Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Fragmentation of Pre-enriched Primordial Objects

Recent theoretical investigations have suggested that the formation of the very first stars, forming out of metal-free gas, was fundamentally different from the present-day case. The question then arises which effect was responsible for this transition in the star formation properties. In this paper, we study the effect of metallicity on the evolution of the gas in a collapsing dark matter mini-halo. We model such a system as an isolated 3σ peak of mass that collapses at , using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. The gas has a supposed level of pre-enrichment of either or 10−3 Z⊙. We assume that H2 has been radiatively destroyed by the presence of a soft UV background. Metals therefore provide the only viable cooling at temperatures below 104 K. We find that the evolution proceeds very differently for the two cases. The gas in the lower metallicity simulation fails to undergo continued collapse and fragmentation, whereas the gas in the higher metallicity case dissipatively settles into the centre of the dark matter halo. The central gas, characterized by densities , and a temperature, , that closely follows that of the cosmic microwave background, is gravitationally unstable and undergoes vigorous fragmentation. We discuss the physical reason for the existence of a critical metallicity, , and its possible dependence on redshift. Compared with the pure H/He case, the fragmentation of the gas leads to a larger relative number of low-mass clumps.
The regional economic impacts of introducing dual function forestry into an agricultural landscape

A greenhouse gas emissions abatement scheme that includes payments for sequestration could encourage the establishment of plantations in agricultural areas, which could in turn, change regional economic output. This study is an examination of the regional economic impacts of establishing woodlots for both timber production and carbon sequestration in an Australian agricultural region. Financial and spatial analyses are used to identify where this dual function forestry might be more profitable than current land use while input-output tables and direct expenditure projections are used to estimate regional impacts. Results suggest there will eventually be an increase in gross regional output if a sustainable timber production system was to be established. However there would be a decrease in output during the first plantation cycle despite the injection of emissions credit payments.
INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES AND THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PUBLIC CAPITAL: THE CASE OF STREETS AND HIGHWAYS

This paper examines the link between highway congestion, labor productivity, and output in a sample of California counties for the years 1977 through 1988. A county production function is modified to include both the value of each county's street and highway capital stock and a measure of the congestion on each county's highway network. This allows a comparison of two distinct policies—expanding the street and highway stock versus reducing congestion on the existing stock. The evidence suggests that congestion reduction is productive. The effects of expanding the street and highway stock are more suspect. Overall, the results provide evidence that using existing street and highway infrastructure more efficiently can produce economic benefits.
Conditional Expected Likelihood Technique for Compound Gaussian and Gaussian Distributed Noise Mixtures

Expected likelihood (EL) technique for quality assessment of parameter estimates of signals embedded in Gaussian noise is extended in this paper over the case where useful signals are immersed in a mixture of compound Gaussian and Gaussian-distributed noises. The main problem here is that analytical expressions for distributions of such mixtures do not exist in most cases. Moreover, in some cases like K-distributed noise only, where closed-form expressions for the data distribution are available, the traditional Cramér-Rao bound does not exist. This makes the EL technique even more important for parameter estimation performance assessment. In this paper, for the so-called conditional model, we introduce test statistics whose distribution for the true (actual) parameters does not depend on these parameters and specifics of texture distribution, which makes them applicable for EL applications. We illustrate the utility of this EL technique by studying and predicting the performance breakdown of some direction of arrival estimators in a mixture of K-distributed and Gaussian noise.
Special education reading instructional strategies in one Midwestern intermediate school district

Reading is one of the most important skills needed throughout life. Recent national studies combined with the passage of the No Child Left Behind Law and the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act have heightened the educational community’s awareness of the broken link between research-based instructional strategies and actual implementation. This study sought to determine to what extent research-based instructional strategies were integrated into the teaching of students with reading difficulties, and to what extent sustainability factors were evidenced in service delivery models. From the original 46 survey participants, a subset of thirteen special education teachers participated in a follow-up survey. The findings of this study showed that many teachers did not use research-based instructional strategies, and when they did, sustainability factors present within their schools were limited. These findings are only of demonstrative value due to the small number of participants. Reading Instructional Strategies iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Imperfect In-Vehicle Collision Avoidance Warning Systems Can Aid Drivers

