Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Post-Exercise Rehydration: Effect of Consumption of Beer with Varying Alcohol Content on Fluid Balance after Mild Dehydration

Purpose The effects of moderate beer consumption after physical activity on rehydration and fluid balance are not completely clear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of beer consumption, with varying alcohol content, on fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration. Methods Eleven healthy males were included in this cross over study (age 24.5 ± 4.7 years, body weight 75.4 ± 3.3 kg, VO2max 58.3 ± 6.4 mL kg min−1). Subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer for 45 min at 60% of their maximal power output (Wmax) until mild dehydration (1% body mass loss). Thereafter, in random order, one of five experimental beverages was consumed, in an amount equal to 100% of their sweat loss: non-alcoholic beer (0.0%), low-alcohol beer (2.0%), full-strength beer (5.0%), an isotonic sports drink, and water. Fluid balance was assessed up till 5 h after rehydration. Results After 1 h, urine production was significantly higher for 5% beer compared to the isotonic sports drink (299 ± 143 vs. 105 ± 67 mL; p < 0.01). At the end of the 5-h observation period, net fluid balance (NFB) was negative for all conditions (p = 0.681), with the poorest fluid retention percentage for 5% beer (21% fluid retention) and the best percentage for the isotonic sports drink (42%). Non-alcoholic beer, low-alcoholic beer, and water resulted in fluid retention of 36, 36, and 34%, respectively (p = 0.460). Conclusion There was no difference in NFB between the different beverages. Only a short-lived difference between full-strength beer and the isotonic sports drink in urine output and NFB was observed after mild exercise-induced dehydration. Fluid replacement – either in the form of non-alcoholic beer, low-alcoholic beer, full-strength beer, water, or an isotonic sports drink of 100% of body mass loss was not sufficient to achieve full rehydration. The combination of a moderate amount of beer, with varying alcohol content, enough water or electrolyte- and carbohydrate beverages, and salty foods might improve rehydration, but more research is needed.
The Effect of Heat Waves on Ambulance Attendances in Brisbane, Australia

Abstract Introduction Heat waves have significant impacts on mortality and morbidity. However, little is known regarding effects on pre-admission health outcomes such as ambulance attendances, particularly in subtropical regions. Problem This study investigated both main temperature effects and the added effects of heat waves on ambulance attendances in Brisbane, a subtropical city in Australia. Methods Daily data relating to 783,935 ambulance attendances, along with data on meteorological variables and air pollutants, were collected for the period 2000-2007. Ambient temperature (main) effects were assessed using a distributed lag nonlinear approach that accounted for delayed effects of temperature, while added heat wave effects were incorporated separately using a local heat wave definition. Effect estimates were obtained for total, cardiovascular and respiratory attendances, and different age groups. Results Main effects of temperature were found for total attendances, which increased by 50.6% (95% CI, 32.3%-71.4%) for a 9.5°C increase above a reference temperature of 29°C. An added heat wave effect on total attendances was observed (18.8%; 95% CI, 6.5%-32.5%). Significant effects were found for both respiratory and cardiovascular attendances, particularly for those aged 65 and above. Conclusion Ambulance attendances can be significantly impacted by sustained periods of high temperatures, and are a valid source of early detection of the effects of extreme temperatures on the population. The planning of ambulance services may need to be adapted as a consequence of increasing numbers of heat waves in the future. Ambulance attendance data also should be utilized in the development of heat warning systems and climate change adaptation strategies. TurnerLR, ConnellD, TongS. The effect of heat waves on ambulance attendances in Brisbane, Australia. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):1-6.
1B-5 Surface Modes of Ultrasound Contrast Agent Microbubbles

