Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transportation Assessment in Simulated Curved Canals after preparation with Twisted File Adaptive and BT-Race instruments

Background This study compared the incidence of deviation along curved canals after preparation with two nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary systems, Twisted File Adaptive and BT-RaCe. Material and Methods Forty resin training blocks with curved canals were filled with ink and divided into two groups according to the instrumentation technique. Preinstrumentation images were acquired by using a stereomicroscope. The canals were up to an instrument #35/0.04. Postinstrumentation images were captured using the same conditions, and the images were superimposed. The amount of resin removed was measured at 8 different points, beginning at the apical terminus of the canal. Differences in the mesial and distal aspects were measured to evaluate the occurrence of deviation. The Student’s-t test was used for comparison of the intragroup deviation. Intergroup analysis was performed by using one-way ANOVA for each level. For multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni test was used and a cutoff for significance was set at 5%. Results Intragroup analysis showed that both instrumentation techniques promoted some deviation at all levels. BT-RaCe showed significantly lower deviation at 0 and 4-mm levels than Group Twisted File Adaptive (p<0.05). On the other hand BT-RaCe showed worse performance at level 6. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated that none of the NiTi tested systems was able to instrument curved canals simulated in resin blocks without some deviation during the preparation. There is still need for improvement in the instruments manufacturing aiming the better performance of endodontic files in curved root canals. Key words:BT-RaCe, Curved root canals, Deviation, Twisted File Adaptive.
Cervical cytology as a diagnostic tool for female genital schistosomiasis: Correlation to cervical atypia and Schistosoma polymerase chain reaction

Background: Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a tissue reaction to lodged ova of Schistosoma haematobium in the genital mucosa. Lesions can make the mucosa friable and prone to bleeding and discharge. Women with FGS may have an increased risk of HIV acquisition, and FGS may act as a cofactor in the development of cervical cancer. Objectives: To explore cytology as a method for diagnosing FGS and to discuss the diagnostic challenges in low-resource rural areas. The correlation between FGS and squamous cell atypia (SCA) is also explored and discussed. Cytology results are compared to Schistosoma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in vaginal lavage and urine and in urine microscopy. Materials and Methods: In a clinical study, 394 women aged between 16 and 23 years from rural high schools in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, underwent structured interviews and the following laboratory tests: Cytology Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for S. haematobium ova and cervical SCA, real-time PCR for Schistosoma-specific DNA in vaginal lavage and urine samples, and urine microscopy for the presence of S. haematobium ova. Results: In Pap smears, S. haematobium ova were detected in 8/394 (2.0%). SCA was found in 107/394 (27.1%), seven of these had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Schistosoma specific DNA was detected in 38/394 (9.6%) of vaginal lavages and in 91/394 (23.0%) of urines. Ova were found microscopically in 78/394 (19.7%) of urines. Conclusion: Schistosoma PCR on lavage was a better way to diagnose FGS compared to cytology. There was a significant association between S. haematobium ova in Pap smears and the other diagnostic methods. In low-resource Schistosoma-endemic areas, it is important that cytology screeners are aware of diagnostic challenges in the identification of schistosomiasis in addition to the cytological diagnosis of SCA. Importantly, in this study, three of eight urines were negative but showed Schistosoma ova in their Pap smear, and one of them was also negative for Schistosoma DNA in urine. In this study, SCA was not significantly associated with schistosomiasis. HSIL detected in this young population might need future consideration.
Food safety in the US catering industry: empirical findings

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore food safety measures in catering and special event programs, especially with respect to the knowledge and implementation of knowledge of food handlers in the catering sector in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative approach was utilized in this study. A questionnaire was distributed to 557 respondents, representing over 40 chapters in the National Association of Catering Executives. The questionnaire was divided into three sections of food safety (food handling, equipment, and personal hygiene). This study utilized t‐tests and ANOVA to test for differences between gender, training, management status, and employment status with regard to food safety knowledge and practices.Findings – Results suggested that employees in the catering industry who work part‐time need more training and development. Management was seen as more knowledgeable than non‐management personnel and was seen to have more training. Overall the study found that there is a ne.
Meta-Analysis of Black Tea Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk: Update 2013

