Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observation of spin-orbit magnetoresistance in metallic thin films on magnetic insulators

A new type of spin-orbit magnetoresistance effect is observed in Cu/YIG with interface decorated with nanosize Pt islands. A magnetoresistance (MR) effect induced by the Rashba spin-orbit interaction was predicted, but not yet observed, in bilayers consisting of normal metal and ferromagnetic insulator. We present an experimental observation of this new type of spin-orbit MR (SOMR) effect in the Cu[Pt]/Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) bilayer structure, where the Cu/YIG interface is decorated with nanosize Pt islands. This new MR is apparently not caused by the bulk spin-orbit interaction because of the negligible spin-orbit interaction in Cu and the discontinuity of the Pt islands. This SOMR disappears when the Pt islands are absent or located away from the Cu/YIG interface; therefore, we can unambiguously ascribe it to the Rashba spin-orbit interaction at the interface enhanced by the Pt decoration. The numerical Boltzmann simulations are consistent with the experimental SOMR results in the angular dependence of magnetic field and the Cu thickness dependence. Our finding demonstrates the realization of the spin manipulation by interface engineering.
Fossil Plotopterid Seabirds from the Eo-Oligocene of the Olympic Peninsula (Washington State, USA): Descriptions and Functional Morphology

The plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) were a group of extinct wing-propelled marine birds that are known from Paleogene-aged sediments (Eocene to Miocene), mostly around the Pacific Rim (especially Japan and the northwest coast of North America). While these birds exhibit a strikingly similar wing morphology to penguins (Spheniscidae), they also share derived characters with pelecaniform birds that are absent in penguins and exhibit apparently superficial similarities with auks (Alcidae: Charadriiformes). Despite quite an abundant fossil record, these birds have been little studied, and in particular their functional morphology remains little understood. Here we present osteological overviews of specimens from the northwest coast of Washington state (USA). We give an amended diagnosis for the well-represented North American genus, Tonsala Olson, 1980, describe a new large species, and examine the functional morphology of plotopterids showing that the ratio of humeral strength to femoral strength is quite low in one well-represented species Tonsala buchanani sp.nov., relative to both extant penguins and alcids. While the femoral strength of Tonsala buchanani is ‘penguin-grade’, its humeral strength is more ‘alcid-grade’. These results have implications for understanding the mode-of-locomotion of these extinct marine birds. Although not related to Spheniscidae, our descriptions and functional results suggest that Tonsala buchanani sustained similar loads in walking, but slightly lower humeral loads during swimming, than a modern penguin. This suggests a swimming mode that is more similar to living alcids, than to the highly-specialised locomotor strategy of living and fossil penguins.
CO2 Forest: Improved Random Forest by Continuous Optimization of Oblique Splits

We propose a novel algorithm for optimizing multivariate linear threshold functions as split functions of decision trees to create improved Random Forest classifiers. Standard tree induction methods resort to sampling and exhaustive search to find good univariate split functions. In contrast, our method computes a linear combination of the features at each node, and optimizes the parameters of the linear combination (oblique) split functions by adopting a variant of latent variable SVM formulation. We develop a convex-concave upper bound on the classification loss for a one-level decision tree, and optimize the bound by stochastic gradient descent at each internal node of the tree. Forests of up to 1000 Continuously Optimized Oblique (CO2) decision trees are created, which significantly outperform Random Forest with univariate splits and previous techniques for constructing oblique trees. Experimental results are reported on multi-class classification benchmarks and on Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset.
Behaviour of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease

BACKGROUND Crohn's disease is a heterogeneous disorder with both a genetic and environmental aetiology. Clinical classifications of the disease, such as the newly proposed Vienna classification, may help to define subgroups of patients suitable for studying the influence of specific genetic or environmental factors. AIM To assess the stability over the course of the disease of its location and behaviour, as determined according to the Vienna classification. PATIENTS AND METHODS The notes of 297 Crohn's disease patients regularly followed up at our institution were carefully reviewed retrospectively. The behaviour and location of the disease according to the Vienna classification were determined at diagnosis and after 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years of follow up. The proportions of the different behaviours and locations of the disease were calculated at these time points. A statistical analysis of the evolution of these characteristics over 10 years was performed on a subgroup of 125 patients with at least 10 years of follow up. The influence of age at diagnosis on location and behaviour of the disease was assessed as well as the influence of location on the behaviour of the disease. RESULTS The location of the disease remained relatively stable over the course of the disease. Although the proportion of patients who had a change in disease location became statistically significant after five years (p=0.01), over 10 years only 15.9% of patients had a change in location (p<0.001). We observed a more rapid and prominent change in disease behaviour, which was already statistically significant after one year (p=0.04). Over 10 years, 45.9% of patients had a change in disease behaviour (p<0.0001). The most prominent change was from non-stricturing non-penetrating disease to either stricturing (27.1%; p<0.0001) or penetrating (29.4%; p<0.0001) disease. Age at diagnosis had no influence on either location or behaviour of disease. Ileal Crohn's disease was more often stricturing, and colonic or ileocolonic Crohn's disease was more often penetrating: this was already the case at diagnosis and became more prominent after 10 years (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Location of Crohn's disease, as defined by the Vienna classification, is a relatively stable phenotype which seems suitable for phenotype-genotype analyses. Behaviour of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification varies dramatically over the course of the disease and cannot be used in phenotype-genotype analyses. The potential influence of genes on the behaviour of Crohn's disease should be studied in subgroups of patients defined by their disease behaviour after a fixed duration of disease.
Memory allocation for embedded systems with a compile-time-unknown scratch-pad size

