Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forward Analysis for WSTS, Part II: Complete WSTS

We describe a simple, conceptual forward analysis procedure for infinity-complete WSTS S. This computes the so-called clover of a state. When S is the completion of a WSTS X, the clover in S is a finite description of the downward closure of the reachability set. We show that such completions are infinity-complete exactly when X is an omega-2-WSTS, a new robust class of WSTS. We show that our procedure terminates in more cases than the generalized Karp-Miller procedure on extensions of Petri nets and on lossy channel systems. We characterize the WSTS where our procedure terminates as those that are clover-flattable. Finally, we apply this to well-structured counter systems.
BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Genetic control of the rumen microbiome in sheep

Introduction Methane is a waste product generated by methanogenic archaea in the rumen of the host. In New Zealand, methane emitted by ruminants accounts for ~31% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Mitigation strategies to lower ruminant methane production are an important aspect of the national strategy to reduce GHG emissions. It has been shown that methane varies both with the genetics of the individual ruminant host and with the microbial populations present in the rumen. Current research is focussed on diet, vaccination, chemical inhibition, and genetic selection of lower emitting animals. The mitigation of methane production by genetic selection has been shown to be effective by divergently selecting for high and low methane emitting sheep (PinaresPatino et al. 2011; 2013). This approach is attractive as breeding is cumulative and sustainable. The many thousands of methane measures required for a commercial breeding program, however, would be prohibitively difficult and expensive to collect. Methane measures in sheep require multiple days in specialist respiration chambers and currently cost ~$1000 per individual. For an effective breeding program to reduce methane on a national/ international scale, alternative predictors are needed. Although it is known that methane production varies with rumen microbial community structure (RMC) (Kittelmann et al. 2014; Ross et al. 2013;Wallace et al. 2014), it is not known whether the host genetics also control the structure of RMC or whether RMC could be used to predict methane directly. The aim of this research was to evaluate rumen microbial community profiles sampled from the rumen as a tool to predict gross enteric methane emissions (g CH4 /day) and methane yield (g CH4/kg dry matter intake (DMI)).
The Expansion and Adaptation of Fulbe Pastoralism to Subhumid and Humid Conditions in Nigeria

R. Blench — L'expansion et l'adaptation du pastoralisme peul aux conditions climatiques humides et subhumides du Nigeria. ; Les Peuls, dont la population est la plus dispersee des peuples pasteurs du Nigeria, ont une organisation sociale tres fragmentee et diversifiee. Le stereotype, selon lequel les Peuls exploiteraient les zones semi-arides du Nord du Nigeria et n'utiliseraient la region de la Middle Belt que comme un refuge pour le pâturage de saison seche, se verifie de moins en moins. Les Peuls poussent maintenant leurs troupeaux jusqu'a la zone cotiere et passent pratiquement toute l'annee a la frontiere de la savane et de la foret. L'article enumere les differents facteurs qui sont a l'origine de cette expansion vers le sud. Des lors que les eleveurs doivent s'installer dans un milieu ecologique et social nouveau, ils mettent en œuvre des strategies d'adaptation a cet environnement. L'auteur examine en detail ces differentes strategies et s'appuie sur les donnees du recensement du betail de 1989-1991 pour analyser les facteurs qui ont conduit a un dramatique deplacement des troupeaux vers le sud.
Automated video analysis of interpersonal entrainment in Indian music performance

Interpersonal entrainment is an important and underexplored feature of musical performance. Better understanding of this phenomenon has important implications for musicology and for the understanding of joint action and coordination from a psychological perspective, and is likely also to be applicable in entertainment, educational, and therapeutic contexts. In order to achieve this, new methods of investigation are needed through which entrainment can be investigated in ecological contexts, keeping time-consuming manual intervention to a minimum. Preliminary research results are presented here on a system for the automated analysis of entrainment, and leadership from video recordings of performances of Indian music. The system is based on the EyesWeb XMI open software platform. The context and aims of the research are discussed along with an analysis of entrainment on the basis of head movements tracked on a video recording.
Songs and emotions: are lyrics and melodies equal partners?

