Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic controversies in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE While it is increasingly recognized that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood, there is no consensus on diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD. In this article the authors describe and contrast competing approaches for diagnosis of adult ADHD used in clinical and research practice. METHOD The authors review the Wender Utah criteria, DSM criteria, and laboratory assessment strategies for adult ADHD. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are described, and recommendations are made as a basis for clinical assessment and future research. RESULTS Both the Wender Utah criteria and DSM-based approaches identify significantly impaired ADHD adults with neurocognitive, biological, and treatment response patterns similar to pediatric ADHD patients. The Wender Utah criteria established the need for retrospective childhood diagnosis and recognize developmental differences in adult symptom expression. The Wender Utah criteria fail to identify patients with predominantly inattentive symptoms, exclude some patients with significant comorbid psychopathology, and diverge significantly from the DSM conception of ADHD. The DSM criteria have never been validated in adults, do not include developmentally appropriate symptoms and thresholds for adults, and fail to identify some significantly impaired adults who are likely to benefit from treatment. There are insufficient scientific data to justify use of laboratory assessment measures, including neuropsychological tests and brain imaging, in diagnosing adult ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Adult ADHD remains a clinical diagnosis. Clinicians should be flexible in application of the current ADHD criteria to adults. Additional research is required to validate adult diagnostic criteria.
Phylogeny Inference of Closely Related Bacterial Genomes: Combining the Features of Both Overlapping Genes and Collinear Genomic Regions

Overlapping genes (OGs) represent one type of widespread genomic feature in bacterial genomes and have been used as rare genomic markers in phylogeny inference of closely related bacterial species. However, the inference may experience a decrease in performance for phylogenomic analysis of too closely or too distantly related genomes. Another drawback of OGs as phylogenetic markers is that they usually take little account of the effects of genomic rearrangement on the similarity estimation, such as intra-chromosome/genome translocations, horizontal gene transfer, and gene losses. To explore such effects on the accuracy of phylogeny reconstruction, we combine phylogenetic signals of OGs with collinear genomic regions, here called locally collinear blocks (LCBs). By putting these together, we refine our previous metric of pairwise similarity between two closely related bacterial genomes. As a case study, we used this new method to reconstruct the phylogenies of 88 Enterobacteriale genomes of the class Gammaproteobacteria. Our results demonstrated that the topological accuracy of the inferred phylogeny was improved when both OGs and LCBs were simultaneously considered, suggesting that combining these two phylogenetic markers may reduce, to some extent, the influence of gene loss on phylogeny inference. Such phylogenomic studies, we believe, will help us to explore a more effective approach to increasing the robustness of phylogeny reconstruction of closely related bacterial organisms.
A General Model to Predict the Iron Losses in PWM Inverter-Fed Induction Motors

This paper presents an accurate and efficient method for predicting the iron losses in pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter-fed induction motors. The method was initially proposed for the prediction of iron losses in a nonoriented soft magnetic material with the same supply conditions. The proposed method requires the separation of the iron losses in the hysteresis and eddy-current components and the average rectified and rms of the PWM voltage values. Starting from the iron losses measured with a sinusoidal supply and the PWM waveform characteristics, a fast and reliable prediction of the iron losses in the motor with the new voltage supply can be obtained. The proposed method has been proved on an induction-motor prototype capable of providing good accuracy in the iron-loss measurement. The comparison between the measured and predicted iron losses with the PWM supply has shown excellent agreement, confirming the validity of the method.
Capital Markets and the Evolution of Family Businesses

We model a family business as a household operating a production technology in which the household's human capital is a specific business skill. Each generation can either bequeath the business and the business skill to the next generation or sell the business through a financial intermediary and bequeath the revenue. Using a dynamic model, we analyze how the imperfections in primary capital markets affect the evolution of family businesses. Whether recourse to external financing exists or not, our model predicts that family businesses are bigger, last longer, and have lower investment rates in economies with less developed primary capital markets. Copyright 2001 by University of Chicago Press.
Socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality in Iran and across its provinces.

