Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two tableau provers for basic hybrid logic

This work compares two internalized tableau calculi for HL(@), both terminating without loop-checking and with any rule application strategy. The two systems were independently proposed, respectively, by Bolander and Blackburn [1] and Cerrito and Cialdea Mayer [2]. The comparison is carried out both from the theoretical point of view and on the practical side. The two calculi bear strong similarities that are highlighted in the paper. They do differ, however, in the treatment of nominal equalities, which in [1] is elegant and simple, while in [2] is more technically involved, using, in fact, explicit substitution and nominal deletion. As a matter of fact, nominal deletion is the crucial difference with the treatment of equalities in the tableau system for hybrid logic previously proposed by van Eijck [10]. In order to evaluate the impact of the different approaches to nominal equalities of the considered calculi, they have been implemented and their performances compared. This work describes the implementations and the results of the empirical evaluation, which shows that substitution and nominal deletion, although unelegant from the theoretical point of view, has meaningful practical advantages.
Activity recognition and prediction with pose based discriminative patch model

We describe an image based activity recognition solution which can be applied to both off-line video classification and activity prediction in frames. We propose a Pose based Discriminative Patch Model to make activity recognition and prediction on image level (only observing several frames). This model enables a general and flexible framework to add in discriminative patches and consider their mutual relations to an efficient tree structure. PDP makes contribution in two aspects: (1) PDP provides a novel solution to improve activity recognition and prediction, by utilizing pose based discriminative patches instead of pose configuration feature, and modeling the patches' mutual relations. (2) PDP is an image-based algorithm, so it can make predictions using limited frames, even a single image. PDP focuses on challenging data captured from Internet and movies, where we achieve a 6% improvement compared with state-of-the-art method on video level recognition dataset - Sub-JHMDB, and image level action recognition dataset. We also obtain good improvement on activity prediction task.
ICL-HD at SemEval-2016 Task 10: Improving the Detection of Minimal Semantic Units and their Meanings with an Ontology and Word Embeddings

This paper presents our system submitted for SemEval 2016 Task 10: Detecting Minimal Semantic Units and their Meanings (DiM-SUM; Schneider, Hovy, et al., 2016). We extend AMALGrAM (Schneider and Smith, 2015) by tapping two additional information sources. The ﬁrst information source uses a semantic knowledge base (YAGO3; Suchanek et al., 2007) to improve supersense tagging (SST) for named entities. The second information source employs word embeddings (GloVe; Pennington et al., 2014) to capture ﬁne-grained latent semantics and therefore improving the supersense identiﬁcation for both nouns and verbs. We conduct a detailed evaluation and error analysis for our features and come to the conclusion that both our extensions lead to an improved detection for SST.
Mass-dependent Color Evolution of Field Galaxies back to z ~ 3 over the Wide Range of Stellar Mass

We use deep multiband optical and near-infrared data for four general fields, GOODS-South, HDF-North/South, and IRAC UDF in GOODS-North to investigate the evolution of the observed rest-frame U - V color of field galaxies as a function of the stellar mass evaluated by fitting the galaxy spectral models to the observed broadband SEDs. In these four fields, the U - V color distributions of the galaxies at each mass and redshift interval are very similar. We found that at 0.3 < z < 2.7, more massive galaxies always tend to have a redder U - V color. High- and low-mass galaxies exhibit quite different color evolutions. As seen in our previous study in HDF-N, the color distribution of low-mass (M⋆ ≲ 3 × 109 M☉) galaxies becomes significantly bluer with an increase in the redshift. This evolution of the average color can be explained by a constant star formation rate model with zform ~ 4. On the other hand, the average color of high-mass galaxies (M⋆ ≳ 3 × 1010 M☉) evolves more strongly at high redshifts. Such mass-dependent color distribution and its evolution indicate that galaxies with a larger stellar mass appear to have shorter star formation timescales, and on average they form the larger fraction of their stars in the earlier epoch.
Perceptions of Harm, Criminality, and Law Enforcement Response: Comparing Violence by Men Against Women and Violence by Women Against Men

ABSTRACT The authors compare third-party evaluations of male violence against women and female violence against men with regard to perceived injury severity, criminal labeling, and recommending police contact. They determine if victim–offender gender directly influences third-party perceptions of injury, and test whether injury mediates victim–offender gender effects on assessments. Injury perception mediated but could not fully explain differences in labeling. Differences in police contact support remained significant after taking injury perceptions into account. Male and female respondents differed in injury evaluations in acts with male victims or female perpetrators, but not in injury rating of male perpetrator or female victim violence. Findings suggest gender stereotypes directly and indirectly influence third-party observers of violence, shaping assessments of injury and ability or willingness to criminalize violence.
From segment to somite: Segmentation to epithelialization analyzed within quantitative frameworks

