Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of women in Scotland to contraception: a qualitative study to explore the acceptability of long-acting methods

Background and methodology Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) (i.e. injections, implants and intrauterine methods) has the potential to reduce unintended pregnancies but in the UK these methods are under-used. To inform a campaign planned to increase awareness of LARC, eight focus discussion groups were held with 55 women in two cities in Scotland, UK. Trained interviewers sought spontaneous views of unintended pregnancy and contraception in general, and condoms and pills in particular, and attitudes towards health professionals giving contraceptive advice. Attitudes towards LARC were discussed both before and after women were given detailed information about the methods. Results Women recognised the importance of using contraception but admitted to taking risks. Pills and condoms were familiar and acceptable despite undesirable side effects. Women were poorly informed about LARC, had firm but incorrect beliefs about their safety and side effects, disliked any method which involved an invasive procedure and/or vaginal examination, and had rather a low opinion of advice given by health professionals. Accurate information was not wholly successful in dispelling negative views of LARC. Discussion and conclusions Many factors influence contraceptive choice. Attitudes towards methods are complex and may be difficult to change. Some barriers to LARC, including the need to see a health professional, cannot be overcome but giving more information about ease of use, reversibility, effects on weight and the positive experiences of other women, as well as describing these methods as lasting rather than long-acting, may help improve acceptability.
Examining cultural identity and media use as predictors of intentions to seek mental health information among Chinese

ABSTRACT Mental health is a stigmatized issue in many parts of the world. We conducted a survey of Chinese adults (n = 661) to examine predictors of intentions to seek information related to mental health. Attitudes and subjective norms positively influenced intentions to seek mental health information, with subjective norms being a stronger predictor. Cultural identity was negatively associated with intentions to seek mental health information, with participants who held a stronger cultural identity being less likely to seek information related to mental health. Media use was positively associated with intentions to seek information. This research highlights that cultural identity may influence mental health information seeking, and that health campaigns could focus more on influencing subjective norms, thereby changing the seeking intention of Chinese adults regarding mental health information. Additionally, practitioners may want to explore possible ways of providing health information to people with strong cultural identity, as they may be less likely to seek out information on their own.
Concreteness, frequency, and bilingual language dominance: Implications for the impact of context availability in explicit memory

words (Hirshman & Arndt, 1997). The general finding that hit and false alarm rates do not always favor the same word type was interpreted as support for the memory-based explanation of the concrete advantage in item recognition (Hirshman & Arndt, 1997). According to this account, concrete words have qualities that make them more discriminable than abstract words, including more precise meanings, more distinctive orthography, and lower pre-experimental strength in memory. The logic behind the counter-intuitive contention that concrete words have lower pre-experimental strength in memory than abstract words is that pre-experimental exposures for non-studied concrete words will have less overlap with the study episode and therefore be less likely to elicit false alarms than non-studied abstract words. This account proposes that properties of concrete and abstract words lead to differences in discriminability rather than a shift in decision criterion, which the authors postulated would produce complementary changes in hit and false alarm rates (i.e., a mirror effect). Although the memory-based explanation considers the overlap of memory representations of pre-experimental exposures to the target with representations of exposures to the target in the study context, it does not consider the potential impact of context availability. Considering that context availability is a factor that has been shown to moderate the concreteness effect in other tasks, this may be a significant limitation of the framework.
Should I stay or should I go? The effects of precariousness on the gendered career aspirations of postdocs in Switzerland

The assumption that men are more likely to undertake and succeed in an academic career, because the requirements of professional success in this occupation are compatible with normative gender assumptions, particularly that of fulfilling a ‘male breadwinner’ or main household earner role, implying reduced domestic and care commitments, is discussed. It is suggested that Switzerland offers a particularly interesting case for this study, because of the combination of the specific structure of academic careers, the characteristics of the non-academic labour market and the dominant gender regime. It is shown that, in this particular context, the aspirations of postdocs to remain in academic employment or to look for non-academic jobs are directly related to their position within the domestic division of labour and to their personal and family circumstances. However, this does not necessarily lead to a clear-cut divide between work-committed men, who ‘succeed’ (and hence stay), and care-committed women who ‘fail’ to climb up the academic career ladder (and hence leave). The results suggest that the situation is more complex and requires a subtle distinction between different ideal-types of post-doctoral experiences that do not always cut neatly across gender lines.
On Delivering Embarrassingly Distributed Cloud Services

Very large data centers are very expensive (servers, power/cooling, networking, physical plant.) Newer, geo-diverse, distributed or containerized designs offer a more economical alternative. We argue that a significant portion of cloud services are embarrassingly distributed – meaning there are high performance realizations that do not require massive internal communication among large server pools. We argue further that these embarrassingly distributed applications are a good match for realization in small distributed data center designs. We consider email delivery as an illustrative example. Geo-diversity in the design not only improves costs, scale and reliability, but also realizes advantages stemming from edge processing; in applications such as spam filtering, unwanted traffic can be blocked near the source to reduce transport costs.
Scalar Curvature and Geometrization Conjectures for 3-Manifolds

