Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Evolutionary Genetics of Canalization

Evolutionary genetics has recently made enormous progress in understanding how genetic variation maps into phenotypic variation. However, why some traits are phenotypically invariant despite apparent genetic and environmental changes has remained a major puzzle. In the 1940s, Conrad Hal Waddington coined the concept and term “canalization” to describe the robustness of phenotypes to perturbation; a similar concept was proposed by Waddington’s contemporary Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen. This paper reviews what has been learned about canalization since Waddington. Canalization implies that a genotype’s phenotype remains relatively invariant when individuals of a particular genotype are exposed to different environments (environmental canalization) or when individuals of the same single‐ or multilocus genotype differ in their genetic background (genetic canalization). Consequently, genetic canalization can be viewed as a particular kind of epistasis, and environmental canalization and phenotypic plasticity are two aspects of the same phenomenon. Canalization results in the accumulation of phenotypically cryptic genetic variation, which can be released after a “decanalizing” event. Thus, canalized genotypes maintain a cryptic potential for expressing particular phenotypes, which are only uncovered under particular decanalizing environmental or genetic conditions. Selection may then act on this newly released genetic variation. The accumulation of cryptic genetic variation by canalization may therefore increase evolvability at the population level by leading to phenotypic diversification under decanalizing conditions. On the other hand, under canalizing conditions, a major part of the segregating genetic variation may remain phenotypically cryptic; canalization may therefore, at least temporarily, constrain phenotypic evolution. Mechanistically, canalization can be understood in terms of transmission patterns, such as epistasis, pleiotropy, and genotype by environment interactions, and in terms of genetic redundancy, modularity, and emergent properties of gene networks and biochemical pathways. While different forms of selection can favor canalization, the requirements for its evolution are typically rather restrictive. Although there are several methods to detect canalization, there are still serious problems with unambiguously demonstrating canalization, particularly its adaptive value.
Neural Correlates of Emotion Processing in Typically Developing Children and Children of Diabetic Mothers

To examine the neurocognitive sequelae of children born to diabetic mothers (CDMs), event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to three facial expressions (happy, fear, anger) were collected from 42 children (18 CDMs, 24 controls), aged 36 and/or 48 months. A linear mixed models approach was used to model individual variation in amplitude and latency. As infants, CDMs in the present study displayed subtle impairments in attention and memory processing, including face recognition, as indexed by ERPs. Findings indicate that these same children, now ages 3–4 years, continue to display ERP patterns that differ from controls in amplitude, latency, and hemispheric asymmetry.
EVALUATION OF THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION ACCURACY OF THE FACE TRACKING SYSTEM FOR KINECT FOR WINDOWS V 1 AND V 2

In this paper we present the evaluation results for estimating the area of detection as well as the rotation accuracy of two versions of the face tracking system of the Microsoft Kinect sensor. The tested sensors are the Kinect for Windows V1 and V2 sensors in the use with the respective Software Development Kit. The tests were performed using an artificial head which was moved along a grid. The aim of this work is to prove and extend the manufacturer’s data regarding the technical specifications for the particular device. Results show that the Kinect for Windows V2 provides a greater area of detection as well as a higher head rotation accuracy than its previous version, the Kinect V1.
Comparison of Personal Space as a Function of Grade and Sex of Interacting Pairs of Children

Using Nigerian children in Grades 2 and 6 as subjects, separately 4 boys and 4 girls approached 8 boys on two occasions. This was repeated with 8 girls being approached, resulting in personal space measures for 8 pairs of boys, 8 girl-boy pairs, 8 pairs of girls and 8 boy-girl pairs, for each grade. Significantly greater personal space characterized children in Grade 2 and all children when pairs were of the opposite sex.
Compact Dual-Band Dual-Ring Printed Monopole Antennas for WLAN Applications

Three dual band planar monopole antennas for wireless local area network (WLAN) application are proposed. The antennas have common conflguration in the form of rectangular, rhombic and annular double rings. All the antennas use the self similarity property to exhibit dual band characteristics. The proposed antennas cover the frequency bands of the IEEE 802.11a/b/g (2.4{2.48GHz, 5.15{ 5.35GHz and 5.725{5.825GHz), and have radiation patterns that are; almost omnidirectional in the H-plane, and like monopole pattern in the E-plane. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with measured results for veriflcation. During the last decade, enormous advancements in designing wireless systems have been achieved. The portable devices in the market are ofiering many advantages like the small size, low cost and the support of many applications like Bluetooth, internet service, making calls and GPS services. Variety of applications, which are working on designated frequency bands, need antennas operating on these bands to be mounted in the same device. The use of more than one antenna in the same device is not a practical solution, because of the limited size in the new wireless devices. Therefore, various antennas working on dual or multi bands have been developed by the researchers over the years. Taking the beneflts of utilizing the self similarity property of fractal shapes a dual band fractal monopole was proposed by (1,2). The use of slot structures to achieve multi-band characteristics was proposed in (3{5). The use of ring shaped antenna to operate on dual
Vulnerability to drug-related infections and co-infections among injecting drug users in Budapest, Hungary.

