Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socio-economic context and the sexual behaviour of Ugandan out of school youth

This article provides a descriptive analysis of the cultural and socio-economic contexts that shape young people's sexual perceptions and behaviour. Qualitative research was conducted within two Ugandan communities with out of school females and males ages 12-19 years. An innovative methodology placed young people themselves in control of the research agenda to explore sexuality and reproductive health. Nine groups of varying age/sex compositions met weekly over three months. One hundred and thirteen group meetings were recorded, transcribed and analysed by content analysis. This article focuses on linkages between sexual meanings and practices and the contexts of economics, environmental influences, and gender dynamics. Participants expressed intense interest in sex and are influenced by the sexual behaviour of other community members. While both males and females accept that sex involves some exchange of money or gifts, each gender experiences different pressures and motivations within the negotiation process. Financial pressures play a large role in influencing out of school girls to begin engaging in sex in order to meet basic needs. By increasing understanding of young people's perceptions and sexual meanings as well as the contexts in which they occur, programmes have the opportunity to more meaningfully address their sexuality and reproductive health.
Extrasynaptic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Neuronal Cell Bodies Regulate Presynaptic Function in Caenorhabditis elegans

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a potent neuromodulator in the brain, and its effects on cognition and memory formation are largely performed through muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). mAChRs are often preferentially distributed on specialized membrane regions in neurons, but the significance of mAChR localization in modulating neuronal function is not known. Here we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of the M1/M3/M5 family of mAChRs, gar-3, is expressed in cholinergic motor neurons, and GAR-3-GFP fusion proteins localize to cell bodies where they are enriched at extrasynaptic regions that are in contact with the basal lamina. The GAR-3 N-terminal extracellular domain is necessary and sufficient for this asymmetric distribution, and mutation of a predicted N-linked glycosylation site within the N-terminus disrupts GAR-3-GFP localization. In transgenic animals expressing GAR-3 variants that are no longer asymmetrically localized, synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions is impaired and there is a reduction in the abundance of the presynaptic protein sphingosine kinase at release sites. Finally, GAR-3 can be activated by endogenously produced ACh released from neurons that do not directly contact cholinergic motor neurons. Together, our results suggest that humoral activation of asymmetrically localized mAChRs by ACh is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which ACh modulates neuronal function.
The Psychology of Punitive Justice

The study of instincts on the one side and of the motor character of human conduct upon the other has given us a different picture of human nature from that which a dogmatic doctrine of the soul and an intellectualistic psychology presented to an earlier generation. The instincts even in the lower animal forms have lost their rigidity. They are found to be subject to modification by experience, and the nature of the animal is found to be not a bundle of instincts but an organization within which these congenital habits function to bring about complex acts-acts which are in many cases the result of instincts which have modified each other. Thus new activities arise which are not the simple expression of bare instincts. A striking illustration of this is found in play, especially among young animal forms, in which the hostile instinct is modified and held in check by the others that dominate the social life of the animals. Again the care which the parent form gives to the infant animal admits of hostile features which, however, do not attain the full expression of attack and destruction usually involved in the instinct from which they arise. Nor is this merging and interaction of such divergent instinctive acts a process of alternate
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time

Mfost of social psychology's theories of the self fail to take into account the significance of social identification in the definition of self. Social identities are self-definitions that are more inclusive than the individuated self-concept of most American psychology. A model of optimal distinctiveness is proposed in which social identity is viewed as a reconciliation of opposing needs for assimilation and differentiation from others. According to this model, individuals avoid self-construals that are either too personalized or too inclusive and instead define themselves in terms of distinctive category memberships. Social identity and group loyalty are hypothesized to be strongest for those self-categorizations that simultaneously provide for a sense of belonging and a sense of distinctiveness. Results from an initial laboratory experiment support the prediction that depersonalization and group size interact as determinants of the strength of social identification.
The impact of a participatory organizational intervention on job stress in community health care institutions

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a short-term participatory intervention in health care institutions in Norway on workers' control, other job characteristics, job stress, subjective health and job satisfaction. Participants (including managers and supervisors) were randomly allocated to intervention groups and to a control group. Actions to solve problems based on the employees' own perceptions of the main problems were seen as the key motivators for organizational improvement and increased control at the task and office level in the work situation. The main stressors identified by the participants in this study were lack of information, communication and respect between professions, as well as the need for professional and personal development. The participatory intervention had a positive, but limited effect on work-related stress, job characteristics, learning climate and management style, and seemed to have started a beneficial change process. There were no negative short-term effects on work-related stress and job demands. Organizational interventions may be a potential training ground for acquiring participatory skills and resources, and if sustained after the intervention period, they can have long-term effects on problem solving, job stress and employee satisfaction.
A hybrid procedure to identify the optimal stiffness coefficients of elastically restrained beams

