Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting Australian adolescents' intentions to minimize sun exposure

Abstract Around one thousand Australians die from skin cancer every year making skin cancer prevention a key objective for public health promotion and education. Adopting preventive behaviours is seen as crucial to reducing the risk of skin cancer. As the key determinants for adopting preventive behaviours include basic beliefs, attitudes and intentions we examined these within the framework of Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980) theory of reasoned action. The basic premise of this theory is that the intention to perform a behaviour is determined by one's attitude toward the behaviour and subjective norm. One hundred and eighty-seven male and female high school students responded to a questionnaire about their intentions to minimize sun exposure. While attitude toward minimizing exposure to the sun was positive for 77% of participants, only 61% reported that they intended to actually do this. The basic determinants, attitude toward the behaviour and subjective norm, while significant predictors of intention, only.
Chapter 5. Advocacy on self‐help for patients with chronic illness: The Hong Kong experience

Summary While in Western countries, the development of the self‐help movement is flourishing in the social service and healthcare scene, there is a lack of such parallel development in Hong Kong. This may be due to the different cultural orientations as well as the lack of deliberate effort on the part of the government and related professionals. The present establishment and service delivery system of the healthcare institutions in Hong Kong has few provisions to cater to the social adjustment and quality of life for chronic patients. Although Chinese families and kinship networks are invaluable assets in providing support to patients and caregivers, the cultural stigmatization against illness and the strong sense of paternalistic professional domination in the present medical system are obstacles to the development of self‐help among patients in Hong Kong. Witnessing the gross hardship and neglect of chronic patients, the authors took on an action research project to advocate for government support to s.
Computer Simulations of Developmental Change: The Contributions of Working Memory Capacity and Long-Term Knowledge

Increasing working memory (WM) capacity is often cited as a major influence on children's development and yet WM capacity is difficult to examine independently of long-term knowledge. A computational model of children's nonword repetition (NWR) performance is presented that independently manipulates long-term knowledge and WM capacity to determine the relative contributions of each in explaining the developmental data. The simulations show that (a) both mechanisms independently cause the same overall developmental changes in NWR performance, (b) increase in long-term knowledge provides the better fit to the child data, and (c) varying both long-term knowledge and WM capacity adds no significant gains over varying long-term knowledge alone. Given that increases in long-term knowledge must occur during development, the results indicate that increases in WM capacity may not be required to explain developmental differences. An increase in WM capacity should only be cited as a mechanism of developmental change when there are clear empirical reasons for doing so.
Glioblastoma‐associated stromal cells (GASCs) from histologically normal surgical margins have a myofibroblast phenotype and angiogenic properties

Glioblastoma (GB) displays diffusely infiltrative growth patterns. Dispersive cells escape surgical resection and contribute to tumour recurrence within a few centimeters of the resection cavity in 90% of cases. We know that the non‐neoplastic stromal compartment, in addition to infiltrative tumour cells, plays an active role in tumour recurrence. We isolated a new stromal cell population from the histologically normal surgical margins of GB by computer‐guided stereotaxic biopsies and primary culture. These GB‐associated stromal cells (GASCs) share phenotypic and functional properties with the cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) described in the stroma of carcinomas. In particular, GASCs have tumour‐promoting effects on glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we describe a quantitative proteomic analysis, using iTRAQ labelling and mass spectrometry, to compare GASCs with control stromal cells derived from non‐GB peripheral brain tissues. A total of 1077 proteins were quantified and 67 proteins were found to differ between GASCs and control stromal cells. Several proteins changed in GASCs are related to a highly motile myofibroblast phenotype, and to wound healing and angiogenesis. The results for several selected proteins were validated by western blotting or flow cytometry. Furthermore, the effect of GASCs on angiogenesis was confirmed using the orthotopic U87MG glioma model. In conclusion, GASCs, isolated from GB histologically normal surgical margins and found mostly near blood vessels, could be a vascular niche constituent establishing a permissive environment, facilitating angiogenesis and possibly colonization of recurrence‐initiating cells. We identify various proteins as being expressed in GASCs: some of these proteins may serve as prognostic factors for GB and/or targets for anti‐glioma treatment. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effects of CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care on breastfeeding outcomes.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care on breastfeeding outcomes, relative to traditional prenatal care delivered in an individual format. METHODS A quasi-experimental research design was conducted with 794 women receiving prenatal care delivered in a group or individual format at 4 sites in Tennessee. Propensity scores were used to create groups of women statistically matched on background demographics and medical history. Outcomes included breastfeeding at discharge and breastfeeding at postpartum follow-up. RESULTS Compared with the matched comparison group of women receiving prenatal care in an individual format, women in CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care had significantly higher odds of any breastfeeding at discharge (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-3.26; P < .001). Across the 4 sites, there were no consistent differences in the odds of any breastfeeding at follow-up or exclusive breastfeeding at discharge or postpartum follow-up. DISCUSSION CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care may have beneficial effects on initial rates of breastfeeding relative to individually delivered care. However, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care has robust effects on exclusive breastfeeding at discharge or postpartum follow-up.
Long Term Foster Care, Natural Family Attachment and Loyalty Conflict

