Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
America's Ancient Forests: From the Ice Age to the Age of Discovery

PART ONE: THE MAKING OF AMERICA'S ANCIENT FORESTS. The Great Cold. Glacial Ages. Climate and Ice. Land of the Great Cold. End of the Ice Age. Ice Age Forests. Life Near the Ice. The Spruce Forest. Western Forests. Southern Forests. Finding the Lost Prairies. Creatures of the Ice Age. The Birth of Modern Forests. Trees Begin to Move. Pioneer and Settler Trees. Spruce Migration. Trees Abandon the Great Plains. Trees Advance in the Midwest and East. Trees Advance in the West. The Great Drought. The Next Ice Age. Ancient People in a New World. First Footprint. Passage South. Setting the West. The Way East. Trail to Florida. Journey to Another Continent. Taming a Wilderness. Mammoth Hunters. Ice Age Extinctions. The Holocene. Bison Hunters. Hunter-Gatherers. Decline and Return of the Bison. Settlement and the Seasonal Round. Harvesting the Forest. Nourishment and Healing. Temporary and Portable Shelter. Plank Houses and Canoes. Enhancing Nature's Bounty. Wild Gardens. Agriculture and Forests in the Southwest. The Hohokam. The Anasazis. Agriculture and Forests in the East. Early Mound Builders. The Adena. The Hopewell. The Mississippians. Warfare and Forests. Historical Times. Fire Masters. A World of Fire. Hissing, Roaring Flames. Fire People. Country Very Smoky. Their Fires are Left Burning. The Ominous Smoke Signal. Firing the Forests of Their Enemies. Fire Hunters. Circles of Fire. Their Wings are Scorched. That Necessity May Drive Them. Green and Fair Pasturage. To Render Hunting Easier. Just Set Your Teepee Up There. They Knew Where to Burn. Little Hair (Pelillo). To Dry and Cook. Straight and Slender. Burned Places in the Forest (Go-ley-day). Keeping the Country Open. A Pleasant Meadow. Prairies and Open Grounds along the Coast. Little Knots of Deer. To Prepare the Ground. They Cleared the Way with Fire. Because the Woods Were Not Burnt. PART TWO: FORESTS AT DISCOVERY. Timeless Qualities of Ancient Forests. Patches. Succession. Shifting Mosaics. Mutual Dependence. The Spanish Explorer's Forests. Southern Pine Forests. Pi? on-Juniper and Juniper Woodlands. Pacific Oak Woodlands. Valley Woodlands. Foothill Woodlands. Coastal Woodlands. Northern Woodlands. Coast Redwood Forest. Forests of the Colonies. Oak-Chestnut Forest. Eastern White Pine Forest. Beech-Maple Forest. Red Spruce--Fir and Balsam Fir Forests. Southern Red Spruce--Fir Forest. Northern Red Spruce--Fir Forest. High Mountain Balsam Fir Forest. Forests of the Fathers. White Spruce Forest. Great Lakes Pine Forests. Jack Pine Forest. Red and White Pine Forests. Oak-Hickory Forest. Oak Savannas. Bottomland and Protected Forests. Oak Woodlands. The Trapper's Forests. Ponderosa Pine Forest. Lodgepole Pine Forest. Pacific Douglas-Fir Forest. Giant Sequoia Forest. Notes and Citations. Bibliography. Index.
Performance of postdetection EGC NCFSK and DPSK systems over two-wave with diffuse power fading channels

In this paper we employ the method of moment generating function (MGF) to derive bit-error-rate expressions for postdetection equal gain combining (EGC) noncoherent frequency shift keying (NCFSK) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) systems operating in two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) fading channels. Bit-error-rate (BER) performance curves for postdetection EGC NCFSK and DPSK systems are plotted and discussed for various TWDP fading parameters.
The Effect of Commuting Patterns on HIV Care Attendance Among Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) in Atlanta, Georgia

