Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Website Operators’ Liability for Offensive Comments: A Comparative Analysis of Delfi as v. Estonia and MTE & Index v. Hungary

Abstract In 2013 and 2015, the ECtHR in the famous case of Delfi AS v. Estonia recognised the possibility for a website operator to be liable for the delayed removal of illegal comments of internet users. In this case the ECtHR formulated criteria for a website operator’s liability for damage caused to a third party by its visitor comments. The judgment of 2016 in the case of MTE & Index v. Hungary the ECtHR modified the criteria for a website operator’s liability, interpreting it to the benefit of web managers. This article seeks to reveal the criteria for the liability of a website operator and to draw some general guidance that can be applied in similar cases.
Loss of SOX9 Expression Is Associated with PSA Recurrence in ERG-Positive and PTEN Deleted Prostate Cancers

The transcription factor SOX9 plays a crucial role in normal prostate development and has been suggested to drive prostate carcinogenesis in concert with PTEN inactivation. To evaluate the clinical impact of SOX9 and its relationship with key genomic alterations in prostate cancer, SOX9 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing 11,152 prostate cancers. Data on ERG status and deletions of PTEN, 3p13, 5q21 and 6q15 were available from earlier studies. SOX9 expression levels were comparable in luminal cells of normal prostate glands (50% SOX9 positive) and 3,671 cancers lacking TMPRSS2:ERG fusion (55% SOX9 positive), but was markedly increased in 3,116 ERG-fusion positive cancers (81% SOX9 positive, p<0.0001). While no unequivocal changes in the SOX9 expression levels were found in different stages of ERG-negative cancers, a gradual decrease of SOX9 paralleled progression to advanced stage, high Gleason grade, metastatic growth, and presence of PTEN deletions in ERG-positive cancers (p<0.0001 each). SOX9 levels were unrelated to deletions of 3p, 5q, and 6q. Down-regulation of SOX9 expression was particularly strongly associated with PSA recurrence in ERG-positive tumors harboring PTEN deletions (p=0.001), but had no significant effect in ERG-negative cancers or in tumors with normal PTEN copy numbers. In summary, the results of our study argue against a tumor-promoting role of SOX9 in prostate cancer, but demonstrate that loss of SOX9 expression characterizes a particularly aggressive subset of ERG positive cancers harboring PTEN deletions.
Palytoxin-induced Effects on Partial Reactions of the Na,K-ATPase

The interaction of palytoxin with the Na,K-ATPase was studied by the electrochromic styryl dye RH421, which monitors the amount of ions in the membrane domain of the pump. The toxin affected the pump function in the state P-E2, independently of the type of phosphorylation (ATP or inorganic phosphate). The palytoxin-induced modification of the protein consisted of two steps: toxin binding and a subsequent conformational change into a transmembrane ion channel. At 20°C, the rate-limiting reaction had a forward rate constant of 105 M−1s−1 and a backward rate constant of about 10−3 s−1. In the palytoxin-modified state, the binding affinity for Na+ and H+ was increased and reached values between those obtained in the E1 and P-E2 conformation under physiological conditions. Even under saturating palytoxin concentrations, the ATPase activity was not completely inhibited. In the Na/K mode, ∼50% of the enzyme remained active in the average, and in the Na-only mode 25%. The experimental findings indicate that an additional exit from the inhibited state exists. An obvious reaction pathway is a slow dephosphorylation of the palytoxin-inhibited state with a time constant of ∼100 s. Analysis of the effect of blockers of the extracellular and cytoplasmic access channels, TPA+ and Br2-Titu3+, respectively, showed that both access channels are part of the ion pathway in the palytoxin-modified protein. All experiments can be explained by an extension of the Post-Albers cycle, in which three additional states were added that branch off in the P-E2 state and lead to states in which the open-channel conformation is introduced and returns into the pump cycle in the occluded E2 state. The previously suggested molecular model for the channel state of the Na,K-ATPase as a conformation in which both gates between binding sites and aqueous phases are simultaneously in their open state is supported by this study.
Personality and leadership : trait-perspectives on charisma, curvilinear relationships, and measurement innovations

