Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of an Aversive Vicarious Experience and Modelling on Perceived Risk and Self-Protective Behavior

A 2 × 3 between-subjects design was used to determine the effects of modelling and aversiveness of a vicarious experience on perceived risk and self-protective behavior. Modelling and aversiveness of experience were manipulated using an instructional videotape. Unprotected model and protected model conditions were compared. Benign, slightly aversive, and highly aversive conditions were compared. The dependent variables were self-protective behavior and perceptions regarding the hazardousness of the product, severity of injury, likelihood of injury, likelihood of an accident, and familiarity with the product. More subjects in the protected model group exhibited self-protective behavior compared to the control group. There was no difference in levels of perceived risk between the two groups. Aversiveness had an effect on self-protective behavior. The slightly aversive group showed an incidence of self-protective behavior significantly greater than that of the control group and the highly aversive group. Examination of the nature of manipulation used in the slightly aversive condition suggests that an ambiguous portrayal of the consequences of a hazard while implying its potential to inflict harm causes people to behave cautiously. The incidence of self-protective behavior in the highly aversive group did not differ significantly from that of the control group despite a significant difference in perceived levels of hazardousness. This is explained as a manifestation of the so-called “self-protective attribution of responsibility. ” Perceived hazardousness was found to be the primary predictor of self-protective behavior. Perceived severity and likelihood of injury were found to be the primary predictors of perceived hazardousness. A strong association was found between self-protective behavior and perceived personal susceptibility to injury.
Long-term effect of the Women's Health Initiative study on antiosteoporosis medication prescribing.

AIM To describe long-term prescribing patterns of osteoporosis therapy before and after the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) publication. METHODS We conducted a time-series analysis from 1997 to 2005 using nationally representative data based on office-based physician and hospital ambulatory clinic visits. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted using chi-square tests and logistic regression, respectively, and trends in the prevalence of osteoporosis therapies were evaluated per 6-month (semiannual) intervals. Linear regression and graphic techniques were used to determine statistical differences in the prevalence trends between the two periods. RESULTS Overall prevalence of therapeutic or preventive osteoporosis therapy was similar between the WHI periods. However, a significant decrease in estrogen therapy and increases in bisphosphonates, calcium/vitamin D were observed in the period after the WHI publication (p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed older age and white race were associated with a higher likelihood of antiosteoporosis medication (AOM) prescription, and Medicaid insurance type was associated with a lower likelihood of an AOM prescription. Excluding calcium/vitamin D, nonestrogen therapy was more likely to be prescribed in the after-WHI period (office-based physician clinic: [adjusted OR, aOR] 2.49 [2.04-4.04]; hospital-based clinic: aOR 2.42 [1.67-7.50]) Nonestrogen therapy was more prevalent in visits made by older women, women of white race, women with contraindicated conditions for estrogen therapy, and women from the Northeast region. CONCLUSIONS After the WHI publication, the overall prevalence of osteoporosis therapy did not change; however, a shift from estrogen to nonestrogen therapy was observed after the WHI publication. Black women were less likely to receive nonestrogen antiosteoporosis therapy in hospital-based clinics.
Knowledge, power and meanings shaping quality assurance in higher education: a systemic critique

Internationally, quality assurance schemes persist despite long-standing dissatisfaction and critique of their impact and outcomes. Adopting a critical systems perspective, the article explores the relationships between the knowledge, power and meanings that stakeholder groups bring to the design and implementation of quality assurance systems. The analysis shows that such systems are designed to serve the external accountability purposes of government and agencies outside the university who are responsible for designing the systems. Academics inside the university are affected by quality assurance systems but uninvolved in their design. The knowledge and power distance and differences of meaning between the system designers and academics result in quality assurance systems that are unable to contribute to the improvement of teaching and research in the university. The article proposes interconnected but clearly differentiated definitions of quality assurance and quality improvement that can inform systems design aimed at more than meeting external accountability demands.
Skeletal muscle substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in man: effect of endurance training.