BACKGROUND Drug-related infectious diseases are among the major health consequences of drug use, and any existing drug-related infection may predispose injecting drug users (IDUs) to other infections. METHODS We assessed among IDUs in Budapest, Hungary the prevalence of and vulnerability to selected drug-related infections and co-infections. The sample consisted of 186 participants recruited between October 2005 and December 2006. RESULTS We found 0% HIV, 37% HCV, 24% HAV, and 14% past HBV infection. Infections with Herpes 1 or 2, tuberculosis, Chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhoea were 79%, 12%, 7%, 4%, and 0%, respectively. Co-infection with HAV/HCV was 12%, HBV/HCV 9%, HAV/HBV 7%, and HAV/HBV/HCV 4%. Those over age 30, the ethnic Roma, and the homeless were more likely to have any hepatitis and a higher number of drug-related infections. Amphetamine injectors were more likely to have a higher number of drug-related infections and those who travelled within Hungary were more likely to have any STI. However, those who worked at least part time and those who were in treatment were less likely to have drug-related infections. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the need of interventions in Hungary to reach and focus on marginalized (Roma or homeless) IDUs and address not only injecting and sex risk, but also hygienic living and injecting conditions. Furthermore, structural interventions to increase social integration (working or being in treatment) may improve welfare and decrease drug use and infection risk tied to drug use/injection among disadvantaged, marginalized, mostly minority populations.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Outcomes and Complications With and Without Total Parenteral Nutrition.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the obstetric and medical complications with hyperemesis gravidarum, comparing those who were supported with total parenteral nutrition (TPN group) and those who did not receive TPN (non-TPN group). STUDY DESIGN The medical records of women with a diagnosis of hyperemesis gravidarum ( ICD-9 code 643) admitted to Crouse Hospital, Syracuse, New York, between January 1995 and December 1998 were reviewed. A total of 166 subjects were identified and 192 admissions reviewed. Information was gathered for age, gestational age, gravity and parity, marital status, length of stay, and number of admissions, and a review of electrolyte, albumin, and thyroid function was performed. An assessment of pregnancy complications and outcomes was undertaken. RESULTS Of the cases reviewed, 16% (27/166) were treated with PN. The 2 groups were similar regarding incidence of pregnancy-related and maternal medical complications. The groups were similar when comparing objective measures, such as serum potassium, bicarbonate, albumin, and thyroid function. The PN group had a significantly increased incidence of complications directly attributed to parenteral therapy. Among multiparous patients in both groups, 69% had a prior pregnancy that had ended in spontaneous or induced abortion. CONCLUSION The PN group had a marked and significant increase in serious complications directly related to PN use. These data suggest that great care should be taken to assess the need for parenteral therapy in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. A history of loss in the antecedent pregnancy may be a risk factor for a subsequent pregnancy complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum.
Bilinear Convolutional Neural Networks for Fine-Grained Visual Recognition

We present a simple and effective architecture for fine-grained recognition called <italic>Bilinear Convolutional Neural Networks (B-CNNs)</italic>. These networks represent an image as a <italic>pooled outer product</italic> of features derived from two CNNs and capture localized feature interactions in a translationally invariant manner. B-CNNs are related to orderless texture representations built on deep features but can be trained in an end-to-end manner. Our most accurate model obtains 84.1, 79.4, 84.5 and 91.3 percent per-image accuracy on the Caltech-UCSD birds <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">[1]</xref> , NABirds <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">[2]</xref> , FGVC aircraft <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">[3]</xref> , and Stanford cars <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">[4]</xref> dataset respectively and runs at 30 frames-per-second on a NVIDIA Titan X GPU. We then present a systematic analysis of these networks and show that (1) the bilinear features are highly redundant and can be reduced by an order of magnitude in size without significant loss in accuracy, (2) are also effective for other image classification tasks such as texture and scene recognition, and (3) can be trained from scratch on the ImageNet dataset offering consistent improvements over the baseline architecture. Finally, we present visualizations of these models on various datasets using top activations of neural units and gradient-based inversion techniques. The source code for the complete system is available at <uri>http://vis-www.cs. umass.edu/bcnn</uri>.
Adverse events and potentially preventable deaths in Dutch hospitals: results of a retrospective patient record review study

