Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analytic Loss Distributional Approach Models for Operational Risk from the Α-Stable Doubly Stochastic Compound Processes and Implications for Capital Allocation

Under the Basel II standards, the Operational Risk (OpRisk) advanced measurement approach is not prescriptive regarding the class of statistical model utilized to undertake capital estimation. It has however become well accepted to utilize a Loss Distributional Approach (LDA) paradigm to model the individual OpRisk loss processes corresponding to the Basel II Business line/event type. In this paper we derive a novel class of doubly stochastic α-stable family LDA models. These models provide the ability to capture the heavy tailed loss processes typical of OpRisk, whilst also providing analytic expressions for the compound processes annual loss density and distributions, as well as the aggregated compound processes’ annual loss models. In particular we develop models of the annual loss processes in two scenarios. The first scenario considers the loss processes with a stochastic intensity parameter, resulting in inhomogeneous compound Poisson processes annually. The resulting arrival processes of losses under such a model will have independent counts over increments within the year. The second scenario considers discretization of the annual loss processes into monthly increments with dependent time increments as captured by a Binomial processes with a stochastic probability of success changing annually. Each of these models will be coupled under an LDA framework with heavy-tailed severity models comprised of α-stable severities for the loss amounts per loss event. In this paper we will derive analytic results for the annual loss distribution density and distribution under each of these models and study their properties.
Teachers’ Self-Efficacy When Differentiating Between Language Acquisition Difficulties Or Possible Learning Disabilities In English Language Learners

This multiple-case study examines teachers’ self-efficacy, or perceptions of their effectiveness, when differentiating between typical language acquisition difficulties and possible learning disabilities in English Language Learners (ELLs) who are challenged academically. Five mainstream elementary teachers from a mid-sized urban school district in the northeastern United States participated in the study. Data from individual interviews, meeting observations and artifacts were collected from each of the participants. Meeting observations occurred during each participant’s Integrated Learning Team meetings. During interviews, participants described their experiences working with ELLs who struggled more than typical ELLs and presented an artifact representing experiences teaching such students. Across all five cases, key themes emerged, including (1) Character and Personal Experiences, (2) Collaboration with Colleagues/Support from School Administration, (3) Understanding the “Whole Child”, and (4) Professional Development and Training. A cross-case analysis revealed divergence in several sub-themes: Linguistic/Cultural Experiences, Years of Classroom Experience, Reviewing Multiple Types of Data, Comparison between ELL Peers, Using Response to Intervention with ELLs, and Effective Strategies for ELLs. Five findings show that cultural exposure, collaboration among colleagues, reviewing ELL student data, meaningful professional development and teachers’ years of classroom experience contribute to teachers’ self-efficacy when making decisions to investigate possible learning disabilities in ELLs. Implications for
Price Regulation of Mobile Termination: Promoting Competition and Investment in Telecommunications A Report on behalf of Hutchison Telecommunications

The analysis here represents the views of CoRE Research Pty Ltd (ACN 096 869 760) and should not be construed as those of Hutchison Telecommunications. In April 2003, the ACCC released an information paper Mobile Services Review, 2003 and announced its intention to review the pricing methodology for mobile phone termination charges. As part of its current inquiry into mobile services regulation, the ACCC is considering: (a) the need for regulation of mobile services including domestic GSM and CDMA terminating and originating services; and (b) the form that any regulation should take. In this report, we consider the need for regulation of mobile termination charges, the relationship between mobile termination charging and the regulation of fixed-to-mobile calls, and appropriate forms of regulation. A consistent message from the academic research is that there are potential problems with market power in mobile termination services and regulation to lower the price of these services is desirable. These potential problems stem from two related sources. First, subscribers to mobile services generally care less about the price of fixed-to-mobile calls than about the price of retail mobile services. The reason for this is simple – the mobile subscriber in Australia does not pay for fixed-to-mobile calls but does pay for retail mobile services. Second, when a person makes a fixed-to-mobile call, they are often unaware of the exact mobile carrier who will terminate the call. This reduces competition between mobile carriers for call termination and provides incentives for mobile carriers to raise termination charges significantly above cost. At the same time, competition between mobile carriers means that termination revenues are often dispersed through lower prices for retail mobile services. While mobile termination raises market power problems, issues of market power may also be relevant for the fixed-line services provided for fixed-to-mobile calls. If there is a dominant fixed line carrier then any reduction of mobile termination rates will not, by itself, lead to economically desirable fixed-to-mobile call prices. Rather, prices will remain inflated due to the ability of the fixed-line carriers to price above cost. Thus the regulation of fixed-to-mobile termination charges alone may be inadequate to guarantee economically appropriate pricing of fixed-to-mobile calls. Insufficient competition in the retail market for fixed-to-mobile calls means that fixed-line carriers may effectively short-circuit any regulatory attempts to improve fixed-to-mobile retail prices. As the regulator reduces fixed-to-mobile charges to better reflect cost, fixed line carriers may increase their 'share' …
Development and testing of an instrument to determine Musical Fit in audio–visual advertising

