Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nearly every normal modal logic is paranormal

An overcomplete logic is a logic that ‘ceases to make the difference’: According to such a logic, all inferences hold independently of the nature of the statements involved. A negation-inconsistent logic is a logic having at least one model that satisfies both some statement and its negation. A negation-incomplete logic has at least one model according to which neither some statement nor its negation are satisfied. Paraconsistent logics are negation-inconsistent yet non-overcomplete; paracomplete logics are negation-incomplete yet non-overcomplete. A paranormal logic is simply a logic that is both paraconsistent and paracomplete. Despite being perfectly consistent and complete with respect to classical negation, nearly every normal modal logic, in its ordinary language and interpretation, admits to some latent paranormality: It is paracomplete with respect to a negation defined as an impossibility operator, and paraconsistent with respect to a negation defined as non-necessity. In fact, as it will be shown here, even in languages without a primitive classical negation, normal modal logics can often be alternatively characterized directly by way of their paranormal negations and related operators. So, instead of talking about ‘necessity’, ‘possibility’, and so on, modal logics could be seen just as devices tailored for the study of (modal) negation. This paper shows how and to what extent this alternative characterization of modal logics can be realized.
Heterogeneous State Dependence in Health Processes

This paper explores the notion that an individual’s health follows a stochastic process. We model health as a persistent stochastic process with first order state dependence. We then construct an estimator for this model and apply it to a panel containing data on self reported health status, age and demographic characterics. Our results indicate that health does exhibit first order state dependence. In addition, we find that, conditional on an individual’s heterogeneity, blacks have higher probabilities of remaining ill and falling ill than whites at all ages. The same is true for education groups; less eduacted people have higher probabilities of remaining ill and falling ill than more educated people. Also, we find that the health of blacks atrophies quicker than the health of whites. This suggests that discrepencies in health outcomes across races are exacerbated with age. These findings are consistent with the gradient or the statistical correlation between socioeconomic status and health (Adler, et al 1994).
Characterization of the A2–A2rel gene cluster in Leishmania donovani: involvement of A2 in visceralization during infection

The A2 gene family is present in Leishmania donovani, which causes fatal visceral leishmaniasis in human patients, but is not present in Leishmania major, which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis infections. The A2 genes in L. donovani are stage specific and are expressed at high levels in the amastigote stage in the mammalian host, but are not expressed in the promastigote stage in the insect sandfly vector. The A2 genes are tandem repeated with a distinct gene family termed the A2rel genes. In order to characterize the structure and function of the A2–A2rel gene clusters, the 5′ and 3′ DNA sequences flanking the A2–A2rel cluster were isolated, sequenced and used to generate mutants through gene targeting. Although it was possible to generate partial A2–A2rel gene clusters knock‐out mutants, it was not possible to delete all the A2–A2rel gene clusters completely from the L. donovani genome, suggesting that, within this cluster, there are genes that are essential for survival in culture. Characterization of these mutants revealed that A2 and A2rel gene expression was compensated by amplifying the remaining intact A2 and A2rel genes, and the proliferation of these mutants in culture and their virulence in BALB/c mice were compromised. In order to explore further the biological role of A2, the L. donovani A2 gene was introduced into L. major. In comparison with the control L. major, the A2‐expressing L. major parasites demonstrated an increased ability to survive in the spleen of BALB/c mice. These data suggest that A2 plays a role in the visceralization of infection associated with L. donovani.
Resilience and Multiple Risks: A Response to Bernice Wong

This article is an endorsement of Wong's proposal that risk and resilience models provide a framework for research and practice with regard to the social and emotional functioning of children with learning disabilities. Future research should include an examination of the impact of family functioning and parenting, and peer victimization. We need to be cognizant of findings in developmental psychopathology that single risk factors seldom have a massive impact on development; children who are at risk typically experience chronic multiple risks. Consequently, we cannot explain the social and emotional functioning of children with learning disabilities without understanding the reciprocal interaction between children and their environments.
Checklist of free-living marine nematodes from intertidal sites along the central west coast of India

The present study provides a checklist of free-living marine nematode species from nine intertidal sites located along the central west coast of India covering an area between latitudes 16°33′08.47″ N and 16°38′50.75″ N and longitudes 073°19′30.13″ E and 073°23′34.97″ E. The list includes 33 species of marine nematodes belonging to 20 genera and 13 families. The occurrence of nematode species identified appears to be correlated to character of the sediments across sampled intertidal sites. Ten families were encountered in sandy sites while in muddy sites the number was ten. Three families, namely Camacolaimidae, Ironidae, and Microlaimidae, were exclusive to the sandy sites, while Anoplostomatidae, Comesomatidae, and Linhomoeidae were only found across muddy sites. Some of the dominant free-living marine nematode groups encountered across all sites was represented by the genera Ptycholaimellus , Viscosia , Oncholaimus , Halalaimus , and species such as Sphaerolaimus balticus and Metachromadora suecica .
A Comparison of the Stability Characteristics of Some Graph Theoretic Clustering Methods

