Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tides in breastfeeding practice.

National surveys that produce the kind of representative data that allow statistical evaluation have become available only recently anywhere in the world; in the United States, they have been available only since 1955. These surveys consist primarily of national fertility or natality surveys and of marketing surveys conducted by manufacturers of artificial baby milk. Some surveys are now (2007) asking not only about any breastfeeding but also about the age of the infant when foods other than breastmilk were introduced and the nature of those foods. A brief description of national surveys conducted in the United States follows (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm). During the latter part of the 1900s and earliest years of this century, reliable information about breastfeeding rates in the United States and elsewhere was difficult to obtain. It is a marker of the late interest of public health officials and the medical profession in general in promoting breastfeeding that the earliest and longest continued survey of breastfeeding initiation rates in the United States THE NEWS IS ENCOURAGING: Throughout the world today, an infant is apt to receive more breastmilk than during the nadir of breastfeeding in the 1960s and early 1970s. Until the 1940s, the prevalence of breastfeeding was high in nearly all societies. Although the feeding of manufactured milk products (for general use or specifically for infants) had begun before the turn of the century in parts of Europe and North America, the practice spread slowly during the next several decades. It was still generally limited to segments of population elites, and it involved only a small percentage of the world’s people. During the post–World War II era, however, the way in which most mothers in industrialized regions fed their infants began to change, and the export of these new practices to developing regions gained speed (for one of many examples, see Schaefer, 1956).
Security Analysis and Enhancements of an Effective Biometric-Based Remote User Authentication Scheme Using Smart Cards

Recently, many biometrics-based user authentication schemes using smart cards have been proposed to improve the security weaknesses in user authentication system. In 2011, Das proposed an efficient biometric-based remote user authentication scheme using smart cards that can provide strong authentication and mutual authentication. In this paper, we analyze the security of Das's authentication scheme, and we have shown that Das's authentication scheme is still insecure against the various attacks. Also, we proposed the enhanced scheme to remove these security problems of Das's authentication scheme, even if the secret information stored in the smart card is revealed to an attacker. As a result of security analysis, we can see that the enhanced scheme is secure against the user impersonation attack, the server masquerading attack, the password guessing attack, and the insider attack and provides mutual authentication between the user and the server.
Mobile tele-echography: user interface design

Ultrasound imaging allows the evaluation of the degree of emergency of a patient. However, in some instances, a well-trained sonographer is unavailable to perform such echography. To cope with this issue, the Mobile Tele-Echography Using an Ultralight Robot (OTELO) project aims to develop a fully integrated end-to-end mobile tele-echography system using an ultralight remote-controlled robot for population groups that are not served locally by medical experts. This paper focuses on the user interface of the OTELO system, consisting of the following parts: an ultrasound video transmission system providing real-time images of the scanned area, an audio/video conference to communicate with the paramedical assistant and with the patient, and a virtual-reality environment, providing visual and haptic feedback to the expert, while capturing the expert's hand movements. These movements are reproduced by the robot at the patient site while holding the ultrasound probe against the patient skin. In addition, the user interface includes an image processing facility for enhancing the received images and the possibility to include them into a database.
How does Party Fractionalization Convey Preferences for Redistribution in Parliamentary Democracies

In this paper, we highlight the link between the political demand and social policy outcome while taking into account the design of the party system. The political demand is measured by individual preferences and the design of the party system is defined as the extent of party fractionalization. This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt in the literature to empirically link the political demand and the policy outcome with the help of a direct measure of preferences. Moreover, we account for an additional channel, so far neglected in the literature: The composition effect of the demand. Indeed, the heterogeneity of the demand within countries, more than the level of the demand itself, is shown to have a positive impact on welfare state generosity. This impact increases with the degree of fractionalization of the party system. We run regressions on a sample of 18 OECD countries over 23 years, carefully dealing with the issues raised by the use of time-series cross-section data.
A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide – Part 1: Assessment of direct marine emissions with an oceanic general circulation and biogeochemistry model

