Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can a Group of Musicians be Composed of Women? Generic Interpretation of French Masculine Role Names in the Absence and Presence of Feminine Forms

The malleability of the generic interpretation of masculine role names in French was investigated by manipulating readers’ exposure to feminine forms. In two experiments, participants were to decide whether a person introduced by a kinship term (e.g., sister) could be part of a group represented by a role name (e.g., nurse, musicians). In Experiment 1, role names were presented in the masculine form in the first part and in either the masculine or the feminine form in the second part. Independent of role name stereotypicality, participants were less likely to relate female kinship terms to role names in the masculine form and even less likely when they were also exposed to feminine forms. These results were replicated in a second experiment, in which the communication source was varied: Before performing the experimental task, participants read job advertisements that either used only the masculine or both the masculine and the feminine form. When feminine forms were added, the generic interpretation of t.
EMPIRICAL AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS WITH CUSTODY RECOMMENDATIONS: A Call for Clinical Humility and Judicial Vigilance

This article proposes a four-level model of clinical inferences to analyze the psychological evaluation process in custody matters. At each level the authors summarize the status of the relevant psychological literature and conclude that, as clinicians respond to the ultimate issues (e.g., who should be the custodial parent) the empirical foundation for such conclusions is tenuous or non-existent. A jurisprudence argument is also made that such opinions should be routinely excluded from the fact-finding process. Given the significant potential for specific custody recommendations to limit personal liberties and the trajectory of a child's life, the paucity of relevant research available in this area, and profound evidentiary issues, such recommendations should be viewed as ethically inappropriate. A model for what clinicians can ethically say to courts is proposed.
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or both? Diagnostic labeling and spirometry in primary care patients aged 40 years or more

Aims To describe symptoms and lung function in patients registered with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care and to examine how spirometry findings fit with general practitioners’ (GPs) diagnoses. Methods Patients aged ≥40 years with a diagnosis of asthma or COPD registered in the electronic medical record during the previous 5 years were recruited at seven GP offices in Norway in 2009–2010. Registered diagnosis, spirometry results, comorbidity, and reported symptoms were compared. Results Among 376 patients, 62% were women. Based on Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases criteria, a spirometry diagnosis of COPD could be made in 68.1% of the patients with a previous COPD diagnosis and in 17.1% of those diagnosed with asthma only (P < 0.001). The κ agreement between last clinical diagnosis of COPD and COPD based on spirometry was 0.50. A restrictive spirometry pattern was found in 19.4% and more frequently in patients diagnosed with both asthma and COPD (23.9%) than in patients diagnosed with COPD only (6.8%, P = 0.003). Conclusion The ability of GPs to differentiate between asthma and COPD seems to have considerably improved during the last decade, probably due to the dissemination of spirometry and guidelines for COPD diagnosis. A diagnosis of COPD that cannot be confirmed by spirometry represents a challenge in clinical practice, in particular when a restrictive pattern on spirometry is found.
Essence, Ebony & O: Breast Cancer Coverage in Black Magazines

Black women 45 and older are less likely than women of other races to be diagnosed with breast cancer, but Black women are more likely to die of the disease and more likely to be diagnosed at younger ages. It is crucial that Black women have access to high-quality information about breast cancer. In this study, we examined the comprehensiveness and accuracy of breast cancer information in magazines popular among Black women (Essence, Ebony, and O, the Oprah Magazine). Independent coders compared magazine content to factual statements about breast cancer selected by breast cancer experts. The 55 articles about breast cancer published between 2002 and 2007 were much more likely to focus on family history than increasing age as a risk factor. Racial disparities were mentioned in about 40% of the articles, but, when mentioned, only about 50% of articles provided fully accurate information. In addition, only 40% of the articles that mentioned the then-accepted recommendation for women 40 and older to have regular mammograms were fully accurate. Breast cancer information provided to Black women in popular magazines may not offer readers the information they need to assess their breast cancer risk accurately; the study suggests the magazine content may not contain the information necessary to optimize health promotion and early detection strategies for breast cancer.
The Energy Spectra and Relative Abundances of Electrons and Positrons in the Galactic Cosmic Radiation

Observations of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons have been made with a new balloon-borne detector, the High-Energy Antimatter Telescope (HEAT), which was first flown in 1994 May from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. We describe the instrumental approach and the data analysis procedures, and we present results from this flight. The measurement has provided a new determination of the individual energy spectra of electrons and positrons from 5 GeV to about 50 GeV and of the combined "all-electron" intensity (e+ + e-) up to ~100 GeV. The single power-law spectral indices for electrons and positrons are α = 3.09 ± 0.08 and 3.3 ± 0.2, respectively. We find that a contribution from primary sources to the positron intensity in this energy region, if it exists, must be quite small.
Developing Students' Metacognitive Awareness in Asynchronous Learning Networks in Comparison to Face-to-Face Discussion Groups

