Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Co-Construction to Takeovers: Science Talk in a Group of Four Girls

The goal of this article is to add to our knowledge of what kinds of interaction take place within small groups. To that end the nature of the interaction among four girls in a small group science activity is analyzed with respect to the other work on both girls' talk and on small group interactions. It is shown that three participants obtained very different access to this conversation from their usual access to whole class lessons. It is further shown that the student whose participation in the small group differed most from that of the others had a different orientation to the task and indicated she was playing by different conversational rules. Co-construction is then explored as a major means of interaction for the other three participants, but the question posed is to what extent this form is necessarily collaborative. The findings suggest that future research look beyond participation rates as measures of status and look more deeply into the impact of talk that is in form cooperative.
The Demographic Imperative in Religious Change in the United States1

U.S. Protestants are less likely to belong to “mainline” denominations and more likely to belong to “conservative” ones than used to be the case. Evidence from the General Social Survey indicates that higher fertility and earlier childbearing among women from conservative denominations explains 76% of the observed trend for cohorts born between 1903 and 1973: conservative denominations have grown their own. Mainline decline would have slowed in recent cohorts, but a drop‐off in conversions from conservative to mainline denominations prolonged the decline. A recent rise in apostasy added a few percentage points to mainline decline. Conversions from mainline to conservative denominations have not changed, so they played no role in the restructuring.
Leadership: A Critical Introduction

1. An Introduction to Leadership 2. Trait Theories 3. Skills Theories 4. Behavioural Theories 5. Situational Theories 6. Charismatic Leadership 7. Transformational Leadership 8. Emotional Intelligence 9. Authentic Leadership 10. Destructive Leadership 11. Self-Leadership
Understanding the link between somatosensory temporal discrimination and movement execution in healthy subjects

The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) is the shortest interval at which an individual recognizes paired stimuli as separate in time. We investigated whether and how voluntary movement modulates STDT in healthy subjects. In 17 healthy participants, we tested STDT during voluntary index‐finger abductions at several time‐points after movement onset and during motor preparation. We then tested whether voluntary movement‐induced STDT changes were specific for the body segment moved, depended on movement kinematics, on the type of movement or on the intensity for delivering paired electrical stimuli for STDT. To understand the mechanisms underlying STDT modulation, we also tested STDT during motor imagery and after delivering repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit excitability changes in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). When tested on the moving hand at movement onset and up to 200 msec thereafter, STDT values increased from baseline, but during motor preparation remained unchanged. STDT values changed significantly during fast and slow index‐finger movements and also, though less, during passive index‐finger abductions, whereas during tonic index‐finger abductions they remained unchanged. STDT also remained unchanged when tested in body parts other than those engaged in movement and during imagined movement. Nor did testing STDT at increased intensity influence movement‐induced STDT changes. The cTBS‐induced S1 cortical changes left movement‐induced STDT changes unaffected. Our findings suggest that movement execution in healthy subjects may alter STDT processing.
Doppler e marcadores séricos maternos na predição de complicações da gestação

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of uterine artery Doppler and maternal serum screening in the prediction of pregnancy complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study with 49 primigravidae at their 18th gestational week, when a blood sample was collected for serum dosage by chemiluminescence (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and nitric oxide) and radioimmunoassay (atrial natriuretic peptide). Uterine artery Doppler was performed between the 24th and 26th gestational weeks, for determining the presence or absence of notch in the flow velocity waveform. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was utilized for statistical analysis, and the Fisher exact test for analysis of qualitative parameters. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 8.3%, 97.0%, 50.0% and 74.4% for alpha-fetoprotein; 8.3%, 87.9%, 20.0% and 72.5% for human chorionic gonadotropin; 16.7%, 97.0%, 33.3% and 76.2% for atrial natriuretic peptide; and 16.7%, 93.9%, 50.0% and 75.6% for nitric oxide. The uterine artery Doppler sensitivity was 75.0%, specificity 63.6%, positive predictive value 57.1%, and negative predictive value 87.5%. CONCLUSION: Uterine artery Doppler is an effective method for prediction of pregnancy complications as compared with maternal serum screening in low risk populations.
The Obsolescence of Psychoanalysis in the Age of Neuroscience

