Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occupy Oakland and #oo: Uses of Twitter within the Occupy movement

Social media have become crucial tools for political activists and protest movements, providing another channel for promoting messages and garnering support. Twitter, in particular, has been identified as a noteworthy medium for protests in countries including Iran and Egypt to receive global attention. The Occupy movement, originating with protests in, and the physical occupation of, Wall Street, and inspiring similar demonstrations in other U.S. cities and around the world, has been intrinsically linked with social media through location–specific hashtags: #ows for Occupy Wall Street, #occupysf for San Francisco, and so on. While the individual protests have a specific geographical focus–highlighted by the physical occupation of parks, buildings, and other urban areas — Twitter provides a means for these different movements to be linked and promoted through tweets containing multiple hashtags. It also serves as a channel for tactical communications during actions and as a space in which movement debates take place. This paper examines Twitter’s use within the Occupy Oakland movement. We use a mixture of ethnographic research through interviews with activists and participant observation of the movements’ activities, and a dataset of public tweets containing the #oo hashtag from early 2012. This research methodology allows us to develop a more accurate and nuanced understanding of how movement activists use Twitter by cross–checking trends in the online data with observations and activists’ own reported use of Twitter. We also study the connections between a geographically focused movement such as Occupy Oakland and related, but physically distant, protests taking place concurrently in other cities. This study forms part of a wider research project, Mapping Movements, exploring the politics of place, investigating how social movements are composed and sustained, and the uses of online communication within these movements.
Structured classification for multilingual natural language processing

This thesis investigates the application of structured sequence classification models to multilingual natural language processing (NLP). Many tasks tackled by NLP can be framed as classification, where we seek to assign a label to a particular piece of text, be it a word, sentence or document. Yet often the labels which we’d like to assign exhibit complex internal structure, such as labelling a sentence with its parse tree, and there may be an exponential number of them to choose from. Structured classification seeks to exploit the structure of the labels in order to allow both generalisation across labels which differ by only a small amount, and tractable searches over all possible labels. In this thesis we focus on the application of conditional random field (CRF) models (Lafferty et al., 2001). These models assign an undirected graphical structure to the labels of the classification task and leverage dynamic programming algorithms to efficiently identify the optimal label for a given input. We develop a range of models for two multilingual NLP applications: word-alignment for statistical machine translation (SMT), and multilingual supertagging for highly lexicalised grammars. The first half of this thesis is dedicated to the task of word-alignment for SMT, which aims to find a mapping from words in a source language sentence to words in a target translation sentence. We treat this problem as one of structured classification with a CRF, where the input is the parallel sentence pair and the output is the index for each word in the source sentence of its aligned translation (or null) in the target sentence. By exploiting the ability of the CRF model to incorporate a diverse range of features we are able to explore many binary and real-valued features. Orthographic and syntactic features are defined which aim to generalise sparse word-to-word translation features. In addition, we define powerful features from unsupervised generative models, and collocation statistics derived
From Bologna to Lisbon: the political uses of the Lisbon ‘script’ in European higher education policy

This contribution explores the transformation of higher education policy from the mere co-ordination of educational curricula by national governments to the embodiment of the Lisbon Agenda's ‘governance architecture’, together with its impact on national policies, institutions and actors. It does so by charting change in both policy outputs and policy outcomes in four different European countries – England, the Netherlands, Germany and Italy – and by relating these changes to the ideational and organizational aspects of the Lisbon Strategy. We suggest that Lisbon acted as a ‘script’ to be followed by national governments and other policy actors, enabling them to gradually adapt to Lisbon-induced ideational and organizational pressures, and to shape national organizational and communicative discourses that can overcome entrenched interests and transform the prevailing perception of higher education so deeply rooted in national cultural and policy traditions.
‘Seen but not heard’– young people's experience of advocacy

This article draws on two pieces of empirical research undertaken in England with young people in public care. The research examined young people's experiences of a range of advocacy services, and the extent to which the involvement of an advocate facilitated young people's voices being heard in decision-making. The research responded to contemporary concerns about children's participatory rights, citizenship and social inclusion, set in the context of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. This article examines the strengths and limitations of advocacy for young people in public care and compares the different types of advocacy services that are available to young people and considers the extent to which adult perceptions of childhood and youth frame the services that are offered. It provides a comparison of the outcomes for young people who have had an advocate and those who have not. The concluding discussion argues that young people in public care feel excluded and marginalised from decision-making processes, and that advocacy has a pivotal role to play in placing at centre stage the wishes and feelings of young people.
Partial Abandonment by Smes Investing in Advanced Manufacturing Technology: Some Qualitative Evidence

