Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Forkhead Box m1b transcription factor is essential for hepatocyte DNA replication and mitosis during mouse liver regeneration

The Forkhead Box (Fox) proteins are an extensive family of transcription factors that shares homology in the winged helix DNA-binding domain and whose members play essential roles in cellular proliferation, differentiation, transformation, longevity, and metabolic homeostasis. Liver regeneration studies with transgenic mice demonstrated that FoxM1B regulates the onset of hepatocyte DNA replication and mitosis by stimulating expression of cell cycle genes. Here, we demonstrate that albumin-promoter-driven Cre recombinase-mediated hepatocyte-specific deletion of the Foxm1b Floxed (fl) targeted allele resulted in significant reduction in hepatocyte DNA replication and inhibition of mitosis after partial hepatectomy. Reduced DNA replication in regenerating Foxm1b−/− hepatocytes was associated with sustained increase in nuclear staining of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21Cip1 (p21) protein between 24 and 40 h after partial hepatectomy. Furthermore, increased nuclear p21 levels and reduced expression of Cdc25A phosphatase coincided with decreases in Cdk2 activation and hepatocyte progression into S-phase. Moreover, the significant reduction in hepatocyte mitosis was associated with diminished mRNA levels and nuclear expression of Cdc25B phosphatase and delayed accumulation of cyclin B1 protein, which is required for Cdk1 activation and entry into mitosis. Cotransfection studies demonstrate that FoxM1B protein directly activated transcription of the Cdc25B promoter region. Our present study shows that the mammalian Foxm1b transcription factor regulates expression of cell cycle proteins essential for hepatocyte entry into DNA replication and mitosis.
An alternative model for the aetiology of depression

The cognitive theory of depressogenesis (Beck, 1967, 1976) suggests that particular forms of schematic processing develop in response to early life challenge and that depression is a result of the interaction between these early maladaptive schemas (or negative attributional styles) and subsequent life challenge. Recent research has indicated that cognitive exhaustion (Kofta & Sedek, 1999; Sedek & Kofta, 1990) may be a contributing factor in the development of helplessness in response to the effect of continued cognitive effort without the reduction of uncertainty. Other research (Hambrick & Engle, 2003) suggests that irreducible uncertainty may be a response to a failure of cognitive suppression in problem-solving. This study aims to establish if those participants who are presently depressed and those who have recovered from depression have a longer response time on a social problem-solving task, suggesting a difficulty with cognitive suppression, than those participants who have never been depressed. Three groups of participants – presently depressed, recovered depressed, and never depressed – were assessed using measures of depression, problem-solving style and a social problem-solving task. The results suggest that, in contrast to neverdepressed participants, depressed and recovered depressed participants had longer response times on the social problem-solving task, providing support for the hypothesis that depression status is related to problem-solving efficiency, which may be a response to a failure of cognitive suppression.
Anisotropic Step Stiffness from a Kinetic Model of Epitaxial Growth

Starting from a detailed model for the kinetics of a step edge or island boundary, we derive a Gibbs–Thomson-type formula and the associated step stiffness as a function of the step edge orientation angle, $\theta$. Basic ingredients of the model are (i) the diffusion of point defects (“adatoms”) on terraces and along step edges; (ii) the convection of kinks along step edges; and (iii) constitutive laws that relate adatom fluxes, sources for kinks, and the kink velocity with densities via a mean-field approach. This model has a kinetic (nonequilibrium) steady-state solution that corresponds to epitaxial growth through step flow. The step stiffness, $\tilde{\beta}(\theta)$, is determined via perturbations of the kinetic steady state for small edge Peclet number P, which is the ratio of the deposition to the diffusive flux along a step edge. In particular, $\tilde{\beta}$ is found to satisfy $\tilde{\beta} =O(\theta^{-1})$ for $O(P^{1/3}) <\theta \ll 1$, which is in agreement with independent, equilibrium-b.
Riemannian Optimization for High-Dimensional Tensor Completion

Tensor completion aims to reconstruct a high-dimensional data set where the vast majority of entries is missing. The assumption of low-rank structure in the underlying original data allows us to cast the completion problem into an optimization problem restricted to the manifold of fixed-rank tensors. Elements of this smooth embedded submanifold can be efficiently represented in the tensor train or matrix product states format with storage complexity scaling linearly with the number of dimensions. We present a nonlinear conjugate gradient scheme within the framework of Riemannian optimization which exploits this favorable scaling. Numerical experiments and comparison to existing methods show the effectiveness of our approach for the approximation of multivariate functions. Finally, we show that our algorithm can obtain competitive reconstructions from uniform random sampling of few entries compared to adaptive sampling techniques such as cross-approximation.
Ice core evidence for an explosive tropical volcanic eruption 6 years preceding Tambora

