Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temporal Trends in Obesity, Osteoporosis Treatment, Bone Mineral Density, and Fracture Rates: A Population‐Based Historical Cohort Study

Diverging international trends in fracture rates have been observed, with most reports showing that fracture rates have stabilized or decreased in North American and many European populations. We studied two complementary population‐based historical cohorts from the Province of Manitoba, Canada (1996–2006) to determine whether declining osteoporotic fracture rates in Canada are attributable to trends in obesity, osteoporosis treatment, or bone mineral density (BMD). The Population Fracture Registry included women aged 50 years and older with major osteoporotic fractures, and was used to assess impact of changes in osteoporosis treatment. The BMD Registry included all women aged 50 years and older undergoing BMD tests, and was used to assess impact of changes in obesity and BMD. Model‐based estimates of temporal changes in fracture rates (Fracture Registry) were calculated. Temporal changes in obesity and BMD and their association with fracture rates (BMD Registry) were estimated. In the Fracture Registry (n = 27,341), fracture rates declined 1.6% per year (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3% to 2.0%). Although osteoporosis treatment increased from 5.6% to 17.4%, the decline in fractures was independent of osteoporosis treatment. In the BMD Registry (n = 36,587), obesity increased from 12.7% to 27.4%. Femoral neck BMD increased 0.52% per year and lumbar spine BMD increased 0.32% per year after covariate adjustment (p < 0.001). Major osteoporotic fracture rates decreased in models that did not include femoral neck BMD (fully adjusted annual change –1.8%; 95% CI, –2.9 to –0.5), but adjusting for femoral neck BMD accounted for the observed reduction (annual change –0.5%; 95% CI, –1.8 to +1.0). In summary, major osteoporotic fracture rates declined substantially and linearly from 1996 to 2006, and this was explained by improvements in BMD rather than greater rates of obesity or osteoporosis treatment. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Febrile-Range Hyperthermia Accelerates Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Neutrophils1

Human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are central to innate immunity and are responsible for clearance of pathogens. PMNs undergo a tightly regulated apoptosis program that allows for timely clearance of PMNs without extravasation of toxic intracellular contents. We investigated the rate of spontaneous apoptosis of human peripheral blood PMNs cultured at basal (37°C) and febrile-range (39.5°C) temperatures (FRT). We found that PMN apoptosis is accelerated at FRT, reaching ∼90% completion by 8 h at 39.5°C vs 18 h at 37°C based on morphologic criteria. Caspase-8 activation peaked within 15 min of PMN exposure to FRT, and subsequent activation of caspase-3 and -9, cleavage of the BH3 (Bcl-2 homology domain 3) only protein Bid, and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c were also greater in FRT-exposed PMNs. Inhibition of caspase-3, -8, and -9 conferred comparable protection from apoptosis in FRT-exposed PMNs. These results demonstrate that exposure to FRT enhances caspase-8 activation and subsequent mitochondrial-dependent and mitochondrial-independent apoptosis pathways. The PMN survival factors G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-8 each prolonged PMN survival at 37°C and 39.5°C, but did not reduce the difference in survival at the two temperatures. In a mouse model of intratracheal endotoxin-induced alveolitis, coexposure to FRT (core temperature ∼39.5°C) doubled the proportion of bronchoalveolar PMNs undergoing apoptosis compared with euthermic mice. This process may play an important role in limiting inflammation and tissue injury during febrile illnesses.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHANGE IN RISK GROUPS:: IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY IDENTIFICATION

A consideration of psychosocial change in groups of infants and children at risk for schizophrenia, developmental retardation, delinquency, learning disability, substance abuse, child abuse, and hyperactivity leads to the conclusion that individuals are likely to move in and out of risk status as far as any given developmental phase is concerned. The frequency of review needed for disorders involving a long time span and major phases of development makes periodic developmental assessment by service providers more feasible than screening by an external screening team.
Students' Commitment, Engagement and Locus of Control as Predictor of Academic Achievement at Higher Education Level.

