Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence That the Impact of Childhood Trauma on IQ Is Substantial in Controls, Moderate in Siblings, and Absent in Patients With Psychotic Disorder

Research suggests that childhood trauma is associated with cognitive alterations, but it is not known whether the cognitive alterations observed in patients with psychotic disorder, and their relatives, is trauma-related. Patients with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis (n = 1119), siblings of patients (n = 1059) and healthy comparison subjects (HCS; n = 586) were interviewed 3 times over a period of 6 years. Repeated measures of IQ were analyzed as a function of childhood trauma and group, controlling for confounders. There were significant differences in the impact of childhood trauma on IQ across the 3 groups. Exposure in HCS was associated with a nearly 5-point reduction in IQ (-4.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -7.98 to -1.73, P = .002), a lesser reduction in siblings (-2.58; 95% CI: -4.69 to -0.46, P = .017) and no significant reduction in patients (-0.84; 95% CI: -2.78 to 1.10, P = .398). One-fourth of the sibling-control difference in IQ was reducible to childhood trauma, whereas for patients this was only 5%. Over the 6-year follow-up, those with trauma exposure showed significantly less learning effects with repeated cognitive assessments (b = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.80‒1.92, P < .001) than the nonexposed (b = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.92‒2.71, P < .001; P interaction = .001). Although childhood trauma impacts cognitive ability and learning in non-ill people at low and high genetic risk, its effect on the observed cognitive alterations in psychotic disorder may be minor. Twin and family studies on cognitive alterations in psychotic disorder need to take into account the differential impact of trauma on cognition across ill and non-ill, at risk groups.
Cellular Cohomology in Homotopy Type Theory

We present a development of cellular cohomology in homotopy type theory. Cohomology associates to each space a sequence of abelian groups capturing part of its structure, and has the advantage over homotopy groups in that these abelian groups of many common spaces are easier to compute. Cellular cohomology is a special kind of cohomology designed for cell complexes: these are built in stages by attaching spheres of progressively higher dimension, and cellular cohomology defines the groups out of the combinatorial description of how spheres are attached. Our main result is that for finite cell complexes, a wide class of cohomology theories (including the ones defined through Eilenberg-MacLane spaces) can be calculated via cellular cohomology. This result was formalized in the Agda proof assistant.
European consensus on the concepts and measurement of the pathophysiological neuromuscular responses to passive muscle stretch

To support clinical decision‐making in central neurological disorders, a physical examination is used to assess responses to passive muscle stretch. However, what exactly is being assessed is expressed and interpreted in different ways. A clear diagnostic framework is lacking. Therefore, the aim was to arrive at unambiguous terminology about the concepts and measurement around pathophysiological neuromuscular response to passive muscle stretch.
Effects of thermal-induced respiratory alkalosis on blood ionized calcium levels in the domestic hen.

An experiment was conducted to determine the change with time in the blood ionized calcium concentration of hens exposed to an acute heat stress. Five hens were surgically fitted with carotid artery cannulae and placed in cages inside a temperature-controlled chamber. Blood samples were drawn before (23 C), during (35 C), and after (23 C), a 3-hr heat-stress exposure. Whole blood ionized calcium, blood gas, plasma pyruvate, and lactate were determined. Respiratory alkalosis developed 1 hr after the start of heat exposure (35 C). Approximately 1 hr later, there was a concomitant decline in blood pH as plasma lactate and pyruvate concentration increased (P less than .05). In addition, the blood ionized calcium level was reduced (P less than .05) by 19% and was negatively correlated (P less than .05) with plasma pyruvate (-.77) and lactate (-.81). These results suggest that changes in acid-base balance during heat stress reduce the blood ionized calcium level, which may in turn limit the availability of calcium for egg shell formation.
AFSO: An Adaptative Frame Size Optimization Mechanism for 802.11 Networks

In this paper, we analyze the impact of different frame types on self-similarity and burstiness characteristics of the aggregated frame traffic from a real 802.11 wireless local area network. We find that characteristics of aggregated frame traffic are affected by both mean frame size and the proportion of specified frame types. Based on this new knowledge, an adaptative frame size optimization (AFSO) mechanism is proposed to improve the transmission efficiency by adaptively adjusting data frame size according to the proportions of different frame types. Simulation results show that our proposed mechanism can effectively regulate the burstiness of aggregated frame traffic and improve the successful delivery rate of data frames when a fixed throughput target is set for 802.11 wireless networks.
Patient Report Improves Posthospital Discharge Event Capture in Total Joint Replacement: A Novel Approach to Capturing All Posthospital Event Data

