Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demographic Processes Affect HIV-1 Evolution in Primary Infection before the Onset of Selective Processes

ABSTRACT HIV-1 transmission and viral evolution in the first year of infection were studied in 11 individuals representing four transmitter-recipient pairs and three independent seroconverters. Nine of these individuals were enrolled during acute infection; all were men who have sex with men (MSM) infected with HIV-1 subtype B. A total of 475 nearly full-length HIV-1 genome sequences were generated, representing on average 10 genomes per specimen at 2 to 12 visits over the first year of infection. Single founding variants with nearly homogeneous viral populations were detected in eight of the nine individuals who were enrolled during acute HIV-1 infection. Restriction to a single founder variant was not due to a lack of diversity in the transmitter as homogeneous populations were found in recipients from transmitters with chronic infection. Mutational patterns indicative of rapid viral population growth dominated during the first 5 weeks of infection and included a slight contraction of viral genetic diversity over the first 20 to 40 days. Subsequently, selection dominated, most markedly in env and nef. Mutants were detected in the first week and became consensus as early as day 21 after the onset of symptoms of primary HIV infection. We found multiple indications of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations while reversions appeared limited. Putative escape mutations were often rapidly replaced with mutually exclusive mutations nearby, indicating the existence of a maturational escape process, possibly in adaptation to viral fitness constraints or to immune responses against new variants. We showed that establishment of HIV-1 infection is likely due to a biological mechanism that restricts transmission rather than to early adaptive evolution during acute infection. Furthermore, the diversity of HIV strains coupled with complex and individual-specific patterns of CTL escape did not reveal shared sequence characteristics of acute infection that could be harnessed for vaccine design.
Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis: Products of Common Causes

This paper makes a case that the global imbalances of the 2000s and the recent global financial crisis are intimately connected. Both have their origins in economic policies followed in a number of countries in the 2000s and in distortions that influenced the transmission of these policies through U.S. and ultimately through global financial markets. In the U.S., the interaction among the Fed’s monetary stance, global real interest rates, credit market distortions, and financial innovation created the toxic mix of conditions making the U.S. the epicenter of the global financial crisis. Outside the U.S., exchange rate and other economic policies followed by emerging markets such as China contributed to the United States’ ability to borrow cheaply abroad and thereby finance its unsustainable housing bubble.
Comparison of Different Drug Susceptibility Test Methods To Detect Rifampin Heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT We compared the efficiencies of different drug susceptibility testing methods in detecting rifampin (RIF) heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our data revealed that the broth dilution method found more resistance than MGIT did (P = 0.046) for the low-resistance group. Similarly, the broth dilution method was more sensitive in detecting RIF heteroresistance in subpopulations with low growth rates than was MGIT (P = 0.033). In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the broth dilution method was more sensitive than MGIT in detecting RIF heteroresistance.
Learning language through pictures

We propose Imaginet, a model of learning visually grounded representations of language from coupled textual and visual input. The model consists of two Gated Recurrent Unit networks with shared word embeddings, and uses a multi-task objective by receiving a textual description of a scene and trying to concurrently predict its visual representation and the next word in the sentence. Like humans, it acquires meaning representations for individual words from descriptions of visual scenes. Moreover, it learns to effectively use sequential structure in semantic interpretation of multi-word phrases.
Different proliferative properties of smooth muscle cells of human arterial and venous bypass vessels: role of PDGF receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.

