Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trading Strategies at Optimal Frequencies : Theory and Evidence

This paper studies a continuous-time stochastic game of trading activity in nancial markets under asymmetric information. The model has the following features. First, informed and liquidity traders optimally control the timing of their order submissions. Second, they continuously choose whether to take or provide liquidity, issuing market or limit orders. Third, uninformed traders learn from the order ow optimally exploiting the information in the limit-order book. I construct an equilibrium in this setting and characterize (i) price formation and (ii) how optimal submission intensities and liquidity supply-demand behavior depend on private information and market conditions. I show that informed traders actively use both market and limit orders in equilibrium resulting in time-varying informed liquidity supply. After an information event, inter-arrival times are positively autocorrelated, the price impact of all order types increases and the limit-order book shows depth unbalances. The model nests the cases in which liquidity provision is decentralized (limit-order markets) and centralized (dealer markets). I nd that the speed of information transmission into prices is lowered in the decentralized version. Since submission intensities are strategic, the time spacing of the data can be used to learn about tradersoptimal policies. I use a unique orderlevel dataset from the NYSE to test structural restrictions on optimal liquidity provision and nd support for the models outcomes. The ndings shed light on empirical and experimental results in the literature and have implications for inference methods with high frequency data. Keywords: Market microstructure, asymmetric information, limit order book, insider trading, liquidity, market makers, limit orders, market orders, interarrival times, bid-ask spread. JEL Codes: G12, G14, C63, C73, D82 E-mail: ep@u.northwestern.edu. Website: http://www.depot. northwestern.edu/~esp601/indexjm.html. First draft: November 20, 2006. yI am deeply grateful to Mike Fishman, Igal Hendel, Ernst Schaumburg and Bob McDonald for discussions and guidance in the preparation of this paper. Special thanks are also due to the New York Stock Exchange and Ekkehart Boehmer for providing data. I bene tted from conversations with Ken Kavajecz, Alessandro Pavan, Torben Andersen, Ravi Jagganathan, Elie Tamer, Ivan Canay, Marciano Siniscalchi, Bruno Strulovici, Ben Handel and Mallesh Pai, as well as seminar participants at Northwestern University 2006, 2007, 2008 and participants at the 2008 Summer Meetings of the Econometric Society in Pittsburgh and Milan. Financial support from the Robert Eisner Memorial Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimers apply.
Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and health-related quality-of-life in maintenance haemodialysis patients

Objectives To assess the relationship between sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) in Chinese patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled patients undergoing MHD. Self-reported sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) and HRQoL (36-item Short Form [SF-36]) were recorded for all patients. Results Sixty eight patients (mean ± SD age = 61.75 ± 16.56 years; 43 male/25 female) who regularly received MHD were included. The prevalence of poor sleepers was 69.1% (47/68) and daytime sleepiness was 11.8% (eight of 68). Poor sleepers had a significantly lower Physical Component Scale (PCS) score, Mental Component Scale (MCS) score and total SF-36 score than good sleepers. The PSQI score correlated inversely with both the PCS and MCS scores and correlated positively with age. Independent variables associated with total SF-36 score were duration of MHD, ESS score and PSQI score. Conclusions Poor sleep quality is a common and severe issue for MHD patients in east China. Both sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were associated with lower HRQoL scores.
Top-down Transfer in Example-based MT

In this paper we describe and evaluate a top-down transfer component of a hybrid example-based machine translation system with an architecture similar to that of transfer MT systems, but with automatically derived transfer-rules and dictionary entries based on a parallel treebank. The tests were applied on the translation pair Dutch to English. Evaluation and error analysis have shown that the top-down transfer process has a number of shortcomings on which we wish to report and which we will try to solve in future work by applying bottom-up transfer.
Construct and Predictive Validity of a Brief MMO Player Motivation Scale

