Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shifting waterscapes: explaining basin closure in the Lower Krishna Basin, South India

Research Reports IWMI's mission is to improve water and land resources management for food, livelihoods and nature. In serving this mission, IWMI concentrates on the integration of policies, technologies and management systems to achieve workable solutions to real problems—practical, relevant results in the field of irrigation and water and land resources. The publications in this series cover a wide range of subjects—from computer modeling to experience with water user associations—and vary in content from directly applicable research to more basic studies, on which applied work ultimately depends. Some research reports are narrowly focused, analytical and detailed empirical studies; others are wide-ranging and synthetic overviews of generic problems. Although most of the reports are published by IWMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IWMI's own staff and Fellows, and by external reviewers. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (www.iwmi.org) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. Lanka. He is now a filmmaker and an independent consultant; Madar Samad is a Principal Researcher and Head of the India and Nepal offices of the International Water Management Institute; and François Molle is a Principal Researcher at the " Institut de Recherche pour le Développement " (IRD), France, currently holding a joint appointment with the International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. The authors extend their warmest thanks to the team at the Hyderabad office of the International Water Management Institute, who made the present research possible thanks to intensive data collection; to Trent Biggs, Anju Gaur, Frederic Landy and Ratna Reddy for their valuable remarks, and finally to Tushaar Shah, Peter Mollinga and Peter McCornick for thoughtful comments and remarks on earlier versions of this report. / river basins / protective irrigation / irrigation programs / water transfer / water use / water distribution / groundwater / India /
TAUBERIAN CONDITIONS FOR DOUBLE SEQUENCES THAT ARE STATISTICALLY SUMMABLE BY WEIGHTED MEANS

The concept of statistical convergence of ordinary (single) sequences was introduced by Fast in 1951. Basic properties of statistical convergence were proved by Schönberg and Fridy. Móricz extended the concept of statistical convergence from single to multiple sequences and proved some basic results. Móricz and Orhan have recently proved necessary and sufficient Tauberian conditions under which statistical convergence follows from statistical summability by weighted means. We extend this result from single to double sequences.
Consequences of high temperatures and premature mortality on the transcriptome and blood physiology of wild adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Elevated river water temperature in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, has been associated with enhanced mortality of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during their upriver migration to spawning grounds. We undertook a study to assess the effects of elevated water temperatures on the gill transcriptome and blood plasma variables in wild-caught sockeye salmon. Naturally migrating sockeye salmon returning to the Fraser River were collected and held at ecologically relevant temperatures of 14°C and 19°C for seven days, a period representing a significant portion of their upstream migration. After seven days, sockeye salmon held at 19°C stimulated heat shock response genes as well as many genes associated with an immune response when compared with fish held at 14°C. Additionally, fish at 19°C had elevated plasma chloride and lactate, suggestive of a disturbance in osmoregulatory homeostasis and a stress response detectable in the blood plasma. Fish that died prematurely over the course of the holding study were compared with time-matched surviving fish; the former fish were characterized by an upregulation of several transcription factors associated with apoptosis and downregulation of genes involved in immune function and antioxidant activity. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) was the most significantly upregulated gene in dying salmon, which suggests an association with cellular apoptosis. We hypothesize that the observed decrease in plasma ions and increases in plasma cortisol that occur in dying fish may be linked to the increase in ODC1. By highlighting these underlying physiological mechanisms, this study enhances our understanding of the processes involved in premature mortality and temperature stress in Pacific salmon during migration to spawning grounds.
Sedimentology and stromatoporoid palaeoecology of Frasnian (Upper Devonian) carbonate mounds in southern Belgium