Assessing the stability of a clustering method involves the measurement of the extent to which the generated clusters are affected by perturbations in the input data. A measure which specifies the disturbance in a set of clusters as the minimum number of operations required to restore the set of modified clusters to the original ones is adopted. A number of well-known graph theoretic clustering methods are compared in terms of their stability as determined by this measure. Specifically, it is shown that among the clustering methods in any of several families of graph theoretic methods, clusters defined as the connected components are the most stable and the clusters specified as the maximal complete subgraphs are the least stable. Furthermore, as one proceeds from the method producing the most narrow clusters (maximal complete subgraphs) to those producing relatively broader clusters, the clustering process is shown to remain at least as stable as any method in the previous stages. Finally, the lower and the upper bounds for the measure of stability, when clusters are defined as the connected components, are derived.
Amyloid beta-peptide polymerization studied using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

BACKGROUND The accumulation of fibrillar deposits of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) in brain parenchyma and cerebromeningeal blood vessels is a key step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In this report, polymerization of Abeta was studied using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a technique capable of detecting small molecules and large aggregates simultaneously in solution. RESULTS The polymerization of Abeta dissolved in Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.4, occurred above a critical concentration of 50 microM and proceeded from monomers/dimers into two discrete populations of large aggregates, without any detectable amount of oligomers. The aggregation showed very high cooperativity and reached a maximum after 40 min, followed by an increase in the amount of monomers/dimers and a decrease in the size of the large aggregates. Electron micrographs of samples prepared at the time for maximum aggregation showed a mixture of an amorphous network and short diffuse fibrils, whereas only mature amyloid fibrils were detected after one day of incubation. The aggregation was reduced when Abeta was incubated in the presence of Abeta ligands, oligopeptides previously shown to inhibit fibril formation, and aggregates were partly dissociated after the addition of the ligands. CONCLUSIONS The polymerization of Abeta is a highly cooperative process in which the formation of very large aggregates precedes the formation of fibrils. The entire process can be inhibited and, at least in early stages, partly reversed by Abeta ligands.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Anti-SSA Autoantibodies in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome with Central Nervous System Involvement

Background: Central nervous system involvement in primary Sjögren’s syndrome is a matter of controversy, and its diagnosis remains difficult. Methods: We report 3 patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome and central nervous system involvement in whom we assessed intrathecal immunoglobulin G synthesis and the presence of cerebrospinal fluid anti-SSA and anti-SSB autoantibodies. Results: We found intrathecal immunoglobulin G synthesis and presence of cerebrospinal fluid anti-SSA autoantibodies in all patients, with demonstration for the first time of specific anti-SSA autoantibody intrathecal synthesis in 2 patients. Conclusion: We suggest that cerebrospinal fluid anti-SSA autoantibodies could serve as a biomarker for Sjögren’s-syndrome-related central nervous system involvement.
How important are state transfers for reducing poverty rates in later life?

ABSTRACT Financial welfare in later life is of prime concern as the funding of pensions and care rises up policy agendas. In this context, work and family histories are well known to impact on late-life income, generally reducing state and private pensions for women. In a political context where benefits are under threat as part of the retrenchment of the welfare state, we consider two key questions. First, how do state pension and benefit transfers interact with work and family histories to reduce poverty risks in later life? Second, who is kept out of poverty by state benefits and transfers? Using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we examine how work, family and health histories are associated with poverty in later life and estimate how far and in what ways state pensions, income support and disability benefits play a mediating role. We conclude that state support is key to maintaining incomes above official poverty lines for substantial numbers whose work, family and health histories would otherwise have led to their incomes falling below these lines. While disability benefits are designed to compensate for the additional costs of disability, it is likely that many in receipt experience poverty (even though they are not captured in official poverty statistics); even more so for those incurring the costs of disability but not in receipt of these benefits.
Naive Bayes spam filtering using word-position-based attributes and length-sensitive classification thresholds

