Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life

We examined genetic variation on the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY) to investigate the paternal population structure of indigenous Siberian groups and to reconstruct the historical events leading to the peopling of Siberia. A set of 62 biallelic markers on the NRY were genotyped in 1432 males representing 18 Siberian populations, as well as nine populations from Central and East Asia and one from European Russia. A subset of these markers defines the 18 major NRY haplogroups (A-R) recently described by the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC 2002). While only four of these 18 major NRY haplogroups accounted for ~ 95% of Siberian Y-chromosome variation, native Siberian populations differed greatly in their haplogroup composition and exhibited the highest F ST value for any region of the world. When we divided our Siberian sample into four geographic regions versus five major linguistic groupings, analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated higher F ST and F CT values for linguistic groups than for geographic groups. Mantel tests also supported the existence of NRY genetic patterns that were correlated with language, indicating that language affiliation might be a better predictor of the genetic affinity among Siberians than their present geographic position. The combined results, including those from a nested cladistic analysis, underscored the important role of directed dispersals, range expansions, and long-distance colonizations bound by common ethnic and linguistic affiliation in shaping the genetic landscape of Siberia. The Siberian pattern of reduced haplogroup diversity within populations combined with high levels of differentiation among populations may be a general feature characteristic of indigenous groups that have small effective population sizes and that have been isolated for long periods of time.
Consumers' views of electroconvulsive therapy: A qualitative analysis

Background: ECT is not a rare treatment in the UK today but little research has been conducted into users' views of their experiences. Most of what exists is quantitative in nature. Aims: To investigate consumers' views on the benefits and risks of ECT and to understand the controversy that exists between some users and their organizations and professional bodies. Method: Qualitative data was gathered from the internet, a video archive and consumer publications. This data is referred to as “testimonies”. These testimonies were subject to a qualitative analysis using content analysis and a simple form of grounded theory. Results: Twice as many testimonies were very negative about ECT as were very positive. Testimonies revealed themes regarding the experience of receiving ECT which are never elicited by standard “attitude” questionnaires. The main side-effect of ECT apparent in the data was persistent memory loss. Conclusion: Qualitative analysis reveals that consumers' views about health interventions such as ECT are complex and multi-faceted. Further research should seek to use qualitative methods with prospective or random samples as well as relying on theoretical sampling from sources such as the internet. Declaration of interest: The work reported here was funded by a grant from the Department of Health. However the arguments contained herein are the authors' own.
Responding to domestic violence: the integration of criminal justice and human services, 4th edition

very scant academic evidence available regarding resilience in adulthood and it is suggested that this is an area for further understanding. Moreover, it is noted that there currently exists few services designed to help adult survivors of childhood domestic violence overcome their experiences. The chapter highlights a range of strategies identified by the contributors to the book that might help. These were diverse and ranged from very private (personal discoveries, creativity) to very public (social engagement, employment, moving away) strategies which provide a starting point for service providers, policy-makers and academics alike. Despite ongoing debate regarding the nature of domestic violence, and the acknowledgement of the authors themselves that domestic violence can occur in same sex relationships and be perpetrated by women against men, the authors frame their analysis in terms of male violence against women claiming that this represents “the huge majority of victims across the world” (p. 14). Consequently, the book is limited at the outset in its ability to potentially determine the long-term impact of women’s use of violence against males, and the extent to which it may be variously associated with the outcomes identified from exposure to more accepted forms of domestic violence. This is an important limitation given current debates regarding the role, salience and impact of women’s violence in relationships. In sum, this is an important book for drawing attention to a very poorly understood issue, yet one that affects millions of adults throughout their lifetime. The combination of academic, creative and testimonial writing styles provides some unique insight into the issues presented. And yes, although the book is limited in its focus on the UK context, it provides much needed food for thought and raises many pertinent questions regarding how best to meet the needs of adult survivors of domestic violence. Erica Bowen Coventry University © 2013, Erica Bowen http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/13552600.2013. 845343
The Renal Protective Effect of Jiangya Tongluo Formula, through Regulation of Adrenomedullin and Angiotensin II, in Rats with Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis

