Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can Indonesia Cocoa Farmers Get Benefit on Global Value Chain Inclusion? A Literature Review

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the potential benefit of Indonesia cocoa farmers in the global value chain inclusion. The fact that there is a gap between international price and farmer’s price is due to existence of power asymmetry especially on supply side. This paper uses global value chain perspective and the existence of internet innovation in food supply chain network by reducing the power asymmetry with a benchmark from developed and emerging market. We recommend some issues need to be intervened and resolved by the government, before the farmers could benefit on global value chain inclusion by internet adoption. On the other hand, telecommunication infrastructure deployment and increasing internet penetration are the necessity, and education on benefit of ICT inclusion in daily operation is becoming the next step. This conclusion supports the role of ICT in agriculture which is providing access to the market, financial inclusion, and access to technology.
Intratumoral FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Egypt and worldwide. Gene expression profiling classifies DLBCL into: germinal center B cell-like (GCB) and non germinal center B cell-like (non-GCB) DLBCL. Hans’ algorithm has high concordance with gene expression profiling results. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent important modulators for the interaction between lymphoma cells and host microenvironment. FOXP3 is a popular single marker for Tregs. There is little information about the possible role of Tregs in high-grade lymphoma such as DLBCL. This study aims to assess the prognostic impact of FOXP3+ Tregs in DLBCL. The study was carried out on 70 archival cases (61 de novo DLBCL and 9 reactive follicular hyperplasia cases). DLBCL cases were classified into GCB and non-GCB groups using Hans’ algorithm. All studied cases are subjected to FOXP3 immunostaining. Density of FOXP3+ Tregs was higher in reactive cases compared with DLBCL (P=0.000). In DLBCL cases, FOXP3 expression was associated with free spleen (P=0.02), early stage (P=0.05), centroblastic variant (P=0.003), and absence of necrosis (P=0.05). In germinal cases, density of FOXP3 was significantly higher in cases with good PS (P=0.02), very good and good revised international prognostic index (P=0.002), and low-risk age-adjusted international prognostic index >60 (P=0.01). Non germinal DLBCL cases with negative FOXP3 were significantly associated with splenic involvement (P=0.005). DLBCL cases with high FOXP3 have longer survival (P=0.03). T cells in the background of DLBCL may play a role in modulation of tumor progression. Their presence is associated with favorable prognostic parameters in DLBCL.
Analisis Efisiensi Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil Dengan Pendekatan Two Stage Data Envelopment Analysis (Studi Kasus Kantor Cabang BMT MMU Dan BMT UGT Sidogiri)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat efisiensi Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (BMT) dengan mengambil studi kasus BMT MMU dan BMT UGT Sidogiri Pasuruan tingkat cabang dengan total sampel 50 cabang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Two Stage DEA. Tahap pertama mengukur tingkat efisiensi BMT MMU dan BMT UGT dengan menggunakan DEA. Tahap kedua menguji faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal, yang mempengaruhi tingkat efisiensi BMT MMU dan BMT UGT dengan menggunakan pendekatan Tobit. Hasil penghitungan DEA menunjukkan, efisiensi overall technical BMT MMU (0,84) dan BMT UGT (0,88) pada tahun 2008 masih kurang optimal. Penyebab utama inefisiensi untuk BMT MMU adalah penyaluran pembiayaan, sementara sumber utama inefisiensi BMT UGT adalah penghimpunan dana pihak ketiga yang kurang maksimal. Hasil pengolahan Tobit menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan modal dan ukuran BMT memiliki pengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap efisiensi overall technical pada dua BMT. Sementara dari sisi eksternal, PDRB perkapita memiliki pengaruh negatif secara signifikan. Adapun pertumbuhan pengangguran, tingkat pendidikan, dan komitmen keberagamaan tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan. JEL Classification : G21, R15 Keywords : Efisiensi, BMT, Two Stage DEA
A NOVEL METHOD TO ESTIMATE LYMPHOCYTE DOSE AND APPLICATION TO PEDIATRIC AND YOUNG ADULT CT PATIENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Despite decades of epidemiological research, it remains uncertain whether ionizing radiation can cause lymphomas. Most epidemiological studies of lymphoma risk following non-uniform exposure used dose to red bone marrow (RBM), constituting a small fraction of the lymphocytes, as a surrogate of dose to the lymphocytes. We developed a method to estimate dose to the lymphocytes using the reference distribution of lymphocytes throughout the body and Monte Carlo simulations of computational human phantoms. We applied our method to estimating lymphocyte doses for a pediatric CT patient cohort in the United Kingdom. Estimated dose to the RBM was greater than lymphocyte dose for most scan types (up to 2.6-fold higher, a 5-year-old brain scan) except abdomen scan (RBM dose was about half the lymphocyte dose, a 5-year-old abdomen scan). The lymphocyte dose in the UK cohort showed that T-spine and whole body scans delivered the highest lymphocyte doses (up to 22.4 mGy).
Excitatory Synaptic Input to Hilar Mossy Cells under Basal and Hyperexcitable Conditions

