Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nicotinamide riboside, a form of vitamin B3 and NAD+ precursor, relieves the nociceptive and aversive dimensions of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in female rats

Abstract Injury to sensory afferents may contribute to the peripheral neuropathies that develop after administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Manipulations that increase levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) can protect against neuronal injury. This study examined whether nicotinamide riboside (NR), a third form of vitamin B3 and precursor of NAD+, diminishes tactile hypersensitivity and place escape–avoidance behaviors in a rodent model of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received 3 intravenous injections of 6.6 mg/kg paclitaxel over 5 days. Daily oral administration of 200 mg/kg NR beginning 7 days before paclitaxel treatment and continuing for another 24 days prevented the development of tactile hypersensitivity and blunted place escape–avoidance behaviors. These effects were sustained after a 2-week washout period. This dose of NR increased blood levels of NAD+ by 50%, did not interfere with the myelosuppressive effects of paclitaxel, and did not produce adverse locomotor effects. Treatment with 200 mg/kg NR for 3 weeks after paclitaxel reversed the well-established tactile hypersensitivity in a subset of rats and blunted escape–avoidance behaviors. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg oral acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) did not prevent paclitaxel-induced tactile hypersensitivity or blunt escape–avoidance behaviors. ALCAR by itself produced tactile hypersensitivity. These findings suggest that agents that increase NAD+, a critical cofactor for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation systems and cellular redox systems involved with fuel utilization and energy metabolism, represent a novel therapeutic approach for relief of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies. Because NR is a vitamin B3 precursor of NAD+ and a nutritional supplement, clinical tests of this hypothesis may be accelerated.
The theory of synchrotron emission from supernova remnants

The time-dependent nonlinear kinetic theory for cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in supernova remnants (SNRs) is ap- plied studying the properties of the synchrotron emission from SNRs, in particular, the surface brightness-diameter (Σ − D )r e- lation. Detailed numerical calculations are performed for the expected range of the relevant physical parameters, namely the ambient density and the supernova explosion energy. The magnetic field in SNRs is assumed to be significantly amplified by the efficiently accelerating nuclear CR component. Due to the growing number of accelerated CRs the expected SNR luminosity increases during the free expansion phase, reaches a peak value at the beginning of the Sedov phase and then decreases again, since in this stage the overall CR number remains nearly constant, whereas the effective magnetic field diminishes with time. The theoretically predicted brightness-diameter relation in the radio range in the Sedov phase is close to ΣR ∝ D −17/4 . It fits the observational data in a very satisfactory way. The observed spread of ΣR at a given SNR size D is the result of the spread of supernova explosion energies and interstellar medium densities.
A Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis Decisions and Overview of Current Practices: What We Are Doing and How Can We Improve?

Authors within the fields of cyberpsychology and human−computer interaction have demonstrated a particular interest in measurement and scale creation, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is an extremely important statistical method for these areas of research. Unfortunately, EFA requires several statistical and methodological decisions to which the best choices are often unclear. The current article reviews five primary decisions and provides direct suggestions for best practices. These decisions are (a) the data inspection techniques, (b) the factor analytic method, (c) the factor retention method, (d) the factor rotation method, and (e) the factor loading cutoff. Then the article reviews authors’ choices for these five EFA decisions in every relevant article within seven cyberpsychology and/or human–computer interaction journals. The results demonstrate that authors do not employ the recommended best practices for most decisions. Particularly, most authors do not inspect their data for violations of assumptions, apply inappropriate factor analytic methods, utilize outdated factor retention methods, and omit the justification for their factor rotation methods. Further, many authors omit altogether their EFA decisions. To rectify these concerns, the current article provides a step-by-step guide and checklist that authors can reference to ensure the use of recommended best practices. Together, the current article identifies concerns with current research and provides direct solutions to these concerns.
Fast compressive imaging using scrambled block Hadamard ensemble

With the advent of a single-pixel camera, compressive imaging applications have gained wide interests. However, the design of efficient measurement basis in such a system remains as a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a highly sparse and fast sampling operator based on the scrambled block Hadamard ensemble. Despite its simplicity, the proposed measurement operator offers universality and requires a near-optimal number of samples for perfect reconstruction. Moreover, it can be easily implemented in the optical domain thanks to its integer-valued elements. Several numerical experiments show that its imaging performance is comparable to that of the dense, floating-coefficient scrambled Fourier ensemble at much lower implementation cost.
On conditional moments of high-dimensional random vectors given lower-dimensional projections

