Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation Between Graben Orientation, Channel Direction Change, and Tectonic Loading: The Elysium Province, Mars

We have investigated the links between regional stress fields, the volcanic centers, rifts, graben, and channels in the NW region of the Elysium Province (Figures a and b) to determine whether the sequence of stress events occurring during province development can be derived from the morphologies of these features, and thus provide a sequence of development events, which is independent of surface dating techniques. Rift and graben geomorphology was mapped, and the neighboring relationships and orientation of individual graben were assessed to determine any spatial clustering or preferred orientation with regional or surface features capable of creating lithospheric flexure or tectonic stress within the study area. Crosscutting analysis determined a time ordered sequence of graben formation and these were related to volcanic centers or regional sources of stress. In addition, mapping showed that different channels share sections with similar shape and orientation, prompting our study of whether these channels, in tandem with the graben, were tectonically influenced during their development. The channel central axes were mapped and compared to identify common sequences of channel direction change. The time sequence of channel direction changes and the time‐ordered sequence of graben development were then compared. We have demonstrated a correlation between rift and graben direction with channel orientation suggesting a regional stress control from evolving volcanic centers. Overall we derive, for the first time, the temporal pattern of tectonic, volcanic, and channel evolution for the northwestern region of this major magmatic province on Mars.
Renal function curve--a key to understanding the pathogenesis of hypertension.

I N this issue of Hypertension is an article by Kimura and his colleagues 1 entitled "Renal Function Curve in Patients with Secondary Forms of Hypertension. " When I was asked to write a comment on this article, I first thought that it might not be useful because the article itself is quite clear. Yet, for very subtle reasons, considerable confusion does remain about the importance and utility of renal function curves in understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension. This is true partly because there are several different types of renal function curves, and each has a slightly different significance, as I shall explain. Historically, my own interest in renal function curves as a tool for understanding hypertensive mechanisms dates back to the mid-1960s, when Dr. Thomas Coleman and I were first developing computer models of arterial pressure regulation and hyper-tensive mechanisms. At one step in a model we used a renal function curve that depicted the effect of arterial pressure on urinary output. In running the model, we were quite surprised to see that so long as the renal function curve remained immutable and the rate of salt and water intake also remained constant changing any other variable in the model did not change the predicted level to which the arterial pressure was regulated. 2 Among the changes that did not alter the predicted pressure level were 1) changes in heart strength, 2) changes in total peripheral resistance, and 3) changes in vascular compliance. The reader will recognize these hemodynamic variables as the ones most often invoked in various explanations of hypertension. Therefore, at first, we were greatly surprised to see the predictions. Yet, within seconds, we were able to trace through the model and understand exactly why the final predicted level of arterial pressure was always the same so long as the renal function curve and the rate of intake remained constant. Let me first discuss this result of the computer model; then I will attempt to explain its applicability both to the article by Kimura et al. 1 and to the general principles of arterial pressure regulation and hypertension. The essence of the computer model that Dr. Coleman and I used for understanding arterial pressure regulation as well as many types of hypertension is summarized in the simple diagram shown in Figure 1. This figure illustrates one type of renal function curve, the type that plots the urinary sodium …
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis: Prevention and Treatment

Since the first peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) were reported in 1980, EPS has been considered primarily a fatal complication. The incidence of EPS in PD patients has been reported to be 2.5%, with a negative effect of increasing PD duration (which also augments mortality). Because EPS occurs after withdrawal from PD in more than half of all cases, strict monitoring is necessary when a long-term PD patient is withdrawn from PD. Maintaining patients on standard PD with conventional solutions for more than 8 years is associated with a substantial risk of EPS development. Treatment appropriate to the disease stage is most important in EPS. Basic therapeutic strategies for EPS include the appropriate use of steroids. If bowel obstruction persists, laparotomy and enterolysis should be performed to achieve a complete cure. It is now recognized that EPS need not be a fatal complication of PD.
Murine S factors for liver, spleen, and kidney.

