Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Source parameter inversion for recent great earthquakes from a decade‐long observation of global gravity fields

We quantify gravity changes after great earthquakes present within the 10 year long time series of monthly Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity fields. Using spherical harmonic normal‐mode formulation, the respective source parameters of moment tensor and double‐couple were estimated. For the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake, the gravity data indicate a composite moment of 1.2 × 1023 N m with a dip of 10°, in agreement with the estimate obtained at ultralong seismic periods. For the 2010 Maule earthquake, the GRACE solutions range from 2.0 to 2.7 × 1022 N m for dips of 12°–24° and centroid depths within the lower crust. For the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, the estimated scalar moments range from 4.1 to 6.1 × 1022 N m, with dips of 9°–19° and centroid depths within the lower crust. For the 2012 Indian Ocean strike‐slip earthquakes, the gravity data delineate a composite moment of 1.9 × 1022 N m regardless of the centroid depth, comparing favorably with the total moment of the main ruptures and aftershocks. The smallest event we successfully analyzed with GRACE was the 2007 Bengkulu earthquake with M0 ~ 5.0 × 1021 N m. We found that the gravity data constrain the focal mechanism with the centroid only within the upper and lower crustal layers for thrust events. Deeper sources (i.e., in the upper mantle) could not reproduce the gravity observation as the larger rigidity and bulk modulus at mantle depths inhibit the interior from changing its volume, thus reducing the negative gravity component. Focal mechanisms and seismic moments obtained in this study represent the behavior of the sources on temporal and spatial scales exceeding the seismic and geodetic spectrum.
Episodic memory trace formation in the hippocampal system : a model of cortico-hippocampal interaction

We readily remember events and situations in our daily lives and acquire memories of speci c events by reading a newspaper, or watching a newscast. This ability to rapidly acquire \episodic" memories has been the focus of considerable research in psychology and neuroscience, and there is a broad consensus that the hippocampal system (HS), consisting of the hippocampal formation and neighboring cortical areas, plays a critical role in the encoding and retrieval of episodic memory. But how the HS subserves this mnemonic function is not fully understood. This report presents a computational model, smriti, that demonstrates how a cortically expressed transient pattern of activity representing an event can be transformed rapidly into a persistent and robust memory trace as a result of long-term potentiation within structures whose architecture and circuitry resemble those of the HS. Memory traces formed by the model respond to highly partial cues, and at the same time, reject similar but erroneous cues. During retrieval, these memory traces acting in concert with cortical circuits encoding semantic, causal, and procedural knowledge can recreate activation-based representations of memorized events. The model explicates the representational requirements of encoding episodic memories, and suggests that the idiosyncratic architecture of the HS is well matched to the representational problems it must solve in order to support episodic memory function. The model predicts the nature of memory de cits that would result from insult to speci c HS components and to cortical circuits projecting to the HS. It also identi es the sorts of memories that must remain encoded in the HS for the long-term, and helps delineate the semantic and episodic memory distinction. Copyright c 2001 by Lokendra Shastri
Regulation of transport processes across the tonoplast

In plants, the vacuole builds up the cellular turgor and represents an important component in cellular responses to diverse stress stimuli. Rapid volume changes of cells, particularly of motor cells, like guard cells, are caused by variation of osmolytes and consequently of the water contents in the vacuole. Moreover, directed solute uptake into or release out of the large central vacuole allows adaptation of cytosolic metabolite levels according to the current physiological requirements and specific cellular demands. Therefore, solute passage across the vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast, has to be tightly regulated. Important principles in vacuolar transport regulation are changes of tonoplast transport protein abundances by differential expression of genes or changes of their activities, e.g., due to post-translational modification or by interacting proteins. Because vacuolar transport is in most cases driven by an electro-chemical gradient altered activities of tonoplast proton pumps significantly influence vacuolar transport capacities. Intense studies on individual tonoplast proteins but also unbiased system biological approaches have provided important insights into the regulation of vacuolar transport. This short review refers to selected examples of tonoplast proteins and their regulation, with special focus on protein phosphorylation.
Optimal Inflation Targeting Rules

This paper characterizes optimal monetary policy for a range of alternative economic models in terms of a flexible inflation targeting rule, with a target criterion that depends on the model specification. It shows which forecast horizons should matter, and which variables besides inflation should be taken into account, for each specification. The likely quantitative significance of the various factors considered in the general discussion is then assessed by estimating a small, structural model of the U.S. monetary transmission mechanism with explicit optimizing foundations. An optimal policy rule is computed for the estimated model, and shown to correspond to a multi-stage inflation-forecast targeting procedure. The degree to which actual U.S. policy over the past two decades has conformed to the optimal target criteria is then considered.
CONNECTING THE DOTS: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THE COLLEGE-GOING BELIEFS OF RURAL APPALACHIAN STUDENTS

