Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AttSum: Joint Learning of Focusing and Summarization with Neural Attention

Query relevance ranking and sentence saliency ranking are the two main tasks in extractive query-focused summarization. Previous supervised summarization systems often perform the two tasks in isolation. However, since reference summaries are the trade-off between relevance and saliency, using them as supervision, neither of the two rankers could be trained well. This paper proposes a novel summarization system called AttSum, which tackles the two tasks jointly. It automatically learns distributed representations for sentences as well as the document cluster. Meanwhile, it applies the attention mechanism to simulate the attentive reading of human behavior when a query is given. Extensive experiments are conducted on DUC query-focused summarization benchmark datasets. Without using any hand-crafted features, AttSum achieves competitive performance. We also observe that the sentences recognized to focus on the query indeed meet the query need.
THE STELLAR ANCESTRY OF SUPERNOVAE IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS. I. THE MOST RECENT SUPERNOVAE IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD

We use the star formation history (SFH) map of the Large Magellanic Cloud recently published by Harris and Zaritsky to study the sites of the eight smallest (and presumably youngest) supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Cloud: SN 1987A, N158A, N49, and N63A (core collapse remnants), 0509 − 67.5, 0519 − 69.0, N103B, and DEM L71 (Type Ia remnants). The local SFHs provide unique insights into the nature of the supernova (SN) progenitors, which we compare with the properties of the SN explosions derived from the remnants themselves and from SN light echoes. We find that all the core collapse SNe that we have studied are associated with vigorous star formation (SF) in the recent past. In the case of SN 1987A, the time of the last peak of SF (12 Myr) matches the lifetime of a star with the known mass of its blue supergiant progenitor (∼20 M☉). More recent peaks of SF can lead to SNe with more massive progenitors, which opens the possibility of a Type Ib/c origin for SNRs N158A and N63A. Stars more massive than 21.5 M☉ are very scarce around SNR N49, implying that the magnetar SGR 0526 − 66 in this SNR was either formed elsewhere or came from a progenitor with a mass well below the 30 M☉ threshold suggested in the literature. Three of our four Ia SNRs are associated with old, metal-poor stellar populations. This includes SNR 0509 − 67.5, which is known to have been originated by an extremely bright Type Ia event, and yet is located very far away from any sites of recent SF, in a population with a mean age of 7.9 Gyr. The Type Ia SNR N103B, on the other hand, is associated with recent SF, and might have had a relatively younger and more massive progenitor with substantial mass loss before the explosion. We discuss these results in the context of our present understanding of core collapse and Type Ia SN progenitors.
A Taxonomy of Bacterial Microcompartment Loci Constructed by a Novel Scoring Method

Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are proteinaceous organelles involved in both autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism. All BMCs share homologous shell proteins but differ in their complement of enzymes; these are typically encoded adjacent to shell protein genes in genetic loci, or operons. To enable the identification and prediction of functional (sub)types of BMCs, we developed LoClass, an algorithm that finds putative BMC loci and inventories, weights, and compares their constituent pfam domains to construct a locus similarity network and predict locus (sub)types. In addition to using LoClass to analyze sequences in the Non-redundant Protein Database, we compared predicted BMC loci found in seven candidate bacterial phyla (six from single-cell genomic studies) to the LoClass taxonomy. Together, these analyses resulted in the identification of 23 different types of BMCs encoded in 30 distinct locus (sub)types found in 23 bacterial phyla. These include the two carboxysome types and a divergent set of metabolosomes, BMCs that share a common catalytic core and process distinct substrates via specific signature enzymes. Furthermore, many Candidate BMCs were found that lack one or more core metabolosome components, including one that is predicted to represent an entirely new paradigm for BMC-associated metabolism, joining the carboxysome and metabolosome. By placing these results in a phylogenetic context, we provide a framework for understanding the horizontal transfer of these loci, a starting point for studies aimed at understanding the evolution of BMCs. This comprehensive taxonomy of BMC loci, based on their constituent protein domains, foregrounds the functional diversity of BMCs and provides a reference for interpreting the role of BMC gene clusters encoded in isolate, single cell, and metagenomic data. Many loci encode ancillary functions such as transporters or genes for cofactor assembly; this expanded vocabulary of BMC-related functions should be useful for design of genetic modules for introducing BMCs in bioengineering applications.
Selection of Decision Strategies After Conscious and Unconscious Thought

