Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utility of Recent Studies to Assess the National Research Council 2001 Estimates of Cancer Risk from Ingested Arsenic

Objective The purpose of this review is to evaluate the impact of recent epidemiologic literature on the National Research Council (NRC) assessment of the lung and bladder cancer risks from ingesting low concentrations (< 100 μg/L) of arsenic-contaminated water. Data sources, extraction, and synthesis PubMed was searched for epidemiologic studies pertinent to the lung and bladder cancer risk estimates from low-dose arsenic exposure. Articles published from 2001, the date of the NRC assessment, through September 2010 were included. Fourteen epidemiologic studies on lung and bladder cancer risk were identified as potentially useful for the analysis. Conclusions Recent epidemiologic studies that have investigated the risk of lung and bladder cancer from low arsenic exposure are limited in their ability to detect the NRC estimates of excess risk because of sample size and less than lifetime exposure. Although the ecologic nature of the Taiwanese studies on which the NRC estimates are based present certain limitations, the data from these studies have particular strengths in that they describe lung and bladder cancer risks resulting from lifetime exposure in a large population and remain the best data on which to conduct quantitative risk assessment. Continued follow-up of a population in northeastern Taiwan, however, offers the best opportunity to improve the cancer risk assessment for arsenic in drinking water. Future studies of arsenic < 100 μg/L in drinking water and lung and bladder cancer should consider adequacy of the sample size, the synergistic relationship of arsenic and smoking, duration of arsenic exposure, age when exposure began and ended, and histologic subtype.
The Psychiatrization of Post-Traumatic Distress: Issues for Social Workers

SUMMARY The psychiatric category of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is described and critiqued. Problems of definition and application may lead to the non-inclusion or minimization of some forms of post-traumatic distress. Questions of what constitute 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' reactions to trauma are raised and the depoliticization of trauma explored. The absence from the literature of sufficient acknowledgement of traumagenic actions on the part of official agencies is noted. The potential for critically informed social work interventions in prevention, mitigation and longer-term response is outlined. Despite what has been termed 'the rise of the post-traumatic stress disorders' (Jackson, 1991, p. 533), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has received little critical attention. Among social workers, PTSD has escaped the scepti cism with which other psychiatric classifications have been received. Yet, in its environmental aetiology and in the usual application of a 'talking cure', PTSD seems congruent with social work received wisdom. Social workers are, for example, familiar with the idea of simultaneous risk and opportunity
Factors associated with the symptoms of depression and anxiety among male Turkish prisoners: a life crisis and personal growth model perspective

The factors associated with depression and anxiety disorders in the prison populations have been empirically tested in various studies. The aim of the present study was to examine the factors associated with the symptoms of depression and anxiety in a sample of 179 Turkish male prisoners. For this purpose, a model conceptualized by Schaefer and Moos (1998) was used as the theoretical framework for this study. The role of locus of control (as a personality trait); prison type, crime type, time spent in prison (as situational and crime-related variables); and the effect of prison-life stress on the prisoners' level of depression and anxiety symptoms were tested by using two separate structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses. Results revealed that by playing a mediator role, prison-life stress affected locus of control and situational and crime-related variables and hence, indirectly influenced depression and anxiety symptoms. Examining the role of the situational and personality factors on prisoners will provide a new departure for further studies conducted within prison settings.
Degradation of Acetaldehyde and Its Precursors by Pelobacter carbinolicus and P. acetylenicus