We investigated the effect of Jiangya Tongluo (JYTL) formula on renal function in rats with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. A total of 21 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were randomized into 3 groups: valsartan (10 mg/kg/d valsartan), JYTL (14.2 g/kg/d JYTL), and a model group (5 mL/kg/d distilled water); Wistar Kyoto rats comprised the control group (n = 7, 5 mL/kg/d distilled water). Treatments were administered by gavage every day for 8 weeks. Blood pressure, 24-h urine protein, pathological changes in the kidney, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were estimated. The contents of adrenomedullin (ADM) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in both the kidney and plasma were evaluated. JYTL lowered BP, 24-h urine protein, serum creatinine, and BUN. ADM content in kidneys increased and negatively correlated with BP, while Ang II decreased and negatively correlated with ADM, but there was no statistically significant difference of plasma ADM between the model and the treatment groups. Possibly, activated intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in hypertensive nephrosclerosis and the protective function of ADM via local paracrine. JYTL may upregulate endogenous ADM level in the kidneys and antagonize Ang II during vascular injury by dilating renal blood vessels.
A mechanism of internal decadal variability in a high resolution coupled 1 climate model 2

The North Atlantic Ocean subpolar gyre (NA SPG) is an important region for initialising decadal climate forecasts. Climate model simulations and palaeo climate reconstructions have indicated that this region could also exhibit large, internally generated variability on decadal timescales. Understanding these modes of variability, their consistency across models, and the conditions in which they exist, is clearly important for improving the skill of decadal predictions — particularly when these predictions are made with the same underlying climate models. Here we describe and analyse a mode of internal variability in the NA SPG in a state-of-the-art, high resolution, coupled climate model. This mode has a period of 17 years and explains 15–30% of the annual variance in related ocean indices. It arises due to the advection of heat content anomalies around the NA SPG. Anomalous circulation drives the variability in the southern half of the NA SPG, whilst mean circulation and anomalous temperatures are important in the northern half. A negative feedback between Labrador Sea temperatures/densities and those in the North Atlantic Current is identified, which allows for the phase reversal. The atmosphere is found to act as a positive feedback on to this mode via the North Atlantic Oscillation which itself exhibits a spectral peak at 17 years. Decadal ocean density changes associated with this mode are driven by variations in temperature, rather than salinity — a point which models often disagree on and which we suggest may affect the veracity of the underlying assumptions of anomaly-assimilating decadal prediction methodologies. 12
Factors Affecting the Context for Motivation in Public Organizations1

A comparative framework is used to assess the present understanding of the motivational context in public organizations. Comparative public-private research on individual, job, work environment, and external variables affecting motivation is reviewed. In light of this research, the efficacy of four motivational techniques—monetary incentives, goal setting, job design, and participation—is discussed. An agenda is offered for future research, focusing on topics such as the measurability of performance, goal clarity, and job security.
Key factors that influence the diffusion and infusion of information and communication technologies in Kenyan higher education

Previous studies have shown that in the higher education sector, information and communication technology (ICT) provides the impetus for change from the traditional concepts of teaching and learning, as well as prime motivation behind the change in scholarly and professional activities. This underscores the importance of ICT in higher education in achieving the goal of providing flexible teaching and learning environments. Consequently, the aim of this study was to answer the empirical question as to what environmental, technological, organizational and individual factors are most likely to influence choice behaviour to use ICT in student learning in Kenyan higher education. Path analysis statistical techniques in structural equation modelling were used. The findings show that environmental, technological, organizational and individual factors play a significant role in ICT diffusion and infusion. It was further observed that the effects of some factors including availability of ICT, access to ICT, and the characteristics of the institution's chief executive officer play a pivotal role in ICT diffusion in a developing country context. This study produced useful insights into the factors that influence technology acceptance decisions by students, and provided new ideas for the management of ICT diffusion and infusion.
Rapid reactions to direct and averted facial expressions of fear and anger

Recent studies have shown that reaction times to expressions of anger with averted gaze and fear with direct gaze appear slower than those to direct anger and averted fear. Such findings have been explained by appealing to the notion of gaze/expression congruence with aversion (avoidance) associated with fear, whereas directness (approach) is associated with anger. The current study examined reactions to briefly presented direct and averted faces displaying expressions of fear and anger. Participants were shown four blocked series of faces; each block contained an equal mix of two facial expressions (neutral plus either fear or anger) presented at one viewpoint (either full face or three quarter leftward facing). Participants were instructed to make rapid responses classifying the expressions as either neutral or expressive. Initial analysis of reaction time distributions showed differences in distribution shape with reactions to averted anger and direct fear showing greater skew than those to direct anger and averted fear. Computational modelling, using a diffusion model of decision making and reaction time, showed a difference in the rate of information accrual with more rapid rates of accrual when viewpoint and expression were congruent. This analysis supports the notion of signal congruence as a mechanism through which gaze and viewpoint affect our responses to facial expressions.
When Nationality Matters

