Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mutational Analysis of the p53 and K‐ras Genes and Allelotype Study of the Rb‐1 Gene for Investigating the Pathogenesis of Combined Hepatocellular‐Cholangiocellular Carcinomas

Because combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocellular carcinoma is rare and its biological features and pathogenesis have not been well established, we investigated alterations of the p53, K‐ras and Rb‐1 genes, as well as expression patterns of carcinoembryonic antigen and keratin, in seven combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoinas out of 557 hepatocellular carcinomas autopsied at Tokyo University during 30 years. Mutations of the p53 gene were found in two cases, at codon 244 (GGC to TGC) in the cholangiocellular carcinoma component of case 1 (mixed type, showing an intimate intermingling of both elements) and at codon 234 (TAC to AAC) in both components of case 5 (combined type, consisting of contiguous but independent masses of both elements). Mutation of the K‐ras gene (codon 12, GGT to GAT) was seen only in the cholangiocellular carcinoma component of clinically apparent double cancer, case 6. Allelic alteration of the Rb‐1 gene was observed in two cases, deletion of both alleles in the hepatocellular carcinoma component of case 3 (combined type) and replication error of the same pattern in both components of case 4 (mixed type). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the hepatocellular carcinoma components of five cases (cases 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) were immunoreactive for keratin, suggesting biliary epithelial transformation. In four of the five cases (cases 3 and 5 combined, case 7 mixed and case 6 double cancer), cholangiocellular carcinoma components were also positive for keratin. These results suggest that both components of combined hepatocellular‐cholangio‐carcinoma have the same genetic and phenotypic character and might have arisen from the same origin in some cases.
INDIAN PARADOX: RISING EDUCATION, DECLINING WOMENS' EMPLOYMENT.

Background Theories of human capital would suggest that with more education, women acquire greater skills and their earnings increase, resulting in higher labor force participation. However, it has been long known that in India, women's education has a U-shaped relationship with labor force participation. Part of the decline at moderate levels of education may be due to an income effect whereby women with more education marry into richer families that enable them to withdraw from the labor force. Objective The paper uses the first comprehensive Indian income data to evaluate whether the other family income effect explains the negative relationship between moderate women's education and their labor force participation. Methods Using two waves of the India Human Development Survey, a comprehensive measure of labor force participation is regressed on educational levels for currently married women, 25-59. Results We find a strong other family income effect that explains some but not all of the U-shape education relationship. Further analyses suggest the importance of a lack of suitable employment opportunities for moderately educated women. Conclusion Other factors need to be identified to explain the paradoxical U-shape relationship. We suggest the importance of occupational sex segregation, which excludes moderately educated Indian women from clerical and sales jobs. Contribution This paper provides a more definitive test of the other family income effect and identifies new directions for future research that might explain the paradoxical U-curve relationship.
Emergence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease During Treatment with Secukinumab.

Secukinumab is an anti-IL 17A monoclonal antibody currently licensed for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. However, although inflammatory bowel disease is a disorder with related immune characteristics, secukinumab has not proved to be effective in these diseases. In fact, negative results in a clinical trial designed to assess its efficacy in patients with Crohn disease have been published. On the other hand, the drug fact sheet states that secukinumab should be used with caution in patients with inflammatoy bowel disease. Although the drug has shown to worsen these pathologies, there are no published data of cases in which the patient is first diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease during secukinumab treatment. We present two cases of emergence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with plaque psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis treated with secukinumab.
Testing Algorithmic Skills in Traditional and Non-Traditional Programming Environments

The Testing Algorithmic and Application Skills (TAaAS) project was launched in the 2011/2012 academic year to test first year students of Informatics, focusing on their algorith - mic skills in traditional and non-traditional programming environments, and on the transference of their knowledge of Informatics from secondary to tertiary education. The results of the tests clearly show that students start their studies in Informatics with underdeveloped algorithmic skills, only a very few of them reaching the level of extended abstract. To find reasons for these figures we have analyzed the students' problem solving approaches. It was found that the students, al- most exclusively, only consider traditional programming environments appropriate for developing computational thinking, algorithmic skills. Furthermore, they do not apply concept and algorith- mic based methods in non-traditional computer related activities, and as such, mainly carry out in- effective surface approach methods, as practiced in primary and secondary education. This would explain the gap between the expectations of tertiary education, the students' results in the school leaving exams, and their overestimation of their knowledge, all of which lead to the extremely high attrition rates in Informatics.
Epilepsy in rural Ugandan children: seizure pattern, age of onset and associated findings.