We study non-spherical oscillations (surface modes) of the coated microbubbles used in ultrasound contrast agents. We show that an acoustic pressure of 100 kPa, at a frequency of 1.7 MHz, is sufficient to excite surface modes for radii between 2 and 4 mum. Surface modes develop as a parametric instability. We derive their evolution equation accounting for the effect of the shell viscoelasticity. We identify a critical radius (1 to 3 mum, depending on the mode number) below which no surface mode can occur
Motivation and Feedback Influencing Change in the Goal-Setting Process

This study explored the influence of performance appraisal feedback (i.e., developmental, evaluative, or no feedback) on task specific motivation and the types of goals (i.e., process, outcome, new and more challenging) participants subsequently set. University students (N = 159) took part in a class schedule-making task developed by Earley, 1985. Using two 3 (feedback) X 4 (time) mixed repeated measures design Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVAs) with task specific motivation as the dependent variable (analysis 1: intrinsic, analysis 2: extrinsic) and general motivation as covariates (analysis 1: intrinsic, analysis 2: extrinsic) it was found that participants given developmental feedback experienced higher task specific intrinsic motivation over time than participants given evaluative feedback. Bivariate correlations also demonstrated that participants with higher task specific intrinsic motivation were found to set more new and challenging goals (discrepancy creation) than participants with lower task specific intrinsic motivation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Contemporary evaluation of the causes of cardiac tamponade: Acute and long-term outcomes.

BACKGROUND Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening state that complicates various medical conditions. The contemporary interventional era may have led to changes in clinical characteristics, causes and outcomes of cardiac tamponade. METHODS We investigated all patients diagnosed with cardiac tamponade, based on clinical and echocardiographic findings, at a single medical center between the years 2000 and 2013. Data on medical history, index hospitalizations, pericardial fluid etiologies, and acute and long-term outcomes were collected. RESULTS Cardiac tamponade was observed in 83 patients (52% females). Major etiologies included complications of percutaneous cardiac interventions (36%) and malignancies (primarily lung cancer; 23%), infectious/inflammatory causes (15%) and mechanical complications of myocardial infarction (12%). Sixteen (19%) patients died during the index hospitalization. Acute presentation of symptoms and lower quantity of effusion were associated with in-hospital mortality (p = 0.045 and p = 0.007). Tamponade secondary to malignancy was associated with the most substantial increment in post-discharge mortality (from 16% in-hospital to 68% 1-year mortality). During the mean follow-up of 45 months, 39 (45%) patients died. Malignancies, mechanical complications of myocardial infarction and bleeding/coagulation abnormalities were etiologies associated with poor survival (80% mortality during follow-up). Tamponade secondary to complications of percutaneous cardiac interventions or infectious/inflammatory causes were associated with significantly lower mortality (28% and 17%; log rank p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In a contemporary cohort, complications of percutaneous cardiac intervention replaced malignant diseases as the leading cause of cardiac tamponade. Nevertheless, these iatrogenic complications were associated with a relatively favorable outcome compared to tamponade induced by complications of myocardial infarction, coagulation abnormalities and malignant diseases.
Frontoparietal cognitive control of verbal memory recall in Alzheimer's disease

Episodic memory retrieval is reliant upon cognitive control systems, of which 2 have been identified with functional neuroimaging: a cingulo‐opercular salience network (SN) and a frontoparietal executive network (EN). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathology is distributed throughout higher‐order cortices. The hypotheses were that this frontoparietal pathology would impair activity associated with verbal memory recall; and that central cholinesterase inhibition (ChI) would modulate this, improving memory recall.
Dimensions Underlying Sixteen Models of Forgiveness and Reconciliation

