Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression of PaNAC01, a Picea abies CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON orthologue, is regulated by polar auxin transport and associated with differentiation of the shoot apical meristem and formation of separated cotyledons

Background and Aims During embryo development in most gymnosperms, the establishment of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) occurs concomitantly with the formation of a crown of cotyledons surrounding the SAM. It has previously been shown that the differentiation of cotyledons in somatic embryos of Picea abies is dependent on polar auxin transport (PAT). In the angiosperm model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, the establishment of cotyledonary boundaries and the embryonal SAM is dependent on PAT and the expression of the CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) genes, which belong to the large NAC gene family. The aim of this study was to characterize CUC-like genes in a gymnosperm, and to elucidate their expression during SAM and cotyledon differentiation, and in response to PAT. Methods Sixteen Picea glauca NAC sequences were identified in GenBank and deployed to different clades within the NAC gene family using maximum parsimony analysis and Bayesian inference. Motifs conserved between angiosperms and gymnosperms were analysed using the motif discovery tool MEME. Expression profiles during embryo development were produced using quantitative real-time PCR. Protein conservation was analysed by introducing a P. abies CUC orthologue into the A. thaliana cuc1cuc2 double mutant. Key Results Two full-length CUC-like cDNAs denoted PaNAC01 and PaNAC02 were cloned from P. abies. PaNAC01, but not PaNAC02, harbours previously characterized functional motifs in CUC1 and CUC2. The expression profile of PaNAC01 showed that the gene is PAT regulated and associated with SAM differentiation and cotyledon formation. Furthermore, PaNAC01 could functionally substitute for CUC2 in the A. thaliana cuc1cuc2 double mutant. Conclusions The results show that CUC-like genes with distinct signature motifs existed before the separation of angiosperms and gymnosperms approx. 300 million years ago, and suggest a conserved function between PaNAC01 and CUC1/CUC2.
Starvation Improves Survival of Bacteria Introduced into Activated Sludge

ABSTRACT A phenol-degrading bacterium, Ralstonia eutropha E2, was grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium or in an inorganic medium (called MP) supplemented with phenol and harvested at the late-exponential-growth phase. Phenol-acclimated activated sludge was inoculated with the E2 cells immediately after harvest or after starvation in MP for 2 or 7 days. The densities of the E2 populations in the activated sludge were then monitored by quantitative PCR. The E2 cells grown on phenol and starved for 2 days (P-2 cells) survived in the activated sludge better than those treated differently: the population density of the P-2 cells 7 days after their inoculation was 50 to 100 times higher than the population density of E2 cells without starvation or that with 7-day starvation. LB medium-grown cells either starved or nonstarved were rapidly eliminated from the sludge. The P-2 cells showed a high cell surface hydrophobicity and retained metabolic activities. Cells otherwise prepared did not have one of these two features. From these observations, it is assumed that hydrophobic cell surface and metabolic activities higher than certain levels were required for the inoculated bacteria to survive in the activated sludge. Reverse transcriptase PCR analyses showed that the P-2 cells initiated the expression of phenol hydroxylase within 1 day of their inoculation into the sludge. These results suggest the utility of a short starvation treatment for improving the efficacy of bioaugumentation.
Dietary acrylamide and human cancer

