Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Within-person analyses of situational interest and boredom: Interactions between task-specific perceptions and achievement goals.

Despite the increasing number of studies examining the correlates of interest and boredom, surprisingly little research has focused on within-person fluctuations in these emotions, making it difficult to describe their situational nature. To address this gap in the literature, this study conducted repeated measurements (12 times) on a sample of 158 undergraduate students using a variety of self-report assessments and examined the within-person relationships between task-specific perceptions (expectancy, utility, and difficulty) and interest and boredom. This study further explored the role of achievement goals in predicting between-person differences in these within-person relationships. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we found that, on average, a higher perception of both expectancy and utility, as well as a lower perception of difficulty, was associated with higher interest and lower boredom levels within individuals. Moreover, mastery-approach goals weakened the negative within-person relationship between difficulty and interest and the negative within-person relationship between utility and boredom. Mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals strengthened the negative relationship between expectancy and boredom. These results suggest how educators can more effectively instruct students with different types of goals, minimizing boredom and maximizing interest and learning.
Detecting earnings management using cross-sectional abnormal accruals models

Abstract This paper examines specification and power issues in relation to three models used to estimate abnormal accruals. In contrast to the majority of prior work evaluating models estimated in time-series, we examine the performance of cross-sectionally estimated models. In addition to testing the standard-Jones (Jones, 1991) and modified-Jones (Dechow et al., 1995) models, we also develop and test a new specification, labelled the ‘margin model’. Consistent with prior US research employing time-series specifications of the two Jones models, our findings suggest that each of the three cross-sectional models are well specified when applied to a random sample of firm-years. However, the margin model appears to generate relatively better specified estimates of abnormal accruals when cash flow performance is extreme. Analysis of the models' ability to detect artificially induced earnings management indicates that all three procedures are capable of generating relatively powerful tests for economically plausible levels of accruals management (e.g., less than 10% of lagged total assets). Regarding their relative performance, the standard-Jones and modified-Jones models are found to be more powerful for revenue and bad debt manipulations. In contrast, the margin appears to be more powerful at detecting non-bad debt expense manipulations.
Teaching and Learning Issues in Mathematics in the Context of Nepal.

In this paper, we discussed major issues of mathematics teaching and learning in Nepal. The issues coming from theories such as social and radical constructivism suggest that teachers are not trained to use such approach in teaching mathematics, and there is a lack of teaching aids and materials and technological tools. The issues related to social aspects are gender issues, language issues, social justice issues, and issues related to the achievement gap. The cultural issues are related to the diversity of language and ethnicity. The issues related to political aspects are equity and access, economic status, pedagogical choice, and professional organizations and unions. The issues related to technology include the technological skills, use of technology, and affordance. Finally, we suggest that all the stakeholders should pay attention to resolving these issues by improving the curriculum, training teachers, resourcing the classroom with locally made and new technological tools.
Government and code-mixing

The aim of this paper is to argue that the process of code-mixing is constrained by the government relation that holds between the constituents of a sentence. The government constraint replaces a number of specific constraints that have been proposed in the literature to account for apparently ‘impossible’, ‘ungrammatical’ or ‘non-occurring’ types of intra-sentential switches. Code-mixing is a form of linguistic behaviour which produces utterances consisting of elements taken from the lexicons of different languages. Some examples are given in (1).
The effects of steaming and roasting treatments on beta-glucan, lipid and starch in the kernels of naked oat (Avena nuda).

BACKGROUND Normal pressure steaming (NPS), autoclaved steaming (AS), and hot-air roasting (HAR) are widely used to deactivate oat enzyme in the oat-processing industry. Infrared roasting (IR) is a new oat deactivation method, and is welcomed and employed by increasing numbers of oat-processing plants in China. It is widely known that oat starch plays an important role in the processing function of oat food, and that oat beta-glucan and lipid contribute greatly to the health benefits of oat food. However, the effects of steaming and roasting treatments on the starch, beta-glucan and lipid in oat kernels are poorly known. RESULTS In this research, the level and distribution of beta-glucan and lipid in oat kernels with and without deactivation treatments were tested. We also measured the viscosity properties of oat flour from kernels after NPS, AS, HAR and IR treatments, and examined the effects of these treatments on oat starch granularity using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the deactivation treatments did not have significant effects on oat beta-glucan and lipid levels in oat kernels (P < 0.01). The distribution of beta-glucan and lipid in enzyme-deactivated kernels was very similar to that in normal kernels. NPS, AS, HAR and IR treatments changed the shape of starch granules, crumbled large starch granules, reduced the connection between the protein network and starch granules, and improved starch gelatinization properties. CONCLUSIONS NPS, AS, HAR and IR treatments can change the structure of oat starch granules and improve the viscosity property of oat starch without causing beta-glucan and lipid loss to oat food.
Principles of gestalt perception in the temporal organization of narrative texts

