Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Origin of the Dachang gold deposit, NW China: constraints from H, O, S, and Pb isotope data

The Dachang gold deposit is located in the Late Triassic Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt, NE Tibetan Plateau. Gold ore is concentrated as veins along secondary faults and fracture zones in the Bayan Har Group metaturbidites. No exposed felsic plutons are present in the vicinity of the deposit. The auriferous veins contain <15% sulphide minerals, mainly arsenopyrite, pyrite, and stibnite. Gold is commonly enclosed within arsenopyrite and pyrite. Typical alteration around the ore bodies includes silicification, sericitization, and weak carbonatization. Gold-bearing quartz samples have δ18O values of 16.9–21.2‰ (V-SMOW) from which δ18OH2O values of 6.2–9.6‰ can be calculated from the fluid inclusion temperatures (or 10.0 to 12.7‰ if we used the average arsenopyrite geothermometer temperature of 301°C). The δD values of fluid inclusions in quartz range from –90‰ to –72‰. δ34S values of gold-bearing sulphides mainly range from –5.9‰ to –2.8‰ (V-CDT). Pyrite and arsenopyrite in ores have 206Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.2888 to 18.4702, 207Pb/204Pb ratios of 15.5763 to 15.6712, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 38.2298 to 38.8212. These isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids were of metamorphic origin, and the S and Pb may have been derived from the host metaturbidites of the Bayan Har Group. The Dachang Au deposit has geological and geochemical features similar to orogenic gold deposits. We propose that the ores formed when the Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt was intensely deformed by Late Triassic folding and thrusting. Large-scale thrusting resulted in regional allochthons of different scales, followed by secondary faults or fracture zones that controlled the ore bodies.
Notes on pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from North America, with comments on their status as ornithopods

Several biologically significant domes of pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs are described and figured. One unusual specimen from the Oldman Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta is placed into a new genus and another specimen from the same formation is assigned to a new species of Stegoceras. Domes referable to Stegoceras sp. (Judith River and Hell Creek Formations) are the first conclusive evidence of the presence of this genus in the United States. A large dome from the Oldman Formation of Alberta is referred to Pachycephalosaurus; this specimen is the oldest described to date and is the first record of this genus in Canada.Endocranial casts of Yaverlandia bitholus and Stegoceras validus are described along with a discussion of endocranial trends in pachycephalosaurids. The separation between the cerebrum and cerebellum found in Yaverlandia, and typical of ornithopods in general, is lacking in Stegoceras and Pachycephalosaurus. The loss of this separation may be the result of head butting.The family Pachyc.
Dewpoint and Humidity Measurements and Trends at the Summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 1935–2004

Abstract Meteorological conditions have been recorded at the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, (44°16′N, 71°18′W, 1914 m ASL) since November 1932. Use of consistent instrumentation allows analysis of humidity measurements as calculated from error-checked dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and pressure during the period 1935–2004. This paper presents seasonally and annually averaged dewpoint temperature, mixing ratio, and relative humidity means and trends, including clear-air and fog subsets and, beginning in 1939, day and night subsets. The majority of linear trends are negative over the full study period, although these decreases are not constant, with relatively large (small) values in the mid-1950s (late 1970s). Annual mean dewpoint (water vapor mixing ratio) over the 70-yr period has decreased by 0.06°C decade−1 (0.01 g kg−1 decade−1). During this period the annual frequency of fog increased by 0.5% decade−1. Dewpoint and mixing ratio trends, both generally decreasing, differ by sea.
Effects of Built Environmental Factors on Perceived Health Status and Health Disparity

This study analyzed built environments to see how strongly conditions which promote physical activity and healthy diets are associated with higher levels of perceived health and lower health disparity. This study examined built environmental and personal factors using a 436-respondent telephone survey and GIS-derived environmental data from Seattle, Washington. Logistic regression was used to estimate perceived health status while spatial regression was used for health disparity to account for autocorrelations. Positive built environmental correlates of perceived health status included access to parks and social support for walking or biking negative correlates included access to grocery stores. For health disparity, supportive environmental conditions, including easy access to downtown, banks, and parks, and difficult access to convenience stores and libraries were associated with lower disparity levels. The roles of the built environment were determined to be significant for perceived health and health disparity once personal factors were controlled for.
Parental rules and communication: their association with adolescent smoking.