Abstract As their large competitors adopt advanced manufacturing technology (AMT), small- and medium-sized enterprises increasingly recognize the need to do likewise. Although many of their owners and managers intuitively recognize the strategic benefits of AMT, they are reluctant to make the necessary capital investment. Those who do invest often encounter delayed or non-existent project profitability. An exploratory study was conducted to observe how small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) adapt to setbacks during AMT implementation. We contend that SMEs, while in the throws of complex AMT implementations, abandon valuable strategic benefits of the technology that are integral to its return on investment. We propose this is partly attributable to inadequate assessment of the tangible and intangible costs and benefits both at the time of investment evaluation and when responding to setbacks that arise during implementation.
Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities

We analyze technology adoption in industries where network externalities are significant. The pattern of adoption depends on whether technologies are sponsored. A sponsor is an entity that has property rights to the technology and hence is willing to make investments to promote it. Key findings include the following: (1) compatibility tends to be undersupplied by the market, but excessive standardization can occur; (2) in the absence of sponsors, the technology superior today has a strategic advantage and is likely to dominate the market; (3) when one of two rival technologies is sponsored, that technology has a strategic advantage and may be adopted even if it is inferior; (4) when two competing technologies both are sponsored, the technology that will be superior tomorrow has a strategic advantage.
Resource-Abundance and Economic Growth in the U.S.

It is a common assumption that regions within the same country converge to approximately the same steady-state income levels. The so-called absolute convergence hypothesis focuses on initial income levels to account for the variability in income growth among regions. Empirical data seem to support the absolute convergence hypothesis for U.S. states, but the data also show that natural resource-abundance is a significant negative determinant of growth. We find that natural resource abundance decreases investment, schooling, openness, and R&D expenditure and increases corruption, and we show that these effects can fully explain the negative effect of natural resource abundance on growth.
Molecular profiling of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the search for new therapeutic targets

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the second most frequent primary tumor of the liver and a highly lethal disease. Therapeutic options for advanced iCCA are limited and ineffective due to the largely incomplete understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this deadly tumor. Areas covered: The present review article outlines the main studies and resulting discoveries on the molecular profiling of iCCA, with a special emphasis on the different techniques used for this purpose, the diagnostic and prognostic markers identified, as well as the genes and pathways that could be potentially targeted with innovative therapies. Expert commentary: Molecular profiling has led to the identification of distinct iCCA subtypes, characterized by peculiar genetic alterations and transcriptomic features. Targeted therapies against some of the identified genes are ongoing and hold great promise to improve the prognosis of iCCA patients.
Molecular Systematics of the Calliphoridae (Diptera: Oestroidea): Evidence From One Mitochondrial and Three Nuclear Genes

ABSTRACT Approximately 8% of calyptrate species diversity comes from the Calliphoridae, which includes flies of medical, veterinary, and forensic importance. The status of family Calliphoridae has for years been the central systematic problem of the superfamily Oestroidea, and phylogenetic relationships between the key groups of the Calliphoridae are unresolved and controversial. We reconstructed phylogenies of the Calliphoridae within the larger context of the other Oestroidea based on 5,189 bp of combined data from one mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit one) and three nuclear (carbamoylphosphate synthetase, elongation factor one alpha, and 28S ribosomal RNA) genes using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Trees obtained from the different phylogenetic methods were almost identical. Calliphoridae is polyphyletic, with the phylogenetic position of Mesembrinellinae still uncertain but clearly outside the lineage that includes other Calliphoridae and some noncalliphorids, and Polleniinae is the sister group of the family Tachinidae. Strong support for a sister group relationship between Rhiniinae and traditional calliphorid subfamilies conflicts with a recent proposal to give Rhiniinae family status. All calliphorid subfamilies (except Calliphorinae) for which we had more than one species were monophyletic. Melanomyinae was nested within Calliphorinae. Toxotarsinae was more closely related to Calliphorinae rather than, as indicated by morphology, to Chrysomyinae. Efforts to resolve the relationships of the Oestroid families were largely inconclusive, although the monophyly of the superfamily was strongly supported.
Detection of Bone Defects Using CBCT Exam in an Italian Population

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo incidence and the location of fenestrations in a young Italian population by using CBCT. Materials and Methods Fifty patients who had previously performed CBCT for planning third molar extraction or orthodontic therapy were selected for the study. No previous dental treatment had been performed on these patients. Overall, 1,395 teeth were evaluated. Root fenestrations were identified according to the definition of Davies and the American Association of Endodontists. Data was collected and statistically analyzed. Results Fenestrations were observed in 159 teeth out of 1,395 (11% of teeth). In the lower jaw, we found 68 fenestrations (5%) and 91 in the maxilla (6,5%). Incisors were the teeth with the highest incidence of fenestrations. Conclusion The relative common finding (11%) of fenestration supports the need for CBCT exams before any surgical/implant treatment to avoid complications related to the initial presence of fenestrations. CBCT was found to be an effective and convenient tool for diagnosing fenestration.
Full model for reversible kinetics of lipase-catalyzed sugar-ester synthesis in 2-methyl 2-butanol.

