Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Ownership Structure Matter for Firm Technological Innovation Performance? The Case of Korean Firms

Manuscript Type: Empirical. Research Question/Issue: This study examines the influence of firms' ownership structure on their technological innovation performance. First, we have examined whether ownership concentration positively influences technological innovation performance. Then we have investigated the primary reasons for the results derived from the first stage of our analysis by circumstantially exploring the impacts of four different ownership types. Research Findings/Insights: Using five sets of cross‐sectional data, consisting of 301 Korean firms, we found that ownership concentration does not have a significant effect on firm technological innovation performance. However, some ownership types (e.g., institutional and foreign) do have a positive effect. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Drawing on agency theory and the resource dependence perspective, our paper is the first to consider a comprehensive treatment of the effect of ownership types on innovation in an emerging country, in particular in contrast to previous studies that have focused on advanced economies. Since only partial predictions suggested by agency and resource dependence perspectives were supported, it appears that neither theory adequately captures the ownership‐technological innovation performance relationship. Thus, we suggest that future research should explore the question through a different theoretical lens to better understand the impact of ownership types. We suggest that transaction cost economics can be another path to approach the phenomenon. Practitioner/Policy Implications: This study suggests that managers should recognize how each characteristic of ownership structure (types) influences the building of firm‐specific capabilities for innovation. Policy makers and managers should be aware of the impact of the complete range of ownership types on technological innovation performance when they implement corporate governance reform with greater effectiveness. It also suggests that successful technological catch‐up and innovation not only require policies for upgrading technology capabilities, but also the setting up of a suitable supporting ownership structure that favors innovation of firms in emerging countries. We suggest that successful technological catch‐up and innovation require a supporting ownership structure.
Voluntary Disclosure of Management Earnings Forecasts in IPO Prospectuses

Asymmetric information and mechanisms for its resolution in the initial public offering (IPO) process are subjects of extensive research and debate. In this paper, we investigate the impact of one such mechanism, namely voluntary disclosure of management earnings forecasts by issuers of IPOs, as a means of reducing asymmetric information as well as ex ante uncertainty. Our focus is on the relative importance of this voluntary disclosure mechanism on both IPO underpricing and post-issue return performance. Our results indicate that management earnings forecasts provide important and incremental information compared to other means of reducing asymmetric information, and these disclosures appear to improve the environment of IPO issuance. For example, our underpricing results show that firms that choose to provide forecasts leave 'less money on the table' with a lower degree of underpricing. In terms of post-issue performance, firms whose forecasts turn out to be optimistic are penalized significantly relative to other forecasters and non-forecasters. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2003.
Digital Divide in Developing Countries

While Digital Divide in the JGITMs previous editorial preface (Davison, et a]., 1999) refers to the overall gap between developed and developing countries in information and communication technology utilisation, this preface uses the term more narrowly to refer to great disparities in opportunity to access the Internet and the information and educational/business opportunities tied to this access. The term Digital Divide first became widely known through a U.S. Department of Commerce report, Falling through the Net: A Survey of the 'Have Nots' in Rural and Urban America (Telecommunication and Information Administration, 1995). To date additional reports on Digital Divide in the U.S. have been published, further documenting this phenomenon within the U.S. (Telecomm. and Information Admin., 1998, 1999,2000).
Immunohistochemical Evidence of Measles Virus Antigens in Active Otosclerosis

Despite intensive investigation, the cause of otosclerosis remains uncertain. Recent studies of Paget's disease of bone have revealed a possible viral origin. Because of similarities between otosclerosis and Paget's disease, we have pursued investigation of a possible viral cause of otosclerosis. Four temporal bone specimens from patients with otosclerosis, processed for immunohistochemistry, demonstrated positive specific reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to measles virus antigens using the indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques. Reactivity was most intense in active foci. Reactivity in the peroxidase assay was also observed in areas of active otosclerosis with application of primary antisera from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a disorder of the central nervous system in which a defective measles virus has been isolated. Other related paramyxoviruses, including mumps and respiratory syncytial virus, were negative, as were negative controls.
Insulating the vaults from the tide of dirty money: are the floodgates secure?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issues faced by financial institutions in detecting threats to their stability and integrity, and taking adequate steps to ensure that those who engage in abuse are detected and sanctioned. The focus is on financial institutions in Nigeria. The paper proffers practical recommendations towards greater effectiveness of Nigeria's anti‐money laundering (AML) and counter terrorist‐financing regimes.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores Nigerian legislation on money laundering, terrorism, and related crimes. Data are also drawn from analysis of reports of relevant law‐enforcement agencies, regulatory agencies, as well as English and Nigerian case law.Findings – The paper highlights the deficiencies in current money laundering and counter‐terrorist financing (CTF) legislation in Nigeria. It reveals that financial institutions may still be liable to their customers in the course of complying with applicable legislation. The paper suggests that the p.
Precautionary saving by young immigrants and young natives