Da Silva, A. -C. , Kershaw, S. & Boulvain, F. 2011: Sedimentology and stromatoporoid palaeoecology of Frasnian (Upper Devonian) carbonate mounds in southern Belgium. Lethaia, Vol. 44, pp. 255–274. Stromatoporoids are the most abundant large skeletal organisms in middle Frasnian carbonate mound environments of southern Belgium. They occur in environments ranging from flank and off-mound, mound core, shallow mound and restricted mound. A detailed log and comprehensive sampling of stromatoporoids in a single section cutting through all middle Frasnian mound levels in La Boverie–Rochefort Quarry, near Rochefort and Dinant reveals a stromatoporoid assemblage comprising 10 genera; 472 samples, containing an overall total of 3079 stromatoporoids (including complete and fragmented specimens) have been studied. The following list gives abundance using numbers of specimens and areas of total stromatoporoid area on outcrop surfaces (% number; % area in cm2): Actinostroma (0.4; 9.2), Amphipora (15.5; 1.7), Atelodictyon (0.2; 4.4), Clathrocoilona (0.3; 0.5), Euryamphipora (13.7; 0.7), Idiostroma (2; 1.9), Salairella (1.2; 9.6), branching Stachyodes (43.2; 59.1), laminar Stachyodes australe (1.9; 1.3), Stictostroma (4.8; 13.1) and Trupetostroma (0.2; 0.8), showing that Stachyodes is approximately half of the total assemblage. Deeper environments contain more abundant low profile forms, shallow water facies contain more domical and bulbous forms; branching forms are ubiquitous. Low profile stromatoporoids are likely to have been important sediment stabilizers that may have led to expansion of the carbonate factory, and they may have therefore contributed to the structural building of the mounds. Stromatoporoid-coral intergrowths are observed in only Stictostroma suggesting that there is a close biological relationship between them; however, stromatoporoid skeletons in almost all cases appear to be unaffected by the presence of intergrown corals, suggesting they were commensals. □Frasnian, Late Devonian, mounds, palaeoecology, stromatoporoid.
Behavioral and electrophysiological auditory processing measures in traumatic brain injury after acoustically controlled auditory training: a long-term study

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the long-term efficacy of acoustically controlled auditory training in adults after tarumatic brain injury. Methods A total of six audioogically normal individuals aged between 20 and 37 years were studied. They suffered severe traumatic brain injury with diffuse axional lesion and underwent an acoustically controlled auditory training program approximately one year before. The results obtained in the behavioral and electrophysiological evaluation of auditory processing immediately after acoustically controlled auditory training were compared to reassessment findings, one year later. Results Quantitative analysis of auditory brainsteim response showed increased absolute latency of all waves and interpeak intervals, bilaterraly, when comparing both evaluations. Moreover, increased amplitude of all waves, and the wave V amplitude was statistically significant for the right ear, and wave III for the left ear. As to P3, decreased latency and increased amplitude were found for both ears in reassessment. The previous and current behavioral assessment showed similar results, except for the staggered spondaic words in the left ear and the amount of errors on the dichotic consonant-vowel test. Conclusion The acoustically controlled auditory training was effective in the long run, since better latency and amplitude results were observed in the electrophysiological evaluation, in addition to stability of behavioral measures after one-year training.
Empirical Entry Games with Complementarities: An Application to the Shopping Center Industry

The author proposes a strategic model of entry that allows for positive and negative spillovers among firms. The model is applied to a novel data set containing information about the store configurations of all U.S. regional shopping centers and is used to quantify the magnitude of interstore spillovers. The author addresses the estimation difficulties that arise due to the presence of multiple equilibria by formulating the entry game as a mathematical problem with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). Although this study constitutes the first attempt to use this direct optimization approach to address a specific empirical problem, the method can be used in a wide range of structural estimation problems. The empirical results support the agglomeration and clustering theories that predict that firms may have incentives to colocate despite potential business stealing effects. The author shows that the firms' negative and positive strategic effects help predict both how many firms can operate profitably in a given market and the firm-type configurations. The relative magnitude of such effects varies substantially across store types.
Automatic inhibition and habitual control: alternative views in neuroscience research on response inhibition and inhibitory control

