Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generating Multi-sentence Natural Language Descriptions of Indoor Scenes

This paper proposes a novel framework for generating lingual descriptions of indoor scenes. This is an important problem, as an effective solution to this problem can enable many exciting real-world applications, such as human robot interaction, image/video synopsis, and automatic caption generation. Whereas substantial efforts have been made to tackle this problem, previous approaches focusing primarily on generating a single sentence for each image, which is not sufficient for describing complex scenes. We attempt to go beyond this, by generating coherent descriptions with multiple sentences. Particularly, we are interested in generating multi-sentence descriptions of cluttered indoor scenes. Complex, multi-sentence output requires us to deal with challenging problems such as consistent co-referrals to visual entities across sentences. Furthermore, the sequence of sentences needs to be as natural as possible, mimicking how humans describe the scene. This is especially important for example in the context of social robotics to enable realistic communications. Towards this goal, we develop a framework with three major components: (1) a holistic visual parser based on [3] that couples the inference of objects, attributes, and relations to produce a semantic representation of a 3D scene (Fig. 1); (2) a generative grammar automatically learned from training text; and (3) a text generation algorithm that takes into account subtle dependencies across sentences, such as logical order, diversity, saliency of objects, and co-reference resolution.
Structures of Coxsackievirus, Rhinovirus, and Poliovirus Polymerase Elongation Complexes Solved by Engineering RNA Mediated Crystal Contacts

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases play a vital role in the growth of RNA viruses where they are responsible for genome replication, but do so with rather low fidelity that allows for the rapid adaptation to different host cell environments. These polymerases are also a target for antiviral drug development. However, both drug discovery efforts and our understanding of fidelity determinants have been hampered by a lack of detailed structural information about functional polymerase-RNA complexes and the structural changes that take place during the elongation cycle. Many of the molecular details associated with nucleotide selection and catalysis were revealed in our recent structure of the poliovirus polymerase-RNA complex solved by first purifying and then crystallizing stalled elongation complexes. In the work presented here we extend that basic methodology to determine nine new structures of poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and rhinovirus elongation complexes at 2.2–2.9 Å resolution. The structures highlight conserved features of picornaviral polymerases and the interactions they make with the template and product RNA strands, including a tight grip on eight basepairs of the nascent duplex, a fully pre-positioned templating nucleotide, and a conserved binding pocket for the +2 position template strand base. At the active site we see a pre-bound magnesium ion and there is conservation of a non-standard backbone conformation of the template strand in an interaction that may aid in triggering RNA translocation via contact with the conserved polymerase motif B. Moreover, by engineering plasticity into RNA-RNA contacts, we obtain crystal forms that are capable of multiple rounds of in-crystal catalysis and RNA translocation. Together, the data demonstrate that engineering flexible RNA contacts to promote crystal lattice formation is a versatile platform that can be used to solve the structures of viral RdRP elongation complexes and their catalytic cycle intermediates.
Hand posture classification using electrocorticography signals in the gamma band over human sensorimotor brain areas

Objective. Brain–machine interface systems translate recorded neural signals into command signals for assistive technology. In individuals with upper limb amputation or cervical spinal cord injury, the restoration of a useful hand grasp could significantly improve daily function. We sought to determine if electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals contain sufficient information to select among multiple hand postures for a prosthetic hand, orthotic, or functional electrical stimulation system.Approach. We recorded ECoG signals from subdural macro- and microelectrodes implanted in motor areas of three participants who were undergoing inpatient monitoring for diagnosis and treatment of intractable epilepsy. Participants performed five distinct isometric hand postures, as well as four distinct finger movements. Several control experiments were attempted in order to remove sensory information from the classification results. Online experiments were performed with two participants. Main results. Classification rates were 68%, 84% and 81% for correct identification of 5 isometric hand postures offline. Using 3 potential controls for removing sensory signals, error rates were approximately doubled on average (2.1×). A similar increase in errors (2.6×) was noted when the participant was asked to make simultaneous wrist movements along with the hand postures. In online experiments, fist versus rest was successfully classified on 97% of trials; the classification output drove a prosthetic hand. Online classification performance for a larger number of hand postures remained above chance, but substantially below offline performance. In addition, the long integration windows used would preclude the use of decoded signals for control of a BCI system. Significance. These results suggest that ECoG is a plausible source of command signals for prosthetic grasp selection. Overall, avenues remain for improvement through better electrode designs and placement, better participant training, and characterization of non-stationarities such that ECoG could be a viable signal source for grasp control for amputees or individuals with paralysis.
Immigrant Clusters and Homeownership in Global Metropolises: Suburbanization Trends in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York