Visual Abstract Abstract Hilar mossy cells (HMCs) in the hippocampus receive glutamatergic input from dentate granule cells (DGCs) via mossy fibers (MFs) and back-projections from CA3 pyramidal neuron collateral axons. Many fundamental features of these excitatory synapses have not been characterized in detail despite their potential relevance to hippocampal cognitive processing and epilepsy-induced adaptations in circuit excitability. In this study, we compared pre- and postsynaptic parameters between MF and CA3 inputs to HMCs in young and adult mice of either sex and determined the relative contributions of the respective excitatory inputs during in vitro and in vivo models of hippocampal hyperexcitability. The two types of excitatory synapses both exhibited a modest degree of short-term plasticity, with MF inputs to HMCs exhibiting lower paired-pulse (PP) and frequency facilitation than was described previously for MF–CA3 pyramidal cell synapses. MF–HMC synapses exhibited unitary excitatory synaptic currents (EPSCs) of larger amplitude, contained postsynaptic kainate receptors, and had a lower NMDA/AMPA receptor ratio compared to CA3–HMC synapses. Pharmacological induction of hippocampal hyperexcitability in vitro transformed the abundant but relatively weak CA3–HMC connections to very large amplitude spontaneous bursts of compound EPSCs (cEPSCs) in young mice (∼P20) and, to a lesser degree, in adult mice (∼P70). CA3–HMC cEPSCs were also observed in slices prepared from mice with spontaneous seizures several weeks after intrahippocampal kainate injection. Strong excitation of HMCs during synchronous CA3 activity represents an avenue of significant excitatory network generation back to DGCs and might be important in generating epileptic networks.
Inhibition of host translation in encephalomyocarditis virus-infected L cells: a novel mechanism

Encephalomyocarditis virus induced a rapid shutoff of host translation in mouse L cells shortly after infection and before viral proteins were made in detectable amounts. This kinetic pattern is similar to that seen in poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. However, the mechanisms of host shutoff are different in these two cases, for no reduction in the ability of lysates from encephalomyocarditis virus-infected L cells to translate capped mRNAs was observed. Instead, a change in the subcellular distribution of one or more initiation factors was seen. In particular, cap recognition activity in the high-speed supernatant fraction (S200) prepared from cell lysates increased threefold as a result of virus infection. The significance of this observation in terms of possible shutoff mechanisms is discussed. Inasmuch as the rapid host shutoff is not induced in at least four other cell types by encephalomyocarditis virus infection, it may be concluded that host shutoff mechanisms not only vary within the picornavirus group, but also depend upon the particular cell type employed.
The Sputtering Labor Force of the 21st Century. Can Social Policy Help?

