Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional activity of MEF 2 during mouse embryogenesis monitored with a MEF 2-dependent transgene

The Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors is encoded by four genes, mef2-a, mef2-b, mef2-c and mef2-d, each of which gives rise to multiple proteins via alternative mRNA splicing (Pollock and Treisman, 1991; Yu et al., 1992; Chambers et al., 1992; Leifer et al., 1993; McDermott et al., 1993; Breitbart et al., 1993; Martin et al., 1993, 1994). MEF2 proteins, also referred to as RSRFs (Pollock and Treisman, 1991) (for Related to Serum Response Factors), share about 80% amino acid identity within a MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, Serum Response Factor) domain that mediates DNA binding and dimerization, and an adjacent region, called the MEF2 domain, that influences DNA-binding affinity and cofactor interactions (reviewed in Black and Olson, 1998). MEF2 proteins bind the DNA sequence CTA(A/T)4TAG/A as homodimers and heterodimers and are potent transactivators through that sequence (Gossett et al., 1989; Cserjesi and Olson, 1991). Whereas a single MEF2-binding site is transcriptionally inactive, when the MEF2 site is multimerized or combined with binding sites for heterologous transcription factors, it can direct high levels of transcription (Gossett et al., 1989; Kaushal et al., 1994). MEF2 was originally defined as a muscle-specific DNAbinding activity that recognized an A/T-rich sequence in the control regions of numerous skeletal and cardiac muscle genes (Gossett et al., 1989). During mouse embryogenesis, MEF2 transcripts are expressed in the cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cell lineages, as well as in neural crest cells and specific regions of the brain (Edmondson et al., 1994; Lyons et al., 1995; Subramanian and Nadal-Ginard, 1996; Molkentin et al., 1996; Lin et al., 1998). MEF2B and MEF2C are initially expressed in the cardiac mesoderm at about embryonic day (E) 7.5, followed about a day later by expression of MEF2A and MEF2D. MEF2C transcripts are detected in the somites at E8.5, concomitant with the onset of myocyte differentiation in the myotome. Mice lacking MEF2C die at embryonic day 9.5 due to severe cardiovascular defects (Lin et al., 1997). Whereas many MEF2-dependent genes fail to be upregulated in the hearts of MEF2C null embryos, some cardiac genes known to 2045 Development 126, 2045-2052 (1999) Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV3969
The Effect of the Union Wage Differential on Management Opposition and Union Organizing Success

This paper argues that under current U.S. institutional arrangements, in which managements opposition to unions is as important as workers and unions,the magnitude of the union wage premium actually reduces organization rather than increasing it. It reduces organizing success by lowering profits, thus giving management a greater incentive to oppose unions. It shows that in the traditional monopoly model, any given premium can cause management to donate more resources to opposing a union than workers will donate to organizing. Empirical evidence from NLRB elections supports the model in which larger premiums induce greater opposition and thus reduce union organizing success.
Why do Some Studies Show that Generous Unemployment Benefits Increase Unemployment Rates? A Meta-Analysis of Cross-Country Studies

This paper investigates the hypothesis that generous unemployment benefits give rise to high levels of unemployment by systematically reviewing 34 cross- country studies. In contrast to conventional literature surveys, I perform a meta-analysis which applies regression techniques to a set of results taken from the existing literature. The main finding is that the choice of the primary data and estimation method matter for the final outcome. The control variables in the primary studies also affect the results.
Identifying low-value clinical practices in critical care medicine: protocol for a scoping review

Introduction Reducing unnecessary, low-value clinical practice (ie, de-adoption) is key to improving value for money in healthcare, especially among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) where resource consumption exceeds other medical and surgical populations. Research suggests that low-value clinical practices are common in medicine, however systematically and objectively identifying them is a widely cited barrier to de-adoption. We will conduct a scoping review to identify low-value clinical practices in adult critical care medicine that are candidates for de-adoption. Methods and analysis We will systematically search the literature to identify all randomised controlled trials or systematic reviews that focus on diagnostic or therapeutic interventions in adult patients admitted to medical, surgical or specialty ICUs, and are published in 3 general medical journals with the highest impact factor (New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Journal of the American Medical Association). 2 investigators will independently screen abstracts and full-text articles against inclusion criteria, and extract data from included citations. Included citations will be classified according to whether or not they represent a repeat examination of the given research question (ie, replication research), and whether the results are similar or contradictory to the original study. Studies with contradictory results will determine clinical practices that are candidates for de-adoption. Ethics and dissemination Our scoping review will use robust methodology to systematically identify a list of clinical practices in adult critical care medicine with evidence supporting their de-adoption. In addition to adding to advancing the study of de-adoption, this review may also serve as the launching point for clinicians and researchers in critical care to begin reducing the number of low-value clinical practices. Dissemination of these results to relevant stakeholders will include tailored presentations at local, national and international meetings, and publication of a manuscript. Ethical approval is not required for this study.
System Innovations towards Sustainability Using Stakeholder Workshops and Scenarios 2. Background for System Innovations towards Sustainability 4 Sushouse Case Study: Shopping, Cooking & Eating in the Netherlands 4.1 Background Sce Function

