Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advances in Theoretical Economics Volume 2 , Issue 1 2002 Article 1 Local Conventions

It is shown that player mobility has important consequences for the long-run equilibrium distribution in dynamic evolutionary models of strategy adjustment, when updating is prone to small probability perturbations, i.e. “mistakes” or “mutations. ” Ellison (1993) concluded that the effect on the matching process of localized “neighborhoods” was to strengthen the stability of risk-dominant outcomes, originally demonstrated by Kandori, Mailath, and Rob (1993) (KMR) and Young (1993). I consider a model in which players can choose the neighborhoods to which they belong. When strategies and locations are updated simultaneously, only efficient strategies survive. The robustness of this conclusion is emphasized in a general locational model in which strategy revision opportunities are allowed to arrive at a faster rate than opportunities to change locations. The efficient strategy persists in all cases in which the locational structure is non-trivial. Moreover, even as the relative frequency of player mobility approaches zero, the efficient strategy occurs with boundedly positive relative frequency. This result is in stark contrast to the conclusions of the previous models.
Dissociations between the horizontal and dorsoventral axes in body-size perception

Body size can vary throughout a person's lifetime, inducing plasticity of the internal body representation. Changes in horizontal width accompany those in dorsal‐to‐ventral thickness. To examine differences in the perception of different body axes, neural correlates of own‐body‐size perception in the horizontal and dorsoventral directions were compared using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Original and distorted (−30, −10, +10 and +30%) images of the neck‐down region of their own body were presented to healthy female participants, who were then asked whether the images were of their own body or not based explicitly on body size. Participants perceived body images distorted by −10% as their own, whereas those distorted by +30% as belonging to others. Horizontal width images yielded slightly more subjective own‐body perceptions than dorsoventral thickness images did. Subjective perception of own‐body size was associated with bilateral inferior parietal activity. In contrast, other‐body judgments showed pre‐supplementary motor and superior parietal activity. Expansion in the dorsoventral direction was associated with the left fusiform gyrus and the right inferior parietal lobule, whereas horizontal expansions were associated with activity in the bilateral somatosensory area. These results suggest neural dissociations between the two body axes: dorsoventral images of thickness may require visual processing, whereas bodily sensations are involved in horizontal body‐size perception. Somatosensory rather than visual processes can be critical for the assessment of frontal own‐body appearance. Visual body thickness and somatosensory body width may be integrated to construct a whole‐body representation.
Classification of Cardiac Arrhythmias using Machine learning techniques based on ECG Signal Matching

an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal becomes very important in diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias. The techniques that classify cardiac arrhythmias based on ECG-features still have poor accuracy and much learning time. In this paper, we proposed framework to drive the best classification technique that builds an accurate model for classifying cardiac arrhythmias based on ECG-signal matching. Our framework is consisted of two steps, the preprocessing step which is introduced to match the ECG-templates of the arrhythmias with ECG window beats to find the similarity between them and store these similarities in form of numeric dataset to be used later with classification techniques. The classification step uses four classification techniques and applied in the MITBIH-arrhythmias database to classify the numeric dataset so as to drive best technique. Our results proved that decision trees classifier has higher accuracy and lower learning time than other techniques and classification cardiac arrhythmias based on signal matching is better than classification cardiac arrhythmias based on features extraction.
Soil Nitrogen Responses to Soil Core Transplanting Along an Altitudinal Gradient in an Eastern Tibetan Forest

To understand the differential effects of altitudinal gradient on soil inorganic nitrogen concentration and associated ammonia-oxidizingbacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), intact soil cores from a primary coniferous forest were in situ incubated in an alpine forest at a 3582-m altitude (A1) and transplanted to subalpine forests at a 3298-m altitude (A2) and 3023-m altitude (A3) on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Transplant cooled the soil temperature of A2 but warmed the A3 soil temperature. Both AOA and AOB were found at the three altitudes. Compared to A1, A2 had greater AOA and AOB abundance, but A3 showed lower AOA abundance in organic soil. The AOA abundance was negatively correlated with ammonium concentration at all three altitudes, but AOB showed the reverse trend. Our results suggested that the soil nitrogen process responded differentially to soil core transplanting at different altitudes.
Line-art illustration of dynamic and specular surfaces

