Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The polar sea ice cover from aqua/AMSR-E

Historical satellite data reveal that among the most remarkable manifestations of changes in the polar regions are the relatively rapid decline of 9 %/decade in the Arctic perennial ice cover and the 7%/decade retreat in the Bellingshaussen/Amundsen Seas ice cover in the Antarctic. The launch of the Advanced Multichannel Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) on board the EOS-Aqua satellite in 2002 has enabled the study the polar ice cover in greater detail and the evaluation of the accuracy and consistency of historical satellite data. The AMSR-E system has higher resolution and larger spectral range thereby providing ability to better assess the spatial distribution of different ice types in the marginal ice zones, the sizes and characteristics of sensible and latent heat polynyas, and the extent of ridging and divergence within the ice pack. Comparative analysis reveals that the sea ice data derived from AMSR-E are coherent and consistent with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data on board the same satellite, especially when the 5-km resolution 89 GHz data are used. During the periods of overlapping coverage, the AMSR-E data are also shown to provide basically the same spatial and temporal variability as those from the Special Scanning Microwave Imager (SSM/I) which has been the key source of sea ice data since 1987. Quantitative comparative studies using AMSR-E and SSM/I data also reveal a clear indication of the advantage of the former in consistently identifying the 10-15% ice edge and in quantifying the regional and global sea ice extents. This is reflected in the calculation for the trend in ice extent when AMSR-E data is used instead of SSM/I data. However, the difference is within error and the estimate for the trend in ice area is in good agreement.
The prospect of hazardous sludge reduction through gasification process

Biological sludge generated from centralized industrial WWTP is classified as toxic and hazardous waste based on the Indonesian’s Government Regulation No. 101/2014. The amount of mass and volume of sludge produced have an impact in the cost to manage or to dispose. The main objective of this study is to identify the opportunity of gasification technology which can be applied to reduce hazardous sludge quantity before sending to the final disposal. This preliminary study covers the technical and economic assessment of the application of gasification process, which was a combination of lab-scale experimental results and assumptions based on prior research. The results showed that the process was quite effective in reducing the amount and volume of hazardous sludge which results in reducing the disposal costs without causing negative impact on the environment. The reduced mass are moisture and volatile carbon which are decomposed, while residues are fix carbon and other minerals which are not decomposed by thermal process. The economical simulation showed that the project will achieve payback period in 2.5 years, IRR value of 53 % and BC Ratio of 2.3. The further study in the pilot scale to obtain the more accurate design and calculations is recommended.
Targeting YAP in malignant pleural mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer that is resistant to current therapy. The poor prognosis of mesothelioma has been associated with elevated Yes‐associated protein (YAP) activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of targeting YAP in mesothelioma. First, we comprehensively studied YAP activity in five mesothelioma cell lines (211H, H2052, H290, MS‐1 and H2452) and one normal mesothelial cell line (LP9). We found decreased phospho‐YAP to YAP protein ratio and consistently increased GTIIC reporter activity in 211H, H2052 and H290 compared to LP9. The same three cell lines (IC50s < 1 μM) were more sensitive than LP9 (IC50 = 3.5 μM) to the YAP/TEAD inhibitor verteporfin. We also found that verteporfin significantly reduced YAP protein level, mRNA levels of YAP downstream genes and GTIIC reporter activity in the same three cell lines, indicating inhibition of YAP signaling by verteporfin. Verteporfin also impaired invasion and tumoursphere formation ability of H2052 and H290. To validate the effect of specific targeting YAP in mesothelioma cells, we down‐regulated YAP by siRNA. We found siYAP significantly decreased YAP transcriptional activity and impaired invasion and tumoursphere formation ability of H2052 and H290. Furthermore, forced overexpression of YAP rescued GTIIC reporter activity and cell viability after siYAP targeting 3′UTR of YAP. Finally, we found concurrent immunohistochemistry staining of ROCK2 and YAP (P < 0.05). Inhibition of ROCK2 decreased GTIIC reporter activity in H2052 and 211H suggesting that Rho/ROCK signaling also contributed to YAP activation in mesothelioma cells. Our results indicate that YAP may be a potential therapeutic target in mesothelioma.
On a theory of network equivalence

We describe an equivalence result for network capacity. Roughly, our main result is as follows. Given a network of noisy, independent, memoryless links, a collection of demands can be met on the given network if and only if it can be met on another network where each noisy link is replaced by a noiseless bit pipe with throughput equal to the noisy link capacity. This result was previously known only for multicast connections.
Molecular recognition of aldehydes by aldehyde dehydrogenase and mechanism of nucleophile activation

