Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of KDD '99 Intrusion Detection Dataset for Selection of Relevance Features

The rapid development of business and other transaction systems over the Internet makes computer security a critical issue. In recent times, data mining and machine learning have been subjected to extensive research in intrusion detection with emphasis on improving the accuracy of detection classifier. But selecting important features from input data lead to a simplification of the problem, faster and more accurate detection rates. In this paper, we presented the relevance of each feature in KDD '99 intrusion detection dataset to the detection of each class. Rough set degree of dependency and dependency ratio of each class were employed to determine the most discriminating features for each class. Empirical results show that seven features were not relevant in the detection of any class. network-based. The former operates on information collected from within an individual computer system and the latter collect raw networks packets as the data source from the network and analyze for signs of intrusions. The two different detection techniques employed in IDS to search for attack patterns are Misuse and Anomaly. Misuse detection systems find known attack signatures in the monitored resources. Anomaly detection systems find attacks by detecting changes in the pattern of utilization or bahaviour of the system. Majority of the IDS currently in use are either rule-based or expert-system based. Their strengths depend largely on the ability of the security personnel that develops them. The former can only detect known attack types and the latter is prone to generation of false positive alarms. This leads to the use of an intelligence technique known as data mining/machine learning technique as an alternative to expensive and strenuous human input. These techniques automatically learn from data or extract useful pattern from data as a reference for normal/attack traffic behaviour profile from existing data for subsequent classification of network
MILD HYPOTHERMIA IN ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE AFTER THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY : A PROSPECTIVE , OPEN , RANDOMIZED , SINGLE-CENTER , SAFETY AND FEASIBILITY STUDY

2. Safety objectives a. Compare hypothermia and standard care with regard to the incidence of fatal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), nonfatal symptomatic hemorrhage, infections, hemodynamically significant cardiac arrythmias, severe disturbance of electrolytes and fluid balance, thrombocytopenia, and/or serious adverse events until discharge or 14 days whichever comes earlier. b. Allcause mortality during acute phase (7 days), 1 month, and 3 months follow-up. c. Readmission to hospital for any reason within the 3month follow-up period.
Credit Constraints, Entrepreneurial Activity, and Occupational Choice under Risk

This paper examines the effects of credit market imperfections and idio- syncratic risks on occupational choice, capital accumulation, as well as on the income and wealth distribution in a two sector heterogeneous agent gen- eral equilibrium model. Workers and firm owners are subject to idiosyncratic shocks. Entrepreneurship is the riskier occupation. Compared to an economy with perfect capital markets, we find for the case of serially correlated shocks that more individuals choose the entrepreneurial profession in the presence of credit constraints, and that the fluctuation between occupations increases too. Workers and entrepreneurs with high individual productivity tend to remain in their present occupation, whereas low productivity individuals are more likely to switch between professions. Interestingly, these results reverse if we assume iid shocks, thus indicating that the nature of the underlying shocks plays an important role for the general equilibrium effects. In general, the likelihood of entrepreneurship increases with individual wealth.
Repetitive TMS as a Probe in Anxiety Disorders: Theoretical Considerations and Case Reports

Abstract The emergence of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a relatively noninvasive probe of cortical function provides an opportunity to explore the relationships between regional brain activity and symptomatology across neuropsychiatric illnesses. In this article, we briefly review evidence from functional neuroimaging studies (principally those using positron emission tomography [PET] or single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) and other studies suggesting regional brain involvement in anxiety disorders, specifically obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We also review an initial controlled study conducted by our group using rTMS as a probe of prefrontal mechanisms in OCD. This discussion is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to provide examples of disorders that, based on current knowledge, might be good candidates for the use of rTMS as a probe. In addition, we present case reports from pilot studies of rTMS in three patients with different primary anxiety disorder diagnoses, which illustrate some of the issues involved in such studies, as well as the effects observed. The possibility that rTMS may have therapeutic potential in anxiety disorders is also discussed.
Anticompetitive Effects of Common Ownership

Many natural competitors are jointly held by a small set of large institutional investors. In the U.S. airline industry, taking common ownership into account implies increases in market concentration that are 10 times larger than what is “presumed likely to enhance market power” by antitrust authorities. Within‐route changes in common ownership concentration robustly correlate with route‐level changes in ticket prices, even when we only use variation in ownership due to the combination of two large asset managers. We conclude that a hidden social cost—reduced product market competition—accompanies the private benefits of diversification and good governance.
LogA: Concurrent Medium Access Control through Time Log Analysis in Sensor Networks