Over the past three decades, several studies have explored the concept of Musical Fit in audio–visual advertising. However, a central problem is the inconsistency of the results derived from these studies. The current level of knowledge does not make it possible to safely predict whether and how Musical Fit influences recipients’ attention, brand and product recall, and positive attitudes toward commercials, including purchase intentions. One origin of this problem is the lack of a coherent definition and operationalization of Musical Fit. Therefore, this article describes the development of a transparent and applicable instrument to identify and determine Musical Fit in audio–visual advertising. Starting from music’s function of transporting and inducing emotions and its ability to communicate referential meaning, we designed a classification system for relating music to the three most important reference points of a commercial: the narration, the product, and/or the target group. Accordingly, Single, Double, and Perfect Musical Fit can be distinguished and classified into different types. To test whether the developed instrument is applicable in practice, we conducted a quantitative content analysis of 594 German TV commercials. After two pilot tests, the inter-coder reliability of two different coders improved to an average of . 80, providing an indication of the instrument’s practicability. Surprisingly, the most common Musical Fit types were a Single Fit to Narration (50%), a matching largely unaddressed in studies to date, a Double Fit to Narration and Product (21%), and a Perfect Fit (15%), the type that is most difficult to create.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors: Biology and Therapeutic Potential in Kidney Diseases

The major evolutionary advance represented in the human immune system is a mechanism of antigen-directed immunity in which tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF receptors (TNFRs) play essential roles. Binding of TNF-α to the 55-kDa type I TNFR (TNFR1, TNFRSF1A, CD120a, p55) or the 75-kDa type II TNFR (TNFR2, TNFRSF1B, CD120b, p75) activates signaling pathways controlling inflammatory, immune and stress responses, as well as host defense and apoptosis. Multiple studies have investigated the role of TNFRs in the development of early and late renal failure (diabetic nephropathy, nephroangiosclerosis, acute kidney transplant rejection, renal cell carcinoma, glomerulonephritis, sepsis and obstructive renal injury). This article reviews the general characteristics, the analytical aspects and the biology of TNFRs in this domain. In addition, the potential therapeutic application of specific TNFR blockers is discussed.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC, PERSONALITY, AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION MEASURES ASSOCIATED WITH FREQUENT MOBILE PHONE USE

The present study employs standardized data acquired from the Brain Resource International Database to study the relationship between mobile phone usage, personality, and brain function (n = 300). Based on the frequency and duration of mobile phone usage, three groups were formed. The findings suggest a subtle slowing of brain activity related to mobile phone use that is not explained by differences in personality. These changes are still within normal physiological ranges. Better executive function in mobile phone users may reflect more focused attention, possibly associated with a cognitive training effect (i.e., frequently making phone calls in distracting places), rather than a direct effect of mobile phone use on cognition.
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This paper deals with the Tanzi method for the estimation of underground economy. The approach is discussed and modified. Refinements on the variables and on the econometric technique are proposed. The “adjusted” Tanzi method is then used to estimate the shadow economy in Italy along twenty-eight years. Despite the difficulty to obtain point estimates, interpretations of the results are nevertheless possible, trustworthy and interesting. For instance, the model detects the presence of underground economy, an expected finding. On the other hand the model shows no positive trend in the recent period. A very puzzling result, given the mainstream literature and the policymakers claims. JEL Classification: O17, D78, H26. ∗Institute for Studies and Economic Analyses (ISAE), Roma, Italy. Address: Piazza dell’indipendenza, 4 – 00185 Roma – Italy. E-MAIL: m.bovi@isae.it. I am grateful to Laura Castellucci for her extended support and for the permission to reproduce some parts of our preceding (1999) work (essentially the section III and the empirical results of the Wickens-Breusch approach). The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not necessarily shared by the ISAE. This paper is the english version of the paper: “Un miglioramento del metodo di Tanzi per la stima dell’economia sommersa in Italia. ” Rivista di Statistica Ufficiale dell’ISTAT, vol. 2/99, F. Angeli, Roma.
Continuous Loop Double Endobutton Reconstruction for Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation

Background: Current anatomic methods for reconstruction of the dislocated acromioclavicular (AC) joint show improved clinical results but continue to be associated with significant rates of fixation loss and complications, limiting more widespread use. Purpose: To determine the long-term clinical and radiologic outcomes of a novel surgical technique using a closed-loop double Endobutton device to reconstruct both acute and chronic dislocations. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Between 2003 and 2012, a total of 35 patients (31 men, 4 women) at a mean age of 42 years (range, 25-70 years) were surgically treated for a Rockwood type III or greater AC joint dislocation with the described technique (26 chronic, 9 acute). Imbrication of the AC joint capsule and deltotrapezial fascia was performed in all patients. Biological bridging across the coracoclavicular (CC) interval was performed in all patients by use of coracoacromial (CA) ligament transfer in 28 patients and primary repair of the CC ligament in 7 patients. Complete follow-up information was obtained for 31 of 35 patients. Results: At a mean follow-up of 5.2 years (range, 27-144 months), the construct remained stable in all but 1 patient. The mean CC interval difference was 1.1 mm (range, –2.5 to 4.0 mm) and was <2 mm in 87% of patients. The mean Constant score was 98; the mean University of California, Los Angeles Shoulder Rating Scale score was 34; and the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score was 98. Follow-up MRI evaluation in 10 patients consistently demonstrated a wide band of dense scar tissue between the coracoid and clavicle. No infections, fractures, or perioperative complications occurred. Conclusion: Excellent results were obtained and maintained over long-term follow-up. The continuous loop device eliminated the possibility of knot slippage or breakage. MRI confirmed a robust healing response. The described technique resulted in outcomes that were significantly superior to historical reports of nonsurgical outcomes, and the technique can be recommended both for acute and chronic dislocations.
Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Hemodialysis Patients with Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator

The survival outcome following a sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in hemodialysis (HD) patients is poor regardless of whether an event takes place in or out of a dialysis center. The characteristics of SCA and post‐SCA survival with HD patients using a wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) are unknown.
Promoting understanding of chemical representations: Students' use of a visualization tool in the classroom

Many students have difficulty learning symbolic and molecular representations of chemistry. This study investigated how students developed an understanding of chemical representations with the aid of a computer-based visualizing tool, eChem, that allowed them to build molecular models and view multiple representations simultaneously. Multiple sources of data were collected with the participation of 71 eleventh graders at a small public high school over a 6-week period. The results of pre- and posttests showed that students' understanding of chemical representations improved substantially (p < . 001, effect size = 2.68-. The analysis of video recordings revealed that several features in eChem helped students construct models and translate representations. Students who were highly engaged in discussions while using eChem made referential linkages between visual and conceptual aspects of representations. This in turn may have deepened their understanding of chemical representations and concepts. The findings also suggest that computerized models can serve as a vehicle for students to generate mental images. Finally, students demonstrated their preferences of certain types of representations and did not use all types of three-dimensional models interchangeably. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 821–842, 2001
Volcanic forcing improves Atmosphere‐Ocean Coupled General Circulation Model scaling performance

Recent Atmosphere‐Ocean Coupled General Circulation Model (AOGCM) simulations of the twentieth century climate, which account for anthropogenic and natural forcings, make it possible to study the origin of long‐term temperature correlations found in the observed records. We study ensemble experiments performed with the NCAR PCM for 10 different historical forced simulations, including no forcings, greenhouse gas, sulfate aerosol, ozone, solar, volcanic forcing and various combinations, such as natural, anthropogenic and all forcings. We compare the scaling exponents characterizing the long‐term correlations of the observed and simulated model data for 16 representative land stations and 16 sites in the Atlantic Ocean for these forcings. We find that inclusion of volcanic forcing in the AOGCM considerably improves the PCM scaling behavior. The simulations containing volcanic forcing are able to reproduce quite well the observed scaling exponents for the land with exponents around 0.65 independent of the station distance from the ocean. For the Atlantic Ocean, simulations with the volcanic forcing slightly underestimate the observed persistence exhibiting an average exponent 0.74 as compared to 0.85 for the Kaplan reconstructed data.
Identification of Genes Involved in Biofilm Formation and Respiration via Mini-Himar Transposon Mutagenesis of Geobacter sulfurreducens

ABSTRACT Electron transfer from cells to metals and electrodes by the Fe(III)-reducing anaerobe Geobacter sulfurreducens requires proper expression of redox proteins and attachment mechanisms to interface bacteria with surfaces and neighboring cells. We hypothesized that transposon mutagenesis would complement targeted knockout studies in Geobacter spp. and identify novel genes involved in this process. Escherichia coli mating strains and plasmids were used to develop a conjugation protocol and deliver mini-Himar transposons, creating a library of over 8,000 mutants that was anaerobically arrayed and screened for a range of phenotypes, including auxotrophy for amino acids, inability to reduce Fe(III) citrate, and attachment to surfaces. Following protocol validation, mutants with strong phenotypes were further characterized in a three-electrode system to simultaneously quantify attachment, biofilm development, and respiratory parameters, revealing mutants defective in Fe(III) reduction but unaffected in electron transfer to electrodes (such as an insertion in GSU1330, a putative metal export protein) or defective in electrode reduction but demonstrating wild-type biofilm formation (due to an insertion upstream of the NHL domain protein GSU2505). An insertion in a putative ATP-dependent transporter (GSU1501) eliminated electrode colonization but not Fe(III) citrate reduction. A more complex phenotype was demonstrated by a mutant containing an insertion in a transglutaminase domain protein (GSU3361), which suddenly ceased to respire when biofilms reached approximately 50% of the wild-type levels. As most insertions were not in cytochromes but rather in transporters, two-component signaling proteins, and proteins of unknown function, this collection illustrates how biofilm formation and electron transfer are separate but complementary phenotypes, controlled by multiple loci not commonly studied in Geobacter spp.
EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN E-COMMUNICATION USE AND THE COMMUNICATION BEHAVIORS OF GENERATION 2000 IN TURKEY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PARENTS

