Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Algorithms for Mining Frequent Weighted Itemsets from Weighted Items Databases

In this paper, we propose algorithms for mining Frequent Weighted Itemsets (FWIs) from weighted items transaction databases. Firstly, we introduce the WIT-tree data structure for mining high utility itemsets in the work of Le et al. (2009) and modify it for mining FWIs. Next, some theorems are proposed. Based on these theorems and the WIT-tree, we propose an algorithm for mining FWIs. Finally, Diffset for fast computing the weighted support of itemsets and saving memory are also discussed. We test the proposed algorithms in many databases and experimental results show that they are very efficient in comparison with Apriori-based approach
Cockroach sensitivity in asthmatic Egyptian children

Cockroach‐specific IgE antibodies (CR‐IgE) were assayed in the sera of 51 asthmatic and 33 healthy, nonallergic children. Cockroach IgE was detected in 43 asthmatic children (84%), seven of whom showed a high CR‐IgE response (> = 1.5 IU/ml). Only three of the healthy children (9%) had a positive response, and none of them were in the strongly positive category. The difference from the asthmatic group was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Children with clinically mild asthma had a significantly lower CR‐IgE posi‐tivity rate than moderate and severe cases. The presence of other allergic manifestations or family history of atopy had no relationship to CR‐IgE, nor did the residency, age, duration of illness, or total serum IgE levels. However, the CR‐IgE titres were positively correlated with the absolute eosinophil counts. Thus, cockroach antigens are common inhalant allergens in Egyptian asthmatic children.
Loss of function at RAE2, a previously unidentified EPFL, is required for awnlessness in cultivated Asian rice

Significance This study investigates a previously unidentified cysteine-rich peptide (CRP). CRPs have diverse roles in plant growth and development, such as control of stomata density and guidance of pollen-tube elongation. Despite numerous studies on CRPs in Arabidopsis thaliana, there are still many peptides with unknown function. We identify a previously unidentified rice CRP named Regulator of Awn Elongation 2 (RAE2) and show that it is cleaved specifically in the spikelet to promote awn elongation. We demonstrate that RAE2 was a target of selection during domestication, contributing to loss of awns in Asian but not African rice. The discovery of RAE2 simultaneously deepens our understanding of plant developmental pathways and lends insight into the complex processes underlying cereal domestication. Domestication of crops based on artificial selection has contributed numerous beneficial traits for agriculture. Wild characteristics such as red pericarp and seed shattering were lost in both Asian (Oryza sativa) and African (Oryza glaberrima) cultivated rice species as a result of human selection on common genes. Awnedness, in contrast, is a trait that has been lost in both cultivated species due to selection on different sets of genes. In a previous report, we revealed that at least three loci regulate awn development in rice; however, the molecular mechanism underlying awnlessness remains unknown. Here we isolate and characterize a previously unidentified EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE (EPFL) family member named REGULATOR OF AWN ELONGATION 2 (RAE2) and identify one of its requisite processing enzymes, SUBTILISIN-LIKE PROTEASE 1 (SLP1). The RAE2 precursor is specifically cleaved by SLP1 in the rice spikelet, where the mature RAE2 peptide subsequently induces awn elongation. Analysis of RAE2 sequence diversity identified a highly variable GC-rich region harboring multiple independent mutations underlying protein-length variation that disrupt the function of the RAE2 protein and condition the awnless phenotype in Asian rice. Cultivated African rice, on the other hand, retained the functional RAE2 allele despite its awnless phenotype. Our findings illuminate the molecular function of RAE2 in awn development and shed light on the independent domestication histories of Asian and African cultivated rice.
Nuclear Import and Export Signals in Control of the p53-related Protein p73*

The p53-family of proteins, including p53, p63, and p73, shares a high degree of structural similarity and can carry out some redundant functions. However, mechanisms that regulate the localization and activity of these proteins have not been fully clarified. In this study, a nuclear localization signal (NLS) was identified in p73, which is required for p73 nuclear import and which could promote the nuclear import of a heterologous, cytoplasmic protein. Mutants lacking the NLS localized to the cytoplasm and displayed diminished transcriptional activity. A nuclear export signal (NES) was also recognized in p73s C terminus, the deletion of which caused p73 to display a more nuclear localization pattern. This NES was sensitive to leptomycin B and could function as an independent export signal when fused to a heterologous protein. Interestingly, p73 mutant proteins lacking the NLS or the NES were more stable than wild-type p73, suggesting that nuclear import and nuclear export are required for efficient p73 degradation. Our results indicate that p73 localization is controlled by both nuclear import and export and suggest that the overall distribution of p73 is likely to result from the balance between these two processes. Proper control of nuclear import and export is likely to be an important regulatory determinant of p73.
Membrane Composition Modulates Prestin-associated Charge Movement*