We first summarize very briefly the topology of 3-manifolds and the approach of Thurston towards their geometrization. After discussing some general properties of curvature functionals on the space of metrics, we formulate and discuss three conjectures that imply Thurston’s Geometrization Conjecture for closed oriented 3-manifolds. The final two sections present evidence for the validity of these conjectures and outline an approach toward their proof.
XMM-Newton observation of the relaxed cluster A478: gas and dark matter distribution from 0.01 R_200 to 0.5 R_200

We present an \xmm mosaic observation of the hot ($kT\sim6.5$ keV) and nearby ($z=0.0881$) relaxed cluster of galaxies A478. We derive precise gas density, gas temperature, gas mass and total mass profiles up to $12\arcmin$ (about half of the virial radius $R_{200}$). The gas density profile is highly peaked towards the center and the surface brightness profile is well fitted by a sum of three $\beta$--models. The derived gas density profile is in excellent agreement, both in shape and in normalization, with the published Chandra density profile (measured within $5\arcmin$ of the center). Projection and PSF effects on the temperature profile determination are thoroughly investigated. The derived radial temperature structure is as expected for a cluster hosting a cooling core, with a strong negative gradient at the cluster center. The temperature rises from $\sim2$ keV up to a plateau of $\sim6.5$ keV beyond 2' (i.e. $r>208\rm{kpc}=0.1 R_{200}$, $R_{200}=2.08$ Mpc being the virial radius). From the temperature profile and the density profile and under the hypothesis of hydrostatic equilibrium, we derived the total mass profile of A478 down to 0.01 and up to 0.5 the virial radius. We tested different dark matter models against the observed mass profile. The Navarro, Frenk & White (\cite{navarro97}) model is significantly preferred to other models. It leads to a total mass of $M_{200}=1.1\times 10^{15}$ M$_\odot$ for a concentration parameter of $c=4.2\pm0.4$. The gas mass fraction slightly increases with radius. The gas mass fraction at a density contrast of $\delta=2500$ is $\fgas=0.13\pm0.02$, consistent with previous results on similar hot and massive clusters. We confirm the excess of absorption in the direction of A478. [abridged]
Culture, Context, and the Political Incorporation of Immigrant-Origin Groups in Europe

Do the social and cultural resources characteristic of immigrant groups guide their integration, or do host country receiving contexts have a greater impact on this process? A large body of research has addressed this question, aiming in particular to isolate these dueling eff ects on immigrants’ economic fortunes. Studies have documented substantial variation in the occupational and educational att ainment across immigrant groups, and some have found that these diff erences remain when structural characteristics are accounted for. While such fi ndings support the view that cultural and behavioral repertoires intrinsic to immigrant groups are ultimately responsible for socioeconomic mobility, other scholars point to such structural factors as labor market conditions, economic restructuring, or welfare policy as essential in holding back or promoting these groups’ economic advancement. 1 Many occupy the middle ground between these two poles: group-level att ributes and host society structures interact to shape immigrants’ economic pathways and destinations in a nonlinear patt ern (Marrow 2005; Zhou 2005; Portes and Rumbaut 2006). Turning to immigrants’ political incorporation, this chapter makes the case that analysts benefi t from considering both group traits and institutional sett ings, and it demonstrates how these two sets of variables shape immigrants’ political incorporation across contexts. A host of behavioral and structural features help set in motion immigrants’ path toward political
Mathematical Insights into the Effects of Levodopa

Parkinson’s disease has been traditionally thought of as a dopaminergic disease in which cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) die. However, accumulating evidence implies an important role for the serotonergic system in Parkinson’s disease in general and in physiological responses to levodopa therapy, the first line of treatment. We use a mathematical model to investigate the consequences of levodopa therapy on the serotonergic system and on the pulsatile release of dopamine (DA) from dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals in the striatum. Levodopa competes with tyrosine and tryptophan at the blood-brain barrier and is taken up by serotonin neurons in which it competes for aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. The DA produced competes with serotonin (5HT) for packaging into vesicles. We predict the time courses of LD, cytosolic DA, and vesicular DA in 5HT neurons during an LD dose. We predict the time courses of DA and 5HT release from 5HT cell bodies and 5HT terminals as well as the changes in 5HT firing rate due to lower 5HT release. We compute the time course of DA release in the striatum from both 5HT and DA neurons and show how the time course changes as more and more SNc cells die. This enables us to explain the shortening of the therapeutic time window for the efficacy of levodopa as Parkinson’s disease progresses. Finally, we study the effects 5HT1a and 5HT1b autoreceptor agonists and explain why they have a synergistic effect and why they lengthen the therapeutic time window for LD therapy. Our results are consistent with and help explain results in the experimental literature and provide new predictions that can be tested experimentally.
The Contribution of TRPM8 and TRPA1 Channels to Cold Allodynia and Neuropathic Pain

