Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classroom "Families": Cooperating or Competing-Girls' and Boys' Interactional Styles in a Bilingual Classroom

This article examines how students use gendered discourse practices in small peer group settings to accomplish their school tasks. The analysis contributes to the separate worlds hypothesis by showing how Latino children interactionally orient to their peer group as a gendered context. For 1 academic year, observations were made in an elementary bilingual classroom. The target 3rd-grade teacher referred to her student groups as "families," a label that emerged as a legitimizing metaphor for the group's collective action. In cooperating and competing to accomplish their school tasks, the students strategically used Spanish and English. Further, the girls in the "family" adopted a brokering role to facilitate group cooperation much as they would in their actual families. For bilingual children, gender differences are played out within a cultural milieu created at the junctures of home and classroom and at the intersection of language and ethnic identity.
Enzymological analysis of the tumor suppressor A-C1 reveals a novel group of phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes

A-C1 protein is the product of a tumor suppressor gene negatively regulating the oncogene Ras and belongs to the HRASLS (HRAS-like suppressor) subfamily. We recently found that four members of this subfamily expressed in human tissues function as phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes. Here we examined a possible enzyme activity of A-C1. The homogenates of COS-7 cells overexpressing recombinant A-C1s from human, mouse, and rat showed a phospholipase A1/2 (PLA1/2) activity toward phosphatidylcholine (PC). This finding was confirmed with the purified A-C1. The activity was Ca2+ independent, and dithiothreitol and Nonidet P-40 were indispensable for full activity. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was also a substrate and the phospholipase A1 (PLA1) activity was dominant over the PLA2 activity. Furthermore, the protein exhibited acyltransferase activities transferring an acyl group of PCs to the amino group of PEs and the hydroxyl group of lyso PCs. As for tissue distribution in human, mouse, and rat, A-C1 mRNA was abundantly expressed in testis, skeletal muscle, brain, and heart. These results demonstrate that A-C1 is a novel phospholipid-metabolizing enzyme. Moreover, the fact that all five members of the HRASLS subfamily, including A-C1, show similar catalytic properties strongly suggests that these proteins constitute a new class of enzymes showing PLA1/2 and acyltransferase activities.
Factors Defined by Negatively Keyed Items: The Result of Careless Respondents?

A frequently occurring phenomenon in factor and cluster analysis of personality or attitude scale items is that all or nearly all questionnaire items that are nega tively keyed will define a single factor. Although sub stantive interpretations of these negative factors are usually attempted, this study demonstrates that the negative factor could be produced by a relatively small portion of the respondents who fail to attend to the negative-positive wording of the items. Data were generated using three different correlation matrices, which demonstrated that regardless of data source, when only 10% of the respondents are careless in this fashion, a clearly definable negative factor is gener ated. Recommendations for instrument development and data editing are presented.
Ethics in Africa and in Aristotle: some points of contrast

In this article I compare and, especially, contrast Aristotle’s conception of virtue with one typical of sub-Saharan philosophers. I point out that the latter is strictly other-regarding, and specifically communitarian, and contend that the former, while including such elements, also includes some self-regarding or individualist virtues, such as temperance and knowledge. I also argue that Aristotle’s conception of human excellence is more attractive than the sub-Saharan view as a complete account of how to live, but that the African conception is a strong contender for a limited group of the most important virtues related to morality qua rightness.
The missing link between emotional demands and exhaustion.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to preliminary explain the possibly complicated moderating effects of job resources. The paper specifies the missing link between job demand and burnout by focusing on the coping strategy argument.Design/methodology/approach – The paper preliminary supports the mediated moderation model of the missing link by a large sample cross‐sectional survey.Findings – The two coping strategies as mediators for the relationship between emotional demands and exhaustion are supported. Strong supports for the moderation effect of emotional intelligence on the relationship between emotional demands and the two coping strategies are found. Some support for the moderation of supervisor support on the relationship between deep acting and exhaustion are found.Research limitations/implications – The paper contributes to the job demands‐control‐support and job demands‐resources models, as the proposed model helps to explain the inconsistent results for the buffering effect of job resource.
Understanding Economic Policy Reform

One of the eventual consequences of the global debt crisis was a wave of market-oriented economic reforms. This paper discusses the state of our knowledge on the political economy of this process. Why were inefficient, and often unsustainable policies maintained for so long? Why are so many governments reforming now, after decades of adherence to policies of an opposite kind? Have the reformers internalized the correct lessons from the East Asian experience? Finally, are there any helpful rules for reformers to follow in guiding their policies through complicated political terrain?
Cross-Cultural Differences in Perceptions of Distributive Justice

