Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recovering and preventing loss of detailed memory: differential rates of forgetting for detail types in episodic memory

Episodic memories undergo qualitative changes with time, but little is known about how different aspects of memory are affected. Different types of information in a memory, such as perceptual detail, and central themes, may be lost at different rates. In patients with medial temporal lobe damage, memory for perceptual details is severely impaired, while memory for central details is relatively spared. Given the sensitivity of memory to loss of details, the present study sought to investigate factors that mediate the forgetting of different types of information from naturalistic episodic memories in young healthy adults. The study investigated (1) time-dependent loss of “central” and “peripheral” details from episodic memories, (2) the effectiveness of cuing with reminders to reinstate memory details, and (3) the role of retrieval in preventing forgetting. Over the course of 7 d, memory for naturalistic events (film clips) underwent a time-dependent loss of peripheral details, while memory for central details (the core or gist of events) showed significantly less loss. Giving brief reminders of the clips just before retrieval reinstated memory for peripheral details, suggesting that loss of details is not always permanent, and may reflect both a storage and retrieval deficit. Furthermore, retrieving a memory shortly after it was encoded prevented loss of both central and peripheral details, thereby promoting retention over time. We consider the implications of these results for behavioral and neurobiological models of retention and forgetting.
Multiple transgressions of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali

The fauna of Bali, situated immediately west of Wallace's Line, is supposedly of recent Javanese origin and characterized by low levels of endemicity. In flightless Trigonopterus weevils, however, we find 100% endemism for the eight species here reported for Bali. Phylogeographic analyses show extensive in situ differentiation, including a local radiation of five species. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny and ancestral area reconstruction of Indo-Malayan–Melanesian species reveals a complex colonization pattern, where the three Balinese lineages all arrived from the East, i.e. all of them transgressed Wallace's Line. Although East Java possesses a rich fauna of Trigonopterus, no exchange can be observed with Bali. We assert that the biogeographic picture of Bali has been dominated by the influx of mobile organisms from Java, but different relationships may be discovered when flightless invertebrates are studied. Our results highlight the importance of in-depth analyses of spatial patterns of biodiversity.
A broadband optical cavity spectrometer for measuring weak near-ultraviolet absorption spectra of gases

Abstract. Accurate absorption spectra of gases in the near–ultraviolet (300 to 400 nm) are essential in atmospheric observations and laboratory studies. This paper describes a novel incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) instrument for measuring very weak absorption spectra from 335 to 375 nm. The instrument performance was validated against the 3B1-X1A1 transition of SO2. The measured absorption varied linearly with SO2 column density and the resulting spectrum agrees well with published spectra. Using the instrument, we report new absorption cross-sections of O3, acetone, 2-butanone, and 2-pentanone in this spectral region, where literature data diverge considerably. In the absorption minimum between the Huggins and Chappuis bands, our absorption spectra fall at the lower range of reported ozone absorption cross-sections. The spectra of the ketones agree with prior spectra at moderate absorptions, but differ significantly at the limits of other instruments' sensitivity. The collision-induced absorption of the O4 dimer at 360.5 nm was also measured and found to have a maximum cross-section of ca. 4.0×10−46 cm5 molecule−2. We demonstrate the application of the instrument to quantifying low concentrations of the short-lived radical, BrO, in the presence of stronger absorptions from Br2 and O3.
B‐type Natriuretic Peptides for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease: The Heart and Soul Study

