Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Long Run Consequences of Graduating during a Recession: Return to Education and Business Cycle in Argentina

This paper aims at measuring the long term impact of graduating in a depressed economic environment. Using the Encuesta permanente de hogares , an Argentinian database collected between 1995 and 2012, I focus on a subsample of active working age males that were born in Argentina and graduated between 1995 and 2011. I estimate the effects of both national and regional economic situation on their labor market outcomes. Since timing and location of graduation may be influenced by the business cycle, I additionally implement a double selection model. Similarly to studies on industrialized countries, I find that initial poor economic opportunities do matter in future labor market outcomes. OLS estimations suggests that a 1 pp. higher unemployment rate at time of graduation decreases by 0.6 pp. the probability of being employed in t and a 2.3 to 3.6 % decrease in labor earnings. Controlling for sequential selection into the labor market/into the next schooling level, the results are multiplied by 2, suggesting a strong positive selection into the labor market in times of crisis, biasing downward the OLS results.
Communication in Fast Food Organizations

The purpose of this study is to examine the activities associated with the day- to-day communications in fast food chain restaurants. Special attention will focus on the "manager/employee" relationships, and "employee/employee" interaction. Specific objectives of the study include: 1. Identify the "manager/employee" relationship and relate it to modern organization theory. 2. Study the process or systems that are used to produce the menu items and relate this to communication networks and their effect on the organization. 3. Observe the type of organizational structure and relate it to the operational climate in the restaurant.
Molecular epidemiology of human papillomavirus genotype in women with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervical cancer: Will a quadrivalent vaccine be necessary in Thailand?

This study was designed to investigate the distribution of human papilomavirus (HPV) genotypes among a group of patients with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or worse cytology. Consequently, the genotype‐specific HPV infection in a group of HSIL and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) samples was described. Specimens were collected prospectively from 132 women referred for colposcopic examination. All the women underwent Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and colposcopies and some also underwent cervical excision procedure biopsy. The HPV genotype was determined using the INNO‐LiPA assay. Among the 132 genotyped samples, 90.91% (120/132) were diagnosed HSIL, whereas 9.09% (12/132) were ICC. From the overall prevalence of HPV in the patients, 77.27% (102/132) and 22.72% (30/132) of cases had single and multiple genotype infections, respectively. The most common cases with statistical significance were high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) infections in 128 samples (96.97%), whereas, four individuals (3.03%) barely were low‐risk HPV (LR‐HPV) infected, P < 0.0001, χ2. The most prevalent genotypes were frequently HPV‐16 (65/167; 38.92%, followed by HPV‐58 (25/167; 14.97%), HPV‐18 (18/167; 10.78%), HPV‐33 (13/167; 7.19%), and HPV‐68 (11/167; 6.59%). In addition, HPV‐11 (2/132; 1.51%) and HPV‐6 (1/132; 0.76%) also were observed in this study, which confirmed the high distribution of HR‐HPV among women with HSIL and ICC. HPV‐58; a unique high‐risk HPV, is prevalent in a group of HSIL and ICC cases. These data also contribute evidence that HPV‐16, ‐18, ‐58, ‐33, and ‐68 genotypes are high‐risk and high distribution among women with HSIL and ICC. Therefore, HPV‐58, HPV‐33, and HPV‐68 should be considered for development of the next vaccine generation in Thailand. J. Med. Virol. 83:119–126, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrating Ethics into International Business Teaching: Challenges and Methodologies in the Greater China Context

This paper examines the process of integrating ethics into the teaching of international business within the Greater China region. An example of how ethics is integrated into a required undergraduate international business course at a Hong Kong based university is presented. The contextual challenges of developing a course for use in the Greater China region and aimed at local Chinese students are considered. The paper presents a modified ‘learning outcomes based’ framework for integration of an international business ethics component to a business program within Greater China, along with practical suggestions and advice on how such a course can be introduced.
Comparison between DP and MBNQA: convergence and divergence over time

