Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Restaurant Employees’ Perception of Tipping Systems Across Country Differences

The purpose of this study is to examine the practical value of how restaurant employees perceive different tipping systems and if perceived fairness, distributive justice, and/or perceived control vary across countries (Taiwan versus United States). Thus, a five (tipping scenarios) × two (country) MANOVA with perceived fairness, distributive justice, and perceived control as dependent variables followed by separate ANOVA tests for each dependent variable were used to test the hypotheses. Data from two countries were used to gain insight into Taiwanese and U.S. employees’ perceived fairness, distributive justice, and perceived control. Job involvement is also included as a control variable for each of the five restaurant tipping scenarios depicted. There is a significant difference in perceived fairness among all five tipping scenarios; the post hoc test revealed that tipping Scenario 3 (servers keep their tips) has the highest perceived fairness score of all the other tipping scenarios. More detail results and implications of this study for theory and practice are described throughout the article.
Different Roles for Amygdala Central Nucleus and Substantia Innominata in the Surprise-Induced Enhancement of Learning

Within most modern learning theories, the discrepancy between expected and obtained outcomes (“prediction error” or “surprise”) is a critical determinant of the acquisition of learned associations. The results of studies from many laboratories show that the surprising omission of an expected event may enhance attention to stimuli that remain present, such that subsequent learning about those stimuli is enhanced. A series of reports from our laboratories demonstrated that these surprise-induced enhancements of stimulus associability depend on circuitry that includes the amygdala central nucleus (CeA), the cholinergic neurons in the sublenticular substantia innominata/nucleus basalis magnocellularis (SI/nBM), as well as certain cortical projections of these latter neurons. In this study, we found very different roles for CeA and SI/nBM in surprise-induced enhancements of stimulus associability. In four experiments that used transient inactivation techniques, we found that surprise-induced enhancement of subsequent learning about a stimulus depended on intact CeA function at the time of surprise but not when more rapid learning was subsequently expressed. In contrast, normal SI/nBM function was critical to the expression of enhanced learning but was not necessary when surprise was induced. These data suggest that these two components of the so-called “extended amygdala” serve distinct roles in the encoding and retrieval of information used in modulating attention to stimuli in associative learning. Additional circuitry linking these brain regions may also be important in the maintenance of that information.
Integration and social cohesion: The case of the Netherlands

The unemployment rate for most ethnic minorities in the Netherlands is higher than that of the host population. It is feared that ethnic minorities' low labour market participation will constrain the overall social cohesion of Dutch society. Increased labour market participation of ethnic minorities is therefore considered as the most effective way to reduce the number of claimants and increase their social integration. The two questions to be addressed in this paper are to what extent the labour market is accessible for ethnic minorities in the Netherlands and whether their increased participation in work increases the level of general socio-economic welfare. The available data suggest that social exclusion on the job market continues to be a widespread practice. In most cases increased labour participation has succeeded only due to the creation of low-paid jobs in the public sector. However, in these echelons increased participation hardly leads to an increase in individual welfare. The labour market intervention has thus resulted in the emergence of a social stratum of working poor. It is questionable whether this outcome strengthens intended social cohesion.
Who has Scientific Knowledge?

I examine whether or not it is apt to attribute knowledge to groups of scientists. I argue that though research teams can be aptly described as having knowledge, communities of scientists identified with research fields, and the scientific community as a whole are not capable of knowing. Scientists involved in research teams are dependent on each other, and are organized in a manner to advance a goal. Such teams also adopt views that may not be identical to the views of the individual members of the group.
Leadership, Moral Development, and Citizenship Behavior

Abstract: This paper suggests that different styles of leadership arouse different sorts of normative motivation among followers, and these diverse motivational sources in turn are associated with different forms of participant contribution to organizational success. Three interrelated clusters of leadership styles, normative motivation of followers, and organizational citizenship behavior are described. Leadership that appeals exclusively to followers’ self-interests is associated with preconventional moral development and dependable task performance. Leadership styles focusing on interpersonal relationships and social networks are associated with followers’ conventional moral development and work group collaboration. Transforming leadership that both models and nurtures servant leadership abilities is associated with post-conventional moral development and responsible participation in organizational governance.
Discordance between TSTs and IFN-&ggr; release assays: the role of NTM and the relevance of mycobacterial sensitins

