Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Collagen Fibres are Not Required for Initial Matrix Mineralization by Bone Cells

Passaged primary cultures of young adult rat bone marrow cells were maintained in medium containing combinations of the supplements dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and Na-{3-glycerophosphate. The cultures were examined by both light and scanning electron microscopy (with additional energy dispersive X-ray analysis). In cultures with fully supplemented medium, an extracellular matrix formed at the culture dish surface, beneath developing bone nodules; this matrix was mineralized but collagen-fibre free and corresponded to that which we have reported previously as the equivalent of the cement line in vivo. In selected samples this interfacial, cement line, matrix was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. No evidence of this matrix was seen in the absence of dexamethasone, although collagen production was evident if ascorbic acid was present. No ex tracellular matrix of any type was visualized in cultures devoid of all three supplements. In the dexamethasone-containing cultures, collagen production was not evident in the absence of ascorbic acid. Addition of {3-glycerophosphate augmented the amount of mineralized matrix. However, matrix was also seen in the absence of this supplement, demonstrating that Na-{3-glycerophosphate was not essential to derive this biologically produced interfacial matrix. The results illustrate that the cement line matrix is the result of matrix production by differentiating osteogenic cells.
Comparison of two closed-path cavity-based spectrometers for measuring air-water CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes by eddy covariance

Abstract. In recent years several commercialised closed-path cavity-based spectroscopic instruments designed for eddy covariance flux measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapour (H2O) have become available. Here we compare the performance of two leading models – the Picarro G2311-f and the Los Gatos Research (LGR) Fast Greenhouse Gas Analyzer (FGGA) at a coastal site. Both instruments can compute dry mixing ratios of CO2 and CH4 based on concurrently measured H2O, temperature, and pressure. Additionally, we used a high throughput Nafion dryer to physically remove H2O from the Picarro airstream. Observed air–sea CO2 and CH4 fluxes from these two analysers, averaging about 12 and 0.12 mmol m−2 day−1 respectively, agree within the measurement uncertainties. For the purpose of quantifying dry CO2 and CH4 fluxes downstream of a long inlet, the numerical H2O corrections appear to be reasonably effective and lead to results that are comparable to physical removal of H2O with a Nafion dryer in the mean. We estimate the high-frequency attenuation of fluxes in our closed-path set-up, which was relatively small ( ≤ 10 %) for CO2 and CH4 but very large for the more polar H2O. The Picarro showed significantly lower noise and flux detection limits than the LGR. The hourly flux detection limit for the Picarro was about 2 mmol m−2 day−1 for CO2 and 0.02 mmol m−2 day−1 for CH4. For the LGR these detection limits were about 8 and 0.05 mmol m−2 day−1. Using global maps of monthly mean air–sea CO2 flux as reference, we estimate that the Picarro and LGR can resolve hourly CO2 fluxes from roughly 40 and 4 % of the world's oceans respectively. Averaging over longer timescales would be required in regions with smaller fluxes. Hourly flux detection limits of CH4 from both instruments are generally higher than the expected emissions from the open ocean, though the signal to noise of this measurement may improve closer to the coast.
Discovery of an Extreme MeV Blazar with the Swift Burst Alert Telescope

The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on board Swift detected bright emission from 15-195 keV from the source SWIFT J0746.3+2548 (J0746 in the following), identified with the optically faint (R ~ 19), z = 2.979 quasar SDSS J074625.87+244901.2. Here we present Swift and multiwavelength observations of this source. The X-ray emission from J0746 is variable on timescales of hours to weeks in 0.5-8 keV and of a few months in 15-195 keV, but there is no accompanying spectral variability in the 0.5-8 keV band. There is a suggestion that the BAT spectrum, initially very hard (photon index Γ ~ 0.7), steepened to Γ ~ 1.3 in a few months, together with a decrease of the 15-195 keV flux by a factor ~2. The 0.5-8 keV continuum is well described by a power law with Γ ~ 1.3 and spectral flattening below 1 keV. The latter can be described with a column density in excess of the Galactic value with intrinsic column density N ~ 1022 cm-2, or with a flatter power law, implying a sharp (ΔΓ ≳ 1) break across 16 keV in the quasar's rest frame. The spectral energy distribution of J0746 is double-humped, with the first component peaking at IR wavelengths and the second component at MeV energies. These properties suggest that J0746 is a blazar with high gamma-ray luminosity and low peak energy (MeV), stretching the blazar sequence to an extreme.
Multiphoton microscopy of ex vivo corneas after collagen cross-linking.

