Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Students’ academic performance and various cognitive processes of learning: an integrative framework and empirical analysis

The main aim of this study is to test a conceptualised framework that involved the integration of achievement goals, self‐efficacy and self‐esteem beliefs, and study‐processing strategies. Two hundred and ninety (178 females, 112 males) first‐year university students were administered a number of Likert‐scale inventories in tutorial classes. Data were analysed through structural equation modelling procedures. The results provided support, in part, for the hypothesised relationships; for example, both self‐efficacy and self‐esteem exerted positive effects on deep processing, and academic performance was influenced positively by mastery goals and deep processing. Similarly, surface processing exerted a negative effect on academic performance. One key finding was the positive effect that self‐esteem exerted on self‐efficacy. Finally, a one‐way MANOVA indicated statistically significant differences between men and women in their self‐esteem; women reported higher self‐esteem than men. This study provides support for the amalgamation of key motivational and learning theories and accentuates the importance of achievement goals, self‐efficacy and study‐processing strategies as possible mediators of students’ academic performance.
A Model for Developing International Student Exchanges

This paper presents a model of international student exchanges that considers the needs and expectations of both host and guest country. It draws on the literature on international social work in addition to the experiences of the authors, who have taught social work courses abroad and conducted numerous service projects in the Caribbean Islands. One author has been placing social work students in international field practica for the past 10 years. This model of developing and maintaining international student exchanges suggests that communication is at the core of successful international work. The process of developing the exchanges should include the following communication steps for both host and guest nation: (1) establish a feedback loop with potential participants; (2) gain an overview of the other country; (3) provide orientation at micro, mezzo and macro levels; (4) identify gains; (5) consider costs; (6) clarify expectations; and (7) establish roles for the student, field liaison, and field supervisor. The aim is to enhance the quality of the experience for all by utilizing a strengths‐based approach. The model emphasizes long‐term relationships, mutual respect for diversity and commitment to reciprocity at all stages. Finally, the model presents principles that serve to maintain relationships internationally. Examples from the authors' experiences are presented throughout to illustrate the process.
ADOPT A MENTOR – THE NEW WAY AHEAD FOR WOMEN MANAGERS?

It is easy for women to gain employment at the lower levels of an organisation but it is still proving difficult for them to reach senior management positions. The method of career development known as mentoring is examined as a possible tool for the career advancement of women. A pilot study of 30 managers′ comparing male and female managers′ attitudes toward mentoring, is provided. The importance of, and the problems associated with, the practice are discussed and some recommendations are made.
Public health leadership in primary care practice in England: Everybody's business?

This article analyses the concept of leadership in relation to the UK Government's current approach to ‘modernizing’ the NHS in England. Focusing on public health in primary care, the authors consider current developments in the public health workforce, in particular attempts to differentiate between public health ‘specialists’ and ‘practitioners’ by different levels of leadership function. It looks at leadership in policy, theory and practice, and draws attention to a number of key challenges along the leadership path. The concept of ‘leadership skills’ as a taught competence is questioned, and Shelton and Darling's (2001) ‘quantum skills’ model of leadership is provided to suggest new ways in which public health leadership in a primary care context might be approached. Whilst this article focuses on public health and primary care in England, the complexity of primary care settings and public health delivery in other international contexts extends its relevance to non-UK settings.
The Impact of the Absence of Grammatical Tense in L1 on the Acquisition of the Tense-Aspect System in L2.

Many researchers have found that learners go through stages in acquiring the L2 tense system: from relying on pragmatic devices to using more lexical devices, and then to using more grammatical morphology. Chinese is a language that has no tense (a [-tense] language) and relies on pragmatic and lexical devices to indicate temporal locations. The present study investigates what impact a [-tense] L1 may have on the acquisition of the English tense system. We have found: (I) classroom instruction may force an early start of tense use; (2) the Chinese way of expressing temporality may reinforce the learners' initial tendencies of relying on pragmatic and lexical devices to indicate temporal locations; and (3) the early start of tense use and the L1 reinforcement of the learners' initial tendencies result in an extended period during which the learners' expression of temporality exhibits a very slow shift from depending more on pragmatic and lexical devices to depending more on grammatical devices. We have also found that the function of temporal adverbials may change from tense substitute to tense reminder as a result of special classroom training processes.
Differential Expression of the p75 Nerve Growth Factor Receptor in Glia and Neurons of the Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia after Peripheral Nerve Transection

