Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“You’re One of Us”: Black Americans’ Use of Hypodescent and Its Association With Egalitarianism

Research on multiracial categorization has focused on majority group social perceivers (i.e., White Americans), demonstrating that they (a) typically categorize Black–White multiracials according to a rule of hypodescent, associating them more with their lower status parent group than their higher status parent group, and (b) do so at least in part to preserve the hierarchical status quo. The current work examines whether members of an ethnic minority group, Black Americans, also associate Black–White multiracials more with their minority versus majority parent group and if so, why. The first 2 studies (1A and 1B) directly compared Black and White Americans, and found that although both Blacks and Whites categorized Black–White multiracials as more Black than White, Whites’ use of hypodescent was associated with intergroup antiegalitarianism, whereas Blacks’ use of hypodescent was associated with intergroup egalitarianism. Studies 2–3 reveal that egalitarian Blacks use hypodescent in part because they perceive that Black–White biracials face discrimination and consequently feel a sense of linked fate with them. This research establishes that the use of hypodescent extends to minority as well as majority perceivers but also shows that the beliefs associated with the use of hypodescent differ as a function of perceiver social status. In doing so, we broaden the social scientific understanding of hypodescent, showing how it can be an inclusionary rather than exclusionary phenomenon.
The Effect of Visual Context on Episodic Object Recognition: Age-Related Changes and Neural Correlates

Previous research has investigated intentional retrieval of contextual information and contextual influences on object identification and word recognition, yet few studies have systematically investigated context effects in episodic memory for objects. To address this issue, unique objects on a white background or embedded in a visually rich context were presented to participants. At test, the object was presented either in the original or a different context. Chapter 2 demonstrated that a context shift decrement (CSD)—decreased recognition performance when context is changed between encoding and retrieval—was observed. In four studies with young adults, the CSD was not attenuated by encoding or retrieval manipulations. Chapter 3 revealed that the CSD was resistant to aging and neuropsychological status. Importantly, older adults classified as high MTL performed better on the recognition task than those classified as low MTL, and as well as young adults, supporting the successful aging hypothesis. Chapter 4 focused on elucidating the neural correlates of the CSD using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Right PHG activation during encoding was associated with subsequent recognition of objects in the context change condition. This same region was activated during recognition, suggesting it may automatically reinstate visual contextual information. Overall, the CSD is attributed to the automatic and obligatory binding of object and context information in episodic memory that results in an integrated representation, mediated by the hippocampal complex.
Disentangle the Causes of the Road Barrier Effect in Small Mammals through Genetic Patterns

Road barrier effect is among the foremost negative impacts of roads on wildlife. Knowledge of the factors responsible for the road barrier effect is crucial to understand and predict species’ responses to roads, and to improve mitigation measures in the context of management and conservation. We built a set of hypothesis aiming to infer the most probable cause of road barrier effect (traffic effect or road surface avoidance), while controlling for the potentially confounding effects road width, traffic volume and road age. The wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus was used as a model species of small and forest-dwelling mammals, which are more likely to be affected by gaps in cover such as those resulting from road construction. We confront genetic patterns from opposite and same roadsides from samples of three highways and used computer simulations to infer migration rates between opposite roadsides. Genetic patterns from 302 samples (ca. 100 per highway) suggest that the highway barrier effect for wood mouse is due to road surface avoidance. However, from the simulations we estimated a migration rate of about 5% between opposite roadsides, indicating that some limited gene flow across highways does occur. To reduce highway impact on population genetic diversity and structure, possible mitigation measures could include retrofitting of culverts and underpasses to increase their attractiveness and facilitate their use by wood mice and other species, and setting aside roadside strips without vegetation removal to facilitate establishment and dispersal of small mammals.
A critical review of the business excellence quality model applied to further education colleges

In April 1998, the legal status of further education colleges in Northern Ireland changed (Further Education (Northern Ireland) Order 1997). Their new legal status offers colleges the opportunity to develop a greater business focus while preserving a robust framework of public accountability. Colleges will need to respond in a balanced fashion to the competing demands made by multiple stakeholders. In order to assist colleges to respond to these challenges, the Department of Education (NI) has commissioned the Business Development Service, an agency within the Department of Finance and Personnel, to provide consultancy to those colleges which wish to explore the use of the business excellence quality model (developed by the European Foundation for Quality Management 1988‐1991). This paper evaluates the relevance and validity of this approach for all 17 further education colleges in Northern Ireland.
Protection against exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction by montelukast in aspirin‐sensitive and aspirin‐tolerant patients with asthma