PURPOSE To investigate changes in the morphology of the corneal stroma after collagen cross-linking (CXL) treatment in bovine and porcine eyes using a nonlinear microscope providing both two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) corneal images. METHODS Freshly enucleated eyes were imaged using a tomographic nonlinear imaging method that was highly suitable to track temporal changes in corneal structures. CXL (riboflavin instillation plus UV irradiation) was applied on the enucleated eyes using similar protocols as in the clinic. A set of eyes without treatment were measured to be used as control. RESULTS In control corneas, SHG images showed a regular distribution of lamellae across the stroma that appeared stable for at least 6 hours postmortem. CXL changed the collagen distribution pattern showing some abnormal structures. TPEF revealed a large reduction in corneal thickness in CXL corneas immediately after treatment. The changes in the distribution of collagen bundles appeared also in corneas treated with riboflavin only, but not followed by UV irradiation. SHG tomography also revealed a partial recovery of the corneal thickness with time. CONCLUSIONS Nonlinear microscopy (in both tomographic and regular XY imaging configurations) was used to study spatial and temporal changes in the cornea during and after CXL on intact ocular globes. SHG imaging showed changes in the morphology of anterior corneal stroma after CXL. Regular collagen patterns turned into random distributed structures with thicker bundles at some localized areas. This might be a consequence of the corneal thickness decrease as a result of riboflavin-dextran instillation.
Call stack coverage for test suite reduction

Test suite reduction is an important test maintenance activity that attempts to reduce the size of a test suite with respect to some criteria. Emerging trends in software development such as component reuse, multi-language implementations, and stringent performance requirements present new challenges for existing reduction techniques that may limit their applicability. A test suite reduction technique that is not affected by these challenges is presented; it is based on dynamically generated language-independent information that can be collected with little run-time overhead. Specifically, test cases from the suite being reduced are executed on the application under test and the call stacks produced during execution are recorded. These call stacks are then used as a coverage requirement in a test suite reduction algorithm. Results of experiments on test suites for the space antenna-steering application show significant reduction in test suite size at the cost of a moderate loss in fault detection effectiveness.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the guinea pig inner ear, comparison of OPFOS and light microscopy, applications of 3D reconstruction

Three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of anatomical structures can give additional insight into the morphology and function of these structures. We compare 3D reconstructions of the guinea pig inner ear, using light microscopy and orthogonal plane fluorescence optical sectioning microscopy. Applications of 3D reconstruction of the inner ear are further explored. For each method two bullas were prepared for 3D reconstruction. Both methods are explained. In general, the 3D reconstructions using orthogonal plane fluorescence optical sectioning microscopy are superior to light microscopy. The exact spiral shape of the cochlea could be reconstructed using orthogonal plane fluorescence optical sectioning microscopy and the length of the basilar membrane measured. When a resolution of 20 μm is sufficient, orthogonal plane fluorescence optical sectioning microscopy is a superior technique for 3D reconstruction of inner ear structures in animals.
A moral vision for America