The main goal of the present study is to investigate empirically the effects of Asynchronic Learning Network (ALN) embedded within metacognitive instruction (META) on two components of metacognitive awareness: Knowledge about Cognition (KC) and Regulation of Cognition (RC). Participants were 202 tenth grade students: 102 students who studied under the ALN+META instructional method, and 100 students who studied under Face-to-Face interaction (F2F) embedded within META. Results indicated that ALN+META students significantly outperformed their F2F+META counterparts on both KC and RC. These results were strengthened by a qualitative analysis of RC under the different instructional methods. The improvement of RC behavior in the ALN+META written discourse clearly indicates the crucial effects of RC on the progress and success of the inquiry processes. ALN+META is a promising learning environment, carrying a great potential for enhancing metacognitive awareness among students.
More Than Motivation: Reconsidering Volunteer Management Tools

Volunteers provide an essential human resource to sport organizations. Yet measures of motivation and satisfaction have had limited impact on an organization’s ability to improve their volunteer systems. This study applied the Kano Method to categorize volunteers’ perceptions of their experience into four dimensions of satisfaction: Attractive (or Satisfiers), Must-Be’s (or Dissatisfiers), One-Dimensional, and Indifferent. Four types of volunteers (44 sport continuous, 47 sport episodic, 49 nonsport continuous, 176 nonsport episodic) completed a web questionnaire including 26-paired features of their experience, 26 motives, and five key outcome measures. Although motives were deemed important, alone they were poor predictors of key outcomes and were unrelated to satisfaction. Volunteers in the four contexts classified the 26 features in different ways. No Must-Be’s (dissatisfiers) were identified by any group. Although most features were identified as Attractive, the distribution of One-Dimensional and Indifferent features varied by context. One-dimensional items were only identified among features categorized as Supportive Culture, Clear Direction, and Contribution. These features should be prioritized as managers improve volunteer management systems. The Kano Method extends our understanding of the volunteer experience by providing researchers with a tool to distinguish the way volunteers conceptualize their experience. From a practical standpoint, it provides volunteer managers with an additional tool in their efforts to recruit and retain volunteers by prioritizing features that will most immediately impact volunteers.
Advances in Brief Genomic Instability in Colorectal Cancer : Relationship to Clinicopathological Variables and Family History 1

Recent reports have suggested that one or more genes may cause rep lication errors (RER) during coloreria! tumorigenesis. Additional alÃ-eles are seen in the tumors when analyzing random microsatellite loci. We have studied seven dinucleotide repeat loci, located on seven different chromo somes, by use of polymerase chain reaction amplification and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We found that 16.5% (40 of 243) colorÃ©ela! cancers showed RER at one or several loci (RER+). This in cludes 31% (4 of 13) among cases with a strong positive family history according to previously published criteria and 17% (35 of 207) among cases with no history of familial cancer. Interestingly, no significant asso ciation was found between RER+ tumors and a general familial clustering of cancer. Microsatellite instability was significantly associated with DNA diploid status of the tumor (/' < 0.001), with the location of the tumor in the proximal colon (/' < 0.001), and with poorly differentiated tumor phenotype (/' < 0.001). Patients with RER+ at > 2 loci tumors had an increased survival (P = 0.05). We further analyzed 84 breast cancers and 86 male germ cell cancers using the same seven markers. None of the tumors were RER+, indicating that this phenomenon may be specific to certain types of tumors.
The working life of a medium: a qualitative examination of mediumship as a support service for the bereaved

Despite widespread scepticism, it has been estimated that around 10% of the UK adult population regularly visit a medium and television programmes showing mediumship demonstrations draw in millions of viewers. While many assume mediumship to be purely for entertainment, an alternative discourse presents it as being a service offered to comfort and support the bereaved. In this qualitative study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with nine working mediums and examined with an interpretative phenomenological analysis which aims to understand the lived experiences of participants. Three key superordinate themes emerged, Responsibility and Ethics, Passion to Help and Therapeutic Value. These themes are discussed in terms of mediums’ perception of their work as a helping profession and an ethical framework which illustrates awareness of the vulnerability of sitters. We also consider whether mediums may be equipped to deal with sitters experiencing complicated grief.
The Bartley-Fox Gun Law's Short-Term Impact on Crime in Boston

