Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How warnings about false claims become recommendations

Telling people that a consumer claim is false can make them misremember it as true. In two experiments, older adults were especially susceptible to this "illusion of truth" effect. Repeatedly identifying a claim as false helped older adults remember it as false in the short term but paradoxically made them more likely to remember it as true after a 3 day delay. This unintended effect of repetition comes from increased familiarity with the claim itself but decreased recollection of the claim's original context. Findings provide insight into susceptibility over time to memory distortions and exploitation via repetition of claims in media and advertising. (c) 2005 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc.
The Use of Gendered Narratives in the Courtroom

In this article, we investigate interactional processes—the gendered construction and negotiation of creditable identities—that lend themselves to differential sentencing outcomes. Based on observations in two courts in North Carolina, we argue that defense attorneys attempt to construct identities of defendants as worthy of leniency. They do so by developing gendered narratives that cast men as good workers, good providers, and as victims of the actions of others and women as good mothers/caretakers and dependent. These identity talk strategies enable defense attorneys, often with the help of their clients, to negotiate the identity of criminal defendants and mitigate the consequences of being labeled. This creates tangible incentives (i.e., nonactive or lesser sentences) for defendants to cooperate in these gendered performances, but has the unintended consequence of reproducing the hegemonic gender order.
Should I Give the Exam Before or After the Break?

This study was designed to help faculty make decisions about when to administer an exam in relation to an in-semester break. Students in multiple sections of an undergraduate educational psychology class were assigned to take an exam either before or after a scheduled 5-day break (Thursday–Monday). A multiple regression analysis revealed the break condition (exam taken before, exam taken after) offered no significant or unique contribution to the prediction of scores on the exam over and above the scores students obtained on other exams of the course. It is concluded that in-semester breaks do not impact exam performance and that faculty may choose to hold exams either before or after such breaks without concern for affecting student grades.
Risk and needs assessment for juvenile delinquents

In Nederland is de kans op herhaling van een strafbaar feit onder jongeren hoog: ongeveer 70% recidiveert binnen tien jaar. Om recidive te kunnen verminderen is het vaststellen van de kans op herhaling en het identificeren van de (criminogene) factoren die de kans op recidive vergroten van essentieel belang. Toch waren er tot voor kort geen valide en betrouwbare instrumenten beschikbaar binnen de Nederlandse jeugdstrafrechtketen waarmee dit kon worden uitgevoerd. Hierdoor was het niet goed mogelijk om delinquente jongeren een passende straf te geven waarmee ook recidive voorkomen kan worden. Het onderzoek van Claudia van der Put levert zowel een gevalideerd risicotaxatie-instrument op als meer inzicht in risico- en beschermende factoren voor recidive waar de behandeling van jeugdige delinquenten zich op zou moeten richten. Van der Put laat ook verschillen zien in de aanwezigheid van bepaalde risicofactoren en de invloed hiervan op recidive wanneer onderscheid wordt gemaakt naar culturele achtergrond, sekse en leeftijd van de jongeren. Hierdoor weten we beter waarom een bepaalde aanpak van jeugddelinquentie juist wel of juist niet werkt bij bepaalde groepen jongeren. Daarnaast vormen Van der Puts resultaten de bouwstenen voor het nieuw ontwikkelde Landelijk Instrumentarium Jeugdstrafrecht (LIJ), een pakket aan instrumenten dat het mogelijk maakt om adequaat risico’s in te schatten en middels een gerichte aanpak recidive te verminderen voor de diverse onderdelen van de jeugdstrafrechtketen (politie, Raad voor de Kinderbescherming, Jeugdreclassering en Justitiele Jeugdinstellingen).
Expertise and the control of interception in table tennis

Abstract The variability in elite table tennis players' bat movement direction was shown qualitatively by Bootsma et al. (1990) to “funnel” or become reduced towards bat–ball contact. Scott et al. (1997) showed that novice long jumpers' foot-placement variability followed a similar pattern of reducing variability that was also found previously for experts, suggesting a common mode of control across various interceptive actions and standards of expertise. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to compare the variability patterns of expert and novice table tennis players to assess the presence of a common mode of control; and (2) to examine the variability patterns of a comprehensive array of bat kinematic measures. Participants returned balls for speed and accuracy. Variability patterns were similar between groups, although magnitudes were smaller for experts' bat direction. Bat direction and orientation showed reducing variability in the approach to contact, whereas bat position, speed, and acceleration did not. The variability in “funnelling” in many kinematic measures suggests an essential role for on-line control in the table tennis forehand drive. The strong similarity in variability patterns between groups is interpreted as evidence of a common mode of control across standards of expertise that is applicable to interception tasks in general.
Emotion Helping by Managers: An Emergent Understanding of Discrepant Role Expectations and Outcomes

