Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Disturbance-Based Ecosystem Approach to Maintaining and Restoring Freshwater Habitats of Evolutionarily Significant Units of Anadromous Salmonids in the Pacific Northwest

To preserve and recover evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of anadromous salmo- nids Oncorhvnchus spp. in the Pacific Northwest. long-term and short-term ecological processes that create and maintain freshwater habitats must be restored and protected. Aquatic ecosystems through- out the region are dynamic in space and time. and lack of consideration of their dynamic aspects has limited the effectiveness of habitat restoration programs. Riverine-riparian ecosystems used by anadromous salmonids were naturally subjected to periodic catastrophic disturbances, after which they moved through a series of recovery states over periods of decades to centuries. Consequently the landscape was a mosaic of varying habitat conditions, some that were suitable for anadrornous salmonids and some that were not. Life history adaptations of salmon. such as straying of adults, movement of juveniles, and high fecundity rates, allowed populations of anadromous salmonids to persist in this dynamic environment. Perspectives gained from natural cycles of disturbance and recovery of the aquatic environment must be incorporated into recovery plans for freshwater habitats. In general, we do not advocate returning to the natural disturbance regime, which may include large-scale catastrophic processes such as stand-replacing wildfires. This may be an impossibility given patterns of human development in the region. We believe that it is more prudent to modify human- imposed disturbance regimes to create and maintain the necessary range of habitat conditions in space (10 3 km) and time (10 1 -10 2 years) within and among watersheds across the distributional range of an ESU. An additional component of any recovery plan, which is imperative in the short-term, is the establishment of watershed reserves that contain the best existing habitats and include the most ecologically intact watersheds.
Choquet Rationality

Consider a decision problem under uncertainty for a decision maker with known (utility) payoffs over prizes. We say that an act is Choquet (Shafer, Bernoulli) rational if for some capacity (belief function, probability) over the set of states, it maximizes her “expected” utility. We show that an act may be Choquet rational without being Bernoulli rational, but it is Choquet rational if and only if it is Shafer rational. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D81.
Bequests as a Means of Payment

Although recent research suggests that intergenerational transfers play an important role in aggregate capital accumulation, our understanding of bequest motives remains incomplete. We develop a simple model of"exchange-motivated" bequests, in which a testator influences the decisions ofhis beneficiaries by holding wealth in bequeathable forms and by conditioning the division of bequests on the beneficiaries' actions. The model generates falsifiable empirical predictions which are inconsistent with other theories of intergenerational transfers. We present econometric and other evidence which strongly suggests that bequests are often used as a means of payment for services rendered by beneficiaries.
Urbach-Wiethe Syndrome and the Ophthalmologist: Review of the Literature and Introduction of the First Instance of Bilateral Uveitis

Patients suffering from Urbach-Wiethe syndrome (UWS), also known as lipoid proteinosis or hyalinosis cutis et mucosae, may have an ophthalmologist involved in the diagnosis and management of their disease. Along with moniliform blepharosis as a pathognomonic feature of the disease, an ophthalmologist may encounter other manifestations of UWS in any part of the eye such as cornea; conjunctiva; sclera; trabecular meshwork; iris/pupil; lens and zonular fibers; retina; nasolacrimal duct. This paper provides a review on the pathogenesis and the diverse ocular manifestations seen in UWS patients. Uncommon complications are discussed in this paper (glaucoma; dry eye and epiphora; complications of lens, retina, cornea; iris/pupil and conjunctiva). Moreover, a 27-year-old male UWS patient is described with bilateral diffuse anterior stromal iris atrophy, diffuse keratic precipitates; posterior subcapsular cataract; 1 + vitreous cell in anterior vitreous examination. This case was thought to be the first instance of bilateral uveitis associated with UWS. Overall, ophthalmologists may encounter diverse ocular complications accompanying this syndrome. They should be familiar with well-established ophthalmologic manifestations leading them to cooperate with other specialists in diagnosis and management of the disease.
Exit as Governance: An Empirical Analysis

Recent theory posits a new governance channel available to blockholders: threat of exit. Threat of exit, as opposed to actual exit, is difficult to measure directly. However, a crucial property is that it is weaker when stock liquidity is lower and vice versa. We use natural experiments of financial crises and decimalization as exogenous shocks to stock liquidity. Firms with larger blockholdings experience greater declines (increases) in firm value during the crises (decimalization), particularly if the manager's wealth is sensitive to the stock price and thus to exit threats. Additional tests suggest exit threats are distinct from blockholder intervention.
Inter-Forecast Monetary Policy Implementation: Fixed-Instrument Versus Mci-Based Strategies

