Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early intervention with nimodipine in subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Seventy-five consecutive patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were entered into a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial prior to angiography in order to determine the effect of early intervention with nimodipine on blood pressure (BP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and clinical outcome. Of these patients, 50 fulfilled the criteria for the final analysis (i.e. SAH due to cerebral aneurysm and receiving 21 days of treatment). There was no difference between the BP recordings of the two treatment groups, but mean CBF decreased slightly in the nimodipine group over the 21-day treatment period. At three months, one patient on nimodipine and six patients receiving placebo had died (P = 0.049, Fisher's exact test), but no significant difference was observed between the two groups, when the 'intent to treat' group of 75 patients was considered. We conclude that nimodipine does not increase CBF or alter BP following SAH, but an improved clinical outcome is evident at three months for patients with SAH due to cerebral aneurysm who had been treated with nimodipine. There were no side-effects due to nimodipine.
Aspergillus Sydowii Marine Fungal Bloom in Australian Coastal Waters, Its Metabolites and Potential Impact on Symbiodinium Dinoflagellates

Dust has been widely recognised as an important source of nutrients in the marine environment and as a vector for transporting pathogenic microorganisms. Disturbingly, in the wake of a dust storm event along the eastern Australian coast line in 2009, the Continuous Plankton Recorder collected masses of fungal spores and mycelia (~150,000 spores/m3) forming a floating raft that covered a coastal area equivalent to 25 times the surface of England. Cultured A. sydowii strains exhibited varying metabolite profiles, but all produced sydonic acid, a chemotaxonomic marker for A. sydowii. The Australian marine fungal strains share major metabolites and display comparable metabolic diversity to Australian terrestrial strains and to strains pathogenic to Caribbean coral. Secondary colonisation of the rafts by other fungi, including strains of Cladosporium, Penicillium and other Aspergillus species with distinct secondary metabolite profiles, was also encountered. Our bioassays revealed that the dust-derived marine fungal extracts and known A. sydowii metabolites such as sydowic acid, sydowinol and sydowinin A adversely affect photophysiological performance (Fv/Fm) of the coral reef dinoflagellate endosymbiont Symbiodinium. Different Symbiodinium clades exhibited varying sensitivities, mimicking sensitivity to coral bleaching phenomena. The detection of such large amounts of A. sydowii following this dust storm event has potential implications for the health of coral environments such as the Great Barrier Reef.
Oesophagostomiasis in non‐human primates of Gombe National Park, Tanzania

Oesophagostomum sp. is a parasitic nematode that frequently infects wild chimpanzees. Although nodular lesions are commonly associated with infection, some wild chimpanzee populations seem to tolerate Oesophagostomum nodular lesions while those at Gombe and other sites suffer from associated morbidity and mortality. From August 2004 to December 2013, we examined demographic (i.e., age, sex) and individual correlates (i.e., fecal consistency, Oesophagostomum egg production) to Oesophagostomum‐associated pathology in 14 individually recognized chimpanzees at Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. In addition, we characterized Oesophagostomum‐associated pathology in 14 individual sympatric primates including baboons, colobus, and cercopithecid monkeys. In five chimpanzees, there was no evidence of any significant underlying disease aside from oesophagostomiasis to explain the thin condition or diarrhea. All five of these chimpanzees had moderate to numerous parasitic nodules. In general, nodules were more numerous in older chimpanzees. Three of four chimpanzees with the highest average Oesophagostomum egg counts in feces collected during the year prior to their death had numerous parasitic nodules at necropsy. In contrast, the four chimpanzees with the lowest egg counts had only moderate numbers of nodules. No association (P = 0.74) was noted between frequency of diarrhea in the year prior to death and the number of nodules noted at necropsy. Nodules were also present in all baboons examined documenting pathology associated with Oesophagostomum infection in wild baboons. In contrast, no lesions were noted in colobus or cercopithecid monkeys, although it is uncertain if they are infected as no fecal studies have been completed in these species to date at Gombe. Sequence of DNA isolated from nodules in chimpanzees matched (99%) Oesophagostomum stephanostomum. Further research is needed to identify the types of Oesophagostomum causing lesions in baboons and to determine if baboons suffer from these infections. Am. J. Primatol. 80:e22572, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coloring kk-free intersection graphs of geometric objects in the plane

