Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Market for Payment Entitlements in Germany

In 2005, Germany implemented CAP decoupled payments. Direct payments were converted into tradable, production decoupled, single farm payments (SFP) by a hybrid model. From 2010 - 2013, there will be a gradual transition to a regional model. The following paper shows the results of an analysis of the market for payment entitlements in Germany between 2005 and June 2007. Data are derived from the German Central IACS database (ZID). In this period 1.2 of the 17 million payment entitlements changed their owner. A closer look at the figures reveals that despite a large difference in the face value of the entitlements, the entitlements are rarely traded in order to optimize farm budget. In most cases, trade of entitlements is directly linked to farm or land transfer. As a consequence, the overwhelming majority of trade takes place on the local level with very little redistribution of direct payments on a regional level being observed. Differences between the thirteen German trading regions with respect to observed trade patterns are quite small.
Tungiasis: a neglected health problem of poor communities

Tungiasis is caused by the flea Tunga penetrans. Growing urbanization, improved housing and use of appropriate footwear presumably have led to an overall reduction of the occurrence of this ectoparasitosis within the last decades. However, it is still highly prevalent where people live in extreme poverty, occurring in many Latin American and African countries. Although the infection has long been known, data on the ectoparasite’s biology and the epidemiology of the disease are scant. Methods for treatment, prevention and control have never been evaluated in a scientific manner. Tungiasis remains an important public health problem for the very poor, a problem neglected by those who are affected, by the medical profession and by the scientific community.
Remotely Delivered Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation: Design and Content Development of a Novel mHealth Platform

Background Participation in traditional center-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise programs (exCR) is limited by accessibility barriers. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies can overcome these barriers while preserving critical attributes of center-based exCR monitoring and coaching, but these opportunities have not yet been capitalized on. Objective We aimed to design and develop an evidence- and theory-based mHealth platform for remote delivery of exCR to any geographical location. Methods An iterative process was used to design and develop an evidence- and theory-based mHealth platform (REMOTE-CR) that provides real-time remote exercise monitoring and coaching, behavior change education, and social support. Results The REMOTE-CR platform comprises a commercially available smartphone and wearable sensor, custom smartphone and Web-based applications (apps), and a custom middleware. The platform allows exCR specialists to monitor patients’ exercise and provide individualized coaching in real-time, from almost any location, and provide behavior change education and social support. Intervention content incorporates Social Cognitive Theory, Self-determination Theory, and a taxonomy of behavior change techniques. Exercise components are based on guidelines for clinical exercise prescription. Conclusions The REMOTE-CR platform extends the capabilities of previous telehealth exCR platforms and narrows the gap between existing center- and home-based exCR services. REMOTE-CR can complement center-based exCR by providing an alternative option for patients whose needs are not being met. Remotely monitored exCR may be more cost-effective than establishing additional center-based programs. The effectiveness and acceptability of REMOTE-CR are now being evaluated in a noninferiority randomized controlled trial.
An empirical examination of perceived retail crowding, emotions, and retail outcomes

Crowded retail shopping conditions can result from many shoppers being present during a given time and at a given place, as well as from limited customer space owing to inadequate floor layout design and allocation of fixtures and merchandise on the floor. This study investigated the effects of the perception of human crowding and spatial crowding on consumer shopping behavior through mediation of emotions of pleasure, arousal, dominance, and a feeling of satisfaction in an international market. A store intercept survey was conducted on 554 hypermarket consumers in Taipei, Taiwan. The proposed structural relationships among perceived retail crowding, emotions, and retail outcomes were analyzed by using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with Lisrel 8.54. The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model in delineating the relationships of retail crowding-emotions-satisfaction-retail outcomes under actual retail environments. The study found that while human crowding perceived during shopping at a hypermarket store positively impacted shoppers' feelings rather than negatively, spatial crowding perceived due to high spatial density negatively impacted shoppers' positive emotions. The findings supported the view that retail crowding affected various shopping activities through influencing positive emotions and summary feelings of satisfaction. Managerial implications of the study were also discussed.
New Therapeutic Options for Breast Cancer during Pregnancy