Abstract. The global budget of tropospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is believed to be at equilibrium because background air concentrations have remained roughly stable over at least the last decade. Since the uptake of OCS by leaves (associated with photosynthesis) and soils have been revised significantly upwards recently, an equilibrated budget can only be obtained with a compensatory source of OCS. It has been assumed that the missing source of OCS comes from the low-latitude ocean, following the incident solar flux. The present work uses parameterizations of major production and removal processes of organic compounds in the NEMO-PISCES (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean, Pelagic Interaction Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies) ocean general circulation and biogeochemistry model to assess the marine source of OCS. In addition, the OCS photo-production rates computed with the NEMO-PISCES model~were evaluated independently using the UV absorption coefficient of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (derived from satellite ocean color data) and apparent quantum yields available in the literature. Our simulations show global direct marine emissions of OCS in the range of 573–3997 GgS yr−1, depending mostly on the quantification of the absorption rate of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. The high estimates of that range are unlikely, as they correspond to a formulation that most likely overestimate photo-production process. Low and medium (813 GgS yr−1) estimates derived from the NEMO-PISCES model are however consistent spatially and temporally~with the suggested missing source of Berry et al. (2013), allowing us thus to close the global budget of OCS given the recent estimates of leaf and soil OCS uptake.
On the Stability of the Feasible Set in Optimization Problems

This paper provides stability theorems for the feasible set of optimization problems posed in locally convex topological vector spaces. The problems considered in this paper have an arbitrary number of inequality constraints and one constraint set. Different models are discussed, depending on the properties of the constraint functions (linear or not, convex or not, but at least lower semicontinuous) and one closed constraint set (but not necessarily convex). The parameter space is formed by systems of the same type as the nominal one (with the same space of variables and the same number of constraints), where the constraint set can be perturbed or not, equipped with the metric of the uniform convergence on the positive multiples of a fixed barrelled neighborhood of zero. In finite dimensions, this topology describes the uniform convergence on compact sets and, in the particular case that the constraints are linear, the uniform convergence of the vector coefficients. The paper examines, in a unified way, the lower and upper semicontinuity, and the closedness, of the feasible set mapping, the stable consistency of the constraint system with respect to arbitrary and right-hand side perturbations, Tuy and Robinson regularities, and other desirable stability properties of the feasible set.
Transmission Pathways of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the United Kingdom in 2007

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus causes an acute vesicular disease of domesticated and wild ruminants and pigs. Identifying sources of FMD outbreaks is often confounded by incomplete epidemiological evidence and the numerous routes by which virus can spread (movements of infected animals or their products, contaminated persons, objects, and aerosols). Here, we show that the outbreaks of FMD in the United Kingdom in August 2007 were caused by a derivative of FMDV O1 BFS 1860, a virus strain handled at two FMD laboratories located on a single site at Pirbright in Surrey. Genetic analysis of complete viral genomes generated in real-time reveals a probable chain of transmission events, predicting undisclosed infected premises, and connecting the second cluster of outbreaks in September to those in August. Complete genome sequence analysis of FMD viruses conducted in real-time have identified the initial and intermediate sources of these outbreaks and demonstrate the value of such techniques in providing information useful to contemporary disease control programmes.
The Kahler-Ricci flow on Kahler manifolds with 2 traceless bisectional curvature operator

It was proved by H. Chen earlier that the property of the sum of any two eigenvalues of the curvature operator is positive is preserved under the ricci flow in all dimensional. By a recent result of Phong-Sturm, a similar notion of positive 2-traceless bisectional curvature positive is preserved on complex surface. We prove that this holds in all dimensional K\"ahler manifold. Moreover, the scalar curvature controls full curvature for this type of metrics.
A Bottom-Up Model of Skill Learning

We present a skill learning model C LARION. Different from existing models of high-level skill learning that use a topdown approach (that is, turning declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge), we adopt a bottom-up approach toward low-level skill learning, where procedural knowledge develops first and declarative knowledge develops later. C LARION is formed by integrating connectionist, reinforcement, an d symbolic learning methods to perform on-line learning. We compare the model with human data in a minefield navigation task. A match between the model and human data is found in several respects.
Looking While Unhappy

Recent findings that older adults gaze toward positively valenced stimuli and away from negatively valenced stimuli have been interpreted as part of their attempts to achieve the goal of feeling good. However, the idea that older adults use gaze to regulate mood, and that their gaze does not simply reflect mood, stands in contrast to evidence of mood-congruent processing in young adults. No previous study has directly linked age-related positive gaze preferences to mood regulation. In this eye-tracking study, older and younger adults in a range of moods viewed synthetic face pairs varying in valence. Younger adults demonstrated mood-congruent gaze, looking more at positive faces when in a good mood and at negative faces when in a bad mood. Older adults displayed mood-incongruent positive gaze, looking toward positive and away from negative faces when in a bad mood. This finding suggests that in older adults, gaze does not reflect mood, but rather is used to regulate it.
Similarities and Differences in the Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory Retrieval and Working Memory

Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that different cognitive functions activate overlapping brain regions. An activation overlap may occur because a region is involved in operations tapped by different cognitive functions or because the activated area comprises subregions differentially involved in each of the functions. To investigate these issues, we directly compared brain activity during episodic retrieval (ER) and working memory (WM) using event-related functional MRI (fMRI). ER was investigated with a word recognition test, and WM was investigated with a word delayed-response test. Two-phase trials distinguished between retrieval mode and cue-specific aspects of ER, as well as between encoding/maintenance and retrieval aspects of WM. The results revealed a common fronto-parieto-cerebellar network for ER and WM, as well as subregions differentially involved in each function. Specifically, there were two main findings. First, the results differentiated common and specific subregions within the prefrontal cortex: (i) left dorsolateral areas were recruited by both functions, possibly reflecting monitoring operations; (ii) bilateral anterior and ventrolateral areas were more activated during ER than during WM, possibly reflecting retrieval mode and cue-specific ER operations, respectively; and (iii) left posterior/ventral (Broca's area) and bilateral posterior/dorsal areas were more activated during WM than during ER, possibly reflecting phonological and generic WM operations, respectively. Second, hippocampal and parahippocampal regions were activated not only for ER but also for WM. This result suggests that indexing operations mediated by the medial temporal lobes apply to both long-term and short-term memory traces. Overall, our results show that direct cross-function comparisons are critical to understand the role of different brain regions in various cognitive functions.
Finance and Growth: Theory, Evidence, and Mechanisms

Nobel Prize Laureates and other influential economists disagree sharply about the role of the financial sector in economic growth. Finance is not even discussed in a collection of essays by the “pioneers of development economics,” which includes three winners of the Nobel Prize (Meier and Seers, 1984). Nobel Laureate Robert Lucas (1988) dismisses finance as a major determinant of economic growth calling its role “over-stressed. ” Joan Robinson (1952, p. 86) famously argued that "where enterprise leads finance follows. " From this perspective, finance does not cause growth; finance responds automatically to changing demands from the “real sector. ” At the other extreme, Nobel Laureate Merton Miller (1988, p.14) argues that, “[the idea] that financial markets contribute to economic growth is a proposition too obvious for serious discussion. ” Similarly, Bagehot (1873), Schumpeter (1912), Gurley and Shaw (1955), Goldsmith (1969), and McKinnon (1973) have all rejected the idea that the finance-growth nexus can be safely ignored without substantially impeding our understanding of economic growth. Resolving the debate and advancing our understanding about the role of financial factors in economic growth will help distinguish among competing theories of the process of economic growth. Furthermore, information on the importance of finance in the growth process will affect the intensity with which researchers study the determinants, consequences, and evolution of financial systems. Finally, a better understanding of the finance-growth nexus may influence public policy choices since legal, regulatory, tax, and macroeconomic policies all shape the operation of financial systems.
Young Women’s Perceptions and Experiences of Skinny and Fat Shaming

This research compares women’s perceptions of the hurtfulness and social acceptability of fat and skinny shaming and their experiences as perpetrators and victims of both types of body shaming. In total, 500 female students (M age = 20.0 years, SD = 4.7 years) read a vignette depicting an instance of skinny shaming and a vignette depicting an instance of fat shaming. Subsequently, they completed measures of their perceptions of the body shaming depicted in the vignettes, as well as their own experiences, their body satisfaction, attitudes toward skinny and fat women, and demographic characteristics. Participants viewed fat shaming as more hurtful and unacceptable than skinny shaming. These perceptions varied according to participants’ body satisfaction and attitudes toward skinny women. Participants also reported perpetrating and experiencing skinny shaming more frequently than fat shaming. The limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.
Coaching Vs. Self-Help for Parents of Children with ADHD: Outcomes and Processes

ABSTRACT The high number of parents in need of psychotherapy and the high costs of psychological help have led scholars to look for alternative avenues that would provide mental health services to this population. One such alternative is the use of books, known as bibliotherapy. Self-help (e.g., reading a book with no therapist involvement) has emerged as a possible cost-effective intervention. The authors of this study assessed two 3-month interventions for parents of children with ADHD: a) emotional coaching by a therapist (n = 35); versus b), self-help using a book (n = 31). The interventions were found to be equally effective in increasing parental competence and positive responses to negative child emotions. However, in the coaching condition, participant drop out was lower and parents had fewer restrictive responses to their children. In both conditions parents developed self-awareness, gained new perspectives of the situation, and reported change in their behavior.
Do professional traders exhibit myopic loss aversion? An experimental analysis

