Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Key-Recovery Attacks on KIDS, a Keyed Anomaly Detection System

Most anomaly detection systems rely on machine learning algorithms to derive a model of normality that is later used to detect suspicious events. Some works conducted over the last years have pointed out that such algorithms are generally susceptible to deception, notably in the form of attacks carefully constructed to evade detection. Various learning schemes have been proposed to overcome this weakness. One such system is Keyed IDS (KIDS), introduced at DIMVA “10. KIDS” core idea is akin to the functioning of some cryptographic primitives, namely to introduce a secret element (the key) into the scheme so that some operations are infeasible without knowing it. In KIDS the learned model and the computation of the anomaly score are both key-dependent, a fact which presumably prevents an attacker from creating evasion attacks. In this work we show that recovering the key is extremely simple provided that the attacker can interact with KIDS and get feedback about probing requests. We present realistic attacks for two different adversarial settings and show that recovering the key requires only a small amount of queries, which indicates that KIDS does not meet the claimed security properties. We finally revisit KIDS' central idea and provide heuristic arguments about its suitability and limitations.
Subaru Weak Lensing Study of Seven Merging Clusters: Distributions of Mass and Baryons

We present and compare projected distributions of mass, galaxies, and the intracluster medium (ICM) for a sample of merging clusters of galaxies based on the joint weak-lensing, optical photometric, and X-ray analysis. Our sample comprises seven nearby Abell clusters, for which we have conducted systematic, deep imaging observations with Suprime-Cam on Subaru telescope. Our seven target clusters, representing various merging stages and conditions, allow us to investigate in details the physical interplay between dark matter, ICM, and galaxies associated with cluster formation and evolution. A1750 and A1758 are binary systems consisting of two cluster-sized components, A520, A754, A1758N, A1758S, and A1914 are on-going cluster mergers, and A2034 and A2142 are cold-front clusters. In the binary clusters, the projected mass, optical light, and X-ray distributions are overall similar and regular without significant substructures. On-going and cold-front merging clusters, on the other hand, reveal highly irregular mass distributions. Overall the mass distribution appears to be similar to the galaxy luminosity distribution, whereas their distributions are quite different from the ICM distribution in a various ways. We also measured for individual targets the global cluster parameters such as the cluster mass,the mass-to-light ratio, and the ICM temperature. A comparison of the ICM and virial temperatures of merging clusters from X-ray and weak-lensing analyses, respectively, shows that the ICM temperature of on-going and cold-front clusters is significantly higher than the cluster virial temperature by a factor of $\sim 2$. This temperature excess in the ICM could be explained by the effects of merger boosts.
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Perfusion MR Imaging With SPIO: A Pilot Study

Purpose:To investigate the feasibility of dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast material–enhanced (DSC) perfusion imaging with ferucarbotran at 3.0 T, and to assess the impact of the different characteristics of gadolinium (Gd)- and ferucarbotran-based agent in rCBV measurement under pathologic condition with BBB disruption. Materials and Methods:Nine patients with suspected meningioma (4 men and 5 women; age range, 27–79 years; mean age, 61.6 ± 17.9 years) were eligible for the study. Approval was obtained from the institutional review board. All participants provided signed informed consent prior to the study. DSC perfusion images were acquired with a T2*-weighted echo-planar imaging sequence during the first pass of a standard-dose of Gd-based agent, and of 4, 8, or 16 &mgr;mol Fe/kg of ferucarbotran-based agent in 3 patients for each dose respectively. Pre- and postenhanced T1-weighted images were obtained in all. Results:Ferucarbotran decreased the signal intensity in both gray and white matter in a dose-dependent fashion. Differences regarding the &Dgr;SI between the 4 and 8 or 8 and 16 &mgr;mol Fe/kg groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05, 1-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer method) in any region. No effect of leakage of ferucarbotran was demonstrated in the intensity-time curves or in the postenhanced T1-weighted images. Relative CBV in tumor area obtained with Gd was reduced to 37.6%–86.5% compared with that obtained with ferucarbotran. Conclusions:T2*-weighted DSC perfusion imaging with ferucarbotran is feasible at 3.0 T. Compared with Gd-based agent, larger particle size of ferucarbotran can diminish the effect of contrast leakage during the first pass under pathologic conditions with BBB disruption.
Recent star formation in the inner Galactic Bulge seen by ISOGAL. I. Classification of bright mid-IR

