Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of clouds and precipitation depending on different relationships between aerosol and cloud droplet spectral dispersion

ABSTRACT The aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in deep convective cloud systems are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model with the Morrison two-moment bulk microphysics scheme. Considering positive or negative relationships between the cloud droplet number concentration (N c ) and spectral dispersion (ɛ), a suite of sensitivity experiments are performed using an initial sounding data of the deep convective cloud system on 31 March 2005 in Beijing under either a maritime (‘clean’) or continental (‘polluted’) background. Numerical experiments in this study indicate that the sign of the surface precipitation response induced by aerosols is dependent on the ɛ−N c relationships, which can influence the autoconversion processes from cloud droplets to rain drops. When the spectral dispersion ɛ is an increasing function of N c , the domain-average cumulative precipitation increases with aerosol concentrations from maritime to continental background. That may be because the existence of large-sized rain drops can increase precipitation at high aerosol concentration. However, the surface precipitation is reduced with increasing concentrations of aerosol particles when ɛ is a decreasing function of N c . For the ɛ−N c negative relationships, smaller spectral dispersion suppresses the autoconversion processes, reduces the rain water content and eventually decreases the surface precipitation under polluted conditions. Although differences in the surface precipitation between polluted and clean backgrounds are small for all the ɛ−N c relationships, additional simulations show that our findings are robust to small perturbations in the initial thermal conditions.
Disability Associated with Comorbid Anxiety Disorders in Women with Chronic Physical Illness in Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in individuals with chronic physical illness compared to individuals with no such illness, and about twice as prevalent in women as in men. This study used data collected in the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey (21,198 women and 20,478 men) to examine factors associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and to assess the relation of these disorders on short-term disability and suicidal ideation. Comorbid anxiety disorders were more prevalent among women who were young, single, poor, and Canadian-born, and among women with chronic fatigue syndrome; fibromyalgia, bowel disorder or stomach or intestinal ulcers, or bronchitis had the highest rates of anxiety disorders. The presence of comorbid anxiety disorders was significantly associated with short-term disability, requiring help with instrumental daily activities, and suicidal ideation. Our findings underscore the importance of early detection and treatment of anxiety disorders in the physically ill, especially those who also suffer from mood disorders.
Radio interferometric observations of cloud‐to‐ground lightning phenomena in Florida

Radio frequency observations of cloud-to-ground lightning in Florida have been analyzed to document a number of features of the lightning. The observations have been made using an interferometer system which determined the direction to the lightning radiation as a function of time during close lightning discharges. Observations are presented for about 50 radiating events during five multiple-stroke, normal-polarity flashes to ground. The results confirm and extend results of a similar study of New Mexico lightning by Rhodes et al. (1994). Dart leaders, in-cloud K events, and attempted leaders are found to be the same phenomena, namely, a negative-polarity streamer that propagates horizontally and/or vertically to ground at estimated speeds of about 10 7 ms −1 down to 10 6 ms −1 . The step or impulsive fast electric field change produced by some K events is found to be caused by positive breakdown back at the starting point of the negative streamer, after the streamer has progressed over some or all of its distance. This breakdown appears to initiate a forward stroke along the streamer channel which can renew the breakdown at the front end of the channel. K breakdown which happens to occur during a continuing current discharge to ground produces an M event (channel brightening) when it connects with the conducting channel to ground. The step fast field change of the M events is found to be produced at the time of connection inside the cloud ; no fast field change is detected when this breakdown reaches ground that would be associated with a return stroke. M events can also be initiated by fast (10 7 ms −1 ) positive streamers which often propagate away from the leader source region within a few milliseconds of the arrival of a return stroke back in the source region. These streamers often generate an even faster negative recoil event back along their extent which propagates down the channel to ground, as the M event. In all cases the current increase or channel brightening produced by K and M events is predicted to occur in a forward direction, that is, toward or down the channel to ground, in the same direction as the initiating negative streamer. Positive breakdown is detected only immediately following return strokes or during some K streamers. In both cases the electric stresses are expected to be very large, suggesting that positive breakdown which produces a conducting channel is difficult to initiate. Results for one flash suggest that negative charge was left at low altitude by the initial stroke to ground ; this forced the subsequent leaders to develop a new path to ground, first as series of attempted leaders and then as a dart-stepped leader.
Development of a Novel Transparent Flexible Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer

