Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GABAergic Spill-Over Transmission onto Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Boutons

Presynaptic ionotropic GABAA receptors have been suggested to contribute to the regulation of cortical glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Here, we analyzed presynaptic GABAA receptor-mediated currents (34°C) recorded from mossy fiber boutons (MFBs) in rat hippocampal slices. In MFBs from young and adult animals, GABA puff application activated currents that were blocked by GABAA receptor antagonists. The conductance density of 0.65 mS · cm2 was comparable to that of other presynaptic terminals. The single-channel conductance was 36 pS (symmetrical chloride), yielding an estimated GABAA receptor density of 20–200 receptors per MFB. Presynaptic GABAA receptors likely contain α2-subunits as indicated by their zolpidem sensitivity. In accordance with the low apparent GABA affinity (EC50 = 60 μm) of the receptors and a tight control of ambient GABA concentration by GABA transporters, no tonic background activation of presynaptic GABAA receptors was observed. Instead, extracellular high-frequency stimulation led to transient presynaptic currents, which were blocked by GABAA receptor antagonists but were enhanced by block of GAT 1 (GABA transporter 1), indicating that these currents were generated by GABA spill-over and subsequent presynaptic GABAA receptor activation. Presynaptic spill-over currents were depressed by pharmacological cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor activation, suggesting that GABA was released predominantly by a CB1 receptor-expressing interneuron subpopulation. Because GABAA receptors in axons are considered to act depolarizing, high activity of CB1 receptor-expressing interneurons will exert substantial impact on presynaptic membrane potential, thus modulating action potential-evoked transmitter release at the mossy fiber–CA3 synapse.
Anticipation awareness and visual monitoring in reading contemporary music

This study examines anticipation and related eye movement measures during music reading with 22 pianists performing four successive executions of an excerpt of Ligeti’s Etude No. 4 “Fanfares”. The pianists were allowed to practice for two minutes between each trial and were divided into two skill groups based on their tempo and accuracy scores. Visual monitoring was assessed by measuring the number and duration of glances at the keyboard (GAK). This assessment led us to introduce a new eye movement measure, the awareness span. The nature of the music reading process was examined by applying a reading span test and a spatial memory test. The results showed that practice and musical structure had a strong effect on performance, eye movement and mixed (eye–hand span and awareness span) measures. Compared to the less expert group, we noted that the expert pianists played faster, with fewer substitutions, larger eye–hand and awareness spans, and fewer and shorter GAK. Across the trials, the pianists were able to adapt the location of GAK within bars and use GAK to create imaginary borders; this is consistent with the findings of Sloboda (1974, 1977), who demonstrated experts’ capacity to adapt their eye–hand span to musical structure. More skilled pianists mobilize their anticipation capabilities more efficiently, underlining a link between the visuospatial sketchpad (Baddeley, 1990) and the music reading anticipation process.
Inactivation of Kv3.3 Potassium Channels in Heterologous Expression Systems*

Kv3.3 K+ channels are believed to incorporate an NH2-terminal domain to produce an intermediate rate of inactivation relative to the fast inactivating K+ channels Kv3.4 and Kv1.4. The rate of Kv3.3 inactivation has, however, been difficult to establish given problems in obtaining consistent rates of inactivation in expression systems. This study characterized the properties of AptKv3.3, the teleost homologue of Kv3.3, when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. We show that the properties of AptKv3.3 differ significantly between CHO and HEK cells, with the largest difference occurring in the rate and voltage dependence of inactivation. While AptKv3.3 in CHO cells showed a fast and voltage-dependent rate of inactivation consistent with N-type inactivation, currents in HEK cells showed rates of inactivation that were voltage-independent and more consistent with a slower C-type inactivation. Examination of the mRNA sequence revealed that the first methionine start site had a weak Kozak consensus sequence, suggesting that the lack of inactivation in HEK cells could be due to translation at a second methionine start site downstream of the NH2-terminal coding region. Mutating the nucleotide sequence surrounding the first methionine start site to one more closely resembling a Kozak consensus sequence produced currents that inactivated with a fast and voltage-dependent rate of inactivation in both CHO and HEK cells. These results indicate that under the appropriate conditions Kv3.3 channels can exhibit fast and reliable inactivation that approaches that more typically expected of “A”-type K+ currents.
Autoscoring Essays Based on Complex Networks

