Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probing mesocorticolimbic dopamine function in alcohol dependence using dextroamphetamine : behavioural and FMRI studies.

s Balducci, XL, Naranjo, CA, Herrmann, N, Busto, UE, Probing the brain reward system in co-morbid major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence. 67 Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Orlando, Florida, June 18-23, 2005. Poster presentation. Balducci, XL, Naranjo, CA, Herrmann, N, Busto, UE, Probing the brain reward system in co-morbid major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence. 3rd Annual Canadian Joint Therapeutics Congress, Toronto, Ontario. May 10 13, 2006. Poster presentation. Balducci, XL, Sproule, BA, Chayab, L, Herrmann, N, Busto, UE, Naranjo, CA, Probing the brain reward system in major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence and co-morbid individuals. Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum/Canadian College of Neuropsychopharmacology Joint Scientific Meeting, Chicago, Illinois. July 9-13, 2006. Poster presentation. Balducci, XL, Sproule, BA, Herrmann, N, Busto, UE, Naranjo, CA, Oral d-amphetamine effect on alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent and co-morbid alcohol-dependent/major depressive disorder participants. 69 Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Quebec City, Quebec. June 16-21, 2007. Poster presentation. Balducci, XL, Sproule, BA, Herrmann, N, Busto, UE, Naranjo, CA, Oral dextroamphetamine may increase craving in alcohol-dependent individuals. 31 Annual Meeting of the Canadian College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Toronto, Ontario. June 6- 9, 2008. Poster presentation. Balducci, XL, Schmitz, TW, Sproule, BA, De Rosa, E, Herrmann, N, Busto, UE, Naranjo, CA, Dysfunction of reward processing in alcohol dependence assessed by fMRI and dextroamphetamine. 70 Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 14-19, 2008. Oral communication.
Perceiving One’s Own and Others’ Feelings Around the World

The present study examined meta-mood variables pertaining to beliefs about the perception of one’s own and other people’s feelings across nations. A total of 9,102 college students from 42 nations provided self-reports of attention to and clarity of their own feelings, attention to and clarity of others’ feelings, and the cognitive (life satisfaction) and the affective (affect balance) component of subjective well-being (SWB). Multilevel analyses tested whether nations differed in the relations between meta-mood variables and SWB and whether the cultural dimension of individualism-collectivism moderated these relations. Attention to own feelings demonstrated a heterogeneous relation with SWB across nations. Clarity of own feelings showed an adaptive pattern in nearly all nations, but it was more closely related to SWB in individualistic than in collectivistic nations. Attention to others’ feelings demonstrated low positive relations with SWB in most nations. Unexpectedly, clarity of others’ feelings tended to be less important to affect balance in collectivistic than in individualistic nations. The results suggest that although beliefs about clearly perceiving own and others’ feelings might, to some degree, be universally adaptive, cultural differences appear to exist in how relevant the perception of feelings is to SWB.
The Denial of Paternity: Pregnancy as a Risk to the ‘Pure Relationship’

This article draws on a study of the use of genetic paternity testing in the Australian context. It uses data from interviews with women in regular or cohabitating relationships whose partners exited the relationship because of a pregnancy and subsequently denied paternity. At a broader level, it explores the fragility of paternity itself in the early 21st century within the context of unprecedented sexual freedoms and transformative changes to family formation and intimate relationships. It also locates cohabitating paternity in a broader discursive context that has seen an unparalleled demonization of mothers as potential perpetrators of ‘paternity fraud’, a neo-legal exposé of infidelity and extortion of child support that commercial DNA paternity testing purports to be able to uncover.
Cross-fostering between two species of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and Callithrix penicillata).

Cross-fostering technique can be defined as adoption of infants by adults of other species. This phenomenon is poorly investigated because very young animals have few opportunities to interact peacefully with non-conspecific adults, either in captivity or in natural conditions. This study describes the induction of cross-fostering in captivity between white tufted-ear (Callithrix jacchus) and black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). We conclude that this technique can be very useful for preserving the life of rejected by parents or orphan infants, mainly in the case of species with low reproduction rate in captivity or those threatened by extinction, as well for investigating the environmental effects on the typical behavior of species (courtship, food preference, vocalization patterns, e.g.).
Four Philosophies of Technology

