Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strong ETH Breaks With Merlin and Arthur: Short Non-Interactive Proofs of Batch Evaluation

We present an efficient proof system for Multipoint Arithmetic Circuit Evaluation: for every arithmetic circuit $C(x_1,\ldots,x_n)$ of size $s$ and degree $d$ over a field ${\mathbb F}$, and any inputs $a_1,\ldots,a_K \in {\mathbb F}^n$, $\bullet$ the Prover sends the Verifier the values $C(a_1), \ldots, C(a_K) \in {\mathbb F}$ and a proof of $\tilde{O}(K \cdot d)$ length, and $\bullet$ the Verifier tosses $\textrm{poly}(\log(dK|{\mathbb F}|/\varepsilon))$ coins and can check the proof in about $\tilde{O}(K \cdot(n + d) + s)$ time, with probability of error less than $\varepsilon$. For small degree $d$, this "Merlin-Arthur" proof system (a.k.a. MA-proof system) runs in nearly-linear time, and has many applications. For example, we obtain MA-proof systems that run in $c^{n}$ time (for various $c < 2$) for the Permanent, $\#$Circuit-SAT for all sublinear-depth circuits, counting Hamiltonian cycles, and infeasibility of $0$-$1$ linear programs. In general, the value of any polynomial in Valiant's class ${\sf VP}$ can be certified faster than "exhaustive summation" over all possible assignments. These results strongly refute a Merlin-Arthur Strong ETH and Arthur-Merlin Strong ETH posed by Russell Impagliazzo and others. We also give a three-round (AMA) proof system for quantified Boolean formulas running in $2^{2n/3+o(n)}$ time, nearly-linear time MA-proof systems for counting orthogonal vectors in a collection and finding Closest Pairs in the Hamming metric, and a MA-proof system running in $n^{k/2+O(1)}$-time for counting $k$-cliques in graphs. We point to some potential future directions for refuting the Nondeterministic Strong ETH.
Explaining the change : Creative industries policy from the perspective of social innovation. Case of Tallinn

Ces dernieres decennies, le concept d’industries creatives (IC) a retenu l’attention tant des institutions politiques que des chercheurs. Nombre de debats portant sur cette question ont en filigrane un mot-cle : le changement. Car il s’agit de (re)definir les relations entre economie, culture, creativite, lieux, etc. La place et le role des villes dans ces changements ont ete particulierement soulignes. La volonte de prendre serieusement en compte le poids economique des industries creatives a fait emerger des politiques qui ont influence les approches en termes de politique culturelle, de politique economique, de politique d’innovation et de politique d’education. Les mutations economiques appellent donc des explications sur les changements operes au niveau politique. Dans cet article, les auteurs cherchent a expliquer et a conceptualiser les changements lies aux industries creatives. Elles posent la question de la nature du changement attendu par les politiques portant sur les IC. Cela passe par l’exploration de l’elaboration et de la portee des politiques, par celle des agents a qui ces politiques s’adressent, par celle, enfin, de la structure organisationnelle des supports politiques et des mesures mis en place. Cet article explore la politique de Tallinn vis-a-vis des industries creatives au regard des politiques developpees dans dix autres metropoles europeennes. Tallinn constitue un cas d’etude interessant dans la mesure ou cette ville de l’est de l’Europe est un « nouvel arrivant » en matiere de developpement des industries creatives, peu etudie jusqu’a present. L’implementation de ces politiques a Tallinn a aussi la particularite d’etre une initiative de type « top-down », ce qui pose la question de l’acceptabilite de ces politiques. Comme cadre theorique, les auteurs s’appuient sur le concept d’innovation sociale, qui tente d’expliquer la nature complexe du changement social ainsi que les processus et mecanismes qui facilitent le processus d’adoption du changement. Concernant les donnees empiriques, les auteurs s’appuient sur les resultats d’une etude internationale intitulee Creative Metropoles (2010), dans laquelle les politiques publiques portant sur les industries creatives dans onze metropoles europeennes, incluant Tallinn, ont ete analysees.
Millennial Makeover: MySpace, YouTube, and the Future of American Politics