This paper presents the world’s first transparent flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) that was fabricated through a roll-lamination technique. This polymer-based CMUT has advantages of transparency, flexibility, and non-contacting detection which provide unique functions in display panel applications. Comprising an indium tin oxide-polyethylene terephthalate (ITO-PET) substrate, SU-8 sidewall and vibrating membranes, and silver nanowire transparent electrode, the transducer has visible-light transmittance exceeding 80% and can operate on curved surfaces with a 40 mm radius of curvature. Unlike the traditional silicon-based high temperature process, the CMUT can be fabricated on a flexible substrate at a temperature below 100 °C to reduce residual stress introduced at high temperature. The CMUT on the curved surfaces can detect a flat target and finger at distances up to 50 mm and 40 mm, respectively. The transparent flexible CMUT provides a better human-machine interface than existing touch panels because it can be integrated with a display panel for non-contacting control in a health conscious environment and the flexible feature is critical for curved display and wearable electronics.
Simulation of Mixed Layer Depth in the Northeast Pacific Utilizing Spectral Nudging

Abstract A numerical model, the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), is used to run a 46-yr simulation of the North Pacific Ocean beginning in January 1960. The model has 0.25° horizontal resolution and 28 vertical levels, and it employs spectral nudging, which, unlike standard nudging, nudges only specific frequency and wavenumber bands. This simulation is nudged to the mean and annual Levitus climatological potential temperature and salinity. The model was forced with National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) mean monthly winds, sea level pressure, net heat flux, and rain rate. The simulated mixed layer depths (MLD) suggest significant shoaling of the MLD between 1970 and 2006, with faster rates in the northern Gulf of Alaska and slower rates to the west and south of Line Papa. The rates are of similar magnitude to those found in past studies and are consistent with the observed freshening and warming of the upper waters in the Gulf of Alaska. The rates are not spatially uniform, and the simulated M.
GPS signal fading model for urban centres

The use of GPS receivers in wireless telephones has been proposed as a means of automatically identifying the position of wireless 911 callers. GPS simulators are an efficient means of testing the accuracy of such technology but require a channel model for GPS satellite signals. This paper presents a methodology of measuring and modeling the fading distribution of GPS satellite signals received in outdoor urban centers. GPS fading data, as collected in the downtown areas of Calgary and Vancouver, Canada, are used to generate fade histograms as a function satellite elevation angle. These histograms are found to be sufficiently similar between the two cities and, therefore, lead to the conclusion that a generic fade distribution for urban centers is reasonable. Parameters for the Urban ThreeState Fade Model are estimated from the empirical fading data collected in each city. Correlation between the model parameters derived for each city is significant and also suggests that a generic model may be derived. The parameters from the two cites are averaged to produce a generic Urban ThreeState Fade Model which adequately represents the fade histograms of each city. These averaged parameters generally agree with parameters derived from data collected in Tokyo, Japan.
Mitral Valve Prolapse With Mid-Late Systolic Mitral Regurgitation: Pitfalls of Evaluation and Clinical Outcome Compared With Holosystolic Regurgitation