Joseph Cardinal Bernardin of Chicago was for twenty years the most influential U.S. Catholic bishop; he was also a beloved public figure whose views commanded respect from Catholics and non-Catholics alike. This posthumous collection of a number of his major addresses on central moral issues in contemporary American life voices the causes that were closest to his heart: the sanctity and protection of all human life, the reshaping of American society and institutions for the benefit of the poorest, the preservation of peace in the pursuit of justice, and the growth of mutual understanding and harmony within the Church. Spanning the period from the early 1980s to just weeks before his death in late 1996, these essays demonstrate a remarkably sustained and thoughtful effort to articulate an overall framework for moral decisions - 'a consistent ethic of life' - and to affirm an active role for religious convictions in a pluralist democratic society. Cardinal Bernardin applies the Church's moral and social teachings to complex policy issues in a way that respects religious freedom and invites both reflection from Catholics and dialogue with people of other beliefs. Written in a clear and accessible style, this volume will be of value to everyone interested in Cardinal Bernardin's moral vision for political choices. It will also be important for a wide range of readers concerned with in Christian ethics and the role of religion in the public sphere. Joseph Cardinal Bernardin (1928-1996) served as the archbishop of Chicago from 1982 to 1996 and as archbishop of Cincinnati from 1972 to 1982. He was made a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1983 and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996 for his contribution to American civic life. He wrote "The Gift of Peace" (Loyola University Press, 1997).
Task Switching and Backward Inhibition in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The presumed involvement of the prefrontal cortex in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has fueled growing interest in cognitive paradigms with a putative sensitivity to this brain region. Measures of inhibition and executive functioning are thought to be promising in this regard. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has investigated task switching in OCD captures an important aspect of a paradigm that executive control, namely the preparation for an upcoming task. It was speculated that task switching costs would be enhanced in OCD patients, reflecting a fundamental deficit to quickly control the stream of thoughts. In addition, the paradigm allowed the measurement of backward inhibition, that is the time costs afforded for the re-engagement of a previously irrelevant task. A sample of 40 OCD patients, 20 psychiatric controls with anxiety disorders other than OCD as well as 20 healthy controls was investigated. Contrary to expectation, task switching costs were not elevated in OCD patients. Although anxiety control patients failed to display robust backward inhibition, group comparisons did not reach significance. Implications for future research are discussed.
Objectionable Team Nicknames: Determining The Likelihood Of Selling The Issue Of Banning Them In Virginia High Schools

xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background 1 Purpose 5 Research Questions 6 Significance 6 Team Nickname Type as an Issue 8 Theoretical Foundation 11 Methodology 14 Qualitative Approach 15 Quantitative Approach 16 Population 16 Data Collection 17 Data Analysis 19 Limitations 20 Definitions 22 Organization of the Study 26 Conclusion 27 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction 28 Issue Selling 28 Issue Selling Defined 28 Theoretical Background 30 Issue Selling Model 39 Variables and Supporting Hypotheses 40 Role of the High School Principal 48 Objectionable Team Nickname Issue 54 American Indian Nicknames 56 Southern Heritage Nicknames 66 Sexist Nicknames 71 Satanic Nicknames 80 Banning Objectionable Team Nicknames in Schools . 84 Conclusion 91
Influence of cloud-radiative forcing on tropical cyclone structure

Author(s): Bu, YP; Fovell, RG; Corbosiero, KL | Abstract: The authors demonstrate how and why cloud-radiative forcing (CRF), the interaction of hydrometeors with longwave and shortwave radiation, can influence tropical cyclone structure through "semi idealized"integrations of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model (HWRF) and an axisymmetric cloud model. Averaged through a diurnal cycle, CRF consists of pronounced cooling along the anvil top and weak warming through the cloudy air, which locally reverses the large net cooling that occurs in the troposphere under clear-sky conditions. CRF itself depends on the microphysics parameterization and represents one of the major reasons why simulations can be sensitive to microphysical assumptions. By itself, CRF enhances convective activity in the tropical cyclone's outer core, leading to a wider eye, a broader tangential wind field, and a stronger secondary circulation. This forcing also functions as a positive feedback, assisting in the development of a thicker and more radially extensive anvil than would otherwise have formed. These simulations clearly show that the weak (primarily longwave) warming within the cloud anvil is the major component of CRF, directly forcing stronger upper-tropospheric radial outflow as well as slow, yet sustained, ascent throughout the outer core. In particular, this ascent leads to enhanced convective heating, which in turn broadens the wind field, as demonstrated with dry simulations using realistic heat sources. As a consequence, improved tropical cyclone forecasting in operational models may depend on proper representation of cloud-radiative processes, as they can strongly modulate the size and strength of the outer wind field that can potentially influence cyclone track as well as the magnitude of the storm surge. © 2014 American Meteorological Society.
Clinical Psychology and People with Intellectual Disabilities

