Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human hepatic metabolism of the anti-osteoporosis drug eldecalcitol involves sterol C4-methyl oxidase

The metabolism of eldecalcitol (ED‐71), a 2β‐hydroxypropoxylated analog of the active form of vitamin D3 was investigated by using in vitro systems. ED‐71 was metabolized to 1α,2β,25‐trihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,2β,25(OH)3D3) in human small intestine and liver microsomes. To identify the enzymes involved in this metabolism, we examined NADPH‐dependent metabolism by recombinant P450 isoforms belonging to the CYP1, 2, and 3 families, and revealed that CYP3A4 had the activity. However, the CYP3A4 ‐specific inhibitor, ketoconazole, decreased the activity in human liver microsomes by only 36%, suggesting that other enzymes could be involved in ED‐71 metabolism. Because metabolism was dramatically inhibited by cyanide, we assumed that sterol C4‐methyl oxidase like gene product (SC4MOL) might contribute to the metabolism of ED‐71. It is noted that SC4MOL is physiologically essential for cholesterol synthesis. Recombinant human SC4MOL expressed in COS7, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Escherichia coli cells converted ED‐71 to 1α,2β,25(OH)3D3. Furthermore, we evaluated the metabolism of ED‐71 by recombinant CYP24A1, which plays an important role in the metabolism of the active form of vitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) and its analogs. The kcat/Km value for 24‐ or 23‐hydroxylation of ED‐71 was only 3% of that for 1α,25(OH)2D3, indicating that ED‐71 was resistant to CYP24A1‐dependent catabolism. Among the three enzymes catalyzing ED‐71, SC4MOL appears to be most important in the metabolism of ED‐71. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that SC4MOL can function as a drug‐metabolizing enzyme. The yeast and E. coli expression systems for SC4MOL could be useful for structure‐function analyses of SC4MOL.
Integrable hydrodynamics of Calogero–Sutherland model: bidirectional Benjamin–Ono equation

We develop a hydrodynamic description of the classical Calogero–Sutherland liquid: a Calogero–Sutherland model with an infinite number of particles and a non-vanishing density of particles. The hydrodynamic equations, being written for the density and velocity fields of the liquid, are shown to be a bidirectional analog of the Benjamin–Ono equation. The latter is known to describe internal waves of deep stratified fluids. We show that the bidirectional Benjamin–Ono equation appears as a real reduction of the modified KP hierarchy. We derive the chiral nonlinear equation which appears as a chiral reduction of the bidirectional equation. The conventional Benjamin–Ono equation is a degeneration of the chiral nonlinear equation at large density. We construct multi-phase solutions of the bidirectional Benjamin–Ono equations and of the chiral nonlinear equations.
Inhibition of uPAR and uPA reduces invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells

We analyzed the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and normal thyroid tissue and examined in vitro how uPA and uPAR contribute to an invasive/metastatic phenotype, and the functional consequences of inhibiting this system.
Hipparcos observations of pre-main-sequence stars

We present first results of Hipparcos observations of nearby low-mass pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars (T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be stars). The data obtained by Hipparcos allow us to derive weighted mean parallaxes for three major nearby star-forming regions (SFRs), Lupus, Chamaeleon I and Taurus–Auriga. Furthermore, results on the isolated objects AB Dor and TW Hya are presented. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary status of Herbig Ae/Be (HAEBE) stars on the basis of Hipparcos results.
Classical Analog of Quantum Search ∗ Lov

Quantum search is a quantum mechanical technique for searching N possibilities in only √ N steps. We show that the algorithm can be described as a resonance phenomenon. A similar algorithm applies in a purely classical setting when there are N oscillators, one of which is of a different resonant frequency. We could identify which one this is by measuring the oscillation frequency of each oscillator, a procedure that would take about N cycles. We show, how by coupling the oscillators together in a very simple way, it is possible to identify the different one in only √ N cycles. ∗Research of the first author was partly supported by NSA & ARO under contract no. DAAG55-98-C-0040.
Effects of Experiencing Visual Illusions and Susceptibility to Biases in One’s Social Judgments

