Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Factors Related to Drug Abuse Among a Sample of Iranian Male Medical College Students

Backgrounds: Drug abuse is one of the most serious social problems in many countries. College students, particularly at their first year of education, are considered as one of the at risk groups for drug abuse. The present study aimed to determine cognitive factors related to drug abuse among a sample of Iranian male medical college students based on the social cognitive theory (SCT). Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 425 Iranian male medical college students who were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study. The participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software (ver. 21.0) using bivariate correlations, logistic and linear regression at 95% significant level. Results: Attitude, outcome expectation, outcome expectancies, subjective norms, and self-control were cognitive factors that accounted for 49% of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to abuse drugs. Logistic regression showed that attitude (OR=1.062), outcome expectancies (OR=1.115), and subjective norms (OR=1.269) were the most influential predictors for drug abuse. Conclusions: The findings suggest that designing and implementation of educational programs may be useful to increase negative attitude, outcome expectancies, and subjective norms towards drug abuse for college students in order to prevent drug abuse.
Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Induces Vascular Inflammation and Promotes Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E−/− Mice

Objective—Exposure to dioxins has been shown to contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Macrophage-mediated inflammation is a critical event in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Previously, we showed that treatment of macrophages with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) leads to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)–dependent activation of inflammatory mediators and the formation of cholesterol-laden foam cells. However, the mechanisms responsible for the formation of atherosclerotic lesions mediated through AhR have not been identified. Methods and Results—An in vitro macrophage and an apolipoprotein E (ApoE)−/− mouse model were used to determine whether chemokines and their receptors are responsible for the AhR-mediated atherogenesis. Exposure of ApoE−/− mice to TCDD caused a time-dependent progression of atherosclerosis, which was associated with induction of inflammatory genes, including interleukin-8, as well as F4/80 and matrix metalloproteinase-12. A high-fat diet enhanced the TCDD-mediated inflammatory response and aggravated the formation of complex atheromas. Treatment with a CXCR2 inhibitor and an AhR antagonist reduced the TCDD-induced progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE−/− mice. Conclusion—The results suggest that CXCR2 mediates the atherogenic activity of environmental pollutants, such as dioxins, and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis through the induction of a vascular inflammatory response by activating the AhR-signaling pathway.
A Pattern driven Approach against Architectural Knowledge Vaporization

Architectural documentation is often considered as a tedious and resource intensive task, that is usually skipped or performed inadequately. As a result the rationale of the architect’s decisions gets lost. This problem is known as architectural knowledge vaporization. We propose a documentation approach for architectural decisions concerning the application of software patterns. Based on the assumption that patterns and pattern languages incorporate generic architectural knowledge, we recommend reusing this documented knowledge in application specific architecture documentation to preserve an important part of the rationale, that went into the architect’s decisions, while saving time compared to other documentation approaches.
Radial velocities of early-type stars in the Perseus OB2 association

We present radial velocities for 29 B- and A-type stars in the field of the nearby association Perseus OB2. The velocities are derived from spectra obtained with AURELIE, via cross correlation with radial velocity standards matched as closely as possible in spectral type. The resulting accuracy is2-3 km s 1 . We use these measurements, together with published values for a few other early-type stars, to study membership of the association. The mean radial velocity (and measured velocity dispersion) of Per OB2 is 23:5 3: 9k m s 1 , and lies15 km s 1 away from the mean velocity of the local disk field stars. We identify a number of interlopers in the list of possible late-B- and A-type members which was based on Hipparcos parallaxes and proper motions, and discuss the colour-magnitude diagram of the association.
The relationship between differentiation and emotional intelligence and cognitive distortions and quality of life in couples

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between differentiation and emotional intelligence and cognitive distortions and quality of life in couples. The research method was descriptive, correlational. The study population consisted of all couples in 1394 in Ardabil city that 100 couples (200 individuals) were selected with multistage cluster sampling method. To collect information, the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire, Bar-on emotional intelligence, interpersonal cognitive distortions differentiation scales were used. Data analysis using Pearson correlation and Multiple Regression were done.The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between emotional intelligence and interpersonal and intrapersonal skills components, stress management and general mood with cognitive distortions of couples and there is a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and components interpersonal skills, adaptability, stress management and there is a significant positive relationship between differentiation and components of emotional reactivity, self- place and emotional getaway of cognitive distortions of couples and there is a negative significant relationship between differentiation and components of emotional reactivity, emotional escape and fusion with others with quality of life couples.Multiple regression analysis showed that differentiation and emotional intelligence can predict 23% of quality of life and it is able to predict 30% of cognitive distortions of couples.According to these results, it can be concluded that the variables of differentiation and emotional intelligence are able to predict cognitive distortions and quality of life in couples and it needs to programs to improve these variables.
Chronic aerobic exercise enhances components of the classical and novel insulin signalling cascades in Sprague-Dawley rat skeletal muscle.

