Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ADHD and Children Who Are Gifted. ERIC Digest #522.

This fact sheet summarizes information on children who have an attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD), are gifted, or are both ADHD and gifted. Fourteen diagnostic criteria for ADHD from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III are listed. A comparison of behaviors associated with ADHD and with giftedness is offered, noting the many similarities. Parents and teachers are urged to consider the situation and setting of problematic behaviors, noting that children with ADHD typically exhibit problem behaviors in all settings (both at home and at school) whereas gifted children are most likely to exhibit such behaviors in situations where they are bored or waiting for other students. Other differences noted include a long attention span (when interested) by gifted students and a greater variability in task performance by children with ADHD. Careful evaluation is urged for students who may be both gifted/talented and ADHD. * * * Howard's teachers say he just isn't working up to his ability. He doesn't finish his assignments, or just puts down answers without showing his work; his handwriting and spelling are poor. He sits and fidgets in class, talks to others, and often disrupts class by interrupting others. He used to shout out the answers to the teachers' questions (they were usually right), but now he day-dreams a lot and seems distracted. Does Howard have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is he gifted, or both? Frequently, bright children have been referred to psychologists or pediatricians because they exhibited certain behaviors (e.g., restlessness, inattention, impulsivity, high activity level, day-dreaming commonly associated with a diagnosis of ADHD. Formally, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) (American Psychiatric Association) lists 14 characteristics that may be found in children diagnosed as having ADHD. At least 8 of these characteristics must be present, the onset must be before age 7, and they must be present for at least six months. Diagnostic Criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder* 1. Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat (in adolescents may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness). 2. Has difficulty remaining seated when required to. 3. Is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli. 4. Has difficulty awaiting turns in games or group situations. 5. Often blurts out answers to questions before they have been completed.
Modeling the effects of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amount of reading, and past reading achievement on text comprehension between U.S. and Chinese students

This study examined the extent that motivational processes facilitate the comprehension of texts and the extent of culture's role in children's motivational processes of text comprehension. Relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the amount of reading, past reading achievement, and text comprehension were examined by utilizing structural equation modeling. Fourth-grade students (187 U.S. and 197 Chinese) were administered a reading test and two questionnaires regarding reading motivation and reading amount. A final model fit the data well, showing that intrinsic motivation predicted text comprehension for both student groups after controlling for all other variables. Extrinsic motivation negatively predicted text comprehension except when associated with intrinsic motivation. Reading amount did not predict text comprehension after controlling for motivational variables. The structural relationships were statistically equivalent across the U.S. and Chinese groups. Cultural influences on reading motivation, reading amount, and comprehension were discussed.
Does volunteer work during leisure time buffer negative effects of job stressors? A diary study

This study examined volunteer work engagement as a buffer in the relationship between two types of job stressors and two job-related outcomes: positive affect and active listening at work. Fifty-one employees from different organizations who were involved in various volunteer work activities during their leisure time completed a daily survey over a period of one working week with two daily measurement times. The results of multilevel analyses showed that volunteer work engagement in the evening moderated the relationship between situational constraints and positive affect during the following working day, as well as the relationship between situational constraints and active listening during the following working day. After evenings in which people engaged in volunteer work activities, situational constraints were not associated with positive affect or active listening at work on the following day. However, after evenings in which people did not engage in volunteer work activities, situational constraints were negatively related to positive affect, as well as negatively related to active listening at work. Our findings contribute to research on moderators in stress research, as they suggest that volunteer work engagement during leisure time can buffer the effects of job stressors during the following working day.
Social and interpersonal determinants of developmental risk

It was hypothesized that maternal teaching style (MTS) and a child's attentional performance mediate the relation between contextual risk factors and intelligence quotient (IQ). One hundred fifty-nine 4-year-old children and their mothers in a longitudinal study of children at risk for mental disorder participated in a maternal teaching task, a Luria bulb-squeeze procedure, and a delayed-match-to-sample (DMS) task in the laboratory
Type-2 Fuzzy Arithmetic using Alpha-planes

This paper examines type-2 fuzzy arithmetic using in- terval analysis. It relies heavily on alpha-cuts and alpha-planes. Fur- thermore, we discuss the use of quasi type-2 fuzzy sets proposed by Mendel and Liu and define quasi type-2 fuzzy numbers. Arithmetic operations of such numbers are defined and a worked example is pre-
Selective Regulation of Apoptosis: the Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Serpin Proteinase Inhibitor 9 Protects against Granzyme B-Mediated Apoptosis without Perturbing the Fas Cell Death Pathway

