Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A youth-led reproductive health program in a university setting

Background: Reproductive health problems affect youths in all countries. There is an urgent need to enhance youths reproductive health services to provide a healthy life for this group. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the Reproductive Health Peer Education Program based on the opinion of university students. Methods: This interventional study was conducted in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences through the peer education method. The participants of this study were 24 peer educators who received training in a 40 hour peer educator training course. The peer education program was implemented in the university. In order to evaluate this community- based intervention, 329 students were selected through the stratified sampling method and their opinion was assessed. Descriptive statistical methods were used by SPSS software for data analysis. Results: The results of the study revealed that peer education was accepted by 64.7% (n= 213) of the students, according to their opinion. The educational priorities of the students were as follows: pre-marriage counseling (78%, n= 166); STI/AIDS (17%, n= 36); and contraception (5%, n= 11). The peer education program was recognized as the most required reproductive health service in the university by 55.3% (n= 118) of the students. They believed that the most important duties of the peer educators were: education (33.5%, n= 71); counseling (30.4%, n= 65); referring to a counseling center (21.6%, n= 46) and referring to a therapeutic center (14.5%, n= 31). Also, the students stated that confidentiality (53%, n= 113), suitable communication (26%, n= 55) and sufficient knowledge (21%, n= 45) were desired characteristics for the peer educators. Conclusion: According to the students' opinion, peer education could provide suitable reproductive health services and could also be beneficial for reproductive health promotion and might reinforce positive behaviors in youths. Reproductive health peer- counseling is a sensitive process, and it is best to be conducted under the supervision of specialists.
Relationship between Selected Kindergarten Predictors and First and Fourth Grade Achievement Test Scores

Kindergarten predictors, Otis-Lennon IQ, group and individual Bender scores, and teachers' ratings, were correlated with first-grade Stanford Achievement Test scores from 152 children from three schools in the same school district, and fourth-grade Ohio Survey Test scores from 102 of the same children. Test scores from first and fourth grades were correlated as were the aptitude and achievement subtests of the Ohio Survey Test. Marked differences in predictive validity were observed; these varied from school to school and according to sex. To make predictions about academic success school districts should develop local norms, by school, and by sex.
Structural Plasticity, Effectual Connectivity, and Memory in Cortex

Learning and memory is commonly attributed to the modification of synaptic strengths in neuronal networks. More recent experiments have also revealed a major role of structural plasticity including elimination and regeneration of synapses, growth and retraction of dendritic spines, and remodeling of axons and dendrites. Here we work out the idea that one likely function of structural plasticity is to increase “effectual connectivity” in order to improve the capacity of sparsely connected networks to store Hebbian cell assemblies that are supposed to represent memories. For this we define effectual connectivity as the fraction of synaptically linked neuron pairs within a cell assembly representing a memory. We show by theory and numerical simulation the close links between effectual connectivity and both information storage capacity of neural networks and effective connectivity as commonly employed in functional brain imaging and connectome analysis. Then, by applying our model to a recently proposed memory model, we can give improved estimates on the number of cell assemblies that can be stored in a cortical macrocolumn assuming realistic connectivity. Finally, we derive a simplified model of structural plasticity to enable large scale simulation of memory phenomena, and apply our model to link ongoing adult structural plasticity to recent behavioral data on the spacing effect of learning.
How molecular knots can pass through each other

Significance We suggest and explain a mechanism in which two molecular knots on a DNA strand can pass through each other and swap positions along the strand: One of the two knots expands in size and the other diffuses along the contour of the former. This peculiar mechanism, which only requires a few kBT, is not only interesting from an aesthetic point of view but may also play a role in future technological applications such as nanopore sequencing once strand sizes exceed 100,000 base pairs. We propose a mechanism in which two molecular knots pass through each other and swap positions along a polymer strand. Associated free energy barriers in our simulations only amount to a few kBT, which may enable the interchange of knots on a single DNA strand.
Eco-Guilt Motivates Eco-Friendly Behavior

Abstract Despite widespread support for environmentalism, few people consistently engage in proenvironmental behavior. The present research investigates the potential of eco-guilt to increase engagement in proenvironmental behavior. Eco-guilt is guilt that arises when people think about times they have not met personal or societal standards for environmental behavior. Highlighting instances when people fail to meet standards for environmental protection should create guilt which should then motivate eco-friendly behavior. Study 1 (n=277) shows that eco-guilt predicts eco-friendly behavioral intentions above and beyond individual differences in trait guilt and proenvironmental attitudes. Study 2 (n=96) shows that eco-guilt mediates the relation between perceptions regarding personal standards about environmentally harmful behavior and both public and private efforts to protect the environment. When college students bring to mind their standards for environmental behavior, ranging from recycling to buying a.
The relative contribution of band number to phylogenetic accuracy in AFLP data sets

