Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Got Rhythm? Testing a Model of the Rhythm of Change in Product Diversity

Most research on strategic management in general, and product diversification in particular, has focused on the magnitude of change and its consequences (Ramanujam & Venkataraman, 1989). It has largely ignored other dimensions of change such as rhythm, as well as antecedents of change. However, a few researchers have taken the lead and have shown that organizations may follow a gradual, incremental, and evolutionary or an irregular, quantum, and revolutionary model (Miller & Friesen, 1984). Organizations that change in a continuous, gradual fashion follow a more regular rhythm of change as compared to others that change in fits-and-starts. The rhythm a firm follows has consequences for its performance. Whereas some studies have shown the superiority of quantum change (e.g., Hoskisson & Galbraith, 1985; Miller & Friesen, 1984), others tend to portray the pre-eminence of continuous change in organizations (e.g., Brown & Eisenhardt, 1997; Vermeulen & Barkema, 2002). Nevertheless, most theory and research may indicate that the effectiveness of the rhythm of change may depend on its internal and external context, thereby leading to a contextual approach (e.g., Lamont, Williams, & Hoffman, 1994; Pettigrew, 1985; Pettigrew, Woodman, & Cameron, 2001). Moreover, if the rhythm that organizations follow is important for their success and survival, it is theoretically interesting and practically useful to documents its antecedents.
Effects of Phenotypic and Genotypic Factors on the Lipid Responses to Niacin in Chinese Patients With Dyslipidemia

AbstractThe acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes DGAT1 and DGAT2 catalyze the final step in triglycerides biosynthesis. This study examined the relationships of baseline phenotypes and the common polymorphisms in DGAT1 and DGAT2 with the lipid responses to niacin.Lipid responses in Chinese patients with dyslipidemia treated with the extended release (ER) niacin/laropiprant combination 1000/20 mg for 4 weeks and then 2000/40 mg for 8 weeks (n = 121, the primary study) or with ER niacin 1500 mg for at least 4 weeks (n = 68, the replication study) were analyzed according to genotypes of DGAT1 rs7003945 T>C and DGAT2 rs3060 T>C polymorphisms.Treatment with ER niacin improved all lipid parameters in both studies. Absolute and percentage changes in lipids were related to their baseline levels, particularly for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The DGAT2 rs3060 T>C polymorphism was associated with lower baseline LDL-C, apoB, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and apoAI in patients on statin therapy in the primary study. Subjects with the DGAT2 rs3060 T>C variant had less reduction in LDL-C in the primary study and smaller changes in triglyceride and HDL-C in the replication study but these associations became non-significant after adjusting for baseline lipid values. The DGAT1 rs7003945 T>C polymorphism was not related to lipid baseline values or changes in either study. Concomitant statin therapy and lower body weight were also associated with greater reduction in LDL-C.Baseline lipid levels were the main determinants of lipid responses especially for LDL-C. The DGAT2 rs3060 polymorphism might influence the lipid responses depending on baseline phenotype, but this association did not persist after adjustment for the baseline lipid levels.
Biological Basis for Syphilis

SUMMARY Syphilis is a chronic sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. Clinical manifestations separate the disease into stages; late stages of disease are now uncommon compared to the preantibiotic era. T. pallidum has an unusually small genome and lacks genes that encode many metabolic functions and classical virulence factors. The organism is extremely sensitive to environmental conditions and has not been continuously cultivated in vitro. Nonetheless, T. pallidum is highly infectious and survives for decades in the untreated host. Early syphilis lesions result from the host's immune response to the treponemes. Bacterial clearance and resolution of early lesions results from a delayed hypersensitivity response, although some organisms escape to cause persistent infection. One factor contributing to T. pallidum's chronicity is the paucity of integral outer membrane proteins, rendering intact organisms virtually invisible to the immune system. Antigenic variation of TprK, a putative surface-exposed protein, is likely to contribute to immune evasion. T. pallidum remains exquisitely sensitive to penicillin, but macrolide resistance has recently been identified in a number of geographic regions. The development of a syphilis vaccine, thus far elusive, would have a significant positive impact on global health.
Repeal of Prohibition: A Benefit‐Cost Analysis

