Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The National Cancer Data Base report on patterns of care for testicular carcinoma, 1985–1996

Previous Commission on Cancer data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) have examined time trends in stage of disease, treatment patterns, and survival for selected cancers. In the current study data relating to patients diagnosed with testicular carcinoma in 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996 are described.
β2-Containing Nicotinic Receptors Contribute to the Organization of Sleep and Regulate Putative Micro-Arousals in Mice

The cholinergic system is involved in arousal and in rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). To evaluate the contribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to these functions, we studied with polygraphic recordings the regulation of sleep in mice lacking the β2 subunit gene of the nAChRs, a major component of high-affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain. Nicotine (1-2 mg/kg, i.p.) increased wakefulness in wild-type but not knock-out animals, indicating that β2-containing nAChRs mediate the arousing properties of nicotine. Under normal conditions, the β2-/- mice displayed the same amounts of waking, non-REM sleep (NREMS) and REMS as their wild-type counterparts. However, they exhibited longer REMS episodes and a reduced fragmentation of NREMS by events characterized notably by a transient drop in EEG power and frequently associated with EMG activation, tentatively referred to as micro-arousals. Respiration monitoring showed that these events were accompanied with, but not caused by, breathing irregularities. Sleep deprivation of β2-/- mice resulted in a normal increase in REMS episode duration and NREMS δ power but yielded a reduction of the number of micro-arousals in NREMS. In contrast, in β2-/- mice, a 1 hr immobilization stress failed to produce the normal rebound in REMS in the following 12 hr and, instead, was associated with increased NREMS fragmentation and sustained corticosterone levels. Our results show that the β2-containing nAChRs contribute to the organization of sleep by regulating the transient phasic activity in NREMS, the REMS onset and duration, and the REMS-promoting effect of stress.
Muscle architectural changes after massive human rotator cuff tear

Rotator cuff (RC) tendon tears lead to negative structural and functional changes in the associated musculature. The structural features of muscle that predict function are termed “muscle architecture. ” Although the architectural features of “normal” rotator cuff muscles are known, they are poorly understood in the context of cuff pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tear and repair on RC muscle architecture. To this end thirty cadaveric shoulders were grouped into one of four categories based on tear magnitude: Intact, Full‐thickness tear (FTT), Massive tear (MT), or Intervention if sutures or hardware were present, and key parameters of muscle architecture were measured. We found that muscle mass and fiber length decreased proportionally with tear size, with significant differences between all groups. Conversely, sarcomere number was reduced in both FTT and MT with no significant difference between these two groups, in large part because sarcomere length was significantly reduced in MT but not FTT. The loss of muscle mass in FTT is due, in part, to subtraction of serial sarcomeres, which may help preserve sarcomere length. This indicates that function in FTT may be impaired, but there is some remaining mechanical loading to maintain “normal” sarcomere length‐tension relationships. However, the changes resulting from MT suggest more severe limitations in force‐generating capacity because sarcomere length‐tension relationships are no longer normal. The architectural deficits observed in MT muscles may indicate deeper deficiencies in muscle adaptability to length change, which could negatively impact RC function despite successful anatomical repair. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2089–2095, 2016.
Migraine and cognitive decline in the population-based EVA study

Background: Previous studies on migraine and cognition have shown mixed results. However, many could not assess the relationship between migraine and change in cognitive function or only used a limited number of cognitive tests. Methods: Prospective cohort study among 1170 participants of the Epidemiology of Vascular Ageing Study who provided information about migraine status and completed cognitive testing. Participants were classified as having no severe headache, non-migraine headache and migraine. Cognitive functioning was measured at up to four time points using nine different cognitive functioning tests. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the relationship between migraine status and change in cognitive function. Results: Of the 1170 participants, 938 had no severe headache, 167 had migraine, and 65 had non-migraine headache. After adjusting for age, gender, education and smoking status, people with migraine or non-migraine headache did not experience a greater rate of cognitive decline than those without headache or migraine in any domain (for the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), p-values were 0.68 for the non-migraine headache and time interaction and 0.85 for the migraine and time interaction) during 4–5 years of follow-up. For the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, those with migraine declined less over time (p-value = 0.02). Conclusion: Migraine was not associated with faster cognitive decline over time.
Methylation of p15INK4b and Expression of ANRIL on Chromosome 9p21 Are Associated with Coronary Artery Disease

