Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
School trajectories of the second generation of Turkish immigrants in Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, and Germany: The role of school systems

In this article, we aim to explain the school careers of the second generation of Turkish immigrants in nine cities in five Western European countries and show the influence of the national school systems ranging from comprehensive to hierarchical tracking structures. We apply sequence analyses, optimal matching, and cluster analyses to define school trajectories complemented with propensity score matching to study the differences between young adults of different origin. Participants were 4516 young adults of Turkish second generation and native origin aged between 18 and 35. Findings show that the school system makes a difference for school careers: (1) in rigid systems with higher differentiation and early tracking, the gap between the second-generation and native school trajectories begins to unfold early in the school career; (2) in the rigid systems, the track in which students enter secondary education determine the routes they take as well as their final outcomes; and (3) more open systems allow for “second-chance” opportunities for immigrant students to improve their track placement. However, across school systems, second-generation youth follow more often non-academic or short school careers, while native youth follow academic careers. When individual and family background are controlled via propensity score matching, the ethnic gap is explained better in more stratified systems highlighting the important role of family background in more stratified school systems.
RNA structures regulating ribosomal protein biosynthesis in bacilli

In Bacilli, there are three experimentally validated ribosomal-protein autogenous regulatory RNAs that are not shared with E. coli. Each of these RNAs forms a unique secondary structure that interacts with a ribosomal protein encoded by a downstream gene, namely S4, S15, and L20. Only one of these RNAs that interacts with L20 is currently found in the RNA Families Database. We created, or modified, existing structural alignments for these three RNAs and used them to perform homology searches. We have determined that each structure exhibits a narrow phylogenetic distribution, mostly relegated to the Firmicute class Bacilli. This work, in conjunction with other similar work, demonstrates that there are most likely many non-homologous RNA regulatory elements regulating ribosomal protein biosynthesis that still await discovery and characterization in other bacterial species.
Why Do Consumers Behave Differently in Personal Information Disclosure and Self-Disclosure? The Role of Personality Traits and Privacy Concern

Bu calismanin amaci, tuketicilerin kisisel bilgilerini dogrudan isletmelerle paylasma davranislari (IDC davranisi) ile sosyal medyada isletmeler disindaki kisilerle paylasma davranislari (SDM davranisi) arasindaki farkliliklari kisilik ozellikleri, gizlilik endisesi ve paylasilan bilgi turu acisindan aciklamaktir. Calismanin anakutlesini Turkiye’de yasayan, bir veya daha fazla sosyal medya hesabi olan, 18 yas ve uzerindeki tuketiciler olusturmaktadir. Calismanin verileri cevrimici anket yontemi kullanilarak toplanmis ve yapisal esitlik modellemesi ile analiz edilmistir. Analizler sonucunda, tuketicilerin IDC davranislari ile SDM davranislarinin paylasilan bilgilere bagli olarak farklilik gosterdigi bulunmustur. Kisilik ozelliklerinin her iki bilgi paylasma davranisini da hem dogrudan hem de dolayli olarak etkiledigi, dolayli etkilerin ise gizlilik endisesi araciligiyla meydana geldigi bulgusuna ulasilmistir. Ayrica bilgi paylasma davranislarinin her birinin farkli kisilik ozelliklerinden etkilendigi ve baskin olan kisilik ozelliklerinin farkli davranislarin dogmasina neden oldugu bulunmustur. Sonuc olarak kisilik ozelliklerinin ve gizlilik endisesinin IDC davranisi ve SDM davranisi arasindaki farkliliklarda onemli rollere sahip oldugu belirlenmistir.
Design of divergence-free protocol converters using supervisory control techniques

In this paper, we use supervisory control techniques to design a protocol converter, which avoids divergence in a communication systems. A typical application is to design gateways that interface heterogeneous computer networks while minimizing the communication time with the involved parties. As an example, we design a divergence-free converter that interfaces an alternating bit sender and a non-sequenced receiver, and we implement the converter as an asynchronous circuit.
Role of peak bone mass and bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 12 year study.