type="main" xml:id="coep12065-abs-0001"> In spite of an estimated increase in annual alcohol-related motor vehicle costs of $2.767 billion (1947 dollars), the net social benefit of repeal of alcohol Prohibition amounts to $432 million per annum in 1934–1937, about 0.33% of gross domestic product. Total benefits of $3.25 billion consist primarily of increased consumer and producer surplus, tax revenues, and reduced criminal violence costs. A Monte Carlo simulation shows the probability of negative net benefits is 16%. The estimated price elasticity of demand for spirits, beer, and wine are –. 60, −. 56, and –. 51 respectively, which is consistent with the modern literature. (JEL D61, I18, K420, I120)
A Full Bayesian Analysis of Structural Changes with the AIDS Model : The Case of Meat Demand

This study applies a Bayesian methodology to the oft-examined issue of whether a structural change has occurred in U . S. meat demand. The Bayesian approach allows us several advantages over earlier studies. First, we can estimate the true AIDS model instead of the commonly substituted linear-approximate version. Second, we derive the marginal posterior distribution lof the time period in which the structural change occurred. This provides greater insight into whether ~e data is sharply or mildly informative as to such a structural change. Finally, we can derive posterior density results for the changes in parameters and elasticities across the two regimes. The results show the data to be highly informative with respect to a structural change in meat demand in the fourth quarter of 1975, but less evidence is found for changes in the majority of individual model parameters. Introduction I Changes in consumption patterns for meat have been a major t<1>pic of study in the literature of food demand estimation. Those changes have been attributed to different factors. Some studies (Marion, 1986 p145) associated the changing pattern with a decrease in the relative price of poultry with respect to red meat. The main reason given for such a decline appears to be a higher rate of technical progress in the poultry industry than in the red meat industry . Others argue (Chavas, 1982) that health campaigns that encouraged consumers to avoid red meat because of its high content of fat and cholesterol, whictt could cause heart attacks, high blood pressure, and other health problems, have reduced the preference for red meat by the average American consumer. Still others believe that an increase in the opportunity cost of time of the consumer has moved consumption toward convenience food away from home, and that change has been detrimental to at-home meat consumption. Many studies have used a point null hypothesis to test for structural changes in meat Other papers have contested the use of parametric model for determining structural changes. Alston and Chalfant (1991) show that by using a parametric model one can detect structural changes in beef demand almost 100 % of the time in a system in which, by construction, no such changes exist. According to Sakoqg and Hayes (1993), inferences drawn from parametric models are conditional on the assumption of functional form that might affect the outcome. To the contrary , inferences drawn in nonparametric methods
Modulation of the Endocannabinoids N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) on Executive Functions in Humans

Animal studies point to an implication of the endocannabinoid system on executive functions. In humans, several studies have suggested an association between acute or chronic use of exogenous cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and executive impairments. However, to date, no published reports establish the relationship between endocannabinoids, as biomarkers of the cannabinoid neurotransmission system, and executive functioning in humans. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between circulating levels of plasma endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and executive functions (decision making, response inhibition and cognitive flexibility) in healthy subjects. One hundred and fifty seven subjects were included and assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Stroop Color and Word Test; and Iowa Gambling Task. All participants were female, aged between 18 and 60 years and spoke Spanish as their first language. Results showed a negative correlation between 2-AG and cognitive flexibility performance (r = −.37; p<.05). A positive correlation was found between AEA concentrations and both cognitive flexibility (r = .59; p<.05) and decision making performance (r = .23; P<.05). There was no significant correlation between either 2-AG (r = −.17) or AEA (r = −.08) concentrations and inhibition response. These results show, in humans, a relevant modulation of the endocannabinoid system on prefrontal-dependent cognitive functioning. The present study might have significant implications for the underlying executive alterations described in some psychiatric disorders currently associated with endocannabinoids deregulation (namely drug abuse/dependence, depression, obesity and eating disorders). Understanding the neurobiology of their dysexecutive profile might certainly contribute to the development of new treatments and pharmacological approaches.
The long-run underperformance of initial public offerings: a methodological problem?

