Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEGRA: a very fast general area router for multichip modules

We present a very fast area router for multichip module (MCM) design. Given a set of nets and a routing area, the router repeatedly selects two layers from top to bottom and routes as many nets as possible until all the nets are routed. The router uses a line sweep technique and a simple net selection algorithm. By employing efficient data structures and a novel priority scheme, the routing can be completed in time almost proportional to the size of the routing area. When applied to the benchmark circuits, the proposed router generated comparable routing results 23 times faster on the average than the previously reported fastest and effective router. When compared with the previously reported best routing result achiever, our router produced slightly worse results but ran 102 times faster on the average. Its effectiveness and ultra fast computation time make this router ideally suited for the next generation of large scale MCM designs.
Cytohistological discrepancies of cervico-vaginal smears and HPV status.

OBJECTIVES Discrepancies between abnormal cervical cytology or high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) status (cytolo-gy negative/HPV positive) and subsequent histological findings are a common occurrence. After using co-testing, the dis-crepancies between the HR-HPV status and cervical cytology have become an issue. In this study, we aimed to determine the characteristics of women with a discrepancy between histology and cytology/HR-HPV status, in terms of diagnosis, review and identification. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 52 women, patients of the University Hospital between 2013-2015, with cytohistologi-cal or HR-HPV status discrepancy were recruited for the study and retrospectively analyzed. The cytological samples were liquid-based Pap smears, classified according to the 2001 Bethesda system. The HR-HPV status was identified using the Hybrid Capture 2 HR-HPV DNA assay. The histological samples were obtained by cervical biopsy as well as large loop exci-sion of the transformation zone (LLETZ). RESULTS A cytohistological discrepancy was demonstrated in patients with (-)cytology/HR-HPV(+), ASCUS, LSIL, ASC-H, HSIL, AGC-NOS: 17.3%, 23.07%, 26.9%, 9.5%, 17.3% and 5.7%, respectively. When the degree of atypia in cytology increases, the concurrency of cervical cytology with biopsy also increases. A positive HR-HPV co-test result (19/24, 79.1%) was observed in nearly all CIN2 ≥ (+) cases. Our study emphasizes the significance of HR-HPV testing to determine CIN2 ≥ (+) cases, even in the presence of a normal cytological result. CONCLUSIONS In case of cytohistological or HR-HPV discrepancies, a careful review of the HR-HPV status and the degree of cytological atypia should be performed before further intervention.
Children's social competence and nonverbal encoding and decoding of emotions.

Identified thirty-three 9- to 12-year-olds with above- or below-average levels of social competence on the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist and tested their encoding accuracy (i.e., the degree to which others could assess their facial expressions when the children were exposed to a series of affect-inducing film clips). The clips were chosen for their effectiveness at evoking five primary categories of emotion: anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, and combined fear/surprise. We also assessed subjects' ability at decoding the facial expressions of a sample group of stimulus persons. Girls with high social competence were more accurate at encoding and decoding than their less competent, same-sex peers; boys showed little difference according to their level of social competence.
PLCγ2 regulates Bcl‐2 levels and is required for survival rather than differentiation of marginal zone and follicular B cells

B cells from phospholipase C (PLC)γ2‐deficient mice express reduced levels of the pro‐survival protein Bcl‐2 and show a defect in the development of transitional T3 and marginal zone (MZ) B cells that reflects reduced B cell survival. Introduction of a bcl‐2 transgene restored the numbers of MZ, T3 and follicular B cells in PLCγ2–/– mice. Restricting the B cell repertoire in PLCγ2‐deficient mice by the introduction of a BCR transgene resulted in a striking reduction in the number of IgM‐positive B cells and a paucity of IgD‐expressing cells in the spleen which was also rescued by the bcl‐2 transgene. BCR‐stimulated ERK and IκBα phosphorylation were PLCγ2 dependent, while calcium flux was reduced, but not abrogated, in the absence of PLCγ2, suggesting an ancillary role for PLCγ1. The bcl‐2 transgene rescued development of PLCγ2–/– B cells and serum IgM levels but did not restore BCR‐mediated signaling, proliferation or serum IgG3 levels. These data suggest that PLCγ2 performs a critical role in B cell development through regulation of survival rather than differentiation.
Development of a Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale for Turkish Adolescents

