Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Wireless Internet : Promises and Challenges I n the

I n the 1980s, the personal computer migrated from the hobbyist’s den to the corporate desktop, thus becoming the biggest development of the decade in information technology. Ten years later, that honor fell to the Internet and wireless telephones, which until now have followed separate paths. This decade will see the convergence of wireless communications and the Internet. Although the commercial impact of wireless communications has thus far been limited to cellular telephones, the business and technical communities anticipate rapid growth in wireless data services. Almost daily, some prominent company announces plans for a “wireless e-commerce” enhancement to its business. In this article, I examine the outlook for wireless data. Specifically, I consider the utility of wireless data services, why they have not been widely adopted until now, the technology trends that promote wireless Internet convergence, and the obstacles preventing their implementation.
The Bronchial Arteries in Pulmonary Emphysema *

Occlusive lesions in the pulmonary arteries of emphysematous lungs have been recognized for some time (Loeschcke, 1928 ; Karsner, 1933 Kountz and Alexander, 1934; Brenner, 1935; Christie, 1944; Gilmour and Evans, 1946). The changes described varied from an obliterative arteritis to patches of atheroma. Loeschcke referred to the loss of pulmonary capillaries as the cause of the pallor of emphysematous lungs, and contended that Kapillarschwund preceded the development of the lung lesions. Gilmour and Evans suggested that a weakness of the media of the pulmonary arteries had predisposed to endarteritis obliterans. This they had observed in a case of primary pulmonary hypertension. Brenner, however, believed that increasing degrees of arteriosclerosis in the lungs of patients over 40 occurred irrespective of pulmonary disease. Whereas lesions affecting the pulmonary arteries in pulmonary emphysema have been studied, the pathology of the bronchial arteries in this disease is more obscure. In the course of investigations of the bronchial arteries in a variety of pathological lung conditions, it became evident to us that in cases coming to necropsy with a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema, and in others in which necropsy revealed bullous emphysema of the lungs, lesions in the bronchial arteries could be demonstrated. It is the purpose of this paper to describe these findings in the bronchial arteries, to correlate them, as far as possible, with other pathological and clinical features, and to assess their relevance in relation to this group of respiratory disorders. The bronchial arteries were first observed by Galen (1562), and were defined as " vasa nutritiva" of the lungs by Reisseisen and von Sommering (1808). The studies of the normal anatomy of these vessels by Miller (1947) are of particular value. Several points from these anatomical studies are of importance for the discussion which is to follow,
Value of a screening fetal heart rate tracing in the latent phase of labor.

We studied the value of a screening fetal heart rate (FHR) tracing obtained on 405 women in the latent phase of labor on presentation to the labor-and-delivery suite. All pregnancies were at term and had a cephalic presentation. Thirty-two women in the sample studied underwent a cesarean section for fetal distress. Using that end point, a screening FHR tracing in the admitting room had a sensitivity of 57%, specificity of 98%, positive predictive value of 75% and overall efficiency of 95%. One- and five-minute Apgar scores and thick meconium staining of the amniotic fluid were also examined. While no statistically significant differences were found (P less than .2 for Apgar score and less than .06 for meconium), there was a trend that might have been significant if more women had been studied. A screening FHR tracing on all women at term in the latent phase of labor will identify the majority of those who will develop fetal distress in labor. Women with an abnormal screening tracing should be admitted to the hospital and the fetal status evaluated further.
Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Is Associated with Enhanced Alzheimer-Like Neuropathology in 3×Tg-AD Mice

