Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Individual Risk and Mutual Insurance

This paper examines how, in the presence of individual risk, economic efficiency can be achieved without an unrealistically large number of contingent markets. The authors show that consistency of beliefs and optimality of allocation can be guaranteed with an appropriate array of Arrow securities to spread collective risk and Malinvaud mutual insurance policies to pool individual risk. If there are N households (consisting of H types), each facing the possibility of being in S individual states together with T collective states, then ensuring Pareto optimality requires only H(S - 1)T independent mutual insurance policies plus T pure Arrow securities. Copyright 1996 by The Econometric Society.
BioBankRead: Data pre-processing in Python for UKBiobank clinical data

Motivation UKBiobank collects health-related data from 500,000 volunteers and is widely used by medical researchers. However, the data is supplied in a custom compressed format and its preparation for analysis is cumbersome and time-consuming. This Python package automates the extraction of selected UKBiobank data, for easy integration in an analysis pipeline. Features The functions provided within this Python package reduce the number of steps, as well as human and computational time, required for extraction and preparation of the data for analysis. It is executable through command line, is easily installed on any platform and requires no prior knowledge of Python. Application BiobankRead is used for an analysis of dietary lifestyles and cardio-vascular outcomes. A large range of dietary, phenotypical, lifestyle and vascular outcomes is extracted and pre-processed. Significant associations are found between non-meat-eating and lower blood pressure / reduced risk of hypertension. Availability The Python package BiobankRead is freely available under the GNU General Public License (version 3 or later). It can be downloaded from GitHub (https://github.com/saphir746/BiobankRead-Bash), where example scripts and detailed instructions are also available.
Impact of Sensory Sensitivity on Physiological Stress Response and Novel Peer Interaction in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Background: For many children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), social interactions can be stressful. Previous research shows that youth with ASD exhibit greater physiological stress response during peer interaction, compared to typically developing (TD) peers. Heightened sensory sensitivity may contribute to maladaptive patterns of stress and anxiety. The current study investigated between-group differences in stress response to peer interaction, as well as the role of sensory sensitivity. Methods: Participants included 80 children (40 ASD) between 8 and 12 years. Children participated in the peer interaction paradigm (PIP), an ecologically valid protocol that simulates real-world social interaction. Salivary cortisol was collected before and after the 20 min PIP. Parents completed questionnaires pertaining to child stress (Stress Survey Schedule) and sensory sensitivity (Short Sensory Profile). Statistical analyses included t-tests and ANCOVA models to examine between-group differences in cortisol and play; Pearson correlations to determine relations between cortisol, play, and questionnaire scores; and moderation analyses to investigate interactions among variables. Results: Controlling for baseline cortisol values, children with ASD showed significantly higher cortisol levels than TD peers, in response to the PIP [F(1, 77) = 5.77, p = 0.02]. Cortisol during play was negatively correlated with scores on the SSP (r = −0.242, p = 0.03), and positively correlated with SSS (r = 0.273, p = 0.02) indicating that higher cortisol was associated with greater sensory sensitivity (lower SSP reflects more impairment) and enhanced stress in various contexts (higher SSS reflects more stress). Furthermore, diagnosis was a significant moderator of the relation between cortisol and SSP, at multiple time points during the PIP (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The current study extends previous findings by showing that higher physiological arousal during play is associated with heightened sensory sensitivity and a pattern of increased stress in various contexts. Results are discussed in a broader context, emphasizing the need to examine relationships between social, behavioral, and physiological profiles in ASD to enhance understanding and improve treatments aimed at ameliorating stress and sensory dysfunction, while enhancing social skills.
Automatically acquiring a language model for POS tagging using decision trees

We present an algorithm that automatically acquires a statistically{based language model for POS tagging, using statistical decision trees. The learning algorithm deals with more complex contextual information than simple collections of n{grams and it is able to use information of diierent nature. The acquired models are independent enough to be easily incorporated , as a statistical core of constraints/rules, in any exible tagger. They are also complete enough to be directly used as sets of POS disam-biguation rules. We have implemented a simple and fast tagger that has been tested and evaluated on the WSJ corpus with a remarkable accuracy. Comparative results are reported.
Development of graduate health science students' clinical reasoning: A qualitative study

v List of Figures . xi List of Tables . xii Chapter I: Introduction . 1 Conceptual Framework . 2 Defining Clinical and Expert Reasoning . 3 Shifts in Instructional Frameworks and Patterns of Discourse . 4 Statement of the Problem . 9 Purpose of the Study . 10 Research Questions . 12 Methods.12 Role of the Researcher and Collaboration with the Participants . 16 Ethical Considerations . 17 Significance of the Study . 18 Organization of the Study . 20 Chapter II: Theoretical Framework and Review of the Literature . 21 Theoretical Framework . 22 Vygotsky’s Social-Constructivist Theory . 23 Review of the Literature . 27 Defining Clinical Reasoning . 28 Developing Expert Reasoning . 31 Instructional Frameworks . 33
Maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy and fetal growth in Japan: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study

Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy is an important determinant of fetal growth. Although the effects of several nutrients and foods have been well examined, little is known about the relationship of overall maternal diet in pregnancy to fetal growth, particularly in non-Western populations. We prospectively examined the relationship of maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy to neonatal anthropometric measurements at birth and risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth among 803 Japanese women with live-born, singleton, term deliveries. Maternal diet in pregnancy was assessed using a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Dietary patterns from thirty-three predefined food groups (g/4184 kJ) were extracted by cluster analysis. The following three dietary patterns were identified: the ‘meat and eggs’ (n 326), ‘wheat products’, with a relatively high intake of bread, confectioneries and soft drinks (n 303), and ‘rice, fish and vegetables’ (n 174) patterns. After adjustment for potential confounders, women in the ‘wheat products’ pattern had infants with the significantly lowest birth weight (P = 0·045) and head circumference (P = 0·036) among those in the three dietary patterns. Compared with women in the ‘rice, fish and vegetables’ pattern, women in the ‘wheat products’ pattern had higher odds of having a SGA infant for weight (multivariate OR 5·2, 95 % CI 1·1, 24·4), but this was not the case for birth length or head circumference. These results suggest that a diet high in bread, confectioneries, and soft drinks and low in fish and vegetables during pregnancy might be associated with a small birth weight and an increased risk of having a SGA infant.
Positive stochastic volatility simulation

We present a positivity preserving numerical scheme for the pathwise solution of nonlinear stochastic differential equations driven by a multi-dimensional Wiener process and governed by non-commutative linear and non-Lipschitz vector fields. This strong order one scheme uses: (i) Strang exponential splitting, an approximation that decomposes the stochastic flow separately into the drift flow, and the pure diffusion flow governed by the diffusion vector fields; (ii) an implicit Euler method to approximate the drift flow; and (iii) an implicit Milstein method to approximate the pure diffusion flow. The separate approximations for the drift and pure diffusion flows preserve positivity. Therefore the Strang exponential splitting approximation does also. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method by applying it to the Heston model and a variance curve model, and compare it against well-established positivity preserving schemes.
Exposure to Physical Violence During Childhood, Aging, and Health

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to estimate the relationship between exposure to physical violence administered by one’s parents and adult health. In the process, the authors also examine factors that mediate and moderate this association. Methods: Hypothesized relationships were tested using ordinary least squares regression analyses with data collected from a nationwide sample of adults aged 25 to 74 in 1995. Results: The data suggest that exposure to childhood physical violence is associated with diminished mental and physical health in adulthood. These associations do not vary by respondent’s age. Furthermore, the long-term effects of childhood physical violence are largely mediated by psychosocial resources. Discussion: These results support the idea that the effects of childhood trauma may persist into later life. Therefore, in studying the antecedents of current health problems among adults, it may be necessary to consider the influence of events that have occurred throughout the entire life course.
Effect of deposition reactive gas ratio, RF power and substrate temperature on the charging/discharging processes in PECVD silicon nitride films based on induced surface potential and adhesive force measurements using atomic force microscopy

The dependence of the electrical properties of silicon nitride, which is a commonly used dielectric in nanoand micro-electromechanical systems (NEMS and MEMS), on the deposition conditions used to prepare it and, consequently, on material stoichiometry has not been fully understood. In this paper, the influence of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition conditions on the dielectric charging of SiNx films is investigated. The work targets mainly the dielectriccharging phenomenon which constitutes a major failure mechanism in electrostatically driven NEMS/MEMS devices and particularly in capacitive MEMS switches. The charging/discharging processes are studied using two nanoscale characterization techniques: Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and, for the first time, force-distance curve (FDC) measurements. KPFM is used to investigate dielectric charging at the level of a single asperity, while FDC is employed to measure the multiphysics coupling between the charging phenomenon and tribological issues, mainly meniscus force. The electrical properties of the SiNx films obtained from both techniques show a very good correlation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy material characterization techniques are also used to determine the compositions and chemical bonds, respectively, of the SiNx films. An attempt to correlate between the chemical and electrical properties of SiNx films is made.
Multiple-conclusion Rules, Hypersequents Syntax and Step Frames

