Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective clustering of GABA(A) and glycine receptors in the mammalian retina

Molecular cloning has revealed a multiplicity of neurotransmitter receptor isoforms with different subunit compositions. Additionally, there is growing evidence that such receptors are clustered at postsynaptic sites of neurons. Thus, the questions arise whether individual neurons express different receptor isoforms and, if so, whether different isoforms are present within the same cluster or are aggregated at distinct postsynaptic sites. We have studied with immunofluorescence methods and antibodies that recognize specific subunits the distribution of glycine and GABA(A) receptors in mammalian retinae. Alpha ganglion cells were injected in rat or rabbit retinae with a fluorescent marker and then immunostained for receptor localization. Clusters of glycine receptors and clusters of the alpha1, and alpha2, alpha3, and gamma2 subunits of the GABA(A) receptor were found on the somatodendritic membranes of Alpha ganglion cells. Double- immunofluorescence experiments with different combinations of the subunit-specific antibodies showed that the alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3 subunits of the GABA(A) receptor are not colocalized within the same clusters. These results indicate that an individual neuron can express several isoforms of the GABA(A) receptor and that these different isoforms are aggregated at distinct postsynaptic sites. This suggests individual sorting mechanisms of GABAa receptors at GABAergic synapses.
Outcome of asthma: longitudinal changes in lung function.

Current knowledge about factors determining outcome of asthma is limited, but observations over the last few decades suggest that active asthma has a negative impact on the longitudinal changes in lung function. This review aims to give an overview of the present knowledge concerning longitudinal changes in lung function, including clinical markers for distinctly poor outcome with regard to lung function, in children and adults suffering from asthma. The majority of patients with asthma have a good prognosis. However, some patients with asthma, especially those with more severe disease, are at risk of impaired growth of lung function during childhood, a lower maximally attained level of lung function and excessive decline in lung function in adulthood, which may lead to life-threatening lung function impairment. Clinical markers of poorly controlled airway inflammation appear to have a negative impact on the longitudinal changes in lung function, and disease progression to nonreversible airflow obstruction may be observed in a minority of patients with asthma. Early intervention with anti-inflammatory therapy may improve the short-term outcome of asthma, but long-term controlled studies are clearly needed in order to verify whether or not treatment, especially with inhaled corticosteroids, according to the current international guidelines alters the natural history of asthma, i.e. disease progression with regard to changes in lung function and possible development of nonreversible airflow obstruction.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Sains, Teknologi, dan Masyarakat Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Motivasi Belajar Peserta Didik

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Sains, Teknologi, dan Masyarakat Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Motivasi Belajar Peserta Didik Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan: kemampuan bepikir kritis antara peserta didik yang mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model STM dan 5M jika pengetahuan awal dikendalikan secara statistik, motivasi belajar antara peserta didik yang mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model STM dan 5M, motivasi belajar peserta didik sebelum dan sesudah mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model STM, dan motivasi belajar peserta didik sebelum dan sesudah mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model 5M. Populasi penelitian kuasi eksperimen menggunakan posttest design only adalah peserta didik kelas XI SMAN 1 Godean pada semester genap tahun ajaran 2016/2017 sebanyak 192 peserta didik. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji Ancova dengan taraf signifikansi 5% dan uji-t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam hal kemampuan berpikir kritis antara peerta didik yang mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model STM dan pembelajaran 5M apabila pengetahuan awal dikendalikan secara statistik, motivasi belajar antara peserta didik yang mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model STM dan 5M, motivasi belajar peserta didik sebelum dan sesudah mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model STM, dan motivasi belajar peserta didik sebelum dan sesudah mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model 5M pada materi pembelajaran Larutan Penyangga di SMAN 1 Godean. Kata kunci : kemampuan berpikir kritis, sains teknologi dan masyarakat (STM), motivasi, pengetahuan awal The Effect of Science, Technology, and Society on Critical Thinking Skills and Learning Motivation of Student Abstract The objectives of this work are to investigate the significant differences in (1) critical thinking skill of student which using STM and 5M by controlling student’s prior knowledge; (2) motivation of student which using STM and 5M model; (3) motivation before and after followed learning by STM; and (4) motivation before and after followed learning by 5M. This research was quasi experiment research that used posttest design only. The pupulations of this research were the eleventh grade students of SMAN 1 Godean in the second semester of the academic year of 2016/2017 as many as 192 students. The datas were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (Ancova) with significance level of 5% and t-test. The results show that there are significant differences in: critical thinking skill of student which using STM and 5M by controlling student’s prior knowledge, motivation of student which using STM and 5M model, motivation before and after followed learning by STM, and motivation before and after followed learning by 5M in buffer solution at SMAN 1 Godean. Keyword: critical thinking skill, motivation, science technology society (STS), and student’s prior knowledge
Estimation of fracture parameters from reflection seismic data—Part II: Fractured models with orthorhombic symmetry

