Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EBV Tegument Protein BNRF1 Disrupts DAXX-ATRX to Activate Viral Early Gene Transcription

Productive infection by herpesviruses involve the disabling of host-cell intrinsic defenses by viral encoded tegument proteins. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) typically establishes a non-productive, latent infection and it remains unclear how it confronts the host-cell intrinsic defenses that restrict viral gene expression. Here, we show that the EBV major tegument protein BNRF1 targets host-cell intrinsic defense proteins and promotes viral early gene activation. Specifically, we demonstrate that BNRF1 interacts with the host nuclear protein Daxx at PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and disrupts the formation of the Daxx-ATRX chromatin remodeling complex. We mapped the Daxx interaction domain on BNRF1, and show that this domain is important for supporting EBV primary infection. Through reverse transcription PCR and infection assays, we show that BNRF1 supports viral gene expression upon early infection, and that this function is dependent on the Daxx-interaction domain. Lastly, we show that knockdown of Daxx and ATRX induces reactivation of EBV from latently infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), suggesting that Daxx and ATRX play a role in the regulation of viral chromatin. Taken together, our data demonstrate an important role of BNRF1 in supporting EBV early infection by interacting with Daxx and ATRX; and suggest that tegument disruption of PML-NB-associated antiviral resistances is a universal requirement for herpesvirus infection in the nucleus.
A SURVEY OF PSYCHIATRISTS COMPLETING A COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL PSYCHOTHERAPY DIPLOMA COURSE

There is widespread support for training in Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy (CBP) amongst psychiatrists and from the Royal College of Psychiatrists. One possible way to gain such training is to undertake a diploma or certificate course, a growing number of which exist in the United Kingdom. We report on a postal questionnaire survey of psychiatrists who have completed a CBP diploma course. Psychiatrists described the course as altering their clinical practice and found the skills learned, the format of multidisciplinary learning and of supervision all useful and helpful. However, individuals who undertook a CBP diploma were concerned about their ability to apply these skills and undergo further training, given the time constraints within busy consultant jobs.
Distinct Memory Signatures in the Hippocampus: Intentional States Distinguish Match and Mismatch Enhancement Signals

Incoming events that match or mismatch stored representations are thought to influence the ability of the hippocampus to switch between memory encoding and retrieval modes. Electrophysiological work has dissociated match and mismatch signals in the monkey perirhinal cortex, where match signals were selective for matches to goal states, whereas mismatch signals were not modulated by intention (Miller and Desimone, 1994). To investigate whether the theoretically important relational match and mismatch signals in the hippocampus are modulated by goal states, we fully crossed whether a probe stimulus relationally matched or mismatched a previously perceived image or goal state. Subjects performed two working memory tasks in which they either responded “yes” to probes that were identical to the previous sample scene or, after performing a relational manipulation of the scene, responded “yes” only to a probe that was identical to this perceptually novel image. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found evidence for relational match enhancements bilaterally in the hippocampus that were selective for matches between the probe stimulus and goal state, but were not modulated by whether that goal was perceptually novel. Moreover, we found evidence for a complementary hippocampal mismatch enhancement that was triggered by stimuli containing salient perceptual manipulations. Our results provided evidence for parallel memory signatures in the hippocampus: a controlled match signal that can detect matches to internally generated goal states and an automatic mismatch signal that can identify unpredicted perceptual novelty.
Common Insights, Differing Methodologies

In this article, we discuss three broad research approaches: indigenous methodologies, participatory action research, and White studies. We suggest that a fusion of these three approaches can be useful, especially in terms of collaborative work with indigenous communities. More specifically, we argue that using indigenous methodologies and participatory action research, but refocusing the object of inquiry directly and specifically on the institutions and structures that indigenous peoples face, can be a particularly effective way of transforming indigenous peoples from the objects of inquiry to its authors. A case study focused on the development of appropriate research methods for a collaborative project with the urban aboriginal communities of the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia, Canada, provides an illustration of the methodological fusion we propose.
On the number of response regions of deep feed forward networks with piece-wise linear activations