With a growing world population and increasing global economic wealth, radical changes to our production and consumption patterns are required to achieve sustainable development. Some claim that we have to improve our environmental efficiency by a Factor 4, which would enable the world to double its wealth while halving its environmental burden. Others stress that we will have to fulfil social needs in 2050 twenty times more environmentally efficiently, i.e. by a Factor 20. Obviously, these will require both technological and cultural changes in complex societal transitions towards sustainability. Solutions will have to be found in technological system innovations in combination with profound change in lifestyle and culture, reducing resource-intensive modes of consumption. In this paper we aim to explore how system innovations could contribute to a sustainable development, how they can be initiated in a multi-actor context and it will be briefly explored how they can be linked to relevant stakeholder and innovation theories. System innovations are very complex and characterised here by: the large number of variables; the large number of actors involved; the combination of different innovations, the soft innovations required (e.g. rules, legislation, paradigms, social structures, perceptions); and, the (system) changes when implementing it in society. We will illustrate it with examples and results from both the STD programme in the Netherlands and, the European project 'Strategies towards the sustainable household (SusHouse)'. However, we will focus on the latter using results from the Nutrition or Shopping, Cooking & Eating function in the Netherlands as an example. A stakeholder workshop methodology will be presented as an example of organising interaction processes for system innovations, while also reference will be made to the role of normative scenarios when dealing with stakeholders from different societal groups having different reference frames. The stakeholder workshop methodology has been developed as part of the European Union funded research project, 'Strategies towards the sustainable household (SusHouse)' and consists of two series of workshops. The first series of creativity workshops were meant for generating sustainable future visions or normative scenarios that were assessed for economic credibility, environmental reductions and consumer acceptance. A second set of workshops was meant for developing strategies and policies for achieving the scenarios including concrete implementation proposals and stakeholder cooperation on the short term. In the second series of workshops stakeholders from industry, government, universities and public interest groups used back-casting techniques for achieving this. Back-casting is 'first a description …
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): refining the local galaxy merger rate using morphological information

We use the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey to measure the local Universe mass-dependent merger fraction and merger rate using galaxy pairs and the CAS (concentration, asymmetry, and smoothness) structural method, which identifies highly asymmetric merger candidate galaxies. Our goals are to determine which types of mergers produce highly asymmetrical galaxies and to provide a new measurement of the local galaxy major merger rate. We examine galaxy pairs at stellar mass limits down to M* = 108 M⊙ with mass ratios of 4:1) the lower mass companion becomes highly asymmetric, whereas the larger galaxy is much less affected. The fraction of highly asymmetric paired galaxies which have a major merger companion is highest for the most massive galaxies and drops progressively with decreasing mass. We calculate that the mass-dependent major merger fraction is fairly constant at ∼1.3–2 per cent within 109.5 < M* < 1011.5 M⊙, and increases to ∼4 per cent at lower masses. When the observability time-scales are taken into consideration, the major merger rate is found to approximately triple over the mass range we consider. The total comoving volume major merger rate over the range 108.0 < M* < 1011.5 M⊙ is (1.2 ± 0.5) × 10−3 h370 Mpc−3 Gyr−1.
An Application of Cointegration and Error Correction Modelling: Towards Demand for Money in Nepal

This paper makes use of co-integration analysis and error-correction modelling techniques to examine the money demand function in Nepal. In addition to using the recently developed time series techniques, the rate of variables such as agricultural GDP, non-agricultural GDP, rate of return on savings deposits etc. are examined vividly. The co-integration test suggests that the demands for narrow money (m1) is co-integrated with agricultural as well as non-agricultural income and also with the interest rate on savings deposit. On the whole the study confirms the belief that a statistically robust demand for m1 can be estimated for Nepal using an error-correction dynamic specification as well as the variables under consideration. The empirical analysis of money demand function thus exhibits that demand for real money balance in Nepal is a stable and predictable function of a few variables.
A new degree bound for vector invariants of symmetric groups