Narrative texts are distinguished from other representational texts in that their most fundamental organization system is temporal: all narrative texts contain (a reference to) some sequence of temporally ordered events. This basic 'truism' has been, of course, widely acknowledged in narrative studies, starting with Aristo, and it underlies, for example, the Russian Formalists' discussion of fabula #«rfsjuzhet or the French structuralists' analysis 0/recit andhisloire (or discourse,). But it is only in recent discourse-oriented studies that narrative texts have been actually defined by properties of their temporal organization, Labov's (1972) analysis of the 'narrative skeleton' of the narrative text has found support in recent linguistic studies of foreground and background in language. As we shall see, the resulting picture within this approach is that the temporal sequences of the narrative text (which are defined in a particular way, to be discussed directly) form the foreground of the text. The questions which remain open in both the linguistic and the narrative studies are, first, in what sense such sequences are considered foreground (or what it means to call them so), and next, why the narrative text is organized (obligatorily, as we shall see) around this particular type of foreground. I propose, as an answer, that this type of organization is a temporal extension of the principles governing the spatial organization of the visual field into figure and ground, proposed by the gestalt theory, and that there is a striking correlation between the perceptual criteria determining the figure and those determining the narrative foreground. 1. The temporal organization of narrative texts Labov defines a minimal narrative text as 'a sequence of two clauses which are temporally ordered' (1972: 360). Temporally ordered clauses (and only these) are labeled 'narrative clauses'. So a narrative text must Linguistics 22 (1984), 779-809 0024-3949/84/0022-0779 $2.00
Tales of the unexpected: attentional awareness; goal-relevance and prior exposure to an unexpected change

We report an experiment where we examine whether an unexpected stimulus change that occurs whilst performing an engaging task is more likely to be noticed if it is relevant or irrelevant to the goal of that task. The goal was to count the number of times moving targets (white letters) hit the side of the frame on a computer screen but to ignore similarly moving distractors (black letters). We found that a highly goal- relevant change (i.e., a black distractor changing into a white target) was more likely to be noticed than a less-relevant change (a white target turning into a black distractor). However, people with high working memory were more likely to notice the goal- relevant change but less likely to notice the goal-irrelevant change. High working memory capacity appears to be associated with the more efficient strategy, which is to notice the change when it is goal-relevant but to inhibit it when it is not relevant to prevent the possibility of interference with the goal of the primary task. We then investigated whether previous exposure to an unexpected change influenced the likelihood that a different change (an unexpected red cross in a standard dynamic inattentional blindness task) would be noticed. We observed prior experience of a change reduced the incidence of Inattentional Blindness. These findings are discussed in terms of dual-route model of Inattentional blindness, in which the failure to notice the unexpected stimulus may result from a lack of processing or from inhibition.
Toxocariasis in Brazilian Children : A Case-Control Study

Introduction: The identification of epidemiological, clinical, behavioral, and ultrasonographic and laboratory features could aid in the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans (VLM) in children and adolescents in Brazil. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in ambulatory patients aged 6 months to 16 years cared for 4 years at a pediatric infectious diseases outpatient service in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Patients with serum ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) anti-T. canis IgG antibody titers>1:640 were assigned to the case group, and the remaining subjects were assigned to the control group. The statistical significance of univariate associations between the outcome variable and exposure (i.e., epidemiological, clinical, behavioral, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings) was assessed using Pearson’s chi-square (χ2) test or Fisher’s exact test. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the independent effect of each variable on the odds of the serologic status. Results: Thirty-seven cases and 31 controls were studied. In multiple analyses, residence in a rural area (OR = 4.23; 95% CI = 0.66-27.06), keeping a dog at home (OR = 9.71; 95% CI = 1.02-92.67), and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE)>1,000 IU/ mL (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 0.67-6.30) were the most important explanatory variables for VLM. Age, gender, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, serum isohemagglutinins, total serum immunoglobulinG, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulinM, hypereosinophilia and abdominal ultrasonographic findings were not different in cases and controls. Conclusions: Keeping dogs at home and residing in rural areas are important epidemiological risk factors for VLM. In the presence of one or more of these risk factors, patients should undergo anti-Toxocara ELISA. However; with larger sample studies should be performed.
Treatment with a low pH processing aid to reduce Campylobacter counts on broiler parts

