Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Balance of Payments Adjustment Mechanism in a Rational Expectations Equilibrium

This paper provides a choice theoretic, general equilibrium account of the balance of payments adjustment process and the determination of national price levels in a world comprised of countries populated by rational households. Balance of payments adjustment dynaniics arise in the equilibrium of this model from the precautionary saving behavior of risk- averse households who self-insure against random productivity fluctuations by accumulating, via balance of payments surpluses in productive periods, buffer stocks of domestic money which can be drawn down to finance payments deficits, and thus a less variable profile of consumption relative to output, when productivity is unexpectedly low. Precautionary saving is shown to exhibit the partial-adjustment-to-target behavior typically postulated in the monetary approach literature. The existence of a rational expectations equilibrium in which the distribution of international reserves among central banks is stationary is established.
Resisting the march towards 50/50 shared residence: rights, welfare and equality in post-separation families

In recent years, a normative model of equal shared parenting post-separation has become firmly entrenched in the minds of some policy makers and legal practitioners. This has been due, in no small part, to the high-profile campaign of fathers' rights groups. In attacking what they perceive as the gender bias inherent within the family justice system, fathers' rights groups have argued vociferously for a presumption in favour of shared residence post-separation, with the child's time being split on a roughly equal 50/50 basis between the mother and the father unless the child's welfare dictates otherwise. Although the Labour government resisted calls to introduce such a presumption into the Children Act 1989, the recent case law of the Court of Appeal on the use of shared residence orders risks pushing us towards a position in which 50/50 shared residence will indeed become entrenched as the normative model for organizing post-separation family life. This article warns strongly against any such shift in post-separation parenting, arguing that greater use of 50/50 shared residence is neither supported by the empirical evidence on children's welfare nor by the vociferous rights-based arguments of disaffected fathers for equality, justice and fairness in determining post-separation parenting arrangements.
The 1980s Property Boom

In this paper the causes and consequences of the property boom of the late 1980s are considered that in one way or another affected most developed economies and several industrialising ones. It is suggested that technical change in key service industries caused an upsurge in building demand from the mid-1970s onwards. Shifts in employment patterns then generated repercussions in housing markets. The classic conditions were created for a ‘Kuznets style’ building cycle. The detailed effects of these changes in specific countries depended on the responses by agents involved in the process of building provision, which in turn were affected by the changing economic and institutional contexts that they faced. Property development, financial liberation, housing markets, property taxation, and land-use planning are all considered in this context, with examples drawn from several countries.
Mobile Capital, Local Externalities, and Industrialization

Abstract This paper seeks to understand how industrialization is distributed geographically when capital is mobile and labor is not. A stylized model of a spatial economy is constructed where individuals not employed in industry work in traditional activities. Results show that convergence across locations is characterized by a succession of catching-up episodes. As one location at a time industrializes, the others stagnate. This occurs whether or not local externalities are present. These results cast doubt on whether free movements of capital can foster the rapid industrialization of all countries and regions of the world simultaneously. J. Comp. Econom. , December 1997, 25 (3), pp. 345–365. Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6072.
When Categories Collide

Experiments have shown that people can rapidly determine if categories such as “animal” or “beach” are present in scenes that are presented for only a few milliseconds. Typically, observers in these experiments report on one prespecified category. For the first time, we show that observers can rapidly extract information about multiple categories. Moreover, we demonstrate task-dependent interactions between accumulating information about different categories in a scene. This interaction can be constructive or destructive, depending on whether the presence of one category can be taken as evidence for or against the presence of the other.
Patent Antecedents and Tobin's q Ratio

High backward-citation patent scores indicated that inventive firms had positive prospects for future returns (as evidenced by their Tobin’s q ratios) because patents incorporating substantial external knowledge were also broadly-cited. Results suggested a three-year lag in the market’s positive assessment of radical inventions after positive evidence first appeared. (Post-acquisition backward-citation patent-score patterns reached positive inflection points after four years.) Therefore we concluded that the market’s assessment of inventions that were created through organizational exploration and learning activities was not instantaneous.
Is There Really a Faculty Union Salary Premium?

