Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generalized behavior-based retrieval

The user of a large reuse library faces the formidable discovey problem of searching for all and only those components useful in solving the current progmmming task. This paper describes a retrieval technique that generalizes the simple idea of executing each component on test inputs, reporting those that compute correct outputs. One generalization improves recall by considering small programs constructible from library components, rather than just single components. Furthermore, functional modeling of components allows the technique to handle complex behaviors, such as side effects. I motivate, describe, and analyze the technique and a working prototype, GBR, which has been tested on two Iibran”es: one containing general programming components, the other containing (some) Unix shell commands.
Gene cluster involved in melanin biosynthesis of the filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata

The filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata produces melanin, a black pigment, from acetate via 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene. To isolate a fungal gene required for melanin biosynthesis, we transformed an A. alternata Brm1- (light brown) mutant with the DNA of a wild-type strain genomic library constructed by use of a cosmid carrying the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene. When hygromycin B-resistant transformants were screened for melanin production, 1 of 1,363 transformants appeared to regain melanin production, as judged by black pigmentation of the cultured mycelia. The cosmid, named pMBR1, was recovered by packaging nuclear DNA of the melanin-producing transformant into lambda phage. The gene on pMBR1 that enables the Brm1- mutant to produce melanin was designated BRM1. In addition to the BRM1 gene, pMBR1 was found to carry two more genes involved in melanin biosynthesis. These two genes, designated ALM and BRM2, transformed A. alternata Alm- (albino) and Brm2- (brown) mutants, respectively, to the wild-type phenotype. The three genes are located within a ca. 30-kb genomic region in the order ALM-BRM1-BRM2. Analysis of the gene transcripts indicated approximate sizes of 7.2, 4.0, and 0.9 kb for ALM, BRM1, and BRM2, respectively. The BRM1 and BRM2 transcripts are generated from the same strand, but the ALM transcript is generated from the opposite strand. The three mRNA species accumulate in cultured mycelia of the wild-type strain synchronously with mycelial melanization. The essential roles of the three genes in melanin biosynthesis were confirmed by transformation-mediated gene disruption experiments.
Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin A Injection Compared with Topical Nitroglycerin Ointment for the Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure: A Prospective Randomized Study

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injection compared with topical nitroglycerin ointment for the treatment of chronic anal fissure (CAF). METHODS:Fifty outpatients with CAF were randomized to receive either a single botulinum toxin injection (30 IU Botox®) or topical nitroglycerin ointment 0.2% b.i. d. for 2 wk. If the initial therapy failed, patients were assigned to the other treatment group for a further 2 wk. If CAF still showed no healing at wk 4, patients received combination therapy of botulinum toxin and nitroglycerin for 4 additional wk. Persisting CAF at wk 8 was treated according to the investigator's decision. Healing rates, symptoms, and side effects of the therapy were recorded at wk 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 after randomization.RESULTS:The group initially treated with nitroglycerin showed a higher healing rate of CAF (13 of 25, 52%) as compared with the botulinum toxin group (6 of 25, 24%) after the first 2 wk of therapy (p < 0.05). At the end of wk 4, CAF healed in three additional patients, all receiving nitroglycerin after initial botulinum toxin injection. Mild side effects occurred in 13 of 50 (26%) patients, all except one were on nitroglycerin.CONCLUSIONS:Nitroglycerin ointment was superior to the more expensive and invasive botulinum toxin injection for initial healing of CAF, but was associated with more but mild side effects.
4 T-fMRI study of nonspatial shifting of selective attention: cerebellar and parietal contributions.

