Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of online and offline measures of good-enough processing in garden-path sentences

ABSTRACT In two self-paced reading and one ERP experiments, this study tested the good-enough processing account, which states that readers sometimes misinterpret sentences like While the man hunted the deer ran into the woods because they fail to fully revise the syntactic structure [Christianson, K. , Hollingworth, A. , Halliwell, J. F. , & Ferreira, F. (2001). Thematic roles assigned along the garden path linger. Cognitive Psychology, 42, 368–407. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001. 0752]. Such an account predicts more evidence of reanalysis at the disambiguation on correctly- than incorrectly-answered trials. Experiment 1, which asked Did the man hunt the deer? and Experiment 2, which asked Did the sentence explicitly say that the man hunted the deer? showed no difference in reading time between trials with correct and incorrect responses. Experiment 3 found the amplitude of P600 was unrelated to comprehension accuracy. These results converged to suggest that failure to reanalyse ambiguous sentences is not the primary reason for misinterpretation. Three norming studies revealed instead response accuracy was influenced by likelihood of events described in the sentences and questions.
Absorbing boundary conditions: a spectral collocation approach

We introduce a spectral collocation method for the discretisation of the shallow water equations on a one‐dimensional semi‐infinite domain, employing scaled Laguerre basis functions to obtain an accurate description of the solutions on finite regions of arbitrary size. The time discretisation is based on a semi‐implicit, semi‐Lagrangian approach that handles the highly inhomogeneous node distribution without loss of efficiency. The method is first validated on standard test cases and then applied to the implementation of absorbing open boundary conditions by coupling the semi‐infinite domain to a finite size domain on which the same equations are discretised by standard finite volume methods. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach does not produce significant spurious reflections at the interface between the finite and infinite domain, thus providing a reliable tool for absorbing boundary conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Empathy on Implicit and Explicit Measures of Anti-Gay Prejudice

Kawakami, and Gaertner (2000) as “an unfair negative attitude toward a social group or a person perceived to be a member of that group” (p. 137), has undergone a transformation in the last several decades due in part to changing social norms. While there has been a significant decline in “oldfashioned” or overt racism in the United States, the fact that racism is no longer socially acceptable has not led to the eradication of racial prejudice but rather has made its expression more covert. This “new” or “contemporary” racism is the subtle, often unintentional, form of prejudice characteristic of many people who sincerely believe they are not prejudiced yet unconsciously harbor negative feelings about certain social groups (Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2000). As prejudice has become less socially acceptable, the need for measures to assess implicit attitudes has become apparent to social psychologists. Greenwald and Banaji (1995) define implicit attitudes as “introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) traces of past experience that mediate favorable or unfavorable feeling, thought, or action toward social subjects” (p. 8). The Implicit Association Test (IAT), first published by Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz (1998), is a well-established tool for measuring the evaluative associations that underlie implicit attitudes. The test asks participants to classify stimuli into one of two categories as quickly and accurately as possible, and records the response times to indicate the strength of implicit associations between two paired categories relative to the reverse pairing. The test measures the strength of associations between two target concepts, for example “science” and “humanities,” with two associated attributes, for example “male” and “female. ” In this example, participants might be asked to first classify stimuli into the category pairings of “science or male” and “humanities or female” (pairing 1), and then to classify stimuli into the reverse pairings of “science or female” and “humanities or male” (pairing 2). The implicit association of males with science is defined by the difference in the average response latency across all classification trials for pairing 2 versus pairing 1. The IAT is a useful method of evaluat-
The effect of stellar feedback on the formation and evolution of gas and dust tori in AGN

Recently, the existence of geometrically thick dust structures in active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been directly proven with the help of interferometric methods in the mid-infrared. The observations are consistent with a two-component model made up of a geometrically thin and warm central disc, surrounded by a colder, fluffy torus component. Within the framework of an exploratory study, we investigate one possible physical mechanism, which could produce such a structure, namely the effect of stellar feedback from a young nuclear star cluster on the interstellar medium in centres of AGN. The model is realized by numerical simulations with the help of the hydrodynamics code tramp. We follow the evolution of the interstellar medium by taking discrete mass-loss and energy ejection due to stellar processes, as well as optically thin radiative cooling into account. In a post-processing step, we calculate observable quantities like spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and surface brightness distributions with the help of the radiative transfer code mc3d. The interplay between injection of mass, supernova explosions and radiative cooling leads to a two-component structure made up of a cold geometrically thin, but optically thick and very turbulent disc residing in the vicinity of the angular momentum barrier, surrounded by a filamentary structure. The latter consists of cold long radial filaments flowing towards the disc and a hot tenuous medium in between, which shows both inwards and outwards directed motions. With the help of this modelling, we are able to reproduce the range of observed neutral hydrogen column densities of a sample of Seyfert galaxies as well as the relation between them and the strength of the silicate 10 μm spectral feature. Despite being quite crude, our mean Seyfert galaxy model is even able to describe the SEDs of two intermediate type Seyfert galaxies observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope.
Temperature and abundance profiles of hot gas in galaxy groups – I. Results and statistical analysis