We explored the role of lyrics and melodies in conveying emotions in songs. Participants rated the intensity of four types of emotions in instrumental music or the same music paired with lyrics. Melodies and lyrics conveyed the same intended emotion in Experiments 1 and 3 but were mismatched in Experiments 2 and 4. The major findings in Experiments 1 and 2 were that lyrics detracted from the emotion in happy and calm music (positive emotions), but enhanced the emotion in sad and angry music (negative emotions). In all cases, melodies of songs were more dominant than the lyrics in eliciting emotions. In addition, in Experiments 3 and 4, the emotion in the songs appeared to transfer, simply by association, to pictures of common objects arbitrarily paired with the songs.
Physical Exam Risk Factors for Lower Extremity Injury in High School Athletes: A Systematic Review

Objective:A stated goal of the preparticipation physical evaluation (PPE) is to reduce musculoskeletal injury, yet the musculoskeletal portion of the PPE is reportedly of questionable use in assessing lower extremity injury risk in high school-aged athletes. The objectives of this study are: (1) identify clinical assessment tools demonstrated to effectively determine lower extremity injury risk in a prospective setting, and (2) critically assess the methodological quality of prospective lower extremity risk assessment studies that use these tools. Data Sources:A systematic search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL, UptoDate, Google Scholar, Cochrane Reviews, and SportDiscus. Inclusion criteria were prospective injury risk assessment studies involving athletes primarily ages 13 to 19 that used screening methods that did not require highly specialized equipment. Methodological quality was evaluated with a modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale. Main Results:Nine studies were included. The mean modified PEDro score was 6.0/10 (SD, 1.5). Multidirectional balance (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; CI, 1.5-6.1; P < 0.05) and physical maturation status (P < 0.05) were predictive of overall injury risk, knee hyperextension was predictive of anterior cruciate ligament injury (OR, 5.0; CI, 1.2-18.4; P < 0.05), hip external:internal rotator strength ratio of patellofemoral pain syndrome (P = 0.02), and foot posture index of ankle sprain (r = −0.339, P = 0.008). Conclusions:Minimal prospective evidence supports or refutes the use of the functional musculoskeletal exam portion of the current PPE to assess lower extremity injury risk in high school athletes. Limited evidence does support inclusion of multidirectional balance assessment and physical maturation status in a musculoskeletal exam as both are generalizable risk factors for lower extremity injury.
The Role of Metaperception on the Effectiveness of Referral Reward Programs

It is generally believed that referral reward programs (RRPs) work because recommendations from friends or relatives are perceived as impartial and trustworthy in analogy to what happens with word-of-mouth recommendations. To understand how an incentivized recommendation affects recommendation behavior, we conducted qualitative interviews and two experiments. We show that recommendation behavior is driven by the givers perception (i.e., their metaperception) of how they will be viewed by the receivers. Metaperception, in turn, is affected negatively by the presence of an incentive, and positively affected by the tie strength between the giver and the receiver. Our findings show that RRPs can have a positive, neutral, and negative effect on recommendation behavior depending on the relative strengths of the negative indirect effect of incentive on recommendation behavior via metaperception, and the positive effect of the perceived attractiveness of the incentive on recommendation behavior.
The Global Economic Crisis and the Reshaping of Housing Opportunities

Abstract This paper begins by establishing the multi-scalar interconnectivity between global financial flows, the economic crisis and housing. Focusing particularly on developments in England, it then considers the transformation of debates and the justification for the “socialization of losses” and the substantial cuts in public expenditure through a neo-liberal “austerity” agenda. The paper argues that rather than addressing the fundamental tensions and contradictions within the current financialized model of capitalism, outlined in the first part of the paper, the responses of the UK Coalition Government and financial institutions have reinforced the recalibration of risk and responsibility. It then goes on to demonstrate the dynamics of, and contradictions within, the housing system in the context of wider policy and societal change. The paper highlights the emergence of strategies with the potential not only to reshape housing opportunities but also to further diminish access to, security and quality of appropriate housing across all tenures.
Vascular healing early after titanium-nitride-oxide-coated stent implantation assessed by optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of titanium-nitride-oxide-coated bioactive stents (BASs) were demonstrated in prior studies. In a prospective registry, we sought to explore the extent of neointimal coverage of stent struts by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at 30 days following the implantation of BASs in an unselected non-diabetic population. METHODS We enrolled 20 consecutive nondiabetic patients who underwent BAS implantation. OCT images were obtained at 30-day follow-up. Binary stent strut coverage was defined as the number of covered struts as a percentage of all analyzed struts. RESULTS Patients underwent OCT examination at an average of 30.5 ± 5.7 days following stent implantation. In these, 411 cross-sections were analyzed, including 3780 struts. Binary stent strut coverage was 97.2%, and the prevalence of malapposed struts was 3.2%. Mean neointimal thickness was 109.7 ± 83.6 μm. CONCLUSIONS In the current evaluation by OCT at 30-day follow-up after BAS implantation in an unselected non-diabetic cohort, binary stent strut coverage was satisfactory and the prevalence of malapposed struts was low.
Cognitive Linguistic approaches to teaching vocabulary: Assessment and integration