Objectives Genome-wide association studies have identified that multiple SNPs on Chr9p21 are tightly associated with CAD. However, the mechanism linking this risk locus to CAD remains unclear. Methods The methylation status of six candidate genes (BAX, BCL-2, TIMP3, p14ARF, p15INK4b and p16INK4a) in 205 patients and controls who underwent coronary angiography were analysed by quantitative MethyLight assay. Rs10757274 was genotyped and expression of INK4/ARF and antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Serum levels of TGF-β1 were measured by ELISA. Results Compared with controls, DNA methylation levels at p15INK4b promoter significantly increased in CAD patients (p=0.006). The rs10757274 genotype was significantly associated with CAD (p=0.003) and GG genotype carriers had a higher level of ANRIL exon 1–5 expression compared among three genotypes (p=0.009). There was a stepwise increase in p15INK4b and p16INK4a methylation as ANRIL exon 1–5 expression elevated (r=0.23, p=0.001 and r=0.24, p=0.001, respectively), although neither of two loci methylation was directly linked to rs10757274 genotype. Conclusions p15INK4b methylation is associated with CAD and ANRIL expression. The epigenetic changes in p15INK4b methylation and ANRIL expression may involve in the mechanisms of Chr9p21 on CAD development.
Linking Fearfulness and Coping Styles in Fish

Consistent individual differences in cognitive appraisal and emotional reactivity, including fearfulness, are important personality traits in humans, non-human mammals, and birds. Comparative studies on teleost fishes support the existence of coping styles and behavioral syndromes also in poikilothermic animals. The functionalist approach to emotions hold that emotions have evolved to ensure appropriate behavioral responses to dangerous or rewarding stimuli. Little information is however available on how evolutionary widespread these putative links between personality and the expression of emotional or affective states such as fear are. Here we disclose that individual variation in coping style predicts fear responses in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, using the principle of avoidance learning. Fish previously screened for coping style were given the possibility to escape a signalled aversive stimulus. Fearful individuals showed a range of typically reactive traits such as slow recovery of feed intake in a novel environment, neophobia, and high post-stress cortisol levels. Hence, emotional reactivity and appraisal would appear to be an essential component of animal personality in species distributed throughout the vertebrate subphylum.
Microarray analysis reveals age-related differences in gene expression during the development of osteoarthritis in mice.

OBJECTIVE To better understand the contribution of age to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) was used to model OA in 12-week-old and 12-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. OA severity was evaluated histologically. RNA used for microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was isolated from joint tissue collected from the medial side of the joint, including cartilage, meniscus, subchondral bone, and the joint capsule with synovium. Computational analysis was used to identify patterns of gene expression, and immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate tissue distribution of selected proteins. RESULTS OA was more severe in older mice than in young mice. Only 55 genes showed a similar expression with DMM-induced OA in the 2 age groups, while 493 genes showed differential expression, the majority having increased expression in older mice. Functional categories for similarly expressed genes included extracellular matrix- and cell adhesion-related genes; differentially expressed genes included those related to muscle structure and development and immune response genes. Comparison of expression in sham-operated control joints revealed an age-related decrease in matrix gene expression and an increase in immune and defense response gene expression. Interleukin-33 was present in multiple joint tissue cells, while CCL21 was more localized to chondrocytes and meniscal cells. Periostin was found in the extracellular matrix of cartilage and meniscus. CONCLUSION Age affects both the basal pattern of gene expression in joint tissues and the response to surgically induced OA. Examining tissue from the joint beyond only cartilage revealed novel genes and proteins that would be important to consider in OA.
Adaptive human behavior in epidemiological models

The science and management of infectious disease are entering a new stage. Increasingly public policy to manage epidemics focuses on motivating people, through social distancing policies, to alter their behavior to reduce contacts and reduce public disease risk. Person-to-person contacts drive human disease dynamics. People value such contacts and are willing to accept some disease risk to gain contact-related benefits. The cost–benefit trade-offs that shape contact behavior, and hence the course of epidemics, are often only implicitly incorporated in epidemiological models. This approach creates difficulty in parsing out the effects of adaptive behavior. We use an epidemiological–economic model of disease dynamics to explicitly model the trade-offs that drive person-to-person contact decisions. Results indicate that including adaptive human behavior significantly changes the predicted course of epidemics and that this inclusion has implications for parameter estimation and interpretation and for the development of social distancing policies. Acknowledging adaptive behavior requires a shift in thinking about epidemiological processes and parameters.
Effect of Age on Components of Peripheral Ocular Aberrations

Purpose. To investigate the effect of age on the contributions of the anterior cornea and internal components to ocular aberrations in the peripheral visual field. Methods. Ocular aberrations were measured in 10 young emmetropes and 7 older emmetropes using a modified commercial Hartmann-Shack aberrometer across 42° × 32° of central visual field. Anterior corneal aberrations were estimated from anterior corneal topography using theoretical ray-tracing. Internal aberrations were calculated by subtracting anterior corneal aberrations from ocular aberrations. Results. Anterior corneal aberrations of young subjects were reasonably compensated by the internal aberrations, except for astigmatism for which the internal contribution was small out to the 21° field limit. The internal coma and spherical aberration of the older subjects were considerably smaller in magnitude than those of the young subjects such that the compensation for anterior corneal aberrations was poorer. This can be explained by age-related changes in the lens shape and refractive index distribution. Conclusions. Loss of balance between anterior cornea and internal components of higher order aberrations with increasing age, found previously for on-axis vision, applies also to the peripheral visual field.
Quantitative screening for fluconazole—amphotericin B antagonism in several Candida albicans strains by a comparative agar diffusion assay

