Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
History of expansion and anthropogenic collapse in a top marine predator of the Black Sea estimated from genetic data

Two major ecological transitions marked the history of the Black Sea after the last Ice Age. The first was the postglacial transition from a brackish-water to a marine ecosystem dominated by porpoises and dolphins once this basin was reconnected back to the Mediterranean Sea (ca. 8,000 y B.P.). The second occurred during the past decades, when overfishing and hunting activities brought these predators close to extinction, having a deep impact on the structure and dynamics of the ecosystem. Estimating the extent of this decimation is essential for characterizing this ecosystem’s dynamics and for formulating restoration plans. However, this extent is poorly documented in historical records. We addressed this issue for one of the main Black Sea predators, the harbor porpoise, using a population genetics approach. Analyzing its genetic diversity using an approximate Bayesian computation approach, we show that only a demographic expansion (at most 5,000 y ago) followed by a contemporaneous population collapse can explain the observed genetic data. We demonstrate that both the postglacial settlement of harbor porpoises in the Black Sea and the recent anthropogenic activities have left a clear footprint on their genetic diversity. Specifically, we infer a strong population reduction (∼90%) that occurred within the past 5 decades, which can therefore clearly be related to the recent massive killing of small cetaceans and to the continuing incidental catches in commercial fisheries. Our study thus provides a quantitative assessment of these demographically catastrophic events, also showing that two separate historical events can be inferred from contemporary genetic data.
A Rare Case of an Artery Passing through the Median Perforating Canal of the Mandible

Along with the popularization of dental implant surgery, there has been considerable research on the lingual foramen using cone-beam computed tomography. Anatomical research has also revealed that the arteries entering the lingual foramina are branches of the submental and sublingual arteries. There have been no reports, however, of the submental or sublingual artery entering the mandible from the lingual foramen, perforating it, and then distributing to the inferior labial region. A 69-year-old man who donated his body to our department in 2015 was dissected. The mandible with overlying soft tissue of the mental region was resected and examined with microcomputed tomography, which showed that the canal perforated from the lingual foramen to the midline of the labial cortical plate. The canal was thus named the median perforating canal. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no other reports of a perforating artery of the mandible, so this case is thought to be rare. Hence, the existence of perforating arteries, such as in the present case, should be taken into consideration in preoperative diagnoses such as for dental implant surgery. Thus, the fusion of anatomical and radiological study is useful and necessary to understand surgical anatomy.
Supports for Vocabulary Instruction in Early Language and Literacy Methods Textbooks

The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which the content and recommendations in recently published early language and literacy methods textbooks may support early childhood teachers in learning to provide vocabulary instruction for young children. We completed a content analysis of 9 textbooks with coding at the sentence level. Although coverage of vocabulary ranged broadly across textbooks, overall this analysis revealed that only 3.5% of the content in these textbooks addressed vocabulary. The primary instructional method for vocabulary suggested in these textbooks was introducing word meanings to children. There was little coverage of word selection, review and practice, or progress monitoring of vocabulary. Few sentences addressed implicit supports for vocabulary development such as creating a high-quality oral language environment. These findings suggest that early language and literacy methods textbooks provide limited supports for early childhood teachers in learning to provide vocabulary instruction for young children.
Electrical Characterization of Photodetectors Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) Layers

This paper presents the electrical characteristics of solution-processed organic photodetectors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) semiconducting polymer layers deposited by spin-coating on interdigitated metal electrodes. Four different electrode shapes have been used for this study in order to appraise the optimum electrode geometry. The measurement of the resistance as a function of the temperature reveals a transition from negative to positive temperature coefficient material around 80 °C for the polymer layers. Besides, slow reversible changes in the photodetectors conductivity were observed when moved from vacuum to the air and under illumination with a xenon lamp, which can be explained by the formation of charge transfer complexes with molecular oxygen and the polymer. The photogenerated current-light power ratio was found to be approximately linear in the 200 to 550 mW/cm2 range.
Affect and mathematical problem solving : a new perspective

