Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
It's hard to forget: resetting memory in delay-match-to-multiple-image tasks

The Delay-Match-to-Sample (DMS) task has been used in countless studies of memory, undergoing numerous modifications, making the task more and more challenging to participants. The physiological correlate of memory is modified neural activity during the cue-to-match delay period reflecting reverberating attractor activity in multiple interconnected cells. DMS tasks may use a fixed set of well-practiced stimulus images—allowing for creation of attractors—or unlimited novel images, for which no attractor exists. Using well-learned stimuli requires that participants determine if a remembered image was seen in the same or a preceding trial, only responding to the former. Thus, trial-to-trial transitions must include a “reset” mechanism to mark old images as such. We test two groups of monkeys on a delay-match-to-multiple-images task, one with well-trained and one with novel images. Only the first developed a reset mechanism. We then switched tasks between the groups. We find that introducing fixed images initiates development of reset, and once established, switching to novel images does not disable its use. Without reset, memory decays slowly, leaving ~40% recognizable after a minute. Here, presence of reward further enhances memory of previously-seen images.
External Versus Two Different Internal Foci of Attention in Long-Distance Throwing

The present study examined the influence of attentional focus on performance during a long-distance throwing task. Twelve participants executed three maximum-effort, long-distance baseball throwing attempts in three focus conditions: internal focus on wrist flexion (wrist internal focus), internal focus on the separation between pelvis and upper torso orientations (torso internal focus), and external focus on the ball path (external focus). Compared with the external focus and torso internal focus conditions, performance was poorer in the wrist internal focus condition. Performances were not different in the torso internal and external focus conditions. In addition, attentional focus affected the release angle of the ball but not its initial velocity. Our results reveal that the body part targeted for internal focus of attention and the forcefulness of the motor activity can be as important to motor performance as whether the attention is internal or external.
Reading, Writing, and Teaching Creative Hypertext: A Genre-Based Pedagogy

As English studies continues to take a technological turn, teachers need pedagogies for reading and writing hypertext. Many of our students are on the Web as readers, but our discipline is, for the most part, still trying to figure out ways to encourage innovative and sophisticated verbal and visual means of writing on the Web. Historian of rhetoric Kathleen E. Welch (1999: 4 – 9) argues that our students are “living their lives in the hegemony of the television screen and speaker and the computer screen and speaker”; therefore we need a “Next Rhetoric” to engage with them and to stimulate their active participation in public discourse through electronic means. Hypertext writer and teacher Michael Joyce (1998: 170) agrees: “Where we are is in multimedia and what we are seeing is television,” but hypertext, and writing back to the Web, is a necessary act of civic participation for “teachers, writers, artists, [and] learners. ” Welch and Joyce provocatively alert us to the pressing need for pedagogies of “electric rhetoric” and hypertext writing, but they do not develop these pedagogies in a full manner. Those who have not taught either the reading or the writing of hypertext will likely want clearer guidance before meeting their students in on-line and screen environments, and a surprising number of students will still need clear road maps as they make the transition from consumers to producers of screen culture. Recent publications about teaching hypertext and on-line discourse
The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene as a potential protective factor for exudative age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a polymorphic protein that plays a central part in plasma metabolism of lipids and in central nervous system lipid homeostasis. Our purpose was to evaluate the potential role of ApoE polymorphism in the occurrence of exudative age-related macular degeneration associated with drusen, which contain lipids. METHODS We analyzed apolipoprotein E genotypes in 116 unrelated patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration in one eye and hard drusen (n = 39) or soft drusen (n = 77) in the other eye, and compared the results with those of age-matched and sex-matched control subjects (n = 168). Apolipoprotein E alleles were detected by a ploymerase chain reaction-based method. RESULTS A lower frequency of the epsilon4 allele carriers was observed in the exudative age-related macular degeneration group compared with control subjects (12.1% vs 28.6%, respectively; P < .0009). The epsilon4 allele was less frequent in the age-related macular degeneration group compared with control subjects (0.073 vs 0.149, respectively; P < .006). This decreased frequency of the epsilon4 allele was mainly observed in the soft drusen subgroup compared with control subjects (0.045 vs 0.149, respectively; P < .0009). CONCLUSION This lower relative frequency of the epsilon4 allele supports the hypothesis that the ApoE gene is a genetic protective factor identified in age-related macular degeneration.
Factors associated with the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in infants up to 30 days old