We examined the effect of increasing the number of sampled amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) bands to reconstruct an accurate and well‐supported AFLP‐based phylogeny. In silico AFLP was performed using simulated DNA sequences evolving along balanced and unbalanced model trees with recent, uniform and ancient radiations and average branch lengths (from the most internal node to the tip) ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 substitutions per site. Trees were estimated by minimum evolution (ME) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods from both DNA sequences and virtual AFLP fingerprints. The comparison of the true tree with the estimated AFLP trees suggests that moderate numbers of AFLP bands are necessary to recover the correct topology with high bootstrap support values (i.e. >70%). Fewer numbers of bands are necessary for shorter tree lengths and for balanced than for unbalanced tree topologies. However, branch length estimation was rather unreliable and did not improve substantially after a certain number of bands were sampled. These results hold for different levels of genome coverage and number of taxa analysed. In silico AFLP using bacterial genomic DNA sequences recovered a well‐supported tree topology that mirrored an empirical phylogeny based on a set of 31 orthologous gene sequences when as few as 263 AFLP bands were scored. These results suggest that AFLPs may be an efficient alternative to traditional DNA sequencing for accurate topology reconstruction of shallow trees when not very short ancestral branches exist.
Characterizing the Achievement Motivation Orientation of Children From Low- and Middle-Income Families

Research Findings: The current study examined achievement motivation orientation in preschool-age children from low- and middle-income families. Participants were 126 children who were attending an urban Head Start site or a private preschool. Children's motivation orientation was assessed as being performance oriented or mastery oriented using a challenging puzzle task (Smiley & Dweck, 1994). Children's verbalizations during the task were coded into performance concern, disengaged, and negative self-evaluation categories. Logistic regression and Mann-Whitney U analyses were conducted to examine differences between income groups in motivation orientation and verbalizations. Patterns of motivation orientation in preschool-age children from low- and middle-income families did not differ after controlling for differences in age and puzzle-solving ability. However, children from low-income families made a significantly higher proportion of performance-related verbalizations while working on the task. Practice or Policy: The findings support the examination of children's private speech as a way to assess cognitive processes underlying achievement motivation. In addition to providing a novel way to identify differences in achievement motivation that may be useful for teachers and researchers, the findings suggest the potential utility of designing interventions that promote positive private speech as a way of supporting mastery-oriented motivation in young children.
Suppression of Noxiously Evoked WDR Dorsal Horn Neuronal Activity by Spinally Administered Morphine

The present study was carried out in order to examine the ability of spinally administered morphine to suppress noxiously evoked activity of wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in decerebrate, spinal cord-transected cats. All cells (n = 25) responded maximally to high-intensity noxious heat stimulation (51°C) and were classified as wide dynamic range neurons. The spinal administration of 0.1 mg of morphine caused a significant reduction of noxiously evoked activity but did not significantly change spontaneous activity. The 0.25-mg dose caused a significant reduction of both types of activity. Thirty minutes after spinal administration, 0.1 mg of morphine caused a 27% reduction of spontaneous activity and a 43% reduction of noxiously evoked activity. The 0.25-mg dose reduced spontaneous activity by 44% and the evoked activity by 70%. Naloxone partially reversed the morphine-induced neuronal suppression. In addition, in the four neurons in which it was tried, spinally administered epinephrine was found to further suppress the remaining neuronal activity following the spinal morphine effect. These results demonstrate for the first time that spinally administered morphine is capable of suppressing noxiously evoked activity of wide-dynamic-range neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. They also demonstrate the dosedependent nature of this effect and the potential importance of the interaction between morphine and adrenergic agonists in blocking information about noxious events. This information provides a probable mechanism of action for spinal opiate analgesia.
Trimethylamine oxide respiration of Alteromonas putrefaciens NCMB 1735: Na+-stimulated anaerobic transport in cells and membrane vesicles

