Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adherence to antiretroviral drug therapy in children with HIV/AIDS in Jamaica.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe the adherence patterns to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a cohort of HIV-infected children. METHODS Between the periods May to October 2005, 63 HIV-infected children and their caregivers recruited consecutively at four Paediatric Infectious Disease Clinics in Greater Kingston and St. Catherine, Jamaica, were interviewed. Adherence was defined as no missed doses in the last four days. Biomedical markers and factors associated with adherence were explored. RESULTS Global adherence level was 85.7% (54/63) and was significantly higher for children in residential care (approaching 100%) compared to 76.3% for children in family care (p = 0.008). Children had median age 7.9 years (range 0.8 - 19.4 years) and 57% were male. Median duration on ART was 18.3 months (range 0.1 - 123.8 months). Median CD4 count and per cent available for 95.2% (60/63) and 92.1% (58/63) children were 440 cells per microL (IQR 268-897 cells/pL) and 24.9% (IQR 15.6 - 42.7%), respectively. Median viral load was 9.60 x 103 copies/ml (IQR 0.05 x 10(3) - 52.50 x 10(3)) with 16% (10/63) having viral loads < or = 50 copies/ml. Children in residential care (n=26), receiving directly observed therapy had higher CD4 counts (p = 0.006) and CD4 per cent (p < or = 0.001). Factors associated with non-adherence were primarily caregiver related, especially long work hours (p = 0.002) and nausea as a side effect of ART (p = 0.007). Non-adherence was positively correlated with missing clinic appointments (r = 0.342, p = 0.009) and increasing age of child (r = 0.310, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION In resource-limited settings, psychosocial factors contribute significantly to nonadherence and should complement biomedical markers in predicting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children.
Robot learns the concept of direction through motion activity

The concept of direction is one of most important capabilities of a robot in order to better understand the world and accomplish various tasks in the real environment. This paper addresses the problem on how does a robot achieve such a capability. Instead of employing information derived from vision or audition, motion cues are investigated in this study. Specifically, achieving the concept of direction is defined within the robot arm motion domain and the task is twofolds: understanding the arm motion direction (the forward model) and moving arm to some given direction (the inverse model). It is assumed that the robot does not have any dynamic prior knowledge just like human infants do, and the only way the robot can employ is iterative sensory-motor action, so that the concept of direction is established under a developmental style. We equip the robot with an inner learning framework by employing a multimodal deep auto-encoder network, to developmentally learn the concept of direction from each successful trial among its seemingly random sensory-motor actions. One major characteristic of such a framework lies in that the two aspects of the task in learning the concept of direction, i.e. forward model and inverse model, are established simultaneously. In accordance with such an approach, a PKU-HR5II robot successfully achieves the concept of direction, and is able to tell the direction of arm movements with the accuracy of 92.15% and execute arm movements towards given directions with the accuracy of 99.99%.
MRI of Moving Subjects Using Multislice Snapshot Images With Volume Reconstruction (SVR): Application to Fetal, Neonatal, and Adult Brain Studies

Motion degrades magnetic resonance (MR) images and prevents acquisition of self-consistent and high-quality volume images. A novel methodology, Snapshot magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with volume reconstruction (SVR) has been developed for imaging moving subjects at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The method combines registered 2D slices from sequential dynamic single-shot scans. The SVR approach requires that the anatomy in question is not changing shape or size and is moving at a rate that allows snapshot images to be acquired. After imaging the target volume repeatedly to guarantee sufficient sampling every where, a robust slice-to-volume registration method has been implemented that achieves alignment of each slice within 0.3 mm in the examples tested. Multilevel scattered interpolation has been used to obtain high-fidelity reconstruction with root-mean-square (rms) error that is less than the noise level in the images. The SVR method has been performed successfully for brain studies on subjects that cannot stay still, and in some cases were moving substantially during scanning. For example, awake neonates, deliberately moved adults and, especially, on fetuses, for which no conventional high-resolution 3D method is currently available. Fine structure of the in-utero fetal brain is clearly revealed for the first time and substantial SNR improvement is realized by having many individually acquired slices contribute to each voxel in the reconstructed image.
Multiphase Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Induced Granulomatous Prostatitis in Five Patients

