Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying Meaningful Citations

We introduce the novel task of identifying important citations in scholarly literature, i.e., citations that indicate that the cited work is used or extended in the new effort. We believe this task is a crucial component in algorithms that detect and follow research topics and in methods that measure the quality of publications.We model this task as a supervised classification problem at two levels of detail: a coarse one with classes (important vs. non-important), and a more detailed one with four importance classes. We annotate a dataset of approximately 450 citations with this information, and release it publicly. We propose a supervised classification approach that addresses this task with a battery of features that range from citation counts to where the citation appears in the body of the paper, and show that,our approach achieves a precision of 65% for a recall of 90%.
Emerging Markets Finance

Emerging markets have long posed a challenge for finance. Standard models are often ill suited to deal with the specific circumstances arising in these markets. However, the interest in emerging markets has provided impetus for the adaptation of current models to new circumstances in these markets and the development of new models. The model of market integration and segmentation is our starting point. Next, we emphasize the distinction between market liberalization and integration. We explore the financial effects of market integration as well as the impact on the real economy. We also consider a host of other issues such as contagion, corporate finance, market microstructure and stock selection in emerging markets. Apart from surveying the literature, this article contains new results regarding political risk and liberalization, the volatility of capital flows and the performance of emerging market investments.
Identification of reciprocal causality between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome by a simplified Bayesian network in a Chinese population

Objectives It remains unclear whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a cause or a consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We proposed a simplified Bayesian network (BN) and attempted to confirm their reciprocal causality. Setting Bidirectional longitudinal cohorts (subcohorts A and B) were designed and followed up from 2005 to 2011 based on a large-scale health check-up in a Chinese population. Participants Subcohort A (from NAFLD to MetS, n=8426) included the participants with or without NAFLD at baseline to follow-up the incidence of MetS, while subcohort B (from MetS to NAFLD, n=16 110) included the participants with or without MetS at baseline to follow-up the incidence of NAFLD. Results Incidence densities were 2.47 and 17.39 per 100 person-years in subcohorts A and B, respectively. Generalised estimating equation analyses demonstrated that NAFLD was a potential causal factor for MetS (relative risk, RR, 95% CI 5.23, 3.50 to 7.81), while MetS was also a factor for NAFLD (2.55, 2.23 to 2.92). A BN with 5 simplification strategies was used for the reciprocal causal inference. The BN's causal inference illustrated that the total effect of NAFLD on MetS (attributable risks, AR%) was 2.49%, while it was 19.92% for MetS on NAFLD. The total effect of NAFLD on MetS components was different, with dyslipidemia having the greatest (AR%, 10.15%), followed by obesity (7.63%), diabetes (3.90%) and hypertension (3.51%). Similar patterns were inferred for MetS components on NAFLD, with obesity having the greatest (16.37%) effect, followed by diabetes (10.85%), dyslipidemia (10.74%) and hypertension (7.36%). Furthermore, the most important causal pathway from NAFLD to MetS was that NAFLD led to elevated GGT, then to MetS components, while the dominant causal pathway from MetS to NAFLD began with dyslipidaemia. Conclusions The findings suggest a reciprocal causality between NAFLD and MetS, and the effect of MetS on NAFLD is significantly greater than that of NAFLD on MetS.
Extreme events in solutions of hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic climate models

Initially, this paper reviews the mathematical issues surrounding hydrostatic primitive equations (HPEs) and non-hydrostatic primitive equations (NPEs) that have been used extensively in numerical weather prediction and climate modelling. A new impetus has been provided by a recent proof of the existence and uniqueness of solutions of viscous HPEs on a cylinder with Neumann-like boundary conditions on the top and bottom. In contrast, the regularity of solutions of NPEs remains an open question. With this HPE regularity result in mind, the second issue examined in this paper is whether extreme events are allowed to arise spontaneously in their solutions. Such events could include, for example, the sudden appearance and disappearance of locally intense fronts that do not involve deep convection. Analytical methods are used to show that for viscous HPEs, the creation of small-scale structures is allowed locally in space and time at sizes that scale inversely with the Reynolds number.
A Multi-layered Approach to the Polysemy Problems in a Chinese to Taiwanese System

