Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intrafamily secrets in various family configurations: A communication boundary management perspective

Although extant literature suggests that blended, single‐parent, and biological/adoptive (i.e., nuclear) families differ in terms of the boundaries that separate family members, little systematic research has compared such boundaries. The current investigation examined this issue by focusing on communication boundaries as indexed by intrafamily secrets. As expected, college students in blended families reported that their original parents and siblings were more likely than their stepparents or stepsiblings to know the family secret that they reported in this study. This suggests the presence of a relatively rigid communication boundary between original family members and stepfamily members. Interestingly, participants in blended families, single‐parent families, and nuclear families were quite similar in terms of: (a) the number of intrafamily secrets they perceived in their family, (b) the topics of the secrets they reported, and (c) the functions they reported being served by the secrets. Also, regardless of family form, there was an inverse association between participants’ family satisfaction and their perceptions of how many intrafamily secrets their family held. Overall, in contrast to the literature that often portrays blended families and single‐parent families as particularly problematic, these results suggest remarkable similarities across family configurations in terms of communication boundaries.
Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine the association between vitamin D and calcium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the Nurses' Health Study, we followed 83,779 women who had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline for the development of type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D and calcium intake from diet and supplements was assessed every 2-4 years. During 20 years of follow-up, we documented 4,843 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, there was no association between total vitamin D intake and type 2 diabetes. However, the relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes was 0.87 (95% CI 0.75-1.00; P for trend = 0.04) comparing the highest with the lowest category of vitamin D intake from supplements. The multivariate RRs of type 2 diabetes were 0.79 (0.70-0.90; P for trend <0.001) comparing the highest with the lowest category of calcium intake from all sources and 0.82 (0.72-0.92; P for trend <0.001) comparing the highest with the lowest category of calcium intake from supplements. A combined daily intake of >1,200 mg calcium and >800 IU vitamin D was associated with a 33% lower risk of type 2 diabetes with RR of 0.67 (0.49-0.90) compared with an intake of <600 mg and 400 IU calcium and vitamin D, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this large prospective study suggest a potential beneficial role for both vitamin D and calcium intake in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Is Ecstasy (MDMA) Use Associated with Symptoms of Anxiety or Depression Among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders?

Abstract Adolescent ecstasy (MDMA) use in the U.S. has increased more than 230 percent over the past decade. Results from animal studies indicating that ecstasy is damaging to serotonin-releasing neurons and anecdotal reports describing persistent anxiety among heavy adult ecstasy users have led to growing concerns about the role ecstasy use may play in adolescent anxiety and depressive disorders. This study examined the prevalence of ecstasy use among 104 incarcerated youth and the associations of lifetime frequency of ecstasy use with various measures of current psychopathology. A total of 43 (41.3%) youth reported lifetime ecstasy use. Lifetime frequency of ecstasy use was significantly positively (r = .25, p < .05) associated with current severity of anxiety symptoms. Multiple linear regression models controlling for polydrug use revealed that ecstasy use might not be as uniquely harmful as initial animal, case, and media reports have suggested. Study limitations, practice implications, and future research directions relevant to ecstasy use among juvenile offenders are discussed.
The transition to adulthood: Oedipal themes

SUMMARY When working with students in the 18–30 age-range in a University counselling service, I became aware that in many cases the central emotional issue for these young people was one of finding a sense of identity in relation to their parents. It seemed to me that the transition from adolescence to adulthood, which they were trying to negotiate, could be conceptualised usefully in an oedipal framework. This paper is an attempt to link together clinical experience and theoretical formulations in a way which I found helpful in my work with this age-group. One case is considered in detail to illustrate the main theme of the paper.
Modeling Human-Automation Team Performance in Networked Systems: Individual Differences in Working Memory Count

As human-machine systems grow in size and complexity, there is a need to understand and model how human attentional limitations affect system performance, especially in large networks. As a first step, human-in-the-loop experiments can provide the requisite data. Secondly, such data can be modeled to provide insights by predicting performance with a large number of vehicles. Accordingly, we first carried out an experiment examining human-UAV system performance under low and high levels of task load. We also examined the effects of a networked environment on performance by manipulating the number and relevance of network message traffic from automated agents. Results showed that in conditions of high task load, performance degraded. Moreover, performance increased with the help of relevant messages, and decreased with irrelevant, noise messages. Furthermore, a simple correlation showed a fairly strong connection between working memory scores and our collected performance data. Using regression to model this data revealed that a simple linear equation does not provide for very accurate modeling of different aspects of decision making performance. However, inclusion of the OSPAN working memory capacity measure improves prediction capability considerably. Together, the results of this study show that human-automation team performance metrics can be modeled and used to predict performance under varying levels of traffic, probability of assistance, and working memory capacity in a complex networked environment.
A hypercubic sorting network with nearly logarithmic depth