One of the most widely used properties of the multivariate Gaussian distribution, besides its tail behavior, is the fact that conditional means are linear and that conditional variances are constant. We here show that this property is also shared, in an approximate sense, by a large class of non-Gaussian distributions. We allow for several conditioning variables and we provide explicit non-asymptotic results, whereby we extend earlier findings of Hall and Li (1993) and Leeb (2013).
Advances in CT for prediction of hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral haemorrhage accounts for 10–15% of all strokes and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early hematoma expansion, which occurs in approximately a third of patients leads to worse outcomes. Prediction of expansion may aid in the identification of patients most likely to benefit from novel medical or surgical therapies. Intrahematoma contrast density seen on CT angiography, coined the ‘spot sign’, has been validated in a prospective multicenter study to predict expansion and poor outcome. Increasing the number of spot signs visualized increases the risk of expansion. Utilization of delayed or dynamic contrast-enhanced CT is able to detect up to 21% additional patients with contrast extravasation, and improves sensitivity for outcome prediction. Different patterns of contrast extravasation may indicate differential rates of hemorrhage. CT angiography or dynamic contrast-enhanced CT imaging may aid in identifying efficacious therapies in intracerebral haemorrhage, and identification .
Evaluation of thrombin generating capacity in plasma from patients with haemophilia A and B

Summary In haemophilia patients, a relationship is usually observed between the clinical expression of the disease and plasmatic factor VIII/factor IX (FVIII/FIX) activity. However, it is known from clinical experience, that some haemophilia patients, despite similar FVIII/FIX plasma levels, could exhibit different bleeding phenotype. After determining preanalytical test conditions, we evaluated the thrombin generation capacity from haemophilia plasma samples in various conditions and the potential usefulness of thrombin generation test (TGT) in haemophilia patients. In a series of 46 haemophilia patients (34 haemophilia A and 12 haemophilia B patients), we found a significant correlation between plasmatic FVIII/FIX levels and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), peak and time to peak obtained by thrombin generation measurement. In addition, a correlation was found between severe clinical bleeding phenotype and ETP. Our results suggest that TGT could be a promising tool to evaluate haemostasis capacity in patients with haemophilia. Our ex vivo results, obtained 24 hours after FVIII concentrate administration, showed that in patients presenting similar plasmatic FVIIII levels, thrombin generation capacity may be significantly different. These results suggest that in patients with haemophilia, TGT could be useful for individually tailoring prophylactic regimens as well as for adapting clotting factors infusions in surgical situations, in addition to FVIII/FIX plasma clotting activities.
Construct validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth UK Edition with a referred Irish sample: Wechsler and Cattell–Horn–Carroll model comparisons with 15 subtests

BACKGROUND Irish educational psychologists frequently use the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth UK Edition (WISC-IVUK ; Wechsler, 2004, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth UK Edition, London, UK, Harcourt Assessment) in clinical assessments of children with learning difficulties. Unfortunately, reliability and validity studies of the WISC-IVUK standardization sample have not yet been reported. Watkins et al. (2013, International Journal of School and Educational Psychology, 1, 102) found support for a bifactor structure with a large sample (N = 794) of Irish children who were administered the 10 WISC-IVUK core subtests in clinical assessments of learning difficulties and dominance of general intelligence. Because only 10 subtests were available, Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC; McGrew, 1997, 2005, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, New York, NY: Guilford; Schneider & McGrew, 2012, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, New York, NY, Guilford Press) models could not be tested and compared. AIM, SAMPLE AND METHOD The present study utilized confirmatory factor analyses to test the latent factor structure of the WISC-IVUK with a sample of 245 Irish children administered all 15 WISC-IVUK subtests in evaluations assessing learning difficulties in order to examine CHC- and Wechsler-based models. One through five, oblique first-order factor models and higher order versus bifactor models were examined and compared using CFA. RESULTS Meaningful differences in fit statistics were not observed between the Wechsler and CHC representations of higher-order or bifactor models. In all four structures, general intelligence accounted for the largest portions of explained common variance, whereas group factors accounted for small to miniscule portions of explained common variance. Omega-hierarchical subscale coefficients indicated that unit-weighted composites that would be generated by WISC-IVUK group factors (Wechsler or CHC) would contain little unique variance and thus be of little value. CONCLUSION These results were similar to those from other investigations, further demonstrating the replication of the WISC-IV factor structure across cultures and the importance of focusing primary interpretation on the FSIQ.
Treatment of diverticular disease: an update on latest evidence and clinical implications

