Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bitter Sweet Morality: An Investigation of the Role of Ethical Orientation on Workplace Necessary Evils

In almost all types of work it is sometimes necessary to do harm as a means of doing good; as such, necessary evils are a wide spread phenomenon in work life. The present research furthers our understanding of necessary evils through exploring how one‘s ethical orientation (measured in terms of idealism and relativism) affects one‘s experience of performing such tasks. Molinsky and Margolis (2005) theorized that nine dimensions of necessary evil affect a person‘s judgments, beliefs, and attitudes about the task they are required to perform, the self, and the impact of the necessary evil. When performing a necessary evil, individuals evaluate its dimensions -this evaluation involves assessing the alternative actions one might take to carry out the necessary evil, and the possible consequences of each alternative course of action. Workers are thus faced with an ethical judgment as they realize that if the necessary evil is to be carried out, someone will be harmed. Two studies were conducted to develop a better understanding of workers‘ experience of necessary evils in general, and to explore whether people‘s idealistic and relativistic values are related to how they experience performing necessary evils. In an effort to gain rich and contextualized information about peoples‘ experiences, 30 individuals with experience
The Relationship between Savings and Growth in South Africa: An Empirical Study

This paper uses the Johansen VECM estimation technique to examine the directions of association between savings and growth in South Africa over the period 19461992. We examine the aggregate private saving rate and its interaction with investment and growth. The paper finds that the private saving rate has a direct as well as an indirect effect on growth. The indirect effect is through the private investment rate. In turn, we find that growth has a positive effect on the private saving rate. The extent of this effect is determined by liquidity constraints. Thus we have a virtuous cycle as growth enhances saving, which in turn further enhances growth. Thanks are due to Professor Johannes Fedderke (University of the Witwatersrand) for his time and contributions in supervising this paper. Thanks are also due to Dr Martin Wittenberg (University of the Witwatersrand) and Professor Christophe Muller (University of Nottingham) for their valuable comments.
Multimedia and Cooperative learning in signal Processing techniques in communications

The letter describes how multimedia technology and cooperative learning were used to teach an online course, Signal Processing techniques in Communication Systems (SP/CS). Students study online presentations enhanced by multimedia animations and perception quizzes, discuss problems using an asynchronous conferencing system, and complete cooperative laboratory simulations based on MATLAB. A locally designed course management system provides access to the online features of the course. A survey that assesses the benefits of multimedia and cooperative support materials is also included.
Influence of patient race and ethnicity on clinical assessment in patients with affective disorders.

CONTEXT Rates of clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia in African American individuals appear to be elevated compared with other ethnic groups in the United States, contradicting population rates derived from epidemiologic surveys. OBJECTIVE To determine whether African American individuals would continue to exhibit significantly higher rates of clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia, even after controlling for age, sex, income, site, and education, as well as the presence or absence of serious affective disorder, as determined by experts blinded to race and ethnicity. A secondary objective was to determine if a similar pattern occurred in Latino subjects. DESIGN Ethnicity-blinded and -unblinded diagnostic assessments were obtained in 241 African American individuals (mean [SD] age, 34.3 [8.1] years; 57% women), 220 non-Latino white individuals (mean [SD] age, 32.7 [8.5] years; 53% women), and 149 Latino individuals (mean [SD] age, 33.5 [8.0] years; 58% women) at 6 US sites. Logistic regression models were used to determine whether elevated rates of schizophrenia in African American individuals would persist after controlling for various confounding variables including blinded expert consensus diagnoses of serious affective illness. SETTINGS Six academic medical centers across the United States. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred ten psychiatric inpatients and outpatients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Relative odds of unblinded clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia in African American compared with white individuals. RESULTS A significant ethnicity/race effect (χ(2)(2)=10.4, P=. 01) was obtained when schizophrenia was narrowly defined, controlling for all other predictors. The odds ratio comparing African American with non-Latino white individuals was significant (odds ratio=2.7; 95% CI, 1.5-5.1). Similar differences between African American and white individuals occurred when schizophrenia was more broadly defined (odds ratio=2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.5). African American individuals did not differ significantly from white individuals in overall severity of manic and depressive symptoms but did evidence more severe psychosis. CONCLUSIONS African American individuals exhibited significantly higher rates of clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia than non-Latino white subjects, even after controlling for covariates such as serious affective disorder.
The Evolution of U.S. Corporate Governance

