Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Romantic and sexual relationship development during adolescence.

Romantic and sexual relationships have a unique intensity during the second decade of life. Childhood is widely perceived as a time of relative quiescence compared to the romantic and sexual exuberance of youth. Romantic feelings and sexual behavior are not completely dormant during childhood, but adolescence is qualitatively different; by the early or middle teens, the vast majority of adolescents become preoccupied with romantic feelings (Medora, Goldstein, & Von der Hellen, 1994; Savin-Williams & Berndt, 1990) and begin a lifetime trajectory of overt sexual experiences (Miller, Christopherson, & King, 1993). One study that monitored the daily subjective states of adolescents found that the strongest association between puberty and emotional experience is the specific feeling of being in love (Richards & Larson, 1993). How is the development of romantic feelings and sexual behaviors related to one another? We conjecture that almost all children and early adolescents have romantic ideas (“crushes”) about persons with whom they have no sexual contact. We further conjecture that romantic thoughts and interactions typically precede sexual involvement in the process of normal adolescent development. However, through choice or coercion, some children and adolescents have “body-centered” sexual experiences devoid of romantic meanings. There is a growing awareness that the development of intimate relationships can be profoundly affected by coercive sexual experiences.
Directions in Security Metrics Research

More than 100 years ago, Lord Kelvin insightfully observed that measurement is vital to deep knowledge and understanding in physical science. During the last few decades, researchers have made various attempts to develop measures and systems of measurement for computer security with varying degrees of success. This paper provides an overview of the security metrics area and looks at possible avenues of research that could be pursued to advance the state of the art.
Thalamocortical Angular Tuning Domains within Individual Barrels of Rat Somatosensory Cortex

In the rodent somatosensory cortex, whisker-related barrels in layer IV are morphological counterparts of functional cortical columns that extend throughout the cortical depth. We used microelectrode recordings and spike-triggered averaging of field potentials evoked by single thalamic barreloid neurons to investigate functional thalamocortical microcircuits. The function of such circuits was probed by deflecting the principal whisker of a barrel in different angular directions. We found that individual barrels contain minicolumns of neurons preferring the same deflection angle. Angular tuning domains are established by convergent inputs from thalamocortical cells with corresponding angular preferences. Processing within such domains may depend on local connectivity among vertically aligned barrel neurons.
Social Stress in Hamsters: Defeat Activates Specific Neurocircuits within the Brain

During an agonistic encounter, subordinate male hamsters display defensive and submissive postures and show increased secretion of glucocorticoids, whereas dominant males do not. To determine whether specific neuronal pathways are activated during the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses of subordinate males, expression of c-fos mRNA within the brains of subordinate males was compared with the pattern in dominant males after fighting. After 1 week of handling, pairs of hamsters were either swapped between cages (handled control males), or were allowed to interact for 30 min [dominant (DOM) males and subordinate (SUB) males]. A second group of control animals that received no handling or social stimulation (unhandled control males) were also included. After testing, all animals were killed by decapitation, their brains were removed for c-fos in situ hybridization, and trunk blood was collected for analysis of plasma cortisol and corticosterone levels. Exposure of males to their partner’s cage for 30 min resulted in increased expression of c-fos mRNA in multiple brain regions. In addition, fighting increased c-fosexpression in the medial amygdaloid nucleus of both DOM and SUB males as well as having more selective effects. In DOM males, c-fos expression was elevated within the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. In SUB males, c-fosexpression increased within a multitude of brain areas, including cingulate cortex, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, several hypothalamic nuclei, central amygdaloid nucleus, amygdalohippocampal area, dorsal periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe, cuneiform nucleus, and locus coeruleus. These findings are discussed in relation to neurocircuits associated with behavioral arousal and stress.
Stability of Norwalk Virus Capsid Protein Interfaces Evaluated by in Silico Nanoindentation

