Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Context Effects in Memory through the Lens of the Outshining Hypothesis

Memory performance is often better for events or items that are retrieved in a context similar to the context in which they were experienced. The presence or absence of such context effects can be explained by the outshining hypothesis (Smith & Vela, 2001), which states that, at retrieval, there are two types of cues that memory depends on, the context cue and the item cue. The stronger of these two cues suppresses, or “outshines” the weaker cue thus strengthening or eliminating context effects. Context effects are eliminated when memory performance is driven by the stronger item cue, which then ‘outshines’ the weaker context cue. In the present study, I examine the outshining hypothesis by manipulating the strengths of the context and item cues using concrete words (stronger item cue) and abstract words (weaker item cue) studied in two different kinds of context, videos (stronger context cue) and background color (weaker context cue). Contrary to the predictions of the outshining hypothesis, the context effect for abstract words was no greater than for concrete words. The study also failed to find greater context effects for video than background color context effects. These results can either provide evidence against the outshining hypothesis or raise questions about the relative strengths of the context and item cues used in the study.
The Unknown Risk of Vertical Transmission in Sleeping Sickness—A Literature Review

Background Children with human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) present with a range of generally non-specific symptoms. Late diagnosis is frequent with often tragic outcomes. Trypanosomes can infect the foetus by crossing the placenta. Unequivocal cases of congenital infection that have been reported include newborn babies of infected mothers who were diagnosed with HAT in the first 5 days of life and children of infected mothers who had never entered an endemic country themselves. Methods This review systematically summarizes the literature on the vertical transmission of HAT, to our knowledge for the first time. To approach the broader aspects of the subject, articles considering the epidemiology of childhood HAT and HAT in pregnancy were also included. The HAT guidelines and technical reports of the World Health Organisation, Médecins Sans Frontières, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, and of one endemic country were reviewed. Results Publications describing congenital HAT are very limited and consist only of single case reports and small case series. Generally it is assumed to be a rare event, but it has never been systematically investigated. In two publications, it is hypothesized that congenital HAT occurs more often than suspected. Not all guidelines and not all HAT literature mention this transmission route. Conclusions The risk of vertical transmission is unknown. Awareness of congenital HAT is insufficient, and as a result opportunities for an early diagnosis in newborns may be missed. All HAT guidelines and local HAT protocols should stress that in endemic areas pregnant women should be systematically checked for HAT and that newborns of HAT infected mothers should be assessed for the disease as soon as possible. Studies on the impact of HAT on fertility and pregnancy and studies on congenital HAT are long overdue.
Using evolutionary learning classifiers to do MobileSpam (SMS) filtering

In recent years, we have witnessed the dramatic increase in the volume of mobile SMS (Short Messaging Service) spam. The reason is that operators - owing to fierce market competition - have introduced packages that allow their customers to send unlimited SMS in less than $1 a month. It not only degrades the service of cellular operators but also compromises security and privacy of users. In this paper, we analyze SMS spam to identify novel features that distinguishes it from benign SMS (ham). The novelty of our approach is that we intercept the SMS at the access layer of a mobile phone - in hexadecimal format - and extract two features: (1) octet bigrams, and (2) frequency distribution of octets. Later, we provide these features to a number of evolutionary and non-evolutionary classifiers to identify the best classifier for our mobile spam filtering system. We evaluate the detection rate and false alarm rate of our system - using different classifiers - on a real world dataset. The results of our experiments show that sUpervised Classifier System (UCS), by operating on the the above-mentioned features'set, achieves more than 89% detection rate and 0% false alarm rate.
Signaling of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Its Receptor GFR&agr;1 Induce Nurr1 and Pitx3 to Promote Survival of Grafted Midbrain-Derived Neural Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor GFR&agr;1 have been implicated in the survival of ventral midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but the molecular mechanisms bywhich GDNF generates DA neurons in grafted midbrain-derived neural stem cells (mNSCs) are not understood. Midbrain-derived neural stem cells isolated from rat embryonic mesencephalon (embryonic day 12) were treated with GDNF or in combination with GFR&agr;1 small interfering RNA. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry were used totest the expression of the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 and thetranscription factor Pitx3 and newborn tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells. Treatment of mNSCs with GDNF increased mNSCs' sphere diameter, reduced expression of caspase 3, and increased expression of Bcl-2. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-treated mNSCs enhanced Nurr1 and Pitx3 expression and the fraction of TH-, TH/Pitx3-, and TH/Nurr1-positive cells in culture. Grafted GDNF-treated mNSCs significantly decreased apomorphine-induced rotation behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Glialcell line-derived neurotrophic factor-treated mNSCs showed increased numbers of TH/Pitx3- and TH/Nurr1-postivie cells. The effect elicited by GDNF was inhibited by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of GFR&agr;1. Our data demonstrate the contribution of GDNF to DA neuron development and may also elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms in Parkinson disease and contribute to the development of novel therapies for the disorder.
To Aid In Securing Favorable Conditions of Water Flows STREAM SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY CENTER NOTES STREAM

