Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning from Explicit and Implicit Supervision Jointly For Algebra Word Problems

Automatically solving algebra word problems has raised considerable interest recently. Existing state-of-the-art approaches mainly rely on learning from human annotated equations. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to efﬁciently mine algebra problems and their numerical solutions with little to no manual effort. To leverage the mined dataset, we propose a novel structured-output learning al-gorithm that aims to learn from both explicit (e.g., equations) and implicit (e.g., solutions) supervision signals jointly . Enabled by this new algorithm, our model gains 4.6% absolute improvement in accuracy on the A LG - 514 benchmark compared to the one without using implicit supervision. The ﬁnal model also outperforms the current state-of-the-art approach by 3%.
Glutamatergic Neurometabolites during Early Abstinence from Chronic Methamphetamine Abuse

Background: The acute phase of abstinence from methamphetamine abuse is critical for rehabilitation success. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has detected below-normal levels of glutamate+glutamine in anterior middle cingulate of chronic methamphetamine abusers during early abstinence, attributed to abstinence-induced downregulation of the glutamatergic systems in the brain. This study further explored this phenomenon. Methods: We measured glutamate+glutamine in additional cortical regions (midline posterior cingulate, midline precuneus, and bilateral inferior frontal cortex) putatively affected by methamphetamine. We examined the relationship between glutamate+glutamine in each region with duration of methamphetamine abuse as well as the depressive symptoms of early abstinence. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging was acquired at 1.5 T from a methamphetamine group of 44 adults who had chronically abused methamphetamine and a control group of 23 age-, sex-, and tobacco smoking-matched healthy volunteers. Participants in the methamphetamine group were studied as inpatients during the first week of abstinence from the drug and were not receiving treatment. Results: In the methamphetamine group, small but significant (5–15%, P<.05) decrements (vs control) in glutamate+glutamine were observed in posterior cingulate, precuneus, and right inferior frontal cortex; glutamate+glutamine in posterior cingulate was negatively correlated (P<.05) with years of methamphetamine abuse. The Beck Depression Inventory score was negatively correlated (P<.005) with glutamate+glutamine in right inferior frontal cortex. Conclusions: Our findings support the idea that glutamatergic metabolism is downregulated in early abstinence in multiple cortical regions. The extent of downregulation may vary with length of abuse and may be associated with severity of depressive symptoms emergent in early recovery.
A Shock-Refracted Acoustic Wave Model for the Prediction of Screech Amplitude in Supersonic Jets

A physical model is proposed for the estimation of the screech amplitude in underexpanded supersonic jets. The model is based on the hypothesis that the interaction of a plane acoustic wave with stationary shock waves provides amplification of the transmitted acoustic wave upon traversing the shock. Powell's discrete source model for screech incorporating a stationary array of acoustic monopoles is extended to accommodate variable source strength. The proposed model reveals that the acoustic sources are of increasing strength with downstream distance. It is shown that the screech amplitude increases with the fuiiy expanded jet Mach number. Comparisons of predicted screech amplitude with available test data show satisfactory agreement. The effect of variable source strength on directivity of the fundamental (first harmonic, lowest frequency mode) and the second harmonic (overtone) is found to be unimportant with regard to the principal lobe (main or major lobe) of considerable relative strength, and is appreciable only in the secondary or minor lobes (of relatively weaker strength
Antimicrobial Peptides from Marine Proteobacteria

After years of inadequate use and the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains, the efficiency of “classical” antibiotics has decreased significantly. New drugs to fight MDR strains are urgently needed. Bacteria hold much promise as a source of unusual bioactive metabolites. However, the potential of marine bacteria, except for Actinomycetes and Cyanobacteria, has been largely underexplored. In the past two decades, the structures of several antimicrobial compounds have been elucidated in marine Proteobacteria. Of these compounds, polyketides (PKs), synthesised by condensation of malonyl-coenzyme A and/or acetyl-coenzyme A, and non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), obtained through the linkage of (unusual) amino acids, have recently generated particular interest. NRPs are good examples of naturally modified peptides. Here, we review and compile the data on the antimicrobial peptides isolated from marine Proteobacteria, especially NRPs.
ENSO Effects on Land Skin Temperature Variations: A Global Study from Satellite Remote Sensing and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis

Non-lag and lag correlation coefficients between Nino 3 indices derived from sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies and land surface variables from satellite based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, as well as National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis data are analyzed for 2001–2010. Strong positive correlations between January Nino 3 indices and skin temperature (Tskin) occur over the northwest USA, western Canada, and southern Alaska, suggesting that an El Nino event is associated with warmer winter temperatures over these regions, consistent with previous studies based on 2 m surface air temperature measurements (Tair). In addition, in January, strong negative correlations exist over central and northern Europe (meaning colder than normal winters) with positive correlations present over central Siberia (suggesting warmer than normal winters). Despite the different physical meaning between Tair and Tskin, the general response of the two surface temperatures to changes in ENSO is similar. Nevertheless, satellite observations of Tskin provide more rich information and higher spatial resolution than Tair data.
Partial Vertical Ownership

