Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VARIABILITY TIMESCALES IN THE M87 JET: SIGNATURES OF E2 LOSSES, DISCOVERY OF A QUASI PERIOD IN HST-1, AND THE SITE OF TeV FLARING

We investigate the variability timescales in the jet of M87 with two goals. The first is to use the rise times and decay times in the radio, ultraviolet, and X-ray light curves of HST-1 to constrain the source size and the energy loss mechanisms affecting the relativistic electron distributions. HST-1 is the first jet knot clearly resolved from the nuclear emission by Chandra and is the site of the huge flare of 2005. We find clear evidence for a frequency-dependent decrease in the synchrotron flux being consistent with E2 energy losses. Assuming that this behavior is predominantly caused by synchrotron cooling, we estimate a value of 0.6 mG for the average magnetic field strength of the HST-1 emission region, a value consistent with previous estimates of the equipartition field. In the process of analyzing the first derivative of the X-ray light curve of HST-1, we discovered a quasi-periodic oscillation which was most obvious in 2003 and 2004 prior to the major flare in 2005. The four cycles observed have a period of order six months. The second goal is to search for evidence of differences between the X-ray variability timescales of HST-1 and the unresolved nuclear region (diameter <0.″6). These features, separated by more than 60 pc, are the two chief contenders for the origin of the TeV variable emissions observed by H.E. S.S. in 2005 and by MAGIC and VERITAS in 2008. The X-ray variability of the nucleus appears to be at least twice as rapid as that of the HST-1 knot. However, the shortest nuclear variability timescale we can measure from the Chandra data (⩽20 days) is still significantly longer than the shortest TeV variability of M87 reported by the H.E. S.S. and MAGIC telescopes (1–2 days).
Properties of intra-group stars and galaxies in galaxy groups: ‘normal’ versus ‘fossil’ groups

Cosmological [cold dark matter (ACDM)] TreeSPH simulations of the formation and evolution of 12 galaxy groups of virial mass ∼10 14 M ⊙ have been performed. The simulations invoke star formation, chemical evolution with non-instantaneous recycling, metallicity-dependent radiative cooling, strong star-burst driven galactic super-winds and effects of a meta-galactic ultraviolet (UV) field. The intra-group (IG) stars are found to contribute 12-45 per cent of the total group B-band luminosity at z = 0. The lowest fractions are found for groups with only a small difference between the R-band magnitudes of the first and second ranked group galaxy (Δm 12,R ≤ 0.5), the larger fractions are typical of 'fossil' groups (FGs, Δm 12,R ≥ 2). A similar conclusion is obtained from BVRIJK surface brightness profiles of the IG star populations. The IG stars in the four FGs are found to be older than the ones in the eight 'normal' groups (non-FGs), on average by about 0.3-0.5 Gyr. The typical colour of the IG stellar population is B - R = 1.4-1.5, for both types of systems in good agreement with observations. The mean iron abundance of the IG stars is slightly sub-solar in the central part of the groups (r ∼ 100 kpc) decreasing to about 40 per cent solar at about half the virial radius. The IG stars are α-element enhanced with a trend of [O/Fe] increasing with r and an overall [O/Fe] ∼ 0.45 dex, indicative of dominant enrichment from Type II supemovae. The abundance properties are similar for both types of systems. The velocity distributions of the IG stars are, at r ≥ 30 kpc, significantly more radially anisotropic for FGs than for the non-FGs; this also holds for the velocity distributions of the group galaxies. This indicates that an important characteristic determining whether a group becomes fossil or not, apart from its formation time, as discussed by D'Onghia et al., is the 'initial' velocity distribution of the group galaxies. For FGs, one can dynamically infer the (dark matter dominated) mass distribution of the groups all the way to the virial radius, from the kinematics of the IG stars or group galaxies. For the non-FGs, this method overestimates the group mass at r≥200 kpc, by up to a factor of 2 at the virial radius. This is interpreted as FGs being, in general, more relaxed than non-FGs. Finally, FGs of the above virial mass should host ∼500 planetary nebulae at projected distances between 100 and 1000 kpc from the first ranked galaxy. All results obtained appear consistent with the tidal stripping and merging scenario for the formation of FGs, put forward by D'Onghia et al.
Constitutive versus Activation-dependent Cross-Presentation of Immune Complexes by CD8+ and CD8− Dendritic Cells In Vivo