This paper proposes a novel approach to the polysemy problems in a Chinese to Taiwanese TTS system. Polysemy means there are words with more than one meaning or pronunciation. The correct pronunciation of a word affects the comprehensibility (or clarity) and fluency of Taiwanese speech. We have shown that using language models to solve the polysemy problems with outstanding results (J. Veronis et al., 1990). We use a layered approach to the polymesy problem of the word "no" (character in chinese) in this paper. Results show that the accuracy rate of proposed layered approach is 5% and 17.69% over language models and decision list classifier.
Smartphone-Based Tele-Rehabilitation System for Frozen Shoulder Using a Machine Learning Approach

Frozen shoulder is a very painful condition that affects patients' daily life. Patients with frozen shoulder have to go to a hospital or medical center to get appropriate rehabilitation. Transportation to the hospital raises healthcare costs and the process can be time-consuming. We have developed a tele rehabilitation system which allows patients to perform an at-home exercise. According to our existing system, it is only available for high-end smartphones with multiple sensors that include accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetic field sensors. In this work, we propose a novel approach using machine learning to estimate the arm angle of rotation using only the accelerometer sensor. Results show that reasonable accuracy can be obtained so that it may be used with lower-end Android smartphone devices that only have an accelerometer available. A web-based interface enables the medical practitioner such as a physiotherapist to monitor and administer an appropriate rehabilitation program for more effective recovery.
Soft Multilevel Slepian-Wolf Decoding in Systems Using Turbo Joint Decoding and Decompressing

It has been pointed out that Slepian-Wolf (SW) coding is efficient to compress data with side information available at the receiver. However, most papers assume that the compressed information is perfectly known to the receiver. In this paper, we consider more practical assumptions that the channel between the relay and the destination is not perfect and error protection need to be implemented. Accordingly, a soft Slepian-Wolf decoding structure is proposed. The new structure not only supports soft Slepian-Wolf decoding within one level, but it also allows soft information passing between different levels. We also consider the relationship between the codes for error protection and the codes for compression and propose a joint decoding and decompressing algorithm to further improve the performance.
Beyond Revealed Preference: Choice Theoretic Foundations for Behavioral Welfare Economics

We propose a broad generalization of standard choice-theoretic welfare economics that encompasses a wide variety of nonstandard behavioral models. Our approach exploits the coherent aspects of choice that those positive models typically attempt to capture. It replaces the standard revealed preference relation with an unambiguous choice relation: roughly, x is (strictly) unambiguously chosen over y (written xP*y) iff y is never chosen when x is available. Under weak assumptions, P* is acyclic and therefore suitable for welfare analysis; it is also the most discerning welfare criterion that never overrules choice. The resulting framework generates natural counterparts for the standard tools of applied welfare economics and is easily applied in the context of specific behavioral theories, with novel implications. Though not universally discerning, it lends itself to principled refinements.
Mesocortical Dopamine Neurons Operate in Distinct Temporal Domains Using Multimodal Signaling

In vivo extracellular recording studies have traditionally shown that dopamine (DA) transiently inhibits prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons, yet recent biophysical measurements in vitro indicate that DA enhances the evoked excitability of PFC neurons for prolonged periods. Moreover, although DA neurons apparently encode stimulus salience by transient alterations in firing, the temporal properties of the PFC DA signal associated with various behaviors is often extraordinarily prolonged. The present study used in vivo electrophysiological and electrochemical measures to show that the mesocortical system produces a fast non-DA-mediated postsynaptic response in the PFC that appears to be initiated by glutamate. In contrast, short burst stimulation of mesocortical DA neurons that produced transient (<4 s) DA release in the PFC caused a simultaneous reduction in spontaneous firing (consistent with extracellular in vivo recordings) and a form of DA-induced potentiation in which evoked firing was increased for tens of minutes (consistent with in vitro measurements). We suggest that the mesocortical system might transmit fast signals about reward or salience via corelease of glutamate, whereas the simultaneous prolonged DA-mediated modulation of firing biases the long-term processing dynamics of PFC networks.
Controlled synthesis of ultrasmall hexagonal NaTm0.02Lu0.98−xYbxF4 nanocrystals with enhanced upconversion luminescence

