Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Objects as Stimuli for Exploring Young People’s Views about Cultural and Scientific Knowledge

An object-based activity—science and culture story box—was designed, developed, and used to explore young people’s views about cultural knowledge and scientific knowledge. In informal education spaces (e.g., museums and science centers), culture is often presented via representations of easily observable features of ethnicity such as music or dress. The development and application of knowledge in culturally diverse communities can be difficult to visualize and is rarely presented. Instead, Western science often dominates as the authoritative, valid, systematic, and useful way of thinking. Conversations about science and culture can create a platform for meaningful dialogue and valuing of a variety of cultures and different funds of knowledge. Using an informal science education lens, we interrogated young people’s views about different knowledge systems. Six cohorts of Western Australian young people (twelve to sixteen years old; N = 171) participated in the study. The activity involved groups of three to four young people assigning seventeen photographs of objects and or processes (e.g., medicine, lightning, etc.) onto a Venn diagram of scientific knowledge, cultural knowledge, or both. Photographs were taken of the forty-four resulting Venn diagrams showing association of items with knowledge domain. This was quantified to show the number of times an item was associated with scientific knowledge, cultural knowledge, or both. Group discussions were audio recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis of discussions and associations of items to knowledge domain revealed intriguing themes and perspectives. Young people in this study associated technology with electronic devices and scientific knowledge but not with cultural knowledge. Young people expressed views that culture was old and basic and science was new and progressive. Other impressions expressed were that cultures do not “do” science and that skin color determines culture. No clear or consistent conception emerged of Australian culture. These young people’s perspectives are discussed within the context of meaningful intercultural understanding in multicultural societies. This activity was developed as a research tool for use with young people in a multicultural society to examine views of different funds of knowledge. We propose further development and directed use of the story box in informal education spaces as a process to stimulate conversations that might enhance intercultural understanding and appreciation of multiple ways of knowing.
Examining a False Dichotomy: The Role of Direct Instruction and Problem-Solving Approaches in Today's Classrooms

This paper has two purposes. First, it presents an argument for concerns about recent educational research that presents teachers with a choice between using lecture style presentations or problem-solving activities as instructional methodologies, with predictably different outcomes in students’ learning success levels. Second, it summarizes related research that shows value in an alternative framework for examining a teacher’s instructional choices. The argument is made for the need to clarify the elements involved in direct instruction and the value of conceptual models as support in this respect. Ongoing research into the value that teacher candidates see in the use of visual models to support their developing conceptual understanding of their instructional options is presented.
Adaptive switching frequency scaling digital controller for improving efficiency of battery powered dc-dc converters

This paper introduces a practical system for improving efficiency of low power dc-dc converters regulated by digital voltage-mode PWM controllers. Depending on the input voltage, the controller adaptively changes the switching frequency, thus minimizing related losses while maintaining tight output voltage regulation and constraining electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by the variable frequency operation. The presented architecture, whose key new element is alldigital adaptive clock and spread spectrum generator, can be implemented in the latest CMOS technologies and, as such, is well-suited for on-chip integration in portable battery-powered applications. The effectiveness of the system is verified with a 2.1 V/ 5 W buck prototype, where the input voltage ranges between 2.75 V and 5.5 V. The results show that, for an adaptive frequency regulation in the range between 780 kHz and 2 MHz, loss reduction of up to 18% is achieved.
Maintenance Behaviors, Expectations for Maintenance, and Satisfaction: Linking Comparison Levels to Relational Maintenance Strategies

