Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exclusion, Employment and Opportunity

The relationships between employment, education, opportunity, social exclusion and poverty are central to current policy debates. Atkinson argues that the concepts of poverty, unemployment and social exclusion are closely related, but are not the same. People may be poor without being socially excluded, and vice versa. Unemployment may cause poverty, but this can be prevented. Equally, marginal jobs do not ensure social inclusion. Britton argues that convential economic analysis misses a key part of the problem of unemployment: the role of work in providing self-esteem and non-material parts of human well-being. Hills examines whether new evidence on income mobility implies less worry about inequality and relative poverty. Some low income is transitory, but the 'poverty problem' discounting this remains 80-90 per cent of that shown by cross-section surveys. Machin finds that intergenerational mobility is limited in terms of earnings and education, and that childhood disadvantage has effects long into adult life and is an important factor in maintaining immobility of economic status across generations. Arulampalam and Booth suggest that there is a trade-off between expanding more marginal forms of employment and expanding the proportion of the workforce getting work-related training. Workers in temporary or short-term contracts, part-time, and non-unionised employment are less likely to receive work-related training. Green and colleagues compare 1986 and 1997 surveys to show that skill levels for British workers have been rising, not just in the qualifications needed to get jobs, but also in the skills actually used in them. There is no evidence of 'credentialism'.
Functional triplet motifs underlie accurate predictions of single-trial responses in populations of tuned and untuned V1 neurons

Visual stimuli are encoded in the activity patterns of neocortical neuronal populations. Trial-averaged neuronal activity is selectively modulated by particular visual stimulus parameters, such as the direction of a moving bar of light, resulting in well-defined tuning properties. However, a large number of neurons in visual cortex remain unmodulated by any given stimulus parameter, and the role of this untuned population is not well understood. Here, we use two-photon calcium imaging to record, in an unbiased manner, from large populations of layer 2/3 excitatory neurons in mouse primary visual cortex to describe co-varying activity on single trials in populations consisting of tuned and untuned neurons. Specifically, we summarize pairwise covariability with an asymmetric partial correlation coefficient, allowing us to analyze the population correlation structure with graph theory. Using the graph neighbors of a neuron, we find that the local population, including tuned and untuned neurons, are able to predict individual neuron activity on a single trial basis and recapitulate average tuning properties of tuned neurons. We also find that a specific functional triplet motif in the graph results in the best predictions, suggesting a signature of informative correlations in these populations. Variance explained in total population activity scales with the number of neurons imaged, suggesting larger sample sizes are required to fully capture local network interactions. In summary, we show that unbiased sampling of the local population can explain single trial response variability as well as trial-averaged tuning properties in V1, and the ability to predict responses is tied to the occurrence of a functional triplet motif. Author summary V1 populations have historically been characterized by single cell response properties and pairwise co-variability. Many cells, however, do not show obvious dependencies to a given stimulus or behavioral task, and have consequently gone unanalyzed. We densely record from V1 populations to measure how trial-to-trial response variability relates to these previously understudied neurons. We find that individual neurons, regardless of response properties, are inextricably dependent on the population in which they are embedded. By studying patterns of correlations between groups of neurons, we identify a specific triplet motif that predicts this dependence on local population activity. Only by studying large populations simultaneously were we able to find an emergent property of this information. These results imply that understanding how the visual system operates with substantial trial-to-trial variability will necessitate a network perspective that accounts for both visual stimuli and activity in the local population.
Why do peer reviewers decline to review? A survey

Background: Peer reviewers are usually unpaid and their efforts not formally acknowledged. Some journals have difficulty finding appropriate reviewers able to complete timely reviews, resulting in publication delay. Objectives and methods: A survey of peer reviewers from five biomedical journals was conducted to determine why reviewers decline to review and their opinions on reviewer incentives. Items were scored on 5-point Likert scales, with low scores indicating low importance or low agreement. Results: 551/890 (62%) reviewers responded. Factors rated most highly in importance for the decision to accept to review a paper included contribution of the paper to subject area (mean 3.67 (standard deviation (SD) 86)), relevance of topic to own work (mean 3.46 (SD 0.99)) and opportunity to learn something new (mean 3.41 (SD 0.96)). The most highly rated factor important in the decision to decline to review was conflict with other workload (mean 4.06 (SD 1.31)). Most respondents agreed that financial incentives would not be effective when time constraints are prohibitive (mean 3.59 (SD 1.01)). However, reviewers agreed that non-financial incentives might encourage reviewers to accept requests to review: free subscription to journal content (mean 3.72 (SD 1.04)), annual acknowledgement on the journal’s website (mean 3.64 (SD 0.90)), more feedback about the outcome of the submission (mean 3.62 (SD 0.88)) and quality of the review (mean 3.60 (SD 0.89), and appointment of reviewers to the journal’s editorial board (mean 3.57 (SD 0.99)). Conclusion: Reviewers are more likely to accept to review a manuscript when it is relevant to their area of interest. Lack of time is the principal factor in the decision to decline. Reviewing should be formally recognised by academic institutions and journals should acknowledge reviewers’ work.
State-Dependent Exchange Rate Pass-Through Behavior