Line-art illustrations are effective tools for conveying shapes and shading of complex objects. We present a set of new algorithms to render line-art illustrations of dynamic and specular (reflective and refractive) surfaces. We first introduce a real-time principal direction estimation algorithm to determine the line stroke directions on dynamic opaque objects using neighboring normal ray triplets. To render reflections or refractions in a line-art style, we develop a stroke direction propagation algorithm by using multi-perspective projections to propagate the stroke directions from the nearby opaque objects onto specular surfaces. Finally, we present an image-space stroke mapping method to draw line strokes using the computed or propagated stroke directions. We implement these algorithms using a GPU and demonstrate real-time illustrations of scenes with dynamic and specular 3D models in line-art styles.
White matter development and early cognition in babies and toddlers

The normal myelination of neuronal axons is essential to neurodevelopment, allowing fast inter‐neuronal communication. The most dynamic period of myelination occurs in the first few years of life, in concert with a dramatic increase in cognitive abilities. How these processes relate, however, is still unclear. Here we aimed to use a data‐driven technique to parcellate developing white matter into regions with consistent white matter growth trajectories and investigate how these regions related to cognitive development. In a large sample of 183 children aged 3 months to 4 years, we calculated whole brain myelin volume fraction (VFM) maps using quantitative multicomponent relaxometry. We used spatial independent component analysis (ICA) to blindly segment these quantitative VFM images into anatomically meaningful parcels with distinct developmental trajectories. We further investigated the relationship of these trajectories with standardized cognitive scores in the same children. The resulting components represented a mix of unilateral and bilateral white matter regions (e.g., cortico‐spinal tract, genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, white matter underlying the inferior frontal gyrus) as well as structured noise (misregistration, image artifact). The trajectories of these regions were associated with individual differences in cognitive abilities. Specifically, components in white matter underlying frontal and temporal cortices showed significant relationships to expressive and receptive language abilities. Many of these relationships had a significant interaction with age, with VFM becoming more strongly associated with language skills with age. These data provide evidence for a changing coupling between developing myelin and cognitive development. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4475–4487, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE FIFTH DATA RELEASE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY/XMM-NEWTON QUASAR SURVEY

We present a catalog of 792 Fifth Data Release Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars with optical spectra that have been observed serendipitously in the X-rays with the XMM-Newton. These quasars cover a redshift range of z = 0.11–5.41 and a magnitude range of i = 15.3–20.7. Substantial numbers of radio-loud (70) and broad absorption line (51) quasars exist within this sample. Significant X-ray detections at ⩾2σ account for 87% of the sample (685 quasars), and 473 quasars are detected at ⩾6σ, sufficient to allow X-ray spectral fits. For detected sources, ∼60% have X-ray fluxes between F2−10 keV = (1–10) ×10−14 erg cm−2 s−1. We fit a single power law, a fixed power law with intrinsic absorption left free to vary, and an absorbed power-law model to all quasars with X-ray signal-to-noise ratio ⩾ 6, resulting in a weighted mean photon index Γ = 1.91 ± 0.08, with an intrinsic dispersion σΓ = 0.38. For the 55 sources (11.6%) that prefer intrinsic absorption, we find a weighted mean NH = 1.5 ± 0.3 × 1021 cm−2. We find that Γ correlates significantly with optical color, Δ(g − i), the optical-to-X-ray spectral index (αox), and the X-ray luminosity. While the first two correlations can be explained as artifacts of undetected intrinsic absorption, the correlation between Γ and X-ray luminosity appears to be a real physical correlation, indicating a pivot in the X-ray slope.
Interrater and Test-Retest Reliability of the Beery Visual-Motor Integration in Schoolchildren.

