Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How does a therapist respond to resistance and what impact does this have on the client? : an analysis of speech in Motivational Interviewing based treatment sessions for alcohol misuse

Background: There is an emerging evidence base of in-session process research in Motivational Interviewing (MI). Investigations have mostly taken place in the USA, have progressed from frequency to sequential analysis, and focused on change talk and change outcomes. Research focusing on how a therapist behaves in the presence of counter-change talk is rare but pertinent, since managing resistance is a central feature of the MI model. This investigation aims to discover if and how MI-specific therapist strategies affect immediate client counter-change talk. Method: Secondary analysis of 50 recorded MI sessions from a British randomised controlled trial were rated using a sequential behavioural coding manual for speech. Baseline counter-change talk was identified and subsequent therapist and client behaviours were coded and categorised for transitional analysis, to establish the probability of specific client behaviours following specific therapist behaviours. Results: Following baseline counter-change talk, therapist MI-consistent (MICO) behaviours were the most commonly observed. Strong to moderate predictive relationships were found between: MICO therapist behaviours and client change talk; MI-inconsistent (MIIN) behaviours and counter-change talk; and therapist-other behaviours and client-other behaviours. A moderate, positive predictive relationship was found between MI-consistent behaviours and client ambivalence, and a weak, negative predictive relationship was found between MIIN behaviours and client ambivalence. Ambivalence results indicate, but cannot evidence, an increase in change talk. Discussion: The results provide support for MI authors’ claims that therapists’ use of MI-specific linguistic techniques, not simply the MI spirit, affects clients’ subsequent talk about their drinking behaviour. These results were found when examining transitions between aggregated behaviours. This novel finding differs from contemporary research that has evidenced transitions between single utterances. The support for MI-specific techniques has therefore been extended to evidence patterns of multiple interactions. Further research with a larger sample, examining clients’ impact on therapist behaviour would be beneficial.
The development and execution of mate choice in túngara frogs

The question of when and how species-typical behavior arises during development has important implications for the evolution of communication systems. In anurans, acoustic communication is a central component of sexual behavior and therefore has been studied in mature adults. This study examined the emergence of a critical component of sex, response to sexual signals—phonotaxis—in male and female frogs. An experiment using the immediate early gene response and behavior suggested a developmentally early expression of species recognition. I followed this study with a within-subject behavioral study aimed at determining the ontogenetic trajectories of speciesand sex-typical phonotactic responses as animals developed from metamorphic froglets to reproductive adults. The results demonstrated that species-typical phonotaxis emerges quite early during postmetamorphic development, well before sexual maturity. Phonotactic responses of adults indicate an overlapping yet sexually distinct set of behaviors. The results suggest that a developmentally early bias in the auditory system for species-typical signals might be a more general phenomenon than previously thought, and that the neural circuits responsible for processing and responding to conspecific advertisement signals in a species-typical manner might develop long before the coordinated behavior is demanded of the organism.
Albinism as a visual, in vivo guide for CRISPR/Cas9 functionality in the sea urchin embryo

Understanding reproduction and development benefits enormously from a comparative approach. Sea urchins are important for many types of studies, including cell fate determination, morphogenesis, and gene regulatory networks. The CRISPR/Cas9 system of targeted DNA modification provides experimental opportunities for studying animal function in otherwise non-traditional genetic model systems, such as the sea urchin – indeed, CRISPR/Cas9 was recently used to inform how signaling networks lead to left-right asymmetry (Lin and Su, 2016). Here, we streamlined the genomic RNA (gRNA) construction step by targeting a non-essential gene that enables quick assessment of successful CRISPR/Cas9 function in the embryo, thus allowing for a simple visual readout of functional gene disruption. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Regional summer precipitation events in Asia and their changes in the past decades

[1] A recently derived data set of daily precipitation is used to study the summer precipitation events over Asia and their changes in the decades of 1978–2002. Regional features of the precipitation over entire tropical-subtropical Asia are investigated, exploiting the increased resolution and improved accuracy of the data set relative to other estimates. The changes in precipitation amount and precipitation days for total, extreme, heavy, and light-moderate precipitations are examined. Although the Asian summer monsoon precipitation falls mostly in the form of light-moderate rainfalls, regions of relatively frequent extreme precipitation events are found over South Asia and East-Southeast Asia. These regions are separated by a narrow zone over the Indo-China peninsula, along 100°E, where extreme precipitation rarely occurs. During the period examined, the amount of total precipitation and light-moderate precipitation exhibits positive trends over southeastern and northwestern China, separated by negative trends over central China and southwestern and northeastern Asia. This sandwich-like pattern, which also appears in the fields of precipitation days and soil moisture content, is associated with the enhanced water vapor supply related to the strengthened monsoon flow over southeastern China and the anomalous easterlies over northwestern China. It is also associated with the decreased water vapor supply linked to the weakened monsoon flows over southern-southwestern Asia and central China and to the anomalous northerly flow over northeastern Asia. Over the entire tropical-subtropical Asia, the largest changes in precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and water vapor transport occur over southern China. On the other hand, the changes over India are much smaller.
Nursing Generations in the Contemporary Workplace

