Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disruption of PLC-β1-Mediated Signal Transduction in Mutant Mice Causes Age-Dependent Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Sprouting and Neurodegeneration

Aberrant reorganization of hippocampal mossy fibers occurs in human temporal lobe epilepsy and rodent epilepsy models. We generated a mouse model showing massive late-onset aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the adult hippocampus. The mutation in this mouse model derives from an intronic insertion of transgene DNA in the mouse PLC-beta1 gene (PLC-beta 1(-/-)(TC) mutation) leading to a splice mutation of the PLC-beta 1 gene and a complete loss of downstream PLC-beta 1 expression. PLC-beta 1(-/-)(TC) mutants develop a loss of NMDA-receptors in the stratum oriens of region CA1, apoptotic neuronal death, and reduced hippocampal PKC activity. The phenotype of these mice further consists of a late-onset epileptiform hyperexcitability, behavioral modifications in a radial maze and in an open field, female nurturing defect, and male infertility. In the present study, we provide evidence that the arising of the behavioral phenotype in PLC-beta 1(-/-)(TC) mice correlates in time with the development of the aberrant mossy fiber projections and that the disruption of the PLC-beta 1-mediated signal transduction pathway may lead to a functional cholinergic denervation, which could cause hippocampal remodeling and, in consequence, epileptiform hyperexcitability.
Rhythmicity associated with a high degree of short‐term synchrony of motor unit discharge in man

A rhythmic modulation of motor unit discharge at 17–24 Hz has been observed in the tibialis anterior muscle of subjects who display a high degree of short‐term synchrony. Motor unit discharges were recorded both from extensor digitorum communis in the arm and tibialis anterior in the leg during voluntary isometric contractions. Time domain analysis of motor unit discharges in both muscles revealed a prominent central peak in the cross‐correlograms that was interpreted as short‐term synchrony. In tibialis anterior, but not in extensor digitorum communis, the primary, central peak was accompanied by secondary peaks. These were symmetrically or unilaterally present at an average time lag of 52 ms (range 37–68 ms) with respect to the primary peak. In both muscles other peaks occurred at time lags equivalent to the mean interspike interval of motor unit discharge (range 80‐150 ms). In all subjects frequency domain analysis of the discharges of pairs of motor units revealed prominent peaks of coherence in the range 17–24 Hz. The actual frequency matched closely the reciprocal of the time lag interval between primary and secondary peaks of the cross‐correlogram of the same motor units. Coherence was less evident for motor unit discharges in extensor digitorum communis and no prominent peaks occurred in the range 17–24 Hz. We propose that the secondary peaks and the rhythmicity may involve recurrent inhibition activated by the synchronous discharge of motor units. The presence of this pattern of discharge in tibilias anterior but not extensor digitorum communis would fit with recent animal and human work suggesting that recurrent inhibition is poorly represented in certain distal muscles of the forelimb.
Welfare Measurement and Measurement Error

The approximate effects of measurement error on a variety of measures of inequality and poverty are derived. They are shown to depend on the measurement error variance and functionals of the error contaminated income distribution, but not on the form of the measurement error distribution, and to be accurate within a rich class of error free income distributions and measurement error distributions. The functionals of the error contaminated income distribution that approximate the measurement error induced distortions can be estimated. So it is possible to investigate the sensitivity of welfare measures to alternative amounts of measurement error and, when an estimate of the measurement error variance is available, to calculate corrected welfare measures. The methods are illustrated in an application using Indonesian household expenditure data.
Characterization of Interactions Between Escherichia coli Molecular Chaperones and Immobilized Caseins

Abstract The molecular chaperones were affinity purified with immobilized α-casein (45 mg protein/g beads) and β-casein columns (30 mg protein/g beads) from two heat-induced E. coli strains, NM522 and BL21. After removing nonspecifically bound proteins with 1 M NaCl, the molecular chaperones were eluted with cold water, 1 mM Mg-ATP, or 6 M urea. The eluates from affinity columns were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western analysis. Western analysis identified five E. coli molecular chaperones including DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, GroEL, and GroES in eluates. Among samples, ATP eluates showed the highest chaperone purity of 80–87% followed by cold water eluates with 62–68% purity. The β-casein column showed a higher chaperone binding capacity than the α-casein column. A higher concentration of chaperones was purified from strain BL21 than strain NM522 which may have been due to the lack of lon protease in the BL21 strain.
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors attenuate increased blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive models, but not in deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension.