We estimate a Bayesian threshold vector autoregression (TVAR) to study the relationship between exchange rate pass-through and economic activity in Canada and Mexico. Both the model comparison and the analysis of impulse–response functions provide strong evidence of a nonlinear relationship and suggest that the exchange rate pass-through is dependent on the state of the economy. In particular, the pass-through coefficient is higher when the growth rate of output is large, and this difference is statistically significant across regimes for both countries. Furthermore, the results show that the degree of pass-through is complete in the case of import prices and that it falls along the distribution chain of goods.
Design of Optimal Winding Configurations for Symmetrical Multiphase Concentrated-Wound Surface-Mount PMSMs to Achieve Maximum Torque Density Under Current Harmonic Injection

Torque density of multiphase PMSMs can be enhanced by using current harmonic injection (CHI) techniques that utilize potential torque-producing nonfundamental spatial harmonics of the stator winding function (SWF) to produce an additional average torque. This possibility is ignored in the existing multiphase winding design methods that only aim at maximizing the fundamental spatial SWF harmonic, thus neglecting the remaining torque-producing spatial harmonics. These methods are also restricted by the number of machine phases. Motivated by these drawbacks in the existing methods, this paper proposes a novel heuristic algorithm for designing symmetrical multiphase concentrated windings with maximized average torque by considering all the nonfundamental torque-producing spatial SWF harmonics. The proposed approach is valid for any number of phases. Accordingly, an index is proposed to evaluate the multiphase winding performance in terms of its torque density under the CHI technique. The proposed method is formulated by using analytical treatment of the SWF, based on which, a systematic approach for calculating harmonic winding factors and evaluating the average torque is synthesized. The proposed approach is validated through case studies and experimental tests.
Global Imbalances and Petrodollars

Oil exporters have run large current account surpluses. We explore oil exporters' role in our understanding and the resolution of global imbalances. Current account dynamics are estimated for oil-exporting countries and the rest of the world. We find that fiscal policy has a much stronger effect on current account of oil exporters than on current account of other countries. The current account adjustment of oil-exporting countries is also faster than that of other countries. We conclude that a change in fiscal policy of oil exporters can have significant and speedy impact on global imbalances.
A Stochastic Stability Enhancement Method of Grid-Connected Distributed Energy Storage Systems

Integrating distributed energy storage systems (DESSs) into the distribution system can facilitate the high-level penetration of renewable energy source-based distributed generations (RES-DGs). To mitigate irregularly time-varying power outputs from RES-DGs, supervisory controllers of DESSs need to allocate corresponding power set points for DESS inverter primary controllers. Consequently, operating conditions of DESS inverters determined by allocated power set points could suddenly change over a wide range and seriously threaten the stability of DESSs. To guarantee DESSs operate stably over a wide range of conditions, this paper proposes a stochastic stability enhancement method embedded in the DESS grid-connected dc-ac inverter controllers. Specifically, by considering the stochastic change of DESS operating conditions as a Markov chain process, the small-signal expression of the distribution system is modeled as a Markov jump linear system (MJLS). Based on this MJLS model, a mode-dependent supplementary controller is developed for the DESS grid-connected dc-ac inverter by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. This controller can adjust its control gains according to the measured real-time operating mode to enhance the stochastic stability of the distribution system. Studies of the Canadian urban benchmark distribution system have shown the proposed controller can enable the distribution system operate in a stable manner when its operating condition stochastically varies.
Global Corporate Governance: Debates and Challenges