Author(s): Pamuk, Ayse | Abstract: The premise of this paper is that immigrant homeownership patterns in global metropolitan housing markets are profoundly influenced by international migration dynamics and that homeownership for immigrants is realized in ethnic clusters in varying degrees and in unexpected locations of metropolitan regions. Research shows that ethnic clusters are increasingly emerging in different places -- particularly, in suburban areas of global metropolises as a result of some immigrants following networks of kin and friends along migration chains and bypassing inner cities altogether. In contrast to earlier theories on immigrant residential settlement patterns that view ethnic neighborhoods as disadvantaged “zones-in-transition,” some of these newer clusters have unexpectedly high homeownership rates.
Ovarian cancer: early symptom patterns.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To examine early symptom and diagnostic-seeking experiences of women newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer. DESIGN Longitudinal descriptive. SETTING Homes of families. SAMPLE Purposive; 19 families were obtained by referrals. METHODS Interviews and questionnaires; descriptive analysis. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Early symptoms and delays in diagnosis. FINDINGS Families were 88% Caucasian and 12% African American. Almost two-thirds had annual incomes of 25,000 dollars or more. The ages of the patients with cancer ranged from 28-73 years (mean = 56 years). Delay between initial symptoms and diagnosis was mean = 14 weeks. Early symptoms experienced by 95% of women were abdominal bloating, vague abdominal pain and "spots," indigestion problems, fatigue, and urinary problems. CONCLUSIONS Women usually experience a cluster of symptoms, unrecognized and discounted, which delays diagnosis. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Pelvic assessments should be reformulated to conceptualize early symptoms, risk factors, and family cancer history as a dynamic, interconnected whole to guide and interpret ovarian health.
D-brane probes on G(2) orbifolds

We consider type-IIB string theory on a seven dimensional orbifold with holonomy in G2. The motivation is to use D1-branes as probes of the geometry. The low energy theory on the D1-brane is a sigma-model with two real supercharges (N = (1,1) in two dimensional language). We study in detail the closed and open string sectors and propose a coupling of the twisted fields to the brane that modifies the vacuum moduli space so that the singularity at the origin is removed. Instead of coming from D-terms, which are not present here, the modification comes from a ``twisted'' mass term for the seven scalar multiplets on the brane. The proposed mechanism involves a generalization of the moment map.
An additive manufacturing‐based PCL–alginate–chondrocyte bioprinted scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering

Regenerative medicine is targeted to improve, restore or replace damaged tissues or organs using a combination of cells, materials and growth factors. Both tissue engineering and developmental biology currently deal with the process of tissue self‐assembly and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. In this investigation, additive manufacturing (AM) with a multihead deposition system (MHDS) was used to fabricate three‐dimensional (3D) cell‐printed scaffolds using layer‐by‐layer (LBL) deposition of polycaprolactone (PCL) and chondrocyte cell‐encapsulated alginate hydrogel. Appropriate cell dispensing conditions and optimum alginate concentrations for maintaining cell viability were determined. In vitro cell‐based biochemical assays were performed to determine glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), DNA and total collagen contents from different PCL–alginate gel constructs. PCL–alginate gels containing transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) showed higher ECM formation. The 3D cell‐printed scaffolds of PCL–alginate gel were implanted in the dorsal subcutaneous spaces of female nude mice. Histochemical [Alcian blue and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining] and immunohistochemical (type II collagen) analyses of the retrieved implants after 4 weeks revealed enhanced cartilage tissue and type II collagen fibril formation in the PCL–alginate gel (+TGFβ) hybrid scaffold. In conclusion, we present an innovative cell‐printed scaffold for cartilage regeneration fabricated by an advanced bioprinting technology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor Fc epsilon RI in RBL-2H3 cells is inhibited by Syk SH2 domains

