Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maternal perceptions of weight status of children.

OBJECTIVE We quantified maternal misclassification of child weight status and examined determinants associated with maternal perceptions of child weight status. METHODS Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) were used. The sample included 5500 children (aged 2-11 years) with maternal interview data. Maternal perceptions of children's weight status were compared with measured weights and statures from which body mass index (BMI; weight/stature2; kg/m2) percentiles and z scores were determined. Frequency analyses determined the percentages of mothers considering their child to be "overweight," "underweight," or "about the right weight. " Multivariable logistic regression analyses determined predictors of maternal misclassification of overweight children (> or =95th BMI-for-age percentile) and those at risk for overweight (> or =85th to <95th BMI-for-age percentile). RESULTS Nearly one third (32.1%) of mothers reported their overweight child as "about the right weight. " Younger children and those with lower BMI-for-age z scores had significantly greater odds of maternal underclassification of child overweight status. For children at risk for overweight, 14.0% of mothers reported sons to be "overweight," whereas 29.0% considered daughters to be "overweight. " Odds of maternal misclassification of at-risk children as "overweight" were significantly greater for daughters, older children, children with higher BMI-for-age z scores, and children whose mothers had a lower BMI. Race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor in either model. CONCLUSIONS Nearly one third of mothers misclassify overweight children as being lower than their measured weight status. Mothers are more likely to identify daughters who are at risk of overweight as being "overweight" than they are sons.
Does Human Capital Risk Explain the Value Premium Puzzle?

Using a general equilibrium model with endogenous growth, I show that risk to human capital leads to a “Value” premium in equity returns. In particular, firms with relatively more firm-specific human capital or more positive covariance between asset growth and returns on human capital are less valuable (and hence have greater Book-to-Market Equity) and yield greater expected equity returns since human capital is more tied to the fate of said firms. Thus, I reproduce some of the results of Fama and French (1996) and show that in the model their HmL factor is a proxy for human capital risk as measured by macroeconomic and financial variables such as the covariance between human capital growth, or labor income growth, with the growth rate of firm assets. The model implies relatively lower investment-to-asset ratio and lower average asset growth for Value firms as observed in data and as argued in Zhang (2005). Furthermore, the model yields counter-cyclical Value premium and relative Book-to-Market Equity, greater long-run risk exposure for Value firms, and failure of the CAPM. Hence, it replicates several results from the related literature.
Conflict and trust: the mediating effects of emotional arousal and self‐conscious emotions

Purpose – Researchers suggest that trust building may be challenging in the face of conflict. However, there is an emerging proposition that conflict is critical for trust. Using affective events and attribution theories as a framework, the purpose of this paper is to present a model of the mediating effects of positive emotional arousal and self‐conscious emotions in the relationship between conflict and trust.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 325 students enrolled in varied postgraduate programs in a large business school. The authors employed Preacher and Hayes's bootstrapping SPSS macros to test the direct and mediation effects of the connection between conflict, emotions and trust.Findings – Results showed that task, relationship and process conflict were associated with differing aspects of positive emotional arousal (enthusiasm, excitement) and self‐conscious emotions (guilt and shame). Similarly, behavioural guilt was linked with trust while emotions mediated the link between .
Coexistence of two forms of disease-associated prion protein in extracerebral tissues of cattle infected with H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy

H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE in aged cattle. H-BSE is characterized by the presence of two proteinase K-resistant forms of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc), identified as PrPSc #1 and PrPSc #2, in the brain. To investigate the coexistence of different PrPSc forms in the extracerebral tissues of cattle experimentally infected with H-BSE, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses were performed by using N-terminal-, core-region- and C-terminal-specific anti-prion protein antibodies. Our results demonstrated that two distinct forms of PrPSc coexisted in the various extracerebral tissues.
Autoradiographic localization of cocaine binding sites by [3H]CFT ([3H]WIN 35,428) in the monkey brain

