Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HOSPITALIZED BURN PATIENTS IN RURAL AREA

Background: Burns represent one of the major health problems in India.Objective: To study some of the important epidemiological factors in relation to burn cases. Methods: Present study was retrospective study of all burn injury cases admitted hospital situated in rural area. The information obtained was tabulated analyzed using the software GraphPad Instat. Results: Overall female burn patients were significantly higher than male. Majority of female patients had total burn surface area more than 35% whereas 48.70% of the male patients had a total burn surface area more than 35% (χ2= 7.99, p = 0.005). Thermalburn was the commonest cause of burn followed by scalds. In majority of the patients (91.8%) burns were caused by flame occurred at home.Conclusion: Public education on safer first-aid practices and availability of good burn care facilities is necessary.
The New Cambridge and ‘Monetarist’ Criticisms of ‘Conventional’ Economic Policy-Making

Over recent years there has been increasing criticism of what may be called ‘conventional’ economic policy-making The methods of forecasting and analysis used at the National Institute and elsewhere are at the centre of this type type of policy formation, and, although there have certainly been forecasting errors, the conclusion of this article is that nothing better has been proposed. This is certainly true of the New Cambridge view of the balance of payments which always had many theoretical difficulties, but which has now, it is demonstrated, also fallen down empirically. The school which is here labelled Monetarist is defined rather widely and probably includes somewhat divergent strains of thinking. They have in common however that they reject the cost-push explanation of inflation in favour of a monetary/excess demand theory. Attention is restricted to those who have commented on the UK situation. It is the central contention of this section of the article that the case is not proven by the sorts of ‘evidence’ which tend to be adduced. It is much more likely that the relatively painless monetarist cure for inflation is not a real option at all, but a mirage resulting from excessive concentration on statistical correlations of quarterly post-war data. A much broader view considers the important implications of the shift from the pre-war world to the ‘full employment welfare state’.
The budget process and the size of the budget

The new congressional budget process provides- members of Congress with a new set of institutional mechanisms for making budget decisions. This article addresses the question of whether or under what conditions rigid application of the new budget process (modeled as, first, selection of the size of the budget and, second, its division) produces smaller budgets than a piecemeal appropriations process in which the size of the budget is determined residually. The theoretical result is that the new process sometimes results in relatively large budgets. A testable implication of the theory is that given a choice of how stringently the budget process is to be employed, members of Congress jointly consider preferences and the expected outcomes under available institutional arrangements and select the arrangement (usually a rule) that yields the most favorable outcome. Empirical results from the budget process in the House from 1980 to 1983 are generally supportive of the theoretically derived hypothesis of rational choice of institutional arrangements.
Three‐dimensional slice cultures from murine fetal gut for investigations of the enteric nervous system

Three‐dimensional intestinal cultures offer new possibilities for the examination of growth potential, analysis of time specific gene expression, and spatial cellular arrangement of enteric nervous system in an organotypical environment. We present an easy to produce in vitro model of the enteric nervous system for analysis and manipulation of cellular differentiation processes. Slice cultures of murine fetal colon were cultured on membrane inserts for up to 2 weeks without loss of autonomous contractility. After slice preparation, cultured tissue reorganized within the first days in vitro. Afterward, the culture possessed more than 35 cell layers, including high prismatic epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, glial cells, and neurons analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The contraction frequency of intestinal slice culture could be modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin and the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin. Coculture experiments with cultured neurospheres isolated from enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgenic mice demonstrated that differentiating eGFP‐positive neurons were integrated into the intestinal tissue culture. This slice culture model of enteric nervous system proved to be useful for studying cell–cell interactions, cellular signaling, and cell differentiation processes in a three‐dimensional cell arrangement. Developmental Dynamics 236:128–133, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Debt and Interest Rates: The U.S. and the Euro Area

We find that real interest rates paid on government debt depend significantly upon current and expected future levels of debt, in Europe as in the US. But this result only emerges when we condition on foreign interest rates, illustrating financial international integration. The previously strong effect of debt on US interest rates has been diluted by the addition of 2004-2006 data to the sample, perhaps reflecting the effect of massive purchases of US securities by foreign central banks. Another finding is that the asymmetry in the effect of US interest rates on European interest rates has not disappeared with the coming of European Economic and Monetary Union in 1999, as one might have thought.
Strategy alignment between HRM, KM, and corporate development

