Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cold tolerance performance of westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its potential role in influencing interspecific hybridization

Hybridization between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi (Girard, 1856)) occurs commonly when rainbow trout are introduced into the range of westslope cutthroat trout. Typically, hybridization is most common in warmer, lower elevation habitats, but much less common in colder, higher elevation habitats. We assessed the tolerance to cold water temperature (i.e., critical thermal minimum, CTMin) in juvenile rainbow trout and westslope cutthroat trout to test the hypothesis that westslope cutthroat trout better tolerate low water temperature, which may explain the lower prevalence of rainbow trout and interspecific hybrids in higher elevation, cold-water habitats (i.e., the "elevation refuge hypothesis"). All fish had significantly lower CTMin values (i.e., were better able to tolerate low temperatures) when they were acclimated to 15 °C (mean CTMin = 1.37 °C) versus 18 °C (mean CTMin = 1.91 °C; p < 0.001). Westslope cutthroat trout tended to have lower CTMin than rainbow trout from two populations, second-generation (F2) hybrids between two rainbow trout populations, and backcrossed rainbow trout at 15 °C (cross type × acclimation temperature interaction; p = 0.018). Differential adaptation to cold water temperatures may play a role in influencing the spatial distribution of hybridization between sympatric species of trout.
NONLINEAR SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF A NACA 0015 HIGH LIFT SYSTEM UNDER DUAL LOCATION OPEN LOOP CONTROL

An NACA 0015 airfoil fitted (with flow control capability) with a simple trailing edge flap set at an angle of attack of 16 degrees (deep stall), flap deflection is set at zero degrees at an airspeed of 5 m/s is the subject of this research. The flow conditions analyzed are an unforced stalled condition and an open loop controlled condition with a modulation frequency of 50 Hz. The analysis is performed using classical signal processing tools along with higher order spectral moments. For the un-forced flow condition, the analysis revealed that the autobispectral results are directly related to the RMS pressure distribution especially when there is a vortex shedding frequency present. The analysis also exposed the nonlinear signature of vortex pairing and shredding. For the forced flow condition, it is observed that forcing the flow stabilizes tones that otherwise would migrate downstream of the leading edge. The surface pressure fluctuations are reduced because of convective energy transfers between the forced fundamental of ~43 Hz and low frequency components which results in reattachment of the flow.
Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators omparison of the effects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid upplementation on plasma levels of free and esterified oxylipins ils

Introduction: It is believed that many of the beneficial effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) are mediated by their oxidized metabolites, the oxylipins. The formation and biological role of many cytochrome P450 and lipoxygenase derived hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy FA, particularly of oxylipins esterified in polar lipids and triglycerides remain unclear. In this study, we compared the impact of twelve weeks of LC n-3 PUFA supplementation on the patterns of free and total (sum of esterified and free) hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy FAs. Subjects and methods: Subjects (5 male; 5 female) between 46 and 70 years were supplemented with 1.1 g/d of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.74 g/d docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as ethyl esters. Blood samples were drawn before and after twelve weeks of treatment. Oxylipins in plasma were analyzed by LC–MS directly for free oxylipins and after saponification. Relative FA composition in erythrocyte membranes was analyzed by GC. Results: LC n-3 PUFA treatment led to a significant increase in EPA (200%) and DHA (23%) in erythrocyte membranes. Of the oxylipins measured in plasma, total and free EPA-derived metabolites were highly increased (70–150%), while total AA-derived metabolites were decreased on average by 30%. There was no effect on DHA-metabolites. Concentrations of total hydroxy and epoxy FAs in plasma were considerably higher compared to free hydroxy and epoxy FAs (up to 350 times), while levels of most free dihydroxy FAs were in a similar range to total dihydroxy FAs. However, the individual ratios between total and free plasma oxylipins remained unchanged after LC n-3 PUFA treatment. Discussion and conclusions: LC n-3 PUFA supplementation causes a shift in the levels of circulating oxylipins, having the strongest impact on EPA-derived epoxy, dihydroxy and hydroxy FA. The unchanged ratio of free and esterified oxylipins in plasma indicates that both concentrations are valuable biomarkers for assessing the individual status of these lipid mediators. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Factors affecting the rate of hydrolysis of starch in food.

