Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning to Interpret Natural Language Commands through Human-Robot Dialog

Intelligent robots frequently need to understand requests from naive users through natural language. Previous approaches either cannot account for language variation, e.g., keyword search, or require gathering large annotated corpora, which can be expensive and cannot adapt to new variation. We introduce a dialog agent for mobile robots that understands human instructions through semantic parsing, actively resolves ambiguities using a dialog manager, and incrementally learns from human-robot conversations by inducing training data from user paraphrases. Our dialog agent is implemented and tested both on a web interface with hundreds of users via Mechanical Turk and on a mobile robot over several days, tasked with understanding navigation and delivery requests through natural language in an office environment. In both contexts, We observe significant improvements in user satisfaction after learning from conversations.
PIGMENT EPITHELIAL TEARS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTI-VEGF THERAPY: Incidence, Long-term Visual Outcome, and Relationship with Pigment Epithelial Detachment in Age-related Macular Degeneration

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tears associated with anti-VEGF therapy and its relation with retinal pigment epithelial detachment (PED). Methods: A total of 226 patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF were included retrospectively in the study. The presence of RPE tears; the effect of the presence, height, and duration of PED on the rate of RPE tears; and change in visual acuity during follow-up were recorded. Results: Among 226 study patients, 28 (12.3%) had RPE tears. The RPE tear rate was significantly higher in patients with vascularized PED (vPED) than in those without PED (19.7% vs. 2.1%; P < 0.001). The change in visual acuity after the formation of RPE tear was not statistically significant (on logMAR scale: 0.92 ± 0.49 initially, 0.89 ± 0.41 after the RPE tear, 0.96 ± 0.45 at the last follow-up; P = 0.613). Pigment epithelial detachment height >580 &mgr;m (odds ratio = 69.4; 95% confidence interval = 16.7–288.1) and PED duration ⩽4.5 months (odds ratio = 166.7; 95% confidence interval = 15.2–1000) were found to be significant risk factors for RPE tear formation. Conclusion: The RPE tears are not infrequent among eyes treated with intravitreal anti-VEGFs. The presence, increased height, and shorter duration of vPED are potential risk factors for RPE tears associated with anti-VEGF therapy.
Adaptive Boosting of Neural Networks for Character Recognition

”Boosting” is a general method for improving the performance of any learning algorithm that consistently generates classifiers which need to perform only slightly better than random guessing. A recently proposed and very promising boosting algorithm is AdaBoost [5]. It has been applied with great success to several benchmark machine learning problems using rather simple learning algorithms [4], in particular decision trees [1, 2, 6]. In this paper we use AdaBoost to improve the performances of neural networks applied to character recognition tasks. We compare training methods based on sampling the training set and weighting the cost function. Our system achieves about 1.4% error on a data base of online handwritten digits from more than 200 writers. Adaptive boosting of a multi-layer network achieved 2% error on the UCI Letters offline characters data set.
Light Field Stereoscope Immersive Computer Graphics via Factored Near-Eye Light Field Displays with Focus Cues

Abstract Over the last few years, virtual reality (VR) has re-emerged as a technology that is now feasible at low cost via inexpensive cell-phone components. In particular, advances of high-resolution micro displays, low-latency orientation trackers, and modern GPUs facilitate immersive experiences at low cost. One of the remaining challenges to further improve visual comfort in VR experiences is the vergence-accommodation conﬂict inherent to all stereoscopic displays. Accurate reproduction of all depth cues is crucial for visual comfort. By combining well-known stereoscopic display principles with emerging factored light ﬁeld technology, we present the ﬁrst wearable VR display supporting high image resolution as well as focus cues. A light ﬁeld is presented to each eye, which provides more natural viewing experiences than conventional near-eye displays. Since the eye box is just slightly larger than the pupil size, rank-1 light ﬁeld factorizations are sufﬁcient to produce correct or nearly-correct focus cues; no time-multiplexed image display or gaze tracking is required . We analyze lens distortions in 4D light ﬁeld space and correct them using the afforded high-dimensional image formation. We also demonstrate signiﬁcant improvements in resolution and retinal blur quality over related near-eye displays. Finally, we analyze diffraction limits of these types of displays
Compare-by-Hash: A Reasoned Analysis

Compare-by-hash is the now-common practice used by systems designers who assume that when the digest of a cryptographic hash function is equal on two distinct files, then those files are identical. This approach has been used in both real projects and in research efforts (for example rysnc [16] and LBFS [12]). A recent paper by Henson criticized this practice [8]. The present paper revisits the topic from an advocate's standpoint: we claim that compare-by-hash is completely reasonable, and we offer various arguments in support of this viewpoint in addition to addressing concerns raised by Henson.
Mechanisms of stimulation of vagal pulmonary C fibers by pulmonary air embolism in dogs.

