Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Collective Inference

Collective inference is widely used to improve classification in network datasets. However, despite recent advances in deep learning and the successes of recurrent neural networks (RNNs), researchers have only just recently begun to study how to apply RNNs to heterogeneous graph and network datasets. There has been recent work on using RNNs for unsupervised learning in networks (e.g., graph clustering, node embedding) and for prediction (e.g., link prediction, graph classification), but there has been little work on using RNNs for node-based relational classification tasks. In this paper, we provide an end-to-end learning framework using RNNs for collective inference. Our main insight is to transform a node and its set of neighbors into an unordered sequence (of varying length) and use an LSTM-based RNN to predict the class label as the output of that sequence. We develop a collective inference method, which we refer to as Deep Collective Inference (DCI), that uses semi-supervised learning in partially-labeled networks and two label distribution correction mechanisms for imbalanced classes. We compare to several alternative methods on seven network datasets. DCI achieves up to a 12% reduction in error compared to the best alternative and a 25% reduction in error on average — over all methods, for all label proportions.
A Comparison of Computational Models for Eukaryotic Cell Shape and Motility

Eukaryotic cell motility involves complex interactions of signalling molecules, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and mechanics interacting in space and time. Collectively, these components are used by the cell to interpret and respond to external stimuli, leading to polarization, protrusion, adhesion formation, and myosin-facilitated retraction. When these processes are choreographed correctly, shape change and motility results. A wealth of experimental data have identified numerous molecular constituents involved in these processes, but the complexity of their interactions and spatial organization make this a challenging problem to understand. This has motivated theoretical and computational approaches with simplified caricatures of cell structure and behaviour, each aiming to gain better understanding of certain kinds of cells and/or repertoire of behaviour. Reaction–diffusion (RD) equations as well as equations of viscoelastic flows have been used to describe the motility machinery. In this review, we describe some of the recent computational models for cell motility, concentrating on simulations of cell shape changes (mainly in two but also three dimensions). The problem is challenging not only due to the difficulty of abstracting and simplifying biological complexity but also because computing RD or fluid flow equations in deforming regions, known as a “free-boundary” problem, is an extremely challenging problem in applied mathematics. Here we describe the distinct approaches, comparing their strengths and weaknesses, and the kinds of biological questions that they have been able to address.
Developing Perceptions of Competence during Practice Learning

Summary Practice learning is central to the changes in social work education in the UK but the evidence-base indicating why this should be has not been rigorously examined. Studies of effectiveness conducted to date centre predominantly on the satisfaction of participants, relationships between teachers, supervisors or fieldwork educators and students, educational opportunities and developing aspects of competence. This paper explores the concept of perceived self-belief or self-efficacy as an indicator of development of competence during practice learning, examining whether self-beliefs in student competency do increase during placement and considering how this might be harnessed to enhance the experience and effectiveness of it. Findings from the study described indicate that student perceptions of competence in relation to particular future performance do increase from pre- to post-test during practice learning, suggesting that practice is effective in this respect and the concept of self-belief can be utilized to challenge and extend student competence or identify areas for further work and development. However, the mechanisms by which these perceptions develop are not clear and further research into practice learning is warranted given the prominence accorded to it in social work education.
INDUCING LABOR : EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON EARLY LIFECYCLE WORK AND FAMILY TRANSITIONS IN INDIA

