Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The height?+?width rule in children's judgments of quantity

SUMMARY Judgments of area of rectangles by S-year-old children obeyed an adding rule: height + width. This was surprising because simple perception of area ought to follow the physical height X width rule that was in fact obtained with older children. For the younger children, however, the height + width rule was reliable across a variety of experimental manipulations in eight experiments. This height + width rule was interpreted in terms of a general-purpose integration rule and a general metric sense. Young children lack a clear, adult conception of specific quantities such as area. They utilize whatever quantitative cues seem relevant and integrate them by a general-purpose adding rule to arrive at their quantitative judgment. A single general metric sense, which is present at least by age 3, mediates the overt expression of quantitative judgments of many different concepts, both physical and social. In collateral work, 5-year-olds judged amount of liquid in a glass by a heightonly rule. This result was expected from Piagetian theory of centration, which says that young children do not integrate information, but instead base their judgment on a single salient aspect of the stimulus. But this centration interpretation did not hold for the rectangles mentioned above. It was suggested, therefore, that the height-only rule represented transfer from daily drinking experience, not true centration. This hypothesis was supported by experiments showing that judgments of amount of wax in translucent cylinders obeyed the height-only rule when the cylinders were inside of glasses, but obeyed the height + width rule when they stood alone. These results, together with related studies of information integration in children, show that centration is not a pervasive characteristic of the young child's thinking. On the contrary, ydling children can exhibit quite sophisticated integration strategies. It is suggested that the concept of centration has resulted largely from inadequate methodology and that the methods of information integration theory provide a more analytical and correct picture of cognitive development. These results also lead to a new interpretation of conservation. It is suggested that conservation is derivative from object invariance and variegated specific experiential factors. The Piagetian concept of compensation is not causal in the development of conservation, but instead compensation arises from an attempt to articulate a verbal justification for a prior concept of conservation. In this view, conservation develops gradually as an expectancy of object invariance. The methods of integration theory and functional measurement can be used to trace out the course of the development of conservation.
Circulating Markers of Interstitial Lung Disease and Subsequent Risk of Lung Cancer

Background: Inflammation and pulmonary diseases, including interstitial lung diseases, are associated with increased lung cancer risk. Circulating levels of surfactant protein-D (SP-D) and Krebs von Lungren-6 (KL-6) are elevated in interstitial lung disease patients and may be useful markers of processes contributing to lung cancer. Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study, including 532 lung cancer cases, 582 matched controls, and 150 additional controls with chest X-ray (CXR) evidence of pulmonary scarring, in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Serum SP-D and KL-6 levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Logistic regression was used to estimate the associations of SP-D and KL-6 with lung cancer and CXR scarring. Results: Cases had higher levels than controls for SP-D (median 118.7 vs. 105.4 ng/mL, P = 0.008) and KL-6 (372.0 vs. 325.8 μg/mL, P = 0.001). Lung cancer risk increased with SP-D (Ptrend = 0.0003) and KL-6 levels (Ptrend = 0.005). Compared with the lowest quartile, lung cancer risk was elevated among those with the highest quartiles of SP-D (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.32–2.64) or KL-6 (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.11–2.25). Among controls, participants with CXR scarring were more likely than those without scarring to have elevated levels of SP-D (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.04–2.70, Ptrend = 0.05) but not of KL-6 (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.64–1.68, Ptrend = 0.99). Conclusion: Circulating levels of SP-D and KL-6 are associated with subsequent lung cancer risk. Impact: Our findings support a potential role for interstitial lung disease in lung cancer etiology or early detection, but additional research is needed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2262–72. ©2011 AACR.
Autocrine Production of Amphiregulin Predicts Sensitivity to Both Gefitinib and Cetuximab in EGFR Wild-type Cancers