The purpose of the present paper is to validate a short version of the MMO Player Motivation scale. Two studies were conducted using adolescent gamers from Singapore secondary schools. Study 1 used a cross-sectional design for item deduction. Study 2 used a 2-year longitudinal design for scale validation. The results showed that the brief scale conformed to the three-factor motivation model, including achievement, socialization, and immersion. The model demonstrated acceptable model fit and construct validity. The study also showed that different types of gamer motivation predicted different gaming habits and behaviors 1 year later. With its predictive validity, the scale could be used to identify students who are likely to develop pathological gaming patterns and other at-risk behaviors based on their current playing motivations.
Carrots and Sticks Don't Work: Build a Culture of Employee Engagement with the Principles of Respect

Introduction Chapter 1: The Last Guy Sat There Chapter 2: Why Employee Engagement Matter Chapter 3: Engagement versus Motivation Chapter 4: Why Traditional Reward and Recognition Programs Fail Chapter 5: Engagement through RESPECT Chapter 6: RESPECT Chapter 7: Recognition Chapter 8: Empowerment Chapter 9: Supportive Feedback Chapter 10: Partnering Chapter 11: Expectations Chapter 12: Trust Chapter 13: Putting it All Together
The Effects of Child Abuse on the Self-System

Normal development of aspects of the self-system in terms of the I- and Me-self are discussed. These concepts are then applied to research findings from abused children and youth where damage to the self is noted in terms of its negativity, fractionation, and lack of coherence, natural consequences of dealing with severe and prolonged maltreatment. Comments are also made concerning the nature of parenting in maltreating homes that enhances this damage.
The Role of Diglycosyl Lipids in Photosynthesis and Membrane Lipid Homeostasis in Arabidopsis1[OA]

The galactolipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGD) is an abundant thylakoid lipid in chloroplasts. The introduction of the bacterial lipid glucosylgalactosyldiacylglycerol (GGD) from Chloroflexus aurantiacus into the DGD-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) dgd1 mutant was previously shown to result in complementation of growth, but photosynthetic efficiency was only partially restored. Here, we demonstrate that GGD accumulation in the double mutant dgd1dgd2, which is totally devoid of DGD, also complements growth at normal and high-light conditions, but photosynthetic efficiency in the GGD-containing dgd1dgd2 line remains decreased. This is attributable to an increased susceptibility of photosystem II to photodamage, resulting in reduced photosystem II accumulation already at normal light intensities. The chloroplasts of dgd1 and dgd1dgd2 show alterations in thylakoid ultrastructure, a phenotype that is restored in the GGD-containing lines. These data suggest that the strong growth retardation of the DGD-deficient lines dgd1 and dgd1dgd2 can be primarily attributed to a decreased capacity for chloroplast membrane assembly and proliferation and, to a smaller extent, to photosynthetic deficiency. During phosphate limitation, GGD increases in plastidial and extraplastidial membranes of the transgenic lines to an extent similar to that of DGD in the wild type, indicating that synthesis and transport of the bacterial lipid (GGD) and of the authentic plant lipid (DGD) are subject to the same mechanisms of regulation.
Robust particle systems for curvature dependent sampling of implicit surfaces

Recent research on point-based surface representations suggests that point sets may be a viable alternative to parametric surface representations in applications where the topological constraints of a parameterization are unwieldy or inefficient. Particle systems offer a mechanism for controlling point samples and distributing them according to needs of the application. Furthermore, particle systems can serve as a surface representation in their own right, or to augment implicit functions, allowing for both efficient rendering and control of implicit function parameters. The state of the art in surface sampling particle systems, however, presents some shortcomings. First, most of these systems have many parameters that interact with some complexity, making it difficult for users to tune the system to meet specific requirements. Furthermore, these systems do not lend themselves to spatially adaptive sampling schemes, which are essential for efficient, accurate representations of complex surfaces. In this paper we present a new class of energy functions for distributing particles on implicit surfaces and a corresponding set of numerical techniques. These techniques provide stable, scalable, efficient, and controllable mechanisms for distributing particles that sample implicit surfaces within a locally adaptive framework.
Why some male Mongolian gerbils may help at the nest: testosterone, asexuality and alloparenting