AIMS To examine the association between parental rules and communication (also referred to as antismoking socialization) and adolescents' smoking. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional study including 428 Dutch two-parent families with at least two adolescent children (aged 13-17 years). MEASUREMENTS Parents' and adolescents' reports on an agreement regarding smoking by adolescents, smoking house rules, parental confidence in preventing their child from smoking, frequency and quality of communication about smoking, and parent's reactions to smoking experimentation. FINDINGS Compared with fathers and adolescents, mothers reported being more involved in antismoking socialization. There were robust differences in antismoking socialization efforts between smoking and non-smoking parents. Perceived parental influence and frequency and quality of communication about smoking were associated with adolescents' smoking. The association between antismoking socialization practices and adolescents' smoking was not moderated by birth order, parents' smoking or gender of the adolescent. CONCLUSIONS Encouraging parents, whether or not they themselves smoke, to discuss smoking-related issues with their children in a constructive and respectful manner is worth exploring as an intervention strategy to prevent young people taking up smoking.
The History of Granulite-Facies Metamorphism and Crustal Growth from Single Zircon U-Pb Geochronology: Namaqualand, South Africa

The Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex is a well-exposed, INTRODUCTION Mesoproterozoic, low-pressure, amphibolite–granulite-facies terrane flanking the Archaean Kaapvaal Craton of southern Africa. Previous isotopic dating in the region suggests an ~150 my period of prograde granulite-facies metamorphism and episodic granite emplacement The mid-crustal granulite-facies problem in the mid-crust. In contrast, thermal modelling suggests that Granulite-facies terranes are rocks of the Earth’s lower suband superjacent magmatic accretion should not have exceeded and middle crust that equilibrated at high pressures (P ) 30 my in duration. This enigma is resolved by precise U–Pb zircon and temperatures (T ). Their petrology and geoSHRIMP dating of the major orthogneissic units of the region. chronology commonly preserve both prograde and retroThese data point to Kibaran crustal growth at 1220–1170 Ma, grade characteristics. Because these terranes reflect a which occurred on the margins of a Palaeoproterozoic (2000–1800 number of different crustal and tectonic processes, their Ma) continental nucleus. A later, distinct, orogenic episode, here origin is important in understanding the nature of contermed the Namaquan (time equivalent of the Grenvillian), involved tinental growth and crustal evolution. crustal thickening and magmatism at 1060–1030 Ma and was Granulite-facies rocks typically reflect P–T conditions responsible for, and coeval with, the peak of metamorphism. Lowof 6–9 kbar and 750–850°C and comprise anhydrous P granulite-facies metamorphism resulted from advective heating mineral assemblages that point to conditions of reduced and crustal thickening by magmatic accretion over a 30 my interval. water activity (Harley, 1989). In the lower crust some granulite-facies rocks are thought to be residues of partial melting that has moved melt and volatiles to higher crustal levels. Alternatively, granulite-facies rocks may form where mutually soluble CO2–H2O-rich fluids stream upwards through the crust, causing local reduction in volatile content and accompanying mineral phase changes along the fluid flow paths (Harley, 1989). In the
High-Intensity Strength Training Improves Function of Chronically Painful Muscles: Case-Control and RCT Studies

Aim. This study investigates consequences of chronic neck pain on muscle function and the rehabilitating effects of contrasting interventions. Methods. Women with trapezius myalgia (MYA, n = 42) and healthy controls (CON, n = 20) participated in a case-control study. Subsequently MYA were randomized to 10 weeks of specific strength training (SST, n = 18), general fitness training (GFT, n = 16), or a reference group without physical training (REF, n = 8). Participants performed tests of 100 consecutive cycles of 2 s isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of shoulder elevation followed by 2 s relaxation at baseline and 10-week follow-up. Results. In the case-control study, peak force, rate of force development, and rate of force relaxation as well as EMG amplitude were lower in MYA than CON throughout all 100 MVC. Muscle fiber capillarization was not significantly different between MYA and CON. In the intervention study, SST improved all force parameters significantly more than the two other groups, to levels comparable to that of CON. This was seen along with muscle fiber hypertrophy and increased capillarization. Conclusion. Women with trapezius myalgia have lower strength capacity during repetitive MVC of the trapezius muscle than healthy controls. High-intensity strength training effectively improves strength capacity during repetitive MVC of the painful trapezius muscle.
Tectonic weak zones determined by magnetotellurics along the CEL-7 deep seismics profile

