Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind

Hope is defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals, and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways. The adult and child hope scales that are derived from hope theory are described. Hope theory is compared to theories of learned optimism, optimism, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Higher hope consistently is related to better outcomes in academics, athletics, physical health, psychological adjustment, and psychotherapy. Processes that lessen hope in children and adults are reviewed. Using the hope theory definition, no evidence is found for "false" hope. Future research is encouraged in regard to accurately enhancing hope in medical feedback and helping people to pursue those goals for which they are best suited.
Neuropsychological consequences of alcohol and drug abuse on different components of executive functions

Several studies have shown alterations in different components of executive functioning in users of different drugs, including cannabis, cocaine and heroin. However, it is difficult to establish a specific association between the use of each of these drugs and executive alterations, since most drug abusers are polysubstance abusers, and alcohol is a ubiquitous confounding factor. Moreover, in order to study the association between consumption of different drugs and executive functioning, the patterns of quantity and duration of drugs used must be considered, given the association between these parameters and the executive functioning alteration degree. Based on the multicomponent approach to executive functions, the aims of the present study were: (i) to analyse the differential contribution of alcohol versus cocaine, heroin and cannabis use on executive functions performance; and (ii) to analyse the contribution made by the severity of the different drugs used (quantity and duration patterns) on these functions in a sample of polysubstance abusers that requested treatment for cannabis-, cocaine- or heroin-related problems. We administered measures of fluency, working memory, analogical reasoning, interference, cognitive flexibility, decision-making and self-regulation to two groups: 60 substance-dependent individuals (SDIs) and 30 healthy control individuals (HCIs). SDIs had significantly poorer performance than HCIs across all of the executive domains assessed. Results from hierarchical regression models showed the existence of common correlates of the use of alcohol, cannabis and cocaine on verbal fluency and decision-making; common correlates of quantity of cannabis and cocaine use on verbal working memory and analogical reasoning; common correlates of duration of cocaine and heroin use on shifting; and specific effects of duration of cocaine use on inhibition measures. These findings indicate that alcohol abuse is negatively associated with fluency and decision-making deficits, whereas the different drugs motivating treatment have both generalized and specific deleterious effects on different executive components.
Successful change leaders: What makes them? What do they do that is different?

Strong leadership is central to successful major change, but some leaders shy away from engaging in it. Mistakenly, they declare victory too early. Only three out of four change initiatives give the return on investment that leadership forecast. Failure is usually in the execution of the initiative. What differentiates the good leader from the bad? The latter tries to allay fears that change may be messy — and by doing so will pay later for his mistake. The good leader builds high levels of commitment and resolve, which is important, but ultimate success depends on discipline and the right implementation framework. The good leader is adaptable and can therefore navigate change successfully. Leadership change beliefs are important. What are these beliefs, and why does the good leader gravitate to one particular set of beliefs? Cost of failure is an issue that is addressed by the good leader. The paper identifies the characteristics associated with change that have a high cost of failure and looks at what good leaders do to reduce risks — including a belief that their own behaviour is critical for project success, and that implementation needs to be systematic and relentless.
Coping With Physical Exertion and Negative Feedback Under Competitive and Self‐Standard Conditions

The relationship between goal orientation, self-efficacy, perceived ability, effort, commitment, exertion, feedback tolerance, and process/outcome measures were investigated in 4 studies. In Study 1. feedback (win, lose, win/lose) in a competitive task (accuracy of dart throws) was manipulated. Results showed dart accuracy performance correlated significantly with ego orientation when feedback was positive (win opponent), but not when negative (lose) or alterable (lose/win). Self-efficacy and perceived ability after task familiarity predicted performance in all feedback conditions. In Study 2. a computer-simulated running task was performed by participants under 3 feedback modes (win. lose, win/lose) nested within 2 conditions (self-standard and against an opponent). Results indicated that ego more than task orientation accounted for the performance variance in all experimental conditions. Self-efficacy and task-specific psychological states accounted for 63% to 68% of the performance variance. In Studies 3 and 4. exertion time in strength and endurance tasks were related to the type of activity in which participants were engaged and their commitment and exertion tolerance in the specific tasks. Goal orientation and self-efficacy accounted for much of the exertion-time variables' variance, but they were not significant predictors.
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience Integrative Neuroscience