Why do managers help employees with their negative emotions, and how do employees respond? We analyzed interview and network data from the head office of a recruiting agency. We found that managers active in the provision of emotion help thought of such help as over and above their managerial duties, whereas employees defined emotional support as managerial in-role behavior. Both parties accepted the necessity of controlling negative emotions for the good of the organization. But those being helped tended to perceive their helpers as doubly powerful figures, invested with both formal authority and parental authority, whereas the helpers saw themselves as reacting to situational contingencies to do favors for subordinates in need. Our results point to an emergent understanding of discrepant interpretations. Employees treat caring as part of the managers' role that requires no reciprocation, whereas managers see such help-giving as discretionary extra-role behavior that requires reciprocated commitment. Discrepant expectations concerning emotion helping leads to positive outcomes (e.g., managers being attributed leadership qualities by subordinates) but also negative outcomes (e.g., managers feeling disappointed at the lack of reciprocity). We contribute an emergent model of discrepant interpretations concerning emotion helping with implications for research on leadership, emotion management, and critical theory.
Should I Use Fixed or Random Effects?

Empirical analyses in social science frequently confront quantitative data that are clustered or grouped. To account for group-level variation and improve model fit, researchers will commonly specify either a fixed- or random-effects model. But current advice on which approach should be preferred, and under what conditions, remains vague and sometimes contradictory. This study performs a series of Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the total error due to bias and variance in the inferences of each model, for typical sizes and types of datasets encountered in applied research. The results offer a typology of dataset characteristics to help researchers choose a preferred model.
Family conflict from the perspective of adult child caregivers

This study examines how care recipient impairment and family conflict affect adult children caregivers’ stress. A particular focus is on how the gender of the adult child moderates the relationships among care recipient impairment, family conflict, and caregiver stress. Based on a nationally representative sample of 861 adult child caregivers, structural equation modeling indicates that family conflict mediates the relationship between care recipient impairment and caregiver stress. In addition, gender plays a key moderator role; that is, the relationship between care recipient impairment and family conflict is stronger for caregiving sons than for caregiving daughters. Overall, however, adult sons and daughters experience the stress process similarly.
Thinking, feeling, acting: the case of a semi-professional soccer coach.

This paper aimed to shed light on the emotional nature of practice in coaching. In particular, this article was designed to explore the relationship between emotion, cognition, and behavior in the coaching context, through a narrative exploration of Zach’s (a pseudonym) experiences as the head coach of a semiprofessional soccer team. Data for this study were collected through a series of in-depth semistructured interviews that were transcribed verbatim and subject to inductive analysis. Two embracing categories were identified in the interview data. The first demonstrated how Zach frequently concealed his true emotions and enacted others in an attempt to achieve his desired ends. The second highlighted how Zach’s past experiences as a player had influenced how he wished to portray himself to his squad, and, importantly, helped him to sympathize with the thoughts and feelings of his players. Here, Lazarus and Folkman’s (1986) cognitive appraisal theory, Denzin’s (1984) writings on understanding emotions, and Hochschild’s (1983) work on emotional labor were used to offer one suggested, but not conclusive, reading of the emotional aspects of Zach’s practice.
OLIGOMERIC IGA: THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE IN VITRO PRIMARY RESPONSE OF MOUSE SPLEEN FRAGMENTS

The primary antibody response elicited from mouse spleen explants by conjugates of the 3-nitro-5-iodo-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (NIP) hapten consisted mostly of the IgA class. Poly-L-lysine, pneumococcal polysaccharide Type SIII, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and sheep erythrocytes were effective carriers in this system, whereas chicken globulin was not. The anti-NIP response against all of the immunogenic conjugates was detectable in culture media 4 days after explantation and immunization, and reached peak titers by 8–10 days. IgA was identified by sucrose gradient velocity centrifugation in conjunction with the use of a class-specific antiserum. The media collected at 4 days contained low titers of IgM antibody, whereas the peak response at 8 days consisted almost entirely of IgA. The primary response IgA secreted by the spleen fragments was characterized as polymeric by its sedimentation rate through a sucrose gradient, and as polyvalent by its drastically greater avidity for NIP14BSA than for free NIP-aminocaproic acid. Its haptenated phage-inactivating activity was abolished by treatment with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. These experiments indicate that precursor cells existing in the spleen before primary immunization can give rise to production of polymeric IgA.
On Religion