To the Editors: We read with interest the recent study by Latorre et al. 1 entitled “Evaluating the non-tuberculous mycobacteria effect in the tuberculosis infection diagnosis”. We agree that discordance between tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) and interferon (IFN)-γ release assays (IGRAs) presents physicians with a considerable management dilemma when evaluating children for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) in routine clinical practice. We have previously urged caution in the interpretation of discordant results and have highlighted this area as a research priority 2, 3. We therefore commend the authors for investigating a potential underlying cause of discordance. However, we believe that the interpretation of the data presented by Latorre et al. 1 is based on erroneous assumptions, and that as a result the conclusions are overstated. We suggest that a more cautious and contextualised interpretation of the study findings is warranted. As indicated by Latorre et al. 1, previous bacille Calmette–Guerin immunisation and exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are frequently cited as the primary factors underlying discordance between TSTs and IGRAs, although …
Locus of causality and the use of information in the development of causal attributions1

Two studies were conducted to examine whether attributions made about events may be influenced by individual assumptions regarding causation that are age related. In Study 1, 96 subjects at three age levels (four and five years, eight and nine years, and college students) observed a target actor on videotape select an item from an unseen array, and four other actors either agree (high consensus) or disagree (low consensus) with the choice. Subjects were asked to decide why the actor liked the chosen object best—because of something about the actor (person attribution) or because of something about the item (entity attribution). The results showed that perceived locus of causality shifted from entity to person attributions with age. In addition, subjects at all ages were able to utilize the consensus information when they had no opportunity to form their own impressions about the items in the array. In Study 2, 126 subjects at four age levels (five and six years, seven and eight years, nine and ten years, and high school students) chose an item from among an array for themselves and responded to a person (self)/entity attribution question regarding the locus of their own choice. The entity to person shift with age was again found and was supported by additional measures. The results are discussed in terms of children's causal reasoning capacities and social environmental factors affecting developmental change in social judgments.
Clearing a Path Through the Forest: A Meta-Review of Interorganizational Relationships

Interorganizational relationships (IORs) encompass a broad array of collaborative exchanges, including strategic alliances, joint ventures, buyer—supplier agreements, licensing, co-branding, franchising, cross-sector partnerships, networks, trade associations, and consortia. Scholarly work in this area typically focuses on particular forms, which has made it difficult to build a holistic understanding of why organizations engage in these relationships. This article summarizes the IOR literature by conducting a meta-review, a review of the reviews that have covered various IOR forms and theories. Through this approach, the authors highlight similarities and differences among forms and acknowledge perspectives grounded in organizational economics and organization theory. In line with March’s seminal framework, the authors identify two pure forms of IORs: co-exploration and co-exploitation. Explicating these pure forms enables the integration of different theories and the reconciliation of the empirical reality that IORs, like firms, combine exploration and exploitation. The authors conclude by suggesting directions for future work, highlighting areas rich in potential.
Is the speaker done yet? faster and more accurate end-of-utterance detection using prosody

We examine the problem of end-of-utterance (EOU) detection for real-time speech recognition, particularly in the context of a human-computer dialog system. Current EOU detection algorithms use only a simple pause threshold for making this decision, leading to two problems. First, especially as speech-driven inter-faces become more natural, users often pause inside utterances, resulting in a premature cut off by the system. Second, when users really are done, the minimum system wait is always the threshold value, needlessly adding time to the interaction. We have developed a new approach to EOU detection that uses prosodic features to address both of these problems. Prosodic features are modeled by decision trees and combined with an event N-gram language model to obtain a score that measures the likelihood that any nonspeech region is an EOU. We ﬁnd that this approach dramatically improves both the accuracy and speed of online EOU detection.
Temporal logic patterns for querying dynamic models of cellular interaction networks

MOTIVATION Models of the dynamics of cellular interaction networks have become increasingly larger in recent years. Formal verification based on model checking provides a powerful technology to keep up with this increase in scale and complexity. The application of modelchecking approaches is hampered, however, by the difficulty for nonexpert users to formulate appropriate questions in temporal logic. RESULTS In order to deal with this problem, we propose the use of patterns, that is, high-level query templates that capture recurring biological questions and can be automatically translated into temporal logic. The applicability of the developed set of patterns has been investigated by the analysis of an extended model of the network of global regulators controlling the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli. AVAILABILITY GNA and the model of the carbon starvation response network are available at http://www-helix.inrialpes. fr/gna.
DRD4 Long Allele Carriers Show Heightened Attention to High-priority Items Relative to Low-priority Items

