Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kv3 Potassium Conductance is Necessary and Kinetically Optimized for High-Frequency Action Potential Generation in Hippocampal Interneurons

Kv3 channels are thought to be essential for the fast-spiking (FS) phenotype in GABAergic interneurons, but how these channels confer the ability to generate action potentials (APs) at high frequency is unknown. To address this question, we developed a fast dynamic-clamp system (≈50 kHz) that allowed us to add a Kv3 model conductance to CA1 oriens alveus (OA) interneurons in hippocampal slices. Selective pharmacological block of Kv3 channels by 0.3 mm4-aminopyridine or 1 mm tetraethylammonium ions led to a marked broadening of APs during trains of short stimuli and a reduction in AP frequency during 1 sec stimuli. The addition of artificial Kv3 conductance restored the original AP pattern. Subtraction of Kv3 conductance by dynamic clamp mimicked the effects of the blockers. Application of artificial Kv3 conductance also led to FS in OA interneurons after complete K+ channel block and even induced FS in hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the absence of blockers. Adding artificial Kv3 conductance with altered deactivation kinetics revealed a nonmonotonic relationship between mean AP frequency and deactivation rate, with a maximum slightly above the original value. Insertion of artificial Kv3 conductance with either lowered activation threshold or inactivation also led to a reduction in the mean AP frequency. However, the mechanisms were distinct. Shifting the activation threshold induced adaptation, whereas adding inactivation caused frequency-dependent AP broadening. In conclusion, Kv3 channels are necessary for the FS phenotype of OA interneurons, and several of their gating properties appear to be optimized for high-frequency repetitive activity.
Prevalence of low back pain in the community: implications for service provision in Bradford, UK.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assist a purchasing district in the planning of services for low back pain by assessing the prevalence of symptoms and the current involvement of primary, secondary, and complementary care in the treatment of low back pain. In the light of these findings, to assess further the potential impact of a new system of open access to physical therapy, as recommended by the British Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG). DESIGN: A two-stage cross sectional survey approach using postal questionnaires. SUBJECTS: Altogether 1437 men and 1747 women aged 25-64 years, randomly selected from the family health services association register in Bradford. MAIN RESULTS: An annual incidence of 4.7% for low back pain was found, with lifetime, 12 month period, and point prevalences of 59%, 39%, and 19% respectively. Over a one year period, 50.3% of episodes were acute (< 2 weeks), 21% were subacute (2 weeks-3 months), and 26% were chronic (over 3 months) in duration. Altogether 17.8% of the population in this age range experienced referred pain, numbness, or tingling, and 6.4% took time off work as a result of low back pain. In the same year, 20% of the population in the same age range consulted no-one about their pain, 13.7% were treated at the primary care level, 4% received secondary care, and 3% visited a complementary therapist. One fifth of those who did not consult a professional experienced severe pain during episodes. Prevalence estimates indicate that an emphasis on early intervention and primary care management of simple low back pain as recommended by the CSAG could generate a 131% surge in demand for physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Local prevalence estimates may allow purchasers to estimate the potential effects of a shift in management policy for low back pain and to highlight areas of unmet need in terms of resources and patient education.
A qualitative study: Mothers of late preterm infants relate their experiences of community-based care

Purpose In Alberta, the high occurrence of late preterm infants and early hospital discharge of mother-infant dyads has implications for postpartum care in the community. Shortened hospital stay and complexities surrounding the care of biologically and developmentally immature late preterm infants heighten anxiety and fears. Our descriptive phenomenological study explores mothers’ experience of caring for their late preterm infants in the community. Methods Eleven mothers were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Interview transcripts were analysed using an interpretive thematic approach. Findings The mothers’ hospital experience informed their perspective that being a late preterm infant was not a “big deal,” and they tended to treat their infant as normal. “Feeding was really problem,” especially the variability in feeding effectiveness, which was not anticipated. Failing to recognize late preterm infants’ feeding distress exemplified lack of knowledge of feeding cues and tendencies to either rationalize or minimize feeding concerns. Public health nurses represent a source of informational support for managing neonatal morbidities associated with being late preterm; however, maternal experiences with public health nurses varied. Some nurses used a directive style that overwhelmed certain mothers. Seeing multiple public health nurses and care providers was not always effective, given inconsistent and contradictory guidance to care. These new and changing situations increased maternal anxiety and stress and influenced maternal confidence in care. Fathers, family, and friends were important sources of emotional support. Conclusion After discharge, mothers report their lack of preparation to meet the special needs of their late preterm infants. Current approaches to community-based care can threaten maternal confidence in care. New models and pathways of care for late preterm infants and their families need to be responsive to the spectrum of feeding issues encountered, limit duplication of services, and ensure consistent and effective care that parents will accept.
Securing the infrastructure and the workloads of linux containers