Under the increasing influence of trait-perspectives on leadership, the current study introduces a personality-based measure of charisma. In order to obtain a Five-Factor Model (FFM) prototype for the charismatic leader, experts in the field of leadership and personality research were invited to participate in an expert panel. For each of the 30 NEO PI-R facets, experts (N = 38) rated the prototypic case of a successful charismatic leader on a scale ranging between 1 (extremely low) and 9 (extremely high). Based on the FFM count technique (Miller et al., 2005), an easy-to-use count was developed in which facets that were rated as being prototypically high (≥ 7) or low (≤ 3) were summed together to calculate the FFM charisma score. To investigate the predictive validity of the FFM charisma count in terms of work-related outcomes, the 1994 Ghent alumni sample was used in which college alumni (N = 262) were administered the NEO PI-R before entering the labor market and 15 years later when their professional careers had unfolded. The results demonstrate that FFM charisma was positively related to extrinsic career outcomes 15 years later, including income, number of subordinates, and managerial level. Moreover, FFM charisma was positively associated with adaptive performance, and with career roles that directly relate to charismatic leadership. It is concluded that the FFM charisma compound provides opportunities to map charismatic tendencies in a career-relevant way. 1 Vergauwe, J., Wille, B. , Hofmans, J., & De Fruyt, F. (2017). Development of a FiveFactor Model charisma compound and its relations to career outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 24-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb. 2016.12. 005
The Spread of Alcohol Consumption Behavior in a Large Social Network

BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption has important health-related consequences and numerous biological and social determinants. OBJECTIVE To explore quantitatively whether alcohol consumption behavior spreads from person to person in a large social network of friends, coworkers, siblings, spouses, and neighbors, followed for 32 years. DESIGN Longitudinal network cohort study. SETTING The Framingham Heart Study. PARTICIPANTS 12 067 persons assessed at several time points between 1971 and 2003. MEASUREMENTS Self-reported alcohol consumption (number of drinks per week on average over the past year and number of days drinking within the past week) and social network ties, measured at each time point. RESULTS Clusters of drinkers and abstainers were present in the network at all time points, and the clusters extended to 3 degrees of separation. These clusters were not only due to selective formation of social ties among drinkers but also seem to reflect interpersonal influence. Changes in the alcohol consumption behavior of a person's social network had a statistically significant effect on that person's subsequent alcohol consumption behavior. The behaviors of immediate neighbors and coworkers were not significantly associated with a person's drinking behavior, but the behavior of relatives and friends was. LIMITATIONS A nonclinical measure of alcohol consumption was used. Also, it is unclear whether the effects on long-term health are positive or negative, because alcohol has been shown to be both harmful and protective. Finally, not all network ties were observed. CONCLUSION Network phenomena seem to influence alcohol consumption behavior. This has implications for clinical and public health interventions and further supports group-level interventions to reduce problematic drinking.
Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Oxaliplatin, Cisplatin, and Carboplatin in Nonhuman Primates

