Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Brain Injury Severity and Effort on Neuropsychological Tests of Attention

Attention impairment is one of the most common complaints following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Multiple studies have shown that performance on neuropsychological tests of attention is affected by many factors, including injury severity and effort. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of injury severity on neuropsychological tests across different domains of attention while controlling for effort. The domains of focused attention, selective attention, divided attention, sustained attention, and working memory were assessed by performance on the Digit Span Forward subtest, the Stroop Color Word Test, the Trail Making Test, the Conners' Continuous Performance Test - II, and Digit Span Backwards subtest, respectively. Effort was determined according to performance on the Portland Digit Recognition Test and the Test of Memory Malingering. Effort was found to have a greater effect on test performance (.79) than injury severity (.47). Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Piperidinols That Show Anti-Tubercular Activity as Inhibitors of Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase: An Essential Enzyme for Mycobacterial Survival Inside Macrophages

Latent M. tuberculosis infection presents one of the major obstacles in the global eradication of tuberculosis (TB). Cholesterol plays a critical role in the persistence of M. tuberculosis within the macrophage during latent infection. Catabolism of cholesterol contributes to the pool of propionyl-CoA, a precursor that is incorporated into cell-wall lipids. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) is encoded within a gene cluster that is involved in the cholesterol sterol-ring degradation and is essential for intracellular survival. The ability of the NAT from M. tuberculosis (TBNAT) to utilise propionyl-CoA links it to the cholesterol-catabolism pathway. Deleting the nat gene or inhibiting the NAT enzyme prevents intracellular survival and results in depletion of cell-wall lipids. TBNAT has been investigated as a potential target for TB therapies. From a previous high-throughput screen, 3-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1-methylpiperidinol was identified as a selective inhibitor of prokaryotic NAT that exhibited antimycobacterial activity. The compound resulted in time-dependent irreversible inhibition of the NAT activity when tested against NAT from M. marinum (MMNAT). To further evaluate the antimycobacterial activity and the NAT inhibition of this compound, four piperidinol analogues were tested. All five compounds exert potent antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC values of 2.3–16.9 µM. Treatment of the MMNAT enzyme with this set of inhibitors resulted in an irreversible time-dependent inhibition of NAT activity. Here we investigate the mechanism of NAT inhibition by studying protein-ligand interactions using mass spectrometry in combination with enzyme analysis and structure determination. We propose a covalent mechanism of NAT inhibition that involves the formation of a reactive intermediate and selective cysteine residue modification. These piperidinols present a unique class of antimycobacterial compounds that have a novel mode of action different from known anti-tubercular drugs.
The Emergence of Urban Land Use Patterns Driven by Dispersion and Aggregation Mechanisms

We employ a cellular-automata to reconstruct the land use patterns of cities that we characterize by two measures of spatial heterogeneity: (a) a variant of spatial entropy, which measures the spread of residential, business, and industrial activity sectors, and (b) an index of dissimilarity, which quantifies the degree of spatial mixing of these land use activity parcels. A minimalist and bottom-up approach is adopted that utilizes a limited set of three parameters which represent the forces which determine the extent to which each of these sectors spatially aggregate into clusters. The dispersion degrees of the land uses are governed by a fixed pre-specified power-law distribution based on empirical observations in other cities. Our method is then used to reconstruct land use patterns for the city state of Singapore and a selection of North American cities. We demonstrate the emergence of land use patterns that exhibit comparable visual features to the actual city maps defining our case studies whilst sharing similar spatial characteristics. Our work provides a complementary approach to other measures of urban spatial structure that differentiate cities by their land use patterns resulting from bottom-up dispersion and aggregation processes.
Modelling the security of recognition-based graphical password schemes

