Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distilling Superior Peers in Large-Scale P2P Streaming Systems

In large-scale peer-to-peer (P2P) live streaming systems with a limited supply of server bandwidth, increasing the amount of upload bandwidth supplied by peers becomes critically important to the "well being" of streaming sessions in live channels. Intuitively, two types of peers are preferred to be kept up in a live session: peers that contribute a higher percentage of their upload capacities, and peers that are stable for a long period of time. The fundamental challenge is to identify, and satisfy the needs of, these types of "superior" peers in a live session, and to achieve this goal with minimum disruption to the traditional pull-based protocols that real-world live streaming protocols use. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive and in-depth statistical analysis based on more than 130 GB worth of runtime traces from hundreds of streaming channels in a large- scale real-world live streaming system, UUSee (among the top three commercial systems in popularity in mainland China). Our objective is to discover critical factors that may influence the longevity and bandwidth contribution ratio of peers, using survival analysis techniques such as the Cox proportional hazards model and the Mantel-Haenszel test. Once these influential factors are found, they can be used to form a superiority index to distill superior peers from the general peer population. The index can be used in any way to favor superior peers, and we simulate the use of a simple ranking mechanism in a natural selection algorithm to show the effectiveness of the index, based on a replay of real-world traces from UUSee.
Clinical and Bacteriologic Survey of Epidural Analgesia in Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Background The risk of bacterial contamination related to epidural analgesia in patients cared for in the intensive care unit has not been assessed. Thus the authors studied patients who received care in the intensive care unit who were given epidural analgesia for more than 48 h to determine the rates of local, epidural catheter, and spinal space infection and to identify risk factors. Methods Each patient receiving epidural analgesia for longer than 48 h was examined daily for local and general signs of infection. A swab sample for culture was taken if there was local discharge; all epidural catheters were cultured on withdrawal. All patients underwent weekly neurologic monitoring for 1 month; those with positive epidural catheter cultures had one spinal magnetic resonance image scan. Results The 75 patients cared for in the intensive care unit who were studied had been receiving epidural analgesia for a median of 4 days (interquartile range, 3.5 to 5 days). Twenty-seven patients had signs of local inflammation (erythema or local discharge), and nine of these had infections. All the patients who had both local signs also had infection. All nine infections were local (12%), but four patients also had epidural catheter infections (5.3%). No patient with erythema alone or without local signs had a positive epidural catheter culture. No spinal space infection was diagnosed. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently cultured microorganism. Local infection was treated by removing the epidural catheter without any antibiotics. Concomitant infection at other sites (21 of 75 patients, or 28%), antibiotic therapy (64 of 75 patients, or 85%), the duration of epidural analgesia, and the insertion site level of the epidural catheter were not identified as risk factors for epidural analgesia-related infections. Conclusions The risk of epidural analgesia-related infection in patients in the intensive care unit seems to be low. The presence of two local signs of inflammation is a strong predictor of local and epidural catheter infection.
A Prototype Multiview Approach for Reduction of False alarm rate in Network Intrusion Detection System

Every now and then we are very much related to the network. It may be internet or intranet. We generally share personal information as well as organizational information through the network. So we should secure our network. Since last twenty years various NIDS have been developed and widely used in the network which detects efficiently the various network threats. One of the contexts of NIDS is generation of alarms when an attack is detected. But sometimes the NIDS produces false alarms. Many machine learning approaches have been applied to reduce false alarm rate, but the approaches are not multi-viewed based approach. Those approaches use single function to model a particular view and then optimize all the functions in the learning process. But here, we develop MVPSys, a practical approach to reduce false alarm which works efficiently. Here a semi-supervised learning approach is implemented on both labeled and unlabeled data. This system clearly analyzed both destination feature data set and source data set. After so many experiments, we are able to achieve 97% reduction of false alarm rate which significantly improves the efficiency.
Does Loving an Avatar Threaten Real Life Marriage

Normal 0 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of relationship satisfaction and its predictors for those who simultaneously maintain committed relationships, in both real life (RL) and in an immersive virtual world, with either the same or a different partner. All 236 self-selected study participants were recruited on the virtual, multiplayer, online game and social platform of Second Life (SL), screened to insure that they had a committed relationship with both an avatar and a RL partner, and then asked to respond to an online survey about these relationships, and how satisfying they were. The results showed that (1) virtual committed relationships with a partner other than one’s RL partner were extremely prevalent (81.7%), (2) both males and females were highly satisfied with their virtual intimate relationships, (3) no RL relationship was found to be significantly more satisfying than any SL relationship in any statistical analysis conducted, (4) females tended to define their SL relationships as being significantly more satisfying than their RL relationships, (5) males tended to define their SL and RL relationships as equally satisfying, and (6) that those older in RL tended to be more satisfied with their virtual relationship than those who were younger. These results were interpreted in terms of their implications for culture, RL relationships and RL marriage.
Therapeutic potential of Galectin‐9 in human disease

