Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An X-Ray and Optical Investigation of the Starburst-driven Superwind in the Galaxy Merger Arp 299

We present a detailed investigation of the X-ray and optical properties of the starburst-merger system Arp 299 (NGC 3690, Mrk 171), with an emphasis on its spectacular gaseous nebula. We analyze ROSAT and ASCA X-ray data and optical spectra and narrowband images. The X-ray nebula in Arp 299 has a diameter of ≈45 kpc, is elongated roughly along the H I minor axis of the merging system, has an outer (inner) temperature of 2.3 (9) × 106 K, a luminosity of ~2 × 1041 ergs s−1, a gas mass of 7 × 109 M☉, and a thermal energy content of ~1058 ergs. An additional hard X-ray component is present with a luminosity in the 0.1-10 keV band of ~4 × 1041 ergs s−1 most likely due to X-ray binaries or possibly inverse Compton scattering. The overall X-ray spectrum is consistent with that of other starbursts (see the work of Dahlem, Weaver, & Heckman). Compared with the X-ray nebula, the optical emission-line nebula is smaller (20 kpc) but much more luminous (~1044 ergs s−1≈ 4% Lbol for Arp 299). The kinematics of the emission-line nebula are complex, with the line widths increasing systematically with decreasing Hα surface brightness to values of 500-700 km s−1 in the faint outer filaments. The relative strengths of the low-ionization forbidden lines ([S II], [N II], and [O I]) also increase systematically as the gas surface brightness decreases and as the line widths increase. We measure high gas pressures in the inner emission-line nebula (P/k~few times 106 K cm−3) that decline systematically with increasing radius. We suggest that the ongoing galaxy collision has tidally redistributed the interstellar medium of the merging galaxies. The optical emission-line nebula results as this gas is photoionized by radiation that escapes from the starburst and is shock heated, accelerated, and pressurized by a "superwind" driven by the collective effect of the starburst supernovae and stellar winds. Since empirically only those galaxy mergers that contain luminous starbursts have bright X-ray nebulae, this implies that the luminous X-ray nebula in Arp 299 is also powered by the starburst outflow (rather than by the collisions of gas clouds during the merger). This outflow can be most directly traced by its X-ray emission, which is plausibly a mass-loaded flow (~102 M☉ yr−1) of adiabatically cooling gas that carries out a substantial fraction of the energy and metals injected by the starburst at a speed close to the escape velocity from Arp 299. The mass outflow rate exceeds the star formation rate in this system. We conclude that powerful starbursts are able to heat (and possibly eject) a significant fraction of the interstellar medium in galaxies that are the products of mergers.
The X-ray emission properties and the dichotomy in the central stellar cusp shapes of early-type galaxies

Hubble Space Telescope revealed a dicothomy in the central surface brightness profiles of early-type galaxies, that subsequently have been grouped into two families: core, boxy, anisotropic systems and cuspy (”power law”), disky, rotating ones. Here we investigate whether a dicothomy is present also in the X-ray properties of the two families. We consider both their total soft emission (LSX,tot), that is a measure of the galactic hot gas content, and their nuclear hard emission (LHX,nuc), mostly coming from Chandra observations, that is a measure of the nuclear activity. At any optical luminosity, the highest LSX,tot values are reached by core galaxies; this is explained with their being central dominant galaxies of groups, subclusters or clusters, in many of the log LSX,tot (erg s 1 )> 41.5 cases. The highest LHX,nuc values, similar to those of classical AGNs, in this sample are hosted only by core or intermediate galaxies; at low luminosity AGN levels, LHX,nuc is independent of the central stellar profile shape. The presence of optical nuclei (also found by HST) is unrelated with the level of LHX,nuc, even though the highest LHX,nuc are all associated with optical nuclei. The implications of these findings for the galaxy evolution and the accretion modalities at the present epoch are discussed.
Leveraging Epidemiology to Improve Risk Assessment

