Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ADHD-200 Global Competition: diagnosing ADHD using personal characteristic data can outperform resting state fMRI measurements

Neuroimaging-based diagnostics could potentially assist clinicians to make more accurate diagnoses resulting in faster, more effective treatment. We participated in the 2011 ADHD-200 Global Competition which involved analyzing a large dataset of 973 participants including Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and healthy controls. Each participant's data included a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan as well as personal characteristic and diagnostic data. The goal was to learn a machine learning classifier that used a participant's resting state fMRI scan to diagnose (classify) that individual into one of three categories: healthy control, ADHD combined (ADHD-C) type, or ADHD inattentive (ADHD-I) type. We used participants' personal characteristic data (site of data collection, age, gender, handedness, performance IQ, verbal IQ, and full scale IQ), without any fMRI data, as input to a logistic classifier to generate diagnostic predictions. Surprisingly, this approach achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy (62.52%) as well as the highest score (124 of 195) of any of the 21 teams participating in the competition. These results demonstrate the importance of accounting for differences in age, gender, and other personal characteristics in imaging diagnostics research. We discuss further implications of these results for fMRI-based diagnosis as well as fMRI-based clinical research. We also document our tests with a variety of imaging-based diagnostic methods, none of which performed as well as the logistic classifier using only personal characteristic data.
Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic position of Osteocephalus festae (Anura, Hylidae) with description of its larva

Abstract Osteocephalus festae is an Amazonian species recently resurrected from a synonymy with Osteocephalus buckleyi. Because few specimens are known, its morphological variation, diagnostic characters, and distribution are poorly understood. Herein we determine its phylogenetic relationships and provide a complete taxonomic account based on recently collected specimens (adults and larvae) from nine localities in Ecuador and Peru. Osteocephalus festae is most similar to Osteocephalus verruciger from which it differs in having less tuberculate dorsal skin on males, smaller tympanum, and more tooth rows in the oral disk of larvae. A phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA sequences, genes 12S and ND1, shows that Osteocephalus festae is closely related to Osteocephalus buckleyi, Osteocephalus mutabor and Osteocephalus verruciger. A clade consisting of Osteocephalus festae, Osteocephalus verruciger, and Osteocephalus buckleyi is characterized by stream dwelling tadpoles. Surprisingly, we found paraphyly among Ecuadorian populations of Osteocephalus buckleyi and Osteocephalus verruciger. The causes for paraphyly are unknown but in Osteocephalus buckleyi may result from the existence of cryptic species.
A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory

Identity theory and social identity theory are two remarkably similar perspectives on the dynamic mediation of the socially constructed self between individual behavior and social structure. Yet there is almost no systematic communication between these two perspectivies; they occupy parallel bur separate universes. This article describes both theories, summarizes their similarities, critically discusses their differences and outlines some research directions. Against a background of metatheoretical similarity, we find marked differences in terms of 1) level of analysis, 2) the role of intergroup behavior, 3) the relationship between roles and groups, and 4) salience of social context and identity. Differences can be traced largely to the microsociological roots of identity theory and the psychological roots of social identity theory. Identiy theory may be more effective in dealing with chronic identities and with interpersonal social interaction, while social identity theory may be more useful in exploring intergroup dimensions and in specifying the sociocognitive generative details of identity dynamics.
Different Effects of Endothelin‐1 on cAMP‐and cGMP‐Mediated Vascular Relaxation in Human Arteries and Veins: Comparison with Norepinephrine