UNLABELLED Preclinical evaluation of new radiopharmaceuticals is performed in animal systems before testing is started in humans. These studies, often performed in murine or other rodent models, are important in understanding the relationship between absorbed dose and response, which can be translated to preclinical results for humans. In performing such calculations, either electrons are assumed to deposit all of their energy locally or idealized models of mouse anatomy are used to determine absorbed fractions. Photon contributions are generally considered negligible. To improve the accuracy of such absorbed dose calculations, mouse-specific S factors for (131)I, (153)Sm, (32)P, (188)Re, and (90)Y have been generated, and the photon and electron portions have been tabulated separately. Absorbed fractions for 5 monoenergetic electrons, ranging in energy from 0.5 to 2 MeV, are also provided. METHODS Female athymic mouse MR images were obtained on a 4.7-T MRI device. Fifteen T1-weighted, 1.5-mm-thick slices (0.5-mm gap) were collected. Using a previously developed software package, 3-dimensional Internal Dosimetry (3D-ID), organ contours were drawn to obtain a 3-dimensional representation of liver, kidneys, and spleen. Using a point-kernel convolution, the mean absorbed dose to each organ from the individual contributions of each source organ were calculated. S factor equivalent values were obtained by assuming a uniform distribution of radioactivity in each organ. Results were validated by comparing 3D-ID generated electron S factors for different-sized spheres with published data. Depending on matrix size, sphere size, and radionuclide, 1% (256(2) matrix) to 18% (64(2) matrix) agreement was obtained. RESULTS S factor values were calculated for liver, spleen, and right and left kidneys. Cross-organ electron-absorbed fractions of up to 0.33 were obtained (e.g., (90)Y right kidney to liver). Comparisons between S factor values and values obtained assuming complete absorption of electron energy yielded differences of more than 190% ((90)Y spleen self-dose). CONCLUSION The effect of cross-organ and self-absorbed dose is dependent on emission energy and organ geometry and should be considered in murine dose estimates. The approach used to generate these S factors is applicable to other animal systems and also to nonuniform activity distributions that may be obtained by small-animal SPECT or PET imaging or by quantitative autoradiography.
Comparison of phenotypic and functional properties of immediately ex vivo and cultured human adult microglia

Microglial cells are resident cells of the CNS and are implicated as regulators and effectors of immune responses which occur within this compartment. The precise role of parenchymal microglia remains speculative because distinctions between these cells, perivascular “microglia,” and blood‐derived monocytes/macrophages are not well defined. The current study describes the phenotype and function of microglia immediately upon isolation from the non‐inflamed adult human CNS and the phenotypic changes which occur in these cells when maintained in tissue culture. We find that the characteristic phenotype of immediately ex vivo parenchymal microglia (CD11c‐/CD45low/CD14‐) corresponds to that found in situ in the “normal” human brain. The phenotype differs from that of perivascular “microglia” in situ and PBDM (both CD45hi/CD14++). The immediately ex vivo microglia express B7‐2 and HLA class II molecules and can support alloantigen‐induced proliferation by CD4+ T cells freshly isolated from peripheral blood. Following in vitro culture, the cells are characterized by a bipolar morphology, continued lower levels of CD45 expression compared to PBDM, and slight upregulation of B7‐1 and HLA‐DR antigen expression. CD14 becomes expressed at high levels on the cells, suggesting that CD14 can serve as an apparent marker of microglia activation which is not based on changes in morphology or APC capacity. Further, treatment of the cells with IFN‐γ and LPS causes further upregulation of HLA‐DR and clear expression of B7‐1 molecules on the surface. The capacity to characterize phenotypic and functional properties of microglia before and after activation provides an opportunity to determine means to manipulate the immune regulatory and effector properties of this cell type. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF VEHICLE REIDENTIFICATION FOR DERIVING TRAVEL TIME AND TRAVEL TIME DISTRIBUTIONS

This paper presents the results from an investigation in the use of vehicle reidentification for deriving travel time and travel time distributions using loop and video detectors. Vehicle reidentification is the process of tracking vehicles anonymously from site to site thus yielding individual vehicle travel times and overall travel time distribution. Travel time and travel time distribution are measures of the performance and reliability of the transportation system and are useful in many transportation applications such as planning, operations, and control. This paper will present the following findings: 1) the results from a platoon reidentification algorithm that improved upon a previous individual vehicle reidentification algorithm, 2) sensitivity analysis on the effect of time windows in deriving travel times, and 3) the derivation and goodness-of-fit of travel time distributions using vehicle reidentification. Arterial data from Southern California are used in testing the algorithm performance. The test results show that the algorithm can reidentify vehicles with an accuracy of over 95.9% when using 92.4% of total vehicles, calculate individual travel times with approximately 1% mean error using the most effective time window and derive travel time distributions that fit actual distributions at a 99% confidence level.
Approximation Algorithms for Clustering Problems with Lower Bounds and Outliers

