Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trust in the health care system and the use of preventive health services by older black and white adults.

OBJECTIVES We sought to find racial differences in the effects of trust in the health care system on preventive health service use among older adults. METHODS We conducted a telephone survey with 1681 Black and White older adults. Survey questions explored respondents' trust in physicians, medical research, and health information sources. We used logistic regression and controlled for covariates to assess effects of race and trust on the use of preventive health services. RESULTS We identified 4 types of trust through factor analysis: trust in one's own personal physician, trust in the competence of physicians' care, and trust in formal and informal health information sources. Blacks had significantly less trust in their own physicians and greater trust in informal health information sources than did Whites. Greater trust in one's own physician was associated with utilization of routine checkups, prostate-specific antigen tests, and mammograms, but not with flu shots. Greater trust in informal information sources was associated with utilization of mammograms. CONCLUSIONS Trust in one's own personal physician is associated with utilization of preventive health services. Blacks' relatively high distrust of their physicians likely contributes to health disparities by causing reduced utilization of preventive services. Health information disseminated to Blacks through informal means is likely to increase Blacks' utilization of preventive health services.
Universal Confidence Sets for Solutions of Optimization Problems

We consider random approximations to deterministic optimization problems. The objective function and the constraint set can be approximated simultaneously. Relying on concentration-of-measure results we derive universal confidence sets for the constraint set, the optimal value, and the solution set. Special attention is paid to solution sets which are not single-valued. With many statistical estimators being solutions to random optimization problems, the approach can also be employed to derive confidence sets for constrained estimation problems.
Numerical Analysis of Standing Accretion Shock Instability with Neutrino Heating in Supernova Cores

We have numerically studied the instability of the spherically symmetric standing accretion shock wave against nonspherical perturbations. We have in mind the application to collapse-driven supernovae in the postbounce phase, where the prompt shock wave generated by core bounce is commonly stalled. We take an experimental standpoint in this paper. Using spherically symmetric, completely steady, shocked accretion flows as unperturbed states, we have clearly observed both the linear growth and the subsequent nonlinear saturation of the instability. In so doing, we have employed a realistic equation of state, together with heating and cooling via neutrino reactions with nucleons. We have performed a mode analysis based on the spherical harmonics decomposition and found that the modes with l = 1,2 are dominant not only in the linear regime but also after nonlinear couplings generate various modes and saturation occurs. By varying the neutrino luminosity, we have constructed unperturbed states both with and without a negative entropy gradient. We have found that in both cases the growth of the instability is similar, suggesting that convection does not play a dominant role, which also appears to be supported by the recent linear analysis of the convection in accretion flows by Foglizzo et al. The oscillation period of the unstable l = 1 mode is found to fit better with the advection time rather than with the sound crossing time. Whatever the cause may be, the instability favors a shock revival.
Black-White Differences in the Relationship between Parental Income and Depression in Young Adulthood: The Different Roles of Family Support and College Enrollment among U.S. Adolescents

This study uses the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to examine racially patterned mechanisms linking parental income and early adult depression, focusing on the mediating roles of family support and college enrollment. Findings suggest two noteworthy Black-White differences. First, parental income is positively correlated with depression for Black adolescents through family support. This is because high parental income tends to decrease family support for Black adolescents, a pattern not replicated for White adolescents. Second, college enrollment mediates the relationship between parental income and adult depression for Whites but not Blacks. This is because Black respondents in high-income families tend to have lower chances of college enrollment than their White counterparts, and this also leads to unequal mental health benefits for highly educated Blacks. These results, framed within a life-course perspective, provide insights about how the pathways from class to mental health are shaped by race.
Evidence for the absence of amino acid isomerization in microwave-heated milk and infant formulas

According to a recent paper (Lubec et al., 1989), microwave heating of milk or reconstituted infant formulas could induce the inversion of amino acid residues to a significantly higher extent than conventional heating. In this study, UHT milk and three different infant formulas were heated under two sets of conditions: 600 W for 3 min and 70 W for 20 min. When the proportions of D-amino acids were measured after acid hydrolysis, no significant differences could be found between untreated and treated samples. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that heating of milk or infant formula in a microwave oven under conditions corresponding to those normally applied for heating food does not induce significant inversion of protein-bound amino acids.
Corporate Debt Structure and Economic Recoveries 1

