Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The problem with problem-solving justice: coercion vs. democratic deliberation

Abstract Problem-solving justice is analysed in terms of democratic theory about the conditions under which courts are justified in applying coercive sanctions. The guilty plea process forces defendants to forego evidentiary proof and accept treatment and surveillance. All problem-solving ‘courts', which actually are corrections agencies, operate this way. This violates the legitimating triadic structure in which judges adjudicate, not medicate. Two popular problem-solving models are therapeutic justice and restorative justice. The therapeutic model is individualistic and emphasises personal responsibility, consistent with neoliberal penality. The restorative model is socially and communally oriented, but in practice it must be legally constrained from applying unwise popular prejudices. Habermas's theory of communicative action and discourse ethics of democratic deliberation presents an alternative to both models. Communicative interaction implies a commitment to factual truth, sincerity, and normativity based on open and democratic participation. We argue that, after conviction (whether by guilty plea or after trial) sentencing should not be automatic. Restorative justice appears in sentencing, not in adjudication. Judges should not supervise treatment or restoration. Rather, sentence should be determined with a restorative community/victim/offender participatory dialogue and approved by a judge if it complied with law and gave equal voice to all participants. Within applicable sentencing law, this team could make sentencing recommendations that would be superior both politically and practically to those currently enforced by problem-solving ‘courts’.
THE PATHOLOGY OF DEMOTIVATION AND AMOTIVATION IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING CONTEXT: A CASE STUDY

Foreign language learning disabilities (FLLD) is one of the new terms in the literature of learning disabilities (LD) which seeks to investigate the disabilities English language learners may have in their experience with language. Many areas affecting learning a language are being investigated. Motivation and two other related terms demotivation and amotivation, as affective factors, are among the most recent undiscovered areas in studying FLLD. This paper aims at investigating the learning disabilities of an Iranian girl student called Shiva in pursuing her language learning in university. Different research instruments like MSQ, WTC Questionnaire, and Nelson English Language Test were adopted to diagnose different aspects of her disabilities to devise the most efficacious type of help for her. The findings indicated that demotivation causes mostly as a result of the misconduct of the teachers in not only their teaching techniques but also their misuse of motivational strategies.
Behaviour modelling, instruction and exploration training approaches in group and individual contexts

Behaviour modelling has been associated with higher learning outcomes compared to other training approaches. These cumulative research findings create imperative to examine underlying causal mechanisms or contingency factors that may promote behaviour modelling's advantages even further. We propose group-based learning as one contingency factor because there exists greater opportunity for observation, imitation and feedback. We use a two-by-three experimental laboratory design involving 84 subjects to test for an interaction effect between training context (group-based, individual-based) and training approach (behaviour modelling, exploration, instruction) on several learning outcomes. We use hierarchical regression to show that, while the interaction effect was not significant, the training approach main effect was significant. Consistent with expectations, behaviour modelling outperformed exploration on task performance. There were no significant differences between behaviour modelling and instruction. We conclude that behaviour modelling is associated with higher task performance levels on a complex word-processing task when compared to exploration.
Effect of intranasal oxytocin on pro-social behavior in social anxiety disorder

Background: Previous research suggests that intranasal oxytocin may promote trust, social cooperation, and emotion recognition in humans. In addition, oxytocin’s effects may be moderated by individual difference factors. The current investigation examined whether oxytocin impacts cooperative behavior toward a rejecting but initially cooperative confederate, and whether it modulates attentional processes toward social stimuli, as a function of individual differences. Methods: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 54 individuals with SAD were randomly assigned to receive 24 international units (IU) of oxytocin or placebo nasal spray. Following drug administration, participants completed a computerized balltossing game called Cyberball, which measured social cooperation toward three other fictitious players, who were programmed to follow different behavioral profiles reflecting various degrees of cooperative play. After Cyberball, participants completed a modified version of the Posner Task. Results: Oxytocin, relative to placebo, improved cooperation during Cyberball, but only for individuals with low attachment avoidance. Relative to placebo, oxytocin also amplified subjective ratings of perceived rejection for individuals with high rejection sensitivity. Furthermore, oxytocin, relative to placebo, led to facilitated disengagement from all social cues regardless of emotional valence, although this was not statistically significant, and speeded up detection of disgust and neutral faces, but only for individuals with high attachment avoidance.
HIV protease inhibitors: recent clinical trials and recommendations on use