Background Travel-related barriers to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care, such as commute time and mode of transportation, have been reported in the United States. Objective The objective of the study was to investigate the association between public transportation use and HIV care attendance among a convenience sample of Atlanta-based, HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), evaluate differences across regions of residence, and estimate the relationship between travel distance and time by mode of transportation taken to attend appointments. Methods We used Poisson regression to estimate the association between use of public transportation to attend HIV-related medical visits and frequency of care attendance over the previous 12 months. The relationship between travel distance and commute time was estimated using linear regression. Kriging was used to interpolate commute time to visually examine geographic differences in commuting patterns in relation to access to public transportation and population-based estimates of household vehicle ownership. Results Using public transportation was associated with lower rates of HIV care attendance compared to using private transportation, but only in south Atlanta (south: aRR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.56, 1.0, north: aRR: 0.90, 95% CI 0.71, 1.1). Participants living in south Atlanta were more likely to have longer commute times associated with attending HIV visits, have greater access to public transportation, and may live in areas with low vehicle ownership. A majority of attended HIV providers were located in north and central Atlanta, despite there being participants living all across the city. Estimated commute times per mile traveled were three times as high among public transit users compared to private transportation users. Conclusions Improving local public transit and implementing use of mobile clinics could help address travel-related barriers to HIV care.
Mantle-Derived Fluids Involved in Large-Scale Gold Mineralization, Jiaodong District, China: Constraints Provided by the He-Ar and H-O Isotopic Systems

The Jiaodong super-large gold metallogenic region is located on the eastern margin of the North China craton and the western margin of the Circum-Pacific tectonic belt. Ore-forming chronology indicates that these deposits formed at 120 ± 10 Ma. Helium and argon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions in pyrite range in 3He/4He ratios from 0.38 to 2.36 R/Ra (R: 3He/4He ratios of samples; Ra: 3He/4He ratios of Beijing air, 1.4 x 10-6) and in 40Ar/36Ar ratios from 310 to 1148. δ18O and δD values of fluid inclusions in quartz are -2.16 to +6.28‰ and -65 to -98‰, respectively. A consistent relationship between H-O and He-Ar isotopic systems show that mantle-source fluids were involved in large-scale metallogeny in the Jiaodong region. The fluids were produced accompanying delamination, lithosphere thinning, and crust-mantle interaction that occurred in the eastern North China craton during the Early Cretaceous (140-120 Ma).
Rock-physics model for unconventional shales

Abstract An analytic model was adopted to calculate bedding-normal, dry elastic moduli of rocks enriched with solid organic matter — kerogen. Elastic stiffnesses in the model are functions of solid matrix moduli, total porosity, pore-shape factor, and crack density. Crack density is taken to be an exponential decay function of stress, which was calibrated using ultrasonic core measurements, whereas pore-shape factor was calibrated using sonic logs. Bedding-normal, fluid-saturated moduli were computed by means of Gassmann's equation, i.e., ignoring anisotropy. As a result, a model to calculate elastic moduli of organic shales was constructed and used for sonic-velocity prediction and pore-pressure calibration. Among other things, the model established the fact that the saturating fluid effect on elastic properties in organic shales can be noticeable, especially at extremely low effective stress. However, it is the kerogen content that is largely responsible for the anomalous deviation of log data points fr.
Decision Confidence and Uncertainty in Diffusion Models with Partially Correlated Neuronal Integrators

Diffusion models have become essential for describing the performance and statistics of reaction times in human decision making. Despite their success, it is not known how to evaluate decision confidence from them. I introduce a broader class of models consisting of two partially correlated neuronal integrators with arbitrarily time-varying decision boundaries that allow a natural description of confidence. The dependence of decision confidence on the state of the losing integrator, decision time, time-varying boundaries, and correlations is analytically described. The marginal confidence is computed for the half-anticorrelated case using the exact solution of the diffusion process with constant boundaries and compared to that of the independent and completely anticorrelated cases.
High bandwidth investigations of a baseband linearization approach formulated in the envelope domain under modulated stimulus