Summary. Antagonism between fluconazole (FCZ) and amphotericin B (AMB) was determined with an agar diffusion technique using series of agar plates containing no or 10 mgl‐1 FCZ (comparative diffusion assay). Serial dilutions of AMB produced concentration‐dependent inhibition zones that varied between the two agar plate series. This technique served as screening method to determine FCZ—AMB interactions in 18 Candida albicans strains. The critical concentrations of AMB were enhanced 1.33‐ to 7.0‐fold by FCZ. The critical time, T0 was reduced by half by FCZ.
The effect of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional perspective view displays on situation awareness during command and control

The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of information technologies, specifically 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) perspective view displays, on situation awareness (SA) in a command and control environment. Furthermore, the influence of experience on SA while using the displays was investigated. SA of 10 air mission controllers (AMCs) was evaluated while using both displays during a simulated interception scenario. The protocol required each AMC to command two fighter jets in order to complete a successful intercept. The SA requirements for the scenario were extracted using a goal directed task analysis whereby the SA queries were derived. Significant differences (p <; 0.05) were found between the 2D and 3D displays for Level 1 SA while no significant differences were found for Level 2 and Level 3. The experienced AMCs demonstrated higher levels of SA at all 3 levels irrespective of display type but the differences were not significant. It is therefore deemed that experience does not play a major role in gaining SA when using the 3D display. This was expected because neither group had any prior experience with the 3D display. Level 1 SA was significantly higher for both the experienced and less experienced groups when using the 2D display. Level 1 was also significantly higher than Level 3 for both the experienced and less experienced groups when using the 3D display. The implication of these results are that although the AMCs were able to comprehend the mission, they were unable to perceive and project accurately what was going to happen next in the scenario when using the 3D display. Therefore the 3D display did not contribute towards improved SA or provide an advantage to command and control performance above that of the 2D display.
Personality as a moderator of corporate social responsibility's effect on applicant reactions

OF THE THESIS Personality as a Moderator of Corporate Social Responsibility’s Effect on Applicant Reactions by Jessika Denise Reliford Master of Science in Psychology with a Concentration in Applied Psychology San Diego State University, 2012 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the action an organization takes to care for and enhance the conditions of its community, environment, and other stakeholders. Specifically, internal CSR includes socially responsible practices that concern people within the organization, while external CSR includes actions targeting stakeholders outside of the organization. Research has found that CSR contributes to corporate sustainability and positive consumer impressions, but little research has examined the effects of CSR on recruitment. Job seekers’ attraction to an organization may be caused by a combined effect of personality and CSR. The present study used correlations, confirmatory factory analysis, and hierarchical linear regression analysis to investigate (1) CSR’s effect on applicant reactions, (2) organizational attraction’s role as a mediator between CSR and job pursuit intentions, and (3) whether personality can buffer or enhance the effect of CSR on applicant reactions. Participants in the present research were 385 students recruited from social sciences and business administration courses at SDSU. Participants responded to one of four vignettes depicting an organization engaging in varying amounts of CSR. Measures of organizational attraction, job pursuit intentions, procedural justice, and personality, specifically optimism, negative affectivity, positive affectivity, belief in a just world, and cynicism, were collected from participants. It was hypothesized that internal and external CSR have a positive relationship with organizational attraction and job pursuit intentions. Furthermore, internal and external CSR’s effects on job pursuit intentions were hypothesized to be mediated by organizational attraction. Finally, participants who report positive outlooks (high optimism, low negative affectivity, high positive affectivity, high belief in a just world, and low cynicism) were hypothesized to have higher organizational attraction to an organization with internal/external CSR initiatives than participants with less positive outlooks (low optimism, high negative affectivity, low positive affectivity, low belief in a just world, and high cynicism). Results showed that external and internal CSR, as well as their interaction had a significant correlation with organizational attraction. Internal CSR also had a positive relationship with job pursuit intentions. Optimism and positive affectivity were found to be significant moderators of external CSR’s effect on organizational attraction. The interaction between positive affectivity and external CSR also had a significant correlation with job pursuit intentions. This study contributes to the recruitment, CSR, and personality literature, and adds unique insight about the role of personality as a moderator.
Targeting Glycemic Control After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The Influence of Age on Insulin Requirement*

