Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Problem Representation and Team Mental Model Development in Individual and Team Problem Solving Performance

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to all the students, faculty, and staff of the Department of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University for their help, support, and fellowship during a stay that was both too short and too long. Thanks also to the Program for providing financial support for this work and my career at the University. Special thanks to committee members Dick Hayes and John Anderson, who have provided numerous insights and encouragements that have benefited this work, as well as guidance at other moments that has helped me to improve as both a scholar and a scientist. Special thanks also to the members of the Integrated Design Innovation Group and the Group Problem Solving Lab for their suggestions, opinions, and assistance on this and other projects, in addition, special thanks to friends and family who have, at numerous times, provided encouragement, support, and much-needed diversion. Very special thanks to Blair Armstrong, Kate Fu, and Alex Tkachuk for teaching me about natural language processing, and for helping me to understand how these tools can open a window to the mind in some pretty astonishing ways. Very special thanks to my wife, Malissa, for providing loving support and perspective, and helping me to take the long view in life when the short view in career was overwhelming. Lastly, of course, very special thanks to Ken Kotovsky and Jon Cagan, who without their mentorship and support this research would not have been possible. You have both taught me much about thinking, research, thinking about research, and thinking about how others think about research in order to communicate that research effectively. Thank you both for your iv introduction to interdisciplinary research, and for demonstrating some of the ways in which problems and tools can be mapped across fields to each's mutual benefit. These lessons have surely helped me to develop a toolkit for professional and personal success for years to come.
Determinação do limiar de percepção de corrente elétrica em uma amostra de voluntários normais

Reference values using the instrument Neurometer® were determined and compared with those suggested by the manufacturer; the sensory thresholds for the different frequencies in different body segments were determined; the influence of age, level of education, gender and the reutilization of the electrodes in the different sites were also evaluated. Sensory threshold was determined in 101 normal volunteers (68 women), ages ranged from 17 to 87 years old. The procedure was fully automated with the sensory threshold being determined by the method of limits followed by the forced choice method. Analysis of the results revealed that: there was a significant difference between the values obtained for the index fingers and the halux; no difference was detected between both index fingers; gender and level of instruction had no effect on the results, age had a small influence after stimulation with 2000Hz and 250Hz; three reutilizations of the electrodes did not affect the results on the index fingers, however at the halux, the third utilization deteriorated the results from the 2000Hz stimulation. Except for the 2000Hz stimulation, significant differences were suggested between the values reported here and those provided by the manufacturer.
Entrepreneurship and Risk Taking

According to the definition of entrepreneurship and everyday observation, entrepreneurs are perceived as more risk prone than other people. However, laboratory studies do not provide conclusive support for this claim. In our study, three groups of students served as subjects. One group of students did not express any intention of starting up their own business in the near future. The second group consisted of students who had participated in a special course designed for future entrepreneurs. The third group consisted of students or alumni who became entrepreneurs before graduating. In accordance with Knight’s claim, we found that actual entrepreneurs revealed the highest, and students who did not express an intention of starting their own business the lowest, level of self-confidence of all groups participating in the experiment. On the other hand, in well-defined risky situations we did not confirm a hypothesis that would-be entrepreneurs or actual entrepreneurs were more risk prone than students with no intention of starting a business. Yet, in naturalistic-business risky situations we found more risky choices among entrepreneurs than among non-entrepreneurs. Conformement a la definition meme de l’esprit d’entreprise et a l’observation quotidienne, les entrepreneurs sont percus comme etant plus enclins que les autres personnes a prendre des risques. Seulement, les recherches experimentales ne confirment pas de facon definitive cette conception. Notre etude a porte sur trois groupes d’etudiants. L’un des groupes n’avait aucunement l’intention de creer une entreprise dans un avenir previsible. Le deuxieme groupe etait compose d’etudiants qui suivaient un cours specialement destine aux futurs entrepreneurs. Le troisieme groupe rassemblait des etudiants ou d’anciens etudiants qui devinrent entrepreneurs avant d’etre diplomes. En accord avec les propositions de Knight, on a constate que les entrepreneurs etaient ceux qui avaient la plus forte confiance en eux-memes et les jeunes qui n’eprouvaient aucune vocation d’entrepreneur la plus faible. D’autre part, face a des situations de risque bien precises, il fut impossible de corroborer l’hypothese que les aspirants entrepreneurs ou les chefs d’entreprise etaient plus portes sur le risque que les etudiants n’ayant aucunement l’intention de fonder une entreprise. Toutefois, devant des decisions risquees dans des situations concretes
The major pathways of protein translocation across membranes

