Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testosterone Levels Among Men with Spinal Cord Injury: Relationship Between Time Since Injury and Laboratory Values

Clark MJ, Schopp LH, Mazurek MO, Zaniletti I, Lammy AB, Martin TA, Thomas FP, Acuff ME: Testosterone levels among men with spinal cord injury: relationship between time since injury and laboratory values. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:758–767 Objectives:The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of low testosterone among a sample of men with spinal cord injury and to examine the relationship among testosterone, time since injury, and select laboratory values. Design:Participants were 102 men with spinal cord injury participating in inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation. Data included total serum testosterone level, demographic and injury information, and laboratory values. Results:Sixty percent of men with spinal cord injury had low testosterone levels. The median testosterone level for the entire sample was 220 ng/dl (normal reference range = 241–827 ng/dl). Low testosterone was significantly associated with less time since injury, lower hemoglobin, and higher prolactin in the univariate analyses at P < 0.05. Conclusions:The results indicate that men with spinal cord injury are at risk for low serum testosterone. Testosterone levels were also related to time since injury and hemoglobin and prolactin levels. These findings suggest the need for changes to occur in clinical practice. Guidelines are needed for when and how often testosterone monitoring should be conducted. Future research should address the pathophysiology of low testosterone and the outcomes of testosterone treatment.
Are Family Firms More Tax Aggressive Than Non-Family Firms?

Taxes represent a significant cost to the firm and shareholders, and it is generally expected that shareholders prefer tax aggressiveness. However, this argument ignores potential non-tax costs that can accompany tax aggressiveness, especially those arising from agency problems. Firms owned/run by founding family members are characterized by a unique agency conflict between dominant and small shareholders. Using multiple measures to capture tax aggressiveness and founding family presence, we find that family firms are less tax aggressive than their non-family counterparts, ceteris paribus. This result suggests that family owners are willing to forgo tax benefits to avoid the non-tax cost of a potential price discount, which can arise from minority shareholders' concern with family rent-seeking masked by tax avoidance activities [Desai and Dharmapala, 2006. Corporate tax avoidance and high-powered incentives. Journal of Financial Economics 79, 145-179]. Our result is also consistent with family owners being more concerned with the potential penalty and reputation damage from an IRS audit than non-family firms. We obtain similar inferences when using a small sample of tax shelter cases.
Group Versus Individual Discrimination Among Young Workers: A Distributional Approach

We evaluate the gender wage gap and the unexplained gender wage differential for workers 15-29 year old during the period 1990-1997, using a particularly rich set of data from the Italian Social Security System covering all individuals in the labour markets of two Italian provinces. We estimate separate earnings functions for men and women correcting for endogeneity of education and we evaluate gender discrimination by studying the entire distribution of the unexplained wage gap as suggested by Jenkins (1994). We evaluate discrimination against females by means of bivariate density functions. This innovation makes it possible to condition the density distribution on the marginal distribution of any characteristic and to evaluate more precisely the existence of group and individual discrimination. Our analysis suggests that discrimination is not evenly distributed among women, in relation to their characteristics; in particular, there is evidence of lower discrimination against highly educated females. Moreover in 1997, compared to 1990, discrimination increased in a appreciable way, affecting human capital rich females more significantly. While our work is based in a very local context the richness of the data and the methodological innovation give the results a wider application.
A complex genetic rearrangement in a t(10;14)(q24;q11) associated with T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The t(10;14)(q24;q11) is observed in the leukemia cells of 5–10% of cases of T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL). Recently, molecular analyses of a number of these translocations revealed simple reciprocal translocations between the T‐cell receptor delta chain gene (TCRD) and a region of 10q24. We have characterized, at the molecular level, a t(10;14)(q24;q11) in a patient with T‐ALL. The translocation in this case, in contrast to the previous cases, is part of a complex genetic rearrangement. In addition to a reciprocal translocation between the Dδ3 gene segment of TCRD and a region of 10q24, a local inversion occurred within TCRD, involving the Dδ2 and Vδ2 gene segments. As a consequence, the entire joining and constant regions and most of the diversity regions of TCRD are located on the derivative 14 chromosome, whereas the joining and constant regions of TCRA are positioned on the derivative 10 chromosome. The chromosome 10 breakpoint in our patient, as in other t(10;14), clusters within a 9 kb breakpoint region. The occurrence of seven breakpoints within a localized region of chromosome 10 implies the existence of a nearby gene whose activation may have conferred a selective advantage on the leukemia cells. Moreover, as in the previous cases, the translocation in the present study exhibits recombination signal sequences or signal‐like sequences adjacent to the breakpoint junction. The presence of such motifs suggests the involvement of the recombinase enzyme system in the generation of this genetic alteration.
Starting Your Career With a Fixed-Term Job: Stepping-Stone or “Dead End”?

