Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative Laparoscope Augmentation for Port Placement and Resection Planning in Minimally Invasive Liver Resection

In recent years, an increasing number of liver tumor indications were treated by minimally invasive laparoscopic resection. Besides the restricted view, two major intraoperative issues in laparoscopic liver resection are the optimal planning of ports as well as the enhanced visualization of (hidden) vessels, which supply the tumorous liver segment and thus need to be divided (e.g., clipped) prior to the resection. We propose an intuitive and precise method to plan the placement of ports. Pre operatively, self-adhesive fiducials are affixed to the patient's skin and a computed tomography (CT) data set is acquired while contrasting the liver vessels. Immediately prior to the intervention, the laparoscope is moved around these fiducials, which are automatically reconstructed to register the patient to its preoperative imaging data set. This enables the simulation of a camera flight through the patient's interior along the laparoscope's or instruments' axes to easily validate potential ports. Intraoperatively, surgeons need to update their surgical planning based on actual patient data after organ deformations mainly caused by application of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Therefore, preoperative imaging data can hardly be used. Instead, we propose to use an optically tracked mobile C-arm providing cone-beam CT imaging capability intraoperatively. After patient positioning, port placement, and carbon dioxide insufflation, the liver vessels are contrasted and a 3-D volume is reconstructed during patient exhalation. Without any further need for patient registration, the reconstructed volume can be directly augmented on the live laparoscope video, since prior calibration enables both the volume and the laparoscope to be positioned and oriented in the tracking coordinate frame. The augmentation provides the surgeon with advanced visual aid for the localization of veins, arteries, and bile ducts to be divided or sealed.
Command interneurons in the crayfish central nervous system.

The motor effects evoked by stimulation of each of eight command fibres in the circumoesophageal commissures of the crayfish are described. The fibres obtained appeared to have widespread connexions in all or most of the lower ganglia. For certain fibres the response was stronger on the homolateral side of the animal; for others it was symmetrical. The frequency of stimulation of a command fibre generally had a pronounced influence on the speed of the evoked response. In addition, segments of the total response could be elicited selectively by alteration of the frequency and duration of stimulation. Although the responses associated with most of the fibres were not sensitive to the fine temporal pattern of the applied stimulation, for one fibre the motor output depended clearly on the spacing of the stimulating pulses.
Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication: A Rapid Metal Deposition Process

Manufacturing of structural metal parts directly from computer aided design (CAD) data has been investigated by numerous researchers over the past decade. Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center are developing a new solid freeform fabrication process, electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF 3 ), as a rapid metal deposition process that works efficiently with a variety of weldable alloys. The EBF 3 process introduces metal wire feedstock into a molten pool that is created and sustained using a focused electron beam in a vacuum environment. Thus far, this technique has been demonstrated on aluminum and titanium alloys of interest for aerospace structural applications; nickel and ferrous based alloys are also planned. Deposits resulting from 2219 aluminum demonstrations have exhibited a range of grain morphologies depending upon the deposition parameters. These materials have exhibited excellent tensile properties comparable to typical handbook data for wrought plate product after post-processing heat treatments. The EBF 3 process is capable of bulk metal deposition at deposition rates in excess of 2500 cm 3 /hr (150 in 3 /hr) or finer detail at lower deposition rates, depending upon the desired application. This process offers the potential for rapidly adding structural details to simpler cast or forged structures rather than the conventional approach of machining large volumes of chips to produce a monolithic metallic structure. Selective addition of metal onto simpler blanks of material can have a significant effect on lead time reduction and lower material and machining costs. Background
Stacking With Auxiliary Features: Improved Ensembling for Natural Language and Vision

