Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What does bullying really mean

Summary The first part of this short report looks at the problems of using the term ‘bullying’ across different cultures; and the difficulties in arriving at a definitive definition of what constitutes bullying among professional researchers and other adults. The second part looks at young children's perception of what bullying means to them, and draws on a small‐scale piece of recent research that formed part of an MA dissertation on the incidence of bullying in a junior school in Essex. The results suggested that pupils (and teachers) found the term ‘bullying’ rather ambiguous and difficult to define. Younger pupils were found to have a more extensive definition of the term, and a hypothesis was proposed that this might account for the higher levels of being bullied found in the lower school.
Peer Reviewing Interdisciplinary Papers

Interdisciplinary research is becoming more frequent because many contemporary issues can only be successfully addressed by integrating different perspectives. One general feature of the various scientific fields is peer review, i.e. the assessment and improvement of submissions to journals, conferences and workshops. Whilst there exist guidelines for the peer review of mono-disciplinary articles and empirical studies of how interdisciplinary research proposals are assessed, there is still a need for a summary of issues specific to the peer review of interdisciplinary research papers. This article provides an overview of relevant questions such as whether reviewers are competent to assess interdisciplinary papers even if unfamiliar with all the involved fields. We discuss the assessment of the interdisciplinarity, soundness, novelty, influence and general interest of interdisciplinary manuscripts. Further issues include the appropriateness of interdisciplinary submissions for journals, keeping the vocabulary of new interdisciplinary fields understandable to the reader and balancing the references across various fields. Constructive interdisciplinary reviewers are likely to be just as open-minded as interdisciplinary scientists and should be rewarded more than they currently are.
Criminal Thinking as a Predictor of Prison Misconduct and Mediator of the Static Risk–Infractions Relationship

The General Criminal Thinking (GCT) score of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) was found to successfully predict institutional adjustment in 2,487 male medium security federal inmates after controlling for eight static risk factors (age, race, confining offense, sentence, gang affiliation, mental health history, substance abuse history, criminal history). Causal mediation analysis was also performed and showed that the GCT score partially mediated the relationship between static risk and total infractions. These results suggest that the GCT score may have a role in internal classification and in clarifying the relationship between static risk factors and prison misconduct.
Critical evaluation of hardiness theory: Gender differences, perception of life events, and neuroticism

Abstract Women are entering the workforce in increasing numbers and, as a result, are faced with greater life stress. Personality characteristics such as hardiness have been explored to better understand how people withstand the potentially negative impact of life stress. Hardiness research has recently been strongly criticized for a number of conceptual and methodological limitations. Multiple regression was used in the present study to address three commonly voiced concerns: the presence of possible gender differences, the impact of neuroticism on physical illness, and the relevance of perceived life stress (i.e. severity) as opposed to the simple frequency of life stressors and their effect on physical illness in a sample of adult employees (91 males and 85 females). Kobasa's original hardiness research paradigm (i.e. models based on Frequency scores for men) was not supported in this study. The model based on the perceived severity of life events and self-reported in health identified a hardiness buff.
Adaptive Clock Skew Estimation with Interactive Multi-Model Kalman Filters for Sensor Networks

Clock synchronization is a fundamental issue in communication networks and distributed systems, and clock skew is the inherent cause for clock desynchronization. Clock skew estimation is essential to improve the efficiency and reduce the overhead of clock synchronization schemes, and it is especially beneficial for resource-constrained devices such as sensor nodes in dynamic environments. According to the measurement, clock skew is environment sensitive, and no existing clock skew estimation schemes can accurately capture such dynamic behaviors. In this paper, we investigate a general clock synchronization problem with variable clock skews and propose a new skew estimation model based on a hybrid approach to characterizing the dynamic of clock skews. To estimate the time-varying clock state vector, we employ the Interactive Multi-Model (IMM) Kalman filter, which can make soft decisions by combining results from different models. Extensive simulations have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive clock skew estimation algorithm, which achieves a better performance with moderate computational complexity.
REMEMBERING EXPERIENCED AND REPORTED EVENTS

