Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SPEED: precise and efficient static estimation of program computational complexity

This paper describes an inter-procedural technique for computing symbolic bounds on the number of statements a procedure executes in terms of its scalar inputs and user-defined quantitative functions of input data-structures. Such computational complexity bounds for even simple programs are usually disjunctive, non-linear, and involve numerical properties of heaps. We address the challenges of generating these bounds using two novel ideas. We introduce a proof methodology based on multiple counter instrumentation (each counter can be initialized and incremented at potentially multiple program locations) that allows a given linear invariant generation tool to compute linear bounds individually on these counter variables. The bounds on these counters are then composed together to generate total bounds that are non-linear and disjunctive. We also give an algorithm for automating this proof methodology. Our algorithm generates complexity bounds that are usually precise not only in terms of the computational complexity, but also in terms of the constant factors. Next, we introduce the notion of user-defined quantitative functions that can be associated with abstract data-structures, e.g., length of a list, height of a tree, etc. We show how to compute bounds in terms of these quantitative functions using a linear invariant generation tool that has support for handling uninterpreted functions. We show application of this methodology to commonly used data-structures (namely lists, list of lists, trees, bit-vectors) using examples from Microsoft product code. We observe that a few quantitative functions for each data-structure are usually sufficient to allow generation of symbolic complexity bounds of a variety of loops that iterate over these data-structures, and that it is straightforward to define these quantitative functions. The combination of these techniques enables generation of precise computational complexity bounds for real-world examples (drawn from Microsoft product code and C++ STL library code) for some of which it is non-trivial to even prove termination. Such automatically generated bounds are very useful for early detection of egregious performance problems in large modular codebases that are constantly being changed by multiple developers who make heavy use of code written by others without a good understanding of their implementation complexity.
Effects of Uncertainty in Gas-Surface Interaction on DSMC Simulations of Hypersonic Flows

This study uses the non‐intrusive generalized polynomial chaos method to investigate the effects of uncertainties in the gas‐surface interaction model on the hypersonic boundary layer flow over a flat plate. In particular, the polynomial chaos method is applied to assess uncertainties in the surface shear, normal stress, heat flux, flowfield temperature and density resulting from uncertain surface temperature and accommodation coefficient. The polynomial chaos approach allows us to estimate probability density functions from fewer flowfield samples than the traditional random Monte Carlo sampling. The flowfield solutions are computed by the DSMC code SMILE. The analysis shows that surface fluxes and flowfields in the hypersonic boundary layer are more sensitive to the accommodation coefficient than surface temperature uncertainty.
Swimming upstream: the provision of inclusive care to older lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults in residential and nursing environments in Wales

ABSTRACT This paper examines the ways in which older people's residential and nursing homes can constitute heteronormative environments – social spaces in which the same-sex attractions and desires of residents are disregarded in the provision of everyday care. The aim of this discussion is to examine the synergies and differences between older lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults' expectations for future care home provision and the expectations of care staff and managers in providing residential services to older people with diverse sexual backgrounds. We present qualitative evidence from research into the provision of care environments in Wales. In this paper, we present findings from two cohorts: first, from five focus groups with care and nursing staff and managers; and second, from 29 semi-structured interviews with older LGB adults (50–76 years) residing in urban and rural locations across Wales. We argue that residential care environments can constitute heterosexualised spaces in which LGB identities are neglected in comparison to the needs and preferences of other residents. To this extent, we discuss how care staff and managers can be more attentive and responsive to the sexual biographies of all residents and argue against the separation of care and sexual orientation in practice.
Cohort profile: growing up in New Zealand.

Centre for Longitudinal Research – He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Growing Up in New Zealand, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand, Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Māori), Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand, Bioinformatics Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs, Auckland Office, Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Roy McKenzie Centre for the Study of Families, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Evaluation of Daptomycin Pharmacodynamics and Resistance at Various Dosage Regimens against Staphylococcus aureus Isolates with Reduced Susceptibilities to Daptomycin in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model with Simulated Endocardial Vegetations

