Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An approximation algorithm for manhattan routing

A linear-time approximation algorithm for routing multipoint net channels is presented. The algorithm uses at most a constant factor times the optimal number of tracks required. The notion of channel fluxis introduced and shown, like channel density, to be a lower bound for channel width. Every multipoint net channel having density d and flux f is routed within 2d+O(f) tracks, and every two-point net channel within d+O(f) tracks. Since the flux never exceeds &thgr;(@@@@n), this proves a conjecture of Brown and Rivest [6] that every n-net channel can be routed in O(d+@@@@n) tracks. In practice, it appears that the flux never exceeds a small constant. In this case the algorithm performs asymptotically better than the best-known knock-knee algorithm [21], and almost as well as the best-known three-layer algorithm [19], without requiring the use of either knock-knees or three layers of interconnect. In addition, the three-parameter model, which is closer to the design rules of current fabrication technologies, is presented. Under this model, it is shown that every channel can be routed using 2d+O(1) tracks.
Gross Motor Deficits in Children Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol: A Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gross motor (GM) deficits are often reported in children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), but their prevalence and the domains affected are not clear. The objective of this review was to characterize GM impairment in children with a diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or “moderate” to “heavy” maternal alcohol intake. METHODS: A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted. Medline, Embase, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, PEDro, and Google Scholar databases were searched. Published observational studies including children aged 0 to ≤18 years with (1) an FASD diagnosis or moderate to heavy PAE, or a mother with confirmed alcohol dependency or binge drinking during pregnancy, and (2) GM outcomes obtained by using a standardized assessment tool. Data were extracted regarding participants, exposure, diagnosis, and outcomes by using a standardized protocol. Methodological quality was evaluated by using Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. RESULTS: The search recovered 2881 articles of which 14 met the systematic review inclusion criteria. The subjects’ mean age ranged from 3 days to 13 years. Study limitations included failure to report cutoffs for impairment, nonstandardized reporting of PAE, and small sample sizes. The meta-analysis pooled results (n = 10) revealed a significant association between a diagnosis of FASD or moderate to heavy PAE and GM impairment (odds ratio: 2.9; 95% confidence interval: 2.1–4.0). GM deficits were found in balance, coordination, and ball skills. There was insufficient data to determine prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The significant results suggest evaluation of GM proficiency should be a standard component of multidisciplinary FASD diagnostic services.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infections of the Adults

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is one of the major bacterial agent of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) worldwide. It is a causative agent of urogenital, ocular and pneumonic infections, causing annually 92 million new infections worldwide. It is responsible for a wide range of infections, including trachoma (a chronic conjuctivitis, which is the leading preventable cause of blidness worldwide), newborn conjuctivitis, and genital infections in women and men. CT has a unique life cycle, dependent on the host cell's adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, which differentiates it from all other microorganisms.
The Kissing-Loop T-Shaped Structure Translational Enhancer of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus Can Bind Simultaneously to Ribosomes and a 5′ Proximal Hairpin

ABSTRACT The Pea Enation Mosaic Virus (PEMV) 3′ translational enhancer, known as the kissing-loop T-shaped structure (kl-TSS), binds to 40S subunits, 60S subunits, and 80S ribosomes, whereas the Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) TSS binds only to 60S subunits and 80S ribosomes. Using electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA)-based competition assays, the kl-TSS was found to occupy a different site in the ribosome than the P-site-binding TCV TSS, suggesting that these two TSS employ different mechanisms for enhancing translation. The kl-TSS also engages in a stable, long-distance RNA-RNA kissing-loop interaction with a 12-bp 5′-coding-region hairpin that does not alter the structure of the kl-TSS as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Addition of the kl-TSS in trans to a luciferase reporter construct containing either wild-type or mutant 5′ and 3′ PEMV sequences suppressed translation, suggesting that the kl-TSS is required in cis to function, and both ribosome-binding and RNA interaction activities of the kl-TSS contributed to translational inhibition. Addition of the kl-TSS was more detrimental for translation than an adjacent eIF4E-binding 3′ translational enhancer known as the PTE, suggesting that the PTE may support the ribosome-binding function of the kl-TSS. Results of in-line RNA structure probing, ribosome filter binding, and high-throughput selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (hSHAPE) of rRNAs within bound ribosomes suggest that kl-TSS binding to ribosomes and binding to the 5′ hairpin are compatible activities. These results suggest a model whereby posttermination ribosomes/ribosomal subunits bind to the kl-TSS and are delivered to the 5′ end of the genome via the associated RNA-RNA interaction, which enhances the rate of translation reinitiation.
Hyperhomocysteinemia does not affect global DNA methylation and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase expression in mice

