Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of the volunteer motivations scale for international sporting events (VMS-ISE)

The major aim of the study was to develop and validate the volunteer motivations scale for international sporting events (VMS-ISE). A growing body of literature suggested that volunteer motivations vary with the nature of the volunteer activity and context. Although numerous studies have identified various volunteer motivational factors on human services in general, little study has attempted to conduct a volunteer study at mega international sporting events. In the study, using the 2002 FIFA World Cup volunteer sample, exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a six-factor solution: expression of values, patriotism, interpersonal contacts, personal growth, career orientation, and extrinsic rewards. The six factor model was confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis in a different data set from the 2002 Asian Games volunteers. The goodness-of-fit indices demonstrated the robustness of the VMS-ISE and its usefulness for assessing volunteer motivations at mega international sporting events. The results also indicated that marital status had a significant effect on all volunteer motivational dimensions.
Photosystem I of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Contains Nine Light-harvesting Complexes (Lhca) Located on One Side of the Core*

Background: Photosystem I is a multiprotein complex essential for the photosynthetic process. Results: Photosystem I of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains nine Lhca complexes arranged on one side of the core. Conclusion: A model of the subunits organization in the Photosystem I supercomplex is presented. Significance: The sequence of the system (dis)assembly relates to the function of the subunits. In this work we have purified the Photosystem I (PSI) complex of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to homogeneity. Biochemical, proteomic, spectroscopic, and structural analyses reveal the main properties of this PSI-LHCI supercomplex. The data show that the largest purified complex is composed of one core complex and nine Lhca antennas and that it contains all Lhca gene products. A projection map at 15 Å resolution obtained by electron microscopy reveals that the Lhcas are organized on one side of the core in a double half-ring arrangement, in contrast with previous suggestions. A series of stable disassembled PSI-LHCI intermediates was purified. The analysis of these complexes suggests the sequence of the assembly/disassembly process. It is shown that PSI-LHCI of C. reinhardtii is larger but far less stable than the complex from higher plants. Lhca2 and Lhca9 (the red-most antenna complexes), although present in the largest complex in 1:1 ratio with the core, are only loosely associated with it. This can explain the large variation in antenna composition of PSI-LHCI from C. reinhardtii found in the literature. The analysis of several subcomplexes with reduced antenna size allows determination of the position of Lhca2 and Lhca9 and leads to a proposal for a model of the organization of the Lhcas within the PSI-LHCI supercomplex.
Barriers to Career Success for Minority Researchers in the Behavioral Sciences

The United States falls short in the diversity of its scientific workforce. While the underrepresentation of minority researchers in the behavioral sciences has been a concern for several decades, policy and training initiatives have been only marginally successful in increasing their number. Diversity plays a critical role in our nation’s capacity for research and innovation, yet current approaches prove inadequate. The current study used a qualitative approach to investigate the institutional, cultural, skills, and personal career barriers faced by minority researchers in the behavioral sciences. Data were collected from a select group of minority researchers (defined for this study as women and/or people of color) who attended a 3-and-one-half-day intensive workshop developed specifically to address career barriers. Seventy-two percent (n = 43) encountered workplace barriers relating to race/ethnicity; 26% reported barriers related to gender. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
IQGAP1, a Rac- and Cdc42-binding Protein, Directly Binds and Cross-links Microfilaments

Activated forms of the GTPases, Rac and Cdc42, are known to stimulate formation of microfilament-rich lamellipodia and filopodia, respectively, but the underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. We now report the purification and characterization of a protein, IQGAP1, which is likely to mediate effects of these GTPases on microfilaments. Native IQGAP1 purified from bovine adrenal comprises two ∼190-kD subunits per molecule plus substoichiometric calmodulin. Purified IQGAP1 bound directly to F-actin and cross-linked the actin filaments into irregular, interconnected bundles that exhibited gel-like properties. Exogenous calmodulin partially inhibited binding of IQGAP1 to F-actin, and was more effective in the absence, than in the presence of calcium. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated cytochalasin D–sensitive colocalization of IQGAP1 with cortical microfilaments. These results, in conjunction with prior evidence that IQGAP1 binds directly to activated Rac and Cdc42, suggest that IQGAP1 serves as a direct molecular link between these GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton, and that the actin-binding activity of IQGAP1 is regulated by calmodulin.
Beneficial Effects of Evogliptin, a Novel Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor, on Adiposity with Increased Ppargc1a in White Adipose Tissue in Obese Mice

