Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extraction of Task-Related Activation From Multi-Echo BOLD fMRI

The development of parallel imaging technology has made possible the acquisition of multiple T2 *-weighted MRI images after a single excitation. This has opened new possibilities for functional MRI using the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism, which has conventionally acquired a single image at a fixed echo time TE. Regarding the multi-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time-series at each voxel as a simultaneously sampled multichannel signal facilitates the application of established multichannel source extraction methods, which could provide improved estimates of the underlying signal component reflecting task-related BOLD. This work considers ten methods reflecting three different source extraction approaches in which either the TE dependence of the BOLD contrast is exploited, the correlation with an expected response (or design matrix) is maximized, or a maximally task-related component is selected from a statistical signal decomposition. The performance of these methods in extracting task-related BOLD activation minimally contaminated by head motion artifacts is examined in the context of an fMRI experiment in which the multi-echo data are systematically corrupted with varying degrees of artificially induced head motion. The best results were obtained with least-squares methods applied to log-transformed data, namely, adaptive beamforming using only the echo-times, and Wiener filtering using the design matrix.
The Effectiveness of Teacher-Child Interaction Training with Young Maltreated Children

Children under age six years are disproportionately exposed to maltreatment but are underrepresented in research on effective treatments (Lieberman et al., 2011). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy has been shown to be effective in samples of children exposed to maltreatment (e.g., Timmer et al., 2006). Teacher-Child Interaction Training (TCIT), an empirically-supported school-based intervention, may be especially appropriate for maltreated children because they often experience caregiver disruptions which pose challenges to traditional parent-child treatment. Furthermore, research suggests that positive teacher-child relationships can influence behavior and social-emotional functioning for children who lack positive caregiving experiences (Sabol & Pianta, 2012). This project is a comparison study of TCIT versus treatment-as-usual at a therapeutic preschool for maltreated youth. Thirty-eight children (2-5 years old) and eight teachers from four classrooms participated in the study. Four teachers (two classrooms) completed the TCIT protocol (Gershenson et al., 2010). Teacher behaviors were observed and coded at baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Teachers reported on children’s behavior and social-emotional skills and teaching-related stress at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up. TCIT teachers demonstrated substantial increases in positive attending skills (PRIDE skills) and decreases in negative talk and questions during intervention phases, and these skills were maintained at follow-up. TCIT children demonstrated a significantly greater increase in overall social-emotional skills by post-treatment than TAU children. Also, TCIT teachers reported significantly lower teaching stress compared to TAU teachers at post-treatment while controlling for baseline stress. Effect sizes were large for teacher behavior and medium for child outcomes and teacher stress. Treatment group did not have a statistically significant effect on overall behavior problems or self-regulation, and follow-
Restructuring Research: Communication Costs and the Democratization of University Innovation

We report evidence indicating that Bitnet adoption facilitated increased research collaboration between US universities. However, not all institutions benefited equally. Using panel data from seven top engineering journals, Bitnet connection records, and a variety of institution ranking data, we find that medium-ranked universities were the primary beneficiaries; they benefited largely by increasing their collaboration with top-ranked schools. Furthermore, we find that the magnitude of this effect was greatest for co-located pairs. These results suggest that the most salient effect of lowering communication costs may have been to facilitate gains from trade through the specialization of research tasks. Thus, the advent of Bitnet -- and likely subsequent versions, including the Internet -- seems to have increased the role of second-tier universities in the national innovation system as producers of new, high-quality knowledge.
Clinical relevance of airway remodelling in airway diseases

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterised by airflow obstruction, airway remodelling (measurable structural change) and inflammation. The present review will examine the relationship between airway remodelling in these two conditions with respect to symptoms, abnormal lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness and decline in lung function. The potential for remodelling to be a protective response will also be discussed. Asthma is associated with variable symptoms and changes in lung function and also fixed abnormalities of lung function and an increased rate of decline in lung function with age. There is a relative preservation of the relaxed airway lumen dimensions, prominent thickening of the smooth muscle layer and reduced airway distensibility. The severity of asthma is related to the degree of airway remodelling, which is most marked in cases of fatal asthma. In COPD, symptoms are persistent and predictable but also progressive and are related to fixed abnormalities of lung function. Remodelling is associated with narrowing of the airway lumen and an increased thickness of the airway wall, although not usually to the extent seen in asthma. COPD is most often due to smoking where there is also remodelling of the parenchyma that may contribute to symptoms.
Social Connectedness and Social Support in a Military and Civilian College Population: Associations with Psychological, Physical and Stress-Related Health Outcomes

