Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Higher-Order Motor Areas in Voluntary Movement as Revealed by High-Resolution EEG and fMRI

In the human motor cortex structural and functional differences separate motor areas related to motor output from areas essentially involved in higher-order motor control. Little is known about the function of these higher-order motor areas during simple voluntary movement. We examined a simple finger flexion movement in six healthy subjects using a novel brain-imaging approach, integrating high-resolution EEG with the individual structural and functional MRI. Electrical source reconstruction was performed in respect to the individual brain morphology from MRI. Highly converging results from EEG and fMRI were obtained for both executive and higher-order motor areas. All subjects showed activation of the primary motor area (MI) and of the frontal medial wall motor areas. Two different types of medial wall activation were observed with both methods: Four of the subjects showed an anterior type of activation, and two of the subjects a posterior type of activation. In the former, activity started in the anterior cingulate motor area (CMA) and subsequently shifted its focus to the intermediate supplementary motor area (SMA). Approximately 120 ms before the movement started, the intermediate SMA showed a drop of source strength, and simultaneously MI showed an increase of source strength. In the posterior type, activation was restricted to the posterior SMA. Further, three of the subjects investigated showed activation in the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) starting during early movement preparation. In all subjects showing activation of higher-order motor areas (anterior CMA, intermediate SMA, IPL) these areas became active before the executive motor areas (MI and posterior SMA). We suggest that the early activation of the anterior CMA and the IPL may be related to attentional functions of these areas. Further, we argue that the intermediate part of the SMA triggers the actual motor act via the release of inhibition of the primary motor area. Our results demonstrate that a noninvasive, multimodal brain imaging technique can reveal individual cortical brain activity with high temporal and spatial resolution, independent of a priori physiological assumptions.
Amending Safe Harbors to Reduce Systemic Risk in OTC Derivatives Markets

1 Executive Summary The recent financial crisis has raised concerns that the failure of a significant derivatives' counterparty and the liquidation of its positions might surprise and disrupt markets to the extent of threatening the viability of otherwise solvent institutions. To reduce this systemic risk, a policy consensus seems to have emerged around two objectives. One, ensure that positions held in derivatives markets are transparent to regulators and, in some aggregated form, to the public. Two, channel as many derivatives trades as practicable through clearing houses. The implementation of these objectives, however, is far from straightforward. Exactly which positions have to be reported and cleared? What are the consequences of inaccurate or incomplete reporting or of failing to clear trades? Exactly which services constitute " clearing " ? Existing legislative and regulatory initiatives do not answer these questions satisfactorily, partly because the broad policy objectives have not been thought through in the context of particular markets and partly because of a reflexive preference to rely on mandates rather than incentives. This paper recommends implementing the transparency and clearing objectives by narrowing the safe harbor for derivatives (i.e., the right to close-out derivative trades with counterparties that have declared bankruptcy) to include only those trades that are cleared, where " clearing " is meant to mandate only third-party pricing and collateral management. The resulting systemic advantages of this change will be the following:  Because counterparties to derivatives trades very much value safe harbor treatment, the market will be strongly motivated to clear all relatively liquid trades.  Regulators will have position, price, margin, and risk statistics from clearing houses on the trades that matter most in a crisis, namely those that will be closed out under a safe harbor.  Safe-harbor close-outs will occur only in those markets most able to absorb such stress, namely in the relatively liquid markets.  Maintaining the safe harbor for relatively liquid contracts allows counterparties and markets to manage past the event and uncertainties of a default in a manner consistent with the preservation of orderly markets and the interests of the defaulted estate.  Eliminating the safe harbor for relatively illiquid or highly customized derivatives trades, by causing these assets to be disposed of through the normal bankruptcy process, will protect bankrupt estates from those liquidations most likely to be disorderly.  Eliminating the safe harbor for highly customized derivatives transactions will stop …
A Simple Test for the Consecutive Ones Property

A (0,1)-matrix satisfies the consecutive ones property if there exists a column permutation such that the one's in each row of the resulting matrix are consecutive. Booth and Lueker [1976] designed a linear time testing algorithm for this property based on a data structure called “PQ-trees”. This procedure is very complicated and the linear time amortized analysis is also rather involved. We develop an off-line testing algorithm for the consecutive ones property without using PQ-trees. Our approach is based on a decomposition technique which separates the rows into “prime” subsets which admit unique column orderings that realize the consecutive ones property. The success of this approach is based on finding a good “row ordering” to be tested iteratively.
Who they are, what they think, and what they do: mothers’ school-related identities, academic socialization, and child academic readiness