One of the central building blocks of cloud platforms are linux containers which simplify the deployment and management of applications for scalability. However, they introduce new risks by allowing attacks on shared resources such as the file system, network and kernel. Existing security hardening mechanisms protect specific applications and are not designed to protect entire environments as those inside the containers. To address these, we present a LiCShield framework for securing of linux containers and their workloads via automatic construction of rules describing the expected activities of containers spawned from a given image. Specifically, given an image of interest LiCShield traces its execution and generates profiles of kernel security modules restricting the containers' capabilities. We distinguish between the operations on the linux host and the ones inside the container to provide the following protection mechanisms: (1) Increased host protection, by restricting the operations done by containers and container management daemon only to those observed in a testing environment; (2) Narrow container operations, by tightening the internal dynamic and noisy environments, without paying the high performance overhead of their on-line monitoring. Our experimental results show that this approach is efficient to prevent known attacks, while having almost no overhead on the production environment. We present our methodology and its technological insights and provide recommendations regarding its efficient deployment with intrusion detection tools to achieve both optimized performance and increased protection. The code of the LiCShield framework as well as the presented experimental results are freely available for use at https://github.com/LinuxContainerSecurity/LiCShield.git.
Is there really an omission effect?

Abstract The omission effect, first described by Spranca and colleagues (Spranca, Minsk, & Baron, 1991), has since been extensively studied and repeatedly confirmed (Cushman, Murray, Gordon-McKeon, Wharton, & Greene, 2012). All else being equal, most people judge it to be morally worse to actively bring about a negative event than to passively allow that event to happen. In this paper, we provide new experimental data that challenges previous studies of the omission effect both methodologically and philosophically. We argue that previous studies have failed to control for the equivalence of rules that are violated by actions and omissions. Once equivalent norms are introduced, our results show that the omission effect is eliminated, even if the negative outcome of the behavior is foreseen and intended by the agent. We show that the omission effect does not constitute a basic, moral disposition but occurs exclusively in complex moral situations. Building on these empirical results, we cast doubt onto two influential explanations of the omission effect, the Causal Relevance Hypothesis and the Overgeneralization Hypothesis, and provide a novel explanation of the phenomenon. Furthermore, we discuss various ramifications of the interplay between our understanding of omissions and legal systems.
Predicting outcome after stroke: the role of aphasia

Objective. Very few studies have investigated the predictive value of functional outcome, social outcome and discharge destination in patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with aphasia. The aim of this study was to verify whether aphasia is predictor for outcome in patients with stroke with aphasia. Methods. The study was carried out in 262 patients with primary diagnosis of CVA and aphasia, included over a 6-year period (2001–2007): 131 with and 131 without aphasia. Statistically significant variables at the univariate regression analysis were submitted to the multivariate analysis. Backward stepwise regression analysis was applied to predict final motor-Functional Independence Measure (FIM), effectiveness in motor-FIM, final cognitive-FIM score and effectiveness in cognitive-FIM and discharge destination. Independent variables were age, gender, aphasia, stroke type, stroke lesion size, comorbidity, bladder catheter, motor function, trunk control test, initial motor-FIM and committed caregiver identified on admission to rehabilitation. Results. Patients with aphasia had lower motor-FIM and cognitive-FIM scores both at admission and at discharge, if compared with those without aphasia. Effectiveness in motor-FIM and cognitive-FIM scores was also poorer in patients with aphasia. Seventy-seven per cent of patients with aphasia and 91.6% of patients without aphasia returned at home. In the multivariate regression analysis, aphasia was predictor of final motor-FIM (β = 0.15), final cognitive FIM (β = 0.72), effectiveness in motor-FIM (β = 0.17) and discharge destination (β = 0.20). Conclusions. Aphasia is a predicting factor of outcome and it is the most important predictor of social outcome in patients with stroke with aphasia.
The solar photospheric abundance of europium Results from CO5BOLD 3D hydrodynamical model atmospheres

Context. Europium is an almost pure r-process element, which may be useful as a reference in nucleocosmochronology. Aims. Determine the photospheric solar abundance using CO5BOLD 3D hydrodynamical model atmospheres. Methods. Disc-centre and integrated-flux observed solar spectra are used. The europium abundance is derived using equivalent-width measurements. As a reference, one-dimensional model atmospheres are in addition used. Results. The europium photospheric solar abundance (0.52 ± 0.02) agrees with previous determinations. We determine the photospheric isotopic fraction of 151 Eu to be 49% ± 2.3% using the intensity spectra, and 50% ± 2.3% using the flux spectra. This compares well to the meteoritic isotopic fraction 47.8%. We explore 3D corrections for dwarfs and sub-giants in the temperature range ∼5000 K to ∼6500 K and solar and 1/10-solar metallicities and find them to be negligible for all models investigated. Conclusions. Our photospheric Eu abundance agrees well with previous determinations based on 1D models. This is in line with our conclusion that 3D effects for this element are negligible in the case of the Sun.
Aura Virus Structure Suggests that the T=4 Organization Is a Fundamental Property of Viral Structural Proteins

