Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GCM Tests of Theories for the Height of the Tropopause

The sensitivity of the tropopause height to various external parameters has been investigated using a global circulation model (GCM). The tropopause height was found to be strongly sensitive to the temperature at the earth’s surface, less sensitive to the ozone distribution, and hardly sensitive at all to moderate changes in the earth’s rotation rate. The strong sensitivity to surface temperature occurs through changes in the atmospheric moisture distribution and its resulting radiative effects. The radiative and dynamical mechanisms thought to maintain the tropopause height have been investigated in some detail. The assumption that the lower stratosphere is close to radiative equilibrium leads to an easily computed relationship between tropospheric lapse rate and tropopause height. This relationship was found to hold well in the GCM in the extratropics away from the winter pole. Possible reasons for the breakdown of the relationship in the Tropics and near the winter pole are discussed. Simple relationships predicted by two different baroclinic adjustment theories, between parameters such as potential temperature gradients, the Coriolis parameter, and tropopause height, were examined. When some of these parameters were changed explicitly in GCM experiments, the remaining parameters, determined internally by the GCM, did not respond in the predicted way. These results cast doubt on the relevance of baroclinic adjustment to the height of the tropopause.
Psychoanalysis: is the Therapy Destroying the Science?

ANY READERS WILL RECOGNIZE THAT THE TITLE of this paM per comes from a passage in The Question of Lay Analysis. Freud (1926) wrote that monograph on the occasion of defending Theodore Reik, a nonmedical analyst then practicing in Vienna, against a charge of quackery. There Freud vigorously championed his own view that psychoanalysis was not a medical discipline, although its origins lay in neurology. In the postscript to the monograph, written in 1927, he argued that origin is not a criterion for judging the current status of a discipline. The theory of electricity, he observed, had its beginnings in observations of nerve-muscle preparations, yet it would be absurd today to regard it as a part of physiology. And, further, although radiology has a medical application, it is surely part of physics. The case against Reik was dropped, probably because of
Alterations of the Danger Zone after Preparation of Curved Root Canals Using WaveOne with Reverse Rotation or Reciprocation Movements

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the changes that occur in the danger zone (DZ) after preparation of curved mesiobuccal (MB) canals of mandibular first molars with WaveOne instruments in two different movements [reciprocation (RCP) and counter-clockwise rotation (CCWR)] by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods and Materials: MB canals of 30 mandibular molars were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=15); WaveOne/RCP and WaveOne/CCWR. Pre- and post-instrumentation CBCT images were assessed for changes in the dentin thickness in DZ (2 and 4 mm below the highest point of the root furcation) in both groups. Data was analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA test. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between two experimental groups in terms of remaining dentin thickness at 2 and 4 mm levels below the highest point of the furcation (P>0.05). Conclusion: The efficacy of WaveOne instrument on changes of the dentin thickness in the DZ was not affected by different file movements.
Kinetic Analysis of the Chloride Dependence of the Neuronal Uptake of Dopamine and Effect of Anions on the Ability of Substrates to Compete with the Binding of the Dopamine Uptake Inhibitor GBR 12783

Abstract: The specific binding of [3H]l‐[2‐(diphenyl‐methoxy)ethyl]‐4‐(3‐phenyl‐2‐propenyl)piperazine([3H]GBR 12783) to the dopamine (DA) neuronal carrier present in membranes prepared from rat striatum was not affected when Cl– was replaced by either Br– or NO3–. In media containing Cl–, Br–, or NO3–, d‐amphetamine and DA competed with the radioligand in a monophasic manner with Hill coefficients of close to 1 (0.94–1.12). Replacement of CT by Br– impaired the ability of some substrates (d‐amphetamine, DA, p‐hydroxyamphetamine, and m‐tyramine) to compete with [3H]GBR 12783. The potency of Br– to decrease the affinity of substrates for the specific binding site was significantly correlated (t = 7.07, p < 0.001) with their affinity for this binding site. These results suggest that the various substrates tested could bind to recognition sites in which Cl– is differently involved; as a consequence, substrates could bind to the neuronal carrier by means of partly different links. In experiments dealing with the specific uptake of [3H]DA, F–, NO3–, is‐ethionate–, or acetate– was unable to substitute for Cl–, whereas Br– was quite a total substitute. Replacement of Cl– by equimolar concentrations of either NO3 or isethionate– resulted in inhibition curves of DA specific uptake with Hill coefficients of close to 1 (0.77 and 1.04, respectively); this indicates that both NO3– and isethionate” are devoid of inhibitory effects on neuronal uptake and are quite ineffective substitutes for Cl–. Kinetic analyses performed in different experimental conditions provide consistent results revealing that decreasing the CT concentration induced a raise in apparent Km of DA without modification of the Fmax. On the other hand, the apparent Km values of Cl– for the stimulation of the neuronal uptake of DA decreased when the DA concentration increased. These data are consistent with a co‐transport of Cl– and DA by the neuronal uptake system, with CT being the driving force.
Probiotics and medical nutrition therapy.