ABSTRACT The need to investigate novel dosing regimens and combinations is essential in combating poor treatment outcomes for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. We evaluated the impact of simulated standard- and high-dose daptomycin in combination with gentamicin or rifampin against daptomycin-susceptible and nonsusceptible matched strains of S. aureus. These strains were collected from the daptomycin bacteremia and endocarditis clinical trial and consisted of three susceptible strains (MIC, 0.25 mg/liter) and four nonsusceptible isolates (MICs, 2 to 4 mg/liter). Daptomycin regimens of 6 and 10 mg/kg of body weight daily alone and in combination with gentamicin at 5 mg/kg daily or rifampin at 300 mg every 8 h were evaluated using an in vitro model with simulated endocardial vegetations over 96 h. Rapid bactericidal activity, identified by time to 99.9% kill, was displayed in all regimens with the daptomycin-susceptible strains. Concentration-dependent activity was noted by more-rapid killing with the 10-mg/kg/day dose. The addition of gentamicin improved activity in the majority of susceptible isolates. Daptomycin 6-mg/kg/day monotherapy displayed bactericidal activity for only one of the nonsusceptible isolates and for only two isolates with increased doses of 10 mg/kg/day. Combination regimens demonstrated improvement with some but not all nonsusceptible isolates. Three isolates developed a reduction in daptomycin susceptibility with 6-mg/kg/day monotherapy, but this was suppressed with both combination therapy and high-dose daptomycin. These results suggest that high-dose daptomycin therapy and combination therapy may be reasonable treatment options for susceptible isolates; however, more investigations are needed to confirm the variability of these regimens with nonsusceptible isolates.
Smoking, alcohol use, dietary factors and risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma

To investigate the role of tobacco and alcohol use and dietary factors in the etiology of small intestinal adenocarcinoma, we analyzed data from a large population‐based case‐control study of multi‐site cancers conducted in Los Angeles County between 1975 and 1984. The present analysis included interview information on 36 small intestinal adenocarcinoma patients and 998 population controls. After adjusting for age and ethnicity, men who smoked more than 100 cigarettes during their lifetimes were at a non‐significantly 3‐fold increased risk for small intestinal adenocarcinoma; this association was substantially weaker in women. In men and women combined, a significant 3‐fold increased risk in heavy drinkers (80+ g ethanol/day) relative to more moderate drinkers and non‐drinkers was observed. Although frequent (>6 times vs. less than 2 times of intake a week) intake of foods rich in heterocyclic aromatic amines (based on the combined intake of fried bacon and ham, barbecued and/or smoked meat and smoked fish) was associated with a significant 4.5‐fold increased risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma in men; this association was not present in women. Based on 2 questions that provided a crude assessment of sugar intake, risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma in men and women appeared to be associated with adding sugar regularly in coffee or tea and daily intake of non‐diet carbonated soft drinks. When we computed total sugar intake from tea, coffee and non‐diet carbonated soft drinks, there was a consistent and significant trend of increasing sugar intake and risk of small intestinal adenocarcinomas. Compared with the lowest intake level a day (<5 g), medium (5–25 g) and high intakes (>25 g) were associated with ORs of 2.5 and 3.8, respectively. Int. J. Cancer 70:512–517. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Update on Fungal Peritonitis and its Treatment

Fungal peritonitis (FP) is a rare but potentially fatal complication of chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD), associated with high morbidity and mortality ranging between 20% and 30%. If not leading to death, the inflammatory process usually causes irreversible damage to the peritoneal membrane with subsequent dropout from PD therapy. Fungal peritonitis accounts for 3% – 6% of all peritonitis episodes; however, in some areas, the numbers can be much higher. The most common cause of the disease is Candida, predominately C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and—more recently—C. glabrata; other yeasts and filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, and Zygomycetes are found, but much less frequently. The main factors associated with the development of FP include previous antibiotic therapy, particularly for bacterial peritonitis, when two important operative mechanisms coincide: fungal overgrowth in the gastrointestinal tract and declining peritoneal defense because of peritonitis. The management of FP poses a difficult challenge. Prompt initiation of therapy is critical, but no typical clinical picture has emerged, and the infecting organism can be difficult to isolate. The approach to the disease has changed considerably in recent years, and the 2005 guidelines from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis list FP as a strong indication for immediate catheter removal with temporary hemodialysis. The conventional antifungal regimens include fluconazole, amphotericin B, and flucytosine alone or in combination, optimally based on fungal sensitivities. The newer agents such as caspofungin and voriconazole have the potential to alter treatment strategies for FP, but further studies are required to clarify the precise role of these agents in this group of patients.
Residential proximity to major roads, exposure to fine particulate matter and aortic calcium: the Framingham Heart Study, a cohort study

