Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supervisors' interactional styles and subordinates' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Abstract The effects of supervisory style on subordinates' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were examined in two studies. In Study I, Canadian graduate students reacted to hypothetical situations that involved three supervisory styles–autonomy supportive, non-punitive controlling, and punitive controlling. The results indicated that participants experienced the highest and lowest levels of intrinsic motivation in the autonomy-supportive and punitive-controlling conditions, respectively. A control group was incorporated in Study 2. Potential moderating effects of a high versus a low self-determined motivational profile (SDMP) on the relationship between supervisory style and intrinsic motivation were explored. Results indicated that the autonomy-supportive and punitive-controlling supervisory styles maintained and decreased participants' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, respectively, compared with that of the control group. Also, in the autonomy-supportive condition, high-SDMP participants perceived t.
What if You Can't Get What You Want? Willingness to Compromise Ideal Mate Selection Standards as a Function of Sex, Mate Value, and Relationship Context

The majority of mate selection research focuses on what people want, rather than what they will settle for, in a partner. The present study explored the extent to which sex, self perceived mate value, and relationship context moderate ideal partner preferences and the willingness to compromise ideal standards. When considering a casual sex partner, men and women emphasized and were unwilling to compromise on physical attractiveness; when considering a romantic partner, both emphasized and refused to compromise on interpersonal responsiveness. Sex differences primarily occurred in the context of short-term mating, with women ideally seeking an older more interpersonally responsive sex partner and demonstrating less willingness than men to compromise their standards on a number of dimensions. Men's mate value largely was disassociated with their selection criteria; women's mate value correlated positively with their ideal preferences across many characteristics and in both mating contexts.
On the Constraints of Encapsulated Knowledge: Clinical Case Representations by Medical Experts and Subexperts

This article is concerned with the role of so-called encapsulated knowledge and biomedical knowledge in the process of diagnosing clinical cases within and outside the medical specialist's domain of expertise. Based on the theory of knowledge encapsulation, we predicted that subexperts (i.e., medical specialists diagnosing a clinical case outside their specialty) could not diagnose a clinical case in an encapsulated mode, and therefore they would relapse into an elaborate biomedical processing approach to understand the described signs and symptoms. Cardiologists (the experts) and Neurologists (the subexperts) were instructed to study 2 clinical case descriptions for a period of 3 min per case. After each case they were asked to provide a diagnosis, write down everything they remembered of the case, and finally to explain the signs and symptoms displayed in the case. The results show that cardiologists achieved a higher diagnostic accuracy than did neurologists. Furthermore, the cardiologists' recall and pathophysiological explanations contained more high-level inferences (i.e., encapsulations) than those of neurologists. These outcomes are in line with the predictions made on the basis of the theory of knowledge encapsulation.
Verbal self-regulation in a children's game: Impulsive errors on "Simon says."

STROMMEN, ELLEN A. Verbal Self-Regulation in a Children's Game: Impulsive Errors on "Simon Says. " CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 849-853. The game of "Simon Says" was played individually with children in preschool, kindergarten, first grade, and third grade. Errors decreased significantly with grade. First graders (average age 7) made substantial numbers of errors, indicating that "Simon Says" is more difficult than other tasks used to study children's impulsive errors and that estimates of ages at which children are able to inhibit impulsive responding depend on the demands of the task or situation. Third graders, first graders, and kindergarten girls improved with practice; kindergarten boys and preschoolers did not.
Vulnerability in farmer seed systems: Farmer practices for coping with seed insecurity for sorghum in Eastern Ethiopia

Many interventions try to address farmers’ seed insecurity, though few assess the causes of farmers’ vulnerability or understand their coping strategies. This paper analyzes farmers’ practices for maintaining sorghum seed security in a specific season (1998–99) in Ethiopia, which provides a richer picture of coping strategies than accounts of “general” practices, as it shows how responses reflect events unfolding over time and household-specific situations. High seeding rates ensure against environmental uncertainty, but not everyone has sufficient seed for repeated sowing should stands fail to establish. Off-farm seed fills this gap, though payment is usually required for substantial quantities; only 20% of seed from other farmers came for free in 1998. Differences between seed suppliers and recipients suggest indicators for chronic seed insecurity. The discussion explores implications for supporting farmers’ coping strategies. Helping the poorest farmers access off-farm seed, from other farmers or from merchants, can reduce their vulnerability.
Market Reforms and Psychological Distress in Urban Beijing

This article examines the change in psychological well-being among urban residents in Beijing, China, over a 10-year period of rapid social change. The findings suggest that urban reforms generate economic gains at the expense of urban residents’ psychological well-being. Results from two community surveys conducted in 1991 and 2000 reveal that urban Beijing residents have experienced greater life stress and a rise in depressive symptoms during the 10-year period. The decline in psychological well-being between 1991 and 2000 can be partly explained by greater exposure of Beijing residents to life stressors in the course of rapid social changes associated with the urban reforms. The survey results also lend support to the social adjustment and stress explanation, but not the social relations and support explanation. Changes in social relations only marginally affect the change in depressive symptomatology, and the protective function of social relations, particularly relations with family and co-workers, has gained importance over the years.
Abnormalities of the temporomandibular joint in adults with rheumatic disease. A comparison of panoramic, transcranial and transpharyngeal radiography with tomography.

