Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to the Morale of Agriculture Teachers in Machakos District

A well-functioning education system is necessary for sustained socioeconomic development and rapid progress in science and technology. Such a system requires well-trained teachers with high morale, who are good role models. This study, designed to determine agriculture teachers’ morale and factors affecting it, explains why low morale leads to teachers’ apathy, poor job performance, increased value for material rewards, dissatisfaction with school authorities, low turnover and constant shortage. This correlational study (N = 95, reliability = 0.91, a-level = 0.05) shows a gender imbalance favouring male teachers. Besides qualification, personal characteristics were not significantly related to teachers’ morale as morale factors, which were also related to teachers’ stress in England. They include inadequate pay; poor career structure, lack of promotion opportunities, poor school facilities, inadequate school disciplinary policy, attitudes and behaviour of the school head and of other teachers, and pupils’ poor work attitudes and lack of interest in school. Lack of trained teachers had forced schools to hire untrained agriculture teachers, which was likely to lower the quality of education. The researchers concluded that teachers’ morale could be improved by giving them pay that matches inflation, job tenure, improved teaching facilities, promotion opportunities, managerial responsibilities and administrative support.
Variation in Approaches to European Works Councils in Multinational Companies

Drawing on a unique international data set of multinational companies' employment practices, the authors use logistic regression analysis to address variation in the existence of and management practice toward transnational social dialogue through European Works Councils (EWCs). Adopting a contingency perspective, they find that the degree of internationalization of companies' operations and management organization, international HR structure, and the presence of workforce organization exercise strong influence on whether multinationals covered by the relevant European Union legislation have established an EWC. So too do multinationals' country of origin, sector, and size by employment. While concern has focused on the significant proportion of EWCs in which management's information and consultation practice seems to be minimalist, the authors find that this is less likely to be the case where the HR function is internationalized.
Ingestion in fetal sheep and its relation to sleep states and breathing movements.

Swallowing was recorded electromyographically in unanaesthetized fetal sheep in utero during the last third of gestation. In control fetuses bouts of swallowing were, on average, 2.0 min in duration and occurred at intervals of 2.31 h. Swallowing bouts were associated with a low-voltage electrocorticogram, eye movements and, in 82% of instances, with phasic activity in the dorsal neck muscles. These data indicate that fetuses are not in quiet (non-rapid eye movement; n.r.e.m.) sleep when swallowing and also suggest that they are not in r.e.m. sleep as conventionally defined; we consider that fetuses may be in a state of heightened activity resembling wakefulness. Swallowing bouts were always accompanied by fetal breathing movements. When a swallow coincided with an inspiratory effort the diaphragm was briefly inhibited. Evidence was obtained that bouts of fetal ingestive activity were not dependent upon outpourings of fluid from the lungs and were not significantly influenced by volume information from the gastric compartments.
Exchange Rates and Inflation Under Emu: An Update

In our recent Economic Policy article (Honohan and Lane, 2003), we argued that the strength of the US dollar 1999-2001 had an important impact on inflation divergence within the EMU and in particular the surge in Ireland’s inflation to over 7%. This hypothesis has been subjected to a grueling out-of-sample test: would the dollar’s subsequent weakness contribute to inflation convergence and in particular to a fall in Irish inflation? Fortunately for us, the theory has passed the test with flying colours. Irish inflation stopped dead in its tracks: consumer prices were unchanged between May and November of 2003. Regression analysis on quarterly inflation data across EMU members 1999.1-2004.1 confirms the importance of the exchange rate channel, although pinning down the exact dynamic specification will require a further span of data.
Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SAC1 cause multiple drug sensitivity

Wild‐type yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are surprisingly resistant to a wide range of drugs and agents. We had previously isolated novobiocin‐sensitive mutants to aid the study of the intracellular target for this drug. Characterization of one of these mutants, mds1, revealed that it was sensitive not only to novobiocin but also to a wide range of drugs. The nature of this multiple drug‐sensitive phenotype was shown to be different from that of previously isolated multiple drug‐sensitive mutants. We have shown that the multiple drug‐sensitivity of mds1 is due to mutations within the gene SAC1 and have identified a variety of mutations within the gene from the Mds1 strain. SAC1 encodes a protein which has been previously implicated in the correct function of the actin cytoskeleton, in inositol metabolism, in ATP transport in the endoplasmic reticulum and in Sec14p (PI‐TP) function. We have shown that multiple drug‐sensitivity is a new phenotype seen in some, but not all, of the previously characterized sac1 mutants. Based on our findings, we propose a mechanism by which Sac1p could affect drug resistance and also mediate other effects on cell growth. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived Project Value, Opportunistic Behavior, Interorganizational Cooperation, and Contractor Performance