Probiotics have been defined by The Food Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host. " They have been used for centuries in the form of dairy-based fermented products, but the potential use of probiotics as a form of medical nutrition therapy has not received formal recognition. A detailed literature review (from 1950 through February 2004) of English-language articles was undertaken to find articles showing a relationship between probiotic use and medical conditions. Medical conditions that have been reportedly treated or have the potential to be treated with probiotics include diarrhea, gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), cancer, depressed immune function, inadequate lactase digestion, infant allergies, failure-to-thrive, hyperlipidemia, hepatic diseases, Helicobacter pylori infections, genitourinary tract infections, and others. The use of probiotics should be further investigated for possible benefits and side-effects in patients affected by these medical conditions.
Influence of Corporate Citizenship on Employee Job Attitudes

The study is an investigation of the influence of an organization’s citizenship practices on its employees, in the Indian context. The major objective of the research is to explore and empirically investigate whether the perception of being a responsible company leads to increased employee commitment. Primary data for the study was collected through a web-based questionnaire survey of a cross-sectional sample of business executives working in the Indian service industry. The results of the regression analyses show that the employee perception of corporate citizenship has a positive and significant influence on an employee’s affective commitment and the relationship is mediated by organizational identification. Providing empirical support to the social identity theory, the study indicates that employees identify more with a company when they believe it to be a good corporate citizen and this identification translates into increased commitment. This study thus provides insights into the employee outcomes that organizations can hope to achieve from their citizenship investments.
Utterance-final position and pitch marking aid word learning in school-age children

We investigated the effects of word order and prosody on word learning in school-age children. Third graders viewed photographs belonging to one of three semantic categories while hearing four-word nonsense utterances containing a target word. In the control condition, all words had the same pitch and, across trials, the position of the target word was varied systematically within each utterance. The only cue to word–meaning mapping was the co-occurrence of target words and referents. This cue was present in all conditions. In the Utterance-final condition, the target word always occurred in utterance-final position, and at the same fundamental frequency as all the other words of the utterance. In the Pitch peak condition, the position of the target word was varied systematically within each utterance across trials, and produced with pitch contrasts typical of infant-directed speech (IDS). In the Pitch peak + Utterance-final condition, the target word always occurred in utterance-final position, and was marked with a pitch contrast typical of IDS. Word learning occurred in all conditions except the control condition. Moreover, learning performance was significantly higher than that observed with simple co-occurrence (control condition) only for the Pitch peak + Utterance-final condition. We conclude that, for school-age children, the combination of words' utterance-final alignment and pitch enhancement boosts word learning.
Quantum networking with atomic ensembles

We present our realization of the quantum node based on a cold atomic ensemble. The node involves an entangled state of an atomic qubit and a single photon (signal). The atomic qubit is converted into a photonic qubit (idler), with subsequent detection of polarization correlations between the two photons. In this way, we observe atom-photon entanglement, including violation of Bell inequality between the atomic and photonic qubits. The coherence time of the atomic qubit is several microseconds, achieved by switching off the quadrupole magnetic field of the MOT. QFD1-1-INV
Left ventricular hypertrophy reclassification and death: application of the Recommendation of the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiography.