I A Theory of Affect for Mathematical Problem Solving. - 1 Affect and Learning: Causes and Consequences of Emotional Interactions. - 2 The Role of Affect in Mathematical Problem Solving. - 3 Describing the Affective Domain: Saying What We Mean. - II Studies of Learning. - 4 Affect in Schema Knowledge: Source and Impact. - 5 Aesthetic Influences on Expert Mathematical Problem Solving. - 6 Self-Confidence, Interest, Beliefs, and Metacognition: Key Influences on Problem-Solving Behavior. - 7 Information Technologies and Affect in Mathematical Experiences. - 8 Searching for Affect in the Solution of Story Problems in Mathematics. - III Studies of Teaching. - 9 Young Children's Emotional Acts While Engaged in Mathematical Problem Solving. - 10 Teaching Practices and Student Affect in Problem-Solving Lessons of Select Junior-High Mathematics Teachers. - 11 Affect and Problem Solving in an Elementary School Mathematics Classroom. - 12 Affective Factors and Computational Estimation Ability. - 13 Affective Issues in Teaching Problem Solving: A Teacher's Perspective. - IV Responses to the Theory. - 14 The Study of Affect and Mathematics: A Proposed Generic Model for Research. - 15 Psychological Conceptions of Mathematics and Emotion. - V Looking Back. - 16 Affect and Learning: Reflections and Prospects. - 17 Beliefs, Attitudes, and Emotions: New Views of Affect in Mathematics Education. - Author Index.
Probing the evolution of the near-infrared luminosity function of galaxies to z≃ 3 in the Hubble Deep Field-South

We present the rest-frame J s - and K s -band luminosity function (LF) of a sample of about 300 galaxies selected in the Hubble Deep Field-South (HDF-S) at K s ≤ 23 (Vega). We use calibrated photometric redshift together with spectroscopic redshift for 25 per cent of the sample. The accuracy reached in the photometric redshift estimate is 0.06 (rms) and the fraction of outliers is 1 per cent. We find that the rest-frame J s -band luminosities obtained by extrapolating the observed J s -band photometry are consistent with those obtained by extrapolating the photometry in the redder H and K s bands closer to the rest-frame J s , at least up to z ∼ 2. Moreover, we find no significant differences among the luminosities obtained with different spectral libraries. Thus, our LF estimate is not dependent either on the extrapolation made on the best-fitting template or on the library of models used to fit the photometry. The selected sample has allowed us to probe the evolution of the LF in the three redshift bins [0; 0.8), [0.8; 1.9) and [1.9; 4) centred at the median redshift z m ≃ [0.6, 1.2, 3] and to probe the LF at z m ≃ 0.6 down to the unprecedented faint luminosities M Js ≃ -13 and M Ks ≃ -14. We find hints of a rise of the faint-end (M Js > -17 and M Ks > -18) near-infrared (near-IR) LF at z m ∼ 0.6: a rise that cannot be probed at higher redshift with our sample. The values of a we estimate are consistent with the local value and do not show any trend with redshift. We do not see evidence of evolution from z = 0 to z m ∼ 0.6 suggesting that the population of local bright galaxies was already formed at z 0.8 suggests that a significant fraction of them increase their stellar mass at 1 3. Thus, our results suggest that the assembly of massive galaxies is spread over a large redshift range and that the increase of their stellar mass has been very efficient also at very high redshift at least for a fraction of them.
Polyamidoamine dendrimers as potential drug carriers for enhanced aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of silybin

Purpose: In this study, the effect of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers on the solubility of silybin was investigated. The in vitro drug release and the pharmacokinetics of silybin–dendrimer complex were also investigated. Methods: The solubilization of silybin by PAMAM dendrimers of generation G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3 with different concentrations was determined and compared in different pH conditions. The in vitro release of silybin from the silybin–dendrimer complex was compared with pure silybin. Twelve rats randomized into two groups were separately orally administered silybin and silybin–PAMAM complex. Results: The water solubility of silybin was significantly improved by PAMAM dendrimers of generations G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3 with different concentrations in different pH conditions (P < 0.05). The in vitro release of silybin from the silybin–dendrimer complex was significantly slower compared with pure silybin (P < 0.05). The pharmacokinetics parameters T max, Cmax, and AUC0–∞ of silybin and silybin–dendrimer complex were 10 minutes, 134.2 ng/mL, 654.6 (ng·h)/mL and 15 minutes, 182.4 ng/mL, 1298.7 (ng·h)/mL, respectively. The relative oral bioavailability of silybin–dendrimer complex calculated on the basis of AUC0–∞ was about 178% as compared with silybin. Conclusion: These results indicated that PAMAM dendrimers could increase the water solubility of silybin and improve its oral bioavailability.
Anti-EDAR Agonist Antibody Therapy Resolves Palate Defects in Pax9-/- Mice

