Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer Absolute Timing Results for the Pulsars B1821–24 and B1509–58

Observations with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer and the Jodrell Bank, Parkes, and Green Bank telescopes have enabled us to determine the time delay between radio and X-ray pulses in the two isolated pulsars B1821-24 and B1509-58. For the former we find that the narrow X-ray and radio pulse components are close to being coincident in time, with the radio peak leading by 0.02 period (60 ± 20 μs), while the wide X-ray pulse component lags the last of the two wider radio components by about 0.08 period. For the latter pulsar we find, using the standard value for the dispersion measure, that the X-ray pulse lags the radio by about 0.27 period, with no evidence for any energy dependence in the range 2-100 keV. However, uncertainties in the history of the dispersion measure for this pulsar make a comparison to previous results difficult. It is clear that there are no perceptible variations in either the lag or the dispersion measure at timescales of a year or less.
The constitution of Europe

A method and apparatus is disclosed for centering a railway car coupler bar. The apparatus includes a coupler carrier operable for supporting a coupler bar with right and left hand centering arms pivotally connected to the carrier. Means are connected between the centering arms to bias the arms together and an interfering member is disposed between the free ends of the arms to interfere with free pivotal movement of the arms coinciding with swinging movement of the couplar bar. The method includes the steps of biasing the right and left hand centering arms together, interposing an arcuate member between the distal ends of the arms and upon swinging movement of the couplar bar blocking movement of one of the arms while carrying the other arm along with the couplar bar and thereby tensioning an elastomeric biasing member to restore the couplar bar to a nominal position generally aligned with the central longitudinal axis of the railway car.
Working Papers Working Papers Working Papers Working Papers Competitive Theories for Economies with General Transactions Technology Competitive Theories for Economies with General Transactions Technology Motivation

* The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia or the Federal Reserve System. The authors would like to thank conference participants at the NBER Summer Institute on Non-Representative Agent Economies and seminar participants at the University of Rochester for helpful comments, and Erling Andersen and Joong Shik Lee for superb research assistance. ABSTRACT In this paper, we describe and compare two approaches to analyzing transactions costs in a general equilibrium setting. In the first approach, which we label the transactions costs approach, the commodity space is the same as that used in models without transactions costs. In the second approach, which we label the valuation equilibrium approach, the commodity space is chosen so that the exchange problem can be formulated as an instance of the abstract exchange model described in Debreu (1954). We argue that the valuation equilibrium approach provides a tractable framework for quantitative studies of the effects of transactions costs on economy-wide resource allocation.
Positionality of Income: An Exploration of the Influence of Cognition

KESHWANI, NAJIBA D. Positionality of Income: An Exploration of the Influence of Cognition. Department of Economics. June 2013. Neoclassical economic theory asserts that individuals act independently in a utility maximizing manner. Recent literature modifies this theory and introduces a relative income or positional term in the utility function, making utility functions interdependent. The neoclassical theory views income as a non-positional good, whereas the modification views income as a positional good. Studies employing choice experiments through use of hypothetical surveys pose the Relative Income Question, which asks individuals to select between absolute or relative income. Many individuals exhibit a positional concern for income specifically. Individuals may consider various factors when evaluating their view on the positionality of income. A cognitive influence was first observed by Rand (2008), who found that individuals preferring absolute income scored significantly higher on cognitive ability tests compared to those preferring relative income. The focus of this study is to understand factors individuals may integrate in deciding whether they view income as a positional or non-positional good. The purpose of this paper is three-fold, to: (1) replicate the findings of the original relative income question experiment using new data; (2) evaluate whether relative income or absolute income is the more appropriate basis for economic models oriented towards policy making; (3) and investigate the relevance of a cognition argument in choosing between relative income and absolute income. The hypothesis is that individuals with relatively higher cognitive measure scores will select the absolute state as this is the more (economically) rational answer, as per the standard economic theory. It was found that the standard economic theory does not universally apply, supporting the importance and relevance of a relative income term in the utility function. However, individuals with higher scores on a measure of cognition tended view income as a non-positional good, complying with standard economic theory.
Ambient seismic noise tomography of Canada and adjacent regions: Part I. Crustal structures