Although dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is an adipokine known to positively correlate with adiposity, the effects of pharmacological DPP4 inhibition on body composition have not been fully understood. This study was aimed to assess the effects of DPP4 inhibitors on adiposity for the first time in the established obese mice model. The weight loss effects of multiple DPP4 inhibitors were compared after a 4 week treatment in diet-induced obese mice. In addition, a 2 week study was performed to explore and compare the acute effects of evogliptin, a novel DPP4 inhibitor, and exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, on whole body composition, energy consumption, various plasma adipokines and gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT). After the 4 week treatment, weight loss and blood glucose reductions were consistently observed with multiple DPP4 inhibitors. Moreover, after 2-week treatment, evogliptin dose-dependently reduced whole body fat mass while increasing the proportion of smaller adipocytes. However, insulin sensitivity or plasma lipid levels were not significantly altered. In addition to increased active GLP-1 levels by plasma DPP4 inhibition, evogliptin also enhanced basal metabolic rate without reduction in caloric intake, in contrast to exenatide; this finding suggested evogliptin's effects may be mediated by pathways other than via GLP-1. Evogliptin treatment also differentially increased Ppargc1a expression, a key metabolic regulator, in WAT, but not in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. The increased expression of the downstream mitochondrial gene, Cox4i1, was also suggestive of the potential metabolic alteration in WAT by DPP4 inhibitors. We are the first to demonstrate that pharmacological DPP4 inhibition by evogliptin directly causes fat loss in established obese mice. In contradistinction to exenatide, the fat-loss effect of DPP4 inhibitor is partly attributed to enhanced energy expenditure along with metabolic changes in WAT. These results provide insight into the regulation of energy storage in WAT caused by DPP4 inhibition.
Thyroglobulin Is Selected as Luminal Protein Cargo for Apical Transport via Detergent-resistant Membranes in Epithelial Cells*

Thyroid hormone synthesis by thyrocytes depends upon apical secretion of thyroglobulin (Tg), the glycoprotein prohormone. In stably transfected MDCK cells, recombinant Tg is also secreted apically. All secreted Tg has undergone Golgi carbohydrate modification, whereas most intracellular Tg (which is slow to exit the endoplasmic reticulum) is sensitive to digestion with endoglycosidase H. However, in MDCK cells and PC Cl3 thyrocytes, a subpopulation of newly synthesized recombinant and endogenous Tg, respectively, is recovered in a Triton X-100 insoluble, glycosphingolipid/cholesterol-enriched (GEM/raft) fraction, and this small subpopulation is overwhelmingly endoglycosidase H resistant. Upon apical secretion, Tg solubility is restored. Apical secretion of Tg is inhibited by cellular cholesterol depletion. In FRT cells, recombinant Tg becomes Triton X-100 insoluble within 60 min after synthesis and a portion is actually endoglycosidase H-sensitive, suggesting early Tg entry into GEMs/rafts. Interestingly in FRT cells, Tg remains associated with the apical plasma membrane upon exocytosis, and all surface Tg is GEM/raft-associated. Thus, Tg is the first secretory protein demonstrated to enter Triton X-100 insoluble membranes en route to the apical surface of epithelial cells. The data imply that Tg utilizes a cargo-selective mechanism for apical sorting.
How Voters Become Misinformed: An Investigation of the Emergence and Consequences of False Factual Beliefs*

