Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An optimal control model for analyzing human postural balance

The question posed in this study is whether optimal control and state estimation can explain selection of control strategies used by humans, in response to small perturbations to stable upright balance. To answer this question, a human sensorimotor control model, compatible with previous work by others, was assembled. This model incorporates linearized equations and full-state feedback with provision for state estimation. A form of gain-scheduling is employed to account for nonlinearities caused by control and biomechanical constraints. By decoupling the mechanics and transforming the controls into the space of experimentally observed strategies, the model is made amenable to the study of a number of possible control objectives. The objectives studied include cost functions on the state deviations, so as to control the center of mass, provide a stable platform for the head, or maintain upright stance, along with a cost function on control effort. Also studied was the effect of time delay on the stability of controls produced using various control strategies. An objective function weighting excursion of the center of mass and deviations from the upright stable position, while taking advantage of fast modes of the system, as dictated by inertial parameters and musculoskeletal geometry, produces a control that reasonably matches experimental data. Given estimates of sensor performance, the model is also suited for prediction of uncertainty in the response. <<ETX>>
Breast cancer stem cells expressing different stem cell markers exhibit distinct biological characteristics

Identification and isolation of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) based on CD44/CD24 expression and/or enzymatic activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1). However, the differences among the CD44+/CD24−/low cells, ALDH1+ cells and the overlap between the sub-populations have not been frequently investigated. Thus, it is imperative to improve the understanding of breast CSC with different stem markers. CD44+/CD24−/low, ALDH1+ and ALDH1+CD44+/CD24−/low cell populations were isolated from fresh breast cancer tissues and analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Mammosphere formation, cell proliferation assay and Transwell experiments, were used to analyze self-renewal, proliferation and invasion, respectively, for each sub-population. Finally, in vivo experimentation in mice was performed to evaluate the tumorigenic abilities of the sub-populations. The sub-populations of CD44+/CD24−/low, ALDH1+ and ALDH1+CD44+/CD24−/low in human breast cancer cells, represented the 7.2, 4.6 and 1.5% of the total tumor cell population, respectively. ALDH1+CD44+/CD24−/low cells had the strongest ability of self-renewal, invasion, proliferation and tumorigenicity compared with the other sub-populations (P<0.05). In conclusion, different phenotypes of CD44+/CD24−/low, ALDH1+ and ALDH1+CD44+/CD24−/low were isolated and demonstrated that breast CSCs are heterogeneous, and they exhibit distinct biological characteristics. As ALDH1+CD44+/CD24−/low cells demonstrated the strongest stem-like properties, it may be a useful specific stem cell marker. The utilization of more reliable biomarkers to distinguish the breast CSC pool will be important for the development of specific target therapies for breast cancer.
A framework for computational models of human memory

We present analysis of existing memory models, examining how models represent knowledge, structure memory, learn, make decisions, and predict reaction times. On the basis of this analysis, we propose a theoretical framework that characterizes memory modelling in terms of six key decisions: (1) choice of knowledge representation scheme, (2) choice of data structure, (3) choice of associative architecture, (4) choice of learning rule, (5) choice of time variant process, and (6) choice of response decision criteria. This framework is both descriptive and proscriptive: we intend to both describe the state of the literature and outline what we believe is the most fruitful space of possibilities for the development of future memory models.
EEG based emotion recognition system using MFDFA as feature extractor

Emotion is a complex set of interactions among subjective and objective factors governed by neural/hormonal systems resulting in the arousal of feelings and generate cognitive processes, activate physiological changes such as behavior. Emotion recognition can be correctly done by EEG signals. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the direct reflection of the activities of hundreds and millions of neurons residing within the brain. Different emotion states create distinct EEG signals in different brain regions. Therefore EEG provides reliable technique to identify the underlying emotion information. This paper proposes a novel approach to recognize users emotions from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Audio signals are used as stimuli to elicit positive and negative emotions of subjects. For eight healthy subjects, EEG signals are acquired using seven channels of an EEG amplifier. The result reveal that frontal, temporal and parietal regions of the brain are relevant to positive emotion recognition and frontal and parietal regions are activated in case of negative emotion identification. After proper signal processing of the raw EEG, for the whole frequency bands the features are extracted from each channel of the EEG signals by Multifractral Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA) method. We introduce an effective classifier named Support Vector Machine (SVM) to categorize the EEG feature space related to various emotional states into their respective classes. Next, we compare Support Vector Machine (SVM) with various other methods like Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) and K Nearest Neighbor (KNN). The average classification accuracy of SVM for positive emotions on the whole frequency bands is 84.50%, while the accuracy of QDA is 76.50% and with LDA 75.25% and KNN is only 69.625% whereas, for negative emotions it is 82.50%, while for QDA is 72.375% and with LDA 65.125% and KNN is only 70.50%.
Measurement of the Gluino Mass via Cascade Decays for SPS 1a