Respondents in Hong Kong and Indonesia rated a hypothetical allocator depicted as distributing resources based on merit or need in either a positive (reward) or negative (cutback) resource context. Hong Kong respondents perceived that the use of merit was fairer and more principled than the use of need, but they also perceived that the allocator who favored merit was less nice, more selfish, and acted less because of concern for others’welfare. Indonesian respondents saw the use of need as being fairer than the use of merit, and they perceived that the allocator who favored the needy was nicer and acted more out of concern for others. Cultural differences in respondents’ perceptions were greater for the use of merit than for the use of need. Respondents from both cultures tended to rate the allocator more positively when resources were being given out than when resources were being taken away.
Disparities in community viral load among HIV-infected persons in New York city

Objective:HIV infection is a major problem in New York City (NYC), with more than 100 000 living HIV-infected persons. Novel public health approaches are needed to control the epidemic. The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) analysed community viral load (CVL) for a baseline to monitor the population-level impact of HIV control interventions. Design:A cross-sectional study using routinely collected surveillance data. Methods:All HIV-infected persons reported to the NYC HIV Registry who were at least 13 years of age, with at least one viral load test result in 2008, and alive at the end of 31 December 2008 were included. CVL was defined as the mean of individual viral load means reported between January and December 2008. Detectable viral load was defined as an individual mean of more than 400 copies/ml. Differences in CVL and proportion undetectable were computed by socio-demographic characteristics and summary measures were mapped. Results:New York City CVL was 21 318 copies/ml overall (N = 62 550) and 44 749 copies/ml (N = 28 366) among persons with detectable mean viral loads. CVL varied by demographic and clinical characteristics, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) in all groups except race/ethnicity (P = 0.16). Men, persons aged 20–49 years, MSM, persons with AIDS, those with a CD4+ cell count of 200 cells/&mgr;l or less and persons diagnosed after 2006 had higher mean viral load. Overall, 54.7% of HIV-infected persons had a suppressed mean viral load, with individual and neighbourhood variations (P < 0.0001). Conclusion:This analysis showed strong disparities in reported CVL by individual characteristics and neighbourhoods. CVL patterns can be utilized to target interventions and track their impact.
Well‐being, happiness and education

A financially strapped academic in need of some fast and easy money could do worse than enter the rapidly emerging happiness industry that is spreading through both academia and the real world. Politicians – who once assumed the liberal dictum that the state ought to stay out of people’s inner lives – now state with increasing regularity that there is more to life than money and that improving people’s happiness and wellbeing (let us temporarily treat these two terms as synonymous) is a vital challenge facing governments. The Conservative leader David Cameron has been quoted as saying that ‘We should be thinking not just what is good for putting money in people’s pockets but what is good for putting joy in people’s hearts’ (BBC News Channel, 22 May 2006). His comments are merely indicative of a wide, non-partisan commitment to politicise the quest for well-being and personal fulfilment. Labour Minister Tessa Jowell, for example, described ‘the new politics of behaviour’ as ‘one of the most fascinating challenges facing government’ (Observer, 21 November 2004). ‘The new politics of behaviour’ is a term replete with presumptions and meanings enough to fill many PhD theses. It reflects a significant shift in government thinking from traditional redistributionist social policies towards a focus on people’s emotional well-being and a system that meets the ‘emotional as well as the physical needs of human beings’ (Hoggett 2000, 144). Many of these discussions take it for granted that well-being equates to mental health and that consequently social policy needs to take a ‘therapeutic turn’ in order to address the evident problems generated by such issues as inequalities of wealth and opportunities: ‘emotions, health and distributive justice are therefore intimately related in the developed Western world’ (Williams 1998, 132). This seems to be the starting point for recent calls for ‘happiness lessons’ in schools. Anthony Seldon, Master of the well-known independent school Wellington College, has been vociferous in his support for school introducing such lessons because:
A socio-cultural perspective on children's early language: a family study

This study examines the effect of certain socio-cultural factors of the family environment on the language of toddlers and children in early childhood. The sample included 86 families with one- to six-year-old children. The data on the social, economic, and cultural factors of the family environment, parental reading literacy, parental knowledge of children's development, children's exposure to shared reading, and child language were obtained in the family environment. Path analysis was used to verify the presumed structural model, which included social and economic factors of the family environment, parental knowledge of children's development, and parental reading literacy as independent variables, activities used by parents to encourage their child's language as mediating variables, and children's early literacy and language as a dependent variable. The analysis results showed that the presumed structural model fitted our data well. Parental education (PE), family financial conditions, parental knowledge of children's development, and parental reading literacy was able to explain 13% of the variance in child language. The obtained results confirm the significant effect of social, economic, and cultural factors of the child's family on language during toddlerhood and early childhood.
Beyond Creative Destruction and Entrepreneurial Discovery: A Radical Austrian Approach to Entrepreneurship

