Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative Setting-Wide Positive Behavior Support

School-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) has an established evidence base in general education settings, and emerging evidence suggests that SWPBS may be effective in alternative settings (e.g., alternative, residential, or hospital schools; psychiatric hospitals). Given the intense educational and behavioral needs of students typically served in these settings, the critical features of SWPBS (i.e., outcomes, data, practices, and systems) need to be intensified across the implementation continuum (e.g., three tiers) of support. In this article, we document common features of alternative settings and suggest strategies to modify, enhance, and extend the existing practices, structures, and processes in SWPBS to fit alternative settings.
Role of Nitrogen on the Gate Length Dependence of NBTI

Gate length (<i>L</i> <sub>g</sub>) dependence of NBTI-induced threshold voltage shift (|Delta<i>V</i> <sub>t</sub>|) is examined. A significant increase in |Delta<i>V</i> <sub>t</sub>| is observed for heavily nitrided gate p-MOSFET with <i>L</i> <sub>g</sub> less than 100 nm. The |Delta<i>V</i> <sub>t</sub>| ldquorolluprdquo is reduced in lightly nitrided gate devices and is absent in the SiO<sub>2</sub> gate devices, indicating that it is linked to the presence of nitrogen in the gate dielectric. Electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of the gate dielectric reveals a stronger nitrogen K edge signal (~401 eV) at the source and drain extensions (SDEs) as compared to that in the middle of the channel. The EELS data imply that |Delta<i>V</i> <sub>t</sub>| roll-up in scaled nitrided gate p-MOSFETs is a consequence of locally higher nitrogen concentration near the SDEs. This finding has serious implication in view of the increasing level of nitridation employed in sub-100-nm technology.
The culture of mathematics education in the republic of Ireland: Keeping the faith?

The Republic of Ireland has taken part in several cross-national studies of mathematics curriculum and achievement in the last twenty years. In the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), carried out during the mid-nineties, Irish student achievement scores were significantly higher than those of our English-speaking neighbours. This has prompted some outside interest in the Irish curriculum and teaching methods. Within the country, however, concerns have been expressed about poor levels of achievement in earlier international studies and in recent national examinations. This prompts consideration of Irish mathematics education from both an international and a national perspective in order to determine some of its strengths and weaknesses.
Sampled-Data and Harmonic Balance Analyses of Average Current-Mode Controlled Buck Converter

Dynamics and stability of average current-mode control of buck converters are analyzed by sampled-data and harmonic balance analyses. An exact sampled-data model is derived. A new continuous-time model "lifted" from the sampled-data model is also derived, and has frequency response matched with experimental data reported previously. Orbital stability is studied and it is found unrelated to the ripple size of the current-loop compensator output. An unstable window of the current-loop compensator pole is found by simulations, and it can be accurately predicted by sampled-data and harmonic balance analyses. A new S plot accurately predicting the subharmonic oscillation is proposed. The S plot assists pole assignment and shows the required ramp slope to avoid instability.
A compiler and run-time system for network programming languages

Software-defined networks (SDNs) are a new kind of network architecture in which a controller machine manages a distributed collection of switches by instructing them to install or uninstall packet-forwarding rules and report traffic statistics. The recently formed Open Networking Consortium, whose members include Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Verizon, and others, hopes to use this architecture to transform the way that enterprise and data center networks are implemented. In this paper, we define a high-level, declarative language, called NetCore, for expressing packet-forwarding policies on SDNs. NetCore is expressive, compositional, and has a formal semantics. To ensure that a majority of packets are processed efficiently on switches---instead of on the controller---we present new compilation algorithms for NetCore and couple them with a new run-time system that issues rule installation commands and traffic-statistics queries to switches. Together, the compiler and run-time system generate efficient rules whenever possible and outperform the simple, manual techniques commonly used to program SDNs today. In addition, the algorithms we develop are generic, assuming only that the packet-matching capabilities available on switches satisfy some basic algebraic laws. Overall, this paper delivers a new design for a high-level network programming language; an improved set of compiler algorithms; a new run-time system for SDN architectures; the first formal semantics and proofs of correctness in this domain; and an implementation and evaluation that demonstrates the performance benefits over traditional manual techniques.
Reading on the Internet: The Link between Literacy and Technology.

