Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 1st DDIExtraction-2011 challenge task: Extraction of Drug-Drug Interactions from biomedical texts

We present an evaluation task designed to provide a frame- work for comparing different approaches to extracting drug-drug interac- tions from biomedical texts. We define the task, describe the training/test data, list the participating systems and discuss their results. There were 10 teams who submitted a total of 40 runs.
Image Completion with Automatic Structure Propagation

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for image completion with automatic structure propagation. This method integrates two stages: Firstly, it extends the salient structure lines from the known regions to the unknown by following a local self-similarity assumption on natural images. Then guided by the structure information, it restores the missing region by patch-based texture synthesis. Experiment results demonstrate a better effect of our method than that of the previous patch-based texture synthesis image completion algorithm.
Internal and External Capital Markets

This study tests the proposition that firms that make efficient use of their internal capital markets can lower the cost of transacting in the external capital market. Using a large panel data set of diversified firms from 1980-1998, I show that diversified firms with an efficient internal capital allocation display a higher propensity to use external capital relative to comparable single segment firms. This result is robust to including other controls, such as measures of information asymmetry, capital needs, relative valuation and firm size. Further, a higher use of external capital by diversified firms relative to single segment firms is associated with a higher excess value, but only for efficient internal capital market users. I also demonstrate the robustness of these findings by employing a sample of firms that experience an increase in expected investment outlays. My findings support predictions from theoretical models, such as Stein (1997), and are consistent with the interpretation that diversified firms with an efficient internal capital market benefit from lower-cost access to external capital by alleviating information asymmetry problems between managers and investors.
The Demand for Wine in Australia Using a Systems Approach: Industry Implications

The objective of this study is to explain the factors determining the demand for wine in Australia, based on a systems approach where wine demand is modelled as part of the broader demand for alcoholic drinks (beer, wine and spirits). Time series data on retail price indexes and apparent per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages for Australia for the period 1975/76 to 1998/99 are used for econometric estimation of an Almost Ideal Demand System. The results show that the demand for beer and wine is price inelastic and that both beer and wine are luxury goods. The study also found that current beer and wine consumption strongly follows past consumption patterns. Drink driving campaigns have not had a significant effect on alcoholic consumption, but there seems to have been a structural change in consumer preferences that has had a significant impact on the volume of wine consumption. Finally, there seems to have been an overall upward trend in wine consumption and a downward trend for beer consumption. The study re-confirms the importance of developing a model that considers the impacts of both economic and non-economic variables on wine consumption. Implications for wine industry marketing strategies are suggested.
Discrimination of Photon- and Dark-Initiated Signals in Multiple Gain Stage APD Photoreceivers

We demonstrate the ability of linear mode single carrier multiplication (SCM) avalanche photodiode (APD)-based optical receivers to discriminate single-photon-initiated avalanche events from dark-current-initiated events. Because of their random spatial origin in discrete regions of the depletion region, in the SCM APD the dark-generated carriers multiply differently than the photon-generated carriers. This causes different count distributions and necessitates different statistical descriptions of the signal contributions from photon- and dark-originating impulse responses. To include dark carriers in the performance models of the SCM APD, we considered the influence of the spatial origin of the ionization chains on a receiver's noise performance over the times the optical pulse is integrated by the receiver's decision circuits. We compare instantaneous (time-resolved) numeric and pseudo-DC analytical models to measured SCM APD data. It is shown that it is necessary to consider both the distribution of spatial origin and the instantaneous properties of the ionization chains to describe statistically an SCM APD receiver. The ability of SCM APD receivers to discriminate single photon events from single dark events is demonstrated, and the effective gain and excess noise contributions of the light- and dark-initiated avalanche events and their influence on receiver sensitivity and signal-to-noise characteristics are shown.
Targeted Recombinant Fusion Proteins of IFNγ and Mimetic IFNγ with PDGFβR Bicyclic Peptide Inhibits Liver Fibrogenesis In Vivo