Disclosed is a method and apparatus for continuously molding plastic parts. Basically, the apparatus comprises a pair of spaced, rotatable, indexable trunnion transfer units or wheels having a plurality of cradles thereon for receiving and transporting carrier bars. The wheels are indexable to a number of stations at which various activities take place and are positioned on either side of the mold area of a conventional molding machine. A carrier bar having affixed thereto a plurality of cores for the part to be molded, for example, is transported by the rotating wheel from the bottom of the first wheel to a first station where an insert may be added to the core and thence to the top position of the wheel where the carrier bar is transferred to a conveyor which in turn transports the carrier bar to the mold. After completion of the molding cycle, the carrier bar with the molded parts thereon, is transported by the conveyor to the top of the second wheel where it is inserted thereon. The second wheel is then rotated to a first station where additional parts may be affixed to the molded part and thence to a second station where the molded parts are unloaded from the cores on the carrier bar. After unloading, the parts are moved by conveyor or other means for further processing or are deposited in a storage container. Thereafter, the second wheel is indexed to a third station where the empty carrier bar is transferred to an inclined track for return to the first wheel where the process is repeated. The method and apparatus can be employed to transport a carrier bar having either cores or inserts thereon depending upon the part to be molded.
A Tale of Two Index Futures: The Intraday Price Discovery Process between the China Financial Futures Exchange and the Singapore Exchange

This is the first study to examine the intraday price discovery process between the Singapore Exchange and the China Financial Futures Exchange. Using one- and five-minute high-frequency data from May to November 2011, we found that China’s CSI 300 index futures dominated Singapore’s A50 index futures in terms of the price discovery process. However, A50 futures contracts also made a substantial contribution (26%-37%) to the price discovery process. A further division of the sample period into two sub-periods found that A50 futures dominated the price discovery process from May to August 2011 and that CSI 300 futures dominated the process from August to November 2011. These results have important implications for both traders and policymakers.
Pharmacological Approach for Managing Pain in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Review Article

Context Visceral pain is a leading symptom for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) that affects 10% - 20 % of the world population. Conventional pharmacological treatments to manage IBS-related visceral pain is unsatisfactory. Recently, medications have emerged to treat IBS patients by targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and peripheral nerves to alleviate visceral pain while avoiding adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Several investigational drugs for IBS also target the periphery with minimal CNS effects. Evidence of Acquisition In this paper, reputable internet databases from 1960 - 2016 were searched including Pubmed and ClinicalTrials.org, and 97 original articles analyzed. Search was performed based on the following keywords and combinations: irritable bowel syndrome, clinical trial, pain, visceral pain, narcotics, opioid, chloride channel, neuropathy, primary afferent, intestine, microbiota, gut barrier, inflammation, diarrhea, constipation, serotonin, visceral hypersensitivity, nociceptor, sensitization, hyperalgesia. Results Certain conventional pain managing drugs do not effectively improve IBS symptoms, including NSAIDs, acetaminophen, aspirin, and various narcotics. Anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs (Benzodiazepines, TCAs, SSRI and SNRI) can attenuate pain in IBS patients with relevant comorbidities. Clonidine, gabapentin and pregabalin can moderately improve IBS symptoms. Lubiprostone relieves constipation predominant IBS (IBS-C) while loperamide improves diarrhea predominant IBS (IBS-D). Alosetron, granisetron and ondansetron can generally treat pain in IBS-D patients, of which alosetron needs to be used with caution due to cardiovascular toxicity. The optimal drugs for managing pain in IBS-D and IBS-C appear to be eluxadoline and linaclotide, respectively, both of which target peripheral GI tract. Conclusions Conventional pain managing drugs are in general not suitable for treating IBS pain. Medications that target the GI tract and peripheral nerves have better therapeutic profiles by limiting adverse CNS effects.
Molecular epidemiology reveals the role of war in the spread of HIV in Ukraine

