Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mining SQL injection and cross site scripting vulnerabilities using hybrid program analysis

In previous work, we proposed a set of static attributes that characterize input validation and input sanitization code patterns. We showed that some of the proposed static attributes are significant predictors of SQL injection and cross site scripting vulnerabilities. Static attributes have the advantage of reflecting general properties of a program. Yet, dynamic attributes collected from execution traces may reflect more specific code characteristics that are complementary to static attributes. Hence, to improve our initial work, in this paper, we propose the use of dynamic attributes to complement static attributes in vulnerability prediction. Furthermore, since existing work relies on supervised learning, it is dependent on the availability of training data labeled with known vulnerabilities. This paper presents prediction models that are based on both classification and clustering in order to predict vulnerabilities, working in the presence or absence of labeled training data, respectively. In our experiments across six applications, our new supervised vulnerability predictors based on hybrid (static and dynamic) attributes achieved, on average, 90% recall and 85% precision, that is a sharp increase in recall when compared to static analysis-based predictions. Though not nearly as accurate, our unsupervised predictors based on clustering achieved, on average, 76% recall and 39% precision, thus suggesting they can be useful in the absence of labeled training data.
Pain assessment in infants: Towards spotting pain expression based on infants' facial strain

We report novel results of utilizing infant facial tissue distortion as a pain indicator in video-sequences of ten infants based on analysis of facial strain. Facial strain, which is used as the main feature for classification, is generated for each facial expression and then used to train two classifiers, k Nearest-Neighbors (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) to classify infants' expressions into two categories, pain and no-pain. The accuracy of binary classification for KNN and SVM was 96% and 94% respectively, based on ten video sequences. The results of this study are encouraging; they indicate that assessing pain based on facial displays is a promising area of investigation, and open new directions for future work.
Lexical access rate of closed-class elements during auditory sentence comprehension in adults with aphasia

Background: One hypothesis regarding the underlying impairment in agrammatic comprehension suggests that individuals with this disorder suffer from a reduction in lexical activation of closed-class words and therefore cannot appropriately construct a syntactic frame on which lexical semantic information can be applied (Friederici, 1988). Aims: Given the temporally based hypothesis, this investigation examined the effects of increased inter-word intervals (IWI) following closed-class words on auditory comprehension of various sentence types by individuals with agrammatic comprehension. It was hypothesised that providing a longer temporal window for access and processing of closedclass words would improve sentence structure comprehension. Methods & Procedures: Twelve adults with aphasia participated in an agent identification task given varying auditory sentence stimuli. Six sentence types and six IWI durations served as independent variable while accuracy and response times were measured. Outcomes & Results: Results indicated that auditory sentence comprehension performance improves when IWIs are increased. However, differences exist among individuals in response to specific IWI durations. Conclusions: Implications of delayed access rates of closed-class words in agrammatic comprehension are discussed.
Commentary: Activity Theory is a Dead End for Methodological Thinking in Cultural Psychology Too

Reworking cultural psychology's methodology is of utmost importance if the discipline is to progress. This paper explores discussion of micro- and macro-cultural formal and informal methodologies of cultural psychology by Carl Ratner. It is concluded that the activity-theoretical approach to research methodology, applied in the target article, is fundamentally limited and cannot suggest appropriate methodologies that would lead to progress in cultural psychology. Instead, it is suggested that future discussions on methodological thinking should take into account that: (1) methodology is part of a scientific theory, and therefore what is studied must be defined in order to find appropriate methods for studies; (2) qualitative methodology should become the focus of methodology in cultural psychology; (3) the history of psychology contains forgotten but theoretically very rich ideas; and (4) activity theory has fundamental problems which make it inappropriate for showing direction for the development of methodology.
UGT 2 B Gene Expression Analysis in Multiple Tobacco Carcinogen-Targeted Tissues s

