Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic disadvantage and changes in health risk behaviours in Australia: 1989-90 to 2001.

OBJECTIVE Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated in industrialized countries with unhealthy lifestyle characteristics, such as smoking, physical inactivity and being overweight or obese. This paper examines changes over time in the association between SES and smoking status, physical activity and being overweight or obese in Australia. METHODS Data were taken from three successive national health surveys in Australia carried out in 1989-90 (n = 54,576), 1995 (n = 53,828) and 2001 (n = 26,863). Participants in these surveys were selected using a national probability sampling strategy, and aggregated data for geographical areas are used to determine the changing association between SES and lifestyle over time. FINDINGS Overall, men had less healthy lifestyles. In 2001 inverse SES trends for both men and women showed that those living in lower SES areas were more likely to smoke and to be sedentary and obese. There were some important socioeconomic changes over the period 1989-90 to 2001. The least socioeconomically disadvantaged areas had the largest decrease in the percentage of people smoking tobacco (24% decrease for men and 12% for women) and the largest decrease in the percentage of people reporting sedentary activity levels (25% decrease for men and 22% for women). While there has been a general increase in the percentage over time of those who are overweight or obese, there is a modest trend for being overweight to have increased (by about 16% only among females) among those living in areas of higher SES. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic inequalities have been increasing for several key risk behaviours related to health; this suggests that specific population-based prevention strategies intended to reduce health inequalities are needed.
Security - Visible, Yet Unseen?

An unsolved debate in the field of usable security concerns whether security mechanisms should be visible, or blackboxed away from the user for the sake of usability. However, tying this question to pragmatic usability factors only might be simplistic. This study aims at researching the impact of displaying security mechanisms on User Experience (UX) in the context of e-voting. Two versions of an e-voting application were designed and tested using a between-group experimental protocol (N=38). Version D displayed security mechanisms, while version ND did not reveal any security-related information. We collected data on UX using standardised evaluation scales and semi-structured interviews. Version D performed better overall in terms of UX and need fulfilment. Qualitative analysis of the interviews gives further insights into factors impacting perceived security. Our study adds to existing research suggesting a conceptual shift from usability to UX and discusses implications for designing and evaluating secure systems.
Guidelines on Urological Trauma

Penetrating trauma is further classified according to the velocity of the projectile: 1. High-velocity projectiles (e.g. rifle bullets 800-1000m/sec). 2. Medium-velocity (e.g. handgun bullets 200-300 m/sec). 3. Low-velocity items (e.g. knife stab). High-velocity weapons inflict greater damage because the bullets transmit large amounts of energy to the tissues, resulting in damage to a much larger area then the projectile tract itself. In lower velocity injuries, the damage is usually confined to the track of the projectile.
An investigation of the ability to produce a defined ‘target pressure’ using the PressCise compression bandage

Compression therapy is the cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of leg ulcers related to chronic venous insufficiency. The application of optimal high pressure is essential for a successful outcome, but the literature has reported difficulty applying the intended pressure, even among highly skilled nurses. The PressCise bandage has a novel design, with both longitudinal and horizontal reference points for correct application. In the current experimental study, the results for the general linear model, where the data set is treated optimally, showed that all 95% confidence intervals of the expected values for pressure were, at most, 5 mmHg from the target value of 50 mmHg, independent of the position on the leg and the state of activity. Moreover, even nurses with limited experience were consistently able to reach the targeted pressure goal. Future studies are needed to determine how well the bandage works on legs of different shapes, the optimal way of using the bandage (day only or both day and night) and whether the bandage should be combined with an outer bandage layer. In addition, special attention should be paid to subjective patient experiences in relation to the treatment as pain, discomfort and bulk are factors that can compromise patients' willingness to adhere to the treatment protocol and thereby prolong the healing process.
Schema Matching and Schema Merging based on Uncertain Semantic Mappings

This dissertation lies in the research area of schema integration: the problem of combining the data of different data sources by creating a unified representation of these data. Two core issues in schema integration are schema matching, i.e. the identification of correspondences, or mappings, between input schema objects, and schema merging, i.e. the creation of a unified schema based on the identified mappings. Examples of mappings found in the literature include semantic mappings, e.g. “author represents the same concept as writer”, and data mappings, e.g. “each data value of name is equal to the concatenation of a first-name value and a last-name value”. In this dissertation, we propose a schema integration framework which (1) is only concerned with semantic mappings (that associate schema objects based on simple set based comparisons of the objects’ instances) and which (2) explicitly represents and manages the uncertainty as to which semantic relationship is the correct one to use in any mapping. In our framework, we adopt a wide set of semantic mappings that allow for a precise, rigorous and formal schema merging process. Our merging process produces a sound and complete integrated schema for each pair of input schemas, and in addition it generates view definitions between the input schemas and the integrated schema.
On the self-similar nature of Ethernet traffic