COX-2 is an inducible cyclooxygenase (COX) that has been reported to be expressed in the macula densa and surrounding cortical thick ascending limb in normotensive rats. The present study assessed the contribution of COX-2 in three different rat models of hypertension, each characterized by a different activation of the renal renin-angiotensin system. Mean blood pressure (MBP) in the rat 2 kidney-1 clip (2K1C) model was significantly reduced with a COX-2 selective inhibitor, NS-398 (10 mg/kg, p.o., twice a day) (vehicle-administered rats (n = 8): 154 +/- 6 mmHg; NS-398-administered rats (n = 5): 128 +/- 10 mmHg). By contrast, a COX-1 selective inhibitor, mofezolac, did not lower MBP. Increased plasma renin activity (23 +/- 8 ng/kg/h (n = 6) vs. sham operation, 2.4 +/- 0.9 ng/kg/h (n = 4)) was markedly reduced to 6.8 +/- 2.7 ng/ml/h (n = 5) by NS-398, but not by mofezolac. The development of 1 kidney-1 clip (1K1C) hypertension was also inhibited by NS-398 (vehicle (n = 12): 133 +/- 1 mmHg; NS-398 (n = 7): 122 +/- 3 mmHg) accompanied by a reduction in plasma renin activity (3.0 +/- 0.3 ng/ml/h, n = 4) to 1.0 +/- 0.2 ng/ml/h (n = 5). The COX-2 inhibitor increased urinary excretions in the 1K1C model, but not in the 2K1C model. In a deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt model, plasma renin activity was markedly suppressed to less than 0.3 ng/ml/h. The COX-2 inhibitor caused no significant changes in MBP, plasma renin activity, or urinary excretion, suggesting that COX-2 made a lesser contribution in this model. Increased expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein was observed in the kidneys of 1K1C and 2K1C rats, but not in DOCA-salt rats. These results suggest that COX-2 plays a significant role in the development of 2K1C and 1K1C renovascular hypertension, in addition to making a substantial contribution to the diuretic effect in the 1K1C model.
DEFINING THE SCOPE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL MARKETING: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH

Since the mid 1980s a steady stream of research studies have examined the marketing/entrepreneurship interface in SMEs. Whilst much of this work has concentrated on specific research issues surrounding the implementation of marketing in entrepreneurial SMEs, a focus of much of this work has been to establish the balance between the marketing and entrepreneurial orientations in such firms. Using a syncretised qualitative methodology the research reported in this paper draws on a sample of entrepreneurial SMEs in the agri-food sector. The research concludes that the entrepreneurial orientation is the dominant one and is particularly manifest in the strong sales focus of the companies studied. This suggests that, in entrepreneurial SMEs, it is perhaps, as so many studies have attempted to do, inappropriate to focus on determining the predominance of either orientation. Future research should instead focus on the interrelationship between the two in what is emerging as a distinctive brand of marketing, that is, entrepreneurial marketing.
Coordinating Tariff Reduction and Domestic Tax Reform

A key obstacle to fundamental tariff reform in many developing countries is the revenue loss that it ultimately implies. This paper establishes a simple and practicable strategy for realizing the efficiency gains from tariff reform without reducing public revenues, showing that for a small open economy, a cut in tariffs combined with a point-for-point increase in domestic consumption taxes increases both welfare and public revenues. Increasingly stringent conditions are required, however, to ensure unambiguously beneficial outcomes from this reform strategy when allowance is made for such important features as nontradeable goods, intermediate inputs, and imperfect competition.
Local Community Group Participation: Who Participates and What Aspects of Neighbourhood Matter?