The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B subfamily of enzymes plays an important role in the metabolism of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including various carcinogens present in tobacco smoke. The goal of the present study was to examine the levels of expression of individual UGT2B genes in various tissues that are targets for tobacco carcinogenesis. Using MTATP6 as the experimentally validated housekeeping gene, the highest extrahepatic expression of UGT2B genes was observed in human tonsil, with UGT2B expression levels similar to that observed in human liver. UGT2B17 exhibited high relative expression in most tissues examined, including lung, most tissues of the aerodigestive tract, and pancreas. UGT2B7 expression was highest in pancreas but low or undetectable in most other tissues examined. UGT2B10 expression was high in both tonsil and tongue. There was wide variability between individuals in the magnitude of expression in each tissue site, and there were strong correlations between UGT2B expression levels in different individuals within many of the tissue sites, suggesting coordinated regulation of UGT2B gene expression in extrahepatic tissues. In the liver, UGTs 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, and 2B15 were significantly correlated with each other (all r > 0.70, P < 0.0001). In all examined tissues of the aerodigestive tract, UGTs 2B10, 2B11, and 2B17 exhibited a strong correlation with each other (all r > 0.75, P < 0.05). UGTs 2B7 and 2B10 exhibited a strong inverse correlation in the pancreas (r = –0.95, P < 0.01). These data suggest that specific UGT2B enzymes important in tobacco carcinogen metabolism are expressed and coordinately regulated in various target sites for tobacco-related
Gene expression of Hsps in normal and abnormal embryonic development of mouse hindlimbs

Heat shock proteins (Hsps), which have important biological functions, are a class of highly conserved genetic molecules with the capacity of protecting and promoting cells to repair themselves from damage caused by various stimuli. Our previous studies found that Hsp25, HspB2, HspB3, HspB7, Hsp20, HspB9, HspB10, and Hsp40 may be related to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA)-induced phocomelic and other abnormalities, while HspA12B, HspA14, Trap1, and Hsp105 may be forelimb development-related genes; Grp78 may play an important role in forelimb development. In this study, the embryonic phocomelic, oligodactylic model of both forelimbs and hindlimbs was developed by atRA administered per os to the pregnant mice on gestational day 11, and the expression of 36 members of Hsps family in normal and abnormal development of embryonic hindlimbs was measured by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). It is found that HspA1L, Hsp22, Hsp10, Hsp60, Hsp47, HspB2, HspB10, HspA12A, Apg1, HspB4, Grp78, and HspB9 probably performs a major function in limb development, and HspA13, Grp94 and Hsp110 may be hindlimb development-related genes.
Using action research to improve student engagement in a peer-assisted learning programme

The benefits of students learning together in peer-assisted learning (PAL) programmes have been widely reported. Implementing and evaluating PAL programmes provide specific challenges for academic staff. This paper explains how action research was used to design, trial and refine a same-year PAL programme to enhance student engagement. The PAL programme was successfully integrated into a multidisciplinary radiologic biology unit of study in 2010, following improvement over two trials in 2008 and 2009. The paper demonstrates the value of action research for designing the PAL programme to increase student engagement and for bringing research and practice together by using this experience to contribute to the scholarship of teaching and learning. Key factors influencing the success of the programme were: group size; the provision of structured and unstructured student support; peer assessment; the introduction of case-based learning; and the use of interactive tutorials. Achieving the appropriate balance of these factors increased students’ engagement in their learning.
A Silver Lining with a Grey Cloud? The Perspective of Unsuccessful Participants in the Scottish Qualification for Headship Programme across the North of Scotland

Abstract The Scottish Qualification for Headship (SQH) is a national development programme designed to develop the leadership and management skills, abilities and values of aspiring head teachers. This article first outlines the context within which the qualification is set before describing some previous evaluations on aspects of the programme. Unlike earlier evaluations, however, this paper focuses on how the programme is regarded by those who, for whatever reason, did not complete the programme. Following a brief description of the SQH and the methods used, the findings are set out and analysed. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the future development and delivery of the programme.
Towards Stratified Medicine in Plasma Cell Myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma is a clinically heterogeneous malignancy accounting for approximately one to 2% of newly diagnosed cases of cancer worldwide. Treatment options, in addition to long-established cytotoxic drugs, include autologous stem cell transplant, immune modulators, proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, plus further targeted therapies currently in clinical trials. Whilst treatment decisions are mostly based on a patient’s age, fitness, including the presence of co-morbidities, and tumour burden, significant scope exists for better risk stratification, sub-classification of disease, and predictors of response to specific therapies. Clinical staging, recurring acquired cytogenetic aberrations, and serum biomarkers such as β-2 microglobulin, and free light chains are in widespread use but often fail to predict the disease progression or inform treatment decision making. Recent scientific advances have provided considerable insight into the biology of myeloma. For example, gene expression profiling is already making a contribution to enhanced understanding of the biology of the disease whilst Next Generation Sequencing has revealed great genomic complexity and heterogeneity. Pathways involved in the oncogenesis, proliferation of the tumour and its resistance to apoptosis are being unravelled. Furthermore, knowledge of the tumour cell surface and its interactions with bystander cells and the bone marrow stroma enhance this understanding and provide novel targets for cell and antibody-based therapies. This review will discuss the development in understanding of the biology of the tumour cell and its environment in the bone marrow, the implementation of new therapeutic options contributing to significantly improved outcomes, and the progression towards more personalised medicine in this disorder.
Right‐wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice: A longitudinal test