Despite the evidence for existing biases in social judgment, people often fail to recognize biases in their own social judgments. This study investigated whether people become aware of their own susceptibility to various biases by experiencing visual illusions that challenge confidence in personal perceptions. A total of 88 participants were grouped by whether or not they gazed at illusory motion graphics and by whether they rated themselves or others on bias susceptibility. Participants who gazed at visual illusions rated themselves as having more biases in their social judgments than participants who did not see visual illusions. These findings suggest that bias denial may partially result from insufficient opportunities to recognize inaccuracies in personal perceptions.
Repeated blood pressure measurements in a sample of Swedish twins: heritabilities and associations with polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Background Twin and family studies have shown that genetic effects explain a relatively high amount of the phenotypic variation in blood pressure. However, many studies have not been able to replicate findings of association between specific polymorphisms and diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Methods In a structural equation-modelling framework the authors investigated longitudinal changes in repeated measures of blood pressures in a sample of 298 like-sexed twin pairs from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. Also examined was the association between blood pressure and polymorphisms in the angiotensin-I converting enzyme and the angiotensin II receptor type 1 with the ‘Fulker’ test. Both linkage and association were tested simultaneously revealing whether the polymorphism is a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) or in linkage disequilibrium with the QTL. Results Genetic influences explained up to 46% of the phenotypic variance in diastolic and 63% of the phenotypic variance in systolic blood pressure. Genetic influences were stable over time and contributed up to 78% of the phenotypic correlation in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Non-shared environmental effects were characterised by time specific influences and little transmission from one time point to the next. There was no significant linkage and association between the polymorphisms and blood pressure. Conclusions There is a considerable genetic stability in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure for a 6-year period of time in adult life. Non-shared environmental influences have a small long-term effect. Although associations with the polymorphisms could not be replicated, results should be interpreted with caution due to power considerations.
Identifying Core Affect in Individuals from fMRI Responses to Dynamic Naturalistic Audiovisual Stimuli

Recent research has demonstrated that affective states elicited by viewing pictures varying in valence and arousal are identifiable from whole brain activation patterns observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Identification of affective states from more naturalistic stimuli has clinical relevance, but the feasibility of identifying these states on an individual trial basis from fMRI data elicited by dynamic multimodal stimuli is unclear. The goal of this study was to determine whether affective states can be similarly identified when participants view dynamic naturalistic audiovisual stimuli. Eleven participants viewed 5s audiovisual clips in a passive viewing task in the scanner. Valence and arousal for individual trials were identified both within and across participants based on distributed patterns of activity in areas selectively responsive to audiovisual naturalistic stimuli while controlling for lower level features of the stimuli. In addition, the brain regions identified by searchlight analyses to represent valence and arousal were consistent with previously identified regions associated with emotion processing. These findings extend previous results on the distributed representation of affect to multimodal dynamic stimuli.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Recollecting Faces of Known and Unknown Individuals

We recorded brain potentials from healthy human subjects during a recognition test in order to monitor neural processing associated with face recollection. Subjects first attempted to memorize 40 faces; half were accompanied by a voice simulating that person speaking (e.g., "I'm Jimmy and I was a roadie for the Grateful Dead") and half were presented in silence. In the test phase, subjects attempted to discriminate both types of old faces (i.e., "named" and "unnamed" faces) from new faces. Recognition averaged 87% correct for named faces, 74% correct for unnamed faces, and 91% correct for new faces. Potentials to old faces were more positive than those to new faces from 300 to 600 ms after face onset. For named faces, the old-new ERP difference was observed at anterior and posterior scalp locations. For unnamed faces, the old-new ERP difference was observed only at posterior scalp locations. Results from a prior experiment suggest that these effects do not reflect perceptual priming of faces. The posterior portion of the old-new ERP difference was thus interpreted as a neural correlate of retrieval of visual face information and the anterior portion as an indication of retrieval of person-specific semantic information.
Svm-Based Speaker Verification by Location in the Space of Reference Speakers

In this paper, we investigate SVM-based speaker verification by location in the space of reference speakers. Speaker location is represented by a vector of log-likelihoods of utterance data given reference speaker models. Channel or session variability in speaker locations due to microphone, acoustic environments etc. would impair verification performance. To reduce such variability, within-class covariance normalization (WCCN), nuisance attribute projection (NAP) and their combination are applied, and significant performance improvements are obtained. Experimental results on a NIST SRE 2006 task show that this location SVM system achieves comparable performance to a state-of-art cepstral GMM-UBM verification system, and their fusion can give additional performance gains.
2-Trees: Structural insights and the study of Hamiltonian paths

For a connected graph, a path containing all vertices is known as \emph{Hamiltonian path}. For general graphs, there is no known necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of Hamiltonian paths and the complexity of finding a Hamiltonian path in general graphs is NP-Complete. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of Hamiltonian paths in 2-trees. Using our characterization, we also present a linear-time algorithm for the existence of Hamiltonian paths in 2-trees. Our characterization is based on a deep understanding of the structure of 2-trees and the combinatorics presented here may be used in other combinatorial problems restricted to 2-trees.
Scapular dysfunction in throwers with pathologic internal impingement.

