Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Responses of spinothalamic lamina I neurons to maintained noxious mechanical stimulation in the cat.

Noxious mechanical stimuli that are maintained for minutes produce a continuous sensation of pain in humans that augments during the stimulus. It has recently been shown with systematic force-controlled stimuli that, while all mechanically responsive nociceptors adapt to these stimuli, the basis for such pain can be ascribed to A-fiber rather than C-fiber nociceptors, based on distinctions in their respective response profiles and stimulus-response functions. The present experiments investigated whether similar distinctions could be made in subsets of nociceptive lamina I spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons using similar maintained stimuli. Twenty-eight lamina I STT neurons in the lumbosacral dorsal horn of barbiturate-anesthetized cats were tested with noxious mechanical stimuli applied with a probe of 0.1 mm(2) contact area at forces of 25, 50, and 100 g for 2 min. The neurons were classified as nociceptive-specific (NS, n = 14) or polymodal nociceptive (HPC, n = 14) based on their responses to quantitative thermal stimuli. The NS neurons had greater responses and showed less adaptation than the HPC neurons in response to these stimuli, and they encoded stimulus intensity better. Comparison of the normalized response profiles of all 28 nociceptive lamina I STT neurons, independent of cell classification, revealed 2 subgroups that differed significantly: "Maintained" cells with responses that remained above 50% of the initial peak rate during stimulation and "Adapting" cells with responses that quickly declined to <50%. The Maintained neurons encoded the intensity of the mechanical stimuli better than the Adapting neurons, based on ratiometric functions. A k-means cluster analysis of all 28 cells distinguished the identical two subgroups. These categories corresponded closely to the NS and HPC categories: Maintained cells were mostly NS neurons (10 NS, 3 HPC), and Adapting cells were mostly HPC neurons (4 NS, 11 HPC). Thus the present data are consistent with the distinctions between A-fiber and C-fiber nociceptors observed previously, because A-fiber nociceptors are the predominant input to NS lamina I STT neurons and C-fiber nociceptors are the predominant input to HPC neurons. These findings support the view that NS, but perhaps not HPC, lamina I STT neurons have a role in the pain caused by maintained mechanical stimuli and contribute to the sensations of "first" pain and "sharpness. " Nonetheless, none of the units studied showed increasing responses during the stimuli, suggesting a role for other ascending neurons or forebrain integration in the augmenting pain produced by maintained mechanical stimulation.
Privatization Versus Private Sector Initial Public Offerings in Poland

This article compares the characteristics and the price behavior of case-by-case privatization initial public offerings and private sector initial public offerings in Poland over the first nine years after the reopening of the Warsaw Stock Exchange in April 1991. There is evidence that the Polish government is market-oriented, trying to build up reputation for its privatization policy over time by underpricing, selling a high fraction at the initial offer and underpricing more when selling to domestic retail investors. In the long run privatization initial public offerings experience neither an under- nor an overperformance. A lower political influence has no effect on the long-run performance of privatized companies.
The local‐food movement and the anthropology of global systems

Today's wrenching worldwide social and cultural instability calls for more adequate theorization. Through an examination of the local-food movement in the United States, I consider one such theorization, Kajsa Ekholm Friedman and Jonathan Friedman's anthropology of global systems. The Friedmans set out an original conceptualization of transformations in the political economy of commercial civilizations and processes of identity formation in periods of hegemonic decline. I present data on the local-food movement in North Carolina and on differences in identity orientations between “sustainable-agriculture” and “food-security” activists to evaluate this conceptualization.
ANALISIS DAMPAK KENAIKAN UPAH MINIMUM KOTA (UMK) TERHADAP KESEMPATAN KERJA DAN INVESTASI (STUDI KASUS PADA KOTA MALANG PERIODE 2001-2011)