Alan Drengson is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Victoria, Be, Canada, where he was a Director of Environmental Studies and a member of the Philosophy Department. In this essay Drengson develops some typologies of technology and of philosophy. He first presents four possible understandings of "philosophy" and argues that philosophy is best understood as "a sort of jazz played with concepts. " He further identifies four stages of technological development: technological anarchy, technophilia, technophobia, and appropriate technology. The central criterion of demarcation is the dominant human attitude toward technology in each stage. Technological anarchy is a playful, anything goes stage, when the possibilities of a technology are explored and when there is no dominant standard. Technophilia is love of, and in some cases identification with technology. In this stage, as in early stages of a love affair, one often will not notice the downsides, limits, and problems of technology. The "personation" discussed by Doug Browning is a good example of technophilia. Technophobia is a fear or hatred of technology. It goes beyond a reasoned awareness of negative affects, and tends toward rejection. Drengson argues that appropriate technology, as a self-critical stage and attitude, is the most mature and philosophically rich. Appropriate technology urges us to balance all costs, maintain biodiversity, promote benign interactions between humans, non-human animals, and technology, and to promote human development. This view captures many of the insights and goals of current programs of sustainable development and sustainable, or green, engineering and design.
How Does Cultural Collectivism Operate?

How is the collectivism of a culture related to the allocation of reward for task and maintenance inputs toward a group goal? To examine this question, students from the United States and Hong Kong were asked to read a scenario describing a group member who made high, medium or low task and maintenance contributions towards a group project for a university course. Subjects then rated their perceptions of, and behavioral intentions towards, this target person (TP). Task and maintenance contributions were linearly related to both types of dependent variable in each cultural group. However, the slope of this regression was more moderate for the Hong Kong Chinese than for the Americans where intentions to reward were concerned. This more egalitarian distribution of resources probably functions to promote the group cohesiveness valued by more collective cultures.
Semiparametric Regression Modeling with Mixtures of Berkson and Classical Error, with Application to Fallout from the Nevada Test Site

Summary. We construct Bayesian methods for semiparametric modeling of a monotonic regression function when the predictors are measured with classical error, Berkson error, or a mixture of the two. Such methods require a distribution for the unobserved (latent) predictor, a distribution we also model semi‐parametrically. Such combinations of semiparametric methods for the dose‐response as well as the latent variable distribution have not been considered in the measurement error literature for any form of measurement error. In addition, our methods represent a new approach to those problems where the measurement error combines Berkson and classical components. While the methods are general, we develop them around a specific application, namely, the study of thyroid disease in relation to radiation fallout from the Nevada test site. We use this data to illustrate our methods, which suggest a point estimate (posterior mean) of relative risk at high doses nearly double that of previous analyses but that also suggest much greater uncertainty in the relative risk.
Combining Generative and Discriminative Methods for Pixel Classification with Multi-Conditional Learning

It is possible to broadly characterize two approaches to probabilistic modeling in terms of generative and discriminative methods. Provided with sufficient training data the discriminative approach is expected to yield superior accuracy as compared to the analogous generative model since no modeling power is expended on the marginal distribution of the features. Conversely, if the model is accurate the generative approach can perform better with less data. In general it is less vulnerable to overfitting and allows one to more easily specify meaningful priors on the model parameters. We investigate multi-conditional learning - a method combining the merits of both approaches. Through specifying a joint distribution over classes and features we derive a family of models with analogous parameters. Parameter estimates are found by optimizing an objective function consisting of a weighted combination of conditional log-likelihoods. Systematic experiments in the context of foreground/background pixel classification with the Microsoft-Berkeley segmentation database using mixtures of factor analyzers illustrate tradeoffs between classifier complexity, the amount of training data and generalization accuracy. We show experimentally that this approach can lead to models with better generalization performance than purely generative or discriminative approaches
The Functions of Music in Everyday Life: Redefining the Social in Music Psychology

What psychological functions does music serve in everyday life? In this paper we argue that the answer to this question is changing as a result of current social and technological changes in music itself, and that these changes force us to re-evaluate the role of the social context in music psychology. After describing the changes we go on to outline the psychological functions of music in everyday life in terms of the cognitive, emotional and social domains. We next attempt a detailed redefinition of the social psychology of music by reviewing the contents of our recent book of this title. The research findings lead us to conclude that the social functions of music are manifested in three principal ways for the individual, namely in the management of self-identity, interpersonal relationships and mood. This leads us to propose a new agenda for music psychology which places the social dimension at its core, and which considers the interdisciplinary context; the effects of the "democratisation" of music; the role of theory; the relationship between theory and practice; and the implications for research methodology.
The HR Manager as Change Agent: Evidence from the Public Sector

