Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frequency and Neural Correlates of Pauses in Patients with Formal Thought Disorder

Background: Pauses during speech may reflect the planning and monitoring of discourse, two processes putatively impaired in patients with schizophrenia, particularly those with formal thought disorder (FTD). We used functional MRI to examine the neural correlates of between-clause and of filled pauses, which are respectively associated with speech planning and speech monitoring. Methods: BOLD contrast was measured while six schizophrenia patients with FTD and six healthy subjects spoke about Rorshach inkblots. In an event-related design, we examined activity associated with pauses that occurred between clauses and with pauses that were filled. Results: There was no significant group difference in the frequency of between-clause pauses but patients with FTD made strikingly fewer filled pauses than controls. Between-clause pauses were associated with activation in the anterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the left insula in controls and the engagement of these regions was significantly attenuated in patients. Conclusion: The anterior part of the left STG and the left insula are normally involved in both the planning and monitoring of discourse. The attenuated engagement of these regions with between-clause pauses and the striking infrequency of filled pauses in the patients are consistent with cognitive models implicating defective speech planning and speech monitoring in schizophrenia, especially in relation to FTD.
Is there an Empowerment Life Cycle?

The authors explore the relationship between long-term black empowerment and racial turnout rates in Atlanta (Georgia), Cleveland (Ohio), and Los Angeles (California). Symbolic politics, intergroup competition, and political alienation theories are used to explain interracial differences in political participation in mayoral elections. Strong and durable symbolic effects are evident in all three cases. Black turnout equals or exceeds white turnout during and, in the case of Cleveland, after the period of black empowerment. In Los Angeles, however, the symbolic benefits of black empowerment eventually wane as a result of increasing political alienation among black voters.
Analyzing promotions of racial/ethnic minority CEOs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the conditions under which racial/ethnic minorities are promoted to top leadership positions in American corporations. In addition to testing the glass cliff theory for racial/ethnic minorities, the paper also develops and test two additional theoretical mechanisms: bold moves and the savior effect. While the glass cliff theory predicts racial/ethnic minorities will be promoted to struggling firms, the bold moves theory predicts the opposite, that racial/ethnic minorities will be promoted to strong firms. The savior effect predicts that minority CEOs will be replaced by white male leaders if firm performance struggles during their tenure. Design/methodology/approach – This paper relies on conditional logistic regression to analyze all CEO transitions among Fortune 500 companies over a 15-year period. Findings – Consistent with the bold moves thesis but contrary to the predictions of glass cliff theory, the results suggest that racial/ethnic minorities a.
GENDER‐STEREOTYPIC PERCEPTIONS OF ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES

Summary. Sixty college students, aged 16–20 years, rated 10 academic disciplines along seven 7-point dimensions including masculine-feminine, in a 2 (sex) X 3 (academic background) factorial design. Engineering, physical sciences, and mathematics were rated as significantly masculine whereas English, biology, psychology, French and sociology were rated as significantly feminine. There was no effect of the sex of the rater, and only in the case of biology was there a significant influence of academic background. For the mean ratings for each discipline, masculine-feminine was correlated with several other dimensions, but a stepwise regression revealed only difficult-easy as a significant predictor. On the individual ratings for three specific disciplines, correlations between masculine-feminine and other dimensions were small and nonsignificant, and the regression analyses were all non-significant. These results cast doubt on a previous conclusion that there is a cluster of other attributes associated with “masculine‘ when academic disciplines are rated.
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Skull Lesions

Abstract Diffusion-weighted imaging can increase the conspicuity of skull lesions and be applied toward noninvasive differentiation of malignant from benign lesions. Malignant skull lesions generally display lower diffusivity than benign lesions, although there are exceptions, and clinical parameters and conventional imaging modalities should also be considered in the evaluation of skull lesions. Nevertheless, in some instances diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can be used for problem solving when conventional imaging features are indeterminate, such as with skull base involvement by nasopharyngeal carcinoma versus osteomyelitis. In addition, DWI may be useful for monitoring treatment effects. The use of readout segmented technique, parallel imaging, multishot acquisition, turbo spin-echo DWI, diffusion tensor imaging, and higher field strengths can improve image quality. The feasibility of implementing DWI for characterizing skull lesions, the DWI findings of benign and malignant skull lesions, and technical considerations are discussed in this article.
Power Control in Cognitive Radio Systems Based on Spectrum Sensing Side Information