A Dual Process Model (DPM) approach to prejudice proposes that there should be at least two dimensions of generalized prejudice relating to outgroup stratification and social perception, which should be differentially predicted by Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). The current study assessed the causal effects of SDO and RWA on three dimensions of prejudice using a full cross‐lagged longitudinal sample (N = 127). As expected, RWA, but not SDO, predicted prejudice towards ‘dangerous’ groups, SDO, but not RWA, predicted prejudice towards ‘derogated’ groups, and both RWA and SDO predicted prejudice towards ‘dissident’ groups. Results support previously untested causal predictions derived from the DPM and indicate that different forms of prejudice result from different SDO‐ and RWA‐based motivational processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Huntington’s Disease: The Current Status

Background: Huntington's disease (HD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by choreic movements and psychiatric changes. Within 10 to 20 years after the onset of the disease most patients die of disease - related complications. Until now, no effective therapies have been found for this devastating disease. Deep brain stimula- tion (DBS) is a promising new symptomatic treatment for HD. In the last decade, theories on the potential benefit of DBS in HD have been made and different groups have explored this in case studies. Objectives: In this paper we provide an overview of the result obtained with DBS in patients with HD. Results: The studies performed thus far are case studies. Their results suggest that DBS of the globus pallidus internus is safe and well-tolerated, and reduces choreic movements, without substantial effects on psychiatric functions. Conclusions: DBS in HD should still be seen as experimental. The data published until now, demonstrate a therapeutic ef- fect on refractory motor symptoms and justify further investigation.
Surveying the agrarian question (part 2): current debates and beyond

This two-part article surveys the origin, development and current meaning of the ‘agrarian question’. Part One of the survey explored the history of the agrarian question, elaborating its origin in the work of Marx, Engels, Kautsky, and Lenin, and its development in the work of Preobrazhensky, Dobb, Brenner, and others. Part Two of the survey identifies seven current variants of the agrarian question and critically interrogates these variants in order to understand whether, and if so, how, the location of small-scale petty commodity food and farm production within contemporary capitalism has been reconfigured during the era of neoliberal globalisation. Together, the two parts of the survey argue that the agrarian question continues to offer a rigorously flexible framework by which to undertake a historically-informed and country-specific analysis of the material conditions governing rural production, reproduction, and the process of agrarian accumulation or its lack thereof, a process that is located within the law of value and market imperatives that operate on a world scale.
The role of language policy in linguistic landscape changes in a rural area of the Free State Province of South Africa

Following previous studies on language policy and language visibility changes in the Free State Province of South Africa, which yielded evidence of the systematic Anglicisation of the public domain, a question arose as to whether the same tendency is encountered in a rural context. In pursuance of this, a comprehensive linguistic landscape survey was conducted during 2008 and 2009 in three major towns of the Kopanong Municipality, in the rural southern Free State. The resulting dataset (1 549 signs) was analysed for evidence of sociolinguistic reconfiguration and changes in language choice, as observable on public signs. A central finding is that changes in the linguistic landscape of the three towns involve a dual process: the erasure of Afrikaans, coinciding with increased monolingualisation (elevating English); and the re-bilingualisation (elevating Bantu languages) of signs. Although language policy does play some role, it is actually the lack of language visibility regulations that spearheads most of.
Pseudopelade of Brocq

ABSTRACT: Pseudopelade of Brocq (PPB) is a rare, idiopathic, slowly progressive hair disorder, resulting in cicatricial alopecia. It typically presents in Caucasian adult patients as small, smooth, flesh‐toned and slightly depressed alopecic patches with irregular outlines. It primarily involves the parietal and vertex portions of the scalp with a chronic prolonged course. Controversial opinions still exist as to whether PPB is a single entity or an end stage of several cicatricial alopecic disorders. A practical approach to diagnosis of PPB and therapeutic update are discussed in this review.
Maternal Perception of Infants’ Expressions of Emotion

