Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an ensemble of atmospheric CO2 inversions.

Atmospheric CO2 inversions estimate surface car- bon fluxes from an optimal fit to atmospheric CO 2 measure- ments, usually including prior constraints on the flux esti- mates. Eleven sets of carbon flux estimates are compared, generated by different inversions systems that vary in their inversions methods, choice of atmospheric data, transport model and prior information. The inversions were run for at least 5 yr in the period between 1990 and 2010. Mean fluxes for 2001-2004, seasonal cycles, interannual variabil- ity and trends are compared for the tropics and northern and southern extra-tropics, and separately for land and ocean. Some continental/basin-scale subdivisions are also consid- ered where the atmospheric network is denser. Four-year mean fluxes are reasonably consistent across inversions at global/latitudinal scale, with a large total (land plus ocean) carbon uptake in the north ( 3.4 Pg C yr 1 (±0.5 Pg C yr 1 standard deviation), with slightly more uptake over land than over ocean), a significant although more variable source over the tropics (1.6 ± 0.9 Pg C yr 1 ) and a compensatory sink of similar magnitude in the south ( 1.4± 0.5 Pg C yr 1 ) corre- sponding mainly to an ocean sink. Largest differences across inversions occur in the balance between tropical land sources and southern land sinks. Interannual variability (IAV) in car- bon fluxes is larger for land than ocean regions (standard de- viation around 1.06 versus 0.33 Pg C yr 1 for the 1996-2007 period), with much higher consistency among the inver- sions for the land. While the tropical land explains most of the IAV (standard deviation 0.65 Pg C yr 1 ), the north- ern and southern land also contribute (standard deviation 0.39 Pg C yr 1 ). Most inversions tend to indicate an in- crease of the northern land carbon uptake from late 1990s to 2008 (around 0.1 Pg C yr 1 ), predominantly in North Asia. The mean seasonal cycle appears to be well constrained by the atmospheric data over the northern land (at the continen- tal scale), but still highly dependent on the prior flux season- ality over the ocean. Finally we provide recommendations to interpret the regional fluxes, along with the uncertainty esti- mates.
Bug-in-Ear Coaching

Many early childhood educators struggle to meet the communication needs of children with delays and disabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional relation between bug-in-ear coaching and the frequency of educators’ correct use of targeted communication strategies, as well as associations with children’s expressive communication. Four multiple-baseline single-case intervention design experiments were completed. Dependent variables were educators’ use of communication strategies and the expressive communication of children with delays or disabilities. Bug-in-ear improved educators’ implementation of at least one communication strategy for each educator. Effect sizes were large for three educators and moderate for one. Each behavior successfully implemented during intervention was maintained at moderate levels or better, while behaviors implemented with greater variability during intervention were not maintained. Associations with children’s expressive communication were questionable/small during both intervention and maintenance. Outcomes suggest that bug-in-ear is a socially valid practice that shows promise of effectiveness in inclusive early childhood environments. Implications and future directions are provided.
Stability certificates for networks of heterogeneous linear systems

We derive robust, decentralized and scalable stability conditions for networks of heterogeneous linear systems. The results are based on a graphical Nyquist type test which depends only on the frequency responses of an individual system and its nearest neighbours. If every system in the network satisfies such a condition, the network is guaranteed to be stable. The results are suitable for a broad class of networks, allowing arbitrary interconnection asymmetries and heterogeneous multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems.
Student and staff perceptions of the importance of generic skills in science

In the discussion of the inclusion of generic skills in courses, the voices of employers, universities and government have been clearly heard. However, the undergraduate student voice has been largely missing. This paper outlines the results of a survey of staff and undergraduate students. Part A of the survey asked participants to rate a set of skills in terms of their importance. Part B of the survey asked participants to add other skills that they considered important. The student results demonstrate significant year effects. For example higher‐order skills such as critical thinking are rated more important at third year than at first year. Comparisons of the staff data and student data show that student perceptions match staff perceptions more closely at third‐year level than at first year. When all the results are considered in the broader context of our courses, there appears to be a strong link between students' perception of the importance of skills and the degree to which the skills are assessed.
Inbreeding affects sexual signalling in males but not females of Tenebrio molitor

In many species of animals, individuals advertise their quality with sexual signals to obtain mates. Chemical signals such as volatile pheromones are species specific, and their primary purpose is to influence mate choice by carrying information about the phenotypic and genetic quality of the sender. The deleterious effects of consanguineous mating on individual quality are generally known, whereas the effect of inbreeding on sexual signalling is poorly understood. Here, we tested whether inbreeding reduces the attractiveness of sexual signalling in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, by testing the preferences for odours of inbred and outbred (control) individuals of the opposite sex. Females were more attracted to the odours produced by outbred males than the odours produced by inbred males, suggesting that inbreeding reduces the attractiveness of male sexual signalling. However, we did not find any difference between the attractiveness of inbred and outbred female odours, which may indicate that the quality of females is either irrelevant for T. molitor males or quality is not revealed through female odours.
Prevention of Marital Distress: Current Issues in Programming and Research

