Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Case of Recurrent Mania with Recurrent Hyperthyroidism

The demonstration that an endocrine disorder can precipitate a specific mental illness would be an important step towards the development of much needed animal models of affective disorder. To this end we have sought and found evidence for a causal connection between Cushings syndrome and the apprearance of a depressive illness (Kelly et al, 1980 and 1983). Whether or not hyperthyroidism can cause a manic depressive illness is at present uncertain. Reported values for the incidence of depression in hyperthyroidism vary from 1–20 per cent (Bursten, 1961; Clower et al, 1969; Dunlap and Moersch, 1935; Johnson, 1928; Katzenelbogen and Luton, 1935; Kleinschmidt et al, 1956; Lidz and Whitehorn, 1949) and these are similar to estimates of the incidence of depression in a general population (Watts et al, 1964; Shepherd et al, 1966; Crombie, 1974; Brown and Harris, 1978). Similarly estimates of the incidence of hyperthyroidism in depressed patients are around 1 per cent (Bursten, 1961; Bluestone, 1957; Martin, 1963) which is also similar to the incidence of hyperthyroidism in the general population (Tunbridge et al, 1975). Finally in a population of patients with recurrent manic depressive illness, the eight observed episodes of hyperthyroidism striking during normal health were not apparently followed by any mental disturbance (Checkley, 1978). We now report upon a patient in whom two episodes of mania coincided with two episodes of hyperthyroidism and discuss the possibility that the two illnesses were related to each other.
How urgent is the treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus?

Status epilepticus may be classified for practical purposes into convulsive status epilepticus, which must be rapidly stopped to prevent death or neurologic sequelae, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), which is usually characterized by some degree of clouding of consciousness. This latter condition constitutes a diagnosis challenge, because it often goes unrecognized or is mistaken for behavioral or psychiatric disturbances. Emergency EEG is the key feature for diagnosis. NCSE are classically divided on the basis of the ictal EEG into absence status (AS), with predominantly symmetrical synchronous ictal discharges and complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE), with continuous or rapidly recurring complex partial seizures that may involve temporal and/or extratemporal regions (Shorvon, 1994). NCSE should obviously be rapidly treated because of the acute neurologic impairment of the patients, because of the attendant morbidity including physical injury, and because it may evolve on to generalized convulsions. There is reasonable concern about possible long-term effects, but longterm permanent neurologic damage from NCSE occurring in ambulatory patients has not yet been firmly documented as a mandate for aggressive treatment (Drislane, 1999). Despite its high recurrence rate, typical AS occurring in idiopathic generalized epilepsies almost always present a rapid and spectacular response to intravenous benzodiazepines. Anecdotal case reports in which AS lasted as long as weeks or even months recovered without any sequelae. Despite the lack of long-term follow-up studies, there is no scientific evidence that typical AS has any effect either on cognitive functions, or on the natural history of the underlying epileptic syndrome (Drislane, 1999). The influence of atypical AS on the cognitive prognosis in cryptogenic or symptomatic generalized epilepsies is not as clear. In most instances, AS does not appear to have any significant effect. This is, however, a subject of debate.
Effects of Peritoneal Dialysis with an Overnight Icodextrin Dwell on Parameters of Glucose and LIPID Metabolism

