Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Moving-Target Defense in Power Grids

We study moving-target defense (MTD) that actively perturbs transmission line reactances to thwart stealthy false data injection (FDI) attacks against state estimation in a power grid. Prior work on this topic has proposed MTD based on randomly selected reactance perturbations, but these perturbations cannot guarantee effective attack detection. To address the issue, we present formal design criteria to select MTD reactance perturbations that are truly effective. However, based on a key optimal power flow (OPF) formulation, we find that the effective MTD may incur a non-trivial operational cost that has not hitherto received attention. Accordingly, we characterize important tradeoffs between the MTD's detection capability and its associated required cost. Extensive simulations, using the MATPOWER simulator and benchmark IEEE bus systems, verify and illustrate the proposed design approach that for the first time addresses both key aspects of cost and effectiveness of the MTD.
A Key Gene, PLIN1, Can Affect Porcine Intramuscular Fat Content Based on Transcriptome Analysis

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is an important indicator for meat quality evaluation. However, the key genes and molecular regulatory mechanisms affecting IMF deposition remain unclear. In the present study, we identified 75 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the higher (H) and lower (L) IMF content of pigs using transcriptome analysis, of which 27 were upregulated and 48 were downregulated. Notably, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the DEG perilipin-1 (PLIN1) was significantly enriched in the fat metabolism-related peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. Furthermore, we determined the expression patterns and functional role of porcine PLIN1. Our results indicate that PLIN1 was highly expressed in porcine adipose tissue, and its expression level was significantly higher in the H IMF content group when compared with the L IMF content group, and expression was increased during adipocyte differentiation. Additionally, our results confirm that PLIN1 knockdown decreases the triglyceride (TG) level and lipid droplet (LD) size in porcine adipocytes. Overall, our data identify novel candidate genes affecting IMF content and provide new insight into PLIN1 in porcine IMF deposition and adipocyte differentiation.
First Detailed Record of Symbiosis Between a Sea Anemone and Homoscleromorph Sponge, With a Description of Tempuractis rinkai gen. et sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae)

A new species in a new genus of sea anemone, Tempuractis rinkai gen. et sp. nov., was discovered at several localities along the temperate rocky shores of Japan. The new species is approximately 4 mm in length and has been assigned to family Edwardsiidae, because it has eight macrocnemes, lacks sphincter and basal muscles, and possesses rounded aboral end. The sea anemone, however, also has a peculiar body shape unlike that of any other known taxa. This new species resembles some genera, especially Drillactis and Nematostella, in smooth column surface without nemathybomes or tenaculi, but is distinguishable from them by several morphological features: the presence of holotrichs and absence of nematosomes. Furthermore, this edwardsiid species exhibits a peculiar symbiotic ecology with sponges. Therefore, a new genus, Tempuractis, is proposed for this species. In the field, T. rinkai sp. nov. was always found living inside homosclerophorid sponge of the genus Oscarella, which suggests a possible obligate symbiosis between Porifera and Actiniaria. The benefit of this symbiosis is discussed on the basis of observations of live specimens, both in the aquarium and field. This is the first report of symbiosis between a sea anemone and a homoscleromorph sponge.
Synanthropy and Temporal Variability of Calliphoridae Living in Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy)

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the synanthropy of Diptera: Calliphoridae, insects of forensic importance, in Calabria (southern Italy). The study lasted 2 years, from February 2010 to January 2012, and was carried out in three areas of Cosenza province representing “urban”, “rural”, and “wild” environments. Bottle traps baited with pork were used to catch Calliphoridae. Six species were identified, Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy 1830, Calliphora vomitoria (L.), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819), Lucilia ampullacea Villeneuve 1922, Lucilia caesar (L.), and Lucilia sericata (Meigen 1826). Data on phenologies in the study areas are reported for these species and the Synanthropy Index was calculated to evaluate their relationship with the human environment.
Yield and mineral nutrition content of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench): the effect of harvest times.

Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is cultivated primarily to obtain grains for human consumption, especially gluten sensitive patients and hypertensive people. The present study was conducted to investigate the yield and mineral nutrient contents in plant organs, the harvest times and grain of buckwheat in 2012 and 2013. The Gunespecies were used as the buckwheat cultivar. The results revealed that the yield and mineral nutrient content of buckwheat varied according to both plant organs and harvest times. The herbage-hay yields and mineral nutrient contents in plant organs and harvest times of buckwheat were statistically (p<0.01) significant in both years. A mean grain yield of 1460.8 kg ha -1 was obtained in 2012 and 1592.6 kg ha -1 in 2013. The mean seed mineral nutrient contents of both years were found to be very close to each other. At harvest times, the highest herbage (27393.3 and 27603.1 kg ha -1 , respectively) and hay yield (7661.3 and 8536.7 kg ha -1 , respectively) were determined at the 5 th harvest time (the latest harvest time), the lowest herbage and hay yield was obtained from the first harvest time in both 2012 and 2013. The herbage and hay yields increased by delaying harvest times. The highest mineral nutrition contents, except for Zn, were determined in the second harvest time. The lowest mineral nutrition contents varied according to the harvest times in both years. In comparison with different plant parts, the highest herbage (4638.4 and 4975.7 kg ha -1 , respectively) and hay yield (1616.2 and 1684.3 kg ha -1 , respectively) were determined in the stem, while the lowest herbage and hay yields were obtained from flower organs in both 2012 and 2013. The highest mineral nutrition contents were obtained from the leaf and flower organs whereas the lowest mineral nutrition contents, except for K, were determined in the stem in both years.
Estimating the Proportional Contributions of Multiple Nitrate Sources in Shallow Groundwater with a Bayesian Isotope Mixing Model

In this study, a dual stable isotope approach and a Bayesian isotope mixing model (SIAR model) were applied to estimate the proportional contributions of multiple NO3 sources to shallow groundwater. The concentration of groundwater NO3 ranged widely from 5.7 to 26.2 mg/L, with the δN values changed from 7.1 to 11.3‰ and the δO values varied from 5.4 to 11.6‰. According to the classical dual isotope bi-plot, manure and sewage (M&S), soil N (Soil), NO3 in chemical fertilizer (NF), NH4 + in chemical fertilizer and precipitation (NP) were identified as the four potential NO3 sources to groundwater. And the outputs of SIAR model showed some variability in the contribution of each NO3 source. "Soil" contributed the most (between 21% and 70%), followed by "NF" (between15% and 45%), "M&S" (between 4% and 39%), "NP" (between 0% and 20%). The SIAR model showed be considered as a reliable approach to quantify the proportional contributions of multiple NO3 sources in the mixture.
Groundwater depletion and sustainability of irrigation in the US High Plains and Central Valley

Aquifer overexploitation could significantly impact crop production in the United States because 60% of irrigation relies on groundwater. Groundwater depletion in the irrigated High Plains and California Central Valley accounts for ∼50% of groundwater depletion in the United States since 1900. A newly developed High Plains recharge map shows that high recharge in the northern High Plains results in sustainable pumpage, whereas lower recharge in the central and southern High Plains has resulted in focused depletion of 330 km3 of fossil groundwater, mostly recharged during the past 13,000 y. Depletion is highly localized with about a third of depletion occurring in 4% of the High Plains land area. Extrapolation of the current depletion rate suggests that 35% of the southern High Plains will be unable to support irrigation within the next 30 y. Reducing irrigation withdrawals could extend the lifespan of the aquifer but would not result in sustainable management of this fossil groundwater. The Central Valley is a more dynamic, engineered system, with north/south diversions of surface water since the 1950s contributing to ∼7× higher recharge. However, these diversions are regulated because of impacts on endangered species. A newly developed Central Valley Hydrologic Model shows that groundwater depletion since the 1960s, totaling 80 km3, occurs mostly in the south (Tulare Basin) and primarily during droughts. Increasing water storage through artificial recharge of excess surface water in aquifers by up to 3 km3 shows promise for coping with droughts and improving sustainability of groundwater resources in the Central Valley.
Zone out no more: Mitigating mind wandering during computerized reading