The <i>intersection graph</i> of a collection <i>C</i> of sets is a graph on the vertex set <i>C</i>, in which <i>C</i><sub>1</sub>,<i>C</i><sub>2</sub> ∈ <i>C</i> are joined by an edge if and only if <i>C</i><sub>1</sub> ∩ <i>C</i><sub>2</sub> ≠ Ø. Erdös conjectured that the chromatic number of triangle-free intersection graphs of <i>n</i> segments in the plane is bounded from above by a constant. Here we show that it is bounded by a polylogarithmic function of <i>n</i>, which is the first nontrivial bound for this problem. More generally, we prove that for any <i>t</i> and <i>k</i>, the chromatic number of every <i>Kk</i>-free intersection graph of <i>n</i> curves in the plane, every pair of which have at most <i>t</i> points in common, is at most (<i>c<sub>t</sub></i> log <i>n</i>/log <i>k</i>)<i>c</i> log <i>k</i>, where <i>c</i> is an absolute constant and <i>c<sub>t</sub></i> only depends on <i>t</i>. We establish analogous results for intersection graphs of convex sets, <i>x</i>-monotone curves, semialgebraic sets of constant description complexity, and sets that can be obtained as the union of a bounded number of sets homeomorphic to a disk. Using a mix of results on partially ordered sets and planar separators, for large <i>k</i> we improve the best known upper bound on the number of edges of a <i>k-quasi-planar topological graph</i> with <i>n</i> vertices, that is, a graph drawn in the plane with curvilinear edges, no <i>k</i> of which are pairwise crossing. As another application, we show that for every ε > 0 and for every positive integer <i>t</i>, there exist δ > 0 and a positive integer <i>n</i>0 such that every topological graph with <i>n</i> ≥ <i>n</i>0 vertices, at least <i>n</i><sup>1+ε</sup> edges, and no pair of edges intersecting in more than <i>t</i> points, has at least n<sup>δ</sup> pairwise intersecting edges.
Towards an increase of flash flood geomorphic effects due to gravel miningand ground subsidence in Nogalte stream (Murcia, SE Spain)

Abstract. Transition from endorheic alluvial fan environments to well-channelized fluvial systems in natural conditions may occur in response to base-level fluctuations. However, human-induced changes in semi-arid regions can also be responsible for similar unforeseen modifications. Our results confirm that in-channel gravel mining and aquifer overexploitation over the last 50 years in the case study area have changed the natural stability of the Nogalte stream and, as a result, its geomorphic parameters including channel depth and longitudinal profile have begun to adapt to the new situation. Using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data we obtain maximum values for ground subsidence in the Upper Guadalentin Basin of ∼ 10 cm yr−1 for the period 2003–2010. In this context of a lowered base level, the river is changing its natural flood model to a more powerful one. A comparison of the 1973 flood event, the most dramatic flood event ever recorded in the area, with the 2012 event, where there was a similar discharge but a sediment load deficit, reveals greater changes and a new flooding pattern and extension. In-channel gravel mining may be responsible for significant local changes in channel incision and profile. This, together with the collateral effects of aquifer overexploitation, can favour increased river velocity and stream power, which intensify the consequences of the flooding. The results obtained here clearly demonstrate an existing transition from the former alluvial pattern to a confined fluvial trend, which may become more pronounced in the future due to the time lag between the drop in aquifer level and ground subsidence, and introduce a new scenario to be taken into consideration in future natural hazard planning in this area.
Hyperinfectivity: A Critical Element in the Ability of V. cholerae to Cause Epidemics?

Background Cholera is an ancient disease that continues to cause epidemic and pandemic disease despite ongoing efforts to limit its spread. Mathematical models provide one means of assessing the utility of various proposed interventions. However, cholera models that have been developed to date have had limitations, suggesting that there are basic elements of cholera transmission that we still do not understand. Methods and Findings Recent laboratory findings suggest that passage of Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba El Tor through the gastrointestinal tract results in a short-lived, hyperinfectious state of the organism that decays in a matter of hours into a state of lower infectiousness. Incorporation of this hyperinfectious state into our disease model provides a much better fit with the observed epidemic pattern of cholera. These findings help to substantiate the clinical relevance of laboratory observations regarding the hyperinfectious state, and underscore the critical importance of human-to-human versus environment-to-human transmission in the generation of epidemic and pandemic disease. Conclusions To have maximal impact on limiting epidemic spread of cholera, interventions should be targeted toward minimizing risk of transmission of the short-lived, hyperinfectious form of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. The possibility of comparable hyperinfectious states in other major epidemic diseases also needs to be evaluated and, as appropriate, incorporated into models of disease prevention.
The Case for Flexible ISAs: Unleashing Hardware and Software

For a long time the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) has been the firm contract between software and hardware. This firm contract plays an important role by decoupling the development of software from hardware micro-architectural features, enabling both to evolve independently. Nonetheless, it also condemns the ISA to become larger, more cluttered and inefficient as new instructions are incorporated over the years and deprecated instructions are left untouched to keep legacy compatibility. In this work we propose OpenISA, a flexible ISA that enables both the software and the hardware to evolve independently and discuss how OpenISA 1.0 was designed to enable efficient OpenISA software emulation on alien ISAs, which is key to free the user from hardware lock-ins. Our results show that software compiled to OpenISA can be latter emulated on x86 and ARM processors with very little overhead achieving near native performance, under 10% for the majority of programs.
Presence of protein-bound unconjugated bile acids in the cytoplasmic fraction of rat brain Published, JLR Papers in Press, September 2, 2003. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M300369-JLR200