Purpose – This study seeks to examine the relationships between corporate strategy, human resource management (HRM) strategy, and knowledge management (KM) strategy, as well as their interactive influence on KM effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach – Samples studied are 147 Taiwanese large companies in banking, services, and manufacturing industries; responses from multiple informants are collected from each firm.Findings – Results indicate that firms pursuing cost leadership strategy and buy‐bureaucratic HRM strategy are more likely to adopt codification KM strategy. Firms adopting differentiation strategy and make‐organic HRM strategy are associated with frequent use of personalization KM strategy.Originality/value – This study finds that fit between KM strategy and both corporate as well as HRM strategy are significantly related to better KM effectiveness in terms of process outcome, learning capability, and organizational outcomes.
Viewpoint: Agglomeration Research in the Age of Disaggregation

This paper selectively reviews recent research on the economics of agglomeration. Theory offers a long list of forces that might explain the spatial concentration of economic activity. The increased availability of disaggregated data - by firm, by worker, and by geographical unit - presents opportunities to substantially advance the understanding of urban growth and industrial clustering. At present, however, there remains great uncertainty about the forces that produce agglomeration. This suggests that public policy towards cities ought to be characterized by caution.
1 Effect of Fucoidan on Anterior Cruciate Ligament 2 Transection and Medial Meniscectomy Induced 3 Osteoarthritis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats 4

Osteoarthritis (OA) has become one of the most common disabilities among elders, 9 especially in female. Obesity and mechanical injury causing OA are attributed to joint loading, 10 cartilage disintegration, bone loss and inflammation as well. Several strategies used for treatment 11 OA including non-pharmacological and pharmacological. Fucoidan possesses several bioactivities 12 such as antitumor, antiviral, anticoagulation, anti-obesity, and immunomodulation. This study aims 13 to investigate the effect of fucoidan in surgery-induced OA on diet-induced obesity rats. OA was 14 induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection and partial medial meniscectomy (ACLT+MMx). 15 Male SD rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to induce obesity before ACLT+MMx to 16 induce OA. OA rats were administered with intragastric water or fucoidan in three different 17 concentrations (32 mg/kg, 64 mg/kg, and 320 mg/kg) after the surgeries for 40 days with HFD. We 18 observed that the swelling in knee joint was alleviated and hind paw weight distribution was 19 rectified after feeding fucoidan, with no significant effect on weight gain and feed intake. Fucoidan 20 administration indicated no significant variation on HDL-Cholesterol level, but reduced plasma 21 triglycerides and LDL-Cholesterol level. In addition, weight-bearing tests showed improvement in 22 the fucoidan-treated group. Our results suggested that fucoidan may improve 23 meniscal/ligamentous injury and obesity-induced OA. 24
Consumer Durable Spending: Explanation and Prediction

IN AN EARLIER PAPER presented to the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity, I attempted to survey the extent to which recent consumer behavior would have been "understood" by some of the principal U.S. forecasting models in the absence of concurrent errors emanating from other sectors of the economy. ' At that time, I concluded that the errors in forecasting that reflected most seriously on the structure and composition of the typical forecasting equations concerned consumer durable expenditures, particularly for automobiles. An attempt to improve the explanatory power and forecasting ability of a stock-adjustment automobile equation by incorporating a household wealth variable was notably unsuccessful. The analysis reported in the present paper stems from the findings in the earlier report. The concentration here is on consumer durables, especially automobiles. While the wealth variable has been abandoned for the present, its prime mover-the stock market-continues to play a significant role in the investigation, both directly, and indirectly as a possible source of changes in consumer sentiment. In the majority of econometric consumption equations in standard use as forecasting tools, variables directly reflecting consumer sentiment play
Nanoindentation effects on the electrical caracterizaron in Ψ-MOSFET configuration

The effect of probe-induced nanoindentation on the electrical transport in Ψ-MOSFET is presented. Systematic measurements were performed in order to evaluate the dependence of the drain current on the probe pressure in different operating regimes. This enabled to investigate the existence of the metallic Si-II crystallographic form of silicon, which emerges at high pressures and shows a significant impact in the accumulation regime.
Intraperitoneal Hydrocortisone plus Bupivacaine Administration for Pain Relief after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, a Comparison with Bupivacaine Alone

Background: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) has become the gold standard for treatment of benign Gall Bladder disease. Laparoscopy provides many benefits over conventional open procedures including faster recovery time, shorter hospital stay, less pain, and in some cases, fewer complications. Post Operative pain management has an important role in preventing the postoperative morbidity and its consequences. This study is designed to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine with hydrocortisone in
A Reconsideration of the Optimal Income Tax

