Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DEVIL'S ADVOCACY IN MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING

There is some debate about the potential value of using devil's advocates in top‐level organizational decision‐making. In this paper, the contrasting views on this question are summarized briefly and the field and laboratory research on the devil's advocate and related techniques is discussed. This research is then used as the basis for detailed suggestions on the effective use of devil's advocates in improving managerial decisions.
Outward FDI, Total Factor Productivity and Domestic Output: Evidence from Germany

This paper examines the impact of outward FDI on domestic output and total factor productivity by applying cointegration techniques to macroeconomic time series data for Germany. We find a positive relationship between outward FDI and domestic output as well as between outward FDI and total factor productivity. Furthermore, our results indicate that there is bidirectional causality between outward FDI and domestic output, and outward FDI and total factor productivity, suggesting that increased output and productivity are both a consequence and a cause of increased outward FDI. Overall, the results of this paper can be interpreted as evidence of productivity-enhancing, and thus growth-enhancing, effects of outward FDI, which is inconsistent with the simplistic idea that outward investment represents a diversion of domestic economic activity.
IS IT BOTH WHAT YOU KNOW AND WHO YOU KNOW? HUMAN CAPITAL, SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS

This paper analyses the importance of human and social capital for entrepreneurial success, using survey data of 459 urban entrepreneurs in Luanda, Angola. The paper offers four main findings: (i) an added year of schooling significantly increases entrepreneurial profits; (ii) different family background variables are associated with the educational attainment of men and women, indicating that educational attainment is gendered; (iii) profits are substantially lower for entrepreneurs suffering from chronic illness; and (iv) entrepreneurs who know a local police officer have higher profits, suggesting that specific forms of networks are related to entrepreneurial success. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the effect of data representation on neural network and regression

In this research the impact of different data representation on the performance of neural network and regression was investigated on different datasets that has binary or Boolean class target.In addition, the performance of particular predictive data mining model could be affected with the change of data representation.The seven data representations that have been used in this research are As_Is, Min Max normalization, standard deviation normalization, sigmoidal normalization, thermometer representation, flag representation and simple binary representation.Moreover, all data representations have been applied on two datasets which are Wisconsin breast cancer and German credit dataset. As a result, the neural network performance is better than logistic regression on both datasets if we exclude the thermometer and flag representations.For datasets having a binary or Boolean target class, flag or thermometer binary representation is recommended to be used if logistic regression analysis is performed. Meanwhile, As_is representation, min max normalization,standard deviation normalization or sigmoidal normalization is recommended for neural network analysis on datasets having binary or Boolean target class.
THRIVING IN THE ACADEMY: A MODEL OF FACULTY CAREER SUCCESS.

We propose a model of faculty success in research universities. We explain how key processes (i.e., access to networks, resources and research time) determine career outcomes. Further, we explicate how these key processes mediate the relationship between human capital attributes and career success outcomes. Implications and future research are discussed.
EARTH'S CRYOSPHERE: Current State and Recent Changes

Earth continues to have a third of the ice that it had at the peak of the last ice age, although that ice continues to decrease, as it has, overall, for the past 18,000 years. Over the last 100 years, the retreat signal has been especially strong in ice shelves of the Arctic and along the Antarctic Peninsula, with a more mixed signal elsewhere. For instance, since the early 1990s, the massive Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have thinned along the coasts but thickened in the interior, and since the late 1970s, sea ice has decreased in the Arctic but increased (slightly) in the Antarctic. Major difficulties in the interpretations of the climate record come from the high interannual variability of most cryosphere components and the lack of consistent long-term global data records; the latter problem is now being slowly remedied, in part, through satellite technology.
What Kind of Education is good For US Productivity? Community Colleges versus Universities

Community college education has been considered the most important mode of education in developing countries. In the US however, community colleges take a back seat in comparison to four-year colleges. Although more attention has been directed to community colleges recently, this mode of education is still considered good only for short term recovery from the recession. This paper performed data analysis on panel data for all fifty states in the US and Washington D.C. The results reveal that the aggregate effect on productivity of associate degree holders is much higher than that of bachelor degree holders. Since community college education results in a higher level of productivity than university education, the long term effect of the former is superior to that of the latter on the US economy. We then compare and contrast the effects across different regions in the country.
State Dependence and Long Term Site Capital in a Random Utility Model of Recreation Demand

