Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The right to health care in the specific context of access to HIV / AIDS medicines : what can South Africa and Uganda learn from each other?

Unlike many other African countries, which either exclude socio-economic rights from their constitutions or include them in the Preamble or the section on Directive Principles of State Policy, the South African Constitution is well known for its inclusion of this category of rights in its Bill of Rights. For example, while the right to health care services is specifically provided for in the South African Constitution, the Ugandan Constitution merely requires the state to 'take all practical measures to ensure the provision of basic medical services to the population'. In the specific context of access to HIV / AIDS medicines, it is interesting to note that, in spite of the disparity in the measure to which the right to health care is constitutionally protected, Uganda is renowned for having taken the lead in the roll-out of anti-retroviral treatment. South Africa has been widely criticised for its initial disastrous approach towards HIV / AIDS treatment, an approach that led to the loss of millions of lives that could have been saved with the early roll-out of anti-retroviral treatment. The article looks at the different approaches adopted by the two countries in terms of access to HIV / AIDS medicines and the implications for the right to health care. Apart from identifying the lessons Uganda and South Africa can learn from each other, the article explores the important question of accountability for the violation of the right to health care occasioned by inadequate access to HIV / AIDS medicines.
An Industry’s Call to Understand the Contingencies Involved in Process Safety: Normalization of Deviance

Marathon Petroleum Company (MPC), Illinois Refining Division (IRD) adopted a behavior science approach to its safety operations becoming one of the first sites accredited for its behavioral safety program by the Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies (CCBS). Beyond success in managing personal safety, there is increased and intense attention toward Process Safety in the oil and gas industry where equipment, processes, and behavior are managed to reduce the potential for catastrophic loss, damage, and impact on human life and livelihood. The oil and gas industry is increasingly looking to the behavior science community to understand the contingencies related to “normalization of deviance”, where behaviors begin to drift from process standards and become the norm among work teams over time. Further, the oil and gas industry seeks to understand how interlocking contingencies may both shape and maintain normalization of deviance, as well as how systemic interventions can address the issue.
The Language System of Audio Description: An Investigation as a Discursive Process

This study investigated the language used in a selection of films containing audio description and developed a set of definitions that allow productions containing it to be more fully defined, measured, and compared. It also highlights some challenging questions related to audio description as a discursive practice and provides a basis for future study of this unique use of language.
Pharmacological Modification of the Epithelial Permeability by Benzalkonium Chloride in UVA/Riboflavin Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking

Purpose: To examine the biomechanical effect and the UVA-absorption of a riboflavin/UVA cross-linking method, which suggests leaving the epithelium intact and applying benzalkonium chloride (BAC) on rabbits’ corneas. Methods: In total, 32 eyes from 16 rabbits were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was treated with intact epithelium and without BAC. In groups 2 and 3, the epithelium was left intact and a hypoosmolar solution of riboflavin that contained BAC 0.02% or 0.04% was used. Group 4 was treated according to the standard protocol with mechanical debridement of the epithelium. After the treatment of both eyes, the rabbits were euthanized to prepare the corneas in order for the determination of the riboflavin absorption coefficient and biomechanical properties. Results: The absorption coefficients of groups 2, 3, and 4 were significantly increased compared to group 1. There were no significant differences between groups 2, 3, and 4. Stress-strain values and Young’s modulus for groups 2, 3, and 4 were significantly increased compared to group 1. The stiffening effects did not differ within groups 2, 3, and 4. The resistance to enzymatic digestion was significantly increased in groups 2, 3, and 4 as compared to group 1. Conclusions: Treatment with BAC 0.02% induces sufficient epithelial permeability for the passage of riboflavin, which enables its stromal diffusion and results in increased corneal stiffening after cross-linking as compared to the standard protocol. Further safety studies will be required before clinical use.
An Empirical Study of Anticipated and Perceived Discrimination of Mainland Chinese Tourists in Hong Kong: The Role of Intercultural Competence

Mainland Chinese tourists constitute the largest portion of tourists in Hong Kong. As such, they are crucial to the tourist industry in Hong Kong. However, some of their dissatisfactory travel experiences do not receive adequate attention from either tourism practitioners or tourism scholars. The current study hopes to fill this research gap through an examination of the factors contributing to both anticipated and perceived discrimination of Mainland Chinese tourists. A questionnaire was distributed to 248 Mainland Chinese tourists in Hong Kong. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed to examine the factors causing variance in anticipated and perceived discrimination. The findings reveal that, when past discriminatory experiences of either self or friends/relatives and the number of visits were controlled for, the intercultural competence of tourists had a significant effect on anticipated and perceived discrimination. Tourists who are more interculturally competent are less likely to anticipate and perceive discrimination. Practical implications are discussed in relation to how to reduce tourists' anticipated and perceived discrimination.
The interplay between biological and psychological factors in determining vulnerability to mental disorders

