Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symbolic control of visual attention: The role of working memory and attentional control settings.

This study examined how 1 symbol is selected to control the allocation of attention when several symbols appear in the visual field. In Experiments 1-3, the critical target feature was color, and it was found that uninformative central arrows that matched the color of the target were selected and produced unintentional shifts of attention (i.e., involuntary, initiated slowly, producing long-lasting facilitatory effects). Experiment 4 tested whether such selection is the result of an attentional filter or of a competition bias due to a match of incoming information against integrated object representations stored in working memory. Here, the critical feature was shape and color was irrelevant, but matching color arrows were still selected. Thus, features of objects in working memory will bias the selection of symbols in the visual field, and such selected symbols are capable of producing unintentional shifts of attention. ((c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved)
Glial depolarization evokes a larger potassium accumulation around oligodendrocytes than around astrocytes in gray matter of rat spinal cord slices

The cell membrane of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes is almost exclusively permeable for K+. Depolarizing and hyperpolarizing voltage steps produce in oligodendrocytes, but not in astrocytes, decaying passive currents followed by large tail currents (Itail) after the offset of a voltage jump. The aim of the present study was to characterize the properties of Itail in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and their respective precursors in the gray matter of spinal cord slices. Studies were carried out on 5‐ to 11‐day‐old rats, using the whole‐cell patch clamp technique. The reversal potential (Vrev) of Itail evoked by membrane depolarization was significantly more positive in oligodendrocytes (−31.7 ± 2.58 mV, n = 53) than in astrocytes (−57.9 ± 2.43 mV, n = 21), oligodendrocyte precursors (−41.2 ± 3.44 mV, n = 36), or astrocyte precursors (−52.1 ± 1.32 mV, n = 43). Analysis of the Itail (using a variable amplitude and duration of the de‐ and hyperpolarizing prepulses as well as an analysis of the time constant of the membrane currents during voltage steps) showed that the Itail in oligodendrocytes arise from a larger shift of K+ across their membrane than in other cell types. As calculated from the Nernst equation, changes in Vrev revealed significantly larger accumulation of the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]e) around oligodendrocytes than around astrocytes. The application of 50 mM K+ or hypotonic solution, used to study the effect of cell swelling on the changes in [K+]e evoked by a depolarizing prepulse, produced in astrocytes an increase in [K+]e of 201% and 239%, respectively. In oligodendrocytes, such increases (22% and 29%) were not found. We conclude that K+ tail currents, evoked by a larger accumulation of K+ in the vicinity of the oligodendrocyte membrane, could result from a smaller extracellular space (ECS) volume around oligodendrocytes than around astrocytes. Thus, in addition to the clearance of K+ from the ECS performed by astrocytes, the presence of the K+ tail currents in oligodendrocytes indicates that they might also contribute to efficient K+ homeostasis. J. Neurosci. Res. 56:493–505, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of Multivalued Treatment Effects under Conditional Independence

This article discusses the poparms command, which implements two semiparametric estimators for multivalued treatment effects discussed in Cattaneo (2010, Journal of Econometrics 155: 138–154). The first is a properly reweighted inverse-probability weighted estimator, and the second is an efficient-influence-function estimator, which can be interpreted as having the double-robust property. Our implementation jointly estimates means and quantiles of the potential-outcome distributions, allowing for multiple, discrete treatment levels. These estimators are then used to estimate a variety of multivalued treatment effects. We discuss pre- and postestimation approaches that can be used in conjunction with our main implementation. We illustrate the program and provide a simulation study assessing the finite-sample performance of the inference procedures.
Psychological aspects of sibling relational conflict vs. mental wellbeing levels in women’s perceptions

Abstract My research aim was to analyse sibling relational conflicts perceived by adult sisters and selected conflict determinants. The study also considered the discriminating significance of the sibling relational conflict intensity for experiencing mental wellbeing. The study included 240 adult women, coming from the Łódź district (M=41.94 SD=15.71). The following research instruments were applied: Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (ASRQ) by C. Stocker et al. (1997) in its – adapted form by K. Walęcka-Matyja (2014), and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form by C.L. M. Keyes (2008) as adapted by D. Karaś et al. (2014). The research results allowed us to conclude about ambivalent kinds of bonds between siblings in adulthood, clearly indicating variation in the relational conflicts depending on the examined sisters’ ages. However, the study did not confirm the significance of gender constellation for experiencing general wellbeing by the examined women. It did verify the hypothesis that there is a significant role for age-level psychological well-being.
Elevated CO2 Levels do not Affect the Shell Structure of the Bivalve Arctica islandica from the Western Baltic

