Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scaling above the upper critical dimension in Ising models.

We rederive the finite-size scaling formula for the apparent critical temperature by using mean-field theory for the Ising model above the upper critical dimension. We have also performed numerical simulations in five dimensions and our numerical data are in good agreement with the mean-field theoretical predictions, in particular, with the finite-size exponent of the connected susceptibility and with the value of the Binder cumulant.
Teaching Grammar : A Survey of Teacher’s Beliefs and Attitudes in Bhutan

Canh and Barnard (2009, p. 246) state that the teaching of grammar continues to be a matter of controversy in the field of applied linguistics and second language teaching. Shavelson and Stern (1981) and Tillema (2000) hold the general view that there is now agreement in general education studies that teaching is a cognitive activity and that teachers’ beliefs greatly impact their instructional decisions in the classroom. Moreover, in the last 15 years, educational research has claimed that teachers’ classroom practices are determined to an extensive degree by their personal pedagogical belief systems (Clark & Peterson, 1986; Kagan, 1992; Pajares, 1992). So, while it is generally agreed that some consideration to grammatical form is useful, and perhaps necessary, many issues pertaining to the teaching of grammar still need further research, especially into the fundamental social factors that are an inevitable element of classroom learning. The principal among these social factors are the personalities of the teachers and learners – and their individual and collective constructions of classroom reality. The beliefs and attitudes of practising teachers are increasingly being sought to illuminate theoretical concerns in the teaching of grammar, such as the nature of implicit/explicit learning, the way that grammar is best presented, the need for various types of evaluative feedback, and the role of practice. Zhen and Murphy (2007, p. 2) have pointed out that there are fewer studies in pertinent research domains of non-native speaking EFL teachers compared to the amount of literature about native speaking ESL teachers’ beliefs. This indicates that there is a serious gap in practical research that needs to be bridged in countries like Bhutan, and this study is a maiden attempt toward that goal. The study reported here took its inspiration from a study conducted in 2009 (Canh & Barnard, 2009) with a view to exploring the attitudes of a group of teachers in Bhutan towards the teaching of grammar, and to make comparisons with the New Zealand EAP teachers surveyed in 2008 (Barnard & Scampton, 2008) and with the Vietnamese teachers surveyed in 2009 (Canh & Barnard, 2009).
Automated Refactoring Using Design Differencing

Software systems that undergo repeated addition of functionality commonly suffer a loss of quality in their underlying designs, termed design erosion. This leads to the maintenance of a system becoming increasingly difficult and time-consuming during its lifetime. Refactoring can reduce the effects of design erosion, but this process requires significant effort on the part of the maintenance programmer. Research into automated refactoring has had some success in reducing the effort involved, however source code refactoring uses refactoring steps that are too small to effect major design changes. Design-level refactoring is also possible, but these approaches operate on design models and do little to help in the subsequent refactoring of the source code. In this paper, we present a novel refactoring approach that refactors a program based both on its desired design and on its source code. The maintenance programmer first creates a desired design (a UML class model) for the software based on the current software design and their understanding of how it may be required to evolve. Then, the source code is refactored using the desired design as a target. This resulting source code has the same behavior as the original, but its design more closely correlates to the desired design. We conducted an investigation using several open source Java applications to determine how precisely it is possible to refactor program source code to a desired design. Our findings were that the original program could be refactored to the desired design with an accuracy of over 90%, hence demonstrating the viability of automated refactoring using design differencing.
ANAEROBIC CAPACITY OF AMATEUR MOUNTAIN BIKERS DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE COMPETITION SEASON