The comorbidity between epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a topic of growing interest. Senile plaques and tauopathy are found in epileptic human temporal lobe structures, and individuals with AD have an increased incidence of spontaneous seizures. However, why and how epilepsy is associated with enhanced AD-like pathology remains unknown. We have recently shown β-secretase-1 (BACE1) elevation associated with aberrant limbic axonal sprouting in epileptic CD1 mice. Here we sought to explore whether BACE1 upregulation affected the development of Alzheimer-type neuropathology in mice expressing mutant human APP, presenilin and tau proteins, the triple transgenic model of AD (3×Tg-AD). 3×Tg-AD mice were treated with pilocarpine or saline (i.p.) at 6–8 months of age. Immunoreactivity (IR) for BACE1, β-amyloid (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) was subsequently examined at 9, 11 or 14 months of age. Recurrent convulsive seizures, as well as mossy fiber sprouting and neuronal death in the hippocampus and limbic cortex, were observed in all epileptic mice. Neuritic plaques composed of BACE1-labeled swollen/sprouting axons and extracellular AβIR were seen in the hippocampal formation, amygdala and piriform cortices of 9 month-old epileptic, but not control, 3×Tg-AD mice. Densities of plaque-associated BACE1 and AβIR were elevated in epileptic versus control mice at 11 and 14 months of age. p-Tau IR was increased in dentate granule cells and mossy fibers in epileptic mice relative to controls at all time points examined. Thus, pilocarpine-induced chronic epilepsy was associated with accelerated and enhanced neuritic plaque formation and altered intraneuronal p-tau expression in temporal lobe structures in 3×Tg-AD mice, with these pathologies occurring in regions showing neuronal death and axonal dystrophy.
Enhanced in vivo lipid peroxidation in scleroderma spectrum disorders.

OBJECTIVE A new family of prostaglandin F2 isomers called F2-isoprostanes, produced by free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid, has recently been described in vivo. Its quantification has been suggested to be a reliable measure of oxidant injury in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate urinary F2-isoprostane formation as an index of lipid peroxidation in scleroderma spectrum disorders. METHODS Urine samples were obtained from 52 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; n = 37) or undifferentiated connective tissue diseases (UCTD; n = 15) and from 20 healthy volunteers. Urinary isoprostaglandin F2alpha type III (iPF2alpha-III) and 11-dehydro thromboxane B2 (11-dehydroTXB2) concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays. RESULTS The urinary concentration of iPF2alpha-III was approximately twice as high in patients (mean +/- SEM 229+/-16 pmoles/mmoles creatinine) as in controls (116+/-9 pmoles/mmoles creatinine) (P < 0.0001). However, the urinary concentration of iPF2alpha-III was not significantly different among patients with UCTD, limited SSc, and diffuse SSc (mean +/- SEM 221+/-27 versus 245+/-32 versus 220+/-25 pmoles/mmoles creatinine, respectively). No significant correlation was found between the urinary concentrations of iPF2alpha-III and 11-dehydroTXB2. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of enhanced lipid peroxidation in both SSc and UCTD, and suggests a rationale for antioxidant treatment of SSc. Formation of F2-isoprostanes has to be investigated as a means for the evaluation of such therapy.
Structural Biology of DNA (6-4) Photoproducts Formed by Ultraviolet Radiation and Interactions with Their Binding Proteins

Exposure to the ultraviolet component of sunlight causes DNA damage, which subsequently leads to mutations, cellular transformation, and cell death. DNA photoproducts with (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone adducts are more mutagenic than cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. These lesions must be repaired because of the high mutagenic potential of (6-4) photoproducts. We here reviewed the structures of (6-4) photoproducts, particularly the detailed structures of the (6-4) lesion and (6-4) lesion-containing double-stranded DNA. We also focused on interactions with their binding proteins such as antibody Fabs, (6-4) photolyase, and nucleotide excision repair protein. The (6-4) photoproducts that bound to these proteins had common structural features: The 5'-side thymine and 3'-side pyrimidone bases of the T(6-4)T segment were in half-chair and planar conformations, respectively, and both bases were positioned nearly perpendicularly to each other. Interactions with binding proteins showed that the DNA helices flanking the T(6-4)T segment were largely kinked, and the flipped-out T(6-4)T segment was recognized by these proteins. These proteins had distinctive binding-site structures that were appropriate for their functions.
Human heat shock factors 1 and 2 are differentially activated and can synergistically induce hsp70 gene transcription