Cold allodynia is a common feature of neuropathic pain however the underlying mechanisms of this enhanced sensitivity to cold are not known. Recently the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPM8 and TRPA1 have been identified and proposed to be molecular sensors for cold. Here we have investigated the expression of TRPM8 and TRPA1 mRNA in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and examined the cold sensitivity of peripheral sensory neurons in the chronic construction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain in mice. In behavioral experiments, chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve induced a hypersensitivity to both cold and the TRPM8 agonist menthol that developed 2 days post injury and remained stable for at least 2 weeks. Using quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization we examined the expression of TRPM8 and TRPA1 in DRG. Both channels displayed significantly reduced expression levels after injury with no change in their distribution pattern in identified neuronal subpopulations. Furthermore, in calcium imaging experiments, we detected no alterations in the number of cold or menthol responsive neurons in the DRG, or in the functional properties of cold transduction following injury. Intriguingly however, responses to the TRPA1 agonist mustard oil were strongly reduced. Our results indicate that injured sensory neurons do not develop abnormal cold sensitivity after chronic constriction injury and that alterations in the expression of TRPM8 and TRPA1 are unlikely to contribute directly to the pathogenesis of cold allodynia in this neuropathic pain model.
The CAPM is alive and well

In empirical studies of the CAPM, it is commonly assumed that, (a) the return to the value-weighted portfolio of all stocks is a reasonable proxy for the return on the market portfolio of all assets in the economy, and (b) betas of assets remain constant over time. Under these assumptions, Fama and French (1992) find that the relation between average return and beta is flat. We argue that these two auxiliary assumptions are not reasonable. We demonstrate that when these assumptions are relaxed, the empirical support for the CAPM is very strong. When human capital is also included in measuring wealth, the CAPM is able to explain 28% of the cross sectional variation in average returns in the 100 portfolios studied by Fama and French. When, in addition, betas are allowed to vary over the business cycle, the CAPM is able to explain 57%. More important, relative size does not explain what is left unexplained after taking sampling errors into account.
RFID SECURITY THREAT MODEL

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology promises benefits that accrue from being able to identify and track individual goods in commercial supply chains. This helps in inventory management, reduces theft, can be used in conjunction with other sensor technology to identify damaged goods, and promises cost reductions. The objective of this paper is to identify potential threats to commercial supply chains related to the use of RFID technology.
A Study on Young Turkish Students' Living Thing Conception.

The aim of this study is to find out young Turkish students’ opinions about living thing concept in detail and to investigate the criteria used by the students to define this concept. The study sample consisted of randomly selected 140 students studying at the 3rd, 4th and 5th grades in four different primary and middle schools located in the western part of Turkey. The data of the study were collected with the help of “Living Thing Conception Questionnaire” which was adapted from Rolland (1994) and developed by the researchers. Qualitative methods were utilized in data analysis. As a result, of the analysis, it appeared was seen that the students tended to explain the concept of living things via anthropomorphism and a number of misconceptions were determined in at this respect. These misconceptions could be It is thought that those results can be originated from Turkish cultural structure and formal education system. In order to correct remove such misconceptions, teachers should consider them during teaching process and teaching/learning process should be supported with appropriate activities such as out of class activities. Thus, the misconceptions of the students related to living things with anthropomorphic roots can be overcome. Key words: Living thing conception, misconception, anthropomorphism.
Ectopic Osteogenesis and Scaffold Biodegradation of Nano-Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan in a Rat Model

The bone-formation and scaffold-biodegradation processes have not been fully characterized. This study aimed to determine the osteogenic ability of nHA-CS osteo-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) composites and to explore the relationship between bone formation and scaffold biodegradation. The nHA-CS osteo-induced BMSC composites (nHA-CS+cells group) and the nHA-CS scaffolds (nHA-CS group) were implanted into the femoral spatium intermusculare of SD rats. At 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks post-implantation, the rat femurs were scanned using computerized tomography (CT), and the CT values of the implants were measured and comparatively analyzed. The implants were then harvested and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome staining, and the percentages of bone area, scaffold area and collagen area were compared between the two groups. The CT values of the implants were higher in the nHA-CS+cells group than the nHA-CS group at the same time points (P < 0.05). Histological analysis revealed that de novo bone and collagen formation in the pores of the scaffolds gradually increased from 2 weeks post-implantation in both groups and that the scaffold gradually degraded as bone formation proceeded. However, more de novo bone and collagen formation and scaffold degradation occurred in the nHA-CS+cells group than in the nHA-CS group at the same time points (P < 0.05). In conclusion, nHA-CS osteo-induced BMSC composites are promising bone tissue engineering substitutes, and osteo-induced BMSCs can significantly enhance the osteogenic ability and play an active role in the degradation of nHA-CS scaffolds on par with bone formation.
Accepted for Publication in the Astrophysical Journal Osse Observations of 3c 273