Cognitive radio has been recently proposed as a promising technology to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency by intelligently sensing and accessing some vacant bands of licensed users. In this paper, we consider the coexistence between a cognitive radio and a licensed user in order to enhance the spectrum efficiency. We develop an approach to allow the cognitive radio to operate in the presence of the licensed user. In order to minimize the interference to the licensed user, the transmit power of the cognitive radio is controlled by using the side information of spectrum sensing. Numerical results will show that the quality of service for the licensed user can be guaranteed in the presence of the cognitive radio by the proposed approach.
Creative industries in “developing” countries: Questioning country classifications in the UNCTAD creative economy reports

The UNCTAD Creative Economy Reports (CERs) are arguably the most influential policy-oriented texts on the global scope and potential of the creative economy. They contain arguments for greater policy attention to the creative economy worldwide and statistical data to illustrate their claims. These reports argue that the creative economy is an area of growth, not only in “developed”, but also in “developing” economies. The central argument of this article is that the way the country classification used in the CERs increases the share of “developing countries” in global creative goods exports in contrast to The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) classifications. When singling out China, the share of these countries decreases even further. According to The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), in 2010, 41 “developed” countries account for 51.18 per cent and 158 “developing” countries for 48.03 per cent of th.
Acetylcholine receptor aggregation parallels the deposition of a basal lamina proteoglycan during development of the neuromuscular junction

To determine the time course of synaptic differentiation, we made successive observations on identified, nerve-contacted muscle cells developing in culture. The cultures had either been stained with fluorescent alpha-bungarotoxin, or were maintained in the presence of a fluorescent monoclonal antibody. These probes are directed at acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and a basal lamina proteoglycan, substances that show nearly congruent surface organizations at the adult neuromuscular junction. In other experiments individual muscle cells developing in culture were selected at different stages of AChR accumulation and examined in the electron microscope after serial sectioning along the entire path of nerve-muscle contact. The results indicate that the nerve-induced formation of AChR aggregates and adjacent plaques of proteoglycan is closely coupled throughout early stages of synapse formation. Developing junctional accumulations of AChR and proteoglycan appeared and grew progressively, throughout a perineural zone that extended along the muscle surface for several micrometers on either side of the nerve process. Unlike junctional AChR accumulations, which disappeared within a day of denervation, both junctional and extrajunctional proteoglycan deposits were stable in size and morphology. Junctional proteoglycan deposits appeared to correspond to discrete ultrastructural plaques of basal lamina, which were initially separated by broad expanses of lamina-free muscle surface. The extent of this basal lamina, and a corresponding thickening of the postsynaptic membrane, also increased during the accumulation of AChR and proteoglycan along the path of nerve contact. Presynaptic differentiation of synaptic vesicle clusters became detectable at the developing neuromuscular junction only after the formation of postsynaptic plaques containing both AChR and proteoglycan. It is concluded that motor nerves induce a gradual formation and growth of AChR aggregates and stable basal lamina proteoglycan deposits on the muscle surface during development of the neuromuscular junction.
Mobile interaction analysis: towards a novel concept for interaction sequence mining

Identifying intentions of users when they launch an application on their smartphone, and understanding which tasks they actually execute, is a key problem in mobile usability analysis. First, knowing which tasks users actually execute is required for calculating common usability metrics such as task efficiency, error rates and effectiveness. Second, understanding how users perform these tasks is important for developers in order to validate designed interaction sequences for tasks (e.g. sequential steps required to successfully perform and complete a task). In this paper, we describe a novel approach for automatically extracting and grouping interaction sequences from users, assigning them to predefined tasks (e.g. writing an email) and visualising them in an intuitive way. Thus, we are able to find out if the designer's intention of how users should perform designed tasks, and how they actually execute them in the field, matches, and where it differs. This allows us to figure out if users find alternate ways of performing certain tasks, which contributes to the application design process. Moreover, if the users' perception of tasks differs from the designer's intention, we lay the foundation for recognising issues users may have while executing them.
Biochemical evidence for pathogenicity of rhodopsin kinase mutations correlated with the oguchi form of congenital stationary night blindness.