High-resolution analyses of ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland reveal an explosive volcanic eruption in the tropics in A.D. 1809 which is not reflected in the historical record. A comparison in the same ice cores of the sulfate flux from the A.D. 1809 eruption to that from the Tambora eruption (A.D. 1815) indicates a near-equatorial location and a magnitude roughly half that of Tambora. Thus this event should be considered comparable to other eruptions producing large volumes ofsulfur-rich gases such as Coseguina, Krakatau, Agung, and El Chichtn. The increase in the atmospheric concentration of sulfuric acid may have contributed to the northern hemisphere cooling observed in the early nineteenth century and may account partially for the decline in surface temperatures which preceded the eruption of Tamborn in A.D. 1815.
A Multi-channel 4D Probabilistic Atlas of the Developing Brain: Application to Fetuses and Neonates

Brain atlases are widely used in the neuroscience community as a tool for providing a standard space for comparison of subjects. Most efforts so far have focused on single modality brain atlases, however, the need remains for a multi-channel spatio-temporal atlas to model the dynamic changes in multiple modalities and to provide tissue priors used to enhance the intensity-based classification of brain MRI. In this paper, we present an approach for constructing a 4D multi-channel atlas of the developing preterm brain which incorporates multiple modalities and tissue segmentations. Moreover, the approach is applied to a new dataset of magnetic resonance (MR) images from 80 fetuses aged between 23 and 37 weeks gestational age (GA) at time of scan. The resulting atlases showed to improve atlas-based automatic segmentation comparing to probabilistic atlases generated using affine registration. Also, the fetal atlas provides a natural benchmark for assessing preterm born neonates and give some insight into differences between the groups. The atlases are publicly available at www.brain-development.org.
Examining Adjunct Instructor Characteristics, Perceived Fit, and Teaching Modality to Determine if They Predict Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction at a Midwestern Career College.

3 DEDICATION 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 List of Tables 10 List of Figures 11 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 12 Background of the Study 13 Theoretical Framework 16 Problem Statement 20 Purpose Statement 23 Significance Statement 23 Research Questions and Hypotheses 24 Selection and Identification of Variables 27 Age 33 Gender 33 Employment Status 33 Education Level 33 Teaching Experience 33 Course Load 34 Teaching Discipline 34 Ethnicity 34 Teaching Modality 34
Online learning for collaborative filtering

Collaborative filtering (CF), aiming at predicting users' unknown preferences based on observational preferences from some users, has become one of the most successful methods to building recommender systems. Various approaches to CF have been proposed in this area, but seldom do they consider the dynamic scenarios: 1) new items arriving in the system, 2) new users joining the system; or 3) new rating updating the system are all dynamically obtained with respect to time. To capture these changes, in this paper, we develop an online learning framework for collaborative filtering. Specifically, we construct this framework consisting of two state-of-the-art matrix factorization based CF methods: the probabilistic matrix factorization and the top-one probability based ranking matrix factorization. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed online algorithms bring several attractive advantages: 1) they scale linearly with the number of observed ratings and the size of latent features; 2) they obviate the need to load all ratings in memory; 3) they can adapt to new ratings easily. Finally, we conduct a series of detailed experiments on real-world datasets to demonstrate the merits of the proposed online learning algorithms under various settings.
Performance of 45 laboratories participating in a proficiency testing program for Lyme disease serology.

OBJECTIVE We show that significant interlaboratory and intralaboratory variations exist in Lyme disease proficiency testing. DESIGN Six case-defined Lyme serum samples and three serum samples from individuals with no history of Lyme disease were randomized in four shipments and distributed to 45 participating laboratories. RESULTS Interlaboratory and intralaboratory performances were highly variable. Approximately 4% to 21% of laboratories failed to identify correctly positive serum samples with titers of 512 or more using polyvalent serum or immunoglobulin G conjugates. With lower levels of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibody in the serum sample, approximately 55% of participating laboratories did not identify a case-defined serum. There was also a striking inability of many laboratories to reproduce their results on split samples from the same individual. In addition, 2% to 7% of laboratories identified serum samples from individuals with no known exposure to B burgdorferi as positive using polyvalent serum. The false positivity rate increased to 27% with the use of immunoglobulin G conjugate. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that there is an urgent need for standardization of current testing methodologies. Until a national commitment is made, serological testing for Lyme disease will be of questionable value for the diagnosis of the disease.
Towards the effective temporal association mining of spam blacklists

