Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPRESSION OF HUMAN PHASE II ENZYMES IN CHIMERIC MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVER

We clarified that major human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes were expressed in a chimeric mouse line established recently in Japan, in which the liver could be replaced by more than 80% with human hepatocytes. In this study, we investigated major human phase II enzymes such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), sulfotransferase (SULT), N-acetyltransferase (NAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the livers of chimeric mice by mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Human UGT, SULT, NAT, and GST mRNA were expressed in the liver of the chimeric mice, and UGT2B7, SULT1E1, SULT2A1, and GSTA1 proteins could be detected. The expression of mRNA and protein was correlated with the human albumin (hAlb) concentration in mouse blood, the replacement of which by human hepatocytes could be estimated by the hAlb concentration in the blood of the chimeric mice, because the chimeric mice produce human albumin. The enzyme activities, such as morphine 6-glucuronosyltransferase activity and estrone 3-sulfotransferase activity, activities that are specific to humans but not to mice, were increased in a hAlb concentration-dependent manner. The chimeric mice with humanized liver with nearly 90% replacement by human hepatocytes demonstrated almost the same protein contents of human phase II enzymes and enzyme activities as those of the donor. In conclusion, the chimeric mice exhibited an efficient capacity of drug conjugation similar to that in humans. These chimeric mice expressed human phase II enzymes as well as P450s, suggesting that they could be a useful animal model in drug development.
FOR A NONSPECIESIST CRIMINOLOGY: ANIMAL ABUSE AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY

This article considers a variety of arguments about why theory and research on animal abuse should be developed by criminologists. These include, with more or less satisfaction, the status of animal abuse as (1) a signifier of actual or potential interhuman conflict, (2) an existing object of criminal law, (3) an item in the utilitarian calculus on the avoidance of pain and suffering, (4) a violation of rights, and (5) one of several oppressions identified by feminism as an interconnected whole. The article concludes that animal abuse is an important object of study for criminology not only sui generis but also because its presence may indicate or predict situations of interhuman violence.
English in Advertising: Generic Intertextuality in a Globalizing Media Environment

Across the globe, the use of English is a popular advertising technique. The ever expanding body of studies on this topic has revealed a number of explanations for the use of English in the advertising. It can be related to the larger marketing strategy of a campaign, to the cultural connotations English carries, or English can be used for creative-linguistic reasons. The current article, however, will present an analysis of four examples of advertisements in which English is used for reasons that have not been discussed in the scholarly literature so far. More specifically, in these advertisements, which intertextually refer to a range of British and American media genres, specific registers of English are used to mark the generic intertextuality of the ads. The analysis, I believe, sheds new light on the use of English in the media, and more particularly on issues such as viewers’ agency and linguistic superiority.
Adaptive evolution has targeted the C-terminal domain of the RXLR effectors of plant pathogenic oomycetes

Plant pathogenic microbes deliver effector proteins inside host cells to modulate plant defense circuitry and enable parasitic colonization. As genome sequences from plant pathogens become available, genome-wide evolutionary analyses will shed light on how pathogen effector genes evolved and adapted to the cellular environment of their host plants. In the August 2007 issue of Plant Cell, we described adaptive evolution (positive selection) in the cytoplasmic RXLR effectors of three recently sequenced oomycete plant pathogens. Here, we summarize our findings and describe additional data that further validate our approach.
Financial Literacy Among Israeli College Students

In this study, responses of 574 students from two colleges in Israel were used to examine three issues: (a) financial literacy (FL) among Israeli college students, (b) gaps in FL between Jews and Arabs, and (c) factors affecting students’ FL. The results showed that Israeli students exhibit a low level of FL and that FL is affected by gender, nationality, class rank, work experience, and college major. In addition, the study revealed large gaps in FL between Jews and Arabs.
A complex of Begomoviruses affecting tomato crops in Nicaragua

