Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Responding to racialized divisions within the workforce ‐ the experience of black and Asian police officers in England

Abstract Sociological studies of police relations with black and Asian people have mostly been concerned with the differential use of legal and other powers. Social processes that mould the phenomenal forms in which race and ethnicity are perceived have been neglected. In this article, data from interviews with black and Asian serving police officers and resigners are used to discuss the different ways in which they responded to racialized categories sustained within the police workforce. It is argued that the occupational cultural context within which responses to racialization occur is central to such an analysis. The reflective approach of officers to assigned ethnic categories is equally central. Diversity rather than a similarity of responses is found. This, however, does not mean that a wholly situational account of racialized relations is desirable. Further studies of the type described here, undertaken in different occupational and organizational contexts, might identify essential forms and proces.
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Identity in the Therian Community

Therianthropy is the belief that one is part nonhuman animal. Opinions vary in the academic literature as to whether it is a mental illness or a spiritual belief. Although believed to be rare in the Western world, the development of a Western online community of therians who largely have not come to the attention of the academic community suggests that it is not well understood. In this study, five therians were interviewed about how the adoption of the term therian impacts their identity. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, three themes emerged: (a) a journey of self-discovery, (b) transpeciesism, and (c) the therian shadow. The personal discovery and acceptance of therianthropy appears to be a gradual development process. Strong parallels were made to transgenderism. A desire for public acceptance was expressed by the respondents.
The Neuromuscular, Biochemical, and Endocrine Responses to a Single-Session Vs. Double-Session Training Day in Elite Athletes

Abstract Johnston, MJ, Cook, CJ, Drake, D, Costley, L, Johnston, JP, and Kilduff, LP. The neuromuscular, biochemical, and endocrine responses to a single-session vs. double-session training day in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3098–3106, 2016—The aim of this study was to compare the acute neuromuscular, biochemical, and endocrine responses of a training day consisting of a speed session only with performing a speed-and-weights training session on the same day. Fifteen men who were academy-level rugby players completed 2 protocols in a randomized order. The speed-only protocol involved performing 6 maximal effort repetitions of 50-m running sprints with 5 minutes of recovery between each sprint, whereas the speed-and-weights protocol involved the same sprinting session but was followed 2 hours later by a lower-body weights session consisting of 4 sets of 5 backsquats and Romanian deadlift at 85% one repetition maximum. Testosterone, cortisol, creatine kinase, lactate, and perceived muscle soreness were determined immediately before, immediately after, 2 hours after, and 24 hours after both the protocols. Peak power, relative peak power, jump height, and average rate of force development were determined from a countermovement jump (CMJ) at the same time points. After 24-hours, muscle soreness was significantly higher after the speed-and-weights protocol compared with the speed-only protocol (effect size &eegr;2 = 0.253, F = 4.750, p ⩽ 0.05). There was no significant difference between any of the CMJ variables at any of the posttraining time points. Likewise, creatine kinase, testosterone, and cortisol were unaffected by the addition of a weight-training session. These data indicate that the addition of a weight-training session 2 hours after a speed session, whereas increasing the perception of fatigue the next day does not result in a difference in endocrine response or in neuromuscular capability.
Anthropomorphizing Science: How Does It Affect the Development of Evolutionary Concepts?

Despite the ubiquitous use of anthropomorphic language to describe biological change in both educational settings and popular science, little is known about how anthropomorphic language influences children’s understanding of evolutionary concepts. In an experimental study, we assessed whether the language used to convey evolutionary concepts influences children’s (5- to 12-year-olds; N = 88) understanding of evolutionary change. Language was manipulated by using three types of narrative, each describing animals’ biological change: (a) need-based narratives, which referenced animals’ basic survival needs; (b) desire-based or anthropomorphic narratives, which referenced animals’ mental states; and (c) scientifically accurate natural selection narratives. Results indicate that the language used to describe evolutionary change influenced children’s endorsement of and use of evolutionary concepts when interpreting that change. Narratives using anthropomorphic language were least likely to facilitate a scientifically accurate interpretation. In contrast, need-based and natural selection language had similar and positive effects, which suggests that need-based reasoning might provide a conceptual scaffold to an evolutionary explanation of biological origins. In sum, the language used to teach evolutionary change impacts conceptual understanding in children and has important pedagogical implications for science education.
Enhancing public participation in state forest management: a user council survey

Summary User councils were introduced in all Danish state forest districts in 1995 with the objective of enhancing the influence of local users on forest management. Based on a survey among user council members in 1998, this paper examines to what extent the members of forest user councils perceive that they have gained influence over the management of state forests and whether perceptions vary with organizational or district affiliation, occupation or gender. Results show that the present structure and procedure of the user councils is quite balanced, as none of the stakeholders seems significantly more or less satisfied with the procedure than others. However, the objective of enhancing the influence of local users is only partly achieved, as only half of the respondents have a clear perception of having gained influence, whereas almost one-third reported that they did not experience increased influence.
Recombination between defective tombusvirus RNAs generates functional hybrid genomes.