Black tea is a commonly consumed beverage in the world, comprising approximately 80% of all tea consumed. We sought to examine the association between black tea consumption and risk of breast cancer, using all available epidemiologic evidence to date. PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, and China Biological Medicine Database were used to search for citations using the MeSH terms as “breast neoplasm” AND “black tea. ” Then we performed a meta-analysis of studies of breast cancer risk published between 1985 and 2013 by using RevMan 5.0 software. The results showed that no association between black tea consumption and breast cancer risk in overall [odds ratio (OR) = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.89–1.05]. We further performed a stratified analysis according to region (United States/Europe). Black tea consumption did not decrease breast cancer risk in the United States (OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.78–1.07) and in Europe (OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.93–1.06). In addition, the summary OR from all cohort studies (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.91–1.18) or all case-control studies (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.88–1.02) showed black tea intake has no effects on breast cancer risk. However, the association between black tea consumption and breast cancer incidence remains unclear based on the current evidence. Further well-designed large studies are needed to confirm our result.
Commentary: An International Comparison and Evaluation of Financial Accounting Concepts Statements*

Standard setters in several jurisdictions have adopted statements of financial accounting concepts. Given that concepts statements influence accounting standards, similarities and differences of concepts across jurisdictions will affect the ability of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and other accounting bodies to secure standards convergence. This paper analyzes the concepts statements of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the IASB. Although these statements seem similar at a “broad brush” level, a closer look reveals substantial differences. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate these differences and the extent to which they may impair standards convergence. The paper also proposes broadening the scope of the concepts structure to include normative agency-theoretic considerations, which would bring the legitimate interests of management into the concepts structure, with the potential to move some of the trade-offs necessary to secure managers' acceptance of accounting standards into the structure itself.
Two novel atypical PKC inhibitors; ACPD and DNDA effectively mitigate cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of metastatic melanoma while inducing apoptosis

Atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKC) are involved in cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis, cell survival and migration in many cancers. We believe that aPKCs play an important role in cell motility of melanoma by regulating cell signaling pathways and inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). We have investigated the effects of two novel aPKC inhibitors; 2-acetyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione (ACPD) and 3,4-diaminonaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (DNDA) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of two malignant melanoma cell lines compared to normal melanocytes. Molecular docking data suggested that both inhibitors specifically bind to protein kinase C-zeta (PKC-ζ) and PKC-iota (PKC-ι) and kinase activity assays were carried out to confirm these observations. Both inhibitors decreased the levels of total and phosphorylated PKC-ζ and PKC-ι. Increased levels of E-cadherin, RhoA, PTEN and decreased levels of phosphorylated vimentin, total vimentin, CD44, β-catenin and phosphorylated AKT in inhibitor treated cells. This suggests that inhibition of both PKC-ζ and PKC-ι using ACPD and DNDA downregulates EMT and induces apoptosis in melanoma cells. We also carried out PKC-ι and PKC-ζ directed siRNA treatments to prove the above observations. Immunoprecipitation data suggested an association between PKC-ι and vimentin and PKC-ι siRNA treatments confirmed that PKC-ι activates vimentin by phosphorylation. These results further suggested that PKC-ι is involved in signaling pathways which upregulate EMT and which can be effectively suppressed using ACPD and DNDA. Our results summarize that melanoma cells proliferate via aPKC/AKT/NF-κB mediated pathway while inducing the EMT via PKC-ι/Par6/RhoA pathway. Overall, results show that aPKCs are essential for melanoma progression and metastasis, suggesting that ACPD and DNDA can be effectively used as potential therapeutic drugs for melanoma by inhibiting aPKCs.
PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN, DAN NON-DEBT TAX SHIELD TERHADAP STRUKTUR MODAL PADA PERUSAHAAN TELEKOMUNIKASI DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

This study aims to determine the significance of the effect of partial variable size companies, sales growth, and non-debt tax shield (NDTS) the capital structure on Telecommunications companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2010-2013. To solve the problem in this study used multiple linear regression analysis technique. In partial test (t test) with significance level (? ) = 5 percent, indicating that the firm size variable has a negative and significant effect on capital structure, sales growth has a positive effect and no significant effect on capital structure, while the variable NDTS positive effect and significant impact on the capital structure of the telecommunications companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2010-2013.
Market Liquidity and Flow-Driven Risk

Using a unique dataset of trades and limit orders for S&P 500 futures, we decompose the aggregate risk into a component driven by the impact of net market orders and a component unrelated to net orders. The first component--flow-driven risk--is large, accounting for approximately 50% of market variance, and it is not transient. This risk represents the joint effect of net trade demand and the price impact of that demand--i.e., illiquidity. We find that flows are largely unpredictable, and lagged flows have no price impact. Flow-driven risk is time varying because price impact is highly variable. Illiquidity rises with market volatility, but not with flow uncertainty. Net selling increases illiquidity, which amplifies downside flow-driven risk. The findings are consistent with flow-driven shocks resulting from fluctuations in aggregate risk-bearing capacity. Under this interpretation, investors with constant risk tolerance should trade against such shocks (i.e., "supply liquidity") to achieve substantial utility gains. Quantitatively accounting for the scale of flow-driven risk poses a major challenge for asset pricing theory. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. , Oxford University Press.
Mutations in SDCCAG8/NPHP10 Cause Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and Are Associated with Penetrant Renal Disease and Absent Polydactyly