Context. The stellar populations in the central region of the Galaxy are poorly known because of the high visual extinction and very great source density in this direction. Aims. To use recent infrared surveys for studying the dusty stellar objects in this region. Methods. We analyse the content of a ${\sim}20\times20$ arcmin 2 field centred at $(l,b)=(-0.27^{\circ},-0.06^{\circ})$ observed at 7 and 15 μ m as part of the ISOGAL survey. These ISO observations are more than an order of magnitude better in sensitivity and spatial resolution than the IRAS observations. The sources are cross-associated with other catalogues to identify various types of objects. We then derive criteria to distinguish young objects from post-main sequence stars. Results. We find that a sample of about 50 young stellar objects and ultra-compact Hii regions emerges, out of a population of evolved AGB stars. We demonstrate that the sources colours and spatial extents, as they appear in the ISOGAL catalogue, possibly complemented with MSX photometry at 21 μ m, can be used to determine whether the ISOGAL sources brighter than 300 mJy at 15 μ m (or [15] ≤ 4.5 mag) are young objects or late-type evolved stars.
“Don’t touch that dial”: Accommodating musical preferences in interpersonal relationships

How we adapt our behavior for others’ preferences in interpersonal interactions—particularly when those preferences differ from our own—can be a means to nonverbally communicate our attention, interest, and concern for them. Invoking communication accommodation theory (CAT), this vignette study examined how relational closeness and attraction influenced accommodation to others’ musical tastes. One hundred and fifty-nine individuals completed questionnaires assessing their imagined musical accommodation in response to the scenarios detailed in the vignettes. As hypothesized, we found that accommodation of musical preferences was generally predicted by how relationally close or attractive these others were considered to be. However, how important individuals self-reported music to be did not moderate these results. These findings suggest that accommodating to another person’s musical tastes may be a nonverbal way of showing concern for another’s preferences and may communicate closeness and attraction. In this way, musical accommodation may help build, sustain, and manage social relationships. These results extend CAT into a new applied domain and the implications of the findings are discussed.
Laterality in visual speech perception.

The lateralization of visual speech perception was examined in 3 experiments. Participants were presented with a realistic computer-animated face articulating 1 of 4 consonant-vowel syllables without sound. The face appeared at 1 of 5 locations in the visual field. The participants' task was to identify each test syllable. To prevent eye movement during the presentation of the face, participants had to carry out a fixation task simultaneously with the speechreading task. In one study, an eccentricity effect was found along with a small but significant difference in favor of the right visual field (left hemisphere). The same results were found with the face articulating nonlinguistic mouth movements (e.g., kiss). These results suggest that the left-hemisphere advantage is based on the processing of dynamic visual information rather than on the extraction of linguistic significance from facial movements.
Work stress and recovery measured by urinary catecholamines and cortisol excretion in long distance coach drivers.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate coach drivers' work stress during work and in the course of recovery from work by measurement of urinary catecholamines and cortisol. METHODS: The urinary excretion rate of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol of 10 coach drivers was studied during a long distance trip of three days and two consecutive days off. Each driver was asked to provide seven urine samples on the working days and six urine samples on the days off. The second day off was considered as the baseline. RESULTS: An occupationally induced disturbance of the circadian rhythmicity was found for adrenaline and noradrenaline but not for cortisol. The mean excretion rates of adrenaline on the first working day and most samples on all working days were higher than the baseline. For both adrenaline and noradrenaline the mean excretion rates on the first day off were lower than the baseline. For cortisol, the mean excretion rate on all working days was higher than the baseline. A trend towards accumulation of cortisol excretion from the first working day to the third working day was found. A backward shift in peak concentrations was found for adrenaline and noradrenaline on the second working day, as was a forward shift in peak concentration of cortisol on both days off. CONCLUSIONS: Long distance coach drivers showed occupationally induced reactivity in rates of urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol. After the outward journey the rates of excretion of catecholamines did not return to baseline values. The course of recovery in adrenaline excretion after the journey showed a new phenomenon, which has been called "fatigue debt". It is recommended that longer resting times in shuttle bus trips and fixed days off after these kind of trips should be planned. Extensive future research should be focused on the additional relations between fatigue debt and health complaints.
Formal Verification of ElGamal Encryption using a Probabilistic Lambda-Calculus

