Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Relation Extraction with Selective Attention over Instances

Distant supervised relation extraction has been widely used to ﬁnd novel relational facts from text. However, distant supervision inevitably accompanies with the wrong labelling problem, and these noisy data will substantially hurt the performance of relation extraction. To alleviate this issue, we propose a sentence-level attention-based model for relation extraction. In this model, we employ convolutional neural networks to embed the semantics of sentences. Afterwards, we build sentence-level attention over multiple instances, which is expected to dynamically reduce the weights of those noisy instances. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that, our model can make full use of all informative sentences and effectively reduce the inﬂuence of wrong labelled instances. Our model achieves signiﬁcant and consistent improvements on relation extraction as compared with baselines. The source code of this paper can be obtained from https: //github.com/thunlp/NRE .
Comparison of Late Potentials for 24 Hours Between Brugada Syndrome and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Using a Novel Signal-Averaging System Based on Holter ECG

Background— Late potentials (LP) detected with signal-averaged ECGs are known to be useful in identifying patients at risk of Brugada syndrome (BS) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Because the pathophysiology is clearly different between these disorders, we clarified the LP characteristics of these disorders. Methods and Results— This study included 15 BS and 12 ARVC patients and 20 healthy controls. All BS patients had characteristic ECG changes and symptomatic episodes. All ARVC patients had findings that were consistent with recent criteria. Three LP parameters (filtered QRS duration, root mean square voltage of the terminal 40 ms of the filtered QRS complex, and duration of low-amplitude signals [<40 µV] in the terminal, filtered QRS complex) were continuously measured for 24 hours using a novel Holter-based signal-averaged ECG system. The incidences of LP determination in BS (80%) and ARVC (91%) patients were higher than in healthy controls (5%; P<0.0001 in both) but did not differ between BS and ARVC patients. In BS patients, the dynamic changes of all LP parameters were observed, and they were pronounced at nighttime. On the contrary, these findings were not observed in ARVC patients. When the SD values of the 3 LP parameters (filtered QRS duration, root mean square voltage of the terminal 40 ms of the filtered QRS complex, and duration of low-amplitude signals [<40 µV] in the terminal, filtered QRS complex) over 24 hours were compared for the 2 patient groups, those values in BS patients were significantly greater than those in ARVC patients (P<0.0001 in all). Conclusions— LP characteristics detected by the Holter-based signal-averaged ECG system over 24 hours differ between BS and ARVC patients. Dynamic daily variations of LPs were seen only in BS patients. This may imply that mechanisms of lethal ventricular arrhythmia in BS may be more correlated with autonomic abnormality than that of ARVC.
Minimum Euclidean distance for combinations of short rate 1/2 convolutional codes and CPFSK modulation

Continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) is a constant amplitude modulation method with good spectral sidelobe properties. Good error probability properties can be obtained with coherent maximum-likelihood detection. In this paper we study the Euclidean distance properties of signals formed by a conventional rate 1/2 convolutional encoder followed by a binary or 4 -level CPFSK modulator. The minimum Euclidean distance is calculated for these signal sets as a function of the modulation index and the observation interval length. The optimum detector is discussed for rational modulation index values. The best obtainable codes are found for the case of short rate 1/2 codes with binary or 4 -level CPFSK modulation. Lists of the best codes are given. Among the results are that the noncatastrophic rate 1/2 convolutional codes with optimum free Hamming distance do not in general give the best Euclidean distance with CPFSK.
Mutations and Polymorphisms in the Human Argininosuccinate Lyase (ASL) Gene

Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency (ASLD) is caused by a defect of the urea cycle enzyme argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) encoded by the ASL gene. Patients often present early after birth with hyperammonemia but can also manifest outside the neonatal period mainly triggered by excessive protein catabolism. Clinical courses comprise asymptomatic individuals who only excrete the biochemical marker, argininosuccinic acid, in urine, and patients who succumb to their first hyperammonemic decompensation. Some patients without any hyperammonemia develop severe neurological disease. Here, we are providing an update on the molecular basis of ASLD by collecting all published (n = 67) as well as novel mutations (n = 67) of the ASL gene. We compile data on all 160 different genotypes ever identified in 223 ASLD patients, including clinical courses whenever available. Finally, we are presenting structural considerations focusing on the relevance of mutations for ASL homotetramer formation. ASLD can be considered as a panethnic disease with only single founder mutations identified in the Finnish (c.299T>C, p.Ile100Thr) and Arab (c.1060C>T, p.Gln354*) population. Most mutations are private with only few genotypes recurring in unrelated patients. The majority of mutations are missense changes including some with more frequent occurrence such as p.Arg12Gln, p.Ile100Thr, p.Val178Met, p.Arg186Trp, p.Glu189Gly, p.Gln286Arg, and p.Arg385Cys.
Determination of intratest variability of trace elements in foraminifera by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry

We have developed a technique to determine the variability of trace elements (including Li, B, Na, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr and Ba) within foraminifera tests using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). This technique has a high spatial resolution (width 40–80 μm, depth >0.5 μm), is reproducible (<8% external reproducibility) and has low detection limits (generally <0.05 μg g−1). We demonstrate that normalization of data to a calcite standard usually gives results that are more consistent with solution ICP‐MS data than normalization to NIST 612. Rastering into the wall of the final chamber of Globigerinoides sacculifer shows that the outermost ∼1.5 μm of the test is enriched in trace elements, including Mn, relative to the interior, indicating the presence of a contaminant surface phase. Pustule calcite close to the aperture of Globorotalia tumida has different Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca compared to other parts of the test. Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca partition coefficients suggest that the pustule calcite is diagenetic and/or formed in a more open system. Multiple analyses of Orbulina universa tests recovered from a latitudinal transect in the North Atlantic give a relationship between Mg/Ca and sea surface temperature similar to that reported elsewhere in the literature. These initial data demonstrate the validity of this technique, and show that it is potentially an extremely powerful microanalytical tool for palaeoceanographic and palaeontological studies.
The YABBY Gene DROOPING LEAF Regulates Carpel Specification and Midrib Development in Oryza sativa On-line version contains Web-only data.

In this article, we report that carpel specification in the Oryza sativa (rice) flower is regulated by the floral homeotic gene DROOPING LEAF (DL) that is distinct from the well-known ABC genes. Severe loss-of-function mutations of DL cause complete homeotic transformation of carpels into stamens. Molecular cloning reveals that DL is a member of the YABBY gene family and is closely related to the CRABS CLAW (CRC) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. DL is expressed in the presumptive region (carpel anlagen), where carpel primordia would initiate, and in carpel primordia. These results suggest that carpel specification is regulated by DL in rice flower development. Whereas CRC plays only a partial role in carpel identity, DL may have been recruited to have the more essential function of specifying carpels during the evolution of rice. We also show that DL interacts antagonistically with class B genes and controls floral meristem determinacy. In addition, severe and weak dl alleles fail to form a midrib in the leaf. The phenotypic analysis of dl mutants, together with analyses of the spatial expression patterns and ectopic expression of DL, demonstrate that DL regulates midrib formation by promoting cell proliferation in the central region of the rice leaf.
Muscle metaboreflex contribution to sinus node regulation during static exercise: insights from spectral analysis of heart rate variability.

BACKGROUND It is currently assumed that during static exercise, central command increases heart rate (HR) through a decrease in parasympathetic activity, whereas the muscle metaboreflex raises blood pressure (BP) only through an increase in sympathetic outflow to blood vessels, because when the metaboreflex activation is maintained during postexercise muscle ischemia, BP remains elevated while HR recovers. We tested the hypotheses that the muscle metaboreflex contributes to HR regulation during static exercise via sympathetic activation and that the arterial baroreflex is involved in the HR recovery of postexercise muscle ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven healthy male volunteers performed 4-minute static leg extension (SLE) at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, followed by 4-minute arrested leg circulation (ALC). Autonomic regulation of HR was investigated by spectral analysis of HR variability (HRV), and baroreflex control of heart period was assessed by the spontaneous baroreflex method. SLE resulted in a significant increase in the low-frequency component of HRV that remained elevated during ALC. The normalized high-frequency component of HRV was reduced during SLE and returned to control levels during ALC. Baroreflex sensitivity was significantly reduced during SLE and returned to control levels during ALC when BP was kept elevated above the resting level while HR recovered. CONCLUSIONS The muscle metaboreflex contributes to HR regulation during static exercise via a sympathetic activation. The bradycardia that occurs during postexercise muscle ischemia despite the maintained sympathetic stimulus may be explained by a baroreflex-mediated increase in parasympathetic outflow to the sinoatrial node that overpowers the metaboreflex-induced cardiac sympathetic activation.
A Four-Shell Diffusion Phantom of the Head for Electrical Impedance Tomography

