Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When You Say, "We'll Keep You Whole," Do You Mean It?

Setting realistic expectations and sending the right message to employees are critical elements in effective expatriate management. Setting real-istic expectations is important because it is imperative that an employee separate the finan-cial aspects of the compensation program, over which the company has control, from non-finan-cial aspects of the assignment, such as cultural and geografphic differences, over which the com-pany has no control. The words employers choose and the message they send to expatriate employees are of great importance. When an employer says, "We'll keep you whole," the phrase means different things to different people and can create unrealistic expectations in the mind of expatriate employees. It's crucial to explain exact-ly what the employer will and will not provide, and what the company expects from the employ-ee, not just what the employee can expect from the company.
How Organizational Culture Influences Innovativeness, Proactiveness, and Risk‐Taking: Fostering Entrepreneurial Orientation in SMEs

The beneficial outcome of a firm's entrepreneurial orientation () has been widely researched, but literature and empirical studies about factors and conditions that foster remain scarce. The ompeting alues odel is used to investigate the relationships between key dimensions of organizational culture (group, hierarchical, developmental, and rational) and three dimensions of in small and medium enterprises. A study of 298 enterprises showed that developmental, group, and rational culture has a strong positive impact on , whereas the impact of hierarchical culture is negative. Thus, our results highlight the importance of an external orientation of organizations to foster .
Use of polymerase chain reaction epitope tagging for protein tagging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Epitope tagging is the insertion of a short stretch of amino acids constituting an epitope into another protein. Tagged proteins can be identified by Western, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays using pre‐existing antibodies. We have designed vectors containing the URA3 gene flanked by direct repeats of epitope tags. We use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the tag‐URA3‐tag cassette such that the ends of the PCR fragments possess homology to the gene of interest. In vivo recombination is then used to direct integration of the fragment to the location of interest, and transformants are selected by their Ura+ phenotype. Finally, selection for Ura− cells on 5‐fluoro‐orotic acid plates yields cells where recombination between the repeated epitopes has ‘popped out’ the URA3 gene, leaving a single copy of the epitope at the desired location. PCR epitope tagging (PET) provides a rapid and direct technique for tagging that does not require any cloning steps. We have used PET to tag three Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins, Cln1, Sic1 and Est1.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the male breast in a cancer center

All fine‐needle aspirates (FNA) performed on the male breast at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1985 to 1992 were reviewed, totaling 64. The patients' ages ranged from 19 to 86 years, with a mean of 56 years. Thirty‐three patients had a history of an extramammary malignancy. The diagnoses established by FNA were gynecomastia (45), mammary carcinomas (6), neoplasms metastatic to the breast (5), suspicious for carcinoma (1), intra‐mammary lymph node (1), and lipoma (1). In five cases the aspirates were nondiagnostic. Two of these proved to be gynecomastia on subsequent histologic examination. Of the six FNA cases initially thought to represent primary breast carcinomas, two were found to be secondary because of involvement of the underlying chest wall by mesothelioma (1), and mucinous adenocarcinoma, unknown primary (1). No false‐positive diagnosis was rendered. We conclude that fine‐needle aspiration of the male breast is a reliable means of assessment; however, unique problems may be encountered compared with aspiration of the female breast. These include the epithelial hyperplasia frequently associated with gynecomastia, the relatively equal frequency of primary and metastatic breast lesions when a malignant process is discovered, and chest wall lesions masquerading as breast lesions.
Prudence, risk aversion, and the demand for life insurance

We estimate the effect of household wealth on the demand for life insurance using survey data from a broad cross-section of the USA. This procedure allows us to test the Pratt-Arrow hypothesis of decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA). Additionally, we estimate the relative magnitude of prudence, the propensity to take precautions when faced with risk. We find that life insurance purchases increase with wealth, and that on average American households exhibit about 94 per cent as much prudence as risk aversion. On the basis of this evidence, we reject the DARA hypothesis.
Variable Pay and Collective Bargaining in British Retail Banking

The growth of variable pay schemes (VPS) appears to threaten collective approaches to pay determination, which are based on standardization and centralization. This article utilizes case study research to analyse the still little-known relationship between collective bargaining and VPS. It focuses on the retail banking sector, where trade union representation and collective bargaining remain relatively robust. The research identifies an emergent process whereby the growth of bonus schemes has both supplanted collective profit-share and permitted greater standardization of merit-pay awards. Unions have therefore achieved some success in terms of limiting variation in base pay, at the same time as the overall purchase of collective bargaining on employee earnings has diminished. The factors contributing to this development are explained.
Top Executive Turnovers: Separating Decision and Control Rights

