Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Boyfriends, babies and basketball: present lives and future aspirations of young women in a remote Australian Aboriginal community

This paper explores the aspirations of a group of young women in a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It examines how their hopes and expectations are influenced by the reality of their everyday lives and the extent to which they are able to influence the course of their lives and become agents for change in their own communities. As with adolescents in lower socio-economic groups, the majority of young women in River Town have not developed life goals or clear strategies of how to achieve these goals. The choices that young women have are constrained by their narrow range of experience, which is characterized by early pregnancies and the potential threat of male violence. However, young women have articulated specific domains where they are able to control and structure their lives. This paper discusses the experiences of young women in this remote Aboriginal community.
Reliable, Silent, Hysterical, or Assured: in Their Medical Decision Making

This article examines how physicians interpret nonmedical cues from patients' behavior in order to decide how to communicate, treat, and diagnose. Data were drawn from a larger study of physician decision making in which physicians were asked to tell a story about a recent difficult decision. Five categories of patient cues interpreted by physicians were examined: physical condition, feelings about their medical condition, personality, attitude about medical care, and social background. Interpretation of these patient cues is an important way physicians develop guidelines for making and rationalizing decisions about how to communicate and care for patients.
Risk Factors for Mortality from Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) in Children under Five Years of Age in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Objective To evaluate risk factors for death from acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children in low- and middle-income countries. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Study selection Observational studies reporting on risk factors for death from ALRI in children below five years in low- and middle income countries. Data sources Medline, Embase, Global Health Library, Lilacs, and Web of Science to January 2014 Risk of bias assessment Quality In Prognosis Studies tool with minor adaptations to assess the risk of bias; funnel plots and Egger's test to evaluate publication bias. Results Out of 10655 papers retrieved, 77 studies from 39 countries (198359 children) met the inclusion criteria. Host and disease characteristics more strongly associated with ALRI mortality were: diagnosis of very severe pneumonia as per WHO definition (odds ratio 9.42, 95% confidence interval 6.37‒13.92); age below two months (5.22, 1.70‒16.03); diagnosis of Pneumocystis Carinii (4.79, 2.67 ‒ 8.61), chronic underlying diseases (4.76, 3.27‒ 6.93); HIV/AIDS (4.68, 3.72‒5.90); and severe malnutrition (OR 4.27, 3.47‒5.25). Socio-economic and environmental factors significantly associated with increased odds of death from ALRI were: young maternal age (1.84, 1.03‒3.31); low maternal education (1.43, 1.13‒1.82); low socio-economic status (1.62, 1.32‒2.00); second-hand smoke exposure (1.52, 1.20 to 1.93); indoor air pollution (3.02, 2.11‒4.31). Immunisation (0.46, 0.36‒0.58) and good antenatal practices (0.50, 0.31‒0.81) were associated with decreased odds of death. Conclusions Host and disease characteristics as well as socio-economic and environmental determinants affect the risk of death from ALRI in children. Together with the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, interventions to modify underlying risk factors such as poverty, lack of female education, and poor environmental conditions, should be considered among the strategies to reduce ALRI mortality in children in low- and middle-income countries.
A comparative assessment of answer quality on four question answering sites

Question answering (Q&A) sites, where communities of volunteers answer questions, may provide faster, cheaper, and better services than traditional institutions. However, like other Web 2.0 platforms, user-created content raises concerns about information quality. At the same time, Q&A sites may provide answers of different quality because they have different communities and technological platforms. This paper compares answer quality on four Q&A sites: Askville, WikiAnswers, Wikipedia Reference Desk, and Yahoo! Answers. Findings indicate that: (1) similar collaborative processes on these sites result in a wide range of outcomes, and significant differences in answer accuracy, completeness, and verifiability were evident; (2) answer multiplication does not always result in better information; it yields more complete and verifiable answers but does not result in higher accuracy levels; and (3) a Q&A site’s popularity does not correlate with its answer quality, on all three measures.
Observations of large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract The authors provide a detailed examination of observed ocean–atmosphere interaction in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Focus is placed on the observed relationships between variability in SH extratropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Results are examined separately for the warm (November–April) and cold (May–October) seasons and for monthly and weekly time scales. It is shown that the signatures of the SAM and ENSO in the SH SST field vary as a function of season, both in terms of their amplitudes and structures. The role of surface turbulent and Ekman heat fluxes in driving seasonal variations in the SAM- and ENSO-related SST anomalies is investigated. Analyses of weekly data reveal that variability in the SAM tends to precede anomalies in the SST field by ∼1 week, and that the e-folding time scale of the SAM-related SST field anomalies is at least 4 months. The persistence of the SAM-related SST anomalies is.
Tree Potentials *

