Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Patient Advocacy from the Clinical Nurses' Viewpoint: a Qualitative Study

One of the advanced nursing care procedures emphasized by nursing organizations around the world is patient or nursing advocacy. In addition to illustrating the professional power of nursing, it helps to provide effective nursing care. The aim of the present study was to explain the concept of patient advocacy from the perspective of Iranian clinical nurses. This was a qualitative study that examined the viewpoint and experiences of 15 clinical nurses regarding patient advocacy in nursing. The nurses worked in intensive care units (ICUs), coronary care units (CCUs), and emergency units. The study participants were selected via purposeful sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Data analysis showed that patient advocacy consisted of the two themes of empathy with the patient (including understanding, being sympathetic with, and feeling close to the patient) and protecting the patients (including patient care, prioritization of patients' health, commitment to the completion of the care process, and protection of patients' rights). The results of this study suggest that nurses must be empathetic toward and protective of their patients. The results of the present study can be used in health care delivery, nursing education, and nursing management and planning systems to help nurses accomplish their important role as patient advocates. It is necessary to further study the connections between patient advocacy and empathy. Introduction Patient advocacy in nursing is a relatively modern idea (1), but its first movements originated in Florence Nightingale's era (2). It is of such importance that it has entered the moral codes of nursing institutions (1, 3). The need for justice is among the basic human needs (4) and nurses, more than anyone else, are in contact with patients and their problems (5); therefore, they can provide justice for the patients better than anyone else (6). Nurses are the first advocates of patients (7), and are the link between the patient and the health care system (8). Patient advocacy is one of the extremely important roles of the nurses (9-12). The patient or client is vulnerable and has experienced varying degrees of damage (13). Therefore, many opportunities arise in nursing for the enforcement of patient advocacy, which has turned the nursing profession into the most reliable profession regarding patient advocacy. Through the appropriate performance of this role, the trust and respect of the community toward the nurses will increase (7). Nevertheless, even when they have effectively performed …
Examination of micronutrients for children: their composition, the role they play in psychological well-being and parents' motivations for purchasing.

6 INTRODUCTION . 8 1. MICRONUTRIENTS INTRODUCTION . 8 1.1. RESEARCH ON THE USE OF MICRONUTRIENTS. 11 1.2. CURRENT STUDY PURPOSE . 12 2. MENTAL HEALTH MICRONUTRIENT LITERATURE REVIEW . 13 2.1. PAEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER (BPD) . 13 2.2. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) . 16 2.3. ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) . 19 2.4. MOOD & GENERAL BEHAVIOUR . 22 2.5. COGNITION . 25 2.6. SCHIZOPHRENIA . 30 3. KEY ROLES OF INDIVIDUAL MICRONUTRIENTS . 31 3.1. VITAMINS . 32 3.2. MINERALS . 39 3.3. OTHER VITAMINS AND AMINO ACIDS . 43 3.4. NUTRIENTS SUMMARY . 46 4. THE NEW ZEALAND CONTEXT . 47 5. THE CURRENT INVESTIGATION: AIMS AND HYPOTHESES . 48 METHOD . 49 1.2. ACTIVE COMPOUND IDENTIFICATION . 52 1.3. DATA TREATMENT . 54 2. STUDY 2: WHY DO NEW ZEALAND PARENTS GIVE THEIR CHILDREN MICRONUTRIENTS? 54 2.1. PARTICIPANTS. 54 2.2. PROCEDURE . 54 2.3. THE SURVEY . 55 RESULTS . 56 1. STUDY 1: MICRONUTRIENT PRODUCT INVESTIGATION. 56 1.1. B VITAMINS . 58 1.2. VITAMINS A, C AND D . 65 1.3. OUTLIERS . 68 2. STUDY 2: SURVEY . 71 2.1. OVERVIEW OF SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS . 71 2.2. WHO PURCHASES MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTS? 72 2.3. WHY PARENTS ADMINISTER MICRONUTRIENTS . 73 2.4. PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF MICRONUTRIENT ADMINISTRATION . 74 DISCUSSION . 75 1. MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT COMPOSITION . 76
Wie unterscheiden sich die Lernstrategien beim Erlernen von L2 und L3? Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie bei taiwanischen Deutsch-als-L3-Lernenden

