Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fair Call: Player Perceptions of Justice in Football Referee Communication

Studies in organisations and other contexts have shown that people who perceive fairness tend to behave more cooperatively (Lind, 2005). Focus group discussions were held with 40 football (soccer) players to explore their expectations of referees and perceptions of referees’ verbal and non-verbal communicative displays. The analysis applied organisational justice concepts to the emergent themes and displays. Three forms of referee meta-display were revealed - displays of self, displays of reaction to players and pressure, and displays of preferred interaction style. Player perceptions of fairness are enhanced when players perceive referees to be: — competent to perform as a referee — dependable in the face of pressure on their decisions — respectful of players. Many displays are amenable to practice and improvement, some are not. Even before the game starts, young referees are perceived to be less physically and mentally competent, less dependable, less respectful, and consequently less fair. The study is exploratory and preliminary but the findings suggest that justice models and concepts can raise understanding of refereeplayer communication, and contribute to referee training by making them more aware of influential verbal and non-verbal displays.
Changes in the rate of nicotine metabolism across pregnancy: a longitudinal study

Abstract Aims Increased nicotine metabolism during pregnancy could explain why nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) appears to be less effective on smoking cessation in pregnancy than in non‐pregnant smokers, but little is known about nicotine metabolism across pregnancy. This study was conducted to determine when changes in nicotine metabolism occur during pregnancy and to describe the magnitude of these changes. Design Longitudinal cohort study of pregnant smokers' nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR). Setting and Participants 101 pregnant smokers recruited from hospital antenatal clinics in Nottingham, UK were asked to provide saliva samples at 8–14 weeks (n = 98), 18–22 weeks (n = 65), 32–36 weeks gestation (n = 47), 4 weeks postpartum (n = 44) and 12 weeks postpartum (n = 47). Measurements Nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) was measured using the ratio of cotinine to its primary metabolite trans‐3'‐hydroxycotinine. Multi‐level modelling was used to detect any overall difference in NMR between time points. The 12 week postpartum NMR was compared with the NMRs collected antenatally and 4 weeks postpartum. Findings NMR changed over time (p = 0.0006). Compared with NMR at 12 weeks postpartum, NMR was significantly higher at 18–22 weeks (26% higher, 95% CI 12% to 38%) and 32–36 weeks (23% higher, 95% CI 9% to 35%). There was no significant difference between the 8‐14 weeks gestation or 4 weeks postpartum NMR and 12 weeks postpartum. Conclusions Nicotine metabolism appears to be faster during pregnancy; this faster metabolism is apparent from 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy and appears to fall by 4 weeks after childbirth.
The effect of concept mapping on students' cognitive load

The study described in this article examined whether or not concept mapping can be used to help students to reduce their learning cognitive load. The participants were 131 students from two classes enrolled in a food principles course at the School of Food and Beverage Management of a university in Taiwan. The experimental data revealed that adopting a concept mapping strategy can significantly reduce cognitive load. The results indicated that concept mapping can help the investigated students to understand and clarify concepts included in the curriculum, and also enhanced considerably their interests in studying food science.
Convergence and Divergence in the Evolution of the APOBEC3G-Vif Interaction Reveal Ancient Origins of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses

Naturally circulating lentiviruses are abundant in African primate species today, yet their origins and history of transmitting between hosts remain obscure. As a means to better understand the age of primate lentiviruses, we analyzed primate genomes for signatures of lentivirus-driven evolution. Specifically, we studied the adaptive evolution of host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) in Old World Monkey (OWM) species. We find recurrent mutation of A3G in multiple primate lineages at sites that determine susceptibility to antagonism by the lentiviral accessory protein Vif. Using a broad panel of SIV Vif isolates, we demonstrate that natural variation in OWM A3G confers resistance to Vif-mediated degradation, suggesting that adaptive variants of the host factor were selected upon exposure to pathogenic lentiviruses at least 5–6 million years ago (MYA). Furthermore, in members of the divergent Colobinae subfamily of OWM, a multi-residue insertion event in A3G that arose at least 12 MYA blocks the activity of Vif, suggesting an even more ancient origin of SIV. Moreover, analysis of the lentiviruses associated with Colobinae monkeys reveal that the interface of the A3G-Vif interaction has shifted and given rise to a second genetic conflict. Our analysis of virus-driven evolution describes an ancient yet ongoing genetic conflict between simian primates and lentiviruses on a million-year time scale.
Revisiting the Effect of Nickel Characteristics on High-Speed Interconnect Performance