Bedload transport is a fundamental process for alluvial rivers, creating bedform topography that both stabilizes the channel and provides a diversity of habitat for aquatic organisms. Bedload transport also controls the storage and mobilization of heavy minerals and contaminants, and is an important aspect of channel migration that both revitalizes river floodplains and can threaten human infrastructure within river valleys. Numerous equations have been developed to predict bedload transport, ranging from simple regressions to complex multi-parameter formulations. For the practicing hydrologist or geomorphologist it is often unclear which transport equation is best suited for a given situation, or which equation is most likely to generate the most accurate results. A possible solution is to use a variety of bedload transport equations at a given location and average the results. Unfortunately, the predicted transport rates often differ by orders of magnitude, giving little confidence in the averaged transport rate. In addition, local conditions are often very different from those that many bedload transport equations were developed from. A number of attempts have been made to quantify the performance of existing bedload transport equations (Gomez and Church 1989; Yang and Huang 2001). However, the ability to test equation performance within coarsegrained mountain streams has, until recently, been hampered by a lack of bedload transport data for these stream types. An extensive dataset recently compiled by King et al. (2004) provides an opportunity to further examine bedload transport processes in mountain gravel-bed rivers and to conduct a more thorough comparison of commonly used bedload transport equations. We examined 24 of these study sites in central Idaho, representing over 2,100 bedload transport observations collected over a range of flows from 2 to 181% of the 2-year flood flow (Q 2 ). The study sites are single-thread channels with pool-riffle or plane-bed morphology (as defined by Montgomery and Buffington 1997) with median surface grain sizes (d 50 ) between 38 and 185 mm, and channel slopes between 0.0021 and 0.0108.
Local Motion Planning for Nonholonomic Control Systems Evolving on Principal Bundles

Nonholonomic mechanical systems naturally occur when there are rolling constraints [4] or Lagrangian symmetries leading to momentum constraints [1]. Examples include kinematic wheeled vehicles, free floating satellites with appendages, and simplified models of biomimetic locomotion. This work considers the local motion planning problem for a specific class of nonholonomic systems— those whose configuration space is the total space of a principal fibre bundle and whose equations of motion are a connection on that bundle. The state variables of these systems naturally split into two classes. One class is the set of base or shape variables that describe the internal configuration of the system. The other variables take values in a Lie group G, and are termed group or fibre variables. They typically describe the position of the system via the displacement of a reference frame in the moving system with respect to a fixed frame. Motion in the position variables can often be realized though periodic motion of the shape variables. The governing equations of such nonholonomic control systems locally take the form
High-Throughput Non-destructive Phenotyping of Traits that Contribute to Salinity Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Reproducible and efficient high-throughput phenotyping approaches, combined with advances in genome sequencing, are facilitating the discovery of genes affecting plant performance. Salinity tolerance is a desirable trait that can be achieved through breeding, where most have aimed at selecting for plants that perform effective ion exclusion from the shoots. To determine overall plant performance under salt stress, it is helpful to investigate several plant traits collectively in one experimental setup. Hence, we developed a quantitative phenotyping protocol using a high-throughput phenotyping system, with RGB and chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) imaging, which captures the growth, morphology, color and photosynthetic performance of Arabidopsis thaliana plants in response to salt stress. We optimized our salt treatment by controlling the soil-water content prior to introducing salt stress. We investigated these traits over time in two accessions in soil at 150, 100, or 50 mM NaCl to find that the plants subjected to 100 mM NaCl showed the most prominent responses in the absence of symptoms of severe stress. In these plants, salt stress induced significant changes in rosette area and morphology, but less prominent changes in rosette coloring and photosystem II efficiency. Clustering of ChlF traits with plant growth of nine accessions maintained at 100 mM NaCl revealed that in the early stage of salt stress, salinity tolerance correlated with non-photochemical quenching processes and during the later stage, plant performance correlated with quantum yield. This integrative approach allows the simultaneous analysis of several phenotypic traits. In combination with various genetic resources, the phenotyping protocol described here is expected to increase our understanding of plant performance and stress responses, ultimately identifying genes that improve plant performance in salt stress conditions.
Overexpression of Tumor Protein p53-regulated Apoptosis-inducing Protein 1 Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells through the PI3K/Akt Pathway