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale (PMPUS) for Turkish Adolescents. The psychometric properties of PMPUS were tested in two separate sample groups that consisted of 950 Turkish high school students. The first sample group (n=309) was used to determine the factor structure of the scale. The second sample group (n=461) was used to test data conformity with the identified structure, discriminant validity and concurrent scale validity, internal consistency reliability calculations, and item statistics calculations. The results of exploratory factor analyses indicated that the scale had three factors: interference with negative effect, compulsion/persistence, and withdrawal/tolerance. The results showed that item and construct reliability values yielded satisfactory rates in general for the three-factor construct. On the other hand, the average variance extracted value remained below the scale value for three subscales. The scores for the scale significantly correlated with depression and loneliness. In addition, the discriminant validity value was above the scale in all sub-dimensions except one. Based on these data, the reliability of the PMPUS scale appears to be satisfactory and provides good internal consistency. Therefore, with limited exception, the PMPUS was found to be reliable and valid in the context of Turkish adolescents.
Btk-dependent Rac activation and actin rearrangement following FcεRI aggregation promotes enhanced chemotactic responses of mast cells

Mast cells infiltrate the sites of inflammation associated with chronic atopic disease and during helminth and bacterial infection. This process requires receptor-mediated cell chemotaxis across a concentration gradient of their chemotactic ligands. In vivo, mast cells are likely to be exposed to several such agents, which can cooperate in a synergistic manner to regulate mast cell homing. Here, we report that chemotaxis of mouse bone-marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) in response to the chemoattractants stem-cell factor (SCF) and prostaglandin (PG)E2, is substantially enhanced following antigen-dependent ligation of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). These responses were associated with enhanced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and downstream activation of the tyrosine protein kinase Btk, with subsequent enhanced phospholipase (PL)Cγ-mediated Ca2+ mobilization, Rac activation and F-actin rearrangement. Antigen-induced chemotaxis, and the ability of antigen to amplify responses mediated by SCF, adenosine and PGE2 were suppressed following inhibition of PI3K, and were impaired in BMMCs derived from Btk−/− mice. There were corresponding decreases in the PLCγ-mediated Ca2+ signal, Rac activation and F-actin rearrangement, which, as they are essential for BMMC chemotaxis, accounts for the impaired migration of Btk-deficient cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that, by regulating signaling pathways that control F-actin rearrangement, Btk is crucial for the ability of antigen to amplify mast-cell chemotactic responses.
Using Coverage Information to Predict the Cost-Effectiveness of Regression Testing Strategies

Selective regression testing strategies attempt to choose an appropriate subset of test cases from among a previously run test suite for a software system, based on information about the changes made to the system to create new versions. Although there has been a significant amount of research in recent years on the design of such strategies, there has been very little investigation of their cost-effectiveness. The paper presents some computationally efficient predictors of the cost-effectiveness of the two main classes of selective regression testing approaches. These predictors are computed from data about the coverage relationship between the system under test and its test suite. The paper then describes case studies in which these predictors were used to predict the cost-effectiveness of applying two different regression testing strategies to two software systems. In one case study, the TESTTUBE method selected an average of 88.1 percent of the available test cases in each version, while the predictor predicted that 87.3 percent of the test cases would be selected on average.
Nation-States Confront the Global: Discourses of Indigenous Rights in Fiji and Tanzania

How do global issue constructions serve as resources for actors engaged in domestic political contention, and what does the appropriation of global ideas by domestic actors imply about the spread of global culture? To contribute to knowledge about conflict-based diffusion of global ideas, we examine the histories of global constructions of indigenous rights and national debates about indigenous rights in Fiji and Tanzania. While global models of indigenous rights emphasize self-determination for nondominant, culturally distinct groups at risk from the nation-state, advocates for indigenization policies in Fiji and Tanzania have argued for state policies to entrench political and economic rights for majority or near-majority groups that were well integrated into the nation-state. Although transnationally connected indigenous rights organizations have a greater presence in Tanzania than in Fiji, actors in Fiji remain more engaged with changes in international indigenous rights discourse than their counterparts in Tanzania. This difference reflects variations in the leverage global culture offered in the two cases because of its externality to national political debates. In Fiji, actors appropriated global culture as a means to internationalize a domestic dispute, while in Tanzania the impetus for indigenization came from global economic pressures. Our findings imply that conflict-based diffusion concentrates agency with respect to the use of global legal discourses in domestic actors rather than the globally connected actors and experts who carry global culture in consensus-based diffusion.
The effect of folder structure on personal file navigation

Folder navigation is the main way that personal computer users retrieve their own files. People dedicate considerable time to creating systematic structures to facilitate such retrieval. Despite the prevalence of both manual organization and navigation, there is very little systematic data about how people actually carry out navigation, or about the relation between organization structure and retrieval parameters. The aims of our research were therefore to study users' folder structure, personal file navigation, and the relations between them. We asked 296 participants to retrieve a total of 1,131 of their active files and analyzed each of the 5,035 navigation steps in these retrievals. Folder structures were found to be shallow (files were retrieved from mean depth of 2.86 folders), with small folders (a mean of 11.82 files per folder) containing many subfolders ( M = 10.64). Navigation was largely successful and efficient with participants successfully accessing 94% of their files and taking 14.76 seconds to do this on average. Retrieval time and success depended on folder size and depth. We therefore found users' decision to avoid both deep structure and large folders to be adaptive. Finally, we used a predictive model to formulate the effect of folder depth and folder size on retrieval time, and suggested an optimization point in this trade-off.
Is Asynchronous Logic More Robust Than Synchronous Logic?

