Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parcellation of cortical afferents to three distinct sectors in the parahippocampal gyrus of the rhesus monkey: An anatomical and neurophysiological study

The posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is comprised of three distinct cortical areas based on cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and neurophysiological response properties. Fluorescent retrograde tracers placed in each PHG area demonstrated unique patterns of cortical afferent input to areas TH, TL, and TF. Area TF receives inputs from the multimodal cortices of the superior temporal sulcus including areas PGa, TPO, and MST, from the visuospatial parietal area PG‐Opt, and from visual areas V3A and dorsal V4. Area TL receives afferents from the inferotemporal region including visual areas TE1 and TE2 as well as from areas TEa, IPa, and FST in the lower bank and depth of the superior temporal sulcus. In contrast, the input to area TH is from the rostral part of superior temporal gyrus, including the auditory association areas TS1‐3, and from the middle sector of area TPO in the superior temporal sulcus. Frontal and cingulate areas also project to the PHG in largely differential patterns. To further investigate this a correlative electrophysiological study of the three PHG areas resulted in a confirmation of these differential cortical inputs such that visually responsive neurons were found in areas TF and TL, auditory responsive neurons or bimodal auditory/visual‐responsive neurons in area TH, and somatosensory‐responsive neurons at the TF/TL border. Since each PHG area also receives differential hippocampal input, these data suggest that the processing of unimodal or multimodal information may be related to memory processing functions that are largely segregated within areas TH, TL, and TF. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:161–179, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On Shapley Ratings in Brain Networks

We consider the problem of computing the influence of a neuronal structure in a brain network. Abraham et al. (2006) computed this influence by using the Shapley value of a coalitional game corresponding to a directed network as a rating. Kötter et al. (2007) applied this rating to large-scale brain networks, in particular to the macaque visual cortex and the macaque prefrontal cortex. Our aim is to improve upon the above technique by measuring the importance of subgroups of neuronal structures in a different way. This new modeling technique not only leads to a more intuitive coalitional game, but also allows for specifying the relative influence of neuronal structures and a direct extension to a setting with missing information on the existence of certain connections.
Brief Definitive Report Strand-biased Defect in C/g Transversions in Hypermutating Immunoglobulin Genes in Rev1-defi Cient Mice

Somatic hypermutation of Ig genes enables B cells of the germinal center to generate high-affi nity immunoglobulin variants. Key intermediates in somatic hypermutation are deoxy-uridine lesions, introduced by activation-induced cytidine deaminase. These lesions can be processed further to abasic sites by uracil DNA glycosylase. Mutagenic replication of de-oxyuridine, or of its abasic derivative, by translesion synthesis polymerases is hypothesized to underlie somatic hypermutation. Rev1 is a translesion synthesis polymerase that in vitro incorporates uniquely deoxycyti-dine opposite deoxyuridine and abasic residues. To investigate a role of Rev1 in mammalian somatic hypermutation we have generated mice defi cient for Rev1. Although Rev1 −/− mice display transient growth retardation, proliferation of Rev1 −/− LPS-stimulated B cells is indistinguishable from wild-type cells. In mutated Ig genes from Rev1 −/− mice, C to G transversions were virtually absent in the nontranscribed (coding) strand and reduced in the transcribed strand. This defect is associated with an increase of A to T, C to A, and T to C substitutions. These results indicate that Rev1 incorporates deoxycytidine residues, most likely opposite abasic nucleotides, during somatic hypermutation. In addition, loss of Rev1 causes compensatory increase in mutagenesis by other translesion synthesis polymerases. DNA translesion synthesis (TLS) is a backup replication pathway that, in contrast to replica-tive polymerases δ and ε, is capable of replica-ting damaged nucleotides that confer helical distortion to the DNA template. Replication of the damaged nucleotide by TLS is believed to safeguard the perpetuation of replication in the presence of unrepaired DNA damage, al-beit frequently at the expense of misincorpora-tions. The Y family of DNA polymerases in mammals is a major class of TLS polymerases comprising the polymerases η, ι, κ, and Rev1 (1). In vitro, the catalytic activity of mamma-lian Rev1 is limited to the highly distributive incorporation of cytosine residues opposite de-oxyuridine residues and abasic nucleotides (2, 3). Analysis of TLS at site-specifi cally damaged DNA templates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae supports an important role of Rev1 in the bypass of abasic sites in vivo (4). In addition, Rev1-defi cient chicken DT40 cells and hypomorphic mouse Rev1 mutant cells display hypersensitiv-ity to a variety of genotoxic agents (5, 6). The infrequent mutations to deoxycytidine induced by these agents in Rev1-profi cient S. cerevisiae suggests a second (noncatalytic) role for Rev1, possibly by recruiting other TLS polymerases. In agreement, TLS polymerases η, ι, κ, as well as the Rev7 TLS-associated protein, interact with a COOH-terminal …
Predicting intracerebral hemorrhage by baseline magnetic resonance imaging in stroke patients undergoing systemic thrombolysis