Modern day business is beset with changing operating paradigms. Economies with efficient economic policies and stable political systems are a big draw among the investors. Countries that have opened themselves to world markets and that have good legal systems in place, providing protection to investors have attracted more capital in the process of globalization. As the demand for capital is growing in both the developed and the developing economies, the need to establish good governance practices has gained momentum. Governance practices however, are not uniform across nations. This diversity may be particularly because of the different legal structures and cultural settings adopted by different nations. This paper tries to explore the arguments on convergence and divergence of corporate best practices, keeping in view the various governance models currently in practice. Explaining the rationale behind the emergence of corporate governance as a movement, this paper attempts at discussing the various prevalent systems of governance. In the end an attempt is made to address the challenges to corporate governance in the context of globalization of best practices. Given the cultural settings of different nations it is argued that it would never be possible for corporate laws to converge universally. New models of corporate governance are likely to emerge given the large‐scale experimentation done by transition economies.
Immunomodulatory and Growth Promoting Effect of Dietary Levamisole in Cyprinus carpio Fingerlings Against the Challenge of Aeromonas hydrophila

In order to determine the immunomodulatory effect of dietary intake of levamisole in the common carp, specimen were fed diets containing 0 (control), 125, 250 and 500 mg levamisole kg -1 of dry diet for a period of 70 days. Experimental stock was challenged intra-peritoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila on 30 th and 58 th day. Hematobiochemical parameters were determined on day 0, 57 and day 70. The total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, hematocrit value, total serum protein, albumin and globulin content were significantly (P<0.05) enhanced in levamisole supplemented groups particularly in 250 mg kg -1 group; however the TLC was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control (infected) group. Lysozyme activity and NBT assay were significantly stimulated in levamisole supplemented groups displaying the highest value in 250 mg kg -1 group on day 57. After the stock in all the groups had been challenged intra-peritoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila on 30 th and 58 th day, the relative percentage survival was significantly higher in 250 mg kg -1 group (89.6%), followed by 500 mg kg -1 group (81.3%) and 100 mg kg -1 group (47.9%). Specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly (P<0.05) the highest in 250 mg kg -1 group (2.67%) and the lowest in control group (1.82%) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) value was found to be the best in 250 mg kg -1 group (1.81), followed by 500 mg kg -1 group (1.85), 100 mg kg -1 group (2.02) and control group (2.32). The findings of the present investigation suggest that the incorporation of levamisole in the diet of common carp fingerlings certainly enhances the non-specific immunity, increases their resistance to infection, and reduces the mortality and enhances the growth of fish.
Fish-eye distortion correction based on midpoint circle algorithm

This paper presents a novel embedded real-time fisheye image distortion correction algorithm with application in IP network camera. A fast and simple distortion correction method is introduced based on Midpoint Circle Algorithm (MCA) which aims to determine the pixel positions along a circle circumference based on incremental calculation of decision parameters. Although only the vertical is rectilinearised, experimental results show that our correction method based on MCA is efficient and effective. In particular, our method can be applied without considering planar checkerboard, iterative fitting of model parameters, complex computation, or traditional lookup tables. Therefore, our algorithm is suitable for embedded camera platform without any extra hardware resources.
A Comparison of Trade Execution Costs for NYSE and NASDAQ-Listed Stocks

Abstract We compare average trade execution costs during 1994 for sets of large, medium, and small capitalization stocks listed on the New York and NASDAQ stock markets. All measures of execution costs examined, including quoted bid-ask spreads, effective spreads (which allow for executions within the quotes), and realized spreads (which measure price reversal after trades), are larger for NASDAQ-listed than for NYSE-listed stocks. The differentials in average trading costs across exchanges are greater for medium and small capitalization issues than for large capitalization stocks and are greater for small compared to large trades. These differentials cannot be attributed to cross-exchange differences in the adverse selection costs of market-making. Furthermore, we find no evidence that average execution costs on NASDAQ declined after the publicized events of May 1994.
DO U.S. STOCK MARKET INDEXES OVER- OR UNDERREACT?

Our objective is to investigate the short-term over- or underreaction of six U.S. stock market indexes. We find evidence of a one-day underreaction for winners (days on which an index experiences abnormally high returns) and losers (days on which an index experiences abnormally poor performance). We also find strong evidence of a sixty-day underreaction for winners. For losers, abnormal returns turn from negative to positive as the period is extended, resulting in significant reversals over the sixty-day period. Results are generally consistent for each of the six indexes. Overall, these results provide strong support for the Uncertain Information Hypothesis.
The role of Malaysian securitised real estate in a mixed‐asset portfolio

Purpose – Previous studies on the Malaysian securitised real estate market have largely emphasised on performance analysis, whereas the importance of securitised real estate in asset allocation is largely ignored. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Malaysian property shares and real estate investment trusts (REITs) in a mixed‐asset portfolio from 1991 to 2006.Design/methodology/approach – The mean‐variance and downside risk optimisations were utilised to assess the role of REITs and property shares in a mixed‐asset portfolio allocation. More specifically, the portfolio diversification potential and return enhancement benefits for both assets were examined.Findings – The results showed that property shares offer little diversification benefits or portfolio return enhancement, whereas the equally weighted REITs portfolio does provide some diversification benefits and return enhancements under the mean‐variance and downside risk frameworks. However, the benefits have diminished in.
Stocks, Bonds, and Bills after Taxes and Inflation