Mind wandering, defined as shifts in attention from task-related processing to task-unrelated thoughts, is a ubiquitous phenomenon that has a negative influence on performance and productivity in many contexts, including learning. We propose that next-generation learning technologies should have some mechanism to detect and respond to mind wandering in real-time. Towards this end, we developed a technology that automatically detects mind wandering from eye-gaze during learning from instructional texts. When mind wandering is detected, the technology intervenes by posing just-in-time questions and encouraging re-reading as needed. After multiple rounds of iterative refinement, we summatively compared the technology to a yoked-control in an experiment with 104 participants. The key dependent variable was performance on a post-reading comprehension assessment. Our results suggest that the technology was successful in correcting comprehension deficits attributed to mind wandering ( d = .47 sigma) under specific conditions, thereby highlighting the potential to improve learning by “attending to attention. ”
The Roles of Kisspeptin System in the Reproductive Physiology of Fish With Special Reference to Chub Mackerel Studies as Main Axis

Kisspeptin, a novel neuropeptide product of the Kiss1 gene, activates the G protein-coupled membrane receptor G protein-coupled receptor 54 (now termed Kiss1r). Over the last 15 years, the importance of the kisspeptin system has been the subject of much debate in the mammalian research field. At the heart of the debate is whether kisspeptin is an absolute upstream regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion, as it has been proposed to be the master molecule in reproductive events and plays a special role not only during puberty but also in adulthood. The teleostean kisspeptin system was first documented in 2004. Although there have been a number of kisspeptin studies in various fish species, the role of kisspeptin in reproduction remains a subject of controversy and has not been widely recognized. There is an extensive literature on the physiological and endocrinological bases of gametogenesis in fish, largely derived from studying small, model fish species, and reports on non-model species are limited. The reason for this discrepancy is the technical difficulty inherent in developing rigorous experimental systems in many farmed fish species. We have already established methods for the full life-cycle breeding of a commercially important marine fish, the chub mackerel (cm), and are interested in understanding the reproductive function of kisspeptins from various perspectives. Based on a series of experiments clarifying the role of the brain–pituitary–gonad axis in modulating reproduction in cm, we theorize that the kisspeptin system plays an important role in the reproduction of this scombroid species. In this review article, we provide an overview of kisspeptin studies in cm, which substantially aids in elucidating the role of kisspeptins in fish reproduction.
Segmentation of the zebrafish axial skeleton relies on notochord sheath cells and not on the segmentation clock

Segmentation of the axial skeleton in amniotes depends on the segmentation clock, which patterns the paraxial mesoderm and the sclerotome. While the segmentation clock clearly operates in teleosts, the role of the sclerotome in establishing the axial skeleton is unclear. We severely disrupt zebrafish paraxial segmentation, yet observe a largely normal segmentation process of the chordacentra. We demonstrate that axial entpd5+ notochord sheath cells are responsible for chordacentrum mineralization, and serve as a marker for axial segmentation. While autonomous within the notochord sheath, entpd5 expression and centrum formation show some plasticity and can respond to myotome pattern. These observations reveal for the first time the dynamics of notochord segmentation in a teleost, and are consistent with an autonomous patterning mechanism that is influenced, but not determined by adjacent paraxial mesoderm. This behavior is not consistent with a clock-type mechanism in the notochord.
THE USE OF KETAMINE-XYLAZINE OR BUTORPHANOL-AZAPERONE-MEDETOMIDINE TO IMMOBILIZE AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS)