Low levels of acrylamide have been found in several foods cooked at high temperatures. While there is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of acrylamide in experimental animals, the few epidemiologic studies conducted to date on occupational and dietary exposure to acrylamide have found no consistent evidence of association with human cancer risk. Using data from an integrated network of Italian and Swiss hospital‐based case‐control studies, we analyzed the relation between dietary acrylamide intake and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (749 cases, 1,772 controls), esophagus (395 cases, 1,066 controls), large bowel (1,394 cases of colon, 886 cases of rectal cancer, 4,765 controls), larynx (527 cases, 1,297 controls), breast (2,900 cases, 3,122 controls), ovary (1,031 cases, 2,411 controls) and prostate (1,294 cases, 1,451 controls). All the studies included incident, histologically confirmed cancer cases and controls admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute nonneoplastic conditions. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) using multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for energy intake and other major covariates of interest. The ORs for the highest versus the lowest quintile of acrylamide intake were 1.12 (95% CI = 0.76–1.66) for cancer of the oral cavity/pharynx, 1.10 (95% CI = 0.65–1.86) for esophageal, 0.97 (95% CI = 0.80–1.18) for colorectal, 1.23 (95% CI = 0.80–1.90) for laryngeal, 1.06 (95% CI = 0.88–1.28) for breast, 0.97 (95% CI = 0.73–1.31) for ovarian and 0.92 (95% CI = 0.69–1.23) for prostate cancer. None of the trend in risk was significant. This uniquely large and comprehensive data set does not show any consistent association between intake of acrylamide and the risk of breast and several other common cancers. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organizational decision making: Preference processing

Part I. Introduction: 1. Introduction Zur Shapira 2. Understanding how decisions happen in organizations James March Part II. Information Processing and Attention Allocation: 3. Trying to help S & L's: how organizations with good intentions jointly enacted disaster William H. Starbuck and P. Nayaran Pant 4. Organizational choice under ambiguity: decision making in the chemical industry following Bhopal Howard Kunreuther and Jacqueline Meszaros 5. Strategic agenda building in organizations Jane Dutton Part III. Preference Processing: 6. The social ideologies of power in organizational decisions Gerald Robert Salancik and Margaret Cooper Brindle 7. Managerial incentives in organizations: economic, political and symbolic perspectives Edward J. Zajac and James D. Westphal 8. Coordination in organizations: a game-theoretic perspective Colin Camerer and Marc Knez Part IV. Decision Processes: 9. The escalation of commitment: an update and appraisal Barry M. Staw 10. The possibility of distributed decision making Baruch Fischhoff and Stephen Johnson 11. Aligning the residuals: risk, return, responsibility and authority Raghu Garud and Zur Shapira 12. Organizational decision making as rule following Xueguang Zhou Part V. Alternative Approaches: 13. Naturalistic decision making and the new organizational context Terry Connolly and Ken Koput 14. Telling decisions: the role of narrative in organizational decision making Ellen O'Connor 15. Bounded rationality, indeterminacy, and the managerial theory of the firm Roy Radner 16. The scarecrow's search: a cognitive psychologist's perspective on organizational decision making John W. Payne.
Engineering Benchmarks for Planning: the Domains Used in the Deterministic Part of IPC-4

In a field of research about general reasoning mechanisms, it is essential to have appropriate benchmarks. Ideally, the benchmarks should reflect possible applications of the developed technology. In AI Planning, researchers more and more tend to draw their testing examples from the benchmark collections used in the International Planning Competition (IPC). In the organization of (the deterministic part of) the fourth IPC, IPC-4, the authors therefore invested significant effort to create a useful set of benchmarks. They come from five different (potential) real-world applications of planning: airport ground traffic control, oil derivative transportation in pipeline networks, model-checking safety properties, power supply restoration, and UMTS call setup. Adapting and preparing such an application for use as a benchmark in the IPC involves, at the time, inevitable (often drastic) simplifications, as well as careful choice between, and engineering of, domain encodings. For the first time in the IPC, we used compilations to formulate complex domain features in simple languages such as STRIPS, rather than just dropping the more interesting problem constraints in the simpler language subsets. The article explains and discusses the five application domains and their adaptation to form the PDDL test suites used in IPC-4. We summarize known theoretical results on structural properties of the domains, regarding their computational complexity and provable properties of their topology under the h+ function (an idealized version of the relaxed plan heuristic). We present new (empirical) results illuminating properties such as the quality of the most wide-spread heuristic functions (planning graph, serial planning graph, and relaxed plan), the growth of propositional representations over instance size, and the number of actions available to achieve each fact; we discuss these data in conjunction with the best results achieved by the different kinds of planners participating in IPC-4.
Effect of growth regulators on callus induction in Rice embryo culture