1. The influence of training‐induced adaptations in skeletal muscle tissue on the choice between carbohydrates (CHO) and lipids as well as the extra‐ vs. intracellular substrate utilization was investigated in seven healthy male subjects performing one‐legged knee‐extension exercise. In each subject one of the knee extensors was endurance trained for eight weeks, whereafter the trained (T) and non‐trained (NT) thighs were investigated a week apart. 2. The activity of beta‐hydroxy‐acyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HAD) and capillary density in the knee extensors were significantly larger in T than in NT. 3. During dynamic knee‐extension exercise, performed at the same absolute intensity for 2 h, femoral venous blood flow was lower in T than in NT (P < 0.05), but oxygen uptake was similar. 4. Respiratory quotient (RQ) values over the exercising thigh, averaging 0.81 (T) vs. 0.91 (NT; P < 0.05) indicated that a shift towards a larger fat combustion occurred with endurance training. 5. Both free fatty acids (FFA) and serum triacylglycerol contributed to the utilization of fat in NT and T muscles with no significant contribution from muscle fibre triacylglycerol. 6. At high plasma FFA concentrations net uptake of FFA plateaued in NT but not in T muscles. 7. The findings suggest that FFA uptake in exercising muscle is a saturable process and that the transport capacity is enhanced by training. The lower CHO utilization in the T leg was mainly a function of the glycogenolysis of the muscle being reduced. Hormones such as insulin, noradrenaline and adrenaline are unlikely to play a role in this shift as differences in plasma levels during T and NT leg exercise were small and insignificant, implying that local structural and functional adaptations of the training muscle are crucial for the observed shifts in the metabolic response to exercise.
Vivência acadêmica e expectativas de universitários ingressantes e concluintes

This study aimed at describing the undergraduates' academic experiences and verified if there are variations related to year attended, the expectations from the freshman students concerning the experiences they would have during the course and the expectations related to the experiences the senior students had when they got into university. The informants were 203 1st year and 5th year psychology students, who answered the Questionario de Vivencias Academicas - versao reduzida (QVA-r) plus a question about the expectations related to the academic experiences they had when they just got into university. The QVA-r is scalar tool that includes five dimensions: personal, interpersonal, career, study and institutional. Considering the year attended, statistical analysis indicated significant difference related to the institutional dimension. Concerning the initial expectations, significant difference was found only for the 5th year students, in the interpersonal dimension and in the total of the dimensions.
COLD FLOWS AND THE FIRST QUASARS

Observations of the most distant bright quasars imply that billion solar mass supermassive black holes (SMBHs) have to be assembled within the first 800 million years. Under our standard galaxy formation scenario such fast growth implies large gas densities providing sustained accretion at critical or supercritical rates onto an initial black hole seed. It has been a long standing question whether and how such high black hole accretion rates can be achieved and sustained at the centers of early galaxies. Here we use our new MassiveBlack cosmological hydrodynamic simulation covering a volume (0.75 Gpc)3 appropriate for studying the rare first quasars to show that steady high density cold gas flows responsible for assembling the first galaxies produce the high gas densities that lead to sustained critical accretion rates and hence rapid growth commensurate with the existence of ∼109 M☉ black holes as early as z ∼ 7. We find that under these conditions quasar feedback is not effective at stopping the cold gas from penetrating the central regions and hence cannot quench the accretion until the host galaxy reaches . This cold-flow-driven scenario for the formation of quasars implies that they should be ubiquitous in galaxies in the early universe and that major (proto)galaxy mergers are not a requirement for efficient fuel supply and growth, particularly for the earliest SMBHs.
Professionalism in Crime Scene Examination: Recruitment Strategies, Part 2: Using a Psychometric Profile of Top Crime Scene Examiners in Selection Decision Making

Abstract Recruiting high-caliber personnel is crucial in law enforcement and in the forensic sciences. Selecting personnel with the potential to excel in crime scene work is no exception. This is the third paper in a series on professionalism in crime scene examiners (CSEs). The first paper identified the seven key attributes that set top-performing CSEs apart from their lesser performing peers. The second paper presented an overview of a recruitment strategy for selecting applicants with the potential to become top-performing CSEs. In the second paper the author discussed the use of psychometric testing as a resource to aid decision making in hiring well. The aim of this paper is to expand that discussion of how psychometric testing can be used appropriately in forensic recruitment decision making. This paper will provide forensic managers with a valid psychometric profile of top-performing CSEs along with guidelines for how to use this profile correctly within a targeted and focused five-stage recruitment process.
School ethnic composition and aspirations of immigrant students in Belgium

