Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy Efficiency of Dense Wireless Sensor Networks: To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate

Decentralized detection in a network of wirelesensor sensor nodes involves the fusion of information about a phenomenon of interest (POI) from geographically dispersed nodes. In this paper, we investigate a binary decentralized detection problem in a dense wireless sensor network. We consider a scenario in which sensor observations, conditioned on the alternate hypothesis, are independent but not identically distributed across the sensor nodes. We consider two different fusion architectures, namely, the parallel fusion architecture and the cooperate fusion architecture. For each architecture, we derive expressions for the probability of decision error at the fusion center. We analyze the impact of a realistic sensing model, and flooding protocol on the system reliability and energy consumption for both architectures. We demonstrate that a trade-off exists among spatial diversity gain, average energy consumption, node density, and POI intensity in the cooperative architecture.
The metronomic society : natural rhythms and human timetables

chiatrists are content to work with a rough-andready definition of the term and allow their colleagues in psychology to struggle with its complexity. The ambiguities emerge all too clearly from the 13 papers in this volume, based on seminars held at Oxford's Ian Ramsey Centre. Conceptions of personhood and their implications are presented from the philosophical, scientific, medical, legal and literary standpoints of Oxford academics. Most of the contributors appear to build their arguments on different premises and the edited discussion sections suggest that the dreaming spires belong to a Tower of Babel.
Statistical Generation: Three Methods Compared and Evaluated

Statistical NL G has largely meant n-gram modelling which has the considerable advantages of lending robustness to NL G systems, and of making automatic adaptation to new domains from raw corpora possible. On the downside, n-gram models are expensive to use as selection mechanisms and have a built-in bias towards shorter realisations. This paper looks at treebank-training of generators, an alternative method for building statistical models for NL G from raw corpora, and two different ways of using treebank-trained models during generation. Results show that the treebank-trained generators achieve improvements similar to a 2-gram generator over a baseline of random selection. However, the treebank-trained generators achieve this at a much lower cost than the 2-gram generator, and without its strong preference for shorter reasations.
Integration or assimilation : a study of second generation Poles in England

The large influx of Poles into Britain during and after the Second World War rapidly established well-defined communities here. As the number of the second generation has increased in proportion to that of the first, certain members of the latter, noticing at the same time a lack of active participation in the community's organisations by the young, requested a survey of the extent of commitment to Polishness among the second generation. This study tackles that problem by investigating their attachment to Polishness within a theoretical framework that proposes two alternative modes of coming together with the host society: integration and assimilation. While both involve commitment to being British citizens, integration couples this with a determination to maintain, develop, and transmit one's Polishness; assimilation, on the other hand, involves a drifting away from Polishness in the ultimate direction of total British identity. By applying a multi-dimensional approach and a triangulated methodology, the respondents' subjective ethnic identity, as well as manifestations of Polish identifications were investigated. Through the development of a classification based on these two measures, an attempt was made to differentiate those who seemed to be following the assimilatory course from those who showed signs of integrating. Attempts were also made to identify factors in their Polish environment conducive to integration. The findings revealed that while the majority trend was
Causes and Associated Factors of Headaches among 5 to 15-year-old Children Referred to a Neurology Clinic in Kashan, Iran

Objective Headaches are common neurologic problems for children and adolescents. They are divided into two types: primary and secondary. Primary headaches include migraines and tension-type as well as comprise the majority of headaches. We detect the causes of headaches and their associations with demographic variables among children and adolescents. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 5–15 year-old children with headaches from March 2010 to April 2012 who presented at a pediatric neurology clinic in Kashan, Iran. Diagnosis of headaches was done in accordance with the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Data regarding the type of headache, age, gender, pain severity, aura, family history, and sleep disorder were collected. Results One hundred fourteen children (44 male and 70 female) with headaches were enrolled in the study. The types of headaches were comprised as follows: 67 cases of migraines, 38 cases of tension-type headaches, 2 cases of cluster headaches, and 7 cases of secondary headaches. Pulsating headaches, family history of headaches, insomnia, and pain severity had higher prevalence in migrainous patients. Conclusion Physicians should extend their information gathering about primary and secondary headaches. Sleep disturbances and a family history of headaches were the most important factors associated with migraine headaches.
The Determinants of Children's Attainments: A Review of Methods and Findings