Abstract Â The Obsolescence of Psychoanalysis in the Age of Neuroscience? In "The Obsolescence of the Freudian Concept of Man," Herbert Marcuse regretted the loss of the bourgeois individual with a strong ego. Â Not because he thought such an individual was good, but because of what came next, what he calls mass man, whose ego is merged with others. Â In an entirely different utopian context, laid out in Marcuse's Eros and Civilization, the loss of the autonomous ego would be a good thing, an expression of liberation. Â In this world, the loss of the autonomous ego simply leaves individuals more subject to manipulation. Â Recently, several affect theorists, as they are known, have argued that the autonomous ego is an illusion. Â Or rather, ego is a rationalizing machine, giving reasons for actions that we know to be retrospective rationalizations. Â It might seem as if this loss of ego is good, a step in the direction of liberation. Â In fact, the idealization of the loss of ego, sometimes called the de-situated subject, by theorists such as Brian Massumi and William Connolly is dangerous, because it is happening now, in a world far from utopia. Â Massumi and Connolly employ recent neuroscientific discoveries as metaphors in their account of how individuals might liberate themselves from their egos. Â This essay concludes that while a genuinely neuroscientific study of psychoanalysis is possible and desirable, one must choose between utopia and science. Â Marcuse chooses utopia; the new affect theorists choose neither. Â Keywords: Marcuse, neuroscience, affect theory, de-situated subject; psychoanalysis
Comparative/International Research on Juvenile Justice Issues: A Review of Juvenile Justice Specialty Journals

In recent years, leaders in the field of criminology and criminal justice have advocated for comparative/international and collaborative research; however, there is uncertainty regarding how much comparative/international research on the topic of juvenile justice is being conducted and how well information on juvenile justice issues with a cross-cultural or international focus is being disseminated. This study analyzed the number and focus of studies on international/comparative juvenile justice papers in the four major US juvenile justice specialty journals (Juvenile & Family Court Journal, Journal of Juvenile Justice, UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy, and Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice). Data came from 567 papers published during the period of 2000–2013. The authors discuss the roles of the juvenile justice specialty journals to encourage the study of juvenile justice internationally.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Growth Hormone Deficiency

Endothelial dysfunction in patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) is probably a direct consequence of the low levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) seen in these patients. GH and particularly IGF-I stimulate the production and the release of nitric oxide in the endothelium, therefore inducing vasodilatation. Endothelial dysfunction may also be due to an indirect action in the atherogenic process induced by alterations in lipopropotein metabolism and the accumulation of lipoproteic remnants. In the postprandial phase these remnants are predominantly and highly atherogenic, stimulating increased formation of macrophages and the induction of vascular inflammation.Twickler et al. recently demonstrated that plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa) are increased during the postprandial period in adults with GHD and are related to the presence of elevated levels of lipoprotein remnants, suggesting that lipoprotein remnants may induce an inflammatory response in endothelial cells and macrophages. In addition, Leonsson et al. have demonstrated that untreated patients with GHD have increased levels of Creactive protein (CRP) and IL-6, and that IL-6 concentrations are independently associated with the degree of common carotid artery intima-media thickness, so that the increased inflammatory activity of the vessel may be the cause of the high IL-6 levels. In adolescents with GHD, we have recently shown how serum levels of CRP, TNFa and fibrinogen are elevated, demonstrating that a pronounced inflammatory response also seems to
A closed-form expression for estimating minimum operating voltage (VDDmin) of CMOS logic gates

In this paper, a closed-form expression for estimating a minimum operating voltage (VDDmin) of CMOS logic gates is proposed. VDDmin is defined as the minimum supply voltage at which circuits can operate correctly. VDDmin of combinational circuits can be written as a linear function of the square-root of logarithm of the number of logic gates and its slope is proportional to the standard deviation of the within-die variation in the threshold voltage difference between PMOS and NMOS transistors. The proposed expression is verified with Monte Carlo simulations using various gate chains. The verification reveals that VDDmin of inverter chains can be estimated within 11% error. The expression is also verified with silicon measurements in a 65nm CMOS process
Pluralizing Methodologies in the Field of LD

The field of learning disabilities (LD) has a complex and complicated history. Tensions over definitions, eligibility criteria, service delivery models, and best practices, as well as epistemological debates, have been a part of that history from its inception. Given our collective struggles, as well as the current realities facing the field, there could not be a more critical moment for a conversation about how it is that we go about knowing what we know. In this concluding essay, we consider how, by focusing so intently on what works, we, as a field, may inadvertently lose sight of what matters. In other words, contrary to the push for narrowing what counts as evidence or knowledge, we examine the potential value in opening up the field to a more diverse range of methods for students who struggle academically. We also challenge taken-for-granted assumptions in the push toward evidence- or research-based practice. Finally, we highlight several compelling themes that we take away from the contributors of this special double issue.
Beneath the Mask: A Group Therapy Model Supporting Children Infected With and Affected by HIV/AIDS