Background: HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are potent antiretroviral drugs that represent a pivotal component of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). PIs have evolved over the years to gain in potency, convenience, tolerability and genetic barrier to resistance. Objective: Updated summary of evidence-based information about the efficacy and safety of PIs on initial, simplification and rescue interventions in HIV patients. Methods: Review of available data reported in peer-reviewed journals, medical conferences and treatment guidelines. Results: Due to their characteristics, PIs are, and will remain, a cornerstone component in most lines of antiretroviral therapy. The antiviral activity, tolerability and convenience of PIs have improved significantly in recent years. Differences between compounds within this class may favour their use in specific situations, such as the friendly metabolic profile of atazanavir in patients with cardiovascular disease or the high genetic barrier of darunavir or tipranavir in heavily pretreated individuals with HIV.
Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling of gene genealogies conditional on unphased SNP genotype data

Abstract The gene genealogy is a tree describing the ancestral relationships among genes sampled from unrelated individuals. Knowledge of the tree is useful for inference of population-genetic parameters and has potential application in gene-mapping. Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches that sample genealogies conditional on observed genetic data typically assume that haplotype data are observed even though commonly-used genotyping technologies provide only unphased genotype data. We have extended our haplotype-based genealogy sampler, sampletrees, to handle unphased genotype data. We use the sampled haplotype configurations as a diagnostic for adequate sampling of the tree space based on the reasoning that if haplotype sampling is restricted, sampling from the tree space will also be restricted. We compare the distributions of sampled haplotypes across multiple runs of sampletrees, and to those estimated by the phase inference program, PHASE. Performance was excellent for the majority of individuals as shown by the consistency of results across multiple runs. However, for some individuals in some datasets, sampletrees had problems sampling haplotype configurations; longer run lengths would be required for these datasets. For many datasets though, we expect that sampletrees will be useful for sampling from the posterior distribution of gene genealogies given unphased genotype data.
Discrete Dynamic Shortest Path Problems in Transportation Applications: Complexity and Algorithms with Optimal Run Time

A solution is provided for what appears to be a 30-year-old problem dealing with the discovery of the most efficient algorithms possible to compute all-to-one shortest paths in discrete dynamic networks. This problem lies at the heart of efficient solution approaches to dynamic network models that arise in dynamic transportation systems, such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications. The all-to-one dynamic shortest paths problem and the one-to-all fastest paths problems are studied. Early results are revisited and new properties are established. The complexity of these problems is established, and solution algorithms optimal for run time are developed. A new and simple solution algorithm is proposed for all-to-one, all departure time intervals, shortest paths problems. It is proved, theoretically, that the new solution algorithm has an optimal run time complexity that equals the complexity of the problem. Computer implementations and experimental evaluations of various solution algorithms support the theoretical findings and demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution algorithm. The findings should be of major benefit to research and development activities in the field of dynamic management, in particular real-time management, and to control of large-scale ITSs.
Military service and men's health trajectories in later life.

OBJECTIVES This study examines differences in the relationship between veteran status and men's trajectories of health conditions, activities of daily living limitations, and self-rated health. METHODS We use data on 12,631 men drawn from the 1992-2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study to estimate growth curve models that examine differences in health trajectories between nonveterans and veterans, veterans with and without wartime service, and war service veterans who served during World War II, Korea, Vietnam, and multiple wars. RESULTS The results indicate that veterans have better health at the mean age of 66.2 years, but experience greater age-related changes in health than nonveterans. Similarly, men who served during wartime have better health at the mean age, but more age-related changes in health than men who did not serve during wartime. Among war veterans, Vietnam veterans are in poorer health at the mean age, but they experience less substantial age-related health changes than men who served during previous wars. DISCUSSION Although veterans experience better health relative to nonveterans around retirement age, they have poorer health than nonveterans among the oldest old. These findings inform our understanding of the veteran-nonveteran health-mortality paradox found in previous research and suggest a health crossover among veterans and nonveterans in later life.
Green-Eyed (Step)Monsters: Parental Figures’ Perceptions of Jealousy in the Stepfamily

ABSTRACT Stepfamilies are complex structures made up of multiple relationships and family subsystems. Although this relational complexity is ripe for the development of jealousy, previous research has focused primarily on romantic relationships. This study explores parental figures’ perceptions of jealousy in stepfamily relationships. Twenty-one in-depth interviews revealed four key themes: strategic framing of jealousy experiences, increased levels of uncertainty and fear, anger and wishes of ill-will toward ex-relationship partners, and the central role that children play in jealousy-related family conflicts. Coping strategies reported by participants revealed a dialectical tension between confrontation and avoidance. Implications for addressing jealousy in the stepfamily are discussed.
Building phonological lexical representations*

