Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2 The framework : supermodular games andmonotone comparative statics

Oligopoly theory is closely connected with game theory. Indeed, oligopoly competition is the leading example of strategic interaction and it should suffi ce to mention that the equilibrium concept of Cournot is just the modern Nash equilibrium. Modeling strategic interaction presents formidable problems as the founders of oligopoly theory (Cournot, Bertrand, Edgeworth, Chamberlin, Robinson and Hotelling) made clear. The oligopoly problem was to establish where would prices settle when market conditions were neither monopoly nor perfect competition. Technical problems in the analysis include lack of quasi-concavity and smoothness of payoffs, indivisibilities, and complex strategy spaces. A Nash equilibrium may not exist, at least in pure strategies. Or, instead, there may be multiple equilibria: How do players coordinate on one of them? How can policy intervention ensure that changing a parameter will have the desired effect? Classical comparative statics analysis provides ambiguous results in the presence of multiple equilibria and imposes strong regularity conditions. These regularity conditions become particularly strong when applied to games with complex functional strategy spaces, such as dynamic or Bayesian games. Complementarities are intimately linked to multiple equilibria and have a deep connection with strategic situations, and the concept of strategic complementarity is at the center stage of game-theoretic analyses. Examples abound from price games with differentiated products, R&D races, technology adoption, and store and brand location. Lattice-theoretic methods provide the appropriate toolbox to deal with the problems encountered in oligopoly theory, in particular when complementarities are involved. The theory of monotone comparative statics and supermodular games exploits both order and monotonicity properties (Topkis (1978, 1979) and further developed and applied to economics by Vives (1985a, 1990a) and Milgrom and Roberts (1990a)). By now it has proved useful not only in oligopoly theory but in all fields of economics from macroeconomics and finance to development and international trade. It continues to be extended at the frontier of research– for example, to dynamic games and games of incomplete information. ∗Forthcoming in the Handbook of Game Theory and Industrial Organization (Edward Elgar). This chapter draws from my previous work on the topic, in particular the book Oligopoly Pricing (1999) and the surveys in Vives (2005a,b). I am grateful to project CECO2015-63711-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
Training Standards Statements of Family Medicine Postgraduate Training – A Review of Existing Documents Worldwide

Introduction For the effective and safe management of complex care needs for patients in community settings, high quality family medicine (FM) training programmes are needed. In less primary care oriented countries, training standards statements for FM postgraduate training are less commonly found. The aim of this study was to review international training standards statements in FM postgraduate training and to catalogue these statements to be used as a best practice standard guide for FM training programs in Germany. Materials and Methods A structured three-tiered search was performed: a systematic literature search in MEDLINE®; a search of international indicator databases; and a search in grey literature, consisting of a survey of international experts and a search in “Google (Scholar)”. From all identified documents, training standards statements were extracted, translated and summarized into categories referring to the same quality aspect. Results The search strategy revealed 25 relevant documents (MEDLINE® n = 15, databases n = 2, experts n = 7, “Google” n = 1), containing 337 training standards statements. These were summarized into 80 statements. They covered structure quality (n = 35); process quality (n = 43); and two training standards statements referred to outcome quality (n = 2). Conclusion A broad range of internationally sourced training standards statements for FM postgraduate training could be identified from countries with well-established primary care systems. Only few statements internationally referred to outcome quality, expressing the difficulty in assessing outcome. The resulting inventory of training standards statements for FM postgraduate training can serve as a resource for institutions seeking to formalise and systematise FM training at regional or national levels.
Themes of continuity: Commentary on “The continuity and discontinuity between waking and dreaming: A Dialogue between Michael Schredl and Allan Hobson concerning the adequacy and completeness of these notions”