DNA methylation is coupled with one-carbon metabolism involving homocysteine/methionine interconversion. Correlation between plasma homocysteine levels and leukocyte global DNA methylation was reported but not always replicated. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a determinant of plasma homocysteine levels. Findings suggest alteration of one-carbon metabolism in schizophrenia etiology; hyperhomocysteinemia was observed in schizophrenia. A recent study carried out by the authors of this paper found an association between NNMT and schizophrenia and decreased post-mortem brain NNMT mRNA levels. The present study assessed the interrelationship between brain and leukocytes global DNA methylation and plasma homocysteine levels, and between hyperhomocysteinemia and brain NNMT expression. Mice were administered homocysteine in drinking water. Percentage global genome DNA methylation was measured using the cytosine-extension method, and NNMT expression was measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). Homocysteine administration resulted in a 10-fold increase in plasma homocysteine. However, there was no change in global DNA methylation in lymphocytes or in the frontal cortex. No significant intra-individual correlation was found between global DNA methylation in leukocytes and frontal cortex, suggesting that leukocyte global DNA methylation may not serve as a marker for brain global DNA methylation. No difference was found in NNMT expression in homocysteine-treated mice compared with control mice. In conclusion, relatively short-term hyperhomocysteinemia in mice does not reproduce or lead to alterations reported in one-carbon metabolism in disorders associated with lifelong elevated plasma homocysteine.
Exploring Collaboration Patterns among Global Software Development Teams

This study examines communication behaviors in global software student teams. The authors of the paper characterize the types of communication behaviors that occur when student teams are engaged in a software development project. The authors present findings from a one-semester study that examined factors contributing to successful distributed programming interactions among students enrolled at the University of Atilim (Turkey), Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, University of North Texas, and Middlesex University (UK). Using content and cluster analyses techniques, we identified distinct patterns of collaboration and examined how these patterns were associated with task, culture, GPA, and performance of collaborative teams. Our results suggest that communication patterns among global software learners may be related to task type, culture and GPA. It is hoped that these findings will lead to the development of new strategies for improving communication among global software teams.
Unsupervised Extraction of Video Highlights via Robust Recurrent Auto-Encoders

With the growing popularity of short-form video sharing platforms such as Instagram and Vine, there has been an increasing need for techniques that automatically extract highlights from video. Whereas prior works have approached this problem with heuristic rules or supervised learning, we present an unsupervised learning approach that takes advantage of the abundance of user-edited videos on social media websites such as YouTube. Based on the idea that the most significant sub-events within a video class are commonly present among edited videos while less interesting ones appear less frequently, we identify the significant sub-events via a robust recurrent auto-encoder trained on a collection of user-edited videos queried for each particular class of interest. The auto-encoder is trained using a proposed shrinking exponential loss function that makes it robust to noise in the web-crawled training data, and is configured with bidirectional long short term memory (LSTM) [5] cells to better model the temporal structure of highlight segments. Different from supervised techniques, our method can infer highlights using only a set of downloaded edited videos, without also needing their pre-edited counterparts which are rarely available online. Extensive experiments indicate the promise of our proposed solution in this challenging unsupervised setting.
Verbal and Numerical Expressions of Probability: "It's a Fifty-Fifty Chance"

When estimating risks, people may use "50" as an expression of the verbal phrase "fifty-fifty chance," without intending the associated number of 50%. The result is an excess of 50s in the response distribution. The present study examined factors determining the magnitude of such a "50 blip," using a large sample of adolescents and adults. We found that phrasing probability questions in a distributional format (asking about risks as a percentage in a population) rather than in a singular format (asking about risks to an individual) reduced the use of "50. " Less numerate respondents, children, and less educated adults were more likely to say "50. " Finally, events that evoked feelings of less perceived control led to more 50s. The results are discussed in terms of what they reveal about how people express epistemic uncertainty. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
On how event size and interactivity affect social networks

Participating in social events or activities in the physical world is an important way for us to make new friends and build social networks. We aim to explore the role of event size and interactivity in affecting social networking behaviors. In this paper, we obtained data from an event-based social network site and conducted a quantitative analysis that reveals a relationship between online following behavior and characteristics of real-world events. We also employ behavior setting theory, social role theory, and user interview data to help us understand the quantitative results. Our finding that small events on average promote more new connections between individuals than large events has important implications for event organizers, event participants, and social media designers.
Potential and Limitations of Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification

In this paper we investigate the cross-domain performance of a current state-of-the-art sentiment analysis systems. For this purpose we train a convolutional neural network (CNN) on data from different domains and evaluate its performance on other domains. Furthermore, we evaluate the usefulness of combining a large amount of different smaller annotated corpora to a large corpus. Our results show that more sophisticated approaches are required to train a system that works equally well on various domains.
Nation Branding as a Strategic Marketing Approach to Foreign Direct Investment Promotion: The Case of Zimbabwe

This study investigated the potential utilisation of nation branding as a government driven investment promotion approach aimed at attracting foreign direct investment to Zimbabwe. This study used both primary and secondary data. A desk research was conducted to collect secondary data from academic publications and journals, while qualitative primary data collection was semi-structured in nature, utilising an interview schedule to conduct in-depth elite interviews. These interviews were recorded for post interview verbatim transcription. A combination of non-probability sampling techniques were used to establish the final sample frame of 9 key informants for the study from a universal population of 11 investment promotion related organisations in Zimbabwe. The study employed the hermeneutic approach to data analysis to analyse the empirical qualitative data generated from the interviewing process. As a result of this study it emerged that subjectively, the negative image that Zimbabwe has as a country and as an investment destination has a causal effect on the ability of the country to attract foreign direct investment. It also emerged that key stakeholders in Zimbabwe perceive nation branding as a panacea to the image-related challenges of investment promotion for Zimbabwe. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013. v4n13p475
Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion

In this paper we present a prototype approach to awe. We suggest that two appraisals are central and are present in all clear cases of awe: perceived vastness, and a need for accommodation, defined as an inability to assimilate an experience into current mental structures. Five additional appraisals account for variation in the hedonic tone of awe experiences: threat, beauty, exceptional ability, virtue, and the supernatural. We derive this perspective from a review of what has been written about awe in religion, philosophy, sociology, and psychology, and then we apply this perspective to an analysis of awe and related states such as admiration, elevation, and the epiphanic experience.
The Complexity of the Warranted Formula Problem in Propositional Argumentation

The notion of warrant or justification is one of the central concepts in formal models of argumentation. The dialectical definition of warrant is expressed in terms of recursive defeat: an argument is warranted if each of its counter-arguments is itself defeated by a warranted counter-argument. However, few complexity results exist on checking whether an argument is warranted in the context of deductive models of argumentation, i.e. models where an argument is a deduction of a claim from a set of premises using some logic. We investigate the computational complexity of checking whether a claim is warranted in propositional argumentation under two natural definitions of warrant and show that it is PSPACE-complete in both cases.
Computer tomography-guided core biopsies in a county hospital in Sweden: Complication rate and diagnostic yield

BACKGROUND: Core biopsies are valuable in obtaining sufficient tissue to ensure diagnosis of diseases in the thorax. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the complication rate and the diagnostic yield in computer tomography (CT)-guided core biopsies performed in a county hospital in Sweden. METHODS: Medical journals, spirometry results, pathology reports and CT scans were reviewed in 463 consecutive cases, where a transthoracic core biopsy was performed between January 2005 and December 2010. Of these 380 (82%) were lung lesions, 48 (10%) were mediastinal lesions and 35 (8%) were pleural lesions. RESULTS: All patients underwent a chest X-ray 4 hours post-biopsy and pneumothorax was seen in 156/463 (34%) patients: 137 after lung biopsy and 17 after mediastinal biopsy. Chest tube insertion was required for 27 (17%) of these patients (6% of all core biopsies). Small intraparenchymal hemorrhages and hemoptysis were observed with subjective difficulty in one case. The diagnostic yield for the 463 patients was 212 (46%) cases of lung cancer, 188 (41%) benign lesions and 39 (8%) pulmonary metastases. CONCLUSIONS: A transthoracic core biopsy ensures diagnosis with a low complication rate and is suitable as an outpatient procedure. An increased risk for pneumothorax was observed when the biopsied lesion was small or when emphysema was in the path of the biopsy needle. Reduced lung function pre-biopsy or emphysema in the path of the biopsy needle increased the need for chest tube treatment of pneumothorax. A CT-guided core biopsy is safe and applicable in a county hospital.
Models Without Indiscernibles

