Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation

A global climatological distribution of tropospheric OH is computed using observed distributions of O3, H2O, NOt (NO2 +NO + 2N2O5 + NO3 + HNO2 +HNO4), CO, hydrocarbons, temperature, and cloud optical depth. Global annual mean OH is 1.16×106 molecules cm−3 (integrated with respect to mass of air up to 100 hPa within ±32° latitude and up to 200 hPa outside that region). Mean hemispheric concentrations of OH are nearly equal. While global mean OH increased by 33% compared to that from Spivakovsky et al. [1990], mean loss frequencies of CH3CCl3 and CH4 increased by only 23% because a lower fraction of total OH resides in the lower troposphere in the present distribution. The value for temperature used for determining lifetimes of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) by scaling rate constants [Prather and Spivakovsky, 1990] is revised from 277 K to 272 K. The present distribution of OH is consistent within a few percent with the current budgets of CH3CCl3 and HCFC-22. For CH3CCl3, it results in a lifetime of 4.6 years, including stratospheric and ocean sinks with atmospheric lifetimes of 43 and 80 years, respectively. For HCFC-22, the lifetime is 11.4 years, allowing for the stratospheric sink with an atmospheric lifetime of 229 years. Corrections suggested by observed levels of CH2Cl2 (annual means) depend strongly on the rate of interhemispheric mixing in the model. An increase in OH in the Northern Hemisphere by 20% combined with a decrease in the southern tropics by 25% is suggested if this rate is at its upper limit consistent with observations of CFCs and 85Kr. For the lower limit, observations of CH2Cl2 imply an increase in OH in the Northern Hemisphere by 35% combined with a decrease in OH in the southern tropics by 60%. However, such large corrections are inconsistent with observations for 14CO in the tropics and for the interhemispheric gradient of CH3CCl3. Industrial sources of CH2Cl2 are sufficient for balancing its budget. The available tests do not establish significant errors in OH except for a possible underestimate in winter in the northern and southern tropics by 15–20% and 10–15%, respectively, and an overestimate in southern extratropics by ∼25%. Observations of seasonal variations of CH3CCl3, CH2Cl2, 14CO, and C2H6 offer no evidence for higher levels of OH in the southern than in the northern extratropics. It is expected that in the next few years the latitudinal distribution and annual cycle of CH3CCl3 will be determined primarily by its loss frequency, allowing for additional constraints for OH on scales smaller than global.
Seasonal variations of black carbon observed at the remote mountain site Happo in Japan

The emission of black carbon (BC) from East Asia and its long‐range transport strongly influence the mass concentration of BC (MBC) over the western Pacific. However, reliable and long‐term BC data are still limited in this region, especially at elevated altitudes. In this study, we present accurate measurements of MBC using a continuous soot monitoring system at Happo, a remote mountain site at an altitude of about 1.8 km in Japan, from August 2007 to August 2009. The annual average MBC at Happo was about 0.26 ± 0.18 (1σ) µg m−3. The monthly average MBC values exhibited similar seasonal variations during both years, with minimum values in winter. Around 40% of the air sampled at the site was of free tropospheric (FT) origin, with about 10% originating in North China (NC) origin, respectively. The MBC values for FT (0.24 µg m−3) and NC (0.23 µg m−3) air were representative of the MBC values (0.26 µg m−3) at 1.8 km height in the western Pacific, which are strongly influenced by BC emissions in North China. The MBC values calculated using a regional‐scale model reproduced well the MBC observed at Happo. The model predicted that BC transported from northern China alone contributed ~53% to the measured MBC, consistent with trajectory analysis. The comparison of model‐calculated and observed MBC values indicates that the minimum values of MBC in winter were caused by the suppressed upward transport of BC over the Asian continent. Biomass burning in Siberia substantially increased MBC in the spring of 2008.
Quantitative Analyses of Coronary Vascular and Cardiac Mechanics in Health and Disease KV 7 channels contribute to paracrine , but not metabolic or ischemic , regulation of coronary vascular reactivity in swine