AIM The aim of this study was to provide a more extensive evaluation of the effects of chronic aerobic exercise on various components of the insulin signalling cascade in normal rodent skeletal muscle because of the limited body of literature that exists in this area of investigation. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either control (n = 7) or chronic aerobic exercise (n = 7) groups. Aerobic exercise animals were run 3 day week(1) for 45 min on a motor-driven treadmill (32 m min(1), 15% grade) for a 12 week period. Following the training period, all animals were subjected to hind limb perfusion in the presence of 500 microU mL(1) insulin to determine what effect chronic aerobic training had on various components of the insulin signalling cascade, c-Cbl protein concentration and c-Cbl phosphorylation. RESULTS Twelve weeks of aerobic training did not alter skeletal muscle Akt 1/2 protein concentration, Akt Ser 473 phosphorylation, Akt Thr 308 phosphorylation, Akt 1 activity, aPKC-zeta protein concentration, aPKC-lambda protein concentration or c-Cbl protein concentration. In contrast, chronic aerobic exercise increased insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt 2 kinase and aPKC-zeta/lambda kinase activities, as well as c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation, in a fibre type specific response to aerobic training. In addition, chronic aerobic exercise enhanced insulin-stimulated plasma membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein concentration. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings suggest that chronic aerobic exercise enhances components of both the classical and novel insulin signalling cascades in normal rodent skeletal muscle, which may contribute to an increased insulin-stimulated plasma membrane GLUT4 protein concentration.
ARROW AND DEBREU DE-HOMOGENIZED

To this day, the so-called Arrow–Debreu model represents a trademark of rigorous economic research—be it as a benchmark for extending the model, for weakening its assumptions, for structuring data sets, or for providing alternative models. But who should earn the credit? Arrow or Debreu? This essay presents “the making of” Arrow’s and Debreu’s joint article of 1954 as documented in their extensive letter exchange between their first contact in February 1952 and submission in May 1953. I show, pivotally, that Arrow and Debreu did not share the same interest in their work, that they played different roles, and drew different lessons from it. Moreover, neither Arrow nor Debreu can be identified with the way the profession would later refer to the Arrow–Debreu model. To the contrary, both, in their own ways, sought to counter what others perceived as limitations when placing their hopes in the model.
Security Enhancements for Privacy and Key Management Protocol in IEEE 802.16e-2005

Security is highly critical in wireless communication, as wireless media is vulnerable to attacks. Mobile WiMAX is a new standard and it opens new horizons for security researchers. In this paper, authorization protocol for both versions of PKM in WiMAX has been analyzed. Possible attacks are also considered including interleaving, replay and suppress replay attack and a methodology is presented to prevent these attacks. It also describes WiMAX architecture, privacy and key management (PKM) protocols, their shortcomings and existing solutions for providing security along with enhanced proposed security solution for mentioned attacks. Existing solutions address these problems using timestamp or nonce. A hybrid approach of nonce and timestamp has been proposed to prevent the authorization protocol from such attacks.
The pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients receiving standard-dose or low-dose cyclosporine, low-dose tacrolimus or low-dose sirolimus: the Symphony pharmacokinetic substudy.

BACKGROUND Exposure to mycophenolic acid (MPA), the primary active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), is correlated with therapeutic efficacy of MMF but varies depending on the concomitantly administered immunosuppressive drugs. METHODS A 3-month pharmacokinetic substudy of the prospective, randomized, multicentre, open-label Symphony study was performed. Eighty-three adult renal transplant patients received standard-dose cyclosporine, MMF 2 g/day and corticosteroids, or daclizumab induction, MMF 2 g/day and corticosteroids plus low-dose cyclosporine, low-dose tacrolimus or low-dose sirolimus. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-12)) of MPA and its metabolites between treatment groups was compared. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed before MMF administration and at 20, 40, 75 min; 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h post-dose on Day 7 and Months 1 and 3. RESULTS Compared with standard-dose cyclosporine, patients receiving low-dose tacrolimus or low-dose sirolimus had significantly higher AUC(0-12) values for MPA at Day 7 and Month 1 and for free MPA at Day 7, and significantly lower AUC(0-12) values for 7-O-MPA-glucuronide (MPAG) at Month 1 and for acyl-glucuronide at Months 1 and 3 (P < 0.05). AUC(0-12) of MPA and free MPA was significantly greater with low-dose tacrolimus and low-dose sirolimus than with low-dose cyclosporine in the first month (P < 0.05). The ratio of MPA to MPAG exposure was significantly higher in the three low-dose groups than in the standard-dose cyclosporine group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Standard- and low-dose cyclosporine reduces the exposure of MPA and free MPA compared to low-dose tacrolimus or low-dose sirolimus in patients given the same dose of MMF.
Representational Accuracy of Stochastic Neural Populations