This article examines the association between school ethnic composition and immigrant students’ intentions to finish high school and to move on to higher education. We used data from 1324 immigrant and 10,546 native students gathered in the school year 2004–2005 in a sample of 85 Flemish (Belgian) secondary schools. Logistic multilevel analyses (HLM6) show that students attending schools with a majority of native students (enrolling less than 20% immigrant students) were twice as likely to plan to finish high school and to plan for higher education than those attending high concentration schools (more than 50% immigrant students). These associations were due to students’ socio‐economic status (SES) and there was no difference in aspirations between high and low concentration schools after controlling for students’ SES and the SES context of the school. All else being equal, immigrant students in high concentration schools tended to aspire to finish high school and move on to higher education slightly more.
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts: Statement Validity Analysis and the ‘detection of the truth’

The success of a criminal investigation often depends on witness statements, particularly if no other evidence is available. This is typically – although not exclusively – the case in sexual-abuse cases. The fundamental question to be answered in evaluating a witness statement is whether or not (and to what extent) the statement is a correct and complete description of the event in question. Answering this question first requires the identification of potential sources of incorrect accounts. Based on this information appropriate diagnostic procedures and techniques can be applied in order to assess the probability of the correctness of the statement. An account may differ from the facts for two possible reasons (see Figure 3.1): A witness, who is motivated to give a correct account of the events in question may be subject to unintentional errors, or The witness deliberately and intentionally tells a lie. The crucial difference between these alternatives is in the witnesses' motivation. Furthermore, in both cases one can think of stable personal or of transient situational factors as the major cause for incorrect accounts. For example, sensory or intellectual deficiencies may prevent a witness from perceiving or reporting certain events. On the other hand, darkness or lack of attention may result in incomplete perceptions in a certain situation. Similarly, intentional distortions or complete lies can be conceived as being caused by stable personality factors like antisociality (which affect what has been called ‘general credibility of the witness’) or by a situation-specific motivation to tell a lie (which impacts on the ‘specific credibility of the statement’).
Mitochondrial dysfunction in steatotic rat livers occurs because a defect in complex i makes the liver susceptible to prolonged cold ischemia

Steatotic livers are susceptible to cold ischemia, which is thought to be secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been reported to improve liver function in the setting of warm ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the effect of IPC on steatotic liver mitochondrial function (MF) with cold ischemia has not been previously evaluated. We aimed to evaluate MF with various severities of hepatic steatosis after various durations of cold ischemia storage with or without IPC. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed a normal diet or a high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet for 1, 2, or 4 weeks to induce mild (<30%), moderate (30%‐60%), or severe (>60%) macrovesicular steatosis, respectively. Liver MF was tested with high‐resolution respirometry after 1.5, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours of cold ischemia. Rats in each group (n = 10) underwent 10 minutes of IPC or no IPC before cold ischemia. The baseline (time 0) respiration was similar for lean and severely steatotic livers despite decreased mitochondrial complex I (C‐I) activity in severely steatotic livers. Hepatic steatosis was associated with increased C‐I–mediated leaks and decreased respiratory control ratios (RCRs) after cold ischemia. Mildly, moderately, and severely steatotic livers showed significantly lower RCRs after 8, 1.5, and 1.5 hours of cold ischemia, respectively, in comparison with lean livers. IPC restored RCRs in mildly steatotic livers to levels comparable to those in lean livers for up to 24 hours of cold ischemia via the attenuation of C‐I–mediated leaks, but it had no beneficial effect on moderately and severely steatotic livers. In conclusion, steatotic livers exhibited apparent mitochondrial dysfunction through an alteration in C‐I activity, and this made them more susceptible to prolonged cold ischemia. The clinically based IPC protocol used here restored MF in cases of mild hepatic steatosis by attenuating C‐I–mediated leaks after prolonged cold ischemia, but it did work not in livers with moderate or severe steatosis. Liver Transpl 21:396–407, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Measurement issues in health-related quality of life: Challenges for health psychology