Ultrasmall upconversion (UC) nanoparticles with intense luminescence are quite desirable for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of sub-10 nm hexagonal NaTm0.02Lu0. 98−xYbxF4 nanocrystals via a high boiling solvent process. The sizes and phases of the crystals can be finely tailored by tuning the amounts of the ligands used (octadecylamine and sodium oleate) and the temperature. The intensity of the UC emission of the nanocrystals increases as the the relative content of Yb3+ ions increases from 20% to 98%, owing to improved near-infrared absorption and energy-transfer from Yb3+ to Tm3+. The experimental results indicate that hexagonal NaYbF4 is the best host for ultrasmall Tm3+-doped UC nanoparticles and shows great potential in biomedical applications.
CCndnS: A strategy for spreading content and decoupling NDN caches

Many proposals for information-centric networking (ICN) share the idea of in-network caching. This idea has four issues: (1) Memory capacity can be wasted through caching redundant copies and unpopular content. (2) Memory latency is high because the caches must be large. (3) Traffic filtering can result in high miss rates in the core and load imbalance. (4) Performance coupling among caches makes modeling their behavior intractable. CCndnS is a caching strategy for Named Data Networking that segments each file and spreads them among the caches, thus addressing the above issues: (1) It reduces redundant copies and cache pollution by unpopular content. (2) It reduces the number of futile checks on caches, thus reducing the delay from memory accesses. (3) It increases hit rates in the core without reducing hit rates at the edge (thus improving overall hit rates) and balances the load among caches. (4) It decouples the caches, so there is a simple analytical performance model for the network of caches. The efficacy of CCndnS and the accuracy of the model are validated with simulations using an Abilene-like topology.
Detection of quantitative trait loci for internal parasite resistance in sheep. I. Linkage analysis in a Romney×Merino sheep backcross population

SUMMARY This study aimed to identify putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) that significantly affect internal parasite resistance in a backcross sheep population. A Romney×Merino backcross (to Merino) flock was challenged in 3 separate infections with Trichostrongylus colubriformis (primary and secondary) and Haemonchus contortus (tertiary). Haematological parameters were measured and faecal worm egg counts (FWEC) were established to estimate parasite burden. QTL mapping was conducted for FWEC and for the changes in haematocrit following H. contortus challenge and in eosinophil numbers following T. colubriformis challenge. Animals were genotyped for 55 microsatellite markers on selected chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 11, 13, 15, 21, and 22. Four putative quantitative trait loci were found; these being for eosinophil change in the primary infection (OAR 21), for FWEC in the first infection and eosinophil change in the secondary infection (OAR 3) and for FWEC in the secondary infection (OAR 22). No significant quantitative trait loci were detected for FWEC or haematocrit change during the Haemonchus contortus infection. The position of the putative quantitative trait loci for eosinophil change on OAR 3 is consistent with other reports of parasite resistance quantitative trait loci, implying some commonality between studies.
Ventricular size and function assessed by cardiac MRI predict major adverse clinical outcomes late after tetralogy of Fallot repair