Existing geophysical and geological data indicate that orthorhombic media with a horizontal symmetry plane should be rather common for naturally fractured reservoirs. Here, we consider two orthorhombic models: one that contains parallel vertical fractures embedded in a transversely isotropic background with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI medium) and the other formed by two orthogonal sets of rotationally invariant vertical fractures in a purely isotropic host rock. Using the linear-slip theory, we obtain simple analytic expressions for the anisotropic coefficients of effective orthorhombic media. Under the assumptions of weak anisotropy of the background medium (for the first model) and small compliances of the fractures, all effective anisotropic parameters reduce to the sum of the background values and the parameters associated with each fracture set. For the model with a single fracture system, this result allows us to eliminate the influence of the VTI background by evaluating the differences between the anisotropic parameters defined in the vertical symmetry planes. Subsequently, the fracture weaknesses, which carry information about the density and content of the fracture network, can be estimated in the same way as for fracture-induced transverse isotropy with a horizontal symmetry axis (HTI media) examined in our previous paper (part I). The parameter estimation procedure can be based on the azimuthally dependent reflection traveltimes and prestack amplitudes of P-waves alone if an estimate of the ratio of the Pand S-wave vertical velocities is available. It is beneficial, however, to combine P-wave data with the vertical traveltimes, NMO velocities, or AVO gradients of mode-converted (PS) waves. In each vertical symmetry plane of the model with two orthogonal fracture sets, the anisotropic parameters are largely governed by the weaknesses of the fractures orthogonal to this plane. For weak anisotropy, the fracture sets are essentially decoupled, and their parameters can be estimated by means of two independently performed HTI inversions. The input data for this model must include the vertical velocities (or reflector depth) to resolve the anisotropic coefficients in each vertical symmetry plane rather than just their differences. We also discuss several criteria that can be used to distinguish between the models with one and two fracture sets. For example, the semimajor axis of the P-wave NMO ellipse and the polarization direction of the vertically traveling fast shear wave are always parallel to each other for a single system of fractures, but they may become orthogonal in the medium with two fracture sets.
Digital transdisciplinarity in land change science – integrating multiple types of digital data

Human activities alter the land surface of the Earth (Haberl et al., 2007; Hurtt et al., 2006), and one key questionwithin geography is, therefore, the assessment of land use/land cover change (LULCC) and the analysis and understanding of the underlying drivers and effects of LULCC (Brandt, Primdahl, & Reenberg, 1999; Bürgi, Hersperger, & Schneeberger, 2004; Plieninger et al., 2016). The last decades have seen amassive andwidespread digitalization of spatial and non-spatial information, which can be linked (and hence geo-referred) to specific spatial units or entities (Fuchs, Verburg, Clevers, & Herold, 2015; Goldberg, Olivares, Li, & Klein, 2014). Digitalization came relatively early to the field of land change science, mainly due to the use of geographic information systems to handle spatial data in the form of maps and remotely sensed data (Haines-Young, Green, & Cousins, 1993). It can, therefore, be argued that a long digital tradition exists within land change science, which has been open to pursue the possibilities of new data sources and methods as these have emerged. Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth in the amount of digital data as well as rapid advances in new digital methods, tools and research infrastructures across academia (Kong, 2015). This includes easy access to spatially specific information from other domains and academic fields, such as register data from government agencies, data from aerial and terrestrial sensors, and a wide range of historical data repositories. Furthermore, as many data sets are available for whole regions, countries or even at global scale, analyses of land change with large geographical coverage and at the same time at high spatial resolutions are increasingly made possible. It can be argued that a new era of digital data has opened up for transdisciplinary interactions for land change research. Yet, increased access to digital data also entails challenges related to the validity of data and the need for new approaches to integrate multiple digital data sources. All five articles in this special issue concern the application of digital data in land change research. In the following sections, we present the articles and discuss them in the wider context of: (1) the sound understanding, interpretation and thus application of digital data and (2) the development ofmethodologies to integratemultiple digital data in a transdisciplinary manner.
Role of NMDA receptors in adult primate cortical somatosensory plasticity

