Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sucralose Non-Carcinogenicity: A Review of the Scientific and Regulatory Rationale

ABSTRACT Regulatory authorities worldwide have found the nonnutritive sweetener, sucralose, to be noncarcinogenic, based on a range of studies. A review of these and other studies found through a comprehensive search of electronic databases, using appropriate key terms, was conducted and results of that review are reported here. An overview of the types of studies relied upon by regulatory agencies to assess carcinogenicity potential is also provided as context. Physiochemical and pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies confirm stability under conditions of use and reveal no metabolites of carcinogenic potential. In vitro and in vivo assays reveal no confirmed genotoxic activity. Long-term carcinogenicity studies in animal models provide no evidence of carcinogenic potential for sucralose. In studies in healthy adults, sucralose was well-tolerated and without evidence of toxicity or other changes that might suggest a potential for carcinogenic effects. In summary, sucralose does not demonstrate carcinogenic activity even when exposure levels are several orders of magnitude greater than the range of anticipated daily ingestion levels.
The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand?

Part I: Introduction 1. The 5,000-Year World System: An Interdisciplinary Introduction Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills Part II: Building Blocks of Theory and Analysis 2. "Capital" Imperialism and Exploitation in Ancient World Systems K. Ekholm and J. Friedman 3. The cumulation of Accumulation Barry K. Gills and Andre Gunder Frank 4. Hegemonic Transitions in the World System Barry K. Gills Part III: Using the Theory to Reanalyze History 5. World System Cycles, Crises, and Hegemonic Shifts, 1700 BC to 1700 AD Barry K. Gills and Andre Gunder Frank 6. Transitiona Ideological Modes: Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism Andre Gunder Frank Part IV: The World System: 500 Years or 5,000? Discussing the Theoretical, Historical and Political Issues 7. Civilizations, Cores, World Economies, and Oikumenes Daivd Wilkinson 8. The Ancient World-System Versus the Modern Capitalist World-System Samir Amin 9. Discontinuities and Persistence: One World System or a Succession of Systems? Janet Abu-Lughod 10. World System Versus World-Systems: A Critique Immanuel Wallerstein 11. Rejoinder and Conclusions Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills
Ways of Avoiding Intervention: Some thoughts on the development of object relatives, passive, and control

In her The Acquisition of Syntax in Children from 5 to 10, Carol Chomsky observed that certain syntactic constructions such as subject control with promise type verbs are acquired surprisingly late. She argued that initially children strictly adhere to Rosenbaum’s 1967 Minimal Distance Principle, barring subject control, and exceptions to the principle are acquired at later points in development. In this paper we would like to argue that these cases are part of a much larger class of syntactic configurations which are “complex” for the child to compute. We propose that the critical notion is “intervention”: the child cannot compute a local relation across an intervener close enough in structural type to the target of the relation. In fact, this follows from a general locality principle, Relativized Minimality (RM, Rizzi 1990, 2004), also holding in adult grammars; our hypothesis is that the intervention effect can be voided through the adoption of certain structural strategies which become accessible only at later stages in development. We will first present two cases discussed in previous work, which involve different adult strategies avoiding intervention: object relatives and passive; we will then go back to control and try to trace back subject control to a similar explanatory scheme.
Efficiently modeling rotor eccentricity in switched relcutance machines

Practical experience has shown that parasitic effects such as rotor eccentricity can have crucial influence on the performance of switched reluctance machines. Strong eccentricity can even be a knock-out criterion as it potentially causes additional acoustic noise and increased bearing wear. Nowadays only very few publications consider simulation methods without online finite-element analysis regarding the topic of rotor eccentricity. This paper develops a look-up table based representation of rotor eccentricity which uses time-consuming finite-element analysis only in a preprocessing step. Hence, different operating points can be calculated very fast. The standard models of centric machines were extended to cover static and rotating eccentricity. It was found that the type of coil connection determines whether a flux-based or a current-based model has to be applied. The simulation results show that coils which are connected in parallel are strongly preferable to a series-wound configuration. The parallel type greatly lowers the unbalanced magnetic pull such that acoustic noise and bearing wear is limited.
Achievable rates for the broadcast channel with states known at the transmitter

In this paper we study coding for the general broadcast channel, controlled by random parameters, where the parameters are provided to the encoder only, in a non-causal manner. We give an achievable region which is an extension of the Marion region to the current model. The region we derive is shown to be tight for the Gaussian broadcast channel with additive interference at the two channels
Formation of disc galaxies