We review and critique the empirical literature on the links between investments in children and children's attainments. The primary theoretical perspectives that dominate this literature form the framework for our review. The potential effects on children of family choices and neighborhood characteristics are emphasized. The outcomes of interest include educational attainment, fertility choices, and work-related outcomes such as earnings and welfare recipiency. A set of tables provides details on the existing empirical literature. The focus is on the economics literature, but relevant studies from other social sciences are included as well.
A Survey on Intrusion Detection System for Advanced Metering Infrastructure

The security issues of smart grid have drawn more and more attention in the recent years. As a foundational part of smart grid, the cyber and physical security of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is of critical importance. Various securing solutions for AMI have been proposed, most of which based on cryptographic technology. However, as learned from experiences in IT environment, intrusion detection system (IDS) can dynamically monitoring the status of network-based systems and provide supplementary defensive capability besides the conventional static solutions, such as encryption, authentication, firewall, etc. In this paper, we analyze the potential threats in AMI and investigate the current academic approaches on intrusion detection systems and techniques for AMI. Then we give some recommendations in designing and deploying a practical AMI-IDS, and propose a comprehensive distributed IDS architecture suitable for AMI. In addition, the existing research problems and challenges are concluded to promote the future progress in this field.
Socio-Economic Groups, Individual and Social Mobilities: An Axiomatic Framework and the Chinese Society

A society is composed of different socio-economic groups. At a given time, individuals in the society can be classified into different such groups. With the change of time, individuals can move across different groups. Social mobility is viewed as an aggregation of such individual movements across different socio-economic groups. We develop a simple analytic framework to discuss the issue of social mobility, and derive a class of measures for social mobility. A prominent member of this class is the Bartholomew measure that has often been used in applied work. Finally, we apply our framework and the results to the Chinese society by investigating its social mobility for the period between 1989 and 2011.
A Constitutively Active Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α/VP16 Hybrid Factor Activates Expression of the Human B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Gene

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a primary regulator of the physiological response to hypoxia. A recombinant adenovirus expressing a constitutively active hybrid form of the HIF-1α subunit (Ad2/HIF-1α/VP16) is being evaluated as a gene therapy for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Ad2/HIF-1α/VP16 up-regulates known HIF-1-responsive genes, including those involved in angiogenesis. Expression profile analysis revealed that the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene was significantly up-regulated in response to HIF-1α/VP16 in human fetal cardiac cells. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses confirmed transcriptional activation of the BNP gene by HIF-1α/VP16 in human but not rat cardiac cells. Because hypoxia itself did not increase human BNP gene expression in these analyses, the mechanism of the HIF-1α/VP16 effect was determined. Analyses of promoter deletion mutants suggested that the cis-acting sequence in the human BNP promoter mediating activation by HIF-1α/VP16 was a putative HIF-1 responsive element (HRE) located at -466. An SV40 basal promoter-luciferase plasmid containing a minimal BNP HRE was up-regulated by HIF-1α/VP16, whereas a similar construct carrying a mutation within the HIF-1 binding site was not. Mutation of an E-box motif within the BNP HRE reduced HIF-1α/VP16-mediated transcriptional activation by 50%. Gel-shift analyses showed that both the native HIF-1α and HIF-1α/VP16 are able to bind to a probe containing the HIF-1 binding site. These experiments demonstrate the existence of a functional HRE in the BNP promoter and further define the scope and mechanism of action of Ad2/HIF-1α/VP16.
No Evidence of PGRN or MAPT Gene Dosage Alterations in a Collection of Patients with Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration

Background/Aims: Alterations in gene dosage have recently been associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, and deletions of the progranulin (PGRN) locus were recently described in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). FTLD is a genetically complex neurodegenerative disorder with mutations in the PGRN and the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) genes being the most common known causes of familial FTLD. In this study, we investigated 39 patients with FTLD, previously found negative for mutations in PGRN and MAPT, for copy number alterations of these 2 genes. Methods: Gene dosage analysis of PGRN and MAPT was performed using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Results: We did not identify any PGRN or MAPT gene dosage variations in the 39 FTLD patients investigated. Conclusion: We therefore conclude that alterations in gene copy number of PGRN and MAPT are not a cause of disease in this collection of FTLD patients.
The Press Versus the Public