Objective: To identify factors associated with the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in infants up to 30 days old. Method: A cross-sectional study conducted at a university hospital in southern Brazil, from December 2014 to September 2015, with 341 infants up to 30 days old and their mothers. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied consisting of variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history of the mother, companion’s education, and data of the infant and of breastfeeding. Collected data were subjected to bivariate and multivariate analysis with the estimation of Prevalence Ratios (PR). Results: The prevalence of EBF was 79.5%. The factors associated with the interruption of EBF were babies ≥ 21 days, who received formula supplementation at the hospital, women with difficulties breastfeeding after hospital discharge, and non-white. Conclusion: the factors associated with EBF interruption can help health workers create actions for mothers with difficulties and prevent interruption of EBF.
Cinefluoroscopic assessment of mechanical disc prostheses: its value as a complementary method to echocardiography.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Many types of mechanical prostheses are used for heart valve replacement, but it is difficult to distinguish between them using transthoracic echocardiography. Hence, cinefluoroscopy complements the echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac prostheses. The aims of the present study were to: (i) describe the contribution of cinefluoroscopy in identifying different prostheses; (ii) compare gradients obtained by Doppler echocardiography with the opening angle of the discs assessed by cinefluoroscopy; and (iii) assess the ability of cinefluoroscopy to distinguish normal from dysfunctional prostheses. METHODS A total of 229 mechanical disc prostheses was prospectively evaluated with cinefluoroscopy. Eight prosthetic valves (six aortic, two mitral) were excluded due to the coexistence of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Thus, the final analysis comprised 221 prosthetic valves (146 aortic, 75 mitral). RESULTS Based on the characteristics of the ring and the discs, cinefluoroscopy identified 87 single-leaflet and 134 bileaflet prostheses. Disc motion allowed distinction to be made between normal and dysfunctional prostheses (opening angle: 74 +/- 13 degrees versus 49 +/- 18 degrees). Fluoroscopy could not define disc profile or the ring in 6% of aortic valves and in 26% of mitral prostheses. The technique could be used to identify the TriTechnologies and HP-Biplus valves, but could not provide data on prosthetic function due to radiolucency of the discs. Among the 146 aortic prostheses, Doppler echocardiography helped to identify 109 normal valves and 37 dysfunctional valves. Among 75 mitral prostheses, 54 normal and 21 dysfunctional prosthetic valves were identified. When both methods were correlated, the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of fluoroscopy to distinguish normal from malfunctioning prostheses were 83%, 80%, 89%, and 71%, respectively. CONCLUSION Each prosthesis type has radioscopic characteristics that allow its identification. Fluoroscopy permitted rapid and easy evaluation of mechanical prosthetic valve function, and in most cases allowed a distinction to be made between normal and dysfunctional prostheses. The presence of high gradients by Doppler echocardiography, with normal opening angles by fluoroscopy, and without pannus on transesophageal echocardiography, is indicative of patient-prosthesis mismatch. Fluoroscopy was superior to echocardiography in identifying disc motion, whilst Doppler study allowed the measurement of gradients and areas, and semiquantification of regurgitation. Thus, cinefluooscopy rapidly provides valuable information which is complementary to that obtained by echocardiography.
THE REGULATORY STATE AND EUROPEAN POLITICS

The term ‘regulatory state’ entered the vocabulary of students of European Politics over twelve years ago with the publication, in West European Politics, of Giandomenico Majone’s seminal ‘The rise of the regulatory state in Europe’ (Majone 1994). Underlying Majone’s argument was the diagnosis of two key trends, one being an overall shift towards the use of legal authority or regulation over the other tools of stabilisation and redistribution, the other the European Commission’s expansionist role through the use of influence over policy content in the face of an absence of other, especially budgetary tools (see also Majone 1997a). Since then, it has become commonplace to state that we live in the age of the regulatory state, characterised by privatisation of public services, the establishment of quasiautonomous regulatory authorities and the formalisation of relationships within policy domains (see Loughlin and Scott 1997, Moran 2002).
British management theory and practice: the impact of Fayol

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Fayol's ideas on both British management thought and practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a schematic which seeks to illustrate the links between the various strands of scientific management theory, especially that of Fayol, in Britain between the 1920s and the 1960s/1970s and, for the same period, the links between the theory and practice of scientific management. The links indicated in the schematic are assessed first through an examination of the development of British management thought, in particular the exemplification of Fayol's ideas by Lyndall Fownes Urwick and the British neoclassical school. Using archival evidence from a small number of engineering companies, the impact on practice of the ideas of Fayol and other aspects of scientific management is then examined. Findings – The paper concludes that, while Fayol's theoretical influence has stood the test of time, his impact on practice was much more limited. Originality/value – By focusing on the historical impact on practice of management theory, this paper not only provides a basis for future research by business and management historians, but also throws light on the relevance for practice of theory, an issue of relevance for all theoreticians and management practitioners.
Identification of psychosocial stress factors in an industrial environment