Background Montelukast, a cysteinyl‐leukotriene receptor antagonist, was reported to have a protective effect against exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Aspirin‐induced asthma (AIA) is characterized by overproduction of cysteinyl‐leukotrienes.
Information technology, incentives and the optimal number of suppliers

Buyers are transforming their relationships with suppliers. For example, instead of playing off dozens or even hundreds of competing suppliers against each other, many firms are finding it move profitable to work closely with only a small number of "partners". In this paper we explore some causes and consequences of this transformation. We apply the economic theory of incomplete contracts to determine the optimal strategy for a buyer. Surprisingly, we find that the buyer will often maximize profits by limiting its options and reducing its own bargaining power. This may seem paradoxical in an age of cheap communications costs and aggressive competition. However, unlike earlier models which focused on coordination costs, we focus on the critical importance of providing incentives for suppliers. Our results spring from the need to make it worthwhile for suppliers to invest in "non-contractibles" like innovation, responsiveness and information sharing. Such incentives will often be stronger when the number of competing suppliers is small. The findings of the theoretical models appear to be consistent with observations from empirical research which highlight the key role of information technology in enabling this transformation. <<ETX>>
Condition‐dependent mutation rates and sexual selection

‘Good genes’ models of sexual selection show that females can gain indirect benefits for their offspring if male ornaments are condition‐dependent signals of genetic quality. Recurrent deleterious mutation is viewed as a major contributor to variance in genetic quality, and previous theoretical treatments of ‘good genes’ processes have assumed that the influx of new mutations is constant. I propose that this assumption is too simplistic, and that mutation rates vary in ways that are important for sexual selection. Recent data have shown that individuals in poor condition can have higher mutation rates, and I argue that if both male sexual ornaments and mutation rates are condition‐dependent, then females can use male ornamentation to evaluate their mate’s mutation rate. As most mutations are deleterious, females benefit from choosing well‐ornamented mates, as they are less likely to contribute germline‐derived mutations to offspring. I discuss some of the evolutionary ramifications of condition‐dependent mutation rates and sexual selection.
An Examination of the Short form of the Need for Cognition Scale Applied in an Australian Sample

The 18-item Need for Cognition (NFC) Scale (short version) was administered to two samples of 510 and 697 Australian males and females. Consistent with the findings of other researchers, a principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis indicated one dominant factor. The scores for 17 of the items were also shown to have internal consistency. The findings indicate that the short NFC Scale is applicable for use with Australian samples.
NONINTRUSIVE PERSONALIZATION IN INTERACTIVE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL July

Information retrieval systems are critical for overcoming information overload. A major deficiency of existing retrieval systems is that they generally lack user modeling and are not adaptive to individual users; information about the actual user and search context is largely ignored. Personalization is expected to break this deficiency and significantly improve retrieval accuracy. However, there are three limitations of existing personalization studies. First, they have a limited notion of personalization. Most existing studies are focused on ranking of information retrieval. Nevertheless, there are several stages in interactive information retrieval, query formulation, ranking, result presentation and relevance feedback. Second, many studies are doing personalization at the server side, where privacy is a serious concern. Third, most studies address the user modeling or context-sensitive ranking separately; they do not develop practical systems to demonstrate the effectiveness of personalized search. In this thesis, we break these limitations and develop a full-fledged nonintrusive personalized retrieval system. We take a broader view of personalization and apply the personalization in the ranking, result representation and relevance feedback stages of interactive information retrieval. We present a decision theoretic framework and propose specific retrieval methods based on statistical language model. Nonintrusiveness is characterized as protected privacy, progressive personalization and minimal user effort. To demonstrate the effectiveness of personalization in the real search, we design and develop a UCAIR (User-Centered Adaptive Information Retrieval) search agent, a personalized search system, which incorporates the personalization into retrieval, result representation and relevance feedback stages of interactive information retrieval in a nonintrusive way.
Scanning the Environment for Competitive Advantage: A Study of Corporate Banking Managers in Nigeria

