Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation.

that are expressed before the onset of nitrogen fixation and are involved in infection and nodule development. The products of the late nodulin genes are involved in the interaction with the endosymbiont and in the metabolic specialization of the nodule (Nap and Bisseling, 1990). In the first part of this review, we describe the early steps of the interaction between rhizobia and legumes that result in the formation of a nitrogen-fixing nodule. We focus on the role of specific lipooligosaccharides secreted by rhizobia in the induction of these early steps. In the second part, we describe nodule functioning and compare actinorhizal and legume nodules.
The Interface of Work and Relationships

This article introduces the Major Contribution in this issue of The Counseling Psychologist on the interface of work and interpersonal relationships. Initially, the various lines of literature that highlight the central place that work plays in human life are reviewed and integrated. The critically important perspectives offered by the relational movement are then reviewed with a particular focus on how this emerging body of work is transforming some fundamental beliefs within psychology. The existing literature on the connections between work and relationships is summarized next with attention to identifying the considerable needs for continued research and theory development in this line of inquiry. The article concludes by providing the reader with a framework with which to derive maximal meaning from the qualitative, discovery-oriented findings presented in the three articles by Phillips, Christopher-Sisk, and Gravino; Schultheiss, Kress, Manzi, and Glasscock; and Blustein, Fama, White, Ketterson, Shaefer, Schwam, Sirin, and Skau that collectively make up this Major Contribution.
Science education in a multiscience perspective

The effects of the multiculturalism movement have emerged, especially in the West, in the form of multicultural science education. Multiculturalism can be a powerful and significant tool to reflect on science education and to improve classroom practices. However, this article argues that a “multiscience” perspective on science education affords richer implications for reflection and practice. A multiscience perspective recognizes the existence of various types of science at play in all science classrooms, especially personal science, indigenous science, and Western modem science. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Individualism, Collectivism and Trust: The Correlates Between Trust and Cultural Value Orientations among Australian National Public Officers

The starting point of the study is that collectivism has not received rightful attention from scholars. It has been speculated that individualism was associated with the increase of social trust, whereas collectivism has been linked with hierarchical and engulfed social bonds that impede the formation of trust in society. Bearing this in mind, patterns of general and particularized trust among Australian national public officers were explored in relation to cultural value orientations. To measure particularized trust, five sets of social relations, which are considered to be important for our social lives, were employed. According to the result, horizontal collectivism (i.e., HC) was positively associated both with general trust and particularized trust in all five sets of social relations; furthermore, these positive relationships were maintained even when the familiarity of trustees was controlled. Vertical collectivism (i.e., VC) mirrored HC in its relationships with patterns of trust in a lesser degree; that is to say, VC was positively related with general trust and particularized trust in people in a set of social relations. In contrast, horizontal and vertical individualism (i.e., HI and VI, respectively) was not significantly linked with general trust. As for particularized trust, VI was related with trust in the former schoolmates; however, this relationship was diminished when the familiarity of trustees was controlled. Theoretical implications of the study were discussed.
Section 2 L , M and L – M hybrid cone photopigments in man : deriving l max from flicker photometric spectral sensitivities

Using heterochromatic flicker photometry, we have measured the corneal spectral sensitivities of the X-chromosome-linked photopigments in 40 dichromats, 37 of whom have a single opsin gene in their tandem array. The photopigments encoded by their genes include: the alanine variant of the normal middle-wavelength sensitive photopigment, M(A180); the alanine and serine variants of the normal long-wavelength sensitive photopigment, L(A180) and L(S180); four different L–M hybrid or anomalous photopigments, L2M3(A180), L3M4(S180), L4M5(A180) and L4M5(S180); and two variants of the L-cone photopigment, encoded by genes with embedded M-cone exon two sequences, L(M2; A180) and L(M2; S180). The peak absorbances (lmax) of the underlying photopigment spectra associated with each genotype were estimated by correcting the corneal spectral sensitivities back to the retinal level, after removing the effects of the macular and lens pigments and fitting a template of fixed shape to the dilute photopigment spectrum. Details of the genotype-phenotype correlations are summarized elsewhere (Sharpe, L. T., Stockman, A., Jägle, H., Knau, H., Klausen, G., Reitner, A. et al. (1998). J. Neuroscience, 18, 10053–10069). Here, we present the individual corneal spectral sensitivities for the first time as well as details and a comparison of three analyses used to estimate the lmax values, including one in which the lens and macular pigment densities of each observer were individually measured. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hierarchy, Alienation, Commitment, and Organizational Effectiveness

