Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does the Moral Hazard Cost of Unemployment Insurance Vary With the Local Unemployment Rate ? Theory and Evidence

In this paper, we study both theoretically and empirically how optimal Unemployment Insurance (UI) bene ts vary with local labor market conditions. Theoretically, we show in a search model that the adverse incentive e¤ect of UI varies with the current level of unemployment and we consider the policy implications using a "su¢ cient statistics" approach to welfare analysis. This analysis motivates our empirical strategy which tests whether the e¤ect of UI bene ts on unemployment duration varies with the unemployment rate. Our preliminary ndings indicate that moral hazard is signi cantly lower when the local unemployment rate is relatively high. We use the empirical estimates to calibrate the optimal UI formula, and preliminary ndings indicate that a 1 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate leads to a 20% increase in the optimal replacement rate. E-mail: korykroft@gmail.com; noto@mit.edu. This work is preliminary and incomplete. Please do not cite without the authorspermission. We would like to thank Jonathan Guryan for providing excellent comments. Notowidigdo gratefully acknowledges the National Institute of Aging (NIA grant number T32AG000186) for nancial support.
Distributed Adaptive Virtual Impedance Control for Accurate Reactive Power Sharing Based on Consensus Control in Microgrids

To achieve accurate reactive power sharing regardless of the effects of mismatched line impedance, this paper proposes a reactive power sharing method that employs both consensus control and adaptive virtual impedance control for islanded microgrids. The consensus control is used to find the reactive power mismatch among distributed generation (DG) units. The reactive power mismatch term is fed to a proportional integral controller to generate the virtual impedance correction. With fully distributed regulation of the DG virtual impedance, the load reactive power will be shared accurately among DGs and the circulating line currents among DGs are effectively suppressed. The control strategy does not require the knowledge of the line impedances. Also, the average voltage restoration based on a dynamic consensus control is proposed to recover the decreased output voltage of each DG due to the droop action and the added virtual impedance. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in achieving load reactive power sharing and the voltage restoration.
Modeling and detecting the cascade vulnerability problem using soft constraints

Establishing network security is based not just on the security of its component systems but also on how they are configured to interoperate. In this paper we consider how soft constraints provide an approach to detecting the cascade vulnerability problem: whether system interoperation provides circuitous or cascading routes across the network that increase the risk of violation of multilevel security. Taking the constraints approach means that we are building on techniques that have proven success in solving large-scale problems from other domains.
Type-directed partial evaluation

We present a strikingly simple partial evaluator, that is type-directed and reifies a compiled program into the text of a residual, specialized program. Our partial evaluator is concise (a few lines) and it handles the flagship examples of offline monovariant partial evaluation. Its source programs are constrained in two ways: they must be closed and monomorphically typable. Thus dynamic free variables need to be factored out in a "dynamic initial environment". Type-directed partial evaluation uses no symbolic evaluation for specialization, and naturally processes static computational effects.Our partial evaluator is the part of an offline partial evaluator that residualizes static values in dynamic contexts. Its restriction to the simply typed lambda-calculus coincides with Berger and Schwichtenberg's "inverse of the evaluation functional" (LICS'91), which is an instance of normalization in a logical setting. As such, type-directed partial evaluation essentially achieves lambda-calculus normalization. We extend it to produce specialized programs that are recursive and that use disjoint sums and computational effects. We also analyze its limitations: foremost, it does not handle inductive types.This paper therefore bridges partial evaluation and ¿-calculus normalization through higher-order abstract syntax, and touches upon parametricity, proof theory, and type theory (including subtyping and coercions), compiler optimization, and rut-time code generation (including decompilation). It also offers a simple solution to denotational semantics-based compilation and compiler generation.
Type and Quantity Of Marine Debris At Selected Public Beaches In Sabah (Tg. Aru & Kosuhoi) During Different Monsoon Seasons

Marine debris is widely distributed at the coastal area of the global oceans, but their specific sources, quantities and distribution remains inconclusive. Although the threat from marine debris pollution has beginning to be recognized in Malaysia, comprehensive studies are still lacking to document the pollution. This study adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey to assess the type, amount and sources of debris on a one kilometer section in Tg. Aru and Kosuhoi beaches, Sabah, during surveys in December 2012 (northeast monsoon, NEM), May 2013 (intermediate monsoon, IM) and July 2013 (southwest monsoon, SWM). The mean total debris items was 1,220±532 item/km and weighing at 52.8±17.2 kg/km, where, Kosuhoi beach (1,241 item/km or 57 kg/km) received substantially greater quantities of debris compared to Tg. Aru beach (1,199 item/km or 48 kg/km). Total debris item was more abundant during SWM (1,789 item/km) compared to NEM (1,139 item/km) and IM (733 item/km) seasons. Plastic category items were the most numerous amounting to 1,057 item/km (86.64%) in total debris item. Clear plastic bottles, food wrappers, plastic fragments, coloured plastic bottles and cups were the most abundant objects collected which they contributed 606 item/km (49.69%) from the total item collected. The main source of debris items abundance was from common source which contributed 52% from the total debris items, whereas, those from terrestrial and marine sources contributed 32% and 16% respectively. The high percentage of terrestrial and common sources debris requires marine environment stakeholders to diversify their approach and priority in mitigating this alarming result especially during SWM period. Awareness program is an effective preventive measure that should be continued and intensified. However, the program should focus on target group to ensure the awareness effectiveness to reduce if not totally eliminate the debris in the marine environment.
Association of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency with a Specific Human Leukocyte Antigen Haplotype (A*24:02-C*03:03-B*35:01) in Japanese Women

