Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trait Encoding in Behavior Identification and Dispositional Inference

Subjects were presented with behavioral vignettes that either suggested traits in the actors or suggested that the behavior was caused by the situation. A word-fragment completion procedure was used to determine whether suggested traits were activated during processing of the vignettes. One issue of interest was whether suggested traits were activated both in the context of behavior identification and in the context of inferences about actors. To distinguish between these two forms of activation, fragments of implied traits were presented either with or without the relevant actor label. It was reasoned that if a trait is linked to an actor, the actor cue should facilitate trait completion. Subjects' orienting task was also manipulated: half were asked to form impressions of the actors and half to allocate causality to the actor or to the situation. Trait priming proved to be common for subjects instructed to form impressions of actors, even in conditions that did not elicit dispositiona' inferences. Actor cues were effective in aiding trait completion for these subjects, but only when covariation information implied a person attribution. There was no evidence of trait priming following the causal allocation task In the context of Trope's distinction between behavior identification and dispositional inference, it is argued that these results show that trait concepts are involved in the identification of behavior independently from their involvement in dispositonal inferences.
Refining the continuum of CFTR‐associated disorders in the era of newborn screening

Clinical heterogeneity in cystic fibrosis (CF) often causes diagnostic uncertainty in infants without symptoms and in older patients with milder phenotypes. We performed a cross‐sectional evaluation of a comprehensive set of clinical and laboratory descriptors in a physician‐defined cohort (N = 376; Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and the American Family Children's Hospital CF centers in Milwaukee and Madison, WI, USA) to determine the robustness of categorizing CF (N = 300), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)‐related disorder (N = 19), and CFTR‐related (CRMS) metabolic syndrome (N = 57) according to current consensus guidelines. Outcome measures included patient demographics, clinical measures, sweat chloride levels, CFTR genotype, age at diagnosis, airway microbiology, pancreatic function, infection, and nutritional status. The CF cohort had a significantly higher median sweat chloride level (105 mmol/l) than CFTR‐related disorder patients (43 mmol/l) and CFTR‐related metabolic syndrome patients (35 mmol/l; p ≤ 0.001). Patient groups significantly differed in pancreatic sufficiency, immunoreactive trypsinogen levels, sweat chloride values, genotype, and positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures (p ≤ 0.001). An automated classification algorithm using recursive partitioning demonstrated concordance between physician diagnoses and consensus guidelines. Our analysis suggests that integrating clinical information with sweat chloride levels, CFTR genotype, and pancreatic sufficiency provides a context for continued longitudinal monitoring of patients for personalized and effective treatment.
To borrow or not to borrow: the use of English loanwords as slang on websites in Brazilian Portuguese

The use of English loanwords in different languages has been discussed from various perspectives by several scholars (e.g. Takashi, 1990; Kay, 1995; Takashi Wilkerson, 1997; Smead, 1998; Friedrich, 2002). Although this phenomenon has been regarded as enriching and/or creative by some (e.g. Crystal, 2003; Friedrich, 2002), it has encountered opposition in many parts of the world. Phillipson (1992: 7), for instance, views it ‘as a phenomenon that has offended users of other languages for more than a century. ’ He explains how some governments (in France and Slovenia, for example) have adopted measures to prevent the use of loanwords from English. This issue of whether or not the incorporation of loanwords is offensive to the borrowing language became a topic of much debate in Brazil after Projected Law #1676/1999, which aims to limit the use of foreign words (mainly from English) in Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter, BP). As Rajagopalan (2005) explains, many popular movements, politicians, and traditional grammarians have expressed concern that BP is ‘under an imminent threat from English’ (101). Several linguists (e.g. Faraco, 2001) have opposed the proposition, based on issues such as linguistic prejudice and the lack of language expertise of the proponents and supporters of the projected law. Still, the proposition was approved by the Brazilian Senate in 2003. It now awaits further approval by the Chamber of Deputies before a final decision is made. One possible way of investigating whether loanwords are offensive to BP is to approach it from a linguistic perspective. Hence, in the present study, I explore the issue of borrowing by BP speakers through a linguistic analysis of loanwords from English that are currently used as slang in Brazil. The definition of slang used here is that proposed by Eble (1996: 11): ‘an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. ’
Cultural Differences in Implicit Theories and Self-Perceptions of Traitedness