Background: Factors associated with impaired clinical status in a cross-sectional study of patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have been reported previously. Objectives: To determine independent predictors of major adverse clinical outcomes late after TOF repair in the same cohort during follow-up evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods: Clinical status at latest follow-up was ascertained in 88 patients (median time from TOF repair to baseline evaluation 20.7 years; median follow-up from baseline evaluation to most recent follow-up 4.2 years). Major adverse outcomes included (a) death; (b) sustained ventricular tachycardia; and (c) increase in NYHA class to grade III or IV. Results: 22 major adverse outcomes occurred in 18 patients (20.5%): death in 4, sustained ventricular tachycardia in 8, and increase in NYHA class in 10. Multivariate analysis identified right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume Z ⩾7 (odds ratio (OR) = 4.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10 to 18.8, p = 0.037) and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <55% (OR = 8.05, 95% CI 2.14 to 30.2, p = 0.002) as independent predictors of outcome with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.850. LV ejection fraction could be replaced by RV ejection fraction <45% in the multivariate model. QRS duration ⩾180 ms also predicted major adverse events but correlated with RV size. Conclusions: In this cohort, severe RV dilatation and either LV or RV dysfunction assessed by CMR predicted major adverse clinical events. This information may guide risk stratification and therapeutic interventions.
Reoperative coronary artery bypass surgery: the role of on-pump and off-pump techniques on factors affecting hospital mortality and morbidity.

PURPOSE Short term results of on-pump and off-pump techniques in patients undergoing reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting (redo CABG) were investigated in this study. METHODS A total of 14.430 patients have undergone isolated coronary artery bypass grafting in our clinic from 1998 to 2010. Of these patients, 105 patients who have undergone redo CABG, 53 (50.5%) were operated with cardiopulmonary bypass (on-pump) and 52 (49.5%) without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump). Early results for which on or off-pump techniques were independent risk factors were determined with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Overall mortality in patients undergoing redo CABG was 12.3% with a 11.5% mortality in the off-pump group and 13.2% mortality in the on-pump group and the difference was not statistically significant (p >0.05). Blood product transfusion requirement (p <0.05, OR: 3.620, 95% CI: 1.295-10.119), new onset atrial fibrillation rhythm (AFR) (p <0.05, OR: 13.357, 95% CI: 1.656-107.721), prolonged ventilation (p <0.05, OR: 9.066, 95% CI: 1.091-75.323) and duration of hospitalization (p <0.01, OR: 5.252, 95% CI: 1.784-15.459) were significantly higher in the on-pump group. The number of patients with postoperative low cardiac output was significantly higher in the off-pump group (p <0.05, OR: 5.337, 95% CI: 1.094-26.043). The ratio of complete bypass was significantly higher in the on-pump group compared to the off-pump group (p <0.05, OR: 2.913, 95% CI: 1.204-7.046). CONCLUSION Despite the lower morbidity and mortality in the off-pump group, the rate of target vessel bypass grafting was lower. Off-pump technique may be considered as a safer option for cardiopulmonary bypass in the high risk population.
Gdf3 is required for robust Nodal signaling during germ layer formation and left-right patterning

Vertebrate embryonic patterning depends on signaling from Nodal, a TGFβ superfamily member. There are three Nodal orthologs in zebrafish; southpaw directs left-right asymmetries, while squint and cyclops function earlier to pattern mesendoderm. TGFβ member Vg1 is implicated in mesoderm formation but the role of the zebrafish ortholog, Growth differentiation factor 3 (Gdf3), has not been fully explored. We show that zygotic expression of gdf3 is dispensable for embryonic development, while maternally deposited gdf3 is required for mesendoderm formation and dorsal-ventral patterning. We further show that Gdf3 can affect left-right patterning at multiple stages, including proper development of regional cell morphology in Kupffer’s vesicle and the establishment of southpaw expression in the lateral plate mesoderm. Collectively, our data indicate that gdf3 is critical for robust Nodal signaling at multiple stages in zebrafish embryonic development.
Weakly Interacting Pulses in Synaptically Coupled Neural Media