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous condition defined by the triad of oligo/amenorrhea, elevated gonadotropins and estrogen deficiency in women under the age of 40 years. Although autoimmune abnormalities appear to be involved in the development of POI, there are only a few studies with respect to human leukocyte antigen (HLA). The objective of this study was to identify an HLA allele(s) and/or haplotype(s) constituting a susceptibility factor(s) for POI. We examined 83 Japanese women with apparently idiopathic isolated POI. For controls, Japanese HLA reference data registered in the HLA Laboratory were utilized. No significant association was found for a total of 94 alleles for HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, and DQB1 loci, after both stringent Bonferroni correction and less stringent Benjamini- Hochberg (B-H) correction for multiple comparisons. By contrast, of 86 haplotypes identified for MHC class I (HLA-A, B, and C) and 31 haplotypes detected for MHC class II (HLA-DRB1 and DQB1), a single haplotype (A*24:02-C*03:03-B*35:01) remained significant after Bonferroni and B-H corrections (frequency: 4.82% in women with POI and 1.06% in the control data; p = 0.00049). The results imply that a specific HLA haplotype (A*24:02-C*03:03-B*35:01) constitutes a susceptibility factor for apparently isolated POI in Japanese women.
Soil Texture Estimation Over a Semiarid Area Using TerraSAR-X Radar Data

In this letter, it is proposed to use TerraSAR-X data for analysis and estimation of soil surface texture. Our study is based on experimental campaigns carried out over a semiarid area in North Africa. Simultaneously with TerraSAR-X radar acquisitions, ground measurements (texture, soil moisture, and roughness) were made on different test fields. A strong correlation is observed between soil texture and a processed signal from two radar images, with the first acquired just after a rain event and the second corresponding to dry soil conditions, acquired three weeks later. An empirical relationship is proposed for the retrieval from radar signals of clay content percent. Soil texture mapping is proposed over the study site, which includes bare soils and olive groves.
Kernels for Structured Natural Language Data

This paper devises a novel kernel function for structured natural language data. In the field of Natural Language Processing, feature extraction consists of the following two steps: (1) syntactically and semantically analyzing raw data, i.e., character strings, then representing the results as discrete structures, such as parse trees and dependency graphs with part-of-speech tags; (2) creating (possibly high-dimensional) numerical feature vectors from the discrete structures. The new kernels, called Hierarchical Directed Acyclic Graph (HDAG) kernels, directly accept DAGs whose nodes can contain DAGs. HDAG data structures are needed to fully reflect the syntactic and semantic structures that natural language data inherently have. In this paper, we define the kernel function and show how it permits efficient calculation. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed kernels are superior to existing kernel functions, e.g., sequence kernels, tree kernels, and bag-of-words kernels.
An Assessment Of Long-Term Changes In The Characterisitcs Of Precipitation In The Upper Midwest

As climate change progresses, many forecasts for the upper Midwest predict increases in annual precipitation, but with a shift in seasonal patterns that will leave the summer months drier with less frequent, higher magnitude storm events. Changes in precipitation patterns have the potential to alter the sediment budget and discharge patterns in watersheds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects changes in frequency, magnitude, duration, and intensity of precipitation might have on streamflow and sediment budgets in the upper Midwest. This analysis was carried out using hourly precipitation data from 1948 to 2013 from 23 sites and 8 river basins in Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa. The hourly precipitation data provide a high-resolution archive that is ideal for analyzing changing patterns in rainfall at multiple scales: including decadal, yearly, monthly, and individual storm event. The upper Midwest is experiencing decreasing storm durations, decreasing numbers of storm events, increasing average rainfall intensities, increasing maximum rainfall intensities, increasing amounts of rainfall per storm, and increasing average annual precipitation. These data demonstrate that significant changes in precipitation and streamflow patterns have occurred over the past 60 years. The observed changes are consistent with the predictions derived from various climate models and, as such, may lend support to forecasts of additional shifts in precipitation patterns in the coming decades. Understanding and quantifying these changes, particularly the trend of shorter more intense storms, has large implications on the sediment budget and discharge patterns of upper Midwest watersheds.
Enhanced invasive properties exhibited by smooth muscle cells are associated with elevated production of MMP-2 in patients with aortic aneurysms.