We investigated the involvement of the cyclooxygenase metabolites and hydroxyl radical (.OH) in the stimulation of vagal pulmonary C fibers (PCs) by pulmonary air embolism (PAE). Impulses were recorded from PCs in 51 anesthetized, open-chest, and artificially ventilated dogs. Fifty of 59 PCs were stimulated by infusion of air into the right atrium (0.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 for 10 min). As a group (n = 59), PC activity increased from a baseline of 0.4 +/- 0.1 to a peak of 1.7 +/- 0.2 impulses/s during the period from 1 min before to 2 min after the termination of PAE induction. In PCs initially stimulated by PAE induction, PAE was repeated after the intervening treatment (iv) with saline (n = 9), ibuprofen (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; n = 11), or dimethylthiourea (a .OH scavenger; n = 12). The responses of PCs to PAE were not altered by saline vehicle but were abolished by ibuprofen and significantly attenuated by dimethylthiourea. Although hyperinflation of the lungs reversed the PAE-induced bronchomotor responses, it did not reverse the stimulation of PCs (n = 8). These results suggest that 1) cyclooxygenase products are necessary for the stimulation of PCs by PAE, whereas changes in lung mechanics are not, and 2) the functional importance of cyclooxygenase products may be mediated in part through the formation of . OH.
Systematic Derivation of Jump Conditions for the Immersed Interface Method in Three-Dimensional Flow Simulation

In this paper, we systematically derive jump conditions for the immersed interface method [SIAM J. Numer. Anal. , 31 (1994), pp. 1019-1044; SIAM J. Sci. Comput. , 18 (1997), pp. 709-735] to simulate three-dimensional incompressible viscous flows subject to moving surfaces. The surfaces are represented as singular forces in the Navier--Stokes equations, which give rise to discontinuities of flow quantities. The principal jump conditions across a closed surface of the velocity, the pressure, and their normal derivatives have been derived by Lai and Li [Appl. Math. Lett. , 14 (2001), pp. 149-154]. In this paper, we first extend their derivation to generalized surface parametrization. Starting from the principal jump conditions, we then derive the jump conditions of all first-, second-, and third-order spatial derivatives of the velocity and the pressure. We also derive the jump conditions of first- and second-order temporal derivatives of the velocity. Using these jump conditions, the immersed interface method is applicable to the simulation of three-dimensional incompressible viscous flows subject to moving surfaces, where near the surfaces the first- and second-order spatial derivatives of the velocity and the pressure can be discretized with, respectively, third- and second-order accuracy, and the first-order temporal derivatives of the velocity can be discretized with second-order accuracy.
Phytoplankton Composition and Abundance in Restored Maltański Reservoir under the Influence of Physico-Chemical Variables and Zooplankton Grazing Pressure

In this paper we present the effects of environmental factors and zooplankton food pressure on phytoplankton in the restored man-made Maltański Reservoir (MR). Two methods of restoration: biomanipulation and phosphorus inactivation have been applied in the reservoir. Nine taxonomical groups of phytoplankton represented in total by 183 taxa were stated there. The richest groups in respect of taxa number were green algae, cyanobacteria and diatoms. The diatoms, cryptophytes, chrysophytes, cyanobacteria, green algae and euglenophytes dominated in terms of abundance and/or biomass. There were significant changes among environmental parameters resulting from restoration measures which influenced the phytoplankton populations in the reservoir. These measures led to a decrease of phosphorus concentration due to its chemical inactivation and enhanced zooplankton grazing as a result of planktivorous fish stocking. The aim of the study is to analyse the reaction of phytoplankton to the restoration measures and, most importantly, to determine the extent to which the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton depends on variables changing under the influence of restoration in comparison with other environmental variables. We stated that application of restoration methods did cause significant changes in phytoplankton community structure. The abundance of most phytoplankton taxa was negatively correlated with large zooplankton filter feeders, and positively with zooplankton predators and concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and partly of phosphates. However, restoration was insufficient in the case of decreasing phytoplankton abundance. The effects of restoration treatments were of less importance for the abundance of phytoplankton than parameters that were independent of the restoration. This was due to the continuous inflow of large loads of nutrients from the area of the river catchment.
Dropping the Baby and Other Scary Thoughts: Breaking the Cycle of Unwanted Thoughts in Motherhood

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The determination of the optimal length of crystal blanks in quartz crystal resonators

