Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS OF DOPAMINERGIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO PRESCHOOLERS' THEORY OF MIND DEVELOPMENT

During the preschool years, children across all cultures that have been tested seem to come to an explicit understanding of the fact that mental states are related to but ultimately separate from the reality that they are meant to represent. This understanding is sometimes called a representational theory of mind (RTM). I hypothesized that the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) would be associated with RTM development in preschoolers. I selected DA because several lines of work now suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical for RTM and its development. In both animals and humans DA has been shown to play a crucial role in the development of frontal regions. In the first study, I recorded the spontaneous eyeblink rates (EBR) of 60 preschool aged children (range: 48-62 months) who were also given tasks that assessed their RTM and response-conflict executive functioning (RC-EF) skill. In both animal and human models EBR increases with available DA, and thus EBR can be used as an indirect measure of DA functioning. Regression analyses showed that EBR predicted unique variance in RTM and one Stroop-like measure of RC-EF performance after controlling for the effects of age and language ability. In the second study, I also administered a battery of RTM and RC-EF tasks to 79 preschool aged children (range: 42-54 months). I recorded their spontaneous EBR in addition to collecting genetic material which was processed for allelic variations of DA turnover, transport, and receptor genes. Polymorphisms of catechol-O-methyl transferase gene (COMT) and the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) were associated with children's RTM performance. These findings provide preliminary evidence that DA functioning is associated with RTM development in the iii preschool years. Results suggest that there may be a selective effect of DA on RTM ability. iv Co-Authorship I assumed the primary responsibility for the conceptualization and execution of the research reported in this thesis. In recognition of her assistance with the original data collection, Lindsay Bowman will appear as a co-author on all manuscripts arising from Chapter Two data. The results presented in Chapter Three are part of a larger study involving the collaboration of Elizabeth Hallinan, and so she will appear as a co-author on all manuscripts from these data. Xudong Liu will also appear as a co-author on Chapter Three manuscripts in recognition of his contribution to processing genetic samples. Lastly, in recognition of his assistance in the data analysis and manuscript …
Threshold Concepts and Conceptions

This article explores how insights from the broader education literature on threshold concepts and conceptions can be applied to improve the teaching of undergraduate introductory management courses. The authors propose that these courses are underpinned by the threshold conception, or “underlying game,” that management is a practice informed by theory. This threshold conception is both troublesome and transformative for novice management students. Using the redesign of the undergraduate introductory management course the authors teach as an exemplar, they demonstrate how student learning can be improved by designing learning activities and assessment that help students “see” the threshold conception that connects management theory and practice.
Overt and Relational Aggression on the Playground: Correspondence Among Different Informants

Abstract Recent research has focused on subtypes of children's aggressive behavior (e.g., instrumental, bullying, relational). However, little work with preschool children has explored intermethod agreement involving teacher ratings, peer behavior nominations, and playground behavior observations for these three different forms of aggression. This study attempted to fill this gap in the literature by using all three methods to examine aggressive subtypes of playground behavior in preschool as related to SES and gender. Data involving aggressive behavior of 241 4- to 5-year-old children in Head Start and university preschool programs were collected from peers, teachers, and observers. Results indicated that peers, teachers, and observers differentiated between general categories of relational aggression and overt aggression. However, peers did not distinguish between overt instrumental and bullying aggression. Peers viewed relational aggression, but not overt aggression, as being associated with anger and .
Compatibility and Stability of Cefazolin Sodium, Clindamycin Phosphate, and Gentamicin Sulfate in Two Intravenous Solutions

We studied the compatibility and stability of clindamycin phosphate admixed with gentamicin sulfate and cefazolin sodium in small-volume diluents under specific storage conditions. In two replicate 100 ml dilutions of NaCl 0.9% injection and dextrose 5% (D5W) injection, clindamycin phosphate 900 mg was admixed with gentamicin sulfate 80 mg and cefazolin sodium 1 g. Drug concentrations were determined at the time of preparation and at 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Clindamycin and cefazolin were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gentamicin was assayed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Visual inspections and pH determinations of each solution were performed at each assay time. Test solutions were maintained at constant room temperature and fluorescent lighting. Concentrations of clindamycin and gentamicin remained >90 percent of the original concentrations throughout the study. Cefazolin concentrations dropped below 90 percent in D5W injection at 4 hours after admixture and at 12 hours after admixture in NaCl 0.9% injection. Visual analyses and pH changes revealed no significant changes. The combination of clindamycin phosphate 900 mg, gentamicin sulfate 80 mg, and cefazolin sodium 1 g in D5W 100 ml was found to be compatible for up to 4 hours. The duration of compatibility for these three drugs in 100 ml of NaCl 0.9% was 12 hours.
A comparison of cognitive and interpersonal-process group therapies in the treatment of depression among college students.