We investigate proof theoretic properties of logical systems via algebraic methods. We introduce a calculus for deriving multiple-conclusion rules and show that it is a Hilbert style counterpart of hypersequent calculi. Using step-algebras we develop a criterion establishing the bounded proof property and ﬁnite model property for these systems. Finally, we show how this criterion can be applied to universal classes axiomatized by certain canonical rules, thus recovering and extending known results from both semantically and proof-theoretically inspired modal literature.
Translating the news in China: the evolution of Reference News and its future in a digital news landscape

Reference News is a prominent, Mainland Chinese newspaper that, for many decades, has translated and published foreign language news reports for its sizable readership. Over the course of its long history, both as a result of government directives and in response to the changing nature of Chinese society, the newspaper has undergone successive transformations. This study charts these changes, documenting Reference News’ earlier roles as intra-party intelligence bulletin and as a tool of ideological inculcation before analysing the newspaper’s later struggles to adapt to a pluralised and commercialised media market. This article argues that the more recent challenges posed by the increasing popularity of digital sources of news information has meant that despite a robust strategy designed to embrace the opportunities of the digital era, the future of Reference News as a successful and influential publisher in the digital realm is by no means certain.
Phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser84 promotes glycolysis and cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting PFKFB4

Peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor γ (PPARγ), a transcription factor, is involved in many important biological processes, including cell terminal differentiation, survival and apoptosis. However, the role of PPARγ, which regulates tumour promoter and oncogene expression, is not well understood in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, based on evidence from clinical samples that phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser84 is up-regulated in human liver tumours, we confirmed that phosphorylation of PPARγ was also significantly increased in an HCC mouse model and was increased by Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/ Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) kinase. Next, we performed an RNA microarray analysis, and our data indicated that dephosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser84 affects the expression of glycolysis-related genes and pro-proliferation genes, which supposedly promote proliferation of HCC cells. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we demonstrated that the observed PPARγ-mediated induction of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4) expression was directly modulated by the transcriptional activity of its promoter. Furthermore, using knockdown of PFKFB4, we elucidated that the stimulation of PPARγ phosphorylation on glycolysis and proliferation in HCC is dependent on PFKFB4. Together, these findings extend our understanding of how liver tumour cells reprogram their glycolytic pathways by post-translational modification of specific transcription factors and lay a foundation for the screening of new targets for the treatment of HCC.
A memory-based explanation of antecedent-ellipsis mismatches: New insights from computational modeling

An active question in psycholinguistics is whether or not the parser and grammar reflect distinct cognitive systems. Recent evidence for a distinct-systems view comes from cases of ungrammatical but acceptable antecedent-ellipsis mismatches (e.g., *Tom kicked Bill, and Matt was kicked by Tom too.). The finding that these mismatches show varying degrees of acceptability has been presented as evidence for the use of extra-grammatical parsing strategies that restructure a mismatched antecedent to satisfy the syntactic constraints on ellipsis (Arregui et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2011). In this paper, I argue that it is unnecessary to posit a special class of parser-specific rules to capture the observed profiles, and that acceptable mismatches do not reflect a parser-grammar misalignment. Rather, such effects are a natural consequence of a single structure-building system (i.e., the grammar) that relies on noisy, domain-general memory access mechanisms to retrieve an antecedent from memory. In Experiment 1, I confirm the acceptability profiles reported in previous work. Then in Experiment 2, as proof-of-concept, I show using an established computational model of memory retrieval that the observed acceptability profiles follow from independently motivated principles of working memory, without invoking multiple representational systems. These results contribute to a uniform memory-based account of acceptable ungrammaticalities for a wide range of dependencies.
The Incidence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children Using the Rome III Criteria and the Effect of Trimebutine Treatment

Background/Aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders and when compared to the vast knowledge pertaining to adults with IBS, very little is known about IBS in children and adolescents. We aimed to explore the prevalence of IBS, identify symptoms and contributing factors and also to examine the efficacy of trimebutine maleate in children and adolescents. Methods The study involved 345 children and adolescents (4-18 years) and parents were requested to fill in a questionnaire, Rome III criteria was used to diagnose IBS. To exclude organic disease, all patients underwent medical investigations. Half of the randomly selected IBS patients were treated with trimebutine maleate while the rest of IBS patients were not. The IBS patients were reevaluated at the end of 3 weeks. Results The prevalence of IBS according to Rome III criteria in children and adolescents was 22.6% and IBS with constipation was the predominant subtype. Back pain (OR, 6.68), headache (OR, 4.72) and chronic fatigue (OR, 3.74) were significantly higher in IBS group. The prevalence of IBS in both parents and depression in mothers was greater for the patient group than the healthy controls (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of functional dyspepsia in IBS group was 80.8% and was significantly higher than control group. Clinical recovery was seen in 94.9% of the trimebutine maleate group versus spontaneous recovery in 20.5% of the non-medicated group. The difference was significant (P < 0.0001). Conclusions IBS is a common disorder in children and adolescents. IBS is closely associated with somatic and familial factors. Trimebutine maleate is effective for pediatric IBS patients.
Taking Sides: Marriage networks and Dravidian Kinship in Lowland South America