To date, surgical interventions are the only means by which craniofacial anomalies can be corrected so that function, esthetics, and the sense of well-being are restored in affected individuals. Unfortunately, for patients with cleft palate—one of the most common of congenital birth defects—treatment following surgery is prolonged over a lifetime and often involves multidisciplinary regimens. Hence, there is a need to understand the molecular pathways that control palatogenesis and to translate such information for the development of noninvasive therapies that can either prevent or correct cleft palates in humans. Here, we use the well-characterized model of the Pax9−/− mouse, which displays a consistent phenotype of a secondary cleft palate, to test a novel therapeutic. Specifically, we demonstrate that the controlled intravenous delivery of a novel mouse monoclonal antibody replacement therapy, which acts as an agonist for the ectodysplasin (Eda) pathway, can resolve cleft palate defects in Pax9−/− embryos in utero. Such pharmacological interventions did not reverse the arrest in tooth, thymus, and parathyroid gland development, suggesting that the relationship of Pax9 to the Eda/Edar pathway is both unique and essential for palatogenesis. Expression analyses and unbiased gene expression profiling studies offer a molecular explanation for the resolution of palatal defects, showing that Eda and Edar-related genes are expressed in normal palatal tissues and that the Eda/Edar signaling pathway is downstream of Pax9 in palatogenesis. Taken together, our data uncover a unique relationship between Pax9 and the Eda/Edar signaling pathway that can be further exploited for the development of noninvasive, safe, and effective therapies for the treatment of cleft palate conditions and other single-gene disorders affecting the craniofacial complex.
Switch-like Arp2/3 activation upon WASP and WIP recruitment to an apparent threshold level by multivalent linker proteins in vivo

Actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex activation by nucleation promoting factors (NPFs) such as WASP, plays an important role in many actin-mediated cellular processes. In yeast, Arp2/3-mediated actin filament assembly drives endocytic membrane invagination and vesicle scission. Here we used genetics and quantitative live-cell imaging to probe the mechanisms that concentrate NPFs at endocytic sites, and to investigate how NPFs regulate actin assembly onset. Our results demonstrate that SH3 (Src homology 3) domain-PRM (proline-rich motif) interactions involving multivalent linker proteins play central roles in concentrating NPFs at endocytic sites. Quantitative imaging suggested that productive actin assembly initiation is tightly coupled to accumulation of threshold levels of WASP and WIP, but not to recruitment kinetics or release of autoinhibition. These studies provide evidence that WASP and WIP play central roles in establishment of a robust multivalent SH3 domain-PRM network in vivo, giving actin assembly onset at endocytic sites a switch-like behavior. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.29140. 001
On the Security of Privacy-Preserving Vehicular Communication Authentication with Hierarchical Aggregation and Fast Response

In [3], the authors proposed a highly efficient secure and privacy-preserving scheme for secure vehicular communications. The proposed scheme consists of four protocols: system setup, protocol for STP and STK distribution, protocol for common string synchronization, and protocol for vehicular communications. Here we define the security models for the protocol for STP and STK distribution, and the protocol for vehicular communications,respectively. We then prove that these two protocols are secure in our models.
The Automatic Evaluation Effect: Unconditional Automatic Attitude Activation with a Pronunciation Task

Previous demonstrations of automatic attitude activation have used the same critical test of the presence of automaticity (Bargh, Chaiken, Govender, & Pratto, 1992; Chaiken & Bargh, 1993; Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, & Kardes, 1986). In this task, subjects first classify as quickly as they can each of a series of adjectives as to whether each adjective is good or bad in meaning. Subsequently, on each priming trial, a word corresponding to an attitude object briefly precedes the adjective target. Whether this attitude objectprimeautomatically activates its corresponding evaluation in memory is indicated by whether the presence of that prime word on a trial facilitates or interferes with the conscious and intended evaluation of the adjective target. Although there is some disagreement as to the generality of the automaticity effect (Chaiken & Bargh, 1993; Fazio, 1993), all relevant experiments have obtained it for at least some of the subject's attitudes. The present experiments investigated the role that the adjective evaluation task itself may play in producing the automaticity effect. If the effect is truly unconditional, requiring only the mere presence of the attitude object in the environment, it should not depend on the subject consciously thinking in terms of evaluation. Three experiments designed to remove all such evaluative features from the basic paradigm revealed that the automaticity effect does not depend on such strategic evaluative processing. In fact, consistent with theaffect primacyhypothesis (Murphy & Zajonc, 1993), removing conscious processing aspects from the paradigm serves to increase, rather than decrease, the generality of the automatic evaluation effect.
Distribution of subgraphs of random regular graphs

We obtain the asymptotic distribution of the number of copies of a fixed subgraph H in a random d‐regular graph, provided H is strictly balanced and d = d(n) is chosen so that the expected number of copies of H tends to infinity (but not too quickly), and the expected number of copies sharing edges with two other copies is bounded. The proof of asymptotic normality of the distribution uses a method of factorial moments for variables with unbounded means that was recently derived by the authors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 2008
Through a new window: a new look at friendship quality and adjustment during adolescence

