Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Ecological Approach to Understanding Adolescent Prescription Drug Misuse

Nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among U.S. adolescents is a burgeoning public health problem. Previous studies have observed differences in rates of NMUPD among ethnic/racial groups. However, less is known on the social and cultural processes and mechanisms, which may influence adolescents’ prescription drug beliefs and practices. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 diverse 13- to 17-year-olds in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit to elicit in-depth, context-sensitive information about social factors relevant to NMUPD. Data analysis was completed using grounded theory and interpreted with a social ecological approach. Results highlighted the myriad of important contextual influences on adolescent NMUPD. Responses reflected factors within microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem contexts as well as important intrapersonal factors. Furthermore, adolescents who identified as an ethnic minority also described cultural values (e.g., religion) and culturally based beliefs (e.g., mental health stigma), which influenced their prescription drug beliefs. Narratives revealed the interplay between intrapersonal factors and socialization agents, such as parents, peers, and the media, influencing prescription drug behavior. Our findings present ecologically framed insights as a first step in understanding this health risk behavior among U.S. adolescents. Implications as well as important next steps for future research and interdisciplinary prevention and intervention program development are discussed.
Pediatric glioblastoma multiforme: A single-institution experience

Abstract Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common astrocytoma in adults and has a poor prognosis, with a median survival of about 12 months. But, it is rare in children. We report our experience on the pediatric population (20 years or younger) with GBM. Patients and Methods: Twenty-three patients with GBM who were treated at our hospital during 1990-2008 were evaluated. Results: The mean age was 15.2 years, and the majority of them (14/23) were male. All had received radiotherapy and some had also received chemotherapy. The mean survival was 16.0 months. Two cases survived more than 5 years. Age, radiation dose and performance status were significantly related to survival. Conclusion: GBM in pediatric patients were not very common in our center, and prognosis was unfavorable.
Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver with metabolic risk factors and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

AIM To assess the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with metabolic risk factors and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). METHODS A total of 8603 subjects (6662 males and 1941 females) were enrolled during an annual health check-up. Fatty liver was examined using a Philips HD 11 XE multi-function color Doppler diagnostic instrument, and baPWV was determined using a novel arteriosclerosis detection device. Blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), waist circumference (WC), plasma triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and uric acid (UA) were measured using standard methods. The relationship between fatty liver with metabolic risk factors and baPWV was analyzed using regression analysis and the χ (2) test. RESULTS The values and abnormal rates of baPWV were significantly different between NAFLD patients and non-NAFLD subjects (P < 0.001). In addition, the values of baPWV were different by gender between NAFLD patients and non-NAFLD subjects. The OR values in females, males, and the entire population were 3.33, 1.67, and 2.13, respectively (P < 0.001). The incidence of high baPWV increased with increasing degree of NAFLD (levels 0, 1, 2, and 3) (P < 0.001), which was 45.9%, 54.5%, 60.2%, and 71.4% in males and 27.0%, 49.1%, 55.60%, and 60.0% in females (P < 0.001), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that the OR value for baPWV in the non-metabolic syndrome group and the metabolic syndrome group was 1.28 vs 1.14 (males) and 2.55 vs 0.98 (females). The OR values for baPWV in the non-high-BP and high-BP, non-high-WC and high-WC, non-high-FPG and high-FPG, non-high-TG and high-TG, non-high-HDL and high-HDL, non-high-TC and high-TC, non-high-LDL and high-LDL, non-high-UA and high-UA groups were 3.38 vs 1.19, 3.50 vs 1.44, 2.80 vs 2.30, 3.29 vs 1.88, 3.03 vs 3.28, 3.35 vs 2.70, 3.93 vs 1.66, and 3.20 vs 2.34, respectively, in females (P < 0.001), and were 1.37 vs 1.34, 1.56 vs 1.26, 1.51 vs 1.28, 1.49 vs 1.52, 1.71 vs 1.61, 1.59 vs 1.74, 1.76 vs 1.47, and 1.73 vs 1.54, respectively, in males (P < 0.01). The OR value for baPWV was still higher than 1.2 (1.21 in males and 1.40 in females) after adjustment for the metabolic component (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and above) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION NAFLD is closely correlated with baPWV, particularly in females. NAFLD has a large impact on baPWV, no matter whether the metabolic index is increased or not. NAFLD may be a useful indicator for assessing early arteriosclerosis.
The active society

