Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MULTI-LABEL CLASSIFICATION FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RECOGNITION FROM VARIOUS ACCELEROMETER SENSOR POSITIONS

In recent years, the use of accelerometers embedded in smartphones for Human Activity Recognition (HAR) has been well considered. Nevertheless, the role of the sensor placement is yet to be explored and needs to be further investigated. In this study, we investigated the role of sensor placements for recognizing various types of physical activities using the accelerometer sensor embedded in the smartphone. In fact, most of the reported work in HAR utilized traditional multi-class classification approaches to determine the types of activities. Hence, this study was to recognize the activity based on the best sensor placements that are appropriate to the activity performed. The traditional multi-class classification approach required more manual work and was time consuming to run the experiment separately. Thus, this study proposed the multi- label classification technique with the Label Combination (LC) approach in order to tackle this issue. The result was compared with several state-of-the-art traditional multi-class classification approaches. The multi-label classification result significantly outperformed the traditional multi-class classification methods as well as minimized the model build time.
Determinants of wage arrears and implications for the socio-economic wellbeing of China's migrant workers: evidence from Guangdong province

This study has three purposes. The first is to examine the determinants of wage arrears among rural-urban migrants in China. The second is to examine the effect of wage arrears on economic wellbeing as proxied by wages. The third is to examine how experiencing wage arrears affects several subjective indicators of wellbeing, such as feelings of belongingness and discrimination in the city. To examine the determinants of wage arrears and its implications for socioeconomic wellbeing, we employ pooled data from a unique representative dataset collected in Guangdong province, one of the major destinations for migrants in China, for the years 2006, 2008 and 2009. We find that in 2006 9 per cent of the sample reported wage arrears and that this figure fell to 6 per cent in 2008 and 7 per cent in 2009. Males were more likely to experience wage arrears as were those working for private firms and micro-entrepreneurs, relative to those working for government agencies. Those with a labour contract, those who were a member of a trade union and those who had a trade union in the workplace were less likely to experience wage arrears. Those experiencing wage arrears received 3.8 per cent lower monthly wages, were 11.4 per cent more likely to perceive that life was difficult in the city, were 6.8 per cent more likely to perceive that their status was lower than others in the city and were 5.6 per cent more likely to believe life would be easier with a non-agricultural household registration.
An investigation on bursting strength of polyester/viscose blended needle-punched nonwovens

The aim of this study is to analyze the bursting strength of polyester/viscose blended needle-punched nonwovens. For this purpose, five different blend ratios of polyester/viscose webs were produced, cross-lapped and needled in four different mass per unit areas and three different needling/punching densities. The bursting strength of 60 nonwovens was determined by performing the standard test method; the data obtained from tests were statistically analyzed in Design Expert software. In addition, a mixture process crossed-regression model with two mixture components (polyester and viscose blend ratios) and two process variables (fabric mass per unit area and needling density) was developed to analyze the bursting strength of polyester/viscose blended needled nonwovens. In conclusion, the regression model indicated that the bursting strength of the needle-punched nonwovens initially decreases and then increases with the increase of polyester fiber in the mixture and with the increase in mass per unit area. On the other hand, when the mass per unit area is kept constant, an increase in needling density causes decreases in bursting strength.
Effects of conservation policy on China’s forest recovery

China’s forest cover exhibited a positive trend that was significantly related with the implementation of a national conservation policy. Forest loss is one of the most pervasive land surface transformations on Earth, with drastic effects on global climate, ecosystems, and human well-being. As part of biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation efforts, many countries, including China, have been implementing large-scale policies to conserve and restore forests. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policies, and information on China’s forest dynamics at the national level has mainly relied on official statistics. In response to international calls for improved reliability and transparency of information on biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation efforts, it is crucial to independently verify government statistics. Furthermore, if forest recovery is verified, it is essential to assess the degree to which this recovery is attributable to policy, within the context of other relevant factors. We assess the dynamics of forest cover in China between 2000 and 2010 and evaluate the effectiveness of one of the largest forest conservation programs in the world—the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP). Results indicate that forest cover has significantly increased in around 1.6% of China’s territory and that the areas exhibiting forest gain experienced a combined increase in net primary productivity (ca. 0.9 Tg of carbon). Among the variables evaluated at county level, the NFCP exhibited a significantly positive relation with forest gain, whereas reduction in rural labor showed a negative relationship with both forest loss and gain. Findings such as these have global implications for forest conservation and climate change mitigation efforts.
Content of chemical elements in muscular tissue and liver of male kids and ram lambs in Central-Eastern Poland.