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains a serious complication in ischemic stroke patients undergoing systemic thrombolysis. Here, we examined whether the risk of treatment‐associated hemorrhage can be predicted from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) within 3 h after symptom onset.
Quantum Minimum Distance Classifier

We propose a quantum version of the well known minimum distance classification model called Nearest Mean Classifier (NMC). In this regard, we presented our first results in two previous works. First, a quantum counterpart of the NMC for two-dimensional problems was introduced, named Quantum Nearest Mean Classifier (QNMC), together with a possible generalization to any number of dimensions. Secondly, we studied the n-dimensional problem into detail and we showed a new encoding for arbitrary n-feature vectors into density operators. In the present paper, another promising encoding is considered, suggested by recent debates on quantum machine learning. Further, we observe a significant property concerning the non-invariance by feature rescaling of our quantum classifier. This fact, which represents a meaningful difference between the NMC and the respective quantum version, allows us to introduce a free parameter whose variation provides, in some cases, better classification results for the QNMC. The experimental section is devoted: (i) to compare the NMC and QNMC performance on different datasets; and (ii) to study the effects of the non-invariance under uniform rescaling for the QNMC.
Development of Titanium Dental Implants Using Techniques of Powder Metallurgy

Titanium is an attractive material for dental and biomedical applications, because of high corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility and high mechanical strength combined with low density. However, the high reactivity of titanium in the liquid phase make it difficult to produce it by fusion, so a alternative is powder metallurgy (P/M) method. Powder Metallurgy has been used to manufacture porous implants. The presence of a porous surface is desirable because it improves the osteointegration increases the adhesion between the bone tissue and the implant, being favorable for transporting body fluid. This paper proposes to characterize the commercial pure titanium powder obtained by process of hydride-dehydride, obtain samples with adequate porosity by uniaxial pressing and vacuum sintering and evaluate the corrosion behavior of sintered titanium in Hank ́s solution. The results showed that the titanium powder of angular shape after uniaxial pressing of 400 MPa and sintered in vacuum at 1150 ° C, allowed obtaining samples with adequate surface porosity of around 17%. In potentiodynamic polarization curves revealed no typical behavior of passive metals but show low current density, that increasing corrosion resistance. Keywords: titanium implants, powder metallurgy, porosity and electrochemical behavior.
Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages (SPMRL) What, How and Whither

The term Morphologically Rich Languages (MRLs) refers to languages in which significant information concerning syntactic units and relations is expressed at word-level. There is ample evidence that the application of readily available statistical parsing models to such languages is susceptible to serious performance degradation. The first workshop on statistical parsing of MRLs hosts a variety of contributions which show that despite language-specific idiosyncrasies, the problems associated with parsing MRLs cut across languages and parsing frameworks. In this paper we review the current state-of-affairs with respect to parsing MRLs and point out central challenges. We synthesize the contributions of researchers working on parsing Arabic, Basque, French, German, Hebrew, Hindi and Korean to point out shared solutions across languages. The overarching analysis suggests itself as a source of directions for future investigations.
Laser Capture Microdissection and Microarray Expression Analysis of Lung Adenocarcinoma Reveals Tobacco Smoking-and Prognosis-related Molecular Profiles 1

Recent expression profile analyses revealed that lung adenocarcinomas can be divided into several subgroups with diverse pathological features. Because cellular heterogeneity of tumors can confound these analyses, we used laser capture microdissection and microarray expression analysis to characterize the molecular profiles of lung adenocarcinomas. We found 45 genes delineating smokers and nonsmokers that were located at chromosomal loci frequently altered in non-small cell lung cancers, and 27 genes, which were differentially expressed between survivors and nonsurvivors 5 years after surgery. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the abnormal expression of genes involved in maintaining the mitotic spindle checkpoint and genomic stability, e.g., hBUB3, hZW10, and APC2, contribute to the molecular pathogenesis and tumor progression of tobacco smoke-induced adenocarcinoma of the lung.
High throughput multiplex PCR and probe-based detection with Luminex beads for seven intestinal parasites.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for intestinal parasites are increasingly being used on fecal DNA samples for enhanced specificity and sensitivity of detection. Comparison of these tests against microscopy and copro-antigen detection has been favorable, and substitution of PCR-based assays for the ova and parasite stool examination is a foreseeable goal for the near future. One challenge is the diverse list of protozoan and helminth parasites. Several existing real-time PCR assays for the major intestinal parasites-Cryptosporidium spp. , Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, and Strongyloides stercoralis-were adapted into a high throughput protocol. The assay involves two multiplex PCR reactions, one with specific primers for the protozoa and one with specific primers for the helminths, after which PCR products are hybridized to beads linked to internal oligonucleotide probes and detected on a Luminex platform. When compared with the parent multiplex real-time PCR assays, this multiplex PCR-bead assay afforded between 83% and 100% sensitivity and specificity on a total of 319 clinical specimens. In conclusion, this multiplex PCR-bead protocol provides a sensitive diagnostic screen for a large panel of intestinal parasites.
Resolving Terminological Heterogeneity In Ontologies

