Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Network Organization and Integration to the Development of Cognitive Control

Abstract Cognitive control, which continues to mature throughout adolescence, is supported by the ability for well-defined organized brain networks to flexibly integrate information. However, the development of intrinsic brain network organization and its relationship to observed improvements in cognitive control are not well understood. In the present study, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI), graph theory, the antisaccade task, and rigorous head motion control to characterize and relate developmental changes in network organization, connectivity strength, and integration to inhibitory control development. Subjects were 192 10–26-y-olds who were imaged during 5 min of rest. In contrast to initial studies, our results indicate that network organization is stable throughout adolescence. However, cross-network integration, predominantly of the cingulo-opercular/salience network, increased with age. Importantly, this increased integration of the cingulo-opercular/salience network significantly moderated the robust effect of age on the latency to initiate a correct inhibitory control response. These results provide compelling evidence that the transition to adult-level inhibitory control is dependent upon the refinement and strengthening of integration between specialized networks. Our findings support a novel, two-stage model of neural development, in which networks stabilize prior to adolescence and subsequently increase their integration to support the cross-domain incorporation of information processing critical for mature cognitive control.
Structural Basis for Feed-Forward Transcriptional Regulation of Membrane Lipid Homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus

The biosynthesis of membrane lipids is an essential pathway for virtually all bacteria. Despite its potential importance for the development of novel antibiotics, little is known about the underlying signaling mechanisms that allow bacteria to control their membrane lipid composition within narrow limits. Recent studies disclosed an elaborate feed-forward system that senses the levels of malonyl-CoA and modulates the transcription of genes that mediate fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis in many Gram-positive bacteria including several human pathogens. A key component of this network is FapR, a transcriptional regulator that binds malonyl-CoA, but whose mode of action remains enigmatic. We report here the crystal structures of FapR from Staphylococcus aureus (SaFapR) in three relevant states of its regulation cycle. The repressor-DNA complex reveals that the operator binds two SaFapR homodimers with different affinities, involving sequence-specific contacts from the helix-turn-helix motifs to the major and minor grooves of DNA. In contrast with the elongated conformation observed for the DNA-bound FapR homodimer, binding of malonyl-CoA stabilizes a different, more compact, quaternary arrangement of the repressor, in which the two DNA-binding domains are attached to either side of the central thioesterase-like domain, resulting in a non-productive overall conformation that precludes DNA binding. The structural transition between the DNA-bound and malonyl-CoA-bound states of SaFapR involves substantial changes and large (>30 Å) inter-domain movements; however, both conformational states can be populated by the ligand-free repressor species, as confirmed by the structure of SaFapR in two distinct crystal forms. Disruption of the ability of SaFapR to monitor malonyl-CoA compromises cell growth, revealing the essentiality of membrane lipid homeostasis for S. aureus survival and uncovering novel opportunities for the development of antibiotics against this major human pathogen.
Computed Tomography Stage, Allergy Testing, and Quality of Life in Patients with Sinusitis

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease associated with significant morbidity. CT has been a poor predictor of the extent of symptoms among these patients. Allergic rhinitis is frequently associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. This study examines CT stage, allergic sensitivity, and sinus-related symptoms. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with chronic rhinosinusitis underwent CT scanning and skin end-point titration (SET). They also completed the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI), a measure of sinus-related disability. RESULTS: No association was noted between CT stage and severity of sinus-related symptoms. There was a significant correlation between CT stage and SET mean end point and between SET mean end point and RSDI physical scale score, as well as between significance on the RSDI emotional scale score and overall score. CONCLUSION: The degree of allergic disease is a better indicator of symptom severity and impairment in quality of life among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis than CT stage. Careful evaluation and treatment of allergic disease is critical in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 123:389-92.)
Spatial Variation in Abundance, Size and Orientation of Juvenile Corals Related to the Biomass of Parrotfishes on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