A kinetic model derived from the ping-pong bi-bi reversible mechanism is proposed to described the acylation of glucose by lauric acid in 2-methyl 2-butanol mediated by Candida antarctica lipase at 60 degrees C. The model accounts for the effect of all four compounds in the reaction mixture, namely lauric acid, glucose, water, and lauroyl glucose ester. A supersaturated glucose solution was used to avoid limitations by glucose dissolution rate. Experiments with varied initial water content were performed to determine the effect of water on the initial reaction rate. The full time course of ester formation is described by five parameters: (a) three parameters evaluated from initial rate measurements; (b) the equilibrium constant, independently evaluated; and (c) one extra parameter fitted to the progress curve of ester formation. This reduced form of a full reversible kinetic model based on the ping-pong bi-bi mechanism is able to describe the complete course of lauroyl glucose ester synthesis. The proposed model provides a good fit for the experimental results.
Economic Analysis of Product Innovation: The Case of CT Scanners

Introduction The Measurement of Innovations The Magnitude of Innovations A Method for Measuring Innovations The Formal Derivation of the Surplus Function The Construction of Quality-Adjusted Price Indices on the Basis of DELTAW ADELTAW-Based Indices versus Hedonic Prices The Decomposition of W( ) and the "Taste for Horizontal Variety" The Case of CT Scanners The Ongoing Revolution in Diagnostic Technologies The Story of CT Scanners Diffusion and Regulation Technical Aspects Data and Sources The Impact of Regulation on the Diffusion of CT Scanners Determinants of the Adoption Time of CT for Individual Hospitals The Assessment of Image Quality Data on CT Scanners The Choice of CT Scanners and the Dynamics of Preferences Specification issues Estimating the Hedonic Price Functions The Estimation of the MNL Head versus Body Scanners The Nested Multinomial Logit Model Changes in Preferences and Inducement Mechanisms Derivation of Cross Elasticities in the Nested MNL Surveys of Users of CT Scanners Gains from Innovation in CT Preliminary Issues in Computing the Gains Incremental Gains from Innovation Total Gains and the Interdependency of Innovation and Dffusion R&D Expenditures and Social Returns The Time Profile of Benefits and Costs The Construction of Real Price Indices Sources of Data on R&D Expenditures on CT Patents as Indicators of Innovation The Value of Patents Using Patent Data Patents in Computed Tomography The Statistical Evidence The Patents-R&D-Patents Connection and Other Extensions The Usefulness of Patent Data Online Search and Retrieval of Patent Data from Large Databases A Statistical Analysis of Truncation and Age Effects References Index
Accounting for Changes in Income Inequality: Decomposition Analyses for the UK, 1978–2008

We analyse income inequality in the UK from 1978 to 2009 in order to understand why income inequality rose very rapidly from 1978 to 1991 but then remained broadly unchanged. We find that inequality in earnings among employees has risen fairly steadily since 1978, but other factors that caused income inequality to rise before 1991 have since gone into reverse. Inequality in investment and pension income has fallen since 1991, as has inequality between those with and without employment. Furthermore, certain household types – notably the elderly and those with young children – which had relatively low incomes in the period to 1991 have seen their incomes converge with others.
A Short History of Labour Turnover, Job Tenure, and Job Security, 1975-93

How extensive is labour turnover and how does it vary by gender, skill and over time? Using survey data from Britain between 1975 and 1993, this study documents these features and discovers evidence of widening inequalities in job stability and security. For the majority still in full-time employment, average job durations are little changed from those of twenty years ago. For those seeking employment, however, current patterns of job creation mean that entry jobs are now of shorter duration, more unstable, and relatively less well paid. Nor do entry jobs offer sufficient access into stable jobs. As a result, entry jobs are increasingly taken by those with a partner in work, polarising the distribution of employment and thereby disenfranchising around one-fifth of working-age households from regular access to earned incomes. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
The pension system and the crisis in Argentina: learning the lessons