Humans with seven or more repeats in exon III of the DRD4 gene (long DRD4 carriers) sometimes demonstrate impaired attention, as seen in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and at other times demonstrate heightened attention, as seen in addictive behavior. Although the clinical effects of DRD4 are the focus of much work, this gene may not necessarily serve as a “risk” gene for attentional deficits, but as a plasticity gene where attention is heightened for priority items in the environment and impaired for minor items. Here we examine the role of DRD4 in two tasks that benefit from selective attention to high-priority information. We examine a category learning task where performance is supported by focusing on features and updating verbal rules. Here, selective attention to the most salient features is associated with good performance. In addition, we examine the Operation Span (OSPAN) task, a working memory capacity task that relies on selective attention to update and maintain items in memory while also performing a secondary task. Long DRD4 carriers show superior performance relative to short DRD4 homozygotes (six or less tandem repeats) in both the category learning and OSPAN tasks. These results suggest that DRD4 may serve as a “plasticity” gene where individuals with the long allele show heightened selective attention to high-priority items in the environment, which can be beneficial in the appropriate context.
Context and Cardiovascular Risk Modification in Two Regions of Ontario, Canada: A Photo Elicitation Study

Cardiovascular diseases, which include coronary heart diseases (CHD), remain the leading cause of death in Canada and other industrialized countries. This qualitative study used photo-elicitation, focus groups and in-depth interviews to understand health behaviour change from the perspectives of 38 people who were aware of their high risk for CHD and had received information about cardiovascular risk modification while participating in a larger intervention study. Participants were drawn from two selected regions: Sudbury and District (northern Ontario) and the Greater Toronto Area (southern Ontario). Analysis drew on concepts of place and space to capture the complex interplay between geographic location, sociodemographic position, and people’s efforts to understand and modify their risk for CHD. Three major sites of difference and ambiguity emerged: 1) place and access to health resources; 2) time and food culture; and 3) itineraries or travels through multiple locations. All participants reported difficulties in learning and adhering to new lifestyle patterns, but access to supportive health resources was different in the two regions. Even within regions, subgroups experienced different patterns of constraint and advantage. In each region, “fast” food and traditional foods were entrenched within different temporal and social meanings. Finally, different and shifting strategies for risk modification were required at various points during daily and seasonal travels through neighbourhoods, to workplaces, or on vacation. Thus health education for CHD risk modification should be place-specific and tailored to the needs and resources of specific communities.
Publishing for mother tongue-based bilingual education in Ghana: politics and consequences

One often cited challenge to effective mother tongue-based bilingual education (MTBE) in multilingual countries like Ghana is the difficulty of developing curriculum and instructional materials in many languages. To explain this situation, factors such as shortage of writers and teachers in the local languages, lack of interest on the part of publishers in view of the wide availability of textbooks in multiple languages, as well as official support for dominant western languages, such as English, are cited. This paper discusses the veracity of these ‘challenges’, by examining pre- and post-independent governments’ efforts at material development to support MTBE in Ghana. The paper notes that, while most educational policies and reforms have emphasised the importance of MTBE, there has, in fact, been no concerted attempt to design and implement a language-in-education policy incorporating the urgent need to develop curriculum materials for MTBE. The paper attributes this to the lack of political will, economic reasons and the general misconceptions about MTBE.
Looking at the self in a rose-colored mirror : Unrealistically positive self-views and academic performance

The relationship between unrealistically positive self-evaluations and performance in an academic setting was examined in the present study. As suggested by Colvin and Block (1 994), objective criteria were used to identify individuals who held unrealistically positive self-views. More specifically, academic records were compared to self-ratings of academic ability to classify students as accurate, unrealistically positive, or unrealistically negative about their academic abilities. Consistent with Taylor and Brown's (1988) theory of positive illusions, students who were unrealistically positive achieved higher grades the semester following the study than students who were realistic or unrealistically negative.
GSA11 Encodes a Unique 208-kDa Protein Required for Pexophagy and Autophagy in Pichia pastoris *