Two members of the heat shock transcription factor (HSF) family, HSF1 and HSF2, both function as transcriptional activators of heat shock gene expression. However, the inducible DNA-binding activities of these two factors are regulated by distinct pathways. HSF1 is activated by heat shock and other forms of stress, whereas HSF2 is activated during hemin-induced differentiation of human K562 erythroleukemia cells, suggesting a role for HSF2 in regulating heat shock gene expression under nonstress conditions such as differentiation and development. To understand the distinct regulatory pathways controlling HSF2 and HSF1 activities, we have examined the biochemical and physical properties of the control and activated states of HSF2 and compared these with the properties of HSF1. Our results reveal that the inactive, non-DNA-binding forms of HSF2 and HSF1 exist primarily in the cytoplasm of untreated K562 cells as a dimer and monomer, respectively. This difference in the control oligomeric states suggests that the mechanisms used to control the DNA-binding activities of HSF2 and HSF1 are distinct. Upon activation, both factors acquire DNA-binding activity, oligomerize to a trimeric state, and translocate into the nucleus. Interestingly, we find that simultaneous activation of both HSF2 and HSF1 in K562 cells subjected to hemin treatment followed by heat shock results in the synergistic induction of hsp70 gene transcription, suggesting a novel level of complex regulation of heat shock gene expression.
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) Associations and Array Dynamics Probed by Photobleaching and Single-molecule Analysis of Green Fluorescent Protein-AQP4 Chimeras*

The plasma membrane assembly of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels into orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) involves interactions of AQP4 N-terminal domains. To study in live cells the site of OAP assembly, the size and dynamics of plasma membrane OAPs, and the heterotetrameric associations of AQP4, we constructed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled AQP4 “long” (M1) and “short” (M23) isoforms in which GFP was inserted at the cytoplasm-facing N or C terminus or between Val-141 and Val-142 in the second extracellular loop of AQP4. The C-terminal and extracellular loop GFP insertions did not interfere with the rapid unrestricted membrane diffusion of GFP-labeled M1 or the restricted diffusion and OAP assembly of GFP-labeled M23. Photobleaching of brefeldin A-treated cells showed comparable and minimally restricted diffusion of M1 and M23, indicating that OAP assembly occurs post-endoplasmic reticulum. Single-molecule step photobleaching and intensity analysis of GFP-labeled M1 in the absence versus presence of excess unlabeled M1 or M23 with an OAP-disrupting mutation indicated heterotetrameric AQP4 association. Time-lapse total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of M23 in live cells at 37 °C indicated that OAPs diffuse slowly (D ∼ 10−12 cm2/s) and rearrange over tens of minutes. Our biophysical measurements in live cells thus reveal extensive AQP4 monomer-monomer and tetramer-tetramer interactions.
It's in the Eye of the Beholder: Spatial Language and Spatial Memory Use the Same Perceptual Reference Frames

It's in the Eye of the Beholder: Spatial Language and Spatial Memory Use the Same Perceptual Reference Frames Lipinski et al.Spatial language provides an effective domain to examine the connection between non-linguistic and linguistic systems because it is an unambiguous case of linguistic and sensori-motor systems coming together. In the present work we use a process-based theory of spatial working memory-the Dynamic Field Theory -to generate and test novel predictions regarding the time-dependent link between spatial memory and spatial language. Our analysis and empirical findings suggest that focusing on the processes underlying spatial language, rather than representations per se, can produce more constrained theories of the connection between sensorimotor and linguistic systems.
Intensional Summaries as Cooperative Responses in Dialogue: Automation and Evaluation

