Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The broth in my brother ’ s brothel : Morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition

Morphologically complex words introduce a significant challenge to modern theories of visual word recognition. For over 25 years (since Taft & Forster, 1975), empirical evidence gathered from across the world’s languages has pointed to a visual word recognition system in which letter strings are analyzed in terms of their constituent morphemes. In numerous studies it has been demonstrated, for example, that the frequency of a stem (e.g., dark) affects the time taken to recognize a complex word derived from that stem (e.g., darkness; Bertram, Schreuder, & Baayen, 2000; Niswander, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2000). In other studies, it has been demonstrated that the recognition of a stem target (e.g., CLEAN) is speeded by the prior presentation of a morphologically related prime (e.g., cleaner; Stanners, Neiser, Hernon, & Hall, 1979) and that this facilitation cannot be explained by summed effects of semantic and orthographic priming (Rastle, Davis, Marslen-Wilson, & Tyler, 2000). These and other data suggest that the visual recognition of complex words involves some process of decomposition, or segmentation, that allows access to a core stem representation. The aim of the research presented here is to investigate what information is used to segment a complex word into its morphemic constituents during visual word recognition—and, in particular, whether semantic information plays a role in that segmentation. In the dominant view of morphology (see, e.g., MarslenWilson, Tyler, Waksler, & Older, 1994), morphemes provide an important element of structure to the otherwise arbitrary mapping between word forms and their meanings. In general, words that are spelled similarly do not mean similar things (e.g., mink is unrelated in meaning to pink, monk, milk, and mint). However, morphemes form “islands of regularity” in this mapping because (1) the meanings of stems are largely preserved in their derivations (e.g., the meaning of dark is preserved in darkness and darken) and (2) affixes alter the meanings of stems in highly predictable ways (e.g., the words darker, smarter, and faster are related in meaning to the words dark, smart, and fast, respectively, in the same way). Morphemes are the building blocks of meaning and, indeed, provide the primary means for lexical productivity (i.e., the creation of new words—e.g., unfaxable). We acknowledge the support of Economic and Social Research Council Grant RES-000-22-0464, awarded to the first author. We are grateful to Marc Brysbaert, Neil Mulligan, Jay Rueckl, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Correspondence concerning this article may be addressed to K. Rastle, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, England (e-mail: kathy.rastle@rhul.ac.uk). The broth in my brother’s brothel: Morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition
Age-related commonalities and differences in the relationship between executive functions and intelligence: Analysis of the NAB executive functions module and WAIS-IV scores

ABSTRACT Data from five subtests of the Executive Functions Module of the German Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) and all ten core subtests of the German Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) were used to examine the relationship between executive functions and intelligence in a comparison of two age groups: individuals aged 18–59 years and individuals aged 60–88 years. The NAB subtests Categories and Word Generation demonstrated a consistent correlation pattern for both age groups. However, the NAB Judgment subtest correlated more strongly with three WAIS-IV indices, the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), and the General Ability Index (GAI) in the older adult group than in the younger group. Additionally, in the 60–88 age group, the Executive Functions Index (EFI) was more strongly correlated with the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) than with the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI). Both age groups demonstrated a strong association of the EFI with the FSIQ and the Working Memory Index (WMI). The results imply the potential diagnostic utility of the Judgment subtest and a significant relationship between executive functioning and crystallized intelligence at older ages. Furthermore, it may be concluded that there is a considerable age-independent overlap between the EFI and general intelligence, as well as between the EFI and working memory.
CRISPR-Trap: a clean approach for the generation of gene knockouts and gene replacements in human cells

Conventional nonhomologous end joining–based gene knockouts can lead to the production of C-terminally truncated proteins with potentially residual or dominant negative functions. Combining CRISPR/Cas9 with gene traps targeting the first intron (CRISPR-Trap), however, completely prevents the expression of the open reading frame, resulting in clean gene knockouts.
Inverse Association between Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Studies in experimental models and humans suggest that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, an inherited condition, may be inversely related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We tested this hypothesis in a large cohort of Sardinian patients. Methods: A case-control study was performed using data from 11,143 records of patients who underwent upper endoscopy between 2002 and 2017. Gender, age, G6PD status and information regarding the presence of HCC, were recorded. Cases (HCC positive) and controls (HCC negative) were compared for the presence of G6PD deficiency adjusting for major HCC risk factors using logistic regression. Results: Overall, 114 HCC cases and 11,029 controls were identified. G6PD deficiency was detected in 11.5% of study participants, and was associated with a reduced risk of HCC [odds ratio (OR); 0.451; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.207−0.982] after adjusting for all covariates. Factors significantly associated with HCC were cirrhosis (OR, 23.30; 95% CI, 11.48−47.25), diabetes (OR, 2.396; 95% CI, 1.449−3.963), among infection hepatitis HBV with an OR of 2.326, age ≥65 years (OR, 1.941; 95% CI, 1.234−2.581) and male gender (OR, 1.611; 95% CI, 1.006−3.081). Conclusions: Our study revealed a significant inverse association between G6PD deficiency and risk of HCC. These findings need to be confirmed in further studies.
Vision-Based Indoor Scene Analysis for Natural Landmark Detection