Purpose: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib, lead to significant tumor regressions in 10% to 15% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR activating mutations. However, 30% to 40% of NSCLC patients, majority of whom are EGFR wild-type, develop stable disease following EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. EGFR-directed antibodies (cetuximab) are effective treatments for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, which seldom contain EGFR mutations. The determinant(s) of efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapies in EGFR wild-type cancers is not well defined. Experimental Design: We examined the relationship of EGFR ligands, EGF, transforming growth factor-α,and amphiregulin and the efficacy of gefitinib and cetuximab in EGFR wild-type NSCLC (n = 10) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (n = 4) cell lines. We compared amphiregulin expression using immunohistochemistry in EGFR wild-type NSCLC patients (n = 24) that developed either stable or progressive disease following erlotinib or gefitinib treatment. Results: Cell lines which produced ≥20 pmol/L amphiregulin, as detected by an ELISA, were significantly more likely to be growth inhibited by both gefitinib and cetuximab than those that produced minimal or no amphiregulin. In these cell lines, both cetuximab and gefitinib led to cell cycle arrest at the G1-S boundary and was associated with preferential inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 but not Akt signaling. Amphiregulin expression was significantly higher in NSCLC patients that developed stable disease compared with those that developed disease progression following gefitinib or erlotinib treatment. Conclusions: Amphiregulin expression may help select EGFR wild-type patients who are likely to develop stable disease from EGFR-targeted therapies.
Entrepreneurial Orientation Theory and Research: Reflections on a Needed Construct

This article introduces the Special Issue of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice on the topic of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO). In addition to overviewing the preparation and structure of the Special Issue, this article addresses various substantive matters pertinent to the continuing development of EO theory and research including (1) the issue of whether EO is more defensibly conceived of as a dispositional or behavioral construct; (2) the reasons why EO is regarded by some as an “annoying construct,” and what might be done about it; (3) the reasons why the concept of EO fills an important gap in the literature on firm–level entrepreneurship; (4) a proposal that EO theory and research proceed along two concurrent paths corresponding the unidimensional and multidimensional conceptualizations of the construct; (5) a review of EO measurement issues focused on why, in particular, it is problematic to conceive of and measure EO as a formative construct; and (6) a brief consideration of both marginal–value and high–potential topic areas for future EO theory and research.
Are Angels Preferred Venture Investors?

We examine the impact of business angels on 182 Series A financings and subsequent company outcomes. Our studied rounds have a varied mix of business angel and formal venture capital investors (VCs). We find that when only angels participate in a financing round and VCs are absent, control rights are more entrepreneur-friendly, legal expenses are lower, and investors are more geographically proximate to the company. Such angel-backed companies are less likely to fail and are more likely to have a successful liquidity event. We find that companies financed exclusively by VC investors also perform well, particularly when deals are large. Companies financed by both angels and VCs experience inferior outcomes. Our results suggest that entrepreneurs consider business angels to be preferred investors and VCs investing in small deals face adverse selection. For larger deals, where deeper-pocket VC participation is required, these roles reverse and angels face adverse selection when investing alongside powerful VC syndicates.
Perceptual Skill Identification in a Complex Sport Setting

Decision making in sports has been extensively studied over the last two decades, with a particular focus on differences in visual search strategies and movement initiation times between experts and novices. The current study expands this paradigm by identifying situation, gender, and expertise specific gaze strategies in performing defensive actions in beach volleyball. Sixty-four beach volleyball players were confronted with 96 scenes displaying 3 attacking variations. The experimental set-up allowed participants to react as they would on court, while decision accuracy and movement initiation time were measured using a 10-camera-VICON-system. Furthermore, gaze behavior was recorded pursuing a novel integrated and automated approach with a high resolution eye tracker (EyeSeeCam, 220 Hz). First analyses show that elite players differ from near-elite players by having a higher percentage of correct decisions combined with a later movement initiation time. Apparently, elite players optimize the time available for information pick-up before initiating their defensive action.
Ventricular shape biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in clinical MR images

The aim of this work was to identify ventricular shape‐based biomarkers in MR images to discriminate between patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy elderly. Clinical MR images were collected for 58 patients and 28 age‐matched healthy controls. After normalizing all the images the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was semiautomatically extracted for each subject and an innovative technique for fully automatic shape modeling was applied to generate comparable meshes of all ventricles. The search for potential biomarkers was carried out with repeated permutation tests: results highlighted well‐defined areas of the ventricular surface being discriminating features for AD: the left inferior medial temporal horn, the right medial temporal horn (superior and inferior), and the areas close to the left anterior part of the corpus callosum and the head of the right caudate nucleus. The biomarkers were then used as features to build an intelligent machine for AD detection: a Support Vector Machine was trained on AD and healthy subjects and subsequently tested with leave‐1‐out experiments and validation tests on previously unseen cases. The results showed a sensitivity of 76% for AD, with an overall accuracy of 84%, proving that suitable biomarkers for AD can be detected in clinical MR images. Magn Reson Med 59:260–267, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is there a ‘field’ of media research? – The ‘fragmentation’ issue revisited