The aim of the study was to estimate the content of Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Ca in meat and liver of male kids and ram lambs fed mixtures containing 10% of flax seeds. Castrated male kids (n = 7) of White Upgraded breed and castrated ram lambs (n = 7) of Polish Lowland sheep fattened up to about 35 kg of body weight were used as experimental material. The animals were fed mixture CJ ad libitum, supplemented with 10% of flax seeds and meadow hay as a structural supplement. Contents of the chemical elements were analysed in samples of longissimus dorsi muscle. The content of Cd (0.01 mg kg–1) in male kid meat was lower than in ram lamb meat (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, Pb content was lower (p ≤ 0.05) in male kids (0.04±0.003 mg kg –1 ) than in ram lambs (0.07±0.002 mg kg –1 ). Slightly lower content of Pb (by 0.01 mg kg –1 ) and Cd (by 0.01 mg kg –1 ) in male kid liver was determined, and the differences were statistically insignificant. Significantly larger (p ≤ 0.01) Cu content (1.14±0.07 mg kg–1) in muscular tissue of ram lambs was also stated. Male kid meat, however, was richer in Mn, Fe, Zn and Ca, with the differences tested at p ≤ 0.05 and p≤ 0.01. The liver was an organ which accumulated not only Pb and Cd but also Cu, Mn and Zn both in ram lambs and male kids. Especially high level of Cu and Mn in liver was found, which could be the result of a high content of the chemical elements in mixtures. Moreover, significantly larger content of Ca (15.24±1.68 mg kg–1) in ram lamb liver compared to male kid liver was stated. On the other hand, muscular tissue of male kids contained more Ca (21.94±1.74 mg kg –1 ) than that of ram lambs.
Overview of the Author Identification Task at PAN 2013

The author identification task at PAN-2014 focuses on author verification. Similar to PAN-2013 we are given a set of documents by the same author along with exactly one document of questioned authorship, and the task is to determine whether the known and the questioned documents are by the same author or not. In comparison to PAN-2013, a significantly larger corpus was built comprising hundreds of documents in four natural languages (Dutch, English, Greek, and Spanish) and four genres (essays, reviews, novels, opinion articles). In addition, more suitable performance measures are used focusing on the accuracy and the confidence of the predictions as well as the ability of the submitted methods to leave some problems unanswered in case there is great uncertainty. To this end, we adopt the c@1 measure, originally proposed for the question answering task. We received 13 software submissions that were evaluated in the TIRA framework. Analytical evaluation results are presented where one language-independent approach serves as a challenging baseline. Moreover, we continue the successful practice of the PAN labs to examine meta-models based on the combination of all submitted systems. Last but not least, we provide statistical significance tests to demonstrate the important differences between the submitted approaches.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis for sexually-acquired HIV risk management: a review

Despite significant efforts, the rate of new HIV infections worldwide remains unacceptably high, highlighting the need for new HIV prevention strategies. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a new approach that involves the ongoing use of antiretroviral medications by HIV-negative individuals to reduce the risk of HIV infection. The use of daily tenofovir/emtricitabine as oral PrEP was found to be effective in multiple placebo-controlled clinical trials and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States and the World Health Organization have both released guidelines recommending the offer of oral PrEP to high-risk populations. The scale-up of PrEP is underway, but several implementation questions remain unanswered. Demonstration projects and open-label extensions of placebo-controlled trials are ongoing and hope to contribute to our understanding of PrEP use and delivery outside the randomized controlled trial setting. Evidence is beginning to emerge from these open-label studies and will be critical for guiding PrEP scale-up. Outside of such studies, PrEP uptake has been slow and several client- and provider-related barriers are limiting uptake. Maximizing the public health impact of PrEP will require rollout to be combined with interventions to promote uptake, support adherence, and prevent increases in risk behavior. Additional PrEP strategies are currently under investigation in placebo-controlled clinical trials and may be available in the future.
Apical extrusion of debris in primary molar root canals using mechanical and manual systems.

