Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attitudes Toward Bilingualism in Ireland

Abstract The Irish Republic has developed and implemented language maintenance and language revival policies since gaining independence from British rule in 1922. At that time, the new Irish government envisioned a bilingual state in which both Irish and English would be used (Ó Riagáin, 1997), and language policies were created to support that goal. Such policies were implemented using schools as the primary vehicle to maintain and revive the Irish language. As a result, two distinct forms of schooling were differentiated for language majority, English-speaking students. The first involves schools in which English is used as the primary medium of instruction, with Irish taught as a compulsory subject in school. Second are immersion schools, known as Gaelscoileanna, in which Irish is used as the medium of instruction apart from the teaching of English. This paper explores students' and parents' attitudes toward bilingualism in Ireland among students who participate in these two different types of schools. The study utilized an adapted questionnaire from Cazabon, Lambert, and Hall (1993). Qualitative research findings from focus group interviews with students supplement findings from the questionnaire. Findings suggest that qualitative data provide important insight to understanding the complexity of attitudes toward bilingualism.
Enrichment of human embryonic stem cell‐derived NKX6.1‐expressing pancreatic progenitor cells accelerates the maturation of insulin‐secreting cells in vivo

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are considered a potential alternative to cadaveric islets as a source of transplantable cells for treating patients with diabetes. We previously described a differentiation protocol to generate pancreatic progenitor cells from hESCs, composed of mainly pancreatic endoderm (PDX1/NKX6.1‐positive), endocrine precursors (NKX2.2/synaptophysin‐positive, hormone/NKX6.1‐negative), and polyhormonal cells (insulin/glucagon‐positive, NKX6.1‐negative). However, the relative contributions of NKX6.1‐negative versus NKX6.1‐positive cell fractions to the maturation of functional β‐cells remained unclear. To address this question, we generated two distinct pancreatic progenitor cell populations using modified differentiation protocols. Prior to transplant, both populations contained a high proportion of PDX1‐expressing cells (∼85%–90%) but were distinguished by their relatively high (∼80%) or low (∼25%) expression of NKX6.1. NKX6.1‐high and NKX6.1‐low progenitor populations were transplanted subcutaneously within macroencapsulation devices into diabetic mice. Mice transplanted with NKX6.1‐low cells remained hyperglycemic throughout the 5‐month post‐transplant period whereas diabetes was reversed in NKX6.1‐high recipients within 3 months. Fasting human C‐peptide levels were similar between groups throughout the study, but only NKX6.1‐high grafts displayed robust meal‐, glucose‐ and arginine‐responsive insulin secretion as early as 3 months post‐transplant. NKX6.1‐low recipients displayed elevated fasting glucagon levels. Theracyte devices from both groups contained almost exclusively pancreatic endocrine tissue, but NKX6.1‐high grafts contained a greater proportion of insulin‐positive and somatostatin‐positive cells, whereas NKX6.1‐low grafts contained mainly glucagon‐expressing cells. Insulin‐positive cells in NKX6.1‐high, but not NKX6.1‐low grafts expressed nuclear MAFA. Collectively, this study demonstrates that a pancreatic endoderm‐enriched population can mature into highly functional β‐cells with only a minor contribution from the endocrine subpopulation. Stem Cells 2013;31:2432–2442
A Sensitivity and Adjoint Calculus for Discontinuous Solutions of Hyperbolic Conservation Laws with Source Terms

We present a sensitivity and adjoint calculus for the control of entropy solutions of scalar conservation laws with controlled initial data and source term. The sensitivity analysis is based on shift-variations which are the sum of a standard variation and suitable corrections by weighted indicator functions approximating the movement of the shock locations. Based on a first order approximation by shift-variations in L1 we introduce the concept of shift-differentiability, which is applicable to operators having functions with moving discontinuities as images and implies differentiability for a large class of tracking-type functionals. In the main part of the paper we show that entropy solutions are generically shift-differentiable at almost all times t>0 with respect to the control. Hereby we admit shift-variations for the initial data which allows us to use the shift-differentiability result repeatedly over time slabs. This is useful for the design of optimization methods with time domain decomposition. Our analysis, especially of the shock sensitivity, combines structural results by using generalized characteristics and an adjoint argument. Our adjoint-based shock sensitivity analysis does not require us to restrict the richness of the shock structure a priori and admits shock generation points. The analysis is based on stability results for the adjoint transport equation with discontinuous coefficients satisfying a one-sided Lipschitz condition. As a further main result we derive and justify an adjoint representation for the derivative of a large class of tracking-type functionals.
BURNOUT DITINJAU DARI BIG FIVE FACTORS PERSONALITY PADA KARYAWAN KANTOR POS PUSAT MALANG