The distribution of metals in groups of galaxies holds important information about the chemical enrichment history of the Universe. Here we present radial profiles of temperature and the abundance of iron and silicon of the hot intragroup medium for a sample of 15 nearby groups of galaxies observed by Chandra, selected for their regular X-ray morphology. All but one group display a cool core, the size of which is found to correlate with the mean temperature of the group derived outside this core. When scaled to this mean temperature, the temperature profiles are remarkably similar, being analogous to those of more massive clusters at large radii but significantly flatter inwards of the temperature peak. The Fe abundance generally shows a central excess followed by a radial decline, reaching a typical value of 0.1 Z ⊙ within r 500 , a factor of 2 lower than corresponding results for clusters. Si shows less systematic radial variation, on average displaying a less pronounced decline than Fe and showing evidence for a flattening at large radii. Off-centre abundance peaks are seen both for Fe and Si in a number of groups with well-resolved cores. Derived abundance ratios indicate that supemovae type Ia are responsible for 80 per cent of the Fe in the group core, but the type II contribution increases with radius and completely dominates at r 500 . We present fitting formulae for the radial dependence of temperature and abundances, to facilitate comparison to results of numerical simulations of group formation and evolution. In a companion paper, we discuss the implications of these results for feedback and enrichment in galaxy groups.
Prediction of the coupling specificity of G protein coupled receptors to their G proteins

UNLABELLED G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are found in great numbers in most eukaryotic genomes. They are responsible for sensing a staggering variety of structurally diverse ligands, with their activation resulting in the initiation of a variety of cellular signalling cascades. The physiological response that is observed following receptor activation is governed by the guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) to which a particular receptor chooses to couple. Previous investigations have demonstrated that the specificity of the receptor-G protein interaction is governed by the intracellular domains of the receptor. Despite many studies it has proven very difficult to predict de novo, from the receptor sequence alone, the G proteins to which a GPCR is most likely to couple. We have used a data-mining approach, combining pattern discovery with membrane topology prediction, to find patterns of amino acid residues in the intracellular domains of GPCR sequences that are specific for coupling to a particular functional class of G proteins. A prediction system was then built, being based upon these discovered patterns. We can report this approach was successful in the prediction of G protein coupling specificity of unknown sequences. Such predictions should be of great use in providing in silico characterisation of newly cloned receptor sequences and for improving the annotation of GPCRs stored in protein sequence databases. AVAILABILITY http://www.ebi. ac.uk/~croning/coupling.html.
FLEXIBILITY OF WAGES AND MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN AN AGENT-BASED COMPUTATIONAL MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS MONEY

We present a model of a dynamic and complex economy in which the creation and the destruction of money result from interactions between multiple and heterogeneous agents. In the baseline scenario, we observe the stabilization of the income distribution between wages and profits. We then alter the model by increasing the flexibility of wages. This change leads to the formation of a deflationary spiral. Aggregate activity decreases and unemployment increases. The macroeconomic stability of the model is affected and eventually a systemic crisis arises. Finally, we show that the introduction of a minimum wage would have made it possible to boost the aggregate demand and to avoid this crisis.
Jointly optimal near-end and far-end multi-microphone speech intelligibility enhancement based on mutual information

The processing required for the global maximization of the intelligibility of speech acquired by multiple microphones and rendered by a single loudspeaker, is considered in this paper. The intelligibility is quantized, based on the mutual information rate between the message spoken by the talker and the message as interpreted by the listener. We prove that then, in each of a set of narrow-band channels, the processing can be decomposed into a minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamforming operation that reduces the noise in the talker environment, followed by a gain operation that, given the far-end noise and beamforming operation, accounts for the noise at the listener end. Our experiments confirm that both processing steps are necessary for the effective conveyance ofa message and, importantly, that the second step must be aware of the first step.
Design of low-margin optical networks