Alteromonas putrefaciens NCMB 1735 required the presence of NaCl for anaerobic growth with serine, cysteine, and formate as substrate and trimethylamine oxide ( TMAO ) as external electron acceptor. When lactate was substrate, the organism grew equally well in the absence of NaCl. Anaerobic uptake of glutamate, aspartate, serine, cysteine, and lactate in resting cells was strongly stimulated with NaCl, and cytoplasmic membrane vesicles energized by electron transfer from formate to TMAO displayed active Na+-dependent uptake of serine. The data suggested that participation in transport processes was the only vital function of Na+ in A. putrefaciens. Formate- and TMAO -dependent anaerobic serine uptake in vesicles was sensitive to the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone and the ionophores valinomycin and gramicidin. Transport-active vesicles contained cytochromes of b and c type, and both serine uptake and TMAO reduction with formate were inhibited with the electron transfer inhibitor 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide. Thus, reduction of TMAO to trimethylamine in A. putrefaciens appeared to be coupled with a chemiosmotic mechanism of energy conversion.
The Effect of Implicit Stereotypes on the Physical Performance of Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to explore how stereotypes affect physical performance in older adults. During Experiment 1, older adults were primed with objects representing aging stereotypes to determine whether these objects can activate stereotypes of aging. Results from the first part of this study provide evidence that certain material objects have implicit meaning and can activate stereotypes of aging. During Experiment 2, 96 community dwelling older adults were randomly assigned to one of three groups: exposure to positive stereotypes of aging (n = 32), exposure to negative stereotypes of aging (n = 32), or a neutral condition (n = 31). Gait speed, standing balance, and lower extremity muscle performance were tested before and after exposure to the objects. Results revealed no significant differences between those exposed to positive stereotypes, negative stereotypes, or the neutral condition. Physical performance was not affected by exposure to objects related to stereotypes of aging. Compared to lab settings where stereotypes are activated on a subliminal level, there may be multiple factors competing for the control of behavior when stereotypes are presented as objects, which may lessen the effect of stereotype activation on behavior.
Intergroup and Intragroup Aspects of Leadership in Social Dilemmas: A Relational Model of Cooperation

Two experiments investigated how leadership shapes individual contributions in small groups facing public goods dilemmas. We predicted that the influence of leaders would be determined by their ability to fulfill both instrumental needs (solve the free-rider problem) and relational needs (contribute to the identity) of group members. The relative importance of these two needs was expected to vary with the salience of group membership (social vs personal identity). This hypothesis was supported in two experiments. Experiment 1 revealed that leaders showing group commitment and fairness toward members were more effective at raising contributions when social identity was salient. Furthermore, Experiment 2 showed that highly committed leaders were more influential when social identity was salient, whereas leaders with intrinsic leadership skills were more influential when personal identity was salient. This suggests that the effectiveness of leader solutions to social dilemmas depends upon the fit between leader characteristics and member expectations.
Information giving and receiving in hematological malignancy consultations

Purpose: Little is known about communication with patients suffering from hematologic malignancies, many of whom are seen by subspecialists in consultation at tertiary‐care centers. These subspecialized consultations might provide the best examples of optimal physician–patient communication behaviors, given that these consultations tend to be lengthy, to occur between individuals who have not met before and may have no intention of an ongoing relationship, and which have a goal of providing treatment recommendations. The aim of this paper is to describe and quantify the content of the subspecialty consultation in regards to exchanging information and identify patient and provider characteristics associated with discussion elements.
Ethos of the Day—Challenges and Opportunities in Twenty-first Century Social Work Education

Most of the social work education literatures center on epistemological and pedagogical issues underpinning curriculum design and teaching methods. There is less attention paid to the socio-economic and technological context of the society that has a significant impact on both teachers and students. This paper brings forth a discussion on such impact in terms of the political economy and electronic-mediated mode of communication in the twenty-first century. Social work educators find themselves engaged in a consumption cycle involving industry, higher education and students. The students become the ‘updated nomads’ with an instrumental and entitlement mentality. The paper also discusses the specific challenges and opportunities to social work educators in such a scenario. Preparing students to practice in the market-driven welfare field, helping students to build up a professional identity that finds personal meaning and significance, and understanding students' search for continuity between life and professional experiences present social work educators with worthy tasks in a trying scene. They are to accomplish these tasks in a co-creation process with their students in a trustful and responsible partnership.
Does training affect individuals' turnover intention? Evidence from China