For several decades, citizens have reported that they trust some news outlets over others largely because they perceive the industry to be biased in its coverage. On the other hand, journalists have a more positive perception of their work than does the public. Long-standing research on journalists confirms they see their profession as a public-service calling, featuring principal tenets that include being watchdogs and providing analysis of complex problems. Recent research on the public suggests poor perceptions of press performance are linked to reduced news consumption. Using two contemporaneous survey data from both US newspaper journalists and the US public, this research first sheds some light over what may constitute “good journalism” for the public and for journalists. Then, it compares news consumers' views of the work being produced by the newspaper profession and the views held by the newspaper journalists themselves. Additionally, the present study explores the connection between the public's perception of good journalism and their consumption of distinct modes of information: traditional news, citizen journalism, and infotainment. Findings indicate that newspaper journalists give significantly higher marks to their performance on the tenets of “good journalism” than do members of the public. Furthermore, there is a positive association between citizens who reported higher scores on journalists' “good journalism” performance and the consumption of traditional news and infotainment programs. No association is found with respect to the likelihood to consume citizen journalism content. Implications of these findings and shortcoming of the study are also addressed in this paper.
Variability of self reported measures of alcohol consumption: implications for the association between drinking in pregnancy and birth weight.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--To describe the intra-subject variability of self reported maternal alcohol consumption using different ways of collecting information and to analyse the implications of this variability for research into the effect of low to moderate maternal alcohol consumption on birth weight. DESIGN--This was a longitudinal study. Self reported maternal alcohol consumption before, during, and after pregnancy was assessed on four occasions over two years. The data were collected by two self administered questionnaires and during two personal interviews (one by phone and another face to face). SETTINGS--The Obstetrics Department, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Fünen, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS--A total of 2880 pregnant women were recruited consecutively from the hospital catchment area. Altogether 328 pregnant women and their babies were selected. All women who reported an average alcohol consumption of five drinks or more per week were recruited to the study (164 women) and a 1:1 control group was selected from the remaining women based upon two matching criteria: expected date of delivery and the women's year of birth. Some 279 women (85%) completed the study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Self reported alcohol consumption (number of drinks per week) and birth weight (g) were the main outcomes. Women's self reported alcohol consumption varied over time and according to the data collection method. When different methods of data collection were used to assess alcohol intake in similar periods of time, significant differences in reporting were found despite the relatively high correlations between the measurements. Although a consistent reduction in birth weight with increasing consumption of alcohol was found, there were differences in the shape and strength of this association when comparing the six available alcohol measurements. CONCLUSIONS--The type of questions used, the way the data were collected, the period of time referred to, and the time the questions were asked, should be taken into consideration when describing the drinking pattern of pregnant women. Furthermore, birth weight results from studies that have used different alcohol measures should be interpreted or compared with caution because of possible large differences resulting from the differing methods of assessing fetal exposure to alcohol.
Intervention at Risk: The Vicious Cycle of Distance and Danger in Mali and Afghanistan

In crisis-hit countries, intensive risk management increasingly characterizes the presence of international interveners, with measures ranging from fortified compounds to ‘remote programming’. This article investigates the global drive for ‘security’ from an ethnographic perspective, focusing on Afghanistan and Mali. By deploying the concepts of distance and proximity, the article shows how frontline ‘outsourcing’ and bunkering have generated an unequal ‘risk economy’ while distancing interveners from local society in a trend that itself generates novel risks. To conclude, the article asks whether alternative forms of proximity may help to break the vicious cycle of danger and distance at work in today’s crisis zones.
The Analgesic Effect of Nitroglycerin Added to Lidocaine on Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

We evaluated the analgesic effect of nitroglycerine (NTG) when added to lidocaine in IV regional anesthesia. Thirty patients undergoing hand surgery were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group (group C, n = 15) received a total dose of 40 mL with 3 mg/kg of lidocaine diluted with saline, and the NTG group (group NTG, n = 15) received an additional 200 μg NTG. Hemodynamic variables, tourniquet pain measured before and 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min after tourniquet inflation, and analgesic requirements were recorded during the operation. After the tourniquet deflation, at 1 and 30 min and 2 and 4 h, visual analog scale (VAS) score, time to first analgesic requirement, total analgesic consumption in the first 24 h after operation, and side effects were noted. Shortened sensory and motor block onset time (3.2 ± 1.1 versus 4.5 ± 1.2 min; P = 0.01 and 3.3 ± 1.6 versus 5.2 ± 1.8; P = 0.009 in group NTG and group C, respectively), prolonged sensory and motor block recovery times (6.8 ± 1.6 versus 3.1 ± 1.2 min P < 0.0001 and 7.3 ± 1.3 versus 3.6 ± 0.8 P < 0.0001 in group NTG and group C, respectively), shortened VAS scores of tourniquet pain (P = 0.023), and improved quality of anesthesia were found in group NTG (P < 0.05). VAS scores were lower in group NTG after tourniquet release and in the postoperative period (P = 0.001). First analgesic requirement time was longer in group NTG (225 ± 74 min versus 39 ± 33 min) than in group C (P < 0.0001). Postoperative analgesic requirements were significantly smaller in group NTG (P < 0.0001) but the side effects were similar in both groups. We conclude that the addition of NTG to lidocaine for IV regional anesthesia improves sensory and motor block, tourniquet pain, and postoperative analgesia without side effects.
School principals’ leadership style and school outcomes

