Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Beliefs About HIV Status Affect Risky Behaviors: Evidence from Malawi, Second Version

This paper examines how beliefs about own HIV status affect sexual behavior. Risky behavior is measured as the propensity to engage in extramarital affairs or not use condoms. The empirical analysis is based on 2004 and 2006 data from the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project. Controlling for endogeneity between beliefs and risk-taking, we find that downward revisions in the belief of being HIV positive lead to a lower propensity to engage in extramarital affairs but have no effect on condom use. We show that the estimates provide a lower bound when there is measurement error in reported extra-marital affairs.
Real Options, Capital Structure, and Taxes

This paper presents a valuation approach for real options when the capital structure of the underlying project/firm is levered, assuming that the goal is the maximization of total firm/project value (i.e., under a first-best investment policy). We analyze also the effect of different financing schemes on the value of the real option and on the exercise policy. The main finding of this work is that a higher leverage reduce the time-value of the option to delay investment and increases the probability of exercising the options.
A framework for Case-Based Diagnosis of batch processes in the principal components space

This paper presents a framework for fault detection and diagnosis of batch processes based on the information directly gathered from sensors. First, a statistical model of the process is build using multiway principal component analysis (MPCA) for dimensionality reduction and fault detection tasks. Afterwards, a case-based reasoning (CBR) approach is used for fault diagnosis and for false alarm and missed detection reduction. This framework has been tested in two completely different fields: power quality monitoring for relative location of voltage sags and injection moulding processes for faulty sensor detection and diagnosis. Results obtained show that this framework presents a good performance and is general enough to be applied to any field, if the appropriate preprocess of the data is carried.
Substrate Temperature Dependent Surface Morphology and Photoluminescence of Germanium Quantum Dots Grown by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering

The visible luminescence from Ge nanoparticles and nanocrystallites has generated interest due to the feasibility of tuning band gap by controlling the sizes. Germanium (Ge) quantum dots (QDs) with average diameter ~16 to 8 nm are synthesized by radio frequency magnetron sputtering under different growth conditions. These QDs with narrow size distribution and high density, characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) are obtained under the optimal growth conditions of 400 °C substrate temperature, 100 W radio frequency powers and 10 Sccm Argon flow. The possibility of surface passivation and configuration of these dots are confirmed by elemental energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The room temperature strong visible photoluminescence (PL) from such QDs suggests their potential application in optoelectronics. The sample grown at 400 °C in particular, shows three PL peaks at around ~2.95 eV, 3.34 eV and 4.36 eV attributed to the interaction between Ge, GeOx manifesting the possibility of the formation of core-shell structures. A red shift of ~0.11 eV in the PL peak is observed with decreasing substrate temperature. We assert that our easy and economic method is suitable for the large-scale production of Ge QDs useful in optoelectronic devices.
Some remarks on the theory of graphs

The present note consists of some remarks on graphs. A graph G is a set of points some of which are connected by edges. We assume here that no two points are connected by more than one edge. The complementary graph G' of G has the same vertices as G and two points are connected in G' if and only if they are not connected in G. A special case of a theorem of Ramsey can be stated in graph theoretic language as follows: There exists a function f(k, I) of positive integers k, I with the following property. Let there be given a graph G of n*zf(kf I) vertices. Then either G contains a complete graph of order fe, or G' a complete graph of order L (A complete graph is a graph any two vertices of which are connected. The order of a complete graph is the number of its vertices.) I t would be desirable to have a formula for ƒ(£, I). This a t present we can not do. We have however the following estimates :
Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth

The wide cross-country disparity in rates of economic growth is the most puzzling feature of the development process. This paper describes a class of models in which this heterogeneity in growth experiences can be the result of cross-country differences in government policy. These differences can also create incentives for labor migration from slow-growing to fast-growing countries. In the models considered, growth is endogeneous despite the absence of increasing returns because there is a "core" of capital goods that can be produced without the direct or indirect contribution of factors that cannot be accumulated, such as land.
Self-Serving Biases: Evidence from a Simulated Labor Relationship

A self-serving bias occurs when people subconsciously alter their perceptions about what is fair or right in a manner that serves their own interests. Perceptions of what is “a fair day’s work for a fair wage” may well vary according to one’s role in the employment relationship. While it is clear that employee satisfaction affects job performance, and that wage affects employee satisfaction, it is not only the wage per se that determines morale, but also the perceived fairness of the received wage. Thus, it is useful to have agreement between the views of employers and employees. Some evidence from a laboratory experiment indicates these views differ significantly between participant “employers” and participant “employees. ” We compare choices (hypothetical in the case of employers) for the amount of costly “effort” to provide in response to a wage that has been determined outside the employment relationship. In the field, managers must be aware of the relationship between fairness in compensation and employee morale as well as their own biases regarding the fairness reference point. Overcoming such biases requires a careful decision-making protocol in compensation decisions.
German Inflection: Single Route or Dual Route?

