Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analog Matching of Colored Sources to Colored Channels

Analog (uncoded) transmission provides a simple and robust scheme for communicating a Gaussian source over a Gaussian channel under the mean-squared-error (MSE) distortion measure. Unfortunately, its performance is usually inferior to the all-digital, separation-based source-channel coding solution, which requires exact knowledge of the channel at the encoder. The loss comes from the fact that except for very special cases, e.g., white source and channel of matching bandwidth (BW), it is impossible to achieve perfect matching of source to channel and channel to source by linear means. We show that by combining prediction and modulo-lattice operations, it is possible to match any colored Gaussian source to any colored Gaussian noise channel (of possibly different BW), hence achieve Shannon's optimum attainable performance R(D)=C. Furthermore, when the source and channel BWs are equal (but otherwise their spectra are arbitrary), this scheme is asymptotically robust in the sense that for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) a single encoder (independent of the noise variance) achieves the optimum performance. The derivation is based upon a recent modulo-lattice modulation scheme for transmitting a Wyner-Ziv source over a dirty-paper channel.
TTG‐Adakitic‐Like (Tonalitic‐Trondhjemitic) Magmas Resulting From Partial Melting of Metagabbro Under High‐Pressure Condition During Continental Collision in the North Qaidam UHP Terrane, Western China

The tectonic regime and melting conditions of adakitic tonalitic‐trondhjemitic leucosomes and tonalite plutons from the North Qaidam terrane are evaluated through petrology, whole‐rock major, trace element and Sr‐Nd isotopic data and zircon U‐Pb data. Zircons from leucosomes and metabasites preserve distinct U‐Pb age populations: early Ordovician inherited zircon cores record a protolith age of ~470 Ma, whereas zircon rims preserve subsequent HP granulite facies metamorphism, anatexis, and magmatism between 437 and 433 Ma. Whole‐rock geochemistry suggests that three types of leucosomes and tonalite plutons have geochemical features similar to adakites. Type 1 leucosomes record high Sr contents and positive Eu anomalies representing an earlier period of plagioclase accumulation. The flat fractionated rare earth element patterns of type 2 leucosomes correspond to residues of HP mafic granulites, and the steep fractionated rare earth element patterns of type 3 leucosomes correspond to garnet‐ and clinopyroxene‐rich residues. Petrological observations with P‐T paths and experimentally constrained melting curves together infer that melting of the metagabbro were triggered by the breakdown of amphibole ± zoisite under high‐pressure conditions. Therefore, tonalite, trondhjemite, and granodiorite (TTG)‐adakitic magmas in the North Qaidam terrane were produced through partial melting of newly emplaced gabbroic rocks with an arc affinity under high‐pressure, granulite facies conditions in a thickened lower crust during continental collision. This model explains the origin of TTG‐adakitic rocks and related continental growth and crustal differentiation genetically associated with continental collision.
How are age-related differences in sleep quality associated with health outcomes? An epidemiological investigation in a UK cohort of 2406 adults

Objectives To examine age-related differences in self-reported sleep quality and their associations with health outcomes across four domains: physical health, cognitive health, mental health and neural health. Setting Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) is a cohort study in East Anglia/England, which collected self-reported health and lifestyle questions as well as a range of objective measures from healthy adults. Participants 2406 healthy adults (age 18–98) answered questions about their sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)) and measures of physical, cognitive, mental and neural health. A subset of 641 individuals provided measures of brain structure. Main outcome measures PSQI scores of sleep and scores across tests within the four domains of health. Latent class analysis (LCA) is used to identify sleep types across the lifespan. Bayesian regressions quantify the presence, and absence, of relationships between sleep quality and health measures. Results Better self-reported sleep is generally associated with better health outcomes, strongly so for mental health, moderately for cognitive and physical health, but not for sleep quality and neural health. LCA identified four sleep types: ‘good sleepers’ (68.1%, most frequent in middle age), ‘inefficient sleepers’ (14.01%, most frequent in old age), ‘delayed sleepers’ (9.28%, most frequent in young adults) and ‘poor sleepers’ (8.5%, most frequent in old age). There is little evidence for interactions between sleep quality and age on health outcomes. Finally, we observe U-shaped associations between sleep duration and mental health (depression and anxiety) as well as self-reported general health, such that both short and long sleep were associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusions Lifespan changes in sleep quality are multifaceted and not captured well by summary measures, but instead should be viewed as as partially independent symptoms that vary in prevalence across the lifespan. Better self-reported sleep is associated with better health outcomes, and the strength of these associations differs across health domains. Notably, we do not observe associations between self-reported sleep quality and white matter.
Dynamic Flow Regulation for IP Integration on Network-on-Chip