A four-shell head phantom has been built and characterized. Its structure is similar to that of nonhomogeneous concentric shell domains used by numerical solvers that better approximate current distribution than phantoms currently used to validate electrical impedance tomography systems. Each shell represents a head tissue, namely, skin, skull, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain. A novel technique, which employs a volume conductive impermeable film, has been implemented to prevent ion diffusion between different agar regions without affecting current distribution inside the phantom. Comparisons between simulations and phantom measurements performed over four days are given to prove both the adherence to the model in the frequency range between 10 kHz and 1 MHz and its long-term stability.
Bone density determinants in elderly women: A twin study

This cross‐sectional twin study examined the influence of constitutional, lifestyle, and genetic factors on bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly women. BMD, at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, total hip, and total forearm, total body bone mineral content (BMC), and lean mass and fat mass were measured using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry in 69 volunteer female twin pairs (37 monozygotic [MZ], 32 dizygotic [DZ]) aged 60–89 years. Height and weight were measured. Medical history and lifetime tobacco and alcohol use were determined by questionnaire. In terms of within‐pair differences, lean mass was independently associated with BMD at all sites. In contrast, fat mass was not associated with BMD at any site once allowance had been made for lean mass. Lifetime tobacco use was independently associated with BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip, and forearm. Total body BMC was independently predicted by lean mass, fat mass, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. Age and the above independently predictive body composition and lifestyle factors accounted for 20–33% of variation in BMD. After allowing for these covariates, MZ and DZ correlations were consistent with about 75% of residual variation in BMD at the nonforearm sites being determined by genetic factors. For total body BMC, the covariates explained 75% of total variation, and genetic factors 76% of the residual variation. Therefore, at the proximal femur and lumbar spine, after taking into account the relation of BMD with lean mass and smoking, genetic factors appear to play a substantial role in explaining variation in BMD in elderly women.
Fast automatic order estimation of rational macromodels for signal integrity analysis

A simple rule of thumb is proposed for automatic model order estimation of the rational macromodels for passive components and systems. Based on an analysis of the dynamic behavior of the (measured or simulated) frequency domain scattering parameters, upper and lower bounds for the number of poles are proposed. Several interconnection examples with different complexity are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach.
IQ, Handedness, and Pedophilia in Adult Male Patients Stratified by Referral Source

This study investigated whether the previously observed association of pedophilia with lower IQs is an artifact of heterogeneity in referral source. The subjects were 832 adult male patients referred to a specialty clinic for evaluation of their sexual behavior. The patients’ erotic preferences for prepubescent, pubescent, or adult partners were assessed with phallometric testing. Full scale IQ was estimated using six subtests from the WAIS-R. The results showed that the relations between pedophilia and lower IQ, lesser education, and increased rates of non-right-handedness were the same in homogeneous groups referred by lawyers or parole and probation officers as they were in a heterogeneous group referred by a miscellany of other sources. Those results, along with secondary analyses in the study, supported the conclusion that the relation between pedophilia and cognitive function is genuine and not artifactual. The findings were interpreted as evidence for the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental perturbations increase the risk of pedophilia in males.
Effect of Storm Events on Benthic Nitrifying Activity

Storm events resulted in a marked reduction in the benthic nitrifying activity of a stream receiving geothermal inputs of ammonium. Subsequently, nitrifying activity demonstrated a logarithmic increase until a stable activity was reached 10 to 12 days after the storm event. The rate of increase of poststorm nitrifying activity was used to calculate the nitrifier growth rate in situ (0.0075 to 0.0116 h−1) which was lower than the growth rates observed for laboratory cultures of nitrifying bacteria isolated from the sediments (0.0233 to 0.0990 h−1).
Comparison of Trunk Kinematics in Trunk Training Exercises and Throwing