AIMS Despite the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)/European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) recommended the use of left ventricular (LV) mass to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), several laboratories continue to use only the septal thickness by M-mode because it appears easier to measure. Aim of the study was to investigate the discrepancy between the categorization of LVH severity based on measurement of septal thickness and indexed LV mass and the relative prognostic utility of these two methods. METHODS AND RESULTS Observational cohort study. Unselected adults (>18 years) referred to the echocardiography laboratory for any indication had septal thickness and LV mass measured by the ASE/EAE formula using LV linear dimensions indexed to body surface area. LVH was categorized as absent, mild, moderate, and severe according to the ASE/EAE guideline sex-specific categorization cut-offs for septal thickness and LV mass. Follow-up for death was obtained from the national death index. A total of 2545 subjects (mean age 61.9 ± 15.8, 53% women, mean diastolic septal thickness 10.3 ± 2.2 mm, and mean indexed LV mass 107.5 ± 37.3 g/m(2)) were enrolled. Agreement between the two methods in classifying LVH degree across the four categories was 52.6% (Kappa = 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26-0.32, P < 0.001). Of the 2513 subjects without severely thickened septum, 472 (18.9%) had severely abnormal indexed LV mass. Vice versa, of the 2045 individuals without severely abnormal indexed LV mass, only 4 (0.1%) were classified as severe LVH by septal thickness. After a mean follow-up of 2.5 ± 1.2 years 121 (4.7%) deaths occurred. Using indexed LV mass partition values there was a graded association between LVH degree and survival. Compared with patients with normal indexed LV mass, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death from all causes was 2.17 for mild (95% CI: 1.23-3.81, P = 0.007), 3.04 for moderate (95% CI: 1.76-5.24, P < 0.001), and 3.81 for severe (95% CI: 2.43-5.97, P < 0.001) LVH by indexed LV mass. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve for the four degrees of LVH by indexed LV mass was superior [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.66] to that of the septal thickness partition values (AUC = 0.58, P = 0.0004). CONCLUSION In a large cohort study of unselected adult outpatients referred to the echocardiography laboratory, the measurements of indexed LV mass applying the ASE/EAE recommended cut-offs yielded remarkable discrepancy in the diagnosis of LVH severity and offered prognostic information beyond that provided by septal thickness only criteria.
It’s not only English: Effects of other individual factors on English language learning and academic learning of ESL international students in Australia

Geographic mobility and favourable educational policies have resulted in a rapid expansion in international education in recent decades. International education not only provides significant economic benefits and intellectual progression at the national level but also equips individuals with a good understanding of the educational, linguistic, social and cultural diversities that characterize our world. For international students, being successful academically and socially requires more than just a high level of English language proficiency. Personal factors such as motivation, self-efficacy, personal values and self-regulation are also significant factors in student success. This article addresses the importance of such personal factors, using a structural equation modelling approach that allows us to examine the complex relationship between personal factors, students’ English language proficiency and academic achievement. The participants were 341 English as a second language (ESL) international students who were attending the final semester of their Foundation Studies programme which prepared them for undergraduate entry at an Australian university. It was found that motivation, self-regulation, self-efficacy and English language proficiency were significant learner factors explaining not only English language learning but also academic achievement. The study suggests the need for language classroom teaching and university support that incorporates such personal factors with academic language content as a way to maximize students’ learning outcomes.
Frequency of Blood Culture Isolates and their Antibiogram in a Teaching hospital.

INTRODUCTION Bloodstream infections are associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns should guide the choice of empiric antimicrobial regimens for patients with bacteremia. METHODS Blood sample received from the patient attending Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital from March, 2012 - August, 2012 were subjected to culture. Isolate identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by standard microbiological method. RESULTS Out of the total 2,766 blood samples, 368 (13.3%) showed bacterial growth. The percentage of neonatal septicemia was 368 (13.3%). Staphylococcus aureus (28%) was the most common isolates followed by Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi (22%), Coagulase negative Staphylococci (9.5%), Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi ((7.6%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.6%). 26.3% of the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were oxacillin resistant. Most of the gram positive organisms were susceptible to amikacin and vancomycin and showed high level resistance to cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole. Out of 109 isolates of typhoid bacilli, 95.3% were resistant to nalidixic acid,79% to ciprofloxacin and 60.5% to ofloxacin. More than 50% of the isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli showed resistance to cephalosporins and cotrimoxazole. Acinetobacter sp. showed high resistance (more than 60%) to ceftriaxone and ofloxacin. More than 20% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility remains essential, and will enhance efforts to identify resistance and attempt to limit its spread.
Complications and functional evaluation of 17 saddle prostheses for resection of periacetabular tumors *

Seventeen saddle prostheses were inserted between 1988 and 1997 after resection of periacetabular tumors. The tumors involved the zones II and III of Enneking classification in 13 patients, the zones I and II in 2 patients, and the zone II in 2 patients. The tumors included 11 chondrosarcomas, 3Ewing sarcomas, 2 giant cells tumors, and 1 metastasis of renal carcinoma. The tumoral resection was wide “en bloc” in 14 cases, marginal in 2 cases, and intratumoral in 1 case. The mean follow‐up period of the patients is 42 months ranging from 8 to 84 months. Local recurrences occured in five cases and metastases in four cases. Five patients died of tumoral disease and one of intercurrent disease. Complications were observed in 11 cases (65%) including nerve damages (3 cases), deep infections (3 cases), upward migrations of the saddle (4 cases), saddle dislocations (3 cases), sacroiliac subluxations (2 cases), and mechanical failures (2 cases). The modified Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) were used for functional analysis. Functional results were available for only nine patients of the series with a mean MSTS of 17 points ranging from 11 to 23 points and a mean TESS of 58 points ranging from 39 to 95 points. The saddle prosthesis provided in all cases of this series an early painfree weight‐bearing reconstruction with minimal limb shortening, but the functional results remained fair in most patients due to a limited range of motion and a poor abductor strength. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:90–100. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SLIIME‐SECRETING CELLS OF PLANARIANS

