Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transnational communities and business systems

The paper examines the concept of ‘transnational communities’ as a way of understanding globalization practices in business and management. It argues that ‘transnational communities’ are emergent properties of the internationalizing of economic activity. Three specific aspects of this process are considered in detail: the development of multinational companies; the development of international regulatory bodies; and the development of cognitive and normative frameworks through the practices of business education, management consultancies and other global professional service firms. It is argued that in each case, transnational spaces are emerging; within these spaces, transnational communities are developing. The article calls for more research into the diverse nature of these spaces and communities as a way of avoiding the sterile polarities of what Held et al. (1999) refer to as the ‘hyperglobalists’ and the ‘sceptics’.
Marking as judgment

An aspect of assessment which has received little attention compared with perennial concerns, such as standards or reliability, is the role of judgment in marking. This paper explores marking as an act of judgment, paying particular attention to the nature of judgment and the processes involved. It brings together studies which have explored marking from a psychological perspective for the purpose of critical discussion of the light they shed on each other and on the practice of marking. Later stages speculate on recent developments in psychology and neuroscience which may cast further light on educational assessment.
Eye movements during visual search for emotional faces in individuals with chronic headache

Attentional biases for pain‐related information have been frequently reported in individuals with chronic pain. Recording of participants' eye movements provides a continuous measure of attention, although to date this methodology has received little use in research exploring attentional biases in chronic pain. The aim of the current investigation was to explore the specificity of attentional orienting bias using a novel visual search task while recording participant eye movement behaviours. This also allowed for the investigation of whether attentional biases for pain‐related information exist in the presence of multiple stimuli competing for attention.
Process versus Outcome-Oriented Drinking: An Exploratory Study of Wine and Moderate Drinking Occasions among Young Adults in California

Wine is increasing in popularity among young adults in the United States. Previous research has shown that when young adults consume wine, they typically do so in moderation. This article reports on the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study conducted in 2006 that investigated factors associated with moderate wine drinking occasions among young adults. We conducted semistructured interviews with 15 young adults between the ages of 18–26 from Northern California university communities. Using a pattern-level analytic approach, interviews revealed two modes in which these young adults drink: outcome-oriented and process-oriented drinking. These two drinking outcomes were associated with different beverages, consumption patterns, drinking settings, sociability, and levels of maturity, as perceived by study participants. This article considers moderate drinking occasions among young adults in order to develop strategies to reduce harm associated with heavy consumption. Our pilot study offers insight into this perspective and provides a basis for future research.
Social Cognitive Expectations and Racial Identity Attitudes in Predicting the Math Choice Intentions of Black College Students.

This study extended social cognitive career theory (R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994) and racial identity theory (J. E. Helms, 1990) to the math-related interests and academic choice intentions of Black college students. Participants were 164 Black 1st-year undergraduates who completed measures of racial identity attitudes and math-related indexes of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, perceived sources of efficacy information, interests, and academic choice intentions. A social cognitive path model of students' math-related interests and choice intentions offered good overall fit to the data. Racial identity attitudes generally yielded small relations to the social cognitive variables and the outcome criteria. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations predicted interests, and interests predicted choice intentions, across racial identity attitude levels. Implications for practice and for further research on Black students' academic and career development patterns are considered.
Strangers in a strange land - on becoming scholars of teaching.

This paper reports on a qualitative study that explored the challenges experienced by nine emerging scholars of teaching at a research-intensive university in South Africa. It details three problem areas encountered during the process of becoming scholars of teaching: (1) negative perceptions about the work and related reward concerns, (2) concerns about mastering this form of enquiry, and (3) identity issues. Whilst the first two have been described in SoTL literature, the third – identity issues – has not received attention in the literature in this area. These concerns are discussed using the constructs of Discourse, academic cultures and communities of practice.
The Baby Bump

In light of the prevalent experience, theoretical importance, and underexamination of the intersection of pregnancy and work, the current study explores how pregnant employees manage their concealable stigmatized identities at work over the course of pregnancy. Using a weekly survey methodology, we were able to examine within-person changes in identity management and physical health. Results suggested a reciprocal relationship between revealing and physical health wherein revealing led to more frequent physical health symptoms and more frequent physical health symptoms led to decreased revealing. Furthermore, concealing exerted a unidirectional impact on physical health wherein concealing predicted subsequent decreases in physical health symptoms. Finally, supportive work–family cultures and supervisor support were linked to lower concealing, higher revealing, and less frequent physical health symptoms at the initial measurement occasion (i.e., earlier stages of pregnancy); however, these benefits appeared to diminish over time. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.
The Role of External Involvement in the Creation of Management Innovations