ABSTRACT This study adopts an intergenerational approach to explore whether mothers’ school experiences influence academic readiness through parenting beliefs and parenting quality. Forty-five mothers were categorised as either having a desired or feared school-related identity based on their narratives about past school experiences and the ways they prepare their children for school. Desired school-related identity was associated with higher literacy readiness but not math readiness. Our results also suggest that mothers with feared school-related identities reported feeling greater responsibility for socializing their children to school than did mothers with desired school-related identities. Examination of mediation pattern suggested that parenting quality is among the pathways from maternal school-related identity to child’s reading readiness, even when accounting for household income. Although preliminary, our findings point to intergenerational influences on academic readiness.
The Relation of Ethnic Identity to Self-Esteem and Academic Self-Concept of African American Students at a Predominantly White Institution

The Relation of Ethnic Identity to Self-Esteem and Academic Self-Concept of African American Students at a Predominantly White Institution Drummond R. Bush Social scientists have challenged professionals and educators alike to develop a better understanding of the influences a predominantly White environment has on the academic and interpersonal experiences of African American college students. This study explored the psychosocial impact of several factors, both dispositional (e.g., ethnic identity, self-esteem, and academic self-concept) and contextual (e.g., racial composition of the institution), for 91 African American college students enrolled at a predominantly White institution in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Pearson correlations indicated the other group orientation sub-factor of ethnic identity is positively correlated with self-esteem and academic self-concept. Multiple regression analyses indicated that grade point average is best predicted by academic selfconcept. Limitations of the present study, implications, and suggestions for future research are presented. Running head: THE RELATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY iii
Evaluation of Seven Different Atmospheric Reanalysis Products in the Arctic

AbstractAtmospheric reanalyses depend on a mix of observations and model forecasts. In data-sparse regions such as the Arctic, the reanalysis solution is more dependent on the model structure, assumptions, and data assimilation methods than in data-rich regions. Applications such as the forcing of ice–ocean models are sensitive to the errors in reanalyses. Seven reanalysis datasets for the Arctic region are compared over the 30-yr period 1981–2010: National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis 1 (NCEP-R1) and NCEP–U.S. Department of Energy Reanalysis 2 (NCEP-R2), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), Twentieth-Century Reanalysis (20CR), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), and Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-25). Emphasis is placed on variables not observed directly including surface fluxes and precipitation and their trends. The monthly averaged surface tem.
The Relationship of the "Maze" to Language Planning and Production.

This study investigated relationships between the occurrence of mazes, sentence complexity, and the use of connectives. Twenty grade five pupils were exposed to information such as might constitute a social studies unit, and then they were asked to tell an imaginary absent classmate what they remembered of the information. All data were tape recorded and transcribed for analysis. The hypotheses that there would be a significant relationship between occurrence of mazes and complexity of sentences and that mazes would occur in conjunction with the use of connectives were supported by the resulting data. These findings suggest that mazes may best be interpreted as a factor in language planning at various grammatical points within utterances. Researchers have long pondered the function of the maze in oral language. The maze (also known as garbles, word tangles or false starts) is usually defined as a series of words, initial parts of words, or unattached fragments which do not contribute to meaning in the ongoing flow of language. The words in parentheses in the following transcription are examples of mazes: "The boy (the boy) picked up his (socks) boots that the (ol) older boys (had taken had found in the) had (uh) thrown into the water. " Without the mazes this transcription would read "The boy picked up his boots that the older boys had thrown into the water. " Perhaps the only agreed upon finding by researchers is that mazes tend to occur in the oral language of all subjects (Shubkagle, 1960; Riling, 1965).
Building a query log via crowdsourcing

A query log is a key asset in a commercial search engine. Everyday millions of users rely on search engines to find information on the Web by entering a few keywords on a simple search interface. Those queries represent a subset of user behavioral data which is used to mine and discover search patterns for improving the overall end user experience. While queries are very useful, it is not always possible to capture precisely what the user was looking for when the intent is not that clear. We explore a different alternative based on human computation to gather a bit more information from users and show the type of query log that would be possible to construct.
Linking Passion to Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employee Performance:The Mediating Role of Work Engagement

Although a good deal of attention has been focused in understanding the impact of passion in non-work related activities (e.g. sports, romance etc.), but little research examines its impact in the organizational work context. This study plugs these knowledge gaps; specifically our purpose is to empirically investigate the impact of harmonious passion on employee performance via work engagement. Through a questionnaire based survey from 210 full time permanent employees and 27 managers of a large commercial bank of Pakistan and statistical analysis utilizing SPSS and AMOS, the paper reveals that the employees, who are harmoniously passionate about their work, are more effective in both task and non-task related performance and in creating a conducive environment for efficient and effective functioning of the organization. Moreover, these relationships are mediated by work engagement. The paper contributes to the literature by advancing the role of passion and the intervening mechanism in work related activities
Neighborhood Effects Using a Partial Priming Methodology: Guessing or Activation?