The initial events in the localization of cell surface proteins include targeting of precursor molecules to the membrane and subsequent translocation across the membrane. The translocation reaction is mediated through a series of molecular interactions involving a number of protein factors. The trimeric SecY/Sec61 core complex, which is conserved throughout evolution, provides a proteinaceous pathway for translocation. The driving force for translocation is provided by the dynamic motion of the SecA ATPase in prokaryotes and by polypeptide elongation through the ribosome‐Sec61 junction in eukaryotes.
Subcellular Structures and Function of Myocytes Impaired During Heart Failure Are Restored by Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Rationale: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment for patients with chronic heart failure. However, CRT-associated structural and functional remodeling at cellular and subcellular levels is only partly understood. Objective: To investigate the effects of CRT on subcellular structures and protein distributions associated with excitation-contraction coupling of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Methods and Results: Our studies revealed remodeling of the transverse tubular system (t-system) and the spatial association of ryanodine receptor (RyR) clusters in a canine model of dyssynchronous heart failure (DHF). We did not find this remodeling in a synchronous heart failure model based on atrial tachypacing. Remodeling in DHF ranged from minor alterations in anterior left ventricular myocytes to nearly complete loss of the t-system and dissociation of RyRs from sarcolemmal structures in lateral cells. After CRT, we found a remarkable and almost complete reverse remodeling of these structures despite persistent left ventricular dysfunction. Studies of whole-cell Ca2+ transients showed that the structural remodeling and restoration were accompanied with remodeling and restoration of Ca2+ signaling. Conclusions: DHF is associated with regional remodeling of the t-system. Myocytes undergo substantial structural and functional restoration after only 3 weeks of CRT. The finding suggests that t-system status can provide an early marker of the success of this therapy. The results could also guide us to an understanding of the loss and remodeling of proteins associated with the t-system. The steep relationship between free Ca2+ and contraction suggests that some restoration of Ca2+ release units will have a disproportionately large effect on contractility.
Defect in Multiple Cell Cycle Checkpoints in Ataxia-Telangiectasia Postirradiation*

The recent description of a novel gene (ATM) mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), with homologies to genes encoding proteins involved in both G1/S and G2/M checkpoint control, points to a common defect in cell cycle control in A-T operating through the cyclin-dependent kinases. In this report we demonstrate that cyclin-dependent kinases are resistant to inhibition by ionizing radiation exposure in A-T cells, and this appears to be due to insufficient induction of WAF1. Exposure of control lymphoblastoid cells to radiation during S phase and in G2 phase causes a rapid inhibition of cyclin A-Cdk2 and cyclin B-Cdc2 activities, respectively. Irradiation led to a 5-20-fold increase in Cdk-associated WAF1 in these cells, which accounts at least in part for the decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase activity. In contrast, radiation did not inhibit any of the cyclin-dependent kinase activities in S phase or G2 phase in A-T cells at short times after irradiation nor was there any significant change in the level of Cdk-associated WAF1 compared to unirradiated cells. These results are similar to those reported previously for the G1 checkpoint and provide additional evidence for the involvement of ATM at multiple points in cell cycle regulation.
An improved stochastic model of the NLMS algorithm for correlated input data

This paper proposes an improved stochastic model for the normalized least-mean-square (NLMS) algorithm considering correlated input signals obtained from a spherically invariant random process (SIRP). A SIRP describes both Gaussian and a wide class of non-Gaussian processes, including the ones with Laplacian, K0, and Gamma marginal density functions. Hence an approximate procedure for computing high-order hyperelliptic integrals arisen from the modeling process is developed. The resulting model outperforms other existing models discussed in the open literature. Through numerical simulations the accuracy of the proposed model is verified.
Thinking Professional Social Work

Summary: Two different frameworks are identified with respect to social work practice and views of professional powers. Findings: Accounts of social work practice, gathered in Italy, illustrate two styles of narrating and constructing the work experience. These are analysed following Mannheim’s seminal work on romantic and enlightenment styles of thought. Practitioners’ accounts differ in how sequences are constructed, in the meaning attributed to crucial aspects such as the understanding of the situation, and in the place attributed to theory. Two conceptions emerge of the relationship of professional social workers with clients, and of their power. Applications: The article contributes to the debate on the relation between theory and practice in social work. Theoretical models are not viewed as potential sources of practical suggestions, but as whole perspectives with which to engage. They are ways of seeing and doing ‘things’ which stimulate critical reflection on one’s own work. The two ways of conceiving professional powers that emerge from this study appear embedded in different cognitive orders. This invites those seeking to identify new ways of conceiving professional powers to look at the whole social work culture, without trying to isolate single aspects or elements of it.
PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS' FEAR OF SNAKES, CONSERVATION ATTITUDES, AND LIKELIHOOD OF INCORPORATING ANIMALS INTO THE FUTURE SCIENCE CURRICULUM

