Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chinese Statistical Parsing

This chapter describes several issues that are fundamental to achieving accurate Chinese parsing given available Chinese resources and the challenges of the Gale processing pipeline. For Gale, our parsing algorithm is expected to accurately parse various different materials, ranging from newswire text, which tends to be grammatically well formed, to n-best ASR outputs, many of which are poorly formed sentences. To address this challenge, we have re-implemented and enhanced the Berkeley parser to handle unknown Chinese words efficiently, parse difficult sentences robustly, and operate more efficiently. We also address issues related to training the parser for several different genres given a limited number of available training trees, the importance of matching word segmentation to the treebank segmentation standard to support accurate parsing, and the need for standardized tokenization for managing the types of things that will appear as input to the parser. Understanding and handling these issues is a prerequisite for achieving adequate parsing performance levels. We also investigate self-training with automatically labeled in-domain data to enhance parsing performance given the limited number of trees in the Chinese treebanks.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis “Yang-Xu Zheng”: Significant Prognostic Predictor for Patients with Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Pathogenesis of sepsis includes complex interaction between pathogen activities and host response, manifesting highly variable signs and symptoms, possibly delaying diagnosis and timely life-saving interventions. This study applies traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Zheng diagnosis in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock to evaluate its adaptability and use as an early predictor of sepsis mortality. Three-year prospective observational study enrolled 126 septic patients. TCM Zheng diagnosis, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, and blood samples for host response cytokines measurement (tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-18) were collected within 24 hours after admission to Intensive Care Unit. Main outcome was 28-day mortality; multivariate logistic regression analysis served to determine predictive variables of the sepsis mortality. APACHE II score, frequency of Nutrient-phase heat, and Qi-Xu and Yang-Xu Zhengs were significantly higher in nonsurvivors. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified Yang-Xu Zheng as the outcome predictor. APACHE II score and levels of five host response cytokines between patients with and without Yang-Xu Zheng revealed significant differences. Furthermore, cool extremities and weak pulse, both diagnostic signs of Yang-Xu Zheng, were also proven independent predictors of sepsis mortality. TCM diagnosis “Yang-Xu Zheng” may provide a new mortality predictor for septic patients.
The Causes and Contents of Inner Speech

This chapter will first sketch an account of how inner speech is generated. It will suggest that most inner speech comprises attended “sensory forward models” of mentally rehearsed speech actions. The chapter will then argue that inner speech needs to be interpreted by normal language-comprehension mechanisms in order to acquire content. The contents of inner speech, it will be suggested, can include semantic and pragmatic information (“what is said” and “what is meant”), as well as mental state information (what attitude one takes to the saying of it—judging, believing, wondering whether, and so on).
Foreground contributions to the cosmic microwave background

A detailed search has been made for evidence of residual foreground contributions to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in the map generated by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), a map that has been (nominally) cleaned for the foreground already. We find positive results in that various features relate to Galactic properties. For example, on the largest angular scales we find significant differences between the power in the fluctuations for positive and negative Galactic latitudes and between the four Galactic quadrants. There are also differences between the power spectrum at latitudes within 10 degrees of the plane and at higher latitudes. The mean temperature shows similar variations. An explanation in terms of Galactic effects seems inescapable. In an effort to find the origin of these Galactic-style effects we have examined evidence from Galactic gamma-rays, specifically from the EGRET instrument. We are mindful that the CMB maps examined have already been 'cleaned' (for CR and other effects) in a rather complex way, but, in our view, the cleaning has left some potentially serious 'contaminations'. A correlation is found between gamma-ray intensities and the CMB and other CR indicators. For example, regions of the Galaxy having (line-of-sight) steep CR energy spectra have low mean CMB temperatures, and the important Loop I edge region, where the CR intensity is high, has a high mean temperature. Most of the large-scale Galactic asymmetries (e.g. north-south difference and quadrant variations) have analogues in CR asymmetries and also in some other Galactic properties, such as the column density of gas. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize about direct CR-induced contributions, although it may be that CRs are simply the indicators of Galactic 'conditions' which are influencing the residual CMB fluctuations. Irrespective of the actual cause of the correlations we have endeavoured to extrapolate to the situation where the residual foreground is minimized. The effect on the usually derived cosmological properties is briefly examined. The least that can be said is that the 'error' in some of these properties has been underestimated.
TA-PFP: A Transgenetic Algorithm to Solve the Protein Folding Problem

This work reports the application of a transgenetic algorithm to the protein folding problem in the 3D HP model, which is a particular instance of the string folding problem and is known to be NP-hard. The proposed algorithm uses two kinds of plasmids, two kinds of transposons, two information sources, adaptation of parameters and is hybridized with tabu search. The computational experiments consider seven instances of the Tortilla benchmark. The results are favorably comparable with that reported in the literature, attesting the efficiency of the methodology.
Interfacing C and occam-pi