This paper describes and explains changes in corporate governance in the United States since 1980. The 1980s was a period of unprecedented takeover activity. This activity was distinguished by the prevalence of LBOs and raiders. The paper first considers why LBOs and raiders were prominent in the 1980s and, also, what drove takeover activity in the 1980s. The paper then describes U.S. corporate governance today, and argues why LBOs and raiders have not reappeared despite the recent resurgence of takeovers. A large part of the explanation is that today’s shareholders, boards, and managers have applied the insights and strengths of 1980s LBOs. In that sense, we are all Henry Kravis now. * Leon Carroll Marshall Professor of Finance, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago and National Bureau of Economic Research. This article is an expanded and revised version of a paper published in the Journal of Private Equity. The paper was originally prepared for the Conference on the Power and Influence of Pension and Mutual Funds at New York University on February 21, 1997. I thank Luigi Zingales for helpful comments. Address correspondence to Steven N. Kaplan, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 1101 East 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637.
Techniques for automated taxonomy building: towards ontologies for knowledge management

Ontologies have become widely accepted as the main method for representing knowledge in Knowledge Management (KM) applica-tions. Given the continuous and rapid change and dynamic nature of knowledge in all fields, automated methods for construct-ing ontologies are of great importance. All ontologies or taxonomies currently in use have been hand built and require consider-able manpower to keep up to date. Taxono-mies are less logically rigorous than ontolo-gies, and in this paper we consider the re-quirements for a system which automatically constructed taxonomies. There are a number of potentially useful methods for construct-ing hierarchically organised concepts from a collection of texts and there are a number of automatic methods which permit one to as-sociate one word with another. The impor-tant issue for the successful development of this research area is to identify techniques for labelling the relation between two candi-date terms, if one exists. We consider a number of possible approaches and argue that the majority are unsuitable for our re-quirements.
Toward a “grand unifying theory” of leadership: Implications for consulting psychology.

A succinct overview of some of the major research approaches to the study of leadership is provided as a foundation for the introduction of a multicomponent model of leadership that draws on those findings, complexity theory, and the concept of emergence. The major aspects of the model include: the personal characteristics and capacities, thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and human working relationships of leaders, followers, and other stake holders, the organization’s systems, including structures, processes, contents, and internal situations, the organization’s performance and outcomes, and the external environment(s), ecological niches, and external situations in which an enterprise functions. The relationship between this model and other approaches in the literature as well as directions in research on leadership and implications for consulting practice are discussed.
Active Hippocampal Networks Undergo Spontaneous Synaptic Modification

The brain is self-writable; as the brain voluntarily adapts itself to a changing environment, the neural circuitry rearranges its functional connectivity by referring to its own activity. How the internal activity modifies synaptic weights is largely unknown, however. Here we report that spontaneous activity causes complex reorganization of synaptic connectivity without any external (or artificial) stimuli. Under physiologically relevant ionic conditions, CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices displayed spontaneous spikes with bistable slow oscillations of membrane potential, alternating between the so-called UP and DOWN states. The generation of slow oscillations did not require fast synaptic transmission, but their patterns were coordinated by local circuit activity. In the course of generating spontaneous activity, individual neurons acquired bidirectional long-lasting synaptic modification. The spontaneous synaptic plasticity depended on a rise in intracellular calcium concentrations of postsynaptic cells, but not on NMDA receptor activity. The direction and amount of the plasticity varied depending on slow oscillation patterns and synapse locations, and thus, they were diverse in a network. Once this global synaptic refinement occurred, the same neurons now displayed different patterns of spontaneous activity, which in turn exhibited different levels of synaptic plasticity. Thus, active networks continuously update their internal states through ongoing synaptic plasticity. With computational simulations, we suggest that with this slow oscillation-induced plasticity, a recurrent network converges on a more specific state, compared to that with spike timing-dependent plasticity alone.
Rational Design of Small-Molecule Stabilizers of Spermine Synthase Dimer by Virtual Screening and Free Energy-Based Approach

Snyder-Robinson Syndrome (SRS) is a rare mental retardation disorder which is caused by the malfunctioning of an enzyme, the spermine synthase (SMS), which functions as a homo-dimer. The malfunctioning of SMS in SRS patients is associated with several identified missense mutations that occur away from the active site. This investigation deals with a particular SRS-causing mutation, the G56S mutation, which was shown computationally and experimentally to destabilize the SMS homo-dimer and thus to abolish SMS enzymatic activity. As a proof-of-concept, we explore the possibility to restore the enzymatic activity of the malfunctioning SMS mutant G56S by stabilizing the dimer through small molecule binding at the mutant homo-dimer interface. For this purpose, we designed an in silico protocol that couples virtual screening and a free binding energy-based approach to identify potential small-molecule binders on the destabilized G56S dimer, with the goal to stabilize it and thus to increase SMS G56S mutant activity. The protocol resulted in extensive list of plausible stabilizers, among which we selected and tested 51 compounds experimentally for their capability to increase SMS G56S mutant enzymatic activity. In silico analysis of the experimentally identified stabilizers suggested five distinctive chemical scaffolds. This investigation suggests that druggable pockets exist in the vicinity of the mutation sites at protein-protein interfaces which can be used to alter the disease-causing effects by small molecule binding. The identified chemical scaffolds are drug-like and can serve as original starting points for development of lead molecules to further rescue the disease-causing effects of the Snyder-Robinson syndrome for which no efficient treatment exists up to now.
Partition statistics and quasiweak Maass forms

