Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian Network Based Approach for Change Coupling Prediction

Source code coupling and change history are two important data sources for change coupling analysis. The popularity of public open source projects in recent years makes both sources available. Based on our previous research, in this paper, we inspect different dimensions of software changes including change significance or source code dependency levels, extract a set of features from the two sources and propose a Bayesian network-based approach for change coupling prediction. By combining the features from the co-changed entities and their dependency relation, the approach can model the underlying uncertainty. The empirical case study on two medium-sized open source projects demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach compared to previous work.
AIL and HDG proteins act antagonistically to control cell proliferation

AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE (AIL) transcription factors are key regulators of cell proliferation and meristem identity. Although AIL functions have been well described, the direct signalling components of this pathway are largely unknown. We show that BABY BOOM (BBM) and other AIL proteins physically interact with multiple members of the L1-expressed HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS (HDG) transcription factor family, including HDG1, HDG11 and HDG12. Overexpression of HDG1, HDG11 and HDG12 restricts growth due to root and shoot meristem arrest, which is associated with reduced expression of genes involved in meristem development and cell proliferation pathways, whereas downregulation of multiple HDG genes promotes cell overproliferation. These results suggest a role for HDG proteins in promoting cell differentiation. We also reveal a transcriptional network in which BBM and HDG1 regulate several common target genes, and where BBM/AIL and HDG regulate the expression of each other. Taken together, these results suggest opposite roles for AIL and HDG proteins, with AILs promoting cell proliferation and HDGs stimulating cell differentiation, and that these functions are mediated at both the protein-protein interaction and transcriptional level. Summary: The Arabidopsis AIL and HDG transcription factors exert opposing roles in meristems, acting via physical interactions and shared downstream targets to control proliferation vs. differentiation.
Apical Ballooning Syndrome: An Important Differential Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Case presentation: A 60-year-old woman presented to the emergency department 2 hours after the onset of severe retrosternal chest pain that started soon after she was told that her son had died in a car accident. A 12-lead ECG demonstrated ST-elevation in the precordial leads (Figure 1), and the plasma troponin T level was elevated at 0.07 ng/mL. A diagnosis of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction was made, and the patient was admitted for emergency coronary angiography, which revealed normal coronary arteries. The left ventriculogram showed severe systolic dysfunction involving the mid and apical segments (Data Supplement Movie I). Figure 1. Twelve-lead ECG demonstrating ST-segment elevation in precordial leads. Physicians have long been aware of the possible association between stress and cardiovascular events. Awareness has increased of a distinct cardiac syndrome that was originally described in the Japanese population and was called Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, named after the octopus-trapping pot with a round bottom and narrow neck that resembles the left ventriculogram during systole in these patients.1,2 Other names used to describe the condition include apical ballooning syndrome (ABS), broken heart syndrome, and stress or ampulla cardiomyopathy. The precise incidence of ABS is unknown, but it may account for 1% to 2% of patients who present with an acute myocardial infarction.3 The majority of patients have a clinical presentation that is indistinguishable from an acute coronary syndrome. Most present with chest pain at rest, although some patients have dyspnea alone as their initial presenting symptom. Rarely, patients present with syncope or an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.4 ABS appears to occur almost exclusively in postmenopausal women; however, a few cases have been reported in younger women and males.4 The patients are usually hemodynamically stable, but clinical findings of mild-to-moderate congestive heart failure …
Several methods of ranking retrieval systems with partial relevance judgment

Some measures such as mean average precision and recall level precision are considered as good system-oriented measures, because they concern both precision and recall that are two important aspects for effectiveness evaluation of information retrieval systems. However, such good system-oriented measures suffer from some shortcomings when partial relevance judgment is used. In this paper, we discuss how to rank retrieval systems in the condition of partial relevance judgment, which is common in major retrieval evaluation events such as TREC conferences and NTCIR workshops. Four system-oriented measures, which are mean average precision, recall level precision, normalized discount cumulative gain, and normalized average precision over all documents, are discussed. Our investigation shows that averaging values over a set of queries may not be the most reliable approach to rank a group of retrieval systems. Some alternatives such as Bar da count. Condorcet voting, and the zero-one normalization method, are investigated. Experimental results are also presented for the evaluation of these methods.
On the Causal Links between FDI and Growth in Developing Countries

We analyse the Granger causal relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) and GDP in a sample of 31 developing countries covering 31 years. Using estimators for heterogeneous panel data we find bi-directional causality between the FDI-to-GDP ratio and the level of GDP. FDI has a lasting impact on GDP, while GDP has no long-run impact on the FDI-to-GDP ratio. In that sense FDI causes growth. Furthermore, in a model for GDP and FDI as a fraction of gross capital formation (GCF) we also find long-run effects from FDI to GDP. This finding may be interpreted as evidence in favour of the hypotheses that FDI has an impact on GDP via knowledge transfers and adoption of new technology.
Performance Analysis of Two-Step Bi-Directional Relaying with Multiple Antennas

