Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time-dependent resonant tunneling via two discrete states.

We theoretically investigate time-dependent resonant tunneling via two discrete states in an experimentally relevant setup. Our results show that the dc transport through the system can be controlled by applying external irradiation with a frequency which matches the energy difference between the discrete states. We predict resonant phenomena which should be easily observable in experiments. Time-dependent tunneling phenomena have received in- creasing attention in recent years. In the early eighties, Butt- iker and Landauer studied the tunneling time needed for an electron to traverse a potential barrier. 1 More recent theoreti- cal work focused on the time-dependence of resonant tunnel- ing using an effective Schrodinger equation 2 and on a de- scription of the time-dependent current through mesoscopic structures in terms of nonequilibrium Green's functions. 3 In addition, the considerable improvement in nanofabrication techniques facilitated some interesting experimental studies. Kouwenhoven et al. measured the photon-assisted tunneling current through a single quantum dot with an effectively con- tinuous level spectrum, due to thermal smearing. 4 van der Vaart et al. studied the dc current through a double dot sys- tem, with well developed 0D states in each dot and clearly resolved resonances between energy levels in both dots. 5 The sharp resonance features make it very tempting to perform experiments with time-dependent fields. The dc current through such a structure in the presence of oscillating fields may be expected to display interesting phenomena, not ob- servable in a single dot. Some time-dependent aspects of resonant tunneling via two wells in layered semiconductor heterostuctures have been studied in Refs. 6,7. However, the states in such stuc- tures are not really discrete and it is plausible to disregard Coulomb blockade effects. This makes it impossible to apply the results of these works to realistic ultrasmall quantum dots. In this paper, we use the density matrix approach of Ref. 8, in which the resonant states, being true quantum- mechanical many-body states of the two dots, are described by a time-dependent tunneling Hamiltonian. Transitions be- tween nonresonant states of the system are taken into ac- count through a master equation for the density matrix ele- ments. We calculate the photoresponse of the system in several experimentally relevant limits and derive an explicit
Video Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in Professional American Football Athletes

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are prevalent in contact sports that feature cutting and pivoting, such as American football. These injuries typically require surgical treatment, can result in significant missed time from competition, and may have deleterious long-term effects on an athlete’s playing career and health. While the majority of ACL tears in other sports have been shown to occur from a noncontact mechanism, it stands to reason that a significant number of ACL tears in American football would occur after contact, given the nature of the sport. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to describe the mechanism, playing situation, and lower extremity limb position associated with ACL injuries in professional American football players through video analysis to test the hypothesis that a majority of injuries occur via a contact mechanism. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective cohort of National Football League (NFL) players with ACL injuries from 3 consecutive seasons (2013-2016) was populated by searching publicly available online databases and other traditional media sources. Of 156 ACL injuries identified, 77 occurred during the regular season and playoffs, with video analysis available for 69 injuries. The video of each injury was independently viewed by 2 reviewers to determine the nature of the injury (ie, whether it occurred via a noncontact mechanism), the position of the lower extremity, and the football activity at the time of injury. Playing surface, player position, and time that the injury occurred were also recorded. Results: Contrary to our hypothesis, the majority of ACL injuries occurred via a noncontact mechanism (50 of 69, 72.5%), with the exception of injury to offensive linemen, who had a noncontact mechanism in only 20% of injuries. For noncontact injuries, the most common football activity at the time of injury was pivoting/cutting, and the most common position of the injured extremity included hip abduction/flexion, early knee flexion/abduction, and foot abduction/external rotation. There was no association between injury mechanism and time of injury or playing surface in this cohort. Conclusion: In this study of players in the NFL, the majority of ACL tears involved a noncontact mechanism, with the lower extremity exhibiting a dynamic valgus moment at the knee. These findings suggest that ACL injury prevention programs may reduce the risk of noncontact ACL tears in American football players.
A risk index for 12-month suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

