Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MR Spectroscopy for Differentiating Benign From Malignant Solid Adnexal Tumors.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to investigate the proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) features of solid adnexal tumors and to evaluate the efficacy of (1)H-MRS for differentiating benign from malignant solid adnexal tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-nine patients with surgically and histologically proven solid adnexal tumors (27 benign and 42 malignant) underwent conventional MRI and (1)H-MRS. Single-voxel spectroscopy was performed using the point-resolved spectroscopy localization technique with a voxel size of 2 × 2 × 2 cm(3). Resonance peak integrals of choline, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine, lactate, and lipid were analyzed, and the choline-tocreatine, NAA-to-creatine, lactate-to-creatine, and lipid-to-creatine ratios were recorded and compared between benign and malignant tumors. RESULTS A choline peak was detected in all 69 cases (100%), NAA peak in 67 cases (97%, 25 benign and 42 malignant), lipid peak in 47 cases (17 benign and 30 malignant), and lactate peak in eight cases (four benign and four malignant). The mean (± SD) choline-tocreatine ratio was 5.13 ± 0.6 in benign tumors versus 8.90 ± 0.5 in malignant solid adnexal tumors, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences between benign and malignant tumors in the NAA-to-creatine and lipid-to-creatine ratios (p = 0.263 and 0.120, respectively). When the choline-to-creatine threshold was 7.46 for differentiating between benign and malignant tumors, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 94.1%, 97.1%, and 91.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION Our preliminary study shows that the (1)H-MRS patterns of benign and malignant solid adnexal tumors differ. The choline-to-creatine ratio can help clinicians differentiate benign from malignant tumors.
Temperamental and Familial Predictors of Violent and Nonviolent Criminal Convictions: Age 3 to Age 18.

This study examined the relations between family characteristics, childhood temperament, and convictions for violent and nonviolent offenses at age 18 in a representative birth cohort of men who are part of a longitudinal study. Three groups of men were identified on the basis of their conviction status at age 18: Participants who had never been convicted (n = 404), participants who had been convicted for nonviolent offenses only (n = 50), and participants who had been convicted for violent offenses (n = 21). Multivariate analysis of variance and logistic regression analyses indicated that family factors were associated with both types of conviction outcomes, whereas childhood temperament was associated primarily with convictions for violent offenses. The potentially distinct roles of social- and self-regulation in the development of antisocial behavior are discussed.
Urinary Potassium Loss in Children With Acute Liver Failure and Acute Viral Hepatitis

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine urinary potassium (K+) loss (as measured by fractional excretion of K+ [FEK] and transtubular K+ gradient [TTKG]) in children with acute liver failure (ALF) and acute viral hepatitis (AVH) at the time of presentation to the hospital and day 45 of follow-up. Methods: Twenty-five patients with ALF and 84 patients with AVH were worked up for clinical features, liver function tests, and hepatitis viral infections and monitored for outcome. All of the patients with ALF were hospitalized. FEK and TTKG were estimated on the day patients were first seen in the hospital or hospitalized and later on day 45 of follow-up. Results: Sixty percent (15/25) of patients with ALF were hypokalemic (serum K+ <3.5 mEq/L) as compared with only 12% (10/84) in the AVH group (P = 0.000) at the time of presentation in the hospital. Inappropriate kaliuresis was present in 80% to 100% of hypokalemic children compared with 0% to 30% of normokalemic individuals at the time of first contact in either the ALF or AVH group. Inappropriate urinary K+ loss and serum K+ levels in the hypokalemic individuals improved as the hepatic functions recovered by day 45 of follow-up (P = 0.014–0.000). No significant change in kaliuresis was observed among normokalemic subjects between first contact and later on day 45 of follow-up (P = 0.991–0.228). Despite different physiologic mechanisms, appropriateness of kaliuresis measured by FEK and TTKG showed results in the same direction. Conclusions: Hypokalemia and inappropriate kaliuresis observed during the acute phase of ALF and AVH reversed with clinical and biochemical recovery. In the absence of major gastrointestinal losses and renal abnormalities, there is need to investigate the contributory role of factors like hyperaldosteronism and food intake, which may have therapeutic implications.
Proximal femoral nail for the treatment of reverse obliquity intertrochanteric fractures compared with gamma nail.