Norwalk virus causes severe gastroenteritis for which there is currently no specific anti-viral therapy. A stage of the infection process is uncoating of the protein capsid to expose the viral genome and allow for viral replication. A mechanical characterization of the Norwalk virus may provide important information relating to the mechanism of uncoating. The mechanical strength of the Norwalk virus has previously been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation experiments. Those experiments cannot resolve specific molecular interactions, and therefore, we have employed a molecular modeling approach to gain insights into the potential uncoating mechanism of the Norwalk capsid. In this study, we perform simulated nanoindentation using a coarse-grained structure-based model, which provides an estimate of the spring constant in good agreement with the experimentally determined value. We further analyze the fracture mechanisms and determine weak interfaces in the capsid structure, which are potential sites to inhibit uncoating by stabilization of these weak interfaces. We conclude by identifying potential target sites at the junction of a weak protein–protein interface.
Dealing with Small, Noisy and Imbalanced Data Machine Learning or Manual Grammars?

Abstract. This paper deals with the task of deﬁnition extraction with the train-ing corpus suffering from the problems of small size, high noise and heavy im-balance. A previous approach, based on manually constructed shallow grammars,turns out to be hard to better even by such robust classiﬁers as SVMs, AdaBoostand simple ensembles of classiﬁers. However, a linear combination of varioussuch classiﬁers and manual grammars signiﬁcantly improves the results of thelatter. 1 Introduction Machine learning (ML) methods gave a new stimulus to the ﬁeld of Natural LanguageProcessing and are largelyresponsible forits rapid developmentsince the early 1990ies.Their success is undisputed in the areas where relatively large collections of manuallyannotated and balanced data of reasonably good quality are available; a prototypicalsuch area is part-of-speech tagging.Matters are less clear when only small amounts of noisy and heavily imbalancedtraining data are available; in such cases knowledge-intensive manual approaches maystill turn out to be more effective. One such task is deﬁnition extraction, which may beapproximated by the task of classifying sentences into those containing deﬁnitions ofterms and those not containing such deﬁnitions. Previous approaches to this task usu-ally rely on manually constructed shallow or deep grammars, perhaps with additionalﬁltering by ML methods.In this paper we deal with the task of extracting deﬁnitions from instructive texts inSlavic, as described in Przepiorkowski
Rat Nasal Respiratory Mucosa-Derived Ectomesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiate into Schwann-Like Cells Promoting the Differentiation of PC12 Cells and Forming Myelin In Vitro

Schwann cell (SC) transplantation as a cell-based therapy can enhance peripheral and central nerve repair experimentally, but it is limited by the donor site morbidity for clinical application. We investigated weather respiratory mucosa stem cells (REMSCs), a kind of ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), isolated from rat nasal septum can differentiate into functional Schwann-like cells (SC-like cells). REMSCs proliferated quickly in vitro and expressed the neural crest markers (nestin, vimentin, SOX10, and CD44). Treated with a mixture of glial growth factors for 7 days, REMSCs differentiated into SC-like cells. The differentiated REMSCs (dREMSCs) exhibited a spindle-like morphology similar to SC cells. Immunocytochemical staining and Western blotting indicated that SC-like cells expressed the glial markers (GFAP, S100β, Galc, and P75) and CNPase. When cocultured with dREMSCs for 5 days, PC12 cells differentiated into mature neuron-like cells with long neurites. More importantly, dREMSCs could form myelin structures with the neurites of PC12 cells at 21 days in vitro. Our data indicated that REMSCs, a kind of EMSCs, could differentiate into SC-like cells and have the ability to promote the differentiation of PC12 cells and form myelin in vitro.
HOG and subband power distribution image features for acoustic scene classification