It happens in America every four decades and it is about to happen again. America's demand for change in the 2008 election will cause another of our country's periodic political makeovers. This realignment, like all others before it, will result from the coming of age of a new generation of young Americans-the Millennial Generation-and the full emergence of the Internet-based communications technology that this generation uses so well. Beginning in 2008, almost everything about American politics and government will transform-voting patterns, the fortunes of the two political parties, the issues that engage the nation, and our government and its public policy.Building on the seminal work of previous generational theorists, Morley Winograd and Michael D. Hais demonstrate and describe, for the first time, the two types of realignments-"idealist" and "civic"-that have alternated with one another throughout the nation's history. Based on these patterns, Winograd and Hais predict that the next realignment will be very different from the last one that occurred in 1968. "Idealist" realignments, like the one put into motion forty years ago by the Baby Boomer Generation, produce, among other things, a political emphasis on divisive social issues and governmental gridlock. "Civic" realignments, like the one that is coming, and the one produced by the famous GI or "Greatest" Generation in the 1930s, by contrast, tend to produce societal unity, increased attention to and successful resolution of basic economic and foreign policy issues, and institution-building. The authors detail the contours and causes of the country's five previous political makeovers, before delving deeply into the generational and technological trends that will shape the next. The book's final section forecasts the impact of the Millennial Makeover on the elections, issues, and public policies that will characterize America's politics in the decades ahead.
Treatment of tongue cavernous haemangioma with direct puncture and sclerotization with ethanol

Abstract Background. Haemangiomas of tongue are rare type of malformations. They can be treated mostly conservatively but in some cases they need more aggressive treatment with preoperative intra arterial embolization and surgical resection. Lesions of tongue that are localized superficially can also be treated with direct puncture and injection of sclerosing agent (absolute ethanol). Case report. We present a case of a 48 years old female patient, where we performed embolization of cavernous haemangioma with mixture of absolute ethanol and oil contrast. After the procedure the patient received analgetics and antioedematous therapy. After the sclerotization the planed surgery was abandoned. Control MRI examinations 6 and 12 months after the procedure showed only a small remnant of haemangioma and no signs of a larger relapse. Conclusions. In our case the direct puncture of haemangioma and sclerotherapy with ethanol proved to be a safe and effective method to achieve preoperative devascularization of the lesion. Direct puncture of the lesion is not limited by the anatomy of the vessels or vasospasm, which can occur during the intra-arterial approach.
Design and Evaluation of a 42 V Automotive Alternator with Integrated Switched-Mode Rectifier

This paper presents techniques for the design of high-power Lundell alternators with integrated switched-mode rectifiers. A multi-section stator winding and interleaved rectifier arrangement is introduced that enables high power levels to be achieved using small semiconductor devices, and which greatly reduces the output filter capacitor requirements. We also demonstrate control methods suited to this interleaved system. In addition to accurate closed-loop output voltage control, we introduce methods to provide (partial) synchronous rectification for reduced loss, and to provide tight load dump transient control. The proposed technology is validated in the design and experimental evaluation of a 42 V, 3.4 kW alternator with fully integrated power electronics and controls. The prototype alternator achieves approximately a factor of 2.1 increase in power and 1.6 increase in power density as compared to a conventional diode-rectified alternator.
Sociology: Inquiries into the Construction of Social Forms

Foreword by Georg Simmel Acknowledgments A Note on the Translation Introduction to the Translation, by Horst J. Helle I. The Problem of Sociology Excursus on the Problem: How is Society Possible? II. The Quantitative Conditioning of the Group III. Superior and Subordinate Excursus on Being Overruled IV. Conflict V. The Secret and the Secret Society Excursus on Adornment Excursus on Written Communication VI. The Intersection of Social Circles VII. The Poor Excursus on the Negativity of Collective Action VIII. The Self-Preservation of the Group Excursus on the Hereditary Office Excursus on Social Psychology Excursus on Loyalty and Gratitude IX. Space and the Spatial Ordering of Society Excursus on Social Boundaries Excursus on the Sociology of the Senses Excursus on the Stranger X. The Expansion of the Group and the Development of Individuality Excursus on the Noble Excursus on the Analogy between Individual Psychological and Sociological Relationships
Harmonic optical microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging platform for multimodal imaging

In this work, we proposed and built a multimodal optical setup that extends a commercially available confocal microscope (Olympus VF300) to include nonlinear second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) optical (NLO) microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We explored all the flexibility offered by this commercial confocal microscope to include the nonlinear microscopy capabilities. The setup allows image acquisition with confocal, brightfield, NLO/multiphoton and FLIM imaging. Simultaneously, two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and SHG are well established in the biomedical imaging area, because one can use the same ultrafast laser and detectors set to acquire both signals simultaneously. Because the integration with FLIM requires a separated modulus, there are fewer reports of TPEF+SHG+FLIM in the literature. The lack of reports of a TPEF+SHG+THG+FLIM system is mainly due to difficulties with THG because the present NLO laser sources generate THG in an UV wavelength range incompatible with microscope optics. In this article, we report the development of an easy‐to‐operate platform capable to perform two‐photon fluorescence (TPFE), SHG, THG, and FLIM using a single 80 MHz femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser source. We described the modifications over the confocal system necessary to implement this integration and verified the presence of SHG and THG signals by several physical evidences. Finally, we demonstrated the use of this integrated system by acquiring images of vegetables and epithelial cancer biological samples. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition of ETB Receptors Limits the Efficacy of Nonselective Endothelin Antagonists In Vivo

