Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chord Generation from Symbolic Melody Using BLSTM Networks

Generating a chord progression from a monophonic melody is a challenging problem because a chord progression requires a series of layered notes played simultaneously. This paper presents a novel method of generating chord sequences from a symbolic melody using bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) networks trained on a lead sheet database. To this end, a group of feature vectors composed of 12 semitones is extracted from the notes in each bar of monophonic melodies. In order to ensure that the data shares uniform key and duration characteristics, the key and the time signatures of the vectors are normalized. The BLSTM networks then learn from the data to incorporate the temporal dependencies to produce a chord progression. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations are conducted by comparing the proposed method with the conventional HMM and DNN-HMM based approaches. Proposed model achieves 23.8% and 11.4% performance increase from the other models, respectively. User studies further confirm that the chord sequences generated by the proposed method are preferred by listeners.
The Anti-Oxidative Role of Micro-Vesicles Derived from Human Wharton-Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells through NOX2/gp91(phox) Suppression in Alleviating Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Oxidative stress is known as one of the main contributors in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Here we hypothesized that Micro-vesicles (MVs) derived from human Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (hWJMSCs) could protect kidney against IRI through mitigating oxidative stress. MVs isolated from hWJMSCs conditioned medium were injected intravenously in rats immediately after unilateral kidney ischemia for 60 min. The animals were sacrificed at 24h, 48h and 2 weeks respectively after reperfusion. Our results show that the expression of NOX2 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in injured kidney tissues was declined and the oxidative stress was alleviated in MVs group at 24h and 48h in parallel with the reduced apoptosis and enhanced proliferation of cells. IRI-initiated fibrosis was abrogated by MVs coincident with renal function amelioration at 2 weeks. NOX2 was also found down-regulated by MVs both in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and NRK-52E cell line under hypoxia injury model in vitro. In conclusion, a single administration of hWJMSC-MVs might protect the kidney by alleviation of the oxidative stress in the early stage of kidney IRI through suppressing NOX2 expression. Moreover, it could reduce the fibrosis and improved renal function.
An Extended GHKM Algorithm for Inducing Lambda-SCFG

Semantic parsing, which aims at mapping a natural language (NL) sentence into its formal meaning representation (e.g., logical form), has received increasing attention in recent years. While synchronous context-free grammar (SCFG) augmented with lambda calculus (lambda-SCFG) provides an effective mechanism for semantic parsing, how to learn such lambda-SCFG rules still remains a challenge because of the difficulty in determining the correspondence between NL sentences and logical forms. To alleviate this structural divergence problem, we extend the GHKM algorithm, which is a state-of-the-art algorithm for learning synchronous grammars in statistical machine translation, to induce lambda-SCFG from pairs of NL sentences and logical forms. By treating logical forms as trees, we reformulate the theory behind GHKM that gives formal semantics to the alignment between NL words and logical form tokens. Experiments on the GEOQUERY dataset show that our semantic parser achieves an F-measure of 90.2%, the best result published to date.
Is cerebellar granule cell migration regulated by an internal clock?

We have studied the time course of migratory behavior of cerebellar granule cells in the microwell tissue culture system. [3H]Thymidine served as a marker for particular granule cell generations. When cultured 4 hr after [3H]thymidine injection for 6 days in microwell cultures, labeled granule cells were seen to migrate along fiber bundles expanding between reaggregates called “cables” for 3 to 4 days. After 5 and 6 days in vitro the percentage of labeled non-migrating cells found in clusters in reaggregates and on cables increased considerably. Whereas unlabeled cells continued to migrate. Comparable results were obtained when granule cells developed in vivo for various times after label and their developmental state was determined in vitro. Cells from cerebellar populations labeled 1 to 4 days before culture maintained their ability to migrate in vitro, even after granule cells had entered the internal granule cell layer. In contrast, the percentage of migrating cells labeled 5 and 6 days before culture was reduced significantly. The results suggest that the time span of granule cell migration is predetermined intrinsically rather than by external signals.
Migrant Opportunity and the Educational Attainment of Youth in Rural China*