We compared cognitive (CT) and interpersonal-process (IP) group therapies in the treatment of moderate, unipolar depression in college counseling-center clients. Subjects who sought services early in the semester were randomly assigned to CT or IP groups and compared with a waitinglist group composed of subjects who requested services just prior to the Christmas recess. Multivariate analyses revealed no significant differences between treatment and waiting-list conditions. Because the control was confounded by the Christmas holiday, we compared the CT and IP groups directly. Both treatments led to significant reductions in depression and depressed thinking and to increments in self-esteem at midtreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up assessments but did not differ from each other at any point in time. There was no evidence of differential effectiveness or mechanisms of therapeutic change as a function of type of treatment. Depression is the common cold of mental health because of its high incidence in all segments of the population (Bellack, Hersen, & Himmelhock, 1981). Depression is particularly prevalent among college students with 17 % to 24% of students generally (Bumberry, Oliver, & McClure, 1978; Oliver & Burkham, 1979) and 45% of students seeking counseling (Ostrow, Kivlighan, Zamostny, Cornfild, & Shapiro, 1985) reporting depression. Because depression interferes with personal and academic development, may lead to suicide, and appears in so many students, many counseling centers have expanded use of time-limited group therapy programs. Of these, cognitives-therapy (CT; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979) and interpersonal-process (IP; Yalom, 1985) groups are two leading approaches. According to the humanistic-existential theory of IP therapy, depression results from poor self-concept and low selfesteem. IP groups, therefore, attempt to create an environment in which clients experience themselves fully and develop positive self-esteem as they learn to trust their experience. This environment is developed through group dynamics rich in intrinsically "curative factors" (Leszcz, Yalom, & Norden, 1985), for example, interpersonal learning, catharsis, and selfunderstanding, which enhance self-esteem. IP groups examine the interpersonal communications and emotional transactions among group members and focus on here-and-now group dynamics to help clients express their feelings more directly, act more independently, and feel more connected to others. Acceptance by others is thought to promote increased self-acceptance and self-esteem, which consequently reduce depression. Thus, in IP groups improved self-esteem precedes and mediates reductions in depression.
Cardinal numerals in rural sign languages: Approaching cross-modal typology

Abstract This article presents data on cardinal numerals in three sign languages from small-scale communities with hereditary deafness. The unusual features found in these data considerably extend the known range of typological variety across sign languages. Some features, such as non-decimal numeral bases, are unattested in sign languages, but familiar from spoken languages, while others, such as subtractive sub-systems, are rare in sign and speech. We conclude that for a complete typological appraisal of a domain, an approach to cross-modal typology, which includes a typologically diverse range of sign languages in addition to spoken languages, is both instructive and feasible.
Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome With Fluoxetine: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Crossover Study

Objective Although its etiology is unknown, it has been hypothesized that premenstrual syndrome (FMS) is linked to a deficiency of central serotoninergic activity. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of fluoxetine, a specific serotonin uptake inhibitor, on PMS symptoms. Methods Following extensive screening, including several psychological inventories, eight women with severe persistent PMS participated in a 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study which included three months each of daily fluoxetine 20 mg or placebo, administered in a randomized order. Symptoms were evaluated using the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences and other psychometric measures. Results Compared with placebo, treatment with fluoxetine was associated with an improvement in PMS symptoms as judged by highly significant decreases in behavioral (P < .005), physical (P < .05), and total (P < .005) Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences scores; Beck Depression Inventory scores (P < .005); Profile of Mood States subscales scores including depression (P < .005), tension (P < .005), and anger (P < .01); and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores. The use of fluoxetine was associated with a greater mean reduction in behavioral (75%) than in physical scores (40%), with a mean decrease in total Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences scores of 62%, which rendered these scores similar to follicular phase values. Thus, the luteal phase symptomatology of PMS was effectively abolished. At this dose, no significant side effects or complications were noted during treatment. Conclusion Fluoxetine appears to be a highly effective, well-tolerated treatment for the psychological and physical symptoms accompanying severe PMS.
Kinematic Changes After Fusion and Total Replacement of the Ankle Part 1: Range of Motion

