Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
$1\times$ - to $2\times$ -nm perpendicular MTJ Switching at Sub-3-ns Pulses Below $100~\mu$ A for High-Performance Embedded STT-MRAM for Sub-20-nm CMOS

Magnetization switching is confirmed for sub-3-ns pulses below <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$100~\mu \text{A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) down to 16 nm in diameter. The magnetoresistance ratio exceeded 150%, satisfying requirements for fast read conditions. Using sub-30-nm MTJs, write-error rates of up to an order of −6 (10<sup>−6</sup>) are demonstrated. Read and write current margins, which are important device designs, are sufficiently large to avoid read disturbances. Moreover, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-to-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-nm MTJs have sufficient data retention for level-2 or level-3 cache requirements. Furthermore, the MTJ resistance remains stable after 10<sup>12</sup> write events. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>- to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-nm MTJs supporting cache memory along with read–write current margins, fast read operations, low power consumption, sufficient retention, and high endurance.
Contributions of positive psychology to peace: toward global well-being and resilience.

In this article, we analyze the relationship between positive psychology and peace psychology. We discuss how positive emotions, engagement, meaning, personal well-being, and resilience may impact peace at different levels, ranging from the personal and interpersonal to community, national, and global peace. First, we argue that an individual's positive experiences, personal well-being, and personal resilience, as defined in current positive psychology, may in fact contribute to personal and interpersonal peace but can also entail detrimental consequences for other individuals, communities, and nations. Second, we describe how peace psychology contains traces of positive psychology, especially with its focus on the pursuit of social justice. Third, reviewing and extending the concept of community resilience, we outline directions for further conceptual and empirical work in positive psychology inspired by peace psychology. Such work would do well to transcend positive psychology's current bias toward individualism and nationalism and to conceptualize well-being and resilience at the level of the "global community. " This extended "positive peace psychology" perspective would have important implications for our understanding of how to overcome oppression and work toward global peace.
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2)344T/C polymorphism and renoprotective response to losartan treatment in diabetic nephropathy

Objective. It has been suggested that an aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism (CYP11B2 344T/C) is predictive of the blood pressure lowering effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers in essential hypertension. We investigated whether this polymorphism is predictive of reductions in blood pressure and albuminuria and preservation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during short‐term and long‐term treatment with losartan in 57 hypertensive type‐1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Material and methods. After a 4‐week washout period, patients received losartan (100 mg o.d.) and were followed for a mean follow‐up of 36 months. At baseline, after 2 and 4 months, and every 6 months thereafter, GFR (51Cr‐EDTA‐clearance), albuminuria and 24‐h blood pressure were determined. The CYP11B2 344T/C polymorphism was determined by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. The TT, CT and CC genotypes were found in 28 %, 58 % and 14 % of patients, respectively. At baseline albuminuria and blood pressure did not differ between genotype groups. Plasma aldosterone levels (geometric mean (95 % CI)) were similar at baseline: 87 (60–125), 77 (53–112), and 89 (49–161) pg mL−1 and during follow‐up (not significant). After initiation of losartan treatment, comparable mean (SE) reductions in blood pressure and albuminuria were seen in patients with TT, CT and CC genotypes (p >0.6 between groups). After long‐term follow‐up, there was a tendency towards a difference in systolic blood pressure reduction (p = 0.07, one‐way ANOVA), suggesting a poorer response in patients with the CC genotype. No significant difference in rate of decline in GFR (median (range)) was seen between groups (TT, CT, CC): 4.2 (−1.0 to 16.0), 3.2 (−1.6 to 13.8) and 2.6 (−0.1 to 11.0) mL min−1year−1, respectively (p = 0.5). Conclusions. Compared to a previous smaller study of angiotensin II receptor blockade in essential hypertension, we could not confirm that CYP11B2 344T/C genotypes contribute towards explaining the observed variability in response to treatment with angiotensin II receptor blockers, which could be due to lack of power.
Ethical Issues in Agency Evaluation from the Viewpoint of Activity Theory: A Basis for Inter-Organizational Learning?

