Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why does child trafficking policy need to be reformed? The moral economy of children's movement in Benin and Ethiopia

This paper challenges policy discourses that frame children's independent movement as intrinsically exploitative and threatening to their development. Drawing on research with children and adults in Benin and Ethiopia, two countries caught up in current efforts to eradicate child migration and the trafficking with which it has become associated, the paper critiques assumptions about children's vulnerability and physical dependence and contests the idea that appropriate childhood is necessarily fixed spatially within stable family structures. It, thus, situates children's migration within socio-cultural and economic contexts and suggests that it should be understood as part of a moral economy that confounds simplistic paradigms that conflate migration with trafficking. Policy suggestions are offered for how best to secure children's well-being through acknowledgement of the important relationship between mobility and child maturation.
Paradigms Lost and Paradigms Regained

Almost a year since my inaugaral editorial: Managing Movement, Leading Change (Freshwater, 2012) where I highlighted the importance of challenging philosophical and epistemological stances; we are taking the opportunity to do just that in relation to the elusive concept of ‘‘paradigm’’ through the highly versatile and dialogic form of the editorial. Conceptualizing the concept of paradigms as ‘‘elusive’’ is an important metaphor and one to which we will allude througout this editorial. In our editorial: Why Write (Freshwater & Cahill, 2012), we put into tension some competing definitions of paradigm in order to open up the debate on what constitutes a paradigm and to outline why we felt it is important for this debate to be held in the mixed methods community. Since that editorial, we have had a very interesting response from the coeditor, Donna Mertens: What Comes First? The Paradigm or the Approach? (Mertens, 2012). Mertens argued against the school of thought that paradigms can be methdological in their foundation (Freshwater & Cahill, 2012) and offered the use of ‘‘paradigms as philosophical frameworks that delinieate assumptions about ethics, reality, knowledge, and systematic enquiry’’ as a way of ‘‘[clarifying] the basis of disagreements’’ (Mertens, 2012, p. 256) with regard to the use of paradigms in mixed methods research. At this juncture we would like to take a step back, into the nexus of the disagreements themselves: We believe that ‘‘disagreement’’ offers a more interesting space in which to hold a debate and refine a discourse rather than the seemingly solid ground of a solution. And one that potentially continues to delineate paradigms as philsophical frameworks that lead to choices in methods. We contend that engaging with disagreements and their constructions and deconstructions can underpin some of the most progressive and innovative of debates. Rather like this one, we hope! As an exemplar, we draw on some of the argument presented by Mertens (2012) in the October editorial. Mertens (2012) cites Greene and Hall who caution against using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods as labels for paradigms—arguing that this is to ‘‘reify and essentailize them and thereby disregard their constructed nature . ’’ (p. 255). The association of a paradigm with a reified and essential entity is interesting in this context. We would argue that understanding the constructed nature of paradigms is key, and in this context we would question the association of paradigms with something that is ‘‘reified’’ or ‘‘essential. ’’ As noted in our editorial Why Write (Freshwater & Cahill, 2012), discourse development (including the discourses that underpin paradigms) is inherently relational, iterative, and responsive—and subject to its own deconstruction. That is why it would be misleading to associate paradigms and the paradigmatic structures
Capital Flow Types, External Financing Needs, and Industrial Growth: 99 Countries, 1991-2007

We examine the differential impact of portfolio debt, portfolio equity, and FDI inflows on 37 manufacturing industries, 99 countries, 1991-2007, extending Rajan-Zingales (1998). We utilize external finance dependence measures in a series of cross-sectional regressions of manufacturing industries' growth rates covering 17 years. Net portfolio debt inflows are negatively associated with growth during the mid 1990s. The magnitudes of the negative effect of surges in portfolio debt inflows on growth are substantial in the late 1990s for a number of countries. The effect of debt inflows on growth in the 2000s is rather muted. Surges in portfolio equity inflows also exhibit a negative association with aggregate growth in the manufacturing sector. For instance, the inflow surge during the financial liberalization period, 1993-1994, is associated with a sharp decline in aggregate manufacturing sector growth, but a rise in the growth of relatively more financially constrained industries. Equity inflows exhibited economically significant positive impact on the growth of financially constrained industries, unlike their negative impact on the average manufacturing growth rate. FDI inflows exhibit a positive association with aggregate manufacturing growth during most of the sample period, both at the aggregate level and specifically for the industries in need of external financing.
Modeling the Glucose Sensor Error