Summary Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a new cardiovascular hormone produced by endothelial cells. The vascular effects of the peptide and its interaction with cAMP-and cGMP-dependent relaxation were investigated in human arteries and veins. Internal mammary arteries and veins and saphenous veins were obtained intraoperatively and suspended in organ chambers; isometric tension was recorded. The blood vessels were contracted with ET-1 or norepinephrine and relaxations to prostacyclin or sodium nitroprusside were studied. Mammary veins exhibited an enhanced sensitivity to ET-1 (10–1 to 3 $$ 10–7 M) as compared to the artery and saphenous vein (log shift at ED50: 32-and 79-fold, respectively; p < 0.005). In saphenous veins maximally contracted with ET-1, relaxations to prostacyclin were blunted as compared to the artery (p < 0.005; n = 5). Similarly, ET-1 inhibited relaxations to sodium nitroprusside in the vein, but not in the artery. In contrast, venous rings contracted with norepinephrine were more sensitive to sodium nitroprusside than the artery. Thus, the human mammary vein, but not the saphenous vein, is more sensitive to the vasoconstrictor effects of ET-1 when compared to the mammary artery. In veins, ET-1 but not norepinephrine inhibits the vascular effects of prostacyclin and sodium nitroprusside, suggesting a specific interaction of the peptide with cAMP-and cGMP-dependent relaxation.
Predicting Glioblastoma Recurrence by Early Changes in the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Value and Signal Intensity on FLAIR Images.

OBJECTIVE Recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) arises from areas of microscopic tumor infiltration that have yet to disrupt the blood-brain barrier. We hypothesize that these microscopic foci of invasion cause subtle variations in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and FLAIR signal detectable with the use of computational big-data modeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six patients with native GBM were studied immediately after undergoing gross total tumor resection. Within the peritumoral region, areas of future GBM recurrence were identified through coregistration of follow-up MRI examinations. The likelihood of tumor recurrence at each individual voxel was assessed as a function of signal intensity on ADC maps and FLAIR images. Both single and combined multivariable logistic regression models were created. RESULTS A total of 419,473 voxels of data (105,477 voxels of data within tumor recurrence and 313,996 voxels of data on surrounding peritumoral edema) were analyzed. For future areas of recurrence, a 9.5% decrease in the ADC value (p < 0.001) and a 9.2% decrease in signal intensity on FLAIR images (p < 0.001) were shown, compared with findings for the surrounding peritumoral edema. Logistic regression revealed that the amount of signal loss on both ADC maps and FLAIR images correlated with the likelihood of tumor recurrence. A combined multiparametric logistic regression model was more specific in the prediction of tumor recurrence than was either single-variable model alone. CONCLUSION Areas of future GBM recurrence exhibit small but highly statistically significant differences in signal intensity on ADC maps and FLAIR images months before the development of abnormal enhancement occurs. A multiparametric logistic model calibrated to these changes can be used to estimate the burden of microscopic nonenhancing tumor and predict the location of recurrent disease. Computational big-data modeling performed at the voxel level is a powerful technique capable of discovering important but subtle patterns in imaging data.
Certified self-modifying code

Self-modifying code (SMC), in this paper, broadly refers to anyprogram that loads, generates, or mutates code at runtime. It is widely used in many of the world's critical software systems tosupport runtime code generation and optimization, dynamic loading and linking, OS boot loader, just-in-time compilation, binary translation,or dynamic code encryption and obfuscation. Unfortunately, SMC is alsoextremely difficult to reason about: existing formal verification techniques-including Hoare logic and type system-consistentlyassume that program code stored in memory is fixedand immutable; this severely limits their applicability and power. This paper presents a simple but novel Hoare-logic-like framework that supports modular verification of general von-Neumann machine code with runtime code manipulation. By dropping the assumption that code memory is fixed and immutable, we are forced to apply local reasoningand separation logic at the very beginning, and treat program code uniformly as regular data structure. We address the interaction between separation and code memory and show how to establish the frame rules for local reasoning even in the presence of SMC. Our frameworkis realistic, but designed to be highly generic, so that it can support assembly code under all modern CPUs (including both x86 andMIPS). Our system is expressive and fully mechanized. We prove itssoundness in the Coq proof assistant and demonstrate its power by certifying a series of realistic examples and applications-all of which can directly run on the SPIM simulator or any stock x86 hardware.
Handbook of Organizational Justice

