Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physiological Expression and Accumulation of the Products of Two Upstream Open Reading Frames mrtl and MycHex1 Along With p64 and p67 Myc From the Human c‐myc Locus

In addition to the canonical c‐Myc p64 and p67 proteins, the human c‐myc locus encodes two distinct proteins, mrtl (myc‐related translation/localization regulatory factor) and MycHex1 (Myc Human Exon 1), from the upstream open reading frames within the 5′‐untranslated region of the c‐myc P0 mRNA. The aim of this study is to examine simultaneously, for the first time, mrtl, MycHex1, c‐Myc p64, and p67 in human tumor cell lines and pediatric brain tumor tissues. Western blot analysis demonstrated endogenous mrtl, MycHex1, c‐Myc p64, and p67 simultaneously. The relative abundance of mrtl and MycHex1 were consistent among a variety of human tumor cell lines, and the relative intensities of mrtl and MycHex1 correlated positively. Confocal imaging revealed mrtl predominantly localized to the nuclear envelope, along with prominent reticular pattern in the cytoplasm. MycHex1 was observed as a series of bright foci located within the nucleus, a subset of which colocalized with fibrillarin. mrtl and MycHex1 co‐immunoprecipitated with RACK1, c‐Myc, fibrillarin, coilin, and with each other. These findings suggest that mrtl and MycHex1 have multiple interaction partners in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Sequence analyses confirmed a known polymorphism of mrtl at base 1965 (G>T) and new mutations at bases 1900 (C>G) and 1798 (C>G). Evidence is presented for expression and stable accumulation of all four proteins encoded by three distinct non‐overlapping open reading frames within the human c‐myc locus. Additional work is warranted to further elucidate the functional or regulatory roles of these molecules in regulation of c‐Myc and in oncogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1407–1418, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two studies examining argumentation in asynchronous computer mediated communication

Asynchronous computer mediated communication (CMC) would seem to be an ideal medium for supporting development in student argumentation. This paper investigates this assumption through two studies. The first study compared asynchronous CMC with face‐to‐face discussions. The transactional and strategic level of the argumentation (i.e. measures of argumentation quality) observed in face‐to‐face discussions was higher than that observed in CMC discussions; however, this difference was not reflected in the students’ subsequent level of argumentation. The second study compared a CMC discussion consisting of students from the same degree programme with those from different degree programmes. Students from the same degree programme participated more in the discussion than students from different degree programmes, but the structural quality of the argumentation was higher for students from different degree programmes. The implications of these findings for the methods used to assess the quality of argumentation are discussed.
A MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM APPROACH FOR DISTANCE LEARNING ARCHITECTURE

The goal of this study is to suggest the agent systems by intelligence and adaptability properties in distance learning environment. The suggested system has flexible, agile, intelligence and cooperation features. System components are teachers, students (learners), and resources. Inter component relations are modeled and reviewed by using the Petri net method.
Behavior therapy for obesity: where are we now?

Purpose of reviewTo describe the short-term and long-term results of lifestyle modification for obesity. Recent findingsRandomized controlled trials, which compared different diet and activity interventions were reviewed. Studies that investigated the efficacy of new technologies to provide lifestyle modification, such as web-based delivery, also were examined. SummaryIn general, comprehensive lifestyle modification programs delivered in person induce a loss of approximately 10% of initial weight in 16–26 weeks of treatment. The use of portion-controlled diets, which typically involve the use of meal replacement products, was associated with significantly larger weight losses in the short term. In contrast, interventions delivered via the Internet induced a loss of approximately 5%. However, web-based programs appear to have potential in facilitating the continuation on patient-provider contact, which along with high levels of physical activity, appear to be key strategies for successful long-term weight control. Recent studies also have suggested that the combination of lifestyle modification with long-term use of pharmacotherapy holds promise for maximizing initial weight losses and promoting long-term maintenance.
Pancreatic neurogenin 3-expressing cells are unipotent islet precursors

Pancreatic islet endocrine cells arise during development from precursors expressing neurogenin 3 (Ngn3). As a population, Ngn3+ cells produce all islet cell types, but the potential of individual Ngn3+ cells, an issue central to organogenesis in general and to in vitro differentiation towards cell-based therapies, has not been addressed. We performed in vivo clonal analyses in mice to study the proliferation and differentiation of very large numbers of single Ngn3+ cells using MADM, a genetic system in which a Cre-dependent chromosomal translocation labels, at extremely low mosaic efficiency, a small number of Ngn3+ cells. We scored large numbers of progeny arising from single Ngn3+ cells. In newborns, labeled islets frequently contained just a single tagged endocrine cell, indicating for the first time that each Ngn3+ cell is the precursor of a single endocrine cell. In adults, small clusters of two to three Ngn3+ progeny were detected, but all expressed the same hormone, indicating a low rate of replication from birth to adult stages. We propose a model whereby Ngn3+ cells are monotypic (i.e. unipotent) precursors, and use this paradigm to refocus ideas on how cell number and type must be regulated in building complete islets of Langerhans.
Greater Perceived Age Discrimination in England than the United States: Results from HRS and ELSA