Murine splenic dendritic cells (DCs) can be divided into two subsets based on CD8α expression, but the specific role of each subset in stimulation of T cells is largely unknown. An important function of DCs is the ability to take up exogenous antigens and cross-present them in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to CD8+ T cells. We previously demonstrated that, when cell-associated ovalbumin (OVA) is injected into mice, only the CD8+ DC subset cross-presents OVA in the context of MHC class I. In contrast to this selectivity with cell-associated antigen, we show here that both DC subsets isolated from mice injected with OVA/anti-OVA immune complexes (OVA-IC) cross-present OVA to CD8+ T cells. The use of immunoglobulin G Fc receptor (FcγR) common γ-chain–deficient mice revealed that the cross-presentation by CD8− DCs depended on the expression of γ-chain–containing activating FcγRs, whereas cross-presentation by CD8+ DCs was not reduced in γ-chain–deficient mice. These results suggest that although CD8+ DCs constitutively cross-present exogenous antigens in the context of MHC class I molecules, CD8− DCs only do so after activation, such as via ligation of FcγRs. Cross-presentation of immune complexes may play an important role in autoimmune diseases and the therapeutic effect of antitumor antibodies.
Scheduling for Reliability : complexity and Algorithms

This thesis deals with the mapping and the scheduling of workflows. In this context, we consider unreliable platforms, with processors subject to failures. In a first part, we consider a particular model of streaming applications : the filtering services. In this context, we aim at minimizing period and latency. We first neglect communication costs. In this model, we study scheduling problems on homogeneous and heterogeneous platforms. Then, the impact of communication costs on scheduling problems of a filtering application is studied. Finally, we consider the scheduling problem of such an application on a chain of processors. The theoretical complexity of any variant of this problem is proved. This filtering property can model the reliability of processors. The results of some computations are successfully computed, and some other ones are lost. We consider the more frequent failure types : transient failures. We aim efficient and reliable schedules. The complexity of many variants of this problem is proved. Two heuristics are proposed and compared using using simulations. Even if transient failures are the most common failures in classical grids, some particular type of platform are more concerned by other type of problems. Desktop grids are especially unstable. In this context, we want to execute iterative applications. All tasks are executed, then a synchronization occurs, and so on. Two variants of this problem are considered : applicationsof independent tasks, and applications where all tasks need to be executed at same speed. In both cases, the problem is first theoretically studied, then heuristics are proposed and compared using simulations.
A Finnish adaptation of the emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) and the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS-16)

Abstract The emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) and a short form of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS-16) were psychometrically evaluated in a Finnish, population-based sample (n = 409 for ERQ, n = 400 for DERS-16). The original two-factor structure of the ERQ was supported, after eliminating one item due to low loadings. A five-factor structure was supported for DERS-16, after dropping two items due to cross loadings. Both scales showed adequate internal consistencies. Women had a significantly stronger tendency to use reappraisal strategies than men did, and men used suppression significantly more than women. There were no gender differences on DERS-16. Age affected both ERQ and DERS-16. We conclude that both scales are psychometrically adequate for use in the Finnish population even though validation studies are needed.
An Undergraduate Research Opportunity: Collaboration Between Undergraduate and Graduate Students

: A research experience was made available to an undergraduate Food Science and Human Nutrition (FSHN) student through collaboration with a Masters-level Nutrition graduate student. Both students were under the supervision of a graduate FSHN faculty member. Positive, self-identified aspects for the students included learning how to work collaboratively as a team member, gaining a better understanding of the process of field-based research, and successfully completing both projects. While caveats are noted, we suggest that this process is an untapped opportunity to offer a research experience to undergraduates. It could be applicable in departments/ units that maintain both an undergraduate and graduate program or across departments where disciplines are similar.
Heat shock resistance conferred by expression of the human HSP27 gene in rodent cells

Heat shock induces in cells the synthesis of specific proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs) and a transient state of thermotolerance. The putative role of one of the HSPs, HSP27, as a protective molecule during thermal stress has been directly assessed by measuring the resistance to hyperthermia of Chinese hamster and mouse cells transfected with the human HSP27 gene contained in plasmid pHS2711. One- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of [3H]leucine- and [32P]orthophosphate-labeled proteins, coupled with immunological analysis using Ha27Ab and Hu27Ab, two rabbit antisera that specifically recognize the hamster and the human HSP27 protein respectively, were used to monitor expression and inducibility of the transfected and endogenous proteins. The human HSP27 gene cloned in pHS2711 is constitutively expressed in rodent cells, resulting in accumulation of the human HSP27 and all phosphorylated derivatives. No modification of the basal or heat-induced expression of endogenous HSPs is detected. The presence of additional HSP27 protein provides immediate protection against heat shock administered 48 h after transfection and confers a permanent thermoresistant phenotype to stable transfectant Chinese hamster and mouse cell lines. Mild heat treatment of the transfected cells results in an induction of the full complement of the endogenous heat shock proteins and a small increase in thermoresistance, but the level attained did not surpass that of heat-induced thermotolerant control cells. These results indicate that elevated levels of HSP27 is sufficient to give protection from thermal killing. It is concluded that HSP27 plays a major role in the increased thermal resistance acquired by cells after exposure to HSP inducers.
Trends in the proportion of married women of reproductive age in Spain, 1887–1991