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine how closely the present designs of ankle prostheses mimic the unique requirements of the foot and ankle. The three-dimensional range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint complex, before and after ankle arthrodesis and after implantation of three currently used total ankle prostheses, was investigated. Methods: The three-dimensional ROM was determined in six fresh-frozen cadaver leg specimens using a 6-df device with an axial load of 200 N and a four-camera high-speed video system. A moment of 100 Nm was applied to the footplate to determine the ROM in the sagittal (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion) and frontal (inversion and eversion) planes. The same moment was applied to the tibia to determine the ROM for the internal and external tibial rotation. The measurements were performed for the normal ankle, the fused ankle, and the AGILITY, HINTEGRA, and S.T. A.R. prostheses. Results: Compared to the normal condition, the ROM for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion was changed for all surgical interventions. The changes were highest for the ankle arthrodesis. The changes due to the prostheses were significantly less than the changes due to ankle arthrodesis. Compared to the normal condition, the total ROM for inversion/eversion was slightly decreased by the fused ankle and not changed by the three-component prostheses (HINTEGRA, S.T.A.R.). However, the ROM for inversion/eversion was significantly higher for the two-component prosthesis, AGILITY. The ROM for internal and external tibial rotation was not altered by the AGILITY and HINTEGRA ankle, but it was significantly reduced by the ankle arthrodesis. S.T. A.R. showed a significant shift of the total ROM toward internal tibial rotation. Conclusions: The three tested ankle joint prostheses changed the ROM of the ankle joint complex less than ankle fusion did. Total ankle prostheses were shown to replicate normal joint ROM closely. However, ankle arthrodesis was found to reduce the ROM substantially in all three planes: the sagittal, frontal, and horizontal planes. Clinical Implications: With respect to the ROM, total ankle replacement changes the natural ankle joint condition less than ankle arthrodesis, which reduces the ROM in all three planes and might increase stress in adjacent structures. The prosthesis that replicated the normal ankle joint ROM best was the one with the most anatomical design.
Habit Formation after Random Interval Training Is Associated with Increased Adenosine A2A Receptor and Dopamine D2 Receptor Heterodimers in the Striatum

Striatal adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) modulate striatal synaptic plasticity and instrumental learning, possibly by functional interaction with the dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5) through receptor-receptor heterodimers, but in vivo evidence for these interactions is lacking. Using in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), we studied the subregional distribution of the A2AR-D2R and A2AR-mGluR5 heterodimer complexes in the striatum and their adaptive changes over the random interval and random ratio training of instrumental learning. After confirming the specificity of the PLA detection of the A2AR-D2R heterodimers with the A2AR knockout and D2R knockout mice, we detected a heterogeneous distribution of the A2AR-D2R heterodimer complexes in the striatum, being more abundant in the dorsolateral than the dorsomedial striatum. Importantly, habit formation after the random interval training was associated with the increased formation of the A2AR-D2R heterodimer complexes, with prominant increase in the dorsomedial striatum. Conversely, goal-directed behavior after the random ratio schedule was not associated with the adaptive change in the A2AR-D2R heterodimer complexes. In contrast to the A2AR-D2R heterodimers, the A2AR-mGluR5 heterodimers showed neither subregional variation in the striatum nor adaptive changes over either the random ratio (RR) or random interval (RI) training of instrumental learning. These findings suggest that development of habit formation is associated with increased formation of the A2AR-D2R heterodimer protein complexes which may lead to reduced dependence on D2R signaling in the striatum.
An unexpected requirement for brain-type sodium channels for control of heart rate in the mouse sinoatrial node

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are composed of pore-forming α and auxiliary β subunits. The majority of Na+ channels in the heart contain tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive Nav1.5 α subunits, but TTX-sensitive brain-type Na+ channel α subunits are present and functionally important in the transverse tubules of ventricular myocytes. Sinoatrial (SA) nodal cells were identified in cardiac tissue sections by staining for connexin 43 (which is expressed in atrial tissue but not in SA node), and Na+ channel localization was analyzed by immunocytochemical staining with subtype-specific antibodies and confocal microscopy. Brain-type TTX-sensitive Nav1.1 and Nav1.3 α subunits and all four β subunits were present in mouse SA node, but Nav1.5 α subunits were not. Nav1.1 α subunits were also present in rat SA node. Isolated mouse hearts were retrogradely perfused in a Langendorff preparation, and electrocardiograms were recorded. Spontaneous heart rate and cycle length were constant, and heart rate variability was small under control conditions. In contrast, in the presence of 100 nM TTX to block TTX-sensitive Na+ channels specifically, we observed a significant reduction in spontaneous heart rate and markedly greater heart rate variability, similar to sick-sinus syndrome in man. We hypothesize that brain-type Na+ channels are required because their more positive voltage dependence of inactivation allows them to function at the depolarized membrane potential of SA nodal cells. Our results demonstrate an important contribution of TTX-sensitive brain-type Na+ channels to SA nodal automaticity in mouse heart and suggest that they may also contribute to SA nodal function and dysfunction in human heart.
Determinants of Individuals' Willingness to Pay for Perceived Reductions in Environmental Health Risks: A Case Study of Bathing Water Quality