ABSTRACT Aura and Sindbis viruses are closely related alphaviruses. Unlike other alphaviruses, Aura virus efficiently encapsidates both genomic RNA (11.8 kb) and subgenomic RNA (4.2 kb) to form virus particles. Previous studies on negatively stained Aura virus particles predicted that there were two major size classes with potential T=3 and T=4 capsid structures. We have used cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction techniques to examine the native morphology of different classes of Aura virus particles produced in BHK cells. Purified particles separated into two components in a sucrose gradient. Reconstructions of particles in the top and bottom components were computed to resolutions of 17 and 21 Å, respectively, and compared with reconstructions of Sindbis virus and Ross River virus particles. Aura virus particles of both top and bottom components have similar, T=4 structures that resemble those of other alphaviruses. The morphology of Aura virus glycoprotein spikes closely resembles that of Sindbis virus spikes and is detectably different from that of Ross River virus spikes. Thus, some aspects of the surface structure of members of the Sindbis virus lineage have been conserved, but other aspects have diverged from the Semliki Forest/Ross River virus lineage.
Relacije kognitivne emocionalne regulacije, osobina ličnosti i afektiviteta

The aim of this study was to define the influence that cognitive strategies of emotion regulation have on general affectivity. Since the affectivity depends primarily on the temperament, that is, on the biologically determined aspects of personality, the personality dimensions are necessarily included in the research of this relationship. The study included 264 participants from general population. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine these relationships. The influence of personality traits was much greater in the determination of both affective dimensions; however it was greater in the determination of the negative rather than the positive dimension. Considering the different dimensions of personality, openness to experience was distinguished as a significant predictor in both affectivity dimensions. In negative affectivity, it is predictor in negative direction (s= -.17, p<.01), and in positive affectivity it has a greater influence than extraversion in positive direction (s= .29, p< .01). In both cases some strategies of the cognitive emotion regulation were shown to be significantly influential in the determination of both dimensions of the affectivity, that is, their influence should not be neglected. Self-blame is the most significant predictor of the negative affectivity (s= .14, p<.05), while the positive refocusing is the most significant predictor of the positive affectivity (s= .11, p< .05)
Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control, and Associated Factors: Results from a National Survey, Jordan

The study examined prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension (HTN), and associated factors and to evaluate the trend in hypertension between 2009 (period 2) and 1994–1998 (period 1). A national sample of 4117 adults aged 25 years and older was selected. Prevalence rate of HTN (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or on antihypertensive therapy) was 32.3% and was higher than the 29.4% prevalence rate reported in period 1. Prevalence rate was significantly higher among males, older age groups, least educated, obese, and diabetics than their counterparts. The rate of awareness among hypertensives was 56.1% and was higher than the 38.8% rate reported form period 1 data. Awareness was positively associated with age, smoking, and diabetes for both men and women, and with level of education and body mass index for men. Rate of treatment for HTN among aware patients was 63.3% and was significantly higher than the 52.8% rate reported in period1. Control rate of HTN among treated hypertensives was 39.6%; significantly higher than the 27.9% control rate in period 1. Control of HTN was positively associated with age but only for women. In conclusion, HTN is still on the rise in Jordan, and levels of awareness and control are below the optimal levels.
Identifying optimal sets of standardized architectural features — A method and its automotive application

Industrial standards are used to formalize procedures, rules and guidelines for the industry to follow. Following a standard requires continuous adoption of the new standardized features where only their subset is required by individual companies. Therefore the prioritization of the features and the assessment of their impact on the development projects is crucial for the success of the project. In software engineering, industrial standards are used increasingly often to standardize a language for designing architectural components of the system by defining domain-specific meta-models. The purpose is to assure the interoperability between a number of software tools exchanging the architectural models. In this paper, we present a method for identifying optimal sets of new standardized architectural features to be adopted in the development projects. The optimization is done based on the assessment of their benefit for the projects and the estimated cost of re-work in the modeling tools according to the changes in the standardized meta-model. We evaluate the method by applying it on 14 new architectural features of a new release of the AUTOSAR standard which is followed in the development of the automotive software systems.
The chemical composition of the Sun

We present a redetermination of the solar abundances of all available elements. The new results have very recently been published by Asplund et al. (Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:481, 2009). The basic ingredients of this work, the main results and some of their implications are summarized hereafter.
Cyclic AMP compartmentation due to increased cAMP‐phosphodiesterase activity in transgenic mice with a cardiac‐directed expression of the human adenylyl cyclase type 8 (AC8)