Baseband injection provides a useful approach for use in linearizing power amplifiers. The challenge is the determination of the required baseband signal. In [6] a generalized formulation quantifying the baseband voltage signal, injected at the output bias port, to linearize the device behavior was introduced. This envelope domain based solution requires the determination of only a small number of linearizing coefficients. More importantly these coefficients should be stimulus, hence bandwidth independent. This property has been experimentally investigated using a 10W Cree GaN HEMT device under a 3-tone modulated stimulus at 1.5dB of compression. It will be shown that the linearization coefficients were invariant when varying the modulation bandwidth from 2MHz to 20MHz.
Predicting the global warming potential of agro-ecosystems in Europe

Abstract. Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane are the main biogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) contributing to the global warming potential (GWP) of agro-ecosystems. Evaluating the impact of agriculture on climate thus requires a capacity to predict the net exchanges of these gases in an integrated manner, as related to environmental conditions and crop management. Here, we used two year-round data sets from two intensively-monitored cropping systems in northern France to test the ability of the biophysical crop model CERES-EGC to simulate GHG exchanges at the plot-scale. The experiments involved maize and rapeseed crops on a loam and rendzina soils, respectively. The model was subsequently extrapolated to predict CO2 and N2O fluxes over an entire crop rotation. Indirect emissions (IE) arising from the production of agricultural inputs and from cropping operations were also added to the final GWP. One experimental site (involving a wheat-maize-barley rotation on a loamy soil) was a net source of GHG with a GWP of 350 kg CO2-C eq ha−1 yr−1, of which 75% were due to IE and 25% to direct N2O emissions. The other site (involving an oilseed rape-wheat-barley rotation on a rendzina) was a net sink of GHG for –250 kg CO2-C eq ha−1 yr−1, mainly due to a higher predicted C sequestration potential and C return from crops. Such modelling approach makes it possible to test various agronomic management scenarios, in order to design productive agro-ecosystems with low global warming impact.
A note on a method for measuring the transport properties of a formation using a single well

For some subsurface investigations of contaminant transport, particularly those conducted in consolidated material, the costs related to well construction prohibit the installation of a comprehensive field of monitoring wells. To alleviate this problem for fractured, low‐porosity formations, a method for measuring transport properties using a single well was developed. The method involves the injection of fluid and tracer over a short duration which establishes a radial source condition in the formation. Following this the ambient flow is allowed to carry the tracer back through the injection well where tracer concentration is monitored passively, in situ. To interpret the experimental results, a numerical model was adapted to account for the mass balance of solute in the source/monitoring well during the injection and monitoring periods. The model accommodates advection‐dispersion, adsorption, decay, and matrix diffusion in a framework of fractures having a variety of geometries. To illustrate the use of the method, a field experiment was conducted using a single well which is intersected by a discrete horizontal fracture in a flat‐lying shale and limestone formation. Interpretation of the results agreed well with the interpretation of other tracer experiments conducted previously in the same fracture plane. This suggests that the method may yield defensible estimates of transport properties such as matrix porosity and groundwater velocity in geological formations that are expensive and difficult to characterize.
Participatory Risk Mapping for Targeting Research and Assistance: With an Example from East African Pastoralists

This paper introduces a systematic but simple approach to classifying and ordering sources of risk faced by subject populations. By distinguishing between the incidence and severity of subjective risk perceptions, this method enhances understanding of the nature and variation of risks faced within a population. We demonstrate the usefulness of the method as applied to pastoralist communities in the arid and semi-arid lands of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. This method reveals the considerable heterogeneity of risk exposure and severity that exists within this seemingly homogeneous sector, particularly across strata defined by gender, wealth, and primary economic activity.
Arenig conodont successions from central Sweden

