Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Section One: Introduction the Effects of Societal Variables on Urban Rates of Hiv Infection in Developing Countries: an Exploratory Analysis

One of the continuing puzzles of the AIDS epidemic is the variation from one c o u n t ry to the next in the percentage of the population infected with HIV (the HIV prevalence rate). Differences in the level of infection and in its rate of spread can sometimes be dramatic, with infection rates rising rapidly and tragically in one country and remaining stable at low or almost nonexistent levels in another. Since HIV is transmitted between adults primarily by unprotected sex, once HIV is introduced among the sexually active population of a country, differences in the rate of spread must be attributable to differences either in sexual behaviour or in the infectivity of the virus. The three major causes of increased infectivity of the virus that have been proposed in the literature are: s the presence of other 'classic' sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis or gonorrhoea (Grosskurth et al 1995) s the absence of male circumcision (Bongaarts et al 1989) s the specific subtype or 'clade' of HIV prevalent in the country. The first two of these are related to socioeconomic and cultural factors: other sexually transmitted diseases are more prevalent when people have more unprotected sex and when people fail to get prompt treatment for such diseases; male circumcision is largely governed by traditional customs and religious beliefs. The third, the genetic variation in the virus itself, is still speculative and, since the mix of subtypes present in a country is not known for more than a few countries, must remain beyond the scope of this study. While the determinants of an individual's sexual activity are subtle and complex, it is reasonable to expect that social, cultural, and economic conditions will influence the frequency of risky sexual behaviour. Furthermore, such aggregate-level social variables will also influence the prevalence of other sexually transmitted diseases and the percentage of the male population that is circumcised. Thus, it is plausible to imagine that variations in social and economic variables might predict the level of HIV infection in a given country. The purpose
An Event-Based Account of Conformity

People often change their behavior and beliefs when confronted with deviating behavior and beliefs of others, but the mechanisms underlying such phenomena of conformity are not well understood. Here we suggest that people cognitively represent their own actions and others’ actions in comparable ways (theory of event coding), so that they may fail to distinguish these two categories of actions. If so, other people’s actions that have no social meaning should induce conformity effects, especially if those actions are similar to one’s own actions. We found that female participants adjusted their manual judgments of the beauty of female faces in the direction consistent with distracting information without any social meaning (numbers falling within the range of the judgment scale) and that this effect was enhanced when the distracting information was presented in movies showing the actual manual decision-making acts. These results confirm that similarity between an observed action and one’s own action matters. We also found that the magnitude of the standard conformity effect was statistically equivalent to the movie-induced effect.
Clinical characteristics of pediatric-onset neuro-Behçet disease

Objectives: Neurologic involvement in the pediatric population with Behçet disease (BD) is limited to case reports. The aim of this study is to examine the frequency and type of neurologic involvement in pediatric patients with BD. Methods: Medical records of 728 patients with a diagnosis of neuro-BD (NBD) of 2 large BD cohorts followed in Istanbul University were included in the study. Patients with an onset of both systemic and neurologic symptoms at or before age 16 (pediatric neuro-BD) were identified. Demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with NBD were compared with adult patients with NBD. Results: There were 26 cases with pediatric BD (3.6%) and 702 (96.4%) adult-onset patients. Gender ratio was equal in the general pediatric BD cohort, whereas male/female ratio was 5.5/1 in pediatric NBD cases. Mean age at BD onset and neurologic involvement onset were 13.0 ± 3.0 and 13.5 ± 2.4, respectively, and in the adult population mean age at onset of BD was 26.7 ± 8.0 and neurologic involvement occurred a mean of 5.3 ± 4.5 years later. Clinical and MRI evaluation revealed that 3 children had CNS parenchymal involvement and 23 had dural venous sinus thrombosis (88.5%). We observed parenchymal involvement in 74.8% of the adults, contrary to the low 17.2% of cases with venous sinus thrombosis. Conclusions: Pediatric NBD comprises 3.6% of our whole NBD cohort, with a male predominance, mainly in the form of dural venous sinus thrombosis, whereas in the adult NBD population the dominant form of neurologic involvement is parenchymal, suggesting that the pathogenesis of NBD may be different according to the age at disease onset.
Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review

