Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Map of the galaxy in the 6.7-keV emission line

We study the two-dimensional surface brightness distribution of the Galactic X-ray background emission outside the central degree around Sgr A ∗ in the 6.7-keV line as measured by the Proportional Counter Array spectrometer of the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observatory. The use of the emission line instead of continuum (3‐20 keV) radiation and application of timevariability filtering to the long data set allows us to strongly suppress the contamination of the Galactic ridge X-ray emission (GRXE) map by bright point-sources. The surface brightness in the 6.7-keV line demonstrates very good correspondence with the near-infrared surface brightness over the whole Galaxy, supporting the notion that the GRXE consists mostly of integrated emission from weak Galactic X-ray sources. We find compatible linear correlations between near-infrared and 6.7-keV surface brightness for the bulge and disc of the Galaxy. This indicates that the populations of weak X-ray sources making up the GRXE in the disc and in the bulge are not significantly different.
Do Ethnic Enclaves and Networks Promote Immigrant Self-Employment?

The author assesses how ethnic enclaves and networks affect the self-employment decisions of immigrants in the U.S. She finds that ethnic networks play a positive role in the likelihood that immigrants will choose self-employment as an alternative to wage employment. However, there is no clear impact of ethnic geographical concentrations on the self-employment decision.
The paradigm of a new decentralization

An analysis of five concepts of management from an organizational theoretical approach reveals a common organizational pattern. From this pattern the paradigm of a new decentralization can be recognized. A more exact analysis of the structural elements reveals many unsolved organizational problems. In a similar manner, implications of this pattern entail many unsolved or poorly‐solved problems for human resources management, most of which result from the implicit premiss of an all‐too‐heroic notion of human nature in all of the five concepts.
Who Buys Food Directly from Producers in the Southeastern United States?

To capitalize on potential opportunities presented by growing consumer demand for locally grown foods, farmers need insight into significant motivations and behavioral characteristics of consumers in their region. This article aims to evaluate the characteristics of southeastern urban consumers who purchased food directly from producers. Novel study findings include the impact of disease incidences that occurred in respondent and related family members, a more accurate understanding of U.S. agriculture, relatively higher levels of concern about U.S. food safety, and greater physical activity levels, which are significant motivators of increased likelihood to purchase direct from producers.
Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP)

Objective To examine the effects of reduction in dietary sodium intake on cardiovascular events using data from two completed randomised trials, TOHP I and TOHP II. Design Long term follow-up assessed 10-15 years after the original trial. Setting 10 clinic sites in 1987-90 (TOHP I) and nine sites in 1990-5 (TOHP II). Central follow-up conducted by post and phone. Participants Adults aged 30-54 years with prehypertension. Intervention Dietary sodium reduction, including comprehensive education and counselling on reducing intake, for 18 months (TOHP I) or 36-48 months (TOHP II). Main outcome measure Cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularisation, or cardiovascular death). Results 744 participants in TOHP I and 2382 in TOHP II were randomised to a sodium reduction intervention or control. Net sodium reductions in the intervention groups were 44 mmol/24 h and 33 mmol/24 h, respectively. Vital status was obtained for all participants and follow-up information on morbidity was obtained from 2415 (77%), with 200 reporting a cardiovascular event. Risk of a cardiovascular event was 25% lower among those in the intervention group (relative risk 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.99, P=0.04), adjusted for trial, clinic, age, race, and sex, and 30% lower after further adjustment for baseline sodium excretion and weight (0.70, 0.53 to 0.94), with similar results in each trial. In secondary analyses, 67 participants died (0.80, 0.51 to 1.26, P=0.34). Conclusion Sodium reduction, previously shown to lower blood pressure, may also reduce long term risk of cardiovascular events.
A Cellular Automata-Based Mathematical Model for Thymocyte Development