A natural class of “hypercubic” sorting networks is defined. The regular structure of these sorting networks allows for elegant and efficient implementations on any of the so-called hypercubic networks (e.g., the hypercube, shuffle-exchange, butterfly, and cube-connected cycles). This class of sorting networks contains Batcher's <italic>O</italic>(lg<supscrpt>2</supscrpt> <italic>n</italic>)-depth bitonic sort, but not the <italic>O</italic>(lg <italic>n</italic>)-depth sorting network of Ajtai, Komlo´s, and Szemere´di. In fact, no <italic>o</italic>(lg<supscrpt>2</supscrpt> <italic>n</italic>)-depth compare-interchange sort was previously known for any of the hypercubic networks. In this paper, we prove the existence of a family of 2<supscrpt>O((lg lg <italic>n</italic>)<supscrpt>1/2</supscrpt>)</supscrpt> lg <italic>n</italic>-depth hypercubic sorting networks. Note that this depth is <italic>o</italic>(lg<supscrpt>1+ε</supscrpt> <italic>n</italic>) for any constant ε > 0.
Ambivalent sexism, empathy and law enforcement attitudes towards partner violence against women among male police officers

Police attitudes towards partner violence against women (PVAW) can play an important role in their evaluation and responses to this type of violence. The present study aims to examine ambivalent sexism and empathy as determinants of male police officers' law enforcement attitudes towards PVAW. The study sample was composed by 404 male police officers. Results suggested that male police officers scoring low in benevolent sexism expressed a general preference for unconditional law enforcement (i.e. regardless of the victim's willingness to press charges against the offender), whereas those scoring high in benevolent sexism expressed a preference for conditional law enforcement (i.e. depending on the willingness of the victim to press charges against the offender). Results also showed that police officers scoring high in empathy and low in hostile sexism were those who expressed a general preference for unconditional law enforcement. The presence of sexist attitudes and low levels of empathy among some police officers, and their influence on law enforcement attitudes, highlights not only the importance of specific training, but also the need to pay attention to the selection process of police officers dealing with PVAW.
The Impact of Divorce on Suicide in Norway, 1951-1980.

The present study does a comparative analysis of a well-substantiated relationship based principally on American-based research: that between marital integration and suicide.Specifically it tests the generalizability of the divorce-suicide relationship in Norway using data for the period 1951-1980. Despite institutional and cultural buffers in Norway thought to account for a historically low suicide rate the author finds the recent rise in the suicide rate to be related to destabilizing trends in family life. Data are from the World Health Organization and other official sources. (EXCERPT)
The histological changes in transbronchial biopsy after treatment of acute lung rejection in heart‐lung transplants

Transbronchial lung biopsies taken during episodes of acute lung rejection in heart‐lung transplant patients were examined histologically. When the diagnosis was confirmed by microscopy, the patients were treated with augmented immunosuppression by high‐dose corticosteroids. A second biopsy was obtained an average of 23.5 days after commencement of treatment. These biopsies were examined to determine the histological changes caused by treatment.
Improved magnetic resonance myelography of the lumbar spine using image fusion and volumetry.

OBJECT The goal of this study was to investigate the usefulness and diagnostic potential of an improved MR myelography approach using a dedicated, heavily T2-weighted, 3D MRI sequence in combination with image fusion. A further aim was to compare dural areas and volumes of normal and pathological altered lumbar spine levels, and accuracy in the assessment of the stenoses, with those obtained by postmyelographic CT. METHODS Fifty patients underwent myelography, postmyelographic CT, and the improved MR myelography approach using a dedicated, heavily T2-weighted, 3D MRI sequence and image fusion. Dural cross-sectional areas and volumes for normal lumbar levels and levels with stenosis were calculated for postmyelographic CT and MR myelography data. The significant differences and Pearson correlations between dural cross-sectional areas and volumes from L1-2 to L5-S1 of postmyelographic CT and MR myelography were analyzed. The 99% CIs for normal and stenotic levels in patients with claudication distances less than 100 meters were calculated. RESULTS For both dural areas and volumes in normal lumbar levels, the authors found no significant differences and strong correlations between postmyelographic CT and MR myelography. For the lower lumbar levels (L4-5 and L5-S1) they found significantly larger dural areas on MR myelography compared with postmyelographic CT, but not for the upper levels (L2-3 and L3-4). Dural volume analysis revealed significantly larger volumes for MR myelography at all 4 lumbar levels with stenoses in the cohort (L2-3 to L5-S1). Complete separation with no overlap was found between the 99% CIs for normal levels and stenotic levels. CONCLUSIONS Differences in dural areas and volumes in this study may have been caused by the fact that in the case of a severely compressed thecal sac, the viscosity of the intrathecally applied contrast agent is too high in the framework of myelography. The gravitationally dependent component is thus too low to achieve sufficient fluid contrast. An optimized MR myelography approach-a dedicated 3D MR myelography sequence with high spatial resolution in combination with image fusion-is required to achieve a more reliable diagnosis of lumbar spine stenoses, especially with severe compression, compared with postmyelographic CT. This MR myelography approach may be helpful in preventing overestimation of lumbar spine stenoses. The upper limits of 99% CIs for stenotic levels can be interpreted as an indication for surgical treatment. However, further studies that include postoperative outcomes are required.
Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Willingness to Pay in Everyday Economic Transactions

