Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Postmarket Drug Surveillance Without Trial Costs: Discovery of Adverse Drug Reactions Through Large-Scale Analysis of Web Search Queries

Background Postmarket drug safety surveillance largely depends on spontaneous reports by patients and health care providers; hence, less common adverse drug reactions—especially those caused by long-term exposure, multidrug treatments, or those specific to special populations—often elude discovery. Objective Here we propose a low cost, fully automated method for continuous monitoring of adverse drug reactions in single drugs and in combinations thereof, and demonstrate the discovery of heretofore-unknown ones. Methods We used aggregated search data of large populations of Internet users to extract information related to drugs and adverse reactions to them, and correlated these data over time. We further extended our method to identify adverse reactions to combinations of drugs. Results We validated our method by showing high correlations of our findings with known adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, although acute early-onset drug reactions are more likely to be reported to regulatory agencies, we show that less acute later-onset ones are better captured in Web search queries. Conclusions Our method is advantageous in identifying previously unknown adverse drug reactions. These ADRs should be considered as candidates for further scrutiny by medical regulatory authorities, for example, through phase 4 trials.
A Theory of Image Quality: The Image Quality Circle

A theory of image quality, called the Image Quality Circle, is presented and described in detail. It includes many of the well recognized elements of image quality, but arranges them in a way that makes the subject of image quality both understandable and complete. This tutorial report provides a comprehensive description of the underlying assumptions and rationale of the theory. An organizational view of the Image Quality Circle is also provided to facilitate the establishment of image quality goals and specifications.
The Binding Interaction of HMG-1 with the TATA-binding Protein/TATA Complex*

High mobility protein-1 (HMG-1) has been shown to regulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. In the context that it acts as a transcriptional repressor, it binds to the TATA-binding protein (TBP) to form the HMG-1/TBP/TATA complex, which is proposed to inhibit the assembly of the preinitiation complex. By using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we show that the acidic C-terminal domain of HMG-1 and the N terminus of human TBP are the domains that are essential for the formation of a stable HMG-1/TBP/TATA complex. HMG-1 binding increases the affinity of TBP for the TATA element by 20-fold, which is reflected in a significant stimulation of the rate of TBP binding, with little effect on the dissociation rate constant. In support of the binding target of HMG-1 being the N terminus of hTBP, the N-terminal polypeptide of human TBP competes with and inhibits HMG-1/TBP/TATA complex formation. Deletion of segments of the N terminus of human TBP was used to map the region(s) where HMG-1 binds. These findings indicate that interaction of HMG-1 with the Q-tract (amino acids 55–95) in hTBP is primarily responsible for stable complex formation. In addition, HMG-1 and the monoclonal antibody, 1C2, specific to the Q-tract, compete for the same site. Furthermore, calf thymus HMG-1 forms a stable complex with the TBP/TATA complex that contains TBP from either human or Drosophilabut not yeast. This is again consistent with the importance of the Q-tract for this stable interaction and shows that the interaction extends over many species but does not include yeast TBP.
Comparison of the Effects of Antihypertensive Agents on Central Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Isolated Systolic Hypertension

Isolated systolic hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and results primarily from elastic artery stiffening. Although various drug therapies are used to lower peripheral blood pressure (BP) in patients with isolated systolic hypertension, the effects of the 4 major classes of antihypertensive agents on central BP, pulse pressure (PP) amplification, and arterial stiffness in this condition are not clear. Fifty-nine patients over the age of 60 years with untreated isolated systolic hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and diastolic BP ≤90 mm Hg) were randomly assigned to receive 1 of the following 4 antihypertensive agents: perindopril, atenolol, lercanidipine, or bendrofluazide. BP was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, and augmentation index and carotid-femoral (aortic) pulse wave velocity were measured at baseline, after 2 weeks of placebo therapy, and at the end of 10 weeks of active therapy. Peripheral systolic BP and peripheral PP were reduced similarly after treatment with all 4 classes of drug. However, central PP was only reduced significantly by perindopril, lercanidipine, and bendrofluazide, whereas atenolol had no effect. Lercanidipine reduced the augmentation index, whereas atenolol increased it. Aortic pulse wave velocity was not changed by any of the drugs. In summary, despite similar reductions in peripheral systolic and PPs with the 4 classes of drug, changes in central pressure and augmentation index varied. Because central PP and increased wave reflections are considered important risk factors in patients with isolated systolic hypertension, the choice of therapy may be influenced by these findings in the future.
Fine structure of Henneguya hemiodopsis sp. n. (Myxozoa), a parasite of the gills of the Brazilian teleostean fish Hemiodopsis microlepes (Hemiodontidae).