If R-parity conserving supersymmetry is realised with masses below the TeV scale, sparticles will be produced and decay in cascades at the LHC. In the case of a neutral LSP, which will not be detected, decay chains cannot be fully reconstructed, complicating the mass determination of the new particles. In this paper we extend the method of obtaining masses from kinematical endpoints to include a gluino at the head of a five-sparticle decay chain. This represents a non-trivial extension of the corresponding method for the squark decay chain. We calculate the endpoints of the new distributions and assess their applicability by examining the theoretical distributions for a variety of mass scenarios. The precision with which the gluino mass can be determined by this method is investigated for the mSUGRA point SPS 1a. Finally we estimate the improvement obtained from adding a Linear Collider measurement of the LSP mass.
On Kalman Smoothing With Random Packet Loss

This correspondence studies the performance of Kalman fixed lag smoothers with random packet losses and its comparison with the Kalman filter with packet loss. In terms of estimator stability via boundedness of the expectation of the error covariance, we show that smoothing does not provide any benefit over filtering. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that using a probabilistic notion of performance, smoothing can provide significant gains when compared to Kalman filtering. An analysis of Kalman filtering using two simple retransmission schemes and its comparison with Kalman smoothing is also made.
Curvature Spectra and Nongaussianities in the Roulette Inflation Model

Using the gradient expansion method of Rigopoulos, Shellard and van Tent which treats cosmological perturbations as gradients on top of a homogeneous and isotropic FRW background, we study the production of nongaussianities in the roulette model of inflation. Investigating a number of trajectories within this two-field model of inflation, we find that while the superhorizon influence of the isocurvature modes on the curvature bispectrum produces nonzero contribution to fNL, the effect is negligible next to the standard inflationary prediction |fNL| ~ ns? 1. This is the case in both the squeezed and equilateral configurations of the bispectrum, although the former is slightly larger in the trajectories under consideration.
Lagrange-Type Neural Networks for Nonlinear Programming Problems with Inequality Constraints

By redefining multiplier associated with inequality constraint as a positive definite function of the originally-defined multiplier, u2i, =1,2,. ,m, say, the nonnegative constraints imposed on inequality constraints in Karush-Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions are removed completely. In the construction of Lagrange-type neural networks, it is no longer necessary to convert inequality constraints into equality constraints by slack variables in order to reuse those results concerned only with equality constraints. Utilizing this technique, a new Lagrange-type neural network is devised, which handles inequality constraints directly without adding slack variables. Finally, the local stability of the proposed Lagrange neural networks is analyzed rigourously with Liapunov’s first approximation principle, and its convergence is discussed with LaSalle’s invariance principle.
Multiple regimes of operation in bimodal AFM: understanding the energy of cantilever eigenmodes

Summary One of the key goals in atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging is to enhance material property contrast with high resolution. Bimodal AFM, where two eigenmodes are simultaneously excited, confers significant advantages over conventional single-frequency tapping mode AFM due to its ability to provide contrast between regions with different material properties under gentle imaging conditions. Bimodal AFM traditionally uses the first two eigenmodes of the AFM cantilever. In this work, the authors explore the use of higher eigenmodes in bimodal AFM (e.g., exciting the first and fourth eigenmodes). It is found that such operation leads to interesting contrast reversals compared to traditional bimodal AFM. A series of experiments and numerical simulations shows that the primary cause of the contrast reversals is not the choice of eigenmode itself (e.g., second versus fourth), but rather the relative kinetic energy between the higher eigenmode and the first eigenmode. This leads to the identification of three distinct imaging regimes in bimodal AFM. This result, which is applicable even to traditional bimodal AFM, should allow researchers to choose cantilever and operating parameters in a more rational manner in order to optimize resolution and contrast during nanoscale imaging of materials.
Motor cortex maps articulatory features of speech sounds