Marital dissatisfaction is the most common presenting problem in adults seeking psychological services and is rated as the second most severe stress adults can experience after a death in the family. Almost every married couple is, at some time, at risk for marital distress, conflict, separation, and divorce and for the resulting stress on themselves and their children. Traditionally, theory and practice have focused on tertiary prevention of marital distress (i.e., marital therapies). However, marital therapy has limited efficacy and accesses only limited numbers of couples. Poor communication and dissatisfaction with interactions, assessed premaritally, are strong predictors of marital distress. Several marital distress prevention programs have been developed which generally or specifically target communication behaviour of pre- and early married couples. Outcome evaluations suggest such programs can lead to improved communication and problem-solving skills, improved relationship satisfaction, lower levels of marital violence, and diminished probability of marital dissolution. Suggestions for future research include a more fine-grained analysis of situation-specific cognition, affect, and psychophysiological responses during communication, incorporation of a self-regulatory model within prevention work, and the use of longitudinal research designs.
Linkage analysis between the major histocompatibility system and insulin-dependent diabetes in families with patients in two consecutive generations.

We have histocompatibility (HLA) genotyped 28 families with insulin-dependent diabetics in two or more consecutive generations, usually parent and child. This strategy of ascertainment was used to maximize the likelihood of obtaining a homogeneous type of disease within a family, and an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. 76 diabetics and 169 nondiabetics were studied in these families. The frequencies of the antigens Dw3 and Dw4, and the genotype Dw3/Dw4 among the diabetics are 59, 68, and 30%, respectively, as compared with 15, 12, and 2% in normal controls, and 43, 41, and 10% in the nondiabetic relatives of the diabetics. Dw2 is present in only one diabetic (4%), as compared with 18% in normal controls and 17% in nondiabetic relatives.HLA haplotype concordance was analyzed for sib pairs in relation to the haplotype shared by the affected parent/child pair, and for the diabetic sib pairs within each sibship. The results failed to reveal deviations in the expected HLA haplotype assortment. Assuming an autosomal dominant mode and several penetrance levels, linkage analysis between the HLA and diabetes was performed. The total lod score is 0.37 for a recombination fraction of 0.29 at 50% penetrance. Although the linkage and concordance analysis results are inconclusive, they seem to be different from those reported by us for families with normal parents and two or more diabetic sibs. Because ascertainment biases may have influenced these results in an unquantifiable manner, it is not certain whether the two types of families are genetically different. However, the marked difference in the lod scores for the 50% penetrant autosomal recessive model between the two types of families is compatible with a genetic dissimilarity between them. The high frequency of the Dw3 and Dw4 antigens, the Dw3/Dw4 genotype, and the decreased frequency of Dw2, however, indicate the existence of two or more important diabetic genetic factors associated with the D region of the HLA in these families.
RECOGNIZING POST‐CAREGIVING AS PART OF THE CAREGIVING CAREER: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Caregiving research and practice has tended not to view the post‐caregiving stage as part of the larger caregiving lifecourse. Research on post‐caregiving has focused primarily on how the caregiver copes following the death of the care‐receiver, and practice has shown that the trend is to close the caregiver's file (if a file exists at all) post‐death. Yet caregivers face ongoing transitions and losses following the death of the care‐receiver, including coping with potentially complicated mourning, as well as identity rebuilding. The fact that caregivers have ongoing emotional needs post‐care indicates that this stage should be considered as part of the caregiving lifecourse. Post‐caregivers should thus be provided the appropriate services and support. Providing services during this stage means viewing caregivers as holistic human beings with individual needs, rather than simply as instruments for providing care.
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that occurs in previously healthy women during the last month of pregnancy and up to 5-6 months postpartum. The etiology and pathophysiology remain uncertain, although recent observations strongly suggest the specific role of prolactin cleavage secondary to unbalanced peri/postpartum oxidative stress. PPCM is a diagnosis of exclusion, as it shares many clinical characteristics with other forms of systolic heart failure secondary to cardiomyopathy. The heart failure management requires a multidisciplinary approach during pregnancy, considering the possible adverse effects on the fetus. After delivery, the treatment is in accordance with the current guidelines of heart failure. Some novel therapies, such as prolactin blockade, are proposed to either prevent or treat the patients with PPCM. A critical individual counseling concerning the risks of subsequent pregnancy must be considered. Because of its rare incidence, geographical differences, and heterogeneous presentation, PPCM continues to be incompletely characterized and understood. For all these reasons, PPCM remains a challenge in clinical practice, so future epidemiological trials and national registries are needed to learn more about the disease.
Optimal Fine‐Scale Structures in Compliance Minimization for a Shear Load