The objective of the study presented in this article is to answer the question of when nationality matters regarding employees’ interpersonal leadership preferences. Based on a literature review, 16 tenure- and demographic-based groupings of employees (four departments, five work positions, five age groups and gender) were identified. Hypotheses were developed regarding whether employee group-based belonging overrides nationality-based belonging. These were tested across 15 countries and could be rejected for almost all groups due to significant differences in leadership preferences. Although the results concerning three employee groupings: researchers, supervisors and ‘over 55-years-old’ were inconclusive, it was not possible to identify one specific employee grouping that overrode nationality-based belonging. These results contribute to earlier research by refuting the often argued notion that departments, hierarchical work positions, professions, age groups and gender are categories of employees that should be managed as distinct groups with similar leadership preferences across country borders.
Tales from the darkside: Negotiating whiteness in school arenas

By adopting a narrative method approach, this paper investigates how Black respondents negotiate whiteness in educational arenas. The focus is on the 'practice' of whiteness and how this practice impinges upon the lives of Black students and teachers. Drawing on the life-histories of Black people who have recently left school, or are currently teaching, this paper explores how they identify the normativity of whiteness. Moreover, it shows how Black participants are involved in a series of positioned engagements with whiteness and have acquired a complex and varied repertoire of strategies to negotiate the demands of White society. It is suggested that an analysis of the techniques deployed by Black respondents to 'manage' whiteness, may provide crucial insight into how whiteness can be usefully engaged in school contexts. By viewing whiteness as an 'activity', it is indicated that White students and teachers have the potential to reconfigure their identities through daily interaction.
Investigation of Fluid Structure Interaction of a Head Stack Assembly in a Hard Disk Drive

An analysis of three-dimensional, unsteady flow field is conducted in a 3.5-in, 7200 rpm hard disk drive (HDD) using FLUENT software. The analysis is carried out for the head stack assembly (HSA) positioned at the outer diameter (OD). A finite element model (FEM) of the HSA, built in ANSYS, is used for the forced vibration analysis. The flow field analysis yields the aerodynamic forces and moments which are applied to the HSA FEM. The effects of a damper plate and arm holes introduced to the HSA design are investigated. The analysis shows that a damper plate attenuates the root mean square (RMS) of aerodynamic loads acting on the HSA, resulting in a significant reduction of off-track displacement of the heads. It also shows that a weight-saving hole in the arm causes a complex vortex structure inside the hole. The vortex structure exhibits a forming/collapsing frequency of 7 to 9 kHz, which resonates with the structural modes of the HSA, causing additional off-track vibration of the heads.
Comparing the Reliability and Validity of Global Self-Report Measures of Subjective Well-Being With Experiential Day Reconstruction Measures

Self-report measures of global well-being are thought to reflect the overall quality of people’s lives. However, several scholars have argued that people rely on heuristics, such as current mood, when reporting their global well-being. Experiential well-being measures, such as the day reconstruction method (DRM), have been proposed as an alternative technique to obtain a potentially more accurate assessment of well-being. Across two multimethod, short-term longitudinal studies, we compared the psychometric properties of global self-reports and short-form DRM-based assessments of well-being. We evaluated their stability across one month, tested their convergent validity using self–informant agreement, and evaluated correlations with personality traits. Results indicated that global measures of well-being were more stable than DRM-based experiential measures. Self–informant agreement was also either equal across global and DRM measures or higher for global measures. Correlations with personality were similar across approaches. These findings suggest that DRM and global measures of well-being have similar psychometric properties when used to provide an overall assessment of a person’s typical level of subjective well-being.
A Virtual Machine Monitor for Providing a Single System Imag e

We have designed and implemented a virtual machine monitor that virtualizes a sharedmemory multi-processor machine on a commodity cluster. This functionality greatly simplifies utilization of commodity clusters. For example, it enables parallel applications for shared-memory multi-processor systems to run on clusters without any change of the applications. Moreover, commodity operating systems that support multiprocessors (e.g., Linux) can be installed in a virtual machine with a small amount of modification. We built a virtual 8-way multi-processor machine on eight physical machines. We ran parallel coarse-grain tasks on Linux installed in the virtual machine and measured the execution time. The experimental result demonstrates the feasibility of our approach.
Multiple affected Afrikaner families in a schizophrenia genetic study : environmental risk factors in interaction with genotypes : original article