Hobson and Schredl’s (2011) discussion on continuity and discontinuity between waking life and dreaming raised important issues about the nature of continuity. We will address several of the points from the debate, drawing on some preliminary data that has been collected investigating the nature of continuity between dreaming and waking. The present commentary will address the following: factors that affect continuity; themes of continuity; the protoconsciousness theory; ‘disguised’ continuity; discontinuity; and continuity of emotions. The findings presented will propose that emotionality and metaphor are key aspects to continuity; that the continuity hypothesis and protoconsciousness theory are complementary if one takes into account how dreams both reflect waking-life concerns and help the dreamer to progress with them; and that it may be useful to try to identify and talk about types and gradations of continuity and discontinuity, rather than simply continuity and discontinuity as two opposing concepts.
Consolidation Radiotherapy in Stage IE- IIE, Non-Bulky Primary Gastric Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Post-Chemotherapy Complete Remission

Background To investigate the effects of consolidation radiation in patients with stage IE-IIE, non-bulky primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Methods A cohort consisted of 71 consecutive patients with stage IE-IIE, non-bulky primary gastric DLBCL was retrospectively analyzed. All of them had been in complete remission after receiving at least four cycles of chemotherapy, containing rituximab or not. Consolidation radiation was delivered thereafter in 28 patients while other 43 received clinical observation only. Locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were compared between patients with or without radiotherapy. Results The 10-year LRFS, DFS, OS and DMFS were 100% and 81.4% (p = 0.028), 91.7% and 77.1% (p = 0.14), 91.7% and 77.8% (p = 0.67), 91.7% and 78.0% (p = 0.42) for patients with or without radiotherapy. Conclusions Radiotherapy is associated with improved locoregional control of patients with early stage primary gastric DLBCL, who have achieved complete remission following at least four cycles of chemotherapy.
Entrepreneurial Orientation and Organizational Learning on SMEs' Innovation

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a driver of firms’ innovation. The phenomenon of EO as a prerequisite for innovation has become a central focus of corporate entrepreneurship literature. Despite an abundance of research suggesting that innovation capability contributes to SMEs’ performance, little is known how dimensions of EO specifically influence SMEs’ innovation. Furthermore, although prior research has examined various factors that influence the EO– innovation relationship, few studies have address views how organizational learning influences the EO-innovation relationship in the SMEs context. Based on the literature review, our study attempts to fill this gap by postulating that entrepreneurial innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking are related to SMEs’ innovation and that organizational learning positively moderates the EO–innovation relationships.
The determination of Alpha Naphthyl Acetate Esterase (ANAE) activities in the peripheral blood leukocytes of geese (Anser anser)

SUMMARY The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence of the Alpha Naphthyl Acetate Esterase (ANAE) in peripheral blood leukocytes in goose and to determine the proportions of blood T lymphocytes with this method. Blood smears obtained from 15 geese, 10 month old, were incubated at various pHs (5.0, 5.4, 5.8, 6.2, 6.4, 6.8 and 7.2) for 3 or 6 hours with the enzyme substrate. The highest resolution and consequently the best determination of positive ANAE cells were obtained with pH 5.8 for an incubation period of 6 hours. Positive ANAE activity was only recorded in monocytes and in some lymphocytes (T cells) according a diffuse and a granular pattern respectively whereas granulocytes, thrombocytes and B lymphocytes appeared ANAE negative. The mean ratio of ANAE positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood in goose was 53.6 ± 3.2% and exhibited weak inter-individual fluctuations (coefficient of variations: 5.9%). These results suggest that ANAE staining method could be easily and efficiently used for T cell counting in peripheral blood.
Effect of Integrated nutrient management ( INM ) on soil properties , yield and economics of rice ( Oryza sativa L . )