OF DISSERTATION CONNECTING THE DOTS: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THE COLLEGE-GOING BELIEFS OF RURAL APPALACHIAN STUDENTS First-generation students and students of lower socioeconomic status often prepare for postsecondary education without the benefit of information provided by their families, resulting in lower levels of college access (Lundberg, 2007). Few researchers have sought to understand how potential first-generation college students might go about obtaining the necessary information for a successful transition to college. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine to whom students talk about college and to explore the potential reciprocal relationship between resources for and information about college provided by others and students’ educational beliefs. This dissertation consisted of two empirical studies. In the first study, the composition of students’ networks and differences in social capital were examined among middle and high school students from a rural Appalachian school district (N = 388). Students reported to whom they talked about college and answered questions about each person that they named. Junior and senior high school students spoke to fewer individuals about college than middle grades students. Senior high school students spoke to individuals in their networks more frequently than middle grades students. Boys spoke to fewer individuals about college than girls. Boys received fewer pieces of information about college compared to girls. Potential first-generation college students had fewer individuals in their network who had completed a college degree. The purpose of the second study was to examine the relationship between students’ college information networks and students’ beliefs about college. Participants were 364 students in Grades 6-12 from a rural Appalachian school district. Information on students’ college information networks was collected to better understand the relationship among first-generation college students’ access to social capital, their college-going selfefficacy, and their educational aspirations. College-going self-efficacy and educational aspirations were both significant predictors of available social capital. Social capital was not a significant predictor of students’ educational beliefs. College cultural capital was a significant predictor of students’ social capital and educational beliefs. Results of this dissertation are discussed relative to social cognitive theory and suggestions for educational interventions and future research are offered.
Innovation: Location Matters

Innovation has become the defining challenge for global competitiveness. Traditional thinking about the management of innovation focuses almost exclusively on internal factors ? the capabilities and processes within companies for creating and commercializing technology. Although the importance of these factors is undeniable, the external environment for innovation is at least as important. For example, the United States has been an especially attractive environment for innovation in pharmaceuticals in the 1990s, while Sweden and Finland have seen extraordinary rates of innovation in wireless technology. Michael Porter, a leading thinker on competitiveness and Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at Harvard University, and Scott Stern, professor of management at the MIT Sloan School of Management, describe how managers can understand the role of location in innovation and evaluate the innovative capacity of both countries and regions. Using data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and emerging nations over the past quarter century, their findings show the striking degree to which location matters for successful innovation at the global technology frontier. Their analysis sheds light on why individual nations have registered sharp differences in innovative performance. The strong effect of location on innovation holds important implications for companies and creates a new broader agenda for innovation management. Choosing R&D location and managing relationships with outside organizations should not be driven by input costs, taxes, subsidies or even the wage rates for scientists and engineers, as they often are. Instead, R&D investments should flow preferentially to the locations with the greatest innovative capacity. Taking active steps to harness and extend locational advantages takes on equal weight with R&D process management. Locational advantages ? rooted in proprietary information flows, special relationships with local companies, and preferential access to local institutions ? are competitive advantages that are difficult for outsiders to overcome. They can help explain an apparent paradox of globalization: Ideas and technologies that can be accessed at a distance cannot serve as a foundation for competitive advantage. Effective management of locational advantages may ultimately prove more sustainable than simply implementing corporate best practices.
Folding-Based Suppression of Extracytoplasmic Toxicity Conferred by Processing-Defective LamB