The tombusviruses represent a group of small icosahedral plant viruses that contain monopartite positive-sense RNA genomes. Tombusviruses are able to generate small replicating deletion mutants of their genomes (i.e., defective interfering RNAs) during infections via RNA recombination and/or rearrangement. To further study the process of RNA recombination and to determine whether tombusviruses were capable of trans-recombination, protoplasts were coinoculated with in vitro-generated transcripts of a nonreplicating 3'-truncated genomic RNA of cucumber necrosis tombusvirus and either replicative or replication-defective DI RNAs of tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus. After a 48-hr incubation, two dominant replicative chimeric recombinant viral RNA populations were detected that contained various large contiguous 5' segments of the cucumber necrosis tombusvirus genomic RNA fused to 3'-terminal regions of the tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus defective interfering RNA. Some of the larger chimeric recombinants formed in protoplasts were able to systemically infect plants and induce wild-type symptoms. In addition, a functional chimeric genome was generated in planta after direct coinoculation of whole plants with the defective RNA components. These results indicate that (i) RNA recombination can occur relatively efficiently in single-cell infections, (ii) trans-recombination can occur with nonreplicating viral RNA components, and (iii) functional chimeric genomes can be generated via recombination. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the recombinants are proposed, and evolutionary implications are discussed.
Radiographic and Clinical Characterization of False Negative Results from CT-Guided Needle Biopsies of Lung Nodules

Introduction: Computed tomography-guided transthoracic fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a highly sensitive technique for diagnosing malignancy in pulmonary nodules; however, there is great uncertainty regarding the reliability of a benign result. The goal of this study was to characterize the clinical, radiologic, and technical variables associated with a false negative result. Methods: We performed a consecutive series review of patients who had an initial benign result from an FNA between January 2002 and December 2004. Medical charts were reviewed to identify patients with false negative and true negative results and determine which variables were associated with a missed diagnosis. Results: One hundred and seventy patients underwent an FNA biopsy yielding an initial benign result and had adequate clinical follow-up. Eighteen of these proved to be false negatives and 152 were true negative. Compared with the patients with true negatives, those with false negative results had significantly larger nodules (mean, 27 mm versus 17 mm, p = 0.04), fewer imaging adjustments per needle pass (4.5 versus 6.4, p = 0.01), a higher proportion in whom the needle tip was not documented within the lesion (24% versus 5%, p =0.04), and a higher pneumothorax rate at any point during the procedure (50% versus 22%, p =0.04). When these variables were considered jointly, pneumothorax (p = 0.006), solitary nodule (p = 0.04), and the radiologist who performed the procedure (p = 0.04) were significant predictors of false negative results. Conclusions: Factors that were associated with false negative results include increased size of lesion, fewer adjustments of the needle, lack of positive cultures, and the occurrence of a pneumothorax. A benign FNA biopsy result should have the procedure reviewed to ensure the results are reliable.
Darley and apraxia of speech in adults

This essay summarises Dr Frederic L. Darley's contributions to the understanding and treatment of apraxia of speech (AOS). He defined and described the disorder as it appeared to him in his clinic. He explained it using the psychological and neurological models and vocabularies of his day. His students, and other interested clinical investigators, worked to confirm, expand, and in some cases, revise portions of his original contribution. Opponents tried to recast his notions altogether. The contributions of both, including the motor programming and linguistic models they used and perceptual, acoustic, and physiologic data they collected, have formed part of our modern understanding of AOS. Improved evaluation and conceptually-based treatments are among the best parts of Fred's legacy.
An investigation into the relationship between perceived control, attitude variability and the consumption of two common foods