Intrathymic T cell development is an important process necessary for the normal formation of cell-mediated immune responses. Importantly, such a process depends on interactions of developing thymocytes with cellular and extracellular elements of the thymic microenvironment. Additionally, it includes a series of oriented and tunely regulated migration events, ultimately allowing mature cells to cross endothelial barriers and leave the organ. Herein we built a cellular automata-based mathematical model for thymocyte migration and development. The rules comprised in this model take into account the main stages of thymocyte development, two-dimensional sections of the normal thymic microenvironmental network, as well as the chemokines involved in intrathymic cell migration. Parameters of our computer simulations with further adjusted to results derived from previous experimental data using sub-lethally irradiated mice, in which thymus recovery can be evaluated. The model fitted with the increasing numbers of each CD4/CD8-defined thymocyte subset. It was further validated since it fitted with the times of permanence experimentally ascertained in each CD4/CD8-defined differentiation stage. Importantly, correlations using the whole mean volume of young normal adult mice revealed that the numbers of cells generated in silico with the mathematical model fall within the range of total thymocyte numbers seen in these animals. Furthermore, simulations made with a human thymic epithelial network using the same mathematical model generated similar profiles for temporal evolution of thymocyte developmental stages. Lastly, we provided in silico evidence that the thymus architecture is important in the thymocyte development, since changes in the epithelial network result in different theoretical profiles for T cell development/migration. This model likely can be used to predict thymocyte evolution following therapeutic strategies designed for recovery of the thymus in diseases coursing with thymus involution, such as some primary immunodeficiencies, acute infections, and malnutrition.
Managers’ Pay Duration and Voluntary Disclosures

In this paper, we examine the effect of managers’ pay duration on firms’ voluntary disclosures. Pay duration refers to the average period that it takes for managers’ annual compensation to vest. We hypothesize and find that pay duration can incentivize managers to provide more bad news earnings forecasts. This result holds after controlling for the level of stock-based compensation and the endogeneity of pay duration. In addition, we find that the effect of pay duration is more pronounced for firms with weaker governance and for firms with a more opaque information environment, where the marginal benefits of additional disclosures are higher. Our additional analyses indicate that managers with a longer pay duration issue more accurate earnings forecasts. Overall, our paper contributes to the literature by documenting that lengthening the vesting periods of managers’ compensation can induce managers to be more forthcoming with bad news.
Adaptive user grouping algorithm for the downlink massive MIMO systems

Channel correlation between different users can significantly deteriorate the energy and spectral efficiency of massive MIMO systems. As such, it is tempting to separate the highly correlated users in order to reduce intra-cell interference to improve the overall system performance. In this respect, and unlike existing work, we propose an adaptive user grouping algorithm for the downlink of multiuser massive MIMO systems where users are grouped based on the values of their correlation coefficients. The proposed algorithm is adaptive in the sense that the number of neither the groups nor the users of each group is fixed. Furthermore, the grouping process relies on finding the correlation coefficients that are larger than a certain threshold value and isolating their corresponding users in separate groups which are served in different scheduled time. The threshold value is variable and can be adjusted to achieve the best performance compared to the non grouping scenario. The results reveal that the proposed system can considerably enhance the sum rate performance relative to the non-grouping case for the same bandwidth requirements.
The Receipt of Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) Status Among Canadian Seniors Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Incidence and Dynamics

Our topic is the receipt patterns of low-income support benefits in the form of the guaranteed income supplement (GIS) benefit amongst Canadians who are 65 and older. The GIS regime is the only means-tested public retirement benefit that is targeted to the group of retired individuals and couples. The primary outcome variables are the incidence of receipt of payment amongst this population and the dynamics of entries and exits from this state. Our study is based on administrative data drawn from tax returns. The analysis is in the spirit of the poverty/low-income literature that is fairly developed in regards to the working-age population. In a point of departure from that literature, however, we take a retrospective approach by including in our analysis several phases of the life cycle. We estimate multivariate econometric models of the incidence of receipt among the eligible population, as well as hazard models of both entry and exit from that state. In our estimating equations we include indicators for age and entry cohort. We subsequently include regressors to reflect demographic variables such as gender, marital status, immigration status, minority language status, and regional effects. The fullest specification includes indicators for permanent income and prior savings activity, all calculated based on retrospective information observed when the individual was 50-52 years old. Among our numerous empirical results are an incidence rate that rises sharply with age and is much lower for married than single individuals. In regards to the dynamics, a majority (but not all) of GIS receipt is characterised as persistent.
Aminopeptidase I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is localized to the vacuole independent of the secretory pathway