It is commonly assumed that the use of simple, non-compensatory strategies is especially pronounced in memory-based decisions, where information costs are high. At the same time, there is evidence that in memory-based decisions, a compensatory processing of attributes is facilitated when the processing occurs unconsciously rather than consciously. We applied a strategy classification approach—developed in research on non-compensatory heuristics—to test two key tenets of unconscious thought theory: the capacity principle and the weighting principle. Participants memorized attribute information about cars and were subsequently either directed to or diverted from thinking consciously about their preferences between the cars (conscious versus unconscious thought). Then, participants indicated in pair-wise choices which car they would prefer and were classified (based on their choices) as using either one of two compensatory strategies (equal weight or weighted additive) or a non-compensatory strategy (lexicographic heuristic). In line with the capacity principle, the number of participants best described by a compensatory strategy (the equal-weight strategy) tended to be higher after unconscious thought than after conscious thought, whereas the number of participants best described by the lexicographic heuristic tended to be lower. Inconsistent with the weighting principle, participants in the unconscious thought condition were better described by the equal-weight strategy than by the weighted-additive strategy. In Experiment 2, in which participants were not instructed to form an impression while learning the attribute information, the use of the equal-weight strategy was not more prevalent after unconscious thought. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FRAGMENTATION AND HADRONIZATION

Experimental data, theoretical ideas and models concerning jet fragmentation and the hadronization process are reviewed, concentrating on the following topics: factorization and small-x resummation of fragmentation functions, hadronization models, single-particle yields and spectra in Z decay, comparisons between quark and gluon jets, current and target fragmentation in deep inelastic scattering, heavy quark fragmentation, Bose-Einstein correlations and WW fragmentation.
Yukawa hierarchy transfer based on superconformal dynamics and geometrical realization in string models

We propose a scenario that leads to hierarchical Yukawa couplings and degenerate sfermion masses at the same time, in the context of extra-dimensional models, which can be naturally embedded in a wide class of string models. The hierarchy of Yukawa couplings and degeneracy of sfermion masses can be realized thanks to superconformal gauge dynamics. The sfermion mass degeneracy is guaranteed by taking the superconformal fixed point to be family independent. In our scenario, the origin of Yukawa hierarchy is attributed to geometry of compactified dimensions and the consequent volume dependence of gauge couplings in the superconformal sectors. The difference in these gauge couplings is dynamically transferred to the hierarchy of the Yukawa couplings. Thus, our scenario combines a new dynamical approach and the conventional geometrical approach to the supersymmetric flavor problem.
White Matter Integrity, Facial Emotion Perception, and Socialization in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Difficulty interpreting facial expressions is an important component of social deficits seen in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). The amygdalo-fusiform white matter tract is theorized to contribute to facial expression interpretation. The current study examined relationships between white matter integrity (WMI) along the aymgdalo-fusiform pathway, facial emotion perception (FEP), and socialization skill (SS) in a sample of typically developing (TD) participants and participants with ASDs. Groups were differentiated by WMI along the amygdalo-fusiform tract. Results suggested unexpected negative relationships between WMI and SS, and between WMI and FEP in the ASD group. A group interaction was suggested for WMI and FEP such that participants with ASDs demonstrated a negative relationship, whereas TD participants displayed the hypothesized positive relationship. Overall, findings suggest that measures of WMI along the amygdalo-fusiform tract should not be conceptualized identically in participants with ASDs and controls. INDEX WORDS: White matter integrity, Facial emotion perception, Socialization skill, Autism spectrum disorders WHITE MATTER INTEGRITY, FACIAL EMOTION PERCEPTION, AND SOCIALIZATION IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
On the reduction of free photons speed in modeling of their propagation in space by the wave function in coordinate representation