type="main"> Voters develop not only different opinions about politics but also different sets of empirical beliefs. It is less clear how falsifiable beliefs take hold. In particular, it remains unclear as to whether news and campaign messages, moderated by political knowledge, drive the process, or whether deep-seated values principally sway voters' acceptance of factual claims. These contrasting views point to a set of testable hypotheses that we use to refine a model of ideologically-biased empirical belief generation, which we call “knowledge distortion. ” We conduct an analysis of survey data on three ballot measures in Washington State, testing hypothesized relationships between voters' empirical beliefs about political issues, news and campaign messages, political knowledge, political values, and partisanship, as well as vote choices on the ballot measures. Our analysis reveals that voters' values and partisanship had the strongest associations with distorted beliefs, which then influenced voting choices. Self-reported levels of exposure to media and campaign messages played a surprisingly limited role. Our findings provide further evidence of politically motivated factual misperceptions on political issues, which have an independent effect on voters' ballot decisions. These misperceptions do not seem to be driven by news media and campaign messages, suggesting that citizens may be generating relevant empirical beliefs based on their underlying political values and ideology.
Adaptive Coding of Task-Relevant Information in Human Frontoparietal Cortex

Frontoparietal cortex is thought to be essential for flexible behavior, but the mechanism for control remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate a potentially critical property of this cortex: its dynamic configuration for coding of task-critical information. Using multivoxel pattern analysis of human functional imaging data, we demonstrate an adaptive change in the patterns of activation coding task-relevant stimulus distinctions. When task demands made perceptual information more difficult to discriminate, frontoparietal regions showed increased coding of this information. Visual cortices showed the opposite result: a weaker representation of perceptual information in line with the physical change in the stimulus. On a longer timescale, a rebalancing of coding was also seen after practice, with a diminished representation of task rules as they became familiar. The results suggest a flexible neural system, exerting cognitive control in a wide range of tasks by adaptively representing the task features most challenging for successful goal-directed behavior.
Open hypermedia as a navigational interface to ontological information spaces

Ontologies provide a powerful tool for distributed agent-based information systems. However, in their raw form they can be difficult for users to interact with directly. Different query architectures use structured query languages as an interface but these still require the users to have an expert understanding of the underlying ontologies. By using an Open Hypermedia model as an interface to an ontological information space, users can interact with such a system using familiar browsing and navigation techniques, which are translated into queries over the underlying information. Coupled with dynamic document generation, this allows complicated queries to be made without the user having to interact directly with the ontologies. Our key contribution is a notion of hypermedia links between concepts and queries within an ontological information space. This approach is demonstrated with a Dynamic CV application built around the SoFAR agent framework and the Fundamental Open Hypermedia Model (FOHM). In addition to abstracting the interface, Open Hypermedia allows alternative linkbases to be used to represent different “query recipes”, providing different views and navigational experiences to the user.
Rethinking Sports Fandom: The Case of European Soccer

By locating them within wider debates about changes in sports fandom and late‐modern identity construction around sport, this paper explores, as a case study, the new relationships and tensions that are evolving between domestic and trans‐national soccer competitions in late‐modern Europe. It argues that recent academic work on sports fandom in Europe challenges the old binaries and taxonomies of earlier accounts and also the distinctions that have been drawn between ‘traditional’ or ‘authentic’ forms of fandom, and emergent ersatz new ‘consumer’ identities. More specifically, the paper critically examines three new empirically informed theoretical contributions to the sports/soccer fandom debate in this context. It then goes on to apply aspects of this new work in order to evaluate recent assertions that emerging European and domestic soccer oligarchic elites are producing chronic problems of increasing inequality and predictability in the sport and, as a consequence, a corrosive diminishing of the local and popular appeal of domestic sports clubs. The paper concludes with a return to some reflections on how we might begin to use these new contributions in order to re‐theorise late‐modern sports fandom and the associated emergent new global relations of sports production and consumption.
Satisfaction as a Mediator to the Relationships Between Destination Image and Loyalty