Pokok dari permasalahan dalam penelitian ini bermula dari kompleksnya masalah mengenai upah minimum yang menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya kesenjangan antara jumlah pencari kerja dan kesempatan kerja sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah pengangguran dan juga menyebabkan perubahan pada jumlah investasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimana dampak kenaikan upah minimum terhadap kesempatan kerja dan investasi di Kota Malang tahun 2001 – 2011. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Two Stage Least Square (TSLS). Uji hipotesis menggunakan pengujian secara simultan (uji F), parsial (uji t), dan Uji Koefisien Determinasi (R 2 ). Data-data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data pertumbuhan ekonomi, upah minimum kota (UMK), investasi, suku bunga SBI, kesempatan kerja di Kota Malang Tahun 2001 – 2011. Hasil penelitian pada model pertama menunjukkan pengaruh UMK terhadap kesempatan kerja diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,00 < 0,05 dengan nilai koefisiennya adalah -2,87. Hal ini menyatakan bahwa pada model pertama UMK memiliki pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap kesempatan kerja. Hasil pengujian pengaruh investasi terhadap kesempatan kerja diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,02 < 0,05 dengan nilai koefisien 0,02. Hal tersebut menyatakan bahwa investasi memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap kesempatan kerja. Hasil pengujian pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kesempatan kerja diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,055 < 0,05 dengan nilai koefisien 1,09. Hal menyatakan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap kesempatan kerja. Dengan demikian Hipotesis 1 diterima. Pada model kedua hasil pengujian pengaruh UMK terhadap investasi diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,004 < 0,05 dengan nilai koefisien -16,2. Hal ini berarti bahwa UMK memiliki pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap investasi. Hasil pengujian pengaruh tingkat suku bunga SBI terhadap investasi diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,002 < 0,05 dengan nilai koefisien -19,4. Hal ini berarti bahwa tingkat suku bunga SBI memiliki pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap investasi. Hasil pengujian pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap investasi diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,0001 < 0,05 dengan nilai koefisien 16,3. Hal ini berarti bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap investasi. Dengan demikian Hipotesis 2 diterima. Hasil pengujian secara simultan pada model pertama diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 < 0,05. Hal ini berarti kesempatan kerja dapat dipengaruhi oleh UMK, investasi, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi secara bersama-sama. Sedangkan hasil pengujian secara simultan pada model kedua diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 < 0,05. Hal ini berarti investasi dapat dipengaruhi oleh UMK, tingkat suku bunga SBI, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi secara bersama-sama. Kata kunci : UMK, Investasi, Kesempatan Kerja, Suku Bunga SBI, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
A 200-GHz True E-Mode Low-Noise MHEMT

In this paper, a fully passivated true enhancement mode 110-nm metamorphic high-electron mobility transistor (E-MHEMT) on GaAs substrate with excellent dc and RF performance has been developed. By choosing an indium content of 40% for the AlInAs/GalnAs/AlInAs MHEMT, the difference between the Schottky-barrier height and the conductance band-offset (channel/barrier) of the device is enhanced compared with 53% indium devices lattice matched to an InP substrate. A true E-MHEMT is demonstrated with an extremely low leakage current, wide gate-voltage swing, and excellent dynamic performance. The threshold-voltage standard deviation is only 12 mV on four wafers. The device presents an excellent unity gain cutoff frequency of 204 GHz with state-of-the-art NFmin = 0.69 dB and Gass = 10 dB at 30 GHz. This transistor is a good candidate for high-speed digital, high-frequency analog, or mixed applications, where the low noise, low-power consumption, and digital capabilities of this technology are distinct advantages.
Boys being boys : psychosocial factors associated with alcohol use among mid-adolescent males in a Durban boys' high school.