The factors which produce variation in the relatively steady state standing potentials in living systems have been much discussed but have received little experimental study. Two possible sources of variation must be considered. In -one, the changes, whether great or small, may be due to inherent forces within the living system itself. Some of these endogenous forces are well known; brain waves, heart waves, and the electrical correlates of nerve muscle preparations are all changes in standing potential which result from, or are correlated with, the particular biological actvity of thte system being studied. It is characteristic of most of these that they are of relatively short duration and, therefore, can be recorded by resistance capacity coupled amplifiers. In general, most of these records are made under conditions sufficiently standardized so as to preclude any great effect of external or environmental factors. It is, however, generally known that humidity and temperature have some influence on the nature and character of the findings. These exogenous factors are only two of a wide range of events which include such factors as light, barometric pressure, and very possibly as yet unknown radiations such as cosmic rays, as well as electrical characters of the atmosphere. To control the exogenous factors, either singly or in groups, is a highly complicated procedure. Conceivably it could be done, but it would require a large amount of experimental apparatus and much experimentation. The problem can be approached in another way. Given a living system from which continuous records of potential difference could be made, simultaneous records of temperature, humidity, barometer, sun, atmosphere, electricity, and cosmic rays should provide the basis for correlations. For this purpose a growing tree is an ideal living system. Moreover, the application of the electrodes to the tree can be carried out with a minimum of disturbance to the normal functioning of the tree, and a continuous report of the electrical characteristics of at least one segment of a tree over long periods of time can be secured.
Exploring the Criminal Behavior of Women with Psychopathy: Results from a Multicenter Study into Psychopathy and Violent Offending in Female Forensic Psychiatric Patients

Research into the criminal behavior of women with psychopathy is scarce. The overall aim of the present study was to examine differences between the criminal behavior of women with and without psychopathy. The sample comprised 221 female forensic psychiatric patients who are or have been admitted to one of four participating forensic settings in the Netherlands between 1984 and 2012. An extensive questionnaire containing demographic, criminal, and psychiatric variables was coded, as well as the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, several risk assessment tools, and a taxonomy of motivations (inspired by Coid, 1998). The lowered PCL-R cut-off score as applied in the Female Additional Manual was used to define women with psychopathy. It was found that women with psychopathy were younger at their first conviction and had more criminal versatility in their offense histories than women without psychopathy. With respect to the index offense it was found that women with psychopathy committed a fatal index offense less often, were more likely to have stranger victims, and committed offenses motivated by power, dominance, or personal gain (i.e., Bad motivation typology) more often than women without psychopathy. No differences were found between women with and without psychopathy with respect to type of weapon used at the index offense. Implications and suggestions for future research into psychopathy in women are discussed.
Profile of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis (AR): A Clinic Based Cross-Sectional Study from Kolkata, India.

BACKGROUND Allergic Rhinitis (AR) though quite common in India, does not receive its due importance as it deserves. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify the demographic and clinical profile of the patients with AR and to find the association of pre-dominant disease symptoms with common allergens, type and severity of the disease and other co-morbidities. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This clinic-based cross-sectional, observational study was conducted among adult patients presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of AR. METHODS AND MATERIAL Consecutive 548 patients were initially screened for possible cases of AR by proper history taking and physical examination and confirmation was done by a battery of investigations, including modified skin prick test. A total of 462 patients who were finally diagnosed with AR were included in the study. Categorization of these patients was done following Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines. Pulmonary function tests and X-ray/CT-scan of the para-nasal sinuses were done to confirm the presence of bronchial asthma and sinusitis, respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS version 10). Z-test was applied to compare between two rates, at 5% level of significance. RESULTS Proportion of "blockers" was found to be much higher than that of "sneezers-runners" (64.1% vs. 35.9%). "Blockers" had significantly more sensitization to polyvalent house dust, house dust mites and fungi (p < 0.05), while, "sneezers-runners" had more sensitization to pollens (p < 0.05). Significantly more "blockers" had "moderate/severe persistent" and "mild persistent" types of the disease (p < 0.05), while "mild intermittent" and moderate/severe intermittent" type of disease were significantly more common among "sneezers-runners" (p < 0.05). Both bronchial asthma and sinusitis were significantly more common among the "blockers" (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded from the present study that the clinical profiles of the two main categories of AR namely "sneezers-runners" and "blockers" were distinct from each other. This knowledge can be useful to physicians at all levels for better management of patients with AR.
A Review on the Methodological Arguments in the Study of Comparative Politics