In this paper we study decode-and-forward multi-antenna relay systems that achieve bi-directional communication in two time slots. We investigate different downlink broadcast schemes which employ binary or analog network coding at the relay. We also analyze and compare their performances in terms of diversity order and symbol error probability. It is shown that if exact downlink channel state information is available at the relay, using analog network coding in the form of multi-antenna maximal-ratio transmit beamforming to precode the information vectors at the relay gives the best performance. Then, we propose a Max-Min antenna selection with binary network coding scheme that can approach this performance with only partial channel state information.
Tuberculosis in Goats and Sheep in Afar Pastoral Region of Ethiopia and Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Goat

A cross sectional study was conducted on 2231 small ruminants in four districts of the Afar Pastoral Region of Ethiopia to investigate the epidemiology of tuberculosis in goats and sheep using comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test, postmortem examination, mycobacteriological culture and molecular typing methods. The overall animal prevalence of TB in small ruminants was 0.5% (95% CI: 0.2%–0.7%) at ≥4 mm and 3.8% (95% CI: 3%–4.7%) at cutoff ≥2 mm. The herd prevalence was 20% (95% CI: 12–28%) and 47% (95% CI: 37–56%) at ≥4 mm and ≥2 mm cut-off points, respectively. The overall animal prevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex infection was 2.8% (95% CI: 2.1–3.5%) and 6.8% (95% CI: 5.8–7.9%) at ≥4 mm and ≥2 mm cut-off points, respectively. Mycobacteriological culture and molecular characterization of isolates from tissue lesions of tuberculin reactor goats resulted in isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (SIT149) and non-tuberculosis mycobacteria as causative agents of tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like diseases in goats, respectively. The isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in goat suggests a potential transmission of the causative agent from human and warrants further investigation in the role of small ruminants in epidemiology of human tuberculosis in the region.
The water vapour distribution in the Arctic lowermost stratosphere during the LAUTLOS campaign and related transport processes including stratosphere-troposphere exchange

Balloon-borne water vapour measurements during January and February 2004, which were obtained as part of the LAUTLOS campaign at Sodankyla, Finland, 67° N, were used to analyse the water vapour distribution in the wintertime Arctic lowermost stratosphere. A 2.5 km thick layer (or 30 K in the potential temperature scale) above the tropopause is characterized by a significant water vapour variability on a synoptic timescale with values between stratospheric and tropospheric, which is in good agreement with previously reported measurements. A cross-correlation analysis of ozone and water vapour confirms that this layer contains a mixture of stratospheric and tropospheric air masses. Some of the flights sampled laminae of enhanced water vapour above the tropopause. Meteorological analyses and backward trajectory calculations show that these features were related to filaments that had developed along the flanks of cut-off anticyclones, which had been active at this time over the Northern Atlantic. The role of the filaments was however not to transport water vapour from the troposphere to the stratosphere but rather to transport it within the stratosphere away from regions where intensive two-way stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) was identified. Intensive STE occurred around cut-off anticyclones in regions of strong winds, where calculations suggest the presence of clear-air turbulence (CAT). Evidences that CAT contributes to the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST) are presented. However, statistically, relation between TST and CAT during the studied period is weak.
A cooperative UAV/UGV platform for wildfire detection and fighting

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) have received much attention in the research and development community due to their strong potential in certain high-risk missions. In applications that involve multiple vehicles, the inter-vehicle communication and cooperation becomes a critical challenge to a successful mission. An effective co-operative control framework is required to co-ordinate the system-level decision making process and information flow among the multiple agents such that the collective mission is optimally achieved. In this paper, a cooperative control framework for a hierarchical UAV/UGV platform is proposed. A top-level mobile mission controller provides effective mission planning and system-level decision making such that mission completion time and resource expenditure are optimized. The mobile mission controller can monitor the dynamic environment with its own sensing capabilities and coordinate UAVs/UGVs in their actions. This paper discusses the potential application of the proposed hierarchical vehicle platform to high-risk missions, specifically in the context of wildfire fighting. The task generation and allocation problems and proposed approaches are presented under the given control framework.
Police perceptions of prejudice: how police awareness training influences the capacity of police to assess prejudiced motivated crime