BACKGROUND Internal mammary artery (IMA) bypass grafts have a higher patency than saphenous vein (SV) grafts. Intimal hyperplasia of SV grafts is due to smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration. We hypothesized that different SMC growth activity exists in IMA and SV, which may explain the different patencies of arterial and venous grafts. METHODS AND RESULTS SMCs were isolated from IMA and SV by explant culture and stimulated with serum or platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Cell growth was analyzed by explant outgrowth rate, 3H-thymidine incorporation, or cell counting. PDGF receptor expression and autophosphorylation, regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p27Kip1 and p21Cip1) were analyzed by molecular techniques. SMC outgrowth from explants by serum (20%) over a 20-day period was more pronounced in SV (37+/-5%) than in IMA (4+/-3%; P<.001) of the same patients. Serum (10%) increased cell number more rapidly in SV (2 x 10(4)/well to 18+/-4 x 10(4)/well; P<. 05) than in IMA (2 x 10(4)/well to 9+/-4 x 10(4)/well; P<. 05) over an 8-day period. PDGF-BB (0.01 to 10 ng/mL) stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation (1347+/-470% above control levels) and increased cell number in SV (2 x 10(4)/well to 5+/-1 x 10(4)/well; P<. 05) but not in IMA. PDGF alpha- and beta-receptors were similarly expressed and were activated in both SV and IMA. PDGF-BB induced a similar MAPK activation (kinetics and maximal activity) in both SV and IMA cells but increased MAPK protein level only in SV. Furthermore, PDGF-BB markedly downregulated the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 in SV, but this was much less pronounced in IMA. CONCLUSIONS SMCs from SVs exhibit enhanced proliferation compared with IMA in spite of functional growth factor receptor expression and MAPK activation. However, PDGF increased MAPK protein level only in SV and downregulated cell cycle inhibitor (p27Kip1) more potently in SV than in IMA. This may explain the resistance to growth stimuli of IMA SMCs and may contribute to the longer patency of arterial versus venous grafts.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA DAN PENEMPATAN KARYAWAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN (STUDI PADA ANALIS KREDIT PT. BPD BALI CABANG UTAMA DENPASAR)

Work motivation and staff positioning is one of the important issue that need to be taken into account by a management, in order to improve workplace satisfaction rating. Workplace satisfaction and employee performance begins from the appropriate work placement of individual employee, based on interest, talent and followed by motivation from management and their colleague. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of work place motivation and work placement to the overall satisfaction and performance of the staff in general. The research use 36 individuals as samples and all of them work inside the credit analysis at the BPD Bali (Regional development bank) of Bali, at their denpasar’s branch office. The method analysis use for it is PLS (partial least square). Variable that we look upon in this research is work motivation, work placement, overall satisfaction and work performance. The final result suggest there is a strongeffect work motivation to work satisfaction. Followed by, appropriate work placement with overall employee satisfaction. Other variable work motivation has positive and significant effect towards the employee performance. Then, appropriate work placement has direct positive effect towards improvement of the work performance. And higher work satisfaction improved the work performance We recommending the company to focus upon the right work placement, because with the right work placement that take into consideration the staff interest and talent, it will create positive effect towards their satisfaction and performance. An employee will able to provide better outcome in their day to day work, if the conditions of right work placement based on talent and skill is fulfilled.
Operating system support for redundant multithreading

In modern commodity operating systems, core functionality is usually designed assuming that the underlying processor hardware always functions correctly. Shrinking hardware feature sizes break this assumption. Existing approaches to cope with these issues either use hardware functionality that is not available in commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems or poses additional requirements on the software development side, making reuse of existing software hard, if not impossible. In this paper we present Romain, a framework that provides transparent redundant multithreading1 as an operating system service for hardware error detection and recovery. When applied to a standard benchmark suite, Romain requires a maximum runtime overhead of 30% for triple-modular redundancy (while in many cases remaining below 5%). Furthermore, our approach minimizes the complexity added to the operating system for the sake of replication.
biological and psychosocial determinants of male and female human sexual orientation