This paper presents the first memory allocation scheme for embedded systems having scratch-pad memory whose size is unknown at compile time. A scratch-pad memory (SPM) is a fast compiler-managed SRAM that replaces the hardware-managed cache. Its uses are motivated by its better real-time guarantees as compared to cache and by its significantly lower overheads in energy consumption, area and access time.Existing data allocation schemes for SPM all require that the SPM size be known at compile-time. Unfortunately, the resulting executable is tied to that size of SPM and is not portable to processor implementations having a different SPM size. Such portability would be valuable in situations where programs for an embedded system are not burned into the system at the time of manufacture, but rather are downloaded onto it during deployment, either using a network or portable media such as memory sticks. Such post-deployment code updates are common in distributed networks and in personal hand-held devices. The presence of different SPM sizes in different devices is common because of the evolution in VLSI technology across years. The result is that SPM cannot be used in such situations with downloaded code.To overcome this limitation, this work presents a compiler method whose resulting executable is portable across SPMs of any size. The executable at run-time places frequently used objects in SPM; it considers code, global variables and stack variables for placement in SPM. The allocation is decided by modified loader software before the program is first run and once the SPM size can be discovered. The loader then modifies the program binary based on the decided allocation. To keep the overhead low, much of the pre-processing for the allocation is done at compile-time. Results show that our benchmarks average a 36% speed increase versus an all-DRAM allocation, while the optimal static allocation scheme, which knows the SPM size at compile-time and is thus an un-achievable upper-bound, is only slightly faster (41% faster than all-DRAM). Results also show that the overhead from our embedded loader averages about 1% in both code-size and run-time of our benchmarks.
Developing multiagent systems: The Gaia methodology

Systems composed of interacting autonomous agents offer a promising software engineering approach for developing applications in complex domains. However, this multiagent system paradigm introduces a number of new abstractions and design/development issues when compared with more traditional approaches to software development. Accordingly, new analysis and design methodologies, as well as new tools, are needed to effectively engineer such systems. Against this background, the contribution of this article is twofold. First, we synthesize and clarify the key abstractions of agent-based computing as they pertain to agent-oriented software engineering. In particular, we argue that a multiagent system can naturally be viewed and architected as a computational organization, and we identify the appropriate organizational abstractions that are central to the analysis and design of such systems. Second, we detail and extend the Gaia methodology for the analysis and design of multiagent systems. Gaia exploits the aforementioned organizational abstractions to provide clear guidelines for the analysis and design of complex and open software systems. Two representative case studies are introduced to exemplify Gaia's concepts and to show its use and effectiveness in different types of multiagent system.
In Vivo Brillouin Analysis of the Aging Crystalline Lens

Purpose To analyze the age dependence of the longitudinal modulus of the crystalline lens in vivo using Brillouin scattering data in healthy subjects. Methods Brillouin scans were performed along the crystalline lens in 56 eyes from 30 healthy subjects aged from 19 to 63 years. Longitudinal elastic modulus was acquired along the sagittal axis of the lens with a transverse and axial resolution of 4 and 60 μm, respectively. The relative lens stiffness was computed, and correlations with age were analyzed. Results Brillouin axial profiles revealed nonuniform longitudinal modulus within the lens, increasing from a softer periphery toward a stiffer central plateau at all ages. The longitudinal modulus at the central plateau showed no age dependence in a range of 19 to 45 years and a slight decrease with age from 45 to 63 years. A significant intersubject variability was observed in an age-matched analysis. Importantly, the extent of the central stiff plateau region increased steadily over age from 19 to 63 years. The slope of change in Brillouin modulus in the peripheral regions were nearly age-invariant. Conclusions The adult human lens showed no measurable age-related increase in the peak longitudinal modulus. The expansion of the stiff central region of the lens is likely to be the major contributing factor to age-related lens stiffening. Brillouin microscopy may be useful in characterizing the crystalline lens for the optimization of surgical or pharmacological treatments aimed at restoring accommodative power.
Profinite homotopy theory

We construct a model structure on simplicial profinite sets such that the homotopy groups carry a natural profinite struc- ture. This yields a rigid profinite completion functor for spaces and pro-spaces. One motivation is thehomotopy theory of schemes in which higher profiniteetale homotopy groups fit well with the ´ fundamental group which is always profinite. We show that the profi- nitetopological realization functor is a good object in several respects.
Restrictive eating in anorexia nervosa: Examining maintenance and consequences in the natural environment.