IP blacklists are a well-regarded anti-spam mechanism that capture global spamming patterns. These properties make such lists a practical ground-truth by which to study email spam behaviors. Observing one blacklist for nearly a year-and-a-half, we collected data on roughly half a billion listing events. In this paper, that data serves two purposes. First, we conduct a measurement study on the dynamics of blacklists and email spam at-large. The magnitude/duration of the data enables scrutiny of long-term trends, at scale. Further, these statistics help parameterize our second task: the mining of blacklist history for temporal association rules. That is, we search for IP addresses with correlated histories. Strong correlations would suggest group members are not independent entities and likely share botnet membership. Unfortunately, we find that statistically significant groupings are rare. This result is reinforced when rules are evaluated in terms of their ability to: (1) identify shared botnet members, using ground-truth from botnet infiltrations and sinkholes, and (2) predict future blacklisting events. In both cases, performance improvements over a control classifier are nominal. This outcome forces us to re-examine the appropriateness of blacklist data for this task, and suggest refinements to our mining model that may allow it to better capture the dynamics by which botnets operate.
The Effects of Double-Blind versus Single-Blind Reviewing: Experimental Evidence from The American Economic Review

The results from a randomized experiment conducted at the American Economic Review on the effects of double-blind versus single-blind peer reviewing on acceptance rates and referee rating indicate that acceptance rates are lower and referees are more critical when the reviewer is unaware of the author's identity. These patterns are not significantly different between female and male authors. Authors at top-ranked universities and at colleges and low-ranked universities are largely unaffected by the different reviewing practices, but the authors at near-top-ranked universities and at nonacademic institutions have lower acceptance rates under double-blind reviewing. Copyright 1991 by American Economic Association.
The knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the sexual attitudes and behaviour of adolescents with learning difficulties/disabilities.

The focus of this study was to assess the level of knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and to examine the sexual attitudes and behaviour of adolescents with learning difficulties/disabilities. The sample was obtained from a secondary school in Chatsworth that caters for learners with learning difficulties/disabilities. The study used quantitative methods of data collection . Sixty adolescents with learning disabilities completed questionnaires. The findings indicate that adolescents with learning difficulties/disabilities have good knowledge of HIV/AIDS and subsequently the majority is not engaging in sexual activity. The findings can be used to inform future research on adolescents with learning difficulties/disabilities, as well as to inform future intervention strategies.
Probing the structure of the conduction pathway of the sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel with permeant and impermeant organic cations

The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-release channel plays a central role in cardiac muscle function by providing a ligand-regulated pathway for the release of sequestered Ca2+ to initiate contraction following cell excitation. The efficiency of the channel as a Ca(2+)-release pathway will be influenced by both gating and conductance properties of the system. In the past we have investigated conduction and discrimination of inorganic mono- and divalent cations with the aim of describing the mechanisms governing ion handling in the channel (Tinker, A., A.R. G. Lindsay, and A.J. Williams. 1992. Journal of General Physiology. 100:495-517.). In the present study, we have used permeant and impermeant organic cations to provide additional information on structural features of the conduction pathway. The use of permeant organic cations in biological channels to explore structural motifs underlying selectivity has been an important tool for the electrophysiologist. We have examined the conduction properties of a series of monovalent organic cations of varying size in the purified sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-release channel. Relative permeability, determined from the reversal potential measured under bi- ionic conditions with 210-mM test cation at the cytoplasmic face of the channel and 210 mM K+ at the luminal, was related inversely to the minimum circular cation radius. The reversal potential was concentration-independent. The excluded area hypothesis, with and without a term for solute-wall friction, described the data well and gave a lower estimate for minimum pore radius of 3.3-3.5 A. Blocking studies with the impermeant charged derivative of triethylamine reveal that this narrowing occurs over the first 10-20% of the voltage drop when crossing from the lumen of the SR to the cytoplasm. Single-channel conductances were measured in symmetrical 210 mM salt. Factors other than relative permeability determine conductance as ions with similar relative permeability can have widely varying single-channel conductance. Permeant ions, such as the charged derivatives of trimethylamine and diethylmethylamine, can also inhibit K+ current. The reduction in relative conductance with increasing concentrations of these two ions at a holding potential of 60 mV was described by a rectangular hyperbola and revealed higher affinity binding for diethylmethylamine as compared to trimethylamine. It was possible to describe the complex permeation properties of these two ions using a single-ion four barrier, three binding site Eyring rate theory model. In conclusion, these studies reveal that the cardiac Ca(2+)-release channel has a selectivity filter of approximately 3.5-A radius located at the luminal face of the protein. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Probing the absorbing haloes around two high-redshift radio galaxies with VLT-UVES

