Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactive reading: A context for expanding the expression of causal relations in preschoolers

This qualitative and descriptive study partly explores a crucial aspect of child development, that is, story comprehension seen from the perspective of children’s elaboration of causal relations among story elements. The researcher met with 12 francophone preschool-aged girls (3;6 to 6;0 years old) from Quebec City. At key points in the causal chain of story events, the researcher stopped reading to listen to what the children had to say about the construction of the relations they had elaborated until then. After reading, the same children answered four inference questions. Based on analyses which showed that children make causal relations more explicit during reading rather than after reading, it is reasonable to believe that dialogue during reading fosters the complexification of the expression of causal relations by preschoolers.
Discourse and Agency: The Example of Personnel Psychology and 'Assessment Centres'

This paper analyzes the discourse of personnel psychology through reference to the work of Michel Foucault. It particularly focuses on the personnel psy chology discursive practices known as assessment centres, since they represent one of the most advanced technologies of personnel psychology and form part of 'best practice' prescription, both for efficient personnel management, and as a means of protecting equal opportunities. The discursive development of assessment centres is examined through a detailed analysis of their develop ment and deployment as War Office Selection Boards (or 'WOSBs') during the Second World War. The paper argues that the deployment of WOSBs deviated from prescribed practice and from the logic and discipline of person nel psychology discourse. In consequence, they could not remain a reliable guarantor of efficient personnel management, or protect equal opportunity. This deviation is discussed in relation to limitations of applying Foucauldian analysis to the study of discourse and human agency.
A psychological study of New Age practices and beliefs

This thesis consists of a study of the motivational, cognitive and personality implications of adherence to New Age practices and beliefs. The New Age, unlike traditional Western religion, possesses no church-like structure and is usually characterised as a loose network of self-development practices, with a belief system centred on the spiritual evolution of the individual through successive reincarnations and the idea of a magical interconnectedness between all things. The studies carried out used a series of psychological measures, including self-report scales, analysis of self-concepts, autobiographical episodes and attributions to life events, and experimental visual and semantic tasks. Groups of traditional religious and non-religious individuals were also assessed to serve as contrasts to the New Age group. Following from previous sociological literature on the individualist character of the New Age, the first study dealt with individualist and collectivist motivations. New Age individuals were found to emphasise more individualistic values than Catholics, but still differed from non-religious individuals in that they stressed more self-transcendent universalism values and global-holistic self-concepts. This pattern was labelled as 'holistic individualism' and the second study sought to define it more accurately by focusing on the analysis of agency and communion motivations through the analysis of autobiographical episodes. In this study, the New Age group showed a higher frequency of agency and a lower frequency of communion themes than traditional religious and non-religious participants and, in particular, emphasised life stories of self-empowerment by non-material 'energies' or entities. The last two studies looked more closely at the New Age tendency towards highly abstract cognitions, in particular its sense of connectedness, by focusing on magical thinking and personality traits. New Age individuals were found to attribute events to magical rather than naturalistic causes much more often than the other groups. This cognitive disposition was confirmed in the last study, which found a positive association between the adherence to New Age practices and schizotypal personality traits, emotional hypersensitivity, and cognitive-perceptual looseness. Women were also found to be keener adherents to the New Age than men. Given this set of results, it is suggested that the New Age should be thought of primarily as a magical, rather than a religious, system of practices and beliefs. It is also proposed that an individual may be drawn to the New Age not only because of its modern individualistic appeal, but in virtue of possessing a particular personality and cognitive disposition towards magical ideation and unusual perceptual experiences.
Moral Disengagement and Support for Nonhuman Animal Farming

Nonhuman animal farming, by its fundamental nature, involves a greater or lesser degree of ill treatment and oppression. Definitions of abuse or cruelty in relation to nonhumans, however, are inconsistent and ambiguous. People support nonhuman farming by purchasing its products, but the majority of people do not themselves mistreat nonhumans. How can this incongruity be explained? Any account is likely to be complex, but work in experimental psychology has identified a number of conditions that can contribute toward individuals becoming morally disengaged from abusive acts. This paper shows that a number of these conditions are embedded in the nonhuman animal farming industry, thus providing some insight into why consumers may be disconnected from the mass abuse carried out by an industry they support. Recognizing this process can help advocates for nonhumans take steps to counter this disengagement and so allow consumers to examine their ethical choices more clearly.
Adoptive parenting and attachment: association of the internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-adopted children during adolescence