Purpose – This study aims to investigate how meeting the training expectations of Chinese employees influences their intention to stay with their company.Design/methodology/approach – The authors collected data from 292 employees in eight Chinese organizations. Applying partial least squares path modeling, they tested how fulfilling employees' expectations with regard to different training dimensions influences their level of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and perceived movement capital and how variations in these mediating factors in turn influence turnover intentions.Findings – Chinese employees exhibit varying expectations with regard to the content, the organization and the outcome of training. The relationship between meeting such expectations and turnover intentions is mediated by job satisfaction, affective commitment, continuance commitment and perceived movement capital. Fulfilling employees' expectations with regard to specific skills and operational factors reduces turnover intenti.
Gender Reproduction and Further Education: domestic apprenticeships

Abstract This paper explores how a group of 83 young, white, working class women became involved in the state's most recent attempt at restructuring social relations through vocational initiatives. Using ethnographic research conducted in a caring course department of a northern further education college, it examines how the students everyday practical experiences of the vocational caring curriculum involves them in the construction of subjectivity and gender and class reproduction. The central argument is that caring courses are little more than domestic apprenticeships which anticipate both the family household structure and the labour market. The students implicate themselves in this process, through their attempts to gain autonomy and self‐esteem, by constructing ‘ideal’ caring standards, which come to prioritise exclusive, familial forms of care over and above occupational roles. Thus, they socialise themselves out of the labour market and establish familial responsibilities, which can be drawn upon .
Using Quick‐Start to enhance TCP‐friendly rate control performance in bidirectional satellite networks

In the not so distant future, we envisage an Internet where the biggest share of capacity is used by streaming applications. To avoid congestion collapse from unresponsive flows calls for a robust and ubiquitous end‐to‐end multimedia congestion control mechanism, such as TCP‐friendly rate control (TFRC), which provides fair sharing with the other Internet traffic. This paper therefore analyses the implications of using rate‐adaptive congestion control over satellite links that utilize demand allocation multiple access (DAMA) to maximize satellite transponder utilization. The interaction between TFRC and DAMA is explored using simulations supported by fluidic flow models. The analysis shows that DAMA reduces the start‐up phase of TFRC, causing non‐negligible delays. To mitigate this problem, we propose a new cross‐layer method based on the Quick‐Start mechanism. This can accelerate the start‐up of multimedia flows by a judicious allocation of additional capacity derived from cross‐layer signalling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Suzaku Observation of the Nucleus of the Radio-loud Active Galaxy Centaurus A: Constraints on Abundances of the Accreting Material

A Suzaku observation of the nucleus of the radio-loud AGN Centaurus A in 2005 has yielded a broadband spectrum spanning 0.3-250 keV. The net exposure times after screening were 70 ks per X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) camera, 60.8 ks for the Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) PIN, and 17.1 ks for the HXD GSO. The hard X-rays are fit by two power laws of the same slope, absorbed by columns of 1.5 and 7 × 1023 cm-2, respectively. The spectrum is consistent with previous suggestions that the power-law components are X-ray emission from the subparsec VLBI jet and from Bondi accretion at the core, but it is also consistent with a partial-covering interpretation. The soft band is dominated by thermal emission from the diffuse plasma and is fit well by a two-temperature VAPEC model, plus a third power-law component to account for scattered nuclear emission, jet emission, and emission from X-ray binaries and other point sources. Narrow fluorescent emission lines from Fe, Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Ni are detected. The Fe Kα line width yields a 200 lt-day lower limit on the distance from the black hole to the line-emitting gas. Fe, Ca, and S K-shell absorption edges are detected. Elemental abundances are constrained via absorption edge depths and strengths of the fluorescent and diffuse plasma emission lines. The high metallicity ([Fe/H] = +0.1) of the circumnuclear material suggests that it could not have originated in the relatively metal-poor outer halo unless enrichment by local star formation has occurred. Relative abundances are consistent with enrichment from Type II and Ia supernovae.
Perception of Paralinguistic Intonational Meaning in a Second Language.

Recent studies of paralinguistic intonational meaning show that languages differ systematically in how pitch range is used to signal meaning differences, contra previous claims. This poses an additional challenge to second language learners, who generally receive little tutoring on intonation. This study investigates learners' competence and strategies in the perception of paralinguistic intonational meaning by examining the perception of "emphatic" and "surprised" as signaled by pitch range and related variables in two learner groups (L1-Dutch/L2-English, L1-English/L2-Dutch). Results show that transfer plays a considerably larger role in L2 English learners than in L2 Dutch learners. Both learner groups also operate on their knowledge of L2 intonation but in different form-meaning relations. These differences are explained by differences in L2 proficiency, the nature of L2 input, and the salience of form-meaning relations in L2.