Do labor market opportunities for women affect marriage and fertility decisions? We provided three years of recruiting services to help young women in randomly selected rural Indian villages get jobs in the business process outsourcing industry. Because the industry was so new at the time of the study, there was almost no awareness of these jobs, allowing us to in effect exogenously increase women's labor force opportunities from the perspective of rural households. We find that young women in treatment villages were significantly less likely to get married or have children during this period, choosing instead to enter the labor market or obtain more schooling or post-school training. Women also report wanting to have fewer children and to work more steadily throughout their lifetime, consistent with increased aspirations for a career. * I would like to thank Dora Costa, Pascaline Dupas, Nolan Miller, Adriana Lleras-Muney, Mai Nguyen, Jeff Nugent, Emily Oster, Paul Gertler, John Strauss and seminar participants at Berkeley, Columbia, the University of Chicago and Yale for valuable comments and discussions. Financial support from the Center for Aging and Health Research at the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Women and Public Policy Program, the Dean's Research Fund at and the William F. Milton Fund at Harvard University is gratefully acknowledged. I would also like to thank Shubhashis Gangopadhyay and the India Development Foundation for hosting me during the initial stages of this project. This paper replaces "Economic Opportunities and Gender Differences in Human Capital: Experimental Evidence from India," NBER Working Paper No. 16021.
Evaluation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Transport, Population Pharmacokinetics, and Brain Distribution of Benztropine Analogs and Cocaine Using in Vitro and in Vivo Techniques

The N-substituted 3α-[bis(4′-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropanes (AHN 2-003, AHN 1-055, AHN 2-005, and JHW 007) bind with high affinity to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine uptake more potently than cocaine, but they demonstrate behavioral profiles in animal models of psychostimulant abuse that are unlike that of cocaine. The objective of this study was to characterize the in vitro permeability, brain distribution, and pharmacokinetics of the benztropine (BZT) analogs. Transport studies of cocaine and the BZT analogs (10-4 M) were conducted across bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (∼300 g) were administered BZT analogs (10 mg/kg) or cocaine (5 mg/kg) via the tail vein. Blood and brain samples were collected over 36 h and assayed using UV-high-performance liquid chromatography. Transport of both AHN 1-055 (2.15 × 10-4 cm/s) and JHW 007 (2.83 × 10-4 cm/s) was higher (p < 0.05) than that of cocaine (1.63 × 10-4 cm/s). The volume of distribution (12.3-30.5 l/kg) of the analogs was significantly higher than cocaine (0.9 l/kg). The BZT analogs displayed a ≥8-fold higher elimination half-life (4.12-16.49 h) compared with cocaine (0.49 h). The brain-to-plasma partition coefficients were at least two-fold higher for the BZTs versus cocaine, except for AHN 2-003. The BZT analogs are highly permeable across the blood-brain barrier and possess a pharmacokinetic profile different from that of cocaine. These characteristics, in addition to their distinctive behavioral profiles, suggest that the BZT analogs may be promising candidates for the treatment of cocaine abuse.
Competition for adhesion between probiotics and human gastrointestinal pathogens in the presence of carbohydrate

The adhesion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells was not inhibited by eight carbohydrates tested, namely N-acetyl-glucosamine, galactose, glucose, fructose, fucose, mannose, methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside and sucrose. The degree of hydrophobicity predicted the adhesion of L. rhamnosus GG to Caco-2 cells. L. rhamnosus GG, however, was able to compete with Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. of low hydrophobicity and high adhesin–receptor interaction for adhesion to Caco-2 cells. The interference of adhesion of these gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria by L. rhamnosus GG was probably through steric hindrance, and the degree of inhibition was related to the distribution of the adhesin receptors and hydrophobins on the Caco-2 surface. A Carbohydrate Index for Adhesion (CIA) was used to depict the binding property of adhesins on bacteria surfaces. CIA was defined as the sum of the fraction of adhesion in the presence of carbohydrates, with reference to the adhesion measured in the absence of any carbohydrate. The degree of competition for receptor sites between Lactobacillus casei Shirota and GI bacteria is a function of their CIA distance. There were at least two types of adhesins on the surface of L. casei Shirota. The study provides a scientific basis for the screening and selection of probiotics that compete with selective groups of pathogens for adhesion to intestinal surfaces. It also provides a model for the characterisation of adhesins and adhesin–receptor interactions.
Poor Sleep Quality is Associated with Decreased Emotional Arousal in Healthy Girls

