Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevention and Correction Mechanisms behind Anaphase Synchrony: Implications for the Genesis of Aneuploidy

The perpetuation of the species’ genomic identity strongly depends on the accurate maintenance of chromosome number through countless cell generations. The synchronous entry and progression of all chromosomes through anaphase is fundamental for the quality of mitosis and is guaranteed by error prevention and correction mechanisms that ultimately certify the bipolar attachment of chromosomes to the mitotic spindle, the uniform distribution of forces amongst different chromosomes, and the simultaneity of sister-chromatid separation. The existence of a kinetochore-attachment checkpoint (KAC; also known as spindle-assembly checkpoint) ensures a delay in anaphase onset if any kinetochore remains unattached or devoid of a proper complement of microtubules. The stochastic nature of microtubule-kinetochore interactions predisposes the mitotic process to mistakes, but different molecular players cooperate by detecting and releasing incorrect attachments and thus delaying checkpoint satisfaction. Conversely, correct microtubule-kinetochore interactions become selectively stabilized. Once anaphase onset is triggered, the segregation velocities achieved by each chromosome should be similar, so that none of the chromosomes is lagged behind. This reflects the uniformity of forces acting on the different chromosomes and relies on a conspicuous mitotic spindle property known as microtubule poleward flux. Importantly, not all incorrect attachments are detected and resolved prior to anaphase leading to asynchronous chromosome segregation, but several mechanisms are in place to prevent aneuploidy. One of these mechanisms relies on anaphase spindle forces and another, known as the NoCut checkpoint, delays cell cleavage during cytokinesis until chromosomes can free the spindle mid-region. In this review we discuss how these different mechanisms act in concert to ensure the fidelity of the mitotic process.
Rho GTPases and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Organize Formation of Branched Dendrites*

Neurons receive information from other neurons via their dendritic tree. Dendrites and their branches result from alternating outgrowth and retraction. The Rho GTPases Rac and Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) facilitate the outgrowth of branches, whereas Rho attenuates it. The mechanism of neurite retraction is unknown. Because the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin causes numerous branched extensions in NG108-15 cells, we have investigated the underlying mechanism in this cell line. In additional studies, we used cultured hippocampal neurons in which forskolin induces branched dendrites. In both cell types, forskolin enhanced the activity of Cdc42, but not that of Rac, although both GTPases were necessary for the formation of branched extensions. Time lapse microscopy showed that forskolin did not increase the rate of addition of new extensions or branches, but it reduced the rate of the retraction so that more branched extensions persisted. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity by wortmannin or LY294002 also reduced the rate of retraction and thus facilitated dendritic arborization. Forskolin diminished the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinases not only reduced the retraction but also the addition of new dendrites and branches. This reduction was no longer present when Rho kinase was simultaneously inactivated, suggesting an interaction of phosphoinositide 3-kinases and Rho kinase. The present results show a central role of phosphoinositide 3-kinases in dendrite formation. In neuronal cells, increased levels of cAMP can support dendritic arborization by modulating the activity of the lipid kinase.
A study of coping in long-term testicular cancer survivors

The primary objective of this study was to explore approach and avoiding coping strategies in long-term testicular cancer survivors (TCSs) as self-rated by the brief approach/avoidance coping questionnaire (BACQ). As the BACQ is a new instrument, the second objective was to examine critical psychometric properties of the instrument. The third objective was to examine the correlation between the BACQ and established self-rating instruments commonly used in psychosocial oncology to explore if the BACQ added an additional perspective to the characterization of TCSs. In this cross-sectional questionnaire study, 1326 Norwegian TCSs at a mean of 11.3 years (SD 4.2, median 10.7, range 5–21 years) after diagnosis gave information about their medical and social situation, distress, fatigue, quality of life, self-esteem, and neuroticism. The BACQ ratings of the TCSs were compared to those of a control sample of men from the general population (N = 566; NORM). Among TCSs 84% (95% CI 82–86%) used more approach coping, and this proportion did not differ significantly from 86% among NORM (95% CI 83–89%). The mean BACQ approach/avoidance score of TCSs were similar to that observed in NORM adjusted for age and work status (p = 0.33). The BACQ approach/avoidance score showed only moderate associations with established instruments used in psychosocial oncology. TCSs with more avoidance coping (N = 216) differed significantly from TCSs with more approach coping (N = 1110) by showing a lower proportion in paired relations and in paid work, more somatic and mental morbidity, more fatigue and poorer quality of life and self-esteem. In multivariate analyses lower self-esteem, higher cancer-related avoidance, more depression and neuroticism were most strongly associated with avoidant coping. In conclusion, we found that TCSs used similar coping patterns as NORM, avoidant coping was associated with significantly more problems than observed among TCSs who used more approach coping.
Intraspecific plant–soil feedback and intraspecific overyielding in Arabidopsis thaliana