Introduction: Recent literature has shown that the good outcome of adoption would mostly depend on the quality of adoptive parenting, which is strongly associated with the security of parental internal working models (IWMs) of attachment. Specifically, attachment states-of-mind of adoptive mothers classified as free and autonomous and without lack of resolution of loss or trauma could represent a good protective factor for adopted children, previously maltreated and neglected. While most research on adoptive families focused on pre-school and school-aged children, the aim of this study was to assess the concordance of IWMs of attachment in adoptive dyads during adolescence. Method: Our pilot-study involved 76 participants: 30 adoptive mothers (mean age = 51.5 ± 4.3), and their 46 late-adopted adolescents (mean age = 13.9 ± 1.6), who were all aged 4–9 years old at time of adoption (mean age = 6.3 ± 1.5). Attachment representations of adopted adolescents were assessed by the Friend and Family Interview (FFI), while adoptive mothers’ state-of-mind with respect to attachment was classified by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Adolescents’ verbal intelligence was controlled for. Results: Late-adopted adolescents were classified as follows: 67% secure, 26% dismissing, and 7% preoccupied in the FFI, while their adoptive mothers’ AAI classifications were 70% free-autonomous, 7% dismissing, and 23% unresolved. We found a significant concordance of 70% (32 dyads) between the secure–insecure FFI and AAI classifications. Specifically adoptive mothers with high coherence of transcript and low unresolved loss tend to have late-adopted children with high secure attachment, even if the adolescents’ verbal intelligence made a significant contribution to this prediction. Discussion: Our results provides an empirical contribution to the literature concerning the concordance of attachment in adoptive dyads, highlighting the beneficial impact of highly coherent states-of-mind of adoptive mothers on the attachment representations of their late-adopted adolescent children.
Another Washington-New York Consensus? Progressives Back in Contention

I use the case of New York to explore how federal activism in the wake of crisis affects US urban regimes. Multiscalar policy networks, formerly used to extend neoliberalism to subnational levels, now feature an odd mix of progressives and neoliberals. I use the idea of path dependence to explain this indeterminacy in terms of the contradictory effects of US federalism on national regime formation: while federalism provided havens for progressives to mobilize for regime change, it also anchors defenders of neoliberalism and its legacies. The Obama administration has exploited crisis to move scalar relations in a progressive direction. This has brought some changes to New York's neoliberal regime. That, along with the White House's cool reaction to recent proposals from New York, suggest a break with the neoliberal apparatus. Yet neoliberal legacies constrain efforts to institutionalize new federal roles and scalar relations, leaving the New York regime unsettled. What seems the likely result is a heterodox national regime that combines state and market mechanisms and a policy network open to heterogeneous influences—a mix where progressives are back in contention, if not necessarily in control.
Prospects and Problems for Identification of Poisonous Plants in China using DNA Barcodes.

OBJECTIVE Poisonous plants are a deadly threat to public health in China. The traditional clinical diagnosis of the toxic plants is inefficient, fallible, and dependent upon experts. In this study, we tested the performance of DNA barcodes for identification of the most threatening poisonous plants in China. METHODS Seventy-four accessions of 27 toxic plant species in 22 genera and 17 families were sampled and three DNA barcodes (matK, rbcL, and ITS) were amplified, sequenced and tested. Three methods, Blast, pairwise global alignment (PWG) distance, and Tree-Building were tested for discrimination power. RESULTS The primer universality of all the three markers was high. Except in the case of ITS for Hemerocallis minor, the three barcodes were successfully generated from all the selected species. Among the three methods applied, Blast showed the lowest discrimination rate, whereas PWG Distance and Tree-Building methods were equally effective. The ITS barcode showed highest discrimination rates using the PWG Distance and Tree-Building methods. When the barcodes were combined, discrimination rates were increased for the Blast method. CONCLUSION DNA barcoding technique provides us a fast tool for clinical identification of poisonous plants in China. We suggest matK, rbcL, ITS used in combination as DNA barcodes for authentication of poisonous plants.
Personal and cultural differences in responding to criticism in three countries

The present study investigated whether verbal aggression, argument approach, argument avoidance or assertiveness had any effect on how participants in three countries responded to criticism. Consistent with the first hypothesis, men were significantly more aggressive, assertive, less avoidant, and approached argument more than women. However, men did not respond more assertively to criticism. As predicted in the second hypothesis, US Americans responded more assertively to criticism than did Japanese and Chinese. The third hypothesis predicted that verbal aggression, argument approach, argument avoidance and assertiveness would be associated with a more assertive response to criticism. The data obtained were only partially consistent with the third hypothesis. While only a small number of participants in this study indicated that they would respond to criticism with silence, US Americans used silence to mean anger while for Chinese silence showed personal embarrassment. Very few Japanese selected silence as an option for responding to a neighbor’s criticism. The implications of these results are discussed.
Transformational Leader Behaviors and Substitutes for Leadership as Determinants of Employee Satisfaction, Commitment, Trust, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of transformational leadership behaviors, within the context of Kerr and Jermier’s (1978) substitutes for leadership. Data were collected from 1539 employees across a wide variety of different industries, organizational settings, and job levels. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis procedures generally showed that few of the substitutes variables moderated the effects of the transformational leader behaviors on followers’ attitudes, role perceptions, and “in-role” and “citizenship” behaviors in a manner consistent with the predictions of Howell, Dorfman and Kerr (1986). However, the results did show that: (a) the transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership each had unique effects on follower criterion variables; (b) the total amount of variance accounted for by the substitutes for leadership and the transformational leader behaviors was substantially greater than that reported in prior leadership research; and (c) several of the transformational behaviors were significantly related to several of the substitutes for leadership variables. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the effects of transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership are then discussed.
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Simplified Brain Slice Glucose Utilization