Let R be a commutative ring, V a finitely generated free Rmodule and G < GLR(V) a finite group acting naturally on the graded symmetric algebra A = S(V). Let ^g(V, G) denote the minirnal number m, such lxhat the ring AG of invariants can be generated by finitely many elements of degree at most m. For G = En and V(n, kn), the k-fold direct sum of the natural perrnutation module, one knows that p(V(n, kn), En) < n, provided that n! is invertible in R. This was used by E. Noether to prove p(V, G) < IGI if IGl! G A*. In this paper we prove p(V(n, 1z), En) < masc{n, kn(n-1)} for arbitrary commutative rings R and show equality for n = ps a prime power and A= z or any ring with n 1R = O. Ou:r results imply ^g(V, G) < maz{lGl, rank(V)(lGI-1)} for any ring with IGI G R*.
Investigating the Size and Value Effect in Determining Performance of Australian Listed Companies: A Neural Network Approach

This paper explores the size and value effect in influencing performance of individual companies using backpropagation neural networks. According to existing theory, companies with small market capitalization and high book to market ratios have a tendency to perform better in the future. Data from over 300 Australian Stock Exchange listed companies between 2000-2004 is examined and a neural network is trained to predict company performance based on market capitalization, book to market ratio, beta and standard deviation. Evidence for the value effect was found over longer time periods but there was less for the size effect. Poor company performance was also observed to be correlated with high risk.
Mode interaction in a forced homogeneous jet at low Reynolds numbers

The near-field evolution of a forced axisymmetric jet was investigated by means of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). The numerical configuration simulated a low Reynolds number jet (ReD = 1500) issuing from a circular orifice in a solid wall. Periodic streamwise velocity disturbances were applied at the nozzle. Four modal distributions of forcing were studied. The first and the second type of perturbation contained only one of the two fundamental instability modes of the round jet: the axisymmetric m = 0 mode and the helical m = 1 mode. A ‘classical’ evolution of the jet flow was obtained for these cases. This provided a reference to the third case, which consisted of forcing simultaneously the counter-rotating helical modes m = ±1 with the same amplitude and the same frequency (flapping mode). The jet split into two branches, taking a distinct ‘Y’ shape characteristic of the bifurcating jets (cf. Lee & Reynolds, 1985). A different evolution of the bifurcating jet is observed when superposing the axisymmetric mode, at the most amplified unstable frequency, with the flapping mode, with the same amplitude but with subharmonic frequency. This combination led to resonant growth of the jet with a spectacular increase of the spreading angle up to 90.
TRANSONIC REGULAR REFLECTION FOR THE NONLINEAR WAVE SYSTEM

We consider Riemann data for the nonlinear wave system which result in a regular reflection with a subsonic state behind the reflected shock. The problem in self-similar coordinates leads to a system of mixed type and a free boundary value problem for the reflected shock and the solution in the subsonic region. We show existence of a solution in a neighborhood of the reflection point.
Improving the Comparability of Insolvency Predictions

This working paper aims at improving the comparability of forecast quality measures of insolvency prediction studies. For this purpose, in a first step commonly used accuracy measures for categorial, ordinal and cardinal insolvency predictions are presented. It will be argued, that ordinal measures are the most suitable measures for sample spanning comparisons concerning predictive power of rating models, as they are not affected by sample default rates. A method for transforming cardinal into ordinal accuracy measures is presented, by which comparisons of insolvency prediction results of older and present-day studies are enabled. In the second part of the working paper an overview of influencing variables – aside from the quality of the insolvency prediction methods – is given, which affect the accuracy measures presented in the first part of the paper and thus impair sample spanning comparison of empirically obtained forecast quality results. In this context, methods for evaluating information losses that are attributable to the discretization of continuous rating scales or preselection of portfolios are developed. Measure results of various insolvency prognosis studies are envisaged and compared with three benchmarks. First benchmark is the accuracy that can be achieved solely by taking into account legal status and industry classification of corporations. The second benchmark is the univariate prognosis accuracy of single financial ratios. As third benchmark, ALTMAN’s Z-score model is examined, a multivariate insolvency prediction model, that is currently used as reference rating model in many empirical studies. It turns out, however, that the Z-score’s forecast quality is so discontenting, that its application is not recommendable. Instead it is suggested to use those rating models that are cited in this discussion paper, which are fully documented and which therefore can be rebuilt and directly applied to any desired data sample. If applied to the respective target groups, their performance matches with the performance of commercial rating systems, like bureau and business scores for rather small companies, middle market rating models for SMB, or agency ratings for large public companies.
Kids Having Kids : Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy

Winner, Best Book of the Year Award, 1998, Society for Research on Adolescents. Every year, 400,000 U.S. children under age 18 give birth--a rate twice as high as that in any other advanced country. In this book, leading experts estimate the economic and social impact of such childbearing--to the mothers, the fathers, their children, and society--and discuss strengths and weaknesses of specific policies and programs.
The design‐by‐treatment interaction model: a unifying framework for modelling loop inconsistency in network meta‐analysis

