Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
StaticGreedy: solving the scalability-accuracy dilemma in influence maximization

Influence maximization, defined as a problem of finding a set of seed nodes to trigger a maximized spread of influence, is crucial to viral marketing on social networks. For practical viral marketing on large scale social networks, it is required that influence maximization algorithms should have both guaranteed accuracy and high scalability. However, existing algorithms suffer a scalability-accuracy dilemma: conventional greedy algorithms guarantee the accuracy with expensive computation, while the scalable heuristic algorithms suffer from unstable accuracy In this paper, we focus on solving this scalability-accuracy dilemma. We point out that the essential reason of the dilemma is the surprising fact that the submodularity, a key requirement of the objective function for a greedy algorithm to approximate the optimum, is not guaranteed in all conventional greedy algorithms in the literature of influence maximization. Therefore a greedy algorithm has to afford a huge number of Monte Carlo simulations to reduce the pain caused by unguaranteed submodularity. Motivated by this critical finding, we propose a static greedy algorithm, named StaticGreedy, to strictly guarantee the submodularity of influence spread function during the seed selection process. The proposed algorithm makes the computational expense dramatically reduced by two orders of magnitude without loss of accuracy. Moreover, we propose a dynamical update strategy which can speed up the StaticGreedy algorithm by 2-7 times on large scale social networks.
The Rise of the Male Breadwinner Family: A Reappraisal

During the last two decades there has been intense debate over the causes of the domestic subordination of women within industrial-capitalist societies. A significant part of this discussion has involved attempts to understand the emergence of a form of family organisation in which the husband was expected to be the main, preferably the sole, bread-winner and his wife was to assume responsibility for running the household, preferably on a full-time basis. Established first among the middle classes, this pattern spread widely throughout the working class with increasing momentum from the middle decades of the nineteenth century. Although the outlines of this development, and the accompanying payment of a family wage to men, are now well-established, the factors responsible for its origins and expansion are still a matter of controversy. In this article I shall review some major explanations of the rise of this “male breadwinner” family and seek to identify a number of weaknesses in the debate as a whole.
The effects of extrinsic incentive on some qualitative aspects of task performance1

Summary Thirty two subjects of high school age were tested under two experimental conditions on a variety of tasks. Subjects in the extrinsic-incentive condition were promised a reward for their participation in the experiment No mention of reward was made in the no-incentive condition. Consistent with die experimental hypothesis, it was found that subjects in the latter as opposed to the former condition exhibited superiority in creativity of performance and task recall. In addition, they manifested a stronger Zeigarnik effect, and reported greater enjoyment of the experiment The data were discussed in reference to the idea that the degree of intrinsic motivation for a task is determined by the actor's self-attributed cause for its performance
Beyond Measuring the Human Resources Management-Organizational Performance Link: Applying Critical Realist Meta-Theory

One response to the possible outsourcing of the human resource (HR) function is to turn to ‘science’ and seek to demonstrate an empirical association between HR practices and increased organizational performance. This paper critically examines the shortcomings of the ‘scientific’ approach by first, reviewing the three distinctive versions of research on the Human Resources Management (HRM)-Performance link in an attempt to demonstrate their commitment to a common ‘scientific’ meta-theory. Second, we use critical realism to demonstrate: (1) that theoretical underdevelopment and lack of explanatory power are encouraged by the use of an inappropriate ‘scientific’ meta-theory; (2) the possibility of meta-theorizing the causal connection between HRM and performance without seeking statistical associations; and (3) how all this is in-keeping with Institutional theory. Finally, all of this is achieved by inserting evidence from interviews with HR professionals to demonstrate not only that they are sceptical of the ‘scientific’ approach, but also that they hold views of the world not dissimilar to the critical realist approach we advocate.
Embattled Vienna 1683/2010: right-wing populism, collective memory and the fictionalisation of politics

The victory of a Christian coalition over Ottoman forces besieging Vienna in 1683 marked the beginning of the end of the Ottoman presence in Central and Eastern Europe and the simultaneous rise of the Habsburg Empire in this region. Memories of these events still circulate in present-day Vienna and provide an emotional reservoir for anti-Turkish sentiments. Current tendencies to fictionalise politics support the dissemination of such anti-Turkish narratives in rather unconventional and hybrid genres such as comic-style booklets. In this article, the authors investigate the interplay of collective memories and this hybrid genre within the social context of the fictionalisation of politics through the test case of the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ), one of the most successful European right-wing populist parties. By combining multimodal analysis with the discourse–historical approach in critical discourse analysis, they illustrate the ways in which visuals enable the conveying of contradictory meanings through a discursive strategy of calculated ambivalence by blurring past and present, fiction and reality.
Thematic Analysis of Research Mediums' Experiences of Discarnate Communication