This paper reviews recent research with animals which has cast new light on the mechanism and consequences of maternal attachment, and goes on to describe research in humans which has investigated the extent to which the same mechanisms may apply to us. It is clear that while some features of the adult are mediated by genes, environmental factors – notably good maternal attachment, are also of great importance. Stress during pregnancy can interfere with good maternal care with effects upon the hippocampus and the sensitivity of the infant's hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Interactions between gene expression and environment, between behaviour and genotype are important in the way they provide explanations of how the many different features that make-up the ‘depressive diathesis’ arise.
Neural Substrates of Choosing Actions and Motivational Drive, a Role for the Striatum

Optimal decision making requires one to determine the best action among available alternatives as well as the most appropriate level of engagement for performance. While current research and models of decision making have largely focused on the former problem, or action selection, less is known about the latter problem of the selection of motivational drive. Thus, I designed a self-paced decision-making paradigm that aimed to dissociate both facets of selection in rats. First, I showed that the expected net value of potential options influenced rats' general motivation to perform: rats globally exhibited shorter latency to initiate trials in states of high net return than in states of low net return. In contrast, the relative value of options biased choice direction. To study the neural substrates underlying either process, I examined the role of the striatum, which is closely connected with cortex and dopamine neurons, acting as a major hub for reward-related information. In chapter 1, I show that selective lesions of the dorsomedial (DMS) but not ventral striatum (VS) impaired net value-dependent motivational drive but largely spared choice biases. Specifically, DMS lesions rendered animals' latency to initiate trials dependent on the absolute value of immediately preceding trial outcomes rather than on the net value of options. Accordingly, tetrode recordings in Chapter 2 showed that the DMS rather than VS predominantly encodes net value. In fact, net value representation in the DMS was stronger than either absolute or iv relative value representations during early trial epochs. Thus, the DMS flexibly encodes net expected return, which can guide the selection of motivational drive.
Gender Differences in Healthcare Utilization: The Mediating Effect of Utilization Propensity

To evaluate the mediating effect of utilization propensity (UP) on gender differences in healthcare utilization (HCU), a representative sample of the German general population (N = 2,510) was assessed with questionnaires. Gender differences in HCU, UP, and the mediating effect of UP were investigated using regression analyses. UP was significantly associated with HCU. The explanatory power of gender for UP, and of UP for HCU was prevailingly weak. UP had a mediating effect on gender differences in HCU, but the effect was very small. This is partly attributable to common problems in the prediction of behavior by attitudes and the operationalization of UP.
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich cluster survey simulations for Planck

We examine the ability of the future Planck mission to provide a catalogue of galaxy clusters observed via their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) distortion in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). For this purpose we produce full-sky SZ maps based on N-body simulations and scaling relations between cluster properties for several cosmological models. We extrapolate the N-body simulations by a mass function to high redshifts in order to obtain a realistic SZ background. The simulated Planck observations include, besides the thermal and kinematic SZ effects, contributions from the primordial CMB, extragalactic point sources as well as Galactic dust, free-free and synchrotron emission. A harmonic-space maximum-entropy method is used to separate the SZ signal from contaminating components in combination with a cluster detection algorithm based on thresholding and flux integration to identify clusters and to obtain their fluxes. We estimate a survey sensitivity limit (depending on the quality of the recovered cluster flux) and provide cluster survey completeness and purity estimates. We find that, given our modelling and detection algorithm, Planck will reliably detect at least several thousands of clusters over the full sky. The exact number depends on the particular cosmological model (up to 10 000 cluster detections in a concordance ACDM model with a 8 = 0.9). We show that the Galaxy does not significantly affect the cluster detection. Furthermore, the dependence of the thermal SZ power spectrum on the matter variance on scales of 8 h -1 Mpc and the quality of its reconstruction by the employed method are investigated. Our simulations suggest that the Planck cluster sample will not only be useful as a basis for follow-up observations, but also will have the ability to provide constraints on cosmological parameters.
Behavioral effects of self-set goals for different time ranges.