Despite its long history, and a great deal of research producing many useful algorithms and observations, research in cooperative response generation has had little impact on the recent commercialization of dialogue technologies, particularly within the spoken dialogue community. We hypothesize that a particular type of cooperative response, intensional summaries, are eective for when users are unfamiliar with the domain. We evaluate this hypothesis with two experiments with cruiser, a DS for in-car or mobile users to access restaurant information. First, we compare cruiser with a baseline system-initiative DS, and show that users prefer cruiser. Then, we experiment with four algorithms for constructing intensional summaries in cruiser, and show that two summary types are equally eective: summaries that maximize domain coverage and summaries that maximize utility with respect to a user model.
Interleukin‐10 Inhibits Antimicrobial Activity Against Leishmania major in Murine Macrophages

The stimulation of macrophages is of importance to the defense against intracellularly replicating microorganisms such as Leishmania. In this study the direct effect of recombinant interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) on the leishmanicidal effector functions of murine peritoneal or bone marrow derived macrophuges was investigated. IL‐10 almost completely inhibited the killing of intracellular leishmania at concentrations above 10ng/ml. This inhibitory effect was independent of the stimulus used as the activation of macrophages by IFN‐γ and IL‐7, recently shown to possess macrophage activating properties, were suppressed by IL‐10. Kinetic experiments revealed that IL‐10 must be present during the process of macrophage activation and that the leishmanicidal effector function of fully activated macrophages was not influenced. Furthermore, in the absence of exogenously added IL‐10, the addition of neutralizing antibodies against IL‐10 or IL‐10‐specific antisense phosphorothioate DNA‐oligonucleotide led to an enhanced killing of parasites after stimulation with either IFN‐7 or IL‐7. In accordance with this, IL‐10 mRNA was readily detectable in murine macrophages by PCR with reverse transcribed mRNA. These results indicate that IL‐10, which is endogenously produced by macrophages, acts as an autocrine deactivating factor supporting the survival of the parasite.
Fruit ripening evolution in diverse commercial apricots by conventional and non-destructive methods: preliminary results

Cultivated apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is represented by a growing number of commercial cultivars featuring a wide variability of flesh texture and ripening evolution, affecting the entire chain from harvest to the final consumer. In order to establish fast and reliable tools easy applicable in the field to determine the harvest time, diverse commercial apricots were evaluated over 2 years for fruit ripening evolution by conventional and non-destructive methods. All fruit were harvested from a single tree at physiological ripening onset, then fruit were graded with a DA-meter® device, according to three ripening stages (physiological and commercial ripening, veraison), 30 fruit each. Fruit from each stage, after being scored by a near-infrared analyzer, were than randomly divided into three batches, each of which was subjected to standard ripening assessment: firmness (Fi) by using a digital penetrometer, soluble solids content (SSC) by using a digital refractometer, and total acidity (TA) by titration and pH measurement. Fi and SSC were assessed on both fruit sides, while TA and pH were determined on 10 homogenized fruits. The curves produced after optimization showed good predictability, particularly for TA, SSC and pH: R2 was 78.57, 79.17 and 80.56 (in cross-validation, respectively), despite the diversity of the assessed cultivars and the different stages of ripening. Some more work still has to be done to improve the predictability of Fi (R2=38.53), and further investigation has to be carried out to better fit the data from the penetrometer, or other devices measuring flesh texture. These results are to be considered as preliminary for the setting up of cultivar-specific harvest parameters.
Correlating financial time series with micro-blogging activity

We study the problem of correlating micro-blogging activity with stock-market events, defined as changes in the price and traded volume of stocks. Specifically, we collect messages related to a number of companies, and we search for correlations between stock-market events for those companies and features extracted from the micro-blogging messages. The features we extract can be categorized in two groups. Features in the first group measure the overall activity in the micro-blogging platform, such as number of posts, number of re-posts, and so on. Features in the second group measure properties of an induced interaction graph, for instance, the number of connected components, statistics on the degree distribution, and other graph-based properties. We present detailed experimental results measuring the correlation of the stock market events with these features, using Twitter as a data source. Our results show that the most correlated features are the number of connected components and the number of nodes of the interaction graph. The correlation is stronger with the traded volume than with the price of the stock. However, by using a simulator we show that even relatively small correlations between price and micro-blogging features can be exploited to drive a stock trading strategy that outperforms other baseline strategies.
Rates of diffusion of fluorescent molecules via cell-to-cell membrane channels in a developing tissue