Diseases caused by begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) constitute a serious constraint to vegetable production in Nicaragua as they are associated with large economical losses. This thesis was done in an effort to identify and characterize the begomoviruses responsible for the tomato diseases and to understand their relationships. The cropping system used by small-holding farmers comprises essentially five crops: maize and bean as consumption crops, and tomato, pepper and cucurbits as cash crops. These crops are grown in the three different growing seasons all the year around. Except maize, all the other crops are hosts for begomoviruses and whiteflies. In this study, begomovirus sequences detected with universal and virus specific primers were cloned, sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. The plants from which the viruses were detected were tomato, pepper, cucurbits and Euphorbia heterophylla. The sequence comparisons revealed high identity with other already described begomovirus species, including Euphorbia mosaic virus (EuMV), Squash yellow mild mottle virus (SYMMoV) Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV), Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSinV) and Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV). One viral sequence from tomato showed only low identity to previously sequenced begomoviruses (84%) and represents a new tentative species designated as Tomato leaf curl Las Playitas virus (ToLCLPV). The complete nucleotide (nt) sequences of the DNA-A and DNA-B components were determined for ToLCSinV, and the complete nt sequence was determined for the DNA-A component of two isolates of ToSLCV. The genome organization of ToLCSinV and ToSLCV was identical to the bipartite genomes of other begomoviruses described from the Americas. A phylogenetic analysis of DNA-A showed that the indigenous begomoviruses of the New World can be divided into three major clades and an intermediate group, and that ToLCSinV and ToSLCV belong to different clades. Computer-based predictions indicated that recombination with another begomovirus had taken place within AV1 of ToSLCV dividing this species into two strains. Mixed infection with different strains of the same virus, and mixed infections with up to three begomovirus species were detected in tomato plants. Three begomoviruses were detected in both tomato and pepper in the field. Detection of predicted recombinant viral isolates is consistent with other findings of this study which indicate that begomoviruses commonly occur as mixed infections in the field, and that intraspecific sequence variability within an infected plant may be as high as between different plants. These conditions provide a high risk for evolution of new virus strains and species via recombination. Acquisition and transmission of ToLCSinV and ToSLCV by their whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, required only 10 min on tomato plants. Longer acquisition and inoculation access periods tended to increase the virus transmission rates. Whiteflies transmitted the viruses for seven days without new virus acquisition.
Influence of Spirituality on Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Suicidality in Active Duty Military Personnel

Understanding the role of spirituality as a potential coping mechanism for military personnel is important given growing concern about the mental health issues of personnel returning from war. This study seeks to determine the extent to which spirituality is associated with selected mental health problems among active duty military personnel and whether it moderates the relationship between combat exposure/deployment and (a) depression, (b) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and (c) suicidality in active duty military personnel. Data were drawn from the 2008 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Active Duty Military Personnel. Over 24,000 randomly selected active duty personnel worldwide completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire. High spirituality had a significant protective effect only for depression symptoms. Medium, as opposed to high or low, levels of spirituality buffered each of the mental health outcomes to some degree. Medium and low spirituality levels predicted depression symptoms but only among those with moderate combat exposure. Medium spirituality levels also predicted PTSD symptoms among those with moderate levels of combat exposure and predicted self-reported suicidal ideation/attempt among those never deployed. These results point to the complex relationship between spirituality and mental health, particularly among military personnel and the need for further research.
Banking in the 21st Century: The Transformation of an Industry

A central theme of this paper is that, over the next decade and beyond, the banking industry (and financial systems in general) is likely to be subject to a major degree of structural and operational change. Some of the inherent comparative advantages possessed by banks (and which have sustained their dominant position) are being eroded. The pressures impinging on banks have the potential to transform the structure of the industry, the type of business undertaken by banks, the type and range of institutions conducting banking business, and the way that traditional banking business is undertaken. They are also likely to affect the internal structures of the banking firm as banks move towards a structure of contract banking.
Stateville: The Penitentiary in Mass Society

Stateville penitentiary in Illinois has housed some of Chicago's most infamous criminals and was proclaimed to be "the world's toughest prison" by Joseph Ragen, Stateville's powerful warden from 1936 to 1961. It shares with Attica, San Quentin, and Jackson the notoriety of being one of the maximum security prisons that has shaped the public's conception of imprisonment. In "Stateville" James B. Jacobs, a sociologist and legal scholar, presents the first historical examination of a total prison organization-administrators, guards, prisoners, and special interest groups. Jacobs applies Edward Shils's interpretation of the dynamics of mass society in order to explain the dramatic events of the past quarter century that have permanently altered Stateville's structure. With the extension of civil rights to previously marginal groups such as racial minorities, the poor, and, ultimately, the incarcerated, prisons have moved from society's periphery toward its center. Accordingly Stateville's control mechanisms became less authoritarian and more legalistic and bureaucratic. As prisoners' rights increased, the preogatives of the staff were sharply curtailed. By the early 1970s the administration proved incapable of dealing with politicized gangs, proliferating interest groups, unionized guards, and interventionist courts. In addition to extensive archival research, Jacobs spent many months freely interacting with the prisoners, guards, and administrators at Stateville. His lucid presentation of Stateville's troubled history will provide fascinating reading for a wide audience of concerned readers. " . [an] impressive study of a complex social system. "-Isidore Silver, "Library Journal"
Uptake of 14C-labeled dicarboxylic amino acids in hepatocytes and hepatoma cells.