Brain slice glucose utilization (SG U) can be measured by methods analogous to those used for in vivo cerebral glucose utilization. In order to make this tech­ nique more accessible and applicable to a broad range of experimental conditions, we have derived a simplified op­ erational rate equation and generated the table of appar­ ent rate coefficients necessary to apply the equation un­ der different experimental situations. Calculations of the apparent rate coefficients were based upon an eight­ parameter kinetic model combined with Michaelis­ Menten theory to account for changes in the rate con-Measurement of glucose utilization with radiola­ beled 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) is among the most use­ ful methods available for studying the metabolic ac­ tivity of brain. Since the original description (Sokoloff et al., 1977), this method has been used to analyze the metabolic behavior of a very broad range of normal and pathological processes, both in animal models and in humans. Our laboratory has attempted to extend this valuable technique to the analysis of brain metabolism in vitro. The relative accessibility of in vitro material has allowed us to propose and test detailed kinetic models of 1 4 C_2_ deoxyglucose (2DG) metabolism in brain slices from both hippocampus and hypothalamus (New­ man et al., 1990). Unfortunately, the theoretical considerations and complexity of determining rate constants can obscure the basic simplicity of the method unless standardized protocols and rate con-864 stants as a function of buffer glucose concentration. The theory was tested with a series of experiments using rat brain slices, ['4CJ-2-deoxyglucose (2DG) and [14CJ-3-0-methylglucose (30MG). The errors involved in the sim­ plified technique were estimated by a variety of tech­ niques and found to be acceptable over a broad range of conditions. A detailed, practical protocol for the simpli­ fied method is presented. Key Words: 2-Deoxyglucose-3-0-methylglucose-Glucose utilization-Brain slices­ Hippocampus-Hypothalamus. stants are available. The present work is an effort to simplify and standardize the method. It is possible to state the operational rate equation for in vitro glucose utilization as a simple linear equation and calculate in vitro glucose utilization analogous to in vivo results after measuring total tissue radioactiv­ ity, ct, and radioactivity of the perifusing medium, c;. In order to make this practical, however, it is necessary to generate apparent rate coefficients, K', which are applicable to the experimental con­ ditions, including the times of tissue incubation and rinse and the glucose concentration, C p o Ideally, …
Seeing emotions in the eyes – inverse priming effects induced by eyes expressing mental states

Objective: Automatic emotional processing of faces and facial expressions gain more and more of relevance in terms of social communication. Among a variety of different primes, targets and tasks, whole face images and facial expressions have been used to affectively prime emotional responses. This study investigates whether emotional information provided solely in eye regions that display mental states can also trigger affective priming. Methods: Sixteen subjects answered a lexical decision task (LDT) coupled with an affective priming paradigm. Emotion-associated eye regions were extracted from photographs of faces and acted as primes, whereas targets were either words or pseudo-words. Participants had to decide whether the targets were real German words or generated pseudo-words. Primes and targets belonged to the emotional categories “fear,” “disgust,” “happiness,” and “neutral. ” Results: A general valence effect for positive words was observed: responses in the LDT were faster for target words of the emotional category happiness when compared to other categories. Importantly, pictures of emotional eye regions preceding the target words affected their subsequent classification. While we show a classical priming effect for neutral target words – with shorter RT for congruent compared to incongruent prime-target pairs- , we observed an inverse priming effect for fearful and happy target words – with shorter RT for incongruent compared to congruent prime-target pairs. These inverse priming effects were driven exclusively by specific prime-target pairs. Conclusion: Reduced facial emotional information is sufficient to induce automatic implicit emotional processing. The emotional-associated eye regions were processed with respect to their emotional valence and affected the performance on the LDT.
Observation of Public Health Risk Behaviours, Risk Communication and Hand Hygiene at Kansas and Missouri Petting Zoos – 2010–2011