There has recently been renewed scholarly interest in management innovating, the creation of new organizational practices, structures, processes and techniques. We suggest that external involvement in the process of management innovating can transpire in three different ways: direct input from external change agents; prior external experience of internal change agents; and the use of external knowledge sources by internal change agents. We ask whether the type of innovation created (radical or not; systemic or not) depends on the use of these three forms of involvement and whether the forms are substitutes or complements. We empirically investigate this through an archival study of 23 major historical innovations, using in-depth data from a large number of sources in the academic literature. We use three complementary methods of analysis: unstructured qualitative observations, correlational analysis and crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis. We find that the presence of external change agents is associated with systemic and incremental innovations; that the absence of external experience is associated with systemic and radical innovations; and that the presence of external sources of knowledge has no clear effect. Furthermore the three forms of involvement act to a large degree as substitutes. We contribute new theoretical arguments for the facilitators of management innovation, demonstrate the usefulness of an open innovation lens to the study of management innovation, show that management innovating is a relatively complex form of strategic process and highlight how the creation of management innovations is similar to and different from the genesis of other types of innovation.
Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone as a Predictor of Cognitive Impairment in an Elderly Cohort

Background: It is unclear whether in late life serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) predicts risk of developing cognitive impairment. Objective: This study investigated the prospective relationship of serum TSH with the risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) in an elderly cohort with a 4-year follow-up. Methods: Data are for 660 subjects aged 65 years and older from an Italian population-based cohort who were cognitively normal at an extensive assessment in 1999/2000 and underwent follow-up assessment in 2003/2004. Serum TSH was measured at baseline. Multinomial logistic models adjusted for sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors were used to investigate the association of serum TSH (both as a tertile and continuous log-transformed variable) with risk of incident MCI, AD and VaD diagnosed according to international criteria. Results: Over 3.8 ± 0.7 years of follow-up, there were 149 incident MCI cases (77 with impairment of memory and 72 with impairment of nonmemory domains) and 86 incident dementia cases (53 with AD, 28 with VaD). No association between baseline TSH and risk of developing any MCI subtype or AD was found. The highest TSH tertile had a threefold higher increased risk of VaD (OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.01–10.77, p = 0.048) compared to the lowest tertile. Risk of VaD increased about 60% for each 1 SD increase in log-transformed TSH (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.06–2.44, p = 0.025). Conclusions: In this elderly cohort, baseline TSH was not related to the risk of developing MCI or AD, but high TSH was associated with an increased risk of VaD. These results suggest further need for research using larger samples to examine the role of TSH as a predictor of VaD and the role of thyroid autoimmunity in vascular cognitive impairment.
Epidemic simulation of a large-scale social contact network on GPU clusters

Computer simulation is an important tool for studying epidemic dynamics. Owing to the scales and runtime speed requirements, the simulations of large-scale pandemic diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and H1N1 influenza usually require high-performance parallel simulation or computation. Previous works on the parallel simulations of large-scale epidemic were implemented on traditional general purpose CPU-based platforms or clusters. As more and more high-performance computation clusters are being built with so-called general-purpose graphics cards, this paper presents the implementation and optimization techniques for social contact network-based large-scale epidemic simulation on GPU clusters. Compared with previous works, this paper focuses on (1) how to efficiently implement the contact network-based parallel epidemic simulation on GPUs, and (2) how to hide communication latencies between processing nodes to improve scalability. Our proposed techniques are implemented and tested on a commodity cluster whose processing nodes are equipped with GPGPUs. The experimental results show that, for the simulation of 20 million individuals and 1.2 billion host contacts on 80 nodes, the execution on GPUs can achieve 7.4×−11.7× speedup over the execution on CPUs.
Relationships Between Humor Styles and Family Functioning in Parents of Children With Disabilities

The humor styles and family functioning of parents of children with disabilities are understudied subjects. This study seeks to shed quantitative light on these areas. Seventy-two parents of children with disabilities completed the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES IV) and the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ). The FACES IV measured several dimensions of family functioning: cohesion, flexibility, communication, and satisfaction. Cohesion and flexibility were variously scored to indicate whether a balanced or unbalanced propensity for these existed within the family. The HSQ was used to examine whether two adaptive styles of humor (affiliative and self-enhancing) and two maladaptive styles of humor (aggressive and self-defeating), were associated with balanced and unbalanced cohesion and flexibility, as well as with the presence of communication and satisfaction. The most significant results indicated a persistent correlation between prosocial humor styles and family communication and satisfaction. Further exploratory research is urged.
Adolescent Hierarchy Formation and the Social Competition Theory of Depression