An essential component of every economic transaction is a willingness-to-pay (WTP) computation in which buyers calculate the maximum amount of financial resources that they are willing to give up in exchange for the object being sold. Despite its pervasiveness, little is known about how the brain makes this computation. We investigated the neural basis of the WTP computation by scanning hungry subjects' brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging while they placed real bids for the right to eat different foods. We found that activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex encodes subjects' WTP for the items. Our results support the hypothesis that the medial orbitofrontal cortex encodes the value of goals in decision making.
Another look at minimal lepton flavour violation , leptogenesis and the ratio M ν / Λ LFV

We analyze lepton flavour violation (LFV), as well as generation of the observed baryon-antibaryon asymmetry of the Universe (BAU) within a generalized minimal lepton flavour violation (MLFV) framework where we allow for CP violation both at low and high energies. The generation of BAU is obtained through radiative resonant leptogenesis (RRL), where starting with three exactly degenerate right-handed neutrinos at ΛGUT, we demonstrate explicitly within the SM and the MSSM that the splittings between their masses at the see-saw scale Mν , generated by renormalization group effects, are sufficient for a successful leptogenesis for Mν even as low as 10 6 GeV. The inclusion of flavour effects plays an important role in this result and can lead to the observed BAU even in the absence of CP violation beyond the PMNS phases. The absence of a stringent lower bound on Mν in this type of leptogenesis allows to easily satisfy present and near future upper bounds on μ → eγ and other charged lepton flavour violating (LFV) processes even for ΛLFV = O(1TeV). We find, that the MLFV framework in the presence of heavy righthanded neutrinos and leptogenesis is not as predictive as MFV in the quark sector and point out that without a specific MLFV model, there is a rich spectrum of possibilities for charged LFV processes and for their correlation with low energy neutrino physics and the LHC physics, even if the constraint from the observed BAU is taken into account. While certain qualitative features of our analysis confirm findings of Cirigliano et al., at the quantitative level we find phenomenologically important differences. We explain the origin of these differences.
Psychological consequences of fixed-term employment and perceived job insecurity among health care staff

The present study sought to clarify the roles of fixed-term employment and perceived job insecurity in relation to an employee's job attitudes (job satisfaction, turnover intentions) and well-being (work engagement, job exhaustion). Specifically, we examined which of the two situations, high subjective job insecurity and a permanent job (i.e., violation hypothesis) or high subjective job insecurity and a fixed-term job (i.e., intensification hypothesis), would lead to the most negative job attitudes and well-being. Data from 736 employees in one Finnish health care district were collected by questionnaires. The results supported the violation hypothesis: Under conditions of high perceived job insecurity permanent employees had lower levels of job satisfaction and work engagement as well as a higher level of job exhaustion than fixed-term employees, whereas under conditions of a low level of perceived job insecurity there were no differences between permanent and fixed-term employees in this respect. Generally, employees with fixed-term contracts had more positive job attitudes and well-being than their permanent counterparts. Thus, permanent employees with perceived job insecurity showed the most negative job attitudes and well-being.
Interlocks, PACs, and Corporate Conservatism

Two alternative corporate political strategies are identified for Political Action Committee (PAC) contributions to candidates in the 1980 congressional elections: (1) a pragmatic effort to promote a particular company's best interests and (2) an ideological effort to promote conservatism. With the use of multiple regression, this article examines three theoretical explanations of corporate political strategies. The expectations of corporate liberal theory are not confirmed. Rather, there is support for both state structure and interlock theories. It is argued that, at least in 1980, business political behavior was ideologically conservative, which business understood to represent classwide rational interests.
Modified contextual design as a field evaluation method

Downstream utility is a critical success factor for usability evaluation methods, in terms of the extent to which they can deliver value. In this paper we argue that field methods can significantly improve downstream utility through the added value they provide in terms of the range of usability problems they uncover and the contextual information they yield on user difficulties and their causal explanations. By way of an example we describe our experience of applying an adaptation of Rapid Contextual Design called Rapid Contextual Evaluation in a small scale field evaluation of a course administration system.
Visualizing the politics of innocence in the age of AIDS

