Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability assessment of stretchable interconnects

In this paper, we comprehensively investigate the fatigue life and the failure modes of horseshoe-patterned stretchable interconnects, through both experimental and numerical analysis. The experimental results demonstrate that the fatigue life of a horseshoe-patterned stretchable interconnect embedded into a silicone matrix is able to resist up to 3000 cycles for a uniaxial elongation of 10%. By increasing the magnitude of the uniaxial elongation up to 30%, the lifetime drops rapidly to 85 cycles. A power law curve fitting relating the elongation versus the number of stretching cycles (E-N curve) is proposed based on the abovementioned experimental results. Moreover, combining the numerical modeling with the experimental results, a modified Coffin-Manson equation for fatigue life prediction is proposed for further evaluation of reliability performance. Micrographs and the correlated numerical simulations of the non-encapsulated stretchable intereconnects provide the experimental evidences and numerical explanations of the three-step failure processes.
Transferable Mitigation of Environmental Impacts of Development: Two Cases of Offsets in Australia

Transferable offsets are a means of mitigating the adverse environmental impacts of resource developments. Based on insights from institutional economics, there are three elements that need to be in place for offsets to be effective: (1) property rights over the mitigating good can be defined and assigned; (2) a difference exists between the marginal cost of supplying the mitigating good and the community's marginal value for it; and (3) the transaction costs of exchanging the mitigating good are less than the trade benefit. We suggest that these elements can be used to evaluate the design and performance of offset schemes and illustrate how this can be done using two Australian environmental offset schemes. Trade-offs between cost and environmental outcomes are apparent in the design and operation of these schemes.
Incentive Compensation and the Likelihood of Termination: Theory and Evidence from Real Estate Organizations

We analyze two managerial compensation incentive devices: the threat of termination and pay for performance. We first develop a simple model predicting that these devices are substitutes: when termination incentives are low, optimal contracts provide stronger pay-for-performance incentives. We then use data from real estate organizations to provide two independent tests of the model's central prediction. First, we use the fact that CEOs of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and general partners of Real Estate Limited Partnerships (RELPs) perform similar tasks, yet organizational features of RELPs ensure that the latter are much harder to terminate. Consistent with the model, we find that pay-for-performance sensitivity is much higher for general partners of RELPs, where the termination threat is less credible. Second, we use a recent cross-section of REITs to show that in property types where it is expected to be more costly to replace managers, those managers have stronger pay-for-performance incentives.
Prevalence of lameness among dairy cattle in Wisconsin as a function of housing type and stall surface.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of lameness as a function of season (summer vs winter), housing type (free stalls vs tie stalls), and stall surface (sand vs any other surface) among lactating dairy cows in Wisconsin. DESIGN Epidemiologic survey. ANIMALS 3,621 lactating dairy cows in 30 herds. PROCEDURE Herds were visited once during the summer and once during the winter, and a locomotion score ranging from 1 (no gait abnormality) to 4 (severe lameness) was assigned to all lactating cows. Cows with a score of 3 or 4 were considered to be clinically lame. RESULTS Mean +/- SD herd lameness prevalence was 21.1 +/- 10.5% during the summer and 23.9 +/- 10.7% during the winter; these values were significantly different. During the winter, mean prevalence of lameness in free-stall herds with non-sand stall surfaces (33.7%) was significantly higher than prevalences in free-stall herds with sand stall surfaces (21.2%), tie-stall herds with non-sand stall surfaces (21.7%), and tie-stall herds with sand stall surfaces (12.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that the prevalence of lameness among dairy cattle in Wisconsin is higher than previously thought and that lameness prevalence is associated with season, housing type, and stall surface.
Latina/o youth cultural citizenship: Reconceptualizing dominant constructions of citizenship through membership, sense of belonging, claiming space and rights