About the Editors ix List of Contributors xi Preface xiii Part 1: Setting the Scene 1 Chapter 1 Intellectual Disabilities Classification, Epidemiology and Causes 3 Chris Hatton Chapter 2 Service Provision 23 Rupa Gone, Chris Hatton and Amanda Caine Chapter 3 Social Context 51 Eric Emerson and Rupa Gone Chapter 4 Cognitive Assessment 63 Isobel Lamb Chapter 5 Common Legal Issues in Clinical Practice 83 A.J. Holland Part 2: General Clinical Issues 105 Chapter 6 Interviewing People with Intellectual Disabilities 107 Helen Prosser and Jo Bromley Chapter 7 Working with People: Direct Interventions 121 Nigel Beail and Andrew Jahoda Chapter 8 Working with Families 141 Jo Bromley and Christine Mellor Chapter 9 Working with Organisations or: Why Won t They Follow My Advice? 161 Judith McBrien and Sue Candy Chapter 10 Reflections on 25 Years Working in the NHS 181 Ian Fleming Part 3: Working with 203 Chapter 11 Working with People Whose Behaviour Challenges Services 205 Alick Bush Chapter 12 Working with Offenders or Alleged Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities 235 Glynis H. Murphy and Isabel C.H. Clare Chapter 13 Sexual Exploitation of People with Intellectual Disabilities 273 Paul Withers and Jennifer Morris Chapter 14 Working with Parents Who Happen to Have Intellectual Disabilities 293 Sue McGaw Chapter 15 People with Intellectual Disabilities and Mental Ill-Health 313 D. Dagnan and W.R. Lindsay Chapter 16 Working with People with Autism 339 Jo Bromley, Elizabeth Crabtree, Christine Mellor and Mary Delaney Chapter 17 Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Issues in Ageing and Dementia 359 Sunny Kalsy-Lillico, Dawn Adams and Chris Oliver Index 393
Application of Strong Fluctuation Theory To Microwave Emission From Dry Snow - Abstract

This study is concerned with the development of a model to describe microwave emission from dry snow cover. The model is based on the radiative transfer and the strong fluctuation theory. In the model, a spherical symmetric correlation function with an exponential form is used to describe the random permittivity fluctuations. The phase matrix and extinction coefficient of snowpack for a spherical symmetric correlation function are obtained by employing the strong fluctuation theory. The vector radiative transfer equation for a layer of a random medium is solved by using Gaussian quadrature and eigen analysis. Comparisons with brightness temperature data at 5, 10.7, 18, 37 GHz are made. It is shown that the model fits the experimental data by using physical parameters of the dry snow as obtained from ground truth measurements.
Axonal Varicosity Density as an Index of Local Neuronal Interactions

Diffuse transmission is an important non-synaptic communication mode in the cerebral neocortex, in which neurotransmitters released from en passant varicosities interact with surrounding cells. In a previous study we have shown that the cholinergic axonal segments which were in the microproximity with dopaminergic fibers possessed a greater density of en passant varicosities compared to more distant segments, suggesting an activity-dependent level of en passant varicosities in the axonal zone of interaction. To further evaluate this plastic relationship, the density of cholinergic varicosities was quantified on fiber segments within the microproximity of activated or non-activated pyramidal cells of the prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Repetitive 14 days patterned visual stimulation paired with an electrical stimulation of the cholinergic fibers projecting to the mPFC from the HDB was performed to induce persistent axonal plastic changes. The c-Fos early gene immunoreactivity was used as a neuronal activity marker of layer V pyramidal cells, labelled with anti-glutamate transporter EAAC1. Cholinergic fibers were labeled with anti-ChAT (choline acetyltransferase) immunostaining. The density of ChAT+ varicosities on and the length of fiber segments within the 3 µm microproximity of c-Fos positive/negative pyramidal cells were evaluated on confocal images. More than 50% of the pyramidal cells in the mPFC were c-Fos immunoreactive. Density of ChAT+ varicosities was significantly increased within 3 µm vicinity of activated pyramidal cells (0.50±0.01 per µm of ChAT+ fiber length) compared to non-activated cells in this group (0.34±0.001; p≤0.05) or control rats (0.32±0.02; p≤0.05). Different types of stimulation (visual, HDB or visual/HDB) induced similar increase of the density of ChAT+ varicosities within microproximity of activated pyramidal cells. This study demonstrated at the subcellular level an activity-dependent enrichment of ChAT+ varicosities in the axonal zone of interaction with other neuronal elements.
Multidimensional Encoding Strategy of Spiking Neurons