We use singular perturbation theory to analyze the dynamics of N weakly interacting pulses in a one-dimensional synaptically coupled neuronal network. The network is modeled in terms of a nonlocal integro-differential equation, in which the integral kernel represents the spatial distribution of synaptic weights, and the output activity of a neuron is taken to be a mean firing rate. We derive a set of N coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for the dynamics of individual pulses, establishing a direct relationship between the explicit form of the pulse interactions and the structure of the long-range synaptic coupling. The system of ODEs is used to explore the existence and stability of stationary N-pulses and traveling wave trains.
The Complexity of the Separable Hamiltonian Problem

In this paper, we study variants of the canonical Local Hamiltonian problem where, in addition, the witness is promised to be separable. We define two variants of the Local Hamiltonian problem. The input for the Separable Local Hamiltonian problem is the same as the Local Hamiltonian problem, i.e. a local Hamiltonian and two energies a and b, but the question is somewhat different: the answer is YES if there is a separable quantum state with energy at most a, and the answer is NO if all separable quantum states have energy at least b. The Separable Sparse Hamiltonian problem is defined similarly, but the Hamiltonian is not necessarily local, but rather sparse. We show that the Separable Sparse Hamiltonian problem is QMA(2)-Complete, while Separable Local Hamiltonian is in QMA. This should be compared to the Local Hamiltonian problem, and the Sparse Hamiltonian problem which are both QMA-Complete. To the best of our knowledge, Separable Sparse Hamiltonian is the first non-trivial problem shown to be QMA(2)-Complete.
Inactivation of Giardia muris cysts by free chlorine

The chlorine resistance of cysts of the flagellate protozoan Giardia muris was examined. This organism, which is pathogenic to mice, is being considered as a model for the inactivation of the human pathogen Giardia lamblia. Excystation was used as the criterion for cyst viability. Experiments were performed at pH 5, 7, and 9 at 25 degrees C and pH 7 at 5 degrees C. Survival curves were "stepladder"-shaped, but concentration-time data generally conformed to Watson's Law. Chlorine was most effective at neutral pH and was only slightly less so in acidic solutions. Comparison of inactivation data based on equivalent hypochlorous acid concentrations, which corrects for chlorine ionization, showed that the cysts have a pH-dependent resistance to inactivation. Concentration-time (C X t') products for free chlorine obtained at 25 degrees C ranged from a low of 50 mg min/liter at pH 5 to a high of 218 mg min/liter at pH 9 and were as high as 1,000 mg min/liter at 5 degrees C. It appears that G. muris cysts are somewhat more resistant to inactivation than G. lamblia cysts and rank among the microorganisms that are most resistant to inactivation by free chlorine.
Rapid Differential Endogenous Plasminogen Activator Expression After Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Background and Purpose— During focal cerebral ischemia, the microvascular matrix (ECM), which participates in microvascular integrity, is degraded and lost when neurons are injured. Loss of microvascular basal lamina antigens coincides with rapid expression of select matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Plasminogen activators (PAs) may also play a role in ECM degradation by the generation of plasmin or by MMP activation. Methods— The endogenous expressions of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase (uPA), and PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were quantified in 10-&mgr;m frozen sections from ischemic and matched nonischemic basal ganglia and in the plasma of 34 male healthy nonhuman primates before and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCA:O). Results— Within the ischemic basal ganglia, tissue uPA activity and antigen increased significantly within 1 hour after MCA:O (2 P <0.005). tPA activity transiently decreased 2 hours after MCA:O (2 P =0.01) in concert with an increase in PAI-1 antigen (2 P =0.001) but otherwise did not change. The transient decrease in free tPA antigen was marked by an increase in the tPA–PAI-1 complex (2 P <0.001). No significant relations to neuronal injury or intracerebral hemorrhage were discerned. Conclusions— The rapid increase in endogenous PA activity is mainly due to significant increases in uPA, but not tPA, within the ischemic basal ganglia after MCA:O. This increase and an increase in PAI-1 coincided with latent MMP-2 generation and microvascular ECM degeneration but not neuronal injury.