Mediums claim to be able to report accurate and specific information about the deceased loved ones (termed discarnates) of living people (termed sitters) even without any prior knowledge about the sitters or the discarnates and in the complete absence of any sensory feedback. Despite recent experimental research investigating this phenomenon (e.g., Beischel & Schwartz, 2007a), no systematic qualitative studies have been conducted. Consequently, eight research mediums were asked to describe in as much detail as possible how they personally experience receiving communication from a discarnate, as part of a comprehensive nine-step subject screening procedure. Thematic analysis revealed seven comprehensive constituent themes that were used to formulate a fundamental structural definition.
The effect of post-injury depression on return to pre-injury function: a prospective cohort study

Background Millions of people seek emergency department (ED) care for injuries each year, the majority for minor injuries. Little is known about the effect of psychiatric co-morbid disorders that emerge after minor injury on functional recovery. This study examined the effect of post-injury depression on return to pre-injury levels of function. Method This was a longitudinal cohort study with follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months post-injury: 275 adults were randomly selected from those presenting to the ED with minor injury; 248 were retained over the post-injury year. Function was measured with the Functional Status Questionnaire (FSQ). Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR disorders (SCID). Results During the post-injury year, 18.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.3–22.9] were diagnosed with depression. Adjusting for clinical and demographic covariates, the depressed group was less likely to return to pre-injury levels of activities of daily living [odds ratio (OR) 8.37, 95% CI 3.78–18.53] and instrumental activities of daily living (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.44–7.31), less likely to return to pre-injury work status (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.04–5.38), and more likely to spend days in bed because of health (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.15–5.07). Conclusions Depression was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis in the year after minor injury requiring emergency care. Individuals with depression did not return to pre-injury levels of function during the post-injury year.
The Effects of Testosterone Indicators on Consumer Risk-Taking

Although extensive research has examined physiological influences on consumer behavior, how hormones influence risk-taking behavior is not yet well understood. My dissertation focuses on how testosterone might influence consumer risk-taking. In paper one (Stenstrom & Saad, 2011), the literature on testosterone and risk-taking is reviewed. We argue that testosterone has organizational and activational effects on both financial risk-taking and pathological gambling. In paper two (Stenstrom, Saad, Nepomuceno, & Mendenhall, 2011), we focus on the organizational effects of testosterone on risk-taking. Specifically, the association between digit ratio, a proxy of prenatal testosterone exposure, and risk-taking across five domains (recreational, social, financial, health-related, and ethical) is investigated. We find that digit ratio is predictive of risk-taking propensity in recreational, social, and financial (but not health-related or ethical) domains in Caucasian males. In paper three (Stenstrom & Saad, Working Paper), we shift our attention towards activational effects of testosterone on risk-taking. We investigate how exposure to babies, which purportedly elicits testosterone changes, influences risk-taking. In particular, we show that exposure to visual baby stimuli leads to lesser risk-taking among non-parents, while eliciting greater risk-taking among parents. Further, we find that baby sounds (laughs and cries) lead to lesser risk-taking in non-parents. Taken together, the three papers herein suggest that testosterone has both organizational and activational effects on consumer risk-taking, and that future research would benefit from considering hormonal, evolutionary, and social influences on risk-taking.
Placental Growth Factor Contributes to Micro-Vascular Abnormalization and Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown in Diabetic Retinopathy