Preserving a viable workforce is contingent upon recruiting and retaining more young people and persuading older workers to remain with the organization. The success of these efforts may depend on offering appropriate incentives to workers in different age cohorts. Although only limited research has been carried out on the topic, findings have consistently shown that the workforce consists of generational groups with different attributes and priorities. This mixed-methodology study uses survey and focus group results to explore some of the differences among age cohorts of nurses in three Canadian hospitals. The research revealed significant differences in career commitment; affective, normative, and continuity commitment to the organization; job satisfaction; stress and emotional exhaustion; depersonalization; personal accomplishment; and propensity to leave the hospital. This article concludes with recommendations for policies that address the needs of nurses of different ages.
Optimizing I/O Operations in File Systems for Fast Storage Devices

Fast non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies (e.g., phase change memory, spin-transfer torque memory, and MRAM) provide high performance to legacy storage systems. These NVM technologies have attractive features, such as low latency and high throughput to satisfy application performance. Accordingly, fast storage devices based on fast NVM lead to a rapid increase in the demand for diverse computer systems and environments (e.g., cloud platforms, web servers, and database systems) where they are expected to be used as primary storage. Despite the promised benefits provided by fast storage devices, modern file systems do not take advantage of the storage’s full performance. In this article, we analyze and explore existing I/O strategies in read, write, journal I/O, and recovery paths between the file system and the storage device. The analysis shows that existing I/O strategies are an obstacle to get maximum performance of fast storage devices. To address this issue, we propose efficient I/O strategies that enable file systems to fully exploit the performance of fast storage devices. Our main idea is to transfer requests from discontiguous host memory buffers in the file systems to discontiguous storage segments in one I/O request to get maximize I/O performance. We implemented our scheme to read, write, journal I/O and recovery operations in the EXT4 file system and the JBD2 module. We demonstrate the implication of our idea in terms of application performance through well-known benchmarks. The experimental results show that our optimized file system achieves better performance than the existing file system, with improvements of up to 1.54<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $\times$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="han-ieq1-2635644.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, 1.96<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="han-ieq2-2635644.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, and 2.28<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="han-ieq3-2635644.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula> on ordered mode, data journaling mode, and recovery, respectively.
Fabrication Puts Suspects at Risk: Blindness to Changes in Transgression-related Statements

Summary: Based on the finding that deceptive and misleading interrogation techniques are not uncommon, we investigated to what extent participants may be blind to alterations introduced to their accounts of past transgressions. Drawing from the source-monitoring framework, we hypothesized that participants’ truthfulness and whether they had committed a transgression in the past (transgression history) would be predictive of blindness. When filling out a questionnaire about their past transgressions, 80 participants fabricated some of their answers. Prior to an interview 1week later, two previously fabricated and two truthful answers were covertly altered by the experimenter. We found substantial blindness rates, and, as hypothesized, blindness was more pronounced for (1) fabricated than truthful responses and (2) alterations with transgression history compared with no transgression history. Possible consequences may include the creation of guilt presumption and increasing pressure to obtain a confession. Both can be hazardous for suspects and the legal decision-making process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. It is not uncommon for people to resort to a white lie in an attempt to conceal unfavorable details of a story or a situation that went out of hand. For instance, when fabrication is a deliberate and conscious act, it is reasonable to assume that they would notice alterations in their statements that are introduced by external sources. The recent introduction of blindness phenomena, however, contests this view. This research shows that people do not necessarily notice alterations that are covertly made to their deliberate choices, preferences, or intentional statements. The evidence also suggests that individuals may even provide motivational arguments in support of such decisions that they in fact did not make (Johansson, Hall, & Sikstrom, 2008). The typical blindness paradigm consists of three phases.
Military Conflict and Terrorism: General Psychology Informs International Relations

Several experiments, focusing on decisions made by young, voting-age citizens of the United States about how to respond to incidents of international conflict, are summarized. Participants recommended measured reactions to an initial attack. Repeated attacks led to escalated reaction, however, eventually matching or exceeding the conflict level of the attack itself. If a peace treaty between contending nations was in place, women were more forgiving of an attack, and men were more aggressive. There was little overall difference in reactions to terrorist versus military attacks. Participants responded with a higher level of conflict to terrorist attacks on military than on cultural-educational targets.
Becoming a learning organisation: A social work example