The German plural system has recently become a focal point for conflicting theories of language, both linguistic and cognitive. Marcus et al. (1995) highlight the German plural as support for the dual-route account of inflectional morphology first proposed by Pinker and colleagues (Pinker & Prince, 1988). On the dual-route account, inflectional morphology is universally subserved by a symbolic rule route which deals with regular inflection and an associative memory component which deals with irregular inflection. This contrasts with single-route connectionist systems. We seek to counter supposed evidence for the dual-route account through large-scale simulations as well as through experimental data. We argue that, in its current form, the dual-route account is incapable of generating experimental data provided by Marcus et al. (1995) as support. Finally, we provide direct quantitative comparisons between single-route and dual-route models of German plural inflection and find single-route performance superior on these tests.
International benchmarking of Electricity Transmission by Regulators: Theory and Practice

Benchmarking of electricity networks has a key role in sharing the benefits of efficiency improvements with consumers and ensuring regulated companies earn a fair return on their investments. This paper analyses the theory and practice of international benchmarking of electricity transmission by regulators. We examine the literature relevant to electricity transmission benchmarking and conduct a survey of 48 national electricity regulators. Consideration of the literature and our survey indicates that electricity transmission benchmarking is significantly more challenging than electricity distribution benchmarking. New panel data techniques aimed at dealing with unobserved heterogeneity and the validity of the comparator group look intellectually promising but are in their infancy for regulatory purposes. In electricity transmission choosing variables is particularly difficult, because of the large number of potential variables to choose from. Failure to apply benchmarking appropriately may negatively affect investors’ willingness to invest in the future. While few of our surveyed regulators acknowledge that regulatory risk is currently an issue in transmission benchmarking, many more concede it might be. New regulatory approaches – such as those based on tendering, negotiated settlements, a wider range of outputs or longer term grid planning - are emerging and will necessarily involve a reduced role for benchmarking.
A probabilistic methodology for multilabel classification

Multilabel classification is a relatively recent subfield of machine learning. Unlike to the classical approach, where instances are labeled with only one category, in multilabel classification, an arbitrary number of categories is chosen to label an instance. Due to the problem complexity (the solution is one among an exponential number of alternatives), a very common solution (the binary method) is frequently used, learning a binary classifier for every category, and combining them all afterwards. The assumption taken in this solution is not realistic, and in this work we give examples where the decisions for all the labels are not taken independently, and thus, a supervised approach should learn those existing relationships among categories to make a better classification. Therefore, we show here a generic methodology that can improve the results obtained by a set of independent probabilistic binary classifiers, by using a combination procedure with a classifier trained on the co-occurrences of the labels. We show an exhaustive experimentation in three different standard corpora of labeled documents (Reuters-21578, Ohsumed-23 and RCV1), which present noticeable improvements in all of them, when using our methodology, in three probabilistic base classifiers.
Hot, metastable hydronium ion in the Galactic centre: formation pumping in X-ray-irradiated gas?