Reported events are distinguished from personally experienced (autobiographical) events by being known from reports provided from some person or agency--for example, news reports. Memory for reported events has usually been ignored theoretically, or classified as 'semantic', though it is clearly concerned with specific, dated episodes. We discuss a number of differences between the information available to specify experienced and reported events, and the possible implications of such differences for remembering the events. A study of retrieval of the two types of events, prompted by cue words, showed that reported events take much longer time to retrieve but are dated as being equally old as experienced events. Effects of using emotion words as cues were similar for the two event types. These results suggest that reported events are forgotten (or become inaccessible) at the same rate as experienced events, but that memories are organized in such a way that reported events often have to be accessed indirectly through memories of associated autobiographical events. Language: en
Dividing and uniting: The use of citizenship discourses in conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda

Conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda are closely tied to the public discourse on citizenship. This article therefore examines the use of citizenship discourses and their political functions. After independence, the notion of citizenship was employed to divide the polis by reducing citizenship to ethnic Hutu identity, entailing the exclusion of all Tutsi, while today, after the genocide, citizenship is based on ‘Rwandanness’ and all ethnic references are eradicated in the public discourse. In an effort to construct a collective identity the present government's nation-building project promotes national unity and de-ethnicisation. This, however, is potentially counter-productive since it denies a space for difference and silences criticism and legitimate grievances.
Developmental haemostasis

Summary Developmental haemostasis is a concept, now universally accepted, introduced by Andrew et al. in the late 1980’s. However, coagulation analysers and reagents have changed significantly over the past 15 years. Coagulation testing is known to be sensitive to changes in individual reagents and analysers. We hypothesised that the reference ranges developed by Andrew et al. may not be appropriate for use in a modern coagulation laboratory. Our study was designed to determine whethera current day coagulation testing system (STA Compact analyser and Diagnostica Stago reagent system) was sensitive to agerelated changes in coagulation assays. This is the first large scale study since Andrew et al. to determine the age associated numerical changes in coagulation proteins. Our results confirm the concepts of developmental haemostasis elucidated by Andrew et al. However, our results clearly demonstrate that the absolute values of reference ranges for coagulation assays in neonates and children vary with analyser and reagent systems. The results confirm the need for coagulation laboratories to develop age-related reference ranges specific to their own testing systems. Without this, accurate diagnosis and management of neonates and children with suspected bleeding or clotting disorders is not possible. Finally we present age related reference ranges for D-dimers, TFPI, and endogenous thrombin potential, previously not described.
Follicular red dots: a novel dermoscopic pattern observed in scalp discoid lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND Scalp dermoscopy plays an important role in the diagnosis of hair and scalp disorders, and specific dermoscopic patterns have recently been associated with several disorders causing noncicatricial alopecia, such as androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, trichotillomania, and tinea capitis. OBSERVATIONS We describe the morphologic and pathologic features of a new dermoscopic pattern, referred to as "follicular red dots," that was found in scalp lesions of 5 patients with active discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). Follicular red dots appear as erythematous polycyclic, concentric structures, with a diameter ranging from 0.16 to 0.47 mm, regularly distributed in and around the follicular ostia. In the pathologic findings, red dots correspond to widened infundibula plugged by keratin and surrounded by dilated vessels and extravasated erythrocytes. Retrospective blinded evaluation of the dermoscopic images of 155 patients with cicatricial alopecia suggests that follicular red dots are a specific feature of DLE because the pattern was not identified in the images of cicatricial alopecia resulting from other diseases. CONCLUSIONS The follicular red dot pattern is a specific feature of scalp lesions of active lupus erythematosus of the scalp. Recognition of this distinctive dermoscopic pattern may help the clinician to differentiate DLE from other diseases causing cicatricial alopecia.
Multiple Resolution Texture Analysis and Classification

Textures are classified based on the change in their properties with changing resolution. The area of the gray level surface is measured at serveral resolutions. This area decreases at coarser resolutions since fine details that contribute to the area disappear. Fractal properties of the picture are computed from the rate of this decrease in area, and are used for texture comparison and classification. The relation of a texture picture to its negative, and directional properties, are also discussed.
Ubiquitous 3D positioning systems by led-based visible light communications