This paper seeks to explain three distinctive trends of methodological arguments in the contemporary study of comparative politics, which are positivists, realists, and statists. On these three approaches, there is no consensus among scholars about which one is the most appropriate to the comparative study of different nation-states. The purpose of this paper is to identify the strength and weakness in the conflicting arguments found in three approaches. This involves an overall analysis of the various ontological perspectives, different problem perceptions, and future alternatives. In this comparative review, this paper also attempts to present inherent problems in each trend.
Longitudinal study of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: neuropsychological, neuroradiological, and neurophysiological findings

Objective: (1) To assess cognitive function and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involvement in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; (2) to monitor disease evolution, cognitive dysfunction, and cerebral lesion burden over time (mean 8.5 year follow up period); (3) to study the relation between clinical, neuropsychological, and MRI data. On follow up assessment, visual and auditory oddball event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as psychophysiological evaluation of cognitive status. Correlations between neuropsychological, MRI, and ERP data were also analysed. Methods: Neuropsychological study assessed verbal and non-verbal IQ, deterioration index (DI) from WAIS subtests, conceptual reasoning, attention, verbal and visuospatial short-term and long term memory. MRI assessment detected presence of demyelinating lesions by using a semiquantitative method as well as cortical and subcortical atrophy over time. Results: Attention, short-term and long term visuospatial memory were mildly impaired at baseline and remained unaltered longitudinally. At retesting a significant worsening of verbal long term memory (p=0.023), DI presence (p=0.041) and the increase of supratentorial and subtentorial MRI lesions load (p=0.001) emerged. Expanded disability status scale score correlated significantly with total lesion burden at both evaluations (p=0.043 and p=0.024 respectively). Temporal, occipital, and frontal horn lesions as well as cortical atrophy correlated significantly with attention and memory tests at baseline. Follow up assessment revealed significant correlation between cortical atrophy and attention as well as visuospatial short-term memory; spatial long term memory correlated significantly with lesions in body of lateral ventricle and frontal lobe. ERP study showed P300 latency abnormalities in 75% of patients, involving specifically more visual P300 (58.4 % of cases) than auditory wave (41.6 %). Visual P300 latency and amplitude correlated significantly with DI and auditory P300 latency with frontal horn and brain stem lesions. Conclusions: These findings revealed mild cognitive impairment in MS patients particularly consistent with slowing information processing over time. Increased MRI lesions do not correlate with the clinical course of the disease and cognitive deficit evolution. Thus, cognitive dysfunction could be related to disease peculiarity and not to the time course. Correlations between P300, neuropsychological, and MRI findings provide further information about ERP application to examine cognitive impairment in MS and probably to investigate their neural origin.
Science-practice Gap in E-Recruitment

We conducted a content analysis of online job application forms used by companies listed on the Spanish Stock Exchange (i.e., Bolsa de Madrid). We collected data from 76 companies in 2005 and then again for 66 of these companies in 2009. We coded the type of information required on the application forms based on 24 categories related to potential illegal discrimination and personnel selection social context issues (i.e., fairness, intrusiveness, and privacy). Results indicated that the relative frequency of the 24 information categories has remained stable from 2005 to 2009. Moreover, averaging 2005 and 2009 results, a large percentage of companies require information that can be used for illegal discrimination and can be perceived as unfair, intrusive, and invasive of applicants' privacy such as age or date of birth (87%), nationality (61%), marital status (48%), place of birth (57%), passport number (47%), a photograph (23%), and number of children (11%). Our results document a science-practice gap in e-recruitment because scholarly research suggests that requesting these types of information leads to negative applicant reactions ranging from negative perceptions and emotions to actually initiating legal action against the recruiting firm. Our results also point to e-recruitment as an area that could be targeted as a good collaboration topic between scientists and practitioners because the resulting research has the potential to make important contributions toward bridging the science-practice gap.
Hypocrisy, Change of Mind, and Weakness of Will: How to Do Moral Philosophy with Examples

What are the differences between hypocrisy, change of mind, and weakness of will? Each typically involves a gap between word and deed, yet they do not seem morally equivalent. Moreover, they are intuitively different concepts, even though the conceptual boundaries between them are fuzzy. This paper explores diverse examples, attempting to identify elements which may be distinctive of each concept, with special attention to hypocrisy. It also provides a discussion of the appropriateness of such use of examples in moral philosophy.
Adult attachment at the transition to motherhood: predicting worry, health care utility and relationship functioning