Objective There are controversies regarding the pro-angiogenic activity of placental growth factor (PGF) in diabetic retinopathy (DR). For a better understanding of its role on the retina, we have evaluated the effect of a sustained PGF over-expression in rat ocular media, using ciliary muscle electrotransfer (ET) of a plasmid encoding rat PGF-1 (pVAX2-rPGF-1). Materials and Methods pVAX2-rPGF-1 ET in the ciliary muscle (200 V/cm) was achieved in non diabetic and diabetic rat eyes. Control eyes received saline or naked plasmid ET. Clinical follow up was carried out over three months using slit lamp examination and fluorescein angiography. After the control of rPGF-1 expression, PGF-induced effects on retinal vasculature and on the blood-external barrier were evaluated respectively by lectin and occludin staining on flat-mounts. Ocular structures were visualized through histological analysis. Results After fifteen days of rPGF-1 over-expression in normal eyes, tortuous and dilated capillaries were observed. At one month, microaneurysms and moderate vascular sprouts were detected in mid retinal periphery in vivo and on retinal flat-mounts. At later stages, retinal pigmented epithelial cells demonstrated morphological abnormalities and junction ruptures. In diabetic retinas, PGF expression rose between 2 and 5 months, and, one month after ET, rPGF-1 over-expression induced glial activation and proliferation. Conclusion This is the first demonstration that sustained intraocular PGF production induces vascular and retinal changes similar to those observed in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. PGF and its receptor Flt-1 may therefore be looked upon as a potential regulatory target at this stage of the disease.
Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The neurological apparatus of the maxillofacial region is unique in many respects. It has special anatomical characteristics such as the highest sensory innervation density in the body and a peripheral intermingling of major cranial nerve branches whose central connections do not follow the orderly segmentation typical of spinal cord innervation. Developmentally, oral tissues are the first to respond reflexly to in utero tactile stimulation. These tissues simultaneously perform the vital processes of feeding, sensory perception, respiratory activity, and external communication by means of facial expression and speech. In spite of their importance to the organism, maxillofacial nerves course tortuously through bony crevices and canals and run dangerously close to cutaneous and mucosal surfaces where they are vulnerable to various injuries. The terminal branches must coexist with local tissues that have an extremely high pathological incidence: the paranasal sinuses, the teeth, and the periodontium. Therefore, it is not surprising that the maxillofacial neurological apparatus is a prime target for characteristic pathology that is frequently different from neuropathology in other body regions.
Intermodal perception of affect in persons with autism or Down syndrome

Abstract Persons with autism (n = 28) or Down syndrome (n = 30) took part in a study of the ability to detect intermodal correspondence between facial and vocal/linguistic information for affect. Participants viewed 24 split-screen images of an individual talking and displaying a different affect on each side of the display (happy, sad, angry, surprised, or neutral). The vocal track, matching one affect (i.e., one side of the split-screen) but not the other, was played from a central speaker. Subjects were asked to point to the side matching the vocal track. The vocal track was desynchronized with both sides, so that rhythmic synchrony was greatly reduced and subjects must use affect to make their choices. In the first control condition, rhythmic synchrony information was restored. In a second control condition, inanimate objects and their sounds were presented. In the experimental condition, when verbal mental age and IQ were taken into account, the autism group performed more poorly than did the Down syndrome group in detecting intermodal correspondence of face and voice. When rhythmic synchrony information was available, both groups' performances improved, with the Down syndrome group performing slightly better than the group with autism. There were no group differences in the condition using inanimate objects. Results suggest that persons with autism may have difficulty detecting intermodal correspondence of facial and vocal/linguistic affect.
Information Exchange Article Validity of ResumeReviewers' Inferences Concerning Applicant Personality Based on ResumeEvaluation

Recruiters infer personal traits from job applicants' resumes and use these inferences in evaluating job applicants' employability. No research to date, however, has determined if resumereviewers' inferences of applicants' personality drawn solely from resume´ biographicaldata are valid. In the present study, resumereviewers (N 552)examined one of two applicantresumes andthen described the applicant's personality based on the Big 5 taxonomy. Validities of reviewers' inferences concerning applicant personality were assessed by correlating resumereviewers' judgments with applicants' self-reported Big 5 personality scores. Results suggested that valid personality inferences are possible based solely on resumeevaluation. We also found evidence suggesting that attending a brief training session may enhance reviewers' accuracy when inferring applicants' personality from resumeinformation.
Sexual orientation and occupational rank

This paper presents a study of differences in occupational rank between gay and heterosexual males as well as between lesbian and heterosexual females. We estimate different specifications of an ordered probit model on register data from Sweden. Our data consist of married heterosexual men and women and homosexual men and women living in civil unions. We find that homosexual men have a lower probability of working in a profession demanding a longer university education or a management profession than heterosexual men. In contrast, we find that homosexual women are more likely than heterosexual women to work in such professions.
Introduction to Special Issue: Gestures and communicative development

What does hand movement have to do with language and communicative development? This Introduction proposes that language acquisition researchers have at least four reasons to be interested in gesture and communicative development. First, children begin to gesture before talking. Second, children continue to gesture even after they start to talk, and through to adulthood. Third, recent theoretical perspectives on language acquisition have advanced a functional approach to communicative development in which usage is crucial in language acquisition. Fourth, the argument that spoken language evolved from gestures raises intriguing questions about the relationship between phylogenesis and ontogenesis. We outline different developmental trajectories for different kinds of gestures, developmental changes in the relationship between speech and gestures, and the developmental analysis of gesture functions. The six new empirical studies reported in this Special Issue are summarized.
Effect of Bifidobacterium longum ingestion on experimental salmonellosis in mice

