Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth-Enhanced Transgenic Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Strains Have Varied Success in Simulated Streams: Implications for Risk Assessment

Growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish have accelerated growth and could improve production efficiency in aquaculture. However, concern exists regarding potential environmental risks of GH transgenic fish should they escape rearing facilities. While environmental effects have been examined in some GH transgenic models, there is a lack of information on whether effects differ among different constructs or strains of transgenic fish. We compared growth and survival of wild-type coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry, a fast-growing GH transgenic strain containing a metallothionein promoter (TMT), and three lines/strains containing a reportedly weaker histone-3 promoter (TH3) in hatchery conditions and semi-natural stream tanks with varying levels of natural food and predators. Rank order of genotype size and survival differed with varying environmental conditions, both within and among experiments. Despite accelerated growth in hatchery conditions, TMT fry gained little or no growth enhancement in stream conditions, had enhanced survival when food was limiting, and inconsistent survival under other conditions. Rank growth was inconsistent in TH3 strains, with one strain having highest, and two strains having the lowest growth in stream conditions, although all TH3 strains had consistently poor survival. These studies demonstrate the importance of determining risk estimates for each unique transgenic model independent of other models.
Spontaneous Variability and Reactive Postural Beat-to-beat Changes of Integral Ecg Body Surface Potential Maps

There is virtually no information on spontaneous variability of ECG body surface potential maps (BSPMs) and on dynamics of their reactive changes in healthy subjects. This study evaluated quantitatively the depolarization (QRS) and repolarization (QRST) parameters derived from the respective integral BSPMs, constructed beat-to-beat, from continual body surface ECG records in 9 healthy men resting supine, during head-up tilting and sitting. Spontaneous variability of the BSPMs parameters, both at rest and during postural reactions, was characterized by significant respiratory and low frequency oscillations, more pronounced when related to repolarization. Head-up tilting and sitting-up evoked significant decrease in the QRST-BSPM amplitudes, widening of the angle α and reduction of nondipolarity indexes, compared to the respective supine values. All these changes were gradual, characterized by transition phenomena and prolonged after-effects. Tilting back to horizontal restored the resting supine values. The postural effects on depolarization were individually more variable and in the average showed a minimal QRS-BSPM amplitude increase. Beat-to-beat analysis of a train of ECG BSPMs provided the first evidence of spontaneous, non-random, respiratory and low frequency oscillations of the ventricular repolarization pattern, and the first insight into the dynamics of body posture associated changes in ventricular recovery. Integral ECG body surface maps • Beat-to-beat variability • Respiratory and low frequency oscillations • Postural effects
Stimulation of guinea‐pig tracheal afferent fibres by non‐isosmotic and low‐chloride stimuli and the effect of frusemide.

1. Inhalation of low‐chloride or non‐isosmotic solutions evokes cough or reflex bronchoconstriction in humans that is inhibited by frusemide (furosemide), whilst capsaicin‐evoked cough is unaffected. Here we have examined the responses of single vagal afferent fibres innervating the isolated guinea‐pig trachea to these stimuli, and tested the effect of frusemide on fibre responses. 2. Both distilled water and hypertonic saline applied for 30 s onto identified receptive fields produced marked excitation of all A delta and C fibres tested. Isotonic glucose, a low‐chloride solution, was a less potent stimulant and caused excitation in 37% of A delta fibres and 69% of C fibres. There was no difference in the distribution of low‐chloride sensitive and insensitive receptive fields. 3. In the presence of frusemide, responses of A delta fibres to isotonic glucose were significantly inhibited to 34.2 +/‐ 6.2% of the pre‐drug control level. However, frusemide was without effect either on responses of A delta fibres to distilled water or hypertonic saline, or on responses of C fibres to capsaicin. 4. These data support a role for tracheo‐bronchial A delta and C fibres in airway reflexes evoked by hypotonic, hypertonic and low‐chloride stimuli. The protective effect of frusemide against airway responses to low‐chloride but not to non‐isosmotic solutions may reflect an action on sensory nerve endings.
Modified Kocher–Langenbeck Approach for the Stabilization of Posterior Wall Fractures of the Acetabulum

This article describes a modification of Kocher-Langenbeck approach for the treatment of select posterior wall fractures of acetabulum. The technique aims at achieving osteosynthesis by creating two windows: between the gluteus medius and piriformis superiorly and between the external rotators and ischial tuberosity inferiorly. The approach spares the division of external rotators and of the abductors of the hip, thus preventing iatrogenic damage to the vascularity of the head of the femur and of the fracture fragments. The reconstruction plate can be slid under the piriformis and the short external rotators, thus preserving the soft tissue sleeve of the hip posteriorly. The gluteus minimus is not stripped from the ilium. The technique is ideally suited for isolated, displaced, noncomminuted posterior wall fractures of acetabulum of less than 10 days' duration without marginal impaction. The technique is biologic, takes a shorter operative time in our hands, and prevents further damage to vascularity of the head of the femur and heterotopic ossification.
Placental Expression of HLA Class I Genes

