Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pathologic diagnosis of breast cancer patients: evolution of the traditional clinical-pathologic paradigm toward “precision” cancer therapy

Abstract We present an updated account of breast cancer treatment and of progress toward “precision” cancer therapy; we focus on new developments in diagnostic molecular pathology and breast cancer that have emerged during the past 2 years. Increasing awareness of new prognostic and predictive methodologies, and introduction of next generation sequencing has increased understanding of both tumor biology and clinical behavior, which offers the possibility of more appropriate therapeutic choices. It remains unclear which of these testing methodologies provides the most informative and cost-effective actionable results for predictive and prognostic pathology. It is likely, however, that an integrated “step-wise” approach that uses the traditional clinical-pathologic paradigms coordinated with molecular characterization of breast tumor tissue, will offer the most comprehensive and cost-effective options for individualized, “precision” therapy for patients with breast cancer.
Prosodic Structure as a Parallel to Musical Structure

What structural properties do language and music share? Although early speculation identified a wide variety of possibilities, the literature has largely focused on the parallels between musical structure and syntactic structure. Here, we argue that parallels between musical structure and prosodic structure deserve more attention. We review the evidence for a link between musical and prosodic structure and find it to be strong. In fact, certain elements of prosodic structure may provide a parsimonious comparison with musical structure without sacrificing empirical findings related to the parallels between language and music. We then develop several predictions related to such a hypothesis.
The science of wealth, Adam Smith and the framing of political economy [Book Review]

Review(s) of: The Science of Wealth, Adam Smith and the Framing of Political Economy, by Tony Aspromourgos, Abingdon, Routledge, 2009, Pp. xx + 396, ISBN 10: 0-415-46385-8 (hb) and ISBN 10: 0-203-88957-6 (pb), $US150.
Grammatical versus pragmatic awareness: the case of Egyptian students in an English-medium university

v TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Background and Rationale of the Study 1 Research Gap 4 Statement of the Research Problem 5 The University Context 6 Research Questions 7 Delimitations 8 Definitions of Constructs 8 Theoretical Definitions 8 Operational Definitions 10 List of Abbreviations 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 Introduction 12 Communicative Competence 12 Models of Communicative Competence 14
Effects of elevated nitrogen and temperature on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Alaskan arctic and boreal soils

[1] Plant productivity in upland tundra and boreal forest is demonstrably limited by nitrogen (N) and indirect evidence from field studies suggests that decomposition by soil microbes may be similarly limited. As climate warms at high latitudes, understanding the response of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition to increased soil temperature may be crucial for determining the net effect of warming on ecosystem carbon (C) balance because temperature directly affects decomposition but also because it has an indirect effect on C balance via nutrient mineralization. We incubated northern Alaskan soils at two temperatures (5°C and 15°C) and two levels of N addition (with and without) to directly test for N limitation of SOM decomposition and to explore the interaction between temperature and N limitation. Over the entire 924 day incubation of organic and mineral soils from two ecosystem types, we measured microbial respiration; over the initial 90 days of the incubation, we measured microbial biomass N, net N mineralization, and the isotopic signatures (δ13C and Δ14C) of microbial respiration. Across soil layers and ecosystem types, temperature always had a strong positive effect on SOM decomposition rates, whereas N addition had positive, negative, and neutral effects. When C respiration rates were high, the positive N response was generally most strongly expressed, for example, in the organic soils, in the warmer incubation, and at the outset of the experiment. Negative N responses often occurred when C respiration rates were lower, predominantly in mineral soils and at the middle or end of the experiment. In the subset of soil types where we measured the radiocarbon age of respired CO2, increased decomposition was related to increased use of older C. Net N mineralization and nitrification were not affected by temperature, but N addition increased net N immobilization in all soil layers and microbial biomass N in organic layers. Our data support the general idea that at least in these high-latitude organic soils, decomposition of labile carbon can be positively stimulated by added N, whereas decomposition of recalcitrant C is suppressed.
Acquiring the Phonetics and Phonology of English Word Stress: Comparing Learners from Different L1 Backgrounds

