Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constitutive expression and localization of cytochrome P‐450 1A1 in rat and human brain: presence of a splice variant form in human brain 1

Cytochrome P‐450 function as mono‐oxygenases and metabolize xenobiotics. CYP1A1, a cytochrome P‐450 enzyme, bioactivates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reactive metabolite(s) that bind to DNA and initiate carcinogenesis. Northern and immunoblot analyses revealed constitutive expression of Cyp1a1 and CYP1A1 in rat and human brain, respectively. CYP1A1 mRNA and protein were localized predominantly in neurons of cerebral cortex, Purkinje and granule cell layers of cerebellum and pyramidal neurons of CA1, CA2, and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. RT–PCR analyses using RNA obtained from autopsy human brain samples demonstrated the presence of a splice variant having a deletion of 87 bp of exon 6. This splice variant was present in human brain, but not in the liver from the same individual, and was absent in rat brain and liver. Structural modeling indicated broadening of the substrate access channel in the brain variant. The study demonstrates the presence of a unique cytochrome P‐450 enzyme in human brain that is generated by alternate splicing. The presence of distinct cytochrome P‐450 enzymes in human brain that are different from well‐characterized hepatic forms indicates that metabolism of xenobiotics including drugs could occur in brain by pathways different from those known to occur in liver.
COGNITIVE ASPECTS Drinking Motives among Spanish and Hungarian Young Adults: A Cross-National Study

Aims: To investigate differences and similarities in college students' drinking motives in Spain and in Hungary. Methods: A total of 550 Spanish (mean age 22.7, SD = 3.2) and 997 Hungarian (mean age 22.4, SD = 2.7) college students com- pleted the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised Short Form (DMQ-R SF) and answered other alcohol-related questions. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, t-test and structural equation modeling. Results: The DMQ-R SF demonstrated good psychometric properties in both countries. The rank order of the motives (social > enhancement > coping > conformity) was identical in the two countries. However, Hungarian students scored higher on enhancement, social and coping motives than Spanish students. In both the Hungarian and the Spanish population, enhancement motives were associated with drinking frequency and drunkenness, while coping motives were associated with alcohol-related problems. Among Spanish students, a significant relationship was found between alcohol-related problems and enhancement motives as well. Conclusion: Despite the substantial differences in the drinking culture of both countries, drinking motives showed overwhelming similarities (e.g. rank order of motives and the particular relation- ships between motives and alcohol outcomes). Only few differences (e.g. Hungarian college students indicated a higher level of motives) were found in cross-national comparison. Our results imply that programs targeting risky drinking motives are likely to be successfully adapted to different drinking cultures in Europe.
Activation of Developmental Nuclear Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Signaling and Neurogenesis in Adult Brain by α7 Nicotinic Receptor Agonist

Reactivation of endogenous neurogenesis in the adult brain or spinal cord holds the key for treatment of central nervous system injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, which are major health care issues for the world's aging population. We have previously shown that activation of developmental integrative nuclear fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling (INFS), via gene transfection, reactivates neurogenesis in the adult brain by promoting neuronal differentiation of brain neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs). In the present study, we report that targeting the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) with a specific TC‐7020 agonist led to a robust accumulation of endogenous FGFR1 in the cell nucleus. Nuclear FGFR1 accumulation was accompanied by an inhibition of proliferation of NS/PCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and by the generation of new neurons. Neuronal differentiation was observed in different regions of the adult mouse brain, including (a) βIII‐Tubulin‐expressing cortical neurons, (b) calretinin‐expressing hippocampal neurons, and (c) cells in substantia nigra expressing the predopaminergic Nurr1+ phenotype. Furthermore, we showed that in vitro stimulation of neural stem/progenitor cells with α7nAChR agonist directly activated INFS and neuronal‐like differentiation. TC‐7020 stimulation of the βIII‐Tubulin gene was accompanied by increased binding of FGFR1, CREB binding protein, and RNA polymerase II to a Nur77 targeted promoter region. TC‐7020 augmented Nur77‐dependent activation of nerve growth factor inducible‐B protein responsive element, indicating that α7nAChR upregulation of βIII‐Tubulin involves neurogenic FGFR1‐Nur signaling. The reactivation of INFS and neurogenesis in adult brain by the α7nAChR agonist may offer a new strategy to treat brain injuries, neurodegenerative diseases, and neurodevelopmental diseases.
Many Reasons or Just One: How Response Mode Affects Reasoning in the Conjunction Problem