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of growth regulators on callus induction in rice embryo culture. In this experiment, caullogenesislwas initiated from the matured seeds of seven indica rice varieties viz., TRY 1, TRY 2, Pokkali, CSR 10, W. Ponni, BPT 5204 and IR 29. The medium used for this callus induction was Murashige and Skoog (1962) commonly referred as MS medium with six different combinations of growth regulators viz., MS+2, 4-D 25mMl−1, MS+2, 4-D 20mMl−1, MS+2, 4-D 15mMl−1, MS+2, 4-D 10mMl−1, MS+2, 4- D 15mMl−1+ KIN 2.5mMl−1, MS+2, 4-D 10mMl−1+ KIN 2.5 mMl−1 Among the above combination of the growth regulators, MS + 2 mMl−1 2, 4, D + 0.5 Kinetin performed well irrespective of all the genotypes. Analysis of variation showed that the genotype and medium are significantly different from each other and the interaction between Genotype X Medium also highly significant. Among the seven genotypes, Pokkali was significantly at (1%) superior for callus induction (63.57%) followed by W. Ponni (53.96%). The genotypes TRY 2 (51.70%), TRY 1 (50.87) and CSR10 (49.22) are significantly at (5%) on par with each other. The well developed callus was transferred to regeneration medium for regeneration. The medium combination of MS +Kin 5mMl−1 + BAP 5mMl−1 + NAA 0.5mMl−1 recorded maximum average regeneration frequency of 57.25 percentage and higher response than the others. Among the varieties, Pokkali showed maximum regeneration frequency of 39.41 per cent and CSR 10 recorded minimum regeneration frequency of 20.23 per cent.
Red‐shifted channelrhodopsin stimulation restores light responses in blind mice, macaque retina, and human retina

Targeting the photosensitive ion channel channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) to the retinal circuitry downstream of photoreceptors holds promise in treating vision loss caused by retinal degeneration. However, the high intensity of blue light necessary to activate channelrhodopsin‐2 exceeds the safety threshold of retinal illumination because of its strong potential to induce photochemical damage. In contrast, the damage potential of red‐shifted light is vastly lower than that of blue light. Here, we show that a red‐shifted channelrhodopsin (ReaChR), delivered by AAV injections in blind rd1 mice, enables restoration of light responses at the retinal, cortical, and behavioral levels, using orange light at intensities below the safety threshold for the human retina. We further show that postmortem macaque retinae infected with AAV‐ReaChR can respond with spike trains to orange light at safe intensities. Finally, to directly address the question of translatability to human subjects, we demonstrate for the first time, AAV‐ and lentivirus‐mediated optogenetic spike responses in ganglion cells of the postmortem human retina.
Mass Distributions Beyond TDHF

The mass distributions for giant dipole resonances in 32S and 132Sn decaying through particle emission and for deep‐inelastic collisions between 16O nuclei have been investigated by implementing the Balian‐Veneroni variational technique based upon a three‐dimensional time‐dependent Hartree‐Fock code with realistic Skyrme interactions. The mass distributions obtained have been shown to be significantly larger than the standard TDHF results.
Mineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptors Stimulate Epithelial Sodium Channel Activity in a Mouse Model of Cushing Syndrome