Im mehrsprachigen Taiwan wird Deutsch als Fremdsprache in der Regel als Tertiärsprache nach rund acht Jahren Englischunterricht gelehrt und gelernt. In der Diskussion zum Erwerb einer Tertiärsprache wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Lernenden bereits über Kenntnisse beim Erwerb einer Fremdsprache verfügen und diese dann auch produktiv in den Erwerb der weiteren Fremdsprache einbringen. Mithilfe des von Rebecca Oxford erstellten Fragebogens zu Lernstrategien im Fremdsprachenunterricht (SILL) sollen die Lernstrategien bei Deutsch-als-L3-Lernenden festgestellt und mit den Ergebnissen anderer Studien verglichen werden. Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es festzustellen, ob sich die Lernstrategien, die Lernende beim Erlernen der Tertiärsprache Deutsch anwenden, von denen unterscheiden, die Lernende im Laufe des Englischunterrichts erworben und angewendet haben. Weiterhin soll untersucht werden, ob die verwendeten Lernstrategien generell beim Fremdsprachenlernen nicht doch eher kulturell geprägt sind. Erfahrungsberichte verschiedener Lehrender legen die Vermutung nahe, dass das unterrichtlich gesteuerte Lernen der Fremdsprache Deutsch mehr durch traditionelle taiwanische Lerntraditionen als durch im Englischunterricht erworbene Lernstrategien geprägt ist. In multilingual Taiwan, German is taught and learned as a tertiary language after more than eight years of instruction in English. The professional discourse about third language acquisition assumes that learners have learning strategies at their disposal resulting from previous foreign language learning experiences which they can actively use in the process of acquiring a new foreign language. In order to explore the learning strategies employed by learners of German as L3, Rebecca Oxford’s SILL was administered. The findings were then compared with the results obtained by other studies in Taiwan. The aim of this study is to determine if the learning strategies used by German-as-L3-learners differ from those that had been acquired during English classes. Furthermore, the study also focuses on the question whether learning strategies in general do not in fact depend to a large extent on the learner’s cultural background. Reports by numerous teachers suggest that learning strategies in classes of German as a foreign language are determined more by traditional Taiwanese learning strategies than by strategies acquired in English classes. Schlagwörter: Lernstrategien, Tertiärsprachenerwerb, Deutsch nach Englisch, Taiwanische Deutschlernende, SILL
Racial Disparity in Stroke Awareness in the US: An Analysis of the 2014 National Health Interview Survey

Background/Aims Stroke is a leading cause of premature death and disability, and increasing the proportion of individuals who are aware of stroke symptoms is a target objective of the Healthy people 2020 project. Methods We used data from the 2014 Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to assess the prevalence of stroke symptom knowledge and awareness. We also tested, using a logistic regression model, the hypothesis that individuals who have knowledge of all 5 stroke symptoms will be have a greater likelihood to activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) if a stroke is suspected. Results From the 36,697 participants completing the survey 51% were female. In the entire sample, the age-adjusted awareness rate of stroke symptoms/calling 911 was 66.1%. Knowledge of the 5 stroke symptoms plus importance of calling 911 when a stroke is suspected was higher for females, Whites, and individuals with health insurance. Stroke awareness was lowest for Hispanics, Blacks, and survey participants from Western US region Conclusion The findings allude to continuing differences in the knowledge of stroke symptoms across race/ethnic and other demographic groups. Further research will confirm the importance of increased health literacy for Stroke management and prevention in minority communities.
Effects of sexual permissiveness on desirability of partner as a function of low and high commitment to relationship.

We conducted two experiments to examine the predictions of the double standard and the evolutionary perspectives concerning the role of sexual permissiveness in desirability of partner at different levels of perceived commitment to relationship. Subjects reported their desired level of sexual permissiveness for either a low- or a high-commitment partner (Experiment 1), and evaluated the dating and the marriage desirability of either a permissive or a nonpermissive target person (Experiment 2)
Please Scroll down for Article Philosophical Psychology a New Theory of the Relationship of Mind and Matter a New Theory of the Relationship of Mind and Matter

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. ABSTRACT The relationship of mind and matter is approached in a new way in this article. This approach is based on the causal interpretation of the quantum theory, in which an electron, for example, is regarded as an inseparable union of a particle and afield. This field has, however, some new properties that can be seen to be the main sources of the differences between the quantum theory and the classical (Newtonian) theory. These new properties suggest that the field may be regarded as containing objective and active information, and that the activity of this information is similar in certain key ways to the activity of information in our ordinary subjective experience. The analogy between mind and matter is thus fairly close. This analogy leads to the proposal of the general outlines of a new theory of mind, matter, and their relationship, in which the basic notion is participation rather than interaction. Although the theory can be developed mathematically in more detail, the main emphasis here is to show qualitatively how it provides a way of thinking that does not divide mind from matter, and thus leads to a more coherent understanding of such questions than is possible in the common dualistic and reductionistic approaches. These ideas may be relevant to connectionist theories and might perhaps suggest new directions for their development.
Social Distance as Behavioral Intentions: A Replication, a Failure, and a New Proposal