Objective To evaluate the multiphase contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced granulomatous prostatitis (GP). Materials and Methods Magnetic resonance images obtained from five patients with histopathologically proven BCG-induced GP were retrospectively analyzed for tumor location, size, signal intensity on T2-weighted images (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted images (DWI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, and appearance on gadolinium-enhanced multiphase images. MR imaging findings were compared with histopathological findings. Results Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced GP (size range, 9-40 mm; mean, 21.2 mm) were identified in the peripheral zone in all patients. The T2WI showed lower signal intensity compared with the normal peripheral zone. The DWIs demonstrated high signal intensity and low ADC values (range, 0.44-0.68 × 10-3 mm2/sec; mean, 0.56 × 10-3 mm2/sec), which corresponded to GP. Gadolinium-enhanced multiphase MR imaging performed in five patients showed early and prolonged ring enhancement in all cases of GP. Granulomatous tissues with central caseation necrosis were identified histologically, which corresponded to ring enhancement and a central low intensity area on gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. The findings on T2WI, DWI, and gadolinium-enhanced images became gradually obscured with time. Conclusion Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced GP demonstrates early and prolonged ring enhancement on gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging which might be a key finding to differentiate it from prostate cancer.
Ferucarbotran-enhanced MRI versus triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE We compared ferucarbotran-enhanced MRI with triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Seventy-three consecutive patients with 121 hepatocellular carcinomas underwent ferucarbotran-enhanced MRI, including a dynamic study, and triple-phase MDCT before hepatic resection. The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was confirmed in all patients by means of pathologic examination after surgical resection. Three experienced radiologists independently reviewed the MR and CT images on a segment-by-segment basis. The accuracy of these techniques for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma was assessed by conducting a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the observations of 88 resected hepatic segments with at least one hepatocellular carcinoma each and 121 resected hepatic segments without hepatocellular carcinoma. RESULTS The mean values of the area under the ROC curve (A(z)) for ferucarbotran-enhanced MRI and triple-phase MDCT for all observers were 0.947 and 0.949, respectively; the difference between these two values was not statistically significant (p = 0.799). The mean sensitivities of MRI and triple-phase MDCT were 90.2% and 91.3%, respectively, and their mean specificities were 97.0% and 95.3%, respectively. The differences in the mean sensitivities and specificities of these two imaging techniques were not statistically significant (p > 0.05 in each case). CONCLUSION Ferucarbotran-enhanced MRI seems to be as accurate as triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Central limit approximations for Markov population processes with countably many types

When modelling metapopulation dynamics, the influence of a single patch on the metapopulation depends on the number of individuals in the patch. Since there is usually no obvious natural upper limit on the number of individuals in a patch, this leads to systems in which there are countably infinitely many possible types of entity. Analogous considerations apply in the transmission of parasitic diseases. In this paper, we prove central limit theorems for quite general systems of this kind, together with bounds on the rate of convergence in an appropriately chosen weighted $\ell_1$ norm.
PROMOTING ENGLISH TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (TPD) THROUGH THE PRACTICE OF LESSON STUDY

This paper sheds some lights on the practice of lesson study conducted in higher education level in relations to teacher professional development. This study employed an explorative research design which involved a team of three English teachers of STKIP Siliwangi and one class of English Department. The team w as involved in jointly designing, teaching, researching, refining a research lesson. The research was conducted in three cycles, in which each cycle was evaluated. The data were collected through two instruments: classroom observation and teachers’ reflective notes. The result revealed that the practice of lesson study can create multiple pathways for teaching improvement, especially in terms of collaborative activities done by teachers involved in the lesson study team. The result also revealed that the practice of lesson study the practice of lesson study can improve not only students’ academic skills, but also students’ social skills.
The quality agenda: governance and regulation of preschool teachers’ work

Abstract The increased regulation of teachers’ work is a global phenomenon across education sectors. In Australia the governance of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) embeds international priorities for quality improvement in educational programmes. The implementation of a National Quality Framework (NQF) for the assessment of ECEC services has mobilised the production of a suite of regulatory texts. The regulation of teachers’ work is legitimised through the discourse of quality embedded in policy guidelines. Drawing on interview data from preschool teachers, this paper employs institutional ethnography (IE) to investigate teachers’ accounts of producing a Quality Improvement Plan. As teachers operationalise the expectations of quality assurance in the NQF, their work is oriented to gathering evidence of an approved quality of practice. The findings indicate a shift in professional focus to increased documentation of ‘quality of practice’, goal setting and evidence of the collaborative construction of Quality Improvement Plans.
A predictive coding model of gaze shifts and the underlying neurophysiology

