Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glucose transport in primary cultured neurons

In this study, we have examined glucose uptake and its regulation by insulin in primary cultured neurons. Glucose transport was assessed by measuring the initial rate of uptake of 3H‐2‐deoxyglucose, a glucose analog that is transported and phosphorylated but not further metabolized. The uptake of 2‐deoxyglucose was saturable; measurements of the intracellular concentration of 2‐deoxyglucose and 2‐deoxyglucose‐6‐phosphate revealed that hexokinase activity rather than membrane transport is the rate‐limiting step for glucose uptake. Insulin had no effect on 2‐deoxyglucose uptake at low (0.2 mM) or high (20 mM) concentrations of substrate. The order of potency of other hexoses to competitively inhibit the accumulation of 2‐deoxyglucose was D‐glucose (0.2 mM) = D‐mannose (0.2 mM) > 30‐methylglucose (9 mM) > D‐galactose (90 mM). Cytochalasin B was a potent inhibitor of 2‐deoxyglucose uptake (IC50 = 500 nM) and phloretin was more potent than ploridzin in inhibiting uptake. The structure of glucose transporters was examined by photoaffinity labeling using 3H‐cytochalasin B and by immunologic detection using antibodies raised against the human erythrocyte transporter. 3H‐cytochalasin B labeled two proteins of 55 kDa and 43 kDa and the antibody recognized primarily a 43 kDa protein. The subcellular distribution of glucose transporters, estimated by measuring the number of specific cytochalasin B binding sites in subfractions of neuronal homogenates, showed 3.62 pmol/mg protein in the 11,000g pellet and 1.34 pmol/mg protein in the 200,000g pellet.
A Novel and Lethal De Novo LQT-3 Mutation in a Newborn with Distinct Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutic Response

Background SCN5A encodes the α-subunit (Nav1.5) of the principle Na+ channel in the human heart. Genetic lesions in SCN5A can cause congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) variant 3 (LQT-3) in adults by disrupting inactivation of the Nav1.5 channel. Pharmacological targeting of mutation-altered Na+ channels has proven promising in developing a gene-specific therapeutic strategy to manage specifically this LQTS variant. SCN5A mutations that cause similar channel dysfunction may also contribute to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other arrhythmias in newborns, but the prevalence, impact, and therapeutic management of SCN5A mutations may be distinct in infants compared with adults. Methods and Results Here, in a multidisciplinary approach, we report a de novo SCN5A mutation (F1473C) discovered in a newborn presenting with extreme QT prolongation and differential responses to the Na+ channel blockers flecainide and mexiletine. Our goal was to determine the Na+ channel phenotype caused by this severe mutation and to determine whether distinct effects of different Na+ channel blockers on mutant channel activity provide a mechanistic understanding of the distinct therapeutic responsiveness of the mutation carrier. Sequence analysis of the proband revealed the novel missense SCN5A mutation (F1473C) and a common variant in KCNH2 (K897T). Patch clamp analysis of HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with wild-type or mutant Na+ channels revealed significant changes in channel biophysics, all contributing to the proband's phenotype as predicted by in silico modeling. Furthermore, subtle differences in drug action were detected in correcting mutant channel activity that, together with both the known genetic background and age of the patient, contribute to the distinct therapeutic responses observed clinically. Significance The results of our study provide further evidence of the grave vulnerability of newborns to Na+ channel defects and suggest that both genetic background and age are particularly important in developing a mutation-specific therapeutic personalized approach to manage disorders in the young.
Dynamics of the Theory of Mind construct: A developmental perspective

Theory of Mind (ToM) encompasses a wide variety of abilities, which develop during childhood. However, to date most ToM research has focused on the single concept of false-belief understanding, and examined ToM only in young children. Furthermore, there is a lack of implementation of a longitudinal design, which examines the dynamics of the ToM construct over several years. Our longitudinal study measured the abilities of a group of 5-year-old children (n = 77) in mainstream education during three consecutive years, on aspects of ToM related to emotion understanding and false-belief understanding. The results provide support for significant improvements in emotion understanding and false-belief understanding between the ages of 5 and 7. Whereas emotion attribution was already largely developed at age 5, more intricate aspects of emotion understanding, such as understanding display rules and understanding mixed emotions showed significant developments. Over the course of the years, children also showed an increasing awareness of false-belief understanding. In addition to the developmental growth, the different ToM aspects were found to be relatively stable over time. Correlations as well as predictive relations between emotion understanding and false-belief understanding could be identified. Finally, there was evidence for the role of language ability in the development of the ToM aspects under consideration. The results support the notion that ToM abilities measured at age 5 are not just a snapshot but provide a longer-term outlook as well.
Development and validation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI).

