Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple and Plastic Receptors Mediate Tonic GABAA Receptor Currents in the Hippocampus

Persistent activation of GABAA receptors by extracellular GABA (tonic inhibition) plays a critical role in signal processing and network excitability in the brain. In hippocampal principal cells, tonic inhibition has been reported to be mediated by α5-subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α5GABAARs). Pharmacological or genetic disruption of these receptors improves cognitive performance, suggesting that tonic inhibition has an adverse effect on information processing. Here, we show that α5GABAARs contribute to tonic currents in pyramidal cells only when ambient GABA concentrations increase (as may occur during increased brain activity). At low ambient GABA concentrations, activation of δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptors predominates. In epileptic tissue, α5GABAARs are downregulated and no longer contribute to tonic currents under conditions of raised extracellular GABA concentrations. Under these conditions, however, the tonic current is greater in pyramidal cells from epileptic tissue than in pyramidal cells from nonepileptic tissue, implying substitution of α5GABAARs by other GABAA receptor subtypes. These results reveal multiple components of tonic GABAA receptor-mediated conductance that are activated by low GABA concentrations. The relative contribution of these components changes after the induction of epilepsy, implying an adaptive plasticity of the tonic current in the presence of spontaneous seizures.
Tacit Knowledge and Practical Intelligence: Understanding the Lessons of Experience

Abstract : This report addresses the role of practical intelligence and tacit knowledge in understanding how individuals learn from experience and develop expertise. We present background on the notion of practical intelligence as an alternative to conventional conceptualizations of intelligence, and the exploration of the acquisition and utilization of tacit knowledge as elements of practical intelligence. We review research on practical intelligence and, in particular, highlight findings from over 15 years of research on tacit knowledge. We then address new directions aimed at understanding how individuals learn from experience and acquire tacit knowledge, and present new approaches for identifying and promoting managerial and leadership potential that are based on ongoing research on practical intelligence.
Deflation and Balancing Preconditioners for Krylov Subspace Methods Applied to Nonsymmetric Matrices

For quite some time, the deflation preconditioner has been proposed and used to accelerate the convergence of Krylov subspace methods. For symmetric positive definite linear systems, the convergence of conjugate gradient methods combined with deflation has been analyzed and compared with other preconditioners, e.g., with the abstract balancing preconditioner [R. Nabben and C. Vuik, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. , 27 (2006), pp. 1742-1759]. In this paper, we extend the convergence analysis to nonsymmetric linear systems in the context of GMRES iteration and compare it with the abstract nonsymmetric balancing preconditioner. We are able to show that many results for symmetric positive definite matrices carry over to arbitrary nonsymmetric matrices. First we establish that the spectra of the preconditioned systems are similar. Moreover, we show that under certain conditions, the 2-norm of residuals produced by GMRES combined with deflation is never larger than the 2-norm of residuals produced by GMRES combined with the abstract balancing preconditioner. Numerical experiments are done to nonsymmetric linear systems arising from a finite volume discretization of the convection-diffusion equation, and the numerical results confirm our theoretical results.
Relationships between social support, job autonomy, job satisfaction, and burnout among care workers in long-term care facilities in Hawaii

ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of social support, job autonomy, and job satisfaction on burnout among long-term care workers in Hawaii, USA. Data were collected from 170 care workers working at long-term care facilities in Hawaii. The study variables included demographic data, burnout, social support, job autonomy, and job satisfaction. The study findings support the association between social support, job autonomy, job satisfaction, and burnout among care workers at long-term care facilities. Social support, job autonomy, and job satisfaction were negatively and significantly associated with the level of burnout of care workers in Hawaii. Furthermore, the findings suggest the need to develop policy and practice considerations for reducing burnout risks among care workers in order to improve quality of care.
Serum phosphorus levels and pill burden are inversely associated with adherence in patients on hemodialysis

Background Phosphate binders (PBs) account for about one half of the daily pill burden for US hemodialysis (HD) patients, which may reduce adherence. Adherence can be estimated by the medication possession ratio (MPR), which is defined as the proportion of time a patient had sufficient medication to have taken it as prescribed. Gaps of time between prescription fills lower the patient's MPR. We assessed the association of PB pill burden and adherence (MPR) with phosphorus goal attainment. Methods Using pharmacy management program data, HD patients on PB monotherapy were tracked from first PB fill during 1 January 2007–30 June 2011 for 1 year, or until PB change or censoring. Data were assessed with generalized linear models. Results We analyzed 8616 patients. Higher pill burden was associated with lower adherence. Lower adherence tended to be associated with higher mean phosphorus levels and lower percentage of patients with serum phosphorus ≤5.5 mg/dL (P < 0.001). The association between adherence and these clinical outcomes was most pronounced in the lowest and highest pill burden strata (<3, >3–6, >12–15, >15). Conclusions Adherence, as measured by the MPR, was negatively related to higher pill burden and phosphorus levels and positively related to patients in the phosphorus target range. Within pill burden strata, phosphorus increased and patients in the target range generally decreased with decreasing adherence, suggesting that patients prescribed fewer PB pills are less likely to have treatment gaps, and may be more likely to achieve phosphorus targets.
Impact of Personality Traits on Risk Tolerance and Investors' Decision Making