This article presents an overview of the more recent data dealing with the constitutive, transcriptional, and translational expression of classical class la and nonclassical HLA‐E and ‐G class Ib products in the different trophoblast cell subpopulations that constitute the maternofetal interface during human pregnancy. Of particular interest is the expression of alternatively spliced HLA‐G transcriptional isoforms that may be translated in membrane‐bound or soluble protein products. Molecular regulatory mechanisms that may control the differential expression of class la and class lb molecules, according to the cell types, state of differentiation, and stages of gestation are also examined. They may operate at the levels of transcription, translation and/or transport of proteins to the cell surface. Functional significance of the absence of detectable cell surface expression of class Ia molecules in all trophoblast cell sub‐populations, and of the presence of membrane‐bound HLA‐G products in extravillous cytotrophoblast cells is finally questioned.
Biogenic and biomass burning organic aerosol in a boreal forest at Hyytiala, Finland, during HUMPPA-COPEC 2010

Submicron aerosol particles were collected during July and August 2010 in Hyytiala, Finland, to determine the composition and sources of aerosol at that boreal forest site. Submicron particles were collected on Teflon filters and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for organic functional groups (OFGs). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements and FTIR spectra to identify summertime sources of submicron aerosol mass at the sampling site. The two largest sources of organic mass (OM) in particles identified at Hyytiala were (1) biogenic aerosol from surrounding local forest and (2) biomass burning aerosol, transported 4–5 days from large wildfires burning near Moscow, Russia, and northern Ukraine. The robustness of this apportionment is supported by the agreement of two independent analytical methods for organic measurements with three statistical techniques. FTIR factor analysis was more sensitive to the chemical differences between biogenic and biomass burning organic components, while AMS factor analysis had a higher time resolution that more clearly linked the temporal behavior of separate OM factors to that of different source tracers even though their fragment mass spectrum were similar. The greater chemical sensitivity of the FTIR is attributed to the nondestructive preparation and the functional group specificity of spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra show strong similarities among biogenic and biomass burning factors from different regions as well as with reference OM (namely olive tree burning organic aerosol and α-pinene chamber secondary organic aerosol (SOA)). The biogenic factor correlated strongly with temperature and oxidation products of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), included more than half of the oxygenated OFGs (carbonyl groups at 29% and carboxylic acid groups at 22%), and represented 35% of the submicron OM. Compared to previous studies at Hyytiala, the summertime biogenic OM is 1.5 to 3 times larger than springtime biogenic OM (0.64 μg m^−3 and 0.4 μg m^−3, measured in 2005 and 2007, respectively), even though it contributed only 35% of OM. The biomass burning factor contributed 25% of OM on average and up to 62% of OM during three periods of transported biomass burning emissions: 26–28 July, 29–30 July, and 8–9 August, with OFG consisting mostly of carbonyl (41%) and alcohol (25%) groups. The high summertime terrestrial biogenic OM (1.7 μg m^−3) and the high biomass burning contributions (1.2 μg m^−3) were likely due to the abnormally high temperatures that resulted in both stressed boreal forest conditions with high regional BVOC emissions and numerous wildfires in upwind regions.
The role of phonological memory in vocabulary development in ESL children

The Role of Phonological Memory in Vocabulary Development in ESL Children Doctor of Philosophy 2000 Barbara Valeska Schuster Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, OISEAJniversity of Toronto There is evidence that phonological rnemory skills contribute to the leaming of unfarniliar phonological sequences in English-as-a-first-language (EL 1) children (Baddeiey , Gathercole, & Papagno, 1 998) and older English-as-asecond-ianguage (ESL) children (Service, 1992; Service & Kohonen, 1995). The present study investigated the specificity of the role of phonological memory skills in the vocabulary development of young ESL lemers. Ninety-eight k t graders, 40 EL1 children and 58 native speakers of Punjabi learning English as a second language participated in a longitudinal study. Measures of phonological memory, phonological awareness, vocabulary, and word recognition were administered at age 6 and again 1.5 years later. With the exception of a phonological memory task consisting of Hebrew pseudowords (administered for the purposes of reducing the influence of existing long-term phonological knowledge on performance), all other tasks used English-language stimuli. Cross-lagged correlational and hierarc hical regression analyses suggest that the ability to repeat unfiLmi1iar phonological sequences, a measure of
Internet Auctions with Many Traders