It has been observed that some surface finish like nickel-gold plating has exhibited significantly higher losses than expected on high-speed interconnects like printed circuit board (PCB) trace and packaging. The investigation has revealed that this extra loss results from the ferromagnetic characteristics of nickel material with large resistivity and nonunit frequency-dependent relative permeability. As a result, a high-speed PCB design must take into account the board surface finish effect, solder-mask coating, and the physical geometry deformation of copper related to the etching process when modeling the PCB trace, which can be accomplished by using 3-D electromagnetic field simulation tools. Simulation results are correlated with vector network analyzer (VNA) measurements on several test cases and also on the actual application boards. In our experimental studies on PCB test structures with electroless nickel/immersion-gold (ENIG) and electroplated nickel-gold plating, there is no observation of resonating anomalies in the insertion loss and group delay related to nickel permeability. Both simulation and measurement results have demonstrated that PCB board with ENIG and solder mask over bare copper finish has less signal loss than that with ENIG or hard-gold finish.
Discovery of HE 1523–0901, a Strongly r-Process-enhanced Metal-poor Star with Detected Uranium

We present age estimates for the newly discovered, very r-process-enhanced metal-poor star HE 1523-0901 ([Fe/H] = -2.95) based on the radioactive decay of Th and U. The bright (V = 11.1) giant was found among a sample of bright metal-poor stars selected from the Hamburg/ESO Survey. From an abundance analysis of a high-resolution (R = 75,000) VLT/UVES spectrum, we find HE 1523-0901 to be strongly overabundant in r-process elements ([r/Fe] = 1.8). The abundances of heavy neutron-capture elements (Z > 56) measured in HE 1523-0901 match the scaled solar r-process pattern extremely well. We detect the strongest optical U line at 3859.57 Å. For the first time, we are able to employ several different chronometers, such as the U/Th, U/Ir, Th/Eu, and Th/Os ratios to measure the age of a star. The weighted average age of HE 1523-0901 is 13.2 Gyr. Several sources of uncertainties are assessed in detail.
Concerted action of Helios and Ikaros controls the expression of the inositol 5‐phosphatase SHIP

Ikaros family transcription factors have a key role in lymphoid development, and their aberrant function contributes to a multitude of lymphoid malignancies. Ikaros and Helios bind to similar DNA sequences, and Helios associates with Ikaros‐containing chromatin remodeling complexes. Previously, we have shown that loss of Ikaros leads to diminished BCR‐signaling strength. In this study, we describe a Helios‐deficient chicken DT40 B‐cell line with a BCR signaling phenotype that is the opposite to that of Ikaros‐deficient cells. In contrast to Ikaros‐deficient cells, Helios−/− B cells exhibit increased calcium release to the cytoplasm after BCR crosslinking, but diminished BCR‐induced phosphorylation of signaling molecules. The inositol 5‐phosphatase SHIP, an important regulator in several signaling pathways, is differentially expressed in Ikaros‐ and Helios‐deficient cells. In the absence of Ikaros, SHIP is upregulated, whereas Helios deficiency leads to the downregulation of SHIP expression. We also show with ChIP that Ikaros binds to the promoter of the INPP5D gene‐encoding SHIP. Considering the critical role of SHIP in the BCR signaling pathway, our findings provide insight into the mechanism of how both Helios and Ikaros are involved in the regulation of BCR signaling.
RESTAURANT OWNERS ’ PERCEPTIONS OF EFFECTS OF A SMOKING BAN *

The aim of this paper is to analyze business owners’ expected changes in turnover due to a general smoking ban in restaurants, bars and cafés in Sweden. This is accomplished using a survey mailed out to all 642 restaurants, bars, cafés and nightclubs in Gothenburg. The results show that the dependence on smoking customers and the beliefs on how the whole restaurant sector would be affected are in terms of size and statistical significance, the most important variables for explaining expectations of changes in turnover. The econometric results show that the owners are more likely to expect a decrease in turnover the larger the share of smoking customers is. Moreover, owners are less likely to expect financial losses due to a general smoking ban if establishments do not currently allow smoking or have a non-smoking section. No strong effect of the type of establishment on expected changes in turnover is detected, even though establishments with late night hours are more likely to expect financial losses. The study also, tentatively, concludes that many owners do not take general equilibrium effects into account, which may bias their expectations of turnover downwards. Resistance to a general smoking ban is not only explained by an expected loss in turnover, but also by the owners’ attitudes towards customers smoking, property right over air space, and perception of the restaurant sector turnover. Resistance to a smoking ban is also greater among bars/nightclubs and restaurants compared to cafés.
On the Theory and Practice of Data Recovery with Multiple Versions

Replication and error-correction are standard mechanisms to cope with data corruption. We consider how these two approaches can be combined for preservation of digital data. We provide an information-theoretic model and theoretical framework, and discuss how recent breakthroughs such as the development of Raptor codes may play a part in future practical systems
Gray Matter Concentration Abnormality in Brains of Narcolepsy Patients