Decades of theory and experimental evidence underscore the critical importance of inhibitory functions to flexible, context-appropriate and goal-directed action (Diamond et al., 1963; Logan and Cowan, 1984; Aron et al., 2004; Friedman and Miyake, 2004; Ridderinkhof et al., 2004; Munakata et al., 2011). Deficits in inhibitory control and response inhibition have been implicated in substance use disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and impulse control disorders (Jentsch and Taylor, 1999; Nigg, 2001; Li and Sinha, 2008; Groman et al., 2009), and may also play a role in depression and anxiety (Disner et al., 2011; Jovanovic and Norrholm, 2011). But despite exciting progress in this area of cognitive and clinical neuroscience, some fundamental questions remain unsolved, and may be hindering the translational efforts aiming at improving the treatment and prevention of disorders characterized by impairment or dysregulation of inhibitory functions. The purpose of this Opinion is to highlight some alternative ideas and approaches in neuroscience research on response inhibition and inhibitory control that have emerged in the literature, in order to stimulate debate and suggest hypotheses for future research. In particular, building on recent neuroscience-based accounts of response inhibition (e.g., Mostofsky and Simmonds, 2008; van Gaal et al., 2008; Munakata et al., 2011), I argue against the long-standing and pervasive view that there is a fundamental distinction between inhibitory processes on the one hand and response selection and execution processes on the other hand. Although intuitive, this view does not appear to be supported by evidence. Instead, until there is evidence to the contrary, I propose a more parsimonious view of inhibitory control mechanisms in the brain, such that: (1) response inhibition can be either a control process (to override a prepotent response tendency) or it can itself be a prepotent response tendency (to be overridden); (2) response inhibition processes and response selection and execution processes are fundamentally the same; and (3) we learn to inhibit a response in fundamentally the same way that we learn to select and execute a response.
Cognitive Patterns of Learning Disability Subtypes As Measured by the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery

The cognitive patterns of three learning disability subtypes were studied by means of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Education Battery. The groups consisted of: 1) students with higher math than reading skills, 2) students with higher reading than math skills, and 3) students with equally low math and reading skills. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, multiple regression, and discriminant function procedures. Results indicated that although the three groups were characterized by a number of discrete or unique patterns, some overlap occurred. The implications of and factors that could have accounted for the overlap were discussed. Previous LD subtype research was also discussed in relation to current results.
Tug-of-war as a cooperative mechanism for bidirectional cargo transport by molecular motors

Intracellular transport is based on molecular motors that pull cargos along cytoskeletal filaments. One motor species always moves in one direction, e.g., conventional kinesin moves to the microtubule plus end, whereas cytoplasmic dynein moves to the microtubule minus end. However, many cellular cargoes are observed to move bidirectionally, involving both plus- and minus-end-directed motors. The presumably simplest mechanism for such bidirectional transport is provided by a tug-of-war between the two motor species. This mechanism is studied theoretically using the load-dependent transport properties of individual motors as measured in single-molecule experiments. In contrast to previous expectations, such a tug-of-war is found to be highly cooperative and to exhibit seven different motility regimes depending on the precise values of the single motor parameters. The sensitivity of the transport process to small parameter changes can be used by the cell to regulate its cargo traffic.
Calabi-Yau structures and Einstein-Sasakian structures on crepant resolutions of isolated singularities