The purpose of this study was to analyze Students’ Commitment, Engagement and Locus of Control as predictors of Academic Achievement at Higher Education Level. We used analytical model and conclusive research approach to conduct study and survey method for data collection. We selected 369 students using multistage sampling technique from three public sector general universities of the Punjab (Pakistan). We found 315 responses fit for data analysis. The researchers used three instruments namely Students’ Commitment Scale, Students’ Engagement Scale and Academic Locus of Control Scale for data collection through personal visits of the sampled universities. The researchers found significant impact of students’ commitment, students’ engagement and locus of control on academic achievement.
How socio-economic structure influences rural users' acceptance of mobile entertainment

Mobile entertainment services are rapidly and widely developing. However, in emerging markets like Chinese rural area, entertainment related services are still not fully accepted by mobile phone users. This primary research aimed to study Chinese rural people's acceptance for mobile entertainment, to provide comprehensive models, and to explain the problem from its socio-economic roots. Interview and survey data were collected. Using explorative factor analysis method, two mobile entertainment acceptance models were built: one for rural people in North China and the other in East China. The models show that "social influence" is the most influential factor for north rural users while users' "self efficacy" carries the largest weight in East China. Both factors are more important than "product and service quality". The socio-economic roots of the results were analyzed from the differences between the traditional interdependent society in North China and the more independent society in East China. It primarily reveals the possibility to predict users' technology acceptance with socio-economic variables. Implications for mobile entertainment design were discussed.
Erythropoietin and platelet production.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Erythropoietin (Epo) is the primary growth factor for the red cell lineage but treatment with recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) has been shown to increase platelet counts. In several animal species treatment with rHuEpo stimulated platelet production, but platelet counts tended to normalize after 1-2 weeks and large, chronic doses even caused thrombocytopenia. This paper aims to review the evidence about the effects of Epo on megakaryopoiesis. INFORMATION SOURCES I examined the literature published in journals covered by Medline(R)â concerning the effects of Epo, hypoxia and iron deficiency on megakaryopoiesis and platelets. The reference list of each article was reviewed to try to identify further contributions. STATE OF THE ART In vivo data have shown that moderate Epo stimulation, i.e. that produced by standard doses of rHuEpo, short-term hypoxia or moderate iron deficiency, causes a moderate elevation of platelet counts, whereas intense Epo stimulation, as produced by high doses of rHuEpo, prolonged hypoxia or severe iron deficiency, causes some degree of thrombocytopenia. In the latter case, there appears to be a diphasic response to Epo, the initial positive response (a stimulation of platelet production) being followed by thrombocytopenia. Contrarily to the thrombocytopenia due to increased platelet destruction induced by other growth factors, Epo-induced thrombocytopenia is the result of an inhibition of platelet production. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE Stem-cell competition between erythroid and platelet precursors appears to be the cause of these phenomena in situations of prolonged, intense stimulation by Epo. In vitro data support the existence of a common erythrocytic and megakaryocytic precursor. It remains to be determined whether these effects of rHuEpo are a result of the dose itself or of the magnitude of the erythropoietic effect of that dose. It is not known whether a lower dose given in a patient with decreased marrow function would bring about the same biological effects as those induced by high doses of rHuEpo in the presence of a normal marrow function. Caution should be exercised before using high doses of hematopoietic growth factors.
Nitrogen uptake and transfer in a soybean/maize intercropping system in the karst region of southwest China