For species with complex life histories such as scleractinian corals, processes occurring early in life can greatly influence the number of individuals entering the adult population. A plethora of studies have examined settlement patterns of coral larvae, mostly on artificial substrata, and the composition of adult corals across multiple spatial and temporal scales. However, relatively few studies have examined the spatial distribution of small (≤50 mm diameter) sexually immature corals on natural reef substrata. We, therefore, quantified the variation in the abundance, composition and size of juvenile corals (≤50 mm diameter) among 27 sites, nine reefs, and three latitudes spanning over 1000 km on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Overall, 2801 juveniles were recorded with a mean density of 6.9 (±0.3 SE) ind.m−2, with Acropora, Pocillopora, and Porites accounting for 84.1% of all juvenile corals surveyed. Size-class structure, orientation on the substrate and taxonomic composition of juvenile corals varied significantly among latitudinal sectors. The abundance of juvenile corals varied both within (6–13 ind.m−2) and among reefs (2.8–11.1 ind.m−2) but was fairly similar among latitudes (6.1–8.2 ind.m−2), despite marked latitudinal variation in larval supply and settlement rates previously found at this scale. Furthermore, the density of juvenile corals was negatively correlated with the biomass of scraping and excavating parrotfishes across all sites, revealing a potentially important role of parrotfishes in determining distribution patterns of juvenile corals on the Great Barrier Reef. While numerous studies have advocated the importance of parrotfishes for clearing space on the substrate to facilitate coral settlement, our results suggest that at high biomass they may have a detrimental effect on juvenile coral assemblages. There is, however, a clear need to directly quantify rates of mortality and growth of juvenile corals to understand the relative importance of these mechanisms in shaping juvenile, and consequently adult, coral assemblages.
How to feed complicated patients after surgery: what's new?

Purpose of reviewThis clinical review focuses on the nutritional management of surgical patients with a severe postoperative complication. These patients having a succession of aggressions are at high risk of malnutrition. Our aim, following ICU patient studies, was to report the elements that could be applied for these patients. Recent findingsAlthough early enteral nutrition is recommended, recent data focus more on parenteral nutrition. Because these patients probably had a poor nutritional intake for several days, the prescription of parenteral nutrition would appear to be valid in cases of inadequate or impossible enteral nutrition. Lipid emulsion decreasing long-chain triglyceride intake should be used. Moreover, administration of fish oil should be considered. Intravenous glutamine, decreasing new infections and hospital length of stay, should be prescribed only in patients without shock. Several studies and meta-analyses have suggested that a parenteral selenium supplementation in a severe patient can reduce mortality. SummaryIn severe surgical complicated patients, special care must be taken vis-à-vis nutritional intake. Such patients are likely to have an energy deficit and are at high risk of malnutrition. Nutritional assistance is necessary and should be quickly implemented with the usual recommendations.
Austenite formation in C-Mn steel

The production process of almost all modern steels involves austenitization formation of the austenite phase upon continuous heating. Many of the microstructural features and properties that are obtained upon subsequent cooling are to a large extend determined by the evolution of the microstructure and chemical inhomogeneities during austenitization. In spite of its importance, austenitization so far has received much less attention than the transformations on cooling; however, the interest is continuously increasing, especially for the development of new types of steels (Dual-Phase steel, TRansformation-Induced Plasticity steel etc.). The aim of the thesis is to develop knowledge and to gain better understanding of the formation of the austenite microstructure in steel during heating, e.g. austenite nucleation kinetics, austenite growth modes and morphologies, redistribution of carbon between the phases during the transformation
Impaired uptake of serotonin by platelets from patients with irritable bowel syndrome correlates with duodenal immune activation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) have increased mucosal serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) availability, possibly because immune activation reduces activity of the 5-HT transporter (SERT). We investigated the relationship between mucosal and platelet SERT and immune activation of the duodenal mucosa in patients with IBS-D. METHODS We quantified mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), mast cells, and enterochromaffin cells in blood samples, measured levels of SERT messenger RNA (mRNA) in mucosal samples, and assessed platelet uptake of 5-HT and platelet membrane binding of (3)H-paroxetine in samples from 29 healthy volunteers (HVs), 20 patients with IBS-D, and 20 untreated patients with celiac disease. RESULTS Patients with IBS-D or celiac disease had increased numbers of IELs and mast cells compared with HVs (both P < .001). Levels of SERT mRNA were reduced in the mucosa of patients with IBS-D or celiac disease and were inversely correlated with numbers of IELs (r = -0.72, P < .0001). Uptake of 5-HT by platelets from patients with IBS-D or celiac disease was reduced (mean, 17.1 ± 3.5 and 28.3 ± 4.1 nmol·min(-1)·mg(-1), respectively) compared with HVs (50.8 ± 8.0 nmol·min(-1)·mg(-1), P < . 01 and P = . 05, respectively). Binding of paroxetine to membranes of platelets from patients with IBS-D (median [interquartile range], 226 [92-405] fmol/mg protein) was significantly greater than that from HVs (109 [69-175] fmol/mg protein) and correlated inversely with platelet uptake of 5-HT (r = -0.62, P = .03). Tryptase release from incubated biopsy samples was significantly increased in patients with IBS-D (2.2 [0.42-3.5] vs 0.50 [0.25-0.86] ng·mL(-1)·mg(-1) for HVs; P = . 03). CONCLUSIONS Platelet SERT is reduced in IBS-D and associated with reduced levels of SERT mRNA and duodenal immune activation.
Structure of glutathione reductase from escherichia coli at 1.86 Å resolution: Comparison with the enzyme from human erythrocytes

