Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Haskell session types with (almost) no class

We describe an implementation of session types in Haskell. Session types statically enforce that client-server communication proceeds according to protocols. They have been added to several concurrent calculi, but few implementations of session types are available. Our embedding takes advantage of Haskell where appropriate, but we rely on no exotic features. Thus our approach translates with minimal modification to other polymorphic, typed languages such as ML and Java. Our implementation works with existing Haskell concurrency mechanisms, handles multiple communication channels and recursive session types, and infers protocols automatically. While our implementation uses unsafe operations in Haskell, it does not violate Haskell's safety guarantees. We formalize this claim in a concurrent calculus with unsafe communication primitives over which we layer our implementation of session types, and we prove that the session types layer is safe. In particular, it enforces that channel-based communication follows consistent protocols.
Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in Patients With Diabetes

PURPOSE The cardiovascular disease risk profile and exercise capacity of coronary heart disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were measured and compared with those of nondiabetic (NDM) patients before and after a 6-week multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation program. METHODS Subjects included 413 patients with DM (56.9 ± 7.9 years) and 614 patients with NDM (56.8 ± 10.3 years). RESULTS At program entry, DM patients had a higher prevalence of risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, excess abdominal fat, and depression), had a lower peak oxygen uptake (14.3 ± 4.4 vs 16.6 ± 5.4 mL · kg−1 · min−1; P < .001), and covered a shorter distance in the 6-minute walk test (404 ± 117 m vs 445 ± 116 m; P < .001) than NDM patients. At the end of the exercise program, all patients achieved significant improvements in physical capacity, which were similar in DM and NDM patients (+27.6 ± 28.2% vs +30.5 ± 27.7% for peak oxygen uptake and +21.0 ± 31.5% vs +21.3 ± 53.2% for the 6-minute distance test). CONCLUSION DM patients with coronary heart disease had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors as well as lower physical capacity than NDM patients at the beginning of rehabilitation. All patients demonstrated improvement in exercise capacity after rehabilitation. More importantly, the extent of the improvement was similar in DM and NDM patients. This study, which involved a large population, emphasizes the capacity of DM patients to fully benefit from a multidisciplinary risk factor management program, including exercise training and educational programs.
Envelope tomography of long-period variable stars ? I. The Schwarzschild mechanism and the Balmer emission lines

This paper is the first one in a series devoted to the study of the dynamics of the atmospheres of long-period vari- able (LPV) stars. Results from a two-month-long monitoring of the Mira variables RT Cyg and X Oph around maximum light with the ELODIE spectrograph at the Haute-Provence Observa- tory are presented. The monitoring covers phases 0.80 to 1.16 for RT Cyg and phases 0.83 to 1.04 for X Oph. The cross-correlation profile of the spectrum of RT Cyg with a K0 III mask confirms that the absorption lines of RT Cyg in the optical domain appear double around maximum light. No line doubling was found in the optical spectrum of X Oph around maximum light, indicat- ing that this feature is not common to all LPVs. This paper also presents the application to RT Cyg of a new tomographic 1 technique deriving the velocity field across the atmosphere by cross-correlating the optical spectrum with nu- merical masks constructed from synthetic spectra and probing layers of increasing depths. This technique reveals that both the temporal evolution of the line doubling, and its variation with depth in the atmosphere of RT Cyg, are consistent with the 'Schwarzschild scenario'. This scenario relates the tempo- ral evolution of the red and blue peaks of the double absorption lines to the progression of a shock wave in the atmosphere. The temporal evolution of the Balmer H ,H ,H and H emission lines around maximum light is also presented for RT Cyg and X Oph. The velocity variations of H and of the absorption lines are discussed in the framework of two compet- ing models for the formation of Balmer emission lines in LPV stars.
Interplay Between Sample Survey Theory and Practice : an Appraisal

A large part of sample survey theory has been directly motivated by practical problems encountered in the design and analysis of sample surveys. On the other hand, sample survey theory has influenced practice, often leading to significant improvements. This paper will examine this interplay over the past 60 years or so. Examples where new theory is needed or where theory exists but is not used will also be presented.
Premium-Based Financial Incentives Did Not Promote Workplace Weight Loss In A 2013-15 Study.