In 2007 a study was conducted to identify the outcomes of an activity-based psychosocial intervention called Leading the Way, a program designed for children infected with and/or affected by HIV/AIDS, based in Toronto, Canada. Qualitative and quantitative data showed that children who were unaware of the HIV status of their families experienced heightened anxiety and depression when compared to children who were aware of the presence of HIV in their families. Furthermore, data indicated that though the intervention positively influenced children's senses of self and their ability to cope and problem solve, deep social stigma surrounding HIV continued to profoundly affect the lives of these children. The ethical dilemmas involved in serving populations of children who have not been disclosed to regarding their own or a family members' HIV status came to light in the development of the program and are discussed in the analysis of data.
Guidelines for Implementing Pair Programming in Introductory CS Courses : Experience Report

Pair programming has been shown to be an effective method of improving the learning outcomes of students in introductory computer science courses. However, much of the existing literature related to pair programming does not focus how to effectively implement pair programming. Researchers studying multiple aspects of pair programming have conducted several empirical studies at our university over the past two years. During this time, researchers received valuable feedback from course instructors about the effects of implementing pair programming in their introductory computer science courses. These instructors also expressed concerns about the use of pair programming in their courses. These include being able to ensure equal participation from pair members and not being able to assess individual learning outcomes effectively. This paper reports these concerns and uses empirical evidence from the pair programming studies to provide guidelines for the effective use of pair programming in beginning programming courses. Based on the experiences at our university along with those experiences of other researchers, we provide recommendations for course design when using pair programming.
Towards Bayesian Deep Learning: A Framework and Some Existing Methods

While perception tasks such as visual object recognition and text understanding play an important role in human intelligence, subsequent tasks that involve inference, reasoning, and planning require an even higher level of intelligence. The past few years have seen major advances in many perception tasks using deep learning models. For higher-level inference, however, probabilistic graphical models with their Bayesian nature are still more powerful and flexible. To achieve integrated intelligence that involves both perception and inference, it is naturally desirable to tightly integrate deep learning and Bayesian models within a principled probabilistic framework, which we call Bayesian deep learning. In this unified framework, the perception of text or images using deep learning can boost the performance of higher-level inference and in return, the feedback from the inference process is able to enhance the perception of text or images. This paper proposes a general framework for Bayesian deep learning and reviews its recent applications on recommender systems, topic models, and control. In this paper, we also discuss the relationship and differences between Bayesian deep learning and other related topics such as the Bayesian treatment of neural networks.
Systems biology Inference of transcriptional regulatory network by two-stage constrained space factor analysis

Motivation: Microarray gene expression and cross-linking chromatin immunoprecipitation data contain voluminous information that can help the identification of transcriptional regulatory networks at the full genome scale. Such high-throughput data are noisy however. In contrast, from the biomedical literature, we can find many evidenced transcription factor (TF)–target gene binding relationships that have beenelucidated at themolecular level. But such sporadically generated knowledge only offers glimpses on limited patches of the network. How to incorporate this valuable knowledge resource to build more reliable network models remains a question. Results: We present a modified factor analysis approach. Our algorithm starts with the evidenced TF–gene linkages. It iterates between the network configuration estimation step and the connection strength estimation step, using the high-throughput data, till convergence. We report two comprehensive regulatory networks obtained for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one under the normal growth condition and the other under the environmental stress condition. Contact: kcli@stat.ucla.edu Supplementary information: http://kiefer.stat.ucla.edu/lap2/ download/bti656_supplement. pdf
Fast Speaker Diarization Using a Specialization Framework for Gaussian Mixture Model Training

Most current speaker diarization systems use agglomerative clustering of Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) to determine “who spoke when” in an audio recording. While state-of-the-art in accuracy, this method is computationally costly, mostly due to the GMM training, and thus limits the performance of current approaches to be roughly real-time. Increased sizes of current datasets require processing of hundreds of hours of data and thus make more efficient processing methods highly desirable. With the emergence of highly parallel multicore and manycore processors, such as graphics processing units (GPUs), one can re-implement GMM training to achieve faster than real-time performance by taking advantage of parallelism in the training computation. However, developing and maintaining the complex low-level GPU code is difficult and requires a deep understanding of the hardware architecture of the parallel processor. Furthermore, such low-level implementations are not readily reusable in other applications and not portable to other platforms, limiting programmer productivity. In this thesis we present a Python-based GMM training specialization framework that abstracts lowlevel GPU code and instead automatically selects the best parallel implementation of the training algorithm based on the diarization problem size and the processor features and maps the computation onto the parallel platform. Our specialization framework can automatically map the GMM training algorithm onto any CUDA-programmable NVIDIA GPU as well as multi-core CPUs. We then present a full speaker diarization system captured in about 50 lines of Python that uses our specialization framework and achieves 37166× faster than real-time performance without significant loss in accuracy. We also investigate a trade-off between diarization accuracy and performance and show that for a 3% gain in Diarization Error Rate (DER), the application performance decreases by 5×. Using our framework allows the scientist to focus on developing the application algorithm while achieving significant additional performance improvements by automatically utilizing parallel hardware.
In vitro fermentation of carbohydrate by breast fed and formula fed infants

