Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dueling designs: The politics of rescuing dual citizens

This article analyzes the responses to the mass evacuation of approximately 15,000 Canadian citizens from Lebanon during the Israeli-Hezbollah war of 2006. The Canadian state went to extraordinary lengths to provide for the safety of its citizens, despite the fact that they were living outside the territorial confines of the nation. However, the evacuation was complicated by the fact that many of the people provided security were not just citizens, but dual citizens. The provision of security to these subjects had the paradoxical effect of provoking a controversy about the status of dual citizenship within Canada. If dual citizenship is designed to make sense of the multiple connections and feelings of belonging that exist under conditions of globalization, then these design elements begin to fail once the limit question of security and protection comes into play. This article utilizes Cynthia Weber's typology of the design elements of ‘safe citizenship’ – dying, caring, and immersing for one's country – and problematizes them in relation to dual citizenship. Dual citizenship raises a number of challenges for designing safe citizenship: Which country does one die for and in what context? What are the responsibilities of the second country to secure citizens in these cases? Care for which country? How do dual citizens immerse themselves into network society when they are living abroad?
Analytical blind discrete source separation

In this paper, a new blind source separation algorithm is described. Its main feature is to be analytical, in other words it doesn't suffer from local minima. The proposed method uses the discrete character of digital sources, which yields a polynomial system. The estimation of the sources is shown to be equivalent to the computation of rank-one tensors that are found by means of the old method by Macaulay for the computation of resultant. Finally, computer simulations are presented and the performances are compared to the analytical CM algorithm by van der Veen.
Coding of time-varying electric field amplitude modulations in a wave-type electric fish.

1. The coding of time-varying electric fields in the weakly electric fish, Eigenmannia, was investigated in a quantitative manner. The activity of single P-type electroreceptor afferents was recorded while the amplitude of an externally applied sinusoidal electric field was stochastically modulated. The amplitude modulation waveform (i.e., the stimulus) was reconstructed from the spike trains by mean square estimation. 2. From the stimulus and the reconstructions we calculated the following: 1) the signal-to-noise ratio and thus an effective temporal bandwidth of the units; 2) the coding fraction, i.e., a measure of the fraction of the time-varying stimulus encoded in single spike trains; and 3) the mutual information provided by the reconstructions about the stimulus. 3. Signal-to-noise ratios as high as 7:1 were observed and the bandwidth ranged from 0 up to 200 Hz, consistent with the limit imposed by the sampling theorem. Reducing the cutoff frequency of the stimulus increased the signal-to-noise ratio at low frequencies, indicating a nonlinearity in the receptors' response. 4. The coding fraction and the rate of mutual information transmission increased in parallel with the standard deviation (i.e., the contrast) of the stimulus as well as the mean firing rate of the units. Significant encoding occurred 20-40 Hz above the spontaneous discharge of a unit. 5. When the temporal cutoff frequency of the stimulus was increased between 80 and 400 Hz, 1) the coding fraction decreased, 2) the rate of mutual information transmission remained constant over the same frequency range, and 3) the reconstructed filter changed. This is in agreement with predictions obtained in a simplified neuronal model. 6. Our results suggest that 1) the information transmitted by single spike trains of primary electrosensory afferents to higherorder neurons in the fish brain depends on the contrast and the cutoff frequency of the stimulus as well as on the mean firing rate of the units; and 2) under optimal conditions, more than half of the information about a Gaussian stimulus that can in principle be encoded is carried in single spike trains of P-type afferents at rates up to 200 bits per second.
Improving Reading Skills in Predominantly Hispanic Title 1 First–Grade Classrooms: The Promise of Peer–Assisted Learning Strategies

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a supplemental peer–tutoring reading program on phonological and reading fluency skills of first graders (N= 78) who were in predominantly Hispanic Title 1 classrooms. Sixty–eight percent of the students were Hispanic, all were English speaking. Six classrooms were randomly assigned to either the peer–assisted learning strategies (PALS) program or a control condition. PALS students participated in a peer–mediated early literacy intervention three times a week for 20 weeks for a total of 30 hours. Reading fluency measures taken at fall, winter, and spring showed statistically significant differences favoring PALS on phoneme segmentation and nonsense word fluency. Additionally, results analyzed by ethnic subgroups (Hispanic and non–Hispanic) revealed a differential pattern of response to PALS intervention. Social validity questionnaires reported that teachers and students viewed PALS in a positive light.
Assessment of musical performance by using the method of continuous judgment by selected description

