Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) for Differentiation between Normal and Cancerous Breast Tissue

Introduction: Small angle, between 3° and 10°, X ray scattering is predominantly coherent giving rise to diffraction effects that can be observed as constructive and destructive interferences. These interferences carry information about the molecular structure of the tissue and hence can be used to identify changes that occur due to cancer. Method: In this study an energy dispersive X-ray diffraction method was used. The optimum scattering angle, determined from a series of measurements on adipose breast tissue at several angles from 4 to 7.3 degrees, was found to be 6.5°. Once optimized the system was used to measure the diffraction profiles (corrected scattered intensity versus momentum transfer) of a total of 99 breast tissue samples. The samples were both normal and tumour samples. Results: Adipose tissue showed a sharp, high intensity peak at low momentum transfer values of approximately 1.1nm-1. Adipose tissue, mixed tissue (adipose & fibroglandular) and tumor have peaks at different values of momentum transfer that can be used to identify the tissue. Benign and malignant breast tissues can also be differentiated by both peak positions and peak heights. It was also observed that the results were reproducible even after the tissue had been preserved at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Conclusion: We were able to differentiate between normal, benign and malignant breast tissues by using energy dispersive small angle x-ray scattering.
How Eighth Graders in England and the United States View Historical Significance

Research has suggested that one way students understand history is to assign significance to historical events. In this study, we identified and analyzed what events 44 adolescents judged to be historically significant. We also sought to determine what historical events the students considered important compared to one another. Finally, we examined the criteria and reasoning students used to construe an event to be historically significant. Because the sample included adolescents in 2 classes-1 in England and 1 in the United States-the study offers crossnational comparisons. Data consisted of student-generated lists, as well as students' choices from a list of 47 events given to them, of the 10 most historically significant events of the twentieth century. From their self-generated lists, students were asked to select the event they considered most important and to explain why. In addition, 7 students from each class participated in a group interview. We found that the students showed an inclination to understand and learn from history and to find ways to conceptualize historical significance. Many were able to assign significance to major events, even though they had not studied them in depth in school. The study also sheds light on issues of national/cultural bias, personal relevance, and lessons to be learned from history as lenses through which to view historical significance, and it offers insights into the relation among national culture, school curriculum, and the perceptions of young people.
Porifera Lectins: Diversity, Physiological Roles and Biotechnological Potential

An overview on the diversity of 39 lectins from the phylum Porifera is presented, including 38 lectins, which were identified from the class of demosponges, and one lectin from the class of hexactinellida. Their purification from crude extracts was mainly performed by using affinity chromatography and gel filtration techniques. Other protocols were also developed in order to collect and study sponge lectins, including screening of sponge genomes and expression in heterologous bacterial systems. The characterization of the lectins was performed by Edman degradation or mass spectrometry. Regarding their physiological roles, sponge lectins showed to be involved in morphogenesis and cell interaction, biomineralization and spiculogenesis, as well as host defense mechanisms and potentially in the association between the sponge and its microorganisms. In addition, these lectins exhibited a broad range of bioactivities, including modulation of inflammatory response, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, as well as anticancer and neuromodulatory activity. In view of their potential pharmacological applications, sponge lectins constitute promising molecules of biotechnological interest.
Motivation Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor & McClelland. A Literature Review of Selected Theories Dealing with Job Satisfaction and Motivation.

Job satisfaction, motivation, and reward systems are included in one area of organizational theory. The strongest influence in this area is motivation because it overlaps into both of the other two components. A review of the classical literature on motivation reveals four major theory areas: (1) Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs; (2) Herzberg's Motivation/Hygiene (two factor) Theory; (3) McGregor's X Y Theories; and (4) McClelland's Need for Assessment Theory. Maslow states that people are motivated by unmet needs whici are in a hierarchical order that prevents people from being motivated by a need area unless all lower level needs have been met. Herzberg states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on the same continuum and are therefore not opposites. He further states that the motivational factors can cause satisfar _Lon or no satisfaction while the hygiene factors cause dissatisfaction when absent and no dissatisfaction when present, both having magnitudes of strength. McClelland's need for achievement underlies Maslow's self-actualization. McGregor's Theory Y matches much of Maslow's self-actualization level of motivation. It is based on the assumption that self-direction, self-control, and maturity control motivation. Reward systems must correspond to intrinsic factors if employees are to be motivated. Satisfying extrinsic factors is an all too commonly attempted method for motivating workers, but theory shows that these efforts cannot lead to motivated workers. (Author/ABL) *************************************************************g* ****** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************
Creatine Supplementation Enhances Endurance Performance in Trained Rats

