Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Survey Response Rates at the Executive Level: Are Employee- or Consumer-Level Techniques Effective?

Firm-level data from executives are necessary for testing many theories in organizational science. To date, researchers who have used survey methods to get data from executives have relied on response-rate techniques that were validated in general public, customer-, or employee-level populations. In a factorial field experiment, we manipulated the four most strongly supported of these techniques: incentives (gifts), advance notice, follow-up, and personalization. We also examined firm size as a potential moderator of their effects. In addition, we tested whether these response-rate enhancements affected the psychometric quality (acquiescence, self-presentation bias) of the executive survey data. Despite high statistical power(n = 1,200, 1-β≥.95), none of the conventional response-rate enhancement techniques were effective. Small influences on response acquiescence were found but these were confined to questions that arguably had the strongest demand cues. We conclude that distinctly different techniques may be needed to generate interest and involvement among executives targeted by firm-level mail surveys, and we provide some suggestions.
Eye Tracking During High Speed Navigation at Sea

Purpose: Professional high speed sea navigational procedures are based on turn points, courses, dangers and steering cues in the environment. Since navigational aids have become less expensive and due to the fact that electronic sea charts can be integrated with both radar and transponder information, it may be assumed that traditional navigation by using paper based charts and radar will play a less significant role in the future, especially among less experienced navigators. Possible navigational differences between experienced and non-experienced boat drivers is thus of interest with regards to their use of navigational aids. It may be assumed that less experienced navigators rely too much on the information given by the electronic sea chart, despite the fact that it is based on GPS information that can be questioned, especially in littoral waters close to land. Method: This eye tracking study investigates gaze behaviour from 16 ex perienced and novice boat drivers during high speed navigation at sea. Results: The results show that the novice drivers look at objects that are close to themselves, like instrumentation, while the experienced look more at objects far away from the boat. This is in accordance with previous research on car drivers. Further, novice boat drivers used the electronic navigational aids to a larger extent than the experienced, especially during high speed conditions. The experienced drivers focused much of their attention on objects outside the boat. Conclusions: The findings verify that novice boat drivers tend to rely on electronic navigational aids. Experienced drivers presumably use the navigational aids to verify what they have observed in the surrounding environment and further use the paper based sea chart to a larger extent than the novice drivers.
Using computerized ambulatory diaries for the assessment of job characteristics and work-related stress in nurses

Abstract Much research into work-related stress is based on retrospective self-reports, whereas records made at the time could be more valuable. In this study the primary components of two models of work stress, Karasek's demand-control (DC) model and Siegrist's effort-reward imbalance (ERI), were assessed in trained nurses using ambulatory diaries and traditional questionnaire methods. The diaries were entered on small hand-held computers and the method used has been termed ecological momentary assessment (EMA), in which recordings are made in real time in the working environment. The participants were 36 nurses who completed standardized questionnaires evaluating ERI, strain (from DC model), and, over three shifts, computerized behavioural diaries that measured effort-demand, control, reward, and stress every 90 minutes on average, enabling determination of strain and ERI repeatedly in the work situation. A total of 674 observations were recorded. Using multilevel linear modelling, it was found that the questionnaire and computerized diary derived measures of strain (DC) and ERI were reliably correlated. In addition, the ambulatory measures of both strain (DC) and ERI correlated with ratings of stress taken at the same time. From this study it would appear that ambulatory diaries could be a powerful and flexible way of assessing work related stress and its putative determinants in a real life work setting.
Impact of disease control and co-existing risk factors on heart rate variability in Gujarati type 2 diabetics: An observational study

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a proven threat of cardiac dysautonomia with paucity of studies from India. Poor disease control makes it further worse with co-existence of hypertension in majority. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a validated noninvasive tool to assess cardiac autonomic status. Aim: We studied HRV parameters of type 2 diabetics looking for effects of disease control and other co-existing risk factors. Materials and Methods: Ninety-eight hypertensive and forty normotensive under–treatment, Gujarati type 2 diabetics were evaluated for disease control and risk stratification. Five minutes resting, HRV was measured by Variowin HR, software-based instrument, using standard protocols to record time domain, frequency domain, and Poincare plot HRV parameters. They were compared between subgroups for the difference with P < 0.05 defining statistical significance. Results: All HRV parameters were reduced in type 2 diabetics, having mean age 56 years, mean duration 6 years with poor glycemic but comparatively better pressure control. HRV parameters were significantly not different in good compared to poor glycemics or in subjects with optimum pressure control than those without it. Results did not differ significantly, by the presence of individual cardiovascular risk factor in diabetics except resting heart rate. Conclusion: Our findings of HRV suggest that type 2 diabetics with poor glycemic control do not have a significant difference of cardiac dysautonomia by pressure control, glycemic control, and absence of risk cardiovascular factor. It suggests diabetes as a major cause for cardiac dysautonomia, residual risk despite treatment and need for HRV screening, strict glycemic control, and further studies.
Auditory hallucinations associated with migraine: Case series and literature review