The lateral membrane of the cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) is the site of a membrane-based motor that powers OHC electromotility, enabling amplification and fine-tuning of auditory signals. The OHC membrane protein prestin plays a central role in this process. We have previously shown that membrane cholesterol modulates the peak voltage of prestin-associated nonlinear capacitance in vivo and in vitro. The present study explores the effects of membrane cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid content on the peak and magnitude of prestin-associated charge movement in a human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell model. Increasing membrane cholesterol results in a hyperpolarizing shift in the peak voltage of the nonlinear capacitance (Vpkc) and a decrease in the total charge movement. Both measures depend linearly on membrane cholesterol concentration. Incubation of cholesterol-loaded cells in cholesterol-free media partially restores the Vpkc toward normal values but does not have a compensatory effect on the total charge movement. Decreasing membrane cholesterol results in a depolarizing shift in Vpkc that is restored toward normal values upon incubation in cholesterol-free media. However, cholesterol depletion does not alter the magnitude of charge movement. In contrast, increasing membrane docosahexaenoic acid results in a hyperpolarizing shift in Vpkc that is accompanied by an increase in total charge movement. Our results quantify the relation between membrane cholesterol concentration and prestin-associated charge movement and enhance our understanding of how membrane composition modulates prestin function.
Impact of Double Counting and Transfer Bias on Estimated Rates and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Context.Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Recent studies report inconsistent findings on the changes in the incidence of hospitalizations for ischemic heart disease. These reports have relied primarily on hospital discharge data. Preliminary data suggest that a significant percentage of patients suffering acute myocardial infarction (MI) in rural communities are transferred to urban centers for care. Patients transferred to a second hospital may be counted twice for one episode of ischemic heart disease. Objective.To describe the impact of double counting and transfer bias on the estimation of incidence rates and outcomes of ischemic heart disease, specifically acute MI, in the United States. Design.Analysis of state hospital discharge data from Kansas, Colorado (State Inpatient Database [SID]), Nebraska, Arizona, New Jersey, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Illinois (SID) for the years 1995 to 1997. A matching algorithm was developed for hospital discharges to determine patients counted twice for one episode of ischemic heart disease. Validation of our matching algorithm. Patients.Patients reported to have suffered ischemic heart disease (ICD9 codes 410–414, 786.5). MainOutcomeMeasures.Number of patients counted twice for one episode of acute MI. Results.It is estimated that double count rates range from 10% to 15% for all states and increased over the 3 years. Moderate sized rural counties had the highest estimated double count rates at 15% to 20% with a few counties having estimated double count rates a high as 35% to 50%. Older patients and females were less likely to be double counted (P <0.05). Conclusions.Double counting patients has resulted in a significant overestimation in the incidence rate for hospitalization for acute MI. Correction of this double counting reveals a significantly lower incidence rate and a higher in-hospital mortality rate for acute MI. Transferred patients differ significantly from nontransferred patients, introducing significant bias into MI outcome studies. Double counting and transfer bias should be considered when conducting and interpreting research on ischemic heart disease, particularly in rural regions.
Bootstrapping via Graph Propagation

Bootstrapping a classifier from a small set of seed rules can be viewed as the propagation of labels between examples via features shared between them. This paper introduces a novel variant of the Yarowsky algorithm based on this view. It is a bootstrapping learning method which uses a graph propagation algorithm with a well defined objective function. The experimental results show that our proposed bootstrapping algorithm achieves state of the art performance or better on several different natural language data sets.
A Faster Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for the Block Relocation Problem

The block relocation problem, which is also known as the container relocation problem, is an optimization problem to find an optimal sequence of operations for retrieving blocks (containers) from a container yard in a given order. The objective function to be minimized is the number of necessary relocations. In this study, we propose an efficient exact algorithm for two variants of the block relocation problem, those with distinct and duplicate retrieval priorities. In the former problem, the retrieval order of blocks is uniquely provided, whereas in the latter problem, it is given only among groups of blocks. The primary contribution of this study is a tighter lower bound of the number of relocations than existing ones. This enables us to construct a faster branch-and-bound algorithm. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by extensive numerical experiments.
Interconnect-Driven Layout-Aware Multiple Scan Tree Synthesis for Test Time, Data Compression and Routing Optimization

An interconnect-driven layout-aware multiple scan tree synthesis methodology is proposed in this paper. Multiple scan trees greatly reduce test data volume and test application time. However, previous researches on scan tree synthesis rarely considered routing length issues, and hence create scan trees with long routing paths. The proposed algorithm effectively considers both test compression rate and routing length and hence produces better results than all previous known methods in both regards. In this method, a density-driven dynamic clustering algorithm is applied to determine scan cells in each scan tree. A compatibility based clique partition algorithm is used to determine tree topology, and then a Voronoi diagram is used to establish physical connections. Compared with the previous results on scan tree synthesis, the proposed method achieves better compression rate with smaller routing overhead.
Disruption of the Head Direction Cell Signal after Occlusion of the Semicircular Canals in the Freely Moving Chinchilla