The cocaine analog[3H]2β‐carbomethoxy‐3β‐(4‐fluorophenyl)tropane ([3H]CFT or [3H]WIN 35,428) binds with high affinity and selectivity to cocaine receptors in the monkey caudate‐putamen. [3H]CFT was used to map the regional distribution of cocaine binding sites in slide‐mounted sections of monkey brains using autoradiographic techniques. Hemicoronal brain sections were incubated with [3H]CFT (3 nM) alone or in the presence of excess (−)‐cocaine (30 μM) to mask the binding sites. High densities of [3H]CFT binding sites were detecte in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. In all three regions, binding was markedly reduced by coincubatin with unlabeled (−)‐cocaine, indicating low levels of nonspecific binding. Little or no binding was observed in the cortex, thalamus, globus pallidus, or white matter tracts at the levels studied. In order to characterize biding sites for [3H]CFT in tissue sections, competition experiments were conducted using a fixed concentration of [3H]CFT (3 nM) and a range of concentrations of (−)‐cocaine, (+)‐cocaine, CFT, Lu 19‐005, GBR 12909, bupropion, and citalopram. The IC50 values for the drugs in tissue sections corresponded closely with their reproted IC50 values in monkey caudate‐putamen membranes (r =0.99, p <0.0001), suggesting that [3H]CFT binding is similar in the two preparations. These findings support the view that cocaine receptors labeled by [3H]CFT are localized predominantly in dopmaine‐rich brain regions implicated in the behavioral effects and abuse of cocaine.
Orders to Shoot (a Camera): Effects of Ostracism on Obedience

ABSTRACT Research suggests that ostracism increases susceptibility to indirect forms of social influence (e.g., conformity). Yet, no study to date has explored whether the effects of ostracism extend to the most direct form of social influence—obedience. We investigated whether ostracized individuals would be more likely to obey a direct command to do something effortful in uncomfortable conditions. Participants (N = 62) were randomly assigned to be included or ostracized in Cyberball, or assigned to a control condition. They were then approached by the experimenter and commanded to go outside when temperatures were below 30°F and take 39 unique and creative photographs in the cold of winter. Ostracized participants were more likely to obey the experimenter’s command to be creative when taking photographs. No differences in obedience emerged between the inclusion and the control condition. We provided evidence completing the social influence “trifecta”: ostracism increases susceptibility to conformity, compliance, and now, obedience.
Geography fieldwork, fieldwork value and learning styles

Fieldwork is considered central to an education as a physical geographer. However, there are doubts whether all students benefit from it equally. A preferred way of learning may have an influence upon its perceived value. Attitude surveys were administered to 1191 2nd- and 3rd-year physical geography undergraduates across 16 British universities. The survey assessed individuals' perception of the “value” of fieldwork and also their preferred learning style (using Kolb's LSI). A total of 421 returns (35%) were analysed using multivariate analysis. Seven groups of students emerge with respect to the value they place on fieldwork. There was an overall positive view, especially with respect to the social aspects. However the hypothesis that learning style affects the value of fieldwork appears unfounded in this instance.
Ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (AMPATH Clinic)

Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern of ocular conditions in HIV/AIDS patients attending HIV/AIDS care clinic (AMPATH). Design: Hospital-based cross sectional study. Setting: Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (AMPATH CLINIC) ,Eldoret, Kenya. Subjects: HIV/AIDS patients seen at AMPATH, clinic. Results: Two hundred patients with HIV/AIDS were examined. The overall prevalence of ocular findings was 154 patients (77%). One hundred and eighteen patients (59%) were on ARV therapy. The main findings were posterior segment lesions (53%), anterior segment disorders (26.5%). Posterior segment findings included; Retinal microvasculopathy (75 patients ,37.5%), chorioretinitis (9 patients ,4.5%), vitreous opacities (8 patients, 4%), macula edema (8 patients, 4%) and CMV retinitis (5 patients ,2.5%). Fibrous membrane attached to the iris mostly near the pupillary margin (37 patients, 18.5%) and iridocyclitis (11 patients, 5.5%) were the main anterior segment findings. Conjunctival growths (13 patients, 6,5%) and Kaposi (10 patients, 5%), conjunctival microvasculopathy (8 patients, 4%) and molluscum contagiosum (5 patients, 2.5%) were the main ocular adnexal findings. Tuberculosis was the main systemic findings (53%). This study found that ocular findings are directly related to the severity of clinical disease staging (e.g. WHO stages III and IV) and severity of immune suppression (CD4+ count). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest a high prevalence of ocular findings in adolescents and adults with HIV/AIDS. Retinal microvasculopathy was the commonest posterior segment finding observed. Further studies are needed to investigate the unusual findings of the fibrous membrane attached to the iris observed in this study.
Social Proof: The Impact of Author Traits on Influence Detection

It has been claimed that people are more likely to be inﬂuenced by those who are similar to them than those who are not. In this paper, we test this hypothesis by measuring the impact of author traits on the detection of inﬂuence. The traits we explore are age, gender, religion, and political party. We create a single classiﬁer to detect the author traits of each individual. We then use the personal traits predicted by this classiﬁer to predict the inﬂuence of contributors in a Wikipedia Talk Page corpus. Our research shows that the inﬂuencer tends to have the same traits as the majority of people in the conversation. Furthermore, we show that this is more pronounced when considering the personal traits most relevant to the conversation. Our research thus provides evidence for the theory of social proof.
The design of uniformly and nonuniformly spaced pseudoquadrature mirror filters