Antigen-mediated aggregation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, Fc epsilon RI, results in the activation of multiple signaling pathways, leading to the release of mediators of the allergic response. One of the earliest responses to receptor stimulation is the tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta and gamma subunits of Fc epsilon RI and the association of the tyrosine kinase Syk with the phosphorylated receptor. This association is mediated by the SH2 domains of Syk and is believed to be critical for activating signaling pathways resulting in mediator release. To examine the importance of the interaction of Syk with Fc epsilon RI in signaling events following receptor activation, we introduced a protein containing the SH2 domains of Syk into streptolysin O-permeabilized RBL-2H3 cells. The Syk SH2 domains completely inhibited degranulation and leukotriene production following receptor aggregation, and they blocked the increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation observed after receptor activation. Inhibition was specific for Fc epsilon RI-mediated signaling, since degranulation of cells activated by alternative stimuli was not blocked by the Syk SH2 domains. A protein containing a point mutation in the carboxy-terminal SH2 domain which abolishes phosphotyrosine binding was not inhibitory. In addition, inhibition of degranulation was reversed by pretreatment of the SH2 domains with a tyrosine phosphorylated peptide corresponding to the tyrosine-based activation motif found in the gamma subunit of Fc epsilon RI, the nonphosphorylated peptide had no effect. The association of Syk with the tyrosine-phosphorylated gamma subunit of the activated receptor was blocked by the Syk SH2 domains, and deregulation in cells activated by clustering of Syk directly without Fc epsilon RI aggregation was not affected by the Syk SH2 domains. These results demonstrate that the association of Syk with the activated Fc epsilon RI is critical for both early and late events following receptor activation and confirm the key role Syk plays in signaling through the high-affinity IgE receptor.
An explicit definition of connectors for component-based software architecture

Architecture description languages (ADL) describe systems as a collection of components that interact with each other using connectors. They define components explicitly, however they leave the definition of interactions implicit. Interactions are defined through include files and import and export statements (the connectors are buried inside the components). This implicitly of describing interactions (connectors) makes it difficult to build heterogeneous component-based systems that provide complex functionalities and enroll in complex relations. In this article we present an approach to model and to describe the architecture of component-based systems. It defines connectors as first-class entities. Using this approach one can evolve and reuse not only components but also connectors. We also present some operational mechanisms to permit connectors to be redefined and reused effectively.
Iran's health policymakers' views on barriers and facilitators of nurse prescribing in their context: A qualitative study

Background: In most countries, one of the main reasons for developing more advanced roles for nurses is to improve access to care in the context of limited number of doctors. It is considered that the introduction of major policy initiatives, such as nurse prescribing, requires high-level discussion and policy development to ensure successful implementation. This study aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators of nurse prescribing based on policymakers' views in Iran. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was based on conventional content analysis approach. A purposeful sample of 14 participants were recruited, including 6 members of the Nursing Board, 6 members of the Iranian Nursing Organization, and 2 senior employees of Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Data were gathered through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Results: The four emerged categories as facilitators of nurse prescribing were labeled “positive views of health policymakers,” “human resources capabilities,” “non-medical prescribing experiences,” and “governmental and non-governmental organizational activities. ” The four extracted categories as barriers of nurse prescribing were “socio-cultural factors,” “organizational factors,” “educational barriers,” and “human barriers. ” Conclusions: Barriers and facilitating factors should be considered in order to bring about organizational policy changes and improve perspectives. Nurse prescribing requires the efforts of involved managers and authorities for development and modernization. The results of this study can serve as a compressed resource for policymakers and managers to identify the effective issues on nurse prescribing and can help them to plan for the implementation of nurse prescribing.
Protein Synthesis in Newcastle Disease Virus-Infected Chicken Embryo Cells

A double-isotopic label difference analysis of polyacrylamide gels has been used to distinguish between cellular and viral protein accumulation in infected cells and to quantify the kinetics of accumulation of viral polypeptides. This technique, coupled with the determination of total radioactive amino acid incorporation in infected cultures, has revealed the following kinetic patterns. Viral polypeptides are first detected in infected cultures 2.0 to 2.5 h postinfection. The rate of accumulation of radioactive amino acids in viral polypeptides increases to a maximum (30 to 35% of the rate of accumulation in uninfected control cultures), whereas the rate of accumulation of radioactive amino acids in host-cell protein decreases to a minimum (20% of the rate of accumulation in uninfected control cultures) by 5 to 6 h postinfection. All of the viral polypeptides detected late in infection are also present at the earlier times, and the major virion structural polypeptides are present in approximately the same (N/G-2, 53K) or slightly increasing (L, G-1, M) relative amounts. One peak area containing a nonstructural glycopeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 66,000 shows significant alterations in rates of accumulation during infection. Inhibition in the rate of radioactive amino acid incorporation into both trichloroacetic acid-soluble and acid-precipitable material during infection has been demonstrated. However, these two inhibition phenomena can be uncoupled temporally by incubating infected cultures at 36 C instead of the usual 40 C, suggesting that they may not be directly related.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency in two unrelated Saudi patients