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of an in-vehicle collision avoidance warning system (IVCAWS) on driver performance. A driving simulator was driven by 135 licensed drivers. Of these, 120 received alerts from the IVCAWS when their headway to a lead car was less than 2s, and the other 15 (the control group) received no alerts. Drivers received varied alert interfaces: auditory, visual, and multimodal. The system had varied levels of reliability, determined by both false alarm rate and failure of the IVCAWS to alert to short headway. Results indicated that the IVCAWS led to safer (longer) headway maintenance. High false alarm rates induced drivers to slow down unnecessarily; large numbers of missed alerts did not have any significant impact on drivers. Driver acceptance of the system was mixed. Interface played a role in driver reliance on the system, with the multimodal interfaces generating least reliance. Actual or potential applications of this research include IVCAWS interface selection for greater system efficacy and user acceptance and the advisability of implementation, even of imperfect systems, for drivers who seek to maintain a safer headway.
Prefrontal Cortex and Long-Term Memory Encoding: An Integrative Review of Findings from Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging

Recent findings have led to a growing appreciation of the role of the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in episodic long-term memory (LTM). Here, the authors will review results from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies of humans and present a framework to explain how different regions of the PFC contribute to successful LTM formation. Central to this framework is the idea that different regions within the PFC implement different control processes that augment memory by enhancing or attenuating memory for certain aspects of a particular item or event. Evidence reviewed here suggests that ventrolateral regions of the PFC contribute to the ability to select goal-relevant item information, and that this processing strengthens the representation of goal-relevant features of items during LTM encoding. Dorsolateral regions of the PFC may contribute to the ability to organize multiple pieces of information in working memory, thereby enhancing memory for associations among items in LTM. Thus, dorsolateral and ventrolateral regions of the PFC may implement different control processes that support LTM formation in a complementary fashion. NEUROSCIENTIST 13(3):280—291, 2007.
Trees and Traffic : Restorative Environments and Children ' s Executive Functioning

Kaplan’s Attention Restoration Theory (1995) suggests that exposure to nature, even in the form of pictures, helps to restore depleted attention. Previous studies have found that adults’ executive functions (attention, inhibitory control, and working memory) often improve after viewing nature scenes, but not after viewing urban scenes. The current study assessed whether pictures of nature also facilitate the recovery of young children’s (M = 66.10 months) executive functions. Results indicated that there was no effect of viewing nature or urban pictures on young children’s executive functions, suggesting that children may respond differently than adults to restorative environments. Learned associations between nature and relaxation may explain this difference. RESTORATIVE ENVIRONMENTS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION 4
Decoupling trust and wireless channel induced effects on collaborative sensing attacks

One of the most crucial functionalities of cognitive radio networks is spectrum sensing. Completing this task in an accurate manner requires opportunistic spectrum access. Traditionally, sensing has been performed through energy detection by each individual secondary user. In order to increase accuracy, individual measurements are aggregated using different fusion functions. However, even though collaborative spectrum sensing can increase accuracy under benign settings, it is prone to falsification attacks, where malicious secondary users report fake sensings. Previous studies have designed trust (reputation) based systems to contain the effect of the adversaries, ignoring to a large extent the wireless channel irregularities when performing the computation. In this paper, we decouple the reasons behind an incorrect sensing report and propose the Decoupling Trust and Capability Spectrum Sensing System (DTCS3). DTCS3 is a collaborative spectrum sensing system that takes into account both a secondary sensor node's trust and its capability to sense the channel. Through thorough evaluations that consider a large variety of attack strategies, we show that by accounting for wireless induced effects while calculating the reporting trust of a secondary user, we can significantly improve the performance of a collaborative spectrum sensing system as compared to existing schemes in the literature. In particular, the true positive/negative rates can be improved by as much as 38%, while DTCS3 is able to track and respond to dynamic changes in the adversaries' behavior.
Obesity, diabetes, and survival outcomes in a large cohort of early-stage breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND To determine the relationship between obesity, diabetes, and survival in a large cohort of breast cancer patients receiving modern chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 6342 patients with stage I-III breast cancer treated between 1996 and 2005. Patients were evaluated according to body mass index (BMI) category and diabetes status. RESULTS In a multivariate model adjusted for body mass index, diabetes, medical comorbidities, patient- and tumor-related variables, and adjuvant therapies, relative to the normal weight, hazard ratios (HRs) for recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) for the overweight were 1.18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.36], 1.20 (95% CI 1.00-1.42), and 1.21 (95% CI 0.98-1.48), respectively. HRs for RFS, OS, and BCSS for the obese were 1.13 (95% CI 0.98-1.31), 1.24 (95% CI 1.04-1.48), and 1.23 (95% CI 1.00-1.52), respectively. Subset analyses showed these differences were significant for the ER-positive, but not ER-negative or HER2-positive, groups. Relative to nondiabetics, HRs for diabetics for RFS, OS, and BCSS were 1.21 (95% CI 0.98-1.49), 1.39 (95% CI 1.10-1.77), and 1.04 (95% CI 0.75-1.45), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients receiving modern adjuvant therapies, obesity has a negative impact on RFS, OS, and BCSS; and diabetes has a negative impact on RFS and OS. Control of both may be important to improving survival in obese and diabetic breast cancer patients.
Cells Chromatin Environment in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Gene Lies within an Open CD 2 The T-Lineage-affiliated Updated