This paper presents the first continental‐scale study of the crust and upper mantle shear velocity (Vs) structure of Canada and adjacent regions using ambient noise tomography. Continuous waveform data recorded between 2003 and 2009 with 788 broadband seismograph stations in Canada and adjacent regions were used in the analysis. The higher primary frequency band of the ambient noise provides better resolution of crustal structures than previous tomographic models based on earthquake waveforms. Prominent low velocity anomalies are observed at shallow depths (<20 km) beneath the Gulf of St. Lawrence in east Canada, the sedimentary basins of west Canada, and the Cordillera. In contrast, the Canadian Shield exhibits high crustal velocities. We characterize the crust‐mantle transition in terms of not only its depth and velocity but also its sharpness, defined by its thickness and the amount of velocity increase. Considerable variations in the physical properties of the crust‐mantle transition are observed across Canada. Positive correlations between the crustal thickness, Moho velocity, and the thickness of the transition are evident throughout most of the craton except near Hudson Bay where the uppermost mantle Vs is relatively low. Prominent vertical Vs gradients are observed in the midcrust beneath the Cordillera and beneath most of the Canadian Shield. The midcrust velocity contrast beneath the Cordillera may correspond to a detachment zone associated with high temperatures immediately beneath, whereas the large midcrust velocity gradient beneath the Canadian Shield probably represents an ancient rheological boundary between the upper and lower crust.
Organization of visceral and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat

The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to study the anatomical organization of visceral and limbic terminal fields in the insular cortex. Following injections into the ventroposterolateral parvicellular (VPLpc) and ventroposteromedial parvicellular (VPMpc) visceral relay nuclei of the thalamus, dense anterograde and retrograde labeling was present in the posterior granular and dysgranular insular cortices, respectively. The parabrachial nucleus had extensive connections with the posterior dysgranular cortex and to a lesser degree with the anterior dysgranular and granular cortices. In contrast, injections into the medial prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling primarily in the anterior agranular cortex, whereas injections in the amygdala resulted in axonal labeling in the agranular and dysgranular insular cortices. Injections into the lateral hypothalamic area resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling mainly in the agranular and dysgranular cortices and moderate to light labeling in the granular cortex.
THE EFFECT OF SUBTITLED ANIMATED CARTOON VIDEOS ON STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION ANDTHE EFFECT OF SUBTITLED ANIMATED CARTOON VIDEOS ON STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION ANDTHE EFFECT OF SUBTITLED ANIMATED CARTOON VIDEOS ON STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION ANDVOCABULARY MASTERYVOCABULARY MASTERYVOCABU

Penelitianinibertujuanuntukmenginvestigasiapakahpenggunaan media kartunanimasiber-subtitleberpengaruh terhadappemahamanmembacadan untukmengetahuipadaaspekaspekapa sajadalam pemahaman membaca kelas eksperimendan kelaskontrolberbeda.Populasimencakup semua siswa kelas enam SDIT Al Hasanah Kota Bengkulu tahun ajaran 2015/2016 yangterdiridari77 siswa. Sampel dari penelitian ini sebanyak 52 siswa yang diambil dari dua kelas. Kelas eksperimen mendapat perlakuan dengan menggunakan media kartun animasi dengan bimodal subtitle, sedangkan kelas kontrol mendapatkan perlakuan dengan menggunakan kartun animasi tanpa subtitle. Sebuah pre-test diberikan pada kedua kelas tersebut sebelum diadakan perlakuan. Data dianalisa dengan menggunakan SPSS 16. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, ada perbedaan signifikan secara statistik antara dua kelompok dalam pemahaman membaca.Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan video animasi ber-subtitle dapat meningkatkan pemahaman membaca siswa. Kedua, untuk aspek-aspek dari pemahaman membaca, kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol berbeda pada aspek literal. Namun, pada aspek inferen tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, direkomendasikan untukmenggunakan media video kartunanimasiber-subtitleuntuk membantu gurudalam pengajaran pemaham membaca.
The Relationship among Iranian EFL Teachers’ Professional Identity, Self-Efficacy and Critical Thinking Skills

Teachers’ beliefs, attitudes, and identities have been considered as the main factors in improving their performance to enhance students’ learning. The present study aimed to explore the relationship among Iranian EFL teachers’ professional identity, their self-efficacy, and their critical thinking skills in their teaching process. To achieve the objective of the study, 75 EFL teachers participated in this study. Three instruments were used to collect the required data including professional identity, TEBS-Self questionnaires, and the Watson‐Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal test. The findings in the present study demonstrate that there was a strong positive relationship of the EFL teachers’ professional identity between their self-efficacy and their critical thinking skills. The results of the ANOVA (analysis of variance models) test indicated that the EFL teachers’ professional identity could predict their self-efficacy and their critical thinking skills.
Facilitating Transformation in Workforce Training: Using Clinical Theory to Understand Psychological Self-Sufficiency

