Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early-type galaxies at large galactocentric radii: II. Metallicity gradients and the [Z/H]-mass, [α/Fe]-mass relations

We present the results of a study of stellar population properties at large galactocentric radii of 14 low-mass early-type galaxies in the Fornax and Virgo clusters. We derive radial profiles of Age, total metallicity [Z/H], and [�/Fe] abundance ratios out to � 1 3 effective radii by using nearly all of the Lick/IDS absorption-line indices in comparison to recent single stellar population models. We extend our study to higher galaxy mass via a novel literature compilation of 37 early-type galaxies, which provides stellar population properties out to one effective radius. We find that metallicity gradients correlate with galactic mass, and the relationship shows a sharp change in slope at a dynamical mass of � 3:5×10 10 M� . The central and mean values of the stellar population parameters (measured in r 6 re=8, and at r = re, respectively) define positive mass trends. We suggest that the low metallicities, almost solar [�/Fe] ratios and the tight mass-metallicity gradient relation displayed by the low-mass galaxies are indicative of an early star-forming collapse with extended (i.e., > 1 Gyr), low efficiency star formation, and mass-dependent galactic outflows of metal-enriched gas. The flattening of metallicity gradients in high-mass galaxies, and the broad scatter of the relationship are attributed to merger events. The high metallicities and supersolar abundances shown by these galaxies imply a rapid, high efficiency star formation. The observed [Z/H]–mass and [�/Fe]–mass relationships can be interpreted as a natural outcome of an early star-forming collapse. However, we find that hierarchical galaxy formation models implementing mass-dependent star formation efficiency, varying IMF, energy feedback via AGN, and the effects due to merger-induced starbursts can also reproduce both our observed relationships.
Personality Traits, Vocational Interests, and Career Exploration: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between American and Hong Kong Students

This study compared the pattern of relationships among personality, vocational interests, and career exploration within an integrated framework between 369 American and 392 Hong Kong university students. The first hypothesis predicted differential contributions of the universal and indigenous personality dimensions based on the Cross-cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory-2 (CPAI-2) to career exploration of the American and Hong Kong students. The second hypothesis predicted that vocational interests mediated the association between personality and career exploration of the students. Cultural differences were found between the personality predictors for Hong Kong and American students, supporting the first hypothesis. The CPAI-2 indigenous personality dimensions derived in the Chinese cultural context predicted career exploration of Hong Kong students only. The second hypothesis was partially supported: Enterprise interest type mediated the association between Social Potency and career exploration in the Hong Kong sample; Artistic interest type was the mediator in the American sample. The contributions of personality and vocational interests to students’ career exploration, and the implications to cross-cultural career counseling were discussed.
The Impact of Informal Networks of Quit Behavior

sector) disaggregation, the change in the level effect accounts for only 0.35 (0.41) percentage point of the 2.24 percentage point deceleration in labor-productivity growth between the 1948-65 and 1973-78 periods. The aggregate rate and level effects are not very sensitive to the degree of disaggregation (12versus 60-sector). Although some large level effects are evident within and across major industrial divisions, they often cancel out in the aggregate. However, the level effect from the shift out of farming is quantitatively large and is close to the aggregate level effect using either 12-sector or 60-sector disaggregation. Although one can approximate the aggregate level effect by looking only at that for agriculture, one should note that other fairly large level effects exist both within and across major industrial divisions other than agriculture.
Simvastatin-induced myocardial protection against ischemia–reperfusion injury is mediated by activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels

ObjectivesPrevious studies have suggested that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors attenuate ischemia–reperfusion injury. We investigated whether pretreatment with simvastatin reduces myocardial infarct size and whether glyburide, a non-selective inhibitor of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels, abrogates this infarct size-limiting effect. MethodsSprague–Dawley rats were treated with either simvastatin (20 mg/kg per day) or saline alone for 3 days. Additional groups of rats were treated as above and on the fourth day they received intravenous glyburide (0.3 mg/kg). All rats underwent 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 180 min of reperfusion. Ischemic myocardium at risk was assessed with blue dye and infarct size with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. ResultsInfarct size, expressed as a percentage of the myocardium at risk, was significantly smaller in the simvastatin group (n=8, 20.8±3.4%) than in the placebo group (n=6, 40.1±2.7%) (P=0.001). Glyburide abolished the protective effect of simvastatin with infarct size being 34.2±6.9% and 29.7±3.9% of the area at risk in the simvastatin group (n=7) and placebo (n=7) group, respectively (P=0.58). ConclusionsSimvastatin significantly reduced myocardial infarct size. The protective effect was completely abrogated by glyburide, strongly suggesting that this protective effect is mediated via activation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels.
Simulation of Lunar Soil With Irregularly Shaped, Crushable Grains: Effects of Grain Shapes on the Mechanical Behaviors