Unabsorbed carbohydrates are fermented by colonic bacteria to short chain fatty acids (SCFA) which are rapidly absorbed, salvaging energy and reducing stool output. There are marked differences between the faecal flora and SCFA of breast fed (BF) and formula fed (FF) infants which may be related to the higher incidence of diarrhoea in FF infants. Part of this effect may be caused by a difference in the ability of the microflora to ferment carbohydrate. To test the hypothesis that BF and FF have different fermentation capacities for simple and complex carbohydrates, in vitro cultures of faeces from healthy infants (2-10 weeks; 11 BF, 11 FF) containing glucose, lactose, raftilose (a fructo-oligosaccharide), or soybean polysaccharide were incubated anaerobically. Results were compared with those of adult faecal cultures using the same carbohydrates. Cultures of faeces from BF and FF infants produced comparable amounts of total SCFA in all cultures. These cultures produced less SCFA than those from adult faeces and produced very little SCFA from complex carbohydrate. BF cultures produced more acetic acid than FF in all cultures, whereas FF cultures produced more propionate with sugars and more butyrate with raftilose. Both groups of infants produced less butyrate than adults in all cultures. Thus it is unlikely that a lower ability to ferment carbohydrate is a major cause of increased risk of diarrhoea in FF fed infants but individual SCFA production may be important.
Direct Binding of the pH-Regulated Protein 1 (Pra1) from Candida albicans Inhibits Cytokine Secretion by Mouse CD4+ T Cells

Opportunistic infections with the saprophytic yeast Candida albicans are a major cause of morbidity in immunocompromised patients. While the interaction of cells and molecules of innate immunity with C. albicans has been studied to great depth, comparatively little is known about the modulation of adaptive immunity by C. albicans. In particular, direct interaction of proteins secreted by C. albicans with CD4+ T cells has not been studied in detail. In a first screening approach, we identified the pH-regulated antigen 1 (Pra1) as a molecule capable of directly binding to mouse CD4+ T cells in vitro. Binding of Pra1 to the T cell surface was enhanced by extracellular Zn2+ ions which Pra1 is known to scavenge from the host in order to supply the fungus with Zn2+. In vitro stimulation assays using highly purified mouse CD4+ T cells showed that Pra1 increased proliferation of CD4+ T cells in the presence of plate-bound anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. In contrast, secretion of effector cytokines such as IFNγ and TNF by CD4+ T cells upon anti-CD3/ anti-CD28 mAb as well as cognate antigen stimulation was reduced in the presence of Pra1. By secreting Pra1 C. albicans, thus, directly modulates and partially controls CD4+ T cell responses as shown in our in vitro assays.
Explaining consumer use of renewable energy: determinants and gender and age moderator effects

There is scarce research in the domain of sustainable marketing and renewable energy (RE), despite the importance of this area. In this study, considering the theory of reasoned action (TRA), knowledge about RE (RE_KNOW), attitude toward RE (RE_ATT), willingness to pay more for RE (RE_WPM) and predisposition to ecological consumption behavior (ECCB) were analysed as determinants of the intention to use RE (RE_INT). The results of an online survey confirm all the determinants except RE_WPM. ECCB is the stronger determinant of RE_INT, followed by RE_ATT. A beliefs–attitude–intention link was established which supports the TRA. Furthermore, the moderator effects of sex and age were evaluated. For women and men, the proposed relations do not have significant differences. However, for the younger group, RE_ATT is the only significant determinant of RE_INT, whereas for the older, ECCB and RE_WPM are the significant ones.
IMPRISONMENT LENGTH AND POST-PRISON EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS†

This study considers the relationship between imprisonment length and employment outcomes. The data are a unique prospective, longitudinal study of Dutch pretrial detainees (N = 702). All subjects thus experience prison confinement of varying lengths, although the durations are relatively short (mean = 3.8 months; median = 3.1 months). This contrasts with prior research that was limited to the study of American prison sentences spanning an average of 2 years. These data thus fill a gap in the empirical base concerning short-term confinement, which is the norm in the United States (e.g., jail incarceration) and other Western countries. Using a comprehensive array of pre-prison covariates, a propensity score methodology is used to examine the dose-response relationship between imprisonment length and a variety of employment outcomes. The results indicate that, among prison lengths less than 6 months in duration, longer confinement is largely uncorrelated with employment. In contrast, among spells in excess of 6 months, longer imprisonment length seems to worsen employment prospects. © 2014 American Society of Criminology.