The study reported here takes its lead from the literatures which emphasize the importance of attitude variability and the role of perceived control over action. Within-person variability and perceptions of control are investigated in the context of people's attitudes towards the consumption of two common foods. The role of attitude ambivalence is also examined. The findings indicate that higher attitude variability is associated with weaker relationships between the components of the theory of reasoned action and that attitude variability is negatively related to perceived control. Moreover, perceived control is shown to be related to different sorts of control problem for different behaviours. It is advocated that a more in-depth assessment of attitude variability and the perceived control construct is merited and that recent calls for more serious examination of attitude ambivalence are well-founded.
The Feedback Intervention Trial (FIT) — Improving Hand-Hygiene Compliance in UK Healthcare Workers: A Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction Achieving a sustained improvement in hand-hygiene compliance is the WHO’s first global patient safety challenge. There is no RCT evidence showing how to do this. Systematic reviews suggest feedback is most effective and call for long term well designed RCTs, applying behavioural theory to intervention design to optimise effectiveness. Methods Three year stepped wedge cluster RCT of a feedback intervention testing hypothesis that the intervention was more effective than routine practice in 16 English/Welsh Hospitals (16 Intensive Therapy Units [ITU]; 44 Acute Care of the Elderly [ACE] wards) routinely implementing a national cleanyourhands campaign). Intervention-based on Goal & Control theories. Repeating 4 week cycle (20 mins/week) of observation, feedback and personalised action planning, recorded on forms. Computer-generated stepwise entry of all hospitals to intervention. Hospitals aware only of own allocation. Primary outcome: direct blinded hand hygiene compliance (%). Results All 16 trusts (60 wards) randomised, 33 wards implemented intervention (11 ITU, 22 ACE). Mixed effects regression analysis (all wards) accounting for confounders, temporal trends, ward type and fidelity to intervention (forms/month used). Intention to Treat Analysis Estimated odds ratio (OR) for hand hygiene compliance rose post randomisation (1.44; 95% CI 1.18, 1.76;p<0.001) in ITUs but not ACE wards, equivalent to 7–9% absolute increase in compliance. Per-Protocol Analysis for Implementing Wards OR for compliance rose for both ACE (1.67 [1.28–2.22]; p<0.001) & ITUs (2.09 [1.55–2.81];p<0.001) equating to absolute increases of 10–13% and 13–18% respectively. Fidelity to intervention closely related to compliance on ITUs (OR 1.12 [1.04, 1.20];p = 0.003 per completed form) but not ACE wards. Conclusion Despite difficulties in implementation, intention-to-treat, per-protocol and fidelity to intervention, analyses showed an intervention coupling feedback to personalised action planning produced moderate but significant sustained improvements in hand-hygiene compliance, in wards implementing a national hand-hygiene campaign. Further implementation studies are needed to maximise the intervention’s effect in different settings. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN65246961
Formation of a metastable phase due to the presence of impurities

Phase transitions into a new phase that is itself metastable are common; instead of the equilibrium phase nucleating, a metastable phase does so. When this occurs the system is sometimes said to be obeying Ostwald’s rule. We show how this can happen when there are impurities present that reduce the barrier to heterogeneous nucleation of the metastable phase. We do so by studying a Potts lattice model using Monte Carlo simulation. Thus, which phase forms depends not only on the properties of the different phases but also on the impurities present. Understanding why systems obey Ostwald’s rule may therefore require a study of the impurities present.
Trial design, statins, atrial fibrillation, and prevention: Four horsemen of the apocalypse

We have read with great interest the article entitled “Efficiency of postoperative statin treatment for preventing new onset postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized study” published in the June 2014 issue of The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology by Aydın et al. (1). This article was about the effect of postoperative statin treatment on new onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The study consisted of 60 consecutive patients who were divided into two groups: those undergoing postoperative statin treatment (n=30) and those not undergoing it (n=30). They concluded that atorvastatin treatment (40 mg), when started in the early postoperative period after isolated CABG, reduces the incidence of new-onset POAF. AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia after cardiac surgery, which generally occurs in 20%-40% of patients (2). POAF may be multifactorial and involves an interaction between surgical trauma, preexisting atrial pathology, activation of the inflammatory response and increased adrenergic tone (3). POAF generally occurs between days 2 and 4 after surgery, with a peak incidence on the second day (3). Several randomized controlled trials support the use of longer duration statin therapy preoperatively to reduce the incidence and risk of developing AF after elective cardiac surgery (4). In contrast, the authors of the present study (1) preferred to start atorvastatin treatment in the early postoperative period (average of 6 h after the operation). Inflammation has a major role in the pathogenesis of POAF, and the occurrence of anti-inflammatory effects of statins requires approximately 30 days after their initiation (5). In the present study (1), the time between surgery and AF development is similar in both groups. Therefore, a major point of discussion is after how many days or hours after should postoperative statin therapy be started or should be expected to obtain the beneficial effects of statins in a relatively short time interval. More importantly, most patients are often unable to take oral medications shortly after surgery, and there is no intravenous formula for statins. In cardiac surgery, manipulation of the pericardium is strongly associated with the development of POAF. Hence, it would be very useful if Aydın et al. (1) information about the occurrence of acute postoperative pericarditis and the development of AF in both groups. In conclusion, larger randomized studies are required to confirm the possible beneficial effects of statins on AF when administrated postoperatively.
The role of fine-needle aspiration cytology and magnetic resonance imaging in the management of parotid mass lesions