This paper analyzes the business cycle behavior of the corporate debt structure and its interaction with economic recovery. The debt structure is measured as the share of bonds in the total credit to nonnancial corporations for a quarterly panel of twenty ve economies over the period 1989-2013. We rst show that the substitution of loans for bonds in recoveries is a regular property of business cycles. Secondly, we provide evidence that economies with high bond share and important bond-loan substitution recover from the recessions faster. The relation between corporate debt structure and the economic recovery is maintained when controls for the developments of nancial markets are introduced. A theoretical model is developed to explain this relation as the outcome of nancial constraints on bank credit supply.
Setting the Tempo in Development: An Investigation of the Zebrafish Somite Clock Mechanism

The somites of the vertebrate embryo are clocked out sequentially from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) at the tail end of the embryo. Formation of each somite corresponds to one cycle of oscillation of the somite segmentation clock—a system of genes whose expression switches on and off periodically in the cells of the PSM. We have previously proposed a simple mathematical model explaining how the oscillations, in zebrafish at least, may be generated by a delayed negative feedback loop in which the products of two Notch target genes, her1 and her7, directly inhibit their own transcription, as well as that of the gene for the Notch ligand DeltaC; Notch signalling via DeltaC keeps the oscillations of neighbouring cells in synchrony. Here we subject the model to quantitative tests. We show how to read temporal information from the spatial pattern of stripes of gene expression in the anterior PSM and in this way obtain values for the biosynthetic delays and molecular lifetimes on which the model critically depends. Using transgenic lines of zebrafish expressing her1 or her7 under heat-shock control, we confirm the regulatory relationships postulated by the model. From the timing of somite segmentation disturbances following a pulse of her7 misexpression, we deduce that although her7 continues to oscillate in the anterior half of the PSM, it governs the future somite segmentation behaviour of the cells only while they are in the posterior half. In general, the findings strongly support the mathematical model of how the somite clock works, but they do not exclude the possibility that other oscillator mechanisms may operate upstream from the her7/her1 oscillator or in parallel with it.
Look me in the Eyes: A Survey of Eye and Gaze Animation for Virtual Agents and Artificial Systems

A person's emotions and state of mind are apparent in their face and eyes. As a Latin proverb states: "The face is the portrait of the mind; the eyes, its informers. ". This presents a huge challenge for computer graphics researchers in the generation of artificial entities that aim to replicate the movement and appearance of the human eye, which is so important in human-human interactions. This State of the Art Report provides an overview of the efforts made on tackling this challenging task. As with many topics in Computer Graphics, a cross-disciplinary approach is required to fully understand the workings of the eye in the transmission of information to the user. We discuss the movement of the eyeballs, eyelids, and the head from a physiological perspective and how these movements can be modelled, rendered and animated in computer graphics applications. Further, we present recent research from psychology and sociology that seeks to understand higher level behaviours, such as attention and eye-gaze, during the expression of emotion or during conversation, and how they are synthesised in Computer Graphics and Robotics.
Developing a new model of understanding self-injury in secure settings : the role of risk, protective and attitude factors

This PhD aimed to develop further the Integrated Model of Self Injurious Activity (Ireland & York, 2012) within a secure forensic population. This model was based upon the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behaviour (Joiner, 2005). The PhD aimed to explore risk, protective and function factors for self-injurious behaviour focusing upon components such as attitudes, cognitions, temperament, state and social environmental factors. Study 1 comprised a Delphi study with 33 experts. Experts generated questions to ask individuals about their attitude towards engaging in self-injurious behaviour. These questions were based upon exploration of the components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). Study 2 was conducted with 47 participants using a functional assessment approach of file information, patient interviews and staff interviews. Thematic analysis was used to examine background factors, triggers, consequences and functions for self-injurious behaviour. It was also used to examine times when risk of self-injury was raised but not carried out in order to gain protective information. Some differences between staff and patients were observed as predicted. There was overlap with the Integrated Model of Self Injurious Activity and Self Determination Theory as predicted. Study 3 was conducted with 111 participants, again using a functional assessment approach of file information, patient interviews and staff interviews. These results also indicated overlap with the Integrated Model of Self Injurious Activity. The results of studies 2 and 3 indicated that the majority of protective factors identified were cognitive in nature which is a novel finding. Study 4 involved 80 participants. They were asked to complete psychometrics relating to coping, social support, resilience, impulsivity and suicidal ideation. They were also asked about their attitudes towards self-injury. The results indicated that previous tendency to engage in self-injurious behaviour was predicted by positive attitudes towards self-injury among other predictors. A revised model incorporating findings was developed. The current research indicates that the Revised Integrated Model of Self Injurious Activity holds potential in the explanation and understanding of potential risk and protective factors for self-injury. This is of benefit both theoretically and clinically.
Catastrophic Bronchial Spasm Due to a Severe Anaphylactic Reaction to Protamine