Objective: Factors influencing the development of hyperglycemia and pattern of insulin requirement in children undergoing cardiac surgery are poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of age on the pattern of hyperglycemia and insulin requirement in children after cardiac surgery. Design: Cohort study, based on a prospectively collected dataset for patients enrolled into the Control of Hyperglycemia in Pediatric Intensive Care trial. Setting: A 24-bedded multidisciplinary PICU. Patients: Children randomized to the tight glycemic control arm (target blood glucose, 4–7 mmol/L [72–126 mg/dL]) of the Control of Hyperglycemia in Pediatric Intensive Care trial following cardiac surgery. Children were categorized into four age groups (neonate, 1–30 d; infant, 31–365 d; young child, 1–5 yr; older child, 5–16 yr) for analyses of patterns of hyperglycemia and insulin requirement over the 12-hour period following initiation of insulin. Interventions: Insulin titration was performed based on blood glucose value and rate of change of blood glucose using an algorithm developed for the Control of Hyperglycemia in Pediatric Intensive Care trial. Measurements and Main Results: Of 92 children, 72 children (78%) randomized to the tight glycemic control group developed hyperglycemia (blood glucose, > 7 mmol/L [126 mg/dL]) and received insulin. Older age was associated with higher blood glucose and a higher insulin dose per kilogram over the first 3 hours of the study period (p ⩽ 0.02). Cumulative insulin dose was significantly higher in older children (median, 1.3 U/kg [range, 0.2–5.75]) compared with other age groups (neonate, 0.37 [0.05–2.2]; infant, 0.45 [0.05–2.2]; young child, 0.35 [0.05–0.81]) (p = 0.004). Age group, rather than body mass index, carbohydrate intake, or cardiac surgery variables, was the only variable (coefficient: 1.14 ± 0.3; p < 0.001) associated with cumulative insulin dose on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: When tight glycemic control is targeted in children who have undergone cardiac surgery, children in the older child age group (5–16 yr) require insulin at significantly higher doses. Further study is needed to understand the mechanisms involved.
Supersymmetry-breaking loops from analytic continuation into superspace

We extend to all orders in perturbation theory a method to calculate supersymmetry-breaking effects by analytic continuation of the renormalization group into superspace. A central observation is that the renormalized gauge coupling can be extended to a real vector superfield, thereby including soft breaking effects in the gauge sector. We explain the relation between this vector superfield coupling and the "holomorphic" gauge coupling, which is a chiral superfield running only at one loop. We consider these issues for a number of regulators, including dimensional reduction. With this method, the renormalization group equations for soft-supersymmetry-breaking terms are directly related to supersymmetric beta functions and anomalous dimensions to all orders in perturbation theory. However, the real power of the formalism lies in computing finite soft breaking effects corresponding to high-loop component calculations. We prove that the gaugino mass in gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking is "screened" from strong interactions in the messenger sector. We present a complete next-to-leading calculation of gaugino masses (two loops) and sfermion masses (three loops! in minimal gauge mediation and several other calculations of phenomenological relevance. [S0556-2821(98)06319-X].
BUBBLE CHARACTERISTICS AND CONVECTIVE EFFECTS IN THE FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF BINARY MIXTURES

Binary mixture pool boiling has been extensively studied in literature, and there are well established models to predict the effects of mass diffusion and interfacial temperature rise on the bubble growth and associated heat transfer phenomena. The present work focuses on obtaining the bubble growth and heat transfer characteristics of pure water and water/ethylene glycol mixtures during subcooled flow over a 9.5 mm dia circular heater placed in a narrow channel of 3 mm x 40 mm cross section. The bubble growth is observed using a high speed camera (1000 fps) under a magnification of 290X. The bubble growth is seen to slow down considerably in binary mixtures. The experimental results for the bubble growth rate under flow conditions are compared with the models developed for binary pool boiling conditions. The pool boiling models are observed to apply reasonably well in the early stages of bubble growth. The heat transfer rate and its dependence on the wall superheat is investigated for the binary mixtures. The heat transfer characteristics are significantly different from those observed for the pure components. The transition to nucleate boiling dominant region at higher wall superheats is affected considerably for binary mixtures. Experimental data is presented showing these effects.
Inverse obstacle scattering with non-over-determined data

It is proved that the scattering amplitude $A(\beta, \alpha_0, k_0)$, known for all $\beta\in S^2$, where $S^2$ is the unit sphere in $\mathbb{R}^3$, and fixed $\alpha_0\in S^2$ and $k_0>0$, determines uniquely the surface $S$ of the obstacle $D$ and the boundary condition on $S$. The boundary condition on $S$ is assumed to be the Dirichlet, or Neumann, or the impedance one. The uniqueness theorem for the solution of multidimensional inverse scattering problems with non-over-determined data was not known for many decades. Such a theorem is proved in this paper for inverse scattering by obstacles for the first time.