This study investigates social connectedness and social support in a military and civilian college population, and their associations with psychological, physical and stress-related health. There were 301 total participants, 51 of which were military personnel. The participant’s ages ranged from 18-59 (M = 23.48, SD = 7.24), with majority of the participants being female (71.8%), Caucasian (66.1%) and in a relationship (50.8%). The study was administered online via SONA. The following measures were administered in this study: the Social Connectedness Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Physical Health Questionnaire, MOS Short Form Survey Instrument, UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Depression Patient Health Questionnaire, Hopkins Symptom Checklist Anxiety Scale, and the PTSD ChecklistCivilian Version. Veteran students indicated several issues while transitioning to higher education, as well as, several factors that they feel make them unique from their peers. Social connectedness significantly predicted all measures of health, especially PTSD (β = -.43, p < .001), depression (β = -.47, p < .001) and general health (β = -.30, p < .001), with higher rates of social connectedness denoting less symptoms. The social support’s association with health via the main effect model was supported by the results, whereas, the buffering hypothesis model was not supported. Social support was most predictive of anxiety (β = -.28, p < .001), PTSD (β = -.37, p < .001) and general health (β = .36, p < .001). Military status was not associated with social connectedness, rendering the serial multiple mediation model untestable. This study provides empirical evidence that social connectedness is a powerful and pervasive human need, with important health implications.
Predicting behavior from actions in the past : repeated decision making or a matter of habit?

This paper summarizes research on determinants of repeated behaviors, and the decision processes underlying them. The present research focuses on travel mode choices as an example of such behaviors. It is proposed that when behavior is performed repeatedly and becomes habitual, it is guided by automated cognitive processes, rather than being preceded by elaborate decision processes (i.e., a decision based on attitudes and intentions). First, current attitude-behavior models are discussed, and the role of habit in these models is examined. Second, research is presented on the decision processes preceding travel mode choices. Based on the present theoretical and empirical overview, it is concluded that frequently performed behavior is often a matter of habit, thereby establishing a boundary condition for the applicability of attitude-behavior models. However, more systematic research is required to disentangle the role of habit in attitude-behavior models and to learn more about the cognitive processes underlying habitual behavior.
Reflective Systems Development

The ways in which we approach systems development practice and research play a major role in shaping professional development within our field. This paper investigates a particular approach, Reflective Systems Development, which has been developed over the past twenty years by a small group of mainly Danish researchers in collaboration with practitioners and students. In this approach, researchers focus on how computer-based information systems are developed in practice; they emphasize the important role played by the local organizational environment; and they combine interpretive understandings of practice with normative propositions to support professional development. The purpose of the paper is to present and evaluate the underlying assumptions and practices of Reflective Systems Development focusing on the following questions: How should we understand, support, and improve practice? How should we organize and conduct research? How should we relate practice and research? The argument draws on the literature on systems development and on the author's experience as an active participant in developing the approach.
Longitudinal brain MR retrieval with diffeomorphic demons registration: What happened to those patients with similar changes?

Current medical content-based retrieval (MCBR) systems for neuroimaging data mainly focus on retrieving the cross-sectional neuroimaging data with similar regional or global measurements. The longitudinal pathological changes along different time-points are usually neglected in such MCBR systems. We propose the cross-registration based retrieval for longitudinal MR data to retrieve patients with similar structural changes as an extension to the existing MCBR systems. The diffeomorphic demons registration is used to extract the tissue deformation between two adjacent MR volumes. An asymmetric square dissimilarity matrix is designed for indexing the patient changes within a specific interval. A visual demonstration is given to show the registration displacement fields of the query as compared to the simulated results. The experimental performance with the mean average precision (mAP) and the average top-K accuracy (aACC) are reported for evaluation.
Bridging novelty and familiarity-based recognition memory: A matter of timing

ABSTRACT Novelty detection is essential to adapt to changes. However, the relationship between novelty detection and visual recognition memory remains unclear. To characterize the temporal dynamics of novelty and its connection to familiarity, we probed early behavioural performance of novelty and familiarity in 31 participants using a speeded go/no-go recognition task with a 600-ms response deadline. Responses to familiarity and novelty produced symmetrical biases and correlated accuracies and biases, but novelty decisions were less accurate and had slower minimal reaction times (410 ms). These processes thus appear to be independent, as suggested by a more efficient system in the case of familiarity, but with common factors bringing overlapping contributions to both processes. This may possibly be explained by the more fluent processing of repeated stimuli, but with familiarity and novelty potentially relying on one decision criterion, as suggested by the correlated and remarkably symmetrical biases. This study supports models that conceptualize novelty and familiarity decisions as two partly overlapping processes.
PSR J2229+6114: Discovery of an Energetic Young Pulsar in the Error Box of the EGRET Source 3EG J2227+6122