This article reports on participation in local community groups from a postal survey of residents of four socio-economically contrasting suburbs in metropolitan Adelaide. A hierarchical logistic regression model was fitted to examine the socio-economic and neighbourhood-related determinants of participation in community groups within the local neighbourhood. In the final model, higher level of education, being female, longer length living in the neighbourhood, not being employed full time and having children under age 15 were significantly associated with local community group participation. Perceived social cohesion and higher ratings for local shops and recreational facilities were also associated with an increased likelihood of local community group participation. The implications for policies and initiatives that are designed to build ‘social capital’ within neighbourhoods are discussed.
Cervical infections by multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes: Prevalence and impact on the risk of precancerous epithelial lesions

A large proportion of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is sustained by multiple genotypes. The effect of multiple infections on the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and the potential efficacy of vaccine on these infections are controversial. We performed viral typing by SFP10‐LIPA on a consecutive series of 1,323 women undergoing colposcopy, 69% of whom had cervical biopsy, and correlated CIN severity with the type and number of HPVs. Overall prevalence of HPV‐DNA was 68.9%, 97.3% in CIN1, and 98.1% in CIN≥2. HPV positivity correlated with younger age (35.9 vs. 37.3 years, P = 0.026) and history of CIN (P < 0.001). Multiple types were detected in 44.2% of cases, including 63.1% CIN1 and 80.8% CIN≥2. Twenty‐three different types were detected, HPV‐16, 31 and 52 being the most frequent. Infections by HPV‐6, 11, 16, or 18 occurred in 59.4% of CIN1 and 71.3% of CIN≥2. Number of viral types and class of oncogenic risk were linearly correlated with CIN severity (P < 0.0001) by univariate and multivariate analyses controlling for age and history of CIN. The effect of the number of HPV types was maintained after exclusion from the model of infections by HPV‐6, 11, 16, and 18. Frequency, distribution, and clinical correlates of multiple HPV infections highlight the importance of assessing individual types in the management and the prediction of outcome of women with abnormal baseline cytology and point to potential limitations in current vaccine strategies. J. Med. Virol. 81:703–712, 2009 © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Typicality and Face Recognition: A Critical Re-Evaluation of the Two Factor Theory

Vokey and Read (1992) proposed that the effect of typicality on face recognition was a function of familiarity and rated memorability, reporting that typicality loaded equally on components that they identified with these variables. We offer an alternative interpretation to that of Vokey and Read in terms of the relationship between typicality and attractiveness (when the former is measured as a deviation from the typical face), the mere exposure effect, and the metamemorial beliefs of participants. In our study we identified distinctiveness, attractiveness, and residual memory components. Supporting our interpretation, three of our four measures of typicality failed to load with familiarity on the attractiveness component. Only our measure of deviation from the typical face replicated Vokey and Read's results because of its correlation with attractiveness.
Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized School-Age Children: Evidence for High Prevalence of Viral Infections

Abstract Background. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in young children is most commonly associated with viral infections; however, the role of viruses in CAP of school-age children is still inconclusive. Methods. Seventy-five school-age children hospitalized with CAP were prospectively evaluated for the presence of viral and bacterial pathogens. Nasopharyngeal washes were examined by polymerase chain reaction for viruses and atypical bacteria. Antibody assays to detect bacterial pathogens in acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples were also performed. Results. A viral infection was identified in 65% of cases. Rhinovirus RNA was detected in 45% of patients; infection with another virus occurred in 31%. The most common bacterial pathogen was Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which was diagnosed in 35% of cases. Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA was not detected in any patient; results of serological tests were positive in only 2 patients (3%). Mixed infections were documented in 35% of patients, and the majority were a viral-bacterial combination. Conclusions. The high prevalence of viral and mixed viral-bacterial infections supports the notion that the presence of a virus, acting either as a direct or an indirect pathogen, may be the rule rather than the exception in the development of CAP in school-age children requiring hospitalization.
Networking and identity: the role of networking in the public image of professional service firms

