Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatially complete global spectral surface albedos: value-added datasets derived from Terra MODIS land products

Recent production of land surface anisotropy, diffuse bihemispherical (white-sky) albedo, and direct-beam directional hemispherical (black-sky) albedo from observations acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Terra and Aqua satellite platforms have provided researchers with unprecedented spatial, spectral, and temporal information on the land surface's radiative characteristics. Cloud cover, which curtails retrievals, and the presence of ephemeral and seasonal snow limit the snow-free data to approximately half the global land surfaces on an annual equal-angle basis. This precludes the MOD43B3 albedo products from being used in some remote sensing and ground-based applications, climate models, and global change research projects. An ecosystem-dependent temporal interpolation technique is described that has been developed to fill missing or seasonally snow-covered data in the official MOD43B3 albedo product. The method imposes pixel-level and local regional ecosystem-dependent phenological behavior onto retrieved pixel temporal data in such a way as to maintain pixel-level spatial and spectral detail and integrity. The phenological curves are derived from statistics based on the MODIS MOD12Q1 IGBP land cover classification product geolocated with the MOD43B3 data. The resulting snow-free value-added products provide the scientific community with spatially and temporally complete global white- and black-sky surface albedo maps and statistics. These products are stored on 1-min and coarser resolution equal-angle grids and are computed for the first seven MODIS wavelengths, ranging from 0.47-2.1 /spl mu/m and for three broadband wavelengths 0.3-0.7, 0.3-5.0, and 0.7-5.0 /spl mu/m.
Regulation of Cell Volume by Active Cation Transport in High and Low Potassium Sheep Red Cells

A model cell which controls its cation composition and volume by the action of a K-Na exchange pump and leaks for both ions working in parallel is presented. Equations are formulated which describe the behavior of this model in terms of three membrane parameters. From these equations and the steady state concentrations of Na, K, and Cl, values for these parameters in high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) sheep red cells are calculated. Kinetic experiments designed to measure the membrane parameters directly in the two types of sheep red cells are also reported. The values of the parameters obtained in these experiments agreed well with those calculated from the steady state concentrations of ions and the theoretical equations. It is concluded that both HK and LK sheep red cells control their cation composition and volume in a manner consistent with the model cell. Both have a cation pump which exchanges one sodium ion from inside the cell with one potassium ion from outside the cell but the pump is working approximately four times faster in the HK cell. The characteristics of the cation leak in the two cell types are also very different since the HK cells are relatively more leaky to sodium as compared with potassium than is the case in the LK cells. Both cell types show appreciable sodium exchange diffusion but this process is more rapid in the LK than in the HK cells.
Automatic Valency Derivation for Related Languages

This paper describes an experiment combining several existing data resources (parallel corpora, valency lexicon, morphological taggers, bilingual dictionary etc.) and exploiting them in a task of building a valency lexicon for a related language (Russian) derived from a high quality manually created valency lexicon for Czech (Vallex) containing several thousands of verbs with very rich syntactic and semantic information. The experiment is restricted only to nominal constituents in both simple and prepositional cases. The results discussed in the second half of the paper seem to justify the method used and to encourage further experiments in this direction. The paper also discusses most frequent sources of errors.
Sorption and dilation of silicone elastomer composites at high gas pressures: The role of interfacial quality

In elastomers the crosslink density, the presence of filler particles, and the volumetric confinement toward sorptive dilation can influence the extent of gas mass uptake. In this study the effects of filler particles on the high-pressure gas mass sorption and the volumetric dilation of a silicone elastomer matrix has been investigated. Glass beads, ca. 30 μm radii, with different surface treatments were incorporated as inclusions in various specimens at relatively low concentrations of ca. 10% by volume. The high-pressure gases used were N2 and CO2 up to a maximum ambient pressure of ca. 25 MPa at ca. 20°C and 42°C, respectively. The gas mass sorption was determined by a vibrating reed technique. The sorptive dilation was measured by an ultrasonic transducer operating as a displacement probe. In certain systems the absorbed CO2 gas was able to disrupt the internal interfaces. This led to an increased gas mass uptake in the corrupted specimen. The N2 gas did not affect the interfacial bonds. The amount of penetrant uptake was found generally to be reduced when the internal interfaces were not disrupted. The presence of various internal interfaces restrained the sorptive dilation of the elastomeric matrix. These hindrances to the natural sorptive dilation of the elastomer network suppressed the extent of the gas sorption process. This effect has also been investigated separately in detail using model ‘poker chip’ type of specimens of various aspect ratios. The sorptive dilational characteristics have been correlated with the mechanical properties of similar specimens. The influence of an almost complete volumetric confinement on the gas sorption capacity of the silicone elastomer specimen has also been studied. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sub-grain boundary mobilities during recovery of binary Al–Mn alloys

