Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Craniotomy for central nervous system metastases in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Although central nervous system (CNS) metastases from epithelial ovarian carcinoma are rare, recent studies indicate that the incidence may be increasing. Numerous series have reported various modalities for treatment with median survivals of 3 to 5 months, but the role of craniotomy has not been specifically addressed. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who underwent craniotomy between 1989 and 2001 for pathologically confirmed recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer metastatic to the CNS. RESULTS We identified 14 patients who had a mean age at diagnosis of 59.3 years (range, 45 to 70). Distribution by stage and grade was as follows: Stage I, 0; II, 1; III, 12; and IV, 1; and grade 1,0; 2,4; and 3,10. Histologic distribution was as follows: papillary serous, 9; endometrioid, 2; mixed papillary serous and endometrioid, 1; carcinosarcoma, 1; and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, 1. Six patients had optimal primary cytoreduction, while 7 had suboptimal primary cytoreduction. All patients received initial platinum-based chemotherapy. Ten of 14 patients underwent second-look evaluation, and in 8 patients the findings were negative. The median time from initial diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma to CNS relapse was 3.5 years (range, 1.3 to 8.2). In 7 patients (50%), the CNS recurrence was the first site of relapse. Eight patients (57%) had extracranial disease at the time of craniotomy. Distribution of CNS lesions were as follows: supratentorial, 12; and cerebellar, 2. The mean operative time for craniotomy was 178 min (range, 70 to 305). The average blood loss was 125 mL (range, 20 to 250). The only major operative complications were deep vein thromboses that developed in two patients. No patient developed a neurologic deficit as a result of craniotomy. One patient died of progressive disease 37 days after surgery. Postoperative treatment included whole-brain radiation in 11 patients, chemotherapy in 4, and hormonal therapy in 4. Four patients (29%) had a CNS relapse after craniotomy. The median survival of patients after craniotomy was 18 months, and the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 66% (95% confidence interval (CI): 43-100) and 39% (95% CI: 17-90), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite optimal cytoreduction, platinum-based chemotherapy, and negative second-look surgical assessment, patients with ovarian cancer can fail distantly with CNS metastases. Craniotomy with adjuvant radiation therapy can provide control of brain metastases in the majority of these patients and may result in improved survival over radiation therapy alone in selected patients.
Shifting up and out: The foreign policy of European immigration control

Traditionally a core aspect of state sovereignty, immigration control has first moved upwards to the intergovernmental sphere. It has then been brought closer to supranational governance, and is now gradually moving outwards towards the realm of EU foreign relations. This article interprets this move as the continuation of established patterns of transgovernmental cooperation in an altered geopolitical and institutional context. It explains internationalisation as a strategy of immigration ministers to increase their autonomy towards political, normative and institutional constraints on policy-making. Whereas these constraints were originally located at the national level, they are now increasingly perceived in communitarising immigration politics. The shift ‘outwards’ may thus be interpreted as a strategy to maximise the gains from Europeanisation while minimising the constraints resulting from deepening supranationalism. Yet this might in the long run also yield a widening of the external migration agenda, distracting it from the original focus on migration control.
Dendritic development of dentate granule cells in the absence of their specific extrinsic afferents

Dendrites and spines are postsynaptic structures that develop in association with presynaptic fibers. Recent studies have shown that granule cells of the fascia dentata survive in slice cultures and differentiate in a manner known from in situ studies. However, all extrinsic afferent fibers are absent under culture conditions. In the present study, we study whether dendrites and spines of granule cells in slice cultures differentiate normally, although they are not contacted by their normal layer‐specific afferents.
Economic Determinants of Fund Financial Arrangements

This paper analyses empirically the economic factors that lead to approval of Fund financial arrangements. We account for both the economic variables that induce a country to seek an arrangement with the Fund ("demand-side" factors) and the macroeconomic policy commitments that the Fund considers when deciding whether to approve it ("supply-side" factors). Using a pooled sample of annual observations for 91 developing countries over 1973-1991, we obtain maximum likelihood estimates of bivariate and univariate probit equations to determine the probability of approval of a financial arrangement for a given country in a given year. A number of our chosen demand-side and supply-side variables are statistically significant determinants of the approval of a Fund arrangement, and the overall explanatory power of the equations is high.
Improvement of Cognitive Function in Schizophrenic Patients Receiving Clozapine or Zotepine: Results from a Double-Blind Study