Numerous models of interpersonal forgiveness and reconciliation have proliferated, while the number of constructs common to these models and how these constructs interrelate has gone untested. Sixteen path models of forgiveness and reconciliation were examined in 180 predominantly Christian college students. Results of factor analysis suggested five underlying constructs–-Hurt and Anger, Receiving God's Forgiveness, Emotional Forgiveness, Empathy, and Reconciliation. Structural equations modeling supported a model whereby people simultaneously experience Hurt and Anger while Receiving God's Forgiveness, and which then relate to Emotional Forgiveness, then Empathy, then Reconciliation. These results suggest substantial overlap among models, empirically support a distinction between Emotional Forgiveness and Reconciliation, and suggest that Receiving God's Forgiveness is an important factor for religious people beginning reconciliation.
Distinct Humoral and Cellular Immunity Induced by Alternating Prime-boost Vaccination Using Plasmid DNA and Live Viral Vector Vaccines Expressing the E Protein of Dengue Virus Type 2

Background Dengue virus, which belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, causes fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) with infection risk of 2.5 billion people worldwide. However, approved vaccines are still not available. Here, we explored the immune responses induced by alternating prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccine, adenovirus, and vaccinia virus expressing E protein of dengue virus type 2 (DenV2). Methods Following immunization with DNA vaccine (pDE), adenovirus (rAd-E), and/or vaccinia virus (VV-E) expressing E protein, E protein-specific IgG and its isotypes were determined by conventional ELISA. Intracellular CD154 and cytokine staining was used for enumerating CD4+ T cells specific for E protein. E protein-specific CD8+ T cell responses were evaluated by in vivo CTL killing activity and intracellular IFN-γ staining. Results Among three constructs, VV-E induced the most potent IgG responses, Th1-type cytokine production by stimulated CD4+ T cells, and the CD8+ T cell response. Furthermore, when the three constructs were used for alternating prime-boost vaccination, the results revealed a different pattern of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. i) Priming with VV-E induced higher E-specific IgG level but it was decreased rapidly. ii) Strong CD8+ T cell responses specific for E protein were induced when VV-E was used for the priming step, and such CD8+ T cell responses were significantly boosted with pDE. iii) Priming with rAd-E induced stronger CD4+ T cell responses which subsequently boosted with pDE to a greater extent than VV-E and rAd-E. Conclusion These results indicate that priming with live viral vector vaccines could induce different patterns of E protein- specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses which were significantly enhanced by booster vaccination with the DNA vaccine. Therefore, our observation will provide valuable information for the establishment of optimal prime-boost vaccination against DenV.
Auto-Titrating Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients With Acute Transient Ischemic Attack: A Randomized Feasibility Trial

Background and Purpose— Transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients are at risk of recurrent vascular events. The primary objectives were to evaluate among TIA patients the prevalence of sleep apnea and among patients with sleep apnea auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure (auto-CPAP) adherence. The secondary objective was to describe among TIA patients with sleep apnea the recurrent vascular event rate by auto-CPAP use category. Methods— All intervention patients received auto-CPAP for 2 nights, but only intervention patients with evidence of sleep apnea received auto-CPAP for the remainder of the 90-day period. Intervention patients received polysomnography at 90 days after TIA. Control patients received polysomnography at baseline and at 90 days. Acceptable auto-CPAP adherence was defined as ≥4 hours per night for ≥75% of nights. Vascular events included recurrent TIA, stroke, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or death. Results— We enrolled 70 acute TIA patients: 45 intervention and 25 control. The majority of patients had sleep apnea: 57% at baseline and 59% at 90 days. Among the 30 intervention patients with airflow obstruction, 12 (40%) had acceptable auto-CPAP adherence, 18 (60%) had some use, and none had no use. Three intervention patients (12%) had recurrent events compared with 1 (2%; P=0.13) control patient. The vascular event rate was highest among sleep apnea patients with no CPAP use: none, 16%; some, 5%; acceptable adherence 0% (P=0.08). Conclusions— Sleep apnea is common among acute TIA patients. It appears feasible to provide auto-CPAP in the acute TIA period. Larger studies should evaluate whether a strategy of diagnosing and treating sleep apnea can reduce recurrent vascular events after TIA.
Mechanisms for the Association between Maternal Employment and Child Cognitive Development