Neural responses in sensory systems are typically triggered by a multitude of stimulus features. Using information theory, we study the encoding accuracy of a population of stochastically spiking neurons characterized by different tuning widths for the different features. The optimal encoding strategy for representing one feature most accurately consists of narrow tuning in the dimension to be encoded, to increase the single-neuron Fisher information, and broad tuning in all other dimensions, to increase the number of active neurons. Extremely narrow tuning without sufficient receptive field overlap will severely worsen the coding. This implies the existence of an optimal tuning width for the feature to be encoded. Empirically, only a subset of all stimulus features will normally be accessible. In this case, relative encoding errors can be calculated that yield a criterion for the function of a neural population based on the measured tuning curves.
The Applicability of the Lamendin Method to Skeletal Remains Buried for a 16‐Year Period: A Cautionary Note

The Lamendin method is widely reported as one of the most reliable means of age estimation of skeletal remains, but very little is known concerning the influence of burial in soil. This study aimed at verifying the reliability of the Lamendin method on corpses buried for 16 years in a cemetery. The Lamendin and the Prince and Ubelaker methods were applied. In all age groups except the 40‐ to 49‐year–olds, the error was higher in the buried sample. The age‐at‐death error ranged between 10.7 and 36.8 years for the Lamendin method (vs. the reported 7.3–18.9 years) and 9.5 and 35.7 for the Prince and Ubelaker one (vs. the original 5.2–32.6 years); in all age groups, the error is closer to that found on archeological populations. These results suggest caution in applying the Lamendin method to forensic cases of human remains buried even for a brief period under soil.
Radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of 11C-ABP688 as a probe for imaging the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5.

UNLABELLED (11)C-ABP688 (3-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-ylethynyl)-cyclohex-2-enone-O-(11)C-methyl-oxime), a noncompetitive and highly selective antagonist for the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5), was evaluated for its potential as a PET agent. METHODS ABP688 was radiolabeled with (11)C by reacting (11)C-methyl iodide with the sodium salt of desmethyl-ABP688 (3-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-ylethynyl)-cyclohex-2-enone oxime). The affinity of (11)C-ABP688 for mGluR5 was determined by Scatchard analysis using rat whole-brain membranes (without cerebellum). Ex vivo autoradiography, biodistribution, and PET studies with (11)C-ABP688 were performed on rats, wild-type mice, and mGluR5-knock-out mice. RESULTS The overall synthesis time was 45-50 min from the end of radionuclide production. (11)C-ABP688 was obtained in good radiochemical yield (35% +/- 8%, n = 17, decay corrected), and the specific radioactivity was 150 +/- 50 GBq/mumol (n = 17) at the end of the synthesis. Scatchard analysis revealed a single high-affinity binding site with a dissociation constant of 1.7 +/- 0.2 nmol/L and a maximum number of binding sites of 231 +/- 18 fmol/mg of protein. Ex vivo autoradiography in wild-type mice and rats showed a heterogeneous distribution pattern consistent with the known distribution of mGluR5 in the brain, with the highest uptake in hippocampus, striatum, and cortex. Blocking studies by coinjection of (11)C-ABP688 and unlabeled 2-methyl-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl-pyridine (1 mg/kg), an antagonist for mGluR5, revealed up to 80% specific binding in rat brain. In mGluR5-knock-out mouse brain, a homogeneous and markedly reduced accumulation of (11)C-ABP688 was observed. PET studies on rats and mice using a small-animal PET scanner also demonstrated radioactivity uptake in the brain regions known to be rich in mGluR5. In contrast, radioactivity uptake in mGluR5-knock-out mice was fairly uniform, substantiating the specificity of (11)C-ABP688 binding to mGluR5. CONCLUSION (11)C-ABP688 is a selective tracer for imaging mGluR5 in vivo in rodents and may offer a future tool for imaging mGluR5 in humans using PET.