Clinical interest in the so-called atypical antipsychotics currently focuses on the possibility of improving the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the cognitive dysfunction associated with the disease. While clozapine has been shown to be effective in this respect, no data are available on zotepine. We report on a double-blind randomized study designed to evaluate the impact of zotepine and clozapine on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Cognitive function was operationalized by a maze test in which patients traversed computer-displayed mazes of increasing complexity. Passage time, route, and motor errors were evaluated. 25 schizophrenic (DSM-IIIR) patients were included in each group. After washout, they were randomized on zotepine or clozapine and given up to 450 mg of substance each. Patients were followed for six weeks and evaluated weekly. We report on a subsample of 26 patients matched for baseline BPRS, SANS, and age. 13 matched healthy persons were recruited as controls. ANOVA with group and course over time as factors was used for analysis. Both clozapine and zotepine achieved a highly significant decrease in overall symptoms (BPRS) and negative symptoms (SANS). Zotepine and clozapine were equally effective. In the maze tests, motor errors in simple mazes were stable over time and differentiated schizophrenics from controls as a "trait" marker. In passage time and maze route, schizophrenics performed worse than controls. An improvement by medication was evident in both medication groups, but was more pronounced in the zotepine-treated group. The study confirms previous results on the efficacy of clozapine and zotepine in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The data presented show for the first time that zotepine is efficacious in improving cognitive dysfunction, confirming this substance's value as an atypical antipsychotic.
Risk of intestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from olmsted county, Minnesota.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The risk for colorectal cancer in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients from the United States currently is unknown. We estimated the risk for small-bowel and colorectal cancer in a population-based cohort of 692 inflammatory bowel disease patients from Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1940 to 2001. METHODS The Rochester Epidemiology Project was used to identify cohort patients with colorectal and small-bowel cancer. The cumulative probability of cancer and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were estimated using expected rates from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, white patients from Iowa, from 1973 to 2000, and Olmsted County, from 1980 to 1999. RESULTS Colorectal cancer was observed in 6 ulcerative colitis patients vs 5.38 expected (SIR, 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-2.4), but 4 of these occurred among those with extensive colitis or pancolitis (SIR, 2.4; 95% CI, 0.6-6.0). Six Crohn's disease patients (vs 3.2 expected) developed colorectal cancer (SIR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.7-4.1). Three Crohn's disease patients developed small-bowel cancer vs 0.07 expected (SIR, 40.6; 95% CI, 8.4-118). CONCLUSIONS The risk for colorectal cancer was not increased among ulcerative colitis patients overall, but appeared to be increased among those with extensive colitis. The colorectal cancer risk was increased slightly among Crohn's disease patients, who also had a 40-fold excess risk for small-bowel cancer.
Teaching hazards by geographers: A decade of change

This paper reviews the status of college-level hazards courses and updates the findings of a survey conducted a decade earlier. The surveys sought information regarding hazards courses taught by geographers throughout the United States and Canada. Instructors were asked whether they emphasize physical or social aspects of hazards, what specific physical hazards and human response topics are considered, and what hazards models or paradigms are discussed, among other topics. Information was gathered about the instructors' education and their involvement in hazards research. The majority of instructors altered their courses in response to Hurricane Katrina, yet an emphasis upon physical aspects of hazards continued in many courses. Only slight changes were noted in coverage of many physical and social aspects of hazards. Discussion of models of human response to hazards decreased over the decade. Textbooks are increasingly authored by geologists. Geographers who are actively engaged in hazards research, as shown by graduate theses and dissertations, publication of journal articles reporting hazards research, presentation of hazards papers at professional meetings, membership of AAG Hazards specialty groups and subscriptions to Natural Hazards Observer, significantly differ from other instructors in their approaches to teaching hazards geography coursework. They typically spend more class time discussing social aspects of hazards and human response models in their classrooms.
Building External Manufacturing Capability in Emerging Markets: Honda's Knowledge Transfer and the Role of Local Suppliers' Responsiveness

ABSTRACT This study explores Honda's knowledge transfer to local suppliers in Vietnam. It argues that local suppliers' responsiveness can be a supplementary condition to absorptive capacity when considering buyer-supplier relation of knowledge transfer. In Vietnam where local suppliers were less capable or limited, Honda has exploited the supplier responsiveness to develop external manufacturing capabilities which contributed to Honda Vietnam's performance. Responsiveness enabled Honda to use a hands-on approach as an effective mechanism to transfer key principles and tacit technical knowledge to local suppliers in the initial stages of establishing a relationship. As a result, Honda is both beneficial from suppliers' specific absorptive capacity and continuous responsiveness.
Does the Lucas critique apply during hyperinflation?: empirical evidence from four hyperinflationary episodes

