Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Directors' Social Identifications and Board Tasks: Evidence from Finland

Manuscript Type. Empirical. Research Question/Issue. Scholars and practitioners have been interested in the tasks of boards of directors, yet we know relatively little about the impact of directors' social identification on their engagement in specific board tasks. Examining the 92 largest Finnish industrial organizations, we explore how the directors' identification with the organization, its shareholders, and customers affects the extent to which the board engages in external legitimacy, networking, advice and counsel, top management monitoring, financial monitoring, strategic participation, and strategic evaluation tasks. Research Findings/Insights. Following the social identity perspective, we provide new insight to understand the relationship between board tasks and the directors' relevant identifications. We find that organizational identification is positively related to the level of board task involvement. We also discover that shareholder identification is negatively related to strategic participation tasks and only weakly related to other board tasks. Theoretical/Academic Implications. We contribute to the present literature on boards of directors by applying an empirical, analytical lens to theories on how and why directors engage in board tasks. In particular, we show that different social identifications of the directors have different explanatory power towards the subsets of resource provision and monitoring tasks. Practitioner/Policy Implications. Our findings suggest a re‐evaluation of the shareholder supremacy view as the only driver of value creation for the organization. Additionally, we advocate that board, organization, and industry characteristics are similarly weak in predicting the involvement of the directors in the board tasks examined.
Keskusteluaiheita – Discussion papers No . 645 Anssi Partanen Trade Potential around the Baltic Rim : A Two-Model Experiment

It has been almost ten years since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rebirth of the independent Baltic nations. The economic growth in most of the former communist countries has rebounded and is gradually starting to approach their Western counterparties. Trade, previously directed to the members of the same communist bloc, has diversified and expanded in line with the economic development. Asymmetric growth between the respective countries is still the norm, but the general trend is upwards and early 90s-style negative growth is not expected in the near future. At the same time a lot has happened on the Western front. The European Union has been expanded to include Finland, Sweden and Austria. The Nordic EU countries have regained from the severe recessions they suffered during the early part of the current decade, and growth is now expected to continue into the next millennium. Finland has proposed a new strategic concept for Northern Europe, called the Northern Dimension. The implementation of the proposal would further increase the regional co-operation around the Baltic Rim. This study tries to assess the potential for trade around the Baltic Rim, specifically potential for exports from the EU countries to the Baltics, Poland and North-West Russia. The study is conducted by using two different gravity models explaining trade patterns and is based on the hypotheses made in previous studies. These hypotheses include the assumption that the East European countries will turn into Western Europe type market economies in the long run. The main findings are that there definitely exists some unused trade potential in the region, the extent of which depending on the method and assumptions used. Baltics and Poland produce the greatest potential in absolute amounts, but percentwise the increase is greatest in Russia. The final implication of the study is to stress the importance of the Russian North-Western regions in trade creation and regional co-operation in Northern Europe.
The financial crisis: impact on BRIC and policy response

The paper looks at the transmission channels by which the financial crisis affected the four emerging economies- Brazil, Russia, India and China, the degree and extent of the impact of the crisis, the subsequent policy interventions which enabled recovery and an assessment of how successful recovery has been in these economies. We conclude by noting that in the long term global recovery will necessitate a rebalancing of the world economy which in turn means that the hub of global consumption has to shift from the west to the global south, particularly to BRICs.
Local firms productivity spillover from foreign direct investment: a study of Indian manufacturing industries

This paper examines the local firms productivity spillover from foreign direct investment (FDI) based on a cross-industry analysis of Indian manufacturing. The results are based on dynamic panel models and indicate that foreign presence itself raises the local firm's labour productivity within an industry. Nevertheless, the technology spillover is conditioned by the nature of the trade policy regime. We find that after trade policy liberalisation in India, industries which experienced a decline in the tariff cost exhibited stronger growth in domestic firms' labour productivity. A key policy implication is that liberalising the tariff protection could maximise the gains from FDI-technology spillover.
Measuring Research Performance in Business and Management Studies in the United Kingdom: The 1992 Research Assessment Exercise*

SUMMARY This paper presents the results of a statistical analysis of the 1992 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE92) for the 85 business and management departments in UK institutions of higher education. The aims of the paper are, first, to construct a set of quantitative indicators of research outputs and inputs which can be used by individual departments for comparative purposes and second, to investigate the extent to which variations between departments in the research rating obtained in the RAE92 can be explained by these indicators of research outputs and inputs. One of the main findings is that around 80 per cent of the variation in the research rating obtained by business and management departments are accurately predicted by a regression model that contains only a small number of regressors. These include: size of department, articles in refereed academic journals, research students and research income.
Omalizumab for severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis

A 35-year-old patient received omalizumab (300 mg twice a month) for 2 years for a severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) in order to reduce the risk for steroid-induced keratitis. After 4 months, quality of life and ocular symptoms improved, and the use of oral steroids was strongly reduced. The treatment was well tolerated. This observation suggests that omalizumab may be a good option for the treatment of severe AKC, especially to avoid side effects of immunosuppressive treatments, as suggested for other allergic diseases. Specific trials should be designed for allergic eye diseases.
Open source as a sourcing strategy for corporations

Open source software has opened up a new possibility for corporations that are currently developing software, namely developing with open source software. This can be done either using existing components and projects and build upon their results or release own projects in an early stage with free code and hope for a community to form around this project. These strategies complement the traditional options of developing the solution in-house or buying it from external sources. In this paper we put this decision regarding open source in the framework of sourcing analyses, detailing a resource-based view on the corporation, complemented with production economics, transaction cost economics and knowledge management. This rephrasing will shed new light on this decision and will enable corporations to more accurately arrive at appropriate strategies.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of a type 1 fimbrial gene of Streptococcus sanguis FW213

A structural gene for type 1 fimbriae of Streptococcus sanguis FW213 was located within a 6-kilobase fragment cloned in Escherichia coli. A 1.6-kilobase internal fragment contains an open reading frame of 927 bases coding for an immunoreactive peptide of 34,349 daltons, which corresponds in size with an observed cytoplasmic form of fimbrial peptide (P. M. Fives-Taylor, F. L. Macrina, T. J. Pritchard, and S. J. Peene, Infect. Immun. 55:123-128, 1987). Disruption of the reading frame by insertional mutagenesis results in loss of immunoreactivity. Consensus sequences for initiation of transcription and translation were identified 5' to the coding region. Transcription terminator-like sequences were found downstream of the coding region. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned fimbrial peptide shows a strongly hydrophobic signal sequence at the amino terminus. The carboxyl-terminal region does not include a hydrophobic membrane anchor sequence such as has been reported for other gram-positive surface structures. A hydrophobic region of 12 to 14 amino acids downstream from the putative signal sequence cleavage site exhibits homology with the Streptococcus pyogenes type 6 M protein repetitive region A (S. K. Hollingshead, V. A. Fischetti, and J. R. Scott, J. Biol. Chem., 261:1677-1686, 1986). Functional homology at the level of protein secondary structure with Actinomyces viscosus T14V type 1 fimbriae (M. K. Yeung, B. M. Chassy, and J. O. Cisar, J. Bacteriol., 169:1678-1683, 1987) is proposed.
S-(1,2-Dicarboxyethyl)glutathione and Glutathione in Lens and Liver of Naphthalene-Treated Rabbits

Summary: The determination of S-(l,2-dicarb oxyethyl)glutathione and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the rabbit lens and liver was developed using an isotachophoretic analyser. The recovery of S-(l,2-dicarb oxyethyl)GSH from the rabbit liver after ion-exchange treatment was 96.8 ± 11.3% (n = 3). The contents of S-(l,2-dicarb oxyethyl)GSH in the rabbit lens and liver were 219.9 ± 29.1 (n = 5) and 44.0 ± 13.5 (n = 8) nmol/g, respectively. The contents of S-(l,2-dicarboxyethyl)GSH in the lens and GSH in the lens and liver of naphthalene-treated rabbits was also determined by this method 24 hours after naphthalene administration, at which time the axial opacity "spichen" was observed at the equatorial region of the lens. The content of S-(l,2-dicarboxyethyl)GSH in the lens decreased in proportion to the content of GSH. During the further development of true lens opacity after naphthalene administration, the S-(l,2-dicarboxyethyl)GSH content further compared with that in the spichen stage, but the S-(l,2-dicarboxyethyl)GSH content of the lens that did not develop true opacity after naphthalene administration returned to the normal level. The change of S-(l,2-dicarb oxyethyl)GSH content of the lens in the spichen and true opacity stages coincided with that of GSH content.
To design optimally tuned FOPID controller for twin rotor MIMO system

This paper proposes a method to design optimally tuned fractional order as well as integer order proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers for twin rotor-multi-input multi-output system (TRMS), Two fractional order PID (FOPID) controllers for one degree of freedom (1-DOF) in horizontal plane and 1-DOF in vertical plane are designed separately using linear model. Design criterion consists of a performance index which is minimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to obtain the controller parameters for satisfactory responses. In order to assess the performance of closed loop control system a continuously varying reference trajectory has been taken which is tracked by actual response. It is found in simulation study that the FOPID controllers perform better than integer order PID (IOPID) controllers based on same design criteria.
Early growth and adult respiratory function in men and women followed from the fetal period to adulthood