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the commonalities and differences between the Deming Prize (DP) and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA). Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative comparison is made of the changes in the Deming Prize and the MBNQA from 1992 to 2005. In the process, the paper arrives at their current commonalities and differences.Findings – Concludes that during the last 13 years the emphasis of both the Deming Prize and the MBNQA has shifted from technical quality to excellence of all organizational processes. They have moved towards a common understanding of “good leadership” and an appreciation of systems thinking. However, they have maintained their basic difference in the sense that, while inherent in the DP are consulting and guidance by the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) over a longer timeframe, MBNQA begins with a more self‐ assessment approach and is more competitive in spirit. Further, since its inception, while the MBNQA ha.
Peri-Urban Informal Trading in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Women in the Sector (WIIS) in Ruwa

The paper characterises women in the informal sector in the peri-urban settlement by way of a case study of Ruwa. Qualitative methodologies, with a little mix of the positivist approach, were adopted. Forty women engaged in informal sector operations ranging from street (offplot) and on-plot activities were adopted. Challenges that these operators faced were noted as relating to elements (rain, wind, and the sun), service provision, marketing of products, and regulatory forces. It is recommended that all stakeholders dissect common issues and formulate poverty-tolerant strategies that are accommodative of the plight and challenges of the peri-urban women. Critical to note is strength of the will-power and resilience most of the respondents displayed. The most important thing is perhaps of harnessing on this intrinsic virtue to nurture and develop it for local developmental gain.
Utility of Th1-cell immune responses for distinguishing active tuberculosis from non-active tuberculosis: A case-control study

Currently available Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) cannot reliably differentiate active TB (ATB) from non-active TB (non-ATB). A study was performed to evaluate the value of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) specific Th1 cell immune responses which test IFN-γ and IL-2 simultaneous for differentiating ATB from non-ATB. Forty-nine newly diagnosed inpatients with ATB (26 pulmonary TB and 23 extrapulmonary TB) were enrolled as the ATB group. Forty-five volunteers with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and twenty with evidence of previous TB were enrolled during the same period as the non-ATB group. Clinical examination and MTB specific Th1 cell immune responses were performed for all participants. After being stimulated with ESAT-6 and CFP-10, the median frequencies of single IL-2-, single IFN-γ-, and dual IFN-γ/IL-2-secreting T-cells were all higher in the ATB group than in the non-ATB group (20(8–45) vs. 7(3–13), P<0.001;131(44–308) vs. 10(6–27), P<0.001;25(9–74) vs. 7(3–23), P = 0.001, respectively). Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of detecting single IFN-γ-secreting T cells for pulmonary TB employed a cutoff value of 35 iSFCs/250,000 PBMC. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were 92.3%, 80.0%, 64.9%, 96.3%, 4.62, and 0.10, respectively. For extrapulmonary TB, using a cutoff value of 23 iSFCs/ 250,000 PBMC, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, PLR, and NLR were 91.3%, 76.9%, 58.3%, 96.2%, 3.96, and 0.11, respectively. When combining frequencies and proportion of single IFN-γ-secreting T cells, the test sensitivity was 100% in parallel tests and the specificity was 87.7% in serial tests for pulmonary TB. MTB specific Th1 cell immune responses (FluoroSpot) had value for the differentiation of ATB and non-ATB. Further confirmatory studies are indicated.
Accounting history research in Spain, 1996-2001: an introduction