Pelobacter carbinolicus and P. acetylenicus oxidize ethanol in syntrophic cooperation with methanogens. Cocultures with Methanospirillum hungatei served as model systems for the elucidation of syntrophic ethanol oxidation previously done with the lost “Methanobacillus omelianskii” coculture. During growth on ethanol, both Pelobacter species exhibited NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Two different acetaldehyde-oxidizing activities were found: a benzyl viologen-reducing enzyme forming acetate, and a NAD+-reducing enzyme forming acetyl-CoA. Both species synthesized ATP from acetyl-CoA via acetyl phosphate. Comparative 2D-PAGE of ethanol-grown P. carbinolicus revealed enhanced expression of tungsten-dependent acetaldehyde: ferredoxin oxidoreductases and formate dehydrogenase. Tungsten limitation resulted in slower growth and the expression of a molybdenum-dependent isoenzyme. Putative comproportionating hydrogenases and formate dehydrogenase were expressed constitutively and are probably involved in interspecies electron transfer. In ethanol-grown cocultures, the maximum hydrogen partial pressure was about 1,000 Pa (1 mM) while 2 mM formate was produced. The redox potentials of hydrogen and formate released during ethanol oxidation were calculated to be EH2 = -358±12 mV and EHCOOH = -366±19 mV, respectively. Hydrogen and formate formation and degradation further proved that both carriers contributed to interspecies electron transfer. The maximum Gibbs free energy that the Pelobacter species could exploit during growth on ethanol was −35 to −28 kJ per mol ethanol. Both species could be cultivated axenically on acetaldehyde, yielding energy from its disproportionation to ethanol and acetate. Syntrophic cocultures grown on acetoin revealed a two-phase degradation: first acetoin degradation to acetate and ethanol without involvement of the methanogenic partner, and subsequent syntrophic ethanol oxidation. Protein expression and activity patterns of both Pelobacter spp. grown with the named substrates were highly similar suggesting that both share the same steps in ethanol and acetalydehyde metabolism. The early assumption that acetaldehyde is a central intermediate in Pelobacter metabolism was now proven biochemically.
The nature and role of different types of commitment in inter-firm relationship cooperation

Purpose – This paper aims to consider the nature and role of commitment in delivering value in customer–supplier relationships by developing and testing a model of relationship cooperativeness. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using an extended version of the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP2) Group’s instrument. Pre-qualified managers largely self-completed the survey. Model associations were tested via regression and causal path analysis. Findings – Various aspects of commitment play differing roles in relationship development. The role of commitment was less than expected; the exception is value-based commitment which is strongly associated with value creation, conflict management, trust and cooperation. Research limitations/implications – Findings provide explanations for some inconsistencies in previous findings including reported relationships between trust, cooperation and commitment. The composition of the commitment construct(s) strongly influences relationship processes.
The Influence of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enriched Tallow on Egg Hatchability and Quality in Chicken

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was shown to increase the level of saturated fatty acids in egg yolk, alter interior egg quality, and induce embryo mortality in fertile eggs. Since CLA may soon be used as an animal feed supplement, the objective of this study was to determine if feeding chickens tallow from beef cattle fed a CLA-supplemented diet would induce embryo mortality and cause changes in egg quality. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens (10 per treatment) were fed a diet containing 0.5% canola oil (CO), 0.5% CLA (CLA), 10% regular tallow (RT), 9.5% regular tallow plus 0.5% CLA (RT+CLA), 10% tallow from beef cattle fed 1% CLA (TCLA1), or 10% tallow from beef cattle fed 2.5% CLA (TCLA2.5) for 18 d. For hatchability studies, hens were artificially inseminated weekly. Eggs were collected daily, stored at 15EC for 24 h, and then incubated. Twenty eggs per treatment were stored at 4EC for 30 d and analyzed for pH. After 18 d of feeding, 3 hens per group were euthanized with carbon dioxide exposure and liver and adipose tissue samples were obtained. Fat from yolk, liver and adipose tissue were extracted for fatty acid analysis. After the 8th d of feeding, embryo mortality was 100% in CLA group versus 7, 9, 5, 6, and 7% in CO, RT, RT+CLA, TCLA1, and TCLA2.5, respectively. Relative CLA levels (% of fatty acids) of yolk from CO, CLA, RT, RT+CLA, TCLA1, and TCLA2.5 were 0, 2.31, 0.99, 1.67, 1.18, and 1.35%, respectively. Diets containing CLA and RT+CLA resulted in increased C16:0 and C18:0 and decreased C16:1(n-7) and C18:1(n-9) in the egg yolk. The CLA but not TCLA1 or TCLA2.5 diet resulted in decreased levels of C20:4(n-6) in yolk and liver compared to CO. Yolk pH increased and albumen pH decreased in the eggs from the CLA relative to CO (8.09 and 8.63 versus 6.13 and 9.04, respectively). Abnormal pH changes did not develop in the eggs from CO, RT, RT+CLA, TCLA1 and TCLA2.5. These results showed that tallow from beef cattle fed CLA or tallow supplemented with CLA had no adverse effects on hatchability and egg quality.
Precarious work, protest masculinity and communal regulation: South Asian young men in Luton, UK

