Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE COMPOSITION , CONVERGENCE AND TRANSITIVITY OF POWERS AND ADJOINT OF GENERALIZED FUZZY MATRICES

Path algebras are additively idempotent semirings and generalize Boolean algebras, fuzzy algebras, distributive lattices and inclines. Thus the Boolean matrices, the fuzzy matrices, the lattice matrices and the incline matrices are prototypical examples of matrices over path algebras. In this paper, generalized fuzzy matrices are considered as matrices over path algebras. Compositions of generalized fuzzy matrices are discussed, and a new transitive matrix is constructed from given matrices. Furthermore, the transitivity and the convergent index for powers of generalized fuzzy matrices are studied, some properties of powers are also established through adjoint matrix, and finally the invertibility of a matrix is investigated. Some results obtained here generalize and develop the corresponding ones on fuzzy matrices, lattice matrices and incline matrices shown in the references.
Cheesecake and Beefcake: No Matter How You Slice it, Sexual Explicitness in Advertising Continues to Increase

Previous research revealed that sexually oriented appeals in American advertising had become increasingly explicit through the mid-1980s. This study updates earlier research by assessing images of women and men in magazine ads in 1983 and 1993. Results show that both genders were portrayed more explicitly and through more sexually intimate contact in 1993. Women were three times more likely than men to be portrayed explicitly, but for the first time, images of men were shown to be more explicit in the 1990s, albeit in smaller numbers than women. Portrayals of women and men were most explicit in women's and men's magazines.
Investigation of a single Pd nanowire for use as a hydrogen sensor.

Interest in nanowire technology has grown significantly over the past several years, due to their potentially broad applications in optics, electronics, and sensors (e.g., resonators, molecular detection, nanoconnectors, biosensors, and gas sensors). Due to their small size, sensitivity, real-time detection, and ultra-low power demands, nanowire sensors are being investigated for detection of a wide range of chemical and biochemical species. The techniques used to fabricate these sensors include laser ablation cluster formation, focused ion-beam etching of electrodes to create a small gap ( 100 nm), use of ion-track membranes, use of alumina templates, and electrochemical step-edge decoration. These techniques have drawbacks of limited controllability and manufacturability, therefore reliable and controllable nanowire fabrication remains a significant challenge. We have previously reported a method of electrodepositing Pd wires with micrometer diameters and conducting polymer nanowires of polyaniline and polypyrrole with diameters of 100 nm. In this work, single Pd nanowires are fabricated by electrodeposition in electrolyte channels patterned with electron-beam lithography, and hydrogen sensing is demonstrated. This fabrication technique can produce nanowires with controlled dimensions, positions, alignments, and chemical compositions, and potentially enables the use of a wide range of materials for creating arrays of singlenanowire sensors. Additionally, the growth of nanowires using this technique would allow for easy integration with existing silicon technology. Figure 1 shows SEM images of typical electrodeposited nanowires between electrodes. The magnified image in Figure 1b shows a single Pd nanowire with a diameter ranging from 70 to 85 nm. An EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) elemental analysis detected only Pd metal in the nanowire.
Children's performance in the selection task: Plausibility and familiarity

Three experiments exploring the effects of the activation of pragmatic schemas on children's reasoning performance are reported. Pragmatic schemas are defined as clusters of rules concerning actions and goals. Previous results indicated that by evoking ‘permission’ and ‘obligation’ schemas it is possible to facilitate adults' performance on Wason's selection task as well as that of children in a ‘reduced’ version of the same task. Experiment 1 demonstrated that both 9-10- and 14-15-year-olds (n = 160) could produce a high rate of correct performance in the complete version of the task, both when phrased in terms of a familiar permission and of an explicitly rationalized non-familiar permission. Experiment 2 (n = 40) and 3 (n = 48) demonstrated that 10-year-olds could solve the task even when the permission rule was not familiar and was plausible only in virtue of the availability of an implicit rationale. Developmental and general aspects of these results are briefly discussed.
Performance improvements of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks with correlated cognitive users

In cognitive radio networks, secondary (unlicensed) users opportunistically access vacant frequency bands licensed to primary users. Spectrum sensing is the technique exploited to discover these unused bands. Cooperative spectrum sensing is the solution to problems that arise in the presence of fading and shadowing effects. Observations from the cooperative sensors are usually assumed independent, in order to simplify the analysis. Conversely, we consider the case of correlated observations and propose an innovative test for cooperative sensing, in order to improve the detection performance. Our test combines two different fusion rules at once (i.e. the OR and the Majority voting rules), recovering all those unlucky detection cases that are not sensed due to strong fading and shadowing. Our simulation results show the efficacy and effectiveness of our method for application to cooperative sensing in the presence of correlated cognitive users.
Physiological, morphological, and histochemical characterization of three classes of interneurons in rat neostriatum