ABSTRACT Acknowledging the scarcity of a bottom up social work practice model in facilitating the development of success in workforce development programs, this study explores Psychological self-sufficiency (PSS) as an emerging social work practice theory. Phenomenological studies of low-income jobseekers in employment training along with the empirical validation of measures of the core constructs of PSS – employment hope scale (EHS) and perceived employment barrier scale (PEBS) – and testing of the theoretical model resulted in the emergence of a new theory of PSS. PSS was conceptually defined as a dynamic and internal drive that activates the process of transforming cognitively and affectively perceived barriers into hope driven action – the process that enables individuals to move forward toward goals. Based on the evidence of PSS, a participant-centered group intervention model called transforming impossible into possible (TIP) program was developed. This article delineates the trajectory of PSS theory development by critically reviewing various streams of practice theories influencing the PSS theory. Next, the conditions that necessitated the creation of the TIP program and its core principles underlying the functions of PSS are explained. By depicting the TIP program with direct quotes of clients’ experiences, authors exemplify the successful self-discovery process through enhanced PSS skills as a result of participating in the TIP program.
An Examination of Work-Related Correl ates of Job Satisfaction in Programmer/Analysts

In the past, research examining the work-related correlates of job satisfaction in programmer/analysts has focused on the relationship between characteristics of the job itself and job satisfaction. It is hypothesized that certain aspects of relationships with co-workers, project leaders, and users will also be significant correlates of job satisfaction. Specifically, the relationship between job satisfaction, role conflict, role ambiguity, and quality of leadership provided by supervisors and peers is examined. A questionnaire measuring job characteristics, role conflict and ambiguity, leadership characteristics, and job satisfaction was administered to 118 programmer/analysts at four companies. The results indicate that both role and leadership variables correlated at least as highly with job satisfaction as job characteristics and that the addition of role and leadership variables to job characteristics significantly increases the explained variance in job satisfaction.
OLAP Query Processing for XML Data in RDBMS

Extensible Markup Language (XML) has become an important format for data exchange and representation on the Web. In addition to conventional query processing, more complex analysis on XML data is considered to become important in order to discover valuable information. In this research, we attempt to investigate an XML-OLAP, by which we can perform multidimensional analysis on XML data taking XML's features into account. Users are allowed to specify XML data-cube by XPath, and perform analytical processing by XQuery with OLAP extension. The system is implemented on top of relational databases, and the given requests for data-cube specification and analysis are translated into SQL so that they can be processed using the underlying system. We show the feasibility of the proposed scheme by experimental evaluations.
Flexible bronchoscopy with moderate sedation in COPD: a case–control study

Background Flexible bronchoscopy is increasingly used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. We aimed to examine the safety of flexible bronchoscopy with moderate sedation in patients with COPD. Methods This study is a prospective, longitudinal, case–control, single-center study including 1,400 consecutive patients. After clinical and lung function assessments, patients were dichotomized in COPD or non-COPD groups. The primary end point was the combined incidence of complications. Results The incidence of complications was similar in patients with and without COPD and independent of forced expiratory volume in the first second % predicted. Patients with COPD more frequently required insertion of a naso- or oropharyngeal airway; however, this difference was no longer significant after adjustment for age, gender, and duration of the procedure. Hypotension was significantly more common among patients with COPD. The number of episodes of hypoxemia ≤90% did not differ between the groups. However, patients with COPD had a lower mean and nadir transcutaneous oxygen saturation. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PtcCO2) change over the time course was similar in both groups, but both peak PtcCO2 and time on PtcCO2 >45 mmHg were higher in the COPD group. There were no differences in patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion The safety of flexible bronchoscopy is similar in patients with and without COPD. This finding confirms the suitability of the procedure for both clinical and research indications.
Forbes Platinum 400 Lists for the Best Big Companies: Are They Good Investments?