Game-based proofs are a common technique used to verify cryptographic constructions. Such proofs consist of a sequence of games where each transition from one game to the next can be individually verified. However, as more and more increasingly complex proofs are being published, even such transitions are often non-trivial. Moreover, games are frequently described informally or just in some ad-hoc pseudocode and may be understood differently than originally intended by the authors, or underlying assumptions may not be made explicit. For this reason, Backes et al. developed a new formal language at the chair of Information Security and Cryptography at the Universit at des Saarlandes. This language supports most cryptographic primitives typically used in such games and is intended to provide a formal standard to model them. Furthermore it has been implemented on top of the proof assistant Isabelle/HOL, such that it is possible to use Isabelle’s logic to formally verify game transitions. The goal of this thesis is to provide a first application of this language to a real-world cryptographic construction by using it to formally verify the security of the well-known ElGamal encryption scheme. For this, we use the language to model the scheme as well as the desired security properties and the necessary assumptions. Next, we find appropriate game transformations in the language and formally prove their validity. Finally we show how to use these transformations to achieve a fully formalized game-based proof of the security of ElGamal.
Ultrasonic assessment of rhinostomy size following external dacryocystorhinostomy

AIM To assess the dimensions and patency of the surgical epithelial fistula after external dacryocystorhinostomy, using B mode ultrasonography to define the postoperative soft tissue anastomosis. METHODS 12 patients undergoing 16 external dacryocystorhinostomies, with the creation of large osteotomies, were included in a prospective study. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of the bone ostium was recorded during surgery and compared with the ultrasonographic dimensions of the soft tissue anastomosis at 1 day, 2 weeks, and 6 months after surgery. Functional patency was confirmed with dye testing and irrigation. RESULTS Compared with an osteotomy of between 100 and 380 mm2 (mean 235 mm2), the soft tissue anastomosis on the day after surgery was, in all cases, markedly smaller (72–252 mm2; mean 144 mm2, or 61% of the bone window). The soft tissue anastomosis decreased to between 8 and 208 mm2 (mean 98 mm2; 68% of immediate postoperative value) at 2 weeks and 3–208 mm2 (mean 71 mm2; 49% of immediate postoperative value) at 6 months. 14 of the 16 (88%) dacryocystorhinostomies were functional at the end of the study, the two failures being associated with marked contracture of the soft tissue anastomosis; the outcome of surgery correlated significantly with the area of the anastomosis at 2 weeks (χ2 = 16.3; p<0.01) and at 6 months (χ2= 16.0, p= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS B mode ultrasonography provides a simple and effective method for assessing the size of the soft tissue anastomosis after external dacryocystorhinostomy and there is a significant reduction in size after surgery, to which the functional outcome of surgery appears related. As the initial soft tissue anastomosis cannot be larger than (and is, on average, about 60% of) the area of the osteotomy, this emphasises the paramount importance of a large rhinostomy to the success of lacrimal surgery.
132302_Sara Bertilsson