The challenges of adolescence include negotiating risk behaviours such as alcohol use. The high prevalence and frequency of alcohol use among adolescents has been noted with concern, as has the rapidly decreasing age of initiation. Adolescent alcohol use has been found to be associated with numerous factors at intra-personal, inter-personal and contextual levels. This study aimed to explore qualitatively the perceived underlying factors related to alcohol use and binge drinking among adolescent boys, as identified and explained by the boys themselves. Exploration of these factors was guided by Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, the Prototype/Willingness Model and Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. The study population was comprised of male learners who were at that time in Grade 11 at the school and ranged in age from 16 to 18 years. Three focus group discussions were conducted, each comprising between 8-11 male learners, which were transcribed and analysed thematically in order to identify commonalties and variances among the responses of participants. The Nvivo software program was used to aid analysis. The findings of this study indicate that there are a variety of factors which influence adolescent alcohol use, and which operate individually as well as cumulatively. While adolescent boys are aware of the consequences of alcohol use and binge drinking, they often do not perceive themselves to be vulnerable to these risks. Protective factors include the school identity, team activities such as sports, and a sense of future. In conclusion, adolescent alcohol use is extremely complicated as it is impacted by multiple factors, and thus an awareness and greater understanding of the nature in which these factors interact are important for future interventions.
Human resources and models of mental healthcare integration into primary and community care in India: Case studies of 72 programmes

Background Given the scarcity of specialist mental healthcare in India, diverse community mental healthcare models have evolved. This study explores and compares Indian models of mental healthcare delivered by primary-level workers (PHW), and health workers’ roles within these. We aim to describe current service delivery to identify feasible and acceptable models with potential for scaling up. Methods Seventy two programmes (governmental and non-governmental) across 12 states were visited. 246 PHWs, coordinators, leaders, specialists and other staff were interviewed to understand the programme structure, the model of mental health delivery and health workers’ roles. Data were analysed using framework analysis. Results Programmes were categorised using an existing framework of collaborative and non-collaborative models of primary mental healthcare. A new model was identified: the specialist community model, whereby PHWs are trained within specialist programmes to provide community support and treatment for those with severe mental disorders. Most collaborative and specialist community models used lay health workers rather than doctors. Both these models used care managers. PHWs and care managers received support often through multiple specialist and non-specialist organisations from voluntary and government sectors. Many projects still use a simple yet ineffective model of training without supervision (training and identification/referral models). Discussion and conclusion Indian models differ significantly to those in high-income countries—there are less professional PHWs used across all models. There is also intensive specialist involvement particularly in the community outreach and collaborative care models. Excessive reliance on specialists inhibits their scalability, though they may be useful in targeted interventions for severe mental disorders. We propose a revised framework of models based on our findings. The current priorities are to evaluate the comparative effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and scalability of these models in resource-limited settings both in India and in other low- and middle- income countries.
Intraventricular hemorrhage and high-frequency ventilation: a meta-analysis of prospective clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE The association between high-frequency ventilation (HFV) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) has been debated. PURPOSE To determine if premature neonates treated with HFV are at greater risk for developing IVH and/or PVL than neonates treated with conventional ventilation, we completed a meta-analysis of all prospective randomized control trials comparing HFV and conventional ventilation in the management of respiratory distress syndrome. METHODS The meta-analysis included nine studies comparing HFV and conventional ventilation in the management of preterm neonates. To summarize the data, we calculated the difference in absolute risk for IVH and PVL between neonates treated with HFV and those treated with standard ventilation. These differences were combined to determine an overall difference in the absolute risk and its confidence interval. We examined the effect of estimated gestational age, birth weight, surfactant, and age at study entry on the results. Because one trial (HIFI study) was much larger than the other studies, it dominated the analysis, so we evaluated the data with and without including data from the HIFI trial. RESULTS The occurrences of IVH and PVL ranged from 14% to 47% and 5% to 16%, respectively. This variation may be explained by the difference in the populations of neonates treated. The meta-analysis showed that use of HFV was associated with an increased risk of PVL (odds ratio = 1.7 with a confidence interval of 1.06 to 2.74), but not IVH or severe (> or = grade 3) IVH. When the results of the HIFI study were excluded, there were no differences between HFV and conventional ventilation in the occurrence of IVH or PVL. CONCLUSIONS The association between HFV and adverse neurologic outcomes is primarily influenced by the results of the HIFI trial. Meta-analysis of more recent studies does not confirm the findings of the HIFI trial and suggests that HFV is not associated with increased occurrence of IVH or PVL.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Optically Active 3-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol-glucosides