Predictors of contractor performance have attracted the attention of researchers in the developed world. However, research from sub-Saharan Africa to corroborate these findings has remained sparse. What exists is speculative and at best anecdotal. Using data from construction firms in Uganda, this study finds that commitment to the project, perceived value of the project, interorganizational cooperation, and opportunistic behavior are significant predictors of contractor performance. This has both policy and managerial implications, which we present in this paper.
The Quality of Graduate Education in Political Science: A Report on the New Rankings

The obsessive concern about funding has not only led to fewer applications, it has also resulted in inattention to what we've done and are trying to do here at NEH. We have only been here for a couple of months, and we have already blended together old programs, started new programs, started new initiatives, started programs in secondary schools, started a program of travel to research collections, and revamped the whole education guidelines. If we had a list of all the things we have changed, developed, or initiated, it would be a pretty long list.
From injection therapies to natalizumab: views on the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Discoveries of the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis have been acquired at an impressive rate over the last few decades and, as a consequence, a growing number of treatments are becoming available for this disease. This review first analyzes the experience from the early stages of the disease-modifying therapies, then, expanding on the concept of early treatment for improved outcomes, it focuses on natalizumab and its major complication, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. We offer views on the risks associated with the use of natalizumab by underscoring the importance of the JC virus serology and by providing preliminary data on our experience with the extended interval dosing of natalizumab. This approach, which advocates individualized treatment plans, raises the question of the minimum effective natalizumab dose. Extended interval dosing suggests efficacy can be maintained while providing advantages of costs and convenience over regular monthly dosing. More data examining this strategy are necessary.
Host Defense Deficiency in Newborn Nonhuman Primate Lungs

We have investigated two major aspects of the pulmonary host defense mechanism—alveolar macrophage function as a “first line of bacterial defense” and induced neutrophil migration into the lung as a “back‐up defense. ” Chemotactic and phagocytic/killing assays revealed a functional deficiency in the alveolar macrophages of newborn primates. Serial bronchoalveolar lavage investigations revealed diminished neutrophil migration into the newborn primate lung. The overall pulmonary host defense capability in newborn primates was deficient.
When more can be less: the perceived value of additional FDI in the same host country

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to explore whether and how the depth of a company's operations in a given host country influences how shareholders value further investments in that country. Here, depth means the extent of a company's presence, that is, a company's accumulated foreign direct investment (FDI) in a given country prior to the focal investment.Design/methodology/approach – This paper develops a theoretical framework postulating that the value of an additional FDI in a given host country decreases to the extent to which it is redundant to a company's accumulated FDI in that country prior to the focal investment. Hypotheses are advanced and tested using a sample that encompasses the FDIs of 91 German MNEs over a 20‐year period from 1985 to 2004.Findings – The empirical analysis shows that there is a negative relationship between depth of operations in a host country prior to the focal investment and the value that shareholders put on that investment. It is also found that the negative relatio.
Inclusive Education in India: Are the Teachers Prepared?.

This study examined the current skill levels of regular primary and secondary school teachers in Delhi, India in order to teach students with disabilities in inclusive education settings. A total of 223 primary school teachers and 130 secondary school teachers were surveyed using a two-part questionnaire. Part-one of the questionnaire collected background information of the respondents. Part-two was a Likert scale which required the teachers to indicate their perceived current skill levels on a list of competencies needed to implement inclusion. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests. The major findings were that nearly 70% of the regular school teachers had neither received training in special education nor had any experience teaching students with disabilities. Further, 87% of the teachers did not have access to support services in their classrooms. Finally, although both primary and secondary school teachers rated themselves as having limited or low competence for working with students with disabilities, there was no statistically significant difference between their perceived skill levels. The implications for teacher training in India are discussed in terms of the different models that can improve teacher quality for inclusive education. In a country like India the number of the disabled people is so large, their problems so complex, available resources so scarce and social attitudes so damaging, it is only legislation which can eventually bring about a substantial change in a uniform manner. The impact of well-directed legislation in the long run would be profound and liberating (p.273-274). Baquer & Sharma (1997) The passage of the landmark legislation, The Persons with Disabilities (PWD) Act, 1995 ushered in a new era for the education of children with disabilities in India. A major emphasis of this law was the inclusion and full participation of students with disabilities in regular schools. It guaranteed nondiscrimination and removal of barriers, both physical and psychological, to facilitate the inclusion of students with special needs into regular schools. It urged policy makers, educators, parents and other service providers to consider the premise that special education should be seen not only in the context of separate education but also as an integral part of regular education. It aimed for the infusion of a research-based knowledge of special education and the systematic application of sound instructional practices for the education of students with disabilities who are placed in regular education classrooms. Thus the acceptance of social justice, equity and school effectiveness reform literature from the west provided a sound rationale for the inclusion of students with disabilities into mainstream education in India.
Management Style Comparisons Among Five European Nations