Sympathetic nerve terminals on blood vessels within the dorsal root ganglia sprout after sciatic nerve lesions in the rat. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not clear, but might be predicted to involve nerve growth factor or its homologs because these factors are known to trigger collateral sprouting of undamaged sympathetic noradrenergic terminals. We have found that sciatic nerve lesions lead to a decreased expression of neuronal p75, the low-affinity receptor for the neurotrophins, but an increased expression of glial p75 in ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia. Intriguingly, the increased expression of p75 was found primarily in association with glia surrounding large-diameter neurons, which are those associated with the noradrenergic sprouts. A smaller but significant glial response was also found in contralateral ganglia. The glial response in ipsilateral ganglia could be mimicked by ventral, but not dorsal, root transection. The dorsal root lesion-induced glial responses in contralateral ganglia were greater than those induced by ventral root or sciatic nerve lesions. Combined lesions of dorsal root and either ventral root or sciatic nerve did not prevent the glial responses of ipsilateral ganglia, suggesting that a peripheral signal is involved. Colocalization studies indicate that tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve sprouts were associated with p75-immunoreactive glial cells. Thus, increased glial synthesis of p75 might provide an explanation for the abnormal growth of sympathetic fibers in dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury.
Towards a Marine Mindset: Visiting an Aquarium Can Improve Attitudes and Intentions Regarding Marine Sustainability

ABSTRACT The oceans are crucial for human survival, yet they are under serious threat from humans, for example through overfishing and poor waste management. We investigated two questions. First, does a leisure visit to an aquarium improve visitor attitudes and intentions towards marine sustainability, specifically regarding overfishing and pollution? Second, does an information booklet handed out in addition to the visit have additional measurable impact? Aquarium visitors (n = 104) completed a questionnaire on marine sustainability attitudes and behavioral intentions before and after their visit. Half of the visitors also were given informational materials that offered behavioral solutions to the problem of overfishing. The aquarium visit significantly improved visitors’ overall attitudes and intentions. The information booklet additionally improved intentions significantly, but not attitudes. These findings show that a visit to an aquarium can help individuals develop what we term a marine mindset, a state of readiness to address marine sustainability issues. Implications, limitations, and ideas for further research are discussed.
Development of Cognitive Skills in Children with Motor Coordination Impairments at 12-Month Follow-up

The current study presents a 1-year follow-up investigation of the development of executive functions (i.e., inhibition, updating, and shifting) in children with motor coordination impairments. Cognitive and motor coordination skills of children (N = 94) aged between 5 and 7 years with and without motor coordination impairments were compared. A second focus of the study was on pre-academic skills. The results indicate marked stability of motor coordination impairments and persistent executive functioning deficits in motor-impaired children. Inhibition and shifting performance was consistently lower, compared to the children without motor coordination impairments. Moreover, children with motor coordination impairments showed lower pre-academic skills, facing a substantial disadvantage at the beginning of formal schooling. The combined cognitive and motor problems may be the result of an underlying inhibition deficit or a general automation deficit. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Determining Competencies for Frontline Sales Managers in For-Profit Organizations

The Problem With sales models evolving in response to the changing marketplace, knowing the skills required for sales effectiveness is key to organizational competitive advantage. Frontline sales managers are the most critical role in a productive sales force; however, empirical research focusing on sales manager competence is limited. The Solution Understanding the knowledge and skills necessary for success as a frontline sales manager can assist in improving individual, team, and organizational sales performance. This article adds to the knowledge base by providing a frontline sales manager competency model that can serve as a guide for human resources initiatives to increase sales force effectiveness and help bridge the gap between theory and practice. The Stakeholders Competency models are valuable across industries, and human resources professionals, senior leaders, sales organizations, and researchers can learn from the findings of this study and adapt them to their context.
The drive to diversify the teaching profession: narrow assumptions, hidden complexities

In response to increasing cultural diversity within student populations in Australia as well as Britain, Europe and North America, there have been ongoing calls to diversify the teaching profession. Such a strategy is based on assumptions that teachers who are of ethnic and racial minority are well placed to act as role models for minority students, will understand students' cultural practices and beliefs and how they shape them as learners, and will contribute diverse cultural perspectives to school curricula. In this article I draw on data from two separate studies that investigated the experiences of culturally diverse teachers working in Australian schools. I illustrate how the participants are constructed, first and foremost, as ethnic and racialised teacher subjects, a positioning that shapes the nature of their work and professional identities. I suggest that the work of racially and ethnically diverse teachers and the construction of their professional selves are underpinned by naive assumptions about them as a homogenous group, as educators who can address the education needs of all culturally diverse students and as cultural experts who can incorporate diverse cultural perspectives into school curricula. In light of these findings I critique the assumptions about culturally diverse teachers that underpin arguments to diversify the profession. I also make visible some of the tensions and complexities that shape their work in schools.
Demographic and Sexual Behavior Comparisons of Indian and U.S. Internet Samples of Men who have Sex with Men