STUDY DESIGN Case control group study. OBJECTIVES To compare scapular position and orientation between baseball players with and without pathologic internal impingement. BACKGROUND Scapular dysfunction has been implicated as a contributor to throwing-related pathologic internal impingement of the shoulder due to its role in increasing the contact between the greater tuberosity and posterior-superior glenoid, thereby impinging the posterior rotator cuff tendon(s) and labrum. However, to date, no definitive data demonstrate this scapular dysfunction in throwing athletes. The purpose of this study was to assess, in a controlled laboratory environment, whether scapular position and orientation would be different in throwing athletes diagnosed with pathologic internal impingement than in a control group of throwing athletes. METHODS AND MEASURES Eleven throwing athletes diagnosed with pathologic internal impingement, using both clinical examination and a magnetic resonance arthrogram, were demographically matched with a control group of 11 throwers with no history of upper extremity injury. An electromagnetic tracking device was used to measure scapular internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior tilt, upward/downward rotation, sternoclavicular protraction/retraction, and elevation/depression during humeral elevation within the scapular plane. Comparisons were made between groups with analysis of variance models (P<.05). RESULTS The individuals in the pathologic internal impingement group demonstrated statistically significant increased sternoclavicular elevation when elevating their humerus from 30 degrees to 120 degrees (P = .002) and from 60 degrees to 120 degrees (P = .003), compared to the control group. Furthermore, these patients also had increased posterior scapular tilt position (P = .016). No statistically significant differences were present in any other scapular variables measured. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, throwing athletes diagnosed with pathologic internal impingement present with statistically significant increases in sternoclavicular elevation and scapular posterior tilt position during humeral elevation in the scapular plane.
Watch Out! Or do we? A Review of Literature on Human Locomotion, Visual Gaze, and Expectation of Trip Hazards

Pedestrian trip and fall events, a major source of accidental injury and death, are often the result of a vertical perturbation that goes undetected by a pedestrian. Inattention is frequently blamed as the underlying root cause of the fall. However, research suggests that a pedestrian’s visual gaze is typically focused out towards the horizon and not towards the ground in the immediate vicinity of their feet, leaving them with poor visual acuity to detect subtle details on the walking surface. To the extent a vertical perturbation is unexpected, the likelihood of a trip event is increased. Relevant research on gait cycles, toe clearance, visual gaze, and expectation is examined to determine why pedestrians may fail to detect walkway hazards that are physically possible to see. Synthesis and future research are also discussed.
Deriving lactation yields from test-day yields adjusted for lactation stage, age, pregnancy, and herd test date

Abstract Lactation records for milk, fat, and protein yields were calculated from test-day data adjusted for the effects of lactation stage, age, previous days open, days pregnant, and test-day class (herd, test date, and milking frequency). Those lactation records reflect the improved accounting of environmental effects from a test-day model and can be combined with historical lactation records. Test-day data were adjusted with existing lactation multiplicative adjustments to maintain variance characteristics. Then additive adjustments for lactation stage, age, previous days open, and days pregnant were applied. The current multiplicative adjustments for previous days open were not applied because its effect was expected to differ by lactation stage. To remove genetic differences, the estimated breeding value from the previous evaluation divided by 305 was subtracted. Effects of test-day class, and permanent environment within and across parities were estimated within herd. The effect of test-day class was subtracted from adjusted test-day yield, and the breeding value restored. Those deviations then were combined with the best prediction procedure into a lactation measure. Heritabilities and repeatabilities of lactation records that were adjusted for test-day class were higher than for current lactation records. The adjusted records should improve the accuracy of evaluations and allow the use of test-day data as well as provide for the continued use of historical data when test-day data are not available.
Warm, competent, or both? : trait perception in friendship, acquaintanceship, siblings, and romantic relationship : explicit, implicit, and transgression studies