Understanding the mechanisms of community coexistence and ecosystem functioning may help to counteract the current biodiversity loss and its potentially harmful consequences. In recent years, plant–soil feedback that can, for example, be caused by below-ground microorganisms has been suggested to play a role in maintaining plant coexistence and to be a potential driver of the positive relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. Most of the studies addressing these topics have focused on the species level. However, in addition to interspecific interactions, intraspecific interactions might be important for the structure of natural communities. Here, we examine intraspecific coexistence and intraspecific diversity effects using 10 natural accessions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. We assessed morphological intraspecific diversity by measuring several above- and below-ground traits. We performed a plant–soil feedback experiment that was based on these trait differences between the accessions in order to determine whether A. thaliana experiences feedback at intraspecific level as a result of trait differences. We also experimentally tested the diversity–productivity relationship at intraspecific level. We found strong differences in above- and below-ground traits between the A. thaliana accessions. Overall, plant–soil feedback occurred at intraspecific level. However, accessions differed in the direction and strength of this feedback: Some accessions grew better on their own soils, some on soils from other accessions. Furthermore, we found positive diversity effects within A. thaliana: Accession mixtures produced a higher total above-ground biomass than accession monocultures. Differences between accessions in their feedback response could not be explained by morphological traits. Therefore, we suggest that they might have been caused by accession-specific accumulated soil communities, by root exudates, or by accession-specific resource use based on genetic differences that are not expressed in morphological traits. Synthesis. Our results provide some of the first evidence for intraspecific plant–soil feedback and intraspecific overyielding. These findings may have wider implications for the maintenance of variation within species and the importance of this variation for ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight the need for an increased focus on intraspecific processes in plant diversity research to fully understand the mechanisms of coexistence and ecosystem functioning.
Max Weber: The Lawyer as Social Thinker

This book is the first account of the way in which Weber appropriated and modified sources in the legal tradition, in which he was trained, to construct his sociology. It leads directly to a new understanding of Weber's intent and his relations to the tradition of social and political theory. the book takes the reader into the heart of Weber's conceptualizations of action and social science, without ever giving the impression that these are rarefied and marginal issues. This is an important book for understanding the significance of one of the key sociologist's of the twentieth century.
Jealousy and partner preference among butch and femme lesbians

The present study examined the differences in partner preference and jealousy among lesbians who identified themselves as butch or femme. We hypothesized that butch and femme lesbians would behave analogously to male and female heterosexual persons, with butches more attracted to a partner's physical appearance and more jealous of a partner's sexual behaviour and femmes more attracted to a partner's financial resources and more jealous of a partner's emotional behaviour. Eighty-four lesbian women attending a Gay Pride celebration ranked the attributes, that would make them most jealous of potential competitors in whom their partner might be interested, and they rated their willingness to go out with hypothetical others who varied in physical attractiveness, income, and masculine or feminine personality. Results indicated that butches and femmes did not differ in sexual versus emotional jealousy. However, femmes were more influenced by the financial resources of potential partners than were butches. Butche.
Effect of Experience and Educational Level on Job Satisfaction of Telecom Executives

The concept of job satisfaction has gained much importance in modern times. Job satisfaction is determined by factors such as goal-setting, job design, demographic profile, rewards, leadership and individual differences. In the present study the effect of demographic variables, namely experience and educational level on job satisfaction of telecom executives was studied. Differences in job satisfaction across experience and educational level were studied on 320 executives working in telecommunication organizations located in North India, using job satisfaction scale developed by Spector (1985). The study revealed that there were significant differences between job satisfaction and its dimensions with regard to experience while there were no significant differences between job satisfaction and its dimensions with regard to educational level. The study implies that as the experience increases, job satisfaction also increases while educational level has no effect on job satisfaction of executives.
Outcomes from Cochlear Implantation for Child and Family: Parental Perspectives.

AbstractWhile cochlear implantation is an increasingly routine provision for profoundly deaf children in many countries, parents still require information about the procedure and likely outcomes in order to make an informed decision. Other parents can provide them with the insights of those who have undergone the process themselves and observed outcomes at first hand.The parents of 101 consecutively implanted children completed the questionnaire: Children with cochlear implants: parental perspectives. Average age at implantation was 4.7 years: range 1.3–12.4 years, with 86% percent congenitally deaf, and 14% acquired deafness. Parents responded to 74 statements on a Likert scale; the responses exploring the process of implantation have been reported in a previous paper. Those responses reporting the outcomes for children and families following implantation are analysed in this paper.Parents reported that they were largely satisfied with the outcomes from implantation: that their children developed greater.
Receipt of nutrition and exercise counseling among medical outpatients with psychiatric and substance use disorders