Abstract: Wildlife anesthetic protocols must offer rapid inductions and recoveries, be physiologically safe, and be minimally regulated. With this in mind, we evaluated differences in induction and recovery times and physiological parameters in 33 American black bears (Ursus americanus) anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine (KX) or immobilized with a commercial drug combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM). Dose was based on mass estimated from field observations. Bears were housed at Appalachian Bear Rescue, Townsend, Tennessee, US, or free-ranging within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Tennessee and North Carolina, US) and chemically immobilized for management purposes. From 11 April to 29 June 2016, we immobilized bears with injection via pole syringe or disposable dart projected from an air-powered dart rifle. Once immobilized, we measured each bear's temperature, respiration (breaths/min), heart rate (beats/min), hemoglobin oxygen saturation (via pulse oximetry), arterial blood gases, and mass (kg). We found no differences in the induction parameters, partial pressures of CO2, and rectal temperatures. The BAM-treated bears had lower heart and respiratory rates that led to lower hemoglobin oxygen saturation levels (from blood gas analysis, SaO2). The SaO2 after treatment with BAM (91.1±0.8%) was lower than with KX (93.4±0.9%). After handling, we reversed KX-treated bears with a x̄=0.2±0.02 mg/kg yohimbine and BAM-treated bears with x̄=1.5±0.1 mg/kg atipamezole and 0.8±0.1 mg/kg naltrexone. We found no differences in the recovery times to increased respiration and to the bear assuming a head-up position. The BAM-treated bears stood and recovered quicker than did KX-treated animals. Based on our observations, BAM appears to offer safe, predictable immobilizations with fewer drawbacks and faster recovery times than KX-treated bears.
Whole-genome sequencing based characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has transformed our understanding of antimicrobial resistance, yielding new insights into the genetics underlying resistance. To date, most studies using WGS to study antimicrobial resistance have focused on gram-negative bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, which have well-defined resistance mechanisms. In contrast, relatively few studies have been performed on gram-positive organisms. We sequenced 197 strains of Enterococcus from various animal and food sources, including 100 Enterococcus faecium and 97 E. faecalis. From analyzing acquired resistance genes and known resistance-associated mutations, we found that resistance genotypes correlated with resistance phenotypes in 96.5% of cases for the 11 drugs investigated. Some resistances, such as those to tigecycline and daptomycin, could not be investigated due to a lack of knowledge of mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. This study showed the utility of WGS for predicting antimicrobial resistance based on genotype alone.
Extraction and Analysis of Gigantol from Dendrobium officinale with Response Surface Methodology

In order to optimize the extraction of gigantol from Dendrobium officinale, the influence of methanol concentration, ultrasonic temperature, and liquid ratio on extraction efficiency was analysed by the response surface analysis method. The results show that the extraction rate reached a maximum when the methanol concentration was 92.98%, the solid-liquid ratio was 27.2 mL/g, and the extraction temperature was 41.41 °C. The content of gigantol of Dendrobium officinale in leaves was significantly higher than that in stems, reaching 4.7942 μg/g. The content of gigantol in Dendrobium huoshanensis Fengdou was significantly higher than that of other species of Fengdou. This experiment has practical significance for improving the utilization rate of Dendrobium officinale, and provides a reference for the study of the pharmacological and biological activity of gigantol.
Positive regulatory role of strigolactone in plant responses to drought and salt stress