The ciliopathies are an expanding group of disorders caused by mutations in genes implicated in the biogenesis and function of primary cilia. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a model ciliopathy characterized by progressive retinal degeneration, obesity, polydactyly, cognitive impairment, kidney anomalies and hypogonadism. Mutations in SDCCAG8(NPHP10) were described recently in patients with nephronophthisis and retinal degeneration (Senior-Loken syndrome; SLS). Given the phenotypic and genetic overlap between known ciliopathy genes, we hypothesized that mutations in SDCCAG8 might also contribute alleles to more severe, multisystemic ciliopathies. We performed genetic and phenotypic analyses of 2 independent BBS cohorts. Subsequent to mutation screening, we made a detailed phenotypic analysis of 5 families mutated for SDCCAG8 (3 homozygous and 2 compound heterozygous mutations) and conducted statistical analyses across both cohorts to examine possible phenotype-genotype correlations with mutations at this locus. All patients with mutations in SDCCAG8 fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for BBS (retinal degeneration, obesity, cognitive defects, renal failure, hypogonadism). Interestingly, none of the patients with primary SDCCAG8 mutations had polydactyly, a frequent but not obligatory BBS feature. In contrast, the same patients displayed early-onset renal failure, obesity, as well as recurrent pulmonary and ENT infections. Comparison of the phenotypes of these families with our entire BBS cohort indicated that renal impairment and absent polydactyly correlated significantly with causal SDCCAG8 mutations. Thus, SDCCAG8 mutations are sufficient to cause BBS in 1–2% of our combined cohorts, and define this gene as the sixteenth BBS locus (BBS16). The absence of polydactyly and the concomitant, apparently fully penetrant association with early kidney failure represents the first significant genotype-phenotype correlation in BBS that potentially represents an indicator for phenotype-driven priority screening and informs specific patient management.
Entertainment-Education: A Communication Strategy for Social Change

Entertainment-education is the process of designing and implementing media messages to entertain and educate for the purposes of increasing an audiences knowledge about educational issues creating favorable attitudes and changing overt behavior. This book chronicles the origins of entertainment-education in current times documenting applications of the strategy around the globe. It serves as a resource for people concerned with the communication process offering a comprehensive discussion of the entertainment-education strategy and establishes a foundation on which to base further study and application. Major figures events and turning points in the evolution of the entertainment-education strategy are presented; theories and concepts explaining the effectiveness of implementing this strategy are documented. In addition research methodologies for studying the effects of such programs are provided and the lessons learned in utilizing such an approach are summarized. In order to present a balanced perspective of the approach its limitations are identified and the ethical problems that may accompany efforts to bring about social change are considered.
When Guests Complain

Robert C. Lewis, Ph.D., is an associate professor of marketing and management in the department of hotel, restaurant, and travel administration at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He was coauthor of the article "Guest Surveys: A Missed Opportunity" (November 1981), which outlined the failings of comment cards as commonly designed and used. A more technical version of the accompanying article was presented at the seventh annual "Conference on Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior," held last year in Knoxville. THE HOTEL INDUSTRY is fre-
18F-FDG PET imaging in assessing exudative pleural effusions

Background This study evaluates the accuracy of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) imaging with semi-quantitative analysis for differentiating benign from malignant pleural exudates and for guiding the search for the primary tumour of pleural metastases. Methods Whole-body 18F-FDG PET was performed in 79 patients with exudative pleurisy. Standard uptake values were normalized for body weight, body surface area, lean body mass (SUVbw, SUVbsa, SUVlbm) with and without correction for blood glucose levels. Thoracoscopy was systematically performed to reveal pathological diagnosis. Results All SUVs were significantly higher in all malignant pleural diseases (n=51) than in benign (n=28) (P<0.001). Moreover SUVs were greater in the pleural metastases from pulmonary primaries (n=25) and in mesotheliomas (n=8) than in extrathoracic primaries (n=18) (P<0.01) with no significant difference between lung cancers and mesotheliomas. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis between benign and malignant lesions showed areas under the curves that ranged from 0.803 (SUVbsa g−1) to 0.863 (SUVbw). The cut-off value for SUVbw which gave the best accuracy (82.3%) was 2.2. When comparing thoracic with extrathoracic primaries the highest accuracy (80.4%) was found for a cut-off value of 2.6. Conclusion Semi-quantitative analysis of 18F-FDG PET imaging helps to differentiate malignant from benign pleural exudates and to distinguish between thoracic or extrathoracic primaries.
Monopolistic Competition with Efficiency Gaps and a Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Pattern

