Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Is the Relationship Between Alliance and Militarized Conflict? Analysis of Reciprocal Causation

Despite the importance of alliances in international politics, little is known about how they theoretically and empirically affect militarized conflicts and vice versa. This study aims to examine the reciprocal relationship between alliances and militarized conflicts. The literature has focused only on the effects of alliances on militarized conflicts without paying much attention to the simultaneous causation between them. Thus, previous studies have not consistently revealed a relationship between alliances and conflict. Moreover, they are limited due to the use of dichotomous measures of shared alliance ties. Using a continuous measure of alliance ties, this study clearly demonstrates that shared alliance ties can be effective in reducing the likelihood of militarized conflicts. In addition, this study finds that there is a reciprocal relationship between shared alliances and militarized conflicts. It finds that militarized conflicts tend to decrease the level of shared alliance ties. Then, this study argues that alliance might be added to the next element behind the Kantian tripod as a salient factor that reduces militarized conflict. Finally, this study points to insights to be gained from the findings and suggests some policy implications.
The Educational Experience of Sydney High School Students. Report No. 3: A Comparative Study of Migrant Students of Non-English-Speaking Origin and Students Whose Parents were Born in an English-Speaking Country.

The findings of a longitudinal survey of the educational experiences of 3043 immigrant secondary school students in Sydney, Australia, are provided in this book. The general aim of the study was to compare the experiences of students of non-English speaking (NES) origin and students born in English speaking countries (ES) in terms of the influences of significant others, students' perceptions, aspirations, and school performance, and equality of educational opportunity. There are seven chapters, the first of which briefly describes the background of the research. Chapter 2 discusses theoretical issues. In Chapter 3, students' family and social experiences are analyzed, and particular attention is paid to the language of communication networks within NES-origin families. The attitudes of students and teachers toward NES-origin children learning their parents' language are also discussed. Chapter 4 focuses on the educational and occupational aspirations of children and their parents. The influences of parents, peers, and teachers on students' aspirations are examined. In Chapter 5, measures of intellectual abilities and the school accreditation levels and performance of students are reported, and classified in terms of such variables as sex, family socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. The development of strategies to test "equality of educational opportunity" is the focus of Chapter 6. Finally, Chapter 7 summarizes and discusses the study findings, and relates them to those reported in earlier reports on Sydney students' and parents' perceptions of schooling. (KH) The Educational Experience of Sydney High School Students Report No.3 Phil Meade U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization ongmating rt (.3 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated In this documint do not necessarily represent official NIE position or poky. "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS I MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 1 TO THE EDUCA ONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (rippc). "-4-p Commonwealth Department of Education Academy of Social Sciences in Australia Commonwealth Department of Education and Academy of Social Sciences in Australia THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF SYDNEY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MIGRANT STUDENTS OF NON-ENGLISH-SPEAKING ORIGIN AND STUDENTS WHOSE PARENTS WERE BORN IN AN ENGLISHSPEAKING COUNTRY
Visual Imagery in Hemianopic Patients

In this article we report some findings about visual imagery in patients with stable homonymous hemianopia compared to healthy control subjects. These findings were obtained by analyzing the gaze control through recording of eye movements in different phases of viewing and imagery. We used six different visual stimuli for the consecutive viewing and imagery phases. With infrared oculography, we recorded eye movements during this presentation phase and in three subsequent imagery phases in absence of the stimulus. Analyzing the basic parameters of the gaze sequences (known as scanpaths), we discovered distinct characteristics of the viewing scanpaths and the imagery scanpaths in both groups, which suggests a reduced extent of the image within the cognitive representation. We applied different similarity measures (string/vector string editing, Markov analysis). We found a progressive consistency of imagery, shown through raising similarity values for the comparison of the late imagery scanpaths. This result suggests a strong top-down component in picture exploration: In both groups, healthy subjects and hemianopic patients, a mental model of the viewed picture must evolve very soon and substantially determine the eye movements. As our hemianopic patients showed analogous results to the normal subjects, we conclude that these patients are well adjusted to their deficit and, despite their perceptual defect, have a preserved cognitive representation, which follows the same top-down vision strategies in the process of visual imagery.
The Classical Complement Pathway in Transplantation: Unanticipated Protective Effects of C1q and Role in Inductive Antibody Therapy