In previous studies, we observed decreased uptake of 14C-labeled L-aspartate and L-glutamate in s.c. transplants of several rapidly growing hepatomas relative to that in normal liver. The present report extends these observations to isolated cells and indicates that circulation differences cannot be the major factor. Mean net uptakes for the two dicarboxylic amino acids in cells from the rapidly growing Morris Hepatomas 7288ctc and 7777 were 5 to 26% of corresponding values for normal hepatocytes. Rates for net uptake in Hepatoma 7787 cells were intermediate between those of the rapidly growing hepatomas and hepatocytes, while the rates for Hepatoma 5123C cells and hepatocytes were similar. The contribution of sodium-dependent uptake to the mean total net uptake of [14C]aspartate and [14C]glutamate tended to be higher in hepatoma cells than in hepatocytes. Studies with isolated hepatocytes and Hepatoma 5123C cells showed no significant effect on uptake by 10 mM alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid and 10 mM 2-amino-2-carboxybicyclo[2.2. 1]heptane. On the other hand, L-cysteic acid, L-alanosine, and N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid were shown to be effective inhibitors of sodium-dependent uptake in Hepatoma 5123C cells. The data suggest that the A and L systems are not major contributors to the uptake of dicarboxylic amino acids in hepatic cells. It was concluded that decreased uptake of dicarboxylic amino acids in rapidly growing hepatomas may accompany decreased metabolism of these dietary nonessential amino acids.
Job Creation and Firm Dynamics in the United States

Business dynamism plays an important role in job creation and productivity growth in the United States. Business start-ups are an important contributor to that dynamism. Start-ups contribute disproportionately to job creation but are very heterogeneous in terms of productivity. The subsequent “up-or-out” dynamic of young businesses is an important source of job and productivity growth: exiting young businesses are of very low productivity, and the surviving young businesses exhibit rapid growth with above average productivity. The United States shows signs of becoming less dynamic over time—exhibiting a slower pace of reallocation with an accompanying slower pace of job creation from business start-ups. The recent recession saw the lowest overall rate of gross job creation and job creation from start-ups since at least 1980. Job creation for small (young) businesses took an especially large hit in the recession and has been very slow to recover. An open question is whether the observed decline in dynamism exhibited by U.S. businesses will have adverse consequences for U.S. innovation, job, and productivity growth in the future. The fundamental impulse that keeps the capital engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the new methods of production and transportation, the new markets…. [The process] incessantly revolutionizes from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact of capitalism.Joseph Schumpeter The fundamental impulse that keeps the capital engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the new methods of production and transportation, the new markets…. [The process] incessantly revolutionizes from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact of capitalism.
Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Field studies of illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid users suggest that some develop manic or aggressive reactions to these drugs-a potential public health problem. However, controlled laboratory evaluations of these effects remain limited. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we administered testosterone cypionate for 6 weeks in doses rising to 600 mg/wk and placebo for 6 weeks, separated by 6 weeks of no treatment, to 56 men aged 20 to 50 years. Psychiatric outcome measures included the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (a computerized provocation test of aggression), the Aggression Questionnaire of Buss and Perry, the Symptom Checklist-90-R, daily diaries of manic and depressive symptoms, and similar weekly diaries completed by a "significant other" who knew the participant well. RESULTS Testosterone treatment significantly increased manic scores on the YMRS (P = .002), manic scores on daily diaries (P = .003), visual analog ratings of liking the drug effect (P = .008), and aggressive responses on the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (P = .03). Drug response was highly variable: of 50 participants who received 600 mg/wk of testosterone cypionate, 42 (84%) exhibited minimal psychiatric effects (maximum YMRS score, <10), 6 (12%) became mildly hypomanic (YMRS score, 10-19), and 2 (4%) became markedly hypomanic (YMRS score, > or =20). The 8 "responders" and 42 "nonresponders" did not differ significantly on baseline demographic, psychological, laboratory, or physiological measures. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone administration, 600 mg/wk increased ratings of manic symptoms in normal men. This effect, however, was not uniform across individuals; most showed little psychological change, whereas a few developed prominent effects. The mechanism of these variable reactions remains unclear.
Bourdieu's Gift to Gift Theory: An Unacknowledged Trajectory*