The paper offers a positive example of how networking influences the success of small firms and examines an industry sector where it occurs naturally as part of the industry culture. This study has focused upon the advertising agency sector, as it is known to network. The paper examines the opinions of advertising agency owner‐managers, elicited during this research, where the practice and preference for networking was apparent. The issues highlighted by this examination fall into the following broad categories: the perceived identity which the owner‐managers ascribed to their networks; the time which the networks have taken to nurture and develop; the trust engendered by the participants both for the networks as an entity and for the participants; the association of reputation and pride in the network; and the need to reflect in order to make use of network information.
EFFECT OF SOME ALGAL SPECIES ON THE SNAIL INTERMEDIATE HOSTS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN EGYPTI. SURVIVAL, FECUNDITY AND NET REPRODUCTIVE RATES

Planktonic samples were collected from two habitats in Giza Governorate, Kafr Hakem (+ snails) and Sadek canals (- snails). Oscillatoria accuminata and Lyngbya perelegans were collected from the first location, while Phormidium valderianum, Spirogyra sp and Lyngbya perelegans were separated from the second one. Nostoc muscorum was obtained from Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI) and used in some experiments as control because it is non toxic. The effect of the previously mentioned algal species on Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus snails, the intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in Egypt, was studied. Investigations were carried out on the survivorship (Lx), fecundity (Mx) and reproduction (R0) of the snails. The obtained results indicate that O. accuminata, Spirogyra sp and L. perelegans were non toxic, while P. valderianum was toxic to the two snail species (sublethal concentration LC0 was used in the experiments). Concerning the survivorship, both snail species fed on O. accuminata had a higher survival rate than snails fed on other algal species or lettuce. While low survival rate was recorded in both snail species fed on Spirogyra sp. Fecundity of snails fed on lettuce (control) showed the highest value, followed by P. valderianum and L. perelegans, while the lower fecundity value was recorded in snails fed on O. accuminata. Concerning the net reproductive rate, snails nourished on lettuce recorded the highest value, while those fed on L. perelegans showed the lowest one. Chromatographic analysis of P. valderianum extract (using GC/MS) revealed the presence of toxic and molluscicidaly active components.
The persistence of international accounting differences as measured on transition to IFRS

The international accounting classification literature emphasises the importance of understanding how institutional factors shape accounting regulations and practices. With the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the European Union and Australia in 2005, our empirical study examines whether three international accounting classification systems relating to equity financing, law and culture still had merit as measured on transition to IFRS and explore whether they are effective in grouping accounting systems. Using IFRS as the yardstick, we find statistically significant differences in the measurement of shareholders’ equity as between strong (Class A) versus weak (Class B) equity financing systems, common law versus code law systems and cultural systems based on ‘Anglo’, ‘Nordic’ and ‘More Developed Latin’ cultural groups. With regard to the measurement of net income, however, we find statistically significant differences only in respect of strong (Class A) versus weak (Class B) equity financing systems. Our findings demonstrate that traditional international accounting system differences still persisted at the time of IFRS adoption even after long periods of harmonisation and growing international accounting convergence.
Purchasing Power Parity of ASEAN-5 Countries Revisited: Heterogeneity, Structural Breaks and Cross-sectional Dependence

Abstract This paper tests the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis for a collection of ASEAN-5 countries using monthly data spanning the period 1968:1–2009:11. For this purpose, a number of recently developed more powerful panel unit root tests that permit for dependence among the individual countries are employed. In addition to this, we utilize the Lagrange multiplier (LM) cointegration test developed by Westerlund, which is flexible enough to accommodate a large degree of country specific heterogeneity, cross-country dependence as well as multiple structural breaks. The main results derived from this study are: first, our findings from panel unit root tests which do not control for cross-sectional dependence appear to be clearly showing evidence against PPP. Second, the evidence from panel tests controlling for cross-sectional dependence is against PPP over the whole and 1997 pre-financial crisis periods. On the other hand, we find sufficient evidence to support PPP for ASEAN-5 countries over the post-financial crisis period. Third, in stark contrast stand the results obtained from the application of the panel cointegration test provide strong evidence of panel cointegration in whole and sub-periods, providing evidence for PPP; however, these findings have become apparent after allowing for multiple structural breaks as well as for general forms of cross-sectional dependence through bootstrap methods. We provide a detailed description of the breaks identified in the analysis, which appear to be closely associated with some macroeconomic shocks and institutional arrangements. The findings of this study offer important policy implications.
Recurrent vascular events in lacunar stroke patients with metabolic syndrome and/or diabetes

