Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diversity and Change of User Driven Innovation Modes in Companies

User driven innovation (UDI) is a popular term in policy and corporate circles. However, it is not clear exactly what UDI means and how such practices are used across the spectrum of companies and over the innovation life cycle. The present study compares 58 UDI showcases in Finnish companies in order to analyse the diversity of UDI practices and their evolution over time. We identify five main modes of UDI and show how the ways of using UDI develop over time in individual companies. In almost half of the examined cases, the dominant mode of UDI changes at least once, and in some cases, up to three changes in dominant mode are observed. We then proceed to identify six qualitatively different ways in which companies’ orientation to UDI evolves over time. The study has implications for innovation management and policy: It calls for greater attention to UDI diversity and particularly to the management and support of the continuity of UDI efforts.
The Localization of Food Systems — An Emerging Issue for Swedish Municipal Authorities

This paper discusses planning from a localization perspective in relation to food production and consumption in Swedish local authorities. A national interview study was conducted where 75% (218) of Swedish municipalities participated. Four issues relating to locally produced food provided the focus of the study, namely, policy, procurement procedures, communication efforts directed at producers and logistics. Local-level planning documents such as comprehensive plans, climate strategies and programmes for sustainable development were studied to explore the extent to which issues of local food were included as a factor in municipal planning.
Trade Liberalization and the Extensive Margin

Trade barriers can lead to the disappearance of products and impose huge costs. Allowing for the realistic possibility that imported products are substituted by domestic varieties this paper finds that the cost of protection that allows for disappearance of products, the ‘Romer cost,’ is higher below a tariff threshold. This threshold depends on the substitutability of domestic for foreign products. This is important for developing countries where inferior technology leads to poor substitutability and traditional calculations underestimate the cost. Analysis of new varieties trade after the Indian liberalization supports the findings in the context of a developing country.
Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor

n April 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. His victory came at the end of a rancorous campaign that attracted national media coverage and left Chicago "a city divided against itself. " "Chicago Divided" sensitively reconstructs the developments that led to Chicago's 1983 political season. Investigating the election and its background, Kleppner taps a formidable array of sources including newspapers, court cases, public opinion polls, and voting returns to analyze the causes and consequences of Chicago's electoral revolution. "
Embedded Advertising on Television: Disclosure, Deception, and Free Speech Rights

In 2008, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) initiated a docket to determine whether existing television sponsorship regulations needed to be revised to address embedded advertising. This article first discusses current embedded advertising practices on television and the alleged problems with those practices. It then explains the current legal framework applicable to the practices. Next, the article analyzes the major reform positions that were articulated in comments to the FCC. This analysis includes a discussion of the First Amendment protections for advertising and for the creative works in which the integrated marketing is embedded, because many times the advertising is difficult to separate from its entertainment platform. The article concludes with recommendations for next steps by the FCC and industry.
Leverage and Beliefs: Personal Experience and Risk Taking in Margin Lending

What determines risk-bearing capacity and the amount of leverage in financial markets? Using unique archival data on collateralized lending, we show that personal experience can affect individual risk-taking and aggregate leverage. When an investor syndicate speculating in Amsterdam in 1772 went bankrupt, many lenders were exposed. In the end, none of them actually lost money. Nonetheless, only those at risk of losing money changed their behavior markedly – they lent with much higher haircuts. The rest continued as before. The differential change is remarkable since the distress was public knowledge. Overall leverage in the Amsterdam stock market declined as a result.
An Examination of Information Technology's Impact on the Value of Information and Expertise: Implications for Organizational Change

This paper is organized around two research questions and three issue areas in business reengineering. We address: (1) To what extent does environmental volatility affect the rate of accumulation or decay of critical firm assets? and (2) How can expertise and information related assets be operationalized in the context of process-based ("radical") organizational restructuring? With respect to business reengineering, we address: (1) How can differing needs for process reengineering projects be characterized? (2) To what extent does organizational resistance to reengineering projects differ by categories of need? and (3) To what extent are failure rates experienced by reengineering practitioners traceable to lack of alignment between project needs, planning agendas, and dominant modes of organizational resistance? We develop an explanatory framework based on two constructs, expertise half-life and information half-life, and apply these to help analyze current practices in business reengineering. We posit that under certain conditions high project failure rates are associated with weak coupling between reengineering project objectives and the firm's general business and information systems planning agendas. Under other conditions, this weak coupling is associated with successful projects. We conclude with recommendations for methodological approaches and suggested research extensions.
Options for Electricity Transmission Regulation in Australia