some propositions on male and female sexual orientation will be considered. some of these are established; others are more speculative. the aim is to offer some notes towards a coherent, comprehensive theory of sexual orientation. 1. the distinction between butch and femme lesbians seems real rather than a social construct. 2. high levels of prenatal steroid hormones seem to be causally associated with the sexual orientation of butch lesbians. however it is not established whether the causal process operates prenatally or postnatally (or both). this is so because prenatal hormone levels are thought to correlate positively with postnatal hormone levels. and high postnatal hormone levels may facilitate homosexual behaviour as a consequence of sensation-seeking. 3. male bisexuals also are interpreted to have been exposed to high prenatal testosterone levels. but (for reasons similar to those outlined above in regard to butch lesbians) it is unclear whether these have a direct prenatal effect on the brain or whether they are precursors of high postnatal testosterone levels, which are associated with male bisexual orientation by promoting sensation-seeking behaviour. 4. postnatal learning processes seem to be causally involved in the sexual orientation of some femme lesbians and some exclusive male homosexuals. 5. some homosexual men have genes that predispose to their sexual orientation. 6. the same may apply to some lesbians, but such genes have not, as far as i know, been identified. 7. people (of both sexes) who engage in same-sex sexual behaviour may be classified simultaneously in two ways, viz (1) ‘active’ vs ‘passive’ and (2) those who do and those who do not engage (or consider engaging) in sex with members of the opposite sex. ex hypothesi, some of the ‘active’ ones initiate some of the ‘passive’ ones. the active ones are driven more by hormones and the passive ones by psychosocial factors. the active males contain a substantial proportion of self-identified bisexuals; and the active females a substantial proportion of self-identified butches. 8. these two active categories (butch lesbians and male bisexuals) share a number of endocrinological, psychological, morphological and behavioural features vis-à-vis their exclusively homosexual and heterosexual peers. methods of testing some of these ideas are presented.
Mycobacterium-Host Cell Relationships in Granulomatous Lesions in a Mouse Model of Latent Tuberculous Infection

Tuberculosis (TB) is a dangerous infectious disease characterized by a tight interplay between mycobacteria and host cells in granulomatous lesions (granulomas) during the latent, asymptomatic stage of infection. Mycobacterium-host cell relationships were analyzed in granulomas obtained from various organs of BALB/c mice with chronic TB infection caused by in vivo exposure to the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Acid-fast BCG-mycobacteria were found to be morphologically and functionally heterogeneous (in size, shape, and replication rates in colonies) in granuloma macrophages, dendritic cells, and multinucleate Langhans giant cells. Cord formation by BCG-mycobacteria in granuloma cells has been observed. Granuloma macrophages retained their ability to ingest damaged lymphocytes and thrombocytes in the phagosomes; however, their ability to destroy BCG-mycobacteria contained in these cells was compromised. No colocalization of BCG-mycobacteria and the LysoTracker dye was observed in the mouse cells. Various relationships between granuloma cells and BCG-mycobacteria were observed in different mice belonging to the same line. Several mice totally eliminated mycobacterial infection. Granulomas in the other mice had mycobacteria actively replicating in cells of different types and forming cords, which is an indicator of mycobacterial virulence and, probably, a marker of the activation of tuberculous infection in animals.
Nitrosative Stress and Transcription

Abstract Low NO concentrations synthesized by constitutively expressed NO synthases act on several signaling pathways activating transcription factors (TF), such as NF-κB or AP-1, and thereby influence gene expression. In contrast, during inflammatory reactions the inducible NO synthase produces NO for prolonged periods of time. The resulting nitrosative stress directly affects redoxsensitive TF like NF-κB, AP-1, Oct-1, c-Myb, or zinc fingercontaining TF, but also additional mechanisms have been identified. Nitrosative stress in some cases induces expression of TF (AP-1, p53), indirectly modulates activity or stability of TF (HIF-1, p53) or their inhibitors (NF-κB), or modulates accessibility of promoters via increased DNA methylation or histone deacetylation. Depending on the promoter the result is induced, increased, decreased or even totally inhibited expression of various target genes. In unstimulated cells nitrosative stress increases NF-κB or AP-1-dependent transcription, while in activated cells nitrosative stress rather abolishes NF-κB or AP-1-dependent transcription. Sometimes the oxygen concentration also is of prime importance, since under normoxic conditions nitrosative stress activates HIF-1-dependent transcription, while under hypoxic conditions nitrosative stress leads to inhibition of HIF-1-dependent transcription. This review summarizes what is known about effects of physiological NO levels as well as of nitrosative stress on transcription.
Information retrieval through hybrid navigation of lattice representations

Abstract In this paper we present a comprehensive approach to automatic organization and hybrid navigation of text databases. An organizing stage first builds a particular lattice representation of the data, through text indexing followed by lattice clustering of the indexed texts. The lattice representation, then, supports the navigation stage of the system, a visual retrieval interface that combines three main retrieval strategies: browsing, querying, and bounding. Browsing and querying are used to search the retrieval space, bounding is used to restrict it based on the information that users have, or get during their interaction with the system. We show that such a hybrid paradigm permits high flexibility in trading off information exploration and retrieval and, in addiiton, has good retrieval performance. We compared information retrieval using lattice-based hybrid navigation with conventional Boolean querying. The results of an experiment conducted on two medium-sized bibliographic databases showed that the performance of lattice retrieval was comparable to or better than Boolean retrieval.
Adolescent subjective well-being and realized values.