Newly developed methods for evaluating subjective impressions of musical performances are introduced. Performances of the Promenades in "Pictures at an Exhibition," played by three musicians, were used as stimuli. In Experiment 1, the impressions of each performance were judged by the method of selected description. Three major factors concerning adjectives used to describe the subjective impression of musical performances became apparent. These were "dynamics," "tranquility," and "sadness. " In Experiment 2, instantaneous impressions were judged by the method of continuous judgment by selected description, and its relation to the overall impression was examined.
The Protective Effects of Sense of Community, Multigroup Ethnic Identity, and Self-Esteem Against Internalizing Problems Among Dominican Youth: Implications for Social Workers

This study examined the risk and protective factors associated with internalizing problems among Dominican adolescents (N = 500; 58% female) attending high school (grades 9–12) in a Northeastern, high poverty, urban community. Using a path analysis, this study found that depression and anxiety are complex mental health constructs and there are many factors that contribute to their developmental trajectory. Findings revealed that greater disorganization in one's neighborhood, perception of availability of drugs and handguns in one's community, and overall drug use and violent behaviors were linked with depression and anxiety. Conversely, higher levels of sense of community, which was linked to positive multigroup ethnic identity, and higher levels of self-esteem had a protective effect against depression and anxiety. Implications for social workers are discussed.
Exploring the impact of displacement and encampment on domestic violence in Kakuma refugee camp.

This paper explores how conditions of life in a refugee camp contribute to domestic violence. It draws on the 'nested ecological model' of domestic violence (Dutton 2001), which integrates individual and family factors, socio-economic context, and culture. Displacement depletes the resources available to refugees at each of these levels. Eighteen focus group discussions were held in Kakuma refugee camp (Kenya). Most displacement-related factors identified as contributing to domestic violence are consequences of the structural conditions of refugees' lives. This suggests that systems for providing refuge have the potential not only to contribute to domestic violence, but to reduce it. © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Using DecaWave UWB transceivers for high-accuracy multipath-assisted indoor positioning

Robust indoor positioning and location awareness at a sub-meter accuracy typically require highly accurate radio channel measurements to extract precise time-of-flight measurements. Emerging UWB transponders like the DecaWave DW1000 chip offer to estimate channel impulse responses with reasonably high bandwidth and excellent clock stability, yielding a ranging precision below 10 cm. The competitive pricing of these chips allows scientists and engineers for the first time to exploit the benefits of UWB for indoor positioning without the need for a massive investment into experimental equipment. This work investigates the performance of the DW1000 chip concerning position related information that can be extracted from its channel impulse response measurements. We evaluate the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of the line-of-sight and reflected multipath components which is a key parameter determining the Cramér-Rao lower bound on the ranging error variance. We propose a novel and highly efficient positioning algorithm, which requires information from a single anchor only. Results demonstrate reliable and robust positioning at an accuracy below 0.5 m.
How Sex and Race Affect Perceptions of Newscasters

,The study presents a n analysis of the effects of a TV newscaster's sex and race on audience perceptions of credibility. While the factors of sex and race and their relation to source credibility have been examined in a number of studies. research has yet to be conducted on the interactive effects of sex and race. Stone' and Whitaker and Whitaker2 found no differences in audience perceptions of male and female newscasters. Unfortunately, no significant research exists which examines the black newscaster in depth. However, Greenburg' and Surlin and Tate4 have looked at the concept of the black media figure and found it ambiguous for both blacks and whites. Thus, while not attempting to draw a parallel between news and entertainment on any overt level (the Greenburg and Surlin and Tate pieces were entertainment oriented) the authors-for want of more conclusive evidence-tentatively suggested that when a largely white audience views a news program, the presence of a black anchorperson may trigger subtle perceptual cues which could differ significantly from the perceptions of that audience of a white anchorperson. That those perceptual cues could be multidimensional in nature has been underscored by Avery and McDermotts and by Markam 6 who found that different personalities on electronic media generated different responses in terms of audience perceptions of credibility.
Supporting Students With Asperger Syndrome on College Campuses

With the increasing number of students with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high functioning autism (HFA) enrolling in college, it has become apparent that support services are greatly needed to assist these students in navigating college life, both academically and socially. Yet, there is a dearth of research describing the specific supports needed for this population. This exploratory study sought to determine the current support practices offered on college and university campuses for students with AS. A critical focus of this study was on the specific accommodations accessed and the support services provided, including support groups, counseling, supervised social activities, and summer transition programs. Both supports that were found to be helpful and not helpful are provided. In addition, recommendations for implementing support programs are provided.
And Santayana lives on: Students' views on the purposes for studying American history

This paper explores 30 students' views on the purposes for studying US history. Twelve students were 5th graders, 12 were 8th graders, and six were high school students. Responses were drawn from detailed interview protocol data compiled over three years in the context of a larger research programme that extensively studied the teaching and learning practices in five American history classrooms, two at 5th grade, two at 8th grade, and one at the high school level. Two questions from the protocol frame this exploration:'Why do you think they teach you American history in school? ' and 'How might learning American history help you in your life away from school? '. Responses indicated that (a )all the students were able to construct some answer to the questions; (b ) rationales for learning history varied considerably by age, interest and ethnic background, but versions of the Santayanan rationale and utilitarian responses were most common; (c ) students seemed initially puzzled by the questions as though they.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of long-acting risperidone in cocaine-dependent men.