In recent years, an important role has emerged for the glycan‐binding protein Galectin‐9 (Gal‐9) in health and disease. In normal physiology, Gal‐9 seems to be a pivotal modulator of T‐cell immunity by inducing apoptosis in specific T‐cell subpopulations. Because these T‐cell populations are associated with autoimmunity, inflammatory disease, and graft rejection, it was postulated that application of exogenous Gal‐9 may limit pathogenic T‐cell activity. Indeed, treatment with recombinant Gal‐9 ameliorates disease activity in various preclinical models of autoimmunity and allograft graft rejection. In many solid cancers, the loss of Gal‐9 expression is closely associated with metastatic progression. In line with this observation, treatment with recombinant Gal‐9 prevents metastatic spread in various preclinical cancer models. In addition, various hematological malignancies are sensitive to apoptotic elimination by recombinant Gal‐9. Here, we review the biology and physiological role of this versatile lectin and discuss the therapeutic potential of Gal‐9 in various diseases, including autoimmunity, asthma, infection, and cancer.
Double affine Lie algebras and finite groups

We introduce and begin to study Lie theoretical analogs of symplectic reflection algebras for a finite cyclic group, which we call "cyclic double affine Lie algebra". We focus on type A : in the finite (resp. affine, double affine) case, we prove that these structures are finite (resp. affine, toroidal) type Lie algebras, but the gradings differ. The case which is essentially new involves $\mathbb{C}[u,v]$. We describe its universal central extensions and start the study of its representation theory, in particular of its highest weight integrable modules and Weyl modules. We also consider the first Weyl algebra $A_1$ instead of the polynomial ring $\mathbb{C}[u,v]$, and, more generally, a rank one rational Cherednik algebra. We study quasi-finite highest weight representations of these Lie algebras.
Direct Action: An Ethnography

In the best tradition of participant-observation, anthropologist David Graeber undertakes the first detailed ethnographic study of the global justice movement. Starting from the assumption that, when dealing with possibilities of global transformation and emerging political forms, a disinterested, "objective" perspective is impossible, he writes as both scholar and activist. At the same time, his experiment in the application of ethnographic methods to important ongoing political events is a serious and unique contribution to the field of anthropology, as well as an inquiry into anthropology's political implications. The case study at the center of Direct Action is the organizing and events that led to the dramatic protest against the Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in 2001. Written in a clear, accessible style (with a minimum of academic jargon), this study brings readers behind the scenes of a movement that has changed the terms of debate about world power relations. From informal conversations in coffee shops to large "spokescouncil" planning meetings and teargas-drenched street actions, Graeber paints a vivid and fascinating picture. Along the way, he addresses matters of deep interest to anthropologists: meeting structure and process, language, symbolism, representation, the specific rituals of activist culture, and much more.
Effectiveness of Trivalent Flu Vaccine in Healthy Young Children

BACKGROUND: There are few studies evaluating the effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccination (TIV) in young children, particularly in children <2 years. The Western Australian Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Study commenced in 2008 to evaluate a program providing TIV to children aged 6 to 59 months. METHODS: An observational study enrolling children with influenza-like illness presenting to a tertiary pediatric hospital was conducted (2008–2012). Vaccination status was determined by parental questionnaire and confirmed via the national immunization register and/or vaccine providers. Respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction and culture were performed on nasopharyngeal samples. The test-negative design was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) by using 2 control groups: all influenza test-negative subjects and other-virus-detected (OVD) subjects. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated from models with season, month of disease onset, age, gender, indigenous status, prematurity, and comorbidities as covariates. Subjects enrolled in 2009 were excluded from VE calculations. RESULTS: Of 2001 children enrolled, influenza was identified in 389 (20.4%) children. Another respiratory virus was identified in 1134 (59.6%) children. Overall, 295 of 1903 (15.5%) children were fully vaccinated and 161 of 1903 (8.4%) children were partially vaccinated. Vaccine uptake was significantly lower in 2010–2012 after increased febrile adverse events observed in 2010. Using test-negative controls, VE was 64.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.7%–81.2%). No difference in VE was observed with OVD controls (65.8%; 95% CI: 32.1%–82.8%). The VE for children <2 years was 85.8% (95% CI: 37.9%–96.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the effectiveness of TIV in young children over 4 seasons by using test-negative and OVD controls. TIV was effective in children aged <2 years. Despite demonstrated vaccine effectiveness, uptake of TIV remains suboptimal.
Third-Person Perceptions and Online Games: A Comparison of Perceived Antisocial and Prosocial Game Effects

