Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Injured Workers Pay for Reasonable Accommodation?

The authors present evidence on the extent to which injured workers in Ontario in 1979–88 “paid,” through lower wages, for “reasonable accommodation” requirements designed to facilitate their return to work after their injury. The data source, the Ontario Workers#x0027; Compensation Board's Survey of Workers with Permanent Impairments, provides detailed information on two categories of accommodation: workplace modifications, such as customized equipment and shortened work schedules; and reductions in physical demands, such as exemption from bending and heavy lifting. Employers who rehired their own injured workers appear to have absorbed virtually all the cost of the accommodations they made, but employers who hired workers who were injured at other firms shifted a substantial portion of the cost of workplace modifications (though not the cost of reductions in physical demands) onto the injured workers, in the form of lower pay.
Open, Semi-Open and Closed Innovators: Towards an Explanation of Degree of Openness

There is much controversy in the literature over the relationship between the openness of firms' innovation strategies and firm characteristics such as size, R&D intensity and sector. We argue that the controversy arises because, both theoretically and empirically, only a binary, open vs. closed, strategy has been considered. In this paper, we distinguish among three firm strategies: open, semi-open and closed, drawing upon a panel of Spanish firms (2004–2006) using data from Community Innovation Survey (CIS)-type surveys, and two different indicators of openness. Our results show that open innovators are smaller and less R&D intensive than semi-open ones, although larger and more R&D intensive than closed innovators. These results reduce some of the controversies, and show that two conflicting forces, absorptive capacity and a “need” effect, are at stake in open innovation strategies.
Foreign direct investment and technical progress in Spanish manufacturing

This article analyses the effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on technical progress in Spanish manufacturing. Particularly, we study how FDI's contributions vary depending on the economic structure of the industry. The results show that most FDI goes to capital-intensive sectors, especially when those sectors are also Research and Development (R&D)-intensive. Our estimates of the Solow residual show that the positive effect of contemporaneous and lagged FDI on manufacturing productivity is only attributable to capital and R&D intensive industries in what seems to be related to a dynamic capabilities explanation or to complementarities with R&D expenditures.
Differences in Utilisation Behaviour Among Types of Credit Cards

A research model was developed to explain the probability of households using major types of credit cards, and empirical tests were performed for differences among the utilisation behaviours of five types of credit card. Many differences were revealed, and support was shown for the overall hypothesis of differences among the types of credit card with regard to utilisation behaviour. These demonstrated differences implied that credit grantors and researchers should recognise that the behaviour of consumers in using credit cards depends on the type of credit card. Separate analyses by type of card are warranted so that the true effects of selected consumer characteristics can be examined.
Winter tourism and the environment in conflict: the case of Cairngorm, Scotland

The development of downhill skiing in mountain areas has, since the 1950s been rapid, encouraged by government policy based upon an economic and social rationale. The World Tourism Organisation estimates that there are 15 to 20 million people crossing international borders to ski, representing 3–4% of the annual total of international tourist arrivals. However, as with other forms of tourism development, downhill skiing can also cause a range of negative environmental impacts or consequences. In mountain areas, where the physical environment is not robust and is slow to regenerate because of the harsh climatic conditions, downhill skiing can pose a real ecological threat. The negative consequences of ski development on mountain environments has meant that there is increasing conflict between ski developers and conservation groups. This confrontation has led to direct action against ski facilities in Vail, Colorado and in the case of Cairngorm lengthy judicial planning disputes. Yet little is understood about the attitudes of the downhill skiers to the environment they are skiing in, and little thought has been given to how this information could be used in better management of ski areas or in development strategies, to reduce the negative effects of downhill skiing. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Port competition revisited

Port competition is an important topic in transport economics. This is due not only to the large volumes of goods involved in port throughput â€“ a direct measure of a portâ€™s competitive strength â€“ but also to derived effects in terms of employment and investment. Strikingly, the existing literature on the subject tends to regard ports as rather homogeneous entities. In practice, it is increasingly apparent that ports are far from homogeneous environments. This paper elaborates a methodology for analyzing relationships between port operators. Moreover, competition unfolds not only between ports, but also, primarily even, between individual production companies and service providers located in those ports or making use of them, and increasingly also between entire supply chains. The chain element that contributes most to making the chain the cheapest possible, will have the highest chance of being included. This can be derived from a preliminary analysis of port selection criteria, where cost turns out to be the most important criterion. Next to that, also other factors are shown to be possibly important, depending on the conditions and the actor. These factors will have an impact on the generalized cost, and it is shown how this cost can be decomposed in basically a time and a distance component. In order to quantify that cost, it is important to have an overview of the objectives that the different actors aim at, and of the instruments they can use to make the objectives materialize, which are therefore summarized in the paper. The last section of the paper assesses the role of a number of factors which affect port competition. The most striking ones are the changes in world trade, and market structure changes on the side of shipping companies and terminal operating companies.
An Empirical Study of the Economic Connection Between Guangdong and Hong Kong