This article presents a novel method, the Complex Dynamics Essay Scorer (CDES), for automated essay scoring using complex network features. Texts produced by college students in China were represented as scale-free networks (e.g., a word adjacency model) from which typical network features, such as the in-/out-degrees, clustering coefficient (CC), and dynamic networks, were obtained. The CDES integrates the classical concepts of network feature representation and essay score series variation. Several experiments indicated that the network measures different essay qualities and can be clearly demonstrated to develop complex networks for autoscoring tasks. The average agreement of the CDES and human rater scores was 86.5%, and the average Pearson correlation was . 77. The results indicate that the CDES produced functional complex systems and autoscored Chinese essays in a method consistent with human raters. Our research suggests potential applications in other areas of educational assessment.
Action Without Awareness: Reaching to an Object You Do Not Remember Seeing

Background Previous work by our group has shown that the scaling of reach trajectories to target size is independent of obligatory awareness of that target property and that “action without awareness” can persist for up to 2000 ms of visual delay. In the present investigation we sought to determine if the ability to scale reaching trajectories to target size following a delay is related to the pre-computing of movement parameters during initial stimulus presentation or the maintenance of a sensory (i.e., visual) representation for on-demand response parameterization. Methodology/Principal Findings Participants completed immediate or delayed (i.e., 2000 ms) perceptual reports and reaching responses to different sized targets under non-masked and masked target conditions. For the reaching task, the limb associated with a trial (i.e., left or right) was not specified until the time of response cuing: a manipulation that prevented participants from pre-computing the effector-related parameters of their response. In terms of the immediate and delayed perceptual tasks, target size was accurately reported during non-masked trials; however, for masked trials only a chance level of accuracy was observed. For the immediate and delayed reaching tasks, movement time as well as other temporal kinematic measures (e.g., times to peak acceleration, velocity and deceleration) increased in relation to decreasing target size across non-masked and masked trials. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that speed-accuracy relations were observed regardless of whether participants were aware (i.e., non-masked trials) or unaware (i.e., masked trials) of target size. Moreover, the equivalent scaling of immediate and delayed reaches during masked trials indicates that a persistent sensory-based representation supports the unconscious and metrical scaling of memory-guided reaching.
Automated evaluation of singers' vibrato through time and frequency analysis of the pitch contour using the DSK6713

Vibrato is a musical effect produced in singing and in playing of musical instruments, serving to enrich the musical sound. It is defined as a periodic change of the fundamental frequency (the perceptual correlate, “pitch”, is often used interchangeably), and is used to add expression and vocal-like qualities to instrumental music. Empirically, vibrato commonly has a periodicity of 4–8 Hz.
Constraints on the high-density nuclear equation of state from the phenomenology of compact stars and heavy-ion collisions

A new scheme for testing nuclear matter equations of state (EoSs) at high densities using constraints from neutron star (NS) phenomenology and a flow data analysis of heavy-ion collisions is suggested. An acceptable EoS shall not allow the direct Urca process to occur in NSs with masses below 1.5M� , and also shall not contradict flow and kaon production data of heavy-ion collisions. Compact star constraints include the mass
An integrated analysis of phenotypic selection on insect body size and development time

Most studies of phenotypic selection do not estimate selection or fitness surfaces for multiple components of fitness within a unified statistical framework. This makes it difficult or impossible to assess how selection operates on traits through variation in multiple components of fitness. We describe a new generation of aster models that can evaluate phenotypic selection by accounting for timing of life‐history transitions and their effect on population growth rate, in addition to survival and reproductive output. We use this approach to estimate selection on body size and development time for a field population of the herbivorous insect, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Estimated fitness surfaces revealed strong and significant directional selection favoring both larger adult size (via effects on egg counts) and more rapid rates of early larval development (via effects on larval survival). Incorporating the timing of reproduction and its influence on population growth rate into the analysis resulted in larger values for size in early larval development at which fitness is maximized, and weaker selection on size in early larval development. These results illustrate how the interplay of different components of fitness can influence selection on size and development time. This integrated modeling framework can be readily applied to studies of phenotypic selection via multiple fitness components in other systems.
The transcriptional co-activator LEDGF/p75 displays a dynamic scan-and-lock mechanism for chromatin tethering

Nearly all cellular and disease related functions of the transcriptional co-activator lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) involve tethering of interaction partners to chromatin via its conserved integrase binding domain (IBD), but little is known about the mechanism of in vivo chromatin binding and tethering. In this work we studied LEDGF/p75 in real-time in living HeLa cells combining different quantitative fluorescence techniques: spot fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (sFRAP) and half-nucleus fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (hnFRAP), continuous photobleaching, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and an improved FCS method to study diffusion dependence of chromatin binding, tunable focus FCS. LEDGF/p75 moves about in nuclei of living cells in a chromatin hopping/scanning mode typical for transcription factors. The PWWP domain of LEDGF/p75 is necessary, but not sufficient for in vivo chromatin binding. After interaction with HIV-1 integrase via its IBD, a general protein–protein interaction motif, kinetics of LEDGF/p75 shift to 75-fold larger affinity for chromatin. The PWWP is crucial for locking the complex on chromatin. We propose a scan-and-lock model for LEDGF/p75, unifying paradoxical notions of transcriptional co-activation and lentiviral integration targeting.
Pseudo-Deterministic Chaotic Systems