Minimal evidence has shown creatine (Cr) supplementation to enhance endurance performance in either humans or rats. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Cr supplementation on endurance performance during high-intensity exercise in trained male rats. Endurance performance was defined as the distance run. Sixteen days of running were performed over 28 days. A cycle of 7 days consisted of 2 days of training, 1 day off, 2 days of training then 2 days off and this was repeated over a total of 28 days. Cr was administered on all 28 days. Treatment rats (n = 7) drank water containing Cr while the control rats drank water with no supplement (n = 6). The Cr group's average distance run increased significantly from baseline to exercise day 16 (baseline = 128.91 m ± 18.23 vs. exercise day 16 = 217.11m ± 18.11; p < 0.005), while the control groups did not (baseline = 137.24 m ± 10.14, exercise day 16 = 101.04 m ± 14.97; p > 0.05). Over the course of the study, the treatment group's running endurance improved by 81% compared to baseline (p < 0.001) and we conclude that Cr supplementation provided rats an increased ability to run farther demonstrating possible implications for improving endurance athletes' performances.
The Prolyl Isomerase Pin1 Regulates mRNA Levels of Genes with Short Half-Lives by Targeting Specific RNA Binding Proteins

The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 is over-expressed in several cancer tissues is a potential prognostic marker in prostate cancer, and Pin1 ablation can suppress tumorigenesis in breast and prostate cancers. Pin1 can co-operate with activated ErbB2 or Ras to enhance tumorigenesis. It does so by regulating the activity of proteins that are essential for gene expression and cell proliferation. Several targets of Pin1 such as c-Myc, the Androgen Receptor, Estrogen Receptor-alpha, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, p53, RAF kinase and NCOA3 are deregulated in cancer. At the posttranscriptional level, emerging evidence indicates that Pin1 also regulates mRNA decay of histone mRNAs, GM-CSF, Pth, and TGFβ mRNAs by interacting with the histone mRNA specific protein SLBP, and the ARE-binding proteins AUF1 and KSRP, respectively. To understand how Pin1 may affect mRNA abundance on a genome-wide scale in mammalian cells, we used RNAi along with DNA microarrays to identify genes whose abundance is significantly altered in response to a Pin1 knockdown. Functional scoring of differentially expressed genes showed that Pin1 gene targets control cell adhesion, leukocyte migration, the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and DNA replication. Several mRNAs whose abundance was significantly altered by Pin1 knockdown contained AU-rich element (ARE) sequences in their 3′ untranslated regions. We identified HuR and AUF1 as Pin1 interacting ARE-binding proteins in vivo. Pin1 was also found to stabilize all core histone mRNAs in this study, thereby validating our results from a previously published study. Statistical analysis suggests that Pin1 may target the decay of essential mRNAs that are inherently unstable and have short to medium half-lives. Thus, this study shows that an important biological role of Pin1 is to regulate mRNA abundance and stability by interacting with specific RNA-binding proteins that may play a role in cancer progression.
Empirical Antibiotic Treatment in Diabetic Foot Infection: A Study Focusing on the Culture and Antibiotic Sensitivity in a Population From Southern China

Diabetic foot and subsequent diabetic ulcer infections are the most devastating complication of diabetes. This study was conducted to explore the bacterial spectrum, sensitivity of microbials, and analysis of the empirical antibiotic regimens in our health center. The study included patients with diabetic foot ulcer infection (DFI) seen from 2009 to 2014. The patients included had all information covering the physical examination, laboratory tests, and image examinations. We sent appropriately obtained specimens for culture prior to starting empirical antibiotic therapy in all participants. A total of 312 patients were included: 52, 112, 95 and 53 patients within uninfected, mild, moderate, and severe infection groups. The total percentages of Gram-positive cocci (GPCs) and Gram-negative rods (GNRs) were 54% and 48.8% (P = 0.63). The most common GPC was Staphylococcus aureus (22.4%) and GNR was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.9%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 21 patients (6.7%). Even in the mild infection group, there was no significant difference between GPC and GNR infection, irrespective of recent antibiotic use (P = 0.053). The most frequently used empirical antibiotics in our center were second-/third-generation cephalosporin ± clindamycin, both in the mild and moderate/severe infection groups. In our center, the amoxicillin/clavulanate or ampicillin/sulbactam (β-L-ase 1) and second-/third-generation cephalosporins were highly resistant to the common GNR (30%-60%). The ticarcillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazuobactam (β-L-ase 2), fluoroquinolone, and group 2 carbapenem had good sensitivity. This study presents a comprehensive microbiological survey of diabetic foot ulcers in inpatients and provides reliable evidence of the local microbial epidemiology and sensitivity of antibiotics, which may help us improve clinical outcomes in DFI patients.
Stroke Registry in Malmö, Sweden