Recent research has found that maternal employment is associated with worse child performance on tests of cognitive ability. This paper explores mechanisms for that correlation. We estimate models of instrumental variables using a unique dataset, the American Time Use Survey, that measure the effect of maternal employment on the mother's allocation of time to activities related to child cognitive development. We find that employed women spend significantly less time reading to their children, helping with homework, and in educational activities in general. We find no evidence that these decreases in time are offset by increases in time by husbands and partners. These findings offer plausible mechanisms for the association of maternal employment with child cognitive development.
An evaluation of the RGB-D SLAM system

We present an approach to simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for RGB-D cameras like the Microsoft Kinect. Our system concurrently estimates the trajectory of a hand-held Kinect and generates a dense 3D model of the environment. We present the key features of our approach and evaluate its performance thoroughly on a recently published dataset, including a large set of sequences of different scenes with varying camera speeds and illumination conditions. In particular, we evaluate the accuracy, robustness, and processing time for three different feature descriptors (SIFT, SURF, and ORB). The experiments demonstrate that our system can robustly deal with difficult data in common indoor scenarios while being fast enough for online operation. Our system is fully available as open-source.
An alternative for Wang tiles: colored edges versus colored corners

In this article we revisit the concept of Wang tiles and introduce corner tiles, square tiles with colored corners. During past years, Wang tiles have become a valuable tool in computer graphics. Important applications of Wang tiles include texture synthesis, tile-based texture mapping, and generating Poisson disk distributions. Through their colored edges, Wang tiles enforce continuity with their direct neighbors. However, Wang tiles do not directly constrain their diagonal neighbors. This leads to continuity problems near tile corners, a problem commonly known as the corner problem. Corner tiles, on the other hand, do impose restrictions on their diagonal neighbors, and thus are not subject to the corner problem. In this article we show that previous applications of Wang tiles can also be done using corner tiles, but that corner tiles have distinct advantages for each of these applications. Compared to Wang tiles, corner tiles are easier to tile, textures synthesized with corner tiles contain more samples from the original texture, corner tiles reduce the required texture memory by a factor of two for tile-based texture mapping, and Poisson disk distributions generated with corner tiles have better spectral properties. Corner tiles result in cleaner, simpler, and more efficient applications.
Morphological characterization of systemic changes in KK-Ay mice as an animal model of type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND KK-Ay mice, a relevant model of human type 2 diabetes mellitus, are used worldwide for the assessment of pharmacological effects of new anti-diabetes drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS KK-Ay mice were examined at five weeks of age (non-hyperglycemic condition) and at 10 and 14 weeks of age (hyperglycemic condition). RESULTS Islet cell hypertrophy was observed in 10- and 14-week-old mice. The area ratio of islet cells to total pancreas significantly increased compared to that of age-matched C57BL/6J mice. Plasma insulin concentration increased in 14-week-old KK-Ay mice. Enlargement of mesangial matrix and increased glomerular area were seen in kidneys of KK-Ay mice. Fatty changes were observed in the liver. Total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased compared to that of five-week-old KK-Ay mice. CONCLUSION The present results on young/adult KK-Ay mice indicate that the hyperglycemic state developing at the early stage of diabetes mellitus is due to related changes in systemic organs.
FollowMe: Efficient Online Min-Cost Flow Tracking with Bounded Memory and Computation

One of the most popular approaches to multi-target tracking is tracking-by-detection. Current min-cost flow algorithms which solve the data association problem optimally have three main drawbacks: they are computationally expensive, they assume that the whole video is given as a batch, and they scale badly in memory and computation with the length of the video sequence. In this paper, we address each of these issues, resulting in a computationally and memory-bounded solution. First, we introduce a dynamic version of the successive shortest-path algorithm which solves the data association problem optimally while reusing computation, resulting in faster inference than standard solvers. Second, we address the optimal solution to the data association problem when dealing with an incoming stream of data (i.e., online setting). Finally, we present our main contribution which is an approximate online solution with bounded memory and computation which is capable of handling videos of arbitrary length while performing tracking in real time. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms on the KITTI and PETS2009 benchmarks and show state-of-the-art performance, while being significantly faster than existing solvers.
Autonomous Vehicles: Disengagements, Accidents and Reaction Times

