Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stopping Decisions

Objective: We investigated how the order in which information is presented affects when a person decides to stop performing a task. Background: A stopping decision is a decision to stop performing a task on the basis of a sequence of cues. Previous order-effects models do not account for how these contexts limit available working memory for making such decisions. Method: Participants decided how long to perform a task known as the Work Hazard Game that began by rewarding points but later cost points if work continued after an unannounced “emergency. ” An additive sequence of cues indicated the probability of an emergency. Study 1 involved a three-group design with cue sequences that indicated the same risk at each decision point but whose final cue presented a high, medium, or low probability. Study 2 had a 2 × 2 design with high or low final cues and an easy or a challenging task. Results: In Study 1, participants stopped sooner when the most recent cue presented a high rather than low probability (p = .09), despite the same emergency risk. In Study 2, participants stopped sooner when the most recent cue presented a high rather than low probability for the challenging task but not for the easy task (p = .08). Conclusion: Stopping decisions appear sensitive to the most recent cue observed while experiencing task load. Participants responded to the same risks differently only on the basis of a change in presentation. Application: Findings may be relevant for research and training for hazardous jobs, such as subsurface coal mining, fishing, and trucking.
Highly sparse surface couplings for subdomain-wise isoviscous Stokes finite element discretizations

The Stokes system with constant viscosity can be cast into different formulations by exploiting the incompressibility constraint. For instance the strain in the weak formulation can be replaced by the gradient to decouple the velocity components in the different coordinate directions. Thus the discretization of the simplified problem leads to fewer nonzero entries in the stiffness matrix. This is of particular interest in large scale simulations where a reduced memory bandwidth requirement can help to significantly accelerate the computations. In the case of a piecewise constant viscosity, as it typically arises in multi-phase flows, or when the boundary conditions involve traction, the situation is more complex, and one has to treat the cross derivatives in the original Stokes system with care. A naive application of the standard vectorial Laplacian results in a physically incorrect solution, while formulations based on the strain increase the computational effort everywhere, even when the inconsistencies arise only from an incorrect treatment in a small fraction of the computational domain. Here we propose a new approach that is consistent with the strain-based formulation and preserves the decoupling advantages of the gradient-based formulation in isoviscous subdomains. The modification is equivalent to locally changing the discretization stencils, hence the more expensive discretization is restricted to a lower dimensional interface, making the additional computational cost asymptotically negligible. We demonstrate the consistency and convergence properties of the method and show that in a massively parallel setup, the multigrid solution of the resulting discrete systems is faster than for the classical strain-based formulation. Moreover, we give an application example which is inspired by geophysical research.
Professional Rugby Coaches’ Perceptions of the Role of the Team Captain

The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of the coach in relation to the perceived function of captains in professional rugby union. Participants were 8 elite male rugby coaches purposely sampled for this study. Participants were interviewed individually to gain an understanding of their experiences and perceptions of the role of the captain. The data were thematically analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Ten superordinate themes emerged in the study: types of captain, captain development, challenges, captains role, off-field responsibilities, nature of the job, selection, cultural architects, coach–captain relationship, and key attributes. Results suggest that coaches view the captain as an extension of their authority in the team, leadership groups are increasingly important to support captains, and the criteria for the selection of captains are still vague. As a result, future research should explore the development of specific evidence-based approaches to captain selection and development.
Comparison of Test Your Memory and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Measures in Parkinson's Disease

Background. MoCA is widely used in Parkinson's disease (PD) to assess cognition. The Test Your Memory (TYM) test is a cognitive screening tool that is self-administered. Objectives. We sought to determine (a) the optimal value of TYM to discriminate between PD patients with and without cognitive deficits on MoCA testing, (b) equivalent MoCA and TYM scores, and (c) interrater reliability in TYM testing. Methods. We assessed the discriminant ability of TYM and the equivalence between TYM and MoCA scores and measured the interrater reliability between three raters. Results. Of the 135 subjects that completed both tests, 55% had cognitive impairment according to MoCA. A MoCA score of 25 was equivalent to a TYM score of 43-44. The area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve for TYM to differentiate between PD-normal and PD-cognitive impairment was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.89). The optimal cutoff to distinguish PD-cognitive impairment from PD-normal was ≤45 (sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 59%) thereby correctly classifying 76.3% of patients with PD-cognitive impairment. Interrater agreement was high (0.97) and TYM was completed in under 7 minutes (interquartile range 5.33 to 8.52 minutes). Conclusions. The TYM test is a useful and less resource intensive screening test for cognitive deficits in PD.
Some more robustness conditions for the invariant density of a class of 1D maps under additive noise