This dissertation is an ethnography of Latina/o youth’s cultural citizenship. The goal of this research is to center the voices and lived experiences of Latina/o youth in the conceptualizing and theorizing of citizenship and rights, specifically cultural citizenship. Drawing on data from a school-based youth participatory action research (YPAR) program, with fourth and fifth grade Latina/o youth, this ethnographic case study addresses two interrelated questions. First, how do Latina/o youth define the terms citizen and citizenship? Second, how do Latina/o youth reflect on and enact their cultural citizenship? Data for this research include ethnographic fieldnotes, and semi-structured one on one interviews with youth conducted at two separate time points. The results highlight the voices and experiences of thirteen Latina/o youth, from first and second-generation im/migrant families from Latin America. Specifically, Latina/o youth’s cultural citizenship in relation to four processes: membership via positionality and social identities; sense of belonging through meaningful participation and intergenerational friendships; claiming space in the process of de-ideologizing and decolonizing settings; and demanding rights beyond individual self-determination. This research sets the foundation for an intersectional critical approach toward the study of Latina/o youth’s political subjectivities.
MAJOR AND MINOR MALFORMATIONS IN NEWBORNS AND INFANTS UP TO ONE YEAR OF AGE

Numerous statistics on the frequency of malformations in the human population have been published-a recent review is given by Kennedy (1). The material selected for study varies considerably in the different reports. Some have utilized birth certificates and other official records, e.g., national registers of malformed children; some have used hospital and clinical records, not specifically prepared for the investigation; others have intensely studied consecutively born children within a limited population, most recently Stewart et al. (5). The first two methods yield larger groups for study than does the last-mentioned, which however, probably gives a much better recording of the malformations present in the children. One of us recently took part in a study on malformation frequencies in a Swedish national register of malformed children (3, 4), where mainly major malformations were analysed. In the present study, minor malformations were included too, as well as other developmental defects that can hardly be called malformations. Besides making it possible to estimate the incidence of such abnormalities, the present study permits an evaluation of the significance of various abnormalities in discussions on teratogenic mechanisms. From experimental teratology, it has long been known that one and the same teratogenic
L2-Betti Numbers of Hypersurface Complements

In \cite{DJL07} it was shown that if $\scra$ is an affine hyperplane arrangement in $\C^n$, then at most one of the $L^2$--Betti numbers $b_i^{(2)}(\C^n\sm \scra,\id)$ is non--zero. In this note we prove an analogous statement for complements of complex affine hyperurfaces in general position at infinity. Furthermore, we recast and extend to this higher-dimensional setting results of \cite{FLM,LM06} about $L^2$--Betti numbers of plane curve complements.
The Financial Structure of the Spanish Hotel Industry: Evidence from Cluster Analysis

Multinational Spanish hotel chains currently are undergoing a process of internationalization. This process demands a new approach to their financial strategies and thus will modify, or already has modified, their traditional financial structures. The authors define companies' financial structure on the basis of a wide set of financial ratios grouped by factorial analysis. The data retrieved highlight commonalities among liquidity ratios, structure, size, growth and profitability. The authors identify clusters among companies presenting consolidated financial information and find that the financial structures of the leading companies have some influence within the hotel sector, particularly with regard to internationalized businesses.
Home-measured blood pressure is more strongly associated with atherosclerosis than clinic blood pressure: the Finn–HOME Study

Background The aim of this study was to assess whether carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) is more strongly associated with home-measured blood pressure (BP) than clinic BP. Other risk factors associated with carotid atherosclerosis were also investigated. Methods We studied a representative unselected sample of the Finnish adult population (758 subjects aged 45–74 years). Subjects included in the study underwent a clinical interview, carotid ultrasonography, and measurement of clinic BP (mean of two measurements using a mercury sphygmomanometer) and home BP (mean of 14 duplicate measurements during 1 week using a validated, automatic device). Fasting blood samples for serum lipids and glucose were drawn. Results The Pearson correlation coefficients for carotid IMT and home/clinic BP differed significantly in favour of home measurement for systolic BP (0.34 versus 0.25, P < 0.001), diastolic BP (0.20 versus 0.07, P < 0.001) and pulse pressure (0.37 versus 0.27, P < 0.001). In a linear regression model (R2 = 0.32, P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001), home systolic BP (P = 0.002), serum triglycerides (P = 0.006), male sex (P = 0.009), smoking (P = 0.017), diabetes (P = 0.035), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.041) were independently associated with increased IMT. The association between home BP and carotid IMT did not increase with the number of home measurements. Conclusion BP is one of the most important factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Home-measured BP is more strongly associated with carotid atherosclerosis than clinic BP, even for a low number of measurements. These data support the application of home BP measurement in clinical practice.
[The relationship between occupational stress and cardiovascular disease risk factor].