Experimental structural data on the state of substrates bound to class 3 Aldehyde Dehydrogenases (ALDH3A1) is currently unknown. We have utilized molecular mechanics (MM) simulations, in conjunction with new force field parameters for aldehydes, to study the atomic details of benzaldehyde binding to ALDH3A1. Our results indicate that while the nucleophilic Cys243 must be in the neutral state to form what are commonly called near‐attack conformers (NACs), these structures do not correlate with increased complexation energy calculated with the MM‐Generalized Born Molecular Volume (GBMV) method. The negatively charged Cys243 (thiolate form) of ALDH3A1 also binds benzaldehyde in a stable conformation but in this complex the sulfur of Cys243 is oriented away from benzaldehyde yet yields the most favorable MM‐GBMV complexation energy. The identity of the general base, Glu209 or Glu333, in ALDHs remains uncertain. The MM simulations reveal structural and possible functional roles for both Glu209 and Glu333. Structures from the MM simulations that would support either glutamate residue as the general base were further examined with Hybrid Quantum Mechanical (QM)/MM simulations. These simulations show that, with the PM3/OPLS potential, Glu209 must go through a step‐wise mechanism to activate Cys243 through an intervening water molecule while Glu333 can go through a more favorable concerted mechanism for the same activation process. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Turbulent Origin of the Galactic Center Magnetic Field: Nonthermal Radio Filaments

A great deal of study has been conducted over the last 20 years on the origin of the magnetic activity in the Galactic center. One of the most popular hypotheses assumes a milligauss magnetic field with poloidal geometry, pervading the inner few hundred parsecs of the Galactic center region. However, there is growing observational evidence for the large-scale distribution of a much weaker field of B ≲ 10 μG in this region. Here we propose that the Galactic center magnetic field originates from turbulent activity, which is known to be extreme in the central hundred parsecs. In this picture, the spatial distribution of the magnetic field energy is highly intermittent, and the regions of strong field have filamentary structure. We propose that the observed nonthermal radio filaments appear in (or, possibly, may be identified with) such strongly magnetized regions. At the same time, the large-scale diffuse magnetic field is weak. Both results of our model can explain the magnetic field measurements of the Galactic center region. In addition, we discuss the role of ionized outflow from stellar clusters in producing the long magnetized filaments perpendicular to the Galactic plane.
Risk management for distributed authorization

Distributed authorization takes into account several elements, including certificates that may be provided by non-local actors. While most trust management systems treat all assertions as equally valid up to certificate authentication, realistic considerations may associate risk with some of these elements, for example some actors may be less trusted than others. Furthermore, practical online authorization may require certain levels of risk to be tolerated. In this paper, we introduce a trust management logic based on the system RT that incorporates formal risk assessment. This formalization allows risk levels to be associated with authorization, and authorization risk thresholds to be precisely specified and enforced. We also develop an algorithm for automatic authorization in a distributed environment, that is directed by risk considerations. A variety of practical applications are discussed.
Seismic Anisotropy across the Appalachian Mountains and Plateau

Few modern mountain ranges have as extensive of a deformational history as the Appalachian Mountains. Running nearly the entire length of the eastern coast of North America, the Appalachian Mountains are the result of a roughly 500 Ma Wilson Cycle. Geochemical and geophysical evidence points toward a diachronous orogenic evolution of northern and southern segments of the mountain belt. I characterize seismic anisotropy in the mantle throughout the central Appalachian region, the boundary between the northern and southern segments, in order to identify any first-order lithospheric changes between the two segments. Shear-wave splitting measurements are made throughout the region, and while delay times are similar everywhere (average = 0.87 seconds), fast azimuth directions ( ) change from roughly E-W in the eastern part of the study area rotating smoothly to NE-SW in the western part of the study region, across the Allegheny Front. Extended analysis was performed at three permanent stations located in the eastern, western and central part of the study area. These results show complex, or multilayered, anisotropy in the eastern portion of the study area and less complex, likely single layered anisotropy in the western portion of the study area. The top layer of the multilayered case has a of 60 , roughly normal to the continental margin, which can be associated with frozen-in anisotropy from Triassic rifting. This top layer does not extend into the western most part of the study area, but instead pinches-out or diminishes in magnitude to zero. The bottom layer, present at all three permanent stations, is modeled with = -60 , which is sub parallel to apparent plate motion and likely produced by iv finite strain in the asthenosphere. Fast azimuth directions in the northern portion of the study show less change along longitude and remain mostly E-W oriented. These results are attributed to the large E-W shear-zone in southern New York that formed during the Alleghenian orogeny and could represent a dividing boundary between northern and southern segments of the Appalachian Mountains.
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release