The study seeks to determine the mediating role of satisfaction on the relationship between image and loyalty. Tourist perception of Malaysia as a holiday destination is also ascertained. A conceptual model depicting the relationships among these constructs is proposed and empirically tested using structural equation modelling on survey data collected from European international tourists visiting Malaysia. The findings reveal that image has both direct and indirect effects on loyalty and uncover the mediating role of satisfaction. Malaysia was perceived as offering natural scenic beauty which offers an adventurous holiday with the chance to see wildlife and go swimming on beautiful beaches.
Use of electroconvulsive therapy in young people

Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a controversial treatment for psychiatric disorders, particularly when it is administered to young people. Aims To assess how frequently ECT is administered to people under the age of 18 years in the UK, and why it is given. Method Electroconvulsive therapy clinics, private hospitals, adolescent units and UK members of the Royal College of Psychiatrists were surveyed to ask if they were aware of ECT being administered during 1996 to a young person under the age of 18 years. Consultants identified as having prescribed ECT were sent a follow-up questionnaire. Results Twelve young people were identified as having received ECT; three were aged 15 years or younger and eight were female. Nine patients were rated as improved following ECT. The indications for its use were similar to those for adults. Conclusions Electroconvulsive therapy is rarely administered to young people in the UK.
Inference and Action in Early Causal Reasoning.

Two experiments investigated whether a simple-to-embedded-rules account can explain the change in causal reasoning in children between 3 and 4 years of age. A marble-and-ram p apparatus that operated in 2 distinct configurations of straight and across was used throughout. In Experiment 1, 3-year-olds were able to predict the path of the marble when there was only 1 input hole (a simple ifthen rules task), whereas only 4-year-olds could solve the 2-input version (an embedded or conjoint conditional if-then rules task). Experiment 2 found the same 3- to 4-year age difference when children chose where to insert the marble in the 2-input version, indicating that the same rules may underlie causal action as well as causal prediction for the more complicated task. The results of the 2 experiments are discussed in relation to previous findings on causal reasoning, children's theory of mind, and a theory of cognitive complexity in the preschool period. Inferring causes greatly increases children's understanding of the world. Instead of seeing unconnected events—one object colliding with another and the second one moving off—the child can identify the first as the cause of the second. Simple causal reasoning makes explanation possible; the child can refer to the first object to explain why the second one moved. It also allows prediction. In similar circumstances, the child is able to anticipate the outcome of the first object hitting the second. Finally, it grants a new range of action. To make the second event occur, alternatives besides acting directly on that event become possible. The child can as easily act on the first event, knowing that it will cause the second to occur. It has been proposed that there is a change in causal reasoning during the preschool period because of a change in the complexity of inference rules children can use (Frye, Zelazo, & Palfai, 1992; Zelazo, Frye, Reznick, Schuster, & Argitis, 1995). According to this account, younger preschoolers can use simple if-then rules. In contrast, older preschoolers can form if—if— then or embedded rules. Embedded rules act to restrict the operation of the simple rules by making them dependent on setting conditions. These inference rules are assumed to be general, so it is expected that they will apply not only to physical
Role of Taxane and Anthracycline Combination Regimens in the Management of Advanced Breast Cancer

