Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of brain protein synthesis by cycloheximide does not affect formation of long-term memory in honeybees after olfactory conditioning

The honeybee forms a long-term memory in different training situations that lasts for a lifetime, but the cellular mechanisms of long-term memory formation are not known. We analyzed the dependency of long-term memory on the de novo brain protein synthesis. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide was injected via the median ocellus directly into the brain. 3H-leucine incorporation into brain proteins was inhibited by > 95% for > 3 hr. The time of protein synthesis inhibition was prolonged by a second injection of the same dose. Worker honeybees were conditioned to an olfactory stimulus at different times before and after injection. The proboscis extension response (PER) of bees restrained in tubes was classically conditioned with sugar water applied first to the antennae followed by feeding (unconditioned stimulus) paired with odor presentation (conditioned stimulus). The bees were tested by presenting the odor alone at different times up to 24 hr after injection. No significant reduction in the probability of the conditioned response in cycloheximide-treated bees was found when compared to the Ringer-injected controls in 4 series of experiments. Since protein synthesis was inhibited between 7 hr pre- and 7 hr postconditioning without affecting the formation of long-term memory, a possible role of de novo protein synthesis in the formation of long- term memory after olfactory conditioning of the PER is not supported by these experiments.
Relationship between Audiometric Slope and Tinnitus Pitch in Tinnitus Patients: Insights into the Mechanisms of Tinnitus Generation

Background Different mechanisms have been proposed to be involved in tinnitus generation, among them reduced lateral inhibition and homeostatic plasticity. On a perceptual level these different mechanisms should be reflected by the relationship between the individual audiometric slope and the perceived tinnitus pitch. Whereas some studies found the tinnitus pitch corresponding to the maximum hearing loss, others stressed the relevance of the edge frequency. This study investigates the relationship between tinnitus pitch and audiometric slope in a large sample. Methodology This retrospective observational study analyzed 286 patients. The matched tinnitus pitch was compared to the frequency of maximum hearing loss and the edge of the audiogram (steepest hearing loss) by t-tests and correlation coefficients. These analyses were performed for the whole group and for sub-groups (uni- vs. bilateral (117 vs. 338 ears), pure-tone vs. narrow-band (340 vs. 115 ears), and low and high audiometric slope (114 vs. 113 ears)). Findings For the right ear, tinnitus pitch was in the same range and correlated significantly with the frequency of maximum hearing loss, but differed from and did not correlate with the edge frequency. For the left ear, similar results were found but the correlation between tinnitus pitch and maximum hearing loss did not reach significance. Sub-group analyses (bi- and unilateral, tinnitus character, slope steepness) revealed identical results except for the sub-group with high audiometric slope which revealed a higher frequency of maximum hearing loss as compared to the tinnitus pitch. Conclusion The study-results confirm a relationship between tinnitus pitch and maximum hearing loss but not to the edge frequency, suggesting that tinnitus is rather a fill-in-phenomenon resulting from homeostatic mechanisms, than the result of deficient lateral inhibition. Sub-group analyses suggest that audiometric steepness and the side of affected ear affect this relationship. Future studies should control for these potential confounding factors.
Depression and anxiety among women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe

One hundred and seventy-two women randomly selected from a Zimbabwean township were interviewed with a Shona screen for mental disorders and a semi-structured interview to assess symptoms suggestive of emotional distress, followed by the Present State Examination. Using criteria slightly stricter than threshold level 5 of the PSE-CATEGO-ID system, 30·8% of women had a depressive or anxiety disorder during the previous year. Nearly all disorders met Bedford College criteria for depression; 65% of these also had anxiety features. Only 0·6% of women had a ‘pure’ anxiety disorder not preceded by or associated with depression in the study year. Compared with London, the higher annual prevalence of disorders in Harare could mostly be accounted for by an excess of onset cases in the study year, 70% of which made a full or partial recovery within 12 months. The women's own words for these episodes included ‘thinking too much’, ‘deep sadness’ and a variety of terms describing heart discomfort, interpretation showing many of the latter to be expressions for grief, fear, or the possession of an insoluble problem, and 73% explained their symptoms as caused by a specific social stressor.
Feedback Control of a Morphing Chevron for Takeoff and Cruise Noise Reduction

