Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Restoration of function in external intercostal motoneurones of the cat following partial central deafferentation.

The activity of external intercostal motoneurones in the cat was studied under anaesthesia and paralysis before and after partial central deafferentation caused by single or double ipsilateral hemisections of the thoracic spinal cord. The normal efferent inspiratory discharges recorded from external intercostal nerve filaments caudal to the upper lesion were greatly reduced acutely, but activity of approximately normal intensity and phase at eupneoic levels of CO2 was restored within a few days and remained at similar levels for up to two years. The patterns of the restored activity were abnormal, with more discharges of alpha‐motoneutrones during expiration than normal and a stronger modulation of the discharges by the respiratory pump than normal. A common abnormal component of the restored activity was a tonic discharge in hypocapnic apnoea, often modulated by the respiratory pump. This activity was never seen in normal animals or in those with acute lesions under similar conditions of anaesthesia. Synchronization of the discharges of alpha‐motoneurones caudal to the upper lesion was studied by constructing cross‐correlation histograms between paired groups of motoneurones, each group being represented by the discharges in one filament. Synchronization was stronger than normal, usually extending over a time course of +/‐ 20 to +/‐ 50 ms (broad‐peak synchronization). This synchronization was particularly strong for the discharges in hypocapnic apnoea. We conclude that the restored activity was derived in large part from abnormal tonic (non‐respiratory‐phased) inputs, partly proprioceptive in origin, probably involving spinal cord interneurones with abnormally synchronized discharges. This conclusion is supported by intracellular measurements including respiratory drive potentials, synaptic noise and average common excitation potentials.
Cross Infection and the Laryngoscope

Laryngoscope blades and handles that have been inadequately decontaminated or are unsterile can be harmful to patients. The literature suggests that this may be a current problem in many operating departments. David Pidduck examines the risks to patients that could be posed by current practice, reviews the literature on the subject, and makes some recommendations for change. He encourages nurses and operating department practitioners (ODPs) to take a more proactive approach to highlighting these problems.
Patient-Specific, Multi-Scale Modeling of Neointimal Hyperplasia in Vein Grafts

Neointimal hyperplasia is amongst the major causes of failure of bypass grafts. The disease progression varies from patient to patient due to a range of different factors. In this paper, a mathematical model will be used to understand neointimal hyperplasia in individual patients, combining information from biological experiments and patient-specific data to analyze some aspects of the disease, particularly with regard to mechanical stimuli due to shear stresses on the vessel wall. By combining a biochemical model of cell growth and a patient-specific computational fluid dynamics analysis of blood flow in the lumen, remodeling of the blood vessel is studied by means of a novel computational framework. The framework was used to analyze two vein graft bypasses from one patient: a femoro-popliteal and a femoro-distal bypass. The remodeling of the vessel wall and analysis of the flow for each case was then compared to clinical data and discussed as a potential tool for a better understanding of the disease. Simulation results from this first computational approach showed an overall agreement on the locations of hyperplasia in these patients and demonstrated the potential of using new integrative modeling tools to understand disease progression.
Music therapy with children who have been exposed to ongoing child abuse and poverty: A pilot study

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine both the feasibility and effects of music therapy on children who have been exposed to ongoing child abuse and poverty in South Korea. Four out of the 42 children, who had been identified as being exposed to the ongoing child maltreatment and poverty with marked behavioural problems, were randomly selected to receive once a week individual music therapy for 15 consecutive sessions. Both standardized measurements and behavioural observation were used to establish the effects and feasibility of music therapy. While the descriptive statistics for the mean scores of the pooled results were considerably reduced after music therapy in every measure, indicating overall improvements in both internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems, there was a conspicuous variability in individual scores that contradicted the group results. Effect sizes of change scores for most sub-scales were medium to large, however these were non-significant. The preferred musical activities of the children were recorded, as well as their behavioural and musical characteristics. The overall quantitative and observational findings are generally in support of music therapy intervention for children in this study, highlighting the importance of careful consideration for both the implementation of music therapy programmes and the interpretation of results.
A Method for Automatic and Objective Scoring of Bradykinesia Using Orientation Sensors and Classification Algorithms