Abstract Nitrogen (N) deficiency occurs in over 80% of karst soil of southwest China, which restricts regional agricultural production. To test whether N fixed by legumes becomes available to nonfixing companion species, N fluxes between soybean and maize under no, partial, and total restriction of root contact were measured on a karst site in southwest China. N content and its transfer between soybean and maize intercrops were explored in a 2‐year plot experiment, with N movement between crops monitored using 15N isotopes. Mesh barrier (30 μm) and no restrictions barrier root separation increased N uptake of maize by 1.28%–3.45% and 3.2%–3.45%, respectively. N uptake by soybean with no restrictions root separation was 1.23 and 1.56 times higher than that by mesh and solid barriers, respectively. In the unrestricted root condition, N transfer from soybean to maize in no restrictions barrier was 2.34–3.02 mg higher than that of mesh barrier. Therefore, it was implied that soybean/maize intercropping could improve N uptake and transfer efficiently in the karst region of southwest China.
Adaptive Selective Harmonic Minimization Based on ANNs for Cascade Multilevel Inverters With Varying DC Sources

A new approach for modulation of an 11-level cascade multilevel inverter using selective harmonic elimination is presented in this paper. The dc sources feeding the multilevel inverter are considered to be varying in time, and the switching angles are adapted to the dc source variation. This method uses genetic algorithms to obtain switching angles offline for different dc source values. Then, artificial neural networks are used to determine the switching angles that correspond to the real-time values of the dc sources for each phase. This implies that each one of the dc sources of this topology can have different values at any time, but the output fundamental voltage will stay constant and the harmonic content will still meet the specifications. The modulating switching angles are updated at each cycle of the output fundamental voltage. This paper gives details on the method in addition to simulation and experimental results.
Understanding Misunderstanding: Social Psychological Perspectives

Researchers in many subdisciplines of psychology have made their reputations cleverly documenting the various cognitive, perceptual, and motivational biases that systematically distort human judgment and inference. In this chapter, we explore some of the interpersonal and intergroup consequences of such biases. In particular, we consider the role these biases can play in creating, exacerbating, and perpetuating conflict between individuals and between groups. One way in which biases contribute to conflict is obvious. When different peopleare subject tothe influenceof differentbiases, they are boundto thinkand feel differently about issues. And people who disagree with each other – indeed, even people who are reasonably like minded but attach different priorities to the problems they feel should be addressed or the actions they feel should be taken – are apt to frustrate each other's efforts and ambitions. There is, however, a second way in which biases fuel enmity that is less direct, but not less important. People and groups who disagree about matters of mutual concern not only interact in conflictual ways; they also interpret , and frequently misinterpret , each other's words and deeds. The nature of such misattributions, and their consequences, occupies most of our attention in this chapter. First, however, we begin by simply noting some well-studied cognitive and motivational biases and illustrating how they might foster interpersonal and intergroup enmity.
MANAJEMEN PERAWATAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PSIKOEDUKASI BERBASIS KOMPUTER TERHADAP KLIEN DEPRESI RINGAN

Abstrak: Manajemen perawatan pada klien depresi tergantung dari psikoterapi, farmakoterapi dan edukasi pada klien. Implementasi psikoedukasi berbasis komputer ini mengkolaborasikan antara model manajemen perawatan pada klien depresi dengan media komputer. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk: (1) membahas manajemen perawatan dengan menggunakan Psikoedukasi berbasis komputer, (2) mengetahui keefektifan psikoedukasi berbasis komputer pada klien depresi ringan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ilmiah ini adalah kajian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan deskriptif eksploratif . Dapat disimpulkan bahwa: (1) Manajemen perawatan pada klien depresi ringan berbasis komputer dapat meningkatkan kemampuan klien dalam memahami masalahnya, memperbaiki mekanisme koping dalam dirinya. (2) penggunaan media berbasis komputer dalam manajemen perawatan klien depresi ringan dapat meningkatkan motivasi serta ketertarikan klien dalam mengikuti program terapi depresi. Kata kunci: manajemen perawatan, psikoedukasi berbasis komputer, depresi ringan Abstract: Depression care management on the client depending on psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and education client’s. Implementation of the psychoeducation computer based collaborate between models of depression care management on the client with computer media. The objective of this study are: to discuss the psychoeducation computer based, (2)to determine the effectiveness of psychoeducation computer based on client’s with low depression. The method used is literature research with descriptive and explorative approach. It can be concluded that: (1) care management on client with low depression by computers based can increasing the ability client's to understand problem, repair the coping mechanism. (2) using the computer based media on the care management client’s with low depression can increasing motivation and interest to depression treatment programe. Key words: care management , psychoeducation computer based, low depression
Image redundancy reduction for neural network classification using discrete cosine transforms

