Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light-to-moderate drinking and dementia risk: The former drinkers problem re-visited

A growing literature ostensibly supports the contention that light-to-moderate drinking offers a protective effect with respect to late-onset dementia. The former drinkers problem, however, may mitigate or even erase any observed protective relationship. Using three recent meta-analyses as windows on the alcohol and dementia literature [Anstey, K.J., Mack, H.A. , & Cherbuin, N. (2009). Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 542–555; Peters, R. , Peters, J., Warner, J., Beckett, N. , & Bulpitt, C. (2008). Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: A systematic review. Age Ageing, 37, 505–512; Neafsey, E.J., & Collins, M.A. (2011). Moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive risk. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 465–484], we offer a critical review and re-examination of 24 studies employing one or another strategy to control or evaluate the impact of the former drinkers problem on the alcohol and cognitive impairment relationship. Our review is organized around four strategies and problem areas found in these studies, namely: (1) analyses using light drinkers instead of abstainers as reference, (2) time dimension problems attaching to the nondrinker category in analyses, (3) analyses excluding former drinkers or drinkers who changed categories over a study's course, and (4) other approaches and associated problems. Our review suggests that the former drinkers problem has been only incompletely addressed in this still new literature on alcohol's possible protective cognitive effects. As evidenced in the three meta-analyses employed in this review, only a fraction of alcohol and dementia studies addressed the former drinkers problem and, among those, still fewer addressed the problem adequately. Several reasons for this deficiency in the literature are discussed. We conclude that the impact of former drinkers on the alcohol and dementia relationship remains an open question.
Wages and Labor Management in African Manufacturing

Using matched employer-employee data from ten African countries, we examine the relationship between wages, worker supervision, and labor productivity in manufacturing. Wages increase with firm size for both production workers and supervisors. We develop a two-tier model of supervision that can account for this stylized fact and we fit the structural model to the data. We find a strong effect of both supervision and wages on effort and hence on labor productivity. Labor management in sub-Saharan Africa appears problematic, with much higher supervisor-to-worker ratios than elsewhere and a higher elasticity of effort with respect to supervision than in Morocco.
Relational Rationality and Children’s Interview Responses

Children’s interview responses are often read monologically, as mirror reflections of their spontaneous thinking. In contrast, analyses of alignments and collaboration imply a dialogical approach. We argue that in a dialogical analysis, children’s interview responses should be read in terms of a relational rationality. Against the backdrop of such a rationality, ‘immature’ responses can be understood in terms of children’s desire to please the interviewer, and by their rational desire to align themselves with their co-participants. In contrast to the scientific rationality of Grice’s conversational maxims, relational rationality is instead discussed in terms of social relations.
Compliance with wearing physical activity accelerometers in high school students.

BACKGROUND Accelerometer use in physical activity research has become increasingly popular but is prone to problems with missing data, which complicate the data reduction and analysis process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hypothesized compliance strategies on improving compliance with wearing a physical activity accelerometer in high school students. METHODS Each of four local high schools was assigned to one of four compliance strategies: (1) receiving three phone calls, (2) completing a daily journal, (3) compensation contingent on number of complete (> or = 10 hours) days of data, and (4) control condition. Participants wore ActiGraph accelerometers for seven days to determine compliance and physical activity. RESULTS The contingent group had the highest level of compliance with 96% of the participants acquiring at least four of seven complete days of data. After controlling for grade level, school level percent minority students, and school level socioeconomic status (SES), the contingent group's compliance remained significantly higher (P = .04) than the journal (85%), phone (72%), and control (70%) participants. CONCLUSIONS The contingent compliance strategy improved the amount of time the students wore the monitor each day and, thus, the total number of days with > or =10 hours of data.
Does Wireless Sensor Network Scale? A Measurement Study on GreenOrbs

Sensor networks are deemed suitable for large-scale deployments in the wild for a variety of applications. In spite of the remarkable efforts the community put to build the sensor systems, an essential question still remains unclear at the system level, motivating us to explore the answer from a point of real-world deployment view. Does the wireless sensor network really scale? We present findings from a large-scale operating sensor network system, GreenOrbs, with up to 330 nodes deployed in the forest. We instrument such an operating network throughout the protocol stack and present observations across layers in the network. Based on our findings from the system measurement, we propose and make initial efforts to validate three conjectures that give potential guidelines for future designs of large-scale sensor networks. 1) A small portion of nodes bottlenecks the entire network, and most of the existing network indicators may not accurately capture them. 2) The network dynamics mainly come from the inherent concurrency of network operations instead of environment changes. 3) The environment, although the dynamics are not as significant as we assumed, has an unpredictable impact on the sensor network. We suggest that an event-based routing structure can be trained and thus better adapted to the wild environment when building a large-scale sensor network.
Design of a 13.56 MHz IPT system optimised for dynamic wireless charging environments

Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems are often designed to achieve their highest efficiency at a fixed load value and at a fixed coil separation distance and misalignment. A variation in the position of the coils or the load value tends to drastically affect the efficiency, and therefore makes the designed IPT system not practical for applications that are mobile with variable loading conditions such as dynamic wireless charging for electric vehicles. This paper presents a novel design approach for loosely-coupled IPT systems that can inherently maintain efficient operation against changes in the system's characteristics, coil geometries and loading conditions. The transmitting-end of the proposed IPT system consists of a Load-Independent Class EF inverter that provides a constant amplitude current in the transmitting-end coil and achieves zero-voltage switching (ZVS) independent of the coupling factor and the load resistance. A Class D rectifier with a resistance compression network (RCN) was implemented for the receiving-end of the IPT system to ensure that the reflected resistance to the transmitting-end is at its optimum value with minimal dependence on the output load resistance. The combination of the features of the inverter and rectifier allow the IPT system to operate efficiently across a wide range of air gaps, without retuning. Experimental results show a maximum DC-DC efficiency of 83% with a coil separation of one coil diameter and 85 W output power. A weighted average DC-DC energy transfer efficiency (where the coils move through zero alignment, to full alignment, and back to zero alignment at constant velocity), was measured at 73%.
Stylistic Approaches to Translation

Introduction: Style in Translation 1. The role of style in translation 1.1 Reading and writing style in translation 1.2 Before stylistics: the spirit of a text 1.3 Universals of style and creative transposition 1.4 Contextual, pragmatic and cognitive aspects of style and translation 1.5 Relativity and thinking for translation 1.6 Translating literary and non-literary texts 2. Theories of reading and relevance 2.1 Reading, style and the inferred author 2.2 Implication, relevance and minimax 2.3 Relevance theory and translating for relevance 3. The translator's choices 3.1 Style and choice 3.2 Clues, games and decisions 3.3 Recreated choices in translation 4. Cognitive stylistics and translation 4.1 The cognitive turn in stylistics and translation studies 4.2 Translating the mind in the text 4.3 Ambiguity and textual gaps 4.4 Foregrounding, salience and visibility 4.5 Metaphor, mind and translation 4.6 Iconicity, mimesis and diagesis 4.7 Cognitive stylistics and the pretence of translation 5. A stylistic approach in practice 5.1 Elements of a stylistic approach to translation 5.2 Using style to translate mind 5.3 Ambiguous translation 5.4 Attracting attention: patterns and other deviant structures 5.5 Metaphorical thought translated 5.6 Keeping the echo: translating for iconicity 6. Conclusion
Fleeting, Fading, or Far-Reaching? A Knowledge-Based Model of the Persistence of Framing Effects

The social relevance of framing effects hinges upon their ability to persist. This article develops a theoretical account of the conditions under which framing effects should vanish quickly, fade slowly, or cause permanent changes. It argues that the cognitive processes involved in mediating frame effect need to leave durable traces in a person's knowledge to raise a persistent effect. This paper distinguishes temporary changes in the accessibility of knowledge from durable changes in the applicability structure and belief content. It discusses under which conditions these memory traces will likely affect judgment formation also after the stimulus is gone. We argue that the durability of framing effects can be modeled based on the chronic accessibility of frame-relevant knowledge and the familiarity of the frame.
Distributed tabu search algorithm for solving the economic dispatch problem

In this paper proposed a novel method based on simple tabu search algorithm (TSA) to solves economic dispatch (ED) problem for thermal plants, which we call distributed tabu search algorithm (DTSA). This proposed method to improved TSA by addition distributed computation, local updating and global updating solutions to simple tabu search algorithm. The proposed method guarantees the near optimal solution and remarkably reduces the computation time. This proposed method is implemented with MATLAB program to solve economic dispatch problem with various case study. The results show that DTSA can converges to optimum solution faster than TSA and obtains the solution with high accuracy and less than genetic algorithm, Hopfield neural network and TSA.
Dimensions Used in Perceiving Peers: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Hong Kong, Japanese, American and Filipino University Students