This paper explores the acquisition of phonetic and phonological realisation of word stress, by Arabic speaking second language learners of English, in a small production study. Spoken Arabic dialects differ from each other in the phonology of stress, and the phonetic realisation of stress may also vary across dialects. In the present study the English speech productions of learners from two Arabic dialectal backgrounds (Cairo and Amman) is compared to permit disambiguation between L1 transfer and ‘learner intonation’ as the source of any non‐native‐like patterns in the phonological and/or phonetic realisation of stress. Phonetic realisation is investigated by means of quantitative acoustic analysis of read speech experimental data, with comparison to L1 Arabic and native English speaker control data. Phonological realisation is investigated by means of auditory qualitative analysis of read speech narrative data. No differences are found in the phonetic realisation of stress between the two Arabic dialects under consideration, however differences are found between the realisation of stress in Arabic as compared to English. In the L2 English production data, the results show a clear pattern of L1 transfer in the phonetic realisation of stress, in particular in lack of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables; this contrasts with minimal errors in word‐stress placement. The implications of the findings of the study for future research are briefly explored
Pathological Study of Intestine and Liver in Broiler Chickens after Treatment with Different Levels of Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles are the most effective antimicrobials that have been used by human for many years and also used as an additive and compatible to the biological system. This study has carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments four repetitions at 0, 300, 600 and, 900 ppm of silver nanoparticle levels. At the end of experiment, some microspocic section s of intestine and liver of broiler chicken was prepared for examination of probable changes. There were no statistically significant differences in the effects of different levels of silver nanoparticles about intestine and liver tissue. However, the height of brush borders increased after treatment of silver naniparticles and so this increase found for absorption and conversion ratio. The results showed that different levels of silver nanoparticles had no significant difference on cell changes of liver tissue.
Estrogenic activities of chemicals related to food contact plastics and rubbers tested by the yeast two-hybrid assay

Food contact plastics and rubbers possibly contain many kinds of chemicals such as monomers, oligomers, additives, degradation products of polymers and additives, and impurities. Among them, bisphenol A, nonylphenol, benzylbutyl phthalate, styrene oligomers and hydroxylated benzophenones have been reported to possess estrogenic activities. In this study, other chemicals related to food contact plastics and rubbers, and their metabolites induced by the S9-mixture were tested for their estrogenic activities using the yeast two-hybrid assay. Among the 150 chemicals, 10 chemicals such as bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane, 4-cyclohexylphenol, 4-phenylphenol, 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol alkylphosphite, two type of styrenated phenol (including mono type), tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene, their metabolites and the metabolites of 6 other chemicals, such as 2-(phenylmethyl) phenol, styrenated phenol (di and tri type), 1-(N-phenylamino)naphthalene, 4-tert-butylphenylsalicylate, nonylphenol ethoxylates and 2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol, displayed estrogenic activities. All of them contained a phenol group in their chemical structures or formed one easily by hydrolysis or metabolism. However, most of the chemicals related to food contact plastics and rubbers, and their metabolites did not show any estrogenicity.
Altered CD38/Cyclic ADP-Ribose Signaling Contributes to the Asthmatic Phenotype

CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in airway smooth muscle cells. The enzymatic activity of CD38 generates cyclic ADP-ribose from β-NAD. Cyclic ADP-ribose mobilizes intracellular calcium during activation of airway smooth muscle cells by G-protein-coupled receptors through activation of ryanodine receptor channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Inflammatory cytokines that are implicated in asthma upregulate CD38 expression and increase the calcium responses to contractile agonists in airway smooth muscle cells. The augmented intracellular calcium responses following cytokine exposure of airway smooth muscle cells are inhibited by an antagonist of cyclic ADP-ribose. Airway smooth muscle cells from CD38 knockout mice exhibit attenuated intracellular calcium responses to agonists, and these mice have reduced airway response to inhaled methacholine. CD38 also contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness as shown in mouse models of allergen or cytokine-induced inflammatory airway disease. In airway smooth muscle cells obtained from asthmatics, the cytokine-induced CD38 expression is significantly enhanced compared to expression in cells from nonasthmatics. This differential induction of CD38 expression in asthmatic airway smooth muscle cells stems from increased activation of MAP kinases and transcription through NF-κB, and altered post-transcriptional regulation through microRNAs. We propose that increased capacity for CD38 signaling in airway smooth muscle in asthma contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness.
Trust, Cohesion, and Cooperation After Early Versus Late Trust Violations in Two-Person Exchange

We examine how the timing of trust violations affects cooperation and solidarity, including trust and relational cohesion. Past studies that used repeated Prisoner’s Dilemmas suggest that trust violations are more harmful when they occur in early rather than later interactions. We argue that this effect of early trust violations depends on cultural and individual differences in generalized trust. A laboratory study from high- and low-trust cultures (the United States vs. Japan) supported our claim. First, early trust violations were more harmful than late trust violations, but only for Americans; the pattern reversed for Japanese. Second, these patterns were mediated by individual differences in generalized trust. Finally, generalized trust also moderated the effect of trust violations in the United States but not Japan. By demonstrating that generalized trust is not only lower but also less important in low-trust cultures, our research advances our understanding of how culture affects the development of solidarity in exchange relations.
On method ordering