Purpose – While the significance of principals for the organizational behavior of schools is crucial, school leaders’ influence on school outcomes is indirect and mediated through various means that leaders employ in order to increase the productivity of their school. Although the exercise of power is viewed among the main factors explaining followers’ willingness to comply with leaders’ demands and means to promote school effectiveness, it is rather surprising that the educational administration literature lacks substantial evidence testifying to the mediating effect that principals’ use of various powerbases has on school effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to make an attempt to fill this gap. Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires were administered to 954 teachers coming from 191 randomly sampled public elementary schools. Findings – Evidence testifying to the relation between leadership styles and use of powerbases suggests that the transformational leadership style is positively related.
Two heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception

Background. We examined the effect of a second interviewer's demeanour on cues to deception. We predicted that a supportive demeanour would be the most beneficial for eliciting verbal cues to deceit, as it would encourage truth tellers, but not liars, to say more. In addition, we examined the extent to which interviewees deliberately made eye contact with the interviewers. Liars take their credibility less for granted than truth tellers, and therefore have a greater drive to be convincing. Liars are thus more likely to monitor the interviewer to determine if the interviewer appears to believe them. Method. Participants appeared before two interviewers: the first asked all the questions and the second remained silent. The second interviewer exhibited either a supportive, neutral, or a suspicious demeanour. Results. Truth tellers provided significantly more detail than liars, but only in the supportive second interviewer condition. The effect of a second interviewer's demeanour on detail was perhaps remarkable given that the interviewees hardly looked at the second interviewer (less than 10% of the time). Liars displayed more deliberate eye contact (with the first interviewer) than truth tellers did. Conclusions. A supportive second interviewer has a positive effect on interviewing. We discuss this finding in the wider contexts of investigative interviewing and interviewing to detect deception.
Mitosis persists in the absence of Cdk1 activity when proteolysis or protein phosphatase activity is suppressed

Cellular transition to anaphase and mitotic exit has been linked to the loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) kinase activity as a result of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)–dependent specific degradation of its cyclin B1 subunit. Cdk1 inhibition by roscovitine is known to induce premature mitotic exit, whereas inhibition of the APC/C-dependent degradation of cyclin B1 by MG132 induces mitotic arrest. In this study, we find that combining both drugs causes prolonged mitotic arrest in the absence of Cdk1 activity. Different Cdk1 and proteasome inhibitors produce similar results, indicating that the effect is not drug specific. We verify mitotic status by the retention of mitosis-specific markers and Cdk1 phosphorylation substrates, although cells can undergo late mitotic furrowing while still in mitosis. Overall, we conclude that continuous Cdk1 activity is not essential to maintain the mitotic state and that phosphatase activity directed at Cdk1 substrates is largely quiescent during mitosis. Furthermore, the degradation of a protein other than cyclin B1 is essential to activate a phosphatase that, in turn, enables mitotic exit.
Contractural complexity and the cognitive load of R&D alliance contracts

We offer a new perspective on measuring the complexity of inter-firm contracts. We define complex contracts as those contracts that contain many elements (clauses) with a relatively large number of interdependencies that also impose a significant cognitive load upon contract parties. Previous studies on contractual complexity employ objective measures such as the number of pages, the amount of kilobytes or the number of provisions to measure this complexity. Following some suggestions in the literature, we argue that the degree to which a contract imposes a cognitive load upon contract parties should be taken as another important dimension of contractual complexity. We develop a conceptual model of the complexity of contracts using a multidimensional perspective where both objective and subjective dimensions are taken into account. Our empirical analysis combines a sample of nearly 400 R&D alliance contracts in the biopharmaceutical industry with a measurement of the cognitive load of these contracts. Our findings show that quantitative, objective measures of complexity, such as length, and objective as well as subjective elements of the cognitive load of contracts, i.e. the information processing effort that contractual parties have to make, do indeed measure different aspects of contractual complexity.