This paper focuses on the design of high-throughput MAC for data-intensive sensor networks with unpredictable traffic. We propose Log A, a reactive concurrent MAC protocol that increases transmission concurrency based on time log analysis. Each node reactively and passively learns the interference relationship by analyzing the start transmission time and the end transmission time of packet blocks. Then, the learned interference relationship is exploited to improve the probability of beneficial concurrent transmissions of nodes that are within the interference range of each other. Log A has two salient features. First, it is passive and does not need network downtime to build interference relationship. Second, it is reactive and works only when traffic are generated. Log A has been implemented in Tinyos-2.1 and extensively evaluated in TOSSIM, the simulator of sensor networks. Experimental result shows that Log A outperforms the traditional CSMA protocol and an existing reactive concurrent MAC in terms of throughput, delivery latency, and energy consumption.
The Significance of Metastasectomy in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Era of Targeted Therapy

Objective. To investigate the efficacy of surgery in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and to identify prognostic factors. Methods. A single center retrospective study of 96 patients with mRCC from December 2004 to August 2013. Results. The median follow-up time was 45 months. Thirty-one (32.3%) of the patients received complete resection of metastatic sites, 11 (11.5%) of the patients underwent incomplete resection of metastatic sites, and 54 (56.3%) of the patients received no surgery. In the univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median overall survival times of the three groups were 52 months, 16 months, and 22 months, respectively (p < 0.001). The difference in the overall survival time was statistically significant between complete resection and no surgery groups (HR = 0.43, p = 0.009), while there was no significant difference between the incomplete metastasectomy and no surgery groups (HR = 1.80, p = 0.102). According to the multivariate Cox regression analysis, complete metastasectomy (HR = 0.49, p = 0.033), T stage > 3 (HR = 1.88, p = 0.015), disease free interval <12 months (HR = 2.34, p = 0.003), and multiorgan involvement (HR = 2.00, p = 0.011) were significant prognostic factors. Conclusion. In the era of targeted therapy, complete metastasectomy can improve overall survival. Complete metastasectomy, T stage > 3, disease free interval <12 months, and multiorgan involvement are independent prognostic factors.
Anterior hypothalamic neural activation and neurochemical associations with aggression in pair‐bonded male prairie voles

Male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) display mating‐induced pair bonding indicated by social affiliation with their female partners and aggression toward unfamiliar conspecifics. In the present study, we characterized their aggression associated with pair bonding and examined the related neuronal activation and neurochemical architecture. Males that were pair‐bonded for 2 weeks displayed intense levels of aggression toward a female or male conspecific stranger but maintained a high level of social affiliation with their familiar female partners. These social interactions induced increases in neural activation, indicated by increased density of Fos‐immunoreactive staining (Fos‐ir) in several brain regions including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), medial preoptic area (MPOA), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), anterior cortical (AcA), and medial nuclei (MeA) of the amygdala. In the anterior hypothalamus (AH), increased density of Fos‐ir staining was found specifically to be associated with aggression toward unfamiliar female or male strangers. In addition, higher densities of AH cells that were stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or vasopressin (AVP) were also labeled with Fos‐ir in these males displaying aggression toward a conspecific stranger compared with males displaying social affiliation toward their female partner. Together, our results indicate that dopamine and vasopressin in the AH may be involved in the regulation of enduring aggression associated with pair bonding in male prairie voles. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:1109–1122, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Imagined Muscle Contraction Strengths did not affect the Changes of SpinalMotor Neurons Excitability

Background: Motor imagery can facilitate the spinal motor neurons excitability. However, it is unclear whether the imagined muscle contraction strengths affects the changes of spinal motor neurons excitability. Methods: The F-waves of the left thenar muscles were recorded in 10 healthy volunteers while the muscle was relaxed. In motor imagery trial, subjects imagined the thenar muscles activity at maximal voluntary contractions of 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% while holding the sensor of the pinch meter; In post-imagery trial, immediately after motor imagery, the F-waves was recorded under resting. Results: Persistence and F/M amplitude ratio during motor imagery under all imagined muscle contraction strengths were significantly increased than at rest. However, there were no significant differences in the relative values of persistence, F/M amplitude ratio, and latency under all motor imagery conditions. Conclusions: Motor imagery under maximal voluntary contractions of 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% can increase the spinal motor neurons excitability, but excitability does not vary with the imagined muscle contraction strengths.
Cholecystokinin in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Mediates Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Antinociceptive Tolerance