As the order of methods in a Java class has no effect on its semantics, an engineer can choose any order she prefers. Which code conventions regarding methods ordering are common in practice, if any? Are some orders better than others in making the code easier to understand? Can good orders be computed and applied automatically? In this work we address these questions. First, we present a study of method orders in a large body of open source projects, where we identify existing common practices. Second, we present four method ordering strategies, which we automate and provide in an Eclipse plugin, as a form of refactoring. Finally, we present the results of a user study, which evaluates the effect of our methods ordering strategies on engineers' code comprehension in terms of correctness and time spent on answering.
Creating Noisy Stimuli

A method for creating a variety of pseudo-random ‘noisy’ stimuli that possess several useful statistical and phenomenal features for psychophysical experimentation is outlined. These stimuli are derived from a pseudo-periodic function known as multidimensional noise. This class of function has the desirable property that it is periodic, defined on a fixed domain, is roughly symmetric, and is stochastic, yet consistent and repeatable. The stimuli that can be created from these functions have a controllable amount of complexity and self-similarity properties that are further useful when generating naturalistic looking objects and surfaces for investigation. The paper addresses the creation and manipulation of stimuli with the use of noise, including an overview of this particular implementation. Stimuli derived from these procedures have been used successfully in several shape and surface perception experiments and are presented here for use by others and further discussion as to their utility.
Punishment, authority and political economy: Italian challenges to western punitiveness

This article explores the challenges that Italy poses for existing analyses of western punishment. These ‘challenges’ are visible at the penal level and in relation to the variables used to explain contemporary penal trends. In this article I argue that Italian penality cannot be understood in terms of unequivocal ‘punitiveness’ or unequivocal ‘moderation’. Italian trends betray a co-existence and alternation of repression and leniency, whose incidence I trace in penal reform and legislation. I explore the issue of waning state sovereignty and its presumed contribution to increasing punitiveness, explaining why the evolution of the Italian state does not fit this narrative. I argue that Italy is a contested state, whose penal law can be sidelined by the informal norms with which it co-exists. I also ask whether Italian penality can be explained by reference to political economy. I argue that Italy’s hybrid political economy challenges the methodological approach that predicts punitiveness or moderation by reference to political economic evolution. I conclude by explaining why politics – political dynamics, institutions and culture – is the key organizing principle with which to systematize contemporary Italian penality. I argue that political dynamics should likewise be reconsidered by, and integrated into, existing analyses of western punishment.
Effects of Peer Influence in Adolescence

Adolescence is a period in life that is characterised by substantial changes in the social environment. Compared to childhood, relationships with peers gain more importance and adolescents are particularly sensitive to peer influence. Adolescents, but not adults, show increased levels of risk-taking when in the presence of peers relative to when alone. Experimental studies suggest that heightened levels of risk-taking during adolescence might be specific to affective contexts (e.g. the presence of peers), while risk-taking in non-affective contexts remains stable or decreases. In Chapter 2 of this thesis the development of the impact of two decision variables (risk and valence) on decision-making in a non-affective context during adolescence is investigated in a behavioural risk-taking task. Chapter 3 employs a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach to examine the development of the neural correlates of social influence during adolescence. Previous studies have focussed on peer influence on risk-taking and little is known about the neural mechanisms of peer influence. This thesis examines whether heightened levels of sensitivity to peer influence during adolescence extend to the influence of a peer audience on tasks with either high-level (reasoning) or low-level (perceptual) cognitive components (Chapters 4 and 5). Chapter 4 investigates the effect of the presence of a peer audience on performance in a cognitively challenging task (relational reasoning), the development of this effect during adolescence and whether this effect is dependent on the identity of the audience (peer or non-peer). Chapter 5 examines the effect of the presence of a peer audience on performance in a low-level perceptual task to test whether peer audience effects would also extend to a low-level cognitive task. Chapter 6 investigates the modulation of brain activity during a high-level cognitive task (relational reasoning) by an evaluative peer audience in adolescents and adults.
The Significance of Food Storage Among Hunter-Gatherers: Residence Patterns, Population Densities, and Social Inequalities [and Comments and Reply]