This paper uses panel data from the UK and Germany to investigate the difference in the learning effect between workers who enter the labour market with a fixed term and a permanent job. Our results verify the existence of a wage penalty for entering the labour market with a fixed-term contract for the British males (7.1%) and especially for the British females (21.2%). British females also have a very strong learning effect that is especially large for temporary starters. In Germany, the initial wage penalty for temporary starters is smaller than in the UK—4.5% for the males and 3% for the females—and is persistent only for the males. Although initial wage differences are mitigated through the accumulation of skills on the job, this process differs between temporary and permanent starters. This suggests that the type of the starting contract may be a feature of labour market segmentation.
Female Labour Force Participation in the MENA Region: The Role of Identity

Abstract We investigate why female labour market participation is low in the MENA region. Utilising Akerlof and Kranton’s (2000) “identity economics” approach, we show in a simple game-theoretic framework that women socialised in a traditional family environment violate their identities by taking a job. In the empirical analysis, we study the respective impact of two determinants of identity in the MENA region, Islam and cultural tradition. Employing two waves of the World Values Survey, we find significant evidence that identity affects female labour market participation. Moreover, our estimates suggest that in the MENA region, Muslim women do not participate in the labour market less than non-Muslim women, whereas those with strong traditional identities have a 5 percentage point lower probability of entering the labour market.
Goblin spiders without distinct receptacula seminis (Arachnida: Araneae: Oonopidae)

The mechanism of sperm transfer in spiders is unique among arthropods. Males use their modified pedipalps to transmit sperm which is received by females of most spider groups in specialized organs, the receptacula seminis. Oonopidae are a diverse spider family belonging to the Haplogynae. Female haplogynes have supposedly simple genitalia where the receptacula derive from the uterus externus, which is the duct passed by the eggs. The purpose of the present study is to describe the unusual female genitalia of the oonopids Xyphinus sp. and Ischnothyreus sp. by combining three methods of investigation: histological serial sections, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray ultra microscopy, and to compare the results with previous findings on haplogynes. Furthermore, the male palps are briefly described. The female genitalia of both investigated species do not correspond to the general description of haplogyne genitalia given in the literature. Distinct receptacula are lacking in both species. In Xyphinus sp. , sperm are deposited into the uterus internus. A sclerite with attached muscles in the uterus wall might serve females to lock the uterus during copulation in order to prevent sperm from getting into it. The male palp of Xyphinus sp. bears complicated structures indicating that males could use the palps as copulatory courtship devices. The ventral scutum of female Ischnothyreus sp. forms a large depression which was always empty in the examined specimens. Sperm could be stored in a large fold of the uterus externus. As in Xyphinus sp. , spermatozoa inside the uterus internus of Ischnothyreus sp. indicate that fertilization takes place in the uterus or the ovary. The function of a sclerotized squiggled tube in females of Ischnothyreus sp. remains unknown. Surrounding glandular tissue suggests the involvement of the tube in glandular activity. The male palp shows a simple embolus accompanied by a small conductor. J. Morphol. 271:1110–1118, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Balanced Community : Homogeneity or Heterogeneity in Residential Areas?

Abstract The discussioiz of the relation between population homogeneity and social-life values, begun in an earlier article, is here extended to the larger question of the desirability of the balanced, or heterogeneous, community. A number of planners have advocated population heterogeneity as a means for achieving four sets of cultural, political, and educational ends or values. This article discusses each of the means-ends relationships, concluding that population heterogeneity contributes relatively little toivard the achievement of these values. Nevertheless, heterogeneity is desirable, because as long as local taxation is the main support of community services, it will help to prevent undesirable inequalities in the level of community services. It is not, however, the best means of alleviating the glaring social and economic inequality noiv rampant in most metropolitan areas, and planners are therefore urged to place greater emphasis on policies that will reduce this inequality. The increased opportu.
Public attitudes towards the UK banking industry following the global financial crisis