We demonstrate that Ethernet local area network (LAN) traffic is statistically self-similar, that none of the commonly used traffic models is able to capture this fractal behavior, and that such behavior has serious implications for the design, control, and analysis of high-speed, cell-based networks. Intuitively, the critical characteristic of this self-similar traffic is that there is no natural length of a "burst": at every time scale ranging from a few milliseconds to minutes and hours, similar-looking traffic bursts are evident; we find that aggregating streams of such traffic typically intensifies the self-similarity ("burstiness") instead of smoothing it.Our conclusions are supported by a rigorous statistical analysis of hundreds of millions of high quality Ethernet traffic measurements collected between 1989 and 1992, coupled with a discussion of the underlying mathematical and statistical properties of self-similarity and their relationship with actual network behavior. We also consider some implications for congestion control in high-bandwidth networks and present traffic models based on self-similar stochastic processes that are simple, accurate, and realistic for aggregate traffic.
Progress in Paleoclimate Modeling

This paper briefly surveys areas of paleoclimate modeling notable for recent progress. New ideas, including hypotheses giving a pivotal role to sea ice, have revitalized the low-order models used to simulate the time evolution of glacial cycles through the Pleistocene, a prohibitive length of time for comprehensive general circulation models (GCMs). In a recent breakthrough, however, GCMs have succeeded in simulating the onset of glaciations. This occurs at times (most recently, 115 kyr B.P.) when high northern latitudes are cold enough to maintain a snow cover and tropical latitudes are warm, enhancing the moisture source. More generally, the improvement in models has allowed simulations of key periods such as the Last Glacial Maximum and the mid-Holocene that compare more favorably and in more detail with paleoproxy data. These models now simulate ENSO cycles, and some of them have been shown to reproduce the reduction of ENSO activity observed in the early to middle Holocene. Modeling studies have demonstrated that the reduction is a response to the altered orbital configuration at that time. An urgent challenge for paleoclimate modeling is to explain and to simulate the abrupt changes observed during glacial epochs (i.e., Dansgaard–Oescher cycles, Heinrich events, and the Younger Dryas). Efforts have begun to simulate the last millennium. Over this time the forcing due to orbital variations is less important than the radiance changes due to volcanic eruptions and variations in solar output. Simulations of these natural variations test the models relied on for future climate change projections. They provide better estimates of the internal and naturally forced variability at centennial time scales, elucidating how unusual the recent global temperature trends are.
Marasmioid and gymnopoid fungi of the Republic of Korea. 2. Marasmius sect. Globulares

Seven species of Marasmius sect. Globulares with smooth pileipellis cells (sect. Globulares s. Singer) have been collected in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) to date, viz. M. aurantioferrugineus, M. brunneospermus, M. maximus, M. nivicola, M. purpureostriatus, M. wynneae and M. fusicystidiosus. Descriptions of their macro- and microscopic features with a discussion of similar taxa are given. Their taxonomic position was confirmed using DNA data. Marasmius fusicystidiosus is described as a new species. A key to aid in their identification is also provided.
Competitive contagion in networks

We develop a game-theoretic framework for the study of competition between firms who have budgets to "seed" the initial adoption of their products by consumers located in a social network. The payoffs to the firms are the eventual number of adoptions of their product through a competitive stochastic diffusion process in the network. This framework yields a rich class of competitive strategies, which depend in subtle ways on the stochastic dynamics of adoption, the relative budgets of the players, and the underlying structure of the social network. We identify a general property of the adoption dynamics --- namely, decreasing returns to local adoption --- for which the inefficiency of resource use at equilibrium (the Price of Anarchy) is uniformly bounded above, across all networks. We also show that if this property is violated the Price of Anarchy can be unbounded, thus yielding sharp threshold behavior for a broad class of dynamics. We also introduce a new notion, the Budget Multiplier, that measures the extent that imbalances in player budgets can be amplified at equilibrium. We again identify a general property of the adoption dynamics --- namely, proportional local adoption between competitors --- for which the (pure strategy) Budget Multiplier is uniformly bounded above, across all networks. We show that a violation of this property can lead to unbounded Budget Multiplier, again yielding sharp threshold behavior for a broad class of dynamics.
PMO-093 MRNA profiling of the cancer degradome in oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma