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae APE1 gene product, aminopeptidase I (API), is a soluble hydrolase that has been shown to be localized to the vacuole. API lacks a standard signal sequence and contains an unusual amino-terminal propeptide. We have examined the biosynthesis of API in order to elucidate the mechanism of its delivery to the vacuole. API is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is matured in a PEP4- dependent manner. The half-time for processing is approximately 45 min. The API precursor remains in the cytoplasm after synthesis and does not enter the secretory pathway. The precursor does not receive glycosyl modifications, and removal of its propeptide occurs in a sec- independent manner. Neither the precursor nor mature form of API are secreted into the extracellular fraction in vps mutants or upon overproduction, two additional characteristics of soluble vacuolar proteins that transit through the secretory pathway. Overproduction of API results in both an increase in the half-time of processing and the stable accumulation of precursor protein. These results suggest that API enters the vacuole by a posttranslational process not used by most previously studied resident vacuolar proteins and will be a useful model protein to analyze this alternative mechanism of vacuolar localization.
The distribution of close conjugate algebraic numbers

Abstract We investigate the distribution of real algebraic numbers of a fixed degree that have a close conjugate number, with the distance between the conjugate numbers being given as a function of their height. The main result establishes the ubiquity of such algebraic numbers in the real line and implies a sharp quantitative bound on their number. Although the main result is rather general, it implies new estimates on the least possible distance between conjugate algebraic numbers, which improve recent bounds obtained by Bugeaud and Mignotte. So far, the results à la Bugeaud and Mignotte have relied on finding explicit families of polynomials with clusters of roots. Here we suggest a different approach in which irreducible polynomials are implicitly tailored so that their derivatives assume certain values. We consider some applications of our main theorem, including generalisations of a theorem of Baker and Schmidt and a theorem of Bernik, Kleinbock and Margulis in the metric theory of Diophantine approximation.
Data Mining in Economic Science

Data mining is commonly defined as the computer-assisted search for interesting patterns and relations in large databases. It is a relatively young area of research that builds on the older disciplines of statistics, databases, artificial intelligence (machine learning) and data visualization. The emergence of data mining is often explained by the ever increasing size of databases together with the availability of computing power and algorithms to analyse them. Data mining is usually considered to be a form of secondary data analysis. This means that it is often performed on data collected and stored for a different purpose than analysis; usually for administrative purposes. In this chapter we consider the possibilities of applying data mining in economic science. In doing so, we must naturally be aware of the considerable amount of research that has already been done in economic data analysis. To what extent can data mining contribute to the analysis of economic data? In answering this question we could consider data mining as a collection of techniques and algorithms that have been developed in this area of research. In doing so we could compare data mining algorithms to data analysis techniques more commonly used in economics, and see if they allow us to answer different questions, or to answer existing questions in a better way. Alternatively, we can also consider data mining as a highly exploratory form of data analysis that is data driven rather than theory driven. The latter aspect of data mining is most important in this contribution. This chapter is organized as follows. In section 2 we give a brief description of the object of study of economics. Then we consider economic modelling as a way to apply economic theory to particular problems and as a tool to deduce the consequences of particular assumptions. In order to give empirical content to
High Prevalence of Malnutrition among the Above Thirteen with Primary Pyomyositis in Northern Uganda

Aim To determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its association with primary pyomyositis among patients and controls who were age and sex matched. Study Design and Setting A case-control study was conducted at Gulu Regional, Lacor, Kalongo, Kitgum and St. Joseph’s Hospitals in Northern Uganda. Study Duration Study was conducted from September 2011 to November 2013. Methods Primary pyomyositis patients were consecutively recruited to these Hospitals and were age and sex-matched with controls selected during the same period. History, physical examinations, Body Mass Index (BMI), blood samples for haematology, biochemistry, clinical chemistry and muscle biopsy for histology were obtained. Those that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. The study was approved by the Ethics and Review Committee of Gulu University Medical School. Results During the study period, 63 patients and 63 controls were recruited; 29 females and 34 males. Among primary pyomyositis patients, 59 (93.7%) had malnutrition while there were 2 in the control group, giving a prevalence of 3.2%. The matched analysis produced an aOR of 449.875 with a 95% CI (79.382, 2549.540; p<0.001) for malnutrition. Among the cases, 16 (25.4%) fulfilled the Clinical Case Definition (CCD) for AIDS, compared to 2 (3.2%) among the controls. The adjusted Odds ratio for the difference in fulfilling the CCD for AIDS between cases and controls was statistically significant aOR of 10.383 with a 95% CI (2.275, 47.397; p<0.001). Conclusion Primary pyomyositis is a common health problem in Northern Uganda. It is evident that malnutrition is the most common risk factor in Primary pyomyositis especially among the above thirteen year olds in Northern Uganda.
Psychological Symptoms in Patients with Injury-Related Chronic Pain