The field of environmental public health is at an important crossroad. Our current biomonitoring efforts document widespread exposure to a host of chemicals for which toxicity information is lacking. At the same time, advances in the fields of genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, genetics and epigenetics are yielding volumes of data at a rapid pace. Our ability to detect chemicals in biological and environmental media has far outpaced our ability to interpret their health relevance, and as a result, the environmental risk paradigm, in its current state, is antiquated and ill-equipped to make the best use of these new data. In light of new scientific developments and the pressing need to characterize the public health burdens of chemicals, it is imperative to reinvigorate the use of environmental epidemiology in chemical risk assessment. Two case studies of chemical assessments from the Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System database are presented to illustrate opportunities where epidemiologic data could have been used in place of experimental animal data in dose-response assessment, or where different approaches, techniques, or studies could have been employed to better utilize existing epidemiologic evidence. Based on the case studies and what can be learned from recent scientific advances and improved approaches to utilizing human data for dose-response estimation, recommendations are provided for the disciplines of epidemiology and risk assessment for enhancing the role of epidemiologic data in hazard identification and dose-response assessment.
Monitoring of real interaction in marketing websites: Australia and Portugal's perspective

This paper discusses the importance of monitoring real interaction in marketing websites. Real interaction becomes indispensable in marketing websites, as designers can track users' behaviour toward the website to achieve both users and designers specific objectives. Real interaction has been either not fully considered or totally ignored in methodologies for information systems, marketing, and website development, as it needs training and specialists to interpret the statistical outcomes. This empirical evidence was collected using quantitative and qualitative approaches, which were employed in both Australia and Portugal. Survey data were gathered from 103 Australian and Portuguese respondents. The study released interesting results, which indicated that real interaction is very important in the website development process, in attracting more users to the websites and increasing the client's profit. It is important that clients should respond rapidly to users' comments. Finally, before real interaction is adopted in the website development process, privacy and security should be considered.
An X-Ray Face-On View of the Sagittarius B Molecular Clouds Observed with Suzaku

We present a new methodology to derive the positions of the Sgr B molecular clouds (MCs) along the line of sight, as an application study of the Galactic center diffuse X-rays (GCDX). The GCDX is composed of hot plasma emission of about 7 keV and 1 keV temperatures, and non-thermal continuum emission including the 6.4 keV line from neutral irons. The former, the Galactic center plasma emission (GCPE), is uniformly distributed over 1 degree in longitude, while the latter is clumpy emission produced by Thomson scattering and fluorescence from MCs irradiated by external X-rays (the X-ray reflection nebula emission: XRNE). We examined the Suzaku X-ray spectra of the GCPE and XRNE near to the Sgr B MC complex, and found that the spectra suffer from two different absorptions of N_H (Abs1) >10^23 H cm^-2 and N_H (Abs2) ~6 x 10^22 H cm^-2. Abs1 is proportional to the 6.4 keV-line flux, and hence is due to the MCs, while Abs2 is typical of interstellar absorption toward the Galactic center. Assuming that the GCPE plasma is spherically-extended around Sgr A* with a uniform density and the same angular distribution of the two temperature components, we quantitatively estimated the line-of-sight positions of the MCs from the flux ratio the GCPE spectrum suffered by Abs1 and that with no Abs1. The results suggest that the Sgr B MCs are located at the near side of Sgr A* in the GCPE.
Neighborhood E ects in Education

Using unique geo-coded information on the residential address of a representative sample of American adolescents and their friends, we revisit the importance of geographical proximity in shaping education outcomes. Our ndings reveal no evidence of residential neighborhood e ects. Social proximity, as measured by similarity in religion, race and family income as well as in unobserved characteristics, appears to play a major role in facilitating peer inuence. Our empirical strategy is able to control for the endogeneity of both social network and location choices.
An Application of the Holistochastic Human Exposure Methodology to Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Bangladesh Drinking Water