This article looks at how bank managers in Nigeria scan the external environment for information to have competitive advantage in the banking industry. Investment analysis, improved services, conflict resolution, market research and business strategy were the areas of environmental scanning. The uncertainty of the environment was found to be associated with the amount of scanning done. The study revealed that the customer and competition sectors were the most strategically uncertain. The study recommends that electronic information services be used in environmental scanning.
Imitation inhibition in children with Tourette syndrome

OBJECTIVE Echopraxia, that is, the open and automatic imitation of other peoples' actions, is common in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and also those with frontal lobe lesions. While systematic reaction time tasks have confirmed increased automatic imitation in the latter two groups, adult patients with Tourette syndrome appear to compensate for automatic imitation tendencies by an overall slowing in response times. However, whether children with Tourette syndrome are already able to inhibit automatic imitation tendencies has not been investigated. METHOD Fifteen children with Tourette syndrome and 15 healthy children (aged 7-12 years) performed an imitation inhibition paradigm. Participants were asked to respond to an auditory cue by lifting their index finger or their little finger. Participants were simultaneously presented with either compatible or incompatible visual stimuli. RESULTS Overall responses in children with Tourette syndrome were slower than in healthy children. Although responses were faster in compatible than in incompatible trials in both groups, this 'interference effect' was smaller in children with Tourette syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Children with Tourette syndrome have a smaller interference effect than healthy children, indicating an enhanced ability to behaviourally control automatic imitation tendencies at the cost of reacting slower. The results suggest that children with Tourette syndrome already employ different or additional inhibition strategies compared to healthy children.
Hybrid methods for multi-objective evolutionary algorithms

Hybrid methods of using evolutionary algorithms with a local search method are often used in the context of single-objective real-world optimization. In this paper, we discuss a couple of hybrid methods for multiobjective real-world optimization. In the posteriori approach, the obtained non-dominated solutions of a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) run are modified using a local search method. In the online approach, a local search method is applied to each solution obtained by genetic operations in a MOEA run. Both these approaches are compared on three engineering shape optimization problems for a fixed number of overall function evaluations. Simulation results suggest important insights about the extent of local search and the extent of an MOEA needed to achieve an overall efficient hybrid approach.
Ultimate-state transition of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection

Guenter Ahlers,1,2,* Eberhard Bodenschatz,2,3,4,* and Xiaozhou He5,* 1Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA 2Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany 3Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 4Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA 5Institute for Turbulence-Noise-Vibration Interaction and Control, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China (Received 6 January 2017; published 3 May 2017)
The Limits of Legitimacy: Former Loyalist Combatants and Peace‐Building in Northern Ireland

Abstract The British government has a fraught relationship with former combatants in Northern Ireland. It simultaneously benefits from former combatants’ peace‐building efforts, whilst being reluctant to grant them statutory recognition and funding. Drawing on interviews and focus groups with politically motivated former loyalist combatants and statutory representatives in Belfast, this paper explores the complex and sometimes contradictory relationship between them. It argues that a lack of legitimacy is the biggest obstacle to good working relationships, and that positive engagement may be crucial in order to promote the implementation of peace in the most difficult to reach and volatile constituencies in Northern Ireland.
Robot Presence and Human Honesty: Experimental Evidence

Robots are predicted to serve in environments in which human honesty is important, such as the workplace, schools, and public institutions. Can the presence of a robot facilitate honest behavior? In this paper, we describe an experimental study evaluating the effects of robot social presence on people’s honesty. Participants completed a perceptual task, which is structured so as to allowthem to earn more money by not complying with the experiment instructions. We compare three conditions between subjects: Completing the task alone in a room; completing it with a non-monitoring human present; and completing it with a non-monitoring robot present. The robot is a new expressive social head capable of 4-DoF head movement and screen-based eye animation, specifically designed and built for this research. It was designed to convey social presence, but not monitoring. We find that people cheat in all three conditions, but cheat equally less when there is a human or a robot in the room, compared to when they are alone. We did not find differences in the perceived authority of the human and the robot, but did find that people felt significantly less guilty after cheating inthe presence of a robot as compared to a human. This has implications for the use of robots in monitoring and supervising tasks in environments in which honesty is key. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.1. 2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems; J.4 [Computer Applications]: Social and Behavioral Sciences–- psychology. General Terms Experimentation, Human Factors.
Self-esteem and delinquency in South Korean adolescents: Latent growth modeling