Monetary policy authorities can adjust their instrument at any point in time to achieve their policy objective. In some countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, policymakers choose to usually make adjustments only after a formal medium-term inflation forecast. Other countries, like Canada and New Zealand, have used simple inter-forecast strategies to make further instrument adjustments given unexpected developments in the exchange rate. These alternative strategies may be usefully thought of as fixing or banding a measure of "monetary conditions" that is comprised of the exchange rate and a short-term interest rate that is closely linked to the policy instrument. Such measures have come to be referred to as Monetary Conditions Indices (MCI).
Predicting and Mitigating Jobs Failures in Big Data Clusters

In large-scale data enters, software and hardware failures are frequent, resulting in failures of job executions that may cause significant resource waste and performance deterioration. To proactively minimize the resource inefficiency due to job failures, it is important to identify them in advance using key job attributes. However, so far, prevailing research on datacenter workload characterization has overlooked job failures, including their patterns, root causes, and impact. In this paper, we aim to develop prediction models and mitigation policies for unsuccessful jobs, so as to reduce the resource waste in big data enters. In particular, we base our analysis on Google cluster traces, consisting of a large number of big-data jobs with a high task fan-out. We first identify the time-varying patterns of failed jobs and the contributing system features. Based on our characterization study, we develop an on-line predictive model for job failures by applying various statistical learning techniques, namely Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminate Analysis (QDA), and Logistic Regression (LR). Furthermore, we propose a delay-based mitigation policy which, after a certain grace period, proactively terminates the execution of jobs that are predicted to fail. The particular objective of postponing job terminations is to strike a good tradeoffs between resource waste and false prediction of successful jobs. Our evaluation results show that the proposed method is able to significantly reduce the resource waste by 41.9% on average, and keep false terminations of jobs low, i.e., only 1%.
CNTRICS Long-Term Memory Tasks 1 Abstract Word Count : 163 Text Body Word Count : 8 , 910 CNTRICS Final Task Selection : Long-term Memory

Word Count: 163 Text Body Word Count: 8,910 CNTRICS Final Task Selection: Long-term Memory John D. Ragland, *Roshan Cools, *Michael Frank, *Diego A. Pizzagalli, *Alison Preston,*Charan Ranganath, *Anthony D. Wagner Univ. of California at Davis, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Univ. of Cambridge, Neuroscience Community; Univ. of Arizona, Dept. of Psychology; Harvard University, Dept. of Psychology; Stanford University, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Psychology and Center for Learning and Memory; Univ. of California at Davis, Dept. of Psychology; Stanford University, Dept. of Psychology and Neurosciences Program *co-authors had equivalent input and are listed in alphabetical order Corresponding Author: J. Daniel Ragland UC Davis Imaging Research Center 4701 X St. Sacramento, CA 95817 Ph (916) 734-5802, FAX (916) 734-8750 Email: jdragland@ucdavis.edu CNTRICS Long-Term Memory Tasks 2
Measuring Multivariate Risk Preferences

We measure risk preferences for decisions that involve more than a single monetary attribute. According to theory, the multivariate risk preferences correlation aversion, cross-prudence (coskewness preference) and cross-temperance (cokurtosis aversion) determine how univariate risk preferences over attributes co-vary and interact. We obtain model-free measurements of these multivariate risk preferences in three economic domains, viz., time preferences, social preferences, and preferences over waiting time. This first systematic empirical exploration of multivariate risk preferences provides evidence for assumptions made in economic models on inequality, labor, time preferences, saving, and insurance.
Chemical Reactions and Dust Destruction in Protoplanetary Accretion Disks

This paper considers the gas phase chemistry in a protoplanetary accretion disk, especially the chemistry initiated in the gas phase by destruction of dust close to the central star. Slow radial particle transport moves gas and dust from the cold outer parts of a protoplanetary accretion disk into its warm central part where chemical reactions in the gas phase are acti- vated. At the same time gases frozen on the surface of dust grains are vaporized and later the dust grains themselves are vaporized or destroyed by chemical surface reactions. These processes initiate a rich chemistry in the protoplanetary accretion disk. The simulation of chemical reactions, as in the case of an accretion disk, mostly leads to a large and stiff system of differ- ential or differential-algebraic equations. For the integration of such systems implicit methods are required. We present an ef- cient BDF-method and give a detailed description of the error and stepsize control and the strategies to minimize the numer- ical effort of the linear algebra problems. Typical applications for chemical processes (chemistry and dust destruction) in an accretion disk are treated with this method. The corresponding code DAESOL turned out to be more robust and much faster than the more conventional code used rst. Some results for the chemistry in a protoplanetary accretion disk are briefly discussed.
Visual interaction and conversational activity