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an increasingly common gastroenterological disease. Most cases are mild and self-limiting, although 10-20% of patients suffer a more severe disease course, associated with organ failure and complications. It is not fully elucidated, why and in which patients, severe AP develops, or what factors impact the natural history of AP. The aims of the papers included in this thesis were to evaluate the natural history of AP, to study the potential relation of the incidence of AP with the use and sales of certain AP-associated drugs as well as alcohol sales and consumption. In addition, we aimed to investigate the value of microproteinuria in prediction of organ failure in AP patients. In a retrospective part, 1457 patients with first-time AP, between 2003 and 2012, were included. The main AP etiology was gallstone disease, followed by alcohol. In all, 23% experienced one or more recurrent AP (RAP) episode, and 5% developed chronic pancreatitis. Severity of first-time AP, alcoholic etiology and smoking predicted RAP as well as chronic pancreatitis (p<0.05), and RAP was the strongest predictor for development of chronic pancreatitis (HR 6.7; 95% CI, 4-11.3, p<0.01). The incidence of AP (in particular biliary AP) showed increasing time-trends, while the incidence of alcoholic AP remained stable. Users of AP-associated drugs increased from 32% in 2003 to 51% in 2012 (p<0.05), reflective of increasing user rates in the general population, but was not related to AP incidence nor severity (p>0.05). Alcohol sales and consumption decreased, in the general population, and did not correlate to the incidence of (alcoholic or non-alcoholic) AP (p>0.05). The prospective part comprised 92 AP patients. The urine 1-microglobulin-, albumin-, and IgG/creatinine ratios were significantly higher in patients with vs. without organ failure (p<0.05, for all). In particular, the 1-microglobulin/creatinine upon admission predicted organ failure (OR 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02-1.61) with an AUROC of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.69-0.94), making it a promising marker for early prediction of AP severity.
The Structure of Line Bundles over Quantum Teardrops

Over the quantum weighted 1-dimensional complex projective spaces, called quantum teardrops, the quantum line bundles associated with the quantum principal U(1)- bundles introduced and studied by Brzezinski and Fairfax are explicitly identified among the finitely generated projective modules which are classified up to isomorphism. The quantum lens space in which these quantum line bundles are embedded is realized as a concrete groupoid C -algebra.
Awareness about medical research among resident doctors in a tertiary care hospital: A cross-sectional survey

Context: Every medical practitioner should strive to contribute to the generation of evidence by conducting research. For carrying out research, adequate knowledge, practical skills, and development of the right attitude are crucial. A literature review shows that data regarding knowledge, attitude, and practices toward medical research, among resident doctors in India, is lacking. Aims: This study was conducted to assess research-related knowledge, attitude, and practices among resident doctors. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a pretested, structured, and pre-validated questionnaire. Materials and Methods: With approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee and a verbal consent, a cross-sectional survey among 100 resident doctors pursuing their second and third years in the MD and MS courses was conducted using a structured and pre-validated questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. Results: The concept of research hypothesis was known to 58% of the residents. Ninety-eight percent of the residents were aware of the procedure to obtain informed consent. Seventy-six percent agreed that research training should be mandatory. Although 88% of the residents were interested in conducting research in future, 50% had participated in research other than a dissertation project, 28% had made scientific presentations, and only 4% had publications. Lack of time (74%), lack of research curriculum (42%), and inadequate facilities (38%) were stated as major obstacles for pursuing research. Conclusions: Although resident doctors demonstrated a fairly good knowledge and positive attitude toward research, it did not translate into practice for most of them. There is a need to improve the existing medical education system to foster research culture among resident doctors
Magnitude of Gene Mutations Conferring Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates from Lymph Node Aspirates in Ethiopia

