Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of beverage osmolality on intestinal fluid absorption during exercise.

To determine how osmolality of an orally ingested fluid-replacement beverage would alter intestinal fluid absorption from the duodenum and/or jejunum during 85 min of cycle exercise (63.3 +/- 0.9% peak O2 uptake) in a cool environment (22 degreesC), seven subjects (5 men, 2 women, peak O2 uptake = 54.5 +/- 3.8 ml . kg-1 . min-1) participated in four experiments separated by 1 wk in which they ingested a water placebo (WP) or one of three 6% carbohydrate (CHO) beverages formulated to give mean osmolalities of 197, 295, or 414 mosmol/kgH2O. CHO solutions also contained 17-18 meq Na+ and 3.2 meq K+. Nasogastric and multilumen tubes were fluoroscopically positioned in the gastric antrum and duodenojejunum, respectively. Subjects ingested a total of 23 ml/kg body mass of the test solution, 20% (370 +/- 9 ml) of this volume 5 min before exercise and 10% (185 +/- 4 ml) every 10 min thereafter. By using the rate of gastric emptying as the rate of intestinal perfusion (G. P. Lambert, R. T. Chang, D. Joensen, X. Shi, R. W. Summers, H. P. Schedl, and C. V. Gisolfi. Int. J. Sports Med. 17: 48-55, 1996), intestinal absorption was determined by segmental perfusion from the duodenum (0-25 cm) and jejunum (25-50 cm). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in gastric emptying (mean 18.1 +/- 1.3 ml/min) or total fluid absorption (802 +/- 109, 650 +/- 52, 674 +/- 62, and 633 +/- 74 ml . 50 cm-1 . h-1 for WP, hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic solutions, respectively) among beverages; but WP was absorbed faster (P < 0.05) from the duodenum than in the jejunum. Of the total volume of fluid ingested, 82 +/- 14, 74 +/- 6, 76 +/- 5, and 68 +/- 7% were absorbed for WP, hypo-, iso-, and hypertonic beverages, respectively. There were no differences in urine production or percent change in plasma volume among solutions. We conclude that total fluid absorption of 6% CHO-electrolyte beverages from the duodenojejunum during exercise, within the osmotic range studied, is not different from WP.
Issuer Expenses and Legal Liability in Initial Public Offerings

Issuers of initial public offerings (IPOs) face numerous decisions, of which the selection and compensation of experts--the legal counsel, the auditor, and the investment banker--are among the most important. Our article investigates the role of the entire IPO coalition (including the legal counsel). In a comprehensive sample of 823 firm-commitment offerings from 1992 to 1994, we examine how expert compensation, IPO underpricing, and IPO underpricing uncertainty are related to (1) expert quality (we provide in the text our directly comparable ranking of the top 50 experts in each category in December 1994), (2) legal caution and liability, (3) nonlegal risk signals, and (4) one another. The results are contrasted with similar results from the 1980s.
Molecular Characterization of Circulating Duck Viral Enteritis in Egypt During 2012-2013

2 Abstract: Isolation trials were made on Duck Viral Enteritis (DVE) collected from natural outbreak in 2012 and 2013 from different breeds, age and location. The collected samples were processed for isolation and identification of DVE. Characterizations and pathogenesis of the isolates were studied by inoculation in specific pathogen free; embryonated Muscovy eggs and one-day old Muscovy ducklings, then keep for observation for clinical sings and mortality. Liver, eosophagus, small intestine and kidney collected from field samples, inoculated embryos and ducklings are examined histopathologically. Supernatant from tissue suspension of original samples was examined with PCR. Impression smears from organs of both field cases and inoculated ducklings examined with Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). Many basophilic and esinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed hisotopathologically in 2 samples of 4, in livers of SPF, embryonated Muscovy eggs, ducklings one-day old. Fluorescent green light colors were seen in the same samples and in Muscovy ducklings' liver and eosophagus. PCR results were agreed with isolation on SPF, embryonated Muscovy eggs, one-day old Muscovy ducklings and Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT).
Why is There a Graduate Earnings Premium for Students from Independent Schools?