Acoustic scene classification is a difficult problem mostly due to the high density of events concurrently occurring in audio scenes. In order to capture the occurrences of these events we propose to use the Subband Power Distribution (SPD) as a feature. We extract it by computing the histogram of amplitude values in each frequency band of a spectrogram image. The SPD allows us to model the density of events in each frequency band. Our method is evaluated on a large acoustic scene dataset using support vector machines. We outperform the previous methods when using the SPD in conjunction with the histogram of gradients. To reach further improvement, we also consider the use of an approximation of the earth mover's distance kernel to compare histograms in a more suitable way. Using the so-called Sinkhorn kernel improves the results on most of the feature configurations. Best performances reach a 92.8% F1 score.
Scanning polyhedra without Do-loops

We study in this paper the problem of polyhedron scanning which appears for example when generating code for transformed loop nests in automatic parallelization. After a review of related works, we detail our method to scan affine images of polyhedra. After some experimental results we show how our method applies to unions of affine images of polyhedra. We have taken the option to generate low level code without loops. This has allowed us to have a completely general and fully parameterized method without losing efficiency.
Evolution of bimodal accretion flows

We consider time-dependent models for rotating accretion flows on to black holes, where a transition takes place from an outer cooling-dominated disc to a radiatively inefficient flow in the inner region. In order to allow for a transition of this type we solve the energy equation, both for the gas and for the radiation field, including a radiative cooling flux and a turbulent convective heat flux directed along the negative entropy gradient. The transition region is found to be highly variable, and a corresponding variation is expected for the associated total luminosity. In particular, rapid oscillations of the transition radius are present on a time-scale comparable with the local Keplerian rotation time. These oscillations are accompanied by a quasi-periodic modulation of the mass flux at the outer edge of the advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF). We speculate about the relevance for the high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillation phenomenon.
Importance of mineral cations and organics in gas-aerosol partitioning of reactive nitrogen compounds: case study based on MINOS results

The partitioning of reactive nitrogen compounds between the gas and the aerosol phase, as observed during the MINOS (Mediterranean INtensive Oxidant Study) campaign in Crete, Greece, in July and August 2001, has been studied with three thermodynamic gas-aerosol equilibrium models (EQMs) of different chemical complexity: ISORROPIA, which is limited to the ammonium-sulfate-nitrate-sodium-chloride-water-system; SCAPE2, which also includes mineral elements (calcium, magnesium and potassium); and EQSAM2, which additionally accounts for organic acids. The different EQMs are constrained by measured gas (g) and aerosol (a) concentrations: Total ammonia (NH 3(g) and NH 4(a) + ), total nitrate (HNO 3(g) and NO 3(a) - ), total sulfate (H 2 SO 4(g) and SO 4(a) 2- ), total chloride (HCl (g) and Cl - (a) ), sodium (Na + (a) ), calcium (Ca 2+ (a) ), magnesium (Mg 2+ (a) ), potassium (K + (a) ) and organic acids (a). Although the three EQMs differ considerably in particular aspects, their application at the same level of complexity yields comparable results for the equilibrium composition and phase partitioning of ammonia and nitric acid, i.e. within the range of measurement uncertainties (~10%). Their application at different levels of complexity, however, gives rise to substantial differences for the gas-aerosol partitioning of reactive nitrogen compounds. Our results show that only if (soluble) mineral components and (lumped) organic acids are accounted for, the observed gas-aerosol partitioning of ammonia and nitric acid can be accurately reproduced for air pollution episodes characterized by a complex chemical mixture, typical for the Mediterranean lower atmosphere.
How Well Do Randomized Controlled Trials Reflect Standard Care: A Comparison between Scientific Research Data and Standard Care Data in Patients with Intermittent Claudication undergoing Supervised Exercise Therapy