Objective: This study determined the incidence, type, nature, preventability and impact of adverse events (AEs) among hospitalised patients and potentially preventable deaths in Dutch hospitals. Methods: Using a three-stage retrospective record review process, trained nurses and doctors reviewed 7926 admissions: 3983 admissions of deceased hospital patients and 3943 admissions of discharged patients in 2004, in a random sample of 21 hospitals in the Netherlands (4 university, 6 tertiary teaching and 11 general hospitals). A large sample of deceased patients was included to determine the occurrence of potentially preventable deaths in hospitals more precisely. Results: One or more AEs were found in 5.7% (95% CI 5.1% to 6.4%) of all admissions and a preventable AE in 2.3% (95% CI 1.9% to 2.7%). Of all AEs, 12.8% resulted in permanent disability or contributed to death. The proportion of AEs and their impact increased with age. More than 50% of the AEs were related to surgical procedures. Among deceased hospital patients, 10.7% (95% CI 9.8% to 11.7%) had experienced an AE. Preventable AEs that contributed to death occurred in 4.1% (95% CI 3.5% to 4.8%) of all hospital deaths. Extrapolating to a national level, between 1482 and 2032 potentially preventable deaths occurred in Dutch hospitals in 2004. Conclusions: The incidence of AEs, preventable AEs and potentially preventable deaths in the Netherlands is substantial and needs to be reduced. Patient safety efforts should focus on surgical procedures and older patients.
Experiences with teaching design patterns

In this paper, we present an assignment for a course on Design patterns at the masters level, where students have to adapt an existing program to meet additional requirements. We describe the basic program, discuss the reasons why we decided for such an assignment, and show the results. The assignment proved to be very effective both to train students to work with design patterns and to assess that students have reached the learning goals. This was true both for students with a professional background and for students with academic interests.
Robust Consensus for Continuous-Time Multiagent Dynamics

This paper investigates consensus problems for continuous-time multiagent systems with time-varying communication graphs subject to input noise. Based on input-to-state stability and integral input-to-state stability, robust consensus and integral robust consensus are defined with respect to L∞ and L1 norms of the noise function, respectively. Sufficient and/or necessary connectivity conditions are obtained for the system to reach robust consensus or integral robust consensus under mild assumptions. The results answer the question on how much interaction is required for a multiagent network to converge despite a certain amount of input disturbance. The � -convergence time is obtained for the consensus computation on directed and K-bidirectional graphs.
A survey of psychological, motivational, family and perceptions of physics education factors that explain 15 year-old students’ aspirations to study post-compulsory physics in English schools

This paper investigates the factors that influence 15-year-old students’ intentions to study physics post-16, when it is no longer compulsory. The analysis is based on the year 10 (age, 15 years) responses of 5,034 students from 137 England schools as learners of physics during the academic year 2008–2009. Factor analyses uncovered a range of physics-specific constructs, 7 of which were statistically significantly associated with intention to study physics post-16 in our final multi-level model; in descending order of effect size, these are extrinsic material gain motivation, intrinsic value of physics, home support for achievement in physics, emotional response to physics lessons, perceptions of physics lessons, physics self-concept and advice-pressure to study physics. A further analysis using individual items from the survey rather than constructs (aggregates of items) supported the finding that extrinsic motivation in physics was the most important factor associated with intended participation. In addition, this item-level analysis indicated that, within the advice-pressure to study physics construct, the encouragement individual students receive from their teachers is the key factor that encourages them to intend to continue with physics post-16.
Grounded Recurrent Neural Networks

In this work, we present the Grounded Recurrent Neural Network (GRNN), a recurrent neural network architecture for multi-label prediction which explicitly ties labels to specific dimensions of the recurrent hidden state (we call this process "grounding"). The approach is particularly well-suited for extracting large numbers of concepts from text. We apply the new model to address an important problem in healthcare of understanding what medical concepts are discussed in clinical text. Using a publicly available dataset derived from Intensive Care Units, we learn to label a patient's diagnoses and procedures from their discharge summary. Our evaluation shows a clear advantage to using our proposed architecture over a variety of strong baselines.
CD86 and CD80 Differentially Modulate the Suppressive Function of Human Regulatory T Cells1

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are important in maintaining tolerance to self tissues. As both CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules are implicated in the function of Treg, we investigated the ability of their two natural ligands, CD80 and CD86, to influence the Treg-suppressive capacity. During T cell responses to alloantigens expressed on dendritic cells, we observed that Abs against CD86 potently enhanced suppression by CD4+CD25+ Treg. In contrast, blocking CD80 enhanced proliferative responses by impairing Treg suppression. Intriguingly, the relative expression levels of CD80 and CD86 on dendritic cells are modulated during progression from an immature to a mature state, and this correlates with the ability of Treg to suppress responses. Our data show that CD80 and CD86 have opposing functions through CD28 and CTLA-4 on Treg, an observation that has significant implications for manipulation of immune responses and tolerance in vivo.
Multiple Illuminant Color Estimation via Statistical Inference on Factor Graphs