We return to a classic problem of structural optimization whose solution requires microstructure. It is well‐known that perimeter penalization assures the existence of an optimal design. We are interested in the regime where the perimeter penalization is weak; i.e., in the effect of perimeter as a selection mechanism in structural optimization. To explore this topic in a simple yet challenging example, we focus on a two‐dimensional elastic shape optimization problem involving the optimal removal of material from a rectangular region loaded in shear. We consider the minimization of a weighted sum of volume, perimeter, and compliance (i.e., the work done by the load), focusing on the behavior as the weight ɛ of the perimeter term tends to 0. Our main result concerns the scaling of the optimal value with respect to ɛ. Our analysis combines an upper bound and a lower bound. The upper bound is proved by finding a near‐optimal structure, which resembles a rank‐2 laminate except that the approximate interfaces are replaced by branching constructions. The lower bound, which shows that no other microstructure can be much better, uses arguments based on the Hashin‐Shtrikman variational principle. The regime being considered here is particularly difficult to explore numerically due to the intrinsic nonconvexity of structural optimization and the spatial complexity of the optimal structures. While perimeter has been considered as a selection mechanism in other problems involving microstructure, the example considered here is novel because optimality seems to require the use of two well‐separated length scales. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Global View of Non-Gaussian Sea Surface Height Variability

Sea surface height anomalies measured by the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimeter indicate high values of skewness and kurtosis. Except in a few regions, including the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio Extension, and the Agulhas Retroflection, which display bimodal patterns of sea surface height variability, kurtosis is uniformly greater than 1.5 times the squared skewness minus an adjustment constant. This relationship differs substantially from what standard Gaussian or double-exponential noise would produce. However, it can be explained by a simple theory in which the noise is assumed to be state-dependent (or multiplicative), meaning that a larger background state implies larger random noise elements. The existence of multiplicative noise can be anticipated from the equations of motion, if ocean dynamics are split into a slowly decorrelating deterministic component and a rapidly decorrelating contribution that is approximated as noise. Such a model raises the possibility of predicting the probabilities of extreme sea surface height anomalies from first physical principles and may provide a useful null-hypotheses for non-Gaussian sea surface height variability.
The Deduced Amino Acid Sequences of Human Platelet and Frontal Cortex Monoamine Oxidase B Are Identical

Abstract: Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) A and B play important roles in the metabolism of neuroactive, vasoactive amines. Human platelets contain only MAO B, often used as an indicator of brain MAO B. The validity of this model remained to be evaluated. This report describes the molecular cloning of human MAO B from frontal cortex and platelets. Two overlapping PCR‐amplified clones of human platelet MAO B and four PCR‐amplified clones of human frontal cortex MAO B covering the entire coding region were sequenced using five internal oligomers and M13 reverse and forward primers. The nucleotide sequences of human MAO B cDNA from platelet and frontal cortex were identical to that of human liver MAO B except for three nucleotides that differed in frontal cortex: nucleotides 440 A → G, 794 C → T, and 825 C → T. Whether or not these differences are artifactual, all three represent silent mutations, which would not alter the amino acid of the encoded polypeptides. Thus, the deduced amino acid sequences of MAO B from frontal cortex, platelet, and liver are identical. These findings indicate the validity of using platelet MAO B mRNA as a marker for brain MAO B and provide a new approach to study the role of brain MAO B in humans.
A systematic examination of the in vitro Ussing chamber and the in situ single-pass perfusion model systems in rat ileum permeation of model solutes.

In situ and in vitro intestinal absorption in the rat ileum was systematically studied and mechanistically quantified in terms of permeability coefficients (P) of a series of [(3)H]steroids as model transcellular permeants, [(3)H]taurocholate utilizing the active membrane transport systems to define the aqueous boundary layer (ABL), and [(14)C]urea and [(14)C]mannitol as pore-hindered paracellular diffusants. In situ single-pass perfusion experiments were performed in isolated ileal segments and blood samples were collected from the cannulated mesenteric vein. For the in vitro experiments, an excised, serosal and muscular layer-removed, ileal tissue was mounted in the Ussing chamber diffusion cells. In situ and in vitro P values versus logarithm of the partition coefficient in n-octanol/water (log K) of the steroids were characterized by a sigmoidal-shaped curve in which plateau values were attained for the highly lipophilic steroids with log K greater, similar 2.5. The in situ and in vitro transport barriers in series were viewed as ABL/mucosal epithelium and ABL/mucosal epithelium/submucosal tissue, respectively. Within this framework and the use of experimental strategies and theoretical reasoning, the transport barriers of the steroids were quantitatively delineated and the rate-determining barriers identified. In the plateau region, the analyses indicate that the in situ absorption of the lipophilic steroids was essentially ABL controlled, whereas the in vitro absorption was about equally controlled by diffusion across the ABL and submucosal tissue. The in situ and in vitro pore radii of the paracellular route were 7.2 and 9.2 A, respectively, and the difference was likely the result of perturbation of the tight junctions during the in vitro preparation of the ileal tissue.
The proteome of mesenteric lymph during acute pancreatitis and implications for treatment.