Experiments in Cushing patients and healthy control subjects receiving adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) indicate that transient renal sodium retention may contribute to the generation of hypertension. Here we have investigated the effect of chronic ACTH infusion on renal sodium handling in adult male C57BL/6J mice using selective antagonists to dissect mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor–mediated pathways. Mice were infused via osmotic minipump with ACTH (2.5 μg/d) or saline for 2 weeks before being anesthetized for renal function experiments. ACTH caused an increase in blood pressure and a reduction in fractional sodium excretion associated with enhanced activity of the epithelial sodium channel. Given separately, spironolactone and RU38486 blunted the pressor response to ACTH and the increased epithelial sodium channel activity; combined mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor blockade was required to resolve the response to ACTH excess. Dietary sodium depletion also prevented ACTH-induced hypertension. The effect of increased sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron is offset by downregulation of Na-K-Cl cotransport in the loop of Henle. Sodium excretion is normalized chronically, but blood pressure remains high; acute blockade of V1 receptors and α1 adrenoceptors in combination restored blood pressure to control values. In summary, ACTH excess promotes renal sodium reabsorption, contributing to the increased blood pressure; both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor pathways are involved. These data are relevant to conditions associated with overactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, such as obesity and chronic stress.
DEPOSITION OF SILICON IN LEAVES OF SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM SPP. HYBRIDS) AND ITS EFFECT ON THE SEVERITY OF BROWN RUST CAUSED BY PUCCINIA MELANOCEPHALA

Sugarcane is considered to be a silicon (Si) accumulator, and extensive research has been conducted on the role of Si nutrition in this crop. This study focused on the uptake and deposition of Si in the leaves of sugarcane plants and the associated effect on the severity of brown rust. Two trials were conducted, each consisting of varying treatments of potassium silicate (K2SiO3), applied weekly. For the disease severity trial, an additional treatment of Calmasil ® was applied. Si uptake and deposition increased significantly with an increase in Si added. Using X-ray mapping, it was found that significantly more Si was deposited in the lower epidermis than in the upper epidermis and mesophyll. Disease severity was significantly reduced in plants treated with Si at 2000 mg/L. These results suggest that Si nutrition may play an important role in the management of brown rust.
From the Editor

There are many lenses through which to explore the history of a profession. · One is in relation to reactions to new developments originating either outside or within the profession . What will be the reactions of the social work community to evolving developments in evidence-based health care as described in original sources such as Sackett, , Richardson, Rosenberg, and Haynes (1997) and Gray (1997)? Evidence-based practice originated in health care as an alternative to authority-based practice (for example basing decisions on uninformed opinions) . Origins suggested by Gray (2001) include: (1) the study of variations in service decisions and clinical practice, (2) gaps between practicerelated research findings and what was done, (3) economic pressures, (4) the knowledge revolution including the evolution of the systematic review and description of flaws in traditional modes of dissemination such as
Low risk of recurrence in breast cancer with negative sentinel node.

INTRODUCTION The sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure has emerged as a safe staging method with a low morbidity. The objective of the present study was to examine the recurrence rates including especially the axillary recurrence rate in SLN-negative patients after a long follow-up period. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 344 breast cancer patients were referred to SLN biopsy at our department from January 2000 to May 2005. Lymphoscintigraphy with (99m)Tc-nanocolloid was followed by same-day radioprobe-guided surgery. Among the 344 patients, 181 were SLN-negative. The group of SLN-negative patients was followed with regard to recurrence in general and axillary recurrence in particular by reviewing their respective medical files from control visits. RESULTS The identification rate (IR) was 99% (340/344). Extra-axillary SLNs were detected in seven patients (4%). One patient had an axillary recurrence 39 months after the primary operation, corresponding to an axillary recurrence rate of 0.6% after a median follow-up of 60 months (range 7-93). CONCLUSION With a high IR and an axillary recurrence rate of 0.6% after five years of follow-up, our data suggest that the SLN procedure is a valid and accurate method for the staging of breast cancer patients.
Patients’ Perceptions of What Makes a Good Doctor and Nurse in an Israeli Mental Health Hospital

