Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Craving for alcohol and food during treatment for alcohol dependence: modulation by T allele of 1519T>C GABAAalpha6.

BACKGROUND Craving for alcohol and food has been studied in association with alcohol dependence and eating disorders, respectively. One subclass of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, 1519T>C GABA(A)alpha6 has been reported to be associated with both alcohol dependence and weight gain. In this study, we hypothesized that patients being treated for alcohol dependence would report decreased craving for alcohol, but an increased craving for food during a 4-week treatment period. We further hypothesized that the T allele of the 1519T>C GABA(A)alpha6 gene would modulate the extent of changes in craving for alcohol and food. METHODS This study included 98 male inpatients being treated for alcohol dependence. A 7-point visual analog scale was applied to evaluate relative levels of alcohol and food craving at baseline and again 4 weeks later. Body weight was also checked at the same periods. Genotyping of the 1519T>C SNP in GABA(A)alpha6 was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS There were significant changes in craving for alcohol and food in all patients with alcohol dependence. During the treatment period, body weight increased in all patients with alcohol dependence. Changes in alcohol and food craving in T-allele carriers (CT + TT) of 1519T>C GABA(A)alpha6 were greater than those observed in CC homozygotes. In T-allele carriers, body weight significantly increased and the changes in weight showed a negative correlation with the change in the craving for alcohol and a positive correlation with the changes in craving for food. DISCUSSION The current results suggest that in T-allele carriers the change in craving for alcohol during treatment for alcohol dependence is negatively associated with changes in craving for food. The T allele of the 1519T>C GABA(A)alpha6 gene may be one of the modulating factors associated with changes in craving for alcohol and food during treatment of patients with alcohol dependence.
Collective Actors without Collective Minds

We present an inferentialist account of collective rationality and intentionality, according to which beliefs and other intentional states are understood in terms of the normative statuses attributed to, and undertaken by, the participants of a discursive practice—namely, their discursive or practical commitments and entitlements. Although these statuses are instituted by the performances and attitudes of the agents, they are not identified with any physical or psychological entity, process or relation. Therefore, we argue that inferentialism allows us to talk of collective intentionality and agency without needing to posit the existence of any sort of collective psychology or mind.
Causal Discovery from Nonstationary/Heterogeneous Data: Skeleton Estimation and Orientation Determination

It is commonplace to encounter nonstationary or heterogeneous data, of which the underlying generating process changes over time or across data sets (the data sets may have different experimental conditions or data collection conditions). Such a distribution shift feature presents both challenges and opportunities for causal discovery. In this paper we develop a principled framework for causal discovery from such data, called Constraint-based causal Discovery from Nonstationary/heterogeneous Data (CD-NOD), which addresses two important questions. First, we propose an enhanced constraint-based procedure to detect variables whose local mechanisms change and recover the skeleton of the causal structure over observed variables. Second, we present a way to determine causal orientations by making use of independence changes in the data distribution implied by the underlying causal model, benefiting from information carried by changing distributions. Experimental results on various synthetic and real-world data sets are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of our methods.
Preeclampsia in Twin Pregnancy‐Severity and Pathogenesis

The incidence of preeclampsia in a consecutive series of 642 twin pregnancies was 25.9% compared with 9.7% in singleton pregnancies (p less than 0.001); in primiparas it was 35.2% and in multiparas 20.4% (p less than 0.001). Preeclampsia in twin pregnancies was more commonly of early onset (p less than 0.001) and the maternal disease more severe as assessed by the incidences of severe hypertension (p less than 0.001), proteinuria (p less than 0.004), and eclampsia (p less than 0.01). There were 1 maternal and 12 perinatal deaths. Oestriol excretion before the emergence of preeclampsia was lower in patients with severe compared with milder preeclampsia (p less than 0.05) as was plasma glucose concentration (p less than 0.05). Mean birth and placental weights according to gestation, tended to be lower in the severe group compared with uncomplicated cases and those with milder preeclampsia, as were also the placental-fetal weight ratios. The similarity of results with those already reported for singleton pregnancy suggested a similar pathogenesis for preeclampsia in twin and singleton pregnancies.
The Red Halo Phenomenon

Optical and near-IR observations of the halos of disk galaxies and blue compact galaxies have revealed a very red spectral energy distribution that cannot easily be reconciled with a normal, metal-poor stellar population such as that in the stellar halo of the Milky Way. Here spectral evolutionary models are used to explore the consequences of these observations. We demonstrate that a stellar population of low to intermediate metallicity but with an extremely bottom-heavy initial mass function can explain the red halos around both types of objects. Other previously suggested explanations, such as nebular emission or very metal-rich stars, are shown to fail in this respect. This indicates that if the reported halo colors are correct, halo populations dominated by low-mass stars may be a phenomenon common to galaxies of very different Hubble types. Potential tests of this hypothesis are discussed, along with its implications for the baryonic dark matter content of galaxies.
[Cow's milk consumption and iron deficiency anemia in children].