A stereocontrolled synthesis of optically active β-D-glucopyronosides 6a, b and 11a, b was accomplished via the 7,8-saturated alcohols 4a, b, efficiently prepared by an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of the α,β-acetylenic ketone 1 and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation. Simultaneous separation of these four glucosides by HPLC was also performed. This work is useful not only in order to confirm the stereochemistries of the trace amount of glucosides in plants but also to clarify their biosynthesis.
Aspergillus fumigatus mitochondrial electron transport chain mediates oxidative stress homeostasis, hypoxia responses and fungal pathogenesis

We previously observed that hypoxia is an important component of host microenvironments during pulmonary fungal infections. However, mechanisms of fungal growth in these in vivo hypoxic conditions are poorly understood. Here, we report that mitochondrial respiration is active in hypoxia (1% oxygen) and critical for fungal pathogenesis. We generated Aspergillus fumigatus alternative oxidase (aoxA) and cytochrome C (cycA) null mutants and assessed their ability to tolerate hypoxia, macrophage killing and virulence. In contrast to ΔaoxA, ΔcycA was found to be significantly impaired in conidia germination, growth in normoxia and hypoxia, and displayed attenuated virulence. Intriguingly, loss of cycA results in increased levels of AoxA activity, which results in increased resistance to oxidative stress, macrophage killing and long‐term persistence in murine lungs. Thus, our results demonstrate a previously unidentified role for fungal mitochondrial respiration in the pathogenesis of aspergillosis, and lay the foundation for future research into its role in hypoxia signalling and adaptation.
Limitations of the Friedewald formula for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in alcoholics with liver disease.

The accuracy of the Friedewald formula in estimating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was investigated in 47 alcoholic patients with liver disease (21 minimal-change, 26 cirrhotic) by comparing the results with those obtained by sequential preparative ultracentrifugation. In 14% of subjects with minimal-change disease, the error in the estimated LDL cholesterol was 50% +/- 9% (mean +/- SD; range 40-59%) and was related to the degree of attendant hypertriglyceridemia (r = 0.98; P < 0.001). A similar degree of error was observed in patients with cirrhosis, despite the absence of hypertriglyceridemia; an abnormal VLDL cholesterol: triglyceride ratio was the contributory factor in the discrepancy. We conclude that, as is the case in other clinical pathologies in which abnormalities of lipoprotein composition have been described (e.g., diabetes), the Friedewald formula to estimate LDL cholesterol may be inappropriate in chronic alcoholics, particularly those in whom a degree of hepatic dysfunction may be suspected.
Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, Northeast Florida

Background: Since 2001 there have been several reported outbreaks due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), particularly in the northeastern states. Methods: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from healthcare facilities in Northeast Florida were phenotypically identified and confirmed using PCR amplification and sequencing of the blaKPC gene. Results: Results from PFGE analysis of these isolates demonstrated possible horizontal spread from two possible “outbreak” strains during the study period. Conclusions: We present the first published cluster of Kp and Escherichia coli (Ec) cases in Florida carrying the KPC-2 or KPC-3 gene.
Impact of prehospital rapid sequence intubation and mechanical ventilation on prehospital vital signs and outcome in trauma patients

Introduction. Medications during rapid se-quence intubation (RSI) have known detri-mental side effects. Prehospital mechanical ventilation after successful endotracheal intubation also increases mortality due to hyperventilation and positive pressure ventilation. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to determine the impact of RSI on prehospital hemodynamic param-eters and prehospital ventilation status on mortality rate and functional outcome in trauma patients.Methods. Charts of 73 trauma patients, who underwent prehospital RSI over a 12-year period, were retrospectively reviewed. Prehospital vital signs, before and after RSI, were compared. Patients were divided, according to ventilation status, into three groups based on initial PaCO2: hypocar-bic/hyperventilated (PaCO2 45mmHg). Results. Seventy-three patients were en-rolled in the retrospective analysis. There was a significant difference in respira-tory rate (p=0.046), arterial oxygen satu-ration (p<0.001), mean arterial pressure (p<0.001) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)(p<0.001) before and after RSI. GCS at dis-charge (p=0.003) and arterial oxygen satu-ration (p=0.05) were significantly higher in the normoventilated group. There was no significant difference in survival to hospi-tal discharge among compared groups. Conclusion. Our retrospective analysis suggests that prehospital RSI has no detri-mental hemodynamic side effects and that normoventilation leads to a favorable neu-rological outcome.
The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Education