This study examined the inter-related development of self-esteem and delinquency across three years. Participants were 3449 Korean high school adolescents (age M = 15.8, SD = 0.42, 1725 boys, 1724 girls) from Korea Youth Panel Study (KYPS), in 2005–2007, nationally representative of Korean adolescents. Latent growth modeling was employed for analysis. Results showed that: 1) there were linear growth in self-esteem and delinquency. Moreover, there were significant individual differences in initial level of self-esteem and delinquency, and rate of change in self-esteem and delinquency; 2) the analyses of panel data did not support Kaplan's theory by showing that delinquency was negatively associated with growth in self-esteem among adolescents. Cultural implications are illustrated. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Activists, Allies, and Racists

Teachers often resist discussions about racism in the classroom, yet it is a topic that is frequently addressed in multicultural literature. This study examines teachers in a graduate reading program (N = 58) who used picture books reflecting African American heritage with elementary school children in a summer reading practicum. Prior to teaching children, a subset of these teachers participated in a course that addressed issues of racism, allowing for an investigation of a course effect on teachers’ comfort level with the literature and their addressing of themes that surfaced in the books. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze questionnaires, planning forms, lesson evaluation forms, and transcripts of teachers using the books to test the hypothesis of a course effect and to identify the range of variation in teachers’ ways of using the literature. The teachers in both “course” and “comparison” groups tended to focus on the perspectives, feelings, and traits of the story protagonists when creating discussion questions and after-reading projects for students. Course teachers focused on the activism of Black protagonists significantly more often than comparison teachers did, although participants of both groups did not tend to represent racism as a system of White advantage. These findings suggests that literacy education programs can have an impact on teachers’ ways of using multicultural literature, but to teach in critical and transformative ways, they will need programs that strengthen their understandings of constructs such as structural racism and help them facilitate thoughtful inquiries of this concept when using multicultural literature with children.
Gender minority as a risk factor of exposure to bullying at work: The case of male assistant nurses

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that male assistant nurses, representing a small gender minority in their profession and in the work organizations they inhabit, are more often exposed to bullying at work than their female colleagues. In 1999, a random sample of the assistant nurses organized in the Norwegian Union of Health and Social Workers were mailed a questionnaire; 7478 out of 12,000 (62.3%) completed the questionnaire. The sample of the present study comprised the 6485 respondents who were vocationally active and not on leave. 3.8% (n = 247) of the respondents were men; 10.2% (n = 25) of the men and 4.3% (n = 265) of the women reported that they had been exposed to bullying at work during the previous 6 months, χ2 = 19.12, df = 1, p < . 0001. The association between gender and exposure to bullying at work remained strong and significant (odds ratio = 2.29; 95% confidence interval = 1.39 - 3.78; p = .001) even after adjustment for a series of background factors. The study supports the hypothesis that male assistant nurses are more often exposed to bullying at work than their female colleagues.
Improvement/Maintenance and Reorientation as Central Features of Coping with Major Life Change and Loss: Contributions of Three Life-Span Theories

This article focuses on the common and unique contributions of three major life-span theories in addressing improvement/maintenance and reorientation, which represent central processes of coping with major life change and loss. For this purpose, we review and compare the dual-process model of assimilative and accommodative coping, the model of selection, optimization, and compensation, and the life-span theory of control. Although these theories share many basic assumptions about developmental regulation, each theory also has unique elements and offers varying degrees of refinement regarding particular aspects. To facilitate research on improvement/maintenance and reorientation guided by these theories, we identify conceptual overlap as well as delineate differential features with respect to key definitions, predictions, and related empirical evidence. We conclude with recommendations and suggestions for future research.
Self-efficacy conception of anxiety

Abstract In social cognitive theory, perceived self-efficacy to exercise control over potential threats plays a central role in anxiety arousal. Threat is a relational property reflecting the match between perceived coping capabilities and potentially hurtful aspects of the environment. People who believe they can exercise control over potential threats do not engage in apprehensive thinking and are not perturbed by them. But those who believe they cannot manage threatening events that might occur experience high levels of anxiety arousal. Experimental analyses of the microrelation between perceived self-efficacy and anxiety arousal reveal that perceived coping inefficacy is accompanied by high levels of subjective distress, autonomic arousal and catecholamine secretion. Environmental events are not always completely under personal control and most human activities contain some potential risks. The exercise of control over anxiety arousal, therefore, requires not only development of behavioral coping effi.