In the past, quadrature mirror filters (QMF's) have been used to derive both uniformly and nonuniformly spaced filterbanks. A pair of QMF's divides a signal into two equal bands which can be decimated at 2:1 and subsequently combined to reconstruct the original signal. In order to derive filterbanks with more than two bands, QMF's are combined in a binary tree structure. Pseudoquadrature mirror filters are similar to QMF's but can be designed to split a signal directly into any number of equally spaced bands, thus generalizing the QMF concept. In this paper, the theory of pseudoquadrature mirror filters is reviewed. These filters retain the desirable property that the channel signals from a uniformly spaced bank of M filters can be decimated by M:1, then interpolated and reassembled to reproduce the original signal. An extension is made to the theory to allow a set of nonuniformly spaced filters to be derived from a uniformly spaced set and still retain all the desirable characteristics. Another extension to the theory is the derivation of a family of different sized filterbanks, all derived from the same original prototype. Potential applications for the new filterbanks include improvements in subband coding of speech and music, and analog scrambling of speech.
Below the age of consent: Influences on moral and legal judgments of adult-adolescent sexual relationships

Sexual age-of-consent violations involving adult–adolescent relationships (AARs) are sometimes viewed with ambivalence by the media and are infrequently prosecuted. Two studies conducted in Britain (where the age of consent is 16) examined influences on disapproval of minimally presented AARs between a 14-year-old and a 30-year-old. In Study 1, AARs involving an older man were seen as more harmful and objectionable than those involving an older woman. A second study on a jury-eligible adult population replicated Study 1's gender effects, and also found a difference between legal knowledge and personal belief that the older person had committed a crime. Gender effects in both studies were mediated by perceived harm and emotions.
The Effects of Active Participation on Student Learning

AbstractThe effects of active participation on student learning of simple probability was investigated using 20 fifth-grade classes randomly assigned to level of treatment. Five trained participating teachers taught a lesson to four classes (two with and two without active participation). Lessons were video and audio taped and checked for instructional bias; time expended on lessons was monitored. The dependent variable measure was a IS-Item multiple-choice test administered immediately following the lesson. Class means served as the measurement unit for analysis using an independent samples t test; the statistical hypothesis was rejected at the . 05 level. It was concluded that active student participation exerts a positive influence on fifth-grade student achievement of relatively unique instructional material.
Niveau et déterminants de l’insertion des femmes sur le marché du travail au Mali

(english) The objective of this study is to identify factors that explain Malian women position in the labor market. We begin by presenting a theoretical framework that mobilizes three theories explaining women labor market integration: the feminist theory which shows that the disadvantaged women position in the labor market is an extension of their status in society, the theory of surviving strategies which postulates that the participation of women is strongly linked to households economic constraints and the standard human capital theory. Using data from the “Enquete Legere Integree aupres des Menages” (ELIM) realized in 2003, we more or less validate the three theories: women from poor economic class are more actives. When the Malian women are educated, they have almost the same opportunity (or even more) than men to find their place in the cramped but protective public sector. A last, women with young children are more likely to be located into the informal sector. _________________________________ (francais) L’article porte sur l’insertion des femmes maliennes sur le marche du travail. Le travail empirique s’appuie sur le traitement des donnees de l’Enquete Legere Integree aupres des Menages (ELIM) de 2003. Trois theories explicatives sont testees : la theorie des strategies de survie qui postule que la participation des femmes est fortement liee aux contraintes de survie des menages ; la theorie standard du capital humain d’insertion sur le marche du travail, et les theories feministes qui montrent que la position defavorable des femmes sur le marche du travail n’est qu’un prolongement de leur situation dans la societe. Nous validons l’hypothese de strategie de survie, les femmes appartenant aux menages les plus pauvres s’inserent plus frequemment que celles des menages les plus aises sur le marche du travail. De plus, elles sont contraintes soit a mener conjointement etude et travail, soit a travailler et a assurer leur role de mere. Ce n’est que dans les classes aisees que l’education joue pleinement son role comme facteur stimulant la participation des femmes a l’activite economique. Quand elles sont actives, les femmes occupent une position legerement plus defavorable que les hommes, en etant plus nombreuses dans le secteur informel. Mais cette position s’explique essentiellement par des differences de capital humain car quand les femmes maliennes sont eduquees, elles ont quasiment les memes chances (voire plus) que les hommes de trouver leur place dans l’exigu mais protecteur secteur public.
The Bipolarity of Adolescents' Feelings toward Their Parents with Various Illnesses and Disabilities