Autonomous vehicles are being viewed with scepticism in their ability to improve safety and the driving experience. A critical issue with automated driving at this stage of its development is that it is not yet reliable and safe. When automated driving fails, or is limited, the autonomous mode disengages and the drivers are expected to resume manual driving. For this transition to occur safely, it is imperative that drivers react in an appropriate and timely manner. Recent data released from the California trials provide compelling insights into the current factors influencing disengagements of autonomous mode. Here we show that the number of accidents observed has a significantly high correlation with the autonomous miles travelled. The reaction times to take control of the vehicle in the event of a disengagement was found to have a stable distribution across different companies at 0.83 seconds on average. However, there were differences observed in reaction times based on the type of disengagements, type of roadway and autonomous miles travelled. Lack of trust caused by the exposure to automated disengagements was found to increase the likelihood to take control of the vehicle manually. Further, with increased vehicle miles travelled the reaction times were found to increase, which suggests an increased level of trust with more vehicle miles travelled. We believe that this research would provide insurers, planners, traffic management officials and engineers fundamental insights into trust and reaction times that would help them design and engineer their systems.
Cardiac Threat Appraisal and Depression after First Myocardial Infarction

The present study investigated cardiac threat appraisal and its association with depression after first myocardial infarction (MI). A semi-structured interview allowing for DSM-IV-axis I diagnoses was administered to 36 patients after first MI. Patients completed self-reports 5–15 days after the MI (time 1), 6–8 weeks later (time 2), and again 6 months later (time 3). Assessments at time 1 included indices of cardiac threat appraisal, locus of control, coping, and depression while at time 2 and time 3 only measures of depression were obtained. Cardiac threat appraisal was significantly correlated with depression at time 1, but was unrelated to depression scores at time 2 and time 3. Furthermore, there was a significant inverse association between cardiac threat appraisal and the subscales “search for affiliation” and “threat minimization” of the coping questionnaire. Additionally, “search for affiliation” correlated negatively with depression scores at time 1 and time 3, and “threat minimization” negatively with depression scores at time 1 and time 2. These results suggest a significant association between cardiac threat appraisal and depressive symptoms shortly after MI. Practical implications for treatment are discussed.
Interlocked positive and negative feedback network motifs regulate β-catenin activity in the adherens junction pathway

Quantitative experiments and mathematical modeling show that the activity of β-catenin in the adherens junction pathway is regulated by interlocked network motifs consisting of a positive feedback loop, which restores the integrity of adherens junctions, and a negative feedback loop, which limits β-catenin–induced gene expression.
Searching for Hidden Messages: Automatic Detection of Steganography

Steganography is the field of hiding messages in apparently innocuous media (e.g. images), and steganalysis is the field of detecting these covert messages. Almost all steganalysis consists of hand-crafted tests or human visual inspection to detect whether a file contains a message hidden by a specific steganography algorithm. These approaches are very fragile ‐ trivial changes in a steganography algorithm will often render a steganalysis approach useless, and human inspection does not scale. We propose a machine learning (ML) approach to steganalysis. First, a media file is represented as a canvas ‐ the available space within the file to hide a message. Those features that can distinguish clean from stegobearing files are then selected. We use ML algorithms to distinguish clean and stego-bearing files. The results reported here show that ML algorithms work in both content- and compression-based image formats, outperforming at least one current hand crafted steganalysis technique in the latter. Our current work can detect previously seen (trained on) steganography techniques, and we discuss extensions that we believe will be able to detect steganography using more sophisticated algorithms, as well as the use of previously unseen steganography algorithms.