Background Brain‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the amino‐terminal fragment of its prohormone (NT‐proBNP) are known predictors of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease; however, the relative prognostic value of these 2 biomarkers for secondary events remains unclear. Methods and Results In 983 participants with stable coronary heart disease, we evaluated the association of BNP and NT‐proBNP with time to hospitalization for heart failure, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack, cardiovascular death, and combined major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). During an average follow‐up of 6.5±3.3 years, both BNP and NT‐proBNP were associated with increased risk of MACE in a multivariable‐adjusted model (hazard ratio per standard deviation of log BNP: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.89; hazard ratio per standard deviation of log NT‐proBNP: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.52 to 2.24). When added to traditional risk factors, NT‐proBNP predicted MACE better than BNP (C statistic: 0.76 versus 0.72, P<0.001). Similarly, the addition of NT‐proBNP resulted in a greater net reclassification improvement for predicting MACE than the addition of BNP (65% for NT‐proBNP, 56% for BNP). Conclusions Both BNP and NT‐proBNP were significant predictors of MACE in stable coronary heart disease; however, NT‐proBNP was superior to BNP for net risk reclassification for MACE.
Contrast sensitivity, V1 neural activity, and natural vision.

Contrast sensitivity is fundamental to natural visual processing and an important tool for characterizing both visual function and clinical disorders. We simultaneously measured contrast sensitivity and neural contrast response functions and compared measurements in common laboratory conditions with naturalistic conditions. In typical experiments, a subject holds fixation and a stimulus is flashed on, whereas in natural vision, saccades bring stimuli into view. Motivated by our previous V1 findings, we tested the hypothesis that perceptual contrast sensitivity is lower in natural vision and that this effect is associated with corresponding changes in V1 activity. We found that contrast sensitivity and V1 activity are correlated and that the relationship is similar in laboratory and naturalistic paradigms. However, in the more natural situation, contrast sensitivity is reduced up to 25% compared with that in a standard fixation paradigm, particularly at lower spatial frequencies, and this effect correlates with significant reductions in V1 responses. Our data suggest that these reductions in natural vision result from fast adaptation on one fixation that lowers the response on a subsequent fixation. This is the first demonstration of rapid, natural-image adaptation that carries across saccades, a process that appears to constantly influence visual sensitivity in natural vision. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Visual sensitivity and activity in brain area V1 were studied in a paradigm that included saccadic eye movements and natural visual input. V1 responses and contrast sensitivity were significantly reduced compared with results in common laboratory paradigms. The parallel neural and perceptual effects of eye movements and stimulus complexity appear to be due to a form of rapid adaptation that carries across saccades.
Overexpression of interleukin‐35 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a prognostic indicator after curative resection

Interleukin‐35 (IL‐35) is implicated in tumorigenesis, but its exact impact on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is not clear. The aim of the present study was to explore the specific effect of IL‐35 on patient prognosis. Additionally, we formulated an effective prognostic nomogram for ICC patients after curative resection. Immunohistochemistry was applied to explore IL‐35 expression as well as IL‐35 receptor (IL‐35R) in 102 ICC patients. Results showed that IL‐35 was highly expressed in ICC tumor tissues and was positively associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM), TNM stage and vascular invasion and was an independent prognostic factor for patients' overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS). High expression of IL‐35R (gp130 and IL‐12Rβ2) was also observed in ICC cancer tissues, but only gp130 was an independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS and was indispensable in IL‐35‐mediated ICC clinical prognosis. The nomogram comprising carcinoembryonic antigen, LNM, IL‐35 and gp130 expression achieved better predictive accuracy compared with TNM stage for OS. Our data support that high IL‐35 expression correlates with ICC aggressiveness and emerges as a valuable biomarker for evaluating ICC progression and prognosis in clinical work.
Test Accuracy of the Korean version of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive decline in the elderly for detecting Post-stroke Dementia