Forty years of experimentation on class inclusion and its probabilistic relatives have led to inconsistent results and conclusions about human reasoning. Recent research on the conjunction “fallacy” recapitulates this history. In contrast to previous results, we found that a majority of participants adhere to class inclusion in the classic Linda problem. We outline a theoretical framework that attributes the contradictory results to differences in statistical sophistication and to differences in response mode—whether participants are asked for probability estimates or ranks—and propose two precise cognitive algorithms for ranking probabilities. Our framework allows us to make novel predictions about when and why people adhere to class inclusion. Evidence obtained in several studies supports these predictions and demonstrates that the proposed ranking algorithms can account for about three-quarters of participants’ inferences in the Linda problem.
Durkheim, Tarde and beyond

Exchange, transport and import of crime policies takes place on a global scale. New strategies of crime prevention, models of institutions and interventions rapidly spread around the globe. Knowledge is increasingly shared among the `epistemic communities' of criminologists, and criminal justice and policing experts and practitioners. Notwithstanding the global scale of exchange, criminal justice systems and policies are definitely local, and embedded in traditions, culture and the particular institutional regimes of national states. This article explores how crime policies travel within a globalized world of nonetheless local legal and institutional cultures, and how we can conceptualize the routes of travelling they take. The article starts by analysing what exactly travels when crime policies are `en route'. Next, overarching concepts and convergence theories, which have played such a decisive role in analysing the globalization of crime policies are discussed. These are contrasted with loosely coupled concepts like actors, mechanisms and principles, following suggestions by Braithwaite and Drahos (2000). `Modelling' seems to be a mechanism that is most useful in describing present exchange and transport of crime polices.
Desire in Translation: White Masculinity and TESOL

This article reports on a study of Western male English language teachers and considers the ways in which their identities were shaped in relation to discourses of masculinity and heterosexuality. The article first argues that masculinity and heterosexuality have remained unmarked categories in research on TESOL teacher identities. It then draws on interview data with 11 White Australian men and considers the discourses of gender and sexuality in their accounts of English language teaching in Japanese commercial eikaiwa gakko (English language conversation schools). The analysis suggests that although some enjoy the privileges that attach to being a White, Western male, they also struggle to negotiate the eikaiwa gakko as a contact zone where the professional and personal, the educational and commercial, the pedagogical and the sexual coexist. In this ambiguous space, discourses of White male embodiment, and of sexualised desire between teacher and student, are perceived to be in conflict with discourses of an acceptable masculine professional identity, and may limit the professional and pedagogical aspirations of the male teachers. The article concludes that it is timely for conversations about gender and sexuality as aspects of professional identity to include accounts of masculinity and heterosexuality as integral to professional practice in TESOL.
Deconstructing distress: the contribution of cognitive patterns to elevated distress among people with type 2 diabetes

AbstractBackground: While the prevalence of diabetes-related distress is now well recognised, less is known about how best we might intervene to reduce distress. Effective clinical interventions require a good understanding of the factors responsible for creating elevated distress about diabetes. At present there is a dearth of scientific information in this area.Aims: The aim of the present study was to identify cognitive patterns that may contribute to elevated distress among people with type 2 diabetes. It was predicted that cognitive illness perceptions would explain variance in diabetes-related distress.Participants: Research participants were randomly selected from a medical database held in Wellington, New Zealand.Method: Data was collected via mailed questionnaire survey (n=113). Results: It was hypothesised that cognitive illness perceptions would account for a significant proportion of the variance in diabetes-related distress. Results supported this hypothesis. Cognitive variables were found to .
Metabolic Syndrome Remodels Electrical Activity of the Sinoatrial Node and Produces Arrhythmias in Rats

In the last ten years, the incidences of metabolic syndrome and supraventricular arrhythmias have greatly increased. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of alterations, which include obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, that increase the risk of developing, among others, atrial and nodal arrhythmias. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that metabolic syndrome induces electrical remodeling of the sinus node and produces arrhythmias. We induced metabolic syndrome in 2-month-old male Wistar rats by administering 20% sucrose in the drinking water. Eight weeks later, the rats were anesthetized and the electrocardiogram was recorded, revealing the presence of arrhythmias only in treated rats. Using conventional microelectrode and voltage clamp techniques, we analyzed the electrical activity of the sinoatrial node. We observed that in the sinoatrial node of “metabolic syndrome rats”, compared to controls, the spontaneous firing of all cells decreased, while the slope of the diastolic depolarization increased only in latent pacemaker cells. Accordingly, the pacemaker currents If and Ist increased. Furthermore, histological analysis showed a large amount of fat surrounding nodal cardiomyocytes and a rise in the sympathetic innervation. Finally, Poincaré plot denoted irregularity in the R-R and P-P ECG intervals, in agreement with the variability of nodal firing potential recorded in metabolic syndrome rats. We conclude that metabolic syndrome produces a dysfunction SA node by disrupting normal architecture and the electrical activity, which could explain the onset of arrhythmias in rats.
Cyclicity in ridge patterns on the prograding coasts of Estonia