INTRODUCTION Much information on childhood epilepsy in sub Saharan Africa is hospital based. A survey was considered necessary before integrating epilepsy management into a Ugandan community programme. METHOD Using an 'outreach' method, children with recurrent seizures were offered assessment at 19 sites in Rukungiri District. A brief history and neurological and developmental assessment was carried out on each child. A clinical diagnosis of epilepsy, including seizure type, was given to 440 of 618 children <18 years with 178 exclusions. RESULTS The age-specific prevalence of epilepsy in children < 15 years was 2.04‰ (95% CI 1.94‰ to 2.24 ‰) based on 395 cases in an <15 years population of 193,126. Percentage distribution by seizure type was:-generalised tonic-clonic (53%), complex partial seizures CPS (27%), simple partial and miscellaneous seizures (6% each), with some diagnostic overlap between seizure types. Cerebral palsy, evident or evolving, was most strongly associated with CPS. A positive perinatal or infantile history was noted in 12 and 6% respectively, and 50.2% of seizures began in infancy. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of epilepsy is similar in Gambian children. The high contribution from early-onset CPS, resembles Kenyan reports of malaria-associated CPS, suggesting a causal association with malaria.
Multigrid-Based Inversion for Volumetric Radar Imaging With Asteroid Interior Reconstruction as a Potential Application

This study concentrates on advancing mathematical and computational methodology for radar tomography imaging in which the unknown volumetric velocity distribution of a wave within a bounded domain is to be reconstructed. Our goal is to enable effective simulation and inversion of a large amount of full-wave data within a realistic 2-D or 3-D geometry. For propagating and inverting the wave, we present a rigorous multigrid-based forward approach that utilizes the finite-difference time-domain method and a nested finite element grid structure. We also introduce and validate a multigrid-based inversion algorithm that allows regularization of the unknown distribution through a coarse-to-fine inversion scheme. Using this approach, sparse signals can be effectively inverted, as the coarse fluctuations are reconstructed before the finer ones. Furthermore, the number of nonzero entries in the system matrix can be compressed and, thus, the inversion procedure can be speeded up. As the test scenario, we investigate satellite-based asteroid interior reconstruction. We use both full-wave and projected wave data and estimate the accuracy of the inversion under different error sources: noise and positioning inaccuracies. The results suggest that the present inversion technique allows recovering the interior with a single satellite recording backscattering data. Robust results can be achieved, when the peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio is above 10 dB. Furthermore, the robustness for the deep interior part can be enhanced if two satellites can be utilized in the measurements.
Tumor‐promoting Phorbol Ester Induces Alterations of Sialidase and Sialyltransferase Activities of JB6 Cells

Sialidase and sialyltransferase activities were studied in JB6 mouse epidermal cells before and after exposure to phorbol ester, 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), which irreversibly induces anchorage‐independent growth and tumorigenicity. JB6 cells exhibited sialidase activities toward 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐α‐d‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid (4MU‐NeuAc) and gangliosides at pH 4.5 in the particulate fraction but apparently not in the cytosol at pH 4.5 or 6.0. In JB6 cells exposed to TPA and in the anchorage‐independent transformants, the sialidase activity toward 4MU‐NeuAc was decreased and the activity toward gangliosides was increased compared with those in untreated JB6 cells. Immunological analysis with antisera against membrane‐associated sialidases I and II revealed that plasma membrane‐associated sialidase I was increased and lysosomal membrane‐associated sialidase II was decreased under these conditions. TPA treatment also affected the sialyltransferase activities of JB6 cells: an elevation of the transfer activities toward asialo‐orosomucoid and asialo‐porcine submaxillary mucin but a reduction of GM3 and GD3 synthase activities were observed on exposure to TPA and in cells transformed by TPA to retain anchorage‐independency. These results suggest that an increase in sialic acid bound to glycoproteins and a decrease in that bound to glycolipids may occur in JB6 cells exposed to TPA and in the anchorage‐independent transformants.
An Efficient Ranked Multi-Keyword Search for Multiple Data Owners Over Encrypted Cloud Data

With the development of cloud storage, more data owners are inclined to outsource their data to cloud services. For privacy concerns, sensitive data should be encrypted before outsourcing. There are various searchable encryption schemes to ensure data availability. However, the existing search schemes pay little attention to the efficiency of data users’ queries, especially for the multi-owner scenario. In this paper, we proposed a tree-based ranked multi-keyword search scheme for multiple data owners. Specifically, by considering a large amount of data in the cloud, we utilize the TF <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> IDF model to develop a multi-keyword search and return the top-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ranked search results. To enable the cloud servers to perform a secure search without knowing any sensitive data (e.g., keywords and trapdoors), we construct a novel privacy-preserving search protocol based on the bilinear mapping. To achieve an efficient search, for each data owner, a tree-based index encrypted with an additive order and privacy-preserving function family is constructed. The cloud server can then merge these indexes effectively, using the depth-first search algorithm to find the corresponding files. Finally, the rigorous security analysis proves that our scheme is secure, and the performance analysis demonstrates its efficacy and efficiency.
Blunted dynamics of adenosine A2A receptors is associated with increased susceptibility to Candida albicans infection in the elderly