The popularity of online games has inspired controversial discussion on the effects of game-play in both mass media and academia. However, we know little about ordinary people's opinions about the effects of game-play. The current study applies the theory of the third-person effect (TPE) to examine people's perceptions of game effects on self and on others, and detects significant third-person perceptual discrepancies. The results show that the magnitude of third-person perceptions is influenced by the social desirability of the message, the social distance between self and others, and by differential exposure to online games. The data supports the hypotheses that Internet efficacy and interdependent self-construal are significant antecedents of third-person perceptions, and partially supports the interaction effect of self-construal with Internet-efficacy and the interaction effect of self-construal with media social desirability.
A wide locking range and low Voltage CMOS direct injection-locked frequency divider

A low voltage and wide locking range injection-locked frequency divider using a standard 0.18-/spl mu/m complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process is presented. The wide locking range and the low-voltage operation are performed by adding an injection nMOS between the differential outputs of the divider that contains on-chip transformers which result in positive feedback loops to swing the output signals above the supply and below the ground potential. This dual-swing capability maximizes the carrier power and achieves low-voltage performance. The measurement results show that at the supply voltage of 0.75-V, the divider free-running frequency is 2.02 GHz, and at the incident power of 0 dBm the locking range is about 1.49 GHz (36.88%), from the incident frequency 3.27 to 4.64GHz.
Applying the connectionist inductive learning and logic programming system to power system diagnosis

The connectionist inductive learning and logic programming system, C-IL/sup 2/P, integrates the symbolic and connectionist paradigms of artificial intelligence through neural networks that perform massively parallel logic programming and inductive learning from examples and background knowledge. This work presents an extension of C-IL/sup 2/P that allows the implementation of extended logic programs in neural networks. This extension makes C-IL/sup 2/P applicable to problems where the background knowledge is represented in a default logic. As a case example, we have applied the system for fault diagnosis of a simplified power system generation plant, obtaining good preliminary results.
Spatial Learning and Action Planning in a Prefrontal Cortical Network Model

The interplay between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) is fundamental to spatial cognition. Complementing hippocampal place coding, prefrontal representations provide more abstract and hierarchically organized memories suitable for decision making. We model a prefrontal network mediating distributed information processing for spatial learning and action planning. Specific connectivity and synaptic adaptation principles shape the recurrent dynamics of the network arranged in cortical minicolumns. We show how the PFC columnar organization is suitable for learning sparse topological-metrical representations from redundant hippocampal inputs. The recurrent nature of the network supports multilevel spatial processing, allowing structural features of the environment to be encoded. An activation diffusion mechanism spreads the neural activity through the column population leading to trajectory planning. The model provides a functional framework for interpreting the activity of PFC neurons recorded during navigation tasks. We illustrate the link from single unit activity to behavioral responses. The results suggest plausible neural mechanisms subserving the cognitive “insight” capability originally attributed to rodents by Tolman & Honzik. Our time course analysis of neural responses shows how the interaction between hippocampus and PFC can yield the encoding of manifold information pertinent to spatial planning, including prospective coding and distance-to-goal correlates.
Human CCT4 and CCT5 Chaperonin Subunits Expressed in Escherichia coli Form Biologically Active Homo-oligomers*

Background: The subunit-specific roles of the CCT subunits in the chaperonin, TRiC, have not been elucidated. Results: When expressed in E. coli, CCT4 and CCT5 form TRiC-like homo-oligomeric rings. Conclusion: TRiC does not require all eight CCT subunits to form functional rings. Significance: The unexpected formation of homo-oligomeric CCT rings provides clues into the assembly of TRiC as a complex. Chaperonins are a family of chaperones that encapsulate their substrates and assist their folding in an ATP-dependent manner. The ubiquitous eukaryotic chaperonin, TCP-1 ring complex (TRiC), is a hetero-oligomeric complex composed of two rings, each formed from eight different CCT (chaperonin containing TCP-1) subunits. Each CCT subunit may have distinct substrate recognition and ATP hydrolysis properties. We have expressed each human CCT subunit individually in Escherichia coli to investigate whether they form chaperonin-like double ring complexes. CCT4 and CCT5, but not the other six CCT subunits, formed high molecular weight complexes within the E. coli cells that sedimented about 20S in sucrose gradients. When CCT4 and CCT5 were purified, they were both organized as two back-to-back rings of eight subunits each, as seen by negative stain and cryo-electron microscopy. This morphology is consistent with that of the hetero-oligomeric double-ring TRiC purified from bovine testes and HeLa cells. Both CCT4 and CCT5 homo-oligomers hydrolyzed ATP at a rate similar to human TRiC and were active as assayed by luciferase refolding and human γD-crystallin aggregation suppression and refolding. Thus, both CCT4 and CCT5 homo-oligomers have the property of forming 8-fold double rings absent the other subunits, and these complexes carry out chaperonin reactions without other partner subunits.
Migration Reversals in Perspective: The Long-Wave Evidence