The article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). An initial questionnaire was constructed from multiple sources of information. Three factor analytic studies were conducted to refine the TRGI and determine its factor structure, which consists of a Distress factor and three cognitive factors, Hindsight-Bias/Responsibility, Wrongdoing, and Lack of Justification. The TRGI has high internal consistency and adequate temporal stability. In validity studies with Vietnam veterans and battered women, TRGI scales and subscales were significantly correlated with other measures of guilt and with measures of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and other indexes ofadjustment. Findings support the conceptualization of trauma-related guilt as a multidimensional construct and highlight the role of cognitions in the experience of guilt and posttrauma psychopathology.
Detection of (dark) matter concentrations via weak gravitational lensing

The distortion of images of faint background galaxies by (weak) gravitational lensing can be used to measure the mass distribution of the deflector. The image distortions can be used to define a weighted mean of the mass inside a circular aperture, as was first suggested by Kaiser. The aperture mass can be used to {\it detect} dark matter concentrations. Keeping in mind that wide-field cameras will become increasingly available, this method can be used to search for mass concentrations on wide-field images. To do this, the aperture mass measure is generalized to account for different weighting functions. For each such weighting function, a signal-to-noise ratio can be calculated. For an assumed mass profile of the density concentrations, the weighting function can be chosen such as to maximize the resulting signal-to-noise ratio. Numerical simulations which adopt parameters characteristic of 4-m class telescopes are then used to show that dark halos with a velocity dispersion in excess of $\sim 600$\ts km/s can be reliably detected as significant peaks in the signal-to-noise map. The effects of seeing and an anisotropic PSF are then investigated and shown to be less important than might be feared. It is thus suggested that the method of aperture mass measures developed here can be used to obtain a mass-selected sample of dark halos, in contrast to flux-selected samples. Shear fields around high-redshift bright QSOs as detected by Fort et al. provide a first successful application of this strategy. The simplicity of the method allows its routine application to wide-field images of sufficient depth and image quality.
Confidence through Attention

Attention distributions of the generated translations are a useful bi-product of attention-based recurrent neural network translation models and can be treated as soft alignments between the input and output tokens. In this work, we use attention distributions as a confidence metric for output translations. We present two strategies of using the attention distributions: filtering out bad translations from a large back-translated corpus, and selecting the best translation in a hybrid setup of two different translation systems. While manual evaluation indicated only a weak correlation between our confidence score and human judgments, the use-cases showed improvements of up to 2.22 BLEU points for filtering and 0.99 points for hybrid translation, tested on English German and English Latvian translation.
Ambivalence over emotional expression and psychological well-being among rheumatoid arthritis patients and their spouses

Associations between ambivalence over emotional expression and psychological well-being among rheumatoid arthritis patients and their spouses were investigated. Sixty-nine couples completed questionnaires assessing ambivalence over emotional expression, emotional expressiveness, psychological well-being, and strategies used in coping with arthritis. Associations between the patient's ambivalence and psychological well-being were stronger for those married to a highly ambivalent spouse, although this pattern of results was not found for spouses. Lower psychological well-being among more ambivalent spouses, and to a lesser extent patients, could be partially explained by their greater use of passive and distancing coping strategies. Results emphasize the importance of taking a dyadic approach to the study of psychological functioning among chronically ill patients and their spouses.
Double or Nothing: Multiplicative Incentive Mechanisms for Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing has gained immense popularity in machine learning applications for obtaining large amounts of labeled data. Crowdsourcing is cheap and fast, but suffers from the problem of low-quality data. To address this fundamental challenge in crowdsourcing, we propose a simple payment mechanism to incentivize workers to answer only the questions that they are sure of and skip the rest. We show that surprisingly, under a mild and natural "no-free-lunch" requirement, this mechanism is the one and only incentive-compatible payment mechanism possible. We also show that among all possible incentive-compatible mechanisms (that may or may not satisfy no-free-lunch), our mechanism makes the smallest possible payment to spammers. Interestingly, this unique mechanism takes a "multiplicative" form. The simplicity of the mechanism is an added benefit. In preliminary experiments involving over several hundred workers, we observe a significant reduction in the error rates under our unique mechanism for the same or lower monetary expenditure.
Effects of Extended Time Allotments on Reading Comprehension Performance of College Students With and Without Learning Disabilities