Opportunistic gut infections and chronic inflammation, in particular due to overgrowth of Candida albicans present in the gut microbiota, are increasingly reported in the elder population. In aged, adult and young mice, we now compared the relative intestinal over-colonization by ingested C. albicans and their translocation to other organs, focusing on the role of adenosine A2A receptors that are a main stop signal of inflammation. We report that elderly mice are more prone to over-colonization by C. albicans than adult and young mice. This fungal over-growth seems to be related with higher growth rate in intestinal lumen, independent of gut tissues invasion, but resulting in higher GI tract inflammation. We observed a particularly high colonization of the stomach, with increased rate of yeast-to-hypha transition in aged mice. We found a correlation between A2A receptor density and tissue damage due to yeast infection: comparing with young and adults, aged mice have a lower gut A2A receptor density and C. albicans infection failed to increase it. In conclusion, this study shows that aged mice have a lower ability to cope with inflammation due to C. albicans over-colonization, associated with an inability to adaptively adjust adenosine A2A receptors density.
Cardiac Vagal Control and Depressive Symptoms: The Moderating Role of Sleep Quality

Lower cardiac vagal control (CVC) has been linked to greater depression. However, this link has not been consistently demonstrated, suggesting the presence of key moderators. Sleep plausibly is one such factor. Therefore, we investigated whether sleep quality moderates the link between CVC (quantified by high-frequency heart rate variability, HF-HRV) and depressive symptoms (assessed using established questionnaires) in 29 healthy women. Results revealed a significant interaction between HF-HRV and sleep quality in predicting depressive symptoms: participants with lower HF-HRV reported elevated depressive symptoms only when sleep quality was also low. In contrast, HF-HRV was not associated with depressive symptoms when sleep quality was high, suggesting a protective function of high sleep quality in the context of lower CVC.
PTEN/MMAC1 Mutation and Frequent Loss of Heterozygosity Identified in Chromosome 10q in a Subset of Hepatocellular Carcinomas

Frequent allelic losses on chromosome 10q have been reported in several types of cancers, suggesting the presence of a putative tumor suppressor gene(s) on the chromosomal arm. We examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 10q in 37 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) using eleven dinucleotide microsatellite markers, spanning the entire chromosome arm of 10q. Twelve (32%) out of 37 informative cases showed allelic losses of at least one locus on 10q and eight tumors showed a partial deletion of 10q. Analysis of deletion mapping of these eight cases identified two commonly deleted regions within the distal part of 10q (10q24‐q26), a 20‐cM interval flanked by D10S597 and D10S216 and a 24‐cM interval flanked by D10S216 and D10S590. Moreover, we detected a somatic missense mutation (Met→Val) of a candidate tumor suppressor gene PTEN/MMAC1, located at 10q23.3, in one HCC with LOH of 10q. Our findings indicated the presence of putative tumor suppressor gene(s) in the distal region of 10q that might be involved in the development and progression of HCC. Inactivation of PTEN/MMAC1 gene located outside the commonly deleted region of 10q might also play an important role in a subset of HCCs.
Asking 'Why' in AI: Explainability of intelligent systems - perspectives and challenges

Recent rapid progress in machine learning (ML), particularly soâ€ called â€˜deep learningâ€™, has led to a resurgence in interest in explainability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, reviving an area of research dating back to the 1970s. The aim of this article is to view current issues concerning MLâ€ based AI systems from the perspective of classical AI, showing that the fundamental problems are far from new, and arguing that elements of that earlier work offer routes to making progress towards explainable AI today.
The influence of emotional picture thematic content on exploratory eye movements

In picture viewing, emotional vs. neutral stimuli could play a different role in eye movement parameters and in the spatial progression of the scanpath. The aim of this paper is to investigate exploratory behaviour of normal subjects during the vision of emotional vs. non-emotional stimuli, by considering to what extent the thematic content (animate vs. inanimate) is likely to influence the observer’s eye movements. Sixty-five subjects’ eye movement patterns were measured while looking to emotional (pleasant and unpleasant) and neutral pictures depicting animate or inanimate contents. Results showed that the number of fixations and the gaze duration were greater for emotional pictures than for neutral ones, and animate pictures were fixated longer than inanimate ones. Both emotional and animate pictures may affect eye movements and constitute privileged stimuli of adaptive behavioural tendencies.
Site‐dependent Development of Complete and Incomplete Intestinal Metaplasia Types in the Human Stomach