In addition to the contents of their speech, people who are engaged in a conversation express themselves in many nonverbal ways. This means that people interact and are attended to even when they are not speaking. In this pilot study, we created an experimental setup for a three-party interactive situation where one of the participants remained silent throughout the session, and the gaze of one of the active subjects was tracked. The eye-tracked subject was unaware of the setup. The pilot study used only two test subjects, but the results provide some clues towards estimating how the behavior and activity of the non-speaking participant might affect other participants' conversational activity and the situation itself. We also found that the speaker's gaze activity is different in the beginning of the utterance than at the end of the utterance, indicating that the speaker's focus of attention towards the partner differs depending on the turn taking situation. Using the experience gained in this trial, we point out several things to consider that might help to avoid pitfalls when designing a more extensive study into the subject.
Dual Identity and Prejudice: The Moderating Role of Group Boundary Permeability

Past work suggested that dual identity was effective to reduce prejudice. This study extended research on dual identity and prejudice by identifying a boundary condition in this relationship, that is, group permeability. In Study 1, we replicated previous studies with Chinese individuals and found that inducing dual identity (emphasizing subgroup differences and a common nation identity), compared to the control condition, decreased the urban residents’ prejudice against rural-to-urban migrants. In Study 2, we manipulated the group boundary permeability using the Hukou system reform, and found that when the group boundary was permeable, dual identity was effective in reducing prejudice against rural-to-urban migrants. However, this effect vanished in the condition where the group boundary was impermeable. These results point to the importance of inducing dual identity under specific conditions for research on decreasing prejudice. Some practical implications of the findings for urbanization and immigration are discussed.
Effect of the electronic chaotic motion on the fusion dynamics between hydrogen isotopes

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of screening by electrons in low energy nuclear reactions, especially between hydrogen isotopes. Quantum effects that corresponds to the Pauli and Heisenberg principle are enforced by constraints. We show that the enhancement of the average cross-section and of its variance is due to the perturbations induced by the electrons. This gives a correlation between the maximum amplitudes of the inter-nuclear oscillational motion and the enhancement factor. It suggests that the chaotic behaviour of the electronic motion affects the magnitude of the enhancement factor.
Semiparametric Regression Smoothing of Non‐linear Time Series

In this paper, we consider using a semiparametric regression approach to modelling non‐linear autoregressive time series. Based on a finite series approximation to non‐parametric components, an adaptive selection procedure for the number of summands in the series approximation is proposed. Meanwhile, a large sample study is detailed and a small sample simulation for the Mackey–Glass system is presented to support the large sample study.
and the emergence of global educational

This book is a collection of papers drawn from a conference held at the University at Albany, State University of New York in December of 2011. The aim of the conference was to criti-cally examine how and why certain jurisdictions succeed within the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and to explore the extent and nature of the inﬂuence that arises from the benchmarking of performance within school systems arising from PISA rankings. For anyone wishing to brief themselves on one of the key aspects of contem-porary global policy in education, this book is very well worth reading cover-to-cover. In particular, the historical chapter written by Daniel Trohler (Ch. 6., 141–160) on the cold-war origins of the OECDs involvement with educational assessment and the development of PISA, reminds us that all major institutional structures are generated in speciﬁc social and historical contexts.Thevolume forms part of the Oxford Studies in Comparative Education edited by David Phillips and is edited by Heinz-Dieter Mayer (Cornell University) and Aaron Benavot (Stanford University). Both have academic and consultancy experience in the ﬁelds of educational policy and administration. Meyer is best known for his work on Institutional theory through which he aims to historicise the networks generated within and around major educational institutions in order to understand their impact more broadly.
Hepatitis B Reactivation During Adjuvant Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Single Institution's Experience

Background The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence, outcome and risk factors for HBV reactivation in HBsAg positive breast cancer patients while on anthracycline -based adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 2,431 patients with early breast cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy from March 2001 to December 2005. Among these patients, 111 HBsAg positive women were enrolled in this study. Results Thirty-seven patients (33.3%) developed acute hepatitis, of which 23 (20.7%) were related to HBV reactivation. Univariate analysis showed that an age ≥47 years (p=0.034) and abnormal sonographic findings such as a fatty liver or cirrhotic changes (p=0.034) were associated with HBV reactivation. However, an HBeAg positive status and the use of corticosteroids were not. Multivariate analysis found that no clinical factors could predict HBV reactivation during chemotherapy. All 23 patients who developed HBV reactivation received lamivudine as a therapeutic measure at the time of HBV reactivation. Despite the use of lamivudine, disruption in the chemotherapy protocol occurred in 18 patients (78.3%) and 14 of these patients had premature termination of their chemotherapy. Conclusions HBV reactivation occurred in a significant proportion of HBsAg positive patients during adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Once hepatitis developed, most patients could not finish the chemotherapy as planned despite lamivudine treatment. Until the risk factors for reactivation are clearly identified, HbsAg-positive patients should begin prophylactic antiviral treatment before initiating chemotherapy.
The Benefits of Dynamic Risk Management: Mitigating Downside Risk Without Compromising Long-Term Growth Prospects

