Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The fatty acid amide hydrolase in lymphocytes from sedentary and active subjects.

PURPOSE Endocannabinoids (eCB) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels change during physical activity, thus suggesting their involvement in the modulation of exercise-related processes like inflammation and energy homeostasis. To investigate whether lifestyle might affect the activity of the eCB-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), active and sedentary subjects were enrolled. METHODS Plasma IL-6 levels and lymphocyte FAAH activity of eight physically active male subjects (mean ± SEM; age = 39.3 ± 2.9 yr, body mass index = 21.1 ± 0.4 kg·m), usually practicing aerobic exercise (8.1 ± 1.2 h·wk), and eight sedentary subjects (38.8 ± 3.7 yr, body mass index = 23.1 ± 0.8 kg·m) were measured. Also, in vitro effect of IL-6 was tested on FAAH expression and activity and on FAAH promoter activity in lymphocytes from sedentary subjects. RESULTS Under resting conditions (at least 12 h from the last exercise), the active group showed plasma IL-6 levels (2.74 ± 0.73 pg·mL) and lymphocyte FAAH activity (215.7 ± 38.5 pmol·min·mg protein) significantly higher than those measured in the sedentary group (0.20 ± 0.02 pg·mL, and 42.0 ± 4.2 pmol·min·mg protein). Increased IL-6 levels paralleled increased FAAH activity, and consistently, the in vitro treatment of lymphocytes from sedentary individuals with 10 ng·mL IL-6 for 48 h significantly increased FAAH expression and activity. Transient transfection experiments showed that IL-6 induced the expression of a reporter gene under the control of a cAMP response element-like region in the human FAAH promoter. A mutation in the same element abolished IL-6 up-regulation, demonstrating that this cytokine regulates FAAH activity at the transcriptional level. CONCLUSION IL-6 leads to activation of the FAAH promoter, thus enhancing FAAH activity that modulates the eCB tone in physically active people.
The Optimal Use of Simulation.

Abstract : One hundred subjects were run on a foot-hand-eye coordination task. The apparatus used was a collator. It was set up as a simulator as well as the 'real' task. Twenty subjects (10 male and 10 female) were run in each of five conditions. Condition I - training on collating three pages then transferred to collating eight pages. Condition IA - trained on three pages then overtrained before transferring to eight pages. Condition II - trained on five pages then transferred to eight. Condition IIA - trained on five pages then overtrained before transferring to eight. Condition III - trained immediately on eight pages. For the males, overtraining degraded performance on the transfer trials. This was not true for the females. The closer the training was to the 'real' task (8 pagges) the poorer the performance of the males on the transfer performance. Overtraining males who reached criterion early in the initial training had the greater deleterious effect on the transfer trials when compared to those reaching criterion later. This was not true for the females. For the males, no prior training produced the best terminal performance on the transfer task. This was not true for the females. Some suggested explanations of the sex difference are given and some hypothesis are made concerning the optimal use of simulation training. (Author)
Post-Treatment HIV-1 Controllers with a Long-Term Virological Remission after the Interruption of Early Initiated Antiretroviral Therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces HIV-associated morbidities and mortalities but cannot cure the infection. Given the difficulty of eradicating HIV-1, a functional cure for HIV-infected patients appears to be a more reachable short-term goal. We identified 14 HIV patients (post-treatment controllers [PTCs]) whose viremia remained controlled for several years after the interruption of prolonged cART initiated during the primary infection. Most PTCs lacked the protective HLA B alleles that are overrepresented in spontaneous HIV controllers (HICs); instead, they carried risk-associated HLA alleles that were largely absent among the HICs. Accordingly, the PTCs had poorer CD8+ T cell responses and more severe primary infections than the HICs did. Moreover, the incidence of viral control after the interruption of early antiretroviral therapy was higher among the PTCs than has been reported for spontaneous control. Off therapy, the PTCs were able to maintain and, in some cases, further reduce an extremely low viral reservoir. We found that long-lived HIV-infected CD4+ T cells contributed poorly to the total resting HIV reservoir in the PTCs because of a low rate of infection of naïve T cells and a skewed distribution of resting memory CD4+ T cell subsets. Our results show that early and prolonged cART may allow some individuals with a rather unfavorable background to achieve long-term infection control and may have important implications in the search for a functional HIV cure.
Leveling the Playing Field? Students' Educational Attainment and States' Performance Testing.