Background: While some studies suggest that poor fetal growth rate, as indicated by lower birth weight, is associated with poor respiratory function in childhood, findings among adults remain inconsistent. A study was undertaken to determine the association between early growth and adult respiratory function. Methods: A longitudinal birth cohort study was performed of 5390 men and women born full term and prospectively followed from the fetal period to adulthood. Weight at birth and infancy were recorded, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were assessed by standard spirometry at age 31 years. Results: Adult FEV1 and FVC increased linearly with higher birth weight in both men and women with no apparent threshold. After adjustment for sex, adult height and other potential confounders operating through the life course, every 500 g higher birth weight was associated with a higher FEV1 of 53.1 ml (95% CI 38.4 to 67.7) and higher FVC of 52.5 ml (95% CI 35.5 to 69.4). These positive associations persisted across categories of smoking, physical activity and body mass index, with the lowest respiratory function noted among those with lower birth weight who were smokers, led a sedentary lifestyle or were overweight. Weight gain in infancy was also positively associated with adult lung function. Conclusion: Birth weight is continuously and independently associated with adult respiratory function. It is plausible that poor growth in early life may restrict normal lung growth and development, which could have long-term consequences on lung function later in life.
Household Food Security in the United States, 2005

Eighty-nine percent of American households were food secure throughout the entire year in 2005, meaning that they had access, at all times, to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members. The remaining households were food insecure at least some time during that year. The prevalence of food insecurity declined from 11.9 percent of households in 2004 to 11.0 percent in 2005, while the prevalence of very low food security remained unchanged at 3.9 percent. This report, based on data from the December 2005 food security survey, provides the most recent statistics on the food security of U.S. households, as well as on how much they spent for food and the extent to which food-insecure households participated in Federal and community food assistance programs. Survey responses indicate that the typical food-secure household in the U.S. spent 34 percent more on food than the typical food-insecure household of the same size and household composition. Just over one-half of all food-insecure households participated in one or more of the three largest Federal food assistance programs during the month prior to the survey. About 22 percent of food-insecure households— 3.5 percent of all U.S. households—obtained emergency food from a food pantry at some time during the year.
8 Welfare state transformation in small open economies

We examine whether a fundamental change in the core dimension of modern 20th century statehood, the welfare state, has become evident in response to changed exogenous and endogenous challenges. By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches we take stock of social policy development in four advanced welfare states – Austria, Denmark, New Zealand and Switzerland – over the last 30 years. Neither spending patterns nor structural changes support a ‘race to the bottom thesis’, according to which the changed environment of welfare state policies has led to a downward spiral in benefit provision. On the contrary, we show that social spending levels have risen, mainly due to a catch-up of former welfare state laggards. In structural terms, a blurring of welfare regimes can be observed. This twofold process can be described as dual convergence.
Employment While in College, Academic Achievement and Post-College Outcomes: a Summary of Results

This paper uses panel data that cover the 1972-1979 period obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of the High School Class of 1972 to study how male college students' employment while in college influences their academic performance, persistence in school, decisions to enroll in graduate school, and post-college labor market success. The analytic framework employed treats in-school employment as endogenous and determines persistence by a comparison of expected utilities.
Corporate social responsibility: what role for law? Some aspects of law and CSR

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to discuss the role that law plays for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in substance, action and reporting, including whether CSR functions as informal law.Design/methodology/approach – The theoretical point of departure is based in legal science. Through a discussion of various contexts of CSR in which law and legal standards feature, the article questions the conception that CSR is to do “more than the law requires”. CSR is discussed with the triple bottom line as a point of departure, focussing on social (esp. labour and human rights) and environmental dimensions.Findings – It is argued that CSR functions as informal law, and that important principles of law function as part of a general set of values that guide much action on CSR. Furthermore, it is argued that aspects of law in the abstract as well as in the statutory sense and as self‐regulation influence the substance, implementation and communication of CSR, and that the current normative regime of CSR.
Intrinsic pinning on structural domains in underdoped single crystals of Ba(Fe[subscript 1−x]Co[subscript x])[subscript 2]As[subscript 2]

Critical current density was studied in single crystals of Ba(Fe{sub 1-x}Co{sub x}){sub 2}As2 for the values of x spanning the entire doping phase diagram. A noticeable enhancement was found for slightly underdoped crystals with the peak at x=0.058. Using a combination of polarized-light imaging, x-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements we associate this behavior with the intrinsic pinning on structural domains in the orthorhombic phase. Domain walls extend throughout the sample thickness in the direction of vortices and act as extended pinning centers. With the increasing x domain structure becomes more intertwined and fine due to a decrease in the orthorhombic distortion. This results in the energy landscape with mazelike spatial modulations favorable for pinning. This finding shows that iron-based pnictide superconductors, characterized by high values of the transition temperature, high upper critical fields, and low anisotropy may intrinsically have relatively high critical current densities.
In vitro effect of melatonin on oxygen consumption in liver mitochondria of rats.