Regional blood oxygenation in the cerebellum and posterior cerebral cortices was monitored with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at four Tesla while 16 normal subjects performed three tasks with identical visual stimulation: fixation; attention focused upon either stimulus shape or color and sustained during blocks of trials (sustained attention); and rapid, serial shifts in attention between stimulus shape or color within blocks of trials (shifting attention). The stimuli were displayed centrally for 100 ms followed by a central fixation mark for 900 ms. Each stimulus was either a circle or a square displayed in either red or green. Attention shifting required switching between color and shape information after each target detection and occurred on average once every three seconds. Subjects pressed a response key upon detecting the target; reaction time and response accuracy were recorded. Two protocols for T2*-weighted echo-planar imaging were optimized, one with a surface coil for the cerebellum alone and the other with a volume coil for imaging both cerebellum and posterior brain structures (parietal, occipital, and part of temporal cortices). Because fMRI of the cerebellum is particularly susceptible to cardiac and respiratory fluctuations, novel techniques were applied to isolate brain activation signals from physiological noise. Functional activation maps were generated for contrasts of 1) sustained attention to color minus fixation; 2) sustained attention to shape minus fixation; and 3) shifting attention minus sustained attention (to color and shape; i.e., summed across blocks of trials). Consistent with the ease of these tasks, subjects performed with >80% accuracy during both sustained attention and shifting attention. Analysis of variance did not show significant differences in false alarms or true hits across either attentional condition. A subgroup of subjects whose performance data were recorded during ten minutes of continuous practice did not show significant changes over time. Both contrasts between the conditions of sustained attention to color or to shape as compared with the fixation condition showed significant bilateral activation in occipital and inferior temporal regions (Brodmann areas 18, 19, and 37). The anterior medial cerebellum was also significantly activated ipsilateral to the finger used for responding. The principal comparison of interest, the contrast between the condition of shifting attention and the condition of sustained attention produced significant and reproducible activation: lateral cerebellar hemisphere (ansiform lobule: Crus I Anterior and Crus I Posterior; left Crus I Posterior); cerebellar folium; posterior superior parietal lobule (R and L); and cuneus and precuneus (R and L).
IgM to human cytomegalovirus: Comparison of two enzyme immunoassays and igm reactivity to viral polypeptides detected by immunoblotting

IgM detection by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most used method of establishing a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy. In this paper, we discuss the results obtained assaying 1,000 sera from pregnant women by two ELISA kits: a traditional indirect ELISA and a more recent IgM‐capture ELISA. All the sera that gave a positive ELISA value with one or both kits were further tested by immunoblotting (IB) to establish which CMV polypeptides were detected by IgM antibodies. From the results obtained, IgM‐capture ELSA seems less sensitive than indirect ELISA, but correlates better with serological evidence of active CMV infections as judged by typical IB profiles.
Effect of external classroom noise on schoolchildren’s reading and mathematics performance: correlation of noise levels and gender

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of low, medium, and high traffic road noise as well as irrelevant background speech noise on primary school children’s reading and mathematical performance. A total of 676 participants (324 boys, 47.9% and 352 girls, 52.1%) of the 4th and 5th elementary classes participated in the project. The participants were enrolled in public primary schools from urban areas and had ages ranging from 9 to 10 years and from. Schools were selected on the basis of increasing levels of exposure to road traffic noise and then classified into three categories (Low noise: 55–66 dB, Medium noise: 67–77 dB, and High noise: 72–80 dB). We measured reading comprehension and mathematical skills in accordance with the national guidelines for elementary education, using a test designed specifically for the purpose of this study. On the one hand, children in low-level noise schools showed statistically significant differences from children in medium- and high-level noise schools in reading performance (p<0.001). On the other hand, children in low-level noise schools differed significantly from children in high-level noise schools but only in mathematics performance (p=0.001). Girls in general did better in reading score than boys, especially in schools with medium- and high-level noise. Finally the levels of noise and gender were found to be two independent factors.
The Gender Gap and Classroom Interactions: Reality and rhetoric?

This paper examines the gender gap at GCSE in eight contrasting English secondary schools, and discusses the reality and rhetoric of classroom interactions, focusing on the views of teaching staff, the perspectives of Year 11 students, and observations of teacher-student interactions in the classroom. In an earlier paper (British Journal of Sociology of Education, 17 (3)), the authors examined the extent to which there was less positive teacher-support for the learning of boys than for the learning of girls, and this issue is reviewed in differing school contexts. Research in this broader context suggests that most teachers believe that they give equal treatment to girls and to boys, particularly in support of their learning, but focus group interviews with students and classroom observation suggest that this is rarely achieved; in most schools, boys appear to dominate certain classroom interactions, while girls participate more in teacher-student interactions which support learning. If the underachieveme.
Socio‐phonetics and social change: Deracialisation of the GOOSE vowel in South African English1

This paper examines the degree of sociolinguistic change in the English of young middle-class South Africans of different ethnic backgrounds in relation to new post-apartheid opportunities and friendships. Once tightly controlled, social networks of young people of middle-class background are now deracialising. The paper examines whether young people of the major ethnic groups, Black, Coloured and Indian, are simply adopting prestige White middle-class norms, adapting them or resisting change. Forty-eight speakers were analysed within a Labovian framework in relation to the goose vowel (long /u/or /uw/). Over 4000 tokens were analysed acoustically using PRAAT and compared via vowel normalisation procedures based on Watt and Fabricius (2003). The results show that middle-class speakers of the three ethnicities are fronting the vowel, but in different ways. Black speakers show the greatest accommodation to erstwhile White norms. Females show greater resistance among Coloureds and Indians, but overall it is the Black females of the study who approximate most closely to the norms of the White reference group of their gender.
Pedestrian detection combining RGB and dense LIDAR data