Recent LiDAR surveys have revealed that on postglacially uplifting coasts of Estonia rhythmic coastal landforms (beach ridge sequences and foredune plains) occur to a considerable extent. We studied four of them to reveal age and periodicity in these multiple ridge systems and discussed their genesis in the Subatlantic (semi‐continental) conditions of the Baltic Sea area. Using recent models of Fennoscandian uplift due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), we constructed Holocene apparent sea level curves for the study sites at Õngu, Mänspe, Haldi and Keibu; converted distance–height shore profiles into time series (including corrections on shore profile non‐linearity and variations in GIA‐eustasy balance); and analysed the patterns using spectral analysis. It was suggested that due to non‐tidal conditions, relatively low‐energy hydrodynamic forcing and small aeolian contribution, the ridges mark ancient shorelines. They are relatively modest in height (mostly 0.2–1 m), form regular and extensive (up to 150 ridges) patterns, and date back to ~9000 years before present. We studied <5‐ka‐old sections. The mean ridge spacing varied, depending also on coastal slope, between 21 and 39 m. Both simple counting and spectral analysis involved some specific limitations, yet the estimates for typical spacing were alike, at 32 (±5) years. The regular nature of the low‐ridge patterns originated from relative sea level lowering and gradual sediment accretion/erosion. However, the progradation was rather uplift‐ than accretion‐driven and the stepwise process in ridge formation was probably not autocyclic. It was governed or modulated by quasi‐periodic 25–40 year cyclicity in local wave forcing, relative sea level variations and wind conditions. Being most likely connected to the North Atlantic Oscillation, the quasi‐regular, decadal‐scale, similarly phased variations may magnify each other's effect on the westerly exposed coasts of Estonia. Additionally, some other (e.g. event‐driven) mechanisms may also be present.
Trends and Challenges on the Development of Hybridized Natural Fiber Composites

ABSTRACT Fiber reinforced composites are majorly used as structural components in industries and also as a replacement for wood. Fiber reinforced composites are manufactured by reinforcing fibers in the polymeric matrix in appropriate shapes. At the inception, man-made fibers like carbon, glass, and kevlar are used as reinforcements and are proven to be the best in respect to the properties, reinforcing ability and usability. On the other hand, natural fibers like jute, sisal, flax, hemp, vetiver, etc., are nowadays widely used as reinforcements and they are on par with the behavior of artificial fibers. Research studies also confirm that when both man-made and natural reinforcements are used in hybrid form, the composite properties are improved to a greater extent. Under this combination, the composite material gains all the superior properties of individual fibers and when the composite is subjected to different loading, each fiber offers its own maximum resistance. Hence, the composite would be superior in all the properties. The present article gives a detailed insight on the various issues related to synthesis, mechanical characterization and machining of natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites.
Unravelling the true influences of fitness and sex on sweating during exercise

Even at moderate environmental temperatures ( 25°C), physical activity imposes a thermoregulatory stress, by virtue of the internal heat generated as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. This elevated rate of metabolic heat production during exercise requires a parallel increase of heat dissipation from the skin, primarily from an increase in skin blood flow and the evaporation of sweat, to avoid critical levels of physiological heat strain. For the past several decades, researchers have endeavoured to develop a better understanding of the various factors that contribute to the large interindividual variation commonly observed in the human heat stress response. Historically, aerobic fitness and sex have been considered to be two influential determinants of the changes in core
A Creative Personality Scale for the Adjective Check List

The Adjective Check List was administered to seven male and five female samples comprising 1,701 subjects. Direct or inferred ratings of creativity were available for all individuals. The samples covered a wide range of ages and kinds of work; criteria of creativity were also varied, including ratings by expert judges, faculty members, personality assessment staff observers, and life history interviewers. The creativity scales of Domino and Schaefer were scored on all protocols, as were Welsh's A-l, A-2, A-3, and A-4 scales for different combinations of "origence" and "intellectence. " From item analyses a new 30-item Creative Personality Scale was developed. It is positively and significantly (p < .01) related to all six of the prior measures but surpasses them in its correlations with the criterion evaluations. Creativity is a valued commodity in every kind of human endeavor. Since the publication of Guilford's (1950) influential presidential address to the American Psychological Association, an enormous amount of effort has been invested in the study of creativity and its determinants. One line of investigation within the larger domain of inquiry has been the search for methods of assessment that can identify creative talent and potential within the individual. Many of these studies have addressed cognitive issues and problem solving. For example, Guilford and his colleagues (Guilford, Wilson, Christensen, & Lewis, 1951) developed a series of tests stressing ingenuity, the ability to overcome constraining sets, and fluency in ideation. Mednick (1962) proposed a method of assessment requiring the generation of remote associations for the solution of analogies. In regard to intellectual functioning, it should be noted that most studies have found intellectual ability as usually measured to be unrelated to criteria of originality. MacKinnon and Hall (1972) obtained Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WA'IS; Wechsler, 1958)
Photoionization cross sections of O II , O III , O IV , and O V : Benchmarking R -matrix theory and experiments