In previous studies we have shown that those male Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, that as fetuses resided in intrauterine positions (IUPs) located between two female fetuses (2F males) have lower circulating levels of testosterone, less well-developed genital musculature, and lower reproductive success than males gestated in IUPs between two male fetuses (2M males). We have also found that such 2F males spend more time caring for conspecific young than do 2M males, and that presence of a 2F male, but not of a 2M male, with a lactating female and her litter decreases the cost to a dam of suckling one litter while gestating a second litter conceived in postpartum oestrus. Here we show that some 2F males, those with circulating levels of testosterone similar to those seen in females of their species, show no interest in females in oestrus and fail to impregnate females with which they are paired. Such 'asexual' 2F males spend 30-50% more time caring for nestlings than do sexually active 2F males. We suggest that such asexual, highly parental 2F males are incapable of direct reproduction and are obligate helpers at the nest that can contribute to their own fitness only by assisting to rear collateral kin. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
OCT-1-mediated influx is a key determinant of the intracellular uptake of imatinib but not nilotinib (AMN107): reduced OCT-1 activity is the cause of low in vitro sensitivity to imatinib.

Intrinsic sensitivity of newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients to imatinib (IC50(imatinib)) correlates with molecular response. IC50(imatinib) is defined as the in vitro concentration of drug required to reduce phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Crkl by 50%. We now show that interpatient variability in IC50(imatinib) is mainly due to differences in the efficiency of imatinib intracellular uptake and retention (IUR). In 25 untreated CML patients, the IC50(imatinib) strongly correlated (R (2) = -0.484, P = . 014 at 2 muM imatinib) with the IUR of [(14)C]imatinib. The addition of prazosin, a potent inhibitor of OCT-1 cellular transporter, reduced the IUR and eliminated interpatient variability. IC50 values for the more potent BCR-ABL inhibitor nilotinib (AMN107) did not correlate with IC50(imatinib) (R(2) =-0.0561, P > . 05). There was also no correlation between IC50(nilotinib) and the IUR for [(14)C]nilotinib (R (2) = 0.457, P > . 05). Prazosin had no effect on nilotinib IUR, suggesting that influx of nilotinib is not mediated by OCT-1. In conclusion, whereas OCT-1-mediated influx may be a key determinant of molecular response to imatinib, it is unlikely to impact on cellular uptake and patient response to nilotinib. Determining interpatient and interdrug differences in cellular uptake and retention could allow individual optimization of kinase inhibitor therapy.
Peroneal Tendon Lesions Caused by Antiglide Plates Used for Fixation of Lateral Malleolar Fractures: The Effect of Plate and Screw Position

Background: Posterolateral antiglide plating of unstable AO-type B lateral malleolar fractures is biomechanically stronger than lateral plating and causes less wound healing problems and less frequent hardware removal. However, the distal end of the plate or the screws may cause peroneal tendinitis. The limits of safe hardware placement have not been established. Method: A retrospective analysis of 70 patients was done to determine hardware position and identify peroneal tendon lesions. An adjunct study involved dissection of the retromalleolar region in 10 embalmed cadaver specimens to study the anatomy of the osteosynovial peroneal groove. Results: Thirty of 70 (43%) patients had the plate removed because of discomfort or signs of peroneal tendinitis. Peroneal tendon lesions were identified intraoperatively in nine of the 30 (30%) patients. Only two of these nine patients had felt symptoms preoperatively. Placement of the distal end of the plate distal to the proximal third of the lateral malleolus did not correlate with a peroneal tendon lesion. However, this placement combined with a screw in the most distal hole of the plate and a prominent screw head was strongly correlated with peroneal tendon lesions. In the anatomic specimens the shape of the osteosynovial part of the peroneal groove was uniform, but its length showed greater variation than the length of the foot. Conclusions: Antiglide plating of lateral malleolar fractures led to high rates of hardware removal and peroneal tendon lesions. Correlations were found to low placement of the plate together with a protruding screw head in the most distal hole of the plate. Distal screw placement should therefore be avoided or the hardware should be removed early. Absence of subjective signs of peroneal tendon irritation does not exclude even a major tendon lesion.
Truth and deception at the rhetorical structure level