The neurotrophins (NTs) have recently been shown to elicit pronounced effects on quantal neurotransmitter release at both central and peripheral nervous system synapses. Due to their activity dependent release, as well as the subcellular localization of both protein and receptor, NTs are ideally suited to modify the strength of neuronal connections by “fine-tuning” synaptic activity through direct actions at presynaptic terminals. Here, using BDNF as a prototypical example, the authors provide an update of recent evidence demonstrating that NTs enhance quantal neurotransmitter release at synapses through presynaptic mechanisms. The authors further propose that a potential target for NT actions at presynaptic terminals is the mechanism by which terminals retrieve synaptic vesicles after exocytosis. Depending on the temporal demands placed on synapses during high-frequency synaptic transmission, synapses may use two alternative modes of synaptic vesicle retrieval, the conventional slow endosomal recycling or a faster rapid retrieval at the active zone, referred to as “kiss-and-run. ” By modulating Ca2+ microdomains associated with voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at active zones, NTs may elicit a switch from the slow to the fast mode of endocytosis of vesicles at presynaptic terminals during high-frequency synaptic transmission, allowing more reliable information transfer and neuronal signaling in the central nervous system.
The systemic nature of the rise in inequality in developed economies

The rise in inequality in the last two decades has affected most developed economies. The systemic nature of this inequality is the focus of this paper. A combination of product market internationalization, financial globalization and technological changes favoring large organizations created asymmetric pressure on the two ends of the distribution of market incomes, resulting in greatly increased inequality. A widespread credo of political liberalism prevented governments from using taxes and transfers to check this rise in income inequality. Changes in relative prices and borrowing facilities brought some support to the standards of living of low‐income groups but also contributed to increased instability of these economies. The global financial crisis was one of the possible crisis scenarios that rising inequality was bound to produce. The paper assesses the cumulative factors behind the rise in inequality. These factors reduce the capacity of industrial economies to face the challenges of ever‐changing environments.
Effect of immunoglobulin treatment on endothelial progenitor cells in systemic lupus erythematosus

The risk of cardiovascular disease is five- to 10-fold increased in most autoimmune disorders1 and adjustment for classical atherogenic factors cannot fully explain it.2 In contrast to the classical view of the endothelium as an inert lining for blood vessels, recent publications suggest a continuous turnover of endothelial cells (ECs), replaced by endotheliocytes adjacent to the lesions or mobilised from the bone marrow (haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); these display both a haematopoietic and an endothelial differentiating potential and throughout the endothelial lineage are transformed into so-called endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). 3 Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) show progenitor depletion, even during clinical remission, caused by increased HSC apoptosis,4 indicating that endogenous vascular repair is impaired and …
Actin and myosin function in directed vacuole movement during cell division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

During cell division, cytoplasmic organelles are not synthesized de novo, rather they are replicated and partitioned between daughter cells. Partitioning of the vacuole in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is coordinated with the cell cycle and involves a dramatic translocation of a portion of the parental organelle from the mother cell into the bud. While the molecular mechanisms that mediate this event are unknown, the vacuole's rapid and directed movements suggest cytoskeleton involvement. To identify cytoskeletal components that function in this process, vacuole inheritance was examined in a collection of actin mutants. Six strains were identified as being defective in vacuole inheritance. Tetrad analysis verified that the defect cosegregates with the mutant actin gene. One strain with a deletion in a myosin-binding region was analyzed further. The vacuole inheritance defect in this strain appears to result from the loss of a specific actin function; the actin cytoskeleton is intact and protein targeting to the vacuole is normal. Consistent with these findings, a mutation in the actin-binding domain of Myo2p, a class V unconventional myosin, abolishes vacuole inheritance. This suggests that Myo2p serves as a molecular motor for vacuole transport along actin filaments. The location of actin and Myo2p relative to the vacuole membrane is consistent with this model. Additional studies suggest that the actin filaments used for vacuole transport are dynamic, and that profilin plays a critical role in regulating their assembly. These results present the first demonstration that specific cytoskeletal proteins function in vacuole inheritance.
The associations in our heads belong to us: Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation

Explicitly, humans can distinguish their own attitudes from evaluations possessed by others. Implicitly, the viability of a distinction between attitudes and evaluative knowledge is less clear. We investigated relations between explicit attitudes, cultural knowledge and the Implicit Association Test (IAT). In seven studies (158 samples, N=107,709), the IAT was reliably and variably related to explicit attitudes, and explicit attitudes accounted for the relationship between the IAT and cultural knowledge. We suggest that people do not have introspective access to the associations formed via experience in a culture. Ownership of mental associations is established by presence in mind and influence on thinking, feeling and doing. Regardless of origin, associations are influential depending on their availability, accessibility, salience, and applicability. Distinguishing associations as “not mine” is a self-regulatory act and contributes to the distinction between explicit evaluation, where such acts are routine, and implicit evaluation, where they are not.
Involvement of ERK Phosphorylation of Trigeminal Spinal Subnucleus Caudalis Neurons in Thermal Hypersensitivity in Rats with Infraorbital Nerve Injury