We consider clustering problems with {\em non-uniform lower bounds and outliers}, and obtain the {\em first approximation guarantees} for these problems. We have a set $\F$ of facilities with lower bounds $\{L_i\}_{i\in\F}$ and a set $\D$ of clients located in a common metric space $\{c(i,j)\}_{i,j\in\F\cup\D}$, and bounds $k$, $m$. A feasible solution is a pair $\bigl(S\sse\F,\sigma:\D\mapsto S\cup\{\mathsf{out}\}\bigr)$, where $\sigma$ specifies the client assignments, such that $|S|\leq k$, $|\sigma^{-1}(i)|\geq L_i$ for all $i\in S$, and $|\sigma^{-1}(\mathsf{out})|\leq m$. In the {\em lower-bounded min-sum-of-radii with outliers} (\lbksro) problem, the objective is to minimize $\sum_{i\in S}\max_{j\in\sigma^{-1}(i)}c(i,j)$, and in the {\em lower-bounded $k$-supplier with outliers} (\lbkso) problem, the objective is to minimize $\max_{i\in S}\max_{j\in\sigma^{-1}(i)}c(i,j)$. We obtain an approximation factor of $12.365$ for \lbksro, which improves to $3.83$ for the non-outlier version (i.e., $m=0$). These also constitute the {\em first} approximation bounds for the min-sum-of-radii objective when we consider lower bounds and outliers {\em separately}. We apply the primal-dual method to the relaxation where we Lagrangify the $|S|\leq k$ constraint. The chief technical contribution and novelty of our algorithm is that, departing from the standard paradigm used for such constrained problems, we obtain an $O(1)$-approximation {\em despite the fact that we do not obtain a Lagrangian-multiplier-preserving algorithm for the Lagrangian relaxation}. We believe that our ideas have {broader applicability to other clustering problems with outliers as well. } We obtain approximation factors of $5$ and $3$ respectively for \lbkso and its non-outlier version. These are the {\em first} approximation results for $k$-supplier with {\em non-uniform} lower bounds.
Evaluative conditioning in humans: a meta-analysis.

This article presents a meta-analysis of research on evaluative conditioning (EC), defined as a change in the liking of a stimulus (conditioned stimulus; CS) that results from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli (unconditioned stimulus; US). Across a total of 214 studies included in the main sample, the mean EC effect was d = . 52, with a 95% confidence interval of . 466-. 582. As estimated from a random-effects model, about 70% of the variance in effect sizes were attributable to true systematic variation rather than sampling error. Moderator analyses were conducted to partially explain this variation, both as a function of concrete aspects of the procedural implementation and as a function of the abstract aspects of the relation between CS and US. Among a range of other findings, EC effects were stronger for high than for low contingency awareness, for supraliminal than for subliminal US presentation, for postacquisition than for postextinction effects, and for self-report than for implicit measures. These findings are discussed with regard to the procedural boundary conditions of EC and theoretical accounts about the mental processes underlying EC.
Structural and Dynamical Insights into the Membrane-Bound α-Synuclein

Membrane-induced disorder-to-helix transition of α-synuclein, a presynaptic protein, has been implicated in a number of important neuronal functions as well as in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. In order to obtain structural insights of membrane-bound α-synuclein at the residue-specific resolution, we took advantage of the fact that the protein is devoid of tryptophan and incorporated single tryptophan at various residue positions along the sequence. These tryptophans were used as site-specific markers to characterize the structural and dynamical aspects of α-synuclein on the negatively charged small unilamellar lipid vesicles. An array of site-specific fluorescence readouts, such as the spectral-shift, quenching efficiency and anisotropy, allowed us to discern various features of the conformational rearrangements occurring at different locations of α-synuclein on the lipid membrane. In order to define the spatial localization of various regions of the protein near the membrane surface, we utilized a unique and sensitive indicator, namely, red-edge excitation shift (REES), which originates when a fluorophore is located in a highly ordered micro-environment. The extent of REES observed at different residue positions allowed us to directly identify the residues that are localized at the membrane-water interface comprising a thin (∼ 15 Å) layer of motionally restrained water molecules and enabled us to construct a dynamic hydration map of the protein. The combination of site-specific fluorescence readouts allowed us to unravel the intriguing molecular details of α-synuclein on the lipid membrane in a direct model-free fashion. Additionally, the combination of methodologies described here are capable of distinguishing subtle but important structural alterations of α-synuclein bound to different negatively charged lipids with varied head-group chemistry. We believe that the structural modulations of α-synuclein on the membrane could potentially be related to its physiological functions as well as to the onset of Parkinson's diseases.
Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup D4a Is a Marker for Extreme Longevity in Japan

We report results from the analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 112 Japanese semi-supercentenarians (aged above 105 years) combined with previously published data from 96 patients in each of three non-disease phenotypes: centenarians (99–105 years of age), healthy non-obese males, obese young males and four disease phenotypes, diabetics with and without angiopathy, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease patients. We analyze the correlation between mitochondrial polymorphisms and the longevity phenotype using two different methods. We first use an exhaustive algorithm to identify all maximal patterns of polymorphisms shared by at least five individuals and define a significance score for enrichment of the patterns in each phenotype relative to healthy normals. Our study confirms the correlations observed in a previous study showing enrichment of a hierarchy of haplogroups in the D clade for longevity. For the extreme longevity phenotype we see a single statistically significant signal: a progressive enrichment of certain “beneficial” patterns in centenarians and semi-supercentenarians in the D4a haplogroup. We then use Principal Component Spectral Analysis of the SNP-SNP Covariance Matrix to compare the measured eigenvalues to a Null distribution of eigenvalues on Gaussian datasets to determine whether the correlations in the data (due to longevity) arises from some property of the mutations themselves or whether they are due to population structure. The conclusion is that the correlations are entirely due to population structure (phylogenetic tree). We find no signal for a functional mtDNA SNP correlated with longevity. The fact that the correlations are from the population structure suggests that hitch-hiking on autosomal events is a possible explanation for the observed correlations.
Molecular modeling of EPON 862-DETDA polymer