Burnout merupakan "epidemi" yang melanda dunia kerja. Burnout adalah istilah yang menggambarkan kondisi emosional seseorang yang merasa lelah dan jenuh secara mental, emosional dan fisik sebagai akibat tuntutan pekerjaan yang meningkat. Karakteristik kepribadian merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya Burnout . Pada penelitian ini karakteristik kepribadian yang digunakan adalah Big Five Factors Personality . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah ingin mengetahui perbedaan Burnout ditinjau dari Big Five Factors Personality pada karyawan Kantor Pos Pusat Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode non-tes yaitu skala Burnout ( Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey ) dan skala Big Five Factors Personality ( Big Five Inventory ). Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap 100 subjek pada karyawan Kantor Pos Pusat Malang. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis statistik anova one way . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan Burnout yang signifikan (F=2,929; Sig=0,025<0,05) ditinjau dari Big Five Factors Personality pada karyawan Kantor Pos Pusat Malang dengan faktor kepribadian neuroticism memiliki mean Burnout paling tinggi (32,36) dan agreeableness yang memiliki mean Burnout paling rendah (26,07). Katakunci: Burnout, kepribadian , big five factors personality
Performance Approach-Avoidance Motivation and Planned Behavior Theory: Model Stability with Greek Students with and without Learning Disabilities

ABSTRACT Two studies evaluated the contribution of goal orientation—over and above the constructs of planned behavior theory—in explaining the relationship between attitudes, motivation, and academic achievement for students with and without learning disabilities. Results indicated that a performance-approach orientation exerted significant positive effects on all elements of planned behavior theory, whereas the effects of performance-avoidance orientation were minimal and mostly on the negative side (Study I). It was also found that while a mastery orientation was adaptive for both groups, a performance-approach orientation was more adaptive for the LD group compared to the non-LD student group (Study II). Within-groups analyses suggested that achievement was associated with a unique network of relationships, that was different for the two groups: for the LD student group, intentions were influenced strongly by the normative system, whereas for non-LD students, they were mediated by individual's own attitudes.
High-Dose Atorvastatin Reloading Before Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Increased Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Reduced Inflammatory Cytokine Expression During the Perioperative Period

Objective: We investigated atorvastatin reloading effects on endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) count and inflammatory cytokine expression after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with stable angina pectoris who had previously received long-term statin treatments. Methods: Patients with stable angina pectoris were treated with 80 mg atorvastatin 12 hours and 40 mg atorvastatin 2 hours before coronary angioplasty (n = 15) or preoperatively with 40 mg/d atorvastatin for 7 days (n = 15) or did not receive atorvastatin (n = 15). CD45−/133+/34+, CD45−/CD34+/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)+, and CD45−/CD144+/KDR+ EPCs in the peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry 1 hour before as well as 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours after PCI. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hCRP), and troponin-I (TnI) serum concentrations were analyzed immediately prior to and 24 hours after PCI. Results: In the 40mg Atorvastatin and control groups, none of the analyzed EPC blood concentrations changed significantly from 1h before operation to 1h and 6 h postoperative values. In contrast, the number of circulating early differentiation stage EPCs CD45-/133+/34+ and CD45-/CD34+/ KDR+ raised significantly from 1 h preoperative values (57.3±9.3; 57.3 ± 10.7) to 1 h postoperative ((74.4 ± 11.4; 78.8 ± 16.2), (p < 0.05)) and 6 h postoperative ((93 ± 16.9; 99.7 ± 11.9), (p < 0.05)) concentrations after coronary angioplasty in the 80mg Atorvastatin medication patients. In the control group, the sICAM-1 (174.55 ± 38.91 vs 204.11 ± 58.24) and hCRP (1.89 ± 1.93 vs 9.0 ± 11.1) serum concentrations at 24 hours after PCI were significantly elevated (P < .05) compared to preoperative values, whereas the increases in the 2 groups treated with atorvastatin were not significant. In addition, the rise in serum TnI concentration level from pre- to postoperative in the 80-mg (0.02 ± 0.02 vs 0.09 ± 0.08) and the 40-mg (0.01 ± 0.03 vs 1.2 ± 2.59) reloading groups was less than that of the controls (0.01 ± 0.02 vs 1.75 ± 3.09) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggested that high-dose atorvastatin application before PCI triggered early EPC circulation. Furthermore, postoperative inflammatory cytokine sICAM-1 as well as hCRP serum levels were reduced, while postinterventional myocardial injury marker TnI elevations were inversely correlated with statin reloadings.
Drought footprint on European ecosystems between 1999 and 2010 assessed by remotely sensed vegetation phenology and productivity