Abstract Samples from three localities in central Sweden, Gymninge in Narke, Nusnas in Dalarna (drill core) and Sommartjarnen in the Lockne area of southern Jamtland, represent stratigraphical intervals from the upper part of the Paroistodus proteus Zone to the top of the Baltoniodus navis Zone. It was shown that the Megistaspis (Varvaspis) planilimbata trilobite Zone is connected with the upper Paroistodus proteus Zone, that an interval with M. (V.) aff. estonica, the socalled ‘Transition Beds’, together with the Megalaspides (M.) dalecarlicus trilobite Zone is equivalent to the lower Oepikodus evae Zone, and that the Megistaspis (Varvaspis) estonica Zone corresponds to the upper O. evae Zone. Ties between the Megistaspis (M.) lata Zone and the Baltoniodus triangularis and the B. navis Zones were confirmed. Graptolites of the Phyllograptus densus Zone were found below the O. evae Zone. The investigated samples could in addition be attributed to specific intervals within the conodont Zones, using presence.
Does variance in drinking motives explain the genetic overlap between personality and alcohol use disorder symptoms? A twin study of young women.

BACKGROUND Genetic risk for alcohol dependence has been shown to overlap with genetic factors contributing to variation in dimensions of personality. Although drinking motives have been posited as important mediators of the alcohol-personality relation, the extent to which the genetic covariance between alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms (i.e., abuse and dependence criteria) and personality is explained by genetic factors contributing to variation in drinking motives remains unclear. METHODS Using data from 2,904 young adult female twins, the phenotypic and genetic associations between personality dimensions (constraint [measured by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire; Tellegen A, 1982 unpublished data], conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness [measured by the NEO-PI; Costa and McCrae, 1985]), internal drinking motives (enhancement and coping motives [measured by the Drinking Motive Questionnaire; Cooper, 1994]), and AUD symptoms were tested. RESULTS Significant genetic associations were found between all personality measures and AUD symptoms. Coping motives showed significant genetic overlap with AUD symptoms and most personality measures, whereas enhancement motives were not significantly heritable. Adjusting for coping motives, genetic correlations between AUD symptoms and traits of neuroticism and agreeableness were no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that genetic variation in drinking to cope might account for a considerable proportion of the genetic covariance between specific personality dimensions and AUD symptoms.
Processes governing river water quality identified by principal component analysis

The present study demonstrates the usefulness of principal component analysis in condensing and interpreting multivariate time‐series of water quality data. In a case study the water quality system of the lock‐regulated part of the River Neckar (Germany) was analysed, with special emphasis on the oxygen budget. Pooled data of ten water quality parameters and discharge, which had been determined at six stations along a 200 km reach of the river between the years 1993 and 1998, were subjected to principal component analysis. The analysis yielded four stable principal components, explaining 72% of the total variance of the 11 parameters. The four components could be interpreted confidently in terms of underlying processes: biological activity, dilution by high discharge, seasonal effects and the influence of wastewater. From analysing the data of single stations separately, these processes were found to be active throughout the complete reach. Considering the oxygen budget of the river, the variance of biological activity, representing the counteracting processes of primary production and microbial degradation, was found to be most important. This principal component explained 79% of the observed variance of oxygen saturation. In contrast, the analysis of a reduced data set from the 1970s showed that oxygen saturation was then dominated by discharge and temperature variations. The findings indicate that the oxygen budget used to be governed directly by the emission of degradable matter, whereas nowadays eutrophication is most important for extreme oxygen concentrations. Therefore, controlling eutrophication has to be the primary goal, in order to mitigate the rare episodes of pronounced oxygen over‐ and undersaturation in the future. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating language independence in HMM PoS/MSD-tagging

The paper presents an investigation of functional dependencies in morphosyntactic tagging using hidden Markov models. Starting from a well known fact that the HMM tagging paradigm relies on lexical knowledge acquired from training corpora and stored in form of transition and emission matrices, also called a language model, in the experiment, we apply the TnT trigram tagger on creating language models for seven different languages from MULTEXT East version 3 project translations of George Orwellpsilas novel 1984. - Czech, Estonian, Hungarian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene and original English version. We then use these language models in the tagging procedure and obtain details on various relations between training corpora statistics, training outputs and outputs of the tagging procedure.
Amplified OTDR Systems for Multipoint Corrosion Monitoring