Studying attitudes toward fauna such as snakes is essential in wildlife management. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact that fear of snakes has on Slovenian pre-service teachers’ attitudes towards conservation and the likelihood of incorporating animals into developing the future science curriculum. The effect of direct experience on fear of snakes, conservation attitudes, and the likelihood of incorporating snakes into the future science curriculum were also studied. Altogether, 352 full-time and part-time students majoring in preschool education and primary school education were surveyed. The study confirmed that students’ fear of snakes negatively influenced their conservation attitudes and decreased the likelihood of incorporating snakes into the future science curriculum. Prior direct contact with snakes negatively correlated with fear of snakes, and positively with attitudes towards conservation and the likelihood of incorporating snakes into the future science curriculum. Prior direct contact with snakes also affected students’ word associations regarding snakes by reducing the frequency of some associations that emphasize the potential threat snakes pose to people. Key words: attitudes, conservation, fear, pre-service teacher, science education, snake.
Duplications of the alimentary tract

The effect of T.E. A.B. on the renal pelvis and ureter in the first five cases seems to be a return towards normal. Constrictions disappear, the pelviureteral junction assumes a smoother funnel-shaped outline, dilated ureters tend to a more normal diameter, and bends and kinks in them seem to be reduced. In Case 6 the failure to show any change is open to two explanations. As suggested above, this pyelogram may be within normal limits; or, alternatively, it is probable that he had pyelitis in the Army and the pelvis will no longer contract normally. It remains to exclude the physiological changes described by Cumming (1931). The cases are consecutive and the photographs were from the only series in each case except the first. In several of the figures the shadow on the other side has not changed, and in Case I the infundibular constriction remained unaltered in three examinations over six months. Finally, in some of the cases there is evidence of resumption of the abnormality in the later films of the series. The nerve-supply to the pelvis and ureter is described by Lowsley and Kirwin (1944) as sympathetic and parasympathetic. Samson Wright (1940) states that the sympathetic supplies both motor and inhibitory fibres. Satani (1919) described ganglion cells in the external ureteric coat. Learmonth (193 I) found sympathetic stimulation caused constriction of the ureteric orifices, which he thought was independent of the contraction of the trigone. Kelly and Burnam (1914) appear to have been the first to describe localized thickenings of the muscle coat at the infundibula, the pelvi-ureteral junction, and in the ureter; it may be that these have a separate autonomic control. As far as any conclusion can be drawn from so small a series there seems to be two possible explanations of the changes :a. Resumption of normal tone in a dilated structure. Underwood (1936) showed that the wall of a hydronephrosis is inert rather than distended and that it would contract with adequate stimulation. It is therefore possible that the effect of the drug has been the elimination of inhibitory impulses. b. Relaxation of localized spasm. It is not extravagant to postulate such a condition in these cases, and it seems likely that autonomic paralysis might allow relaxation, with the result that intrinsic muscular tone may take control. The similarity of such a condition to that described by Bodian, Stephens, and Ward (1949) in Hirschsprung’s disease would be striking, and indeed a combination of dilatation of the colon, ureters, and bladder has been described (Learmonth, 1935).
Maternal antibody persistence: a neglected life-history trait with implications from albatross conservation to comparative immunology

The evolution of different life-history strategies has been suggested as a major force constraining physiological mechanisms such as immunity. In some long-lived oviparous species, a prolonged persistence of maternal antibodies in offspring could thus be expected in order to protect them over their long growth period. Here, using an intergenerational vaccination design, we show that specific maternal antibodies can display an estimated half-life of 25 days post-hatching in the nestlings of a long-lived bird. This temporal persistence is much longer than previously known for birds and it suggests specific properties in the regulation of IgY immunoglobulin catabolism in such a species. We also show that maternal antibodies in the considered procellariiform species are functional as late as 20 days of age. Using a modelling approach, we highlight that the potential impact of such effects on population viability could be important, notably when using vaccination for conservation. These results have broad implications, from comparative immunology to evolutionary eco-epidemiology and conservation biology.
Ja n 20 09 FIAN / TD / 01-09 Unfolded Dynamics and Parameter Flow of Generic AdS 4 Black