Objective To examine whether a reduced daily glucose load by overnight application of the less-absorbed glucose polymer icodextrin would have favorable effects on lipid profiles of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Study Design Randomized crossover study with two subsequent periods of 6 weeks. Setting Home PD unit of a secondary-care hospital. Patients Twenty-one nondiabetic CAPD patients (15 male, 6 female; mean age 50.3 ± 11.8 years). Intervention Participants were randomly assigned to receive an overnight dwell with either standard glucose solution or with a 7.5% icodextrin-containing solution. Main Outcome Measures Relation between reduction in the total amount of intraperitoneal infused glucose and parameters of glucose (plasma glucose, insulin, and HbA1C) and lipid metabolism [free fatty acids, plasma lip-ids, lipoproteins, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) sub-fraction profile]. Results After the icodextrin dwells, a reduction of plasma total cholesterol (from 5.43 ± 0.85 to 4.86 ± 0.70 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and LDL cholesterol (from 3.38 ± 0.87 to 2.93 ± 0.73 mmol/L, p = 0.001) was observed. Also, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (from 0.95 ± 0.27 to 0.90 ± 0.24 mmol/L, p = 0.029) was reduced, but the plasma total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio remained similar. Plasma free fatty acids and triglyceride levels tended to decrease (from 0.16 ± 0.10 to 0.13 ± 0.08 mmol/L, p = 0.06, and from 2.14 ± 1.96 to 1.92 ± 1.03 mmol/L, respectively). Evaluation of LDL subfraction profiles after ultra-centrifugation showed a more buoyant LDL subfraction profile with fewer dense LDL particles in 6 patients and no changes in 14 patients after icodextrin. The effects on lipids were not accompanied by a decrease in fasting plasma glucose (from 5.76 ± 1.29 to 5.86 ± 0.80 mmol/L) or insulin levels (from 19.5 ± 14.4 to 20.3 ± 13.0 mU/L). Conclusion These results suggest a beneficial effect on lipid profiles of CAPD patients with the use of an overnight dwell with icodextrin.
How much commutativity is needed to prove polynomial identities?

Let f be a non-commutative polynomial such that f = 0 if we assume that the variables in f commute. Let Q(f) be the smallest k such that there exist polynomials g1, g ′ 1, g2, g ′ 2, . , gk, g ′ k with f ∈ I([g1, g 1], [g2, g 2], . . . , [gk, g k]) , where [g, h] = gh − hg. Then Q(f) ≤ ` n 2 , where n is the number of variables of f . We show that there exists a polynomial f with Q(f) = Ω(n). We pose the problem of constructing such an f explicitly, pointing out that the solution may have applications to complexity of proofs.
Determinants of Anemia Among Young Children in Rural India

OBJECTIVE: More than 75% of Indian toddlers are anemic. Data on factors associated with anemia in India are limited. The objective of this study was to determine biological, nutritional, and socioeconomic risk factors for anemia in this vulnerable age group. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of children aged 12 to 23 months in 2 rural districts of Karnataka, India. Children were excluded if they were unwell or had received a blood transfusion. Hemoglobin, ferritin, folate, vitamin B12, retinol-binding protein, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined. Children were also tested for hemoglobinopathy, malaria infection, and hookworm infestation. Anthropometric measurements, nutritional intake, family wealth, and food security were recorded. In addition, maternal hemoglobin level was measured. RESULTS: Anemia (hemoglobin level < 11.0 g/dL) was detected in 75.3% of the 401 children sampled. Anemia was associated with iron deficiency (low ferritin level), maternal anemia, and food insecurity. Children's ferritin levels were directly associated with their iron intake and CRP levels and with maternal hemoglobin level and inversely associated with continued breastfeeding and the child's energy intake. A multivariate model for the child's hemoglobin level revealed associations with log(ferritin level) (coefficient: 1.20; P < .001), folate level (0.05; P < .01), maternal hemoglobin level (0.16; P < .001), family wealth index (0.02; P < .05), child's age (0.05 per month; P < .005), hemoglobinopathy (−1.51; P < .001), CRP level (−0.18; P < .001), and male gender (−0.38; P < .05). Wealth index and food insecurity could be interchanged in this model. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin level was primarily associated with iron status in these Indian toddlers; however, maternal hemoglobin level, family wealth, and food insecurity were also important factors. Strategies for minimizing childhood anemia must include optimized iron intake but should simultaneously address maternal anemia, poverty, and food insecurity.
Human finger somatotopy in areas 3b, 1, and 2: A 7T fMRI study using a natural stimulus