Over a decade of research attests to the importance of resilience in the workplace for employee well-being and performance. Yet, surprisingly, there has been no attempt to synthesize the evidence for the efficacy of resilience training in this context. The purpose of this study, therefore is to provide a systematic review of work-based resilience training interventions. Our review identified 14 studies that investigated the impact of resilience training on personal resilience and four broad categories of dependent variables: (1) mental health and subjective well-being outcomes, (2) psychosocial outcomes, (3) physical/biological outcomes, and (4) performance outcomes. Findings indicated that resilience training can improve personal resilience and is a useful means of developing mental health and subjective well-being in employees. We also found that resilience training has a number of wider benefits that include enhanced psychosocial functioning and improved performance. Due to the lack of coherence in design and implementation, we cannot draw any firm conclusions about the most effective content and format of resilience training. Therefore, going forward, it is vital that future research uses comparative designs to assess the utility of different training regimes, explores whether some people might benefit more/less from resilience training, and demonstrates consistency in terms of how resilience is defined, conceptualized, developed, and assessed.
Sociology in India

A.R. Vasavi’s article will evoke strong feelings of empathy among readers of Contributions and from practitioners of the discipline. Her concerns about the state of the discipline in India and its ‘downslide’ have been the focus of extensive discussion in various forums and journal issues since the late 1960s; some of these papers and themes (unfortunately not all significant ones) are noted in the text and the references. From the beginning, the article distances itself from the old debate initiated by Louis Dumont in Contributions a few decades ago on the sociology of India. Instead, it focuses on a set of questions related to the contemporary state of the discipline. Interestingly, by integrating the theoretical and methodological with pedagogical issues, the article suggests the need to assess the trajectories of the discipline not only in terms of its theoretical moorings but also in the institutional structures that organise its transmission. After highlighting some of the problems the article ends with a plea to pluralise sociology in India. There is a long tradition in India of analysing the problems and themes ailing the discipline and these discussions lead us to divide the history of the discipline in India into three phases: colonial, nationalist and now global or ‘post’ nationalist. This history has highlighted four tension points in the growth of the discipline. The first relates to the disciplinary point of reference: is it affiliated to theoretical traditions of social anthropology
Efficient generation of neural stem cell-like cells from adult human bone marrow stromal cells

Clonogenic neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing cells that maintain the capacity to differentiate into brain-specific cell types, and may also replace or repair diseased brain tissue. NSCs can be directly isolated from fetal or adult nervous tissue, or derived from embryonic stem cells. Here, we describe the efficient conversion of human adult bone marrow stromal cells (hMSC) into a neural stem cell-like population (hmNSC, for human marrow-derived NSC-like cells). These cells grow in neurosphere-like structures, express high levels of early neuroectodermal markers, such as the proneural genes NeuroD1, Neurog2, MSl1 as well as otx1 and nestin, but lose the characteristics of mesodermal stromal cells. In the presence of selected growth factors, hmNSCs can be differentiated into the three main neural phenotypes: astroglia, oligodendroglia and neurons. Clonal analysis demonstrates that individual hmNSCs are multipotent and retain the capacity to generate both glia and neurons. Our cell culture system provides a powerful tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms of neural differentiation in adult human NSCs. hmNSCs may therefore ultimately help to treat acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
Absorptive capacity, network embeddedness and local firm's knowledge acquisition in the Global Manufacturing Network

Global Manufacturing Network (GMN) is an innovative manufacturing system that provides great opportunities for local firms in developing countries to acquire knowledge and upgrade through collaborations in GMN. Using data of manufacturing firms, we confirm the conceptual model that local firm's absorptive capacity can contribute to its knowledge acquisition and performance in the context of GMN. Furthermore, our finding also suggests that firm's abilities to understand external knowledge will be more positively associated with its knowledge acquisition when the information embeddedness is high, and firm's abilities to apply external knowledge and knowledge acquisition will be more positively associated with the firm performance when the work embeddedness is high.
Growth and division of some unicellular blue-green algae.

SUMMARY: The growth of microcolonies of six strains of unicellular blue-green algae was studied by time-lapse photomicrography. The four rod-shaped strains divided regularly in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the cell; one spherical strain divided successively in two planes, and one in three planes, perpendicular to one another. Anacystis nidulans and the other rod-shaped blue-green algae studied have a very restricted ability to form chains, four-celled elements being the longest ones observed in slide cultures. They are therefore unicellular organisms, in no way different with respect to development from rod-shaped unicellular bacteria. The recent proposal that A. nidulans is filamentous and should be reclassified in the genus Phormidium is based on a mis-understanding of the nature of unicellularity among procaryotic organisms.
Modeling turnover intentions and their antecedents using the locus of control as a moderator: A case of customer service employees