Noise from commercial high-bypass ratio turbofan engines is generated by turbulent mixing of the hot jet exhaust, fan stream, and ambient air. Serrated aerodynamic devices, known as chevrons, along the trailing edges of a jet engine primary and secondary exhaust nozzle have been shown to reduce jet noise at takeoff and shock-cell noise at cruise conditions. Their optimum shape is a finely tuned compromise between noise-benefit and thrust-loss. The design of a full scale Variable Geometry Chevron (VGC) fan-nozzle incorporating Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators is described in a companion paper. This paper describes the development and testing of a proportional-integral control system that regulates the heating of the SMA actuators to control the VGC s tip immersion. The VGC and control system were tested under representative flow conditions in Boeing s Nozzle Test Facility (NTF). Results from the NTF test which demonstrate controllable immersion of the VGC are described. The paper also describes the correlation between strains and temperatures on the chevron with a photogrammetric measurement of the chevron's tip immersion.
Rate of low vitamin D levels in a low-risk obstetric population.

INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to determine vitamin D levels at the first prenatal visit in women who had no obstetric risk factors and, if determined to have a low vitamin D level, to evaluate how high-dose treatment affected the vitamin D level by the end of the second trimester. METHODS This study was a descriptive, retrospective chart review. Women were identified through electronic database query based on prenatal care initiation. One hundred and four women had a 25-hydroxy (OH) vitamin D (25[OH]D) serum level drawn at the first prenatal visit. Supplementation was recommended with either 2000 or 4000 units of vitamin D3 for women who had vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Twenty women who were treated had repeat vitamin D levels drawn at 28 weeks' gestation to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation. RESULTS Descriptive analysis of demographic data of 104 women who had 25(OH)D levels drawn determined there were no significant differences between women who were vitamin D deficient or insufficient and those whose serum levels were in the sufficient range. Vitamin D serum levels revealed that 32 (30.8%) were sufficient (>30 ng/mL), 49 (47.1%) were insufficient (20-29 ng/mL), and 23 (22.1%) were deficient (<20 ng/mL). Twenty women had a repeat measure of 25(OH)D after supplementation, and there was a significant rise in vitamin D level (P < .001) with vitamin D3 supplementation. However, women who took 4000 units had a higher mean rise (13.17 ng/mL) in 25(OH)D than those taking 2000 units (8.79 ng/mL). Twelve of the women (60%) were still insufficient after supplementation with 2000 units of vitamin D3 . DISCUSSION This small sample of women demonstrates a significant degree of insufficiency and deficiency in this desert community where sunshine is plentiful. A larger study should be completed to determine ideal supplementation during pregnancy.
A Supervision of Solidarity.

This article illustrates an approach to therapeutic supervision informed by a philosophy of solidarity and social justice activism. Called a Supervision of Solidarity, this approach addresses the particular challenges in the supervision of therapists who work alongside clients who are subjected to social injustice and extreme marginalization. It asks, “How can we as therapeutic supervisors support therapists to do this difficult work in the margins in ways that are in accord with our collective ethics? How can we (both therapists and their supervisors) experience sustainability and transformation collectively across time? ” The article provides an example of this form of supervision, highlighting key aspects of the work.
Calciphylaxis without renal failure.