A system that enables interoperation among information sources using ontologies needs to resolve the terminological differences between ontologies. In this work, we present several methods that we have designed to match terms used in different ontologies. We have implemented two methods based on linguistic similarities of terms used in the ontologies. The ﬁrst looks up a dictionary or semantic network like WordNet and the second determines similarities of words based on word similarity compuoed from a domain-speciﬁc corpus of documents. We discuss our experiments that indicate that a method that uses both heuristics produces good results.
The effects of walking and control method on pressure-based interaction

Pressure-based interactions have largely been limited to static scenarios; very few have focused on its use on mobile devices and even fewer have investigated the use of pressure while the user is in motion (i.e. walking). Pressure input is well suited to mobile interaction as mobile devices almost universally adopt touch and gestural input. This paper presents the initial results of research looking into the effects of walking on the application of pressure during linear targeting. Positional and rate-based (velocity) control methods are compared in order to determine which allows for more stable and accurate selections. Results suggest that rate-based control is superior for both mobile (walking) and static (sitting) linear targeting and that mobility significantly increases errors, selection time and subjective workload. These results will influence the design of a second part of the study, which will evaluate user ability to control the same application using only audio feedback.
Fat supplementation in animal production—monogastric animals

Fats are used extensively to supplement the diets of pigs, poultry and fish largely because of the movement towards higher energy-containing diets in intensive animal production systems, and the favourable costs of fats relative to other sources of energy. Thus the last decade has seen a threefold increase in the use of fats during a period of almost static feed production (Table I), of which slightly more than 50% has been utilized in pig and poultry rations. As energy sources per se, the non-additive relationship between fats and the higher efficiency of utilization of their metabolizable energy (ME), relative to that of carbohydrate or protein, require particular consideration with respect to their energy value to the animal. The fatty acid composition of fat not only affects its energy value but has a significant effect on the economic value of the end-product, both in its chemical composition and in the more subjective measurements of meat quality. The range of fats available is wide, and they must be selected carefully with regard to energy yield, and their effect on the overall cost of production and product value. Some of these considerations will be discussed, together with some specific applications of fats in the nutrition of particular classes of stock.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use Associated with Reduced Incidence of Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia that Overexpress Cyclin D1

This study was undertaken to determine whether selected risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancer are associated with tumors that overexpress cyclin D1. Archived tumor tissue was available for 630 esophageal and gastric cancer patients who participated in a population-based case-control study. Patients were categorized into case groups based on whether protein overexpression of the cyclin D1 gene, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, was present (cyclin D1+, n = 285) or not (cyclin D1−, n = 345) in the tumor. The distribution of risk factors in each of these case groups was then compared with the distribution among the 695 controls. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (OR) for esophageal adenocarcinoma were reduced in relation to use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use but only among patients with cyclin D1+ tumors (0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.26, 0.79) and not among those with cyclin D1− tumors (1.12, 95% CI = 0.67, 1.86). A similar pattern was observed for gastric cardia adenocarcinomas. In contrast, ORs for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and noncardia gastric adenocarcinomas in relation to NSAID use were reduced, regardless of cyclin D1 status. ORs did not vary with cyclin D1 status in relation to alcohol, body size, or cigarette smoking, with the following exception; for noncardia gastric adenocarcinomas the cyclin D1− tumors showed a 2-fold elevation in the OR with ever smoking. These data suggest that the reduction in risk associated with NSAID use may be restricted to those esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas that overexpress cyclin D1.
Involvement of calpains in adult neurogenesis: implications for stroke