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between the occupational stress and cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS The subject was 93 male freight train dispatchers, the occupational stressors, personalities, and occupational strain response were measured by using questionnaires. Blood pressure, heart rate, the concentrations of the cholesterol, triglyceride, and glycosylated hemoglobin in blood serum were also measured. RESULTS Social support score were significantly positively related to systolic pressure (r = 0.22) and diastolic pressure (r = 0.30) (P < 0.05), while job satisfaction negatively related to them and concentration of triglyceride (r = -0.37, -0.47 and -0.28 respectively, P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and self-esteem negatively to systolic pressure (r = -0.21, P < 0.05). The differences in diastolic pressure [(78.5 +/- 13.1), (83.6 +/- 8.2), (88.1 +/- 12.3), (85.8 +/- 9.8) mm Hg, P < 0.05] among groups of social support score, body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.01) among groups of job difficulty the differences in systolic pressure [(124.9 +/- 14.4), (129.7 +/- 13.1), (118.4 +/- 16.4), (133.5 +/- 23.1) mm Hg] and diastolic pressure [(85.5 +/- 11.3), (87.0 +/- 9.8), (80.1 +/- 10.1), (88.9 +/- 12.0) mm Hg] and cholesterol level in serum [(4.96 +/- 1.18), (5.39 +/- 0.85), (5.00 +/- 1.15), (4.34 +/- 0.91) mmol/L] among groups of vulnerability to stress (P < 0.05), as well as the difference in systolic pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin level in serum among groups of competition score (P < 0.05) were all statistically significant. Stepwise regression analysis showed that job time demands and negative coping affected the change of cholesterol (R(2) > 0.05); the job relation decision latitude, social support, job difficulty, personality (self-esteem and anxiety trait) and negative coping were the predictors of smoking (R(2) > 0.05). Heart rate was related to home income and competition factor of Type A Behavior (R(2) = 0.06). CONCLUSION The psychosocial stress aspects of work may be related to some cardiovascular risk factors.
Cancer among a Michigan Cohort Exposed to Polybrominated Biphenyls in 1973

The long-term health effects of human exposure to polybrominated biphenyls are not known. In this nested case-control study, we evaluated the association between site-specific cancer risk and serum polybrominated biphenyl levels among a Michigan cohort accidentally exposed to polybrominated biphenyls in 1973. The Michigan Department of Public Health has followed 3,899 people through 1993, among whom 195 primary cancers were identified in 187 persons. Controls were 696 randomly selected cancer-free individuals who were frequency matched to cases by sex and age (in 5-year strata). Baseline serum polybrominated biphenyl levels were measured using standard methods. We found an increasing dose-response relation for digestive system cancer risk with higher serum polybrominated biphenyl category [4–20 parts per billion (ppb), 21–50 ppb, and >50 ppb] after adjustment for age, family cancer history, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and baseline serum polychlorinated biphenyl level. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for each category were 8.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27–53.3], 12.3 (95% CI = 0.80–191), and 22.9 (95% CI = 1.34–392), respectively. Univariate analysis for polybrominated biphenyl level and lymphoma risk also showed a dose-response relation, with corresponding ORs of 3.24 (95% CI = 0.24–95.9), 20.5 (95% CI = 1.51–608), and 32.6 (95% CI = 3.33–861). (Epidemiology 1998;9:373–378)
SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF THE OPTOS OPTOMAP FOR DETECTING PERIPHERAL RETINAL LESIONS

