Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Courting the Kalenjin: The Failure of Dynasticism and the Strength of the ODM Wave in Kenya's Rift Valley Province

This article explains the strength of the ‘ODM wave’ in the 2007 Kenyan election and the popular rejection of Daniel arap Moi's call to re-elect President Mwai Kibaki across the Kalenjin areas of the Rift Valley. It examines the election campaigns, voting patterns, and aftermath of the contested election, and reveals why most Kalenjin dismissed Moi's pleas as self-interested and were instead drawn towards the pledges and leadership of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). The article discusses how a strongly ethnicized discourse of ‘persecution’ and ‘bias’ was interwoven with narratives of past and potential ‘injustice’, leading to the vilification of the Kibaki regime and the casting of ODM as the vehicle of ‘meaningful change’. In addition, it argues that local understandings and interpretations of the past and present provide the relevant context for understanding subsequent violence and attacks on the Kikuyu community.
Identification of Two Distinct Macrophage Subsets with Divergent Effects Causing either Neurotoxicity or Regeneration in the Injured Mouse Spinal Cord

Macrophages dominate sites of CNS injury in which they promote both injury and repair. These divergent effects may be caused by distinct macrophage subsets, i.e., “classically activated” proinflammatory (M1) or “alternatively activated” anti-inflammatory (M2) cells. Here, we show that an M1 macrophage response is rapidly induced and then maintained at sites of traumatic spinal cord injury and that this response overwhelms a comparatively smaller and transient M2 macrophage response. The high M1/M2 macrophage ratio has significant implications for CNS repair. Indeed, we present novel data showing that only M1 macrophages are neurotoxic and M2 macrophages promote a regenerative growth response in adult sensory axons, even in the context of inhibitory substrates that dominate sites of CNS injury (e.g., proteoglycans and myelin). Together, these data suggest that polarizing the differentiation of resident microglia and infiltrating blood monocytes toward an M2 or “alternatively” activated macrophage phenotype could promote CNS repair while limiting secondary inflammatory-mediated injury.
Comprehensive Characterization of 10-kV Silicon Carbide Half-Bridge Modules

This paper provides a comprehensive characterization of an example medium-voltage dc-based (MVDC) silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET module of the type recently developed under Department of Defense (DoD) programs. As shown in this paper, these modules are capable of switching inductive loads very rapidly (<;100 ns), with minimal overshoot and manageable parasitic-induced ringing. The transient analysis contained herein demonstrates a total per-cycle switching losses of 2.5 mJ at a bus voltage of 2 kV and a load current of 20 A. This figure is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than values recorded in the literature for commercially available silicon Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor modules with multikilovolt ratings at similar operating conditions (but which have lower blocking capability than the MVDC SiC module under study). These results corroborate the excellent switching performance of these MVDC SiC MOSFET modules, which has been only sparsely documented in the literature to date. In addition, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the static characteristics of these modules, including forward conduction, transfer characteristics, capacitance-voltage measurements, and quantization of parasitic impedances within the module housing. Technical challenges associated with making accurate and repeatable measurements with SiC modules of this scale are identified and explained, along with the details of the identified solutions. Finally, this paper includes a detailed description of the transient characterization test stand designed in support of this paper, which offers support for safely demonstrating the high-performance transient characteristics of MVDC SiC MOSFET modules at reasonable cost.
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in murine cerebral malaria

SUMMARY Cerebral malaria in A/J and CBA/H mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA is accompanied by mononuclear cell infiltration, haemorrhage and cerebral endothelial cell damage. This damage is presumably one of the causes of the breakdown of the blood—brain barrier which was detected by measuring the movement of the dye Evans blue and radioisotope labelled albumin and erythrocytes. The density of brain tissue, measured by a Percoll gradient technique, was significantly reduced in mice exhibiting cerebral symptoms, suggesting the occurrence of cerebral oedema.
The influence of an early caloric intake with I-V glucose on catabolism of premature infants.

Protein catabolism was studied in a group of premature infants some of whom were provided with a caloric intake soon after birth. The group given calories had a considerably decreased catabolism compared to the starved infants. Infants with respiratory distress were given calories as well and their catabolism was reduced below that of the starved group. The effects of catabolism and, particularly, of hyperkalemia on the heart of the infant suggest that it should be avoided. The conclusion from the study is that early caloric feeding of the premature is desirable.
Work‐family conflict and its antecedents among Iranian operating room personnel