Rhodopsin kinase (RK), a rod photoreceptor cytosolic enzyme, plays a key role in the normal deactivation and recovery of the photoreceptor after exposure to light. To date, three different mutations in the RK locus have been associated with Oguchi disease, an autosomal recessive form of stationary night blindness in man characterized in part by delayed photoreceptor recovery [Yamamoto, S. , Sippel, K. C. , Berson, E. L. & Dryja, T. P. (1997) Nat. Genet. 15, 175-178]. Two of the mutations involve exon 5, and the remaining mutation occurs in exon 7. Known exon 5 mutations include the deletion of the entire exon sequence [HRK(X5 del)] and a missense change leading to a Val380Asp substitution in the encoded product (HRKV380D). The mutation in exon 7 is a 4-bp deletion in codon 536 leading to premature termination of the encoded polypeptide [HRKS536(4-bp del)]. To provide biochemical evidence for pathogenicity of these mutations, wild-type human rhodopsin kinase (HRK) and mutant forms HRKV380D and HRKS536(4-bp del) were expressed in COS7 cells and their activities were compared. Wild-type HRK catalyzed light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin efficiently. In contrast, both mutant proteins were markedly deficient in catalytic activity with HRKV380D showing virtually no detectible activity and HRKS536(4-bp del) only minimal light-dependent activity. These results provide biochemical evidence to support the pathogenicity of the RK mutations in man.
Market Frictions, Investor Sophistication, and Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance

If there are diseconomies of scale in asset management, any predictability in mutual fund performance will be arbitraged away by rational investors seeking funds with the highest expected performance (Berk and Green, 2004). In contrast, the performance of US equity mutual funds persists through time. In this paper, we investigate whether market frictions can reconcile the assumptions of investor rationality and diseconomies of scale with the empirical evidence. More specifically, we extend the model of Berk and Green (2004) to account for financial constraints and heterogeneity in investors' reservation returns reflecting the idea that less financially sophisticated investors face higher search costs. In our model, both negative and positive expected fund performance are possible in equilibrium. Moreover, expected fund performance increases with expected managerial ability, which can explain the evidence on performance persistence. The model also implies that performance persistence increases with fund visibility, as fund visibility increases the proportion of unsophisticated investors in the fund. Consistently with this prediction, we report empirical evidence for the US equity fund market that diferences in performance are significantly less persistent among hard-to-find funds than otherwise similar funds.
Let's be Honest about the Attraction Effect

Frederick, Lee, and Baskin (2014) and Yang and Lynn (2014) argue that the conditions for obtaining the attraction effect are so restrictive that the practical validity of the attraction effect should be questioned. In this commentary, the authors first ground the attraction (asymmetric dominance) effect in its historical context as a test of an important theoretical assumption from rational choice theory. Drawing on the research reported by scholars from many fields of study, the authors argue that the finding of an asymmetric dominance effect remains robust because it holds when the conditions of the study are essentially replicated. Next, the authors identify some of the factors that mitigate (and amplify) the attraction effect and then position the effect into a larger theoretical debate involving the extent to which preferences are constructed versus merely revealed. The authors conclude by arguing that researchers who try to measure values as well as choice architects who attempt to shape values must be sensitive to the context-dependent properties of choice behavior, as illustrated by the attraction effect.
Barriers to Refugee Entrepreneurship in Belgium: Towards an Explanatory Model

The integration of refugees in Western societies is often perceived as problematic, both by refugees and by the native population. By promoting refugee entrepreneurship, integration into the host society can be assisted, and domestic entrepreneurship boosted. Refugee entrepreneurship has been an underdeveloped domain of scientific research. The number of refugee entrepreneurs in Belgium is limited and they earn less than other self-employed people. Interviewing advisors and refugee entrepreneurs yields several insights into the obstacles encountered. These are grouped under three headings: market opportunities and access to entrepreneurship, human capital and social networks, and the institutional and societal environment. It appears that refugees suffer more from barriers than other immigrants.
Prime factors and amalgamated free products

We prove that any non-amenable factor arising as an amalgamated free product of von Neumann algebras M1 * B M2 over an abelian von Neumann algebra B, is prime, i.e. cannot be written as a tensor product of diffuse factors. We obtain, both in the type II1 and in the type III case, new examples of prime factors. We moreover discuss some consequences in orbit equivalence. Our proofs rely on Popa's deformation/spectral gap rigidity argument.
Asymptotic Behavior of a Critical Fluid Model for a Processor Sharing Queue via Relative Entropy

In this paper, we develop a new approach to studying the asymptotic behavior of fluid model solutions for critically loaded processor sharing queues. For this, we introduce a notion of relative entropy associated with measure-valued fluid model solutions. In contrast to the approach used in [12], which does not readily generalize to networks of processor sharing queues, we expect the approach developed in this paper to be more robust. Indeed, we anticipate that similar notions involving relative entropy may be helpful for understanding the asymptotic behavior of critical fluid model solutions for stochastic networks operating under various resource sharing protocols naturally described by measure-valued processes.
Foreign Investment as a Dependent Variable: Determinants of Foreign Investment and Capital Penetration in Developing Nations, 1967–1978