In the contact zone of three tectonic units (Pannonian Basin, Eastern Alps and Dinarides), in a complicated — basin and range — geological situation magnetotelluric deep soundings were carried out along a 140 km long profile (CELEBRATION-007) with a site distance of 2 km. In this area deep fractures of the Basin run together in NE-SW direction.In the paper various magnetotelluric images completed with gravity and magnetics are provided. In the traditional magnetotelluric approach, the structural indication of the TM and TE mode magnetotelluric sounding curves is clearly separated. The TM mode curves well express the resistive basement structure, already known from dense boreholes and detailed seismic exploration. The TE mode curves on the other hand (together with the induction vectors of very low values) definitely show the conductive root of the deep fractures, where the ductile materials are assumed to be raised into a very shallow depth of about of 8 km. The high heat flow of the area (about 100 mW/m2), which explains the shallowness of the conductive asthenosphere is also well indicated. The asthenosphere has more Alpine character in the NW part of the profile (its depth is about 80 km) and it is at smaller (about 50 km) depth in the SE part of the profile, due to the higher heat flow near the extensional Drava Basin. The induction vectors are also separated into two characteristic regions, according to their general direction, influenced by both local and remote effects.A strong correlation is shown between magnetotelluric and gravity inversion results. A joint interpretation of magnetotelluric, gravity, magnetic results provide a quite comprehensive interpretation about the deep geological structures in SW-Hungary.
Volcanism of the Central Atlantic magmatic province as a potential driving force in the end-Triassic mass extinction

Radiometric dating suggests that eruptions in the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) are synchronous with the ∼200 Ma end-Triassic mass extinction. Although stratigraphic evidence for major flows prior to the extinction horizon is still lacking, the vast extent of the province allows the assumption of cause-and-effect relationship between volcanism and extinction, mediated by drastic environmental change. A recently recognized negative carbon isotope anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary is interpreted to reflect combined effects of volcanically derived CO 2 input, methane release through dissociation of gas hydrates in a global warming episode, and a possible marine productivity crisis. Maximum duration of the Rhaetian stage is estimated as only 2 m.y. , and the isotope event appears short, lasting for less than 100 k.y. A variety of marine and terrestrial fossil groups (e.g., radiolarians, corals, bivalves, and plants) experienced correlated and sudden extinction at the end of Triassic, although some groups (e.g., ammonoids and conodonts) underwent a prolonged period of declining diversity. Post-extinction faunas and floras are cosmopolitan. Biotic recovery was delayed and the earliest Hettangian is a lag phase characterized by low diversity, possibly due to sustained environmental stress. The hypothesis of CAMP as the principal driving force in the end-Triassic extinction appears more consistent with paleontological and isotopic observations than alternative models. The temporally adjacent large igneous provinces, the Siberian Traps at the Permian-Triassic boundary and the Early Jurassic Karoo-Ferrar province, are also linked to extinction events, albeit of differing magnitude.
Kinematics of ionized gas in the barred Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151

ABSTRACT We have determined the structure and kinematics of ionised gas in the weak ovalbar of the archetypal Seyfert 1 galaxy, NGC 4151, using the TAURUS Fabry-Perotinterferometer to simultaneously map the distribution and kinematics of Hβ emission.We also present broad-band ultraviolet imaging of the host galaxy, obtained withXMM-Newton, that shows the detailed distribution of star formation in the bar andin the optically-faint outer spiral arms. We compare the distribution and kinematicsof ionised gas with that previously determined in neutral hydrogen by Mundell S we suggest that the distribution of bright, patchy UV emission close to the Hishocks is consistent with ionisation by star clusters that have formed in compressedpre-shock gas. These clusters then travel ballistically through the gaseous shock toionise gas downstream along the leading edge of the bar. In addition, we detect, forthe ﬁrst time, ionised gas within the shock itself which is streaming to smaller radiiin the same manner as the neutral gas.Key words: galaxies: active - galaxies: individual: NGC 4151 - galaxies: ISM -galaxies: kinematics and dynamics - galaxies: Seyfert - galaxies: spiral
Mule deer and energy development—Long‐term trends of habituation and abundance

As the extent and intensity of energy development in North America increases, so do disturbances to wildlife and the habitats they rely upon. Impacts to mule deer are of particular concern because some of the largest gas fields in the USA overlap critical winter ranges. Short‐term studies of 2–3 years have shown that mule deer and other ungulates avoid energy infrastructure; however, there remains a common perception that ungulates habituate to energy development, and thus, the potential for a demographic effect is low. We used telemetry data from 187 individual deer across a 17‐year period, including 2 years predevelopment and 15 years during development, to determine whether mule deer habituated to natural gas development and if their response to disturbance varied with winter severity. Concurrently, we measured abundance of mule deer to indirectly link behavior with demography. Mule deer consistently avoided energy infrastructure through the 15‐year period of development and used habitats that were an average of 913 m further from well pads compared with predevelopment patterns of habitat use. Even during the last 3 years of study, when most wells were in production and reclamation efforts underway, mule deer remained >1 km away from well pads. The magnitude of avoidance behavior, however, was mediated by winter severity, where aversion to well pads decreased as winter severity increased. Mule deer abundance declined by 36% during the development period, despite aggressive onsite mitigation efforts (e.g. directional drilling and liquid gathering systems) and a 45% reduction in deer harvest. Our results indicate behavioral effects of energy development on mule deer are long term and may affect population abundance by displacing animals and thereby functionally reducing the amount of available habitat.
In Search of Clarity: Self-Esteem and Domains of Confidence and Confusion