A fish-infecting myxosporean, Henneguya hemiodopsis sp. n. , found infecting the gills of Hemiodopsis microlepis and collected from the Poty River near the city of Teresina, Brazil, was described based on ultrastructural studies. The parasite occurred within large whitish polysporic plasmodia (up to 200 microm in diameter) containing asynchronous developmental sporogonic stages, mainly mature spores. The spores measured 19.7 +/- 0.9 microm in total length (n = 30) and the ellipsoidal spore body was 10.8 +/- 0.5 microm long, 3.3 +/- 0.4 microm wide and 2.5 +/- 0.5 microm thick. The spores were composed of two equal shell valves adhering together along the straight suture line, with each valve having equal-sized caudal tapering tails measuring 8.7 +/- 0.6 microm in length. The spores were surrounded by a thin anastomosed network of microfibrils, more evident on the tails. There were two symmetric elongated bottle-like polar capsules 3.5 +/- 0.3 microm long and 1.0 +/- 0.2 microm wide, each with a polar filament with five to six coils. Given the morphological and ultrastructural differences from previously described parasites and the specificity of the host species, we propose a new species, named H. hemiodopsis sp. n.
Brain-specific protein C activation during carotid artery occlusion in humans.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activation of plasma protein C (PC) zymogen by thrombin-thrombomodulin at the endothelial surface is an important endogenous antithrombotic mechanism. It is unknown whether activated protein C (APC) is generated in vivo in the cerebrovasculature, because there is only limited thrombomodulin expression in human brain vascular endothelium. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that carotid occlusion produces brain-specific PC activation. METHODS Blood samples were simultaneously collected from the ipsilateral internal jugular vein and radial artery before and during carotid cross-clamping and on "de-occlusion" in 8 awake patients undergoing routine carotid endarterectomy. Plasma PC zymogen and circulating APC levels were measured using enzyme immunocapture assay and expressed as percent of pooled plasma controls. RESULTS Internal jugular vein APC levels increased 28% exclusively during carotid occlusion and then decreased 32% with de-occlusion (F=8.1, P<0.005). PC zymogen increased only 5.9% with occlusion (F=6.3, P<0.02), consistent with hemoconcentration. There were no changes in radial artery PC or APC levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate brain-specific protein C activation in humans during carotid occlusion and suggest a protective role for endogenous APC generation during cerebrovascular occlusion.
Prognostic Value of the Prelaryngeal Node in Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma

The role in tumor spread and the prognostic value of metastasis in a prelaryngeal node were investigated in 124 cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma selected from about 900 total laryngectomies and pharyngolaryngectomies. Metastasis in a prelaryngeal node was noted in 26 cases: 22 without capsular rupture (N+) and 4 with capsular rupture (N+R+). Vascular embolism (E+) was never noted. Patients with a metastatic prelaryngeal node had a tumor of the piriform sinus in 13 cases (50 %), a transglottic tumor in 6, glotto-subglottic in 3, glottic in 2 and supraglottic in 2. They also more frequently had involvement of the cervical nodes (81 %) and of the thyroid gland. The 5-year survival in these patients is very poor: only 3 patients (11.5 %) were alive and free of disease. These data demonstrate the role of prelaryngeal nodes in tumors that affect the hypopharynx and the antero-inferior portion of the larynx and that directly reach this node through the anterior lymphatic peduncle.
PRODUCT-FORM STATIONARY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR DEFICIENCY ZERO CHEMICAL REACTION NETWORKS BY

We consider both deterministically and stochastically mod ele chemical reaction systems and prove that a product-form stationary d istribution exists for each closed, irreducible subset of the state space of a st chastically modeled system (with quite general kinetics) if the correspond ing deterministically modeled system (with mass-action kinetics) admits a c omplex balanced equilibrium. Feinberg’s deficiency zero theorem then impli es that such a distribution exists so long as the corresponding network is wea kly reversible and has a deficiency of zero. We also demonstrate that the main par ameter of the stationary distribution is always a complex balanced equil ibrium value for the corresponding mass-action, deterministically modeled sy stem, regardless of the kinetics assumed for the stochastically modeled system .
Contact Schwarzian Derivatives

Abstract H. Sato introduced a Schwarzian derivative of a contactomorphism of ℝ3 and with T. Ozawa described its basic properties. In this note their construction is extended to all odd dimensions and to non-flat contact projective structures. The contact projective Schwarzian derivative of a contact projective structure is defined to be a cocycle of the contactomorphism group taking values in the space of sections of a certain vector bundle associated to the contact structure, and measuring the extent to which a contactomorphism fails to be an automorphism of the contact projective structure. For the flat model contact projective structure, this gives a contact Schwarzian derivative associating to a contactomorphism of ℝ2n−1 a tensor which vanishes if and only if the given contactomorphism is an element of the linear symplectic group acting by linear fractional transformation.
Forming of Thermoplastic Matrix Composites with Gas Pressure – the Influence of Blank Holder and Sheet Temperature on the Forming Pressure and Drawing Ratio