Purpose: Describe and compare the central nervous system pharmacology of the platinum analogues, cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin and develop a pharmacokinetic model to distinguish the disposition of active drug from inert platinum species. Experimental Design: Oxaliplatin (7 or 5 mg/kg), cisplatin (2 mg/kg), or carboplatin (10 mg/kg) was given i.v. Serial plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected over 24 hours. Plasma ultrafiltrates were prepared immediately. Platinum concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Areas under the concentration × time curve were derived using the linear trapezoidal method. CSF penetration was defined as the CSF AUC0-24/plasma ultrafiltrate AUC0-24 ratio. A four-compartment model with first-order rate constants was fit to the data to distinguish active drug from inactive metabolites. Results: The mean ± SD AUCs in plasma ultrafiltrate for oxaliplatin, cisplatin, and carboplatin were 61 ± 22, 18 ± 6, and 211 ± 64 μmol/L hour, respectively. The AUCs in CSF were 1.2 ± 0.4 μmol/L hour for oxaliplatin, 0.56 ± 0.08 μmol/L hour for cisplatin, and 8 ± 2.2 μmol/L hour for carboplatin, and CSF penetration was 2.0%, 3.6%, and 3.8%, respectively. For oxaliplatin, cisplatin, and carboplatin, the pharmacokinetic model estimated that active drug accounted for 29%, 79%, and 81% of platinum in plasma ultrafiltrate, respectively, and 25%, 89%, and 56% of platinum in CSF, respectively. The CSF penetration of active drug was 1.6% for oxaliplatin, 3.7% for cisplatin, and 2.6% for carboplatin. Conclusions: The CSF penetration of the platinum analogues is limited. The pharmacokinetic model distinguished between active drug and their inactive (inert) metabolites in plasma and CSF.
Pareidolia in Infants

Faces convey primal information for our social life. This information is so primal that we sometimes find faces in non-face objects. Such illusory perception is called pareidolia. In this study, using infants’ orientation behavior toward a sound source, we demonstrated that infants also perceive pareidolic faces. An image formed by four blobs and an outline was shown to infants with or without pure tones, and the time they spent looking at each blob was compared. Since the mouth is the unique sound source in a face and the literature has shown that infants older than 6 months already have sound-mouth association, increased looking time towards the bottom blob (pareidolic mouth area) during sound presentation indicated that they illusorily perceive a face in the image. Infants aged 10 and 12 months looked longer at the bottom blob under the upright-image condition, whereas no differences in looking time were observed for any blob under the inverted-image condition. However, 8-month-olds did not show any difference in looking time under both the upright and inverted conditions, suggesting that the perception of pareidolic faces, through sound association, comes to develop at around 8 to 10 months after birth.
A Cumulus Parameterization Including Mass Fluxes, Convective Vertical Velocities, and Mesoscale Effects: Thermodynamic and Hydrological Aspects in a General Circulation Model

Abstract A cumulus parameterization based on mass fluxes, convective-scale vertical velocities, and mesoscale effects has been incorporated in an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). Most contemporary cumulus parameterizations are based on convective mass fluxes. This parameterization augments mass fluxes with convective-scale vertical velocities as a means of providing a method for incorporating cumulus microphysics using vertical velocities at physically appropriate (subgrid) scales. Convective-scale microphysics provides a key source of material for mesoscale circulations associated with deep convection, along with mesoscale in situ microphysical processes. The latter depend on simple, parameterized mesoscale dynamics. Consistent treatment of convection, microphysics, and radiation is crucial for modeling global-scale interactions involving clouds and radiation. Thermodynamic and hydrological aspects of this parameterization in integrations of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory SKYHI GCM.
Bayesian variable order Markov models

We present a simple, effective generalisation of variable order Markov models to full online Bayesian estimation. The mechanism used is close to that employed in context tree weighting. The main contribution is the addition of a prior, conditioned on context, on the Markov order. The resulting construction uses a simple recursion and can be updated efficiently. This allows the model to make predictions using more complex contexts, as more data is acquired, if necessary. In addition, our model can be alternatively seen as a mixture of tree experts. Experimental results show that the predictive model exhibits consistently good performance in a variety of domains.
Role of Myosin II in Axon Outgrowth

The initial stages of nerve outgrowth carried out by growth cones occur in three fundamental cyclic steps. Each of these steps appears to require myosin II activity to variable degrees. The steps include the following: (a) exploration, involving extensions and retractions that are driven and controlled by the interaction of actin retrograde flow and polymerization; (b) adhesion of new extensions to the substrate, which has been shown to be mediated by complex interactions between extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton; and (c) traction force generated during forward advance of the growth cone, resulting in the production of tension on the neurite.
Although I am stressed, I still use IT! Theorizing the decisive impact of strain and addiction of social network site users in post-acceptance theory