Objective To investigate gray matter concentration changes in the brains of narcoleptic patients. Materials and Methods Twenty-nine narcoleptic patient with cataplexy and 29 age and sex-matched normal subjects (mean age, 31 years old) underwent volumetric MRIs. The MRIs were spatially normalized to a standard T1 template and subdivided into gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These segmented images were then smoothed using a 12-mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) isotropic Gaussian kernel. An optimized voxel-based morphometry protocol was used to analyze brain tissue concentrations using SPM2 (statistical parametric mapping). A one-way analysis of variance was applied to the concentration analysis of gray matter images. Results Narcoleptics with cataplexy showed reduced gray matter concentration in bilateral thalami, left gyrus rectus, bilateral frontopolar gyri, bilateral short insular gyri, bilateral superior frontal gyri, and right superior temporal and left inferior temporal gyri compared to normal subjects (uncorrected p < 0.001). Furthermore, small volume correction revealed gray matter concentration reduction in bilateral nuclei accumbens, hypothalami, and thalami (false discovery rate corrected p < 0.05). Conclusion Gray matter concentration reductions were observed in brain regions related to excessive daytime sleepiness, cognition, attention, and memory in narcoleptics with cataplexy.
Neural Correlates of the Rubber Hand Illusion in Amputees: A report of Two Cases

One of the current challenges in the field of advanced prosthetics is the development of artificial limbs that provide the user with detailed sensory feedback. Sensory feedback from our limbs is not only important for proprioceptive awareness and motor control, but also essential for providing us with a feeling of ownership or simply put, the sensation that our limbs actually belong to ourselves. The strong link between sensory feedback and ownership has been repeatedly demonstrated with the so-called rubber hand illusion (RHI), during which individuals are induced with the illusory sensation that an artificial hand is their own. In healthy participants, this occurs via integration of visual and tactile signals, which is primarily supported by multisensory regions in premotor and intraparietal cortices. Here, we describe a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with two upper limb amputees, showing for the first time that the same brain regions underlie ownership sensations of an artificial hand in this population. Albeit preliminary, these findings are interesting from both a theoretical as well as a clinical point of view. From a theoretical perspective, they imply that even years after the amputation, a few seconds of synchronous visuotactile stimulation are sufficient to activate hand-centered multisensory integration mechanisms. From a clinical perspective, they show that a very basic sensation of touch from an artificial hand can be obtained by simple but precisely targeted stimulation of the stump, and suggest that a similar mechanism implemented in prosthetic hands would greatly facilitate ownership sensations and in turn, acceptance of the prosthesis.
The association between various indices of obesity and severity of atherosclerosis in adults in the north of Iran

AbstractRecent observational studies have reported controversial results for the association between different anthropometric indices of obesity and severity of atherosclerosis. The aim of the current study is to determine the associations between anthropometric indices with severity of atherosclerosis in adult population in north of Iran.The cross-sectional study was performed on 610 participants, who were admitted to a hospital for elective angiographyin Rasht, Iran, Anthropometric indices, including waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), conicity index (CI), body mass index (BMI), and hematological factors, were measured using the standard methods. According to angiography reports, severity of atherosclerosis was determined.Sixty-two percent of participants had moderate to severe atherosclerosis. According to BMI, 44% were overweight and 25.8% were obese. Based on WHtR and WC, 90%, and 57% were obese, respectively. The prevalence of moderate to severe atherosclerosis in centrally obese women was significantly higher than in centrally nonobese women (52% vs 28% P = 0.02). According to multivariate adjustment analysis, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, uric acid, and triglyceride were independently associated with severity of atherosclerosis. BMI, WC, CI, and WHtR had no significant association with severity of atherosclerosis.Our findings showed that anthropometric indices reflective of general and abdominal obesity were not independently related to the severity of atherosclerosis in adults, in northern Iran.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ROLE OF THE EGO IN WORK