Although Schumpeter's theory on `creative destruction' and Kirzner's on `entrepreneurial discovery' dominate current entrepreneurship research in organization studies, one of the most fundamental debates in modern Austrian economics is that between Kirzner and Lachmann. Using Low and MacMillan's (1988) key specifications as a rubric, we introduce organizational entrepreneurship scholars to Lachmann's work, identify the direction in which his radical subjectivist approach would lead the field, and encourage exploring important questions from, and adopting methods consistent with, his provocative perspective. This unique disequilibrium perspective, which takes into account institutional contexts and multiple levels of analysis, offers new theoretical insight into how entrepreneurs create opportunities through expectations of an imagined future and exploit opportunities through continuous resource combination and recombination. Conceptualizing time as subjective and heterogeneous, it facilitates the examination of patterns in entrepreneurial activity, especially when combined with longer time frames. And it offers hermeneutics and ideal-types as alternatives to statistical models, for developing a theoretically sophisticated understanding of how entrepreneurial processes unfold.
#swineflu

The need to improve population monitoring and enhance surveillance of infectious diseases has never been more pressing. Factors such as air travel act as a catalyst in the spread of new and existing viruses. The unprecedented user-generated activity on social networks over the last few years has created real-time streams of personal data that provide an invaluable tool for monitoring and sampling large populations. Epidemic intelligence relies on constant monitoring of online media sources for early warning, detection, and rapid response; however, the real-time information available in social networks provides a new paradigm for the early warning function. The communication of risk in any public health emergency is a complex task for governments and healthcare agencies. This task is made more challenging in the current situation when the public has access to a wide range of online resources, ranging from traditional news channels to information posted on blogs and social networks. Twitter’s strength is its two-way communication nature --- both as an information source but also as a central hub for publishing, disseminating and discovering online media. This study addresses these two challenges by investigating the role of Twitter during the 2009 swine flu pandemic by analysing data collected from the SN, and by Twitter using the opposite way for dissemination information through the network. First, we demonstrate the role of the social network for early warning by detecting an upcoming spike in an epidemic before the official surveillance systems by up to two weeks in the U.K. and up to two to three weeks in the U.S. Second, we illustrate how online resources are propagated through Twitter at the time of the WHO’s declaration of the swine flu “pandemic”. Our findings indicate that Twitter does favour reputable t bogus information can still leak into the network.
A Meta-Analysis of Cohesion and Performance

This study extends previous work reviewing the cohesion-performance relationship by using meta-analytic techniques to assess the effects of level of analysis and task interdependence on the cohesion-performance relationship. A total of 51 effect sizesfmrom 46 empirical studies were obtainedfor the meta-analytic integration. Results suggest that level of analysis and task interdependence moderate the cohesion-performance relationship. Implications of the findingsforfuture research on group cohesion and performance are discussed
Digging into Background Risk: Experiments with Farmers and Students

The article reports on a study that provides understanding of how risk preferences and other factors influence a farmer's decision to participate in a carbon offset market. It states incorporating background risk in a laboratory setting and drawing subjects from both a standard student population and a nonstandard farmer population helped to understand the decision making process. The study suggests that farmers are slightly more risk averse than students.
Coûts d'agence et changements de commissaire aux comptes : une approche empirique

This study investigates the role of agency costs concerning auditor changes and reputation adjustments decisions in French listed companies. Theoretical precepts suggest a positive relationship between the level or evolution of agency costs and auditor reputation. Univariate and logistic analysis of 41 auditor change and 44 auditor renewal companies, between 1996 and 1998, documents that the auditor change decision itself is mainly driven by a regulatory factor (i.e. the termination of non-effective joint-auditing engagements). Elsewhere, the increase in leverage over the last six financial years is an incentive for companies to nominate more reputed statutory auditors, consistent with the hypothesis that the credibility of accounting numbers depends on agency costs generated by leverage.
Reaping the Benefits of Information Technology in Organizations

As organizations employ information technologies to facilitate business process redesign and other organizational changes, they are not consistently observing the high levels of group performance touted by proponents of this technology. To achieve the breakthrough performance desired, organizations need a clearer and more systematic understanding of how to effectively use the technologies in specific group environments. This article develops a conceptual framework for examining the interrelationships among group support system tools, group characteristics, and their joint influence on performance. Organizations can use this framework to train facilitators to more effectively appropriate group support technologies and garner more intended benefits for the firm.
Moderating Effects of Goal Acceptance on the Relationship between Group Cohesiveness and Productivity