Conclusion. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the diagnostic modality of first choice for characterization of parotid mass lesions, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should not be requested routinely. MRI can be reserved until FNAC shows the indication for surgical intervention. Objectives. Although both FNAC and MRI are useful preoperative diagnostic modalities for parotid mass lesions, it is not well established which modality is more effective. In the present study we sought to address the relative value of FNAC and MRI in relation to the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant parotid mass lesions. Subjects and methods. Eighty-one patients with parotid mass lesions (60 benign and 21 malignant) who had preoperatively undergone FNAC and MRI were reviewed retrospectively. Results. Unsharp margin and infiltration into adjacent tissues on MRI significantly correlated with a malignant histology. The sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of FNAC and MRI were 90%/95%/94% and 81%/92%/89%, respectively. Either FNAC or MRI served equally to predict the malignant nature of parotid mass lesions. Furthermore, the combination of FNAC and MRI yielded no diagnostic advantage over either modality alone. Accurate histological typing rates by FNAC were 80% and 62% for benign and malignant lesions, respectively.
Vaccination with Replication Deficient Adenovectors Encoding YF-17D Antigens Induces Long-Lasting Protection from Severe Yellow Fever Virus Infection in Mice

The live attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF-17D) has been successfully used for more than 70 years. It is generally considered a safe vaccine, however, recent reports of serious adverse events following vaccination have raised concerns and led to suggestions that even safer YF vaccines should be developed. Replication deficient adenoviruses (Ad) have been widely evaluated as recombinant vectors, particularly in the context of prophylactic vaccination against viral infections in which induction of CD8+ T-cell mediated immunity is crucial, but potent antibody responses may also be elicited using these vectors. In this study, we present two adenobased vectors targeting non-structural and structural YF antigens and characterize their immunological properties. We report that a single immunization with an Ad-vector encoding the non-structural protein 3 from YF-17D could elicit a strong CD8+ T-cell response, which afforded a high degree of protection from subsequent intracranial challenge of vaccinated mice. However, full protection was only observed using a vector encoding the structural proteins from YF-17D. This vector elicited virus-specific CD8+ T cells as well as neutralizing antibodies, and both components were shown to be important for protection thus mimicking the situation recently uncovered in YF-17D vaccinated mice. Considering that Ad-vectors are very safe, easy to produce and highly immunogenic in humans, our data indicate that a replication deficient adenovector-based YF vaccine may represent a safe and efficient alternative to the classical live attenuated YF vaccine and should be further tested.
Tree-Adjoining Grammar Parsing and Boolean Matrix Multiplication

The computational problem of parsing a sentence in a tree-adjoining language is investigated. An interesting relation is studied between this problem and the well-known computational problem of Boolean matrix multiplication: it is shown that any algorithm for the solution of the former problem can easily be converted into an algorithm for the solution of the latter problem. This result bears on at least two important computational issues. First, we realize that a straightforward method that improves the known upper bound for tree-adjoining grammar parsing is hard to find. Second, we understand which features of the tree-adjoining grammar parsing problem are responsible for the claimed difficulty.
An Escherichia coli chromosomal ars operon homolog is functional in arsenic detoxification and is conserved in gram-negative bacteria

Arsenic is a known toxic metalloid, whose trivalent and pentavalent ions can inhibit many biochemical processes. Operons which encode arsenic resistance have been found in multicopy plasmids from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The resistance mechanism is encoded from a single operon which typically consists of an arsenite ion-inducible repressor that regulates expression of an arsenate reductase and inner membrane-associated arsenite export system. Using a lacZ transcriptional gene fusion library, we have identified an Escherichia coli operon whose expression is induced by cellular exposure to sodium arsenite at concentrations as low as 5 micrograms/liter. This chromosomal operon was cloned, sequenced, and found to consist of three cistrons which we named arsR, arsB, and arsC because of their strong homology to plasmid-borne ars operons. Mutants in the chromosomal ars operon were found to be approximately 10- to 100-fold more sensitive to sodium arsenate and arsenite exposure than wild-type E. coli, while wild-type E. coli that contained the operon cloned on a ColE1-based plasmid was found to be at least 2- to 10-fold more resistant to sodium arsenate and arsenite. Moreover, Southern blotting and high-stringency hybridization of this operon with chromosomal DNAs from a number of bacterial species showed homologous sequences among members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and hybridization was detectable even in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results suggest that the chromosomal ars operon may be the evolutionary precursor of the plasmid-borne operon, as a multicopy plasmid location would allow the operon to be amplified and its products to confer increased resistance to this toxic metalloid.