OBJECTIVE There is no approved pharmaco-therapy for cocaine dependence. Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug with combined dopamine-2/serotonin-2 (D(2)/5-HT(2)) antagonist activity that has been effective in reducing cocaine use in some animal studies. We tested the efficacy of a long-acting, injectable preparation of risperidone on cocaine use in active cocaine users. METHOD Thirty-one cocaine-dependent men who met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for current cocaine dependence entered a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intramuscular risperidone, 25 mg every other week. The primary outcome measure was cocaine use as measured by urinary concentration of cocaine metabolites. Secondary outcomes were self-report of cocaine use and craving, depressive symptoms as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and adverse events. Participants were recruited during a 12-month period from October 2005 to September 2006. RESULTS Both groups reduced their cocaine use during the study. There were no between-group differences in the primary measure of cocaine use (urinary metabolites [F = 0.7, p = .41]) or on craving measures. Those assigned to risperi-done reported significantly worsened depressive symptoms (mean +/- SD HAM-D change scores: +7.4 +/- 8.8 vs. -2.3 +/- 5.8, respectively, F = 7.5, p = .018) and gained significantly more weight (mean weight change: +6.3 +/- 9.4 lb vs. -4.0 +/- 8.9 lb, respectively, F = 4.65, p = .044) than those assigned to placebo. CONCLUSION Treatment with long-acting injectable risperidone in active cocaine users was not associated with reduction in cocaine use or craving and was associated with worsening of depressive symptoms and weight gain. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00385801.
On the functional connections of single units in the central nervous system of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii girard

I n previous publications it has been shown that it is possible to isolate single functional interneurons in the circumesophageal commissures, the connections between supraesophageal or brain ganglia and the rest of the central nervous system of the crayfish, Procnmburzis clarkii. The first, thus prepared, were the giant nerve fibers and the results of combined histological and physiological investigations show that they make functional connections in all lower ganglia of the cord (Wiersma, '38, '47). Similar experiments on other isolated axons gave evidence that their activation produced reactions in clifferent body se,gments. I n addition evidence has been obtained that single giant fibers and some other interneurons have functional connections with postganglionic elements on both sides of the cord (Wiersma, ' 52 ) . However, with the methods used separation of smaller fibers to a degree one can be certain stimulation causes only one fiber to discharge is difficult to achieve. A more profitable attack was offered by an analysis
Intrastriatal sonic hedgehog injection increases Patched transcript levels in the adult rat subventricular zone

The morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh) is implicated in neural tissue patterning and the growth of brain structures during embryogenesis and postnatal development and is also present in the adult brain. Shh signals through interaction with the tumour suppressor Patched (Ptc). This receptor for Shh is associated with Smoothened (Smo), a protein with high homology to the G‐protein coupled receptors. However, little is known about the transduction mechanisms implicated in Shh signalling in the adult brain. The study described here shows that injection of aminoterminal myristoylated Shh (myrShhN) into the adult rat striatum robustly increases the levels of Ptc transcripts in selective brain areas including the subventricular zone (SVZ). The adult SVZ contains cell progenitors, which can proliferate and differentiate into new neurons and glia. In the myrShhN injected animals, proliferation and differentiation of these SVZ precursor cells were not affected as demonstrated by BrdU incorporation and immunohistochemistry performed with specific antibodies for nestin (uncommitted neural progenitors), PSA‐NCAM (migrating neuroblasts) or GFAP (astrocytes). Together with the presence of Smo expressing cells and amino‐terminal Shh (ShhN) protein in SVZ area of untreated animals, the data presented here supports the hypothesis that the Shh pathway may be activated in the adult brain, and that a niche for Shh signalling exists within the adult SVZ.
PILOT STUDIES ON THE FLUORIDE METABOLISM IN INFANTS ON DIFFERENT FEEDINGS