Khafif et al1and Selye2describe calciphylaxis as an acute local calcification affecting several organ systems, including the skin, kidney, and, less commonly, the lung, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. Cutaneous lesions characteristically begin as tender, violaceous, livedoid discolorations on the proximal aspect of the extremities and on the lower part of the abdomen. The lesions become indurated plaques and nodules that progress to necrotic deep ulcerations with eschar formation. Microscopic assessment reveals calcium deposition in the small and intermediate dermal vasculature with resultant epidermal ischemia and necrosis. While the pathogenesis is uncertain, the majority of cases of calciphylaxis have occurred in patients with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. We report on a rare presentation of calciphylaxis in the absence of renal failure. Report of a Case. A 58-year-old white woman with alcoholic cirrhosis was admitted for management of ascites and skin ulcers and evaluation of a hepatic
Effects of age on muscle energy metabolism and oxygenation in the forearm muscles.

PURPOSE The effects of aging on muscle metabolism and oxygenation have not yet been elucidated. We evaluated the effects of aging on energy metabolism and oxygenation in sedentary healthy subjects by simultaneously measuring 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). METHODS Nine young (28.1 +/- 5.0 yr) and nine older (61.4 +/- 4.6 yr) healthy subjects were studied. The 31P-MR spectrum was obtained every 15 s during and after hand gripping exercise. Intracellular pH (pHi) and PCr/(PCr+Pi) [PCr: phosphocreatine, Pi: inorganic phosphate] were calculated as an index of energy metabolism. The time constant of the PCr/(PCr+Pi) recovery (tau PCr) was calculated. With NIRS, we evaluated the recovery rates of oxygenated (RHbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (RHb) during the initial 10 s of recovery. RESULTS The PCr/(PCr+Pi) and pHi at rest and at completion of the exercise and tau PCr did not differ between young and older subjects. However, RHbO2 and RHb were significantly slower in older subjects than in young subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that muscle energy metabolism in the forearm muscle was not affected by aging. The slower RHbO2 and RHb in older subjects suggested impaired O2 supply, which was probably due to impaired peripheral circulation caused by the process of aging.
Ecological Economics : Principles and Applications

The book under review is a timely contribution to the field of Ecological Economics at a time when it has been trying to establish its transdisciplinarity from biology, physics, and social sciences. One of the two authors, Herman E. Daly, is the co-founder of the International Society for Ecological Economists (ISEE). Theories are explained through examples and images. In each chapter authors have raised some questions under the banner of “THINK ABOUT IT! ” to help readers think practically. The book is divided into six parts. These six parts are distributed among 23 chapters: 3 chapters in Part I, 4 chapters in part II, 5 chapters in part III, 4 chapters in part IV, 3 chapters in part V and 4 chapters in part VI.
A Comparison of Mindfulness Meditation and Cognitive Self-Observation

Twenty-four college students learned either a meditation or a cognitive self-observation procedure. Both groups showed reliable increases in several dimensions of self-actualization (measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory) and decreases in many common stressrelated symptoms (measured by the Symptons of Stress Inventory). There were no differential treatment effects.
Contribution of Head Shadow and Pinna Cues to Chronic Monaural Sound Localization

Monaurally deaf people lack the binaural acoustic difference cues in sound level and timing that are needed to encode sound location in the horizontal plane (azimuth). It has been proposed that these people therefore rely on spectral pinna cues of their normal ear to localize sounds. However, the acoustic head-shadow effect (HSE) might also serve as an azimuth cue, despite its ambiguity when absolute sound levels are unknown. Here, we assess the contribution of either cue in the monaural deaf to two-dimensional (2D) sound localization. In a localization test with randomly interleaved sound levels, we show that all monaurally deaf listeners relied heavily on the HSE, whereas binaural control listeners ignore this cue. However, some monaural listeners responded partly to actual sound-source azimuth, regardless of sound level. We show that these listeners extracted azimuth information from their pinna cues. The better monaural listeners were able to localize azimuth on the basis of spectral cues, the better their ability to also localize sound-source elevation. In a subsequent localization experiment with one fixed sound level, monaural listeners rapidly adopted a strategy on the basis of the HSE. We conclude that monaural spectral cues are not sufficient for adequate 2D sound localization under unfamiliar acoustic conditions. Thus, monaural listeners strongly rely on the ambiguous HSE, which may help them to cope with familiar acoustic environments.
The Effect of the Uprising on Readiness for Interethnic Contact Among Palestinians in Israel