Fisher information is used to analyze the accuracy with which a neural population encodes D stimulus features. It turns out that the form of response variability has a major impact on the encoding capacity and therefore plays an important role in the selection of an appropriate neural model. In particular, in the presence of baseline firing, the reconstruction error rapidly increases with D in the case of Poissonian noise but not for additive noise. The existence of limited-range correlations of the type found in cortical tissue yields a saturation of the Fisher information content as a function of the population size only for an additive noise model. We also show that random variability in the correlation coefficient within a neural population, as found empirically, considerably improves the average encoding quality. Finally, the representational accuracy of populations with inhomogeneous tuning properties, either with variability in the tuning widths or fragmented into specialized subpopulations, is superior to the case of identical and radially symmetric tuning curves usually considered in the literature.
The Rest-Activity Rhythm and Physical Activity in Early-Onset Dementia

Background:A substantial part of elderly persons with dementia show rest-activity rhythm disturbances. The rest-activity rhythm is important to study in people with early-onset dementia (EOD) for rest-activity rhythm disturbances are predictive of institutionalization, and caregivers of young patients suffer from high distress. Objective:The aim of this study was to study (1) whether EOD patients have more rest-activity rhythm disturbances compared with cognitively intact adults; and (2) which factors contribute to a disturbed rhythm. Methods:We included 61 patients with EOD [mean age 61.9 (4.9) y, 41 (67%) men] and 68 cognitively intact adults [mean age 61.6 (4.5) y, 28 (41%) men]. Rest-activity rhythm was assessed by actigraphy. Results:EOD patients tended to have higher intradaily variability [0.46 (0.16) and 0.39 (0.10), P=0.03]. EOD patients also lay for a longer time in bed [time in bed: 08:49 (0:51) h and 08:07 (0:47) h, P<0.001] and needed more time to fall asleep [sleep onset latency: 23 (22) min and 15 (15) min, P=0.02]. Disturbances in the rest-activity rhythm were predicted by a low level of physical activity, use of antidepressants and central nervous system neurological medications, and being male. Conclusions:EOD patients showed more variability in the rest-activity rhythm compared with cognitively intact adults. The main predictor for rest-activity rhythm disturbances was a low level of physical activity.
Bilingual experience and executive control over the adult lifespan: The role of biological sex

We investigated whether bilingual language experience over the lifespan impacts women and men in a manner that differentially buffers against age-related declines in executive control. To this end, we investigated whether executive control performance in a lifespan sample of adult women and men were differentially impacted by individual differences in bilingual language experience, assessed using an unspeeded measure of executive control: the Wisconsin Card Sort Test. The results suggested that women showed both the greatest degree of age-related decline across WCST measures, and a greater likelihood than men to express improved performance as a function of increased bilingual experience. We consider implications of this finding for advancing our understanding of the relation between bilingualism and cognition, and also the effects of biological sex on cognitive aging.
Benchmark problems of adaptive control revisited by L1 adaptive control

In this paper we revisit two benchmark problems of adaptive control, Rohrs' example and the two-cart example, with the recently developed L1 adaptive controller. The paper includes an overview of two L1 architectures, one in a state-feedback setting and another one in an output-feedback setting, which are suitable for the control of these two systems respectively. Also, we analyze fundamental differences between conventional adaptive control and the L1 adaptive control, and show, purely from qualitative considerations, some of the advantages of this new control philosophy.
Within-subject preference reversals in description-and experience-based choice

Numerous studies using between-subject designs have found that different decisions can be made about identical binary choice problems depending on whether the options are described or experienced. Using a within-subjects design we examined this Description-Experience 'gap' at the level of the individual. We found that: (1) the gap could be observed both at the group and the individual levels, (2) the gap was eliminated, at least at the group level, when controlling for sampling variability, and (3) riskier decisions were made by those with more positive risk attitudes, regardless of format. We conclude that the gap is likely a statistical phenomenon due to biased samples.
Corporate Governance and Executive Pay: Evidence from Takeover Legislation