CONTEXT The protein fraction of mesenteric lymph during acute pancreatitis and other critical illness is thought to contain toxic factors. However, we do not have a complete description of the mesenteric lymph proteome during acute pancreatitis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to define the proteomic changes in mesenteric lymph during acute pancreatitis. SETTING Animal Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand. DESIGN Mesenteric lymph was collected from sixteen male Wistar rats randomised to Group 1 (n=8) with taurocholate induced acute pancreatitis and Group 2 (n=8) sham control. The lymph was subjected to proteomic analysis using iTRAQ (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Two hundred and forty-five proteins including 35 hypothetical proteins were identified in mesenteric lymph. Eight of the 245 proteins had a significant increase in their relative abundance in acute pancreatitis conditioned mesenteric lymph, and 7 of these were pancreatic catabolic enzymes (pancreatic amylase 2, pancreatic lipase, carboxypeptidase A2, chymotrypsinogen B, carboxypeptidase B1, cationic trypsinogen, ribonuclease 1). CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive description of the proteome of mesenteric lymph during acute pancreatitis and has demonstrated a significantly increased relative abundance of 7 secreted pancreatic catabolic enzymes in acute pancreatitis conditioned mesenteric lymph. This study provides a clear rationale for further research to investigate the efficacy of enteral protease inhibitors in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
Professional identities of middle managers

This article presents and discusses the findings of a recent study on the professional identities of middle managers in a school of healthcare in a selected Chartered (pre-1992) UK university. Attention focuses on the career backgrounds of the middle managers, perception of identity and the interactional balance between the professional, academic and managerial aspects of their role. The study adopted an interpretive approach, in line with social constructivism, exploring their beliefs, feelings and perceptions with regard to their career background, identities and role. The data suggest that this group of middle managers were influenced by a complex array of circumstances and social processes, but also by critical incidents, key people and opportunities. There was evidence of very high levels of job satisfaction, and the respondents gave examples of core personality traits that contributed to their sustained career success. The data portray these middle managers as hybrid characters attempting to juggle multiple identities; however, this identity was being shaped by the university’s strategic vision to be an elite, research-led learning environment. If senior leaders of higher education institutions wish to aspire to excellence in healthcare education it is essential they recruit middle managers who demonstrate a complex interweaving of personal and professional qualities within a context of moral purpose, described in this study as, ‘loving the job’.
BPA‐toxicity via superoxide anion overload and a deficit in β‐catenin signaling in human bone mesenchymal stem cells

Bisphenol A (BPA), used in the manufacture of products based on polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, is well known as an endocrine‐disrupting monomer. In the current study, BPA increased cytotoxicity in hBMSCs in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, concomitantly with increased lipid peroxidation. Increased cell death in BPA‐treated cells was markedly blocked by pretreatment with the superoxide dismutase mimetic MnTBAP and MnTMPyP, but not by catalase, glutathione, the glutathione peroxidase mimetic ebselen, the NOS inhibitor NAME, or the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. Furthermore, the decline in nuclear β‐catenin and cyclin D1 levels in hBMSCs exposed to BPA was reversed by MnTBAP treatment. Finally, treatment of hBMSCs with the GSK3β inhibitor LiCl2 increased nuclear β‐catenin levels and significantly attenuated cytotoxicity compared with BPA treatment. Our current results in hBMSCs exposed to BPA suggest that BPA causes a disturbance in β‐catenin signaling via a superoxide anion overload. © 2016 The Authors Environmental Toxicology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 344–352, 2017.
Numerical simulations of combustion in a lean stratified propane-air mixture

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of combustion in globally lean non-homogeneous propane-air mixtures has been performed for several initial distributions of non-homogeneities. Results have shown a strong influence of the scale and asymmetry of this distribution on both the combustion efficiency and thermal NO production, in accordance with experimental results. The simulations also have made possible a quantitative assessment of flamelet modeling for the primary flame, which yielded remarkably good results.