This paper examines the effect, or the perceived effect, of the Palestinian uprising on Israeli Arabs' readiness to enter into social relations with Jews. The findings indicate that the uprising has weakened, or at least is perceived to have weakened, that readiness. The effect of the uprising seems to be stronger among those who identify as Palestinian than those who identify as Israeli or Arab. The data were collected in 1988 on a sample of 313 Arab high school students in Israel.
Oral candidosis in long-term hospital care: comparison of edentulous and dentate subjects.

OBJECTIVE To obtain information on the oral health status of the elderly living in a medicalized, geriatric institution. DESIGN A cross-sectional clinical investigation with complementary microbiological studies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cohort of 233 elderly in one long-term care ward; collection of demographic data; clinical examination to determine dental and prosthetic status and health of the oral mucosae; swabs for detection of mucosal and denture colonization by Candida; paraffin stimulated saliva for detection of colonization by mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Oral and denture hygiene; oral mucosal health; degree of colonization by Candida, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. RESULTS Mean age of the 233 patients was 85.6 +/- 6.9 years; 61% were totally dependent, 62.7% were wearing one or two complete dentures; 19.7% had natural teeth and no denture and 17.6% neither teeth nor denture. Of those wearing dentures 72% had denture stomatitis. Of those with natural teeth 72% were affected by active caries. Yeast counts were significantly correlated with the intensity of the erythema of the palatal mucosa, plaque score of the natural teeth, denture plaque score, and salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. CONCLUSIONS High oral yeast counts and frequent prevalence of oral candidosis in elderly subjects living in institutions are associated with poor oral hygiene and neglect of denture care.
A prospective 3-year follow-up trial of implantation of two trabecular microbypass stents in open-angle glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate 3-year safety and intraocular pressure (IOP) following two trabecular microbypass stents in phakic and pseudophakic subjects with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) not controlled on preoperative medication. Patients and methods In this prospective pilot study, phakic or pseudophakic subjects with OAG and IOP between 18 mmHg and 30 mmHg on one preoperative topical ocular hypotensive medication underwent medication washout. Thirty-nine qualified subjects with preoperative unmedicated IOP ≥22 mmHg and ≤38 mmHg received two stents. Postoperative examinations were scheduled at Day 1, Week 1, Months 1, 3, 6, and 12, and semiannually through Month 60. Ocular hypotensive medication was considered if postoperative IOP exceeded 21 mmHg. IOP, medication use, and safety were assessed at each visit. Subject follow-up through Month 36 was completed. Results Thirty-six eyes (92.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 79.1%, 98.4%) achieved the primary efficacy end point of Month 12 reduction in IOP ≥20% from baseline (unmedicated IOP) without ocular hypotensive medication. Four subjects required medication during the Month 36 follow-up period. Mean IOP at 36 months for subjects not taking medication was 15.2 mmHg. At 36 months, subjects sustained mean IOP decrease of 9.1±2.7 mmHg (95% CI 8.0 mmHg, 10.14 mmHg), or 37% IOP reduction, from unmedicated baseline IOP. Compared to preoperative medicated IOP, subjects had mean reduction at Month 36 of 5.5±2.7 mmHg (95% CI 4.5 mmHg, 6.6 mmHg), or 26% reduction. Both measures of IOP reduction were highly significant (P<0.001). Other than one case of early postoperative hyphema that resolved at 1 week, no postoperative adverse events were attributed to stent implantation. Conclusion In a pilot study, two trabecular microbypass stents to treat OAG subjects on one preoperative medication provided statistically significant, sustained, and safe reduction of IOP to ≤15 mmHg without medication through 36 months.
Task complexity affects information use: a questionnaire study in city administration

