Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The practice of the Balanced Scorecard in health care services

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify the main characteristics of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) practice in health care services Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses a case study approach focusing on three health care organisations in Sweden using the BSC. The focus is upon different management levels in a hierarchical branch in each organisation. Findings - The paper concludes that the BSC is used as a tool for improving internal capabilities and supporting organisational development. More specifically, the BSC is used as a tool by management and employees in discussions, information dissemination, knowledge creation, follow-up and reporting processes. Instead of using the BSC as a tool to implement and communicate strategy formulated by management it is used as a tool for opening up the organisation and providing a foundation for an improvement dialogue, which consequently increases the demands on management. Research limitations/implications - The paper contributes to changing the focus in existing research away from the design and construction of the BSC towards its use in managerial work. Practical implications - The paper emphasises important aspects in using the BSC in a health care context that will help managers in improving performance measurements. Originality/value - The paper shows that the use of the BSC includes several aspects, such as the purpose of the system, implementation process, actions taken and the expected contribution.
A Unified Dynamic Model for Learning, Replay, and Sharp-Wave/Ripples

Hippocampal activity is fundamental for episodic memory formation and consolidation. During phases of rest and sleep, it exhibits sharp-wave/ripple (SPW/R) complexes, which are short episodes of increased activity with superimposed high-frequency oscillations. Simultaneously, spike sequences reflecting previous behavior, such as traversed trajectories in space, are replayed. Whereas these phenomena are thought to be crucial for the formation and consolidation of episodic memory, their neurophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Here we present a unified model showing how experience may be stored and thereafter replayed in association with SPW/Rs. We propose that replay and SPW/Rs are tightly interconnected as they mutually generate and support each other. The underlying mechanism is based on the nonlinear dendritic computation attributable to dendritic sodium spikes that have been prominently found in the hippocampal regions CA1 and CA3, where SPW/Rs and replay are also generated. Besides assigning SPW/Rs a crucial role for replay and thus memory processing, the proposed mechanism also explains their characteristic features, such as the oscillation frequency and the overall wave form. The results shed a new light on the dynamical aspects of hippocampal circuit learning. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During phases of rest and sleep, the hippocampus, the “memory center” of the brain, generates intermittent patterns of strongly increased overall activity with high-frequency oscillations, the so-called sharp-wave/ripples. We investigate their role in learning and memory processing. They occur together with replay of activity sequences reflecting previous behavior. Developing a unifying computational model, we propose that both phenomena are tightly linked, by mutually generating and supporting each other. The underlying mechanism depends on nonlinear amplification of synchronous inputs that has been prominently found in the hippocampus. Besides assigning sharp-wave/ripples a crucial role for replay generation and thus memory processing, the proposed mechanism also explains their characteristic features, such as the oscillation frequency and the overall wave form.
Estimating the Implicit Value of a Young Child's Life

We describe a method for calculating the implicit value of a young child's life to his or her mother as revealed by her decisions about child car safety seat (car seat hereafter) usage. ' We present a first-ever "willingness to pay" estimate of this valuation. Previous willingness-to-pay estimates of the value of a life, whether obtained from labor market or consumption behavior, are measures based on self-valuation [23; 13; 3; 14; 12]. Because of gaps in our knowledge of the effectiveness and usage patterns of car seats, we discuss the sensitivity of this estimate to variations in key parameters. Our "willingness to pay" approach provides a more satisfactory estimate than other methods for imputing the value of a young child's life: the cost of raising a child, the child's discounted future earnings, and the imputed value of an adult's life from risk of death on the job, as in Dillingham [12]. The first approach substantially underestimates the value of a child's life; the second method is unreliable because few human capital investments have been made; the last method cannot be used because the child has yet to make any job choices. There are several reasons for interest in the value a mother places on her child's life. One reason is to compare this valuation with the mother's self valuation. This comparison is an empirical issue because the valuation of the child's life can arguably be below or above the self valuation. Narrow self interest suggests that a mother would value her own life more highly than her child's life. Survey results reported in Jones-Lee, Hammerton and Philips [17] suggest a valuation of the lives of friends and relatives as low as 40% of the value of one's own life. Needleman [20] studies the refusal rates of kidney donors to determine that the valuation of the kidney patient's life by a close relative (not just the mother) is approximately 45% of the relative's self valuation. A
Basic science as a prescription for breakthrough inventions in the pharmaceutical industry