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are portable devices, employed in the treatment of diabetes, able to measure glucose concentration in the interstitium almost continuously for several days. However, CGM sensors are not as accurate as standard blood glucose (BG) meters. Studies comparing CGM versus BG demonstrated that CGM is affected by distortion due to diffusion processes and by time-varying systematic under/overestimations due to calibrations and sensor drifts. In addition, measurement noise is also present in CGM data. A reliable model of the different components of CGM inaccuracy with respect to BG (briefly, “sensor error”) is important in several applications, e.g., design of optimal digital filters for denoising of CGM data, real-time glucose prediction, insulin dosing, and artificial pancreas control algorithms. The aim of this paper is to propose an approach to describe CGM sensor error by exploiting n multiple simultaneous CGM recordings. The model of sensor error description includes a model of blood-to-interstitial glucose diffusion process, a linear time-varying model to account for calibration and sensor drift-in-time, and an autoregressive model to describe the additive measurement noise. Model orders and parameters are identified from the n simultaneous CGM sensor recordings and BG references. While the model is applicable to any CGM sensor, here, it is used on a database of 36 datasets of type 1 diabetic adults in which n = 4 Dexcom SEVEN Plus CGM time series and frequent BG references were available simultaneously. Results demonstrates that multiple simultaneous sensor data and proper modeling allow dissecting the sensor error into its different components, distinguishing those related to physiology from those related to technology.
Two type XII-like collagens localize to the surface of banded collagen fibrils

Two recently identified collagen molecules, termed twelve-like A and twelve-like B (TL-A and TL-B) have properties similar to type XII collagen. These molecules have been localized in human and calf tissues by immunoelectron microscopy. The observations strongly suggest that both molecules are located along the surface of banded collagen fibers. The epitopes recognized by the antibodies are contained in large, nontriple-helical domains at one end of the collagen helix. The epitopes are visualized at a distance from the surface of the banded fibers roughly equal to the length of the nonhelical domains, suggesting that the nonhelical domains extend from the fibril, while the triple-helical domains are likely to bind directly to the fibril surface. Occasionally, both TL-A and TL-B demonstrate periodic distribution along the fibril surface. The period corresponds to the primary interband distance of the banded fibrils. Not all fibrils in a fiber bundle are labeled, nor is the labeling continuous along the length of labeled fibrils. Simultaneous labeling of TL-A and type VI collagen only rarely shows colocalization, suggesting that TL-A and TL- B do not mediate interactions between the type VI collagen beaded filaments and banded collagen fibrils. Also, interfibrillar distances are approximately equivalent in the presence and absence of these type XII-like molecules. While the results do not directly indicate a specific function for these molecules, the localization at the fibril surface suggests that they mediate interactions between the fibrils and other matrix macromolecules or with cells.
Generation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Small Molecules and OCT4 Reprogrammed Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Autologous retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) grafts derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be used to cure blinding diseases in which RPE dysfunction results in photoreceptor degeneration. Four‐, two‐, and one‐factor‐derived iPSCs (4F‐, 2F‐, and 1F‐iPSCs, respectively) were differentiated into fully functional cuboidal pigmented cells in polarized monolayers that express RPE‐specific markers. 1F‐iPSC‐RPE (1F‐iPS‐RPE) strongly resembles primary human fetal RPE (hfRPE) based on proteomic and untargeted metabolomic analyses, and using novel in vivo imaging technology coupled with electroretinography, we demonstrated that 1F‐iPS‐RPE mediate anatomical and functional rescue of photoreceptors after transplantation in an animal model of RPE‐mediated retinal degeneration. 1F‐iPS‐RPE cells were injected subretinally as a suspension and formed a monolayer dispersed between host RPE cells. Furthermore, 1F‐iPS‐RPE do not simply provide trophic support to rescue photoreceptors as previously speculated but actually phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments in vivo and maintain visual cycling. Thus, 1F‐iPS‐RPE grafts may be superior to conventional iPS‐RPE for clinical use because 1F‐iPS‐RPE closely resemble hfRPE, mediate anatomical and functional photoreceptor rescue in vivo, and are generated using a reduced number of potentially oncogenic reprogramming factors.
Car Drivers' Pattern of Eye Fixations on the Road and in the Laboratory

Car drivers' eye fixations were registered while driving a car on the road or when in the viewing a slide which showed the same traffic situation. Even when the subjects of the second group were instructed to observe the slide presented as if they were driving there, they fixated their eyes on well-defined targets with quite different frequencies than those motorists who actually drove the car on the road. Furthermore, prolonged fixation times were observed in the laboratory as compared to the road-driving condition. The magnitude of the obtained differences was rather great. The results suggest that the subjects on the road fixated more task-oriented targets and also picked up more information per time unit than their counterparts in the laboratory. The results are discussed in relation to the experimental design.
Comparing learners’ state anxiety during task-based interaction in computer-mediated and face-to-face communication