Farmer (Review of Economic Studies, 58, 321–32, 1991) suggests that in a model in which there are multiple rational expectations equilibria agents may find it useful to coordinate their expectations in a unique rational expectations equilibrium which is supported by a self-fulfilling forecast rule having the property of being immune to the Lucas Critique. In this paper, Farmer's hypothesis is tested using data from hyperinflationary episodes. It is believed that those episodes are suitable for testing this hypothesis because an agent who lives in a hyperinflationary environment usually faces frequent changes in policy regime. The agent may thus choose a selffulfilling forecast rule which is immune to the Lucas Critique as a way of hedging against unanticipated policy regime switches. The empirical results show mixed evidence on Farmer's hypothesis during the hyperinflationary episodes studied.
European Works Councils, World Works Councils and the liaison role of the trade unions: a test of international union policy

In September 1994 the EWC Directive was duly approved by the EU Council of Ministers1. This provided for further voluntary agreements to be signed up until 1996 (so-called Article 13 Agreements), in order to allow EWCs to be customised to the structures of the companies concerned. The number of EWCs within the metalworking industry has now grown to over 100: in other words some 35-40% of companies fulfilling the criteria of the EU Directive have now set up an EWC.
State Political Identity and Meta-Governance: Comparative Analysis of Governance Modes in Vegetable Retail in Urban China

Abstract A government’s political identity is a key factor in meta-governance; it powerfully shapes a government’s policy aims and implementation preferences at the most abstract level and forms a stable governance mode. Dissonance between a pre-existing governance mode and the government’s evolved political identity will lead to governance failures and pose political challenges to the government. In the case of vegetable retail in Shanghai, the neoliberal developmental state transformed the hierarchical governance into market governance; but as it evolves into a corporatist welfare state, market imperfections come to be perceived as governance failures, and the government responds by reintroducing hierarchical measures.
Routine Activities and Victimization at School: The Significance of Gender

Routine activities theory has not fully considered the role of gender in shaping victimization and yet, the research literature clearly demonstrates that gender is associated with an individual’s risk of victimization. In addition to the pervasive effect of gender on victimization, gender shapes an individual’s daily routines and thus may create a gender-specific relationship with victimization. This article explores the importance of gender in understanding the relationship between student’s participation in extracurricular routine activities (e.g., student government, clubs, sports, and etc.) and the risk of victimization. From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a sample of 10th-grade students was drawn for analyses. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling was employed to explore the role of gender in the relationship between extracurricular routine activities and victimization at school. The results reveal that students’ gender indeed interacts with several of the extracurricular routine activities creating gender-specific risks of victimization. This article highlights the importance of gender in explaining victimization and suggests researchers should consider how gender may interact with other routine activities and victimization.
Market States and Initial Returns: Evidence from Taiwanese IPOs

This paper investigates the different affecting patterns of the determinants of initial returns under different market states for Taiwanese IPOs. Contrary to the prior literature, this paper estimates the sample separated from different market states, including bullish, bearish, and range-bound markets, and finds that the affecting patterns of the determinants of initial returns indeed exhibit some significant differences under different market states. For instance, the stronger the auditor reputation effect, the lower are the initial returns under a range-bound market, and the market momentum effect is stronger under a bullish market. In addition, the risk perception effect is stronger under a bearish market. These findings show that the empirical result of dividing market states will provide more insights and a greater variety of information as investors make decisions.
Mutations of FBN1 and genotype–phenotype correlations in Marfan syndrome and related fibrillinopathies

The Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a pleiotropic, autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue with highly variable clinical manifestations including aortic dilatation and dissection, ectopia lentis, and a series of skeletal anomalies. Mutations in the gene for fibrillin‐1 (FBN1) cause MFS, and at least 337 mainly unique mutations have been published to date. FBN1 mutations have been found not only in MFS but also in a range of connective tissue disorders collectively termed fibrillinopathies ranging from mild phenotypes, such as isolated ectopia lentis, to severe disorders including neonatal MFS, which generally leads to death within the first two years of life. The present article intends to provide an overview of mutations found in MFS and related disorders and to discuss potential genotype–phenotype correlations in MFS. Hum Mutat 20:153–161, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions

Abstract: An essential foundation of any science is a standard lexicon. Any given conservation project can be described in terms of the biodiversity targets, direct threats, contributing factors at the project site, and the conservation actions that the project team is employing to change the situation. These common elements can be linked in a causal chain, which represents a theory of change about how the conservation actions are intended to bring about desired project outcomes. If project teams want to describe and share their work and learn from one another, they need a standard and precise lexicon to specifically describe each node along this chain. To date, there have been several independent efforts to develop standard classifications for the direct threats that affect biodiversity and the conservation actions required to counteract these threats. Recognizing that it is far more effective to have only one accepted global scheme, we merged these separate efforts into unified classifications of threats and actions, which we present here. Each classification is a hierarchical listing of terms and associated definitions. The classifications are comprehensive and exclusive at the upper levels of the hierarchy, expandable at the lower levels, and simple, consistent, and scalable at all levels. We tested these classifications by applying them post hoc to 1191 threatened bird species and 737 conservation projects. Almost all threats and actions could be assigned to the new classification systems, save for some cases lacking detailed information. Furthermore, the new classification systems provided an improved way of analyzing and comparing information across projects when compared with earlier systems. We believe that widespread adoption of these classifications will help practitioners more systematically identify threats and appropriate actions, managers to more efficiently set priorities and allocate resources, and most important, facilitate cross‐project learning and the development of a systematic science of conservation.
To Volunteer or Not: Canada, 1987

This paper examines how the benefits and costs of doing volunteer work, as they are represented by individual characteristics such as age, education, or occupation, explain the choice to carry out or not to carry out volunteer work. The predictions of the analytical framework are supported by empirical results obtained by using data from a 1987 national survey of volunteer work. The results indicate that individuals whose family or career is likely to benefit are more likely to do volunteer work. This paper examines how the benefits and costs of doing volunteer work, as they are represented by individual characteristics such as age, education, or occupation, explain the choice to carry out or not to carry out volunteer work. The predictions of the analytical framework are supported by empirical results obtained by using data from a 1987 national survey of volunteer work. The results indicate that individuals whose family or career is likely to benefit are more likely to do volunteer work.
Sedation practice and comfort during colonoscopy: lessons learnt from a national screening programme

Aim Medication may be used to manage discomfort during colonoscopy but practice varies. The relationship between medication use and comfort during colonoscopy was examined in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Methods Data related to patient comfort and medication use from all 113 316 examinations performed within the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012 were analysed. Comfort was rated on the five-point Modified Gloucester Comfort Scale: 1, no discomfort; 5, severe discomfort. Scores of 4 and 5 were considered to indicate significant discomfort. Correlations between the proportion of examinations associated with significant discomfort and the amounts of medication used by colonoscopists were assessed using Spearman’s &rgr;. Logistic regression modelling examined the independent predictors of significant discomfort. Results Patients had a mean age of 65.7 years, and 58% were male. Examinations were performed by 290 endoscopists. In 91% of examinations, there was no significant discomfort reported during examination; however, there was considerable variation between individual colonoscopists (range 76.1–99.2%). Intravenous sedation and opiate analgesia were used during most examinations, but there was wide variation between colonoscopists, with a median (range) usage of 95.1% (4.1–100%) and 97.3% (5.6–100%), respectively. There was no association between the amount of sedation and analgesia used and significant discomfort (&rgr;<0.2). On multivariate analysis, significant discomfort was found to be more common among female individuals [odds ratio (OR)=2.0], on incomplete examinations (OR=6.7), and among patients with diverticulosis (OR=1.4). Conclusion There was wide variation in medication practice among English screening colonoscopists, but this was unrelated to the occurrence of significant discomfort.
Rate-Induced Resyllabification Revisited

This paper presents the results of a rate scaling speech production experiment which seeks to replicate and examine in greater detail the results of a set of experiments reported in Stetson(1951). Stetson observed, based on a set of pioneering articulatory experiments, that coda consonants resyllabify as onset consonants in syllables repeated at fast speechrates. In the current experiment, speakers produced repetitions of simple CV and VC syllables in time to a metronome pacer which systematically changed in period. Data indicate that, while durational patterns for CV and VC syllables are very different at slow rates, the patterns tend to converge at fast rates. However, closer examination of fast rate tokens, reveals that differences between CV and VC tokens persist at fast rates, even though such tokens are generally heard as CV tokens. These results are discussed with respect to the nature of CV and VC organization and the effect of the rate-changing task.