Using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, we have found three unconjugated bile acids [cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA)] in the rat brain cytoplasmic fraction. CDCA was detected only upon extraction with high concentrations of guanidine, indicating that it is bound noncovalently to protein in the brain. The most abundant of the three, it was present at a concentration of 1.6 nmol/g wet weight (∼15 mg of protein) of brain, corresponding to almost 30 times its serum concentration. CA and DCA were present at 1/30th the concentration of CDCA. Bile acids conjugated with amino acids, sulfuric acid, and glucuronic acid were not detected. These data clearly demonstrate that unconjugated CDCA and, to a lesser extent, CA and DCA, exists in the rat brain.
Variable course of primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection in lymph nodes: relation to disease progression

To investigate the dynamics of spread of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in the lymphoid organs, we sequentially analyzed the viral burden in lymph nodes (LN) of eight rhesus macaques inoculated intravenously with a high or low dose of the pathogenic SIVmac 251 isolate. For each animal, four axillary or inguinal LN were collected during the first weeks of infection and a fifth LN was taken 6 or 8 months later to estimate disease progression. Measurement of SIV RNA by in situ hybridization showed that all of the macaques studied had a phase of acute viral replication in LN between 7 and 14 days postinoculation which paralleled that observed in the blood. In a second phase, productive infection was controlled and viral particles were trapped in the germinal centers that developed in LN. While the peaks of productive infection were similar for the eight animals, marked differences in the numbers of productively infected cells that persisted in LN after primary infection were seen. Differences were less pronounced in the blood, where productive infection was efficiently controlled in all cases. The persistence of productively infected cells in LN after primary infection was found to be associated with more rapid disease progression, as measured by the decrease of the T4/T8 ratio and the occurrence of clinical signs. However, the persistence of a significant level of viral particles in germinal centers was observed even in animals that remained healthy over a 1- to 2-year observation period. This study indicates that the course of primary SIV infection in LN is variable, and it suggests that the initial capacity of the host to control productive infection in LN may determine the rate of disease progression.
Contact Stiffness and Damping Estimation for Robotic Systems

In this paper, we review and compare four algorithms for the identification of contact stiffness and damping during robot constrained motion. The intended application is dynamics modeling and simulation of robotic assembly operations in space. Accurate simulation of these tasks requires contact dynamics models, which in turn use contact stiffness and damping to calculate contact forces. Hence, our primary interest in identifying contact parameters stems from their use as inputs to simulation software with contact dynamics capability. Estimates of environmental stiffness and damping are also valuable for force tracking and stability of impedance controllers. The algorithms considered in this work include: a signal processing method, an indirect adaptive controller with modifications to identify environment damping, a model reference adaptive controller and a recursive least-squares estimation technique. The last three methods have been proposed for real-time implementation in impedance and force-tracking controllers. The signal processing scheme uses a frequency estimate calculated with fast Fourier transform of the force signal and is an off-line method. The algorithms are first evaluated using numerical simulation of a benchmark test. Experiments conducted with a robotic arm contacting a flexible wall provide a further demonstration of their performance. Our results indicate that the indirect adaptive controller has the best combination of performance and ease of use. In addition, the effect of persistently exciting signals is discussed.
Applying interchangeability techniques to the distributed breakout algorithm

We propose a perceptron-style algorithm for fast discriminative training of structured latent variable model, and analyzed its convergence properties. Our method extends the perceptron algorithm for the learning task with latent dependencies, which may not be captured by traditional models. It relies on Viterbi decoding over latent variables, combined with simple additive updates. Compared to existing probabilistic models of latent variables, our method lowers the training cost significantly yet with comparable or even superior classification accuracy.
KEEP: Fast secret key extraction protocol for D2D communication

Device to device (D2D) communication is expected to become a promising technology of the next-generation wireless communication systems. Security issues have become technical barriers of D2D communication due to its “open-air” nature and lack of centralized control. Generating symmetric keys individually on different communication parties without key exchange or distribution is desirable but challenging. Recent work has proposed to extract keys from the measurement of physical layer random variations of a wireless channel, e.g., the channel state information (CSI) from orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Existing CSI-based key extraction methods usually use the measurement results of individual subcarriers. However, our real world experiment results show that CSI measurements from near-by subcarriers have strong correlations and a generated key may have a large proportion of repeated bit segments. Hence attackers may crack the key in a relatively short time and hence reduce the security level of the generated keys. In this work, we propose a fast secret key extraction protocol, called KEEP. KEEP uses a validation-recombination mechanism to obtain consistent secret keys from CSI measurements of all subcarriers. It achieves high security level of the keys and fast key-generation rate. We implement KEEP using off-the-shelf 802.11n devices and evaluate its performance via extensive experiments. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that KEEP is safer and more effective than the state-of-the-art approaches.
Anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white males.