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is characterized by hypersensitivity to innocuous or noxious stimuli during sustained opiate administration. Microinjection of lidocaine into the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), or dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) lesion, abolishes opioid-induced hyperalgesia, suggesting the importance of descending pain facilitation mechanisms. Here, we investigate the possibility that cholecystokinin (CCK), a pronociceptive peptide, may drive such descending facilitation from the RVM during continuous opioid administration. In opioid-naive rats, CCK in the RVM produced acute tactile and thermal hypersensitivity that was antagonized by the CCK2 receptor antagonist L365,260 or by DLF lesion. CCK in the RVM also acutely displaced the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve to the right. Continuous systemic morphine elicited sustained tactile and thermal hypersensitivity within 3 d. Such hypersensitivity was reversed in a time-dependent manner by L365,260 in the RVM, and blockade of CCK2 receptors in the RVM also blocked the rightward displacement of the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve. Microdialysis studies in rats receiving continuous morphine showed an approximately fivefold increase in the basal levels of CCK in the RVM when compared with controls. These data suggest that activation of CCK2 receptors in the RVM promotes mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and antinociceptive tolerance to morphine. Enhanced, endogenous CCK activity in the RVM during sustained morphine exposure may diminish spinal morphine antinociceptive potency by activating descending pain facilitatory mechanisms to exacerbate spinal nociceptive sensitivity. Prevention of opioid-dose escalation in chronic pain states by CCK receptor antagonism represents a potentially important strategy to limit unintended enhanced clinical pain and analgesic tolerance.
Career Counseling for Gifted Students: Understanding Student Needs and Strategies for Success

Meeting the needs of gifted students’ career selection process can pose some unique characteristics such as gifted asynchronous development, multipotentiality, and gender and cultural differences within the gifted population. To adequately address the career counseling needs of gifted students, counselors need to have an understanding of the characteristics and needs of gifted students that impact their career planning process. This article provides guidance for school counselors to understand the characteristics of gifted students and how to apply career counseling theories, such as the strengths-based approach, Social Cognitive Career Theory, and constructivist theory to this student population. Keywords : career counseling; gifted; school counseling
Dynamics of Actin Stress Fibers and Focal Adhesions during Slow Migration in Swiss 3T3 Fibroblasts: Intracellular Mechanism of Cell Turning

To understand the mechanism regulating the spontaneous change in polarity that leads to cell turning, we quantitatively analyzed the dynamics of focal adhesions (FAs) coupling with the self-assembling actin cytoskeletal structure in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Fluorescent images were acquired from cells expressing GFP-actin and RFP-zyxin by laser confocal microscopy. On the basis of the maximum area, duration, and relocation distance of FAs extracted from the RFP-zyxin images, the cells could be divided into 3 regions: the front region, intermediate lateral region, and rear region. In the intermediate lateral region, FAs appeared close to the leading edge and were stabilized gradually as its area increased. Simultaneously, bundled actin stress fibers (SFs) were observed vertically from the positions of these FAs, and they connected to the other SFs parallel to the leading edge. Finally, these connecting SFs fused to form a single SF with matured FAs at both ends. This change in SF organization with cell retraction in the first cycle of migration followed by a newly formed protrusion in the next cycle is assumed to lead to cell turning in migrating Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.
Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Homocysteine Metabolism through Regulating the Gene Expressions Involved in Methionine Metabolism

The objective was to investigate the regulatory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on mRNA expression of key genes involved in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism. Eighty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups. The oils were orally administered daily for 8 weeks. Plasma Hcy, phospholipids fatty acids, and mRNA expression were determined. Compared with the control group, plasma Hcy was significantly decreased in the 22:6n-3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) groups; mRNA expression of Mthfr was significantly upregulated in the 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, and 18:3n-3 groups and downregulated in the 18:2n-6 and stearolic acid (SO) groups. Mat1a was upregulated in the 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, 18:3n-3, and CLA groups. In addition, Cbs was upregulated in the 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, 18:3n-3 and CLA groups while downregulated in 18:2n-6 and SO groups. Dietary 22:6n-3 and CLA decrease the plasma concentration of Hcy. mRNA expression of Mthfr, Mat1a, Cbs and Pemt, Gnmt, Mtrr, and Bad is upregulated by n-3 PUFA and downregulated by n-6 PUFA. CLA upregulates mRNA expression of Mat1a and Cbs.
Harnessing Clinical Psychiatric Data with an Electronic Assessment Tool (OPCRIT+): The Utility of Symptom Dimensions

