Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Major Transitions in Evolution

to a deeper significance of the conference: its style of discourse set the tenor for future policymaking by assuming that the issues were technical and that the biomedical research community should be centrally involved in decisionmaking. This particular framing of the results can be understood as reflecting the dominant interests involved, namely elite researchers and industry. The Asilomar conference was just one event in a long history. Wright analyzes, in illuminating detail, the development of guidelines by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the setting up and operation of the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group (GMAG) in Britain, the resistance to and defeat of legislation on recombinant DNA, and the weakening and eventual dismantling of controls on research. Throughout, Wright places her detailed analyses in a wider political context. The comparison between United States and British policymaking is revealing. Although similar pressures operated in most respects, such as the influence of industry, there was one important difference for part of the period in question. Unlike the U.S. committees, GMAG included trade union representatives of laboratory workers; their presence reflected the greater role of the labor movement in Britain compared to that in the United States (as well as greater concern about industrial hazards in particular). As a result, for the period 1976-1978, policy in Britain differed from that in the United States. But after 1978, deregulatory pressures and concerns about international competitiveness overcame Book Reviews
Home-Based Treatment of Acute Malnutrition in Cambodian Urban Poor Communities

Background The prevalence of malnutrition in Cambodia is among the highest in Southeast Asia. Until recently, there has been a consensus that the treatment and rehabilitation of acutely severely malnourished children should take place in hospitals; however, limited local health resources often place constraints upon the inpatient management of these children. Objective This study reviews the outcomes of a community nutrition program designed to rehabilitate children under the age of 5 years with moderate or severe acute malnutrition living in a poor urban community in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Methods Clinical records of the program participants during the period from January 1999 to November 2006 were reviewed. Attainment of recovery weight-for-height z-scores, the length of time taken to achieve this recovery, rates of weight gain, mortality rate, and rate of default were determined from the data. Results One hundred fifty-nine children aged 4 years or younger with a mean admission weight-for-height z-score of −3.3 were treated. The mean outcome weight-for-height z-score was −1.5. Eighty-seven children (55%) reached a weight-for-height z-score ≥ −1 over a mean period of 14 weeks of rehabilitation. The average rate of weight gain was 4 g/kg/day. The case fatality rate was 5.6%. Conclusions This program is an example of effective, community-based rehabilitation of children with moderate or severe acute malnutrition in an urban, Southeast Asian, non-humanitarian-relief context, through a combination of nutritional education, regular home visiting, and food support.
Children’s reactions to maternal feedback: Is it what she says or how she says it?

The aim of this study was to examine children’s affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses to maternal feedback that varied with regard to content and tone. Participants were 62 children ages four to five years old (M = 59.82 months, SD = 7.35) recruited from local preschools, volunteer lists, and the medical school listserv. Children were read three stories in which the child did something (e.g., drawing, writing, building) and made a small mistake. They were randomly assigned to receive one of four types of feedback. The content of the feedback was either neutral or negative, and the tone was either neutral or negative. After hearing a story and receiving feedback, children answered a series of questions about their feelings, self-evaluation, expectations, and causes of the event, and about the mother’s feelings and evaluation of the child’s product. Mothers reported about their current level of depressive symptoms and their parenting behavior. Multiple regression analyses examined the main effects and two-way interactions of content (neutral vs. negative), and tone (neutral vs. negative). Separate analyses were conducted that included children’s age, maternal depression, and parenting as possible moderators. Results revealed that the content of mothers’ words affected children’s reported affect, cognitions, and behaviors, and these relations tended to vary by children’s age. Older children responded to neutral feedback more positively than younger children, and older children gave higher mother liking ratings in the neutral than in the negative content feedback conditions. Children receiving negatively toned feedback responded more helplessly to a puzzle task compared to those receiving neutrally toned feedback. Neither current maternal depressive symptoms nor parenting moderated the relations between condition and children’s responses.
Integrated Shallow and Deep Parsing: TopP Meets HPSG

We present a novel, data-driven method for integrated shallow and deep parsing. Mediated by an XML-based multi-layer annotation architecture, we interleave a robust, but accurate stochastic topological field parser of German with a constraint-based HPSG parser. Our annotation-based method for dovetailing shallow and deep phrasal constraints is highly flexible, allowing targeted and fine-grained guidance of constraint-based parsing. We conduct systematic experiments that demonstrate substantial performance gains.
Contextual Advertising