Prior studies have suggested that one of the main roles of a strategic human resources department is the management of change. Whilst there have been a considerable number of prescriptive recommendations about how human resources departments should go about this, there has been little empirical research that explores exactly the kinds of roles that Human Resources departments play in day-to-day practice in managing change programs. Such evidence as there is suggests that rhetoric has moved ahead of reality, with many human resources functions playing a very limited role in managing change. This article reports on the findings of a qualitative study of the role of the human resources function in managing change in two public sector organizations in the UK. It is argued that human resources functional contributions to managing change can be analyzed along two axes which capture the degree of proactivity of the human resources department in managing both the content and the process of change. This gives rise to four potential human resources roles: Change Driver, Responsive, Change Focused and Human Resources Focused. Two case studies illustrate alternative approaches along these two dimensions. Hence, for human resources departments to play a strategic role in managing change, they need to adopt a proactive approach along both dimensions and not just one. The article builds on prior research into change agency within a planned, functionalist approach to organizational change, and contributes to debates around the management of micro-level change processes.
EFFECT OF DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL ON VASCULAR RESPONSES TO CATECHOLAMINES IN MAN.

In man, infusions of norepinephrine into the brachial or femoral artery cause vasoconstriction, infusions of isoproterenol produce vasodilatation, and infusions of epinephrine result in vasodilatation followed by vasoconstriction (2-4). According to Ahlquist's classification of adrenergic receptors (5, 6), the vasoconstrictor effects of sympathomimetic amines are mediated through alpha receptors, and the vasodilator responses are subserved by beta receptors. Drugs such as phenoxybenzamine that block alpha receptors antagonize the constrictor action of norepinephrine and epinephrine and potentiate the vasodilator effect of epinephrine but not that of isoproterenol (4, 7, 8). These observations suggest that the actions of norepinephrine and isoproterenol are mediated through alpha and beta receptors, respectively, while the action of epinephrine is a summation of its effects on both receptors (7). The discovery of dichloroisoproterenol (9), an antagonist that blocks selectively vasodilator adrenergic receptors (10), provided a tool for further study of the mechanism of action of catecholamines in man. The present experiments were done to compare quantitatively the vasodilator actions of isoproterenol and epinephrine and to see if dichloroisoproterenol blocks these vasodilator actions but not the vasoconstrictor effect of epinephrine in man.
Implementation and Outcomes of a Responsibility-Based Physical Activity Program Integrated into an Intact High School Physical Education Class

Underserved youth are at risk for numerous threats to their physical and psychological well-being. To navigate the challenges they face, they need a variety of positive life skills. This study systematically explored the implementation and short-term outcomes of a responsibility-based physical activity program that was integrated into an intact high school physical education class. Qualitative methods, drawing on multiple data sources, were used to evaluate a 20-lesson teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR) program. Participants were 23 African American students in an urban high school. Five themes characterized the program: (a) establishing a relevant curriculum, (b) navigating barriers, (c) practicing life skills, (d) seeing the potential for transfer, and (e) creating a valued program. Findings extend the empirical literature related to TPSR and, more generally, physical activity programs designed to promote life skills. Implications for practitioners are discussed.
Tracking and Transitions through the Middle Grades: Channeling Educational Trajectories.

Using longitudinal data from the Beginning School Study (BSS), the study reported here examined sources of influence on inner-city students' initial middle school placements in English and mathematics and continuity and change in placements through- the end of middle school. The study found that test scores and prior retention in grade exert strong effects at the transition into middle school, but so do social background and parents' educational expectations, particularly for higher-level placements. Stability in middle school placements is strong, and neither social background nor educational expectations consistently influences eighth-grade course levels, net of sixth-grade placements and other predictors in the model. The authors conclude that educational trajectories are not grounded in academic considerations alone, but the contributions of nonacademic factors on track placements toward the end of middle school are obscured if the determinants of earlier placements are not included in the model
Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT Cognitive function in older adults is related to independent living and need for care. However, few studies have addressed whether improving cognitive functions might have short- or long-term effects on activities related to living independently. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether 3 cognitive training interventions improve mental abilities and daily functioning in older, independent-living adults. DESIGN Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial with recruitment conducted from March 1998 to October 1999 and 2-year follow-up through December 2001. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Volunteer sample of 2832 persons aged 65 to 94 years recruited from senior housing, community centers, and hospital/clinics in 6 metropolitan areas in the United States. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: 10-session group training for memory (verbal episodic memory; n = 711), or reasoning (ability to solve problems that follow a serial pattern; n = 705), or speed of processing (visual search and identification; n = 712); or a no-contact control group (n = 704). For the 3 treatment groups, 4-session booster training was offered to a 60% random sample 11 months later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive function and cognitively demanding everyday functioning. RESULTS Thirty participants were incorrectly randomized and were excluded from the analysis. Each intervention improved the targeted cognitive ability compared with baseline, durable to 2 years (P<.001 for all). Eighty-seven percent of speed-, 74% of reasoning-, and 26% of memory-trained participants demonstrated reliable cognitive improvement immediately after the intervention period. Booster training enhanced training gains in speed (P<.001) and reasoning (P<.001) interventions (speed booster, 92%; no booster, 68%; reasoning booster, 72%; no booster, 49%), which were maintained at 2-year follow-up (P<.001 for both). No training effects on everyday functioning were detected at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Results support the effectiveness and durability of the cognitive training interventions in improving targeted cognitive abilities. Training effects were of a magnitude equivalent to the amount of decline expected in elderly persons without dementia over 7- to 14-year intervals. Because of minimal functional decline across all groups, longer follow-up is likely required to observe training effects on everyday function.
Towards workable privacy for UK e-government on the web