This study assesses the influence natural family involvement has on foster children's adjustment. A sample of 80 foster children who had been in care two or more years and whose placement goals were continued foster care is used to examine the effect kin visiting has on natural family attachment and loyalty conflict. About half of the children were visited fairly regularly, almost one-third had strong psychological attachments to their families of origin, and about one-quarter had severe loyalty conflicts. The strongest predictor of loyalty conflict is natural family attachment. Visiting influences loyalty conflict indirectly through its effect on attachment.
Ultrasound Image-Based Visual Servoing of a Surgical Instrument Through Nonlinear Model Predictive Control

Ultrasound image-guided interventions are widespread in surgery because of the non-invasive character of the procedures. However, hand/eye synchronization is relatively difficult for a surgeon. Ultrasound image-based visual servoing is one way to perform this kind of surgery. In this work, the control of instrument motion based on ultrasound images through nonlinear model predictive control is investigated. This new scheme ensures the convergence of the instrument to the desired position and also offers the possibility of satisfying constraints such as joint limits, actuator saturation and visibility preserving. This paper describes the proposed controller. The efficiency and the robustness of the proposed solution to control a six degree-of-freedom mechanical system is first illustrated by simulation. Experiments on a Mitsubishi PA10 robot highlight the efficiency of the vision control scheme to handle constraints of ultrasound image-based visual servoing.
The multivesicular body is the major internal site of prion conversion

ABSTRACT The conversion of the properly folded prion protein, PrPc, to its misfolded amyloid form, PrPsc, occurs as the two proteins traffic along the endocytic pathway and PrPc is exposed to PrPsc. To determine the specific site of prion conversion, we knocked down various proteins in the endocytic pathway including Rab7a, Tsg101 and Hrs (also known as HGS). PrPsc was markedly reduced in two chronically infected cell lines by preventing the maturation of the multivesicular body, a process that begins in the early endosome and ends with the sorting of cargo to the lysosome. By contrast, knocking down proteins in the retromer complex, which diverts cargo away from the multivesicular body caused an increase in PrPsc levels. These results suggest that the multivesicular body is the major site for intracellular conversion of PrPc to PrPsc.
Psychosocial aspects of chronic illness in adolescents with thalassaemia major

The present paper aims to evaluate the impact of chronic illness, i.e. thalassaemia major, on the psychological functioning and social behaviour of adolescent patients. Ninety thalassaemics and 100 healthy subjects of comparable age, sex and geographical background completed an ad hoc questionnaire designed to analyse the network of social relationships (family, friends, partner), the degree of social integration, different aspects of self-concept and the coping strategies used by adolescents when facing stressful situations. The results showed that thalassaemic adolescents have normal psychological and social development, score even better than their healthy peers in tests concerning self-esteem and in self-description, and use functional coping strategies. The study would seem to support the hypothesis that chronic illness does not necessarily imply psychopathologies, but can strengthen adolescents' resources, contrary to the traditional stereotype view of the chronic patient as one with a poor psychological and social profile.
"La Ronda" in a Spanish Kindergarten Classroom with a Cross-Cultural Comparison to Sharing Time in the U.S.A.

This article examines a common speech event in Spanish schools known as la ronda, in which children present oral narratives of their out-of-school experiences. I argue that the goal of this event is to allow the children and the teacher to build a sense of themselves as a moral community. Despite parallels in organization and content between la ronda and sharing time as described in the U.S. literature, there are important cross-cultural differences that also are discussed and interpreted here.
Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for symptoms of cannabis, cocaine, alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine dependence.