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), following transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts plays a key role in liver fibrosis. Therefore, attempts to attenuate this myofibroblastic phenotype would be a promising therapeutic approach. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a potent anti-fibrotic cytokine, but its pleiotropic receptor expression leading to severe adverse effects has limited its clinical application. Since, activated HSC express high-level of platelet derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFβR), we investigated the potential of PDGFβR-specific targeting of IFNγ and its signaling peptide that lacks IFNγR binding site (mimetic IFNγ or mimIFNγ) in liver fibrosis. We prepared DNA constructs expressing IFNγ, mimIFNγ or BiPPB (PDGFβR-specific bicyclic peptide)-IFNγ, BiPPB-mimIFNγ fusion proteins. Both chimeric proteins alongwith IFNγ and mimIFNγ were produced in E.coli. The expressed proteins were purified and analyzed for PDGFβR-specific binding and in vitro effects. Subsequently, these recombinant proteins were investigated for the liver uptake (pSTAT1α signaling pathway), for anti-fibrotic effects and adverse effects (platelet counts) in CCl4-induced liver fibrogenesis in mice. The purified HSC-targeted IFNγ and mimIFNγ fusion proteins showed PDGFβR-specific binding and significantly reduced TGFβ-induced collagen-I expression in human HSC (LX2 cells), while mouse IFNγ and mimIFNγ did not show any effect. Conversely, mouse IFNγ and BiPPB-IFNγ induced activation and dose-dependent nitric oxide release in mouse macrophages (express IFNγR while lack PDGFβR), which was not observed with mimIFNγ and BiPPB-mimIFNγ, due to the lack of IFNγR binding sites. In vivo, targeted BiPPB-IFNγ and BiPPB-mimIFNγ significantly activated intrahepatic IFNγ-signaling pathway compared to IFNγ and mimIFNγ suggesting increased liver accumulation. Furthermore, the targeted fusion proteins ameliorated liver fibrogenesis in mice by significantly reducing collagen and α-SMA expression and potentiating collagen degradation. IFNγ also induced reduction in fibrogenesis but showed significant decrease in platelet counts, which was restored with targeted proteins. These results suggest that these rationally designed proteins can be further developed as novel anti-fibrotic therapeutics.
Engineering registers in the 21st century

Following an exploration of engineering programmes in higher education, and a review of literature on engineering registers, genres and disciplines, this paper asks if there is a register for engineering. Word frequencies, n-grams and frequent n-grams in context were analysed in a 7.3 million word corpus created from four sections (Introduction, Materials & Methods, Results & Discussion, Conclusion) of over 1000 articles in civil, electrical and mechanical engineering. From the perspective of systemic functional linguistics, this reveals how engineering is construed through language that reflects the social context of high impact, open access, multi-modal, 21st century, international journal article publication, with multiple author roles, and prescribed genres, where reviewers focus on problem solving and facts, rather than persuasive claims.
Supporting Home Language Reading through Technology in Rural South Africa

Abstract This paper describes a short-term longitudinal study in South Africa, with children in grades 1-3, some of whom received a multimedia technology reading support program in one of three home languages and English (through exisiting computer labs in schools). Findings reveal a positive and significant impact on local language reading acquisition among children with multimedia support. The study shows that effective literacy support can help struggling rural learners make significant gains that will help them complete their schooling. The ability to accomplish a full cycle of primary school with fully developed reading skills has significant implications for life-long learning.
Aspect-oriented multi-view modeling

Multi-view modeling allows a developer to describe a software system from multiple points of view, e.g. structural and behavioral, using different modeling notations. Aspect-oriented modeling techniques have been proposed to address the scalability problem within individual modeling notations. This paper presents RAM, an aspect-oriented modeling approach that provides scalable multi-view modeling. RAM allows the modeler to define stand-alone reusable aspect models using 3 modeling notations. The aspect models support the modeling of structure (using UML class diagrams) and behavior (using UML state and sequence diagrams). RAM supports aspect dependency chains, which allows an aspect providing complex functionality to reuse the functionality provided by other aspects. The RAM weaver can create woven views of the composed model for debugging, simulation or code generation purpose, as well as perform consistency checks during the weaving and on the woven model to detect inconsistencies of the composition.
Risk Factors for Dystocia and Perinatal Mortality in Extensively Kept Angus Suckler Cows in Germany

Dystocia and perinatal mortality are major animal health, welfare and economic issues in beef suckler cow production. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for dystocia and perinatal mortality and to analyze the relationships of both traits to external pelvic parameters in extensively kept beef suckler cows. Calving ease and calf survival were recorded for 785 births on five Angus cattle farms in Germany. The prevalence of dystocia and perinatal mortality was 3.4% and 4.3%, respectively. A hierarchical model was used to predict dystocia and perinatal mortality. First-parity dams had a higher probability of dystocia (p < 0.0001) than later-parity ones. Increasing birth weight was associated with an increasing risk for dystocia (p < 0.05). The probability of perinatal mortality (p < 0.0001) was higher in assisted births than in unassisted births. Calves from first-parity dams had a higher risk (p < 0.01) of being stillborn than calves from dams in later parities. An increase in the length of the pelvis was associated with an increase in odds for perinatal mortality (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the study indicates that dystocia and perinatal mortality are mainly problems in first-parity suckler cows. Concerning the predictive value of external pelvic parameters, further research is necessary.
The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856-7

The story of Nongqawuse, a young girl whose prophecy in 1856 of the regeneration of the living and the resurrection of the dead caused 100,000 Xhosa to kill their cattle, destroy their crops and slowly starve to death, is one of the most extraordinary in history, and has defied explanation over 130 years. The author draws on private letters, spy reports, oral traditions and obscure Xhosa texts to explain the motivations behind both the prophesy and the slaughter. North America: Indiana U Press; South Africa: Jonathan Ball
Time management: Test of a process model.