We examine the e ects of anti-takeover legislation on CEO pay. Since these laws altered an important component of governance, the threat of takeover, they provide a natural testing ground for theories of executive compensation. Under skimming models, where entrenched CEOs pay themselves, we would expect mean pay to rise as less governed CEOs manage to skim more. Under contracting models, where a principal optimally sets pay, we would expect a fall (or no e ect) in mean pay since CEOs no longer need to be compensated for the risk of takeover. We might expect, however, a rise in use of pay for performance to o set the reduced incentives. Consistent with skimming, we nd that mean pay rose in rms a ected by the laws (relative to a control group). Moreover, the rise in pay was largest in rms that did not have a large shareholder present prior to the law. Turning to pay for performance, we nd evidence of a rise in pay for performance on accounting measures. This rise, however, seems to have been concentrated in rms with large shareholders. Together, these results suggest that rms without large shareholders match more closely the skimming model. The optimal contracting model, on the other hand, may have more relevance in the presence of a large shareholder who can serve as the principal these models posit. We are extremely grateful to David Yermack and Andrei Shleifer for making the CEO data available to us, and to Amber Batata, George Baker, Drew Fudenberg, Je Liebman, and especially Larry Katz, Caroline Minter-Hoxby and Andrei Shleifer for very helpful discussions. This paper was started while the authors were graduate students in the Economics Department at Harvard University. e-mail: mbertran@princeton.edu and mullain@mit.edu.
Selective maintenance mechanisms of seen and unseen sensory features in the human brain

Recent studies of “unconscious working memory” have challenged the notion that only visible stimuli can be actively maintained over time. In the present study, we investigated the neural dynamics of subliminal maintenance using multivariate pattern analyses of magnetoencephalography recordings (MEG). Subjects were presented with a masked Gabor patch whose angle had to be briefly memorized. We show with an unprecedented level of precision, that irrelevant sensory features of contrast, frequency and phase are only encoded transiently. Conversely, the relevant feature of angle is encoded and maintained in a distributed and dynamically changing manner throughout the brief retention period. Furthermore, although the visibility of the stimulus correlates with an amplification of late neural codes, we show that unseen stimuli can be partially maintained in the corresponding neural assemblies. Together, these results invalidate several predictions of current neuronal theories of visual awareness and suggest that visual perception relies on a long sequence of neural assemblies that repeatedly recode and maintain task-relevant features at multiple levels of processing, even under unconscious conditions.
Achieving Holistic Health for the Individual through Person-Centered Collaborative Care Supported by Informatics

Objectives This article seeks to describe the current state of informatics supported collaborative care and to point out areas of future research in this highly interdisciplinary field. Methods In this article, person-centered collaborative care is seen as a concept addressing both the provision of care over organizational borders between health and social care, and within care teams as well as the changed patient/client-care provider relationship characterized by increased patient/client involvement. Results From a health systems perspective, there are several attempts to describe the conceptual and theoretical basis for collaborative care indicating that agreement on core concepts and terminology is difficult. From an informatics perspective, focus is on standardization of clinical content models and terminology to achieve interoperability of information technology systems and to support standardized care pathways. Few examples look into how ad-hoc collaborative care processes can be supported using information technology and informatics standards. Nevertheless, promising examples do exist showing that integrational Information Communication Technology services can be supportive for collaborative care developments. However, the current landscape consists of many fragmented, often technology-driven eHealth solutions targeting specific diagnostic groups in geographically and/or organizationally restricted settings. Conclusions A systematic approach incorporating organizational, clinical, informatics and social science knowledge is needed to perform further research in areas such as virtual team partnerships, new paradigms of care delivery, data and knowledge management as well as its secure sharing. Also organizational and legal aspects need to be further researched in order to facilitate the coordinated provision of health and social care to citizens including self-management, utilizing informatics support in a societal context.
Apoptosis induced by temozolomide and nimustine in glioblastoma cells is supported by JNK/c-Jun-mediated induction of the BH3-only protein BIM

The outcome of cancer therapy strongly depends on the complex network of cell signaling pathways, including transcription factor activation following drug exposure. Here we assessed whether and how the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade and its downstream target, the transcription factor AP-1, influence the sensitivity of malignant glioma cells to the anticancer drugs temozolomide (TMZ) and nimustine (ACNU). Both drugs induce apoptosis in glioma cells at late times following treatment. Activation of the MAPK cascade precedes apoptosis, as shown by phosphorylation of Jun kinase (JNK) and c-Jun, a main component of AP-1. Pharmacological inhibition and siRNA mediated knockdown of JNK and c-Jun reduced the level of apoptosis in LN-229 glioma cells treated with TMZ or ACNU. Analyzing the underlying molecular mechanism, we identified the pro-apoptotic gene BIM as a critical target of AP-1, which is upregulated following TMZ and ACNU. Importantly, shRNA mediated downregulation of BIM in the malignant glioma cell lines LN-229 and U87MG led to an attenuated cleavage of caspase-9 and, consequently, reduced the level of apoptosis following TMZ and ACNU treatment. Overall, we identified JNK/c-Jun activation and BIM induction as a late pro-apoptotic response of glioma cells treated with alkylating anticancer drugs.