Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chrome Extensions: Threat Analysis and Countermeasures.

The widely popular browser extensions now become one of the most commonly used malware attack vectors. The Google Chrome browser, which implements the principles of least privileges and privilege separation by design, offers a strong security mechanism to protect malicious websites from damaging the whole browser system via extensions. In this study, we however reveal that Chrome’s extension security model is not a panacea for all possible attacks with browser extensions. Through a series of practical bot-based attacks that can be performed even under typical settings, we demonstrate that malicious Chrome extensions pose serious threats, including both information dispersion and harvesting, to browsers. We further conduct an in-depth analysis of Chrome’s extension security model, and conclude that its vulnerabilities are rooted from the violation of the principles of least privileges and privilege separation. Following these principles, we propose a set of countermeasures that enforce the policies of microprivilege management and differentiating DOM elements. Using a prototype developed on the latest Chrome browser, we show that they can effectively mitigate the threats posed by malicious Chrome extensions with little effect on normal browsing experience.
The Importance of Material Status for Electoral Chances and Perception of Politician: Delegitimization of Wealth as Post-transition Specificity?

In presented research the impact of a politician’s economic status on his/her assessment and electoral chances was tested. In study 1 (N= 90) a politician with a high status was assessed as less moral and more competent than a low-status politician. In study 2 (N = 120) participants from Ireland and Poland were compared. Irish participants assessed a low-status politician as more moral and competent than the high-status one, whereas Polish participants assessed a high-status politician as more competent than the low-status one. Polish subjects generally assessed politicians’ morality lower than the Irish. The results suggest higher legitimization of wealth among Polish participants than the Irish, contrary to predictions. These results are discussed in reference to the system justi cation theory (Jost, Banaji, & Nosek, 2004) and legitimating myths (Jost, & Kay, 2003).
Workplace Learning and Flexible Delivery

Workplace learning has developed as a field both of practice and of research over the past decade. The increase in interest is due in part to heightened awareness that workplace knowledge and skills contribute to enterprise and national competitiveness, but it is also due to an increased focus on the connections to be made between theory and practice as part of an education or training experience. At the same time, new learning technologies have enhanced delivery of instruction and learning materials in workplaces. This article reviews some of the conceptualizations of workplace learning and its cognitive bases. It also examines workplaces as learning environments and considers the special challenges involved in the flexible delivery of training to workplaces.
Expressed Emotions and Perceived Credibility of Child Mock Victims Disclosing Physical Abuse

The influence of emotions displayed by child witnesses during disclosure of abuse on judgments of credibility and guilt were examined. Eight mock police interviews with child actors, telling a story of physical abuse with different emotional expressions, were video-recorded. In a between-group design, jury eligible lay persons (n = 162) and professional child protective service (CPS) workers (n = 154) rated the credibility of the child witnesses and the probability that the alleged perpetrator was guilty of crime. The emotions displayed by the child witnesses strongly affected judgments of credibility and guilt. The patterns of ratings were closely similar in the two participant samples, but the overall ratings of the CPS workers were higher than those of the lay participants. Judgments of the probability of guilt followed a similar pattern with a correlation of . 68 between the two variables. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
A Coalgebraic Decision Procedure for NetKAT

NetKAT is a domain-specific language and logic for specifying and verifying network packet-processing functions. It consists of Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) augmented with primitives for testing and modifying packet headers and encoding network topologies. Previous work developed the design of the language and its standard semantics, proved the soundness and completeness of the logic, defined a PSPACE algorithm for deciding equivalence, and presented several practical applications. This paper develops the coalgebraic theory of NetKAT, including a specialized version of the Brzozowski derivative, and presents a new efficient algorithm for deciding the equational theory using bisimulation. The coalgebraic structure admits an efficient sparse representation that results in a significant reduction in the size of the state space. We discuss the details of our implementation and optimizations that exploit NetKAT's equational axioms and coalgebraic structure to yield significantly improved performance. We present results from experiments demonstrating that our tool is competitive with state-of-the-art tools on several benchmarks including all-pairs connectivity, loop-freedom, and translation validation.
Positive Dissimilarity Attitudes in Multicultural Organizations: The Role of Language Diversity and Communication Frequency

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to contribute to the field of diversity studies with novel insights on how language diversity and communication frequency influence dissimilarity attitudes.Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine language diversity and communication frequency as group‐level antecedents for positive dissimilarity attitudes by use of questionnaire responses from 489 members of academic culturally diverse departments.Findings – The results showed that communication frequency has strong positive relationships with three variables depicting positive dissimilarity attitudes, namely openness to linguistic, visible and informational diversity. Contradicting our predictions, language diversity had positive associations with all variables portraying positive dissimilarity attitudes. The implications of these findings are discussed in detail.Originality/value – Few prior studies have dealt with the relations between language, communication and dissimilarity attitudes.
The Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) Program: Providing Cultural Capital and College Access to Low-Income Students.