Students with disabilities often receive test accommodations in schools and on high-stakes tests. Students with learning disabilities (LD) represent the largest disability group in schools, and extended time the most common test accommodation requested by such students. This pairing persists despite controversy over the validity of extended time as a test accommodation. The current study examined the effects of 50% and 100% time extensions on the reading comprehension performance of college students with and without LD. Results indicated that typical students actually benefited more than the LD group when given extra time, indicating that extended time is not a test accommodation that is specific to those with a disability. Moreover, when only students with LD were given extended time, especially double time, they outperformed nondisabled peers. We discuss implications of these findings for future research as well as accommodation decisions in educational settings.
Developing preparedness for flexible delivery of training in enterprises

On a basis of research and literature review, Smith, in 2001, suggested a model for the development of preparedness of learners and their workplaces to support the flexible delivery of training in enterprises. Using the model as a framework, he then developed a detailed set of strategies that may be used in operating workplaces to develop learners and workplaces for effective flexible delivery. The research reported here was designed to test that strategy set in 12 different enterprises to assess the feasibility of their implementation in operating workplaces. The research shows that a majority of suggested strategies are feasible for implementation; some are feasible with qualification; and a minority were not seen as feasible.
Male-derived cuticular hydrocarbons signal sperm competition intensity and affect ejaculate expenditure in crickets

Female sexual promiscuity can have significant effects on male mating decisions because it increases the intensity of competition between ejaculates for fertilization. Because sperm production is costly, males that can detect multiple matings by females and allocate sperm strategically will have an obvious fitness advantage. The presence of rival males is widely recognized as a cue used by males to assess sperm competition. However, for species in which males neither congregate around nor guard females, other more cryptic cues might be involved. Here, we demonstrate unprecedented levels of sperm competition assessment by males, which is mediated via the use of chemical cues. Using the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus, we manipulated male perception of sperm competition by experimentally coating live unmated females with cuticular compounds extracted from males. We found that males adjusted their ejaculate allocation in response to these compounds: the viability of sperm contained within a male's ejaculate decreased as the number of male extracts applied to his virgin female partner was increased. We further show that males do not respond to the relative concentration of male compounds present on females, but rather to the number of distinct signature odours of individual males. Our results conform to sperm competition theory, and show for the first time, to our knowledge, that males can detect different intensities of sperm competition by using distinct chemical cues of individual males present on females.
UK news reporting of alcohol: An analysis of television and newspaper coverage

Aims: To identify patterns in the representation of alcohol-related stories in the UK news media. To consider what kind of stories are reported and how reports are framed through thematic focus, imagery and the selection of sources by journalists. Methods: Quantitative content analysis of seven daily newspapers and four television news programmes over two sample periods: 20 December 2008–2 January 2009 and 15–22 March 2009. Findings: News reporting strongly emphasizes negative outcomes, especially violence, drink-driving and long-term health impacts – specifically liver disease. Reports of celebrity drinking are commonplace. Public health perspectives play a central role in the framing of alcohol-related stories. There is a clear gender divide: male drinking is associated with violence, while female drinking is associated with simply appearing drunk. Supermarkets are identified as a central cause of problem drinking, and cheap alcohol is seen as a greater threat than relaxed licensing laws. Conclusions: Compared to previous studies, the ‘normalization’ of drinking in news reporting has declined. Public health advocates have successfully established themselves as key sources for alcohol stories. However, there remains no consensus on public health policy initiatives.
Marine Carotenoids against Oxidative Stress: Effects on Human Health

Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments that are produced in some plants, algae, fungi, and bacterial species, which accounts for their orange and yellow hues. Carotenoids are powerful antioxidants thanks to their ability to quench singlet oxygen, to be oxidized, to be isomerized, and to scavenge free radicals, which plays a crucial role in the etiology of several diseases. Unusual marine environments are associated with a great chemical diversity, resulting in novel bioactive molecules. Thus, marine organisms may represent an important source of novel biologically active substances for the development of therapeutics. In this respect, various novel marine carotenoids have recently been isolated from marine organisms and displayed several utilizations as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Marine carotenoids (astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein but also the rare siphonaxanthin, sioxanthin, and myxol) have recently shown antioxidant properties in reducing oxidative stress markers. This review aims to describe the role of marine carotenoids against oxidative stress and their potential applications in preventing and treating inflammatory diseases.
A model of personality test item response dissimulation

A general model of faking on self-report personality test items is proposed and empirically evaluated. The model predicts that differential test item response latencies should be faster for schema-congruent test answers than for noncongruent responses. Thus, individuals faking good should take relatively longer to endorse socially undesirable test item content than desirable test item content. Conversely, individuals faking bad should endorse socially desirable test item content relatively slower than undesirable test item content
Priors, preferences and categorical percepts