Correct assessment of bradykinesia is a key element in the diagnosis and monitoring of Parkinson's disease. Its evaluation is based on a careful assessment of symptoms and it is quantified using rating scales, where the Movement Disorders Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) is the gold standard. Regardless of their importance, the bradykinesia-related items show low agreement between different evaluators. In this study, we design an applicable tool that provides an objective quantification of bradykinesia and that evaluates all characteristics described in the MDS-UPDRS. Twenty-five patients with Parkinson's disease performed three of the five bradykinesia-related items of the MDS-UPDRS. Their movements were assessed by four evaluators and were recorded with a nine degrees-of-freedom sensor. Sensor fusion was employed to obtain a 3-D representation of movements. Based on the resulting signals, a set of features related to the characteristics described in the MDS-UPDRS was defined. Feature selection methods were employed to determine the most important features to quantify bradykinesia. The features selected were used to train support vector machine classifiers to obtain an automatic score of the movements of each patient. The best results were obtained when seven features were included in the classifiers. The classification errors for finger tapping, diadochokinesis and toe tapping were 15-16.5%, 9.3-9.8%, and 18.2-20.2% smaller than the average interrater scoring error, respectively. The introduction of objective scoring in the assessment of bradykinesia might eliminate inconsistencies within evaluators and interrater assessment disagreements and might improve the monitoring of movement disorders.
Expansion of Extracellular Space in the Nonischemic Zone of the Infarcted Heart and Concomitant Changes in Tissue Electrolyte Contents in the Rat

The alterations in electrolyte content that occur in an infarcted zone of the heart have also been reported to occur in a similar manner, although to a far less degree, in the distant, apparently normal zones of the heart. These alterations in the nonischemic myocardium have usually been tabulated without comment, presumably because their magnitudes approach values of statistical dispersion. Our measurements of electrolyte content in the normal zone of the infarcted rat heart confirmed that all of the electrolyte contents were slightly modified. There was a rise in sodium, calcium, and chloride and a decline in potassium and magnesium. In addition, the extracellular space ([MC]sucrose) in this zone was elevated by nearly 15%. We have postulated a mechanism for this elevation based on an increase in the net filtration rate through myocardial capillaries. The expansion of the extracellular space can account for all of the electrolyte changes in the normal zone with the exception of the alteration in calcium. Therefore, there is no basis for assuming that these myocardial alterations reflect general movements of electrolytes down their electrochemical gradients. We suggest that the increment in the nominal concentration of cellular calcium is related to a compensatory mechanism that allows the reduced mass of functional myocardium to contract more vigorously.
Psychological processes in young bullies versus bully‐victims

Some children who bully others are also victimized themselves (“bully‐victims”) whereas others are not victimized themselves (“bullies”). These subgroups have been shown to differ in their social functioning as early as in kindergarten. What is less clear are the motives that underlie the bullying behavior of young bullies and bully‐victims. The present study examined whether bullies have proactive motives for aggression and anticipate to feel happy after victimizing others, whereas bully‐victims have reactive motives for aggression, poor theory of mind skills, and attribute hostile intent to others. This “distinct processes hypothesis” was contrasted with the “shared processes hypothesis,” predicting that bullies and bully‐victims do not differ on these psychological processes. Children (n = 283, age 4–9) were classified as bully, bully‐victim, or noninvolved using peer‐nominations. Theory of mind, hostile intent attributions, and happy victimizer emotions were assessed using standard vignettes and false‐belief tasks; reactive and proactive motives were assessed using teacher‐reports. We tested our hypotheses using Bayesian model selection, enabling us to directly compare the distinct processes model (predicting that bullies and bully‐victims deviate from noninvolved children on different psychological processes) against the shared processes model (predicting that bullies and bully‐victims deviate from noninvolved children on all psychological processes alike). Overall, the shared processes model received more support than the distinct processes model. These results suggest that in early childhood, bullies and bully‐victims have shared, rather than distinct psychological processes underlying their bullying behavior.
Romantic Scotland, tragic England, ambiguous Britain: constructions of ‘the Empire’ in post‐devolution national accounting

This article compares the ways in which references to ‘the (British) Empire’ were constructed and used in interview accounts of national identity and domestic politics in Scotland and in England. In Scotland, spontaneous accounts of Empire were typically formulated in conjunction with nationalist moral meta-narratives. Respondents variously inferred heroic national character from Scotland's role in Empire, or cast Scottish history as an enduring struggle between progressive forces of nationalism and atavistic forces of Anglo-British colonialism. The construct of Britishness was often seen to derive from, and to be synonymous with, the history of Empire. In England, the Empire story tended to be framed within anti-nationalist meta-narratives. Imperialism was generally understood to represent a product of excessive nationalism, and tales of Empire were used to draw exemplary moral lessons concerning the deficiencies of Anglo-British national character and of the catastrophic consequences of the pursuit of national self-interest more generally. The existence of Britain, and the construct of Britishness, were generally understood to both predate and postdate the history of Empire.
Psychology students’ self-assessment of their professional skills