We present two configurations of an amplified fiber-optic-based corrosion sensor using the optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) technique as the interrogation method. The sensor system is multipoint, self-referenced, has no moving parts and can measure the corrosion rate several kilometers away from the OTDR equipment. The first OTDR monitoring system employs a remotely pumped in-line EDFA and it is used to evaluate the increase in system reach compared to a non-amplified configuration. The other amplified monitoring system uses an EDFA in booster configuration and we perform corrosion measurements and evaluations of system sensitivity to amplifier gain variations. Our experimental results obtained under controlled laboratory conditions show the advantages of the amplified system in terms of longer system reach with better spatial resolution, and also that the corrosion measurements obtained from our system are not sensitive to 3 dB gain variations.
Saltwater upconing in unconfined aquifers

The need for skimming of fresh groundwater above a saline water body without producing an unacceptable contamination in the pumped water calls for the investigations carried out in this research work. Two axisymmetric models, namely the steady state and the transient upconing models, are developed with the assumption of an abrupt interface. Finite element method with an iterative scheme is employed in solving the steady state model whereas a method of finite element in space and finite differences in time is used with iterative schemes for the transient model. The models are calibrated with the analytical solutions for the case of radial flow to a fully penetrating well in an unconfined aquifer. A method of superimposing the effects of hydrodynamic dispersion on the upconing is discussed. The simulation results of both models, together with the technique of dimensional analysis, provide information for establishing design criteria for optimal pumping or choice of well depth or both.
Plate tectonic framework for the October 9, 1996, Cyprus Earthquake

We determine the centroid depths for the Mw=6.8, October 9, 1996, Cyprus earthquake and its largest after‐shock to 32 and 27 km, respectively, by modeling P and SH waveforms. These depths are consistent with shallow subduction as the African plate, west of Cyprus, penetrates beneath the Anatolian plate. We calculate the pole of rotation between Anatolia and Africa and determine their relative motion. The result indicates that, along the Cyprean Arc, convergence between the African and Anatolian plate, in agreement with the observed seismicity, decreases from west to east. The northeasterly striking nodal plane is suggested as the plane on which the Cyprus earthquake ruptured since its strike agrees well with the derived plate motion vector. The faulting geometry suggests the emergence of a strike‐slip tear fault within the African plate separating the continental Eratosthenes seamount south of Cyprus from the oceanic African lithosphere that subducts west of Cyprus.
Effects of Pod Removal on Metabolism and Senescence of Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybean Isolines: II. Enzymes and Chlorophyll.

The objectives of this work were to determine the effect of sink strength (presence or absence of pods) and nitrogen source (nodulating versus nonnodulating plants) on enzymic activities, chlorophyll concentration, and senescence of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Harosoy) isolines. A 2-year (1981-1982) field study was conducted.For both nodulated and nonnodulated plants, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activity of upper-canopy leaves was decreased by pod removal in both years, while chlorophyll concentration was decreased in 1981 only. Nonnodulated plants had lower RuBPCase activity in 1981 and lower chlorophyll concentration in both years compared with nodulated plants. In both years, and for all treatments, RuBPCase activity and chlorophyll began to decline at about the same time, but the rate of decline was less for depodded than for podded plants. Leaves in the middle and lower parts of the canopy had similar RuBPCase activity and chlorophyll concentration trends as upper-canopy leaves for all treatments.Profiles of nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were similar for all treatments in both 1981 and 1982. Acetylene reduction profiles were similar for nodulated-podded and nodulated-depodded plants. The peak and decline in NRA profiles preceded the peak and decline in acetylene reduction profiles. The rate of decline in acetylene reduction activity was less for depodded plants, especially in 1982, but activities reached zero by the final sampling time. Thus, nodule senescence was not prevented by pod removal.Based on seasonal profiles of RuBPCase activity, chlorophyll, NRA, and acetylene reduction activity, the initiation of senescence appeared to occur at the same approximate time for all treatments and, thus, did not depend on the presence or absence of pods or nodules. The hypothesis that nodules act as a nitrogen source and carbohydrate sink to delay senescence in the absence of pods was not correct.