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el comportamiento a largo plazo de las OPIs realizadas en el mercado espanol de capitales. Dado que el metodo de calculo del rendimiento influye tanto en la magnitud del ren- dimiento anormal, como en el tamano y potencia de los tests estadisti- cos, hemos utilizado diferentes metodos, con el objeto de examinar la ro- bustez del comportamiento a largo plazo de las OPIs con respecto a varias especificaciones del modelo. Los resultados del estudio muestran que la existencia de bajo rendimiento a largo plazo para las OPIs espano- las depende de la metodologia utilizada. Asi, existe bajo rendimiento a largo plazo cuando se utilizan rentabilidades equiponderadas de comprar y mantener, aunque depende del test estadistico considerado, y no cuan- do se utilizan carteras calendario o rentabilidades de comprar y mantener ponderadas por capitalizacion. Palabras clave: oferta publica inicial (OPI), rentabilidad a largo plazo, BHAR, carteras calendario. Clasificacion JEL: G10, G12 y G14.
Pseudospectra of semiclassical (pseudo‐) differential operators

The pseudo-spectra (or spectral instability) of non-selfadjoint operators is a topic of current interest in applied mathematics. For example, in computational fluid dynamics it affects the study of the stability of laminar flows. In fact, even for the most basic flows, the computations entirely fails to predict what is observed in the experiments. The explanation is that for non-normal operators the resolvent could be very large far away from the spectrum, which makes computation of the eigenvalues impossible. The occurence of ``false eigenvalues'' is due to the existence of quasi-modes, i.e., approximate local solutions to the eigenvalue problem. The quasi-modes appear since the Nirenberg-Treves condition (Psi) is not satisfied for topological reasons. (Less)
Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison

1. Introduction: why study immigration news? 2. The French and US journalistic fields: position, logic, and structure 3. Narrating the immigrant experience in the US media: from jobs threat to humanitarian suffering 4. Organizing the immigration debate in the French media: giving voice to civil society and strategizing against Le Pen 5. Explaining continuity and change in French and US immigration news 6. What makes the press more multiperspectival? 7. What makes for a critical press? 8. Does the medium matter? Television news about immigration 9. Conclusion: the forces of fields and the forms of news.
Dynamic Changes in Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Efflux During the Coolidge Effect in Male Rats

The Coolidge effect describes the reinitiation of sexual behavior in a “sexually satiated” animal in response to a novel receptive mate. Given the role of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system in the initiation and maintenance of motivated behavior, microdialysis was used to monitor nucleus accumbens (NAC) DA transmission during copulation, sexual satiety, and the reinitiation of sexual behavior. In agreement with earlier reports, the presentation of an estrous female behind a screen and copulation were associated with significant increases in NAC DA efflux. Return of NAC DA concentrations to baseline values coincided with a period of sexual satiety, although concentrations of the DA metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, remained elevated. The presentation of a novel receptive female behind a screen resulted in a slight increase in NAC DA, which was augmented significantly during renewed copulation with the novel female. The present data suggest that the stimulus properties of a novel receptive female may serve to increase NAC DA transmission in a sexually satiated male rat, and this, in turn, may be related to the reinitiation of sexual behavior.
Indoxyl Sulfate Downregulates Expression of Mas Receptor via OAT3/AhR/Stat3 Pathway in Proximal Tubular Cells