Purpose Tumor protein p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1 (TP53AIP1) functions in various cancers. We studied the effect and molecular mechanism of TP53AIP1 in breast cancer. Methods The degree of correlation between TP53AIP1 expression and overall survival in patients with breast cancer was obtained from the online The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Six of the TP53AIP1 levels in the tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues randomly selected from 38 breast cancer patients were determined. Transgenic technology was used to enhance the expression of TP53AIP1 in breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-415 and MDA-MB-468, and to observe the effects of gene overexpression on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of breast cancer cells. The molecular mechanism of association between cell cycle- and apoptosis-related factors and the phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway was also studied. Results The messenger RNA and protein expression levels of TP53AIP1 in cancer tissues were significantly lower than those in the control group. TP53AIP1 overexpression inhibits cell viability. The mechanism of TP53AIP1 inhibition of proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells includes cell cycle arrest, apoptosis promotion (p < 0.01), promotion of the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 (p < 0.01), cleaved-caspase-9 (p < 0.01), B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein, and p53 (p < 0.01), and the inhibition of Bcl-2, Ki67, and PI3K/Akt pathways (p < 0.01). Conclusion TP53AIP1 may be a novel tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer and can potentially be used as an effective target gene for the treatment of breast cancer.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mobile Devices and Weight Loss with an Intervention Content Analysis

Introduction: Overweight and obesity constitute leading global public health challenges. Tackling overweight and obesity by influencing human behaviour is a complex task, requiring novel emerging health psychology interventions. The aims of this review will be to determine whether mobile devices induce weight loss and improvements in diet and physical activity levels when compared with standard controls without a weight loss intervention or controls allocated to non-mobile device weight loss interventions. Methods: A systematic review on mobile devices and weight loss was conducted. The inclusion criteria were all randomized controlled trials with baseline and post-intervention weight measures in adult subjects >18 years of age without pre-specified co-morbidities. Mobile device specifications included modern, portable devices in the form of smartphones, PDAs, iPods, and Mp3 players. Cohen’s d for standardized differences in mean weight loss was calculated. A random effects meta-analysis was generated using Comprehensive meta-analysis software. Theories and intervention content were coded and analysed. Results: A total of 17 studies were identified, of which 12 were primary trials and 5 were secondary analyses. The meta-analysis generated a medium significant effect size of 0.430 (95% CI 0.252–0.609) (p-value ≤ 0.01), favouring mobile interventions. Throughout the systematic review, mobile devices were found to induce weight loss relative to baseline weight. When comparing them with standard no intervention controls as well as controls receiving non-mobile weight loss interventions, results favoured mobile devices for weight loss. Reductions in Body mass index, waist circumference, and percentage body fat were also found in the review. Improvements in the determinants of weight loss in the form of improved dietary intake and physical activity levels were also found. Theory appears to largely inform intervention design, with the most common theories being Social Cognitive Theory, Elaboration Likelihood Theory, Control Theory, and Goal Theory. The use of behavioural change techniques was widespread across the studies, with a minimum of five per intervention. Conclusion: Mobile devices appear to induce positive changes in the behavioural determinants of weight and subsequently are associated with weight loss. Mobile device interventions are heavily informed by theory and behaviour change techniques. The use of theory appears to effectively enhance levels of constructs targeted by interventions.
MULTIVARIATE HISTOGRAMS WITH DATA-DEPENDENT PARTITIONS

