Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An empirical comparison of static concurrency analysis techniques

Developers of concurrent software need cost-effective analysis techniques to acquire confidence in the reliability of that software. Analysis of concurrent programs is difficult because, in many cases, the patterns of communication among the various parts of the program are complicated and the number of possible communications is large. One class of techniques that can be used for analysis of concurrent programs is static analysis, which uses compile-time information to prove properties about a program. Given the variety of concurrency analysis tools available, analysts need assistance when selecting tools to use to check a specific program and property. Despite exponential worst-case bounds for most of the techniques, average case analysis times may help differentiate between the techniques in practice. The techniques provide a range of analysis accuracies, but these accuracies have not been formally or empirically quantified. Empirical tool comparisons can therefore provide useful insight into which tool would be most suitable for a given program and property. The main contribution of the work presented here is the development of a sound methodology for comparing concurrency analysis tools, with a thorough description of the experimental design and constraints, discussion of the issues and tradeoffs involved in developing such a methodology, and valid application of statistical analysis. We apply this methodology to conduct an experiment to compare a number of concurrency analysis tools. Comparisons are accomplished for analysis time, analysis failures, and analysis accuracy of the tools. Secondary contributions of the work presented here include development of predictive models and preliminary examination of several "real" programs. We develop, with varying degrees of success, predictive models that may help an analyst estimate the analysis time, analysis failure, and analysis accuracy of each tool given a program and a property to be checked. We also provide a preliminary examination of several "real" programs, including a discussion of the program constructs used in the programs and observations about program characteristics that are likely to affect the applicability of static concurrency analysis tools to these programs.
Simplified Method for Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Shear-Critical Frames

A nonlinear static analysis method was recently developed for the performance assessment of plane frames. The primary advantage of this method is its ability to accurately represent shear effects coupled with axial and flexural behaviors through a simple modeling approach suitable for large-scale applications. In this study, this method is further developed to enable a dynamic load analysis capability under impact, blast, and seismic loads. Newly developed and implemented formulations are presented. Among them are an explicit three-parameter time-step integration method, based on a total-load secant-stiffness formulation, and dynamic increase factor formulations for the consideration of strain rates. The method is applied to 11 previously tested specimens, subjected to impact and seismic loads, to examine its accuracy, reliability, and practicality. The method is found to simulate the overall experimental behaviors with a high degree of accuracy. Strengths, peak displacements, stiffnesses, damage, and failure modes (including shear-critical behaviors) and vibrational characteristics are calculated accurately. The method provides unconditional numerical stability and requires a fraction of the computation time demanded by micro finite element methods.
Determinacy, Learnability, and Monetary Policy Inertia

We document that monetary policy inertia can help alleviate problems of indeterminacy and non-existence of stationary equilibrium observed for some commonly-studied monetary policy rules. We also find that inertia promotes learnability of equilibrium. The context is a simple, forward-looking model of the macroeconomy widely used in the rapidly expanding literature in this area. We conclude that this might be an important reason why central banks in the industrialized economies display considerable inertia when adjusting monetary policy in response to changing economic conditions.
ERP systems success: an empirical analysis of how two organizational stakeholder groups prioritize and evaluate relevant measures

Organizations worldwide are adopting enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. A number of studies discuss the implementation and success of such systems, but our study of the literature indicates that discussions about ERP systems success from the perspectives of key organizational stakeholders are not easy to come across. This study is designed to fill this gap in research. Using surveys in Finland and Estonia, we obtained empirical data from 66 respondents in 44 diverse, private, industrial organizations. Our objective was to determine whether differences exist between two organizational stakeholder groups, i.e. business managers and IT professionals, concerning how each group believe ERP success measures and dimensions are prioritized and evaluated in their respective organizations. Prior literature suggests that differences exist between the two groups with regard to how each perceives organizational information technology (IT) issues. Our study indicates that no significant statistical differences exist between the two groups with the exception of one dimension of ERP success, i.e. vendor/consultant quality. The implications of our findings for both practice and research are discussed.
Fast Parallel Sorting Under LogP: Experience with the CM-5