OBJECTIVE This study examined negative and positive affect in relation to restrictive eating episodes (i.e., meals/snacks perceived as restrictive) and whether restrictive eating was associated with likelihood of subsequent eating disorder behaviors (i.e., additional restrictive eating, binge eating, vomiting, laxative use, weighing, exercising, meal skipping, drinking fluids to curb appetite, body checking). METHOD Women with anorexia nervosa (N = 118) completed a 2-week ecological momentary assessment protocol. RESULTS For both restrictive and nonrestrictive eating, negative affect significantly increased from prebehavior to the time of the behavior but remained stable thereafter, while positive affect remained stable from prebehavior to the time of the behavior but decreased significantly thereafter. Across time, negative affect was significantly lower and positive affect was significantly greater in restrictive than nonrestrictive episodes. Engagement in restrictive eating was associated with an increased likelihood of subsequent restrictive eating, laxative use, and body checking, but not other behaviors. Engagement in nonrestrictive eating was associated with a decreased likelihood of subsequent restrictive eating, binge eating, vomiting, laxative use, weighing, meal skipping, drinking fluids to curb appetite, and body checking. DISCUSSION Despite similar patterns of affect across eating episodes over time, results suggest affect may be involved in the maintenance of restrictive eating in anorexia nervosa since restrictive episodes were associated with lower negative and greater positive affect across time compared to nonrestrictive episodes. Further, while restrictive episodes increased the likelihood of only three subsequent eating disorder behaviors, nonrestrictive episodes were protective since they decreased likelihood of all but one behavior.
Effect of Site of Stimulation on the Guinea Pig's Electrically Evoked Brain Stem Response

Stimulation by a bipolar modiolus electrode yields a wider dynamic range than does monopolar stimulation at the same site. Stimulation via a single electrode in the scala tympani or scala vestibuli is characterized by a precipitous input-output function, but current passing from one scala to the other generates a discontinuous function with a shallow slope at low intensities and a steep slope at high intensities.
Pathology and laboratory medicine.

The explosion of knowledge and technology in cellular and molecular biology has universally affected medical research, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. The possibility of novel and innovative diagnostic approaches in all areas of the laboratory allows the pathologist to diagnose disorders with increasing accuracy, to predict populations at risk for the development of specific diseases, and to provide clinicians with an array of prognostic markers. No part of the laboratory is exempt from the influence of these technologies. In particular, the polymerase chain reaction, which allows detection of molecular abnormalities in very small patient samples, exemplifies this powerful technology. Molecular biologic evaluation of patients with cancer is one arena profoundly influenced by the polymerase chain reaction technique, since genetic changes that are detectable may have diagnostic or prognostic significance. Since normal protooncogene and tumor suppressor gene functions are required to maintain orderly differentiation and proliferation pathways in cells, it is reasonable
Tourniquets in orthopedic surgery

The notion that a Doppler is a must to determine the tourniquet pressure seems to be a little misplaced. An average orthopedic surgeon, especially the one working in a not so well equipped centre may not have a Doppler machine or a hand‐held Doppler at his disposal in the operating room. Is the method described by Bruner1 and given in Stewart’s book of “Traction and orthopaedic appliances”2 of adding 50 to systolic pressure for upper limb and double the systolic pressure for lower limb, to determine the tourniquet pressure wrong or not be followed? The authors have not been clear on what is the best alternative method to determine tourniquet pressure if a Doppler machine is not available in the operating room. Can a pulse oximeter probe be used to determine the limb occlusion pressure? It would be kind of the authors to shed some light on the issue.
Temporal streams in commercial server applications

Commercial server applications remain memory bound on modern multiprocessor systems because of their large data footprints, frequent sharing, complex non-strided access patterns, and long chains of dependant misses. To improve memory system performance despite these challenging access patterns, researchers have proposed prefetchers that exploit temporal streams-recurring sequences of memory accesses. Although prior studies show substantial performance improvement from such schemes, they fail to explain why temporal streams arise; that is, they treat commercial applications as a black box and do not identify the specific behaviors that lead to recurring miss sequences. In this paper, we perform an information-theoretic analysis of miss traces from single-chip and multi-chip multiprocessors to identify recurring temporal streams in web serving, online transaction processing, and decision support workloads. Then, using function names embedded in the application binaries and Solaris kernel, we identify the code modules and behaviors that give rise to temporal streams.
CT evaluation of canal preparation using rotary and hand NI-TI instruments: An in vitro study