In this note, we clarify and prove the claim made Higgins et al. ( ) that the design‐by‐treatment interaction model contains all possible loop inconsistency models. This claim provides a strong argument for using the design‐by‐treatment interaction model to describe loop inconsistencies in network meta‐analysis. © 2015 The Authors. Research Synthesis Methods published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic attenuation analysis of crosshole data generated during hydraulic fracturing

Attenuation of seismic waves is sensitive to the physical properties of the subsurface and has been observed in vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and reflection data. De et al. (1994) report measurements of the P- and S-wave quality factors from VSP surveys and sonic logs. Klimentos (1995) measures compressional and shear attenuation from sonic logs in sandstone formations with variable oil, water, and gas saturation and observes that QP and QS can be used for pore-fluid discrimination. Maultzsch et al. (2007) evaluate P-wave azimuthal attenuation anisotropy from 3D VSP data acquired over a fractured hydrocarbon reservoir and infer fracture directions from attenuation analysis. Attenuation anisotropy has also been observed in P-wave reflection data (Clark et al., 2009; Vasconcelos and Jenner, 2005). Seismic attenuation is most commonly measured using the spectral-ratio method. Zhu et al. (2007) extend the spectral-ratio method to anisotropic media and apply it to physical modeling data acquired for a trans.
A SUGGESTED TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECASTING

The theory and computation of integrated water vapor transport vectors are described and it is shown how the synoptic analysis of these vectors may be used for 'quantitative precipitation forecasting. An example of the vector field and the precipitation forecast is given. Although the prognostic formula does not give correct point values of the precipitation, reasonably good agreement is found between the distributions of forecast and observed precipitation. The technique is probably too laborious for daily forecasting routine but may be useful in the evaluation of rainmaking experiments.
Does Attrition during Follow-Up of a Population Cohort Study Inevitably Lead to Biased Estimates of Health Status?

Attrition is a potential source of bias in cohort studies. Although attrition may be inevitable in cohort studies of older people, there is little empirical evidence as to whether bias due to such attrition is also inevitable. Anonymised primary care data, routinely collected in clinical practice and independent of any cohort research study, represents an ideal unselected comparison dataset with which to compare primary care data from consenting responders to a cohort study. Our objective was to use this method as a novel means to assess if (i) responders at follow-up stages in a cohort study remain representative of responders at baseline and (ii) attrition biases estimates of longitudinal associations. We compared primary care consultation morbidities and prescription prevalences among circa 32,000 patients aged 50+ who contribute to an anonymised general practice database (Consultations in Primary Care Archive (CiPCA)) with those from patients aged 50+ in the North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project (NorStOP) cohort, United Kingdom (2002–2008; n = 16,159). 8,197 (51%) persons responded to the NorStOP baseline survey and consented to medical record review. 5,121 and 3,311 responded at 3- and 6-year follow-ups. Differences in consulting prevalence of non-musculoskeletal morbidities between NorStOP responders and CiPCA comparison population did not increase over the two follow-up points except for ischaemic heart disease. Differences observed at baseline for osteoarthritis-related consultations were generally unchanged at the two follow-ups (standardised prevalence ratios for osteoarthritis (1.09–1.13) and joint pain (1.12–1.23)). Age and gender adjusted associations between baseline consultation for chronic morbidity and future new osteoarthritis and related consultations were similar in CiPCA (adjusted Hazard Ratio: 1.40; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.34,1.47) and NorStOP 6-year responders (1.32; 1.15,1.51). There was little evidence that responders at follow-ups represented any further selection bias to that present at baseline. Attrition in cohort studies of older people does not inevitably indicate bias.
Random algorithms for scheduling multicast traffic in WDM broadcast-and-select networks

We develop and analyze simple algorithms for scheduling multicast traffic in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) broadcast-and-select networks with N nodes, W wavelengths, and a single receiver per node that can be tuned to any of the W wavelengths. Each message is addressed to /spl kappa/ randomly chosen nodes. Since optimal message scheduling in a WDM network is known to be very difficult, we study two simple scheduling schemes: in the first, a message is continuously retransmitted until it is received by all of its intended recipients; and in the second, a random delay is introduced between retransmissions of the same message. We develop a throughput analysis for both schemes using methods from discrete-time queueing systems and show that the algorithm with random delays between retransmissions results in higher throughput. We also consider a number of receiver algorithms for selecting among multiple simultaneous transmissions and show, through simulation, that an algorithm where the receiver selects the message with the least number of intended recipients performs better than a random selection algorithm. Finally, we show that channel utilization can be significantly increased with multiple receivers/node.