Introduction Degradation of the extracellular matrix is fundamental to tumour development, invasion and metastasis. Several protease families have been implicated in the development of a broad range of tumour types, including oesophago-gastric (OG) adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to analyse expression levels of all core members of the cancer degradome in OG adenocarcinoma, and to investigate the relationship between expression levels and tumour/patient variables associated with poor prognosis. Methods Comprehensive expression profiling of the protease families [matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), members of the ADAM metalloproteinase-disintegrin family (ADAMs)], their inhibitors [tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs)], and molecules involved in the c-Met signalling pathway, was performed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR in a cohort of matched malignant and benign peri-tumoural OG tissue (n=25 patients). Data were analysed with respect to clinico-pathological variables (tumour stage and grade, age, sex and pre-operative plasma C-reactive protein level). Results Gene expression of MMP1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16 and 24 was upregulated by factors greater than fourfold in OG adenocarcinoma samples compared with matched benign tissue (p<0.01). Expression of ADAM8 and ADAM15 correlated significantly with tumour stage (p=0.048 and p=0.044), and ADAM12 expression correlated with tumour grade (p=0.011). Conclusion This study represents the first comprehensive quantitative analysis of the expression of proteases and their inhibitors in human OG adenocarcinoma. These findings implicate elevated ADAM8, 12 and 15 mRNA expression as potential prognostic molecular markers. Competing interests None declared.
A Novel Algorithm for Graded Precision Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

A lot of research has been done in finding range-based methods such as computing RSSI, Time Of Arrival, Angle of Arrival or Time Difference of Arrival and range-free methods such as Centroid computation, DV-Hop and Approximate Position in Triangle, for localization in wireless sensor networks. Range-based methods estimate location more precisely than range-free methods. However, range-free methods are cost-effective and simpler to implement for resource constrained sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel localization algorithm GRADELOC to allow a mobile node to localize with graded levels of precision using a combination of (a) locally available information from the mobile node itself such as accelerometer, magnetometer and gyrometer data and (b) information derived from the infrastructure, using both range-free (centroid computation) and range-based (Time difference of arrival - TDOA) methods. We present the performance of GRADELOC under different situations and suggest suitable configurations, for specific situations, that attempt to minimize the overall cost of the system while maintaining desirable results.
Trapping a translocating protein within the anthrax toxin channel: implications for the secondary structure of permeating proteins

Anthrax toxin consists of three proteins: lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF), and protective antigen (PA). This last forms a heptameric channel, (PA63)7, in the host cell’s endosomal membrane, allowing the former two (which are enzymes) to be translocated into the cytosol. (PA63)7 incorporated into planar bilayer membranes forms a channel that translocates LF and EF, with the N terminus leading the way. The channel is mushroom-shaped with a cap containing the binding sites for EF and LF, and an ∼100 Å–long, 15 Å–wide stem. For proteins to pass through the stem they clearly must unfold, but is secondary structure preserved? To answer this question, we developed a method of trapping the polypeptide chain of a translocating protein within the channel and determined the minimum number of residues that could traverse it. We attached a biotin to the N terminus of LFN (the 263-residue N-terminal portion of LF) and a molecular stopper elsewhere. If the distance from the N terminus to the stopper was long enough to traverse the channel, streptavidin added to the trans side bound the N-terminal biotin, trapping the protein within the channel; if this distance was not long enough, streptavidin did not bind the N-terminal biotin and the protein was not trapped. The trapping rate was dependent on the driving force (voltage), the length of time it was applied, and the number of residues between the N terminus and the stopper. By varying the position of the stopper, we determined the minimum number of residues required to span the channel. We conclude that LFN adopts an extended-chain configuration as it translocates; i.e., the channel unfolds the secondary structure of the protein. We also show that the channel not only can translocate LFN in the normal direction but also can, at least partially, translocate LFN in the opposite direction.
Forecasting Seasonal Time Series with Neural Networks: A Sensitivity Analysis of Architecture Parameters

Neural networks are widely applied in time series forecasting. However, no consensus exists on their capability of forecasting seasonal time series. As seasonal patterns frequently occur in empirical time series, it is imperative to establish their efficacy in forecasting seasonality. This paper seeks to evaluate the usefulness of multilayer perceptrons in forecasting time series with different forms of seasonal and trend components. Using eight synthetic time series, we systematically evaluate the impact of different combinations of hidden nodes, input nodes and activation functions on the distribution of the forecasting errors. We aim to a) establish the sensitivity of different architectural choices for neural networks in forecasting and b) analyze the relative accuracy of one or multiple neural network architectures as forecasting methods for seasonal time series. Results are presented in order to guide future selection of network parameters. We find that neural networks show sensitivity to selected architecture decisions but generally provide a robust and competitive forecasting performance on seasonal data.
Autophagy: A Highway for Porphyromonas gingivalis in Endothelial Cells