For crucial tests between theory and experiment, ab initio close-coupling calculations are carried out for photoionization of several oxygen ions: O II, O III, O IV, and O V. The relativistic fine-structure and resonance effects are studied using the R matrix and its relativistic variant, the Breit-Pauli R-matrix (BPRM) approximations. Extremely detailed comparison is made with high-resolution experimental measurements carried out in three different setups: Advanced Light Source at Berkeley, synchrotron radiation experiment with a new modulator at University of Aarhues, and synchrotron radiation experiment at University of Paris-Sud. The comparisons illustrate physical effects in photoionization such as (i) fine structure (ii) resolution, and (iii) metastable components. Photoionization cross sections {sigma}{sub PI} of the ground and a few low-lying excited states of these ions obtained in the experimental spectrum include combined features of these states. The general features of the measured {sigma}{sub PI} were predicted in the earlier calculations in LS coupling. However, due to higher-resolution achievement in the recent experiments, the theoretically calculated resonances need to be resolved with much finer energy mesh for precise comparison. In addition, prominent resonant features are observed in the measured spectra that can form from transitions allowed with relativistic fine structure, but notmore » in LS coupling. Present results include calculations from both LS coupling and the relativistic BPRM method to decipher the features in photoionization spectra. {sigma}{sub PI} are obtained for ground and metastable (i) 2s{sup 2}2p{sup 3}({sup 4}S{sup o},{sup 2}D{sup o},{sup 2}P{sup o}) states of O II, (ii) 2s{sup 2}2p{sup 2}({sup 3}P,{sup 1}D,{sup 1}S) and 2s2p{sup 3}({sup 5}S{sup o}) states of O III, (iii) 2s{sup 2}2p({sup 2}P{sub J}{sup o}) and 2s2p{sup 2}({sup 4}P{sub J}) levels of O IV, and (iv) 2s{sup 2}({sup 1}S) and 2s2p({sup 3}P{sup o},{sup 1}P{sup o}) states of O V. Most of the computed theoretical resonance structures are seen experimentally, although there are some discrepancies. One of the main conclusions of the present study is that resonances in photoionization cross sections of the ground and metastable states can be a diagnostic of experimental beam composition, with potential applications to astrophysical and laboratory plasma environments. « less
Competition and Cooperation in Extended Evolutionary Algorithms

The solution of complex optimization problems is a task often hard to tackle. A promising approach to overcome the difficulties is to combine multiple optimization methods. In this paper we introduce two extensions to Evolutionary Algorithms: the application of different strategies and competing subpopulations. Both extensions and their basic properties are discussed in detail. The utility of the extensions is presented using well-known test functions and real-world problems. The real-world problems are taken from the field of Evolutionary Testing – a major research project in automatic software testing at DaimlerChrysler. This paper concludes with a description of the advantages of the introduced extensions compared to similar work done by other researchers.
YouTube Can Do Better: Getting the Most Out of Video Adaptation

YouTube, as one of the major HTTP Adaptive Streaming video services, accounts for a large fraction of today's Internet traffic. Therefore, it is important to understand how efficiently YouTube uses available network resources. Previous work observed that the YouTube player replaces previously buffered segments with higher quality segments. This is good for the user as it increases the average quality level. However, the lower quality level segments are discarded and their traffic is redundant and therefore wasted. In this paper, we use two independent approaches to evaluate the efficiency of YouTube's quality adaptation algorithm. The first approach performs regression based on previously collected video views from a large experimental data set. In the second approach we formulate a mixed integer linear program and calculate the optimal video quality adaptation. The results show that the simplistic regression approach gives an accurate estimation of the optimal adaptation. Furthermore, the optimization shows that the Quality of Experience (QoE) can be significantly improved compared to the actual average quality level observed in the real-world experiments, demanding for better video quality adaptation mechanisms by YouTube.