Abstract The influence of Mn solute atoms on sub-grain boundary mobilities in Al has been determined by accurate electron backscatter diffraction analysis of the sub-grain sizes and misorientations during recovery annealing. High purity Al-0.1 and 0.3 wt. % Mn alloys were deformed by plane strain compression at room temperature to equivalent strains of 1.8 and annealed in the temperature range 150 – 300 °C. An original method of image analysis on sub-boundaries from electron backscatter diffraction maps was applied to quantify the sub-grain size distributions. The change in average sub-grain size with time at several temperatures was then used to estimate sub-grain boundary mobilities in both Al – Mn alloys. The activation energies for sub-grain mobility were found to be 48 and 52 and kJ mol– 1 for the 0.1 and 0.3 % Mn alloys respectively, with the higher Mn alloy exhibiting lower rates. The sub-boundary mobilities are higher than expected from previous similar work on deformed Al – Si crystals. The orientation dependence of sub-grain growth is also examined.
Signatures of intrinsic Li depletion and Li-Na anti-correlation in the metal-poor globular cluster NGC 6397 ,

Context. To alleviate the discrepancy between the prediction of the primordial lithium abundance in the universe and the abundances observed in Pop II dwarfs and subgiant stars, it has been suggested that the stars observable today have undergone photospheric depletion of lithium. Aims. To identify the cause of this depletion, it is important to accurately establish the behaviour of lithium abundance with effective temperature and evolutionary phase. Stars in globular clusters are ideal objects for such an abundance analysis, because relative stellar parameters can be determined precisely. Methods. We conducted a homogeneous analysis of a very large sample of stars in the metal-poor globular cluster NGC 6397, covering all evolutionary phases from below the main sequence turn-off to high up on the red giant branch. Non-LTE Li abundances or abundance upper limits were obtained for all stars, and for a sizeable subset of the targets sodium abundances were also obtained. The Na abundances were used to distinguish stars formed out of pristine material from stars formed out of material affected by pollution from a previous generation of more massive stars. Results. The dwarf, turn-off, and early subgiant stars in our sample form a thin abundance plateau, disrupted in the middle of the subgiant branch by the Li dilution caused by the first dredge-up. A second steep abundance drop is seen at the luminosity of the red giant branch bump. The turn-off stars are more Li-poor, by up to 0.1 dex, than subgiants that have not yet undergone dredgeup. In addition, hotter dwarfs are slightly more Li-poor than cooler dwarfs, which may be a signature of the so-called Li dip in the cluster, commonly seen among Pop I stars. The feature is however weak. A considerably wide spread in Na abundance confirms that NGC 6397 has suffered from intracluster pollution in its infancy and a limited number of Na-enhanced and Li-deficient stars strongly contribute to forming a significant anti-correlation between the abundances of Na and Li. It is nevertheless seen that Li abundances are unaffected by relatively high degrees of pollution. Lithium abundance trends with effective temperature and stellar luminosity are compared to predictions from stellar structure models including atomic diffusion and ad-hoc turbulence below the convection zone. We confirm previous findings that some turbulence, with strict limits to its efficiency, is necessary for explaining the observations.
Anxiety, depression, and oral health among US pregnant women: 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

OBJECTIVES Maternal periodontal disease is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Anxiety and depression adversely impact oral health in nonpregnant women; however, this association has not been evaluated during pregnancy, a time characterized by higher rates of anxiety and depression. Therefore, we examined the association between these factors and oral disease and oral healthcare utilization among 402 pregnant respondents to the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. METHODS Self-reported lifetime diagnoses of anxiety, depression, and current depression were assessed. Oral health outcomes included self-reported tooth loss and dental visits in the past year. RESULTS One-fifth (21.2 percent) of respondents reported a tooth loss and 32.5 percent reported nonuse of oral health services. The prevalence of lifetime diagnosed anxiety and depression was 13.6 percent and 11.3 percent, respectively, whereas 10.6 percent reported current depression. After adjusting for risk factors, pregnant women with diagnosed anxiety had increased odds of one or more tooth loss [odds ratio (OR) = 3.30; 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 1.01-10.77] compared with those without the disorder. Similarly, after adjusting for socioeconomic factors, women with anxiety had increased odds of nonuse of oral health services (OR = 2.67; 95 percent CI: 1.03-6.90); however, this was no longer significant after adjusting for health behaviors and body mass index. We observed no significant association with depression. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based sample, we found a two- to threefold increased odds of tooth loss and nonuse of oral health services among pregnant women with a lifetime diagnosis of anxiety. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine these associations among pregnant women.
The Effect of Cerebral Monitoring on Recovery After General Anesthesia: A Comparison of the Auditory Evoked Potential and Bispectral Index Devices with Standard Clinical Practice