ABSTRACT A comprehensive model of gaze control must account for a number of empirical observations at both the behavioural and neurophysiological levels. The computational model presented in this article can simulate the coordinated movements of the eye, head, and body required to perform horizontal gaze shifts. In doing so it reproduces the predictable relationships between the movements performed by these different degrees of freedom (DOFs) in the primate. The model also accounts for the saccadic undershoot that accompanies large gaze shifts in the biological visual system. It can also account for our perception of a stable external world despite frequent gaze shifts and the ability to perform accurate memory-guided and double-step saccades. The proposed model also simulates peri-saccadic compression: the mis-localization of a briefly presented visual stimulus towards the location that is the target for a saccade. At the neurophysiological level, the proposed model is consistent with the existence of cortical neurons tuned to the retinal, head-centred, body-centred, and world-centred locations of visual stimuli and cortical neurons that have gain-modulated responses to visual stimuli. Finally, the model also successfully accounts for peri-saccadic receptive field (RF) remapping which results in reduced responses to stimuli in the current RF location and an increased sensitivity to stimuli appearing at the location that will be occupied by the RF after the saccade. The proposed model thus offers a unified explanation for this seemingly diverse range of phenomena. Furthermore, as the proposed model is an implementation of the predictive coding theory, it offers a single computational explanation for these phenomena and relates gaze shifts to a wider framework for understanding cortical function.
How women diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder negotiate identity in relation to risk

This thesis examines how women with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) negotiate their identity in relation to risk, also referred to as their ‘risk identity’. This is defined as, ‘…the view people have of themselves and project to others in their talk and actions in relation to risk and risk taking’. The theoretical perspective which underpins the study is informed by ontological realism, epistemological discursive/linguistic social constructionism, and an ideological critical liberatory position primarily derived from the work of Foucault (1978; 1991a; 1991b; 1998; 2002; 2008a; 2008b; 2009). This perspective informed the decision to adopt email interviews as a method for generating appropriate texts for analysis. Eight women diagnosed with BPD were interviewed over a period of ten months. Adopting a critical emancipatory methodology which incorporated feminist principles of research, Lather’s (1991) adaptation of Van Maanen’s (1988 cited in Lather 1991) ‘four tales’ was employed to view and analyse the texts from four theoretical perspectives; a ‘Realist Tale’, a ‘Critical Tale’, a ‘Deconstructivist Tale’, and a ‘Reflexive Tale’. By ‘layering’ these tales, the findings revealed sets of tensions discernable within the context of interactions with staff, the nature of services, and the wider material and discursive resources at play which inform how risk identities are negotiated. Converging Western discourses of the subject, binary gender discourse, neoliberal discourse, ‘psy’ discourses, and discourses around motherhood were found to be key discursive resources through which risk identity is produced, resisted and projected. In addition these to broad discursive findings, the study also contributes to the existing empirical literature that focuses on the lived experience of those with a BPD diagnosis. A conclusion is drawn that women with a BPD diagnosis not only receive a label which discursively excludes them from being able to be viewed as a ‘good subject of psychiatry’ (and hence leads to them being viewed as dangerous and risky), but that their difficulties and need for relational approaches to manage risk and promote recovery run counter to the way that mental health services are structured in the current neoliberal era.
Belonging, Burdensomeness, and Self-Compassion as Mediators of the Association Between Attachment and Depression

Depression is a widespread psychological issue. Research suggests that attachment theory provides a useful lens through which to understand the occurrence of depression, as attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance is associated with greater reports of depression. However, less is known about how attachment-motivated perceptions and cognitions relate to depression. In the current study, we examined self-compassion, and perceptions of belonging and burdensomeness as potential mediators of the association between depression and attachment anxiety and avoidance, using a sample (N = 370) of students from a large southern metropolitan university. Results suggested that self-compassion, and perceived belonging and burdensomeness, mediated the association between attachment anxiety and depression. Those with greater attachment anxiety reported less self-compassion, feeling less belonging, and more burdensomeness. These factors were associated with increased depressive symptoms. With respect to attachment avoid.
Linking early‐ and late‐type galaxies to their dark matter haloes