The pace at which new L2 words or expressions are acquired is influenced by the degree of engagement with them on the part of the learner. Several researchers with a Cognitive-Linguistics (CL) background have, since the 1990s, proposed ways of exploiting non-arbitrary aspects of vocabulary as stimuli for such engagement. Their proposals have been backed up by the results of several quasi-experimental studies. It must be acknowledged, however, that many of these are small-scale, some show only small effect sizes, and some are hard to interpret due to confounding variables. Taken collectively, the reported experiments are nevertheless beginning to constitute a body of evidence in favour of CL-informed instruction that is hard to dismiss, so there is reason to believe that this kind of instruction deserves a niche in second language programmes. However, a judicious implementation of CL ideas stands to gain considerably from a closer alignment with ‘mainstream’ second language vocabulary research. Insights to be taken on board from the mainstream concern issues of selection, the desirability of distributed learning, and the need to cater for complementary types of knowledge.
Reducing Prejudice Across Cultures via Social Tuning

This research examines whether culture influences the extent to which people’s attitudes tune toward others’ egalitarian beliefs. Hong Kong Chinese, but not American, participants were less prejudiced, explicitly and implicitly, toward homosexuals when they interacted with a person who appeared to hold egalitarian views as opposed to neutral views (Experiment 1). In Experiments 2 and 3, cultural concepts were manipulated. Americans and Hong Kong Chinese who were primed with a collectivist mind-set showed less explicit and implicit prejudice when the experimenter was thought to endorse egalitarian views than when no views were conveyed. Such differences were not found when both cultural groups were primed with an individualist mind-set. These findings suggest that cultural value orientations can help mitigate prejudice.
INFORMAL SEARCH AND JOB OPPORTUNITIES AMONG SECONDARY-SCHOOL LEAVERS IN HUNGARY*

This paper addresses two questions: (1) Do informal job searchers find good jobs in Hungary? (2) Do social resources theory and the theory of employee referrals explain the conditions under which informal job searchers find good jobs? The questions are examined using a rather unique dataset which was collected among people who completed secondary vocational education in 1998. It is found that the use of informal methods in itself rarely promotes one's chances of finding a good job. Rather, good jobs can be accessed through either high status contacts or employee referrals. These findings are consistent with both social resources theory and the theory of employee referrals.
X-Ray Sensitivity during the Cell Generation Cycle of Cultured Chinese Hamster Cells1

Our earlier reports (1–3) have provided a general, qualitative description of the X-ray sensitivity of Chinese hamster cells as a function of their age within the generation cycle. With a partially synchronized cell population and colony survival used as an assay, it was established that cells were least sensitive to X-rays in the latter part of the DNA synthetic period (S period) and appeared to be about equally sensitive in the pre-DNA synthetic period (G1) and post-DNA synthetic period (G2). The variations in sensitivity throughout the cycle seemed mainly but not exclusively due to variations in the threshold or shoulder of the survival curve. We were, however, aware of the fact that even a few resistant S cells present during stages we had designated as G1 or G2 could significantly alter the survival curve for G1 and G2 cells. Such S cells may be present not only because of inadequacies in the synchronization procedure but also because of differences in the rate of progression of cells through the cycle which tends to desynchronize the population. Even if the number of S cells present were known, their exact contribution to the survival curve would be difficult to estimate, especially if the sensitivity of S cells varied throughout the S period. To determine X-ray sensitivity more accurately at all stages, we have used lethal amounts of tritiated thymidine (HTdR) to inactivate the S cells. Furthermore, since the previous technique could not be used to obtain the sensitivity of mitotic (M) cells, we have modified our procedure so that this may be accomplished. Finally, in view of the possible association between X-ray resistance and DNA synthesis, it was important to find out whether cells in S had a constant or variable sensitivity throughout the synthetic period. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The domain of liaison: theories and data

In this paper it is argued that current theories of the domain of liaison are inadequate. It is shown thai 'domain' is a variable intralinguistic constraint on the (variable) rule of liaison. The variable nature of liaison is also apparent from the fact that its rate of application covaries with extralinguistic factors such as style and social class. These results also show that rules of sentence phonology should be based on reliable corpora of spoken language.
Stochastic Scheduling on Unrelated Machines

Two important characteristics encountered in many real-world scheduling problems are heterogeneous machines/processors and a certain degree of uncertainty about the actual sizes of jobs. The first characteristic entails machine dependent processing times of jobs and is captured by the classical unrelated machine scheduling model.The second characteristic is adequately addressed by stochastic processing times of jobs as they are studied in classical stochastic scheduling models. While there is an extensive but separate literature for the two scheduling models, we study for the first time a combined model that takes both characteristics into account simultaneously. Here, the processing time of job $j$ on machine $i$ is governed by random variable $P_{ij}$, and its actual realization becomes known only upon job completion. With $w_j$ being the given weight of job $j$, we study the classical objective to minimize the expected total weighted completion time $E[\sum_j w_jC_j]$, where $C_j$ is the completion time of job $j$. By means of a novel time-indexed linear programming relaxation, we compute in polynomial time a scheduling policy with performance guarantee $(3+\Delta)/2+\epsilon$. Here, $\epsilon>0$ is arbitrarily small, and $\Delta$ is an upper bound on the squared coefficient of variation of the processing times. We show that the dependence of the performance guarantee on $\Delta$ is tight, as we obtain a $\Delta/2$ lower bound for the type of policies that we use. When jobs also have individual release dates $r_{ij}$, our bound is $(2+\Delta)+\epsilon$. Via $\Delta=0$, currently best known bounds for deterministic scheduling are contained as a special case.
Cohomology of Lie superalgebras and their generalizations