This analysis contributes to the understanding of the role of basic science in generating breakthrough inventions in the pharmaceutical industry. Recognizing the within-firm heterogeneity of inventive activities, we look not only at the firm level, but also at the firm-technology level for characteristics determining breakthroughs. A key finding is that firms pursuing basic science are more likely to produce breakthrough inventions. At the same time, doing more basic science in science disciplines that are closely linked to a given technology domain does not increase the likelihood of BTs in that particular technology. The insignificance of basic science intensity at the technology level, coupled to the significance at the firm level, suggests that the breakthrough rewards from science capacity are not reaped in the technology areas immediately involved in basic science, but in other areas of the technology portfolio of the firm. Our findings are consistent with the view of science as a map to span processes of local search and the wider applicability of scientific insights.
Organic Poultry Production with Natural Feed Supplements as Antimicrobials Zoonotic bacterial pathogens and mixed crop-livestock farming 1

Use of mixed crop-livestock farms (MCLFs) is one of the oldest and most traditional farming methods practiced all over the world, and MCLFs are still one of the major systems of food production, particularly for organic foods. On these typically small farms, livestock are reared primarily on grass and naturally grown crops, while composted animal wastes are used to fertilize the soil for growing crops. Specific to organic MCLFs, biosecurity challenges arise from the fact that animals are reared outdoors, which increases potential for contact with disease vectors including wild birds, rodents, and insects. Organic regulations do not allow the use of chemicals and antibiotics; therefore, alternative methods for control of disease and zoonotic pathogens must be used. Due to the biosecurity challenges and the complexity of the MCLF environment, methods for control of zoonotic pathogens need to be carefully considered in order to be effective and to abide by organic regulations if required. The objectives of this study are to define the complex routes of transmission, as well as the prevalence of potential zoonotic and possible interruption strategies of these pathogens among the food animals and crops produced on MCLFs.
Determinants of absenteeism in a large Danish bank

An empirical study of the determinants of absenteeism in a large Danish bank is performed. The study is based on information from approx. 7,000 employees in 500 different units. Based on a review of the absence literature a model combining the psychological and economic approaches to absence studies is constructed. The model is based on hedonic theory and uses the frequency metric when measuring absence. The results of the empirical study show that there is indeed a significant negative relationship between job satisfaction and absence. Furthermore, the study shows that demographic variables for both employees and employers play an important role for the frequency of absence. One very interesting result is that the absenteeism for employees is very clearly related to observed absence by the unit manager.
Understanding the meanings created around the aging body and sports through media representations of elite masters athletes

Masters athletes compete in athletic events at the elite level after the point when most elite athletes retire. These athletes typically begin this stage of their competition careers between 30 and 40 years and continue in this journey in some cases to the age of 90 or older. The purpose of the present study was to explore media representations of such athletes to extend understandings on the portrayal of ageing, the older body and sport and the potential impact on understandings of ageing and sport participation. The athletes focused on were 81 year old Ed Whitlock, a Canadian marathon runner, and 77 year-old Jeanne Daprano, an American track and field athlete. Both athletes were the best athletes in their age group category based on their international accomplishments as runners. Media representation(s) (i.e. newspapers, articles in Runner’s World magazine) of both athletes (n = 41 Whitlock, n = 17 Daprano) were collected and analysed through an interpretive thematic analysis. Two higher-order themes were identified: (a) discovery and rediscovery of sports and competition – which culminated into ‘ageing into sport’ and (b) performing in a declining body – which culminated into ‘ageing out of sport’. These findings extend the literature on masters athletes, demonstrating how media stories of two prominent athletes’ identities circulating at the broader cultural level (re)creates particular meanings around ageing and athletics that can simultaneously encourage and discourage sport participation.
Dependences of Specific Loss Power on Magnetic Field and Frequency in Elongated Platelet  $\gamma$-Fe $_{2}$O $_{3}$ Particles Using Hysteresis-Loss Heating

Elongated platelet γ-Fe2O3 particles with particle sizes of about 30 to 100 nm were prepared for magnetic thermoablation using hysteresis-loss heating of the ferromagnetic particles. The coercive force was based on the shape anisotropy of the elongated shape. The dependences of specific loss power (SLP) on the magnetic field strength and frequency were examined for particles in the range of 133 to 640 Oe and 117 to 429 kHz, respectively. The dependence of SLP on the magnetic field was similar to that of areas in minor hysteresis loops and showed that the heat generation in the particles was almost entirely based on hysteresis loss. To realize effective hysteresis-loss heating a magnetic field about four times stronger than the coercive force of particles was necessary. The SLP increased linearly with increasing frequency. Particles with a coercive force of 153 Oe showed an SLP of 1670 W/g under a magnetic field of 500 Oe and at a frequency of 429 kHz.
Social Capital and Economic Development : The Case of Uzbekistan