In the present study, the quality of one's friendship with both same-sex and opposite-sex best friendships in preadolescence and adolescence was examined as having special significance for psychological development. Specifically, this study was conducted to explore the relationships among seven aspects of friendship quality (Self-Disclosure, School Help, Conflict, Shared Experience, Trust/Loyalty, Validation/Caring, and Closeness) and psychosocial adjustment (Self-Worth, Depression and Alienation), and how these relationships varied as a function of age (grade five, eight and eleven) and gender. In examining the findings, a complex pattern emerged, suggesting that the various aspects of friendship quality were differentially related to particular indices of adjustment. Moreover, the relations between friendship quality and various indices of adjustment were found to vary developmentally across the adolescent period and differed for boys and girls.
A Method for Optimally Localizing Power Quality Monitoring Devices in Power Systems

This paper presents a method for optimally localizing power quality monitoring devices in power systems. The method is based on calculating the load flow in the frequency domain. The computation algorithm also obtains the Jacobi matrix that reflects the working point of a power system. Singular value decomposition enables obtaining information about nodes sensitive to harmonic. These nodes are where the power quality monitoring systems should be installed.
Deficient CD4+CD25high T Regulatory Cell Function in Patients with Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus1

CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) play an essential role in maintaining immunologic homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a loss of tolerance to nuclear components. We hypothesized that altered function of CD4+CD25high Tregs might play a role in the breakdown of immunologic self-tolerance in patients with SLE. In this study, we report a significant decrease in the suppressive function of CD4+CD25high Tregs from peripheral blood of patients with active SLE as compared with normal donors and patients with inactive SLE. Notably, CD4+CD25high Tregs isolated from patients with active SLE expressed reduced levels of FoxP3 mRNA and protein and poorly suppressed the proliferation and cytokine secretion of CD4+ effector T cells in vitro. In contrast, the expression of FoxP3 mRNA and protein and in vitro suppression of the proliferation of CD4+ effector T cells by Tregs isolated from inactive SLE patients, was comparable to that of normal individuals. In vitro activation of CD4+CD25high Tregs from patients with active SLE increased FoxP3 mRNA and protein expression and restored their suppressive function. These data are the first to demonstrate a reversible defect in CD4+CD25high Treg function in patients with active SLE, and suggest that strategies to enhance the function of these cells might benefit patients with this autoimmune disease.
Identification of an Effector Specificity Subregion within the Aromatic-Responsive Regulators DmpR and XylR by DNA Shuffling

ABSTRACT The Pseudomonas derived ς54-dependent regulators DmpR and XylR control the expression of genes involved in catabolism of aromatic compounds. Binding to distinct, nonoverlapping groups of aromatic effectors controls the activities of these transcriptional activators. Previous work has derived a common mechanistic model for these two regulators in which effector binding by the N-terminal 210 residues (the A-domain) of the protein relieves repression of an intrinsic ATPase activity essential for its transcription-promoting property and allows productive interaction with the transcriptional apparatus. Here we dissect the A-domains of DmpR and XylR by DNA shuffling to identify the region(s) that mediates the differences in the effector specificity profiles. Analysis of in vivo transcription in response to multiple aromatic effectors and the in vitro phenol-binding abilities of regulator derivatives with hybrid DmpR/XylR A-domains reveals that residues 110 to 186 are key determinants that distinguish the effector profiles of DmpR and XylR. Moreover, the properties of some mosaic DmpR/XylR derivatives reveal that high-affinity aromatic effector binding can be completely uncoupled from the ability to promote transcription. Hence, novel aromatic binding properties will only be translated into functional transcriptional activation if effector binding also triggers release of interdomain repression.
Modeling and Simulation of a Distributed Generation-Integrated Intelligent Microgrid

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to the Department of Defense, Executive Services and Communications Directorate (0704-0188). Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. At present, there is a need to design a distributed and autonomous subset of a larger grid or a microgrid to increase the security and reliability of electricity supply. The objective of this work was to model and simulate a specialized microgrid called an Intelligent Distributed Autonomous Power Systems (IDAPS), which play a crucial role in building a scalable power grid that facilitates the use of renewable energy technologies. Microgrid device models, including distributed energy sources and loads, as well as their control algorithms, were developed. Several case studies were simulated to evaluate the operation of the IDAPS microgrid during parallel and islanded operation modes. Simulation results indicated that the proposed IDAPS control model was able to: (i) perform demand management during normal operating condition; (ii) island the microgrid from the main grid once an upstream fault is detected; (iii) secure critical loads and shed non-critical loads according to the given priority list during emergencies; and (iv) resynchronize the microgrid to the main grid after an upstream fault is cleared.