This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on how much detail young children's word representations contain. We investigate early representations of place of articulation and voicing contrasts, inspired by previously attested asymmetrical patterns in children's early word productions. We tested Dutch-learning 20- and 24-month-olds’ perception of these fundamentally different contrasts in a mispronunciation-detection paradigm. Our results show that different kinds and directions of phonological changes yield different effects. Both 20- and 24-month-olds noticed coronal mispronunciations of labials, but not vice versa. The 24-month-olds noticed voiced mispronunciations of voiceless stops, but not vice versa, while the 20-month-olds failed to notice any voicing mispronunciations. We argue that early lexical representations are specified in very systematic ways, that not all phonological contrasts are encoded at the same time and that the phonological system of a language determines which contrasts are specified first in the representations of early words.
Disabled people in rural South Africa talk about sexuality

Disability is emerging as a human rights issue of public concern, rather than an individual tragedy requiring medical attention. The issue of sexuality remains relatively neglected in this agenda, particularly as regards the exploration of the complexities of sexuality encountered by disabled people themselves. This paper focuses on the experiences of sexuality of disabled people and parents of disabled children in settings of poverty in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Three individual interviews and two focus groups were conducted with disabled adults and parents of disabled children. Thematic analysis of the interviews identified three principal themes (1) sexuality development in the family of origin, (2) sexuality in the community and (3) adult sexuality and creating families. Each of these larger themes encompasses various sub-themes that are discussed in the findings. The paper concludes that while sexuality is a very difficult aspect of life for a disabled person due to myths and discrimination against disabled people, it is also an important arena for affirmation and establishing self-worth. It is therefore critical to consider the development of a healthy sexuality amongst disabled people and the promotion of their sexual rights.
Mass generation from tachyon condensation for vector fields on D-branes

The level truncation approach to string field theory is used to study the zero-momentum action for vector excitations on a bosonic D-brane which has been annihilated by tachyon condensation. It is shown that in the true vacuum the translation zero modes associated with transverse scalars on the D-brane are lifted by spontaneous generation of mass terms. Similarly, the U(1) gauge field on the brane develops a nonzero mass term.
Design and Implementation of User Context aware Recommendation Engine for Mobile using Bayesian Network, Fuzzy Logic and Rule Base

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an intelligent service recommendation model. The paper formulates the service adaptation process by using artificial intelligence techniques like Bayesian Network, fuzzy logic and rule based reasoning.Design/methodology/approach – The authors formulate the service adaptation process by using artificial intelligence techniques like Bayesian Network, fuzzy logic and rule based reasoning. Bayesian Network is used to classify the incoming call (high priority call, low priority call and unknown calls), fuzzy linguistic variables and membership degrees to define the context situations, the rules for adopting the policies of implementing a service, fitness degree computation and service recommendation. In addition to this the paper proposes maximum to minimum priority based context attributes matching algorithm for rule selection based on fitness degree of rules. The context aware mobile is tested for library and class room scenario to exemplify the proposed serv.
Effect of Cold, Warm or Contrast Therapy on Controlling Knee Osteoarthritis Associated Problems

— Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent and far common debilitating form of arthritis which can be defined as a degenerative condition affecting synovial joint. Patients suffering from osteoarthritis often complain of dull ache pain on movement. Physical agents can fight the painful process when correctly indicated and used such as heat or cold therapy Aim . This study was carried out to: Compare the effect of cold, warm and contrast therapy on controlling knee osteoarthritis associated problems . Setting: The study was carried out in orthopedic outpatient clinics of Menoufia University and teaching Hospitals , Egypt . Sample: A convenient sample of 60 adult patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis. Tools: three tools were utilized to collect the data. Tool I: An interviewing questionnaire. It comprised of three parts covering sociodemographic data, medical data and adverse effects of the treatment protocol. Tool II: Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). It consists of five main parts . Tool II1: 0-10 Numeric pain rating scale. Results: revealed that the total knee symptoms score was decreased from moderate symptoms pre intervention to mild symptoms after warm and contrast method of therapy, but the contrast therapy had significant effect in reducing the knee symptoms and pain than the other symptoms. Conclusions: all of the three methods of therapy resulted in improvement in all knee symptoms and pain but the most appropriate protocol of treatment to relive symptoms and pain was contrast therapy.
Ser/Thr/Tyr Protein Phosphorylation in Bacteria – For Long Time Neglected, Now Well Established