OBJECTIVE--To examine the role of peak bone mass and subsequent postmenopausal bone loss in the development of osteoporosis and the reliability of identifying women at risk from one bone mass measurement and one biochemical assessment of the future bone loss. DESIGN--Population based study. SETTING--Outpatient clinic for research into osteoporosis. SUBJECTS--178 healthy early postmenopausal women who had participated in a two year study in 1977. 154 of the women underwent follow up examination in 1989, of whom 33 were excluded because of diseases or taking drugs known to affect calcium metabolism. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Bone mineral content of the forearm and values of biochemical markers of bone turnover. RESULTS--The average reduction in bone mineral content during 1977-89 was 20%, but the fast losers had lost 10.0% more than had the slow loser group (mean loss 26.6% in fast losers and 16.6% in slow losers; p less than 0.001). Prediction of future bone mineral content using baseline bone mineral content and estimated rate of loss gave results almost identical with the actual bone mineral content measured in 1989. Seven women had had a Colles' fracture and 20 a spinal compression fracture. The group with Colles' fracture had low baseline bone mineral content (34.7 (95% confidence interval 31.3 to 38.1) units v 39.4 (38.1 to 40.8) units in women with no fracture) whereas the group with spinal fracture had a normal baseline bone mineral content (38.1 (35.0 to 41.1) units) but an increased rate of loss (-2.4 (-3.5 to -1.3)%/year v -1.8 (-2.1 to -1.5)%/year in women with no fracture). CONCLUSIONS--One baseline measurement of bone mass combined with a single estimation of the rate of bone loss can reliably identify the women at menopause who are at highest risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. The rate of loss may have an independent role in likelihood of vertebral fracture.
Contribution of extracellular negatively charged residues to ATP action and zinc modulation of rat P2X2 receptors

Two histidines are known to be essential for zinc potentiation of rat P2X2 receptors, but the chemistry of zinc coordination would suggest that other residues also participate in this zinc‐binding site. There is also a second lower affinity zinc‐binding site in P2X2 receptors whose constituents are unknown. To assess whether the extracellular acidic residues of the P2X2 receptor contribute to zinc potentiation or inhibition, site‐directed mutagenesis was used to produce alanine substitutions at each extracellular glutamate or aspartate. Two electrode voltage clamp recordings from Xenopus oocytes indicated that 7 of the 34 mutants (D82A, E85A, E91A, E115A, D136A, D209A, and D281A) were deficient in zinc potentiation and one mutant (E84A) was deficient in zinc inhibition. Additional tests on cysteine mutants at these eight positions indicated that D136 is the only residue that is a strong candidate to be at the potentiating zinc‐binding site, and that E84 is unlikely to be at the inhibitory zinc‐binding site.
The impact of the perceived image and trust in the International Olympic Committee on perceptions of the Olympic Games in Germany

ABSTRACT Images and trust are both multi-dimensional constructs. They influence an individual’s perception of an object. Considering the failed referenda in Germany to bid for Olympic Games, this study’s purpose was to analyse the impact of perceived trust in the IOC as well as the IOC’s image in Germany on how the Olympics are perceived. By means of a standardized, self administered questionnaire, German citizens were asked to indicate their level of trust in the IOC and their image of IOC (n=407). Regression analyses revealed that trust in the IOC and a positive image of the IOC significantly and positively impacted on favourable perceptions of the Olympic Games. If the IOC manages to arouse positive stimuli in residents’ minds, they are more likely to believe that the Olympics will generate benefits, which in turn is likely to result in a higher level of support. Practical implications for the IOC and the Olympic organising committees include the idea of getting residents involved in the planning process from the earliest stage onwards.
After German reunification: the implementation of a two-tier school model in Berlin and Saxony

