Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Body Fat and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women: A Longitudinal Study

Associations between anthropometric indices of obesity and breast cancer risk may fail to capture the true relationship between excess body fat and risk. We used dual-energy-X-ray-absorptiometry- (DXA-) derived measures of body fat obtained in the Women's Health Initiative to examine the association between body fat and breast cancer risk; we compared these risk estimates with those for conventional anthropometric measurements. The study included 10,960 postmenopausal women aged 50–79 years at recruitment, with baseline DXA measurements and no history of breast cancer. During followup (median: 12.9 years), 503 incident breast cancer cases were diagnosed. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. All baseline DXA-derived body fat measures showed strong positive associations with breast cancer risk. The multivariable-adjusted HR for the uppermost quintile level (versus lowest) ranged from 1.53 (95% CI 1.14–2.07) for fat mass of the right leg to 2.05 (1.50–2.79) for fat mass of the trunk. Anthropometric indices (categorized by quintiles) of obesity (BMI (1.97, 1.45–2.68), waist circumference (1.97, 1.46–2.65), and waist : hip ratio (1.91, 1.41–2.58)) were all strongly, positively associated with risk and did not differ from DXA-derived measures in prediction of risk.
Violation of energy bounds in designer gravity

We continue our study of the stability of designer gravity theories, where one considers anti-de Sitter gravity coupled to certain tachyonic scalars with boundary conditions defined by a smooth function W. It has recently been argued that there is a lower bound on the conserved energy in terms of the global minimum of W, if the scalar potential arises from a superpotential P and the scalar reaches an extremum of P at infinity. We show, however, that there are superpotentials for which these bounds do not hold.
A Model Of Mental Health Adjustment Among African Americans With Disabilities

This study tested the usefulness of a model developed for conceptualizing adjustment to disability with a sample of African Americans. According to the model, both risk and resistance factors contribute to adjustment to disability. The risk factors examined in this study were perceptions of severity of disability, functional limitations, and stress. The resistance factors examined were self-esteem, social support, and active coping. Depression and anxiety were used as indicators of mental health adjustment. Data were collected on 113 African Americans with disabilities. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that risk and resistance factors were significant predictors of mental health adjustment to disability. Risk factors were associated with poor adjustment, whereas resistance factors were associated with favorable adjustment. Further, resistance factors contributed to the prediction of depression and anxiety after the influence of demographics and risk factors was accounted for. Functional limitations, stress, social support, and active coping emerged as major variables in adjustment. The findings support an integrative approach that considers the influence of both risk and resistance factors when investigating adjustment to disability.
Extremity Trauma, Dressings, and Wound Infection

The manner in which high-energy transfer limb injuries are dressed can alter the wound environment through manipulation of the bacterial burden, thus minimizing tissue degradation and influencing healing potential. Infection is the principal complication of such wounds, and antiseptic soaked gauze is accepted in early coverage of extremity wounds despite a lack of evidence to support this practice. There has been resurgence in the use of silver in acute wounds, through dressings manipulated to deliver sustained elemental silver to the wound interface. In vitro and in vivo experimentation of silver dressings are characterized however by methodological compromise, primarily through lack of similarity of models to the physiology of the healing wound. Results from in vitro studies caution against the use of silver because of evidence of cytotoxicity, but this is not reproduced in in vivo or clinical experimentation, leading to ambiguity. Review of silver dressing application in burns and chronic wound studies fails to support its use over other dressing systems. Similarly, evidence for the use of silver in acute limb wounds is lacking. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the use of silver dressings in acute wound care and highlights in particular the paucity of evidence regarding its routine use in extremity injury.
Group creativity : An introduction

1. Group creativity: An Introduction PART I: GROUP PROCESS AND CREATIVITY 2. The constraining effects of initial ideas 3. Diversity and creativity in work groups 4. Better than individuals? The potential benefits of dissent and diversity for group creativity 5. Group creativity and collective choice 6. Ideational creativity in groups: Lessons from research on brainstorming 7. Cognitive stimulation and interference in idea generating groups 8. Electronic brainstorming: Theory, research and future directions PART II: GROUP CREATIVITY IN CONTEXT 9. Is the social psychology of creativity really social? Moving beyond a focus on the individual 10. Newcomer innovation in work teams 11. The group as mentor: Social capital and the systems model of creativity 12. Creativity and innovation implementation in teams 13. Learning from direct and indirect experience in organisations 14. Creative cultures, nations and civilisations: Strategies and results 15. Group creativity: Common themes and future directions
A standard test meal to assess treatment response in anorexia nervosa patients