Though complement (C) deposition within the transplant is associated with allograft rejection, the pathways employed have not been established. In addition, evidence suggests that C‐mediated cytolysis may be necessary for the tolerance‐inducing activities of mAb therapies. Hence, we assessed the role of the classical C pathway in acute allograft rejection and its requirement for experimental mAb therapies. C1q‐deficient (C1q‐/‐) recipients rejected allografts at a faster rate than wild‐type (WT) recipients. This rejection was associated with exacerbated graft pathology but not with enhanced T‐cell responses in C1q‐/‐ recipients. However, the humoral response to donor alloantigens was accelerated in C1q‐/‐ mice, as an early IgG response and IgG deposition within the graft were observed. Furthermore, deposition of C3d, but not C4d was observed in grafts isolated from C1q‐/‐ recipients. To assess the role of the classical C pathway in inductive mAb therapies, C1q‐/‐ recipients were treated with anti‐CD4 or anti‐CD40L mAb. The protective effects of anti‐CD4 mAb were reduced in C1q‐/‐ recipients, however, this effect did not correlate with ineffective depletion of CD4+ cells. In contrast, the protective effects of anti‐CD40L mAb were less compromised in C1q‐/‐ recipients. Hence, this study reveals unanticipated roles for C1q in the rejection process.
1 Risk Attitudes and the Stag-Hunt Game

A stag-hunt game (with the risky and safe actions) has two pure Nash equilibria that are Pareto-rankable. The risky action leads either to the Pareto-superior equilibrium (high payoff) or to out of equilibrium (low payoff) depending on the other player‟s action. Both players may want to end up in the Pareto-superior equilibrium due to its payoff. However, uncertainty about the other player‟s action may prevent them to take such strategic risk. This paper investigates how information about the risk attitude of an opponent affects a player‟s action choice in the stag-hunt game. Two key insights result from the analysis. First, a subject‟s propensity to choose the risky action depends on her opponent‟s risk attitude. Second, this propensity is independent of the subject‟s own risk attitude. JEL classification: C72, C91, D03, D81
Defining Tools for Teacher Reflection: The Assessment of Learner-Centered Practices (ALCP).

This paper focuses on the development and validation of survey tools that help teachers engage in a guided reflection process. The guided reflection process assists teachers at all levels, kindergarten through college, to reflect on (1) their own beliefs and practices; (2) how these practices are perceived by their students; and (3) the impact of both teacher and student learner-centered variables on student motivation and achievement. Building on the "Learner-Centered Psychological Principles" (APA, 1993, 1997), the Assessment of Learner-Centered Practices (ALCP) surveys (McCombs, 1999) have been validated with more than 5,000 K-20 teachers and their more than 25,000 students. Implications of the ALCP survey and guided reflection tools for providing a research-validated source of information on not only teacher dispositions (beliefs and knowledge), but also instructional skills and practices that meet new educational requirements for teacher accountability and quality are briefly described. The presentation concludes with a discussion of how the ALCP reflection tools can be used at various educational system levels to promote a positive cycle of shared responsibility for teacher development and learning. (Contains 36 references.) (Author/SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Defining Tools for Teacher Reflection Defining Tools for Teacher Reflection: The Assessment of Learner-Centered Practices (ALCP) Barbara L McCombs University of Denver Research Institute Paper presented in the Interactive Symposium Proposal, "Using Learner-Centered Tools to Assess and Address Teacher Dispositions," at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association in Chicago, IL. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Metadata of the chapter that will be visualized online Chapter Title A Distributional Approach for Measuring Wage Discrimination and Occupational Discrimination Separately

6 The well-known Blinder–Oaxaca [Blinder, J. Hum. Resour. 8(4), 436–455 7 (1973); Oaxaca, Int. Econ. Rev. 14(3), 693–709 (1973)] decomposition divides 8 the wage differential between men and women into a part, which can be 9 explained by differences in individual characteristics, and another part, which 10 is usually interpreted as discrimination. This decomposition neglects any distri11 butional issues in evaluating discrimination, thus permitting undesirable compen12 sation between positively and negatively discriminated women. Jenkins [J. Econ. 13 61(1), 81–102 (1994)] has criticized this aspect, instead, preferring a distribu14 tional approach, where the entire distribution of experienced discrimination is 15 evaluated. Following Jenkins [J. Econ. 61(1), 81–102 (1994)], Del Río et al. 16 [J. Econ. Inequal. 9(1), 57–86 (2011)] use a distributional approach, adapting the 17 Foster–Greer–Thorbecke [Econometrica 52(3), 761–766 (1984)] class of poverty 18 indices to the study of discrimination. 19 Studies adopting this approach merit little attention as regards the issue AQ1 20 of the separate measuring of wage discrimination and occupational discrim21 ination. Alternatively, we have used the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke indices for 22 measuring wage discrimination and occupational discrimination separately. Sim23 ilar to the technique employed in the Brown–Moon–Zoloth decomposition 24 [J. Hum. Resour. 15(1), 3–28 (1980)], we have employed a multinomial model 25 for estimating the theoretical distribution of women in occupations, which would AQ2 26 result in the absence of occupational discrimination. 27 R. Giaimo ( ) • G.L. Lo Magno , , F. Crescenzi and S. Mignani (eds.), Statistical Methods and Applications from a Historical Perspective, Studies in Theoretical and Applied Statistics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05552-7__22, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 249 UN CO RR EC TE D PR OO F 250 R. Giaimo and G.L. Lo Magno
The intercomparison of radiation codes used in climate models: Long wave results