The construct of anxiety is often believed to be the affective factor with the greatest potential to pervasively affect the learning process (Horwitz, 2001), and recent research has demonstrated that anxiety can mediate whether learners are able to notice feedback and subsequently produce output (Sheen, 2008). In order to reduce the negative effects of anxiety, researchers have suggested that computer-based interaction may be an ideal medium for communication and practice (Kern, 1995), although this hypothesis has yet to be tested empirically. The current study addresses this gap by comparing the effect of computer-mediated communication (CMC) vs. face-to-face communication (FTF) on learners’ state anxiety. Twenty-five learners of intermediate Spanish completed two information-gap tasks with their teacher in a within-subject, counterbalanced design. Learners’ state anxiety was measured halfway through and following each task via a state anxiety questionnaire, and a task preference questionnaire was administered after the treatment. Results demonstrate that — contrary to expectations — reported state anxiety was not significantly lower in the CMC mode than the FTF mode. In fact, learners’ reported state anxiety was comparable across modality. The use and implications of both interactional modes for foreign language learning contexts are discussed, as are students’ perceptions of interaction in the CMC and FTF modes.
Remote ischaemic preconditioning reduces myocardial injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cold-blood cardioplegia: a randomised controlled trial

Background: Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) induced by brief ischaemia and reperfusion of the arm reduces myocardial injury in coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery patients receiving predominantly cross-clamp fibrillation for myocardial protection. However, cold-blood cardioplegia is the more commonly used method world wide. Objective: To assess whether RIPC is cardioprotective in CABG patients receiving cold-blood cardioplegia. Design: Single-centre, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Setting: Tertiary referral hospital in London. Patients: Adults patients (18–80 years) undergoing elective CABG surgery with or without concomitant aortic valve surgery with cold-blood cardioplegia. Patients with diabetes, renal failure (serum creatinine >130 mmol/l), hepatic or pulmonary disease, unstable angina or myocardial infarction within the past 4 weeks were excluded. Interventions: Patients were randomised to receive either RIPC (n = 23) or control (n = 22) after anaesthesia. RIPC comprised three 5 min cycles of right forearm ischaemia, induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm to 200 mm Hg, with an intervening 5 min reperfusion. The control group had a deflated cuff placed on the upper arm for 30 min. Main outcome measures: Serum troponin T was measured preoperatively and at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery and the area under the curve (AUC at 72 h) calculated. Results: RIPC reduced absolute serum troponin T release by 42.4% (mean (SD) AUC at 72 h: 31.53 (24.04) μg/l.72 h in controls vs 18.16 (6.67) μg/l.72 h in RIPC; 95% CI 2.4 to 24.3; p = 0.019). Conclusions: Remote ischaemic preconditioning induced by brief ischaemia and reperfusion of the arm reduces myocardial injury in CABG surgery patients undergoing cold-blood cardioplegia, making this non-invasive cardioprotective technique widely applicable clinically. Trial registration number: NCT00397163.
Type 2 diabetes induces subendocardium-predominant reduction in transient outward K current with downregulation of Kv 4 . 2 and KChIP 2

Tatsuya Sato, Takeshi Kobayashi, Atsushi Kuno, Takayuki Miki, Masaya Tanno, Hidemichi Kouzu, Takahito Itoh, Satoko Ishikawa, Takashi Kojima, Tetsuji Miura, and Noritsugu Tohse Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; and Department of Cell Science, Research Institute of Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
Effects of Cytosolic ATP on Ca2+ Sparks and SR Ca2+ Content in Permeabilized Cardiac Myocytes

Abstract— Confocal imaging was used to study the influence of cytosolic ATP on the properties of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks in permeabilized ventricular myocytes. Cells were perfused with mock intracellular solutions containing fluo 3. Reducing [ATP] to <0.5 mmol/L decreased the frequency but increased the amplitude of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks. In the presence of 20 &mgr;mol/L ATP, the amplitude increased by 48.7±10.9%, and the frequency decreased by 77.07±3.8%, relative to control responses obtained at 5 mmol/L ATP. After exposure to a solution containing zero ATP, the frequency of Ca2+ sparks decreased progressively and approached zero within 90 seconds. As ATP washed out of the cell, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content increased, until reaching a maximum after 3 minutes. Subsequent introduction of adenylyl imidodiphosphate precipitated a burst of large-amplitude Ca2+ sparks. This was accompanied by a rapid decrease in SR Ca2+ content to 80% to 90% of the steady-state value obtained in the presence of 5 mmol/L ATP. Thereafter, the SR Ca2+ content declined much more slowly over 5 to 10 minutes. The effects of ATP withdrawal on Ca2+ sparks may reflect reduced occupancy of the adenine nucleotide site on the SR Ca2+ channel. These effects may contribute to previously reported changes in SR function during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, in which ATP depletion and Ca2+ overload occur.
Psychological Unsafety in Schools: The Development and Validation of a Scale