We investigate the influence of the cooling epoch on the formation of galaxies in a cold dark matter dominated universe. Isolated haloes, with circular speeds typical of spiral galaxies, have been selected from a low-resolution numerical simulation for resimulation at higher resolution. Initial conditions for each halo consist of a high-resolution region containing dark matter and gas, and a nested hierarchy of particles representing the mass distribution of the original low-resolution simulation. These initial conditions are evolved with two smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) codes, TREESPHGRAPESPH, so that discrepancies due to differences in evolutionary and star formation algorithms can be analysed. In previous SPH simulations, strong outward transport of angular momentum has led to the formation of disc-like systems with much smaller angular momenta than observed in real disc galaxies. Here we investigate whether this problem can be circumvented if feedback processes prevent disc formation until late epochs. In some of our models, the gas is evolved adiabatically until a specified redshift zcool, at which point the gas is allowed to cool radiatively and star formation may begin. In other models, cooling is continuous throughout the evolution but suppressed by a factor chosen to allow discs to grow roughly linearly with time. The results of varying the cooling epoch for each of five different haloes are analysed. When cooling and star formation are initiated at redshift zcool = 4, stellar discs are destroyed during merger events and we observe catastrophic transport of angular momentum similar to that seen in previous work. With cooling suppressed until zcool = 1, discs can form by the present day with angular momenta comparable to those of observed disc galaxies. We conclude that feedback processes, which prevent gas from collapsing until late epochs, are an essential ingredient in disc galaxy formation.
Ontology and the Teaching of Earth System Science

Student ontological level is an important consideration for faculty interested in teaching Earth System Science. Interviews with 61 students enrolled in entry-level geology courses at two institutions reveal that very few students exhibit Process or Systems ontologies. Earth Systems Science instruction generally assumes that students are thinking about processes and systems, although this study suggests that students predominantly understand that changes occur on Earth without either 1) a concrete acceptance that these changes result from a cause, or 2) an explanation for these causes beyond scientific terms such as “subduction”. This has critical implications for teaching Earth System Science, and suggests that activities that can help college students develop Process and Systems ontologies need to be developed and evaluated.
Spatially extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in circumstellar disks around T Tauri and Herbig Ae stars

Aims. Our aim is to determine the presence and location of the emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) towards low and intermediate mass young stars with disks using large aperture telescopes. Methods. VLT-VISIR N-band spectra and VLT-ISAAC and VLT-NACO L-band spectra of 29 sources are presented, spectrally resolving the 3.3, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.6 μm PAH features. Spatial-extent profiles of the features and the continuum emission have been derived and used to associate the PAH emission with the disks. The results are discussed in the context of recent PAH-emission disk models. Results. The 3.3, 8.6, and 11.2 μm PAH features are detected toward a small fraction of the T Tauri stars, with typical upper limits between 1 × 10^(−15) and 5 × 10^(−17) Wm^(−2). All 11.2 μm detections from a previous Spitzer survey are confirmed with (tentative) 3.3 μm detections, and both the 8.6 and the 11.2 μm features are detected in all PAH sources. For 6 detections, the spatial extent of the PAH features is confined to scales typically smaller than 0.12−0.34", consistent with the radii of 12−60 AU disks at their distances (typically 150 pc). For 3 additional sources, WL 16, HD 100546, and TY CrA, one or more of the PAH features are more extended than the hot dust continuum of the disk, whereas for Oph IRS 48, the size of the resolved PAH emission is confirmed as smaller than for the large grains. For HD 100546, the 3.3 μm emission is confined to a small radial extent of 12±3 AU, most likely associated with the outer rim of the gap in this disk. Gaps with radii out to 10−30 AU may also affect the observed PAH extent for other sources. For both Herbig Ae and T Tauri stars, the small measured extents of the 8.6 and 11.2 μm features are consistent with larger (≥100 carbon atoms) PAHs.
State-funded angel investor tax credits: Implementation and perceived effectiveness in a sample of states within the United States