It is clear that the amount of scholarly attention given, internationally, to different aspects of ‘the media’ has grown enormously, a situation reflected in some of the contributions to the recent special issue of this journal (‘Back to the Future’, 35.1, 2013). A steady increase over the years has turned into a far more rapid development over the last decade. Even in areas inclined in the past to marginalise if not completely ignore questions of media systems and communicative practice, such as political science, there has been a turn towards more sustained engagement, conceptually and empirically, while across other areas, including literary studies, modern languages, geography, history and economics, there has been a strengthening of research focus. It has widely been noted that one important factor lying behind this growth has been the arrival, and then the quick achievement of massive political, cultural and economic presence, of ‘new media’ or ‘social media’. This has not only made addressing matters of mediation more obviously necessary across a wide range of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences (perhaps under headings like ‘digital humanities’, ‘digital society’ and ‘digital culture’) as well as beyond, it has also brought in new ways of thinking about ‘the media’ (see Couldry, 2009 on the changing use of this collective noun), of positioning the media within frameworks of ideas and of investigating them. Both the growth in diverse forms of attention to ‘older’ media and the widespread interest in the ‘new’ and the ‘emergent’ have helped to raise more sharply the question of whether it makes sense to talk about a ‘field’ of media research at all. For many years, expressed anxieties about the ‘fragmentation of the field’, sometimes with suggested corrections to this tendency, have been aired at international and national events, including ICA conferences. Over twenty years ago, David Swanson’s short essay (Swanson, 1993) provided a classic account of some of the issues as they then affected developments at ‘subfield’ level in the USA. Most recently, in a provocative piece looking at a
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology (2012):

The media claims for the consumption of natural resource-based food have gradually increased in both developing and developed countries. The interest in the safety of these products is partially due to the possible presence of toxigenic fungi acting as mycotoxin producers, such as aflatoxins produced during the secondary metabolism of Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. Aflatoxins, mainly aflatoxin B1, are directly associated with liver cancer in human beings. This paper is aimed at evaluating the presence of aflatoxin B1 in a few vegetable drugs, dried plant extracts and industrialized products traded in 2010 in the city of Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The method used for the quantification of aflatoxin B1 was based on extraction through acetone:water (85:15), immunoaffinity column purification followed by separation and detection in high efficiency liquid chromatography. Under the conditions of analysis, the Limits of Detection and Quantification were 0.6 μg kg and 1.0 μg kg respectively. The complete sets of analyses were carried out in duplicate. Aflatoxin B1 was noticed in a single sample (< 1.0 μg kg). The results revealed low aflatoxin B1 contamination in the products under analysis. However, it is required to establish a broad monitoring program in order to obtain additional data and check up on the actual extension of contamination.
Improving motivation and learning outcome in a flipped classroom environment

A successful flipped classroom teaching highly depends on the students' capacity for studying new material on their own in order to attend classes well-prepared. In a first year engineering course pencasts were used to help students with this task. Compared to video lectures this is a low cost and easy to use technology. Combined with an enquiry based teaching at class the proposed learning strategy was well-received by students indicating an increase in motivation as well as in learning outcome.
Epidemiology of acute promyelocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND The estimated incidence of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is approximately 6 cases per 10 million people per year with no apparent differences between sexes. The age of APL cases is younger than that of other acute myeloid leukemias (AML). Spatial and temporal clusters of APL have been reported. These observations suggest a possible selective role for environmental and/or occupational factors in APL development. METHODS A multicenter case-control study was carried out on risk factors for acute leukemias and preleukemias. In this report data related to APL are selectively analyzed from the larger study to identify specific risk factors. RESULTS The case-control study on 38 cases of APL showed a strong association with shoemaking (odds ration 6.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3-31.1). A moderate leukemogenic effect from living in houses built with tuff, a polous building material containing gamma-emitting radionuclides and having a high radon concentration, and from using hair dyes was also suggested. CONCLUSIONS These data, together with the reported spatial and temporal clustering of APL, support the hypothesis of specific environmental and/or occupational risk factors for APL among other AML subtypes and indicate the need for additional ad hoc multicenter studies.
Antecedents of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Role of an Individual's General Social Appraisal