This paper investigates how the reduction of barriers to migration affected the decision of middle school graduates to attend high school in rural China. Change in the cost of migration is identified using exogenous variation across counties in the timing of national identity card distribution, which made it easier for rural migrants to register as temporary residents in urban destinations. After taking care to address potential strengths and weaknesses of our identification strategy, we find a robust, negative relationship between migrant opportunity and high school enrollment that cannot be explained by geographic convergence in access to education across rural China.
Entrainment to Feeding but Not to Light: Circadian Phenotype of VPAC2 Receptor-Null Mice

The master clock driving mammalian circadian rhythms is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and entrained by daily light/dark cycles. SCN lesions abolish circadian rhythms of behavior and result in a loss of synchronized circadian rhythms of clock gene expression in peripheral organs (e.g., the liver) and of hormone secretion (e.g., corticosterone). We examined rhythms of behavior, hepatic clock gene expression, and corticosterone secretion in VPAC2 receptor-null (Vipr2−/−) mice, which lack a functional SCN clock. Unexpectedly, although Vipr2−/− mice lacked robust circadian rhythms of wheel-running activity and corticosterone secretion, hepatic clock gene expression was strongly rhythmic, but advanced in phase compared with that in wild-type mice. The timing of food availability is thought to be an important entrainment signal for circadian clocks outside the SCN. Vipr2−/− mice consumed food significantly earlier in the 24 h cycle than wild-type mice, consistent with the observed timing of peripheral rhythms of circadian gene expression. When restricted to feeding only during the daytime (RF), mice develop rhythms of activity and of corticosterone secretion in anticipation of feeding time, thought to be driven by a food-entrainable circadian oscillator, located outside the SCN. Under RF, mice of both genotypes developed food-anticipatory rhythms of activity and corticosterone secretion, and hepatic gene expression rhythms also became synchronized to the RF stimulus. Thus, food intake is an effective zeitgeber capable of coordinating circadian rhythms of behavior, peripheral clock gene expression, and hormone secretion, even in the absence of a functional SCN clock.
Oil Prices, Geography and Endogenous Regionalism: Too Much Ado About (Almost) Nothing

This paper studies the effect of oil prices on the geography of international trade. We model transport costs as a function of variable and fixed costs. By affecting the first cost component, oil prices can then modify the structure of transportation costs across partners. This, we argue, acts as a factor of distortion in relative prices, thereby creating a reallocation of trade at the expense of remote countries. In that respect, an increase in oil prices should favor regionalism.
Directional Radio Propagation Path Loss Models for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Networks in the 28-, 60-, and 73-GHz Bands

Fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems are likely to operate in the centimeter-wave (3-30 GHz) and millimeter-wave (30-300 GHz) frequency bands, where a vast amount of underutilized bandwidth exists world-wide. To assist in the research and development of these emerging wireless systems, a myriad of measurement studies have been conducted to characterize path loss in urban environments at these frequencies. The standard theoretical free space (FS) and Stanford University Interim (SUI) empirical path loss models were recently modified to fit path loss models obtained from measurements performed at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, using simple correction factors. In this paper, we provide similar correction factors for models at 60 GHz and 73 GHz. By imparting slope correction factors on the FS and SUI path loss models to closely match the close-in (CI) free space reference distance path loss models, millimeter-wave path loss can be accurately estimated (with popular models) for 5G cellular planning at 60 GHz and 73 GHz. Additionally, new millimeter-wave beam combining path loss models are provided at 28 GHz and 73 GHz by considering the simultaneous combination of signals from multiple antenna pointing directions between the transmitter and receiver that result in the strongest received power. Such directional channel models are important for future adaptive array systems at millimeter-wave frequencies.
Network Anomaly Detection with Stochastically Improved Autoencoder Based Models