CONTEXT Although genetic risk factors have been found to contribute to dependence on both licit and illicit psychoactive substances, we know little of how these risk factors interrelate. OBJECTIVE To clarify the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for symptoms of dependence on cannabis, cocaine, alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine in males and females. DESIGN Lifetime history by structured clinical interview. SETTING General community. PARTICIPANTS Four thousand eight hundred sixty-five members of male-male and female-female pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Main Outcome Measure Lifetime symptoms of abuse of and dependence on cannabis, cocaine, alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. RESULTS Controlling for greater symptom prevalence in males, genetic and environmental parameters could be equated across sexes. Two models explained the data well. The best-fit exploratory model contained 2 genetic factors and 1 individual environmental factor contributing to all substances. The first genetic factor loaded strongly on cocaine and cannabis dependence; the second, on alcohol and nicotine dependence. Nicotine and caffeine had high substance-specific genetic effects. A confirmatory model, which also fit well, contained 1 illicit drug genetic factor--loading only on cannabis and cocaine--and 1 licit drug genetic factor loading on alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. However, these factors were highly intercorrelated (r = + 0.82). Large substance-specific genetic effects remained for nicotine and caffeine. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of genetic and environmental risk factors for psychoactive substance dependence was similar in males and females. Genetic risk factors for dependence on common psychoactive substances cannot be explained by a single factor. Rather, 2 genetic factors-one predisposing largely to illicit drug dependence, the other primarily to licit drug dependence-are needed. Furthermore, a large proportion of the genetic influences on nicotine and particularly caffeine dependence appear to be specific to those substances.
Anticipated regret as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analysis.

This paper details the results of a meta-analysis incorporating all the appropriately augmented TPB studies in order to statistically determine the additive effects of anticipated regret (AR) both to the prediction of intentions after the TPB variables and to the direct impacts on behaviour. Over a number of studies there was a strong AR-intention relationship (r(+)=. 47, k=25, N=11,254), and AR significantly and independently added to the prediction of intentions over and above the TPB variables; there was a moderate relationship between AR and behaviour (r(+)=. 28, k=8, N=2,035) with AR having a direct and significant impact on prospective behaviour, and there was support for the unique contribution of AR even when accounting for attitude. Implications and issues for further research are discussed.
Intraocular Lens Calculation After Refractive Surgery

More and more patients who have had corneo-refractive surgery present for intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. IOL calculation in these patients is still a challenge. After refractive surgery, if eyes are treated as normal eyes, high hyperopic errors can occur in previously myopic eyes and moderate myopic errors in formerly hyperopic eyes. Three main sources for these errors can be identified: the radius measurement error, the keratometer index error and the IOL formula error. The literature presents a confusing variety of procedures and formulas to cope with this situation. An analysis of the available literature reveals the different methods used to address the individual error contributions, the magnitude of which is assessed by model calculations. The most relevant formulas for clinical practice are the no-history procedures, which require no previous patient data. Using these methods to calculate IOL power after refractive surgery makes it possible to obtain clinical outcomes of a similar quality to that for normal eyes.
Examining Relational Maintenance in Parasocial Relationships

This study investigates relational maintenance in parasocial relationships (PSRs) by applying an interpersonal model of friendships (the investment model) and an exploratory mediated model. Undergraduate students (N = 490) reported on their relationships with a close friend and a favorite mediated personality. Despite differences in the strengths of associations, the investment model largely predicted commitment in PSRs through similar processes as it did in friendships. Specifically, greater relational investment and satisfaction predicted relational commitment. Unlike in interpersonal relationships, though, attractiveness of alternatives was unrelated to commitment in PSRs. The study further found that parasocial strength was predicted by identification with and commitment to the character and by the character's integration within a larger social network. The findings extend past applications of interpersonal theories to the media context and support the importance of assessing relational commitment, investment, and network status in PSRs.
On Maximum Stability with Enhanced Scalability in High-Churn DHT Deployment

When applied in a commercial deployment, DHT-based P2P protocols face a dilemma: although most real-world participants are so unstable that the maintenance overhead is prohibitively high, they must be effectively utilized due to the lack of stable participants. Thus, determining how to leverage unstable nodes to enhance system scalability and then maximize stability in high-churn scenarios becomes a substantial problem. This paper focuses on this topic, and our main findings are two folds: 1) we propose a homogeneous grouping scheme for scalability enhancement. Besides extending system storage capacity by admitting all nodes, it clusters homogeneous nodes together, deploys the inter- and intra-group connections distinctively, and tunes the number of groups, which aims to facilitate search efficiency; 2) we further look into how to maximize stability under this scheme, which is formulated as the problem Maximum Stability of Grouping. It not only proves to be NP-hard, but also infeasible; therefore, we propose an approximated grouping approach and reduce it to an optimization problem that proves to be feasible. Simulation results exhibit that our grouping strategy effectively captures the stability-scalability tradeoff. Based on our proposed measurement metrics, it doubles the storage capacity of so-called GiantOnly strategy by incurring slightly more churn and search latency, and is about four times as stable as Chord with equal capacity and mild improvement in search efficiency.
Dognition : the effect of pet ownership on cognition in older adults