Circuits based on chaotic maps are increasingly appealing to synthesize signals with prescribed statistical features. However, in their implementation one should not forget that electronic noise can affect the statistics, even by a large amount. Although dealing with the effects of noise on a strongly nonlinear system can be hard, it has recently been proved that classes of chaotic maps exist whose invariant density is completely insensitive to it, a property that makes them particularly well suited for implementation. This paper builds upon that initial framework, offering a wider set of sufficient conditions for general noise robustness. It also illustrates that other noise robustness mechanisms exist when the particular (yet reasonable) assumption of symmetrically distributed noise is made.
Adaptive learning and decision-making under uncertainty by metaplastic synapses guided by a surprise detection system

Recent experiments have shown that animals and humans have a remarkable ability to adapt their learning rate according to the volatility of the environment. Yet the neural mechanism responsible for such adaptive learning has remained unclear. To fill this gap, we investigated a biophysically inspired, metaplastic synaptic model within the context of a well-studied decision-making network, in which synapses can change their rate of plasticity in addition to their efficacy according to a reward-based learning rule. We found that our model, which assumes that synaptic plasticity is guided by a novel surprise detection system, captures a wide range of key experimental findings and performs as well as a Bayes optimal model, with remarkably little parameter tuning. Our results further demonstrate the computational power of synaptic plasticity, and provide insights into the circuit-level computation which underlies adaptive decision-making. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.18073. 001
The Effects of Sucrose on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review of Human Intervention Studies in Healthy Adults

We systematically reviewed interventions substituting sucrose for other macronutrients in apparently healthy adults to assess impact on cardiometabolic risk indicators. Multiple databases were searched to January 2012 and abstracts assessed by 2 reviewers. Twenty-five studies (29 papers) met inclusion criteria but varied in quality and duration. Weaknesses included small subject numbers, unclear reporting of allocation, unusual dietary regimes, differences in energy intake, fat composition or fibre between conditions, unhealthy subjects, heterogeneity of results, and selective reporting. Insufficient data were available to draw reliable conclusions except with regard to the substitution of sucrose for starch, where effects on plasma lipids were inconsistent, mostly explicable by other factors, or nonsignificant. Based on fewer studies, there was little evidence for significant effects on plasma glucose or insulin. Sucrose substitution for starch up to 25% energy does not appear to have adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk indicators in apparently healthy adults. Furthermore, there is no consistent evidence that restricting sucrose in an isoenergetic diet would affect risk indicators, except perhaps in people with certain preexisting metabolic abnormalities. Larger, high-quality studies, lasting several months and studying a wider range of outcomes, are needed in order to provide evidence on which to base public health initiatives.
Workforce 2000: Work and Workers for the Twenty-First Century

No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading workforce 2000 work and workers for the twenty first century paperback is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
Do Stock Prices Fully Reflect the Implications of Current Earnings for Future Earnings for Ar1 Firms?