Two studies were conducted to assess the relationship between expectancy fulfillment for the partner's use of relational maintenance activities and one's own satisfaction with the relationship. In Study 1, 478 people in romantic relationships completed questionnaires assessing their experience of their partner's use of maintenance activities relative to their expectations for the frequency with which maintenance should be performed. As interdependence theory predicts, the more one's experience with maintenance activities exceeded expectations, the more relational satisfaction was reported. The strongest predictors of satisfaction were the extent to which the partner's use of assurances and positivity exceeded one's expectations for these activities. In Study 2, 283 people in romantic relationships provided reports of their expectations for their partner's use of maintenance activities, as well as their perceptions of the frequency with which their partners actually engaged in maintenance behaviors. Results indicated that individuals had higher expectations for their partner's use of sharing tasks and assurances than for other maintenance behaviors. However, the perceived use of maintenance strategies was stronger in predicting relational satisfaction than were the discrepancy scores between expected and perceived use of such behaviors. Implications for an interdependence theory approach to relational maintenance are discussed.
Neuromuscular characteristics and muscle power as determinants of 5-km running performance.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate neuromuscular characteristics and muscle power as determinants of distance running performance. METHODS Seventeen male endurance athletes performed a 5-km time trial (5K) that included three separate constant-velocity 200-m laps during the course and a maximal 20-m speed (V20m) test on an indoor track, and running economy (RE) tests on a treadmill and on the track. Maximal anaerobic (MART) and aerobic running tests on the treadmill were used to determine maximal velocity in the MART (VMART), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), peak treadmill performance (VO2max demand), and respiratory compensation threshold (RCT). RESULTS Velocity in the 5K (V5K) correlated positively (P < 0.05) with VO2max, VO2max demand, RCT, and RE, as well as with V20m and VMART. Regression analysis showed that RCT, track RE, and VMART were the most important determinants of V5K. V5K also correlated (P < 0.05) with contact times (CT) and stride rates in the maximal 20-m run (r = -0.49 and 0.58, respectively), as well as with the mean CT of the constant velocity laps during the 5K (r = -0.50). VMART correlated significantly with peak blood lactate concentration in MART (r = 0.59, P < 0.05), V20m (r = 0.87, P < 0.001), and CT in the maximal 20-m run (r = -0.61, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that neuromuscular characteristics and VMART were related to 5-km running performance in well trained endurance athletes. Relationships between VMART and neuromuscular and anaerobic characteristics suggest that VMART can be used as a measure of muscle power in endurance athletes.
Perceived Autonomy-Support Instruction and Student Outcomes in Physical Education and Leisure-Time: A Meta-Analytic Review of Correlates. [Percepción de la formación de apoyo a la autonomía y resultados en estudiantes en educación física y tiempo libre: Una revisión meta-analítica de correlaciones].

Physical inactivity is a global concern. Physical educators have direct access to children. Researchers have investigated the benefits of student perceived physical education (PE) autonomy-supportive instruction in PE and leisure-time (LT). Hence, a fixed-effect meta-analysis was conducted to gain an understanding of the direct effects of perceived PE autonomy-supportive instruction on a number of student outcomes. In total, 39 correlation based studies totaling 23,554 participants were analyzed with mean weighted correlation (rw) as the analyzed effect size. Nearly all effect sizes were statistically significant (p < .01). Effect sizes in PE ranged in meaningfulness from large to small across the PE categories of basic needs, emotions, motivational processes and behaviors, physical activity self-esteem, physical activity motivation, and general self-esteem/concept. For LT, effect sizes were mostly medium to small across the basics needs, motivation processes, and physical activity categories. Thus, though student perceived PE teacher autonomy-support instruction was meaningfully related to basics needs, higher level motivational processes (i.e. intrinsic motivation), and positive emotions in PE and LT, the relationships were small in meaningfulness with regards to physical activity. Future research must elucidate how perceived PE teacher autonomy-support instruction may directly improve children’s physical activity to combat the global inactivity epidemic.
What Is Beautiful Is Good and More Accurately Understood

Beautiful people are seen more positively than others, but are they also seen more accurately? In a round-robin design in which previously unacquainted individuals met for 3 min, results were consistent with the “beautiful is good” stereotype: More physically attractive individuals were viewed with greater normative accuracy; that is, they were viewed more in line with the highly desirable normative profile. Notably, more physically attractive targets were viewed more in line with their unique self-reported personality traits, that is, with greater distinctive accuracy. Further analyses revealed that both positivity and accuracy were to some extent in the eye of the beholder: Perceivers’ idiosyncratic impressions of a target’s attractiveness were also positively related to the positivity and accuracy of impressions. Overall, people do judge a book by its cover, but a beautiful cover prompts a closer reading, leading more physically attractive people to be seen both more positively and more accurately.
Restorative proctocolectomy: The four loop (W) reservoir

The four loop (W) reservoir was developed with the aim of improving the functional results of the J reservoir and to avoid the need for catheterization often seen with the S reservoir. It is no more difficult to construct and results in better function. Sixty‐four patients have undergone the procedure. There were no deaths. Mean hospital stay (including ileostomy closure) was 24 ± 8 days. The reservoir has been removed in one patient (one week postoperatively) who was found to have a Dukes' B rectal carcinoma. Function has been assessed in 51 patients (mean follow‐up 18·6±8·9 months). Frequency of defaecation per 24 h is 3·3±1·0 (range 1–8) with night evacuation in 14 per cent. Antidiarrhoeal medication is required by 20 per cent of patients. Continence is normal in 92 per cent, and 8 per cent have minor leakage. All patients defaecate spontaneously.
Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Trauma Patients: An Overstatement of the Problem?