A growing number of studies in adults document critical relationships between sleep and emotional processing based on responses to affective images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2005). Our aim was to extend examination of the interrelationships between sleep and emotional processing to a sample of healthy girls, ages 10 to 16 years. A total of 86 girls (M = 12.88 years, SD = 1.92) without psychiatric disorders were recruited. In addition to structured diagnostic interviews, report of sleep quality was examined in relation to valence and arousal ratings of pleasant, neutral and unpleasant IAPS images. Overall, picture ratings were consistent with findings from previous research showing pleasant images to produce high arousal and valence ratings in childhood and that these relationships decrease with age. Regression models revealed poor sleep quality to be associated with decreased subjective arousal in response to negative/unpleasant images, but not pleasant or neutral images. Findings are discussed in terms of a need for more research aimed at better elucidating how sleep quality during the childhood years relates to the processing of emotional information.
Whole body protein metabolism in chronic hemodialysis

To summarise, evidence suggests that protein-energy malnutrition is associated with mor-bidity and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. Urea kinetics are used as a clinical marker for protein intake and oxidation. Chapter 2 focuses on the relation between pro-tein and urea metabolism, which is more complicated than initially thought. Since malnu-trition is present in chronic hemodialysis patients, and protein metabolism is not disturbed during fasting, we measured the response to a protein-enriched meal in hemodialysis and control subjects to show whether hemodialysis patients have a disturbance in the utilisa-tion of ingested protein.
Cardiac toxicity and radiation dose to the heart in definitive treated non-small cell lung cancer

The standard curative care of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient is defi nitive radiotherapy (RT) [1]. Lung and oesophageal toxicity has been regarded as the main toxicity in defi nitive radiotherapy of NSCLC. Little concern has been offered cardiac toxicity, despite there is increasingly focus on cardiac toxicity and cardiac death due to radiotherapy in patients with other cancer diseases such as early stage breast cancer and patients with lymphoma. Several studies in these diseases have concluded that there is an increased risk of cardiac death following thoracic radiotherapy [2]. The reason why cardiac toxicity has not been considered to be a problem in unresectable NSCLC is probably due to the poor prognosis for these patients [3], but with increasing life expectancy for this group of patients, it may turn out to be an issue of concern in the future. In this study we report the heart toxicities in NSCLC patients treated with defi nitive RT at our centre.
Differential reconstitution of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and plasma redox state by cysteine and ornithine in a model of cancer cachexia.

The mechanism of wasting, as it occurs in malignant diseases and various etiologically unrelated conditions, is still poorly understood. We have, therefore, studied putative cause/effect relationships in a murine model of cancer cachexia, C57BL/6 mice bearing the fibrosarcoma MCA-105. The plasma of these mice showed decreased albumin and increased glutamate levels, which are typically found in practically all catabolic conditions. Skeletal muscles from tumor-bearing mice were found to have an abnormally low mitochondrial respiratory chain activity (mito.RCA) and significantly decreased glutathione (GSH) levels. The decrease in mito.RCA was correlated with an increase in the i.m. GSH disulfide/GSH ratio, the plasma cystine/thiol ratio, and the GSH disulfide/GSH ratio in the bile. This is indicative of a generalized shift in the redox state extending through different body fluids. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with ornithine, a precursor of the radical scavenger spermine, reversed both the decrease in mito.RCA and the change in the redox state, whereas treatment with cysteine, a GSH precursor, normalized only the redox state. Treatment of normal mice with difluoromethyl-ornithine, a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase and spermine biosynthesis, inhibited the mito.RCA in the skeletal muscle tissue, thus illustrating the importance of the putrescine/spermine pathway in the maintenance of mito.RCA. Ornithine, cysteine, and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) also reconstituted the abnormally low concentrations of the GSH precursor glutamate in the skeletal muscle tissue of tumor-bearing mice. Higher doses, however, enhanced tumor growth and increased the plasma glucose level in normal mice. In the latter, cysteine and NAC also decreased i.m. catalase and GSH peroxidase activities. Taken together, our studies on the effects of ornithine, cysteine, and NAC illuminate some of the mechanistic pathways involved in cachexia and suggest targets for therapeutic intervention.
Preferences based on spectral differences in acoustic signals in four species of treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae)