The modern period ended with the radical transformation of the technologies of communication, knowledge, and energy that followed World War II. A central characteristic of the modern period has been continued increase in the efficacy of the technology of production which poses a growing challenge to the primacy of the values these means are supposed to serve. The post-modern period, the onset of which may be set at 1945, will witness either a greater threat to the status of these values by the surging technologies or a reassertion of their normative priority. Which alternative prevails will determine whether society is to be the servant or the master of the instruments it creates. The active society, one that is master of itself, is an option the post-modern period opens. An exploration of the conditions under which this option might be exercised is the subject of this endeavor.
Should a diet containing high protein and high glycemic load be blamed for the epidemic of overweight and obese children?

The escalating prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is a challenge for the medical community as well as health authorities. According to the World Health Organization (www.who.int/topics/obesity), approxi-mately 1.6 billion adults ( > 15 years of age) worldwide are overweight, and 400 million are obese. Recent prevalence figures for children from different European countries show worrisome numbers, especially in western and southern Europe, where 20% to 35% of 7- to 11-year-olds are overweight or obese (1). In the United States 31% of children between 6 and 19 years old are at risk for being overweight (ie, body mass index [BMI] > 85th percentile for age) and 16% are overweight or obese (BMI > 95th percentile) (2). Hence, we may experience a health disaster during the several next decades, with large numbers of early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases among adolescents and young adults (3,4). Already adolescents are described as having these obesity-related disorders (5). What is the cause of this epidemic of obesity? During the last decades the focus has been on reduction of fat intake. Despite this, a dramatic increase in overweight children and adults has occurred The
Rinderpest virus infection of bovine peripheral blood monocytes.

The ability of rinderpest virus (RPV) to replicate in vitro in adherent peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages under non-stimulation conditions was investigated. When flow cytometry analysis on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was performed, monocytic cells were seen to be targets for infection by the cell culture-attenuated RBOK vaccine strain of RPV. Viral glycoprotein (H) and nucleoprotein (N) expression in adherent blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages was compared with the infection in Vero cells, in which a productive infection typical of morbilliviruses is obtained. In both cell types, the infection was m.o. i. -dependent, but the rate of viral protein accumulation was slower in monocytes/macrophages. Double-labelling experiments with monoclonal antibodies against RPV and the myeloid marker CD14 confirmed that the infected blood adherent cells were monocytes and macrophages. Productive infection of monocytes was confirmed by progeny virus titration. Permissiveness to infection was not dependent on macrophage differentiation: in vitro maturation of monocytes to macrophages before infection, did not increase the susceptibility of these cells to RPV infection. With the virulent Saudi RPV isolate, similar results were obtained, although the Saudi virus apparently had a higher rate of replication compared to the attenuated virus. These observations demonstrate clearly that bovine blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages serve as hosts for a relatively slow but productive infection by rinderpest virus.
Joint User Node Positioning and Clock Offset Estimation in 5G Ultra-Dense Networks