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) affect high-risk trauma patients (HRTP). Accurate incidence and clinical importance of DVT and PE in HRPT may be overstated. We performed a ten-year retrospective analysis of HRTP of the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study. High-risk factors (HRF) included pelvic fracture (PFx), lower extremity fracture (LEFx), severe head injury (CHI) (AIS – head ≥3), and spinal cord injury. HRF alone or in combination, age, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) were examined for association with DVT/PE. A total of 73,419 HRTP were included: 1377 (1.9%) had DVT, 365 (0.5%) had PE. The incidence of DVT in level I trauma centers was 2.2 per cent and was 1.5 per cent in level II centers. The lowest incidence of DVT was 1.3 per cent for isolated LEFx; highest was 5.4% for combined PFx, LEFx, and CHI. Variables associated with DVT included age, ISS, and GCS (all P < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, only ISS was consistently predictive for DVT and PE. Though increased during the past decade, the overall incidence of DVT in HRTP remains below 3 per cent. Only the combination of multiple injuries or an ISS >30 result in DVT incidence of ≥5 per cent. We believe that current guidelines for screening for DVT may need to be reevaluated.
Rape Treatment: An Overview of Current Knowledge

Abstract Sexual offending is frequently seen by the lay person as being a result of an innate abnormality that is relatively fixed and unchangeable. Accordingly, sexual offenders are seen as more likely to recidivate than other types of offenders. In fact, this is not the case, and most sexual offenders do not re-offend. Also, contemporary research has shown that treatment programs driven by cognitive behaviour therapy significantly reduce rates of sexual offender recidivism. Nevertheless, while there has been a great deal of research on the treatment of child sexual offenders, the treatment of rapists has received comparatively less attention. Thus, the main aim of this article is to summarise current knowledge of sexual offender treatment, paying specific attention to the needs of rapists. In particular, we pay attention to the content of sexual offender treatment programs, and the relevance of this content to rape. We also discuss therapeutic issues of relevance for rapist treatment that are typically ignored or underestimated in the research literature. Finally, based upon our analysis of the literature, we present a schematic overview of rape treatment and identify important areas for further research.
A2E: A Component of Ocular Lipofuscin¶

Abstract The presence of lipofuscin in postmitotic cells is considered a hallmark of the aging process. In the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), lipofuscin is found as micrometer-sized spherical particles and characterized by its yellow autofluorescence when exposed to blue light. This exposure to light is also known to produce reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), but the particular molecular constituent(s) responsible for this phototoxicity have yet to be completely identified. Resulting mostly from the autophagocytosis of intracellular organelles, the composition of lipofuscin is poorly defined but known to contain protein, lipids and several fluorophores. The subsequent identification of one of the fluorophores in lipofuscin, A2E, generated much interest and resulted in a variety of studies to understand its potential role in the phototoxicity of lipofuscin. Several modes of toxicity have been suggested through which A2E can affect the health of RPE cells. These modes include photoinduced production of ROI, which places additional oxidative stress on RPE cells, the disruption of membrane integrity through its natural role as an amphiphilic detergent and inhibition of key cellular functions. This article presents the current understanding of the photochemistry of A2E and its involvement as a phototoxic agent in RPE cells.
Testing the Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Collectivism

Based on a review of the individualism-collectivism literature, a vertical dimension of collectivism is distinguished from a horizontal dimension. The vertical dimension concerns the relationship between the individual and the collective, and often includes subordination of the individual's goals to those of the collective. The horizontal dimension concerns the relationship of the individual to other individuals, and often includes conceptions of equality. A study of attitudes toward reforms to the egalitarian reward system in Chinese business enterprises found that vertical collectivists were supportive of the reform whereas horizontal collectivists were resistant to it. The study provides preliminary evidence for the validity and the usefulness of distinguishing individualism-collectivism on the vertical and the horizontal dimensions.
Who says: "No Fair!"? What personality and an experiment in educational value tell us about perceptions of costs and benefits of research pool requirements

Human subject pools (HSPs) are the basis for much psychological research. There is an explicit assumption that participants receive benefits from their participation, however there is little empirical research about the costs/benefits of participation. We conducted two studies with undergraduate psychology students to evaluate factors that can affect the cost/benefit ratio. Study 1 (N=46) examined Big Five personality characteristics and number of psychology courses taken, in relation to perceived benefits. There were depreciating returns for on-going participation but no personality differences in ratings. Study 2 (N=50) used a quasi-experimental design to manipulate educational value. Half of the participants completed an educational assignment that integrated their HSP research experience into course material. Students who completed the educational assignment had a strong sense of contributing to scientific knowledge whereas students who had no such assignment did not. Implications for increasing educational value in HSPs are discussed.
Punishment and ( non-) Deterrence : Evidence on First-Time Drug O enders from Regression Discontinuities