The extant literature has concluded that stock prices do not fully reflect the implications of current earnings for future earnings. This evidence is based on random samples of firms, whose quarterly earnings are assumed to be generated by the same, relatively complex, Brown-Rozeff (1979, BR hereafter) process. It is conceivable that model complexity is the source of the market's failure to fully reflect the implications of current earnings for future earnings. The purpose of this study is to determine whether stock prices fully reflect the implications of current earnings for future earnings for a subset of firms whose quarterly earnings generating process is much simpler than the BR model. For the entire sample of AR1 firms, we find that stock prices do not fully reflect the implications of current quarterly earnings for future quarterly earnings. They erroneously act as if the error of the AR1 model at lag four has negative valuation implications. When we segment the sample by several proxy variables for firms' information environments (i.e., firm size, number of institutional shareholders, and the existence of security analyst following), we find that the failure of stock prices to fully reflect the implications of current quarterly earnings for future quarterly earnings pertains only to firms with less predisclosure information. When we examine the relation between current earnings surprise and contemporaneous and future CARs, we obtain additional insights into what stock prices do not understand about firms with less predisclosure information. For firms with less predisclosure information, the failure of stock prices to fully reflect the implications of current quarterly earnings for future quarterly earnings pertains to large positive surprises, but not to large negative ones.
Performance analysis of access selection and transmit diversity in multi-access networks

Motivated by the "beyond 3g" vision of radio access network integration and coordinated radio resource management, a purely analytical performance assessment is presented for a single access point integrating multiple radio accesses. Principal focus is placed on the evaluation of multi-user diversity, multi-access diversity and trunking gains. Scenarios with persistent and non-persistent data flows are investigated, concentrating on throughput and transfer time performance, respectively. A number of numerical experiments are included in order to quantify the relative contribution of the distinguished aspects to the performance gain. These experiments indicate that the exploitation of multi-user diversity with a channel-aware access selection scheme attains the most significant gains, while also the trunking gain that is due to an above-proportional performance enhancement when aggregating system-specific capacities, is noted to be significant. The assignment of multiple accesses to a given flow is demonstrated to have limited potential.
Serum Concentrations of Trace Elements in Patients with Tuberculosis and Its Association with Treatment Outcome

Deficiencies in essential trace elements are associated with impaired immunity in tuberculosis infection. However, the trace element concentrations in the serum of Korean patients with tuberculosis have not yet been investigated. This study aimed to compare the serum trace element concentrations of Korean adult patients with tuberculosis with noninfected controls and to assess the impact of serum trace element concentration on clinical outcome after antituberculosis treatment. The serum concentrations of four trace elements in 141 consecutively recruited patients with tuberculosis and 79 controls were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Demographic characteristics were also analyzed. Serum cobalt and copper concentrations were significantly higher in patients with tuberculosis compared with controls, while zinc and selenium concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.01). Moreover, serum selenium and zinc concentrations were positively correlated (ρ = 0.41, p < 0.05). A high serum copper concentration was associated with a worse clinical outcome, as assessed after one month of antituberculosis therapy. Specifically, culture-positive patients had higher serum copper concentrations than culture-negative patients (p < 0.05). Patients with tuberculosis had altered serum trace element concentrations. Further research is needed to elucidate the roles of individual trace elements and to determine their clinical impact on patients with tuberculosis.
If love is blind, then hate cannot see: hate within enduring parenting disputes

Abstract Drawing on interviews with separated mothers (N = 36) this Australian qualitative study explored “hate” in a child custody context within enduring parenting disputes. This preliminary study observed that hate may be present within enduring parenting disputes. A conceptualization of hate, being circular theory of hate in co-parental conflict was developed which tentatively proposes that in a post separation context, hate may functionally serve as a self-protective mechanism that enables a parent to avoid experiencing their own emotions; avoid confronting or taking responsibility for their own behavior; or avoid facing their own lived experiences. Three themes emerged from the study that may contribute to understanding hate’s genesis, growth, and stability post separation. Firstly, an inability or unwillingness to self-reflect, secondly, inverse caring, and thirdly, relentlessness. Practitioners working with hate in a child custody context may consider these tentative observations when identifying barriers parents might experience that prevent them from keeping their child’s needs front and center following separation.
Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.org a Nonlinear Numerical Model and Its Utilization in Simulating the In-plane Behaviour of Multi-story R/c Frames with Masonry Infills