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between work-family conflict and its antecedent variables. The research's dependent variables include work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW). Independent variables consist of work-related (hours spent at work, role conflict, role ambiguity, supervisor support, and work shifts), family-related (hours spent with family, marital status, spousal employment, number of children, and age of the youngest child), and demographic (gender, age, tenure, and education) variables. Design/methodology/approach - In total, 333 operating room personnel in ten Iranian hospitals completed a survey questionnaire, which consisted of 38 questions administered to participants in the workplace. Findings - Analysis of data revealed that among work-related variables, the role conflict was positively associated with WIF. Supervisor support and working shifts were also weakly related to WIF. No significant relationships were found between family-related variables and FIW. Among the demographic variables, only gender influenced FIW in a manner that men experienced more FIW than women. Originality/value - The research findings contribute to understanding work-family conflict in a new cultural setting. The empirical evidence of work-family conflict in Iran, among operating room personnel, shows that experiences and antecedents of work-family conflict vary among diverse cultures and industries. Models of work-family conflict may need to be modified to reflect the experiences and antecedents that explain work-family conflict in cultures similar to that of Iran.
The Janus report on sexual behavior

Sex in the Twentieth Century Sexual Passages: From Late Adolescence to Postmaturity Men and Women: A Study in Contrasts Sexual Deviance The Singles' Scene Marriage and Divorce Children: To Have or Have Not Religion and Sex Politics and Sex Education and Sex Money, Power, and Sex Region and Sex Looking Forward from the Past Appendices Indexes.
Translating Low-Resource Languages by Vocabulary Adaptation from Close Counterparts

Some natural languages belong to the same family or share similar syntactic and/or semantic regularities. This property persuades researchers to share computational models across languages and benefit from high-quality models to boost existing low-performance counterparts. In this article, we follow a similar idea, whereby we develop statistical and neural machine translation (MT) engines that are trained on one language pair but are used to translate another language. First we train a reliable model for a high-resource language, and then we exploit cross-lingual similarities and adapt the model to work for a close language with almost zero resources. We chose Turkish (Tr) and Azeri or Azerbaijani (Az) as the proposed pair in our experiments. Azeri suffers from lack of resources as there is almost no bilingual corpus for this language. Via our techniques, we are able to train an engine for the Az → English (En) direction, which is able to outperform all other existing models.
Parental Socialization Factors and Adolescent Drinking Behaviors

From family socialization theory, it is hypothesized in this study that parents, as models and as agents of socialization, influence the development of various types of drinking behaviors in their children. In-home interviews were conducted with a representative general population sample of adolescents from 12 to 17 years old and their mothers and fathers. The findings revealed that adolescent drinking can be explained in part by parental models of drinking behavior; for example, heavier-drinking parents were more likely than other parents to have adolescents who were also heavier drinkers. Parental socialization factors, particularly support and to a lesser degree control, were also shown to have an effect on the development of adolescent drinking behaviors. It was concluded that the family socialization process should be considered as a critical element in the prevention of problem behaviors such as alcohol abuse.
Sensory Integration Treatment for Children with Learning Disabilities: Its Status 20 Years Later

Ayres' seminal paper in 1972 reported that Sensory Integration (SI) Treatment was a promising method for improving the academic scores of children with learning disabilities. Ottenbacher's (1982a) review of research reported during that first decade indicated that SI treatment was worthy of further investigation. In this report, we reviewed randomized, controlled trials conducted primarily in the second decade, and conclude that the status of the literature 20 years after Ayres' original article does not support SI treatment as an effective treatment for the academic problems of learning disabled children. With respect to sensory or motor variables, it is not clear whether or not SI treatment is more effective than perceptual-motor approaches. Future research also must determine whether SI treatment is more effective than maturation alone.
Exploring the Social and Sexual "Reality" of Contemporary Pornography

What are the social roles assumed by men and women in contemporary sexually explicit movies, and in what contexts are their actions portrayed? Perhaps more important, have the predominant themes of pornography shifted in response to the public scrutiny and criticism popular in the mid‐1980s? In this investigation we addressed these questions using a random sample of 50 pornographic videotapes drawn from an archive of essentially all such materials targeted for heterosexual consumers available in the international marketplace from 1979 to 1988. The findings revealed that some thematic aspects of modern pornographic movies have shifted over time. Significant increases were evident in the frequency of portrayals of sex between casual acquaintances, males engaging in sex with female superordinates, female characters persuading males into sexual activities, and the performance of fellatio as the initial sexual behavior among heterosexual partners. Over time, a significant decrease in the number of depictions i.
Picoeconomics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States within the Person George Ainslie Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992, xvi, 440 p.

