Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TOMATOMA: A Novel Tomato Mutant Database Distributing Micro-Tom Mutant Collections

The tomato is an excellent model for studies of plants bearing berry-type fruits and for experimental studies of the Solanaceae family of plants due to its conserved genetic organization. In this study, a comprehensive mutant tomato population was generated in the background of Micro-Tom, a dwarf, rapid-growth variety. In this and previous studies, a family including 8,598 and 6,422 M2 mutagenized lines was produced by ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and γ-ray irradiation, and this study developed and investigated these M2 plants for alteration of visible phenotypes. A total of 9,183 independent M2 families comprising 91,830 M2 plants were inspected for phenotypic alteration, and 1,048 individual mutants were isolated. Subsequently, the observed mutant phenotypes were classified into 15 major categories and 48 subcategories. Overall, 1,819 phenotypic categories were found in 1,048 mutants. Of these mutants, 549 were pleiotropic, whereas 499 were non-pleiotropic. Multiple different mutant alleles per locus were found in the mutant libraries, suggesting that the mutagenized populations were nearly saturated. Additionally, genetic analysis of backcrosses indicated the successful inheritance of the mutations in BC1F2 populations, confirming the reproducibility in the morphological phenotyping of the M2 plants. To integrate and manage the visible phenotypes of mutants and other associated data, we developed the in silico database TOMATOMA, a relational system interfacing modules between mutant line names and phenotypic categories. TOMATOMA is a freely accessible database, and these mutant recourses are available through the TOMATOMA (http://tomatoma.nbrp.jp/index.jsp).
New Population and Phylogenetic Features of the Internal Variation within Mitochondrial DNA Macro-Haplogroup R0

Background R0 embraces the most common mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineage in West Eurasia, namely, haplogroup H (∼40%). R0 sub-lineages are badly defined in the control region and therefore, the analysis of diagnostic coding region polymorphisms is needed in order to gain resolution in population and medical studies. Methodology/Principal Findings We sequenced the first hypervariable segment (HVS-I) of 518 individuals from different North Iberian regions. The mtDNAs belonging to R0 (∼57%) were further genotyped for a set of 71 coding region SNPs characterizing major and minor branches of R0. We found that the North Iberian Peninsula shows moderate levels of population stratification; for instance, haplogroup V reaches the highest frequency in Cantabria (north-central Iberia), but lower in Galicia (northwest Iberia) and Catalonia (northeast Iberia). When compared to other European and Middle East populations, haplogroups H1, H3 and H5a show frequency peaks in the Franco-Cantabrian region, declining from West towards the East and South Europe. In addition, we have characterized, by way of complete genome sequencing, a new autochthonous clade of haplogroup H in the Basque country, named H2a5. Its coalescence age, 15.6±8 thousand years ago (kya), dates to the period immediately after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Conclusions/Significance In contrast to other H lineages that experienced re-expansion outside the Franco-Cantabrian refuge after the LGM (e.g. H1 and H3), H2a5 most likely remained confined to this area till present days.
Ant System: An Autocatalytic Optimizing Process

A combination of distributed computation, positive feedback and constructive greedy heuristic is proposed as a new approach to stochastic optimization and problem solving. Positive feedback accounts for rapid discovery of very good solutions, distributed computation avoids premature convergence, and greedy heuristic helps the procedure to find acceptable solutions in the early stages of the search process. An application of the proposed methodology to the classical travelling salesman problem shows that the system can rapidly provide very good, if not optimal, solutions. We report on many simulation results and discuss the working of the algorithm. Some hints about how this approach can be applied to a variety of optimization problems are also given.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND URETHANE ON THE THERMAL INACTIVATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE

In Difco nutrient broth, containing 0.5 per cent NaCl, pH 6.6, Escherichia coli phages T1, T2, and T5 were inactivated at 66°C. , and T7 at 60°C. , at nearly the same rate. In each case the rate of destruction was not uniform but more or less decreased with time of heating. With T2 there was an initial increase in number of infective centers after heating for several minutes at 66°C. Hydrostatic pressures up to 10,000 pounds per square inch retarded the thermal destruction of T1, T2, and T5, but accelerated that of T7, while small concentrations of urethane accelerated the rate of each. The rate of inactivation was increased by the addition of 0.005 M phosphate, and was decreased by 0.005 M MgCl2 in all but T7, whose rate was unaffected by this amount of Mg. The influence of Ca was similar to that of Mg. The addition of 0.005 M MgCl2 to the broth medium resulted in a first order rate of destruction of T5 at either normal or increased pressure, and with as well as without urethane. Analysis of data obtained under these conditions indicated that the thermal inactivation proceeds with a volume increase of activation of 113 cc. per mol, and with a heat and entropy of 170,000 calories and 425 E. U. , respectively, in the rate-limiting reaction. In the presence of 0.1 M urethane the heat and volume change of activation are apparently slightly greater. The relation between concentration of urethane and the amount of acceleration in rate of destruction at normal pressure and 66°C. indicated that the total rate involves at least two first order rate processes: the thermal inactivation itself and a urethane-catalyzed reaction, the latter involving the combination of an average of 2.3 molecules of urethane in the activated state of the bacteriophage molecule whose destruction results in loss of phage activity.
Star Formation Rates in Cooling Flow Clusters: A UV Pilot Study with Archival XMM-Newton Optical Monitor Data