Recognition-based graphical passwords are a suggested alternative authentication mechanism which have received substantial attention in research literature. The literature often presents new schemes, usability studies or propose countermeasures for specific attacks. Whilst this is beneficial, it does not allow for consistent comparison of the security of recognition-based graphical password schemes. This thesis contributes a proposed solution to this problem. Presented in this thesis are models for estimating the number of attacks required before success for four aspects of the security of a recognition-based graphical password scheme. This includes two types of guessing attacks and two types of observation attacks. These models combine to provide an overall metric of the security of recognitionbased graphical password schemes. Attacks to be incorporated into the metric were established by reviewing the literature and establishing the scope and context. The literature review allowed extraction of the variables of a recognition-based graphical password scheme which represent the scheme. The first aspect examined was that of guessing attacks. The first guessing attack considered was random guessing, the model for this aspect was an adaption of the frequently reported mathematical model. The second guessing attack was a newly proposed attack which prioritised images from more popular semantic categories e.g. animals. The model for this attack was constructed as a further adaption of the random guessing model based on the success rates for the attack which were established by simulations which incorporated user selected images. The observability attacks modelled were shoulder surfing and frequency attacks. The observability attack models were constructed by simulation of the attacks for a wide range of potential configurations of the recognition-based graphical password schemes. A mathematical model was fitted to the resulting data. The final metric combined these models and was evaluated against a list of metric requirements established from relevant literature. The metric results in a consistent, repeatable, and quantitative method for comparing recognition-based graphical password schemes. It can be directly applied to a subset of schemes which allows their security levels to be compared in a way not possible previously. Also presented are details on how the metric could be extended to incorporate other recognition-based graphical password schemes. The approach detailed also allows the possibility of extension to incorporate different attack types and authentication contexts. The metric allows appropriate selection of a recognitionbased scheme and contributes to a detailed analysis of the security aspects of recognition-based graphical passwords.
Validity of enthesis ultrasound assessment in spondyloarthropathy

Objectives: To develop an ultrasound enthesis score and to assess its validity in the diagnostic classification of the spondyloarthropathies (SpAs). Methods: Twenty-five patients with SpA and 29 healthy controls participated in a blinded, gender-matched, cross-sectional study involving ultrasound assessment. The following entheses were explored bilaterally: proximal plantar fascia, distal Achilles tendon, distal and proximal patellar ligament, distal quadriceps and brachial triceps tendons. The ultrasound score evaluated enthesis thickness, structure, calcifications, erosions, bursae and power Doppler signal. The value of each elemental lesion was calculated using a three-model analysis. Validity was analysed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Inter-reader and interexplorer intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. Results: The logistic regression model overestimated the score of three elemental lesions: calcification (0–3), Doppler (0 or 3) and erosion (0 or 3), while scoring tendon structure, tendon thickness and bursa as 0 or 1. ROC curves established an ultrasound score of ⩾18 as the best cut-off point for differentiation between cases and controls. This cut-off point was exceeded by 5/29 controls (17%) and by 21/25 patients with SpA (84%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR−) were 83.3%, 82.8%, 4.8% and 0.2%, respectively. The inter-reader and interexplorer ICCs were 0.60 and 0.86, respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the ultrasound enthesis score could be a valid tool in the diagnosis of SpA.
Driver Fatigue Detection Using Mouth and Yawning Analysis

Summary Driver fatigue is an important factor in large number of accidents. There has been much work done in driver fatigue detection. This paper presents driver fatigue detection based on tracking the mouth and to study on monitoring and recognizing yawning. The authors proposed a method to locate and track driver’s mouth using cascade of classifiers proposed by Viola-Jones for faces. SVM is used to train the mouth and yawning images. During the fatigue detection mouth is detected from face images using cascade of classifiers. Then, SVM is used to classify the mouth and to detect yawning then alert Fatigue.
The Relationship between Students’ Characteristics and Their Impressions of Online Courses