Goodwill AG, Fu L, Noblet JN, Casalini ED, Sassoon D, Berwick ZC, Kassab GS, Tune JD, Dick GM. KV7 channels contribute to paracrine, but not metabolic or ischemic, regulation of coronary vascular reactivity in swine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 310: H693–H704, 2016. First published January 29, 2016; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00688. 2015. —Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and voltage-dependent K (KV) channels play key roles in regulating coronary blood flow in response to metabolic, ischemic, and paracrine stimuli. The KV channels responsible have not been identified, but KV7 channels are possible candidates. Existing data regarding KV7 channel function in the coronary circulation (limited to ex vivo assessments) are mixed. Thus we examined the hypothesis that KV7 channels are present in cells of the coronary vascular wall and regulate vasodilation in swine. We performed a variety of molecular, biochemical, and functional (in vivo and ex vivo) studies. Coronary arteries expressed KCNQ genes (quantitative PCR) and KV7.4 protein (Western blot). Immunostaining demonstrated KV7.4 expression in conduit and resistance vessels, perhaps most prominently in the endothelial and adventitial layers. Flupirtine, a KV7 opener, relaxed coronary artery rings, and this was attenuated by linopirdine, a KV7 blocker. Endothelial denudation inhibited the flupirtine-induced and linopirdine-sensitive relaxation of coronary artery rings. Moreover, linopirdine diminished bradykinin-induced endothelial-dependent relaxation of coronary artery rings. There was no effect of intracoronary flupirtine or linopirdine on coronary blood flow at the resting heart rate in vivo. Linopirdine had no effect on coronary vasodilation in vivo elicited by ischemia, H2O2, or tachycardia. However, bradykinin increased coronary blood flow in vivo, and this was attenuated by linopirdine. These data indicate that KV7 channels are expressed in some coronary cell type(s) and influence endothelial function. Other physiological functions of coronary vascular KV7 channels remain unclear, but they do appear to contribute to endothelium-dependent responses to paracrine stimuli.
Local Magnitude in Northeastern Italy

We consider a large data set of waveforms (5053 recordings for the horizontal components and 9933 for the vertical) to calibrate a local magnitude scale valid for northeastern Italy in the hypocentral distance range of 10–250 km. The data refer to 1096 events occurring in the period January 1995 to December 2002 in the area between 44.4° and 47.6° N and 10.1° and 15.7° E. For each available signal, we simulate the corresponding Wood-Anderson seismogram. Using the geometrical mean of the two horizontal peaks, we simultaneously estimate the distance attenuation, the station correction terms, and the magnitude of the events. Estimations are obtained with the standard parametric approach accounting for the geometrical spreading and the anelastic attenuation, and by using two different methods of nonparametric regression, based on a stepwise-linear approximation and on kernel functions, respectively. The nonparametric solutions agree and show stronger attenuation in the first 70 km than what was found in central California. Furthermore, a noticeable discontinuity occurs around 100 km, because later phase arrivals. Such discontinuity is not fitted well by the parametric curve. We investigate the effect of magnitude-dependent attenuation on magnitude estimation. We also account for the bias induced by data truncation (i.e., data loss due to the limited dynamics of the instruments). The analysis shows that at short distances the standard, magnitude-independent attenuation model underestimates high magnitudes (e.g., by 0.49 units at 10 km for magnitude 5.5) and overestimates low magnitudes (e.g., by 0.17 units at 10 km for magnitude 1.5, 0.34 units if we extrapolate the relation down to magnitude 0.5). Finally, various factors suggest one should adopt the solution proposed in the literature to redefine the M L scale such that M L 3 corresponds to 10 mm of motion on a Wood-Anderson instrument at 17 km hypocentral distance.
Nd Isotopes and the Origin of Grenville-Age Rocks in Texas: Implications for Proterozoic Evolution of the United States Mid-Continent Region