Contents: Preface. Part I: Introduction. J.A. Colquitt, J. Greenberg, C.P. Zapata-Phelan, What Is Organizational Justice? A Historical Overview of the Field. Part II: Construct Validity Issues. M.L. Ambrose, A. Arnaud, Are Procedural Justice and Distributive Justice Conceptually Distinct? R.J. Bies, Are Procedural Justice and Interactional Justice Conceptually Distinct? J.A. Colquitt, J.C. Shaw, How Should Organizational Justice Be Measured? Part III: The Justice Judgment Process. D.L. Shapiro, J.M. Brett, What Is the Role of Control in Organizational Justice? J.Z. Gillespie, J. Greenberg, Are the Goals of Organizational Justice Self-Interested? R. Folger, R. Cropanzano, B. Goldman, What Is the Relationship Between Justice and Morality? R.J. Lewicki, C. Wiethoff, E.C. Tomlinson, What Is the Role of Trust in Organizational Justice? Part IV: Justice Effects. K. Van den Bos, What Is Responsible for the Fair Process Effect? D.E. Conlon, C.J. Meyer, J.M. Nowakowski, How Does Organizational Justice Affect Performance, Withdrawal, and Counterproductive Behavior? S.L. Blader, T.R. Tyler, How Can Theories of Organizational Justice Explain the Effects of Fairness? R.H. Moorman, Z.S. Byrne, How Does Organizational Justice Affect Organizational Citizenship Behavior? Part V: Justice Applications. R. Vermunt, H. Steensma, How Can Justice Be Used to Manage Stress in Organizations? S.W. Gilliland, J.M.S. Hale, How Can Justice Be Used to Improve Employee Selection Practices? E.F. Stone-Romero, D.L. Stone, How Do Organizational Justice Concepts Relate to Discrimination and Prejudice? D.R. Bobocel, A. Zdaniuk, How Can Explanations Be Used to Foster Organizational Justice? D.P. Skarlicki, G.P. Latham, How Can Training Be Used to Foster Organizational Justice? Part VI: Generalizability Issues. J. Brockner, B. Wiesenfeld, How, When, and Why Does Outcome Favorability Interact With Procedural Fairness? K. Leung, How Generalizable Are Justice Effects Across Cultures? Part VII: Integration. J.A. Colquitt, J. Greenberg, B.A. Scott, Organizational Justice: Where Do We Stand?
Emotion regulation in depression: Examining the role of cognitive processes

Sustained negative affect is a hallmark feature of depressive episodes. The ability to regulate emotional responses to negative events may therefore play a critical role in our understanding of this debilitating disorder. Individual differences in cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and interpretation may underlie difficulties in emotion regulation and numerous studies have identified cognitive biases and deficits that characterise depressed people. Few studies, however, have explicitly linked these biases to the difficulties in emotion regulation that are associated with depression. In this paper we discuss relations among cognitive processes and emotion regulation and review the depression literature to identify cognitive biases and deficits that may underlie maladaptive responses to negative events and mood states. Our review suggests that difficulties in the disengagement from negative material, memory biases, and deficits in cognitive control are frequently observed in depressive disorders and may be associated with the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination. These biases may also be related to difficulties implementing strategies that are effective for non-depressed people, such as recall of mood-incongruent material and reappraisal. Our review also suggests, however, that empirical studies linking cognitive biases and emotion regulation in depression are still largely missing and would present an important goal for future research in this area.
CAPACITY AND RELIABILITY FUNCTION PER UNIT COST FOR WSSUSFADING

This paper summaries our recent work on the application of the concepts of capacity per unit cost and reliability function per unit cost to models of fading channels. The cost is taken to be the energy, or a certain fourth moment functional that is sensitive to the bursti-ness of the signals, and is related to the ambiguity function of the input signal. The channel is assumed to be a Wide-Sense Stationary and Uncorrelated Scattering (WSSUS) channel.
Connexin and pannexin hemichannels of neurons and astrocytes