Conventional discrete choice Random Utility Maximization (RUM) models of recreation demand ignore the influence of knowledge, or site capital, gained over past trips on current site choice, despite its obvious impact. We develop a partially dynamic RUM model that incorporates a measure of site capital as an explanatory variable in an effort to address this shortcoming. To avoid the endogeneity of past and current trip choices, we estimate an auxiliary instrumental variable regression to purge site capital of its correlation with the error terms in current site utility. Our instrumental variable regression gives a fitted value ranging between 0 and 1 for each alternative for each person – a prediction of whether or not a person visited a site. Results suggest that the presence of accumulated site capital is an important predictor of current trips, and that failure to account for site capital will likely lead to underestimates of potential welfare effects.
Positive Relationship Between Individuality and Social Identity in Virtual Communities: Self-Categorization and Social Identification as Distinct Forms of Social Identity

Previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the relationship between individuality and social identity, indicating this area requires further examination. This study constructed a research model to help understand the positive role of individualized behavior and social identity in virtual communities. The results of an online survey conducted to assess our theoretical research model indicated that social identity can be expressed in two ways: self-categorization and social identification. Furthermore, we found individualized behavior was positively related to social identification, while self-categorization was directly derived from social identification.
Hyperosmotic stimuli inhibit VCAM‐1 expression in cultured endothelial cells via effects on interferon regulatory factor‐1 expression and activity

Transcriptional up‐regulation of the VCAM‐1 gene, induced by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β and TNF‐α, requires activation of not only NF‐κB, but also involves interferon regulatory factor (IRF)‐1. During a study of gene induction by mechanical stimuli in cultured human endothelial cells, we noted that medium hyperosmolarity appeared to influence cytokine‐induced expression of VCAM‐1. Indeed, addition of hyperosmotic, pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of NaCl effectively inhibited IL‐1β or TNF‐α induction of VCAM‐1, but not E‐selectin, at the level of mRNA and cell surface protein. Because induction of both VCAM‐1 and E‐selectin by these cytokines is NF‐κB dependent, we investigated whether the inhibitory effect of hyperosmotic medium might involve IRF‐1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays of the VCAM‐1 promoter demonstrated that hyperosmotic medium suppressed IL‐1β‐ or TNF‐α‐activated binding activities of IRF‐1, but not NF‐κB, to their respective sites. Hyperosmotic medium also inhibited the expression of IRF‐1 induced by TNF‐α or IFN‐γ. Furthermore, hyperosmotic medium inhibited TNF‐α or IFN‐γ induction of guanylate binding protein‐1, another IRF‐1‐dependent gene. Taken together, hyperosmolarity selectively inhibits cytokine‐induced VCAM‐1 in endothelial cells, via an IRF‐1‐dependent mechanism. Thus, pathophysiological fluctuations in plasma osmolarity may influence certain endothelial‐dependent components of the inflammatory response and host defense mechanisms.
Increased Frequency of Circulating CCR5+ CD4+ T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Infection

ABSTRACT CCR5 expression determines susceptibility to infection, cell tropism, and the rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. CCR5 is also considered the major HIV-2 coreceptor in vivo, in spite of broad coreceptor use in vitro. Here we report a significantly increased proportion of memory-effector CD4 T cells expressing CCR5 in HIV-2-infected patients correlating with CD4 depletion. Moreover, HIV-2 proviral DNA was essentially restricted to memory-effector CD4, suggesting that this is the main target for HIV-2. Similar levels of proviral DNA were found in the two infection categories. Thus, the reduced viremia and slow rate of CD4 decline that characterize HIV-2 infection seem to be unrelated to coreceptor availability.
The Value of Enterprise Risk Management

Enterprise risk management (ERM) has been the topic of increased media attention in recent years. The objective of this study is to measure the extent to which specific firms have implemented ERM programs and, then, to assess the value implications of these programs. We focus our attention in this study on U.S. insurers in order to control for differences that might arise from regulatory and market differences across industries. We simultaneously model the determinants of ERM and the effect of ERM on firm value. We estimate the effect of ERM on Tobin's Q, a standard proxy for firm value. We find a positive relation between firm value and the use of ERM. The ERM premium of roughly 20 percent is statistically and economically significant.
Impact of heat stress on crop yield—on the importance of considering canopy temperature

Increasing crop productivity while simultaneously reducing the environmental footprint of crop production is considered a major challenge for the coming decades. Even short episodes of heat stress can reduce crop yield considerably causing low resource use efficiency. Studies on the impact of heat stress on crop yields over larger regions generally rely on temperatures measured by standard weather stations at 2 m height. Canopy temperatures measured in this study in field plots of rye were up to 7 °C higher than air temperature measured at typical weather station height with the differences in temperatures controlled by soil moisture contents. Relationships between heat stress and grain number derived from controlled environment studies were only confirmed under field conditions when canopy temperature was used to calculate stress thermal time. By using hourly mean temperatures measured by 78 weather stations located across Germany for the period 1994–2009 it is estimated, that mean yield declines in wheat due to heat stress during flowering were 0.7% when temperatures are measured at 2 m height, but yield declines increase to 22% for temperatures measured at the ground. These results suggest that canopy temperature should be simulated or estimated to reduce uncertainty in assessing heat stress impacts on crop yield.
ION AND WATER TRANSPORT IN ISOLATED INTESTINE OF THE MARINE TELEOST, COTTUS SCORPIUS.