Purpose - Over the past decade more than 20 states have begun to offer tax credits to angel investors in an attempt to increase state economic growth. These credits are intended to increase new venture investment, create high-paying and knowledge-based jobs, and increase tax revenue collections, but there is some debate over costs and benefits associated with these credits. This paper aims to investigate this issue. Design/methodology/approach - This paper will examine the implementation and perceived effectiveness of tax credit programs in Hawaii, Louisiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Oregon, and Vermont. These states were chosen for this research sample based on their differing physical locations within the USA and the uniqueness of the characteristics of each state's chosen tax credit program. Findings - The paper reveals that state investment tax credit programs vary widely in areas of eligibility, level of funding available per investment and per year, and whether or not the credits are refundable. All of these factors can cause significant variability in effectiveness of a state program. Practical implications - Recommended criteria for achieving an outcome that may result in lawmaker support for tax credit incentives will be outlined based on the success, trial, and error of various state programs. These criteria will allow some commonality in analysis of potential or ongoing incentive programs. Originality/value - This paper provides an analysis of the various existing state investment tax credit programs and identifies characteristics of such programs that may, if used during program formation, result in greater confidence by lawmakers in the program's overall effectiveness and provide a greater commitment to program success.
D S / 04 08 00 3 v 1 2 A ug 2 00 4 Multi-Embedding of Metric Spaces ∗

Metric embedding has become a common technique in the design of algorithms. Its applicability is often dependent on how high the embedding’s distortion is. For example, embedding finite metric space into trees may require linear distortion as a function of its size. Using probabilistic metric embeddings, the bound on the distortion reduces to logarithmic in the size. We make a step in the direction of bypassing the lower bound on the distortion in terms of the size of the metric. We define “multi-embeddings” of metric spaces in which a point is mapped onto a set of points, while keeping the target metric of polynomial size and preserving the distortion of paths. The distortion obtained with such multi-embeddings into ultrametrics is at most O(log ∆ log log ∆) where ∆ is the aspect ratio of the metric. In particular, for expander graphs, we are able to obtain constant distortion embeddings into trees in contrast with the Ω(log n) lower bound for all previous notions of embeddings. We demonstrate the algorithmic application of the new embeddings for two optimization problems: group Steiner tree and metrical task systems.
The VVDS-VLA Deep Field II. Optical and near infrared identifications of VLA S(1.4GHz)>80 microJy sources in the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey VVDS-02h field

In this paper we present the optical and near-infrared identifications of the 1054 radio sources detected in the 20cm deep radio survey down to a 5sigma flux limit of about 80 microJy obtained with the VLA in the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey VVDS-02h deep field. Using U,B,V,R,I and K data, we identified 718 radio sources (~74% of the whole sample). The photometric redshift analysis shows that, in each magnitude bin, the radio sample has a higher median photometric redshift than the whole optical sample, while the median (V-I) color of the radio sources is redder than the median color of the whole optical sample. These results suggest that radio detection is preferentially selecting galaxies with higher intrinsic optical luminosity. From the analysis of the optical properties of the radio sources as function of the radio flux, we found that while about 35% of the radio sources are optically unidentified in the higher radio flux bin (S> 1.0 mJy), the percentage of unidentified sources decreases to about 25% in the faintest bins (S< 0.5 mJy). The median I magnitude for the total sample of radio sources,i.e. including also the unidentified ones, is brighter in the faintest radio bins than in the bin with higher radio flux. This suggests that most of the faintest radio sources are likely to be associated to relatively lower radio luminosity objects at relatively modest redshift, rather than radio-powerful, AGN type objects at high redshift.
HARMONIC CONTENT AND RELAXATION RESONANT FREQUENCY OF A MODULATED LASER DIODE

In this paper, an analysis of the harmonic contents of the optical output power for an in-plane single mode laser diode is performed, and the results are described in detail. In the rst step, the absolute value of power for each harmonic is obtained in terms of various laser diode parameters, and the variations of external parameters, such as modulation current, bias current and frequency, are discussed. The analysis is done by direct solution of the rate equations of an arbitrary laser diode for carrier and photon densities. It is known that the optical power has a nonlinear dependence on frequency, and the maximum optical power of each harmonic is attained in its resonance frequency. The resonant frequency is shown to be tunable by the bias current; thus we obtain exact expressions for the output power of various harmonics, allowing better optimization to gain improved results. We extend the approach to higher harmonics, and numerically calculate the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) versus major parameters, such as frequency, bias current and modulation current. Furthermore, we nd optimal operation points in which the desired characteristics of the laser diode can be achieved. It is also possible for the sequence for every arbitrary single-mode laser structure to be developed by the approach presented in this work.
The Irony of Satire

This study investigated biased message processing of political satire in The Colbert Report and the influence of political ideology on perceptions of Stephen Colbert. Results indicate that political ideology influences biased processing of ambiguous political messages and source in late-night comedy. Using data from an experiment (N = 332), we found that individual-level political ideology significantly predicted perceptions of Colbert's political ideology. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements. Conservatism also significantly predicted perceptions that Colbert disliked liberalism. Finally, a post hoc analysis revealed that perceptions of Colbert's political opinions fully mediated the relationship between political ideology and individual-level opinion.
HAUNT-24: 24-bit hierarchical, application-confined unique naming technique