An investigation was conducted in kharif season of 2013 to access the impact of INM on soil properties and Economics of the rice yield. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations viz. T 1 :N 0 P 0 K 0 , T 2 :25% recommended NPK through fertilizer, T 3 :50% recommended NPK through fertilizer, T 4 :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer, T 5 :100% recommended NPK through fertilizer, T 6 :50% recommended NPK through fertilizer+50% N (FYM), T 7 :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer+25% (FYM), T 8 :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer+50% (Wheat cut straw), T 9 :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer+25 per cent of N (Wheat cut straw), T 10 :50% recommended NPK through fertilizer+25% N through Sesbania green manuring, T 11 :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer+25% N through Sesbania green manuring, T 12 :Farmers practice N 90 P 30 K 0 with three replications. The treatment T 6 :R50%+50%FYM was found significantly superior over control and other rest of the treatments in about all aspects of yield and yield attributes. Treatment T 6 :R50%+50%FYM was best with total NPK uptake i.e., (124.0), (37.3) & (133.6) respectively and also best with soil EC (0.27) & OC (0.47), maximum gross return (Rs. 92,093), maximum net return (Rs. 66,420) & maximum Benefit cost ratio B:C (2.59) along with all parameters of yield and yield attributes i.e, panicles per m (345.2), largest panicle (28.9 cm), maximum number of grain per panicle (156.1), highest test weight (24.2), maximum grain (5459 kg/ha) & straw (7042 kg/ha) yield.
Predictors of spontaneous viral clearance and outcomes of acute hepatitis C infection

Background/Aims This study evaluated the predictors of spontaneous viral clearance (SVC), as defined by two consecutive undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA tests performed ≥12 weeks apart, and the outcomes of acute hepatitis C (AHC) demonstrating SVC or treatment-induced viral clearance. Methods Thirty-two patients with AHC were followed for 12-16 weeks without administering antiviral therapy. Results HCV RNA was undetectable at least once in 14 of the 32 patients. SVC occurred in 12 patients (37.5%), among whom relapse occurred in 4. SVC was exhibited in 8 of the 11 patients exhibiting undetectable HCV RNA within 12 weeks. HCV RNA reappeared in three patients (including two patients with SVC) exhibiting undetectable HCV RNA after 12 weeks. SVC was more frequent in patients with low viremia than in those with high viremia (55.6% vs. 14.3%; P=0.02), and in patients with HCV genotype non-1b than in those with HCV genotype 1b (57.1% vs. 22.2%; P=0.04). SVC was more common in patients with a ≥2 log reduction of HCV RNA at 4 weeks than in those with a smaller reduction (90% vs. 9.1%, P<0.001). A sustained viral response was achieved in all patients (n=18) receiving antiviral therapy. Conclusions Baseline levels of HCV RNA and genotype non-1b were independent predictors for SVC. A ≥2 log reduction of HCV RNA at 4 weeks was a follow-up predictor for SVC. Undetectable HCV RNA occurring after 12 weeks was not sustained. All patients receiving antiviral therapy achieved a sustained viral response. Antiviral therapy should be initiated in patients with detectable HCV RNA at 12 weeks after the diagnosis.
Understanding and improving software build teams

Build, creating software from source code, is a fundamental activity in software development. Build teams manage this process and ensure builds are produced reliably and efficiently. This paper presents an exploration into the nature of build teams--how they form, work, and relate to other teams--through three multi-method studies conducted at Microsoft. We also consider build team effectiveness and find that many challenges are social, not technical: role ambiguity, knowledge sharing, communication, trust, and conflict. Our findings validate theories from group dynamics and organization science, and using a cross-discipline approach, we apply learnings from these fields to inform the design of engineering tools and practices to improve build team effectiveness
Analysing the Strength Parameters of Concrete Manufactured Using Natural and Recycled Guanapo Aggregates

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the strength parameters of concrete manufactured using natural and recycled Guanapo coarse and fine aggregates and to determine by analysis any correlations between their compressive strength and splitting tensile strength testing as conducted according to ASTM C39 and ASTM C496 respectively. The results of this investigation were intended to highlight the viability of using recycled Guanapo aggregates as a suitable substitute for natural aggregates in order to alleviate the acute shortage and demand for concrete aggregates in Trinidad and Tobago.
Linear time equivalence of Littlewood―Richardson coefficient symmetry maps