To evaluate the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in orofacial neuropathic pain mechanisms, this study assessed nocifensive behavior evoked by mechanical or thermal stimulation of the whisker pad skin, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) neurons, and Vc neuronal responses to mechanical or thermal stimulation of the whisker pad skin in rats with the chronic constriction nerve injury of the infraorbital nerve (ION-CCI). The mechanical and thermal nocifensive behavior was significantly enhanced on the side ipsilateral to the ION-CCI compared to the contralateral whisker pad or sham rats. ION-CCI rats had an increased number of phosphorylated ERK immunoreactive (pERK-IR) cells which also manifested NeuN-IR but not GFAP-IR and Iba1-IR, and were significantly more in ION-CCI rats compared with sham rats following noxious but not non-noxious mechanical stimulation. After intrathecal administration of the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 in ION-CCI rats, the number of pERK-IR cells after noxious stimulation and the enhanced thermal nocifensive behavior but not the mechanical nocifensive behavior were significantly reduced in ION-CCI rats. The enhanced background activities, afterdischarges and responses of wide dynamic range neurons to noxious mechanical and thermal stimulation in ION-CCI rats were significantly depressed following i.t. administration of PD98059, whereas responses to non-noxious mechanical and thermal stimulation were not altered. The present findings suggest that pERK-IR neurons in the Vc play a pivotal role in the development of thermal hypersensitivity in the face following trigeminal nerve injury.
Perturbed Flows in Ribbed Ducts.

1 In tr o d u c t io n . 1 1.1 Scope of This W o rk . 1 1.2 Previous Studies . 2 1.3 Research O b jec tiv e . 4 1.4 Dissertation Outline and Chapter D escriptions. 5 2 Background T h e o r y . 8 2.1 Triple Decomposition. 8 2.2 Quadrant A n a ly s is . 12 3 Experim ental Equipm ents and T e c h n iq u e s . 17 3.1 Wind Tunnel F a c ilitie s . 17 3.2 Experimental Setup for F o rc in g . 17 3.3 Hot-wire Technique. 18 3.4 Laser Doppler V e lodm etry . 20 3.5 Experimental P ro c e d u re . 21 3.6 U n certa in ty . 22 4 Analysis o f Large Scale Structures in Separated Shear Layers . 24 4.1 In troduction. 24 4.2 Data Analysis P ro ced u re . 29
A New Paradigm for Adaptive Management

Uncertainty is a pervasive feature in natural resource management. Adaptive management, an approach that focuses on identifying critical uncertainties to be reduced via diagnostic management experiments, is one favored approach for tackling this reality. While adaptive management is identified as a key method in the environmental management toolbox, there remains a lack of clarity over when its use is appropriate or feasible. Its implementation is often viewed as suitable only in a limited set of circumstances. Here we restructure some of the ideas supporting this view, and show why much of the pessimism around AM may be unwarranted. We present a new framework for deciding when AM is appropriate, feasible, and subsequently successful. We thus present a new paradigm for adaptive management that shows that there are no categorical limitations to its appropriate use, the boundaries of application being defined by problem conception and the resources available to managers. In doing so we also separate adaptive management as a management tool, from the burden of failures that result from the complex policy, social, and institutional environment within which management occurs.
COMPORTAMIENTO Y SELECCIÓN DE LÍNEAS AVANZADAS DE ARROZ (Oryza sativa L.) OBTENIDAS POR EL PROGRAMA DE MEJORAMIENTO EN LOS PALACIOS

Low yields, climate change effects and heterogeneous culture conditions are some reasons for the development of new rice cultivars. This trial was developed with the objective of studying the behavior of sixteen advanced lines of rice under flooded conditions and to select the best for moving on to a higher stage. A Completely Randomized Design with three replications was used, the genotypes constituted the treatments and four commercial control were used. The available information was processed statistically by the combination of univariate and multivariate analysis. Results showed correlation of the yield with all their components, the cluster analysis detected that the maximum genetic diversity between types V and VI and the minimum was detected between types I and II and the regression indicated that the model had a good adjustment (93.5 %). The combination of statistical analyses used allowed to select five more promissory lines and to propose its validation.
Perception of the Mccollough Effect Correlates with Activity in Extrastriate Cortex: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

The McCollough effect is a striking color aftereffect that is linked to the orientation of the patterns used to induce it. To produce the McCollough effect, two differently oriented grating patterns, such as a red-and-black vertical grating and a green-and-black horizontal grating, are viewed alternately for a few minutes. After such colored gratings are viewed, the white sections of a vertical black-and-white test grating appear to be tinged with green, and the white sections of a horizontal grating appear to be tinged with pink. We present evidence from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study that the perception of the McCollough effect correlates with increased activation in the lingual and fusiform gyri—extrastriate visual areas that have been implicated in color perception in humans.