We examine the determinants of occupational earnings of UK 1993 graduates and focus on the influence of the type of school the graduate attended prior to university entrance. For data reasons, we restrict attention to graduates who attended school in England. We estimate that, on average, a male (female) graduate who attended an Independent school receives an earnings premium of 3.1 per cent (3.4 per cent) over and above the earnings of a graduate who attended an LEA school, ceteris paribus. We also find considerable variation across different Independent schools in the size of the graduate earnings premium, especially for males, and show that in the case of males the premium increases with the level of school fees, but is not statistically related to measures of school–level average academic performance.
From Identity to the Economy: Analysing the Evolution of the Decentralisation Discourse

Few global phenomena have been as pervasive over the lifetime of Government and Policy as the drive towards decentralisation. The number of countries transferring authority and resources to subnational tiers of government has multiplied over the last twenty-five years. Yet the motives behind this trend remain relatively unknown. We explore these motives by analysing changes in the decentralisation discourse across a number of countries. We find that, while arguments about democracy and good governance have been at the heart of the reasoning for decentralisation, identity has progressively been relegated in favour of the economy and the promise of an economic dividend as the other main motivating factor. However, this shift from identity to the economy is highly contingent on who is driving the process. Despite noticeable shifts towards economic arguments in the discourse of nationalist and secessionist movements, identity remains strong in bottom-up discourses. In contrast, it has almost disappeared—if it ever existed—when the process of decentralisation is undertaken by the state or is encouraged by international organisations.
Alternativ-Sanktionen und der „Net-widening“-Effekt - ein quasi-experimenteller Test

Seit 1991 gehört die gemeinnützige Arbeit im schweizerischen Erwachsenenstrafrecht zum Arsenal der verfügbaren Sanktionen, allerdings nur versuchsweise und nicht in allen Kantonen. Die gesetzliche Grundlage bildet Art. 397bis Abs. 4 StGB, der dem Bundesrat (d.h. der Bundesregierung) die Kompetenz einräumt, den Kantonen zu gestatten, Vollzugsformen Versuchs halber einzuführen, die im schweizerischen Strafgesetzbuch nicht vorgesehen sind. Seit 1991 hat der Bundesrat vielen Kantonen gestattet, solche Versuche auch mit der gemeinnützigen Arbeit durchzuführen. Die Modalitäten dieser neuen Sanktion lehnten sich weitgehend an die Erfahrungen im Jugendstrafrecht an , das diese Sanktion seit der Revision von 1971 kennt (Art. 87 Abs. l und 95 Ziff. l Abs. l StGB). Bis Ende 1995 betrug der Umrechnungsschlüssel acht Stunden Arbeit für einen Tag Freiheitsstrafe, seit 1996 vier Stunden Arbeit für einen Tag. Auf diese Weise können Strafen von maximal drei Monaten Haft oder Gefängnis verbüßt werden. Bis Ende 1995 war diese Vollzugsform auf Strafen bis zu 30 Tagen beschränkt. Wesentlich ist der Charakter dieser Sanktion als besondere Form des Vollzuges einer unbedingten Freiheitsstrafe. Es ist somit nicht der Richter, der diese Strafart verhängt, sondern nach Rechtskraft des Urteils die kantonale Vollzugsbehörde, die die Verbüßung der Freiheitsstrafe in Form der gemeinnützigen Arbeit gestattet. Dazu müssen einige Bedingungen erfüllt sein, von denen die wichtigste die Zustimmung des Verurteilten ist. Im Unterschied zur Halbgefangenschaft, bei der der Verurteilte tagsüber seiner gewohnten Arbeit nachgeht und sich nur nachts und in der Freizeit in der Vollzugsanstalt aufhält, ist die gemeinnützige Arbeit auch Arbeitslosen zugänglich. Dies ist der Grund dafür, daß sich unter den Verbüßern gemein-
The antecedents of re-purchase intentions: the service quality perspective

The aim of this quantitative study is to undertake empirical research investigating the nature and magnitude of the determinants of re-purchase intentions from the point of view of service performance and post purchase perceptions. A theoretical model linking service quality issues and re-purchase intentions was developed and tested using structural equation modelling of 318 surveyed participants at various day spa locations. The findings of this study confirm that the enhancement of the delivery of high quality service, an accommodating environment and strengthening relationships with customers are more likely to increase re-purchase intentions. The major values of this study are the establishment of the role of service quality on re-purchase intentions and the mediating role of customer relationship strength. The major limitation of this research is the study was undertaken in a single service industry.
Rural Bound: Determinants of Metro to Non‐Metro Migration in the United States