We are concerned with the ways in which social constructions of age can contribute to reducing or exacerbating the vulnerability of young people, and for this reason we refer to the issue as one of ‘the politics of innocence’. The focus of this paper is on gender, youth and HIV prevention/AIDS awareness in the context of South Africa and investigates the uses (and abuses) of images of ‘childhood’, ‘youth’ and ‘adolescence’ in the age of AIDS. Notwithstanding the particular case of South Africa where the incidence of new cases of HIV infection amongst young people is at crisis proportions, the impetus for our work on the visual representations of youth, gender and AIDS comes out of a recognition of the increasing risk of youth to sexually transmitted infections, HIV and AIDS, and within that the particular vulnerability, worldwide, of young women.
Leader‐follower attachments: understanding parental images at work

This article examines how attachment styles may influence relationships with followers. Specifically, early family relationships result in three types of attachment styles that may impact current interpersonal dynamics between leaders and followers. We consider why attachments develop, how attachments may influence follower and leader behavior, and the dynamics of different attachment styles. Finally, we suggest that attachment theory can be an important addition to leadership theories that focus on understanding how followers and leaders interact based on interpersonal dynamics.
The influence of the src‐family kinases, Lck and Fyn, on T cell differentiation, survival and activation

The src‐family kinases p56lck (Lck) and p59fyn (Fyn) are expressed in T cells and are among the first signaling molecules to be activated downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). Evidence is emerging that although closely related, these signaling molecules have discrete functions during development, maintenance and activation of peripheral T cells. For example, during thymopoiesis Lck is uniquely able to provide all the signals required for pre‐TCRβ selection, although Fyn can substitute for a subset of these. Positive selection of CD4 single‐positive (SP) cells is also critically dependent on the expression of Lck but not Fyn, while differentiation of CD8 SP cells proceeds relatively efficiently in the absence of Lck. In naïve peripheral T cells either Lck or Fyn can transmit TCR‐mediated survival signals, and yet only Lck is able to trigger TCR‐mediated expansion signals under conditions of lymphopenia. Stimulation of naïve T cells by antigenic stimuli is also severely compromised in the absence of Lck, but more subtly impaired by the absence of Fyn. We discuss recent experiments addressing how these two src‐kinase family members interface with downstream signaling pathways to regulate these diverse aspects of T cell behavior.
Time estimation in minimally abstinent smokers

Time estimation was measured in 23 smokers, 21 non‐smokers, and seven ex‐smokers. All smokers abstained from smoking for 1 h prior to the session. The subjects performed a temporal estimation task of a short interval (10 s) with and without feedback, using a computerized method. The task included three training trials, immediately followed by 10 test trials. There was a significant interaction between group, feedback and trial (p<0·03). Only in the smoker group did time estimation differ in the presence or absence of feedback: subjects overestimated to a greater degree without feedback than with feedback. These findings are discussed in relation to the effects of abstinence of smoking, suggesting that even a very short abstinence period implies a modification in the correcting effects of feedback. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Back into the Fold: The Influence of Offender Amends and Victim Forgiveness on Peer Reintegration

ABSTRACT: After a transgression has occurred within an organization, a primary concern is the reintegration of the affected parties (namely offenders and victims) back into the organizational community. However, beyond offenders and victims, reintegration depends on the views of organizational peers and their desire to interact with these parties. In two studies, we demonstrated that offender amends and victim forgiveness interact to predict peer reintegrative outcomes. We found evidence of backlash against unforgiving victims: Peers wanted to work the least with victims who rejected appropriate amends, thus penalizing them for their failure to contribute to the restoration process. This backlash effect was due to decreased liking of the victim and the perceived failure to repair the offender-victim relationship. These findings demonstrate that peers expect both offenders and victims to do their part to achieve reconciliation following transgression, and both may suffer the consequences of failing to meet peer expectations. Implications for reintegration within organizations are discussed.
Inventory Control for Spectrally Positive Lévy Demand Processes

A new approach to solve the continuous-time stochastic inventory problem using the fluctuation theory of Levy processes is developed. This approach involves the recent developments of the scale function that is capable of expressing many fluctuation identities of spectrally one-sided Levy processes. For the case with a fixed cost and a general spectrally positive Levy demand process, we show the optimality of an ( s , S )-policy. The optimal policy and the value function are concisely expressed via the scale function. Numerical examples under a Levy process in the β -family with jumps of infinite activity are provided to confirm the analytical results. Furthermore, the case with no fixed ordering costs is studied.