In this paper, we analyze four parallel sorting algorithms (bitonic, column, radix, and sample sort) with the LogP model. LogP characterizes the performance of modern parallel machines with a small set of parameters: the communication latency (L), overhead (o), bandwidth (g), and the number of processors (P). We develop implementations of these algorithms in Split-C, a parallel extension to C, and compare the performance predicted by LogP to actual performance on a CM-5 of 32 to 512 processors for a range of problem sizes. We evaluate the robustness of the algorithms by varying the distribution and ordering of the key values. We also briefly examine the sensitivity of the algorithms to the communication parameters. We show that the LogP model is a valuable guide in the development of parallel algorithms and a good predictor of implementation performance. The model encourages the use of data layouts which minimize communication and balanced communication schedules which avoid contention. With an empirical model of local processor performance, LogP predictions closely match observed execution times on uniformly distributed keys across a broad range of problem and machine sizes. We find that communication performance is oblivious to the distribution of the key values, whereas the local processor performance is not; some communication phases are sensitive to the ordering of keys due to contention. Finally, our analysis shows that overhead is the most critical communication parameter in the sorting algorithms.
Regular physical activity attenuates the blood pressure response to public speaking and delays the development of hypertension

Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of regular physical activity on the haemodynamic response to public speaking and to evaluate the long-term effect of exercise on development of hypertension. Participants We assessed 75 sedentary and 44 active participants screened for stage 1 hypertension with consistent activity habits and 63 normotensive individuals as control. Methods The blood pressure (BP) response to public speaking was assessed with beat-to-beat noninvasive recording. Definition of incident hypertension was based either on clinic or 24-h BP measurement. Results The BP response to public speaking was greater in the hypertensive than the normotensive participants (P = 0.018/0.009). Among the former, sedentary participants showed increased BP reactivity to the speech test (45.2 ± 22.6/22.2 ± 11.5 mmHg, P < 0.01/<0.001 versus controls), whereas physically active participants had a response similar to that of controls (35.4 ± 18.5/18.5 ± 11.5 mmHg, P = not significant). During a median follow-up of 71 months, ambulatory BP did not virtually change in the active participants (−0.9 ± 7.8/−0.0 ± 4.7 mmHg) and increased in their sedentary peers (2.8 ± 9.8/3.2 ± 7.4 mmHg, P = 0.08/0.003 versus active). Active participants were less likely to develop incident hypertension than sedentary ones. After controlling for several confounders including baseline heart rate, the hazard ratio was 0.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31–0.94] for clinic hypertension and 0.60 (95% CI 0.37–0.99) for ambulatory hypertension. Inclusion of BP response to public speaking into the Cox model influenced the strength of the association only marginally [hazard ratio = 0.55 (95% CI 0.30–0.97) and hazard ratio = 0.59 (95% CI 0.36–0.99), respectively]. Conclusion Regular physical activity attenuates the BP reaction to psychosocial stressors. However, this mechanism seems to be only partially responsible for the long-term effect of exercise on BP.
Aerobic Endurance Training Improves Soccer Performance

Aerobic EnduranceTraining Improves Soccer Performance S occer is a sport that requires physical performance skills as well as tactical and technical expertise; however, many training programs designed to improve soccer performance focus only on technique and tactics. Helgerud, Engen, Wisloff, and Hoff (2001) cite findings that indicate a significant correlation between maximal oxygen consumption (V0 2max) and elite soccer team performance (specifically that teams with higher rankings also have higherV02max measures), but they note that no studies performed to date indicate whether this correlation is a cause-and-effect phenomenon. These researchers proposed to determine whether an aerobic-endurancetraining protocol could improve soccer performance, measured in terms of distance covered, work intensity, number of sprints, and number of involvements with the ball during a match.
Cuba No; Miami Sí: Cuban Americans Coping with Ambiguous Loss

This study explores the lifelong loss that Cuban émigrés experienced after leaving Cuba following the 1959 revolution. Many left thinking they would remain in exile for a brief period, but a return no longer seems possible. Nevertheless, their attachment to the lost homeland persists. The annual Cuba Nostalgia event at the Miami Expo Center attests to this enduring sense of attachment. Employing a phenomenological framework, we interviewed 10 older attendees who left Cuba between 1959 and 1979. Themes that emerged from the interviews are consistent with ambiguous loss theory and also reveal positive coping skills and resilience.
Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement Using fMRI and PET: A Cross-Validation Study

An important aspect of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the study of brain hemodynamics, and MR arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging has gained wide acceptance as a robust and noninvasive technique. However, the cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements obtained with ASL fMRI have not been fully validated, particularly during global CBF modulations. We present a comparison of cerebral blood flow changes (ΔCBF) measured using a flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) ASL perfusion method to those obtained using H2 15O PET, which is the current gold standard for in vivo imaging of CBF. To study regional and global CBF changes, a group of 10 healthy volunteers were imaged under identical experimental conditions during presentation of 5 levels of visual stimulation and one level of hypercapnia. The CBF changes were compared using 3 types of region-of-interest (ROI) masks. FAIR measurements of CBF changes were found to be slightly lower than those measured with PET (average ΔCBF of 21.5 ± 8.2% for FAIR versus 28.2 ± 12.8% for PET at maximum stimulation intensity). Nonetheless, there was a strong correlation between measurements of the two modalities. Finally, a t-test comparison of the slopes of the linear fits of PET versus ASL ΔCBF for all 3 ROI types indicated no significant difference from unity (P > .05).
The Use of Innovative Two-Component Cluster Analysis and Serodiagnostic Cut-Off Methods to Estimate Prevalence of Pertussis Reinfections

