Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dopamine synapse is a neuroligin-2–mediated contact between dopaminergic presynaptic and GABAergic postsynaptic structures

Significance Nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections form a number of dopamine synapses onto medium spiny neurons in the striatum, and have strong influence on emotion, motivation, voluntary movement, and cognition. Despite the functional importance, the molecular composition at dopamine synapses remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that dopamine synapses are neurochemically mismatched contacts formed between dopaminergic presynaptic and GABAergic postsynaptic structures. Intriguingly, neuroligin-2 expressed at the GABAergic postsynaptic structure controls striatal synapse formation by giving competitive advantage to heterologous dopamine synapses over conventional GABAergic synapses. Therefore, our findings suggest that neuroligin-mediated formation of such neurochemically mismatched synapses could be a novel strategy to increase the target selectivity and potency of modulation by anchoring release sites of neuromodulators to their receptive targets. Midbrain dopamine neurons project densely to the striatum and form so-called dopamine synapses on medium spiny neurons (MSNs), principal neurons in the striatum. Because dopamine receptors are widely expressed away from dopamine synapses, it remains unclear how dopamine synapses are involved in dopaminergic transmission. Here we demonstrate that dopamine synapses are contacts formed between dopaminergic presynaptic and GABAergic postsynaptic structures. The presynaptic structure expressed tyrosine hydroxylase, vesicular monoamine transporter-2, and plasmalemmal dopamine transporter, which are essential for dopamine synthesis, vesicular filling, and recycling, but was below the detection threshold for molecules involving GABA synthesis and vesicular filling or for GABA itself. In contrast, the postsynaptic structure of dopamine synapses expressed GABAergic molecules, including postsynaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin-2, postsynaptic scaffolding molecule gephyrin, and GABAA receptor α1, without any specific clustering of dopamine receptors. Of these, neuroligin-2 promoted presynaptic differentiation in axons of midbrain dopamine neurons and striatal GABAergic neurons in culture. After neuroligin-2 knockdown in the striatum, a significant decrease of dopamine synapses coupled with a reciprocal increase of GABAergic synapses was observed on MSN dendrites. This finding suggests that neuroligin-2 controls striatal synapse formation by giving competitive advantage to heterologous dopamine synapses over conventional GABAergic synapses. Considering that MSN dendrites are preferential targets of dopamine synapses and express high levels of dopamine receptors, dopamine synapse formation may serve to increase the specificity and potency of dopaminergic modulation of striatal outputs by anchoring dopamine release sites to dopamine-sensing targets.
Insula and Orbital Frontal Cortex Activity Underlying Emotion Interference Resolution in Working Memory

Abstract Previous research has shown that emotional information aids conflict resolution in working memory [WM; Levens, S. M. , & Phelps, E. A. Emotion processing effects on interference resolution in working memory. Journal of Emotion, 8, 267–280, 2008]. Using a recency-probes WM paradigm, it was found that positive and negative emotional stimuli reduced the amount of interference created when information that was once relevant conflicted with currently relevant information. To explore the neural mechanisms behind these facilitation effects, an event-related fMRI version of the recency-probes task was conducted using neutral and arousing positive and negative words as stimuli. Results replicate previous findings showing that the left and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is involved in the interference resolution of neutral information and reveal that the IFG is involved in the interference resolution of emotional information as well. In addition, ROIs in the right and left anterior insula and in the right orbital frontal cortex (OFC) were identified that appear to underlie emotional interference resolution in WM. We conclude that the IFG underlies neutral and emotional interference resolution, and that additional regions of the anterior insula and OFC may contribute to the facilitation of interference resolution for emotional information. These findings clarify the role of the insula and OFC in affective and executive processing, specifically in WM conflict resolution.
Salary commensurate with social capital

People who possess richer social capital can earn more than others can. An econometric analysis reveals that social capital increases a person’s wage income even as human capital does. Previous empirical studies have clarified that gender, academic history, work history and similar social attributes are determinant factors of earnings. They also hint at other social attributes, apart from those mentioned above, that determine earnings. This article suggests that the positive effect of social capital on annual salary is the same for both men and women. This social capital feature differs from the gender inequality effect of human capital on annual salary in Japan.
Standardization of International Strategy and Export Performance

SUMMARY The author advances a model of the relationship between the degree of standardization of international marketing strategy and export performance that distinguishes between objective and subjective performance. The model is tested using a meta-analysis, which makes it possible to incorporate the results of multiple studies of the focal constructs. Specifically, the author brings together the results of studies about the impact of the degree of standardization of the export marketing mix and export planning on export performance. Unfortunately, older papers, published before the last decade, did not include sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Thus, the paper summarizes quantitatively the research carried out over the last decade and suggests future research and managerial implications.
Canonical Distribution, Implied Binomial Tree, and the Pricing of American Options