Benkart, Sottile, and Stroomer have completely characterized by Knuth and dual Knuth equivalence a bijective proof of the Littlewood―Richardson coefficient conjugation symmetry, i.e. $c_{\mu, \nu}^{\lambda} =c_{\mu^t,\nu^t}^{\lambda ^t}$. Tableau―switching provides an algorithm to produce such a bijective proof. Fulton has shown that the White and the Hanlon―Sundaram maps are versions of that bijection. In this paper one exhibits explicitly the Yamanouchi word produced by that conjugation symmetry map which on its turn leads to a new and very natural version of the same map already considered independently. A consequence of this latter construction is that using notions of Relative Computational Complexity we are allowed to show that this conjugation symmetry map is linear time reducible to the Schutzenberger involution and reciprocally. Thus the Benkart―Sottile―Stroomer conjugation symmetry map with the two mentioned versions, the three versions of the commutative symmetry map, and Schutzenberger involution, are linear time reducible to each other. This answers a question posed by Pak and Vallejo.
Men in the Third World: Postcolonial Perspectives on Masculinity

This chapter examines men and masculinity in the postcolonial world, a world formerly controlled by European colonizers. It considers how men and masculinity have been analyzed using a number of different theories and literatures and suggests that the specific gender conditions of the postcolonial world require a flexible, yet syncretic, approach if their lives are to be understood and, more important, appreciated and improved. Our starting point is that the world still bears the mark of colonialism. The World Bank, for example, divides the world into two economic categories: “more developed regions”— Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan—and “less developed regions”—the rest of the world. A further subcategory (a part of the less developed regions that includes the poorest countries of the world) is “Sub-Saharan Africa. ” There is still good reason to talk about the dichotomy between the metropole and the periphery and about the developed and developing worlds. These concepts are crude, sometimes misleading, and often inaccurate. Yet they retain an undeniable truth. As a shorthand, for all its shortcomings, we shall in this chapter be using the term Third World to refer to the unand underdeveloped regions concentrated in South America, Africa, and parts of Asia, an area often termed “the South” to distinguish its state from the industrialized and wealthy “North. ” The differences between the First and Third Worlds can be found in the statistics shown in Table 6.1. People in different parts of the world have hugely divergent experiences of life. We can make some generalizations that will underpin this study. Many babies never make it to their first birthdays, and those who achieve this live in poverty for much of their lives. Many will live in rural areas, with little access to the technology that people in the more developed world rely on. And the situation is getting worse: The share
Surviving Shame: Adolescent Sex Workers’ Experiences of Accessing and Avoiding Helping Services

Adolescents involved with sex work are largely hidden from formal systems, and typically view counselling, social work, and health services with distrust. This article reports the findings of a study involving semi-structured interviews with a sample of eight young people who started sex work between the ages of 12 and 16. The study found that participants’ experiences with formal services were overwhelmingly negative and emotionally harmful. The combination of the participants’ outcome expectations, interactions with individual practitioners, and feelings of shame was found to preclude sustained engagement, irrespective of the participants’ level of need. Helpful elements of the client-practitioner alliance are identified, and components of service design that promote emotional safety and the positive development of self are discussed.
Between Spilling Over and Boiling Down: Network-Mediated Spillovers, Absorptive Capacity and Productivity in European Regions

Productivity across European regions is related to three types of networks that mediate R&D-related knowledge spillovers: trade, co-patenting and geographical proximity. Both our panel and instrumental variable estimations for European regions suggest that network relations are crucial sources of R&D spillovers, but with potentially different features. While co-patenting relations appear to affect local productivity directly, regions that link up to innovative leader regions via imports gain in productivity only when they have relatively high levels of human capital and absorptive capacity. From a policy perspective, this may frustrate recent European policy initiatives, such as Smart Specialization, that are designed to benefit all regions in Europe.
A Comparison of the Transient Hyperemic Response Test and the Static Autoregulation Test to Assess Graded Impairment in Cerebral Autoregulation During Propofol, Desflurane, and Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia

UNLABELLED The transient hyperemic response (THR) test has been used to assess cerebral autoregulation in anesthesia and intensive care. To date it has not been compared with the static autoregulation test for assessing graded changes in cerebral autoregulation. We compared the two tests during propofol, desflurane, and nitrous oxide anesthesia. Seven subjects were studied. For the THR test, changes in the middle artery blood flow velocity were assessed during and after a 10-s compression of the ipsilateral common carotid artery. Two indices of autoregulation--THR ratio (THRR) and strength of autoregulation (SA)--were calculated. For the test of static autoregulation, changes in the middle cerebral artery flow velocity after a phenylephrine-induces increase in mean arterial pressure were assessed, and the static rate of regulation (sROR) was calculated. The tests were performed before induction and after equilibrium at 0.5 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) and then at 1.5 MAC of desflurane. THRR, SA and sROR decreased significantly (P < 0.001) at 0.5 MAC and then at 1.5 MAC desflurane. CHanges in THRR and SA reflected the changes in sROR with a sensitivity of 100%. IMPLICATIONS When compared with the established test of static autoregulation, the transient hyperemic response test provides a valid method for assessing graded impairment in cerebral autoregulation.
Structural Genes for a Newly Recognized Acetolactate Synthase in Escherichia coli K-12

Evidence is reported that shows the presence in Escherichia coli K-12 of a newly found acetolactate synthase. This enzyme is the product of two genes, ilvH and ilvI, both located very close to leu. Amber mutations have been found in both genes and therefore their products are polypeptides. Mutations in the ilvH gene cause the appearance of an acetolactate synthase activity which is relatively resistant to valine inhibition and can be separated by adsorption on hydroxylapatite from another activity present in the extract and more sensitive to valine inhibition than the former. A mutant altered in the ilvI gene was isolated among the revertants sensitive to valine inhibition of an ilvH mutant. Such a mutant lacks the resistant acetolactate synthase. A temperature-sensitive revertant of the ilvI mutant contained a temperature-sensitive acetolactate synthase. Thus ilvI is the structural gene for a specific acetolactate synthase. The activity of the ilvH gene product has been measured by adding an extract containing it to a purified ilvI acetolactate synthase, which, upon incubation, became more sensitive to valine inhibition. Conversely, a valine-sensitive acetolactate synthase (the product of the ilvH and the ilvI genes) became more resistant to valine inhibition upon incubation with an extract of a strain containing a missense ilvH gene product.
Recognition memory in developmental prosopagnosia: electrophysiological evidence for abnormal routes to face recognition

Dual process models of recognition memory propose two distinct routes for recognizing a face: recollection and familiarity. Recollection is characterized by the remembering of some contextual detail from a previous encounter with a face whereas familiarity is the feeling of finding a face familiar without any contextual details. The Remember/Know (R/K) paradigm is thought to index the relative contributions of recollection and familiarity to recognition performance. Despite researchers measuring face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia (DP) through a variety of methods, none have considered the distinct contributions of recollection and familiarity to recognition performance. The present study examined recognition memory for faces in eight individuals with DP and a group of controls using an R/K paradigm while recording electroencephalogram (EEG) data at the scalp. Those with DP were found to produce fewer correct “remember” responses and more false alarms than controls. EEG results showed that posterior “remember” old/new effects were delayed and restricted to the right posterior (RP) area in those with DP in comparison to the controls. A posterior “know” old/new effect commonly associated with familiarity for faces was only present in the controls whereas individuals with DP exhibited a frontal “know” old/new effect commonly associated with words, objects and pictures. These results suggest that individuals with DP do not utilize normal face-specific routes when making face recognition judgments but instead process faces using a pathway more commonly associated with objects.