ABSTRACT In the last two decades, many German states have enforced a partial integration of school types and have transformed their school systems into a two-tier model. The traditional tripartite school model, for which Germany has long been known, is thus no longer a characteristic of their school systems. This article analyses the determinants of the structural changes in Berlin and Saxony by applying concepts of historical institutionalism. In both states, the reform of the schools’ structures can be described as path dependent, but also a specific constellation of interests, strategies and actors led to a partial erosion of the respective traditional structures.
Dark Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Cationic Phenylene Ethynylene Polymers and Oligomers against Escherichia coli

The interactions of poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) and oligo-phenylene ethynylenes (OPEs) with E. coli cells are investigated to gain insights into the differences in the dark killing mechanisms between CPEs and OPEs. A laboratory strain of E. coli with antibiotic resistance is included in this work to study the influence of antibiotic resistance on the antimicrobial activity of the CPEs and OPEs. In agreement with our previous findings, these compounds can efficiently perturb the bacterial cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in bacterial cell death. Electron microscopy imaging and cytoplasmic membrane permeability assays reveal that the oligomeric OPEs penetrate the bacterial outer membrane and interact efficiently with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast, the polymeric CPEs cause serious damage to the cell surface. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and hemolytic concentration (HC) of the CPEs and OPEs are also measured to compare their antimicrobial activities against two different strains of E. coli with the compounds’ toxicity levels against human red blood cells (RBC). MIC and HC measurements are in good agreement with our previous model membrane perturbation study, which reveals that the different membrane perturbation abilities of the CPEs and OPEs are in part responsible for their selectivity towards bacteria compared to mammalian cells. Our study gives insight to several structural features of the PPE-based CPEs and OPEs that modulate their antimicrobial properties and that these features can serve as a basis for further tuning their structures to optimize antimicrobial properties.
The (un)resolved X‐ray background in the Lockman Hole

Most of the soft and a growing fraction of the harder X-ray background has been resolved into emission from point sources, yet the resolved fraction above 7 keV has only been poorly constrained. We use ∼700 ks of XMM-Newton observations of the Lockman Hole and a photometric approach to estimate the total flux attributable to resolved sources in a number of different energy bands. We find the resolved fraction of the X-ray background to be ∼90 per cent below 2 keV but it decreases rapidly at higher energies with the resolved fraction above ∼7 keV being only ∼50 per cent. The integrated X-ray spectrum from detected sources has a slope of r ∼ 1.75, much softer than the r = 1.4 of the total background spectrum. The unresolved background component has the spectral signature of highly obscured active galactic nuclei.
Exploiting Moral Wriggle Room: Behavior Inconsistent with a Preference for Fair Outcomes

Subjects in economic experiments often behave altruistically. This is interpreted as reflecting a concern for equitable monetary outcomes. We show that a considerable proportion of such fair behavior may not be driven by a desire to implement equitable outcomes. To do so, we first demonstrate a high frequency of fair behavior in a situation similar to the dictator game, but then show that such behavior decreases substantially when the connection between choices and outcomes is obfuscated. Specifically, we show that in a binary version of a dictator game, a majority of subjects choose equitably. We then show that subjects playing the same game behave more selfishly when the recipients' payoffs are uncertain, even if this uncertainty can be costlessly resolved. We also find that when either of two subjects can sacrifice to implement an equitable outcome, but neither can ensure inequity, selfishness prevails. Finally, we also find more selfish behavior when an unfair outcome could plausibly have resulted from an external factor rather than just the dictator's choice. Our results indicate that apparently fair behavior may reflect motivations other than simply a preference for fair outcomes.
The Influence of Autonomic Dysfunction Associated with Aging and Type 2 Diabetes on Daily Life Activities