Background. Clinical judgments about the likelihood of suicide attempt would be aided by an index of risk factors that could be quickly assessed in diverse settings. We sought to develop such a risk index for 12-month suicide attempts among suicide ideators. Method. The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a household survey of adults aged 18+, assessed the 12-month occurrence of suicide ideation, plans and attempts in a subsample of 5692 respondents. Retrospectively assessed correlates include history of prior suicidality, sociodemographics, parental psychopathology and 12-month DSM-IV disorders. Results. Twelve-month prevalence estimates of suicide ideation, plans and attempts are 2·6, 0·7 and 0·4% respectively. Although ideators with a plan are more likely to make an attempt (31·9%) than those without a plan (9·6%), 43% of attempts were described as unplanned. History of prior attempts is the strongest correlate of 12-month attempts. Other significant correlates include shorter duration of ideation, presence of a suicide plan, and several sociodemographic and parental psychopathology variables. Twelve-month disorders are not powerful correlates. A four-category summary index of correlates is strongly related to attempts among ideators [area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC)=0·88]. The distribution (conditional probability of attempt) of the risk index is: 19·0% very low (0·0%), 51·1% low (3·5%), 16·2% intermediate (21·3%), and 13·7% high (78·1%). Two-thirds (67·1%) of attempts were made by ideators in the high-risk category. Conclusions. A short, preliminary risk index based on retrospectively reported responses to fully structured questions is strongly correlated with 12-month suicide attempts among ideators, with a high concentration of attempts among high-risk ideators.
Cholesterol binding to a conserved site modulates the conformation, pharmacology, and transport kinetics of the human serotonin transporter

The serotonin transporter (SERT) is important for reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin from the synaptic cleft and is also the target of most antidepressants. It has previously been shown that cholesterol in the membrane bilayer affects the conformation of SERT. Although recent crystal structures have identified several potential cholesterol-binding sites, it is unclear whether any of these potential cholesterol sites are occupied by cholesterol and functionally relevant. In the present study, we focus on the conserved cholesterol site 1 (CHOL1) located in a hydrophobic groove between TM1a, TM5, and TM7. By molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate a strong binding of cholesterol to CHOL1 in a membrane bilayer environment. In biochemical experiments, we find that cholesterol depletion induces a more inward-facing conformation favoring substrate analog binding. Consistent with this, we find that mutations in CHOL1 with a negative impact on cholesterol binding induce a more inward-facing conformation, and, vice versa, mutations with a positive impact on cholesterol binding induce a more outward-facing conformation. This shift in transporter conformation dictated by the ability to bind cholesterol in CHOL1 affects the apparent substrate affinity, maximum transport velocity, and turnover rates. Taken together, we show that occupation of CHOL1 by cholesterol is of major importance in the transporter conformational equilibrium, which in turn dictates ligand potency and serotonin transport activity. Based on our findings, we propose a mechanistic model that incorporates the role of cholesterol binding to CHOL1 in the function of SERT.
Impact of autonomous vehicles on pedestrians' safety

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are currently being developed, and the subject is undergoing an intense transport study. They present enormous potential to enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of road traffic. The development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is rapidly moving forward with companies already performing or planning trials in public traffic environment. However, the aspect of how pedestrians will experience AVs and interact with them has largely been unexplored so far. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of autonomous vehicles on pedestrians' safety. An online survey was conducted which examined public opinion regarding Autonomous Vehicles. The survey yielded useable responses from 255 individuals. The major findings of these results is that the pedestrians showed high levels of concern about various issues regarding autonomous vehicles. They also felt positive about the autonomous vehicles and have optimistic expectations of the advantages of this technology.
The curious case of the intersensor radiometric comparison of SNPP VIIRS M11 with Aqua MODIS B7

The inter-sensor radiometric comparison of the 2257 nm channel (M11) of SNPP VIIRS and the 2130 nm channel (B7) of Aqua MODIS curiously demonstrates a wildly varying time series, in stark contrast to the very stable results of other band pairs. A link is found between the few statistically robust outcomes in the time series and the land-based snowy scenes, specifically of Antarctica. With a refined procedure including a selection of land-based snowy scenes, we are able to generate a viable comparison time series of radiance of Aqua MODIS B7 over that of SNPP VIIRS M11. The refined time series shows multi-year stability and hovers around 0.39. The connection between the observed behaviors and their non-overlapping relative spectral responses (RSRs) is discussed.
Groove Pancreatitis: Endoscopic Treatment via the Minor Papilla and Duct of Santorini Morphology

Background/Aims Groove pancreatitis (GP) is an uncommon disease involving the pancreaticoduodenal area. Possible pathogenesis includes obstructive pancreatitis in the duct of Santorini and impaired communication with the duct of Wirsung, minor papilla stenosis, and leakage causing inflammation. Limited data regarding endoscopic treatment have been published. Methods Seven patients with GP receiving endoscopic treatment were reviewed. The morphology of the pancreatic duct was evaluated by a pancreatogram. Endoscopic dilation of the minor papilla and drainage of the duct of Santorini were performed. Results There were two pancreatic divisum cases, one ansa pancreatica case and four impaired connections between the duct of Santorini and the main pancreatic duct. Three to 31 sessions of endoscopy, with 2 to 24 sessions of transpapillary stenting and dilation, were performed. Interventions through the minor papilla were successfully performed in six of seven cases. The pancreatic stenting duration ranged from 2 to 87 months. Five patients with evidence of chronic pancreatitis (CP) tended to receive more endoscopic interventions than did the two patients without CP (2–24 vs 2, respectively) for GP and other complications associated with CP. Conclusions Disconnection or impairment of communication between the ducts of Santorini and Wirsung was observed in all cases of GP. No surgery was required, and endoscopic minor papilla dilation and drainage of the duct of Santorini were feasible for the treatment of GP.
Effects of Fishing and Regional Species Pool on the Functional Diversity of Fish Communities