One of the most visually striking patterns in the early developing embryo is somite segmentation. Somites form as repeated, periodic structures in pairs along nearly the entire caudal vertebrate axis. The morphological process involves short‐ and long‐range signals that drive cell rearrangements and cell shaping to create discrete, epithelialized segments. Key to developing novel strategies to prevent somite birth defects that involve axial bone and skeletal muscle development is understanding how the molecular choreography is coordinated across multiple spatial scales and in a repeating temporal manner. Mathematical models have emerged as useful tools to integrate spatiotemporal data and simulate model mechanisms to provide unique insights into somite pattern formation. In this short review, we present two quantitative frameworks that address the morphogenesis from segment to somite and discuss recent data of segmentation and epithelialization. Developmental Dynamics 236:1392–1402, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal well-being, childcare and child adjustment in the context of HIV/AIDS: What does the psychological literature say?

This paper outlines the findings of the psychosocial and psychological literature on the impact of mothers and primary caregivers’ HIV infection on maternal well-being, childcare and child adjustment. Drawing on an ecological approach, the paper outlines a model that both demonstrates the link between parental HIV/AIDS and child outcome, and examines the pathways that account for this relationship. These include personal, familial and environmental factors. Some of the key findings that emerge from the literature are that children of HIV positive mothers are at greater risk for emotional and psychological problems than children of uninfected mothers, especially internalising problems such as depression. However, children in poor, affected communities also experience detrimental developmental effects, indicating that HIV/AIDS typically serves as an added stressor in already at-risk communities. Further, disruptions to parental monitoring and the quality of the parent-child relationship are a key pathway whereby these impacts are felt, and are more likely where maternal HIV infection has progressed to AIDS. It is recommended that policy responses take cognisance of children’s contexts and the pathways to child outcomes when attempting to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Smarter hospital communication: Secure smartphone text messaging improves provider satisfaction and perception of efficacy, workflow

BACKGROUND Though current hospital paging systems are neither efficient (callbacks disrupt workflow), nor secure (pagers are not Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act [HIPAA]-compliant), they are routinely used to communicate patient information. Smartphone-based text messaging is a potentially more convenient and efficient mobile alternative; however, commercial cellular networks are also not secure. OBJECTIVE To determine if augmenting one-way pagers with Medigram, a secure, HIPAA-compliant group messaging (HCGM) application for smartphones, could improve hospital team communication. DESIGN Eight-week prospective, cluster-randomized, controlled trial SETTING Stanford Hospital INTERVENTION Three inpatient medicine teams used the HCGM application in addition to paging, while two inpatient medicine teams used paging only for intra-team communication. MEASUREMENTS Baseline and post-study surveys were collected from 22 control and 41 HCGM team members. RESULTS When compared with paging, HCGM was rated significantly (P < 0.05) more effective in: (1) allowing users to communicate thoughts clearly (P = 0.010) and efficiently (P = 0.009) and (2) integrating into workflow during rounds (P = 0.018) and patient discharge (P = 0.012). Overall satisfaction with HCGM was significantly higher (P = 0.003). 85% of HCGM team respondents said they would recommend using an HCGM system on the wards. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone-based, HIPAA-compliant group messaging applications improve provider perception of in-hospital communication, while providing the information security that paging and commercial cellular networks do not. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:573–578. © 2014 The Authors Journal of Hospital Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Hospital Medicine
Syntactic Dependencies and Distributed Word Representations for Analogy Detection and Mining

Distributed word representations capture relational similarities by means of vector arithmetics, giving high accuracies on analogy detection. We empirically investigate the use of syntactic dependencies on improving Chinese analogy detection based on distributed word representations, showing that a dependency-based embeddings does not perform better than an ngram-based embeddings, but dependency structures can be used to improve analogy detection by filtering candidates. In addition, we show that distributed representations of dependency structure can be used for measuring relational similarities, thereby help analogy mining.
Lineage Analysis of Circulating Trypanosoma cruzi Parasites and Their Association with Clinical Forms of Chagas Disease in Bolivia

