitivity, and defocus curves were measured 6 months postoperatively. In addition to the standard clinical follow-up, a questionnaire evaluating individual satisfaction and quality of life was submitted to the patients. Results The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 70 ± 10 years. The mean uncorrected and corrected monocular distance visual acuity (VA) were LogMAR 0.06 ± 0.10 and LogMAR 0.00 ± 0.08, respectively. The outcomes for the binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity were almost the same (LogMAR −0.04 ± 0.09). LogMAR −010 ± 0.15 and 0.02 ± 0.06 were measured for the binocular uncorrected intermediate and near VA, respectively. The distance-corrected visual acuity was maintained in mesopic conditions. The contrast sensitivity was similar to that obtained after implantation of a bifocal intraocular lens and did not decrease in mesopic conditions. The binocular defocus curve confirms good VA even in the intermediate distance range, with a moderate decrease of less than LogMAR 0.2 at −1.5 D, with respect to the best distance VA at 0 D defocus. Patient satisfaction was high. No discrepancy between the objective and subjective outcomes was evidenced. Conclusion The introduction of a third focus in diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses improves the intermediate vision with minimal visual discomfort for the patient.
Social stratification of culture and leisure in Turkey

Using three sets of survey data, this article explores the variations and social bases of leisure and cultural consumption patterns during the last decade in Turkey. In particular, this article explores the social basis of reading habits of daily newspapers, magazines and journals, going out to movies and the theatre, as well as spending patterns on these and various other cultural activities. Questions addressed in this study are: how are culture and leisure consumptions stratified in contemporary Turkish society, and what types of changes can be detected between 1994 and 2004? In summary, the data indicate that leisure and cultural consumption tend to be stratified by educational and income level and, to some extent, white-collar occupations. Second, households with female heads tended to engage more in “highbrow” consumption, compared to households with male heads.
A Self-Help Guide For Autonomous Systems

Humans learn from their mistakes. When things go badly, we notice that something is amiss, figure out what went wrong and why, and attempt to repair the problem. Artificial systems depend on their human designers to program in responses to every eventuality and therefore typically don’t even notice when things go wrong, following their programming over the proverbial, and in some cases literal, cliff. This article describes our past and current work on the Meta-Cognitive Loop, a domain-general approach to giving artificial systems the ability to notice, assess, and repair problems. The goal is to make artificial systems more robust and less dependent on their human designers.
Colactation and fictive kinship as rites of incorporation and reversal in Morocco

Based on anthropological research in an oasis community in Pre‐Saharan Morocco, this article examines the contemporary practice of colactation and milk kinship. It is argued that the creation of colactation or bilateral milk kinship arrangements was, and still is, a significant mechanism for the creation of lasting multi‐stranded exchange relationships between people of unequal status. Besides acting as a rite of incorporation, the gift of mother's milk may be applied as a prophylactic or curative substance in a rite of reversal. In both senses, milk kinship testifies to the double‐bonded relationship between people of unequal status.
PSEUDOMARKER: A Powerful Program for Joint Linkage and/or Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis on Mixtures of Singletons and Related Individuals

A decade ago, there was widespread enthusiasm for the prospects of genome-wide association studies to identify common variants related to common chronic diseases using samples of unrelated individuals from populations. Although technological advancements allow us to query more than a million SNPs across the genome at low cost, a disappointingly small fraction of the genetic portion of common disease etiology has been uncovered. This has led to the hypothesis that less frequent variants might be involved, stimulating a renaissance of the traditional approach of seeking genes using multiplex families from less diverse populations. However, by using the modern genotyping and sequencing technology, we can now look not just at linkage, but jointly at linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in such samples. Software methods that can look simultaneously at linkage and LD in a powerful and robust manner have been lacking. Most algorithms cannot jointly analyze datasets involving families of varying structures in a statistically or computationally efficient manner. We have implemented previously proposed statistical algorithms in a user-friendly software package, PSEUDOMARKER. This paper is an announcement of this software package. We describe the motivation behind the approach, the statistical methods, and software, and we briefly demonstrate PSEUDOMARKER’s advantages over other packages by example.
Conventional magnetic resonance imaging features in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis

Conventional brain and spinal cord magnetic resonance images were performed in 21 patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, to assess the role of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the disease diagnosis. These patients had no other central nervous system conditions or related risk factors at the time of tropical spastic paraparesis diagnosis. Eleven (52.4%) patients showed nonspecific brain abnormalities on T2-weighted images. The majority (77.2%) of brain abnormalities were located in the deep white matter. A transient contrast-enhancing lesion was identified in the brain of only one patient. In the brain of another patient, 9.0% of the T2-hyperintense lesion load was hypointense on the correspondent T1-weighted images. No differences in terms of demographic, biological, or clinical variables were present between patients with abnormal brain images and those with normal brain magnetic resonance images. Spinal cord T2-weighted images were abnormal in three (14.3%) patients. In one of these three patients, a diffuse but transient edema was found along the entire tract of the spinal cord. White matter lesions were present in the central nervous system of 60% of the cases in this study. However, no correlations between magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings, and no specificity of lesions were observed. Hence, conventional magnetic resonance imaging is a sensitive but not highly specific tool for diagnosis of tropical spastic paraparesis.
The Construction of Gendered Citizenship at the Welfare Office: An Ethnographic Comparison of Welfare-to-Work Workshops in the United States and the Netherlands

In 1996 both the Netherlands and the United States adopted welfare legislation that aimed to exchange single mothers' reliance on the welfare state for dependence on the labor market. This legislation seems to indicate an end to gender-differentiated social citizenship rights. However, ethnographic research on welfare reform implementation shows that citizenship does not get constructed solely at the level of legislation. In-depth research in one site in the United States and one site in the Netherlands illustrates that citizenship continues to be gendered in specific ways despite the apparent end of gender differentiation at the level of policy formation.
Level of Processing Affects Performance on Explicit and Implicit Memory Tasks

We examined the effect of level of processing on explicit and implicit memory performance. 58 high school students were shown a word list and were given either semantic or nonsemantic instructions. Subsequently, they were administered a free-recall test to assess explicit memory retention and a word-completion test to assess implicit memory retention. Level of processing affected both explicit and implicit performance. Depth of processing had a larger effect on the expression of explicit memory than on implicit memory.
The Impact of Technological Skill on Job-Finding Success in the Mass Communication Labor Market

Technologies used for media presentation are becoming more integrated with overall work processes in media organizations. This study seeks to determine how important skill with presentation technology is as a predictor of job-finding success for graduates of journalism and mass communication. Findings show that level of technological skill is a significant predictor when controlling for traditional determinants such as grade point average, internship experience, college media activity, and curriculum sequence. Skill with presentation software for the Web is the strongest predictor of success for graduates seeking work in online publishing, which suggests that the more specific the technology skill, the better it predicts success.
Shoulder Injuries in Individuals Who Participate in CrossFit Training

Background: CrossFit, a sport and fitness program, has become increasingly popular both nationally and internationally. Researchers have recently identified significant improvements in health and wellness due to CrossFit. However, some individuals assert that CrossFit poses an inherent risk of injury, specifically to the shoulder, due to the intensity of training. Currently, there is limited evidence to support this assertion. Hypothesis: Exercises performed during CrossFit do not place the shoulder at greater risk for injury. Injury rates are comparable to other sports of similar intensity. Study Design: Descriptive survey study. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Methods: An electronic survey was developed and dispersed to approximately 980 individuals who trained in CrossFit gyms. The survey identified demographic data, training characteristics, and the prevalence of injury over a 6-month period in individuals who participated in CrossFit training. Results: A total of 187 (19.1%) individuals completed the survey. Forty-four (23.5%) indicated that they had experienced a shoulder injury during CrossFit training over the previous 6 months. Of those who reported injury, 17 (38.6%) stated that this injury was an exacerbation of a previous injury sustained prior to starting CrossFit. There was no significant relationship between several demographic and training variables and shoulder injury. All shoulder injuries occurred at a rate of 1.94 per 1000 hours training, while “new” shoulder injuries occurred at a rate of 1.18 per 1000 hours training. The most commonly attributed causes of injury were improper form (33.3%) and exacerbation of a previous injury (33.3%). Twenty-five (64.1%) of those who experienced injury reported 1 month or less of training reduction due to the injury. Conclusion: Shoulder injury rates during CrossFit training are comparable to other methods of recreational exercise. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should be aware of training demands of exercises in CrossFit and modifications for these exercises to safely progress their patients back to participation.
Effect of hypertension on foveolar choroidal haemodynamics