Interneurons in lateral part of neostriatum were studied in isolated slices from juvenile rats (16–20 d postnatal) by whole-cell, current- clamp recording at 33–34 degrees C, followed by intracellular staining with biocytin and double immunocytochemical or histochemical staining for parvalbumin, ChAT, and NADPH diaphorase. Medium-sized spiny neurons (MS cells) had distal dendrites with many spines and were likely projection cells, while interneurons had dendrites with fewer spines. The neostriatal interneurons could be further divided into three classes by physiological, chemical, and morphological criteria. The first class of interneurons (fast-spiking cells, FS cells) fired very short-duration action potentials with short-duration afterhyperpolarizations at constant spike frequency during depolarizing current pulses. FS cells had more negative resting potentials and lower input resistances than the other two classes. At depolarized potentials, FS cells fired repetitive spikes in response to synaptic excitation. FS cells were immunoreactive for parvalbumin. As all parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in the neostriatum were also immunoreactive for GABA, FS cells were considered to be GABAergic. FS cells were further divided into two morphological types: FS cells with local dendritic fields and FS cells with extended dendritic fields. The axons of both types of FS cells had their densest collateralization within or near their dendritic fields. The other two classes of interneuron, PLTS cells (persistent and low-threshold spike cells) and LA cells (long-lasting afterhyperpolarization cells), were distinguished from FS cells by longer-duration action potentials and larger input resistances, had less negative resting potentials, and had longer-lasting afterhyperpolarizations. Afterhyperpolarizations of PLTS cells had a shorter time to peak than those of LA cells. PLTS cells fired both Na(+)-dependent, persistent depolarization spikes and Ca(2+)- dependent, low-threshold spikes in addition to fast spikes. Low- threshold spikes in PLTS cells were induced only from hyperpolarized potentials. Both persistent depolarizations and low-threshold spikes could also be evoked by synaptic activation. PLTS cells were histochemically identified as NADPH diaphorase-positive cells. As all NADPH diaphorase-positive cells in the same tissue were immunoreactive for nitric oxide (NO) synthase, PLTS cells were considered to release NO. PLTS cells had the largest axonal fields. Some PLTS cells appeared to have two axonal origins from the somata and dendrites. LA cells were mostly large aspiny cells with Ca(2+)-dependent long-lasting afterhyperpolarizations and strong time-dependent hyperpolarizing rectification. As this slowly occurring anomalous rectification was blocked by 2 mM cesium, this potential was considered to be due to activation of Ih. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Romantic Experiences of Homeland and Diaspora South Asian Youth: Westernizing Processes of Media and Friends.

The current study examined 1316 South Asian youth socialized in progressively Westernized contexts: “traditional” Indian homeland single-sex schools, “transitional” Indian homeland co-educational schools, and the immigrant “diaspora” in Canadian schools. Results showed youth in the three contexts were similar on romantic desire. Yet those in increasingly Westernized contexts reported more romantic activities and greater perceived autonomy from parents in partner choice. They were also more likely to consume Western and social media, and possess friends fostering permissive expectations, greater cross-sex network composition, and intimate communication. Involvement with the global media and friends explained the link between the cultural spectrum and romantic experiences. Implications of global restructuring on romantic experiences, media usage, and friendships are discussed, in consideration of gender.
Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

We compared 34 preschool boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to 30 community comparison boys without behavioral problems on a battery of neuropsychological and academic achievement tests along with behavioral observations. The battery of 25 measures was reduced to 4 dimensions through dimensional (factor) analysis. Comparison of the 2 groups revealed that boys with ADHD performed more poorly than comparison boys on 2 of the 4 dimensions, these being motor control and working memory‐persistence. No differences were found on the dimensions of verbal learning‐memory or picture identification‐factual knowledge. The results suggest that achievement problems are evident early in development in clinic‐referred children with ADHD and may be related to deficiencies in more fundamental neuropsychological functions. These early deficits in motor control and working memory seem to be an inherent part of ADHD, supporting both the neuromaturational nature of the disorder and current efforts to mor.
Blissful Ignorance: The Problem of Unrecognized Incompetence and Academic Performance

The skills that develop competence in a particular area are often the same skills needed to evaluate competence in that area. When people are unable to judge their own achievement, they are in a double bind; they have neither a particular skill nor the cognitive ability to realize their own level of incompetence. If students are unaware of their poor performance on tests, they are unlikely to realize their limitations. Correspondingly, the high performers may not recognize their ability to be successful. This study tests students’ self-recognized competence by having them estimate the grade they expected to receive on a test immediately following its completion. Poorer students significantly overestimated their performance; better students underestimated their performance. Poorer students became better estimators over time, while there was no similar improvement in better students’ self-assessments.
Raising Capital