This field report investigates how the Advancement Via Individual Deter mination (AVID) program, a college-readiness system targeting populations traditionally underrepresented in postsecondary education, provides students with consistent academic support while enrolled in a rigorous course of study. The report also addresses strategies AVID utilizes to engage students and fami lies in the college preparation process as well as the various ways successful AVID programs foster a strong sense of community within schools. As a way to closely examine the depth and breadth of this well-regarded precollegiate program from a number of perspectives, four distinct but interrelated lenses are utilized. First, AVID is introduced to orient readers to its purpose, scope, and significance. Second, a brief review of research related to college access documents the barriers low-income students frequently face in the pursuit of higher education. This data further situates both the relevance and importance of the program. Third, a discussion of cultural capital draws attention to the multiple challenges low-income students encounter in school and documents the program’s methods for facilitating both intellectual and affective growth. This analysis highlights how AVID’s structure and philosophical orientation encourage and support the development of meaningful relationships among teachers, school staff, and program participants and their families. The article concludes by considering potential challenges administrators and teachers may confront when implementing AVID and offering practical recommendations that could benefit ALL students and their families.
Altered Functional and Structural Connectivity Networks in Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are paroxysmal behaviors that resemble epileptic seizures but lack abnormal electrical activity. Recent studies suggest aberrant functional connectivity involving specific brain regions in PNES. Little is known, however, about alterations of topological organization of whole-brain functional and structural connectivity networks in PNES. We constructed functional connectivity networks from resting-state functional MRI signal correlations and structural connectivity networks from diffusion tensor imaging tractography in 17 PNES patients and 20 healthy controls. Graph theoretical analysis was employed to compute network properties. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between functional and structural connectivity networks. We found that PNES patients exhibited altered small-worldness in both functional and structural networks and shifted towards a more regular (lattice-like) organization, which could serve as a potential imaging biomarker for PNES. In addition, many regional characteristics were altered in structural connectivity network, involving attention, sensorimotor, subcortical and default-mode networks. These regions with altered nodal characteristics likely reflect disease-specific pathophysiology in PNES. Importantly, the coupling strength of functional-structural connectivity was decreased and exhibited high sensitivity and specificity to differentiate PNES patients from healthy controls, suggesting that the decoupling strength of functional-structural connectivity might be an important characteristic reflecting the mechanisms of PNES. This is the first study to explore the altered topological organization in PNES combining functional and structural connectivity networks, providing a new way to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of PNES.
Intraspecific variation in social organization by genetic variation, developmental plasticity, social flexibility or entirely extrinsic factors

Previously, it was widely believed that each species has a specific social organization, but we know now that many species show intraspecific variation in their social organization. Four different processes can lead to intraspecific variation in social organization: (i) genetic variation between individuals owing to local adaptation (between populations) or evolutionarily stable strategies within populations; (ii) developmental plasticity evolved in long-term (more than one generation) unpredictable and short-term (one generation) predictable environments, which is mediated by organizational physiological effects during early ontogeny; (iii) social flexibility evolved in highly unpredictable environments, which is mediated by activational physiological effects in adults; (iv) entirely extrinsic factors such as the death of a dominant breeder. Variation in social behaviour occurs between individuals in the case of genetic variation and developmental plasticity, but within individuals in the case of social flexibility. It is important to study intraspecific variation in social organization to understand the social systems of species because it reveals the mechanisms by which species can adapt to changing environments, offers a useful tool to study the ultimate and proximate causes of sociality, and is an interesting phenomenon by itself that needs scientific explanation.
Functional changes in the ageing kidney: is there a role for asymmetric dimethylarginine?