This paper describes an extension to the KRoC occam-π system that allows processes programmed in C to participate in occam-π style concurrency. The uses of this are wide-ranging, from providing low-level C processes running concurrently as part of an occam-π network, through to concurrent systems programmed entirely in C. The easily extended API for C processes is based on the traditional Inmos C API, used also by CCSP, extended to cover new features of occam-π. One of the motiva- tions for this work is to ease the development of low-level network communication in- frastructures. A library that provides for networking of ch annel-bundles over TCP/IP networks is presented, in addition to initial performance fi gures.
Standardized test for anti-Tr/DNER in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

Objective: To determine sensitivity and specificity of a standardized recombinant cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (RC-IFA) for anti-Tr antibodies in comparison to a reference procedure. Methods: Delta/Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor (DNER) was expressed in HEK293 and used as a substrate for RC-IFA. HEK293 control cells expressing CDR2/Yo and CDR2L as well as mock-transfected HEK293 cells were used as controls. Serum samples from 38 patients with anti-Tr antibodies (33 with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration [PCD] and Hodgkin lymphoma), 66 patients with anti-Tr–negative PCD, 53 patients with Hodgkin lymphoma without neurologic symptoms, 40 patients with rheumatic diseases, and 42 healthy blood donors were tested for anti-DNER reactivity in the RC-IFA. In addition, RC-IFA results were compared to those from a commercial tissue-based IFA using monkey cerebellum. Results: Using the RC-IFA, anti-DNER was detected in all anti-Tr–positive patients but in none of the controls (sensitivity 100%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 92.8%–100%; specificity 100%, 95% CI 98.7%–100%). In comparison, anti-Tr was not detected in 4 samples with low-titer autoantibodies using the commercial tissue-based assay. Preadsorption of sera with either recombinant full-length DNER or its extracellular domain selectively abolished anti-Tr reactivity. Conclusion: Anti-Tr antibodies bind to the extracellular domain of DNER and can be detected by RC-IFA using HEK293 cells expressing the recombinant receptor. The new method performs better than a frequently used commercial tissue-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in samples with low-titer antibodies. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that RC-IFA accurately detects anti-Tr as compared to conventional IFA.
ASCA and ROSAT observations of distant, massive cooling flows

We present the results from a detailed ASCA/ROSAT X-ray study of three distant, massive cooling flows; Zwicky 3146 (z = 0.291), Abell 1835 (z = 0.252) and E1455+223 (Zwicky 7160; z = 0.258). Using multiphase models fitted to the ASCA spectra, we determine values for the temperature, metallicity, luminosity and cooling rates in the clusters. These results are combined with deprojection analyses of the ROSAT images to provide detailed constraints on the mass distributions in the systems, and on the properties of their cooling flows. The spectral and imaging data identify these clusters as the three most-massive cooling flows known, with mass deposition rates of � 1400,2300, and 1500 M⊙ yr −1 respectively. We highlight the need for multiphase models to consistently model the spectral and imaging X-ray data, and discuss the importance of using these models in X-ray determinations of the cluster masses. We also present results from an extensive optical study of the clusters and report the discovery of a gravitational arc in Abell 1835. The lensing data provide an independent constraint on the distribution of mass in the cluster, in good agreement with the results from the multiphase (although not single-phase) X-ray analysis. We present measurements of the galaxy distributions in Abell 1835 and E1455+223 and relate these to the distributions of the total mass. The ASCA spectra place firm constraints on the column density of intrinsic X-ray absorbing material in the clusters. Abell 1835 and E1455+223 exhibit large intrinsic column densities (NH � 3 4×10 21 atom cm −2 ) associated with their cooling flows. These clusters also exhibit significant amounts of reddening in the optical spectra of their central galaxies. The data for Zwicky 3146 indicate lower lower levels of X-ray absorption and reddening. All three clusters exhibit excellent alignment between the position angles of their X-ray emission and the optical emission from their dominant cluster galaxies.
Two-sided network effects and competition : an application to media industries

Intermarket network externalities take place when the utility of a good produced in a givenindustry varies with the size of the demand for a good produced in another. A particularlysignificant example of this phenomenon is provided by the interaction between the media andadvertising industries. Media consumers vary according to their willingness to pay for themedia good, which depends on the advertising volume. Advertisers vary according to theirwillingness to pay for an ad, which also depends on the audience reached. We model asituation of competition between two content providers who are rivals in both the media andadvertising industries, choosing simultaneously the newspapers prices and the advertisingrates. We characterise the equilibria of the game and explore how they depend on audienceattitudes towards advertising. Our main finding is that two-sided interactions may induce exitby one of the media companies from either only the advertising market or both markets.
Datification and the Pursuit of Meaningfulness in Work