BACKGROUND abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are associated with excessive vascular matrix remodelling. Recent findings suggest a systemic overproduction of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) may be pivotal aetiologically. SMC migration is facilitated by MMP mediated proteolysis of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. Our aim was to see if enhanced MMP-2 production by these SMC exhibit increased invasion, in an in vitro model of migration. METHOD SMC were derived from inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) harvested from patients undergoing aneurysm repair (n=6) or colectomy for diverticulosis (n=6, control). Using a modified Boyden chamber chemotaxis was measured towards platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and foetal calf serum (FCS) and invasion through a Matrigel layer. MMP-2 production was quantified by ELISA and gelatin zymography. RESULTS chemoattractant studies demonstrated no difference in the effect of PDGF or FCS between the two populations of SMC. However, invasive studies demonstrated a significant increase in the number of migrating SMC isolated from IMV of AAA patients. Analysis of culture media extracts revealed that this difference was associated with a significant increase in production of MMP-2. CONCLUSION SMC derived from patients with AAA demonstrate increased invasive properties when compared to a control group. Increased migration appears to be due to overproduction of MMP-2. The enhanced migratory potential of these SMC may lead to extracellular matrix remodelling and subsequent medial disruption demonstrated in the aneurysmal aorta. These data further support evidence of the proteolytic role of MMP-2 in cell migration.
Flow Diversion with Low-Profile Braided Stents for the Treatment of Very Small or Uncoilable Intracranial Aneurysms at or Distal to the Circle of Willis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The endovascular treatment of aneurysms located at or distal to the circle of Willis and not amenable to coiling remains a challenge. We report our experience with flow-diversion treatment using low-profile braided stents as a stent monotherapy procedure for treating distally located very small or uncoilable aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our data bases to identify patients with aneurysms located at or distal to the circle of Willis who were treated with stent monotherapy using low-profile braided stents. The immediate and follow-up angiographic findings and clinical status of the patients were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty aneurysms in 19 patients were included in the study. The mean size of the aneurysms was 4.7 ± 2.4 mm. Patients were treated via telescopic implantation of 2 stents for 11 aneurysms; single-stent placement was used for the remaining aneurysms. The technical success rate was 95%. We observed a technical complication in 1 case (5.3%) and a late ischemic event in another (5.3%). The final angiographies during a mean follow-up of 14.7 months showed complete aneurysm occlusion in 73.7%. The complete occlusion rate of the aneurysms treated with telescopic stent placement was 81.8%. The modified Rankin scale scores of all patients at the last follow-up were between 0 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Flow diversion with low-profile braided stents as a stent monotherapy procedure for very small or uncoilable intracranial aneurysms located at or beyond the circle of Willis is a promising, relatively safe, and durable endovascular procedure.
The normalization of citation counts based on classification systems

If we want to assess whether the paper in question has had a particularly high or low citation impact compared to other papers, the standard practice in bibliometrics is to normalize citations in respect of the subject category and publication year. A number of proposals for an improved procedure in the normalization of citation impact have been put forward in recent years. Against the background of these proposals, this study describes an ideal solution for the normalization of citation impact: in a first step, the reference set for the publication in question is collated by means of a classification scheme, where every publication is associated with a single principal research field or subfield entry (e.g., via Chemical Abstracts sections) and a publication year. In a second step, percentiles of citation counts are calculated for this set and used to assign the normalized citation impact score to the publications (and also to the publication in question).
MinneTAC sales strategies for supply chain TAC

We describe two sales strategies used by our agent, MinneTAC, for the 2003 Supply Chain Management Trading Agent Competition (TAC SCM). Both strategies estimate, as the game progresses, the probability of receiving a customer order for different prices and compute the expected profit. We empirically analyze the effect of the discount given by suppliers on orders made the first day of the game, and show that in high-demand games there is a strong correlation between the performance of an agent in the game and the offers it receives from suppliers the first day of the game.
Kinetic evidence that the NaPO 4 cotransporter is the molecular mechanism for Na / Li exchange in human red blood cells