PURPOSE To assess interrater and test-retest reliability of the 6th Edition Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) and test-retest reliability of the VMI Visual Perception Supplemental Test (VMIp) in school-age children. METHODS Subjects were 163 Native American third- to eighth-grade students with no significant refractive error (astigmatism <1.00 D, myopia <0.75 D, hyperopia <2.50 D, anisometropia <1.50 D) or ocular abnormalities. The VMI and VMIp were administered twice, on separate days. All VMI tests were scored by two trained scorers, and a subset of 50 tests was also scored by an experienced scorer. Scorers strictly applied objective scoring criteria. Analyses included interrater and test-retest assessments of bias, 95% limits of agreement, and intraclass correlation analysis. RESULTS Trained scorers had no significant scoring bias compared with the experienced scorer. One of the two trained scorers tended to provide higher scores than the other (mean difference in standardized scores = 1.54). Interrater correlations were strong (0.75 to 0.88). VMI and VMIp test-retest comparisons indicated no significant bias (subjects did not tend to score better on retest). Test-retest correlations were moderate (0.54 to 0.58). The 95% limits of agreement for the VMI were -24.14 to 24.67 (scorer 1) and -26.06 to 26.58 (scorer 2), and the 95% limits of agreement for the VMIp were -27.11 to 27.34. CONCLUSIONS The 95% limit of agreement for test-retest differences will be useful for determining if the VMI and VMIp have sufficient sensitivity for detecting change with treatment in both clinical and research settings. Further research on test-retest reliability reporting 95% limits of agreement for children across different age ranges is recommended, particularly if the test is to be used to detect changes due to intervention or treatment.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER ISSUES IN CARBON NANOTUBES

Several heat transfer problems related to singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are considered through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations of thermal conductivity along a nanotube, isotope effect in longitudinal thermal conductivity, and thermal boundary resistance in a junction of nanotubes are reviewed. Then, the heat transfer from an SWNT to various surrounding materials is simulated by MD simulations. Heat transfer between nanotubes in a bundle of nanotubes and between a nanotube and water are considered. The heat transfer rate can be well expressed by employing the thermal boundary resistance (TBR). The value of thermal boundary resistance is compared for nanotube-junction, bundle, and water-nanotubes cases.
Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences

Amnesic patients have a well established deficit in remembering their past experiences. Surprisingly, however, the question as to whether such patients can imagine new experiences has not been formally addressed to our knowledge. We tested whether a group of amnesic patients with primary damage to the hippocampus bilaterally could construct new imagined experiences in response to short verbal cues that outlined a range of simple commonplace scenarios. Our results revealed that patients were markedly impaired relative to matched control subjects at imagining new experiences. Moreover, we identified a possible source for this deficit. The patients' imagined experiences lacked spatial coherence, consisting instead of fragmented images in the absence of a holistic representation of the environmental setting. The hippocampus, therefore, may make a critical contribution to the creation of new experiences by providing the spatial context into which the disparate elements of an experience can be bound. Given how closely imagined experiences match episodic memories, the absence of this function mediated by the hippocampus, may also fundamentally affect the ability to vividly re-experience the past.
Mouse mutagenesis identifies novel roles for left–right patterning genes in pulmonary, craniofacial, ocular, and limb development

Vertebrate organs show consistent left–right (L‐R) asymmetry in placement and patterning. To identify genes involved in this process we performed an ENU‐based genetic screen. Of 135 lines analyzed 11 showed clear single gene defects affecting L‐R patterning, including 3 new alleles of known L‐R genes and mutants in novel L‐R loci. We identified six lines (termed “gasping”) that, in addition to abnormal L‐R patterning and associated cardiovascular defects, had complex phenotypes including pulmonary agenesis, exencephaly, polydactyly, ocular and craniofacial malformations. These complex abnormalities are present in certain human disease syndromes (e.g., HYLS, SRPS, VACTERL). Gasping embryos also show defects in ciliogenesis, suggesting a role for cilia in these human congenital malformation syndromes. Our results indicate that genes controlling ciliogenesis and left–right asymmetry have, in addition to their known roles in cardiac patterning, major and unexpected roles in pulmonary, craniofacial, ocular and limb development with implications for human congenital malformation syndromes. Developmental Dynamics 238:581–594, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information Asymmetry and Firms' Credit Market Access: Evidence from Moody's Credit Rating Format Refinement

I exploit Moody's 1982 credit rating refinement to examine its effects on firms' credit market access, financing decisions, and investment policies. While firms' ex ante yield spread can partially predict the direction of refinement changes, firms with refinement upgrades experience an additional decrease in their ex post borrowing cost compared with firms with downgrades. The former subsequently also issue more debt and rely more on debt financing over equity than the latter. Lastly, upgraded firms have more capital investments, less cash accumulation, and faster asset growth than downgraded firms. These findings show that credit market information asymmetry significantly affects firms' real outcomes.
Linking anthropogenic resources to wildlife–pathogen dynamics: a review and meta-analysis