Drought affects more people than any other natural disaster but there is little understanding of how ecosystems react to droughts. This study jointly analyzed spatio‐temporal changes of drought patterns with vegetation phenology and productivity changes between 1999 and 2010 in major European bioclimatic zones. The Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was used as drought indicator whereas changes in growing season length and vegetation productivity were assessed using remote sensing time‐series of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Drought spatio‐temporal variability was analyzed using a Principal Component Analysis, leading to the identification of four major drought events between 1999 and 2010 in Europe. Correspondence Analysis showed that at the continental scale the productivity and phenology reacted differently to the identified drought events depending on ecosystem and land cover. Northern and Mediterranean ecosystems proved to be more resilient to droughts in terms of vegetation phenology and productivity developments. Western Atlantic regions and Eastern Europe showed strong agglomerations of decreased productivity and shorter vegetation growing season length, indicating that these ecosystems did not buffer the effects of drought well. In a climate change perspective, increase in drought frequency or intensity may result in larger impacts over these ecosystems, thus management and adaptation strategies should be strengthened in these areas of concerns.
Testing Exponentiality Against Overall Decreasing Life in Laplace Transform Order

This paper is devoted to define a new class of life distribution called overall decreasing life in Laplace transform order ODLlt. A testing hypothesis is constructed to test exponentiality against ODLlt. The critical values of this test are calculated. For Weibull and Gamma alternatives, the power of this test is estimated for different values of the parameter. To evaluate the efficiency of this test, Pitman’s asymptotic efficiencies (PAEs) are calculated and compared with some old tests. In case of censored data a testing hypothesis is also discussed. Finally, our proposed test is applied to some real data sets in different areas.
A Brief History of Japanese Civilization

This balanced account of Japanese history focuses on developments in art, religion, literature, and thought as well as economic, political, and social history in a new four color-format. In addition to Conrad Schirokauer, this text has two new authors. Suzanne Gay is Professor of East Asian Studies at Oberlin College. Her research interests include the social and economic history of medieval Japan, with a particular emphasis on the role of commoners in history. David Lurie researches the history of writing systems in Japan and also works on the cultural and intellectual history of Japan through the Heian period. This author team combines strong research with extensive classroom teaching experience to offer a clear, consistent, and highly readable text accessible to students with no previous knowledge of the history of Japan.
Usos problemáticos y agresivos de las TIC por parte de adolescentes implicados en cyberbullying

Youth deals with several online risks like problematic use of technologies and cyberbullying. This study analyses both problems in a representative sample of 1914 primary, secondary and high school adolescents. Results show 8% prevalence of cyberbullying, and high levels of anxiety, aggressiveness and interests’ changes related with problematic technologies use in cyberbullies and cybervictims with respect to not people involved. Both groups involved report recent episodes of cyberbullying but in a low level frequency, with call names, threats and harassment as the most common types, and WhatsApp and social networks as the most tool used for. Influence of sex and school level is also analyzed. In conclusion, the knowledge of both problems from bullies and victims’ perception might help to identity and prevent future experiences.
Improving Reading Achievement Through Increased Motivation, Specific Skill Enhancement, and Practice Time for Elementary Students.

The action research project report began when the teacher researchers determined that students at Sites A and B struggled with reading achievement. The purpose of the project was to improve students’ reading achievement through increased motivation, specific skill instruction, and additional practice time. The project involved 26 students: 17 second-grade students, 4 firstgrade students, 4 third-grade students, and 1 fifth-grade student. The project began January 21, 2008 and ran through May 16, 2008 with 12 weeks of intervention. Students’ low reading achievement was demonstrated by a lack in reading practice time, low motivation to read, limited access to appropriately leveled books, and low literacy skills appropriate to their grade level. The teacher researchers used a Student Attitude Survey, Teacher Questionnaire, Accelerated Reader scores, and data from the Measure of Academic Progress reports to document evidence of the problem. The Accelerated Reader scores and Measure of Academic Progress report tools showed that reading achievement was low compared to grade level peers. The Student Attitude Survey showed that motivation and interest in reading were areas in need of improvement. The Teacher Questionnaire showed that a teacher’s years of experience correlated to confidence and ability in the area of reading instruction. The teacher researchers chose Reading Parties, specific skill instruction, and self-to-text connections for intervention. The Reading Parties were a block of time once a week where students could read books at their level in a comfortable atmosphere. Specific skill instruction consisted of mini lessons on phonics, comprehension, and vocabulary that gave students the tools they needed to read books. The final intervention was teaching students how to make self-to-text connections. This enabled them to further comprehend and enjoy the books they were reading. One of the most notable changes was the increase in number of students that chose reading as their preferred activity. Another notable change was that all students showed growth in the Accelerated Reader scores. Students approached reading and books in a different, more positive, manner after the interventions. The teacher researchers saw positive results in the data as well as in daily interactions with students. Students were more apt to pick up a book, enjoyed their silent reading time, applied skills to read more difficult books, and shared their readings with peers.
Psychological Contract in Small Firms: A Managerial Insight