Although the pattern of polarization reversal reported by Vining and Pallone in the 1970s and the re-emergence of core-ward net migration that they now report for the 1980s are problematic if viewed from the perspective of a short-term time horizon, they are easily understandable in a long-wave context. Evidence is provided for 55-year waves of urbanward migration, each of which reached its nadir during the nation's major stagflation crises. The periodic repetitions of the phenomena described by Vining and Pallone suggest the relevance of the interpretations provided by long-wave theory.
Improved body distribution of 14C-labelled AZT bound to nanoparticles in rats determined by radioluminography.

The objective of the present study is to visualize differences in the body distribution between radiolabelled AZT bound to nanoparticles and a control solution. Polyhexylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles were manufactured by emulsion polymerization in the presence of AZT and an ionic emulsifier, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium. The AZT-control solution was equally prepared, but contained no monomer. The two preparations were administered either by i.v. injection or perorally by gavage. After determined time points the animals were sacrificed using carbon dioxide. The cadavers were shock-frozen in cellulose gel and cut into slices using a cryomicrotome. The tissue cross sections were fixed on an adhesive tape and then were freeze dried. The quantification of the radioactive AZT in the different organs and tissues was performed by radioluminography, and the images were generated on a computer. After i.v. injection of AZT-nanoparticles, a high amount of the AZT label was found in the organs belonging to the reticuloendothelial system. In these organs the radioactivity was inhomogeneously distributed showing that the uptake of the particle-associated radioactivity depended on the type of the cells located in the organs and was consistent with uptake by macrophages. The highest radioactivities were found in the GI-tract and in the liver. A difference in the elimination pathway between AZT-control solution and AZT bound to nanoparticles also was visible on the images. Similar results were obtained after oral administration. Of course, with the latter route a larger portion of AZT remained in the GI-tract especially after administration of nanoparticle-bound drug. These results confirmed those obtained by a classically performed quantitative whole body distribution study using liquid scintillation. This demonstrates that radioluminography is a useful method to study the organ distribution of drugs bound to nanoparticles.
Detection and genotyping of TT virus in healthy and subjects with HBV or HCV in different populations in the United Arab Emirates

TT virus (TTV) and TTV‐like viruses (TTVLs) have been reported to be associated with non‐A–E hepatitis. To determine the rate of infection and genotypic characteristics of TTV in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a total of 449 serum samples representing different populations in the UAE and comprising healthy as well as patients positive for HBsAg and HCV were screened. National subjects (n = 200) and non‐nationals residing in the UAE (n = 249) were tested by PCR. The results obtained showed that the rate of TTV infection in healthy nationals, and those with HBsAg or antibody to HCV were 34.9, 97.9, and 95.7, respectively, compared to 89.1% (115/129), 89.2% (66/74), and 84.8% (39/46), respectively, in non‐nationals. Sequence analysis of the untranslated region (UTR) using 71 clones generated from the PCR products of eight serum samples from healthy individuals (four nationals and four non‐nationals) showed that 83.1% of the TTV clones were classified into groups 1–4, whereas 16.9% into possibly new genotype(s). The analysis also revealed that healthy national subjects carried multiple viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of representative sequences revealed clustering of clones into at least five major groups. Also, when compared to reference genotypes (from GenBank), two of our clones belonged to two previously identified genotypes. Non‐significant gender differences were seen in all ethnic groups studied (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the rate of TTV infection in the UAE nationals is significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the non‐nationals and several genotypes were isolated with common multi‐infections. J. Med. Virol. 72: 502–508, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self-similar chain of metal nanospheres as efficient nanolens

As an efficient nanolens, we propose a self-similar linear chain of several metal nanospheres with progressively decreasing sizes and separations. To describe such systems, we develop the multipole spectral expansion method. Optically excited, such a nanolens develops the nanofocus ("hottest spot") in the gap between the smallest nanospheres, where the local fields are enhanced by orders of magnitude due to multiplicative, cascade effect of its geometry and high $Q-factor of surface plasmon resonance. The spectral maximum of the enhancement is in the near-ultraviolet, shifting toward the red as the separation between the spheres decreases. The proposed system can be used for nanooptical detection, Raman characterization, nonlinear spectroscopy, nano-manipulation of single molecules or nanoparticles, and other applications