Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel heuristic for selection of hyperblock in If-conversion

In this paper we present a novel heuristic for selection of hyperblock in If-conversion. The if-conversion has been applied to be promising method for exploitation of ILP in the presence of control flow. The if-conversion in the prediction is responsible for control dependency between the branches and remaining instructions creating data dependency between the predicate definition and predicated structures of the program. As a result, the transformation of control flow becomes optimized traditional data flow and branch scheduling becomes reordering of serial instructions. The degree of ILP can be increased by overlapping multiple program path executions. The main idea behind this concept is to use a step beyond the prediction of common branch and permitting the architecture to have the information about the CFG (Control Flow Graph) components of the program to have better branch decision for ILP. The navigation bandwidth of prediction mechanism depends upon the degree of ILP. It can be increased by increasing control flow prediction in procedural languages at compile time. By this the size of initiation is increased that allows the overlapped execution of multiple independent flow of control. The multiple branch instruction can also be allowed as intermediate steps in order to increase the size of dynamic window to achieve a high degree of ILP exploitation.
Ability emotional intelligence and children’s behaviour in the playground

We explored whether emotion understanding promotes positive social functioning in childhood using the Ability Emotional intelligence (AEI) framework, which defines emotion understanding more broadly than is common in developmental science. The prospective study included children ages 9 to 11 years who completed a measure of AEI at the start of the school year, and whose playground interactions were observed for one full year. Findings showed that, among girls, low AEI was associated with higher levels of direct aggressive behaviour on the playground; boys and girls high or low in AEI were more likely than their peers to watch others during playground social interactions. Further, higher AEI was associated with indirect aggression in school, suggesting higher AEI during childhood may be associated with the developmental transition from direct to indirect forms of aggression. The implications of the findings for school practice in relation to the teaching of emotion understanding are discussed.
Influence of Hepatitis C Virus Sustained Virological Response on Immunosuppressive Tryptophan Catabolism in ART-Treated HIV/HCV Coinfected Patients

Background:We previously reported an association between tryptophan (Trp) catabolism and immune dysfunction in HIV monoinfection. Coinfection with HIV is associated with more rapid evolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV)–associated liver disease despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), possibly due to immune dysregulation. We hypothesized that liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfection would be associated with immune dysfunction and alterations in Trp metabolism. Methods:Trp catabolism and inflammatory soluble markers were assessed in plasma samples from ART-treated HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (n = 90) compared with ART-treated HIV-monoinfected patients and noninfected subjects. Furthermore, 17 additional coinfected patients with sustained virological response (SVR) were assessed longitudinally 6 months after completion of interferon-&agr;/ribavirin treatment. Results:HIV/HCV patients had higher Trp catabolism compared with HIV-monoinfected and healthy individuals. Elevated kynurenine levels in HIV/HCV patients with liver fibrosis correlated with the prognostic aspartate aminotransaminase to platelet ratio (APRI scores) and insulin levels. Furthermore, HIV/HCV patients had elevated levels of disease progression markers interleukin-6 and induced protein 10 and shared similar levels of markers of microbial translocation (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) compared with HIV-monoinfected and healthy individuals. Successful HCV treatment improved APRI score and markers of disease progression and microbial translocation although elevated Trp catabolism remained unchanged 6 months after SVR. Conclusion:ART-treated HIV/HCV-coinfected patients had elevated immunosuppressive Trp catabolism when compared with monoinfected HIV-treated patients, which did not normalize after SVR. These findings suggest that a necroinflammatory liver syndrome persists through inflammation by Trp catabolism after 6 month of SVR.
STABILITY AND CONVERGENCE FOR DISCRETIZATION METHODS WITH APPLICATIONS TO WAVELET GALERKIN SCHEMES

We give a simple approach for a well-known, but rather complicated theory for general discretization methods, Petryshyn [34] and Zeidler [40]. We employ only some basic concepts such as invertibility, compact perturbation and approximation. It allows to treat a wide class of space discretization methods and operator equations. As demonstration examples we use wavelet Galerkin methods applied to saddle point problems, Navier–Stokes equations and to numerical bifurcation. This extends some recent results for wavelet methods, e.g., to numerical bifurcation. AMS Subject Classification: 65P30; 65N55
Market Discipline, Disclosure and Moral Hazard in Banking

This paper investigates the effectiveness of market discipline in limiting excessive risk-taking by banks. We have constructed a large cross-country panel data set consisting of observations on 729 individual banks from 32 different countries over the years 1993 to 2000. Theory implies that the strength of market discipline ought to be related to the extent of the government safety net, the observability of bank risk choices and to the proportion of uninsured liabilities in the bank’s balance sheet. We test for hypotheses relating to all of these factors at the bank level. Panel data estimation techniques are applied to both capital regressions, which aim to explain banks' choice of capital buffers, and risk regressions, which aim to explain bank risk. Our results suggest that moral hazard exists and that market discipline plays a role in mitigating banks’ risk of insolvency.
Computational Modeling of Collicular Integration of Perceptual Responses and Attention in Microsaccades