This article presents an argument about the reactions of young South Asian men to their economic and social exclusion. In a labour market increasingly characterized by insecurity, where bottom end service employment often demands a feminized ‘service with a smile’ performance, young working class men from minority communities are often disadvantaged in their search for work. It has been argued that in these circumstances a version of protest masculinity and involvement in urban unrest are typical responses. This argument is explored in a racialized minority area of Luton, where right wing organizations attempt to provoke street-based reactions by young men. Instead, ‘radical privatism’, constructed through communal regulation, is a reaction to exceptional provocation, although young men’s involvement in low level street unrest is also common in more ‘normal’ times.
Crime prevention, urban space and social exclusion

This paper provides an evaluation of 'environmental crime prevention' from the point of view of the social impact of such approaches. The basic contention of the paper is that an understanding of the processes of inclusion and exclusion are, or should be, central to any plan which attempts to modify the environment in order to reduce or prevent crime. After a brief review of the general literature dealing with social space and the urban environment, the paper provides an extended discussion of the nature of environmental criminology, the relationship between crime prevention and social exclusion, and critical issues relating to the development of a more participatory and inclusive crime prevention strategy. The key message of the paper is that the benefits of 'environmental crime prevention' cannot be assumed. Planning decisions, allocation of community resources, the social construction of urban space, types of local government intervention and specific methods used by police all impact upon the nature and effects of prevention. Ultimately, for 'crime' to be addressed in a meaningful and lasting manner it is necessary to go beyond episodic social initiatives and approaches which focus predominantly on reducing physical opportunities and improving techniques of control, to implement strategies which see crime and public safety as stemming first and foremost from social relationships in the community.
Wnt ligand/Frizzled 2 receptor signaling regulates tube shape and branch-point formation in the lung through control of epithelial cell shape

Significance We generated a conditional mouse allele for the Wnt receptor Fzd2 and used it to assess the role of Fzd2-mediated Wnt signaling in the lung. Loss of Fzd2 specifically in the developing lung epithelium results in defects in domain branch-point formation which alter the primary branching program of the lung. We show that Fzd2 is required to sculpt the developing epithelium in the lung through activation of the small GTPase RhoA and control of epithelial cell shape. These results reveal the importance of Wnt/RhoA signaling in altering the shape of the developing epithelium of branched organs such as the lung. Such studies highlight the interconnectedness of signaling pathways during the formation of a branched network. Changing the morphology of a simple epithelial tube to form a highly ramified branching network requires changes in cell behavior that lead to tissue-wide changes in organ shape. How epithelial cells in branched organs modulate their shape and behavior to promote bending and sculpting of the epithelial sheet is not well understood, and the mechanisms underlying this process remain obscure. We show that the Wnt receptor Frizzled 2 (Fzd2) is required for domain branch formation during the initial establishment of the respiratory tree. Live imaging and transcriptome analysis of lung-branching morphogenesis demonstrate that Fzd2 promotes changes in epithelial cell length and shape. These changes in cell morphology deform the developing epithelial tube to generate and maintain new domain branches. Fzd2 controls branch formation and the shape of the epithelial tube by regulating Rho signaling and by the localization of phospho-myosin light chain 2, in turn controlling the changes in the shape of epithelial cells during morphogenesis. This study demonstrates the importance of Wnt/Fzd2 signaling in promoting and maintaining changes in epithelial cell shape that affect development of a branching network.
Building the Better Mental Training Mousetrap: Is Periodization a More Systematic Approach to Promoting Performance Excellence?