Background The causative agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is divided into 6 Discrete Typing Units (DTU): Tc I, IIa, IIb, IIc, IId and IIe. In order to assess the relative pathogenicities of different DTUs, blood samples from three different clinical groups of chronic Chagas disease patients (indeterminate, cardiac, megacolon) from Bolivia were analyzed for their circulating parasites lineages using minicircle kinetoplast DNA polymorphism. Methods and Findings Between 2000 and 2007, patients sent to the Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales for diagnosis of Chagas from clinics and hospitals in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, were assessed by serology, cardiology and gastro-intestinal examinations. Additionally, patients who underwent colonectomies due to Chagasic magacolon at the Hospital Universitario Japonés were also included. A total of 306 chronic Chagas patients were defined by their clinical types (81 with cardiopathy, 150 without cardiopathy, 100 with megacolon, 144 without megacolon, 164 with cardiopathy or megacolon, 73 indeterminate and 17 cases with both cardiopathy and megacolon). DNA was extracted from 10 ml of peripheral venous blood for PCR analysis. The kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) was amplified from 196 out of 306 samples (64.1%), of which 104 (53.3%) were Tc IId, 4 (2.0%) Tc I, 7 (3.6%) Tc IIb, 1 (0.5%) Tc IIe, 26 (13.3%) Tc I/IId, 1 (0.5%) Tc I/IIb/IId, 2 (1.0%) Tc IIb/d and 51 (25.9%) were unidentified. Of the 133 Tc IId samples, three different kDNA hypervariable region patterns were detected; Mn (49.6%), TPK like (48.9%) and Bug-like (1.5%). There was no significant association between Tc types and clinical manifestations of disease. Conclusions None of the identified lineages or sublineages was significantly associated with any particular clinical manifestations in the chronic Chagas patients in Bolivia.
Peer facilitated writing groups: a programmatic approach to doctoral student writing

ABSTRACT Very few empirical studies have investigated programmes in which doctoral students act as peer facilitators in faculty writing groups. We report on the development of a centrally delivered doctoral student writing programme in which twenty student participants were mentored and provided with the resources to initiate their own faculty-based doctoral writing groups. ‘Legitimate peripheral participation’ was used as a conceptual lens to interpret the data collected during the establishment and evaluation of the programme. All student participants in the preparatory training course, which was developed in consultation with postgraduate students and research supervisors, went on to become doctoral writing peer facilitators of peer writing groups. Insights from seven of these showed how a well-structured and supportive programme harnessed the benefits of peer learning by bringing personal rewards to participants and building institutional capacity around doctoral research writing literacies.
INVERSE SCATTERING SHAPE RECONSTRUCTION OF 3D BACTERIA USING THE LEVEL SET ALGORITHM

Bacteria exist in a variety of groups of shapes, sizes, and single or multiple cell formations. In this paper, the level set shape reconstruction technique, the method of moments, and the marching cubes methods are integrated in the high frequency band for imaging three dimensional bacteria. The time step and the resolution of the marching cubes method are investigated to smooth the error function of the level set and hence speed up the convergence at high frequencies. The numerical results demonstrate the robustness of the level set algorithm for the detection of bacteria based on their shapes. The three dimensional shape reconstructions of unknown bacteria can be utilized to classify biological warfare agents.
The Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Mainland China: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background In recent years, drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) particularly the emergence of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become a major public health issue. The most recent study regarding the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in mainland China was a meta-analysis published in 2011, and the subjects from the included studies were mostly enrolled before 2008, thus making it now obsolete. Current data on the national prevalence of DR-TB is needed. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the status of DR-TB epidemic in mainland China. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies regarding the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in mainland China was performed. Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane central database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database were searched for studies relevant to drug-resistant tuberculosis that were published between January 1, 2012 and May 18, 2015. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V2.2, Biostat) software was used to analyse the data. Results A total of fifty-nine articles, published from 2012 to 2015, were included in our review. The result of this meta-analysis demonstrated that among new cases, the rate of resistance to any drug was 20.1% (18.0%–22.3%; n/N = 7203/34314) and among retreatment cases, the rate was 49.8% (46.0%–53.6%; n/N = 4155/8291). Multi-drug resistance among new and retreatment cases was 4.8% (4.0%–5.7%; n/N = 2300/42946) and 26.3% (23.1%–29.7%; n/N = 3125/11589) respectively. The results were significantly heterogeneous (p<0.001, I2 tests). Resistance to isoniazid was the most common resistance observed, and HRSE (H: isoniazid; R: rifampicin; S: streptomycin; E: ethambutol) was the most common form for MDR among both new and retreatment cases. Different drug resistance patterns were found by subgroup analysis according to geographic areas, subject enrolment time, and methods of drug susceptibility test (DST). Conclusions The prevalence of resistance to any drug evidently dropped for both new and retreatment cases, and multi-drug resistance declined among new cases but became more prevalent among retreatment cases compared to the data before 2008. Therefore, drug-resistant tuberculosis, particularly multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis among retreatment TB cases is a public health issue in China that requires a constant attention in order to prevent increase in MDR-TB cases.
1 Institutional Differences and the Direction of Bilateral FDI Flows : Are South-South Flows any Different than the Rest ? 1