In this paper a vision-based landmark extractor for goal-oriented navigation of a mobile robot is proposed. An indoor space scene analysis allows to detect natural structures relevant for navigation like doors or the floor in monocular images of the environment. The detection is based on a priori knowledge of the shape and functionality of searched structures. This algorithm works in real-time and is stable against variation of illumination. The approach is applicable for indoor environments which have clear line structures and large homogenous colour surfaces. The core of this method combines region based as well as edge based elements. The segmentation begins with an orientation selective Hough-Transform (OHT) including line segment detection and generates a reticule of convex polygons. Homogeneous colour similar polygons are segmented and merged by an region growing process. Finally a feature extraction and identification is performed to assign regions to known objects.
Standardization of In Vitro Macrophotography for Assessment of Cutaneous Responses

The increased popularity of commercially available three‐dimensional human skin equivalents in recent years has allowed for assessment of melanogenesis modulated by compounds topically applied to the skin or directly incorporated from the medium. These skin equivalents provide a suitable model for elucidating the mechanisms of action of various factors that modulate skin pigmentation or other properties of the skin. As such, researchers need to objectively quantify cutaneous responses at the macroscopic level. A simple method to standardize macrophotography images is reported that can quantify cutaneous responses in human skin equivalents of Asian, Black or African American, and Caucasian or White racial/ethnic origin. Macrophotographs are analyzed using the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage L*a*b* color space system in combination with a personal computer and image editing software. Pigmentation changes monitored over a 9 day period showed a high correlation with melanin content evaluated in Fontana–Masson‐stained sections. These results indicate the feasibility of using a macrophotography setup in a sterile tissue culture environment to objectively assess in vitro cutaneous responses in human skin equivalents. This serves as an adjunct tool to biochemical and morphological methods to effectively quantify changes in pigmentation over time.
Conditioned media from human osteoarthritic synovium induces inflammation in a synoviocyte cell line

ABSTRACT Aim: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint pathology involving cartilage, synovial membrane, meniscus, subchondral bone, and infrapatellar fat pad (IFP). Synovitis has been widely documented in OA suggesting its important role in pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of different joint tissues in promoting synovitis. Materials and methods: Conditioned media (CM) from cartilage, synovial membrane, meniscus, and IFP were generated from tissues of five patients undergoing total knee replacement and used to stimulate a human fibroblast-like synoviocytes cell line (K4IM). Cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteases release was analyzed in all CM by Bio-Plex Assay and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content by dimethylmethylene blue assay. Gene expression of several markers was evaluated by real-time PCR in K4IM cells stimulated with the CM obtained from joint tissues. Results: CM from all tissues produced high levels of IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. CCL21, MMP-3, and −13 levels were detected in all CM except IFP. MMP-10 was present only in CM of cartilage and synovial tissues. IL-1β, IL-15, TNF-α, CCL5, and CCL19 were undetectable. However, only K4IM cells stimulated by the CM from OA synovium showed an increase of IL-6, CXCL-8, CCL21, MMP10, and IL-1β expression. Conclusion: Our study showed that K4IM might be a suitable in vitro model for evaluating different cellular pathways in OA studies. Importantly, we demonstrated that in OA, all joint tissues might be involved in the progression of synovitis with a predominant role of synovial membrane itself compared to the other joint tissues.
Semi-Supervised and Active Few-Shot Learning with Prototypical Networks

We consider the problem of semi-supervised few-shot classification where a classifier needs to adapt to new tasks using a few labeled examples and (potentially many) unlabeled examples. We propose a clustering approach to the problem. The features extracted with Prototypical Networks are clustered using $K$-means with the few labeled examples guiding the clustering process. We note that in many real-world applications the adaptation performance can be significantly improved by requesting the few labels through user feedback. We demonstrate good performance of the active adaptation strategy using image data.
The Effects of Anticipated Negative Feedback on Psychological States Among Narcissists

