Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of KIR3DS1 in human diseases

The function of natural killer (NK) cells is controlled by several activating and inhibitory receptors, including the family of killer-immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). One distinctive feature of KIRs is the extensive number of various haplotypes generated by the gene content within the KIR gene locus as well as by highly polymorphic members of the KIR gene family, namely KIR3DL1/S1. Within the KIR3DL1/S1 gene locus, KIR3DS1 represents a conserved allelic variant and displays other unique features in comparison to the highly polymorphic KIR3DL1 allele. KIR3DS1 is present in all human populations and belongs to the KIR haplotype group B. KIR3DS1 encodes for an activating receptor featuring the characteristic short cytoplasmic tail and a positively charged residue within the transmembrane domain, which allows recruitment of the ITAM-bearing adaptor molecule DAP12. Although HLA class I molecules are thought to represent natural KIR ligands, and HLA-Bw4 molecules serve as ligands for KIR3DL1, the ligand for KIR3DS1 still needs to be identified. Despite the lack of formal evidence for an interaction of KIR3DS1 with HLA-Bw4-I80 or any other HLA class I subtype to date, a growing number of associations between the presence of KIR3DS1 and the outcome of viral infections have been described. Especially, the potential protective role of KIR3DS1 in combination with HLA-Bw4-I80 in the context of HIV-1 infection has been studied intensively. In addition, a number of recent studies have associated the presence or absence of KIR3DS1 with the occurrence and outcome of some malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In this review, we summarize the present knowledge regarding the characteristics of KIRD3S1 and discuss its role in various human diseases.
The back-to-the-city movement: Neighbourhood redevelopment and processes of political and cultural displacement

While certain US cities are still depopulating, others have experienced a reversal of aggregate out-migration patterns. Some scholars, politicians and real estate boosters celebrate this urban population influx, as it will likely increase property values and municipal tax bases; however, we know little about the social costs associated with the back-to-the-city movement. This study investigates the consequences of the back-to-the-city movement through a four-year (2009–2012) ethnographic case study of the revitalisation of Washington, DC’s Shaw/U Street neighbourhood. The redevelopment of this African-American neighbourhood is associated with the city’s 5.2 percent population increase, which occurred between 2000 and 2010. While affordable housing efforts help to keep a portion of long-term, low-income residents in place, political and cultural displacement is occurring as upper-income newcomers flock into this neighbourhood. This article contributes to the urban literature by highlighting that population influx, and associated neighbourhood revitalisation, can have important social implications.
A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Regression Analysis on Early-Life Energy Restriction and Cancer Risk in Humans

Background In animal models, long-term moderate energy restriction (ER) is reported to decelerate carcinogenesis, whereas the effect of severe ER is inconsistent. The impact of early-life ER on cancer risk has never been reviewed systematically and quantitatively based on observational studies in humans. Objective We conducted a systematic review of observational studies and a meta-(regression) analysis on cohort studies to clarify the association between early-life ER and organ site-specific cancer risk. Methods PubMed and EMBASE (1982 –August 2015) were searched for observational studies. Summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a random effects model when available ≥3 studies. Results Twenty-four studies were included. Eleven publications, emanating from seven prospective cohort studies and some reporting on multiple cancer endpoints, met the inclusion criteria for quantitative analysis. Women exposed to early-life ER (ranging from 220–1660 kcal/day) had a higher breast cancer risk than those not exposed (RRRE all ages = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.05–1.56; RRRE for 10–20 years of age = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34). Men exposed to early-life ER (ranging from 220–800kcal/day) had a higher prostate cancer risk than those not exposed (RRRE = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03–1.30). Summary relative risks were not computed for colorectal cancer, because of heterogeneity, and for stomach-, pancreas-, ovarian-, and respiratory cancer because there were <3 available studies. Longer duration of exposure to ER, after adjustment for severity, was positively associated with overall cancer risk in women (p = 0.02). Ecological studies suggest that less severe ER is generally associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Conclusions Early-life transient severe ER seems to be associated with increased cancer risk in the breast (particularly ER exposure at adolescent age) and prostate. The duration, rather than severity of exposure to ER, seems to positively influence relative risk estimates. This result should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies and difficulty in disentangling duration, severity, and geographical setting of exposure.
Interdisciplinary research: framing and reframing