Visual perception is the process of inferring world structure from image structure. If the world structure we recover from our images \makes sense" as a plausible world event, then we have a \percept" and can often ooer a concise linguistic description of what we see. For example, in the upper panel of Figure 3.1, if asked, \What do you see? ", a typical response might be a pillbox with a handle either erect (left) or at (right). This concise and conndent response suggests that we have identiied a model type that ts the image observation with no residual ambiguities at the level of the description. In contrast, when asked to describe the two lower drawings in Figure 3.1, there is some hesitancy and uncertainty. Is the handle erect or not? Does it have a skewed or rectangular shape? The depiction leaves us somewhat uncertain, as if several options were possible, but none where all aspects of the interpretation collectively support each other. What then, leads us to the certainty in the upper set and to the ambiguity in the lower pair? To be a bit more precise about our goal, let us assume that some Waltz-like algorithm has already identiied the base of the pillbox and the wire-frame handle as separate 3D parts. Even with this decomposition, there remains an innnity of possible interpretations for any of these drawings. Yet we conndently commit to one interpretation in the case of the upper panel, but otherwise for the lower pair. Our aim, then, is to understand why the image structures in the upper panel support the assertion that they must arise only from very particular world structures, whereas the lower two structures seem more ambiguous. Our analysis will consist of three parts: rst we will lay out the domain associated with pillboxes having handles. Then the role of preferences for 80
Compensation of Load Dynamics for Admittance Controlled Interactive Industrial Robots Using a Quaternion-Based Kalman Filter

The paper describes a control architecture for industrial robotic applications allowing human/robot interactions, using an admittance control scheme and direct sensing of the human inputs. The aim of the proposed scheme is to support the operator of an industrial robot, equipped with a force/torque (F/T) sensor on the end-effector, during human/robot collaboration tasks involving heavy payloads carried by the robot. In these practical applications, the dynamics of the load may significatively affect the measurements of the F/T sensor. Model-based compensation of such dynamic effects requires to compute linear acceleration and angular acceleration/velocity of the load, that in this paper are estimated by means of a quaternion-based Kalman filter and assuming that the only available measurements come from the forward kinematics of the robot. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the approach and its industrial applicability.
Motivators and Barriers to Engaging in Healthy Eating and Physical Activity

Many Australian young men (18-25 years) fail to meet recommendations in national dietary or physical activity (PA) guidelines. However, there is a lack of understanding of their perspectives on PA and diet to inform intervention design. This study examined young men’s motivators and barriers to healthy eating and PA, along with differences by demographic and behavioral factors. A cross-sectional online survey was completed by 282 men aged 18 to 25 years in Australia. Results identified the most common motivators for healthy eating included improving health (63.5%), body image (52.3%), and increasing energy (32.1%). Motivators for PA included improving body image (44.6%), fitness (44.2%), and health (41.0%). Common barriers to healthy eating were access to unhealthy foods (61.1%), time to cook/prepare healthy foods (55.0%), and motivation to cook healthy foods (50.7%). Barriers for PA included motivation (66.3%), time (57.8%), and cost of equipment/facilities (33.3%). Significant differences (p < .01) in motivators to healthy eating and/or PA were identified for BMI category, marital status, PA level, alcohol intake, and stress levels. Significant differences were identified for barriers to healthy eating and/or PA by BMI, PA level, stress, and fruit and vegetable intake, assessed using Pearson’s chi-square test. Findings suggest that promotion of benefits related to health, appearance/body image, increased energy and fitness, and addressing key barriers including motivation, time, financial restraints, and accessibility of unhealthy foods, could engage young men in improving lifestyle behaviors. Differences by demographic and behavioral factors suggest development of tailored programs to address diversity among young men may be required.
Phone recognition with deep sparse rectifier neural networks

Rectifier neurons differ from standard ones only in that the sigmoid activation function is replaced by the rectifier function, max(0, x). This modification requires only minimal changes to any existing neural net implementation, but makes it more effective. In particular, we show that a deep architecture of rectifier neurons can attain the same recognition accuracy as deep neural networks, but without the need for pre-training. With 4-5 hidden layers of rectifier neurons we report 20.8% and 19.8% phone error rates on TIMIT (with CI and CD units, respectively), which are competitive with the best results on this database.
Current Sensor Fault Reconstruction for PMSM Drives

This paper deals with a current sensor fault reconstruction algorithm for the torque closed-loop drive system of an interior PMSM. First, sensor faults are equated to actuator ones by a new introduced state variable. Then, in αβ coordinates, based on the motor model with active flux linkage, a current observer is constructed with a specific sliding mode equivalent control methodology to eliminate the effects of unknown disturbances, and the phase current sensor faults are reconstructed by means of an adaptive method. Finally, an αβ axis current fault processing module is designed based on the reconstructed value. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by simulation and experimental tests on the RT-LAB platform.