Although narcissism has long been researched in relation to anger, previous research examined narcissistic anger toward negative feedback that had already occurred. In this study, we investigated the effects of anticipation of evaluation (present vs. absent) and negative feedback (present vs. absent), using a creativity task paradigm, on state anger scores among 231 U.S. undergraduates (76% White, 60% women). We also measured undergraduates’ narcissistic tendencies and impressions of the creativity task. Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant interaction between narcissism and negative feedback on total anger scores, with narcissists responding with more anger than non-narcissists in the condition of negative feedback. We also found a significant two-way interaction between narcissism and anticipation of evaluation on total enjoyment scores. Anticipation of feedback inhibited narcissist-prone individuals from enjoying the task in the anticipation condition, but this pattern was not present in the no-anticipation condition. Implications and recommendations to better understand the nature of narcissism are discussed.
Brain and Whole-Body Imaging of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Peptide Receptor in Humans Using the PET Ligand 11C-NOP-1A

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor is a new class of opioid receptor that may play a pathophysiologic role in anxiety and drug abuse and is a potential therapeutic target in these disorders. We previously developed a high-affinity PET ligand, 11C-NOP-1A, which yielded promising results in monkey brain. Here, we assessed the ability of 11C-NOP-1A to quantify NOP receptors in human brain and estimated its radiation safety profile. Methods: After intravenous injection of 11C-NOP-1A, 7 healthy subjects underwent brain PET for 2 h and serial sampling of radial arterial blood to measure parent radioligand concentrations. Distribution volume (VT; a measure of receptor density) was determined by compartmental (1- and 2-tissue) and noncompartmental (Logan analysis and Ichise's bilinear analysis [MA1]) methods. A separate group of 9 healthy subjects underwent whole-body PET to estimate whole-body radiation exposure (effective dose). Results: After 11C-NOP-1A injection, the peak concentration of radioactivity in brain was high (∼5–7 standardized uptake values), occurred early (∼10 min), and then washed out quickly. The unconstrained 2-tissue-compartment model gave excellent VT identifiability (∼1.1% SE) and fitted the data better than a 1-tissue-compartment model. Regional VT values (mL·cm−3) ranged from 10.1 in temporal cortex to 5.6 in cerebellum. VT was well identified in the initial 70 min of imaging and remained stable for the remaining 50 min, suggesting that brain radioactivity was most likely parent radioligand, as supported by the fact that all plasma radiometabolites of 11C-NOP-1A were less lipophilic than the parent radioligand. Voxel-based MA1 VT values correlated well with results from the 2-tissue-compartment model, showing that parametric methods can be used to compare populations. Whole-body scans showed radioactivity in brain and in peripheral organs expressing NOP receptors, such as heart, pancreas, and spleen. 11C-NOP-1A was significantly metabolized and excreted via the hepatobiliary route. Gallbladder had the highest radiation exposure (21 μSv/MBq), and the effective dose was 4.3 μSv/MBq. Conclusion: 11C-NOP-1A is a promising radioligand that reliably quantifies NOP receptors in human brain. The effective dose in humans is low and similar to that of other 11C-labeled radioligands, allowing multiple scans in 1 subject.
Towards an automated framework for agent-based simulation of refugee movements

Forced migration is a growing global problem, and the world now has a record amount of 22.5 million refugees. Models that predict refugee movements are few and far between, and constructing these models requires a substantial amount of manual effort while erupting refugee crises require a very rapid response. Here we present a vision towards establishing an automated framework, aimed to enable researchers to construct simulations of refugee movements more quickly and systematically. Our approach incorporates a diverse range of data sources, and uses the FabSim toolkit in conjunction with the Flee simulation code to quickly generate simulation workflows. In addition, we highlight a few key steps that we have already taken towards realizing this vision and discuss opportunities for wider applicability.
CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 polymorphisms and coronary heart disease risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