Introduction: Current approaches to quantifying total posthospital complications and readmissions following surgical procedures are limited because the United States does not have a single health care payer. Patients seek posthospital care in varied locations, yet hospitals can only quantify those returning to the same facility. Seeking information directly from patients about health care utilization following hospital discharge holds promise to provide data that is missing for surgeons and health care systems. Background: Because total joint replacement (TJR) is the most common and costly elective surgical hospitalization, we examined the concordance between patients’ self-report of potential short-term complications and their readmissions and our review of medical records in the initial hospital and surrounding facilities. Methods: Patients undergoing primary total hip or knee replacement from July 1, 2011, through December 3, 2012, at a large site participating in a national cohort of TJR patients were identified. Patients completed a six-month postoperative survey regarding emergency department (ED), day surgery (DS), or inpatient care for possible medical or mechanical post-TJR complications. We reviewed inpatient and outpatient medical records from all regional facilities and examined the sensitivity, specificity, and positive- and negative predictive values for patient self-report and medical records. Findings: There were 413 patients who had 431 surgeries and completed the six-month questionnaire. Patients reported 40 medical encounters (9 percent) including ED, DS or inpatient care, of which 20 percent occurred at hospitals different from the initial surgery. Review of medical records revealed 9 additional medical encounters that patients had not mentioned including five hospitalizations following surgery and four ED visits. Overall patient self-report of ED, DS, and inpatient care for possible complications was both sensitive (82 percent) and specific (100 percent). The positive predictive value was 100 percent and negative predictive value 98 percent. Discussion: Patient self-report of posthospital events was accurate. Substantial numbers of patients required care at outlying hospitals (not where the TJR occurred). Conclusion: Methods that directly engage patients can augment current posthospital utilization surveillance to assure complete data.
Divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in Coturnix coturnix japonica. 7. Influence of genetic changes in body weight and yolk precursor on egg production.

Japanese quail lines were started from a randombred control by selecting for high (HW) or low (LW) 4-week body weight and high (HP) or low (LP) total plasma phosphorus (P), a measure of yolk precursor. In the 9th generation, 2 sublines were initiated from Line HW based on high (HW-HP) or low (HW-LP) level of P in females while males were continually selected for HW. A subline (LP-HW) was started from Line LP in the 9th generation by selecting the males for HW while continuing to select the females for LP. All lines were maintained with 36 parental pairs. Realized heritability (h2) values for 4-week body weight were . 38 +/- . 02 in Line HW and . 32 +/- -. 02 in Line LW for 15 generations. Respective h2 were . 32 +/- . 01 and . 34 +/- . 01 for P in Lines HP and LP. Although P increased in Line LW, there was no change in Line HW. Body weight of Lines HP and LP declined slightly, but significantly. Egg production decreased significantly in Lines HW, LW, HP, HW-HP, and LP-HW, but did not change in Lines LP and HW-LP. Decrease in egg production of Line HW-HP was greater than that of Lines HW or HP. These results suggest that if both body weight and P are selected for simultaneously, then egg production will decrease more than if selection pressure is applied on either trait alone, even though the two traits do not appear to be genetically closely correlated.
On edge-colored saturation problems

Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a family of edge-colored graphs. A $t$-edge colored graph $G$ is $(\mathcal{C}, t)$-saturated if $G$ does not contain any graph in $\mathcal{C}$ but the addition of any edge in any color in $[t]$ creates a copy of some graph in $\mathcal{C}$. Similarly to classical saturation functions, define $\mathrm{sat}_t(n, \mathcal{C})$ to be the minimum number of edges in a $(\mathcal{C},t)$ saturated graph. Let $\mathcal{C}_r(H)$ be the family consisting of every edge-colored copy of $H$ which uses exactly $r$ colors. In this paper we consider a variety of colored saturation problems. We determine the order of magnitude for $\mathrm{sat}_t(n, \mathcal{C}_r(K_k))$ for all $r$, showing a sharp change in behavior when $r\geq \binom{k-1}{2}+2$. A particular case of this theorem proves a conjecture of Barrus, Ferrara, Vandenbussche, and Wenger. We determine $\mathrm{sat}_t(n, \mathcal{C}_2(K_3))$ exactly and determine the extremal graphs. Additionally, we document some interesting irregularities in the colored saturation function.
Transplantation of hypoxic preconditioned neural stem cells benefits functional recovery via enhancing neurotrophic secretion after spinal cord injury in rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating, costly, and common pathological condition that affects the function of central nervous system (CNS). To date, there are few promising therapeutic strategies available for SCI. To look for a suitable therapeutic strategy, we have developed a sublethal hypoxic preconditioning procedure using Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, LDH releasing, and cell viability assays in vitro. Meanwhile, we have examined the benefits of neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation prior to hypoxic preconditioning on functional recovery and potential mechanism via MRI screening, H&E, and Nissl staining, immunofluorescence staining and Elisa assays. Our data showed that transplantation of hypoxic prconditioned NSCs could enhance neuronal survival, especially 5‐TH+ and ChAT+ neurons, in the injured spinal cord to reinforce functional benefits. The hypoxia exposure upregulated HIF‐1α, neurotrophic and growth factors including neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, functional recovery, including locomotor and hypersensitivities to mechanical and thermal stimulation assessed via behavioral and sensory tests, improved significantly in rats with engraftment of NSCs after hypoxia exposure from day 14 post‐SCI, compared with the control and N‐NSCs groups. In short, the approach employed in this study could result in functional recovery via upregulating neurotrophic and growth factors, which implies that hypoxic preconditioning strategy could serve as an effective and feasible strategy for cell‐based therapy in the treatment of SCI in rats.
Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion‐weighted MRI during chemoradiation therapy to characterize and monitor treatment response in human papillomavirus head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Characterize and monitor treatment response in human papillomavirus (HPV) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) using intra‐treatment (intra‐TX) imaging metrics derived from intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI).
A Progressive Batching L-BFGS Method for Machine Learning