Summary: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) produces vasoconstriction via activation of ETA and ETB receptors on vascular smooth muscle, and vasodilatation via ETB receptors on endothelial cells. Here we have used the selective ETA receptor antagonist BQ-123, the selective ETB receptor antagonist BQ-788 and the nonselective ETA/ETB receptor antagonist PD 145065 to study the role of these receptors in mediating the hemodynamic changes induced by an infusion of ET-1 to the anesthetised, ganglion-blocked rat. ET-1 (10 pmol/kg/min) infused for 70 min induced an increase in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR), as well as a fall in cardiac output (CO). ET-1 also induced a fall in the blood flow to all of the tissues studied except the heart and stomach. BQ-123 (10 nmol/kg/min) attenuated, whereas BQ-788 (10 nmol/kg/min) potentiated, most of these effects of ET-1. PD 145065 (10 nmol/kg/min), a potent antagonist in vitro, was largely without effect in vivo, even though the dose infused was 1,000 times that of ET-1. Therefore, BQ-123 inhibits the vasoconstrictor effects of ET-1 more actively than PD 145065. Because BQ-788 potentiates the effects of ET-1 on TPR and generally increases ET-1-induced regional vasoconstriction, this weaker effect of PD 145065 compared to BQ-123 is most likely due to its additional effect on ETB receptors. Therefore, nonselective receptor antagonists may well prove less efficacious in vivo than predicted from in vitro assays because they will reduce the ET-1-limiting processes on vasoconstriction mediated by ETB receptors.
Comparison of Two Commercially Available Dengue Virus (DENV) NS1 Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays Using a Single Clinical Sample for Diagnosis of Acute DENV Infection

ABSTRACT Dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) has shown promise as a novel diagnostic marker of acute DENV infection. Current techniques used to diagnose acute DENV infection, including virus isolation and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), are costly and difficult to perform, while traditional serological assays have low sensitivities during the acute stage of infection. Two commercially available NS1 antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), the Platelia dengue NS1Ag test (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes La Coquette, France) and the Pan-E dengue early ELISA test (Panbio Diagnostics, Brisbane, Australia), were evaluated against a well-characterized panel of 208 real-time RT-PCR- and virus isolation-positive sera, as well as 45 real-time RT-PCR- and serologically negative sera from patients with other acute febrile illnesses. The overall sensitivities were 64.9% (95% confidence interval [CI95], 58.2 to 71.1%) for the Panbio test and 83.2% (CI95, 77.5 to 87.7%) for the Bio-Rad test, with interserotype variation, especially for DENV serotype 4. Predictive models were constructed to identify factors that had a significant influence on a test's outcome with respect to this panel of samples in order to identify the conditions in which the test will be most effective as a diagnostic tool. The immunoglobulin G titer was found to be the only covariate that significantly influenced results in the Bio-Rad test, while serotype and the day postonset were found to significantly influence results in the Panbio test. We concluded that the NS1 capture ELISA is a useful tool that can improve testing algorithms to diagnose DENV infection in single samples from acute and early convalescent cases.
Bounds for the discrete correlation of infinite sequences on k symbols and generalized Rudin-Shapiro sequences

Motivated by the known autocorrelation properties of the Rudin-Shapiro sequence, we study the discrete correlation among infinite sequences over a finite alphabet, where we just take into account whether two symbols are identical. We show by combinatorial means that sequences cannot be "too" different, and by an explicit construction generalizing the Rudin-Shapiro sequence, we show that we can achieve the maximum possible difference.
Everyday Cognition - 1 - Short title: Everyday Cognition The Measurement of Everyday Cognition (ECog): Scale Development and Psychometric Properties

This article describes the development and validation of an instrument to assess cognitively mediated functional abilities in older adults, Everyday Cognition (ECog). The ECog is an informant-rated questionnaire comprised of multiple subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine its factor structure. Convergent validity was evaluated by comparing it to established measures of everyday function. External validity was evaluated by comparing ECog results across different clinical groups (cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia). CFA supported a seven-factor model including one global factor and six domain-specific factors (Everyday Memory, Language, Visuospatial Abilities, Planning, Organization, and Divided Attention). The ECog correlated with established measures of functional status and global cognition, but only weakly with age and education. The clinical groups performed differently in each domain. In addition to the global factor, the Everyday Memory factor independently differentiated MCI from Normal, while the Everyday Language domain differentiated Dementia from MCI. Different subtypes of MCI also showed different patterns. Results suggest the ECog shows promise as a useful tool for the measurement of general and domain-specific everyday functions in the elderly.
Narcissism and Communal Narcissism Distinct Personality Traits