The nature of hemopoietic progenitors subject to leukemic transformation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been clearly defined. To address this issue, we have used DNase I hypersensitivity assays to study the chromatin structure surrounding the T-lineage-affiliated CD2 gene in the acute promyelocytic subtype of AML (APL). Upstream and downstream flanking regions of CD2 were found to be hypersensitive to DNase I in primary APL blasts, with an identical pattern of hypersensitive sites to those detected in cells of T-lineage. All of the sites were confirmed to be inaccessible to DNase I in B-lineage leukemia cells. The demonstration of T-cell-associated chromatin features in primary APL blasts has implications for the origin of APL that may arise in more primitive progenitors than previously considered to be the case.
A Multitask Theory of State Enterprise Reform

Abstract During transition, maintaining employment and providing a social safety net to the unemployed are important to social stability, which in turn is crucial for the productivity of the whole economy. Because independent institutions for social safety are lacking and firms with strong profit incentives have little incentive to promote social stability due to its public good nature, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are needed to continue their role in providing social welfare. Charged with the multitasks of efficient production as well as social welfare provision, SOEs continue to be given low profit incentives, and consequently their financial performance continues to be poor. J. Comp. Econom. , December 2000, 28(4), pp. 716–738. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, and WDI; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, CEPR, and WDI; The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, CEPR, and WDI.
Gesundheitspolitik in Zeiten der Krise: Auf inkrementellem Weg zur Systemtransformation?

Abstract Nach der Weichenstellung in Richtung eines Systems des regulierten Wettbewerbs in der ersten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre vollzieht sich in der deutschen Gesundheitspolitik eine allmähliche Abkehr von Grundsätzen der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung. Treiber dieses Prozesses sind vor allem der Bundesgesetzgeber sowie wichtige Akteure der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung selbst. Restriktionen erfährt der privatrechtliche Umbau der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung primär aus der Furcht politischer Entscheidungsträger vor negativen Rückkopplungseffekten, die aus unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen dieses Wandels erwachsen könnten. Trotz dieser Tendenzen in Richtung eines Privatversicherungssystems hat die gesetzliche Krankenversicherung bisher ihren Charakter als öffentlich-rechtlich regulierte Sozialversicherung mit Selbstverwaltung im Kern bewahrt.
THE SINS SURVEY: MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF z ∼ 2 GALAXIES AND THE HIGH-z TULLY–FISHER RELATION

We present the modeling of SINFONI integral field dynamics of 18 star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 from Hα line emission. The galaxies are selected from the larger sample of the SINS survey, based on the prominence of ordered rotational motions with respect to more complex merger-induced dynamics. The quality of the data allows us to carefully select systems with kinematics dominated by rotation, and to model the gas dynamics across the whole galaxy using suitable exponential disk models. We obtain a good correlation between the dynamical mass and the stellar mass, finding that large gas fractions (Mgas ≈ M*) are required to explain the difference between the two quantities. We use the derived stellar mass and maximum rotational velocity Vmax from the modeling to construct for the first time the stellar mass Tully–Fisher relation at z ∼ 2.2. The relation obtained shows a slope similar to what is observed at lower redshift, but we detect an evolution of the zero point. We find that at z ∼ 2.2 there is an offset in log(M*) for a given rotational velocity of 0.41 ± 0.11 with respect to the local universe. This result is consistent with the predictions of the latest N-body/hydrodynamical simulations of disk formation and evolution, which invoke gas accretion onto the forming disk in filaments and cooling flows. This scenario is in agreement with other dynamical evidence from SINS, where gas accretion from the halo is required to reproduce the observed properties of a large fraction of the z ∼ 2 galaxies.
World Bank Lending and the Quality of Economic Policy

Abstract This study investigates the impact of World Bank development policy lending on the quality of economic policy. It finds that the quality of policy increases, but at a diminishing rate, with the cumulative number of policy loans. Similar results hold for the cumulative number of conditions attached to policy loans, although quadratic specifications indicate that additional conditions may even reduce the quality of policy beyond some point. The paper measures the quality of economic policy using the World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Assessments of macro, debt, fiscal, and structural policies, and considers only policy loans targeted at improvements in those areas. Previous studies finding weaker effects of policy lending on macro stability have failed to distinguish loans primarily intended to improve economic policy from other loans targeted at improvements in sector policies or in public management. The paper also shows that investing in economic policy does not ‘crowd out’ policy improvements in other areas, such as public sector governance or human development. The results are robust to using alternative indicators of policy quality and correcting for endogeneity with system generalized methods of moments and cross-sectional two-stage least squares. The more positive results in the study relative to some previous studies are consistent with claims by the World Bank that it has learned from its mistakes with traditional adjustment lending.
Predicting and Modeling Superintendent Turnover