The crystal structure of the dimeric flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from Escherichia coli was determined and refined to an R‐factor of 16.8% at 1.86 Å resolution. The molecular 2‐fold axis of the dimer is local but very close to a possible crystallographic 2‐fold axis; the slight asymmetry could be rationalized from the packing contacts. The 2 crystallographically independent subunits of the dimer are virtually identical, yielding no structural clue on possible cooperativity. The structure was compared with the well‐known structure of the homologous enzyme from human erythrocytes with 52% sequence identity. Significant differences were found at the dimer interface, where the human enzyme has a disulfide bridge, whereas the E. coli enzyme has an antiparallel β‐sheet connecting the subunits. The differences at the glutathione binding site and in particular a deformation caused by a Leu‐Ile exchange indicate why the E. coli enzyme accepts trypanothione much better than the human enzyme. The reported structure provides a frame for explaining numerous published engineering results in detail and for guiding further ones.
The Effect of Superplasticizer on Strength and Chloride Permeability of Concrete Containing GGBFS

The effect of superplasticizer on the mechanical property and chloride permeability of concrete containing GGBFS is investigated in this paper. Compressive and rapid chloride-ion diffusion tests were conducted to determine the axial compressive and chloride-ion diffusion coefficients of GGBFS modified concrete. The tests result indicated that the compressive strength of GGBFS modified concrete with the addition of 2wt. % superplasticizer are further improved at 14 and 28 days. Superplasticizer can significantly enhance the resistance to chloride ion penetration of concrete containing GGBFS with a reasonable additive content at long-term age. The optimum content of superplasticizer is suggested to be 1wt. % to 2wt. % of the cementitous materials.
Role of Adiposity and Lifestyle in the Relationship Between Family History of Diabetes and 20-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Women

OBJECTIVE To evaluate to what extent the association between family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes can be explained by excess adiposity and lifestyle risk factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data from 73,227 women who participated in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. A family history of diabetes was defined as having at least one first-degree family member with diabetes. Lifestyle factors, weight, and height were assessed by using validated questionnaires, and BMI was calculated. The relative risk of type 2 diabetes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS We documented 5,101 cases of type 2 diabetes during 20 years of follow-up. The age-adjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes in participants with a family history was 2.27 (95% CI 2.14–2.40) compared with the risk in those without a family history of diabetes. Participants with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and were more likely to have a parental history of obesity. BMI explained 21.1% (19.4–22.9) of the association between family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes. Intakes of red meat, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages explained 1.1% (0.8–1.3), 4.8% (4.3–5.3), and 2.8% (2.4–3.2) of this association, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that excess adiposity and, to a lesser extent, specific dietary habits can explain a substantial part of the association between having a family history of diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes.
catena-Poly[neodymium(III)-bis[μ-N-(dimorpholinophosphoryl)benzenesulfonamidato]-sodium(I)-bis[μ-N-(dimorpholinophosphoryl)benzenesulfonamidato]]

The cubic crystal structure of the title compound, [NaNd(C14H21N3O5PS)4]n, is composed of one-dimensional polymeric chains propagating in [100], built up from [Nd(C14H21N3O5PS)4]− anions and sodium cations functioning as linkers. In the complex anion, the Nd3+ ion has an eightfold coordination environment formed by the sulfonyl and phosphoryl O atoms of four bidentate chelating N-(dimorpholinophosphoryl)benzenesulfonamidate ligands: the resulting NdO8 polyhedron can be described as intermediate between dodecahedral and square antiprismatic. The sodium ion adopts an NaO4 tetrahedral geometry arising from four monodentate benzenesulfonamidate ligands. The resulting crystal structure is unusual because it contains substantial voids (800 Å3 per unit cell), within which there is no evidence of included solvent.
The Effects of Exercise Training on Obesity-Induced Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines in White Adipose Tissue

Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. White adipose tissue (WAT) is not only a static storage site for energy; it is also a dynamic tissue that is actively involved in metabolic reactions and produces humoral factors, such as leptin and adiponectin, which are collectively referred to as adipokines. Additionally, because there is much evidence that obesity-induced inflammatory changes in WAT, which is caused by dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines involving tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, contribute to the development of insulin resistance, WAT has attracted special attention as an organ that causes diabetes and other lifestyle-related diseases. Exercise training (TR) not only leads to a decrease in WAT mass but also attenuates obesity-induced dysregulated expression of the inflammation-related adipokines in WAT. Therefore, TR is widely used as a tool for preventing and improving lifestyle-related diseases. This review outlines the impact of TR on the expression and secretory response of adipokines in WAT.
Design and analysis for the Gaussian process model