A backward ownership interest held by a downstream firm yields a partial rebate of the upstream margin. Input demand increases with backward ownership, and the upstream firm optimally responds by raising price. With symmetric costs, every downstream firm's equilibrium input/output choice is invariant across a class of ownership profiles, including uniform ownership. Moreover, equity trading results in uniform holdings, so partial vertical ownership may have no real effects. With asymmetric costs ex ante, equity trading amplifies the asymmetries and shifts output toward lower-cost firms. With homogenous goods, this improves producer and total surplus. With differentiated goods, it may harm consumers.
An averaging principle for fast diffusions in domains separated by semi-permeable membranes

We prove an averaging principle which asserts convergence of diffusion processes on domains separated by semi-permeable membranes, when diffusion coefficients tend to infinity while the flux through the membranes remains constant. In the limit, points in each domain are lumped into a single state of a limit Markov chain. The limit chain's intensities are proportional to the membranes' permeability and inversely proportional to the domains' sizes. Analytically, the limit is an example of a singular perturbation in which boundary and transmission conditions play a crucial role. This averaging principle is strongly motivated by recent signaling pathways models of mathematical biology, which are discussed towards the end of the paper.
Skewness modes in the Northern Hemisphere winter

The probability distribution of daily Northern Hemisphere streamfunction fluctuations at 500 hPa in winter is skewed at most locations. Large positive anomalies are more likely north of 50N with maximum values of the skewness in the North Pacific and North Atlantic region. In this study we develop two novel methodologies in order to diagnose the underlying circulation structures associated with the observed spatial distribution of skewness. The first method is based on a teleconnection calculation using a subset of the data characterised by extreme values of the streamfunction in the location of maximum skewness. The second method is based on the maximization of the skewness of linear combinations of dominant EOFs. Both methods yield structures that resemble blocking anomalies: north-south oriented dipole structures at various longitudes around the hemisphere, but in addition a weaker east-west oriented wave structure is often present as well. The structure of these skewness modes is consistent with a recently proposed physical explanation for the skewness based on a crossfrequency coupling between low-frequency stationary anomalies and retro-gressing Rossby waves of intermediate frequencies.
An Attitude Strength and Self-Perception Framework Regarding the Bi-directional Relationship of Job Satisfaction with Extra-Role and In-Role Behavior: The Doubly Moderating Role of Work Centrality

Studies have identified variables either moderating the extent to which job satisfaction predicts work behavior or moderating the reverse impact of work behavior on job satisfaction. Based on an attitude strength and self-perception framework, we argue that certain variables may moderate both the predictive utility of job satisfaction for work behavior and the impact of work behavior on job satisfaction. Specifically focusing on work centrality, we hold that high work centrality renders job satisfaction a strong job attitude, whereas low work centrality renders job satisfaction a weak job attitude. Hence, the predictive utility of job satisfaction for both extra-role behavior and in-role behavior should be higher the more work is central to employees. In contrast, the influence of extra-role behavior, but not of in-role behavior, on job satisfaction should be higher the less work is central to employees. Results of a two-wave study (N = 176) were in line with these predictions. We discuss further variables that may play a similar role for the bi-directional relationship between job satisfaction and work behavior.
Access to the Published Version May Require Journal Subscription. Published with Permission From: Elsevier Fmri Activity in the Medial Temporal Lobe during Famous Face Processing

"fMRI activity in the medial temporal lobe during famous face processing" Abstract The current event-related fMRI study examined the relative involvement of different parts of the medial temporal lobe (MTL), particularly the contribution of hippocampus and perirhinal cortex, in either intentional or incidental recognition of famous faces in contrast to unfamiliar faces. Our intention was to further explore the controversial contribution of MTL in the processing of semantic memory tasks. Subjects viewed a sequence of famous and unfamiliar faces. Two tasks were used encouraging attention to either fame or gender. In the fame task the subjects were requested to identify the person when seeing his/her face and also to try to generate the name of this person. In the gender task the subjects were asked to conduct a judgement of a person's gender when seeing his/her face. The visual processing was hence directed to gender and thereby expected to diminish attention to semantic information leading only to a " passive " registration of famous and non-familiar faces. Recognition of famous faces, in both contrasts, produced significant activations in the MTL. First, during the intentional recognition (the person identification task) increased activity was observed in the anterolateral part of left hippocampus, in proximity to amygdala. Second, during the incidental recognition of famous faces (the gender classification task) there was increased activity in the left posterior MTL with focus in the perirhinal cortex. Our results suggest that the hippocampus may be centrally involved in the intentional retrieval of semantic memories while the perirhinal cortex is associated with the incidental recognition of semantic information. 2 Introduction Psychological studies of face processing have suggested a series of steps, involving familiarity discrimination, retrieval of semantic information and finally access to name generation for complete identification of a familiar face (Bruce and Young, 1986). The ability to recognize and identify a familiar person is a fundamental skill of our social interactions. For example, when meeting a person in the street, you might know that the face is familiar without recollecting further information, such as her or his name. Identification of a known face requires reactivation of pre-existing information from long-term memory. The type of information retrieved from long-term memory might consist of personal experiences of events (episodic memories) or facts about the world (semantic memories).
A study of the changing relationship between large corporates and the Inland Revenue