The aim of this study was to investigate how reliably psychology students assessed their professional skills and knowledge. Participants consisted of 117 students and were from three groups, namely: beginners, intermediate and advanced. They were asked to evaluate their skills in different areas of psychology using a questionnaire. Their skills in describing psychologists’ practice in two cases were also evaluated. The student groups differed in their self-assessed skills: the advanced student group got the best results in different areas of psychology while the group of beginners got less good results. The self-assessment of competence correlated significantly with the number of earned credits in psychology studies and points given by the teacher in problem-solving tasks. The challenge of training was that even after four years of studies, about 20% of the students were still at the level of lay helpers. The psychology students assessed their knowledge and skills very reliably. Additionally, the questionnaire turned out to be a good tool for feedback to develop the training of psychology.
Teacher Self-Ratings as a Validity Criterion for Student Evaluations

Student ratings were validated against instructor self-ratings by assessing student—faculty agreement concerning day-to-day variability within courses. For 15 days, students and instructors in each of four courses made daily evaluations. Analysis showed that student ratings and instructor self-ratings were significantly correlated in three areas: material covered, instructor performance, and overall impressions of the success of the class. These results are consistent with those of other studies that have argued for the ability of students to provide valid course evaluations. In addition, they avoid some of the interpretive problems of other criterion measures that have been used to validate student evaluations.
Electromyographic Analysis of Trunk Muscles during the Golf Swing Performed with Two Different Clubs

The aim of this study was to compare the EMG patterns of trunk muscles throughout the golf swing, performed with two different clubs, and also to describe the activity patterns in the average golfer. Nine male golfers performed ten swings using the pitching wedge and the 4-iron, alternately. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from trunk muscles of both sides: rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), erector spinae (ES) and gluteus maximus (GM). 3D high-speed video analysis was used for determination of golf swing phases. Muscles had their highest activation during the forward swing and acceleration phases. The highest mean activation regarding the maximal EMG (EMGMAX), was found in the right EO (59–67% EMGMAX) and in the GM of the trailing leg (62–72% EMGMAX). In the majority of the cases and phases, trunk muscles showed higher mean values of EMG activation when golfers performed with 4-iron club. However, no club effect was verified in trunk muscles.
Beyond Shallow Models of Emotion

There is a huge diversity of definitions of “emotion” some of which are associated with relatively shallow behavioural or measurable criteria or introspectable experiences, for instance use of facial expression, physiological measures, activity of specific regions of the brain, or the experience of bodily changes or desires, such as wanting to run away, or to hurt someone. There are also deeper theories that link emotional states to a variety of mechanisms within an information processing architecture that are not easily observable or measurable, not least because they are components of virtual machines rather than physical or physiological mechanisms. We can compare this with “shallow” definitions of chemical compounds such as salt, sugar, or water, in terms of their appearance and observed behaviours in various test situations, and their definitions in the context of a theory of the architecture of matter which is mostly concerned with postulated sub-atomic entities and and a web of relationships between them which cannot easily be observed, so that theories about them are not easily confirmed or refuted. This paper outlines an approach to the search for deeper explanatory theories of emotions and many other kinds of mental phenomena, which includes an attempt to define the concepts in terms of the underlying information processing architectures and the classes of states and processes that they can support. A serious problem with this programme is the difficulty of finding good constraints on theories, since in general observable facts are consistent with infinitely many explanatory mechanisms. This “position paper” offers as a partial solution the requirement that proposed architectures be capable of having been produced by biological evolution, in addition to being subject to constraints such as implementability in known biological mechanisms, various resource limits (time, memory, energy, etc.) and being able to account for a wide range of human functionality. Within such an architecture-based theory we can distinguish (at least) primary emotions, secondary emotions, and tertiary emotions, and produce a coherent theory which explains a wide range of phenomena and also partly explains the diversity of theories:
Flow in der Sporttherapie der Depression – ein beanspruchungsorientierter Ansatz