Bordetella pertussis circulates even in highly vaccinated countries affecting all age groups. Insight into the scale of concealed reinfections is important as they may contribute to transmission. We therefore investigated whether current single-point serodiagnostic methods are suitable to estimate the prevalence of pertussis reinfection. Two methods based on IgG-Ptx plasma levels alone were used to evaluate the proportion of renewed seroconversions in the past year in a cohort of retrospective pertussis cases ≥ 24 months after a proven earlier symptomatic infection. A Dutch population database was used as a baseline. Applying a classical 62.5 IU/ml IgG-Ptx cut-off, we calculated a seroprevalence of 15% in retrospective cases, higher than the 10% observed in the population baseline. However, this method could not discriminate between renewed seroconversion and waning of previously infection-enhanced IgG-Ptx levels. Two-component cluster analysis of the IgG-Ptx datasets of both pertussis cases and the general population revealed a continuum of intermediate IgG-Ptx levels, preventing the establishment of a positive population and the comparison of prevalence by this alternative method. Next, we investigated the complementary serodiagnostic value of IgA-Ptx levels. When modelling datasets including both convalescent and retrospective cases we obtained new cut-offs for both IgG-Ptx and IgA-Ptx that were optimized to evaluate renewed seroconversions in the ex-cases target population. Combining these cut-offs two-dimensionally, we calculated 8.0% reinfections in retrospective cases, being below the baseline seroprevalence. Our study for the first time revealed the shortcomings of using only IgG-Ptx data in conventional serodiagnostic methods to determine pertussis reinfections. Improved results can be obtained with two-dimensional serodiagnostic profiling. The proportion of reinfections thus established suggests a relatively increased period of protection to renewed infection after clinical pertussis.
Isolation and oxidative properties of intact mitochondria isolated from spinach leaves.

A procedure was described for preparing intact mitochondria from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. These mitochondria oxidized succinate, malate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and NADH with good respiratory control and ADP/O ratios comparable to those observed with mitochondria from other plant tissues. Glycine was oxidized by the preparations. This oxidation linked to the mitochondrial electron transport chain, was coupled to three phosphorylation sites and was sensitive to electron transport and phosphorylation inhibitors.Cyanide completely inhibited the oxidation of NADH. The oxidation of succinate, malate, and glycine was only partially inhibited.
Shaping university teaching towards measurement for accountability: problems of the Graduate Skills Assessment test

The testing of graduate attributes is the new panacea in the search for more efficient forms of university teaching. Yet the new test designed to measure such attributes makes a range of questionable assumptions about who students are, what they’ve learned, and the cultural equipment they bring with them. Kate Chanock, Rosemary Clenehan, Tom Moore and Anne Prince sharpen their pencils and take the test. A U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S R E V I E W
Moluccans in the Netherlands: from exile to migrant

The Moluccan community in the Netherlands today derives from former colonial soldiers and their families. In the 1950s, this community supported the struggle to establish the South Moluccan Republic in newly independent Indonesia. When that was suppressed in the 1960s, the nature of their nationalism changed, and then changed again in the 1970s as their position moved from 'exile' to 'migrant'. Radicalisation at this time produced a series of hostage-taking incidents. More recently, a distinct Moluccan identity has emerged in the Netherlands, building on some cultural connections with the homeland, but without political aims. This is expressed in various musical forms. The clear identification with the Netherlands is demonstrated in the attitude of Moluccan soldiers serving in the Dutch army.
Clinical Implications of Research on Language Development and Disorders in Bilingual Children