This thesis addresses the following research questions: 1. How is the process of corporate tax compliance changing for large groups of companies? 2. How is this process being managed by the Inland Revenue? The empirical evidence consists of 33 interviews conducted in 2002-04 with IR officials; tax directors and tax managers of large corporates; and tax partners from a Big 4 accounting firm. ThisÂ· thesis also draws upon archival data including state papers and documentary data from the IR. Theoretically this thesis draws from the new public management, administration, and the tax compliance literatures. However I argue that an approach grounded purely i! 1 these literatures does not adequately explain the changing tax compliance environment for large groups. Therefore I utilise other literatures which draw 'on Foucault's work on multiple expertise constructing subjects engaging with disciplinary knowledge and power, to assist in filling this gap. Against a backdrop where new organisational structures and processes are shifting a once bureaucratic Inland Revenue to a more strategic and marketing-based organisation, the corporate tax compliance process for large corporates has changed. Where the process was previously a long (in terms of time scale), formal and distant relationship with the IR carried out principally in writing, it has, while retaining aspects of this past, shifted towards being a mixture of the written and the oral, generating a more incll;lSive dialogue with the taxpayer, frequently in the form of meetings based on targeted yet potentially open-ended questioning. This has opened up what is described here as a new kind of 'truth game', which is less one based on inquisitorial practices but more based on examination techniques, played by knowledge experts: the IR official and the corporate taxpayer. Drawing on a governmentality framework as articulated by Foucault and his latter works, I argue that the nature of the corporate tax compliance game resembles a truth game between two kinds of subject generated in this transdisciplinary world: the new shape tax official and the visible customer (the taxpayer). The IR official - the lIM Inspector of Taxes, has been remoulded from one type of knowledge expert to another, which is a 3 dimensional transdisciplinary T shaped tax official. This is a tax official who both has the detailed deep technical knowledge as a knowledge expert but also has to relate, in a broader sense, to the new way of operating in a strategic and marketing organisation. The emergence of the corporate taxpayer as a visible customer has changed the process of corporate tax compliance for large corporates whereby they exercise certain power in the relationship by virtue ofthis visibility. This research tracks a new kind of interaction of the interplay between subjectivization and objectivization which seems to have become established and develops a theoretically informed way of looking at emergent governmental and more wide ranging forms of application.
FILAMENTS IN THE MICROVILLOUS BORDER OF INTESTINAL CELLS

Previous electron microscope studies have suggested that the core of the microvilli of intestinal columnar cells is composed of fibrils or filaments (9, 16, 19). Recent improvements in techniques for preserving and embedding tissue (6, 11) make it possible to demonstrate more clearly the morphology , disposition, and arrangement of these filaments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused through the left ventricle first with balanced salt (10) to remove the blood. They were then fixed by perfusion with a mixture of 6.5 per cent glutaraldehyde and 2 per cent acrolein in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) (11). After 15 minutes, the duodenum was removed, fixed for an additional hour in the same aldehyde mixture, and rinsed in Veronal-acetate buffer for 15 minutes. It was then postfixed in Veronal-acetate-buffered 2 per cent osmium tetroxide (8) and embedded in Epon (6). Sections were stained with lead according to Karnovsky's method A (3) and/or uranyl acetate (17), and examined in a Siemens Elmiskop I. OBSERVATIONS Longitudinal sections of the apical portion of ab-sorptive cells show delicate filaments which extend vertically from the apex of the microvillus into the cytoplasm where they end as rootlets (Fig. 1). Each filament is approximately 60 A in diameter and as many as eight can be seen clearly in a longitudinal section. The filaments are quite straight and can be followed for considerable distances in the section, in contrast with the filaments of the terminal web below. Within the microvillus, branching of the filaments is not seen, although cross-linking of the filaments cannot be ruled out. In some places, the filaments are quite uniform in diameter, while in other places they have a nodular appearance. The plasma membrane of the cell is separated from the core of filaments by a
The distances to Galactic low-mass X-ray binaries: consequences for black hole luminosities and kicks