The pricing of access to electricity transmission networks in Australia is currently under review. Several options have been proposed including those based on nodal pricing and the assignment of transmission rights contracts. As most of the marginal costs of transmission are recovered through wholesale electricity prices we focus on the key issue of regulation and investment incentives. We find that current options are unlikely to be adequate in terms of encouraging socially optimal levels and timing of new transmission investment. As an alternative, we propose a regulatory scheme, based on a related idea by Sappington and Sibley that can overcome this problem. Our scheme can potentially generate first best results and is readily applicable given the current institutional structure of electricity markets in Australia.
Households, Standard of Living, and Inequality

The standard of living of individuals does not depend so much on the income they themselves earn as on the total income of the household to which they belong and how the household organizes the use of its income. It is important to develop methods of income analysis which incorporate the household factor. In income distribution analysis, it is now common to take into consideration household size and composition in relative interpretations of income levels. In this paper it is suggested that the same methodology can be used for the purpose of absolute interpretations of income levels. The result is an alternative to per capita measures of standard of living which is sensitive not only to national income and population size, but also to household formation. This approach is applied to Norwegian data for the period from 1970 to 1986 as to trends in the average standard of living and standard of living inequality, and the redistributive impact of transfer and tax policies.
Exchange Rate Behaviour: Are Fundamentals Important?

One of the most controversial issues in the international economics literature concerns the role of economic fundamentals in explaining exchange rate behaviour. We interpret this controversy as having three different aspects. The first concerns the relationship between exchange rates and fundamentals in the 'long-run'. The second, the usefulness of fundamentals in producing out-of-sample forecasts which dominate a random walk, and the third controversy concerns the relative importance of shocks to real and nominal fundamentals in explaining real exchange rate variability (this, as we shall see, is related to the first). Controversies one and two, therefore, may be thought of as relating to the first moment of exchange rate behaviour, while the third is associated with the second moment. The first controversy may be motivated by referring to Fig. 1, which portrays the logarithm of the real and nominal exchange rates of the mark-dollar
Recurrent hernia following endoscopic total extraperitoneal repair.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A retrospective study was conducted to identify the reasons for recurrence following endoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) repair of inguinal hernias and to develop a strategy to prevent recurrence. METHOD Between January 1996 and December 2001, 1193 TEP hernia repairs were performed in 694 patients. Following reduction of the hernia sac and dissection of the preperitoneal space up to the psoas muscles laterally, a Prolene mesh (15 x 15 cm) was placed. The mesh was fixed medially to the Cooper ligament with two or three spiral tacks. In six patients, the hernia recurred following endoscopic TEP repair within the same period. Four of these patients elected to undergo laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair of the recurrent hernia. RESULTS Medial recurrences developed in three of the four patients because of medial displacement of the mesh. One patient was found to have a missed indirect hernia sac. All the patients who underwent laparoscopic TAPP repair had an uneventful recovery and are well at follow-up. CONCLUSION In addition to medial fixation of the mesh to the Cooper ligament, complete proximal dissection of the peritoneum from the spermatic cord and additional fixation of the mesh to the anterior abdominal wall, with careful avoidance of possible injury to the adjacent nerves, may prevent recurrences.
Oxidizability of Atherogenic Low-Density Lipoprotein Subspecies in Severe Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Impact of Long-Term Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis

Background: Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. LDL-apheresis, which involves direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is an efficient treatment of homozygous familial hypercholes terolemia (FH). Methods: We evaluated impact of long-term LDL apheresis treatment on the atherogenicity of the major LDL subclasses (light, LDL1, and LDL2, density [d] 1.018-1.030 g/mL; inter mediate, LDL3, d 1.030-1.040 g/mL, and dense LDL, LDL4 and LDL5, d 1.040-1.065 g/mL) separated by density gradient ultracentrifugation in severe FH patients. Therefore, we compared the oxidative resistance as well as the chemical and physical properties of each LDL subpopulation in the FH group with those in the corresponding LDL subfractions from normocholesterolemic control subjects. Results: Both intermediate and dense LDL subfractions were significantly more resistant to copper-mediated oxidation in FH patients treated regularly by LDL-apheresis than their counterpart controls. The lag phases for LDL3, LDL4, and LDL5: 63.9 ± 1 1.6, 55.8 ± 1.2, and 47.2 ± 6.5 min. in FH patients were significantly longer than those of the corresponding subfractions in normocholesterolemic controls (P < .01 for LDL3 and LDL5, P < .005 for LDL4). This protective effect was reflected in the delayed formation of biologically active lipid oxidation products such as oxysterols, lipid hydroperoxides, dienes, and dienals in the intermediate and dense LDL subfractions of FH patients. These findings may result from lower "seed" contents of lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) detected as dienes in plasma LDL from apheresis-treated FH patients; indeed, baseline LOOH/diene contents in all 5 LDL subclasses from FH patients were significantly lower than those of the corresponding subclasses in normolipidemic subjects (P < .0005). On the other hand, the enhanced oxidative resistance of both intermediate (LDL3) and dense (LDL4 and LDL5) LDL subpopulations in FH patients could not be accounted for by any consistent modification in chemical composition or in lipophilic antioxidant content, although minor differences were observed between patients and controls in unsaturated fatty acid profile. In contrast, sphingomyelin content was enriched in FH LDL subclasses, potentially resulting in reduced penetration of the hydrophilic surface layer of LDL by oxygen radicals. Conclusion: We conclude that low concentrations of preformed lipid hydroperoxides and dienes, together with surface sphingomyelin enrichment, can account for the enhanced oxi dative resistance of intermediate (LDL3) and atherogenic dense LDL (LDL4, LDL5) induced by long-term LDL apheresis in severe FH patients.
The Speed of Stock Price Adjustment to Market-Wide Information

The speed of stock price adjustment to new information is central to market efficiency, and the price delay measure has emerged as a useful tool. This approach enables earlier studies to identify a set of factors responsible for delaying stock price adjustment to market-wide information. We argue that investor inattention and slow dissemination of information are two leading causes for underreaction, but the challenge lies at finding suitable empirical proxies to test these competing hypotheses. This paper also suggests and justifies a comparative study to assess whether the reactions to global market information vary widely across countries and why.
Term Structure Forecasting: No-Arbitrage Restrictions vs. Large Information Set

This paper addresses the issue of forecasting the term structure. We provide a unified state-space modelling framework that encompasses different existing discrete-time yield curve models. Within such framework we analyze the impact of two modelling choices, namely the imposition of no-arbitrage restrictions and the size of the information set used to extract factors, on the forecasting performance. Using US yield curve data, we find that both no-arbitrage and large info help in forecasting but no model uniformly dominates the other. No-arbitrage models are more useful at shorter horizon for shorter maturities. Large information sets are more useful at longer horizons and longer maturities. We also find evidence for a significant feedback from yield curve models to macroeconomic variables that could be exploited for macroeconomic forecasting.
A NEW LOOK AT THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL

IN A RECENT PAPER in the American Economic Review [6], we presented empirical evidence that the relationship between rate of return and risk implied by the market-line theory is unable to explain differential returns in the stock market. As a result, the risk-adjusted measures of portfolio performance based on this theory yield seriously biased estimates of portfolio performance. ' We advanced but did not test several tenable reasons for these observed biases, which included the inability of investors to borrow large amounts of money at the same risk-free interest rate at which they can lend, and deficiencies in the return generating models which are required to translate ex ante expected returns and "risks" into ex post realizations. Recent papers by Fischer Black [1] and Stephen Ross [11] present theoretical models which suggest that the breakdown of the borrowing and lending mechanism would be expected to bias these measures, but not for the explicit reasons we gave. The purpose of this paper is to examine both theoretically and empirically in greater depth than was done previously the reasons why the market-line theory does not adequately explain differential returns on financial assets. The first section of the paper briefly reviews the salient points of the marketline theory as recently modified and analyzes the implications of the theory. The second section estimates several types of risk-return tradeoffs implied by stocks on the New York Stock Exchange for three different periods after World War II and shows that the empirical results cast serious doubt on the validity of the market-line theory in either its original form or as recently modified. On the other hand, these results do confirm the linearity of the relationship for NYSE stocks. The third section suggests that the market for NYSE stocks is segmented from the bond market unless the return generating process is different from any heretofore tested. This has important implications for both the measurement of portfolio performance and the determination of optimal corporate financing.
The Anti-Politics of Climate Finance: The Creation and Performativity of the Green Climate Fund