Abstract The formulation of a bending vibration problem of an elastically restrained Bernoulli-Euler beam carrying a finite number of concentrated elements along its length is presented. In this study, the authors exploit the application of the differential evolution optimization technique to identify the torsional stiffness properties of the elastic supports of a Bernoulli-Euler beam. This hybrid strategy allows the determination of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of continuous beams, taking into account the effect of attached concentrated masses and rotational inertias, followed by a reconciliation step between the theoretical model results and the experimental ones. The proposed optimal identification of the elastic support parameters is computationally demanding if the exact eigenproblem solving is considered. Hence, the use of a Gaussian process regression as a meta-model is addressed. An experimental application is used in order to assess the accuracy of the estimated parameters throughout the comparison of the experimentally obtained natural frequency, from impact tests, and the correspondent computed eigenfrequency.
Out from the Shadows: Encouraging Girls in New Zealand into IT Careers

Shadow IT is a New Zealand intervention in which high school girls observe a day in the life of a woman working in IT. The effectiveness of Shadow IT in influencing girls to consider a career in IT was the subject of this research. Surveys conducted before and soon after Shadow IT showed that the girls participated in the event with an open mind and a positive attitude, and that the girls' levels of interest in an IT career had increased. In addition, the girls' perceptions of an IT workplace had become more realistic, with positive aspects better understood and earlier concerns allayed. However another survey one year later indicated that the influence of the event had not persisted for some of the girls. Girls intent on an IT career were studying IT subjects and had specific IT roles in mind, whereas girls who were now planning careers in other fields were not studying IT subjects. All the girls stated that Shadow IT had influenced their subject and career choices.
The Fungicide Chlorothalonil Is Nonlinearly Associated with Corticosterone Levels, Immunity, and Mortality in Amphibians

Background: Contaminants have been implicated in declines of amphibians, a taxon with vital systems similar to those of humans. However, many chemicals have not been thoroughly tested on amphibians or do not directly kill them. Objective: Our goal in this study was to quantify amphibian responses to chlorothalonil, the most commonly used synthetic fungicide in the United States. Methods: We reared Rana sphenocephala (southern leopard frog) and Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban treefrog) in outdoor mesocosms with or without 1 time (1×) and 2 times (2×) the expected environmental concentration (EEC) of chlorothalonil (~ 164 μg/L). We also conducted two dose–response experiments on O. septentrionalis, Hyla squirella (squirrel treefrog), Hyla cinerea (green treefrog), and R. sphenocephala and evaluated the effects of chlorothalonil on the stress hormone corticosterone. Results: For both species in the mesocosm experiment, the 1× and 2× EEC treatments were associated with > 87% and 100% mortality, respectively. In the laboratory experiments, the approximate EEC caused 100% mortality of all species within 24 hr; 82 μg/L killed 100% of R. sphenocephala, and 0.0164 μg/L caused significant tadpole mortality of R. sphenocephala and H. cinerea. Three species showed a nonmonotonic dose response, with low and high concentrations causing significantly greater mortality than did intermediate concentrations or control treatments. For O. septentrionalis, corticosterone exhibited a similar nonmonotonic dose response and chlorothalonil concentration was inversely associated with liver tissue and immune cell densities (< 16.4 μg/L). Conclusions: Chlorothalonil killed nearly every amphibian at the approximate EEC; at concentrations to which humans are commonly exposed, it increased mortality and was associated with elevated corticosterone levels and changes in immune cells. Future studies should directly quantify the effects of chlorothalonil on amphibian populations and human health.
International collaborations between research universities: experiences and best practices

The world science scenario has observed, in recent years, an important transformation. With the advent of fairly complete publication databases and the improvement of the Internet a number of world university rankings were created, with a clear bias towards research universities. Also, a new field of scientometrics has been developed, and recent studies have clearly demonstrated that the impact of a publication increases if it is written by authors of more than one country. A general overview of the research collaboration landscape is presented, considering the advantages and problems of international cooperation and the role of research universities. In particular, the case of Ibero-America is explained, with a detailed focus on Brazil. Some interesting practices that have been introduced to improve the degree of internationalization of Brazilian science are shown and discussed.
Social identity and procedural justice in police encounters with the public: results from a randomised controlled trial