It is commonly expected that network densification will play an important role in achieving the capacity demands of 5G communication networks. While densification is introduced to improve the spectral efficiency and area-capacity, it also results in an infrastructure that is perfectly suitable for user node (UN) positioning. However, so far this compelling opportunity has not been clearly recognized in the literature. In this paper, we therefore propose to make "always on" positioning an integral part of 5G networks such that highly accurate user location estimates are available at any given moment but without draining the UN batteries. We furthermore propose an extended Kalman filter (EKF) that tracks the user location based on the fusion of direction of arrival (DoA) and time of arrival (ToA) estimates obtained at the access nodes (ANs) of the 5G network. Since ToA estimates are typically not useful for positioning unless the UN is synchronized with the network, we include a realistic clock model within the DoA/ToA EKF. This addition makes it possible to estimate the offset of the imperfect UN clock, along with the UN position. In an extensive analysis that is based on specific 5G simulation models, we then quantify the enormous potential of high accuracy positioning in 5G networks, in general, and the proposed DoA/ToA EKF, in particular. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed DoA/ToA EKF substantially outperforms the classical DoA-only EKF and is furthermore also able to handle practically extremely relevant situations where the DoA-only EKF fails to position the UN.
Accurate Mental Maps as an Aspect of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK): a Case Study from Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland

A mental map of the substrate of Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland, compiled from interviews with local fishermen, is compared with maps produced by science-based techniques. The comparison reveals that the mental map is highly accurate. This finding contrasts with the spatial distortion characteristic of the classic mental map. The accuracy of the Lough Neagh map is attributed to the fact that it is a compendium of the knowledge of several generations, rather than an individual perception. Individual distortions are filtered out, and accuracy is promoted by economic self-interest. High accuracy may be characteristic of the mental maps held by artisanal exploiters of natural resources.
Montesquieu, la politique et l'histoire

It is a common trait of mediocre philosophers to project their own ideas into philosophers of the past. Such is the case with Althusser, who finds in Montesquieu an impressive forerunner of his own philosophy. In fact, he seems to have studied Montesquieu with the sole purpose of confirming his own philosophical “recipes” which are as open to criticism as this recent travesty of the past. Althusser's “recipes” are well-known: the epistemological coupure, the myth of science as totally separate from ideology, the reduction of praxis to theory — in short, all the tools necessary to update Marxism so that it can attain the honorific status of a “science", and thus become “respectable” among all the rest of irrelevant academic disciplines.
Differential effects of decoy receptor‐ and antibody‐mediated tumour necrosis factor blockage on FoxP3 expression in responsive arthritis patients

Our aim was to clarify if anti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drugs have effect on expression of three splice forms of FoxP3 mRNA in blood CD4+ T cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with healthy controls. Forty‐five rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti‐TNF therapy were investigated in a 12‐week prospective cohort study. FoxP3 isoforms, CD25 and CTLA‐4 mRNA in blood CD4+ T cells were measured with quantitative real‐time PCR. Patients benefitting from the treatment, based on changes in DAS28 scores, revealed a significant decrease in expression of full‐length FoxP3 following 12 weeks treatment with TNF receptor 2 fusion protein (Etanercept), but not following treatment with anti‐TNF antibodies (Adalimumab or Infliximab). A partial normalization of the CTLA‐4/FoxP3fl ratio and a correlation between clinical improvement and change in FoxP3 mRNA expression were also seen in Etanercept responders. These changes were not observed in responsive patients treated with the antibody therapies. Our data suggest that TNF decoy receptor and anti‐TNF antibodies differ in their effect on FoxP3 expression in responsive patients. As Etanercept binds both TNF‐α and Lymphotoxin‐α (LT‐α), whereas the antibodies only target TNF‐α, LT‐α may regulate FoxP3 expression in a subset of RA patients. Our findings support the view that anti‐TNF treatment is mainly symptomatic.
High Rate of Didanosine-Related Mitochondrial Toxicity in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients Receiving Ribavirin