Although the popular literature on time management claims that engaging in time management behaviors results in increased job performance and satisfaction and fewer job tensions, a theoretical framework and empirical examination are lacking. To address this deficiency, the author proposed and tested a process model of time management. Employees in a variety of jobs completed several scales; supervisors provided performance ratings. Examination of the path coefficients in the model suggested that engaging in some time management behaviors may have beneficial effects on tensions and job satisfaction but not on job performance. Contrary to popular claims, time management training was not found to be effective.
A laboratory study of low-mode internal tide scattering by finite-amplitude topography

We present the first laboratory experimental results concerning the scattering of a low-mode internal tide by finite-amplitude Gaussian topography. Experiments performed at the Coriolis Platform in Grenoble used a recently conceived internal wave generator as a means of producing a high-quality mode-1 wave field. The evolution of the wave field in the absence and presence of a Gaussian was studied by performing spatiotemporal modal decompositions of velocity field data obtained using particle image velocimetry. The results support the belief that finite-amplitude topography produces significant reflection of the internal tide and transfer of energy from low to high modes.
Black holes with zero mass

We consider the spacetimes corresponding to static global monopoles with interior boundaries corresponding to a black hole horizon and analyse the behaviour of the appropriate ADM mass as a function of the horizon radius rH. We find that for small enough rH, this mass is negative as in the case of the regular global monopoles, but that for large enough rH the mass becomes positive, encountering an intermediate value for which we have a black hole with zero ADM mass.
COMPARING IDEOLOGIES OF RACIAL MIXING IN LATIN AMERICA: BRAZIL AND MEXICO

Abstract By the end of the twentieth century, with the rise of multicultural discourses and identity politics, Latin American ideologies of racial mixture had become increasingly denounced as myths that conceal (and thus support) the reproduction of racial inequalities. These studies have largely been guided by comparisons between countries with widespread racial mixing (usually Brazil, Mexico or Colombia) and countries in which it was less encouraged and visible (most commonly, the USA). In this paper we move the focus to the diverse ways in which racial mixture currently impacts racial formations in the Latin America, looking initially at Brazil and Mexico, two of the largest countries in the region, and also those with the largest Afro-descendent and indigenous populations in the continent. For comparison, we analyze survey data from the PERLA project.
Contrast Analysis

A standard analysis of variance (a.k.a. anova) provides an F -test, which is called an omnibus test because it reflects all possible differences between the means of the groups analyzed by the anova. However, most experimenters want to draw conclusions more precise than “the experimental manipulation has an effect on participants’ behavior. ” Precise conclusions can be obtained from contrast analysis because a contrast expresses a specific question about the pattern of results of an anova. Specifically, a contrast corresponds to a prediction precise enough to be translated into a set of numbers called contrast coefficients which reflect the prediction. The correlation between the contrast coefficients and the observed group means directly evaluates the similarity between the prediction and the results.
A Wireless Passive Pressure Microsensor Fabricated in HTCC MEMS Technology for Harsh Environments

A wireless passive high-temperature pressure sensor without evacuation channel fabricated in high-temperature co-fired ceramics (HTCC) technology is proposed. The properties of the HTCC material ensure the sensor can be applied in harsh environments. The sensor without evacuation channel can be completely gastight. The wireless data is obtained with a reader antenna by mutual inductance coupling. Experimental systems are designed to obtain the frequency-pressure characteristic, frequency-temperature characteristic and coupling distance. Experimental results show that the sensor can be coupled with an antenna at 600 °C and max distance of 2.8 cm at room temperature. The senor sensitivity is about 860 Hz/bar and hysteresis error and repeatability error are quite low.
Imatinib Mesylate (STI571)-Induced Cell Edge Translocation of Kinase-Active and Kinase-Defective Abelson Kinase: Requirements of Myristoylation and src Homology 3 Domain