Let $X_0$ be an affine variety with only normal isolated singularity $p$ and $\pi: X\to X_0$ a smooth resolution of the singularity with trivial canonical line bundle $K_X$. If the complement of the affine variety $X_0\backslash\{p\}$ is the cone $C(S)=\Bbb R_{>0}\times S$ of an Einstein-Sasakian manifold $S$, we shall prove that the crepant resolution $X$ of $X_0$ admits a complete Ricci-flat K\"ahler metric in every K\"ahler class in $H^2(X)$. We apply the continuity method for solving the Monge-Amp\`ere equation to obtain a relevant existence theorem and a uniqueness theorem of Ricci-flat conical K\"ahler metrics. By using the vanishing theorem on the crepant resolution $X$ and the Hodge and Lefschetz decompositions of the basic cohomology groups on the Sasakian manifold $S$, we construct an initial K\"ahler metric in every K\"ahler class on which the existence theorem can be applied.We show there are many examples of Ricci-flat complete K\"ahler manifolds arising as crepant resolutions.
Genetic Interactions in Eae2 Control Collagen-Induced Arthritis and the CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Ratio1

The Eae2 locus on mouse chromosome 15 controls the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, in this study we show that it also controls collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). To find the smallest disease-controlling locus/loci within Eae2, we have studied development of CIA in 676 mice from a partially advanced intercross. Eae2 congenic mice were bred with mice congenic for the Eae3/Cia5 locus on chromosome 3, previously shown to interact with Eae2. To create a large number of genetic recombinations within the congenic fragments, the offspring were intercrossed, and the eight subsequent generations were analyzed for CIA. We found that Eae2 consists of four Cia subloci (Cia26, Cia30, Cia31, and Cia32), of which two interacted with each other, conferring severe CIA. Genes within the other two loci independently interacted with genes in Eae3/Cia5. Investigation of the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in mice from the partially advanced intercross shows that this trait is linked to one of the Eae2 subloci through interactions with Eae3/Cia5. Furthermore, the expression of CD86 on stimulated macrophages is linked to Eae2.
Interhemispheric Functional and Structural Disconnection in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Combined Resting-State fMRI and DTI Study

Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that patients with Alzheimer’s disease presented disconnection syndrome. However, little is known about the alterations of interhemispheric functional interactions and underlying structural connectivity in the AD patients. In this study, we combined resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate interhemispheric functional and structural connectivity in 16 AD, 16 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as 16 cognitive normal healthy subjects (CN). The pattern of the resting state interhemispheric functional connectivity was measured with a voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method. Decreased VMHC was observed in AD and MCI subjects in anterior brain regions including the prefrontal cortices and subcortical regions with a pattern of AD<MCI<CN. Increased VMHC was observed in MCI subjects in posterior brain regions with patterns of AD/CN < MCI (sensorimotor cortex) and AD < CN/MCI (occipital gyrus). DTI analysis showed the most significant difference among the three cohorts was the fractional anisotropy in the genu of corpus callosum, which was positively associated with the VMHC of prefrontal and subcortical regions. Across all the three cohorts, the diffusion parameters in the genu of corpus callosum and VMHC in the above brain regions had significant correlation with the cognitive performance. These results demonstrate that there are specific patterns of interhemispheric functional connectivity changes in the AD and MCI, which can be significantly correlated with the integrity changes in the midline white matter structures. These results suggest that VMHC can be used as a biomarker for the degeneration of the interhemispheric connectivity in AD.
Activated monocytes in peritumoral stroma of hepatocellular carcinoma foster immune privilege and disease progression through PD-L1

Macrophages (Mφ) are prominent components of solid tumors and exhibit distinct phenotypes in different microenvironments. We have recently found that tumors can alter the normal developmental process of Mφ to trigger transient activation of monocytes in peritumoral stroma. We showed that a fraction of monocytes/Mφ in peritumoral stroma, but not in cancer nests, expresses surface PD-L1 (also termed B7-H1) molecules in tumors from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Monocytes activated by tumors strongly express PD-L1 proteins with kinetics similar to their activation status, and significant correlations were found between the levels of PD-L1+ and HLA-DRhigh on tumor-infiltrating monocytes. Autocrine tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 10 released from activated monocytes stimulated monocyte expression of PD-L1. The PD-L1+ monocytes effectively suppressed tumor-specific T cell immunity and contributed to the growth of human tumors in vivo; the effect could be reversed by blocking PD-L1 on those monocytes. Moreover, we found that PD-L1 expression on tumor-infiltrating monocytes increased with disease progression, and the intensity of the protein was associated with high mortality and reduced survival in the HCC patients. Thus, expression of PD-L1 on activated monocytes/Mφ may represent a novel mechanism that links the proinflammatory response to immune tolerance in the tumor milieu.
Abnormalities of gait caused by ankle arthritis are improved by ankle arthrodesis.