National and international guidelines for pregnant breast cancer patients recommend to treat pregnant patients as closely as possible to the standards for non-pregnant patients. Therefore, new treatment options like sentinel lymph node biopsy or taxane-based chemotherapy have to be carefully checked for their possible implementation even for pregnant patients. These patients need to be treated in a breast cancer center where a multidisciplinary team is ready to support the patient and her family and to serve her with the best up-to-date treatment for mother and child.
Leadership style factors that influence motivation of pre-school teachers in public pre-schools in Embu North District, Embu County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the head teachers' leadership styles influence motivation of pre-school teachers in public pre-schools in Embu North District. The study's objectives were to determine, examine and assess how Autocratic (Authoritarian), Democratic (Participatory), Laissez faire (Free reign) and Transformational (Charismatic) leadership styles influence motivation of pre-school teachers in public pre-schools in Embu North District. The study employed the use of descriptive research design. The researcher targeted all the 32 public pre-schools in Embu North District, with a target population and a sample size of 32 head teachers and 32 pre-school teachers from the 32 public pre-schools in the district. The study adopted purposive sampling techniques to sample its respondents. Questionnaires for both the head teachers and pre-school teachers and interview schedules for pre-schools teachers were used for data collection. Validity and Reliability were ensured through pilot study and testing and re-testing methods respectively. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software (Statistical Package for Social Science). The research utilized descriptive analysis, and data was presented in form of frequency tables, percentages and thick descriptions. This study was significant in that it makes the government, parents and the head teaches aware of the need to adopt a transformational leadership style in order to enhance motivation of pre-school teachers in public pre-schools and improve their working environment by involving them in decision making and in policy formulation in their schools. Other than the salary ̂ the leadership and management would be provoked to give these teachers some other forms of incentives and fridge benefits, as well as meeting them more often so as to increase their morale. The study findings showed that pre-school teachers led by head teachers who practice authoritarian and laissez faire style of leadership are demotivated to a large extent based on leadership factors singled out by the researcher. Where democratic and transformational leadership styles of leadership are practiced, the teachers are highly motivated and inspired. The researcher recommends that head teachers should attend seminars and workshops that create awareness on the applicability of various types of leadership styles and how to motivate their teachers without compromising academic performance. The head teachers should meet and involve pre-school teachers more frequently in decision making and in pre-school policy formulation. Head teachers should empower their staff through capacity building. Further study should be done on the influence of leadership styles on motivation of teachers in both primary and secondary schools.
B Cells from Knock-in Mice Expressing Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibody b12 Carry an Innocuous B Cell Receptor Responsive to HIV Vaccine Candidates

Broadly neutralizing Abs against HIV protect from infection, but their routine elicitation by vaccination has not been achieved. To generate small animal models to test vaccine candidates, we have generated targeted transgenic (“knock-in”) mice expressing, in the physiological Ig H and L chain loci, two well-studied broadly neutralizing Abs: 4E10, which interacts with the membrane proximal external region of gp41, and b12, which binds to the CD4 binding site on gp120. 4E10HL mice are described in the companion article (Doyle-Cooper et al., J. Immunol. 191: 3186–3191). In this article, we describe b12 mice. B cells in b12HL mice, in contrast to the case in 4E10 mice, were abundant and essentially monoclonal, retaining the b12 specificity. In cell culture, b12HL B cells responded avidly to HIV envelope gp140 trimers and to BCR ligands. Upon transfer to wild-type recipients, b12HL B cells responded robustly to vaccination with gp140 trimers. Vaccinated b12H mice, although generating abundant precursors and Abs with affinity for Env, were unable to rapidly generate neutralizing Abs, highlighting the importance of developing Ag forms that better focus responses to neutralizing epitopes. The b12HL and b12H mice should be useful in optimizing HIV vaccine candidates to elicit a neutralizing response while avoiding nonprotective specificities.
The genetic structure of personality and learning: a phylogenetic model

The way people adapt and learn from experience is what defines their personalities. Likewise learning has been defined as “that process which manifests itself by adaptive changes in individual behavior as a result of experience’’ (Thorpe 1956). In other words, personality and learning are one and the same process. Personalities reflect underlying individual differences or response biases in the neuroadaptive systems involved in learning. As a result of the identity of personality and learning, we must understand the organization and structure of learning abilities in order to develop a comprehensive model of personality. Furthermore, an optimal description of the psychobiology of personality requires that learning operations are defined in terms of both the psychosocial and neurobiological processes that are actually involved in adapting to experience. Other descriptions may be useful as analogies or metaphors, but they do not characterize the actual psychobiological systems involved in learning. In order to give a process description of personality and learning, we must have a model of the functional organization of the underlying brain systems. This requires us to specify the function of the system and processes that interact in carrying it out. In this article, I will describe phylogenetic information about the evolution of learning that suggests that five dissociable brain systems underlying personality and learning have evolved in separate steps. The general psychobiological model described here posits two major systems of learning and memory: perceptual and conceptual learning. C. Robert Clonlnger
Sex specificity of ventral anterior cingulate cortex suppression during a cognitive task

Ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) is a highly interconnected brain region considered to reflect the sometimes competing demands of cognition and emotion. A reciprocal relationship between vACC and dorsal ACC (dACC) may play a role in maintaining this balance between cognitive and emotional processing. Using functional MRI in association with a cognitively‐demanding visuospatial task (mental rotation), we found that only women demonstrated vACC suppression and inverse functional connectivity with dACC. Sex differences in vACC functioning—previously described under conditions of negative emotion—are extended here to cognition. Consideration of participant sex is essential to understanding the role of vACC in cognitive and emotional processing. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychological effects of Hurricane Andrew on an elementary school population.

OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence and progression of posttraumatic symptomatology (PTS), using emotional and behavioral indices of psychopathology in school-age children in the pathway of Hurricane Andrew (HI-IMPACT) and in a comparison group north of Miami (LO-IMPACT). METHOD Pynoos' Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index and Achenbach's Teacher's Report Form (TRF) were administered 8 weeks and 32 weeks after the hurricane. In addition, 21 measures of disruptive behavior cataloged by Dade County Public Schools were aggregated and compared by grading period between pre- and posthurricane school years. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the two schools in PTS at 8 weeks after the hurricane, although the children in the HI-IMPACT school were more likely to have severe PTS. TRF findings at 8 weeks revealed that children in the HI-IMPACT school evidenced lower means on the eight TRF scales and on the broader Internalizing and Externalizing measures. Analysis of the disruptive behavior revealed a drop in the marking period immediately after the hurricane in the HI-IMPACT area, but an opposite effect was observed in the LO-IMPACT area. CONCLUSIONS After the hurricane there was an initial increase in PTS and a concomitant decrease in other measures of behavior and psychopathology. PTS remained relatively high throughout the school year, but there was a rebound and subsequent normalization of the measures of disruptive behavior.
Determinants of the Savings and Fixed Asset Holdings of Turkish Migrants in Germany

This paper investigates the determinants of the bank savings and fixed assets of Turkish migrants residing in Germany. We find that migrants with firmer roots in Germany are more likely to hold savings and fixed assets in Germany, and those with stronger links to Turkey are more likely to hold savings and fixed assets in Turkey. As expected, income is a positive determinant of savings and fixed assets in both countries. Although age has a positive impact on savings and fixed assets in Turkey, it has a negative impact on savings in Germany. These results shed new light on Turkish migrants' short- and long-term savings in Turkey and Germany.
THE HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF AMINOPHYLLINE, ADENOSINE, LOSARTAN AND NITRIC OXIDE ADMINISTERED SHORTLY AFTER RIGHT HEART INFARCT IN A PORCINE MODEL

Right heart failure may be caused by several etiologic factors such as pulmonary embolism, post coronary bypass, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and right heart infarction. Traditionally, treatment has consisted of fluid loading (volume expansion) and the use of inotropic agents. In the present series of studies, an experimental model of acute right heart failure was developed using right heart infarct. Treatment with drugs chosen to specifically improve right heart performance was then evaluated. The drugs used in this series were aminophlline, adenosine, nitric oxide (NO) and losartan. Aminophylline transiently improved cardiac index and pulmonary vascular resistance, but simultaneously caused an increase in heart rate and a decrease in stroke volume. Although it may reduce right heart afterload, aminophylline did not improve overall cardiac function in this experimental model of right heart infarction. Adenosine affected an increase in cardiac index during the adenosine infusion and in stroke index, while pulmonary vascular resistance and mean pulmonary pressure were decreased. There was a marked decrease in systemic vascular resistance as a result of the drug. Heart rate remained unchanged by the infusion. Discontinuation of the drug resulted in a rapid reversal of the hemodynamic changes. The continuous infusion of adenosine therefore appears to cause an effective arterial vasodilation, with a consequent unloading of right heart afterload. NO treatment significantly reduced right heart afterload. A significant deterioration was observed in cardiac output as well as in left and right ventricle stroke work indices. The use of NO in this model of right heart infarct affected a decrease in both right heart afterload and left heart preload, with an overall deterioration in global hemodynamics. Losartan was shown to decrease central venous pressure and wedge pressure, while cardiac output, left ventricle stroke work and stroke volume all showed improvement. Compared to the control animals, pulmonary vascular resistance, systemic vascular resistance and systemic pressures were unaffected by the drug, as was heart rate. An inhibition of angiotensin II action may therefore be of benefit in the treatment of right heart failure symptoms during the first hours after right heart infarct.
Family business succession and the impact of CEO experience on the growth of small family firms