&NA; New regulations and performance standards for Campylobacter have been implemented by the USDA ‐ Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). The objective of this study was to evaluate treatment with a low pH processing aid (CMS1 PoultrypHresh), a formulated low pH processing aid, to reduce numbers of Campylobacter which could help companies meet regulatory requirements. Two experiments (3 replicates each) were conducted. Experiment 1, in each of 3 replicates, skin‐on split chicken breasts (n = 15) were obtained from a local grocery and divided into groups of 5. The skin of each part was inoculated with approximately 107 cells of a gentamicin resistant C. coli (CCGR) marker strain in an area of approximately 6.5 cm2. CCGR cells were allowed to attach for 5 min prior to treatment. Ten inoculated breasts were individually placed into separate 6 L plastic storage boxes containing either 3.5 L deionized water or PoultrypHresh solution at a pH of 1.4. Parts were subjected to agitation (bubbled air) for 25 s. After treatment, each part was removed, allowed to drain for 5 s, and placed into a plastic bag prior to mechanical rinsing with 150 mL of buffered peptone water for 60 s. Five inoculated breasts served as controls, were untreated with a dip or agitation and sampled as above. Experiment 2 procedures were repeated using skin‐on thighs under the same conditions. Rinsates were collected from each chicken part, serially diluted, and plated onto Campy Cefex agar with 200 ppm gentamicin (CCGen). All plates were incubated microaerobically (5% O2, 10% CO2, 85% N2) for 48 h at 42°C, colonies were counted and the cfu/mL was log transformed. The use of PoultrypHresh on split breast produced a 99.6% reduction compared to untreated controls, while thighs showed a 99.4% reduction. This study demonstrated an approximate 3 log reduction (P < 0.05) using a 25 s air agitation treatment in PoultrypHresh at pH 1.4 with no observable damage, which will help processors meet FSIS regulations.
A comparison of two privacy policy languages: EPAL and XACML

Current regulatory requirements in the U.S. and other countries make it increasingly important for Web Services to be able to enforce and verify their compliance with privacy policies. Structured policy languages can play a major role by supporting automated enforcement of policies and auditing of access decisions. This paper compares two policy languages that have been developed for use in expressing directly enforceable privacy policies -- the Enterprise Privacy Authorization Language (EPAL) and the OASIS Standard eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML), together with its standard privacy profile.
"Michael Can't Read!" Teachers' Gender Stereotypes and Boys' Reading Self-Concept.

According to expectancy-value theory, the gender stereotypes of significant others such as parents, peers, or teachers affect students’ competence beliefs, values, and achievement-related behavior. Stereotypically, gender beliefs about reading favor girls. The aim of this study was to investigate whether teachers’ gender stereotypes in relation to reading—their belief that girls outperform boys—have a negative effect on the reading self-concept of boys, but not girls. We drew on a longitudinal study comprising two occasions of data collection: toward the beginning of Grade 5 (T1) and in the second half of Grade 6 (T2). Our sample consisted of 54 teachers and 1,358 students. Using multilevel modeling, controlling for T1 reading self-concept, reading achievement, and school track, we found a negative association between teachers’ gender stereotype at T1 and boys’ reading self-concept at T2, as expected. For girls, this association did not yield a significant result. Thus, our results provide empirical support for the idea that gender differences in self-concept may be due to the stereotypical beliefs of teachers as significant others. In concluding, we discuss what teachers can do to counteract the effects of their own gender stereotypes.
The mediating role of burnout on the relationship of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy with OCB and performance

Purpose - – This study aims to examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI), self-efficacy and two outcome variables: in-role performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The study also examined whether burnout mediates this relationship. The target population included Arab teachers in Israel. Design/methodology/approach - – A survey was performed. Usable questionnaires were returned by 221 teachers; therefore, the response rate was 88 per cent. Findings - – Hierarchical linear models and mediation analyses showed that EI and self-efficacy are related to OCB, and in-role performance and burnout have a strong and negative relationship with the outcome variables. Mediation analysis using Preacher and Hayes’s (2004, 2008) approach showed that burnout mediates the relationship of EI and self-efficacy with the three outcome variables. Practical implications - – The findings emphasize the role of the two personal variables examined here as important determinants of job performance and OCB, and demonstrate the importance of burnout in understanding OCB. Originality/value - – This study will contribute to the literature on OCB and work performance by examining the rarely researched relationships between EI and self-efficacy, on the one hand, and between OCB and in-role performance, on the other. Further, this study will argue that burnout mediates the relationship between these personal and outcome variables.
Self-regulated learning with case-based worked examples: effects of errors