Background: A study of the Korean version of the Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards (K-VCIHS) in a multicenter, hospital-based stroke cohort in Korea has already been completed. We studied the test accuracy of the Korean version of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (K-IQCODE) as a screening tool for post-stroke dementia (PSD) in this cohort. Methods and Findings: Cognitive status was evaluated using the K-IQCODE as a screening tool and the 60-minute K-VCIHS-neuropsychological (NP) test protocol as a diagnostic standard of PSD at 3 months post-stroke. We compared the concordance rate for PSD diagnoses by the K-IQCODE and DSM-IV criteria from 60-minute K-VCIHS-NP test protocols for patients involved in the K-VCIHS study. Concordance between the PSD results from K-VCIHS-NP test protocols and the K-IQCODE was 45.3% (Kappa value = 0.471, p < 0.001). With a cut-off point of 3.6+ on the K-IQCODE for Alzheimer’s disease, the ROC curve showed a sensitivity of 45%, specificity of 96%, and area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.784. Conclusion: The IQCODE was not suitable for screening PSD at 3 months post-stroke because of its low sensitivity around the cut-off point for AD. We investigated other suggested optimal cut-off points on the IQCODE for PSD, but found that these were also unsuitable.
University of Birmingham Incorporating family function into chronic pain disability: the role of catastrophizing

Background . Observers’ responses to pain are recently investigated to more comprehensively explain chronic pain (CP) and disability. However, the role of family context, defined as interference in roles, communication, and problem-solving, and how (i.e., through which mechanisms) these variables contribute to CP related disability have yet to be examined. Objectives . The aim of the present study is to examine family context in relationship to pain catastrophizing, fear of movement, and depression and its role in understanding CP disability. Three different models were examined. Methods . A total sample of 142 patients with musculoskeletal chronic pain was recruited to examine the role of fear of movement, pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and depression in relationship to family functioning as predictors of disability. Results . Findings indicated that two models showed acceptable fit, but one of them revealed superior fit indices. Results of the model with superior fit indices indicated that family dysfunction may contribute to catastrophic thinking, which, in turn, contributes to patients’ disability through increasing fear of movement and depression. Discussion . The current study provides further support for the notion that the impact of emotional and cognitive variables upon CP-related disability can be better understood when we consider the social context of pain patients and family function in particular.
Assessing Factors that Influence the Recruitment of Majors from Introductory Geology Classes at Northern Arizona University

In order to guide the formulation of strategies for recruiting undergraduates into the geology program at Northern Arizona University, we surveyed 783 students in introductory geology classes and 23 geology majors in their junior and senior years. Our analysis shows that ∼7% of students in the introductory classes are possible candidates for recruitment. Influential factors that weigh in favor of majoring in geology include good employability, good salary potential, and opportunities for working outdoors, field work, observing nature, travel, and environmentally friendly employment. In addition, students view a career as a geologist as potentially the most fulfilling of the science occupations and among the more environmentally friendly. However, students perceive geology to be the least difficult of the sciences, and geology occupations to be low-paying and low in prestige relative to the other sciences. These negative perceptions are a problem for recruitment and may be countered by providing information to introductory students showing the salaries of geologists in comparison to other science occupations, and by communicating the rigorous nature of the more advanced geology classes.
Dusp6 attenuates Ras/MAPK signaling to limit zebrafish heart regeneration

ABSTRACT Zebrafish regenerate cardiac tissue through proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes and neovascularization. Secreted growth factors such as FGFs, IGF, PDGFs and Neuregulin play essential roles in stimulating cardiomyocyte proliferation. These factors activate the Ras/MAPK pathway, which is tightly controlled by the feedback attenuator Dual specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6), an ERK phosphatase. Here, we show that suppressing Dusp6 function enhances cardiac regeneration. Inactivation of Dusp6 by small molecules or by gene inactivation increased cardiomyocyte proliferation, coronary angiogenesis, and reduced fibrosis after ventricular resection. Inhibition of Erbb or PDGF receptor signaling suppressed cardiac regeneration in wild-type zebrafish, but had a milder effect on regeneration in dusp6 mutants. Moreover, in rat primary cardiomyocytes, NRG1-stimulated proliferation can be enhanced upon chemical inhibition of Dusp6 with BCI. Our results suggest that Dusp6 attenuates Ras/MAPK signaling during regeneration and that suppressing Dusp6 can enhance cardiac repair. Summary: Following heart injury, zebrafish dusp6 mutants show increased cardiomyocyte proliferation and angiogenesis and early downregulation of fibrosis genes, indicating accelerated cardiac repair associated with enhanced signaling via PDGFR and Nrg1/Erbb2.
LONG‐TERM AND CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF SPORTS CONCUSSION ON MOTOR CORTEX INHIBITION