Objectives Traffic and ambient air pollution exposure are positively associated with cardiovascular disease, potentially through atherosclerosis promotion. Few studies have assessed associations of these exposures with thoracic aortic calcium Agatston score (TAC) or abdominal aortic calcium Agatston score (AAC), systemic atherosclerosis correlates. We assessed whether living close to a major road and residential fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure were associated with TAC and AAC in a Northeastern US cohort. Design Cohort study. Setting Framingham Offspring and Third Generation participants residing in the Northeastern USA. Participants and outcome measures Among 3506 participants, mean age was 55.8 years; 50% female. TAC was measured from 2002 to 2005 and AAC up to two times (2002–2005; 2008–2011) among participants from the Framingham Offspring or Third Generation cohorts. We first assessed associations with detectable TAC (logistic regression) and AAC (generalised estimating equation regression, logit link). As aortic calcium scores were right skewed, we used linear regression models and mixed-effects models to assess associations with natural log-transformed TAC and AAC, respectively, among participants with detectable aortic calcium. We also assessed associations with AAC progression. Models were adjusted for demographic variables, socioeconomic position indicators and time. Results There were no consistent associations of major roadway proximity or PM2.5 with the presence or extent of TAC or AAC, or with AAC progression. Some estimates were in the opposite direction than expected. Conclusions In this cohort from a region with relatively low levels of and variation in PM2.5, there were no strong associations of proximity to a major road or PM2.5 with the presence or extent of aortic calcification, or with AAC progression.
Impaired neurotransmitter release from lacrimal and salivary gland nerves of a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome.

PURPOSE To determine whether lacrimal and salivary gland nerves of an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome, the MRL/lpr mouse, are able to release acetylcholine. The second purpose was to determine whether activation of the lacrimal gland nerves of the MRL/lpr mouse leads to protein secretion. METHODS Total saliva was collected for 10 minutes from the oral cavity of male and female MRL/lpr and MRL/+ mice, after intraperitoneal stimulation with pilocarpine and isoproterenol. Lacrimal and salivary gland lobules prepared from 18-week-old MRL/lpr and MRL/+ mice were incubated in the presence of depolarizing KCl (75 mM) solution. Acetylcholine release and peroxidase secretion (a protein secreted by the lacrimal gland) were measured using a spectrofluorometric assay. RESULTS Female, but not male, MRL/lpr mouse salivary glands were hyper-responsive to in vivo injection of secretagogues. These mice produced significantly higher amounts of saliva than did age-matched MRL/+ mice. Lacrimal and salivary gland nerves from 18-week-old MRL/+ mice released acetylcholine in response to a depolarizing KCl solution. In contrast, nerves in glands from 18-week-old MRL/lpr mice did not increase acetylcholine release in response to the depolarizing solution. Moreover, lacrimal glands from 18-week-old MRL/+ mice were able to secrete peroxidase in response to a depolarizing KCl solution, whereas those from 18-week-old MRL/lpr could not. This was not due to a defect in the secretory process, because addition of an exogenous secretagogue elicited peroxidase secretion from 18-week-old MRL/lpr as well as MRL/+ mice lacrimal glands. CONCLUSIONS The results show that activation of nerves of lacrimal and salivary glands infiltrated with lymphocytes does not increase the release of neurotransmitters, which results in impaired secretion from these glands.
Exclusão socioeconômica e violência urbana

Este texto aborda as relacoes entre violencia e exclusao socioeconomica a partir de um caso determinado: o caso brasileiro. Traca um quadro das caracteristicas e tendencias mais recentes da violencia. Examina tres causas que comparecem ao debate publico: mudancas nos padroes de violencia e criminalidade, crise no sistema de justica criminal, e desigualdade social e segregacao urbana. Em particular, quanto a este ultimo aspecto, procura, de modo geral, comentar as principais “teses” que sustentam ou contestam a chamada violencia estrutural.
Secretion and dipeptidyl peptidase-4-mediated metabolism of incretin hormones after a mixed meal or glucose ingestion in obese compared to lean, nondiabetic men.

CONTEXT Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are cleaved by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4); plasma activity of DPP-4 may be increased in obesity. The impact of this increase on incretin hormone secretion and metabolism is not known. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess incretin hormone secretion and degradation in lean and obese nondiabetic subjects. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS We studied the ingestion of a mixed meal (560 kcal) or oral glucose (2 g/kg) in healthy lean (n = 12; body mass index, 20-25 kg/m(2)) or obese (n = 13; body mass index, 30-35 kg/m(2)) males at a University Clinical Research Unit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured the area under the curve of plasma intact (i) and total (t) GIP and GLP-1 after meal ingestion and oral glucose. RESULTS Plasma DPP-4 activity was higher in the obese subjects (38.5 +/- 3.0 vs. 26.7 +/- 1.6 mmol/min . microl; P = 0.002). Although GIP secretion (AUC(tGIP)) was not reduced in obese subjects after meal ingestion or oral glucose, AUC(iGIP) was lower in obese subjects (8.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 12.7 +/- 0.9 nmol/liter x 300 min; P < 0.001) after meal ingestion. GLP-1 secretion (AUC(tGLP-1)) was reduced in obese subjects after both meal ingestion (7.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 10.0 +/- 0.6 nmol/liter x 300 min; P = 0.022) and oral glucose (6.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 9.6 +/- 1.1 nmol/liter x 180 min; P = 0.035). iGLP-1 was reduced in parallel to tGLP-1. CONCLUSIONS 1) Release and degradation of the two incretin hormones show dissociated changes in obesity: GLP-1 but not GIP secretion is lower after meal ingestion and oral glucose, whereas GIP but not GLP-1 metabolism is increased after meal ingestion. 2) Increased plasma DPP-4 activity in obesity is not associated with a generalized augmented incretin hormone metabolism.
Geographical and Orbital Information Based Mobility Management to Overcome Last-Hop Ambiguity over IP/LEO Satellite Networks