In this paper a new approach to pricing American options is proposed and termed the canonical implied binomial (CIB) tree method. CIB takes advantage of both canonical valuation (Stutzer, 1996) and the implied binomial tree method (Rubinstein, 1994). Using simulated returns from geometric Brownian motions (GBM), CIB produced very similar prices for calls and European puts as those of Black-Scholes (BS). Applied to a set of over 15,000 American-style SP in addition, it outperformed the canonical least-squares Monte Carlo (Liu, 2010) in the dynamic hedging of in-the-money options. Furthermore, CIB suggests that regular GBM-based Monte Carlo can be extended to American options pricing by also utilizing the implied binomial tree.
Trade and Gender: Issues and Interactions

Increased global integration affects groups of individuals differently. This paper examines ways in which greater integration through trade impacts women and men differently, and ensuing implications for growth. The paper finds that trade creates jobs for women in export-oriented sectors. Jobs that bring more household resources under women’s control lead to greater investments in the health and education of future generations. Although women are more than ever formally employed, differences in wages earned by men and women persist in all countries. Women also have less access to productive resources, time and, particularly in many developing countries, education. Professional women continue to encounter discrimination in hiring and promotion, including in OECD countries. The impact of trade liberalisation on women is important not only because they represent over half of any population, but also because they face constraints which make them less able to benefit from liberalisation. Once different impacts are ascertained, well-designed policy responses may aid women in taking advantage of greater openness to trade.
PRIVATE INFORMATION ACQUISITION IN EXPERIMENTAL MARKETS PRONE TO BUBBLE AND CRASH

This paper reports the results of twelve experimental markets designed to investigate whether a costly private information system decreases the propensity of price bubbles to form. A private information system is hypothesized to decrease traders' subjective uncertainty about the behavior of other traders by reinforcing a common expectations for all traders. Results show that private information does not eliminate price bubbles, but asset prices converge toward the rational expectations predictions with trader experience. The price of private information is related to the expected gains derived from asset trading.
NegBio: a high-performance tool for negation and uncertainty detection in radiology reports

Negative and uncertain medical findings are frequent in radiology reports, but discriminating them from positive findings remains challenging for information extraction. Here, we propose a new algorithm, NegBio, to detect negative and uncertain findings in radiology reports. Unlike previous rule-based methods, NegBio utilizes patterns on universal dependencies to identify the scope of triggers that are indicative of negation or uncertainty. We evaluated NegBio on four datasets, including two public benchmarking corpora of radiology reports, a new radiology corpus that we annotated for this work, and a public corpus of general clinical texts. Evaluation on these datasets demonstrates that NegBio is highly accurate for detecting negative and uncertain findings and compares favorably to a widely-used state-of-the-art system NegEx (an average of 9.5% improvement in precision and 5.1% in F1–score). Availability: https://github.com/ncbi-nlp/NegBio
Multidimensional Prognostic Index predicts mortality and length of stay during hospitalization in the older patients: a multicenter prospective study.

BACKGROUND The Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) is a validated predictive tool for long-term mortality based on information collected in a standardized Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment. We investigated whether the MPI is an effective predictor of intrahospital mortality and length of hospital stay after admission to acute geriatric wards. METHODS Prospective study of 1,178 older patients (702 women and 476 men, 85.0±6.8 years) admitted to 20 geriatrics units. Within 48 hours from admission, the MPI, according to an earlier validated algorithm, was calculated. Subjects were divided into three groups of MPI score, low-risk (MPI-1 value ≤ 0.33), moderate-risk (MPI-2 value 0.34-0.66), and severe-risk of mortality (MPI-3 value ≥ 0.67), on the basis of earlier established cut-offs. Associations with in-hospital mortality and length of stay were examined using multivariable Cox regression models and adjusted Poisson linear mixed-effects models, respectively. RESULTS At admission, 23.6% subjects had a MPI-1 score, 33.8% had a MPI-2 score, and 42.6% had a MPI-3 score. Subjects with higher MPI score at admission were older (p < .001), more frequently women (p < .001) and had higher prevalence of common chronic conditions. After adjustment for age, gender, and diseases, patients included in the MPI-2 and MPI-3 groups had a significantly higher risk for intrahospital mortality (hazard ratio: 3.48, 95% confidence intervals: 1.02-11.88, p = .047; hazard ratio: 8.31, 95% confidence intervals: 2.54-27.19, p < .001) than patients included in the MPI-1 group, respectively. In multivariable model, length of stay significantly increased across the three MPI groups (11.29 [0.5], 13.73 [1.3], and 15.30 [1.4] days, respectively [p < .0001]). CONCLUSIONS In older acute care inpatients, MPI score assessed at hospital admission is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and the length of hospital stay.
Temporal regulation of proteome profile in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster

Background. Diurnal rhythms of protein synthesis controlled by the biological clock underlie the rhythmic physiology in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we conducted a proteome-wide investigation of rhythmic protein accumulation in D. melanogaster. Materials and Methods. Total protein collected from fly samples harvested at 4 h intervals over the 24 h period were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, trypsin digestion and MS/MS analysis. Protein spots/clusters were identified with MASCOT search engine and Swiss-Prot database. Expression of proteins was documented as percentage of volume contribution using the Image Master 2D Platinum software. Results. A total of 124 protein spots/clusters were identified using MS/MS analysis. Significant variation in the expression of 88 proteins over the 24-h period was observed. A relatively higher number of proteins was upregulated during the night compared to the daytime. The complexity of temporal regulation of the D. melanogaster proteome was further reflected from functional annotations of the differently expressed proteins, with those that were upregulated at night being restricted to the heat shock proteins and proteins involved in metabolism, muscle activity, protein synthesis/folding/degradation and apoptosis, whilst those that were overexpressed in the daytime were apparently involved in metabolism, muscle activity, ion-channel/cellular transport, protein synthesis/folding/degradation, redox homeostasis, development and transcription. Conclusion. Our data suggests that a wide range of proteins synthesized by the fruit fly, D. melanogaster, is under the regulation of the biological clock.
Incidence and management of complex fibroadenomas.

OBJECTIVE Complex fibroadenomas are a fibroadenoma subtype harboring one or more complex features. We sought to evaluate the incidence of complex fibroadenoma on biopsy and to propose decision criteria for managing patients with these breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Complex fibroadenomas were diagnosed in 63 of 401 fibroadenomas (15.7%) found at consecutive percutaneous needle or excisional surgical biopsy. We evaluated the clinical and imaging presentations of complex fibroadenomas; compared pathology at core and excisional biopsy; and contrasted age, pathology, and size of complex and simple fibroadenomas using the Student's t test. RESULTS Patients with complex lesions were 18.5 years older (median age, 47 years; range, 21-69 years) than patients with noncomplex fibroadenomas (median age, 28.5 years; range, 12-86 years) (p < 0.001). Complex fibroadenomas were half the size (average, 1.3 cm; range, 0.5-2.6 cm) of noncomplex fibroadenomas (average, 2.5 cm; range, 0.5-7.5 cm) (p < 0.001). Only one malignancy, an invasive lobular carcinoma, was found in 63 complex fibroadenomas (1.6%). This patient had atypical lobular hyperplasia at core needle biopsy. CONCLUSION Approximately 16% of fibroadenomas are complex. Complex fibroadenomas are smaller and appear at an older age. At a mean follow-up of 2 years, we found a low incidence of malignancy in complex fibroadenomas. Women with complex fibroadenomas may therefore be managed with a conservative approach, similar to the approach now recommended for women with simple fibroadenomas.
Internet service quality and customer satisfaction: Examining internet banking in Greece

The present study investigates internet service quality and its impact on customer satisfaction in the banking context. Internet service quality is operationalised by adopting an instrument, which is based on SERVQUAL and consists of six dimensions, namely assurance, quality of information, responsiveness, web assistance, empathy and reliability. The field research, which resulted in 184 valid questionnaires, was conducted among internet banking customers in Greece, a country with relatively low internet penetration rate. The findings confirm, to a great extent, the validity of the instrument and highlight the above average performance of service quality delivered by Greek banks via the internet. All quality dimensions are proved to be antecedents of overall customer satisfaction, with reliability having the most significant impact. Furthermore, quality of information is a crucial dimension driving the customer intentions for internet banking future usage. Finally, familiarisation-related dimensions, such as empathy and web assistance, play a very important role in customers’ willingness to recommend the service to other people.
Branding in Contraceptive Social Marketing: The Pakistani Experience

Branding is at best a complex phenomenon in conventional commercial settings and even more so in social marketing where the application of branding concepts and techniques are fairly recent but nevertheless gaining momentum. Against the backdrop of contraceptive social marketing programs implemented in Pakistan over the past 2 decades to promote the use of contraceptives, this article examines ways in which social marketing organizations used branding in a variety of ways to achieve positive behavioral changes and stronger market positioning. Using 3 illustrative case studies, our article provides a review of issues influencing branding in a highly regulated market-space. It finds that the development of trademarks and logos is fundamental to building a memorable brand, as is consistency of design and colors. Much of the techniques applied can be described as “pseudobranding”; (Hall & Jones, 2007) — conveying the identity of the product while not actually naming it.
Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 Inhibits the Peroxidase Activity of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin

Hemoglobin is the natural carrier of oxygen in red blood cells (RBCs). While intracellular hemoglobin provides life-sustaining oxygen transport, extracellular free hemoglobin displays toxicity due to inherent peroxidase activity generating reactive oxygen species that subsequently react with the hemoglobin molecule to produce toxic heme degradation products resulting in free radicals, oxidative stress damage, and lipid peroxidation. We have recently demonstrated that Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 (PIC1) inhibits peroxidase activity of the heme-based enzyme myeloperoxidase. To elucidate whether PIC1 could inhibit peroxidase activity of hemoglobin, we evaluated the consequence of PIC1 on RBC lysates, methemoglobin, and myoglobin using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as an oxidation target. PIC1 reversibly and dose-dependently prevented TMB oxidation to tetramethylbenzidine diimine by RBC lysates, methemoglobin, and myoglobin, having comparable activity to the inhibitor 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide. PIC1 inhibited TMB oxidation of RBC lysates similar to L-cysteine suggesting that the two cysteine residues contained in PIC1 may mediate peroxidase activity. PIC1 also inhibited heme destruction by NaOCl for RBC lysates, hemoglobin, and myoglobin as assayed by preservation of the Soret absorbance peak in the presence of NaOCl and reduction in free iron release. In conclusion, PIC1 inhibits peroxidase activity of hemoglobin and myoglobin likely via an antioxidant mechanism.
A Two-Factor Model of the Term Structure: An Approximate Analytical Solution

Abstract This paper develops an approximate analytical solution to a two state-variable model of the term structure similar to the one proposed by Brennan and Schwartz. Unlike the BS model, which was based on the consol rate and the short rate of interest, our model is based on the consol rate and the spread (i.e., the difference) between the consol rate and the short rate. This change, merely a redefinition of variables, is made to exploit an assumption, for which there is substantial empirical evidence, that these two variables (the consol rate and the spread) are orthogonal. Employing orthogonal state variables provides the key simplification in providing an approximate solution to the fundamental valuation equation.
Impact of Olympic spectator safety perception and security concerns on travel decisions.

Attendance at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games did not reach levels comparable to previous Summer Games. Public speculation on the low attendance blamed high travel expense, media emphasis on construction delays, and time poverty. This study illustrates that at least one of the factors influencing the decision to attend the Olympic Games was safety and security perceptions. This article uses data collected from spectators at the 2004 Olympic Games to address the role of safety and security issues on the event attendee's decision-making process as well as attendee satisfaction with the event security. Sixty-six percent of those surveyed at the Olympic Games said that security was somewhat to very important in their decision to attend the 2004 Summer Games. Only 4% indicated that security was the most important factor in their decision. Additionally, over 28% of respondents indicated that they personally knew of someone who did not attend the 2004 Olympic Games due to security concerns. Security was important to those people who actually chose to attend the 2004 Olympic Games, and future research should be conducted to determine how security concerns may have deterred those who ultimately chose not to attend the 2004 Olympic Games or future events. This article extends previous research on Olympic spectator motivations and perceptions.
Reducing the Asymmetry of Information Through the comparison of the Relative Efficiency of Several Regional Monopolies

Following the process initiated by Chile in the early 1980s, most countries in South America have undergone deep transformations in their electric industries. In this new playing field, the comparison of the relative efficiency of several regional monopolies seems to be a potentially valuable tool to reduce the asymmetry of information that is involved in the regulator-firm relationship. However, to be useful in the regulatory process, productive frontier estimates require a broad set of comparable firms and detailed information about them. This availability of data, although a necessary condition, is far from sufficient. One must also count on adequate techniques. In this paper we carry out an efficiency analysis in the electricity distribution sector in South America using different techniques, stating the conditions under which they become a useful tool in crafting an efficient regulation of the firms in that sector. Despite the particular results found here, the paper underscores the importance of conducting a consistency analysis whenever using efficiency measures in applied regulation.
EUROPEAN PAPER: Diversification of Swiss portfolios with real estate, Results based on a hedonic index

Aims to re‐examine the role that can be played by real estate in Swiss mixed‐asset portfolios. For this purpose, constructs a constant quality price index for apartment buildings in Geneva. Also uses data pertaining to real estate mutual funds. In real terms, and after taking into account the illiquidity of real estate, the results suggest that the optimal portfolio composition is 20 per cent for stocks, 53 per cent for bonds and 27 per cent for real estate. Real estate mutual funds could also be included in a small proportion in the portfolio.