We welcome Anderson’s (2010) encouraging comments and are grateful for his attention to the definition and evolution of religion. We have much agreement with him. Please note that the primary target of our original paper was cooperation within human groups, with religious groups as an example of a group, rather than religion per se. Here, however, we follow Anderson’s lead and focus on religion itself. Our paper did provide James’s (1961 [1902]) working definition of religion from the Gifford Lectures around relationship with the divine (Weingarten and Chisholm 2009: 762). This is often a useful working definition, especially in psychology of religion, and apropos to many aspects of our paper such as attachment relationships with a deity. However, for lack of space we did not describe James’s, or others’, discussions of the complex nature of religion and its definitions. Thus, Anderson’s discussion of definitions of religion, including his own, is very useful. An excellent collection of definitions is also in Kunin (2006). We also agree with Anderson’s comment to reject simple evolutionary explanations such as “the God gene” but, instead, “to explain how each component [of religion] evolved and then how they have come to be assembled in the various ways ethnographers have documented” (Anderson 2010:421). The multifaceted nature of religious phenomena calls for multifaceted evolutionary understandings, such as from authors cited in our paper, from Alcorta to Winkelman and others like Bloch (2008) and Mithen (1996). Further, genes are not always necessary for evolution (e.g., cultural evolution), nor are they sufficient, for selection operates on phenotypes, not genotypes, and development of phenotypes must be addressed. Thus, we have always viewed that the attachment system would be but one of many mechanisms underlying tremendous varieties of religious phenomena across space and time. To further address the definition and evolution of religion, we begin with Anderson’s second point: “‘religion’ is a Western concept, and most societies worldwide (especially the
Position Affects Performance in Multiple-Object Tracking in Rugby Union Players

We report an experiment that examines the performance of rugby union players and a control group composed of graduate student with no sport experience, in a multiple-object tracking task. It compares the ability of 86 high level rugby union players grouped as Backs and Forwards and the control group, to track a subset of randomly moving targets amongst the same number of distractors. Several difficulties were included in the experimental design in order to evaluate possible interactions between the relevant variables. Results show that the performance of the Backs is better than that of the other groups, but the occurrence of interactions precludes an isolated groups analysis. We interpret the results within the framework of visual attention and discuss both, the implications of our results and the practical consequences.
Adolescent HIV prevention and intervention: A prospect theory analysis

Abstract AIDS is a serious health threat for many adolescents because they constitute the fastest growing population for new infections. This threat requires that intensive prevention programmes be initiated and maintained. And yet current prevention efforts are narrowly focused and do not: always address the specific contextual needs for adolescents. In the field of adolescent AIDS research, three basic theoretical models have been applied within mainstream psychology: the health belief model (Becker, 1974; Janz & Becker, 1984); the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1970; 1980); and self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977). The goal of this paper is to examine the efficacy of applying prospect theory to adolescent AIDS prevention, in an attempt to incorporate some of these situational factors into intervention efforts. This paper will: (1) outline existing health models that have been applied to HIV prevention; (2) describe prospect theory as an alternative decision-making model explaining adolesc.
Optimal Size of a Feedforward Neural Network: How Much does it Matter?

In this paper, we attempt to answer the following question with systematic computer simulations: for the same validation error rate, does the size of a feedforward neural network matter? This is related to the so-called Occam's Razor, that is, with all things being equal, the simplest solution is likely to work the best. Our simulation results indicate that for the same validation error rate, smaller networks do not tend to work better than larger networks, that is, Occam's Razor does not seem to apply to feedforward neural networks. In fact, our results show no trend between network size and performance for a given validation error
Association of quetiapine with ischemic brain stem stroke: a case report and discussion

Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Since the health regulatory agency of Canada (2002), the FDA (2003), and the European Medicines Agency (2004) reported an increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events (CVAEs) from olanzapine and risperidone in clinical trials of elderly demented patients, there have been concerns about the risk of CVAEs associated with AAPs, and recent guidelines emphasize the importance of generating evidence for AAPs [Shin et al. 2013; Barnes, 2011]. In this article, an ischemic pontine stroke case probably related to quetiapine use is presented. Discussion of the case is of great importance because there are very limited data on the risk of CVAEs associated with the use of quetiapine,
How do media expand