ABSTRACT This study explored relationship between students’ conscientiousness and motivation, their impressions of the online environment, and their learning. Also examined were relationships between their impressions of the online environment and their sense of community and their interactions with others. Questionnaires were completed by 84 students at a private college. Students who were more conscientious and intrinsically motivated had more favorable impressions of online courses. They were engaged, and perceived value in the course, and were less anxious or frustrated when taking online courses. Those students who perceived a sense of community, or social presence, also had more favorable impressions. These relationships and their implications are discussed.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND THE ROLE OF ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Prefrontal Neurons and the Genetics of Schizophrenia

This article reviews prefrontal cortical biology as it relates to pathophysiology and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Studies of prefrontal neurocognition and functional neuroimaging of prefrontal information processing consistently reveal abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Abnormalities of prefrontal information processing also are found in unaffected individuals who are genetically at risk for schizophrenia, suggesting that genetic polymorphisms affecting prefrontal function may be susceptibility alleles for schizophrenia. One such candidate is a functional polymorphism in the catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) gene that markedly affects enzyme activity and that appears to uniquely impact prefrontal dopamine. The COMT genotype predicts performance on prefrontal executive cognition and working memory tasks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging confirms that COMT genotype affects prefrontal physiology during working memory. Family-based association studies have revealed excessive transmission to schizophrenic offspring of the allele (val) related to poorer prefrontal function. These various data provide convergent evidence that the COMT val allele increases risk for schizophrenia by virtue of its effect on dopamine-mediated prefrontal information processing—the first plausible mechanism for a genetic effect on normal human cognition and risk for mental illness. Biol Psychiatry 2001;50:825–844 © 2001 Society of Biological Psychiatry
Impact of sex on the follow-up course and predictors of clinical outcomes in patients hospitalised due to myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries: a single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) occurs more often in women. AIM We sought to assess the relationship between sex and clinical outcomes during follow-up in patients after MINOCA and to identify predictors of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). METHODS The study comprised 134 patients (78 women) at the mean age of 61.6 years, who were diagnosed with MINOCA at the Department of Cardiology between January 2015 and June 2018. The mean follow-up duration was 609.5 ± 412.2 days. Pri-mary study endpoints were MACCE, which included all-cause death, myocardial infarction, reintervention, and cerebral stroke. Secondary endpoints were recurrent chest pain during follow-up and rehospitalisation for reasons other than MACCE. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis did not reveal any significant differences in the frequency of MACCE (p = 0.63) or mortality rate (p = 0.29) between men and women. There was no significant impact of sex on secondary study endpoints either. Sex was not identified as a predictor of primary or secondary study endpoints in univariate or multivariate analysis. Troponin index (risk ratio [RR] 1.002; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0005-1.0026, p = 0.004), age (RR 1.04; 95% CI 1.008-1.065, p = 0.01), serum creatinine level (RR 1.01; 95% CI 1.001-1.01, p = 0.02), hyperlipidaemia (RR 0.26; 95% CI 0.07-0.75, p = 0.01), and prior venous thromboembolic disease (RR 8.28; 95% CI 1.15-38, p = 0.04) were found to be predictors of MACCE in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Sex was not found to be significantly associated with clinical outcomes during the follow-up period in patients with MINOCA.
Multi-level dynamics of affective behaviors in text-based online negotiations