With a 3.5 m diameter telescope passively cooled to approximately 80 K, and a science payload comprising two direct detection cameras/medium resolution imaging spectrometers (PACS and SPIRE) and a very high spectral resolution heterodyne spectrometer (HIFI), the Herschel Space Observatory is providing extraordinary observational opportunities in the 55–670 μm spectral range. HIFI has opened for the first time to high-resolution spectroscopy the submillimetre band that includes the fundamental rotational transitions of interstellar hydrides, the basic building blocks of astrochemistry. We discuss a recent HIFI discovery of metastable rotational transitions of the hydronium ion (protonated water, H3O+), with rotational level energies up to 1200 K above the ground state, in absorption towards Sagittarius B2(N) in the Galactic centre. Hydronium is an important molecular ion in the oxygen chemical network. Earlier HIFI observations have indicated a general deficiency of H3O+ in the diffuse gas in the Galactic disc. The presence of hot H3O+ towards Sagittarius B2(N) thus appears to be related to the unique physical conditions in the central molecular zone, manifested, for example, by the widespread presence of abundant H. One intriguing theory for the high rotational temperature characterizing the population of the H3O+ metastable levels may be formation pumping in molecular gas irradiated by X-rays emitted by the Galactic centre black hole. Alternatively, the pervasive presence of enhanced turbulence in the central molecular zone may give rise to shocks in the lower-density medium that is exposed to energetic radiation.
Directly mapping magnetic field effects of neuronal activity by magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain functional activity relies principally on changes in cerebral hemodynamics, which are more spatially and temporally distributed than the underlying neuronal activity changes. We present a novel MRI technique for mapping brain functional activity by directly detecting magnetic fields induced by neuronal firing. Using a well‐established visuomotor paradigm, the locations and latencies of activations in visual, motor, and premotor cortices were imaged at a temporal resolution of 100 msec and a spatial resolution of 3 mm, and were found to be in consistent with the electrophysiological and functional MRI (fMRI) literature. Signal strength was comparable to traditional event‐related fMRI methods: about 1% of the baseline signal. The magnetic‐source MRI technique greatly increases the temporal accuracy in detecting neuronal activity, providing a powerful new tool for mapping brain functional organization in human and animals. Hum. Brain Mapping 20:41–49, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of Installation Counts on Perceived Quality: A Case Study on Debian

Software defects are generally used to indicate software quality. However, due to the nature of software, we are often only able to know about the defects found and reported, either following the testing process or after being deployed. In software research studies, it is assumed that a higher amount of defect reports represents a higher amount of defects in the software system. In this paper, we argue that widely deployed programs have more reported defects, regardless of their actual number of defects. To address this question, we perform a case study on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution, a well-known free / open source software collection. We compare the defects reported for all the software packages in Debian with their popularity. We find that the number of reported defects for a Debian package is limited by its popularity. This finding has implications on defect prediction studies, showing that they need to consider the impact of popularity on perceived quality, otherwise they might be risking bias.
Changes in quality of life and psychological need satisfaction following the transition to secondary school.

BACKGROUND Quality of life (QoL) is an important area for research during adolescence, due to its associations with (1) physical and mental health and (2) the emergence of health risk behaviours. A time that poses a particular threat to QoL is the transition from primary to secondary school. AIMS This study aimed to investigate changes in QoL immediately following the transition to secondary school. Using Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a conceptual foundation, the relationship between QoL and satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs advanced by SDT (autonomy, competence and relatedness) was explored. SAMPLE The sample comprised 63 Year 7 students (age 11-12 years) attending a UK coeducational secondary school. METHOD Data were collected using self-report questionnaires on three occasions over 10 weeks, starting on the second week of term. Change in need satisfaction was used to predict change in QoL, and the possible reciprocal relationship explored using regression analysis. RESULTS A meaningful improvement in QoL was recorded for 21% of students. Improvements in QoL were predicted by satisfaction of the needs for autonomy and relatedness, but not by competence, explaining 36% of the variance. QoL showed a weaker, but reciprocal effect on need satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that support for the needs for autonomy and relatedness would provide the most likely route to the enhancement of student QoL over the transition to senior school.
Phoebus: A System for Extracting and Integrating Data from Unstructured and Ungrammatical Sources

With the proliferation of online classifieds and auctions comes a new need to meaningfully search and organize the items for sale. However, since the seller's item descriptions are not structured and do not conform to a standard set of values (think "Chevy" versus "Chevrolet"), searching and organizing this data is difficult. This paper describes a working demonstration of the Phoebus system which uses both record linkage and information extraction to parse out the meaningful attributes of an item description and assign them standard values. This allows the data to be sorted, searched and linked to other data sources where standard values for the attributes are required to link the sources together.
The Long-Term Effects of a Kampo Medicine, Juzentaihoto, on Maintenance of Antibody Titer in Elderly People after Influenza Vaccination