AbstractThe clinical benefits provided by using combined taxanes and anthracyclines in first-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC) remain uncertain. This meta-analysis compares the benefits of using a combination of anthracyclines along with taxanes versus using single-agent-based chemotherapeutic regimens in the treatment of MBC.Relevant clinical trials as well as abstracts from articles presented at major cancer conferences were searched in various databases including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The relevant studies had a primary endpoint of overall survival (OS) and secondary endpoints that included progression-free survival (PFS), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), time to progression (TTP), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. The hazard ratios of OS, PFS, TTF, and TTP, the odds ratios of ORR and DCR, and the risk ratios (RRs) for grades 1–2 and 3–4 toxicities were extracted from the retrieved studies and analyzed using various statistical methods. Meta-analytic estimates were derived from a random-effect model.Fifteen trials were included in the final meta-analysis, and the results suggest that chemotherapy with combined anthracyclines and taxanes does not significantly improve the OS of MBC patients when compared with the OS achieved using separate taxane or anthracycline-based regimens. Compared with taxane-based regimens, combined taxane along with anthracycline regimens failed to significantly improve TTP, ORR, or DCR, but did significantly improve TTP and ORR when compared with anthracycline-based regimens. Furthermore, both individual taxane-based and anthracycline-based regimens produced fewer toxic reactions compared to combined taxane along with anthracycline regimens. Taxane-based regimens had lower RRs for side effects of neutropenia, infection/febrile neutropenia, nausea, and vomiting, whereas patients receiving anthracycline-based regimens had lower RRs for neutropenia, infection/febrile neutropenia, anorexia, stomatitis/mucosal inflammation, diarrhea, and sensory neuropathy. In contrast, patients receiving taxane-based regimens were at higher RRs for hand–foot syndrome and diarrhea, whereas patients receiving anthracycline-based regimens had higher RRs for nausea and vomiting.A taxane-based treatment regimen may be a better option than a combined taxane/anthracycline regimen for managing patients with advanced breast cancer, as it produces equivalent clinical outcomes and has less toxicity compared to other similar regimens.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 cDNAs Produced in the Presence of APOBEC3G Exhibit Defects in Plus-Strand DNA Transfer and Integration

ABSTRACT Encapsidation of host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) into vif-deficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) blocks virus replication at least partly by C-to-U deamination of viral minus-strand DNA, resulting in G-to-A hypermutation. A3G may also inhibit HIV-1 replication by reducing viral DNA synthesis and inducing viral DNA degradation. To gain further insight into the mechanisms of viral inhibition, we examined the metabolism of A3G-exposed viral DNA. We observed that an overall 35-fold decrease in viral infectivity was accompanied by a five- to sevenfold reduction in viral DNA synthesis. Wild-type A3G induced an additional fivefold decrease in the amount of viral DNA that was integrated into the host cell genome and similarly reduced the efficiency with which HIV-1 preintegration complexes (PICs) integrated into a target DNA in vitro. The A3G C-terminal catalytic domain was required for both of these antiviral activities. Southern blotting analysis of PICs showed that A3G reduced the efficiency and specificity of primer tRNA processing and removal, resulting in viral DNA ends that are inefficient substrates for integration and plus-strand DNA transfer. However, the decrease in plus-strand DNA transfer did not account for all of the observed decrease in viral DNA synthesis associated with A3G. These novel observations suggest that HIV-1 cDNA produced in the presence of A3G exhibits defects in primer tRNA processing, plus-strand DNA transfer, and integration.
Knowledge Creation: Individual and Organizational Perspectives

A comprehensive model that delineates the interrelationships among ‘user involvement’, ‘knowledge cognition’, ‘organizational mechanisms’, and ‘knowledge creation’ is absent. This study aims to fill this void. Unlike previous research, this study examined the issues of effective knowledge management from two perspectives: individuals, i.e. user involvement and knowledge cognition, and organizations, i.e. organizational mechanisms. In our framework, we argued that the composite effect of ‘user involvement’, ‘knowledge cognition’, and ‘organizational mechanisms’ influences the result of knowledge creation. In order to test the feasibility of this framework, we conducted an empirical study. This study employed a survey instrument to collect data from 500 organizations in manufacturing, trade, transportation, service industries, and academic institutions. A total of 271 useable responses were analyzed. The major contributions of this research are to: (a) develop a knowledge management framework based on individual and organizational perspectives; and (b) identify the impact of user involvement, knowledge cognition, and organizational mechanisms on knowledge creation. The implications of the study are provided, and further research directions are proposed.