This paper examines the decisive roles of strain and addiction in post-acceptance behavior of social networking sites’ users. Therefore, we focus in a first step on the formation of discontinuous usage intentions by theorizing strain, addiction, and satisfaction as direct influencing factor that causes and/or inhibits them. In a second step, the influence of these variables on the intention-behavior relation is focused. We theorize that addiction as well as the ratio between satisfaction and strain moderate whether users transfer discontinuous usage intentions into non-usage behavior. To validate the subsequent research model we propose a longitudinal research setting and present initial results, whereupon satisfaction and strain – but not addiction – causes discontinuous usage intentions. We discuss our expected contributions by revealing that satisfaction, strain, and addiction influence whether a technology is used continuously; however, their influence on intentions and actual behaviors differs.
The Urine Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) Dipstick: A Valid Substitute for Microscopy for Mapping and Point-Of-Care Diagnosis of Intestinal Schistosomiasis

Background The World Health Organization now recommends the provision of praziquantel treatment to preschool-aged children infected with schistosomiasis. For intestinal schistosomiasis the current operational field diagnostic standard is examination of a thick Kato-Katz smear by microscopy prepared from a single stool specimen, and although pragmatic, this methodology has well-known shortcomings. Here, as a potential alternative, the performance of the urine circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) dipstick test was assessed in terms of disease-mapping and point-of-care diagnosis for intestinal schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children. Our manuscript reports on findings at baseline and at the end of a one-year longitudinal treatment study. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 925 children (mean age 2.8 years) were initially recruited from six lakeshore villages representative of high, moderate and low levels of disease transmission. At baseline, all children were tested for intestinal schistosomiasis by microscopic examination of duplicate Kato-Katz smears prepared from a single stool faecal, by antigen detection with the urine CCA dipstick test and by serology with a commercially available ELISA test (as ‘gold-standard’) that measures host antibody titres to soluble egg antigens. As a point-of-care diagnosis, the urine CCA dipstick test achieved sensitivity and specificity values ranging from 52.5–63.2% and 57.7–75.6%, respectively, with faecal microscopy achieving very high specificities (>87%) but sensitivities as low as 16.7% in the low transmission setting. Conclusion/Significance The urine CCA test was shown to be more effective than faecal microscopy especially in lower transmission settings. The diagnostic performance of this test was not significantly impacted by treatment history or co-infections with other intestinal helminths.
Breaking the hierarchy of galaxy formation

Recent observations of the distant Universe suggest that much of the stellar mass of bright galaxies was already in place at z > 1. This presents a challenge for models of galaxy formation because massive halos are assembled late in the hierarchical clustering process intrinsic to the cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology. In this paper, we discuss a new implementation of the Durham semi-analytic model of galaxy formation in which feedback due to active galactic nuclei (AGN) is assumed to quench cooling flows in massive halos. This mechanism naturally creates a break in the local galaxy luminosity function at bright magnitudes. The model is implemented within the Millennium N-body simulation. The accurate dark matter merger trees and large number of realisations of the galaxy formation process enabled by this simulation result in highly accurate statistics. After adjusting the values of the physical parameters in the model by reference to the properties of the local galaxy population, we investigate the evolution of the K-band luminosity and galaxy stellar mass functions. We calculate the volume-averaged star formation rate density of the Universe as a function of redshift and the way in which this is apportioned amongst galaxies of different mass. The model robustly predicts a substantial population of massive galaxies out to redshift z � 5 and a star formation rate density which rises at least out to z � 2 in objects of all masses. Although observational data on these properties have been cited as evidence for “anti-hierarchical” galaxy formation, we find that when AGN feedback is taken into account, the fundamentally hierarchical CDM model provides a very good match to these observations.
(n-1)-st Koszul homology and the structure of monomial ideals