OBJECTIVE To thoroughly investigate the association between the consumption of cow's milk and anemia in childhood. SOURCES OF DATA The information was gathered from papers catalogued in Lilacs and MEDLINE and published during the last two decades, and also from textbooks and publications by international organizations. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS Iron deficiency anemia is a severe public health problem in developing countries. Breast milk contains adequate iron for full term babies in the first 6 months. Thereafter, an additional iron-rich diet becomes essential. In recognition of the importance of the diet in triggering anemia, this paper discusses the relationship in children between a high intake of cow's milk and iron deficiency anemia. Gastrointestinal and allergic problems may be caused by early introduction of cow's milk or by its substitution for breast milk. Furthermore, cow's milk has decreased iron density and bioavailability, excess protein and minerals, notably calcium, and thus interferes in the absorption of iron from other foods, and is also linked to small intestinal hemorrhage in young children. CONCLUSIONS The use of cow's milk in lieu of other foods rich in bioavailable iron was shown to be a risk factor for anemia. Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life, discretionary weaning only after the 24th month, and a complementary diet rich in iron are highly important to avoid anemia and its consequences.
More Success than Meets the Eye—A Challenge to Critiques of the MBA

Management education generally, and MBA programmes in particular, have been persistently criticized for failing to speak adequately to management practice. One response to such criticisms has been to suggest a wider consideration of critical management education (CME). Drawing on research findings from an empirical study of MBA learning, the article argues that MBA learning can be seen as more valuable to the manager in practice than critics contend. Moreover, the learning which is valued resonates with both a critical understanding of management and critical accounts of the role of management education, suggesting that a covert form of CME may already be operating. We argue that further building on this understanding provides the potential for a more prominent CME. Specifically, we propose that the experience brought to and lived within the MBA programme provides an opportunity for `problematizing' accepted ways of making sense of the world.
Personal and Family Characteristics of Cohabiting and Noncohabiting College Students.

This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of cohabitation among college students and focuses on characteristics of students who have cohabited in comparison with those who have not. Data were gathered in interviews with a random sample of 291 students at Arizona State University in 1971-72. The data indicated that 29 per cent of the males and 18 per cent of the females were currently cohabiting or had cohabited. Family characteristics examined failed to differentiate between cohabiters and noncohabiters. Personal characteristics which tended to distinguish the two groups were in the areas of religion, life style, and drug use. Cohabiters, compared to noncohabiters, were less apt to attend church, were more likely to identify with a liberal life style, and were more apt to be drug users.
Invasive treatment of coronary artery disease in octogenarians.

INTRODUCTION There are many patients aged over 80 years among those hospitalised for coronary artery disease (CAD). The unanswered question is whether invasive treatment of such patients is effective and safe. AIM To assess and compare one-year clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and surgical coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients aged over 80 years and in younger patients. METHOD There were 63 patients aged over 80 years suffering from CAD who underwent either PTCA or CABG. The control group consisted of 40 patients aged 60-65 years treated in the same way. Data on medical history, cardiovascular risk factors, and angiographic findings were analysed. The potential risks of the procedures, post-procedural complications as well as the clinical status at the end of one-year follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS There were 24 surgical revascularisation procedures and 39 PCIs performed in the very old patients. Stable angina was found in 29 cases, unstable angina in 19 and acute myocardial infarction in 15 patients. There were three in-hospital deaths and 18 periprocedural complications were noted. During the one-year follow-up period six deaths occurred, persistent or recurrent angina was found in 11 patients after PCI and two after CABG. There were no deaths in the control group and the incidence of minor complications was similar to the senile group. In younger patients who underwent CABG, CCS class at one year was lower than in the very old ones. CONCLUSIONS The invasive treatment of coronary artery disease in octogenarians is feasible with satisfactory results and acceptable procedural risks.
A Cantonese linguistic communication measure