Abstract Twenty bi-polar descriptions from Cattell's (1957) reduced personality sphere were presented to 192 university students in Hong Kong. Each subject used these scales to assess other students who were convened in same-sex groups of from six to ten members. These responses were then scored and factor analyzed using the procedure described by Norman (1963). The resulting factor analysis was compared with that derived from American, Filipino and Japanese university students using the same materials and procedures. The 20 scales were reliably used by the Hong Kong sample with the factor analysis extracting over 70% of the matrix variance. The composition of the first four factors of person perception was highly similar across the four cultures. These results were then related to those of Triandis (1977) on cross-cultural factors of behavior intention to suggest the importance of perception in guiding fundamental interpersonal behaviors in all cultures.
Cognitive Radio Networks With Probabilistic Relaying: Stable Throughput and Delay Tradeoffs

This paper studies fundamental throughput and delay tradeoffs in cognitive radio systems with cooperative secondary users. We focus on randomized cooperative policies, whereby the secondary user (SU) serves either its own queue or the primary users (PU) relayed packets queue with certain service probability. The proposed policy opens room for trading the PU delay for enhanced SU delay, and vice versa, depending on the application QoS requirements. Towards this objective, the system's stable throughput region is characterized. Furthermore, the moment generating function approach is employed and generalized for our system to derive closed-form expressions for the average packet delay for both users. The accuracy of these expressions is validated through simulations. Analytical and simulation results reveal that the service probability can steer the system into prioritizing PU's traffic at the expense of SU's QoS, or vice versa, independently from the admission probability. Alternatively, the ability of the admission probability to control the throughput and delay at the PU or the SU depends on the selected value for the service probability as well as the channel conditions. Finally, it is shown how the service and admission probabilities could be used to achieve the desired QoS level to both PU and SU.
Television and Children's Conceptions of Nutrition

This cultivation anal sis examined the association between television viewing and perceptions of numbon in a sample of 427 fourth- and fifth-grade students. There was a strong positive relation between television viewing and having unhealthy perceptions of nutrition. This correlation withstood controls for gender, race, reading level, parents' educational level, and parents' occupation.
Effects of Risedronate on Osteoarthritis of the Knee

The purpose of the present study was to discuss the effects of risedronate on osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee by reviewing the existing literature. The literature was searched with PubMed, with respect to prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs), using the following search terms: risedronate, knee, and osteoarthritis. Two RCTs met the criteria. A RCT (n = 231) showed that risedronate treatment (15 mg/day) for 1 year improved symptoms. A larger RCT (n = 1,896) showed that risedronate treatment (5 mg/day, 15 mg/day, 35 mg/week, and 50 mg/week) for 2 years did not improve signs or symptoms, nor did it alter radiological progression. However, a subanalysis study (n = 477) revealed that patients with marked cartilage loss preserved the structural integrity of subchondral bone by risedronate treatment (15 mg/day and 50 mg/week). Another subanalysis study (n = 1,885) revealed that C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) decreased with risedronate treatment in a dose-dependent manner, and levels reached after 6 months were associated with radiological progression at 2 years. The results of these RCTs show that risedronate reduces the marker of cartilage degradation (CTX-II), which could contribute to attenuation of radiological progression of OA by preserving the structural integrity of subchondral bone. The review of the literature suggests that higher doses of risedronate (15 mg/day) strongly reduces the marker of cartilage degradation (CTX-II), which could contribute to attenuation of radiological progression of OA by preserving the structural integrity of subchondral bone.
ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES : Some Leading Dimensions of Variation Between Species

■ Abstract An important aim of plant ecology is to identify leading dimensions of ecological variation among species and to understand the basis for them. Dimensions that can readily be measured would be especially useful, because they might offer a path towards improved worldwide synthesis across the thousands of field experiments and ecophysiological studies that use just a few species each. Four dimensions are reviewed here. The leaf mass per area–leaf lifespan (LMA-LL) dimension expresses slow turnover of plant parts (at high LMA and long LL), long nutrient residence times, and slow response to favorable growth conditions. The seed mass–seed output (SM-SO) dimension is an important predictor of dispersal to establishment opportunities (seed output) and of establishment success in the face of hazards (seed mass). The LMA-LL and SM-SO dimensions are each underpinned by a single, comprehensible tradeoff, and their consequences are fairly well understood. The leaf size–twig size (LS-TS) spectrum has obvious consequences for the texture of canopies, but the costs and benefits of large versus small leaf and twig size are poorly understood. The height dimension has universally been seen as ecologically important and included in ecological strategy schemes. Nevertheless, height includes several tradeoffs and adaptive elements, which ideally should be treated separately. Each of these four dimensions varies at the scales of climate zones and of site types within landscapes. This variation can be interpreted as adaptation to the physical environment. Each dimension also varies widely among coexisting species. Most likely this within-site variation arises because the ecological opportunities for each species depend strongly on which other species are present, in other words, because the set of species at a site is a stable mixture of strategies.
Preferential Processing of Social Features and Their Interplay with Physical Saliency in Complex Naturalistic Scenes