Background and Purpose A stroke registry covering the city of Malmö, Sweden (population 232,000) was started in January of 1989 to prospectively follow up stroke incidence, recurrence, and fatality rates. Methods Patients with presumed stroke were interviewed within 1 week after admission to the hospital, and their medical records were examined. Continuous validation against hospital diagnosis showed well over 90% of all stroke cases in Malmö to have been included. Results Incidence rates per 100,000 residents were 300 for all stroke events and 225 for first-ever stroke, lower than those reported from other studies. The distribution of stroke diagnostic categories was 3% subarachnoid hemorrhage, 10% intracerebral hemorrhage, 50% cerebral infarction, and 38% unspecified stroke. The diagnosis was based on computed tomography in 51% of first-ever stroke cases. Median age was 73.1 years for men and 79.7 years for women. Incidence rates for all stroke diagnostic categories except subarachnoid hemorrhage increased with age. Prior stroke, hypertension, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes mellitus were major risk factors for all stroke events. The presenting symptoms were hemiparesis in 74%, speech disorder in 49%, and clouded consciousness in 19% of the patients. The overall case-fatality rate at 30 days was 15%; the rate for intracerebral hemorrhage was 37% and that for cerebral infarction was 10%. Conclusions Our findings confirm the value of a stroke registry for stroke epidemiology purposes and as a tool for specific stroke research.
Growth of several cariogenic strains of oral streptococci in a chemically defined medium

A chemically defined medium in which Streptococcus mutans strains AHT, BHT, GS-5, JC-2, Ingbritt, At6T, At9T, 6715, and OMZ-176 and Streptococcus salivarius strain HHT grew rapidly to high turbidities was formulated. Maximal turbidities of each strain were observed after 8 to 12 h of aerobic growth. The subsequent transfer of exponentially growing cells into fresh medium resulted in growth at the same rate without lag. Growth of these strains occurred with rates at least one-half of those observed in an organic medium, such as Todd-Hewitt broth. S. mutans strains FA-1 and OMZ-61 grew at relatively slow rates in the defined medium, but more rapidly growth to higher turbidities of both strains was obtained when sodium bicarbonate was added to the medium. Streptococcus sanguis strain OMZ-9 and another group H streptococcus (strain 72 times 46) grew rapidly in the defined medium after the addition of sodium carbonate. The presence of carbonate or bicarbonate yielded higher turbidities of all the other strains, and the growth rates of several of the strains tested were also increased.
A Facile and Efficient Method To Achieve LacZ Overproduction by the Expression Vector Carrying the Thermoregulated Promoter and Plasmid Copy Number

On the basis of the runaway‐replication vector, an expression plasmid was developed to achieve tight regulation as well as high‐level expression of cloned genes by thermal control of the promoter together with the plasmid copy number. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, the lacZ gene was fused with the heat‐inducible promoter on the vector, and the result showed that protein production levels in the Escherichia coli strain harboring the recombinant plasmid could be varied in response to various degrees of heat shock. The maximal soluble LacZ ranging between 45 000 and 50 000 Miller units was obtained as the recombinant strain received a 30 → 40 °C stepwise upshift, and it accounted for a 450‐fold amplification over an uninduced level. Further analyses by SDS‐PAGE indicated the maximal protein production (including soluble and insoluble forms) in the bacteria reaching approximately 30% total cell protein. In addition, two approaches were demonstrated to be very useful in enhancing the total soluble LacZ production on a fermenter scale. One was to shuttle the culture between two fermenters connected in series and set at different temperatures. The other resorted to the use of two‐step temperature alteration in a batch fermenter, namely, raising the temperature to 40 °C for a certain period of time followed by reducing the temperature to 37 °C. Overall, it illustrates the remarkable features of the expression system with stringent regulation, high‐level production capacity, facile induction, and high stability, and the usefulness of this system for recombinant protein productions is promising.
Double you? Function and form of implicit and explicit self-esteem

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Body Dissatisfaction and Its Correlates in 5- to 7-Year-Old Girls: A Social Learning Experiment

There is limited research on cognitive risk factors for eating disorders among young girls despite accumulating evidence that body dissatisfaction and thin-ideal internalization can begin to occur between 3 and 5 years of age. To improve upon the existing literature and significantly contribute to the prevention and intervention literature, the current study examined body dissatisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, and self-objectification in girls between 5 and 7 years of age. The sample consisted of 151 mother–daughter dyads with 63 five-year-olds, 39 six-year-olds, and 49 seven-year-olds. Girls were interviewed about their body dissatisfaction, thin-ideal, and self-objectification. In addition, all mothers and daughters participated in an individual and joint mirror experiment. Levels of body dissatisfaction were consistent across 5- to 7-year-olds. Thin-ideal internalization was higher among 5-year-olds than 6- and 7-year-olds. In contrast, self-objectification was higher among 6- and 7-year-olds than 5-year-old girls. Mother’s body dissatisfaction significantly and positively predicted daughter’s body dissatisfaction during the joint mirror experiment. Similarly, mother’s body satisfaction significantly and positively predicted daughter’s body satisfaction. Results from this study suggest that girls model their mothers’ self-body talk. In addition, girls will change their positive or negative body responses after being exposed to their mothers’ response.
Explaining media usage and media behavior: a comparison of social psychological determinants between the usage of online and traditional print newspapers