The findings regarding trait preference or what we find desirable in a relationship partner such as a friend, a romantic partner, or a colleague are abundant. However, the evidence from the actual choice paradigm is not as substantial. Thus, the thesis focused on the established relationships by asking participants to report personality of their real partners. The studies included friendship, acquaintanceship, long-term romantic relationship, and sibling relation because these relationships are common. Given the predominance of close friendship, it was used as the comparison point. Closeness was tested if it could differentiate the relationships and influenced trait perception. The findings suggested that romantic partner showed a greater closeness compared to close friend, but the trait perception was similar. Between close friend and sibling, the former was deemed closer. However, no difference in trait perception was found. As predicted, the contrast was clearer when close friend was compared to acquaintance. Close friend was perceived as significantly closer, also more competent and warmer. Personality traits were organized into two groups. The first is warmth or social-oriented qualities such as caring and sociable. The second is competence or task-oriented attributes such as capable and skilled. Hence, the two groups of traits were also compared. In terms of the importance of warmth and competence, the relationship partners were not consistently perceived as higher in warmth than competence. This implied that warmth was not necessarily more important than competence as the previous studies suggested.
Biomarkers for Clinical and Incipient Tuberculosis: Performance in a TB-Endemic Country

Background Simple biomarkers are required to identify TB in both HIV−TB+ and HIV+TB+ patients. Earlier studies have identified the M. tuberculosis Malate Synthase (MS) and MPT51 as immunodominant antigens in TB patients. One goal of these investigations was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of anti-MS and –MPT51 antibodies as biomarkers for TB in HIV−TB+ and HIV+TB+ patients from a TB-endemic setting. Earlier studies also demonstrated the presence of these biomarkers during incipient subclinical TB. If these biomarkers correlate with incipient TB, their prevalence should be higher in asymptomatic HIV+ subjects who are at a high-risk for TB. The second goal was to compare the prevalence of these biomarkers in asymptomatic, CD4+ T cell-matched HIV+TB− subjects from India who are at high-risk for TB with similar subjects from US who are at low-risk for TB. Methods and Results Anti-MS and -MPT51 antibodies were assessed in sera from 480 subjects including PPD+ or PPD− healthy subjects, healthy community members, and HIV−TB+ and HIV+TB+ patients from India. Results demonstrate high sensitivity (∼80%) of detection of smear-positive HIV−TB+ and HIV+TB+ patients, and high specificity (>97%) with PPD+ subjects and endemic controls. While ∼45% of the asymptomatic HIV+TB− patients at high-risk for TB tested biomarker-positive, >97% of the HIV+TB− subjects at low risk for TB tested negative. Although the current studies are hampered by lack of knowledge of the outcome, these results provide strong support for the potential of these biomarkers to detect incipient, subclinical TB in HIV+ subjects. Conclusions These biomarkers provide high sensitivity and specificity for TB diagnosis in a TB endemic setting. Their performance is not compromised by concurrent HIV infection, site of TB and absence of pulmonary manifestations in HIV+TB+ patients. Results also demonstrate the potential of these biomarkers for identifying incipient subclinical TB in HIV+TB− subjects at high-risk for TB.
Capital Structure and Taxes: What Happens When You (Also) Subsidize Equity?

This paper shows that capital structure significantly responds to changing tax incentives. To identify the effect of taxes, we exploit the introduction of a novel tax provision (the notional interest deduction, or NID) as an arguably exogenous source of variation to the cost of using equity financing. The NID, introduced in Belgium in 2006, drastically reduces the tax-driven distortions that favor the use of debt financing by allowing firms to deduct from their taxable income a notional interest charge that is a function of equity. Our main findings are four. First, the NID led to a significant increase in the share of equity in the capital structure. Second, both incumbent and new firms increase their equity ratios after the introduction of the NID. Third, the largest responses to these changing tax incentives are found among large and new firms. Fourth, the increase in equity ratios is explained by higher equity levels and not by a reduction in other liabilities. The results are robust to using data from neighboring countries as a control group, as well as relying on a battery of tests aimed at isolating the effect of other potential confounding variables. Overall, the evidence demonstrates that tax policies designed to encourage the use of equity financing are likely to lead to more capitalized firms.
Response to Stimulant Medication across Six Measures of School-Related Performance in Children with ADHD and Disruptive Behavior

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder display disruptive behavioral disorders that tend to interfere with academic and social progress and that may respond only partially to classroom management and motivational approaches. Although stimulant medication is seen as a necessary adjunct to treatment in many cases, measurement of response to such treatment is often quite problematic. The present study provides findings on response to treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin) across six measures of cognitive, academic, and social functioning in 71 boys, ages 7 to 11 years, with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Optimal response to this drug was determined in double-blind, placebo, crossover trials, and measurement of response focused on procedures similar to those in actual practice. Response ranged from approximately 18 to 71% across the six measures, suggesting that whether a child can be considered a responder to methylphenidate depends greatly on choice of outcome measure. A clinically therapeutic dosage level for each subject was also used to examine dose effects, and factor analytic results suggest that three of the six measures appeared to tap child behaviors quite different from those measured by traditional means.