Introduction. The purpose of this paper is to study information types in the context of simple, semi-complex and complex tasks in city administration. Task complexity has proved an important aspect of information seeking practices. Method. Employees of a city administration completed questionnaires when initiating and finishing their work tasks. Questions concerned task complexity, information use, task performer's role and a priori determinability of the task, for instance. Analysis. The data comprised of fifty-nine tasks performed by six participants. The tasks were divided in categories based on their perceived complexity. Thereafter, information types expected at the beginning of the tasks and materialised at the end were statistically analysed within and between complexity categories. Results. The study found that task complexity affects information use significantly. Our results partly corroborate earlier findings by Byström in partly the same organizational setting. Her findings concerned only materialised use, whereas we analysed expected use and differences between these two, as well. Conclusions. The more complex the task, the less facts and the more information aggregates are used. The use of known-items was independent of task complexity. Overall, external information is used little but more in complex than in simple tasks.
Secure Base Priming Diminishes Conflict-Based Anger and Anxiety

This study examines the impact of a visual representation of a secure base (i.e. a secure base prime) on attenuating experimentally produced anger and anxiety. Specifically, we examined the assuaging of negative emotions through exposure to an image of a mother-infant embrace or a heterosexual couple embracing. Subjects seated at a computer terminal rated their affect (Pre Affect) using the Affect Adjective Checklist (AAC) then listened to two sets of intense two person conflicts. After the first conflict exposure they rated affect again (Post 1 AAC). Following the second exposure they saw a blank screen (control condition), pictures of everyday objects (distraction condition) or a photo of two people embracing (Secure Base Prime condition). They then reported emotions using the Post 2 AAC. Compared to either control or distraction subjects, Secure Base Prime (SBP) subjects reported significantly less anger and anxiety. These results were then replicated using an internet sample with control, SBP and two new controls: Smiling Man (to control for expression of positive affect) and Cold Mother (an unsmiling mother with infant). The SBP amelioration of anger and anxiety was replicated with the internet sample. No control groups produced this effect, which was generated only by a combination of positive affect in a physically embracing dyad. The results are discussed in terms of attachment theory and research on spreading activation.
Cross-level effects of high-performance work practices on burnout: Two counteracting mediating mechanisms compared

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of management practices – specifically, high‐performance work practices (HPWPs) – on employee burnout. Two potential mediating mechanisms that counterbalance each other in the development of burnout are compared: a critical mechanism that states that HPWPs intensify job demands (which increases burnout) and a positive mechanism that states that HPWPs increase fairness among employees (which reduces burnout). Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaire data are gathered among 393 employees working in 86 Dutch organizations. Human resource managers provide information about HPWPs while employees were inquired about their perceptions of job demands, fairness, and burnout. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted to test the assumptions.Findings – The analyses reveal a slightly positive relationship between HPWPs and burnout, which is completely mediated by job demands. Fairness was associated with the experience of less burnout, but the results.
The hippocampus is required for short‐term topographical memory in humans

The hippocampus plays a crucial role within the neural systems for long‐term memory, but little if any role in the short‐term retention of some types of stimuli. Nonetheless, the hippocampus may be specialized for allocentric topographical processing, which impacts on short‐term memory or even perception. To investigate this we developed performance‐matched tests of perception (match‐to‐sample) and short‐term memory (2 s delayed‐match‐to‐sample) for the topography and for the nonspatial aspects of visual scenes. Four patients with focal hippocampal damage and one with more extensive damage, including right parahippocampal gyrus, were tested. All five patients showed impaired topographical memory and spared nonspatial processing in both memory and perception. Topographical perception was profoundly impaired in the patient with parahippocampal damage, mildly impaired in two of the hippocampal cases, and clearly preserved in the other two hippocampal cases (including one with dense amnesia). Our results suggest that the hippocampus supports allocentric topographical processing that is indispensable when appropriately tested after even very short delays, while the presence of the sample scene can allow successful topographical perception without it, possibly via a less flexible parahippocampal representation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.