The main principles of photon quantum mechanics describing its single-particle states by means of the wave function (wave packet) in the coordinate representation are given. The results of modeling of the propagation in space-time of wave packet with a Gaussian distribution of the momentum of a photon corresponding to femtosecond laser radiation are discussed. On the basis of the general ideas about the evolution of this packet and within the framework of constructed photon quantum mechanics, the quantum-mechanical explanation of the experimentally registered (previously) reduction of speed of the free photons, “structured” in the same way as the light in Bessel and Gaussian beams, is proposed. It is emphasized that in fact the photon is not a some formed quantum corpuscle, but it is a quasi-particle, which is the result of propagation of spin wave in physical vacuum, the nature of which should be considered at the Planck distances simultaneously with structure of fundamental particles.
New class of turbo-like codes with universally good performance and high-speed decoding

Modern turbo-like codes (TLCs), including concatenated convolutional codes and low density parity check (LDPC) codes, have been shown to approach the Shannon limit on the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel Many design aspects remain relatively unexplored, however, including TLC design for maximum flexibility, very low error rate performance, and amenability to simple or very high-speed hardware codecs. In this paper we address these design issues by suggesting a new class of TLCs that we call systematic with serially concatenated parity (S-SCP) codes. One example member of this family is the Generalized (or Systematic) repeat accumulate code. We describe two other members of this family that both exhibit good performance over a wide range of block sizes, code rates, modulation, and target error probability. One of these provides error floor performance not previously demonstrated with any other TLC construction and the other is shown to offer very low complexity decoding with good performance. These two codes have been implemented in high-speed hardware codecs and performance curves based on these down to bit error rates below 10-10 are provided.
The Relationship Between Lip Pressure Following Lip Repair and Craniofacial Growth: An Experimental Study in Beagles

In the present study with beagles, various states of lip pressure (decreased and increased) following surgical creation of the lip and palatal defects and subsequent lip repair were found to be significantly related to craniofacial growth aberrations and disproportions. These aberrations are discussed in terms of an imbalanced functional skeletal-soft-tissue matrix. Significantly elevated lip pressure following lip repair in group III animals was found to be more detrimental to craniofacial growth than decreased lip pressure resulting from the surgical creation of a defect left unrepaired. Results of the study present, for the first time, documented evidence of a significant relationship between lip pressure following lip repair and craniofacial growth. Caution should be employed in extending these conclusions to the clinical setting, yet the findings underscore the need for well-controlled clinical studies designed to assess the influence of cleft lip repair on craniofacial growth.
Measurement of stand-sit and sit-stand transitions using a miniature gyroscope and its application in fall risk evaluation in the elderly

A new method of evaluating the characteristics of postural transition (PT) and their correlation with falling risk in elderly people is described. The time of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions and their duration were measured using a miniature gyroscope attached to the chest and a portable recorder placed on the waist. Based on a simple model and the discrete wavelet transform, three parameters related to the PT were measured, namely, the average and standard deviation of transition duration and the occurrence of abnormal successive transitions (number of attempts to have a successful transition). The comparison between two groups of elderly subjects (with high and low fall-risk) showed that the computed parameters were significantly correlated with the falling risk as determined by the record of falls during the previous year, balance and gait disorders (Tinetti score), visual disorders, and cognitive and depressive disorders (p < 0.01). In this study, the wavelet transform has provided a powerful technique for enhancing the pattern of PT, which was mainly concentrated into the frequency range of 0.04-0.68 Hz. The system is especially adapted for long-term ambulatory monitoring of elderly people.
NK cell‐mediated anti‐tumor immune response to human prostate cancer cell, PC‐3: immunogene therapy using a highly secretable form of interleukin‐15 gene transfer