High information redundancy and strong correlations in face images result in inefficiencies when such images are used directly in recognition tasks. In this paper, discrete cosine transforms (DCT) are used to reduce image information redundancy because only a subset of the transform coefficients are necessary to preserve the most important facial features, such as hair outline, eyes and mouth. We demonstrate experimentally that when DCT coefficients are fed into a backpropagation neural network for classification, high recognition rates can be achieved using only a small proportion (0.19%) of available transform components. This makes DCT-based face recognition more than two orders of magnitude faster than other approaches.
ATDetector: Improving the accuracy of a commercial data race detector by identifying address transfer

In order to take advantage of multi-core hardware, more and more applications are becoming multi-threaded. Unfortunately concurrent programs are prone to bugs, such as data races. Recently much work has been devoted to detecting data races in multi-threaded programs. Most tools, however, require the accurate knowledge of synchronizations in the program, and may otherwise suffer from false positives in race detection, limiting their usability. To address this problem, some tools such as Intel® Inspector provide mechanisms for suppressing false positives and/or annotating synchronizations not automatically recognized by the tools. However, they require users' input or even changes of the source code. We took a different approach to address this problem. More specifically, we first used a state-of-the-art commercial data race detector, namely Intel® Inspector on 17 applications of various types including 5 servers, 5 client/desktop applications, and 7 scientific ones, without utilizing any suppression or annotation mechanisms provided by the product that need users' input. We examined a total of 1420 false data races and identified two major root causes including address transfer, where one thread passes memory address to another thread. We found more than 62% false data races were caused by address transfer. Based on this observation, we designed and implemented an algorithm that automatically identify address transfer and use the information to prune the false data races. Our evaluation with 8 real-world applications shows that it can effectively prune all false data races caused by unrecognized address transfers, without eliminating any true data race that was originally reported.
Respiratory Morbidity in Office Workers in a Water-Damaged Building

We conducted a study on building-related respiratory disease and associated social impact in an office building with water incursions in the northeastern United States. An initial questionnaire had 67% participation (888/1,327). Compared with the U.S. adult population, prevalence ratios were 2.2–2.5 for wheezing, lifetime asthma, and current asthma, 3.3 for adult-onset asthma, and 3.4 for symptoms improving away from work (p < 0.05). Two-thirds (66/103) of the adult-onset asthma arose after occupancy, with an incidence rate of 1.9/1,000 person-years before building occupancy and 14.5/1,000 person-years after building occupancy. We conducted a second survey on 140 respiratory cases, 63 subjects with fewer symptoms, and 44 comparison subjects. Health-related quality of life decreased with increasing severity of respiratory symptoms and in those with work-related symptoms. Symptom status was not associated with job satisfaction or how often jobs required hard work. Respiratory health problems accounted for one-third of sick leave, and respiratory cases with work-related symptoms had more respiratory sick days than those without work-related symptoms (9.4 vs. 2.4 days/year; p < 0.01). Abnormal lung function and/or breathing medication use was found in 67% of respiratory cases, in 38% of participants with fewer symptoms, and in 11% of the comparison group (p < 0.01), with similar results in never-smokers. Postoccupancy-onset asthma was associated with less atopy than preoccupancy-onset asthma. Occupancy of the water-damaged building was associated with onset and exacerbation of respiratory conditions, confirmed by objective medical tests. The morbidity and lost work time burdened both employees and employers.
Translating knowledge of the human genome into clinical practice in nephrology dialysis and transplantation: the renal genome network (ReGeNet).