ABSTRACT Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs) induce caspase activation and apoptosis of target cells either through Fas activation or through release of granule cytotoxins, particularly granzyme B. CLs themselves resist granule-mediated apoptosis but are eventually cleared via Fas-mediated apoptosis. Here we show that the CL cytoplasmic serpin proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9) can protect transfected cells against apoptosis induced by either purified granzyme B and perforin or intact CLs. A PI-9 P1 mutant (Glu to Asp) is a 100-fold-less-efficient granzyme B inhibitor that no longer protects against granzyme B-mediated apoptosis. PI-9 is highly specific for granzyme B because it does not inhibit eight of the nine caspases tested or protect transfected cells against Fas-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, the P1(Asp) mutant is an effective caspase inhibitor that protects against Fas-mediated apoptosis. We propose that PI-9 shields CLs specifically against misdirected granzyme B to prevent autolysis or fratricide, but it does not interfere with homeostatic deletion via Fas-mediated apoptosis.
Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art

abstract phonological representation (in other words, they are not, as it is often assumed, a type of transcription system for intonation). The tones of an intonational representation are phonetically realized as tonal targets , that is as specific points in the F0 contour, defined along two dimensions: their scaling —their value in Hz or any other unit of measuring F0 or pitch—and their alignment —their temporal occurrence relative to specific segmental landmarks; e.g., boundary tones are typically aligned with the last vowel before the boundary they are associated with. It is this alignment of a H% boundary tone that produces the rise on the last (unstressed) vowel of [meˈseona] “Middle Ages” and [siˈnaðelfi] “colleagues” in Figure 9. Both the scaling and alignment of targets are considered to be stable. However, stability is to be interpreted somewhat liberally, as with all other phonetic realizations. First, the exact scaling of tones depends partly on non-linguistic factors, such as the physical characteristics of the speaker, and paralinguistic factors such as her state of excitement or surprise at the moment an utterance take places. Tonal alignment on the other hand, is less affected by such external factors; rather it is linguistic context that affects it the most, such as the position of the tone in the utterance, the number and position of other tones, the phonological weight of the syllable the tone is associated with, speaking rate and so on (among many, Arvaniti et al. 1998, 2000; Fougeron & Jun 1998, Ladd et al. 1999; Ladd, Mennen & Schepman 2000). When all these variables are kept constant, both scaling and alignment are remarkably stable.
Effects of folic acid on preschool children’s appetite: Randomized triple‐blind clinical trial

Background: In recent years some Iranian pediatricians have used folic acid empirically as an appetite‐enhancing drug in poor‐appetite, low‐weight children. Many parents have expressed their satisfaction with this treatment but until now no study has been done to confirm or exclude folic acid as an appetite enhancer.
Admissions for myocardial infarction and World Cup football: database survey

Abstract Objectives: To examine hospital admissions for a range of diagnoses on days surrounding England's 1998 World Cup football matches. Design: Analysis of hospital admissions obtained from English hospital episode statistics. Setting: England. Participants: Population aged 15-64 years. Main outcome measures: Ratio of number of admissions for acute myocardial infarction, stroke, deliberate self harm, and road traffic injuries on the day of and five days after England's World Cup matches, compared with admissions at the same time in previous and following years and in the month preceding the tournament. Results: Risk of admission for acute myocardial infarction increased by 25% on 30 June 1998 (the day England lost to Argentina in a penalty shoot-out) and the following two days. No excess admissions occurred for other diagnoses or on the days of the other England matches. The effect was the same when only the two days after the match were treated as the exposed condition. Individual analyses of the day of and the two days after the Argentina match showed 55 extra admissions for myocardial infarctions compared with the number expected. Conclusion: The increase in admissions suggests that myocardial infarction can be triggered by emotional upset, such as watching your football team lose an important match. What is already known on this topic Physical and emotional triggers, such as environmental disasters and vigorous physical exercise, can precipitate acute myocardial infarction An increase in cardiovascular mortality among Dutch men was associated with the 1996 European championship match between the Netherlands and France What this study adds Admissions for myocardial infarction increased on the day England was eliminated from the 1998 World Cup by Argentina in a penalty shoot-out and on the two subsequent days No effect was seen on admissions for other diagnoses or after other matches These data support the hypothesis that intense emotional reactions can trigger myocardial infarction
Patterns of postnatal ontogeny of the skull and lower jaw of snakes as revealed by micro‐CT scan data and three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics

We compared the head skeleton (skull and lower jaw) of juvenile and adult specimens of five snake species [Anilios (=Ramphotyphlops) bicolor, Cylindrophis ruffus, Aspidites melanocephalus, Acrochordus arafurae, and Notechis scutatus] and two lizard outgroups (Ctenophorus decresii, Varanus gilleni). All major ontogenetic changes observed were documented both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative comparisons were based on high‐resolution micro‐CT scanning of the specimens, and detailed quantitative analyses were performed using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. Two sets of landmarks were used, one for accurate representation of the intraspecific transformations of each skull and jaw configuration, and the other for comparison between taxa. Our results document the ontogenetic elaboration of crests and processes for muscle attachment (especially for cervical and adductor muscles); negative allometry in the braincase of all taxa; approximately isometric growth of the snout of all taxa except Varanus and Anilios (positively allometric); and positive allometry in the quadrates of the macrostomatan snakes Aspidites, Acrochordus and Notechis, but also, surprisingly, in the iguanian lizard Ctenophorus. Ontogenetic trajectories from principal component analysis provide evidence for paedomorphosis in Anilios and peramorphosis in Acrochordus. Some primitive (lizard‐like) features are described for the first time in the juvenile Cylindrophis. Two distinct developmental trajectories for the achievement of the macrostomatan (large‐gaped) condition in adult snakes are documented, driven either by positive allometry of supratemporal and quadrate (in pythons), or of quadrate alone (in sampled caenophidians); this is consistent with hypothesised homoplasy in this adaptive complex. Certain traits (e.g. shape of coronoid process, marginal tooth counts) are more stable throughout postnatal ontogeny than others (e.g. basisphenoid keel), with implications for their reliability as phylogenetic characters.
Öğretmen Adaylarının Bilgi Toplumunda Değerlere İlişkin Görüşlerinin Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Bu calismanin amaci; ogretmen adaylarinin bilgi toplumunda degerlere iliskin goruslerini saptamak ve bu goruslerin bazi degiskenler acisindan farklilik gosterip gostermedigini belirlemektir. Calismada, betimsel tarama modeli kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin orneklemini, seckisiz yontemle secilen 514 ogretmen adayi olusturmaktadir. Ogretmen adaylarinin geleneksel, evrensel ve hedonistik deger alanlarina iliskin gorusleri cinsiyet, yas, mezun olduklari okul turu, katildiklari sosyal etkinlik sayisi, anne/baba egitim duzeyi, ailenin gelir duzeyi ve yasaminin buyuk cogunlugunu gecirdigi yer degiskenlerine gore incelenmistir. Verilerin analizinde, yuzde, frekans, aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma, t testi ve varyans analizi kullanilmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore; ogretmen adaylarinin geleneksel, evrensel ve hedonistik deger alanlarina yuksek duzeyde onem verdikleri gorulmustur. Deger alanlarina iliskin ogretmen adaylarinin gorusleri cok onemli duzeyindedir. Bunun yaninda ogretmen adaylarinin cinsiyet, yas, mezun olduklari lise turu ve katildiklari sosyal etkinlik sayisina gore deger alanlarinda anlamli farkliliklar bulunmustur
H2-M3–Restricted T Cells in Bacterial Infection

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecules have been implicated in CD8+ T cell–mediated defenses against intracellular bacterial infection, but the relative importance of MHC class Ib–restricted T cells in antimicrobial immunity is unknown. In this report, we use MHC tetramers to characterize T cell responses restricted by H2-M3, an MHC class Ib molecule that selectively presents N-formyl peptides. We find that sizeable H2-M3–restricted T cell responses, occurring earlier than MHC class Ia–restricted T cell responses, are mounted after primary infection with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. These H2-M3–restricted T cells are cytolytic and produce interferon γ. However, after a second L. monocytogenes infection, H2-M3–restricted memory T cell responses are minor in comparison to the much larger MHC class Ia–restricted responses. This first direct characterization of an MHC class Ib–restricted T cell response indicates that CD8+ T cells responding to L. monocytogenes infection can be divided into two groups: H2-M3–restricted responses, which provide rapid and quantitatively substantial effector function during primary infections but contribute relatively little to memory responses, and MHC class Ia–restricted responses, which expand later during primary infection but form memory T cells that respond rapidly and dramatically in response to subsequent infections by the same pathogen.
Use of Knowledge and Heuristics for Wayfinding in an Artificial Environment

The purpose of this study was to explore wayfinding behavior in an unfamiliar environment. The participants were 24 university freshmen. The main task was returning to the starting point after an 8-minute walk within complex buildings. The participants were encouraged to use the shortest path possible. A photo memory task, a route memory task, a pointing task and a sketch map of the route were also completed. Wayfinding performance was found to correlate with performances in the sketch map task and the pointing task, and with route scene memory. However, some participants who either drew incomplete sketch maps or had an inaccurate homing vector could also find their way with a minimum of errors. Their verbal explanations of their choices revealed that using route scenes, schema-like knowledge, environmental constraints, and information-seeking heuristics enabled them to find their way in the artificial environment.
Peer Ratings and Assessment Quality in Crowd-based Innovation Processes