Why is pedestrian detection still very challenging in realistic scenes? How much would a successful solution to monocular depth inference aid pedestrian detection? In order to answer these questions we trained a state-of-the-art deformable parts detector using different configurations of optical images and their associated 3D point clouds, in conjunction and independently, leveraging upon the recently released KITTI dataset. We propose novel strategies for depth upsampling and contextual fusion that together lead to detection performance which exceeds that of the RGB-only systems. Our results suggest depth cues as a very promising mid-level target for future pedestrian detection approaches.
A longitudinal study to ascertain the factors that impact on the confidence of undergraduate physical education student teachers to teach dance in Scottish schools

This paper reports on the complex construct of student teacher confidence and the usefulness of practicum and the ITE course in preparing students to teach dance in their pre-probationary years. A longitudinal study tracked 85 students (f = 46, m = 39) for four years during their undergraduate degree programme in physical education (PE). Students completed questionnaires annually to ascertain the factors that impacted on their confidence to teach dance. In addition, ten student teachers took part in semi-structured individual interviews after their third and final year teaching practicum. Multiple regression results indicated that a model of ‘previous experience’, ‘practicum’ and the ‘university dance module’ explained 55 percent (female) and 43 percent (male) of the variance in level of perceived confidence to teach dance. Comparative analysis of the interviews supported the findings from the questionnaires and revealed that students' sense of identity was central to producing feelings of confidence to teach dance.
Schooling for Some: Child Labor and School Enrollment of Black and White Children in the Early Twentieth-Century South.

Data from North Carolina and South Carolina in 1910 indicate that racially segregated labor markets and racially unequal school systems affected school enrollment of black children and white children. The textile industry relied heavily on employment of white children, whereas the wood industry relied heavily on black adults, but employedfew children of either race. Local governments provided inferior schooling opportunities for blacks. Results indicate that (1) school enrollment of white children was depressed by employment in the textile industry; (2) school enrollment rates for both races were unaffected by employment in the wood industry, probably because of the industry's low reliance on child labor; and (3) school enrollment rates for black children were depressed by inadequate educational opportunities. Findings suggest that industrial employment depressed school enrollment among those children who were potential industrial laborers. We question the assumption that school enrollment expansion in the United States was never constrained by a limited availability of educational opportunities.
A variation on the Donsker–Varadhan inequality for the principal eigenvalue

The purpose of this short paper is to give a variation on the classical Donsker–Varadhan inequality, which bounds the first eigenvalue of a second-order elliptic operator on a bounded domain Ω by the largest mean first exit time of the associated drift–diffusion process via λ1≥1supx∈ΩExτΩc. Instead of looking at the mean of the first exit time, we study quantiles: let dp,∂Ω:Ω→R≥0 be the smallest time t such that the likelihood of exiting within that time is p, then λ1≥log(1/p)supx∈Ωdp,∂Ω(x). Moreover, as p→0, this lower bound converges to λ1.
Neither North nor South: The Liberal Democrat Performance in the 2005 General Election

Abstract In the 2005 General Election, the Liberal Democrats increased their share of the vote by 4%, winning 62 seats in Parliament. However, the geography of Liberal Democrat improvement was uneven. In this paper we explore the factors which contributed to this pattern. Two features stand out. First, unlike in recent elections, advances in Liberal Democrat support were neither in their heartlands nor predominantly in areas of local election success. Rather their vote share increased most in university constituencies and in areas with large Muslim populations. We estimate the combination of the education vote and the Muslim vote may have won the party as many as 14 seats. Second there was a change in the relationship with the other major parties. In recent elections the Liberal Democrats had benefited from tactical switching from Labour with whom they had shared an informal anti‐Conservative alliance. In 2005 the Liberal Democrats gained support in the Labour heartlands, but struggled to convert the bedrock of Labour support in areas where they were challenging the Conservatives, or even to hold on to support where they were defending seats in the face of a Conservative challenge. Our findings add further credence to the argument that, in a first‐past‐the‐post system, a third party can only advance incrementally, taking advantage of whatever favourable contest and context specific factors prevail.
The influence of voice pitch on the evaluation of a social robot receptionist

In this paper we present an experiment addressing the effect of voice pitch on the evaluation of a social robot receptionist. Twenty eight test participants interacted with two “female” robot characters: one with a high-pitched, exuberant voice, the other with a low-pitched, calm voice. Our results show that the high pitch robot was perceived significantly more attractive in terms of voice, behavior and personality. We also found that the increased level of the robot's attractiveness induced significantly better ratings on the overall enjoyment and overall interaction quality. With our study we would like to stress the importance of the voice, in general (and the voice pitch, in particular) in the social robot design and to encourage further research in this topic within the HCI (in particular HRI — Human Robot Interaction) community.
Bacteræmia assays in chickens as a model for the evaluation of the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis strains