Under the turbulent conditions associated with globalisation, a critical characteristic of organisations will be their capacity to learn from experience and adapt continuously to changing external conditions. The concept of the 'learning organisation' is unexplored within social work research; theoretical development and research has primarily taken place within the disciplines of management studies and business administration. This paper reports on qualitative research undertaken in a national child care agency to identify how practitioners and managers conceptualise learning within their organisation. Using a grounded theory approach, interviews were conducted with practitioners, middle and senior managers. The transcripts were coded using principles of constant comparison and four themes were identified relating to: the primacy of teamwork within the process of learning; the need to reduce implicit epistemological hierarchies which downgrade the role of practitioner knowledge; the need to develop systems of data storage and retrieval to create an 'organisational memory'; and the incorporation of evaluative inquiry within organisational processes.
Interstitial flow influences direction of tumor cell migration through competing mechanisms

Interstitial flow is the convective transport of fluid through tissue extracellular matrix. This creeping fluid flow has been shown to affect the morphology and migration of cells such as fibroblasts, cancer cells, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. A microfluidic cell culture system was designed to apply stable pressure gradients and fluid flow and allow direct visualization of transient responses of cells seeded in a 3D collagen type I scaffold. We used this system to examine the effects of interstitial flow on cancer cell morphology and migration and to extend previous studies showing that interstitial flow increases the metastatic potential of MDA-MB-435S melanoma cells [Shields J, et al. (2007) Cancer Cell 11:526–538]. Using a breast carcinoma line (MDA-MB-231) we also observed cell migration along streamlines in the presence of flow; however, we further demonstrated that the strength of the flow as well as the cell density determined directional bias of migration along the streamline. In particular, we found that cells either at high seeding density or with the CCR-7 receptor inhibited migration against, rather than with the flow. We provide further evidence that CCR7-dependent autologous chemotaxis is the mechanism that leads to migration with the flow, but also demonstrate a competing CCR7-independent mechanism that causes migration against the flow. Data from experiments investigating the effects of cell concentration, interstitial flow rate, receptor activity, and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation support our hypothesis that the competing stimulus is integrin mediated. This mechanism may play an important role in development of metastatic disease.
External Validation of the Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI) for Predicting Spontaneous Pregnancy after Surgery: Further Considerations on Its Validity

Background/Aims: The revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis has a limited predictive value for pregnancy after surgery. A tool for predicting spontaneous pregnancy or pregnancy following assisted reproduction technology (ART) represents a clinical need. This study aimed to (i) provide an external validation of the EFI score in predicting pregnancy in infertile Italian endometriosis women; (ii) evaluate the predictive value of EFI score on ART outcome for patients who previously attempted to spontaneously conceive after surgery. Methods: In 104 women with endometriosis, EFI score was calculated based on a prospective database data. Cumulative pregnancy rates curves were calculated using Kaplan-Meier (K-M) product limit estimate and log-rank test was used to evaluate differences between EFI groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for EFI as a predictor of ART outcome. Results: Differences in time to non-ART pregnancy for the six EFI groups were statistically significant (log-rank, p = 1.4 × 10-4). The area under the curve (AUC) for EFI as ART outcome predictor was 0.75 (95% CI 0.61-0.89, p = 6.2 × 10-3), while the best cut-point for pregnancy was 5.5. Conclusion: The EFI score is a reliable scoring system to predict non-ART and ART pregnancy outcome after surgery for endometriosis.
Aluminum Toxicity in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

During the past two decades, in association with the commencement of chronic dialysis therapy and prolongation of the uremic state, aluminum toxicity has represented a major cause of morbidity and mortality in uremic patients. The uremic patient has been found to be at higher risk of aluminum loading and toxicity from various sources of parenteral exposure, enhanced gastrointestinal absorption, and compromised ability to eliminate any systemically administered aluminum due to renal impairment. However, the potential sources of aluminum exposure and loading resulting in toxicity in uremic patients have recently been identified. As a result, this toxicity can largely be prevented by eliminating aluminum from the water used to prepare the dialysate, substituting calcium-containing phosphate-binding agents for those containing aluminum, and strict avoidance of the concomitant use of citrate- and aluminum-containing compounds. Thus, in the future, aluminum toxicity should represent a rare and unusual side effect in dialyzed uremic patients.
Prednisolone treatment affects the performance of the QuantiFERON gold in‐tube test and the tuberculin skin test in patients with autoimmune disorders screened for latent tuberculosis infection