Recent analyses have shown that the fluoride content of human breast-milk is much less than previously accepted-below 0.05 mg/l compared with previously given figures of about 0.2 mg/l (1). The fluoride content of milk is thus of the same order as the ionized fluoride of blood plasma and saliva, and milk fluoride has not been found to be measurably influenced by the maternal fluoride ingestion (1). Breast-fed infants will thus obtain a constant low supply of fluoride while infants fed modern dry-milk formulas diluted with tap water will get a fluoride supply which as a rule will be several times that of the breast-fed children; in Stockholm with about 0.25 mg F/1 water the supply will be about 10-fold, in Uppsala with 1.2 mg F/1 40-50-fold and areas with 4-5 mg F/1 150-200-fold that of the breast-fed infants. In a comparative investigation of permanent teeth mineralized during periods of predominant formula feeding or breast feeding, respectively, in Uppsala, Ericsson & Ribelius (2, 3) found that the high fluoride ingestion by the formula-fed children had not caused any damage to the teeth-the occurrence and degree of enamel fluorosis in the formula-fed children were only insignificantly greater than in the predominantly breast-fed children. The high fluoride supply to the formula-fed children during a period of mineralization of several permanent teeth should, according to broad previous experience, give an increased frequency and degree of enamel fluorosis as first symptom, if any. The near absence of this symptom indicates a high tolerance to fluoride during the first year of life. The metabolism of fluoride has, however, hardly been studied in infants. Since the food of the infant is rich in calcium phosphate there is, for example, the possibility that comparatively large quantities of fluoride may be excreted with the faeces in combination with unabsorbed calcium phosphate. It has therefore been deemed important to determine the intake and excretion of fluoride in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. The present investigation is to be regarded as a pilot study owing to the special difficulties of these investigations in infants.
Test adequacy criteria for UML design models

Systematic design testing, in which executable models of behaviours are tested using inputs that exercise scenarios, can help reveal flaws in designs before they are implemented in code. In this paper a technique for testing executable forms of UML (Unified Modelling Language) models is described and test adequacy criteria based on UML model elements are proposed. The criteria can be used to define test objectives for UML designs. The UML design test criteria are based on the same premise underlying code test criteria: coverage of relevant building blocks of models is highly likely to uncover faults. The test adequacy criteria proposed in this paper are based on building blocks for UML class and interaction diagrams. Class diagram criteria are used to determine the object configurations on which tests are run, while interaction diagram criteria are used to determine the sequences of messages that should be tested. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Gender Equality: Women as Stakeholders and the European Union Sustainability Strategy

This paper examines how progress on gender equality in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) might contribute to broader EU gender and sustainability objectives. It focuses on corporations and citizenship, and on company stakeholder relations (SR) in particular. While the literature on SR has previously engaged with scholarship on feminist ethics, and in particular the ‘ethics of care’, this paper draws upon the feminist citizenship and feminist ethics literature, and upon gender mainstreaming strategy to suggest a more comprehensive approach to gender equality within SR. The aim is to extend our understanding of CSR as a potential policy instrument to advance gender equality.
Critical Thinking in Reflective Sessions and in Online Interactions

This paper focuses on online educational sessions of a continuing teacher education programme. The aim of this programme is to give a contribution to the continuing education of teachers of English as critical professionals, aware of discursive classroom practices, able to analyze them in the light of objectives to be reached and knowledge to be constructed. The paper gives a detailed account of how teachers deal with central issues in face to face reflective sessions and online interactive discussions and shows the results of a pilot intervention aiming at helping teachers develop more reflective and critical perspectives.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented Beverages

Alcoholic beverages are produced following the fermentation of sugars by yeasts, mainly (but not exclusively) strains of the species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sugary starting materials may emanate from cereal starches (which require enzymatic pre-hydrolysis) in the case of beers and whiskies, sucrose-rich plants (molasses or sugar juice from sugarcane) in the case of rums, or from fruits (which do not require pre-hydrolysis) in the case of wines and brandies. In the presence of sugars, together with other essential nutrients such as amino acids, minerals and vitamins, S. cerevisiae will conduct fermentative metabolism to ethanol and carbon dioxide (as the primary fermentation metabolites) as the cells strive to make energy and regenerate the coenzyme NAD+ under anaerobic conditions. Yeasts will also produce numerous secondary metabolites which act as important beverage flavour congeners, including higher alcohols, esters, carbonyls and sulphur compounds. These are very important in dictating the final flavour and aroma characteristics of beverages such as beer and wine, but also in distilled beverages such as whisky, rum and brandy. Therefore, yeasts are of vital importance in providing the alcohol content and the sensory profiles of such beverages. This Introductory Chapter reviews, in general, the growth, physiology and metabolism of S. cerevisiae in alcoholic beverage fermentations.