The psychological contract is a very well know topic amongst academics and practitioners. The majority of the literature sheds light to most of the areas of the psychological contract but lies heavily on larger organizations and mainly assessing the employee side. In this paper we investigate the existence of the psychological contract contrary to popular research in the field of small business while choosing small firms as our organizational setting. Through extensive interviews we attempt to draw conclusions about the existence, form and management of the psychological contract in this context.
The Stability and Dynamics of a Spike in the One-Dimensional Keller-Segel model

In the limit of a large mass M 1, and on a finite interval of length 2L, an equilibrium spike solution to the classical Keller-Segel chemotaxis model with a linear chemotactic function is constructed asymptotically. By calculating an asymptotic formula for the translational eigenvalue for M 1, it is shown that the equilibrium spike solution is unstable to translations of the spike profile. If in addition L 1, the equilibrium spike is shown to be metastable as a result of an asymptotically exponentially small eigenvalue. For M 1 and L 1, an asymptotic ODE for the metastable spike motion is derived that shows that the spike drifts exponentially slowly towards one of the boundaries of the domain. For a certain reduced Keller-Segel model, corresponding to a domain of small length, a solution with a spike at each of the two boundaries is constructed. This solution is found to be metastable, and it is shown that there is an exponentially slow exchange of mass between the two spikes that occurs over very long time scales. For arbitrary initial conditions, energy methods are used to show the global existence of solutions. The relationship between this reduced Keller-Segel model and a Burgers-type equation modeling the upward propagation of a flame-front in a finite channel is emphasized. Full numerical computations are used to confirm the asymptotic results.
Plasma interleukin-6 and soluble IL-6 receptors are associated with psychological well-being in aging women.

OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that psychological well-being would predict lower plasma levels of inflammatory factors in aging women. DESIGN One hundred thirty-five women ages 61-91 years (M = 74.5 years) participated in this study. After completing self-administered questionnaires in their homes, participants stayed overnight at the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Blood samples for cytokine analyses were obtained in participants' homes after the GCRC visit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Psychological well-being and ill-being, history of health problems, and health behaviors were assessed via self-administered questionnaires. Detailed medical history and concurrent health measures were obtained during the GCRC stay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) concentrations in plasma. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Regression analyses showed that plasma IL-6 levels were lower in women scoring higher on positive relationships, whereas sIL-6R levels were lower in women scoring higher on purpose in life, even after a variety of sociodemographic and health factors were controlled. These outcomes, combined with the absence of significant links with other measures of well-being and ill-being, suggest selective patterns of association between later life inflammatory processes and psychological factors, particularly those focused on positive ties with others and purposeful engagement.
Preservice teachers' shifting beliefs about struggling literacy learners

Abstract This study examined preservice elementary education teachers’ knowledge and beliefs about children who are struggling with learning to read and what these future teachers believed they should do to help these children. Three semesters of teacher candidates were enrolled in a redesigned corrective reading methods course with a tutoring practicum where features of the Reading Recovery professional development model were infused. Using the theoretical lens of constructivism, preservice teachers’ knowledge and beliefs were documented to determine if there were changes and shifts over time. Interpretations of multiple data from the 67 preservice teachers using within‐ and cross‐case analyses revealed a major finding. After teacher candidates participated in the course, they shifted in their beliefs toward assuming responsibility for helping children with reading problems rather than assigning responsibility to someone else as they had when the course began. One of the primary factors involved in their shifts in beliefs appeared to be the use of features of the Reading Recovery professional development model in the tutoring component which influenced students’ abilities to select appropriate instructional practices and focus on the needs of individual children.
Analysis of the quorum‐sensing regulon of the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia cepacia H111 by proteomics

Burkholderia cepacia H111, an important pathogen for persons suffering from cystic fibrosis, employs a quorum‐sensing (QS) system, cep, to control expression of virulence factors as well as the formation of biofilms. The QS system is thought to ensure that pathogenic traits are only expressed when the bacterial population density is high enough to overwhelm the host before it is able to mount an efficient response. In this study, we compared the protein pattern of the intracellular, extracellular, and surface protein fractions of an AHL‐deficient cepI mutant with the one of the parent strain H111 by means of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE). Our analysis showed that 55 proteins out of 985 detected spots were differentially expressed; these are expected to represent QS‐controlled gene products. Addition of the respective signal molecules to the growth medium of the cep mutant fully restored the wild‐type protein expression profile. In total about 5% of the B. cepacia proteome was downregulated and 1% upregulated in the cepI mutant, indicating that quorum sensing represents a global regulatory system. Nineteen proteins were identified with high confidence by N‐terminal sequence analysis.