Hearts from AC8TG mice develop a higher contractility (LVSP) and larger Ca2+ transients than NTG mice, with (surprisingly) no modification in L‐type Ca2+ channel current (ICa,L) (1). In this study, we examined the cardiac response of AC8TG mice to β‐adrenergic and muscarinic agonists and IBMX, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. Stimulation of LVSP and ICa,L by isoprenaline (ISO, 100 nM) was twofold smaller in AC8TG vs. NTG mice. In contrast, IBMX (100 µM) produced a twofold higher stimulation of ICa,L in AC8TG vs. NTG mice. IBMX (10 µM) increased LVSP by 40% in both types of mice, but contraction and relaxation were hastened in AC8TG mice only. Carbachol (10 µM) had no effect on basal contractility in NTG hearts but decreased LVSP by 50% in AC8TG mice. PDE assays demonstrated an increase in cAMP‐PDE activity in AC8TG hearts, mainly due to an increase in the hydrolytic activity of PDE4 and PDE1 toward cAMP and a decrease in the activity of PDE1 and PDE2 toward cGMP. We conclude that cardiac expression of AC8 is accompanied by a rearrangement of PDE isoforms, leading to a strong compartmentation of the cAMP signal that shields L‐type Ca2+ channels and protects the cardiomyocytes from Ca2+ overload. —Georget, M. , Mateo, P., Vandecasteele, G. , Lipskaia, L. , Defer, N. , Hanoune, J., Hoerter, J., Lugnier, C. , Fischmeister, R. Cyclic AMP compartmentation due to increased cAMP‐phosphodiesterase activity in transgenic mice with a cardiac‐directed expression of the human adenylyl cyclase type 8 (AC8). FASEB J. 17, 1380–1391 (2003)
Polar codes for arbitrary classical-quantum channels and arbitrary cq-MACs

We prove polarization theorems for arbitrary classical-quantum (cq) channels. The input alphabet is endowed with an arbitrary Abelian group operation and an Arikan-style transformation is applied using this operation. It is shown that as the number of polarization steps becomes large, the synthetic cq-channels polarize to deterministic homomorphism channels that project their input to a quotient group of the input alphabet. This result is used to construct polar codes for arbitrary cq-channels and arbitrary classical-quantum multiple access channels (cq-MAC). The encoder can be implemented in O(N log N) operations, where N is the blocklength of the code. A quantum successive cancellation decoder for the constructed codes is proposed. It is shown that the probability of error of this decoder decays faster than 2−Nβ for any β < ½
High-resolution regional simulation of last glacial maximum climate in Europe

Afully coupled atmosphere—ocean general circulationmodel is used to simulate climate conditions during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Forcing conditions include astronomical parameters, greenhouse gases, ice sheets and vegetation. A 50-yr period of the global simulation is dynamically downscaled to 50 km horizontal resolution over Europe with a regional climate model (RCM). A dynamic vegetation model is used to produce vegetation that is consistent with the climate simulated by the RCM. This vegetation is used in a final simulation with the RCM. The resulting climate is 5–10 ◦C colder than the recent past climate (representative of year 1990) over ice-free parts of Europe as an annual average; over the ice-sheet up to 40 ◦C colder in winter. The average model-proxy error is about the same for summer and winter, for pollen-based proxies. The RCM results are within (outside) the uncertainty limits for winter (summer). Sensitivity studies performed with the RCM indicate that the simulated climate is sensitive to changes in vegetation, whereas the location of the ice sheet only affects the climate around the ice sheet. The RCM-simulated interannual variability in near surface temperature is significantly larger at LGM than in the recent past climate.
Recognition of prior learning: the tensions between its inclusive intentions and constraints on its implementation

ABSTRACT This article provides some insight into the constraints on the potential of recognition of prior learning (RPL) to widen access to educational qualifications. Its focus is on a conceptual framework that emerged from a South African study of RPL practices across four different learning contexts. Working from a social realist perspective, it argues that RPL needs to be seen as a specialised form of pedagogy that enables navigation across different cultures of knowledge; this is inevitably a contested process because it questions dominant forms of knowledge and modes of knowledge production. The research found that a range of contextual factors impact on the feasibility of RPL, including the nature of the disciplinary domain and its associated knowledge structures, but the ‘inner workings’ of the practice also need to be taken into account. Drawing on Cultural Historical Activity Theory , the article presents a conceptual model of RPL as a specialised, boundary-crossing practice for engaging complex sociologies of knowledge, and it offers three generic configurations of practice, each requiring its own ‘artistry of practice’. It concludes that further theoretical work is required in order to adequately conceptualise what is identified as the ‘specialised discourses of experiential knowledge’.