Background— Mitral regurgitation (MR) of mitral valve prolapse predominates in late systole but may be holosystolic or purely mid-late systolic, but the impact of MR timing on MR left ventricular and left atrial consequences and outcome is unknown. Whether effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) by the flow convergence method is similarly linked to outcome in mid-late systolic MR and holosystolic MR is uncertain. Methods and Results— We comprehensively and prospectively quantified MR in 111 patients with mitral valve prolapse and mid-late systolic MR and matched them to 90 patients with mitral valve prolapse and holosystolic MR for age, gender, atrial fibrillation, ejection fraction, and ERO (flow convergence). Mid-late systolic MR versus holosystolic MR groups were well matched, including for comorbidity, blood pressure, and heart rate (all P>0.10). Mid-late systolic MR versus holosystolic MR caused similar color jet area, midsystolic regurgitant flow, and peak velocity (P>0.40). Despite identical ERO (0.25±0.15 versus 0.25±0.15 cm2; P=0.53), the shorter duration of mid-late systolic MR (233±56 versus 426±50 ms; P<0.0001) yielded lower regurgitant volume (24.8±13.4 versus 48.6±25.6 mL; P<0.0001). MR consequences, systolic pulmonary pressure, and left ventricular and left atrial volume index (all P<0.001) were more benign in mid-late systolic MR versus holosystolic MR. Under medical management, fewer cardiac events (5 years: 15.8±4.6% versus 40.4±6.1%; P<0.0001) occurred in mid-late systolic MR versus holosystolic MR, requiring less mitral surgery. Multivariable analysis confirmed the independent association of mid-late systolic MR with benign consequences and outcomes (all P<0.01). Absolute ERO was not linked to outcome, in contrast to regurgitant volume. Conclusions— MR of mitral valve prolapse that is purely mid-late systolic causes more benign consequences and outcomes than holosystolic MR. Assessment may be misleading because jet area and ERO by flow convergence appear similar to those of holosystolic MR. However, shorter MR yields lower regurgitant volume, consequences, and benign outcomes. Instantaneous ERO by flow convergence should be interpreted in context, and in mid-late systolic MR, regurgitant volume provides information more reflective of MR severity. Therefore, for clinical management and surgical referral, clinicians should carefully take into account the timing and consequences of MR.
Soil carbon and nitrogen cycling and storage throughout the soil profile in a sweetgum plantation after 11 years of CO2‐enrichment

Increased partitioning of carbon (C) to fine roots under elevated [CO2], especially deep in the soil profile, could alter soil C and nitrogen (N) cycling in forests. After more than 11 years of free‐air CO2 enrichment in a Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum) plantation in Oak Ridge, TN, USA, greater inputs of fine roots resulted in the incorporation of new C (i.e., C with a depleted δ13C) into root‐derived particulate organic matter (POM) pools to 90‐cm depth. Even though production in the sweetgum stand was limited by soil N availability, soil C and N contents were greater throughout the soil profile under elevated [CO2] at the conclusion of the experiment. Greater C inputs from fine‐root detritus under elevated [CO2] did not result in increased net N immobilization or C mineralization rates in long‐term laboratory incubations, possibly because microbial biomass was lower in the CO2‐enriched plots. Furthermore, the δ13CO2 of the C mineralized from the incubated soil closely tracked the δ13C of the labile POM pool in the elevated [CO2] treatment, especially in shallower soil, and did not indicate significant priming of the decomposition of pre‐experiment soil organic matter (SOM). Although potential C mineralization rates were positively and linearly related to total SOM C content in the top 30 cm of soil, this relationship did not hold in deeper soil. Taken together with an increased mean residence time of C in deeper soil pools, these findings indicate that C inputs from relatively deep roots under elevated [CO2] may increase the potential for long‐term soil C storage. However, C in deeper soil is likely to take many years to accrue to a significant fraction of total soil C given relatively smaller root inputs at depth. Expanded representation of biogeochemical cycling throughout the soil profile may improve model projections of future forest responses to rising atmospheric [CO2].
Persistence and distribution of 4‐nonylphenol following repeated application to littoral enclosures