Assessing and treating bilingual children with speech and language disorders is difficult given the relative paucity of data on the speech and language skills of typically developing bilingual children and those with speech and language disorders. The purpose of this article is to review the research that is available with regard to clinical implications for bilingual children with suspected speech and language disorders. Existing studies indicate that speech and language development in bilingual children is similar, although not identical, to that of their monolingual peers. Studies of bilingual children with speech and language disorders, though even more limited in number and scope, also point to similarities. On the other hand, research provides evidence that language skills are not distributed equally in the bilingual child's 2 languages and that sociolinguistic factors influence the bilingual child's language skills in predictable ways. Such patterns lead to recommendations for clinicians to move beyond questions of language dominance in assessment and intervention to focus on both languages to determine the contribution of each language to the child's overall language skills and the contexts in which they should be encouraged. Specifically, 3 themes emerge from the research literature on bilingual language development and disorders that have specific clinical implications and will be discussed in this article: (1) complete a comprehensive assessment examining skills in both languages; (2) consider sociolinguistic variables by examining the interaction between those variables and bilingual children's language skills; and (3) provide intervention in both languages, thus supporting development of the child's 2 languages.
Meta-analysis of crowdsourced data compendia suggests pan-disease transcriptional signatures of autoimmunity

Background: The proliferation of publicly accessible large-scale biological data together with increasing availability of bioinformatics tools have the potential to transform biomedical research. Here we report a crowdsourcing Jamboree that explored whether a team of volunteer biologists without formal bioinformatics training could use OMiCC, a crowdsourcing web platform that facilitates the reuse and (meta-) analysis of public gene expression data, to compile and annotate gene expression data, and design comparisons between disease and control sample groups. Methods: The Jamboree focused on several common human autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), type I diabetes (DM1), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the corresponding mouse models. Meta-analyses were performed in OMiCC using comparisons constructed by the participants to identify 1) gene expression signatures for each disease (disease versus healthy controls at the gene expression and biological pathway levels), 2) conserved signatures across all diseases within each species (pan-disease signatures), and 3) conserved signatures between species for each disease and across all diseases (cross-species signatures). Results: A large number of differentially expressed genes were identified for each disease based on meta-analysis, with observed overlap among diseases both within and across species. Gene set/pathway enrichment of upregulated genes suggested conserved signatures (e.g., interferon) across all human and mouse conditions. Conclusions: Our Jamboree exercise provides evidence that when enabled by appropriate tools, a "crowd" of biologists can work together to accelerate the pace by which the increasingly large amounts of public data can be reused and meta-analyzed for generating and testing hypotheses. Our encouraging experience suggests that a similar crowdsourcing approach can be used to explore other biological questions.
When Duty Calls

In reaction to the pioneering model of social justice education in counseling psychology described by Goodman, Liang, Helms, Latta, Sparks, and Weintraub, several implications of social justice work for policy, education, and practice in the mental health professions are suggested. Specifically, it is recommended that mental health scientists and practitioners (a) lobby for policies that compensate practitioners for social justice work and primary prevention, (b) serve communities by participating in interdisciplinary social justice programs, (c) advocate for promotion and tenure policies that recognize and reward high-quality scholarship whose purpose it to serve communities, (d) identify the trade-offs that occur when social justice work becomes an emphasis in a curriculum, (e) be models of vulnerability to students and colleagues, (f) advocate for clients who are too overwhelmed to advocate for themselves, (g) embrace traditional and nontraditional approaches to helping, and (h) balance confrontation with engagement when challenging unjust systems and practices.
Factors influencing the abundance of Japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in India – I. Abiotic

Abstract. Mosquitoes of the Culex vishnui subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae) are the most important vectors of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and ricefields are their most productive breeding sites in south India, where predominant species of this subgroup are Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Cx. pseudovishnui Colless and Cx. vishnui Theobald sensu stricto. The relationship of 13 abiotic variables with the abundance of Cx. vishnui subgroup immatures was investigated in transplanted rice fields for 3 years (1991–94) covering three different crop seasons. The results from the multiple regression model suggested paddy height (– ve), water temperature (+ ve), dissolved oxygen (– ve), ammonia nitrogen (– ve) and nitrate nitrogen (+ ve) to be the best predictor variables associated with the immature abundance, nearly always consistent in their effects within and between seasons. Application of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers to the rice fields was followed by a rise in concentration of ammonia nitrogen and a subsequent increase in nitrate nitrogen level in the rice field water, during which an increase in the density of larval instars was observed.
Impact of the Number of Response Categories and Anchor Labels on Coefficient Alpha and Test-Retest Reliability

A total of 1,247 college students participated in this study on the effect of scale format on the reliability of Likert-type rating scales. The number of response categories ranged from 3 to 9. Anchor labels on the scales were provided for each response option or for the end points only. The results indicated that the scales with fewresponse categories tended to result in lower reliability, especially lower test-retest reliability. The scales with all the response options clearly labeled were likely to yield higher test-retest reliability than those with only the end points labeled. Scale design that leads to consistent participant responses as indicated by test-retest reliability should be preferred.