We review margins used in optical networks and review a formerly proposed margin taxonomy. For each category of margins, we review techniques that the network designer can use in order to increase the capacity of optical networks, extend their life, and decrease deployment cost (CAPEX) or total cost of ownership over their life duration. Green field (new network deployments) and brown field techniques (used after initial network deployment) are discussed. The technology needed to leverage the margins and achieve the aforementioned gains are also reviewed, along with the associated challenges.
Noise-driven dynamics and phase transitions in fermionic systems

We study abrupt changes in the dynamics and/or steady state of fermionic noise-driven systems produced by small changes in the system parameters. Specifically,we consider fermionic systems whose dynamics is described by master equations that are quadratic (and, under certain conditions, quartic) in creation and annihilation operators. We analyze phase transitions in the steady state as well as “dynamical transitions. ” The latter are characterized by abrupt changes in the rate at which the system asymptotically approaches the steady state. We illustrate our general findings with relevant examples of fermionic (and, equivalently, spin) systems and show that they can be realized in ion chains.
Proposing a New Term Weighting Scheme for Text Categorization

In text categorization, term weighting methods assign appropriate weights to the terms to improve the classification performance. In this study, we propose an effective term weighting scheme, i.e. tf.rf, and investigate several widely-used unsupervised and supervised term weighting methods on two popular data collections in combination with SVM and kNN algorithms. From our controlled experimental results, not all supervised term weighting methods have a consistent superiority over unsupervised term weighting methods. Specifically, the three supervised methods based on the information theory, i.e. tf. χ2, tf.ig and tf.or, perform rather poorly in all experiments. On the other hand, our proposed tf.rf achieves the best performance consistently and outperforms other methods substantially and significantly. The popularly-used tf.idf method has not shown a uniformly good performance with respect to different data corpora.
Positive vs. Negative Politics and Behavioral Intentions: An Experimental Examination

Despite research showing that politics can be beneficial, a commonly held perception is that politics are negative, harmful, and associated with adverse outcomes. The qualitative differences between positive and negative politics perceptions and their results are still mostly elusive. This research adds clarity by examining perceptual processes surrounding positive and negative politics perceptions. Using an experimental manipulation, behavior was held constant while political actor motivation was varied. The positive or negative inferred motives and attributions made of the actor related logically to the positive or negative nature of the politics perceptions. Further, attribution type was related to positive or negative political behavior intentions through politics perceptions. These results expand understanding of positive and negative political behavior and subsequent perceptions, giving emphasis to the importance of perceived motivation and attributions. It further demonstrates how these perceptions relate to political behavior intentions by the observers. In total, it indicates the importance of actor motivations, individual differences within the perceiver, and the political behavior itself in the processes surrounding positive and negative politics perceptions. POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE POLITICS PERCEPTIONS iii
Cytogenetic characterization of ten araneomorph spiders (Araneae): Karyotypes and meiotic features

Karyotypes, sex chromosome systems and meiotic characteristics are reported for ten spider species belonging to the families Gnaphosidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Oxyopidae and Sicariidae by using standard Giemsa staining. The male diploid numbers (2n) and sex chromosome systems are as follows: Berinda hakani 2n = 22 (X1X2), Berinda ensigera 2n = 22 (X1X2), Trachyzelotes lyonneti 2n = 22 (X1X2), Trachyzelotes malkini 2n = 22 (X1X2), Zelotes caucasius 2n = 22 (X1X2) (Gnaphosidae); Thanatus pictus 2n = 28 (X1 X2), Tibellus macellus 2n = 24 (X1 X2) (Philodromidae); Neon reticulatus 2n = 21 (X0) (Salticidae); Peucetia virescens 2n = 28 (X1X2) (Oxyopidae) and Loxosceles rufescens 2n = 21 (X1 X2Y) (Sicariidae). All species have monoarmed chromosomes with the exception of L. rufescens that has biarmed (metacentric and submetacentric) chromosomes. The obtained data are the first results for the genera Berinda, Trachyzelotes and Neon. Additionally, with the exception of L. rufescens, all species are being chromosomally analyzed for the first time.
Emerging Developmental Pathways to ADHD: Possible Path Markers in Early Infancy

Sixty-six male infants participating in the Ben-Gurion Infant Development Study of familial risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)were assessed at 7 months of age using observational and mother report measures. Risk for ADHD was based on ADHD symptoms in the father. Infants whose fathers had seven or more symptoms formed the ADHD risk group; infants whose fathers had three or less symptoms formed the comparison group. The ADHD risk group significantly differed from the comparison group on measures of interest, anger, and activity level and showed less interest in block play and more anger reactivity but less directed anger in a barrier task. According to mother report, the ADHD risk group had higher levels of activity than the comparison group. Measures of neonatal immaturity and activity were related to behavior at 7 months. The findings suggest that possible developmental pathways to ADHD may be emerging in early infancy.
Evaluation by Grade 5 and 6 Students of the Promisingness of Ideas in Knowledge-Building Discourse