Sustained aerobic exercise not only affects the rate of force development but also decreases peak power development. The aim of this study was to investigate whether anaerobic power of amateur mountain bikers changes during the first half of the competition season. Eight trained cyclists (mean ± SE: age: 22.0 ±0.5 years; height: 174.6 ± 0.9 cm; weight: 70.7 ± 2.6 kg) were subjected to an ergocycle incremental exercise test and to the Wingate test on two occasions: before, and in the middle of the season. After the incremental exercise test the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption was measured during 5-min recovery. Blood lactate concentration was measured in the 4th min after the Wingate test. Maximum oxygen uptake increased from 60.0 ± 1.5 ml min-1 kg-1 at the beginning of the season to 65.2 ± 1.4 ml min-1 kg-1 (P < 0.05) in the season. Neither of the mechanical variables of the Wingate test nor excess post-exercise oxygen consumption values were significantly different in these two measurements. However, blood lactate concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in season (11.0 ± 0.5 mM) than before the season (8.6 ± 0.4 mM). It is concluded that: 1) despite the increase of cyclists’ maximum oxygen uptake during the competition season their anaerobic power did not change; 2) blood lactate concentration measured at the 4th min after the Wingate test does not properly reflect training-induced changes in energy metabolism.
Convergent signaling in the regulation of connective tissue growth factor in malignant mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a neoplasm that arises from serosal surfaces of the pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavities with worldwide incidence, much of which is caused by asbestos exposure. Patients suffer from pain and dyspnea due to direct invasion of the chest wall, lungs and vertebral or intercostal nerves by masses of thick fibrotic tumors. Although there has been recent progress in the clinical treatment, current therapeutic approaches do not provide satisfactory results. Therefore, development of a molecularly targeted therapy for MM is urgently required. Our recent studies suggest that normal mesothelial and MM cell growth is promoted by TGFβ, and that TGFβ signaling together with intrinsic disturbances in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and Hippo signaling cascades in MM cells converges upon further expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). The formation of a YAP-TEAD4–Smad3-p300 complex on the specific CTGF promoter site with an adjacent TEAD and Smad binding motif is a critical and synergistic event caused by the dysregulation of these two distinct cascades. Furthermore, we demonstrated the functional importance of CTGF through the mouse studies and human histological analyses, which may elucidate the clinical features of MM with severe fibrosis in the thoracic cavity.
Workplace Bullying in Schools: Teachers’ Perceptions of Why They Were Mistreated

Abstract This article explores teachers’ perceptions of why their administrators bullied them. Data sources included surveys collected from 250 teachers and interviews with 26 teachers. Survey data indicated the main reasons teachers felt bullied were: their age, their association with a teacher union, and their behaviors. Qualitative results showed teachers felt their administrators bullied them out of jealousy, power, because a previous administrator hired them, teacher traits, and differences in teaching styles.
Skeletal muscles of hibernating brown bears are unusually resistant to effects of denervation

SUMMARY Hibernating bears retain most of their skeletal muscle strength despite drastically reduced weight-bearing activity. Regular neural activation of muscles is a potential mechanism by which muscle atrophy could be limited. However, both mechanical loading and neural activity are usually necessary to maintain muscle size. An alternative mechanism is that the signaling pathways related to the regulation of muscle size could be altered so that neither mechanical nor neural inputs are needed for retaining strength. More specifically, we hypothesized that muscles in hibernating bears are resistant to a severe reduction in neural activation. To test this hypothesis, we unilaterally transected the common peroneal nerve, which innervates ankle flexor muscles, in hibernating and summer-active brown bears (Ursus arctos). In hibernating bears, the long digital extensor (LDE) and cranial tibial (CT) musculotendon masses on the denervated side decreased after 11 weeks post-surgery by 18±11 and 25±10%, respectively, compared with those in the intact side. In contrast, decreases in musculotendon masses of summer-active bears after denervation were 61±4 and 58±5% in the LDE and CT, respectively, and significantly different from those of hibernating bears. The decrease due to denervation in summer-active bears was comparable to that occurring in other mammals. Whole-muscle cross-sectional areas (CSAs) measured from ultrasound images and myofiber CSAs measured from biopsies decreased similarly to musculotendon mass. Thus, hibernating bears alter skeletal muscle catabolic pathways regulated by neural activity, and exploration of these pathways may offer potential solutions for disuse atrophy of muscles.
The Editor's Eye: Curation and Comment Relevance on the New York Times

The journalistic curation of social media content from platforms like Facebook and YouTube or from commenting systems is underscored by an imperative for publishing accurate and quality content. This work explores the manifestation of editorial quality criteria in comments that have been curated and selected on the New York Times website as "NYT Picks. " The relationship between comment selection and comment relevance is examined through the analysis of 331,785 comments, including 12,542 editor's selections. A robust association between editorial selection and article relevance or conversational relevance was found. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for reducing journalistic curatorial work load, or scaling the ability to examine more comments for editorial selection, as well as how end-user commenting experiences might be improved.
Burnout among Clinical Dental Hygienists and Its Coping Behaviors