Hemichannels are large pore ion channels that in the traditional view are formed when half a gap connexin junction opens to the extracellular space. It is now evident that other ion channel families, including the newly discovered pannexin family can form channels with all the nascent properties of hemichannels. This suggests that hemichannels should now be defined to include members of non-connexin families. Several connexin, and two pannexins are expressed in neurons and astrocytes where they may function in release of ATP and glutamate. Additionally, pannexin-1 appears to play a role in neuronal death. Hemichannels form a novel and unique class of ion channels that likely have diverse physiological and pathophysiological roles in the nervous system.
Generation of a Complement-Independent Bactericidal IgM against a Relapsing Fever Borrelia1

The spirochetemia of relapsing fever in mice is cleared by a complement-independent, polyclonal IgM response with reactivity to two prominent Ags of 20 and 35 kDa. In this study, we have dissected the polyclonal IgM Ab response against a relapsing fever spirochete to determine the specificity of its complement-independent bactericidal properties. Our experimental approach selectively generated an IgM murine mAb from the early specific immune response to a variable outer membrane protein. This IgM is bactericidal in the absence of complement and is part of the polyclonal Ab response that mediates the clearance of this bacterium from the blood. Purified monoclonal IgM caused direct structural damage to the outer membrane of the spirochete, in the absence of complement, and protected both B cell- and C5-deficient mice from challenge when administered passively. The direct, complement-independent, bactericidal activity of Abs is a critical mechanism of host defense against infection.
Dynamics of granular segregation patterns in a long drum mixer

We have studied the early time evolution of granular segregation patterns in a horizontal rotating cylinder partially filled with a sand-salt mixture. The growth of concentration fluctuations starting from premixed initial conditions was analyzed using Fourier techniques. In one mixture, we observed generally merging dynamics in the segregated bands up to the onset of saturation. At the threshold of saturation, we found a spectrum of wavelengths with a broad peak. The peak position was nearly independent of the tube rotation rate. The overall growth rate of Fourier modes had a maximum at a particular value of the angular rotation frequency. In a slightly different mixture, we observed transient traveling waves when the larger grains were in the majority. We measured the wave speed as a function of several parameters using presegregated initial conditions to launch waves of various wavelengths.
Topographical short‐term memory differentiates Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal lobar degeneration

We used a recently developed test of spatial memory—the Four Mountains Test—to investigate the core cognitive processes underpinning topographical disorientation in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a‐MCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Performance of these clinical groups was compared with age‐matched controls, patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and patients with subjective memory impairments. We investigated the perception (concurrent match‐to‐sample) and short‐term retention (2‐s delayed match‐to‐sample) of the configuration of topographical features in computer‐generated landscapes shown from different viewpoints. Thirty‐one patients were tested (7 AD, 6 a‐MCI, 7 temporal variant FTLD, 5 frontal variant FTLD, 6 subjective memory impairment) and 25 age‐ and gender‐matched controls. Brain MRI was available for 27 patients; medial temporal lobe atrophy was assessed using a visual rating scale. Patients with a‐MCI or mild AD were impaired on topographical short‐term memory, but not perception. No other group differences were found on the topographical subtests. Notably, patients with temporal variants of FTLD performed normally, regardless of the laterality of damage. Subtests for the perception and retention of nonspatial aspects of the landscapes (weather conditions, seasonal and daily variations in lighting and color) were poor at differentiating the patient groups. These results indicate a core deficit in representing topographical layout, even for very short durations, within the context of more general long‐term memory impairments found in AD, and suggest that this function is particularly sensitive to the earliest stages of the disease. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rediscovering the Twelve Steps