Nd isotopic data were obtained for Precambrian Grenville-belt rocks in Texas. The samples represent most components of the crust of the Llano, Van Horn, and Franklin Mountains exposed terranes. Almost all Precambrian igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks from the three regions document addition to North America of mantle-derived crustal materials in the 1.6-1.0 Ga interval. The exception is a quartzite from the westernmost (Franklin Mountains) exposure, which was derived from ~1.8 Ga crust of the southwestern United States. The initial $$\epsilon_{Nd}$$ values of all rocks except the quartzite lie in the +1 to +6 range for igneous/metamorphic ages of 1.37 to 1.06 Ga. These results can be interpreted in two ways: (1) as documenting 0-20% additions of older crustal material to mantle-derived products 1.4-1.0 Ga ago; or (2) as documenting derivation of the Grenville exposures by recycling of older crustal protoliths separated from the mantle 1.6-1.3 Ga ago. The Nd data in isolation do not resolve these two interpretations. The model mantle separation ages ($$T_{DM}$$) of the rocks are very similar to published values of granulites in Mexico and Virginia: all these regions of the United States and Mexico show a strong peak of $$T_{DM}$$ around 1.4 Ga ago. If the ages represent older crustal protoliths, then they would have formed coevally with the 1.5-1.3 Ga Granite-Rhyolite Terranes of the continental interior USA. This would imply that the Granite-Rhyolite Terranes were formed during orogenic/accretionary processes in the adjoining Grenville Belt, and are not anorogenic in association, as conventionally assumed.
Phytoextraction of cadmium from soils treated with sewage sludge

The efficacy of phytoextraction strategies were tested by pot and field trials on soil contaminated with heavy metals, including Cd, derived from long-term disposal of sewage sludge. The strategies investigated were: i) the use of hyperaccumulators; ii) chemically-enhanced uptake using arable species and iii) the use of short rotation coppice (SRC). Chemical interventions including EDTA, chloride salts, HCl and herbicide were used to enhance uptake by arable and SRC species. Tissue Cd concentrations in the Ganges population of Thlaspi caerulescens were lower than reported in other studies; the mean Cd concentration was 265 mg kg". It was deduced that Cd uptake was limited by a low Cd2+ concentration in soil and the rate at which solution Cd was replenished. High rates of plant mortality were observed, raising questions over the successful husbandry of T. caerulescens for phytoextraction. Chemical interventions produced significant increases in metal uptake by arable and SRC species. For example, Cd uptake by Z. mays following application of 10 mmol EDTA kg'' and by Salix caprea x cineria x viminalis following combined application of EDTA and HCI. However, concentrations were still well below those required for successful remediation. Furthermore downward migration of metal was observed through the soil profile following EDTA application. For example, the soil Cd concentration in the 0- 10 cm profile was reduced from 32.0 to 25.5 mg kg' seven months after application of 10 mmol EDTA kg'', yet only 1% of this reduction could be accounted for by Z. mays Cd off-take. Realistic estimates for phytoextraction timescales and costs were made in line with legislative thresholds. Overall the time required to reduce total soil Cd concentrations below 3 mg kg-1 was large and the costs were prohibitive. For example, although Cd off-take by Ganges was greater than for any of the other species tested, it was estimated that well over one century would be required to reach target metal concentrations.
Preparation and biological evaluation of 99mTc-TMPP as a novel agent for tumor diagnosis

Compound 5, 10, 15, 20 tetrakis {4-methoxyphenyl} 21H, 23H porphyrin (TMPP) was labeled with technetium-99m via direct labeling technique using stannous chloride as a reducing agent. The optimum conditions that gave high labeling yield (95.2%) of 99mTc-TMPP complex were achieved by using 3mg TMPP, 100μg SnCl2.2H2O, at pH 3 and 30min reaction time. Molecular geometry was used to illustrate the structure of complex which is formed between 99mTc and TMPP. The preclinical evaluation and biodistribution in solid tumor bearing mice showed high biological accumulation in solid tumor cells (22.66 % injected activity/ g tissue) and high T/NT ratio equal to 3.21 ± 0.15 at 30 minutes post-injection. Data described before could recommend 99mTc-TMPP as a potential targeting radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging.
Mutations in the X-linked and autosomal recessive forms of chronic granulomatous disease.