The persistence and distribution of 4‐nonylphenol (NP) were monitored for 440 d, following application to 18 littoral enclosures (4 × 7–8 m), situated in a 2‐ha mesotrophic pond near Duluth, Minnesota. Application was accomplished by subsurface, gravity‐fed injection over a 20‐d period, with a 2‐d frequency, to achieve nominal aqueous concentrations of 0, 3, 30, 100, and 300 μg/L. Mean maximum concentrations in the water over the 20‐d application period ranged from 75.7 to 81.0% of nominal for the three highest treatment levels and was 181% of nominal at the lowest treatment level. Water was the major compartment, on a mass balance basis, for NP until 2 to 4 d after the application period, with a mean time to 50% dissipation (DT50) of 0.74 d and a mean time to 95% dissipation (DT95) of 13.8 d. 4‐Nonylphenol partitioned to enclosure wall material, macrophytes, and sediment within 2 d of initial application. Macrophytes accumulated maximum NP concentrations of 11.5 and 139 mg/kg 1 to 2 d after the application period at the 30‐ and 300‐μg/L treatment levels, respectively. Mean DT50 and DT95 estimates of NP persistence in/on the macrophytes were 10.3 and 189 d, respectively. Sediment from the 30‐ and 300‐μg/L treatments accumulated maximum dry weight NP concentrations of 2.74 and 27.4 mg/kg, respectively within 20 to 48 d of the first application. The mean sediment porewater NP concentration was 18.6 μg/L for the period 2 to 34 d after application 1 at the 300‐μg/L treatment. The sediment was the primary sink for NP 440 d after the initial application with a concentration of 1.97 mg/kg at the 300‐μg/L treatment. Mean sediment DT50 and DT95 values were 66.0 and 401 d, respectively, indicating a long‐term persistence of NP. Ecocores collected 1 d after the final NP application did not show significant decreases in sediment NP concentration during a 55‐d incubation period, corroborating the NP persistence observed in the littoral enclosures.
A fluid flow perspective on the diagenesis of Te Aute limestones

Abstract Pliocene cool‐water, bioclastic Te Aute limestones in East Coast Basin, New Zealand, accumulated either in shelfal shoal areas or about structurally shallow growth fold structures in the tectonically active accretionary forearc prism. Up to five stages of carbonate cementation are recognised, based on cement sequence‐stratigraphic concepts, that formed on the seafloor during exposure of the limestones before burial, during burial, uplift, and deformation. Two principal fluid types are identified—topography‐driven meteoric fluids and compaction‐driven fluids. We have developed conceptual and quantitative models that attempt to relate the physical characteristics of fluid flow to the cement paragenesis. In particular, we have simulated the effects of uplift of the axial ranges bordering East Coast Basin in terms of the degree of penetration of a meteoric wedge into the basin. The dynamics of meteoric flow changed dramatically during uplift over the last 2 m.y. such that the modelled extent of the meteoric wedge is at least 40 km across the basin, and the penetration depth 1500 m or more corresponding with measured freshwater intersections in some oil wells. Cement‐fluid relationships include: (1) true marine cements that precipitated in areas remote from shallow freshwater lenses; (2) pre‐compaction cements that formed in shallow freshwater lenses beneath limestone “islands” (3) post‐compaction cements derived from compaction‐driven flow during burial; (4) early uplift‐related fracture‐fill cements formed during deformation of the accretionary prism and uplift of the axial ranges; and (5) late uplift‐related cements associated with uplift into a shallow meteoric regime.
The HIV Care Cascade Measured Over Time and by Age, Sex, and Race in a Large National Integrated Care System.

HIV care cascades can evaluate programmatic success over time. However, methodologies for estimating cascade stages vary, and few have evaluated differences by demographic subgroups. We examined cascade performance over time and by age, sex, and race/ethnicity in Kaiser Permanente, providing HIV care in eight US states and Washington, DC. We created cascades for HIV+ members' age ≥13 for 2010-2012. We measured "linkage" (a visit/CD4 within 90 days of being diagnosed for new patients; ≥1 medical visit/year if established); "retention" (≥2 medical visits ≥60 days apart); filled ART (filled ≥3 months of combination ART); and viral suppression (HIV RNA <200 copies/mL last measured in year). The cascades were stratified by calendar year, sex, age, and race/ethnicity. We found men had statistically (p < 0.05) higher percent linkage, filled ART, and viral suppression for 2010 and 2011 but not for 2012. Women had significantly greater retention for all years. Annually, older age was associated (p < 0.05) with retention, filled ART, and viral suppression but not linkage. Latinos had greater (p < 0.05) retention than whites or blacks in all years, with similar retention comparing blacks and whites. Filled ART and viral suppression was increased (p < 0.05) for whites compared with all racial/ethnic groups in all years. Cascade methodology requiring success at upstream stages before measuring success at later stages (i.e., "dependent" methodology) underreported performance by up to 20% compared with evaluating each stage separately ("independent"). Thus, care results improved over time, but significant differences exist by patient demographics. Specifically, retention efforts should be targeted toward younger patients and blacks; women, blacks, and Latinos require greater ART prescribing.
Dilatancy, compaction, and slip instability of a fluid‐infiltrated fault