The use of cerebral monitoring may improve the ability of anesthesiologists to titrate anesthetic drugs. However, there is controversy regarding the impact of the alleged anesthetic-sparing effects of cerebral monitoring on the recovery process and patient outcome. We designed this prospective double-blinded, sham-controlled study to evaluate the impact of intraoperative monitoring with the electroencephalogram bispectral index (BIS™) or auditory evoked potential (AEP) device on the usage of desflurane and the time to discharge from the recovery room, as well as on patient satisfaction with their anesthetic experience and recovery. Ninety healthy patients undergoing laparoscopic general surgery procedures using a standardized anesthetic technique were randomly assigned to one of three monitoring groups: standard clinical practice (control), BIS-guided, or AEP-guided. Both the BIS and AEP monitors were connected to all patients before induction of general anesthesia. In the control group, the anesthesiologists were not permitted to observe the BIS or AEP index values during the intraoperative period. In the BIS-guided group, the volatile anesthetic was titrated to maintain a BIS value in the range of 45–55. In the AEP-guided group, the targeted AEP index range was 15–20. The BIS and AEP indices, as well as end-tidal desflurane concentration, were recorded at 3–5 min intervals. Recovery times to awakening, tracheal extubation, fast-track score ≥12, and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge criteria were recorded at 1–10 min intervals. In addition, patient satisfaction with anesthesia and quality of recovery were evaluated on 100- and 18-point scales, respectively, at 24 h after surgery. The AEP- and BIS-guided groups were administered significantly smaller average end-tidal desflurane concentrations than the control group (3.8 ± 0.9 and 3.9 ± 0.6 versus 4.7 ± 1.7, respectively) (P < 0.01). Although the emergence times to eye opening, tracheal extubation, and obeying commands were consistently shorter in the AEP and BIS groups (6 ± 4 and 6 ± 5 versus 8 ± 8 min; 6 ± 5 and 6 ± 4 versus 11 ± 10 min; and 8 ± 4 and 7 ± 4 versus 12 ± 9 min, respectively), only the extubation times were significantly different from the control group (P < 0.05). More importantly, the length of the PACU stay was significantly shorter in both the AEP- and BIS-guided groups (79 ± 43 and 80 ± 47 versus 108 ± 58 min, respectively) (P < 0.05). The patients’ quality of recovery was also significantly higher in the two monitored groups (15 ± 2 versus 13 ± 3 in the control group, P < 0.05). We concluded that cerebral monitoring with either the BIS or AEP devices reduced the maintenance anesthetic (desflurane) requirement, resulting in a shorter length of stay in the PACU and improved quality of recovery after laparoscopic surgery. However, there were no significant outcome differences between the two cerebral monitored groups.
Betweenness versus Linerank

In our paper we compare two centrality measures of networks, namely betweenness and Linerank. Betweenness is a popular, widely used measure, however, its computation is prohibitively expensive for large networks, which strongly limits its applicability in practice. On the other hand, the calculation of Linerank remains manageable even for graphs of billion nodes, therefore it was offered as a substitute of betweenness in [4]. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge the relationship between the two measures has never been seriously examined. As a first step of our experiments we calculate the Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients for both the node and edge variants of these measures. In the case of the edges the correlation is varying but tends to be rather low. Our tests with the Girvan-Newman algorithm for detecting clusters in networks [7] also underlie that edge betweenness cannot be substituted with edge Linerank in practice. The results for the node variants are more promising. The correlation coefficients are close to 1 almost in all cases. Notwithstanding, in the practical application in which the robustness of social and web graphs to node removal is examined node betweenness still outperforms node Linerank, which shows that even in this case the substitution still remains a problematic issue. Beside these investigations we also clarify how Linerank should be computed on undirected graphs.
Validity and reliability of the Patient-Reported Arthralgia Inventory: validation of a newly-developed survey instrument to measure arthralgia