OBJECTIVE To measure the socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality in Iran (the Islamic Republic of Iran). METHODS We analysed data from the provincially representative Demographic and Health Survey, which was done in Iran in 2000. We used a dichotomous hierarchical ordered probit model to develop an indicator of socioeconomic status of households. We assessed the inequality in infant mortality by using the odds ratio of infant mortality between the lowest and highest socioeconomic quintiles at both the provincial and national levels, and the concentration index, an inequality measure based on the entire socioeconomic distribution. RESULTS We found a decreasing trend in the infant mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic quintiles. The poorest to richest odds ratio was 2.34 (95% CI = 1.78-3.09). The concentration index of infant mortality in Iran was -0.1789 (95% CI = -0.2193--0.1386). Furthermore, the inequality of infant mortality between the lowest and highest quintiles was significant and favoured the better-off in most of the provinces. However, this inequality varied between provinces. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality favours the better-off in the country as a whole and in most of its provinces, but the degree of this inequality varies between the provinces. As well as its national average, it is important to consider the provincial distribution of this indicator of population health.
Accounting for variations in the patterns of mobility among conventional and self-initiated expatriates

Mobility is a central leitmotif in the literature on international assignments and global careers, yet the work of analysing and explaining mobility patterns and their consequences remains challenging, especially for different expatriate types and cohorts. In this study, we distinguish multiple mobility root trajectories, namely work-related mobility, non-work-related experiences, early international exposure, inter-company or inter-industry movements and cultural proximity or distance between the home and host location of the expatriate, in order to analyse the patterns of mobility among a cohort of self-initiated expatriates (SEs) and conventional expatriates (CEs). Data obtained from 344 SEs and 74 CEs working in the banking sector in Saudi Arabia were used to analyse how the two cohorts differ in terms of their international mobility patterns. Our results suggest that the two cohorts do vary in their international mobility patterns, especially relating to work and non-work-related mobility, early international exposure, cultural proximity/distance and inter-company and inter-industry movements.
NONLINEAR MODEL SPECIFICATION / DIAGNOSTICS : INSIGHTS FROM A BATTERY OF NONLINEARITY TESTS

A single statistical test for nonlinearity can indicate whether or not the generating mechanism of a time series is or is not linear. However, if the null hypothesis of linearity is rejected, the test result conveys little information as to what kind of nonlinear model is appropriate. Here we show that a battery of different nonlinearity tests, in contrast, can yield valuable model identification information. Applying such a battery of tests to data on U.S. real GNP, we are able to conclude that the commonly held notion that this time series is generated by some sort of two-state regime switching process is most likely incorrect.
Determinant of Foreign Direct Investment in Ten African Countries: A Panel Data Analysis

Using panel data, this study empirically investigate the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows to ten Africa countries during the period 1995-2011. These ten countries were chosen based on the United Nations Conference on Trade and development (UNCTAD) report released in July 2013 that they are the highest receiver of inflow of FDI in 2012. This study found that the endowment of natural resources, openness, macroeconomic risk factors like inflation and exchange rates are significant determinants of FDI inflow to Africa. Domestic investment and natural resource accounted for the bulk of FDI inflow to Africa as both variables are positive and significant in both estimates adopted.
Audit Qualifications of Income-Decreasing Accounting Choices

In this study we conduct a field experiment to examine how qualifying an income-decreasing accounting change in years of strong financial performance affects user assessments of strategic reporting, current financial performance, and financial performance over the next three years (future performance). We find that without the qualification, users viewed the income-decreasing accounting change as relatively non-strategic, and user assessments of current and future performance were not different. In the presence of the qualification, users believed that the accounting change was relatively strategic, they discounted the income effect of the accounting change, and their assessments of future performance were below their assessments of current performance but no different from the assessments of future performance in the absence of the qualification. While our findings suggest audit qualifications encourage users to be skeptical of income-decreasing accounting changes, we find no evidence that they impose negative consequences on management in terms of lower assessments of financial performance.
On performance study of UWB real time locating system

Real time locating systems (RTLS) with centimeter accuracy have recently been made available for commercial deployment by employing ultra wideband (UWB) technology. DecaWave's DW1000 is a commercial UWB integrated circuit that utilizes time-of-flight (ToF) measurement technique and two-way-ranging (TWR) mechanism to accurately estimate the distance between an anchor and a tag. With the distances between the tag and at least three anchors, a trilateration algorithm can be applied to estimate the tag's location on the same two-dimensional (2D) plane as the anchors. Moreover, if four or more anchors are available, the tag's location in three-dimensional space can also be estimated. This work presents a performance study on location accuracy of DecaWave's TREK1000, a two-way ranging RTLS IC evaluation kit. Four anchors and one tag were set up as an RTLS deployed in two different indoor areas. The difficulties encountered during the calculation of the tag's location at certain locations were pointed out. It was also found that the change in performance of the 2D localization of the system when set up with three and four anchors was insignificant. Additionally, the accuracy in the third dimension or the height of the tag above the ground was found to be less accurate.
Title: Phasic basal ganglia activity associated with high-gamma oscillation during sleep