Employers commonly use adjustments to health insurance premiums as incentives to encourage healthy behavior, but the effectiveness of those adjustments is controversial. We gave 197 obese participants in a workplace wellness program a weight loss goal equivalent to 5 percent of their baseline weight. They were randomly assigned to a control arm, with no financial incentive for achieving the goal, or to one of three intervention arms offering an incentive valued at $550. Two intervention arms used health insurance premium adjustments, beginning the following year (delayed) or in the first pay period after achieving the goal (immediate). A third arm used a daily lottery incentive separate from premiums. At twelve months there were no statistically significant differences in mean weight change either between the control group (whose members had a mean gain of 0.1 pound) and any of the incentive groups (delayed premium adjustment, -1.2 pound; immediate premium adjustment, -1.4 pound; daily lottery incentive, -1.0 pound) or among the intervention groups. The apparent failure of the incentives to promote weight loss suggests that employers that encourage weight reduction through workplace wellness programs should test alternatives to the conventional premium adjustment approach by using alternative incentive designs, larger incentives, or both.
An Examination of the Quality and Context-Specific Applicability of Commonly Used Customer Satisfaction Measures

The authors catalogued commonly used satisfaction measures and then examined their reliability and explained variance. Furthermore, they explored the notion that affective measures may be better in capturing satisfaction with predominantly hedonic products, whereas cognitive measures may be better for products with mostly utilitarian benefits. To do this, the authors examined all measures in a hedonic and utilitarian service context. The authors found that a six-item 7-point semantic differential scale performed best across both service contexts, followed by a four-item 7-point semantic differential scale. The third best measure was a single-item 11-point percentage scale. Furthermore, they rejected the notion that affective measures should be used for hedonic services and cognitive measures for utilitarian services. Rather, measures that were shown to be of good quality (i.e., had high satisfaction loadings, good reliability, and low error variances) were equally applicable for measuring satisfaction for both types of services. In addition, all satisfaction measures captured both affective and cognitive aspects of satisfaction, independent of their scale anchors.
Strong converse for identification via quantum channels

We present a simple proof of the strong converse for identification via discrete memoryless quantum channels, based on a novel covering lemma. The new method is a generalization to quantum communication channels of Ahlswede's (1979, 1992) approach to classical channels. It involves a development of explicit large deviation estimates to the case of random variables taking values in self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space. This theory is presented separately in an appendix, and we illustrate it by showing its application to quantum generalizations of classical hypergraph covering problems.
Time Course and Mechanisms of Circulating Progenitor Cell Reduction in the Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Reduction of bone marrow–derived circulating progenitor cells has been proposed as a novel mechanism of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. The present study was designed to describe the extent and potential mechanisms of progenitor cell reduction during the natural history of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We identified 425 individuals, divided into seven categories according to carbohydrate metabolism status (normal glucose tolerance [NGT], impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes) and diabetes duration (0–9, 10–19, and ≥20 years). These categories were examined as ideally describing the natural history of type 2 diabetes development and progression. We measured CD34+ and CD34+KDR+ progenitor cells by flow cytometry. We also evaluated progenitor cells in 20 coupled bone marrow and peripheral blood samples and examined progenitor cell apoptosis in 34 subjects. RESULTS In comparison to NGT, CD34+ cells were significantly reduced in IGT and had a first nadir in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and a second nadir after 20 years of diabetes. Statistical adjustment for possible confounders confirmed that CD34+ cell counts are deeply reduced at time of diagnosis, that they partially recover during the subsequent 0–19 years, and that they dip again after ≥20 years. A similar, but less consistent, trend was detected for CD34+KDR+ cells. Peripheral blood CD34+ cells were directly correlated with bone marrow CD34+ cells and inversely correlated with CD34+ cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Circulating progenitor cell reduction marks the clinical onset of type 2 diabetes. Both defective mobilization and increased apoptosis may account for this phenomenon. While a partial recovery occurs during subsequent years, bone marrow reserve seems exhausted in the long term.
A scalable Wi-Fi based localization approach

This paper proposes a scalable method which allows deploying the fingerprint Wi-Fi localization algorithm for different devices. The original fingerprint localization algorithm performs accurately only if the device used in the testing phase is the same as the device used in the training phase. When a different device is used in the testing phase, a time-consuming re-training step (in the order of hours or days) is required to achieve the equivalent degree of accuracy. Our proposed approach replaces the re-training step with a short period of calibration (in the order of a few minutes), which can be done transparently to the user. To validate our approach, we collected data from a large scale experiment (14 laptops and 2 smartphones with 224-hour of collected data) to evaluate the performance.
Mechanisms of High Frequency Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease: From Local to Distal Effects on the Basal Ganglia Network