This paper uses data from the 1979 Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLSY79) to explore the wealth accumulation patterns of younger cohorts as well as immigrants' and natives' precautionary saving in response to income uncertainty. We use two measures of wealth and construct a time-varying, conditional measure of income uncertainty, instead of relying on a constant, unconditional, summary measure of income uncertainty. We use a buffer-stock model of savings, and find that immigrants accumulate less wealth than do natives. Additionally, young natives' wealth accumulation patterns appear more responsive than those of their immigrant counterparts to income uncertainty.
The Impact of Operational Diversity on Corporate Philanthropy: An Empirical Study of U.S. Companies

This paper investigates the impact of diversity on corporate philanthropy. Compared to previous studies that have considered the influence of board diversity and CEO gender on corporate philanthropy, this study introduces the concept of operational diversity, which is the implementation of diversity programs at management, employee, and supply chain levels, and further, it explains why operational diversity influences corporate philanthropy, by using the premises of resource dependence theory. Second, this study also investigates the influence of board diversity on corporate philanthropy. Third, this study uses a large sample of U.S. firms over the period of 1991–2009 and tries to mitigate possible omitted variables and endogeneity problems that are often overlooked in previous research. We demonstrate that firms with operational diversity programs are likely more dependent on a broad variety of resources and give more to community as a strategic maneuver; hence, operational diversity is a better indicator for predicting future corporate giving than board diversity alone. However, having a woman or a member of a minority as a company’s chief executive officer is not sufficient to impact its charitable giving. A battery of robustness tests support our conclusion and confirm that our results are not driven by a firm’s general corporate social responsibility (CSR) score, gender or independence of board members, or firm ownership. This paper will assist researchers, practitioners, and other stakeholders in deepening their understanding of the predictors of corporate giving.
Beyond Polycentricity: The Dispersed Metropolis, Los Angeles, 1970-1990

Abstract This paper examines the distribution of employment among subcenters in the Los Angeles metropolitan region in 1970, 1980, and 1990, defined in terms of trip generation rates rather than employment densities. The results show that the number of subcenters declined from each analysis year to the next, and that the proportion of regional jobs in all subcenters is small and fell from year to year, even when the number of subcenters is held constant (i.e., 1970 subcenters, 1980 subcenters, or 1990 subcenters). The results suggest that the Los Angeles region may be more accurately described as a dispersed than as a polycentric metropolis.
Institutional complementarity between corporate governance and Corporate Social Responsibility: a comparative institutional analysis of three capitalisms

The question of why and how firms? approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) differs across countries is one that can only be adequately addressed by giving a strong theoretical underpinning to research on comparative CSR. To this end, drawing on institutional theory and the institutionalist arguments of the comparative capitalism literature, we identify the mechanism by which national institutional arrangements influence CSR. We do this by (a) separating CSR from corporate governance, and identifying corporate governance as the missing link between the broader institutional arrangements that govern finance and labour and CSR, and (b) using the concept of institutional comple- mentarity (a process of mutual reinforcement that enhances the value of both institutions) to specify the nature of the relationship between corporate govern- ance and CSR. We refer to three models of capitalism? liberal market economies (LMEs, e.g. the USA and the UK), coordinated market economies (CMEs, e.g. Germany and Japan) and state-led market economies (SLMEs, e.g. France and South Korea)? as empirical sites for exploration of these ideas. We argue that CSR complements corporate governance systems by a logic of similarity (a link based on similar properties) and that, as change in the broader institutional arrangements and corporate governance occurs, CSR reflects and facilities this change.
Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells Is Accompanied by Alterations in the Levels and Localization of Nucleolin*