We analyze the conditions for unstable slip of a fluid infiltrated fault using a rate and state dependent friction model including the effects of dilatancy and pore compaction. We postulate the existence of a steady state drained porosity of the fault gouge which depends on slip velocity as Φ ss = Φ 0 + eln(υ/υ 0 ) over the range considered, where υ is sliding velocity and e and υ 0 are constants. Porosity evolves toward steady state over the same distance scale, d c , as state. This constitutive model predicts changes in porosity upon step changes in sliding velocity that are consistent with the drained experiments of Marone et al. (1990). For undrained loading, the effect of dilatancy is to increase (strengthen) ∂τ ss /∂lnυ by μ ss e/(σ-p)β, where μ ss is steady state friction, σ and p are fault normal stress and pore pressure, and β is a combination of fluid and pore compressibilities. Assuming e ∼ 1.7 X 10 -4 from fitting the Marone et al. data, we find the dilatancy strengthening effect to be reasonably consistent with undrained tests conducted by Lockner and Byerlee (1994). Linearized perturbation analysis of a single degree of freedom model in steady sliding shows that unstable slip occurs if the spring stiffness is less than a critical value given by k crit = (σ-p)(b-a)/d c -eμ ss F(c * )/βd c where a and b are coefficients in the friction law and F(c * ) is a function of the model hydraulic diffusivity c * (diffusivity/diffusion length 2 ). In the limit c * → ∞ F(c * ) → 0, recovering the drained result of Ruina (1983). In the undrained limit, c * → 0, F(c * ) → 1, so that for sufficiently large e slip is always stable to small perturbations. Under undrained conditions (σ - p) must exceed eμ ss /β(b - a) for instabilities to nucleate, even for arbitrarily reduced stiffness. This places constraints on how high the fault zone pore pressure can be, to rationalize the absence of a heat flow anomaly on the San Andreas fault, and still allow earthquakes to nucleate without concommitant fluid transport. For the dilatancy constitutive laws examined here, numerical simulations do not exhibit large interseismic increases in fault zone pore pressure. The simulations do, however, exhibit a wide range of interesting behavior including : sustained finite amplitude oscillations near steady state and repeating stick slip events in which the stress drop decreases with decreasing diffusivity, a result of dilatancy strengthening. For some parameter values we observe aftershock like events that follow the principal stick-slip event. These aftershocks are noteworthy in that they involve rerupture of the surface due to the interaction of the dilatancy and slip weakening effects rather than to interaction with neighboring portions of the fault. This mechanism may explain aftershocks that appear to be located within zones of high mainshock slip, although poor resolution in mainshock slip distributions can not be ruled out.
Melting and melt segregation in the aureole of the Glenmore Plug, Ardnamurchan

Contact metamorphism caused by the Glenmore plug in Ardnamurchan, a magma conduit active for 1 month, resulted in partial melting, with melt now preserved as glass. The pristine nature of much of the aureole provides a natural laboratory in which to investigate the distribution of melt. A simple thermal model, based on the first appearance of melt on quartz–feldspar grain boundaries, the first appearance of quartz paramorphs after tridymite and a plausible magma intrusion temperature, provides a time‐scale for melting. The onset of melting on quartz–feldspar grain boundaries was initially rapid, with an almost constant further increase in melt rim thickness at an average rate of 0.5–1.0 × 10−9 cm s−1. This rate was most probably controlled by the distribution of limited amounts of H2O on the grain boundaries and in the melt rims.