Four dimensions of organizational hierarchy are identified: inequality of skills and knowledge, inequality of rewards, inequality of authority, and inequality of information distribution. Instead of the prevailing and largely untested hypothesis that hierarchical structure is positively related to organizational effectiveness, an alternative hypothesis is formulated, viz., that it is negatively related. This hypothesis is linked to a causal model interrelating hierarchical structure with work alienation, organizational commitment, and organizational effectiveness. Some evidence for the alternative hypothesis is examined. The four-dimensional concept is then used to assess the burgeoning literature on industrial democracy. The phenomenon of "shop-floor democracy" is conceptualized as involving a process of destratification with respect to allfour dimensions of hierarchy. In view of environmental pressuresfor the rationalization of organizations as well as the secular trend in this direction, a destratification-rationalization hypothesis is formulated: As the positive slope of the relationship between these two clusters of variables increases, organizational effectiveness increases and work alienation decreases. To test this hypothesis an experimental approach, whether in the laboratory or in the field, is essential.
General Experience Rather Than of Local Knowledge is Important for Grouse Hunters Bag Size

Wildlife harvest management requires an understanding of hunter behavioral interactions with the game. Hunter harvest is indicated to be more dependent on experience and attitudes than game abundance. We tested how the grouse hunter's bag size was affected or not by having local knowledge of the hunting ground, grouse density, and distribution. The local knowledge was acquired through approximately a decade of conducting pre-hunt counts, and was tested against hunters without the local knowledge, but who had similar experience of counting grouse from other areas. Hunters with local knowledge were not more efficient in bagging grouse than hunters without local knowledge. Rather, there seems to be the general variation in experience among hunters that regulated harvest rates, through number of grouse encounters, and gender of the hunters. The results add support to the concern of using bag statistics as an index for population changes of wildlife species.
The Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile (KAPP): Studies of character and well-being.

The Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile (KAPP) is a rating instrument that consists of 18 subscales for assessing different aspects of character from clinical interviews. The psychometric properties of the instrument, including reliability, stability, and some earlier validity studies, are reviewed. The present validity study of the KAPP examines aspects of affect control and its relation to other state and trait measures as well as to psychopathology in 65 ulcerative colitis patients. Cluster analysis was used to classify individuals according to aspects of affect control. Our results suggest that patients with excessive impulse control also have problems coping with aggressive affects, that this co-occurring difficulty is a stable mode of mental functioning in the individual, and that these patients manage quite
Performance of optical heterodyne PSK systems with Costas loop in multichannel environment for nonlinear second-order PLL model

Using the nonlinear second-order phase-locked loop (PLL) model the performance of the heterodyne coherent optical phase shift keying (PSK) systems with Costas loop in multichannel environment is considered in this paper for the first time. The shot noise of the corresponding photodiodes and adjacent channel interferences are described through the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the loop bandwidth, while the laser phase noise is described through the normalized frequency fluctuations instead of the phase ones. The theory and results presented in this paper can be applied when analyzing and optimizing the performance in the region where the linear PLL model is not enough good.
Plasma adrenaline responses to long‐term modification of blood pressure in normotensive rats and hypertensive rats

Objective To examine the relationship between plasma adrenaline and hypertension. Design Plasma adrenaline responses to chronic manipulations of blood pressure were tested in normotensive and in hypertensive rats. Methods Hypertension was induced in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats by administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and blood pressure was lowered in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) by administering hydralazine. Plasma catecholamine responses were monitored using blood samples from conscious unrestrained rats under resting conditions. Results Twenty-four hours after starting L-NAME treatment, mean arterial pressure was 22 mmHg higher than in control WKY rats. Heart rate and plasma noradrenaline were reflexly reduced, but plasma adrenaline was unaffected. After 4 weeks of L-NAME treatment mean arterial pressure was 48 mmHg higher than in untreated rats. At this stage heart rate had returned to normal, but plasma noradrenaline was 33% higher and plasma adrenaline was 117% higher than in untreated rats. The elevation of plasma adrenaline was confirmed in a study of longer duration, in which plasma adrenaline had doubled after 10 weeks of L-NAME treatment. Conversely, 24 h after hydralazine treatment in SHRSP, mean arterial pressure was reduced by 49 mmHg and there was a reflex elevation of plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline and heart rate. However, after 19 days of blood pressure reduction with hydralazine, plasma noradrenaline and heart rate had returned to normal, but plasma adrenaline had fallen to 30% below normal. Most of the change in mean arterial pressure observed with either chronic L-NAME or hydralazine could be attributed to modulation of neurally mediated vasoconstriction, estimated from mean arterial pressure responses to acute autonomic blockade. Conclusion Selective changes in plasma adrenaline levels were induced by chronic experimental manipulations of blood pressure. This implies that the high plasma adrenaline level observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats might be a consequence rather than a cause of their hypertension.
The Frontal Generator of the Mismatch Negativity Revisited