Objective The objective of this review is to describe auditory hallucinations (paracusias) associated with migraine attacks to yield insights into their clinical significance and pathogenesis. Background Isolated observations have documented rare associations of migraine with auditory hallucinations. Unlike visual, somatosensory, language, motor, and brainstem symptoms, paracusias with acute headache attacks are not a recognized aura symptom by the International Headache Society, and no systematic review has addressed this association. Methods We retrospectively studied patients experiencing paracusias associated with migraine at our center and in the literature. Results We encountered 12 patients (our center = 5, literature = 7), 58% were female, and 75% had typical migraine aura. Hallucinations most commonly featured voices (58%), 75% experienced them during headache, and the duration was most often <1 hour (67%). No patients described visual aura evolving to paracusias. Most patients (50%) had either a current or previous psychiatric disorder, most commonly depression (67%). The course of headache and paracusias were universally congruent, including improvement with headache prophylaxis (58%). Conclusion Paracusias uncommonly co-occur with migraine and usually feature human voices. Their timing and high prevalence in patients with depression may suggest that paracusias are not necessarily a form of migraine aura, though could be a migraine trait symptom. Alternative mechanisms include perfusion changes in primary auditory cortex, serotonin-related ictal perceptual changes, or a release phenomenon in the setting of phonophobia with avoidance of a noisy environment.
Increasing Affective Organizational Commitment in Public Organizations

Affective organizational commitment has been equated to the public service motivation of pubhc employees It is a valuable component of organizational effectiveness However, few management intervention strategies exist that specifically address increasing affective commitment Often successful interventions are designed around correlates of the intended attitudinal construct One hypothesized correlate of affective commitment m organization behavior hterature is trust Trust can be differentiated as interpersonal trust (between the employee and the manager) and systems trust (between the employee and the organization as a whole) This differentiation is significant for the public manager because the relationship between affective commitment and trust can prescnbe two different strategies for an intervention aimed at positively impacting affective commitment For example, if affective commitment is linked to systems trust, an intervention based on a top-down strategy would be the better choice This study tests the relationship of affective commitment and trust m over 600 employees m three different public orgamzations The study finds that interpersonal trust is the significantly stronger correlate of affective commitment These findings suggest that intervention strategies that begin with trust building from the bottom-up are likely to have a higher likelihood of increasing affective organizational commitment than strategies reflecting a systems trust building objective
Alternate mRNA splicing is required for synthesis of adeno-associated virus VP1 capsid protein

Fine-structure mapping of the capsid-specific mRNAs from adeno-associated virus (AAV) revealed an alternate splicing pattern in these RNAs. S1 nuclease and primer extension analyses showed that splicing of these mRNAs occurs at acceptor sites at nucleotide 2228 (major splice) or 2201 (minor splice). Both splice acceptors were ligated to the same 55-nucleotide leader in mature mRNAs. Both species were present in equal amounts in mRNA derived from AAV plasmid-transfected cells. However, when adenovirus infection accompanied the DNA transfection, the major splice predominated over the minor splice. Using cDNA clones of both the major and minor spliced mRNAs, we demonstrated that the largest AAV capsid protein, VP1, was derived from the minor spliced mRNA. The other capsid proteins, VP2 and VP3, came predominantly from the major spliced mRNA. These results, which describe the previously undetected minor splice, provide a mechanism for the production of all three AAV virion proteins.
Antiretroviral drugs as a public health intervention for pregnant HIV‐infected women in rural South Africa: an issue of cost‐effectiveness and capacity

Objective:To estimate cost-effectiveness and capacity requirements for providing antiretroviral drugs to pregnant HIV-infected women in rural South Africa. Setting:Hlabisa health district, where HIV prevalence among pregnant women was 26.0% in 1997. Methods:Calculation of the number of paediatric HIV infections averted under three scenarios, and their cost. No intervention was compared with scenario A (zidovudine delivered within current infrastructure), scenario B (zidovudine delivered through enhanced infrastructure), and scenario C (short-course zidovudine plus lamivudine delivered through enhanced infrastructure). Cost-effectiveness was defined as cost per infection averted and cost per potential life-year gained. Capacity was determined in terms of staff and infrastructure required to effectively implement the scenarios. Results:With no intervention, 657 paediatric HIV infections were projected for 1997. In scenario A this could be reduced by 15% at a cost of US$ 574 825, in scenario B by 42% at US$ 1 520 770, and in scenario C by 47% at US$ 764 901. In scenario C, drugs accounted for 76% of costs, whereas additional staff accounted for 18%. Cost per infection averted was US$ 2492 and cost per potential life-year gained (discounted at 3%) was US$ 88. Cost of scenario C was equivalent to 14% of the 1997 district health budget. At least 12 extra counsellors and nurses and one laboratory technician, together with substantial logistical and managerial support, would be needed to deliver an effective intervention. Conclusion:Although antiretrovirals may be relatively cost-effective in this setting, the budget required is currently unaffordable. Developing the capacity required to deliver the intervention would pose both a major challenge, and an opportunity, to improve health services.
Reactions to Older People being Patronized