Abstract Economic integration appears to be continuing as the foreign policy paradigm of choice for nations seeking to lower trade barriers and encourage synergy of resource allocation among two or more sovereign nations. When analyzing the impact on both foreign and domestic firms, the phenomenon is typically evaluated using economic variables such as balances of trade, taxes and perhaps administrative restrictions. Although the concept of economic compatibility and gains from integration can be traced all the way back to David Ricardo, little has been done to evaluate the psychological aspects of integrating management personnel from varied cultural backgrounds and their associated management styles into eclectic decision-making teams. Executives from a diverse collection of EU member nations were assessed in terms of their management style to determine if substantive cultural differences exist in the way decision making is made. The findings indicate that substantive differences indeed do exist between.
A cross‐cultural assessment of leading values in design‐oriented companies

Purpose – This study is an attempt to approach design management from a cultural perspective. Specifically, the paper assumes that design orientation reflects an underlying organisational culture that distinguishes design‐oriented companies from the rest and reinforces their capability to generate competitive advantage from design management. The aim is to disentangle the main characteristics of this culture.Design/methodology/approach – A case study research approach was adopted to gain some initial insights on the cultural characteristics of the population considered in the present study.Findings – The results of the field study identify a set of general values and product‐related values shared by the design‐oriented companies considered in this research. In addition, the existence of functional sub‐cultures and cross‐cultural differences is analysed, together with a discussion on how organisational culture and functional sub‐cultures can co‐exist in this specific context.Research limitations/implicatio.
Charity financial reporting regulation: a comparative study of the UK and New Zealand

Charities are becoming more highly regulated worldwide and yet they are subject to diverse, country-specific, financial reporting standards. New Zealand is a jurisdiction that has treated all sectors alike in its approach to the financial regulation of charities, while the UK has, for some time, separated the regulation of charities from other entities. This article provides a comparison of the histories of the evolution of regulation for charity reporting in the UK and New Zealand. The current process of international harmonization in both jurisdictions is premised on the principle that accounting conceptual frameworks should not be jurisdiction-specific, but charities have proved to be an exception. We suggest in this study that this exception is attributed to different drivers resulting in regulatory distinctions in two otherwise similar jurisdictions. Without persisting in the maintenance of sector-neutrality, the inevitable divergence increases the load on preparers, attesters, and users and may lead to lower levels of accountability and transparency.
Throwing a Curve at Socially Responsible Investing Research

This paper primarily focuses on Entine's assertion that SRI research is hopelessly flawed. Although SRI researchers have primarily chosen to pluck the low-hanging fruit in this line of inquiry, it is possible to obtain unbiased higher level insight. SRI research best functions as a means of helping firms and investors identify what the market wants. As Entine points out, the definition of what is and is not moral behavior for a firm is a quagmire, and the ability to measure whether socially responsible investors have forced firms to become moral is suspect. The paper also agrees with Waddock that socially responsible investors have caused firms to take certain actions that, without such pressure, they would have taken much later or not at all. However, whether these actions have made firms moral is not a debate that SRI researchers should enter. Certainly, events of late would suggest that although firms, by and large, are now more responsive to a variety of social issues, they are not moral entities, and should not be viewed as such.
VISUALIZING MULTIVARIATE SELECTION

Recent developments in quantitative‐genetic theory have shown that natural selection can be viewed as the multivariate relationship between fitness and phenotype. This relationship can be described by a multidimensional surface depicting fitness as a function of phenotypic traits. We examine the connection between this surface and the coefficients of phenotypic selection that can be estimated by multiple regression and show how the interpretation of multivariate selection can be facilitated through the use of the method of canonical analysis. The results from this analysis can be used to visualize the surface implied by a set of selection coefficients. Such a visualization provides a compact summary of selection coefficients, can aid in the comparison of selection surfaces, and can help generate testable hypotheses as to the adaptive significance of the traits under study. Further, we discuss traditional definitions of directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection and conclude that selection may be more usefully classified into two general modes, directional and nonlinear selection, with stabilizing and disruptive selection as special cases of nonlinear selection.
Optimal Saving, Interest Rates, and Endogenous Growth