This study examines the longevity in office of superintendents in 292 school districts, using data from the period 1975-99. Random samples of districts from across the United States, as well as all school districts from North Carolina, were studied. Data were analyzed by survival analysis techniques, using information on superintendents, districts, and school boards as predictors. Superintendent tenure has not changed significantly since 1975-79, averaging 6–7 years over the whole period. Significantly related to survival in office were level of school board involvement in management, support for needed construction, merger of school systems, district poverty level, and superintendent postgraduate education.
Metabolic syndrome risk factors are associated with white rice intake in Korean adolescent girls and boys

In the present study, we examined the associations of total carbohydrate intake, dietary glycaemic load (DGL) and white rice intake with metabolic syndrome risk factors by sex in Korean adolescents. For the present cross-sectional study, data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–9) were used. A total of 2209 adolescents (n 1164 boys and n 1045 girls) aged 10–18 years with complete anthropometric, biochemical and dietary intake data were included in the study. Dietary intake data were obtained using the 24 h recall method, and total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake were divided into quartiles by sex. The metabolic syndrome and its risk factors were defined using the International Diabetes Federation criteria for children and adolescents. Fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance were included as the metabolic syndrome risk factors. All statistical analyses considered the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to estimate means with their standard errors of the mean for the metabolic syndrome risk factors across the quartiles of total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake. While high DGL was significantly associated with increased fasting glucose levels in boys, high total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake were consistently associated with reduced HDL-cholesterol levels in girls. High white rice intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in girls but not in boys. Optimising dietary carbohydrate intake with respect to the source or amount is fundamental to preventing and managing metabolic diseases in Asian adolescents.
BTT-Go: An Agent for Go that Uses a Transposition Table to Reduce the Simulations and the Supervision in the Monte-Carlo Tree Search

This paper presents BTT-Go: an agent for Go whose ar- chitecture is based on the well-known agent Fuego, that is, its search process for the best move is based on sim- ulations of games performed by means of Monte- Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). In Fuego, these simulations are guided by supervised heuristics called prior knowledge and play-out policy. In this context, the goal behind the BTT-Go proposal is to reduce the supervised character of Fuego, granting it more autonomy. To cope with this task, the BTT-Go counts on a Transposition Table (TT) whose role is not to waste the history of the nodes that have already been explored throughout the game. By this way, the agent proposed here reduces the super- vised character of Fuego by replacing, whenever pos- sible, the prior knowledge and the play-out policy with the information retrieved from the TT. Several evalua- tive tournaments involving BTT-Go and Fuego confirm that the former obtains satisfactory results in its purpose of attenuating the supervision in Fuego without losing its competitiveness, even in 19x19 game-boards.
Impact of Rapid Urbanization on the Rates of Infection by Vibrio cholerae O1 and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background In Bangladesh, increases in cholera epidemics are being documented with a greater incidence and severity. The aim of this prospective study was to identify the prevalence and importance of V. cholerae O1 and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as causal agents of severe diarrhea in a high diarrhea prone urban area in Dhaka city. Methodology Systematic surveillance was carried out on all diarrheal patients admitted from Mirpur between March 2008 to February 2010 at the ICDDR, B hospital. Stool or rectal swabs were collected from every third diarrheal patient for microbiological evaluation. Principal Findings Of diarrheal patients attending the hospital from Mirpur, 41% suffered from severe dehydration with 39% requiring intravenous rehydration therapy. More diarrheal patients were above five years of age (64%) than those below five years of age (36%). About 60% of the patients above five years of age had severe dehydration compared with only 9% of patients under five years of age. The most prevalent pathogen isolated was Vibrio cholerae O1 (23%) followed by ETEC (11%). About 8% of cholera infection was seen in infants with the youngest children being one month of age while in the case of ETEC the rate was 11%. Of the isolated ETEC strains, the enterotoxin type were almost equally distributed; ST accounted for 31% of strains; LT/ST for 38% and LT for 31%. Conclusion V. cholerae O1 is the major bacterial pathogen and a cause of severe cholera disease in 23% of patients from Mirpur. This represents a socioeconomic group that best reflects the major areas of high cholera burden in the country. Vaccines that can target such high risk groups in the country and the region will hopefully be able to reduce the disease morbidity and the transmission of pathogens that impact the life and health of people.