BACKGROUND The reverse obliquity fracture of the proximal femur (AO/OTA 31-A3) is mechanically different from most intertrochanteric fractures. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of proximal femoral nail (PFN) fixation with those of gamma nail (GN) fixation for these fractures. METHODS Between 1993 and 2003, 635 of the fractures were classified as intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric. Clinical and radiographic records were retrospectively reviewed, and 22 fractures with reverse obliquity pattern were identified. The patients were divided into two treatment groups and were followed up for a minimum of 1 year (range, 12-67 months). Eleven patients in group I were treated with the PFN, and 11 patients in group II were treated with the GN. The two groups were comparable with regard to demographic and injury variables. The duration of follow-up averaged 18 months (range, 12-67 months). Radiographic changes during the follow-up, clinical outcome, and complications of the PFN group were compared with those of the GN group. RESULTS Reverse obliquity intertrochanteric fractures accounted for 4.3% of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. Bone union time averaged 16.5 weeks in the PFN group and 17.9 weeks in the GN group. Average sliding of lag screw was 2.5 mm in the PFN group and 3.1 mm in the GN group (p = 0.046). Change of the neck-shaft angle was 2.45 degrees in the PFN group and 3.75 degrees in the GN group (p = 0.032). A satisfactory functional outcome was found in eight patients in the PFN group and also in eight patients in the GN group. There was one osteonecrosis of femoral head in the PFN group. There was one cutting out of lag screw, one nonunion, and one varus deformity in the GN group. CONCLUSION There was no difference in clinical outcome between the PFN and GN groups. However, the PFN demonstrated better results biomechanically than the GN did in terms of less sliding of lag screw, less change of neck-shaft angle, and less complications for the treatment of reverse obliquity intertrochanteric fractures.
INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP DIFFERENCES IN STUDY PROCESSES

Summary. Study processes are postulated to intervene between classes of presage variables (personological, institutional) and product variables (academic performance). Results from several studies indicate that particular study strategies are deployed with differing success according to certain personality factors, most notably a syndrome of characteristics related to internal or external locus of control. Institutional factors that have an effect on study behaviour include Faculty membership (Arts/Science), mode of evaluation (Objective/Essay), and method of combining marks for final grade. The interaction between personality and environmental factors as determining performance is, however, rather complex and no easy generalisations can be drawn, beyond saying that academic success is not achieved by any single study strategy; ‘good’ students work effectively in quite diverse but characteristic ways. Ten dimensions of study process have evolved as sub-scales in a Study Process Questionnaire (SPQ), and they show a stable second-order structure consisting of three orthogonal dimensions: Reproducing, Internalising and Organising. Each dimension comprises a unique version of the value-motive-strategy complex. Two different models of the interaction between dimensions are postulated together with implications for future research.
Measuring Game Engagement

Background. Engagement has been identified as a crucial component of learning in games research. However, the conceptualization and operationalization of engagement vary widely in the literature. Many valuable approaches illuminate ways in which presence, flow, arousal, participation, and other concepts constitute or contribute to engagement. However, few studies examine multiple conceptualizations of engagement in the same project. Method. This article discusses the results of two experiments that measure engagement in five different ways: survey self-report, content analyses of player videos, electro-dermal activity, mouse movements, and game click logs. We examine the relationships among these measures and assess how they are affected by the technical characteristics of a 30-minute, custom-built, educational game: use of a customized character, level of narrative complexity, and level of art complexity. Results. We found that the five measures of engagement correlated in limited ways, and that they revealed substantially different relationships with game characteristics. We conclude that engagement as a construct is more complex than is captured in any of these measures individually and that using multiple methods to assess engagement can illuminate aspects of engagement not detectable by a single method of measurement.
Helpful, Supportive and Sensitive: Measuring the Evaluation of Enacted Social Support in Personal Relationships

Several recent studies have sought to identify characteristics of better and worse attempts at support provision; however, there has been little explicit theoretical attention to the ways in which recipients evaluate enacted support. We developed a multidimensional scale to measure these evaluations. Study 1 asked 122 adults to interpret the meaning of three adjectives (helpful, supportive, sensitive) used in previous research. Although the meanings of these terms overlap, respondents associated helpful with problem-solving utility, supportive with relational assurance, and sensitivity with emotional awareness. Study 2 asked 396 students to rate a recalled conversation on 30 semantic-differential-type scales derived from Study 1. These ratings provided a basis for selecting 12 items to form valid and reliable scales of problem-solving utility, relational assurance, and emotional awareness. Study 3 provides independent validation of factor structure, scale reliability and validity, and conceptual distinctiveness. We discuss a variety of research questions for which this multidimensional scale may be a useful tool.
Hydrogen-Rich Saline Attenuates Acute Renal Injury in Sodium Taurocholate-Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Inhibiting ROS and NF-κB Pathway