For T any completion of Peano Arithmetic and for n any positive integer, there is a model of T of size 2, with no (n + 1)-length sequence of indiscernibles. Hence the Hanf number for omitting types over T, H(T), is at least 2, (Now, using an upper bound previously obtained by Julia Knight H (true arithmetic) is exactly 2b,. ) If TX true arithmetic, then H(T) = 2,. If 8 -A (p)'-, then any completion of Peano Arithmetic has a model of size 8 with no set of indiscernibles of size p. There are similar results for theories strongly resembling Peano Arithmetic, e.g., ZF + V = L. 0. Introduction. The main accomplishment of the research presented here is the lifting of the Specker-MacDowell-Gaifman technology for 1-types over arithmetic to a technique for building models from carefully constructed n-types. In Specker and MacDowell [1959] it is shown that every model of Peano Arithmetic, (PA), has a proper elementary end extension. Gaifman [1965], [1968] shows how to construct "end extension 1-types" which give rise to such extensions, investigates the iteration of such extension techniques, and gives a construction of "mutually independent end extension types" which is the direct forebear of the "mutually generic types" we use here. It is implicit in these papers (and, in fact, is a special case of the M(I) in Gaifman [1976]) that a model of PA generated by 21-many mutually generic types will have no two distinct elements with the same 1-type.3 Here we give a direct exposition of such a model, in a way that clearly suggests how to construct a model of PA with no (n + 1)-length sequence of indiscernibles. Carrying through this suggestion involves far more complicated combinatorics than in the case of 2i. What is needed is a certain generalization of finitary Ramsey's Theorem proved independently by Neset'ril and Rodl [1976] and by the present authors. Our original exposition also involved some complicated machinery specially designed for our particular results. We owe a large debt to Haim Gaifman who pointed out some structural properties of our models which are of interest in their own right and which can be used directly to obtain our results. The approach of the present paper is that suggested to us by Gaifman, and we will clearly indicate the specific results which are due to him. Received April 19, 1976; revised September 12, 1977. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. This author's research was supported, in part, by an American Mathematical Society Postdoctoral Research Fellowship and by NSF Grant Number
Role-assignment in open agent societies

Open systems are characterized by heterogeneous participants which can enter or leave the system at will. Typical examples are e-commerce applications or information agent systems. Agents (e.g. personal assistants for buying things on the Internet) will only temporarily take up roles (e.g. a buyer in on-line auctions). This creates the need to define precisely what it means that an agent "takes up" a role and "enacts" it. In this paper we present ongoing research on the determination of the conditions under which an agent can enact a role and what it means for the agent to enact a role. We define possible relations between roles and agents and discuss architectural and functional changes that an agent must undergo when it enters an open agent system.
Histological diversity and clinical characteristics of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors in children: A series from a tertiary care center in South India.

BACKGROUND The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) are aggressive malignant tumors with small round cell morphology affecting mainly children and adolescents. The aim of this study is to classify the histological diversity and clinical characteristics of ESFT in children from a Tertiary Care Center in South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective descriptive study includes 51 cases of ES in children aged below 15 years. Clinical details were collected from case files. Histomorphological features were reviewed and tumors were subtyped into classic, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) and atypical variants along with immunohistochemical markers, cytogenetics, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS Fifty-three percent were female and 47% were male with mean age of 10 years. The most common site of involvement was skeletal involvement in 71%, followed by soft tissue involvement in 23%, and visceral involvement in 6%. Localized disease at presentation was seen in 44%, locally advanced disease in 28%, and metastatic disease in 28%. Recurrence was documented during follow-up in 18% of the cases. Histomorphologically, classic type was the most common (72%) followed by PNET (20%) category and atypical variant (8%). All cases were immunoreactive for CD99. Cytogenetic study in 12 cases showed translocation t(11;22) (q24;12) in 80% and variant translocations such as t(3;16), t(3;11) with nonspecific numerical abnormalities in 20%. FISH was carried out for documentation of four cases with atypical histomorphology. CONCLUSION ESFT had wide histological variation which required confirmation by ancillary studies.
The Long-Run Fisher Effect: Can it Be Tested?

Empirical support for the long-run Fisher effect, a hypothesis that a permanent change in inflation leads to an equal change in the nominal interest rate, has been hard to come by. This paper provides a plausible explanation of why past studies have been unable to find support for the long-run Fisher effect. This paper argues that the necessary permanent change to the inflation rate following a monetary shock has not occurred in the industrialized countries of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Instead, this paper shows that inflation in these countries follows a mean-reverting, fractionally integrated, long-memory process, not the nonstationary inflation process that is integrated of order one or larger found in previous studies of the Fisher effect. Applying a bivariate maximum likelihood estimator to a fractionally integrated model of inflation and the nominal interest rate, the inflation rate in all seventeen countries is found to be a highly persistent, fractionally integrated process with a positive differencing parameter significantly less than one. Hence, in the long run, inflation in these countries will be unaffected by a monetary shock, and a test of the long-run Fisher effect will be invalid and uninformative as to the truthfulness of the long-run Fisher effect hypothesis.