While foreign investment and capital penetration have become key predictor variables in many studies of economic development and social change, much less scrutiny has been applied to these phenomena as outcomes of intranational characteristics. In this crossnational, quantitative study of the determinants of growth of foreign investment and capital penetration, the growth of both phenomena is found to be similar and can be partially explained by common models based on the logic of market orientation. Moreover, such phenomena as foreign capital penetration in manufacturing and overurbanization are positively related to this growth, suggesting that previous research has misspecified certain relationships and that certain elements of the dependentdevelopment approach to dependency theory require refinement or modification. Foreign investment plays a central role in theories and empirical investigations of international development. While conventional perspectives arising from modernization theory view direct, private foreign investment in developing economies as an asset in the developmental struggles of the Third World, newer theories stressing economic dependency and core-periphery relations consider foreign investment the prime culprit in many Third World social ills, such as inadequate labor absorption, overurbanization, lagging fertility decline, and retarded economic growth (Wallerstein 1974; Chase-Dunn 1975; Evans & Timberlake 1980; Timberlake & Kentor 1983; Bornschier & Chase-Dunn 1985; Bradshaw 1987; London 1987, 1988). The most consistent support for these newer critical perspectives has come from the dependent-development strand of dependency thought, which views the process of capital accumulation as evolving over time. Specifically, the old colonialism of the mercantile capitalist era with its feudal interaction patterns and unequal exchange has shifted gradually to "dependent" capitalism, or to *Direct correspondence to the authorat theDepartmentof Sociology, 190North OvalMall, 300 Bricker Hall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1353. i) The University of North Carolina Prs Social Forces, June 1991, 69(4):1169-1182 This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.45 on Wed, 05 Oct 2016 05:25:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 1170 / Social Forces 69:4, June 1991 the location of industrial capital in developing countries. In other words, colonialism has been replaced by a more subtle but no less effective neocolonialism (Galtung 1971; Cardoso & Faletto 1979; Bornschier & Chase-Dunn
Computing Cost-Effective Census Maps From Cell Phone Traces

Census maps contain important socio-economic information regarding the population of a country. Computing these maps is crit ical given that policy makers often times make important decisions based up on such information. However, the compilation of census maps requires exte nsiv resources and becomes highly expensive, especially for emerging economi es w th limited budgets. On the other hand, the ubiquitous presence of cell phon es, both in developed and emerging economies, is generating large amounts of digi tal footprints. These footprints can reveal human behavioral traits related to sp ecific socio-economic characteristics. In this paper we propose a new tool, CenCell , to approximate census information from behavioral patterns collected thr ough cell phone call records. The tool provides affordable census information b y accurately classifying socio-economic levels from cell phone call records with classification rates
Adhocratic Governance in the Internet Age: A Case of Wikipedia

In recent years, a new realm has appeared for the study of political and sociological phenomena: the Internet. This article will analyze the decision-making processes of one of the largest online communities, Wikipedia. Founded in 2001, Wikipedia—now among the top-10 most popular sites on the Internet—has succeeded in attracting and organizing millions of volunteers and creating the world's largest encyclopedia. To date, however, little study has been done of Wikipedia's governance. There is substantial confusion about its decision-making structure. The organization's governance has been compared to many decision-making and political systems—from democracy to dictatorship, from bureaucracy to anarchy. It is the purpose of this article to go beyond the earlier simplistic descriptions of Wikipedia's governance in order to advance the study of online governance, and of organizations more generally. As the evidence will show, while Wikipedia's governance shows elements common to many traditional governance models, it appears to be closest to the organizational structure known as adhocracy.
College Students' Permissive Sexual Attitudes: Links to Religiousness and Spirituality

Clear associations exist between religiousness and conservative sexual attitudes, but there is a paucity of research on spirituality's interaction. In this study, the authors examined the link between 297 male and 642 female college students' reports on sexual attitudes coupled with multidimensional measures of intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects of spirituality and religiousness. Results indicated significant links between private religious practices, daily spiritual experiences, and conservative sexual attitudes for all respondents. However, for male but not female participants, self-reported spirituality had significant inverse correlation with permissive sexual attitudes. Further, spiritual disclosure and self-reported extent of religiousness were related to female participants' reports of more conservative sexual attitudes. Finally, hierarchical regression analyses found that spirituality provided unique variance toward conservative sexual attitudes for male but not female participants. Implications of these findings are discussed.