Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Altered Ultrasonic Vocalization and Impaired Learning and Memory in Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model with a Large Maternal Deletion from Ube3a to Gabrb3

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurobehavioral disorder associated with mental retardation, absence of language development, characteristic electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities and epilepsy, happy disposition, movement or balance disorders, and autistic behaviors. The molecular defects underlying AS are heterogeneous, including large maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11–q13 (70%), paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 15 (5%), imprinting mutations (rare), and mutations in the E6-AP ubiquitin ligase gene UBE3A (15%). Although patients with UBE3A mutations have a wide spectrum of neurological phenotypes, their features are usually milder than AS patients with deletions of 15q11–q13. Using a chromosomal engineering strategy, we generated mutant mice with a 1.6-Mb chromosomal deletion from Ube3a to Gabrb3, which inactivated the Ube3a and Gabrb3 genes and deleted the Atp10a gene. Homozygous deletion mutant mice died in the perinatal period due to a cleft palate resulting from the null mutation in Gabrb3 gene. Mice with a maternal deletion (m−/p+) were viable and did not have any obvious developmental defects. Expression analysis of the maternal and paternal deletion mice confirmed that the Ube3a gene is maternally expressed in brain, and showed that the Atp10a and Gabrb3 genes are biallelically expressed in all brain sub-regions studied. Maternal (m−/p+), but not paternal (m+/p−), deletion mice had increased spontaneous seizure activity and abnormal EEG. Extensive behavioral analyses revealed significant impairment in motor function, learning and memory tasks, and anxiety-related measures assayed in the light-dark box in maternal deletion but not paternal deletion mice. Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) recording in newborns revealed that maternal deletion pups emitted significantly more USVs than wild-type littermates. The increased USV in maternal deletion mice suggests abnormal signaling behavior between mothers and pups that may reflect abnormal communication behaviors in human AS patients. Thus, mutant mice with a maternal deletion from Ube3a to Gabrb3 provide an AS mouse model that is molecularly more similar to the contiguous gene deletion form of AS in humans than mice with Ube3a mutation alone. These mice will be valuable for future comparative studies to mice with maternal deficiency of Ube3a alone.
Measuring and Understanding Sensory Representations within Deep Networks Using a Numerical Optimization Framework

A central challenge in sensory neuroscience is describing how the activity of populations of neurons can represent useful features of the external environment. However, while neurophysiologists have long been able to record the responses of neurons in awake, behaving animals, it is another matter entirely to say what a given neuron does. A key problem is that in many sensory domains, the space of all possible stimuli that one might encounter is effectively infinite; in vision, for instance, natural scenes are combinatorially complex, and an organism will only encounter a tiny fraction of possible stimuli. As a result, even describing the response properties of sensory neurons is difficult, and investigations of neuronal functions are almost always critically limited by the number of stimuli that can be considered. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop, optimization-based experimental framework for characterizing the response properties of sensory neurons, building on past efforts in closed-loop experimental methods, and leveraging recent advances in artificial neural networks to serve as as a proving ground for our techniques. Specifically, using deep convolutional neural networks, we asked whether modern black-box optimization techniques can be used to interrogate the "tuning landscape" of an artificial neuron in a deep, nonlinear system, without imposing significant constraints on the space of stimuli under consideration. We introduce a series of measures to quantify the tuning landscapes, and show how these relate to the performances of the networks in an object recognition task. To the extent that deep convolutional neural networks increasingly serve as de facto working hypotheses for biological vision, we argue that developing a unified approach for studying both artificial and biological systems holds great potential to advance both fields together.
The London Metropolitan Police and their Clients: Victim and Suspect Attitudes

Using data from the 1982 British Crime Survey, this article examines attitudes toward police among residents of metropolitan London, focusing on two particular groups of clients: crime victims and suspected offenders. Contact with police often produces negative reactions from both types of clients. But the erosion of attitudes among victims is mostly due to the large proportion of victims who have also attracted the attention of police as suspects. Annoyance at police contact has a limited effect on general ratings of police performance. Attitudes about police demeanor has a greater impact on general assessments, but few clients felt that this was a problem in their contacts with London police.
Youth Gang Desistance