According to so-called saliency-based attention models, attention during free viewing of visual scenes is particularly allocated to physically salient image regions. In the present study, we assumed that social features in complex naturalistic scenes would be processed preferentially irrespective of their physical saliency. Therefore, we expected worse prediction of gazing behavior by saliency-based attention models when social information is present in the visual field. To test this hypothesis, participants freely viewed color photographs of complex naturalistic social (e.g., including heads, bodies) and non-social (e.g., including landscapes, objects) scenes while their eye movements were recorded. In agreement with our hypothesis, we found that social features (especially heads) were heavily prioritized during visual exploration. Correspondingly, the presence of social information weakened the influence of low-level saliency on gazing behavior. Importantly, this pattern was most pronounced for the earliest fixations indicating automatic attentional processes. These findings were further corroborated by a linear mixed model approach showing that social features (especially heads) add substantially to the prediction of fixations beyond physical saliency. Taken together, the current study indicates gazing behavior for naturalistic scenes to be better predicted by the interplay of social and physically salient features than by low-level saliency alone. These findings strongly challenge the generalizability of saliency-based attention models and demonstrate the importance of considering social influences when investigating the driving factors of human visual attention.
Ultrathin Body InGaAs MOSFETs on III-V-On-Insulator Integrated With Silicon Active Substrate (III-V-OIAS)

Thin-body self-aligned InGaAs MOSFETs are fabricated on a III-V-On-Insulator structure on a silicon active substrate (III-V-OIAS). The p-type Si active substrate acts as a back gate that can modulate the threshold voltage and other electrical characteristics of the device. This paper explores the physics behind this effect through 2-D simulations and comparison with experiments. In the off-state, we find that the application of a positive body-to-source (Vbs) voltage increases the subthreshold swing but reduces drain-induced barrier lowering. The first effect is related to the electron profile and the location of the centroid of electron charge in the channel while the second is closely associated with the modulation of a depletion region in the silicon substrate. In the on-state, the series resistance is observed to improve under positive Vbs due to the increased accumulation of electrons in the extrinsic portion of the device. In addition, the channel mobility exhibits a two-branch behavior in its dependence on the average vertical electric field in the channel. This is explained by the different interfacial scattering that takes place at the front and back channel surfaces. This paper highlights the tradeoffs involved in attempting to exploit the body bias in the operation of QW-MOSFETs in III-V-On-Insulator with active substrate.
Suspected Citrus Pulp Toxicosis in Dairy Cattle

Thirteen lactating dairy cows from a herd of 650 died over a 6-week period. Most animals were down in milk production at 1 milking and were found dead at the next milking. Two cows had elevated heart rate and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Two others had azotemia, elevated heart rate, hyperglycemia, and weight loss. Necropsy of 10 cows revealed hemorrhages on the intestinal serosa and epicardium, lymphadenopathy, interstitial nephritis, small intestinal hemorrhage, and interstitial pneumonia. Histopathology showed lymphocytic to lymphogranulomatous inflammation in the heart, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, liver, lung, pancreas, and adrenal gland. Phlebitis was present in 2 livers. The lesions resembled those of hairy vetch toxicosis, but no vetch was being fed. Similar lesions have been reported with the feeding of citrus pulp. Citrus pulp was being fed to the lactating cows and had been added to the diet 6 weeks before the first death. The syndrome resolved with elimination of citrus pulp from the diet.
Thirty Years After Marr's Vision: Levels of Analysis in Cognitive Science

Thirty years after the publication of Marr's seminal book Vision (Marr, 1982) the papers in this topic consider the contemporary status of his influential conception of three distinct levels of analysis for information-processing systems, and in particular the role of the algorithmic and representational level with its cognitive-level concepts. This level has (either implicitly or explicitly) been downplayed or eliminated both by reductionist neuroscience approaches from below that seek to account for behavior from the implementation level and by Bayesian approaches from above that seek to account for behavior in purely computational-level terms.