Studies of the effects of unions on collegiate faculty salaries are inconclusive. Some estimate a significant union premium, but such estimates suffer from endogeneity between unions and wages, non-random measurement error, and failure to adjust for local cost-of-living differences. By using data from the National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF, 1988–2004) as well as other sources to identify institution-specific factors omitted from previous studies, the authors estimate significantly smaller union premia than those found by other researchers.
The Dynamics of Corporate Governance in Bahrain: Structure, Responsibilities and Operation of Corporate Boards

There has been an increasing emphasis on corporate governance in recent years in a global context. The board of any company is key to the adoption and implementation of corporate governance best practice. In this paper we examine the dynamics of corporate governance in Bahrain, a Middle-Eastern country, by analysing the board structures of companies in Bahrain. We employ a survey methodology with a questionnaire being sent to all of the companies listed on the Bahrain Stock Exchange Market. The aim of the questionnaire is to elicit information regarding the structure, responsibilities and operation of corporate boards in companies in Bahrain. We find that non-executive directors dominate the board composition, key factors influencing appointment of these directors being relevant skills and business experience and reputation. However, none of the companies has a Nominations Committee and so NEDs are generally nominated by the board as a whole or by major shareholders, Chairmen/CEOs. Nonetheless, the non-executive directors would appear to be relatively independent, as in the majority of cases the NEDs are not former executive board members or major shareholders. Whilst Bahrain does not have a corporate governance code per se, the company law reforms contain some interesting provisions that will contribute to the corporate governance framework in Bahrain. Amongst these provisions is one that excludes directors from being on more than three boards. There are therefore some encouraging features and developments in corporate governance in Bahrain.
Selling to Socially Responsible Consumers: Competition and The Private Provision of Public Goods

We model firms as competing for socially responsible consumers by linking the provision of a public good (environmentally friendly or socially responsible activities) to sales of their private goods. In many cases, too little of the public good is provided, but under certain conditions, competition leads to excessive provision. Further, there is generally a trade-off between more efficient provision of the private and the public good. Our results indicate that the level of private provision of the public good varies inversely with the competitiveness of the private-good market and that the types of public goods provided are biased toward those for which consumers have high participation value. Copyright (c) 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Getting the Message Across: An Analysis of Messages Delivered by Tour Operators in Protected Areas

Tour operators licensed to operate in protected areas are a potentially important vehicle for delivering messages to visitors about minimal impact behaviour, heritage values, conservation and protected area management. The underlying premise is that the messages delivered by a guide/operator may influence how visitors think, feel and behave in the short term (onsite) and possibly in the long term once they have returned home. This paper presents selected findings from a study funded by the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism examining the messages delivered and received in a sample of tour products offered in National Parks managed by Parks Victoria in Victoria, Australia, in the first half of 2001. Research methods included participant observation of tour products, a self-complete visitor survey and in-depth interviews with tour operators. Using Parks Victoria's management objectives as a framework, the paper analyses the types and frequency of messages imparted by guides and received by visitors.
Single hepatocellular carcinoma ranging from 3 to 5 cm: radiofrequency ablation or resection?

BACKGROUND The optimal therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is transplantation. For all those patients not eligible for transplantation (or on the waiting list) among the treatments of choice used more frequently in recent years are resection (RES) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). RFA is less efficacious for HCC ranging over 3 cm. The aim of this study was to compare RFA to RES in a restricted cohort of patients with a single naive HCC ranging from 3 to 5 cm in size and without end-stage liver disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS. A total of 102 patients who had never been treated before were enrolled. Those patients whose HCC position would have required too much parenchymal loss at RES (central or close to main vascular structures) were treated with RFA (n=60), and the others underwent RES (n=42). The two groups were similar for HCC size and liver disease status. The outcome was considered in terms of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences among groups were validated by log-rank test. RESULTS The RES group seemed to present a better long-term OS (91%, 57%, and 43% vs 96%, 53%, and 32% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively) and DFS (74%, 35%, and 14% vs 68%, 18%, and 0%, respectively) but there was no statistical significance. Age, gender, virus etiology, HCC size and alpha-fetoprotein levels did not correlate with survival. Patients with recurrence within the first 12 months after treatment showed a worse long-term survival (p=0.011). Patients in Child-Pugh class B had poor prognoses compared with those in class A (p=0.047). CONCLUSION Even if RES seemed to promise better long-term results, in the medium term this difference had no statistical significance. Survival in this series was more closely related to the stage of the underlying liver disease than to treatment (RES/RFA).
The political economy of emiratization in the UAE