Following a noticeable absence, studies of gang desistance have begun to appear in the literature. Spurred by results from panel studies that gang membership is a transitory stage for the majority of gang-involved youth, researchers have begun to examine motivations, methods, and consequences associated with leaving the gang. Relatively absent from these recent publications is attention to the operationalization of gang desistance, an issue of particular importance in survey research. As with concerns about how to define gang membership, it is essential that we explore conceptual and methodological issues associated with defining gang desistance. In this article, we introduce three operationalizations of gang desistance and then examine how the characteristics of “desisters” and the expressed motivations, methods, and consequences for leaving the gang vary across the three different operational definitions.
An Engineering Model for Color Difference as a Function of Size

This work describes a ﬁrst step towards the creation of an engineering model for the perception of color difference as a function of size. Our approach is to non-uniformly rescale CIELAB using data from crowdsourced experiments, such as those run on Amazon Mechanical Turk. In such experiments, the inevitable variations in viewing conditions reﬂect the environment many applications must run in. Our goal is to create a useful model for design applications where it is important to make colors distinct, but for which a small set of highly distinct colors is inadequate.
Three Levels of Exercise Motivation

The aim was to test a three-level model of motivation, derived from selfdetermination theory. According to the model, dispositional motives (represented by life goals) influence participatory motives (exercise participation motives), which influence regulatory motives (exercise behavioural regulations), which influence behaviour (exercise participation). The participants were 251 young adults. They completed the Aspirations Index, Exercise Motivations Inventory version 2, Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire version 2, and a quantity-frequency measure of exercise participation. The model was tested using partial least squares latent variable modelling. Exercise participation was positively predicted by identified and intrinsic but not predicted by external or introjected behavioural regulations. Behavioural regulations were predicted by participation motives: intrinsic regulation by affiliation and challenge motives; identified regulation by health/fitness and stress management motives; introjected regulation by appearance/weight motive; external regulation by social recognition and appearance/weight motives; all positively. Participation motives were themselves predicted by corresponding life goals. The findings support the three-level model of motivation. Health promotion programmes need to take account of individuals’ participatory motives and underlying dispositional motives.
Child-Adult Interaction That Creates a Zone of Proximal Development

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) of a child is not a naturally existing phenomenon that arises by itself every time an adult helps a child achieve greater independence. It is a special form of interaction in which the action of the adult is aimed at generating and supporting the child's initiative. The relationship between a capable and an incapable individual or between a knowledgeable and an ignorant individual is a reduced form of the joint action that has the potential to create a ZPD. The developed form of such interaction is the collaboration of those who are equal but different that is represented in the "adult-group of children" relationship. A ZPD is described not in the language of the content of tasks but in the language of the kinds of help that to a greater or lesser degree aid the child in solving a task. The description of different teaching systems in the language of kinds of help shows that teaching unavoidably introduces an asymmetry into a child's development, supporting some kinds of initiative and constraining others. The choice of a teaching system is the choice of a direction for the development of a child (generation of children).
Coordination between Cell Cycle Progression and Cell Fate Decision by the p53 and E2F1 Pathways in Response to DNA Damage*

After DNA damage, cells must decide between different fates including growth arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Both p53 and E2F1 are transcription factors involved in the decision process. However, the mechanism for cross-talk between the p53 and E2F1 pathways still remains unclear. Here, we proposed a four-module kinetic model of the decision process and explored the interplay between these two pathways in response to ionizing radiation via computer simulation. In our model the levels of p53 and E2F1 separately exhibit pulsatile and switching behaviors. Upon DNA damage, p53 is first activated, whereas E2F1 is inactivated, leading to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. We found that the ultimate decision between cell life and death is determined by the number of p53 pulses depending on the extent of DNA damage. For repairable DNA damage, the cell can survive and reenter the S phase because of the activation of E2F1 and inactivation of p53. For irreparable DNA damage, growth arrest is overcome by growth factors, and activated p53 and E2F1 cooperate to initiate apoptosis. We showed that E2F1 promotes apoptosis by up-regulating the proapoptotic cofactors of p53 and procaspases. It was also revealed that deregulated E2F1 by oncogene activation can make cells sensitive to DNA damage even in low serum medium. Our model consistently recapitulates the experimental observations of the intricate relationship between p53 and E2F1 in the DNA damage response. This work underscores the significance of E2F1 in p53-mediated cell fate decision and may provide clues to cancer therapy.
Effective Image Mining by Representing Color Histograms as Time Series