Contextual advertising entails the display of relevant ads based on the content that consumers view, exploiting the potential that consumers' content preferences are indicative of their product preferences. This paper studies the strategic aspects of such advertising, considering an intermediary who has access to a content base, sells advertising space to advertisers who compete in the product market, and provides the targeting technology. The results show that contextual targeting impacts advertiser profit in two ways: First, advertising through relevant content topics helps advertisers reach consumers with a strong preference for their product. Second, heterogeneity in consumers' content preferences can be leveraged to reduce product market competition, especially when competition is intense. The intermediary has incentives to strategically design its targeting technology, sometimes at the cost of the advertisers. When product market competition is moderate, the intermediary offers accurate targeting such that the consumers see the most relevant ads. When competition is high, the intermediary lowers the targeting accuracy such that the consumers see less relevant ads. Doing so intensifies competition and encourages advertisers to bid for multiple content topics in order to prevent their competitors from reaching consumers. In some cases, this may lead to an asymmetric equilibrium where one advertiser bids high even for the content topic that is more relevant to its competitor.
Interplay between Serotonin 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT7 Receptors in Depressive Disorders

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine or 5‐HT) is an important neurotransmitter regulating a wide range of physiological and pathological functions via activation of heterogeneously expressed 5‐HT receptors. Besides the important role of 5‐HT receptors in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders and in their clinical medications, underlying mechanisms are far from being completely understood. This review focuses on possible cross talk between two serotonin receptors, 5‐HT1A and the 5‐HT7. Although these receptors are highly co‐expressed in brain regions implicated in depression, and most agonists developed for the 5‐HT1A or 5‐HT7 receptors have cross‐reactivity, their functional interaction has not been yet established. It has been recently shown that 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT7 receptors form homo‐ and heterodimers both in vitro and in vivo. From the functional point of view, heterodimerization has been shown to play an important role in regulation of receptor‐mediated signaling and internalization, suggesting the implication of heterodimerization in the development and maintenance of depression. Interaction between these receptors is also of clinical interest, because both receptors represent an important pharmacological target for the treatment of depression and anxiety.
Ranging patterns and parasitism in primates

Competing hypotheses exist concerning the influence of ranging patterns on parasitism. More intensive use of a home range could result in greater exposure to infectious agents that accumulate in the soil. Alternatively, when more intensive ranging is associated with territorial defence, this could decrease home range overlap and produce lower levels of parasitism. We tested these hypotheses using phylogenetic comparative methods and parasite richness data for 119 primate species. Helminth richness increased with the defensibility index, a quantitative measure of home range use that correlates with the degree of territoriality in primates. This association was independent of other host traits that influence parasite richness in primates. Results involving non-vector transmitted helminths produced the most significant results, suggesting that the relationship between territorial behaviour and parasitism is driven by accumulation of parasites in defended home ranges. In addition, costs associated with greater ranging could increase susceptibility to infectious agents.
Birth Order and Delinquency

THE study of birth order (or sibship position) and its behavioural correlates has been one of the early interests of psychology. While the theoretical discussion of the meaning and effects of birth order is traced to Adler (1928), there were earlier studies of this topic, particularly in relation to eugenics {e.g. Pearson, 1914). More recently, Schachter has refocused attention on the significance of this factor with reference to affiliation. The present paper will examine the relationship between birth order and one type of behaviour, delinquency and criminality. The first investigation of this topic was a study by Breckenridge and Abott (1912) of 584 boys who were processed at the Cook County juvenile court during the period 1903-1904. This study revealed that first-born children were over-represented by 16 per cent, among the court cases, and middle-born by 9 per cent. , while last-born were considerably underrepresented. Another early exploration of this problem is Goring's (1913) study of 3,000 English prisoners. With the help of Karl Pearson, Goring established that his subjects included substantially more first-born than expected. Despite the controversial method of calculating the expected frequency in each sibship position (Greenwood and Yule, 1914), Pearson (1914) indicated that, regardless of the method, first-born were indeed overrepresented in Goring's sample. Pearson neglected to notice that the overrepresentation of the second-born was even greater. Several studies in the late 1920s and the early 1930s dealt with the relationship of birth order and delinquency and generally confirmed the prior findings of over-representation of first-born children. Levy (1931) studied 700 cases from the files of the Institute of Juvenile Research in Chicago, of which 296 were delinquents. He concluded that " the only child commits more acts of delinquency than children with one brother or sister ". Wile and Noetzel (1931) stated that delinquents tend to be the eldest children. In both studies, subjects were compared with estimates of the relevant data, drawn from different samples. Armstrong (1933) wrote that " it is only in offenses against the home {i.e. desertion and ungovernability) that there is reliability of primogeniture of delinquents ". A different interpretation of her data would be that delinquents tend to be first-born in sibships of two to five, while in most of the larger sibships, intermediate positions dominate. Parsley (1933) presented more adequate data in her study of delinquent girls in Chicago. In this study one may compare the research group with controls while holding the sibship size constant. These data show that, while simple analysis seems to indicate predominance of first-born, controlling for sibship size shows the middle positions as over-represented (with the small exception of sibships of eight or more). Fortes' study (1933)
Early prenatal diagnosis of conjoined cephalopagus twins.