: This article focuses on ethical issues faced in evaluation practice from the viewpoint of third generation of activity theory, which gives a constructive perspective on how contradictions can be a driving force behind interorganizational learning and development in multiactor networks. The problem field is firstly addressed through an illustration of the problematic position of evaluators in situations where cooperational relationships and professional networks are close. This perspective is then extended by an analysis of a reflection model designed to initiate discussion about the principles of evaluation. From an activity theoretical perspective, the ethical issues reflect contradictions, which can be a starting point for development, whether the actors can get oriented collectively in the analysis of a contradictory situation, and modelling, implementing and examination of a new solution. The analysed model for ethical reflection can be used, despite its limitations, as a heuristic framework for this kind of collaborative ethical reflection in a multivoiced network of people involved in the evaluation process.
Trading and Investing in Volatility Products

Since the banking crisis the market for volatility exchange-traded products has developed rapidly as it opens to clients beyond the large institutional investor pool. Speculation is driven by increasingly complex leveraged and inverse exposures including those that attempt to trade on significant roll costs in volatility futures curves. Longer-term investors use these products for the purposes of equity diversification, driven by fears of an ongoing Eurozone crisis. We survey the burgeoning academic literature in this area and present a comprehensive and up-to-date comparison of the market and statistical characteristics of European and US exchange-traded volatility products.
Glomerulopathy in Kuwait: The Spectrum over the Past 7 Years

There are few studies that examine, prospectively, the epidemiological profile of glomerulopathy (GP) and its clinicopathological correlation. All patients referred to Al-Amiri renal center in Kuwait from 01 1st, 1995 to 12 31st, 2001 were screened for GP. Detailed clinical data were collected and serological markers were done. Renal biopsy was performed whenever indicated. During those 7 years, a total of 584 patients were diagnosed, on histological basis, to have GP, 315 of whom were Kuwaiti nationals. During the same period of the study, 26 patients presented with bilateral small kidneys, history of proteinuria >2 g/day and lacked systemic manifestations of autoimmune disease. Furthermore, 164 patients with clinical manifestations of diabetic glomerulosclerosis were not subjected to kidney biopsy. Hence, the calculated annual incidence rate of GP in Kuwaiti nationals was 34.5 per 100,000 population (PTP). The calculated rate of diabetic glomerulosclerosis was 13.4 PTP and that of non-diabetic 21.1 PTP. The calculated incidence rates of GP increased with age and were twice as high in males compared to females. Vasculitis was more common in elderly males while SLE nephritis was a disease of adults, 88.7% of whom were females. In the subgroup of primary GP, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was the most common histological lesion accounting for 18.0% of the total biopsies in Kuwaiti patients, yet only 36.8% of those who fulfilled the criteria of primary type. Minimal change disease was the second primary GP (13.0%), followed by immunoglobulin A deposition disease (7.9%) and membranous glomerulonephritis (5%). Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and vasculitis were common. Interestingly, only 44 of 72 (61.1%) of patients with SLE and 11 of the 62 (17.7%) of patients with vasculitis presented with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. On the other hand, 10 of 58 (17.2%) patients with nephroangiosclerosis presented with renal failure and protein excretion >2 g/day simulating primary GP. Furthermore, only 21 of 40 (52.5%) patients with IgA nephropathy presented with “benign disease”. Prospective studies are essential to ascertain the actual incidence and etiology of GP. The loose clinicopathological correlation in GP dictates an aggressive diagnostic approach in its study and management.
Unit-level linkages between employee commitment to the organization, customer service delivery and customer satisfaction

Service profit chain and service climate research identifies the importance of employee attitudes and employee service behavior as mediating between organizational practices and customer satisfaction. While the importance of employee attitudes and customer service performance are acknowledged, there are calls to more precisely specify proximal mediators between employee attitudes and customer satisfaction. We propose a model in which the relationship between unit-level organizational commitment and customer attitudes is not direct but mediated via employees' customer service delivery including queuing time, serving time and service quality. We conducted a longitudinal unit-level analysis (N = 39) aggregating employee (N over 893) organizational commitment and customer (N over 1248) satisfaction data, and customer service behavior drawn from organizational records. Our model received reasonable support from basic tests of the predictive associations between unit-level organizational commitment, customer-relevant employee behaviors and customer satisfaction; however, organizational commitment was not found to be an important predictor in more rigorous change analyses. The findings as a whole therefore suggest that organizational commitment is a feature of units delivering fast, quality service, but its causal role is as yet unclear.
Social Networks of the Board Members and Acquisition of Resources by the Firm: A Case Study