Over the past two decades, mental skills training (MST) has experienced a tremendous surge in popularity, yet MST is not without its critics, including some athletes and coaches. Additionally, a number of concerns have arisen about mental training effectiveness, and its ability to maximize athlete development, performance, and peaking. Periodization is a systematic program development and implementation strategy that holds promise for enhancing mental training effectiveness and combating some of the problems currently limiting MST interventions. Thus, the purpose of this conceptual paper was threefold. First, periodization concepts are introduced by demonstrating how they are utilized to systematically guide physical training. Second, strategies to adapt periodization concepts to enhance mental training programs are examined, along with techniques to integrate physical and mental training, including: mental training tool and skill periodization plans and mental training drill menus. Finally, a case study is presented to illustrate how an integrated approach to periodized training that targets both physical and mental skill development can enhance the effectiveness of MST while minimizing implementation problems.
La estructura del bienestar: el encuentro empírico de tres tradiciones

Resumen El estudio del bienestar constituye hoy en día uno de los capítulos de mayor relevancia y futuro más prometedor en el campo de la Psicología. Con la ayuda de dos estudios hemos analizado las relaciones existentes entre los constructos más empleados para su medición: el bienestar subjetivo (BS), el bienestar psicológico (BP), y el bienestar social (BSo). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorios indicaron una estrecha relación entre el BS y el BP, mientras que los confirmatorios nos señalaron que un modelo compuesto por dos factores oblicuos denominados bienestar personal (que incluye el BS y el BP) y bienestar social fue el que mejor se ajusta a los datos. Los resultados del segundo estudio, empleando análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, confirmaron la naturaleza relacionada pero distinta del bienestar social y la necesidad de emplear modelos que lo incluyan para aumentar su capacidad predictiva sobre variables sociales relevantes como la acción social o la anomia.
Pedagogical Applications of the French Popular Song in the Foreign Language Classroom

pedagogical applications of the popular song has produced a number of articles on its role in second language teaching. ' Other fields have long recognized the value of song in the classroom, and many detailed descriptions exist for incorporating it in reading, history, and social studies instruction, for example.2 However, the foreign language field still lacks adequate printed materials; the possibility that they soon will be forthcoming is doubtful because of the complexities of copyright and royalty laws. Therefore, the preparation of materials must remain largely an individual task for the time being. The benefits of utilizing the popular song are numerous. They include: 1) holding the attention and interest of students; 2) introducing native and colloquial use of the language; 3) presenting cultural phenomena and points of view; 4) providing a mnemonic device and context for learning; and, finally, 5) furnishing an entertaining alternative to textbook study. Virtually no aspects of second language instruction exist to which the song may not be adapted. In this paper I make some suggestions for choosing and preparing song texts and exercises for classroom use and outline briefly some areas of pedagogical interest which songs may enhance. My examples are drawn from French popular songs, but the techniques are applicable to any language for which recordings are available.
Reform in Britain and the United States, c. 1910 – 1950: Historical Revisionism and Cross-National Comparison