The occurrence of arsenic in drinking water is an issue of considerable interest. In the case of Bangladesh, arsenic concentrations have been closely monitored since the early 1990s through an extensive sampling network. The focus of the present work is methodological. In particular, we propose the application of a holistochastic framework of human exposure to study lifetime population damage due to arsenic exposure across Bangladesh. The Bayesian Maximum Entropy theory is an important component of this framework, which possesses solid theoretical foundations and offers powerful tools to assimilate a variety of knowledge bases (physical, epidemiologic, toxicokinetic, demographic, etc.) and uncertainty sources (soft data, measurement errors, etc.). The holistochastic exposure approach leads to physically meaningful and informative spatial maps of arsenic distribution in Bangladesh drinking water. Global indicators of the adverse health effects on the population are generated, and valuable insight is gained by blending information from different scientific disciplines. The numerical results indicate an increased lifetime bladder cancer probability for the Bangladesh population due to arsenic. The health effect estimates obtained and the associated uncertainty assessments are valuable tools for a broad spectrum of end‐users.
Software-defined caching: managing caches in multi-tenant data centers

In data centers, caches work both to provide low IO latencies and to reduce the load on the back-end network and storage. But they are not designed for multi-tenancy; system-level caches today cannot be configured to match tenant or provider objectives. Exacerbating the problem is the increasing number of un-coordinated caches on the IO data plane. The lack of global visibility on the control plane to coordinate this distributed set of caches leads to inefficiencies, increasing cloud provider cost. We present Moirai, a tenant- and workload-aware system that allows data center providers to control their distributed caching infrastructure. Moirai can help ease the management of the cache infrastructure and achieve various objectives, such as improving overall resource utilization or providing tenant isolation and QoS guarantees, as we show through several use cases. A key benefit of Moirai is that it is transparent to applications or VMs deployed in data centers. Our prototype runs unmodified OSes and databases, providing immediate benefit to existing applications.
Cellular Automata Modeling of FASL‐Initiated Apoptosis

Two strategies for fighting cancer by modulating FASL‐induced apoptosis were modeled by 2D‐cellular automata. Our models predict that cancer cells can be killed by maximizing the apoptosis via joint suppression of FLIP and IAP inhibitors by siRNA and SMAC proteins, respectively. It was also predicted that the presumed feedback loop CASP3→CASP9→|IAP in the intrinsic pathway accelerates the apoptosis, but does not change significantly the concentration of DFF40, the protein that decomposes DNA. The alternative strategy of preventing the killing of the immune system's T‐cells, via minimizing their tumor‐induced FAS‐L apoptosis by overexpression of FLIP and IAP, was also shown to be promising with a predicted considerable synergy action of the two inhibitors. Dual suppression or overexpression of apoptosis inhibitors emerges thus as promising approach in the fight against cancer. Our modeling has also brought some light on the process of turning type‐I cells into type‐II ones, which emerges as compensatory mechanism in case of damaged or silenced FASL pathway by preserving about the same self‐death level at only 10–12% lower performance rate.
Single-Chip Frequency Multiplier Chains for Millimeter-Wave Signal Generation

Two single-chip frequency multiplier chains targeting 118 and 183 GHz output frequencies are presented. The chips are fabricated in a 0.1 ¿m GaAs metamorphic high electron-mobility transistor process. The D-band frequency doubler chain covers 110 to 130 GHz with peak output power of 5 dBm. The chip requires 2 dBm input power and consumes only 65 mW of dc power. The signal at the fundamental frequency is suppressed more than 25 dB compared to the desired output signal over the band of interest. The G-band frequency sextupler (×6) chain covers 155 to 195 GHz with 0 dBm peak output power and requires 6.5 dBm input power and 92.5 mW dc power. The input signal to the multiplier chain can be reduced to 4 dBm while the output power drops only by 0.5 dB. The unwanted harmonics are suppressed more than 30 dB compared to the desired signal. An additional 183 GHz power amplifier is presented to be used after the ×6 frequency multiplier chain if higher output power is required. The amplifier delivers 5 dBm output power with a small-signal gain of 9 dB from 155 to 195 GHz. The impedance matching networks are realized using coupled transmission lines which is shown to be a scalable and straightforward structure to use in amplifier design. Microstrip transmission lines are used in all the designs.
Deep Gaze I: Boosting Saliency Prediction with Feature Maps Trained on ImageNet