The standard L-BFGS method relies on gradient approximations that are not dominated by noise, so that search directions are descent directions, the line search is reliable, and quasi-Newton updating yields useful quadratic models of the objective function. All of this appears to call for a full batch approach, but since small batch sizes give rise to faster algorithms with better generalization properties, L-BFGS is currently not considered an algorithm of choice for large-scale machine learning applications. One need not, however, choose between the two extremes represented by the full batch or highly stochastic regimes, and may instead follow a progressive batching approach in which the sample size increases during the course of the optimization. In this paper, we present a new version of the L-BFGS algorithm that combines three basic components - progressive batching, a stochastic line search, and stable quasi-Newton updating - and that performs well on training logistic regression and deep neural networks. We provide supporting convergence theory for the method.
Variations in internal structure, composition and protein distribution between intra‐ and extra‐articular knee ligaments and tendons

Tendons and ligaments play key roles in the musculoskeletal system in both man and animals. Both tissues can undergo traumatic injury, age‐related degeneration and chronic disease, causing discomfort, pain and increased susceptibility to wider degenerative joint disease. To date, tendon and ligament ultrastructural biology is relatively under‐studied in healthy, non‐diseased tissues. This information is essential to understand the pathology of these tissues with regard to function‐related injury and to assist with the future development of tissue‐engineered tendon and ligament structures. This study investigated the morphological, compositional and extracellular matrix protein distribution differences between tendons and ligaments around the non‐diseased canine stifle joint. The morphological, structural characteristics of different regions of the periarticular tendons and ligaments (the intra‐articular anterior cruciate ligament, the extra‐articular medial collateral ligament, the positional long digital extensor tendon and energy‐storing superficial digital flexor tendons) were identified using a novel semi‐objective histological scoring analysis and by determining their biochemical composition. Protein distribution of extracellular matrix collagens, proteoglycans and elastic fibre proteins in anterior cruciate ligament and long digital extensor tendon were also determined using immunostaining techniques. The anterior cruciate ligament was found to have significant morphological differences in comparison with the other three tissues, including less compact collagen architecture, differences in cell nuclei phenotype and increased glycosaminoglycan and elastin content. Intra‐ and interobserver differences of histology scoring resulted in an average score 0.7, indicative of good agreement between observers. Statistically significant differences were also found in the extracellular matrix composition in terms of glycosaminoglycan and elastin content, being more prominent in the anterior cruciate ligament than in the other three tissues. A different distribution of several extracellular matrix proteins was also found between long digital extensor tendon and anterior cruciate ligament, with a significantly increased immunostaining of aggrecan and versican in the anterior cruciate ligament. These findings directly relate to the different functions of tendon and ligament and indicate that the intra‐articular anterior cruciate ligament is subjected to more compressive forces, reflecting an adaptive response to normal or increased loads and resulting in different extracellular matrix composition and arrangement to protect the tissue from damage.
Hygroscopic properties of pollutants on HV insulators

The mechanisms of moisture absorption by an insulator surface contaminated with different salts is described. A list of some salts depending on their hygroscopicity is given. Measurements of surface conductivity and leakage current on flat insulator models at different relative humidities and with different types of salt were carried out. At natural atmospheric conditions, the flashover voltage of cap and pin insulators subjected to 250/2500 mu s switching impulses was evaluated. It is shown that the intensity of moisture absorption on insulator surfaces depends upon the chemical constitution of the pollution. The effect of intense and continuous moisture absorption can cause long-lasting surface discharges at operating voltage or can be a reason for flashovers a short time after the voltage has been switched on to a line. >
Determination of uric acid in avian excreta by the use of uricase and differential spectrophotometry.