Abstract To foster medical students’ diagnostic knowledge a case-based worked example approach was implemented in the context of a computer-based learning environment. Thirty medical students were randomly assigned to the condition ‘with erroneous examples’, and 31 students learned with correct examples. Diagnostic knowledge was operationalised using a multiple-choice test, key-feature problems and problem-solving tasks. Cognitive load, acceptance and subjective learning outcomes were assessed by three questionnaire scales. Students learning with erroneous examples performed better than students learning with correct examples. However, this effect was not significant. Erroneous examples significantly increased cognitive load and decreased students’ subjective learning outcomes. However, they had no influence on acceptance.
Chinese Semantic Role Labeling with Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks

Traditional approaches to Chinese Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) almost heavily rely on feature engineering. Even worse, the long-range dependencies in a sentence can hardly be modeled by these methods. In this paper, we introduce bidirectional recurrent neural network (RNN) with long-short-term memory (LSTM) to capture bidirectional and long-range dependencies in a sentence with minimal feature engineering. Experimental results on Chinese Proposition Bank (CPB) show a significant improvement over the state-ofthe-art methods. Moreover, our model makes it convenient to introduce heterogeneous resource, which makes a further improvement on our experimental performance.
Energy and nutritional value of the meals in kindergartens in Nis (Serbia).

BACKGROUND It is well known that high-energy diet, rich in fat and carbohydrates, increases the risk of obesity. Preschool age is an important period to acquire the eating habits continued later in adulthood. Therefore, evaluation of child nutrition in kindergartens is especially important in the prevention of future obesity. OBJECTIVES To determine the energy value and energy density of meals consumed by children in kindergartens in Nis (Serbia), including the different types of food, in respect to a probable risk of obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study had been conducted in the years 1998-2012. Three-hundred samples of the meals were gathered and analysed, and the amount of selected food groups used to prepare the meals in kindergartens was calculated (weight, protein, fat and carbohydrate content) in the accredited laboratory of the Public Health Institute in Nis according to the ISO 17025 recommendation. RESULTS The mean energy value of meals was 978.9 kcal (range: 810 - 1144 kcal). The energy density was low (mean: 1.02 kcal/g, range: 0.92 - 1.42 kcal/g) and decreased over the years, what would imply a reduction in the risk of obesity. The intake of same high-energy food products, such as fats and oils as well as sweets (13.9% and 7.3%, respectively) was higher compared to low-energy foods (fruits - 5.2% and vegetables - 10.8%). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate that children in kindergarten in Nis, in general, were properly nourished in total energy content. The energy value and energy density of the meals consumed did not pose a risk of developing obesity. However, the distribution of food groups differentiated by the energy density level was unfavourable; the deficit of low-energy foods was observed. Planning the child nutrition in kindergartens, with laboratory control of meals, may be an effective strategy in adequate energy intake and prevention of obesity. Providing the higher amount of low-energy foods (fruits and vegetables) in meals in kindergartens is recommended.
Oxidant/Anti-Oxidant Status in Rats Exposed to Simulated Weightlessness by Hind-Limb Unloading and Reloading

Hindlimb suspension or better known as hind-limb unloading (HLU) of rats is a validated model representing weightlessness, simulating microgravity. This is accomplished by removal of weight-bearing loads from hindquarters pro- ducing a cephalic fluid shift. The current study examines whether exposure to microgravity by hind-limb unloading will activate oxidant/antioxidant defense system. Tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH+GS-SG) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in harvested tissues following HLU and reloading. To rule out any vari- ability in normal dietary oxidant intake, all animals received in their diet Purina rat chow containing 9.6% soy meal (4.8% soy protein). Results show that tissues harvested from rats following 2 weeks of unloading had significantly elevated MDA levels ranging from 0.3 - 0.8� M/mg protein when compared to paired loaded controls (0.2 - 0.4μM/mg protein, p < 0.5). Tissues from rats reloaded for 2 weeks following unloading decreased MDA levels from their peak values (p<0.05). GSH levels increased up to 350 � M depending on tissues as a result of unloading, and two weeks of reloading decreased GSH levels to 250 � M from their peak levels. SOD levels increased in all harvested organs in unloaded group ranging from 0.8 - 4.0� M with continued increase after two weeks of reloading, p < 0.05). Our data indicate that oxidative stress is induced during unloading as evidenced by increased tissue MDA levels. The response involves an increase in GSH and SOD levels, but two weeks of reloading decreased MDA and GSH levels, while further increasing SOD levels, implying the tissue adaptation to induced oxidative stress.