1.1 Parkinson’s disease, basal ganglia and the value of the subthalamic nucleus as a treatment target Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting about 1% of adults over the age of 60 years (Samii et al., 2004). It is caused by a progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and of their axons, which project to the striatum (Ehringer & Hornykiewicz, 1960). Degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway results in the development of the motor symptoms characteristic of the disease, including tremor, rigidity, postural abnormalities and bradykinesia. These cardinal signs of PD reflect striatal dopamine (DA) depletion, leading to the global disorganization of the activity of the basal ganglia (BG), a complex network of subcortical nuclei involved in the control and execution of motor behavior. According to the classical model of BG organization (Albin et al., 1989; Alexander et al., 1990; DeLong, 1990), the interruption of dopaminergic transmission induces an imbalance between the activity of the two striatal circuits, the so-called ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ pathways (Fig. 1). The activity of the inhibitory striatal neurons projecting directly to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus internalis (GPi), the direct pathway, is decreased. Conversely, the activity of the inhibitory striatal neurons projecting to the globus pallidus externalis (GPe) is increased, disinhibiting the activity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which projects excitatory glutamatergic neurons to the SNr and the GPi (indirect pathway). As efferent neurons of the SNr and GPi are GABAergic and are tonically active, this increase in indirect pathway activity results in an increase in the inhibitory output from the BG output structures to the thalamus and the thalamocortical neurons. The resulting reduction of cortical activation accounts for some of the signs of PD, such as akinesia (Albin et al., 1989; Bolam et al., 2000; DeLong, 1990; Obeso et al., 2008; Parent & Hazrati, 1995a, b). Based on this model and the results of others studies demonstrating the key role of the STN in controlling movement (Kita & Kitai, 1987; Kitai & Deniau, 1981; Smith et al., 1998), it has been suggested that the abnormal glutamatergic hyperactivity observed in the STN in the parkinsonian state plays a critical role in the expression of motor symptoms (Bergman et al.,
Leadership identity in a small island developing state: the Jamaican context

While the role of leadership in improving schools is attracting more worldwide attention, there is a need for more research investigating leaders’ experiences in different national contexts. Using focus-group and semi-structured interview data, this paper explores the background, identities and experiences of a small group of Jamaican school leaders who were involved in a leadership development programme. By drawing on the concepts of culture, socialisation and identity, the paper examines how the participants’ journeys of becoming and being school leaders are influenced by national-level societal and cultural issues, experienced at a local level. The findings suggest that in becoming school leaders, the participants perceived that they had a strong sense of agency in attempting to change the social structures within the institutions they lead and in the surrounding local communities, which in turn, they hope, will have a lasting effect on the nation as a whole.
Minimum Wages and Employment: Reconsidering the Use of a Time Series Approach as an Evaluation Tool

The time-series approach used in the minimum wage literature essentially aims to estimate a treatment effect of increasing the minimum wage. In this paper, we employ a novel approach based on aggregate time-series data that allows us to determine if minimum wage changes have significant effects on employment. This involves the use of tests for structural breaks as a device for identifying discontinuities in the data which potentially represent treatment effects. In an application based on Australian data, the tentative conclusion is that the introduction of minimum wage legislation in Australia in 1997 and subsequent minimum wage increases appear not to have had any significant negative employment effects for teenagers.
Knowledge management in small and medium-sized companies: knowledge

Society has changed drastically over the last few years. But this is nothing new, or so it appears. Societies are always changing, just as people are always changing. And seeing as it is the people who form the societies, a constantly changing society is only natural. However something more seems to have happened over the last few years. Without wanting to frighten off the reader straight away, we can point to a diversity of social developments that indicate that the changes seem to be following each other faster, especially over the last few decades. We can for instance, point to the pluralisation (or a growing versatility), differentialisation and specialisation of society as a whole. On a more personal note, we see the diversification of communities, an emphasis on emancipation, individualisation and post-materialism and an increasing wish to live one's life as one wishes, free from social, religious or ideological contexts.
An automatic approach to the detection and extraction of mine features in sidescan sonar

Mine detection and classification using high-resolution sidescan sonar is a critical technology for mine counter measures (MCM). As opposed to the majority of techniques which require large training data sets, this paper presents unsupervised models for both the detection and the shadow extraction phases of an automated classification system. The detection phase is carried out using an unsupervised Markov random field (MRF) model where the required model parameters are estimated from the original image. Using a priori spatial information on the physical size and geometric signature of mines in sidescan sonar, a detection-orientated MRF model is developed which directly segments the image into regions of shadow, seabottom-reverberation, and object-highlight. After detection, features are extracted so that the object can be classified. A novel co-operating statistical snake (CSS) model is presented which extracts the highlight and shadow of the object. The CSS model again utilizes available a priori information on the spatial relationship between the highlight and shadow, allowing accurate segmentation of the object's shadow to be achieved.
Multivariate Spatial-temporal Modeling and Prediction of Speciated Fine Particles

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an atmospheric pollutant that has been linked to serious health problems, including mortality. PM2.5 has five main components: sulfate, nitrate, total carbonaceous mass, ammonium, and crustal material. These components have complex spatial-temporal dependency and cross dependency structures. It is important to gain better understanding about the spatial-temporal distribution of each component of the total PM2.5 mass, and also to estimate how the composition of PM2.5 changes with space and time to conduct spatial-temporal epidemiological studies of the association of these pollutants and adverse health effects. We introduce a multivariate spatial-temporal model for speciated PM2.5. Our hierarchical framework combines different sources of data and accounts for bias and measurement error in each data source. In addition, a spatiotemporal extension of the linear model of coregionalization is developed to account for spatial and temporal dependency structures for each component as well as the associations among the components. We apply our framework to speciated PM2.5 data in the United States for the year 2004.
Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD.