Social competition theorists propose: (a) social hierarchies form spontaneously when resources are scarce; (b) social rank in the human hierarchy depends partly on attention-holding; and (c) depression constitutes an involuntary response to low social rank, entrapment, and defeat. These propositions were tested in a sample of 121 students in grades 7–11 at an all-boys school. Students completed sociometric evaluations of their classmates' reputation and likability, as well as self-report surveys assessing attachment security, social support, self-esteem, and depression. Empirical support for all three propositions was obtained. First, adolescents perceived hierarchy in their social ecology, agreed on where others stood in the social hierarchy, and knew their own place in the social hierarchy. Second, adolescents obtained prominence, respect, and influence by being likable; this was evident both from the perceiver's point of view, in the impressions of reputation and likability that each adolescent provide.
Government Funding and the Voluntary Sector: Impacts and Options

The activities of the voluntary sector have a special value for society. Because voluntary institutions are not as constrained as either government or business in the things they may do, or the ways in which they may do them, the voluntary sector can act as a catalyst of innovation, operating on the frontiers of human initiative and imagination. It can also, at the opposite end of the spectrum, act on a much more homely and human scale than either government or business to help individuals in need.
Personality judgments from natural and composite facial images: More evidence for a "kernel of truth" in social perception

In addition to signaling identity, sex, age, and emotional state, people frequently use facial characteristics as a basis for personality attributions. Typically, there is a high degree of consensus in the attributions made to faces. Nevertheless, the extent to which such judgments are veridical is unclear and somewhat controversial. We have examined the relationship between self-report and perceived personality using both faces of individuals and computer graphic composites. Photographs were taken of 146 men and 148 women who each also completed a self-report personality questionnaire from which scores on the big five personality dimensions were derived. In study 1, we identified a relationship between self-reported extraversion and perceived extraversion in individual faces. For male faces alone, we also found some accuracy in the perception of emotional stability and openness to experience. In study 2, composite faces were made from individuals self-reporting high and low scores on each of the five dimensions. These composites were rated for personality and attractiveness by independent raters. Discriminant analyses indicated that, controlling for attractiveness, independent ratings on congruent personality dimensions were best able to discriminate between composite faces generated from individuals high or low on the self-report dimensions of agreeableness, extraversion, and, for male faces only, emotional stability.
Schemas and Models

We propose the Schema-Model Framework, which characterizes algorithms that learn probabilistic models from relational data as having two parts: a schema that identifies sets of related data items and groups them into relevant categories; and a model that allows probabilistic inference about those data items. The framework highlights how relational learning techniques must structure their own learning tasks in ways that propositional learners do not. The framework also highlights interesting directions for future research in relational learning.
Increased levels of immune activation in the genital tract of healthy young women from sub-Saharan Africa

Objectives:To determine whether healthy, young women in sub-Saharan Africa have a more activated immune milieu in the genital tract (i.e. activated CD4+ T cells) than a similar population in the United States. Design:A cross-sectional study nested in a phase 1 microbicide trial. Methods:Cervical cytobrushes were collected from 18 to 24-year-old women in San Francisco, California, USA (n = 18) and Kisumu, Kenya (n = 36) at enrollment into a phase 1 microbicide trial. All participants tested negative for HIV, herpes simplex virus 2, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomonas, and had abstained from sex for at least 7 days prior to enrollment. Cryopreserved T-cell populations were assayed by flow cytometry in a central laboratory. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor levels were assayed in cervicovaginal lavage samples. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare immune parameters between sites. Results:The total number of endocervical CD4+ T cells was slightly higher in participants from San Francisco, but participants from Kisumu had a substantially higher number and proportion of CD4+ T cells expressing the early activation marker CD69, with and without the HIV coreceptor C–C chemokine receptor type 5, and a greater proportion of activated CD8+ T cells. Median (interquartile range) genital levels of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor were lower in participants from Kisumu compared with those from San Francisco [190 (96–519) vs. 474 (206 817) pg/ml, P < 0.03]. Conclusion:Activated mucosal T cells were increased in the genital tract of young, sexually transmitted infection/HIV-free Kenyan women, independent of common genital coinfections, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor levels were reduced. The cause of these mucosal immune differences is not known, but could partly explain the high HIV incidence in young women from sub-Saharan Africa.
The RWTH Arabic-to-English spoken language translation system