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that results in combined immunodeficiency, neurologic dysfunction and autoimmunity. PNP deficiency has never been reported from Saudi Arabia or in patients with an Arabic ethnic background. We report on two Saudi girls with PNP deficiency. Both showed severe lymphopenia and neurological involvement. Sequencing of the PNP gene of one girl revealed a novel missense mutation Pro146>Leu in exon 4 due to a change in the codon from CCT>CTT. Expression of PNP (146L) cDNA in E coli indicated that the mutation greatly reduced, but did not completely eliminate PNP activity.
Essential Research Findings in Counselling and Psychotherapy: The Facts are Friendly

'Essential research findings in counselling and psychotherapy: the facts are friendly' provides trainees, students, practitioners and researchers with a comprehensive introduction to the latest findings in the field. It is accessible even to those with no background knowledge of research methods and sets out the evidence for the effectiveness of therapy in an entirely jargon-free way. It presents the factors associated with positive therapeutic outcomes and provides suggestions for further reading, definitions of key terms, and questions for discussion.
Enhanced detection sensitivity to negative emotional valence: the role of awareness, attention, anxiety, and reward

The efficient detection of information of negative valence in the environment is crucial to survival (e.g. to elicit an avoidance response). However, previous research remains inconclusive regarding the question of whether detection is more sensitive to information of negative compared to positive valence. In the present thesis I used a signal detection approach applied to an emotional-evaluation word task (requiring the participants to classify a briefly presented masked word into emotional or non-emotional categories) to address this question. The results established conclusively enhanced detection sensitivity to negative valence compared to positive valence of verbal information, under both supraliminal and subliminal conditions (Chapter 2) while ruling out any alternative accounts in terms of word frequency, idiosyncratic differences in valence ratings and different levels of arousal. The extent to which the enhanced negative valence detection depends on availability of attention was addressed in Chapter 3. Using a dual-task paradigm, participants performed the emotional detection task together with a letter-search task of either low or high perceptual load. A negative valence detection advantage was found in the low load but not high load conditions. These results established that attentional resources are critical for the enhanced detection of negative valence. The role of individual differences in trait anxiety in the effects of attention on valence detection was examined in Chapter 4. The results demonstrated that high trait anxiety was associated with enhanced detection of negative valence even under high load, whereas individuals with low trait anxiety were less sensitive to negative valence across both levels of load. The effects of monetary reward were addressed in Chapter 5. The results indicated that while reward enhanced detection sensitivity, the negative valence detection advantage remained unaffected. Overall the results establish conclusively a negative valence detection advantage that interacts with attention, trait anxiety, but not with reward.
Collaborative Learning and the "Conversation of Mankind.".

eighth or ninth on a list of ten items. Last year it appeared again, first on the list. Teachers of literature have also begun to talk about collaborative learning, although not always by that name. It is viewed as a way of engaging students more deeply with the text and also as an aspect of professors' engagement with the professional community. At its 1978 convention the Modern Language Association scheduled a multi-session forum entitled "Presence, Knowledge, and Authority in the Teaching of Literature. " One of the associated sessions, called "Negotiations of Literary Knowledge," included a discussion of the authority and structure (including the collaborative classroom structure) of "interpretive communities. " At the 1983 MLA convention collaborative practices in reestablishing authority and value in literary studies were examined under such rubrics as "Talking to the Academic Community: Conferences as Institutions" and "How Books 11 and 12 of Paradise Lost Got to be Valuable" (changes in interpretive attitudes in the community of Miltonists). In both these contexts collaborative learning is discussed sometimes as a process that constitutes fields or disciplines of study and sometimes as a pedagogical tool that "works" in teaching composition and literature. The former discussion, often highly theoretical, usually manages to keep at bay the more
Modeling of anomalies due to hydrophones in continuous-wave ultrasound fields

Needle and spot-poled membrane hydrophones using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensors are widely used for characterization of biomedical ultrasound fields. It is known that, in measurements of continuous-wave (CW) fields, standing waves may be generated between the transducer and the hydrophone, distorting the field and possibly alternating the signal of the hydrophone. This study uses a three-dimensional, full-wave method to computationally simulate the distortion in the CW field caused by needle and membrane hydrophones. The physical model used in simulations is based on the linear time-harmonic wave equation, which therefore neglects the effects of nonlinear wave propagation. The significance of the distortion is examined by comparing fields emitted by 0.5-5.0 MHz planar circular transducers in the absence and presence of the hydrophones. In addition, the effect of the field distortions on the signal of the hydrophones is studied with simulated measurements. The simulations showed an observable standing wave pattern between the source and the needle hydrophone if the diameter of the needle was larger than a half of the wavelength. However, the standing waves had no clear effect on the signal of the hydrophone. The presence of membrane hydrophone in the CW field generated notable standing waves. Furthermore, the standing waves caused a periodic distortion to the signal of the membrane hydrophone.