The first clearly established example of Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation of a bacterial protein was isocitrate dehydrogenase. In 1979, 25 years after the discovery of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes, this enzyme was reported to become phosphorylated on a serine residue. In subsequent years, numerous other bacterial proteins phosphorylated on Ser, Thr or Tyr were discovered and the corresponding protein kinases and P-protein phosphatases were identified. These protein modifications regulate all kinds of physiological processes. Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation in bacteria therefore seems to play a similar important role as in eukaryotes. Surprisingly, many bacterial protein kinases do not exhibit any similarity to eukaryotic protein kinases, but rather resemble nucleotide-binding proteins or kinases phosphorylating diverse low-molecular-weight substrates.
Thiopurine‐induced mitotic catastrophe in Rad51d‐deficient mammalian cells

Thiopurines are part of a clinical regimen used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, despite these successes, there are also unintended consequences such as therapy‐induced cancer in long‐term survivors. Therefore, a better understanding of cellular responses to thiopurines will lead to improved and personalized treatment strategies. RAD51D is an important component of homologous recombination (HR), and our previous work established that mammalian cells defective for RAD51D are more sensitive to the thiopurine 6‐thioguanine (6TG) and have dramatically increased numbers of multinucleated cells and chromosome instability. 6TG is capable of being incorporated into telomeres, and interestingly, RAD51D contributes to telomere maintenance, although the precise function of RAD51D at the telomeres remains unclear. We sought here to investigate: (1) the activity of RAD51D at telomeres, (2) the contribution of RAD51D to protect against 6TG‐induced telomere damage, and (3) the fates of Rad51d‐deficient cells following 6TG treatment. These results demonstrate that RAD51D is required for maintaining the telomeric 3′ overhangs. As measured by γ‐H2AX induction and foci formation, 6TG induced DNA damage in Rad51d‐proficient and Rad51d‐deficient cells. However, the extent of γ‐H2AX telomere localization following 6TG treatment was higher in Rad51d‐deficient cells than in Rad51d‐proficient cells. Using live‐cell imaging of 6TG‐treated Rad51d‐deficient cells, two predominant forms of mitotic catastrophe were found to contribute to the formation of multinucleated cells, failed division and restitution. Collectively, these findings provide a unique window into the role of the RAD51D HR protein during thiopurine induction of mitotic catastrophe. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:38–48, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Your conflict matters to me! Behavioral and neural manifestations of control adjustment after self-experienced and observed decision-conflict Winkel,

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Sororicide/Filiacide: Homicide for Family Honour [and Comments and Reply]

Homicide of patrilateral kin on the justification of "restoring the family honour" is here differentiated from other assaults on family members. It is also distinguished from vendetta, which, though aimed at the restoration of family honour, affects strangers. This study outlines the social characteristics of the instances of homicide, attempted homicide, and forced suicide for family honour that occurred in Israel between May 1973 and December 1978. The findings disclose a systematic subjection of the custom to a normative code. It is largely limited to Arab Muslims. Murder by kin is here a consequence of forbidden sexual associations that impinge on a group's esteem. The sensitivity of the groups to their daughters' propriety is a matter of honour not in an absolute sense, but in concrete reference to groups above or below them on the social scale. The killing is, moreover, not a mere punitive response, but a consequence of a shift in the kin group's position on the social ladder; with social mobility the response becomes more stringent. Mobility increases the vulnerability of females, as the tightening control over their movements includes those made in the past that until then had been ignored. Sororicide/filiacide for family honour is here identified as sui generis. It reflects neither structures of personality nor the social superstructure, but the social infrastrusture-the hierarchy of patrilineal kin groups within their Gemeinschaft setting.
Dual Pricing in Electronic Markets

We model the availability of information about product attributes in Internet-based markets, focusing on a phenomenon that we term as information deficit (availability of less than perfect information about product attributes) and its impact on the equilibrium strategies of sellers and buyers in electronic markets. We create a model of a market for a differentiated product and investigate how buyer uncertainty regarding the attributes of the product drives market outcomes. We show that a market for product information can partly correct the inefficiencies that arise from imperfect information and predict that product information will begin to be traded once appropriate micro-transaction payment schemes become available. We formulate a mechanism by which sellers can charge an information rent for fine-grained information about product attributes which we term as a dual pricing mechanism wherein sellers extract an information rent in addition to the price of the product from buyers. We analyze the equilibrium that results and comment on the nature of welfare gains. A key finding of the paper is that allowing sellers to charge dual rents leads to more efficient markets.