This study examines whether there are changes to the inter-influence between the economic positions of Guangdong and Hong Kong. We use the Granger causality test to determine the mutual influence of Guangdong and Hong Kong in their economic positions. Our result indicates that there is a long-term cointegrating and stable economic relationship between Guangdong and Hong Kong. In addition, the result of the ECM Granger causality test suggests that the economies of Guangdong and Hong Kong are substitutes for each other but not complementary. Our analyses of the structural changes before and after 1997 show that the lead economic position between Guangdong and Hong Kong changes before and after 1997.
Democracy, Legitimacy and Local Government Electoral Reform

Abstract Local government electoral system reforms have been implemented in many countries across Europe during the past two decades. These reforms have, by and large, shifted power from the local councils to the mayors, primarily through adoption of a system of direct election of mayors. The reforms are promoted with the aim of making decision-makers more accountable, and improving the effectiveness of policymaking. Governance by directly elected mayors differs from that of their predecessors, with greater power and increased interaction with a variety of other actors. Although there has been a good deal of research on the effect of a shift to direct elections on mayors, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the impact of this kind of reform on local councils. While these reforms are relatively new in Europe, Israel enacted similar reforms more than three decades ago. This research examines the effect of the adoption of direct election of mayors in Israel and the way in which it affected voting behaviour and the roles of local councils. The research shows that the move to directly elected mayors led to greater political fragmentation by reducing the incentive to vote for the larger national parties, which virtually disappeared from local councils. The consequences of this type of reform in Israel raise important considerations in terms of local decision-making, governance and pluralism for similar local government reforms in other countries.
On Compliance with the Minimum Wage Law

Economic analyses of the effects of minimum wage laws usually assume implicitly that employers fully comply with such laws. However, in a recent article in this Journal, Ashenfelter and Smith (1979; hereafter AS) have shown that this is not the case. Using data collected from employees, AS estimate that, for the United States in 1973, only 64 percent of the workers who would otherwise have earned less than the federal minimum wage actually received the minimum wage. Similar data collected from employers indicated a compliance rate of 77 percent. The magnitude of these numbers clearly indicates the need for a better understanding of the factors influencing noncompliance with the federal minimum wage law. Ashenfelter and Smith present a model which explains employers' compliance behavior. They conclude that "the incentive to comply is lower: (a) the lower is the market wage below the minimum wage, and (b) the larger is the elasticity of demand for labor (in absolute value)" (p. 336). They also argue that "the requirement that a violating employer merely pay to employees a fraction of the difference between the minimum and the actual wage received does not constitute a penalty for noncompliance at all" (p. 337). However, by assuming that the amount of the penalty that employers pay if they do not comply is exogenously given, AS do not consider the employment effects of the minimum wage, that is, that noncomplying employers will have hired, in general, more workers than they would have if they had complied. Consequently, the requirement that a noncomplying employer pay a fraction of the difference between the two wages to his employees constitutes a real penalty. This note presents an alternative formulation of the model proposed by AS which accounts for the fact that the penalty that the
Long-run purchasing power parity with asymmetric adjustment: further evidence from African countries

This study applies threshold cointegration test advanced by Enders and Siklos (2001) to investigate the properties of asymmetric adjustment in long-run Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in 22 selected African countries during the period of January 1980 to December 2003. Although there is evidence of long-run PPP for most African countries, the adjustment mechanism is asymmetric. These results have particularly important policy implications for African countries.
Short‐run vs long‐run trade‐offs in outsourcing relationships

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on a study of a shipper's dilemma as a customer. Shippers desire both lower costs and good service levels, and this dilemma may lead in the long run to a trade‐off consideration between staying loyal to existing service providers and seeking cost reductions from competing providers.Design/methodology/approach – A model was devised from the literature exploring how a shipper's propensity to switch logistics service providers may be affected by perceptions of service elements and logistics cost reductions. The model was tested with survey data from 235 Finnish industrial firms and analysed using structural equation modelling.Findings – Findings indicate that in the short‐run trade‐offs do not exist, but there may be a propensity to trade‐off in the long run. Further, quality of service is a more important factor for customers than participating in tight price competition.Research limitations/implications – The data were collected from one country and further .
The Psychology of Suicide Terrorism