Objective The aim of the present study was to assess the degree and impact of patient selection of patients with intermittent claudication undergoing supervised exercise therapy in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) by describing commonly used exclusion criteria, and by comparing baseline characteristics and treatment response measured as improvement in maximum walking distance of patients included in RCTs and patients treated in standard care. Methods We compared data from RCTs with unselected standard care data. First, we systematically reviewed RCTs that investigated the effect of supervised exercise therapy in patients with intermittent claudication. For each of the RCTs, we extracted and categorized the eligibility criteria and their justifications. To assess whether people in RCTs (n = 1,440) differed from patients treated in daily practice (n = 3,513), in terms of demographics, comorbidity and walking capacity, we assessed between group-differences using t-tests. To assess differences in treatment response, we compared walking distances at three and six months between groups using t-tests. Differences of ≥15% were set as a marker for a clinically relevant difference. Results All 20 included RCTs excluded large segments of patients with intermittent claudication. One-third of the RCTs eligibility criteria were justified. Despite, the numerous eligibility criteria, we found that baseline characteristics were largely comparable. A statistically significant and (borderline) clinically relevant difference in treatment response after three and six months between trial participants and standard care patients was found. Improvements in maximum walking distance after three and six months were significantly and clinically less in trial participants. Conclusions The finding that baseline characteristics of patients included in RCTs and patients treated in standard care were comparable, may indicate that RCT eligibility criteria are used implicitly by professionals when referring patients to standard physiotherapy care. The larger treatment response reported in standard physiotherapy care compared to clinical trials, might suggest that scientific studies underestimate the benefits of supervised exercise therapy in patients with intermittent claudication.
Mesenchymal stem cells respond to TNF but do not produce TNF

Previously, we demonstrated that several TLRs are expressed on cord blood‐derived USSC. Stimulation of USSC with TLR agonists resulted in a marked increase of IL‐6 and IL‐8 production. Interestingly, TNF was undetectable after TLR stimulation, which appeared to be a result of an inactivated TNF promoter in USSC. Here, we elaborate this study by demonstrating that although USSC do not produce TNF, they are susceptible to TNF stimulation, resulting in NF‐κB translocation and cytokine production. Additionally, we compared different stem cell sources for their ability to produce TNF. Interestingly, we found that the TNF promoter in BM‐MSC is inactivated as well. Like USSC, they are able to respond to TNF stimulation, but they are not able to produce TNF, even not after LPS stimulation. This limited cytokine response in combination with the well‐studied immunosuppressive properties of MSC makes these cells ideal for immune‐suppressive treatment modalities such as graft‐versus‐host disease.
An empirical study on developer interactions in StackOverflow

StackOverflow provides a popular platform where developers post and answer questions. Recently, Treude et al. manually label 385 questions in StackOverflow and group them into 10 categories based on their contents. They also analyze how tags are used in StackOverflow. In this study, we extend their work to obtain a deeper understanding on how developers interact with one another on such a question and answer web site. First, we analyze the distributions of developers who ask and answer questions. We also investigate if there is a segregation of the StackOverflow community into questioners and answerers. We also perform automated text mining to find the various kinds of topics asked by developers. We use Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a well known topic modeling approach, to analyze the contents of tens of thousands of questions and answers, and produce five topics. Our topic modeling strategy provides an alternative perspective different from that of Treude et al. for categorizing StackOverflow questions. Each question can now be categorized into several topics with different probabilities, and the learned topic model could automatically assign a new question to several categories with varying probabilities. Last but not least, we show the distributions of questions and developers belonging to various topics generated by LDA.
Trastuzumab in the Adjuvant Treatment of HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Published Randomized Controlled Trials