This paper explores the complexity of deep feedforward networks with linear pre-synaptic couplings and rectified linear activations. This is a contribution to the growing body of work contrasting the representational power of deep and shallow network architectures. In particular, we offer a framework for comparing deep and shallow models that belong to the family of piecewise linear functions based on computational geometry. We look at a deep rectifier multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with linear outputs units and compare it with a single layer version of the model. In the asymptotic regime, when the number of inputs stays constant, if the shallow model has $kn$ hidden units and $n_0$ inputs, then the number of linear regions is $O(k^{n_0}n^{n_0})$. For a $k$ layer model with $n$ hidden units on each layer it is $\Omega(\left\lfloor {n}/{n_0}\right\rfloor^{k-1}n^{n_0})$. The number $\left\lfloor{n}/{n_0}\right\rfloor^{k-1}$ grows faster than $k^{n_0}$ when $n$ tends to infinity or when $k$ tends to infinity and $n \geq 2n_0$. Additionally, even when $k$ is small, if we restrict $n$ to be $2n_0$, we can show that a deep model has considerably more linear regions that a shallow one. We consider this as a first step towards understanding the complexity of these models and specifically towards providing suitable mathematical tools for future analysis.
Negative Interaction between Lithium and Electroconvulsive Therapy – A Case-Control Study

Background Concurrent use of lithium and ECT is suspected to increase neurotoxicity. Method A retrospective case-control study over an eight-year period was conducted to investigate the adverse effects of a combined lithium/ECT treatment Thirty-one subjects with combined lithium/ECT treatment were compared with a control group (ECT only) of 135 cases matched for age and sex. Results Most cases in both groups had no adverse effects. Three (10%) study group subjects and 15 (11 %) controls experienced brief delirium. Three controls and none of the subjects developed a prolonged confusion. There were no significant differences in the profile of other adverse effects between the two groups. Conclusion Prescription of lithium together with ECT was not associated with higher frequency of adverse effects.
Evaluation of RapID onE system for identification of 379 strains in the family Enterobacteriaceae and oxidase-negative, gram-negative nonfermenters

The ability of the RapID onE system (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Norcross, Ga.) to identify 364 strains in the family Enterobacteriaceae and 15 oxidase-negative, gram-negative, nonfermentative rods was evaluated. Kits were inoculated with no. 2 McFarland standard suspensions, and reactions were interpreted after 4 h of incubation at 35 degrees C. Overall, the method correctly identified (to the species level or to the genus level for salmonellas and non-Shigella sonnei Shigella species) 363 strains (95.8%) without additional tests. For four strains (1.0%), additional tests were required to delineate the correct identification from a range of two or more possibilities; these included one Serratia liquefaciens (Serratia marcescens or Serratia liquefaciens), one Serratia rubidaea (Serratia rubidaea or Serratia odorifera), one Salmonella typhi (Leminorella richardii or Salmonella sp.) and one Yersinia enterocolitica (Yersinia frederiksenii, Yersinia intermedia, or Yersinia enterocolitica). Twelve strains (3.2%) were misidentified or yielded codes with no identification; these comprised one Citrobacter amalonaticus (no identification), three Enterobacter hormaechei (not in the RapID onE database; two Enterobacter amnigenus, one Enterobacter sp.), one Serratia liquefaciens (Enterobacter cloacae), one Serratia rubidaea (no identification), four Serratia fonticola (not in RapID onE database; two Enterobacter aerogenes, one Serratia marcescens, one not identified), one Proteus mirabilis (Proteus penneri), and one Proteus vulgaris (Providencia rustigianii). If the seven strains not included in the database had been excluded, correct identification rates would have risen to 97.6% without additional tests and 98.7% with additional tests, with misidentification rates dropping to 1.3%. The RapID onE system is easy to set up and the results are easy to read, and the system provides an accurate, nonautomated commercially available method for the same-day identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and oxidase-negative, gram-negative nonfermenters.
Examining Children's Fears in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