Objectives: We used a prospective clinical trial to examine the risks conferred by metabolic syndrome (METS) and diabetes mellitus (DM) to recurrent strokes in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) study cohort. Methods: The SPS3 trial enrolled 3,020 patients with lacunar strokes. Participants were stratified into groups of METS only, DM only, both, or neither using American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and World Health Organization guidelines. Annualized event rates of strokes, myocardial infarction (MI), and all-cause mortality were calculated, and hazard ratios (HRs) referencing the “neither” group were computed, controlling for significantly associated baseline characteristics. Results: Among 2,999 participants, 25% had METS only, 6% had DM only, 32% had both conditions, and 37% had neither. Over a median of 3.8 years of follow-up, there were 274 recurrent strokes (240 ischemic, 34 hemorrhagic) and 74 MIs; among the 240 ischemic strokes, 134 (56%) were lacunar. The rates of any recurrent stroke (HR 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–2.3) or lacunar stroke (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–3.7) were significantly higher for those with concurrent METS and DM compared with those who had neither. Risk of incident MI was higher in participants with DM (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–7.0) or concurrent DM and METS (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4–4.9). Conclusion: METS and DM were significant comorbid conditions in lacunar stroke patients and they were associated with stroke recurrence. In patients with lacunar infarcts, a vigilant approach to prevent development of DM in those with METS may be a potential strategy to reduce recurrent strokes.
COALITIONS IN INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Abstract We show that with symmetric agents, noncooperation is the only stable coalition structure in a fishery with more than two countries. In the case of asymmetric fishing nations, partial or full cooperation may be stable even if the number of countries exceeds two. These are important results for recent fisheries economics papers that have not allowed for coalition formation. As an example how of one can use the model, we study the problem of new entrants into Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). We show that depending on the economic structure of the fishery, new entrants may make cooperation more difficult or easier.
Osteotome-mediated sinus floor elevation: a clinical report.

PURPOSE It was the aim of the present study to clinically evaluate the success of osteotome-mediated sinus floor elevation (OMSFE) using autogenous and xenogenic bone and a variety of screw-type implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS From August 1995 to February 2003, 276 OMSFE procedures with simultaneous implant placement were completed in 167 patients. RESULTS The mean residual bone height (RBH) of the alveolar ridge was 7.1 mm (range 3 to 10 mm). The mean increase in height of the implant sites using osteotome techniques was 3.8 mm (range 2 to 7 mm). Of the 276 implants placed, 240 had been loaded for an average of 27.9 months (range 1 to 84 months). There were a total of 18 failures: Ten implants failed to integrate, 3 implants were lost within the first 18 months of loading, 1 implant fractured after 3 years in function, and 4 implants demonstrated excessive bone loss. The overall survival rate was 93.5%. When only sites with an RBH of 4 mm or less were considered, the survival rate dropped to 73.3%. Small tears in the schneiderian membrane were clinically assessed at 13 sites, for a detectable perforation rate of 4.7%. DISCUSSION The primary determinant in implant survival with OMSFE procedures was the height of the residual alveolar ridge. Implant design, graft material, and the method of sinus floor infracture (direct or bone-cushioned) exerted minimal influence on survival outcome; however, factors such as edentulism, osteoporosis, and an overdenture prosthesis were shown to negatively influence postloading survival of implants placed in areas of limited RBH. CONCLUSION OMSFE procedures can be used predictably for implant placement at sites with moderate vertical deficiencies in the posterior maxilla.