Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Challenges of Reliable, Realistic and Comparable Active Learning Evaluation

Active learning has the potential to save costs by intelligent use of resources in form of some expert’s knowledge. Nevertheless, these methods are still not established in real-world applications as they can not be evaluated properly in the specific scenario because evaluation data is missing. In this article, we provide a summary of different evaluation methodologies by discussing them in terms of being reproducible, comparable, and realistic. A pilot study which compares the results of different exhaustive evaluations suggests a lack in repetitions in many articles. Furthermore, we aim to start a discussion on a gold standard evaluation setup for active learning that ensures comparability without reimplementing algorithms.
Oil shales: compaction, petroleum generation and expulsion

Permian to Miocene oil shales (Torbanite, Posidonia, Messel, Himmetoglu and Condor) from six basins in Australia, Germany and Turkey were studied using a variety of techniques that incorporate petrophysics, geochemistry and petrology. The objectives of this project were to improve understanding of compaction, petroleum generation and expulsion in nature as well as provide insights that may be exploited by technology for oil shale exploitation. The physical properties of the oil shales were compared to those of other oil shales from previous studies. Similar to other oil shales, grain densities ranged from 1.1g/cm3 to 2.4 g/cm3 with a strong correlation to organic matter content. Organic matter content is related to the oil shale grade used for economic assessment. The organic matter content strongly controls the behaviour of the oil shales including their mechanical properties. Existing data shows that mechanical properties are very unpredictable at high temperature especially for high-grade oil shales. The relevance of the evolution of mechanical properties at high temperature with repect to exploitation and basin modelling was investigated. Only strength can be discussed with some certainty at the moment and indicates the need for more tests to be conducted at high temperature. First indications were found demonstrating how temperature can enhance microfracturing during petroleum generation. Compaction behaviour of the six oil shales was studied under different thermo-mechanical conditions. Strength determined by compressive loading to failure at room temperature showed that the unconfined compressive strengths of the oil shales ranged from very weak to medium (5.3 to 70 MPa). Strength considered as maximum effective stress attained during burial and initial porosity (7.6 to 20.1%) showed that none could be used for burial depth estimation as suggested for organic matter-poor mudstones. Vitrinite reflectance (0.19-0.52 %) limited the maximum burial to between zero and 2 km for the different oil shales. Axial strain at room temperature (1.9-23 %) compared to that at 310 oC (12-79 %) and 350 oC (1.38-40%) showed that temperature superceedes effective stress as the principal factor controlling mudstone deformation when rocks are rich in organic matter. Only dehydration of smectite (94-150 oC) showed a distinct contribution of mineralogy to compaction and was corroborated by X-ray diffraction. High organic matter content favours creep that is very important with increasing temperature. Transformation of organic matter characterised by the petroleum generation index was found to be a source of porosity during compaction (0.7 to 51.4 %). Volume balance (2.612.5 % solid to liquid conversion) supported the increase in porosity experienced (1.5-6.4 %) by samples after compaction. The limitation of the effective stress approach to predict porosity increase during compaction was
GABAA receptor subunits in the human amygdala and hippocampus: Immunohistochemical distribution of 7 subunits

GABAergic neurotransmission in the amygdala contributes to the regulation of emotional processes in anxiety, stress, reward, mnestic functions, addiction, and epilepsy. Species‐specific differences in the distribution and composition of GABAA receptors may account for distinct effects and side‐effects of GABAergic agents. However, data on the distribution and composition of GABAA receptors in the human amygdala are lacking. Here, the expression of GABAA receptor subunits α1, α2, α3, α5, β2, β2/3, and γ2 was studied in the human amygdala using immunohistochemistry. Hippocampi were evaluated as a reference structure. Neuronal counts and field fraction analyses were performed, and subcellular expression of GABAA receptor subunits was analyzed semiquantitatively. In the amygdala, field fraction analyses showed the highest α1 expression in the lateral nucleus (La), whereas α3 was prominent in intercalated nuclei (IC), and α5 and γ2 in the cortical nuclei, and amygdalo‐hippocampal/parahippocampal‐amygdala transition areas. In the hippocampus, α1 and α3 were accentuated in the dentate gyrus, CA1 region, and subiculum, whereas α5 expression was rather uniform. In both regions, α2 was homogenously distributed, and the two β subunits and γ2 showed faint immunostaining. The intensity of subunit expression also varied in the neuropil, neuronal somata, and/or cellular processes in the subregions. GABAA receptors containing subunit α1, showing the strongest expression in the La, and α3, with the strongest expression in the IC and subiculum, could be targets for treating amygdala‐related disorders. Differences in GABAA receptor subunit expression between the human and rodent amygdala should be taken into consideration when developing subunit‐selective drugs.
Socio-demographic and economic determinants of adherence to iron intake among pregnant women in selected low and lower middle income countries in Asia: insights from a cross-country analyses of global demographic and health surveys

Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children worldwide (2011 estimates). Anaemia is defined as reduced haemoglobin concentration. Among children, it has a known association with increased peri-natal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, impaired mental development, impaired immune competence, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and decreased performance at work. Anaemia is a problem affecting both developing and developed countries with major consequences for human ABSTRACT
Dichloroacetate exerts therapeutic effects in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease

Dichloroacetate (DCA) stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) activity and lowers cerebral lactate concentrations. In the R6/2 and N171‐82Q transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD), DCA significantly increased survival, improved motor function, delayed loss of body weight, attenuated the development of striatal neuron atrophy, and prevented diabetes. The percentage of PDHC in the active form was significantly reduced in R6/2 mice at 12 weeks of age, and DCA ameliorated the deficit. These results provide further evidence for a role of energy dysfunction in HD pathogenesis and suggest that DCA may exert therapeutic benefits in HD.
Probability of Detection Functions of Polarization-MIMO Systems in Random-LOS

We derive the probability of detection functions of 1- and 2-bitstreams for polarization multiple-input multiple-output antenna systems in random line-of-sight propagation conditions. The derivations are produced assuming that the angle-of-arrival of the field impinging at the receive antenna is fixed. Hence, randomness is only due to the direction of polarization of the incident field relative to the polarization of the far-field of the receiver antenna. Also, a general analytical orthogonalization transformation matrix has been derived for far-field functions of arbitrary dual-polarized antennas and used in the probability of detection derivations. Analytical results are obtained for the maximum ratio combining receiver diversity and the zero-forcing multiplexing receiver algorithms. These results provide a practical prediction tool of the impact of antennas on system performance due to polarization deficiencies of analytical, measured or simulated radiation field patterns of dual polarized antennas. This is illustrated by the provided numerical examples.
Molecular analysis in Japanese patients with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease: DGGE analysis for PMP22, MPZ, and Cx32/GJB1 mutations

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) is a heterogeneous disorder and is traditionally classified into two major types, CMT type 1 (CMT1) and CMT type 2 (CMT2). Most CMT1 patients are associated with the duplication of 17p11.2‐p12 (CMT1A duplication) and small numbers of patients have mutations of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22), myelin protein zero (MPZ), connexin 32 (Cx32/GJB1), and early growth response 2 (EGR2) genes. Some mutations of MPZ and Cx32 were also associated with the clinical CMT2 phenotype. We constructed denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis as a screening method for PMP22, MPZ, and Cx32 mutations and studied 161 CMT patients without CMT1A duplication. We detected 27 mutations of three genes including 15 novel mutations; six of PMP22, three of MPZ, and six of Cx32. We finally identified 21 causative mutations in 22 unrelated patients and five polymorphic mutations. Eighteen of 22 patients carrying PMP22, MPZ, or Cx32 mutations presented with CMT1 and four of them with MPZ or Cx32 mutations presented with the CMT2 phenotype. DGGE analysis was sensitive for screening for those gene mutations, but causative gene mutation was not identified in many of the Japanese patients with CMT, especially with CMT1. Other candidate genes should be studied to elucidate the genetic basis of Japanese CMT patients. Hum Mutat 20:392–398, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical manifestations of HLA-B27-positive acute anterior uveitis in Chinese.

One hundred and seventeen consecutively detected Chinese patients, 100 males and 17 females, with HLA-B27-Positive acute anterior uveitis (AAU) were studied in the uveitis clinic at the National Yang-Ming Medical College and Veterans General Hospital during a 3-year period from January 1984 to December 1986. The ages of onset of uveitis ranged from 8 to 76 years and averaged 38.2, with most of them (63.8%) distributed between 30 and 59 years and a peak incidence in the thirties. Of the 137 uveitis attacks observed during the follow-up, 60.6% manifested as serous iridocyclitis and 39.4% highly fibrinous. Mutton-fat keratic precipitates were never noted. Of the 117 patients, 78 (66.7%) had recurrent uveitis attacks. The average interval between successive attacks was longer than 1.5 years in 50 (64.1%) of the 78 patients. All patients were unilaterally involved in an AAU attack. Of the 78 patients with recurrent uveitis attacks, 25.6% had an ipsilateral eye suffering from uveitis attacks and 74.4% had uveitis attacks involving either eye. In viewing the distribution of AAU attacks, a significant monthly variation was found (p less than 0.0001) with the highest incidence from December to March. Posterior synechiae and cataract were the most common two persistent ocular complications, which were present in 31.4% and 14.3% of the diseased eyes respectively. The visual prognosis was generally good with 90.3% of the diseased eyes having a visual acuity better than 0.5. 2+ Among the 117 patients, 75.2% had an association with seronegative spondylarthropathies, which included ankylosing spondylitis (50.4%), probable ankylosing spondylitis (6.8%), Reiter's disease (12.0%), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (4.3%) and psoriatic arthropathy (1.7%). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
National Dissemination of Chronic Disease Self-Management Education Programs: An Incremental Examination of Delivery Characteristics