Industries are mostly considered as the hub of physical activities, but for the engineers working there at different levels, the job is more of the mental type than the physical one. Every organisation has its own socio-environment, and thus, its own psychosocial stress factors. The employees have to work under these stressors that induce in them mental fatigue. This paper identifies the main psychosocial stressors in accordance to their effectiveness value that would help in reducing mental fatigue of engineers and thus enhancing their productive capacities. This study made a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of stress factors related to psychosocial job characteristics and individual mental fatigue. The questionnaire was sent to engineering based Indian industries. Regression analysis was performed for analysing the problem. The results indicate that conflict or poor relations is the psychosocial stress factor that influences the mental fatigue most, followed by excess work, organisational politics and family life.
Multipartite monotones for secure sampling by public discussion from noisy correlations

We address the problem of quantifying the cryptographic content of probability distributions, in relation to an application to secure multi-party sampling against a passive t-adversary. We generalize a recently introduced notion of assisted common information of a pair of correlated sources to that of K sources and define a family of monotone rate regions indexed by K. This allows for a simple characterization of all t-private distributions that can be statistically securely sampled without any auxiliary setup of pre-shared noisy correlations. We also give a new monotone called the residual total correlation that admits a simple operational interpretation. Interestingly, for sampling with non-trivial setups (K > 2) in the public discussion model, our definition of a monotone region differs from the one by Prabhakaran and Prabhakaran (ITW 2012).
Black Hole Mergers in the Universe

Mergers of black hole binaries are expected to release large amounts of energy in the form of gravitational radiation. However, binary evolution models predict merger rates that are too low to be of observational interest. In this Letter, we explore the possibility that black holes become members of close binaries via dynamical interactions with other stars in dense stellar systems. In star clusters, black holes become the most massive objects within a few tens of millions of years; dynamical relaxation then causes them to sink to the cluster core, where they form binaries. These black hole binaries become more tightly bound by superelastic encounters with other cluster members and are ultimately ejected from the cluster. The majority of escaping black hole binaries have orbital periods short enough and eccentricities high enough that the emission of gravitational radiation causes them to coalesce within a few billion years. We predict a black hole merger rate of about 1.6 × 10-7 yr-1 Mpc-3, implying gravity-wave detection rates substantially greater than the corresponding rates from neutron star mergers. For the first-generation Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO-I), we expect about one detection during the first 2 years of operation. For its successor LIGO-II, the rate rises to roughly one detection per day. The uncertainties in these numbers are large. Event rates may drop by about an order of magnitude if the most massive clusters eject their black hole binaries early in their evolution.
The impact of adult attachment and parental rearing on subjective well-being in Chinese late adolescents

In this study the relationships between attachment to parents, parental rearing, and adolescent subjective well-being were investigated. A total of 448 senior high school students completed the Adult Attachment Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998), EMBU (Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran, or “Own memories of parental rearing”), the Index of Well-Being (IWB) and the Face Subjective Well-Being (FSWB; Andrews & Withey, 1976). The results suggested that the subjective well-being of securely attached adolescents was higher than that of insecurely attached adolescents. Avoidance of parents negatively predicted adolescents’ subjective well-being. Maternal punishment was negatively associated with Chinese adolescents’ subjective well-being. However, paternal care and warm emotion, as well as paternal overprotection, were positively associated with Chinese adolescents’ subjective well-being. Furthermore, maternal negative rearing and paternal positive rearing predicted male adolescents’ subjective well-being.
Mining Opinion Words and Opinion Targets in a Two-Stage Framework

This paper proposes a novel two-stage method for mining opinion words and opinion targets. In the first stage, we propose a Sentiment Graph Walking algorithm, which naturally incorporates syntactic patterns in a Sentiment Graph to extract opinion word/target candidates. Then random walking is employed to estimate confidence of candidates, which improves extraction accuracy by considering confidence of patterns. In the second stage, we adopt a self-learning strategy to refine the results from the first stage, especially for filtering out high-frequency noise terms and capturing the long-tail terms, which are not investigated by previous methods. The experimental results on three real world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach compared with stateof-the-art unsupervised methods.
Gender Transgression and Villainy in Animated Film