theories. Mayer's book can be productively examined in the light of the thesis, due to Nancy Cartwright (the one philosopher of science who, ironically, has been impressed and strongly influenced by econometrics! ), that even in the "hard" sciences, there is a Great Divide between idealized and abstract theoretical laws which are unlikely to be true, and more concrete, and highly accurate, lower-level empirical generalizations. If physics is split in that way, then perhaps economics, as Mayer sees it, is not so pathological, or, at least, if economics is unsuccessful, then it is not because the Great Divide of Precision versus Truth is the exclusive cause. Pure physics, professionally, would seem to be self-referential in much the same way as Mayer says economics is, catering to peer rather than public tastes and demand. If physics embodies an epistemological benchmark to be aspired to, then Mayer's diagnosis must be fortified further, perhaps with a deeper look at questions concerning the scientific tractability of the materials under study in the respective fields. In saying that the book is a collection of raw materials for philosophers, I mean that Mayer has given a broad methodological and epistemological critique of numerous cases from the economic literature which philosophical specialists will want to work over in detail and bring more directly into contact with the professional philosophical literature. At one level, the book can be read as a large and variegated menu of methodological research topics, from which established academics, doctoral candidates, honours essay students or economics students taking a philosophy course could sample. Little or no economics is explained in the book, and so it is scarcely self-contained for philosophy students without some background in economics. The immense value of the book is its motivational aspect. It is hard to read without being convinced that economics has yet to overcome important difficulties of implementation, if not of principle, in establishing scientific credentials. Most notably, Mayer reports on the repeated complaints in the profession that there is a general unwillingness either to do or to reward the hard slog of data collection. This has been a continual refrain in academic economics over many decades from and, no doubt, before Lord Beveridge's 1937 retirement address to the London School of Economics, in which he bemoaned the lack of any prominent counterparts in the economics tradition to astronomy's or physics' celebrated contributors of decisively valuable data. Mayer's message has been heard before, but his writing here (and in his prior, more specialized, publications in economic methodology) forcefully reminds economics' would-be Keplers that they will not flourish scientifically without their Tycho Brahes.
IncreasedSerum CarnitineConcentrationin Renal Insufficiency

21. Vettore, L. , Falezza, G. , DeMatteis, M. C. , et al., A new method for the determination of sodium and potassium in human red blood cells using indocyamine green as a marker for trapped plasma. Gun. Chim. Acta 55, 345 (1974). 22. Valdberg, L. S. , Holt, J. M. , Paulson, E. , and Szivek, J., Spectrochemical analysis of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc in normal human erythrocytes. J. Clin.Invest. 44, 379 (1965). 23. Astrup, J., Sodium and potassium in human red cells-variation among centrifuged cells. Scand. J. Gun. Lab. Invest. 18, 167 (1966). 24. Funder, J., and Wieth, J. 0. , Determination of sodium, potassium and water in human red blood cells. Scand. J. Gun. Lab. Invest. 18, 151 (1966).
Comparison of mature retinal marker expression in Y79 and WERI-RB27 human retinoblastoma cell lines

Introduction: Cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for chemotherapy resistance in retinoblastoma and other cancers, but the lineage of retinoblastoma remains unclear. In previous work, we reported on the presence of stem cell markers in retinoblastoma cells. We hypothesized that human retinoblastoma cell lines would differentially express mature retinal markers, in addition to stem cell markers. In this report we compare the expression of the mature retinal markers CRX, recoverin, Tuj­1, PKCa and MAP2 in the most commonly studied Y79 and WERI­RB27 human retinoblastoma cell lines. Methods: RNA expression of mature retinal markers CRX, recoverin, Tuj­1, PKCa and MAP2 was measured using qPCR and protein expression was examined by quantitative immunocytochemistry. Results: Both RB cell lines expressed all mature markers tested at the protein and mRNA levels. WERI­RB27 displayed higher levels of recoverin and MAP2 expression than Y79 using immunocytochemistry. CRX, Tuj­1, and PKCa showed similar levels of protein expression between the two cell lines. qPCR analysis indicated that relative levels of recoverin expression were similar in both cell lines. MAP2 exhibited the greatest difference in RNA expression between the two cell lines, with levels in WERI­RB27 being much higher than in Y79. Conclusion: CRX, recoverin, Tuj­1, PKCa, and MAP2 mature retinal markers are all expressed at both the protein and RNA levels in WERI­RB­27 and Y79 RB cell lines. Recoverin and MAP2 showed the highest protein expression in WERI­RB27 cells. RNA expression differed from the pattern of protein expression for some markers, implying post­ transcriptional modification of expression.
Strategic flexibility in response preparation: Effects of cue validity on reaction time and pupil dilation