This study, to investigate the job burnout and coping behaviors that clinical dental hygienists feel in the work process, has collected 322 clinical dental hygienists working in Daegu, Kyungbuk province, and Ulsan and had a conclusion as follows. 1. The average of area job burnout and coping behaviors were as follows; emotional burnout, 3.26, cynical manners, 2.63, the declination of job efficiency, 2.58, the total average, 2.82. 2. The average of area were as follows; active coping, 3.36, passive coping, 2.95, and the total average, 3.19. 3. The difference of job burnout relating to general characteristics was shown that the lower education level and age they were in, the significantly higher the declination of job efficiency and burnout area were. The unmarried had significantly higher points at cynical manners, the declination of job efficiency and burnout. Besides, the introspective had significantly higher points at emotional exhaustion, cynical manners, and burnout area. 4. The difference of job burnout related to working circumstance was shown that those with short working experience and those in charge of the general treatment showed significantly high points at the declination of job efficiency. And the less annual salary, the significantly higher points at cynical manners, the declination of job efficiency and burnout area. 5. In the correlation between job burnout and coping method, burnout area has a significantly normal correlation with active coping and coping area, whereas, it has significantly abnormal correlation with passive coping. 6. As for the difference of area burnout relating to coping behaviors, in coping area A group(under average) had significantly higher points than B group(over average) at the declination of job efficiency and burnout area. From the above results, it was proved that the clinical dental hygienists in younger age, with shorter work experience and less annual salary, no marital spouse had higher points at burnout and passive coping.
Parkin-Mediated Protection of Dopaminergic Neurons in a Chronic MPTP-Minipump Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease

Loss-of-function mutations in the ubiquitin ligase parkin are the major cause of recessively inherited early-onset Parkinson disease (PD). Impairment of parkin activity caused by nitrosative or dopamine-related modifications may also be responsible for the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in sporadic PD. Previous studies have shown that viral vector-mediated delivery of parkin prevented DA neurodegeneration in several animal models, but little is known about theneuroprotective actions of parkin in vivo. Here, we investigated mechanisms of neuroprotection of overexpressed parkin in a modifiedlong-term mouse model of PD using osmotic minipump administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Recombinant adeno-associated viral vector-mediated intranigral delivery of parkin prevented motor deficits and DA cell loss in the mice. Ser129-phosphorylated &agr;-synuclein-immunoreactive cells were increased in the substantia nigra of parkin-treated mice. Moreover, delivery of parkin alleviated the MPTP-induced decrease of the active phosphorylated form of Akt. On the other hand, upregulation of p53 and mitochondrial alterations induced by chronic MPTP administration were barely suppressed by parkin. These results suggest that the neuroprotective actions of parkin may be impaired in severe PD.
Reducing the cost for non-blocking in atomic commitment

Non-blocking atomic commitment protocols enable a decision (commit or abort) to be reached at every correct participant, despite the failure of others. The cost for non-blocking implies however (1) a high number of messages and communication steps required to reach commit, and (2) a complicated termination protocol needed in the case of failure suspicions. In this paper, we present a non-blocking protocol, called MDSPC (Modular and Decentralized Three Phase Commit), which enables to trade resiliency against efficiency. As conveyed by our performance measures, MDSPC is faster than existing non-blocking protocols, and in the case of a broadcast network and a reasonable resiliency rate (e.g. 2 or 3) is almost as efficient as the classical (blocking) 2PC. The termination protocol of MDSPC is encapsulated inside a majority consensus protocol. This modularity leads to a simple structure of MDSPC and enables a precise characterization of its liveness in an asynchronous system with an unreliable failure detector.
Invented spelling and its effect on kindergarten students' reading and writing abilities

This review investigated the effects of invented spelling on kindergarten students and how it can affect their phonemic awareness, as well as how it can affect his or her reading and spelling in kindergarten. In addition, this review compared different writing instruction techniques and how they differ and impact a child's writing and spelling in kindergarten. Several articles compare the use and acceptance of invented spelling in comparison to conventional spelling. Findings from the review propose that invented spelling is a beneficial technique to helping young children learn to read and write and has a positive influence on their reading and writing abilities. This open access graduate research paper is available at UNI ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.uni. edu/grp/611 INVENTED SPELLING AND ITS EFFECT ON KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS READING AND WRITING ABILITIES A Graduate Review Submitted to the Division of Early Childhood Education Department of Curriculum and Instruction In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Education UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA
Artist detection in music with Minnowmatch

In this paper we demonstrate the artist detection component of Minnowmatch, a machine listening and music retrieval engine. Minnowmatch (Mima) automatically determines various meta-data and makes classifications concerning a piece of audio using neural networks and support vector machines. The technologies developed in Minnowmatch may be used to create audio information retrieval systems, copyright protection devices, and recommendation agents. This paper concentrates on the artist or source detection component of Mima, which we show to classify a one-in-n artist space correctly 91% over a small song-set and 70% over a larger song set. We show that scaling problems using only neural networks for classification can be addressed with a pre-classification step of multiple support vector machines.
Exploring Relationships Between Geomorphic Factors and Wheat Yield Using Fuzzy Inference Systems