Beginning in the 1970s with “The War on Drugs,” the United States embarked on a sustained period of harsh, punitive sanctioning for drug o enses. Yet as local jurisdictions confront dire budget and overcrowding challenges, new proposals have emerged to roll back these policies and introduce more leniency into the criminal justice system. Despite the high stakes, little is known about the causal e ect of these di erent approaches on future criminal behavior. In this paper, we exploit two natural experiments in Harris County, TX, in which felony drug defendants charged or convicted one day versus the next experienced abruptly di erent court outcomes. The rst natural experiment follows a 1994 state-wide reform while the second follows a 2007 failed initiative to expand the county jail. In both instances, conviction rates abruptly changed by approximately 30 percentage points. Using administrative data and regression discontinuity methods, we nd consistent, robust evidence that defendants who avoided a felony conviction exhibit substantially lower patterns of future o ending over a 5 year follow-up period.
Analyzing time series gene expression data

MOTIVATION Time series expression experiments are an increasingly popular method for studying a wide range of biological systems. However, when analyzing these experiments researchers face many new computational challenges. Algorithms that are specifically designed for time series experiments are required so that we can take advantage of their unique features (such as the ability to infer causality from the temporal response pattern) and address the unique problems they raise (e.g. handling the different non-uniform sampling rates). RESULTS We present a comprehensive review of the current research in time series expression data analysis. We divide the computational challenges into four analysis levels: experimental design, data analysis, pattern recognition and networks. For each of these levels, we discuss computational and biological problems at that level and point out some of the methods that have been proposed to deal with these issues. Many open problems in all these levels are discussed. This review is intended to serve as both, a point of reference for experimental biologists looking for practical solutions for analyzing their data, and a starting point for computer scientists interested in working on the computational problems related to time series expression analysis.
A semiparametric approach for the covariate specific ROC curve with survival outcome

Abstract: The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve has been extended to survival data recently, including the nonparametric approach by Heagerty, Lumley and Pepe (2000) and the semiparametric approach by Heagerty and Zheng (2005) using standard survival analysis techniques based on two different time-dependent ROC curve definitions. However, both approaches do not involve covariates other than the biomarker and cannot be used to estimate the ROC curve adjusted for covariates. To account for the covariate effect, we propose a joint model approach which assumes that the hazard of failure depends on the biomarker and the covariates through a proportional hazards model and that the biomarker depends the covariates through a semiparametric location model. We propose semiparametric estimators for covariate-specific ROC curves corresponding to the two timedependent ROC curve definitions, respectively. We show that the estimators are consistent and converge to Gaussian processes. In the case of no covariates, the estimators are demonstrated to be more efficient than the Heagerty-Lumley-Pepe estimator and the Heagerty-Zheng estimator via simulation studies. In addition, the estimators can be easily extended to other survival models. We apply these estimators to an HIV dataset.
Morphological correlates of neurological dysfunction in macaques infected with neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus

The pattern of neurological disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated using a macaque model of acquired immune defiency syndrome (AIDS). Seven of nine macaques inoculated with neurovirulent simian imunodeficiency virus (SIVmac ) developed AIDS within 3 months. Four of these had clinically obvious neurological disease and extensive conduction defects in the form of latency increases in evoked potential (EP) responses. Neuropathologically, all four animals had disseminated white matter disease in the form of multifocal, perivascular and nodular parenchymal mononuclear cell infiltrates, along with extensive involvement of the cortical grey matter, leptomeninges and intracranial portions of cranial nerves. A brisk multinucleated giant cell (MGC) response was a frequent accompaniment in the affected areas. Three of the animals in this group also showed spongiform vacuolation in the occipital grey matter, a lesion described only rarely in HIV encephalitis. In the remaining three animals, there was only minimal evidence of overt neurological impairment or conduction defects. These animals had only mild to moderate neuropathological changes and lesions were virtually confined to the white matter regions of the brain. MGC responses were rare or absent in the CNS of these animals. Neuropathological findings in this SIVmac model have therefore shown good correlation with the severity of clinical and neurophysiological changes, and are reminiscent of HIV‐1 encephalitis. More importantly, white matter involvement was a consistent finding in the affected macaques, regardless of the duration and severity of disease, or type of virus inoculated, suggesting an unusual susceptibility for lentiviral infection in these regions of the macaque CNS.
Meta-Herpetic Keratitis and Therapeutic Approach: Case Report

The purpose of this study is to disclose the steps in the therapeutic approach for meta-herpetic corneal ulcer. Report of a case with anterior segment photography was used. The 6 months of follow-up results of the case were disclosed. The efficacy of the therapeutic approach for meta-herpetic corneal ulcer was discussed.