We study a multi-unit auction environment similar to eBay. Sellers, each with a single unit of a homogenous good, set reserve prices at their own independent second-price auctions. Each buyer has a private value for the good and wishes to acquire a single unit. Buyers can bid as often as they like and move between the sellers' auctions in a dynamic environment. We characterize a perfect Bayesian equilibrium for this decentralized trading mechanism in which, conditional on reserve prices, an efficient set of trades occurs at a uniform trading price. When the number of buyers and sellers is large but finite, the sellers set reserve prices equal to their true costs under a very mild distributional assumption, so ex-post efficiency is achieved. The buyers' strategies in this equilibrium are very simple and do not depend on their beliefs about the other buyers' valuations, or the number of buyers and sellers. They bid almost myopically. Their only `sophisticated' choice is where to bid when they are indifferent between several sellers.
Impact of asymptomatic idiopathic scoliosis on pulmonary function

Background: Scoliosis is considered as one of the commonest spinal deformity to affect the pulmonary functions because of its ability to alter the respiratory mechanics. Its advancement with age proves fatal because of complications such as respiratory failure. Even though idiopathic scoliosis is also prevalent in India, the data regarding pulmonary function status of these individuals are scant. This necessitates a study on pulmonary functions in Idiopathic Scoliosis. Aims & Objective: To study the pulmonary functions in individuals with idiopathic scoliosis and to compare the same with age and sex matched normal individuals. Materials and Methods: In this study pulmonary functions such as slow vital capacity parameters and forced vital capacity parameters were studied in thirty individuals with Idiopathic Scoliosis in the age group of 15- 30 years. These parameters were compared with those recorded in equal number of age and sex matched apparently normal healthy individuals using unpaired t test. Results: A significant reduction was observed in lung function parameters such as vital capacity, tidal volume, inspiratory/expiratory reserve volumes, inspiratory capacity, forced vital capacity(FVC) and forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1). However the ratio between FEV1 and FVC were within normal limits in both the groups and did not show any significant change. Conclusion: Observations of the present study is suggestive of a restrictive pattern of impairment in Scoliosis, which is mainly because of alteration in respiratory mechanics. These pulmonary deficits may not be evident as they are symptomless. However in future these may tip the balance towards respiratory complications. So study of pulmonary functions in scoliotics may give an idea regarding the extent of detriment of lung function and hence will be useful in planning the treatment options for Scoliosis.
Violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in finite-dimensional spin glasses

We study the violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in the three- and four-dimensional Gaussian Ising spin glasses using on and off equilibrium simulations. We have characterized numerically the function X(C) that determine the violation and we have studied its scaling properties. Moreover we have computed the function x(C) which characterize the breaking of the replica symmetry directly from equilibrium simulations. The two functions are numerically equal and in this way we have established that the conjectured connection between the violation of fluctuation-dissipation theorem in the off-equilibrium dynamics and the replica symmetry breaking at equilibrium holds for finite-dimensional spin glasses. These results point to a spin-glass phase with spontaneously broken replica symmetry in finite-dimensional spin glasses.
Clinical and angiographic comparison of asymptomatic occlusive cerebrovascular disease

We compared clinical and arteriographic features in 106 patients with symptomatic unilateral carotid territory occlusive disease to determine the frequency and distribution of occlusive arterial lesions in asymptomatic vessels. Among black patients who were predominantly from Chicago, young, and female, there were fewer transient ischemic attacks and myocardial infarcts, less claudication, and more asymptomatic lesions of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery stem, and the middle cerebral artery stem. Among white patients predominantly from New England, elderly, and male, there was more frequent and severe occlusive asymptomatic disease at extracranial carotid and vertebral artery sites. Knowledge of the distribution of asymptomatic lesions will help guide evaluation and treatment strategies for patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease.
Factors leading to school dropout: A meta- analysis

To compare the magnitude of five factors contributing to school dropout by means of meta-analysis, 865 effect sizes were calculated from statistical data in 23 studies. In average, the five factors (low demographic characteristics, poor family socialization, poor school socialization, personal problems, and bonding to antisocial peers) contributed to high school dropout with a grand mean effect sizes of 0.37, ranging from 0.20 to 0.44, whereas the poor school performance of the factor “personal problems” was the distinctive subcategory that had a large effect size (0.96). It seems that influences of different factors may accumulate in the poor academic performance that alone or in accompany with other factors leads to dropping out of school. The result of the present study implies that remedial measurements to improve the school performance of a student at risk of dropout should be the first priority for the prevention of dropout.
A tale of two CLCs: biophysical insights toward understanding ClC‐5 and ClC‐7 function in endosomes and lysosomes