Background: During screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), before anti‐tumor‐necrosis‐factor‐&agr; treatment, most patients are already receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The objective was to evaluate the performance of the QuantiFERON Gold In‐Tube (QFT‐IT) and the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST). Methods: A prospective multicenter study included 248 patients with ulcerative colitis (39), Crohn's disease (54), rheumatoid arthritis (111), and spondylo‐arthropathy (44). Results: QFT‐IT was positive in 7/248 (3%), negative in 229 (92%), and indeterminate in 12 (5%). TST was positive in 54/238 (23%) patients. Chest x‐ray was suspect for tuberculosis in 5/236 (2%), and 35/167 (21%) had ≥1 risk‐factors for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The main finding was a pronounced negative effect on QFT‐IT and TST performance associated with prednisolone treatment. During prednisolone treatment interferon gamma (IFN‐&ggr;) response to mitogen stimulation was impaired (median IFN‐&ggr; response 4.9 IU/mL; interquartile range [IQR] 0.8 to ≥10.0) compared to patients 1) not receiving corticosteroids (median ≥10.0; IQR 5.0 to ≥10.0; P = 0.0015) or 2) receiving long‐acting corticosteroids (median >10.0; IQR 9.7 to >10.0; P = 0.0058). Prednisolone treatment was strongly associated with negative TST, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.22 (0.1–0.8; P = 0.018), and with an increased risk of indeterminate QFT‐IT results AOR 16.1 (4.1–63.2; P < 0.001), whereas no negative effect was found for long‐acting corticosteroids. Doses of ≥10 mg prednisolone were associated with a 27% risk of indeterminate results. Single use of azathioprine, methotrexate, or 5‐aminosalicylate (5‐ASA) did not affect the test results. Conclusions: Oral prednisolone severely suppressed QFT‐IT and TST performance, whereas the long‐acting corticosteroids methotrexate, azathioprine, and 5‐ASA did not have a similar detrimental effect. Patients should be screened for LTBI with QFT‐IT or TST prior to initiation of prednisolone therapy and negative QFT‐IT or TST results interpreted with caution in patients treated with any corticosteroid until further data are available. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Do European doctors support measles, mumps, rubella vaccination programmes enough?

Rapid communications Tick-borne encephalitis increasing in Sweden, 2011 4 by A Lundkvist, A Wallensten, S Vene, M Hjertqvist Surveillance and outbreak reports Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2007 to 2009 7 by O Donoso Mantke, C Escadafal, M Niedrig, M Pfeffer, on behalf of the Working group for Tick-borne encephalitis virus Measles in Geneva between 2003 and 2010: persistence of measles outbreaks despite high immunisation coverage 19 by E Delaporte, E Jeannot, P Sudre, CA Wyler Lazarevic, JL Richard, P Chastonay
CD 4 + CD 28 – costimulation-independent T cells in multiple sclerosis

Current studies support a critical role of CD4+ myelinspecific cells in the initiation of multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system CNS (1). However, myelin-reactive cells are represented in the normal T cell repertoire and are found in comparable frequencies in the peripheral blood of both MS patients and normal controls (2, 3). Thus, their mere presence is not sufficient to trigger a pathological autoimmune response. It is the frequency of activated myelin-reactive cells that is increased in MS patients in comparison to healthy individuals (4), suggesting their involvement in disease development. An increased frequency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase reporter (HPRT) gene mutations in myelin basic protein–specific (MBP-specific) and proteolipid protein–specific cells derived from MS patients suggests their active replicative history (5). A substantial fraction of autoreactive cells derived from peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in MS patients secrete IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and soluble IL-2 receptor (6, 7) and have an increased surface expression of adhesion molecules VLA 3-6, LFA-1, LFA-3, CD2, CD26, and CD44 (8). Lejon and Fathman (9) recently reported that CD4+ cells upregulate CD4 expression after antigen challenge. They demonstrated that the CD4high subset of the pancreatic islet infiltrate in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice contain autoreactive cells that can efficiently transfer disease. Peripherally activated autoreactive lymphocytes can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and initiate an autoimmune response in the CNS (10), as documented in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. It is therefore important to understand which factors contribute to the activation of myelin-reactive T cells. Growing evidence indicates that functional characteristics of the autoreactive T lymphocytes determine their propensity for activation (11). In the two-signal activation paradigm, the first signal induced by T cell receptor (TCR) engagement determines the antigen specificity, whereas the second costimulatory signal determines the activation threshold and the functional outcome of the antigen-specific activation. The activation threshold is modulated by costimulatory signals, and several reports (12, 13) indicate that their dysregulation may play a critical role in the activation of autoreactive T cells. CD80/CD86–CD28/CTLA-4 is the most important and best-studied costimulatory pathway. CD80 and CD86 molecules are expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and bind to their ligands CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells. CD86 is constitutively expressed on dendritic cells and monocytes and is rapidly upregulated after activation. In contrast, CD80 is slowly upregulated on APCs after stimulation and