During visual fixation on a target object, our eyes are not motionless but generate slow fixational eye movements and microsaccades. Effects of visual attention have been observed in both microsaccade rates and spatial directions. Experimental results, however, range from early (<200 ms) to late (>600 ms) effects combined with cue-congruent as well as cue-incongruent microsaccade directions. On the basis of well characterized neural circuitry in superior colliculus, we construct a dynamical model of neural activation that is modulated by perceptual input and visual attention. Our results show that additive integration of low-level perceptual responses and visual attention can explain microsaccade rate and direction effects across a range of visual cueing tasks. These findings suggest that the patterns of microsaccade direction observed in experiments are compatible with a single dynamical mechanism. The basic principles of the model are highly relevant to the general problem of integration of low-level perception and top-down selective attention.
High-Energy Gamma Rays from the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center

Accreting black holes (BHs) are believed to be sites of possible particle acceleration with conditions that are also favorable for effective gamma-ray production. However, because of photon-photon pair production, only low-energy (MeV) gamma rays can escape these compact objects with typically very large compactness parameters, κ = ≥ 0.01, given that in most cases the accretion disks within 10 Schwarzschild radii, Rg, radiate with a power exceeding 10% of the Eddington luminosity, LEdd. Therefore, the high-energy gamma-ray emission of these objects (both of stellar mass and supermassive BHs) is generally suppressed, and consequently, the unique information on possible particle acceleration processes near the event horizon of the BH is essentially lost. Fortunately, this is not the case for the supermassive BH located at the dynamical center of our Galaxy (Sgr A*), which, thanks to its extraordinary low bolometric luminosity (≤10-8LEdd), is transparent for gamma rays up to very high energies, E ~ 10 TeV. We discuss different scenarios of gamma-ray production in Sgr A* and show that for a reasonable set of parameters one can expect detectable gamma-ray fluxes of both hadronic and electronic origin. Some of these scenarios are applicable not only for the TeV gamma-ray emission recently reported from the direction of Galactic center, but they may have broader implications relevant to highly variable nonthermal emission of Sgr A* in radio, IR, and X-ray bands.
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine Open Access Knowledge, Use and Ecology of Golden Thistle (scolymus Hispanicus L.) in Central Spain

Background: This paper assesses the current ethnobotanical knowledge, use and management of Scolymus hispanicus L. in two localities of Central Spain and the relation with its natural abundance. It also addresses the influence of sociodemographic factors such as age, gender and time living in the village in the variation of knowledge and practice levels.
Birth Order, Educational Attainment, and Earnings

We examine the implications of being early in the birth order, and whether a pattern exists within large families of falling then rising attainment with respect to birth order. Unlike other studies using U.S. data, we go beyond grade for age and look at racial differences. Drawing from OLS and fixed effects estimations, we find that being first-born confers a significant educational advantage that persists when considering earnings; being last-born confers none. These effects are significant for large Black families at the high school level, and for White families of any size at both high school and college levels.
Ontologies for aviation data management

Managing complex aviation data can be a significant challenge for any enterprise - whether a government agency, airline, airframe manufacturer, or aviation service provider. To handle this challenge, data models are typically developed to characterize and manage the data generated, used, and stored by a given enterprise. Unfortunately, different data providers employ qualitatively different data models, and this gives rise to problems exchanging data across organizational boundaries. Over the past decade, these problems have motivated data producers and consumers to look toward standardized data exchange models to address data interoperability. In this paper we examine some of these standardized data exchange models and compare them with a new type of data model based on ontologies. Ontology models have emerged in recent years from a confluence of research in the artificial intelligence, semantic web, and information science communities. This paper introduces ontology models, provides several use cases for ontologies relevant to aviation data management, and summarizes state-of-the-art aviation prototype applications that utilize ontologies.
A psychological law of inertia and the illusion of loss aversion

The principle of loss aversion is thought to explain a wide range of anomalous phenomena involving tradeoffs between losses and gains. In this article, I show that the anomalies loss aversion was introduced to explain - the risky bet premium, the endowment effect, and the status-quo bias - are characterized not only by a loss/gain tradeoff, but by a tradeoff between the status-quo and change; and, that a propensity towards the status-quo in the latter tradeoff is sufficient to explain these phenomena. Moreover, I show that two basic psychological principles - (1) that motives drive behavior; and (2) that preferences tend to be fuzzy and ill-defined - imply the existence of a robust and fundamental propensity of this sort. Thus, a loss aversion principle is rendered superfluous to an account of the phenomena it was introduced to explain.
Quantum proteolysis by neutrophils : implications for pulmonary emphysema in alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency

Traditional enzyme kinetics provide a poor explanation for the increased risk of lung injury in a 1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. Millimolar concentrations of leukocyte elastase, when released from single azurophil granules of activated neutrophils, lead to evanescent quantum bursts of proteolytic activity before catalysis is quenched by pericellular inhibitors. Herein, we tested the possibility that quantum proteolytic events are abnormal in AAT deficiency. We incubated neutrophils on opsonized fluoresceinated fibronectin in serum from individuals with various AAT phenotypes, and then measured and modeled quantum proteolytic events. The mean areas of the events in serum from heterozygous individuals (Pi MZ and Pi SZ) were slightly, but significantly, larger than those in serum from normal patients (Pi M). In marked contrast, mean areas of events in serum from AAT-deficient individuals were 10-fold larger than those in serum from normal patients. Diffusion modeling predicted that local elastase concentrations exceed AAT concentrations for less than 20 milliseconds and for more than 80 milliseconds in Pi M and Pi Z individuals, respectively. Thus, quantum proteolytic events are abnormally large and prolonged in AAT deficiency, leading directly to an increased risk of tissue injury in the immediate vicinity of activated neutrophils. These results have potentially important implications for the pathogenesis and prevention of lung disease in AAT deficiency.
Reducing online privacy risk to facilitate e‐service adoption: the influence of perceived ease of use and corporate credibility

Purpose – The paper aims to examine ways to reduce privacy risk and its effects so that adoption of e‐services can be enhanced.Design/methodology/approach – Consumers that form a viable target market for an e‐service are presented with the task of experiencing the e‐service and expressing their attitudes and intentions toward it. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the responses.Findings – The paper finds that consumer beliefs that the e‐service will be easy to use and that the e‐service provider is credible and capable reduce privacy risk and its effects, thus enhancing adoption likelihood.Research limitations/implications – The focus on a financial services product (online bill paying) suggests that similar research should be conducted with other high‐risk e‐services (such as those dealing with healthcare) and lower‐risk e‐services (such as subscription services and social networks). Practical implications – In addition to addressing consumers' privacy risk directly, e‐service providers can a.
Characterization of the chloroplast cytochrome b6f complex as a structural and functional dimer.

Size analysis of the cytochrome b6f complex by FPLC Superose-12 chromatography and Blue Native PAGE indicated a predominantly dimeric component with M(r) = (1.9-2.5) x 10(5). The true dimer molecular weight including bound lipid, but not detergent, was estimated to be 2.3 x 10(5). Size and shape analysis by negative-stain single-particle electron microscopy indicated that the preparation of dimeric complexes contains a major population that has a protein cross section 40% larger than the monomer, binds more negative stain, and has a geometry with a distinct 2-fold axis of symmetry compared to the monomeric complex. The dimeric species is more stable at higher ionic strength with respect to conversion to the monomeric species. SDS-PAGE of monomer and dimer preparations indicated that both contain the four major polypeptides in approximately equal stoichiometry and also contain the petG M(r) 4000 subunit. One bound chlorophyll a per monomer, part of the bound lipid, is present in monomer and dimer. The in vitro electron-transport activity (decyl-PQH2-->PC-ferricyanide) of the separated dimer was comparable to that of the isolated b6f complex and was 4-5-fold greater than that of the monomer preparation, whose activity could be attributed to residual dimer. No difference in the properties of the dimer and monomer was detected by SDS-PAGE or redox difference spectrophotometry that could account for the difference in activities. However, the concentration of the Rieske [2Fe-2S] center was found by EPR analysis of the gy = 1.90 signal to be lower in the monomer fraction by a factor of 3.5 relative to the dimer. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cell Viability and Leakage of Electrolytes in Avicennia germinans Exposed to Heavy Metals

The effect of heavy metal stress on the cell viability and leakage of electrolytes of Avicennia germinans leaf discs was investigated by the tissue tolerance test. Foliar discs were incubated with different Cd2+ or Cu2+ concentrations for 24 h; thereafter, the cell membrane stability of the tissue was assayed by the cell viability Evans blue and leakage electrolytes methods. The results indicated that electrolyte leakage of the leaf discs increased 24 h after exposure to heavy metal stress, as shown by a reduction of the cell viability by 30% in discs exposed to higher doses of Cd2+ (0.546 M) and Cu2+ (0.7 M), respectively. Additionally, the histological analysis of the leaf discs exposed to heavy metal stress revealed that at higher Cd2+ and/or Cu2+ concentrations an increase in the intercellular spaces and destruction of mesophyll cells was observed 24 h after exposure. In summary, the biochemical and structural changes observed in foliar tissues of A. germinans suggest that higher cadmium and copper concentrations may result in structural changes and altered physiological characters in leaves
Tepper School of Business 2-2007 Efficiency in Coalition Games with Externalities