The success of unravelling the human genome in 2001 [1] has provided clinical researchers with an estimate of the number of genes, their relative position on chromosomes and access to the entire nucleotide sequence. Despite the promises of the daily press/ news that this achievement heralds the introduction of genetically tailored treatment and the answer to every known disease, the reality of the situation is very different. Six years later, nephrologists may justifiably ask how this knowledge of the human genome has had impact on their clinical practices and may correctly conclude that it has made, as yet, a little impact. While encouraging advances have been made in relation to single-gene disorders for a large majority of the renal patient population, renal damage and its complications should be considered as complex traits with contributions of multiple genetic and environmental factors. So, facing this complexity, what is required to translate novel genetic knowledge into improved clinical practice? The answer, we suggest, lies in three areas
Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Is Associated with Terminal Differentiation of Epidermis and Eccrine Sweat Glands

Background Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) participates in various biological activities, including the regulation of epidermal barrier homeostasis, inflammation, pain perception, and melanosome transfer in the skin. Objective To evaluate the basic physiological role of PAR-2 in skin. Methods We investigated PAR-2 expression in human epidermis, skin tumors, and cultured epidermal cells using western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally, we examined the effect of the PAR-2 agonist, SLIGRL-NH2, on cultured keratinocytes. Results Strong PAR-2 immunoreactivity was observed in the granular layer of normal human skin and the acrosyringium of the eccrine sweat glands. In contrast, weak PAR-2 immunoreactivity was seen in the granular layer of callused skin and in the duct and gland cells of the eccrine sweat glands. Interestingly, PAR-2 immunoreactivity was very weak or absent in the tumor cells of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and syringoma. PAR-2 was detected in primary keratinocytes and SV-40T-transformed human epidermal keratinocytes (SV-HEKs), an immortalized keratinocyte cell line, but not in SCC12 cells. SV-HEKs that were fully differentiated following calcium treatment displayed higher PAR-2 expression than undifferentiated SV-HEKs. Treatment of cultured SV-HEKs with PAR-2 agonist increased loricrin and filaggrin expression, a terminal differentiation marker. Conclusion Our data suggest that PAR-2 is associated with terminal differentiation of epidermis and eccrine sweat glands.
Community case management of malaria: exploring support, capacity and motivation of community medicine distributors in Uganda

Background In Uganda, community services for febrile children are expanding from presumptive treatment of fever with anti-malarials through the home-based management of fever (HBMF) programme, to include treatment for malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia through Integrated Community Case Management (ICCM). To understand the level of support available, and the capacity and motivation of community health workers to deliver these expanded services, we interviewed community medicine distributors (CMDs), who had been involved in the HBMF programme in Tororo district, shortly before ICCM was adopted. Methods Between October 2009 and April 2010, 100 CMDs were recruited to participate by convenience sampling. The survey included questionnaires to gather information about the CMDs’ work experience and to assess knowledge of fever case management, and in-depth interviews to discuss experiences as CMDs including motivation, supervision and relationships with the community. All questionnaires and knowledge assessments were analysed. Summary contact sheets were made for each of the 100 interviews and 35 were chosen for full transcription and analysis. Results CMDs faced multiple challenges including high patient load, limited knowledge and supervision, lack of compensation, limited drugs and supplies, and unrealistic expectations of community members. CMDs described being motivated to volunteer for altruistic reasons; however, the main benefits of their work appeared related to ‘becoming someone important’, with the potential for social mobility for self and family, including building relationships with health workers. At the time of the survey, over half of CMDs felt demotivated due to limited support from communities and the health system. Conclusions Community health worker programmes rely on the support of communities and health systems to operate sustainably. When this support falls short, motivation of volunteers can wane. If community interventions, in increasingly complex forms, are to become the solution to improving access to primary health care, greater attention to what motivates individuals, and ways to strengthen health system support are required.