Framing encompasses the processes of identifying and bounding the area of research and based on our own experiences as academics we have found significant differences in the ways that researchers establish and frame a disciplinary, compared to an interdisciplinary, research project. In this paper we have attempted to contribute to the development of the conceptual framework underpinning interdisciplinary research through analysis of interviews with a number of academics already working in an interdisciplinary manner. Successful projects are able to identify and support the processes that allow the communication and negotiation that is necessary, not just for the initial framing of a research funding proposal but to be able to maintain negotiation. Self awareness and continual reflexivity and a willingness to be questioned by others are essential to this process.
Understanding the spatialities of sexual assault against Indian women in India

Both domestic violence (DV) and sexual assault against women (SAAW) in public spaces continue to be significant problems facing Indian society. Moreover, the link between DV and SAAW is also commonly misconstrued. Adding to this confusion is the way in which forms of violence against women (VAW) – battering, rape, molestation and sexual abuse – lacks spatial and contextual analysis. There was nationwide outrage over the Nirbhaya incident of 16 December 2012, which escalated the issue of VAW to the centre stage of political debates. Indeed, the Nirbhaya incident has intensified the need for understanding the spatialities of SAAW in India and propelled the Government of India to pass the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013. Using a questionnaire survey supplemented by open-ended interviews, the research aims to understand how social and patriarchal norms allow SAAW to persist. The research narratives reveal that the contours of DV, leading to sexual exploitation of women, often spill over to the public spaces, thereby restricting women's mobility and creating fear of its (re)occurrence. Finally, I urge for reforms to tackle VAW while using Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 as an asset for reform.
Young children’s display rule knowledge: Understanding the distinction between apparent and real emotions and the motives underlying the use of display rules

Aspects of 72 preschoolers’ display rule knowledge – the ability to distinguish apparent from real emotions and understand the motives underlying display rule use – were examined. Children listened to stories describing situations designed to elicit an emotion in the protagonist and a prosocial or self-protective reason for concealing her/his real emotion from other story characters. Children were asked to predict what facial expressions the protagonists would display in response to the emotionally laden situations and to justify their predictions. Findings revealed that children’s ability to distinguish between apparent and real emotions increased in the 4-6 years age span. Moreover, children justified prosocial and self-protective display rules with similar accuracy. The findings are discussed in terms of children’s ability to make the appearance-reality distinction across domains (emotional, physical) and in the context of the socialization of emotional displays.
Volunteering in catchment management groups: Empowering the volunteer

This paper discusses one aspect of a phenomenographic study that investigates experiences of individuals who volunteer their time for a variety of catchment care groups in coastal Queensland. Data were collected through group and personal interviews, which were undertaken in 2001. Interviews took place in a number of locations along the east coast of Queensland, from Brisbane to Mossman, just north of Cairns. A number of broad conceptions emerged from the data, and this paper discusses one of these, that of empowerment. Analysis of interviews revealed that some catchment volunteers became personally empowered, and developed skills that they would not otherwise have had. Other volunteers saw catchment volunteering as a vehicle for empowerment that allowed individuals to have a say in decision making and governance of local resources. Many volunteers, however, revealed the difficulties associated with public participation processes, and described power struggles that arose within groups, and at a community level, when catchment group members wanted to be directly involved in decisions affecting their local environments. These struggles were further complicated by a chronic lack of resources. Despite these setbacks, community catchment groups can provide personal and group empowerment, resulting in a 'little voice' as opposed to none.
Measuring the Ambivalence of Religion: Introducing the Religion and Conflict in Developing Countries (RCDC) Dataset

Despite ample anecdotal evidence, previous research on violent conflict has found little evidence that religion is an important factor in organized violence. Quantitative work in this area has been largely confined to the interreligious character of conflict and measures of religious diversity, and has strongly neglected the peace aspect of religion. The Religion and Conflict in Developing Countries (RCDC) dataset helps to fill this gap with innovative and fine-grained data for 130 developing countries between 1990 and 2010. RCDC includes four types of religious violence (assaults on religious targets, attacks by religious actors, clashes between religious communities, and clashes with the state). In addition, RCDC contains data on interreligious networks and peace initiatives. This article demonstrates the usefulness of RCDC by applying our data to a preliminary analysis. The results indicate that interreligious networks are a reaction to identity overlaps and previous interreligious conflict.
Dress1 and Human Behavior Research: Sampling, Subjects, and Consequences for Statistics