To date, research suggests that self-concept clarity is a monolithic construct: Some people have clearly defined self-concepts in all domains, whereas others do not. The authors argued that self-concept clarity is instead multifaceted and varies across trait domains. The authors predicted that social commodities (SCs; e.g., looks, popularity, social skills) would show less self-concept clarity than would communal qualities (CQs; e.g., kindness, warmth, honesty), due to domain differences in observability, ambiguity, and controllability. Results replicated past findings that self-esteem predicts self-concept clarity but also demonstrated that participants' SC self-views were less clear than their CQ self-views. Moreover, people showed greater clarity about traits that were lower in observability and higher in ambiguity and controllability. These findings suggest that everyone, regardless of self-esteem, has self-concept domains of relative confidence and confusion.
Emergence of Functional Hierarchy in a Multiple Timescale Neural Network Model: A Humanoid Robot Experiment

It is generally thought that skilled behavior in human beings results from a functional hierarchy of the motor control system, within which reusable motor primitives are flexibly integrated into various sensori-motor sequence patterns. The underlying neural mechanisms governing the way in which continuous sensori-motor flows are segmented into primitives and the way in which series of primitives are integrated into various behavior sequences have, however, not yet been clarified. In earlier studies, this functional hierarchy has been realized through the use of explicit hierarchical structure, with local modules representing motor primitives in the lower level and a higher module representing sequences of primitives switched via additional mechanisms such as gate-selecting. When sequences contain similarities and overlap, however, a conflict arises in such earlier models between generalization and segmentation, induced by this separated modular structure. To address this issue, we propose a different type of neural network model. The current model neither makes use of separate local modules to represent primitives nor introduces explicit hierarchical structure. Rather than forcing architectural hierarchy onto the system, functional hierarchy emerges through a form of self-organization that is based on two distinct types of neurons, each with different time properties (“multiple timescales”). Through the introduction of multiple timescales, continuous sequences of behavior are segmented into reusable primitives, and the primitives, in turn, are flexibly integrated into novel sequences. In experiments, the proposed network model, coordinating the physical body of a humanoid robot through high-dimensional sensori-motor control, also successfully situated itself within a physical environment. Our results suggest that it is not only the spatial connections between neurons but also the timescales of neural activity that act as important mechanisms leading to functional hierarchy in neural systems.
ARGUS: An Automated Multi-Agent Visitor Identification System

ARGUS is a multi-agent visitor identification system distributed over several workstations. Human faces are extracted from security camera images by a neural-network-based face detector, and identified as frequent visitors by ARENA, a memory-based face recognition system. ARGUS then uses a messaging system to notify hosts that their guests have arrived. An interface agent enables users to submit feedback, which is immediately incorporated by ARENA to improve its face recognition performance. The ARGUS components were rapidly developed using JGram, an agent framework that is also detailed in this paper. JGram automatically converts high-level agent specifications into Java source code, and assembles complex tasks by composing individual agent services into a JGram pipeline. ARGUS has been operating successfully in an outdoor environment for several months.
In-situ measurement of reactive hydrocarbons at Hohenpeissenberg with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC-FID): use in estimating HO and NO 3

During a field campaign at the Meteorological Ob- servatory Hohenpeissenberg (MOHp) in July 2004, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured using compre- hensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC◊GC). Comparison to routinely made gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurements showed good agree- ment for a variety of anthropogenic and biogenic ambi- ent VOCs ranging in concentration from below the detec- tion limit (0.1 pmol mol 1 ) to 180 pmol mol 1 . Pronounced diurnal cycles were found for both the biogenic and an- thropogenic compounds, driven for the most part by the daily rise and fall of the boundary layer over the station. For the reactive compounds (lifetimes <2 days), a signif- icant, non-zero dependency of the variability on lifetime was found, indicating that chemistry (as opposed to trans- port alone) was playing a role in determining the ambient VOC concentrations. The relationship was exploited using a single-variate analysis to derive a daytime mean value of HO (5.3±1.4◊10 6 molecules cm 3 ), which compares well to that measured at the site, 3.2±2.3◊10 6 molecules cm 3 . The analysis was extended to the night time data to estimate concentrations for NO3 (1.47±0.2◊10 8 molecules cm 3 ), which is not measured at the site. The feasibility of this ap- proach for environments dominated by emissions of short- lived VOCs to estimate ambient levels of radical species is discussed.