DAVID MONTGOMERY is a managing director of Ibbotson Associates in Chicago. hy aren’t we all rich? As Stocks, Bonds, Bilk, and Inflation [1994] shows, a dollar invested in the S&P composite stock W index at year-end 1925 grew to about $800 by year-end 1993, with other assets providing greater or lesser but still substantial gains. While few investors have a time horizon spanning seven decades, such astronomical growth suggests that long-term, buyand-hold investors should have earned plenty of money in the market. But most of us including those who buy and hold &versified portfolios of assets for the long haul are not rich. This is at least partly because of taxes, transaction costs, and the impact of inflation on real wealth. The classic works of Ibbotson and Sinquefield [1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 19891, as updated by Ibbotson Associates [1994], form by far the bestknown documentation of returns on the principal U.S. asset classes. These works record month-bymonth total returns (and, where possible, their income and capital appreciation components) starting in January 1926 on six asset classes in the United States:
treatment , and prevention framework for investigations of causes , and effective Violent behaviour among people with schizophrenia : a

References http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/363/1503/2505.full. html#related-urls Article cited in: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/363/1503/2505.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 112 articles, 19 of which can be accessed free Subject collections (269 articles) environmental science  (530 articles) ecology  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections Email alerting service here right-hand corner of the article or click Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the top
Sigma ligands indirectly modulate the NMDA receptor-ion channel complex on intact neuronal cells via sigma 1 site

To investigate the modulatory effects of sigma ligands on the N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-ion channel complex in vivo, we examined the intact cell binding of 3H-N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (3H- TCP) to cultured neuronal cells prepared from fetal rat telencephalon. The 3H-TCP binding was saturable, reversible, and inhibited by a selective NMDA receptor antagonist, D-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid. MII-limolar Mg2+ inhibited 3H-TCP binding both in the absence and presence of L-glutamate. 5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK801) inhibited 3H-TCP intact cell binding in a competitive manner, while haloperidol inhibited it in a noncompetitive manner. The effect of the test drugs to inhibit 3H-TCP intact cell binding was in the order of dextromethorphan, haloperidol > (+/-)MK 801 > (+)pentazocine > (-)pentazocine > DTG > PCP > (+)-N- allylnormetazocine [(+)SKF 10047] > (+)3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N- (1- propyl)piperidine [(+)3-PPP] > (-)SKF 10047 > (-)3-PPP. The IC50 values of the six sigma ligands for 3H-TCP binding were closely correlated with the Ki values of the corresponding drugs for DTG site 1 in the guinea pig brain reported by Rothman et al. (1991). These findings suggest that the sigma ligand indirectly modulates the NMDA receptor ion channel complex, presumably through sigma 1 sites in vivo as well as in vitro.
Deep Low-Resolution Person Re-Identification

Person images captured by public surveillance cameras often have low resolutions (LR) in addition to uncontrolled pose variations, background clutters and occlusions. This gives rise to the resolution mismatch problem when matched against the high resolution (HR) gallery images (typically available in enrolment), which adversely affects the performance of person re-identification (re-id) that aims to associate images of the same person captured at different locations and different time. Most existing re-id methods either ignore this problem or simply upscale LR images. In this work, we address this problem by developing a novel approach called Super-resolution and Identity joiNt learninG (SING) to simultaneously optimise image super-resolution and person re-id matching. This approach is instantiated by designing a hybrid deep Convolutional Neural Network for improving cross-resolution re-id performance. We further introduce an adaptive fusion algorithm for accommodating multi-resolution LR images. Extensive evaluations show the advantages of our method over related state-of-the-art re-id and super-resolution methods on cross-resolution re-id benchmarks.
Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Employment in Pacifi c Island Countries: An Empirical Study of Fiji

Among the 14 Pacifi c island countries, (PICs) Fiji, with its relatively better endowments in land and human resources as well as physical infrastructure, has been one of the ten favourite destinations of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Asia-Pacifi c. The gains from FDI include not only creation of employment in those sectors, which attracted overseas investors, but also of additional employment opportunities in ancillary sectors, which are supportive to all production oriented activities in the economy. This paper undertakes an econometric study of the impact of FDI in Fiji during a 30-year period. The study results confi rm that FDI contributed to employment creation and economic growth.