The role of social identity in shaping citizen views of police is central to the group-value model (GVM). The GVM suggests that the relationship between public perceptions of fair treatment and views of police legitimacy will be tempered by social identity. Our paper employs a randomised field trial of procedural justice dialogue – the Queensland Community Engagement Trial – to test the role of social identity in the GVM. Under randomised field trial conditions we find that social identity is connected to perceptions of procedural justice and legitimacy, but that it does not moderate the effect of procedural justice on legitimacy. We discuss the implications of this finding, concluding that when police use procedurally just dialogue in encounters with the public, they can enhance perceptions of police, regardless of social identification.
Visual Prognosis and Complications following Silicone Oil Removal

Purpose. To evaluate the visual prognosis and the occurrence of significant complications after silicone oil removal (SOR) in recent years and compare them to previously published data. Methods. A total of 89 eyes of 89 patients who underwent SOR and had at least 6 months of follow-up were included in this retrospective study. Recorded parameters included demographic information, previous ocular history, length of silicone oil retention in the eye, visual acuity (VA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) prior to the SOR procedure and throughout the follow-up period, and the occurrence of postoperative complications. Results. Indications for silicone oil injection included perforating trauma (9%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (6.7%), giant tear (7.8%), and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (76.5%). After SOR, RRD, keratopathy, persistent hypotony, and elevated IOP occurred at rates of 21.3%, 11.2%, 10.1%, and 9%, respectively. Eyes with preoperative hypotony were significantly more likely to have persistent hypotony and a poor visual prognosis. Discussion. Our results provide a thorough contemporary analysis of the visual prognosis and complication rates after SOR. Avoiding SOR with long-term silicone oil retention may be advisable in hypotonous eyes.
A cross-cultural investigation of the efficacy beliefs of South Asian immigrant and Anglo Canadian nonimmigrant early adolescents

The author explored the mathematics efficacy beliefs of 270 South Asian (Indo Canadian) immigrant and Anglo Canadian nonimmigrant Grade 7 students. Self-efficacy beliefs strongly predicted mathematics performance for both cultural groups, but there were differences between the 2 groups in the sources of self-efficacy, the predictiveness of the secondary motivation variables, and the vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism. It is argued that the Indo Canadian students are more vertical or hierarchical than the Anglo Canadian students and that comparison with others strongly influences their motivation beliefs and the formation of their efficacy beliefs. Self-efficacy in some cultures may be more other-oriented than is typically seen in Western cultures. A caution against generalizing about Asian populations is given, and implications for school settings are explored.
Coming, Coming, Gone: A Feminist Deconstruction of Heterosexual Orgasm

This article presents a feminist discursive analysis of orgasm, focusing on the transcripts from discussions with women and men in Aotearoa/New Zealand regarding the meanings that attach to (hetero) sexual health. Certain aspects of deconstructive theory lie behind the approach used to read the transcript material. In the first place, as Derrida (1981) has pointed out, ` “everyday language” is not innocent or neutral' (p. 19); rather, it is laden with assumptions and investments that may not be immediately apparent. This textual analysis is thus principally concerned with examining one of the habitual structures underlying Western thought and language - the distinction between presence and absence - and with examining how this binary pairing produces, and is produced by, the `common-sense' attitudes to sex within the `everyday language' of the participants. Examining the functioning of notions of presence and absence reveals some of the paradoxes inherent in contemporary ideas about orgasm; for example, the notion that orgasm offers a transcendental experience (a meeting with one's `true' self) at the same time as it involves a loss or absence of `self'. Finally, it is suggested that the deconstructive properties of `desire' have the potential to challenge the conventional place of orgasm as the ultimate (or only) measure of healthy heterosex.
HIV-1 Subtypes and Recombinants in Northern Tanzania: Distribution of Viral Quasispecies

This study analyzed the distribution and prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes, multiplicity of HIV-1 infection, and frequency of inter-subtype recombination among HIV-1-infected female bar and hotel workers in Moshi, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania, from 2004 to 2007. The HIV-1 viral sequences spanning the V1-C5 region of HIV-1 env gp120 were analyzed from 50 subjects by single genome amplification and sequencing (SGA/S) technique. A total of 1740 sequences were amplified and sequenced from the HIV-1 proviral DNA template. The median env sequences analyzed per subject per two time points was 38 (IQR 28–50) over one year of HIV infection. In a subset of 14 subjects, a total of 239 sequences were obtained from HIV-1 RNA template at the baseline visit. The most prevalent HIV-1 subtypes were A1 (56%) and C (30%), while HIV-1 subtype D and inter-subtype recombinant viruses were found in 6% and 8% of subjects respectively. Transmission of multiple HIV-1 variants was evident in 27% of the subjects infected with pure HIV-1 subtypes A1, C, or D. The HIV-1 inter-subtype recombinants were found in 8% including HIV-1 C/A, D/A, and complex mosaic recombinants. Multiple viral variants were found in two subjects infected with inter-subtype recombinants. One subject harbored quasispecies of both pure HIV-1 A1 and C/A recombinant. The other subject was infected with two complex mosaic inter-subtype recombinant variants belonging to subtype D. HIV-1 multiple infections and ongoing recombination contribute significantly to the genetic diversity of circulating HIV-1 in Tanzania and have important implications for vaccine design and the development of therapeutic strategies.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ALLERGY IN EXPERIMENTAL BRUCELLOSIS I. THE EFFECT O]F BRUCELLA SUIS WHOLE ANTIGEN ON CULTURES OF SPLEEN FROM NORMAL AND BRUCELLA-INFECTED GUINEA PIGS