Urbanisation and agriculture cause declines for many wildlife, but some species benefit from novel resources, especially food, provided in human-dominated habitats. Resulting shifts in wildlife ecology can alter infectious disease dynamics and create opportunities for cross-species transmission, yet predicting host–pathogen responses to resource provisioning is challenging. Factors enhancing transmission, such as increased aggregation, could be offset by better host immunity due to improved nutrition. Here, we conduct a review and meta-analysis to show that food provisioning results in highly heterogeneous infection outcomes that depend on pathogen type and anthropogenic food source. We also find empirical support for behavioural and immune mechanisms through which human-provided resources alter host exposure and tolerance to pathogens. A review of recent theoretical models of resource provisioning and infection dynamics shows that changes in host contact rates and immunity produce strong non-linear responses in pathogen invasion and prevalence. By integrating results of our meta-analysis back into a theoretical framework, we find provisioning amplifies pathogen invasion under increased host aggregation and tolerance, but reduces transmission if provisioned food decreases dietary exposure to parasites. These results carry implications for wildlife disease management and highlight areas for future work, such as how resource shifts might affect virulence evolution.
Integrating pointer variables into one-way constraint models

Pointer variables have long been considered useful for constructing and manipulating data structures in traditional programming languages. This article discusses how pointer variables can be integrated into one-way constraint models and indicates how these constraints can be usefully employed in user interfaces. Pointer variables allow constraints to model a wide array of dynamic application behavior, simplify the implementation of structured objects and demonstrational systems, and improve the storage and efficiency of constraint-based applications. This article presents two incremental algorithms—one lazy and one eager— for solving constraints with pointer variables. Both algorithms are capable of handling (1) arbitrary systems of one-way constraints, including constraints that involve cycles, and (2) editing models that allow multiple changes between calls to the constraint solver. These algorithms are fault tolerant in that they can handle and recover gracefully from formulas that crash due to programmer error. Constraints that use pointer variables have been implemented in a comprehensive user interface toolkit, Garnet, and our experience with applications written in Garnet have proven the usefulness of pointer variable constraints. Many large-scale applications have been implemented using these constraints.
Visual task enhances spatial selectivity in the human auditory cortex

The auditory cortex represents spatial locations differently from other sensory modalities. While visual and tactile cortices utilize topographical space maps, for audition no such cortical map has been found. Instead, auditory cortical neurons have wide spatial receptive fields and together they form a population rate code of sound source location. Recent studies have shown that this code is modulated by task conditions so that during auditory tasks it provides better selectivity to sound source location than during idle listening. The goal of this study was to establish whether the neural representation of auditory space can also be influenced by task conditions involving other sensory modalities than hearing. Therefore, we conducted magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings in which auditory spatial selectivity of the human cortex was probed with an adaptation paradigm while subjects performed a visual task. Engaging in the task led to an increase in neural selectivity to sound source location compared to when no task was performed. This suggests that an enhancement in the population rate code of auditory space took place during task performance. This enhancement in auditory spatial selectivity was independent of the direction of visual orientation. Together with previous studies, these findings suggest that performing any demanding task, even one in which sounds and their source locations are irrelevant, can lead to enhancements in the neural representation of auditory space. Such mechanisms may have great survival value as sounds are capable of producing location information on potentially relevant events in all directions and over long distances.
Behavioral and Neural Markers of Flexible Attention over Working Memory in Aging

Working memory (WM) declines as we age and, because of its fundamental role in higher order cognition, this can have highly deleterious effects in daily life. We investigated whether older individuals benefit from flexible orienting of attention within WM to mitigate cognitive decline. We measured magnetoencephalography (MEG) in older adults performing a WM precision task with cues during the maintenance period that retroactively predicted the location of the relevant items for performance (retro-cues). WM performance of older adults significantly benefitted from retro-cues. Whereas WM maintenance declined with age, retro-cues conferred strong attentional benefits. A model-based analysis revealed an increase in the probability of recalling the target, a lowered probability of retrieving incorrect items or guessing, and an improvement in memory precision. MEG recordings showed that retro-cues induced a transient lateralization of alpha (8–14 Hz) and beta (15–30 Hz) oscillatory power. Interestingly, shorter durations of alpha/beta lateralization following retro-cues predicted larger cueing benefits, reinforcing recent ideas about the dynamic nature of access to WM representations. Our results suggest that older adults retain flexible control over WM, but individual differences in control correspond to differences in neural dynamics, possibly reflecting the degree of preservation of control in healthy aging.