It is well understood that the strong coupling of thickness-shear and flexural vibrations in piezoelectric crystal plates only occurs at specific length at which the vibration mode conversion, like the flexural mode gradually converting to thickness-shear mode while the thickness-shear mode converting to higher-order flexural mode, happens. It is important to avoid the strong coupling of modes in a crystal resonator that uses thickness-shear vibrations to enhance the energy trapping. To achieve such a design goal, the length of a crystal blank should be carefully chosen such that the coupling is at its weakest, which usually is in the middle of two strong coupling points. Through a closer examination of the frequency spectra, or the frequency-length relationship in this study, we can see that the strong coupling points appear periodically. This implies that we can find exact locations with the plate theory that predicts the resonance frequency. Based on this observation, we first use the first-order Mindlin plate theory with the precise thickness-shear frequency, which is normalized to one, to find corresponding wavenumbers. Then the length as a variable is solved from the coupled frequency equation for exact coupling points in a crystal plate of AT-cut quartz. The optimal length of a crystal blank in the simplest resonator model is calculated for the coupled thickness-shear, flexural, and extensional vibrations. The solutions and the method will be important in the determination of optimal length of a crystal blank in the resonator design process.
Metabolism of Glyoxylate in Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia

Extract: Hyperglycinemia is an error of amino acid metabolism in which there are increased amounts of glycine and normal amounts of other amino acids in blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. There are at least two different types of hyperglycinemia. We recently reported on the metabolism of glycine in nonketotic hyperglycinemia [1]. A defect was found in the formation of 14CO2 from glycine-1-14C and in the conversion of the carbon 2 of glycine to the carbon 3 of serine. These findings were consistent with a defect in an enzyme system catalyzing the formation of CO2 and hydroxymethyltetra-hydrofolate from glycine, but did not exclude a defect in glycine oxidase. It was decided, therefore, to assess the metabolism of glyoxylate in nonketotic hyperglycinemia.The conversion of glyoxylate-1-14C to 14CO2 (fig. 1) was similar to that of glycine-1-14C. Oxidation to CO2 was rapid in control subjects, but in the patient, a flat curve was obtained. The transfer of isotope to serine was slower in the patient than in the control subjects. No isotope was found in carbon 3 of serine in the patient, while a significant amount of the isotope of carbon 3 of glyoxylate was incorporated into carbon 3 of serine in the control subjects.The data obtained indicate that the pathway of preference for the metabolism of glyoxylate is transamination to glycine and rule out a defect in glycine oxidase in nonketotic hyperglycinemia.Speculation: The data obtained in this investigation contribute to the hypothesis that the enzymic defect in nonketotic hyperglycinemia is situated in the reaction that forms CO2, NH3 and FH4CH2OH from glycine. This reaction is probably catalyzed by an enzyme system with a number of component enzymes. Further investigations will be necessary in order to determine exactly the enzyme that is deficient.
Ultrasound for carpal tunnel syndrome screening in manual laborers

Manual laborers are at increased risk for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), and a combination of history, physical examination, and nerve conduction studies is often used to screen for CTS in this population. Neuromuscular ultrasound may be a better screening tool, because it is painless. In this study we compare the accuracy of nerve conduction studies and ultrasound for CTS screening.
New decoding strategy for underdetermined MIMO transmission using sparse decomposition

In this paper we address the problem of large dimension decoding in MIMO systems. The complexity of the optimal maximum likelihood detection makes it unfeasible in practice when the number of antennas, the channel impulse response length or the source constellation size become too high. We consider a MIMO system with finite constellation and model it as a system with sparse signal sources. We formulate the decoding problem as an underdetermined sparse source recovering problem and apply the ℓ1-minimization to solve it. The resulting decoding scheme is applied to large MIMO systems and to frequency selective channel. We also review the computational cost of some ℓ1-minimization algorithms. Simulation results show significant improvement compared to other existing receivers.
Roles of the membrane-reentrant β-hairpin-like loop of RseP protease in selective substrate cleavage

Molecular mechanisms underlying substrate recognition and cleavage by Escherichia coli RseP, which belongs to S2P family of intramembrane-cleaving proteases, remain unclear. We examined the function of a conserved region looped into the membrane domain of RseP to form a β-hairpin-like structure near its active site in substrate recognition and cleavage. We observed that mutations disturbing the possible β-strand conformation of the loop impaired RseP proteolytic activity and that some of these mutations resulted in the differential cleavage of different substrates. Co-immunoprecipitation and crosslinking experiments suggest that the loop directly interacts with the transmembrane segments of substrates. Helix-destabilising mutations in the transmembrane segments of substrates suppressed the effect of loop mutations in an allele-specific manner. These results suggest that the loop promotes substrate cleavage by selectively recognising the transmembrane segments of substrates in an extended conformation and by presenting them to the proteolytic active site, which contributes to substrate discrimination. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.08928. 001
Serotonergic modulation of Mauthner neurons in larval zebrafish