An agency-communion model of narcissism distinguishes between agentic narcissists (individuals satisfying self-motives of grandiosity, esteem, entitlement, and power in agentic domains) and communal narcissists (individuals satisfying the same self-motives in communal domains). Five studies supported the model. In Study 1, participants listed their grandiose self-thoughts. Two distinct types emerged: agentic (“I am the most intelligent person”) and communal (“I am the most helpful person”). In Study 2, we relied on the listed communal grandiose self-thoughts to construct the Communal Narcissism Inventory. It was psychometrically sound, stable over time, and largely independent of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory—the standard measure of agentic narcissism. In Studies 3 and 4, agentic and communal narcissists shared the same self-motives, while crucially differing in their means for need satisfaction: Agentic narcissists capitalized on agentic means, communal narcissists on communal means. Study 5 revisited the puzzle of low self–other agreement regarding communal traits and behaviors. Attesting to the broader significance of our model, this low self–other agreement was partly due to communal narcissists: They saw themselves as high, but were seen by others as low, in communion.
Which unruptured cerebral aneurysms should be treated?

Objective: To determine which unruptured cerebral aneurysms should be treated considering the risks, benefits, and costs. Background: Asymptomatic unruptured cerebral aneurysms are commonly treated by surgical clipping or endovascular coil embolization to prevent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods: We performed a cost–utility analysis comparing surgical clipping and endovascular coil embolization with no treatment for unruptured aneurysms. Eight clinical scenarios were defined based on aneurysm size, symptoms, and history of SAH from a different aneurysm. Health outcomes of a hypothetical cohort of 50-year-old women were modeled over the projected lifetime of the cohort. Costs were assessed from the societal perspective. We compared net quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost per QALY of each therapy to no treatment. Results: For an asymptomatic unruptured aneurysm less than 10 mm in diameter in patients with no history of SAH from a different aneurysm, both procedures resulted in a net loss in QALYs, and confidence intervals (CI) were not compatible with a benefit from treatment (clipping, loss of 1.6 QALY [95% CI 1.1 to 2.1]; coiling, loss of 0.6 QALY [95% CI 0.2 to 0.8]). For larger aneurysms (≥10 mm), those producing symptoms by compressing neighboring nerves and brain structures, or in patients with a history of SAH from a different aneurysm, treatment was cost-effective. Coiling appeared more effective and cost-effective than clipping but these differences depended on relatively uncertain model parameters. Conclusions: Treatment of small, asymptomatic, unruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients without a history of SAH worsens clinical outcomes, and thus is neither effective nor cost-effective. For aneurysms that are ≥10 mm or symptomatic, or in patients with a history of SAH, treatment appears to be cost-effective.
Relationship between the time course of the afterhyperpolarization and discharge variability in cat spinal motoneurones

1 We elicited repetitive discharges in cat spinal motoneurones by injecting noisy current waveforms through a microelectrode to study the relationship between the time course of the motoneurone's afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and the variability in its spike discharge. Interspike interval histograms were used to estimate the interval death rate, which is a measure of the instantaneous probability of spike occurrence as a function of the time since the preceding spike. It had been previously proposed that the death rate can be used to estimate the AHP trajectory. We tested the accuracy of this estimate by comparing the AHP trajectory predicted from discharge statistics to the measured AHP trajectory of the motoneurone. 2 The discharge statistics of noise‐driven cat motoneurones shared a number of features with those previously reported for voluntarily activated human motoneurones. At low discharge rates, the interspike interval histograms were often positively skewed with an exponential tail. The standard deviation of the interspike intervals increased with the mean interval, and the plots of standard deviation versus the mean interspike interval generally showed an upward bend, the onset of which was related to the motoneurone's AHP duration. 3 The AHP trajectories predicted from the interval death rates were generally smaller in amplitude (i.e. less hyperpolarized) than the measured AHP trajectories. This discrepancy may result from the fact that spike threshold varies during the interspike interval, so that the distance to threshold at a given time depends upon both the membrane trajectory and the spike threshold trajectory. Nonetheless, since the interval death rate is likely to reflect the instantaneous distance to threshold during the interspike interval, it provides a functionally relevant measure of fluctuations in motoneurone excitability during repetitive discharge.