We explore the asymmetric effects of institutional differences on bilateral FDI flows conditional on countries’ development levels, previous experiences of foreign investors, and bilateral trade relations. The empirical results using bilateral FDI data from 134 countries during 1990-2009 suggest that institutional differences create entry barriers for foreign investors only in North–South and South–North directions, and more so for the former. Furthermore, Southern investors appear to have a comparative advantage in institutionally different developing countries. Finally, we find no evidence that investor experiences in other institutionally different countries or existing trade linkages negate the negative effect of institutional distance.
SP Proteins and PHOX2B Regulate the Expression of the HumanPHOX2a Gene

Phox2a is a vertebrate homeodomain transcription factor that is involved in the specification of the autonomic nervous system. We have isolated the 5′ regulatory region of the human Phox2agene and studied the transcriptional mechanisms underlying its expression. We first identified the minimal gene promoter by means of molecular and functional criteria and demonstrated that its activity relies on a degenerate TATA box and a canonical Sp1 site. We then concentrated on the region immediately upstream of the promoter and found that it stimulates transcription in a neurospecific manner because its deletion caused a substantial decline in reporter gene expression only in neuronal cells. This DNA region contains a putative binding site for homeodomain transcription factors, and its mutation severely affects the transcriptional activity of the entire 5′ regulatory region, thus indicating that this site is necessary for the expression of Phox2a in this cellular context. The use of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that Phox2b/PMX2b is capable of specifically interacting with this site, and cotransfection experiments demonstrated that it is capable of transactivating the human Phox2a promoter. Many data obtained from knock-out mice support the hypothesis that Phox2a acts downstream of Phox2b during the development of most of the autonomic nervous system. We have provided the first molecular evidence that Phox2b can regulate the expression of Phox2a by directly binding to its 5′ regulatory region.
Kinematics of SDSS subdwarfs: structure and substructure of the Milky Way halo

We construct a new sample of ∼ 1700 solar neighbourhood halo subdwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), selected using a reduced proper-motion diagram. Radial velocities come from the SDSS spectra and proper motions from the light-motion curve catalogue of Bramich et al. Using a photometric parallax relation to estimate distances gives us the full phase-space coordinates. Typical velocity errors are in the range 30-50 km s ―1 . This halo sample is one of the largest constructed to date and the disc contamination is at a level of ≲1 per cent. This enables us to calculate the halo velocity dispersion to excellent accuracy. We find that the velocity dispersion tensor is aligned in spherical polar coordinates and that (σ r ,σ φ , σ θ ) = (143 ± 2, 82 ± 2, 77 ± 2) km s ―1 . The stellar halo exhibits no net rotation, although the distribution of υ φ shows tentative evidence for asymmetry. The kinematics are consistent with a mildly flattened stellar density falling with distance like r ―3.75 . Using the full phase-space coordinates, we look for signs of kinematic substructure in the stellar halo. We find evidence for four discrete overdensities localized in angular momentum and suggest that they may be possible accretion remnants. The most prominent is the solar neighbourhood stream previously identified by Helmi et al., but the remaining three are new. One of these overdensities is potentially associated with a group of four globular clusters (NGC 5466, NGC 6934, M2 and M13) and raises the possibility that these could have been accreted as part of a much larger progenitor.
Militarized Compellent Threats : Coding Rules and Procedures Unit of Analysis and Rules for Case Inclusion

The study of military coercion is a central topic in international relations, and in recent years research on coercive threats has yielded a long list of important theoretical innovations. In 1960, Thomas Schelling drew a distinction between threats meant to deter and those designed to compel, but empirical research about coercion has paid much more attention to deterrence than compellence. This is problematic because deterrence and compellence are thought to operate according to different dynamics. This article introduces the Militarized Compellent Threats dataset, which is designed specifically to help test hypotheses about the use and effectiveness of compellent threats in international politics. I describe the rationale behind the dataset, present coding procedures and basic descriptive statistics, and offer comparisons to several related datasets. The use and effectiveness of coercive military threats are key topics of interest in international relations scholarship. Coercive threats are interesting from a theoretical perspective because they represent efforts to achieve efficient (i.e. peaceful) resolutions to interstate disputes, yet they do not always work. Explaining why some threats succeed and others fail is therefore of central importance for scholars seeking to understand the causes of war and the conditions of peace. In addition, recent scholarship about threats has generated several important innovations for the broader study of international relations. Thanks in large part to research about military threats, we know a great deal more about the logic of costly signaling (e.g., and a wide variety of other phenomena. Half a century ago, Thomas Schelling's canonical work about military coercion, The Strategy of Conflict (1960), drew an important distinction between coercive threats based on the nature of their objective. He argued that one can distinguish between deterrent threats, which are designed to dissuade an opponent from undertaking some hypothetical course of action, and compellent threats, whose