In light of Lang’s differentiation of the aversive and the approach system – and assumptions stemming from attachment theory – this study investigates the role of the approach or caregiving system for processing infant emotional stimuli by comparing IAPS pictures, infant pictures, and videos. IAPS pictures, infant pictures, and infant videos of positive, neutral, or negative content were presented to 69 mothers, accompanied by randomized startle probes. The assessment of emotional responses included subjective ratings of valence and arousal, corrugator activity, the startle amplitude, and electrodermal activity. In line with Lang’s original conception, the typical startle response pattern was found for IAPS pictures, whereas no startle modulation was observed for infant pictures. Moreover, the startle amplitudes during negative video scenes depicting crying infants were reduced. The results are discussed with respect to several theoretical and methodological considerations, including Lang’s theory, emotio.
On optimality of data clustering for packet-level memory-assisted compression of network traffic

Recently, we proposed a framework called memory-assisted compression that learns the statistical properties of the sequence-generating server at intermediate network nodes and then leverages the learnt models to overcome the inevitable redundancy (overhead) in the universal compression of the payloads of the short-length network packets. In this paper, we prove that when the content-generating server is comprised of a mixture of parametric sources, label-based clustering of the data to their original sequence-generating models from the mixture is optimal almost surely as it achieves the mixture entropy (which is the lower bound on the average codeword length). Motivated by this result, we present a K-means clustering technique as the proof of concept to demonstrate the benefits of memory-assisted compression performance. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach by matching the expected improvements predicted by theory on man-made mixture sources. Finally, the benefits of the cluster-based memory-assisted compression are validated on real data traffic traces demonstrating more than 50% traffic reduction on average in data gathered from wireless users.
Job commitment, job satisfaction and gender as predictors of mentoring in the Nigeria Police

This study investigates the effect of mentoring on commitment to job, job satisfaction and gender in the Nigeria Police. The participants, numbering 592, were recruited for the study from three out of six geo‐political zones in Nigeria using a cluster quota random sampling method. They comprised 396 (66.9 per cent) males and 196 (33.1 per cent) females, 179 (30.2 per cent) officers (senior officers) and 413 (69.8 per cent) junior staff. Two hypotheses and two research questions were tested and answered at 0.05 margin of error using Z score and analysis of variance statistics. Results showed that mentored male police are more committed to their job. The mentored female police showed more satisfaction with their job than the mentored male police. Mentoring was also found to predict commitment to job of the police. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Breakdown of the 1960s Policy Synthesis

A Keynesian-Rooseveltian policy synthesis for the United States ruled from the end of World War II to the inauguration of Reagan. It emerged out of the union of the structural reforms of the 1930s and the active use of fiscal policy in the post-World War II period. This policy regime was a response to the shortcomings of the small government, laissez-faire capitalism that were apparent in the performance of the economy in the 1920s and early 1930s, and to Keynes’ demonstration in The General Theory that any economy with the production and financial characteristics of American capitalism was inherently flawed.
Exploring the Relationships Among Race, Class, Gender, and Middle School Students' Perceptions of School Racial Climate

Although school climate has been thought to be especially important for racial minority and poor students (Booker, 2006; Haynes, Emmons, & Ben-Avie, 1997), little research has explored the significance of racial climate for these students. Furthermore, research in the area has tended to treat race, socioeconomic class, and gender separately, ignoring the ways in which they interact. Using quantitative survey data from 842 African American and white middle school students, this study examined the associations of race, class, and gender with school racial climate perceptions. Results indicated students’ perceptions of racial climate differed by race, class, and gender. African American, poor, and female students perceived the racial climate in more negative terms than their white, non-poor, and male counterparts, respectively. Results also indicated joint associations between race and class and climate perceptions. Non-poor, African American students perceived a more negative racial climate than did non-poor Whites. There was limited support for a race and gender interaction. African American females tended to perceive less racial fairness in school than African American males. We discuss the conceptual and methodological tradeoffs of examining students’ school racial climate perceptions from a perspective that considers race, class, and gender jointly.
Joking Aside, Insights to Employee Dignity in “Dilbert” Cartoons: The Value of Comic Art in Understanding the Employer—Employee Relationship

Catholic social teaching makes the moral argument for the importance of dignity at work, and organization studies scholars have documented workers’ plight. Yet, neither perspective sufficiently provides a sense of the feelings that managers and employees have toward one another. Adopting an aesthetics approach, and drawing from comic art and the cartoon strip Dilbert, this research provides an alternative view to understand challenges to employee dignity. Like aesthetics and art, comic art reflects feelings and attitudes and aims to provide insight into contemporary life. The results from surveying Dilbert found that managers often viewed their subordinates as exploitable commodities and threatened them with abuse. They point to a possible structural explanation for why employers view their workers so disparagingly and why employees feel their dignity challenged. This research makes evident the potential value of an aesthetics/comic arts perspective to understand and address issues concerning human behavior in the workplace.