Background There is a need for a survey instrument to measure arthralgia (joint pain) that has been psychometrically validated in the context of existing reference instruments. We developed the 16-item Patient-Reported Arthralgia Inventory (PRAI) to measure arthralgia severity in 16 joints, in the context of a longitudinal cohort study to assess aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia in breast cancer survivors and arthralgia in postmenopausal women without breast cancer. We sought to evaluate the reliability and validity of the PRAI instrument in these populations, as well as to examine the relationship of patient-reported morning stiffness and arthralgia. Methods We administered the PRAI on paper in 294 women (94 initiating aromatase inhibitor therapy and 200 postmenopausal women without breast cancer) at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 52, as well as once in 36 women who had taken but were no longer taking aromatase inhibitor therapy. Results Cronbach’s alpha was 0.9 for internal consistency of the PRAI. Intraclass correlation coefficients of test-retest reliability were in the range of 0.87–0.96 over repeated PRAI administrations; arthralgia severity was higher in the non-cancer group at baseline than at subsequent assessments. Women with joint comorbidities tended to have higher PRAI scores than those without (estimated difference in mean scores: −0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.5, −0.2; P<0.001). The PRAI was highly correlated with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Endocrine Subscale item “I have pain in my joints” (reference instrument; Spearman r range: 0.76–0.82). Greater arthralgia severity on the PRAI was also related to decreased physical function (r=−0.47, 95% CI −0.55, −0.37; P<0.001), higher pain interference (r=0.65, 95% CI 0.57–0.72; P<0.001), less active performance status (estimated difference in location (−0.6, 95% CI −0.9, −0.4; P<0.001), and increased morning stiffness duration (r=0.62, 95% CI 0.54–0.69; P<0.0001). Conclusion We conclude that the psychometric properties of the PRAI are satisfactory for measuring arthralgia severity.
Influence of thermal cycling on the cable-joint interfacial pressure

Cable joints are generally known to be the weak points of underground distribution lines. One of the most common failure modes of premolded cable joints is linked to the occurrence of dielectric breakdown at the interface. Many parameters may influence the dielectric strength of a cable-joint interface: surface roughness, the presence of dielectric grease, and the length of the interface to name a few. Nevertheless, interfacial pressure is known to be a key factor that sets the cable-joint interfacial breakdown strength. AC dielectric breakdown strength is proportional to interfacial pressure up to a threshold pressure. A high interfacial pressure leads to good dielectric breakdown strength whereas a lower pressure leads to a poor long-term performance. Interfacial pressure decreases with the number of thermal cycles. Moreover, partial discharge (PD) monitoring during thermal cycles with thermal gradients in the insulation, following IEEE 404 standard protocol, did reveal a maximum PD intensity at the end of the temperature decrease for each cycle. This could be linked to a decrease in the interfacial pressure. We study the behavior of interfacial pressure when a cable-joint assembly is thermally cycled and identify the worse case for cycles at 75, 90 and 130/spl deg/C with thermal gradients in the bulk of the insulation. The cycling protocol is based on existing IEEE 404 standard for cable joints for use with extruded dielectric cable rated 5-138 kV.
Under Consideration for Publication in J. Functional Programming Acute: High-level Programming Language Design for Distributed Computation

Existing languages provide good support for typeful programming of standalone programs. In a distributed system, however, there may be interaction between multiple instances of many distinct programs, sharing some (but not necessarily all) of their module structure, and with some instances rebuilt with new versions of certain modules as time goes on. In this paper we discuss programming-language support for such systems, focussing on their typing and naming issues. We describe an experimental language, Acute, which extends an ML core to support distributed development, deployment, and execution, allowing type-safe interaction between separately built programs. The main features are: (1) type-safe marshalling of arbitrary values; (2) type names that are generated (freshly and by hashing) to ensure that type equality tests suffice to protect the in-variants of abstract types, across the entire distributed system; (3) expression-level names generated to ensure that name equality tests suffice for type safety of associated values, e.g. values carried on named channels; (4) controlled dynamic rebinding of marshalled values to local resources; and (5) thunkification of threads and mutexes to support computation mobility. These features are a large part of what is needed for typeful distributed programming. They are a relatively lightweight extension of ML, should be efficiently implementable, and are expressive enough to enable a wide variety of distributed infrastructure layers to be written as simple library code above the byte-string network and persistent store APIs. This disentangles the language runtime from communication intricacies. This paper highlights the main design choices in Acute. It is supported by a full language definition (of typing, compilation, and operational semantics), by a prototype implementation, and by example distribution libraries.
A 40 Mbps H.264/AVC CAVLC decoder using a 64-bit multiple-issue video parsing coprocessor

In this paper, we describe a programmable CAVLC decoder implemented with a video parsing coprocessor. The video parsing coprocessor is a VLIW processor that issues multiple instructions and supports condition-controlled instructions to efficiently program control intensive algorithms and customized instructions for bit operations and table matching. The complexity of the parsing coprocessor is 92 Kgates logic circuits with 7 KB SRAM and its operating frequency is 200 MHz when synthesized with a 130 nm CMOS technology. The CAVLC decoder, when operated at 192 MHz, can decode a bitstream at the rate of 40 Mbps, which corresponds to the level 4.1 of H.264/AVC full HD 1080p.