Currently, LEDs are popularly employed in our daily life due to various advantages. LEDs can also be employed for wireless data communications (i.e., VLC). Based on these LED-VLC systems, we can obtain high-performance positioning systems beyond the performance of RF communications or global positioning systems. In this article, we present a brief overview of positioning approaches in VLC systems, and also propose a maximum likelihood approach for the positioning system. Currently, the main technologies employ triangulations or image sensors for positioning a receiver in VLC systems. The least squares method is popularly employed for triangulation approaches in various ways, and we enhance the positioning performance by employing an iterative maximum likelihood approach by adopting the least square solution as an initial guess. We show the optimality of the proposed approach based on sufficient SNR.
Perceived Sexist Events and Feminist Identity Development Attitudes

Data from 104 undergraduate and 83 faculty/staff women indicated that perceived sexist events, measured by the Schedule of Sexist Events Scale (SSE), along with Passive Acceptance (PA), Revelation (R), and Embeddedness-Emanation (EE) attitudes, measured by the Feminist Identity Development Scale (FIDS), each related positively to women's psychological distress, measured by the General Severity Index (GSI) of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). When social desirability, age, and socioeconomic status (SES) were entered as covariates in a multiple regression analysis, however, only recent perceived sexist events and PA accounted for unique variance in distress. In addition, PA tentatively was supported as a moderator of the relation between recent perceived sexist events and distress. Finally, PA scores related negatively, and R, EE, and Active Commitment scores related positively to perceived sexist events; beyond covariates, only PA and R scores accounted for unique variance in lifetime perceived sexist events, and only R scores accounted for unique variance in recent perceived sexist events.
Indicadores de risco e de proteção em famílias fisicamente abusivas

This article analyses risk and protection factors identified in families with a history of parental physical abuse. Twenty families of low socioeconomic level participated in this study. The data were obtained through a semi-structured inter- view and ecological insertion. The risk indicators found were related to: 1) the different roles in the family; 2) pathologies; 3) educative practices; and, 4) aggressive behaviors. The protection indicators are related to: 1) the network of social and affective support; 2) achievements valorization; and, 3) the wish of future improvement. The conclusion is that the risk indicators are severe and diversified, acting many times on a intense way in the familiar context. Thereby, they can allow the use of physical strength in parents-children relations, at the same time that protection indicators are not totally to inhibit such action. These risk and protection indicators can be comprehended as important instruments for the analysis and implementation of educational and health actions that seek the prevention and inhibition of intrafamily violence.
Safety Awareness and Preparedness in Secondary Schools in Kenya: A Case of Turkana District.

Safety for students and staff from hazards that can be created by unsafe conditions, behaviour, disasters or emergencies in schools cannot be guaranteed. This is because of inadequate preparedness and awareness programs for safety needs. This study investigated the adequacy of procedures, precautions and infrastructure to respond to fire outbreaks and destructive violence with a view to making recommendations for improving safety conditions in schools in Kenya. The study adopted a survey research design in which a random sample of 210 respondents was drawn from seven secondary schools in Turkana District, Kenya. They included students, head teachers, teachers, non-teaching staff, community members and key informants. Observation method was used to complement interviews in data collection. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that there were no awareness programs of school safety needs in Turkana District; teachers and students were poorly prepared to respond to fire outbreak and destructive violence. Based on these findings, the Schools should be advised to conduct fire drills and talks periodically in order to improve the level of awareness on school safety needs; the schools should also conduct training of staff and students on how to prevent violence in order to improve preparedness; schools should not over depend on reactive policies and legislation at the expense of pro-active programs that seek to involve other stakeholders like community in management of students’ discipline. The findings of the study and their implications will assist the teachers, students, parents and educational managers in policy guidelines on school safety.
The Implications of Priming the "Latin Lover" Stereotype on Perceptions of Romantic Intentions: A Self-Categorization Theory Approach

Media effects research has yet to shed light on the effects of exposure to the stereotype of Latinos as passionate and seductive (i.e., Latin lovers). Research on priming ethnic group stereotypes indicates that the activated stereotype affects subsequent evaluations of members of the ethnic group. This study looked at the effects of priming the Latin lover stereotype on participants’ judgments of unrelated targets. A selfcategorization theory approach was invoked to account for individual differences in priming effects, by assessing the role that ethnicity salience and stereotype endorsement play in priming effects. The experiment found little support for the effects of priming the Latin lover stereotype. Ethnicity accessibility and stereotype endorsement mainly moderated priming effects dealing with perceptions of an unrelated White male target’s romanticism, perceptions of an unrelated Latino male target’s relational commitment, perceptions of a relationally-committed female target’s ethnicity, and compatibility ratings involving the relationally-committed female target. Reasons for the weak priming results are discussed.
Executive Functioning and Mathematics Achievement