This paper explores the use of the naive Bayes classiﬁer as the basis for personalised spam ﬁlters. Several machine learning algorithms, including variants of naive Bayes, have previously been used for this purpose, but the author’s implementation using word-position-based attribute vectors gave very good results when tested on several publicly available corpora. The eﬀects of various forms of attribute selection—removal of frequent and infrequent words, respectively, and by using mutual information—are investigated. It is also shown how n-grams, with n > 1, may be used to boost classiﬁcation performance. Finally, an eﬃcient weighting scheme for cost-sensitive classiﬁcation is introduced.
Social Competence and Affective Characteristics of Students With Mild Disabilities

Empirical research examining the social competence and affective functioning of children with mild disabilities was reviewed. Mild-disability groups included children variously classified as having specific learning disabilities, mild mental retardation, behavior disorders, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Social competence was conceptualized as a multidimensional construct that included social skills, adaptive behavior, and peer relationship variables. Children with mild disabilities were shown to have difficulties in negotiating both peer-related and teacher-related adjustments in school settings. Consistent with previous reviews, this review showed that children with mild disabilities had poorer social skills, exhibited more interfering problem behaviors, and were poorly accepted or rejected by peers. Conflicting evidence in the literature exists as it relates to the general self-esteem levels of various groups of students with mild disabilities. These findings were interpreted in terms of social comparison theory. The review concludes with a discussion of the methodological issues that should be addressed before the social competence and affective characteristics of children with mild disabilities can be understood more fully. These issues include sampling designs, heterogeneity of samples, influences of demographic variables, nosological error, and the paucity of available longitudinal research on these and related questions.
Pathological phenotypes and in vivo DNA cleavage by unrestrained activity of a phosphorothioate‐based restriction system in Salmonella

Prokaryotes protect their genomes from foreign DNA with a diversity of defence mechanisms, including a widespread restriction–modification (R–M) system involving phosphorothioate (PT) modification of the DNA backbone. Unlike classical R–M systems, highly partial PT modification of consensus motifs in bacterial genomes suggests an unusual mechanism of PT‐dependent restriction. In Salmonella enterica, PT modification is mediated by four genes dptB–E, while restriction involves additional three genes dptF–H. Here, we performed a series of studies to characterize the PT‐dependent restriction, and found that it presented several features distinct with traditional R–M systems. The presence of restriction genes in a PT‐deficient mutant was not lethal, but instead resulted in several pathological phenotypes. Subsequent transcriptional profiling revealed the expression of > 600 genes was affected by restriction enzymes in cells lacking PT, including induction of bacteriophage, SOS response and DNA repair‐related genes. These transcriptional responses are consistent with the observation that restriction enzymes caused extensive DNA cleavage in the absence of PT modifications in vivo. However, overexpression of restriction genes was lethal to the host in spite of the presence PT modifications. These results point to an unusual mechanism of PT‐dependent DNA cleavage by restriction enzymes in the face of partial PT modification.
Indirectly assessing attitudes toward gender nonconformity using prototypes

Indirectly Assessing Attitudes toward Gender Nonconformity using Prototypes Tiana E. Krum The present research was designed to indirectly measure attitudes toward physical and psychological gender nonconformity in others using prototyping. The types of descriptive attributes provided as well as the negative or positive valence of the attributes were used to determine participant attitudes toward gender nonconformity. A frequency distribution and associations rule analysis revealed the most commonly used attributes and the most important association rules for each prototype. Non-parametric tests revealed that there were significantly more negative attributes provided for all four prototypes than positive attributes, p < . 0001. Additionally, chi square analyses revealed that across prototype type, there were significantly more negative attributes provided for the physical prototypes than for the positive prototypes , χ 2 = . 760, p < . 0001; there was no significant difference in number of negative or positive attributes provided across prototype gender. Factors of prototype similarity and prototype evaluation were considered and were correlated with the direct Attitudes toward Gender Nonconformity Scale (ATGN) developed by Krum and Galupo (2010). Demographic factors were explored and implications for the field, including a theoretical development of our understanding of these attitudes and implications for effected communities such as the LGBT community were discussed. iv
A blind man’s bluff: choice blindness in eyewitness testimony

According to an effect termed choice blindness (for a demonstration see http://bit.ly/1idqDg0) people have difficulty in detecting changes in the outcome of their own choices. In this dissertation we investigated whether eyewitnesses would notice if they were presented with a different person than the one they originally identified, or if details in their statements were altered. The findings indicate that a large proportion of eyewitnesses fail to detect mistakes and changes in their identification decisions and witness statements. Clearly, mistaken or deliberate alterations of even minor details can impede the accurate reconstruction of an event and possibly incriminate innocent suspects.
The evaluation of college Education science and technology innovation performance based on data envelopment analysis