This article offers to unravel lines of both continuity and change in Bourdieu's repeated return to the topic of the gift throughout his intellectual career. While this periodical revisiting of the gift may seem at first like mere repetition, a closer reading reveals three successive and cumulative phases in his gift theory, each adding a new layer of analytical and normative inflections. Emerging from these three phases is a trajectory marked by systematic theoretical consolidation but also growing dilemmas and inner tensions, even to the point of self-contradiction: starting from a critical debunking of the disinterested gift as sincere but obfuscating fiction, it culminates with a positive, prescriptive valorization of disinterestedness as something which needs be cultivated in our very own times. Challenging his vision, as it were, “from within,” these inner tensions and developments amount to an intriguing, inverted case of Bourdieu's own idea of “double truth,” all the more significant since it pertains to a topic that he defined as playing a paradigmatic function in his general theoretical approach.
Frequency of Mutation to Rifampin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Strains: hexA and hexB Polymorphisms Do Not Account for Hypermutation

ABSTRACT The frequency of mutation to rifampin resistance of 200 clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates was examined. Two peaks were observed in the distribution, with mode frequencies of 2.5 × 10−7 (20% of isolates) and 2.5 × 10−8. The hexA and hexB gene entire sequences were analyzed in 13 isolates. Sequences from both hypermutable and “normomutable” strains were conserved relative to that of the R6 S. pneumoniae control strain. The phenotypic Hex system proficiency, in terms of transforming efficiency, was also maintained irrespective of the variations in mutation frequency values.
PCSK 9 Association With Lipoprotein ( a )

Elevated plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke both in the general population and in individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia. Lp(a) is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–sized particle composed of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] bound to apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) through a single disulfide bond. Apo(a) is structurally similar to a portion of plasminogen, and heterogeneous in size, depending on the copy number of Kringle IV type 2 repeats, ranging from 1 to >40. Recent data suggest that Lp(a) levels in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia are higher compared with those of nonaffected relatives carrying similar apo(a) isoforms and that the LDL receptor (LDLR) is involved in the clearance of Lp(a), at least in the HepG2 cell lines with supraphysiological LDLR density. In contrast, several lines of prior evidence suggest that Lp(a) clearance is not regulated by the LDLR: (1) catabolism of Lp(a) in familial hypercholesterolemia subjects is not different than that of controls; (2) Lp(a) levels are not reduced by statin treatment; (3) LDLR-deficient mice catabolize human Lp(a) similarly to WT mice; and (4) in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients without expression of LDLR, inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) did not affect LDL but decreased Lp(a) by ≈20%.
Assimilation, habitus and drug use among Irish Travellers

The Travellers in Ireland maintain a strong sense of ethnic identity, attachment and affiliation to their culture against rising assimilatory efforts by governments and policies. The Traveller community is at increased risk of problematic substance use, as a consequence of marginalisation, social exclusion and health disparity. The aim of the research was to explore the assimilation process within the context of Traveller habitus and heightened drug activity within Traveller communities, once virtually non-existent. Qualitative research using 12 gender specific focus groups with Travellers (n=57) was conducted; see Western Regional Drug Task Force report [Van Hout, M.C. 2009a. Substance misuse in the traveller community: a regional needs assessment. WRDTF report, Galway: Western Regional Drug Task Force, Series 2; Van Hout, M.C. 2009b. Irish travellers and drug use -an exploratory study. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care 2 (1), 42-49; Van Hout, M.C. 2010. Travellers and substance use in Ireland-recommendations for drug and alcohol policy. Policy Paper. Drugs: education, prevention and policy (in press)]. This initial descriptive drugs research was plotted against a selective assimilation theoretical framework, using the concept of habitus in exploring the recent advent of drug activity within Traveller associational life. Traditional anti-drug Traveller culture is diminishing in potency, as families become fragmented and Traveller youth assimilate within educational settings, and over time one would question if drug use among Travellers will replicate or even exceed that of the 'settled' population, given the marginalisation and discrimination they experience. Young Travellers are experiencing contradictory drug norms and values in their assimilatory experiences of cultural and social change, with the sedentarist world presenting normative contexts for drug activity. The level of Traveller attachment to both Traveller and sedentarist values, and development of new action schemas in Traveller habitus will predict Traveller negotiation of the risk environment, as this ethnic group strives to retain their culture within the dominant sedentarist Irish society. 2011 Taylor & Francis.