We present VLT-UVES echelle spectroscopy of the HI and C IV absorption in the spatially- extended Lyemission around two high-redshift radio galaxies 0200+015 (z=2.23) and 0943- 242 (z=2.92). The absorbers in 0943-242 exhibit little additional struct ure compared with previous low- resolution spectroscopy and the main absorber is still consistent with HI column density of ∼ 10 19 cm 2 . This is consistent with a picture in which the absorbing gas has low density and low metallicity and is distributed in a smooth absorbing shell located beyond the emission- line gas. However, the main absorbers in 0200+015 are very different. The previous single absorber fit of H I column density ≃ 10 19 cm 2 , now splits into two ∼ 4 × 10 14 cm 2 ab- sorbers which extend more than 15 kpc to obscure additional Lyemission coincident with a radio lobe in these high-resolution observations. Althoug h consistent with the shell-like dis- tribution for the absorption systems, 0200+015 requires a much higher metal enrichment than 0943-242. The metallicity, inferred from the C IV absorption, is considerably lower in 0943- 242 than in 0200+015. We explain these differences with an evolutionary scenario based on the size of the radio source. In both sources the HI absorption gas originates from either a gas-rich merger or pristine cluster gas which cools and collapses towards the centre of the dark matter halo. The higher metallicity in the larger radio source (0200+015) may be a result of a starburst driven superwind (concurrent with the triggering of the radio emission) which has engulfed the outer halo in this older source. We also find a significant blue asymmetry in the HeII �1640 emission line, suggesting that the line emitting gas is outflowing from the central regi ons. Dust obscuration toward the central engine, presumably due to the dusty torus invoked in Unified Scheme, prevents us from seeing outflow away from our line-of-sight.
'Alien Abductions', Kimberley Aboriginal Rock-paintings, and the Speculation about Human Origins: On Some Investments in Cultural Tourism in the Northern Kimberley

Controversy over the origins of the 'Bradshaw' or Gwion paintings of the northern Kimberley are considered in the context of the very pragmatic struggle over land, Indigenous Australian economic interests and the representations that are made of Aborigines in the media, the academy and the fledgling cultural tourism industry in the remote northwest of Western Australia. In regard to cultural tourism, some less conscious determinants of non-Indigenous fantasies about Aboriginal societies are identified as both stimulants to cultural tourism but also operating as constraining stereotypes.
Accumulation Rates during 1311–2011 CE in North-Central Greenland Derived from Air-Borne Radar Data

Radar–detected internal layering contains information on past accumulation rates and patterns. In this study, we assume that the radar layers are isochrones, and use the layer stratigraphy in combination with ice-core measurements and numerical methods to retrieve accumulation information for the northern part of central Greenland. Measurements of the dielectric properties of an ice core from the NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) site, allow for correlation of the radar layers with volcanic horizons to obtain an accurate age of the layers. We obtain accumulation patterns averaged over 100 a for the period 1311–2011. Our results show a clear trend of high accumulation rates west of the ice divide and low accumulation rates east of the ice divide. At the NEEM site the accumulation pattern is persistent during our study period and only small temporal variations occur in the accumulation rate. However, from approximately 200 km south of the NEEM drill site, the accumulation rate shows temporal variations based on our centennial averages. We attribute this variation to shifts in the location of the high–low accumulation boundary that usually is aligned with the ice divide, but appears to have moved across the divide in the past.
An Economic Theory of Foreign Interventions and Regime Change

I construct a theory of foreign interventions in which a home country's main trade partner may influence the course of regime change. The foreign country intervenes in support of the group that draws the largest gains from trade, since such a group is willing to concede most in trade agreements. But interventions are more than offset by the domestic political system, which supports in power the group that concedes least (economic nationalism). I allow for geopolitical competition between the main trade partner and a second foreign country as well as for domestic ideological preferences over the two and look at how geopolitical competition interacts with the economic mechanism described above. My results help interpret some of the patterns of Western interventions in the 20th century and the role of economic nationalism in regime change. Furthermore, they help explain why the Cold War strengthened the West's preference for incumbent elites, even when the oppositions did not have a strong communist ideology. I provide detailed historical evidence in favour of my arguments.
Characterization of big dynorphins from rat brain and spinal cord

To examine the processing of products of the dynorphin gene in the central nervous system, immunoreactive (ir) dynorphin (Dyn) A, Dyn B, Dyn A-(1-8), alpha- and beta-neo-endorphin (alpha- and beta-Neo) in rat brain and spinal cord were measured, using specific antisera after gel filtration and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three peaks of Mr about 8, 4, and 2 kDa for ir-Dyn A and ir-Dyn B, and one peak of Mr less than 2 kDa for ir-Dyn A-(1-8), ir-alpha-, and ir-beta- Neo were found both in the brain and in the spinal cord. The 8 kDa peak was recognized by Dyn A and Dyn B antisera and, after hydrolysis by proline-specific endopeptidase, by beta-Neo antiserum. The 8 kDa peak was recognized by a monoclonal antibody against the amino terminal sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe of all opioid peptides and by an antiserum directed toward the carboxyl terminus of Dyn B, indicating that it contains, from the amino terminal tyrosine of neo-endorphin to the carboxyl-terminal threonine of Dyn B, all 3 opioid peptide regions in the prodynorphin. By means of proline-specific endopeptidase hydrolysis, we also found a big dynorphin precursor (Mr approximately equal to 26 kDa) in both brain and spinal cord.