Due to the wide spread of digital libraries, digital cameras, and the increase access to WWW by individuals, the number of digital images that exist pose a great challenge. Easy access to such collections requires an index structure to facilitate random access to individual images and ease navigation of these images. As these images are not annotated or associated with descriptions, existing systems represent the images by their extracted low level features. In this paper, we demonstrate two image mining tasks, namely image classification and image clustering, which are preliminary steps in facilitating indexing and navigation. These tasks are based on the extraction of color distributions of images. Then, these color distributions are represented as time series. To make the representation more effective and efficient for the data mining tasks, we have chosen to represent the time series by a new representation called SAX (Symbolic Aggregate approXimation) [14]. SAX based representation is very effective because it reduces the dimensionality and lower bounds the distance measure. We demonstrate by our experiment the feasibility of our approach.
The Contribution of Gang Membership to the Victim–Offender Overlap

Objective: Although a vast literature has investigated the consequences of gang membership for offending and victimization, little is known about the contribution of gang membership to the victim–offender overlap. We advance a group process theoretical model and provide an empirical extension of the victim–offender overlap to gang membership. Method: Using data gathered from 621 respondents in five cities, the contribution of gang membership to the victim–offender overlap is determined by examining (1) a typology of four victim–offender arrangements using multinomial logistic regression modeling and (2) the latent propensity for violent offending and victimization using multilevel item response theory modeling. Results: Gang members were over twice as likely as nongang members to be both victims and offenders, even after adjusting for low self-control, adherence to street codes, and routine activities. Neither contemporary theoretical perspectives on the overlap nor the reciprocal relationship between violent outcomes eliminated the association of gang membership with violent victimization and violent offending. Conclusion: By theoretically and empirically integrating gang membership into current knowledge on the victim–offender overlap, the results suggest that there is much to be gained for research and practice by unpacking the features of criminal and deviant networks.
Rousseau and the image of 'modern education'

The concept of 'modern education' is directly connected with Rousseau's theory of education. It is often said that Rousseau 'founded' modern education, or at least was its most influential predecessor. The paper argues that 'modern learning' or 'experimental education' was discussed within the late-17 th century 'quarrel of the ancients and moderns'. After this historically important debate, education and learning could be connected with the open experience of modern science. When compared to this tradition, Rousseau was not a modern writer. His concept of education has been far too paradoxical to serve as a groundwork for what was considered to be 'modern' or 'progressive education' at the end of the 19 th century. The image of progressive education was strengthened by child psychology, especially by theories of learning and development. Rousseau's stoic concept of 'negative education' is in many respects the opposite to such a viewpoint.
Metalinguistic Processing Control Mechanisms in Multilingual Learners of English

This empirical investigation compares the ability of adult multilingual learners of English to perform a metalinguistic task involving paying close attention to meaning and/or form in target utterances/sentences varying in semantic appropriateness and grammatical correctness. In a listening task, adult multilingual learners of English heard these utterances in a constructed short story and then judged their grammatical correctness and semantic appropriateness under time pressure. They then performed a written post hoc grammatical judgement and correction task on the same sentences at their own pace. Our first hypothesis was that these multilingual learners would a priori be highly metalinguistically aware, and thus adept at sifting formal grammatical information from semantic information both online as they heard the items, as well as post hoc in the written task. We also expected that lesser as well as more experienced multilingual participants would be equally proficient at analysing the grammatical constructions in the post hoc written task. Both of these assumptions were borne out by results. The results are relevant to the debate about metalinguistic advantages for adult foreign language learners who are not merely bilingual, but are at least trilingual, and how these advantages are employed during meaning and form processing in a foreign language.
The Quantitative Synthesis of Single-Subject Research

This article describes procedures recently employed for the quantitative synthesis of single-subject research literature in special education. First, the need for objective, systematic review procedures is discussed. Second, previous approaches for quantitative evaluation of outcomes of single-case research designs are reviewed. Third, procedures employed by the present authors are outlined using examples from recent synthesis efforts. Finally, implications for future reviews of single-subject research are described.
The nature of psychological explanation

In exploring the nature of psychological explanation, this book looks at how psychologists theorize about the human ability to calculate, to speak a language and the like. It shows how good theorizing explains or tries to explain such abilities as perception and cognition. It recasts the familiar explanations of "intelligence" and "cognitive capacity" as put forward by philosophers such as Fodor, Dennett, and others in terms of a theory of explanation that makes established doctrine more intelligible to professionals and their students.In particular, the book shows that vestigial adherence to the positivists' D-N model has distorted the view of philosophers of science about what psychologists (and biologists) do and has masked the real nature of explanation. Major sections in the book cover Analysis and Subsumption; Functional Analysis; Understanding Cognitive Capacities; and Historical Reflections.Robert Cummins is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle. A Bradford Book.
The First Year of Beacon School Status: Maintaining excellence and sharing success