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of pet ownership on cognition in older adults. Previous research has indicated that interactions with pets are associated with improved mental and physical health in humans. We predicted that these benefits of human-pet interactions will extend to expose superior cognitive functioning in cat-owning or dog-owning older adults as compared to older adults who do not own pets. More specifically, we hypothesized that dog-owners would perform significantly better than cat-owners and non-pet owners on cognitive tasks as owning a dog requires exceeding attention, training, and exercise. We tested this effect using data collected from a recognition memory task. Older adults (N=52; 65-85 years old) were individually tested on their memory for words in recognition memory tasks. These data were analyzed, along with participant responses on questionnaires measuring human-pet relationships, loneliness, and mood. We found that cat owners performed significantly worse on the recognition memory test than both the dog owners and the non-pet owners.
Organization of the cytoskeleton in early Drosophila embryos

The cytoskeleton of early, non-cellularized Drosophila embryos has been examined by indirect immunofluorescence techniques, using whole mounts to visualize the cortical cytoplasm and sections to visualize the interior. Before the completion of outward nuclear migration at nuclear cycle 10, both actin filaments and microtubules are concentrated in a uniform surface layer a few micrometers deep, while a network of microtubules surrounds each of the nuclei in the embryo interior. These two filament-rich regions in the early embryo correspond to special regions of cytoplasm that tend to exclude cytoplasmic particles in light micrographs of histological sections. After the nuclei in the interior migrate to the cell surface and form the syncytial blastoderm, each nucleus is seen to be surrounded by its own domain of filament- rich cytoplasm, into which the cytoskeletal proteins of the original surface layer have presumably been incorporated. At interphase, the microtubules seem to be organized from the centrosome directly above each nucleus, extending to a depth of at least 40 microns throughout the cortical region of cytoplasm (the periplasm). During this stage of the cell cycle, there is also an actin "cap" underlying the plasma membrane immediately above each nucleus. As each nucleus enters mitosis, the centrosome splits and the microtubules are rearranged to form a mitotic spindle. The actin underlying the plasma membrane spreads out, and closely spaced adjacent spindles become separated by transient membrane furrows that are associated with a continuous actin filament-rich layer. Thus, each nucleus in the syncytial blastoderm is surrounded by its own individualized region of the cytoplasm, despite the fact that it shares a single cytoplasmic compartment with thousands of other nuclei.
The therapeutic use of glucocorticoid hormones in the perinatal period: Potential neurological hazards

The expanding perinatal use of glucocorticoids entails potentially hazardous effects of these hormones on nervous system development. Neonatal animal experimentation with pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids has revealed immediate effects on brain cell division, differentiation, myelination, and electrophysiological reactions. In addition, delayed (latent) effects include changes in control of circadian periodicity, altered biogenic amine levels, altered response to stress, and changes in ultimate behavior. Thus perinatal hormone therapy during critical periods of brain development is capable of exerting irreversible immediate effects on brain cell division and differentiation, resulting in latent or long‐term physiological and behavioral effects.
The affective consequences of artistic and scientific problem solving

Abstract Although the influence of affect on creativity has received some theoretical and empirical attention, the role of affect as a consequence of creative problem solving has been neglected. This study is the one of the first to examine empirically the affect that results from creative problem solving. In a 2 (group) × 3 (time period) × 2 (task) factorial design, 122 art and science students were randomly assigned to complete an art or science task and to report on the kind and intensity of affect before, during, and after creative problem solving. It was predicted that art and science students would report different levels of affect only after the insight, not before or during, and that the effects of task, not just group, would contribute to affective variability between art and science students. Science students reported similar levels of (positive) affective intensity before and during creative insight as art students. It was only after the insight that art students reported more intense affective.
Effects of gender and sexuality on judgements of victim blame and rape myth acceptance in a depicted male rape

Relatively few studies have investigated judgements towards male rape, and no published studies have investigated gay men's judgements towards this offence. The current study investigated the effects of gender and sexuality on victim blame and male rape myth acceptance in the depicted rape of a gay man. It was predicted that heterosexual men would make the most anti-victim judgements, while gay men would make the most pro-victim judgements. One hundred and fifty members of the UK population read a scenario that depicted a male rape, and then completed a questionnaire that measured blame and rape myths. As predicted, heterosexual men endorsed more rape myths and blamed the victim more than heterosexual women or gay men. Gay men made the most pro-victim judgements overall. Results are discussed in relation to homophobia and traditional gender roles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.