Andrews recently introduced k-marked Durfee symbols, which are a generalization of partitions that are connected to moments of Dyson's rank statistic. He used these connections to find identities relating their generating functions as well as to prove Ramanujan-type congruences for these objects and find relations between. In this paper we show that the hypergeometric generating functions for these objects are natural examples of quasimock theta functions, which are defined as the holomorphic parts of weak Maass forms and their derivatives. In particular, these generating functions may be viewed as analogs of Ramanujan's mock theta functions with arbitrarily high weight. We use the automorphic properties to prove the existence of infinitely many congruences for the Durfee symbols. Furthermore, we show that as k varies, the modularity of the k-marked Durfee symbols is precisely dictated by the case k=2. Finally, we use this relation in order to prove the existence of general congruences for rank moments in terms of level one modular forms of bounded weight.
The hU3-55K Protein Requires 15.5K Binding to the Box B/C Motif as Well as Flanking RNA Elements for Its Association with the U3 Small Nucleolar RNA in Vitro *

The 15.5K protein directly binds to the 5′ stem-loop of the U4 small nuclear RNA, the small nucleolar (sno) RNA box C/D motif, and the U3 snoRNA-specific box B/C motif. The box B/C motif has also been shown to be essential for the association of the U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein-specific protein hU3-55K. We therefore set out to determine how 15.5K and hU3-55K recognize the box B/C motif. By using an in vitro assembly assay, we show that hU3-55K effectively binds a sub-fragment of the U3 snoRNA surrounding the B/C motif that we have named the U3BC RNA. The association of hU3-55K with the U3BC RNA is dependent on the binding of 15.5K to the box B/C motif. The association of hU3-55K with the U3BC RNA was found to be also dependent on a conserved RNA structure that flanks the box B/C motif. Furthermore, we show that hU3-55K, a WD 40 repeat containing protein, directly cross-links to the U3BC RNA. Our data support a new structural model of the box B/C region of the U3 snoRNA in which the box B/C motif is base-paired to form a structure highly similar to that of both the U4 5′ stem-loop and the box C/D motif.
Uncertainty, Financial Frictions, and Irreversible Investment

Using macroand micro-level data, we establish three stylized facts: (1) fluctuations in idiosyncratic uncertainty can have a large effect on aggregate investment; (2) the impact of uncertainty on investment occurs largely through changes in credit spreads; and (3) financial shocks—identified vis-à-vis orthogonal innovations to credit spreads—have a strong effect on investment, irrespective of the level of uncertainty. These findings raise a question regarding the economic significance of the traditional “wait-and-see” effect of uncertainty shocks and point to financial distortions as the main mechanism through which fluctuations in uncertainty affect macroeconomic outcomes. We explore the two mechanisms within a quantitative general equilibrium model, featuring heterogeneous firms that face time-varying idiosyncratic uncertainty, nonconvex capital adjustment costs, and financial market frictions. We show that our model successfully replicates the stylized facts concerning the macroeconomic implications of uncertainty and financial shocks. By influencing the effective supply of credit, both types of shocks exert a powerful effect on aggregate investment and generate countercyclical credit spreads and procyclical leverage, dynamics consistent with the data and counter to those implied by the technology-driven real business cycle models. JEL Classification: E22, E32, G31
Combined Docking with Classical Force Field and Quantum Chemical Semiempirical Method PM7

Results of the combined use of the classical force field and the recent quantum chemical PM7 method for docking are presented. Initially the gridless docking of a flexible low molecular weight ligand into the rigid target protein is performed with the energy function calculated in the MMFF94 force field with implicit water solvent in the PCM model. Among several hundred thousand local minima, which are found in the docking procedure, about eight thousand lowest energy minima are chosen and then energies of these minima are recalculated with the recent quantum chemical semiempirical PM7 method. This procedure is applied to 16 test complexes with different proteins and ligands. For almost all test complexes such energy recalculation results in the global energy minimum configuration corresponding to the ligand pose near the native ligand position in the crystalized protein-ligand complex. A significant improvement of the ligand positioning accuracy comparing with MMFF94 energy calculations is demonstrated.
The O & H stable isotopic composition of fresh waters in the British Isles