During the summer of 1998, 74 primary, secondary, nursery and special schools were identified by the Department for Education and Employment for their educational expertise in the areas of management or curriculum with the strategic aim that these institutions were to be 'held up as beacons of excellence' for other schools to emulate. It has been suggested that such schools will find themselves under pressure to maintain their perceived levels of educational excellence whilst, at the same time, attempting to assist others in their development (Ghouri, 1999). All 74 'Beacon Schools' were requested to complete a short, focused questionnaire and, based on analysis of this survey, this paper addresses the management implications of balancing the existing core function of educating pupils whilst developing support and training facilities for other educational professionals. Findings indicate that effective communication, both internally and externally, coupled with a clear sense of purpose and vision, have enabled Beacon Schools to fulfil both roles.
The Behavioral Impact of Entrepreneur Identity Aspiration and Prior Entrepreneurial Experience

This study examines entrepreneurial motivation in three diverse samples from an identity–possible self–perspective. We propose a model describing antecedents and outcomes of entrepreneur identity aspirations. In two of the three samples, strength of entrepreneur identity aspiration was significantly associated with the extent to which the individual's self–description fit his or her perceptions of the entrepreneurial role. However, identity aspiration strength predicted discovery and exploitation behaviors in all three samples. Additionally, prior start–up experience moderated the relationship between identity aspiration and exploitation behaviors for all three samples. These findings contribute to our understanding of what moves entrepreneurial “dreamers” to action.
Test-Retest Reliability of Computerized Neurocognitive Testing in Youth Ice Hockey Players.

Computerized neurocognitive tests are frequently used to assess pediatric sport-related concussions; however, only 1 study has focused on the test-retest reliability of the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) in high school athletes and age influences have largely been ignored. Therefore, the purpose was to investigate the test-retest reliability of ImPACT and underlying age influences in a pediatric population. Two hundred (169 men and 31 women) youth ice hockey players completed ImPACT before/after a 6-month season. Reliability was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and regression-based methods (RBz). ICCs for the sample ranged from . 48 to . 75 (single)/. 65 to . 86 (average). In general, the older athletes (15-18: Single/Average ICCs = .35-.75/.52-.86) demonstrated greater reliability across composites than the younger athletes (11-14: Single/Average ICCs = .54-.63/.70-.77). Although there was variation in athletes' performance across two test administrations, RBz revealed that only a small percentage of athletes performed beyond 80%, 90%, and 95% confidence intervals. Statistical metrics demonstrated reliability coefficients for ImPACT composites in a pediatric sample similar to previous studies, and also revealed important age-related influences.
MID-INFRARED SPECTRA OF OPTICALLY-SELECTED TYPE 2 QUASARS

Type 2 quasars are luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs) whose central engines are seen through large amounts of gas and dust. We present Spitzer spectra of 12 type 2 quasars selected on the basis of their optical emission line properties. Within this sample, we find a surprising diversity of spectra, from those that are featureless to those showing strong polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission, deep silicate absorption at 10 μm, hydrocarbon absorption, high-ionization emission lines, and H2 rotational emission lines. About half of the objects in the sample are likely Compton-thick, including the two with the deepest Si absorption. The median star-formation luminosity of the objects in our sample measured from the strength of the PAH features is 5 × 1011 L☉, much higher than for field galaxies or for any other AGN sample, but similar to other samples of type 2 quasars. This suggests an evolutionary link between obscured quasars and peak star-formation activity in the host galaxy. Despite the high level of star formation, the bolometric output is dominated by the quasar in all cases. For a given strength of 10 μm Si absorption, ultra-luminous infrared galaxies are significantly colder than type 2 quasars (their Fν[14.5 μm]/Fν[27.5 μm] ratio is 0.5 dex lower), perhaps reflecting different obscuration geometries in these sources. We find that the appearance of the 10 μm feature (i.e., whether it shows in emission or in absorption) is well correlated with the optical classification in type 1 and type 2 quasars, contrary to some models of clumpy obscuration. Furthermore, this correlation is significantly stronger in quasars (Lbol ≳ 1045 erg s−1) than it is in Seyfert galaxies (Lbol ≪ 1045 erg s−1).