After accurate determination of the content of available carbohydrate in a wide variety of cereals, as in vitro method was used to study factors that influence hydrolysis rates of starch in foods. Fiber, physical form, cooking, and the possible presence of a natural amylase inhibitor were all shown to affect hydrolysis rates of starch. Fiber only exerted an inhibiting effect on the rate of hydrolysis when it formed a physical barrier to limit access of the hydrolytic enzymes to the starch (as in whole brown rice, for example). Particle size played an important role in determining the rate of hydrolysis. Cooking made the starch much more readily available for enzymic hydrolysis presumably by gelatinizing it. Stoneground wholemeal flour was hydrolyzed more slowly than white flour. This is consistent with the presence of a natural amylase inhibitor that has been isolated from wheat germ in the whole grain. Our results suggest that such amylase inhibitor activity is destroyed by passage through the roller mill, since the starch in wheat germ and standard wholemeal flour (i.e., not stoneground but reconstituted after passage through the roller mill) was hydrolyzed at a rate identical to white flour.
Lipreading Ability and Its Cognitive Correlates in Typically Developing Children and Children With Specific Language Impairment.

Purpose Lipreading and its cognitive correlates were studied in school-age children with typical language development and delayed language development due to specific language impairment (SLI). Method Forty-two children with typical language development and 20 children with SLI were tested by using a word-level lipreading test and an extensive battery of standardized cognitive and linguistic tests. Results Children with SLI were poorer lipreaders than their typically developing peers. Good phonological skills were associated with skilled lipreading in both typically developing children and in children with SLI. Lipreading was also found to correlate with several cognitive skills, for example, short-term memory capacity and verbal motor skills. Conclusions Speech processing deficits in SLI extend also to the perception of visual speech. Lipreading performance was associated with phonological skills. Poor lipreading in children with SLI may be, thus, related to problems in phonological processing.
Impact of Cervical Sagittal Alignment Parameters on Neck Disability

Study Design. Retrospective cross-sectional study Objective. Determine if pre-operative cervical alignment serves as an independent predictor of pre-operative disability as measured by the neck disability index (NDI). Summary of Background Data. There is growing interest in the relationship between cervical sagittal alignment and clinical outcomes. While prior studies have shown that C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA) correlates with worse NDI scores in post-operative patients, no studies to date have examined the impact of cervical sagittal parameters on pre-operative disability in patients indicated for surgery. Methods. Patients with pre-operative standing cervical radiographs, no prior cervical spine procedures and a pre-operative NDI score were identified. Measurements were made by two observers at two different time points. Parameters measured were: Occiput-C2 angle, C1-C2 angle, C2-C7 angle (CL), T1 slope (TS), TS minus CL (TS-CL), C2-C7 SVA, and C1-C7 SVA. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was calculated. Subgroup analyses of myelopathy vs. radiculopathy and deformity vs. no deformity was performed. A multivariate linear regression was performed. Results. Ninety patients were included. Indications included cervical myelopathy (n = 63), cervical radiculopathy (n = 25), cervical stenosis (n = 9), and others (n = 5). CL averaged −13.7 ± 14.9 degrees. TS averaged 30.7 ± 10.4 degrees and C2-C7 SVA averaged 28.8 ± 13.2 mm. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was good to excellent (ICC > 0.8). Increasing CL (r = 0.277, P = 0.009), increasing TS (r = −0.273, P = 0.011) and increasing TS-CL (r = −0.301, P = 0.005) were correlated with decreasing NDI. CL, TS and TS-CL were also strongly correlated with each other (r > 0.65, P < 0.001 for all bivariate correlations). A multivariate regression adjusting for age and indication showed TS-CL (P = 0.040) and C2-C7 SVA (P = 0.015) were independent predictors of NDI. Conclusion. Increasing CL, increasing TS and increasing TS-CL are correlated with decreasingpre-operative NDI. Low TS-CL and high C2-C7 SVA are independent predictors of high pre-operative NDI. Level of Evidence: 4.
THE INFLUENCE OF HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY STREAM HYDROLOGY ON THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES: AN EXAMINATION OF MICROSATELLITE DNA VARIATION IN BULL TROUT, SALVELINUS CONFLUENTUS (PISCES: SALMONIDAE)

Abstract An understanding of the relative roles of historical and contemporary factors in structuring genetic variation is a fundamental, but understudied aspect of geographic variation. We examined geographic variation in microsatellite DNA allele frequencies in bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus, Salmonidae) to test hypotheses concerning the relative roles of postglacial dispersal (historical) and current landscape features (contemporary) in structuring genetic variability and population differentiation. Bull trout exhibit relatively low intrapopulation microsatellite variation (average of 1.9 alleles per locus, average He = 0.24), but high levels of interpopulation divergence (FST = 0.39). We found evidence of historical influences on microsatellite variation in the form of a decrease in the number of alleles and heterozygosities in populations on the periphery of the range relative to populations closer to putative glacial refugia. In addition, one region of British Columbia that was colonized later during deglaciation and by more indirect watershed connections showed less developed and more variable patterns of isolation by distance than a similar region colonized earlier and more directly from refugia. Current spatial and drainage interconnectedness among sites and the presence of migration barriers (falls and cascades) within individual streams were found to be important contemporary factors influencing historical patterns of genetic variability and interpopulation divergence. Our work illustrates the limited utility of equilibrium models to delineate population structure and patterns of genetic diversity in recently founded populations or those inhabiting highly heterogeneous environments, and it highlights the need for approaches incorporating a landscape context for population divergence. Substantial microsatellite DNA divergence among bull trout populations may also signal divergence in traits important to population persistence in specific environments.
Lasp1 promotes malignant phenotype of non-small-cell lung cancer via inducing phosphorylation of FAK-AKT pathway