One in every 50,000±100,000 births is a conjoined twin [1]. It has long been postulated that conjoined twinning is due to fission of the developing embryo. However, based on an animal model in Triton embryos and the study of 1,200 case reports of conjoined twins, Spencer [2,3] recently concluded that conjoined twinning is due to fusion of two embryos rather than fission. The union occurs either ventrally or dorsally at sites where the surface ectoderm is absent or is programmed to be fused or disrupted (primordia of heart, oropharyngeal membranes and cloacal membranes). The prognosis for conjoined twins depends on the presence of other anomalies, the extent of union of the intracranial, intrathoracic and intraabdominal structures, and abnormal vascular connections.
SymDrive: Testing Drivers without Devices

Device-driver development and testing is a complex and error-prone undertaking. For example, testing error-handling code requires simulating faulty inputs from the device. A single driver may support dozens of devices, and a developer may not have access to any of them. Consequently, many Linux driver patches include the comment "compile tested only. " SymDrive is a system for testing Linux and FreeBSD drivers without their devices present. The system uses symbolic execution to remove the need for hardware, and extends past tools with three new features. First, SymDrive uses static-analysis and source-to-source transformation to greatly reduce the effort of testing a new driver. Second, SymDrive checkers are ordinary C code and execute in the kernel, where they have full access to kernel and driver state. Finally, SymDrive provides an execution-tracing tool to identify how a patch changes I/O to the device and to compare device-driver implementations. In applying SymDrive to 21 Linux drivers and 5 FreeBSD drivers, we found 39 bugs.
Profound molecular changes following hippocampal slice preparation: loss of AMPA receptor subunits and uncoupled mRNA/protein expression

The acute hippocampal slice preparation is a convenient, in vitro model widely used to study the biological basis of synaptic plasticity. Although slices may preserve their electrophysiological properties for several hours, profound molecular changes in response to the injury caused by the slicing procedure are likely to occur. To determine the magnitude and duration of these changes we examined the post‐slicing expression kinetics of three classes of genes known to be implicated in long‐term synaptic plasticity: glutamate AMPA receptors (GluR), transcription factors and neurotrophins. Slicing resulted in a striking loss of GluR1 and GluR3, but not of GluR2 proteins suggesting that rapid changes in the composition of major neurotransmitter receptors may occur. Slicing caused a significant induction of the transcription factors c‐fos, zif268, CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β and δ mRNAs and of the neurotrophin brain‐derived neurothophic factor (BDNF) mRNA. In contrast, there was no augmentation, and sometimes a decline, in the levels of the corresponding proteins. These data reveal that significant discrepancies exist between the slice preparation and the intact hippocampus in terms of the metabolism of molecular components known to be involved in synaptic plasticity.
Prevalence of Congenital Red-Green Color Vision Defects among Various Ethnic Groups of Students in Erbil City

The incidence of color blindness varies from race to race and in different geographical area. Since, there is no such report about the prevalence of color blindness in the Kurdistan region (North of Iraq), the present study had been conducted to find out the incidence of color blindness among preliminary, secondary and college students of Erbil city, Kurdistan region – Iraq. Participant’s (n=1856, 1275 males, 581 females, age group 7 to 25 years) color vision was tested by using Ishihara chart. Among 1275 male students, 108 students (8.47%) were found to be color blind: 42 of them showed deuteranomalia, 39 protanomalia, 20 deuteranopia and 7 protanopia. Among 581 female students, 8 females (1.37%) were found to be color blind: 5 of them showed protanomalia, 2 deuteranomalia and 1 deuteranopia. Data observed by Chi-square test showed there was no significant difference between ethnic groups of both male and female students. Studies on color blindness in Kurdistan region are very few; we hope this student-based investigation is meant to fill a gap in this field.
Telecare for Diabetes, CHF or COPD: Effect on Quality of Life, Hospital Use and Costs. A Randomised Controlled Trial and Qualitative Evaluation