We have previously shown that most of the reorganization that typically follows median nerve transection in adult squirrel monkeys is dependent on normally functioning N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Here, we have evaluated two additional hypotheses: (1) is the immediate “unmasking” found after median nerve transection NMDA receptor‐dependent? and (2) are NMDA receptors necessary for both the initiation and maintenance of the second phase of reorganizational changes, or only the former? To address these issues, we implanted osmotic minipumps subcutaneously to deliver an NMDA receptor antagonist (3‐((±)‐2‐ carboxypiperazin‐4‐yl)propyl‐1‐phosphonic acid, CPP) systemically either before examining the immediate effects of median nerve transection, or after reorganization had presumably occurred. For the first set of experiments, NMDA receptor blockade was initiated either 1 or 4 weeks prior to multi‐unit mapping in area 3b followed by transection of the median nerve and remapping of the cortex. In the second set of experiments, median nerve transection was followed 4 weeks later by either 1 or 4 weeks of NMDA receptor blockade prior to terminal mapping. We report that the immediate unmasking of new receptive fields after acute nerve injury is not prevented by NMDA receptor blockade; nor are completely reorganized cortical maps dependent upon NMDA receptors for their maintenance. We conclude that the immediate changes in cortical topography are not due to an NMDA receptor‐dependent mechanism, but more likely due to release from tonic inhibition. Furthermore, the later phase of reorganization, as for some forms of hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP), is dependent on normally functioning NMDA receptors for its initiation, but not for its maintenance. J. Comp. Neurol. 418:373–382, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What drives procrastination

The following paper addresses time inconsistent behaviour, mostly covering procrastination and drivers behind procrastination. What behavioural characteristics and self-control problems influence procrastination behaviour? This is the main research question of this paper and is researched using an experimental survey conducted through qualtrics. The behavioural characteristics and self-control problems that are addressed in this research are: decreasing impatience, impatience, risk aversion, loss aversion, ambiguity aversion, smoking habits, exercise behaviour and educational level. Significant relationships were found between procrastination and the DI-index (decreasing impatience), procrastination and risk aversion, procrastination and smoking habits, procrastination and educational level, procrastination and age, and procrastination and being a student.
The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (Loxodonta africana)

The uniquely designed limbs of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana, support the weight of the largest terrestrial animal. Besides other morphological peculiarities, the feet are equipped with large subcutaneous cushions which play an important role in distributing forces during weight bearing and in storing or absorbing mechanical forces. Although the cushions have been discussed in the literature and captive elephants, in particular, are frequently affected by foot disorders, precise morphological data are sparse. The cushions in the feet of African elephants were examined by means of standard anatomical and histological techniques, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In both the forelimb and the hindlimb a 6th ray, the prepollex or prehallux, is present. These cartilaginous rods support the metacarpal or metatarsal compartment of the cushions. None of the rays touches the ground directly. The cushions consist of sheets or strands of fibrous connective tissue forming larger metacarpal/metatarsal and digital compartments and smaller chambers which were filled with adipose tissue. The compartments are situated between tarsal, metatarsal, metacarpal bones, proximal phalanges or other structures of the locomotor apparatus covering the bones palmarly/plantarly and the thick sole skin. Within the cushions, collagen, reticulin and elastic fibres are found. In the main parts, vascular supply is good and numerous nerves course within the entire cushion. Vater–Pacinian corpuscles are embedded within the collagenous tissue of the cushions and within the dermis. Meissner corpuscles are found in the dermal papillae of the foot skin. The micromorphology of elephant feet cushions resembles that of digital cushions in cattle or of the foot pads in humans but not that of digital cushions in horses. Besides their important mechanical properties, foot cushions in elephants seem to be very sensitive structures.
Identification of microRNA-Like RNAs in the Filamentous Fungus Trichoderma reesei by Solexa Sequencing

microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) capable of negatively regulating gene expression. Recently, microRNA-like small RNAs (milRNAs) were discovered in several filamentous fungi but not yet in Trichoderma reesei, an industrial filamentous fungus that can secrete abundant hydrolases. To explore the presence of milRNA in T. reesei and evaluate their expression under induction of cellulose, two T. reesei sRNA libraries of cellulose induction (IN) and non-induction (CON) were generated and sequenced using Solexa sequencing technology. A total of 726 and 631 sRNAs were obtained from the IN and CON samples, respectively. Global expression analysis showed an extensively differential expression of sRNAs in T. reesei under the two conditions. Thirteen predicted milRNAs were identified in T. reesei based on the short hairpin structure analysis. The milRNA profiles obtained in deep sequencing were further validated by RT-qPCR assay. Computational analysis predicted a number of potential targets relating to many processes including regulation of enzyme expression. The presence and differential expression of T. reesei milRNAs imply that milRNA might play a role in T. reesei growth and cellulase induction. This work lays foundation for further functional study of fungal milRNAs and their industrial application.
Subjective Comparison of Speech Enhancement Algorithms