ABSTRACT Data were collected via the Internet on sexual behaviors of Indian men who have sex with men (MSM; n = 171); these data were compared to online American MSM (n = 682). Among Indian MSM, 51% had never been tested for HIV, 100% believed themselves to be HIV-uninfected, and 22% (secondary Internet male partners) to 43% (primary male partners) reported not using condoms during last anal intercourse. While U.S. MSM were more likely to not use condoms (42% for secondary Internet partners to 67% for primary male partners), most (88%) had been tested for HIV (.0001 ≤ p ≤ .002, all comparisons). Low rates of HIV testing, beliefs about being HIV-uninfected, and significant levels of unsafe anal intercourse could fuel the spread of infection among Indian MSM.
Characterization of the Human Cysteinyl Leukotriene 2 Receptor*

The contractile and inflammatory actions of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are thought to be mediated through at least two distinct but related CysLT G protein-coupled receptors. The human CysLT1 receptor has been recently cloned and characterized. We describe here the cloning and characterization of the second cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, CysLT2, a 346-amino acid protein with 38% amino acid identity to the CysLT1 receptor. The recombinant human CysLT2 receptor was expressed in Xenopusoocytes and HEK293T cells and shown to couple to elevation of intracellular calcium when activated by LTC4, LTD4, or LTE4. Analyses of radiolabeled LTD4 binding to the recombinant CysLT2 receptor demonstrated high affinity binding and a rank order of potency for competition of LTC4 = LTD4 ≫ LTE4. In contrast to the dual CysLT1/CysLT2 antagonist, BAY u9773, the CysLT1 receptor-selective antagonists MK-571, montelukast (SingulairTM), zafirlukast (AccolateTM), and pranlukast (OnonTM) exhibited low potency in competition for LTD4 binding and as antagonists of CysLT2receptor signaling. CysLT2 receptor mRNA was detected in lung macrophages and airway smooth muscle, cardiac Purkinje cells, adrenal medulla cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, and brain, and the receptor gene was mapped to chromosome 13q14, a region linked to atopic asthma.
Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection: a regulatory RNA perspective

Yersinia pestis, responsible for causing fulminant plague, has evolved clonally from the enteric pathogen, Y. pseudotuberculosis, which in contrast, causes a relatively benign enteric illness. An ~97% nucleotide identity over 75% of their shared protein coding genes is maintained between these two pathogens, leaving much conjecture regarding the molecular determinants responsible for producing these vastly different disease etiologies, host preferences and transmission routes. One idea is that coordinated production of distinct factors required for host adaptation and virulence in response to specific environmental cues could contribute to the distinct pathogenicity distinguishing these two species. Small non-coding RNAs that direct posttranscriptional regulation have recently been identified as key molecules that may provide such timeous expression of appropriate disease enabling factors. Here the burgeoning field of small non-coding regulatory RNAs in Yersinia pathogenesis is reviewed from the viewpoint of adaptive colonization, virulence and divergent evolution of these pathogens.
CALCULATING ECONOMIC LIFE

The rediscovery of the economy as a legitimate object of sociological and cultural enquiry is in full swing. This is long overdue, and follows a remarkable neglect of such issues for many decades. Organization theorists, sociologists and others have long studied organizations, institutions and networks. But a focus on the constitutive or performative role of calculative practices, and their role in the formation of markets and market relations, is more recent. This paper endorses much of the spirit of this recent rediscovery of the economy and economic relations, and suggests a framework for taking forward this overall agenda. First, the paper offers a brief reminder of the curiously punctuated history of sociological concerns with economic calculation. Second, it draws attention to the specificity of accounting as one particular mode of calculation, and reviews the range of studies that have sought to understand and analyse its constitutive capacities. Rather than appealing to economics as the sole or primary constitutive machine for the construction of the economy, it suggests a more differentiated and nuanced view of the range of expertises and modes of calculation that constitute the economy, markets and associated modes of power. Finally, the paper argues for a particular way of analysing the economy and its constituent practices. Most generally, this means suggesting a focus on the governing of economic life, the linkages and interdependencies between calculative practices and programmes for governing, and the assemblages formed.
Microgeographic population structure of green swordail fish: genetic differentiation despite abundant migration