Progress in personalised psychiatry is dependent on researchers having access to systematic and accurately acquired symptom data across clinical diagnoses. We have developed a structured psychiatric assessment tool, OPCRIT+, that is being introduced into the electronic medical records system of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust which can help to achieve this. In this report we examine the utility of the symptom data being collected with the tool. Cross-sectional mental state data from a mixed-diagnostic cohort of 876 inpatients was subjected to a principal components analysis (PCA). Six components, explaining 46% of the variance in recorded symptoms, were extracted. The components represented dimensions of mania, depression, positive symptoms, anxiety, negative symptoms and disorganization. As indicated by component scores, different clinical diagnoses demonstrated distinct symptom profiles characterized by wide-ranging levels of severity. When comparing the predictive value of symptoms against diagnosis for a variety of clinical outcome measures (e.g. ‘Overactive, aggressive behaviour’), symptoms proved superior in five instances (R2 range: 0.06–0.28) whereas diagnosis was best just once (R2∶0.25). This report demonstrates that symptom data being routinely gathered in an NHS trust, when documented on the appropriate tool, have considerable potential for onward use in a variety of clinical and research applications via representation as dimensions of psychopathology.
Development of passive immunotherapy for control of infectious hematopoietic necrosis

When rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (mean weight, 4.3 g ) were injected with 100 p1 of anti-infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) rainbow trout immune serum (IHNV neutralizing titer 640) immediately following waterborne exposure to 10' plaque-forming units ml-' of IHNV, relative protection was 91 'X compared to fish injected with normal serum (titer < 20). Fish injected with immune serum at 24 and 48 h post-exposure to virus exhibited relative protection of 88 and 75%, respectively. Less protection was observed in fish injected 3 or 4 d post-exposure. Endogenously produced virus neutralizing titers in surviving fish injected at 0 and 24 h post-exposure were not detected but fish injected at 48 h produced a significant hulnoral response. Juvenile rainbow trout (mean weight 1 g) receiving injections of 50 p1 of serum having a low plaque neutralization titer of 20 to 40 resulted in relative protection of 67 to 82 % compared to fish injected with saline. When the same volume of a higher-titered serum was injected, greater protection was generally observed. These results suggested that low neutralization titers could be sufficient for significant protection against IHN disease. In 1 field trial, mortality due to IHN was lower in the group that received the passive irnmunotherapy compared to a group that was left untreated.
Robot-assisted discovery of evacuation routes in emergency scenarios

When an emergency occurs within a building, it is crucial to guide victims towards emergency exits or human responders towards the locations of victims and hazards. The objective of this work is thus to devise distributed algorithms that allow agents to dynamically discover and maintain short evacuation routes connecting emergency exits to critical cells in the area. We propose two Evacuation Route Discovery mechanisms, Agent2Tag-ERD and Tag2Tag-ERD, and show how they can be seamlessly integrated with existing exploration algorithms, like Ants, MDFS and Brick&Mortar. We then examine the interplay between the tasks of area exploration and evacuation route discovery; our goal is to assess whether the exploration algorithm influences the length of evacuation paths and the time that they are first discovered. Finally, we perform an extensive simulation to assess the impact of the area topology on the quality of discovered evacuation paths.
STRUCTURAL HIGH-RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGE INDEXING

Satellite images with high spatial resolution raise many challenging issues in image understanding and pattern recognition. First, they allow measurement of small objects maybe up to 0.5 m, and both texture and geometrical structures emerge simultaneously. Second, objects in the same type of scenes might appear at different scales and orientations. Consequently, image indexing methods should combine the structure and texture information of images and comply with some invariant properties. This paper contributes to the indexing of high-resolution satellite images. We suggest a satellite image indexing method relying on topographic maps (Caselles et al., 1999) and a shape-based image indexing scheme (Xia et al., 2009). The proposed approach contains both the textural and structural information of satellite images and is also robust to changes in scale, orientation and contrast. Experimental analysis on a real satellite image database confirms the efficiency of the approach.
Designing a Cost-Effective Marine Reserve Network: A Bioeconomic Metapopulation Analysis

Marine reserves are gaining attention around the world as a tool to both conserve ocean resources and improve the productivity of fisheries. Using simulation analysis, we investigate the inherent bioeconomic trade-offs in a limited-entry fishery associated with cost-effective designs of marine reserve networks—that is, the trade-offs between the degree of connectedness of a site and the biological and economic heterogeneity. We find in many cases that closing two low-value patches can result in larger biological gains and lower costs than closing one high-value patch. We also simulate biological productivity effects after creation of a reserve and find that under special conditions, aggregate sustainable rents are maximized with the closing of a portion of the fishable habitat. Finally, we find that the biological gains of implementing a more rationalized management system can outweigh the gains from closing multiple subpopulations under open access.