Cells are capable of adapting to changes in their environment by synthesizing needed proteins and degrading superfluous ones. Pichia pastoris synthesizes peroxisomal enzymes to grow in methanol medium. Upon adapting from methanol medium to one containing glucose, this yeast rapidly and selectively degrades peroxisomes by an autophagic process referred to as pexophagy. In this study, we have utilized a novel approach to identify genes required for this degradative pathway. Our approach involves the random integration of a vector containing the Zeocin resistance gene into the yeast genome by restriction enzyme-mediated integration. Cells unable to degrade peroxisomes during glucose adaptation were isolated, and the genes that were disrupted by the insertion of the vector were determined by sequencing. By using this approach, we have identified a number of genes required for glucose-induced selectiveautophagy of peroxisomes (GSA genes). We report here the characterization of Gsa11, a unique 208-kDa protein. We found that this protein is required for glucose-induced pexophagy and starvation-induced autophagy. Gsa11 is a cytosolic protein that becomes associated with one or more structures situated near the vacuole during glucose adaptation. The punctate localization of Gsa11 was not observed in gsa10, gsa12, gsa14, andgsa19 mutants. We have previously shown that Gsa9 appears to relocate from a compartment at the vacuole surface to regions between the vacuole and the peroxisomes being sequestered. In thegsa11 mutants, the vacuole only partially surrounded the peroxisomes, but Gsa9 was still distributed around the peroxisome cluster. This suggests that Gsa9 binds to the peroxisomes independent of the vacuole. The data also indicate that Gsa11 is not necessary for Gsa9 to interact with peroxisomes but acts at an intermediate event required for the vacuole to engulf the peroxisomes.
Comparison of Oral and Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitor on Patients with High Risk Bleeding Peptic Ulcers: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

Background Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) decrease the rate of rebleeding following endoscopic hemostatic therapy in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers. This study compares the efficacy of oral omeprazole vs intravenous pantoprazole in decrease of rebleeding of peptic ulcer patients. Methods One hundred and six patients with high risk peptic ulcer were randomized to receive either oral omeprazole (80 mg BID for 3 days) or IV pantoprazole (80 mg bolus and 8 mg/hour infusion for 3 days) followed by omeprazole (20 mg each day for 30 days). All patients underwent upper endoscopy and endoscopic therapy within 24 hours. Results Seventeen patients were excluded from the study. Forty four patients were randomly allocated into omeprazole group and 41 patients to IV pantoprazole group. Both groups were similar for factors affecting the outcome. Bleeding reoccurred in five patients of omeprazole group and four patients in pantoprazole group (11.4% vs 9.8 %). The mean hospital stay and blood transfusion were not different in both groups. Conclusion Oral omeprazole and IV pantoprazole had equal effects on prevention of rebleeding after endoscopic therapy in patients with high risk bleeding peptic ulcers.
Equality means business? Governing gender through transnational public-private partnerships

ABSTRACT From the World Bank's ‘gender equality is smart economics’ to The Economist's ‘womenomics’ and Nike's ‘girl effect’, feminism seems to have well and truly penetrated the business world. Government action on behalf of gender equality is well institutionalized but private corporations appear as a new actor in this cause. This article asks: What do businesses and their public partners do in order to advance gender equality? What motivates their engagement now and how does it fit into existing public and private relationships of power? What do they mean for feminist agendas? How legitimate are they? And how effective are they? To address these questions the article examines four exemplary initiatives involving businesses in advancing gender equality and women's empowerment: the Goldman Sachs 10,000 Women Global Initiative, the World Economic Forum's Women Leaders and Gender Parity Program, the European Union's Programme on Gender Balance in Decision-Making Positions, and the UN Global Compact-UNIFEM Women's Empowerment Principles for Business. Our purpose is to conceptually locate these initiatives as new private forms of governance involving partnerships with governments. We assess these initiatives employing criteria of feminist evaluation and find decidedly ambiguous results. We argue that the new attention to gender equality in business and global economic governance is both an expression of and a key process in the transformation of states and corporations in the context of global competition and restructuring.
Evidence for Learning-To-Cluster as a Retrieval Strategy.

In recall of categorized lists, clustering increases rapidly over trials on the first list and then remains high for all trials on the second list. The data from the present experiment showed that between-category interresponse times also increase over trials on the first list and remain high for the second list. Taken together with other relevant data from the experiment, these results strongly suggest that subjects systematically increase category exit time (i.e., time taken for the last search in a category before turning to a different category) over trials on the first list. Clearly, such a retrieval strategy would produce an increase in clustering over trials and probably would also increase recall.
The evolving nature of grounded theory: experiential reflections on the potential of the method for analysing children’s attitudes towards physical activity

It has been claimed that grounded theory is the most widely used qualitative method in social science research presenting a distinct approach to generating theories about substantive areas for which there are few existing theories. The method has been continually reinvented causing some to question its usefulness for educational researchers. Children’s physical activity has become an area of great interest to researchers in conjunction with increasing concerns about the health of the nation. There are, however, few studies in this area which have employed grounded theory. Using case study material from two separate projects relating to children’s attitudes towards physical activity, this paper highlights some of the issues associated with using particular versions of the method and the realities of working with children using recommendations from Glaser and Strauss and Corbin.