15 The basal ganglia is thought to be critical for motor control and learning in 16 mammals. In specific basal ganglia regions, gamma frequency oscillations occur during 17 various behavioral states, including sleeping periods. Given the critical role of sleep in 18 regulating vocal plasticity of songbirds, we examined the presence of such oscillations 19 in the basal ganglia. In the song system nucleus Area X, epochs of high-gamma 20 frequency (80-160 Hz) oscillation of local field potential during sleep were associated 21 with phasic increases of neural activity. While birds were awake, activity of the same 22 neurons increased specifically when birds were singing. Furthermore, during sleep there 23 was a clear tendency for phase locking of spikes to these oscillations. Such patterned 24 activity in the sleeping songbird basal ganglia could play a role in off-line processing of 25 song system motor networks.
People`s Witness: The Journalist in Modern Politics

Political journalists are central figures in the titanic struggles of modern history, not only telling us about events but also interpreting them and shaping our views. This is a study of the relationship between journalism and politics in the 20th century, telling the stories of the journalists - both good and bad - who have played major roles. Fred Inglis tracks the flamboyant biographies of giants of the genre, from the early newspapermen during the Russian Revolution to those that reported on the Spanish Civil War, the hideous discoveries at Dachau, and the fall of the Berlin Wall. He scrutinizes news proprietors such as Joseph Pulitzer, Katharine Graham and Rupert Murdoch; writer journalists like George Orwell, Evelyn Waugh, Andre Malraux and Martha Gellhorn; and journalists of conscience - William Shirer in Nazi Germany, James Cameron in Asia, Neil Sheehan in Vietnam, Norman Mailer at the Pentagon, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein after Watergate, and others. Inglis also examines the great pioneers of broadcast news journalism, notably Ed Murrow, Walter Cronkite and Alistair Cooke, as well as such celebrated BBC television journalists as John Cole and John Simpson. He explores the relations between political journalists and their all-powerful proprietors and exposes instances of pomposity, misjudgement and downright untruthfulness as well as moments of courage and responsibility. This sweeping narrative measures each journalist against the best principles of the vocation and silhouettes some of their most dramatic life stories against the moral horizons of the epoch.
Do Face-to-Face Training and Telephonic Reminder Improve Dry Powder Inhaler Technique in Patients with COPD?

Introduction. Current modes of instruction on inhaler technique are inadequate. We aimed to evaluate the value of face-to-face training and telephonic reminder (FFTTR) for improving Rotahaler technique in experienced patients with COPD. Materials and Methods. A single group pre-/postinterventional study was conducted at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal. We assessed the Rotahaler technique of thirty consecutive patients using Rotahaler device for more than one year. Patients with incorrect technique (n = 20) were instructed and trained by a pharmacist. Telephonic reminder was used to reinstruct patients on the correct technique on weekly basis for two weeks and technique was reassessed after 4 weeks of their first training. Descriptive statistics including Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were applied. Results. The mean age was 66.06 ± 10.6. Of 30 patients, 10 (33.3%) performed Rotahaler technique correctly at baseline and were excluded from FFTTR intervention. FFTTR corrected the technique in 18 (90%) patients and the median (IQR) score increased from 6 (5-6) to 8 (8-8) (p < 0.001). The most incorrect steps were “breathe out gently but not towards the inhaler mouthpiece” (16, 80%) and “hold breath for about 10 seconds” (18, 90%) at baseline which improved after intervention. Conclusion. FFTTR approach markedly improved Rotahaler technique in patients with COPD.
Evaluation of an Injectable Thermosensitive Hydrogel As Drug Delivery Implant for Ocular Glaucoma Surgery

In this study, a biodegradable thermo-sensitive hydrogel from poly(trimethylene carbonate)15-F127-poly(trimethylene carbonate)15 (PTMC15-F127-PTMC15) was designed and evaluated as an injectable implant during ocular glaucoma filtration surgery in vivo and in vitro. Mitomycin C (MMC) was loaded into this hydrogel for controlled released to prolong the efficacy and to reduce the long-term toxicity. The properties of the hydrogel were confirmed using 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Compared to the Pluronic F127 hydrogel, the PTMC15-F127-PTMC15 hydrogel showed a good solution-gel transition temperature at 37°C, a lower work concentration of 5% w/v and a longer mass loss time of more than 2 weeks. The in vitro study showed that the drug could be released from PTMC15-F127-PTMC15 (5% w/v) hydrogel for up to 16 days with only 57% of drug released in the first day. Moreover, the cell toxicity, which was tested via LDH and ANNEXIN V/PI, decreased within 72 h in human tenon's fibroblast cells (HTFs). The in vivo behavior in a rabbit glaucoma filtration surgery model indicated that this hydrogel loaded with 0.1 mg/ml MMC led to a better functional bleb with a prolonged mean bleb survival time (25.5±2.9 days). The scar tissue formation, new collagen deposition and myofibroblast generation appeared to be reduced upon histological and immunohistochemistry examinations, with no obvious side effects and inflammatory reactions. The in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that this novel hydrogel is a safe and effective drug delivery candidate in ocular glaucoma surgery.
Wage structures in the private and public sectors in West Germany