K. Pugh, K. Rexer, M. Peter, and L. Katz (1994) found longer lexical-decision latencies to 4-letter words when an ambiguous letter (one from which neighbors could be formed) was delayed than when an unambiguous letter (one from which no neighbors could be formed) was delayed. They suggested that this was due to competition between partially activated words. However, K. I. Forster and D. Shen (1996) suggested that this effect may be due to participants' generating hypotheses on the basis of the previewed trigram. The authors conducted 2 experiments that used a partial priming methodology and found that lexicaldecision latencies were longer to words preceded by ambiguous trigrams than unambiguous trigrams when (a) the target was the highest frequency member in its neighborhood and (b) the prime was masked and presented for 60 ms. These results are inconsistent with Forster and Shen's prediction of no effect of prime ambiguity under these conditions, and they indicate that the ambiguity effect was not due to hypothesis generation on the basis of the partial primes. Coltheart, Davelaar, Jonasson, and Besner (1977) defined a word's orthographic neighbors as all words that can be formed from the given word through the substitution of one letter for another, preserving length and letter positions. Thus, the word drip has three neighbors—grip, trip, and drop—and hence a neighborhood size (N) of three. Most models of word identification involve the selection of a candidate set prior to identification of a word, and there are a number of factors that may influence its content, one of which is a word's orthographic neighborhood. Hence, if one is to fully understand the processes underlying word recognition, one must determine the influence a word's neighborhood has on word identification. In this article, we briefly
Randomized Single-Blinded Non-inferiority Trial Of 7 mg/kg Pentamidine Isethionate Versus 4 mg/kg Pentamidine Isethionate for Cutaneous Leishmaniaisis in Suriname

Background Standard treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Suriname entails three injections of pentamidine isethionate (PI) 4 mg/kg per injection in 7 days (7 day regimen). Compliance to treatment is low and may contribute to increasing therapy failure. A 3 day regimen, including 2 injections of 7 mg/kg in 3 days may increase compliance. Methods In a randomized, single-blinded non-inferiority trial conducted in Suriname, 84 CL patients received the 7 day regimen and 79 CL patients received the 3 day regimen. Primary objective was the proportion of patients clinically cured at 6 weeks follow-up. Secondary objectives were clinical cure at 12 weeks follow-up; parasitological cure at 6 and 12 weeks; adverse and drug related toxicity events recorded one week after the end of treatment and health related quality of life. The non-inferiority margin was set at 15%, 1 sided test, α = 0.1. Results At 6 weeks follow-up 31 (39%) patients in the 3 day regimen and 41 (49%) patients in the 7 day regimen were clinically cured. Intention to treat (ITT) analyses showed that the difference in proportion clinically cured was -9.6% (90% Confidence Interval (CI): -22.3% to 3.2%). Per protocol (PP) analysis showed that the difference in proportion clinically cured was 0.2% (90% CI: -14.6% to 15.2%). ITT analysis showed that the difference in proportion parasitological cured at 6 weeks was -15.2% (90% CI:-28.0% to -2.5%). PP analyses showed similar results. Non-inferiority could not be concluded for all adverse and toxicological events. Conclusion We cannot conclude that the 3 day regimen is non-inferior to the 7 day regimen regarding proportion clinically and parasitological cured. Therefore there is no evidence to change the current standard practice of the 7 day regimen for the treatment of CL in Suriname.
A Multi-Dimensional Framework of Organizational Innovation: A Systematic Review of the Literature

This paper consolidates the state of academic research on innovation. Based on a systematic review of literature published over the past 27 years, we synthesize various research perspectives into a comprehensive multi-dimensional framework of organizational innovation – linking leadership, innovation as a process, and innovation as an outcome. We also suggest measures of determinants of organizational innovation and present implications for both research and managerial practice.
EMOTICOM: A Neuropsychological Test Battery to Evaluate Emotion, Motivation, Impulsivity, and Social Cognition

In mental health practice, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are aimed at improving neuropsychological symptoms, including cognitive and emotional impairments. However, at present there is no established neuropsychological test battery that comprehensively covers multiple affective domains relevant in a range of disorders. Our objective was to generate a standardized test battery, comprised of existing, adapted and novel tasks, to assess four core domains of affective cognition (emotion processing, motivation, impulsivity and social cognition) in order to facilitate and enhance treatment development and evaluation in a broad range of neuropsychiatric disorders. The battery was administered to 200 participants aged 18–50 years (50% female), 42 of whom were retested in order to assess reliability. An exploratory factor analysis identified 11 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, which accounted for over 70% of the variance. Tasks showed moderate to excellent test-retest reliability and were not strongly correlated with demographic factors such as age or IQ. The EMOTICOM test battery is therefore a promising tool for the assessment of affective cognitive function in a range of contexts.
A Cost-Effective Dependable Microcontroller Architecture with Instruction-Level Rollback for Soft Error Recovery