In an effort to speed the development of new products and processes, many companies are turning to computer simulations to avoid the time and expense of building prototypes. These computer simulations are often complex, taking hours to complete one run. If there are many variables affecting the results of the simulation, then it makes sense to design an experiment to gain the most information possible from a limited number of computer simulation runs. The researcher can use the results of these runs to build a surrogate model of the computer simulation model. The absence of noise is the key difference between computer simulation experiments and experiments in the real world. Since there is no variability in the results of computer experiments, optimal designs, which are based on reducing the variance of some statistic, have questionable utility. Replication, usually a ‘good thing’, is clearly undesirable in computer experiments. Thus, a new approach to experimentation is necessary. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When is multitask learning effective? Semantic sequence prediction under varying data conditions

Multitask learning has been applied successfully to a range of tasks, mostly morphosyntactic. However, little is known on when MTL works and whether there are data characteristics that help to determine the success of MTL. In this paper we evaluate a range of semantic sequence labeling tasks in a MTL setup. We examine different auxiliary task configurations, amongst which a novel setup, and correlate their impact to data-dependent conditions. Our results show that MTL is not always effective, because significant improvements are obtained only for 1 out of 5 tasks. When successful, auxiliary tasks with compact and more uniform label distributions are preferable.
Optical Dispersion Compensator With$&#8811;$4000-ps/nm Tuning Range Using a Virtually Imaged Phased Array (VIPA) and Spatial Light Modulator (SLM)

We present an optical tunable chromatic dispersion compensator based on a virtually imaged phased-array and spatial light modulator providing both positive and negative dispersion. We demonstrate tunable dispersion compensation of 10-Gb/s positively chirped nonreturn-to-zero data signal over a range of -4080~+850ps/nm (240-km single-mode fiber to 9.5-km dispersion-compensating fiber), which operates independent of the input state of polarization and has potential capability for wavelength-division multiplexing
Compositional effects of PEDOT-PSS/single walled carbon nanotube films on supercapacitor device performance

Supercapacitors are promising energy storage and power output technologies due to their improved energy density, rapid charge-discharge cycle, high cycle efficiency and long cycle life. Free standing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate)/single walled nanotube films have been characterised by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis to understand the physical properties of the films. Films with varying compositions of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) and single walled nanotubes were compared by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge to understand their electrochemical properties. A comparison of the results shows that having single walled nanotubes dispersed throughout the polymer matrix increase the capacitance by 65% and the energy density by a factor of 3 whilst achieving good capacity retention over 1000 cycles.
Complex Hybrid Systems: Stability Analysis for Omega Limit Sets

This paper focuses on the asymptotic stability properties of omega limit sets for complex hybrid dynamical systems, which are commonly found in systems and engineering. It spells out specific stability results that follow when a hybrid dynamical system has certain structure, e.g., when it admits a decomposition resembling a cascade of hybrid dynamical system.
Temporal trends in mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus suffering acute myocardial infarction: a comparison of over 3000 patients between 1995 and 2003.

AIMS Over the last decade, advances in treatment for patients sustaining an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have reduced mortality rates. We aimed to assess whether patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have derived similar benefits as patients without DM. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared characteristics, management, and survival of patients with and without DM who sustained an AMI in 1995 (n = 1762) with a second group of patients who sustained an AMI in 2003 (n = 1642). All patients were followed up for 18 months or until death. Between 1995 and 2003 the prevalence of DM in AMI patients increased from 12.5 to 16.6% (P < 0.001). Involvement of cardiologists, provision of secondary prevention agents and early revascularization rates improved in both groups. Thirty-day mortality improved significantly in patients with and without DM [40% (P = 0.006) and 30% (P < 0.001) relative reductions, respectively]. Despite this, there was no significant change in mortality at 18 months in patients with DM when comparing 1995 and 2003 (absolute mortality 38.0 vs. 36.4%, P = 0.71). The interaction between DM and study period in predicting long-term mortality was highly significant (P = 0.008); this persisted after adjustment for baseline characteristics and treatment variables. CONCLUSION Although early post-AMI mortality has fallen in patients with and without DM, these improvements were only maintained in the longer term in those without DM; more effective diabetes-related management strategies are required post-AMI.