This research focuses on the reasons behind the constitution of the board of directors. We start with two theoretical positions: the social capital theory, stating that people construct social networks that are more or less efficient depending on their starting position in the system. Then we add the resource dependency, considering that those people will use these networks to bring resources to the firm.Over a case study methodology, we also use a network design approach, based on information gathered through annual reports, data bases and web sites. Our networks have three levels: the source firm, the members of the board and their originating organization.Our results show that the studied board was organized to open access to a series of strategic resources like financial resources, business opportunities, human resources recruitment facilities, legitimacy and social recognition and political connections prone to protect the firm against adverse laws or rulings.The originality of our research is, firstly to incorporate the social capital and the resource dependency theories. We provide observations on the constitution of the boards of directors going into the direction of the importance of the resource dependency theory in the process.
Limbs and tail as evolutionarily diverging duplicates of the main body axis

SUMMARY Contrasting hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pervasive parallels in the patterning of arthropod and vertebrate appendages. These hypotheses either call for a common ancestor already provided with patterned appendages or body outgrowths, or for the recruitment in limb patterning of single genes or genetic cassettes originally used for purposes other than axis patterning. I suggest instead that body appendages such as arthropod and vertebrate limbs and chordate tails are evolutionarily divergent duplicates (paramorphs) of the main body axis, that is, its duplicates, albeit devoid of endodermal component. Thus, vertebrate limbs and arthropod limbs are not historical homologs, but homoplastic features only transitively related to real historical homologs. Thus, the main body axis and the axis of the appendages have distinct but not independent evolutionary histories and may be involved in processes of homeotic co‐option producing effects of morphological assimilation. For instance, chordate segmentation may have originated in the posterior appendage (tail) and subsequently extended to the trunk.
Funding system of full‐time higher education and technical efficiency: case of the University of Ljubljana

The present paper tackles the issue of the higher education funding system in Slovenia. Its main attribute is that institutions are classified into study groups according to their fields of education, and funds granted by the state are based on their weights or study group factors (SGF). Analysis conducted using data envelopment analysis tested whether members of the University of Ljubljana are classified into groups according to their relative technical efficiency and SGF values are aligned with the relative differences between them. Results confirm the heterogeneity of the study groups, the inappropriate formation of one group, inaccurate classification of institutions and that the SGF values of different study groups are too high relative to the base group.
Genetic analysis of sow longevity and sow lifetime reproductive traits using censored data.

Sow longevity is a key component for efficient and profitable pig farming; however, approximately 50% of sows are removed annually from a breeding herd. There is no consensus in the scientific literature regarding a definition for sow longevity; however, it has been suggested that it can be measured using several methods such as stayability and economic indicators such as lifetime piglets produced. Sow longevity can be improved by genetic selection; however, it is rarely included in genetic evaluations. One reason is elongated time intervals required to collect complete lifetime data. The effect of genetic parameter estimation software in handling incomplete data (censoring) and possible early indicator traits were evaluated analysing a 30% censored data set (12 725 pedigreed Landrace × Large White sows that included approximately 30% censored data) with DMU6, THRGIBBS1F90 and GIBBS2CEN. Heritability estimates were low for all the traits evaluated. The results show that the binary stayability traits benefited from being analysed with a threshold model compared to analysing with a linear model. Sires were ranked very similarly regardless if the program handled censoring when all available data were included. Accumulated born alive and stayability were good indicators for lifetime born alive traits. Number of piglets born alive within each parity could be used as an early indicator trait for sow longevity.
R&D, Patent Arrangements, and Financial Performances: Evidence from Taiwan

In this study, we investigate the relationships among R&D, patent arrangements, and financial performances for the firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE). In particular, we apply Vector Autoregression (VAR) to examine the relationships of the listed firms classified as industries of Semiconductor, Computer and Peripheral Equipment, Optoelectronic, Communications and Internet, Electronic Parts & Components, Electronic Products Distribution, and Other Electronic, by the TWSE. In sum, we find the different lead-lag relationships among R&D, patent arrangements, and financial performances in different industries, indicating important insight into patent arrangements.
Discussion of a market-based evaluation of discretionary accrual models

The use of accrual models has been pervasive in accounting research in the past ten years. This literature has sought to examine whether and why managers use discretion in financial reporting. The findings suggest that managers use their discretion for a wide range of reasons, including to increase their own compensation and protect their job security, to communicate their expectations of long-term firm performance with investors, and to create stockholder wealth at the expense of other stakeholders (such as debtholders, taxpayers, and regulatory bodies). Of course, the power and internal validity of these tests depend critically on whether the models of accruals used in the studies are well specified. Guay, Kothari, and Watts's (henceforth GKW) paper attempts to provide evidence on this question by modeling the relation between stock returns, and discretionary accruals and nondiscretionary earnings. GKW then examine whether the five most popular accrual models used in the literature produce discretionary accruals and nondiscretionary earnings that conform to their modeling predictions. The findings suggest that even the most effective models, the Jones and modified Jones models, do only a modest job of parsing earnings into discretionary and nondiscretionary components. Taken at face value the findings of the GKW paper have serious consequences for how readers should interpret the findings of earlier earnings management studies. However, such strong conclusions are
Bridging the Rigour–Relevance Gap in Management Research: It's Already Happening!