With a near 20-year developmental history as an evidence-based program, the suite of Chronic Disease Self-Management Education (CDSME) programs were selected in 2010 for grand-scale dissemination in a federally supported initiative to improve the health of older Americans. The primary charge of this national effort was to establish a sustainable program delivery system for empowering American adults with one or more chronic conditions to better manage their health. The current study focused on a series of dissemination and implementation science research questions to: (1) examine the geographic distribution of participation in this initiative across the Unites States; (2) describe workshop characteristics engaged to reach program participants in various settings; and (3) describe personal characteristics of the first 100,000 participants. Each subsequent entering cohort was descriptively examined to indicate whether there was constancy or change in delivery sites and populations reached over time. Findings show a strengthening of the workshop delivery infrastructure in that it took 9.4 months to reach the first 25,000 participants in 853 counties compared to 5.4 months to reach the last 25,000 participants in 1,109 counties. The workshop delivery characteristics and participant characteristics remained relatively consistent across increments of 25,000 participants reached, although general trends were observed for some variables. For example, after reaching the first 25,000 participants, subsequent groups of 25,000 participants were reached more quickly. Additionally, workshops were increasingly delivered in ZIP Codes with higher percentages of families residing below the federal poverty line. As more participants were reached, more participants with chronic conditions were enrolled. This national translational study illustrates the rapid expansion of CDSME programs throughout the United States and capability to reach diverse populations in a variety of settings.
From Code to Design: A Reverse Engineering Approach

Understanding existing pieces of software is a challenge faced by many software developers regardless of their experience. This project researches into existing reverse engineering tools used for code comprehension and identifies the limitations of the current approaches. Furthermore, a prototype implementation was developed to extract design models from available source code in order to achieve better program comprehension. The design and implementation of the model extraction tool were defined, with a focus on Java systems and an agile methodology. This tool was realised by extending the existing open source diagrammatic software, UMLet, with a set of features to aid in code comprehension. Finally, the prototype implementation was evaluated against the related tools in the field as well as by a group of professional experts.
Treatment options for hydroxyurea‐refractory disease complications in myeloproliferative neoplasms: JAK2 inhibitors, radiotherapy, splenectomy and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Clinical care of patients with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis (MF) requires not only a broad understanding of general treatment principles but also familiarity with the management of hydroxyurea‐refractory disease complications. The latter include progressive splenomegaly, symptomatic portal hypertension (e.g. ascites, variceal bleeding), pulmonary hypertension, bone pain, intractable pruritus, constitutional symptoms (e.g. fatigue, night sweats) and cachexia (i.e. loss of lean body mass, general ill health, poor appetite). Some of these symptoms are directly or indirectly related to extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) and others to proinflammatory cytokine excess. Results from recent clinical trials of JAK inhibitors suggest remarkable activity in MF‐associated constitutional symptoms, cachexia, pruritus and hydroxyurea‐refractory splenomegaly. Involved‐field radiotherapy is best utilized in the setting of EMH‐associated symptoms, including ascites, bone (extremity) pain and pulmonary hypertension. Splenectomy is indicated in the presence of drug‐refractory splenomegaly and frequent red cell transfusion requirement. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is used to alleviate symptoms of portal hypertension.
Shock Therapy: A Bootstrap for Hyper-Productive Scrum

A properly implemented Scrum framework enforces a few simple constraints that cause a team to self-organize into a state that achieves 5 to 10 times waterfall performance. Yet the majority of Scrum teams never achieve this design goal. Teams do not know how to sequence work to deliver working software at the end of a sprint. They do not know how to work with a Product Owner to get the backlog in a ready state before bringing it into a sprint and do not know how to self-organize into a hyper-productive state during a sprint. A pattern is emerging at MySpace in California and Jayway in Sweden, for bootstrapping high performing Scrum teams. Rigorous implementation of Scrum by an experienced coach creates a total immersion experience akin to Shock Therapy. Teams are trained on exactly how to implement Scrum with no deviations for several sprints. These teams consistently achieve better than 240% improvement in velocity within a few weeks. They are then able to self-organize on their own to continue to improve performance. For many developers and managers, the experience is a wake up call to agile awareness. Unfortunately, management tends to disrupt hyper-productive teams by disabling key constraints in the Scrum framework. Team velocity then falls back into mediocrity. Velocity data is provided on five hyper-productive teams at MySpace and one team at Jayway. In all but one case, management “killed the golden goose. ”
Expressive Power and Approximation Errors of Restricted Boltzmann Machines