OBJECTIVE Using transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigms, this study investigated motor cortex integrity as a function of an athlete's prior history of concussions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Motor cortex excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms were studied in athletes using four different transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols, namely 1) resting motor threshold, 2) intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation in a paired-pulse paradigm, 3) excitability of the corticospinal system using an input-output curve, and 4) intracortical inhibition in a cortical silent-period paradigm. Motor-evoked potentials were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the right hand. RESULTS Cortical silent-period duration in athletes who have experienced multiple concussions was prolonged when compared to that of normal control participants. Linear regression suggested that concussion severity was the main factor explaining motor cortex dysfunction. Moreover, when we retested the athletes, the cortical silent period was more prolonged in those who sustained another concussion after baseline testing had occurred. CONCLUSION Findings from this study indicate that sports-related concussions result in long-term motor system dysfunctions that seem to be attributable to subclinical intracortical inhibitory system abnormalities. This study also shows that sustaining subsequent concussions exacerbates this deficit, and thus provides additional support for the contention that the adverse effects of sports-related concussions on intracortical inhibitory systems are cumulative.
Intra-aggregate CO 2 enrichment: a modelling approach for aerobic soils

CO 2 concentration gradients inside soil aggregates, caused by the respiration of soil microorganisms and fungal hyphae, might lead to variations in the soil solution chemistry on a mm-scale, and to an underestimation of the CO 2 storage. But, up to now, there seems to be no feasible method for measuring CO 2 inside natural aggregates with sufficient spatial resolution. We combined a one-dimensional model for gas diffusion in the inter-aggregate pore space with a cylinder diffusion model, simulating the consumption/production and diffusion of O 2 and CO 2 inside soil aggregates with air- and water-filled pores. Our model predicts that for aerobic respiration (respiratory quotient = 1) the intra-aggregate increase in the CO 2 partial pressure can never be higher than 0.9 kPa for siliceous, and 0.1 kPa for calcaric aggregates, independent of the level of water-saturation. This suggests that only for siliceous aggregates CO 2 produced by aerobic respiration might cause a high small-scale spatial variability in the soil solution chemistry. In calcaric aggregates, however, the contribution of carbonate species to the CO 2 transport should lead to secondary carbonates on the aggregate surfaces. As regards the total CO 2 storage in aerobic soils, both siliceous and calcaric, the effect of intra-aggregate CO 2 gradients seems to be negligible. To assess the effect of anaerobic respiration on the intra-aggregate CO 2 gradients, the development of a device for measuring CO 2 on a mm-scale in soils is indispensable.
Validation of a booted finite element model of the WIAMan ATD lower limb in component and whole-body vertical loading impacts with an assessment of the boot influence model on response