Cultural differences in implicit theories and self-perceptions of traitedness were examined in the United States (N = 198), Mexico (N = 257), the Philippines (N = 212), and Japan (N = 225). Participants in all four cultures endorsed beliefs about the longitudinal stability, cross-situational consistency, and predictive validity of traits. At the same time, Americans and Mexicans, more than Filipinos and Japanese, endorsed implicit trait or dispositionist perspectives and described their own behavior as traited or consistent (i.e., lower in self-monitoring). Alternative measurement formats were compared and led to the conclusion that forced-choice measures may be advantageous in some cases, particularly when acquiescence bias may impact cross-cultural comparisons. Cultural differences were observed in participants’ perceptions of the individualism-collectivism, dialecticism, and tightness-looseness of their respective cultures and these measures partially mediated some of the cultural differences in traitedness. Overall, the results supported an integration of trait and cultural psychology perspectives, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between culture and personality.
What is the “mask” of depressed inpatients from the viewpoint of surgeons and internal medicine physicians?

Objective. Depressed inpatients are easily misrecognized by general hospital physicians. Therefore, our study aimed to examine the following issues: (1) how primary care doctors recognize depressed inpatients; (2) if there are any differences between internal medicine physicians and surgeons with regard to this recognition; (3) the factors associated with the accurate recognition of depression. Methods. Four hundred and twenty-five consecutive patients from internal medical or surgical wards who had been diagnosed with depression were enrolled in this study. The reasons for referral were recorded from the referral sheet. Accurate recognition of depression was defined as depressive disorder or depressed core symptoms, which were the reasons for referral. Results. The rate of correct recognition of depression was the same for both physicians and surgeons. Depressed inpatients from the internal medicine wards were referred more commonly for suicide problems and unexplained physical symptoms, while a greater number of depressed patients from the surgical wards were referred for insomnia, agitation/irritability, cognitive impairment, and past psychiatric history. Multiple physical comorbidities, depression treatment history, and depression of a higher severity were independent factors associated with accurate recognition. Conclusions. Postgraduate education is still needed with regarded to understanding depression. The educational content should be specific to the different specialties and the patient characteristics in different wards
Firebird: Predicting Fire Risk and Prioritizing Fire Inspections in Atlanta

The Atlanta Fire Rescue Department (AFRD), like many municipal fire departments, actively works to reduce fire risk by inspecting commercial properties for potential hazards and fire code violations. However, AFRD's fire inspection practices relied on tradition and intuition, with no existing data-driven process for prioritizing fire inspections or identifying new properties requiring inspection. In collaboration with AFRD, we developed the Firebird framework to help municipal fire departments identify and prioritize commercial property fire inspections, using machine learning, geocoding, and information visualization. Firebird computes fire risk scores for over 5,000 buildings in the city, with true positive rates of up to 71% in predicting fires. It has identified 6,096 new potential commercial properties to inspect, based on AFRD's criteria for inspection. Furthermore, through an interactive map, Firebird integrates and visualizes fire incidents, property information and risk scores to help AFRD make informed decisions about fire inspections. Firebird has already begun to make positive impact at both local and national levels. It is improving AFRD's inspection processes and Atlanta residents' safety, and was highlighted by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) as a best practice for using data to inform fire inspections.
The Impact of Eco-Feedback on Energy Consumption Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Study

To reduce energy consumption in buildings, researchers have in the recent decade explored the potential of changing occupants’ energy consumption behaviors using eco-feedback technologies. Energy consumption behavior is a type of consumer behavior, which has been proven cultural-specific in prior research. This paper aims to examine the impact of cultural differences on the effectiveness of ecofeedback technologies in reshaping building occupants’ energy consumption behaviors. Energy consumption monitoring instruments were installed in four student dormitories, three resided by Chinese students and one by international students. The daily energy consumption of every unit in the dormitories was monitored. A web-based eco-feedback system was developed, which was responsible for sending weekly email reminders to students participating in the study and, upon their logins, providing them with their detailed energy consumption data as well as those of their peers. Changes in the students’ energy consumption behaviors were analyzed, and correlated with their cultural background, which was assessed using a survey instrument designed based on Hofstede's dimensions of culture. Results proved that cultural background assessed in certain dimensions were significantly correlated with the effectiveness of eco-feedback technologies. The results suggested that eco-feedback technologies should be tailored to specific cultural context to maximize their effectiveness in building energy conservation.
Beyond Assimilation