Strength and conditioning professionals, as well as coaches, have emphasized the importance of training the trunk and the benefits it may have on sport performance and reducing the potential for injury. However, no data on the efficacy of trunk training support such claims. The purpose of this study was to examine the maximum differential trunk rotation and maximum angular velocities of the pelvis and upper torso of participants while they performed 4 trunk exercises (seated band rotations, cross-overs, medicine ball throws, and twisters) and compare these trunk exercise kinematics with the trunk kinematics demonstrated in actual throwing performance. Nine NCAA Division I baseball players participated in this study. Each participant's trunk kinematics was analyzed while he performed 5 repetitions of each exercise in both dominant and nondominant rotational directions. Results indicated maximum differentiated rotation in all 4 trunk exercises was similar to maximum differentiated rotation (approximately 50-60°) demonstrated in throwing performance. Maximum angular velocities of the pelvis and upper torso in the trunk exercises were appreciably slower (approximately 50% or less) than the angular velocities demonstrated during throwing performance. Incorporating trunk training exercises that demonstrate sufficient trunk ranges of motion and velocities into a strength and conditioning program may help to increase ball velocity and/or decrease the risk injury.
Silent myocardial ischaemia and haemoglobin concentration: a randomized controlled trial of transfusion strategy in lower limb arthroplasty

Background and Objectives Red cell transfusion is commonly used in orthopaedic surgery. Evidence suggests that a restrictive transfusion strategy may be safe for most patients. However, concern has been raised over the risks of anaemia in those with ischaemic cardiac disease. Perioperative silent myocardial ischaemia (SMI) has a relatively high incidence in the elderly population undergoing elective surgery. This study used Holter monitoring to compare the effect of a restrictive and a liberal red cell transfusion strategy on the incidence of SMI in patients without signs or symptoms of ischaemic heart disease who were undergoing lower limb arthroplasty.
Ecological risk assessment of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) for the Great Lakes Basin

V RÉSUMÉ . VI 1.0 INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1 SCOPE OF RISK ASSESSMENT . 3 1.2 THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS . 5 2.0 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE/INTRODUCTION . 10 2.1 LIKELIHOOD OF ARRIVAL . 10 2.1.1 Physical Connections . 10 2.1.2 Human-mediated Release . 26 2.1. 3 Laker Ballast . 35 2.1. 4 Summary of Likelihood of Arrival . 41 2.2 LIKELIHOOD OF SURVIVAL . 45 2.2.1 Grass Carp Occurrence in the Great Lakes Basin . 45 2.2.2 Thermal Tolerance . 46 2.2.3 Food Availability . 48 2.2.4 Predators . 51 2.2.5 Disease . 53 2.2. 6 Summary of Likelihood of Survival . 54 2.3 LIKELIHOOD OF ESTABLISHMENT . 55 2.3.1 Spawning and Nursery Habitat . 56 2.3.2 Estimated Spawning Population Needed for Establishment . 62 2.3.3 Stock Required for Effective Recruitment . 64 2.3.4 Survival of Early Life Stages . 64 2.3.5 Summary of Likelihood of Establishment . 67 2.4 LIKELIHOOD OF SPREAD . 69 2.4. 1 Natural Dispersal . 69 2.4. 2 Canals . 72 2.4. 3 Laker Ballast . 75 2.4. 4 Human-mediated Dispersal . 75 2.4. 5 Summary of Likelihood of Spread . 76 2.5 SUMMARY OF PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE/INTRODUCTION . 77 3.0 MAGNITUDE OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES . 80 3.1 VEGETATION . 82 3.2 BIRDS . 87 3.3 FISHES . 87 3.4 ABIOTIC FACTORS . 88 3.5 PATHOGENS/DISEASES . 89 3.6 SUMMARY OF MAGNITUDE OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES . 90
The use of small-bowel capsule endoscopy in iron-deficiency anemia alone; be aware of the young anemic patient