SECTION ONE: GENDER THEORY AND METHODOLOGY Introduction The 'Nature of Gender' - Becky Francis Understanding Men: Gender Sociology and the New International Research on Masulinities - R.W. Connell Femininities: Reclassifying Upward Mobility and the Neo-liberal Subject - Valerie Walkerdine & Jessica Ringrose Gender, Education and Social Thought - Jo-Anne Dillabough Gender and Methodology - Catherine Marshall & Michelle Young Feminist Pedagogy - Gaby Weiner Gender, Education and Development - Elaine Unterhalter Gender and Movements in Social Policy - Meg Maguire SECTION TWO: GENDER AND THE EDUCATIONAL SECTORS Introduction Constructing Gender in Early Years Education - Glenda MacNaughton Boys and Girls in the Elementary School - Christine Skelton Masculinities and Femininities and Secondary Schooling - Kevin G. Davison & Blye W. Frank Gender Equity in Post Secondary Education - Carol Leathwood Gender and Higher Education - Sara Delamont Single Sex Education - Diane Leonard SECTION THREE: GENDER AND SCHOOL SUBJECTS Introduction Gender and Mathematics - Jo Boaler & Tesha Sengupta-Irving Engaging Girls in Science - Angela Calabrese Barton & Nancy Brickhouse Gender and Literacy - Bronwyn Davies and Sue Saltmarsh 'Sex' Education - Bagele Chilisa Gender Issues in Testing and Assessment - Janette Elwood Gender and Citizenship - Tuula Gordon Gender and Modern Language Education - Linda von Hoene Gender and Technology: What the Research Tells Us - Jo Sanders SECTION FOUR: GENDER, IDENTITY AND EDUCATIONAL SITES Introduction Room at the Table: Racial and Gendered Realities in the Schooling of Black Children - Janie Ward & Tracy Robinson Wood Gender and Class in Education - Diane Reay The 'Right' Way to Educate Boys - Wayne Martino Femininities and Schooling - Carrie Paechter Sexualities, Schooling and Hetero-Gender - D James Mellor & Debbie Epstein Achieving Equity: Disability and Gender - Harilyn Rousso & Michael L. Wehmeyer Gender Voices in the Classroom - Madeleine Arnot SECTION FIVE: WORKING IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES Introduction School Culture and Gender - Fengshu Lui Gendered Classroom Experiences - Emma Renold Women in Teaching - Jane Gaskell & Ann Mullen Constructing Teaching Identities - Lisa Smulyan Women Working in Academe: Approach with Care - Sandra Acker & Michelle Webber Gender and School Administration - Charol Shakeshaft
Disability and disability benefit seeking in chronic low back pain.

BACKGROUND Numerous studies suggest psychosocial factors contribute to functional disability in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). However, less is known about the association of psychosocial factors, such as depression, with seeking medical disability benefits and their prevalence in benefit seekers compared with patients already receiving such payments. AIMS To determine if characteristics of disability benefit seekers differ from patients receiving disability benefits and if both differ from patients not dependent on such payments. METHODS Questionnaire data on pain, health-related quality of life, depression, social support, substance abuse, adverse childhood experiences and disability seeking were obtained from CLBP respondents recruited at 10 primary care clinics throughout Texas. A multinomial logistic regression model was computed using variables significantly associated with disability status and pain severity in univariate models. RESULTS There were 213 participants. In full models, compared with those not on disability benefits, only depression symptoms were significantly associated with seeking disability benefits (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.26) and only duration of pain was significantly associated with being on such benefits (OR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09). CONCLUSIONS Patient characteristics differ between disability benefit seekers and those established on disability benefit payments. Depression may be a modifiable correlate of disability benefit seeking that if treated may reduce the number of patients who eventually come to depend on disability benefits. Additional data collection involving other pain syndromes is warranted to determine if these results are unique to CLBP or apply to other painful conditions.