This study investigated the contribution of assimilation, sociodemographic factors, and social supports to depressive symptoms in immigrant adolescents, using Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 4,263). Immigrant adolescents reported more risk factors and higher levels of depressive symptoms than native peers. However, generational status ceased to be a correlate of depressive symptoms when sociodemographic variables were controlled. Findings challenge assimilation theories premised on the assumption that immigrants face unique migration-related challenges. Immigrant adolescents are vulnerable due to greater likelihood of increased age, a racial/ethnic minority status, and lower socioeconomic status. They are also at a comparative disadvantage for social supports. Stress and supports were identified as mediators with unique relationships to sociodemographic factors. Assimilation theory, social network theory, and an ecological perspective informed the study.
Measuring affective responses for human-oriented product design using the Rasch model

Contrasting adjectives have been a common approach for measuring affective responses to products and to design elements, but this approach has often introduced various sources of inaccuracy. Such inaccuracies yield non-linear scales and their statistical procedures can present shortcomings. A different approach is to use the Rasch model. The application of the Rasch model as a measurement approach for affective responses to design features is novel. Thus, this research aimed to determine whether data from affective responses to some products fit the model. A diverse group of participants assessed the specialness of four pieces of wrapped confectionery. A pool of items from a prior study in the UK division of an international confectionery company was used and the responses were analysed using the model. The outcomes indicated that the application of the Rasch model might overcome some of the limitations of using contrasting adjective pairs to elicit consumers’ affective responses.
The UK Coaching System is Failing Women Coaches

This paper engages with feminist cultural studies to illustrate how a cultural analysis of the coaching structure can contribute to our understanding of the underrepresentation of women in high performance coaching roles. Through the use of qualitative interviews with elite women coaches based in the UK, I highlight how the current coaching infrastructure and philosophies neglect women's potential and marginalise their position. My analysis of the interviews revealed that the participants report minimal or inappropriate coaching opportunities for women coaches. The participants were also provided little incentive, recognition or educational support to facilitate their development. Rather than a ‘glass ceiling’, I argue that women's progress through coaching is more comparable to a ‘bottle neck’ analogy whereby as women advance, most are excluded from positions of power through flawed pathways and few chances to coach. I conclude that the failures of the various UK sporting governing bodies to provide adequate coach development and education for women coaches are indicative of the gendered culture and organisation of sport.
Validation Study of Human Figure Drawing Test in a Colombian School Children Population

The aim of this article was to assess the validity of the emotional and developmental components of the Koppitz human figure drawing test. 2420 children's drawings available in a database resulting from a previous cross sectional study designed to determine the prevalence of neurological diseases in children between 0 and 12 years old in Bogota schools were evaluated. They were scored using the criteria proposed by Koppitz, and classified into 16 groups according to age, gender, and presence/absence of learning or attention problems. The overall results were then compared with the normative study to assess whether descriptive parameters of the two populations were significantly different. There were no significant differences associated with presence/absence of learning and attention disorders or school attended within the overall sample. An Interrater reliability test has been made to assure the homogeneity of scoring by the evaluator team. There were significant differences between this population and that of the original study. New scoring tables contextualized for our population based on the frequency of appearance in this sample are presented. We can conclude that various ethnic, social, and cultural factors can influence the way children draw the human figure. It is thus important to establish local reference values to adequately distinguish between normality and abnormality. The new scoring tables proposed here should be followed up with a clinical study to corroborate their validity. El trabajo tiene como objetivo fue validar los componentes evolutivos y emocionales del test de Koppitz del dibujo de la figura humana. Se revisaron 2420 dibujos de niños de la base de datos de un estudio de corte transversal realizado previamente para evaluar la prevalencia de enfermedades neuropediátricas en niños de 0 a 12 años de colegios de Bogotá y fueron divididos en 16 grupos organizados de acuerdo a edad, género y de presentación o no de problemas del aprendizaje o de la atención y evaluados bajo los parámetros propuestos por Koppitz. No se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos por la presencia o no de trastornos, ni entre el tipo de establecimiento educativo. Se realizó una prueba de concordancia interevaluador para homogenizar la calificación. Se encontraron diferencias con la clasificación propuesta por Koppitz por lo que se construyeron nuevas tablas de calificación, teniendo en cuenta los porcentajes de presentación en el presente estudio. A manera de conclusiones se puede decir que diferentes factores socioculturales y étnicos influyen en ítems específicos del dibujo de la figura humana en el niño. Es de gran importancia tener valores referenciales locales para poder establecer diferencias reales entre lo normal y lo anormal. Se debe realizar un estudio para validar clínicamente las tablas propuestas.
Third-party intervention and escalation in Kosovo: Does moral hazard explain it?