This paper reviews current understandings of the psychology of suicide terrorism for psychiatrists and other mental health professionals to help them better understand this terrifying phenomenon. After discussing key concepts and definitions, the paper reviews both group and individual models for explaining the development of suicide terrorists, with an emphasis on “collective identity. ” Stressing the importance of social psychology, it emphasizes the “normality” and absence of individual psychopathology of the suicide bombers. It will discuss the broad range of terrorisms, but will particularly emphasize terrorism associated with militant Islam. The article emphasizes that comprehending suicide terrorism requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes anthropological, economic, historical, and political factors as well as psychological ones. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for research, policy, and prevention, reviewing the manner in which social psychiatric knowledge and understandings applied to this phenomenon in an interdisciplinary framework can assist in developing approaches to counter this deadly strategy.
Computer Aided Techniques Developed for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Implantology

The wide spread application of dental implants with high success rates has made them a common treatment modality in the past two decades. Despite of the predictability of the osseointegration of dental implants, the surgeon has to overcome anatomic limitations as well as restorative demands to achieve precision in planning and surgical positioning of implants. It is essential that the implants are placed properly to ensure a successful operation outcome. Dental implants are an expected treatment modality for either the restoration of partially and completely edentulous patients or other applications such as anchorage tool in orthodontics (Moslehifard et al, 2011). Successful provision of dental implants to patients lost their teeth and in most occasions their surrounding bone relies on careful gathering of clinical and radiological information achieved with an interdisciplinary communication and detailed planning. Treatment planning is crucial for the success of dental implants. In osseointegration of dental implants, planning and surgical positioning of implants must be carried out accurately in spite of several inherent limitations. Capabilities of the clinicians, i.e. the surgeon and prosthodontics, play a crucial rule in achieving optimum surgical and prosthetic procedures. The predictability of success is increased when the implants are placed properly. The optimum placement makes it possible to have implants and prosthetic components under establishment of favorable forces. At the early stages of evolution of the implant surgery, clinicians would place implants in regions of maximum bone volume without fully considering where the crown eventually would be placed. Biomechanics, esthetics and maintenance can be compromised if the implant location does not align properly with the crown, ultimately resulting in substandard outcomes, including failure (Worthington et al, 2010). Several techniques have been developed in years and are currently available in the planning procedure of implant placement during the clinical settings. Palpation of the ridge, use of an osteometer, diagnostic casts and evaluation of the relationship between the jaws, and the use of simple radiographs are the most well established methods beside other advanced methods (Kopp et al, 2003; Fortin et al, 2003).
Labour supply in conditions of high unemployment: Evidence from a transition and post-conflict economy – The case of Kosovo