OBJECTIVE: Mentally ill persons represent a population that is potentially vulnerable to receiving a poorer quality of medical care. This study examines the relationship between mental disorders and the likelihood of receiving recommended nutrition and exercise counseling.DESIGN: Cross-sectional study combining chart-review data and administrative database records.SETTING: One hundred forty-seven Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers nationwide.PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 90,240 patients with obesity and/or hypertension who had ≥3 medical outpatient visits in the previous year.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The outcomes of interest were chart-documented receipt of nutrition counseling and receipt of exercise counseling in the past 2 years. This chart information was merged with VA inpatient and outpatient administrative databases, which were used to identify persons with diagnosed mental disorders. Most patients received nutrition counseling (90.4%), exercise counseling (88.5%), and counseling for both (85.7%) in the past 2 years. The rates of counseling differed significantly but modestly by mental health status. The lowest rates were found among patients dually diagnosed with comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders; however, the magnitude of the disparities was small, ranging from 2% to 4% across outcomes. These results were unchanged after controlling for demographics, health status, and facility characteristics using multivariable generalized estimating equation modeling.CONCLUSIONS: Among patients engaged in active medical treatment, rates of nutrition and exercise counseling were high at VA medical centers, and the diagnosis of mental illness was not a substantial barrier to such counseling. More work is needed to determine whether these findings generalize to non-VA settings and to understand the potential role that integrated systems such as the VA can play in reducing disparities for vulnerable populations.
PBSCT is associated with poorer survival and increased chronic GvHD than BMT in Japanese paediatric patients with acute leukaemia and an HLA‐matched sibling donor

Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) may be used as an alternative to bone marrow (BM) for allogeneic transplantation. Since peripheral blood stem cell bank from unrelated volunteer donor has been started in Japan, use of PBSC allografts may be increased. Therefore we surveyed the outcomes of Japanese leukemia children after PBSC and BM transplantation.
Correlation between plasma miR-122 expression and liver injury induced by hepatectomy

Objective: This study aimed to define the correlation between microRNA-122 (miR-122) expression and hepatectomy-induced liver injury in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Plasma miR-122 expression in patients with HCC and healthy age-matched controls was determined, and correlated with plasma alanine transaminase activity (ALT) and bilirubin levels preoperatively and on days 1 and 7 postoperation. Correlations between plasma miR-122 and clinicopathological characteristics at 1 day postoperation were also determined. Results: This study included 80 patients with HCC and 80 controls. Baseline expression of miR-122 mRNA and ALT in patients with HCC was significantly higher than in controls. MiR-122 expression correlated with ALT and bilirubin levels preoperatively and on days 1 and 7 postoperatively. In patients with HCC who received a block of the first hepatic portal during surgery and those with excised tumour size >5 cm, plasma miR-122 expression was significantly increased on day 1 postoperatively, compared with expression levels in those who did not receive a block and those with smaller tumours. Conclusions: Plasma miR-122 expression is correlated with hepatectomy-induced liver injury in patients with HCC. Increase in miR-122 expression could be used as an index of such injury before and after hepatectomy in these patients.
Collaborative Test Taking

Taking tests can be stressful for many students; however, it does not need to be. Collaborative test taking, in which students are allowed to work together on their tests, can help re duce anxiety levels, while it builds peer cooperation and aids in the development of teamwork skills, which are useful in many situations. This article examines the role of collaborative testing through the experiences of a student and a professor. It is the culmination of a four-year track ing effort that began when Rus so took freshman English 101 (Composition I) in the fall of 1994, with the ultimate goal of writing a joint paper as part of his course work in the senior year.
Collective culture and urban public space

This paper develops a post‐humanist account of urban public space. It breaks with a long tradition that has located the culture and politics of public spaces such as streets and parks or libraries and town halls in the quality of inter‐personal relations in such spaces. Instead, it argues that human dynamics in public space are centrally influenced by the entanglement and circulation of human and non‐human bodies and matter in general, productive of a material culture that forms a kind of pre‐cognitive template for civic and political behaviour. The paper explores the idea of ‘situated surplus’, manifest in varying dimensions of compliance, as the force that produces a distinctive sense of urban collective culture and civic affirmation in urban life.
Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research