Molecular defects in apoptotic pathways are thought to often contribute to the abnormal expansion of malignant cells and their resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms controlling induction of apoptosis and subsequent cellular disintegration could result in improved methods for prognosis and treatment of cancer. In this study, we have examined apoptosis-induced alterations in two proteins, nucleolin and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), in U937 leukemia cells. Nucleolin is expressed at high levels in malignant cells, and it is a multifunctional and mobile protein that can shuttle among the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Here, we report our findings that UV irradiation or camptothecin treatment of U937 cells induced apoptosis and caused a significant change in the levels and localization of nucleolin within the nucleus. Additionally, nucleolin levels were dramatically decreased in extracts containing the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. These alterations could be abrogated by pre-incubation with an inhibitor of PARP-1 (3-aminobenzamide), and our data support a potential role for nucleolin in removing cleaved PARP-1 from dying cells. Furthermore, both nucleolin and cleaved PARP-1 were detected in the culture medium of cells undergoing apoptosis, associated with particles of a size consistent with apoptotic bodies. These results indicate that nucleolin plays an important role in apoptosis, and could be a useful marker for assessing apoptosis or detecting apoptotic bodies. In addition, the data provide a possible explanation for the appearance of nucleolin and PARP-1 autoantibodies in some autoimmune diseases.
Accommodating the Ethno-cultural Differences of Students: An Analysis of Ontario Community Colleges

This study relies on qualitative research: open-ended, semi-structured interviews were used to gain insight into the experiences of students of ethnically diverse backgrounds from three Greater Toronto Area (GTA) community colleges. Additional data were collected from college websites and meetings with college student services directors to gain a broader understanding of the context in which the ethnically diverse student is engaged.This research is guided by the psychosocial theories of student development of Chickering (1969), and Chickering & Reisser, (1993) including a brief overview of the cognitive-structural theory of student development; and the typology theory of student development. Student development theory provides insight into how life experiences shape one’s ability to learn and interact with others. An expert panel assisted with the refining of the interview questions and provided feedback on the overall study findings. In the interest of accountability, members of the expert panel were recruited based on their experience with issues around the diversity that exists within our GTA community colleges. Interviews were conducted with 25 students of ethnically diverse backgrounds to explore their overall college experience and their perceptions of the provision of student services at their college. The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that the colleges participating in the study have met the participants’ expectations in the areas of overall college experience and the services each provides. In addition, it was found that the colleges have had a positive impact on student experience resulting in success. The findings also indicate that these colleges have done little to facilitate quiet learning spaces and are not providing for the religious requirements of students. This study contributes to a better understanding of the challenges students from diverse backgrounds may face when seeking out services at their college and it offers recommendations to enhance these colleges’ efforts in this area along with recommendations for further research.
Laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia using a small ablation zone and large aspheric transition zone.

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and predictability of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using the Nidek NAVEX system with a small ablation (optical, OZ) zone and a large aspheric transition zone (OATz). METHODS We report a prospective nonrandomized study of LASIK for high myopia using a small ablation in 23 eyes of 18 patients. The optical zone was between 3 and 3.8 mm and transition zone (TZ) was between 7 and 7.8 mm. Preoperative examination included best-spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), refraction, and corneal topography. All eyes were measured by the Nidek OPD-Scan and data were imported to FinalFit software. Aspheric profile (OATz) numbers 5 to 7 were used. BSCVA, uncorrected spectacle visual acuity (UCVA), refraction, and subjective evaluation of glare and night vision by questionnaire were recorded after surgery. RESULTS At baseline, mean spherical equivalent refraction was -7.03 +/- 2.39 D (range -5.50 to -15.50 D). Postoperative UCVA was better than 20/25 in 95.65% of eyes 3 months after LASIK. Postoperative refraction was within +/- 0.50 D of emmetropia in 91.3% of eyes and within +/- 1.00 D in all eyes. No eye lost lines of BSCVA; 52.17% of eyes gained 1 line and 13.04% of eyes gained 2 lines. No patient reported significant glare or night vision problems on subjective questionnaire. CONCLUSION LASIK with a small ablation (optical) zone and high aspheric transition zone using the Nidek NAVEX system was effective, predictable, and relatively safe for correction of high myopia.
Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy

1. Introduction Part I. Theory: 2. Information and signalling in international crises 3. Democratic politics in international crises 4. Domestic competition and signalling in international crises Part II. Empirical Analysis: 5. Selective threats, effective threats: the initiation and escalation of international crises 6. Credibility confirmed: the implications of domestic support 7. Credibility undermined: the implications of domestic dissent 8. Conclusions and implications Appendices Reference Index.
Exogeneity and the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: The Case of China*