This paper examines the relationship between performance and top executive turnovers using a sample of 81 turnovers and matching companies listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. We find that poor market performance increases the probability of management replacements and that forced layoffs are value-increasing events while voluntary resignations are value-decreasing events. Large shareholders as active monitors, or part of corporate control, are not exhibited in the results. If large shareholders have any influence on CEO turnovers it is not revealed in our data. Indeed, separating control rights from decision rights does not appear to affect managerial turnovers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Stroke Case Fatality – Observations from Riks-Stroke, the Swedish Stroke Register

Background Low socioeconomic status (low education and income level) has been found to be associated with increased stroke mortality. However, findings from previous studies on the association between socioeconomic status and case fatality (survival) after stroke have been inconsistent. Aims The study aims to explore the association between socio-economic status and survival after stroke using Riks-Stroke, the Swedish Stroke Register, with emphasis on changes in survival (in)equality with time after stroke. Methods All 76 hospitals in Sweden admitting acute stroke patients participate in Riks-Stroke. Riks-Stroke data on 18- to 74-year-old patients with onset of first stroke during the years 2001–2009 were combined with data from other official Swedish registers. Case fatality was analyzed by socioeconomic status (education, income, country of birth, and cohabitation) and other patient characteristics. Results Of the 62 497 patients in the study, a total of 6094 (9·8%) died within the first year after stroke. Low income, primary school education, and living alone were independently associated with higher case fatality after the acute phase. Differences related to income and cohabitation were present already early, at 8–28 days after stroke, with the gaps expanding thereafter. The association between education and case fatality was not present until 29 days to one-year after stroke. Dissimilarities in secondary preventative medications prescribed on discharge from hospital had only a minor impact on these differences. Conclusions Socioeconomic status had only a limited effect on acute phase case fatality, indicating minor disparities in acute stroke treatment. The survival inequality, present already in the subacute phase, increased markedly over time since the stroke event. The socioeconomic differences could not be explained by differences in secondary prevention at discharge from hospital. Large socioeconomic differences in long-term survival after stroke may exist also in a country with limited income inequity.
Comparing Earnings Inequality Using Two Major Surveys.

tween the NLSY79 and the CPS, updating the Gottschalk-Moffitt analysis to 1994, the final year of data collection for the NLSY79 cohort. Because Gottschalk and Moffitt report few discrepancies in the trends for high school dropouts, the analysis is restricted to high school graduates. The article begins by replicating the GottschalkMoffitt analysis in order to verify the discrepancies in reported earnings between the two sets of data. Next, exploratory data analysis and respecified regression models are used to compare the trends and patterns, and to look for potential sources of the discrepancies. The final section discusses the implications of the findings for the validity of the two samples.
Passing the Housing Policy Baton in the US: Will Cities Take the Lead?

Federal leadership and funding for affordable housing policy declined in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the commitment to low-income housing continues to wane and is accompanied by funding uncertainties as the federal government redefines its role as policy-maker. The federal withdrawal leaves a void in housing policy-making as yet unfilled by lower levels of government. Given the direct impact of housing availability and conditions on local communities, cities may be the most likely candidates to assume the primary role in affordable housing policy. Some policy analysts, however, argue that cities will not assume the lead role or spend local dollars on redistributive policy such as affordable housing programmes. This paper examines affordable housing policy in the inter-governmental context, the influence of inter-governmental factors on local housing commitment, and the potential for cities to fill the gap left by the federal government. The analysis uses US Census data combined with data from a mail survey o.
The Choice of Ownership Structure: Evidence from Russian Mass Privatization

We use a large data set of Russian manufacturing firms to describe the ownership structure in the Russian industry at the end of the mass privatization program in 1994 and its subsequent evolution. The data shows a high, but gradually decreasing ownership stakes of firm insiders (managers and workers). We estimate the effect of a wide range of firm characteristics on the decision to privatize, the initial ownership structure after privatization, and on subsequent changes of ownership stakes. We test and find support for several predictions of the model by Aghion and Blanchard (1998). For example, collusion among workers makes them more reluctant to sell shares to outsiders. Firms in financial distress show a higher incidence of insiders selecting the option of privatization leading to high insider ownership. This can be explained by their desire to insure against unemployment in the case of restructuring by outsiders. No evidence is found of a sequencing in privatization according to the performance of firms before privatization. A methodological novelty of this paper is the application of a tobit model with sample selection to the choice of ownership stakes.
Phenotology of disease‐linked proteins