There are significant privacy challenges for local and regional government websites as consumers raise concerns over the protection and use of their information. This research considers whether a privacy policy standard can be constructed, based on accepted principles of fair use, for implementation in the UK e-government domain. The approach taken was to build a privacy policy standard, construct a generation tool and evaluate the product within a case study methodology using a group of professionals from the e-government domain. The results confirm that a privacy policy standard would benefit the creation of privacy statements for implementation on e-government websites.
Acculturation, Adaptation, and Mental Health Among Ladakhi College Students

The Indian region of Ladakh has recently undergone comprehensive sociocultural changes through the process of acculturation. The present study employs an acculturation psychological framework to assess how two groups of Ladakhi college students navigate through different degrees of exposure to acculturation and how this affects their mental health. Using mixed methods, 292 (age: M = 20.89, SD = 1.66; 64.4% females) respondents were included in the quantitative assessment and 12 participated in semistructured interviews. Analysis revealed that students with less acculturation exposure were more oriented toward ethnic culture and to a greater extent experienced impaired mental health when compared with the sample with more acculturation. Most prevalent among the students (34.2%) was a bicultural orientation, integrating both ethnic and mainstream culture. In general, acculturation orientation was not associated with quantitative measures of depression or anxiety. The qualitative analysis revealed agency and cultural identity to be pivotal factors in the process of reproducing culture and negotiating cultural change.
Surface cues and the development of given/new interpretation

ABSTRACT As children develop language, they also acquire strategies to utilize surface forms to interpret the meaning and functions of sentences. This study investigated how Chinese-speaking children (aged 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13) and adults utilize structural and prosodic cues to interpret the pragmatic function of given and new information intrasententially. The results revealed that: (a) children did not utilize word order cues effectively in NVN sentences with normal stress; (b) children utilized the marked grammatical structure of passives and pseudoclefts more effectively than clefts; (c) when stress converged or competed with word order or syntactic structures, children responded nonuniformly; and (d) animacy was a factor that affected children's interpretation of given versus new. Interaction effects are discussed in light of the Competition Model.
Stratified at seven: in‐class ability grouping and the relative age effect

There is an established body of evidence indicating that a pupil's relative age within their school year cohort is associated with academic attainment throughout compulsory education. In England, autumn-born pupils consistently attain at higher levels than summer-born pupils. Analysis here investigates a possible channel of this relative age effect: ability grouping in early primary school. Relatively younger children tend more often to be placed in the lowest in-class ability groups, and relatively older children in the highest group. In addition, teacher perceptions of pupils' ability and attainment are associated with the child's birth month: older children are more likely to be judged above average by their teachers. Using 2008 data for 5481 English seven-year-old pupils and their teachers from the Millennium Cohort Study, this research uses linear regression modelling to explore whether birth month gradation in teacher perceptions of pupils is more pronounced when pupils are in-class ability grouped than when they are not. It finds an amplification of the already disproportionate tendency of teachers to judge autumn-born children as more able when grouping takes place. The autumn–summer difference in teacher judgements is significantly more pronounced among in-class ability grouped pupils than among non-grouped pupils. Given evidence that teacher perceptions and expectations can influence children's trajectories, this supports the hypothesis that in-class ability grouping in early primary school may be instrumental in creating the relative age effect.