SUMMARY The virulence of twelve Salmonella enterica isolates, seven serovar Typhimurium and five serovar Enteritidis was evaluated in vivo after oral, intramuscular and intravenous inoculation of chickens. It was assumed that the bacteria would exhibit different degrees of virulence according to their origin. The experiments were conducted in order to obtain a method to evaluate the virulence of field isolates of Salmonella in the chick, via a method, which is more rapid than conventional models. Results were obtained within 21 days for the oral model, considered to be the reference, and within 7 days for the intramuscular model. The classification achieved with the intravenous model, comparing either mortality results until seven days or bacteraemia levels at 48-72 hours, was identical. Thus, a bacteraemia model using 12-day-old chicks inoculated intravenously with Salmonella Typhimurium isolates allowed rapid assessment of their relative virulence. Moreover, the bacteraemia assays were used to test invA mutant strains of both serotypes and appeared useful in the differentiation between a Salmonella Typhimurium wild-type strain from the isogenic invA mutant.
Combining Bayesian Text Classification and Shrinkage to Automate Healthcare Coding: A Data Quality Analysis

This article analyzes the data quality issues that emerge when training a shrinkage-based classifier with noisy data. A statistical text analysis technique based on a shrinkage-based variation of multinomial naive Bayes is applied to a set of free-text discharge diagnoses occurring in a number of hospitalizations. All of these diagnoses were previously coded according to the Spanish Edition of ICD9-CM. We deal with the issue of analyzing the predictive power and robustness of the statistical machine learning algorithm proposed for ICD-9-CM classification. We explore the effect of training the models using both clean and noisy data. In particular our work investigates the extent to which errors in free-text diagnoses propagate to the classification model. A measure of predictive accuracy is calculated for the text classification algorithm under analysis. Subsequently, the quality of the sample data is incrementally deteriorated by simulating errors in the text and/or codes. The predictive accuracy is recomputed for each of the noisy samples for comparison purposes. Our research shows that the shrinkage-based classifier is a valid alternative to automate ICD9-CM coding even under circumstances in which the quality of the training data is in question.
The Use of Relevance Feedback on the Web: Implications for Web IR System Design

Abstract: We conducted a transaction log analysis of 51,473 queries from 18,113 users of Excite, a major Web search engine. Approximately 2,500 (approximately 5%) of these queries were from the use of relevance feedback. Given the high level of research activity and historical success of relevance feedback in assisting users in locating relevant information, this is a surprising small percentage of usage. In order to investigate this phenomenon on the Web, we analyzed users sessions that contained relevance feedback queries. We identified states and patterns in these sessions. We also attempt to classify the sessions as successfully or not. This analysis provides insight on the current use of relevance feedback on the Web, its success or failure, and why it is so seldom utilized. We relate our conclusions to system design of information retrieval systems on the Web.
Orchidectomy Modulates α2-Adrenoceptor Reactivity in Rat Mesenteric Artery through Increased Thromboxane A2 Formation

The present study evaluates the effect of endogenous male sex hormones on the reactivity to α2-adrenoceptor activation, and to analyze the role of the endothelium in this response in intact and endothelially denuded superior mesenteric arteries from control and orchidectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats. The concentration-dependent constriction induced by clonidine was analyzed in the absence and presence of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME), cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) inhibitors, indomethacin, the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor antagonist SQ29,548 and the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthase inhibitor, furegrelate. Endothelial NOS (eNOS), COX-2 and TXA2 synthase protein expression was studied by Western blot analysis. In addition, the basal and clonidine-stimulated production of TXB2, the stable TXA2 metabolite, was also measured. In intact vessels from control male rats, the concentration-dependent constriction induced by clonidine was increased by both L-NAME or endothelial removal, unaltered by indomethacin and decreased by NS-398; in denuded vessels, the clonidine response was decreased by NS-398 and unaltered by L-NAME, indomethacin, SQ29,548 or furegrelate. In intact vessels from orchidectomized rats, the constriction induced by clonidine was increased by L-NAME but practically abolished by indomethacin or NS-398; in endothelially denuded segments the clonidine response was unaltered by L-NAME, but was decreased by indomethacin, NS-398, SQ29,548 or furegrelate. Orchidectomy failed to modify eNOS,COX-2 and TXA2 synthase expression, and increased basal and clonidine-stimulated TXB2 release. These results show that TXA2 produced in smooth muscle cells is increased in mesenteric arteries from orchidectomized rats compared to their controls, and that this prostanoid is functionally involved in the vasoconstrictor response to clonidine only in arteries from the orchidectomized rats.