Koszul homology of monomial ideals provides a description of the structure of such ideals, not only from a homological point of view (free resolutions, Betti numbers, Hilbert series) but also from an algebraic viewpoint. In this paper we show that, in particular, the homology at degree (n 1), with n the number of indeterminates of the ring, plays an important role for this algebraic description in terms of Stanley and irreducible decompositions. Keywords: Koszul homology, monomial ideal, irreducible decomposition, Stanley decomposition, Betti numbers
Facilitating affective change with preservice primary teachers

There has been a concern for some time that preservice primary school teachers hold negative views of mathematics and their views influence their mathematical teaching practice. The participants in this study were involved in an initial course in mathematics education that deliberately set out to challenge their affective views of mathematics. The findings of the study indicated that some positive affective change occurred in the participants’ beliefs about mathematics and their feelings and attitudes towards the subject. The aspects of the course that seemed to facilitate these changes are presented, followed by a discussion of some of the issues surrounding affective reform in mathematics for preservice primary teachers.
The Performance of Bayesian Network Classifiers Constructed using Different Techniques

This paper presents empirical results for classification using Bayesian networks constructed using the K2 Bayesian metric, and compares these results with those of other researchers who have used Bayesian networks constructed using the MDL score and using conditional independence tests. There are significant disparities in these results, which is somewhat paradoxical as it is has been shown that the MDL score is asymptotically equivalent to the Bayesian metric, and that structure search based on maximising a score is equivalent to structure search based on conditional independence tests. To resolve this paradox, we analyse the differences in methods used by different researchers to identify the source of the disparities. We conclude that differences in performance are attributable to differences in parameter estimation and structure search heuristics, rather than to differences in the scores/tests used.
Institutional Herding and Mood

Drawing on a unique data set of daily portfolio holdings for Turkish mutual funds we investigate the relationship between mood and institutional herding on the premises of various established mood proxies (weekend effect; holiday effect; Ramadan; sunshine; new/full moon) for the January 2002-August 2008 period. Results indicate that fund managers in Turkey herd significantly, with their herding growing in magnitude as the number of active funds per stock rises and appearing stronger on the buy- than the sell-side. Although the relationship of mood with institutional herding occasionally assumes the correct sign as per theoretical expectations, institutional herding is found to be insignificantly different across various mood states, thus denoting that mood does not impact the propensity of fund managers to herd.
Union, intersection and refinement types and reasoning about type disjointness for secure protocol implementations

We present a new type system for verifying the security of reference implementations of cryptographic protocols written in a core functional programming language. The type system combines prior work on refinement types, with union, intersection, and polymorphic types, and with the novel ability to reason statically about the disjointness of types. The increased expressivity enables the analysis of important protocol classes that were previously out of scope for the type-based analyses of reference protocol implementations. In particular, our types can statically characterize: i more usages of asymmetric cryptography, such as signatures of private data and encryptions of authenticated data; ii authenticity and integrity properties achieved by showing knowledge of secret data; iii applications based on zero-knowledge proofs. The type system comes with a mechanized proof of correctness and an efficient type-checker.
Representing and Manipulating Mesh-Based Character Animations

We propose a new approach to represent and manipulate a mesh-based character animation preserving its time-varying details. Our method first decomposes the input mesh animation into coarse and fine deformation components. A model for the coarse deformations is constructed by an underlying kinematic skeleton structure and blending skinning weights. Thereafter, a non-linear probabilistic model is used to encode the fine time-varying details of the input animation. The user can manipulate the corresponding skeleton-based component of the input, which can be done by any standard animation package, and the final result is generated including its important time-varying details. By converting an input sample animation into our new hybrid representation, we are able to maintain the flexibility of mesh-based methods during animation creation while allowing for practical manipulations using the standard skeleton-based paradigm. We demonstrate the performance of our method by converting and editing several mesh animations generated by different performance capture approaches.