Abstract The effects of self-set goals on self-reported goal-directed activity in different time ranges were investigated. The relationship between goal specificity, future time perspective and goal-directed activity were also examined. Subjects wrote down goals they had set for times ranges from 1 week to life span and then completed the Goal Questionnaire in reference to one goal, randomly selected by the experimenter. By means of factor analyses three goal-properties scales, importance, expectancy, conflict, and three action scales, effort, persistence, and satisfaction were created. Analyses revealed that with increasing time range there is an increase in level of importance, effort, persistence, and satisfaction, and a decrease in conflict. Goal expectancy appeared relatively stable. More specific analyses revealed that high importance leads to higher effort and satisfaction but to lower persistence. All action indices were positively related to expectancy of success and subjectively expected goal va.
An oriented point-cloud view for MR remote collaboration

We present a Mixed Reality system for remote collaboration using Virtual Reality (VR) headsets with external depth cameras attached. By wirelessly sharing a 3D point-cloud data of a local workers' workspace with a remote helper, and sharing the remote helper's hand gestures back to the local worker, the remote helper is able to assist the worker to perform manual tasks.Displaying the point-cloud video in a conventional way, such as a static front view in VR headsets, does not provide helpers with sufficient understanding of the spatial relationships between their hands and the remote surroundings. In contrast, we propose a Mixed Reality (MR) system that shares with the remote helper, not only 3D captured environment data but also real-time orientation info of the worker's viewpoint. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the usability of the system, and we found that extra synchronized orientation data can make collaborators feel more connected spatially and mentally.
Examining Reactions to Employer Information Using a Simulated Web-Based Job Fair

The approach taken in the present investigation was to examine reactions to positive and negative employer information by eliciting online (i.e., moment-to-moment) reactions in a simulated computer-based job fair. Reactions to positive and negative information commonly reveal a negatively biased asymmetry. Positively biased asymmetries have been documented in the psychological literature, but they are rare. This article shows evidence for such asymmetry in reactions to realistic information in this simulated recruitment context. The intensity of reactions to positive information was greater than the intensity of reactions to negative information on the same attribute. Findings are discussed in relation to research on temporal discounting in vocational preference.
Educational Background, Teaching Experience and Teachers’ Views on the Inclusion of Nature of Science in the Science Curriculum

The aim of this research is to ascertain teachers’ opinions on what elements of nature of science (NOS) and science–technology–society relationships (STS) should be taught in school science. To this end an adapted version of the questionnaire developed by Osborne et al. is used. Our results show that experts consulted by Osborne et al. and Spanish teachers confer similar importance on the provisional, experimental, and predictive nature of scientific knowledge based on some of the procedures used such as the drawing up of hypotheses and the analysis and interpretation of data. We also look into the relationship between the teachers’ views and their educational background. 1 Results suggest that philosophy teachers are more concerned with the inclusion of NOS and STS topics in science curricula than science teachers, although further studies will be necessary. Some suggestions concerning the university training of science teachers are also discussed.
Nonhepatosplenic γδ T-Cell Lymphoma: A Subset of Cytotoxic Lymphomas With Mucosal or Skin Localization

Human γδ T lymphocytes represent a minor subset of T cells in the peripheral blood, which exhibit a limited diversity and a tissue-restricted repertoire in contrast to their broad specificity. Most postthymic neoplasms that arise from this T-cell subpopulation belong to the hepatosplenic γδ lymphoma entity. Only a few cases of nonhepatosplenic γδ lymphomas have been described in detail previously. This study presents the clinicopathologic features of 11 consecutive cases of nonhepatosplenic γδ lymphoma. All were characterized by mucosal or skin initial involvement: nasal cavity (n = 3), gastrointestinal tract (n = 3), skin (n = 3), lung (n = 1), larynx (n = 1). Most patients presented with B symptoms (eight of 11), without peripheral lymphadenopathy and bone marrow involvement. A past history of chronic antigen exposure was noted in six cases, and four patients had features of immune deficiency. On histology, they were classified as pleomorphic tumors. Features of epitheliotropism and angiocentrism was observed in most cases. Tumor cells had a CD2+, CD3+, T-cell receptor (TCR)δ−1+, βF1− phenotype. They were CD5− (9 of 10) and CD4−/CD8− (9 of 10) or CD8+(1 of 10). A clonal γ-chain gene rearrangement was detected in all tested cases (9/9). All cases had an activated cytotoxic T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1)+, Granzyme B+ phenotype. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) sequences were detected in six cases by in situ hybridization (ISH). Despite an aggressive clinical course, complete remission was obtained in three patients, and one of the latter required a peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation. Nonhepatosplenic γδ peripheral T-cell lymphoma can be regarded as a model of activated cytotoxic lymphoma, occurring in mucosae or skin. These appear to be derived from the subpopulation of tissue-restricted γδ lymphocytes, which are involved in the host epithelial surface surveillance. The role of chronic antigen exposure in the pathogenesis of these rare lymphomas can be suggested, in view of the past history observed in at least some patients.
Phenotypic Changes in Different Spinach Varieties Grown and Selected under Organic Conditions