Abstract Gamblers Anonymous (GA) seems to have undergone noteworthy changes over the last ten to twenty years in both Canada and the US. A recent qualitative, ethnographic study involving interviews (15 male, 8 female) with GA members and observations of 42 GA meetings across the Toronto area has found that GA has become more focused on the 12 Steps and that members are now encouraged to discuss emotions and life issues. The number of women may now be as high as 20 percent in the Toronto area. Previous studies have said that GA has for the most part ignored the 12 Steps, as well as emotional issues, in favor of a recovery culture that focuses almost exclusively on abstinence from gambling and practical matters such as debt. GA has also been described as an almost exclusively male domain. Another study, currently underway and involving interviews with members from different North American regions, is confirming the findings presented here [Approaches to Recovery in Gamblers Anonymous-funded by the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre].
Magnetoencephalographic Study on Forward Suppression by Ipsilateral, Contralateral, and Binaural Maskers

When two tones are presented in a short time interval, the response to the second tone is suppressed. This phenomenon is referred to as forward suppression. To address the effect of the masker laterality on forward suppression, magnetoencephalographic responses were investigated for eight subjects with normal hearing when the preceding maskers were presented ipsilaterally, contralaterally, and binaurally. We employed three masker intensity conditions: the ipsilateral-strong, left-right-balanced, and contralateral-strong conditions. Regarding the responses to the maskers without signal, the N1m amplitude evoked by the left and binaural maskers was significantly larger than that evoked by the right masker for the left-strong and left-right-balanced conditions. No significant difference was observed for the right-strong condition. Regarding the subsequent N1m amplitudes, they were attenuated by the presence of the left, binaural, and right maskers for all conditions. For the left- and right-strong conditions, the subsequent N1m amplitude in the presence of the left masker was smaller than those of the binaural and right maskers. No difference was observed between the binaural and right masker presentation. For left-right-balanced condition, the subsequent N1m amplitude decreased in the presence of the right, binaural, and left maskers in that order. If the preceding activity reflected the ability to suppress the subsequent activity, the forward suppression by the left masker would be superior to that by the right masker for the left-strong and left-right-balanced conditions. Furthermore, the forward suppression by the binaural masker would be expected to be superior to that by the left masker owing to additional afferent activity from the right ear. Thus, the current results suggest that the forward suppression by ipsilateral maskers is superior to that by contralateral maskers although both maskers evoked the N1m amplitudes to the same degree. Additional masker at the contralateral ear can attenuate the forward suppression by the ipsilateral masker.
Gene Silencing and Activation of Human Papillomavirus 18 Is Modulated by Sense Promoter Associated RNA in Bidirectionally Transcribed Long Control Region

Background Recently various studies have demonstrated the role of promoter associated non-coding RNAs (pRNA) in dsRNA induced transcriptional gene silencing and activation. However the exact mechanistic details of these processes with respect to the orientation of pRNAs are poorly defined. Methodology/Principal Findings We have identified novel sense and antisense long control region (LCR) associated RNAs (pRNAs) in HPV18 positive cervical cancer cell lines HeLa, C-4 I and C-4 II. Using dsRNAs against these pRNAs, we were able to achieve upregulation or downregulation of the sense and antisense pRNAs and the downstream E6 and E7 oncogenes. We present evidence that knockdown of the sense pRNA is associated with reduction in E6 and E7 oncogenes and an upregulation of antisense pRNA. Conversely upregulation of sense pRNA is accompanied by an induction of the oncogenes and a concomitant reduction in antisense pRNA. Moreover, the exact role of sense and antisense pRNAs in dsRNA mediated gene modulation was confirmed by their selective degradation using antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). Degradation of sense pRNA with antisense ODN led to loss of dsRNA induced silencing and activation, suggesting that dsRNA mediated gene modulation requires sense pRNA. Both processes were accompanied with congruent changes in the methylation pattern of activating and repressive histones. Conclusion/Significance Thus this data identifies and demonstrates the role of previously unknown important regulatory transcripts in HPV18 gene expression which can prove valuable targets in cervical cancer therapeutics. This mode of gene regulation by bidirectional transcription could be operational in other promoters as well and serve as a mechanism of regulating gene expression.