The studies on the relationship between the depth of the entrepreneur's experience and firm growth shows inconsistent and inconclusive results. A comprehensive understanding of this matter is especially valuable in the context of family business successions, given that many companies seem to be unsuccessful in conquering the difficulties surrounding a succession. The reason is the fact that successors often lack experience when taking over the company. Based on a sample of 511 small family firms, our results suggest a positive and curvilinear effect of CEO experience on firm performance. Experience is contributive to the growth in value added up to a certain number of years that the CEO is in a CEO position, after which it becomes counterproductive. Firms with CEOs currently holding multiple directorships are also found to generate significantly higher performance levels and that growth rates appear to lessen according to the age of the CEO.
Topological Implications of Cascading Interdomain Bilateral Traffic Agreements

The Internet uses a model in which Autonomous Systems (AS) peer bilaterally with each other, resulting in a cascaded connectivity model: the end-to-end service that an end-user sees is the result of this cascade of bilateral traffic agreements. As a result, the routing decisions at each AS beyond the next hop are implicitly delegated, so an AS has limited control over the remaining path. While this may be considered a key feature of the Internet (e.g., helps scalability), the impact of this cascading model on the structure of the Internet is not yet well understood. In this paper, we analyze this cascaded model using concepts of game theory. Although our model cannot capture the full complexity of the real Internet - we actually aim at simplicity and try to only isolate the cascading effect -, our results suggest that cascading bilateral agreements brings order to an arbitrary graph. In particular, it brings forward some well-known properties of the Internet topology, such as the current AS hierarchy and common peering models. Finally, we compare our results with topological and routing data, obtained from CAIDA, looking for experimental evidence of our results, while further exploring the insight obtained from our model.
Revisiting the Defense–Growth nexus in European countries

This study revisits the long run and dynamic causal linkages between defense spending and economic growth in 15 selected European countries for the period 1988–2010 by utilizing recent developments in non-stationary panel data analysis. To this end, the series properties of per capita defense spending, per capita real capita stocks, and per capita real GDP are investigated by the panel unit root tests with and without breaks that support evidence on unit root. The panel cointegration tests with and without breaks are also subsequently employed to investigate whether there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between these three variables. Finally, our causality analysis from panel vector error-correction model suggests that there is a feedback relation between real capital stock and real GDP in both short and long run, a one-way Granger causality running from real GDP to defense spending in both short and long run, and defense spending only Granger causes real capital stock in the long run.
Franchisor's ongoing support and franchisee's satisfaction: a case of ice cream franchising in Korea.

Purpose – The primary purpose of this research is to investigate franchisees' satisfaction based on franchisors' pre‐opening support, central purchasing, congeniality and ongoing business support.Design/methodology/approach – The sample was drawn from ice cream franchising operations in Seoul, South Korea, and its vicinity. Personal interviews were conducted, followed by a self‐administered questionnaire.Findings – The franchisees learned about their business opportunities through friends and relatives. The brand recognition by the consumer is the major motive for franchisees to engage in franchising. While franchisees are least satisfied with their franchisors' ongoing business support, they are most satisfied with central purchasing support from the franchisor.Practical implications – The study offers valuable insights for strategic management as to recruitment, selection, and ongoing support provided by franchisors.Originality/value – This research is particularly valuable to franchisors who are contem.
Is the Boone-Indicator Applicable? – Evidence from a Combined Data Set of German Manufacturing Enterprises

Summary Boone (2008a) proposes a new competition measure based on Relative Profit Differences (RPD) that, from its theoretical properties, proves to be more robust than the Lerner-Index. However, the proof of the empirical practicability and robustness of the Boone-Indicator is missing. To fill this gap, we use a rich, newly built, data set for German manufacturing enterprises and test its empirical validity using cartel cases. Since all of the identified cartels significantly restricted market competition, we expect fiercer competition after the uncovering. We asses the validity of the indicators by comparing the indicated competition levels before and after the cartels were uncovered and stopped. The Boone-Indicator is calculated as RPDs and as a beta coefficient of a log-log regression. The Lerner-Index is used as a benchmark. Our analysis finds that the Boone-Indicator, based on a simple regression approach, fails to correctly indicate competition. Since the Boone-Indicator, based on pure RPDs, proves to be inapplicable, we propose an augmented indicator based on size-adjusted RPDs, which performs better. However, our findings suggest that, given the information typically available in census data, the Lerner-Index is still the only measure that correctly indicates competitive changes.
Market and idiosyncratic volatility: high frequency dynamics

The explanatory power of idiosyncratic volatility is examined in the context of the dynamics of market volatility. Results based on high frequency individual Standard & Poor's (S&P) 100 stock data indicate that aggregate idiosyncratic volatility has a significant and persistent impact on market volatility (and vice versa). Furthermore, we show that this explanatory power improves as one increases the number of stocks used to construct idiosyncratic volatility.