For many people in our society, responsibility for personal welfare, for success and failure, rests solely upon the individual. The result is a tendency for many individuals to develop a characteristic pattern of activity in which the ego is focal and the objective situation, background. So many aspects of the objective world, on the other hand, by their intrinsic properties demand and absorb the individual's attention, that for a good portion of his life's activities man's ego recedes into the background of behavior. One may think of these two fundamentally different approaches to reality as 'indirect' via ego wishes and needs, and 'direct,' with the objective situation reacted to, manipulated 'for its own sake. ' The contrast, for example, between a child constructing a toy house with a glance every alternate minute at his teacher or parent, and a child completely and selflessly involved in the same task, illustrates the basic difference in approach to the world which forms the subject of this paper. It is necessary first to clarify the sense in which we are using the term 'ego. ' 'Ego' needs mean, in this discussion, 'selfish' needs, that is, needs restricted in scope to the enhancement of the self. The goal of a person whose 'ego' needs are focal is the achievement of some pleasure, reward or improved status for his self. The person pursues activity with this self-enhancement or self-reward as his goal, to the exclusion of all other demands either from the objective environment or from other people. 'Ego' needs mean, then, in our discussion, 'self or 'egotistical' needs. This very narrow conception of the ego is introduced here mainly for purposes of clarity. It is essential that a distinction be drawn between ego or selfish needs, and the needs of the person. If the ego and the person are made synonymous, as is often done, then any
A polymerase III-like reinitiation mechanism is operating in regulation of histone expression in archaea

An archaeal histone gene from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus containing four consecutive putative oligo‐dT terminator sequences was used as a model system to investigate termination signals and the mechanism of termination in vitro. The archaeal RNA polymerase terminated with high efficiency at the first terminator at 90°C when it contained five to six T residues, at 80°C readthrough was significantly increased. A putative hairpin structure upstream of the first terminator had no effect on termination efficiency. Template competition experiments starting with RNA polymerase molecules engaged in ternary complexes revealed recycling of RNA polymerase from the terminator to the promoter of the same template. This facilitated reinitiation was dependent upon the presence of a terminator sequence suggesting that pausing at the terminator is required for recycling as in the RNA polymerase III system. Replacement of the sequences immediately downstream of the oligo‐dT terminator by an AT‐rich segment improved termination efficiency. Both AT‐rich and GC‐rich downstream sequences seemed to impair the facilitated reinitiation pathway. Our data suggest that recycling is dependent on a subtle interplay of pausing of RNA polymerase at the terminator and RNA polymerase translocation beyond the oligo‐dT termination signal that is dramatically affected by downstream sequences.
Gender and Job Satisfaction: A Study of Library Staff in Private University Libraries in Ogun State, Nigeria

This paper examined the influence of gender on job satisfaction among library staff in private university libraries in Ogun State, Nigeria. The survey research design was adopted for the study. The study population was made up of 162 library staff in seven private university libraries. Sampling was enumerative as all members of the population were given the opportunity to participate in the study. A questionnaire was used for data collected which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed moderate level of job satisfaction across gender with male making up 27.2%, and females 35.1% of the total percentage of 62.3% for job satisfaction. Gender was found to have no significant influence on job satisfaction while other factors such as stringent conditions for promotion, denied access to benefits and lack of job security were identified as major constraints to job satisfaction. Based on the findings, the study recommends that library administrators adopt a policy of equal treatment for each gender and review the conditions attached to promotion, among others as measures for enhancing job satisfaction.
US news media portrayal of Islam and Muslims: a corpus-assisted Critical Discourse Analysis

Abstract This article exploits the synergy of critical discourse studies and Corpus Linguistics to study the pervasive representation of Islam and Muslims in an approximate 670,000-word corpus of US news media stories published between 2001 and 2015. Following collocation and concordance analysis of the most frequent topics or categories which revolve around the representation of Islam and Muslims in US news stories, the Discourse-Historical Approach to critical discourse analysis was adopted to investigate how the discursive strategies of nomination (construction of in-groups and out-groups) and predication (labeling social actors more or less positively or negatively) are used in US news media stories. The findings indicated that, in general, Islam and Muslims are associated with violence, religious radicalism, and Islamic extremist militants. Finally, the article discusses the discursive themes resulting from the analysis of personal pronouns as well as the educational implications of the findings for social studies and multicultural education.
Promoting positive learning in Australian students aged 10- to 12-years-old using attribution retraining and cognitive behavioral therapy: A pilot study

This study piloted an intervention using attribution retraining and cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to promote positive learning experiences and outcomes for students. This research is an important step to revitalise the dwindling field of attribution retraining research by assessing whether these techniques effectively improve student learning in modern classrooms. Participants were 50 students from grades five and six (age 10- to 12-years-old). Findings revealed that students in the intervention group showed significantly greater average reading levels compared to their control group peers at two months following the intervention. Whilst no other areas measured (mathematics, spelling, and self-concept) reached the level of significance, a number of interesting patterns were observed regarding student selection, intervention focus, and the trajectory of treatment effects. These findings encourage future researchers to expand the range of students targeted by school-based interventions, supports the use of attribution techniques, and highlights that without follow-up data, lagged treatment effects may go undetected. This is one of only a handful of studies to combine attribution retraining with cognitive behavioral therapy, and the results of this pilot study support the need for further research in this area.