Significance Current conflict in the heavily HIV-affected regions of eastern Ukraine, which caused the relocation of 1.7 million people, may have increased the exportation of the virus from war-affected regions to other parts of the country. We show that the large-scale war-initiated movement of people (including those HIV-infected) was associated with patterns of HIV movement reconstructed from gene-sequence data. Our results further suggest that virus dissemination was directed to the locations with the highest prevalence of risky sexual practices in people who inject drugs (PWID). Recently, the Ukrainian HIV epidemic has been transitioning from being PWID-concentrated to sexually driven. Our study helps to understand the factors that might facilitate this shift. Ukraine has one of the largest HIV epidemics in Europe, historically driven by people who inject drugs (PWID). The epidemic showed signs of stabilization in 2012, but the recent war in eastern Ukraine may be reigniting virus spread. We investigated the movement of HIV-infected people within Ukraine before and during the conflict. We analyzed HIV-1 subtype-A pol nucleotide sequences sampled during 2012–2015 from 427 patients of 24 regional AIDS centers and used phylogeographic analysis to reconstruct virus movement among different locations in Ukraine. We then tested for correlations between reported PWID behaviors and reconstructed patterns of virus spread. Our analyses suggest that Donetsk and Lugansk, two cities not controlled by the Ukrainian government in eastern Ukraine, were significant exporters of the virus to the rest of the country. Additional analyses showed that viral dissemination within the country changed after 2013. Spearman correlation analysis showed that incoming virus flow was correlated with the number of HIV-infected internally displaced people. Additionally, there was a correlation between more intensive virus movement and locations with a higher proportion of PWID practicing risky sexual behaviors. Our findings suggest that effective prevention responses should involve internally displaced people and people who frequently travel to war-affected regions. Scale-up of harm reduction services for PWID will be an important factor in preventing new local HIV outbreaks in Ukraine.
Liver and Muscle Contribute Differently to the Plasma Acylcarnitine Pool During Fasting and Exercise in Humans.

BACKGROUND Plasma acylcarnitine levels are elevated by physiological conditions such as fasting and exercise but also in states of insulin resistance and obesity. AIM To elucidate the contribution of liver and skeletal muscle to plasma acylcarnitines in the fasting state and during exercise in humans. METHODS In 2 independent studies, young healthy males were fasted overnight and performed an acute bout of exercise to investigate either acylcarnitines in skeletal muscle biopsies and arterial-to-venous plasma differences over the exercising and resting leg (n = 9) or the flux over the hepato-splanchnic bed (n = 10). RESULTS In the fasting state, a pronounced release of C2- and C3-carnitines from the hepato-splanchnic bed and an uptake of free carnitine by the legs were detected. Exercise further increased the release of C3-carnitine from the hepato-splanchnic bed and the uptake of free carnitine in the exercising leg. In plasma and in the exercising muscle, exercise induced an increase of most acylcarnitines followed by a rapid decline to preexercise values during recovery. In contrast, free carnitine was decreased in the exercising muscle and quickly restored thereafter. C8-, C10-, C10:1-, C12-, and C12:1-carnitines were released from the exercising leg and simultaneously; C6, C8, C10, C10:1, C14, and C16:1 were taken up by the hepato-splanchnic. CONCLUSION These data provide novel insight to the organo-specific release/uptake of acylcarnitines. The liver is a major contributor to systemic short chain acylcarnitines, whereas the muscle tissue releases mostly medium chain acylcarnitines during exercise, indicating that other tissues are contributing to the systemic increase in long chain acylcarnitines.
Why involve families in acute mental healthcare? A collaborative conceptual review

Objectives Family involvement is strongly recommended in clinical guidelines but suffers from poor implementation. To explore this topic at a conceptual level, a multidisciplinary review team including academics, clinicians and individuals with lived experience undertook a review to explore the theoretical background of family involvement models in acute mental health treatment and how this relates to their delivery. Design A conceptual review was undertaken, including a systematic search and narrative synthesis. Included family models were mapped onto the most commonly referenced underlying theories: the diathesis–stress model, systems theories and postmodern theories of mental health. Common components of the models were summarised and compared. Lastly, a thematic analysis was undertaken to explore the role of patients and families in the delivery of the approaches. Setting General adult acute mental health treatment. Results Six distinct family involvement models were identified: Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models, ERIC (Equipe Rapide d’Intervention de Crise), Family Psychoeducation Models, Family Systems Approach, Open Dialogue and the Somerset Model. Findings indicated that despite wide variation in the theoretical models underlying family involvement models, there were many commonalities in their components, such as a focus on communication, language use and joint decision-making. Thematic analysis of the role of patients and families identified several issues for implementation. This included potential harms that could emerge during delivery of the models, such as imposing linear ‘patient–carer’ relationships and the risk of perceived coercion. Conclusions We conclude that future staff training may benefit from discussing the chosen family involvement model within the context of other theories of mental health. This may help to clarify the underlying purpose of family involvement and address the diverse needs and world views of patients, families and professionals in acute settings.
Offending Girls: Young Women and Youth Justice