Background. Chronic injury-related pain could be influenced by psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and stress that also affect daily life. Methods. Patients with chronic pain caused by an injury (n = 86) aged 18–65 years referred to the Pain Rehabilitation Clinic at the Umeå University Hospital answered a set of questionnaires to assess pain intensity, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, sleep disturbance, and fatigue. Results. A significantly higher proportion of women (47.5%) reported depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD)) than men (22.2%). In all patients anxiety (HAD) was reported by 39.5% and moderate/severe posttraumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale) by 30.2%. A majority reported sleep disturbance (84.9%) and fatigue (90.7%). Significant relationships were found between posttraumatic stress and depression and anxiety. Conclusion. These findings indicate the importance of assessing and treating psychological symptoms associated with chronic pain as the result of trauma.
Prevalence of auditory changes in newborns in a teaching hospital

Summary Introduction: The precocious diagnosis and the intervention in the deafness are of basic importance in the infantile development. The loss auditory and more prevalent than other joined riots to the birth. Objective: Esteem the prevalence of auditory alterations in just-born in a hospital school. Method: Prospective transversal study that evaluated 226 just-been born, been born in a public hospital, between May of 2008 the May of 2009. Results: Of the 226 screened, 46 (20.4%) had presented absence of emissions, having been directed for the second emission. Of the 26 (56.5%) children who had appeared in the retest, 8 (30.8%) had remained with absence and had been directed to the Otolaryngologist. Five (55.5%) had appeared and had been examined by the doctor. Of these, 3 (75.0%) had presented normal otoscopy, being directed for evaluation of the Evoked Potential Auditory of Brainstem (PEATE). Of the total of studied children, 198 (87.6%) had had presence of emissions in one of the tests and, 2 (0.9%) with deafness diagnosis. Conclusion: The prevalence of auditory alterations in the studied population was of 0,9%. The study it offers given excellent epidemiologists and it presents the first report on the subject, supplying resulted preliminary future implantation and development of a program of neonatal auditory selection.
AN IMPLEMENTATION OF RAY TRACING ALGORITHM FOR THE MULTIPROCESSOR MACHINES

Ray Tracing is an algorithm for generating photo-realistic pictures of the 3D scenes, given scene description, lighting condition and viewing parameters as inputs. The algorithm is inherently convenient for parallelization and the simplest parallelization scheme is for the shared-memory parallel machines (multiprocessors). This paper presents two implementations of the algorithm developed by the authors for alike machines, one using the POSIX threads API and another one using the OpenMP API. The paper also presents results of rendering some test scenes using these implementations and discusses our parallel algorithm version efficiency.
Cooperation Without Genes, Games Or Cognition

In this paper I describe how the spatial dynamics of autocatalytic interactions among entities in a virtual world led to a type of co-operation that typically would be studied from a game theoretical perspective. The entities were very simple and completely identical at the start of the simulation. They just aggregated and performed aggressive interactions in which winning was self-reinforcing. Patterns of reciprocation emerged at the level of the group, particularly in loose assemblages. These patterns appeared not to be due to global spatial structures as I have suggested before (Hemelrijk, 1996ab), but arose from local series of Titfor-Tat like interactions. These involved pairs of individuals that ‚collaborated‘ by taking turns in chasing away a third entity. Runs with varying parameter values showed that particularly those entities that were designed to be more aggressive, were more prone to co-operate. The processes responsible for the Tit-for-Tat like patterns are outlined. It is suggested that similar epiphenomena may contribute to cooperation found in real animals (such as reciprocation of support in primates, communal predator inspection by fish and co-operative hunting by lions). The explanatory value of game theoretical approaches to cooperation in real animals, such as the Prisoner‘s Di lemma is questioned. Firstly, because in that paradigm the ability to co-operate is attributed to a quality of the individual (be it in terms of genes or cognition) and arises from pay-off rationalisation, secondly because co-operation (or its absence) is studied in isolation, separate from other behavioural acts.
Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases

Respiratory tract disease can be associated with primary or secondary bacterial infections in dogs and cats and is a common reason for use and potential misuse, improper use, and overuse of antimicrobials. There is a lack of comprehensive treatment guidelines such as those that are available for human medicine. Accordingly, the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases convened a Working Group of clinical microbiologists, pharmacologists, and internists to share experiences, examine scientific data, review clinical trials, and develop these guidelines to assist veterinarians in making antimicrobial treatment choices for use in the management of bacterial respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.