Intrusion detection systems do not perform well when it comes to detecting zero-day attacks, therefore improving their performance in that regard is an active research topic. In this study, to detect zero-day attacks with high accuracy, we proposed two deep learning based anomaly detection models using autoencoder and denoising autoencoder respectively. The key factor that directly affects the accuracy of the proposed models is the threshold value which was determined using a stochastic approach rather than the approaches available in the current literature. The proposed models were tested using the KDDTest+ dataset contained in NSL-KDD, and we achieved an accuracy of 88.28% and 88.65% respectively. The obtained results show that, as a singular model, our proposed anomaly detection models outperform any other singular anomaly detection methods and they perform almost the same as the newly suggested hybrid anomaly detection models.
Central Coherence in Eating Disorders: A Synthesis of Studies Using the Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test

Background Large variability in tests and differences in scoring systems used to study central coherence in eating disorders may lead to different interpretations, inconsistent findings and between study discrepancies. This study aimed to address inconsistencies by collating data from several studies from the same research group that used the Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Rey Figure) in order to produce norms to provide benchmark data for future studies. Method Data was collated from 984 participants in total. Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, recovered Anorexia Nervosa, unaffected family members and healthy controls were compared using the Rey Figure. Results Poor global processing was observed across all current eating disorder sub-groups and in unaffected relatives. There was no difference in performance between recovered AN and HC groups. Conclusions This is the largest dataset reported in the literature and supports previous studies implicating poor global processing across eating disorders using the Rey Figure. It provides robust normative data useful for future studies.
Optimal two‐stage genotyping in population‐based association studies

We propose a cost‐effective two‐stage approach to investigate gene‐disease associations when testing a large number of candidate markers using a case‐control design. Under this approach, all the markers are genotyped and tested at stage 1 using a subset of affected cases and unaffected controls, and the most promising markers are genotyped on the remaining individuals and tested using all the individuals at stage 2. The sample size at stage 1 is chosen such that the power to detect the true markers of association is 1−β1 at significance level α1. The most promising markers are tested at significance level α2 at stage 2. In contrast, a one‐stage approach would evaluate and test all the markers on all the cases and controls to identify the markers significantly associated with the disease. The goal is to determine the two‐stage parameters (α1, β1, α2) that minimize the cost of the study such that the desired overall significance is α and the desired power is close to 1−β, the power of the one‐stage approach. We provide analytic formulae to estimate the two‐stage parameters. The properties of the two‐stage approach are evaluated under various parametric configurations and compared with those of the corresponding one‐stage approach. The optimal two‐stage procedure does not depend on the signal of the markers associated with the study. Further, when there is a large number of markers, the optimal procedure is not substantially influenced by the total number of markers associated with the disease. The results show that, compared to a one‐stage approach, a two‐stage procedure typically halves the cost of the study. Genet Epidemiol 25:149–157, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1 FACE RECOGNITION VENDOR TEST 2002 : EVALUATION REPORT

The Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) 2002 is an independently administered technology evaluation of mature face recognition systems. FRVT 2002 provides performance measures for assessing the capability of face recognition systems to meet requirements for large-scale, real-world applications. Ten commercial firms participated in FRVT 2002. FRVT 2002 computed performance statistics on an extremely large data set—121,589 operational facial images of 37,437 individuals. FRVT 2002 1) characterized identification and watch list performance as a function of database size, 2) estimated the variability in performance for different groups of people, 3) characterized performance as a function of elapsed time between enrolled and new images of a person, and 4) investigated the effect of demographics on performance. FRVT 2002 shows that recognition from indoor images has made substantial progress since FRVT 2000. Demographic results show that males are easier to recognize than females and that older people are easier to recognize than younger people. FRVT 2002 also assessed the impact of three new techniques for improving face recognition: three-dimensional morphable models, normalization of similarity scores, and face recognition from video sequences. Results show that three-dimensional morphable models and normalization increase performance and that face recognition from video sequences offers only a limited increase in performance over still images. A new XML-based evaluation protocol was developed for FRVT 2002. This protocol is flexible and supports evaluations of biometrics in general. 1. Please direct correspondence to Jonathon Phillips at jphillips@darpa.mil or jonathon@nist.gov
Solution Properties and in Vitro Anti-Tumor Activities of Polysaccharides from Longan Pulp