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to establish the antecedents of changes in public attitudes towards the UK banking industry following the global financial crisis.Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was administered to 1,066 people querying their attributions of blame for the crisis, attitudes towards the banking industry, levels of anger, knowledge of the crisis, degrees of moralistic trust, political orientations, prior perceptions of the banking industry's reputation, and whether they had personally suffered as a result of events. A structural equation model covering these matters was developed and estimated.Findings – A substantial deterioration in the favourability of public attitudes towards the banking industry seems to have occurred following the crisis. However, certain groups of respondents were much less critical of the industry's role in the crisis than were others.Research limitations/implications – The banking industry of just a single country was considered. Participants only.
Warranties without Commitment to Market Participation

The provision of product warranties when the exit of firms is possible is an example of a more general contracting proble m without full commitment. When firms cannot precommit to future mark et participation, they can exit if continued participation is not profitable, thereby avoiding outstanding warranty obligations. Incentives for market participation come from future profits that depend on future sales. The resulting intertemporal linkage between cohorts of consumers may create multiple, Pareto-ordered equilibria. The possibility of multiple equilibria is examined for alternative market structures as is the government's role in influencing the selection of an equilibrium. Copyright 1993 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Defining culturally sensitive ecotourism: a Delphi consensus

Since sustainable development was introduced, culture has been submersed by more pressing tourism priorities such as the economy and the environment. To avoid putting at risk the resources upon which ecotourism depends and the desired sustainable outcomes it purports to deliver, research and praxis must be equally sensitive to all the pillars of sustainability – social, cultural, economical, and environmental. As a first step, this study employs the Delphi technique in order to assess the import of culture for ecotourism, to develop a definition for culturally sensitive ecotourism, and to identify the barriers and opportunities associated with its implementation. Over 100 ecotourism experts from 39 countries were consulted over a six month period.
Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization

The study develops an index of globalization covering its three main dimensions: economic integration, social integration, and political integration. Using panel data for 123 countries in 1970–2000 it is analysed empirically whether the overall index of globalization as well as sub-indexes constructed to measure the single dimensions affect economic growth. As the results show, globalization indeed promotes growth. The dimensions most robustly related with growth refer to actual economic flows and restrictions in developed countries. Although less robustly, information flows also promote growth whereas political integration has no effect.
On Classifying Terrorism: A Potential Contribution of Cluster Analysis for Academics and Policy-makers

One need only consider for a moment the vast array of terrorist groups and their ideologies to grasp the diversity of motivations, tactics, and damage wrought by terrorists around the world. In spite of these differences, scholars have begun to compare and contrast terrorist groups in different polities, arguing that we can learn lessons from such comparisons – especially in transferring counter-terrorism policies from one context to the next. Recent studies on terrorism have provided new ways to compare terrorist groups across cases. Analyses of terrorist groups and incidents have begun to recognize the evolutionary nature of terrorism, as well as its ability to adapt to counterterrorism tactics. Moreover, scholars have noticed that terrorist tactics tend to be “contagious” in that some terrorist groups either emulate other groups’ successes or learn from their mistakes. Despite such observations, most comparisons of terrorist groups include either small-n case studies or large-n quantitative analysis. Small-n analyses often provide thick description while neglecting the “replication” or transferability of observations to a more general explanation of a phenomenon. On the other hand, large-n studies are unable to capture contextual qualities, peculiarities among cases, and omitted variables. As such, researchers often sacrifice causal inference when applying either methodology. While there are advantages and weaknesses to each approach, we suggest that largescale comparisons of terrorist incidents can benefit from the application of cluster analysis, a context-sensitive statistical method. In the search for a more comprehensive classification system, we suggest using cluster analysis to re-classify terrorist groups Defense & Security Analysis Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 345–357, December 2007
Application of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of primitive brain tumours

Intravoxel incoherent motion is a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool in brain tumours, without any clear guidelines for its evaluation yet. In our study, we compare intravoxel incoherent motion with dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging in the quantification of tumour tissue blood perfusion in 28 patients affected by brain tumours, highlighting the issues encountered during the acquisition set-up and post-processing steps. Intravoxel incoherent motion is a new imaging tool and an alternative technique to dynamic susceptibility contrast-magnetic resonance imaging which is of considerable interest at present. This is partly because it does not require the use of a contrast agent and relies on the intrinsic properties of motion in the capillaries of the spins. Compared to dynamic susceptibility contrast-magnetic resonance imaging, the intravoxel incoherent motion technique is also characterised by better resolution because the gadolinium-based contrast agent bolus used in the standard technique results in a variation by more than 50% of the signal coming from the brain. Finally, intravoxel incoherent motion is more sensitive to the incoherent motion that originates from small capillary vessels, while the dynamic susceptibility contrast signal is also contaminated by the input from larger arteries and veins, which may result in an overestimation of the blood volume. Although there are limitations due to the heterogeneity of the sample considered in our study, intravoxel incoherent motion has been shown to be an accurate noninvasive radiological biomarker, useful to distinguish between low and high grade glial tumours.
Marital Dissolution and Subjective Distress: Panel Evidence