Abstract Although there has been a longstanding interest in English aphasic speech, studies of Cantonese aphasic narratives have only emerged recently. This paper presents a Cantonese linguistic communication measure (henceforth, CLCM), which is a convenient measure for analysing Cantonese aphasic narratives. Taking into consideration the characteristics of the Cantonese grammar, the lexical diversity, communication efficiency, grammaticality and elaborateness of Cantonese aphasic speech are quantified. Sixteen Cantonese-speaking aphasic patients and 16 control subjects were recruited to carry out a picture description task. The findings indicated that most indices could distinguish between normal and aphasic speakers. Moreover, two indices indicating the length of the narrative and the rate of information conveyed could further discriminilte fluent from non-fluent aphasics. Given the simplicity of index computation, the CLCM may render speech therapists in general clinical settings an objective, quick and convenient means to quantify patients' expressive language abilities.
Assessing Antigenic Drift of Seasonal Influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses

Under selective pressure from the host immune system, antigenic epitopes of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) have continually evolved to escape antibody recognition, termed antigenic drift. We analyzed the genomes of influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains circulating in Thailand between 2010 and 2014 and assessed how well the yearly vaccine strains recommended for the southern hemisphere matched them. We amplified and sequenced the HA gene of 120 A(H3N2) and 81 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus samples obtained from respiratory specimens and calculated the perfect-match vaccine efficacy using the p epitope model, which quantitated the antigenic drift in the dominant epitope of HA. Phylogenetic analysis of the A(H3N2) HA1 genes classified most strains into genetic clades 1, 3A, 3B, and 3C. The A(H3N2) strains from the 2013 and 2014 seasons showed very low to moderate vaccine efficacy and demonstrated antigenic drift from epitopes C and A to epitope B. Meanwhile, most A(H1N1)pdm09 strains from the 2012–2014 seasons belonged to genetic clades 6A, 6B, and 6C and displayed the dominant epitope mutations at epitopes B and E. Finally, the vaccine efficacy for A(H1N1)pdm09 (79.6–93.4%) was generally higher than that of A(H3N2). These findings further confirmed the accelerating antigenic drift of the circulating influenza A(H3N2) in recent years.
Contrast Adaptation in Simple Cells by Changing the Transmitter Release Probability

The contrast response function (CRF) of many neurons in the primary visual cortex saturates and shifts towards higher contrast values following prolonged presentation of high contrast visual stimuli. Using a recurrent neural network of excitatory spiking neurons with adapting synapses we show that both effects could be explained by a fast and a slow component in the synaptic adaptation. (i) Fast synaptic depression leads to saturation of the CRF and phase advance in the cortical response to high contrast stimuli. (ii) Slow adaptation of the synaptic transmitter release probability is derived such that the mutual information between the input and the output of a cortical neuron is maximal. This component--given by infomax learning rule--explains contrast adaptation of the averaged membrane potential (DC component) as well as the surprising experimental result, that the stimulus modulated component (F1 component) of a cortical cell's membrane potential adapts only weakly. Based on our results, we propose a new experiment to estimate the strength of the effective excitatory feedback to a cortical neuron, and we also suggest a relatively simple experimental test to justify our hypothesized synaptic mechanism for contrast adaptation.
BLAST OBSERVATIONS OF RESOLVED GALAXIES: TEMPERATURE PROFILES AND THE EFFECT OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI ON FIR TO SUBMILLIMETER EMISSION

Over the course of two flights, the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) made resolved maps of seven nearby (<25 Mpc) galaxies at 250, 350, and 500 μm. During its 2005 June flight from Sweden, BLAST observed a single nearby galaxy, NGC 4565. During the 2006 December flight from Antarctica, BLAST observed the nearby galaxies NGC 1097, NGC 1291, NGC 1365, NGC 1512, NGC 1566, and NGC 1808. We fit physical dust models to a combination of BLAST observations and other available data for the galaxies observed by Spitzer. We fit a modified blackbody to the remaining galaxies to obtain total dust mass and mean dust temperature. For the four galaxies with Spitzer data, we also produce maps and radial profiles of dust column density and temperature. We measure the fraction of BLAST detected flux originating from the central cores of these galaxies and use this to calculate a “core fraction,” an upper limit on the “active galactic nucleus fraction” of these galaxies. We also find our resolved observations of these galaxies give a dust mass estimate 5–19 times larger than an unresolved observation would predict. Finally, we are able to use these data to derive a value for the dust mass absorption coefficient of κ = 0.29 ± 0.03 m2 kg−1 at 250 μm. This study is an introduction to future higher-resolution and higher-sensitivity studies to be conducted by Herschel and SCUBA-2.
The impact of rear-view mirror distance and curvature on judgements relevant to road safety