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Angiotensin converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7)/Mas receptor axis counteracts the deleterious actions of Ang II. ACE2 exerts its actions by cleaving Ang II into Ang-(1–7) which activates Mas receptor. This study aimed to determine if the expression of Mas receptor is altered in the kidneys of CKD rats, and if indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, affects the expression of Mas receptor in rat kidneys and cultured human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells). The expression of Mas receptor was examined in the kidneys of CKD and AST-120-treated CKD rats using immunohistochemistry. Further, the effects of IS on Mas receptor expression in the kidneys of normotensive and hypertensive rats were examined. The effects of IS on the expression of Mas receptor and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in HK-2 cells were examined using immunoblotting. CKD rats showed reduced renal expression of Mas receptor, while AST-120 restored its expression. Administration of IS downregulated Mas receptor expression in the kidneys of normotensive and hypertensive rats. IS downregulated Mas receptor expression in HK-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) inhibited IS-induced downregulation of Mas receptor and phosphorylated eNOS. N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, also inhibited IS-induced downregulation of Mas receptor and phosphorylated eNOS. Ang-(1–7) attenuated IS-induced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression. Conclusion Mas receptor expression is reduced in the kidneys of CKD rats. IS downregulates renal expression of Mas receptor via OAT3/AhR/Stat3 pathway in proximal tubular cells. IS-induced downregulation of Mas receptor might be involved in upregulation of TGF-β1 in proximal tubular cells.
Agrobacterial Plant-transforming Oncogenes : Emerging Complexity of Their Action and a Functional Parallelism with Some Animal Protooncogenes

agrobacterial infection, the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolA, rolB and rolC genes are transferred to plant genome, causing tumor formation and hairy root disease. The emerging complexity of the rol-gene triggered effects and the involvement of signals generated by these genes in basic processes of cell biology such as calcium and ROS signaling and modulation of expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase genes indicate that the plant oncogenes, like some animal protooncogenes, use sophisticated strategies to affect cell growth and differentiation. Recent data raise the intriguing possibility that some components of plant and animal oncogene signaling pathways share common features. The rol oncogenes are involved in regulation of secondary metabolism performing a function not existing in animals. Studying of processes representing hot spots in animal cell biology, such as the triangle combining the interplay between oncogene expression, ROS production and cell senescence/apoptosis, calcium signaling and processes of protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation will help in understanding functions of the plant oncogenes. In this respect, new directions of rol-gene studies are highlighted in this article underlying the necessity to use metabolomic, genomic and proteomic approaches in further investigations.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Mechanisms Governing Empowerment Effects: a Self-efficacy Analysis

This experiment tested the hypotheses that perceived coping and cognitive control self-efficacy govern the effects of personal empowerment over physical threats. Women participated in a mastery modeling program in which they mastered the physical skills to defend themselves successfully against unarmed sexual assailants. Multifaceted measures of theoretically relevant variables were administered within a staggered intragroup control design to test the immediate and long-term effects of the empowerment program and the mechanisms through which it produced its effects. Mastery modeling enhanced perceived coping and cognitive control efficacy, decreased perceived vulnerability to assault, and reduced the incidence of intrusive negative thinking and anxiety arousal. These changes were accompanied by increased freedom of action and decreased avoidant behavior. Path analyses of causal structures revealed a dual path of regulation of behavior by perceived coping self-efficacy, one mediated through perceived vulnerability and risk discernment and the other through perceived cognitive control self-efficacy and intrusive negative thinking. Converging lines of evidence reveal that personal and social change rely extensively on methods ofempowerment 1984). These approaches achieve their effects by equipping people with the requisite knowledge, skills, and resilient self-beliefs of efficacy to alter aspects of their lives over which they can exercise some control. Studies of various aspects of personal change indicate that methods of empowerment operate through the self-efficacy mechanism (Bandura, 1986). However, the mode of operation and the generality of this mediating mechanism require further verification. Personal empowerment is an important part of efforts to prevent and control sexual abuse. Sexual assault of women is a prevalent problem in the United States. Because any woman is a potential victim, the lives of many women are distressed and constricted by a sense of inefficacy to cope with the threat of sexual assault. Although this research focuses on empowerment of women with self-protective means, the responsibility for controlling sexual abuse does not lie solely with women. Sexual We are deeply indebted to the many people who assisted us in this project: Matt Thomas, the founder of the self-defense program, supported the study of mechanisms of empowerment in the context of the program; Sheryl Doran arranged the research facilities and directed the self-defense program; Mark Morris helped to develop the behavioral coding system and rated the videotapes; implemented different aspects of the mastery modeling; Ghassan Ghandour, Louise Parker, and Joel Swendsen assisted with the data analysis; Mark Leong and Vir-ginia Bandura assisted with the photographs; and …
Equilibrium and kinetic effects of drugs on the shapes of human erythrocytes