We present the RWTH phrase-based statistical machine translation system designed for the translation of Arabic speech into English text. This system was used in the Global Autonomous Language Exploitation (GALE) Go/No-Go Translation Evaluation 2007. Using a two-pass approach, we first generate n-best translation candidates and then rerank these candidates using additional models. We give a short review of the decoder as well as of the models used in both passes. We stress the difficulties of spoken language translation, i.e. how to combine the recognition and translation systems and how to compensate for missing punctuation. In addition, we cover our work on domain adaptation for the applied language models. We present translation results for the official GALE 2006 evaluation set and the GALE 2007 development set.
Understanding Faculty Out-of-Class Interaction with Undergraduate Students at a Research University

While much has been published about the ways in which students gain from contact with faculty, much less is known about the patterns and correlates of such contact for faculty members. Drawing upon data from a survey of faculty (n=901) conducted at a large, highly selective, research-extensive university in spring 2004, this study explores the factors that promote or inhibit faculty members’ engagement in two types of out-of-class interactions with undergraduate students: research-based activities and other out-ofclass activities that are less narrowly focused on academic issues. We test four explanations of faculty engagement using OLS regression, and estimate separate models for research-based and other types of out-of-class involvement. Our results provide little support for two of the most prevalent explanations of factors that inhibit faculty involvement: competing time demands, and a lack of institutional rewards or supports for out-of-class interaction. Two other explanations received more support. First, faculty members’ personal values and beliefs were strongly associated with their extent of engagement in out-ofclass interactions, particularly for non-research based interactions. Second, the block of variables reflecting faculty members’ interpersonal knowledge and abilities had the strongest association with engagement in out-of-class interactions; this relationship was nearly twice as strong for activities that were not research-based than for those that were circumscribed as research. Our findings suggest that institutions may best be able to support out-of-class interactions between faculty and undergraduate students by brokering information flows concerning opportunities for engagement and the actual “how to’s” of making such interactions work.
Relevance of spinal cord abnormalities to clinical disability in multiple sclerosis: MR imaging findings in a large cohort of patients.

PURPOSE To determine whether spinal cord atrophy differs among disease subtypes in multiple sclerosis (MS) and whether it offers diagnostic and clinical correlative information beyond that provided by other magnetic resonance (MR) imaging markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional review board approved the study; all subjects gave written informed consent. Upper cervical cord cross-sectional area (UCCA), brain and spinal cord lesion loads, and brain atrophy were measured in 440 patients with MS (311 with relapsing-remitting [RR] MS, 92 with secondary-progressive [SP] MS, and 37 with primary-progressive [PP] MS) studied in two centers. Disability was scored with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), the timed 25-foot walk test (TWT), and the nine-hole peg test. UCCA was compared between groups with the Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations were assessed with the Spearman ρ test. Multivariate associations between UCCA and clinical and other MR imaging parameters, including number of hypointense brain lesions on T1-weighted MR images, presence of diffuse abnormalities, and number of involved segments in the spinal cord, were assessed by using multiple linear regression, adjusted for study center site. RESULTS The UCCA in patients with SP MS (median, 79 mm(2); interquartile range, 72.4-84.9 mm(2)) and PP MS (median, 77.3 mm(2); interquartile range, 69-82.5 mm(2)) was significantly smaller (P < .001) than that in patients with RR MS (median, 84 mm(2); interquartile range, 78.7-89.3 mm(2)). UCCA was inversely correlated with EDSS score, TWT, and nine-hole peg test findings (ρ ≤ -0.29, P < .001 for all comparisons). UCCA, number of hypointense brain lesions on T1-weighted MR images, presence of diffuse abnormalities, and number of involved segments in the spinal cord were found to be significant explanatory factors for clinical disability (R(2) = 0.564). The UCCA and the number of hypointense brain lesions on T1-weighted images were the strongest MR imaging parameters for explaining physical disability, as measured with the EDSS. CONCLUSION Spinal cord abnormalities have a strong effect on clinical disability in MS. MR imaging-derived UCCA was found to be the most significant spinal cord parameter for explaining EDSS score.