By making the illicit carrying of a firearm punishable with a one-year "mandatory" prison term, the Massachusetts (Bartley-Fox) gun law intervenes at what ap pears to be a critical juncture—from the standpoint of deterrent effectiveness and political feasibility—in the chain of decision that leads from the acquisition of a gun to its use in a crime. Drawing on FBI crime data, we employed interrupted time series techniques and multiple control group comparisons to examine the impact of the law on gun and nongun assault, robbery, and homicide. First, the law substantially reduced the incidence of gun assaults, but pro duced a more than offsetting increase in nongun armed assaults. Evidently, the law prevented some individuals from carrying and using their firearm, but it did not prevent them from becoming involved in assaultive situations and resorting to other weapons. Second, the law resulted in a reduction in gun robberies, accompanied by a less than cor responding increase in nongun armed robberies. In effect, weapons substitution effect for armed robbery was relatively less than for armed assault. Third, the law reduced gun homicides with no increase in nongun homicides. Thus the gun law produced a net decline in the incidence of criminal homicide. Finally, the timing of the law's impact suggests that it was the publicity about the law's intent rather than the severity or certainty of the punishments actually imposed under the law that was responsible for the observed reduc tions in gun-related crimes.
Work Schedules and Community Ties

Little is known about how work schedules affect social connectedness beyond family relationships. The authors use detailed time diary data from 12,140 respondents in the 2008 through 2010 American Time Use Surveys to examine how work schedules affect six forms of community involvement. Results show that night and evening shift work reduces community involvement, but only on weekdays. Daytime shifts reduce community involvement when they are very short, when they involve working from 8 to 5 instead of from 7 to 4, and when they are on weekends. These results call into question tacit assumptions about how shift work affects workers’ social lives.
Identity Development During the College Years: Findings from the West Point Longitudinal Study

Using R. Kegan's (1982, 1994) theory of identity development, it was discovered that most military cadets enter college with relatively simple ways of making meaning, and for many the college years are a time of significant developmental change. For most, the key developmental issue is not self- authorship but establishing shared meaning.
Reach For What You Like: The Body's Role in Shaping Preferences

The position of individuals' bodies (e.g., holding a pencil in the mouth in a way that either facilitates or inhibits smiling musculature) can influence their emotional reactions to the stimuli they encounter, and can even impact their explicit preferences for one item over another. In this article we begin by reviewing the literature demonstrating these effects, explore mechanisms to explain this body-preference link, and introduce new work from our lab that asks whether one's bodily or motor experiences might also shape preferences in situations where the body is not contorted in a particular position, or when there is no intention to act. Such work suggests that one consequence of perceiving an object is the automatic and covert motor simulation of acting on this object. This, in turn, provides individuals with information about how easy or hard this action would be. It transpires that we like to do what is easy, and we also prefer objects that are easier to act on. The notion that judgments of object likeability are driven by motoric information furthers embodied cognition theories by demonstrating that even our preferences are grounded in action.
Ro52 autoantibody-positive women's experience of being pregnant and giving birth to a child with congenital heart block

Background and objective Congenital heart block may develop in the fetus of women with Ro/SSA autoantibodies.The aim of this study was to investigate how women expecting a child with congenital heart block (CHB) experienced their pregnancy and postpartum period. Material and methods Women pregnant with a child with CHB in Sweden during 2000–2009 (n=21) were identified in a population-based manner and individually interviewed postpregnancy using a semistructured interview guide. The interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and analysed by qualitative content analysis. Results Three categories emerged from the responses; learning, suspense and facing. The category learning contained both learning about the child's heart block, but frequently (16/21) also of autoantibody-positivity and a potential rheumatic diagnosis in the mother. The medical procedures and information differed considerably depending on area of residence and whom was encountered in the healthcare system. In many cases, ignorance about this rare condition caused a delay in treatment and surveillance. The category suspense described the women's struggle to cope with the feeling of guilt and that the child had a serious heart condition and might not survive the pregnancy. The category facing included the postpartum period, leaving the hospital and adjusting to everyday life. It also describes contacts with child care welfare and relatives. Most of the women had tended to put their pregnancies ‘on hold’, and some described that they needed prolonged time to attach to their newborn child. Conclusions Increased awareness and knowledge of CHB are needed to provide adequate and secure care. Offering psychological support by a healthcare professional to the women and families to give them tools to handle the situation with a potential rheumatic diagnosis for the mother and to facilitate the early attachment to the child should be considered.
Meta-Analysis of Association Between Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Gene and Venous Thromboembolism

