Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Likelihood of Conviction, Threatened Punishment, and Assumed Role on Mock Plea Bargaining Decisions

Subjects playing the roles of either innocent or guilty defendants decided whether or not to accept a plea bargain based upon three sources of information. The likelihood of conviction, the sentence if a plea bargain were accepted, and the sentence if a plea bargain were rejected were manipulated in a factorial design. The results from two data analyses (percentage of subjects accepting and a continuous firmness of decision scale) lend support to the use of an optimizing decision strategy. A main effect of each independent variable was found for both the percentage and scale data. In addition, the results indicate that "innocent" individuals may be inclined to accept a plea bargain if the conditions are right in order to cut their losses.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ANALYSING EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION MEDIUM AND MOTIVATION ON DECEPTION DETECTION IN INTERPERSONAL DYADIC INTERACTIONS

This thesis reports an experimental study that examines the role of communication medium and liar motivation on deception detection. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two dyadic communication conditions, text-based instant messaging or face-to-face, and to one of two motivation conditions, high or low. Participants engaged in a discussion of four topics, in which one participant was deceptive during two topics and truthful during the other two. No main effect of communication medium or motivation level was observed. However, an interaction effect suggests that highly motivated liars interacting in an instant-messaging medium were the most successful in deceiving their partners. The implications of these results are discussed both in terms of the elimination of nonverbal cues and the potential advantages offered by text-based communication settings to the motivated liar. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Saurabh Goorha has an undergraduate degree in Engineering (B.E., Government Engineering College, Jabalpur, India). He subsequently completed his Masters in Business Administration (M.B.A., Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune, India). He has professional experiences in diverse industries, including consumerpackaged-goods (Hindustan Lever Limited), advertising (Leo Burnett), and electronic commerce (Commerce One). His recent research interests have been identifying and analyzing individual human psychological processes, across both face-to-face and computer-mediated-communication mediums, and their impact on multiple aspects of inter-personal trust and deception. He is joining the Doctoral Program in Marketing at the S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University. His future interests include researching consumer responses to various marketing stimulus, as well as to analyze and predict consumer decision-making, combining both traditional and internet-based business and consumer models.
Schizotypy and facial emotion processing

The ability to accurately interpret facial emotion is crucial to social being and our capacity to correctly interpret threat-related expressions has obvious adaptive value. Healthy individuals appear to process facial emotions rapidly, accurately and effortlessly, while individuals with schizophrenia often present with marked impairment in emotion processing. The hypothesis of continuity between schizophrenia and normal behaviour suggests that the signs and symptoms of the disorder also occur to varying, lesser degrees in the general population. This thesis presents a series of studies that explore the limits of facial emotion processing in healthy individuals, and its relationship with schizotypal personality traits. The first paper describes a set of three studies that use eye tracking techniques to explore the limits of rapid emotion processing. It is shown that we can quickly orient attention towards emotional faces even when the faces are task-irrelevant, presented for very brief intervals, and located well into peripheral vision. The remaining studies explore whether high schizotypes have similarities to individuals with schizophrenia in the way that they process facial emotion. High schizotypes were significantly less accurate at discriminating facial emotions and significantly more likely to misperceive neutral faces as angry, offering support for continuum models of visual hallucinatory experiences. A further study revealed that high relative to low schizoptypes feel as though they are exposed to angry faces for longer. It is argued that this experience itself may serve to maintain hypervigilance to social threat. Finally, laterality biases during face perception were explored. Contrary to the predictions of continuum models of schizophrenia, high schizotypes had an increased left side / right hemisphere bias for face processing. In summary, the thesis offers partial support for the hypothesis of continuity between the impairments in emotion discrimination observed in individuals with schizophrenia, and normal, healthy variation in facial emotion processing.
What Does Remembering Racial Violence Do? Greensboro’s Truth Commission, Mnemonic Overlap, and Attitudes toward Racial Redress

In recent decades, African Americans have called for greater reckoning with historic race-related violence. One such violent incident took place in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1979, when Klansmen killed five Communist demonstrators. Greensboro’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission was created in 2004 as an intervention into collective memory of the killings. In this article, I draw on a unique survey of 716 respondents about this case to make three arguments. First, I argue that memory projects can induce mnemonic overlap between creators and audiences, modestly stimulating support for redress of historic injustice. Second, I show that while “preaching to the choir” and to undecided audiences is effective, building project awareness among ideological opponents triggers increased resistance, not persuasion. Third, I show that audiences filtered the project’s story through its key characters’ ingrained reputations, especially that of the Ku Klux Klan, which constrained and enabled the Commission’s effectiveness in surprising ways. I discuss implications for commemorative projects as a part of redress.
The Relevance of Class in Education Policy and Research