Articles from the Home Economics Research Journal (Vol. 1-19) and the Clothing and Textiles Research Journal (Vol.1-9) reporting dress research that involved the use of human subjects were content analyzed We were interested in the way probability and nonprobability sampling techniques were used, how they were combined with research designs, and their consequences for generalizability and statistics. Approximately 89% of the research used nonprobability sampling procedures, both in survey and experimental research designs. The consequences of the use of nonprobability sampling is discussed and suggestions are offered for increasing generalizability when nonprobability sampling is used in research.
Regional Integration in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa: The Case of Renegotiating the Southern African Customs Union

Regional economic cooperation and integration throughout southern Africa is experiencing a fundamental realignment in the post‐apartheid era. This paper examines what is widely regarded as one of the most effectively functioning trade arrangements in Africa: the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) between Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS) and South Africa. It is shown that the Customs Union is extremely important for South Africa and crucial for the BLNS countries. Since the late 1970s, however, the member states of SACU have been dissatisfied with its functioning and performance. In the context of the present renegotiations, the current paper examines some of the key features of the Union and the positions of BLNS and South Africa. It is argued that SACU cannot be understood in regional terms alone. Multilateralism and international regionalism, although associated with different modes of international regulation, have an important influence on the nature and evolution of trading arrangem.
Culture, Gender, and Response Bias

The possibility of culture and gender differences in response styles was explored. The responses of 1,717 participants aged 12-14 years from Australia, China, Nepal, Nigeria, and the Philippines to the Self-Description Questionnaire-I (SDQ-1) were analyzed for evidence of inconsistent responding, negativity or positivity bias, lack of profile variation, and social desirability. No evidence of a major social desirability factor but relatively substantial (effect sizes above 0.20) country and Country x Gender differences in response styles were found. These styles tended to correlate with scores on the academic rather than nonacademic self-esteem scales. This result may be due to participants with higher academic ability being more able to cope with the cognitive task of interpreting and answering consistently the items of the SDQ-1. Interpretations in terms of cultural dimensions such as individualism-collectivism were considered.
The Commonwealth(s)--inter- and non-state--at the start of the twenty-first century: Contributions to global development and governance

The official and unofficial Commonwealths have rarely been treated as inter- or non-state organisations, partnerships or epistemic communities contributing to global development and governance. This article seeks to rectify this oversight, especially in an emerging world 'order' characterised by unilateralism rather than multilateralism. After more than a half-century, both types of (interrelated) Commonwealth communities have emerged as invaluable, albeit second-order, adjuncts to global institutions, civil societies and private corporations. Their undramatic yet helpful characteristics as established, empathetic networks may be more needed to advance global development and governance in the new century than in recent decades, with implications for both analysis and practice, approaches and policies.
Biological bases of creativity.

Creativity is a rare trait. This is presumably because it requires the simultaneous presence of a number of traits (e.g., intelligence, perseverance, unconventionality, the ability to think in a particular manner). None of these traits is especially rare. What is quite uncommon is to find them all present in the same person. One imagines that all of these traits have biological bases. In this chapter, I shall focus upon the type of thought involved in creative insight. First, I describe the nature of this type of thought; then I present arguments as to why it must be based upon specific physiological states; finally, I review evidence that it is in fact so based. A creative idea is one that is both original and appropriate for the situation in which it occurs. It would seem that creative productions always consist of novel combinations of pre-existing mental elements. As Poincaree (1913) noted, “To create consists of making new combinations of associative elements which are useful” (p. 286). Creative ideas, he further remarked, “reveal to us unsuspected kinships between other facts well known but wrongly believed to be strangers to one another” (p. 115). To create, then, involves the realization of an analogy between previously unassociated mental elements. On the verbal level, creativity involves production of novel statements of the form “A is like B” or statements involving novel modifiers for A. Hugo's image, “I climbed the bitter stairs” is more creative than, say, “I climbed the steep stairs. ”
New Strategies of Mobility and Interaction for People with Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most severe disabilities in childhood and makes heavy demands on health, educational, and social services as well as on families and children themselves. The most frequently cited definition of CP is a disorder of posture and movement due to a defect or lesion in the immature brain, Bax (1964). The prevalence of CP is internationally 1.5-2.8 cases per 1000 births. Only in the United States 500,000 infants are affected by CP, Winter et al. (2002). In Europe these figures are even higher, Johnson (2002).
The Effect of Concept Mapping to Enhance Text Comprehension and Summarization