Kieser and Leiner (2009) maintain that the rigour–relevance gap in management research is fundamentally unbridgeable because researchers and the researched inhabit separate social systems. They argue that it is impossible to assess the relevance of research outputs within the system of science and that neither action research nor related approaches to collaborative research can succeed in producing research that is rigorous as well as relevant. In reply, we show how their analysis is inconsistent with available evidence. Drawing on a diversity of management research domains, we provide counter-illustrations of work where researchers, in a number of cases in collaboration with practitioners, have generated knowledge that is both socially useful and academically rigorous.
In search of TQM

While quality management practices have spread in recent years, academic investigation of the phenomenon has lagged behind. Discusses what TQM comprises and whether there are partial or contingent forms; employment practices and relations, including the links with HRM and the issues of incentives, empowerment and political barriers; the themes of incrementalism and innovation including the relationship of TQM with BPR and the concern with bureaucratization; and how TQM fits with other management paradigms.
Inflation Targeting Around the World

This paper examines the inflation record of twenty-nine inflation- and noninflation-targeting economies. Both industrial and emerging market economies are considered. Empirical evidence is based on a comparison of actual and forecasted inflation, an econometric analysis that estimates changes in inflation persistence, and an estimate of the probability of a breach in the inflation target as a proxy for the fragility of the targeting regime. I find that inflation persistence has fallen in only a handful of emerging market economies. However, the inflationtargeting regime is not especially fragile in emerging market economies. As these economies gain experience with inflation targets and respond appropriately to forecast errors generated by the private sector, the likelihood of breaches in the target ranges tends to fall.
Developing dynamic capabilities through resource accretion: expanding the entrepreneurial solution space

We report our findings from the analysis of crisis episodes that resulted in the development of new capabilities in eight small firms. When dealing with resource constraints in periods of crisis, entrepreneurs engaged in a number of actions to develop their firms' capabilities. By accreting resources such as knowledge, skills and other assets, entrepreneurs were able to expand their repertoire of potential solutions and change the firm's learning trajectory. Our contribution is to describe the process of resource accretion (the gradual accumulation and integration of resources) through grafting and bonding of capabilities into the firm's ambit, which is dependent on the proximities, salience and relationships of resources. We observe three patterns within the accretion pathways of the eight firms in the study, namely the combination of coping mechanisms, the extension of networks, and the reprisal of previously successful solutions. These activities support resource accretion and the subsequent expanded solution space where entrepreneurs begin the process of embedding new capabilities. Such coping routines are necessary antecedents for the development of nascent dynamic capabilities in small firms.
Firm risk and the power of the Chairman and CEO in a civil law country: evidence from Spain

Many authors have examined the effect of various control mechanisms on firm value, but have devoted little attention to the effect of these mechanisms on firm risk. This paper studies the effect of different variables related to the power of the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) on firm risk in Spain. Decisions taken by both the chairman and the CEO are very important in order to attain the shareholders' objectives. Thus, decisions relative to both posts can be considered very relevant from the human resources point of view. There is little previous empirical evidence on this topic, and what there is comes from the US. Most results are consistent with what we call a ‘power perspective’. That is, we observe a positive relation between firm risk and combining in the same person the positions of chairman of the board and CEO. We also find a positive relation between firm risk and the status of both leaders as founding partners, and a negative relation between firm risk and board size.
Employees' perception of workplace stressors and their attitude towards work and organisation: a study of Indian managers

This study seeks to understand the extent to which private sector managers respond to demands and expectations of globalisation. It examines the sources of their work stress and the influence of these stressors on employees' attitudes towards work and organisation. A sample of 221 Indian managers from the private sector was used in the study. Managers consider the most important sources of work stress to be lack of control and work life balance. Work relationships, control, nature of job and communications were found to be significantly related with work engagement and job satisfaction. Commitment was associated with relationships at the workplace. Intention to quit was significantly influenced by relationships, control, nature of job and resources. It is suggested that to enhance work engagement, job satisfaction, commitment and to lessen the intention to quit, managers need to actively monitor relationships at work, control, nature of job, resources and communication. These variables could assist in maintaining and increasing desirable attitudes towards work and organisation.