Sociologists and policy makers have hotly debated whether American public schools reflect the "common school" ideal, in which all students have access to similar opportunities for learning, and how reform may better approximate that ideal. In the analyses reported here, the authors explore variations among states in the relationships of students' educational attainment with their family backgrounds, eighth-grade course placements, and high school teachers' assessments of their academic potential. The focus is on whether states' mandatory testing policies are associated with differences in public school students' attainment, measured by the likelihood of obtaining a high school diploma and the amount of advanced mathematics course credits students earn. The findings indicate that eighth-grade mathematics courses and teachers' expectations have a weaker relationship with these student outcomes in states with more extensive academic testing and that socioeconomic status has a stronger relationship with these outcomes in states that link test performance to consequences for schools. The results also suggest that outcomes are likely to vary significantly among states for academically vulnerable students.
Prospective Evaluation of New and Old Criteria to Discriminate Between Supraventricular and Ventricular Tachycardia in Implantable Defibrillators

This study was designed to evaluate the ability to distinguish between supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs) and ventricular tachycardias (VTs) based on onset, stability, and width criteria in an implantable defibrillator. Inappropriate detection of atrial fibrillation and sinus tachycardia is a common problem in patients with implantable defibrillators. The onset, stability, and width criteria were studied in 17 patients who underwent implantation of a Medtronic 7218C implantable defibrillator by inducing sinus tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Additional data on the width criteria was obtained by pacing at separate sites in both the left and right ventricle. Patients were studied at different times for up to 6 months to determine any changes in the criteria. The onset and stability criteria caused inappropriate detections in 36% and 12% of the episodes, respectively. The addition of the width criteria decreased the inappropriate detection using the onset and stability criteria to 5% and 2%, respectively. Pacing from the RV apex, RV outflow tract, and LV apex was appropriately detected as wide in 76%, 41%, and 94%, respectively. The width criteria changed over time in individual patients, but was stable by 6 months in all but one patient. No single criterion is satisfactory for distinguishing between SVT and VT in this patient population, but the combination of criteria seems to provide better discrimination. The width criteria can change dramatically over time and needs to be monitored carefully. Newer algorithms will need to be developed to allow better detection of supraventricular tachycardias.
Clinical utility of interleukin‐28B testing in patients with genotype 1

O ver the last 2 years exciting novel pharmacogenetic data have emerged on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the region of the interleukin-28B (IL28B) gene as a predictor of response to the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. The CC IL28B genotype has been found to be highly predictive of response to therapy with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). We will address the predictivity and utility of IL28B testing in patients infected with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) as well as the variation in utility and implications with ethnicity in this population of patients. The clinical utility of IL28B testing in patients with genotype 1 needs to be placed in the context of the currently available treatments that include PEG-IFN and RBV.
Determining the optimal newborn screening protocol for cystic fibrosis

There is more published research examining newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) than for any other condition. Overall, the evidence for clinical benefit supports this strategy in an appropriate population with accessible healthcare provision. However, the evidence base is not as strong as one might expect, and this highlights the importance of ensuring that CF NBS programmes are designed and implemented in a rigorous and thoughtful manner that minimises potential distress for families.
Learning to Detect Phishing Webpages

Phishing has become a lucrative business for cyber criminals whose victims range from end users to large corporations and government organizations. Though Internet users are generally becoming more aware of phishing websites, cyber scammers come up with novel schemes that circumvent phishing filters and often succeed in fooling even savvy users. Recent studies to detect phishing and malicious webpages using features from URLs alone show promise. The approach, however, may not be reliable and robust enough to detect evolving sophisticated phishing webpages. For examples, phishers can use URL shortening services to masquerade their phishing URLs, or use compromised legitimate websites to host their phishing campaign. Along with the features from URLs, we propose many novel content based features and apply cutting-edge machine learning techniques to demonstrate that our approach can detect phishing webpages with error rates 0.04-0.44%, false positive and false negative rates of 0.0-0.30% and 0.06-0.73% respectively on real-world data sets using Random Forests classifier, thereby improving previous results on the important problem of phishing detection.
Volcanic history of the Imbrium basin: A close-up view from the lunar rover Yutu