Background Diverticular disease (DD) is a common condition, especially in Western countries. In about 80% of patients, colonic diverticula remain asymptomatic (diverticulosis), while approximately 20% of patients may develop abdominal symptoms (symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, SUDD) and, eventually complications as acute diverticulitis (AD). The management of this condition has been improved, and in the last five years European countries and the USA have published guidelines and recommendations. Scope To summarize the latest evidence and clinical implication in treatment of DD focusing the attention either on the treatment of diverticulosis, SUDD and AD together with the primary and secondary prevention of diverticulitis. Findings The present review was based on the latest evidence in the treatment of DD in the last 10 years. In the last 5 years, six countries issued guidelines on DD with differences regarding covered topics and recommendations regarding treatments. At present there is a lack of rationale for drug use in patients with asymptomatic diverticulosis, but there are limited indications to suggest an increase in dietary fibre to reduce risk of DD. To achieve symptomatic relief in SUDD patients, several therapeutic strategies with fibre, probiotics, rifaximin and mesalazine have been proposed even if a standard therapeutic approach remained to be defined. Agreement has been reached for the management of AD, since recent guidelines showed that antibiotics can be used selectively, rather than routinely in uncomplicated AD, although use of antibiotics remained crucial in the management of complicated cases. With regard to treatment for the primary and secondary prevention of AD, the efficacy of rifaximin and mesalazine has been proposed although with discordant recommendations among guidelines. Conclusion Treatment of DD represented an important challenge in clinical practice, especially concerning management of SUDD and the primary and secondary prevention of AD.
Overcoming Algorithm Aversion: People Will Use Imperfect Algorithms If They Can (Even Slightly) Modify Them

Although evidence-based algorithms consistently outperform human forecasters, people often fail to use them after learning that they are imperfect, a phenomenon known as algorithm aversion. In this paper, we present three studies investigating how to reduce algorithm aversion. In incentivized forecasting tasks, participants chose between using their own forecasts or those of an algorithm that was built by experts. Participants were considerably more likely to choose to use an imperfect algorithm when they could modify its forecasts, and they performed better as a result. Notably, the preference for modifiable algorithms held even when participants were severely restricted in the modifications they could make Studies 1-3. In fact, our results suggest that participants' preference for modifiable algorithms was indicative of a desire for some control over the forecasting outcome, and not for a desire for greater control over the forecasting outcome, as participants' preference for modifiable algorithms was relatively insensitive to the magnitude of the modifications they were able to make Study 2. Additionally, we found that giving participants the freedom to modify an imperfect algorithm made them feel more satisfied with the forecasting process, more likely to believe that the algorithm was superior, and more likely to choose to use an algorithm to make subsequent forecasts Study 3. This research suggests that one can reduce algorithm aversion by giving people some control-even a slight amount-over an imperfect algorithm's forecast. Data, as supplemental material, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016. 2643 . This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
Pathogenic mutations in GLI2 cause a specific phenotype that is distinct from holoprosencephaly

Background Mutations in GLI2 have been associated with holoprosencephaly (HPE), a neuroanatomic anomaly resulting from incomplete cleavage of the developing forebrain, and an HPE-like phenotype involving pituitary anomalies and polydactyly. Objective To characterise the genotypic and phenotypic findings in individuals with GLI2 variants and clarify clinical findings in individuals with loss-of-function mutations. Methods Through the National Institutes of Health and collaborating centres, ∼400 individuals with HPE spectrum disorders, endocrine disorders or craniofacial anomalies were screened for GLI2 mutations. Results were combined with all published cases. We compared the clinical and molecular features of individuals with truncating mutations to individuals with variants of unknown significance (defined as not resulting in protein truncation, reported in normal controls and/or deemed unlikely to be pathogenic by functional prediction software). Results 112 individuals with variants in GLI2 were identified, with 43 having truncating mutations. Individuals with truncating mutations were more likely to have both pituitary anomalies and polydactyly versus those with variants of unknown significance (p<0.0001 by Fisher’s exact test); only 1 of 43 had frank HPE. These individuals were more likely to have recognised penetrance (polydactyly or pituitary anomalies or both) than those without truncating mutations (p=0.0036 by Fisher's exact test). A common facial phenotype was seen in individuals (with midface hypoplasia, cleft lip/palate and hypotelorism) with truncating mutations. Conclusions Individuals with truncating mutations in GLI2 typically present with pituitary anomalies, polydactyly and subtle facial features rather than HPE. This will be helpful in screening populations for GLI2 mutations and for counselling affected patients. Trial registration 98-HG-0249/04-HG-0093.
THE X-RAY EVOLUTION OF HICKSON COMPACT GROUPS