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and ageing have well documented effects on every organ in the body. In T2D the autonomic nervous system is impaired due to damage to neurons, sensory receptors, synapses and the blood vessels. This paper will concentrate on how autonomic impairment alters normal daily activities. Impairments include the response of the blood vessels to heat, sweating, heat transfer, whole body heating, orthostatic intolerance, balance, and gait. Because diabetes is more prevalent in older individuals, the effects of ageing will be examined. Beginning with endothelial dysfunction, blood vessels have impairment in their ability to vasodilate. With this and synaptic damage, the autonomic nervous system cannot compensate for effectors such as pressure on and heating of the skin. This and reduced ability of the heart to respond to stress, reduces autonomic orthostatic compensation. Diminished sweating causes the skin and core temperature to be high during whole body heating. Impaired orthostatic tolerance, impaired vision and vestibular sensing, causes poor balance and impaired gait. Overall, people with T2D must be made aware and counseled relative to the potential consequence of these impairments.
Evolution of dwarf-elliptical galaxies

Here we present as an extension to already published models of massive spherical galaxies one-dimensional chemo-dynamical models of dwarf elliptical galaxies in the mass range between 10 9 and 10 10 $M_{\odot}$ and initial density fluctuation of 1 σ and 3 σ . Because of their vanishing angular momentum the models are restricted to spherical symmetry. Due to this limitation the dynamics of the different components consider only radial motions and also their interaction processes have only one degree of freedom. Therefore, the galaxy evolution is preferably determined by radial oscillatory phenomena caused by heating and cooling of the interstellar gas, which reenforce effects like starbursts. Nevertheless, the low gravitational binding energy of dwarf ellipticals can easily be exceeded by thermal and turbulent energy production in the interstellar medium, leading to gas expansion and even to galactic winds. Furthermore, gas phases as well as gas and stars can decouple dynamically during the galactic evolution. For comparison with observational signatures like stellar kinematics, radial densities and metallicity distributions of the different components, the chemo-dynamical treatment of galaxy evolution must take the multi-phase character of the interstellar medium and self-regulation of star formation at low gravitation into account. Since non-rotating low-mass galaxies with stochastic star-formation episodes are seen as dwarf ellipticals, the aim of this paper is to compare the 1d chemo-dynamical models with observed characteristics of this type of dwarf galaxies. Several features like stellar populations from separate formation episodes, low metallicities, significant mass loss, etc. can be reproduced by the models in a global manner. Quantitative disagreements between model predictions and observations provide insight into necessary improvements of subsequent chemo-dynamical models implying rotation, dark matter halos, and external effects by an intergalactic gas, like its pressure, gas infall and stripping of galactic gas. The results can be summarized as follows: 10 9 $M_{\odot}$ models are characterised by a single star-formation event during the initial collapse with an active self-regulation leading to reexpansion and massive gas loss as well as remaining at very low metallicities; 10 10 $M_{\odot}$ dwarf elliptical models become almost gas-free due to large initial star formation and a strong galactic wind. These as well as a $5 \times 10^9$ $M_{\odot}$ and 3 σ model experience oscillatory but non-negligible later star-formation histories that can account for the observed intermediate-age stellar populations.
Stability analysis for a turbocharger rotor system under nonlinear hydrodynamic forces

Turbocharger is a high speed rotor system supported by a pair of floating ring bearings which comprise of double oil films. The stability of its rotor system is governed by not only the structure of the rotor but also by the nonlinear hydrodynamic force of two oil films. In this paper, a lumped dynamics model is developed for a turbocharger rotor system. In order to investigate the nonlinear behavior of the rotor system, the analytical expression of nonlinear hydrodynamic force of outer and inner oil films is derived on the basis of Capone oil film force model. Shooting method and continuation algorithm are used to obtain the periodic solution of the dynamics equation. Based on the numerical simulation results, the effects of rotor imbalance and lubricant feed pressure on the stability discipline and bifurcation behaviors are studied. Key words: Turbocharger rotor system, nonlinear hydrodynamic force, stability analysis, bifurcation behaviors.
Cervical spondylosis : a literature review with attention to the African population