Dual organization is a unifying concept underlying seemingly dissimilar alliance structures. We explore this idea with reference to lowland South America where dual organization is common. We have chosen, however, to place primary emphasis on the patterning of actual marriage networks. Our aim is to identify the invariant properties of such networks and, in the light of these findings, to reconsider the relationship between marriage network structure and other, categorical or jural features of social organization: kinship terminologies, descent principles, marriage rules, etc. As a means to this end, we develop the concept of matrimonial "sidedness". In doing so, we derive new results concerning dual organization and a new understanding of dravidianate systems. This analysis is based, on the one hand, on published genealogical data concerning the Makuna (Arhem 1981), the Pakaa-Nova (Vilaca 1992), the Yanomamo (Chagnon 1974), the Trio (Riviere 1969), the Parakana (Fausto 1990), the Waimiri-Artroari (Ferreira da Silva 1993), the Guahibo (Metzger 1968), the Shavante (Maybury-Lewis 1967) and the Suya (Seeger 1981), and on the other hand, on Hornborg's (1988) comparative study of 48 lowland South American societies.
Clinical and angiographic features associated with coronary collateralization in stable angina patients with chronic total occlusion

ObjectiveCoronary collateral circulation is an alternative source of blood supply to myocardium in the presence of advanced coronary artery disease. We sought to determine which clinical and angiographic variables are associated with collateral development in patients with stable angina and chronic total coronary occlusion.MethodsDemographic variables, biochemical measurements, and angiographic findings were collected from 478 patients with stable angina and chronic total coronary occlusion. The presence and extent of collaterals supplying the distal aspect of a total coronary occlusion from the contra-lateral vessel were graded from 0 to 3 according to the Rentrop scoring system.ResultsLow (Rentrop score of 0 or 1) and high (Rentrop score of 2 or 3) coronary collateralizations were detected in 186 and 292 patients, respectively. Despite similar age, cigarette smoking, and medical treatment, patients with low collateralization were female in a higher proportion and less hypertensive, and had higher rates of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia than those with high collateralization (for all comparisons, P<0.05). In addition, patients with low collateralization exhibited more single-vessel disease, less right coronary artery occlusion, more impaired renal function, and higher serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) compared with those with high collateralization. Multivariate analysis revealed that age of ≥65 years, female gender, diabetes, no history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, moderate to severe renal dysfunction, single-vessel disease, and elevated hsCRP levels were independently associated with low coronary collateralization.ConclusionsCoronary collateralization was reduced in almost 40% of stable angina patients with chronic total occlusion, which was related to clinical and angiographic factors. The impact of coronary collateralization on outcomes after revascularization needs further investigation.
Gut Colonization of Healthy Children and Their Mothers With Pathogenic Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli.

BACKGROUND The reservoir of pathogenic ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli remains unknown. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 80 healthy twins and their mothers to determine the frequency of excretion of ciprofloxacin-resistant, potentially pathogenic E. coli. Stool specimens were cultured selectively for ciprofloxacin-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Isolates were categorized on the basis of additional resistance and virulence profiles. We also prospectively collected clinical metadata. RESULTS Fifteen children (19%) and 8 mothers (20%) excreted ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli at least once. Overall, 33% of 40 families had at least 1 member whose stool specimen yielded ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli on culture. Fifty-seven submitted stool specimens (2.8%) contained such organisms; clones ST131-H30 and ST405 accounted for 52 and 5 of the positive specimens, respectively. Length of hospital stay after birth (P = .002) and maternal colonization (P = .0001) were associated with subsequent childhood carriage of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli; antibiotic use, acid suppression, sex, mode of delivery, and maternal perinatal antibiotic use were not. Ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli were usually resistant to additional antibiotic classes, and all had virulence genotypes typical of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. CONCLUSIONS Healthy children and their mothers commonly harbor ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli with pathogenic potential.