It is dif cult to capture the richness and variety of Spanish research in accounting history over the past  ve years within the space of a short introduction, but we will try to provide here a brief indication.1 It is worth noting, however, that 10 doctoral dissertations addressing accounting history issues have been registered in Spain during the period 1996–2001, and that two young Spanish accounting history scholars (Fernando Gutiérrez in 1994 and Marta Macías in 2001) have received the Richard Vangermeersch Award of The Academy of Accounting Historians. In addition to the doctoral dissertations mentioned above, 135 research pieces on accounting history matters, written in one or other of the Spanish languages (Castillian–Spanish, Catalonian, Basque, Galician), have appeared in Spain during the period 1996–2001. These research pieces embrace articles published in refereed and non-refereed journals, research monographs, book chapters, and presentations to workshops and conferences. It is worthy of note that the vast majority of these pieces (87 per cent) relied on primary, archival sources. Table 1 provides a break-down of these works on accounting history, according to subject or century. A comparison of the results presented in Table 1 with those of Hernández Esteve (1995: 255) for the period 1992–5, reveals that the investigations of Spanish accounting historians are shifting in respect of the time focus of their studies. For example, studies on Pacioli have dropped from 24 per cent to 1 per cent, which can be explained by the huge number of works that were published around 1994 to commemorate the  ve hundredth anniversary of the publication of the Summa. This decrease in the research interest in Pacioli
Upselling or Upsetting? Studies on the Behavioral Consequences of Upsell Offers in Service Encounters

"Would you like to supersize this room? " In many industries, especially in the service sector, consumers are offered the opportunity to revise their initial reservation decision in return for a superior but more expensive product or service option. For instance, when checking in at an airport or hotel counter, consumers are frequently encouraged to reconsider their initial reservation and book a higher-quality but more costly seat or room. This marketing technique is referred to as upselling. Even though upselling attempts are commercially appealing for companies and beneficial for consumers, there is little research on how consumers respond to upsell offers. However, practice and anecdotal evidence suggest that it is not self-evident that the consumer decides in favor of the upsell. As such, one important question that remains to be addressed is what factors drive a consumer's decision in favor or against an upsell offer. While research on sequential decision making and preference reversals may provide initial insights into consumers' behavioral intentions, it does not explicitly examine when and why consumers decide to accept and pay for an upsell offer. Hence, the purpose of this dissertation is to develop a conceptual model of the upselling decision process and to empirically clarify when and why consumers may accept such offers. Drawing on findings from the effort-accuracy framework, goal framing and decision justification theory, the present research develops a theoretical model that argues that the upselling process is best conceptualized as a three-step decision process. The model proposes that extensive initial cognitive effort investments induce a lock-in situation that reduces the willingness to choose the upsell and to pay for it and that this effect is moderated by the goal frame of the upsell offer. In total, four experiments confirm the models' propositions and provide substantial evidence for the mediating role of anticipated inaction regret and decision justifiability. Furthermore, it is tested whether decision delegation to a surrogate shopper such as a travel agent alters these relationships and whether need for justification acts as a boundary condition. The model and research results have important implications for the services and sales literature and suggest that antecedent decisions and associated cognitive effort investments exert a strong influence on subsequent decisions regarding acceptance or refusal of the upsell offer. Thereby, this dissertation contributes to research on selling techniques and identifies managerially important levers on how to successfully manage upsell offers in the service encounter.
Optimal Policies for Assembly Systems: Completing Rosling's Characterization

We study an assembly system with stochastic demand. This is the model studied in Rosling (1989), one of the classic papers in inventory theory, where the optimal policy is characterized as a balanced echelon base-stock policy, assuming that the initial state of the system possesses a certain property referred to as 'long-run balance. ' We characterize the optimal policy starting with any arbitrary initial state, thereby completing the optimal policy description of Rosling (1989). The optimal policy is essentially a balanced echelon base-stock policy again, but with dynamically evolving echelon base-stock levels. We also show that the policy prescribed by Rosling (1989) is still optimal, if the initial echelon inventory positions are non-decreasing in item index, which is a milder condition than the long-run balance assumption and is easy to state and to check.
Continuous Palliative Sedation for Existential Distress? A Survey of Canadian Palliative Care Physicians’ Views