The topographical distribution of complete and incomplete types of intestinal metaplasia in human stomach samples was investigated in order to elucidate their mutual histogenetic relationship and significance in carcinogenesis. Subgross stereomicroscopic examination of alcian blue and hematoxylin‐stained gastric mucosae allowed clear distinction of complete and incomplete intestinal metaplasia types as white (with or without purple hue) and purple foci, respectively, against the background magenta areas of non‐intestinalized mucosa. Intestinal metaplasias which developed in the fundic area were predominantly of the complete type whereas those of the antrum were a mixture of both with a distinct predilection for expression of the incomplete type. Although there was some variation among foci regarding the hue of white or purple, the color feature was principally homogeneous within each individual intestinal metaplasia focus. Thus phenotypic analysis indicated intestinal metaplasia expression to be clearly influenced by intragastric topography. The study did not provide any evidence that a shift from incomplete to complete type intestinal metaplasia may occur with time or that the incomplete type may be more intimately associated with development of well‐differentiated carcinomas.
A regional perspective on the economic determinants of urban transition in 19th-century France

Background: Past analyses lead to contradictory results as to whether migration, demographic transition, or economic development is the main driver of urban transition. Results depend heavily on the analytical strategy. Objective: This paper’s aim is to identify different profiles of economic activity and their effect on urban transition over the 19th century in France to test three hypotheses: economic development acts on urban transition through migration; political and economic shocks better explain variations in the migration component of urbanisation than its natural components; the diffusion of the urban growth model of large cities explains urban transition in peripheral areas. Methods: The paper uses census data from 80 French counties – excluding Paris, Corsica, and counties disputed by Germany and Italy – for 1856 to 1891. Each component of urbanisation at county level is regressed on employment structure, controlling for neighbouring urbanisation and for distance to Paris and nearest large city. Results: Results confirm conclusions for Sweden and Belgium demonstrating that migration drove 19th-century urban transition. The migration component of urban transition is far more sensitive to employment structure and to political and economic instability than the natural components. The diffusion effect is marginal. Conclusions: Results concur with the hypothesis that the redistribution of economic production through migration, and not the demographic transition, drove the urban transition. Contribution: The relationship between economic development and urban transition is assessed through the interaction of employment profile and period. Similar methodology could be used to analyse urban transition in contemporary low- and middle-income countries.
A gradient-based method for quantitative photoacoustic tomography using the radiative transfer equation

Quantitative photoacoustic tomography (QPAT) offers the possibility of high-resolution molecular imaging by quantifying molecular concentrations in biological tissue. QPAT comprises two inverse problems: (1) the construction of a photoacoustic image from surface measurements of photoacoustic wave pulses over time, and (2) the determination of the optical properties of the imaged region. The first is a well-studied area for which a number of solution methods are available, while the second is, in general, a nonlinear, ill-posed inverse problem. Model-based inversion techniques to solve (2) are usually based on the diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) and typically assume the acoustic inversion step has been solved exactly. Here, neither simplification is made: the full RTE is used to model the light propagation, and the acoustic propagation and image reconstruction are included in the simulations of measured data. Since Hessian- and Jacobian-based minimizations are computationally expensive for the large data sets typically encountered in QPAT, gradient-based minimization schemes provide a practical alternative. The acoustic pressure time series were simulated using a k-space, pseudo-spectral time domain model, and a time-reversal reconstruction algorithm was used to form a set of photoacoustic images corresponding to four illumination positions. A regularized, adjoint-assisted gradient inversion using a finite element model of the RTE was then used to determine the optical absorption and scattering coefficients.
Characterisation of the Fusarium graminearum-Wheat Floral Interaction

Fusarium Ear Blight is a destructive fungal disease of cereals including wheat and can contaminate the crop with various trichothecene mycotoxins. This investigation has produced a new β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter strain that facilitates the quick and easy assessment of plant infection. The constitutively expressed gpdA:GUS strain of Fusarium graminearum was used to quantify the overall colonisation pattern. Histochemical and biochemical approaches confirmed, in susceptible wheat ear infections, the presence of a substantial phase of symptomless fungal growth. Separate analyses demonstrated that there was a reduction in the quantity of physiologically active hyphae as the wheat ear infection proceeded. A simplified linear system of rachis infection was then utilised to evaluate the expression of several TRI genes by RT-qPCR. Fungal gene expression at the advancing front of symptomless infection was compared with the origin of infection in the rachis. This revealed that TRI gene expression was maximal at the advancing front and supports the hypothesis that the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol plays a role in inhibiting plant defences in advance of the invading intercellular hyphae. This study has also demonstrated that there are transcriptional differences between the various phases of fungal infection and that these differences are maintained as the infection proceeds.