Objectives To assess the effect of telecare on health related quality of life, self-care, hospital use, costs and the experiences of patients, informal carers and health care professionals. Methods Patients were randomly assigned either to usual care or to additionally entering their data into a commercially-available electronic device that uploaded data once a day to a nurse-led monitoring station. Patients had congestive heart failure (Site A), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Site B), or any long-term condition, mostly diabetes (Site C). Site C contributed only intervention patients – they considered a usual care option to be unethical. The study took place in New Zealand between September 2010 and February 2012, and lasted 3 to 6 months for each patient. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life (SF36). Data on experiences were collected by individual and group interviews and by questionnaire. Results There were 171 patients (98 intervention, 73 control). Quality of life, self-efficacy and disease-specific measures did not change significantly, while anxiety and depression both decreased significantly with the intervention. Hospital admissions, days in hospital, emergency department visits, outpatient visits and costs did not differ significantly between the groups. Patients at all sites were universally positive. Many felt safer and more cared-for, and said that they and their family had learned more about managing their condition. Staff could all see potential benefits of telecare, and, after some initial technical problems, many staff felt that telecare enabled them to effectively monitor more patients. Conclusions Strongly positive patient and staff experiences and attitudes complement and contrast with small or non-significant quantitative changes. Telecare led to patients and families taking a more active role in self-management. It is likely that subgroups of patients benefitted in ways that were not measured or visible within the quantitative data, especially feelings of safety and being cared-for. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000269033
Foldable iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens implantation for the correction of myopia: Two years of follow-up

Purpose: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and potential risks of Artiflex foldable iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation for the management of myopia. Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight eyes of 40 consecutive patients with a mean spherical refraction of –11.70 ± 3.77 diopters (D; range –5.50 to –17.5 D) were included in this prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Main parameters assessed were uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), corneal topography (Orbscan II, BauchandLomb, Rochester, NY, USA), manifest and cycloplegic refractive errors, endothelial cell density (ECD) and applanation tonometry. Results: After 2 years, BSCVA was 20/40 or better in 82% of the eyes and UCVA was 20/40 or better in 84% of the eyes. After 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years, 51.3% (37 of 72 eyes), 58.9% (46 of 78 eyes) and 76.0% (38 of 50 eyes) of eyes gained 1 line or more of BSCVA, respectively. Compared to preoperative values, the mean endothelial cell loss was 2.6% at 1 month, 4.9% at 1 year and 7.4% at 2 years. Pigmented or non-pigmented precipitates were observed in17 eyes (21.7%) which were treated with topical corticosteroids. At the second postoperative year, pigmented precipitates persisted in nine eyes. However, this was not associated with a loss of BSCVA. Conclusion: The implantation of Artiflex pIOL is an effective surgical option for the management of high myopia. The most common complication observed within 2 years of follow-up was accumulation of pigmented precipitates with no effect on the final BSCVA.
High prevalence of overweight and obesity among inner city Chinese children in Shanghai, 2011

Abstract Background: In China, the prevalence of overweight and obesity appears to be increasing at unacceptable levels among young people living in major cities undergoing rapid economic growth. Objective: To report the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Shanghai inner city youth using the recently published International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) Asian definition. Methods: Secondary analysis of children aged 8–15 years who participated in the Shanghai Schools’ Physical Fitness Examinations, a representative school-based survey. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (kg/m2) was calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined using the IOTF children’s BMI cut-points for Asian populations, equivalent to an adult BMI of 23 kg/m2 (overweight) and 27 kg/m2 (obese). Results: The prevalence of combined overweight and obesity was 49.1% for boys and 30.8% for girls aged 8–15-years. Almost one-in-five boys were obese, compared with 8.4% of girls. In boys the prevalence of overweight appeared to increase from age 10 years. Conclusion: The high prevalence of combined overweight and obesity among urban Chinese youth, especially among boys, requires immediate health promotion intervention.
Hepatic STAT1-Nuclear Translocation and Interleukin 28B Polymorphisms Predict Treatment Outcomes in Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1-Infected Patients

Background We investigated associations between signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in pretreated liver tissues, interleukin (IL) 28B polymorphism and treatment response in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients treated with peginterferon and ribavirin. Methods and Findings We performed immunostaining analysis of STAT1 in liver tissues and determined IL28B polymorphism at rs8099917. We then compared the results with treatment outcomes in HCV genotype 1 patients with high viral load who were receiving peginterferon plus ribavirin. In univariate analysis, younger age, white blood cell counts, virological responder, early virological responder (EVR), mild activity (A1) of liver inflammation grading, and lower STAT1 nuclear-stain of hepatocytes in zone 1, zone 2 and total zones of liver were associated with sustained virological responder (SVR). Multivariate analysis showed that EVR, age and hepatic STAT1 nuclear-stain in zone 2 of liver were independent predictors of SVR. It was also revealed that IL28B and STAT1-nuclear translocation in hepatocytes are independent predictors of response to treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients. Conclusions Concomitant assessment of lower STAT1 nuclear-stain of hepatocytes and IL28B polymorphism is useful for prediction of SVR in HCV genotype 1 patients.