Hydrogen (H2), a new antioxidant, was reported to reduce •OH and ONOO− selectively and inhibit certain proinflammatory mediators to product, without disturbing metabolic redox reactions or ROS involved in cell signaling. We herein aim to explore its protective effects on acute renal injury in sodium taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis and its possible mechanisms. Rats were injected with hydrogen-rich saline (HRS group) or normal saline (SO and SAP group) through tail intravenously (6 mL/kg) and compensated subcutaneously (20 mL/kg) after successful modeling. Results showed that hydrogen-rich saline attenuated the following: (1) serum Cr and BUN, (2) pancreatic and renal pathological injuries, (3) renal MDA, (4) renal MPO, (5) serum IL-1β, IL-6, and renal TNF-α, HMGB1, and (6) tyrosine nitration, IκB degradation, and NF-κB activation in renal tissues. In addition, it increased the level of IL-10 and SOD activity in renal tissues. These results proved that hydrogen-rich saline attenuates acute renal injury in sodium taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis, presumably because of its detoxification activity against excessive ROS, and inhibits the activation of NF-κB by affecting IκB nitration and degradation. Our findings highlight the potential value of hydrogen-rich saline as a new therapeutic method on acute renal injury in severe acute pancreatitis clinically.
Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Wikipedia

We present a knowledge-rich methodology for disambiguating Wikipedia categories with WordNet synsets and using this semantic information to restructure a taxonomy automatically generated from the Wikipedia system of categories. We evaluate against a manual gold standard and show that both category disambiguation and taxonomy restructuring perform with high accuracy. Besides, we assess these methods on automatically generated datasets and show that we are able to effectively enrich WordNet with a large number of instances from Wikipedia. Our approach produces an integrated resource, thus bringing together the fine-grained classification of instances in Wikipedia and a well-structured top-level taxonomy from WordNet.
Creating and Using a Database on Holland’s Theory and Practical Tools

Holland’s RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional) career theory is generally recognized as one of the most important and influential in the field of career development and vocational psychology. We examined data that might verify such an observation, and we used bibliographic research tools to identify all of the publications from 1953 to 2011 on this theory. We categorized the number of citations into five areas: (a) application of the theory in practice, (b) research and practice directed to specific populations (e.g., K–12, age, occupation), (c) tools or instruments operationalizing the theory, (d) validity and efficacy of RIASEC theory, and (e) diverse populations studied in terms of ethnicity, disability, and status. We located a total of 1,970 reference citations to Holland’s theory and applications during the 58-year period, and this article describes the methods, findings, and implications of this research.
53.1: Short‐ and Long‐Term Effects of HMD Use

The effects of a bi‐ocular type of head‐mounted display (HMD) were studied as compared with TV when adult and children watched a movie. The effects of repeated use over 6 months by children were also studied. Some users who had weak fusional vergence or low accommodative convergence reported symptom(s) after HMD‐use, but users were generally as comfortable using the HMD as they were viewing TV.
Self-Access Language Learning: Students’ Perceptions of and Experiences Within this New Mode of Learning

*With the aim of fostering autonomy in learning, both innovations, the self-access centre and the mode of learning derived from it, were adopted in the context of the study (Language Centre in the Univer sity of Veracruz, Mexico). Based on a case study, I have adopted a qualitative perspective to do this research, which aimed to know how the students undergoing this new English learning mode perceived it and what their experiences were within the no-class courses. The purpose of this article is to present the main themes that emerged after gathering the data for this study. It concludes with suggestions for a more contextualized and critical adoption of innovations in the English as a Foreign Language arena.
Reading Comprehension and Fluency Levels Ranges Across Diverse Classrooms

This research examined the range of reading fluency and comprehension scores of 1,149 students in five diverse elementary schools, including a gifted and talented magnet school. Results revealed a range in reading comprehension across all schools of 9.2 grade levels in Grade 3, 11.3 in Grade 4, and 11.6 in Grade 5. A similar wide range of oral reading fluency scores was found across all elementary schools, as students scored from below the 10th percentile to above the 90th percentile. These results demonstrate the wide range of reading achievement in diverse populations of students, including gifted students, and the need for teachers to differentiate both reading content and instruction to enable all students to make continuous progress in reading.
PersUAsion By CAUsAl ArgUments: the motivAting role of PerCeived CAUsAl exPertise