Dual analyses of two social-distance checklists yielded contradictory results. Direct factor analysis of social distance items replicated the structures reported by Triandis. Inverse factor analysis of Ss failed to reproduce similar structures of behavioral intentions. Examination of the content of the behaviors defined by the different modes of analysis suggested new hypotheses based on the behavioral implications of prescriptive versus proscriptive norms of social distance.
Evaluation of Drug Penetration into the Brain: A Double Study by in Vivo Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography and Using an in Vitro Model of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeabilities of 11 compounds were measured both in vitro with a newly developed coculture-based model of human BBB and in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). The 11 compounds were fluoropyridinyl derivatives labeled with the positron-emitter fluorine-18, [18F]F-A-85380 [2-[18F]fluoro-3-[2(S)-2 azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine], and 10 selected N-substituted-azetidinyl and pyrrolidinyl closely related [18F]fluoropyridinyl derivatives (including [N′-aromatic/aliphatic]-thioureas, -ureas, and -amides). The in vitro BBB model, a new coculture system of primary human brain endothelial cells and astrocytes, was used to measure the permeability coefficient for each compound. Dynamic PET studies were performed in rats with the same compounds, and a two-compartment model analysis was used to calculate their in vivo permeability coefficients. The 11 derivatives differed in their degree of BBB passage and transport mechanism. The analysis of PET data showed a significant cerebral uptake for six derivatives, for which the in vitro evaluation indicated active influx or free diffusion. Five derivatives displayed low in vivo cerebral uptake, in agreement with the observation of an in vitro active efflux. Overall, there was a remarkable correlation between the in vitro and in vivo permeability coefficients (r = 0.99). This double study proves a close correlationship between the assessment of the BBB passage in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro model of human BBB offers the possibility of subtle discrimination of various BBB permeability degrees and transport mechanisms. Conversely, small animal PET imaging appears suitable to screen directly in vivo brain targeting of drugs or radiopharmaceutical candidates.
How Large are Housing and Financial Wealth Effects? A New Approach

This paper presents a simple new method for measuring `wealth effects' on aggregate consumption. The method exploits the stickiness of consumption growth (sometimes interpreted as reflecting consumption `habits') to distinguish between immediate and eventual wealth effects. In U.S. data, we estimate that the immediate (next-quarter) marginal propensity to consume from a change in housing wealth is about 2 cents, with a final eventual effect around 9 cents, substantially larger than the effect of shocks to financial wealth. We argue that our method is preferable to cointegration-based approaches, because neither theory nor evidence supports faith in the existence of a stable cointegrating vector. JEL Classification: E21, E32, C22
Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. IV. Identification and distribution in mouse spleen

White pulp nodules of mouse spleen contain a minor population of cells with morphologic features that are identical to those of dendritic cells, a cell type recently described in vitro. They have characteristic large, irregularly shaped nuclei with distinctive chromatin patterns and small nucleoli. The cytoplasm is extended in processes that contain relatively few organelles. These presumptive dendritic cells can be distinguished from other cell types that are known to exist in spleen including those that have irregular or branching cell shapes. In particular, dendritic cells do not contain the large number of lysosomes seen in phagocytes, and do not actively interiorize intravenously administered colloidal thorium dioxide particles. They also lack the well developed secretory apparatus (rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi zone) and microfilament bundles that are noted in connective tissue cells. These morphologic observations, combined with previous in vitro work, substantiate the existence of a novel class of cells in mouse lymphoid organs.
Loading of Oxidizable Transmitters into Secretory Vesicles Permits Carbon-Fiber Amperometry