Significance After the Apollo and Luna missions, which were flown about 40 years ago, the Moon was explored only from orbit. In addition, no samples were returned from the young and high-FeO and TiO2 mare basalt in the northern Imbrium basin. Such samples are important to understand the formation and evolution of the Procellarum KREEP [potassium (K), rare earth elements (REE), and phosphorus (P)] terrain, a key terrain highly enriched in radioactive nuclides. The Chang’e-3 mission carried out the first in situ analyses of chemical and mineral compositions of the lunar soil and ground-based measurements of the lunar regolith and the underlying basalt units at this specific site. The lunar regolith layer recorded the surface processes of the Moon, whereas the basalt units recorded the volcanic eruption history. We report the surface exploration by the lunar rover Yutu that landed on the young lava flow in the northeastern part of the Mare Imbrium, which is the largest basin on the nearside of the Moon and is filled with several basalt units estimated to date from 3.5 to 2.0 Ga. The onboard lunar penetrating radar conducted a 114-m-long profile, which measured a thickness of ∼5 m of the lunar regolith layer and detected three underlying basalt units at depths of 195, 215, and 345 m. The radar measurements suggest underestimation of the global lunar regolith thickness by other methods and reveal a vast volume of the last volcano eruption. The in situ spectral reflectance and elemental analysis of the lunar soil at the landing site suggest that the young basalt could be derived from an ilmenite-rich mantle reservoir and then assimilated by 10–20% of the last residual melt of the lunar magma ocean.
Mini‐review CD4 T cells are required for CD8 T cell memory generation

Whereas the role of CD4 T cells in B cell memory generation is well established and unequivocal, the role that CD4 T cells play in CD8 responses was until recently far more elusive and controversial. A series of recent reports, however, have re‐assessed the role of CD4 help on CD8 responses and have given rise to surprisingly unambiguous conclusions. While studying very different systems, they demonstrated that CD4 T cells are absolutely required for the generation of bona fide CD8 memory cells; the reports allow, for the first time, strong analogies to be made between B and CD8 memory cell generation. These data invite us to drastically change our idea of CD4 help on CD8 responses because they show that the old dichotomy — Th‐dependent versus Th‐independentCD8 responses — is no longer accurate.
Sortale Bedeutung und Argumentstruktur: ung-Nominalislerungen im Deutschen

In this paper we are concerned with the linking properties of deverbal ung-nominalizations in German. Word-syntactic approaches often deduce the argument realization of ung-nominalizations from those of the base verb by means of morpho-syntactic inheritance rules. Usually it is assumed that the ung-nominalization inherits the accusative object of the base verb as a postnominal genitive. Our claim, however, is that the verbal and the nominal linking systems are independent: The linking properties of nominalization cannot therefore be deduced from the subcategorization frame of the underlying verb. We argue instead that the argument realization of each lexical entry is determined by its semantic representation and category specific linking rules. This modular approach, based on lexical meaning structures, is equally valid for event nominalizations, result nominalizations and object nominalizations with -ung. We show that both event structure and thematic structure play an important role for the linking of an argument to the postnominal genitive position. If the semantic representation contains a change-of-state operator, its linking properties are fixed: Only the lowest thematic argument embedded under BECOME can be realized as a postnominal genitive. Otherwise, any thematic argument can be linked to this position. Hence, in our approach the possible interpretations for postnominal genitives are directly determined by lexical semantics.
Absence of anti-correlations and of baryon acoustic oscillations in the galaxy correlation function from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data release 7

Aims. One of the most striking features predicted by standard models of galaxy formation is the presence of anti-correlations in the matter distribution on large enough scales (r > rc). Simple arguments show that the location of the length scale rc, marking the transition from positive to negative correlations, is the same for any class of objects as for the full matter distribution; i.e. it is invariant under biasing. This scale is predicted by models to be at about the same distance of the scale signaling the baryonic acoustic oscillation scale rbao. Methods. We test these predictions in the newest SDSS galaxy samples where it is possible to measure correlations on ∼100 Mpc/h scales both in the main galaxy (MG) and in the luminous red galaxy (LRG) volume-limited samples. We determine, by using three different estimators, the redshift-space galaxy two-point correlation function. Results. We find that, in several MG samples, the correlation function remains positive on scales >250 Mpc/h, while it should be negative beyond rc ≈ 120 Mpc/h in the concordance LCDM. In other samples, the correlation function becomes negative on scales <50 Mpc/h. To investigate the origin of these differences, we considered in detail the propagation of errors on the sample density into the estimation of the correlation function. We conclude that these are important at large enough separations and that they are responsible for the observed differences between different estimators and for the measured sample-to-sample variations in the correlation function. We show that in the LRG sample the scale corresponding to rbao cannot be detected because fluctuations in the density fields are too large in amplitude. Previous measurements in similar samples have underestimated volume-dependent systematic effects. Conclusions. We conclude that, in the newest SDSS samples, the large-scale behavior of the galaxy correlation function is affected by intrinsic errors and volume-dependent systematic effects that make the detection of correlations only an estimate of a lower limit of their amplitude, spatial extension, and statistical errors. We point out that these results represent an important challenge to LCDM models as they largely differ from its predictions.
Peers and the Maintenance of Sex-Typed Behavior: The Development of Children's Conceptions of Cross-Gender Behavior in Their Peers