Les personnes separees ou divorcees semblent particulierement touchees par des situations de detresse psychologique. L'A. presente un certain nombre de donnees collectees en Norvege entre 1980 et 1991 par le biais d'une enquete par panel afin d'examiner les causes de ces situations. Il estime que les differences individuelles en ce qui concerne la satisfaction personnelle apres dissolution maritale ne sont pas liees a des differences de personnalite entre les individus. Les effets de cette dissolution sont stables ils sont forts apres quatre a huit ans comme entre zero et quatre ans
Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer.

BACKGROUND In single-group studies, chromosomal rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) have been associated with marked clinical responses to crizotinib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting ALK. Whether crizotinib is superior to standard chemotherapy with respect to efficacy is unknown. METHODS We conducted a phase 3, open-label trial comparing crizotinib with chemotherapy in 347 patients with locally advanced or metastatic ALK-positive lung cancer who had received one prior platinum-based regimen. Patients were randomly assigned to receive oral treatment with crizotinib (250 mg) twice daily or intravenous chemotherapy with either pemetrexed (500 mg per square meter of body-surface area) or docetaxel (75 mg per square meter) every 3 weeks. Patients in the chemotherapy group who had disease progression were permitted to cross over to crizotinib as part of a separate study. The primary end point was progression-free survival. RESULTS The median progression-free survival was 7.7 months in the crizotinib group and 3.0 months in the chemotherapy group (hazard ratio for progression or death with crizotinib, 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 0.64; P<0.001). The response rates were 65% (95% CI, 58 to 72) with crizotinib, as compared with 20% (95% CI, 14 to 26) with chemotherapy (P<0.001). An interim analysis of overall survival showed no significant improvement with crizotinib as compared with chemotherapy (hazard ratio for death in the crizotinib group, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.54; P=0.54). Common adverse events associated with crizotinib were visual disorder, gastrointestinal side effects, and elevated liver aminotransferase levels, whereas common adverse events with chemotherapy were fatigue, alopecia, and dyspnea. Patients reported greater reductions in symptoms of lung cancer and greater improvement in global quality of life with crizotinib than with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Crizotinib is superior to standard chemotherapy in patients with previously treated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with ALK rearrangement. (Funded by Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00932893.).
Determinants of Human Development: Insights from State-Dependent Panel Models

In this paper, we study economic development in a panel of 84 countries from 1970 to 2005. We focus on characterizing heterogeneities in the development effects of macroeconomic policies and on comparing the development process as measured by GDP to that measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). We do so within a novel dynamic panel modelling framework that can account for crucial aspects of both the cross-sectional and intertemporal features of the observed process of economic development, and that can capture the dependence of the development effects of macroeconomic policies on differences in countries' persistent characteristics, such as their social norms and institutions. Among our findings are that macroeconomic policies affect economic development with less delay than suggested by conventional econometric frameworks, yet impact HDI with longer delay and overall less strongly than GDP. Differences in countries' persistent characteristics may even affect the sign of the long-run development effects of a given macroeconomic policy: Fiscal stimuli in the form of government consumption positively affect GDP in countries with low institutional quality, but negatively affect long-run GDP in countries with high institutional quality.
ANALISIS PENGARUH RASIO KEUANGAN DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN JASA KONSTRUKSI DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

The objectives of This research are to analyze the effect of liquidity, solvability, profitability, activity, capital market and firm size ratio to stock return in construction company. This research also try to answer variable which have powerfull effect to stock return. Population of this study is all off company which listed in Indonesian Capital Market. Sample frame applied in this research for construction company. Total sample of this research is thirty comany for 2009 to 2011 period. Normality, multikolinearity, autocorrelation, heterdekedacity applied for this research as test of data quality and multiple lenear regression used as tool for test the relationship of independen variables to dependent variable. T test and F test uses to get the result of partial and simultaneously test. The result of test showed that current ratio, NPM, ROA, Inventory Turn Over, EPS have significant effet to stock return, mean while Long Term Debt to Total Asset, PER and Frm size dont show significant effet to stock return. Adjust R Square of this research is 23,9% which mean all of variable which purpose just explain 23,9% variance of dependent variable meanwhile 72,1% explain by the other variables. Keyword :Liquidity, Solvability, Profitability, activity, capital market and firm size