Over the last few decades, less importance has been attached to the concept of class in educational policy and educational research. Due to the continued relevance of class in many educational contexts, this article argues that this trend is unfortunate, untimely and unwarranted, and that important questions are overlooked as a result. As a case in point, the article examines contemporary policy trends in upper-secondary vocational education in Sweden. The article comprises two interrelated sections. The first discusses the more general matter of the relevance of class (and its critique) and how class can be understood in contemporary society. Following the conclusions from part one, the second section demonstrates how problems arise when vocational education is removed from its class context, illustrated by contemporary policy trends in Sweden where not only issues of class are ignored, but policies are also adopted that are likely to augment class inequalities.
resilience and unemployment: exploring risk and protective influences for the outcome variables of depression and assertive job searching

This study examined adult resilience in the context of the adversity of unemployment. Seventy-seven unemployed job seekers completed a self-report survey containing the Resilience Scale (G. M. Wagnild & H. M. Young, 1993), Centre for Epidemiologic Studies-Depressed Mood Scale (L. S. Radloff, 1977), and the Assertive Job Hunting Survey (H. A. Becker, 1980). Product-term regression indicated that for those unemployed persons who had resilient qualities, less depression resulted even though they had been job searching for a long time (beta = -.359, p < .001). Length of time job searching was positively associated with depression (beta = .41, p < .01). When the outcome variable was job search assertiveness, only the main effect of resilience (beta = .492, p < .001) was significant, accounting for 25.8% of the variance. The inclusion of psychological interventions to foster resilience, along with standard job search training provided by job network services, is advocated.
Preference for Violent Electronic Games and Aggressive Behavior among Children: The Beginning of the Downward Spiral?

A one-year longitudinal study with 324 German third and fourth graders was conducted in order to find out whether a preference for violent electronic games socializes children to become more aggressive or whether aggressive individuals tend to select this type of game. Cross-lagged panel analyses suggest that children who were rated as openly aggressive at Time 1 intensified their preference for violent electronic games over time. We determined that it could be ruled out that this selection effect was due to a number of underlying variables ranging from ecological variables (neighborhood) to family variables (migration status, older brother) and child variables (gender, self-esteem, level of achievement). Discussion focuses on the emerging preference for violent electronic games among children.
The Unhealthy Persuader: The Reinforcing Value of Television and Children's Purchase-influencing Attempts at the Supermarket.

GALST, JOANN PALEY, and WHITE, MARY ALICE. The Unhealthy Persuader: The Reinforcing Value of Television and Children's Purchase-influencing Attempts at the Supermarket. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 1089-1096. Purchase-influencing attempts at the supermarket were related to the reinforcement value of television commercials and to the amount of TV children were exposed to at home. The major finding was that, the harder a child worked to maintain commercials on a TV monitor, as compared with the program narrative, and the more commercial television he or she watched at home, the greater the number of purchase-influencing attempts directed at his or her mother at the supermarket. Cereals and candy were the most heavily requested items and the food items most frequently advertised in commercials directed at children. As advertisements for sugared cereals outnumber those for unsugared cereals by 3 to 1 during programming directed at children, the results were discussed in terms of TV's contribution to unhealthy eating patterns.
Real‐time volumetric MRI thermometry of focused ultrasound ablation in vivo: a feasibility study in pig liver and kidney

MR thermometry offers the possibility to precisely guide high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the noninvasive treatment of kidney and liver tumours. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate therapy guidance by motion‐compensated, rapid and volumetric MR temperature monitoring and to evaluate the feasibility of MR‐guided HIFU ablation in these organs. Fourteen HIFU sonications were performed in the kidney and liver of five pigs under general anaesthesia using an MR‐compatible Philips HIFU platform prototype. HIFU sonication power and duration were varied. Volumetric MR thermometry was performed continuously at 1.5 T using the proton resonance frequency shift method employing a multi‐slice, single‐shot, echo‐planar imaging sequence with an update frequency of 2.5 Hz. Motion‐related suceptibility artefacts were compensated for using multi‐baseline reference images acquired prior to sonication. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed for macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the kidney, liver and skin. The standard deviation of the temperature measured prior to heating in the sonicated area was approximately 1°C in kidney and liver, and 2.5°C near the skin. The maximum temperature rise was 30°C for a sonication of 1.2 MHz in the liver over 15 s at 300 W. The thermal dose reached the lethal threshold (240CEM43) in two of six cases in the kidney and four of eight cases in the liver, but remained below this value in skin regions in the beam path. These findings were in agreement with histological analysis. Volumetric thermometry allows real‐time monitoring of the temperature at the target location in liver and kidney, as well as in surrounding tissues. Thermal ablation was more difficult to achieve in renal than in hepatic tissue even using higher acoustic energy, probably because of a more efficient heat evacuation in the kidney by perfusion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binocular interaction and depth sensitivity in striate and prestriate cortex of behaving rhesus monkey.