An understanding of the hydrological cycle in stable isotopic terms requires the characterisation of rainfall. This paper reviews existing and new data for the British Isles. Rainfall at the Wallingford (Oxfordshire) collection station was collected daily from November 1979 to October 1980. Large variations in isotopic content were noted, sometimes from day to day. Winter rainfall was similar to summer in amount, and only slightly depleted isotopically. Amount and temperature correlations with δO were generally low, only the autumn and winter temperature relationships being significant. A 20-year monthly dataset from 1982 to 2001 for Wallingford gives the following regression: δH = 7. 0δO + 1.2, a slope somewhat below the world meteoric line but consistent with the those from other long-term stations in NW Europe. The data showed uncorrelated maxima and minima for each year, but rather more consistent amount-weighted averages. Although there is only a small difference in gradient between summer and winter rainfall values, when plotted against the month of the year there are clear changes in the values of both isotopes, and the δH-δO relationship as demonstrated by the d-excess parameter. The isotope-amount correlation is low but significant, with summer months appearing to be well-correlated when considered in terms of month of the year. On this same seasonal basis temperature has a strong correlation throughout the year, giving a positive δO-temperature relationship of 0.25 ‰ per °C change. The Wallingford monthly record is compared with data from Keyworth (Nottinghamshire) and the Valentia station of the GNIP (IAEA-WMO Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) in SW Ireland. While not large, differences between the stations are broadly attributable to the balance between maritime and continental influences. Over the period September 1981 to August 1982 the maximum number of monthly collection stations was operating across the British Isles. While a comparison of the sites serves mostly to illustrate the variability of British weather in space and time, there is clear isotopic evidence for the predominance of frontal rainfall in winter and convective rainfall in summer. The effect of altitude on isotopic content was measured within a high-relief stream catchment in Scotland. The best correlations occurred during winter, when an average relationship of approximately –0.30 ‰ δO per 100 m increase in altitude was observed. It is well established that rainfall isotopic composition changes in response to alterations in climate. However these changes are difficult to detect isotopically in the short term, even when the changes are indexed, e.g. in the form of the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation). The brief duration of rainfall isotope records is a further hindrance; for the British Isles proxies such as tree-ring cellulose may have some value in extending the record back.
Error-related EEG patterns during tactile human-machine interaction

Recently, the use of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) has been extended from active control to passive detection of cognitive user states. These passive BCI systems can be especially useful for automatic error detection in human-machine systems by recording EEG potentials related to human error processing. Up to now, these so-called error potentials have only been observed in the visual and auditory modality. However, new interfaces making use of the tactile sensory modality for conveying information to the user are on the rise. The present study aims at investigating the feasibility of BCI error detection during tactile human-machine interaction. Therefore, an experiment was conducted where EEG was measured while participants interacted with a tactile interface. During this interaction, errors of the user as well as of the interface were induced. It was shown that EEG patterns after erroneous behavior — either of the user or of the interface — significantly differed from patterns after correct responses.
Do people gesture more when instructed to

Does being instructed to gesture encourage those with low gesture rates to produce more gestures? If participants do gesture more when asked to, do they produce the same kinds of gestures? Does this vary as a function of the type of discourse being produced? We asked participants to take part in three tasks, a quasi-conversational task, a spatial problem solving task, and a narrative task, in two phases. In the first they received no instruction, and in the second they were asked to gesture. The instruction to gesture did not change gesture rate or gesture type across phases. We suggest that while explicitly asking participants to gesture may not always achieve higher gesture rates, it also does not negatively impact natural behavior.
Volumetric Analysis of Medial Temporal Lobe Subregions in Developmental Amnesia using High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging

There is great interest in the cognitive consequences of hippocampal volume loss in developmental amnesia (DA). In many DA cases, volume loss occurs before the hippocampus is fully developed, and yet little is known about the locus, extent, and distribution of damage in these cases. We used high‐resolution MRI to manually segment the medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions in H.C. , an adult with DA, and a group of sex‐, age‐ and education‐matched control participants (n = 10). The hippocampus was defined and divided into anterior (head) and posterior (body and tail) segments. Within the body of the hippocampus, the subregions (CA1, DG/CA2/3, and subiculum) were defined. Finally, the entorhinal (ERC), perirhinal (PRC), and parahippocampal (PHC) cortices were segmented. Anterior hippocampus was reduced bilaterally and posterior hippocampus was significantly reduced on the right. In the body of the hippocampus, all three subregions were reduced in the left hemisphere, whereas CA1 and subiculum were reduced in the right hemisphere. No group differences were observed in the PRC and ERC, whereas left PHC volume was marginally increased in H.C. compared to controls. These results can be used to inform patterns of spared and impaired cognitive abilities in DA and perhaps in amnesia more generally. © The Authors. Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.