During the past two decades, many empirical studies such as Balassa [3, 4], Emery [7], Fajana [11], Feder [12], Maizels [21], Rams [22, 23], Tyler [26], Voivodas [27], Williamson [28], and others have found that exports promote economic growth. In all of these studies, a real output growth variable is regressed on either (i) export levels, (ii) export shares or (iii) export growth by using a single-equation model. The statistical significance of the (positive) coefficient of the export variables has then been interpreted as evidence supporting the export-led growth hypothesis. Chow [6], Hsiao [16], and Jung and Marshall [17] have recently questioned the validity of the above findings. This is because the single-equation (or so called "impact") studies using OLS regression are, from an econometric perspective, mostly inadequate in addressing the issue of causality. If a bidirectional causality between these two variables (exports and output) exists, the estimation and tests used in the impact studies are inconsistent. These concerns have subsequently generated a series of new empirical work aimed directly at resolving the issue of causality between exports and output growth [1; 2; 14; 20]. The Granger [15] causality tests carried out in these studies have revealed that the causal direction, in general, depends on the country and commodity group under consideration. Notwithstanding the important contributions of the above mentioned causality studies, there are shortcomings that must be dealt with to permit a better understanding of the subject matter. First, the impact studies presume that the export variable is exogenous. This is a rather restrictive assumption as a feedback from output to exports is very likely [17; 20]. Second, the existing causality gtudies do not make a clear distinction between "exogeneity" and "causality". As suggested by Engle, Hendry and Richard [10, hereinafter EHR], causality tests, such as the Granger [15] method, are valid only for testing one component of "strong" exogeneity because they are concerned with sequential marginalizing feedback effects, rather than contemporaneous conditioning
Venture Capital High-Tech Investments

To what extent can we predict the success of enterprises in which venture capitalists invest? This study examines 117 venture-capital-backed companies in the Internet, software, hardware, and semiconductor industries that had initial public offerings between 1994 and 1997. The authors consider strategic and operating criteria, including management. Findings reveal that these companies&' market capitalization correlated with quality of management, R&D expenses, sales revenue, sales revenue growth, industry segment, and the life-cycle stage of the industry.
A Dynamic Model of Tourism and Economic Growth: the Role of Physical and Human Capital

This paper study the relationships between tourism and economic growth by introducing a dynamic model whose ingredients are an economy producing a non-traded consumption good consumed by domestic residents and foreign tourists and a capital good. The model analyses the relationships between tourism growth, physical and human capital accumulation and changes in the terms of trade. From this analysis, several interesting results are obtained that depend on initial conditions of the main variables and on variations in terms of trade. First, it is shown that tourism allows local population to enjoy a given welfare level with a lower saving rate than they would have in a closed economic system. Second, it is revealed that along the balanced growth path, the rate of human capital accumulation in the tourism industry acts negatively on the rate of change in the terms of trade. A more productive industry becomes more cheaper and cheaper for the rest of the world and for the residents themselves. Third, it is shown that when prices steadily increase, the model implies an unbalanced relationship between domestic and tourism demands. In that case, the economy could assign all production to internal consumption, vanishing the tourism industry; or, by the contrary, it could specialize completely in tourism, exporting all production of domestic consumption goods and importing all consumption goods for domestic demand.
Antibiotics used in nonbacterial dermatologic conditions

The majority of nonbacterial dermatological conditions treated with antibiotics benefit from the anti‐inflammatory properties of these medications, usually dapsone or tetracycline. Many other antimicrobials are used to treat noninfectious conditions. The following chapter is an overview of select noninfectious dermatological conditions for which antibiotics are used, with a focus on the most common antibiotics used for their nonantimicrobial properties
Environmental Requirements, Knowledge Sharing and Green Innovation: Empirical Evidence from the Electronics Industry in China

Building on the Porter hypothesis, which posits that regulatory stringency triggers innovation and thereby allows firms to achieve the dual purpose of environment protection and enhanced business performance, the present research develops an integrative model that explores the determinants of green innovation with a focus being placed on knowledge sharing. Data were collected from 203 green innovation project leaders from electronics manufacturers operating in China. The results indicate that knowledge sharing mediates the relationship between green requirements and new green product success as well as that between green requirements and green product and process innovations. Interestingly, the empirical analysis rejects the hypothesized positive influence of green requirements on green product and process innovations as well as that on new green product success, while confirming that there exists a direct and positive association between green requirements and knowledge sharing. The direct positive impact of knowledge sharing is the strongest on green process innovation. This study provides a theoretical basis for investigating the possible determinants in the causal links between green requirements and green innovation success and establishes that knowledge sharing and green process innovation may be the points where leverage can be applied to best secure innovation success. Implications of the findings on environmental policy and law design are also discussed to see how the regulatory role of the government can be better positioned to facilitate compliance and innovation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.