AIMS The surgical management of ankle arthritis with tibiotalar arthrodesis is known to alter gait, as compared with normal ankles. The purpose of this study was to assess post-operative gait function with gait before arthrodesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively studied 20 patients who underwent three-dimensional gait analysis before and after tibiotalar arthrodesis. Cadence, step length, walking velocity and total support time were assessed. Kinetic parameters, including the moment and power of the ankle in the sagittal plane and hip power were also recorded. RESULTS Significant improvement was recorded across numerous parameters compared with pre-operative measurements. Temporal-spatial data demonstrated a significant increase in step length (p = 0.003) and velocity (p = < 0.001). Total support time decreased for the unaffected limb (p = 0.01). Kinematic results demonstrated that in the affected limb, total sagittal range of movement did not change significantly (p = 0.1259). However, the arc of movement had a near congruent shift with mean maximal dorsiflexion increasing from 5° (-17° to 16°) to 12° (5° to 18°) (p < 0.001) and mean maximal plantarflexion decreasing from 6.8° (6° to 21°) to 0.9° (-9° to 8°) (p = 0.003). Mean hip joint range of movement increased by 6° (-7° to 24°; p = 0.003). Kinetic results demonstrated no statistically significant change in ankle power (p = 0.1292). However, there was an increase in ankle moment (p = 0.04) and hip power (p = 0.01) in the surgically treated extremity. Sagittal plane range of movement was not reduced after tibiotalar fusion. CONCLUSION Although following tibiotalar arthrodesis the gait demonstrated never matched the gait shown in unaffected ankles, compared with the pre-operative analysis there was improvement in numerous temporal-spatial, kinematic, and kinetic measures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1369-75.
SLOPE MOVEMENT TYPES AND PROCESSES

A fairly complete range of slope movement processes are identified and classified according to features that are also to some degree relevant to their recognition, avoidance, control, or correction. The classification includes extremely slow distributed movements of both rock and soil (designated as creep in many classifications). The classification also includes the increasingly recognized overturning or toppling failures and spreading movements. Attention is also paid to movements due to freezing and thawing. Among the attributes that have been used as criteria for identification and classification are type of movement, kind of material, rate of movement, geometry of the area of failure and the resulting deposit, age, causes, degree of disruption of the displaced mass, relation or lack of relation of slide geometry to geologic structure, degree of development, geographic location of type examples, and state of activity. A discussion of the causes of sliding slope movements considers, factors that contribute to increased shear stress and factors that contribute low or reduced shear strength.
2012 International Conference on Lightning Protection ( ICLP ) , Vienna , Austria Overvoltages in Photovoltaic Systems Induced by Lightning Strikes

The high number of photovoltaic systems raises questions regarding their operational security even under extremely weather conditions like thunderstorms. Therefore a simplified model of a photovoltaic system, consisting of typical arrangement of solar-panels, was investigated. The influence of lightning strike was simulated by different lightning current shapes and striking points into the solar-panels. It was found, that besides the construction size and shape of the lightning current the striking point has a main influence on the value of induced overvoltages, occurring on the connection point of the solar-panels. The simulation results were confirmed by measurement with an impulse current. The results demonstrate the dangerousness of lightning currents with very fast rise time e.g. subsequent impulse as well as the reducing of induced overvoltages by an appropriate earthing connection. This has to be considered at the design of the lightning protection system. Keywords-Surge protection; photovoltaic system; induction; computer simulation