We examine both gay and straight men’s constructions of masculinity using 358 self-descriptive dating profiles from Match.com of “men seeking men” and “men seeking women” in eight southern US metropolitan areas. In addition to the men’s specific references to gender and gendered performances, we discuss three broad topics of the men’s self-descriptions including personality, leisure, and work. This analysis reveals the ideal characteristics these men used to construct their own masculine identities and masculinity in relation to femininity. Although examples of conformity and nonconformity existed across both gay and straight men, we found that gay men constructed their own identities in keeping with the codes of historically heteronormative masculinities as fluently, and sometimes more so, than straight men. We explore the most prominent nuances between gay and straight men’s paths to claiming “masculine capital,” straight men’s greater leeway to temporarily distance themselves from masculine dominance, and the influence of hierarchies within masculinity on straight and gay men’s constructions of femininity.
Intraocular pressure associations with refractive error and axial length in children

Aim: To assess whether intraocular pressure (IOP) is associated with refractive error or axial length in children. Methods: Of subjects from the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia (SCORM), 636 Chinese children aged 9–11 years from two elementary schools underwent non-contact tonometry, cycloplegic autorefraction, and A-scan biometry during 2001. For analyses, refractive error was categorised into four groups; hypermetropia (spherical equivalent refraction (SE) ⩾+1.0D), emmetropia (−0.5D<SE<+1.0D), low myopia (−3.0D<SE⩽−0.5D) and high myopia (SE⩽−3.0D). Results: Of the 636 children examined, 50.6% were male. The mean IOP was 16.6 (SD 2.7) mm Hg. There were no significant IOP differences between low (mean IOP = 16.4 (2.8) mm Hg) or high myopes (16.7 (2.5) mm Hg) and emmetropes (16.7 (2.9) mm Hg), p = 0.57. IOP was not correlated with spherical equivalent refraction (Spearman correlation, r = 0.009) or axial length (r = 0.030). In regression analyses adjusting for diastolic blood pressure, neither spherical equivalent (regression coefficient = 0.014) nor axial length (regression coefficient = 0.027) were significantly associated with IOP. Conclusion: These findings do not support an association between IOP and refractive error or axial length in children. This questions postulated roles of IOP in the pathogenesis of myopia.
Chartering New Waters

As the first mayor in the United States to possess independent charter school authorizing authority, Mayor Bart Peterson oversaw the establishment and expansion of Indianapolis’s ambitious charter school initiative. In 2007, Democratic Mayor Peterson’s oversight of the initiative came to an end when he was unexpectedly defeated by Republican Gregory Ballard in the mayoral election. Despite this significant change in leadership, the transition between mayors and political parties was accomplished with minimal disruption to the operation of the charter school office, as well as to the schools themselves. Through the use of in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, this study investigates how the transition between administrations was undertaken to ensure continuity for Indianapolis mayor-sponsored charter schools and offers best practices for mayoral transitions. In addition, this study reveals that to provide continuity for charter schools, policies that insulate schools from political change must be developed and charter schools must be viewed apolitically.
Silencing objections: Social constructions of indifference

This article addresses the question: Why is there so often silence in the face of injustice? Much of this silence is socially constructed, the result of a process through which possible (and, often, previously audible) objections to injustice are muffled, not by modifying the conditions giving rise to the objections, but by other means. Not all silences are socially constructed, of course, and some of those that are may have the genuine endorsement of all those who observe them. The author examines those socially constructed silences that are clearly not uncontested or incontestable and, drawing on Stanley Milgram's classic work on obedience to authority and other, more, contemporary social psychological research, attempts to understand the social construction of various forms of silence and their consequences for current and future forms of injustice.
European species of Clavaria (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes) with dark basidiomata – a morphological and molecular study

Clavaria species with dark basidiomata occurring in Europe were analysed using morphological and molecular methods. Morphological analyses revealed four groups containing seven Clavaria species with dark basidiomata. Phylogenetic analysis of the LSU nrDNA region confirmed the separate positions of all seven Clavaria species within the genus. All sequences were grouped in four well-supported clades, mostly corresponding to defined morphological species. The results of the molecular study are inconsistent with the infrageneric classification of Clavaria based on the presence or absence of clamps on the bases of basidia and two widely accepted subgenera. Clavaria and Holocoryne appear to be polyphyletic. A new approach in species delimitation is presented: 1) C. asperulispora and C. atrofusca are two distinct species recognized by the shape of their spores, and the name C. neo-nigrita is a possible synonym of C. asperulispora; 2) species with clustered fragile basidiomata, C. fumosa and Clavaria cf. fuscoferruginea, which are almost identical in shape and size of spores differing only in the darker basidiomata of the latter, are phylogenetically unrelated; 3) Clavaria atrobadia is a dubious species, the name being most likely a synonym of C. fuscoferruginea; 4) two species with close morphological and phylogenetic affinity, C. atroumbrina and C. pullei, are distinguished based on the more oblong and narrower spores of the former. Comparison of European and North American material suggests the transatlantic nature of the distribution of C. asperulispora, C. atroumbrina and C. fumosa.
Root-knot Nematode Problem of Some Winter Ornamental Plants and Its Biomanagement