Swordtails (Xiphophorus; Poeciliidae) have figured prominently in research on fish mating behaviours, sexual selection, and carcinogenesis, but their population structures and dispersal patterns have been relatively neglected. Using nine microsatellite loci, we estimated genetic differentiation in Xiphophorus helleri within and between adjacent streams in Belize. The genetic data were complemented by a tagging study of movement within one stream. In the absence of physical dispersal barriers (waterfalls), population structure followed an isolation by distance (IBD) pattern. Genetic differentiation (FST up to 0.07) was significant between and within creeks, despite high dispersal in the latter as judged by the tagging data. Such heterogeneity apparently was a result of genetic drift in local demes, due to small population sizes and highly skewed paternity. The IBD pattern was interrupted by waterfalls, boosting FST above 0.30 between adjacent samples across these barriers. Overall, our results are helpful in understanding the interplay of evolutionary forces and population dynamics in a small fish living in a changeable habitat.
GLOBAL CONTINUOUS SOLUTIONS FOR DIAGONAL HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS WITH LARGE AND MONOTONE DATA

In this paper, we study diagonal hyperbolic systems in one space dimension. Based on a new gradient entropy estimate, we prove the global existence of a continuous solution, for large and non-decreasing initial data. We remark that these results cover the case of systems which are hyperbolic but not strictly hyperbolic. Physically, this kind of diagonal hyperbolic system appears naturally in the modeling of the dynamics of dislocation densities.
Item Reversals and Response Validity in the Job Diagnostic Survey

Experts disagree on whether questionnaires should have items worded in both positive and negative directions or items all worded in the same direction. This study examined this controversy in a sample of 921 employees of a state agency who completed two versions of a widely used questionnaire, Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey. One version had both positively and negatively worded items, and the other version had only positively worded items. Subsamples of respondents high and low on inconsistency and inaccuracy scales (response validity scales developed by the author) were studied to determine whether invalid responding might account for problems with item wording. Correlations between job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) and work outcomes (general job satisfaction, internal motivation, and growth satisfaction) were compared between subsamples using the Fisher r to z transformation. Out of 18 comparisons, only 3 correlations were significantly different for the subsamples of respondents. The conclusion was that results were similar regardless of item wording and regardless of invalid responding. However, further research may be warranted to assess whether inflated correlations for respondents high on the inaccuracy scale suggests that they are prone to common method variance.
On Q-conic Bundles

A Q-conic bundle is a proper morphism from a threefold with only terminal singularities to a normal surface such that fibers are connected and the anti-canonical divisor is relatively ample. We study the structure of Q-conic bundles near their singular fibers. One corollary to our main results is that the base surface of every Qconic bundle has only Du Val singularities of type A (a positive solution of a conjecture by Iskovskikh). We obtain the complete classification of Q-conic bundles under the additional assumption that the singular fiber is irreducible and the base surface is singular.
Structural reform

This article provides a narrative which illustrates the experiences of one group of UK schools as they have attempted to introduce innovation in order to achieve their collective vision of improving educational opportunity for all pupils in their care. It considers the findings of a small-scale research project which follows, over a 3-year period, the proposed development of an all-age hard federation of ten schools, the vision and plans for which were conceived and developed by the schools’ leaders. The article considers the factors that have enabled or constrained the collaboration of the schools, and focuses on the evolution of the schools’ initial proposal in response to the changing requirements of central government. The article ends with a reflection upon the purposes, intentions and roles of each of the key players, and concludes that, in an era of freedoms and flexibilities, unintentional blockages and forces are at play that serve to undermine the policy intention.
Unconscious Vision and the Platitudes of Folk Psychology

Since we explain behavior by ascribing intentional states to the agent, many philosophers have assumed that some guiding principle of folk psychology like the following, which I call intentional states and actions (ISA), must be true: “If A and B are different actions, then the agents performing them must differ in their intentional states at the time they are performed. ” Recent results in the physiology of vision present a prima facie problem for this principle. These results show that some visual information that guides spatial manipulation and fine motor control is unavailable for verbal report. Plausibly, this information is not consciously available to the agent, and as such, not available to inform the content of intentional states. Thus, it is hard to see how every difference in action is subject to intentional explanation, as (ISA) requires. I articulate the prima facie problem and argue that the most plausible solution requires us to reject (ISA).
Awe: Its Bidirectional Power—Veneration and Inspiration or Dread and Inhibition

Awe: emotion in which dread, veneration, and wonder are variously mixed: as a. profound and humbly fearful reverence inspired by deity or by something sacred or mysterious; b. submissive and admiring fear inspired by authority or power; c. wondering reverence tinged with fear inspired by the sublime. [ Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary , 1977, p. 79] When I paint the great beginning of a ship I feel the reverence the ship-builder has for his handwork. I am ﬁlled with awe, and I am trying to paint as well as he builds, to paint my emotion about him.