The cohomology groups of Lie superalgebras and, more generally, of e Lie algebras, are introduced and investigated. The main emphasis is on the case where the module of coefficients is nontrivial. Two general propositions are proved, which help to calculate the cohomology groups. Several examples are included to show the peculiarities of the super case. For L=sl(1|2), the cohomology groups H1(L,V) and H2(L,V), with V a finite-dimensional simple graded L-module, are determined, and the result is used to show that H2(L,U(L)) [with U(L) the enveloping algebra of L] is trivial. This implies that the superalgebra U(L) does not admit any nontrivial formal deformations (in the sense of Gerstenhaber). Garland’s theory of universal central extensions of Lie algebras is generalized to the case of e Lie algebras.
Poor immunogenicity of the H1N1 2009 vaccine in well controlled HIV-infected individuals

Objective:To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the H1N1 2009 vaccine in HIV-positive individuals. Design:A single-arm study. Setting:Clinic at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Participants:HIV-infected adults with an indication for H1N1 vaccination. Intervention:Single intramuscular 15 μg dose of the monovalent, unadjuvanted, inactivated, split virus H1N1 vaccine. Main outcomes:Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability. Results:A total of 120 participants were enrolled, 71% men, 68% African–American, with median age of 46 years. All of them but one were on antiretroviral treatment, with a median current CD4 cell counts of 502 cells/μl, and a nadir CD4 cell counts of 132 cells/μl. The HIV RNA level was below 400 copies/ml in 92% of participants. All participants completed the 3 weeks of follow-up. Thirty of the 120 (25%) participants had antibody hemagglutination-inhibition assay titers equal or greater than 1: 40 at baseline. Among participants without evidence of previous exposure, only 61% develop protective titers by week 3 of the study. Nonresponders had lower current and nadir CD4 cell counts than responders. Only four of nine participants with detectable HIV viral load at baseline developed protective antibody titers. Age and race were not predictors of the response to the vaccine. The vaccine was well tolerated. Conclusion:These results suggest that only 60% of well controlled HIV-infected individuals without preexisting immunity to H1N1 develop protective antibody titers after immunization. Alternative vaccines, dosing, adjuvants or schedule strategies are needed to achieve effective immunization of this vulnerable population.
Neuroimaging, cardiovascular physiology, and functional outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease

This review integrates data on brain dysmaturation and acquired brain injury using fetal and neonatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including the contribution of cardiovascular physiology to differences in brain development, and the relationship between brain abnormalities and subsequent neurological impairments in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). The antenatal and neonatal period are critical for optimal brain development; the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to haemodynamic disturbances during this time. Altered cerebral perfusion and decreased cerebral oxygen delivery in the antenatal period can affect functional and structural brain development, while postnatal haemodynamic fluctuations may cause additional injury. In critical CHD, brain dysmaturation and acquired brain injury result from a combination of underlying cardiovascular pathology and surgery performed in the neonatal period. MRI findings in infants with CHD can be used to evaluate potential clinical risk factors for brain abnormalities, and aid prediction of functional outcomes at an early stage. In addition, information on timing of brain dysmaturation and acquired brain injury in CHD has the potential to be used when developing strategies to optimize neurodevelopment.
Constructing Organizational Identities on the Web: A Case Study of Royal Dutch/Shell*

In this paper we analyse two of the e-mail exchanges that had been posted on Royal Dutch/Shell's Web site in order to investigate how organizational identities are constructed through processes of description, questioning, contestation and defence. Organizational identities may be regarded as ongoing arguments between insiders and between ostensible insiders and outsiders, who deploy various persuasive techniques in their efforts to render hegemonic their versions of an organization's identity. Making plausible through persuasive rhetoric is a complex task, and requires a discourse analytic methodology and an analytical focus on whole utterances, in order to explicate how identity-as-argument is enacted. The research implications of our paper are twofold. First, by focusing on language as an opaque phenomenon, taken-for-granted ways of being persuasive are made strange and hence more visible. Second, our understanding of organizations as situated in ongoing, multi-focused arguments, illustrates a new way of conceptualizing the polyphonic, genre-relevant nature of institutional identities.