An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene accounts for 50% of the interindividual serum ACE level variation. Because the renin—angiotensin system regulates coagulation and vasoconstriction, it could have a role in venous thromboembolism (VTE). Several studies have evaluated the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and VTE, although the findings have been controversial. We performed a meta-analysis by pooling data from 14 studies. Publication bias was not observed. The current study did not support any association between the DD genotype and VTE. The pooled odds ratio (ORp) was 1.206; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.951-1.531; P = . 123. Similar results were obtained when the effects of the D allele were assumed to be dominant (DD and ID vs II; ORp = 1.127, 95% CI, 0.902-1.409). Our data do not support the inclusion of ACE I/D polymorphism testing in clinical thrombophilia workups until more compelling data are made available.
Sad Facial Expressions Increase Choice Blindness

Previous studies have discovered a fascinating phenomenon known as choice blindness—individuals fail to detect mismatches between the face they choose and the face replaced by the experimenter. Although previous studies have reported a couple of factors that can modulate the magnitude of choice blindness, the potential effect of facial expression on choice blindness has not yet been explored. Using faces with sad and neutral expressions (Experiment 1) and faces with happy and neutral expressions (Experiment 2) in the classic choice blindness paradigm, the present study investigated the effects of facial expressions on choice blindness. The results showed that the detection rate was significantly lower on sad faces than neutral faces, whereas no significant difference was observed between happy faces and neutral faces. The exploratory analysis of verbal reports found that participants who reported less facial features for sad (as compared to neutral) expressions also tended to show a lower detection rate of sad (as compared to neutral) faces. These findings indicated that sad facial expressions increased choice blindness, which might have resulted from inhibition of further processing of the detailed facial features by the less attractive sad expressions (as compared to neutral expressions).
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical regions associated with motor task execution and motor ideation in humans

Although motor performance may be enhanced through mental practice, the neurophysiological substrate of mental stimulation (ideation) of a motor task is not well established. We used blood oxygen level‐dependent contrast echo planar imaging at 1.5 T to identify regions of increased neural activity during the performance and ideation of a motor task. Five subjects performed a sequential finger‐to‐thumb opposition task and also imagined themselves performing the task in the absence of actual muscle movement. In all subjects, the left primary sensorimotor cortex showed more activation with actual movement than with motor ideation, but two subjects had significant activation with motor ideation. The left premotor area showed comparable activation with both actual and imagined performance in three subjects. These findings support the involvement of the primary motor area as well as the premotor area in motor ideation. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wait-and-see or radical surgery for rectal cancer patients with a clinical complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a cohort study

A wait-and-see policy might be considered instead of surgery for rectal cancer patients with no residual tumor or involved lymph nodes on imaging or endoscopy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (clinical complete response, cCR). In this cohort study, we compared the oncologic outcomes of rectal cancer patients with a cCR who were managed according to a wait-and-see policy (observation group) or with surgery (surgery group). In the observation group, follow-up was performed every 3 months for the first year and consisted of MRI, endoscopy with biopsy, computed tomography and transrectal ultrasonography. In the surgery group, patients received radical surgery. Long-term oncologic outcomes were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Thirty patients were enrolled in the observation group (median follow-up, 60 months; range, 18-100 months), and 92 patients were enrolled in the surgery group (median follow-up, 58 months; range, 18-109 months). The 5-year disease free survival and overall survival rates were similar in the two groups: 90.0% vs. 94.3% (P = 0.932) and 100.0% vs. 95.6% (P = 0.912), respectively. We conclude that for rectal cancer patients with a cCR after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, a wait-and-see policy with strict selection criteria, follow-up and salvage treatments achieves outcomes at least as good as radical surgery. Additionally, we declare that the pCR (pathologic complete regression) and non-pCR subgroups of patients with a cCR have similar long-term failure (local recurrence and/or distant metastasis) rate.
Modeling Bid Arrivals in Online Auctions

Summary.We introduce a new family of non-homogeneous Poisson processes (NHPP) that are useful for modeling pure and contaminated self-similar processes which describe arrivals within a finite time period. Our motivation comes from the bid arrival process in online auctions. Modeling bid arrivals in online auctions is challenging since bidding dynamics change over the course of the auction. While the start of the auction typically sees an unusual amount of early bidding which is followed by a period of little activity, the auction end typically experiences an enormous amount of last minute bidding, also known as sniping. This observed heterogeneity in bidding dynamics commands a very flexible class of models. We address these modeling challenges by proposing a class of 3-stage non-homogenous Poisson processes. We investigate the probabilistic and statistical properties of these models and illustrate their usefulness for fitting and interpreting real data from eBay.com.