Abstract This report describes a clinical experience of quantitative and qualitative observations of eating behavior in 19 anorexia nervosa patients before and after a standardized meal prior to treatment, compared to a similar observation at the end of a comprehensive, integrative treatment program. Prior to treatment, patients demonstrated a consistent low intake of food energy, especially fats, with report via analog scale of low hunger and high fullness, as well as distress in mood overall. After treatment, patients more than doubled their food intake, doubled their fat intake, and significantly increased the rate of calories per minute ingested. They reported more robust hunger and less inappropriate fullness before a meal. While still symptomatic, they showed overall significant decreases in anxiety, guilt, depression, and fear of fatness at the time of discharge. This report suggests that clinical observation and documentation of eating behavior, hunger, satiety, and mood prior to treatment is simp.
Clinical and Microbiological Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Associated with Non-surgical Treatment in Aggressive Periodontitis

Background and aims. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis. Materials and methods. A total of 24 patients with clinical diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis received scaling and root planing (SRP) for periodontal treatment. In a split-mouth design study, the teeth of one quadrant of each arch with ≥4 mm of probing depth were selected randomly for additional treatment with PDT (test group). PDT was performed with a diode laser beam with a wavelength of 670-690 nm and a power of 75 Mw. The control group consisted of selected teeth of the contralateral quadrant (SRP only). Before any treatment, subgingival plaque samples were collected by an endodontic paper cone for microbiological analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetecommitans. Clinical parameters including clinical attachment loss (CAL) as primary outcome, plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and gingival recession (REC) were measured at baseline and after 90 days. Inter-group and intra-group statistical analyses were performed. Results. Treatment groups showed an improvement in all the clinical parameters and a significant reduction in the counts of A. actinomycetecommitans at 90 days compared to baseline (P < 0.05). None of the periodontal parameters exhibited significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, the results did not show additional benefits from PDT as an adjunctive treatment for patients with aggressive periodontitis.
Reasons for Relocation to a Continuing Care Retirement Community

This study examines the reasons given for relocation to an upstate New York continuing care retirement community (CCRC) for 91 affluent adults ages 65 to 95 who subsequently moved to this CCRC. Reasons most frequently given for moving involved the anticipation of future needs, such as a desire for continued care, freedom from upkeep and maintenance of current residence, and the desire not to be dependent on or a burden to anyone. Reasons for relocating to this particular CCRC, include continued care, facility's reputation and management style, and it's location near family and friends. Logistic regressions reveal that demographic variables predicted the reasons for selecting this particular CCRC, namely, marital status and/or gender, education, income, and perceived health. The authors conclude that the movers to this CCRC sought to avoid potential problems of “aging in place,” and were also attracted by the nature and location of the particular CCRC they had selected.
Effects of Communication Direction on Job Performance and Satisfaction: A Moderated Regression Analysis

High levels of job performance and job satisfaction occur when congruence of indi vidual needs (growth need strength) and job characteristics (job scope) exists. Downward communication received some statistical support as both moderator and predictor of job performance and job satisfaction in low individual-job congruence situations. Upward and lateral communication had some support as predictors but lacked support as moderators of job performance and job satisfaction in high indi vidual-job congruence situations. These conclusions are derived from this research that examines the moderating effects of communication direction on individual-job congruence and work outcomes (performance/satisfaction). Data from 302 employ ees who reported job scope, growth need strength, job performance, job satisfac tion, and communication direction (upward, lateral, downward) were used for the study. Moderated regression analysis was the statistical technique applied.
Test review: Test of English as a Foreign Language™: Internet-based Test (TOEFL iBT®)

Address for correspondence: J. Charles Alderson, Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YT, UK; email: c.alderson@lancaster.ac. uk 1 The TSE will continue to be available separately as long as the paper-based version of TOEFL is available, but TOEFL iBT now incorporates a test of speaking ability. 2 The TWE became a mandatory part of the TOEFL paper-based test in 1998 with the introduction of the TOEFL computer-based test, which included a writing task. The TOEFL iBT includes two writing tasks.
Description of the case mix experienced by chiropractic students during a clinical internship.

OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to describe the case mix experienced by chiropractic students during their clinical internship at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Secondary objectives were to characterize teaching clinic patient populations, assess the similarity to previously published data for practicing chiropractors, and describe the treatment plans being recommended by interns. METHODS A prospective, observational study was conducted using a convenience sample of 24 chiropractic interns. Data were collected by interns using a standardized form that was completed for each new patient and each new complaint examined during the 1-year internship. Standardized forms included data regarding patient demographics, complaint characteristics, and treatment recommendations. RESULTS Data were included for 23 of 24 participating interns, who described 828 patients and a total of 948 unique complaint presentations. Overall, 60% of patients were female, 86% were 18 to 64 years old, and 23% were naive to chiropractic care. Of all presenting complaints, 93% were pain-based, 67% were chronic, 65% included spinal complaints, and 7% presented with red flags; individual interns' experiences were variable and are described. On average, treatment recommendations called for 9.4 visits and often included multimodal treatment approaches, most commonly soft-tissue therapies (91%), home-based active care (84%), and spine manipulation (70%). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that patients presenting to CMCC teaching clinics are similar to those reported previously to attend private chiropractic clinics. While all participating interns encountered multiple complex clinical cases, very few had experience with pediatric populations. This study adds to the few that detail the characteristics of patients attending chiropractic teaching clinics; to our knowledge it is the first to describe average case loads of chiropractic interns.
Beta-Expansions with Negative Bases

Abstract This paper investigates representations of real numbers with an arbitrary negative base –β < –1, which we call the (–β)-expansions. They arise from the orbits of the (–β)-transformation which is a natural modification of the β-transformation. We show some fundamental properties of (–β)-expansions, each of which corresponds to a well-known fact of ordinary β-expansions. In particular, we characterize the admissible sequences of (–β)-expansions, give a necessary and sufficient condition for the (–β)-shift to be sofic, and explicitly determine the invariant measure of the (–β)-transformations.
Educating for Futures in Marginalized Regions: A sociological framework for rethinking and researching aspirations

Abstract ‘Raising aspirations’ for education among young people in low socioeconomic regions has become a widespread policy prescription for increasing human capital investment and economic competitiveness in so-called ‘knowledge economies’. However, policy tends not to address difficult social, cultural, economic and political conditions for aspiring, based in structural changes associated with globalization. Drawing conceptually on the works of Pierre Bourdieu, Raymond Williams, Arjun Appadurai and authors in the Funds of Knowledge tradition, this article theorizes two logics for aspiring that are recognizable in research with young people and families: a doxic logic, grounded in populist–ideological mediations; and a habituated logic, grounded in biographic–historical legacies and embodied as habitus. A less tangible third ‘logic’ is also theorized: emergent senses of future potential, grounded in lived cultures, which hold possibility for imagining and pursuing alternative futures. The article offers a sociological framework for understanding aspirations as complex social–cultural phenomena, and for capacitating emergent and hopeful aspirations through school- and community-based research and dialogue.
Assessment of mutational profile of Japanese lung adenocarcinoma patients by multitarget assays: A prospective, single‐institute study

Integration of mutational profiling to identify driver genetic alterations in a clinical setting is necessary to facilitate personalized lung cancer medicine. A tumor genotyping panel was developed and the Shizuoka Lung Cancer Mutation Study was initiated as a prospective tumor genotyping study. This study reports the frequency of driver genetic alterations in Japanese lung adenocarcinoma patients, and clinicopathologic correlations with each genotype.
Long-Acting Propranolol in the Prophylaxis of Migraine: A Comparative Study of Two Doses

A randomized double-blind, cross-over study using treatment periods of 12 weeks with a 2-week washout, comparing two long-acting formulations of propranolol (`Inderal’*(1) LA 160 mg daily and Half-‘Inderal’ LA 80 mg daily) was performed after a placebo run-in of 4 weeks on 51 patients. The study indicated that both long-acting formulations were significantly better than placebo in reducing the frequency of migraine attacks (p < 0.01). After 12 weeks there was a significantly lower (p = 0.03) frequency of migraine attacks in patients on the higher dose formulation than in those on the lower dose formulation. There was no significant difference in the frequency of side effects produced by the two formulations.
How old and young subjects monitor and control responses for accuracy and speed