Abstract New processes for continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (“organo-sheets”) offer new possibilities e. g. for the production of closed hollow bodies. In the Twin-O-Sheet Process the forming is done via gas pressure without separate diaphragms. This brings new demands on the organo-sheets with respect to gas density. In this article the influence of the forming parameters blank holder temperature and sheet temperature on the achievable gas pressure and drawing ratios with twill-weave PA6/GF organo-sheets are investigated. The results show that higher blank holder temperatures lead to higher drawing ratios despite of lower pressures. Compared to the blank holder temperature the influence of the sheet temperature on the drawing ratio is minor.
Design and stabilization of sampled-data neural-network-based control systems

This paper presents the design and stability analysis of sampled-data neural-network-based control systems. A continuous-time nonlinear plant and a sampled-data three-layer fully-connected feed-forward neural-network-based controller are connected in a closed-loop to perform a control task. Stability conditions would be derived to guarantee the closed-loop system stability. Linear-matrix-inequality- and genetic-algorithm-based approaches would be employed to obtain the maximum sampling period and connection weights of the neural network subject to the considerations of the system stability and performance. An application example would be given to illustrate the design procedure and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Tenascin-C expression in normal, inflamed, and scarred human corneas

AIMS/BACKGROUND In adult tissues the expression of tenascin-cytotactin (TN-C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is limited to tumours and regions of continuous renewal. It is also transiently expressed in cutaneous and corneal wound healing. There are limited data regarding its expression in inflammation and scarring of the adult human cornea. In this study, TN-C expression patterns in normal, inflamed, and scarred human corneas have been examined. METHODS Penetrating keratoplasty specimens were selected from cases of herpes simplex keratitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, rheumatoid arthritis ulceration, bacterial keratitis, rosacea keratitis, interstitial keratitis, and previous surgery so as to encompass varying degrees of active and chronic inflammation and scarring. TN-C in these and in normal corneas was immunodetected using TN2, a monoclonal antibody to human TN-C. RESULTS There was no TN2 immunopositivity in normal corneas except at the corneoscleral interface. In pathological corneas, TN2 immunopositivity was localised in and around regions of active inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularisation. TN2 positivity was less in acute inflammation than in active chronic inflammation. Mature, avascular scar tissue and epithelial downgrowth were TN2 negative. CONCLUSION These results indicate that in the adult human cornea, TN-C expression is induced in regions of inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularisation, but that expression is absent in mature, avascular scar tissue. This suggests a role for this glycoprotein in inflammation, healing, and extracellular matrix reorganisation of the cornea.
High-Linearity AlGaN/GaN FinFETs for Microwave Power Applications

In this letter, we have proposed a novel AlGaN/GaN FinFET featuring T-shaped gate and extremely linearity of transconductance characteristics (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{G}_{\mathrm {m}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The formation of AlGaN/GaN nano-fins only in the gate opening region is enabled by a developed fabrication process, which is simple and well compatible with the conventional one. When normalized to effective channel width, the fabricated FinFET delivers a 1.45 times higher current density and a 1.66 times higher output power density as high as 11.3 W/mm at 8 GHz compared with the planar HEMTs, along with clearly improved linearity characteristics thanks to a flatter <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{G}_{\mathrm {m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> response afforded by much lower source access resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of superior power performance of high-linearity GaN FinFETs, indicating significant advantages of tri-gate configuration over planar HEMTs for microwave power applications.
Theoretical modeling of a thickness-shear mode circular cylinder piezoelectric transformer

We propose a piezoelectric transformer operating with thickness-shear modes of a circular cylinder arid perform a theoretical analysis on the transformer. An exact solution from the three-dimensional equations of piezoelectricity is obtained. The output voltage, input admittance, and efficiency of the transformer are determined. The basic behaviors of the transformer are shown by numerical results
Differentiation Between Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke by Transcranial Color‐coded Real‐time Sonography

Transcranial color‐coded real‐time sonography was applied to 20 patients with ischemic stroke and 28 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. In all patients the sonographic diagnosis corresponded closely to cranial computed tomography findings. Recent hemorrhages were visualized as a hyperechodense mass. The high contrast to minor echodense adjacent parenchyma led to a clear sonographic distinction. Older clots were characterized by a continuous decrease of echodensity and subsequently were interspersed by hypoechodense zones. In the acute stage of ischemic infarction, the vessel occlusion (17/20) and collateral vascular supply (1 0/20) could be depicted in the color‐B‐mode in two perpendicular planes and further verified by the Doppler mode. Brain edema was not visualized. Although in the acute stage no change of echo texture was observed within the infarction, hyperechodense regions (7/11) could be observed in some patients during the time course. Complications of intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke, such as disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid circulation, midline shift, and compression of adjacent territories, were depicted by transcranial color‐coded sonography. These preliminary results illustrate that transcranial color‐coded realtime sonography may be helpful in the early noninvasive differential diagnosis as well as long‐term follow‐up in patients with cerebrovascular disorders.
End-to-End Neural Relation Extraction with Global Optimization