Social networks – whether public or in enterprises – regularly ask users to rate their peers’ content using different voting techniques. When employed in innovation challenges, these rating procedures are part of an open, interactive, and continuous engagement among customers, employees, or citizens. In this regard, assessment accuracy (i.e., correctly identifying good and bad ideas) in crowdsourced evaluation processes may be influenced by the display of peer ratings. While it could sometimes be useful for users to follow their peers, it is not entirely clear under which circumstances this actually holds true. Thus, in this research-in-progress article, we propose a study design to systematically investigate the effect of peer ratings on assessment accuracy in crowdsourced idea evaluation processes. Based on the elaboration likelihood model and social psychology, we develop a research model that incorporates the mediating factors extraversion, locus of control, as well as peer rating quality (i.e., the ratings’ correlation with the evaluated content’s actual quality). We suggest that the availability of peer ratings decreases assessment accuracy and that rating quality, extraversion, as well as an internal locus of control mitigate this effect.
Stable isotopes in bivalves as indicators of nutrient source in coastal waters in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama

To examine N-isotope ratios (15N/14N) in tissues and shell organic matrix of bivalves as a proxy for natural and anthropogenic nutrient fluxes in coastal environments, Pinctada imbricata, Isognomon alatus, and Brachidontes exustusbivalves were live-collected and analyzed from eight sites in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Sites represent a variety of coastal environments, including more urbanized, uninhabited, riverine, and oceanic sites. Growth under differing environmental conditions is confirmed by δ18O values, with open ocean Escudo de Veraguas shells yielding the highest average δ18O (−1.0‰) value and freshwater endmember Rio Guarumo the lowest (−1.7‰). At all sites there is no single dominant source of organic matter contributing to bivalve δ15N and δ13C values. Bivalve δ15N and δ13C values likely represent a mixture of mangrove and seagrass N and C, although terrestrial sources cannot be ruled out. Despite hydrographic differences between end-members, we see minimal δ15N and δ13C difference between bivalves from the river-influenced Rio Guarumo site and those from the oceanic Escudo de Veraguas site, with no evidence for N from open-ocean phytoplankton in the latter. Populated sites yield relative 15N enrichments suggestive of anthropogenic nutrient input, but low δ15N values overall make this interpretation equivocal. Lastly, δ15N values of tissue and shell organic matrix correlate significantly for pterioideans P. imbricata and I. alatus. Thus for these species, N isotope studies of historical and fossil shells should provide records of ecology of past environments.
Sleep disruption aggravates focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep changes are frequent in stroke patients and predict a poor outcome. It remains unclear how sleep influences stroke evolution and recovery. We assessed effects of sleep disruption on brain damage and on the expression of axon sprouting genes after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. DESIGN 12 h after ischemia induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, rats were subjected to sleep disruption including sleep deprivation for 12h (SDpv12h) and sleep disturbances (SDis) by SDpv12h for consecutive 3 days. Control groups included ischemia without SDpv12h or SDis, sham surgery plus SDis and sham surgery without SDis. Sleep changes were evaluated based on EEG and EMG recordings. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS SDpv12h increased the infarct volume by 40% (SDpv12h 82.8 +/- 10.9 vs. control 59.2 +/- 13.9 mm3, P = 0.008) and SDis by 76% (SDis 58.8 +/- 20.4 vs. control 33.8 +/- 6.3 mm3, P = 0.017). SDpv12h also increased the number of damaged cells, visualized by TUNEL staining, by 137% (SDpv12h 46.8 +/- 15 vs. control 19.7 +/- 7.7/mm2, P < 0.001) and SDis by 219% (SDis 32.9 +/- 13.2 vs. control 10.3 +/- 2.5/mm2, P = 0.002). In addition, SDis significantly elevated the expression of the axonal extension inhibitory molecule neurocan (SDis 14.3 +/- 0.4 vs. control 6.2 +/- 0.1-fold of change, P < 0.001) in the injured hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first direct evidence for a detrimental impact of sleep disruption on stroke evolution and suggest a potential role of sleep modulating treatments on stroke outcomes.
Tracing dynamic features in python programs

Recent years have seen a number of proposals for adding (retrofitting) static typing to dynamic programming languages, a natural consequence of their growing popularity for non-toy applications across a multitude of domains. These proposals often make assumptions about how programmers write code, and in many cases restrict the way the languages can be used. In the context of Python, this paper describes early results from trace-based collection of run-time data about the use of built-in language features which are inherently hard to type, such as dynamic code generation. The end goal of this work is to facilitate static validation tooling for Python, in particular retrofitting of type systems.