It is well known that old people respond more slowly than young but it is not known whether these changes occur because some elements in control processes which are responsible for choice and execution of responses are impaired more than others by advancing age. In order to control response speed and accuracy human beings must be able to exercise control of three parameters: (1) they must detect errors when they occur; (2) they must be able to monitor and vary response speed so as to recognize, and avoid, faster RT bands at which errors are intolerably frequent; (3) they must be able to adaptively control response speeds so as to select optimal RT bands and avoid others which may be too fast or too slow. In two serial, self-paced C.RT experiments groups of old people were found to detect and correct their errors as efficiently as young. With increasing age RTs for error and for error correction responses remained relatively constant while RTs for correct responses and for other, arbitrary, error-signalling responses markedly increased. It seems that efficiency of error detection and maximal response speed are relatively unimpaired with age. It seems likely that slowing of C.RT with age is related to loss of precise control over speed at which responses can be made, or to loss of fine differentiation between ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ responses.
Does Democratization Reduce the Risk of Military Interventions in Politics in Africa?

This article investigates whether there is an association between a trajectory of political liberalization, democratization, and military interventions. In what is arguably the ‘least likely case’ region in the world, this study analyzes the experience of 55 regimes in Africa between 1990 and 2004 and finds a striking regularity. Liberalizing, and in particular democratic, regimes have a significantly different track record of being subjected either to successful or failed military interventions. The analysis suggests that democratic regimes are about 7.5 times less likely to be subjected to attempted military interventions than electoral authoritarian regimes and almost 18 times less likely to be victims of actual regime breakdown as a result. Through an additional case study analysis of the ‘anomalous’ cases of interventions in democratic polities, the results are largely strengthened as most of the stories behind the numbers suggests that it is only when democratic regimes perform dismally and/or do not pay soldiers their salaries that they are at great risk of being overthrown. Legitimacy accrued by political liberalization seems to ‘inoculate’ states against military intervention in the political realm.
Housing , social capital and stronger communities : Positioning paper prepared by the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Western Australia Research Centre authored

2001 Strengthening communities: the contribution of housing policy and planning 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This material was produced with funding from the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian States and Territories. AHURI Ltd gratefully acknowledges the financial and other support it has received from the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments, without which this work would not have been possible. DISCLAIMER AHURI Ltd is an independent, non-political body which has supported this project as part of its programme of research into housing and urban development, which it hopes will be of value to policy-makers, researchers, industry and communities. The opinions in this publication reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of AHURI Ltd, its Board or its funding organisations. No responsibility is accepted by AHURI Ltd or its Board or its funders for the accuracy or omission of any statement, opinion, advice or information in this publication.
Convergence of a non-monotone scheme for Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations with discontinuous data

: We prove the convergence of a non-monotonous scheme for a one-dimensional (cid:12)rst order Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation of the form v t +max (cid:11) ( f ( x; (cid:11) ) v x ) = 0, v (0 ; x ) = v 0 ( x ). The scheme is related to the HJB-UltraBee scheme suggested in [7]. We show for general discontinuous initial data a (cid:12)rst-order convergence of the scheme, in L 1 -norm, towards the viscosity solution. We also illustrate the non-di(cid:11)usive behavior of the scheme on several numerical examples.
[Taurine induces apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells].

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of taurine on apoptosis in PASMCs, and whether the death-receptor pathway act in the mechanism. METHOD Culture the PASMCs, and divided the cells into control, SD. Acridine orange(AO) assay and western-blot analysis on the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Procaspase-3 and Fas were used to study the mechanism. RESULT A major finding of this study is that the Tau effects many apoptosis index, such as increasing the expression of Bax and Fas, decreasing the expression of Procaspase-3, and Bcl-2, accrescencing the mitochondrial depolarization, causing the nuclear shrinkage, all these datas demonstrated that Tau induced the apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through mitochondrial-dependent pathway. CONCLUSION Tau induces the apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through death-receptor.
Measuring Academic Readiness for College

Recent years have seen increased attention to the high school–college transition. Students are enrolling in college in record numbers, yet they are also taking increasing numbers of remedial courses. How to measure and report on academic readiness for college is an important policy issue receiving attention from the National Assessment Governing Board, Achieve, and several states. The focus of this article is how to create a measure of academic readiness for college, either by building and validating a new assessment or validating and repurposing an existing assessment. After first describing the disjuncture between high school and college and discussing definitions and indicators of academic readiness, the authors identify four strategies that might be used to create a readiness assessment. The pros and cons of each strategy are discussed.