This paper presents a method to recover a spatially varying illuminant color estimate from scenes lit by multiple light sources. Starting with the image formation process, we formulate the illuminant recovery problem in a statistically data-driven setting. To do this, we use a factor graph defined across the scale space of the input image. In the graph, we utilize a set of illuminant prototypes computed using a data driven approach. As a result, our method delivers a pixelwise illuminant color estimate being devoid of libraries or user input. The use of a factor graph also allows for the illuminant estimates to be recovered making use of a maximum a posteriori inference process. Moreover, we compute the probability marginals by performing a Delaunay triangulation on our factor graph. We illustrate the utility of our method for pixelwise illuminant color recovery on widely available data sets and compare against a number of alternatives. We also show sample color correction results on real-world images.
Retrieval and Classification of Dental Research Articles

Successful retrieval of a corpus of literature on a broad topic can be difficult. This study demonstrates a method to retrieve the dental and craniofacial research literature. We explored MeSH manually for dental or craniofacial indexing terms. MEDLINE was searched using these terms, and a random sample of references was extracted from the resulting set. Sixteen dental research experts categorized these articles, reading only the title and abstract, as either: (1) dental research, (2) dental non-research, (3) non-dental, or (4) not sure. Identify Patient Sets (IPS), a probabilistic text classifier, created models, based on the presence or absence of words or UMLS phrases, that distinguished dental research articles from all others. These models were applied to a test set with different inputs for each article: (1) title and abstract only, (2) MeSH terms only, or (3) both. By title and abstract only, IPS correctly classified 64% of all dental research articles present in the test set. The percentage of correctly classified dental research articles in this retrieved set was 71%. MeSH term inclusion decreased performance. Computer programs that use text input to categorize articles may aid in retrieval of a broad corpus of literature better than indexing terms or key words alone.
Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex

The insula and cingulate cortices are implicated in emotional, homeostatic/allostatic, sensorimotor, and cognitive functions. Non‐human primates have specific anatomical connections between sub‐divisions of the insula and cingulate. Specifically, the anterior insula projects to the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) and the anterior and posterior mid‐cingulate cortex (aMCC and pMCC); the mid‐posterior insula only projects to the posterior MCC (pMCC). In humans, functional neuroimaging studies implicate the anterior insula and pre/subgenual ACC in emotional processes, the mid‐posterior insula with awareness and interoception, and the MCC with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that distinct resting state functional connectivity could be identified between (1) the anterior insula and pACC/aMCC; and (2) the entire insula (anterior, middle, and posterior insula) and the pMCC. Functional connectivity was assessed from resting state fMRI scans in 19 healthy volunteers using seed regions of interest in the anterior, middle, and posterior insula. Highly correlated, low‐frequency oscillations (< 0.05 Hz) were identified between specific insula and cingulate subdivisions. The anterior insula was shown to be functionally connected with the pACC/aMCC and the pMCC, while the mid/posterior insula was only connected with the pMCC. These data provide evidence for a resting state anterior insula–pACC/aMCC cingulate system that may integrate interoceptive information with emotional salience to form a subjective representation of the body; and another system that includes the entire insula and MCC, likely involved in environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation. Human Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population genetic dynamics of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in anthropogenic altered habitats

In industrialized and/or agriculturally used landscapes, inhabiting species are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic changes in their environments. Genetic diversity may be reduced if populations encounter founder events, bottlenecks, or isolation. Conversely, genetic diversity may increase if populations adapt to changes in selective regimes in newly created habitats. With the present study, genetic variability of 918 sticklebacks from 43 samplings (21.3 ± 3.8 per sample) at 36 locations from cultivated landscapes in Northwest Germany was analyzed at nine neutral microsatellite loci. To test if differentiation is influenced by habitat alterations, sticklebacks were collected from ancient running waters and adjacent artificial stagnant waters, from brooks with salt water inflow of anthropogenic and natural origin and adjacent freshwater sites. Overall population structure was dominated by isolation by distance (IBD), which was significant across all populations, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 10.6% of the variation was explained by river catchment area. Populations in anthropogenic modified habitats deviated from the general IBD structure and in the AMOVA, grouping by habitat type running/stagnant water explained 4.9% of variation and 1.4% of the variation was explained by salt-/freshwater habitat. Sticklebacks in salt-polluted water systems seem to exhibit elevated migratory activity between fresh- and saltwater habitats, reducing IBD. In other situations, populations showed distinct signs of genetic isolation, which in some locations was attributed to mechanical migration barriers, but in others to potential anthropogenic induced bottleneck or founder effects. The present study shows that anthropogenic habitat alterations may have diverse effects on the population genetic structure of inhabiting species. Depending on the type of habitat change, increased genetic differentiation, diversification, or isolation are possible consequences.