Using data from the 2 Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) we compute the conditional luminosity functions (CLFs) of early- and late-type galaxies. These functions give the average number of galaxies with luminosities in the range L ′ dL/2 that reside in a halo of mass M, and are a powerful statistical tool to link the distribution of galaxies to that of dark matter haloes. Although some amount of degeneracy remains, the CLFs are well constrained. They indicate that the average mass-to-light ratios of dark matter haloes have a minimum of ∼100 h(M/L) O . around a halo mass of ∼3 x 10 1 1 h - 1 M O . Towards lower masses (M/L) increases rapidly, and matching the faint-end slope of the observed luminosity function (LF) requires that haloes with M < 10 1 0 h - 1 M O . are virtually devoid of galaxies. At the high-mass end, the observed clustering properties of galaxies require that clusters have b J -band mass-to-light ratios in the range 500-1000 h (M/L) O . Finally, the fact that early-type galaxies are more strongly clustered than late-type galaxies requires that the fraction of late-type galaxies is a strongly declining function of halo mass. We compute two-point correlation functions as a function of both luminosity and galaxy type. The agreement with observations, in terms of normalization and power-law slope, is remarkably good. When including predictions for the correlation functions of faint galaxies we find a weak (strong) luminosity dependence for the late- (early-) type galaxies. We also investigate the inferred halo occupation numbers. Late-type and faint galaxies reveal a shallower (N)(M) than bright, early-type galaxies, which explains why (N)(M) transforms from a single power law for bright galaxies to a more complicated form when fainter galaxies are included. Finally, we compare our CLFs with predictions from several semi-analytical models for galaxy formation. As long as these models accurately fit the 2dFGRS luminosity function the agreement with our predictions is remarkably good. This indicates that the technique used here has recovered a statistical description of how galaxies populate dark matter haloes, which is not only in perfect agreement with the data, but which in addition fits nicely within the standard framework for galaxy formation.
Evaluation of Phenolic Content Variability along with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Potential of Selected Traditional Medicinal Plants from India

Plants have been used since ancient times as an important source of biologically active substances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents (flavonoids and phenolics), antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity against HepG2 (human hepato carcinoma) cancer cell lines, and the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of selected traditional medicinal plants collected from Mizoram, India. A number of phenolic compounds were detected using HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS, mainly Luteolin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Gallic Acid, Quercetin and Rutin, some of which have been described for the first time in the selected plants. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed high variation ranging from 4.44 to 181.91 μg of Gallic Acid equivalent per milligram DW (GAE/mg DW) and 3.17 to 102.2 μg of Quercetin/mg, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH (IC50 values ranges from 34.22 to 131.4 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50 values ranges from 24.08 to 513.4 μg/mL), and reducing power assays. Antimicrobial activity was assayed against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and yeast (Candida albicans) demonstrating that the methanol extracts of some plants were efficacious antimicrobial agents. Additionally, cytotoxicity was assessed on human hepato carcinoma (HepG2) cancer cell lines and found that the extracts of Albizia lebbeck, Dillenia indica, and Bombax ceiba significantly decreased the cell viability at low concentrations with IC50 values of 24.03, 25.09, and 29.66 μg/mL, respectively. This is the first report of detection of phenolic compounds along with antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of selected medicinal plants from India, which indicates that these plants might be valuable source for human and animal health.
Simulation Study of Individual and Combined Sources of Intrinsic Parameter Fluctuations in Conventional Nano-MOSFETs

In this paper, using three-dimensional statistical numerical simulations, the authors study the intrinsic parameter fluctuations introduced by random discrete dopants, line edge roughness (LER), and oxide-thickness variations in realistic bulk MOSFETs scaled to 25, 18, 13 and 9 nm. The scaling is based on a 35 nm MOSFET developed by Toshiba, which has also been used for the calibration of the authors' "atomistic" device simulator. Special attention is paid to the accurate resolution of the individual discrete dopants in the drift-diffusion simulations by introducing density-gradient quantum corrections for both electrons and holes. In the LER simulations, two scenarios have been adopted: in the first one, LER follows the prescriptions of the International Roadmap for Semiconductors; in the second one, LER is kept constant close to the current best values. Combined effects of the different sources of intrinsic parameter fluctuations have also been simulated in the 35 nm reference devices and the results for the standard deviation of the threshold voltage compared to the measured values
Trauma Redefined in the DSM-5: Rationale and Implications for Counseling Practice

Trauma survivors are a unique population of clients that represent nearly 80% of clients at mental health clinics and require specialized knowledge on behalf of counselors. Researchers and trauma theorists agree that, with the exception of dissociative identity disorder, no other diagnostic condition in the history of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has created more controversy with respect to the boundaries of the condition, diagnostic criteria, central assumptions and clinical utility than post-traumatic stress disorder. However, this mutable conceptualization of trauma and its aftermath have considerable implications for counseling practice. With the recently released fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5), the definition of trauma and the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder have changed considerably. This article highlights the changing conceptualization of trauma and how the DSM-5 definition impacts effective practices for assessing, conceptualizing and treating traumatized clients.
On Similarities and Differences of Invasive and Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Signals in Brain-Computer Interfacing

We perceive that some Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) researchers believe in totally different origins of invasive and non-invasive electrical BCI signals. Based on available literature we argue, however, that although invasive and non-invasive BCI signals are different, the underlying origin of electrical BCIs signals is the same.