We consider estimation of multivariate densities with histograms which are based on data-dependent partitions. We find data-dependent partitions by min- imizing a complexity-penalized error criterion. The estimator may also be charac- terized as a series estimator whose basis is chosen empirically. We show that the estimator achieves minimax rates of convergence up to a logarithmic factor over a scale of smoothness classes containing functions with anisotropic and spatially varying smoothness. The method may also be viewed as based on the presmooth- ing of data. We show how the optimal amount of presmoothing depends on the spatial inhomogeneity of the density. We consider density estimation based on i.i. d. multivariate random vectors taking values in R d . We estimate densities with histograms, which we define to be rectangularwise constant estimates, and the value of the estimate in each rectangle is taken to be the empirical probability divided by the volume of the rectangle. The main problem is how to choose the partition defining the his- togram in an optimal way. Histograms with equispaced bins are not able to adapt to spatially varying smoothness. This problem appears already in the one-dimensional case. Further- more, in the multivariate case the density to be estimated may have anisotropic smoothness: the density function may vary more in one direction than in the other directions. We should choose bins to be thinner in the direction where the density varies more. When we choose the partition in a flexible way, then we are not so vulnerable to the curse of dimensionality. Indeed, in high-dimensional cases accurate esti- mation may be possible if the "effective dimension" of the density is small. The effective dimension could mean, for example, the number of variables with re- spect which the density has variability. A density which is almost constant on its support with respect to most variables would have a low effective dimension (this
System Level Speedup Oriented Cache Partitioning for Multi-programmed Systems

In a chip-multiprocessor with a shared cache structure, the last level cache is shared by multiple applications executing simultaneously. The competing accesses from different applications degrade the system performance, resulting in non-predicting executing time. Cache partitioning techniques partition the shared cache for multiple applications. Traditional cache partitioning mechanisms, such as Utility-based Cache Partitioning (UCP) and IPC-based Cache Partitioning (IPC-CP), aim to optimize the objective (for example, instruction per cycle or miss rate) that is appealing for individual application. However, the performances of multi-programmed systems are usually characterized by the number of applications finished during certain interval. This paper investigates System Level Speedup oriented Cache Partitioning (SLS-CP), which is used to maximize total speedup of the system. Like UCP and IPC-CP, the inputs of SLS-CP are current performance status and misses of all the possible partitions, and the outputs of SLS-CP are optimum cache partitions for multi-programmed workloads. Our evaluation, on top of a two cores CMP processor with 8 multi-programmed workloads shows that SLS-CP improves system level speedup and fairness over UCP and IPC-CP.
Enhanced in vivo osteogenesis by nanocarrier-fused bone morphogenetic protein-4

Purpose Bone defects and nonunions are major clinical skeletal problems. Growth factors are commonly used to promote bone regeneration; however, the clinical impact is limited because the factors do not last long at a given site. The introduction of tissue engineering aimed to deter the diffusion of these factors is a promising therapeutic strategy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo osteogenic capability of an engineered bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) fusion protein. Methods BMP4 was fused with a nanosized carrier, collagen-binding domain (CBD), derived from fibronectin. The stability of the CBD-BMP4 fusion protein was examined in vitro and in vivo. Osteogenic effects of CBD-BMP4 were evaluated by computer tomography after intramedullary injection without a collagen–sponge scaffold. Recombinant BMP-4, CBD, or vehicle were used as controls. Expressions of bone-related genes and growth factors were compared among the groups. Osteogenesis induced by CBD-BMP4, BMP4, and CBD was also assessed in a bone-defect model. Results In vitro, CBD-BMP4 was retained in a collagen gel for at least 7 days while BMP4 alone was released within 3 hours. In vivo, CBD-BMP4 remained at the given site for at least 2 weeks, both with or without a collagen–sponge scaffold, while BMP4 disappeared from the site within 3 days after injection. CBD-BMP4 induced better bone formation than BMP4 did alone, CBD alone, and vehicle after the intramedullary injection into the mouse femur. Bone-related genes and growth factors were expressed at higher levels in CBD-BMP4-treated mice than in all other groups, including BMP4-treated mice. Finally, CBD-BMP4 potentiated more bone formation than did controls, including BMP4 alone, when applied to cranial bone defects without a collagen scaffold. Conclusion Altogether, nanocarrier-CBD enhanced the retention of BMP4 in the bone, thereby promoting augmented osteogenic responses in the absence of a scaffold. These results suggest that CBD-BMP4 may be clinically useful in facilitating bone formation.
Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT)-dependent Transactivation Regulated by the Coactivators p300/CREB-binding Protein (CBP)

p300 and cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB)–binding protein (CBP) are members of a family of coactivators involved in the regulation of transcription and chromatin. We show that transcription factors of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family bind p300/CBP and recruit histone acetyltransferase activity from T cell nuclear extracts. The NH2-terminal transactivation domain of NFAT1 and the phospho-CREB- and E1A-binding sites of p300/CBP are involved in the interaction. The viral oncoprotein E1A inhibits NFAT-dependent transactivation in a p300-dependent manner. Recruitment of the coactivators p300/CBP by the transactivation domains of NFAT proteins is likely to play a critical role in NFAT-dependent gene expression during the immune response.