Aims: The effect of lactic acid bacteria on the immune system is well established under normal conditions and generally by in vivo determinations, but few data are available, in vivo, during an infectious challenge. The objective of this study was to obtain data on the putative protective role of bifidobacteria upon challenge with an intestinal pathogen.
Localization of neurotrophin‐3‐like immunoreactivity in the rat cochlear nucleus

Immunohistochemistry as well as immunohistofluorescence were used to investigate the distribution of the neurotrophin‐3 (NT3) in the adult rat cochlear nucleus. We found a widespread distribution of NT3 immunolabeled neurons throughout the three divisions of this nucleus. NT3‐like immunoreactivity was clearly population‐specific, with some cell groups heavily (various small neurons and granule cells) or moderately (large neurons of the ventral cochlear nucleus) stained, while others remained negative (a major fraction of medium and large neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus).
Envelope variation as a primary determinant of lentiviral vaccine efficacy

Lentiviral envelope antigenic variation and associated immune evasion are believed to present major obstacles to effective vaccine development. Although this perception is widely assumed by the scientific community, there is, to date, no rigorous experimental data assessing the effect of increasing levels of lentiviral Env variation on vaccine efficacy. It is our working hypothesis that Env is, in fact, a primary determinant of vaccine effectiveness. We previously reported that a successful experimental attenuated equine infectious anemia virus vaccine, derived by mutation of the viral S2 accessory gene, provided 100% protection from disease after virulent virus challenge. Here, we sought to comprehensively test our hypothesis by challenging vaccinated animals with proviral strains of defined, increasing Env variation, using variant envelope SU genes that arose naturally during experimental infection of ponies with equine infectious anemia virus. The reference attenuated vaccine combined with these variant Env challenge strains facilitated evaluation of the protection conferred by ancestral immunogens, because the Env of the attenuated vaccine is a direct ancestor to the variant proviral strain Envs. The results demonstrated that ancestral Env proteins did not impart broad levels of protection against challenge. Furthermore, the results displayed a significant inverse linear correlation of Env divergence and protection from disease. This study demonstrates potential obstacles to the use of single isolate ancestral Env immunogens. Finally, these findings reveal that relatively minor Env variation can pose a substantial challenge to lentiviral vaccine immunity, even when attenuated vaccines are used that, to date, achieve the highest levels of vaccine protection.
Role of NADPH Oxidase-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species in Podocyte Injury

Proteinuria is an independent risk factor for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (Shankland, 2006). Recent studies highlighted the mechanisms of podocyte injury and implications for potential treatment strategies in proteinuric kidney diseases (Zhang et al., 2012). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cellular signals which are closely associated with the development and progression of glomerular sclerosis. NADPH oxidase is a district enzymatic source of cellular ROS production and prominently expressed in podocytes (Zhang et al., 2010). In the last decade, it has become evident that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS overproduction is a key trigger of podocyte injury, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation (Whaley-Connell et al., 2006), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Zhang et al., 2011), and inflammatory priming (Abais et al., 2013). This review focuses on the mechanism of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS in podocyte injury under different pathophysiological conditions. In addition, we also reviewed the therapeutic perspectives of NADPH oxidase in kidney diseases related to podocyte injury.
Predictors of student fear of school violence: a comparative study of eighth graders in 33 countries

Ensuring a safe learning environment for students is a major responsibility of educators and policymakers around the world. Based on the secondary analyses of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) data collected from 33 countries in 1999, the study found that 8th graders who witnessed their friends' violence victimization and who experienced theft victimization were most likely to fear becoming the victims of school violence in all 33 countries. Male students also reported greater fear than female students in a majority of countries including the USA. In addition, U.S. 8th graders reported greater fear in the schools with higher levels of classroom and school disorders and in the schools where teachers practice student-centered instruction less frequently. While individual predictors of student fear were relatively consistent, school predictors varied across the countries. It is important that policymakers and educators in each country work toward promoting school environments associated with a lower level of student fear and reforming environments that lead to greater fear among students.
How Males and Females Differ in Their Likelihood of Transmitting Negative Word of Mouth

This article shows that the joint effect of tie strength and image-impairment concern on negative word-of-mouth (NWOM) transmission is different for males and females and argues that this effect occurs because of differences in their relative concern for self versus others. For males, there was not a significant interaction between image-impairment concern and tie strength on NWOM transmission likelihood. In contrast, for females the effect of image-impairment concern on NWOM transmission likelihood was stronger for weak ties than for strong ties. The robustness of the findings were tested in two additional studies by directly manipulating relative concern for self versus others and by employing an indirect proxy: interdependent and independent self-construal. Self- versus other-focused thoughts mediated the joint effect on NWOM transmission.