ABSTRACT This piece provides a critique of the moral-hazard theory of third-party interventions. While the author agrees with the proponents of the theory that threats of intervention may have radicalizing effects on a minority's behaviour by reducing its risks in carrying out violence, he argues that this is an incomplete causal argument, if what we are trying to explain is escalated violence and not just minority radicalization. This criticism is based on two claims in particular. First, if the minority and the state observe the same third-party threat, they should both adjust their bargaining calculations. This means that such threats should affect the terms of settlement, and not the likelihood of violence. Second, he argues that cases where the minority radicalization results from explicit or implicit encouragement by third parties should not count as evidence supporting the moral-hazard theory. An internally consistent moral-hazard account requires an explanation of why third parties were unable to make their threats of intervention conditional on the minority's responsible behaviour. The piece also provides an alternative, informal analysis of escalated violence in response to third-party interventions focusing on the effects of incomplete information regarding the target-state's and the third party's preferences over a set of outcomes. The author uses evidence from Kosovo to compare the two arguments.
Systematic review of psychological and social outcomes of adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery, and predictors of success

The psychological and social outcomes of bariatric surgery in adolescents, together with psychological and social predictors of success, were systematically reviewed. PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science and PsychInfo were searched on July 2014. Existing data were sparse; 15 were suitable for qualitative review and six for meta‐analysis (four quality of life [QOL], two depression). One study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 139 subjects underwent Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, 202 underwent adjustable gastric band and 64 underwent sleeve gastrectomy. Overall QOL improved after bariatric surgery, regardless of surgical type with peak improvement at 6–12 months. Meta‐analysis of four studies showed changed in overall QOL at latest follow‐up of 2.80 standard deviation (SD) (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–4.37). Depression improved across all studies, regardless of procedure (effect size −0.47 SD [95% CI −0.76, −0.18] at 4–6 months). Two cohorts reported changes in both overall QOL and depression following a quadratic trajectory, with overall improvement over 2 years and deterioration in the second post‐operative year. There were limited data on other psychological and social outcomes. There were insufficient data on psychosocial predictors of outcome to form evidence‐based recommendations for patient selection for bariatric surgery at this time.
Violent and Nonviolent Delinquent Behavior Among Caucasian and Hispanic Youth in Mental Health Systems-of-Care Programs

The prevention and reduction of violent and nonviolent delinquent behavior is a public health priority. In recent years, attention has turned to ethnic disparities in delinquent behavior in efforts to target programs to youth at greatest risk. This study uses longitudinal data from a national evaluation of a federally funded children’s mental health systems-of-care program to examine self-reported delinquent and violent behavior among Caucasian and Hispanic youth who entered mental health services between 1997 and 2006. The results from hierarchical logistic regressions indicate that delinquent, but not violent behavior, decreased over time. There were no significant ethnic differences between these youth in either delinquent or violent behavior. Sociodemographic, clinical, and school characteristics were associated with delinquency and offer suggestions on where to intervene. Given that mental health problems and delinquent behavior frequently co-occur, juvenile justice and mental health agencies would benefit from close partnerships to help youth address these problems.
ASSESSMENT OF THE INQUIRY-BASED PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION UPON STUDENTS' POINTS OF VIEWS

Aim of the study is to assess how students in 6 th , 7 th and 8 th grades of primary education see the project works made in science education and their implementation processes. The study was fulfilled upon the descriptive survey model to collect data. Participants of the research were 100 students who had project implementation experiences in science education, and they were from 24 primary schools in 7 districts randomly chosen in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. Data of the study were collected by using a semi-constructed interview form offered to students during the 2005-2006 teaching year. In the research, following items were examined: The extent to which students are inspired from the previously made projects during their own project selection process, the level of scientific document survey and the effects of contemporary events, science and technology class topics and students’ interest areas. It was seen that internet is the mostly used source to obtain information. For students, one of the most problematic issues faced during the project implementation is the time limits set out by teacher. It was found that the most obvious benefit obtained by students from the project works is their increasing interest towards science and technology class. The most significant change seen by students regarding project preparation is their increasing grades in exams during and following the project works.