Comparative histories of health system development have been variously influenced by the theoretical approaches of historical institutionalism, political pluralism, and labor mobilization. Britain and the United States have figured significantly in this literature due to their very different trajectories. This article explores the implications of recent research on hospital history in the two countries for existing historiographies, particularly the coming of the National Health Service in Britain. It argues that the two hospital systems initially developed in broadly similar ways, despite the very different outcomes in the 1940s. Thus, applying the conceptual tools used to explain the U.S. trajectory can deepen appreciation of events in Britain. Attention focuses particularly on working-class hospital contributory schemes and their implications for finance, governance, and participation; these are then compared with Blue Cross and U.S. hospital prepayment. While acknowledging the importance of path dependence in shaping attitudes of British bureaucrats toward these schemes, analysis emphasizes their failure in pressure group politics, in contrast to the United States. In both countries labor was also crucial, in the United States sustaining employment-based prepayment and in Britain broadly supporting system reform.
Video reconstruction using compressed sensing measurements and 3d total variation regularization for bio-imaging applications

The theory of compressed sensing (CS) predicts that random (or pseudo-random) linear measurements together with non-linear reconstruction can be used to sample and recover structured signals in a compressive manner. Lots of previous results demonstrated the efficiency of CS in recovering 2D images acquired using dedicated CS devices (single-pixel camera, accelerated MRI, etc.). In this paper, we investigate how this framework can be extended to perform an efficient joint reconstruction of a sequence of time-correlated 2D images, using 3D total variation regularization. We also evaluate the performances of this framework on test sequences issued from the bio-imaging field.
Aging-Resilient Associations between the Arcuate Fasciculus and Vocabulary Knowledge: Microstructure or Morphology?

Vocabulary knowledge is one of the few cognitive functions that is relatively preserved in older adults, but the reasons for this relative preservation have not been well delineated. We tested the hypothesis that individual differences in vocabulary knowledge are influenced by arcuate fasciculus macrostructure (i.e., shape and volume) properties that remain stable during the aging process, rather than white matter microstructure that demonstrates age-related declines. Vocabulary was not associated with age compared to pronounced age-related declines in cognitive processing speed across 106 healthy adults (19.92–88.29 years) who participated in this neuroimaging experiment. Fractional anisotropy in the left arcuate fasciculus was significantly related to individual variability in vocabulary. This effect was present despite marked age-related differences in a T1-weighted/T2-weighted ratio (T1w/T2w) estimate of myelin that were observed throughout the left arcuate fasciculus and associated with age-related differences in cognitive processing speed. However, atypical patterns of arcuate fasciculus morphology or macrostructure were associated with decreased vocabulary knowledge. These results suggest that deterioration of tissue in the arcuate fasciculus occurs with normal aging, while having limited impact on tract organization that underlies individual differences in the acquisition and retrieval of lexical and semantic information. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Vocabulary knowledge is resilient to widespread age-related declines in brain structure that limit other cognitive functions. We tested the hypothesis that arcuate fasciculus morphology, which supports the development of reading skills that bolster vocabulary, could explain this relative preservation. We disentangled (1) the effects of age-related declines in arcuate microstructure (mean diffusivity; myelin content estimate) that predicted cognitive processing speed but not vocabulary, from (2) relatively stable arcuate macrostructure (shape/volume) that explained significant variance in an age-independent association between fractional anisotropy and vocabulary. This latter result may reflect differences in fiber trajectory and organization that are resilient to aging. We propose that developmental sculpting of the arcuate fasciculus determines acquisition, storage, and access of lexical information across the adult lifespan.
The World Bank and Private Provision of Schooling: A Look through the Lens of Sociological Theories of Organizational Hypocrisy

In this article, we explore how the World Bank operationalizes its focus on poverty alleviation in one of the most controversial arenas of educational change: the expansion of privately provided schooling. We argue that the Bank's role in promoting private provision has been far more complicated than most critics have discerned. It has involved several distinctive forms of policy entrepreneurship alongside very limited investment and lending. Policy talk, policy decisions, and operational activities have diverged in ways that raise real questions about the functioning and efficacy of the Bank. Drawing on organizational sociology, this article identifies several distinct disjunctures among Bank activities related to private educational provision and characterizes these disjunctures as forms of organizational hypocrisy.