ABSTRACT We have utilized processing-defective derivatives of the outer membrane maltoporin, LamB, to study protein trafficking functions in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli. Our model proteins contain amino acid substitutions in the consensus site for cleavage by signal peptidase. As a result, the signal sequence is cleaved with reduced efficiency, effectively tethering the precursor protein to the inner membrane. These mutant porins are toxic when secreted to the cell envelope. Furthermore, strains producing these proteins exhibit altered outer membrane permeability, suggesting that the toxicity stems from some perturbation of the cell envelope (J. H. Carlson and T. J. Silhavy, J. Bacteriol. 175:3327–3334, 1993). We have characterized a multicopy suppressor of the processing-defective porins that appears to act by a novel mechanism. Using fractionation experiments and conformation-specific antibodies, we found that the presence of this multicopy suppressor allowed the processing-defective LamB precursors to be folded and localized to the outer membrane. Analysis of the suppressor plasmid revealed that these effects are mediated by the presence of a truncated derivative of the polytopic inner membrane protein, TetA. The suppression mediated by TetA′ is independent of the CpxA/CpxR regulon and the ςE regulon, both of which are involved in regulating protein trafficking functions in the cell envelope.
TGF-β1, Released by Myofibroblasts, Differentially Regulates Transcription and Function of Sodium and Potassium Channels in Adult Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Cardiac injury promotes fibroblasts activation and differentiation into myofibroblasts, which are hypersecretory of multiple cytokines. It is unknown whether any of such cytokines are involved in the electrophysiological remodeling of adult cardiomyocytes. We cultured adult cardiomyocytes for 3 days in cardiac fibroblast conditioned medium (FCM) from adult rats. In whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments, FCM-treated myocytes had 41% more peak inward sodium current (INa) density at −40 mV than myocytes in control medium (p<0.01). In contrast, peak transient outward current (Ito) was decreased by ∼55% at 60 mV (p<0.001). Protein analysis of FCM demonstrated that the concentration of TGF-β1 was >3 fold greater in FCM than control, which suggested that FCM effects could be mediated by TGF-β1. This was confirmed by pre-treatment with TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody, which abolished the FCM-induced changes in both INa and Ito. In current-clamp experiments TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) prolonged the action potential duration at 30, 50, and 90 repolarization (p<0.05); at 50 ng/ml it gave rise to early afterdepolarizations. In voltage-clamp experiments, TGF-β1 increased INa density in a dose-dependent manner without affecting voltage dependence of activation or inactivation. INa density was −36.25±2.8 pA/pF in control, −59.17±6.2 pA/pF at 0.1 ng/ml (p<0.01), and −58.22±6.6 pA/pF at 1 ng/ml (p<0.01). In sharp contrast, Ito density decreased from 22.2±1.2 pA/pF to 12.7±0.98 pA/pF (p<0.001) at 10 ng/ml. At 1 ng/ml TGF-β1 significantly increased SCN5A (NaV1.5) (+73%; p<0.01), while reducing KCNIP2 (Kchip2; −77%; p<0.01) and KCND2 (KV4.2; −50% p<0.05) mRNA levels. Further, the TGF-β1-induced increase in INa was mediated through activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway via phosphorylation of FOXO1 (a negative regulator of SCN5A). TGF-β1 released by myofibroblasts differentially regulates transcription and function of the main cardiac sodium channel and of the channel responsible for the transient outward current. The results provide new mechanistic insight into the electrical remodeling associated with myocardial injury.
GENERATING MUSICAL ACCOMPANIMENT THROUGH FUNCTIONAL SCAFFOLDING

A popular approach to music generation in recent years is to extract rules and statistical relationships by analyzing a large corpus of musical data. The aim of this paper is to present an alternative to such data-intensive techniques. The main idea, called functional scaffolding for musical composition (FSMC), exploits a simple yet powerful property of multipart compositions: The pattern of notes and rhythms in different instrumental parts of the same song are functionally related. That is, in principle, one part can be expressed as a function of another. The utility of this insight is validated by an application that assists the user in exploring the space of possible accompaniments to preexisting parts through a process called interactive evolutionary computation. In effect, without the need for musical expertise, the user explores transforming functions that yield plausible accompaniments derived from preexisting parts. In fact, a survey of listeners shows that participants cannot distinguish songs with computer-generated parts from those that are entirely human composed. Thus this one simple mathematical relationship yields surprisingly convincing results even without any real musical knowledge programmed into the system. With future refinement, FSMC might lead to practical aids for novices aiming to fulfill incomplete visions.
Dissipationless collapse of a set of N massive particles

The formation of self-gravitating systems is studied by simulating the collapse of a set of N particles which are generated from several distribution functions. We first establish that the results of such simulations depend on N for small values of N. We complete a previous work by Aguilar & Merritt concerning the morphological segregation between spherical and elliptical equilibria. We find and interpret two new segregations: one concerns the equilibrium core size and the other the equilibrium temperature. All these features are used to explain some of the global properties of self-gravitating objects: origin of globular clusters and central black hole or shape of elliptical galaxies.
Locally Supported Kernels for Spherical Spline Interpolation

By the use of locally supported basis functions for spherical spline interpolation the applicability of this approximation method is extended, since the resulting interpolation matrix is sparse and thus efficient solvers can be used. In this paper we study locally supported kernels in detail. Investigations on the Legendre coefficients allow a characterization of the underlying Hilbert space structure. We show how spherical spline interpolation with polynomial precision can be managed with locally supported kernels, thus giving the possibility to combine approximation techniques based on spherical harmonic expansions with those based on locally supported kernels.
Differential synaptic plasticity of the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal systems in an MPTP‐treated monkey model of parkinsonism