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the difficulties of implementing emiratization, a policy that aims at increasing the participation of native workers in the UAE private sector by means of a government mandate. A second objective of the paper is to explore the conditions under which the emiratization policy can potentially increase the participation of native workers in the UAE private sector. Design/methodology/approach – An extension of the Ramsey Rule is used as a relevant application for this study to show that within the context of a break-even constraint, any deviation between the wage rate and the marginal factor cost that is not proportional to the deviation between the marginal revenue product and the marginal factor cost could affect the firm labor demand and profitability. Findings – The theoretical models support the recommendations that the emiratization policy will tend to achieve some level of success in the short-run, if implemented in firms that are operating in imperfectly competitive markets. In the medium-run, a higher level of labor mobility for migrant workers could potentially increase employment opportunities for native workers. Originality/value – The literature on labor protection in the GCC is almost non-existent. This paper explores conditions under which given an externally imposed constraint on native employment, the participation of native workers in the UAE private sector could increase.
Managing international strategic alliance relationships

The objective of this study is to investigate the development of international strategic alliances (ISAs) and to identify the important factors for each phase of an alliance relationship. We have developed a framework about the process development of alliances that is based on an extensive literature study. The framework is used to study and analyze three cases of ISAs. The findings and conclusions are presented in a manner that can help managers to recognize the stages they have to go through and, more important, to be aware of the determinant variables in each stage of an alliance life cycle. This study found that the continuity of an alliance relationship is highly dependent on how partners manage their operational phase. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genome Analysis of the Domestic Dog (Korean Jindo) by Massively Parallel Sequencing

Although pioneering sequencing projects have shed light on the boxer and poodle genomes, a number of challenges need to be met before the sequencing and annotation of the dog genome can be considered complete. Here, we present the DNA sequence of the Jindo dog genome, sequenced to 45-fold average coverage using Illumina massively parallel sequencing technology. A comparison of the sequence to the reference boxer genome led to the identification of 4 675 437 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, including 3 346 058 novel SNPs), 71 642 indels and 8131 structural variations. Of these, 339 non-synonymous SNPs and 3 indels are located within coding sequences (CDS). In particular, 3 non-synonymous SNPs and a 26-bp deletion occur in the TCOF1 locus, implying that the difference observed in cranial facial morphology between Jindo and boxer dogs might be influenced by those variations. Through the annotation of the Jindo olfactory receptor gene family, we found 2 unique olfactory receptor genes and 236 olfactory receptor genes harbouring non-synonymous homozygous SNPs that are likely to affect smelling capability. In addition, we determined the DNA sequence of the Jindo dog mitochondrial genome and identified Jindo dog-specific mtDNA genotypes. This Jindo genome data upgrade our understanding of dog genomic architecture and will be a very valuable resource for investigating not only dog genetics and genomics but also human and dog disease genetics and comparative genomics.
EBV Latent Membrane Protein 2A Induces Autoreactive B Cell Activation and TLR Hypersensitivity1

EBV is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but how it might contribute to the etiology is not clear. Since EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) interferes with normal B cell differentiation and function, we sought to determine its effect on B cell tolerance. Mice transgenic for both LMP2A and the Ig transgene 2-12H specific for the ribonucleoprotein Smith (Sm), a target of the immune system in SLE, develop a spontaneous anti-Sm response. LMP2A allows anti-Sm B cells to overcome the regulatory checkpoint at the early preplasma cell stage by a self-Ag-dependent mechanism. LMP2A induces a heightened sensitivity to TLR ligand stimulation, resulting in increased proliferation or Ab-secreting cell differentiation or both. Thus, we propose a model whereby LMP2A induces hypersensitivity to TLR stimulation, leading to activation of anti-Sm B cells through the BCR/TLR pathway. These data further implicate TLRs in the etiology of SLE and suggest a mechanistic link between EBV infection and SLE.
Financial crisis, Taylor rule and the Fed