Normal human ageing occurs with morphological and functional changes in nearly all organ systems, and the kidney is no exception to this rule. Even in individuals without primary renal disease, kidney structure and function deteriorate with senescence to some extent. Recent studies have revealed, however, that age-related renal changes are accelerated by co-morbid conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and heart failure [1–5]. Results from the seminal ‘Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging’ and from several cross-sectional studies have shown that the decrease of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy elderly subjects is less than was thought previously [1,3,6,7]. In some elderly individuals, even no change of GFR was documented over a time span of at least 25 years [6]. Thus, in a reasonable number of healthy elderly subjects, the GFR remains within the (lower) normal range. In contrast, Correspondence and offprint requests to: J. T. Kielstein, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Email: Kielstein@yahoo.com Nephrol Dial Transplant (2003) 18: 1245–1248 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg183
Blood pressure rhythm and prevalence of vascular events in hypertensive subjects.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of age on the day-night blood pressure rhythm and on the prevalence of vascular events in those whose systolic blood pressure (SBP) fell by <10% overnight (non-dippers). DESIGN Cross-sectional observational cohort study. SETTING Outpatient hypertension clinic. PARTICIPANTS 419 Hypertensive patients (214 male, 205 female). METHODS All subjects were submitted to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (Spacelabs 90207). The nocturnal fall of SBP was calculated from (day SBP--night SBP)/day SBP, where 'day' values were recorded between 0600 h and 2200 h and 'night' values between 2200 h and 0600 h. Dippers and non-dippers were divided in two subgroups according to age (under or over 65 years). Information on gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus and body mass index was collected and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events, evaluated by history and medical records, were registered. RESULTS The day-night difference in blood pressure significantly decreased with age and the prevalence of non-dippers was greater in elderly than in younger subjects (65.1% vs. 29.8%). No difference was found between groups for cerebrovascular events, irrespective of age. A relationship between non-dipping pattern and cardiovascular events was found only in younger hypertensive non-dippers (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-3.21); in elderly people the prevalence of cardiovascular events was similar in dippers and non-dippers. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular risk is not increased in elderly non-dipper hypertensive subjects. This contrasts with results in younger populations.
Die "türkischen Powergirls". Lebenswelt und kommunikativer Stil einer Migrantinnengruppe in Mannheim

Die ethnografisch-soziostilistische Fallstudie bietet einen umfassenden Einblick in die Lebenswelt, die sozialen Orientierungen und das Ausdrucksverhalten junger Migrantinnen in Mannheim, die sich "turkische Powergirls" nennen. Die ethnografische Beschreibung des Migrantenstadtteils bildet den Rahmen fur die Rekonstruktion des Entwicklungsprozesses von der ethnischen Jugendclique zu einer Gruppe sozial erfolgreicher junger Frauen. Dieser Prozess ist typisch fur junge Migrantinnen in Deutschland, die in Auseinandersetzung mit relevanten Bezugswelten, der Welt der turkischen Gemeinschaft und der Welt der deutschen (Bildungs-)Institutionen, einen eigenstandigen Weg zu finden versuchen. Das Selbstbild, das die Madchen in diesem Prozess entwickeln, bildet die Bezugsgrose fur ihren Kommunikationsstil. Der zentrale Teil des Buches beschreibt diesen Stil, den derb-drastischen Umgangston, den schnellen Wechsel zwischen Deutsch und Turkisch und den virtuosen Gebrauch verschiedener Varietaten zum symbolischen Verweis auf soziale Kategorien, und zeigt, wie sich der Stil im Prozess des Erwachsenwerdens und in Reaktion auf neue Lebensumstande und (Bildungs-)Anforderungen allmahlich verandert.
Improving Social Interactions in Virtual Learning Environments: Guidance on Spatial Factors for Online Teachers

This paper reports on a project in which students’ interactions with learning environments are investigated from the perspective of the spatial factors. Our research examines a significant dimension generated under the interrelationship between the subject and the virtual space, by establishing that spatial dimensions may determine the level of inclusiveness, motivation and positive learning. Growing development of advanced technologies requires a rethought on the impact of the spatial variables, where teachers have to consider new ways of socialization in education. An in-depth analysis on the way that technologies can support social interactions is needed as well as new ways of understanding social processes in online environments, in order to support students for effective educational development. Our results have evidenced a combination of attitudes, feelings and socio-cognitive processes experienced by the students, and the most important insight is that these evidences turn their practical exchanges with technologies into a more or less positive social experience. As a result, using and transforming virtual spaces turn the Web into a new area of socialization. Thus, implications of this research involve some considerations for higher education, as explained in the last section of this paper, by guiding teachers on the effective design and monitoring of virtual learning environments.
Mothering Gender and Sexually Nonconforming Children in Taiwan