One of the challenges to overcome in Moon mining operations, such as soil handling, drilling, excavation, and wheeled movement, is understanding the mechanical behaviors of lunar soil, which is composed of grains characterized by highly irregular shapes. The impracticality of performing mechanical experiments on lunar soil samples has made computational techniques useful for exploring the mechanical behaviors of lunar soil. This paper uses particle flow code and describes a procedure for simulating lunar soil grains with specific size, shape, and strength distributions. We adopt data from soil samples 64501 and 60501 retrieved in Apollo 16. Lunar soil samples are simulated as assemblies of different shapes of grains consisting of rigid spheres connected through parallel bonds. We classify grains into four categories based on their shape: agglutinate, breccia A, breccia B, and plagioclase. We simulate each grain based on available imaging studies on their shape characteristics. We reveal the significance of grain shape irregularity through angle‐of‐repose tests on samples with and without irregularly shaped agglutinates. Results show that the shape irregularity increases the angle of repose by 6°. We repeat the test under different gravitational acceleration ranging from 0.1 to 25 m/s2 and show that for values below about 10 m/s2, the angle of repose is inversely related to the gravity but above 10 m/s2, remains independent of the gravity. We perform triaxial compression tests to investigate behaviors of simulated samples under confined loadings. The confinement varies from zero to 15 kPa, corresponding to the lateral in situ stress at depths up to 250 cm. The cohesion and friction angle derived from the triaxial tests are shown to agree with the lab and in situ measurements. This numerical practice and presented methodology pave the way for full‐scale simulation of mining operations on the Moon surface.
Effect of 5E Instructional Model on Mathematical Creativity of Students

Giving a lecture to students that is centred to teacher him/herself is considered less effective and does not encourage them to boost their creativity. This situation makes the students less capable to analyze, observe, and solve the problems in creative manner. One of the teaching models that use learner as a centre to get knowledge is 5E instructional model (engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration, and evaluation). The present study was conducted to examine the effect of 5E instructional model on mathematical creativity of eighth grade students. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample of 32 students from one school of Kurukshetra city of Haryana. The sample was divided into two groups. The control group was taught by traditional approach and the experimental group was taught by teaching approach based on 5E instructional model. Mathematical creativity was measured using the Creative Ability in Mathematics Test developed by Balka (1974). Mann's Whitney Test indicated that experimental group has higher scores on post-test than control group. The result of the study indicates significant effectiveness of 5E instructional model on mathematical creativity.
Girlfriends and Boyfriends Diverging in Middle Childhood and Coming Together in Romantic Relationships

This conclusion to this special issue on gender and friendships considers how these studies confirm, challenge, and extend the two cultures (Maccoby, 1998) and emotional trade-offs (Rose & Rudolph, 2006) perspectives. An intriguing but rarely tested feature of the two cultures framework is that gender segregation and the different peer cultures that result might lead to challenges when girls and boys come together in romantic relationships in adolescence and adulthood. This conclusion highlights the possible implications of gender differences in friendships in middle childhood for emerging romantic relationships in adolescence.
Unconscious Unease and Self-Handicapping: Behavioral Consequences of Individual Differences in Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem

In contrast to measures of explicit self-esteem, which assess introspectively accessible self-evaluations, measures of implicit self-esteem assess the valence of unconscious, introspectively inaccessible associations to the self. This experiment is the first to document a relationship between individual differences in implicit self-esteem and social behavior: Participants completed either a self-relevant or a self-irrelevant interview, and were then rated by the interviewer on their anxiety. When the interview was self-relevant, apparent anxiety was greater for participants low in implicit self-esteem than for participants high in self-esteem; implicit self-esteem did not predict anxiety when the interview was self-irrelevant. Explicit self-esteem did not predict apparent anxiety in either interview, but did predict participants' explicit self-judgments of anxiety. Self-handicapping about interview performance was greater for participants low in both explicit and implicit self-esteem than for those high in these measures. The experiment provides direct evidence that effects of implicit and explicit self-esteem may be dissociated.
The Impact of Protective Behavioral Strategy Use Frequency on Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Student Drinkers Nationwide