Abstract Although graphic strategies, such as graphic organizers and knowledge maps, have proved helpful for text learning, certain important application issues such as surface processing and cognitive overload have yet to be resolved. The authors tested the learning effects of a concept-mapping strategy. They designed 3 concept-mapping approaches—map correction, scaffold fading, and map generation—to determine their effects on students' text comprehension and summarization abilities. The experimental results from 126 fifth graders showed that the map-correction method enhanced text comprehension and summarization abilities and that the scaffold-fading method facilitated summarization ability.
Robust mixed H2/H∞ control of time-varying delay systems with extended LMI

This paper studies robust performance analysis of H2/Hinfin control problem in time-varying systems. In the case where the state-space matrices of the system depend affinely on the uncertain parameters, it is known that recently developed extended or dilated linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are effective to assess the robust performance in a less conservative fashion. This paper further probes into those preceding results and proposes a new form of extended LMIs for time-varying H2/Hinfin controllers synthesis. The new method enables us to parameterize controllers without involving the Lyapunov variables in the parameterization. The numerical simulations prove the validity of this framework.
Problematising policy: conceptions of ‘child’, ‘disabled’ and ‘parents’ in social policy in England

Global policy for disabled children is currently experiencing a process of rapid change. In England, for example, the impetus for transformation has arisen from the government's acknowledgement that disabled children are disadvantaged. Indeed, the current policy for disabled children is also set within a wider international context in which disabled people and children are often positioned on the margins of society, excluded from education and care and living in poverty. This leads us to consider how the ‘disabled child’ is conceptualised within policy. We pose this question with a project in mind, ‘Does every child matter, Post‐Blair: Interconnections of disabled childhoods’, a two‐year project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (http://www.rihsc.mmu.ac.uk/postblairproject/). Part of our remit is to make sense of the lived realities of being a disabled child in Britain and here our concern is policy conceptions of ‘child’, ‘disabled’ and ‘parent’ in social policy in England. Despite the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and its specific focusing on the needs of ‘children with disabilities’ (Article 23), research suggests that the modest requirements of the convention remain largely unmet. The global landscape has also been shaped by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Convention requires each country, which ratifies it, to submit regular reports on its progress. How these policies impact on the makings of disabled children and their families remains a key point of debate. Indeed, there is a danger that new policies that embrace neo‐liberal models of citizenship and normative narratives of child development exclude disabled children from the very communities they purport to help shape. In this paper, we will take a critical look at how the ‘disabled child’ is conceptualised and constituted in this era or global childhood citizenship with a specific focus on the UK. We consider the ways in which policies in the country draw on a problematic notion of ‘disabled’ and ‘child’, intrinsically recreate the tyranny of developmentalism and frame the mother as the key agent of social and developmental change. These discursive and conceptual resources are in danger of recreating an exclusionary policy context for disabled children and their families.
Current and recalled symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in parents of children with ADHD

Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a strong genetic aetiology and high heritability. Biological relatives of children with ADHD have a substantial risk of developing this disorder. Accordingly, parents of children with ADHD are likely to have more symptoms of ADHD. Diagnosing ADHD in adults is hampered by lack of agreement on diagnostic criteria. Aims To test the hypothesis that parents of children with ADHD have higher prevalence of ADHD symptoms when compared to a control group of parents. Methods Presence of ADHD symptoms in parents were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) to elicit current symptoms and the Wender Utah scale to elicit retrospectively recalled symptoms from childhood. The study group comprised of parents of consecutive attendees of specialist clinics for children with ADHD at a tertiary care institution. Control group was randomly selected from parents of children attending general paediatric clinics. Presence of current ADHD symptoms was assessed using Adult ADHD Self- Report Scale (ASRS). The Wender Utah scale elicited retrospectively recalled symptoms from childhood. Results Study group consisted of 117 parents and the control group of 69 parents. Prevalence of ADHD symptoms was higher in the study group, compared to the control group (21.3% vs 4.3% on ASRS and 11.9% vs 0% on Wender Utah scale). The odds for having ADHD symptoms in parents of children with ADHD were 5.9, compared to the control group. Correlation of scores on the two scales was high in the study group (0.78) and less in the control group (0.44). Conclusion The study shows a high prevalence of symptoms of ADHD in parents of children with ADHD. Further research is indicated to investigate the implication of the findings of this study. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4038/sljpsyc.v2i1. 3161 SL J Psychiatry 2011; 2 (1): 18-22