We investigate how the Federal Reserve (Fed) hit the zero lower bound (ZLB) interest rate while operating under a Taylor-type policy rule. We estimate a reaction function, and the results indicate that during the crisis Fed increased the weight on output without also increasing the weight on inflation which led them to hit the ZLB.0
Designing In-Class Simulations

think and speak on their feet, a valuable skill that comes naturally to few, but is of benefit to everyone. Since you can assess their comprehension of the reading assignments on an ongoing basis, you can freely assign written assignments of greater interest to you and the students-because a full series of written tests on the material is less important. In courses beyond the introductory level, for example, neither of us have final exams. Instead, students do more independent research, like an extra short paper or a more in-depth term paper. The ongoing feedback from class participation also lets professors know more quickly and effectively than weekly quizzes if students are comprehending the material. Because you help them through the material, you can assign more sophisticated readings. Finally, we have found that this method leads to much more satisfying interaction with students. It challenges both the students and us. Class is less predictable, less scripted, more spontaneous; and students have, by virtue of their responses, often caused us to view an issue taught many times before in a new light. They have taught us in turn. The method also requires the instructor to learn all student names; this personalizes classroom interactions and helps to create a greater sense of community and common
The Effects of Corporate Ability and Corporate Social Responsibility on Winning Customer Support: An Integrative Examination of the Roles of Satisfaction, Trust and Identification

Abstract This research proposes an integrative model in which corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate ability (CA) influence customer supporting behaviours through three relational factors (i.e. customer satisfaction, trust and identification). A survey was conducted in China. Empirical results indicate that (1) satisfaction, trust and identification are all important routes through which positive perceptions on CSR/CA transfer into enhanced customer support; (2) CSR initiatives gain customer support more effectively through identification, while CA has stronger effect through changing satisfaction and trust; (3) No significant difference in the efficacy of CSR and CA exists across local and global corporations.
Culture and effort: British and Irish work-related values and attitudes

This paper examines British and Irish work-related values and attitudes. It is set in the context of the importance of eliciting high work commitment and effort from employees as a necessary condition for enhanced competitive performance. More specifically it seeks to establish if British and Irish work values and attitudes conform to what we would expect from Hofstede's indices. On the basis of the original international research presented here, Hofstede's indices are found not to be very reliable predictors of work values and attitudes in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. The results suggest that work effort is associated with different values in these two countries.
Influence of task properties and subjectivity on consistency of triage: a simulation study.

AIM This paper reports a study to determine nurses' levels of agreement using a standard 5-point triage scale and to explore the influence of task properties and subjectivity on decision-making consistency. BACKGROUND Triage scales are used to define time-to-treatment in hospital emergency departments. Studies of the inter-rater reliability of these scales using paper-based simulation methods report varying levels of consistency. Understanding how various components of the decision task and individual perceptions of the case influence agreement is critical to the development of strategies to improve consistency of triage. METHOD Simulations were constructed from naturalistic observation, cue types and frequencies were classified. Data collection was conducted in 2002, and the final response rate was 41 x 3%. Participants were asked to allocate an urgency code for 12 scenarios using the Australasian Triage Scale, and provide estimates of case complexity, levels of certainty and available information. Data were analysed descriptively, agreement between raters was calculated using kappa. The influence of task properties and participants' subjective estimates of case complexity, levels of certainty and available information on agreement were explored using a general linear model. FINDINGS Agreement among raters varied from moderate to poor (kappa=0 x 18-0 x 64). Participants' subjective estimates of levels of available information were found to influence consistency of triage by statistically significant amounts (F 5 x 68; <or=0 x 01). CONCLUSIONS Strategies employed to optimize consistency of triage should focus on improving the quality of the simulations that are used. In particular, attention should be paid to the development of interactive simulations that will accommodate individual differences in information-seeking behaviour.
Modern methods of construction and RSL asset management: a quantitative study

Purpose – The UK Housing Corporation announced that it expected a minimum of 25 per cent of registered social landlord (RSL) new build housing to use modern methods of construction (MMC). This resulted in higher numbers of MMC dwellings becoming the responsibility of asset management departments who then have the task of planning and executing maintenance plans for the stock. This paper seeks to determine asset managers' views on the incorporation of MMC into RSL housing portfolios and its implications for long‐term maintenance.Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was developed from both the literature and a previous qualitatively based study. The questionnaire sought to solicit the opinions of asset managers on the use of MMC and long‐term maintenanceFindings – From 130 distributed survey forms a response rate of 66 per cent was achieved (n=86). The responses to the questionnaire indicate a generally negative view towards MMC and its future maintenance viability.Practical implications – The rese.