The validity of panoramic, transcranial and transpharyngeal examinations for determining temporomandibular joint (TMJ) abnormalities was investigated in 58 adults (mean age 46 years) with rheumatic disease, mostly rheumatoid arthritis, who also had TMJ symptoms. Hypocycloidal lateral tomography was used as the reference examination. The film series were reviewed at different occasions and TMJs with destructive changes were recorded as abnormal (arthritic). Fifty-five abnormal joints in 32 patients were found with tomography. Panoramic, transcranial and transpharyngeal examinations, compared with the reference examination, had sensitivities of 81%, 79% and 81% respectively. Overestimation was minimal. Tomography is recommended in adults with rheumatic disease TMJ symptoms but negative panoramic, transcranial or transpharyngeal examinations. The substantial proportion of patients (45%) with no TMJ abnormalities suggests that either the amount of bone destruction is so small that it cannot be detected by pre.
Staff definitions of challenging behavior

Staff beliefs about challenging behaviors may influence staff behavior towards those who challenge. Staff behaviors in turn have been implicated in both the development and maintenance of challenging behaviors. Very few previous research studies have focused on staff definitions of challenging behavior. In the present study, 50 staff working with adults with mental retardation rated potentially challenging behaviors in terms of: (a) whether they thought the behaviors were challenging, and (b) whether the behaviors should be the focus of intervention. Results confirmed previous research findings in that behaviors primarily having negative effects on individuals, rather than staff and services, were less likely to be identified as challenging. Practical implications of the study findings and directions for future research on staff beliefs about challenging behavior are discussed.
A sequential smoothing algorithm with linear computational cost.

In this paper we propose a new particle smoother that has a computational complexity of O(N), where N is the number of particles. This compares favourably with the O(N-super-2) computational cost of most smoothers. The new method also overcomes some degeneracy problems in existing algorithms. Through simulation studies we show that substantial gains in efficiency are obtained for practical amounts of computational cost. It is shown both through these simulation studies, and by the analysis of an athletics dataset, that our new method also substantially outperforms the simple filter-smoother, the only other smoother with computational cost that is O(N). Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
PROBLEMS AND ENDOGENOUS ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS

This paper proposes a theory of investment fluctuations where the source of the oscillating dynamics is an agency problem between financiers and entrepreneurs. A central tenet of the theory is that investment decisions depend upon entrepreneurs’ initiative to select investment projects ex-ante, and financiers’ incentive to control entrepreneurs ex-post. Too much control discourages entrepreneurial incentive to initiate new investment, while too little control jeopardizes its productivity. This initiative-control trade-off generates investment dynamics that mimic those of a standard credit frictions model, in which more entrepreneurial net worth leads to higher investment. The same trade-off is capable of generating endogenous reversal of investment booms, induced by an ongoing deterioration of project profitability. Investment fluctuations may take place even though no external shocks hit the economy, and even though agents are perfectly rational. JEL:E 32, E 24;
Simulated fractals shape for unit cell reflectarray

In this paper, simulation results of an identical unit cell with different shape of printed radiating element have been briefly discussed. Since the most severe problem in reflectarrays is narrow bandwidth, there are much efforts have been done in recent years to overcome this limitation. There are two factors that causing a narrow bandwidth of the reflectarrays which are the narrow band of the radiating elements and the differential spatial phase delay between elements on the reflectarray itself. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to investigate the suitable shapes of element for a better reflectarray cells development. The suitable shape means it has wider linear phase range and better gradient in degree per micrometer (°/µm) which means the smaller value of gradient, so that when the frequency changes, the phase distribution only varies in a constant which is a little bit in degree (°) for the whole reflectarray structure. From the observation, minkowski element patch has wider linear phase range and koch-triangle element shape has better in gradient which is not quite sensitive in patch variation around its resonance region.
Immunogenicity and Safety of a Combination of Two Serogroup B Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines

ABSTRACT MenBvac and MeNZB are safe and efficacious vaccines against serogroup B meningococcal disease. MenBvac is prepared from a B:15:P1.7,16 meningococcal strain (strain 44/76), and MeNZB is prepared from a B:4:P1.7-2,4 strain (strain NZ98/254). At 6-week intervals, healthy adults received three doses of MenBvac (25 μg), MeNZB (25 μg), or the MenBvac and MeNZB (doses of 12.5 μg of each vaccine) vaccines combined, followed by a booster 1 year later. Two-thirds of the subjects who received a monovalent vaccine in the primary schedule received the other monovalent vaccine as a booster dose. The immune responses to the combined vaccine were of the same magnitude as the homologous responses to each individual vaccine observed. At 6 weeks after the third dose, 77% and 87% of the subjects in the combined vaccine group achieved serum bactericidal titers of ≥4 against strains 44/76 and NZ98/254, respectively, and 97% and 93% of the subjects achieved a fourfold or greater increase in opsonophagocytic activity against strains 44/76 and NZ98/254, respectively. For both strains, a trend of higher responses after the booster dose was observed in all groups receiving at least one dose of the respective strain-specific vaccine. Local and systemic reactions were common in all vaccine groups. Most reactions were mild or moderate in intensity, and there were no vaccine-related serious adverse events. The safety profile of the combined vaccine was not different from those of the separate monovalent vaccines. In conclusion, use of either of the single vaccines or the combination of MenBvac and MeNZB may have a considerable impact on the serogroup B meningococcal disease situation in many countries.
Human metapnuemovirus infections in hospitalized children and comparison with other respiratory viruses. 2005-2014 prospective study

Background Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has an important etiological role in acute lower respiratory infections in children under five years. Our objectives were to estimate the relative contribution of HMPV to hospitalization in children with acute respiratory infection, to define the clinical and epidemiological features of HMPV single and multiple infections, and to compare HMPV infections with respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), rhinovirus (HRV), adenovirus and human bocavirus infections in the same population. Methods and findings A prospective study performed on all children less than 14 years of age with a respiratory tract disease admitted to a secondary hospital between September 2005- June 2014. Clinical characteristics of patients were analyzed. Nasopharyngeal aspirate was taken at admission for viral study with polymerase chain reaction for 16 respiratory viruses. A total of 3,906 children were included. At least one respiratory virus was detected in 75.2% of them. The most common identified virus was HRSV, followed by HRV. HMPV was detected in 214 cases (5.5%); 133 (62%) were single infections and the remaining were detected in coinfection with other viruses. 90.7% cases were detected between February and May. Children’s mean age was 13.83 ± 18 months. Fever was frequent (69%), and bronchiolitis (27%), and recurrent wheezing (63%) were the main clinical diagnosis. Hypoxia was present in 65% of the patients and 47% of them had an infiltrate in X-ray. Only 6 (2.8%) children were admitted to the intensive care unit. Only the duration of the hospitalization was different, being longer in the coinfections group (p <0.05). There were many differences in seasonality and clinical characteristics between HMPV and other respiratory viruses being more similar to HRSV. Conclusions HMPV infections accounted for 5.5% of total viral infections in hospitalized children. The clinical characteristics were similar to HRSV infections, but seasonality and clinical data were different from other viral infections.
Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols

The process of fixation identification—separating and labeling fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols—is an essential part of eye-movement data analysis and can have a dramatic impact on higher-level analyses. However, algorithms for performing fixation identification are often described informally and rarely compared in a meaningful way. In this paper we propose a taxonomy of fixation identification algorithms that classifies algorithms in terms of how they utilize spatial and temporal information in eye-tracking protocols. Using this taxonomy, we describe five algorithms that are representative of different classes in the taxonomy and are based on commonly employed techniques. We then evaluate and compare these algorithms with respect to a number of qualitative characteristics. The results of these comparisons offer interesting implications for the use of the various algorithms in future work.
Does Matching Versus Mismatching Message Content to Attitude Functions Lead to Biased Processing? The Role of Message Ambiguity

Previous research on the question of whether matching message content to the functional basis of people's attitudes may lead to biased message processing has been inconclusive. In particular, existing evidence is open to reinterpretation such that matched strong arguments led to more attitudinal agreement because they were scrutinized more effortfully than mismatched strong arguments. The present study was conducted to examine the hypothesis that matching the message to attitude functions may lead to biased processing only given an ambiguous (vs. an unambiguous strong or weak) message. High and low self-monitors were presented with a matched message (i.e., a quality appeal for low self-monitors and an image appeal for high self-monitors) or a mismatched message (opposite combinations). The message content was strong, weak, or ambiguous. As predicted, only given an ambiguous message did biased processing lead to more agreement when the appeal matched (versus mismatched) attitude functions. In contrast, a strong message led to more agreement than a weak message regardless of functional matching (unbiased processing).
Real-Time View-Dependent Visualization of Real World Glossy Surfaces