A girl I'll call Alicia is a whiz on the Internet. She knows how to effectively use a search engine to locate information. She uses links, headings, graphics, and video and audio clips to help her gather information. When reading on the Internet, Alicia believes that the Web will meet her needs. She can usually find the information she seeks, and if for some reason she cannot find the needed information she blames herself rather than the technology. When asked if she ever looks for something on the Internet and does not find it, Alicia replies, "That's the thing. Usually you spell it wrong or you are not searching for the right thing. " Alicia is growing up reading the Internet as a source of information.
Discordant minimum inhibitory concentration analysis: A new path to licensure for anti-infective drugs

Background Evaluation of anti-infective drugs for licensure often relies on a noninferiority (NI) design where new drug B is noninferior to comparator drug A if the difference in success rates is reliably not worse than some fixed margin. The margin must be based on historical studies that estimate the magnitude of the benefit of drug A over placebo. This approach hampers drug development because the obligatory evidence for margin determination is often nonexistent. Purpose To develop a new method for licensure of anti-infective drugs when there is no historical evidence for reliable construction of the NI margin. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measures the minimum amount of drug that it takes to inhibit growth of bacteria in vitro. Patients who are infected with bacteria that have a low MIC to a given drug are expected to have good outcomes when treated with that drug. Thus, a differential effect of drug B versus drug A, if it exists, is likely to occur in patients whose pathogens have discordant MICs (e.g., low MIC for drug B, high MIC for drug A, or vice versa). A new paradigm for licensure of anti-infective drugs is proposed where a clinically acceptable NI margin is selected and licensure supported if the NI margin is met and B is reliably demonstrated superior to A in a subset of patients whose paired MICs favor B. The requirement for some evidence of superiority encourages a study that is carefully designed and executed. Results Simulations indicate that the approach shows promise in realistic settings, provided adequate data are available. A simulated example illustrates use of the methods. Limitations If the data have small sample size, weak MIC/success relationship, or high correlation between MIC-A, MIC-B, this procedure will have poor power. Conclusion Discordant MIC analysis may offer a novel path to licensure for certain anti-infective drugs.
[Nutrition status in Argentinean children 6 to 72 months old: results from the National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNyS)].

INTRODUCTION Data availability on nutrition status from vulnerable population groups is essential for the design and evaluation of interventions. The Ministry of Health from Argentina developed in 2004-2005 the National Survey of Nutrition and Health. Our objective is to describe the nutrition status of infants and preschool children (6-72 months), globally and by region and socioeconomic level. POPULATION AND METHODS A probabilistic, multistage sample was selected, representative at the national, regional and provincial levels. Anthropometric indices weight/age, height/age and weight/height, were estimated, according to WHO reference. Nutrient intake was estimated by a 24-hours recall, and hemoglobin, serum ferritin, retinol and vitamin D concentration were measured. RESULTS Prevalence of stunting, wasting and obesity were 8.0%, 1.3%, and 10.4%, respectively. Prevalence of anemia was 16.5% in children <6 years and 35.3% in children aged 6-23 months. Prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children of 2-5 years was 14.3%, and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Patagonia was 2.8% in children aged 6-23 months. Different nutrient intake inadequacies were observed. Infants and children at the lower socioeconomic level showed higher prevalence of nutrition inadequacies. CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of different nutrition deficiencies and overweight and obesity constitute the main characteristic of Argentinean infants and preschool children. Relevant differences exist according to socio-economic and geographic conditions.
The relationship between some endometrial secretion cytokines and in vitro fertilization

Background: Endometrial secretion analysis is a non-invasive and promising method in evaluation of endometrial receptivity. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between the success rate of IVF procedures and some endometrial secretion cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP). Materials and Methods: In a prospective cohort study, 50 women selected for IVF met the study inclusion criteria. All the patients underwent endometrial secretion aspiration prior to embryo transfer. The level of IL-1β, TNF-α, IP-10 and MCP were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method using special standard kits. To detect successful implantation and pregnancy patients underwent serum human chorionic gonadotropin measurements and ultrasound evaluation. Results: Five samples were excluded. Nine women (20%) had successful clinical pregnancies, which resulted in live birth. Other 36 women (80%) were classified as failed pregnancy. Comparison of cytokine levels showed lower concentrations of TNF-α, IP-10, and MCP in the group with successful clinical pregnancy compared to the group with failed pregnancy (p=0.007, 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). However, no significant difference was revealed in IL-1β levels between two groups (p=0.614). Conclusion: The current study suggested that lower concentrations of TNF-α, IP-10, and MCP in endometrial secretions might be associated with improved endometrial receptivity and IVF outcome. Regarding IL-1β, no statistically significant differences were seen between the groups with and without successful pregnancy.
The Drama of the Gifted Child: The Search for the True Self

The Drama of the Gifted Child and How We Became Psychotherapists * The Poor Rich Child * The Lost World of Feelings * In Search of the True Self * The Therapists History * The Golden Brain Depression and Grandiosity: Two Related Forms of Denial * The Vicissitudes of the Childs Needs * The Illusion of Love * Depressive Phases During Therapy * The Inner Prison * A Social Aspect of Depression * The Legend of Narcissus The Vicious Circle of Contempt * Humiliation for the Child, Disrespect for the Weak, and Where It Goes from There * Working with Contempt in Therapy * Depravity as Evil in Hermann Hesses Childhood World * The Mother as Societys Agent During the First Years of Life * The Loneliness of the Contemptuous * Achieving Freedom from Contempt and Respecting Life
Gene therapy for late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: neurosurgical considerations.