Fatal anaphylactic reactions to protamine sulfate during cardiac surgery are very rare. We report a case of catastrophic bronchial spasm due to an anaphylactic reaction to protamine. The patient was managed successfully using a bronchodilator, steroid treatment, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Disks around Brown Dwarfs in the σ Orionis Cluster

We have performed a census of circumstellar disks around brown dwarfs in the σ Ori cluster using all available images from the Infrared Array Camera on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. To search for new low-mass cluster members with disks, we have measured photometry for all sources in the Spitzer images and have identified the ones that have red colors that are indicative of disks. We present five promising candidates, which may consist of two brown dwarfs, two stars with edge-on disks, and a low-mass protostar if they are bona fide members. Spectroscopy is needed to verify the nature of these sources. We have also used the Spitzer data to determine which of the previously known probable members of σ Ori are likely to have disks. By doing so, we measure disk fractions of ~40% and ~60% for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, respectively. These results are similar to previous estimates of disk fractions in IC 348 and Chamaeleon I, which have roughly the same median ages as σ Ori (τ ∼ 3 Myr). Finally, we note that our photometric measurements and the sources that we identify as having disks differ significantly from those of other recent studies that analyzed the same Spitzer images. For instance, previous work has suggested that the T dwarf S Ori 70 is redder than typical field dwarfs, which has been cited as possible evidence of youth and cluster membership. However, we find that this object is only slightly redder than the reddest field dwarfs in [3.6] − [4.5] (1.56 ± 0.07 vs. 0.93-1.46). We measure a larger excess in [3.6] − [5.8] (1.75 ± 0.21 vs. 0.87-1.19), but the flux at 5.8 μm may be overestimated because of the low signal-to-noise ratio of the detection. Thus, the Spitzer data do not offer strong evidence of youth and membership for this object, which is the faintest and coolest candidate member of σ Ori that has been identified to date.
Illustration and its Influence on Book Selection

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influence that illustration has on book selection. The subjects were students from a first, third and fifth grade setting in a suburban school district in Western New York State. The children responded verbally as well as in writing to express the characteristics of illustration which influence the process of book selection. This was done through the use of Caldecott award and honor books as well as books with inferior illustration. This research shows a descriptive analysis categorizing related concepts, similarities and patterns in illustration, through subject response at the various levels. The research results also indicate that subjects more readily choose books with quality illustration over those with inferior illustration.
Creative ideation and motivated strategies for learning of academically talented students in Greek secondary school

ABSTRACT A consistent body of research has indicated that intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and creative ideation tend to facilitate academic performance. This article examines differences in self-regulated learning strategies, motivational beliefs, and creative ideation among academically talented students, high achievers, and ordinary achieving students in Greek secondary school. To assess the relationship between motivational strategies for learning, ideational behavior, and academic performance, a sample of 287 students between the ages of 13 and 18 completed the Runco Ideational Behavior Scale and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Furthermore, their school grades were used to provide data about their academic performance. The results indicated that academically talented students tended to use more self-regulated learning strategies and displayed higher self-efficacy and stronger motivational beliefs. Creative ideation was found to be negatively correlated with academic achievement, especially for low and moderate achievers. In conclusion, according to the results, high academic performance appeared to be related to higher academic self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and use of cognitive strategies. Nevertheless, it appeared to be related to lower creative ideation.
Applying computation biology and “big data” to develop multiplex diagnostics for complex chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis

Abstract The data explosion in the last decade is revolutionizing diagnostics research and the healthcare industry, offering both opportunities and challenges. These high-throughput “omics” techniques have generated more scientific data in the last few years than in the entire history of mankind. Here we present a brief summary of how “big data” have influenced early diagnosis of complex diseases. We will also review some of the most commonly used “omics” techniques and their applications in diagnostics. Finally, we will discuss the issues brought by these new techniques when translating laboratory discoveries to clinical practice.
Biomarker Gene Signature Discovery Integrating Network Knowledge

Discovery of prognostic and diagnostic biomarker gene signatures for diseases, such as cancer, is seen as a major step towards a better personalized medicine. During the last decade various methods, mainly coming from the machine learning or statistical domain, have been proposed for that purpose. However, one important obstacle for making gene signatures a standard tool in clinical diagnosis is the typical low reproducibility of these signatures combined with the difficulty to achieve a clear biological interpretation. For that purpose in the last years there has been a growing interest in approaches that try to integrate information from molecular interaction networks. Here we review the current state of research in this field by giving an overview about so-far proposed approaches.
Do Stereotypic Images in Video Games Affect Attitudes and Behavior? Adolescent Perspectives