Knowledge creation requires identifying and pursuing promising ideas—ideas that in their nascent form may not seem like much but that with development could grow into something big. The goal of our research is to develop a tool to explore the concept of promisingness and “big ideas,” especially elementary school students’ ability to make “promisingness judgments” regarding ideas in peer discourse. Toward this end we developed a “Big Ideas” tool to facilitate students’ selection of the ideas they thought were promising in their online discourse. A study conducted in two Grade 5/6 classes examined the nature of “big ideas” selected from the online discourse of younger Grade 4 students. A preliminary analysis indicated that students tended to identify as promising important facts and questions in the Grade 4 discourse. This study will inform future work in designing tools, language, and techniques to facilitate the concept of promisingness.
The evolving role of the CIO

Despite a somewhat embattled history, the role of Chief Information Officer (CIO) has emerged as a critical executive position in most organizations. Increasingly, CIOs sit on firms' executive teams and help shape organizational strategy. Nonetheless, the future of the CIO role is unclear. This paper examines the forces that have historically shaped the CIO role in organizations to explain current responsibilities and to speculate as to how the role might evolve.
IMPROVED Cr ii log(gf) VALUES AND ABUNDANCE DETERMINATIONS IN THE PHOTOSPHERES OF THE SUN AND METAL-POOR STAR HD 84937

New emission branching fraction (BF) measurements for 183 lines of the second spectrum of chromium (Cr ii) and new radiative lifetime measurements from laser-induced fluorescence for 8 levels of Cr+ are reported. The goals of this study are to improve transition probability measurements in Cr ii and reconcile solar and stellar Cr abundance values based on Cr i and Cr ii lines. Eighteen spectra from three Fourier Transform Spectrometers supplemented with ultraviolet spectra from a high-resolution echelle spectrometer are used in the BF measurements. Radiative lifetimes from this study and earlier publications are used to convert the BFs into absolute transition probabilities. These new laboratory data are applied to determine the Cr abundance log ε in the Sun and metal-poor star HD 84937. The mean result in the Sun is = 5.624 ± 0.009 compared to = 5.644 ± 0.006 on a scale with the hydrogen abundance log ε(H) = 12 and with the uncertainty representing only line-to-line scatter. A Saha (ionization balance) test on the photosphere of HD 84937 is also performed, yielding = 3.417 ± 0.006 and 〈log ε(Cr i, lower level excitation potential E. P. > 0 eV)〉 = 3.374 ± 0.011 for this dwarf star. We find a correlation of Cr with the iron-peak element Ti, suggesting an associated nucleosynthetic production. Four iron-peak elements (Cr along with Ti, V, and Sc) appear to have a similar (or correlated) production history—other iron-peak elements appear not to be associated with Cr.
Cross-age friendship in 25 European countries

textabstractThis paper focuses on individual and country-level circumstances shaping friendships between young and old to gain insight into conditions for intergenerational solidarity. Using European Social Survey data, findings show that relatively few people have cross-age friendships (18% of the young and 31% of the old). As predicted by the “meeting principle”, individuals who operate in settings where there are opportunities for meaningful interactions with people belonging to a different age group are more likely to have cross-age friendships. As predicted by the “disposition principle”, individuals with more favourable attitudes towards other age groups are more likely to have cross-age friendships. Neither the Active Ageing Index nor macro-level trust show significant associations with the likelihood of having cross-age friendships. Apparently, conditions that bring generations together are at the local level, underscoring the importance of decentralized initiatives aimed at increased contact and co-operation across age groups.
Off-line signature verification using structural features

Biometric identification is an emerging technology that can solve the security problems in our networked society. A lot of work has been done in the field of automatic off-line signature verification. While a large portion of the work is focused on random forgery detection, more efforts are still needed to address the problem of skilled forgery detection. In this paper a novel method for signature verification is proposed. In this method, each pixel belonging to signature is studied and endpoints from the geometry of the signature are extracted. A polygonal closed shape is drawn by joining these endpoints. Various structural features from the shape including parameter, area, minimum enclosing rectangle, rectangularity measure, and circularity measure and form factors are computed. These features were combined to build a verification function, which is evaluated using statistical procedures.