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht emotionales Verhalten in textbasierten Online Verhandlungen, dessen Einfluss auf Verhandlungserfolg, sowie den Einfluss eines Decision Support Systems auf das emotionale Verhalten in Verhandlungen. Dazu wird erortert weshalb und wie emotionales Verhalten den Verhandlungsprozess beeinflusst und mitbestimmt, sowie dass sowohl intra-personelle aus auch inter-personelle Effekte emotionalen Verhaltens einen wichtigen Einfluss auf den Verhandlungsverlauf und das emotionale Verhalten der Verhandlungspartner haben. Der dynamische Verlauf des Verhandlungsprozesses wird mittels Phasenmodellen untersucht. Das emotionale Verhalten der Verhandlungspartner in und uber den Verhandlungsverlauf wird mittels statistischer Methoden und Modelle untersucht, die auf die Analyse von dyadischen Interaktionen zugeschnitten sind. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen dass sich das emotionale Verhalten der Verhandlungspartner uber den Verhandlungsprozess verandert, dass sich diese Dynamik zwischen erfolgreichen und nicht erfolgreichen Verhandlungen unterscheidet, und dass der Einsatz eines Decision Support Systems das emotionale Verhalten in und uber den Verhandlungsprozess beeinflusst. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse legt daher nahe, dass Emotionen einen wichtigen Einfluss auf den Verlauf von textbasierten Verhandlungen haben. Weiters liefert die vorliegende Arbeit erste empirische Ergebnisse die belegen dass sowohl die Forschung uber Decision Support Systeme als auch das Design sowie die Implementierung dieser Systeme deren Einfluss auf das emotionale Verhalten der unterstutzten Verhandler starker in Betracht ziehen sollte.
STRUCTURAL THRESHOLD REGRESSION

This paper introduces the structural threshold regression (STR) model that allows for an endogenous threshold variable as well as for endogenous regressors. This model provides a parsimonious way of modeling nonlinearities and has many potential applications in economics and finance. Our framework can be viewed as a generalization of the simple threshold regression framework of Hansen (2000, Econometrica 68, 575–603) and Caner and Hansen (2004, Econometric Theory 20, 813–843) to allow for the endogeneity of the threshold variable and regime-specific heteroskedasticity. Our estimation of the threshold parameter is based on a two-stage concentrated least squares method that involves an inverse Mills ratio bias correction term in each regime. We derive its asymptotic distribution and propose a method to construct confidence intervals. We also provide inference for the slope parameters based on a generalized method of moments. Finally, we investigate the performance of the asymptotic approximations using a Monte Carlo simulation, which shows the applicability of the method in finite samples.
Contextualizing Nonprofits’ Use of Links on Twitter During the West African Ebola Virus Epidemic

This study investigates how nonprofit organizations use hyperlinks embedded in tweets for strategic communication during global health crises. Within the 1,494 links included in tweets about Ebola, organizations shared owned and earned media, including news stories directly or indirectly referencing their work and positive mentions from others on social media. Links allowed organizations to raise awareness about Ebola in West Africa, promote their work, and highlight endorsements from news media and influential users. Raising awareness and building trust are key steps in becoming credible sources during highly uncertain crises.
Transformation of BALB/c-3T3 cells: V. Transformation responses of 168 chemicals compared with mutagenicity in Salmonella and carcinogenicity in rodent bioassays.