Head direction (HD) cells in the rat anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (ADN) fire relative to the animal's directional heading. Lesions of the entire vestibular labyrinth have been shown to severely alter VIIIth nerve input and disrupt these HD signals. To assess the specific contributions of the semicircular canals without altering tonic VIIIth nerve input, ADN cells were recorded from chinchillas after bilateral semicircular canal occlusion. Although ADN HD cells (and also hippocampal place cells and theta cells) were identified in intact chinchillas, no direction-specific activity was seen after canal occlusions. Instead, “bursty” cells were observed that exhibited burst-firing patterns similar to normal HD cells but with firing unrelated to the animal's actual head direction. Importantly, when pairs of bursty cells were recorded, the temporal order of their firing was dependent on the animal's turning direction, as is the case for pairs of normal HD cells. These results suggest that bursty cells are actually disrupted HD cells. The present findings further suggest that the HD cell network is still able to generate spiking activity after canal occlusions, but the semicircular canal input is critical for updating the network activity in register with changes in the animal's HD.
How do job characteristics contribute to burnout? Exploring the distinct mediating roles of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness

This study aimed to better understand the psychological mechanisms, referred to in the job demands–resources model as the energetic and motivational processes, that can explain relationships between job demands (role overload and ambiguity), job resources (job control and social support), and burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment). Drawing on self-determination theory, we examined whether psychological resources (perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness) act as specific mediators between particular job demands and burnout as well as between job resources and burnout. Participants were 356 school board employees. Results of the structural equation analyses provide support for our hypothesized model, which proposes that certain job demands and resources are involved in both the energetic and motivational processes—given their relationships with psychological resources—and that they distinctively predict burnout components. Implications for burnout research and management practices are discussed.
Acquisition of Chloramphenicol Resistance by the Linearization and Integration of the Entire Staphylococcal Plasmid pC194 into the Chromosome of Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT Chloramphenicol resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniaewas associated with cat, which has 100% identity withcatpC194 from Staphylococcus aureus. Inverse PCR with primers specific for pC194 confirmed that in some isolates the entire staphylococcal plasmid was present in the S. pneumoniae chromosome, with linearization having occurred between catpC194 and the origin of replication.
The Role of Ozonation and Activated Carbon Filtration in the Natural Organic Matter Removal from Drinking Water

Aquatic natural organic matter is one of the most important problems in the drinking water treatment process design and development. In this study, the removal of the natural organic matter was followed both in the full-scale drinking water treatment process and in the pilot-scale studies. The full-scale process consisted of coagulation, flocculation and flotation, sand filtration, ozonation, activated carbon filtration and disinfection. The aim of the pilot study was to investigate the influence of the dose and contact time of ozonation, and also the impact of activated carbon filtration, on the removal efficiency of organic matter. Several methods, including high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, total organic carbon content and assimilable organic carbon content measurements were used to characterize the behaviour of organic matter and its removal efficiency. On the full-scale process, total organic carbon was removed by over 90 %. According to size-exclusion measurements, chemical coagulation removed the high molar mass organic matter with an efficiency of 98 %. The ozonation further removed the smaller molar mass fraction compounds by about 27%, while residual higher molar mass matter remained quite unaltered. Activated carbon filtration removed primarily intermediate and low molar mass organic matter. In the pilot-tests, conducted with sand filtered water from the full-scale process, it was noticed, that the ozonation removed primarily smaller organic compounds. The amount of assimilable organic carbon increased with increasing ozone dose, up to 0.4 mg l−1 with the highest ozone dose of 4.0 mg l-1. The activated carbon filtration removed the assimilable organic carbon. Total organic carbon content was not reduced in ozonation.
R5 HIV-1 envelope attracts dendritic cells to cross the human intestinal epithelium and sample luminal virions via engagement of the CCR5

The gastrointestinal tract is a principal route of entry and site of persistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1). The intestinal mucosa, being rich of cells that are the main target of the virus, represents a primary site of viral replication and CD4+ T‐cell depletion. Here, we show both in vitro and ex vivo that HIV‐1 of R5 but not X4 phenotype is capable of selectively triggering dendritic cells (DCs) to migrate within 30 min between intestinal epithelial cells to sample virions and transfer infection to target cells. The engagement of the chemokine receptor 5 on DCs and the viral envelope, regardless of the genetic subtype, drive DC migration. Viruses penetrating through transient opening of the tight junctions likely create a paracellular gradient to attract DCs. The formation of junctions with epithelial cells may initiate a haptotactic process of DCs and at the same time favour cell‐to‐cell viral transmission. Our findings indicate that HIV‐1 translocation across the intestinal mucosa occurs through the selective engagement of DCs by R5 viruses, and may guide the design of new prevention strategies.
Random Wiring in the Midget Pathway of Primate Retina