A cost-effective, dependable microcontroller architecture has been developed. To detect soft errors, we developed an electronic design automation (EDA) tool that generates optimized soft error-detecting logic circuits for flip-flops. After a soft error is detected, the error detection signal goes to a developed rollback control module (RCM), which resets the CPU and restores the CPU's register file from the backup register file using a rollback program routine. After the routine, the CPU restarts from the instruction executed before the soft error occurred. In addition, there is a developed error reset module (ERM) that can restore the RCM from soft errors. We also developed an error correction module (ECM) that corrects ECC errors in RAM after error detection with no delay overheads. Testing on a 32- bit RISC microcontroller and EEMBC benchmarks showed that the area overhead was under 59% and frequency overhead was under 9%. In a soft error injection simulation, the MTBF of random logic circuits, and the MTBF of RAM were 30 and 1.34 times longer, respectively, than those of the original microcontroller.
Size of the Military Sector and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis of Africa and Latin America

We estimate the influence of defense spending and military labor use on economic growth in African and Latin American countries. Our model integrates disparate implications from the defense economics literature into a Barro-style model of economic growth that controls for political and economic institutional variation across countries. Our panel data analysis of 44 countries in Africa and Latin America from 1975 to 1989 also controls for cross-country variation in lost human capital and public sector production inefficiencies. We find empirical evidence that the defense burden on economic growth is non-linear, with low levels of military spending increasing economic growth but higher levels of military spending decreasing growth. We also find evidence that the influence of military labor use on growth is non-linear, and exhibits a greater drag on economic growth in those countries with relatively higher levels of adult male education attainment.
A Sr-rich Star on the Main Sequence of ω Centauri

Abundance ratios relative to iron for carbon, nitrogen, strontium, and barium are presented for a metal-rich main-sequence star ([Fe/H] = -0.74) in the globular cluster ω Centauri. This star, designated 2015448, shows depleted carbon and solar nitrogen but, more interestingly, shows an enhanced abundance ratio of strontium [Sr/Fe] ≈ 1.6 dex, while the barium abundance ratio is [Ba/Fe] ≤ 0.6 dex. At this metallicity one usually sees strontium and barium abundance ratios that are roughly equal. Possible formation scenarios of this peculiar object are considered.
SEMICROSSED PRODUCTS AND REFLEXIVITY

Given a w*-closed unital algebra A acting on H0 and a contractive w*-continuous endomorphism β of A, there is a w*- closed (non-selfadjoint) unital algebra Z+×�A acting on H0 ⊗ l 2 (Z+), called the w*-semicrossed product of A with β. We prove that Z+×�A is a reflexive operator algebra provided A is reflexive and β is unitarily implemented, and that Z+×�A has the bicom- mutant property if and only if so does A. Also, we show that the w*-semicrossed product generated by a commutative C*-algebra and a *-endomorphism is reflexive.
Evaluating social games for kids and teenagers diagnosed with cancer

Serious games for health are interactive games with a focus on health care, physical and mental fitness. As it is assumed that social support can also indirectly influence patient's health condition, multiplayer online health games present an innovative approach of improving the player's health condition. In this paper we present the health game prototype “Adventures in Sophoria” developed at the University of Duisburg-Essen with the goal of facilitating the intercommunication of teenagers during cancer treatment. Two versions of the game were implemented, one explicitly referring to cancer and an implicit version with no cancer content. In a between-subjects experimental study with a clinical sample, both versions were compared. Additionally, parents and nursing staff were interviewed in order to evaluate the demand regarding health games. Results suggest that the implicit game version yielded higher enjoyment and acceptance compared to the explicit version.
Robust vehicle localization based on multi-level sensor fusion and online parameter estimation

In this paper we present a novel vehicle tracking algorithm, which is based on multi-level sensor fusion of GPS (Global Positioning System) with Inertial Measurement Unit sensor data. It is shown that the robustness of the system to temporary dropouts of the GPS signal, which may occur due to limited visibility of satellites in narrow street canyons or tunnels, is greatly improved by sensor fusion. We further demonstrate how the observation and state noise covariances of the employed Kalman filters can be estimated alongside the filtering by an application of the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. The proposed time-variant multi-level Kalman filter is shown to outperform an Interacting Multiple Model approach while at the same time being computationally less demanding.