A general global precept is that agglomeration forces lead to migration from rural to urban areas. Yet for much of the time since the early 1970s, more people have moved from metro to nonmetro U.S. counties. The underlying causes of this pattern have changed over time with economic shocks and changing household preferences. For instance, the post 2000 period has seen a significant decline in domestic migration rates, a significant increase in commodity prices that favor rural areas, and potential changes in the valuation of natural amenities that would affect migration. This article investigates the determinants of U.S. gross migration from metro to nonmetro counties and nonmetro to metro counties for the 1995-2000 and 2005-2009 periods in order to compare the differences in rural to urban and urban to rural migration, as well as compare the 1990s to the 2005-2009 periods. More specifically, the present study extends the literature by more broadly examining the underlying factors associated with deconcentration and economic restructuring arguments of metro to nonmetro migration. The article uses (1) extensive county-to-county migration flows and (2) the utility maximization theory that extends the framework of a discrete choice model. The results show that population density, distance to urban areas, industry mix employment growth, natural amenities, and percentage of older people are key factors underlying these migration patterns. We also find a slight fading of effects of natural amenities and population density, and a slight increase in the effects of wage and employment growth from 2005-2009.
Dorsolateral onlay urethroplasty for anterior urethral strictures by a unilateral urethral mobilization approach

Context: For management of long segment anterior urethral stricture, dorsal onlay urethroplasty is currently the most favored single-stage procedure. Conventional dorsal onlay urethroplasty requires circumferential mobilization of the urethra, which might cause ischemia of the urethra in addition to chordee. Aims: To determine the feasibility and short-term outcomes of applying a dorsolateral free graft to treat anterior urethral stricture by unilateral urethral mobilization through a perineal approach. Settings and Design: A prospective study from September 2005 to March 2008 in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: Seventeen patients with long or multiple strictures of the anterior urethra were treated by a dorsolateral free buccal mucosa graft. The pendulous urethra was accessed by penile eversion through the perineal wound. The urethra was not separated from the corporal bodies on one side and was only mobilized from the midline on the ventral aspect to beyond the midline on the dorsal aspect. The urethra was opened in the dorsal midline over the stricture. The buccal mucosa graft was secured on the ventral tunica of the corporal bodies. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean and median. Results: After a follow-up of 12-30 months, one recurrence developed and 1 patient needed an internal urethrotomy. Conclusions: A unilateral urethral mobilization approach for dorsolateral free graft urethroplasty is feasible for panurethral strictures of any length with good short-term success.
Ex post impacts of improved maize varieties on poverty in rural Ethiopia

Public agricultural research has been conducted in Africa for decades. While many studies have examined its aggregate impacts, few have investigated how it affects the poor. This paper helps fill this gap by applying a new procedure to explore the ex post impacts of improved maize varieties on poverty in rural Ethiopia. Plot-level yield and cost changes due to adoption are first estimated using instrumental variable and marginal treatment effect techniques where possible heterogeneity is carefully accounted for. A backward derivation procedure is then developed to link treatment effect estimates with an economic surplus model to identify the counterfactual household income that would have existed without improved maize varieties. Poverty impacts are finally estimated by exploiting the differences between observed and counterfactual income distributions. Improved maize varieties have led to a 0.8–1.3 percentage drop of poverty headcount ratio and relative reductions of poverty depth and severity. However, poor producers benefit the least from adoption due to the smallness of their land holdings.
Technological innovation and technology strategy: proposing an interface

There have been more investigations of a general nature of technology strategy rather than that of specific technological dimensions, the objective of this paper is to propose an interface between dimensions of technology strategy and technological innovation. A technology strategy framework proposed by Burgelman and Rosenbloom (1989) that defines technology strategy as an interaction between components of substance and enactment, and review of key literature, have been used to propose an interface between technological innovation and technology strategy. The interface suggested can be used as a tool to make strategic decisions with respect to technologies driving various technological innovations. A structured approach to a technology strategy would help firms with respect to their innovation initiatives. It can set the ground for future research to explore a relationship between technological innovation and the different dimensions of a technology strategy. Clustering of technological innovations on the matrix can help to discover patterns of technology acquisition and deployment strategies for technological innovation.
Manipulatory learning in ants.

Initially, the aim of my work was to study hereditary building reactions of ants and effects of great individual variability of these animals' behavior on the social performance of the function of building nests. In the course of the studies, which required observation of particular individuals, it turned out, however, that the differences in the ants' behavior did not resolve themselves only into those between individuals, which more than once have been noted by many investigatms. It was also the behavior of various individuals during the performance of a given building function that was subject to changes in the course of time. The last-named phenomenon was new enaugh to become quite naturally the central subject of my further studies. Thus, the variability in the behavior of worker ants as they performed their building functions, its sources and character have ultimately become the aim of my work.
A Birth‐Death Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method to Estimate the Number of States in a State‐Contingent Production Frontier Model