We report the detection of radio and X-ray pulsations at a period of 51.6 ms from the X-ray source RX/AX J2229.0+6114 in the error box of the EGRET source 3EG J2227+6122. An ephemeris derived from a single ASCA observation and multiple epochs at 1412 MHz from Jodrell Bank indicates steady spin-down with = 7.83 × 10-14 s s-1. From the measured P and , we derive spin-down power = 2.2 × 1037 ergs s-1, magnetic field Bp = 2.0 × 1012 G, and characteristic age P/2 = 10,460 yr. An image from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory reveals a point source surrounded by centrally peaked diffuse emission that is contained within an incomplete radio shell. We assign the name G106.6+2.9 to this new supernova remnant, which is evidently a pulsar wind nebula. For a distance of 3 kpc estimated from X-ray absorption, the ratio of X-ray luminosity to spin-down power is ≈8 × 10-5, smaller than that of most pulsars but similar to the Vela pulsar. If PSR J2229+6114 is the counterpart of 3EG J2227+6122, then its efficiency of γ-ray production, if isotropic, is 0.016 (d/3 kpc) 2. It obeys an established trend of γ-ray efficiency among known γ-ray pulsars, which, in combination with the demonstrated absence of any other plausible counterpart for 3EG J2227+6122, makes the identification compelling. If confirmed, this identification bolsters the pulsar model for unidentified Galactic EGRET sources.
Budget Analysis of RF Transceiver Used in 5.8GHz RFID Reader Based on the ETC-DSRC National Specifications of China

Electronic Toll Collection system, developed and spread rapidly in recent years, is a kind of modern traffic toll collection means based on RFID technology. In this paper, some parameters of the physical layer defined by the national specifications of China on ETC&DSRC, GB/T20851-2007, are listed out and then a budget analysis is made to estimate the gain of antenna, the radiation power and the noise feature of the reader. Based on the analysis, a kind of concrete structure of ETC reader transceiver is proposed here and the detailed performance and parameters of every circuit modules in the RF transceiver are given.
Impact of miscommunication in medical dispute cases in Japan.

OBJECTIVE Medical disputes between physicians and patients can occur in non-negligent circumstances and may even result in compensation. We reviewed medical dispute cases to investigate the impact of miscommunication, especially in non-negligent situations. DESIGN Systematic review of medical dispute records was done to identify the presence of the adverse events, the type of medical error, preventability, the perception of miscommunication by patients and the amount of compensation. SETTING The study was performed in Kyoto, Japan. PARTICIPANTS We analyzed 155 medical dispute cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We compared (i) frequency of miscommunication cases between negligent and non-negligent cases, and (ii) proportions of positive compensation between non-miscommunication and miscommunication cases stratified according to the existence of negligence. Multivariate logistic analysis was conducted to assess the independent factors related to positive compensation. RESULTS Approximately 40% of the medical disputes (59/155) did not involve medical error (i.e. non-negligent). In the non-negligent cases, 64.4% (38/59) involved miscommunication, whereas in dispute cases with errors, 21.9% (21/96) involved miscommunications. (P <thinsp;0.01) Although almost at negligent dispute cases were compensated (94/96), the frequency of positive compensation in non-negligent cases was significantly higher if miscommunication was perceived: 78.9% (30/38) with miscommunication and 52.4% (11/21) with non-miscommunication (P < 0.05). The presence of medical error and patients' perception of miscommunication were important predictors of positive compensation (odds ratio: 36.9 and 3.6, respectively.) CONCLUSIONS Medical disputes can occur without negligence and may have costly consequences. Medical staffs need to understand that not only the 'presence of medical errors', but also 'patients' perception of miscommunication', especially in cases with a non-negligent adverse event, can cause serious medical disputes. To prevent future disputes or claims, there is a strong need to improve communication between providers and patients or their relatives.
Influence of parental occupation on coronary heart disease risk factors in children. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