OBJECTIVE Reliance on the categorical model of psychiatric disorders has led to neglected study of posttraumatic sequelae that fall short of full criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Substantial disability and suicidal risk is associated with subthreshold PTSD, but this association has not been well studied. In addition, no studies have examined the role of comorbidity in explaining disability and impairment in subthreshold PTSD. METHOD On National Anxiety Disorders Screening Day 1997, 2,608 out of 9,358 individuals screened for affective and anxiety disorders at 1,521 sites across the United States reported at least one PTSD symptom of at least 1 month's duration. Impairment, comorbid anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, and rates of suicidality were determined and compared for individuals with no, one, two, three, or four (full PTSD) symptoms on a screening questionnaire. Regression analyses examined the relative contribution of subthreshold PTSD and comorbid disorders to impairment and suicidal ideation. RESULTS Impairment, number of comorbid disorders, rates of comorbid major depressive disorder, and current suicidal ideation increased linearly and significantly with each increasing number of subthreshold PTSD symptoms. Individuals with subthreshold PTSD were at greater risk for suicidal ideation even after the authors controlled for the presence of comorbid major depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS Higher numbers of subthreshold PTSD symptoms were associated with greater impairment, comorbidity, and suicidal ideation. Disability and impairment found in previous studies of subthreshold PTSD symptoms may be related in part to the presence of comorbid disorders. However, the presence of subthreshold PTSD symptoms significantly raised the risk for suicidal ideation even after the authors controlled for major depressive disorder. Given the broad public health implications of these findings, more efforts are needed to identify subthreshold PTSD symptoms in clinical populations, epidemiologic surveys, and treatment studies.
Sequential verification of serializability

Serializability is a commonly used correctness condition in concurrent programming. When a concurrent module is serializable, certain other properties of the module can be verified by considering only its sequential executions. In many cases, concurrent modules guarantee serializability by using standard locking protocols, such as tree locking or two-phase locking. Unfortunately, according to the existing literature, verifying that a concurrent module adheres to these protocols requires considering concurrent interleavings. In this paper, we show that adherence to a large class of locking protocols (including tree locking and two-phase locking) can be verified by considering only sequential executions. The main consequence of our results is that in many cases, the (manual or automatic) verification of serializability can itself be done using sequential reasoning .
Immunogenicity Studies in Carnivores Using a Rabies Virus Construct with a Site-Directed Deletion in the Phosphoprotein

Different approaches have been applied to develop highly attenuated rabies virus vaccines for oral vaccination of mesocarnivores. One prototype vaccine construct is SAD dIND1, which contains a deletion in the P-gene severely limiting the inhibition of type-1 interferon induction. Immunogenicity studies in foxes and skunks were undertaken to investigate whether this highly attenuated vaccine would be more immunogenic than the parental SAD B19 vaccine strain. In foxes, it was demonstrated that SAD dIND1 protected the animals against a rabies infection after a single oral dose, although virus neutralizing antibody titres were lower than in foxes orally vaccinated with the SAD B19 virus as observed in previous experiments. In contrast, skunks receiving 107.5 FFU SAD dIND1 did not develop virus neutralizing antibodies and were not protected against a subsequent rabies infection.
Is Waiting the Hardest Part? Comparing the Emotional Experiences of Awaiting and Receiving Bad News

Awaiting uncertain news is stressful, but is it more stressful than receiving bad news? We compared these emotional experiences in two studies. Participants in Study 1 reflected on a personal experience awaiting news that ultimately turned out badly, and participants in Study 2 were law graduates awaiting their results on the bar exam who ultimately failed the exam. In Study 1, participants were ambivalent as to whether awaiting or receiving bad news was more difficult, and emotion ratings in both studies confirmed this ambivalence. Anxiety was higher in anticipation of bad news (at least at the moment of truth) than in the face of it, whereas other negative emotions were more intense following the news than during the waiting period. Thus, whether waiting is “the hardest part” depends on whether one prefers to be racked with anxiety or afflicted with other negative emotions such as anger, disappointment, depression, and regret.