that provide information about arousal and sensory reactivity. Atypical behavioral and physiologic responses to sensory stimuli are reported in various groups with clinical diagnoses but few studies compare sensory symptoms across clinical conditions. Both individuals with ASD as well as children with idiopathic SMD present with behavioral and physiological features attributed to sensory processing diffi culties that are qualitatively and quantitatively different from typically developing children Clinical evidence suggests that the sensory-related behaviors in ASD and SMD may overlap, but no studies directly compare the sensory processing dysfunction A better understanding of the similarities and differences in sensory functioning between these two clinical disorders is crucial to differential diagnosis and can have a profound impact on treatment planning (Baranek et al., 2007). In both ASD and SMD, the atypical sensory processing is associated with signifi cant problems in adaptive behavior and participation in daily life activities (Cohn et al. Children with sensory processing diffi culties often suffer from impaired self-esteem, anxiety, depression, or aggression (Pfeiffer et al., 2005), that result in problems in social participation (Baker et al., 2008),
Leaf Abscission Induced by Ethylene in Water-Stressed Intact Seedlings of Cleopatra Mandarin Requires Previous Abscisic Acid Accumulation in Roots

The involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in the process of leaf abscission induced by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) transported from roots to shoots in Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) seedlings grown under water stress was studied using norflurazon (NF). Water stress induced both ABA (24-fold) and ACC (16-fold) accumulation in roots and arrested xylem flow. Leaf bulk ABA also increased (8-fold), although leaf abscission did not occur. Shortly after rehydration, root ABA and ACC returned to their prestress levels, whereas sharp and transitory increases of ACC (17-fold) and ethylene (10-fold) in leaves and high percentages of abscission (up to 47%) were observed. NF suppressed the ABA and ACC accumulation induced by water stress in roots and the sharp increases of ACC and ethylene observed after rewatering in leaves. NF also reduced leaf abscission (7-10%). These results indicate that water stress induces root ABA accumulation and that this is required for the process of leaf abscission to occur. It was also shown that exogenous ABA increases ACC levels in roots but not in leaves. Collectively, the data suggest that ABA, the primary sensitive signal to water stress, modulates the levels of ethylene, which is the hormonal activator of leaf abscission. This assumption implies that root ACC levels are correlated with root ABA amounts in a dependent way, which eventually links water status to an adequate, protective response such as leaf abscission.
Staff's person-centredness in dementia care in relation to job characteristics and job-related well-being: a cross-sectional survey in nursing homes.

AIM To explore the role of nursing staff's person-centredness caring for people with dementia in relation to their work environment and job-related well-being. BACKGROUND Given the development towards person-centred care and labour force issues, research has recently focused on the effect of person-centredness on nursing staff's well-being. Findings from occupational stress research suggest that employees' personal characteristics, such as person-centredness, can moderate the impact particular job characteristics have on their job-related well-being. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS A national survey was conducted among healthcare staff (n = 1147) in 136 living arrangements for people with dementia in the Netherlands (2008-2009). Hierarchical regression analyses were used. RESULTS Person-centredness moderates the relationship between coworker support and three outcomes of job-related well-being and between supervisor support and two of these outcomes. For highly person-centred nursing staff, coworker support was found to have a weaker impact and supervisor support to have a stronger impact on their job-related well-being. In addition, direct effects showed that person-centredness was weakly associated with more job satisfaction, more emotional exhaustion and more strongly with more personal accomplishment. CONCLUSION Nursing staff's person-centredness does play a modest role in relation to job characteristics and job-related well-being. Findings indicate that person-centredness is not only beneficial to residents with dementia as found earlier, but also for nursing staff themselves; specifically, in case nursing staff members feel supported by their supervisor. Since a more person-centred workforce feels more competent, further implementation of person-centred care might have a positive impact on the attractiveness of the profession.
Reflexivity: towards a theory of lifelong learning