This article examines young people's evaluations of young and elderly targets in a patronizing encounter. Intergenerational patronizing vignettes were presented to respondents who evaluated the target characters. The presence of patronizing talk by a young individual, the nature of the older adult's response, and the thoughts of each target were manipulated in the vignette. The thoughts were manipulated as caring or dominant (younger individual), and assertive or passive (older individual). The young individual was evaluated more negatively in the patronizing, rather than neutral, speech conditions. Less assertive responses to patronizing speech resulted in evaluations of increased warmth and incompetence for the elderly patronizee. Caring thoughts by the patronizer led to more positive evaluations of her or him, although such thoughts were unlikely to be attributed when not provided. Relationships between these findings and previous research are discussed, and applied and theoretical implications are considered.
Risk Factors Associated With Myocardial Infarction in Africa: The INTERHEART Africa Study

Background— Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rising in low-income countries. However, the impact of modifiable CVD risk factors on myocardial infarction (MI) has not been studied in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Therefore, we conducted a case-control study among patients with acute MI (AMI) in SSA to explore its association with known CVD risk factors. Methods and Results— First-time AMI patients (n=578) were matched to 785 controls by age and sex in 9 SSA countries, with South Africa contributing ≈80% of the participants. The relationships between risk factors and AMI were investigated in the African population and in 3 ethnic subgroups (black, colored, and European/other Africans) and compared with those found in the overall INTERHEART study. Relationships between common CVD risk factors and AMI were found to be similar to those in the overall INTERHEART study. Modeling of 5 risk factors (smoking history, diabetes history, hypertension history, abdominal obesity, and ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-1) provided a population attributable risk of 89.2% for AMI. The risk for AMI increased with higher income and education in the black African group in contrast to findings in the other African groups. A history of hypertension revealed higher MI risk in the black African group than in the overall INTERHEART group. Conclusions— Known CVD risk factors account for ≈90% of MI observed in African populations, which is consistent with the overall INTERHEART study. Contrasting gradients found in socioeconomic class, risk factor patterns, and AMI risk in the ethnic groups suggest that they are at different stages of the epidemiological transition.
Three concepts of recognition

Relations 9(4):491–542. Whelan, Frederick G. 1983. ‘‘Prologue: Democratic Theory and the Boundary Problem. ’’ In Liberal Democracy, edited by Pennock, J. Roland and Chapman, John W. New York: New York University Press, 13–47. Wolf, Reinhard. 2008. ‘‘Respekt ein unterschötzter Faktor in den Internationalen Beziehungen. ’’ Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 1:5–42. —— 2011. ‘‘Respect and Disrespect in International Politics: The Significance of Status Recognition. ’’ International Theory 3(1):105–42.
Conflict resolution in adolescent relationships

Conflict is an inevitable feature of social relationships. When people interact, disagreements may arise. Especially in close relationships, people sometimes disagree. Although conflict might jeopardize relationships, conflict is not necessarily detrimental. The way conflicts are handled is important in determining whether conflicts are functional or dysfunctional. Moreover, the way conflicts are handled might reveal information about the nature of relationships and their developmental status. In the current dissertation, the role of conflict resolution in adolescents’ relationships with their parents and friends was investigated in four empirical studies. Data of 323 adolescents and their both parents –that participated in the longitudinal project called CONAMORE (CONflict And Management Of RElationships) – are used. In the first study, we demonstrated the importance of investigating combinations of conflict resolution styles by parents and adolescents. We found that adolescents who used an aggressive conflict resolution style with parents reported higher levels of delinquency, but only when their mothers also used this aggressive conflict resolution style or when their fathers withdrew from conflicts. In the second study, we showed that parents and adolescents change the way they handle conflicts with each other over time towards more positive conflict resolution and less negative conflict resolution, reflecting a realignment of these relationships towards greater egalitarianism. In addition, we found two types of parent-adolescent dyads, one characterized by positive conflict resolution and one characterized by negative conflict resolution by both parents and adolescents. These either positive or negative pathways of conflict resolution were maintained by both parents and adolescents. The third study examined whether transmission of conflict resolution styles from the marital relationship to the adolescent-parent relationship occurred and we indeed found that conflict resolution styles in the marital relationships predicted conflict resolution styles in the adolescent-parent relationship two years later. Finally, in our fourth study, we were able to investigate the daily dynamics of conflict and conflict resolution in adolescent relationships with parents and friends by means of a daily diary method. We demonstrated that perceived relationship satisfaction was highest in a particular relationship on days on which no conflict occurred, second highest on days on which constructive conflict occurred and lowest on days on which unconstructive conflict occurred. Moreover, we demonstrated that whereas unconstructively handled conflict with best friends was related to higher relationship satisfaction the next day, conflict with parents was not related to relationship satisfaction the next day.
Effects of fashion magazines on body dissatisfaction and eating psychopathology in adolescent and adult females