To study the properties of human primary somatosensory (S1) cortex as well as its role in cognitive and social processes, it is necessary to noninvasively localize the cortical representations of the body. Being arguably the most relevant body parts for tactile exploration, cortical representations of fingers are of particular interest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cortical representation of individual fingers (D1–D5), using human touch as a stimulus. Utilizing the high BOLD sensitivity and spatial resolution at 7T, we found that each finger is represented within three subregions of S1 in the postcentral gyrus. Within each of these three areas, the fingers are sequentially organized (from D1 to D5) in a somatotopic manner. Therefore, these finger representations likely reflect distinct activations of BAs 3b, 1, and 2, similar to those described in electrophysiological work in non‐human primates. Quantitative analysis of the local BOLD responses revealed that within BA3b, each finger representation is specific to its own stimulation without any cross‐finger responsiveness. This finger response selectivity was less prominent in BA 1 and in BA 2. A test‐retest procedure highlighted the reproducibility of the results and the robustness of the method for BA 3b. Finally, the representation of the thumb was enlarged compared to the other fingers within BAs 1 and 2. These findings extend previous human electrophysiological and neuroimaging data but also reveal differences in the functional organization of S1 in human and nonhuman primates. Hum Brain Mapp 35:213–226, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ask the Image: Supervised Pooling to Preserve Feature Locality

In this paper we propose a weighted supervised pooling method for visual recognition systems. We combine a standard Spatial Pyramid Representation which is commonly adopted to encode spatial information, with an appropriate Feature Space Representation favoring semantic information in an appropriate feature space. For the latter, we propose a weighted pooling strategy exploiting data supervision to weigh each local descriptor coherently with its likelihood to belong to a given object class. The two representations are then combined adaptively with Multiple Kernel Learning. Experiments on common benchmarks (Caltech-256 and PASCAL VOC-2007) show that our image representation improves the current visual recognition pipeline and it is competitive with similar state-of-art pooling methods. We also evaluate our method on a real Human-Robot Interaction setting, where the pure Spatial Pyramid Representation does not provide sufficient discriminative power, obtaining a remarkable improvement.
Ultrasound guided thoracic paravertebral block in breast surgery

history of gradually worsening breathlessness and abdominal distension. She described dysphagia and a sensation of a mass at the back of her throat. Her symptoms were worse on lying flat. She had a history of hypothyroidism and Raynaud’s phenomenon, was taking thyroxine and was normally completely independent. Physical examination revealed a woman in obvious respiratory distress with marked inspiratory stridor, respiratory rate of 24 breaths. min and using her accessory muscles of respiration. Auscultation revealed no wheeze or crepitation. Arterial blood gases on 10 l.min oxygen revealed pH 7.38, PCO2 4.25 kPa, pO2 8.52 kPa. Abdominal examination revealed gross abdominal distension with normal bowel sounds. X-ray showed marked oesophageal and small bowel dilatation. Computerised Tomography of her chest and abdomen (Fig. 2) revealed oesophageal distension compressing the distal trachea. In the emergency department, she was treated with Heliox 28% and insertion of large-bore nasogastric tube with prompt resolution of symptoms. She made a good recovery and was followed up by the gastroenterology team. Oesphageal achalasia is an idiopathic motility disorder of the oesophagus, characterised by impaired relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter and oesophageal aperistalsis, with resultant dilatation of the oesophagus [1–3]. Respiratory complications can occur secondary to food regurgitation, with aspiration and respiratory tract infection as a result. Prompt recognition of this condition is critical to treatment, the mainstay of which is insertion of a nasogastric tube, although sublingual nitrates have been used with good effect. Definitive treatment includes endoscopic balloon dilatation of the lower oesophageal sphincter, surgical myotomy or botulinum toxin injection. Acute airway obstruction with stridor is a very rare presentation of achalasia. This case is highlighted to anaesthetists as they may be called upon to assess these patients in the accident and emergency department.
Sirolan phalaris and Kasbah cocksfoot prove more persistent than lucerne under drought in a medium rainfall cropping environment