AIMS OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to describe adolescent subjective well-being and realized values, and to examine the relationships between socio-demographic variables, realized values and subjective well-being from the adolescent perspective. RATIONALE Adolescent subjective well-being was conceptualized by means of four different dimensions: satisfaction, ill-being, knowledge and activities related to well-being. The values were operationalized by eight core ideas from which a principal components analysis identified 10 factors representing the realized values. DESIGN Data were gained by self-report questionnaires from 245 adolescents from 7th and 9th grades, with a mean age of 14 years, in 13 secondary schools in southern Finland. The data were analysed statistically. FINDINGS According to the findings, most of the respondents were satisfied with life. However, one out of 10 did not experience the joy of life. There was no statistically significant difference in global satisfaction between girls and boys. Total ill-being among the adolescents was rare, but one out of four participants had fairly often worried about money and 17% were frequently unusually tired. Girls and pupils from the 9th class experienced more ill-being than boys and pupils from the 7th class. The findings suggest that certain values such as personal equilibrium, safe family relations, and family type are predictors of adolescent global subjective well-being. CONCLUSIONS While assessing and promoting adolescent well-being it is important to pay special attention to the realization of values in life and not merely to appreciation of things. Implications for practice include the need to create opportunities for the realization of values when adolescents require health care services.
On The Use of Entropy to Predict Boundary Layer Stability

Boundary layer transition is a critical parameter in the design of fluid flow systems. This situation is due to the dramatic change in both entropy production and heat transfer that accompanies it. It is well recognized that many parameters affect the location of transition onset, however, no models exist which unify all these parameters. This paper presents a new hypothesis that the driving force of boundary layer transition onset is the entropy generation rate alone, with all other parameters being functions of this higher order quantity. At present this hypothesis is speculative, but encouraging since good compatibility is found with more established transition models.
Particle-based Collision Detection

In the paper we present a novel algorithm for collision detec tion between complex geometric objects represented by polygonal models and undergoing rigid motions and deform ations. Most algorithms described in the literature deal with rigid bodies and are based on some kind of hierarchi cal representations. We present the alternative approach. The algorithm relies on the idea of "sensor partic les": interacting particles distributed on a surface. Two types of particles that interact in a special way are usedfor determining the minimum distance between two models. The algorithm has been implemented and used in real‐ time simulation of dynamic interaction between geometric objects. A detailed description of the algorithm , animation examples, and benchmarks are included in the paper. A potential application of this software algorit hm is collision detection for animation of bodies with deformable surfaces.
[Study on prevalence of occupational musculoskeletal disorders and their risk factors among workers in three industries in Zhongshan, China].

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of occupational musculoskeletal disorders (OMSD) and its risk factors among workers in three manufacturing industries in Zhongshan, China by cross-sectional epidemiological investigation. METHODS A total of 2 035 workers from the industries of metals (1001 persons), electrical appliances (455 persons), and furniture (579 persons), including 1 402 males and 633 females, were selected; the mean age was 32.9 ± 8.2 years, and the mean length of service was 6.4 ± 5.6 years. A revised Northern Europe Standardized Questionnaire was used for cross-sectional epidemiological investigation of OMSD. RESULTS The results showed that OMSD in these workers was primarily located in the neck, waist, and shoulder, with annual prevalence rates of 23.1%, 20.1%, and 15.8%, respectively. The overall prevalence of OMSD was 43.1% in metal industry, 44.0% in electrical appliance industry, and 26.6% in furniture industry. OMSD prevalence showed significant differences between different industries (χ(2) = 54.2, P < 0.01). The prevalence of OMSD in the shoulder and back increased with working years (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for OMSD were working age >10 years, safety behavior such as "bending down when lifting heavy things from the ground", and different types of industries. CONCLUSION OMSD is mainly manifested by neck pain, waist pain, and shoulder pain among front-line manufacturing workers in Zhongshan, and working age, poor labor posture, and different types of industries were risk factors for waist pain.