The authors report on six multiple affected Afrikaner families suffering from schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. These families form part of an ongoing study on genetics of schizophrenia. Three or more first degree relatives were affected in these families. In each family, the following will be reported on: a family tree, sociodemographic data, diagnostic features, substance abuse, early insults, early deviant behaviour, and longitudinal course of illness. Environmental risk factors in interaction with genotypes are discussed and it is emphasised that diseases will tend to cluster in families not because of a direct genetic effect, but because relatives are more vulnerable to the risk-increasing effect of a prevalent environmental risk factor. Progress in the study of environmental factors that interact with genes needs to go hand in hand with developments in molecular genetics. Key Words: Multiple affected founder families, Genetics, Schizophrenia, Environmental risk factors South African Psychiatry Review Vol.7(4) 2004: 10-14
Indoor air quality levels in a University Hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Aim of the Study: The complex hospital environment requires special attention to ensure a healthy indoor air quality (IAQ) to protect patients and healthcare workers against hospital-acquired infections and occupational diseases. Poor hospital IAQ may cause outbreaks of building-related illness such as headaches, fatigue, eye, and skin irritations, and other symptoms. The general objective for this study was to assess IAQ inside a large University hospital at Al-Khobar City in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Different locations representing areas where most activities and tasks are performed were selected as sampling points for air pollutants in the selected hospital. In addition, several factors were studied to determine those that were most likely to affect the IAQ levels. The temperature and relative percent humidity of different air pollutants were measured simultaneously at each location. Results: The outdoor levels of all air pollutant levels, except volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were higher than the indoor levels which meant that the IAQ inside healthcare facilities (HCFs) were greatly affected by outdoor sources, particularly traffic. The highest levels of total suspended particulates (TSPs) and those less than 10 microns (PM10) inside the selected hospital were found at locations that are characterized with m4ore human activity. Conclusions: Levels of particulate matter (both PM10 and TSP) were higher than the Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs). The highest concentrations of the fungal species recorded were Cladosporium and Penicillium. Education of occupants of HCF on IAQ is critical. They must be informed about the sources and effects of contaminants and the proper operation of the ventilation system.
Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives.

Proposes an integrative theoretical framework for studying psychological aspects of incentive relationships. During the time that an incentive is behaviorally salient, an organism is especially responsive to incentive-related cues. This sustained sensitivity requires postulating a continuing state (denoted by a construct, current concern) with a definite onset (commitment) and offset (consummation or disengagement). Disengagement follows frustration, accompanies the behavioral process of extinction, and involves an incentive-disengagement cycle of invigoration, aggression, depression, and recovery. Depression is thus a normal part of disengagement that may be either adaptive or maladaptive for the individual but is probably adaptive for the species. Implications for motivation; etiology, symptomatology, and treatment of depression; drug use; and other social problem areas are discussed. (41/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
The "Military Revolution," 1560-1660--a Myth?

i;The sixteenth century constitutes a most uninteresting period in European military history," wrote Sir Charles Oman in 1937, and no one then dared to disagree with him. Today, however, few historians would endorse his verdict. The early modern period has come to be seen as a time of major change in warfare and military organization, as an era of "military revolution. " This shift in historical perspective is mainly the work of one man: Michael Roberts, until recently Professor of History at the Queen' s University of Belfast. His inaugural lecture, entitled "The Military Revolution, 1560-1660" and delivered at Belfast in January 1955, was an undisguised manifesto proclaiming the originality, the importance, and the historical singularity of certain developments in the art of war in post-Renaissance Europe. Now most inaugural lectures, for better or worse, seem to fade into the seamless web of history, leaving little trace; yet Professor Roberts' s inaugural is still quoted time after time in textbooks, monographs, and articles. His conclusions, as far as I know, have never been questioned or measured against the new evidence which has come to light in the twenty years or so which have elapsed since he wrote. Such an examination is the aim of this paper. 1 Roberts's 'imilitary revolution" took place between 1560 and 1660 in four distinct areas. First and foremost came a "revolution in tactics": certain tactical innovations, although apparently minor, were " the efficient cause of changes which were really revolu-