ABSTRACT Several studies have found that youth have increased fears after exposure to disasters, although few studies have examined the effects of the Hurricane Katrina disaster among youth (Weissbecker, Sephton, Martin, & Simpson, 2008). The authors investigated fears among a homogenous sample of children and adolescents exposed to Hurricane Katrina in two of the hardest hit areas of Louisiana and Mississippi. Fears were examined using the American Fear Survey Schedule for Children (Burnham, 1995, 2005). Gender and age effects were compared among children and adolescents exposed to Hurricane Katrina (N = 245) versus a control group (N = 251) with no exposure to Hurricane Katrina. Findings suggested that the children exposed to Hurricane Katrina were significantly more fearful in general and reported more fears related to Hurricane Katrina in particular (e.g., loss of property, fear of hurricanes). However, consistent with other disaster-related studies, there were more similarities than differences in the study findings between the Hurricane Katrina sample and the control group. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice focused on fears and the psychological after effects of disasters on children and adolescents are discussed.
Response Suppression by Automatic Retrieval of Stimulus–Stop Association: Evidence from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Behavioral studies show that subjects respond more slowly to stimuli to which they previously stopped. This response slowing could be explained by “automatic inhibition” (i.e., the reinstantiation of motor suppression when a stimulus retrieves a stop association). Here we tested this using TMS. In Experiment 1, participants were trained to go or no-go to stimuli. Then, in a test phase, we compared the corticospinal excitability for go stimuli that were previously associated with stopping (no-go_then_go) with go stimuli that were previously associated with going (go_then_go). Corticospinal excitability was reduced for no-go_then_go compared with go_then_go stimuli at a mere 100 msec poststimulus. Although these results fit with automatic inhibition, there was, surprisingly, no suppression for no-go_then_no-go stimuli, although this should occur. We speculated that automatic inhibition lies within a continuum between effortful top–down response inhibition and no inhibition at all. When the need for executive control and active response suppression disappears, so does the manifestation of automatic inhibition. Therefore, it should emerge during go/no-go learning and disappear as performance asymptotes. Consistent with this idea, in Experiment 2, we demonstrated reduced corticospinal excitability for no-go versus go trials most prominently in the midphase of training but it wears off as performance asymptotes. We thus provide neurophysiological evidence for an inhibition mechanism that is automatically reinstantiated when a stimulus retrieves a learned stopping episode, but only in an executive context in which active suppression is required. This demonstrates that automatic and top–down inhibition jointly contribute to goal-directed behavior.
Bak regulates mitochondrial morphology and pathology during apoptosis by interacting with mitofusins

Mitochondrial injury, characterized by outer membrane permeabilization and consequent release of apoptogenic factors, is a key to apoptosis of mammalian cells. Bax and Bak, two multidomain Bcl-2 family proteins, provide a requisite gateway to mitochondrial injury. However it is unclear how Bax and Bak cooperate to provoke mitochondrial injury and whether their roles are redundant. Here, we have identified a unique role of Bak in mitochondrial fragmentation, a seemingly morphological event that contributes to mitochondrial injury during apoptosis. We show that mitochondrial fragmentation is attenuated in Bak-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, baby mouse kidney cells, and, importantly, also in primary neurons isolated from brain cortex of Bak-deficient mice. In sharp contrast, Bax deficiency does not prevent mitochondrial fragmentation during apoptosis. Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL inhibit mitochondrial fragmentation, and their inhibitory effects depend on the presence of Bak. Reconstitution of Bak into Bax/Bak double-knockout cells restores mitochondrial fragmentation, whereas reconstitution of Bax is much less effective. Bak interacts with Mfn1 and Mfn2, two mitochondrial fusion proteins. During apoptosis, Bak dissociates from Mfn2 and enhances the association with Mfn1. Mutation of Bak in the BH3 domain prevents its dissociation from Mfn2 and diminishes its mitochondrial fragmentation activity. This study has uncovered a previously unrecognized function of Bak in the regulation of mitochondrial morphological dynamics during apoptosis. By this function, Bak may collaborate with Bax to permeabilize the outer membrane of mitochondria, unleashing the apoptotic cascade.
Comparative study of renal protective effects of allopurinol and N-acetyl-cysteine on contrast induced nephropathy in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.