Primary objective: To study (a) the associations between attachment styles, worry, and care utilisation in third trimester of first pregnancy (n = 567) and (b) the associations between third trimester attachment style and one year postpartum relationship satisfaction and parenting stress (n = 1069). Based on Bowlby’s attachment theory, we expected attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance to differ with regard to short-term appraisal of threat and interpersonal neediness, while the dimensions were expected to have similar deteriorating effect on longer-term outcomes in relationship functioning. Research design: A cross-sectional study nested within a randomised controlled trial. Methods and procedures: An assessment battery consisting of three scales at T1 and T2. Main outcome and results: Results confirmed that attachment anxiety was significantly associated with high pregnancy worry compared to attachment avoidance. None of the dimensions were associated with health care utility. Both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were associated with high parenting stress at one year postpartum, while only attachment anxiety was associated with low relationship satisfaction. Conclusion: These findings partly confirm conceptual distinctions between the two attachment dimensions, and point to adult attachment as an important factor in understanding the ways women cope with the challenges during the transition to motherhood.
The alloimmune response to the human platelet antigen‐1a is not related to maternal‐fetal killer immunoglobulinlike receptor/HLA‐Cw combinations

BACKGROUND: Human platelet antigen (HPA)‐1a fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, responsible in the most severe cases for fetal or neonatal intracranial hemorrhages leading to death or survival with neurologic sequelae, was shown to be restricted to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class II DRB3*0101‐encoded molecule. Whereas more than 90 percent of alloimmunized mothers display the DRB3*0101 allele, the positive predictive value of the presence of DRB3*0101 is only 35 percent. Additional genetic risk factors may exist of which elucidation could improve the undertaking of incompatible pregnancies in at‐risk families, encouraging an antenatal screening. Interactions of killer immunoglobulinlike receptors (KIRs) on maternal decidual NK cells with HLA‐Cw molecules on fetal trophoblasts were reported as one of the mechanisms involved in the fetomaternal tolerance during pregnancy.
HIV vaccination: turning the spotlight on effector memory T cells as mucosal gatekeepers

The accumulating failures in HIV vaccine development demonstrate that the immunization approaches used so far are insufficient to reproduce the naturally occurring immunity that controls the virus in long-term non-progressors, HIV controllers, and continuously exposed sex workers. They also underscore the desperate need for new approaches in the design of more effective vaccination protocols. Recent findings might have brought us closer to that goal by providing proof of concept for a novel preventative HIV vaccine by establishing CD8 effector memory T cells within the mucosal sites of transmission.
Mutant Mice (Quaking and Jimpy) with Deficient Myelination in the Central Nervous System

Two mutant mice with deficient myelination are described. Quaking is a new autosomal recessive mutant mouse with marked tremor of the hindquarters. The mice eat, swim, breed, and nurse well even though the entire central nervous system is very deficient in myelin by histological and chemical criteria. Myelin formation is impaired; no destruction is seen. Peripheral nerves are myelinated. Jimpy, a known sex-linked mutation, has similar but more severe symptoms and similar pathology, with the additional feature of sudanophilic (nonpolar) lipid distributed in some white-matter tracts. Both mutants offer new opportunities for study of the formation and functions of myelin.
Comparison of teacher talk directed to boys and girls and its relationship to their behaviour in secondary and primary schools

There have been a number of earlier investigations, using differing methodologies, into the extent to which teachers in the secondary school interact with boys and girls and the results have suggested an imbalance in the teachers’ verbal behaviour towards the genders that is quite similar to the imbalance found in teachers’ behaviour in the primary school. The main aim of this study was to devise an investigation using the same methodology as that used in a recent primary school investigation in order to be able to make a fair comparison between the two levels. The results showed considerable differences in the teachers’ verbal behaviour towards the genders in the secondary school from that of teachers in the primary school. Where the primary school data showed teachers interacting more with the boys than the girls and the boys being less on‐task than the girls, the secondary school data showed no such differences.
Directional Hearing, Three Different Test-Methods

The sound localization ability in normal hearing subjects has been tested with three different methods: 1. free field test in anechoic chamber utilizing pure tones of 500 Hz, according to Nordlund (1963) 2. tests with headphones in dichotic presentation and variable electronic delay line unit, 3. the stethoscope test according to Groen (1969). The free field-test measures the subject's ability to detect interaural phase-time and intensity differences. For the last 10 years this test has been in regular clinical routine use and proved valuable in the diagnosis of retrocochlear lesions. The drawback of this test is that it requires an anechoic room. Localization tests over headphones utilizing an electronic delay line and dichotic presentation might be a good substitute for detecting interaural phases or time differences. The simpler stethoscope test served the same purpose. In order to classify the merits of the three tests they were carried out on one—hundred normal hearing subjects. The results revealed .