Significance Environmental stresses, such as drought and high salinity, adversely affect plant growth and productivity. Although various phytohormones are known to be involved in regulation of plant stress responses, the role of strigolactone (SL) in this important process remains elusive. By using different molecular and physiological approaches, we provide compelling evidence that, in Arabidopsis, SL acts as positive regulator of plant responses to drought and salt stress, which was associated with shoot- rather than root-related traits. Comparative transcriptome analysis suggests that plants integrate multiple hormone-response pathways—at least SL, abscisic acid, and cytokinin pathways—for adaptation to environmental stress. Our findings demonstrate that genetic modulation of SL content/response could provide a new approach for development of crops with improved stress tolerance. This report provides direct evidence that strigolactone (SL) positively regulates drought and high salinity responses in Arabidopsis. Both SL-deficient and SL-response [more axillary growth (max)] mutants exhibited hypersensitivity to drought and salt stress, which was associated with shoot- rather than root-related traits. Exogenous SL treatment rescued the drought-sensitive phenotype of the SL-deficient mutants but not of the SL-response mutant, and enhanced drought tolerance of WT plants, confirming the role of SL as a positive regulator in stress response. In agreement with the drought-sensitive phenotype, max mutants exhibited increased leaf stomatal density relative to WT and slower abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. Compared with WT, the max mutants exhibited increased leaf water loss rate during dehydration and decreased ABA responsiveness during germination and postgermination. Collectively, these results indicate that cross-talk between SL and ABA plays an important role in integrating stress signals to regulate stomatal development and function. Additionally, a comparative microarray analysis of the leaves of the SL-response max2 mutant and WT plants under normal and dehydrative conditions revealed an SL-mediated network controlling plant responses to stress via many stress- and/or ABA-responsive and cytokinin metabolism-related genes. Our results demonstrate that plants integrate multiple hormone-response pathways for adaptation to environmental stress. Based on our results, genetic modulation of SL content/response could be applied as a potential approach to reduce the negative impact of abiotic stress on crop productivity.
Flexible integration of visual cues in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

Although children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show atypical sensory processing, evidence for impaired integration of multisensory information has been mixed. In this study, we took a Bayesian model‐based approach to assess within‐modality integration of congruent and incongruent texture and disparity cues to judge slant in typical and autistic adolescents. Human adults optimally combine multiple sources of sensory information to reduce perceptual variance but in typical development this ability to integrate cues does not develop until late childhood. While adults cannot help but integrate cues, even when they are incongruent, young children's ability to keep cues separate gives them an advantage in discriminating incongruent stimuli. Given that mature cue integration emerges in later childhood, we hypothesized that typical adolescents would show adult‐like integration, combining both congruent and incongruent cues. For the ASD group there were three possible predictions (1) “no fusion”: no integration of congruent or incongruent cues, like 6‐year‐old typical children; (2) “mandatory fusion”: integration of congruent and incongruent cues, like typical adults; (3) “selective fusion”: cues are combined when congruent but not incongruent, consistent with predictions of Enhanced Perceptual Functioning (EPF) theory. As hypothesized, typical adolescents showed significant integration of both congruent and incongruent cues. The ASD group showed results consistent with “selective fusion,” integrating congruent but not incongruent cues. This allowed adolescents with ASD to make perceptual judgments which typical adolescents could not. In line with EPF, results suggest that perception in ASD may be more flexible and less governed by mandatory top‐down feedback. Autism Res 2016, 9: 272–281. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of speech-language pathology students on clinician time use and activity

Abstract Purpose: This prospective study investigated the impact of supervising students on public health speech-language pathologists’ (SLPs) time and patient activity levels in order to broaden evidence in the profession. Method: Thirty-four SLPs supervising students collected data profiling their time use and activity during the first, middle and penultimate placement week. They also collected data for a week when not supervising students. Pre- and post-placement surveys were used to supplement quantitative data with additional information such as clinician and student experience levels. Result: Overall clinical time (face-to-face and indirect) and the number of patients seen neither increased nor decreased during student placements. However, clinicians’ use of time altered across placement periods. For example, SLP time delivering clinical services decreased but time observing students providing clinical services increased as the placement progressed. Some differences in time spent in non-clinical activities (e.g. student teaching and SLP administration) were found. Comparing data from placements with varying supervision models or student competence level showed few significant differences in time use, activity or productivity. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in overall clinical time used, nor patient activity or productivity whether clinicians were supervising students or not. Further research is required within SLP services.