SUMMARY Frogs have two inner ear organs, each tuned to a different range of frequencies. Female treefrogs (Hylidae) of three species in which males produce calls with a bimodal spectrum (Hyla chrysoscelis, H. versicolor, H. arenicolor) preferred alternatives with a bimodal spectrum to alternatives with a single high-frequency peak. By contrast, females of H. avivoca, in which males produce calls with a single, high-frequency peak, preferred synthetic calls with a single high-frequency peak to calls with a bimodal spectrum. These results are consistent with the expectations of the matched-filter hypothesis and run counter to the predictions of the pre-existing bias hypothesis. At moderate to high playback levels (85–90 dB), females of H. avivoca and of two of three mtDNA-defined lineages of H. versicolor preferred unimodal signals with a high-frequency peak to those with a low-frequency peak. Females of H. chrysoscelis, H. arenicolor and the third lineage of H. versicolor did not show a preference, indicating that receiver mechanisms may be at least as evolutionarily labile as call structure. Spectral-peak preferences of gray treefrogs from Missouri, USA were intensity-dependent. Whereas females chose low-frequency calls at 65 dB spl, there was either no preference (H. chrysoscelis) or a preference for high-frequency calls (H. versicolor) at 85 and 90 dB spl. These non-linear effects indicate that there is an increasing influence of high-frequency energy on preferences as females approach calling males, and these results serve to emphasize that playback experiments conducted at a single level may have limited generality.
Analgesic efficacy of zoledronic acid and its effect on functional status of prostate cancer patients with metastasis

Objectives A multi-centered observational study evaluated the efficacy of zoledronic acid for improving pain and mobility, and preventing skeletal-related events (SRE) (fracture, spinal compression, pain-relieving radiotherapy), in patients with prostate cancer and bone metastasis. Materials and Methods Males (n = 218) with prostate cancer and bone metastasis undergoing oncologic therapy received zoledronic acid (4 mg iv/month) for 6 months. Parameters evaluated were: 1) pain and movement after 2 consecutive doses; 2) quality of life; 3) SRE incidence and time-to-appearance. Medication tolerance and treatment satisfaction were assessed using a questionnaire. Results A total of 170 that matched all the inclusion criteria (78%) out of 218 were evaluable for efficacy. There was a measurable statistically significant reduction in pain at rest and on movement as well as an improvement in the quality of life compared with baseline. Best results were obtained with early treatment. Overall incidence of bone events was 11.2%. Of the 212 patients (97.2%) evaluable for safety, 16% suffered adverse events and 66% expressed satisfaction with the treatment Discussion Zoledronic acid is effective for reducing pain, improving mobility, and increasing the quality of life in patients with prostate cancer with bone metastasis. Its easy administration and good tolerability make zoledronic acid one of the principal therapeutic tools in the management of patients with pain associated with bone metastasis from prostate cancer.
Low noise preamplifier ASIC for the PANDA EMC

For the electromagnetic calorimeter of the PANDA detector a preamplifier ASIC named APFEL (ASIC for Panda Front-end Electronics) has been developed at GSI. It is optimized for the readout of large area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPD) with a capacitance of 300 pF and an event rate of 350 kHz. The ASIC has two equivalent analog channels each consisting of a charge sensitive amplifier, a shaper stage and differential output drivers. For operating the ASIC in a wide temperature range programmable voltage references are implemented on chip. The characterization of the third ASIC iteration at a temperature of T = −20° C and a detector capacitance of 300 pF results in an equivalent noise charge of ENC = (0.62 ± 0.03) fC and a maximum input charge of 6.3 pC. Therefore a dynamic range of over 10 000 follows. The peaking time of the shaped signal was measured to tp = (248 ± 3)ns. The event rate independent power consumption of one channel is P = (56.5 ± 0.5)mW.
‘Gentrification Without Displacement' and the Consequent Loss of Place: The Effects of Class Transition on Low-income Residents of Secure Housing in Gentrifying Areas