Is it really possible to control for the downside risk when the market environment is in constant evolution? If so, what would be the long-term growth prospects of such a strategy? We show in this article that when the dynamics of the variance and correlation terms are properly taken into account, downside risk can be mitigated without compromising long-term growth prospects. But robustness checks suggest that these benefits only hold true for fast moving investors dealing with liquid instruments, as large and unforeseen events may necessitate swift and potentially major adjustments of the portfolio structure.
Does exporting increase productivity? Evidence from India

Although there is much empirical evidence to show that more productive firms become exporters, the literature has been inconclusive regarding productivity benefits from exporting. This paper disentangles the direction of the causality to show that exporting improves firm performance. It uses Indian plant-level data (over 1989-2008) for over 15,000 firms across 2-digit product categories, to test for learning-by-exporting effects. In the paper, I generate measures of total factor productivity by estimating production functions using firm-level data. I follow Olley and Pakes (1996) and use investment to deal with the problem of simultaneity and endogenous exit. To deal with the self-selection bias, I use a two-fold identification procedure: propensity score matching and instrumental variables techniques. I find that exporting has a strong positive effect on the productivity of export-market entrants, but that this effect tapers over time. My results are robust to different identification techniques and model specifications. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by measuring the effects of learning-by-exporting.
The Surviving Rate of a Graph

We consider the following firefighter problem on a graph G = (V, E). Initially, a fire breaks out at a vertex v of G. In each subsequent time unit, a firefighter protects one vertex and then the fire spreads to all unprotected neighbors of the vertices on fire. The objective of the firefighter is to save the maximum number of vertices. Let sn(v) denote the maximum number of vertices in G the firefighter can save when a fire breaks out at vertex v. We define the surviving rate ρ(G) of G to be the average percentage of vertices that can be saved when a fire randomly breaks out at one vertex of G, i.e., ρ(G) = ∑ v∈V sn(v)/n. In this paper, we prove that for every tree T on n vertices, ρ(T ) > 1 − √ 2/n. Furthermore, we show that ρ(G) > 1/6 for every outerplanar graph G, and ρ(H) > 3/10 for every Halin graph H with at least 5 vertices.
Donors' openness to immigration and the effectiveness of foreign aid

We argue that donors could improve the effectiveness of foreign aid by pursuing complementary and coherent non-aid policies. In particular, we hypothesize that aid from donors that are open to immigration has stronger growth effects than aid from closed donors. We estimate the aid-growth nexus in first differences to mitigate endogeneity concerns. Our empirical results support the hypothesis that donors' openness to immigration strengthens the growth effects of foreign aid.
Monetary Policy Transmission in the Balkans in the 21st Century: Empirical Evidence

This study investigates monetary policy transmission in the Balkans in the 21 st century. In order to analyse the reaction of output and prices to a shock in monetary policy (defined as an increase in the interest rate), this study employs structural vector auto regression approach. The obtained impulse responses suggest that monetary policy in the six Balkan countries under investigation is not effective in influencing output and prices, which points towards a very limited use of monetary policy in the overall conduct of economic policy.
Rats with fimbria-fornix lesions display a place response in a swimming pool: a dissociation between getting there and knowing where

Some theories of hippocampal formation function postulate that it is involved in using the relationships between distal cues for spatial navigation. That rats with damage to the hippocampal formation are impaired in learning place responses of escaping to a platform hidden just below the surface of the water of a swimming pool, supports this view. Using rats with fimbria-fornix (FF) lesions, we examined whether their impairment is related to an inability to learn how to reach the platform as opposed to learning its location. In a first experiment, the FF rats were impaired in learning to swim to a hidden platform but could swim to a visible platform. In a second experiment, after being pretrained to swim to a visible platform, the FF rats swam to, paused, and searched the vicinity of the platform's previous location when it was removed. This finding showed that the FF rats expected to find the platform at that location. Additional tests confirmed that they had learned a place response. Despite having acquired a place response, they still could not acquire new place responses when only the hidden platform training procedure was used. Thus, these results in dissociating the processes of “getting there” and “knowing where” suggest that the FF rats' impairment may be in some process of motoric control, such as path integration, rather than in learning the location of the platform in relation to ambient cues. The results are discussed in relation to relevant theories of hippocampal function.