The present study addresses the questions of how topographically organized neuronal populations are connected, and whether there is anatomical evidence for color-selective wiring in retinal pathways for red–green color vision. The connectivity of OFF midget bipolar and OFF midget ganglion cells was studied in the peripheral retina of dichromatic (“red–green color blind”) and trichromatic (“color normal”) marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Midget bipolar cells were identified immunohistochemically. Midget ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled from the lateral geniculate nucleus and photofilled. Comparable results were obtained from all retinas studied. Between 3 and 16 bipolar terminals converge onto each ganglion cell. Nearly all bipolar terminals investigated show regions of colocalization (areas of presumed synaptic contacts) with ganglion cell dendrites. This contact area makes up ∼14% of the axon surface area for a typical midget bipolar cell. The output from individual midget bipolar axons is often shared between midget ganglion cells so that, on average, <70% of the axon terminal area of a midget bipolar cell shows overlap with the dendritic field of a given midget ganglion cell. We conclude that there is no morphological evidence of red–green color selectivity in the connections between midget bipolar and midget ganglion cell mosaics. Furthermore, the results suggest that convergence is based on local interactions between axons and dendrites rather than cell-by-cell recognition between members of each mosaic.
Contribution of Virus-Receptor Interaction to Distinct Viral Proliferation of Neuropathogenic and Nonneuropathogenic Murine Leukemia Viruses in Rat Glial Cells

ABSTRACT The efficiency of receptor-mediated entry of pseudotyped virus carrying the surface protein (SU) of clone A8, a neuropathogenic variant of Friend murine leukemia virus (FrMLV), to rat glial cell line F10 was 1 order of magnitude greater than that of pseudotyped virus carrying SU of nonneuropathogenic FrMLV clone 57. Introduction of the gene coding for ecotropic MLV receptor on F10 cells (F10-ecoR) into SIRC cells, which are naturally resistant to FrMLV infection, also revealed the difference in receptor recognition between the A8 and the 57 viruses. Our results show that the difference in receptor utilization between A8-SU and 57-SU only partially explains the 3-order-of-magnitude difference in proliferation between A8 and 57 viruses in F10 cells.
Phenotypic Characteristics of Hyperacusis in Tinnitus

Background Many people with tinnitus also suffer from hyperacusis. Both clinical and basic scientific data indicate an overlap in pathophysiologic mechanisms. In order to further elucidate the interplay between tinnitus and hyperacusis we compared clinical and demographic characteristics of tinnitus patients with and without hyperacusis by analyzing a large sample from an international tinnitus patient database. Materials The default dataset import [November 1st, 2012] from the Tinnitus Research Initiative [TRI] Database was used for analyses. Hyperacusis was defined by the question “Do sounds cause you pain or physical discomfort? ” of the Tinnitus Sample Case History Questionnaire. Patients who answered this question with “yes” were contrasted with “no”-responders with respect to 41 variables. Results 935 [55%] out of 1713 patients were characterized as hyperacusis patients. Hyperacusis in tinnitus was associated with younger age, higher tinnitus-related, mental and general distress; and higher rates of pain disorders and vertigo. In relation to objective audiological assessment patients with hyperacusis rated their subjective hearing function worse than those without hyperacusis. Similarly the tinnitus pitch was rated higher by hyperacusis patients in relation to the audiometrically determined tinnitus pitch. Among patients with tinnitus and hyperacusis the tinnitus was more frequently modulated by external noise and somatic maneuvers, i.e., exposure to environmental sounds and head and neck movements change the tinnitus percept. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the comorbidity of hyperacusis is a useful criterion for defining a sub-type of tinnitus which is characterized by greater need of treatment. The higher sensitivity to auditory, somatosensory and vestibular input confirms the notion of an overactivation of an unspecific hypervigilance network in tinnitus patients with hyperacusis.
INTESTINAL PARASITES OF BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS ANUBIS) AND CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES) IN GOMBE NATIONAL PARK

Abstract A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of nonhuman primates in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, was conducted during July and August 1989. Fresh fecal samples collected from 35 baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) and 20 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were analyzed for intestinal parasites. Parasite identifications were based upon the size and appearance of eggs and larvae on both direct and fecal flotation examinations. Seven species of helminths and three species of protozoa were noted in the chimpanzees, and seven species of helminths, two species of trematodes, and one species of protozoa were noted in baboons. An unidentified parasite, with a thick egg shell similar to that of ascarids, was noted in both the chimpanzee and baboon population. Unfortunately a definitive identification of this parasite could not be made based upon egg size and morphology alone and insufficient numbers of larva were present to aid identification. One previously unreported parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, was identified in the baboon population. This is the first report of a schistosome in Gombe's nonhuman primate population.