P. gingivalis, an important periodontal pathogen associated with adult periodontitis and a likely contributing factor to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, traffics in endothelial cells via the autophagic pathway. Initially, P. gingivalis rapidly adheres to the host cell surface followed by internalization via lipid rafts and incorporation of the bacterium into early phagosomes. P. gingivalis activates cellular autophagy to provide a replicative niche while suppressing apoptosis. The replicating vacuole contains host proteins delivered by autophagy that are used by this asaccharolytic pathogen to survive and replicate within the host cell. When autophagy is suppressed by 3-methyladenine or wortmannin, internalized P. gingivalis transits to the phagolysosome where it is destroyed and degraded. Therefore, the survival of P. gingivalis depends upon the activation of autophagy and survival of the endothelial host cell, but the mechanism by which P. gingivalis accomplishes this remains unclear.
Entropy-based Concept Shift Detection

When monitoring sensory data (e.g., from a wearable device) the context oftentimes changes abruptly: people move from one situation (e.g., working quietly in their office) to another (e.g., being interrupted by one's manager). These context changes can be treated like concept shifts, since the underlying data generator (the concept) changes while moving from one context situation to another. We present an entropy based measure for data streams that is suitable to detect concept shifts in a reliable, noise-resistant, fast, and computationally efficient way. We assess the entropy measure under different concept shift conditions. To support our claims we illustrate the concept shift behavior of the stream entropy. We also present a simple algorithm control approach to show how useful and reliable the information obtained by the entropy measure is compared to a ensemble learner as well as an experimentally inferred upper limit. Our analysis is based on three large synthetic data sets representing real, virtual, and a combination of both concept drifts under different noise conditions (up to 50%). Last but not least, we demonstrate the usefulness of the entropy based measure context switch indication in a real world application in the context-awareness/wearable computing domain.
Food Limitation in Larval Fish: Ontogenetic Variation in Feeding Scope and Its Potential Effect on Survival

We used the radiated shanny Ulvaria subbifurcata as a model species to explore the rel- ative gut fullness from hatch to metamorphosis of wild larvae, and compared these values with those of laboratory-reared larvae fed at maximum rates. Ingestion rates of most wild larvae were above starvation levels but below the maximum feeding levels of laboratory-reared larvae. Twenty-six per- cent of freshly-hatched wild larvae and 11% of large, pre-settlement wild larvae had insufficient food in their stomach to satisfy metabolic requirements. These results, taken on their own, are consistent with the much hypothesized increased foraging performance and survival of larger larvae relative to smaller conspecifics. However, feeding scope—defined as the difference between the minimum daily food required for maintenance and the maximum set by gut capacity—increased disproportion- ately with size during ontogeny. As a result, none of the larger (>500 µg C) wild larvae fed at saturat- ing levels. We conclude that environmental factors operating to increase encounters between larvae and prey (e.g. prey densities, turbulence, patch encounter) and ingestion rates will affect smaller and larger larvae differently. As a consequence, increased encounter rates should lead to increased sur- vival in smaller larvae, and (primarily) to increased growth in larger larvae.
Discovering calendar-based temporal association rules

A temporal association rule is an association rule that holds during specific time intervals. An example is that eggs and coffee are frequently sold together in morning hours. The paper studies temporal association rules during the time intervals specified by user-given calendar schemas. Generally, the use of calendar schemas makes the discovered temporal association rules easier to understand. An example of calendar schema is (year, month, day), which yields a set of calendar-based patterns of the form (d/sub 3/, d/sub 2/, d/sub 1/), where each d/sub i/ is either an integer or the symbol *. For example, (2000, *, 16) is such a pattern, which corresponds to the time intervals, each consisting of the 16th day of a month in year 2000. This paper defines two types of temporal association rules: precise-match association rules require that the association rule holds during every interval, and fuzzy-match ones require that the association rule holds during most of these intervals. The paper extends the well-known a priori algorithm, and also develops two optimization techniques to take advantage of the special properties of the calendar-based patterns. The experiments show that the algorithms and optimization techniques are effective.
Gravity for FDI

Gravity equations explaining foreign affiliates' sales are ad hoc and hence estimated coefficients are hard to interpret. We therefore provide the theoretical underpinnings of the gravity equation applied to the analysis of sales of foreign affiliates of multinational firms. We argue that the success of the gravity equation results from the fact that it can be derived from various theoretical models. We illustrate this point by deriving a gravity equation from three different models of multinational firms. Using data on real affiliate sales, we show how the gravity equation can nevertheless be used to discriminate between the different theoretical models.