Modern Educational Measurement: Practical Guidelines for Educational Leaders

All chapters conclude with "Chapter Wrap-Up," "Practice Exercises," "Answers to Practice Exercises," "Discussion Questions," "Suggestions for Additional Reading," and "And for Those Who Tire of Reading. " Preface. I.WHY MEASURE WHAT TO MEASURE, AND HOW TO INTERPRET WHAT'S BEEN MEASURED. 1.Measurement's Importance to Educational Leaders. What's in a Name? What You Don't Need to Know. What You Do Need to Know. Two Assessment Emphases. A Brief, Historical Dip. 2.What to Measure and How to Interpret Results. What to Measure. Two Influential Interpretive Alternatives. Three Kinds of Decisions. Putting It All Together. II.HOW TO EVALUATE EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTS. 3.Instructional Contribution. A New Test-Evaluation Factor. Instructional Contribution as an Evaluative Factor. An Instructional Cup That Runneth Over. The Relationship between Testing and Teaching. Test Preparation. Two Test-Preparation Guidelines. 4.The Validity of Assessment-Based Interpretations. Inferences and Interpretations. Content-Related Evidence of Validity. Criterion-Related Evidence of Validity. Construct-Related Evidence of Validity. Consequential Validity. 5.Reliability of Assessment Devices. Can Validity Find Happiness If Reliability Is Unfaithful? Stability Reliability. Alternate-Form Reliability. Internal Consistency Reliability. The Standard Error of Measurement. 6.Absence of Bias. A Look at Assessment Bias. Culture-Fair Tests. Evaluating for Test Bias. Detecting Bias in Test Items. Detecting Bias in Test Administration. Detecting Bias in Interpretations. The LEP Dilemma. 7.High-Quality Comparative Data. The Normal Curve. Percentiles. Standard Scores. Norms. Criteria for Judging Normative Data. III.CREATING EDUCATIONAL TESTS. 8.Tying Down the Assessment Domain. Circumscribing What's to Be Measured. Assessment Domain Definitions as Instructional Facilitators. Focusing on Assessment-Based Inferences. 9.Selected-Response Items. An Either/Or Split. Binary-Choice Items. Matching Items. Multiple-Choice Items. 10.Constructed-Response Items. Relative Merits of Selected-Response and Constructed-Response Items. Short-Answer Items. The Essay Item. 11.Performance and Portfolio Assessment. Performance Assessment. A Formidable Assessment Tool: Rubrics. Portfolio Assessment. 12.Improving Test Items. Empirical and Judgmental Techniques. Judgmental Improvement of Test Items. Empirical Improvement of Test Items. 13.Creating Affective Measures. The Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Domains. A Closer Look at Affect. What Affective Variables to Assess? Isolating the Affective Variable. Opting for Self-Report Inventories. Self-Reports. Individual and Group Affective Assessment. IV.USING EDUCATIONAL TESTS. 14.Administering Educational Tests and Using the Results. Administering Educational Assessments. Effective Test Directions. The Actual Administration. Scoring the Tests. Correcting for Guessing. Recording Test Results. Test Security. Setting Performance Standards. What a Performance Standard Is. Grading. 15.Standardized Achievement Tests: Marvelous Measures - Often Misused. The Problem's Antecedents. What Standardized Achievement Tests Measure. Measuring Temperature with a Tablespoon. Confounded Causation. What's an Educational Leader to Do about Standardized Achievement Tests? Appendix.