Generally speaking, although our country's college Education S&T innovation is not good in the international, the overall performance of college Education S&T innovation is well. There were 16 Provinces reached DEA form of efficiency. The performance of each Province's college Education S&T innovation did not have obvious correlation with their economic development level.
Abstract Mind-Sets and Social Comparison

When evaluating personal performance, there is a propensity for people to rely more heavily on social comparison information from individuals than from aggregates, which is often more diagnostic—referred to as the Local Dominance Effect. The present research explored the possibility that under certain conditions, a global dominance effect may emerge; that is, in some circumstances people might rely more on average comparison information. Two studies investigated the influence of abstract mind-sets on the use of social comparison information. In Study 1, self-evaluations of participants who were given comparison information from both individual and aggregate sources while in an abstract mind-set were affected more by aggregate than individual comparison information—demonstrating a global dominance effect. Study 2 investigated how construal level influences the use of social comparison information and results indicated that when thinking abstractly, people shifted their attention to average comparison information.
The Casualties of `Casual' Sex: A Qualitative Exploration of the Phenomenology of College Students' Hookups

One of the most prominent features of the current college campus environment is the casual sex practice of the hookup. Hookups are defined as a sexual encounter between two people who are brief acquaintances or strangers, usually lasting only one night without the expectation of developing a relationship (Paul, McManus, & Hayes, 2000). Although there is a vast literature on college students' casual sexual attitudes and behavior, there is little attention to (a) subjective or experiential elements of and (b) the heterogeneity of casual sexual experiences. The goal of this study was to explore the varied phenomenology or experiential reality of college students' casual sexual hookup experiences. A structured questionnaire soliciting open responses regarding college students' views of a typical hookup and reports of their best and worst hookup experiences was administered to 187 college students. Responses were microanalytically content analyzed and globally thematically analyzed. College students' accounts of hookup experiences included behavioral, situational, cognitive, and emotional elements. As expected, although there was relative uniformity in college students' descriptions of a typical hookup, there was wide variation in college students' descriptions of their best and worst hookup experiences. Moreover, whereas there were few differences between males' and females' descriptions of what transpired, there were some sex differences in descriptions of what was felt after actual casual sexual experiences and in interpretations of why experiences were good or bad.
The Impacts of Cardiac Rehabilitation Program on Exercise Capacity, Quality of Life, and Functional Status of Coronary Artery Disease Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Purpose: To determine the impacts of cardiac rehabilitation on exercise capacity, quality of life (QOL), and functional status in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Design: Self‐controlled clinical trial. Methods: CAD patients with mild to moderate left ventricular dysfunction participated in an exercise‐based rehabilitation program for eight consecutive weeks. Subjects underwent an exercise test before and 8 weeks after rehabilitation. QOL was assessed with the SF‐36 questionnaire. Functional status was assessed in terms of sleep time, walking, cycling, exercise, and working duration. Findings: Seventy patients (age = 57.5 ± 10.2 years, 77.1% male) were studied. After rehabilitation, peak exercise capacity increased from 8.00 ± 2.56 to 10.08 ± 3.00 METs (p < .001) and exercise duration increased from 14.17 ± 5.27 to 17.21 ± 5.85 minutes (p < .001). Patients' QOL improved in physical and psychological dimensions (p < .05). Cycling, walking, and exercising status significantly increased after the study (p < .05). Conclusions: Cardiac rehabilitation improves exercise capacity, QOL, and functional status of CAD patients with mild to moderate left ventricular dysfunction. Clinical Relevance: Cardiac rehabilitation practitioners should encourage patients to attend to and be compliant in the rehabilitation programs.
Diurnal Changes in Perceptions of Energy and Mood

Data from five separate groups of volunteers show that diurnal variation in perceptions of physical and mental energy (‘vigour’) can be simply measured by the use of visual analogue scales. In all five groups, perceptions of vigour were significantly higher in the morning than at other times of day. In three groups where energy levels were measured six times daily the values achieved between 10.00 h and 12.00 h were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those recorded on rising or retiring. Some evidence was also found for the existence of high energy levels in the evening (particularly among the undergraduates) and for an ‘afternoon dip’ in energy in about 20% of subjects. Higher levels of positive affect were also found in the morning and levels recorded between 10.00 h and 12.00 h were significantly greater than those on rising or retiring, (P< 0.01). However, no similar diurnal variation was observed for negative affect. The difference may be due to the fact that positive affect has a distinct ‘biological’ component contributing to perceptions of energy, whilst negative affbct depends more on features in the individual's environment, which show no consistent diurnal pattern.