Objectives. We examined cross-national differences in perceptions of age discrimination in England and the United States. Under the premise that the United States has had age discrimination legislation in place for considerably longer than England, we hypothesized that perceptions of age discrimination would be lower in the United States. Methods. We analyzed data from two nationally representative studies of aging, the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (n = 4,818) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (n = 7,478). Respondents aged 52 years and older who attributed any experiences of discrimination to their age were treated as cases of perceived age discrimination. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios of experiencing perceived age discrimination in relation to selected sociodemographic factors. Results. Perceptions of age discrimination were significantly higher in England than the United States, with 34.8% of men and women in England reporting age discrimination compared with 29.1% in the United States. Associations between perceived age discrimination and older age and lower levels of household wealth were observed in both countries, but we found differences between England and the United States in the relationship between perceived age discrimination and education. Discussion. Our study revealed that levels of perceived age discrimination are lower in the United States than England and are less socially patterned. This suggests that differing social and political circumstances in the two countries may have an important role to play.
On the Use of Continuity Condition in the Fast Solution of Volume-Surface Integral Equation

The validity of the use of continuity condition (CC) is studied when it is combined with the volume-surface integral equation (VSIE) to solve the electromagnetic scattering/radiation of composite conductor-dielectric objects. It is found that the explicit enforcement of CC in VSIE may be inaccurate if the involved conductor is infinitesimally thin, but it works well for the composite structures that only contain conductors with closed surfaces. A new combined field integral equation-volume integral equation with enforced CC (CC-CFIE-VIE) is then proposed, and a convenient way to embed it into the context of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm is also provided. Numerical results show that CC-CFIE-VIE not only reduces the overall memory usage and the CPU time of a single iteration, but also decreases the number of iterations to reach desired accuracy.
Parallelism in the development of children's ideas and the historical development of projectile motion theories

A study of the development of children's conceptions with respect to projectile motion was carried out in Ukraine and Israel, with the participation of 1017 subjects in grades 3 to 12. The purpose of the research was to investigate the fundamental hypothesis of genetic epistemology with respect to concepts of motion. The fundamental hypothesis states that the development of children's concepts of nature parallel the historical development of the concepts. It was found that the development of children's concepts of motion proceeds by stages, with the concepts at each stage parallel to a corresponding historical stage. A mathematical model was constructed to describe development by stages quantitatively. The theoretical model gave an excellent fit to the empirical data, and this supports the hypothesis of parallelism. The two‐country research made it possible to compare the effects of quite different school science curricula upon the development of children's concepts.
The Impact of Developmental Mathematics Courses and Age, Gender, and Race and Ethnicity on Persistence and Academic Performance in Virginia Community Colleges

This research study examined the 2006 cohort of First-Time-in-College students from all 23 community colleges in Virginia. The goal was to examine fall-to-fall persistence and success in the first college-level mathematics course. Predictor variables used were developmental status, age, gender, and race and ethnicity of the student. Interaction variables were created to determine if age, race and ethnicity, or gender moderates the effects of developmental status for both persistence and success. And a model was created using all main and interaction predictor variables to determine to what extent each variable accounts for persistence and success. It was found that neither gender nor race and ethnicity moderates developmental status for either persistence or success, but age moderates both success and persistence. Developmental courses are more effective for traditionally aged students and developmental courses are positively related to the persistence of nontraditionally aged students and negatively related to the persistence of traditionally aged students. The predictor variables developmental status, age, race and ethnicity, and gender are all significantly related to both the success and persistence of students. The effect of developmental status on both success and persistence is weak. Nondevelopmental status, female, nontraditionally aged, and non-Black race and ethnicity are all positively related to the success of students. Nondevelopmental status, female, traditionally aged, non-White and non-Black race and ethnicities are all positively related to the fall-to-fall persistence of students.
A Novel Scheme for Aggregate Throughput Maximization with Fairness Constraints in Cellular Networks

Maximizing the aggregate throughput of wireless cellular networks using link adaptation techniques (e.g. adaptive modulation and power control) has got a great deal of attention (e.g., [5]). However, the fairness of individual throughput allocation has not been well addressed yet. The fairness problem of link adaptation techniques has recently attracted some attention (e.g., [6, 9]) but the problem still needs deeper analysis and more efficient solutions. This paper proposes a new scheme that finds the optimal power and modulation level that maximizes the aggregate throughput while taking the individual throughput fairness into consideration. The problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem and then converted to an unconstrained optimization one by including the constraint as a penalty term in the objective function. The unconstrained optimization problem is solved using the steepest descent technique. Results show that the proposed scheme is always able to achieve the fairness requirements with high aggregate throughput.
Acoustic and Intelligibility Characteristics of Sentence Production in Neurogenic Speech Disorders