Background Nucleoside analogues may induce mitochondrial toxicity, particularly didanosine. Ribavirin increases didanosine exposure, which might be clinically relevant when coadministered in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Objective To evaluate, among 89 patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and therapy for chronic hepatitis C, clinically relevant mitochondrial toxicity in those treated with concomitant ribavirin and didanosine (n=35, 39%). Methods From January 2000 to July 2002 longitudinal analysis of the incidence and clinical course of didanosine-related hyperamylasaemia, pancreatitis, hyperlactataemia/lactic acidosis or neuropathy. Risk factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox's proportional hazards model. Results Among 35 patients who received concomitant didanosine (400 mg/day in 86%) and ribavirin (≥10 mg/kg/day in 91%), 20 (57%) developed one or more adverse events after a mean of 87 days. Most frequent laboratory abnormalities were hyperamylasaemia (18 patients, 51%) and hyperlactataemia (eight patients, 23%). Acute pancreatitis and symptomatic hyperlactataemia developed in 10 (28%) and six (17%) patients, respectively. Two patients (6%) with pancreatitis and severe lactic acidosis died; the other patients recovered uneventfully despite continuation of anti-HCV therapy in 83% after didanosine withdrawal in 40%. In the Cox's model higher baseline amylase levels (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06, P=0.001) and three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART (HR: 5.3, 95% CI: 1.73–16.24, P=0.003) were significantly associated to toxicity. Conclusions The coadministration of didanosine and ribavirin should be avoided in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, due to a high rate of clinically significant toxicity, particularly in triple nucleoside-based HAART. Amylase levels should be strictly monitored, especially if elevated at baseline.
An Evolutionary Model of Racial Attitude Formation: Socially Shared and Idiosyncratic Racial Attitudes

A growing body of research in political science has uncovered evidence of a “split personality” among Americans when it comes to racial attitudes—people express different attitudes in public than they personally hold. At present no theoretical model can account for the emergence of this discrepancy. This article proposes a simple neural model of racial attitude formation that makes an important distinction between socially shared and idiosyncratic racial attitudes. A computational model based on Kimura's (1983) Neutral Theory of Evolution predicts that socially shared racist attitudes may be able to coexist with, and eventually be replaced by, more favorable idiosyncratic racial attitudes. Results of a laboratory-based study (N = 555) involving reaction-time-based implicit measures of socially shared and idiosyncratic attitudes are consistent with the predictions derived from the computational model. The implications of the theoretical model and the empirical findings are discussed.
The Handbook of Pluralistic Counselling and Psychotherapy

Introduction to pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy - Mick Cooper, Windy Dryden PART 1: Fundamentals Assessment and formulation in pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy - John McLeod, Julia McLeod From goals to tasks and methods - Terry Hanley, Aaron Sefi, Zehra Ersahin Metatherapeutic communication and shared decision-making - Mick Cooper, Kate Martin, Fani Papayianni, Windy Dryden Systematic feedback through the Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS) - Barry Duncan, Jacqueline Sparks Client strengths and resources: Helping clients draw on what they already do best - Jacqueline Sparks, Barry Duncan Core counselling methods for pluralistic practice - Mick Cooper Part 2: Therapeutic orientations Humanistic approaches and pluralism - Terry Hanley, Adam Scott, Laura Winter Cognitive behavioural approaches and pluralism - Terry Boucher Psychodynamic approaches and pluralism - Laurence Spurling Existential approaches and pluralism - Mick Cooper, Gerhard Stumm Narrative approaches and pluralism - Rolf Sundet, John McLeod Integrative and eclectic approaches and pluralism - John McLeod, Rolf Sundet Part 3: Issues and Goals Helping clients address depression - John McLeod Helping clients address problematic anxiety - Windy Dryden Helping clients improve their interpersonal relationships - Meg John Barker Helping clients find meaning in grief and loss - Robert Neimeyer Helping clients address addictive behaviours - Thomas Mackrill, Bettina Jensen Helping clients address eating problems - Lynsey McMillan Helping clients with health issues - Julia McLeod, Mhairi Thurston, Kate Smith Helping clients who are suicidal or self-injuring - Andrew Reeves Part 4: Professional issues Difference and diversity in pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy - Laura Winter, Feng Guo, Katarzyna Wilk, Terry Hanley Boundaries: A pluralistic perspective and illustrative case study of the patient-led approach to appointment scheduling - Timothy A. Carey Ethics in pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy - Lynne Gabriel Supervision in pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy - Mary Creaner, Ladislav Timulak Training in pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy - Julia McLeod, Kate Smith, Mhairi Thurston Research and pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy - Terry Hanley, Laura Winter
Novel bimodular DNA aptamers with guanosine quadruplexes inhibit phylogenetically diverse HIV-1 reverse transcriptases