We find that an investor can earn abnormal profits in the long-run using Forbes Platinum list of the 400 best big companies. Our trading strategy is based on results of an event study. When using the four-factor model of Carhart (1997), our results show that buying and holding the ten lowest ranked companies in a portfolio for 36 months post-publication would generate on average positive and statistically significant abnormal return of 22.74%. Consistent with the overreaction hypothesis of De Bondt and Thaler (1985), we find low ranked companies outperform high ranked companies in the long run.
On the properties of subjective ratings in video quality experiments

Subjective video quality experiments are classical statistical measurements, and as such the mathematical tools for their analysis are well understood. However, there remain certain practical aspects that are rarely discussed, yet are essential to the design of efficient experiments. Using numerical simulations as well as real-life data from a multitude of subjective experiments, this paper attempts to shed more light on the distribution and variability of subjective ratings, the effects of discrete rating scales, and the number of subjects needed.
Inertial consistent subgrid model for large-eddy simulation based on the lattice Boltzmann method

The recently introduced inertial-range (IR) consistent Smagorinsky model and the classical Smagorinsky model are applied to the large-eddy simulation (LES) of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which is implemented using the 19-velocity D3Q19 lattice model. The objectives of this study are to examine the effectiveness of the LES-LBM technique for study of turbulence and to extend and validate the efficiency of the inertial-range consistent Smagorinsky model for lattice Boltzmann fluid dynamics. The LES-LBM results are compared with the direct numerical simulation data as well as experimental data. The time evolution of the kinetic energy and the decay exponents of the dissipation rate, the velocity derivative skewness, and instantaneous energy spectra are analyzed. The dependency of behavior of the model coefficients on the ratio of grid width Δ and the Kolmogorov scale η is examined numerically. The results demonstrate that the LES-LBM in conjunction wi.
Controlling Type-I Error of the McDonald–Kreitman Test in Genomewide Scans for Selection on Noncoding DNA

Departures from the assumption of homogenously interdigitated neutral and putatively selected sites in the McDonald–Kreitman test can lead to false rejections of the neutral model in the presence of intermediate levels of recombination. This problem is exacerbated by small sample sizes, nonequilibrium demography, recombination rate variation, and in comparisons involving more recently diverged species. I propose that establishing significance levels by coalescent simulation with recombination can improve the fidelity of the test in genomewide scans for selection on noncoding DNA.
Modelling Direct Radiation and Canopy Gap Regimes in Tropical Forests

Spatial and temporal variation in the below‐canopy light environment of tropical forests is not well known and its measurement is technically challenging. Distributions of gap and understory areas in forests are likewise little known because of the resource requirements of forest structural censuses and a lack of consensus over how gaps should be defined. A basic model of forest structure, based on tree allometries from the 50 ha Forest Dynamics Plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, and a solar positioning algorithm were used to predict spatial and temporal variation in the distribution of direct light at the forest floor. Predicted duration of direct sunlight was then compared with the distribution of gap and understory areas, delimited according to four standard gap definitions, giving predictions for the correspondence between direct light regimes and forest structure. At least 36 percent of the areas of gaps of all sizes was predicted to receive < 1 h of direct sunlight per day, and the understory to receive direct sunlight for ≥ 1 h per day in up to 15 percent of its area, even when not in proximity to gaps. The predicted distribution of light changed over the course of the year with the greatest spread of light throughout the forest floor coinciding with the months when maximum daily solar elevation peaked. These predictions suggest a partial decoupling of light regimes from canopy structure, with implications for gap definitions, patch models of forest development and current understanding of tree seedling recruitment patterns.
Autism as a disorder of complex information processing

Numerous neurobehavioral models for autism have been proposed in the decades since a neurologic origin gained acceptance. Research related to these models has resulted in substantial progress in the characterization of the neurocognitive basis of autism. The culmination of considerable research has resulted in support for a neurobehavioral model of autism as a disorder of complex information processing systems. This is a multiple primary cognitive deficit model proposing that the pattern of deficits within and across domains in autism is a reflection of complex information processing demands. This article will first provide an overview of the evolution of neurobehavioral models in autism and then present findings leading to the conceptualization of this model for autism. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:129–136. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mobile Phone Adoption and Appropriation in Malaysia and the Contribution of Age and Gender

This study investigates the adoption and appropriation of mobile phone technologies by building on the technology adoption and appropriation theories on different age group and gender in the Malaysian society. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a nationwide survey using computer assisted telephone interviews (CATI) was conducted on 1710 randomly selected mobile phone users in Malaysia. The result of the study allows us to describe important elements of mobile phone appropriation in Malaysia and explore the influence of individual characteristics such as gender and age on different patterns of mobile phone use. The results of the study are expected to assist in understanding the use of mobile phone across different cohort groups in the society, particular those in different age group and gender, and serve as a mechanism in guiding the development of mobile phone applications and design by service providers and manufacturers respectively; as well as in aiding policy formulation on mobile phone use at the work place or school.