In recent decades, zebrafish have become a popular organism in neuroscience research. This is primarily because of the homogenous nature of what are known as reticulospinal neurons. These neurons, located in the hindbrain, control locomotive (e.g., swimming) and escape behaviors via descending axonal connections to lateral musculature. Dominating the reticulospinal neuron group are the Mauthner neurons. This pair of morphologically distinctive neurons is referred to as " command neurons " in the reticulospinal group. Recent studies involving antibody labeling reveal a distinctive clustering of serotonin (5-HT) associated proteins in the Mauthner dendritic regions. This would imply that 5-HT plays a direct role in the modulation of Mauthner neuron activity. In this study, we attempt to experimentally demonstrate a functional relationship between 5-HT and the Mauthner neuron through the administration of the SSRI fluoxetine and Ca² + imaging techniques. Results indicate no significant change Ca² + and latency of response. Interestingly, these data indicate a difference in responsiveness (i.e., firing or no firing) with the fluoxetine group showing an 8% increase. These data shed light upon the Mauthner neuron and 5-HT, as well as the possible considerations of future research. iv Acknowledgements
WASP-24 b: A NEW TRANSITING CLOSE-IN HOT JUPITER ORBITING A LATE F-STAR

We report the discovery of a new transiting close-in giant planet, WASP-24 b, in a 2.341 day orbit, 0.037 AU from its F8-9 type host star. By matching the star's spectrum with theoretical models, we infer an effective temperature Teff = 6075 ± 100 K and a surface gravity of log g = 4.15 ± 0.10. A comparison of these parameters with theoretical isochrones and evolutionary mass tracks places only weak constraints on the age of the host star, which we estimate to be 3.8+1.3−1.2 Gyr. The planetary nature of the companion was confirmed by radial velocity measurements and additional photometric observations. These data were fit simultaneously in order to determine the most probable parameter set for the system, from which we infer a planetary mass of 1.071+0.036−0.038 MJup and radius 1.3+0.039−0.037 RJup.
Predicting Geomagnetic Activity Index by Brain Emotional Learning

The Emotional Learning Algorithm has been introduced to show the effect of emotions as well known stimuli in the quick and almost satisficing decision making in human. The remarkable properties of emotional learning, low computational complexity and fast training, and its simplicity in multi objective problems has made it a powerful methodology in real time control and decision systems, where the gradient based methods and evolutionary algorithms are hard to be used due to their high computational complexity. Recently the emotional approach has been successfully used to obtain multiple objectives in prediction problems of real world phenomena, more specifically space weather forecasting. A newer and more realistic model of emotional learning in human brain is used in this study to predict the most popular index of geomagnetic activity: Kp. The interplanetary Kp index is mainly used in warning and alert systems for satellites. The proposed model with brain emotional learning algorithm is introduced to make purposeful prediction of Kp index. Both the prediction accuracy during geomagnetic disturbances and substorms, and the rate of associated correct warning messages show the efficiency of this algorithm.
Speaker recognition in two-wire test sessions

This paper deals with the task of speaker recognition in four-wire training and two-wire testing conditions. Instead of performing blind speaker diarization before the recognition stage, we directly perform the recognition on the non-segmented (or imperfectly diarized) speech. We present an analysis of the problem with respect to three different speaker recognition systems and propose improved recognition techniques both in the frame domain and in the model domain. The proposed techniques reduce error rate significantly. Furthermore, the developed techniques may be also beneficial in conjunction with an imperfect blind diarization stage.
Impact of Quality and Quantity of Corpora on Stochastic Generation

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An excitation model for HMM-based speech synthesis based on residual modeling

This paper describes a trainable excitation approach to eliminate the unnaturalness of HMM-based speech synthesizers. During the waveform generation part, mixed excitation is constructed by state-dependent filtering of pulse trains and white noise sequences. In the training part, filters and pulse trains are jointly optimized through a procedure which resembles analysis-bysynthesis speech coding algorithms, where likelihood maximization of residual signals (derived from the same database which is used to train the HMM-based synthesizer) is pursued. Preliminary results show that the novel excitation model in question eliminates the unnaturalness of synthesized speech, being comparable in quality to the the best approaches thus far reported to eradicate the buzziness of HMM-based synthesizers.