In this paper, we investigate pay structures in the private and public sectors for West Germany. We commence by describing some basic features of the public sector. We use micro-data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1984-93 to analyse developments and differences in public and private sector wage distributions for both males and females. We break wages down into different education groups and age-groups, and use regressions to construct conditional wage differentials. Our results differ in many aspects from findings for the UK. For instance, we find that although mean wages are higher in the public sector for both males and females, conditional wages are higher in the private sector for all education groups for males, but higher in the public sector for females. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Height and Risk of Hip Fracture: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

The association between height and risk of hip fracture has been investigated in several studies, but the evidence is inconclusive. We therefore conducted this meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to explore whether an association exists between height and risk of hip fracture. We searched PubMed and EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies of height and risk of hip fracture up to February 16, 2016. The random-effects model was used to combine results from individual studies. Seven prospective cohort studies, with 7,478 incident hip fracture cases and 907,913 participants, were included for analysis. The pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.65 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26–2.16) comparing the highest with the lowest category of height. Result from dose-response analysis suggested a linear association between height and hip fracture risk (P-nonlinearity = 0.0378). The present evidence suggests that height is positively associated with increased risk of hip fracture. Further well-designed cohort studies are needed to confirm the present findings in other ethnicities.
Predicting Breast Cancer Recurrence Using Machine Learning Techniques

Background: Recurrence is an important cornerstone in breast cancer behavior, intrinsically related to mortality. In spite of its relevance, it is rarely recorded in the majority of breast cancer datasets, which makes research in its prediction more difficult. Objectives: To evaluate the performance of machine learning techniques applied to the prediction of breast cancer recurrence. Material and Methods: Revision of published works that used machine learning techniques in local and open source databases between 1997 and 2014. Results: The revision showed that it is difficult to obtain a representative dataset for breast cancer recurrence and there is no consensus on the best set of predictors for this disease. High accuracy results are often achieved, yet compromising sensitivity. The missing data and class imbalance problems are rarely addressed and most often the chosen performance metrics are inappropriate for the context. Discussion and Conclusions: Although different techniques have been used, prediction of breast cancer recurrence is still an open problem. The combination of different machine learning techniques, along with the definition of standard predictors for breast cancer recurrence seem to be the main future directions to obtain better results.
Local supercluster dynamics: external tidal impact of the PSCz sample traced by optimized numerical least action method

We assess the extent to which the flux-limited IRAS PSCz redshift survey encapsulates the complete or major share of matter inhomogeneities responsible for the external tidal forces affecting the peculiar velocity flow within the Local Supercluster and its immediate surroundings. We here investigate this issue on the basis of artificially constructed galaxy catalogs. Two large unconstrained N-body simulations of cosmic structure formation in two different cosmological scenarios form the basis of this study. From these N-body simulations a set of galaxy mock catalogs is selected. From these a variety of datasets is selected imitating the observational conditions of either the local volume-limited Local Supercluster mimicking NBG catalog or the deeper magnitude-limited PSCz catalog. The mildly nonlinear dynamics in the "mock" Local Supercluster and PSCz velocities are analyzed by means of the Least Action Principle technique in its highly optimized implementation of the Fast Action Method. By comparing the velocities in these reconstructions with the "true" velocities of the corresponding galaxy mock catalogs we assess the extent and nature of the external tidal influence on the Local Supercluster volume. We find that the dynamics in the inner 30 h(-1) Mpc volume is strongly affected by the external forces. Most of the external forces can be traced back to a depth of no more than 100 h(-1) Mpc. This is concluded from the fact that the FAM reconstructions of the 100 h(-1) Mpc PSCz volume appear to have included most gravitational influences. In addition, we demonstrate that for all considered cosmological models the bulk flow and shear components of the tidal velocity field generated by the external distribution of PSCz galaxies provides sufficient information for representing the full external tidal force field.
Finite Element Models of Neuron Electrode Sealing Interfaces

It is desirable to detect any leakage current when microelectrode is used to stimulate a neuron electrically. This paper proposes a new approach to study the neuron-electrode sealing interface problem. As opposite to the traditional bi-domain FEM that need a two-step process of indirect coupling of two domains with a circuit equation, which involves solving a set of ordinary differential equation, this paper proposed a more elegant approach to study the neuron-electrode sealing interface problem based on a single domain finite element model. The result shows the stimulation electrical potential distribution and the sealing resistance match the published simulation and experimental results.