2. Impulse activity was recorded from neurons in fovea1 striate (A17) and prestriate (Al@ cortex of monkeys trained to fixate monocularly and binocularly by rewarding them for detecting an abrupt change in the intensity of a small luminous spot. During periods of fixation, single bright or dark narrow bars moving across a frontoparallel plane were presented at a series of different depths. 2. Nearly all cortical neurons studied received input from both eyes. Binocular neurons were classifiedLint two categories on the basis of their monocular responses: those that gave similar responses to stimulation of right and left eye (ocular balance) and those that gave different responses (ocular unbalance). Different kinds of binocular interactions were observed. 3. Most neurons (84%) were sensitive to location of the stimulus in depth. Four types of depth-sensitive cells were recognized: a) tuned excitatory neurons, the most common type, that gave excitatory responses over a narrow range of depth about the fixation distance often with inhibitory flanks nearer and farther, and that typically received a balanced binocular input; b) tuned inhibitory neurons whose responses were largely suppressed by stimuli at or close to the plane of fixation; c) near neurons, which responded well to stimuli in front of the fixation plane and were suppressed by those behind it; d) far neurons, the opposite of near neurons. The last three types of depth cells were usually ocularly unbalanced. Peaks and steps of depthsensitivity profiles occurred at or close to the fixation distance (within t 0.4O of disparity), whereas the total range of binocular interaction, even for a single cell, could extend to more than t lo of disparity. 4. The results suggest that there are cells in fovea1 striate and prestriate which may be part of
Methods and models in the quest for the historical Jesus : historical criticism and/or social scientific criticism

In this article a distinction is made between social scientific criticism and historiography. Historiography describes what is unrepeatable, specific and particular. Social scientific criticism is to some extent a phenomenological approach. On a high level of abstraction, it focuses on ideal types. The historiographical quest for Jesus is about the plausibility of a continuity or a discontinuity existing between the Jesus of history and the Jesus of faith. This approach has been broadened by the interdisciplinary application of the results of archaeological, sociohistorical, and cultural anthropological studies of the world of the historical Jesus. But it does not mean that historical-critical research as such is now dismissed. The aim of the article is to argue that social scientific criticism can complement a historical-critical analysis.
α1 and α2 Integrins Mediate Invasive Activity of Mouse Mammary Carcinoma Cells through Regulation of Stromelysin-1 Expression

Tumor cell invasion relies on cell migration and extracellular matrix proteolysis. We investigated the contribution of different integrins to the invasive activity of mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Antibodies against integrin subunits a 6 and b 1, but not against a 1 and a 2, inhibited cell locomotion on a reconstituted basement membrane in two-dimensional cell migration assays, whereas antibodies against b 1, but not against a 6 or a 2, interfered with cell adhesion to basement membrane constituents. Blocking antibodies against a 1 integrins impaired only cell adhesion to type IV collagen. Antibodies against a 1, a 2, a 6, and b 1, but not a 5, integrin subunits reduced invasion of a reconstituted basement membrane. Integrins a 1 and a 2, which contributed only marginally to motility and adhesion, regulated proteinase production. Antibodies against a 1 and a 2, but not a 6 and b 1, integrin subunits inhibited both transcription and protein expression of the matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-1. Inhibition of tumor cell invasion by antibodies against a 1 and a 2 was reversed by addition of recombinant stromelysin-1. In contrast, stromelysin-1 could not rescue invasion inhibited by anti- a 6 antibodies. Our data indicate that a 1 and a 2 integrins confer invasive behavior by regulating stromely-sin-1 expression, whereas a 6 integrins regulate cell motility. These results provide new insights into the speciﬁc functions of integrins during tumor cell invasion.
Individual‐vs. culture‐level dimensions of individualism and collectivism: Effects on preferred conversational styles