The potential population and community level impacts of fishing have received considerable attention, but little is known about how fishing influences communities’ functional diversity at regional scales. We examined how estimates of functional diversity differed among 25 regions of variable richness and investigated the functional consequences of removing species targeted by commercial fisheries. Our study shows that fishing leads to substantial losses in functional diversity. The magnitude of such loss was, however, reduced in the more speciose regions. Moreover, the removal of commercially targeted species caused a much larger reduction in functional diversity than expected by random species deletions, which was a consequence of the selective nature of fishing for particular species traits. Results suggest that functional redundancy is spatially variable, that richer biotas provide some degree of insurance against the impact of fishing on communities’ functional diversity and that fishing predominantly selects for particular species traits. Understanding how fishing impacts community functional diversity is key to predict its effects for biodiversity as well as ecosystem functioning.
Performance and Information : The Role of Organizational Demography ∗

Inspired by insights from organizational demography where the demographic mix determines the available set of similar others to learn from, we provide a theoretical framework and experimental evidence on how subsequent informational di erences may translate into performance di erences in competitive environments. Focusing on the gender imbalance in positions of leadership as our application, we employ binary information conditions with one group having a smaller sample of information available than the other. Such an informational disadvantage leads to a less clear understanding of how e ort impacts tournament outcomes, and lower performance. A gap in performance due to di erences in information conditions is compatible with labor market data, suggesting that gender pay gaps are particularly prevalent in the most competitive positions in male-dominated industries. (JEL C91, D81, J16, M50) ∗We wish to thank David Cesarini, Armin Falk, Guillaume Fréchette, Xavier Gabaix, Andy Schotter, and Richard Zeckhauser, along with seminar audiences at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (MOVEWorkshop) and Harvard Kennedy School, for helpful comments. Financial support from the Women and Public Policy Program and the Women's Leadership Board at Harvard Kennedy School is gratefully acknowledged. †Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. iris_bohnet@harvard.edu. ‡New York University, Department of Economics, 19 W. 4 Street, New York, NY 10012. saidi@nyu.edu.
Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress and Changes in Physiological Process of Free Radicals in the Blood of White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) Chicks in Polluted Areas

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, k, zn, Cd, and Pb upon enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (Sod), catalase (CAT), and ceruloplasmine (CP) diurnal and nocturnal activity, and the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and their interaction with free radicals, in the blood of the White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia), an altricial bird, during postnatal development, in polluted areas (copper manufacture) and in control environments. The age of chicks examined from an output from an egg was increased from 19 to 54 days. Samples of investigated wing venous blood were taken for AAS analyses of element concentration. We collected blood samples via veni-puncture of the brachial vein of chicks. We have stated significant interactions between Cd, Ca, and Mg, and TBARS, Sod, CAT, and CP activ ity. Interaction with Fe, Na, k, zn, and Pb were not significant. We observed regularities in the course of re lationships in the case of Cd; interactions of Cd-enzyme activity were negative in the control environment, both during the day time and at night. The prevalence of cd participation in element-enzymes interaction takes place. Ca- and Mg-relationships were more differential; Ca-enzymes interactions were significant only during the day in polluted environments and all of them were positive. Relations with Mg were posi tive during the day and negative at night, but significant in polluted areas only . We conclude that physiological activity of antioxidant systems Sod, CAT, and CP, and content of TBARS-active products are determined by concentrations of physiological elements and toxic heavy met als. These groups of elements influenced enzymatic activity both through excess and deficiency of their concentration in the environment. Simultaneously, we have not stated significant interactions with other microelements, thus we can conclude about their lack of important interactions on enzymatic activity .
Immune evasion mediated by PD-L1 on glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles

Glioblastoma can suppress immunity by using surface PD-L1 on extracellular vesicles to block T cell receptor–mediated T cell activation. Binding of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) to programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) leads to cancer immune evasion via inhibition of T cell function. One of the defining characteristics of glioblastoma, a universally fatal brain cancer, is its profound local and systemic immunosuppression. Glioblastoma has also been shown to generate extracellular vesicles (EVs), which may play an important role in tumor progression. We thus hypothesized that glioblastoma EVs may be important mediators of immunosuppression and that PD-L1 could play a role. We show that glioblastoma EVs block T cell activation and proliferation in response to T cell receptor stimulation. PD-L1 was expressed on the surface of some, but not of all, glioblastoma-derived EVs, with the potential to directly bind to PD1. An anti-PD1 receptor blocking antibody significantly reversed the EV-mediated blockade of T cell activation but only when PD-L1 was present on EVs. When glioblastoma PD-L1 was up-regulated by IFN-γ, EVs also showed some PD-L1–dependent inhibition of T cell activation. PD-L1 expression correlated with the mesenchymal transcriptome profile and was anatomically localized in the perinecrotic and pseudopalisading niche of human glioblastoma specimens. PD-L1 DNA was present in circulating EVs from glioblastoma patients where it correlated with tumor volumes of up to 60 cm3. These results suggest that PD-L1 on EVs may be another mechanism for glioblastoma to suppress antitumor immunity and support the potential of EVs as biomarkers in tumor patients.
Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes and Exosome‐Free Conditioned Media From Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines Reveals Secretion of Proteins Related to Tumor Progression

Osteosarcomas are the most prevalent bone tumors in pediatric patients, but can also occur later in life. Bone tumors have the potential to metastasize to lung and occasionally other vital organs. To understand how osteosarcoma cells interact with their micro‐environment to support bone tumor progression and metastasis, we analyzed secreted proteins and exosomes from three human osteosarcoma cell lines. Exosome isolation was validated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immuno‐blotting for characteristic biomarkers (CD63, CD9, and CD81). Exosomal and soluble proteins (less than 100 kDa) were identified by mass spectrometry analysis using nanoLC‐MS/MS and classified by functional gene ontology clustering. We identified a secretome set of >3,000 proteins for both fractions, and detected proteins that are either common or unique among the three osteosarcoma cell lines. Protein ontology comparison of proteomes from exosomes and exosome‐free fractions revealed differences in the enrichment of functional categories associated with different biological processes, including those related to tumor progression (i.e., angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and cell migration). The secretome characteristics of osteosarcoma cells are consistent with the pathological properties of tumor cells with metastatic potential. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 351–360, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypoxia-induced neutrophil survival is mediated by HIF-1α–dependent NF-κB activity

Neutrophils are key effector cells of the innate immune response and are required to migrate and function within adverse microenvironmental conditions. These inflammatory sites are characterized by low levels of oxygen and glucose and high levels of reductive metabolites. A major regulator of neutrophil functional longevity is the ability of these cells to undergo apoptosis. We examined the mechanism by which hypoxia causes an inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis in human and murine neutrophils. We show that neutrophils possess the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) hydroxylase oxygen-sensing pathway and using HIF-1α–deficient myeloid cells demonstrate that HIF-1α is directly involved in regulating neutrophil survival in hypoxia. Gene array, TaqMan PCR, Western blotting, and oligonucleotide binding assays identify NF-κB as a novel hypoxia-regulated and HIF-dependent target, with inhibition of NF-κB by gliotoxin or parthenolide resulting in the abrogation of hypoxic survival. In addition, we identify macrophage inflammatory protein-1β as a novel hypoxia-induced neutrophil survival factor.
Utilisation of home‐based physician, nurse and personal support worker services within a palliative care programme in Ontario, Canada: trends over 2005–2015

With health system restructuring in Canada and a general preference by care recipients and their families to receive palliative care at home, attention to home-based palliative care continues to increase. A multidisciplinary team of health professionals is the most common delivery model for home-based palliative care in Canada. However, little is known about the changing temporal trends in the propensity and intensity of home-based palliative care. The purpose of this study was to assess the propensity to use home-based palliative care services, and once used, the intensity of that use for three main service categories: physician visits, nurse visits and care by personal support workers (PSWs) over the last decade. Three prospective cohort data sets were used to track changes in service use over the period 2005 to 2015. Service use for each category was assessed using a two-part model, and a Heckit regression was performed to assess the presence of selectivity bias. Service propensity was modelled using multivariate logistic regression analysis and service intensity was modelled using log-transformed ordinary least squares regression analysis. Both the propensity and intensity to use home-based physician visits and PSWs increased over the last decade, while service propensity and the intensity of nurse visits decreased. Meanwhile, there was a general tendency for service propensity and intensity to increase as the end of life approached. These findings demonstrate temporal changes towards increased use of home-based palliative care, and a shift to substitute care away from nursing to less expensive forms of care, specifically PSWs. These findings may provide a general idea of the types of services that are used more intensely and require more resources from multidisciplinary teams, as increased use of home-based palliative care has placed dramatic pressures on the budgets of local home and community care organisations.