Purpose: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the Optomap Panoramic200 wide-field confocal scanning laser imaging system for detecting peripheral retinal lesions. Methods: Optomap images were obtained in patients with known retinal pathology. Two masked retinal specialists evaluated Optomap images to identify lesions requiring referral to a retinal specialist. Their performance was compared to gold standard examination with scleral indentation performed by a retinal specialist. Sensitivity was calculated overall and again for lesions that were found on clinical examination to require treatment. These sensitivities were calculated separately for lesions posterior and anterior to the equator. Specificity was calculated from fellow eyes that were found to have no pathology on clinical examination. Results: For retinal lesions posterior to the equator, sensitivity was 74% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 61%–87%) overall for all lesions and 76% (95% CI 59%–93%) for lesions requiring treatment. For anterior lesions, sensitivity was 45% (95% CI 28%–62%) overall and 36% (95% CI 14%–58%) for treatable lesions. Specificity was 85% (95% CI 63%–100%). Conclusions: The Optomap showed high specificity and moderate sensitivity for lesions posterior to the equator and low sensitivity for lesions anterior to the equator.
A Comparison of Transaction Costs between Competitive Market Maker and Specialist Market Structures

This study compares bid-ask spreads for equity options in two market structures: the American Stock Exchange specialist structure and the Chicago Board Options Exchange competitive market maker structure. When trading volume is low, the specialist structure is associated with significantly smaller spreads. As volume rises, this difference appears to diminish. These results are consistent with those of S. Grossman and M. Miller (1988). Copyright 1992 by University of Chicago Press.
A Portfolio Approach to Economic Development

In this paper we introduce and empirically demonstrate a new model of economic development that we call Portfolio Economic Development. Our approach borrows from portfolio theory in finance and focuses on the risk-return nature of development projects. The paper examines how the loss of a dominant industry group from an island economy causes significant economic problems and how those problems might be mitigated by developing the economy in a portfolio context. The approach can help planners select optimal mixes of projects for development of any economy experiencing a transitional period.
Acquisition of post-morbid vocabulary and semantic facts in the absence of episodic memory.

Disagreement exists in the literature over whether it is possible for new semantic (factual) information to be learned in the absence of episodic (event) memory. We report the case of R.S. , a 49-year-old amnesic man, who we found to have acquired information about famous people, public events and new vocabulary during the 13-year period since he became amnesic, despite having no measurable anterograde episodic memory function and a profound loss of autobiographical memory. These data suggest that at least some severe amnesics are able to acquire new semantic knowledge, provided that critical temporal neocortical regions are spared. We discuss these findings in the context of recent connectionist models of memory.
The Effect of Asset Price Volatility on Fiscal Policy Outcomes

This paper examines the effect of asset price volatility on fiscal policy stance. We find that asset price volatility affects the volatility of discretionary fiscal policy in a positive and significant manner, which according to Fatas and Mihov (2003) has negative repercussions on output volatility and economic growth. Higher residential property price volatility amplifies both the volatility of government spending and the volatility of the discretionary fiscal policy stance. Equity price volatility increases the volatility of the fiscal policy stance, primarily via the government revenue channel.
A Reinterpretation of Elasticity Formulae in Optimum Tax Theory

This paper presents a unified interpretation of three special cases which have been widely discussed in the theory of optimum taxation. These are the Corlett-Hague case and two versions of the inverse elasticity rule, derived on the assumption that either the compensated or the uncompensated cross elasticities of demand are zero. It is demonstrated that all three cases imply that it is the compensated elasticities which determine efficient tax differentiation, and that complementarity with the untaxed numeraire, emphasized by W. J. Corlett and D. C. Hague (1953-54), plays a role in the interpretation of all three cases. Copyright 1987 by The Review of Economic Studies Limited.
Mobility of Top Incomes in Germany