Some of these belong to the pharynx and the genital apparatus and will not be considered in this paper. The majority are situated in the subepidermal regions and are often placed rather close to the subepidermal basement membrane. According to several authors (Schneider, 1908; Hyman, 1951), the gland cells are insunk epithelial cells, and for most gland cells the connection with the epithelium is maintained, the distal part of a cell being a long cytoplasmic extension or “neck” which terminates between and perhaps often directly penetrates the epithelial cells (as for the rhabdite-forming cells, see The Rhabditeforming Cells, later). Other authors consider the subepidermal gland cells as derived parenchyma cells (Steinmann and Bresslau, 1913; Prenant, 1922). Iijima (1884) was the first to make detailed studies on the gland cells of planarians. He classified the gland cells according to their termination on either the surface of the animal or the surface of the pharynx. The first class was called Schleimdriisen, the second class Speicheldrusen. However this classification was considered unsatisfactory by succeeding authors (Bohmig, 1906; Micoletzky, 1907; Ude, 1908; Wilhelmi, 1909). Bohmig (1906) and Wilhelmi (1909) differentiate between Kiirperdriisen and Drusen des Pharynx. Korperdriiseii are divided into two groups on the basis of the staining characteristics: erythrophilic and cyanophilic gland cells. Schneider (1908) classifies the gland cells in Eiweisszellen and Schleimzellen. The first class corresponds to acidophilic (erythrophilic) , the second one to cyanophilic (basophilic) gland cells. As substantiated by modern histochemical studies, Schneider was fundamentally correct in his assumptions of the chemical nature of these gland cells. Schneider as well as most authors, who have studied gland cells of planarians do not consider the rhabdite-forming cells as belonging to the K8rperdriisen, although the apparent great similarity between the rhabdite-forming cells and the acidophilic gland cells is often stressed (Schneider, 1908; Hyman. 1951). In this paper the subepidermal gland cells will be roughly classified in three groups: (1) the acidophilic (eosinophilic) gland cells; (2) the cyanophilic (basophilic) gland cells; and (3) the rhabdite-forming cells. This classification is based on the staining characteristics of the respective secretion granules, as displayed by routine methods as Heidenhain’s azan and hematoxylin-eosin, and the structure of the granules. There exist undoubtedly several types of both acidophilic and cyanophilic gland cells, but the present knowledge of the subepidermal gland cells is not sufficient for a detailed classification to be practical. One reason for this is that the morphology and histochemistry of the secretion cycles of the gland cells have not yet been satis-
Emerging Treatment Options for Adolescents and Young Adults with Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoma

Lymphomas are amongst the most common cancers in Adolescents and Young Adults (AYA). Despite favorable outcomes with upfront therapy, survival in patients with relapsed or refractory disease remains poor. Promising therapeutic agents are emerging, including monoclonal antibodies, antibody drug conjugates, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytotoxic T-cell therapies, small molecule pathway inhibitors and epigenetic modulators. Clinical trials of novel agents have predominantly enrolled older adult patients. Furthermore, research relating to the biology of lymphomas has focused predominately on younger children and older adults. Future investigation should concentrate on the biology of lymphomas in AYAs and improving their participation in clinical trials. Nmazuo W. Ozuah1 and Ann S. LaCasce2* 1Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, USA 2Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, USA Ann S. LaCasce, et al., Clinics in Oncology Radiological Techniques and Scans Remedy Publications LLC. , | http://clinicsinoncology.com/ 2016 | Volume 1 | Article 1141 2 In recent years our understanding of lymphoma biology and the pathways that drive oncogenesis has evolved, leading to opportunities to explore novel targeted therapies. Some of these pathways and their targets are illustrated in Figure 1. Unfortunately, studying the biology of lymphomas in AYAs has not kept pace with our understanding of the disease in children and older adults. Hence, strategies for treating this population have not been clearly defined [2]. These novel agents have been tested in clinical trials, typically in older adult populations. We recognize that the young adults are underrepresented in many trials; particularly the B-NHL studies and differences in biology across age groups, likely inform treatment responses. Nonetheless, we feel the results of these studies may warrant extrapolation to adolescent and young adult populations.