Abstract This study addresses antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions. First, this study argues that an individual's appraisal to become a social entrepreneur is an important predictor of social entrepreneurial intention. Second, this study hypothesizes that this general social appraisal moderates the influences of two opportunity characteristics on social entrepreneurial intention. In line with our main argument, the results of our empirical experiment show a positive influence of general social appraisal. In addition, this appraisal weakens the influence of perceived probability of success and strengthens the influence of perceived social impact on social entrepreneurial intention. This study concludes with a discussion of the important role of an individual's general social appraisal in research and practice.
Family Court Judges' Decisions Regarding Post-Separation Care Arrangements for Young Children

Whether young children should be in shared care following their parents' separation is a contentious issue, but the impact of this controversy on judicial decision making is unknown. This study examined 110 care arrangement Decisions made in relation to children aged younger than four years as determined by the New Zealand Family Court. Also of interest, was the reasoning used as reflected in judges' written Decisions. Although shared care orders were rarely made, overnight contact with the non-resident parent was ordered in the majority of cases. Overnight contact with the non-resident parent was more likely to be ordered if the young child had older siblings. Other factors examined, including the child's age, gender, domestic violence, parent mental health problems and parent substance abuse, were not associated with care arrangements. Qualitative analysis of judges' written Decisions suggested that judges made care arrangements using a case-by-case approach rather than a formulaic approach. Relevant considerations included Care of Children Act 2004 principles, psychological report recommendations, previous and/or current care arrangements, and factors associated with parental separation which can affect child development such as loss of an already established attachment relationship, parental conflict and diminished parenting quality, safety concerns and care arrangements of siblings.
An Experientially Derived Base-Rate Error in Humans

Two experiments tested college students in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure designed to explore how multiple competitive sources of control interact in determining choice behavior The primary sources of potential control were the frequency with which each of two colors was correct (base rates) and the accuracy of a sample in predicting the correct choice (accuracy rate) In one experiment, subjects ignored the base rates, and therefore made nonoptimal choices These results mimicked the well-known base-rate error found in verbal responses to questions In a second experiment, manipulations to increase subjects' motivation did not alleviate the error significantly Together, these results suggest that the base-rate error may represent a broad behavioral pattern not restricted to verbal arenas The results are compared with previous attempts to reconcile behavioral and cognitive lines of experimentation
The role of topic familiarity in online credibility evaluation support

Evaluating the credibility of information is a difficult yet essential task in a society where the Internet plays a large role. Familiarity with the topic at hand has been shown to have a large influence on the way credibility is evaluated; ‘familiar users’ tend to focus on semantic features, ‘unfamiliar users’ focus more on surface features. In this study, we attempt to find out whether these differences have consequences for the development of credibility evaluation support systems. Two simulated support systems were evaluated, one utilizing semantic features (aiming at familiar users), the other utilizing surface features (aiming at unfamiliar users). The results suggest that unfamiliar users have a preference for a surface support system. Familiar users have no clear preference, have less trust in the support, and report to be influenced less by a support system. We recommend to focus on unfamiliar users when developing credibility evaluation support.
Trauma, Metacognition And Predisposition To Hallucinations In Non-Patients

Romme and Escher (1989) reported that 70% of voice hearers began to hear voices following a traumatic event. This study was therefore designed to examine the effects of trauma on predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations in the general population. The study also examined the role of beliefs about voices and metacognitive beliefs about thoughts in predisposition to hallucinations, and tested the specific hypothesis that dissociative experiences would predict predisposition to auditory hallucinations. Sixty-four non-clinical subjects were asked to complete questionnaires assessing interpretations of voices, predisposition to hallucinations, metacognitive beliefs, PTSD symptomatology, experience of trauma, trauma-related cognitions and dissociative experiences. The study found an association between trauma-related measures (negative cognitions about the world and all dissociation variables) and predisposition to both auditory and visual hallucinations. It was found that participants who had experienced certain specific life events scored significantly higher on predisposition to auditory hallucinations (bereavement, physical assault and emotional abuse) and on predisposition to visual hallucinations (bullying). Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that both metacognitive beliefs and dissociative processes explained significant proportions of the variance in predisposition to both auditory and visual hallucinations. These results suggest an association between trauma and predisposition to auditory hallucinations. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Biopsy of hepatic dome lesions: semi-real-time coronal MR guidance technique.

OBJECTIVE MR imaging, with its coronal imaging capability, may be ideally suited for biopsies of hepatic dome lesions. We are reporting on the successful semi-real-time biopsy of such lesions using a 0.2-T open-configuration MR scanner in five patients. CONCLUSION MR guidance holds promise for facilitating biopsies of hepatic dome masses.