Abstract The study compared the determinants of the model of media attendance regarding reading online newspapers and traditional print newspapers. For this purpose an online survey has been created with partially already existing items. Usage of the medium was the dependent variable which was supposed to be influenced by the other determinants of the model, which are experience, expected outcomes, self-efficacy, habit strength, and deficient self-regulation. Research questions were in how far the determinants of the model differ between both groups and in how far the model explains the variance in usage of both media. Therefore, differences between readers of online (n=146) and traditional (n=90) newspapers were investigated as well as in how far the model fits for explaining the usage of online and traditional newspapers. The survey, which was used for this purpose, included general questions regarding demographics and media consumption, as well as Likert-scale items that were supposed to measure the variables expected outcomes consisting of six incentives which are social, activity, monetary, self-reactive, information and usability outcomes, as well as the determinants self-efficacy, habit strength and deficient self-regulation. Results of linear regression show that the model significantly predicted the dependent variable usage. The explained variance in usage of traditional newspapers was higher (37.4%) than the explained variance in usage of online newspapers (28.1%). With the help of the Mann-Whitney rank sum test, as well as Pearson’s Chi-Square test, significant differences between the groups were found in expected monetary outcomes, experience, and habit strength, as well as in the choice of the channel when reading an online newspaper and the number of purchases of traditional newspapers.
Tactile brush: drawing on skin with a tactile grid display

Tactile Brush is an algorithm that produces smooth, two-dimensional tactile moving strokes with varying frequency, intensity, velocity and direction of motion. The design of the algorithm is derived from the results of psychophysical investigations of two tactile illusions -- apparent tactile mo-tion and phantom sensations. Combined together they allow for the design of high-density two-dimensional tactile displays using sparse vibrotactile arrays. In a series of experiments and evaluations we demonstrate that Tactile Brush is robust and can reliably generate a wide variety of moving tactile sensations for a broad range of applications.
Ley Orgánica 4/2000, de 11 de enero sobre derechos y libertades de los extranjeros en España y su integración social

Preámbulo . 6 TÍTULO PRELIMINAR. Disposiciones generales . 6 Artículo 1. Delimitación del ámbito. 6 Artículo 2. Exclusión del ámbito de la ley. 6 Artículo 2 bis. La política inmigratoria. 6 Artículo 2 ter. Integración de los inmigrantes. 7 TÍTULO I. Derechos y libertades de los extranjeros . 8 CAPÍTULO I. Derechos y libertades de los extranjeros . 8 Artículo 3. Derechos de los extranjeros e interpretación de las normas. 8 Artículo 4. Derecho a la documentación. 8 Artículo 5. Derecho a la libertad de circulación. 8 Artículo 6. Participación pública. 9 Artículo 7. Libertades de reunión y manifestación. 9 Artículo 8. Libertad de asociación. 9 Artículo 9. Derecho a la educación. 9 Artículo 10. Derecho al trabajo y a la Seguridad Social. 9 Artículo 11. Libertad de sindicación y huelga. 10 Artículo 12. Derecho a la asistencia sanitaria. 10 LEGISLACIÓN CONSOLIDADA
Comparison of perindopril and amlodipine in cyclosporine-treated renal allograft recipients.

The objective of this study was to compare the antihypertensive efficacy and influence on renal function of perindopril and amlodipine in cyclosporine-treated renal allograft recipients with mild to moderate hypertension. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy crossover trial in ambulatory patients. Four phases were conducted: 2 weeks on placebo, 8 weeks of maintenance (perindopril or amlodipine), and 2 weeks of washout between treatment periods. Ten hypertensive patients with stable renal allograft function transplanted more than 6 months previously and receiving cyclosporine as part of their immunosuppressive regimen were studied. The patients were allocated to perindopril (2 or 4 mg/d) and amlodipine (5 mg/d) in a random sequence. If office diastolic pressure was greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg after 4 weeks, the dosage was doubled and continued for another 4 weeks. The main outcome measures were office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure changes after 8 weeks of active treatment and treatment and time effect on glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow. Perindopril and amlodipine were equally effective in lowering office blood pressure and similarly efficacious for the 24-hour period of the day. Neither drug affected glomerular filtration rate or effective renal plasma flow. Both agents demonstrated equivalent capacity (time x treatment, P = .955) to reverse renal vascular resistance (amlodipine from 0.35 +/- 0.02 to 0.30 +/- 0.02 mm Hg/mL per minute per 1.73 m2; perindopril from 0.36 +/- 0.03 to 0.32 +/- 0.01) (time effect of all treatments together, P = .043). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)