We have performed a broad-ranging analysis of the adjuvant effect of a Kampo medicine, juzentaihoto (JTT), on influenza vaccination in a multicenter randomized controlled trial. In this study, the enhancing effect of JTT on antibody titer after influenza vaccination was studied for 28 weeks in elderly people who were in the high-risk group for influenza infection. In total, 91 subjects over 65 years old were recruited from four long-term-care facilities located in Chiba, Gunma, and Toyama prefectures in Japan. Participants were randomly assigned to the JTT and the control groups. Blood samples were taken at 4 weeks before vaccination, at the time of vaccination, and then at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after vaccination. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers against A/California/7/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 were then manually measured. A significant increase in HI titer against H3N2 was observed at week 8 after vaccination in the JTT group compared with the control group (P = 0.0229), and the HI titer of the JTT group significantly increased from 4 to 24 weeks (P = 0.0468), compared with the control group. In conclusion, our results indicated that JTT increased and prolonged antibody production against A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), in particular, after influenza vaccination.
Benchmarking of Grid Fault Modes in Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

Pushed by the booming installations of single-phase photovoltaic (PV) systems, the grid demands regarding the integration of PV systems are expected to be modified. Hence, the future PV systems should become more active with functionalities of low-voltage ride through and grid support capability. The control methods, together with grid synchronization techniques, are responsible for the generation of appropriate reference signals in order to handle ride-through grid faults. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the behaviors of grid synchronization methods and control possibilities in single-phase systems under grid faults. The intent of this paper is to present a benchmarking of grid fault modes that might come in future single-phase PV systems. In order to map future challenges, the relevant synchronization and control strategies are discussed. Some faulty modes are studied experimentally and provided at the end of this paper. It is concluded that there are extensive control possibilities in single-phase PV systems under grid faults. The second-order-general-integral-based phase-locked-loop technique might be the most promising candidate for future single-phase PV systems because of its fast adaptive-filtering characteristics and it is able to fulfill future standards.
Endurance at the Top: Gender and Political Ambition of Spanish and Swedish MPs

The gender gap in political ambition is an important explanation for the absence of women in legislative assemblies. However, previous research on this matter is limited by two facts: it is conducted mostly in the United States and does not pay much attention to cultural and institutional factors. In this article, we test the extent to which established mechanisms behind female politicians' career ambitions—such as differentiated political socialization and family support for men and women—are related to gender inequality among parliamentarians. We also draw attention to other lesser-known aspects, such as political culture and gender policies. To do so, we compare Spain and Sweden, two countries with a relatively high number of female members of parliament (MPs) but different cultures and gender policies. We make use of two representative surveys on Swedish and Spanish MPs. The results show that female MPs in Spain have to sacrifice their family life more than Spanish males and Swedish MPs regardless of sex. In addition, Spanish female MPs' long-term political ambitions are more dependent on family support. Female MPs' ambition in Sweden, in turn, is highly influenced by a politicized upbringing.
Symbolic model checking the knowledge of the dining cryptographers

This paper describes the application of symbolic techniques (in particular, OBDDs) to model checking specifications in the logic of knowledge for an agent operating with synchronous perfect recall in an environment of which it has incomplete knowledge. It discusses the application of these techniques to the verification of a security protocol: Chaum's Dining Cryptographers protocol, which provides a mechanism for anonymous broadcast.
On the permanence of stored information in the human brain.

Many people believe that information that is stored in long-term memory is permanent, citing examples of "retrieval techniques" that are alleged to uncover previously forgotten information. Such tech- niques include hypnosis, psychoanalytic procedures, methods for eliciting spontaneous and other conscious recoveries, and—perhaps most important—the electri- cal stimulation of the brain reported by Wilder Pen- field and his associates. In this article we first evaluate • the evidence and conclude that, contrary to apparent popular belief, the evidence in no way confirms the view that all memories are permanent and thus poten- tially recoverable. We then describe some failures that resulted from attempts to elicit retrieval of pre- viously stored information and conjecture what cir- cumstances might cause information stored in memory to be irrevocably destroyed. Few would deny the existence of a phenomenon called "forgetting," which is evident in the com- mon observation that information becomes less available as the interval increases between the time of the information's initial acquisition and the time of its attempted retrieval. Despite the prevalence of the phenomenon, the factors that underlie forgetting have proved to be rather elusive, and the literature abounds with hypothesized mechanisms to account for the ob- served data. In this article we shall focus our attention on what is perhaps the fundamental issue concerning forgetting; Does forgetting consist of an actual loss of stored information, or does it result from a loss of access to information, which, once stored, remains forever? It should be noted at the outset that this ques- tion may be impossible to resolve in an absolute sense. Consider the following thought experiment. A person (call him Geoffrey) observes some event, say a traffic accident. During the period of ob- servation, a movie camera strapped to Geoffrey's head records the event as Geoffrey experiences it. Some time later, Geoffrey attempts to recall and