Objective: Resistance to drugs is due to particular genomic mutations in the specific genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Timely genetic characterization will allow identification of resistance mutations that will optimize an effective antibiotic treatment regimen. We determine the magnitude of gene mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and ethambutol (EMB) among tuberculosis (TB) lymphadenitis patients. Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was conducted among 226 M.tuberculosis isolates from culture positive lymph node aspirates collected from TB lymphadenitis patients between April 2012 and May 2012. Detection of mutations conferring resistance to drugs was carried out using GenoType® MTBDRplus and GenoType® MTBDRsl assay. Results: Out of the 226 strains, mutations conferring resistance to INH, RMP, multidrug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and EMB were 8, 3, 2 and 2 isolates, respectively. There was no isolated strain that showed mutation in the inhA promoter region gene. All INH resistant strains had mutations in the katG gene at codon 315 with amino acid change of S315T1. Among rifampicin resistant strains, two isolates displayed mutations at codon 531 in the rpoB gene with amino acid change of S531L and one isolate was by omission of wild type probes at Q513L. According to mutations associated with ethambutol resistance, all of the isolates had mutations in the embB gene with aminoacid change of M306I. All isolates resistant to INH, RMP and MDR using BacT/AlerT 3D system were correctly identified by GenoType® MTBDRplus assay. Conclusion: We observed mutations conferring resistance to INH at S315T1 of the katG gene, RMP at S531L and Q513L in the rpoB genes and EMB at M306I of the embB gene. In the absence of conventional drug susceptibility testing, the effort to develop easy, rapid and cost effective molecular assays for drug resistance TB monitoring is definitely desirable and the GenoType® MTBDRplus assay was found to be a useful method for diagnosis of resistance to INH, RMP and MDR from lymph node aspirates. Further molecular cluster analysis to determine transmission dynamics of mutated strain is required.
Estimating Price Variability in Agriculture: Implications for Decision Makers

Abstract Using a stochastic version of the POLYSYS modeling framework, an examination of projected variability in agricultural prices, supply, demand, stocks, and incomes is conducted for corn, wheat, soybeans, and cotton during the 1998–2006 period. Increased planting flexibility introduced in the 1996 farm bill results in projections of significantly higher planted acreage variability compared to recent historical levels. Variability of ending stocks and stock-to-use ratios is projected to be higher for corn and soybeans and lower for wheat and cotton compared to the 1986–96 period. Significantly higher variability is projected for corn prices, with wheat and soybean prices also being more variable. No significant change in cotton price variability is projected.
Exploring Differences in the Clinical Management of Pediatric Mental Health in the Emergency Department

Objective: We examine psychiatric and pediatric clinical management of pediatric mental health in the emergency department (ED). Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of health care delivery with a random sample of all pediatric mental health presentations (≤18 years) to 2 urban tertiary care EDs between 2004 and 2006 (N = 580). Results: The EDs differed significantly in services offered. General emergency medicine-trained physicians provided care at 1 site (54.6%) with a number of visits also managed by a psychiatric crisis team (45.4%). Care at the other ED was delivered by pediatric emergency medicine-trained physicians (99.4%) with no regular on-site psychiatric services. The most common assessment provided across sites and all presentations was for suicidality (66.2%). After controlling for potential confounders, receipt of clinical assessment for homicidality, mood, or reality testing differed between EDs (P = 0.044, P = 0.006, and P = 0.002) with more assessments documented at the psychiatric-resourced ED. Brief counseling was lacking for visits (absence of documentation: 56.1% pediatric-resourced, 23.1% psychiatric-resourced ED); there was no evidence of site differences in provision. More psychiatric consultation was provided at the psychiatric-resourced ED (34.1% vs 27.4%, P = 0.030). Discharge recommendations were lacking in both EDs but were more incomplete for pediatric-resourced ED visits (P = 0.035). Conclusions: Consistent and comprehensive clinical management of pediatric mental health presentations was lacking in EDs that had pediatric and psychiatric resources. Prospective evaluations are needed to determine the effect of current clinical ED practices on patient and family outcomes, including symptom reduction and stress, as well as subsequent system use.