Background Adjuvant trastuzumab therapy has yielded conflicting results for overall survival, concerns about central nervous system (CNS) metastasis, and questions about optimal schedule. Therefore, we carried out a meta-analysis to assess the benefits of concurrent or sequential trastuzumab with adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer patients with HER2-positive tumors. Methods Computerized and manual searches were performed to identify randomized clinical trials comparing adjuvant chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab in HER2-positive early breast cancer patients. Odds ratios were used to estimate the association between the addition of trastuzumab to adjuvant chemotherapy and various survival outcomes. The fixed-effects or random-effects model was used to combine data. Findings With six eligible studies identified, this analysis demonstrated that patients with HER2-positive breast cancer derived benefit in disease-free survival, overall survival, locoregional recurrence and distant recurrence (all P<0.001) from the addition of trastuzumab to adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas trastuzumab did worse in CNS recurrence as compared to the control group (P = 0.018). Furthermore, concomitant use of trastuzumab significantly lowered the hazard of death (P<0.001) but bore a higher incidence of CNS recurrence (P = 0.010), while statistical significance failed to be discerned for either overall survival (P = 0.069) or CNS metastasis (P = 0.374) between the sequential and observation arms. Conclusion This analysis verifies the efficacy of trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting. Additionally, our findings indirectly corroborate the superiority of concurrent trastuzumab to sequential use and also illuminate that prolonged survival is the possible reason for the higher incidence of CNS with trastuzumab versus observation.
A QPSK direct digital modulator in GaAs HBT at 28 GHz

A new overlay coupler and power combiner have been realized at millimeter-wave frequency. The coupler and power combiner have an area that is less than one half that of the Lange coupler and two-stage Wilkinson power combiner respectively. They were used to construct a QPSK modulator, employing balanced reflection topology, in which the HBTs acted as switches. The QPSK channel showed plusmn0.4 dB amplitude imbalance and plusmn2deg phase error over 24~32 GHz
Brief survey of garbage collection algorithms

In this paper (chapter) I describe several classes of garbage collection algorithms, and provide a few examples (both real and hypothetical) of each. This collection is by no means complete; Cohen [Coh81] presents an exhaustive collection, but I am more interested in describing a few representative collectors in detail and providing examples for a later paper (chapter) on garbage collection and optimization. The collectors are also chosen for comparison and contrast; the various algorithms are quite different, but often depend upon similar assumptions about program behavior for good performance. Empirical studies support many of these assumptions.
Widely Linear Versus Linear Blind Multiuser Detection With Subspace-Based Channel Estimation: Finite Sample-Size Effects

In a recent paper [A. S. Cacciapuoti <i>et</i> <i>al.</i>, ldquoFinite-Sample Performance Analysis of Widely Linear Multiuser Receivers in DS-CDMA Systems, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1572-1588, Apr. 2008], we presented the finite-sample theoretical performance comparison between linear (L) and widely linear (WL) minimum output-energy (MOE) receivers for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems, worked out under the assumption that the channel impulse response of the desired user is exactly known. The main scope of this paper is to extend such an analysis, taking into account not only autocorrelation matrix (ACM) estimation effects, but also the accuracy of subspace-based blind channel estimation (CE). We aim to answer the two following questions: <i>Which</i> <i>of</i> <i>the</i> <i>two</i> <i>estimation</i> <i>processes</i> <i>(ACM</i> <i>or</i> <i>CE)</i> <i>is</i> <i>the</i> <i>main</i> <i>source</i> <i>of</i> <i>degradation</i> <i>when</i> <i>implementing</i> <i>the</i> <i>receivers</i> <i>on</i> <i>the</i> <i>basis</i> <i>of</i> <i>a</i> <i>finite</i> <i>sample-size? </i> <i>Compared</i> <i>with</i> <i>the</i> <i>L-MOE</i> <i>one,</i> <i>is</i> <i>the</i> <i>finite-sample</i> <i>WL-MOE</i> <i>receiver</i> <i>with</i> <i>blind</i> <i>CE</i> <i>capable</i> <i>of</i> <i>achieving</i> <i>the</i> <i>performance</i> <i>gains</i> <i>predicted</i> <i>by</i> <i>the</i> <i>theory? </i> To this goal, simple and easily interpretable formulas are developed for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the output of the L- and WL-MOE receivers with blind CE, when they are implemented using either the sample ACM or its eigendecomposition. In addition, the derived formulas, which are validated by simulations, allow one to recognize and discuss interesting tradeoffs between the main parameters of the DS-CDMA system.