Shells of the bivalve Arctica islandica are used to reconstruct paleo-environmental conditions (e.g. temperature) via biogeochemical proxies, i.e. biogenic components that are related closely to environmental parameters at the time of shell formation. Several studies have shown that proxies like element and isotope-ratios can be affected by shell growth and microstructure. Thus it is essential to evaluate the impact of changing environmental parameters such as high pCO2 and consequent changes in carbonate chemistry on shell properties to validate these biogeochemical proxies for a wider range of environmental conditions. Growth experiments with Arctica islandica from the Western Baltic Sea kept under different pCO2 levels (from 380 to 1120 µatm) indicate no affect of elevated pCO2 on shell growth or crystal microstructure, indicating that A. islandica shows an adaptation to a wider range of pCO2 levels than reported for other species. Accordingly, proxy information derived from A. islandica shells of this region contains no pCO2 related bias.
A late medieval warm period in the Southern Ocean as a delayed response to external forcing?

On the basis of long simulations performed with a three‐dimensional climate model, we propose an interhemispheric climate lag mechanism, involving the long‐term memory of deepwater masses. Warm anomalies, formed in the North Atlantic when warm conditions prevail at surface, are transported by the deep ocean circulation towards the Southern Ocean. There, the heat is released because of large scale upwelling, maintaining warm conditions and inducing a lagged response of about 150 years compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Model results and observations covering the first half of the second millenium suggest a delay between the temperature evolution in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Southern Ocean. The mechanism described here provides a reasonable hypothesis to explain such an interhemipsheric lag.
Power-efficient dynamic quantization for multisensor HMM state estimation over fading channels

In this paper, we address the problem of designing power efficient quantizers for state estimation of hidden Markov models using multiple sensors communicating to a fusion centre via error-prone randomly time-varying flat fading channels modelled by finite state Markov chains. Our objective is to minimize a tradeoff between the long term average of mean square estimation error and expected total power consumption. We formulate the problem as a stochastic control problem by using Markov decision processes. Under some mild assumption on the measurement noise at the sensors, the discretized action space (quantization thresholds and transmission power levels) version of the optimization problem forms a unichain Markov decision process for stationary policies. The solution to the discretized problem provides optimal quantization thresholds and power levels to be communicated back to the sensors via a feedback channel. Moreover, in order to improve the performance of the quantization system, we employ a gradient- free stochastic optimization technique to determine the optimal set of quantization thresholds from which optimal quantization levels are determined. The performance results for estimation error/total transmission power tradeoff are studied under various channel conditions and sensor measurement qualities.
Starting to Solve the Method Puzzle in Salesperson Self-Report Evaluations

The performance effect is used to explain the significant differences between salespersons’ self-evaluation and supervisors’ ratings of job performance. It is shown that bottom performers overestimate, whereas top salespeople underestimate their performance. Also, results indicate that bottom performers are significantly more inaccurate than top salespeople in their job performance estimation. Finally, results indicate that the relationship between inaccuracy of self-evaluation and job performance is curvilinear. Managerial implications are provided as well as directions for future research and limitations.
Adapting New Categories for Food Recognition with Deep Representation

Learning to classify new (target) data in a different domain is always an interesting and challenging task in data mining. The classifier could suffer the dataset bias when predicting the new categories from target domain. Many adaptation methods have been proposed to adjust this bias but are limited to using data either from similar categories or requiring a large number of labeled examples from the target domain. Automatically adapting and recognizing new food categories is a very practical task in daily life. In this paper, we propose a new method that can alleviate the dataset bias for food image recognition. To obtain less biased feature representation from the food images, we fine-tuned GoogLeNet as our deep feature extractor and achieve state-of-the-art performance on the Food-101 dataset. Using the deep representation, our method can learn efficient classifiers with fewer labeled examples. More specifically, our method employs an external classifier for adaptation, called "negative classifier". Experiment results show that utilizing the parameters of the negative classifier, our method can achieve better performance and converge faster to adapt the new categories.
Numerical simulations of protostellar encounters - I. Star-disc encounters

We present ultra-high-resolution (0.35 km s−1 FWHM) observations of the interstellar Ca K line towards seven nearby stars. The spectral resolution was sufficient to resolve the line profiles fully, thereby enabling us to detect hitherto unresolved velocity components, and to obtain accurate measurements of the velocity dispersions (b values). Absorption components with velocities similar to those expected for the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC) and the closely associated ‘G cloud’ were identified towards six of the seven stars. However, in most cases the b values deduced for these components were significantly larger than the b ≈ 2.2 km s−1 (i.e. Tk ≈ 7000 K, vt ≈ 1 km s−1) expected for the LIC, and it is argued that this results from the presence of additional, spectrally unresolved, components having similar velocities and physical conditions. For two stars (δ Vel and α Pav) we detect interstellar components with much smaller b values (1.1 ± 0.3 and 0.8 ± 0.1 km s−1, respectively) than are expected for low-density clouds within the Local Bubble. In the case of the narrow α Pav component, we also find an anomalously large Na i/Ca ii column density ratio, which is indicative of a relatively high density. Thus it is possible that, in addition to LIC-type clouds, the local interstellar medium contains a population of previously undetected cooler and denser interstellar clouds.
Pathological Electroencephalographic Signals Classification by Using Multi-Resolution Analysis and Neural Network