A natural extension of superadditivity is not su¢ cient to imply that the grand coalition is e¢ cient when externalities are present. We provide a condition, analogous to convexity, that is su¢ cient for the grand coalition to be e¢ cient and show that this also implies that the (appropriately de ned) core is nonempty. Moreover, we propose a mechanism which implements the most ef cient partition for all coalition formation games and characterize the resulting payo¤ division. JEL Classi cation Numbers: C71, C72, D62
Cytochrome P4501A biomarker indication of oil exposure in harlequin ducks up to 20 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

Hydrocarbon‐inducible cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression was measured, as ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) activity, in livers of wintering harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) captured in areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, oiled by the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and in birds from nearby unoiled areas, during 2005 to 2009 (up to 20 years following the spill). The present work repeated studies conducted in 1998 that demonstrated that in harlequin ducks using areas that received Exxon Valdez oil, EROD activity was elevated nearly a decade after the spill. The present findings strongly supported the conclusion that average levels of hepatic EROD activity were higher in ducks from oiled areas than those from unoiled areas during 2005 to 2009. This result was consistent across four sampling periods; furthermore, results generated from two independent laboratories using paired liver samples from one of the sampling periods were similar. The EROD activity did not vary in relation to age, sex, or body mass of individuals, nor did it vary strongly by season in birds collected early and late in the winter of 2006 to 2007, indicating that these factors did not confound inferences about observed differences between oiled and unoiled areas. We interpret these results to indicate that harlequin ducks continued to be exposed to residual Exxon Valdez oil up to 20 years after the original spill. This adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that oil spills have the potential to affect wildlife for much longer time frames than previously assumed. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1138–1145. © 2010 SETAC
Detection of IgG Anti-Leishmania Antigen by Flow Cytometry as a Diagnostic Test for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) relies on clinical presentation, parasite isolation, histopathologic evaluation and positive Montenegro skin test. However, the low amounts of parasites in the lesion of these individuals make parasite isolation and histopatologic diagnosis unreliable, often leading to false-negative results. Also, 15% of people living in endemic areas have sub-clinical infection characterized by positive Montenegro skin test, which may contribute to misdiagnosis. Although the main Leishmania killing mechanism is through cell-mediated immune response, antibodies against Leishmania antigens are found in infected individuals. Here our goal was to develop a new serological technique using polystyrene microspheres sensitized with soluble Leishmania antigens as a tool for the detection of IgG in serum from CL patients by flow cytometry. To validate the assay we carried out a comparative test (ELISA) commonly used as a diagnostic test for parasitic diseases. To determine cross-reactivity we used serum from patients with Chagas disease, caused by a trypanosome that has several proteins with high homology to those of the Leishmania genus. We observed that the flow cytometry technique was more sensitive than the ELISA, but, less specific. Our results show that the flow cytometry serologic test can be used to confirm CL cases in L. braziliensis transmission areas, however, presence of Chagas disease has to be ruled out in these individuals.
The specific heat of thin films near the λ-transition: a Monte Carlo study of an improved three-dimensional lattice model

We study the finite size scaling behaviour of the specific heat of thin films in the neighbourhood of the λ-transition. To this end we have simulated the improved two-component ϕ4 model on the simple cubic lattice. We employ free boundary conditions in the short direction to mimic the vanishing order parameter at the boundaries of a 4He film. Most of our simulations are performed for the thicknesses L0 = 8, 16 and 32 of the film. It turns out that one has to take into account corrections to obtain a good collapse of the finite size scaling functions obtained from different L0. Our results are compared with those obtained from experiments on thin films of 4He near the λ-transition, from field theory and from previous Monte Carlo simulations.
Dissociable Roles for the Hippocampus and the Amygdala in Human Cued versus Context Fear Conditioning

Lesion studies in animals have identified a critical role of the hippocampus in context fear conditioning. To extend these findings to human volunteers, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neural responses associated with context fear conditioning in humans. Our novel conditioning paradigm consisted of aversive electrical shocks (unconditioned stimulus) that were delivered either cue or context related. Differential evoked responses, related to the conditioned stimulus (CS), were found in the anterior cingulate cortex and the bilateral insular cortices, regions that have been implicated in anticipatory anxiety. In case of context conditioning, a similar pattern was observed during the presentation of the entire context. In line with previous conditioning studies, differential responses in the amygdala showed a time by stimulus interaction, suggesting rapid adaptation of CS-specific responses. More importantly, a similar differential decay of activation was observed during context conditioning in the hippocampus, in agreement with a role of the hippocampus in the acquisition phase of human context fear conditioning.