Elmariah, Sammy, and Robert B. Gunn. Kinetic evidence that the Na-PO4 cotransporter is the molecular mechanism for Na/Li exchange in human red blood cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285: C446–C456, 2003. First published April 2, 2003; 10.1152/ajpcell.00606. 2002. —The molecular basis for Na/Li exchange is unknown. Li can be transported by the Na pump, anion exchanger (AE1), a background leak, and the Na/Li exchanger. In vivo the intraerythrocyte concentration of Li results from the balance of passive entry, mostly on AE1, and the active extrusion on the Na/Li exchanger. Here we show that erythrocytes have Li-activated PO4 transport that behaves as if it is mediated by the Na-PO4 cotransporter (hBNP1) and provide evidence that this Na/LiPO4 cotransporter is also the mechanism for Na/Li exchange. First, external Li ( 20 mM) activated PO4 influx severalfold. Li activation of PO4 influx was potentiated by the presence of external Na. Second, the ouabain-insensitive 22Na efflux was stimulated by external Li and then inhibited by external PO4. Third, phloretin inhibited Naand Li-activated PO4 flux with the same Ki, 0.25 mM. Fourth, external PO4 (0.1–1.0 mM) inhibited ouabain-insensitive Li efflux only if external Na was present. Fifth, arsenate, a phosphate congener, inhibited both Na-PO4 cotransport and Li-activated PO4 flux with similar kinetics when Na or Li concentration was high but did not inhibit Liout/Nain exchange when Liout concentration was low. The collective results suggest that both Na and Li are substrates for at least two sites on the same PO4 cotransporter and that Na/Li exchange behaves as if it is mediated by this Na/Li-PO4 cotransporter when only one cation is bound. Plasma and intracellular PO4 concentrations may be important regulators of Li transport and its therapeutic effects.
Mining the Moraxella catarrhalis Genome: Identification of Potential Vaccine Antigens Expressed during Human Infection

ABSTRACT Moraxella catarrhalis is an important cause of respiratory infections in adults and otitis media in children. Developing an effective vaccine would reduce the morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with such infections. An unfinished genome sequence of a strain of M. catarrhalis available in the GenBank database was analyzed, and open reading frames predicted to encode potential vaccine candidates were identified. Three genes encoding proteins having molecular masses of approximately 22, 75, and 78 kDa (designated Msp [Moraxella surface proteins]) (msp22, msp75, and msp78, respectively) were determined to be conserved by competitive hybridization using a microarray, PCR, and sequencing of the genes in clinical isolates of M. catarrhalis. The genes were transcribed when M. catarrhalis was grown in vitro. These genes were amplified by PCR and cloned into Escherichia coli expression vectors. Recombinant proteins were generated and then studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with preacquisition and postclearance serum and sputum samples from 31 adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who acquired and cleared M. catarrhalis. New antibody responses to the three proteins were observed for a small proportion of the patients with COPD, indicating that these proteins were expressed during human infection. These studies indicate that the Msp22, Msp75, and Msp78 proteins, whose genes were discovered using genome mining, are highly conserved among strains, are expressed during human infection with M. catarrhalis, and represent potential vaccine antigens.
On the analysis of switched-beam antennas for the W-CDMA downlink

Smart antennas are widely recognized as an enabling technology for addressing the demand of future wireless network capacity when employed in place of traditional fixed-coverage sector antennas. Furthermore, switched-beam antenna systems offer a robust implementation against multipath propagation effects and reduced complexity that is inherent with fully adaptive implementations. This paper introduces a simple closed-form expression for evaluating the capacity increase of W-CDMA cellular networks employing switched-beam antennas. The expression incorporates the effect of practical antenna patterns and the impact of multipath scattering on code orthogonality, as well as that of pilot signal power. The results show that a reduction in downlink interference of approximately 6 dB can be achieved by installing an eight-beam antenna system in a 120/spl deg/ sector configuration when representative values of these parameters are taken into account.
Assessment of cyclic response to suction caisson in clay using a three-dimensional displacement approach

ABSTRACT An investigation was made to present analytical solutions of cyclic response to suction caisson subjected to inclined cyclic loadings in clay using a three-dimensional displacement approach. A model representing the relationship between vertical load and vertical displacement and that between lateral load and lateral displacement along the skirt of suction caisson subjected to cyclic loadings is proposed for overconsolidated clay. For the effect of vertical load on cyclic load capacity of suction caisson, using the Mindlin solution in the case of a vertical point load, the vertical stress of soil under the base of suction caisson is presented. For the stress state of soil beneath the base of suction caisson subjected to cyclic loading, the Mohr–Coulomb failure line and critical state line are presented and the relationship between total stress, effective mean principal stress, stress difference, and pore-pressure is elucidated. The comparison of results predicted by the present method for a suction caisson subjected to cyclic loadings in clay has shown good agreement with those obtained from field tests. Cyclic behavior of clay up to failure is made clear from the relationship between cyclic tensile load, vertical and lateral displacements, and rotation and that between depth, vertical, and lateral pressures.