Proliferation of digital means of tracking worker activities has contributed to the rise of data‐driven approaches to managing people, with employees often required to record their activities for accountability purposes. Increased requirement for such datification work occurs at a juncture where meaningfulness is one of the most sought‐after work features. Datification work could both facilitate and hinder the pursuit of meaningfulness, yet literature provides little guidance into the nature of the connection and how it transpires. Our inductive study of academic professionals using an accountability system suggests that datification work characteristics link to meaningful work experiences in complex ways. We advance current theory on work meaningfulness by theorizing the role of a new work condition – datification – in meaningfulness experiences of professionals, outlining how system design and the institutional context become important elements influencing meaningful work experiences, and explaining how meaningfulness experiences are constructed through system appropriations.
The partition model: a deductive database model

We present a new database model in which each attribute is modeled by a family of disjoint subsets of an underlying population of objects. Such a family is called a partitioning, and the set of all partitionings is turned into a lattice by appropriately defining product and sum. A database is seen as a function from a sublattice into the lattice of partitionings. The model combines the following features:(1) syntactic simplicity (essentially that of the relational model), (2) powerful means for the specification of semantic information (in the form of lattice equations), and (3) deductive capability (essentially that of set theory). The relational model of data and the basic constructs of semantic modeling can be embedded into our model in a simple and straightforward manner.
The Impact of the Big Five Personality Traits on the Acceptance of Social Networking Website

Social networking websites are a relatively new and wildly popular form of technology. While millions of users have adopted this technology, it is not currently known whether these users have any commonalities or whether these users represent a certain personality type. This study investigates the impact of the Big Five personality variables on the acceptance of social networking technology. Because the Technology Acceptance Model and the Unified Theory of the Acceptance and Use of Technology assume the technology in question is used for productivity gains, a new model framework will be used, specifically created for the acceptance of hedonic information systems.
Assessment of level of empathy among nursing students during internship

Background and Objective: Empathy is one of the therapeutic communication techniques for providing comfort to the client. It is an important component of meaningful interpersonal relationship. Internship is the period of tremendous changes, both personally and professionally. The current study was undertaken to assess the level of empathy among the nursing students during their internship. Methodology: The study was descriptive in nature. It was carried out at a nursing college of a North Indian city. Forty-six nursing interns participated in the study. Jefferson Scale of Empathy was administered three times to the students during the internship, i.e., at the beginning, at 6 months, and at the completion of internship. Results: Mean age ± standard deviation of the participants was 21.43 ± 0.91 with the range of 20–23 years. There was an increase in the number of participants with high level of empathy from the 23.9% at the beginning to 29.6% at the midway and 28.3% at the end of internship, but the increase was not statistically significant (P > 0.01). The mean empathy score, in the beginning, was 50.76 ± 4.2 with the range of 43–60. At the midway of the internship, the score was 52.13 ± 4.62 with the range of 40–60. However, at the end of internship the score was 52.41 ± 4.48 with the range of 40–60. There was no significant change in the empathy score throughout the internship (F = 1.816, P = 0.167). It may be because of the saturation level of empathy among the students of senior most class. Hence, future research may study empathy level among all the 4 years of training separately rather than only interns.
Leishmania-Induced Inhibition of Macrophage Antigen Presentation Analyzed at the Single-Cell Level 1

A number of studies have previously examined the capacity of intracellular Leishmania parasites to modulate the capacity of macrophages to process and present Ags to MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells. However, the bulk culture approaches used for assessing T cell activation make interpretation of some of these studies difficult. To gain a more precise understanding of the interaction between Leishmania-infected macrophages and effector T cells, we have analyzed various parameters of T cell activation in individual macrophage-T cell conjugates. Leishmania-infected macrophages efficiently stimulate Ag-independent as well as Ag-dependent, TCR-mediated capping of cortical F-actin in DO.11 T cells. However, infected macrophages are less efficient at promoting the sustained TCR signaling necessary for reorientation of the T cell microtubule organizing center and for IFN-γ production. A reduced ability to activate these T cell responses was not due to altered levels of surface-expressed MHC class II-peptide complexes. This study represents the first direct single-cell analysis of the impact of intracellular infection on the interaction of macrophages with T cells and serves to emphasize the subtle influence Leishmania has on APC function.
On the Nonnegative Garrote Estimator