We investigated the reported distances of Galactic black hole (BH) and neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). Comparing the distances derived for the neutron stars Cyg X-2 and XTE J2123-058 using the observed Eddington limited photospheric radius expansion bursts with the distances derived using the observed radius and effective temperature of the companion star, we find that the latter are smaller by approximately a factor of 1.5-2. The latter method is often employed to determine the distance to BH LMXBs. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that the stellar absorption lines in fast rotating companion stars are different from those in the slowly rotating template stars as was found before for early-type stars. This could lead to a systematic mis-classification of the spectral type of the companion star, which in turn would yield a systematic error in the distance. Further, we derive a distance of 4.0 +2.0 -1.2 ) kpc for V404 Cyg, using parameters available in the literature. The interstellar extinction seems to have been overestimated for XTE J1550-564 and possibly for two other BH sources (H 1705-25 and GS 2000+25) as well. As a result of this, the distance to XTE J1550-564 may have been underestimated by as much as a factor three. We find that, using the new distances for XTE J1550-564 and V404 Cyg, the maximum outburst luminosity for at least five, but perhaps even seven, of the 15 BH soft X-ray transients exceed the Eddington luminosity for a 10-M ○. BH - showing that these systems would be classified as ultra-luminous X-ray sources had we observed them in other Galaxies. This renders support for the idea that many ultra-luminous X-ray sources are stellar-mass rather than intermediate-mass BHs. We find that the rms-value of the distance to the Galactic plane for BHs is consistent with that of neutron star LMXBs. This suggests that BHs could also receive a kick-velocity during their formation, although this has to be investigated in more detail. We find that the Galactic neutron star and BH l- and b-distributions are consistent with being the same. The neutron star and BH distribution is asymmetric in l with an excess of systems between -30° < l < 0° over systems with 0° < l < 30°.
Innis Lecture: Unions and the Economy: What We Know; What We Should Know

The wages and working conditions of about one in three Canadian workers are determined by collective bargaining. In this paper, current knowledge about the economic effects of collective bargaining is surveyed. Unions raise wages (by about 15 percent on average) and reduce wage dispersion for their members while also reducing profits. Unions do not seem to reduce employment levels in affected firms or cause nonunion wages to fall. Efficiency losses due to sectoral misallocation of labor and to strikes are small but some evidence suggests lowered investment in unionized firms. Union effects on total factor productivity need more careful study using firm-level data.
Altered expression patterns of VEGF receptors in human diabetic retina and in experimental VEGF-induced retinopathy in monkey.

PURPOSE The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family is involved in vascular leakage and angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the eye, but may also have physiological functions. Based on the hypothesis that differential VEGF receptor (VEGFR) expression in the retina is an important determinant of effects of VEGF, this study was conducted to investigate VEGFR expression in the diabetic retina and in an experimental monkey model of VEGF-A-induced retinopathy. METHODS In retinas of 27 eyes of diabetic donors, 18 eyes of nondiabetic control donors, and 4 monkey eyes injected with PBS or VEGF-A, expression patterns of VEGFR-1, -2, and -3 in relation to leaky microvessels, as identified by the marker pathologische anatomie Leiden-endothelium (PAL-E) were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS. In control human retinas and retinas of PBS-injected monkey eyes, all three VEGFRs were expressed in nonvascular areas, but only VEGFR-1 was constitutively expressed in retinal microvessels. In diabetic eyes, increased microvascular VEGFR-2 expression was found in association with PAL-E expression, whereas microvascular VEGFR-3 was present in a subset of PAL-E-positive cases. In VEGF-A-injected monkey eyes, VEGFR-1, -2, and -3 and PAL-E were expressed in retinal microvessels. CONCLUSIONS The VEGFR-1, -2, and -3 expression patterns in control retinas suggest physiological functions of VEGFs that do not involve the vasculature. Initial vascular VEGF signaling may act primarily through VEGFR-1. In diabetic eyes, expression of retinal VEGFR-2 and -3 is increased, mainly in leaky microvessels, and VEGF-A induces vascular expression of the VEGF-A receptor VEGFR-2 and the VEGF-C/D receptor VEGFR-3. These findings indicate a dual role of VEGFs in the physiology and pathophysiology of the retina and suggest that microvascular VEGFR-2 and -3 signaling by VEGFs occurs late in the pathogenesis of DR, possibly initiated by high levels of VEGF-A in established nonproliferative DR.
Stock Prices and the Monetary Model of Exchange Rate: An Empirical Investigation

This paper develops an alternative version of the monetary model of exchange rate determination, which incorporates a stock price measure. This model is then tested using data from Canada and the USA, applying the cointegration and error correction methodology. In contrast to many previous tests of the monetary model, this version produces evidence of cointegration and stock prices have a highly significant effect on the exchange rate in both the short and long run. In addition the restricted version of the model outperforms a random walk in out of sample forecasting