The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related brain potential elicited by the occurrence of a rare event (deviance) in an otherwise regular acoustic environment, and is assumed to reflect a preattentive mechanism for change detection. A widely adopted model holds that MMN has main generators in the superior temporal planes bilaterally, which are responsible for the sensory memory part of change detection, as well as frontal lobe sources responsible for triggering an attention shift upon change detection. Whereas the temporal sources have been documented in numerous studies across species and methodologies, much less is known about the frontal sources. The present review examines the current state of the evidence for their existence, location, and possible function. It confirms that the frontal generator is still a less consistent finding in MMN research than the temporal generator. There is clear evidence from scalp EEG and, especially, current source density studies for the existence of an MMN genera.
Housing design for better sight: solutions for living with sight loss

There is no ‘one size fits all’ approach to providing suitable accommodation for people with sight loss, but planning at the design stage could eradicate many of the basic problems of living with visual impairment, while well‐considered adaptations to existing housing can also improve the quality of many people's lives. Research funded by Thomas Pocklington Trust, a leading sight loss charity and housing provider, found that much existing housing falls far short of the needs of people with sight loss, but that basic design choices offer major improvements. This article shows how good design can help people lead independent, active lives. It questions the lack of planning for sensory disability in Lifetime Homes and takes lighting as an example of how existing homes can be improved for those living with sight loss.
The Emphasis on Employability and the Changing Role of the University in Europe

This article argues that in today's knowledge societies, European universities are called upon to make students more employable, by cultivating their skills and by encouraging them to lifelong learning for enhancing their flexibility in the labour market. Employability is emphatically stressed and, to a certain extent, is associated with equity concerns. However, the special emphasis on employability is strongly associated with the emergence of the ‘market‐driven’ or ‘pragmatic’ university, as pressures increase for the university to abandon the Humboldtian ideals of its autonomy.
Critical Role for Kit-mediated Src Kinase But Not PI 3-Kinase Signaling in Pro T and Pro B Cell Development

The Kit receptor functions in hematopoiesis, lymphocyte development, gastrointestinal tract motility, melanogenesis, and gametogenesis. To investigate the roles of different Kit signaling pathways in vivo, we have generated knock-in mice in which docking sites for PI 3-kinase (KitY719) or Src kinase (KitY567) have been mutated. Whereas steady-state hematopoiesis is normal in KitY719F/Y719F and KitY567F/Y567F mice, lymphopoiesis is affected differentially. The KitY567F mutation, but not the KitY719F mutation, blocks pro T cell and pro B cell development in an age-dependent manner. Thus, the Src family kinase, but not the PI 3-kinase docking site in Kit, mediates a critical signal for lymphocyte development. In agreement with these results, treatment of normal mice with the Kit tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (Gleevec®) leads to deficits in pro T and pro B cell development, similar to those seen in KitY567F/Y567F and KitW/W mice. The two mutations do not affect embryonic gametogenesis but the KitY719F mutation blocks spermatogenesis at the spermatogonial stages and in contrast the KitY567F mutation does not affect this process. Therefore, Kit-mediated PI 3-kinase signaling and Src kinase family signaling is highly specific for different cellular contexts in vivo.
Family violence, fathers, and restoring personhood

ABSTRACT Restorative justice holds those who abuse as morally responsible and, thus, capable of acknowledging wrongdoing, changing how they relate to others, and rebuilding their sense of personhood. Applying restorative practices in situations of family violence, however, may endanger the participants unless they are prepared for the deliberations and sufficient safeguards are in place. A starting place for engaging some men who abuse in restorative processes is through their role as fathers. ‘Strong Fathers’ was a group programme for men who had committed domestic violence and were referred by child welfare. The men who persevered with the programme were pulled by their desire to be close to their children and pushed by their sense of what it means to be a man and a father. The often painful process restored rather than punished the participants, and the results point to how to interface treatment programmes and restorative practices.
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors prevent high glucose-induced proliferation of mesangial cells via modulation of Rho GTPase/ p21 signaling pathway: Implications for diabetic nephropathy

Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, also known as statins, are lipid-lowering agents widely used in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Recent experimental and clinical data, however, indicate that the overall benefits of statin therapy may exceed its cholesterol-lowering properties. We postulate that statins may ameliorate the detrimental effects of high glucose (HG)-induced proliferation of mesangial cells (MCs), a feature of early stages of diabetic nephropathy, by preventing Rho isoprenylation. Rat MCs cultured in HG milieu were treated with and without simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Simvastatin inhibited HG-induced MC proliferation as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. This inhibitory effect was reversed with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, an isoprenoid intermediate of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. At the cell-cycle level, the HG-induced proliferation of MCs was associated with a decrease in cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 protein expression accompanied by an increase in CDK4 and CDK2 kinase activities. Simvastatin reversed the down-regulation of p21 protein expression and decreased CDK4 and CDK2 kinase activities. Exposure of MCs to HG was associated with an increase in membrane-associated Ras and Rho GTPase protein expression. Cotreatment of MCs with simvastatin reversed HG-induced Ras and Rho membrane translocation. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the overexpression of the dominant-negative RhoA led to a significant increase in p21 expression. Our data suggest that simvastatin represses the HG-induced Rho GTPase/p21 signaling in glomerular MCs. Thus, this study provides a molecular basis for the use of statins, independently of their cholesterol-lowering effect, in early stages of diabetic nephropathy.
Are Transformational Leaders a Double-Edged Sword? Impact of Transformational Leadership on Sport Employee Commitment and Job Satisfaction

Few areas have received more frequent scholarly attention in the business literature than leadership. However, insufficient attention had been paid to the study of leadership in a sport context. Therefore, this study examined the direct effects of transformational leadership on sport employee job satisfaction and levels of commitment (to the athletic department and athletic director). Also examined were the mediated effects of both commitment foci on the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. Participants included 325 athletic department employees in a NCAA BCS football conference. Through CFA and SEM, the direct and mediated effects of transformational leadership on sport employee commitment and job satisfaction were explored. Limited support was found for a direct effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction. However, the results indicated support for transformational leadership directly influencing organizational- and individual-level commitment. Commitment to the athletic department also mediated the transformational leadership-job satisfaction relationship.
Computation of Independent Contact Regions for Grasping 3-D Objects

Precision grasp synthesis has received a lot of attention in past few last years. However, real mechanical hands can hardly assure that the fingers will precisely touch the object at the computed contact points. The concept of independent contact regions (ICRs) was introduced to provide robustness to finger positioning errors during an object grasping: A finger contact anywhere inside each of these regions assures a force-closure grasp, despite the exact contact position. This paper presents an efficient algorithm to compute ICRs with any number of frictionless or frictional contacts on the surface of any 3-D object. The proposed approach generates the independent regions by growing them around the contact points of a given starting grasp. A two-phase approach is provided to find a locally optimal force-closure grasp that serves as the starting grasp, considering as grasp quality measure the largest perturbation wrench that the grasp can resist, independently of the perturbation direction. The proposed method can also be applied to compute ICRs when several contacts are fixed beforehand. The approach has been implemented, and application examples are included to illustrate its performance.
Effects of genotype on rates of substitution during experimental evolution

Rates of molecular evolution may vary widely between populations, yet the causes of this variation are still incompletely understood. Genetic differences between populations may make an important contribution to variation in rates of evolution, owing to differences in fitness, population size, mutation rates, or in the distribution of fitness effects (DFEs) of available beneficial mutations. By whole genome sequencing of Escherichia coli populations experimentally evolved in the presence of a quinolone antibiotic, we found that rates of substitution varied by genotype, with evidence for a contribution from a genotype's starting fitness. Subsequent targeted sequencing showed that genotypes with high average substitution rates were more likely to undergo the simultaneous fixation of several mutations, consistent with theoretical models of multiple mutation dynamics. Moreover, patterns of substitution were indicative of epistatic relationships between known resistance mutations.
Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda

The present investigation entitled “Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda was undertaken at American Spring and Pressing Works PVT. Ltd., Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, District Thane, Village- Nare (MH), India during the Rabi season of the year 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments replicated thrice times. Studies showed significant effect on plant height (58.94 cm), no. of branches per plant (7.20), total no. of flowers per plant (38.80), flower yield per plant (348.93), flower yield per plot (16.75kg), flower yield per m2 (2.58kg) and hectare (25.85t.) was observed in treatment with 75% RDN + 60kg P2O5 ha-¹ + 60 kg K2O ha-¹ + Azotobacter + Enriched banana pseudo stem Sap (T8). The maximum gross return (516930.4 per ha), net return (`435810.4 per ha) and benefit cost ratio (5.37:1) was recorded maximum with same treatment i.e.T8 (75% RDN + 60kg P2O5 ha-¹ + 60 kg K2O ha-¹ + Azotobacter + Enriched banana pseudo stem Sap) under Tansa farm (MH) area.