We conducted an in-depth, micro-level process analysis of 36 experimental groups working on a decision-making task in either desktop videoconferencing, audio conferencing or face-to-face environments. Using the framework of Giddens’ structuration theory, we observed social structures producing behaviors and social structures reproducing behaviors that participants exhibited during the experimental task and then examined how these behaviors are related to their perceptions of media. Our study found that both ad hoc and established groups spent about 40% of their time performing structuring behaviors. We also found that members of established groups exhibited more social structures reproducing behaviors and less social structures producing behaviors than members of ad hoc groups. Members’ structuring behaviors directly influence their perceptions of media. Our results suggest that future research on teams communicating via electronic media should focus more on group behaviors than on environmental variables such as media condition or group history.
On Engaging with People in Early Childhood: The Case of Congenital Blindness

Congenitally blind children face profound difficulties in relating to people and things in the world around them. In this article we report observations of children in the Blind Nursery of the Anna Freud Centre (at that time named the Hampstead Child Therapy Centre) deemed to be congenitally blind, during the 1950s and 1960s. These observations highlight the far-reaching developmental implications of congenital blindness, and afford a fresh perspective on the nature and role of interpersonal engagement in the early development of sighted children.
Kids Working on Paulista Avenue

Six weeks of field research on 14 poor youth who sell services or products on the opulent Paulista Avenue in Sao Paulo, Brazil, explored their work, play, aspirations and childhood outcomes. Comparing the 12 younger children to the two older youth workers who supervised them and to the few Brazilian longitudinal accounts of street youth, the authors seek to understand the longer-term prospects for young street workers. Placing the findings within two dominant theoretical contexts – the study of children’s daily interactions, emphasizing their role as agents, and a structural sociology of childhood – the research joins those who combine these perspectives for an understanding of poor youths’ childhoods and childhood outcomes in urban Brazil.
A multi‐model study of the hemispheric transport and deposition of oxidised nitrogen

Fifteen chemistry‐transport models are used to quantify, for the first time, the export of oxidised nitrogen (NOy) to and from four regions (Europe, North America, South Asia, and East Asia), and to estimate the uncertainty in the results. Between 12 and 24% of the NOx emitted is exported from each region annually. The strongest impact of each source region on a foreign region is: Europe on East Asia, North America on Europe, South Asia on East Asia, and East Asia on North America. Europe exports the most NOy, and East Asia the least. East Asia receives the most NOy from the other regions. Between 8 and 15% of NOx emitted in each region is transported over distances larger than 1000 km, with 3–10% ultimately deposited over the foreign regions.
Sex Codes and Family Life among Poor Inner-city Youths

Sexual conduct among poor black inner-city adolescents is resulting in growing numbers of unwed parents. At the same time, many young fathers are strongly committed to their peer groups. They congregate, often boasting of their sexual exploits and deriding conventional family life. These two interconnected realities are born of the extremely difficult socioeconomic situation prevailing in ghetto communities. The lack of family-sustaining jobs or job prospects denies young men the possibility of forming economically self-reliant families, the traditional American mark of manhood. Partially in response, the young men's peer group emphasizes sexual prowess as a mark of manhood, at times including babies as its evidence. A sexual game emerges and becomes elaborated, with girls becoming lured by the boys' often vague but convincing promises of love and marriage. As the girls submit, they often end up pregnant and abandoned, but eligible for a limited but sometimes steady income in the form of welfare, which may allow them to establish their own households and, at times, attract other men, in need of money.
Prone to Bias: Development of a Bias Taxonomy from an Individual Differences Perspective

We adopt an individual-differences perspective and introduce a model that links types of biases and types of people. We propose that biases are created in the course of people's attempts to satisfy basic motivations, and that 3 such motivation categories underlie many of the biases discussed in the literature. Accordingly, our organizing framework integrates findings from previous research and classifies biases into verification biases, simplification biases, and regulation biases. Individual differences in core self-evaluations, in approach/avoidance temperament, and in cognitive ability and style help explain how biases come about and why some people are more likely than others to exhibit particular biases.
An Efficient Method for Computation of Legendre Moments

The two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal moments are useful tools for 2D and 3D object recognition and image analysis. However, the problem of computation of orthogonal moments has not been well solved because there exist few algorithms that can efficiently reduce the computational complexity. As is well known, the calculation of 2D and 3D orthogonal moments by a straightforward method requires a large number of additions and multiplications. In this paper, an efficient algorithm for computing 2D and 3D Legendre moments is presented. First, a new approach is developed for computing Legendre polynomials with one variable; the corresponding results are then used to calculate 1D Legendre moments. Second, we extend our method to calculating 2D Legendre moments, a more accurate approximation formula when an analog original image is digitized to its discrete form is also discussed, and the relationship between the usual approximation and the new approach is investigated. Finally, an efficient method for computing 3D Legendre moments is developed. As one can see, the proposed algorithm improves the computational efficiency significantly and can be implemented easily for high order of moments.