Are there analogous sequence positions in families of related proteins where disease‐linked mutations occur with unusually high frequency? We attempt to answer this question by examining sequence alignments for G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and voltage‐gated potassium channels that have a significant number of missense mutations linked to some form of human disease. When the disease‐linked mutations are mapped onto the sequences for each family, there are a large number of aligned sites at which disease‐linked mutations occur in more than one protein. The statistical significance of the aligned sites is judged by analysis of artificially‐generated random datasets. There are a modest number of aligned sites that are statistically significant—we refer to these as “phenotologous” sequence positions. Phenotologous sites represent aligned positions at which mutations linked to disease phenotypes occur with high frequency within a family of proteins. The most interesting of these sites are those which are not conserved—such sites are apparently critical in defining structural or functional differences between related proteins. Phenotology may be used to make experimentally testable predictions regarding medical genetics, the molecular basis of disease, and protein structure–function relationships. Hum Mutat 25:90–97, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A model for the evolution of high frequencies of males in an androdioecious plant based on a cross-compatibility advantage of males

Lloyd’s (1975) and Charlesworth & Charlesworth’s (1978) phenotypic selection models for the maintenance of androdioecy predict that males (female-sterile individuals) must have an advantage in fertility (K) of at least two in order to invade a hermaphroditic population, and that their equilibrium frequency (xeq=(K − 2)/2(K − 1)) is always less than 0.5. In this paper, we develop a model in which male fertility is frequency-dependent, a situation not investigated in the previous models, to explore the conditions under which a high frequency of males (i.e. more than 50%) could be maintained at equilibrium. We demonstrate that a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) locus linked to a nuclear sex determination locus can favour rare alleles through male function, by causing frequency-dependent selection. Thus, the spread of a female-sterility allele in a hermaphroditic population may be induced. In contrast with the previous models, our model can explain male frequencies greater than 50% in a functionally androdioecious species, as long as there is (i) dominance of female-sterility at the sex locus, and (ii) a few alleles at the self-incompatibility locus, even if the advantage in fertility of male phenotype is lower than two.
Recycling behaviour and attitude: the case of the Hong Kong people and commercial and household wastes

SUMMARY The increasing environmental awareness caused by the green movement has led to changes in attitude towards our traditionally wasteful society. Recent surveys in Hong Kong have shown that waste recycling has gained increasing verbal support among its citizens. This paper reports on recent findings which reveals that some discrepancies exist between people's attitude and behaviour towards waste recycling. The implication of this phenomenon on how and when a waste recycling policy should be carried out is considerable. Two major types of barriers to waste recycling and reduction were evident. Technical barriers to recycling included lack of appropriate information, lack of conveniently located bins and of temporary storage space, whilst the most critical barrier to paper waste recycling was the presence of non-recyclable materials in some paper items. Psychological barriers included the attitude of being troubled, and that too little waste was involved to be worth the effort. Technical barriers were .
Nervus Intermedius Guides Auditory Brainstem Implant Surgery in Children with Cochlear Nerve Deficiency

Objective To investigate the anatomic features of the nervus intermedius and cranial nerve VII in children with cochlear nerve deficiency and to verify whether the nervus intermedius can provide an additional landmark to help guide placement of the auditory brainstem implant electrode. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary referral center. Subjects and Methods High-definition video was captured during retrosigmoid surgery in 64 children (mean age, 3.91 ± 2.83 years) undergoing auditory brainstem implant placement. These videos were examined with particular reference to the number and variety of nervus intermedius bundles and any associated facial nerve anomalies. Results Absence of cranial nerves VI, VII, and VIII was observed in 3, 6, and all 64 children, respectively. Fifteen children had several abnormalities of the facial nerve in the cerebellopontine angle. Anatomic identification of the facial nerve and the bundles composing the nervus intermedius was possible in 46 children. In 12 children, identification was possible with the assistance of intraoperative monitoring. The number of bundles composing the nervus intermedius varied from 1 to 6. The nervus intermedius and cranial nerve IX were useful landmarks for identifying the foramen of Luschka of the lateral recess. Conclusion The nervus intermedius provides an additional landmark during auditory brainstem microsurgery since it was identified in all subjects. The nervus intermedius anatomy and its topographic relationship with the neurovascular structures around the foramen of Luschka have been described for the first time in children with cochlear nerve deficiency.
Effect of periodontitis and smoking on blood leukocytes and acute-phase proteins.