Background: Controlled, uniformly tapered radicular preparation is a great challenge in endodontics. Improper preparation can lead to procedural errors like transportation of foramen, uneven dentine thickness, stripping of root canal, formation of ledge, zip, and elbow in curved canals. These procedural errors and their sequel can adversely affect the prognosis of treatment. Aim/Objectives: The present in vitro study aims to evaluate canal preparation based on the following factors: canal transportation, remaining dentine thickness and comparing centering ability between hand Ni-Ti K files and ProTaper rotary Ni-Ti instruments using computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: For evaluation, 30 mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars were selected. Of these, 15 roots were distributed into two groups where Group 1 included hand instrumentation with Ni-Ti K-files; and Group 2 comprised ProTaper NiTi rotary system. Pre instrumentation and post instrumentation three-dimensional CT images were obtained from root cross-sections that were 1 mm thick from apex to the canal orifice; scanned images were then superimposed and compared. Result: It was observed that the manual technique using hand Ni-Ti K-file produced lesser canal transportation and maintained greater dentine thickness than the rotary ProTaper technique at middle and coronal third and this difference was statistically significant. No significant difference was seen with regard to canal transportation and remaining root dentine at apical levels. With regard to centering ratio, no significant difference was seen between both the groups at all levels. Conclusion: ProTaper should be used judiciously, especially in curved canals, as it causes higher canal transportation and thinning of root dentine at middle and coronal levels. None of the groups showed optimal centering ability.
On the structure of self-gravitating molecular clouds

To study the interaction of star-formation and turbulent molecular cloud structuring, we analyse numer- ical models and observations of self-gravitating clouds using the -variance as statistical measure for structural characteristics. In the models we resolve the transition from purely hydrodynamic turbulence to gravitational collapse associated with the formation and mass growth of protostellar cores. We compare models of driven and freely decaying turbulence with and without magnetic elds. Self-gravitating supersonic turbulence always pro- duces a density structure that contains most power on the smallest scales provided by collapsed cores as soon as local collapse sets in. This is in contrast to non-self-gravitating hydrodynamic turbulence where the -variance is dominated by large scale structures. To detect this eect in star-forming regions observations have to resolve the high density contrast of protostellar cores with respect to their ambient molecular cloud. Using the 3 mm contin- uum map of a star-forming cluster in Serpens we show that the dust emission traces the full density evolution. On the contrary, the density range accessible by molecular line observations is insucient for this analysis. Only dust emission and dust extinction observations are able to to determine the structural parameters of star-forming clouds following the density evolution during the gravitational collapse.
Identification of Sesame Genomic Variations from Genome Comparison of Landrace and Variety

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the main oilseed crops, providing vegetable oil and protein to human. Landrace is the gene source of variety, carrying many desire alleles for genetic improvement. Despite the importance of sesame landrace, genome of sesame landrace remains unexplored and genomic variations between landrace and variety still is not clear. To identify the genomic variations between sesame landrace and variety, two representative sesame landrace accessions, “Baizhima” and “Mishuozhima,” were selected and re-sequenced. The genome sequencing and de novo assembling of the two sesame landraces resulted in draft genomes of 267 Mb and 254 Mb, respectively, with the contig N50 more than 47 kb. Totally, 1,332,025 SNPs and 506,245 InDels were identified from the genome of “Baizhima” and “Mishuozhima” by comparison of the genome of a variety “Zhongzhi13. ” Among the genomic variations, 70,018 SNPs and 8311 InDels were located in the coding regions of genes. Genomic variations may contribute to variation of sesame agronomic traits such as flowering time, plant height, and oil content. The identified genomic variations were successfully used in the QTL mapping and the black pigment synthesis gene, PPO, was found to be the candidate gene of sesame seed coat color. The comprehensively compared genomes of sesame landrace and modern variety produced massive useful genomic information, constituting a powerful tool to support genetic research, and molecular breeding of sesame.
On the capacity of the multiple antenna broadcast channel

The capacity region of the multiple antenna (transmit and receive) broadcast channel is considered. We propose an outer bound to the capacity region by converting this nondegraded broadcast channel into a degraded one with users privy to the signals of users ordered below them. We extend our proof techniques in the characterization of the sum capacity of the multiple antenna broadcast channel to evaluate this outer bound with Gaussian inputs. Our main result is the observation that if Gaussian inputs are optimal to the constructed degraded channel, then the capacity region of the multiple antenna broadcast channel is characterized.