: A technique for real-time visualization of glossy surfaces is presented. The technique is aimed at recreating the view-dependent appearance of glossy surfaces under some ﬁxed illumination conditions. The visualized surfaces can be actual real world surfaces or they can be surfaces for which the appearance is precomputed with a global illumination renderer. The approach taken is to image to surface from a large number of viewpoints distributed over the viewsphere. From these images the reﬂected radiance in different directions is sampled and a parameterized model is ﬁtted to these radiance samples. Two different models are explored: a very low parameter model inspired by the Phong reﬂection model, and a general Spherical Harmonics model. It is concluded that the Phong-based model is best suited for this type of application.
Thalamocortical Bursts Trigger Recurrent Activity in Neocortical Networks: Layer 4 as a Frequency-Dependent Gate

Sensory information reaches the cortex via thalamocortical (TC) synapses in layer 4. Thalamic relay neurons that mediate information flow to cortex operate in two distinct modes, tonic and burst firing. Burst firing has been implicated in enhancing reliability of information flow between individual neurons. However, little is known about how local networks of neocortical neurons respond to different temporal patterns of TC activity. We studied cortical activity patterns evoked by stimulating TC afferents at different frequencies, using a combination of electrophysiology and calcium imaging in TC slices that allowed for the reconstruction of spatiotemporal activity with single-cell resolution. Stimulation of TC axons at low frequencies triggered action potentials in only a small number of layer 4 neurons. In contrast, brief high-frequency stimulus trains triggered widespread recurrent activity in populations of neurons in layer 4 and then spread into adjacent layers 2/3 and 5. Recurrent activity had a clear threshold, typically lasted 300 msec, and could be evoked repetitively at frequencies up to 0.5 Hz. Moreover, the spatial extent of recurrent activity was controlled by the TC pattern of activity. Recurrent activity triggered within the highly interconnected networks of layer 4 might act to selectively amplify and redistribute transient high-frequency TC inputs, filter out low-frequency inputs, and temporarily preserve a record of past sensory activity.
Perception of Effort During Resistance Exercise

This study used ratings of perceived exertion for the overall body (RPE-O) to examine the perception of effort during resistance exercise. Eight men completed 2 trials in a counter- balanced design: a single bout of resistance exercises at 70% 1-RM, and the same exercises at 50% of 1-RM. Blood lactate concentrations [bLa] were measured before each trial, immediately after each exercise, and at 30 and 60 min post for each trial. Heart rate and systolic BP were also recorded at these same time periods. RPE-O were obtained immediately after each exercise using the Borg 10-point category-ratio scale. Significant elevations in [bLa], HR, and SBP occurred in response to both bouts of exercise. The increase in exercise intensity from 50 to 70% of 1-RM corresponded with a significant increase in [bLa] and RPE-O, but not HR or SBP. It appears that the perception of effort increases along with increases in % 1-RM lifted. Accumulation of [bLa] may mediate this. These findings support the use of the Borg scale for monitoring resistance exercise intensity.
A comparative study to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma and triamcinolone to treat tennis elbow

Background: Lateral elbow pain is common with a population prevalence of 1%–3%. The study was a comparative trial to validate the efficacy of single injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for tennis elbow as compared with single injections of triamcinolone and placebo (normal saline) over a short term period. Materials and Methods: Comparative trial with 3- and 6-month followup evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS) and facial pain scale (FPS). Our study included a total of eighty patients with unilateral or bilateral tennis elbows. The study population included patients between 20 and 40 years age group belonging to either sex with seventy unilateral and ten bilateral affections for more than 3-month duration. Patients suffering from elbow pain due to other problems or those who have received any form of injection were excluded from the study. One milliliter of 2% Xylocaine injection was given before injecting the proposed formulation under trial. VAS and FPS were used for scoring pain. Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U-tests were used for statistical analyses at 12 and 24 weeks. Results: Overall, 49 females and 31 males were included with thirty elbows in each group. Both the PRP and triamcinolone groups had better pain relief at 3 and 6 months as compared to normal saline group ( P < 0.05), but at 6 months followup, the PRP group had statistically significant better pain relief than triamcinolone group. In the triamcinolone group, 13 patients had injection site hypopigmentation and 3 patients had subdermal atrophy. Conclusions: Over a short term period, PRP gives better pain relief than triamcinolone or normal saline in tennis elbow which needs to be validated over long term period by further studies.