HRONIC granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunoC deficiency syndrome characterized clinically by severe recurrent bacterial and fungal infections that are difficult to treat by conventional means. These infections predominate in the lymph nodes, the subcutaneous tissues, the lungs, the liver and the bones. Gastrointestinal manifestations include diarrhea, perianal abscesses, and obstructions caused by granuloma formation. The disease is usually recognized in young children below the age of 2, but sometimes it is recognized later. ’ Biochemically, CGD is characterized by the inability of phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages) to generate reactive oxygen compounds, which are needed for intracellular killing of phagocytized microorganisms. ’ Therefore, the most common pathogens encountered in CGD patients are catalase-positive organisms, because catalase prevents the CGD phagocytes from using microbial-generated hydrogen peroxide for killing these pathogens. Predominant are Staphylococcus uureus, Aspergillus species, and a variety of Gram-negative enteric bacilli. CGD is a rare disease, with an estimated incidence of 1 in about 250,000 individuals, without any ethnic preference. Clinically and biochemically, CGD is a very heterogenous disorder due to the existence of many antimicrobial systems that can partially compensate for the defect in oxygen-dependent killing systems and to the complicated genetic origin of CGD. In this review, a short overview will be given of our present knowledge of the NADPH oxidase, the enzyme that is responsible for the production of antimicrobial oxygen compounds in leukocytes. This will be followed by a summary of all known mutations in the genes that encode the various NADPH oxidase components, and thus lead to the manifestation of CGD. This knowledge is of importance for a better understanding of the functional domains within the oxidase components, for improved prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of CGD, and for advances in therapy, including the future use of gene replacement.
Measuring Fast-Temporal Sediment Fluxes with an Analogue Acoustic Sensor: A Wind Tunnel Study

In aeolian research, field measurements are important for studying complex wind-driven processes for land management evaluation and model validation. Consequently, there have been many devices developed, tested, and applied to investigate a range of aeolian-based phenomena. However, determining the most effective application and data analysis techniques is widely debated in the literature. Here we investigate the effectiveness of two different sediment traps (the BEST trap and the MWAC catcher) in measuring vertical sediment flux. The study was performed in a wind tunnel with sediment fluxes characterized using saltiphones. Contrary to most studies, we used the analogue output of five saltiphones mounted on top of each other to determine the total kinetic energy, which was then used to calculate aeolian sediment budgets. Absolute sediment losses during the experiments were determined using a balance located beneath the test tray. Test runs were conducted with different sand sizes and at different wind speeds. The efficiency of the two traps did not vary with the wind speed or sediment size but was affected by both the experimental setup (position of the lowest trap above the surface and number of traps in the saltation layer) and the technique used to calculate the sediment flux. Despite this, good agreement was found between sediment losses calculated from the saltiphone and those measured using the balance. The results of this study provide a framework for measuring sediment fluxes at small time resolution (seconds to milliseconds) in the field.
Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology

Part 1 Soils and paleosols: paleopedology soils on and under the landscape features of fossil soils soil-forming processes indicators of physical, chemical and biological weathering soil classification mapping and naming paleosols alteration of paleosols after burial. Part 2 Factors in soil formation models of soil formation organisms topographic relief as a factor parent material as a factor time as a factor. Part 3 Fossil record of soils: a long-term natural experiment in pedogenesis soils of othr worlds earth's earliest landscapes early life on land large plants and animals on land afforestation of the land grasses in dry continental interiors human impact on landscapes.
Serial changes in nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times after myocardial infarction in the rabbit: Relationship to water content, severity of ischemia, and histopathology over a six‐month period

To determine the serial changes in T1 and T2 relaxation times of myocardial infarction, and their relationship to observed changes in water content, regional myocardial blood flow, and histopathology, rabbits were studied at 14 time intervals ranging from 30 min to 6 months after coronary artery ligation. All values were compared to a control group. Hearts were subdivided into infarct and normal segments for measurement of blood flow, water content, and relaxation times (20‐MHz spectrometer); other hearts were excised intact for histopathologic studies. T1 relaxation time of infarcted myocardium did not change significantly compared to control over the 6‐month study period. T2 relaxation time increased (P < 0.0001) at 3 days and returned to baseline by 2 months. Consonant with the increase in T2 of infarct, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images at 3 days demonstrated an increase in signal intensity of infarct compared to surrounding normal myocardium. At 6 months, marked myocardial thinning was observed without changes in signal intensity. Changes in T2 of infarcted myocardium were not related to changes in water content or seventy of ischemia, but correlated best with infarct healing and scar formation as detected on histopathology. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that T2 relaxation time of the infarcted myocardium increases markedly at 3 days and remains elevated for 2 months. These changes correlate best with the onset and progression of infarct healing. These data demonstrate the potential of T2‐weighted NMR imaging for assessing healing patterns following ischemic myocardial injury. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Early chromite mining and agricultural clearance : Opportunities for the investigation of agricultural sediment dynamics in the eastern piedmont (USA)