Calpains are ubiquitous proteases involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and motility. In the brain, calpains have been associated with neuronal damage in both acute and neurodegenerative disorders, but their physiological function in the nervous system remains elusive. During brain ischemia, there is a large increase in the levels of intracellular calcium, leading to the activation of calpains. Inhibition of these proteases has been shown to reduce neuronal death in a variety of stroke models. On the other hand, after stroke, neural stem cells (NSC) increase their proliferation and newly formed neuroblasts migrate towards the site of injury. However, the process of forming new neurons after injury is not efficient and finding ways to improve it may help with recovery after lesion. Understanding the role of calpains in the process of neurogenesis may therefore open a new window for the treatment of stroke. We investigated the involvement of calpains in NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration in two highly neurogenic regions in the mouse brain, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). We used mice that lack calpastatin, the endogenous calpain inhibitor, and calpains were also modulated directly, using calpeptin, a pharmacological calpain inhibitor. Calpastatin deletion impaired both NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration. Calpain inhibition increased NSC proliferation, migration speed and migration distance in cells from the SVZ. Overall, our work suggests that calpains are important for neurogenesis and encourages further research on their neurogenic role. Prospective therapies targeting calpain activity may improve the formation of new neurons following stroke, in addition to affording neuroprotection.
Understanding support for complementary and alternative medicine in general populations: Use and perceived efficacy

Proponents of complementary and alternative medicine argue that these treatments can be used with great effect in addition to, and sometimes instead of, conventional medicine, a position which has drawn sustained opposition from those who advocate an evidence-based approach to the evaluation of treatment efficacy. Using recent survey data from the United Kingdom, this article seeks to establish a clearer understanding of the nature of the public’s relationship with complementary and alternative medicine within the general population by focusing on beliefs about the perceived effectiveness of homeopathy, in addition to its reported use. Using recent data from the United Kingdom, we initially demonstrate that reported use and perceived effectiveness are far from coterminous and argue that for a proper understanding of the motivations underpinning public support of complementary and alternative medicine, consideration of both reported use and perceived effectiveness is necessary. We go on to demonstrate that although the profile of homeopathy users differs from those who support this form of medicine, neither outcome is dependent upon peoples’ levels of knowledge about science. Instead, the results suggest a far greater explanatory role for need and concerns about conventional medicine.
No Contribution of Tension-Reducing Rotator Cuff Sutures on Locking Plate Fixation in a 2-Part Proximal Humerus Fracture Model

Objectives: Varus failure is a well-known complication of open reduction internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures. The addition of tension-reducing sutures from the plate to the rotator cuff may attenuate the deforming forces of the rotator cuff resulting in decreased varus failure. In this study, we investigate the biomechanical contributions of tension-reducing sutures to a locked plate construct in a 2-part proximal humerus fracture model. Methods: Two fixation techniques were tested in 12 matched fresh frozen humeri in which standard 2-part fractures of the surgical neck were created with a gap simulating surgical neck medial comminution. In group 1, fractures were fixed with a standard proximal humerus locking plate. In group 2, the plate fixation was similar, and additionally, tension-reducing sutures were applied from the plate to the rotator cuff. Active abduction was simulated for 400 cycles with force applied through the rotator cuff tendons. Intercyclic fracture motion, change in displacement, and load to failure were recorded. Results: The addition of tension-reducing sutures did not lead to significant differences in intercyclic fracture motion. The mean change in displacement and load to failure were similar in both groups. Failure typically occurred in both groups at the rotator cuff testing clamp interface. Conclusions: Tension-relieving rotator cuff sutures added to locking plate fixation did not lead to a change in fracture gap with cyclic loading or an increase in ultimate failure load in a 2-part surgical neck proximal humerus fracture model without medial support.
Birth of Pouch Young after Artificial Insemination in the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii)1

Abstract Timing of artificial insemination (AI) in marsupials is critical because fertilization must occur before mucin coats the oocyte during passage through the oviduct. In this study, timing and the site of insemination were examined to develop AI in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Birth and postpartum (p.p.) estrus was synchronized in 46 females. Epididymal spermatozoa (n = 4) or semen collected by electroejaculation (n = 42) were inseminated early (4–21 h p.p.) into the urogenital sinus (n = 7), the anterior vaginal culs de sac (n = 7), the uterus by transcervical catheter (n = 5), or the uterus by injection (intrauterine artificial insemination, IUAI) (n = 5). A further 16 females were inseminated late (19–48 h p.p.) by IUAI. All females were monitored for birth. A third group of six females was inseminated late (21–54 h p.p.) by IUAI and 0.4–6.6 h later, sperm had reached the oviduct in all animals. In total, an oocyte to which spermatozoa were attached was recovered and two young were born after IUAI using epididymal (n = 1) or electroejaculated (n = 2) spermatozoa, but no young resulted from insemination at other sites. Two females were successfully inseminated at 43 and 47 h p.p., later than most other animals, and the third was inseminated much earlier (18 h p.p.) but with highly motile spermatozoa. These young represent the first macropodids born by AI and the first marsupials conceived using epididymal spermatozoa.