Purpose: This study assessed whether college student (1) protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use differed between those who reached legal intoxication during their most recent drinking episode compared to those who did not reach the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) threshold, and (2) frequency of PBS use could explain the variance associated with BAC during the most recent drinking episode, above and beyond one’s sex, age, and involvement in the Greek system. Design: Secondary data analysis of the American College of Health Association’s National College Health Assessment. Setting: Forty-four distinct campuses were included. Participants: A total of 21479 college students were included. Measures: BAC and PBS were measured. Analysis: The data were analyzed by conducting both independent samples t-tests and a multiple regression model. Effect sizes are reported. Results: Participants who reached legal intoxication used PBS less frequently (P < .001; d = 0.80). Frequency of PBS use had the strongest unique contribution to the regression model (β = −.315, P < .001), such that participants with higher BAC reported less frequent use of PBS. Conclusion: Interventions should seek to develop strategies that encourage college student use of PBS prior to, and during, drinking episodes. More frequent use of PBS can reduce intoxication as well as occurrence of alcohol-associated consequences.
False Ring Formation in Eastern Hemlock Branches: Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid and Elongate Hemlock Scale

ABSTRACT Herbivores can alter plant physiology through the induction of abnormal wood formation. Feeding by some insects induces the formation of false rings, a band of thick-walled latewood cells within the earlywood portion of the tree ring that reduces water transport. Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa Ferris) are invasive insects that both feed on eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière]. Adelges tsugae has a greater effect on tree health than F. externa, but the mechanism underlying their differential effect is unknown. We explored the effects of these herbivores by assessing growth ring formation in branches of trees that had been experimentally infested for 4 yr with A. tsugae, F. externa, or neither insect. We measured false ring density, ring growth, and earlywood: latewood ratios in the two most recently deposited growth rings. Branches from A. tsugae-infested trees had 30% more false rings than branches from F. externa-infested trees and 50% more than branches from uninfested trees. In contrast, branches from F. externa-infested trees and control trees did not differ in false ring formation. Radial growth and earlywood: latewood ratios did not differ among treatments. Our results show that two invasive herbivores with piercing-sucking mouth parts have differing effects on false ring formation in eastern hemlock. These false rings may be the product of a systemic plant hypersensitive response to feeding by A. tsugae on hemlock stems. If false rings are responsible for or symptomatic of hemlock water stress, this may provide a potential explanation for the relatively large effect of A. tsugae infestations on tree health.
Brains, trolleys, and intuitions: Defending deontology from the Greene/Singer argument

Joshua Greene and Peter Singer argue, on the basis of empirical evidence, that deontological moral judgments result from emotional reactions while dispassionate reasoning leads to consequentialist judgments. Given that there are good reasons to doubt these emotionally driven intuitions, they argue that we should reject Kantian ethics. I argue that the evidence does not support the claim that consequentialism is inherently more reason-based or less emotion-based than Kantian ethics. This is partly because the experiments employ a functional definition of ‘deontological’ that is so broad as to include any non-consequentialist theory, including virtue ethics, divine command theory, and even rule-utilitarianism. Thus the experiments failed to capture the reasons behind the judgments. Also, the results of the experiments are partly due to the extensive use of moral dilemmas like the footbridge version of the trolley scenario. The options in these dilemmas involve different levels of moral thinking. The consequentialist option involves higher level deliberation while the non-consequentialist option involves the lower level recognition of morally relevancy. I propose an alternate dual process theory of moral judgment. Moral thinking, whether consequentialist or deontological, requires both sympathetic emotional processing and also dispassionate reasoning.
Online Learning as a catalyst for reshaping practice – The experiences of some academics developing online learning materials

While tertiary teaching staff are familiar with teaching strategies used in traditional course delivery, the design and delivery of courses integrating new technologies such as online materials poses new challenges for many. Hence, although technology may be used, its use is often at a superficial level, failing to have significant impact on teaching practice. Motivated by the authors' belief that the development of online learning materials is an endeavour aimed at improving the quality of the learning environment, this paper explores the experiences of several lecturers within Griffith University as they engage in the design and development of online materials as part of the university's flexible learning initiative. Insights into the experiences and perceptions of teaching staff developing online materials are used to highlight issues that can then be used to inform appropriate professional development support for tertiary staff. This in turn will enable the integration of technology into the learning environment to act as a catalyst for positive changes to teaching practice.
A Survey Report on Chinese Journalists in China*