Aims: To assess the effect of systemic hypertension on the choroidal circulation in subjects with a normal eye examination. Methods: Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to determine relative choroidal blood velocity (Chvel), volume (Chvol), and flow (Chflow) in the centre of the fovea. Measurements were obtained in 15 eyes of 15 subjects with systemic hypertension. The mean average duration of hypertension was 11 (SD 6) years. Findings obtained in these patients were compared with those of 15 eyes of 15 age matched healthy controls. All subjects had normal eye examinations. Results: No significant differences in Chvel, Chvol, and Chflow, were found between the subjects with and without systemic hypertension despite a 17% higher perfusion pressure (PP) in patients with hypertension. No significant correlation was found between mean arterial pressure or PP and the choroidal circulatory parameters. It was estimated that there is a 90% power to detect a 35% difference in Chflow between the two groups. Conclusion: Systemic hypertension does not seem to have a large effect on the choroidal circulation in hypertensive patients that are controlled by antihypertensive therapy. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether systemic hypertension has an effect on the choroidal circulation in patients with ocular diseases.
Contralateral Risk-Reducing Mastectomy: Review of Risk Factors and Risk-Reducing Strategies

Rates of contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy have increased substantially over the last decade. Surgical oncologists are often in the frontline, dealing with requests for this procedure. This paper reviews the current evidence base regarding contralateral breast cancer, assesses the various risk-reducing strategies, and evaluates the cost-effectiveness of contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy.
Comparison of nuclear grade and immunohistochemical features in situ and invasive components of ductal carcinoma of breast.

PURPOSE To compare the prognostic and predictive features between in situ and invasive components of ductal breast carcinomas. METHODS We selected 146 consecutive breast samples with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) associated with adjacent invasive breast carcinoma (IBC). We evaluated nuclear grade and immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in both components, in situ and invasive, and the Ki-67 percentage of cells in the invasive part. The DCIS and IBC were classified in molecular surrogate types determined by the immunohistochemical profile as luminal (RE/PR-positive/ HER2-negative), triple-positive (RE/RP/HER2-positive), HER2-enriched (ER/PR-negative/HER2-positive), and triple-negative (RE/RP/HER2-negative). Discrimination between luminal A and luminal B was not performed due to statistical purposes. Correlations between the categories in the two groups were made using the Spearman correlation method. RESULTS There was a significant correlation between nuclear grade (p<0.0001), expression of RE/RP (p<0.0001), overexpression of HER2 (p<0.0001), expression of EGFR (p<0.0001), and molecular profile (p<0.0001) between components in situ and IBC. CK 5/6 showed different distribution in DCIS and IBC, presenting a significant association with the triple-negative phenotype in IBC, but a negative association among DCIS. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that classical prognostic and predictive features of IBC are already determined in the preinvasive stage of the disease. However the role of CK5/6 in invasive carcinoma may be different from the precursor lesions.
The accidental accomplishment of Little Smart: understanding the emergence of a working-class ICT

This article analyzes one of China's most prominent working-class ICTs, Little Smart (xiaolingtong ), an inexpensive wireless technology which offers limited mobility service at the price of a landline. The case analysis examines how the technology works and diffuses, why it could emerge so rapidly amid structural transformations of China's telecom reform and the subsequent co-evolution between market dynamics and state policy at the local, national and transnational levels. Drawing from interviews and focus groups, the article discusses usage patterns and the key problems facing Little Smart. Besides the particularities of the case, the emergence of Little Smart has broader implications for understanding the relationship between working-class ICTs and the `information have-nots' in general. It shows that working-class ICTs may materialize through accidental accomplishments with little prior planning by state or corporate players. However, without appropriate policy support, the emergence may not be sustainable in the long run.
Suicide among Carpenters: A Multivariate Analysis

Previous Work On Broad Occupational Groups Has Noted That Suicide Rates Are Higher Among Manual Workers Than Nonmanual Workers. However, it is not clear if this is due to occupational strains per se, or the covariates of manual worker status such as gender, and marital strain. The present study explores suicide risk among a group of skilled manual workers: carpenters. Data are taken from the U.S. Public Health Service Annual Mortality Detail File tapes for 1990. A bivariate analysis finds that carpenters are 1.996 times more likely than the rest of the working age population to die of suicide. However, once controls are introduced for gender, race, marital status and other socio-demographic variables, carpenters are only 1.15 times more at risk of suicide than the working age population. The results are consistent with those of an earlier study of laborers. While working class occupations are marked by suicide risk, the risk may be due more to the covariates of these occupations than the occupations themselves.