In this article we estimate a state-contingent production frontier for a group of farms while endogenously estimating the number of states of nature induced by unobserved environmental variables. This estimation is conducted by using a birth-death Markov chain Monte Carlo method. State-contingent output is estimated conditioned on an observed input vector and an a priori unknown number of unobserved states, each of which is modeled as a component of a mixture of Gaussian distributions. In a panel data application, state-independent dummy variables are used to control for time effects. The model is applied to 44 rice farms in the Philippines operating between 1990 and 1997. The endogenous estimation procedure indicates a unimodal posterior probability distribution on the number of states, with a median of three states. The estimated posterior coefficient values and their economic implications are compared to those of previous research that had assumed a fixed number of states determined exogenously. Goodness-of-fit testing is performed for the first time for a state-contingent production model. The results indicate satisfactory fit and also provide insights regarding the degree of estimation error reduction achieved by utilizing a distribution for the number of states instead of a point estimate. All of our models show significant improvement in terms of mean squared error of in-sample predictions against previous work. This application also demonstrates that using a state-independent dummy time trend instead of a state-contingent linear time trend leads to slightly smaller differences in state mean output levels, although input elasticities remain state-contingent.
Firm Behaviour and Market Access in a Free Trade Area with Rules of Origin

We study a Free Trade Area with Rules of Origin and show that there are two distinct regimes. Comparative statics results for the two regimes are exact opposites and a regime switch occurs when become restrictive enough. Consequently, imports into the of the intermediate good first fall and then rise while the opposite pattern occurs for imports of the final good and for the price of the domestic input. We also show that tighter have opposite effects on the well-being of final versus intermediate good producers and producers inside versus outside the FTA.
SHARED AND UNIQUE FEATURES OF DIVERSIFICATION IN GREATER ANTILLEAN ANOLIS ECOMORPHS

Abstract Examples of convergent evolution suggest that natural selection can often produce predictable evolutionary outcomes. However, unique histories among species can lead to divergent evolution regardless of their shared selective pressures—and some contend that such historical contingencies produce the dominant features of evolution. A classic example of convergent evolution is the set of Anolis lizard ecomorphs of the Greater Antilles. On each of four islands, anole species partition the structural habitat into at least four categories, exhibiting similar morphologies within each category. We assessed the relative importance of shared selection due to habitat similarity, unique island histories, and unique effects of similar habitats on different islands in the generation of morphological variation in anole ecomorphs. We found that shared features of diversification across habitats were of greatest importance, but island effects on morphology (reflecting either island effects per se or phylogenetic relationships) and unique aspects of habitat diversification on different islands were also important. There were three distinct cases of island-specific habitat diversification, and only one was confounded by phylogenetic relatedness. The other two unique aspects were not related to shared ancestry but might reflect as-yet-unmeasured environmental differences between islands in habitat characteristics. Quantifying the relative importance of shared and unique responses to similar selective regimes provides a more complete understanding of phenotypic diversification, even in this much-studied system.
Multiple Bids, Management Opposition, and the Market for Corporate Control

We use regression analysis to disentangle the wealth effect for acquired firm shareholders of management opposition and multiple bids (e.g., multiple bidders and bid revisions). Although multiple bidders and bid revisions occur more frequently for opposed acquisitions, opposition is not associated with incremental acquisition returns for acquisitions with multiple bidders. We also find that management opposition has no significant incremental effect on single bidder acquisitions unless the acquiring firm revises its initial bid. These findings indicate that rather than amplifying acquisition returns directly, management opposition instead serves as a negotiating tool to solicit additional bids. Copyright 2000 by MIT Press.
Moniliformin, a metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 6322: purification and toxicity

Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 6322 produced about 600 mg of recoverable moniliformin, a mycotoxic metabolite, per kg of corn grit medium. The moniliformin was extracted from the grits with methanol, purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography, and crystallized from ether. The 50% lethal dose for chicken embryos was 2.8 microgram per egg. For 1-day-old chicks dosed with moniliformin by crop intubation and for female and male mice injected intraperitoneally, the 50% lethal doses were 5.4, 20.9, and 29.1 mg per kg of body weight, respectively. The toxin did not cause a reaction on mouse skin.
Fostering College Students' Civic Commitment through Alternative Breaks

Higher education institutions in the United States sponsor alternative breaks to give students an opportunity to assist underserved communities during spring and fall/winter breaks. As students address social issues during alternative breaks, many are likely to commit themselves to long-term involvement in community service. This article is based on research conducted at a public, comprehensive university in Western North Carolina. Case study methods were used to explore the learning/development outcomes of the university’s alternative break program and the influence of alternative break experiences on students’ continued involvement in civic activities. The research revealed that, despite the limitations of short-term service projects, students who participated in alternative breaks became sensitive to social issues and seemed committed to community causes. Three specific recommendations are offered. Among them, reflection is highlighted as a process designed to help students derive meaning from their experiences and develop positive attitudes to civic engagement.