ABSTRACT Prejudice motivated crime (PMC) is defined as crimes motivated by bias, prejudice or hatred towards members of particular groups, communities and individuals. To understand how police awareness training facilitates or constrains the capacity of police officers to appropriately classify and respond to PMC, data were collected from a population of Police Recruits (PRs) and Protective Service Officers (PSOs) (N = 1609) to ascertain their perceptions of PMC pre- and post-PMC awareness training. These were used in a logistic regression model to identify factors explaining whether PRs and PSOs would identify a vignette/scenario as a PMC. We found PRs and PSOs were more likely to correctly identify a PMC scenario than a control scenario, but only 61% as likely to identify an incident as PMC post-PMC awareness training after accounting for other variables. We argue that awareness training programmes need to be more aligned to the specific needs of policing in diverse societies.
Loss of epithelial differentiation and gain of invasiveness correlates with tyrosine phosphorylation of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex in cells transformed with a temperature-sensitive v-SRC gene

Loss of histotypic organization of epithelial cells is a common feature in normal development as well as in the invasion of carcinomas. Here we show that the v-src oncogene is a potent effector of epithelial differentiation and invasiveness. MDCK epithelial cells transformed with a temperature-sensitive mutant of v-src exhibit a strictly epithelial phenotype at the nonpermissive temperature for pp60v-src activity (40.5 degrees C) but rapidly loose cell-to-cell contacts and acquire a fibroblast-like morphology after culture at the permissive temperature (35 degrees C). Furthermore, the invasiveness of the cells into collagen gels or into chick heart fragments was increased at the permissive temperature. The profound effects of v-src on intercellular adhesion were not linked to changes in the levels of expression of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Rather, we observed an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of E-cadherin and, in particular, of the associated protein beta-catenin. These results suggest a mechanism by which v-src counteracts junctional assembly and thereby promotes invasiveness and dedifferentiation of epithelial cells through phosphorylation of the E-cadherin/catenin complex.
On the water-wave equations with surface tension

The purpose of this article is to clarify the Cauchy theory of the water waves equations as well in terms of regularity indexes for the initial conditions as for the smoothness of the bottom of the domain (namely no regularity assumption is assumed on the bottom). Our main result is that, following the approach developped by T. Alazard and G. Metivier in [1], after suitable paralinearizations, the system can be arranged into an explicit symmetric system of Schrodinger type. We then show that the smoothing effect for the (one dimensional) surface tension water waves proved by H. Christianson, V. M. Hur, and G. Staffilani in [9], is in fact a rather direct consequence of this reduction, which allows also to lower the regularity indexes of the initial data, and to obtain the natural weights in the estimates.
Information Processing under Imprecise Risk with the Hurwicz Criterion

An agent has Hurwicz criterion with pessimism-optimism index α under imprecise risk and adopts the root dictatorship version of McClennen's Resolute Choice in sequential decision situations, i.e. evaluates strategies at the root of the decision tree by the Hurwicz criterion and enforces the best strategy, thus behaving in a dynamically consistent manner. We address two questions raised by this type of behavior: (i) is information processed correctly? and (ii) to what extent do unrealized outcomes influence decisions (non-consequentialism)? Partial answers are provided by studying: (i) the random sampling of a binary variable, and finding the influence of the pessimism-optimism index to be decreasing with the sample size, and the optimal decision rule to asymp-totically only depend on the relative frequencies observed ; and (ii) an insurance problem in which the agent chooses his coverage at period two after observing the period one outcome (accident or no accident); when no accident happened, a seemingly irrelevant data-the first period deductible level-is found to be able to influence the second period insurance choice. We analyse this result in relation with the existence and value of the pessimism-optimism degree.
Small deformations of polygons and polyhedra

We describe the first-order variations of the angles of Euclidean, spherical or hyperbolic polygons under infinitesimal deformations such that the lengths of the edges do not change. Using this description, we introduce a vector-valued quadratic invariant b on the space of those isometric deformations which, for convex polygons, has a remarkable positivity property. We give two geometric applications. The first is an isoperimetric statement for hyperbolic polygons: Among the convex hyperbolic polygons with given edge lengths, there is a unique polygon with vertices on a circle, a horocycle, or on one connected component of the space of points at constant distance from a geodesic, and it has maximal area. The second application is a rigidity result for equivariant polyhedral surfaces in the Minkowski space. On decrit les deformations infinitesimales des angles d'un polygone euclidien, spherique ou hyperbolique sous les deformations infinitesimales qui preservent les longueurs des aretes. On en deduit la definition d'un invariant quadratique a valeurs vectorielles b sur l'espace de ces deformations isometriques qui, pour les polygones convexes, a une propriete remarquable de positivite. On donne deux applications geometriques. La premiere est un enonce isoperimetrique pour les polygones hyperboliques: Parmi les polygones hyperboliques convexes dont les longueurs des aretes sont donnees, il existe un unique element dont les sommets sont sur un cercle, un horocycle, ou dans une composante connexe de l'ensemble des points a distance constante d'une geodesique, et son aire est maximale. La seconde application est un resultat de rigidite pour les surfaces polyedrales equivariantes dans l'espace de Minkowski.
Using phenomenography to investigate the enacted object of learning in teaching activities: the case of teaching Chinese characters in Hong Kong preschools