This article investigates the relationships between personality traits, risk tolerance, and investment decisions and highlights the importance of personality traits in determining risk tolerance levels and investment decisions. Personality traits are classified according to the Big Five taxonomy: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience. Primary data was collected from 330 individual investors from Islamabad. Descriptive analysis of the data was run on SPSS, reliability of the constructs was assessed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), whereas, Structural Equational Modelling (SEM) was used to conduct hypothesis testing through path analysis. As per the results of CFA, the constructs were found to be reliable. Mediation analysis confirmed that risk tolerance partially mediated the relationship between personality traits and investment decisions. This study and results have theoretical and practical implications for the investors, financial planners and managers.
Unintended Pregnancy and Its Correlates among Female Attendees of Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in Eastern China

This study is to determine the prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its risk factors among the female attendees of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Zhejiang Province, China. A self-administered questionnaire survey of a cross-sectional design was administered to attendees at four STD clinics in 2007. Of the 313 female STD clinic attendees, 42.5% reported that they had at least one unintended pregnancy; the induced abortion rate was 39.0%. Over their lifetime, 12.1% responded “use condoms always/often” and 5.4% “always/often used oral contraceptives. ” The risk factors for the unintended pregnancy identified by the multivariate analysis were as follows: being married, experience of nonconsensual sex, and a history of STD, having two and over two sexual partners. Unintended pregnancies and induced abortion by female STD clinic attendees have reached an alarming prevalence. Doctors at STD clinics should attach importance not only to the STD problem of the female attendees, but also to the unintended pregnancy and the associated factors. Targeted contraceptive counseling and intervention should be promoted at STD clinics as a strategy to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the reproductive health services in China.
Detection and diagnosis of broken rotor bars and eccentricity faults in induction motors using the Fuzzy Min-Max neural network

Fault detection and diagnosis of electrical machines is gaining importance in regards to machine downtimes, where an unpredicted shutdown of operations owing to unavailability of machines can be very costly. As such, an early warning system for incipient machine faults using condition monitoring is of significance in practical applications. In this paper, we propose a fault detection and diagnosis system to detect and classify broken rotor bars and eccentricity faults of induction motors using the Fuzzy MinMax (FMM) neural network. A series of real experiments is conducted, where the acquired current signals under various motor conditions is used to build a database. The Power Spectral Density is then used to extract the discriminative input features for fault detection and classification with FMM. The results are comparable, if not better, than those from the MultiLayer Perceptron neural network and other methods reported in the literature.
Does Unemployment Insurance discourage pre-emptive on-the-job search? New evidence from older American workers∗

In this paper, I add evidence to an underdeveloped literature on how the Unemployment Insurance (UI) system can create incentives for workers to become unemployed. Speci cally, UI may discourage workers who feel vulnerable to job loss from looking for other jobs while employed in order to experience a job-to-job transition instead of a job-to-unemployment transition (i.e. preemptive on-the-job search ). In this way, higher UI bene ts increase the in ow into unemployment and the overall unemployment in the economy in a di erent (and complementary) way to what has been extensively documented in the literature before. Only a few papers have looked at this mechanism previously: Light and Omori (2004) nd a very small e ect of UI bene ts in discouraging job-to-job transitions. Using a rich dataset with information on expectations of job loss and on-the-job search, I present evidence that the e ect of UI in discouraging preemptive on-the-job search among older Americans who feel at risk of displacement is actually substantial. However, the e ect of more generous UI on experiencing a posterior job separation and a non-working spell is much smaller, which may be explained because on-the-job search e ort does not necessarily lead to success in nding suitable o ers. ∗I thank Je rey Smith, Charlie Brown, Melvin Stephens, Brian McCall and all participants at the University of Michigan Labor Seminar for their helpful comments. I also thank Michael Nolte, Janet Keller and all the sta at the Health and Retirement Survey at the Institute for Social Research for their help and kind assistance through this project. This work has been supported (in part) by a grant from the National Poverty Center at the University of Michigan, which is supported by award #1 U01 AE000002-03 from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, O ce of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) alone and should not be construed as representing the opinions or policy of any agency of the Federal Government. †Department of Economics, University of Michigan. Email: italo@umich.edu
Distance and mass of pulsating stars from multicolour photometry and atmospheric models