We report results of multiple observations of the quasar 3C 273 with the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. These observations span the period from 1991 June through 1993 January and represent the most sensitive observations to date in low-energy gamma rays. The source was detected at historically weak 100 keV uxes compared with previous measurements. Variability by factors of 3 on time scales of 2 months was observed in the energy band 50 keV { 150 keV. The data are well described by a single power law with a photon number index ? = 1:7 0:1. No signiicant change of ? was observed during changes in intensity. Thermal models do not provide acceptable ts to the data. When the OSSE data are combined with contemporaneous measurements by COMPTEL and EGRET, the spectrum is seen to break at an energy of 1:0 +0:9 ? 0:4 MeV to a softer power law with ? = 0:7 +0:06 ? 0:11 , forming a power law with ? = 2:4 between 1 MeV and several GeV.
On the Size Distribution of Macroeconomic Disasters

In the rare-disasters setting, a key determinant of the equity premium is the size distribution of macroeconomic disasters, gauged by proportionate declines in per capita consumption or GDP. The long-term national-accounts data for up to 36 countries provide a large sample of disaster events of magnitude 10% or more. For this sample, a power-law density provides a good fit to the distribution of the ratio of normal to disaster consumption or GDP. The key parameter of the size distribution is the upper-tail exponent, `alpha`, estimated to be near 5, with a 95% confidence interval between 3-1/2 and 7. The equity premium involves a race between `alpha` and the coefficient of relative risk aversion, `gamma`. A higher `alpha` signifies a thinner tail and, therefore, a lower equity premium, whereas a higher `gamma` implies a higher equity premium. The equity premium is finite if `alpha-1>gamma`. To accord with the observed average unlevered equity premium of around 5%, we get a point estimate for `gamma` close to 3, with a 95% confidence interval of roughly 2 to 4.
CROSS-LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES IN OVERLAP AND ASSIMILATION PATTERNS IN KOREAN AND RUSSIAN

This paper investigates cross-linguistic differences in gestural overlap in consonant clusters and discusses how different patterns of overlap may interact with language-specific place assimilation patterns. We examine Russian and Korean stopstop sequences within and across words, produced at two speaking rates. Significant differences in degrees of overlap emerge between the two languages for both prosodic conditions. We discuss to what extent language-specific differences in overlap can be linked to the language-specific propensity for articulatory place assimilation.
Electrophysiological evidence for vasopressin V(1) receptors on neonatal motoneurons, premotor and other ventral horn neurons.

Prominent arginine-vasopressin (AVP) binding and AVP V(1) type receptors are expressed early in the developing rat spinal cord. We sought to characterize their influence on neural excitability by using patch-clamp techniques to record AVP-induced responses from a population of motoneurons and interneurons in neonatal (5-18 days) rat spinal cord slices. Data were obtained from 58 thoracolumbar (T(7)-L(5)) motoneurons and 166 local interneurons. A majority (>90%) of neurons responded to bath applied AVP (10 nM to 3 microM) and (Phe(2), Orn(8))-vasotocin, a V(1) receptor agonist, but not V(2) or oxytocin receptor agonists. In voltage-clamp, postsynaptic responses in motoneurons were characterized by slowly rising, prolonged (7-10 min) and tetrodotoxin-resistant inward currents associated with a 25% reduction in a membrane potassium conductance that reversed near -100 mV. In interneurons, net AVP-induced inward currents displayed three patterns: decreasing membrane conductance with reversal near -100 mV, i.e., similar to that in motoneurons (24 cells); increasing conductance with reversal near -40 mV (21 cells); small reduction in conductance with no reversal within the current range tested (41 cells). A presynaptic component recorded in most neurons was evident as an increase in the frequency but not amplitude (in motoneurons) of inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs and EPSCs), in large part due to AVP-induced firing in inhibitory (mainly glycinergic) and excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons synapsing on the recorded cells. An increase in frequency but not amplitude of miniature IPSCs and EPSCs also indicated an AVP enhancement of neurotransmitter release from axon terminals of inhibitory and excitatory interneurons. These observations provide support for a broad presynaptic and postsynaptic distribution of AVP V(1) type receptors and indicate that their activation can enhance the excitability of a majority of neurons in neonatal ventral spinal cord.