This paper furthers the development of methods to distinguish truth from deception in textual data. We use rhetorical structure theory (RST) as the analytic framework to identify systematic differences between deceptive and truthful stories in terms of their coherence and structure. A sample of 36 elicited personal stories, self‐ranked as truthful or deceptive, is manually analyzed by assigning RST discourse relations among each story's constituent parts. A vector space model (VSM) assesses each story's position in multidimensional RST space with respect to its distance from truthful and deceptive centers as measures of the story's level of deception and truthfulness. Ten human judges evaluate independently whether each story is deceptive and assign their confidence levels (360 evaluations total), producing measures of the expected human ability to recognize deception. As a robustness check, a test sample of 18 truthful stories (with 180 additional evaluations) is used to determine the reliability of our RST‐VSM method in determining deception. The contribution is in demonstration of the discourse structure analysis as a significant method for automated deception detection and an effective complement to lexicosemantic analysis. The potential is in developing novel discourse‐based tools to alert information users to potential deception in computer‐mediated texts.
Is patriarchy the source of men’s higher mortality?

Objective: To examine the relation between levels of patriarchy and male health by comparing female homicide rates with male mortality within countries. Hypothesis: High levels of patriarchy in a society are associated with increased mortality among men. Design: Cross sectional ecological study design. Setting: 51 countries from four continents were represented in the data—America, Europe, Australasia, and Asia. No data were available for Africa. Results: A multivariate stepwise linear regression model was used. Main outcome measure was age standardised male mortality rates for 51 countries for the year 1995. Age standardised female homicide rates and GDP per capita ranking were the explanatory variables in the model. Results were also adjusted for the effects of general rates of homicide. Age standardised female homicide rates and ranking of GDP were strongly correlated with age standardised male mortality rates (Pearson’s r = 0.699 and Spearman’s 0.744 respectively) and both correlations achieved significance (p<0.005). Both factors were subsequently included in the stepwise regression model. Female homicide rates explained 48.8% of the variance in male mortality, and GDP a further 13.6% showing that the higher the rate of female homicide, and hence the greater the indicator of patriarchy, the higher is the rate of mortality among men. Conclusion: These data suggest that oppression and exploitation harm the oppressors as well as those they oppress, and that men’s higher mortality is a preventable social condition, which could be tackled through global social policy measures.
[Expression and clinical implication of platelet-derived growth factor-D and platelet-derived growth factor-beta in childhood IgA nephropathy].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical implication of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D and PDGF-beta in IgA nephropathy in childhood. METHODS Forty-seven children with IgA nephropathy and 26 controls were enrolled for study, and their serum, urine and renal biopsy specimens were examined. The patients were divided into control group [including serum, urine specimens of 13 healthy children and 13 renal biopsy samples of non-IgA nephropathy in children], mild proliferation (MP) group (13 patients), focal proliferation (FP) group (19 patients), and proliferation sclerosis (PS) group (15 patients). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were used to determine contents of PDGF-D, PDGF-beta and PDGF-B in blood, urine and renal tissues. The levels of 24-hour urinary protein excretion, serum albumin (Alb), serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were also determined. RESULTS Compared with control group, levels of PDGF-D and PDGF-B were progressively elevated in blood and urine of IgA nephropathy children with increase in severity of glomerular damage (all P<0.01). Serum as well as urinary PDGF-D and PDGF-B levels were positively correlated with 24-hour urinary protein excretion (PDGF-D blood: r=0.546, urine: r=0.760; PDGF-B blood: r=0.634, urine: r=0.577, respectively, P<0.01), while negatively correlated with serum Alb levels in IgA nephropathy patients (PDGF-D blood: r=-0.649, urine: r=-0.528; PDGF-B blood: r=-0.613, urine: r=-0.531, respectively, P<0.01). Contents of PDGF-D and PDGF-beta in renal tissue were much higher than those of control group (P<0.01). Along with the increase in severity of glomerular pathology, their contents increased gradually. PDGF-B was only significantly expressed in renal tissue in FP group and PS group. CONCLUSION PDGF-D might significantly enhance the development of mesangial proliferation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In comparison with PDGF-B, PDGF-D appears to reflect more sensitive to the severity and prognosis of IgA nephropathy.
Thioredoxin 1 Is Essential for Sodium Sulfide–Mediated Cardioprotection in the Setting of Heart Failure