Whither Trust? - Tom R Tyler and Roderick M Kramer Trust in Organizations - W E Douglas Creed and Raymond E Miles A Conceptual Framework Linking Organizational Forms, Managerial Philosophies and the Opportunity Costs of Controls Trust and Technology - David Kipnis Trust-Based Forms of Governance - Walter W Powell Trust and Third-Party Gossip - Ronald S Burt and Marc Knez Collaboration Structure and Information Dilemmas in Biotechnology - Lynne G Zucker et al Interpersonal and Organizational Boundaries as Trust Production Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work Relationships - Roy J Lewicki and Barbara B Bunker Micro OB and the Network Organization - Blair H Sheppard and Marla Tuchinsky Swift Trust in Temporary Groups - Debra Meyerson, Roderick M Kramer and Karl Weick The Road to Hell - Sim B Sitkin and Darryl Stickel The Dynamics of Distrust in an Era of Quality Divergent Realities and Convergent Disappointments in the Hierarchical Relation - Roderick M Kramer Trust and the Intuitive Auditor at Work Beyond Distrust - Robert J Bies and Tom Tripp Getting Even and the Need for Revenge Organizational Responses to Crisis - Aneil K Mishra The Centrality of Trust Trust and Crisis - Eugene J Webb The Organizational Trust Inventory (OTI) - L L Cummings and Philip Bromiley Development and Validation Trust in Organizational Authorities - Tom R Tyler and Peter Degoey The Influence of Motive Attributions on Willingness to Accept Decisions Collective Trust and Collective Action - Roderick M Kramer, Marilynn B Brewer and Benjamin J Hanna The Decision to Trust as a Social Decision Understanding the Interaction between Procedural and Distributive Justice - Joel Brockner and Phyllis Siegel The Role of Trust
Is There a Relation between EEG-Slow Waves and Memory Dysfunction in Epilepsy? A Critical Appraisal

Is there a relationship between peri-ictal slow waves, loss of consciousness, memory, and slow-wave sleep, in patients with different forms of epilepsy? We hypothesize that mechanisms, which result in peri-ictal slow-wave activity as detected by the electroencephalogram, could negatively affect memory processes. Slow waves (≤4 Hz) can be found in seizures with impairment of consciousness and also occur in focal seizures without impairment of consciousness but with inhibited access to memory functions. Peri-ictal slow waves are regarded as dysfunctional and are probably caused by mechanisms, which are essential to disturb the consolidation of memory entries in these patients. This is in strong contrast to physiological slow-wave activity during deep sleep, which is thought to group memory-consolidating fast oscillatory activity. In patients with epilepsy, slow waves may not only correlate with the peri-ictal clouding of consciousness, but could be the epiphenomenon of mechanisms, which interfere with normal brain function in a wider range. These mechanisms may have transient impacts on memory, such as temporary inhibition of memory systems, altered patterns of hippocampal–neocortical interactions during slow-wave sleep, or disturbed cross-frequency coupling of slow and fast oscillations. In addition, repeated tonic–clonic seizures over the years in uncontrolled chronic epilepsy may cause a progressive cognitive decline. This hypothesis can only be assessed in long-term prospective studies. These studies could disentangle the reversible short-term impacts of seizures, and the impacts of chronic uncontrolled seizures. Chronic uncontrolled seizures lead to irreversible memory impairment. By contrast, short-term impacts do not necessarily lead to a progressive cognitive decline but result in significantly impaired peri-ictal memory performance.
Oculomotor nerve and muscle abnormalities in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles

Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles is an autosomal dominant congenital disorder characterized by bilateral ptosis, restrictive external ophthalmoplegia with the eyes partially or completely fixed in an infraducted (downward) and strabismic position, and markedly limited and aberrant residual eye movements. It has been generally thought that these clinical abnormalities result from myopathic fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. We describe the intracranial and orbital pathology of 1 and the muscle pathology of 2 other affected members of a family with chromosome 12‐linked congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. There is an absence of the superior division of the oculomotor nerve and its corresponding alpha motor neurons, and abnormalities of the levator palpebrae superioris and rectus superior (the muscles innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve). In addition, increased numbers of internal nuclei and central mitochondrial clumping are found in other extraocular muscles, suggesting that the muscle pathology extends beyond the muscles innervated by the superior division of cranial nerve III. This report presents evidence that congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles results from an abnormality in the development of the extraocular muscle lower motor neuron system.
The Relationship Between Student Engagement and Academic Performance: Is It a Myth or Reality?

ABSTRACT The author examined the relationship between student engagement and academic performance, using U.S. data of the Program for International Student Assessment 2000. The sample comprised 3,268 fifteen-year-old students from 121 U.S. schools. Multilevel analysis showed that behavioral engagement (defined as effort and perseverance in learning) and emotional engagement (defined as sense of belonging) significantly predicted reading performance. The effect of emotional engagement on reading performance was partially mediated through behavioral engagement. Findings from the present study suggest that educators, policy makers, and the research community need to pay more attention to student engagement and ways to enhance it.