Abstract Background & aim. The role of Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy (SBCE) in Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) alone is still under validation. We aim to assess the usefulness of SBCE in patients with IDA alone; Methods. Retrospective study; patients with IDA (no GI symptoms or known previous diagnosis), who underwent SBCE were included. SBCE findings were classified as clinically significant/sinister (small-bowel malignancy, significant/sinister inflammation and/or strictures and coeliac disease) or vascular, i.e., signifcant/angioectasias (P1/P2 lesions); Results. A total of 221 (151F/70M) patients had SBCE for IDA as the sole indication. The diagnostic yield (DY) was 30.7% (68/221). The DY for significant/sinister pathology and significant/angioectasias was 9% and 21.7%, respectively. In those ≤40 years (20; 13F/7M), significant pathology was found in 25% (5/20); in the >40-year group (201; 138F/63M), significant/sinister pathology was found in 7.5% (15/201), p = 0.0231. None of the patients ≤40 years had angioectasias, such lesions were found in 48/201 (21.7%) of those >40 years, p = 0.009. Fifty percent of those >80 years (16; 12F/4M) had angioectasias, but none had significant/sinister pathology (p = 0.0126). On multiple regression analysis, only prior blood transfusion was predictive of higher DY in SBCE; Conclusions. IDA alone is one of the main indications (27%) for referral to SBCE; the majority of patients are >40 years. In our cohort, the DY of SBCE for IDA was 30.7% and the commonest finding was angioectasias. The detection rate of sinister small-bowel pathology for those >40 years is low decreasing to zero in the >80 age group. In contrast, 25% of those ≤40 years had a sinister diagnosis.
Astrocyte-elevated gene-1 confers resistance to pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating thymidylate synthase expression

Previous studies have suggested that astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) contributes to the mechanisms of resistance to various chemotherapeutics. In this study, we investigated whether AEG-1 expression level correlated with that of thymidylate synthase (TS), as higher TS expression is known to be associated with the resistance to pemetrexed chemotherapy in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Using pemetrexed-resistant lung adenocarcinoma PC-9 cell line, we demonstrated that transfection of AEG-1 siRNA lowered TS expression and decreased pemetrexed IC50 value. In contrast, overexpression of AEG-1 was associated with increased expression of TS and higher pemetrexed IC50 value. Immunohistochemical staining of clinical biopsy samples showed that patients with lower AEG-1 expression had longer overall survival time. Moreover, analysis of repeated biopsy samples revealed that an increase in the TS level from baseline to disease progression was significantly associated with the elevation of AEG-1 expression. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that TS expression might be regulated by AEG-1 and that increased expression of these proteins contributes to lung cancer disease progression and may be associated with the development of resistance to pemetrexed.
Auxin Synthesized by the YUCCA Flavin Monooxygenases Is Essential for Embryogenesis and Leaf Formation in Arabidopsis[W]

Auxin plays a key role in embryogenesis and seedling development, but the auxin sources for the two processes are not defined. Here, we demonstrate that auxin synthesized by the YUCCA (YUC) flavin monooxygenases is essential for the establishment of the basal body region during embryogenesis and the formation of embryonic and postembryonic organs. Both YUC1 and YUC4 are expressed in discrete groups of cells throughout embryogenesis, and their expression patterns overlap with those of YUC10 and YUC11 during embryogenesis. The quadruple mutants of yuc1 yuc4 yuc10 yuc11 fail to develop a hypocotyl and a root meristem, a phenotype similar to those of mp and tir1 afb1 afb2 afb3 auxin signaling mutants. We further show that YUC genes play an essential role in the formation of rosette leaves by analyzing combinations of yuc mutants and the polar auxin transport mutants pin1 and aux1. Disruption of YUC1, YUC4, or PIN1 alone does not abolish leaf formation, but the triple mutant yuc1 yuc4 pin1 fails to form leaves and flowers. Furthermore, disruption of auxin influx carrier AUX1 in the quadruple mutant yuc1 yuc2 yuc4 yuc6, but not in wild-type background, phenocopies yuc1 yuc4 pin1, demonstrating that auxin influx is required for plant leaf and flower development. Our data demonstrate that auxin synthesized by the YUC flavin monooxygenases is an essential auxin source for Arabidopsis thaliana embryogenesis and postembryonic organ formation.