Abstract Quality of life assessment is a central element of clinical trials and related forms of evaluative research. Early efforts to establish appropriate methods of measuring quality of life drew on psychometric principles and emphasised the need for validated measures. However, it is increasingly clear that, whilst still a central requirement of quality of life measures, validity needs to be emphasised alongside a number of other essential properties that have become clearer as the field has developed. Moreover formal psychometric methodology has to be adapted to take account of the specific needs of evaluative research. Research is beginning to develop more appropriate methods of outcome assessment in this area. Further lines of research are suggested to examine psychometric with other approaches to measurement of health-related quality of life.
Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Discusses the cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Over the past 15 years, cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy has emerged as the psychosocial treatment of choice for OCD across lifespan. Unlike other psychotherapies that have been applied usually unsuccessfully to OCD, cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) presents a logically consistent and compelling relationship between the disorder, the treatment, and the specified outcome. Nevertheless, despite a consensus that CBT is usually helpful, clinicians routinely complain that patients will not comply with behavioral treatments and parents routinely complain that clinicians are poorly trained in CBT, with the result that many if not most children and adolescents are denied access to effective psychosocial treatment. This unfortunate situation may be avoidable, given an increased understanding regarding the implementation of CBT in children and adolescents with OCD. To this end, we review the principles and the practical aspects of the cognitive-behavioral treatment of OCD in youth, move on to discuss empirical studies supporting the use of CBT in the pediatric age group, and conclude by discussing directions for future research.
The Role of Reported Emotion in Real-Life and Hypothetical Moral Dilemmas

To form a more complete picture of the complexity that underlies human morality, the connection between emotion and moral thought in 209 men and women was examined. Participants rated the importance of one real-life and three hypothetical moral dilemmas and their feelings while making decisions about the dilemmas. The responses on these dilemmas also were scored for their care and justice orientations. Results showed that feeling upset and sympathy were uniquely positively related to dilemma importance. In the real-life situations, sympathy and anger uniquely predicted both care (positively) and justice (negatively) orientations. Relational real-life dilemmas evoked more emotions than did nonrelational ones. In general, women scored higher than men on emotions when considering moral dilemmas.
Caregiver Styles of Feeding and Child Acceptance of Food in Rural Viet Nam

Style of child feeding may be an important determinant of child nutrition and health outcomes. Responsive feeding refers to the level and kind of interaction between caregiver and child that lead to a positive feeding experience, adequate dietary intake, and enhanced developmental opportunities. Responsive feeding behaviors may include active physical help and verbalization during feeding, role-playing, persistence, and positive feeding strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate styles of feeding among Vietnamese children 12 or 18 months of age from a rural province in northern Viet Nam. Forty child/mother pairs were videotaped during two, two-hour feeding episodes. Caregiver and child behaviors were coded at the level of the “intended bite” as observed through the videotape analysis of feeding episodes to assess caregiver behavior and the child's interest and acceptance of food. We found it feasible to use videotape and the modified coding and analysis scheme, originally developed for work in Peru, in Viet Nam. In Viet Nam, caregivers provided physical help to eat nearly all of the time in the younger children, and about 70% of the time among 18 month olds. Caregivers verbalized during only 30% of intended bites, and only half of these verbalizations were responsive in tone or words. Positive caregiver behaviors were significantly associated with higher child's acceptance of food, while non-responsive feeding behaviors were associated with child rejection of food. Future analyses of this data set will evaluate the degree to which an integrated nutrition program positively modified caretaker behaviors. More research is needed to demonstrate the relationships among the promotion of responsive feeding behaviors, acceptance of food, and improved nutrition and health status of children.
Social-Skills Training for Spanish-Speaking Persons with Schizophrenia: Experiences From Latin America, Spain, and the United States

A review was conducted on the cross-cultural adaptation, effectiveness, and validation of social-skills training (SST), an evidence-based practice that originated in the English language, carried out in the Spanish language for persons with schizophrenia in Latin America, Spain, and the United States. This review of research delineates the methodology of the published literature that contained a wide variety of studies from empirically based evaluation of case reports to randomized, controlled trials. The weight of the evidence from all three regions revealed greater benefits to Spanish-speaking patients who received SST in symptoms, skill acquisition and community functioning than for patients who received customary treatment. To ensure the cross-cultural effectiveness of rehabilitation practices originating in English-speaking countries, it is essential that adaptations beyond language translations be made to meet the unique expectations, norms, values, and customs of Spanish-speaking patients and families in the three regions that are the focus of this report.
Delta Doped $\beta$ -Ga2O3 Field Effect Transistors With Regrown Ohmic Contacts

We report silicon delta-doped <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> metal semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) with source–drain ohmic contacts formed by patterned regrowth of n-type Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. We show that regrown n-type contacts can enable a lateral low-resistance contact to the two-dimensional electron gas channel, with contact resistance lower than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.5~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-mm. The fabricated MESFET has a peak drain current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I} _{D,\text{MAX}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 140 mA/mm, transconductance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${g} _{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 34 mS/mm, and 3-terminal off-state breakdown voltage of 170 V. The proposed device structure could provide a promising path towards vertically scaled <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> field effect transistors.