1. The unidirectional sodium fluxes from mucosa to serosa and from serosa to mucosa have been studied in the isolated small intestine of Cottus scorpius , bathed in Ringer and sulphate Ringer, by use of the isotope 22 Na. In addition the unidirectional chloride fluxes have been studied in Ringer and choline Ringer using the isotope 36 Cl. 2. In Ringer the mean±S.E. values of these fluxes have been found to be: for sodium, 8.4 ± 0.6(serosa to mucosa) and 23.9 ± 0.7 (mucosa to serosa) µ equiv. cm. -2 hr. -1 and for chloride, 10.5 ± 0.9(serosa to mucosa) and 21.9 ± 0.9(mucosa to serosa) µ equiv. cm. -2 hr. -1 In sulphate Ringer the mean ± S.E. values for sodium were 4.5 ± 0.3 (serosa to mucosa) and 6.8 ± 0.6 (mucosa to serosa) µ equiv. cm. -2 hr. -1 and in choline Ringer the mean ± S.E. values for chloride were 5.1 ± 1.0 (serosa to mucosa) and 5.4 ± 0.9 (mucosa to serosa) µ equiv. cm. -2 hr. -1 . 3. The respiration rates of pieces of intestine placed in Ringer, sulphate Ringer, choline Ringer and artificial sea water have been measured in a Warburg apparatus. 4. The mean ± S.E. values of oxygen consumption in these media have been found to be 0.4 ± 0.2 (Ringer), 0.3 ± 0.2 (sulphate Ringer), 0.3 ± 0.2 (choline Ringer) and 0.1 ± 0.2 (artificial sea water) µ l. O 2 /mg. dry weight.hr. 5. The electric potential differences between identical serosal and mucosal media bathing isolated intestines have been measured. 6. The mean ± S.E. values of the potential difference in Ringer, sulphate Ringer, choline Ringer and artificial sea water have been found to be +0.6 ±0.3, +2.2 ± 0.2, + 0.8 ± 0.3 and + 1.3 ± 0.2 mV. , respectively (mucosal medium taken as reference). 7. The hydraulic conductivity of the isolated intestine has been found by measuring the change in net water flux arising from the creation of an osmotic gradient across this tissue. Net water flux was measured by the change in weight of normal filled sacs. The mean ± S.E. value for this parameter has been found to be O.22 ± 0.05 µ l. /cm. 2 mosmolar. hr. (or 2.4 ± 0.6 cm. sec. -1 atm. -1 ). 8. It has been found that, when artificial sea water is placed in the lumen of the intestine bathed in Ringer, a net flow of water into the lumen occurs. This net water flux falls to zero at a time dependent on the luminal volume (to be diluted) and, thereafter, a net water flux (mucosa to serosa) is established. 9. The net water movement across isolated intestines bathed on both sides by identical media has been studied. 10. The mean ± S.E. values for net water flux (mucosa to serosa) have been found to be: in Ringer, 8.1 ± 0.8, in sulphate Ringer, 3.6 ± 0.5 and in choline Ringer, 6.7 ± 0.6 µ l. cm -2 hr. -1 . 11. The results are interpreted as showing that the net transfer of sodium and chloride ions between identical Ringer solutions is achieved by some process whereby these ions are ‘pumped’ in the form of electrically neutral sodium chloride. 12. It is considered that there is some evidence for the existence of a frictional interaction between sodium chloride and water as they pass across the intestine.
Evaluation of Live Attenuated Influenza A Virus H6 Vaccines in Mice and Ferrets

ABSTRACT Avian influenza A virus A/teal/HK/W312/97 (H6N1) possesses seven gene segments that are highly homologous to those of highly pathogenic human influenza H5N1 viruses, suggesting that a W312-like H6N1 virus might have been involved in the generation of the A/HK/97 H5N1 viruses. The continuous circulation and reassortment of influenza H6 subtype viruses in birds highlight the need to develop an H6 vaccine to prevent potential influenza pandemics caused by the H6 viruses. Based on the serum antibody cross-reactivity data obtained from 14 different H6 viruses from Eurasian and North American lineages, A/duck/HK/182/77, A/teal/HK/W312/97, and A/mallard/Alberta/89/85 were selected to produce live attenuated H6 candidate vaccines. Each of the H6 vaccine strains is a 6:2 reassortant ca virus containing HA and NA gene segments from an H6 virus and the six internal gene segments from cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (AA ca), the master donor virus that is used to make live attenuated influenza virus FluMist (intranasal) vaccine. All three H6 vaccine candidates exhibited phenotypic properties of temperature sensitivity (ts), ca, and attenuation (att) conferred by the internal gene segments from AA ca. Intranasal administration of a single dose of the three H6 ca vaccine viruses induced neutralizing antibodies in mice and ferrets and fully protected mice and ferrets from homologous wild-type (wt) virus challenge. Among the three H6 vaccine candidates, the A/teal/HK/W312/97 ca virus provided the broadest cross-protection against challenge with three antigenically distinct H6 wt viruses. These data support the rationale for further evaluating the A/teal/HK/W312/97 ca vaccine in humans.
Comparison of periapical radiography with cone beam computed tomography in the diagnosis of vertical root fractures in teeth with metallic post