We present unfolded description of AdS4 black hole with generic parameters of mass, NUT, magnetic and electric charges as well as two kinematical parameters one of which is angular momentum. A flow with respect to black hole parameters, that relates the obtained black hole unfolded system to the covariant constancy condition for an AdS4 global symmetry parameter, is found. The proposed formulation gives rise to a coordinate-independent description of the black hole metric in AdS4. The black hole charges are identified with flow evolution parameters while its kinematical constants are the first integrals of the black hole unfolded system expressed via invariants of the AdS4 global symmetry parameter. It is shown how the proposed method reproduces various known forms of black hole metrics including the Carter and Kerr–Newman solutions. Free flow gauge parameters allow us to choose different metric representations such as Kerr–Schild, double Kerr–Schild or generalized Carter–Plebanski in the coordinate-independent way.
What “Works” in Working Memory? Separate Systems for Selection and Updating of Critical Information

Cognition depends critically on working memory, the active representation of a limited number of items over short periods of time. In addition to the maintenance of information during the course of cognitive processing, many tasks require that some of the items in working memory become transiently more important than others. Based on cognitive models of working memory, we hypothesized two complementary essential cognitive operations to achieve this: a selection operation that retrieves the most relevant item, and an updating operation that changes the focus of attention onto it. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, high-resolution oculometry, and behavioral analysis, we demonstrate that these two operations are functionally and neuroanatomically dissociated. Updating the attentional focus elicited transient activation in the caudal superior frontal sulcus and posterior parietal cortex. In contrast, increasing demands on selection selectively modulated activation in rostral superior frontal sulcus and posterior cingulate/precuneus. We conclude that prioritizing one memory item over others invokes independent mechanisms of mnemonic retrieval and attentional focusing, each with its distinct neuroanatomical basis within frontal and parietal regions. These support the developing understanding of working memory as emerging from the interaction between memory and attentional systems.
You Have to Show Strength

Investigating the possible overlap between depressed and presumably strong Black women, this article maintains that women's experiences of depression are both gendered and raced. A review of clinical and popular literatures examining Black women's experiences of depression as well as findings from an interview study with a nonclinical sample of 44 Black women suggest that the discourse of being strong may normalize a distressinducing level of selflessness and powerlessness among such women. Implications of this study include the need to consider the racially specific ways in which women are placed at risk for and experience depression.
Teachers' Attitudes toward Statistics

Wise's 1985 Attitude Toward Statistics scale was used to obtain normative data for 222 teachers enrolled in graduate classes in statistics and research methods. Comparisons with norms from other studies in which the scale was used indicated that these teachers had less positive attitudes toward the field of statistics and the course than did graduate students in psychology. In addition, the teachers had less positive attitudes toward the field of statistics than did undergraduate students from a variety of disciplines. These differences in attitudes ranged from . 55 to . 87 standard deviations, indicating moderate to large effect sizes. Recommendations for research include replicating the study.
[Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a tumor highly dependent on lipoproteins].

> L’adenocarcinome canalaire pancreatique (ADKP) est un cancer de mauvais pronostic du fait de son diagnostic tardif et de sa resistance intrinseque aux therapies antitumorales existantes [1, 11]. A un stade avance de la maladie, les patients developpent un syndrome cachectique irreversible reduisant l’efficacite des therapies anticancereuses et degradant leur qualite de vie ; seulement 5 % survivent au-dela de 5 ans. Cette cachexie cancereuse, resultant d’un dialogue etroit et bidirectionnel entre les tissus metaboliques de l’hote et la tumeur pancreatique, engendre des troubles metaboliques se caracterisant principalement par une proteolyse musculaire importante et des anomalies affectant aussi le metabolisme lipidique (lipolyse) et glucidique (neoglucogenese) [2]. La tumeur pancreatique se caracterise par un stroma important, peu vascularise, encerclant les cellules cancereuses, les privant ainsi d’un apport suffisant en oxygene et en nutriments. Les cellules tumorales en expansion sont donc contraintes d’effectuer une reprogrammation metabolique pour pallier leurs besoins excessifs en energie et en nutriments.
Throwing your brains at it: Higher education, markets and choice

Contemporary education policy has demonstrated a dramatic shift towards marketisation. The discourses associated with this marketised provision emphasise empowerment for consumers. But within the higher education context, does the rhetoric of this ethos articulate with the realities of choice? This paper draws upon qualitative data generated from an ESRC funded doctoral study of sixth form students engaged in the choice process in order to consider these issues. Despite the limitations of the size of the sample, the findings are highly significant since they are derived from a study of some of the last cohort of students to have entered university under the Robbins (1963( principle. Focusing on the families who are engaged in the choosing process allows for the differential levels of market based competencies to be demonstrated. The empirical grounding of this paper then provides opportunities for the complexities and inequalities which are produced by a higher education market to be rendered visible.