For determining distance and mass of pulsating stars a new, purely photometric method is described in which radial velocity observations are not needed. From multicolour photometry the variation of angular diameter is determined in a con- ventional way by using the surface brightness of the theoretical atmospheric models ATLAS of Kurucz (1997). As a function of phase the following two parameters are introduced in the Navier-Stokes equation: gravity (of the appropriate static ATLAS model), and angular diameter. Distance and mass are derived from phases of standstill. Conclusions are drawn on the hydro- dynamic behaviour of the atmosphere. The new method is compared with the Baade-Wesselink (BW) method. As an example the RR Lyrae variable SU Dra is given: using UB VR C photometry, a distance of 647 16 pc, and a mass of 0:66:03M were found. In addition to the radius change (4:58 5:51) R radius undulations have been found with amplitude0:2 R and period P=5, which are synchronized with the main period P= 0: d 66042. The present method has confirmed the distance value from the BW method; thus, in the problem of dierent distance scales from BW and other methods the short extragalactic distance scale has been bolstered by an independent argument. The mass is some 30 percent larger than the value from the equation of pulsation of van Albada & Baker (1971).
Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture as Predictors of Employees Attitudinal Outcomes

Organizational commitment and employee job satisfaction are presented in the literature as key work atti tudes leading to higher organizational performance. This paper examines the extent to which transformational leadership and organizational culture influence employees' attitudinal outcomes, as well as the effect of job satisfaction on organizational commitment. Data for the study was collected from Egyptian employees working across seven industries. A structure equation model was used to test the hypothesized relations. Results provided support to all of the research hypotheses. 47% of the variance in job satisfaction was explained by perceptions of organizational cul ture and transformational leadership, with culture having the stronger impact, while 69% of the variance in organizational commitment was explained by employee job satisfaction, culture, and transformational leadership, with satisfaction having the strongest impact, followed by culture and transformational leadership. With increasing globalization, the findings driven from this study is expected to advance the existing understanding of the interaction between organization culture, transformational leadership, and employees' attitudes in the context of an Arab country such as Egypt. Implications for theory and practice are discussed and possible directions for f uture research are presented.
Reliability-Aware Resource Allocation and Binding in High-Level Synthesis

Soft error is nowadays a major reliability issue for nanoscale VLSI, and addressing it during high-level synthesis is essential to improve the efficiency of error mitigation. Motivated by the observation that for behavioral designs, especially control-flow intensive ones, variables and operations have non-uniform soft error vulnerabilities, we propose a novel reliability-aware allocation and binding technique to explore more effective soft error mitigation during high level synthesis. We first perform a comprehensive vulnerability analysis at the behavioral level by considering error propagation and masking in both control and data flows. Then the optimizations based on integer linear programming, as well as heuristic algorithm, are employed to incorporate the behavioral vulnerabilities into the register and functional unit binding phases to achieve cost-efficient error mitigation. The experimental results reveal that compared with the previous techniques which ignored behavioral vulnerabilities, the proposed approach can achieve up to 85% reliability improvement with the same amount of area budget in the RTL design.
High Stakes, Student Achievement, and Elementary Principals’ Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study of the Reform State of California

Recognizing the inherent tension of leading for change amid the current reform environment, this study focused squarely on the relationship between public elementary school principals’ perceptions of job satisfaction and student achievement data from high-stakes, test-based accountability measures To quantify this relationship, the present study regressed principals’ satisfaction ratings on building-level achievement, principal characteristics, and organizational characteristics. Results from the regression procedure indicated that the variables addressed failed to control for principals’ self-ratings of job satisfaction Research implications are provided in light of these findings.
Immersive audiomotor game play enhances neural and perceptual salience of weak signals in noise