Organic and low-input agriculture needs flexible varieties that can buffer environmental stress and adapt to the needs of farmers. We implemented an experiment to investigate the evolutionary capacities of a sample of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) population varieties for a number of phenotypic traits. Three farmers cultivated, selected and multiplied one or several populations over two years on their farms. The third year, the versions of the varieties cultivated and selected by the different farmers were compared to the original seed lots they had been given. After two cycles of cultivation and on-farm mass selection, all the observed varieties showed significant phenotypic changes (differences between the original version and the version cultivated by farmers) for morphological and phenological traits. When the divergence among versions within varieties was studied, the results show that the varieties conserved their identity, except for one variety, which evolved in such a way that it may now be considered two different varieties. The heterogeneity of the population varieties was assessed in comparison with a commercial F1 hybrid used as control, and we found no specific differences in phenotypic diversity between the hybrid and population varieties. The phenotypic changes shown by the population varieties in response to on-farm cultivation and selection could be useful for the development of specific adaptation. These results call into question the current European seed legislation and the requirements of phenotypic stability for conservation varieties.
Corotational instability of inertial-acoustic modes in black hole accretion discs and quasi-periodic oscillations

We study the global stability of non-axisymmetric p modes (also called inertial-acoustic modes) trapped in the innermost regions of accretion discs around black holes. We show that the lowest-order (highest-frequency) p modes, with frequencies ω = (0.5-0.7) mΩISCO [where m = 1, 2, 3,. is the azimuthal wavenumber, ΩISCO is the disc rotation frequency at the Innermost Stable Circular Orbit (ISCO)], can be overstable due to general relativistic effects, according to which the radial epicyclic frequency K is a non-monotonic function of radius near the black hole. The mode is trapped inside the corotation resonance radius r c (where the wave pattern rotation speed ω/m equals the disc rotation rate Ω) and carries a negative energy. The mode growth arises primarily from wave absorption at the corotation resonance, and the sign of the wave absorption depends on the gradient of the disc vortensity, ζ = κ 2 /(2ΩΣ) (where £ is the surface density). When the mode frequency ω is sufficiently high, such that dζ/r > 0 at r c , positive wave energy is absorbed at the corotation, leading to the growth of mode amplitude. The mode growth is further enhanced by wave transmission beyond the corotation barrier. We also study how the rapid radial inflow at the inner edge of the disc affects the mode trapping and growth. Our analysis of the behaviour of the fluid perturbations in the transonic flow near the ISCO indicates that, while the inflow tends to damp the mode, the damping effect is sufficiently small under some conditions (e.g. when the disc density decreases rapidly with decreasing radius at the sonic point) so that net mode growth can still be achieved. We further clarify the role of the Rossby wave instability and show that it does not operate for black hole accretion discs with smooth-varying vortensity profiles. Overstable non-axisymmetric p modes driven by the corotational instability provide a plausible explanation for the high-frequency (≥100 Hz) quasi-periodic oscillations observed from a number of black-hole X-ray binaries in the very high state. The absence of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in the soft (thermal) state may result from mode damping due to the radial infall at the ISCO.
Interplay Between TVWS and DSRC: Optimal Strategy for Safety Message Dissemination in VANET

In vehicular safety systems, two types of safety messages are required: Emergency Safety Message (ESM) and Periodic Beacon Message (PBM). The ESM has to be disseminated within a specified area with stringent delay and delivery ratio requirements, while the PBM does not need to meet these requirements. For exchanging the safety messages in Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET), Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) is necessary whose de facto standard is Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC). However, the effective transmission range in the DSRC-based IVC is short since a signal can be attenuated due to blocking by obstacles. In order to cover a large dissemination area in the DSRC-based IVC, multi-hop dissemination is required, which however causes channel collision and network congestion. Moreover, the coexistence with PBMs aggravates the collision and the congestion, which make it hard to satisfy the requirements of the ESM dissemination. To overcome the limitation of the DSRC, we utilize an extra TV White Space (TVWS) band that has a large communication range for ESM disseminations, and exploit a DSRC band for 1) the exchange of control data and 2) the compensation of ESM reception errors. In this paper, we propose and analyze a distributed channel usage framework that exploits advantages of DSRC and TVWS bands for ESM dissemination under the existence of PBMs. Our scheme employs TVWS Channel Rendezvous Algorithm (TCRA), ensuring that vehicles within a dissemination area select the same channel with the ESM sender. To compensate ESM reception failures in a TVWS band, our scheme adopts Two-Way Recovery Algorithm (TWRA) that uses DSRC and TVWS bands for ESM retransmission. Further, we establish an analytical delivery ratio model that considers a delay bound of an ESM for optimal parameter selections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to propose a distributed channel usage scheme that leverages the strengths of TVWS and DSRC bands for safety message dissemination. Through an in-depth simulation study, we show that the proposed scheme satisfies ESM requirements for latency and packet delivery ratio, and outperforms previous approaches in various vehicular scenarios.