UNLABELLED Objectives : To evaluate the difference in the renal protective effects of allopurinol and n-acetyl cysteine along with saline hydration in patients of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) post cardiac interventions. BACKGROUND CIN remains a common complication of cardiac procedures. Radio contrast agents can cause a reduction in renal function that may be related to oxidative stress underlining various patho- physiologies. Conflicting evidence suggests that administration of allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor can prevent CIN. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a study of 500 patients undergoing angiography and coronary revascularisation in patients showing significant coronary block. The angiography positive patients (275) were prospectively randomised to different treatment protocol to study for their reno-protective effect. The patients received either of the three drugs saline hydration (SH, 1ml/kg/hr), n-acetylcysteine (SH+NAC, 600 mg bd) or Allopurinol (SH+ALLP, 300 mg/day) 12 hours before and after administration of radio contrast agent. Levels of serum creatinine and blood urea of the 275 patients recorded at 24 hour interval were noted post angioplasty over a course of 5 days in patients receiving either omnipaque (125) or visipaque (150) contrast media. All the 500 patients were also assessed for development of any kind of adverse drug effects/reactions with the two contrast media. RESULTS CIN occurred in 56 of 500 the patients (10.6%) who underwent angiography and 49 of 275 patients (17.8%) who underwent angioplasty. In the omnipaque group CIN occurred in 16/40, 8/40, nil/45 in patients receiving SH, NAC plus SH and SH plus ALLP respectively. In the visipaque group CIN occurred in 15/50, 10/50, nil/50 in the three treatments groups respectively. Allopurinol maintained a consistent fall in the serum creatinine & blood urea levels from the baseline values from the end of the 1(st) day (p < .01 & .001) in both the category. Visipaque proved to be better dye than omnipaque with less adverse drug effects/ reactions. CONCLUSION Prophylactic oral administration of allopurinol (300 mg/day) along with hydration is better than n-acetylcysteine and saline hydration alone for protection against CIN in patients undergoing coronary procedures.
PromotionRank: Ranking and Recommending Grocery Product Promotions Using Personal Shopping Lists

We present PromotionRank, a technique for generating a personalized ranking of grocery product promotions based on the contents of the customer’s personal shopping list. PromotionRank consists of four phases. First, information retrieval techniques are used to map shopping list items onto potentially relevant product categories. Second, since customers typically buy more items than what appear on their shopping lists, the set of potentially relevant categories is expanded using collaborative filtering. Third, we calculate a rank score for each category using a statistical interest criterion. Finally, the available promotions are ranked using the newly computed rank scores. To validate the different phases, we consider 12 months of anonymized shopping basket data from a large national supermarket. To demonstrate the effectiveness of PromotionRank, we also present results from two user studies. The first user study was conducted in a controlled setting using shopping lists of different lengths, whereas the second study was conducted within a large national supermarket using real customers and their personal shopping lists. The results of the two studies demonstrate that PromotionRank is able to identify promotions that are considered both relevant and interesting. As part of the second study, we used PromotionRank to identify relevant promotions to advertise and measure the influence of the advertisements on purchases. The results of this evaluation indicate that PromotionRank is also capable of targeting advertisements, improving sales compared to a baseline that selects random advertisements.
Aldosterone Stimulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Via Big Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Activation