This report describes the activities of 168 chemicals tested in a standard transformation assay using A-31-1-13 BALB/c-3T3 cells. The data set includes 84 carcinogens, 77 noncarcinogens, and 7 research chemicals. Carcinogens included 49 mutagens and 35 nonmutagens; noncarcinogens included 24 mutagens and 53 nonmutagens. The transformation assay did not use an exogenous activation system, thus, all chemical responses depended on the inherent target cell metabolic capacity where metabolic activation was required. The upper dose limit was 100 milli-osmolar because the assay could not discriminate active and inactive chemicals tested above this concentration. Certain physicochemical properties resulted in technical problems that affected chemical biological activity. For example, chemicals that reacted with plastic were usually nonmutagenic carcinogens. Similarly, chemicals that were insoluble in medium, or bound metals, were usually nonmutagenic and nontransforming. Multifactorial data analyses revealed that the transformation assay discriminated between nonmutagenic carcinogens and noncarcinogens; it detected 64% of the carcinogens and only 26% of the noncarcinogens. In contrast, the transformation assay detected most mutagenic chemicals, including 94% of the mutagenic carcinogens and 70% of the mutagenic noncarcinogens. Thus, transformation or Salmonella typuimurium mutagenicity assays could not discriminate mutagenic carcinogens from mutagenic noncarcinogens. Data analyses also revealed that mutagenic chemicals were more cytotoxic than nonmutagenic chemicals; 88% of the mutagens had an LD50 < 5 mM, whereas half of the nonmutagens had an LD50 > 5 mM. Binary data analyses of the same data set revealed that the transformation assay and rodent bioassay had a concordance of 71%, a sensitivity for carcinogens of 80.0%, and a specificity for detecting noncarcinogens of 60%. In contrast, Salmonella mutagenicity assays and rodent bioassays had a concordance of 63%, a sensitivity of 58%, and a specificity of 69%. The transformation assay complemented the Salmonella mutagenesis assay in the identification of nonmutagenic carcinogens; thus, the two assays had a combined 83% sensitivity for all carcinogens and a 75% specificity for nonmutagenic noncarcinogens.
Bcl-2 rearrangement in patients with chronic hepatitis C associated with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia type II.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is found in 80% to 90% of patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) type II, which is associated with monoclonal IgMk produced by monoclonal B cells. It was investigated whether bcl-2 rearrangement is associated with the clonal B-cell proliferation of EMC induced by hepatitis C. The study groups were composed of 15 patients with HCV and EMC, 12 patients with HCV without EMC, and 7 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) unrelated to HCV. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes was applied to JH and to bcl-2 to study whether JH/bcl-2 translocation was present in these patients. Thirteen of 15 (86%) of patients with HCV-related EMC had the JH/bcl-2 translocation, a significantly higher rate than in HCV patients without EMC (16%; P < .001). Bcl-2 rearrangement was not detected in the patients with CLD not related to HCV. The JH/bcl-2 translocation may constitute a pathogenetic link for the development of NHL in patients with HCV infection. (Blood. 2000;96:2910-2912)
Practical Spectral Photography

We introduce a low‐cost and compact spectral imaging camera design based on unmodified consumer cameras and a custom camera objective. The device can be used in a high‐resolution configuration that measures the spectrum of a column of an imaged scene with up to 0.8 nm spectral resolution, rivalling commercial non‐imaging spectrometers, and a mid‐resolution hyper spectral mode that allows the spectral measurement of a whole image, with up to 5 nm spectral resolution and 120×120 spatial resolution. We develop the necessary calibration methods based on halogen/fluorescent lamps and laser pointers to acquire all necessary information about the optical system. We also derive the mathematical methods to interpret and reconstruct spectra directly from the Bayer array images of a standard RGGB camera. This objective design introduces accurate spectral remote sensing to computational photography, with numerous applications in color theory, colorimetry, vision and rendering, making the acquisition of a spectral image as simple as taking a high‐dynamic‐range image.
Lost in translation : congruency of teacher and student perceptions of assessment as a predictor of intrinsic motivation in ethnodiverse classrooms

Students' and teachers' perceptions of the level to which Assesment for Learning (AfL) is practiced in classrooms are largely incongruent. Teachers perceived more practice of AfL than students. Congruency in perceptions of AfL predicted higher student intrinsic motivation. In accordance with Self-Determination Theory (Ryan, 2000), the differences in intrinsic motivation were explained by students' lower feelings of competence and autonomy and relatedness towards their teacher. Congruency in AfL perceptions were explained by student Dutch language proficiency and teachers’ efficacious beliefs about their teaching skills. Teachers' positive impact on motivational interpersonal factors was partly offset by their own possible over-efficaciousness, which might have limited the degree to which they reflected on their own teaching. This relationship seems to hold for students regardless of their ethnic background. Teacher-efficacy associated with intrinsic motivation in a dualistic fashion: high teacher efficacy negatively related to congruence, but positively to fulfillment of the needs for competence and relatedness. Even though teachers may be conducive to the maintenance and emergence of feelings of competence in their classrooms, and are perceived as having good relationship with their students, there is also a negative relation between efficacy and the perception of congruencies.