An international program of intercomparison of radiation codes used in climate models has been initiated because of the central role of radiative processes in many proposed climate change mechanisms. During the past 6 years, results of calculations from such radiation codes have been compared with each other, with results from the most detailed radiation models (line-by-line models) and with observations from within the atmosphere. Line-by-line model results tend to agree with each other to within 1%; however, the intercomparison shows a spread of 10–20% in the calculations of radiation budget components by the less detailed climate model codes. The spread among the results is even larger (30–40%) for the sensitivities of the codes to changes in radiatively important variables, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. The analysis of the model calculations shows that the outliers to many of the clear-sky calculations appear to be related to those models that have not tested the techniques used to perform the integration over altitude. When those outliers are removed, the agreement between narrow band models and the line-by-line models is about ±2% for fluxes at the atmospheric boundaries, about ±5% for the flux divergence for the troposphere, and to about ±5% for the change of the net flux at the tropopause as CO2 doubles. However, this good agreement does not extend to the majority of the models currently used in climate models. The lack of highly accurate flux observations from within the atmosphere has made it necessary to rely on line-by-line model results for evaluating model accuracy. As the intercomparison project has proceeded, the number of models agreeing more closely with the line-by-line results has increased as the understanding of the various parameterizations has improved and as coding errors have been discovered. The most recent results indicate that several climate model techniques are in the marginal range of (relative) accuracy for longwave flux calculations for many climate programs. However, not all such models will give such accuracy. It is recommended that a code not be accepted to provide such accuracy until it has made comparisons to the line-by-line results of this study. The data necessary to make such comparisons are included herein. However, uncertainties in the physics of line wings and in the proper treatment of the water vapor continuum make it impossible for the line-by-line models to provide an absolute reference for evaluating less-detailed model calculations. A dedicated field measurement program is recommended for the purpose of obtaining accurate spectral radiance rather than integrated fluxes as a basis for evaluating model performance.
Consumer Responses to Fiscal Stimulus Policy and Households' Cost of Liquidity

Consumption theory predicts that the cost of liquidity determines spending responses to a stimulus. We test this hypothesis directly using administrative records of individual-level loan and deposit accounts in combination with a Danish fiscal stimulus reform transforming illiquid pension wealth into liquid wealth. The data reveal substantial variation in the cost of liquidity across households, and this cost robustly predicts the propensity to spend. We find that the heterogeneity across households cannot be explained by short-lived shocks appearing within the duration of a typical business cycle but show that it is consistent with liquidity constraints being self-imposed by impatient types.
A highly scalable spherical microphone array based on an orthonormal decomposition of the soundfield

This paper describes a beamforming microphone array consisting of pressure microphones that are mounted on the surface of a rigid sphere. The beamformer is based on a spherical harmonic decomposition of the soundfield. We show that this allows a simple and computationally effective, yet flexible beamformer structure. The look-direction can be steered to any direction in 3-D space without changing the beampattern. In general the number of sensors and their location is quite arbitrary as long as they hold a certain orthogonality constraint that we derived. For a practical example we chose a spherical array with 32 elements. The microphones are located at the center of the faces of a truncated icosahedron. The radius of the sphere is 5 cm. With this setup we can achieve a Directivity Index of 12 dB and higher. The operating frequency range is from 100 Hz to 5 kHz.
A GPS signal transmission model for improved single antenna attitude determination

This paper describes the development of a GPS transmission model for improving the attitude accuracy by modelling the GPS transmission path. Various factors are considered, such as receiving antenna gain, distance dependent path loss, effects of the ionosphere, GPS satellite transmitting antenna gain and varying GPS satellite transmission power. The subsequent sections present a new single antenna attitude system based on signal strength. By incorporating a precisely measured spherical antenna gain pattern and a GPS transmission model, attitude can be estimated using a least square search. Finally, the improved attitude system is analysed by comparing to previous results. This paper concludes that further analysis is required for modelling the transmission path, particularly for the ionosphere and the GPS transmitting antenna gain.
The language of privacy: Learning from video media space analysis and design