This paper develops a formula for the optimal nonlinear income tax, the terms of which are familiar from the theory of linear income taxation. The development uses the idea of a perturbation of the optimal schedule and is based upon as assumption of differentiability. It is also shown that the introduction of non-differentiability, implying bunching of taxpayers, may be desirable and, in this case, the optimal schedule may be difficult to determine. The analysis can be applied to nonlinear tax reform.
Survey of caseous lymphadenitis seroprevalence in British terminal sire sheep breeds

CASEOUS lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic, suppurative disease caused by infection with the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, which affects several animal species but is rare in human beings (Peel and others 1997). The disease is common in sheep and goats in many parts of the world (Pepin and others 1994), but was believed to be absent from Great Britain until 1990 (Lloyd and others 1990). Examination of laboratory data indicates that outbreaks in British sheep flocks reached a peak in 1998, before falling in recent years (vIDA 2002). However, such data are subject to several important sources ofbias and there is a need to establish more robust estimates of the prevalence of cLA infection in Great Britain. There is currently concern that CLA is most common within the terminal sire breeds, suggesting a potential for further spread within the wider sheep industry. Experience in Britain indicates that a disproportionate number of rams are
Local Acetaldehyde—An Essential Role in Alcohol-Related Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Carcinogenesis

The resident microbiome plays a key role in exposure of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract mucosa to acetaldehyde (ACH), a carcinogenic metabolite of ethanol. Poor oral health is a significant risk factor for oral and esophageal carcinogenesis and is characterized by a dysbiotic microbiome. Dysbiosis leads to increased growth of opportunistic pathogens (such as Candida yeasts) and may cause an up to 100% increase in the local ACH production, which is further modified by organ-specific expression and gene polymorphisms of ethanol-metabolizing and ACH-metabolizing enzymes. A point mutation in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene has randomized millions of alcohol consumers to markedly increased local ACH exposure via saliva and gastric juice, which is associated with a manifold risk for upper GI tract cancers. This human cancer model proves conclusively the causal relationship between ACH and upper GI tract carcinogenesis and provides novel possibilities for the quantitative assessment of ACH carcinogenicity in the human oropharynx. ACH formed from ethanol present in “non-alcoholic” beverages, fermented food, or added during food preparation forms a significant epidemiologic bias in cancer epidemiology. The same also concerns “free” ACH present in mutagenic concentrations in multiple beverages and foodstuffs. Local exposure to ACH is cumulative and can be reduced markedly both at the population and individual level. At best, a person would never consume tobacco, alcohol, or both. However, even smoking cessation and moderation of alcohol consumption are associated with a marked decrease in local ACH exposure and cancer risk, especially among established risk groups.
Superior Information, Income Shocks and the Permanent Income Hypothesis

According to the permanent income hypothesis with quadratic preferences, savings should react only to transitory income shocks, but not to permanent shocks. The problem is that income shock components are not separately observable. I show how the combination of income realizations with subjective expectations can help to identify separately the transitory and the permanent shock to income, thus providing a powerful test of the theory. The empirical analysis is performed on a sample of Italian households drawn from the 1989-1991 Survey of Household Income and Wealth.
Testing for Affiliation in First-Price Auctions Using Entry Behavior

In this article, we show that affiliation among potential bidders' private information (either private signals or entry costs) leads to affiliation among their entry decisions. We propose a test for affiliation among potential bidders' private information based on the implication of affiliation on the entry behavior, which is general and widely applicable to various scenarios. The test is implemented using the simulation based method. We then apply our method to timber sales in the Oregon Department of Forestry and find a small but strongly significant level of affiliation among all timber companies.
Board structure and supplementary commentary on the primary financial statements

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the extent and focus of supplementary narrative commentary (SNC) on amounts reported in the primary financial statements and board structure variables. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses the disclosure index methodology to measure the extent of SNC in annual reports of 167 FTSE 250 companies. Ordinary least squares regression analysis is employed to examine the association between the extent and focus of SNC and board structure variables. Findings – The findings show that the extent of SNC on amounts reported in the primary financial statements is about 30 per cent, suggesting that companies provide commentary on a small number of amounts reported in the financial statements. In terms of focus of SNC, companies provide greater SNC on amounts in the income statement relative to the balance sheet. The regression results indicate that the extent of SNC is negatively associated with board size, and positively associated w.
Relative Efficiencies and Comparative Advantages in Job Search