We report two experiments that investigate the impact of rear-view mirror distance and curvature on distance, spacing, and time-to-contact (TTC) judgements. The variation in mirror distance had a significant effect on TTC judgements, but only marginally influenced distance and spacing estimations. As mirror distance increased, TTC was overestimated, which is potentially dangerous. Control conditions with identical visual angles across different mirror distances revealed that effects were not solely caused by variation in visual angle. The impact of mirror curvature moderated the effect. While observers were unable to compensate for the mirror distance effect, they could do so for the distortions generated by non-planar mirrors, at least up to a certain degree of distortion. Implications for vehicle design and national guidelines are discussed. Practitioner Summary: Regulations regarding rear-view mirrors are vastly different between countries. For instance EU regulations encourage convex driver-side mirrors, whereas US regulations allow them merely on the passenger's side. The use of a dynamic TTC paradigm puts the human factors designer in a position to evaluate the existing regulations and to design safer mirrors.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Professional Opinion Scale: A Values Assessment Instrument

Objective: The objective of this study was to reaffirm, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the four value subscales (respect for basic rights, sense of social responsibility, commitment to individual freedom, and support of self-determination) identified in the initial exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the Professional Opinion Scale (POS). Method: The CFA reported here suggests that four items included in the original POS be repositioned, and eight items be removed, resulting in a 32-item updated version of the POS. Results: A final model, incorporating correlations of disturbances or errors between four pairs of similarly worded items, resulted in the best fit model. Conclusion: Although the final CFA does not support the entirety of the four factors identified by EFA, the resulting version of the POS, supported by goodness of fit indices, does support the four value subscales with minor modifications.
Balancing the Use of Batteries and Opportunistic Scheduling Policies for Maximizing Renewable Energy Consumption in a Cloud Data Center

The fast growth of cloud computing considerably increases the energy consumption of cloud infrastructures, especially, data centers. To reduce brown energy consumption and carbon footprint, renewable energy such as solar/wind energy is considered recently to supply new green data centers. As renewable energy is intermittent and fluctuates from time to time, this paper considers two fundamental approaches for improving the usage of renewable energy in a small/medium-sized data center. One approach is based on opportunistic scheduling: more jobs are performed when renewable energy is available. The other approach relies on Energy Storage Devices (ESDs), which store renewable energy surplus at first and then, provide energy to the data center when renewable energy becomes unavailable. In this paper, we explore these two means to maximize the utilization of on-site renewable energy for small data centers. By using real-world job workload and solar energy traces, our experimental results show the energy consumption with varying battery size and solar panel dimensions for opportunistic scheduling or ESD-only solution. The results also demonstrate that opportunistic scheduling can reduce the demand for ESD capacity. Finally, we find an intermediate solution mixing both approaches in order to achieve a balance in all aspects, implying minimizing the renewable energy losses. It also saves brown energy consumption by up to 33% compared to ESD-only solution.
“We're the Ones to Blame”: Citizens' Representations of Climate Change and the Role of the Media

In the discussion on how to meet the challenges of climate change the important role of news reporting is often emphasized; the media are considered to have significant influence on citizens' understandings of the issue. However, studies that empirically explore the media's role in shaping these understandings are rather scarce compared with analyses of media content alone. While fully acknowledging the fruitfulness of the study of media material, this article argues that there are tendencies in these studies to, in a somewhat “media-centric” fashion, reduce the complexity of the relationship between media content and audience reception. The article, which reports on findings from a focus-group study containing 53 Swedish citizens, starts from the premise that this relationship must be subjected to empirical analysis rather than axiomatically asserted, and aims to contribute empirically based knowledge on the connection between media staging of climate change and citizens' representations of this global risk.
Cumulative Watershed Effects of Fuel Management in the Western United States

Fire suppression in the last century has resulted in forests with excessive amounts of biomass, leading to more severe wildfires, covering greater areas, requiring more resources for suppression and mitigation, and causing increased onsite and offsite damage to forests and watersheds. Forest managers are now attempting to reduce this accumulated biomass by thinning, prescribed fire, and other management activities. These activities will impact watershed health, particularly as larger areas are treated and treatment activities become more widespread in space and in time. Management needs, laws, social pressures, and legal findings have underscored a need to synthesize what we know about the cumulative watershed effects of fuel management activities. To meet this need, a workshop was held in Provo, Utah, on April, 2005, with 45 scientists and watershed managers from throughout the United States. At that meeting, it was decided that two syntheses on the cumulative watershed effects of fuel management would be developed, one for the eastern United States, and one for the western United States. For the western synthesis, 14 chapters were defined covering fire and forests, machinery, erosion processes, water yield and quality, soil and riparian impacts, aquatic and landscape effects, and predictive tools and procedures. We believe these chapters provide an overview of our current understanding of the cumulative watershed effects of fuel management in the western United States.