xiii Chapter 1: Introduction.1 1.1. Epoxy resins.1 1.2. Molecular Dynamics.4 Chapter 2: Force Field and Model Parameters.8 2.1. Force field.8 2.2. Modeling 2:1 stoichiometric mixture.10 Chapter 3: Modeling Procedures.15 3.1. Replication of 2:1 to 16:8 model.15 3.2. Replication of crosslinked 16:8 to 432:216 model.16 Chapter 4: Crosslinking.20 4.1. Crosslinking procedure.20
Potassium Dynamics in the Epileptic Cortex: New Insights on an Old Topic

The role of changes in the extracellular potassium concentration [K+]o in epilepsy has remained unclear. Historically, it was hypothesized that [K+] o is the causal factor for epileptic seizures. This so-called potassium accumulation hypothesis led to substantial debate but subsequently failed to find wide acceptance. However, recent studies on the pathophysiology of tissue from epileptic human patients and animal epilepsy models revealed aberrations in [K+]o regulation. Computational models of cortical circuits that include ion concentration dynamics have catalyzed a renewed interest in the role of [K+]o in epilepsy. The authors here connect classical and more recent insights on [K+] o dynamics in the cortex with the goal of providing starting points for a next generation of [K+]o research. Such research may ultimately lead to an entirely new class of antiepileptic drugs that act on the [K+]o regulation system. NEUROSCIENTIST 14(5):422—433, 2008. DOI: 10.1177/1073858408317955
The Role of Digital Libraries in Providing Access to Networked Information ∗

This paper introduces the concepts of a Global Information Infrastructure (GII) and a global digital library. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to explore the role a global digital library might play in providing network access to information within a GII based on current and emerging paradigms in the information sciences and information service professions. Particular attention is given to the concepts of system usability and content usefulness as well as the role of digital librarianship in present and future information service practice. Conclusions are drawn based on the observations of the studies reviewed within the conceptual framework discussed. ∗Jenkins, F. W. (2011). The role of digital libraries in providing access to networked information. Library Student Journal, 6(8). Available from http://www.librarystudentjournal. org/index.php/lsj/article/view/234/311. †farley.jenkins@gmail.com
Evaluation of Location Obfuscation techniques for privacy in location based information systems

In recent years, smart-phones and GPS-enabled devices have been a critical factor in the popularization and increasing demand of location based information systems. However, at the same time, the concern of privacy has also increased on users who would like to protect their exact location from attackers or from the service provider. One technique to protect the location is called Location Obfuscation, which consists in non reversible ways to slightly alter the location such that it does not reflect the real location of the user, but still contains enough information to provide a satisfactory service. In this work, the N-Rand, N-Mix and the N-Dispersion techniques are introduced and compared with other two existing techniques, Rand and Distortion, in terms of distance-based metrics. The results show that the N-Rand and N-Dispersion techniques produce a larger minimum distance to the original location, and the greatest average distance to the original path.
Biotransformation of dimethylarsinic acid in mouse, hamster and man

The metabolism of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) a common pesticide and the main metabolite of inorganic arsenic in mammals, has been studied in mice, hamsters and man. Mice and hamsters were administered a single dose of 74As‐DMA (40 mg As/kg body weight) orally, while a human subject ingested DMA corresponding to 0.1 mg As/kg body weight. Ion exchange chromatography, paper electrophoresis, thin layer chromatography as well as arsine generation—gas chromatography combined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry or mass spectrometry were used to characterize the arsenic metabolites in urine and feces collected over 48 hours after treatment.
ShakeUnlock: Securely Unlock Mobile Devices by Shaking them Together

The inherent weakness of typical mobile device unlocking approaches (PIN, password, graphic pattern) is that they demand time and attention, leading a majority of end users to disable them, effectively lowering device security. We propose a method for unlocking mobile devices by shaking them together, implicitly passing the unlocked state from one device to another. One obvious use case includes a locked mobile phone and a wrist watch, which remains unlocked as long as strapped to the user's wrist. Shaking both devices together generates a one-time unlocking event for the phone without the user interacting with the screen. We explicitly analyze the usability critical impact of shaking duration with respect to the level of security. Results indicate that unlocking is possible with a true match rate of 0.795 and true non match rate of 0.867 for a shaking duration as short as two seconds.