We have previously proposed that if the two half-layers of a membrane are different in their protein and lipid compositions, they may respond differently to some membrane perturbation (the bilayer couple hypothesis). This hypothesis has been applied to explain the changes in shape of human erythrocytes that are produced by a variety of amphipathic compounds. These compounds are presumed to intercalate by their hydrophobic ends into the lipid portions of the membrane; if the compounds are anions, the binding is preferentially to the outer half of the bilayer, if cations, to the inner half. It is proposed that such preferential binding causes an expansion of one half-layer relative to the other, with a corresponding change in cell shape. The predicted sidedness of these shape changes is now demonstrated in experiments with methochlorpromazine and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Under appropriate nonequilibrium or equilibrium or equilibrium conditions, both of these compounds are shown to be either crenators or cup-formers of the intact erythrocyte, depending upon which side of the membrane they are concentrated in. These results therefore strongly support the bilayer couple hypothesis.
The Case Study Anthology

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Section I: Theoretical Perspectives and Case Selection The Epidemic That Never Was: Policy-Making and the Swine Flu Scare - Richard E. Neustadt and Harvey Fineberg Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis - Allison, Graham, and Philip Zelikow Middletown: A Study of Modern American Culture - Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd Yankee City: The Social Life of a Modern Community - W. Lloyd Warner and Paul S. Lunt Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland - Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky Section II: The Strength of Multiple Cases Section II: The Strength of Multiple Cases Korea: Winning with Microwaves - Ira Magaziner and Mark Patinkin The Rise of the Pentagon and U.S. State Building - Gregory Hooks New Towns-in-Town: The Limits of Centralization - Martha Derthick Section III: Quantitative Evidence and Embedded Units of Analysis Implementing an Education Innovation - Neal Gross, Joseph B. Giacquinta, and Maryilyn Bernstein Union Democracy: The Internal Politics of the International Typographical Union - Seymour Martin Lipset, Martin A. Trow, and James S. Coleman Testing the Basic Logic of the Chicago School Reform Act - Anthony S. Bryk, Penny Bender Bebring, David Kerbow, Sharon Rollow, and John Q. Easton Section IV: More Illustrations of Case Study Evidence Winning at the Game: Intel and Silicon Valley Fever - Everett M. Rogers and Judith K. Larsen Civil Society and Crisis: Culture, Discourse, and the Rodney King Beating - Ronald N. Jacobs Working: Growth of High-Technology Culture - Everett M. Rogers and Judith K. Larsen Head Start: The Inside Story of America's Most Successful Educational Experiment - Edward Zigler and Susan Muenchow Section V: Analyses and Conclusions The Organization of a Methadone Program - Dorothy Nelkin Transformation in the New York City Police Department - George L. Kelling and Catherine M. Coles Communities Not Fazed: Why Military Base Closures May Not Be Catastrophic - Ted K. Bradshaw Lessons From Houston: Fighting to Save Our Urban Schools - Donald R. McAdams Index About the Author