The solution properties of four fractions (LPI–IV) from crude longan pulp polysaccharides (LP3) were analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering, viscometry, complex formation with Congo red, and atomic force microscopy. Their radii of gyration (z1/2) were 43.3, 62.6, 43.2 and 77.3 nm, exponents of z1/2 = k Mwv were 0.04, 0.50, 0.52 and 0.02, and intrinsic viscosities ([η]) were 9.945, 25.38, 308.2 and 452.1 mL/g, respectively. Moreover, the dependence of [η] on Mw was established to be [η] = 5.3 × 10−2Mw0.61 (mL/g). LPI had both a sphere-like conformation and a triple-helix structure, and LPII–IV existed as flexible chains. LP3, LPI, LPII and LPIII all exhibited direct inhibitory effects on A549, HeLa and HepG2 cells in a positive dose-dependent manner in the range of 50–400 µg/mL. The activities of LPIII, especially the inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation, were stronger than those of others, which may be partly related to its flexible conformation. The present results support the cancer therapeutic potential of longan polysaccharides.
Evolution for modeling: a genetic programming framework for sesam

Developing a valid agent-based simulation model is not always straight forward, but involves a lot of prototyping, testing and analyzing until the right low-level behavior is fully specified and calibrated. Our aim is to replace the try and error search of a modeler by adaptive agents which learn a behavior that then can serve as a source of inspiration for the modeler. In this contribution, we suggest to use genetic programming as the learning mechanism. For this aim we developed a genetic programming framework integrated into the visual agent-based modeling and simulation tool SeSAm, providing similar easy-to-use functionality.
Acute Pacing‐Induced Dyssynchronous Activation of the Left Ventricle Creates Systolic Dyssynchrony with Preserved Diastolic Synchrony

Introduction: Patients with heart block have conventionally received a pacemaker that stimulates the right ventricular apex (RVA) to restore heart rate control. While RVA pacing has been shown to create systolic dyssynchrony acutely, dyssynchrony can also occur in diastole. The effects of acute RVA pacing on diastolic synchrony have not been investigated. RVA pacing acutely impairs diastolic function by increasing the time constant of relaxation, decreasing the peak lengthening rate and decreasing peak negative dP/dt. We therefore hypothesized that acute RVA pacing would cause diastolic dyssynchrony in addition to creating systolic dyssynchrony.
Acute Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) has been likened to ischemic cerebral stroke as the same atherosclerotic risk factors can contribute to both processes. Hypertension, diabetes, carotid and coronary artery disease, and smoking tobacco have all been associated with nonarteritic CRAO. Although there are clear evidence-based protocols widely in use for the management of cerebral stroke, there continues to be debate concerning the acute management of CRAO. Many clinicians feel that the available treatment options are ineffective and that the inherent risks outweigh the potential benefits. The goal of this paper is to provide the most updated summary of the current literature on this topic. CRAO can have devastating visual consequences. First described by Von Graefe in 1859, the estimated annual incidence rate is 1 in 100,000 and it leaves most patients with profound permanent visual impairment. The loss of vision affects quality of life, especially in the older population, the group in which CRAO is the most common. In addition, the disorder can result in increased health care costs due to falls and other associated complications. Given the severity of outcomes, an effective treatment for CRAO has long been sought and a wide variety of treatments have been attempted. In 1881, the use of inhaled amyl nitrite to dislodge a presumed embolus through vasodilation was reported by Samelsohn. Seven years later, Mules described a patient who had a central embolus pass into a smaller more peripheral vessel after anterior chamber paracentesis. In 1926, Oppenheimer boldly recommended temporary detachment of the inferior rectus to gain access for direct massage of the optic nerve to attempt to displace an embolus. Other proposed and attempted
Herschel unveils a puzzling uniformity of distant dusty galaxies