Lasp1 (LIM and SH3 domain protein 1) promotes tumor proliferation and invasion in multiple cancer entities including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the molecular mechanism is uncertain to date. In the present study, using immunohistochemistry, we found that Lasp1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size (P=0.005), advanced TNM stage (P=0.042), positive regional lymph node metastasis (P=0.034) and poor overall survival (P<0.001). Similar results were seen in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma (P=0.003 for larger tumor size, P=0.017 for advanced TNM stage, P=0.003 for positive lymph node metastasis and P<0.001 for poor overall survival) but not in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (P>0.05). Proliferation and invasion assay showed that Lasp1 dramatically promoted the ability of proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells. Subsequent western blot results revealed that Lasp1 promoted the expression of Cyclin A2, CyclinB1, and Snail, and inhibited the expression of E-cadherin. Lasp1 directly interacted with FAK and facilitated the expression of phosphorylated FAK (Tyr397) and AKT (Ser473). Incorporation of both FAK inhibitor and AKT inhibitor counteracted the upregulating expression of Cyclin A2, CyclinB1, and Snail, and downregulating expression of E-cadherin expression induced by Lasp1 overexpression. Interestingly, inhibition of FAK signaling pathway attenuated the phosphorylation of AKT, but inhibition of AKT signaling pathway did not affect the phosphorylation of FAK. In conclusion, Lasp1 facilitated tumor proliferation and invasion of NSCLC through directly binding to FAK and enhancing the phosphorylation of FAK (Tyr397) and AKT (Ser473). Lasp1 may be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of NSCLC patients.
Consumer Mobile Apps for Potential Drug-Drug Interaction Check: Systematic Review and Content Analysis Using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS)

Background General consumers can now easily access drug information and quickly check for potential drug-drug interactions (PDDIs) through mobile health (mHealth) apps. With aging population in Canada, more people have chronic diseases and comorbidities leading to increasing numbers of medications. The use of mHealth apps for checking PDDIs can be helpful in ensuring patient safety and empowerment. Objective The aim of this study was to review the characteristics and quality of publicly available mHealth apps that check for PDDIs. Methods Apple App Store and Google Play were searched to identify apps with PDDI functionality. The apps’ general and feature characteristics were extracted. The Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) was used to assess the quality. Results A total of 23 apps were included for the review—12 from Apple App Store and 11 from Google Play. Only 5 of these were paid apps, with an average price of $7.19 CAD. The mean MARS score was 3.23 out of 5 (interquartile range 1.34). The mean MARS scores for the apps from Google Play and Apple App Store were not statistically different (P=.84). The information dimension was associated with the highest score (3.63), whereas the engagement dimension resulted in the lowest score (2.75). The total number of features per app, average rating, and price were significantly associated with the total MARS score. Conclusions Some apps provided accurate and comprehensive information about potential adverse drug effects from PDDIs. Given the potentially severe consequences of incorrect drug information, there is a need for oversight to eliminate low quality and potentially harmful apps. Because managing PDDIs is complex in the absence of complete information, secondary features such as medication reminder, refill reminder, medication history tracking, and pill identification could help enhance the effectiveness of PDDI apps.
Experimental study on simply supported RC beams strengthened by steel plate-concrete composite technique

Steel plate-concrete composite (SPCC) technique can be applied to the strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. This technique was developed based on the research of SPCC beams. In order to study the structural behavior of RC beams strengthened by SPCC technique, one as-built RC beam model and ten RC beams strengthened by SPCC technique were tested. Three of the beams were strengthened directly; four beams were first loaded and then unloaded, and strengthened in the unloaded state; the other three were loaded and strengthened under load. The load, deflection, strains and crack widths were measured and analyzed. There were two failure modes of the specimens, flexural failure and debonding failure between the interface of new and existing concretes. The beams failed in flexural failure mode demonstrated highly improved load carrying capacity, stiffness and good ductility. The first crack load and ultimate bending capacity can be calculated by elastic and plastic method. However, the existing method for calculating deflection prescribed in codes could not accurately predict the deflection of the strengthened beams.
Screening of cancer tissue arrays identifies CXCR4 on adrenocortical carcinoma: correlates with expression and quantification on metastases using 64Cu-plerixafor PET

Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by many cancers correlates with aggressive clinical behavior. As part of the initial studies in a project whose goal was to quantify CXCR4 expression on cancers non-invasively, we examined CXCR4 expression in cancer samples by immunohistochemistry using a validated anti-CXCR4 antibody. Among solid tumors, we found expression of CXCR4 on significant percentages of major types of kidney, lung, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and, notably, on metastases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We found particularly high expression of CXCR4 on adrenocortical cancer (ACC) metastases. Microarrays of ACC metastases revealed correlations between expression of CXCR4 and other chemokine system genes, particularly CXCR7/ACKR3, which encodes an atypical chemokine receptor that shares a ligand, CXCL12, with CXCR4. A first-in-human study using 64Cu-plerixafor for PET in an ACC patient prior to resection of metastases showed heterogeneity among metastatic nodules and good correlations among PET SUVs, CXCR4 staining, and CXCR4 mRNA. Additionally, we were able to show that CXCR4 expression correlated with the rates of growth of the pulmonary lesions in this patient. Further studies are needed to understand better the role of CXCR4 in ACC and whether targeting it may be beneficial. In this regard, non-invasive methods for assessing CXCR4 expression, such as PET using 64Cu-plerixafor, should be important investigative tools.
Five years of Deepwater Horizon oil spill effects on marsh periwinkles Littoraria irrorata

The Deepwater Horizon spill (2010) was the largest marine oil spill in US waters to date and one of the largest worldwide. To examine effects of the oil spill on an important salt marsh species over time, we conducted a meta-analysis on marsh periwinkles Littoraria irrorata using published and unpublished sources spanning more than 5 yr (2010−2015), including newly available Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) and Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) data sets. We tested the hypotheses that the spill decreased mean periwinkle density, reduced mean snail shell length, and changed periwinkle size distribution. Averaged across multiple studies, sites, marsh zones (edge versus interior), and years, our synthesis revealed a negative effect of heavy oiling on periwinkles. Snail densities were reduced by 73% in heavily oiled sites across all study-zone-by-year combinations, including adverse effects for both the oiled marsh edge and oiled marsh interior, with impacts observed over more than 5 yr. Mean periwinkle shell length was somewhat reduced at the oiled marsh edge in a few cases; however, periwinkle size distributions displayed greater relative proportions of smaller adults and sub-adults, and fewer large adults, across all years. Given the spatial and temporal extent of data analyzed, this synthesis provides evidence that the Deepwater Horizon spill suppressed populations of marsh periwinkles in heavily oiled marshes for over 5 yr, and that impacts were ongoing and recovery was incomplete, likely affecting other ecosystem components, including marsh productivity, organic matter and nutrient cycling, marsh−estuarine food webs, and associated predators.
Quality of Death: Assessing the Importance Placed on End-of-Life Treatment in the Intensive-Care Unit

Context:The value of good end-of-life (EOL) care could be underestimated if its effects are assessed using the standard metric of quality-adjusted survival, especially if the time horizon is limited to the duration of the EOL care. This issue is particularly problematic in the intensive-care unit (ICU) where death is frequent, care is difficult, and costs are high. Objectives:The objectives of this study were to test whether people would trade healthy life expectancy for better EOL care, to understand how much life expectancy they would trade relative to domains of good care, and to determine the association of respondent characteristics to time traded. Design and Subjects:We used a computerized survey instrument describing hypothetical patient experiences in the ICU used to assess attitudes of a general population sample (n = 104) recruited in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Measures:We used life expectancy traded (from a baseline of 80 healthy years followed by a 1-month fatal ICU stay) for improving ICU care in 4 domains: pain and discomfort, daily surroundings, treatment decisions, and family support. Results:Three fourths of respondents (n = 78) were prepared to shorten healthy life for better EOL care. Median time traded in individual domains ranged from 7.2 to 7.7 months overall and 9.6 to 11.4 months when restricted to those willing to trade. Median time traded for improvement in all domains was 8.3 months overall and 24.0 months by those willing to trade. In multivariable analyses, respondents who were older, nonwhite, or had children traded significantly less time, whereas those who did not perceive the ICU to be a caring environment traded more time. Conclusions:Good EOL care is highly valued, both in terms of medical and nonmedical domains, as suggested by previous work and confirmed by our data showing respondents trading quantities of healthy life several times longer than the duration of the EOL period itself. The considerable interperson variation highlights the importance of soliciting individual preferences about EOL care.