With clock rates beyond 1 GHz, the model of a system wide synchronous clock is becoming difficult to maintain; therefore, asynchronous design styles are increasingly receiving attention. While the traditional synchronous design style is well-proven and backed up by a rich field experience, comparatively little is known about the properties of asynchronous circuits in practical application. In the face of increased transient fault rates, robustness is a crucial property, and from a conceptual view, the so-called ldquodelay-insensitiverdquo asynchronous design approaches promise to be more robust than synchronous ones, since their operation does not depend on tight timing margins, and data are two-rail coded. A practical assessment of asynchronous designs in fault-injection (FI) studies, however, can rarely be found, and there is a lack of adequate methods and tools in this particular domain. Therefore, the objective of this work is 1) to provide a common approach for efficient and accurate FI in synchronous and in asynchronous designs, and 2) to experimentally compare the robustness of both synchronous and asynchronous designs. To this end, a synchronous 16-bit processor as well as its asynchronous (delay insensitive) equivalent are subjected to signal flips and delay faults. The results of over 489 million experiments are summarized and discussed, and a detailed discussion on the specific properties of the chosen asynchronous design style is given.
Moving relationships: family ties of Nigerian migrants on their way to Europe

Abstract This article deals with family dynamics in the context of Nigerian female migration to Spain. The main reason for migrating to Europe mentioned by Nigerian women is the desire to support their families back home. For those who travel to Europe overland it means being on the road for months or even several years. In this transitional stage, new and often highly provisional relationships develop, and many female migrants get pregnant. Although their (unborn) children are neither the result of relationships based on mutual consent nor planned, they nonetheless may play a crucial role to proceed with the journey. Their children represent a kind of protection due to tightened migration laws on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar, thereby reducing the risk of being deported. Being mostly single mothers, soon after reaching Spain the young women take on the role of double breadwinners. On the one hand, they have to support their relatives in Nigeria. On the other hand, they have to provide for their children born in Morocco or Spain. By looking into their ties to children, husbands, and the family of origin, this article analyzes these new forms of family relationships that span from the country of origin to the transit country and the country of migration.
The Roles of Institutional Cultures and Decision Approaches in Promoting Organizational Effectiveness in Two-Year Colleges.

The effectiveness of a college or university is a function of how it responds to external forces and internal pressures in fulfilling its educational mission. Most of the research on institutional effectiveness has focused on four-year institutions. Yet, two-year institutions comprise the single largest institutional sector of American higher education with over twelve hundred of these institutions serving more than five million students (Pincus & Archer, 1989). This article focuses on the organizational effectiveness of two-year colleges.
In situ submicron organic aerosol characterization at a boreal forest research station during HUMPPA-COPEC 2010 using soft and hard ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract. The chemical composition of submicron aerosol during the comprehensive field campaign HUMPPA-COPEC 2010 at Hyytiala, Finland, is presented. The focus lies on online measurements of organic acids, which were achieved by using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS). These measurements were accompanied by aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of filter samples, all showing a high degree of correlation. The soft ionization mass spectrometer alternated between gas-phase measurements solely and measuring the sum of gas and particle phase. The AMS measurements of C, H and O elemental composition show that the aerosol during the campaign was highly oxidized, which appears reasonable due to high and prolonged radiation during the boreal summer measurement period as well as the long transport times of some of the aerosol. In order to contrast ambient and laboratory aerosol, an average organic acid pattern, measured by APCI-IT-MS during the campaign, was compared to terpene ozonolysis products in a laboratory reaction chamber. Identification of single organic acid species remains a major challenge due to the complexity of the boreal forest aerosol. Unambiguous online species identification was attempted by the combinatorial approach of identifying unique fragments in the MS 2 mode of standards, and then comparing these results with MS 2 field spectra. During the campaign, unique fragments of limonene-derived organic acids (limonic acid and ketolimononic acid) and of the biomass burning tracer vanillic acid were detected. Other specific fragments (neutral loss of 28 Da) in the MS 2 suggest the occurrence of semialdehydes. Furthermore, an approach to determine the average molecular weight of the aerosol is presented. The campaign average organic molecular weight was determined to be 300 g mol −1 . However, a plume of aged biomass burning aerosol, arriving at Hyytiala from Russia, contained organic compounds up to 800 Da ( MW om a450 g mol −1 ), showing that the average molecular weight can vary significantly. The high measurement frequency of both AMS and APCI-IT-MS enabled the partitioning of selected organic acids between gas and particle phase as a function of the total particulate mass to be quantified. Surprisingly high fractions of the higher molecular weight organic acids were observed to reside in the gas phase. These observations might be a consequence of large equilibration timescales for semi-solid boreal forest aerosol, as has been recently hypothesized by Shiraiwa and Seinfeld (2012).
Teacher educators working on their own professional development: goals, activities and outcomes of a project for the professional development of teacher educators