Interleukin (IL)‐15 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is important forinnate and adaptive immune cell homeostasis. The expression of IL‐15protein is controlled by posttranscriptional mechanisms. Here, weconstructed a human IL‐15 expression vector consisting of the humanIL‐2 signal peptide, the human IL‐15 mature peptide‐coding sequences,and an out‐of‐frame human growth hormone gene. Human prostate cancercells, PC‐3, transfected with this highly secretable form of the IL‐15gene, successfully secreted abundant bioactive IL‐15 protein. In nudemice, the growth of PC‐3 cells producing IL‐15 was remarkably retarded.NK cell‐depletion using anti‐asialo GM1 antibody restoredtumorigenicity. Histologically, tumors derived from IL‐15‐producingPC‐3 cells contained necrotic areas with high apoptotic index.Splenocytes incubated with supernatant of transfectants killed targetPC‐3 cells and expressed a significantly high level of mIFN‐γ mRNA.These observations suggest that NK cell‐mediated, anti‐tumor effects ofIL‐15 could provide a potential rationale for gene therapy of prostatecancer.
Alternate formulation for transform learning

Dictionary learning has been used to solve inverse problems in imaging and as an unsupervised feature extraction tool in vision. The main disadvantage of dictionary learning for applications in vision is the relatively long feature extraction time during testing; owing to the requirement of solving an iterative optimization problem (l0-minimization). The newly developed analysis framework of transform learning does not suffer from this shortcoming; feature extraction only requires a matrix vector multiplication. This work proposes an alternate formulation for transform learning that improves the accuracy even further. Experiments on benchmark databases show that our proposed transform learning yields results better than dictionary learning, autoencoder (AE) and restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM). The feature extraction time is fast as AE and RBM.
Enhanced Cellulase Production from Bacillus subtilis by Optimizing Physical Parameters for Bioethanol Production

Effect of physical parameters such as initial pH, agitation (rpm), and temperature (°C) for cellulase production from Bacillus subtilis AS3 was investigated. Central composite design of experiments followed by multiple desirability function was applied for the optimization of cellulase activity and cell growth. The effect of the temperature and agitation was found to be significant among the three independent variables. The optimum levels of initial pH, temperature, and agitation for alkaline carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) production predicted by the model were 7.2, 39°C, and 121 rpm, respectively. The CMCase activity with unoptimized physical parameters and previously optimized medium composition was 0.43 U/mL. The maximum activity (0.56 U/mL) and cell growth (2.01 mg/mL) predicted by the model were in consensus with values (0.57 U/mL, 2.1 mg/mL) obtained using optimized medium and optimal values of physical parameters. After optimization, 33% enhancement in CMCase activity (0.57 U/mL) was recorded. On scale-up of cellulase production process in bioreactor with all the optimized conditions, an activity of 0.75 U/mL was achieved. Consequently, the bacterial cellulase employed for bioethanol production expending (5%, w/v) NaOH-pretreated wild grass with Zymomonas mobilis yielded an utmost ethanol titre of 7.56 g/L and 11.65 g/L at shake flask and bioreactor level, respectively.
A new test/diagnosis/rework model for use in technical cost modeling of electronic systems assembly

This paper presents a test/diagnosis/rework analysis model for use in technical cost modeling of electronic assemblies. The approach includes a model of test operations characterized by fault coverage, false positives, and defects introduced in test, in addition to rework and diagnosis operations that have variable success rates and their own defect introduction mechanisms. The model can accommodate an arbitrary number of rework attempts on any given assembly and can be used to optimize the fault coverage and rework investment during system tradeoff analyses. The model's implementation allows all inputs to the model to be represented as probability distributions thereby accommodating inevitable uncertainties in input data present during tradeoff activities and uses Monte Carlo methods to determine model outputs.
Litigation: Preliminary Results and Methodological Considerations

considerable debate. The traditional terms pro se or pro per are often rejected as needlessly legalistic and condescending to individuals who are unschooled in the finer points of law Latin. Although some use the term “unrepresented,” we prefer the term “self-represented” as it is more consistent with the principle that litigants without lawyers should be treated with the same dignity and respect as those with lawyers.
A New Scheme for Robust Gradient Vector Estimation in Color Images