Video media spaces are an excellent crucible for the study of privacy. Their design affords opportunities for misuse, prompts ethical questions, and engenders grave concerns from both users and nonusers. Despite considerable discussion of the privacy problems uncovered in prior work, questions remain as to how to design a privacy-preserving video media space and how to evaluate its effect on privacy. The problem is more deeply rooted than this, however. Privacy is an enormous concept from which a large vocabulary of terms emerges. Disambiguating the meanings of and relationships between these terms facilitates understanding of the link between privacy and design. In this article, we draw from resources in environmental psychology and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) to build a broadly and deeply rooted vocabulary for privacy. We relate the vocabulary back to the real and hard problem of designing privacy-preserving video media spaces. In doing so, we facilitate analysis of the privacy-design relationship.
Mortality Derivatives and the Option to Annuitize

Most U.S.-based insurance companies offer holders of their tax-sheltered savings plans (VAs), the long-term option to annuitize their policy at a pre-determined rate over a pre-specified period of time. Currently, there is approximately one trillion dollars invested in such policies, with guaranteed annuitization rates, in addition to any guaranteed minimum death benefit. The insurance company has essentially granted the policyholder an option on two underlying stochastic variables; future interest rates and future mortality rates. Although the (put) option on interest rates is obvious, the (put) option on mortality rates is not. Motivated by this product, this paper attempts to value (options on) mortality-contingent claims, by stochastically modelling the future hazard-plus-interest rate. Heuristically, we treat the underlying life annuity as a defaultable coupon-bearing bond, where the default occurs at the exogenous time of death. From an actuarial perspective, rather than considering the force of mortality (hazard rate) at time-t for a person now age-x, as a number, we view it as a random variable forward rate,whose expectation is the force of mortality in the classical sense. Our main qualitative observation is that both mortality and interest rate risk can be hedged, and the option to annuitize can be priced by locating a replicating portfolio involving insurance, annuities and default-free bonds. We provide both a discrete and continuous-time pricing framework.
Ready for takeoff? A critical review of armodafinil and modafinil for the treatment of sleepiness associated with jet lag

Jet lag syndrome (JLS) is a clinical syndrome of disrupted nocturnal sleep and daytime neurocognitive impairment which occurs in the context of rapid transmeridian travel. Many strategies for treatment of JLS exist, and include hypnotics to enhance nocturnal sleep, chronotherapeutic approaches (eg, light therapy, melatonin, or gradual schedule shifting), and alerting agents to counter daytime sleepiness. Safety concerns have prompted renewed interest in managing JLS-associated excessive daytime sleepiness (JLSAEDS). Off-label use of the newer alerting agents modafinil and armodafinil is increasing for this indication, often at the specific request of patients. In order to better evaluate the potential risks and benefits of these medications for the management of JLSAEDS, clinicians must be aware of what is known – and still not known. In this article, the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of modafinil and armodafinil are reviewed, along with evidence for their efficacy in treating sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea and shift work sleep disorder. Clinical trial data for use of alerting agents in the management of JLSAEDS are limited to one three-day trial involving armodafinil, dosed in the morning to treat JLSAEDS in the setting of eastbound transmeridian travel. This study showed improvement in objective measures of daytime sleepiness at doses of 50 and 150 mg per day. However, global impression of clinical severity of symptom scores only improved on day 1 for those patients receiving 150 mg, and were otherwise not superior to placebo. Consideration for the use of modafinil or armodafinil for the treatment of sleepiness associated with JLS involves careful integration of patient-reported goals, a review of medical contraindications, and an awareness of rare adverse events. More research is needed in order to identify those who are most likely to benefit from this intervention and better define the risk-benefit ratio for this indication.
The Employment, Earnings, and Income of Less Skilled Workers Over the Business Cycle

In this paper, I examine the effect of business cycles on the employment, earnings, and income of persons in different demographic groups. I classify individuals by sex, education, and race. The analysis uses data from the Current Population Survey's Outgoing Rotation Group file, covering the period 1979-1992, and March Annual Demographic files (ADF) covering the period 1975-1997. Many different individual and family outcome measures are considered including: employment to population ratios, weekly earnings, hourly earnings, annual hours, annual earnings, family earnings, family transfer income, and total family income. The regression model is specified such that the key parameters measure how the labor market outcomes of less skilled workers vary with the business cycle relative to the variability for high skill groups. The analysis uses variation across MSAs in the timing and severity of shocks. The results consistently show that individuals with lower education levels, nonwhites, and low skill women experience greater cyclical fluctuation than high skill men. These results are the most striking when examining comprehensive measures of labor force activity such as the likelihood of full-time year around work. Government transfers and the earnings of other family members decrease the differences between groups, as business cycles have more skill-group neutral effects on family income than individual earnings. The paper examines the stability of these results by comparing evidence across the 1982 and 1992 recessions. The evidence suggests that the 1992 recession led to more uniform effects across skill groups than earlier cycles.