A model of employed and unemployed job search is estimated from a panel of new entrants into the labor force as well as prime-age workers. After investigating the relative efficiency of the two main search methods within a representative agent framework, I estimate the model under a specification that encompasses comparative advantages using the quit/layoff distinction and pretransition earnings. Overall, the data indicate that unemployed search is slightly more effective for younger workers and, particularly, for those with low earnings but significantly less effective than employed search for mature workers.
The Demographics of Gubernatorial Appointees: Toward an Explanation of Variation

This study examines the various factors that could potentially predict or explain demographic diversity in high-level gubernatorial appointments in state government. In particular, it identifies and analyzes a set of variables that could help answer the question: Under what conditions are governors more likely to appoint higher proportions of women and people of color to topranking executive branch positions? This question, not yet addressed by researchers, is particularly salient in the current climate of accelerated devolution. Decisionmakers in state governments play a greater role in determining policy across an increasingly wide range of areas than at any time in recent history. From the standpoint of representativeness, the demographic background of state policymakers increases the stakes of those who participate, particularly in terms of policy outcomes. Thus, it is especially important to identify the participants in state-level policy arenas and the factors that could predict their appointments. The representation of women and people of color in the executive branch of government has long been of interest to social scientists (Burrell, 1997; Carroll, 1987; Cayer & Sigelman, 1980; Guy, 1992; Kellough, 1990; Kelly, 1991; Kelly & Guy, 1991; Meier, 1975, 1993; Rosenbloom & Featherstonhaugh, 1977; Saltzstein, 1983, 1986; Selden, 1997; Sigelman, 1976). Numerous studies report on the representation of women, African-Americans, Latinos, and other ethnic groups in executive branches at all levels of government. Researchers consistently view the representation of these groups in government as a critical means of strengthening democracy, helping to legitimize government among disenfranchised groups, promoting equity, enabling government to serve as a model employer for private and nonprofit firms, and advancing and testing theories of representative bureaucracy. Several of these studies further examine factors that could potentially explain the representation of v all wield influence rooted in their political ties to the chief executive. Dometrius (1984, p. 127) emphasizes the importance of women and people of color in high-level, appointed positions and argues that they
Effects of Brief Training on Application of the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale

31 staff members within one VA medical center were briefly trained in using the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. At both pre- and posttraining, participants provided Global Assessment of Functioning scores and identified their GAF-derivation strategies for two vignettes describing hypothetical patients. Analysis showed that initially there was inter- and intrarater inconsistency in strategy for deriving scores and that training increased consistency. Participants persisted in giving ratings that exceeded the criterion score. However, training significantly reduced Global Assessment of Functioning scores for one vignette, bringing scores closer to the criterion, and a significant number of people gave lower ratings after training. The study highlights common errors and points to the need for formal training in use of the scale.
A Macroeconomic Model with Hysteresis in Foreign Trade

The continuous non-linear macro-hysteresis loop is approximated by a rhombus shaped path which therefore shows a closer affinity to the genuine concept of hysteresis than conventional techniques via difference equations. This linearized model is applied to implement foreign trade hysteresis in a standard macroeconomic simultaneous equation model demonstrating the persisting consequences of only temporary exogenous shocks on national income, interest rate and the determination of the exchange rate. Since hysteresis in foreign trade is analysed in a macroeconomic framework, the feedback of hysteresis caused by exchange rate variations on the exchange rate itself can be illustrated.
Spectral sensitivity in hemianopic macaque monkeys

We measured the increment threshold sensitivity to 2°, 200‐ms targets presented at a lateral and radial eccentricity of ≈ 20–26° in both visual hemifields of three macaque monkeys whose left striate cortex had been removed 5 years earlier, and in one normal control. As in patients with blindsight, sensitivity of the hemianopic field for blue, green and red stimuli was reduced by as little as 0.5 log units. With increasing light adaptation from scotopic to mesopic to photopic levels, there was a progressive increase in the sensitivity to long wavelengths relative to that for short and medium wavelengths. This shift in relative sensitivity (‘Purkinje shift’) shows that rod and cone mechanisms operate in both the normal and hemianopic fields and that the sensitivity that remains following removal of striate cortex is not mediated exclusively by rods.
Activation of endothelial and epithelial KCa2.3 calcium‐activated potassium channels by NS309 relaxes human small pulmonary arteries and bronchioles

Small (KCa2) and intermediate (KCa3.1) conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels (KCa) may contribute to both epithelium‐ and endothelium‐dependent relaxations, but this has not been established in human pulmonary arteries and bronchioles. Therefore, we investigated the expression of KCa2.3 and KCa3.1 channels, and hypothesized that activation of these channels would produce relaxation of human bronchioles and pulmonary arteries.