Discovery of relationships between geomorphic factors and crop yield is a promising step toward spatial decision support of farming technology problems. A study of relationships between geomorphic factors and yield requires simulation of a non-linear system with poorly quantified uncertainties. Contrasted against conventional mathematics, a fuzzy inference system (FIS) employs fuzzy if-then rules to model the qualitative aspects of human knowledge and reasoning processes without employing precise quantitative analyses. In this paper, the utility of the FIS method for determining relationships between geomorphic factors (elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, and upslope contributing area) and yield is investigated. Parameters of FISs are identified using a dataset comprising over 6300 spatial points within 63 ha of an undulating farm field in Colorado. The single-input FISs designed in this study were used to identify several geomorphic dependencies of the spatial yield, which are presented graphically. Several two-input FISs were also developed to compute geomorphic yield dependencies. For practical application, these two- dimensional dependences are presented as 3D images and contour maps.
Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK

Women of childbearing age are at risk of Fe deficiency if insufficient dietary Fe is available to replace menstrual and other Fe losses. Haem Fe represents 10–15 % of dietary Fe intake in meat-rich diets but may contribute 40 % of the total absorbed Fe. The aim of the present study was to determine the relative effects of type of diet and menstrual Fe loss on Fe status in women. Ninety healthy premenopausal women were recruited according to their habitual diet: red meat, poultry/fish or lacto-ovo-vegetarian. Intake of Fe was determined by analysing 7 d duplicate diets, and menstrual Fe loss was measured using the alkaline haematin method. A substantial proportion of women (60 % red meat, 40 % lacto-ovo-vegetarian, 20 % poultry/fish) had low Fe stores (serum ferritin <10 μg/l), but the median serum ferritin concentration was significantly lower in the red meat group (6·8 μg/l (interquartile range 3·3, 16·25)) than in the poultry/fish group (17·5 μg/l (interquartile range 11·3, 22·4) (P<0·01). The mean and standard deviation of dietary Fe intake were significantly different between the groups (P=0·025); the red meat group had a significantly lower intake (10·9 (sd 4·3) mg/d) than the lacto-ovo-vegetarians (14·5 (sd 5·5) mg/d), whereas that of the poultry/fish group (12·8 (sd 5·1) mg/d) was not significantly different from the other groups. There was no relationship between total Fe intake and Fe status, but menstrual Fe loss (P=0·001) and dietary group (P=0·040) were significant predictors of Fe status: poultry/fish diets were associated with higher Fe stores than lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets. Identifying individuals with high menstrual losses should be a key component of strategies to prevent Fe deficiency.
The affective economy of internationalisation: migrant academics in and out of Japanese higher education

ABSTRACT Internationalisation is a polyvalent policy discourse, saturated in conceptual and ideological ambiguity. It is an assemblage of commodification, exploitation and opportunity and is a container for multiple aspirations, anxieties, and affordances. It combines modernisation, detraditionalisation, and expansiveness, with knowledge capitalism, linguistic imperialism, and market dominance. There are notable policy shadows and silences, especially relating to the emerging subjectivities, motivations and narratives of internationalised subjects, and experiences that expose the gendered, racialised, epistemic and affective inequalities constituting academic mobility. This paper explores the affective economy and policyscape of internationalisation drawing upon interview data gathered in one private and one national university in Japan with 13 migrant academics. What emerged from our study is that internationalisation policies, processes and practices generate multiple affective engagements. Internationalising oneself can be repressive and generative, with migrant academics finding themselves both vulnerable and animated by their diverse and frequently embodied experiences.
Novel and Conserved Protein Macoilin Is Required for Diverse Neuronal Functions in Caenorhabditis elegans

Neural signals are processed in nervous systems of animals responding to variable environmental stimuli. This study shows that a novel and highly conserved protein, macoilin (MACO-1), plays an essential role in diverse neural functions in Caenorhabditis elegans. maco-1 mutants showed abnormal behaviors, including defective locomotion, thermotaxis, and chemotaxis. Expression of human macoilin in the C. elegans nervous system weakly rescued the abnormal thermotactic phenotype of the maco-1 mutants, suggesting that macoilin is functionally conserved across species. Abnormal thermotaxis may have been caused by impaired locomotion of maco-1 mutants. However, calcium imaging of AFD thermosensory neurons and AIY postsynaptic interneurons of maco-1 mutants suggest that macoilin is required for appropriate responses of AFD and AIY neurons to thermal stimuli. Studies on localization of MACO-1 showed that C. elegans and human macoilins are localized mainly to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Our results suggest that macoilin is required for various neural events, such as the regulation of neuronal activity.