The idea that the present is a period of intense structural and destabilizing change has become central to establishing policy contexts, to which there needs to be a response. Change and adaptation to change have become watchwords of policy, including educational policy. One central area of response in the UK and internationally has been the emergence of lifelong learning as a focus of policy development and academic debate. While there has been much discussion about the nature, extent and significance of lifelong learning as a policy goal, there has been little theoretical discussion specifically of the nature of the learning required to engage with the change processes to which it is meant to be a response. It is the purpose of this article to open up that area of debate. It is suggested that while policies for lifelong learning focus on the accumulation of skills and qualifications as an adaptation to change and uncertainty, a less passive notion of learning requires the development of reflexivity. It is to an initial elaboration of a reflexive notion of lifelong learning that this article is aimed, as the authors believe that a more behavioural, adaptive version of lifelong learning dominating policy and practice is being developed, in which reflex rather than reflexivity is taken to be the locus of learning.
Reconceptualizing The Peasantry: Anthropology In Global Perspective

* Introduction * San Jernimo: A Peasant Community? Kinds of Others in the History of Anthropology * Peasants and the Antinomies of the Modern Nation-State * Romantic Reactions to Modernist Peasant Studies * Beyond Peasant Studies: Changing Social Fields of Identity and Theory * Differentiation and Identity * From Modes of Production to Consumption of Modes: Class, Value, Power, and Resistance * Peasants and the New Politics of Representation
Career-decision Self-efficacy Among College Students with Symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder

Compared to the general college population, students with attention deficit disorder (ADD) are less academically prepared with the skills to maintain college course requirements. This inadequacy is due to the change in academic structure, time management, and the skills required for higher education. I measured career-decision self-efficacy to assess college students’ abilities to accomplish tasks necessary to making career decisions, and a relationship emerged between students that self-reported increased symptoms of ADD and a decrease in career decision selfefficacy. Providing academic institutions with knowledge of how symptoms of ADD affects college students and their future career planning may assist advisors in providing students with services and treatment options to increase retention and career commitment.
Dissociating syntax from morphology in a divergent L2 end-state grammar

This article addresses current proposals in the literature suggesting that thematic verb-raising is optional in the grammars of L2 acquirers, due either to failure to acquire verbal agreement morphology or to an impairment of the mechanism relating the ‘richness’ of morphological agreement paradigms to syntactic feature strength. I examine naturalistic longitudinal production data from Patty, a native Chinese speaker whose L2 English grammar has ‘fossilized’ with regard to verbal agreement morphology. The data show that, despite the omission of regular agreement suffixation in about 96% of obligatory contexts, thematic verbs are never raised in Patty's English,thus showing no optionality of raising.The results indicate that even in cases where regular verbal morphology is neveracquired,it is still possible for the learner to determine feature strength and the status of verb-raising in the target language.
Violent Crimes in a City

This longitudinal study examined the relationships between monthly violent crimes against persons offense rates of murder, rape, and aggravated assault and the following environmental factors: (1) monthly and seasonal cycles, (2) weather, (3) population, and (4) unemployment for the city of Raleigh, NC, from 1972 through 1981. Using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses, the environmental variables that were examined were found to have significant influences on rape and aggravated assault, but they were shown to have less effect on murder. Unemployment rates were found to have negative effects on monthly rates of rape and aggravated assault. Murder and aggravated assault rates were found to be negatively associated with population expansion. If these findings hold for other urban cities, then urban theories concerning violent crime may have to be reformulated.
Excessive reassurance-seeking, interpersonal rejection, rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms: an intervention focusing on mediating mechanisms

The current study sought to experimentally test an established interpersonal theory of depression and a new cognitive-behavioral theory of depression. Coyne’s interpersonal theory suggests that dysphoric individuals engage in excessive reassurance-seeking to assuage fears of being abandoned (Coyne, 1976), which then elicits interpersonal rejection, further exacerbating depressive symptoms (Joiner et. al., 1992). A new cognitive-behavioral theory postulates that excessive reassurance-seeking temporarily reduces rejection sensitivity (anxious expectations of rejection) in depressed individuals (Schmidt, et. al., 1999), but in the long-run reinforces rejection sensitivity, which exacerbates depressive symptoms (Ayduk et. al., 2001). vi The current study tested these models by experimentally manipulating excessive reassurance-seeking within the context of employing a psychosocial intervention with individuals experiencing depressive symptoms. Eighty-three participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: 1) ERS-Fading (N=33), 2) Expressive Writing (N=34), or 3) Wait-list (N=16). Participants in the ERS-Fading (ERS) condition were asked to reduce their reassurance-seeking and to talk about their rejection sensitivity. To control for expectations for improvement and non-specific treatment factors, participants in the Expressive Writing (EW) intervention were asked to write about their rejection sensitivity, but were not told to reduce their reassurance-seeking. The wait-list was included to control for the effect of time. Treatment outcome was evaluated for depressive symptoms and quality of life. Five treatment mediators were evaluated: excessive reassurance-seeking, interpersonal rejection, rejection sensitivity, health quality, and sleep quality. Results revealed significant decreases in depressive symptoms for both treatment conditions in comparison to wait-list control. No differences were detected between the two treatment groups on any outcome variables, except that ERS-fading participants demonstrated greater response and clinically significant change rates than EW participants. Both treatment groups demonstrated similar expectations for improvement and all three groups demonstrated significant decreases in excessive reassurance-seeking, with the ERS-fading and the Expressive Writing conditions demonstrating equally robust decreases that differed significantly from smaller decreases reported by the Wait-list
A New Representation of Skeleton Sequences for 3D Action Recognition