The processing of spoken language has been attributed to areas in the superior temporal lobe, where speech stimuli elicit the greatest activation. However, neurobiological and psycholinguistic models have long postulated that knowledge about the articulatory features of individual phonemes has an important role in their perception and in speech comprehension. To probe the possible involvement of specific motor circuits in the speech-perception process, we used event-related functional MRI and presented experimental subjects with spoken syllables, including [p] and [t] sounds, which are produced by movements of the lips or tongue, respectively. Physically similar nonlinguistic signal-correlated noise patterns were used as control stimuli. In localizer experiments, subjects had to silently articulate the same syllables and, in a second task, move their lips or tongue. Speech perception most strongly activated superior temporal cortex. Crucially, however, distinct motor regions in the precentral gyrus sparked by articulatory movements of the lips and tongue were also differentially activated in a somatotopic manner when subjects listened to the lip- or tongue-related phonemes. This sound-related somatotopic activation in precentral gyrus shows that, during speech perception, specific motor circuits are recruited that reflect phonetic distinctive features of the speech sounds encountered, thus providing direct neuroimaging support for specific links between the phonological mechanisms for speech perception and production.
Scalability of real-time online applications in edutain@grid

We study a class of Internet-based virtual environments with interactivity and real-time requirements. A relevant representative of this class are Real-Time Online Interactive Applications (ROIA), examples being multi-player online games and high-performance e-learning and training systems. We present how the European project [email protected] addresses the development of scalable ROIA. After describing the four-layer architecture of [email protected], we focus on the Real-Time Framework (RTF) - our novel middleware solution - and report experimental results demonstrating performance and scalability of our approach.
BEDEN EĞİTİMİ VE SPOR ÖĞRETMENLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN MESLEKİ KAYGI DÜZEYLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Bu calismanin amaci, beden egitimi ve spor ogretmenligi bolumu ogrencilerinin mesleki kaygi duzeylerinin yas, cinsiyet, universite, sinif duzeyi, anne-baba egitim durumu ve aile gelir duzeyi degiskenlerine gore incelenmesidir. Calismaya 6 farkli universiteden 208 kadin, 303 erkek olmak uzere toplam 511 ogrenci katilmistir. Verilerin analizinde, cinsiyet ve yas degiskenleri icin Bagimsiz Orneklemler t-testi; sinif, universite, anne-baba egitim durumu ve aile gelir duzeyi icin Tek Yonlu Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) kullanilmistir. Yapilan analizler sonucunda Ogrenci/ Iletisim Merkezli Kaygi ve Atanma Merkezli Kaygi alt boyutlarinda cinsiyete gore, Ogrenci/Iletisim Merkezli Kaygi ve Kisisel Gelisim Merkezli Kaygi alt boyutlarinda yas gruplarina gore anlamli farkliliklar oldugu saptanmistir (p .05). Sonuc olarak, cinsiyete gore ortaya cikan farkliligin toplumsal degerlerden, yas gruplarindaki farkliligin ise mesleki yeterlilik ve donanim eksikliginden kaynaklandigi soylenebilir.
Next Generation e-Banking through Mobile Messengers

“By taking on instant mobile messaging, Banking and Financial Institutions can lessen operating costs and deliver more timely, satisfying and authentic customer experiences”. Business is progressively more mobile, whether meeting at a corner coffee shop or on a construction site. Whether it's small business owners or CFOs of larger organizations, everyone is spending less time behind a desk. The mobile Messenger platform will change the banking industry significantly because most banking services are tasks that can be automated, and instructions can be provided in simple human language.
Financial Crises: Theory and Evidence

Financial crises have occurred for many centuries. They are often preceded by a credit boom and a rise in real estate and other asset prices, as in the current crisis. They are also often associated with severe disruption in the real economy. This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on crises. The first explanation of banking crises is that they are a panic. The second is that they are part of the business cycle. Modeling crises as a global game allows the two to be unified. With all the liquidity problems in interbank markets that have occurred during the current crisis, there is a growing literature on this topic. Perhaps the most serious market failure associated with crises is contagion, and there are many papers on this important topic. The relationship between asset price bubbles, particularly in real estate, and crises is discussed at length.
On the failure of cognitive ability to predict myside and one-sided thinking biases

Two critical thinking skills—the tendency to avoid myside bias and to avoid one-sided thinking—were examined in three different experiments involving over 1200 participants and across two different paradigms. Robust indications of myside bias were observed in all three experiments. Participants gave higher evaluations to arguments that supported their opinions than those that refuted their prior positions. Likewise, substantial one-side bias was observed—participants were more likely to prefer a one-sided to a balanced argument. There was substantial variation in both types of bias, but we failed to find that participants of higher cognitive ability displayed less myside bias or less one-side bias. Although cognitive ability failed to associate with the magnitude of the myside bias, the strength and content of the prior opinion did predict the degree of myside bias shown. Our results indicate that cognitive ability—as defined by traditional psychometric indicators—turns out to be surprisingly independent of two of the most important critical thinking tendencies discussed in the literature.
Student-Athletes’ Mental Health Help-Seeking Experiences: A Mixed Methodological Approach