Abstract Using the Princeton nuptiality index Im, we analyzed historical developments in the proportion of married women of reproductive age in Spain. We show the internal diversity in nuptiality patterns and offer an explanatory statistical model based on panel data analysis to identify the main variables influencing these changes over more than a century (1887–1991). We found that Spain has been the developed country with the greatest contrasts in its provincial nuptiality patterns (measured by Im), although this diversity has lessened over the course of time. We also found that some socioeconomic variables (the gross domestic product per capita and the percentage of population living in cities) do not have a linear relationship with female nuptiality but rather have a U shape or an inverted U shape. This may partly account for some of the controversy that has raged on this topic over the past few decades on an international level.
Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe

The EUROSTUDENT V – Synopsis of Indicators is the central publication of the EUROSTUDENT project and the result of the collaboration of a European-wide network including researchers, data collectors, representatives of national ministries, and other stakeholders. It comprises data from student surveys conducted in 29 countries in the European Higher Education Area during the fifth round of the EUROSTUDENT project.
Estimating prognosis for nursing home residents with advanced dementia.

CONTEXT Survival varies for patients with advanced dementia, and accurate prognostic tools have not been developed. A small proportion of patients admitted to hospice have dementia, in part because of the difficulty in predicting survival. OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with 6-month mortality in newly admitted nursing home residents with advanced dementia and to create a practical risk score to predict 6-month mortality in this population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a retrospective cohort study of data from the Minimum Data Set (MDS). All Medicare or Medicaid licensed nursing homes in New York and Michigan were included. Participants had advanced dementia and were admitted to New York nursing homes between June 1, 1994, and December 30, 1998 (derivation cohort, n = 6799), and to Michigan nursing homes from October 1, 1998, through July 30, 2000 (validation cohort, n = 4631). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES MDS factors associated with 6-month mortality were determined in the derivation group, and the resulting mortality risk score was evaluated in the validation cohort. Risk score performance was compared with the cut point of 7c on the Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) scale. RESULTS Among residents with advanced dementia, 28.3% (n = 1922) died within 6 months of nursing home admission in the derivation cohort; 35.1% (n = 1626) died in the validation cohort. The 6-month mortality rate increased across risk scores (possible range, 0-19): 0 points, 8.9% mortality; 1 to 2, 10.8%; 3 to 5, 23.2%; 6 to 8, 40.4%; 9 to 11, 57.0%; and at least 12, 70.0% in the validation cohort. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for predicting 6-month mortality was 0.74 and 0.70 in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Our risk score demonstrated better discrimination to predict 6-month mortality (AUROC, 0.64 for a cutoff of > or =6 points vs 0.51 for FAST stage 7c). CONCLUSION A risk score based on 12 variables from the MDS estimates 6-month mortality for nursing home residents with advanced dementia with greater accuracy than existing prognostic guidelines.
Disentangling novelty and usefulness : Essays on creativity in the arts and sciences

Concerns that sophisticated algorithms and autonomous machines are replacing human labor have driven a recent interest in creativity as a key factor in maintaining innovation and economic growth. Within management and entrepreneurship research, the dominant definition of creativity is that it entails the generation of ideas or products that are both novel and useful. Novelty—being new, unique, or different, relative to central practices or views—and usefulness—being appropriate, correct, or valuable to the task at hand—are therefore each seen as necessary conditions for something to be classified as creative. In spite of its importance, a major obstacle to the study of creativity has been the translation of this simple two-criterion conceptual definition into an operational one to be utilized in empirical study. This dissertation aims to take a step back and answer the question of whether, how, and under what conditions novelty is related to usefulness. Following recent advances in the study of creativity it emphasizes that, although creativity may be jointly composed of the novelty and usefulness, these are distinct concepts that should best be considered as such. This dissertation contributes to research on creativity, management, and entrepreneurship by providing new insights into the conditions under which creativity emerges—yielding new insights as to why some novel offerings see widespread use whereas other ostensibly similar offerings linger in obscurity. This dissertation consists of four essays that address the overarching research question from a variety of theoretical lenses, and each essay is centered on a setting where creativity is of particular importance: university students who are close to starting knowledge-intensive and skilled work, the creative industries, and academia.
Effects of early and concurrent parenting and child cortisol reactivity on hippocampal structure and functional connectivity during childhood: A prospective, longitudinal study