We have analyzed XMM-Newton Optical Monitor UV (180-400 nm) data for a sample of 33 galaxies. Thirty are cluster member galaxies, and nine are central cluster galaxies (CCGs) in cooling flow clusters having mass deposition rates between 8 and 525 M☉ yr-1. By comparing the ratio of UV to 2MASS J-band fluxes, we find a significant UV excess in many, but not all, cooling flow CCGs, consistent with several previous studies based on optical imaging data (McNamara & O'Connell; Cardiel et al.; Crawford et al.). This UV excess is a direct indication of the presence of young massive stars and, therefore, recent star formation. Using the Starburst99 model of continuous star formation over a 900 Myr period, we derive star formation rates of 0.2-219 M☉ yr-1 for the cooling flow sample. For two-thirds of this sample, it is possible to equate Chandra/XMM cooling flow mass deposition rates with UV-inferred star formation rates, for a combination of starburst lifetime and IMF slope. This is a pilot study of the well-populated XMM UV cluster archive, and a more extensive follow-up study is currently underway.
Do Citizens Accurately Perceive Marijuana Sanction Risks? A Test of a Critial Assumption in Deterrence Theory and the Decriminalization Debate

DRAFT – 4/3/2008 - 1 Do Citizens Accurately Perceive Marijuana Sanction Risks? A Test of a Critical Assumption in Deterrence Theory and the Decriminalization Debate Robert MacCoun, University of California at Berkeley Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, RAND Corporation and NBER Jamie Chriqui, University of Illinois Chicago and The MayaTech Corporation Katherine Harris, RAND Corporation Peter Reuter, University of Maryland - College Park and RAND ABSTRACT: Deterrence theory proposes that legal compliance is influenced by the anticipated risk of legal sanctions. But few studies have directly assessed the accuracy of citizens’ perceptions of legal sanctions. The heterogeneity in state statutory penalties for marijuana possession across the United States provides an opportunity to examine this question. Using national survey data, we find that the percentages who believe they could be jailed for marijuana possession are quite similar in both states that have removed those penalties and those that have not. Our results help to clarify why statistical studies have found inconsistent support for an effect of decriminalization on marijuana possession. DOES MARIJUANA DECRIMINALIZATION INCREASE MARIJUANA USE? The primary reason for prohibiting marijuana use (and possession) is the presumption that such a policy deters individuals from using marijuana. According to criminal deterrence theory, the prevalence of marijuana use should be influenced by the swiftness, severity and certainty of punishment (see reviews by Kessler and Levitt, 1999; Nagin, 1998; Paternoster, 1987). Ceteris paribus, reductions in the statutory penalties for using marijuana should weaken the deterrent effect of the prohibition and increase drug use. But this prediction hinges on three important assumptions (MacCoun, 1993). First, it assumes that the change in statutory policy accurately reflects a real change in how the policy is implemented. Second, it assumes that there are no offsetting changes in enforcement that occur simultaneously with the change in law. Third, it assumes the public is aware and cognizant of the change in statutory penalties and hence incorporates this new information into their behavior.
Globalisation and the technology gap: Regional and time evidence

This chapter examines the relationship between globalisation and technological progress. It computes an annual and country specific measure of technological gap, the technology ratio (TGR), using a recently proposed method known as metafrontiers. The TGR is measured as the distance from a group frontier to the global (or meta) frontier. The TGRs provide a measure to compare technological capability across countries. The ranking obtained from the metafrontiers method is first compared to other methods based on the direct measure of patents, science articles, schooling etc. The TGRs are then related to levels of trade openness and inbound and outbound foreign direct investment within regions and overtime in an effort to identify the relationship between technological gap and outward orientation.
Conservatism and Cross-Sectional Variation in the Post-Earnings-Announcement-Drift