Outbreaks of human illness have been linked to visiting settings with animal contact throughout developed countries. This study details an observational study of hand hygiene tool availability and recommendations; frequency of risky behaviour; and handwashing attempts by visitors in Kansas (9) and Missouri (4), USA, petting zoos. Handwashing signs and hand hygiene stations were available at the exit of animal‐contact areas in 10/13 and 8/13 petting zoos, respectively. Risky behaviours were observed being performed at all petting zoos by at least one visitor. Frequently observed behaviours were as follows: children (10/13 petting zoos) and adults (9/13 petting zoos) touching hands to face within animal‐contact areas; animals licking children’s and adults’ hands (7/13 and 4/13 petting zoos, respectively); and children and adults drinking within animal‐contact areas (5/13 petting zoos each). Of 574 visitors observed for hand hygiene when exiting animal‐contact areas, 37% (n = 214) of individuals attempted some type of hand hygiene, with male adults, female adults and children attempting at similar rates (32%, 40% and 37%, respectively). Visitors were 4.8× more likely to wash their hands when a staff member was present within or at the exit to the animal‐contact area (136/231, 59%) than when no staff member was present (78/343, 23%; P < 0.001, OR = 4.863, 95% CI = 3.380–6.998). Visitors at zoos with a fence as a partial barrier to human–animal contact were 2.3× more likely to wash their hands (188/460, 40.9%) than visitors allowed to enter the animals’ yard for contact (26/114, 22.8%; P < 0.001, OR = 2.339, 95% CI = 1.454–3.763). Inconsistencies existed in tool availability, signage and supervision of animal contact. Risk communication was poor, with few petting zoos outlining risks associated with animal contact, or providing recommendations for precautions to be taken to reduce these risks.
Establishment and Characterization of a Cell Line from a Human Gliosarcoma 1

A human gliosarcoma culture was characterized from the time of inception to the time of establishment of the cell line (SF-S39 BT). Immunohistochemical analysis of the original tumor showed 2 distinct regions of cells. The gliomatous regions were identified by immunostains for glial fibrillar) acidic protein and the sarcomatous regions by immu nostains for laminili, collagen type IV, procollagen type III, and fibronectin. In early-passage culture, both types of cells maintained their characteristic immunohistochemical profiles; however, after the fourth subcultivation in monolayer culture, no cells expressing glial fibrillar) acidic protein could be identified. All cells had become morphologically uniform and expressed laminin, collagen type IV, procollagen type III, and fibronectin only. The immunostaining profile of clones grown in soft agar was similar to that of cells in monolayer culture. At establishment, SF-539 BT has a saturation density of 1.3 x 10' cells/25 sq cm, a doubling time of 32 h, and a plating efficiency of 22% in monolayer culture. The tumor cell line is resistant to l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-lnitrosourea, has an abnormal karyotype, grows anchorage independently, and forms a tumor that most closely resembles a spindle cell sarcoma in athymic mice. Its ultrastructure in monolayer culture consists of large cells with an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum and abundant iniiltivesicular bodies; in athymic mice, extracellular collagen fiber formation is prominent. DEAE-cellulose chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cultures labeled with |'Il| proline demonstrated interstitial collagen formation. We conclude that the cell line at establishment is a collagen-producing spindle cell sarcoma that resembles the sarcomatous regions of the original mixed tumor. Further cell separation and characterization studies are needed to deter mine the pathogenesis of mixed tumors such as gliosarcoma.
Can simulations reproduce the observed temperature-mass relation for clusters of galaxies?

It has become increasingly apparent that traditional hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters are unable to reproduce the observed properties of galaxy clusters, in particular overpredicting the mass corresponding to a given cluster temperature. Such overestimation may lead to systematic errors in results using galaxy clusters as cosmological probes, such as constraints on the density perturbation normalization σ8. In this paper we demonstrate that inclusion of additional gas physics, namely radiative cooling and a possible pre-heating of gas prior to cluster formation, is able to bring the temperature—mass relation in the innermost parts of clusters into good agreement with recent determinations by Allen, Schmidt & Fabian using Chandra data.
Mitigating circumstances in children's perceptions of criminal justice: The case of an inability to control events

Children's perceptions of criminal justice were examined for three types of crimes: assault, arson and treason. They were told about mitigating circumstances which consisted of brain damage, passion and economic need. These were contrasted to a situation in which no mitigating circumstances were offered. The results indicated that the subjects aged 7 to 17 years generally progressed with age from making legal judgements mitigated by a variety of circumstances to recognizing few situations in which such circumstances apply. While, in some cases, younger children were harsher in their judgements than older ones, their leniency and acceptance of mitigating circumstances were highly dependent on the situation. The findings are discussed in terms of legal socialization processes.