AIM To evaluate and compare the anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in white male adults with harmonious profiles and white male adult orthodontic patients. METHODS Photographs of 101 white male adults with good facial harmony (control sample) were compared with photographs of 97 white male adults seeking orthodontic treatment (study sample). All were profile images with the maxillary central incisors and foreheads in full view. The images were imported into an image editing software program, resized, and rotated to the upright head position. Reference lines were constructed to assess the anteroposterior positions of the maxillary central incisors and forehead inclinations. RESULTS In the control sample, the maxillary central incisors were positioned between the forehead facial axis (FFA) point and glabella in 91%, posterior to the FFA point in 8%, and anterior to the glabella in <1%. The position of the maxillary central incisors was moderately correlated with forehead inclination (r² = 0.37). In the study sample, the maxillary central incisors were positioned between the FFA point and glabella in 34%, posterior to the FFA point in 59%, and anterior to the glabella in 7%. Maxillary central incisor position and forehead inclination were strongly correlated (r² = 0.53). The anteroposterior maxillary incisor position relative to the forehead between the control and study groups was significantly different (P < .0001). In addition, the forehead inclination between the control and study group was significantly different (P < .05). CONCLUSION The forehead is an important landmark for anteroposterior maxillary incisor positioning for adult white male patients seeking improved facial harmony.
Towards the exploitation of prior information in SLAM

We consider how prior information can be exploited to improve the quality of SLAM. Prior information, such as aerial imagery, can be readily obtained for many environments. However, this information is often collected at a different time, using different sensors, different representations and from different vantage points than those used by the robot undertaking SLAM. In this paper, we describe a general probabilistic framework to overcome these difficulties. Our framework models the environment as a random set of latent structures which are observed by a set of sensing sytems. Each sensing system gives rise to a different kind of map and, by associating features from the same structure across the different maps, parameterised constraints between the sets of features can be constructed. These parameterised constraints make it possible to transfer information between map representations. We demonstrate the use of the framework in a simulated environment to illustrate how geometric features of different dimensions can be fused together.
Geometric complexity theory and tensor rank

Mulmuley and Sohoni [GCT1, SICOMP 2001; GCT2, SICOMP 2008] proposed to view the permanent versus determinant problem as a specific orbit closure problem and to attack it by methods from geometric invariant and representation theory. We adopt these ideas towards the goal of showing lower bounds on the border rank of specific tensors, in particular for matrix multiplication. We thus study specific orbit closure problems for the group G =GL(W1) x GL(W2) x GL(W3) acting on the tensor product W=W1 ⊗ W2 ⊗ W3 of complex finite dimensional vector spaces. Let Gs =SL(W1) x SL(W2) x SL(W3). A key idea from [GCT2] is that the irreducible Gs-representations occurring in the coordinate ring of the G-orbit closure of a stable tensor w ∈ W are exactly those having a nonzero invariant with respect to the stabilizer group of w. However, we prove that by considering Gs-representations, only trivial lower bounds on border rank can be shown. It is thus necessary to study G-representations, which leads to geometric extension problems that are beyond the scope of the subgroup restriction problems emphasized in [GCT1, GCT2] and its follow up papers. We prove a very modest lower bound on the border rank of matrix multiplication tensors using G-representations. This shows at least that the barrier for Gs-representations can be overcome. To advance, we suggest the coarser approach to replace the semigroup of representations of a tensor by its moment polytope. We prove first results towards determining the moment polytopes of matrix multiplication and unit tensors.
Phonological events

One of the major innovations within post-SPE generative phonology has been the development of frameworks where phonological units are organized in a non-linear fashion. Taking autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith, 1976) as our main exemplar of such frameworks, we wish to address the following question: What is the appropriate interpretation of autosegmental representations? There is, of course, a further question about what we mean by INTERPRETATION: formal, phonetic or computational interpretation? Although we will concentrate on the first of these, we believe that all three aspects should be regarded as closely inter-connected and mutually constraining. The question of interpreting autosegmental representation has in fact been recently posed by Sagey (1988), and we shall take her proposal as our starting point. While it is uncontroversial to suppose that the relationship between units on a given autosegmental tier is one of temporal precedence, Sagey claims that it is more problematic to pin down what is meant by association between tiers. She argues, cogently we believe, that if association is taken to be a relationship of simultaneity between durationless units, then standard analyses of complex segments and gemination lead to logical inconsistency. Instead, association should be taken as temporal OVERLAP between units with duration.