Some hunter-gatherer societies (the Indians of California and of the Northwest Coast, for instance) depart significantly from the commonly accepted definition. This paper demonstrates that in such societies the economic structure is based on seasonal and intensive storage of major food resources. The societies presenting this type of economic structure are (1) sedentary, (2) high-density, and (3) prone to socioeconomic inequality. These three characteristics set California and Northwest Coast Indian societies well apart from the small, nomadic and egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies traditionally considered typical and challenge the hypothesis that the adoption of agriculture represents in itself a major milestone in the social history of humanity. The three features outlined above are found in both agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies in which resources are systematically accumulated. Thus it seems that the adoption of agriculture is less significant for social evolution than the emergence of an economic structure based on food storage.
Epidemiological aspects of and risk factors for wheezing in the first year of life*

OBJECTIVE: To determine, in a sample of infants, the prevalence of and risk factors for occasional wheezing (OW) and recurrent wheezing-wheezy baby syndrome (WBS). METHODS: Parents of infants (12-15 months of age) completed the International Study of Wheezing in Infants questionnaire. RESULTS: We included 1,269 infants residing in the city of Blumenau, Brazil. Of those, 715 (56.34%) had a history of wheezing, which was more common among boys. The prevalences of OW and WBS were 27.03% (n = 343) and 29.31% (n = 372), respectively. On average, the first wheezing episode occurred at 5.55 ± 2.87 months of age. Among the 715 infants with a history of wheezing, the first episode occurred within the first six months of life in 479 (66.99%), and 372 (52.03%) had had three or more episodes. Factors associated with wheezing in general were pneumonia; oral corticosteroid use; a cold; attending daycare; having a parent with asthma or allergies; mother working outside the home; male gender; no breastfeeding; and mold. Factors associated with WBS were a cold; physician-diagnosed asthma; ER visits; corticosteroid use; pneumonia; bronchitis; dyspnea; attending daycare; bronchodilator use; having a parent with asthma; no breastfeeding; mother working outside the home; and a dog in the household. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of wheezing in the studied population was high (56.34%). The etiology was multifactorial, and the risk factors were intrinsic and extrinsic (respiratory tract infections, allergies, attending daycare, and early wheezing). The high prevalence and the intrinsic risk factors indicate the need and the opportunity for epidemiological and genetic studies in this population. In addition, mothers should be encouraged to prolong breastfeeding and to keep infants under six months of age out of daycare.
The Role of Social Support in Dance Talent Development

This multiple case study aims to answer the main research question, “How well are exceptionally talented Finnish and Singaporean dance students supported by significant individuals at different phases of the students’ development? ” The exceptionally talented students aged 16 to 22 were enrolled in their national dance institutions—the Finnish National Opera Ballet School and the Singapore Dance Theatre. Perspectives of social support were elicited from 13 participants—dance students (n = 4), teachers (n = 6), parents (n = 2), and one sibling. Data were documents, letters, interviews, and observation field notes collected over 2 years. The themes that emerged from the deductive and inductive analysis—being there, sharing, and knowing—illustrated the types of support from families, peers, and teachers that contributed to the students’ development. While making cross-cultural comparisons, reflections about mindset, self-efficacy, and pedagogical practices are also discussed. A conclusion offers educational implications and directions for future research.
PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION Factors Associated With Ineligibility for PCI Differ Between Inpatient and Outpatient ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Objectives: Without early revascularization, both inpatient and outpatient STEMIs have poor outcomes. Reasons for denying PCI for STEMI, however, remain uncertain. This single-center retrospective cohort study compares factors and outcomes associated with ineligibility for PCI between inpatients and outpatients following ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: A total of 1,759 STEMI patients between June 2009 and January 2015 were assessed. Individual medical records were reviewed to obtain reasons for PCI ineligibility for STEMI patients who did not receive reperfusion therapy. Results: Compared to outpatients with STEMI (n1⁄4 1,688), inpatients (n1⁄4 71) were less likely to receive coronary angiography (60.6% vs 95.9%; P< 0.001) or PCI (50.7% vs 80.9%; P< 0.001), with longer ECG/ door to first device activation times (97 [78, 131] vs 63 [49, 78] minutes; P< 0.001). When coronary angiography was performed, however, similar rates of PCI and procedural success were seen in both groups. Principal contraindication for PCI was risk of bleeding within the inpatient population and complex coronary artery disease within the outpatient population. Total in-hospital mortality was higher in inpatient STEMIs compared to outpatients (42.2% vs 10.0%; P< 0.001), but lower for patients eligible for PCI in both groups. Conclusions: Reasons for PCI ineligibility differ between inpatient and outpatient STEMIs. Inpatients have increased risks of bleeding, lower coronary angiography and PCI use, and higher in-hospital mortality. Especially for inpatients, specific PCI STEMI protocols that anticipate and overcome types of ineligibility and delay for cardiac catheterization may improve outcomes. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:363–369)