Flow regulation is a traffic shaping technique, which can be used to achieve communication performance guarantees with low buffering cost when integrating IPs to network-on-chip architectures. This paper presents dynamic flow regulation, which overcomes the rigidity of static flow regulation that pre-configures regulation parameters statically and only once. The dynamic regulation is made possible by employing a sliding window based online flow ($\sigma$, $\rho$) characterization technique, where $\sigma$ bounds traffic burstiness and $\rho$ reflects the average rate. The characterization method is effective and can be implemented in hardware with small area and high speed. The resulting dynamic regulation can adaptively adjust the traffic regulation strength in response to real traffic workload scenarios. As such, it makes more efficient use of the system interconnect resources, leading to significant improvement in network performance.
Use and Spending on Antineoplastic Therapy for Medicare Beneficiaries With Cancer

Background:Oral antineoplastic drugs, not generally covered by Medicare Part B, have assumed an increasingly important role in cancer treatment. Objective:We examined use and spending on infused/injected (Part B covered) and non-Part B antineoplastic agents in a Medicare beneficiary population with cancer, and the effect of supplemental insurance. Research Design:This retrospective, observational study used pooled 1997–2007 data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, linked to Medicare claims. Logistic regression models identified factors associated with antineoplastic use. Generalized linear models were used to estimate spending among antineoplastic users. Population studied: A total of 1836 Medicare beneficiaries with newly diagnosed cancer were selected based on the presence of claims-based diagnoses after a 12-month washout period. Results:Five hundred fifty-nine (31.0%) Medicare beneficiaries received antineoplastic therapy; 395 (21.3%) used Part B, 253 (14.6%) used non-Part B antineoplastics. Spending per user was $7841 (any), $10,364 (Part B), and $1535 for non-Part B antineoplastics. Supplemental insurance was associated with antineoplastic use. Primary cancer site and age were key predictors of spending among users. Spending on non-Part B antineoplastics increased during 2006–2007 relative to 2004–2005 but time trends were not significant in multivariate analysis. Conclusions:Antineoplastic therapy use by Medicare beneficiaries is sensitive to the presence but not type of supplemental insurance. Non-Part B therapy was used by a relatively large proportion of beneficiaries with cancer receiving therapy, although spending was less than for Part B therapy. Monitoring the role of supplemental insurance, and particularly the role of Medicare Part D is a critical area for ongoing research.
Speaker diarization of overlapping speech based on silence distribution in meeting recordings

Speaker diarization of meetings can be significantly improved by overlap handling. Several previous works have explored the use of different features such as spectral, spatial and energy for overlap detection. This paper proposes a method to estimate probabilities of speech and overlap classes at a segment level which are later incorporated into an HMM/GMM baseline system. The estimation is motivated by the observation that significant portion of overlaps in spontaneous conversations take place where the amount of silence is less, e.g., during speaker changes. Experiments on the AMI corpus reveal that the probability of occurrence of overlap in a segment is inversely proportional to the amount of silence in it. Whenever this information is combined with acoustic information from MFCC features in an HMM/GMM overlap detector, improvements are verified in terms of F-measure. Furthermore the paper investigates the use of exclusion and labelling strategies based on such detector for handling overlap in diarization reporting F-measure improvements from 0.29 to 0.43 in case of exclusion and from 0.15 to 0.22 in case of labelling. Consequently speaker diarization error is reduced by 8% relative compared to the baseline based solely on acoustic information.
Functional biogeography of oceanic islands and the scaling of functional diversity in the Azores

Significance Biogeographic theory builds upon a long history of analyzing species-diversity patterns of remote islands, but no previous studies have attempted to investigate corresponding patterns in functional traits on islands. Our analyses of functional diversity (FD) for spiders and beetles in the Azorean archipelago reveal that FD increases with species richness, which, in turn scales with island area regardless of the taxa and distributional group considered (endemics, natives, and exotics). Our results also support the hypothesis that each group contributes to FD in proportion to their species richness and that, being dominant, exotic species have significantly extended the realized trait space of the Azorean islands. Further analyses in other archipelagos are needed to establish whether our findings are representative of oceanic islands. Analyses of species-diversity patterns of remote islands have been crucial to the development of biogeographic theory, yet little is known about corresponding patterns in functional traits on islands and how, for example, they may be affected by the introduction of exotic species. We collated trait data for spiders and beetles and used a functional diversity index (FRic) to test for nonrandomness in the contribution of endemic, other native (also combined as indigenous), and exotic species to functional-trait space across the nine islands of the Azores. In general, for both taxa and for each distributional category, functional diversity increases with species richness, which, in turn scales with island area. Null simulations support the hypothesis that each distributional group contributes to functional diversity in proportion to their species richness. Exotic spiders have added novel trait space to a greater degree than have exotic beetles, likely indicating greater impact of the reduction of immigration filters and/or differential historical losses of indigenous species. Analyses of species occurring in native-forest remnants provide limited indications of the operation of habitat filtering of exotics for three islands, but only for beetles. Although the general linear (not saturating) pattern of trait-space increase with richness of exotics suggests an ongoing process of functional enrichment and accommodation, further work is urgently needed to determine how estimates of extinction debt of indigenous species should be adjusted in the light of these findings.
Microbial community composition and the transformation of dissolved organic matter in supraglacial environments