Objective—The aim of this study was to determine whether thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) mediates the cardioprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in a model of ischemic-induced heart failure (HF). Approach and Results—Mice with a cardiac-specific overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Trx1 and wild-type littermates were subjected to ischemic-induced HF. Treatment with H2S as sodium sulfide (Na2S) not only increased the gene and protein expression of Trx1 in the absence of ischemia but also augmented the HF-induced increase in both. Wild-type mice treated with Na2S experienced less left-ventricular dilatation, improved left-ventricular function, and less cardiac hypertrophy after the induction of HF. In contrast, Na2S therapy failed to improve any of these parameters in the dominant negative mutant of Trx1 mice. Studies aimed at evaluating the underlying cardioprotective mechanisms found that Na2S therapy inhibited HF-induced apoptosis signaling kinase-1 signaling and nuclear export of histone deacetylase 4 in a Trx1-dependent manner. Conclusions—These findings provide novel information that the upregulation of Trx1 by Na2S therapy in the setting of HF sets into motion events, such as the inhibition of apoptosis signaling kinase-1 signaling and histone deacetylase 4 nuclear export, which ultimately leads to the attenuationof left-ventricular remodeling.
On the Power of 2-Way Quantum Finite State AutomataJohn

In this paper, we introduce 2-way quantum nite state automata (2qfa's), which are the quantum analogue of deterministic, nondeterministic and probabilistic 2-way nite state automata (2dfa's, 2nfa's and 2pfa's). We prove the following facts regarding 2qfa's. 1. For any > 0, there exists a 2qfa M which recognizes the non-regular language L = fa m b m j m 1g with (one-sided) error bounded by , and which halts in polynomial time. Speciically, M accepts any string in L with probability 1 and rejects any string not in L with probability at least 1 ? 2. For every regular language L, there exists a reversible (hence quantum) 2-way nite state automaton M for L running in polynomial time. In fact, it is possible to deene 2qfa's which recognize the non-context-free language fa m b m c m jm 1g, based on the same technique used for 1. Consequently, the class of languages recognized by polynomial time, bounded error 2qfa's properly includes the regular languages. Since it is known that 2dfa's, 2nfa's and polynomial expected time, bounded error 2pfa's can recognize only regular languages, it follows that 2qfa's are strictly more powerful than these \classical" models.
Alternatives to custody

This study brings together the most recent findings of both experienced practitioners and social work researchers in Britain to demonstrate the diversity of options available within the probation services. Numerous possibilities and how they fit into the larger context of penal policy, are detailed. The essays target on such areas as: autocrime and driver retraining; intermediate treatment for offenders threatened by incarceration; options for problem drinkers; daytime training centres; and community work programs. Overall, while the choices vary greatly and are certain to prompt debate, the book does recommend that a flexible role for social workers and a community-based approach towards offenders offer the most promise.
Real-time analysis and synthesis of emotional gesture expressivity

In this paper we focus on modeling a bi-directional communication between an embodied conversational agent and humans based on the non-verbal channel of the communication involving movement and gesture. We present a system that takes video data in input, extracts movement characteristics, and finally synthesizes the animation of a virtual agent. For each gesture performed by a human, the agent responds with a gesture that exhibits the same quality, i.e., the same characteristics of movement. We describe a mapping between the expressive cues we analyse in humans and the corresponding expressive parameters of the agent.