We examined how perceived causal expertise affects the processing of causal persuasive arguments. In Study 1, participants received strong or weak causal arguments from a content-area expert who was high or low in causal expertise. Participants in the high causal expertise condition processed the causal arguments carefully: they were more persuaded by strong compared to weak causal arguments. In Study 2, participants received a high or low causal confidence prime and then read a message from a source who was high or low in content-area expertise. The message contained strong or weak, causal or non-causal arguments. Participants who received both the causal confidence prime and the high content-area expertise information processed the causal arguments carefully: they were more persuaded by strong compared to weak causal arguments. These findings demonstrate that causal and content-area expertise can increase motivation to attend to causal arguments. Implications for the persuasion literature are discussed.
Women's Leisure as Reproduction and Resistance:

This article examines the experiences of 31 participants in three women's folk dance groups in Taiwan through the reproduction/resistance perspectives, which regard leisure as a means either to enhance or to challenge traditional gender ideologies and inequities. The findings suggest that the difference between reproducing or resisting societally imposed constraints lies in the negotiation strategy that is used, rather than in constraining factors, and that the coping strategy of negotiation is critical for women's resistance. Implications for social work are discussed.
The long-term effect of social comparison on academic performance

The present study was part of a large-scale cohort study among several thousand students in the Netherlands. The purpose of the study was to investigate the long-term effects of comparison choice, i.e., comparison with a target performing better or worse than oneself, and academic comparative evaluation, i.e., the extent to which one thinks one's performance is better or worse than that of others, on scores on standardized tests for reading comprehension and mathematics. While controlling for earlier performance, the results showed that both comparison choice and academic comparative evaluation positively predicted test scores over a period of 2 years. Moreover, it was found that the positive effect of comparison choice only applied to students with a favorable comparative evaluation. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban networks and governance in city‐region planning: state‐led region building in nanjing city‐region, china

Abstract. During the transition towards a more market‐oriented economy and entrepreneurial governance, local authorities have attempted to create new cross‐jurisdiction regional entities to enhance their competitiveness through making city‐region plans or regional strategic plans in China. This article analyses the process of region building in China through a case study of Nanjing city‐region. We argue that region building is a state‐led regional project in China, not a spontaneous process. City‐region planning has played a legitimacy‐seeking role in the construction of new regions. Based on the discourse provided by the city‐region plan, associated city networks are being created as a mechanism for plan implementation and regional coordination. This signals that regional planning is entering the stage of regional institution building. By assessing the capacity of regional institutions, we argue that the newly‐emerged regional institutions or urban networks have facilitated regionalization in terms of the increasing involvement of non‐state actors, the formation of regional coherence and identity and the enhanced inter‐city co‐operation. However, it is still difficult to establish effective regional governance due to competing local governments, the arbitrary political leadership and the fragmented planning functions.
Computability on the space of countable ordinals

While there is a well-established notion of what a computable ordinal is, the question which functions on the countable ordinals ought to be computable has received less attention so far. We propose a notion of computability on the space of countable ordinals via a representation in the sense of computable analysis. The computability structure is characterized by the computability of four specific operations, and we prove further relevant operations to be computable. Some alternative approaches are discussed, too. As an application in effective descriptive set theory, we can then state and prove computable uniform versions of the Lusin separation theorem and the Hausdorff-Kuratowski theorem. Furthermore, we introduce an operator on the Weihrauch lattice corresponding to iteration of some principle over a countable ordinal.
Protective Effect of Progesterone during Pregnancy against Ovarian Cancer

There have been several epidemiologic studies supporting the protective role of pregnancy, although the mechanism is not clear. High level of progesterone, which is crucial in maintaining pregnancy, has been supposed to be one of the causative factors. Progesterone is produced at the corpus luteum in the early pregnancy and the placenta in the late pregnancy period. In several experimental studies, progesterone was reported to induce apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In addition, progesterone has been shown to exert its anticancer effect through genomic and non-genomic action. The objective of this review is to discuss the protective mechanism of pregnancy against ovarian cancer focusing on the steroid hormone, progesterone.
Formation of Educational Expectations of Lower Socioeconomic Status Children

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediation effects of children’s cognitive and noncognitive traits on the relationship between dropout mothers’ traits and their children’s educational expectations and to examine the interaction effects of dropout mothers’ General Education Development (GED) on children’s traits and educational expectations. The data were drawn from a series of National Longitudinal Survey Data. This study demonstrated the effect of mothers’ self-esteem on children’s educational expectations, which were mediated through children’s cognitive ability and self-esteem after controlling for the mothers’ cognitive ability, self-esteem, and socioeconomic status. Furthermore, mothers’ GED attainment moderated the relationship between children’s self-esteem and educational expectations. These findings provide better understanding of the intergenerational connections between cognitive and noncognitive traits and educational expectations.