Title of Dissertation: EFFECTS OF EARLY AND CONCURRENT PARENTING AND CHILD CORTISOL REACTIVITY ON HIPPOCAMPAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY DURING CHILDHOOD: A PROSPECTIVE, LONGITUDINAL STUDY Sarah L. Blankenship, Doctor of Philosophy, 2017 Dissertation directed by: Dr. Lea Dougherty, Psychology Department Dr. Tracy Riggins, Psychology Department Offspring of depressed mothers are at increased risk for emotional and behavioral disorders and social impairment. One proposed mechanism of risk transmission is through exposure to maladaptive parenting styles, as depressed mothers display higher levels of hostility and lower levels of support than non-depressed mothers. Rodent models indicate that the early parenting environment programs the endogenous stress response system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, through a cascade of epigenetic processes, ultimately elevating levels of glucocorticoid stress hormones (i.e., cortisol in humans). Elevated cortisol levels have been linked to both structural and functional changes in the hippocampus, a medial temporal lobe structure implicated in regulation of the HPA axis and the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. Despite elucidation of the pathways through which parenting influences neurobiological development in rodents, research examining these associations in humans is only emerging. The present study aimed to translate the rodent literature by examining the effects of early and concurrent parenting on hippocampal structure and functional connectivity during childhood, with a specific emphasis on exploring the mediating role of cortisol reactivity, in a longitudinal sample of offspring of depressed mothers and a community comparison group. At 3-6 and 5-10 years, observational measures of parenting and children’s salivary cortisol responses to a laboratory stressor were assessed. At 5-10 years, children completed structural and resting-state functional MRI scans. Findings revealed timingand region-dependent associations. Early positive parenting predicted larger hippocampal head volumes whereas concurrent positive parenting predicted smaller body volumes. Early cortisol reactivity predicted larger body volumes whereas concurrent cortisol reactivity predicted smaller tail volumes. Concurrent parenting (positive and negative) predicted hippocampus subregion connectivity with regions of the cerebellum. Early cortisol reactivity predicted increased hippocampal connectivity with the cuneus and regions of the cingulate gyrus. There was a significant indirect effect of greater T1 Negative Parenting on smaller left hippocampal tail volume through increased concurrent cortisol reactivity. Significant interactions with maternal depression were also observed. This research provides a necessary translation of the rodent literature and elucidates possible timing-dependent neurobiological pathways through which early experience may confer increased risk for poor outcomes in human offspring.
The perception of indoor and outdoor exercise environments and their effect on mood states, heart rate, and running time

It has been shou.n that aerobic exercise increases positive mood states. Evidence also indicates that various factors surrounding the exercise environment can influence mood states depending on the exerciser's perception of the surroundings. There is scarce information, though, on how the two most basic environments indoor and outdoor influence exercise mood states. This study investigated indoor and outdoor exercise environments and their effect on mood states, heart rate, and running time. Male (n:7) and female (g:8) college students capable of running 3.4 miles were recruited for the study. Subjects ran two times indoors on a fitness center teadmill and two times outdoors on a predetermined route arounC the college campus. Weather conditions were recorded from National Weather Service data. Treadmill and outdoor distance were standardized at 3.4 miles and subjects ran each of the four trials at the same time on each day. Subjects were familiarrznd with both environments prior to all testing. The order of sessions uas balanced to contol for potential carry-over effects. Physiological measures were average heart rate and running time recorded by a heart rate monitor and timer worn by the subjects during exercise. Psychological measures were mood states and environmental perceptions. Mood states were measured by the short version of the Profile of Mood States Total Mood Disturbance Score (POMS TMDS). Perception of the surrounding environment was assessed by an Environmental Perception Questionnaire that consisted of a five-point Likert-type scale. All psychological tests were administered pre and post exercise session. A three way analysis of variance was used to assess differences in mood states and in environmental perceptions, and a two-way analysis of variance was used to assess heart rate and running time. Both mood states and environmental perceptions were significantly more positive outdoors than indoors, that is, the exercisers preferred exercising outdoors. This was reflected in a more positive mood states when exercising outdoors. There were no significant changes in mood states or environmental perceptions from pre-exercise to post-exercise. Participants had faster run times outdoors than indoors, but surprisingly, average heart rates were not significantly different between indoors and outdoors. These findings suggest that when an exercise environment is perceived positively, mood states will be affected more positively than when an exercise environment is perceived less favorably. These data also suggest that an exerciser's performance may be influenced by their perception of the environment, though additional study is needed to rule out potentially confounding factors.
Developing practical automatic metadata assignment and evaluation tools for internet resources

This paper describes the development of practical automatic metadata assignment tools to support automatic record creation for virtual libraries, metadata repositories and digital libraries, with particular reference to library-standard metadata. The development process is incremental in nature, and depends upon an automatic metadata evaluation tool to objectively measure its progress. The evaluation tool is based on and informed by the metadata created and maintained by librarian experts at the INFOMINE Project, and uses different metrics to evaluate different metadata fields. In this paper, we describe the form and function of common metadata fields, and identify appropriate performance measures for these fields. The automatic metadata assignment tools in the iVia virtual library software are described, and their performance is measured. Finally, we discuss the limitations of automatic metadata evaluation, and cases where we choose to ignore its evidence in favor of human judgment