This study investigated the development of children's conceptions of and reactions to cross-gender behavior in their peers. Eighty elementary-school children at tour grade levels (kindergarten and second, fourth, and sixth grades) were interviewed about their attitudes toward hypothetical peers who violated child-generated norms for sex-typed behavior in each of four categories (traits, toy s, activities, and friendship preferences). Older children reported that they would react more negatively toward cross-gender displays of activity (e.g., girls climbing trees) and friendship preferences than did younger children. Moreover, children reported they would react more negatively toward males than toward females exhibiting cross-gender friend and toy preferences. While younger children were unable to generate sex-typed traits reliably older children were and reported that they would respond negatively toward children with cross-sex-typed traits. Finally, although the vast majority of children at all ages indi.
Language as capital, or language as identity? Chinese complementary school pupils' perspectives on the purposes and benefits of complementary schools

Pupils' experiences of complementary education are neglected in the research literature, yet they are highly important in terms of understanding complementary schools and their impact on pupils' educational and social identities. This article explores British‐Chinese pupils' discursive constructions of the purposes and benefits of Chinese complementary schools, drawing on data from an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)‐funded study of six Chinese schools in England, including interviews with 60 of their British‐Chinese pupils. Findings demonstrate that British‐Chinese pupils overwhelmingly see the purpose of these schools as perpetuating the mother tongue. They produced a variety of explanations for the benefit of this perpetuation, and we analyse how these fall under two themes: instrumental benefits, and identity. In elaborating these themes we focus particularly on the ways in which language was constructed as identity, and draw out some theoretical implications for thinking around identity an.
Microbiological and genetic analysis of probiotic products licensed for medicinal purposes.

BACKGROUND The purpose of our study was to investigate both qualitatively and quantitatively the microbial content of probiotic products licensed for medicinal purposes. MATERIAL/METHODS Microbiological analysis was performed on five different brands of probiotic products that claimed to contain lactobacilli and/or bifidobacteria. The species were determined based on phenotypic characters, using API 50CH, API 20A, and API rapid ID 32A kits. Bacterial strains belonging to the Bifidobacterium genus were further identified using genotypic methods (amplification of specific DNA fragments by PCR and analysis of their nucleotide sequences). The products were also analyzed for pathogenic bacteria. The number of microorganisms contained in four of the products was determined using the plate-count method and the most-probable-number method. The actual and claimed content of probiotic products was analyzed statistically. RESULTS Microbiological and genetic analysis showed that, in terms of quality, only three of the five products contained the bacterial strains claimed on the label. None of the tested products contained pathogens. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that 57 of 64 samples (89% [95% CI: 81-97]) contained bacterial counts at the cell densities (doses) claimed on the label. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates unsatisfactory qualitative microbiological specification in the tested products. However, there was good quantitative agreement with the labeling. Our findings indicate that regulations governing the labeling of probiotic products are urgently required.
Early Adolescents Development across the Middle School Years: Implications for School Counselors.

This article discusses development during the early adolescent years with a focus on recent research on the biological, cognitive, self-identity, and motivational changes that occur during this time period and the implications of this research for middle school counselors. Peer influences on early adolescents also are discussed, with the issue of school bullying receiving special attention. Studies are presented about how positive relations between teachers and students, and counselors and students, can ease the transition. Research is presented showing the positive effects of counseling programs designed to ease students' transition into middle school, along with suggestions for restructuring the roles of middle school counselors in order to be responsive to the developmental needs of early adolescents.
An Examination of Differences between Organizational Legitimacy and Organizational Reputation

Organizational legitimacy and organizational reputation have similar antecedents, social construction processes and consequences. Nonetheless, an improved understanding of relationships between legitimacy and reputation requires that differences between the two be specified and clarified. Our examination of past research indicates that legitimacy emphasizes the social acceptance resulting from adherence to social norms and expectations whereas reputation emphasizes comparisons among organizations. We empirically examine two antecedents of the financial, regulatory, and public dimensions of legitimacy and reputation in a population of US commercial banks. We find that isomorphism improves legitimacy, but its effects on reputation depend on the bank's reputation. Moreover, higher financial performance increases reputation, but does not increase the legitimacy of high performing banks. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005.