Accounting conservatism allows me to identify a previously undocumented source of predictable cross-sectional variation in Standardized Unexpected Earnings' autocorrelations viz. the sign of the most recent earnings realization and present evidence that the market ignores this variation ("loss effect"). It is possible to earn returns higher than from the Bernard and Thomas (1990) strategy by incorporating this feature. Additionally, the paper shows that the "loss effect" is different from the "cross quarter" effect shown by Rangan and Sloan (1998) and it is possible to combine the two effects to earn returns higher than either strategy alone. Thus, the paper corroborates the Bernard and Thomas finding that stock prices fail to reflect the extent to which quarterly earnings series differ from a seasonal random walk and extends it by showing that the market systematically underestimates time-series properties resulting from accounting conservatism.
On the kernels of the pro-l outer Galois representations associated to hyperbolic curves over number fields

In the present paper, we discuss the relationship between the Galois extension corresponding to the kernel of the pro-l outer Galois representation associated to a hyperbolic curve over a number eld and l-moderate points of the hyperbolic curve. In particular, we prove that, for a certain hyperbolic curve, the Galois extension under consideration is generated by the coordinates of the l-moderate points of the hyperbolic curve. This may be regarded as an analogue of the fact that the Galois extension corresponding to the kernel of the l-adic Galois representation associated to an abelian variety is generated by the coordinates of the torsion points of the abelian variety of l-power order. Moreover, we discuss an application of the argument of the present paper to the study of the Fermat equation.
THE MULTIPLE PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE SYSTEM HBC 515 IN L1622

The bright pre-main-sequence star HBC 515 (HD 288313) located in the L1622 cometary cloud in Orion has been studied extensively with optical/infrared imaging and ultraviolet/optical/infrared spectroscopy. The spectra indicate that HBC 515 is a weakline T Tauri star (TTS) of spectral type K2V. Adaptive optics imaging in the K band reveals that HBC 515 is a binary with two equally bright components separated by 0. ″5. A very faint third component is found 5″ to the northwest. Spitzer IRAC and MIPS observations show that at mid-infrared wavelengths this third source dominates the system, suggesting that it is a protostar still embedded in the nascent cloud of HBC 515. The close association of a weakline TTS with a newborn protostar in a multiple system is noteworthy. Two nearby TTSs are likely associated with the HBC 515 multiple system, and the dynamical evolution of the complex that would lead to such a configuration is considered.
Electrospun Nanofibres Containing Antimicrobial Plant Extracts

Over the last 10 years great research interest has been directed toward nanofibrous architectures produced by electrospinning bioactive plant extracts. The resulting structures possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activity, which are attractive for biomedical applications and food industry. This review describes the diverse approaches that have been developed to produce electrospun nanofibres that are able to deliver naturally-derived chemical compounds in a controlled way and to prevent their degradation. The efficacy of those composite nanofibres as wound dressings, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and active food packaging systems will be discussed.
Consistent High-Precision Volatility from High-Frequency Data

type="main" xml:lang="en"> Estimates of daily volatility are investigated. Realized volatility can be computed from returns observed over time intervals of different sizes. For simple statistical reasons, volatility estimators based on high-frequency returns have been proposed, but such estimators are found to be strongly biased as compared to volatilities of daily returns. This bias originates from microstructure effects in the price formation. For foreign exchange, the relevant microstructure effect is the incoherent price formation, which leads to a strong negative first-order autocorrelation ρ(1)≃40 per cent for tick-by-tick returns and to the volatility bias. On the basis of a simple theoretical model for foreign exchange data, the incoherent term can be filtered away from the tick-by-tick price series. With filtered prices, the daily volatility can be estimated using the information contained in high-frequency data, providing a high-precision measure of volatility at any time interval. (J.E.L.: C13, C22, C81).
Option Discovery in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning using Spatio-Temporal Clustering

This paper introduces an automated skill acquisition framework in reinforcement learning which involves identifying a hierarchical description of the given task in terms of abstract states and extended actions between abstract states. Identifying such structures present in the task provides ways to simplify and speed up reinforcement learning algorithms. These structures also help to generalize such algorithms over multiple tasks without relearning policies from scratch. We use ideas from dynamical systems to find metastable regions in the state space and associate them with abstract states. The spectral clustering algorithm PCCA+ is used to identify suitable abstractions aligned to the underlying structure. Skills are defined in terms of the sequence of actions that lead to transitions between such abstract states. The connectivity information from PCCA+ is used to generate these skills or options. These skills are independent of the learning task and can be efficiently reused across a variety of tasks defined over the same model. This approach works well even without the exact model of the environment by using sample trajectories to construct an approximate estimate. We also present our approach to scaling the skill acquisition framework to complex tasks with large state spaces for which we perform state aggregation using the representation learned from an action conditional video prediction network and use the skill acquisition framework on the aggregated state space.
Labor Market Segmentation Theory: Reconsidering the Evidence