Ensembling methods are well known in machine learning for improving prediction accuracy. However, they are limited in the sense that they cannot effectively discriminate among underlying component models. Some models perform better at certain types of input instances than other models. The measure of how good a model is can sometimes be gauged from “where” it extracted the output and “why” it made the prediction. This information can be exploited to leverage the component models in an ensemble. In this proposal, we present stacking with auxiliary features that integrates relevant information from multiple sources to improve ensembling. We use two types of auxiliary features – instance features and provenance features. The instance features enable the stacker to discriminate across input instances while the provenance features enable the stacker to discriminate across component systems. When combined together, our algorithm learns to rely on systems that not just agree on an output but also the provenance of this output in conjunction with the input instance type. We demonstrate our approach on three very different and difficult problems: Cold Start Slot Filling, Tri-lingual Entity Discovery and Linking, and ImageNet Object Detection. The first two problems are well known tasks in Natural Language Processing, and the third one is in the domain of Computer Vision. Our algorithm obtains state-of-the-art results on the first two tasks and significant improvements on the ImageNet task, thus verifying the power and generality of our approach. We also present a novel approach using stacking for combining systems that do not have training data in an unsupervised ensemble with systems that do have training data. Our combined approach achieves state-of-the-art on the Cold Start Slot Filling and Tri-lingual Entity Discovery and Linking tasks, beating our own prior performance on ensembling just the supervised systems. We propose several short-term and long-term extensions to our work. In the short-term, we focus our work on using more semantic instance-level features for all the three tasks, and use non-lexical features that are language independent for the two NLP tasks. In the long-term we propose to demonstrate our ensembling algorithm on the Visual Question Answering task and use textual/visual explanations as auxiliary features to stacking.
Reducing Barriers for Implementation of Bystander–Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association for Healthcare Providers, Policymakers, and Community Leaders Regarding the Effectiveness of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of death in the United States and Canada. In the United States, each year ≈330 000 people die of coronary heart disease out of the hospital or in emergency departments. Of these, >150 000 SCAs occur out of the hospital.1,2 Despite the development of electrical defibrillation and the more recent implementation of lay rescuer defibrillation programs, the vast majority of these victims do not leave the hospital alive. In studies over the past 15 years, only 1.4% of patients with out-of-hospital arrest in Los Angeles, Calif, survived to hospital discharge3; in Chicago, Ill, the number was 2%,4 and in Detroit, Mich, it was <1%. 5 Conversely, a few municipalities such as Seattle, Wash, report much higher survival rates from SCA—more than 15% in 1 study6—which suggests that survival rates need not remain so low. Recent work in Europe and elsewhere has confirmed that a higher survival-to-hospital discharge rate is indeed a realistic goal, with survival rates as high as 9% reported in Amsterdam7 and 21% in Maribor, Slovenia.8 The American Heart Association (AHA) uses 4 links in the “chain of survival” to illustrate the time-sensitive actions required for victims of SCA: (1) early recognition of the emergency and activation of emergency medical services (EMS), (2) early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), (3) early delivery of shock(s) from a defibrillator if indicated, and (4) early advanced life support and postresuscitation care. Immediate bystander recognition of the emergency and EMS activation are critical. In many communities, however, these actions may be followed by significant delays, because the time interval from activation of EMS to arrival of these medical personnel may be 7 to 8 minutes or longer.4 Therefore, initial care in the first critical minutes after …
Human Parsing with Contextualized Convolutional Neural Network

In this work, we address the human parsing task with a novel Contextualized Convolutional Neural Network (Co-CNN) architecture, which well integrates the cross-layer context, global image-level context, semantic edge context, within-super-pixel context and cross-super-pixel neighborhood context into a unified network. Given an input human image, Co-CNN produces the pixel-wise categorization in an end-to-end way. First, the cross-layer context is captured by our basic local-to-global-to-local structure, which hierarchically combines the global semantic information and the local fine details across different convolutional layers. Second, the global image-level label prediction is used as an auxiliary objective in the intermediate layer of the Co-CNN, and its outputs are further used for guiding the feature learning in subsequent convolutional layers to leverage the global image-level context. Third, semantic edge context is further incorporated into Co-CNN, where the high-level semantic boundaries are leveraged to guide pixel-wise labeling. Finally, to further utilize the local super-pixel contexts, the within-super-pixel smoothing and cross-super-pixel neighbourhood voting are formulated as natural sub-components of the Co-CNN to achieve the local label consistency in both training and testing process. Comprehensive evaluations on two public datasets well demonstrate the significant superiority of our Co-CNN over other state-of-the-arts for human parsing. In particular, the F-1 score on the large dataset <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">[1]</xref> reaches <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$81.72\,\text{percent}$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="lin-ieq1-2537339.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> by Co-CNN, significantly higher than <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$62.81\,\text{percent}$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="lin-ieq2-2537339.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$64.38\,\text{percent}$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="lin-ieq3-2537339.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> by the state-of-the-art algorithms, M-CNN <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">[2]</xref> and ATR <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">[1]</xref> , respectively. By utilizing our newly collected large dataset for training, our Co-CNN can achieve <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$85.36\,\text{percent}$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="lin-ieq4-2537339.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> in F-1 score.
Germline Mutations of the PTCH Gene in Families with Odontogenic Keratocysts and Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome

Background/Aims: Odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) are aggressive lesions in the jaws, which can occur as isolated cases or in association with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). Mutations on PTCH gene have been identified in patients with NBCCS. It was hypothesized that PTCH mutations may be causative in isolated OKC. This study aims to investigate germline mutations of PTCH in families with OKC and NBCCS. Methods: Three Chinese families with OKC and NBCCS were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis was based on examination and medical history. Mutation analysis was performed by amplifying all exons of PTCH and sequencing the products. Results: One family with isolated OKC (family 1) and the other two families with NBCCS were diagnosed. Three novel germline mutations in PTCH were identified, including a missense mutation (p.S1089>P) in family 1, a nonsense mutation (p.Q160X) in family 2 and a de novo mutation (c.768_777delGACAAACTTC) in family 3. Conclusions: It is proposed that isolated OKC can be inherited in an autosomal dominant mode. The results suggest that germline mutations on PTCH can cause isolated OKC, and that the PTCH gene responsible for NBCCS plays an important role in the formation of OKCs even when they are not syndrome-related.
Nonviolent elaborate behaviors may also occur in REM sleep behavior disorder

Objective: To document unusual, nonviolent behaviors during REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and evaluate their frequency in Parkinson disease (PD). Background: Most behaviors previously described during RBD mimic attacks, suggesting they proceed from archaic defense generators in the brainstem. Feeding, drinking, sexual behaviors, urination, and defecation have not been documented yet in RBD. Methods: We collected 24 cases of nonviolent behaviors during idiopathic and symptomatic RBD (narcolepsy, dementia with Lewy bodies, PD), reported or observed in videopolysomnography. The frequency of violent and nonviolent behaviors during RBD was evaluated by face to face interview of patients and their cosleepers in a prospective series of 100 patients with PD. Results: Incidental cases of nonviolent behaviors during RBD included masturbating-like behavior and coitus-like pelvic thrusting, mimicking eating and drinking, urinating and defecating, displaying pleasant behaviors (laughing, singing, dancing, whistling, smoking a fictive cigarette, clapping and gesturing “thumbs up”), greeting, flying, building a stair, dealing textiles, inspecting the army, searching a treasure, and giving lessons. Speeches were mumbled or contained logical sentences with normal prosody. In PD with RBD (n = 60), 18% of patients displayed nonviolent behaviors. In this series (but not in incidental cases), all RBD patients with nonviolent behaviors also showed violent behaviors. Conclusions: Although they are less frequent than violent behaviors, nonviolent behaviors during REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) fill a large spectrum including learned speeches and culture-specific behaviors, suggesting they proceed from the cortex activation. Sexual behaviors during RBD may expose patients and cosleepers to forensic consequences. PD = Parkinson disease; RBD = REM sleep behavior disorder.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens isolated from hospitalized patients with intra‐abdominal and urinary tract infections in Asia‐Pacific countries: SMART 2013‐2015

&NA; Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) are responsible for increases in antimicrobial‐resistant infections worldwide. We determined in vitro susceptibilities to eight parenteral antimicrobial agents using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methodology for Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens isolated from hospitalized patients with intra‐abdominal infections (IAIs) (n=3052) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) (n=1088) in 11 Asia‐Pacific countries/regions from 2013 to 2015. Amikacin (98.3, 96.4 %), imipenem (97.1, 95.5 %) and ertapenem (95.3, 93.2 %) demonstrated the highest rates of susceptibility for isolates of K. pneumoniae from IAI and UTI, respectively, whereas susceptibility to advanced‐generation cephalosporins was <84 and <71 %, respectively. K. pneumoniae with an extended‐spectrum &bgr;‐lactamase‐positive phenotype were more common in UTI (27.1 %) than IAI (16.2 %). Imipenem and amikacin were the most active agents against extended‐spectrum &bgr;‐lactamase‐positive K. pneumoniae from IAI (95.1, 91.8 %) and UTI (94.9, 92.3 %), respectively, whereas <54 % were susceptible to piperacillin‐tazobactam. Against Enterobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa, amikacin demonstrated the highest rates of susceptibility for isolates from IAI (99.7, 95.5 %) and UTI (90.9, 91.5 %), respectively. K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa from urine demonstrated lower susceptibility to levofloxacin (74.1, 81.8 and 73.8 %) than from IAI (87.6, 91.8 and 85.4 %). For A. baumannii, rates of susceptibility to all agents tested were <43 %. We conclude that the studied Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens demonstrated reduced susceptibility to commonly prescribed advanced‐generation cephalosporins, piperacillin‐tazobactam and levofloxacin, while amikacin and carbapenems were the most active. Ongoing surveillance to monitor evolving resistance trends and the development of novel antimicrobial agents with potent activity against Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens are mandatory.
Implicit and Explicit Gender Beliefs in Spatial Ability: Stronger Stereotyping in Boys than Girls