Background: Palliative sedation can be used for refractory symptoms during end-of-life care. However, continuous palliative sedation (CPS) for existential distress remains controversial due to difficulty determining when this distress is refractory. Objectives: The aim was to determine the opinions and practices of Canadian palliative care physicians regarding CPS for existential distress. Methods: A survey focusing on experience and views regarding CPS for existential distress was sent to 322 members of the Canadian Society of Palliative Care Physicians. Results: Eighty-one surveys returned (accessible target, 314), resulting in a response rate of 26%. One third (31%) of the respondents reported providing CPS for existential distress. On a 5-point Likert-type scale, 40% of participants disagreed, while 43% agreed that CPS could be used for existential distress alone. Conclusion: Differing opinions exist regarding this complex and potentially controversial issue, necessitating the education of health-care professionals and increased awareness within the general public.
Team Play with a Powerful and Independent Agent: Operational Experiences and Automation Surprises on the Airbus A-320

Research and operational experience have shown that one of the major problems with pilot-automation interaction is a lack of mode awareness (i.e., the current and future status and behavior of the automation). As a result, pilots sometimes experience so-called automation surprises when the automation takes an unexpected action or fails to behave as anticipated. Alack of mode awareness and automation surprises can be viewed as symptoms of a mismatch between human and machine properties and capabilities. Changes in automation design can therefore be expected to affect the likelihood and nature of problems encountered by pilots. Previous studies have focused exclusively on early generation "glass cockpit" aircraft that were designed based on a similar automation philosophy. To find out whether similar difficulties with maintaining mode awareness are encountered on more advanced aircraft, a corpus of automation surprises was gathered from pilots of the Airbus A-320, an aircraft characterized by high levels of autonomy, authority, and complexity. To understand the underlying reasons for reported breakdowns in human-automation coordination, we also asked pilots about their monitoring strategies and their experiences with and attitude toward the unique design of flight controls on this aircraft.
The Influence of Corporate Governance Structures on Compliance with Mandatory IFRSs Disclosure Requirements in the Jordanian Context

This study examines the impact of corporate governance structures on the levels of compliance with mandatory IFRSs disclosure requirements by companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) as a leading Arab stock exchange. Using a disclosure index derived from mandatory IFRSs disclosure requirements for the fiscal year 2007, this study measures the levels of compliance by a sample of 75 non-financial companies listed on the ASE. This study extends the financial reporting literature and the emerging markets disclosure literature by being one of the first to investigate the influence of corporate governance requirements for best practices on the levels of compliance with mandatory IFRSs disclosure requirements by companies listed on the ASE. Results provide evidence of the lack of influence of corporate governance best practices on the levels of compliance with mandatory IFRSs disclosure requirements as it is not yet part of the cultural values within the Jordanian context. These findings are consistent with the notions of the theoretical foundation employed in this study.
Comparison of the effects of EXP3174, an angiotensin II antagonist and enalaprilat on myocardial infarct size in anaesthetized dogs

1 In order to determine whether the renin‐angiotensin system is involved in myocardial ischaemia‐reperfusion injury, we investigated and compared the effects on infarct size of two different drugs which interfere with this system, i.e., an angiotensin II (AT1) antagonist, EXP3174, and an angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), enalaprilat in a canine model of ischaemia‐reperfusion. 2 EXP3174 (0.1 mg kg−1, i.v. followed by 0.02 mg kg−1 h−1 for 5.5 h) and enalaprilat (0.3 mg kg−1, i.v. followed by 0.06 mg kg−1 h−1 for 5.5 h) were used in doses inducing a similar level of inhibition (87 ± 4 and 91 ± 3%, respectively) of the pressor responses to angiotensin I. Control animals received saline. 3 Infarct size and area at risk were quantified by ex vivo dual coronary perfusion with triphenyltet‐razolium chloride and monastral blue dye. Regional myocardial blood flows (ischaemic and nonischaemic, endocardial, epicardial) were assessed by the radioactive microsphere technique. 4 Both EXP3174 and enalaprilat induced a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure. However, non significant changes in regional myocardial blood flows, whether ischaemic or nonischaemic, were observed after administration of either the ACEI or the AT1 antagonist. 5 The size of the area at risk was similar in the three groups. By direct comparison, there were no significant differences between infarct sizes in the three groups. Furthermore, there was a close inverse relationship between infarct size and transmural mean collateral blood flow in controls, and none of the treatments altered this correlation. Thus, neither EXP3174 nor enalaprilat limited infarct size. 6 These results indicate that activation of the renin‐angiotensin system does not contribute to myocyte death in this canine ischaemia/reperfusion model.
Managerial Lessons From the East: An Interview With Acer's Stan Shih