Relating microbial community composition to ecosystem function is a fundamental goal in ecological analyses, with physico-chemical parameters largely controlling this relationship. This investigation aimed to elucidate the impact of physicochemical factors on biodiversity in glacial habitats, with an emphasis on dissolved organic matter (DOM). DOM is a complex mixture of organic compounds and the primary substrate for microbial activity. Considering the variety of DOM sources in aquatic systems, little is still known about the biological release and bio-transformation of microbially-derived, autochthonous DOM. Continental Antarctica, typically lacking terrestrial carbon inputs, is largely governed by autochthonous DOM, making it an ideal site to investigate microbial biodiversity and the microbial formation of DOM. Different glacial ecosystems were selected, with a strong focus on the supraglacial Cotton Glacier stream, to investigate: i) the microbial diversity and underlying environmental factors governing biogeographical trends, ii) the contribution of exuded carbon to the DOM pool and subsequent heterotrophic uptake/transformation, and iii) how biofilm influences nutrient cycling in supraglacial environments. Findings from this study highlight distinct microbial assemblages in meltwater streams/sediments, ice, snow, and cryoconite across local and regional geographic scales. Specifically, nutrient availability and DOM quality influenced trends in microbial diversity. In situ DOM exudation was sufficiently high to support bacterial carbon demands, while the spatial organization of microorganisms in biofilms was advantageous in transferring nutrients between community members. Furthermore, compared to other more recalcitrant and chemically heterogeneous DOM sources, the highly labile supraglacial DOM was unable to sustain the same magnitude of microbial metabolism. The present study revealed dynamic carbon cycling in supraglacial environments, mediated by the tight coupling between in situ carbon fixation, DOM exudation, and rapid consumption. Statistical analyses failed to show the impact of any physical parameters on community composition. However, data from the Greenland Ice Sheet imply that interactions between community composition and meltwater dynamics are susceptible to environmental changes, shifting ecosystem function and microbial communities, with unforeseen consequences to downstream environments. A multi-scale approach contributed to a better understanding of microbial biogeography, carbon cycling, and cellular spatial organization in glacial surface environments.
Paleocene calcareous nannofossils from Tanzania (TDP sites 19, 27 and 38).

This paper documents the nannofossil record from the oldest yet recovered Paleogene sediments – Selandian to Thanetian (Zone NP5-7) – from the Tanzania Drilling Project. These sediments include frequent horizons with exceptionally preserved nannofossils and very high diversities. The observation of this high quality preservation extends the stratigraphic record of the Tanzanian Kilwa Group microfossil lagerstatte into the Paleocene. These new records include the oldest yet stratigraphic occurrences of a number of modern coccolithophore groups – the Pontosphaeraceae (Pontosphaera), Rhabdosphaeraceae (Blackites), Syracosphaeraceae (Syracosphaera), Calcidiscaceae (Calcidiscus), Gladiolithus and Solisphaera – indicating that the majority of Cenozoic coccolithophore diversity was established during the Paleocene radiation, soon after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary extinctions. The frequent and consistent occurrence of the Mesozoic taxon Zeugrhabdotus embergeri in Zone NP5, suggests this is a second Zeugrhabdotus survivor species. Sixteen new species are described: Braarudosphaera insecta, Bramletteius cultellus, Coccolithus subcirculus, Ericsonia aliquanta, Ericsonia media, Ericsonia monilis, Ericsonia orbis, Ellipsolithus pumex, Lanternithus unicavus, Pontosphaera veta, Solisphaera tegula, Solisphaera palmula, Toweius patellus, Toweius reticulum, Youngilithus transversipons and Youngilithus bipons. Emended taxonomic definitions are proposed for Prinsius martini and Prinsius bisulcus.
Multivisceral Resection for Locally Advanced Primary Colon and Rectal Cancer: An Analysis of Prognostic Factors in 201 Patients