BACKGROUND We have previously found hyperreactive neutrophils, intrinsic or induced, in periodontitis patients by in vitro quantitation of free oxygen radicals. The effects of periodontitis and cigarette smoking on blood parameters have generally been described separately. Our aim was to compare these systemic effects of periodontitis and cigarette smoking, separately and in combination, in order to study the hyperreactivity in peripheral neutrophils. METHODS Blood cells and acute-phase proteins were studied in 40 periodontitis patients and 43 healthy controls. The generation of free oxygen radicals from neutrophils was measured as luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) after activation of their Fcgamma receptors with opsonized Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS An increase in CL in peripheral neutrophils from periodontitis patients was confirmed. Smoking had no significant effect on CL. The periodontitis patients had higher concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) than the controls. ANOVA analysis showed that the increase in neutrophil count, haptoglobin, and alpha-1 antitrypsin levels was significantly influenced by cigarette smoking. IgG2 was lower in patients than in controls (P <0.017, ANOVA), and there was an interaction between periodontitis and smoking (P<0.047, ANOVA). The lower concentration of IgG2 in patients who smoke may impair neutrophil function and be a mechanism by which smoking aggravates periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS In general, the combination of periodontitis and cigarette smoking alters the parameters studied. The effects of periodontitis on CRP and IgG2 means that periodontal lesions may also leak agents, priming the peripheral neutrophils to increased CL.
Highly Sensitive Torsion Sensor Based on Sagnac Interferometer Using Side-Leakage Photonic Crystal Fiber

A highly sensitive torsion sensor, which can measure the torsion angle and determine the torsion direction simultaneously, is proposed and demonstrated based on Sagnac interferometer by incorporating a segment of novel side-leakage photonic crystal fiber (SLPCF). The SLPCF was designed by introducing an elliptical Ge-doped core and a symmetrical linear side-leakage defect. The experimental results show that the proposed sensor has different torsion sensitivities at different valley wavelengths and in different twist directions. The achieved maximum torsion sensitivity is about 0.9354 nm/°, which is much higher than that of the previously reported torsion sensors. In order to eliminate the temperature effect and obtain an accurate value of the torsion angle, the matrix method is adopted.
Retraction: The Effects of Small Monetary Incentives on Response Quality and Rates in the Positive Confirmation of Account Receivable Balances

The AICPA has indicated that the use of small monetary incentives might be an effective technique for improving confirmation response rates. A significant body of accounting and nonaccounting research supports the AICPA's position; however, studies in marketing and public opinion polling suggest that the quality of survey‐based responses can either increase or decrease with the use of monetary incentives. Existing auditing research has not looked at the potential effect of monetary incentives on response quality in the context of confirming account receivable balances. This study was designed to investigate this important issue. In this field experiment, four large, independent newspaper organizations mailed a total of 7,200 trade accounts receivable confirmations. The experiment employed a three (no misstatement, understatement, and overstatement) by three (no incentive, quarter, and dollar) between‐subjects, full‐factorial design. Consistent with prior research, the use of monetary incentives improved r.
Estimating Number of Events from the Kaplan–Meier Curve for Incorporation in a Literature‐Based Meta‐Analysis: What You Don't See You Can't Get!

Summary. In literature‐based meta‐analyses of time‐to‐event data, the number of events in the treated and control groups together with the total number of patients randomized to the two treatment arms are often used as summary statistics. If interest is in mortality at a specified moment in time, the number of events can, in most cases, only be obtained from the Kaplan–Meier curve. The estimated number of events, however, is typically larger than the true number of events. The effect of this overestimation on the Mantel–Haenszel test and the odds ratio is studied in this paper. From these results, it can be concluded that the number of events should not be estimated from the Kaplan–Meier curves for meta‐analytic purposes unless virtually no patients are lost to follow‐up or censored and there are still many patients at risk in the two groups at the time at which the number of events is to be determined.