Abstract STUDIES on protein metabolism are often handicapped in the avian species because urine and feces are voided together. Since approximately 80% of the urinary nitrogen of the chick is present as uric acid (O’Dell et al., 1960), a simple, reliable method for the determination of this end product of protein metabolism in the chick would be desirable. Colorimetric methods for the determination of uric acid in urine and blood have largely been replaced by combining enzymatic with spectrophotometric methods (Kalckar, 1947); however, this combination has not been used for uric acid determinations in poultry excreta. Bose and Ghosh (1945) determined the uric acid content of poultry excreta by utilizing the difference in iodine titer before and after treatment with uricase. Buys and Potgieter (1959) used a spectrophotometric method but ruled out the use of uricase because of a reported inhibition (up to 95%) of the enzyme by xanthine (van Pilsum, .
Early-onset periodontitis: progression of attachment loss during 6 years.

We studied the pattern of progression of early-onset periodontitis and the change in the extent and severity of the periodontal condition in adolescents who were followed for 6 years. In a national survey of the oral health of U.S. children, 14,013 adolescents were examined clinically in 1986/1987 to assess the periodontal attachment loss of teeth. Individuals with early-onset periodontitis within this population were identified and classified into localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP), generalized juvenile periodontitis (GJP), and incidental attachment loss (IAL) groups. Ninety-one subjects, 13 to 20 years old at baseline, were examined 6 years later. They included 51 males and 40 females; and 72 Blacks, 6 Hispanics, and 13 Whites. They were clinically re-examined and then reclassified according to their periodontal status at follow-up. The severity and extent of these diseases continued to increase during the study period. In teeth that were affected at baseline, the lesions had progressed to include deeper portions of the periodontium, and more of the teeth unaffected at baseline exhibited periodontal attachment loss at follow-up, thus changing the disease characteristics and the basis for the clinical classification. Of the individuals classified with LJP at baseline, 62% continued to have LJP 6 years later and 35% developed GJP. Of those classified with GJP initially, all but two (82%) continued to have GJP at follow-up. Among the IAL group, 28% of subjects developed LJP or GJP, and 30% were reclassified in the no attachment loss group. Molars and incisors were the teeth most often affected in all three groups. The mean change in attachment loss over 6 years in the LJP, GJP, and IAL groups was 0.45, 1.12, and 0.13 mm, respectively. The present findings demonstrate the limitations of the currently used morphological criteria in the classification of early-onset periodontitis. The findings also suggest that the difference between LJP and GJP is in the number and type of teeth involved, and that the two classifications progress similarly, with some cases of LJP developing into GJP.
Association Between Childhood-Onset Epilepsy and Amyloid Burden 5 Decades Later

Importance The effect of childhood epilepsy on later-life cognitive and brain health is an unclear and little-explored issue. Objective To determine whether adults with a history of childhood-onset epilepsy exhibit increased brain amyloid accumulation, possibly predisposing to accelerated cognitive impairment or even frank cognitive disorders in later life. Design, Setting, and Participants Forty-one adults from a population-based cohort of individuals with childhood-onset epilepsy in southwestern Finland, together with 46 matched population-based controls, underwent amyloid ligand carbon 11–labeled Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography after long-term prospective follow-up. The PiB uptake was quantified as a region to cerebellar cortex ratio. Tracer uptake was evaluated visually and analyzed voxel by voxel over the entire brain to investigate the spatial distribution of amyloid deposition. The study was conducted from May 2011 to October 2013; data analysis was performed from January 2014 to October 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Brain amyloid accumulation. Results The 41 individuals with epilepsy were originally enrolled in the Turku Adult Childhood Onset Epilepsy study at the mean (SD) age of 5.1 (4.5) years (range, 0-14 years). After a mean 52.5 (4.0) years of follow-up, the participants were evaluated (26 [63%] were women; the mean [SD] age was 56.0 [4.3] years). Nine individuals with childhood-onset epilepsy (22%) and 3 control participants (7%) had a visually abnormal PiB scan showing high cortical uptake in at least 1 of the evaluated brain regions (P = .04). In semiquantitative analyses, there was a significant interaction effect indicating higher prefrontal cortex uptake in apolipoprotein E (APOE) &egr;4 allele carriers than in noncarriers in participants (mean [SD], 1.66 [0.41] vs 1.43 [0.15]) compared with controls (1.40 [0.26) vs 1.41 [0.12]) (group × APOE interaction, F = 6.8; P = .01). In addition, there was a significant group effect showing higher tracer uptake in participants compared with controls (group effect, F = 8.0; P = .006). Conclusions and Relevance Adults with childhood-onset epilepsy, particularly APOE &egr;4 carriers, have an increased brain amyloid load at late middle age. Thus, epilepsy is linked with a biomarker that might be related to accelerated brain aging and can be considered a neurobiological predisposition to later-life cognitive disorders.