Gradient estimators are mostly designed to yield accurate and robust estimates of the gradient magnitude, not the gradient direction. This paper proposes a method for the accurate and robust estimation of both the gradient magnitude and direction. It robustly estimates the gradient in the x- and y-directions. The robustness against noise is achieved by prefiltering and postfiltering of the gradient in each direction. To reduce edge blurring effects introduced by these filters, the gradient in a certain direction is obtained by applying the prefilter and postfilter in the perpendicular direction. The basic elements employed in each window are: highpass, lowpass and aggregation operators. The highpass operator is used as a gradient estimator, the lowpass operator is for prefiltering and postfiltering, and the aggregation operator is for aggregating the prefiltered and postfiltered gradients. Four different combinations of highpass, lowpass and aggregation operators are proposed: MVD-Median-Mean, MVD-Median-Max, RCMG-Median-Mean, and RCMG-Median-Max. Experimental results show that the RCMG-Median-Mean has the best performance in estimating the gradient and detecting the edges in noisy color images. It is computationally more efficient than the state-of-the-art gradient estimators and is able to accurately estimate the gradient direction as well as the gradient magnitude. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms other recently proposed color gradient estimators and edge detectors.
Team-optimal solution of finite number of mean-field coupled LQG subsystems

A decentralized control system with linear dynamics, quadratic cost, and Gaussian disturbances is considered. The system consists of a finite number of subsystems whose dynamics and per-step cost function are coupled through their mean-field (empirical average). The system has mean-field sharing information structure, i.e., each controller observes the state of its local subsystem (either perfectly or with noise) and the mean-field. It is shown that the optimal control law is unique, linear, and identical across all subsystems. Moreover, the optimal gains are computed by solving two decoupled Riccati equations in the full observation model and by solving an additional filter Riccati equation in the noisy observation model. These Riccati equations do not depend on the number of subsystems. It is also shown that the optimal decentralized performance is the same as the optimal centralized performance. An example, motivated by smart grids, is presented to illustrate the result.
Structure of Long Telomeric RNA Transcripts

Recent studies have identified RNA transcripts arising from mammalian telomeres with the transcript of the C-rich strand (r(5′-UUAGGG-3′)n) being much more abundant than transcripts of the G-rich strand. Here we used transmission electron microscopy, CD, and nuclease digestion to investigate the structure of ∼640-nucleotide (nt) RNA transcripts of the C-rich and G-rich strands of mammalian telomeric DNA. The CD spectrum of the C-rich RNA in low salt (10 mm KCl) or high salt (100 mm KCl) was typical of mixed sequence RNA, whereas the CD spectrum for the G-rich RNA differed with changes characteristic of parallel G-quadruplexes at the higher salt concentration. Electron microscopy visualization of the C-rich RNA revealed relatively extended unstructured molecules 59.7 ± 17.8 nm in length and with a width consistent with single-stranded RNA following metal coating. In contrast, the G-rich RNA was observed as round particles and short, thick rods with the rods being most prevalent in high salt conditions and absent in low salt. The rods were 22.7 ± 4.8 nm in length and 7.6 nm in width. Digestion of the G-rich RNA with T1 RNA nuclease revealed a ladder of bands whose sizes were integral multiples of 24 nt plus a 4-nt overhang. These observations suggest a model in which G-rich telomeric RNA folds into chains of particles each consisting of four (UUAGGG) repeats stabilized by parallel G-quartets and joined by UUA linkers. These chains further condense to form short rods and round particles.