This study examined the ability of participants to strategically adapt their level of response preparation to the predictive value of preparatory cues. Participants performed the finger-precuing task under three levels of cue validity: 100, 75 and 50% valid. Response preparation was indexed by means of reaction time (RT) and pupil dilation, the latter providing a psychophysiological index of invested effort. Results showed a systematic increase in RT benefits (generated by valid cues) and RT costs (generated by invalid cues) with increments in the predictive value of cues. Converging with these behavioural effects, pupil dilation also increased systematically with greater cue validity during the cue-stimulus interval, suggesting more effortful response preparation with increases in cue validity. Together, these findings confirm the hypothesis that response preparation is flexible and that it can be strategically allocated in proportion to the relative frequency of valid/invalid preparatory cues.
Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Loss of Pulmonary Function in Systemic Sclerosis

The course of functional pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis remains controversial; and it is not known if specific clinical or demographic features are predictive of subsequent changes in pulmonary function. To address these questions, we conducted a non-concurrent prospective study of serial pulmonary function in 24 patients with systemic sclerosis unselected for pulmonary involvement over a mean follow-up interval of 59.7 months. Initial values for the entire group demonstrated a mild restrictive defect with a mild reduction in gas exchange. Although a restrictive pattern was most common, normal and obstructed pulmonary function were seen. Mean rates of change of FVC, TLC, FEV1/FVC, and Dco for the entire group were not different from normal, but substantial variability in the course of pulmonary functional involvement was seen among individuals. Changes in gas transfer, lung volumes, and airflow can occur independent of each other. Rates of change in pulmonary function were not predicted by initial pulmonary function, race, sex, duration of disease, cardiac involvement, roentgenographic fibrosis, or regression of skin disease. Patients with severe Raynaud' phenomenon exhibited the greatest fall in Dco over time, suggesting an association between peripheral and pulmonary vascular involvement. A correlation between exertional dyspnea and rapid loss of Dco was noted. Former smokers had significantly greater rates of loss of FVC and Dco than either non-smokers or current smokers, suggesting that cessation of smoking was a response to rapidly declining function in a subgroup of susceptible smokers. We detected a wide spectrum of severity of pulmonary prognosis in systemic sclerosis, ranging from normal pulmonary function to rapidly progressive disease leading to death. This study indicates that patients with prolonged survival do not necessarily have a rapidly progressive pulmonary component, but those with severe Raynaud's phenomenon and susceptible smokers are at very high risk for rapid deterioration of pulmonary function.
Fast userspace packet processing

In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of high speed packet I/O frameworks, bringing unprecedented network performance to userspace. Using the Click modular router, we rst review and quantitatively compare several such packet I/O frameworks, showing their superiority to kernel-based forwarding. We then reconsider the issue of software packet processing, in the context of modern commodity hardware with hardware multi-queues, multi-core processors and non-uniform memory access. Through a combination of existing techniques and improvements of our own, we derive modern general principles for the design of software packet processors. Our implementation of a fast packet processor framework, integrating a faster Click with both Netmap and DPDK, ex-hibits up-to about 2.3x speed-up compared to other software implementations, when used as an IP router.
Age and Job Satisfaction

Previous research has consistently shown a small positive correlation between age and job satisfaction. This correlation could result from influences associated with aging or cohort membership or both. These possible explanations were tested using a representative 1/2% sample of employees in metropolitan Adelaide. From interviews/questionnaires, measures were obtained of variables associated with aging (skill-utilization, influence, variety and income) and of variables associated with cohort membership (desired skill-utilization, desired influence, desired variety and education). Using partial correlations, it was found that neither aging nor cohort variables alone accounted for the expected positive correlation between age and job satisfaction. However, the correlation became unsubstantial when the joint effects of aging and cohort variables were partialled out. This finding was interpreted in terms of decreasing discrepancy between desired and perceived job attributes with increasing age.
Variables Affecting Choice of Language Learning Strategies by University Students.

Learning strategies are operations used by learners to aid the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information (52). Outside of the language learning field, research comparing experts to novices indicates that experts use more systematic and useful problem-solving and native-language reading comprehension strategies.2 A similar finding occurs with more successful language learners as compared to less successful ones.3 Better language learners generally use strategies appropriate to their own stage of learning, personality, age, purpose for learning the language, and type of language.4 Good language learners use a variety of learning strategies, including cognitive strategies for associating new information with existing information in long-term memory and for forming and revising internal mental models; metacognitive strategies for exercising "executive control" through planning, arranging, focusing, and evaluating their own learning process; social strategies for interacting with others and managing discourse; affective strategies for directing feelings, motivations, and attitudes related to learning; and compensation strategies (such as guessing unknown meanings while listening and reading, or using circumlocution in speaking and writing) for overcoming deficiencies in knowledge of the language. " Appropriate learning strategies help explain the performance of good language learners; similarly, inappropriate learning strategies aid in understanding the frequent failures of poor language learners and even the occasional weaknesses of