Cultivars of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) suited to lower rainfall cropping environments have existed in Australia for over 40 years, but remain rarely used in commercial crop rotations. A field experiment was established in 2010 at Ariah Park, NSW, to test the persistence of phalaris cv. Sirolan and cocksfoot cv. Kasbah compared to winter active and semi-winter dormant lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars on a red soil where the average annual rainfall is 460 mm. All treatments established successfully in 2010 and persisted well through the summers of 2010/11 and 2011/12 which were both substantially wetter than average. A rapid reduction in perennial plant density was observed in all treatments following the dry spring/summer period of 2012/13. However, the basal frequency of Sirolan phalaris (19%) and Kasbah cocksfoot (25%) was greater than either winter active or semi-winter dormant lucerne genotypes (4-5%). Sirolan was the most productive of all perennial treatments, producing significantly more dry matter than lucerne in years 1, 4 and 5. Kasbah cocksfoot was more productive than lucerne in year 5 only, but was significantly less productive in year 2. This study showed that the perennial grasses were productive and persistent in this environment and their greater use could benefit modern crop rotations.
Opportunities, Aspirations and Life Satisfaction

The idea that expanding work and consumption opportunities always increases people’s wellbeing is well established in economics but finds no support in psychology. Instead, there is evidence in both economics and psychology that people’s life satisfaction depends on how experienced utility compares with expectations of life satisfaction or decision utility. In this paper I suggest that expanding work and consumption opportunities is a good thing for decision utility but may not be so for experienced utility. On this premise, I argue that people may overrate their socioeconomic prospects relative to real life chances and I discuss how systematic frustration over unfulfilled expectations can be connected to people’s educational achievement. I test the model’s predictions on Italian data and find preliminary support for the idea that education and access to stimulating environments may have a perverse impact on life satisfaction. I also find evidence that the latter effect is mediated by factors such as gender and age. Indeed, the model seeks to go beyond the Italian case and provide more general insights into how age/life satisfaction relationships can be modelled and explained. JEL Classification: A13; D1, D60; H11; I2, J13, J24, I38.
A downlink joint power control and resource allocation scheme for co-channel macrocell-femtocell networks

In this paper, we consider a joint power control and resource allocation scheme for co-channel deployed femtocells in macrocell networks. The strong interference in the downlink from the femtocells should be well controlled to satisfy the quality of service (QoS) requirement of both macrocell users and femtocell users. We provide both centralized and distributed schemes to solve the formulated optimization problem, which is aimed at minimizing the total power consumption as well as guaranteeing the QoS of both macrocell and femtocell users. The centralized scheme is based on the Hungarian algorithm, which is proved to achieve the near optimal performance. The distributed scheme is easily operated by individual femtocell with some coordination information delivered by nearby macrocells indicating the downlink interference power level. Simulation results demonstrate our proposed schemes can effectively allocate power and frequency resource to the femtocells, while obtaining superior performance of the outage ratio and power consumption.
Retrovirus-mediated siRNA targeting TRPM7 gene induces apoptosis in RBL-2H3 cells.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Calcium signaling is important for both normal physiologic processes and pathology of various diseases. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) gene has been reported to be a potential candidate for calcium influx. The present study aimed to investigate the possible role of TRPM7 channels in apoptosis in rat basophilic leukemia mast cell line (RBL-2H3), which is widely used in mast cell-associated studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A recombinant retrovirus vector siRNA targeting rat TRPM7 gene was constructed and identified. Cellular survival was assessed by MTT. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and TUNEL-FITC/Hoechst 33258 staining. RESULTS The transfection efficiency by retrovirus vector was about 60%-70%. Transfection with TRPM7 siRNA significantly reduced TRPM7 expression both at mRNA and protein levels. Suppression of TRPM7 expression by siRNA led to significantly decreased cellular survival rates and increased apoptosis rates in RBL-2H3 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that TRPM7 is involved in the apoptosis process in RBL-2H3 cells.
Lack of confidence in approximate Bayesian computation model choice

Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) have become an essential tool for the analysis of complex stochastic models. Grelaud et al. [(2009) Bayesian Anal 3:427–442] advocated the use of ABC for model choice in the specific case of Gibbs random fields, relying on an intermodel sufficiency property to show that the approximation was legitimate. We implemented ABC model choice in a wide range of phylogenetic models in the Do It Yourself-ABC (DIY-ABC) software [Cornuet et al. (2008) Bioinformatics 24:2713–2719]. We now present arguments as to why the theoretical arguments for ABC model choice are missing, because the algorithm involves an unknown loss of information induced by the use of insufficient summary statistics. The approximation error of the posterior probabilities of the models under comparison may thus be unrelated with the computational effort spent in running an ABC algorithm. We then conclude that additional empirical verifications of the performances of the ABC procedure as those available in DIY-ABC are necessary to conduct model choice.
Scalable component abstractions

We identify three programming language abstractions for the construction of reusable components: abstract type members, explicit selftypes, and modular mixin composition. Together, these abstractions enable us to transform an arbitrary assembly of static program parts with hard references between them into a system of reusable components. The transformation maintains the structure of the original system. We demonstrate this approach in two case studies, a subject/observer framework and a compiler front-end.
Hepatic Methionine Homeostasis Is Conserved in C57BL/6N Mice on High-Fat Diet Despite Major Changes in Hepatic One-Carbon Metabolism

Obesity is an underlying risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Increased hepatic lipid accumulation is a hallmark in the progression of NAFLD and impairments in liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism may be central to the pathogenesis. Hepatic PC biosynthesis, which is linked to the one-carbon (C1) metabolism by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, is known to be important for hepatic lipid export by VLDL particles. Here, we assessed the influence of a high-fat (HF) diet and NAFLD status in mice on hepatic methyl-group expenditure and C1-metabolism by analyzing changes in gene expression, protein levels, metabolite concentrations, and nuclear epigenetic processes. In livers from HF diet induced obese mice a significant downregulation of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and an increased betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) expression were observed. Experiments in vitro, using hepatoma cells stimulated with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist WY14,643, revealed a significantly reduced Cbs mRNA expression. Moreover, metabolite measurements identified decreased hepatic cystathionine and L-α-amino-n-butyrate concentrations as part of the transsulfuration pathway and reduced hepatic betaine concentrations, but no metabolite changes in the methionine cycle in HF diet fed mice compared to controls. Furthermore, we detected diminished hepatic gene expression of de novo DNA methyltransferase 3b but no effects on hepatic global genomic DNA methylation or hepatic DNA methylation in the Cbs promoter region upon HF diet. Our data suggest that HF diet induces a PPARα-mediated downregulation of key enzymes in the hepatic transsulfuration pathway and upregulates BHMT expression in mice to accommodate to enhanced dietary fat processing while preserving the essential amino acid methionine.
Double-threshold cooperative detection for cognitive radio based on weighing

In cognitive radio (CR), single-threshold detection is sensitive to the noise power. In this paper, a cooperative detection algorithm with double-threshold and energy statistic weighing is proposed in order to improve sensing performance of the global detection at the coordinator. Two thresholds which are decided by the restriction probability are adopted to improve the performance of the cooperative detection, and energy combining based on weighing is used to improve the performance of the detection in confusion area. Simulation shows that the proposed scheme outperforms cooperative detection with single-threshold and single detection with single-threshold in detection accuracy.
The Time Course of Color- and Luminance-Based Salience Effects

Salient objects in the visual field attract our attention. Recent work in the orientation domain has shown that the effects of the relative salience of two singleton elements on covert visual attention disappear over time. The present study aims to investigate how salience derived from color and luminance differences affects covert selection. In two experiments, observers indicated the location of a probe which was presented at different stimulus-onset-asynchronies after the presentation of a singleton display containing a homogenous array of oriented lines and two distinct color singletons (Experiment 1) or luminance singletons (Experiment 2). The results show that relative singleton salience from luminance and color differences, just as from orientation differences, affects covert visual attention in a brief time span after stimulus onset. The mere presence of an object, however, can affect covert attention for a longer time span regardless of salience.