Carbon-fiber amperometry detects oxidizable molecules released by exocytosis. We extended this electrochemical technique to cells that do not normally secrete oxidizable transmitters. We incubated AtT-20 cells, pituitary gonadotropes, cultured cerebellar granule cells, and yeast with high concentrations of dopamine (DA) and observed spontaneous and evoked quantal release of DA by amperometry. The rate of detectable spontaneous amperometric events was used as a measure of loading in AtT-20 cells. With 70 mm DA in the bath, loading was complete within 40 min. Cytoplasmic accumulation preceded vesicular loading. Loading decreased proportionally as the bath DA concentration was lowered. Loading rates were similar at 37 and 25 degrees C and much slower at 15 degrees C. Loading was blocked by bafilomycin A(1), a proton pump inhibitor, but not by bupropion, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane DA transporter. Other cells were tested. Spontaneous quantal events became more frequent and evoked events became larger and more frequent when PC12 cells were loaded with DA. Fluid-phase loading of neurons by short stimulation in DA solutions seemed selective for the synaptic vesicles. Thus, many cell types can be loaded with DA to study spontaneous and evoked exocytosis. The amine molecules enter these cells passively and may become concentrated in acidic vesicles by protonation.
Disruption of a Neural Microcircuit in the Rod Pathway of the Mammalian Retina by Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes leads to dysfunction of the neural retina before and independent of classical microvascular diabetic retinopathy, but previous studies have failed to demonstrate which neurons and circuits are affected at the earliest stages. Here, using patch-clamp recording and two-photon Ca2+ imaging in rat retinal slices, we investigated diabetes-evoked changes in a microcircuit consisting of rod bipolar cells and their dyad postsynaptic targets, AII and A17 amacrine cells, which play an essential role in processing scotopic visual signals. AII amacrines forward their signals to ON- and OFF-cone bipolar cells and A17 amacrines provide GABAergic feedback inhibition to rod bipolar cells. Whereas Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors mediate input from rod bipolar cells to both AII and A17 amacrines, diabetes changes the synaptic receptors on A17, but not AII amacrine cells. This was expressed as a change in pharmacological properties and single-channel conductance of the synaptic receptors, consistent with an upregulation of the AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit and reduced Ca2+ permeability. In addition, two-photon imaging revealed reduced agonist-evoked influx of Ca2+ in dendritic varicosities of A17 amacrine cells from diabetic compared with normal animals. Because Ca2+-permeable receptors in A17 amacrine cells mediate synaptic release of GABA, the reduced Ca2+ permeability of these receptors in diabetic animals leads to reduced release of GABA, followed by disinhibition and increased release of glutamate from rod bipolar cells. This perturbation of neuron and microcircuit dynamics can explain the decreased dynamic range and sensitivity of scotopic vision that has been observed in diabetes.
Reversible Parkinson's Dementia Associated with Withdrawal of Androgen‐Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

To the Editor: An 80-year-old man presented because of an approximately 10-month history of increasingly slow gait, leg stiffness with nocturnal cramps, and very fine hand tremor, associated with depression. A single visual hallucination, mild apathy, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorders, and subtle cognitive impairment were reported. His past medical history included prostate carcinoma in 1996 (Gleason score 3–4; prostate-specific antigen 12 ng/mL), treated using radical radiotherapy, and subsequent long-term androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) with cyproterone acetate (100 mg/d) and intramuscular injections of triptorelin (3.75 mg/month). His family history was positive for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and late-onset dementia. Neurological examination (March 2013) showed mild extrapyramidal syndrome with bradykinesia, increased upper limb tone (left>right), decreased left arm swing, mild camptocormia, very mild rest and postural tremor, and reduced eye blinking. A diagnosis of PD was
Credit Risk Analysis of Credit Card Portfolios Under Economic Stress Conditions

We develop an empirical framework for the credit risk analysis of a generic portfolio of revolving credit accounts and apply it to analyze a representative panel data set of credit card accounts from a credit bureau. These data cover the period of the most recent deep recession and provide the opportunity to analyze the performance of such a portfolio under significant economic stress conditions. We consider a traditional framework for the analysis of credit risk where the probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), and exposure at default (EAD) are explicitly considered. The unsecure and revolving nature of credit card lending is naturally modeled in this framework. Our results indicate that unemployment, and in particular the level and change in unemployment, plays a significant role in the probability of transition across delinquency states in general and the probability of default in particular. The effect is heterogeneous and proportionally has a more significant impact for high credit score and for high-utilization accounts. Our results also indicate that unemployment and a downturn in economic conditions play a quantitatively small, or even irrelevant, role in the changes in account balance associated with changes in an account’s delinquency status, and in the exposure at default specifically. The impact of a downturn in economic conditions and, in particular, changes in unemployment on the recovery rate and loss given default is found to be large. These findings are of particular relevance for the analysis of credit risk regulatory capital under the IRB
Individual performance in knowledge intensive work through social networks

Studies in Information Systems (IS) research have widely documented task-oriented and communication structure effects as a result of information and communication technology (ICT) use. These effects have been evidenced at inter- and intra-organisational and occupational community levels. Research on the direct interplay between social network structure, ICT use and individual performance is however lacking to date. This research proposes a theoretical model along with operational constructs for understanding how performance of individuals in knowledge-intensive work can be affected by social network structure and ICT use. The context of the study is the occupational community of general practitioners (GP) in rural New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Numerous problems such as decreasing performance with age, obsolescence of technological knowledge, isolation from urban communities and various problems specific to rural practice makes this study significant. The study is motivated by the research question -- "How can the interplay between social network structure and ICT use enhance individual performance? " It argues that individuals with high levels of ICT use, dense social network structures and those rich in connections to social clusters or groups who are themselves not well connected perform better.