1. New Offending Girls? 2. Historical Perspectives on Offending Girls 3. The Construction of a Girlhood Crime Wave: Recent Trends in Young Women's Lawbreaking and Criminalisation 4. Reseraching New Offending Girls 5. Pathways into Crime and Criminalisation 6. Accounting for Trouble: The Girls' Perspectives 7. The Trouble with Girls Today: Professional Perspectives on Young Women's Offending 8. Youth Justice for Girls in the Twenty-First Century 9. Conclusions and Recommendations
Pengaruh Persepsi Bunga Bank dan Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap MInat Menabung Pada Bank BNI Syariah di Kota Semarang

Most of people in Indonesia have recognize a bank, but they know an Islamic banking in 1991 when Muamalat Bank first use syariah principle, with the “dual banking system” policy from Bank Indonesia, conventional banking can oper for syariah unit exercise. One of conventional banking that serve syariah unit exercise is BNI 46 with the name BNI Syariah. The fundamental aim of this research is to find out the effect of the interest perception and service quality to saving interest on BNI Syariah in Semarang. Type of this research is explanatory with 100 respondents taken using quota sampling, purposive sampling and incidental sampling so that the sample of this research consist of 63 respondents (customers of BNI Syariah Ahmad Yani) and 37 respondents (customers of BNI Syariah Unisula). According to the result of regression analysis, this research shows that the interest perception ang service quality are significantly influence to saving interest on BNI Syariah in Semarang 36.3 percent and 47.2 percent. So that, it is recommended to management of BNI Syariah in Semarang to maintain and to educate their customers so they know the different between conventional and Islamic banking.
A low-protein diet induces body weight loss and browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue through enhanced expression of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21).

SCOPE Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is considered a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of obesity. Since FGF21 production is regulated by various nutritional factors, we analyze the impact of low protein intake on circulating levels of this growth hormone in mice and in a sub cohort of the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) trial. We also describe the role of hepatic FGF21 in metabolic adaptation to a low-protein diet (LPD). METHODS AND RESULTS We fed control and liver-specific Fgf21 knockout (LFgf21KO) mice a LPD. This diet increased FGF21 production by inducing its overexpression in liver, and this correlated with a body weight decrease without changes in food intake. The LPD also caused FGF21-dependent browning in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), as indicated by an increase in the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In a subgroup of 78 individuals from the PREDIMED trial, we observed an inverse correlation between protein intake and circulating FGF21 levels. CONCLUSION Our results reinforce the involvement of FGF21 in coordinating energy homeostasis under a range of nutritional conditions. Moreover, here we describe an approach to increase the endogenous production of FGF21, which if demonstrated functional in humans, could generate a treatment for obesity.
The Offsite Impact of Soil Erosion on the Water Treatment Industry

The past five decades of soil conservation effort in the United States have been guided by an abiding concern with maintaining the productivity of agricultural land for future generations. It is now being argued that not only are the effects of soil erosion on agricultural productivity important to consider in policy formation, but the off-site effects are important as well. The new perspective is due in large degree to the emergence of new data and techniques that allow quantification of the extent and location of erosion, the effect of soil loss on agricultural productivity, and the offfarm costs associated with materials that enter waterways in agricultural runoff. As stated in a recent assessment of soil conservation policy in the United States (AAEA 1986) "The most fundamental change in perspective will come if additional research confirms the still incom-