We report on the development of a noisy speech corpus suitable for evaluation of speech enhancement algorithms. This corpus is used for the subjective evaluation of 13 speech enhancement methods encompassing four classes of algorithms: spectral subtractive, subspace, statistical-model based and Wiener algorithms. The subjective evaluation was performed by Dynastat, Inc. using the ITU-T P.835 methodology designed to evaluate the speech quality along three dimensions: signal distortion, noise distortion and overall quality. This paper reports the results of the subjective tests
Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Adult and Pediatric Gliomas: Toward Personalized Treatment

It is increasingly clear that both adult and pediatric glial tumor entities represent collections of neoplastic lesions, each with individual pathological molecular events and treatment responses. In this review, we discuss the current prognostic biomarkers validated for clinical use or with future clinical validity for gliomas. Accurate prognostication is crucial for managing patients as treatments may be associated with high morbidity and the benefits of high risk interventions must be judged by the treating clinicians. We also review biomarkers with predictive validity, which may become clinically relevant with the development of targeted therapies for adult and pediatric gliomas.
Integration of HPV6 and Downregulation of AKR1C3 Expression Mark Malignant Transformation in a Patient with Juvenile-Onset Laryngeal Papillomatosis

Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is associated with low risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11. Malignant transformation has been reported solely for HPV11-associated RRP in 2–4% of all RRP-cases, but not for HPV6. The molecular mechanisms in the carcinogenesis of low risk HPV-associated cancers are to date unknown. We report of a female patient, who presented with a laryngeal carcinoma at the age of 24 years. She had a history of juvenile-onset RRP with an onset at the age of three and subsequently several hundred surgical interventions due to multiple recurrences of RRP. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or bead-based hybridization followed by direct sequencing identified HPV6 in tissue sections of previous papilloma and the carcinoma. P16INK4A, p53 and pRb immunostainings were negative in all lesions. HPV6 specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed nuclear staining suggesting episomal virus in the papilloma and a single integration site in the carcinoma. Integration-specific amplification of papillomavirus oncogene transcripts PCR (APOT-PCR) showed integration in the aldo-keto reductase 1C3 gene (AKR1C3) on chromosome 10p15.1. ArrayCGH detected loss of the other gene copy as part of a deletion at 10p14-p15.2. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry of the protein AKR1C3 showed a marked reduction of its expression in the carcinoma. In conclusion, we identified a novel molecular mechanism underlying a first case of HPV6-associated laryngeal carcinoma in juvenile-onset RRP, i.e. that HPV6 integration in the AKR1C3 gene resulted in loss of its expression. Alterations of AKR1C gene expression have previously been implicated in the tumorigenesis of other (HPV-related) malignancies.
2MASS/SDSS Close Major-Merger Galaxy Pairs: Luminosity Functions and Merger Mass Dependence

We select a close "major-merger candidate" galaxy pair sample in order to calculate the K_{s} luminosity function (LF) and pair fraction representative of the merger/interaction component of galaxy evolution in the local universe. The pair sample (projected separation 5 h$^{-1}$ kpc $\leq$ r $\leq$ 20 h$^{-1}$ kpc, $K_{s}$-band magnitude difference $\Delta$$K_{s}$ $\leq$ 1 mag) is selected by combining the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 5 (DR5). The resulting data set contains 340 galaxies covering 5800 sq. degrees. A stellar mass function is also translated from the LF. A differential pair fraction displays nearly constant fraction of galaxy pairs as a function of galaxy mass from 10$^{9}$ to 10$^{11.5}$ M$_{\sun}$ . The differential pair fraction is less subject to absolute magnitude bias due to survey limitations than the standard total pair fraction. These results suggest that major-merger candidate pairs in the 0$<$z$<$0.1 universe are developed from $\sim$1.6% of the galaxy population without dependance on galaxy mass for pair components below 10$^{11}$ M$_{\sun}$. The derived LF combined with merger model time scales give local merger rates per unit volume which decrease with masses greater than 10$^{11}$ M$_{\sun}$ .
A Flexible Bio-Inspired Hierarchical Model for Analyzing Musical Timbre

A flexible and multipurpose bio-inspired hierarchical model for analyzing musical timbre is presented in this paper. Inspired by findings in the fields of neuroscience, computational neuroscience, and psychoacoustics, not only does the model extract spectral and temporal characteristics of a signal, but it also analyzes amplitude modulations on different timescales. It uses a cochlear filter bank to resolve the spectral components of a sound, lateral inhibition to enhance spectral resolution, and a modulation filter bank to extract the global temporal envelope and roughness of the sound from amplitude modulations. The model was evaluated in three applications. First, it was used to simulate subjective data from two roughness experiments. Second, it was used for musical instrument classification using the k-NN algorithm and a Bayesian network. Third, it was applied to find the features that characterize sounds whose timbres were labeled in an audiovisual experiment. The successful application of the proposed model in these diverse tasks revealed its potential in capturing timbral information.