In this study is proposed a method based in multiresolution analysis in frequencies strip provided by discreet wavelet transform (DWT), characterizing epileptic discharges of absence crisis and also noises, both analyzed into distinct frequencies strip. The methodology uses the DWT, integrated to the auto-regressive (AR) model and backpropagation network (MLP) to compose the classificator. First, the multi-resolution analysis technique (DWT) and the AR are applied to extract the time-frequency distribution characteristics from the signal in different levels. The neural network MLT with the specialist system, classify the characteristics extracts to identify the kind of disturbance occurred in EEG. In this proposal, occurs a significant reduction of the number features extracts from the signal, without losing its original proprieties. The global performance of the proposal method shows consistent results.
CACHE SURVIVAL ON PINYON JAY CACHING BEHAVIOR

I examined how pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) assess and determine the risk of pilferage to their caches. Jays were allowed to cache in an open room while alone or while being observed by a conspecific. In a counterbalanced design, jays cached in the opposite treatment once they had finished recovering their caches. I compared birds' behaviors between treatments in order to determine whether jays consider the presence of an observer in measuring the local competitive environment. Once all jays had completed alone-and observed-treatments, I ran the experiment once more to determine if individuals were consistent in their cache protection strategies. Results from this experiment reveal that pinyon jays did not respond to audience effects. Birds showed distinct patterns of behavior, but individuals were consistent in their behavior across treatments and replications. Jays serving as observers were tested for their ability to recover caches they had watched being made. These birds were able to accurately recover observed caches, though not as reliably as cachers. I then used base levels of cache protection activity as assessed from the first experiment to divide birds into two groups so each had similar mean levels of cache protection behaviors. To evaluate whether pinyon jays directly assess pilferage through cache-loss, I removed 50% of the seeds cached for birds receiving the cache-removal treatment, while birds receiving the non-removal treatment were allowed to recover all the seeds they cached. Birds that participated in the non-removal treatment later participated in a cache-removal treatment so I could compare the responses to cache-removal between the two groups. To assess whether experience pilfering might influence caching decisions, I compared responses between previous observers and previous cachers. Jays that had their caches removed ate fewer seeds and cached fewer seeds when compared to the non-removal group. Of the seeds they cached, more of those seeds were cached behind iii shielding landmarks. These behavioral patterns were not evident in the group that participated in both treatments. Birds with experience as pilferers were more exploratory, ate more food, and expressed higher levels of cache protection behaviors during the removal treatment. iv " It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. "-Albert Einstein It is with deepest gratitude and respect that I dedicate this thesis to the many teachers in my life. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My warmest thanks to my adviser, Alan Kamil. During the development of this …
Summarization Evaluation Using Transformed Basic Elements

This paper describes BEwT-E (Basic Elements with Transformations for Evaluation), an automatic system for summarization evaluation. BEwT-E is a new, more sophisticated implementation of the BE framework that uses transformations to match BEs (minimal-length syntactically well-formed units) that are lexically different yet semantically similar. We demonstrate the effectiveness of BEwT-E using DUC and TAC datasets.
Hedonic quality or reward? A study of basic pleasure in homeostasis and decision making of a motivated autonomous robot

We present a robot architecture and experiments to investigate some of the roles that pleasure plays in the decision making (action selection) process of an autonomous robot that must survive in its environment. We have conducted three sets of experiments to assess the effect of different types of pleasure—related versus unrelated to the satisfaction of physiological needs—under different environmental circumstances. Our results indicate that pleasure, including pleasure unrelated to need satisfaction, has value for homeostatic management in terms of improved viability and increased flexibility in adaptive behavior.
Diagnostic classification of psychiatric disorders and familial-genetic research

The validity of diagnostic definitions in psychiatry is directly related to the extent to which their etiology can be specified. However, since detailed knowledge of causal or susceptibility factors is lacking for most psychiatric disorders with a known or suspected familial-genetic origin, the current widely accepted classification systems largely fail to achieve this ideal. To illustrate this problem, this paper looks at the difficulties posed by the criteria for schizophrenia as laid down in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R), and highlights the discrepancies between the majority of diagnostic boundaries and the various phenotype aggregation patterns observed in family studies. Progress in our understanding of psychiatric disorders requires to be firmly based on the findings of epidemiological studies as well as on a clear appreciation of the limitations of classification tools.
Balancing Rigidity and Safety of Pedicle Screw Fixation via a Novel Expansion Mechanism in a Severely Osteoporotic Model