The CLC protein family comprises both Cl− channels and H+‐coupled anion transporters. The understanding of the critical role of CLC proteins in a number of physiological functions has greatly contributed to a revision of the classical paradigm that attributed to Cl− ions only a marginal role in human physiology. The endosomal ClC‐5 and the lysosomal ClC‐7 are the best characterized human CLC transporters. Their dysfunction causes Dent's disease and osteopetrosis, respectively. It had been originally proposed that they would provide a Cl− shunt conductance allowing efficient acidification of intracellular compartments. However, this model seems to conflict with the transport properties of these proteins and with recent physiological evidence. Currently, there is no consensus on their specific physiological role. CLC proteins present also a number of peculiar biophysical properties, such as the dimeric architecture, the co‐existence of intrinsically different thermodynamic modes of transport based on similar structural principles, and the gating mechanism recently emerging for the transporters, just to name a few. This review focuses on the biophysical properties and physiological roles of ClC‐5 and ClC‐7.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor as a Regulator of Systemic and Brain Energy Metabolism and Cardiovascular Health

Overweight sedentary individuals are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some neurological disorders. Beneficial effects of dietary energy restriction (DER) and exercise on brain structural plasticity and behaviors have been demonstrated in animal models of aging and acute (stroke and trauma) and chronic (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) neurological disorders. The findings described later, and evolutionary considerations, suggest brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in the integration and optimization of behavioral and metabolic responses to environments with limited energy resources and intense competition. In particular, BDNF signaling mediates adaptive responses of the central, autonomic, and peripheral nervous systems from exercise and DER. In the hypothalamus, BDNF inhibits food intake and increases energy expenditure. By promoting synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, BDNF mediates exercise-and DER-induced improvements in cognitive function and neuroprotection. DER improves cardiovascular stress adaptation by a mechanism involving enhancement of brainstem cholinergic activity. Collectively, findings reviewed in this paper provide a rationale for targeting BDNF signaling for novel therapeutic interventions in a range of metabolic and neurological disorders. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and food intake In the central nervous system (CNS), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor TrkB are highly expressed in the hypotha-lamus, where this neurotrophic factor has major regulatory roles in the control of appetite and metabolism. 1 Mice that are heterozygous for targeted disruption of BDNF (BDNF +/– mice) show a 50% reduction in BDNF expression in the hypotha-lamus, 2 consume 47% more food than wild-type (WT) mice, and are obese. 3 Obesity in BDNF +/– mice is prevented by restricting food intake to match Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Terms and Conditions set out at http://wiley onlinelibrary.com/onlineopen#OnlineOpen Terms that of WT counterparts, implying that the loss of BDNF causes hyperphagia, which leads to obesity. 4 A reduction in the expression of TrkB also leads to obesity in mice. 5 By six months of age, the average weight of male and female BDNF +/– mice are 44% and 33% increased over WT counterparts, respectively. 3 This age-related obesity and chronic hy-perphagia is accompanied by hyperactivity, which is in contrast to lethargy normally associated with obesity. 3,6 Diminished BDNF signaling results in hyperpha-gia and obesity, whereas an increase in BDNF sig-naling has the opposite effect. Intracerebroventric-ular (ICV) infusion of BDNF into normal mice results in a significant decrease in food consumption and a loss of body …
Moral Foundations Theory and Moral Reasoning in Video Game Play: Using Real-Life Morality in a Game Context

Although research has indicated that moral decisions are made during video game play, less research has examined moral reasoning during play. Using a think-aloud protocol, participants’ decisions and reasoning were recorded during game play and coded as either strategic or moral. Players’ reasoning was also coded using Moral Foundations Theory. Results indicated an almost equal percentage of strategic and moral reasoning; the salience of several individual moral foundations predicted moral reasoning during play. Video game experience was positively related to the use of moral reasoning, which can be explained by relating reasoning to rational and experiential processing during game play.
Psychological mechanisms to treatment adherence among people with severe mental illness: Validating treatment motivation and working alliance measures

JOЁLLE C. FERRON: PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO TREATMENT ADHERENCE AMONG PEOPLE WITH SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS: VALIDATING TREATMENT MOTIVATION AND WORKING ALLIANCE MEASURES (Under the direction of Kim Strom-Gottfried) Working alliance and treatment motivation are important indicators for social work clinicians to assess in the course of their practice with individuals with severe mental illness. Measures of treatment motivation have yet to be validated for this population, and measures of working alliance need further confirmatory work. This study further evaluated the Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) among people with severe mental illness and used confirmatory factor analysis to test the factor structure of the truncated Working Alliance Inventory short form (WAIs) among people with severe mental illness and their clinicians. Furthermore, the predictive validity of the TMQ and WAI short form was tested by relating these psychological constructs to treatment adherence. Results show that the TMQ had additional subscales of external motivation, which further supports Self Determination Theory. The truncated WAI short forms for clinicians and consumers were modestly supported, although a second-order confirmatory analysis was confirmed. Lastly, the WAI was minimally related to treatment adherence, and the TMQ was not predictive of treatment adherence.