While most transition countries suffered substantially from the world financial crisis of 2008 and still cope with its consequences, Uzbekistan has stayed almost untouched and shows constant economic growth since 2001. Neither macroeconomic foundations nor available institutional indicators provide an explanation for the sustained “Uzbek Growth Puzzle” (Zettelmeyer, 1999). This paper argues that social capital plays a major role in this puzzle. I examine how social capital has contributed to (1) the ease of transition, (2) the development of effective markets and (3) the development of an effective government. In view of the empirical results from other countries, I analyze the Uzbek case with the help of stylized facts for Uzbek social capital and the data derived from the AsiaBarometer surveys for 2003 and 2005.
Opportunities and constraints to legume diversification for sustainable maize production on smallholder farms in Malawi

Abstract Sustainable intensification of smallholder farms in Africa is highly dependent on enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Legume diversification of maize-based systems is a core example of sustainable intensification, with the food security of millions of farm families at stake. This study highlights the constraints and opportunities associated with the adoption of legumes by smallholder farmers in southern Africa. A two-part survey of households and farm fields (n=88) was conducted in the Ekwendeni watershed of northern Malawi. Participatory research and education activities have been underway for over a decade in this region, resulting in expanded uptake of a range of legume species as intercrops and in rotation with the staple maize crop. Farmer adoption has occurred to a varying extent for soybean (Glycine max), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and fish bean (Tephrosia vogelii). Farmers, working with the project valued pigeon pea and other legumes for soil fertility purposes to a greater extent than farmers not working with the project. Legumes were valued for a wide range of purposes beyond soil cover and fertility enhancement, notably for infant nutrition (at least for soybean), insect control, and vegetable and grain production for both market and home consumption. Literature values for BNF in tropical legumes range up to 170 kg N ha−1 for grain and 300 kg N ha−1 for green manure species; however, our field interviews illustrated the extent of constraints imposed by soil properties on smallholder fields in Malawi. The key edaphic constraints observed were very deficient to moderate phosphorus levels (range 4–142, average 33 mg kg−1), and moderately acid soils (range pH 5.1–7.9, average 6.2). The per farm hectarage devoted to legume production relative to maize production was also low (0.15 versus 0.35 ha), a surprising find in an area with demonstrated interest in novel legume species. Further, farmers showed a strong preference for legumes that produced edible grain, regardless of the associated nutrient removal in the harvested grain, and did not sow large areas to legume crops. These farm-level decisions act as constraints to BNF inputs in maize-based smallholder cropping systems. Overall, we found that legume productivity could be enhanced. We documented the value of policies and educational efforts that support farmers gaining access to high-quality seeds, amendments for phosphorus-deficient soils, and promotion of multipurpose legumes that build soils through leafy residues and roots, as well as providing grain for food security and sales.
Exposure to styrene and chronic health effects: mortality and incidence of solid cancers in the Danish reinforced plastics industry.

OBJECTIVES--To study the occurrence of non-malignant diseases and solid cancers in workers exposed to styrene in the Danish reinforced plastics industry. METHODS--All 36,610 workers of 386 reinforced plastics companies and 14,293 workers not exposed to styrene from similar industries were followed up from 1970 to 1990. This industry is characterised by simple exposure conditions, exposure to high concentrations of styrene, and a high proportion of small companies, and the exposure assessment was based on experts' classification on a company level. The mortality from non-malignant causes and the incidence of solid cancers were compared with the national rates. Poisson models were used for internal comparisons. RESULTS--A total of 3031 deaths and 1134 newly diagnosed cases of solid cancer were reported in the workers in the reinforced plastics industry. In companies where 50% or more of the workers produced reinforced plastics an increased mortality rate ratio (MRR) for degenerative disorders of the nervous system (multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism, and motor neurone disease; MRR 1.8, 16 cases, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.9-3.8) and an increased incidence rate ratio (IRR) for pancreatic cancer (IRR 2.2, 17 cases, 95% CI 1.1-4.5) was found. For both disease categories increased occurrence was also found among long term workers, workers of the 1960s (the period with the highest exposure to styrene), and workers with a latent period of more than 10 years after the start of employment. No other non-malignant diseases or solid cancers showed these patterns. CONCLUSION--The findings have to be interpreted with caution, due to the company based exposure assessment, but the possible association between exposures in the reinforced plastics industry, mainly styrene, and degenerative disorders of the nervous system and pancreatic cancer, deserves attention.
Presence of Host ICAM-1 in Laboratory and Clinical Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Increases Virus Infectivity and CD4+-T-Cell Depletion in Human Lymphoid Tissue, a Major Site of Replication In Vivo