DNA aptamers RT5, RT6 and RT47 form a group of related sequences that inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The essential inhibitory structure is identified here as bimodular, with a 5′ stem–loop module physically connected to a 3′-guanosine quadruplex module. The stem–loop tolerates considerable sequence plasticity. Connections between the guanosine triplets in the quadruplex could be simplified to a single nucleotide or a nonnucleic acid linker, such as hexaethylene glycol. All 12 quadruplex guanosines are required in an aptamer retaining most of the original loop sequence from RT6; only 11 are required for aptamer R1T (single T residue in intra-quadruplex loops). Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy gave ellipticity minima and maxima at 240 nm and 264 nm, indicating a parallel arrangement of the quadruplex strands. The simplified aptamers displayed increased overall stability. An aptamer carrying the original intra-quadruplex loops from RT6 inhibited RT in K+ buffers but not in Na+ buffers and displayed significant CD spectral broadening in Na+ buffers, while R1T inhibited RT in both buffers and displayed less broadening in Na+ buffers. The bimodular ssDNA aptamers inhibited RT from diverse primate lentiviruses with low nM IC50 values. These data provide insight into the requirements for broad-spectrum RT inhibition by nucleic acid aptamers.
B-Vitamin Levels in Human Milk among Different Lactation Stages and Areas in China

To determine the contents of B-vitamins in human milk in China, we analyzed 1778 human milk samples from the sample bank of the National High Technique R & D Program (863 Projects) which was a cross-sectional survey and covered 6419 human milk samples from healthy lactating mothers who were at different stages of lactation (0–330 days postpartum) in 11 provinces of China. The contents of free forms of six B-vitamins in these human milk samples were analyzed by using UPLC-MS/MS. The median concentrations of free form of 6 B-vitamins in colostrums, transitional milk, 15–180 d mature milk and 181-330 d mature milk were respectively as follows: thiamin 5.0 µg/L, 6.7 µg/L, 21.1 µg/L and 40.7 µg/L; riboflavin 29.3 µg/L, 40.6 µg/L, 33.6 µg/L and 29.6 µg/L; niacin 470.7 µg/L, 661.3 µg/L, 687.0 µg/L and 571.3 µg/L; vitamin B-6 4.6 µg/L, 16.1 µg/L, 62.7 µg/L and 80.7 µg/L; flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 808.7 µg/L, 1162.8 µg/L, 1023.9 µg/L and 1057.2 µg/L; pantothenic acid 1770.9 µg/L, 2626.8 µg/L, 2213.0 µg/L and 1895.5 µg/L. The contents of 6 B-vitamins varied significantly among the different lactation stages and different areas (coastal area vs inland area, rural area vs urban area). The present study indicated that the concentrations of B-vitamins in colostrum were generally much lower than those in transitional milk and mature milk. Further studies are warranted for their roles and significance on B-vitamins in colostrum in nutrition and metabolism of neonates.
Evidence on the Information Content of Text in Analyst Reports

ABSTRACT: We document that textual discussions in a sample of 363,952 analyst reports provide information to investors beyond that in the contemporaneously released earnings forecasts, stock recommendations, and target prices, and also assist investors in interpreting these signals. Cross-sectionally, we find that investors react more strongly to negative than to positive text, suggesting that analysts are especially important in propagating bad news. Additional evidence indicates that analyst report text is more useful when it places more emphasis on nonfinancial topics, is written more assertively and concisely, and when the perceived validity of other information signals in the same report is low. Finally, analyst report text is shown to have predictive value for future earnings growth in the subsequent five years.