OBJECT The authors conducted a phase I study of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis using an adenoassociated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) vector containing the deficient CLN2 gene (AAV2(CU)hCLN2). The operative technique, radiographic changes, and surgical complications are presented. METHODS Ten patients with late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis disease each underwent infusion of AAV2(CU)hCLN2 (3 x 10(12) particle units) into 12 distinct cerebral locations (2 depths/bur hole, 75 minutes/infusion, and 2 microl/minute). Innovative surgical techniques were developed to overcome several obstacles for which little or no established techniques were available. Successful infusion relied on preoperative stereotactic planning to optimize a parenchymal target and diffuse administration. Six entry sites, each having 2 depths of injections, were used to reduce operative time and enhance distribution. A low-profile rigid fixation system with 6 integrated holding arms was utilized to perform simultaneous infusions within a practical time frame. Dural sealant with generous irrigation was used to avoid CSF egress with possible subdural hemorrhage or altered stereotactic registration. RESULTS Radiographically demonstrated changes were seen in 39 (65%) of 60 injection sites, confirming localization and infusion. There were no radiographically or clinically defined complications. CONCLUSIONS The neurosurgical considerations and results of this study are presented to offer guidance and a basis for the design of future gene therapy or other clinical trials in children that utilize direct therapeutic delivery.
Videogames: Dispelling myths and tabloid headlines that videogames are bad

Videogamers are often portrayed as adolescent overweight males eating fast food in their bedroom, and videogames often blamed in the media for violent crime, obesity, social isolation and depression. However videogaming is a mainstream activity. In Australia 65% of the population play videogames (Digital Australia 2014), and humanity as a species play about 3 billion hours of videogames a week. This paper dispels the myths and sensationalised negative tabloid headlines that videogames are bad by presenting the latest research showing that videogames can help fight depression, improve brain function and stimulate creativity; that gamers have higher levels of family closeness and better attachment to school; and that videogames help boys and young men to relax, cope and socialise. Children and adolescents deliberately choose to play videogames in the knowledge that they will feel better as a result, and videogame play allow players to express themselves in ways they may not feel comfortable doing in real life because of their appearance, gender, sexuality, and/or age. The potential benefits of videogames to the individual and to society are yet to be fully realised. However already videogames are helping many gamers to flourish in life.
The Relationship Between Adolescents’ Experience of Family Violence and Dating Violence

This study examines whether experiences of familial victimization and aggression are potential risk factors for dating violence in male and female teenage relationships. The authors compare 471 adolescents aged 12 to 19 in the care of a youth protection agency and from a community sample. Results show that adolescents carry negative childhood experiences of family violence into their intimate relationships in different ways, depending on gender and level of risk. Female adolescents who had been victimized by either of their parents were at greater risk for revictimization, but not aggression, within their dating relationships. High-risk adolescent males who reported childhood victimization were at a particularly high risk of being aggressive toward their girlfriends, especially if they were harshly disciplined by their father. The extent of aggression toward parents predicted aggression toward dating partners, particularly for girls. The authors discuss these findings in terms of prevention and early intervention efforts.
Corporate Financing Choices Constrained by the Amount of Debt Firms Can Support

We examine firm financing choices by considering the amount of debt firms can support. Our analysis indicates that when the amount of debt that firms can support is explicitly accounted for, the debt-deficit relationship is concave and piecewise linear with slopes close to the predicted values of 1 and 0, in line with the pecking order theory predictions. We also find that conventional factors predicted by the trade-off theory are useful in determining the amount of debt firms are able to support. JEL Classification: G31, G32
Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness

Multi-agent settings are quickly gathering importance in machine learning. This includes a plethora of recent work on deep multi-agent reinforcement learning, but also can be extended to hierarchical RL, generative adversarial networks and decentralised optimisation. In all these settings the presence of multiple learning agents renders the training problem non-stationary and often leads to unstable training or undesired final results. We present Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness (LOLA), a method in which each agent shapes the anticipated learning of the other agents in the environment. The LOLA learning rule includes a term that accounts for the impact of one agent's policy on the anticipated parameter update of the other agents. Results show that the encounter of two LOLA agents leads to the emergence of tit-for-tat and therefore cooperation in the iterated prisoners' dilemma, while independent learning does not. In this domain, LOLA also receives higher payouts compared to a naive learner, and is robust against exploitation by higher order gradient-based methods. Applied to repeated matching pennies, LOLA agents converge to the Nash equilibrium. In a round robin tournament we show that LOLA agents successfully shape the learning of a range of multi-agent learning algorithms from literature, resulting in the highest average returns on the IPD. We also show that the LOLA update rule can be efficiently calculated using an extension of the policy gradient estimator, making the method suitable for model-free RL. The method thus scales to large parameter and input spaces and nonlinear function approximators. We apply LOLA to a grid world task with an embedded social dilemma using recurrent policies and opponent modelling. By explicitly considering the learning of the other agent, LOLA agents learn to cooperate out of self-interest. The code is at this http URL.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Sexual Rejection: Roles of Octopamine and Its Receptor OAMB in Drosophila Courtship Conditioning

After Drosophila males are rejected by mated females, their subsequent courtship is inhibited even when encountering virgin females. Molecular mechanisms underlying courtship conditioning in the CNS are unclear. In this study, we find that tyramine β hydroxylase (TβH) mutant males unable to synthesize octopamine (OA) showed impaired courtship conditioning, which could be rescued by transgenic TβH expression in the CNS. Inactivation of octopaminergic neurons mimicked the TβH mutant phenotype. Transient activation of octopaminergic neurons in males not only decreased their courtship of virgin females, but also produced courtship conditioning. Single cell analysis revealed projection of octopaminergic neurons to the mushroom bodies. Deletion of the OAMB gene encoding an OA receptor expressed in the mushroom bodies disrupted courtship conditioning. Inactivation of neurons expressing OAMB also eliminated courtship conditioning. OAMB neurons responded robustly to male-specific pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that OA plays an important role in courtship conditioning through its OAMB receptor expressed in a specific neuronal subset of the mushroom bodies.
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT W28 (G6.4−0.1)

We present detailed analysis of two gamma-ray sources, 1FGL J1801.3−2322c and 1FGL J1800.5−2359c, that have been found toward the supernova remnant (SNR) W28 with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. 1FGL J1801.3−2322c is found to be an extended source within the boundary of SNR W28, and to extensively overlap with the TeV gamma-ray source HESS J1801−233, which is associated with a dense molecular cloud interacting with the SNR. The gamma-ray spectrum measured with the LAT from 0.2 to 100 GeV can be described by a broken power-law function with a break at ∼1 GeV and photon indices of 2.09 ± 0.08 (stat) ± 0.28 (sys) below the break and 2.74 ± 0.06 (stat) ± 0.09 (sys) above the break. Given the clear association between HESS J1801−233 and the shocked molecular cloud and a smoothly connected spectrum in the GeV–TeV band, we consider the origin of the gamma-ray emission in both GeV and TeV ranges to be the interaction between particles accelerated in the SNR and the molecular cloud. The decay of neutral pions produced in interactions between accelerated hadrons and dense molecular gas provides a reasonable explanation for the broadband gamma-ray spectrum. 1FGL J1800.5−2359c, located outside the southern boundary of SNR W28, cannot be resolved. An upper limit on the size of the gamma-ray emission was estimated to be ∼16′ using events above ∼2 GeV under the assumption of a circular shape with uniform surface brightness. It appears to coincide with the TeV source HESS J1800−240B, which is considered to be associated with a dense molecular cloud that contains the ultra compact H ii region W28A2 (G5.89−0.39). We found no significant gamma-ray emission in the LAT energy band at the positions of TeV sources HESS J1800−230A and HESS J1800−230C. The LAT data for HESS J1800−230A combined with the TeV data points indicate a spectral break between 10 GeV and 100 GeV.
Beyond Spatial Memory: The Anterior Thalamus and Memory for the Temporal Order of a Sequence of Odor Cues

Influential recent proposals state that the anterior thalamic (AT) nuclei constitute key components of an “extended hippocampal system. ” This idea is, however, based on lesion studies that used spatial memory tasks and there has been no evidence that AT lesions cause deficits in any hippocampal-dependent nonspatial tasks. The present study investigated the role of the AT nuclei in nonspatial memory for a sequence of events based on the temporal order of a list of odors, because this task has recently been shown to depend on the integrity of the hippocampal formation. After preoperative training, rats with excitotoxic lesions of the AT nuclei showed a severe and selective postoperative impairment when required to remember the order of pseudorandom sequences of six odors. The rats with AT lesions were able instead to learn two new tasks that required recognition memory and the identification of the prior occurrence of events independent of their order. These results strongly matched those described after hippocampal lesions and provide the first unequivocal evidence of a detrimental effect of an AT lesion on a nonspatial hippocampal-dependent memory task.