Diffusion coefficients for the intercellular movement of fluorescent tracers have been measured in the epidermis of a larval beetle. Fluorescent tracer was injected into a cell and the spread of tracer from cell to cell in this monolayer was recorded by a TV camera. Fluorescence intensities were digitized from the TV images at successive times after the start of injection at various distances from the source by a microcomputer interfaced with a video analyzer. From the relationship between concentration (measured as light intensity), time and distance, an effective diffusion coefficient (De) is calculated for the tracer in the tissue. In newly ecdysed epidermis, De for carboxyfluorescein (CF) is 2.7 X 10(-7) cm2/s, and De for lissamine rhodamine B (LRB) is 1.2 X 10(-7) cm2/s, whereas in intermolt epidermis the De's for CF and LRB are 3.7 X 10(-7) and 1.2 X 10(-7) cm2/s, respectively. These diffusion coefficients are only an order of magnitude lower than their values in water. The ratio of De for the two tracers at these two stages of development differs from the ratio predicted in cytoplasm alone, with the movement of the slightly larger molecule (LRB) being impeded relative to that of the smaller molecule (CF). This suggests that the properties of the membrane channels amplify differences in the rates of movement of molecules of similar size. This may be important during cell patterning in development. De for CF was also monitored as junctional resistance was increased in the epidermis. During 30 min of exposure to 0.25 mM chlorpromazine, De dropped to 20% of its initial value of 5 X 10(-7) cm2/s, implying that the junctional membrane, rather than cytoplasm, is the major barrier to molecular diffusion among the cells.
DNA of minute virus of mice: self-priming, nonpermuted, single-stranded genome with a 5'-terminal hairpin duplex

The genome of the nondefective parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) is a linear DNA molecular weight 1.48 x 10(6), which is single stranded for approximately 94% of its length. In contrast to the genomes from defective parvoviruses MVM DNA does not contain a detectable inverted terminal redundancy. A combination of enzymatic and physical techniques has shown that the molecule contains a stable hairpin duplex of approximately 130 base pairs located at the 5' terminus of the genome. MVM DNA is efficiently utilized as a template-primer by a number of DNA polymerases, including reverse transcriptases. Polymerases lacking 5' to 3' exonuclease activity yield a duplex DNA product with a molecular weight 1.96 times that of the viral genome, in which the newly synthesized complementary strand is covalently attached to the template. This duplex contains an internal "nick" that can be sealed by DNA ligase to produce a self-complementary single-strand circle. The MVM DNA duplex is cleaved twice by EcoR-RI restriction endonuclease to yield three distinct fragments in molar amounts. These results suggest that the initiation of DNA synthesis in vitro occurs at a point within 100 bases of the 3' end of the genome, using the 3' terminus of viral DNA as a primer, and that the sequence of nucleotides in the genome is not permuted.
Behavioral Clustering of HTTP-Based Malware and Signature Generation Using Malicious Network Traces

We present a novel network-level behavioral malware clustering system. We focus on analyzing the structural similarities among malicious HTTP traffic traces generated by executing HTTP-based malware. Our work is motivated by the need to provide quality input to algorithms that automatically generate network signatures. Accordingly, we define similarity metrics among HTTP traces and develop our system so that the resulting clusters can yield high-quality malware signatures. We implemented a proof-of-concept version of our network-level malware clustering system and performed experiments with more than 25,000 distinct malware samples. Results from our evaluation, which includes real-world deployment, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed clustering system and show that our approach can aid the process of automatically extracting network signatures for detecting HTTP traffic generated by malware-compromised machines.