AIM Apical extrusion of debris in primary root canal treatment has not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study is to compare the amount of apically extruded debris during the preparation of primary molar root canals using ProTaper, ProTaper Next, Self-adjusting File (SAF) and hand files. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred sixty extracted primary mandibular molar teeth were assigned to 2 groups: Group 1: Resorbed (n=80) and Group 2: Non-resorbed (n=80) and randomly to four subgroups (n=20 teeth for each subgroup) according to the instruments used, ProTaper, ProTaper Next, SAF, and hand file. The apically extruded debris was collected and dried in preweighed Eppendof tubes. The dry weight was calculated by subtracting the preoperative weight from the postoperative weight. STATISTICS Data were analysed statistically using the ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc t-test. RESULTS The amount of apically extruded debris was significantly less for the non-resorbed group compared to the resorbed group (P<0.05). Regardless of the resorption groups, ProTaper Next and SAF extruded significantly less debris than did the ProTaper and hand files (P<0.05), while no statistically significant difference was found between ProTaper Next and SAF (P>0.05). CONCLUSION All instruments caused apically extruded debris in primary teeth.
Generation of R-Curve from 4ENF Specimens: An Experimental Study

The experimental determination of the resistance to delamination is very important in aerospace applications as composite materials have superior properties only in the fiber direction. To measure the interlaminar fracture toughness of composite materials, different kinds of specimens and experimental methods are available. This article examines the fracture energy of four-point end-notched flexure (4ENF) composite specimens made of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy. Experiments were conducted on these laminates and the mode II fracture energy, , was evaluated using compliance method and was compared with beam theory solution. The crack growth resistance curve (R-curve) for these specimens was generated and the found glass/epoxy shows higher toughness values than carbon/epoxy composite. From this study, it was observed that R-curve effect in 4ENF specimens is quite mild, which means that the measured delamination toughness, , is more accurate.
Predicting the axial load capacity of high-strength concrete filled steel tubular columns

The aim of this paper is to investigate the appropriateness of current codes of practice for predicting the axial load capacity of high-strength Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns (CFSTCs). Australian/New Zealand standards and other international codes of practice for composite bridges and buildings are currently being revised and will allow for the use of high-strength CFSTCs. It is therefore important to assess and modify the suitability of the section and ultimate buckling capacities models. For this purpose, available experimental results on high-strength composite columns have been assessed. The collected experimental results are compared with eight current codes of practice for rectangular CFSTCs and seven current codes of practice for circular CFSTCs. Furthermore, based on the statistical studies carried out, simplified relationships are developed to predict the section and ultimate buckling capacities of normal and high-strength short and slender rectangular and circular CFSTCs subjected to concentric loading.
Type I restriction enzymes and their relatives

Type I restriction enzymes (REases) are large pentameric proteins with separate restriction (R), methylation (M) and DNA sequence-recognition (S) subunits. They were the first REases to be discovered and purified, but unlike the enormously useful Type II REases, they have yet to find a place in the enzymatic toolbox of molecular biologists. Type I enzymes have been difficult to characterize, but this is changing as genome analysis reveals their genes, and methylome analysis reveals their recognition sequences. Several Type I REases have been studied in detail and what has been learned about them invites greater attention. In this article, we discuss aspects of the biochemistry, biology and regulation of Type I REases, and of the mechanisms that bacteriophages and plasmids have evolved to evade them. Type I REases have a remarkable ability to change sequence specificity by domain shuffling and rearrangements. We summarize the classic experiments and observations that led to this discovery, and we discuss how this ability depends on the modular organizations of the enzymes and of their S subunits. Finally, we describe examples of Type II restriction–modification systems that have features in common with Type I enzymes, with emphasis on the varied Type IIG enzymes.
eview o grow or not to grow : A stressful decision for plants

Progress in improving abiotic stress tolerance of crop plants using classic breeding and selection approaches has been slow. This has generally been blamed on the lack of reliable traits and phenotyping methods for stress tolerance. In crops, abiotic stress tolerance is most often measured in terms of yield-capacity under adverse weather conditions. “Yield” is a complex trait and is determined by growth and developmental processes which are controlled by environmental signals throughout the life cycle of the plant. The use of model systems has allowed us to gradually unravel how plants grow and develop, but our understanding of the flexibility and opportunistic nature of plant development and its capacity to adapt growth to environmental cues is still evolving. There is genetic variability for the capacity to maintain yield and productivity under abiotic stress conditions in crop plants such as cereals. Technological progress in various domains has made it increasingly possible to mine that genetic variability and
The correlation between the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire and disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis

BACKGROUND The Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) has been adapted from the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire for assessing functional ability in children. The present study aimed to determine the correlation between CHAQ and disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) during active and inactive disease. METHODS JIA patients in the Pediatric Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, between January 2011 and December 2013, were included in the study. The CHAQ disability index (DI) and disease activity variables, including active and limited joint count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, patient's global assessment (PtGA), physician's global assessment (PGA) and 27-joint Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS27), were collected from medical records for each patient over six visits. At each visit, each patient was classified as having either active or inactive disease. The correlations between CHAQ-DI and disease activity variables were analysed using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS The classification of 139 JIA patients consisted of enthesitis-related arthritis (30.9%), systemic JIA (28.1%), oligoarthritis (16.5%), rheumatoid factor (RF)-negative polyarthritis (15.1%), RF-positive polyarthritis (6.5%) and undifferentiated arthritis (2.9%). Out of 812 patient visits, 606 were in active disease and 206 were in inactive disease. RF-negative polyarthritis had the highest CHAQ-DI (0.39 ± 0.66), while oligoarthritis had the lowest (0.20 ± 0.32). There was a good correlation between CHAQ-DI and JADAS27, PGA and PtGA in all JIA subtypes (p < 0.05) during active disease, but a poor correlation between CHAQ-DI and disease activity variables during inactive disease. CONCLUSIONS CHAQ-DI had a good correlation with disease activity during active disease but a poor correlation during inactive disease. Therefore, CHAQ is only useful for assessing functional ability during active disease.
Inferring Character From Faces

Human adults attribute character traits to faces readily and with high consensus. In two experiments investigating the development of face-to-trait inference, adults and children ages 3 through 10 attributed trustworthiness, dominance, and competence to pairs of faces. In Experiment 1, the attributions of 3- to 4-year-olds converged with those of adults, and 5- to 6-year-olds’ attributions were at adult levels of consistency. Children ages 3 and above consistently attributed the basic mean/nice evaluation not only to faces varying in trustworthiness (Experiment 1) but also to faces varying in dominance and competence (Experiment 2). This research suggests that the predisposition to judge others using scant facial information appears in adultlike forms early in childhood and does not require prolonged social experience.
Establishment and validation of prognostic nomograms in first-line metastatic gastric cancer patients.

Background It remains unclear whether human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status is an outcome-associated biomarker independent of known prognostic factors for metastatic gastric cancer. Moreover, there are few reports about nomograms in inoperable locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer (AGC), although several studies have been reported regarding other cancer types. This retrospective study aimed to develop nomograms that combine HER2 status and other prognostic factors to predict the survival outcomes of AGC patients starting first-line treatment. Methods In this study, 838 consecutive AGC patients starting first-line chemotherapy at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital (ACC) were included to establish the nomograms that calculated the predicted probability of survival at different time points, 6 months and 1 and 2 years for overall survival (OS) and 3 and 6 months, and 1 year for progression free survival (PFS). Nomograms were independently validated with 269 consecutive AGC patients at the Cancer Center Hospital (SCC) who underwent first-line chemotherapy. The discriminatory ability and accuracy of the models were assessed using Harrell's c-index. IHC3+ or IHC2+/ISH+ tumors were defined as HER2 positive. Results At a median follow-up of 12.3 (ACC) and 11.6 (SCC) months, the median OS was 12.5 and 12.4 months (P=1.00), and the median PFS was 4.8 and 5.8 months (P=0.03), respectively. The nomograms showed good C-index values: OS was respectively 0.688 and 0.576 and PFS was respectively for 0.643 and 0.544. Conclusions The nomograms including HER2 status as covariate are crucial determinants of clinical care.
Sex Discrimination

Case: The Rotary Club of Duarte, California was a member club of the larger Rotary international. Membership in Rotary Clubs traditionally had been limited to men, though women were invited to attend meetings, give speeches, and receive awards. The Duarte Club admitted three women to active membership in 1977. As a result, the Duarte club was notified that admitting women to the club violated Rotary International’s constitution, and Rotary International revoked the Duarte Club’s charter, terminating its membership in Rotary International. The Duarte Club filed a complaint in California, claiming that the charter revocation violated California’s Civil Rights Act. The trial court concluded that neither Rotary International nor the Duarte Club were business establishments covered by the act and, accordingly, found for Rotary International. The California Court of Appeal reversed. Upon the California Supreme Court’s refusal of certiorari, Rotary International appealed to the United States Supreme Court, claiming that forcing Rotary International to admit women violates the organization’s First Amendment rights.
Characterisation of near-field optical trapping and biological applications

Optical tweezers are powerful and versatile tools for optical micromanipulation, and have emerged as a discipline in itself, providing a great range of exibility and accuracy for all optical micromanipulation of diverse microscopic samples. The forces associated with far-field optical tweezers are of piconewton range and hence tweezers are used to pull on bead-handles for measuring forces in the sub-piconewton range. The highly concerned imaging and optical manipulation which is required in the nanometric range could be achieved in an efficient manner, by using optical near-fields. Optical near-fields or evanescent fields enable non-diffractive interaction of light with matter, and provide imaging and manipulation with nanometric resolution. Evanescent fields have also been used for particle guiding, where the characteristic feature of evanescent wave guiding is the ability to confine the particles along a surface.