Mter the appearance of the classic work of Rich and Lewis (1, 2) on the specific cytotoxic action of tuberculin, most reports have dealt with experimental and clinical tuberculosis. An exception is the work of Moen (3, 4) who reported that a specific cytotoxic effect could also be demonstrated in guinea pigs experimentally infected with group C hemolytic streptococci. Cells from infected animals showed an increased sensitivity to antigens prepared from different strains of such hemolytic streptococci, but not to antigens from group B strains or to extracts of alpha-type hemolytic streptococci. The toxic action of the antigen on sensitive cells was completely neutralized by an homologous antiserum in two experiments, and partially neutralized in four others. Under proper experimental conditions, a cytotoxic response has been demonstrated to be more reliable than the intradermal test to indicate an infectious allergy of the tuberculin type. Cellular sensitivity has been demonstrated in the absence of a positive intradermal reaction in very young animals by Aronson (5) and in other anergic states by Heilman and Feldman (6). Furthermore, Aronson (7) and others have shown that tissue culture methods may be used to distinguish infectious allergy of the tuberculin type from anaphylactic states and the Arthus phenomenon.
Approximation of Common Fixed Points of a Finite Family of Asymptotically Demicontractive Maps Using a Composite Implicit Iteration Process

We prove that the modified form of the composite implicit iteration process introduced by Su and Li [1] can be used to approximate the common fixed points of a finite family of asymptotically   demicontractive maps in real Hilbert spaces. Our results compliment the results of Su and Li [1], Osilike and Isiogugu [2], Igbokwe and Udofia [3], Igbokwe and Udo-Utun [4, 5], Igbokwe and Ini [6] and extend several others from asymptotically demicontractive maps to the more general class of asymptotically
Teaching critical thinking

Significance Understanding and thinking critically about scientific evidence is a crucial skill in the modern world. We present a simple learning framework that employs cycles of decisions about making and acting on quantitative comparisons between datasets or data and models. With opportunities to improve the data or models, this structure is appropriate for use in any data-driven science-learning setting. This structure led to significant and sustained improvement in students’ critical thinking behaviors, compared with a control group, with effects far beyond that of statistical significance. The ability to make decisions based on data, with its inherent uncertainties and variability, is a complex and vital skill in the modern world. The need for such quantitative critical thinking occurs in many different contexts, and although it is an important goal of education, that goal is seldom being achieved. We argue that the key element for developing this ability is repeated practice in making decisions based on data, with feedback on those decisions. We demonstrate a structure for providing suitable practice that can be applied in any instructional setting that involves the acquisition of data and relating that data to scientific models. This study reports the results of applying that structure in an introductory physics laboratory course. Students in an experimental condition were repeatedly instructed to make and act on quantitative comparisons between datasets, and between data and models, an approach that is common to all science disciplines. These instructions were slowly faded across the course. After the instructions had been removed, students in the experimental condition were 12 times more likely to spontaneously propose or make changes to improve their experimental methods than a control group, who performed traditional experimental activities. The students in the experimental condition were also four times more likely to identify and explain a limitation of a physical model using their data. Students in the experimental condition also showed much more sophisticated reasoning about their data. These differences between the groups were seen to persist into a subsequent course taken the following year.
Look Who’s Linked With Whom: A Case Study of One Community Basketball Network

The Canadian Sport Policy advocates for increased interaction among sport organizations as a means to create a more efficient and effective system. The purpose of this study was to explore the existence and nature of linkages among a network of community basketball providers. Network theory focuses on the interconnections of organizations by considering the structural, social, and economic bonds of cooperative behavior. Quantitative data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using network software UCINET 6 to assess the numbers and types of linkages among a network of community basketball organizations (n = 10) in one geographical region. Next, in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with leaders from the organizations and from their provincial/national governing bodies (n = 11) to assess the barriers to linkages among these organizations. Results indicated a loosely coupled network, wherein issues of power and dependence, uncertainty, and the lack of managerial structures to initiate.