We call a chaotic dynamical system pseudo-deterministic when it does not produce numerical, or pseudo-trajectories that stay close, or shadow chaotic true trajectories, even though the model equations are strictly deterministic. In this case, single chaotic trajectories may not be meaningful, and only statistical predictions, at best, could be drawn on the model, like in a stochastic system. The dynamical reason for this behavior is nonhyperbolicity characterized either by tangencies of stable and unstable manifolds or by the presence of periodic orbits embedded in a chaotic invariant set with a different number of unstable directions. We emphasize herewith the latter by studying a low-dimensional discrete-time model in which the phenomenon appears due to a saddle-repeller bifurcation. We also investigate the behavior of the finite-time Lyapunov exponents for the system, which quantifies this type of nonhyperbolicity as a system parameter evolves past a critical value. We argue that the effect of unstable dimension variability is more intense when the invariant chaotic set of the system loses transversal stability through a blowout bifurcation.
Real time sentiment analysis of tweets using Naive Bayes

Twitter1 is a micro-blogging website which provides platform for people to share and express their views about topics, happenings, products and other services. Tweets can be classified into different classes based on their relevance with the topic searched. Various Machine Learning algorithms are currently employed in classification of tweets into positive and negative classes based on their sentiments, such as Baseline, Naive Bayes Classifier, Support Vector Machine etc. This paper contains implementation of Naive Bayes using sentiment140 training data using Twitter database and propose a method to improve classification. Use of SentiWordNet along with Naive Bayes can improve accuracy of classification of tweets, by providing positivity, negativity and objectivity score of words present in tweets. For actual implementation of this system python with NLTK and python-Twitter APIs are used.
Social Network Analysis with Content and Graphs

Social network analysis has undergone a renaissance with the ubiquity and quantity of content from social media, web pages, and sensors. This content is a rich data source for constructing and analyzing social networks, but its enormity and unstructured nature also present multiple challenges. Work at Lincoln Laboratory is addressing the problems in constructing networks from unstructured data, analyzing the community structure of a network, and inferring information from networks. Graph analytics have proven to be valuable tools in solving these challenges. Through the use of these tools, Laboratory researchers have achieved promising results on real-world data. A sampling of these results are presented in this article.
Radiographic and microscopic observation of shear bands in granular materials

Shear localisation in granular materials has been studied radiographically and microscopically. Thin columns and rows (lines) of lead silicate granules of distinct colour were embedded in a large hollow cylindrical specimen of granular materials, and a series of X-ray photographs were taken to capture the local micromechanical response during shear deformation, in both drained and undrained experiments. In drained tests, shear localisation, produced by monotonic deformation of the specimen, was directly observed. In undrained tests, the local deformation of the granular mass during liquefaction, induced by cyclic shearing, was examined. It was directly observed that shear localisation does occur in liquefied specimens. After shear bands were formed in drained tests, the specimen was frozen in situ. Later, samples were cut from the frozen large specimen, and their ice was replaced by a polymer resin, using a novel technique. The portion of the sample containing a shear band and a sheared section of a colum.
Differential Electrophysiological Coupling for Positive and Negative BOLD Responses during Unilateral Hand Movements

The coupling between neural cellular activity and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is of critical importance to the interpretation of fMRI. Largely unknown, however, is the degree to which different neuronal events (i.e., excitation and inhibition) maintain or disrupt the neural–hemodynamic relationship, especially in humans. In the present study, we compared local electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations and the positive/negative BOLD responses of simultaneously recorded data from healthy human volunteers performing unilateral finger tapping at graded rates. By quantifying the single-trial modulations of EEG using source imaging, we tested for their correlation with positive BOLD response (PBR) and negative BOLD response (NBR) after coregistering their spatial locations. PBR was found to be overlapped with and correlated to the decrease of alpha (8–13 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) band EEG in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex. Regional EEG modulations at the sensorimotor cortex further predicted a spatially distributed and interconnected network of motor-related cortical areas. Alternatively, no significant correlation was found at the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex between the NBR and EEG despite their spatial overlapping. This differential electrophysiological coupling of the positive and negative BOLD responses suggests that the underlying neuronal events may not only influence the direction of the signal change but also the neural–hemodynamic relationship.
Remote Sensing of Turbidity and Phosphate in Creeks and Coast of Mumbai: An Effect of Organic Matter