The nongenomic effects of aldosterone have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Aldosterone-induced nongenomic effects are attributable in part to the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), a classical mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1), a newly identified MAP kinase, has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. We examined whether aldosterone stimulates BMK1-mediated proliferation of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression and localization were evaluated by Western blotting analysis and fluorolabeling methods. ERK1/2 and BMK1 activities were measured by Western blotting analysis with the respective phosphospecific antibodies. Cell proliferation was determined by Alamar Blue colorimetric assay. Aldosterone (0.1 to 100 nmol/L) dose-dependently activated BMK1 in RASMCs, with a peak at 30 minutes. To clarify whether aldosterone-induced BMK1 activation is an MR-mediated phenomenon, we examined the effect of eplerenone, a selective MR antagonist, on aldosterone-induced BMK1 activation. Eplerenone (0.1 to 10 &mgr;mol/L) dose-dependently inhibited aldosterone-induced BMK1 activation in RASMCs. Aldosterone also stimulated RASMC proliferation, which was inhibited by eplerenone. Aldosterone-mediated phenomena were concluded to be attributable to a nongenomic effect because cycloheximide failed to inhibit aldosterone-induced BMK1 activation. Transfection of dominant-negative MAP kinase/ERK kinase 5 (MEK5), which is an upstream regulator of BMK1, partially inhibited aldosterone-induced RASMC proliferation, which was almost completely inhibited by MEK inhibitor PD98059. In addition to the classical steroid activity, rapid nongenomic effects induced by aldosterone may represent an alternative etiology for vascular diseases such as hypertension.
Relationships Between Peer Harassment and Adolescent Problem Behaviors

Concurrent and predictive relationships between peer harassment and problem behavior were examined for middle and high school students as well as gender differences in these relationships. Students recruited in fifth through seventh grades (n = 223) and their parents provided quarterly questionnaire data and were followed up into high school. As hypothesized, experiencing frequent peer harassment in middle school was associated with greater problem behavior concurrently and prospectively into high school. Students experiencing frequent harassment exhibited more aggressive and antisocial behavior and were more likely to associate with deviant peers and use cigarettes during middle school than those experiencing some or no harassment. In regression analyses, frequent verbal harassment predicted antisocial behavior, alcohol use, and deviant peer association in high school, and frequent physical harassment predicted later antisocial behavior, aggression, deviant peer association, and multiple problem behavior. Gender interactions were found for prediction of later aggressive and antisocial behavior.
Stalking the elusive schema: Insights from developmental and social-psychological analyses of gender schemas.

Research investigating the processing of gender-related information is examined by means of an integration across social-psychological and developmental literatures. First, social-psychological and developmental approaches to schemas in general, and to gender schemas in particular, are briefly summarized. Studies examining the effects of gender schemas on memory and information processing are then reviewed. Across both literatures, the findings of most studies suggest that gender-consistent information, however operationalized, is remembered better and processed more efficiently than gender-inconsistent information. Results are more mixed with respect to effects of variations in schema strength, defined as individual differences in sex stereotyping or sex typing. Next, effects of variations in schema strength are examined in terms of developmental differences in gender constancy and age. Because different measures of schema strength show different effects across age levels, it is suggested that two differ.
The Roles of L1 Influence and Lexical Aspect in the Acquisition of Temporal Morphology.

Two cross-sectional studies (N = 70; N = 91) used a replication design to investigate the degree to which adult Francophone ESL learners' use of tense/aspect markers in past contexts supported the predictions of the aspect hypothesis (Andersen & Shirai, 1994; Bardovi-Harlig, 1994) and the degree to which it showed L1 influence. Consistent with the aspect hypothesis, the learners were significantly more successful in using simple past with telics, struggled most with statives, and, in their nontarget responses, preferred progressive for activities and present for statives. The role of the L1 was restricted to the learners' association of nontarget perfect (a French-influenced form) with telics. The interpretation of the findings takes into account methodological issues and developmental constraints.