We present explicit classes of probability distributions that can be learned by Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) depending on the number of units that they contain, and which are representative for the expressive power of the model. We use this to show that the maximal Kullback-Leibler divergence to the RBM model with n visible and m hidden units is bounded from above by (n – 1) – log(m + 1). In this way we can specify the number of hidden units that guarantees a sufficiently rich model containing different classes of distributions and respecting a given error tolerance.
A 5-MHz 11-Bit Self-Oscillating  $\Sigma\Delta$ Modulator With a Delay-Based Phase Shifter in 0.025 mm$^2$

Self-oscillating ΣΔ modulators are a class of ΣΔ modulators that combines noise shaping with pulsewidth modulation (PWM). Moreover, in such a modulator, the PWM carrier is generated by a self-oscillation mode that is deliberately introduced. In our approach, this self-oscillation is accurately controlled by a digital delay in the feedback loop. The concept is elaborated for a second-order self-oscillating ΣΔ modulator with 5-MHz bandwidth. Here, the clock frequency equals 850 MHz, but the loop only has to process signals that are maximally at the self-oscillation frequency (at 106.25 MHz). An additional key element in this design is the use of a feedback FIRDAC which reduces the jitter sensitivity and further relaxes the slewing requirements of the first opamp in the loop. The prototype modulator is fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS process and achieves a dynamic range of 66 dB. Due to the simplicity of the circuit, the modulator core area is only 0.025 mm2. The power consumption of the modulator is 6 mW.
Empirical genomewide significance levels established by whole genome simulations

The advent of high‐resolution genetic maps and semiautomated genotyping technology has opened the way for genome screening in genetically complex traits. Many such screens are now under way, or completed, most using multipoint nonparametric linkage analysis of affected sibling pairs. This type of linkage analysis uses all the available genotype information to calculate the maximum lod score (MLS) value at each point in the genome, and thereby generates MLS profiles along each chromosome. Any positive MLS values indicate potential linkage, but the peaks in these profiles, which may be referred to as “hits,” identify the most likely locations of disease susceptibility genes. However, such analysis presents serious problems of multiple testing, and the assessment of the statistical significance of hits has become a contentious issue [Lander and Kruglyak (1995) Nat Genet 11:241–247; Curtis (1996) Nat Genet 12:356–357; Witte et al. (1996) Nat Genet 12:355–356]. Having recently completed a genome screen in multiple sclerosis, we decided to investigate the statistical properties of our study by simulation. We report here in detail the results of this simulation study. Our main conclusion is that, for the particular set of families and markers used in our screen, an MLS of 3.2 carries a genome‐wide significance of 5% (that is, there is a 5% probability of observing at least one false hit, above this threshold in a complete genome screen). This value is closer to the familiar limit of 3.0, originally suggested by Morton [1955; Am J Hum Genet 7:277–318] than to the more stringent limit of 4.0 recently proposed by Lander and Kruglyak [1995; Nat Genet 11:241–247]. This is somewhat reassuring, in view of the very large sample sizes that would be necessary to achieve adequate power to detect linkage at the more stringent threshold. Genet. Epidemiol. 14:223–229,1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stages of Diversification

This Paper studies the evolution of sectoral labour concentration in relation to the level of per capita income. We show that various measures of sectoral concentration follow a U-shaped pattern across a wide variety of data sources: countries first diversify, in the sense that labour is spread more equally across sectors, but there exists, relatively late in the development process, a point at which they start to specialize again. We introduce a model with endogenous costs of trading internationally that provides an explanation for this new empirical fact. The model highlights a trade-off between the benefits of diversification in the context of high trading costs, and the benefits of specialization in a Ricardian sense.
Active motor babbling for sensorimotor learning

For a complex autonomous robotic system such as a humanoid robot, motor-babbling-based sensorimotor learning is considered an effective method to develop an internal model of the self-body and the environment autonomously. In this paper, we propose a method of sensorimotor learning and evaluate it performance in active learning. The proposed model is characterized by a function we call the “confidence”, and is a measure of the reliability of state prediction and control. The confidence for the state can be a good measure to bias the next exploration strategy of data sampling, and to direct its attention to areas in the state domain less reliably predicted and controlled. We consider the confidence function to be a first step toward an active behavior design for autonomous environment adaptation. The approach was experimentally validated using the humanoid robot James.
High-level synthesis for orthogonal scan

Scan paths are commonly used in digital design to improve the testability of sequential circuits since a full scan path provides complete controllability and observability for every bistable element. A traditional scan path is implemented after the circuit has been designed, with little regard to the actual circuit function. High-level synthesis can exploit knowledge of the circuit function to synthesize a scannable circuit that has less area overhead than a circuit that has scan inserted after synthesis. In this paper, we discuss how synthesis algorithms that target orthogonal scan can result in final designs that are fully scanned and have as little as one-third the overhead of a traditional scan path.