This article reports on the professional development of teacher educators within the context of a national project, ‘Professional Quality of Teacher Educators,’ where a professional standard and a standards‐based procedure of (self‐)assessment and professional development have been created and effectively implemented. This project offered a unique opportunity to analyze the goals, activities and outcomes of the process of professional development of teacher educators in a situation in which this development is promoted by the professional group as a whole. In our research, we used 25 completed portfolio's made by teacher educators participating in the standards‐based procedure of (self‐)assessment and professional development. We found that teacher educators, participating in this procedure, prefer the development of their knowledge and skills over the development of their attitudes and beliefs. For their professional development, the teacher educators experiment with new activities within the work‐situation and interact with colleagues within their professional community, more than that they study theory or reflect on their work. The participating teacher educators experience a positive impact at the personal level (change in cognition and behavior). More than one‐third of them share outcomes with others. Above, they report a more positive self‐esteem and more enthusiasm for teacher education. This article may motivate other countries or institutions to invest in the professional development of teacher educators. Further research is necessary on the essence of the professional qualities of teacher educators and the relation of their professional development with student learning.
The propagation of errors in experimental data analysis: a comparison of pre- and post-test designs

Experimental designs involving the randomization of cases to treatment and control groups are powerful and under-used in many areas of social science and social policy. This paper reminds readers of the pre- and post-test, and the post-test only, designs, before explaining briefly how measurement errors propagate according to error theory. The substance of the paper involves a series of comparisons using the same measurements, all assumed to have a small initial error, and seeing what would happen to that error in the two different experimental designs. The findings from these calculations and simulations are that although post-test only and pre- and post-test designs yield different ‘manifest’ results with the same data, the substantive conclusions drawn would be similar in most real-life situations. However, if these manifest results are assumed to be in error, stemming from small initial errors in the measurements at pre- and post-test, then these substantive conclusions could be completely wrong. In one example, the pre- and post-test designs propagate an initial maximum measurement error of 10% to an error of over 60,000% in the answer. In general, and perhaps counter-intuitively, the post-test only results are less misleading. The paper ends by summarizing the lessons drawn. The key message is that all other things being equal, the post-test only design is to be preferred. We may also need to use bigger samples, and more strictly accurate measures, capable of objective calibration focus on seeking larger effect sizes.
OsTIR1 and OsAFB2 Downregulation via OsmiR393 Overexpression Leads to More Tillers, Early Flowering and Less Tolerance to Salt and Drought in Rice

The microRNA miR393 has been shown to play a role in plant development and in the stress response by targeting mRNAs that code for the auxin receptors in Arabidopsis. In this study, we verified that two rice auxin receptor gene homologs (OsTIR1 and OsAFB2) could be targeted by OsmiR393 (Os for Oryza sativa). Two new phenotypes (increased tillers and early flowering) and two previously observed phenotypes (reduced tolerance to salt and drought and hyposensitivity to auxin) were observed in the OsmiR393-overexpressing rice plants. The OsmiR393-overexpressing rice demonstrated hyposensitivity to synthetic auxin-analog treatments. These data indicated that the phenotypes of OsmiR393-overexpressing rice may be caused through hyposensitivity to the auxin signal by reduced expression of two auxin receptor genes (OsTIR1 and OsAFB2). The expression of an auxin transporter (OsAUX1) and a tillering inhibitor (OsTB1) were downregulated by overexpression of OsmiR393, which suggested that a gene chain from OsmiR393 to rice tillering may be from OsTIR1 and OsAFB2 to OsAUX1, which affected the transportation of auxin, then to OsTB1, which finally controlled tillering. The positive phenotypes (increased tillers and early flowering) and negative phenotypes (reduced tolerance to salt and hyposensitivity to auxin) of OsmiR393-overexpressing rice present a dilemma for molecular breeding.