We argue that Labor Market Segmentation theory is a good alternative to standard views of the labor market. Since it is sometimes argued that labor market segmentation theory is untestable, we first consider the uses of theory and the attributes of a good theory. We then argue that labor market segmentation has these attributes. It is internally consistent and is based on plausible assumptions about behavior and technology. More significantly, many of the predictions of the theory have been tested and confirmed. Further, from a dynamic view the theory has done quite well. When the theory has suggested new tests, far more often than not the predictions have been validated. Labor market segmentation theory has had to make little recourse to post-hoc explanations for unexpected empirical results. In contrast, human capital theory has required a series of post-hoc rationalizations to explain a large and growing body of empirical work motivated by the labor market segmentation perspective. Finally, we consider the implications of labor market segmentation theory for the practice of labor economics. We argue that further exploration of the implications of the theory for unemployment, trade. industrial policy and income distribution will provide useful insights and further tests of the theory.
Risk and Returns to Education

We analyze the returns to education in a life-cycle framework that incorporates risk preferences, earnings volatility (including unemployment), and a progressive income tax and social insurance system. We show that such a framework significantly reduces the measured gains from education relative to simple present-value calculations, although the gains remain significant. For example, for a range of preference parameters, we find that individuals should be willing to pay 300 to 500 (200 to 250) thousand dollars to obtain a college (high school) degree in order to benefit from the 32 to 42 percent (20 to 38 percent) increase in annual certainty-equivalent consumption. We also explore how the measured value of education varies with preference parameters, by gender, and across time. In contrast to findings in the education wage-premia literature, which focuses on present values and which we replicate in our data, our model indicates that the gains from college education were flat in the 1980s and actually decreased significantly in 1991-2007 period. On the other hand, the gains to a high school education have increased quite dramatically over time. We also show that both high school and college education help to decrease the gender gap in life-time earnings, contrary again to the conclusion from wage premia calculations.
The high‐output nitric oxide pathway: role and regulation

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO), a short‐lived radical gas with physiological or pathophysiological roles in nearly every organ system. The inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is a high‐output isoform compared to the two constitutive NOSs. The iNOS from murine macrophages tightly binds calmodulin as a subunit, and its activity is not dependent on exogenous calmodulin or elevated calcium. This iNOS is induced at the transcriptional level by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon‐γ. The promoter region of the murine iNOS gene contains at least 24 oligonucleotide motifs corresponding to elements involved in the binding of transcription factors in the promoters of other cytokine‐inducible genes. Nuclear factor NF‐xB/c‐rel, interacting with cycloheximide‐sensitive protein(s) and binding to the NF‐xBd site in the iNOS promoter, controls the induction of iNOS by LPS. However, iNOS is also regulated posttranscriptionally. Complex regulation of iNOS at multiple levels may reflect the dual role of iNOS in host defense and autotoxicity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 56: 576–582; 1994.
Off-Farm Work Decisions of Husbands and Wives: Joint Decision Making

Theoretical and econometric models are developed to examine joint wage-labor participation and hours decisions of a husband and wife in farm households. The econometric model is multiple equation and recursive. The specification of the off-farm labor supply equation of the husband (wife) depends on whether his (her) wife (husband) does or does not work off the farm, and this structure is endogenous. The model is fitted to data for Iowa farm households. The main conclusion is that the off-farm labor supply equation of a married individual differs significantly depending on whether his or her spouse also works for a wage.
Continuous appearance-based trajectory SLAM

This paper describes a novel probabilistic approach to incorporating odometric information into appearance-based SLAM systems, without performing metric map construction or calculating relative feature geometry. The proposed system, dubbed Continuous Appearance-based Trajectory SLAM (CAT-SLAM), represents location as a probability distribution along a trajectory, and represents appearance continuously over the trajectory rather than at discrete locations. The distribution is evaluated using a Rao-Blackwellised particle filter, which weights particles based on local appearance and odometric similarity and explicitly models both the likelihood of revisiting previous locations and visiting new locations. A modified resampling scheme counters particle deprivation and allows loop closure updates to be performed in constant time regardless of map size. We compare the performance of CAT-SLAM to FAB-MAP (an appearance-only SLAM algorithm) in an outdoor environment, demonstrating a threefold increase in the number of correct loop closures detected by CAT-SLAM.