ObjectiveTo review a single-center experience with 201 multivisceral resections for primary colorectal cancer to determine the accuracy of intraoperative prediction of potential curability, to identify prognostic factors, and to examine the effect of surgical experience on immediate outcome and long-term results. Summary Background DataLocally advanced colorectal cancer may require an intraoperative decision for en bloc resection of surrounding organs or structures to achieve complete tumor removal. This decision must weigh the risk of complications and death of multivisceral resection against a potential survival benefit. Little is known about prognostic factors and the influence of surgical experience on the outcome of multivisceral resection for colorectal cancer. MethodsPatients undergoing multivisceral resection for primary colon or rectal cancer between 1982 and 1998 were identified from a prospective database. Patients were followed up according to a standard protocol. ResultsMultivisceral resection was performed in 201 of 2,712 patients with a median age of 64 years. Postoperative rates of complications and death in 201 patients were 33% and 7.5%, respectively. A potentially curative resection was possible in 130 of 201 patients (65%) and histologic tumor infiltration was shown in 44% of patients with curative resection. Intraoperative assessment of curability was unreliable. After curative resection, the local recurrence rate was 11% and the overall 5-year survival rate was 51%. Multivariate analysis identified intraoperative blood loss (relative risk 1.7–6.4, P < .001), age 64 years or older (RR 3.7;P < .001), and UICC stage as independent prognostic factors (RR 2.0;P = .009). No prognostic significance was found for histologic tumor infiltration, the number of resected organs, or surgical experience. ConclusionsMultivisceral resection is safe, and long-term survival after curative resection is similar to that after standard resection. Because palliative resections cannot be predicted accurately at the time of surgery, every effort should be made to achieve complete tumor resection. Major blood loss but not surgical experience per se is an independent prognostic factor.
Statistical mechanics of multi-antenna communications: Replicas and correlations

The use of multi-antenna arrays has been predicted to provide substantial throughput gains for wireless communication systems. However, these predictions have to be assessed in realistic situations, such as correlated channels and in the presence of interference. In this review, we show results obtained using methods borrowed from statistical physics of random media for the average and the variance of the distribution of the mutual information of multi-antenna systems with arbitrary correlations and interferers. Even though the methods are asymptotic in the sense they are valid in the limit of large antenna numbers, the results are extremely accurate results even for small arrays. We also optimize over the input signal covariance with channel covariance feedback and calculate closed-loop capacities. This method provides a simple tool to analyze the statistics of throughput for arrays of any size.
Prolonged motor skill learning--a combined behavioural training and θ burst TMS study.

PURPOSE To assess the behavioural effects of prolonged motor practice in healthy volunteers, and the specific impact of inhibiting different motor-related brain regions in the late phase of motor learning using continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS). METHODS Twelve subjects trained their non-dominant arm in eight arm motor tasks (Arm Ability Training, AAT) once a day for three weeks (16 sessions). During the last four days, training was performed before and after applying cTBS to either M1, S1, SMA, or PMC. RESULTS The AAT induced substantial and robust motor learning for the trained arm with variations across tasks. Considerable motor learning was also observed in the non-trained dominant arm with remarkably similar variations across tasks, suggesting that practise improved common underlying sensorimotor capacities (abilities) in addition to effector-specific effects. When applied after prolonged training, inhibitory cTBS showed no detrimental effects on motor performance/learning; M1 cTBS even improved performance in a labyrinth task. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged training with the non-dominant arm led to profound motor learning across abilities with transfer to the non-trained dominant arm. Unlike during early stages of motor learning, no detrimental effect of cTBS over M1, S1, PMC, or SMA could be substantiated after prolonged motor practice.
Localization of sound in rooms, III: Onset and duration effects.

The steady-state sound field of a sine tone does not provide useful localization information in a room. Nevertheless, listeners can localize a sine tone in a room if it has an onset transient which allows the precedence effect to operate. In the present study, we made a quantitative assessment of onsets and the precedence effect by systematically varying onset duration from 0 s (impulsive), where the precedence effect is maximal, to 5 s, where there is no precedence effect at all. We also assessed listeners' sensitivity to the steady-state sound field under impulsive conditions by varying the total duration of tone pulses. Our experiments were conducted in a room with a single acoustical reflection having various directions and delays, and in an anechoic room. The results for tones of various frequencies (500 and 2000 Hz) and sound-pressure levels (65 and 40 dBA) indicate the following: Localization in rooms is facilitated by onsets even if the onsets are as long as 100 ms. The facilitation depends upon the peak intensity of the tone, as well as the onset duration, suggesting that onset rate is critical for the precedence effect; our results are most consistent with rate expressed as an increase in sound pressure per unit time. The facilitation also depends upon the reflection delay time for a room; gradual onsets take on much more importance for the precedence effect in rooms with long delays. As onsets begin to lose their effectiveness listeners become increasingly "misdirected" by invalid cues in the steady-state sound field. The pattern of misdirection suggests a perceptual averaging of cues over an interval more than an order of magnitude longer than previous estimates of the summation window for the precedence effect. The pattern of misdirection varies with the frequency of a tone, due to frequency-dependent interference effects in a room, but it is independent of signal level. Localization of an impulsive sine tone in rooms is very insensitive to the pulse duration; this suggests that binaural inhibition models of the precedence effect must be supplemented by an evaluative component that we term the "plausibility hypothesis. "