OBJECTIVE To examine the in vitro effect of melatonin on rat mitochondrial liver respiration. METHODS Oxygen consumption by liver mitochondria was measured polarographically in the presence of one of the following Krebs' cycle substrates: Lsuccinate, DL-3- beta-hydroxybutyrate or L-malate. Respiratory velocities at rest (state 4) and during rapid respiration in the presence of substrate and adenosine diphosphate (state 3) were measured in the presence of 10 (-9)-10(-3) M concentrations of melatonin. RESULTS In vitro melatonin (10(-7)-10(-3) M) reduced state 3 mitochondrial respiration. Basal, state 4 respiration was not affected by melatonin. Consequently, control respiratory index (i.e., the ratio of state 3 to state 4 respiration) was inhibited by melatonin with a threshold at 10(-7) M concentration. CONCLUSION The ability of melatonin to curtail acutely the stimulation of oxygen consumption in liver mitochondria may protect the mitochondria from excessive oxidative damage.
Extent of disclosure: what perinatally HIV-infected children have been told about their own HIV status

ABSTRACT How and when to disclose a positive HIV diagnosis to an infected child is a complex challenge for caregivers and healthcare workers. With the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, pediatric HIV infection has transitioned from a fatal disease to a lifelong chronic illness, thus increasing the need to address the disclosure process. As HIV-infected children mature, begin to take part in management of their own health care, and potentially initiate HIV-risk behaviors, understanding the nature of their infection becomes essential. Guidelines recommend developmentally appropriate incremental disclosure, and emphasize full disclosure to school-age children. However, studies from Sub-Saharan Africa report that disclosure to HIV-infected children is often delayed. Between 2013 and 2014, 553 perinatally HIV-infected children aged 4–9 years were enrolled into a cohort study in Johannesburg, South Africa. We assessed the extent of disclosure among these children and evaluated characteristics associated with disclosure. No children aged 4 years had been told their status, while 4% of those aged 5 years, and 8%, 13%, 16%, and 15% of those aged 6, 7, 8, and 9 years, respectively, had been told their status. Age was the strongest predictor of full disclosure (odds ratio 1.6 per year, p = .001). An adult living in the household who was unaware of the child’s status was associated with a reduced probability of disclosure, and knowing that someone at the child’s school was aware of child’s status was associated with an increased probability of disclosure. Among caregivers who had not disclosed, 42% reported ever discussing illness in general with the child, and 17% reported ongoing conversations about illness or HIV. In conclusion, a small minority of school-age children had received full disclosure. Caregivers and healthcare workers require additional support to address disclosure. A broader public health strategy integrating the disclosure process into pediatric HIV treatment programs is recommended.
Channel Coordination with a Risk‐Neutral Supplier and a Downside‐Risk‐Averse Retailer

We investigate how a supply chain involving a risk‐neutral supplier and a downside‐risk‐averse retailer can be coordinated with a supply contract. We show that the standard buy‐back or revenue‐sharing contracts may not coordinate such a channel. Using a definition of coordination of supply chains proposed earlier by the authors, we design a risk‐sharing contract that offers the desired downside protection to the retailer, provides respective reservation profits to the agents, and accomplishes channel coordination.
Reciprocal Connections between the Amygdala and the Hippocampal Formation, Perirhinal Cortex, and Postrhinal Cortex in Rat: A Review

Abstract: Recent anterograde and retrograde studies in the rat have provided detailed information on the origin and termination of the interconnections between the amygdaloid complex and the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal areas (including areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex and the postrhinal cortex). The most substantial inputs to the amygdala originate in the rostral half of the entorhinal cortex, the temporal end of the CA1 subfield and subiculum, and areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex. The amygdaloid nuclei receiving the heaviest inputs are the lateral, basal, accessory basal, and central nuclei as well as the amygdalohippocampal area. The heaviest projections from the amygdala to the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal areas originate in the lateral, basal, accessory basal, and posterior cortical nuclei. These pathways terminate in the rostral half of the entorhinal cortex, the temporal end of the CA3 and CA1 subfields or the subiculum, the parasubiculum, areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex, and the postrhinal cortex. The connectional data are summarized and the underlying principles of organization of these projections are discussed.