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between scaled speech intelligibility and selected acoustic variables in persons with dysarthria. Control speakers and speakers with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) produced sentences which were analyzed acoustically and perceptually. The acoustic variables included total utterance durations, segment durations, estimates of the acoustic vowel space, and slopes of formant transitions; the perceptual variables included scaled speech intelligibility and severity of speech involvement. Results indicated that the temporal variables typically differentiated the ALS group, but not the PD group, from the controls, and that vowel spaces were smaller for both neurogenic groups as compared to controls, but only significantly so for the ALS speakers. The relation of these acoustic measures to scaled speech intelligibility is shown to be complex, and the composite results are discussed in terms of sentence vs. single-word intelligibility estimates and their underlying acoustic bases.
Evaluation of An Ecological Program to Reduce Bullying in Schools

Recently researchers have made efforts to reduce the incidence of bullying in the schools using a systemic or Whole School Approach. Reports on the efficacy of antibullying programs have produced variable, but promising, results ( Elsea & Smith, 1998; Olweus, 1993; Pepler, Craig, Charach, & Ziegler, 1993). The present study examined the short-term outcome of an antibullying program by comparing children (grades 1-8) attending a school involved in the program to children attending a school not receiving the program. Results indicated that bullying did not decrease four months after the antibullying program was introduced. There were, however, improvements reported in the level of victimization, peer isolation, and perceptions of school safety in older children (grades 3-8). Contradictory findings were found for younger children (grades 1 and 2). Implications and limitations of the study are discussed from a systemic perspective.
Grounding topic and focus in biological codes

A compositional theory of English intonational meaning is presented that is firmly grounded in (indeed, fully derived from) Gussenhoven’s [1] biological codes. The resulting theory is compared to the more top-down approaches to focus and contrastive topic in the literature, suggesting how such stipulated semantic/pragmatic notions as ‘alternative’ and ‘strategy’ can be grounded – and revealing how they might be amended.
Proteomic Analysis of Human Skin Treated with Larval Schistosome Peptidases Reveals Distinct Invasion Strategies among Species of Blood Flukes

Background Skin invasion is the initial step in infection of the human host by schistosome blood flukes. Schistosome larvae have the remarkable ability to overcome the physical and biochemical barriers present in skin in the absence of any mechanical trauma. While a serine peptidase with activity against insoluble elastin appears to be essential for this process in one species of schistosomes, Schistosoma mansoni, it is unknown whether other schistosome species use the same peptidase to facilitate entry into their hosts. Methods Recent genome sequencing projects, together with a number of biochemical studies, identified alternative peptidases that Schistosoma japonicum or Trichobilharzia regenti could use to facilitate migration through skin. In this study, we used comparative proteomic analysis of human skin treated with purified cercarial elastase, the known invasive peptidase of S. mansoni, or S. mansoni cathespin B2, a close homolog of the putative invasive peptidase of S. japonicum, to identify substrates of either peptidase. Select skin proteins were then confirmed as substrates by in vitro digestion assays. Conclusions This study demonstrates that an S. mansoni ortholog of the candidate invasive peptidase of S. japonicum and T. regenti, cathepsin B2, is capable of efficiently cleaving many of the same host skin substrates as the invasive serine peptidase of S. mansoni, cercarial elastase. At the same time, identification of unique substrates and the broader species specificity of cathepsin B2 suggest that the cercarial elastase gene family amplified as an adaptation of schistosomes to human hosts.
Effective complex permittivity and continuum percolation analysis of two-phase composite media