Öz: Türkiye’nin e-sosyal ağlar kullanımında, 2014 yılında dünya lideri olması, e-iletişim kullanımı ile 2000 kuşağının iletişim davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin Türkiye’de incelenmesini daha anlamlı hale getirmiştir. Latif, Uçkun ve Demir (2015), e-sosyal ağların kullanımıyla, 2000 kuşağının iletişim davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi, 2000 kuşağı üyesi üniversite öğrencilerinin görüşlerini alarak, Türkiye örneğini ortaya koymuşlardı. O araştırma, yazarların beklemediği bir sonucu ortaya çıkarmıştı. Bu kez bu araştırmada, Türkiye’de e-iletişim kullanımı ve 2000 kuşağının iletişim davranışları arasındaki ilişki, ebeveynler perspektifinden incelenmiştir. Ebeveynlerden oluşan bir örneklem (N=1106) seçilmiştir. Ebeveynlerin yaş gruplarına, cinsiyetlerine, eğitim seviyesine, internet kullanma sıklığına, e-sosyal ağ kullanıp kullanmadığına, sahip oldukları bilgisayar tipine (örneğin tablet, akıllı telefon) bağlı olarak, 2000 kuşağının iletişim davranışlarını algılamada istatistiki açıdan önemli farklılaşmalar tesbit edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, ebeveynler açısından Türkiye’de 2000 kuşağının iletişim davranışlarında, e-iletişim kullanımından kaynaklanan bir değişiklik eğiliminin var olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.
Through the Ages: Developing Relationships Between the Young and the Old

ABSTRACT This article evaluates a program between students at a primary school and aged care residents. The aim of the program was to increase respect and appreciation between the groups. Visiting programs between children and the elderly are well documented, and assumes that the contact will benefit both groups. However the research is contradictory. To ensure that this program was achieving its goals, pre-post test data using the Children’s Perceptions of Aging and Elderly test was collected. Significant improvements in attitude were seen in two items. Overall, there was an improvement in attitude in 12 of the 18 instrument items.
On the Statistical Analysis of Dirty Pictures

may 7th, 1986, Professor A. F. M. Smith in the Chair] SUMMARY A continuous two-dimensional region is partitioned into a fine rectangular array of sites or "pixels", each pixel having a particular "colour" belonging to a prescribed finite set. The true colouring of the region is unknown but, associated with each pixel, there is a possibly multivariate record which conveys imperfect information about its colour according to a known statistical model. The aim is to reconstruct the true scene, with the additional knowledge that pixels close together tend to have the same or similar colours. In this paper, it is assumed that the local characteristics of the true scene can be represented by a nondegenerate Markov random field. Such information can be combined with the records by Bayes' theorem and the true scene can be estimated according to standard criteria. However, the computational burden is enormous and the reconstruction may reflect undesirable largescale properties of the random field. Thus, a simple, iterative method of reconstruction is proposed, which does not depend on these large-scale characteristics. The method is illustrated by computer simulations in which the original scene is not directly related to the assumed random field. Some complications, including parameter estimation, are discussed. Potential applications are mentioned briefly.
The treatment of patients at risk of developing Wernicke's encephalopathy in the community.

AIM To review the process of identifying alcohol-dependent patients at risk of developing Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) in the community, and prophylactic treatment options. METHODS Non-systematic literature review of the diagnosis of thiamine deficiency and of its treatment in the community. The role of supplementation of beer and bread with thiamine was evaluated. RESULTS The diagnosis of thiamine deficiency is not always made, and treatment apparently may sometimes be inadequate. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-dependent patients in the community who are at risk of developing WE should be given thiamine 250 mg, intramuscularly, daily for 3-5 days as part of a community detoxification programme. Further work is essential to determine the optimum dose of thiamine required to prevent permanent brain damage (Korsakoff's Psychosis). Neurotoxicity, due to the metabolism of excessive alcohol in patients with chronic and severe alcohol dependence, must be considered as an important factor in determining the long-term outcome of treatment.