Despite the fact that several researchers have suggested that goal acceptance moderates the relationship between group cohesiveness and group productivity, only 1 study (C. N. Greene, 1989) has directly tested this proposition, and virtually no study has examined whether leaders who foster group goal acceptance actually do enhance the relationship between group cohesiveness and group productivity. Two studies were conducted to address these issues. In Study 1, goal acceptance was found to moderate the relationship between group cohesiveness and the quantity of performance of 40 machine crews in a paper mill located in the northeastern United States. In Study 2, the extent to which leaders fostered the acceptance of group goals was found to moderate the relationships between group cohesiveness and quantitative measures of group productivity in 71 insurance agency units located throughout the United States.
Despeckle filtering in ultrasound video of the common carotid artery

Noise reduction is essential for increasing the visual quality or as a preprocessing step for further automated analysis in video sequences and video coding. The objective of this work was to investigate four different video despeckle filtering techniques and evaluate them using visual assessment by two medical experts, texture features analysis, and video quality evaluation metrics. The four proposed video despeckle filtering techniques were evaluated on 10 ultrasound videos of the common carotid artery (CCA). The filters were applied on the whole video frame and in a selected by the user region of interest (ROI) which included the atherosclerotic carotid plaque. The despeckle filters were based on linear filtering (DsFlsmv), hybrid median filtering (DsFhmedian), nonlinear filtering (DsFkuwahara) and speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion (DsFsrad) filtering. Our results showed that, the best video despeckle filtering methods were the linear filter DsFlsmv, followed by the hybrid median filter DsFhmedian. Both filters improved the visual perception evaluation by experts and gave better texture and video quality metrics. Further work on a larger number of videos and by employing additional despeckle filtering techniques is required for the evaluation of video despeckle filtering methods on ultrasound videos of the CCA.
Helicobacter pylori cholesteryl glucosides interfere with host membrane phase and affect type IV secretion system function during infection in AGS cells

Helicobacter pylori infection is an aetiological cause of gastric disorders worldwide. H. pylori has been shown to assimilate and convert host cholesterol into cholesteryl glucosides (CGs) by cholesterol‐α‐glucosyltransferase encoded by capJ. Here, we show that CapJ‐deficient (ΔcapJ) H. pylori resulted in greatly reduced type IV secretion system (TFSS)‐associated activities, including the hummingbird phenotype of AGS cells, IL‐8 production, CagA translocation/phosphorylation and CagA‐mediated signalling events. Complementation of the ΔcapJ mutation with wild type cagJ or by adding CGs‐containing lysates or exogenous fluorophore‐tagged CGs reversed the mutant phenotypes. We also show that the wild‐type but not ΔcapJ H. pylori recruited raft‐associated components to sites of bacterial attachment. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis of AGS cells treated with fluorescence‐tagged cholesterol/CGs revealed that there was a higher proportion of CGs associated with immobile fractions. CGs‐associated membranes were also more resistant to a cold detergent extraction. Thus, we propose that CGs synthesized by H. pylori around host‐pathogen contact sites partition in detergent‐resistant membranes (DRMs), alters lateral‐phase segregation in membrane and reorganizes membrane architecture. These processes together promote the formation of a functional TFSS and H. pylori infection.
Reduced Odor Responses from Antennal Neurons of Gqα, Phospholipase Cβ, and rdgA Mutants in Drosophila Support a Role for a Phospholipid Intermediate in Insect Olfactory Transduction

Mechanisms by which G-protein-coupled odorant receptors transduce information in insects still need elucidation. We show that mutations in the Drosophila gene for Gqα (dgq) significantly reduce both the amplitude of the field potentials recorded from the whole antenna in responses to odorants as well as the frequency of evoked responses of individual sensory neurons. This requirement for Gqα is for adult function and not during antennal development. Conversely, brief expression of a dominant-active form of Gqα in adults leads to enhanced odor responses. To understand signaling downstream of Gqα in olfactory sensory neurons, genetic interactions of dgq were tested with mutants in genes known to affect phospholipid signaling. dgq mutant phenotypes were further enhanced by mutants in a PLCβ (phospholipase Cβ) gene, plc21C. Interestingly although, the olfactory phenotype of mutant alleles of diacylglycerol kinase (rdgA) was rescued by dgq mutant alleles. Our results suggest that Gqα-mediated olfactory transduction in Drosophila requires a phospholipid second messenger the levels of which are regulated by a cycle of phosphatidylinositol 1,4-bisphosphate breakdown and regeneration.
Courses in Psychotherapy: Evolution and Current Trends

SUMMARY. The evolution of courses in analytic and dynamic psychotherapy is discussed. A brief historical sketch of the Rugby Psychotherapy Conferences is included as a background. Three types of training are identified: independent analytic trainings, regional diploma courses and senior registrar trainings. Different levels of psychotherapy are emphasised and the idea of a three-stage training: primary degree, core professional qualification and postgraduate specialist training. The position of the core professions and their relevance and significance are discussed in relation to the possible development of a new profession of adult non-medical psychotherapists.