Using ab initio finite-element (FE) calculations we study the dielectric properties of the continuum (off-lattice)-percolation system consisting of two-dimensional equilibrium distributions of randomly distributed circular and partially penetrable disks (or parallel, infinitely long, identical, partially penetrable circular cylinders) throughout a host matrix. Theoretical investigations of the (relative) effective complex permittivity epsiv = epsiv' - iepsiv" were conducted a hybrid modeling that combine standard Metropolis Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm and continuum-electrostatics equations which are solved by finite element calculations. We present the details of the epsiv dependence on surface fraction Phi2 of the disks, permittivity contrast between the two phases and arbitrary degree of impenetrability lambda (0 les lambda les 1), for wide ranges of these parameters. Careful evaluation of the critical exponents s and t governing the power-law behavior of epsiv' and epsiv" respectively, near the percolation threshold, are used to address controversial or unresolved issues, related to the underlying physics of the classical percolation model. Our results, corresponding to different values of lambda in the range 0 les lambda les 0.9 and for a wide range of phase's permittivity ratios, indicate that s and t can differ from the universal values, i.e. s = t cong 1.3 , characterizing the continuum percolation phenomena of statistically isotropic distributions of disks in a plane. As the distance to Phi2c is decreased, epsiv' and epsiv" display a smooth transition from a power-law dependence, which is well fit by the standard percolation expression, to a plateau regime. We associate the plateau with finitesize effects and the short-range multipolar interactions localized in disk clusters. The radial distribution function (RDF) results are consistent with the notion that larger area fractions lead to an increase in the distance over which one disk influences another via excluded volume effect. Furthermore, we perform a quantitative test of the McLachlan (TEPPE) equation by comparing its prediction of the effective permittivity to the simulation results obtained on systems with overlapping disks (0 les lambda les 0.9). We find that the analytic equation presented by McLachlan is consistent with FE-MC simulations only for Phi2 < Phi2c. However, the failure of the TEPPE for Phi2 > Phi2 can be attributed to a poor representation of the various degrees of disk aggregation present in the equilibrium distributions where increased aggregation results in an enhanced multipolar interaction.
Reduced Expression of TET1, TET2, TET3 and TDG mRNAs Are Associated with Poor Prognosis of Patients with Early Breast Cancer

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic role of ten eleven translocation (TET) family proteins and DNA glycosylase (TDG) in patients with early breast cancer (EBC). Methods Expression of mRNAs encoding TET1–3 and TDG in 162 breast cancer tissues was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The general characteristics of patients and clinicopathologic factors were collected. Estimation of patient survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and independent prognostic indicators were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Results The level of TET1 mRNA was significantly related to overall survival (OS) (P = 0.022). Multivariate analysis shows that the TNM stage was an independent predictor of disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.761, 95% CI: 1.124–2.761, P = 0.014) and OS (HR = 2.135, 95% CI: 1.070–4.263, P = 0.032). Further, in patients with EBC who were treated with anthracyclines, Kaplan–Meier analysis indicates that the levels of TET3 and TDG mRNAs were related to DFS (P = 0.026 and 0.030, respectively), and multivariate analysis reveals that high levels of TET3 (HR = 1.944, 95% CI: 1.029–3.672, P = 0.040) and TDG (HR = 2.178, 95% CI: 1.140–4.163, P = 0.018) mRNAs were independent indicators of favorable DFS. Conclusions Our study indicates that EBC patients with decreased expression of TET1 mRNA had worse OS and that the levels of TET3 and TDG mRNAs were independent prognostic factors for patients who received anthracycline chemotherapy.
Coded Modulation with Signal Space Diversity

Signal space diversity (SSD) is a well-known power- and bandwidth-efficient diversity technique with constellation rotation and coordinate interleaving. This paper investigates issues of combining SSD with coded modulation systems (CMSs), e.g., bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) and its iterative version, BICM-ID. It demonstrates that the average mutual information (AMI) between the signal after rotated constellation mapping and the signal before or after the soft demapper varies with the rotation angle. A new criterion for determining the optimal rotation angle by maximizing such AMI is therefore proposed. Specific considerations of combining SSD with BICM (BICM-SSD) and BICM-ID (BICM-ID-SSD) are addressed. The demapper's extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) curve in traditional BICM-ID systems exhibits different slopes under different channels, which consequently prevents traditional BICM-ID systems from having simultaneously excellent performance under different channels. It is shown that such a different-slope problem can be simply mitigated by a proper use of SSD. Analysis and simulation show that the proposed BICM-ID-SSD systems hold a near-capacity performance under both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels simultaneously.
On the redshift cut-off for steep-spectrum radio sources

We use three samples (3CRR, 6CE and 6C*) selected at low radio frequency to constrain the cosmic evolution in the radio luminosity function (RLF) for the ‘most luminous’ steep-spectrum radio sources. Although intrinsically rare, such sources give the largest possible baseline in redshift for the complete flux-density-limited samples currently available. Using parametric models to describe the RLF which incorporate distributions in radio spectral shape and linear size as well as the usual luminosity and redshift, we find that the data are consistent with a constant comoving space density between z ∼ 2.5 and z ∼ 4.5. We find this model is favoured over a model with similar evolutionary behaviour to that of optically-selected quasars (i.e. a roughly Gaussian distribution in redshift) with a probability ratio of ∼ 25:1 and ∼ 100:1 for spatiallyflat cosmologies with � = 0 and � = 0.7 respectively. Within the uncertainties, this evolutionary behaviour may be reconciled with the shallow decline preferred for the comoving space density of flat-spectrum sources by Dunlop & Peacock (1990) and Jarvis & Rawlings (2000), in line with the expectations of Unified Schemes.