Sex differences in spatial ability are a seriously debated topic, given the importance of spatial ability for success in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and girls' underrepresentation in these domains. In the current study we investigated the presence of stereotypic gender beliefs on spatial ability (i.e., “spatial ability is for boys”) in 10- and 12-year-old children. We used both an explicit measure (i.e., a self-report questionnaire) and an implicit measure (i.e., a child IAT). Results of the explicit measure showed that both sexes associated spatial ability with boys, with boys holding more male stereotyped attitudes than girls. On the implicit measure, boys associated spatial ability with boys, while girls were gender-neutral. In addition, we examined the effects of gender beliefs on spatial performance, by experimentally activating gender beliefs within a pretest—instruction—posttest design. We compared three types of instruction: boys are better, girls are better, and no sex differences. No effects of these gender belief instructions were found on children's spatial test performance (i.e., mental rotation and paper folding). The finding that children of this age already have stereotypic beliefs about the spatial capacities of their own sex is important, as these beliefs may influence children's choices for spatial leisure activities and educational tracks in the STEM domain.
More Is Not Always Better: The Benefits of Cognitive Limits

Some of us ordinary mortals achieve extraordinary intellectual feats. For instance, theancient Mithridates the Great (king of Pontus, a long and narrow strip of land on thesouthern coast of the Black Sea) is said to have learnt 22 languages, and to have been ablein the days of his greatest power to transact business with the deputies of every tribe subjectto his rule in their own peculiar dialect. Napoleon is known to have dictated 102 letters tosuccessive teams of perspiring secretaries almost without pause, as he prepared the ﬁnaldetails for the launching of his devastating campaign against Prussia (Chandler, 1997). One of the most celebrated physicists of our time was Richard Feynman, who won the1965 Nobel Prize in physics for his many contributions to his ﬁeld, especially for his workon quantum electrodynamics. Beyond being a brilliant thinker, on the bongos Feynmansupposedly could play 10 beats with one hand against 11 with the other (Feynman, 1999;try it—you may decide that quantum electrodynamics is easier). Despite numerous examples of people with prodigious abilities that we might otherwisehave thought impossible, much of cognitive psychology rests on the premise that humaninformation-processing capacity is rather severely bounded. In the words of Kahneman,Slovic and Tversky (1982), “cognitive psychology is concerned with internal processes,mental limitations, and the way in which the processes are shaped by the limitations”(p. xii). According to Cowan (2001), “one of the central contributions of cognitive psychol-ogy has been to explore limitations in the human capacity to store and process informa-tion” (p. 2). The list of documented limitations is long and includes the now classic thesis
Characterization of biofilm-forming abilities of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 on hydrophobic abiotic surfaces.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Salmonella typhimurium DT104 strain has emerged as a global human and veterinary public health concern because of its antibiotic resistance and extensive host range. Although it is thought to be more virulent, to date, factors relevant to its virulence have not been fully elucidated. Thus, understanding how this strain forms biofilms on hydrophobic surfaces will add to current knowledge on its possible virulence mechanism. METHODS Biofilm-forming abilities of clinical isolates of S. typhimurium DT104 from human and animal sources on hydrophobic inanimate surfaces were assessed by absorbance at 600 nm of crystal violet-bound cells recovered from 96-well tissue culture plates after growth in a nutrient-rich growth medium and various adjusted media; and scanning electron microscopy based on standard procedures. RESULTS In the nutrient-rich growth medium, Luria-Bertani (LB), biofilms were formed in small quantities, preferentially on polystyrene (p<0.05), and followed different time courses. Significantly lower amounts of biofilms were formed on polystyrene when a nutrient-deficient growth medium (adherence test medium) was used. Inclusion of D-(+)-mannose in LB at a concentration of 100 mM significantly (p<0.05) inhibited biofilm formation on polystyrene. D-(+)-glucose relatively enhanced biofilm formation but D-(-)-mannitol only insignificantly influenced the process. The action of mannose on polyvinly chloride (PVC) was insignificant, suggesting that its action may be surface-dependent. Additionally, glucose significantly reduced biofilm growths of 2 of the isolates and only that of the PVC-loving strain T980021 on polystyrene and PVC, respectively. At the concentration tested, unlike xylose, both D-mannose and D-glucose significantly (p<0.05) inhibited bacterial growth, providing a possible mechanism for their inhibitory action on biofilm formation by S. typhimurium. While stress of starvation resulted in significant reduction in biofilm formation on polystyrene in all but the PVC-loving strain T980021, high osmolarity had little effect on the quantity of biofilm formed on polystyrene. The extent of primary attachment to polystyrene as well as their capacity to form biofilm did not correlate with their cell surface hydrophobicity and exopolysaccharide production. CONCLUSIONS D-(+)-mannose inhibits biofilm formation by S. typhimurium DT104 on polystyrene but not on PVC. There was also a general lack of correlation between the ability of S. typhimurium DT104 to form biofilm and its physicochemical surface characteristics.