The psychological model of organizational commitment (OC) has been extensively investigated in U.S. workers (Near, 1989), but less frequently applied in cross-personality studies. The investigation proposes a model of turnover intentions (TI) that uses locus of control (LOC) as a moderator. A causal model and a firm-specific sample were used to compare the different personality traits of LOC. Considered as a case study, this research surveyed a sample of professional and managerial personnel in a service-based commercial bank in Taiwan. The antecedent examined was perceived organizational support (POS); job satisfaction and OC were mediating constructs. Test results indicated a stronger influence of job satisfaction on TI and OC among those with an internal lOC than those with an external LOC. However, the influence of POS on job satisfaction and OC was stronger among externals than internals. Finally, the influence of OC on TI was similar in both internals and externals. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Enhancer-PRE communication contributes to the expansion of gene expression domains in proliferating primordia

Trithorax-group and Polycomb-group proteins interact with chromosomal elements, termed PRE/TREs, to ensure stable heritable maintenance of the transcriptional state of nearby genes. Regulatory elements that bind both groups of proteins are termed maintenance elements (MEs). Some of these MEs maintain the initial activated transcriptional state of a nearby reporter gene through several rounds of mitosis during development. Here, we show that expression of hedgehog in the posterior compartment of the Drosophila wing results from the communication between a previously defined ME and a nearby cis-regulatory element termed the C enhancer. The C enhancer integrates the activities of the Notch and Hedgehog signalling pathways and, from the early wing primordium stage, drives expression to a thin stripe in the posterior compartment that corresponds to the dorsal-ventral compartment boundary. The ME maintains the initial activated transcriptional state conferred by the C enhancer and contributes to the expansion, by growth, of its expression domain throughout the posterior compartment. Communication between the ME and the C enhancer also contributes to repression of gene expression in anterior cells. Most interestingly, we present evidence that enhancers and MEs of different genes are interchangeable modules whose communication is involved in restricting and expanding the domains of gene expression. Our results emphasize the modular role of MEs in regulation of gene expression within growing tissues.
Using topic control to avoid the gainsaying of troublesome evaluations

Previous writers have examined how topic and disagreement in assessments are managed within everyday conversation. This work, however, has focused on two-party interaction and little research has examined these issues in the context of multi-party discussion. In this article we examine these issues in the context of discussion by the admissions group of an arts and crafts guild. Analysis of the group’s discussions shows that on occasion group members find themselves in outright disagreement in assessment which leads to what is here described as ‘gainsaying’. However, a number of other instances reveal that the group is able to avoid problematic conversational structures of this sort by deploying a variety of topic control devices: insertion of collusive laughter, conversation restart and topic flow manoeuvres. The article concludes by drawing out some analytic distinctions between two-party and multi-party interactions.
Common-Sense Notions of “Nation”: A Challenge for Teaching

This article examines how students' common-sense conceptualizations of “nation,” specifically the Swedish nation, operate in teaching situations in which a critical constructivist theory of “nation” is part of the curriculum. Taking its point of departure from discussions of conceptual change, this article examines how students negotiate common-sense notions and how these notions affect students' learning processes. We examine group discussions from two different undergraduate courses at a Swedish university. The article discusses obstacles and opportunities for students to understand the concept of “nation” from a constructivist perspective and to challenge the concept of “nation” as a given and natural entity. We find several discursive repertoires in the material. Three of these repertoires are scrutinized to discover how common-sense notions work. The repertories are multifaceted and can function in ways that facilitate as well as block denaturalization. The results show that common-sense understandings remain with the students even if they learn to account for constructivist perspectives. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that students' understandings of scholarly discussions of “nation” are complex and that resisting the content of a specific theory may, in some cases, be productive in terms of learning.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; a retrospective 10-year study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate results of laparoscopic cholecystectomies realized in our department and to compare results concerning local and general complications with those reported in the literature. METHODOLOGY We analyzed retrospectively all the 1255 laparoscopic cholecystectomies realized in our department between January 95 and December 2004. Local and general complications were analyzed. Mean age was 55.6 (21-94) years, sex ratio (F/M) was 3.9. Common bile duct stones were extracted by endoscopic retrograde endoscopy (ERCP) before surgery or by choledochotomy (less than 1% of cases). The operation was performed with 4 trocars, as described by Dubois. RESULTS Conversion rate was 1.95%. Mean postoperative hospitalization duration was2.7 days. Morbidity was 5.8% with equal repartition between local and general complications. Therevere 2 common bile duct injuries (0.16%). Six patients suffered from residual bile duct stone after cholecystectomy; 5 were treated by ERCP and 1 by choledochotomy. Three patients died (0.24%) after general complications. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic cholecvstectomv is a common operation with potential possible dramatic complications. We think that a radiological study of the biliary tract must be performed before surgery to avoid mistakes during the operation.
Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain

Age-related loss of brain tissue has been inferred from cross-sectional neuroimaging studies, but direct measurements of gray and white matter changes from longitudinal studies are lacking. We quantified longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 92 nondemented older adults (age 59–85 years at baseline) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging to determine the rates and regional distribution of gray and white matter tissue loss in older adults. Using images from baseline, 2 year, and 4 year follow-up, we found significant age changes in gray (p < 0.001) and white (p < 0.001) volumes even in a subgroup of 24 very healthy elderly. Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 ± 0.3, 2.4 ± 0.4, and 3.1 ± 0.4 cm3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 ± 0.1 cm3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm3, respectively, in very healthy). Frontal and parietal, compared with temporal and occipital, lobar regions showed greater decline. Gray matter loss was most pronounced for orbital and inferior frontal, cingulate, insular, inferior parietal, and to a lesser extent mesial temporal regions, whereas white matter changes were widespread. In this first study of gray and white matter volume changes, we demonstrate significant longitudinal tissue loss for both gray and white matter even in very healthy older adults. These data provide essential information on the rate and regional pattern of age-associated changes against which pathology can be evaluated and suggest slower rates of brain atrophy in individuals who remain medically and cognitively healthy.
A Unified Sheaf-Theoretic Account Of Non-Locality and Contextuality

A number of landmark results in the foundations of quantum mechanics show that quantum systems exhibit behaviour that defies explanation in classical terms, and that cannot be accounted for in such terms even by postulating “hidden variables” as additional unobserved factors. Much has been written on these matters, but there is surprisingly little unanimity even on basic definitions or the inter-relationships among the various concepts and results. We use the mathematical language of sheaves and monads to give a very general and mathematically robust description of the behaviour of systems in which one or more measurements can be selected, and one or more outcomes observed. We say that an empirical model is extendable if it can be extended consistently to all sets of measurements, regardless of compatibility. A hidden-variable model is factorizable if, for each value of the hidden variable, it factors as a product of distributions on the basic measurements. We prove that an empirical model is extendable if and only if there is a factorizable hidden-variable model which realizes it. From this we are able to prove generalized versions of well-known No-Go theorems. At the conceptual level, our equivalence result says that the existence of incompatible measurements is the essential ingredient in non-local and contextual behavior in quantum mechanics.
Low overhead dynamic binary translation on ARM

The ARMv8 architecture introduced AArch64, a 64-bit execution mode with a new instruction set, while retaining binary compatibility with previous versions of the ARM architecture through AArch32, a 32-bit execution mode. Most hardware implementations of ARMv8 processors support both AArch32 and AArch64, which comes at a cost in hardware complexity. We present MAMBO-X64, a dynamic binary translator for Linux which executes 32-bit ARM binaries using only the AArch64 instruction set. We have evaluated the performance of MAMBO-X64 on three existing ARMv8 processors which support both AArch32 and AArch64 instruction sets. The performance was measured by comparing the running time of 32-bit benchmarks running under MAMBO-X64 with the same benchmark running natively. On SPEC CPU2006, we achieve a geometric mean overhead of less than 7.5% on in-order Cortex-A53 processors and a performance improvement of 1% on out-of-order X-Gene 1 processors. MAMBO-X64 achieves such low overhead by novel optimizations to map AArch32 floating-point registers to AArch64 registers dynamically, handle overflowing address calculations efficiently, generate traces that harness hardware return address prediction, and handle operating system signals accurately.
Falls Efficacy Among Older Adults Enrolled in an Evidence-Based Program to Reduce Fall-Related Risk: Sustainability of Individual Benefits Over Time

Grand-scale community rollouts of evidence-based programs seldom have the capacity to examine long-term sustainability of beneficial effects among older adults. This study examined the effectiveness of A Matter of Balance/Volunteer Lay Leader Model, an evidence-based fall risk reduction program, to sustain fall-related efficacy improvements among 282 older adult participants using data collected at 3 time points: baseline, postintervention, and 6-month follow-up. A linear mixed model and multilevel logistic regression models were used. Falls Efficacy Scale and individual item scores significantly increased from baseline to postintervention. While most efficacy-related scores tapered after postintervention, all changes remained significant at 6-month follow-up.