ABSTRACT This study investigated six National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes’ experiences of seeking help for a mental health concern using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a conceptual framework. A convergent mixed methodological design was utilized. Qualitative data was collected to gain an in-depth understanding of help-seeking, while quantitative data was collected to identify the most salient factors of the HBM. Results from the qualitative data identified numerous themes related to each factor of the HBM. Quantitative data may suggest that perceived benefits of seeking help and self-efficacy to seek treatment are important factors of help-seeking.
Phonological processes of vowels from orthographic to pronounced
 words in the Buckeye Corpus by sex and age groups*

This paper investigated the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in the pronounced words present in the Buckeye Corpus and compared the frequency distribution of these processes by sex and age groups to provide a clearer understanding of spoken English to linguists and phoneticians. Both orthographic and pronounced words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Buckeye Corpus using R. Next, the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in the orthographic and pronounced labels were tabulated using R scripts, and a frequency distribution by vowel process types, as well as sex and age groups, was created. The results revealed that 95% of the orthographic words contained the same number of syllables, whereas 5% had different numbers of vowels, thereby proving that speakers tend to preserve vowels in spontaneous speech. In addition, deletion processes were preferred in natural speech. Most vowel deletions occurred with an unstressed syllable. Chi-square tests were performed to calculate dependence in the distribution of phonological process types for male and female groups and young and old groups. The results showed a very strong correlation. This finding indicates that vowel processes occurred in approximately the same pattern in natural and spontaneous speech data regardless of sex and age, as well as whether or not the vowel processes were identical. Based on these results, the author concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in spontaneous speech corpora can greatly enhance practical understanding of spoken English.
Living life well: The role of mindfulness and compassion

In this chapter I consider some of the experiences, attitudes and behaviours associated with the perception that life is going well, and how we can optimise this perception for both individuals and communities. I use the framework of positive mental health or flourishing to characterise individual life going well, and highlight the self-regulatory processes that are associated with positive mental health. The concept of shared humanity is employed to underpin the processes associated with life going well in organisations and communities. I propose that two mental practices are foundational to life going well – these are mindfulness and compassion. Mindfulness trains the skills of awareness, attention and self-regulation, while compassion trains the skills of empathy and kindness, and motivation to help. I review evidence from behavioural science and neuroscience that demonstrates the individual and interpersonal benefits of these practices. Although community-level evidence is limited at present, I discuss the potential for these practices to produce wider societal benefits.
Autonomy Support, Basic Psychological Needs and Well-Being in Mexican Athletes

Based on Basic Needs Theory, one of the mini-theories of Self-determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2002), the present study had two objectives: (a) to test a model in the Mexican sport context based on the following sequence: perceived coach autonomy support, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and psychological well-being, and b) to analyze the mediational effect of the satisfaction of perceived coach autonomy support on indicators of psychological well-being (satisfaction with life and subjective vitality). Six hundred and sixty-nine young Mexican athletes (Boys = 339; Girls = 330; Mage = 13.95) filled out a questionnaire assessing the study variables. Structural equations analyses revealed that perceived coach autonomy support predicted satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Furthermore, basic need satisfaction predicted subjective vitality and satisfaction with life. Autonomy, competence and relatedness partially mediated the path from perceived coach autonomy support to psychological well-being in young Mexican athletes. Basado en la Teoría de las Necesidades Básicas, una de las mini-teorías de la Teoría de la Auto-Determinación (Ryan & Deci, 2002), dos fueron los objetivos del presente estudio: (a) poner a prueba, en el contexto deportivo mexicano, un modelo basado en la secuencia: percepción del apoyo a la autonomía ofrecido por el entrenador, satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y bienestar psicológico, y (b) analizar la mediación de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas entre la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía y los indicadores de bienestar psicológico (satisfacción con la vida y vitalidad subjetiva). Seiscientos sesenta y nueve jóvenes deportistas mexicanos (Chicos = 339, Chicas = 330, Medad = 13.95) completaron un cuestionario que evaluaba las variables del estudio. Los análisis de ecuaciones estructurales revelaron que la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía ofrecido por el entrenador predecía la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de autonomía, competencia y relación. A su vez, la satisfacción de las tres necesidades actuó como predictora de la vitalidad subjetiva y de la satisfacción con la vida. Los análisis de la mediación informaron que la autonomía, la competencia y la relación mediaron parcialmente la relación entre la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía ofrecido por el entrenador y el bienestar psicológico de los jóvenes deportistas mexicanos.