This study investigates the ways in which gender transgression and "queering" are used as an indicator of deviance and villainy in children's animated full-length movies. Through an analysis of male villains in 10 full-length animated movies, this article examines the ways in which gender transgression creates what is termed a "villain-as-sissy" archetype that signifies villains as deviant and enhances the positive gender qualities of heroes. Further, this study discusses the potential impact this pattern of representation may have in terms of limiting and reinforcing heteronormative gender roles and promoting negative associations about gays.
Radiation reaction in quantum field theory

We investigate radiation-reaction effects for a charged scalar particle accelerated by an external potential realized as a space-dependent mass term in quantum electrodynamics. In particular, we calculate the position shift of the final-state wave packet of the charged particle due to radiation at lowest order in the fine structure constant alpha and in the small h-bar approximation. We show that it disagrees with the result obtained using the Lorentz-Dirac formula for the radiation-reaction force, and that it agrees with the classical theory if one assumes that the particle loses its energy to radiation at each moment of time according to the Larmor formula in the static frame of the potential. However, the discrepancy is much smaller than the Compton wavelength of the particle. We also point out that the electromagnetic correction to the potential has no classical limit. (Correction. Surface terms were erroneously discarded to arrive at Eq. (59). By correcting this error we find that the position shift according to the Lorentz-Dirac theory obtained from Eq. (12) is reproduced by quantum field theory in the hbar -> 0 limit. We also find that the small V(z) approximation is unnecessary for this agreement. See Sec. VII. )
Cardiovascular Disease in US Firefighters: A Systematic Review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of on-duty death among firefighters (45% of on-duty fatalities) and a major cause of morbidity. CVD in the fire service also has adverse public safety implications as well as significant cost impacts on government agencies. Over the last decade, our understanding of CVD among firefighters has significantly improved and provides insight into potential preventive strategies. The physiology of cardiovascular arousal and other changes that occur in association with acute firefighting activities have been well-characterized. However, despite the strenuous nature of emergency duty, firefighters' prevalence of low fitness, obesity, and other CVD risk factors are high. Unique statistical approaches have documented that on-duty CVD events do not occur at random in the fire service. They are more frequent at certain times of day, certain periods of the year, and are overwhelmingly more frequent during strenuous duties compared with nonemergency situations. Moreover, as expected on-duty CVD events occur almost exclusively among susceptible firefighters with underlying CVD. These findings suggest that preventive measures with proven benefits be applied aggressively to firefighters. Furthermore, all fire departments should have entry-level medical evaluations, institute periodic medical and fitness evaluations, and require rigorous return to work evaluations after any significant illness. Finally, on the basis of the overwhelming evidence supporting markedly higher relative risks of on-duty death and disability among firefighters with established coronary heart disease, most firefighters with clinically significant coronary heart disease should be restricted from participating in strenuous emergency duties.
Paradoxes of Falsification

This paper deals with the concept of falsification in hypothesis testing research. A theoretical analysis of assumptions about falsifying behaviour and hypothesis-falsifying observations is presented, with two experimental studies. Both the theoretical analysis and the experimental results point to a number of paradoxes underlying the normative principle of falsification in cognitive psychology. First, subjects experience the falsificatory testing strategy as an impossible strategy to conduct. Obtaining falsifying results is a consequence of the quality of the hypothesis rather than of specific testing behaviour (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2). Second, under some conditions falsifying results impede rather than facilitate discovery (Experiment 2). Confirmatory testing and falsificatory testing, which have been the crucial concepts in the study of hypothesis-testing behaviour, may actually be questionable approaches to testing behaviour. The theoretical analysis is related to the standard analyses of Popper (1963) and Klayman and Ha (1987). The empirical results are discussed in relation to previous studies on falsificatory testing behaviour.
Mean levels and correlates of perfectionism in International Baccalaureate and general education students

This exploratory study examined the mean levels of perfectionism among 178 general education students and 141 students enrolled in the International Baccalaureate (IB) program, a rigorous academic curriculum. The study also explored perfectionism in relation to grade level and student outcomes (psychological functioning, academic achievement). Results of independent t-tests and one-way ANOVAs indicated higher levels of adaptive perfectionism and lower levels of maladaptive perfectionism among IB students, as well as a significant decrease in mean levels of adaptive perfectionism and increases in maladaptive perfectionism by grade level among IB students. Among both groups of high school students, maladaptive perfectionism was linked to greater anxiety and lower GPAs; IB students evidenced a particularly strong inverse relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and global life satisfaction. Adaptive perfectionism was moderately correlated with academic achievement, as well as associated with greater life satisfaction especially for general education students. Maladaptive perfectionism did not moderate any relationships between adaptive perfectionism and student outcomes.