Two behavioral concepts, loss aversion and mental accounting, have recently been combined to provide a theoretical explanation of the equity premium puzzle. Recent experimental evidence suggests that undergraduate students' behavior is consistent with this "myopic loss aversion" conjecture. Our suspicion is that, much like certain anomalies in the realm of riskless decisions, these behavioral tendencies will be severely attenuated when real market players are put to the task. Making use of a unique subject pool-professional futures and options pit traders recruited from the Chicago Board of Trade-we do find behavioral differences between professionals and students. Yet, rather than discovering that the anomaly disappears, the data suggest that professional traders exhibit myopic loss aversion to a greater extent than undergraduate students.
On ion-ion correlation effects during stellar core collapse

The role of ion-ion correlations in suppressing neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering during stellar core collapse is reinvestigated, using two different equations of state. We test the improved description by Itoh et al. against the treatment suggested by Horowitz and find that the stronger cross-section reduction for small momentum transfer in the former case does not lead to noticeable changes of the core deleptonization and entropy increase during collapse, because the improvements are relevant below neutrino trapping conditions only for very low neutrino energies, corresponding to a very small phase-space volume. Treating screening effects for ionic mixtures by the linear mixing rule applied to the collection of representative heavy nucleus, α particles, and free nucleons, which is assumed to characterize the composition in nuclear statistical equilibrium, we cannot determine mentionable differences during stellar collapse, because α particles are not sufficiently abundant, and their coherent scattering opacity is too small.
Secure provenance: the essential of bread and butter of data forensics in cloud computing

Secure provenance that records ownership and process history of data objects is vital to the success of data forensics in cloud computing, yet it is still a challenging issue today. In this paper, to tackle this unexplored area in cloud computing, we proposed a new secure provenance scheme based on the bilinear pairing techniques. As the essential bread and butter of data forensics and post investigation in cloud computing, the proposed scheme is characterized by providing the information confidentiality on sensitive documents stored in cloud, anonymous authentication on user access, and provenance tracking on disputed documents. With the provable security techniques, we formally demonstrate the proposed scheme is secure in the standard model.
Preliminary results on the controllability and stabilizability of non-homogeneous multi-agent dynamical systems

In this paper we consider a supervisory control scheme for non-homogenous multi-agent systems. Each agent is modeled through an independent strictly proper SISO state space model, and the supervisory controller, representing the information exchange among the agents, is implemented in turn via a linear state-space model. Controllability of the overall system is characterized, and some preliminary results about stability and stabilizability are provided. The paper extends to non-homogenous multi-agent systems some of the results obtained in [2], [3], [4] for the homogenous case.
Coordination Environment of Cu(II) Ions Bound to N-Terminal Peptide Fragments of Angiogenin Protein

Angiogenin (Ang) is a potent angiogenic factor, strongly overexpressed in patients affected by different types of cancers. The specific Ang cellular receptors have not been identified, but it is known that Ang–actin interaction induces changes both in the cell cytoskeleton and in the extracellular matrix. Most in vitro studies use the recombinant form (r-Ang) instead of the form that is normally present in vivo (“wild-type”, wt-Ang). The first residue of r-Ang is a methionine, with a free amino group, whereas wt-Ang has a glutamic acid, whose amino group spontaneously cyclizes in the pyro-glutamate form. The Ang biological activity is influenced by copper ions. To elucidate the role of such a free amino group on the protein–copper binding, we scrutinized the copper(II) complexes with the peptide fragments Ang(1–17) and AcAng(1–17), which encompass the sequence 1–17 of angiogenin (QDNSRYTHFLTQHYDAK-NH2), with free amino and acetylated N-terminus, respectively. Potentiometric, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism (CD) studies demonstrate that the two peptides show a different metal coordination environment. Confocal microscopy imaging of neuroblastoma cells with the actin staining supports the spectroscopic results, with the finding of different responses in the cytoskeleton organization upon the interaction, in the presence or not of copper ions, with the free amino and the acetylated N-terminus peptides.
Bayesian Face Sketch Synthesis

Exemplar-based face sketch synthesis has been widely applied to both digital entertainment and law enforcement. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian framework for face sketch synthesis, which provides a systematic interpretation for understanding the common properties and intrinsic difference in different methods from the perspective of probabilistic graphical models. The proposed Bayesian framework consists of two parts: the neighbor selection model and the weight computation model. Within the proposed framework, we further propose a Bayesian face sketch synthesis method. The essential rationale behind the proposed Bayesian method is that we take the spatial neighboring constraint between adjacent image patches into consideration for both aforementioned models, while the state-of-the-art methods neglect the constraint either in the neighbor selection model or in the weight computation model. Extensive experiments on the Chinese University of Hong Kong face sketch database demonstrate that the proposed Bayesian method could achieve superior performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods in terms of both subjective perceptions and objective evaluations.