Two cardinal features of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology are a loss of glutamatergic synapses paradoxically accompanied by an increased glutamatergic transmission to the striatum. The exact substrate of this increased glutamatergic drive remains unclear. The striatum receives glutamatergic inputs from the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. Using vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluTs) 1 and 2 as markers of the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal afferents, respectively, we examined changes in the synaptology and relative prevalence of striatal glutamatergic inputs in methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐treated monkeys using electron microscopic immunoperoxidase and confocal immunofluorescence methods. Our findings demonstrate that the prevalence of vGluT1‐containing terminals is significantly increased in the striatum of MPTP‐treated monkeys (51.9 ± 3.5% to 66.5 ± 3.4% total glutamatergic boutons), without any significant change in the pattern of synaptic connectivity; more than 95% of vGluT1‐immunolabeled terminals formed axo‐spinous synapses in both conditions. In contrast, the prevalence of vGluT2‐immunoreactive terminals did not change after MPTP treatment (21.7 ± 1.3% vs. 21.6 ± 1.2% total glutamatergic boutons). However, a substantial increase in the ratio of axo‐spinous to axo‐dendritic synapses formed by vGluT2‐immunoreactive terminals was found in the pre‐caudate and post‐putamen striatal regions of MPTP‐treated monkeys, suggesting a certain degree of synaptic reorganization of the thalamostriatal system in parkinsonism. About 20% of putative glutamatergic terminals did not show immunoreactivity in striatal tissue immunostained for both vGluT1 and vGluT2, suggesting the expression of another vGluT in these boutons. These findings provide striking evidence that suggests a differential degree of plasticity of the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal system in PD.
A 1.8-V 22-mW 10-bit 30-MS/s Subsampling Pipelined CMOS ADC

This paper describes a 10-bit 30-MS/s subsampling pipelined ADC that is implemented in a 0.18 mum CMOS process. The ADC adopts a power efficient amplifier sharing architecture in which a set of switches is introduced to reduce the influence between the two opamp-sharing successive stages. A new configuration is used in the first stage of the ADC to avoid using a dedicated sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) circuit at the input and to avoid the matching requirement between the first multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) and flash input signal paths, which is very strict in a traditional SHA-less architecture. The measured differential and integral nonlinearities of the prototype show less than 0.57 least significant bit (LSB) and 0.8 LSB respectively at full sampling rate. The ADC exhibits higher than 9.1 effective number of bits (ENOB) for input frequencies up to 30 MHz, which is the twofold Nyquist rate (fs/2), at 30 MS/s. The ADC consumes 21.6 mW from a 1.8-V supply and occupies 0.7 mm2, which also includes the bandgap and buffer amplifiers
Does Insider Trading Impair Market Liquidity? Evidence from IPO Lockup Expirations

Abstract We test the hypothesis that insider trading impairs market liquidity by analyzing intraday trades and quotes around 1,497 IPO lockup expirations in the period 1995–1999. We find that, while lockup expirations are associated with considerable insider trading for some IPO firms, they have little effect on effective spreads. By contrast, two other liquidity measures, quote depth and trading activity, improve substantially. In the 23% of lockup expirations where insiders disclose share sales, spreads actually decline. These findings indicate that a large body of well-informed, blockholding insider traders can enter a market from which they had previously been absent, and substantially change trading volume and share price without impairing market liquidity.
Patterns of Processing Bias for Emotional Information Across Clinical Disorders: A Comparison of Attention, Memory, and Prospective Cognition in Children and Adolescents With Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

This study investigated theoretical claims that different emotional disorders are associated with different patterns of cognitive bias, both in terms of the cognitive processes involved and the stimulus content that is preferentially processed. These claims were tested by comparing clinically anxious (generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and clinically depressed children and adolescents on a range of cognitive tasks measuring attention, memory, and prospective cognition, with both threat-related and depressogenic stimulus materials. The results did reveal some relative specificity of processing in that the anxious participants exhibited a greater selective attentional bias for threat relative to depressogenic material with no such difference being apparent in the depressed sample. However, this bias was only clear-cut on a dot-probe measure of attentional processing and not on a modified Stroop measure, and indeed threat-related bias on the 2 tasks was uncorrelated. On the prospective cognition task, anxious participants exhibited an other-referent bias in their risk estimations regarding future negative events that was absent in the depressed sample. No specificity effects were evident on the memory task. The results are discussed in terms of the strengths and weaknesses of carrying out direct comparisons across groups and tasks versus drawing conclusions from overall patterns across multiple studies.