ABSTRACT Objective: A novel anthropomorphic test device (ATD) representative of the 50th percentile male soldier is being developed to predict injuries to a vehicle occupant during an underbody blast (UBB). The main objective of this study was to develop and validate a finite element (FE) model of the ATD lower limb outfitted with a military combat boot and to insert the validated lower limb into a model of the full ATD and simulate vertical loading experiments. Methods: A Belleville desert combat boot model was assigned contacts and material properties based on previous experiments. The boot model was fit to a previously developed model of the barefoot ATD. Validation was performed through 6 matched pair component tests conducted on the Vertically Accelerated Loads Transfer System (VALTS). The load transfer capabilities of the FE model were assessed along with the force-mitigating properties of the boot. The booted lower limb subassembly was then incorporated into a whole-body model of the ATD. Two whole-body VALTS experiments were simulated to evaluate lower limb performance in the whole body. Results: The lower limb model accurately predicted axial loads measured at heel, tibia, and knee load cells during matched pair component tests. Forces in booted simulations were compared to unbooted simulations and an amount of mitigation similar to that of experiments was observed. In a whole-body loading environment, the model kinematics match those recorded in experiments. The shape and magnitude of experimental force–time curves were accurately predicted by the model. Correlation between the experiments and simulations was backed up by high objective rating scores for all experiments. Conclusion: The booted lower limb model is accurate in its ability to articulate and transfer loads similar to the physical dummy in simulated underbody loading experiments. The performance of the model leads to the recommendation to use it appropriately as an alternative to costly ATD experiments.
From atmospheric winds to fracture ventilation: Cause and effect

[1] Vadose zone fractures and soil cracks exposed to the atmosphere have an impact on gas exchange processes at the Earth–atmosphere interface. In this study we explored and quantified the role of ground-surface winds on fracture ventilation. While the governing physical mechanisms that cause ventilation are relatively well understood, this is the first work to quantify these processes in natural fractures and to determine the net effect on gas exchange. In this study field measurements pointed to a correlation between surface wind velocity and the ventilate rate of surface-exposed fractures. To better explore and quantify this phenomenon, laboratory experiments were carried out using a Hele-Shaw chamber to simulate a natural fracture and the ventilation of smoke, used as a gas tracer, was explored as a function of controlled surface-wind and fracture aperture. It was found that ventilation depth is linearly correlated to wind velocity and nonlinearly with fracture aperture. Results were used to formulate an empirical model for Earth-atmosphere air exchange. This model can be used to estimate by how much the presence of fractures enhances that exchange under windy conditions. Incorporating this venting process into Earth-atmosphere gas exchange simulations is another step toward improving our ability to better predict and quantify soil aeration, soil temperature variation, water vapor loss and processes related to climate change, such as the fate and transport of greenhouse gases.
Is Intravenous Administration of Iodixanol Associated with Increased Risk of Acute Kidney Injury, Dialysis, or Mortality? A Propensity Score-adjusted Study.

Purpose To compare the rates of acute kidney injury (AKI), emergent dialysis, and short-term mortality between patients who underwent intravenous administration of the iso-osmolar contrast material (IOCM) iodixanol 320 and patients who underwent a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) examination. Materials and Methods Study design and implementation were overseen by an institutional review board and conformed to HIPAA guidelines on patient data integrity. All patients who underwent an iodixanol-enhanced (IOCM group) or a noncontrast (noncontrast group) CT examination from January 2003 to December 2014 were identified. Patients were subdivided into subgroups of those with stage 1-2 chronic kidney disease (CKD) (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), those with stage 3 CKD (eGFR, 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2), and those with stage 4-5 CKD (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) and separately underwent propensity score stratification and matching. Rates of AKI, emergent dialysis, and mortality were compared between IOCM and noncontrast groups. Additional analyses incorporating intravenous fluid administration, including additional CT studies at other sites within a single institution, and a paired analysis of patients who underwent both IOCM and noncontrast CT studies during the study time frame, were also performed. Results A total of 5758 patients (1538 with stage 1-2 CKD, 2899 with stage 3 CKD, and 1321 with stage 4-5 CKD) were included in the study. After propensity score adjustment, rates of AKI, dialysis, and mortality were not significantly higher in the IOCM group compared with the noncontrast group for all CKD subgroups (AKI odds ratios [ORs], 0.74-0.91, P = .16-0.69; dialysis ORs, 0.74-2.00, P = .42-.76; mortality ORs, 0.98-1.24, P = .39-.88). Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Conclusion Among patients at the highest perceived risk of postcontrast AKI, intravenous administration of iodixanol for contrast material enhanced CT was not an independent risk factor for AKI, dialysis, or mortality. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.