The importance of executive functioning (EF) skills in mathematical achievement is well established, and researchers have moved from just measuring working memory or updating to an inclusion of other EF skills, namely, inhibition and shifting. In this article, we review studies that have taken different approaches to measuring EF (e.g., using single vs. multiple indicators) and those that have applied different analytical techniques to conceptualize the structure of EF (e.g., exploratory vs. confirmatory techniques). Across studies, updating is often a unique predictor of math achievement at many ages; the findings relating to inhibition and switching are less conclusive. We discuss these findings in relation to age-related variance in EF structure, the nature of inhibitory and shifting task requirements, and the role of updating as a limiting factor or a common resource for inhibition and shifting.
The Impact of Decision Rules on the Distribution of Power in Problem-Solving Teams with Unequal Power

In organizational decision making, the dominance by a power figure in a group discussion is frequently an inhibiting force that hinders a group from effective performance and from reaching effective decisions. This problem provides an impetus for searching for methods to mitigate the disruptive effects of power inequalities. This study proposes a new method: assignment of a majority rule. Specifically, this study suggests that assignment of a majority rule in some unequal-power groups has a greater potential for reducing power inequalities than a unanimity rule or no assigned decision rule.
Nanodispersion-loaded mucoadhesive polymeric inserts for prolonged treatment of post-operative ocular inflammation

Abstract Mucoadhesive polymeric films incorporated with ketorolac tromethamine-loaded nanodispersion aiming the sustained delivery of the drug to the cornea have been developed and characterised for the treatment of post-operative ocular inflammation. Nanodispersions were prepared by ionic gelation method with various concentrations of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. The developed nanodispersions were analysed for morphology, particle size, dispersion homogeneity, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and drug release. The nanodispersion that showed the smallest particle size and the highest entrapment efficiency was incorporated in optimised HPMC E15 and Eudragit RL100/HPMC K4m films. The formulation with optimum physicomechanical properties was selected to study its ex vivo transcorneal permeation through freshly excised bovine cornea in comparison with the nanodispersion and the marketed eye drops (Acular®). The polymeric ocular film showed greater permeation than aqueous eye drops. Moreover, the ocular film revealed a prolonged anti-inflammatory effect compared to eye drops when applied to inflamed rabbit’s eyes.
Mean curvature and shape operator of slant immersions in a Sasakian space form.

For submanifolds, in a Sasakian space form, which are tangential to the structure vector Þeld, we establish a basic inequality between squared mean curvature and Ricci curvature. Equality cases are also discussed. Some applications of these results are given for slant, invariant, anti-invariant and CR-submanifolds. We also establish an inequality between the shape operator and the sectional curvature for slant submanifolds in a Sasakian space form. In particular, we give similar results for invariant and anti-invariant submanifolds.
An Adaptive Deviation-tolerant Secure Scheme for distributed cooperative spectrum sensing

Distributed collaborative spectrum sensing is a promising method to improve the precision and efficiency of primary user detection in cognitive radio networks. Despite its performance advantages, it introduces new security issues that malicious or selfish nodes may manipulate false sensing data to degrade or even covert the sensing result of the whole network. Existing research often utilizes a threshold to distinguish honest users and malicious ones. However, determining such a threshold is difficult due to the dynamic characteristic of cognitive radio networks, and it is likely to misjudge an honest node with a relatively large deviation to be malicious. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Deviation-tolerant Secure Scheme (ADS) for distributed collaborative spectrum sensing, which aims to mitigate the misbehaviors of inside malicious nodes and, at the same time, tolerant the large deviation introduced by honest users. ADS achieves the trade off of sensing security and deviation tolerance by assigning a dynamic weight to each sensing node and utilizes an adaptive threshold to minimize the negative effect on honest users. We evaluate the performance of the scheme through both analytical and simulation based study.