This paper presents a new method for 3D action recognition with skeleton sequences (i.e., 3D trajectories of human skeleton joints). The proposed method first transforms each skeleton sequence into three clips each consisting of several frames for spatial temporal feature learning using deep neural networks. Each clip is generated from one channel of the cylindrical coordinates of the skeleton sequence. Each frame of the generated clips represents the temporal information of the entire skeleton sequence, and incorporates one particular spatial relationship between the joints. The entire clips include multiple frames with different spatial relationships, which provide useful spatial structural information of the human skeleton. We propose to use deep convolutional neural networks to learn long-term temporal information of the skeleton sequence from the frames of the generated clips, and then use a Multi-Task Learning Network (MTLN) to jointly process all frames of the clips in parallel to incorporate spatial structural information for action recognition. Experimental results clearly show the effectiveness of the proposed new representation and feature learning method for 3D action recognition.
The significance of dorsal migration of the cord after extensive cervical laminectomy for patients with traumatic central cord syndrome.

Central cord syndrome (CCS) resulting from traumatic cervical injury is often associated with cervical stenosis and/or spondylosis. The efficacy of multilevel laminectomy in the treatment of this condition has been controversial. The objective of this study was to validate by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging the occurrence of dorsal cord migration after extensive laminectomy for patients with the clinical syndrome of central cord damage and its relationship to the short-term outcome. During a 28-month period, the authors evaluated 20 patients (mean age 54 years) who sustained CCS after cervical spine trauma. Pre- and postoperative MR imaging assessed the adequacy of cervical cord decompression by multilevel laminectomy. All patients had cervical canal stenosis with complete obliteration of the anterior subarachnoid space over multiple levels. Seventeen patients initially had CCS of different degrees of severity. One had no motor deficit and two had motor complete with sensory deficits greater in their arms. Laminectomy, generally from C2 to C7 without facetectomy, was performed after plateau of neurological recovery (mean 17 days postinjury). Neurological assessment 3 months after operation revealed improvement in 12, stable function in 7, and progression of deficit in one with no mortality. The postoperative midsagittal MR images demonstrated adequate decompression with restoration of anterior cerebrospinal fluid space and posterior cord migration in 12 patients (60% of the 20), but only 8 of them also had improved function. MR imaging demonstrated that, in the presence of multilevel spondylosis/stenosis, laminectomy may provide adequate spinal cord decompression in patients with traumatic CCS. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Twist-2 Controls Myeloid Lineage Development and Function

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play critical roles in lymphoid and erythroid development; however, little is known about their role in myeloid lineage development. In this study, we identify the bHLH transcription factor Twist-2 as a key negative regulator of myeloid lineage development, as manifested by marked increases in mature myeloid populations of macrophages, neutrophils, and basophils in Twist-2–deficient mice. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that Twist-2 inhibits the proliferation as well as differentiation of granulocyte macrophage progenitors (GMP) by interacting with and inhibiting the transcription factors Runx1 and C/EBPα. Moreover, Twist-2 was found to have a contrasting effect on cytokine production: inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) while promoting the regulatory cytokine IL-10 by myeloid cells. The data from further analyses suggest that Twist-2 activates the transcription factor c-Maf, leading to IL-10 expression. In addition, Twist-2 was found to be essential for endotoxin tolerance. Thus, this study reveals the critical role of Twist-2 in regulating the development of myeloid lineages, as well as the function and inflammatory responses of mature myeloid cells.