This paper is an empirical case study of the institutional design process of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from December 2011 to May 2014. Powerful countries, corporations and banks have favoured a deepening of neoliberal environmental governance, while civil society actors have argued over retaining movement concepts, won small representational victories, while participating in a process that has subjected them to a deepened practise of advanced liberal governance. The process has thus far produced ? non-outcomes? that fail to meet hopes that the GCF could provide a significant scaling up and paradigm shift in global climate finance. However, civil society engagement appears to be, somewhat inadvertently, exposing the ? overflows? , limits and contradictions inherent in advanced liberal governance. The impasse created has prompted alternative governmentalities to emerge, not least of spectacle and (non-)performativity, which may be generating an anti-politics in environmental governance.
Efficiency, equity, and environmental implications of trade liberalization: A computable general equilibrium analysis

This paper evaluates the effect of trade liberalization on global efficiency, equity, and the environment using global welfare, welfare redistribution, and carbon emission as indicators. A static, computable general equilibrium trade model with explicit representation of agricultural production and energy use is used to simulate a series of new scenarios in which 1997 baseline import tax and export subsidy trade barrier equivalents are scaled back. Findings indicate that with trade liberalization agricultural output declines, energy use increases, and carbon emissions rise. Global welfare rises revealing an overall increase in efficiency; however, gains to poorer nations come at the expense of richer nations. An increase in the use of polluting inputs such as coal in developing countries suggests poorer nations will risk environmental degradation with the lowering of trade barriers.
Workplace Learning Issues of Hotel Employees: Examining Differences Across Management Status and Gender

The purpose of the authors in this study is to examine workplace learning in hotels. Specifically, they compare differences in learning strategies, outcomes, facilitators, and barriers between men and women, and managers and non-managers. Participants—151 employees of eight hotels in the Halifax Regional Municipality—completed four learning-oriented surveys and one demographic survey. Results indicated significant differences across genders for various strategies for, outcomes of, facilitators of, and barriers to workplace learning. There were no significant differences between managers and non-managers nor were there any significant interactions between gender and managerial status. Implications for managing human resources in the hotel industry are discussed.
Comparison between ankle proprioception measurements and postural sway test for evaluating ankle instability in subjects with functional ankle instability.

BACKGROUND It is important to establish the effective evaluation approaches that are appropriate for measuring ankle proprioception. But, only a few studies used more than one test procedure simultaneously to identify proprioceptive deficits. Further, no data are available on the correlations between the measures of ankle proprioception and postural sway (PS) test in subjects with functional ankle instability (FAI). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between ankle proprioception measurements and PS test in subjects with FAI. METHODS Of the 79 subjects enrolled in the case-control study, 40 had FAI and 39 were control subjects. Ankle proprioception was evaluated by the angle reproduction (AR), force matching (FM), and the muscle reaction (MR) to sudden ankle inversion tests. For the AR and FM tests, absolute errors (AE) of ankle plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion directions were calculated. For the MR test, reaction times and activation of tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), and peroneus brevis (PB) muscles were measured during sudden ankle inversion with a 30° tilting angle. The PS test was investigated by using a force platform during single-limb standing test. Three trials were performed and averaged in each test. RESULTS Reaction time of the PL (p = 0.006), a variable of MR test, and plantarflexion (p = 0.001, p = 0.009) and eversion (p = 0.016, p = 0.039) error variables of the AR and FM tests differed significantly between the control and FAI groups. Moreover, these variables (r = -0.381 ∼ 0.788, p < 0.05) showed strong significant correlations with the PS test-related variables, among others. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that these variables of ankle proprioception measurements were more sensitive and discriminative than others, and could be useful to assess ankle instability, particularly if the method is to be applied in clinical studies and laboratory settings.
The anti‐cancer agent SU4312 unexpectedly protects against MPP+‐induced neurotoxicity via selective and direct inhibition of neuronal NOS

SU4312, a potent and selective inhibitor of VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2), has been designed to treat cancer. Recent studies have suggested that SU4312 can also be useful in treating neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we assessed neuroprotection by SU4312 against 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)‐induced neurotoxicity and further explored the underlying mechanisms.