Neural networks have shown promising results for relation extraction. State-of-the-art models cast the task as an end-to-end problem, solved incrementally using a local classifier. Yet previous work using statistical models have demonstrated that global optimization can achieve better performances compared to local classification. We build a globally optimized neural model for end-to-end relation extraction, proposing novel LSTM features in order to better learn context representations. In addition, we present a novel method to integrate syntactic information to facilitate global learning, yet requiring little background on syntactic grammars thus being easy to extend. Experimental results show that our proposed model is highly effective, achieving the best performances on two standard benchmarks.
Enhanced thymic selection of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes

FoxP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance, and it has been suggested that diabetes-susceptible nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are defective in the generation and numbers of Tregs. We found thymic selection of Tregs to be under genetic control. Fetal thymic organ cultures on the NOD background required 3- to 10-fold more antigen than corresponding cultures on the B6 background for optimal induction of Tregs, but once the threshold for induction was reached the NOD background yielded close to 10-fold more Tregs. This increased selection of Tregs was also found in nontransgenic NOD mice in fetal through adult stages. This trait did not map to the MHC, idd3, or the chromosome 3 (Chr3) regions that control clonal deletion, but mainly to two regions on Chr1 and Chr11. Thus, NOD mice do not have a global defect in the generation or maintenance of Tregs; if anything, they show the opposite.
Evidence of a strong coupling between root exudation, C and N availability, and stimulated SOM decomposition caused by rhizosphere priming effects

Increased temperatures and concomitant changes in vegetation patterns are expected to dramatically alter the functioning of northern ecosystems over the next few decades. Predicting the ecosystem response to such a shift in climate and vegetation is complicated by the lack of knowledge about the links between aboveground biota and belowground process rates. Current models suggest that increasing temperatures and rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 will be partly mitigated by elevated C sequestration in plant biomass and soil. However, empirical evidence does not always support this assumption, as elevated temperature and CO2 concentrations also accelerate the belowground C flux, in many cases extending to increased decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) and ultimately resulting in decreased soil C stocks. The mechanism behind the increase has remained largely unknown, but it has been suggested that priming might be the causative agent. Here, we provide quantitative evidence of a strong coupling between root exudation, SOM decomposition, and release of plant available N caused by rhizosphere priming effects. As plants tend to increase belowground C allocation with increased temperatures and CO2 concentrations, priming effects need to be considered in our long-term analysis of soil C budgets in a changing environment. The extent of priming seems to be intimately linked to resource availability, as shifts in the stoichiometric nutrient demands of plants and microorganisms will lead to either cooperation (resulting in priming) or competition (no priming will occur). The findings lead us on the way to resolve the varying response of primary production, SOM decomposition, and release of plant available N to elevated temperatures, CO2 concentrations, and N availability.
Deep Learning Made Easier by Linear Transformations in Perceptrons

We transform the outputs of each hidden neuron in a multi-layer perceptron network to have zero output and zero slope on average, and use separate shortcut connections to model the linear dependencies instead. This transformation aims at separating the problems of learning the linear and nonlinear parts of the whole input-output mapping, which has many benefits. We study the theoretical properties of the transformation by noting that they make the Fisher information matrix closer to a diagonal matrix, and thus standard gradient closer to the natural gradient. We experimentally confirm the usefulness of the transformations by noting that they make basic stochastic gradient learning competitive with state-of-the-art learning algorithms in speed, and that they seem also to help find solutions that generalize better. The experiments include both classification of small images and learning a lowdimensional representation for images by using a deep unsupervised auto-encoder network. The transformations were beneficial in all cases, with and without regularization and with networks from two to five hidden layers.
Knowledge Visualization for Self-Regulated Learning

The Web allows self-regulated learning through interaction with large amounts of learning resources. While enjoying the flexibility of learning, learners may suffer from cognitive overload and conceptual and navigational disorientation when faced with various information resources under disparate topics and complex knowledge structures. This study proposed a knowledge visualization (KV) approach to this problem in an online course. The investigation involved the design, development, and evaluation of an enhanced learning system for the course using the proposed approach. The focus was on visualization of domain knowledge structure and integrating the structure with curriculum design, learning resources, learning assessment, intellectual process, and social learning. Survey and interviews with students demonstrated high user satisfaction and acceptance with the developed system and its functions for KV. These findings lay the foundation for further exploration with the system to determine its impact on reducing cognitive load and improving the learning process.