Mobility of top incomes matters for both the openness of the income elite and the share of total income that this group receives. It is thus an important complement information to the growing snapshot literature on top income concentration. I use microlevel panel data of German income tax files that is highly representative for top income households. Top income mobility is assessed in four dimensions: (i) its stability over time, (ii) the degree of mobility between top income fractiles, (iii) the degree of mobility between equally sized groups and mobility in ranks, both of which do not depend on fractile sizes, and (iv) mobility's impact on distributional results. Mobility in terms of annual fractile changes is high between the richest top income fractiles, which is primarily due to tiny fractile sizes. When the fractiles' sizes are controlled for, top income recipients' mobility is lower than that of lower income tax units.
Gene-Flow in a Mosaic Hybrid Zone: Is Local Introgression Adaptive?

Genome-wide scans of genetic differentiation between hybridizing taxa can identify genome regions with unusual rates of introgression. Regions of high differentiation might represent barriers to gene flow, while regions of low differentiation might indicate adaptive introgression—the spread of selectively beneficial alleles between reproductively isolated genetic backgrounds. Here we conduct a scan for unusual patterns of differentiation in a mosaic hybrid zone between two mussel species, Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis. One outlying locus, mac-1, showed a characteristic footprint of local introgression, with abnormally high frequency of edulis-derived alleles in a patch of M. galloprovincialis enclosed within the mosaic zone, but low frequencies outside of the zone. Further analysis of DNA sequences showed that almost all of the edulis allelic diversity had introgressed into the M. galloprovincialis background in this patch. We then used a variety of approaches to test the hypothesis that there had been adaptive introgression at mac-1. Simulations and model fitting with maximum-likelihood and approximate Bayesian computation approaches suggested that adaptive introgression could generate a “soft sweep,” which was qualitatively consistent with our data. Although the migration rate required was high, it was compatible with the functioning of an effective barrier to gene flow as revealed by demographic inferences. As such, adaptive introgression could explain both the reduced intraspecific differentiation around mac-1 and the high diversity of introgressed alleles, although a localized change in barrier strength may also be invoked. Together, our results emphasize the need to account for the complex history of secondary contacts in interpreting outlier loci.
The alveolar type II cell is a pluripotential stem cell in the genesis of human adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas.

Studies in a canine bronchogenic carcinoma model indicate that alveolar type II cells may differentiate from carcinogen-exposed epithelium of larger bronchi and generate adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar and other growth patterns. In this study, we investigated whether type II cells are one of the major proliferating cells (= stem cells) in the genesis of two major subsets of bronchogenic carcinoma in humans. Adenocarcinomas (17 bronchioloalveolar; 3 papillary; and 10 other) and squamous cell carcinomas (n = 27) as well as (pre)neoplastic lesions in adjacent bronchi and bronchioles were examined for the presence of type II cell markers and cellular proliferation markers (PCNA; Ki-67) using light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Distinctive features of type II cells, which do not depend upon the degree of cell maturity, are the approximately cuboid shape, large and roundish nucleus, cytoplasmic staining for surfactant protein A (SP-A), and presence of multilamellar bodies or their precursory forms. Cells with this phenotype were found in early progressive (i.e., dysplastic, in situ, microinvasive) lesions in conducting airways and in all the carcinomas investigated, although with a much greater abundance among glandular lesions compared to squamous lesions. The most consistent sites of type II cells were the basal and adjacent epithelial layers. Nuclear PCNA (Ki-67) expression usually predominated in the same region. None of the lesions displayed specific Clara cell features. Our findings strongly suggest that the type II cell is a pluripotential stem cell in human lung carcinogenesis. Based on our findings in humans and dogs, we postulate that type II tumor stem cells may originate from one of two sources: (1) normal bronchial epithelium (by an oncofetal mechanism of differentiation); and (2) normal alveolar type II cells.