Work related psychological unsafety defined as the degree to which employee perceive the risky work environment that hinder them to behave comfortably or to speak up what they think without fear of its possible negative consequences. The importance of psychological unsafety has already been laid down for organizational viability and development, but the main problem is lack of instrument to measure psychological unsafety in schools. So the aim of this study is to develop valid and reliable instrument. We developed it in line with the procedures suggested by AERA (The American Educational Research Association). Based on the literature review, we wrote 27 draft items, then we piloted it on 164 school staff and we implemented factor and item analyses. We finally conducted it in the main application with 393 school staff who randomly selected from schools located in different geographical regions of Turkey. Results of EFA displayed that the 19 items loaded on three factors explaining . 73 of total variance and the factor loadings ranged between . 59 to . 85. In addition, corrected item-total correlations ranged from . 51 to . 86. The internal consistency reliability coefficient was . 96 and CFA confirmed the structural model. At the end of the study, we obtained a valid and reliable scale to measure psychological unsafety in schools.
A widely linear LMS algorithm for MAI suppression for DS-CDMA

In this paper, a novel data-aided stochastic gradient algorithm for adjustment of the widely linear (WL) minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) filter for multiple access interference (MAI) suppression for direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is introduced and analyzed. We give analytical expressions for the steady-state signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the proposed WL least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm, and we also investigate its speed of convergence. Both analytical considerations and simulations show in good agreement the superiority of the novel WL adaptive algorithm. Nevertheless, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is lower than that of the linear LMS algorithm.
SIRT6 protects against endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in mice

SIRT6 is an important member of sirtuin family that represses inflammation, aging and DNA damage, three of which are causing factors for endothelial dysfunction. SIRT6 expression is decreased in atherosclerotic lesions from ApoE−/− mice and human patients. However, the role of SIRT6 in regulating vascular endothelial function and atherosclerosis is not well understood. Here we show that SIRT6 protects against endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Global and endothelium-specific SIRT6 knockout mice exhibited impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Moreover, SIRT6+/− haploinsufficient mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) also displayed impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Importantly, SIRT6+/−;ApoE−/− mice after HFD feeding exhibited exacerbated atherosclerotic lesion development, concurrent with increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine VCAM-1. Loss- and gain-of-SIRT6 function studies in cultured human endothelial cells (ECs) showed that SIRT6 attenuated monocyte adhesion to ECs. RNA-sequencing profiling revealed that SIRT6 overexpression decreased the expression of multiple atherosclerosis-related genes, including proatherogenic gene TNFSF4 (tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 4). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that SIRT6 decreased TNFSF4 gene expression by binding to and deacetylating H3K9 at TNFSF4 gene promoter. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that SIRT6 play a pivotal role in maintaining endothelial function and increased SIRT6 activity could be a new therapeutic strategy to combat atherosclerotic disease.
Depicting Verbs and Constructed Action: Necessary Narrative Components in Deaf Adults’ Storybook Renditions

We investigated twelve deaf adults’ use of American Sign Language (ASL) in video-recorded narrative renditions of a wordless picture storybook. All of the adults had typically hearing parents and were divided between earlier and later ASL acquisition. Specifically, we analyzed their use of depicting verbs, constructed action, lexical signs, and combinations of these components as they navigated among multiple perspectives. Participants rendered these perspectives in similar yet individualized ways regardless of sign language experiences. We present qualitative descriptions of and the quantitative patterns found in their use of these components. We suggest that educators of signing deaf children can embed these components in their instructional practices to meet their students’ language needs.
Distance Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Abstract Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is an important mental health problem. The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing estimates the 12-month prevalence of OCD is 1.9% (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007). Individuals with OCD experience considerable impairment in daily functioning. Cognitive and behavioural therapy for OCD has been shown to be effective, however, accessibility to evidence based treatments is limited in Australia, especially for those living in rural and remote communities. Treatment delivered in a remote fashion may improve accessibility to such treatments. The present review aimed to evaluate the current status of evidence based treatments for OCD delivered remotely.
THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS ON JOB‐RELATED OUTCOMES: A META‐ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

We report the findings of a meta-analytic review of experimental studies concerned with the biasing effect of physical attractiveness on a variety of job-related outcomes. In support of implicit personality theory, attractive individuals were found to fare better than unattractive individuals in terms of a number of such outcomes. The weighted mean effect size, d, was . 37 for all studies. In addition, tests for moderating effects showed that (a) the attractiveness bias did not differ between studies that provided low versus high amounts of job-relevant information about the targets, (b) the same bias was greater for within-subjects research designs than for between-subjects designs, (c) professionals were as susceptible to the bias as were college students, (d) attractiveness was as important for men as for women, and (e) the biasing effect of attractiveness has decreased in recent years. Implications of these findings are considered.