The apparent failure of economists thus far to establish a positive empirical link between interest rates and saving does not, by itself, discredit the hypothesis of a direct structural relationship between the two, ceteris paribus. This structural relationship may be shifting about in response to changes in exogenous variables, such as tastes and technology, in a way that is consistent with any type of reduced-form correlation between interest rates and saving in the data. This point is demonstrated within a simple model of optimal saving, interest rates, and economic growth. The different implications of endogenous versus exogenous growth are explored in this context. Copyright 1993 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
Empirical Studies in Portfolio Performance Using Higher Degrees of Stochastic Dominance

MUCH OF THE THEORETICAL and empirical work in portfolio analysis in the past decade has been based on the principal of utility maximization where either (a) the investor's utility function is assumed to be quadratic with nonpositive second derivatives or (b) the probability functions are assumed to be normal. ' If at least one of these conditions holds, it can be shown that choosing among risky assets on the basis of their mean and variance only is consistent with the Von NeumanMorgenstern2 utility maximization model. Thus, given the above assumptions, the incorporation of higher moments of a distribution and the adoption of alternative approaches to portfolio selection have largely been ignored in favor of the well-known Markowitz [21], [22] model. However, an increasing number of writers have challenged the assumptions on which the Markowitz approach is founded. Fama [6], Breen and Savage [4], and others have shown that distributions of stock price changes are inconsistent with the assumption of normal probability functions.3 Other sets of utility functions pertaining to the investment models are cubic, logarithmic and power utility functions. After the pioneering works in risk aversion of Pratt [28] and Arrow [2] the positive sign of the third derivative of the utility function was seen as a necessary result of the asumption that investors' risk aversion decreases as wealth increases. The positive third derivative was first used in a moment investment model by Arditti in 1967 [1]. An exact preference ordering for risky portfolios using the first three moments of portfolio return can, in general, be determined only for an investor having a cubic utility function for wealth.4 Thus, the incorporation of fourth and higher moments of distribution of returns in this model have been ignored. The geometric mean model is justified if the decision-maker has a logarithmic utility function.5 This again is another restrictive assumption on the investors'
Colorectal Cancer in Mice Genetically Deficient in the Mucin Muc2

The gastrointestinal tract is lined by a layer of mucus comprised of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins. To evaluate the importance of mucin in intestinal carcinogenesis, we constructed mice genetically deficient in Muc2, the most abundant secreted gastrointestinal mucin. Muc2−/− mice displayed aberrant intestinal crypt morphology and altered cell maturation and migration. Most notably, the mice frequently developed adenomas in the small intestine that progressed to invasive adenocarcinoma, as well as rectal tumors. Thus, Muc2 is involved in the suppression of colorectal cancer.
Ex-dividend Stock Price Behavior and Arbitrage Opportunities

This paper investigates the relation between ex-dividend stock price behavior and arbitrage oppor tunities. In a continuous trading, frictionless economy, the authors demonstrate that it is possible for the ex-dividend stock price drop to differ from the dividend, and still short-term traders cannot gene rate arbitrage profits. The argument is independent of transactions c osts. The relevance of this insight to estimating the marginal tax br acket based on ex-dividend stock price drops is explored. Furthermore , this insight is also applied to the area of option pricing in which the special class of escrowed dividend stock price processes is stud ied. The authors show that most elements from this class of stock pri ce processes generate invalid option-pricing formulas. Copyright 1988 by the University of Chicago.
Continuing Education Services: Perceived Service Value and Related Constructs

This article examines the perceived service value and related constructs such as satisfaction and willingness to pay for educational services. Data was collected from 661 students in New Zealand (The University of Auckland and The University of Waikato) and Austria (Uni for Life Graz and University of Teacher Education Styria). Based on former and present research results, a conceptual framework for the measurement of perceived service value was developed for the special situation of further educational services provided by universities. Results are interpreted by means of the multidimensional construct of perceived service value in four value dimensions. Significant differences across nations are highlighted and the implications for service providers are explored. The examination of related constructs of perceived service value led to interesting results that counter the common assumption that satisfaction influences willingness to pay for education. The present model is theoretically grounded, modified and revised and aims to help educational service providers to better analyse consumer perceived value in their fields of activities.