It has been shown that fashion magazines have an age- and stimulus-specific effect on the body size estimation of non-eating-disordered adolescent and adult females. This study examines whether photographs of thin fashion models have similar effects on female body dissatisfaction. The results indicate that adolescent girls tend to respond to fashion images by showing greater body dissatisfaction than adults, and that both groups respond more to pictures of adults than to those of adolescents. Greater adolescent dissatisfaction was related to increased age, weight and bulimic tendencies. Theoretical implications are considered.
A KCNJ6 (Kir3.2, GIRK2) gene polymorphism modulates opioid effects on analgesia and addiction but not on pupil size

Aim KCNJ6 coding for potassium inwardly rectifying channels (Kir3.2, GIRK2) is important for opioid receptor transmission. The KCNJ6 rs2070995 AA genotype has been associated with increased opioid analgesic requirements in Japanese. We analyzed its consequences for other opioid effects. Methods Genotyping was done in 85 methadone-substituted former heroin addicts, 352 opioid-treated chronic pain patients, and in 51 healthy volunteers where miotic effects of levomethadone had been measured. Expression of Kir3.2 in the Edinger–Westphal nucleus of rat brains was analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry. Results Average daily methadone substitution doses during the first therapy year were larger in the AA genotype (n=4, 119.7±49.6 mg/day) than in other rs2070995 genotypes (77.5±26.2 mg/day, P=0.003) whereas AA carriers lacked opioid withdrawal symptoms. A similar tendency toward less opioid effectiveness was observed toward higher opioid dosing demands for analgesia in the AA genotype (n=17, opioid dose 2.03±0.45 log mg oral morphine equivalents per day, controls: 1.81±0.52 log mg oral morphine equivalents/day, P=0.093). In contrast, no pharmacogenetic effects were observed on miotic opioid effects. This could be traced back to the absence of Kir3.2 from the Edinger–Westphal nucleus in rat brains, a key cerebral structure governing pupil constriction. Conclusion The association of the KCNJ6 rs2070995 AA genotype with increased opioid requirements extends from analgesia to opiate substitution therapy. Opioid induced miosis is exempted for molecular histological reasons.
Speech Rate Is No Simple matter

Speech rate (articulation rate and pauses) was examined for its relation to communicative success. Native English speakers (NSs) were paired with other NSs and with non-native speakers (NNSs). The subjects viewed a short film, the content of which they were to relay to their two partners independently. Communicative success was measured through comprehension questions addressed to the listeners at the completion of the task. Analyses indicated that although a slight majority of NSs slowed their speech rate for NNSs, they did not adjust articulation rate, but did significantly increase pause time. Neither speech rate nor articulation rate varied over the course of the narrations. Contrary to intuition, the subjects who successfully communicated the story to NNSs did not adjust their speech rate, while those who had difficulty communicating with NNSs increased pause time significantly. The implications of the findings are discussed, and suggestions for further research are made.
Comparison between the effects of quercetin on seizure threshold in acute and chronic seizure models

Flavonoids are important constituents of food and beverages, and several studies have shown that they have neuroactive properties. Many of these compounds are ligands for γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant effects of quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), which is a flavonoid found in plants, in rats treated with pentylenetetrazole in acute and chronic seizure models. Single intraperitoneal administration of quercetin did not show anticonvulsive effects against acute seizure. Similarly, multiple oral pretreatment with quercetin did not have protective effects against acute seizure. However, multiple intraperitoneal administration of quercetin (25 and 50 mg/kg) significantly increased time to death compared with the control (p < 0.001). However, quercetin pretreatment had no significant effects on the pattern of convulsion development during all periods of kindling. But on the test day, quercetin (100 mg/kg) could significantly increase generalized tonic–clonic seizure onset (GTCS) and decrease GTCS duration compared with the control (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). We conclude that quercetin has a narrow therapeutic dose range for anticonvulsant activities in vivo, and it has different effects on the seizure threshold. The different effects of quercetin on seizure threshold may occur through several mechanisms.