Flow-experiences were successfully induced by the workload in two recent studies with a laboratory setting . In the present survey, the concept of these studies was applied to 31 adult volunteers with moderate depressive disorders. Using a load-oriented and speed regulating ergometer, the participants were kept within an individual demand-level and cycled in this condition for 40 minutes. Flow was measured using the Flow-Short Scale (Rheinberg 2003) during the activity . Effects of mood variations were assessed immediately before and after the training using the Abele-Brehm / Brehm questionnaire . According to the main results, the participants reported a continuous, deep and stable flow-experience. The effects of mood variation can thus be illustrated in the form of an iceberg profile.
Journalism Education in Africa

Abstract The construction of meaning-based educational theory creates a foundation for greater tolerance and mutual respect among and between divergent peoples. This provides possibilities for pedagogical praxis to assist journalism students in constructing the means for hope, possibility and personal transcendence throughout Africa. This article considers what the purpose of journalism is, how it has been defined, and for whose benefit it has been structured to function in the way that it has. It then considers what is meant by education, for whose benefit it has been structured in the way that it has, and how this type of pedagogy fits with the realities of the many peoples, cultures and historical experiences of this vast continent. The article examines meaning-based education as it applies to journalism students, combining literature from participatory development, critical pedagogical and spiritual theory and praxis. Examples of the implementation of such approaches from Africa, Eastern Europe and the United States are given. It urges African journalists and journalism educators to engage in ongoing dialogues to build a foundation of faith that differing African men and women can develop their own styles of journalism, and of education. These dialogues must be based upon trust, respect and understanding, using both indigenous and newer forms of mediated communication, and grounded in, as Paulo Freire urged, “their power to make and remake, to create and recreate; faith that the vocation be fully human is the birthright of all people, not the privilege of the elite. ” These are the great goals of the coming era.
Evaluation of seed germination and plant regeneration in Brugmansia suaveolens - a trophane alkaloid producer plant

Brugmansia suaveolensis known by its pharmaceutical importance. The aims of this study were to eva luate seed germination under different treatments and the es tablishment of a plant regeneration protocol. In vitro germination capacity of coated and uncoated seeds under different conditions was evaluated. Calli induction and plant regeneration were conducted using 9 different matches between 2,4 -D and KIN dosages. Coated seeds did not germinate and the u n- coated seeds germinated in MS medium as well as other treatments. Exposure to sulfuric acid and soaking for 24 hours reduced germination. The plant regeneration protocol was established from mature embryos and 0.5 mg L -1 of 2,4-D and 1.0 mg L -1 KIN was the most suitable dosage for Brugmansia suaveolens.
Complexity Analysis of Beat‐to‐Beat Skin‐Surface Laser‐Doppler Flowmetry Signals in Stroke Patients

This study performed skin‐surface LDF measurements and SampEn analysis with the aims of (i) capturing the temporal complexity of cerebral hemodynamics in stroke patients and (ii) discriminating stroke patients from healthy control subjects. We also investigated the response induced by AS in beat‐to‐beat SampEn indexes of LDF signals.
The Bianchi classification of maximal D = 8 gauged supergravities

The class A theories have 1/2 BPS domain wall solutions that uplift to purely gravitational solutions consisting of 7D Minkowski and a 4D Euclidean geometry. These geometries are generically singular. The two regular exceptions correspond to the near‐horizon limit of the single‐center or double‐centered Kaluza‐Klein monopole. In contrast, the class B supergravities are defined by a set of equations of motion that cannot be integrated to an action and allow for no 1/2 BPS domain walls.
The National Randomized Field Trial of Success for All: Second-Year Outcomes

This article reports literacy outcomes for a 2-year longitudinal student sample and a combined longitudinal and “in-mover” (i.e., those students who moved into the study schools between the initial pretest and the second-year posttest) sample, both of which were nested within 38 schools. Through the use of a cluster randomization design, schools were randomly assigned to implement Success for All or control methods. Hierarchical linear model analyses involving the longitudinal sample revealed statistically significant school-level effects of assignment to Success for All on three of the four literacy outcomes measured. Effects were as large as one quarter of a standard deviation—a learning advantage relative to controls exceeding half of a school year. Impacts for the combined longitudinal and in-mover sample were smaller in magnitude and more variable. The results correspond with the Success for All program theory, which targets school-level reform through multiyear sequencing of intensive literacy instruction