Objective The cytochromes P450 epoxygenases CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 synthesize epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which regulate endothelial function. We sought to determine if genetic variation in CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 was associated with coronary heart disease risk. Methods We genotyped 2065 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants (1085 incident coronary heart disease cases, 980 noncases) for polymorphisms in CYP2J2 and CYP2C8. Using a case–cohort design, associations between genotype and incident coronary heart disease risk were evaluated using proportional hazards regression. The influence of cigarette smoking on these associations was also evaluated. False discovery rate q-values were estimated to minimize the impact of the multiple statistical comparisons completed. All analyses were race stratified. Results The CYP2J2 G-50T polymorphism variant −50T allele was associated with significantly lower risk of incident coronary heart disease in African-Americans (adjusted hazard rate ratio 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.35–0.96, P=0.036, q=0.051); however, no significant association was observed in Caucasians. Overall, the I264M, I269F, and K399R polymorphisms in CYP2C8 were not significantly associated with risk of incident coronary heart disease. In Caucasians, the relationship between the I264M and K399R polymorphisms and incident coronary heart disease risk was significantly modified by cigarette smoking status (P for interaction=0.008, q=0.064), with the highest risk observed in smokers carrying at least one variant allele. Conclusions The G-50T polymorphism in CYP2J2 may be an important risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease events in African-Americans, whereas cigarette smoking may modify the relationship between the I264M and K399R polymorphisms in CYP2C8 and coronary heart disease risk in Caucasians. Confirmation of these findings in an independent population is warranted.
Concentration of Smaller High‐Density Lipoprotein Particle (HDL‐P) Is Inversely Correlated With Carotid Intima Media Thickening After Confounder Adjustment: The Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background Recent studies have failed to establish a causal relationship between high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL‐C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), shifting focus to other HDL measures. We previously reported that smaller/denser HDL levels are protective against cerebrovascular disease. This study sought to determine which of small+medium HDL particle concentration (HDL‐P) or large HDL‐P was more strongly associated with carotid intima‐media thickening (cIMT) in an ethnically diverse cohort. Methods and Results In cross‐sectional analyses of participants from the Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we evaluated the associations of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy–measured small+medium versus large HDL‐P with cIMT measured in the common and internal carotid arteries, through linear regression. After adjustment for CVD confounders, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), HDL‐C, and small+medium HDL‐P remained significantly and inversely associated with common (coefficient=−1.46 μm; P=0.00037; n=6512) and internal cIMT (coefficient=−3.82 μm; P=0.0051; n=6418) after Bonferroni correction for 4 independent tests (threshold for significance=0.0125; α=0.05/4). Large HDL‐P was significantly and inversely associated with both cIMT outcomes before HDL‐C adjustment; however, after adjustment for HDL‐C, the association of large HDL‐P with both common (coefficient=1.55 μm; P=0.30; n=6512) and internal cIMT (coefficient=4.84 μm; P=0.33; n=6418) was attenuated. In a separate sample of 126 men, small/medium HDL‐P was more strongly correlated with paraoxonase 1 activity (r p=0.32; P=0.00023) as compared to both total HDL‐P (r p=0.27; P=0.0024) and large HDL‐P (r p=0.02; P=0.41) measures. Conclusions Small+medium HDL‐P is significantly and inversely correlated with cIMT measurements. Correlation of small+medium HDL‐P with cardioprotective paraoxonase 1 activity may reflect a functional aspect of HDL responsible for this finding.
MRI of the corpus callosum in multiple sclerosis: association with disability

Inflammatory demyelination and axon damage in the corpus callosum are prominent features of multiple sclerosis (MS) and may partially account for impaired performance on complex tasks. The objective of this article was to characterize quantitative callosal MRI abnormalities and their association with disability. In 69 participants with MS and 29 healthy volunteers, lesional and extralesional callosal MRI indices were estimated via diffusion tensor tractography. expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and MS functional composite (MSFC) scores were recorded in 53 of the participants with MS. All tested callosal MRI indices were diffusely abnormal in MS. EDSS score was correlated only with age (r = 0.51). Scores on the overall MSFC and its paced serial auditory addition test (PASAT) and 9-hole peg test components were correlated with callosal fractional anisotropy (r = 0.27, 0.35, and 0.31, respectively) and perpendicular diffusivity (r = —0.29, —0.30, and —0.31) but not with overall callosal volume or callosal lesion volume; the PASAT score was more weakly correlated with callosal magnetization-transfer ratio (r = 0.21). Anterior callosal abnormalities were associated with impaired PASAT performance and posterior abnormalities with slow performance on the 9-hole peg test. In conclusion, abnormalities in the corpus callosum can be assessed with quantitative MRI and are associated with cognitive and complex upper-extremity dysfunction in MS.