The aim of this study was to identify inpatients’ expectations of their doctors and nurses in a mental health hospital setting. Individual interviews were conducted with 72 inpatients of a large mental health hospital in northern Israel. Our study produced three major results. First, most patients, whatever their emotional status, share similar expectations of staff, of which the most conspicuous is that they be respected as whole persons and that staff not treat them merely as cases of illness. Second, they expect to be involved in making decisions about their treatment, including being informed of reports and records referring to them. Third, patients expect all hospital staff, particularly nurses, to provide them with emotional support. The findings of this study can be used to facilitate improved care of mental health inpatients by both doctors and nurses. Structured and methodical examinations of inpatients’ expectations at the time they are hospitalized can help adjust not only the professional aspect of health care but also the therapeutic communication approach to patients’ individual needs.
Neuritic deposition of agrin on culture substrate: implications for nerve-muscle synaptogenesis

Recent experiments have indicated that neural agrin is deposited at newly forming nerve-muscle synapses and has a primary synaptogenic role there. As a step toward assessing how the spatial arrangement of new synaptic sites is regulated, we compared the pattern of agrin deposition by Xenopus neurites on culture substrate and on muscle cells. The neurons were grown on a substrate that bound their externalized agrin so tightly that it remained bound even when the neurites retracted spontaneously or were eliminated experimentally. By contrast, the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, was not left behind on the substrate when the neurites were eliminated. Agrin, visualized by immunofluorescent staining, was deposited on the culture substrate in a continuous fashion along virtually the entire neuritic arbor of many spinal cord (SC) neurites. The pattern of agrin deposition by the same neurites changed from continuous to discontinuous when the neurites contacted muscle cells, and it became continuous again when the neurites returned to the culture substrate. The sites of agrin deposition on muscle cells were also sites of accumulation of ACh receptors (AChRs). Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and some SC neurons did not deposit agrin along their neuritic outgrowth, either on the culture substrate or on the muscle cells, and did not induce AChR accumulation at sites of contact with muscle cells. Besides adding to the evidence in support of agrin's synaptogenic role, the findings indicate that muscle cells significantly influence how neural agrin and synaptic sites become distributed along paths of neurite-muscle contact.
Nocturia research: Current status and future perspectives

This review summarizes the status of nocturia research, highlighting the condition's distinct nature, as well as areas where further studies are needed. Unlike other LUTS, nocturia has a specific and detrimental effect on the sleep period, and when ≥2 voids per night are experienced it is associated with various sequelae including reduced QoL and productivity, and increased morbidity and perhaps mortality. Many sources suggest that nocturia is associated with chronic medical illness, but little evidence demonstrates that successful treatment of these conditions results in normalization of nocturia, or that improvement in nocturia improves QoL and overall health. To date, management algorithms for LUTS have been based upon reasonable supposition and limited evidence, rather than controlled trials. Whilst a working clinical model is useful until conclusive research is available, a healthy scepticism should be maintained. It is likely that more than one contributory factor is responsible for nocturia, and management ought to better reflect this multifactorial pathophysiology. Indeed, traditional perspectives assuming nocturia to be part of the OAB or BPE symptom complex may have helped to propagate the misconception that therapy for these conditions is sufficient to improve nocturia. In reality, improvements in nocturia with anticholinergics, α‐blockers and/or 5‐α reductase inhibitors have been consistently disappointing. Antidiuretic therapy may represent a more tailored approach to management for many nocturia patients, given the high rates of nocturnal polyuria reported. Combination therapy may be required. Further high quality research on pathophysiology, management and patient‐reported outcomes with treatment is needed to augment existing limited data. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:623–628, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calorie Posting in Chain Restaurants

We study the impact of mandatory calorie posting on consumers' purchase decisions, using detailed data from Starbucks. We find that average calories per transaction falls by 6%. The effect is almost entirely related to changes in consumers' food choices--there is almost no change in purchases of beverage calories. There is no impact on Starbucks profit on average, and for the subset of stores located close to their competitor Dunkin Donuts, the effect of calorie posting is actually to increase Starbucks revenue. Survey evidence and analysis of commuters suggest the mechanism for the effect is a combination of learning and salience.