Executive OverviewIn this interview with Stan Shih, group chairman of iD SoftCapital Group, chairman emeritus of the Acer Group, and co-founder of the ABW (Acer, BenQ, and Wistron) family, we try to get a better understanding of Shih's approach to business, which is neither typically Eastern nor Western. His success offers some timely insights into the kinds of leadership skills needed in a global market.
Incentives, allocation and labour-market reforms during transition: the case of urban China, 1986-1990

Has the reform process in China resulted in the introduction of incentives directed at a more efficient allocation of resources? Using data on individual earnings in urban Liaoning province for the period 1986–1990 and a wage-equation approach, we address this issue in the context of labour-market reforms, focusing specifically on returns to education. Our results indicate that failure to address the issue of endogenous selection of more ‘able’ individuals into state-owned enterprises (SOEs) can severely bias returns downwards. Unlike in SOEs, returns in collective-owned enterprises (COEs) increased, the latter having been allowed to ‘grow out of the plan’ more quickly and subject to more competition in factor and product markets. We conclude that decentralization without competition is unlikely to result in the introduction of an efficient incentive mechanism. The more administratively determined regular wages are one avenue for increased returns. We find evidence of ‘differentiated bonuses’ in COEs, but we cannot reject the hypothesis of ‘bonus sharing’ in SOEs. Reforms which face SOEs with more competitive markets (e.g. reform of in-kind benefits such as housing) should have substantial benefits in terms of a more efficient allocation of labour both within and across enterprises.
Imitation and the Incentive to Contribute Early in a Sequential Public Good Game

Whether motivated by reciprocity or conformity, imitation is common in public good contexts. We consider the incentive for an agent to contribute to a public good if he expects imitation from others. Using a sequential public good game with exogenous ordering, we show that agents early enough in the sequence who believe imitation to be sufficiently likely would want to contribute. By contributing, they expect total contributions to increase significantly. We also show that preferences determine how early an agent need be, that the observed share of imitators in experiments is sufficiently high to warrant contribution and that an increase in group size reduces the incentive to contribute.
The Impact of the Global Crisis on Canada: What Do Macro-Financial Linkages Tell Us?

This paper builds a Bayesian VAR estimation model of growth for Canada, by focusing specifically on the role of external and domestic financial indicators, including credit conditions. A variance decomposition shows that financial conditions explain one-third of the total variability in Canada's real GDP growth, although changes in U.S. real GDP growth still account for a larger share of volatility in Canadian growth. A macro-financial conditions index built from the VAR's impulse responses shows that U.S. real GDP growth and lending standards will increasingly bear on Canada's growth, implying that a normalization of the U.S. economic and financial conditions is key for a sustained recovery in Canada.
Conference Calls and Information Asymmetry

We hypothesize that conference calls are voluntary disclosures that lead to long-term reductions in information asymmetry among equity investors. Cross-sectional and time-series tests show that the level of information asymmetry is negatively associated with conference call activity. We find that firms initiating a policy of holding periodic conference calls experience a sustained reduction in information asymmetry (although one-time callers experience no significant decline in asymmetry). Since prior work has shown that the cost of equity capital is increasing with information asymmetry, our results suggest that firms that hold conference calls more frequently have lower costs of capital.