Geospatial approaches to monitoring and mapping water quality over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales have the potential to save field and laboratory efforts. The present study depicts the estimation of water quality parameters, namely turbidity and phosphate, through regression analysis using the reflectance derived from remote sensing data on the west coast of Mumbai, India. The predetermined coastal water samples were collected using the global positioning system (GPS) and were measured concurrently with satellite imagery acquisition. To study the influence of wastewater, the linear correlations were established between water quality parameters and reflectance of visible bands for either set of imagery for the study area, which was divided into three zones: creek water, shore‐line water and coastal water. Turbidity and phosphate have the correlation coefficients in the range 0.75–0.94 and 0.78–0.98, respectively, for the study area. Negative correlation was observed for creek water owing to high organic content caused by the discharges of domestic wastewater from treatment facilities and non‐point sources. Based on the least square method, equations are formulated to estimate turbidity and phosphate, to map the spatial variation on the GIS platform from simulated points. The applicability of satellite imagery for water quality pattern on the coast is verified for efficient planning and management.
Analysis of multifrequency impedance of biologic active points using a dry electrode system.

OBJECTIVES A system is being developed for measurement of biologic active points (BAPs) in humans using a modified dry electrode. The BAPs measuring system analyzed the electrical characteristics and searched for the position of BAPs using modified dry electrodes. SUBJECTS Skin electrical resistance at BAPs and non-BAPs was examined with a modified electrode system for healthy male subjects (ages 21-40). Four (4) acupuncture points of PC-4, PC-5, PC-6, and PC-7 on the left arms were chosen for BAPs. Bio-impedance was then conducted for BAPs and non-BAPS using a lock-in amplifier with a frequency range of 1 Hz-1 kHz. RESULTS Resistances of four BAPs were found to decrease to about 29%-59% of non-BAPs and reactance of BAPs was found to decrease to about 23%-41% of non-BAPs. The difference in electrical impedance between BAPs and non-BAPs was easily recognized since the average value of BAPs was measured at lower values than that of non-BAPs. Through these experiments, BAPs could be distinguished from non-BAPs based on electrical impedance. In addition, the electrical impedance model used-the electrical BAPs model-appears to be better suited for skin. CONCLUSIONS The proposed BAPs electrical model of skin can be adapted for interpretation of changes in the impedance characterization of skin. This system would be used for various skin diagnoses due to the simplicity and reliability of bio-impedance analysis.
SpamCop: A Spam Classification & Organisation Program

We present a simple, yet highly accurate, spam filtering program, called SpamCop, which is able to identify about 92% of the spams while misclassifying only about 1.16% of the nonspam e-mails. SpamCop treats an e-mail message as a multiset of words and employs a na’fve Bayes algorithm to determine whether or not a message is likely to be a spam. Compared with keyword-spotting rules, the probabilistic approach taken in SpamCop not only offers high accuracy, but also overcomes the brittleness suffered by the keyword spotting approach.
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and lineage progression are regulated by glutamate receptor-mediated K+ channel block

We have analyzed the role of glutamate and its receptors (GluRs) in regulating the development of oligodendrocytes. Activation of AMPA- preferring GluRs with selective agonists inhibited proliferation of purified cortical oligodendrocyte progenitor (O-2A) cells cultured with different mitogens, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation or bromodeoxyuridine staining. In contrast, activation of GABA or muscarinic receptors did not affect O-2A proliferation. Cell viability and apoptosis assays demonstrated that the inhibition of O-2A proliferation was not attributable to a cytotoxic action of GluR agonists, and was reversible. Activation of GluRs prevented lineage progression from the O-2A (GD3+/nestin+) stage to the prooligodendroblast (O4+) stage, but did not affect O-2A migration. Additional experiments examined the membrane ionic channels mediating these GluR activation effects. We found that proliferating O-2A cells expressed functional delayed rectifier K+ channels, which were absent in pro-oligodendroblasts. GluR agonists and the K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA) strongly inhibited delayed rectifier K+ currents in O-2A cells. TEA reproduced the effects of GluR activation on O-2A proliferation and lineage progression in the same concentration range that blocked delayed rectifier K+ currents. These results indicate that glutamate regulates oligodendrogenesis specifically at the O-2A stage by modulating K+ channel activity.
Drug Dealing and Legitimate Self‐Employment

Theoretical models of self‐employment posit that attitudes toward risk, entrepreneurial ability, and preferences for autonomy are central to the individual's decision between self‐employment and wage/salary work. I provide indirect evidence on this hypothesis by examining the relationship between drug dealing as a youth and legitimate self‐employment in later years using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I find that drug dealers are 11%–21% more likely to choose self‐employment than non‐drug‐dealers, all else equal. After ruling out a few alternative explanations, I interpret these results as providing indirect evidence supporting the hypothesis.