The Herschel Space Observatory enables us to accurately measure the bolometric output of starburst galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN) by directly sampling the peak of their far-infrared (IR) emission. Here we examine whether the spectral energy distribution (SED) and dust temperature of galaxies have strongly evolved over the last 80% of the age of the Universe. We discuss possible consequences for the determination of starformation rates (SFR) and any evidence for a major change in their star-formation properties. We use Herschel deep extragalactic surveys from 100 to 500 μm to compute total IR luminosities in galaxies down to the faintest levels, using PACS and SPIRE in the GOODS-North field (PEP and HerMES key programs). An extension to fainter luminosities is done by stacking images on 24 μm prior positions. We show that measurements in the SPIRE bands can be used below the statistical confusion limit if information at higher spatial resolution is used, e.g. at 24 μm, to identify “isolated” galaxies whose flux is not boosted by bright neighbors. Below z ~ 1.5, mid-IR extrapolations are correct for star-forming galaxies with a dispersion of only 40% (0.15 dex), therefore similar to z ~ 0 galaxies, over three decades in luminosity below the regime of ultra-luminous IR galaxies (ULIRGs, L_(IR) ≥ 10^(12) L_⊙). This narrow distribution is puzzling when considering the range of physical processes that could have affected the SED of these galaxies. Extrapolations from only one of the 160 μm, 250 μm or 350 μm bands alone tend to overestimate the total IR luminosity. This may be explained by the lack of far-IR constraints around and above ~150 μm (rest-frame) before Herschel on those templates. We also note that the dust temperature of luminous IR galaxies (LIRGs, L_(IR) ≥ 10^(11) L_⊙) around z ~ 1 is mildly colder by 10–15% than their local analogs and up to 20% for ULIRGs at z ~ 1.6 (using a single modified blackbody-fit to the peak far-IR emission with an emissivity index of β = 1.5). Above z = 1.5, distant galaxies are found to exhibit a substantially larger mid- over far-IR ratio, which could either result from stronger broad emission lines or warm dust continuum heated by a hidden AGN. Two thirds of the AGNs identified in the field with a measured redshift exhibit the same behavior as purely star-forming galaxies. Hence a large fraction of AGNs harbor coeval star formation at very high SFR and in conditions similar to purely star-forming galaxies.
Effects of Indole-Butyric Acid Doses, Different Rooting Media and Cutting Thicknesses on Rooting Ratios and Root Qualities of 41B, 5 BB and 420A American Grapevine Rootstocks

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different rooting media [perlite, perlite+sand (1:1), perlite+sand+soil (1:1:1)], different indole butyric acid (IBA) doses (control, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm) and different cutting thicknesses [thin (4-7 mm), medium (8-10 mm) and thick (10-12 mm)] on rooting and root qualities of 41B, 5BB and 420A American grapevine rootstocks adapted to Van region of Turkey. Within the scope of the study, rooting ratios (%), number of roots, root lengths (cm) and root weights (g) were determined.The differences in rooting ratios, number of roots, root lengths and root weights of rootstocks were found to be significant (P<0.05). Rooting ratios and root quality parameters of cuttings significantly varied with rootstocks, IBA doses, rooting media and cutting thicknesses. With regard to rooting ratios, number of roots and root weights, 5BB rootstock yielded better outcomes than 420A and 41B rootstocks. Compared to control treatment, IBA treatments increased rooting ratio, number of roots, root length and root weight of all three rootstocks. Among the rooting media, the best outcomes for rooting ratio, root length and root weight were obtained from perlite medium and the best results for number of roots were obtained from perlite+sand+soil medium. With regard to cutting thickness, thick cuttings were prominent and they were closely followed by medium ones