BACKGROUND The influence of parental occupation on selected coronary heart disease risk factors was studied in a cohort of Finnish children aged 9, 12 and 15 years (n = 1211) as part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study in 1986. METHODS The relationships of parental occupation to serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations, blood pressure, obesity, smoking, physical activity, diet and birthweight were examined. The occupation of the parents was obtained by a questionnaire and classified as I: upper non-manual (22%), II: lower non-manual (26%), III: upper manual (32%), IV: lower manual (5%) and F: farmers (15%). RESULTS Highest serum total and how density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were found in classes IV and F. Boys from class IV had 7.1% higher total cholesterol concentrations compared to class I (4.98 mmol/l versus 4.65 mmol/l, P = 0.0033), whereas farmers' girls had 10.4% higher concentrations than girls from class III (5.31 mmol/l versus 4.81 mmol/l, P = 0.0057). Blood pressure was related to parental occupation only in boys, and the values were highest in class F. Boys from class IV smoked most often, and they also had lowest values for physical activity index and highest obesity indices. Farmers' children consumed significantly more saturated fat and cholesterol than children from other classes. In boys, the percentage of subjects with a low birthweight (< or = 10th percentile) was smallest in class I and greatest in class IV (7.1% versus 20.7%, P = 0.0330). CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic status based on parental occupation is associated with several coronary heart disease risk factors already present in children. These differences should be taken into account in prevention programmes aimed at children at an increased risk for developing coronary heart disease as adults.
Categorical Models for Abadi-Plotkin ’ s Logic for Parametricity

We propose a new category-theoretic formulation of relational parametricity based on a logic for reasoning about parametricity given by Abadi and Plotkin (Plotkin and Abadi, 1993). The logic can be used to reason about parametric models, such that we may prove consequences of parametricity that to our knowledge have not been proved before for existing category-theoretic notions of relational parametricity. We provide examples of parametric models and we describe a way of constructing parametric models from given models of the second-order lambda calculus.
Peer Socialization for Marriage: the Delineation of a Positional Career.

This study focuses on marriage as one criterion of adult­ hood in the United States* A wide range or descriptive studies points to peer influences as having considerable impact on youth as they move from childhood into adulthood. Specifically, the research problem consisted of tracing peer influences on the transition from the family of orientation to the family of procreation. Ernest Smith (1962) has identified four peer groups to which youth successively belong during this transitional process: the clique, the crowd, the date, and courtship — each of which involves normative structures which conflict with preceding and succeeding ones. This movement from the parental to the marital family was theoretically delineated through a synthesis of status transition concepts derived from role theory and human growth and develop­ ment concepts derived from theory and research in marriage and family relations. The normative conflict among the above mentioned peer groups was conceptualized as sociological ambivalence, i. e. incompatible expectations assigned to a set of statuses within society (Merton and Barber in Tiraykin, 1963). The far-reaching sociological effects of this structured ambivalence became apparent when these peer groups were viewed as instrumental in the accomplish­ ment of developmental tasks, i.e. tasks which arise at or around a certain age in the life of an individual, the successful completion
Campus Recreation Use and Health Behaviors among College Students in Different Academic Disciplines

Physical activity, campus recreation (CR) use, body mass index (BMI), and varied health indices were compared between academic discipline groups and sex. Participants (n = 219) were classified as AD I (kinesiology and physical education majors), AD II (health science majors and nursing majors), and AD III (representative sample of non-health-related majors) to make between-group comparisons based on the amount of emphasis placed on physical activity and health-related content within different disciplines. Significant differences (p < .05) were found between the academic discipline groups for International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores, CR minutes, CR days, CR time per day, vigorous physical activity (VPA), and perceived-health score; and between sex for BMI, VPA, sitting, fiber intake, and fruit and vegetable intake. The results indicate a positive relationship between the emphasis placed physical activity and health within an academic discipline and the degree to which students participate in physical activity, positive health behaviors, and perceived health.
Single-locus tests of microsatellite evolution: multi-step mutations and constraints on allele size.

We evaluate some common simulation procedures as well as a recently developed likelihood method used for testing hypotheses regarding microsatellite evolution. Results from simulated data revealed that the tests for the detection of multi-step mutations in general have some power, whereas tests for the presence of constraints on the repeat number have only very limited power. The tests were applied to population data obtained from nine different baleen whale populations. High agreement was found between results obtained using the simulation-based approach and results obtained using a likelihood ratio test. In four of the nine population samples the tests rejected the one-step mutation model. In two instances the significant deviation was due to excess of heterozygosity and in two instances to a reduced level of heterozygosity relative to the expectations under the stepwise mutation model. The former significant deviation was consistent with occasional multi-step mutations, whereas the latter may indicate the presence of constraints on the number of repeats.