This paper contains six sections. After the introduction, Part II briefly describes the history of the pension system in Argentina, its reform in 1994, and its performance since then. Part III presents a short description of the economic crisis, including some of its fiscal and financial aspects and their influence on the pension system. Part IV presents what appear as the most important implications in the short and long term of the crisis on the pension system. Part V develops some ideas on pension policy strategy as a basis for a potential redesign of the system, while Part VI concludes.
MiR-196a exerts its oncogenic effect in glioblastoma multiforme by inhibition of IκBα both in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed that miR-196a is upregulated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and that it correlates with the clinical outcome of patients with GBM. However, its potential regulatory mechanisms in GBM have never been reported. METHODS We used quantitative real-time PCR to assess miR-196a expression levels in 132 GBM specimens in a single institution. Oncogenic capability of miR-196a was detected by apoptosis and proliferation assays in U87MG and T98G cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of IκBα in GBM tissues, and a luciferase reporter assay was carried out to confirm whether IκBα is a direct target of miR-196a. In vivo, xenograft tumors were examined for an antiglioma effect of miR-196a inhibitors. RESULTS We present for the first time evidence that miR-196a could directly interact with IκBα 3'-UTR to suppress IκBα expression and subsequently promote activation of NF-κB, consequently promoting proliferation of and suppressing apoptosis in GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our study confirmed that miR-196a was upregulated in GBM specimens and that high levels of miR-196a were significantly correlated with poor outcome in a large cohort of GBM patients. Our data from human tumor xenografts in nude mice treated with miR-196 inhibitors demonstrated that inhibition of miR-196a could ameliorate tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS MiR-196a exerts its oncogenic effect in GBM by inhibiting IκBα both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of GBM and indicate that miR-196a may predict clinical outcome of GBM patients and serve as a new therapeutic target for GBM.
Genetic Analysis of HIV‐1 Samples From Spain

Summary: To characterize the viruses responsible for the HIV‐1 epidemic in Spain, we genetically characterized 79 samples obtained from Spanish patients with different risk practices (injecting drug users and male homosexuals) in two regions (Madrid and Navarra). Genetic characterization was carried out by nucleotide sequencing in the C2‐V3‐C3 region and by phylogenetic analysis. All samples were of subtype B except one that clustered with clade F. Because no segregation of samples was determined according to the risk group of patients nor to their geographic origin, the Spanish samples analyzed constitute a single group of viruses. These data, along with the starlike topology of the phylogenetic tree, support the existence of a single introduction of HIV‐1 subtype B in Spain. The mean genetic distance among subtype B sequences was of 13.9% ± 0.06% (range, 5%‐25%), suggesting an epidemic of long evolution. Analysis of sequences in relation to isolation dates revealed an increase in the heterogeneity of the nucleotide sequences with time. According to these data, a divergence rate of 0.49% ± 0.11% per year was calculated for the Spanish samples during the period analyzed.
Detection of eating difficulties after stroke: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND It is highly important in nursing care for persons with stroke to screen for, assess and manage eating difficulties. The impact on eating after stroke can be of different types, comprising dysphagia as well as eating difficulties in a larger perspective. Eating difficulties can cause complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration, suffocation, pneumonia and death. There is a lack of systematic reviews about methods to be used by nurses in their screening for eating difficulties. AIM This review aims at systematically capturing and evaluating current peer-reviewed published literature about non-instrumental (besides pulse oximetry) and non-invasive screening methods for bedside detection of eating difficulties among persons with stroke. METHODS A search was performed in Medline and 234 articles were obtained. After a selection process 17 articles remained, covering seven screening methods and including about 2,000 patients. CONCLUSION Best nursing practice for detecting eating difficulties includes as the first step the Standardized Bedside Swallowing Assessment (SSA) to detect dysphagia (strong evidence). As the second step an observation should be made of eating including ingestion, deglutition and energy (moderate evidence). Applying pulse oximetry simultaneously to SSA can possibly add to the accuracy of aspiration detection, especially silent aspiration (limited evidence). The methods should be used as a complement to interviews.
Lumiracoxib Does Not Affect the Ex Vivo Antiplatelet Aggregation Activity of Low‐Dose Aspirin in Healthy Subjects

This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of concomitant low‐dose aspirin and lumiracoxib in healthy subjects. Participants received lumiracoxib 400 mg once daily (n = 14) or placebo (n = 14) for 11 days, with concomitant low‐dose aspirin (75 mg once daily) from days 5 to 11. Ex vivo pharmacodynamic assessments included assays of platelet aggregation and urinary thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolite profile. Arachidonic acid—stimulated platelet aggregation was reduced from 76.3% on day 4 to 4.8% on day 11 in the placebo group and from 75.8% on day 4 to 5.1% on day 11 in the lumiracoxib group. Collagen‐induced platelet aggregation was reduced from 77.5% on day 4 to 52.8% on day 11 in the placebo group and from 79.5% on day 4 to 55.9% on day 11 in the lumiracoxib group. Urinary thromboxane and prostacyclin were unaffected by lumiracoxib. In conclusion, concomitant lumiracoxib did not interfere with the cyclooxygenase‐1‐mediated antiplatelet effects of low‐dose aspirin.