We study the nonnegative garrote estimator from three different aspects: computation, consistency and flexibility. We show that the nonnegative garrote estimate has a piecewise linear solution path. Using this fact, we propose an efficient algorithm for computing the whole solution path for the nonnegative garrote estimate. We also show that the nonnegative garrote has the nice property that with probability tending to one, the solution path contains an estimate that correctly identifies the set of important variables and is consistent for the coefficients of the important variables. Such property is valid for another popular variable selection method, LASSO, only under restrictive conditions. We propose a slight modification that retains the attractive properties of the original nonnegative garrote, but is more widely applicable. To demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed estimator, we consider an extension to the nonparametric regression setup. Simulations and a real example show that the proposed method is very competitive in terms of variable selection and estimation accuracy when compared with other variable selection and estimation methods.
Investigating ionized disc models of the variable narrow-line Seyfert 1 PG 1404+226

We investigate the use of relativistically blurred photoionized disc models on an XMM‐Newton observation of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PG 1404+226. The model is designed to reproduce the radiation from the inner accretion disc around a Kerr black hole, and is more successful at fitting the spectrum than models based on a thermal soft excess. The source varies strongly over the course of the observation, and the disc model works over all observed flux states. We conclude that it is a useful tool in the study of certain quasars. Ke yw ords: accretion, accretion discs ‐ galaxies: active ‐ galaxies: Seyfert ‐ galaxies: individual: PG 1404+226 ‐ X-rays: galaxies.
Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress.

The study of stress and coping points to two concepts central to an understanding of the response to trauma: approach and avoidance. This pair of concepts refers to two basic modes of coping with stress. Approach and avoidance are simply metaphors for cognitive and emotional activity that is oriented either toward or away from threat. An approach-avoidance model of coping is presented in the context of contemporary theoretical ap- proaches to coping. The research literature on coping ef- fectiveness, including evidence from our laboratory, is dis- cussed, and speculations are made about the implications for future research. The study of stress and coping has become quite popular in recent years, particularly in regard to traumatic life events. Although the area is broad and the coping process is complex, there is a striking coherence in much of the literature. This coherence is based on two concepts central to an understanding of coping with trauma: approach and avoidance. In its simplest form, this pair of concepts refers to two basic orientations toward stressful infor- mation, or two basic modes of coping with stress. Ap- proach and avoidance are shorthand terms for the cog- nitive and emotional activity that is oriented either toward or away from threat. In this article we will present the case for utilizing the concepts of approach and avoidance to provide a co- herent theoretical structure to our understanding of cop- ing with stress. Several different formulations of the ap- proach-avoidance dimension will be reviewed, followed by a brief review of the coping effectiveness literature. Several studies from our laboratory will be used to illus- trate the relationship between coping and outcome. Fi- nally, a general approach-avoidance model of coping will be presented, with suggestions for further research to cor- roborate or extend the theory. The study of coping with stress has been split into two areas: anticipation of future stressful events and re- covery from trauma. These areas have been kept re- markably distinct in both theory and research on coping. Although there are clearly important differences between the two cases, we have chosen not to emphasize this dis- tinction. For any given stress, anticipation and recovery are not always clearly separable; dealing with a trauma involves coming to terms with the event itself and with the threat of recurrence in the future. More important, Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Susan
An X-Ray Size-Temperature Relation for Galaxy Clusters: Observation and Simulation

We show that galaxy clusters conform to a tight relation between X-ray isophotal size RI and emission-weighted intracluster medium (ICM) temperature ⟨TX⟩. The best-fit relation for 41 members of an X-ray flux-limited cluster sample is log RI = (0.93 ± 0.11) log (⟨TX⟩/6 keV) - (0.08 ± 0.01); intrinsic scatter in size about the relation is 15%, and for 30 clusters with ⟨TX⟩ > 4 keV, the scatter is reduced to 10%. The existence of the size-temperature (ST) relation indicates that the ICM structure is a well-behaved function of ⟨TX⟩. We use an ensemble of gasdynamic simulations to demonstrate that a cluster population experiencing present-epoch growth nevertheless conforms to an ST relation with scatter similar to that observed; the simulations also exhibit a tight relation between Mvir and ⟨TX⟩, providing the suggestion that a similar relation holds for observed clusters. We use the scatter in RI to estimate limits on the rms variation in ICM mass fraction δfICM at constant ⟨TX⟩: δf/fICM ≤ 22% (≤14% for clusters with ⟨TX⟩ > 4 keV). It appears that a mechanism like feedback from galactic winds, which introduces systematic structural changes in the ICM, is required to reproduce the observed slope of the ST relation.
Bias and No Free Lunch in Formal Measures of Intelligence

Bias and No Free Lunch in Formal Measures of Intelligence This paper shows that a constraint on universal Turing machines is necessary for Legg's and Hutter's formal measure of intelligence to be unbiased. Their measure, defined in terms of Turing machines, is adapted to finite state machines. A No Free Lunch result is proved for the finite version of the measure.