Many successful attempts to increase pullout strength of pedicle screws in osteoporotic bone have been accompanied with an increased risk of catastrophic damage to the patient. To avoid this, a single-armed expansive pedicle screw was designed to increase fixation strength while controlling postfailure damage away from the nerves surrounding the pedicle. The screw was then subsequently tested in two severely osteoporotic models: one representing trabecular bone (with and without the presence of polymethylmethacrylate) and the other representing a combination of trabecular and cortical bone. Maximum pullout strength, stiffness, energy to failure, energy to removal, and size of the resulting block damage were statistically compared among conditions. While expandable pedicle screws produced maximum pullout forces less than or comparable to standard screws, they required a higher amount of energy to be fully removed from both models. Furthermore, damage to the cortical layer in the composite test blocks was smaller in all measured directions for tests involving expandable pedicle screws than those involving standard pedicle screws. This indicates that while initial fixation may not differ in the presence of cortical bone, the expandable pedicle screw offers an increased level of postfailure stability and safety to patients awaiting revision surgery.
Gray matters : Age-related differences in context-dependent idiom processing

Background How does age-related cognitive decline affect context-dependent idiom processing? When people grow older, their cognitive functions decline. Compared to younger adults, elderly adults show impaired cognitive inhibitory skills (Hasher, Stoltzfus, Zacks, & Rypma, 1991) and reduced working memory capacity (Van der Linden et al., 1999). In the processing of idioms, such as the Dutch in de soep lopen, literally meaning “to walk in the soup” but figuratively “to fail” cognitive inhibition helps us in suppressing the idiom’s literal meaning in order to reach its figurative interpretation. Furthermore, working memory enables us to use contextual information to predict an upcoming idiom, facilitating activation and interpretation of its intended, non-literal meaning. Methods Age-related changes in context-dependent idiom processing were investigated in an EEG study examining two groups of elderly (n=28, 62–75 years of age, m=68) and younger adults’ (n=28, 18–28 years of age, mean=23) brain activation while they read idiomatic sentences. The present study is a partial replication of the study of Rommers, Dijkstra, and Bastiaansen (2013), extended by a context manipulation consisting of a highly constrained or neutral context sentence preceding each item. Differences in amplitude and latency of the event-related potentials (ERPs) components N400 and P600 are linked to off-line measures of working memory, cognitive inhibition, and verbal fluency. Hypotheses Due to their cognitive decline, elderly adults are hypothesized to benefit less from rich contextual information to facilitate idiom processing compared to younger adults. Therefore, the context effect, indexed by a reduced N400 amplitude in the highly constrained context condition (Kutas & Federmeier, 2000), is expected to be weaker in elderly adults. Furthermore, where figurative processing is hypothesized to be facilitated in the highly constrained condition in younger adults, reflected by a reduction in the P600 component, this effect is expected to be weaker in the elderly group. Finally, age-related differences in the N400 and P600 component are expected to be negatively correlated with off-line cognitive measures.
A Brief on Short Descriptions

We discuss research developments on the complexity of shortest programs since the turn of the millennium. In particular, we will delve into the phenomenon of list approximation: while it's impossible to compute the shortest description for a given string, we can efficiently generate a short list of candidates which includes a (nearly) shortest description.
Error Exponents for Wideband Multipath Fading Channels — a Strong Coding Theorem

The wideband multipath fading chan- nel has been considered from both an information- theoretic and implementation-oriented standpoint. Developments from the two perspectives have, how- ever, been largely independent. We aim to find a connection between the information-theoretic results and actual coding and modulation schemes by pro- ducing a strong coding theorem for the channel. We calculate explicit upper bounds on the probability of error for general multipath and Rayleigh fading, and study their behavior numerically.
STRATEGI PENGGUNAAN KOSAKATA DAN TATA BAHASA DALAM BERITA HARIAN UMUM INDEPENDEN SINGGALANG

This article aims to describe the strategy of the use of vocabulary and grammer in general daily news i Singgalang newspaper. The method used is descriptive method to descripe the use of vocabulary and grammer in writing news writer. The discusiion carried out in accordance with the opinion expressed by Roger Flower, etal. Vocabulary and grammer in general daily news in singgalang newspaper tend to marginalize the victim because writers to write descriptions of the perpetrator, while the victim semed to be ignored. Vocabulary used tend vocabulary and grammer marginalizations tend syntax used passive or passivation and nominalition resulting in the removal of the perpetrator in the news. Victims tend to be the main core of the problem