The Hickson compact groups, displaying regions of high galaxy densities, should provide environments where galaxy evolution occurs rapidly. The repeated galaxy interactions and mergers present in compact groups increase the rate of star formation and increase the number of X-ray binaries. A fraction of the H i gas will also become heated via stirring and shocks, which yields extended diffuse, hot gas halos that can encompass all members of a compact group. Using a sample of 16 Hickson compact groups from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory archives, we report on a correlation between the diffuse X-ray gas and the total X-ray point source population luminosities. The correlation of the X-ray gas and point source luminosities is further examined to establish a general evolutionary trend.
Application of MJO Simulation Diagnostics to Climate Models

The ability of eight climate models to simulate the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) is examined using diagnostics developed by the U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) MJO Working Group. Although the MJO signal has been extracted throughout the annual cycle, this study focuses on the boreal winter (November‐April) behavior. Initially, maps of the mean state and variance and equatorial space‐time spectra of 850-hPa zonal wind and precipitation are compared with observations. Models best represent the intraseasonal space‐time spectral peak in the zonal wind compared to that of precipitation. Using the phase‐ space representation of the multivariate principal components (PCs), the life cycle properties of the simulated MJOs are extracted, including the ability to represent how the MJO evolves from a given subphase and the associated decay time scales. On average, the MJO decay (e-folding) time scale for all models is shorter (;20‐ 29 days) than observations (;31 days). All models are able to produce a leading pair of multivariate principal components that represents eastward propagation of intraseasonal wind and precipitation anomalies, although the fraction of the variance is smaller than observed for all models. In some cases, the dominant time scale of these PCs is outside of the 30‐80-day band. Several key variables associated with the model’s MJO are investigated, including the surface latent heat flux, boundary layer (925 hPa) moisture convergence, and the vertical structure of moisture. Low-level moisture convergence ahead (east) of convection is associated with eastward propagation in most of the models. A few models are also able to simulate the gradual moistening of the lower troposphere that precedes observed MJO convection, as well as the observed geographical difference in the vertical structure of moisture associated with the MJO. The dependence of rainfall on lower tropospheric relative humidity and the fraction of rainfall that is stratiform are also discussed, including implications these diagnostics have for MJO simulation. Based on having the most realistic intraseasonal multivariate empirical orthogonal functions, principal component power spectra, equatorial eastward propagating outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), latent heat flux, low-level moisture convergence signals, and vertical structure of moisture over the Eastern Hemisphere, the superparameterized Community Atmosphere Model (SPCAM) and the ECHAM4/ Ocean Isopycnal Model (OPYC) show the best skill at representing the MJO.
FASTEST: A Practical Low-Complexity Algorithm for Compile-Time Assignment of Parallel Programs to Multiprocessors

In the area of parallelizing compilers, considerable research has been carried out on data dependency analysis, parallelism extraction, as well as program and data partitioning. However, designing a practical, low complexity scheduling algorithm without sacrificing performance remains a challenging problem. A variety of heuristics have been proposed to generate efficient solutions but they take prohibitively long execution times for moderate size or large problems. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called FASTEST (Fast Assignment and Scheduling of Tasks using an Efficient Search Technique) that has O(e) time complexity, where e is the number of edges in the task graph. The algorithm first generates an initial solution in a short time and then refines it by using a simple but robust random neighborhood search. We have also parallelized the search to further lower the time complexity. We are using the algorithm in a prototype automatic parallelization and scheduling tool which compiles sequential code and generates parallel code optimized with judicious scheduling. The proposed algorithm is evaluated with several application programs and outperforms a number of previous algorithms by generating parallelized code with shorter execution times, while taking dramatically shorter scheduling times. The FASTEST algorithm generates optimal solutions for a majority of the test cases and close-to-optimal solutions for the rest.