The advent of tiny, inexpensive, low-power, autonomously functioning wireless sensors, has paved a way for high quality research, by posing unique challenges to researchers. Energy, cost and size of such sensors limit their communication and computation capabilities and thus robust and highly energy efficient algorithms need to be incorporated at every layer of the network model, along with an efficient network aware addressing scheme. This paper proposes a 24-bit hierarchical, application-confined unique naming technique (HAUNT-24), which ensures mutual distinctiveness of addresses within an application, with the primary focus on in-network data aggregation. Various issues relating to the proposed addressing scheme are analyzed and its future scope is discussed. The simple aggregate queries such as MIN/MAX and AVG are applied over the proposed HAUNT-24 addressed network and it's shown how it helps in achieving in-network data aggregation.
Direct Democracy and the Courts

Introduction: a clash of rising powers: Part I. The Quest for Majority Rule: 1. The epic debate 2. Direct democracy gathers force Part II. Countering the Majority: 3. The counter-majoritarian power 4. The courts at work 5. Conflicts over rights 6. Conflicts over powers Part III. The Majority Strikes Back: 7. The people's check on the courts Conclusion: a new constitutional equilibrium Appendix.
Estimating the Effect of Minimum Wages on Employment from the Distribution of Wages: A Critical Review

In two papers, Meyer and Wise (1983a,b) present an ingenious method for estimating the effect of minimum wage rates on wages and employment using data based only on the observed cross-sectional distribution of wages. They, and others who have used this method, have generally found that the minimum wage causes substantial losses in employment. In this paper we evaluate the robustness of this technique. We argue that the estimates, at least for the UK, are very sensitive to the functional form assumed for the distribution of wages and to the assumption made about how far up the wage distribution the minimum wage has spillover effects.
Successful ISO 9000 implementation in Taiwan: How can we achieve it, and what does it mean?

Purpose - This study aims to examine empirically how business in Taiwan has successfully implemented and benefited from ISO 9000. Design/methodology/approach - Of 1,668 survey questionnaires mailed to companies with ISO 9000 certification, a total of 441 usable responses were used in the survey. Using the structural equation model, this study is grounded in a theoretical framework that links five key variables: top management support, quality planning, employee involvement, continuous improvement and firm performance. Findings - The empirical results indicate that there is a positive relation between ISO 9000 and business performance. Keys to success include four constructs, namely top management support, quality planning, employee involvement and continuous improvement. These constructs are a series of chain, rather than parallel components. Originality/value - This study constructs a conceptual framework that links the following key variables: top management support, quality planning, employee involvement, continuous improvement and firm performance. This study not only assesses the impact of these practices on firm performance, but also clarifies the process through which ISO 9000 implementation effects performance. Moreover, it provides an empirical framework for testing the well-known PDCA cycle. The results should provide valuable information for dealing with similar managerial issues.
The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Eating Disorders to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

ABSTRACT Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders are body image disorders that have long been hypothesized to be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Available data suggest that BDD and eating disorders are often comorbid with OCD. Data from a variety of domains suggest that both BDD and eating disorders have many similarities with OCD and seem related to OCD. However, these disorders also differ from OCD in some ways. Additional research is needed on the relationship of BDD and eating disorders to OCD, including studies that directly compare them to OCD in a variety of domains, including phenomenology, family history, neurobiology, and etiology.
Cuba and the politics of passion

Cuban politics has long been remarkable for its passionate intensity, and yet few scholars have explored the effect of emotions on political attitudes and action in Cuba or elsewhere. This book thus offers an important new approach by bringing feelings back into the study of politics and showing how the politics of passion and affection have interacted to shape Cuban history throughout the twentieth century. Damian Fernandez characterizes the politics of passion as the pursuit of a moral absolute for the nation as a whole. While such a pursuit rallied the Cuban people around charismatic leaders such as Fidel Castro, Fernandez finds that it also set the stage for disaffection and disconnection when the grand goal never fully materialized. At the same time, he reveals how the politics of affection - taking care of family and friends outside the formal structures of government -has paradoxically both undermined state regimes and helped them remain in power by creating an informal survival network that provides what the state cannot or will not. Damian J. Fernandez is Chair and Associate Professor of International Relations at Florida Atlantic University.