Cervical spondylosis, a degenerative disease of the cervical spine, intervertebral discs, ligaments and cartilaginous material, is commonly seen in individuals after the age of 40 years and is believed to be part of the normal aging process of the vertebral column. It is seen in up to 19% of asymptomatic individuals. The major clinical presentations of cervical spondylosis can be subdivided into: (i) cervical spondylotic myelopathy, (ii) cervical radiculopathy, and (iii) neck pain syndromes. There are only a few studies showing that the disease is similarly present in Africa compared to North America or Europe and that the African lifestyle may predispose to early clinical manifestations. Medline and Embase databases were searched for trials, case series or case reports published between 1966 and March 2007 with the objective of updating current knowledge about cervical spondylosis with special reference to the population in Africa. Cervical spondylosis is one of the most common causes of cervical radiculopathy, myelopathy and chronic neck pain syndromes. A lot of studies have been conducted with regard to the pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment of the disease since the early 1990s. In Africa, there exist only a few studies on this topic indicating that there are some risk factors which are somewhat different from the developed nations and which may lead to early clinical manifestation. These factors embrace mainly load carrying and fluorosis, which are prevalent in the Rift Valley areas of Africa.
Quantal Analysis Reveals a Functional Correlation between Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Efficacy in Excitatory Connections from Rat Neocortex

At many central synapses, the presynaptic bouton and postsynaptic density are structurally correlated. However, it is unknown whether this correlation extends to the functional properties of the synapses. To investigate this, we made recordings from synaptically coupled pairs of pyramidal neurons in rat visual cortex. The mean peak amplitude of EPSPs recorded from pairs of L2/3 neurons ranged between 40 μV and 2.9 mV. EPSP rise times were consistent with the majority of the synapses being located on basal dendrites; this was confirmed by full anatomical reconstructions of a subset of connected pairs. Over a third of the connections could be described using a quantal model that assumed simple binomial statistics. Release probability (Pr) and quantal size (Q), as measured at the somatic recording site, showed considerable heterogeneity between connections. However, across the population of connections, values of Pr and Q for individual connections were positively correlated with one another. This correlation also held for inputs to layer 5 pyramidal neurons from both layer 2/3 and neighboring layer 5 pyramidal neurons, suggesting that during development of cortical connections presynaptic and postsynaptic strengths are dependently scaled. For 2/3 to 2/3 connections, mean EPSP amplitude was correlated with both Q and Pr values but uncorrelated with N, the number of functional release sites mediating the connection. The efficacy of a cortical connection is thus set by coordinated presynaptic and postsynaptic strength.
Left-Sided Strokes Are More Often Recognized Than Right-Sided Strokes: The Rotterdam Study

Background and Purpose— Left-sided strokes are reported to be more common than right-sided strokes, but it is unknown whether they occur more often or are simply recognized more easily by clinicians. In a large unselected community-dwelling population, we examined the frequency of clinical left- and right-sided strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and compared it with the frequency of left- and right-sided infarcts on MRI. Methods— This study was conducted within the population-based Rotterdam Study. Between 1990 and 2012, 13 894 participants were followed up for first-ever stroke and TIA. MRI scans were performed within a random subgroup of 5081 persons and were rated for the presence of supratentorial cortical and lacunar infarcts. We compared frequencies of left- and right-sided strokes, TIAs, or MRI infarcts using binomial and Fisher exact tests. Results— After a mean follow-up of 9.6 (±6.0) years, 1252 patients had a stroke, of which 704 were ischemic, and 799 participants had a TIA. Within the subgroup with MRI, we identified 673 infarcts. Ischemic strokes were more frequently left-sided (57.7%; 95% confidence interval, 53.7–61.6) than right-sided, similar to TIAs (57.8% left-sided; 53.4–62.3). In contrast, we found no left-right difference in distribution of infarcts on MRI (51.9% left-sided; 48.1–55.6). Conclusions— Clinical ischemic strokes and TIAs are more frequently left-sided than right-sided, whereas this difference is not present for infarcts on MRI. This suggests that left-sided strokes and TIAs are more easily recognized. Consequently, there should be more attention for symptoms of right-sided strokes and TIAs.