A microplot study under field conditions was carried out during 2 consecutive years to assess the effect of root-knot nematode infection (2,000 Meloidogyne incognita eggs/kg soil) on three winter ornamental plants: hollyhock (Althea rosea), petunia (Petunia hybrida), and poppy (Papaver rhoeas). Effects of root-dip treatment with the biocontrol agents Pochonia chlamydosporia, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens and the nematicide fenamiphos were tested. The three ornamental species were highly susceptible to M. incognita, developing 397 and 285 (hollyhock), 191 and 149 (petunia), and 155 and 131 (poppy) galls and egg masses per root system, respectively, and exhibited 37% (petunia), 29% (poppy), and 23% (hollyhock) (P = 0.05) decrease in the flower production. Application of fenamiphos, P. chlamydosporia, P. fluorescens, and B. subtilis suppressed nematode pathogenesis (galls + egg masses) by 64%, 37%, 27%, and 24%, respectively, leading to 14% to 29%, 7% to 15%, 14% to 36%, and 7% to 33% increase in the flower production of the ornamental plants, respectively. Treatment with P. fluorescens also increased the flowering of uninfected plants by 11% to 19%. Soil population of M. incognita was decreased (P = 0.05) due to various treatments from 2 months onward, being greatest with fenamiphos, followed by P. chlamydosporia, B. subtilis, and P. fluorescens. Frequency of colonization of eggs, egg masses, and females by the bioagents was greatest by P. chlamydosporia, i.e., 25% to 29%, 47% to 60%, and 36% to 41%, respectively. Colonization of egg masses by B. subtilis and P. fluorescens was 28% to 31% and 11% to 13%, respectively, but the frequency was 0.3% to 1.3% in eggs. Rhizosphere population of the bioagents was increased (P = 0.05) over time, being usually greater in the presence of nematode.
Adaptation to Divorce: An Attachment-Based Intervention with Long-Term Divorced Parents

ABSTRACT The aim of this attachment-based intervention was to elaborate, through shared narratives in a divorce recovery group, a representation of the events, the self, and the relationship that contribute to a better adaptation to the situation of divorce. After an 8-month intervention, participants felt better (negative affect was reduced and positive affect was increased) and less lonely (scores in both social and romantic loneliness decreased). Participants were also rated as more secure after the intervention. These findings suggest positive changes in the model of self following the intervention.
An epidemiological study of selected calf pathogens on Holstein dairy farms in southwestern Ontario.

Fecal samples from calves on 78 randomly selected Holstein dairy farms in southwestern Ontario were screened for Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus and coronavirus. Based on the observed prevalence, 22% of farms had calves infected with Salmonella, 13% with Campylobacter jejuni/coli, 41% with enteropathogenic E. coli, 19% with rotavirus and 5% with coronavirus. These estimates can be modified, using a method developed by Mullen and Prost (1983) for the World Health Organization, to account for the nature of the laboratory test used. If the test is assumed to have no false positives (that is, if an organism is detected it must be there), then the observed prevalence estimates seen on this study may greatly underestimate the true prevalence of infected premises. The use of nipple feeders for calves was associated with an increased probability of farms having calves shedding detectable fecal levels of Salmonella, E. coli, or one of the two viruses. The use of group pens was associated with an increased odds of finding C. jejuni. Calves with diarrhea on these farms tended to have increased odds of shedding rotavirus, and E. coli with the K99 antigen. However, at the farm level, none of the organisms was associated with above median levels of morbidity. Farms positive for one or other of the viruses had increased odds of experiencing calf mortality relative to virus-negative farms, and farms positive for C. jejuni/coli had decreased odds of mortality. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Understanding the factors that promote employability orientation: The impact of employability culture, career satisfaction, and role breadth self-efficacy

This study among 702 Dutch employees working in the health care and welfare sector examined individual and organizational factors that are related to workers' employability orientation and turnover intention. Additionally, push and pull motives were examined of employees who aimed to leave their job. Results indicated that a strong employability culture adds extra variance over and above individual factors such as career satisfaction and role breadth self-efficacy in the explanation of employability orientation, turnover intention, and push motives of employees who aim to leave their job. That is, employability culture is positively related to employability orientation, but negatively related to turnover intention and to push motives of those who aim to leave. Pull motives of employees who want to leave are explained by individual factors only, such as career dissatisfaction and role breadth self-efficacy, but not by employability culture. These findings suggest that organizations that need to adapt to changing environments should implement a strong employability culture, because such a culture stimulates employability orientations among their employees while simultaneously decreasing turnover intentions.