4-[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[[4-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-phenyl]benzamide methanesulfonate (STI571) is the first successful target-based drug with excellent potency against chronic myelogenous leukemia. Studies on this compound have illuminated potentials and problems of kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. As found in crystal structures, STI571-bound Abelson kinase (abl) is believed to form closed conformation with N-terminal regulatory domains. Here we present evidence of distinct STI571-induced modulation of abl functions using high-resolution live-cell imaging approaches. Within lamellipodia of fibroblast cells, STI571 was found to induce rapid translocation of abl to the lamellipodium tip. Quantitative analysis yielded 0.81 and 1.8 μM for EC50 values of STI571-induced cell edge translocation of abl-KD-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and wild-type abl-GFP, respectively. It also revealed adverse response of drug-resistant abl-T334I to STI571, suggesting that drug binding to abl-GFP triggers translocation. N-myristoylation and the src homology 3 (SH3) domain were required for this translocation, whereas disruption of intramolecular interactions of these motifs enhanced cell-edge association of abl. An intact C-terminal last exon region in abl, but not its F-actin binding, was required for efficient cell-edge translocation. Moreover, single-molecule observation revealed an STI571-induced rapid increase in slow diffusive species of abl in both the tip and the body region of lamellipodia. These results suggest that although activated abl translocates to the cell edge at its open state, STI571 can also bind and lock abl in the open and membrane-tethered conformation as long as the SH3 domain and the C-terminal region are intact. High-resolution imaging can be a powerful tool for elucidating inhibitor modulation of abl functions under intracellular environment.
Spontaneous and Induced Star Formation in the LMC

Spontaneous and triggered star formation in the LMC is discussed with data on star clusters ages and positions. The supershell LMC4 and the stellar arcs in the same region are suggested to be triggered by GRBs, the progenitors of which might have escaped the old elliptical cluster NGC1978, close to which are a number of X-ray binaries and the SGR/SNR N49.
Genetic and Phenotypic Differences between Legionella pneumophila Strains

ABSTRACT Legionnaires' disease is a potentially lethal pneumonia that is primarily due to infection by the species Legionellapneumophila, although more than 40 other species are known. Certain L. pneumophila subgroups, particularly serogroup 1, are associated with the majority of the epidemics. The genetic bases for these differences in virulence have not been determined. Three strains, AA100, JR32, and Lp01, have been used in many molecular pathogenesis studies of L. pneumophila. We found genetic differences between these strains by PCR and Southern analyses that may be related to their ability to cause disease. We also examined the distribution of these genetic loci in clinical and environmental isolates of Legionella and found a correlation between the presence of two of these loci, rtxA and lvh, and the ability to cause disease in humans. Examination of the interactions of these strains with host cells suggested that they differ in important phenotypic characteristics including adherence, entry, and intracellular replication. Furthermore, in the mouse model of infection they display differing levels of replication in lungs. These studies emphasize the importance of further investigation into the genetic makeup of these strains, which is likely to lead to the identification of additional factors involved in Legionella pathogenesis.
The Effectiveness of Teachersr Higher Order Thinking Skills Questions on Science Test Achievement of form Four Students

This quasi-experimental study aims to investigate the effectiveness of teacher’s higher order thinking skills questions on test achievement of form four students. Sixty (60) students from intact groups were assigned into the control and treatment groups. The treatment group were exposed to teacher’s higher order thinking skills questions and the control group with routine teaching. Varies higher order thinking skills questions were incorporated into ten lessons (one hour thirty minutes per lesson) in the treatment group and the treatment lasted for five weeks. The instrument used in this study was a Science Test for Higher Order Thinking Skills (SciTHOTS). The SciTHOTS consists of two parts which are Section A, objective questions and Section B, subjective questions. The SciTHOTS was developed based on higher order thinking skills questions which consist of three higher cognitive domains; analysing, evaluating and creating. The SciTHOTS was used as pre-test and post-test for control and treatment groups. The reliability of the SciTHOTS for section A is 0.79 and for section B is 0.83. Descriptive statistics and analyses of independent sample t-test were used to analyse data to answer the research questions. The findings show that there is a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of the control and treatment groups in the SciTHOTS. There was also a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of control and treatment groups for each cognitive domain; analysing, evaluating and creating in the SciTHOTS. The results revealed that students from the treatment group performed better than control group in SciTHOTS. This showing that students could answer questions of higher order thinking skills better when they were exposed to teacher’s higher order thinking skills questions during classroom instructions.
A complete characterization of local martingales which are functions of Brownian motion and its maximum

We prove the max-martingale conjecture of Obloj and Yor. We show that for a continuous local martingale (Nt : t ^ 0) and a function H : U X U+ ? U, H(Nt, sup5^, Ns) is a local martingale if and only if there exists a locally integrable function / such that H(x, y) = ^ f(s)ds f(y)(x y) + H(0, 0). This readily implies, via Levy's equivalence theorem, an analogous result with the maximum process replaced by the local time at 0.