type="main"> The increasingly disputed concept of gentrification-induced displacement is combining with the argument that the poor benefit from social mix to produce a theoretical case for ‘positive gentrification'. The notion that new middle-class residents not only attract more investment but bring opportunities for ‘upward social mobility' to low-income people who manage to stay in gentrifying areas has become policy orthodoxy. While there are scholarly challenges to the extent of these benefits, the disadvantages of imposed social mix on low-income communities even where they are not physically displaced remain under-researched. This article helps to fill this gap by reporting on research into the experience of long-term low-income residents of gentrifying neighbourhoods who managed to stay put. The research explores notions of social mix, place and displacement among residents of secure community housing in Melbourne, Australia (the equivalent of small-scale social housing in Europe and North America) with the object of establishing whether the absence of physical displacement is sufficient to ameliorate gentrification's negative impacts. The findings demonstrate that transformations in shops and meeting places, and in the nature of local social structure and government interventions, cause a sense of loss of place even without physical displacement.
An empirical examination of the Post Keynesian view of forward exchange rates

This paper examines the Post Keynesian proposition that the forward rate is determined by covered interest parity and that it is not a predictor of the future spot rate, as suggested by the unbiased efficiency hypothesis. One implication of the failure of unbiased efficiency is that it leads to the failure of real interest parity, implying that the monetary authorities can control interest rates in an open economy. An extensive set of econometric tests is used to demonstrate that the spot-forward relationship is indeed contemporaneous rather than lagged, which corroborates the Post Keynesian view.
The value of vengefulness: Reputational incentives for initiating versus reciprocating aggression

Why do individuals engage in surprisingly costly aggression? Theory and research suggest that individuals aggress in order to establish a reputation as a strong competitor and thereby deter aggression from others. However, we know little about whether these reputational concerns lead individuals to initiate aggression or instead to reciprocate when challenged. Correspondingly, it is unclear whether initiating or reciprocating aggression provides greater reputational benefits. This study uses a behavioral experiment to investigate these questions and finds that (1) the opportunity to earn a reputation for reciprocating aggression increases aggressive behavior, while the opportunity to earn a reputation for initiating aggression does not; (2) reputations for reciprocating aggression more effectively deter aggression from interaction partners than reputations for initiating aggression; (3) reputations for reciprocating aggression are perceived as more convincing signals of underlying competitive ability than reputations for initiating aggression; and (4) individual competitive ability is an important moderator of the effect of reputation systems on aggressive behavior. The findings clarify the mechanism by which reputation systems promote aggressive behavior and help explain how the type of information available in a reputation system shapes levels of aggression.
On romantic space

The concept of romantic space is offered as a means for understanding enduring love. Starting from Ogden's (1986, 1989) synthesis of Klein, Bion, and Winnicott, romantic space is mapped out in the intermediate area between the lover and the beloved, unchallenged with respect to its belonging to inner or external (shared) reality. It is both an intrapsychic and an interpersonal experience evolving between the lover and the beloved that involves the paradoxical coexistence of depressive and paranoid-schizoid modes of relatedness within each partner. The paranoid-schizoid mode brings a sense of freshness, idealization, and receptivity to the relationship and involves coercion of the beloved, through projective identification, to pay a particular role needed by the lover. The depressive mode provides the relationship with a joint narrative, the capacity for concern, and freedom to think one's own thoughts. The interplay between these two modes of experience allows the lover and the beloved to offer each other a relatedness that is reassuringly familiar as well as abruptly fresh. Inflexibility in either partner leads to pathology of romantic space characterized by rigid adherence to the mode of relatedness. Dialogue from the play Shadowlands is cited to exemplify the multitextured experience inherent in our understanding of romantic space