We develop a two-factor, three-sector model of international trade in which the monopolistically competitive firms are characterized by different fixed production costs. We show that, depending on the pattern of the international distribution of factor endowments, the trade pattern is determined not only by relative factor endowments as suggested by Heckscher and Ohlin, but also by absolute factor endowments via a mechanism of competitive selection in the monopolistically competitive sector.
Gender Gaps in Civic and Political Participation in Latin America

Abstract This article examines whether there is gender segmentation in civic participation in Latin America, and whether such segmentation is related to gender differences in political participation. Confirming the findings of other studies, this analysis indicates that there is gender segmentation in civic associational activities, and that men are more involved than women in political activities, except for voting. Among those involved in civic activities, however, women attend meetings more often than men or about equally in all types of activities under consideration, except for sports and recreational pursuits. This highlights the need to differentiate between type and intensity of civic participation and provides empirical evidence that Latin American women have strong community ties through a variety of organizations. The regression analysis shows that civic engagement has a positive effect on political participation but that the magnitude of that effect varies by gender depending on the activity.
Refugees and asylum seekers: a review from an equality and human rights perspective

This report examines the situation of asylum seekers and refugees from an equality and human rights perspective. It aims to contextualise measures taken towards asylum seekers and refugees within the broader range of measures relating to migrants and visitors to the UK, arguing that the government has itself increasing sought to integrate the measures taken towards asylum seekers and refugees within broader migration policy. After considering the policy area, the report describes the disadvantages for asylum seekers and refugees with relation to: health status, health and social care; education, training and the labour market; poverty, destitution and access to accommodation and financial support; and the legal and criminal justice system. It goes on to consider issues relating to integration and cohesion, such as racism and discrimination. The geographic distribution of asylum seekers and refugees and the situation in Scotland and Wales are considered. Finally, the report discusses implications for data collection, key strategic issues, and the scope for intervention. The report concludes that the ongoing tension between policies relating to immigration control and those concerned with welfare lies at the heart of many of the concerns regarding the equality and human rights of asylum seekers and refugees.
Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air-sea interface

inorganic aerosol constituents were similar to those in ambient air. Ca 2+ was significantly enriched relative to seawater (median factor = 1.2). If in the form of CaCO3, these enrichments would have important implications for pH-dependent processes. Other inorganic constituents were present at ratios indistinguishable from those in seawater. Soluble organic carbon (OC) was highly enriched in all size fractions (median factor for all samples = 387). Number size distributions exhibited two lognormal modes. The number production flux of each mode was linearly correlated with bubble rate. At 80% RH, the larger mode exhibited a volume centroid of 5-mm diameter and included 95% of the inorganic sea-salt mass; water comprised 79% to 90% of volume. At 80% RH, the smaller mode exhibited a number centroid of 0.13-mm diameter; water comprised 87% to 90% of volume. The median mass ratio of organic matter to sea salt in the smallest size fraction (geometric mean diameter = 0.13 mm) was 4:1. These results support the hypothesis that bursting bubbles are an important global source of CN and CCN with climatic implications. Primary marine aerosols also influence radiative transfer via multiphase processing of sulfur and other climate-relevant species.
Communicating the risks of global warming: American risk perceptions, affective images, and interpretive communities.

Introduction Large majorities of Americans believe that global warming is real and consider it a serious problem, yet global warming remains a low priority relative to other national and environmental issues and lacks a sense of urgency. To understand this lack of urgency, the study on which this chapter is based examined the risk perceptions and connotative meanings of global warming in the American mind and found that Americans perceive climate change as a moderate risk that will predominantly impact geographically and temporally distant people and places. This research also identified several distinct interpretive communities of climate change: segments of the public that conceptualize and respond to the issue in very different ways. The chapter concludes with five strategies to communicate about global warming in ways that either resonate with the values and predispositions of particular audiences or that directly challenge fundamental misconceptions. Public risk perceptions are critical components of the socio-political context within which policy-makers operate. Public risk perceptions can fundamentally compel or constrain political, economic, and social action to address particular risks. For example, public support or opposition to climate policies (e.g., treaties, regulations, taxes, subsidies) will be greatly influenced by public perceptions of the risks and dangers of climate change. In this context, American public risk perceptions of climate change are critical for at least two reasons.