Recent results suggest that state-of-the-art saliency models perform far from optimal in predicting fixations. This lack in performance has been attributed to an inability to model the influence of high-level image features such as objects. Recent seminal advances in applying deep neural networks to tasks like object recognition suggests that they are able to capture this kind of structure. However, the enormous amount of training data necessary to train these networks makes them difficult to apply directly to saliency prediction. We present a novel way of reusing existing neural networks that have been pretrained on the task of object recognition in models of fixation prediction. Using the well-known network of Krizhevsky et al. (2012), we come up with a new saliency model that significantly outperforms all state-of-the-art models on the MIT Saliency Benchmark. We show that the structure of this network allows new insights in the psychophysics of fixation selection and potentially their neural implementation. To train our network, we build on recent work on the modeling of saliency as point processes.
Acute liver failure in Scotland between 1992 and 2009; incidence, aetiology and outcome.

AIM To describe incidence, aetiology and outcome data for Scotland since the inception of the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit (SLTU) in 1992. BACKGROUND Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare but frequently fatal condition. Few studies have adequate patient numbers to draw convincing conclusions over demographic features, aetiology and outcome. DESIGN Statistical analysis of prospectively collected data on aetiology, demographic, clinical and outcome of all admissions, including those with ALF, to the SLTU. METHODS Incidence data presented for admissions and ALF. Descriptive frequencies for aetiology, clinical, demographic and outcome data presented; including split analysis for paracetamol and non-paracetamol aetiologies. Univariate and multivariate analysis of admission factors predictive of outcome is described. RESULTS Nine hundred and forty-nine patients were admitted to the SLTU between 1992 and 2009. Five hundred and twenty-four patients had ALF. The annual incidence of ALF in the Scottish population is 0.62 per 100,000 and paracetamol overdose (POD) was the largest causative factor; responsible for 0.43 cases of ALF per 100,000 population per year. The odds ratio (OR) of transplantation or death was 0.47 in the POD group compared to other aetiologies; yet of not being a transplant candidate having met the Kings College Hospital poor prognostic criteria OR was 4.9. Of admissions listed for transplant 76.0% were transplanted. Of those listed and not transplanted mortality was approaching 100% and 76.1% of those transplanted survived to discharge. CONCLUSION This large, prospective, single centre study with a defined geographical area and well-recorded population provides accurate data regarding ALF between 1992 and 2009.
Comparison of implant cast accuracy of multiple implant impression technique with different splinting materials: An in vitro study

Introduction: An accurate and passive fit of implant framework prosthesis, as well as the successful surgical operation is suggested as one of the critical requirements for long-term implant success. Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of the master cast using open tray impression technique with conventional and novel splinting materials. Methodology: A mandibular reference model with four ADIN implants was done. Ten custom trays were fabricated using the light curable resin sheets. Medium body polyether impression material was used. These trays were randomly divided between the two groups, with five trays in each group. Impression techniques were divided into two groups namely: Group A: Direct impression technique with open tray impression copings splinted with autopolymerizing acrylic resin (GC pattern resin). Group B: Direct impression technique with open tray impression copings splinted with Pro-temp TM 4 (bis-GMA) syringable temporization material. Thus, final impressions were made. Total of 10 master casts were fabricated. Evaluation of casts using Dynascope-Vision Engineering, TESA microhite two- dimension and coordinate measuring machine were used. Results: Statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA test and post-hoc test. Same amount of deviation values obtained with resin splinted and bis-GMA splinted impression copings. Conclusion: The master cast obtained by both the splinting material exhibits no difference from the reference model. So bis-GMA can be used, which is easy to handle, less time consuming, less technique sensitive, rigid, and readily available material in clinics.
The Effect of The 4MAT Learning Style Model on Academic Achievement and Learning Retention in Teaching “Ratio and Proportions” / “Oran-Orantı” Konusunun Öğretiminde 4MAT Öğrenme Stili Modelinin Akademik Başarı ve Öğrenme Kalıcılığına Etkis