Aim: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of conventional periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in detecting vertical root fracture (VRF) in tooth with metallic post (MP). Materials and Methods: Twenty endodontically-treated teeth received MPs, artificial fractures were created in 10 teeth, and they were all examined with tomography and radiography. The sample consisted of periapical radiography with post and without post, and tomography with post and without post; each group with five fractured and five non-fractured teeth. The images were evaluated by three dental/maxillofacial radiologists and statistical validations were carried out using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Sensitivity and specificity of the area under the ROC (Az) of tomography with post (Az = 0.953) and without post (Az = 0.956) were significantly higher than those of periapical radiography with post (Az = 0.753) and without post (Az = 0.778). Conclusion: CBCT was more accurate than conventional periapical radiography in detecting VRF.
The Value-Relevance of Financial Statement Recognition versus Note Disclosure: Evidence from Goodwill Accounting

The relative significance of financial statement recognition and note disclosure is an important issue for accounting regulators, preparers and auditors. While standard-setters prioritise financial recognition over disclosure, the empirical evidence on the value-relevance of note disclosures is mixed. This is partly due to the severe methodological problems inherent in comparing the two modes of presentation. This paper examines this issue in a new context by exploiting the UK regulatory environment where old pre-FRS 10 goodwill continues to be disclosed in the notes to the accounts at the same time as new post-FRS 10 goodwill is capitalised. It thus uses a within-firm research method to examine the relative significance of the two goodwill amounts. The analysis is based on a sample of 243 non-financial firms containing amounts of both recognised and disclosed goodwill in their 2002 financial statements. Both variables are significantly associated with share price. In addition, for firms engaging in R&D, there is no significant difference between the contributions of disclosed and recognised goodwill in explaining market value, a result consistent with the markets efficiently incorporating goodwill information irrespective of where it appears in the annual report.
Dyslipidemia-Induced Neuropathy in Mice : the Role of oxLDL / LOX-1

This is an uncopyedited electronic version of an article accepted for publication in Diabetes. The American Diabetes Association, publisher of Diabetes, is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it by third parties. The definitive publisher-authenticated version will be available in a future issue of Diabetes in print and online at http://diabetes.diabetesjournals. org. Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online July 10, 2009
Siting Locally-Unwanted Facilities: What Can Be Learnt from the Location of Italian Power Plants

The reaction of communities to the development of energy facilities is based on the environmental impact of the investment, but it also reflects the ex-ante propensity of residents to engage in collective actions. In this work we have examined the requests of authorization of Italian power producers for new thermal plants with the purpose of testing the efficiency of market-based siting policies. The classical location factors, e.g., infrastructure availability, have been confirmed to play a role, and there is a weak evidence that authorization demands have targeted communities that suffer less environmental damage. However our findings have also revealed that power producers are likely to avoid potentially suitable sites if they host a highly activistic community. The paper also discusses some modifications concerning siting policies that could improve the alignment between community responses and the environmental costs of new energy facilities.
Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in adolescent psychiatric inpatients.

The purpose of this study was to examine further the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in samples of adolescents, ages 14 to 18 years. The BAI is a 21-item self-report measure of anxiety severity. The BAI total score differentiated between the inpatient and high-school adolescents. In the psychiatric inpatient sample, girls obtained higher anxiety-severity scores than boys; no gender differences were obtained for the BAI total score in the high-school sample. Confirmatory factor analyses did not provide adequate fit for the two- factor oblique BAI models to the separate male and female psychiatric inpatient data. Principal axes with varimax and promax rotations initially identified a four-factor solution in the separate male and female inpatient participants. However, second-order analyses of the primary factors provided stronger support for a single-factor structure in each sample. Estimates of reliability for the BAI were adequate in samples of psychiatric inpatient and high-school adolescents. Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the BAI was investigated separately in the male and female inpatient samples. Overall, the BAI showed acceptable psychometric properties in these populations.