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are well characterized by frequent and bursty handover occurrences, and these handovers largely affect the cost of mobility management in LEO satellite networks. Although geographical location of a mobile node is useful information to make the mobility management independent from handovers, it is difficult to decide a last-hop satellite of the node based only on geographical location information. This last-hop ambiguity problem needs additional cost to find the real last-hop satellite. To reduce lasthop ambiguity, we propose to exploit orbital information of the satellite connected with a destination node in addition to geographical location information. Simulation results shows that the number of last-hop candidates and hop counts between candidates are reduced by introducing orbital information. Through a mathematical analysis, we evaluate the cost required for mobility management and show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Development of a sterilizable MRI-compatible manipulator for stereotactic neurosurgery

A cerium activated rare earth halophosphate phosphor having the formula (I): LnPO4.aLnX3:xCe3+(I) in which Ln is at least one rare earth element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Gd and Lu; X is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of f, Cl, Br and I; and a and x are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0.1</=a</=10.0 and 0<x</=0.2, respectively. A process for the preparation of said phosphor, a radiation image recording and reproducing method utilizing said phosphor, and a radiation image storage panel employing said phosphor are also disclosed.
SILICON CARBIDE ABSORPTION FEATURES: DUST FORMATION IN THE OUTFLOWS OF EXTREME CARBON STARS

Infrared carbon stars without visible counterparts are generally known as extreme carbon stars. We have selected a subset of these stars with absorption features in the 10–13 μm range, which has been tentatively attributed to silicon carbide (SiC). We add three new objects meeting these criterion to the seven previously known, bringing our total sample to ten sources. We also present the result of radiative transfer modeling for these stars, comparing these results with those of previous studies. In order to constrain model parameters, we use published mass-loss rates, expansion velocities, and theoretical dust condensation models to determine the dust condensation temperature. These show that the inner dust temperatures of the dust shells for these sources are significantly higher than previously assumed. This also implies that the dominant dust species should be graphite instead of amorphous carbon. In combination with the higher condensation temperature we show that this results in a much higher acceleration of the dust grains than would be expected from previous work. Our model results suggest that the very optically thick stage of evolution does not coincide with the timescales for the superwind, but rather, that this is a very short-lived phase. Additionally, we compare model and observational parameters in an attempt to find any correlations. Finally, we show that the spectrum of one source, IRAS 17534−3030, strongly implies that the 10–13 μm feature is due to a solid state rather than a molecular species.
The Effect of Overeducation on Job Content Innovation and Career-Enhancing Strategies Among Young Spanish Employees

The increase of education in younger people and the relative scarcity of qualified jobs available for them make the overeducation of young workers a social issue. We explored the relationships between overeducation and extra-role behaviors (job content innovation and career-enhancing strategies) as well as the direct and moderating role of personal initiative and intrinsic work values in these relationships. We collected data from a sample of 638 young Spanish employees. As expected, there were negative relationships between overeducation and content innovation and career-enhancing strategies. Personal initiative and intrinsic work values related positively to extra-role behaviors. Moreover, high levels of intrinsic work values and personal initiative emerged as moderating factors that buffered the negative effect of overeducation on extra-role behaviors.
An American Imperative: Accelerating Minority Educational Advancement

Closing the large educational gaps that exist between the majority population and several minority groups is increasingly important, owing to America's rapidly growing racial and ethnic diversity and the rising skill demands of our technological era. This book examines variations in minority and majority educational patterns, assesses underlying causes, and offers recommendations for increasing the rate of minority educational progress. L. Scott Miller argues that group educational advancement is an intergenerational process shaped by a complex interplay of economic, social, cultural, and institutional factors over time. The current generation of minority and majority students has very different amounts and mixes of home, school, and community resources to draw on, owing to divergent historical experiences and contemporary circumstances. A large-scale, long-term national effort is proposed to ensure that minorities reach educational parity with the majority as soon as possible.