Abstract:This study examined adolescents' attitudes about video games along with their self-reported play frequency. Ninth and eleventh grade students (N 361), approximately evenly divided by grade and gender, were surveyed about whether video games have stereotypic images, involve harmful consequences or affect one's attitudes, whether game playing should be regulated by parents or the government, and whether game playing is a personal choice. Adolescents who played video games frequently showed decreased concern about the effects that games with negatively stereotyped images may have on the players' attitudes compared to adolescents who played games infrequently or not at all. With age, adolescents were more likely to view images as negative, but were also less likely to recognize stereotypic images of females as harmful and more likely to judge video-game playing as a personal choice. The paper discusses other findings in relation to research on adolescents' social cognitive judgments.
Self-transcendence and Meaningful Work

Self-transcendence is a concept often evoked in different approaches to meaningful work, but which lacks clarity. This chapter considers how the subjective experience of meaningful work, centering on significance and purpose, gives rise to the idea of meaningfulness as the realization of human potential, by connecting the inner and the outer life along spiritual and social dimensions. It points to a conceptualization of self-transcendence that places greater emphasis on the intersubjective nature of meaningfulness. This raises questions such as: if meaningfulness is self-transcendent, where and how is meaning created? If transcendence denotes “beyondness” of the here and now, what does this mean in terms of the nature of work tasks and roles? If self-transcendence is an ineffable, transitory state, what might this mean for research into meaningful work? A shift in the emphasis of future research is necessary if we are to understand the self-transcendent nature of experienced meaningfulness.
Optimal delivery of male breast cancer follow-up care: improving outcomes

Male breast cancer is a rare disease. There are limited data to inform optimal treatment and follow-up strategies in this population. Currently, most follow-up guidelines are drawn from the vast literature on female breast cancer, despite the fact that male breast cancer has unique biological characteristics. In this review, we discuss clinical characteristics of male breast cancer as well as current best practices for long-term care with a focus on surveillance, screening, and treatment-related symptom management in male breast cancer survivors.
We Know about Reagan, but Was there a Clinton Effect? Earnings by Race, Gender, Marital and Family Status, 1993 and 2000

Radical and mainstream social scientists still speak of the effect of President Ronald Reagan’s administration on the welfare state and the legacy of Great Society and Equal Opportunity programs, but, as indicated in a search of the American Sociological Review and Critical Sociology, there is less research focused on President Bill Clinton’s plan to end welfare as we knew it. Here we begin with an historical perspective on race and gender gaps, 1955–2016, including a consideration of macro-economic processes associated with postmodernism. Then we compare the effects of marital and family status on earnings, focusing on race and gender effects, at the beginning (1993) and end (2000) of the Clinton era. We find considerable support for the concerns raised by early radical critics, notably, evidence of an influx of low-income black single mothers. We consider the possibility that these are institutional rather than regime effects, in conclusion.
Psychophysiological Analyses Demonstrate the Importance of Neural Envelope Coding for Speech Perception in Noise

Understanding speech in noisy environments is often taken for granted; however, this task is particularly challenging for people with cochlear hearing loss, even with hearing aids or cochlear implants. A significant limitation to improving auditory prostheses is our lack of understanding of the neural basis for robust speech perception in noise. Perceptual studies suggest the slowly varying component of the acoustic waveform (envelope, ENV) is sufficient for understanding speech in quiet, but the rapidly varying temporal fine structure (TFS) is important in noise. These perceptual findings have important implications for cochlear implants, which currently only provide ENV; however, neural correlates have been difficult to evaluate due to cochlear transformations between acoustic TFS and recovered neural ENV. Here, we demonstrate the relative contributions of neural ENV and TFS by quantitatively linking neural coding, predicted from a computational auditory nerve model, with perception of vocoded speech in noise measured from normal hearing human listeners. Regression models with ENV and TFS coding as independent variables predicted speech identification and phonetic feature reception at both positive and negative signal-to-noise ratios. We found that: (1) neural ENV coding was a primary contributor to speech perception, even in noise; and (2) neural TFS contributed in noise mainly in the presence of neural ENV, but rarely as the primary cue itself. These results suggest that neural TFS has less perceptual salience than previously thought due to cochlear signal processing transformations between TFS and ENV. Because these transformations differ between normal and impaired ears, these findings have important translational implications for auditory prostheses.