Many flood plains in the Eastern Piedmont (USA) are buried under deposits of sediment resulting from European agricultural clearance. Classic radioiso-topic dating techniques cover temporal periods too short ( 137 Cs, 210 Pb) or too long ( 14 C) to reliably date sediments deposited during periods of local European activity (1660-1900). Moreover, many potential biomarkers, such as pollen, degrade in oxic flood plain sediments. In the Baltimore, Maryland (USA) region, early chromite mining (1820 - 1880) occurred during periods of rapid agricultural clearance. Use of chromium (Cr) chemostratigraphic profiles in flood plain sediments tied to historical mining activity can provide improved precision in overbank accumulation rates and timing. Sediment cores were collected from the Red Run basin, which is part of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, an urban Long-Term Ecological Research site. Trace metal chemostratigraphic profiles were measured and peaks in Cr concentration tied to historic mining activity. Dates from Cr chemostratigraphic profiles were combined with 137 Cs dating to reconstruct flood plain sedimentation rates. Red Run early sedimentation rates (1820 - 1880) were higher (0.45 - 1.19 cm/yr) than more recent (1880 - 1963) rates (0.08 - 0.46 cm/yr). This indicates that Piedmont flood plain vertical sediment accumulation might have peaked before the peak in agricultural clearance, earlier than assumed by regional models. The Cr chemostratigraphy is applicable to a wider region including much of the Maryland and Pennsylvania (USA) Piedmont.
Age of Pre-late-Wisconsin Glacial-Estuarine Sedimentation, Bristol Bay, Alaska

Abstract Pleistocene glacial-estuarine sediment deposited in an intertidal environment of northeastern Bristol Bay, southwestern Alaska, was dated using a variety of approaches, including infrared stimulated and thermoluminescence (IRSL and TL) techniques. Analysis of modern and 14C-dated Holocene tide-flat mud demonstrates that the bulk of sediment in this environment is reset by solar radiation, thereby lending confidence to ages obtained from similar Pleistocene deposits by luminescence techniques. IRSL seems to be especially well suited for dating, with resolution on time scales of <10,000 yr. The ages of tide-flat mud of the Nushagak Formation, derived from the Ahklun Mountains to the northwest of Bristol Bay, and of Halfmoon Bay drift, derived from the Alaska Peninsula to the southeast, suggest contemporaneous glacial-estuarine deposition related to independent glacial source areas about 75,000–80,000 yr ago. This age is consistent with other geochronological data that indicate a pre-late-Wisconsin and post-substage-5e age, including nonfinite 14C ages, a lack of interglacial indicators, and Old Crow tephra (∼140,000 yr) atop the drift, normal paleomagnetic inclinations, and amino acid (isoleucine) epimerization ratios (aIle/Ile). AIle/Ile ratios in Portlandia arctica(0.052 ± 0.003) from a marine-lag horizon at South Naknek beach, which separates Halfmoon Bay drift above from older glacial-estuarine drift below, are only slightly higher than in Mya truncata(0.041 ± 0.007) from last-interglacial Pelukian deposits at Nome. As laboratory heating experiments show that the two genera epimerize at similar rates, these data imply correlation of the marine lag at South Naknek beach with Pelukian deposits. Hence, glaciers on the Alaska Peninsula experienced major pre-late-Wisconsin advances both before and after the last interglaciation. Shells reworked into Halfmoon Bay drift yield aIle/Ile ratios of 0.028 ± 0.005 for Portlandiaat Second Point and 0.027 ± 0.001 for Hiatella arcticaat Etolin Point. Together with assumptions about the postdepositional temperature history, these ratios indicate that the shells are at least 55,000 yr, and probably closer to ∼90,000 yr, although the uncertainty in this age estimate is broad. The amino acid and luminescence data converge on an age between about 75,000, and 90,000 yr, late during oxygen-isotope stage 5, for a major ice advance far beyond late-Wisconsin limits.