ABSTRACT This study set out to use phenomenography as a theoretical framework to investigate teaching in classrooms, focusing on how the same content is enacted differently in different teaching activities. We observed teaching activities intended to teach children to recognize Chinese characters in preschools and collected data about the delivery of the teaching activities. A total of 3 categories of teaching activities were identified from the data, which correspondingly reflected 3 ways of seeing the recognition of characters: (A) recognition as matching items, (B) recognition as imitating behaviors, and (C) recognition as constructing meanings. Our results were useful for fostering the professional learning of teachers in practical ways as well as holding the potential to further advance the methodology of phenomenography.
Focus and intonational phrase boundary in standard Chinese

This paper reports results of an experiment investigating the relation of focus and prosodic boundary. We tested the hypothesis that focus in standard Chinese introduces an intonational phrase (IP) boundary before a focused constituent by examining the durational adjustment of syllables in different prosodic positions (i.e. IP initial versus IP medial) and focus conditions (i.e. focused versus unfocused). Results show that under both focus conditions, IP initial onset was significantly longer than IP medial onset but little difference was observed in rhyme duration. Focus, however, tended to induce lengthening more consistently in rhyme than in onset in both prosodic positions. Furthermore, the magnitudes of lengthening on onset and rhyme tended to be comparable in terms of their percentage of lengthening. This suggests that the effect of prosodic position on segment duration is localized and restricted to onset while the effect of focus is relatively more global and spans over the whole focused constituent. We also found that an IP initial unfocused syllable differed significantly from an IP medial focused syllable in both onset and rhyme duration. We thus conclude that there is no durational evidence that focus inserts an IP boundary to the left edge of a focused constituent in standard Chinese.
Molecular mechanisms of clathrin-independent endocytosis

There is good evidence that, in addition to the canonical clathrin-associated endocytic machinery, mammalian cells possess multiple sets of proteins that are capable of mediating the formation of endocytic vesicles. The identity, mechanistic properties and function of these clathrin-independent endocytic pathways are currently under investigation. This Commentary briefly recounts how the field of clathrin-independent endocytosis has developed to date. It then highlights recent progress in identifying key proteins that might define alternative types of endocytosis. These proteins include CtBP (also known as BARS), flotillins (also known as reggies) and GRAF1. We argue that a combination of information about pathway-specific proteins and the ultrastructure of endocytic invaginations provides a means of beginning to classify endocytic pathways.
Achieving progress through clinical governance? A national study of health care managers’ perceptions in the NHS in England

Background: A national cross sectional study was undertaken to explore the perceptions concerning the importance of, and progress in, aspects of clinical governance among board level and directorate managers in English acute, ambulance, and mental health/learning disabilities (MH/LD) trusts. Participants: A stratified sample of acute, ambulance, and mental health/learning disabilities trusts in England (n = 100), from each of which up to 10 board level and 10 directorate level managers were randomly sampled. Methods: Fieldwork was undertaken between April and July 2002 using the Organisational Progress in Clinical Governance (OPCG) schedule to explore managers’ perceptions of the importance of, and organisational achievement in, 54 clinical governance competency items in five aggregated domains: improving quality; managing risks; improving staff performance; corporate accountability; and leadership and collaboration. The difference between ratings of importance and achievement was termed a shortfall. Results: Of 1916 individuals surveyed, 1177 (61.4%) responded. The competency items considered most important and recording highest perceived achievement related to corporate accountability structures and clinical risks. The highest shortfalls between perceived importance and perceived achievement were reported in joint working across local health communities, feedback of performance data, and user involvement. When aggregated into domains, greatest achievement was perceived in the assurance related areas of corporate accountability and risk management, with considerably less perceived achievement and consequently higher shortfalls in quality improvement and leadership and collaboration. Directorate level managers’ perceptions of achievement were found to be significantly lower than those of their board level colleagues on all domains other than improving performance. No differences were found in perceptions of achievement between different types of trusts, or between trusts at different stages in the Commission for Health Improvement (CHI) review cycle. Conclusions: While structures and systems for clinical governance seem well established, there is more perceived progress in areas concerned with quality assurance than quality improvement. This study raises some uncomfortable questions about the impact of CHI review visits.