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not “self‐construals” (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) are an aspect of culture that accounts for the perceived importance of conversational constraints. To spell out the way in which culture influences communication styles, we developed a mediation model. The model assumes that the perceived importance of conversational constraints is determined by values, e.g., independent versus interdependent self‐construals, and that values (self‐construals) are determined in part by culture. Participants were 972 undergraduates studying in Korea, Japan, Hawai'i, and the mainland United States. After being presented with six situations, participants rated the perceived importance of each of three constraints in relation to each situation. They then completed a scale reflecting the independent and interdependent dimensions of their self‐construals. The results were consistent with the proposed mediation model. Culture‐level individualism influenced independent self‐constr.
Resource Consumption as a Function of Topic Knowledge in Nonnative and Native Comprehension

Previous research suggests that low-level receptive language processes are less developed for nonnative than for native listeners, yet experienced nonnatives seem to comprehend effortlessly in everyday situations. One possible explanation is that experienced nonnatives use topic knowledge to reduce working memory (WM) requirements. Native and experienced nonnatives attended to Bransford and Johnson's (1972) Washing Text while performing a concurrent task, with half of each group given the topic of the passage. Scores on the concurrent task were compared with baseline to index WM consumption. The results showed a relatively greater WM consumption for nonnatives than natives when the topic was unavailable, suggesting that nonnatives rely more than natives on topic knowledge in comprehension. Implications for foreign language learning are discussed.
Pulling together: Team-based performance sharing.

A s the healthcare industry strives to reduce cost and improve quality, the philosophy of team-based performance sharing (TPS) can engage employees to be a part of the change and share in fiscal gains. Also called gainsharing, TPS allows employees to work smarter, not harder.1 This pay-forperformance initiative aims to heighten transformational change within organizations, establish accountability, and involve each employee in making a difference. The ultimate goal is to succeed as a team and earn more money and payouts in salary.
The significance of student voice: female students’ interpretations of failure in Tanzanian secondary education

In Tanzania, the national examinations are used as the primary tools for selection and transition from lower to upper secondary education. Female students are more likely to fail in the national exams and to drop out from education. This article examines the perspectives of female students concerning their advancement in secondary education. Two sets of qualitative data, responses to a research questionnaire from 100 female lower secondary school students and follow-up interviews with seven mature students enrolled in a non-formal school who had failed in the national examinations, were analysed to identify critical issues influencing the educational advancement of female students in an urban context of Dar es Salaam. Finally, the connections between students' perspectives and the national secondary education development plan are examined. The aim is to highlight how student voice can contribute to transform secondary education and achieve the equality and equity targets.
The satisfaction of teachers with their supervisors’ interpersonal communication skills in relation to job burn-out and growth satisfaction in southern India

Social support of supervisors and colleagues is thought to enable people to cope better with the demanding work situations. More specifically, supportive, supervisory communication has been found to reduce uncertainty, promote discussion, build self-esteem, clarify role expectations and inculcate meaning in the job among employees. In an attempt to help educators explore the full benefits of supervisory social support in academic institutions, this article examines the satisfaction of teachers with their supervisors’ interpersonal communication skills in relation to job burn-out and growth satisfaction in the job in southern India. Data were collected from 140 educational professionals of schools, colleges and universities located in southern India. The findings reveal that teachers’ satisfaction with supervisors’ interpersonal communication skills is positively related to their growth satisfaction in the job and negatively related to burn-out. The interview data that substantiated the findings of this study also highlight important interpersonal communication skills that need to be practiced by supervisors in the educational institutions in southern India.
Purpose-Driven Leadership

The educational leadership discourse is being challenged to include a spiritual voice in its conversation. Spirituality is defined as the part of life through which individuals make meaning and understanding of the world. It includes the esoteric exercise of personal critical reflection and forms the basis for values and principles that inform individual personal and professional behavior. This article examines purposive leadership, a concept grounded in what Cornel West called prophetic spirituality. It suggests educational leaders who build their professional practice in purpose-driven leadership clearly understand the multidimensional aspects of their daily challenges and yet find the inner strength to resist hegemonic structures and forms of oppression and systemic inequities in the educational system. These leaders' perceptions are not limited to proficiencies and minimum competencies but are clearly focused on ontological pursuits, academic and intellectual engagements, and projects fostering students' sense of destiny, purpose, and commitment to societal change.
What, if Anything, Is an Evolutionary Novelty?

The idea of phenotypic novelty appears throughout the evolutionary literature. Novelties have been defined so broadly as to make the term meaningless and so narrowly as to apply only to a limited number of spectacular structures. Here I examine some of the available definitions of phenotypic novelty and argue that the modern synthesis is ill equipped at explaining novelties. I then discuss three frameworks that may help biologists get a better insight of how novelties arise during evolution but warn that these frameworks should be considered in addition to, and not as potential substitutes of, the modern synthesis.