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of labour supply in Kosovo. Our approach takes into account demand-side restrictions of the labour market, which are typical in such a high unemployment economy, and pays particular attention to gender differences. We find that males’ labour supply is positively affected by their potential wages, especially in urban areas, while females’ labour supply is negatively affected by household labour income. We find significant regional differences in the labour supply of females, but not for males, suggesting that females are less mobile and unable to take advantage of more distant employment opportunities. In addition, we assess the appropriateness of the ILO guidelines in determining an individual’s labour force status in such environments and find that 18% of the inactive individuals are statistically a distinctive group (discouraged workers). We investigated the determinants engaging in job search and found that males and the more educated show a stronger attachment to the labour market. Our advice is for national statistics to report both narrow (ILO definition) and broad (that accounts for the discouraged workers) unemployment rates. This is the first systematic study of these issues in this post-socialist and post-conflict economy.
The Influence of Quadriceps Strength Asymmetry on Patient-Reported Function at Time of Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: An objective assessment of quadriceps strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is an important clinical measure to determine readiness to return to sport (RTS). Not all clinicians are equipped with the means to objectively quantify quadriceps strength limb symmetry indices (Q-LSIs) via lower extremity isokinetic dynamometers, as recommended by previous studies. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the International Knee Documentation Committee 2000 Subjective Knee Form (IKDC) score at time of RTS was a predictor of quadriceps strength in a young, athletic population after ACLR. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) Individuals with higher self-reports of function would demonstrate better quadriceps strength of the involved limb than individuals with lower self-reports of function at the time of RTS, and (2) individuals with higher self-reports of function would have normal quadriceps strength limb symmetry. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: At time of RTS, 139 subjects who had undergone ACLR completed the IKDC. In addition, an isometric quadriceps strength test (Biodex dynamometer) was performed on both lower extremities. Peak torques were calculated, as was the Q-LSI, determined by the formula (involved limb peak torque/uninvolved limb peak torque) × 100%. Participants were dichotomized based on IKDC scores: high IKDC (IKDC ≥90) and low IKDC (IKDC <90). Two-way analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of limb (involved vs uninvolved) and group (high vs low IKDC) on isometric quadriceps strength. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were then performed to determine whether IKDC scores could predict Q-LSI. Results: At time of RTS, a significant correlation between IKDC scores and (1) peak isometric torque (r = 0.282, P < .001) and (2) Q-LSI (r = 0.357, P < .001) was observed. Individuals with IKDC scores ≥90 were 3 times (OR = 3.4; 95% CI, 1.71-6.93) more likely to demonstrate higher Q-LSI (≥90%). An IKDC score ≥94.8 predicted Q-LSI ≥90% with high sensitivity (0.813) and moderate specificity (0.493). Conclusion: Participants with higher IKDC scores demonstrated an increased likelihood of presenting with greater involved limb quadriceps strength and better Q-LSI. Based on the results of this study, a patient-reported outcome measure, such as the IKDC, may be able to serve as a valuable screening tool for the identification of quadriceps strength deficits in this population; however, it should not be considered an accurate surrogate for isokinetic dynamometry. Furthermore, a score of ≥94.8 on the IKDC is likely to indicate that a patient’s quadriceps strength is at an acceptable RTS level.
Immigrant entrepreneurship: Scrutinizing a promising type of business venture

Immigrant entrepreneurship is an important socioeconomic phenomenon today. In major destination countries for immigrants such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, immigrant entrepreneurship plays a critical role in economic development. The economic impact of immigrant entrepreneurship in the host country is well known, but the influence of immigrant entrepreneurship in the host country is not limited to its economic aspects. It includes important noneconomic effects such as the development of vibrant ethnic communities, social integration and recognition of immigrants, a nurturing entrepreneurial spirit, and providing role models for immigrants. From the management perspective, there are many aspects of immigrant entrepreneurship that are still unknown and need to be addressed. The purpose of this special issue is to shed light on some of those aspects. The articles selected to be published in this issue offer an excellent analysis of various important aspects of the topic, including the success factors of immigrant entrepreneurship, the influence of family networks, and the noneconomic effects of immigrant entrepreneurship. We believe the issue breaks new ground and offers excellent information on the topic. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exports and Productivity: Does Destination Matter?

In this work, we analyze the effect of export destinations on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of manufacturing Uruguayan firms for the period 1997-2006. We study two effects: self-selection and learning by exporting. There is evidence of self-selection with a stronger effect for firms exporting to developed countries. Nevertheless, applying transition groups methodology in order to mitigate endogeneity issues, there is no evidence that exporting to developed countries enhances productivity through learning by exporting. However, evidence of learning by exporting is found for those firms starting to export to less developed countries. These findings suggest an international strategy through which firms reach gains in productivity exporting to markets with lower entry cost, and once they have learned and improved their productivity, are in a better position to enter more developed countries.
Capacity and contextual constraints on product activation: Evidence from task-irrelevant fact retrieval

Three experiments tested the limiting conditions of multiplication facts retrieval in a number-matching task (LeFevre, Bisanz, & Mrkonjic, 1988). By presenting two digits as cue and by requiring participants to decide whether a subsequent numerical target had been present in the pair, we found interference when the target coincided with the product of the cue digits. This was evidence for obligatory activation of multiplication facts. Also, we showed that multiplication facts retrieval occurred even in the absence of any arithmetic context (i.e., a multiplication sign between the cue digits) and did not require processing resources (i.e., the process met the capacity criterion of automaticity; Jonides, 1981), whereas manipulation of the spatial relation between the two operands (cue digits) negatively affected retrieval. The present work appears to be unique in the context of previous similar studies on mental calculation, which invariably adopted an arithmetic task as the primary demand. We identify this difference as the reason for the failure of all previous studies in revealing independence of multiplication facts from attentional resources. Furthermore, we suggest the application of a contextual definition of automaticity to this kind of retrieval, given the fact that it might depend both on association strength and on contextual setting variables.