Arastirmada ilkogretim 7. sinif matematik dersine iliskin “oran-oranti” konusunun ogretiminde, 4MAT ogrenme stili modelinin akademik basariya ve ogrenme kaliciligina etkisinin incelenmesi amaclanmaktadir. Arastirmada gercek deneme modellerinden kontrol gruplu on test-son test modeli kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin calisma grubunu, 2014-2015 egitim-ogretim yili birinci yariyilinda Istanbul ilinde bulunan MEB’na bagli bir ortaokulda 7. sinifta ogrenim goren toplam 38 kisiden olusan iki subedeki ogrenciler olusturmustur. Deney ve kontrol gruplari seckisiz ornekleme yontemiyle secilmis, 20 kisilik sube deney, 18 kisilik sube ise kontrol grubu olarak saptanmistir. Arastirma, haftada 2 ders saati olmak uzere toplam 5 haftalik bir surecte tamamlanmistir. Deney ve kontrol gruplari cinsiyet, anne ve babanin egitim durumu, on test puanlari acisindan denklestirilmistir. Gruplar; cinsiyet, anne ve babanin egitim durumu degiskenleri acisindan capraz tablo Kay-kare testi ile denklestirilmistir. Deney grubuna 4MAT ogrenme stili modeline uygun ogrenme-ogretme etkinlikleri duzenlenmistir. Kontrol grubuna ise geleneksel ogretime uygun etkinlikler duzenlenmistir. Madde analizleri yapilmis 20 maddelik basari testi, gruplara ogretimleri oncesinde on-test, 10 ders saatlik ogretim sonrasinda son test ve uc haftalik zaman dilimi sonrasinda kalicilik testi olarak uygulanmistir. Deney ve Kontrol gruplarinin on, son ve kalicilik testlerinden elde edilen verilerin normal dagilim egrisine uygunlugu Kolmogorov Simirnov ile test edilmis ve dagilimlarin normal oldugu saptanmistir. Bu veriler isiginda 0.05 anlamlilik duzeyinde t-testi kullanilmistir. Elde edilen bulgulardan 4MAT ogrenme stili modeli temelinde gerceklestirilen ogretimin basariyi arttirdigi, geleneksel ogretime gore daha basarili oldugu ve ogrenmenin kaliciligini sagladigi sonuclarina ulasilmistir. Anahtar Sozcukler: 4MAT ogrenme stili modeli, oran-oranti, akademik basari, ogrenme kaliciligi
Zone Routing Protocol ( ZRP )

Routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks have to face the challenge of frequently changing topology, low transmission power and asymmetric links. Both proactive and reactive routing protocols prove to be inefficient under these circumstances. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of the proactive and reactive approaches by maintaining an up-to-date topological map of a zone centered on each node. Within the zone, routes are immediately available. For destinations outside the zone, ZRP employs a route discovery procedure, which can benefit from the local routing information of the zones. This paper presents the Zone Routing Protocol. First, we discuss the problem of routing in ad-hoc networks and the motivation of ZRP. We describe the architecture of ZRP, which consists of three sub-protocols. We describe the routing process and illustrate it with an example. Further, we describe the query control mechanisms, which are used to reduce the traffic amount in the route discovery procedure. ZRP does not define the actual implementation of the protocol components. Therefore, we present the guidelines for implementation, and example implementations provided in the draft specifications. We discuss the problem of routing in networks with unidirectional links, and the proposal for a solution to it. The overhead of the routing protocol is important in the power and bandwidth limited ad-hoc networks. We discuss the factors influencing on the traffic amount based on measurements performed in a number of papers. We describe the significant issue of choosing an optimal zone radius, and two algorithms for automatic selection of the radius. Finally, we draw some conclusions about the performance of the protocol. The paper is based on literature research.
Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and MMP inhibitors on intracranial aneurysms: a review article

Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and about one-fourth of cerebrovasculardeaths are due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms (CA). Hence it is important to find a way to reduce aneurysmformation and its subsequent morbidity and mortality. Proteolytic activity capable of lysing gelatin hasbeen shown to be increased in aneurysm tissue and expression of plasmin, membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1(MT1-MMP), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in aneurysmal wall is more than what we observein normal cerebral arteries. MMP inhibitors such as doxycycline and statins may prohibit aneurysm formationand growth. MMPs are important in tissue remodeling associated with various physiological and pathologicalprocesses such as morphogenesis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and tissue repair. In this article we review therole of MMPs and MMP inhibitors in formation of aneurysm.