Abstract This report presents a portrait of contemporary liberal Chinese journalists. Compared with the national average ten years ago, a typical journalist in Guangzhou is younger, better-educated and more likely to be female, and less likely to be a Communist Party member. The survey shows that the literati value coexists with both the modern professional and Party journalism value during the current journalistic professionalization. Such coexistence results in a complexity in journalists' attitude and behaviour. Journalists tend to be inactively liberal: possessing liberal attitudes but not engaging themselves in action. The survey also reports evidence on the contingency of journalistic behaviour logic. Professional logic shows its popularity when journalists encounter conflicts involving legal, economic and political concerns, but not in cases involving moral or cultural conflicts. Neither professional nor commercial logic is strong enough to oppose political logic when journalists are handling severe political issues.
Antibody response after application of a new live attenuated mumps vaccine (Pariorix®) measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Mumps virus specific antibody concentrations were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hemolysis‐in‐gel (HIG) test, and hemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) test in 17 adult volunteers before and after vaccination with a new live mumps vaccine, Pariorix®. The results of the present study indicate that the strain Urabe‐Am 9 of the mumps virus (Pariorix) induces antibodies in 100% of seronegative adults when measured by ELISA and in 70.6% and 64.7% in HIG and HI, respectively. ELISA is therefore a very sensitive and reliable method for the demonstration of sero‐conversion after vaccination. The vaccine was well tolerated and clinically acceptable in the group of adult volunteers.
Gender Belief Systems: Homosexuality and the Implicit Inversion Theory

Beliefs about the characteristics of male and female homosexuals and heterosexuals were assessed to determine the degree to which stereotypes of homosexuals are consistent with the inversion model proposed by Freud (1905) and others, i.e., the assumption that homosexuals are similar to the opposite-sex heterosexual. Results showed that people do subscribe to an implicit inversion theory wherein male homosexuals are believed to be similar to female heterosexuals, and female homosexuals are believed to be similar to male heterosexuals. These results offer additional support for a bipolar model of gender stereotyping, in which masculinity and femininity are assumed to be in opposition.
Morphology and laminar distribution of electrophysiologically identified cells in the pigeon's optic tectum: An intracellular study

The responses of 65 cells to electrical stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve were intracellularly recorded in the pigeon optic tectum by using micropipettes filled with a solution of horseradish peroxidase. Nineteen of them were successfully labeled. Microscopic examination of the filled cells shows that our sample includes six pyramidal, ten ganglion, two stellate, and one, bipolar horizontal cells. Thus, pyramidal and ganglion neurons constitute the most numerous types of cells in our sample. Pyramidal cells were located in layer II but mostly in its non‐retinorecipient part, and they had restricted ascending dendritic trees oriented orthogonal to the tectal lamination. Ganglion cells were located in layer in with one exception, which was in sublayer IIi. These cells had non‐oriented dendritic trees which ramify over considerable distances. Terminal dendritic branches from a number of pyramidal and ganglion cells extended superficially well within the region of optic fibers termination. In our study, ganglion cells constituted the efferent tectal elements. Pyramidal cells responded to optic nerve stimulation with a pure EPSP, with an EPSP‐IPSP sequence, or with a pure IPSP. Ganglion cells always exhibited an IPSP either alone or preceded by an EPSP. Stellate and bipolar cells responded with a pure EPSP. The study of the laminar distribution of labeled and non‐labeled cells shows from surface to depth, a gradual increase in the number of cells responding with an EPSP‐IPSP or with a pure IPSP and a gradual decrease in the number of those exhibiting a pure EPSP. The analysis of the sensitivity of EPSPs and IPSPs to high frequency optic nerve stimulation shows that (1) monosynaptic as well as polysynaptic EPSPs can be recorded from cells in the non‐retinorecipient tectal region, (2) a number of ganglion and pyramidal cells receive a direct retinal excitatory input as their dendrites pass through the region of optic endings, (3) most IPSPs are polysynaptic, (4) some cells located in the retinorecipient region may receive direct retinal inhibitory connections.