A contingent valuation (CV) study was undertaken to investigate individuals' stated willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce perceived risks of illness from the quality of bathing water at two beaches in East Anglia, United Kingdom. One beach, Great Yarmouth, failed to meet the EC (European Community) Bathing Water Quality Directive standard, whereas the other at Lowestoft passed. The analysis focuses on determinants of individuals' WTP, including measures of risk perception and attitudes to health not usually measured in CV studies. A conceptual model is then presented which sets the valuation of individual preferences in the context of personal worldviews, and external cultural, societal, and environmental factors which may influence, directly or indirectly, an individual's stated WTP.
Local protein kinase A action proceeds through intact holoenzymes

PKA-activation mechanism revised Many hormone receptors stimulate production of cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate), which activates PKA (protein kinase A). The textbook view suggests that activation releases the catalytic subunit of the enzyme from its complex with the regulatory subunit. Smith et al. closely monitored activation of PKA in cultured human cells and found that dissociation of the holoenzyme was not necessary for activation. The kinase, which binds anchoring proteins that localize it in the cell, appears to be restricted to acting within about 200 Å of such anchoring proteins. Thus, PKA activity is more precisely targeted within the cell than previously anticipated. Science, this issue p. 1288 Detailed monitoring reveals how a cyclic AMP–dependent protein kinase really works. Hormones can transmit signals through adenosine 3ʹ,5ʹ-monophosphate (cAMP) to precise intracellular locations. The fidelity of these responses relies on the activation of localized protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzymes. Association of PKA regulatory type II (RII) subunits with A-kinase–anchoring proteins (AKAPs) confers location, and catalytic (C) subunits phosphorylate substrates. Single-particle electron microscopy demonstrated that AKAP79 constrains RII-C subassemblies within 150 to 250 angstroms of its targets. Native mass spectrometry established that these macromolecular assemblies incorporated stoichiometric amounts of cAMP. Chemical-biology– and live cell–imaging techniques revealed that catalytically active PKA holoenzymes remained intact within the cytoplasm. These findings indicate that the parameters of anchored PKA holoenzyme action are much more restricted than originally anticipated.
Real-word spelling correction using Google Web 1T n-gram with backoff

We present a method for correcting real-word spelling errors using the Google Web 1T n-gram data set and a normalized and modified version of the Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) string matching algorithm. Our method is focused mainly on how to improve the correction recall (the fraction of errors corrected) while keeping the correction precision (the fraction of suggestions that are correct) as high as possible. Evaluation results on a standard data set show that our method performs very well.
Well-Being and Recovery Functioning among Substance Users Engaged in Posttreatment Recovery Support Groups

There is a growing literature that seeks to evaluate the role of “recovery capital” in the resolution of substance use disorders. In this study, a structured instrument (the Assessment of Recovery Capital), along with an assessment of social networks among 176 former illicit drug users and drinkers, is measured in three locations in England. There were relationships between recovery capital and vocational activity (training or employment), physical health, psychological health, and overall quality of life, with larger social networks associated with enhanced personal and social recovery capital. The study demonstrates high levels of personal and social well-being—manifesting in engagement in community activities and strong social networks—among persons engaged in recovery support activities that was not linked to time in recovery.
Effects of Internet Display Advertising in the Purchase Funnel: Model-Based Insights from a Randomized Field Experiment

This study examines the effects of Internet display advertising using cookie-level data from a field experiment at a financial tools provider. The experiment randomized assignment of cookies to treatment (firm ads) and control conditions (charity ads), enabling the authors to handle different sources of selection bias, including targeting algorithms and browsing behavior. They analyze display ad effects for users at different stages of the company's purchase funnel (i.e., nonvisitor, visitor, authenticated user, and converted customer) and find that display advertising positively affects visitation to the firm's website for users in most stages of the purchase funnel, but not for those who previously visited the site without creating an account. Using a binary logit model, the authors calculate marginal effects and elasticities by funnel stage and analyze the potential value of reallocating display ad impressions across users at different stages. Expected visits increase almost 10% when display ad impressions are partially reallocated from nonvisitors and visitors to authenticated users. The authors also show that results from the controlled experiment data differ significantly from those computed using standard correlational approaches.