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) incorporates several host proteins. Earlier studies have indicated that such foreign constituents can modulate the virus life cycle, although the potential roles that these proteins might play in the viral pathology in vivo remain unclear. In an attempt to shed light on this issue, we first exposed explants of human lymphoid tissue to isogenic viruses except for the presence or absence of host-derived ICAM-1. Incorporation of ICAM-1 alone increased HIV-1 infectivity for human tonsillar tissue cultured ex vivo. This observation was made for viruses bearing distinct coreceptor utilization profiles. Conversion of LFA-1 to a high-affinity-high-avidity state for ICAM-1 further augmented the susceptibility of human tonsillar histocultures to infection by ICAM-1-bearing virions. A more massive depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes was seen with X4 ICAM-1/POS viruses than with isogenic ICAM-1/NEG virions. Exposure of X4 and R5 primary isolates of HIV-1 to a blocking anti-ICAM-1 antibody resulted in a decrease of virus infection. Finally, X4 and R5 virions derived from a natural human lymphoid tissue microenvironment incorporated high levels of ICAM-1. Altogether, these results indicate that the incorporation of host ICAM-1 can significantly modulate the biology of HIV-1 in a cellular milieu recognized as the major site of replication in vivo and suggest that host proteins found in HIV-1 particles may participate in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Comparison of risk scoring systems for patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: international multicentre prospective study

Objective To compare the predictive accuracy and clinical utility of five risk scoring systems in the assessment of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Design International multicentre prospective study. Setting Six large hospitals in Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania. Participants 3012 consecutive patients presenting over 12 months with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Main outcome measures Comparison of pre-endoscopy scores (admission Rockall, AIMS65, and Glasgow Blatchford) and post-endoscopy scores (full Rockall and PNED) for their ability to predict predefined clinical endpoints: a composite endpoint (transfusion, endoscopic treatment, interventional radiology, surgery, or 30 day mortality), endoscopic treatment, 30 day mortality, rebleeding, and length of hospital stay. Optimum score thresholds to identify low risk and high risk patients were determined. Results The Glasgow Blatchford score was best (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) 0.86) at predicting intervention or death compared with the full Rockall score (0.70), PNED score (0.69), admission Rockall score (0.66, and AIMS65 score (0.68) (all P<0.001). A Glasgow Blatchford score of ≤1 was the optimum threshold to predict survival without intervention (sensitivity 98.6%, specificity 34.6%). The Glasgow Blatchford score was better at predicting endoscopic treatment (AUROC 0.75) than the AIMS65 (0.62) and admission Rockall scores (0.61) (both P<0.001). A Glasgow Blatchford score of ≥7 was the optimum threshold to predict endoscopic treatment (sensitivity 80%, specificity 57%). The PNED (AUROC 0.77) and AIMS65 scores (0.77) were best at predicting mortality, with both superior to admission Rockall score (0.72) and Glasgow Blatchford score (0.64; P<0.001). Score thresholds of ≥4 for PNED, ≥2 for AIMS65, ≥4 for admission Rockall, and ≥5 for full Rockall were optimal at predicting death, with sensitivities of 65.8-78.6% and specificities of 65.0-65.3%. No score was helpful at predicting rebleeding or length of stay. Conclusions The Glasgow Blatchford score has high accuracy at predicting need for hospital based intervention or death. Scores of ≤1 appear the optimum threshold for directing patients to outpatient management. AUROCs of scores for the other endpoints are less than 0.80, therefore their clinical utility for these outcomes seems to be limited. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16235737.
Coordinated Failure? A Cross-Country Bank Failure Prediction Model

This paper empirically investigates the causes of bank failures in Japan and Indonesia. Using logistic regression analysis of financial ratios, we explore the usefulness of domestic bank failure prediction models with a cross-country model that allows for cross-correlation of the error terms. Our results suggest that loans, both as a ratio to total assets, deposits and in some cases the ratio of non-performing loans, are the most significant predictors of bank failure in both Japan and Indonesia. Regulatory capital ratios, on the contrary, do not seem to be significant indicators of failure. In addition to the domestic models, we explore the usefulness of a cross-country model of bank failure prediction and find that this model outperforms the domestic models on several diagnostic tests.