The study examined feelings toward parents among Israeli Jewish adolescents with disabled parents (research group, n = 182) and non-disabled parents (control group, n = 285). It also studied the relationship between the types of parental disability (chronic heart disease, multiple sclerosis, and blindness) and the adolescents' feelings toward their parents. Bipolarity, i.e., coexistence of positive and negative feelings toward parents, was found among all participants. Nevertheless, the intensity of these feelings and a predominance of the positive feelings over the negative were higher in the research group than in the control group. The type of parental disability was significantly correlated with intensity of adolescents' feeling toward their parents. The moderator effect of adolescents' anxiety on the intensity and balance of positive and negative feelings toward parents was found in both the research and control groups. The results of this study underline the importance of examining critical dimensions of family life in cases where the parents have a disability or chronic illness.
Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U.S. maize and soybeans

The impact on pesticide use of genetically engineered maize and soybean varieties has changed over time. The widespread adoption of genetically engineered (GE) crops has clearly led to changes in pesticide use, but the nature and extent of these impacts remain open questions. We study this issue with a unique, large, and representative sample of plot-level choices made by U.S. maize and soybean farmers from 1998 to 2011. On average, adopters of GE glyphosate-tolerant (GT) soybeans used 28% (0.30 kg/ha) more herbicide than nonadopters, adopters of GT maize used 1.2% (0.03 kg/ha) less herbicide than nonadopters, and adopters of GE insect-resistant (IR) maize used 11.2% (0.013 kg/ha) less insecticide than nonadopters. When pesticides are weighted by the environmental impact quotient, however, we find that (relative to nonadopters) GE adopters used about the same amount of soybean herbicides, 9.8% less of maize herbicides, and 10.4% less of maize insecticides. In addition, the results indicate that the difference in pesticide use between GE and non-GE adopters has changed significantly over time. For both soybean and maize, GT adopters used increasingly more herbicides relative to nonadopters, whereas adopters of IR maize used increasingly less insecticides. The estimated pattern of change in herbicide use over time is consistent with the emergence of glyphosate weed resistance.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Immunity after Genetic Immunization Is Enhanced by Modification of Gag and Pol Expression

ABSTRACT Immunity to human immunodeficiency virus virion-like structures or a polyprotein has been examined after DNA immunization with Rev-independent expression vectors. A Gag-Pol fusion protein stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody responses to Gag and Pol, while a Gag-Pol pseudoparticle did not elicit substantial Pol responses. This fusion protein may be useful for AIDS vaccines.
Cognitive Load While Learning to Use a Computer Program

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that many traditional instructional techniques may unnecessarily overload limited working memory and impede learning. Based on cognitive load theory, it was hypothesised that instructional design only takes on a crucial role when there is a high level of interaction between learning elements resulting in those elements having to be simultaneously held in working memory. When there is little, if any, interaction between individual learning elements, then the format of presentation should be inconsequential. These hypotheses were tested using a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) package with trainees from a Sydney company. Results showed that when instructions involved high element interactivity, a self-contained manual that physically integrated disparate information and did not require the use of the computer hardware was vastly superior to instructional formats that involved continual interaction with the computer. No differences were found between instructional formats when the learning material entailed low element interactivity. Evidence that these findings were due to cognitive load rather than other factors came from secondary task analysis. In light of these and previous results, suggestions are made for cognitively guided instructional packages.
Variation in the use of advanced imaging at the time of breast cancer diagnosis in a statewide registry

Although national guidelines do not recommend extent of disease imaging for patients with newly diagnosed early stage breast cancer given that the harm outweighs the benefits, high rates of testing have been documented. The 2012 Choosing Wisely guidelines specifically addressed this issue. We examined the change over time in imaging use across a statewide collaborative, as well as the reasons for performing imaging and the impact on cost of care.
Teachers' Thoughts about Changing to Constructivist Teaching/Learning Approaches within Junior Secondary Science Classrooms

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the change in teachers’ thoughts as they progress through an inservice program. The aim of the inservice program was to encourage teachers to implement and reflect on constructivist approaches to teaching and learning within the junior secondary school area. The program itself was centred on constructivist philosophy, as a means to guide the program and to model constructivist approaches for the teachers. Prior to the inservice program teachers were asked three major focal questions: How do children learn? ; What teaching strategies do you use? ; and Who controls learning? On completion of the program these questions were again used to examine the participating teachers’ thoughts. Results indicated that there was a distinct change in the way that the teachers viewed the classroom. These changes addressed issues such as the separation of control of learning from management, the valuing of student knowledge and the need to involve students within the learning process.