How do emerging and enduring conditions of motherhood in Taiwan shape mothers’ interactions with children who are gender or sexually nonconforming? Bridging research on the transformation of mothering discourses in Taiwan and globally with the small but growing body of work on LGBT family of origin relationships, this article argues that women’s experiences of raising gender and sexually nonconforming children are integrally shaped by the conditions of gender and family inequality in their own lives. These inequalities are sometimes challenged but often reinscribed by new parenting discourses and resources that have proliferated in late 20th and early 21st century Taiwan, including new forms of parental labor, accountability for child outcomes, and emerging expert voices on sexuality and parenthood. This analysis is rooted in ethnographic fieldwork and family history interviews with gender and sexually nonconforming people and with their families of origin throughout Taiwan, with emphasis on heterosexual mothers’ narratives.
Burden and Correlates of HIV Risk among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Nagaland, India: Analysis of Sentinel Surveillance Data

Background Dynamics of HIV epidemic are largely understudied among men having sex with men (MSM) in India, while their potentially critical role in HIV spread is often stressed. Unfortunately, the epidemic has probably concentrated in this hard-to-reach population in the north-eastern high HIV-prevalent areas, especially in the bordering state of Nagaland, where HIV prevalence among MSM was found to be 2nd highest in the whole country. Dearth of information regarding the socio-behavioral correlates of HIV acquisition among MSM in this remote hilly region thus called for detailed analyses of the HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) data. Methods During the first ever conducted HSS among MSM in Nagaland, between March and May, 2011, as per the operational guideline of Indian National AIDS Control Program, 243 MSM were recruited, interviewed and tested for HIV. Anonymous data on socio-demographics, sexual behavior and laboratory results were analyzed using SAS version-9.2 to conduct descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Results Among the recruited MSM, mean age was 28.30 years, 46.09% were illiterate, 27.16% were unemployed, 57.02% identified them as Kothi (predominantly receptive anal sex partner), 14.81% were bisexual, 19.75% exchanged money for sex (within last 1 year) with men and 13.58% were HIV sero-positive. Increasing age (for 25–34yrs, adjusted odds ratio: AOR = 3.89, p = 0.046; reference = <25yrs), middle school (AOR = 3.44, p = 0.046) or higher (AOR = 4.47, p = 0.034) education (reference = illiterate), being Kothi [AOR = 3.60, p = 0.026; reference = double-decker: (involved in both insertive and receptive roles)] and having paid and received money for sex with a man (AOR = 7.32, p = 0.026; reference = didn’t exchange money) were strongly associated with higher risk of HIV in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusion HIV burden was found to be alarmingly high among MSM in Nagaland. Targeted interventions for high-risk MSM, especially those who were older, educated, self-identified as kothis and involved in paid sex, seemed to be the need of the hour.
Effect of practice on the true score and intra-individual variability for reaction and movement times for simple and complex movements.

Abstract The effect of practice on individual differences and intra-individual variability in reaction and movement times were studied for simple and complex, discrete, motor tasks. Changes with practice for intertrial correlations of adjacent trials and the effects of an increasing number of interpolated trials on intertrial correlations were also observed. For both tasks and for both reaction and movement times, the intra-individual variability decreased with practice. The true score variability for reaction time on both tasks and for movement time on the simple task shows little change with practice. On the complex task, true score variability for movement time decreases with practice. For movement time, adjacent trial correlations increase during the early practice trials then remain stable. For reaction time adjacent trial correlations increase throughout practice. Remoteness effects on intertrial correlations were found for both movement and reaction times for both tasks.
Candida albicans Cell Wall Proteins

SUMMARY The Candida albicans cell wall maintains the structural integrity of the organism in addtion to providing a physical contact interface with the environment. The major components of the cell wall are fibrillar polysaccharides and proteins. The proteins of the cell wall are the focus of this review. Three classes of proteins are present in the candidal cell wall. One group of proteins attach to the cell wall via a glycophosphatidylinositol remnant or by an alkali-labile linkage. A second group of proteins with N-terminal signal sequences but no covalent attachment sequences are secreted by the classical secretory pathway. These proteins may end up in the cell wall or in the extracellular space. The third group of proteins lack a secretory signal, and the pathway(s) by which they become associated with the surface is unknown. Potential constituents of the first two classes have been predicted from analysis of genome sequences. Experimental analyses have identified members of all three classes. Some members of each class selected for consideration of confirmed or proposed function, phenotypic analysis of a mutant, and regulation by growth conditions and transcription factors are discussed in more detail.