Significance All sensory systems face two fundamental limitations: (i) segregating partially overlapping sensory inputs into separate perceptual objects and (ii) raising sensory events that are either weak or noisy to perceptual awareness. The ability of sensory systems to extract information from weak signals in noisy backgrounds can improve with practice, but learning does not typically generalize to untrained stimuli. By training humans and mice with an audio game inspired by sensory foraging behavior, we show that learning to discriminate simple, easily controlled sounds can generalize to improved neural and perceptual processing of “real-world” complex sounds, including speech in noise. These findings suggest new therapeutic options for clinical populations that receive little benefit from conventional sensory rehabilitation strategies. All sensory systems face the fundamental challenge of encoding weak signals in noisy backgrounds. Although discrimination abilities can improve with practice, these benefits rarely generalize to untrained stimulus dimensions. Inspired by recent findings that action video game training can impart a broader spectrum of benefits than traditional perceptual learning paradigms, we trained adult humans and mice in an immersive audio game that challenged them to forage for hidden auditory targets in a 2D soundscape. Both species learned to modulate their angular search vectors and target approach velocities based on real-time changes in the level of a weak tone embedded in broadband noise. In humans, mastery of this tone in noise task generalized to an improved ability to comprehend spoken sentences in speech babble noise. Neural plasticity in the auditory cortex of trained mice supported improved decoding of low-intensity sounds at the training frequency and an enhanced resistance to interference from background masking noise. These findings highlight the potential to improve the neural and perceptual salience of degraded sensory stimuli through immersive computerized games.
The black hole in NGC 3379: a comparison of gas and stellar dynamical mass measurements with HST and integral‐field data★

We combine Hubble Space Telescope spectroscopy and ground-based integral-field data from the SAURON and OASIS instruments to study the central black hole in the nearby elliptical galaxy NGC 3379. From these data, we obtain kinematics of both the stars and the nuclear gaseous component. Axisymmetric three-integral models of the stellar kinematics find a black hole of mass 1.4 +2.6 -1.0 x 10 8 M ⊙ (3σ errors). These models also probe the velocity distribution in the immediate vicinity of the black hole and reveal a nearly isotropic velocity distribution throughout the galaxy and down to the black hole sphere of influence R BH . The morphology of the nuclear gas disc suggests that it is not in the equatorial plane; however the core of NGC 3379 is nearly spherical. Inclined thin-disc models of the gas find a nominal black hole of mass (2.0 ± 0.1) x 10 8 M ⊙ (3a errors), but the model is a poor fit to the kinematics. The data are better fit by introducing a twist in the gas kinematics (with the black hole mass assumed to be 2.0 x 10 8 M ⊙ ), although the constraints on the nature and shape of this perturbation are insufficient for more detailed modelling. Given the apparent regularity of the gas disc appearance, the presence of such strong non-circular motion indicates that caution must be used when measuring black hole masses with gas dynamical methods alone.
Epidemic Information Dissemination in Mobile Social Networks With Opportunistic Links

With the advancement of smartphones, mobile social networks (MSNs) have emerged where information can be shared among mobile users via opportunistic peer-to-peer links. Since the social ties and users' behaviors in MSNs have diverse characteristics, the information dissemination in MSNs becomes a new challenge. In particular, mobile users' interested information may vary, which can significantly affect the information dissemination. In this paper, we develop an analytical model to analyze the epidemic information dissemination in MSNs. We first adopt preimmunity and immunity to represent the features of mobile nodes when they change their interests. Then, the information dissemination mechanism is introduced with four proposed dissemination rules according to the process of the epidemic information dissemination. We develop the analytical model through ordinary differential equations to mimic epidemic information dissemination in MSNs. The trace-driven simulation demonstrates that our analytical model is more accurate to mimic epidemic information dissemination than other existing ones.
Physiological study of whispered speech in Moroccan Arabic

The analysis of pictures extracted from endoscopic video images filmed during isolated Moroccan Arabic /i1C1i2C2/ items (where C1 = fricatives + plosives), showed that: -All the segments of a whispered item are produced with an anterior-posterior epilaryngeal compression, an adduction of the ventricular bands and of the membranous part of the glottis, and an opening at the level of its cartilaginous part. -Glottal aperture differences observed in normal speech between voiceless consonants tend, in the whispered speech, to be maintained between the fricatives, and to be neutralised between the plosives. -We did not observe regular laryngeal articulatory differences between all the whispered consonant pairs corresponding, in normal speech, to the linguistic "voicing" contrast.
On Borrowed Time: How Four Elementary Preservice Teachers Learned to Teach Social Studies in the NCLB Era

This study presents the findings of a qualitative investigation about four elementary preservice teachers’ experiences learning to teach social studies in the No Child Left Behind era. The participants’ internship took place in an elementary school which devoted the majority of the day to literacy and mathematics instruction. Because previous interns in the school had limited or no opportunity to teach social studies, the four participants were required to complete an Interdisciplinary Teaching Assignment to ensure that they were able to teach and reflect upon teaching social studies at least one time during the semester. Findings indicated the interns found the experience meaningful and rewarding because of their students’ enthusiasm toward the content and instructional approaches. After meeting the requirements of the assignment, the participants found ways to borrow time from the hours dedicated to literacy and mathematics instruction in order to address social studies topics and themes. The paper concludes with a discussion of teacher educators’ roles in preserving social studies education in American