This paper presents first a valid, fully non-linear 2-D numerical model that can capture realistically the in-plane hysteretic behaviour of reinforced concrete (R/C) frames with masonry infills when they are subjected to combined vertical and cyclic horizontal loads in order to predict their post-elastic earthquake bahaviour. The effectiveness of this simulation was validated by comparing the numerically predicted behaviour with results from a series of pseudo-dynamic tests whereby a number of 1:3 scale, one-bay, one-story R/C frame specimens, including relatively weak masonry infills, were subjected to combined vertical and cyclic horizontal seismic-type loads. The role of the interface between the masonry in-fills and the surrounding concrete frame was also included in this simulation. Next, this paper deals with the applicability of this successful non-linear masonry-infill concrete-frame numerical simulation to predict realistically the seismic behaviour of prototype multi-story R/C frame structural formations with masonry infills. The major obstacle here is the computational time and memory requirements needed for the completion of such a numerical analysis including all the non-linear mechanisms which were employed in the preceding simulation of the single-story one-bay R/C frame with masonry infills. In order to overcome this obstacle, use was made of an equivalent post-elastic " pushover " type of analysis that draws information on the stiffness and strength variation from one-bay, one-story R/C masonry infilled unit frames that compose a given multistory structural formation. In doing so, the fully non-linear numerical simulation of the single-story units that compose this structural formation, presented in the first part, is utilized.
Mothers' Perspectives on learning through Play in the Home

RESEARCH IN THE FIELD of early childhood education and care (ECEC) indicates that if educators can align their perspectives and practices with families' perspectives, children's educational outcomes will improve. Yet the literature reveals educators focus on children's independent learning of various developmental domains, while mothers increasingly focus on adult-guided learning of curricula in preparation for school. To illuminate potential ways for educators to align these divergent perspectives, this paper reports on a qualitative case study of eight mothers' perspectives on their children's learning through play in the home. It revealed emphases on children's independent learning of family practices through play, contrasting starkly with previous accounts of mothers being focused on adults guiding play to cognitive learning (e.g. literacy, numeracy). Thus another perspective divergence emerged: between mothers' perspectives in the home and ECEC settings. However, the similarity between educators' perspectives to those of mothers suggests ways forward.
Ieee 6th Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications Centralised and Distributed Power Allocation Algorithms in Cooperative Networks

Cooperation among network nodes provides transmit diversity in cases where wireless transmitters, due to size and power limitation, cannot support multiple antennas. We consider cooperation among A4 nodes, where each node achieves space diversity by using other nodes' antennas as relays. Cooperation among nodes has been shown to achieve impressive bit error rate (BER) gains as compared to a non-cooperative system while maintaining the same information rate, transmit power, and bandwidth [I, 2,3,4]. Firstly, this paper formulates an optimum, centralised power allocation scheme appropriate for a cooperative network that employs transparent relaying. It will be shown that the proposed allocation scheme significantly outperforms the equal power allocation scheme, e.g., by up io 5 dB for a 3-user case at a bit error rate of Secondly, this paper proposes a distributed power aIlocation scheme where each node independently calculates its power allocation factors, and it will be shown that it converges to the optimum allocation yielded by the centralised approach. Finally, this paper presents a distributed power allocation algorithm to optimise the BER performance of cooperative networks only with partial knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) of the non-adjacent nodes.
A Pheromone Receptor Mediates 11-cis-Vaccenyl Acetate-Induced Responses in Drosophila

Insect pheromones elicit stereotypic behaviors that are critical for survival and reproduction. Defining the relevant molecular mechanisms mediating pheromone signaling is an important step to manipulate pheromone-induced behaviors in pathogenic or agriculturally important pests. The only volatile pheromone identified in Drosophila is 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (VA), a male-specific lipid that mediates aggregation behavior. VA activates a few dozen olfactory neurons located in T1 sensilla on the antenna of both male and female flies. Here, we identify a neuronal receptor required for VA sensitivity. We identified two mutants lacking functional T1 sensilla and show that the expression of the VA receptor is dramatically reduced or eliminated. Importantly, we show misexpression of this receptor in non-T1 neurons, normally insensitive to VA, confers pheromone sensitivity at physiologic concentrations. Sensitivity of T1 neurons to VA requires LUSH, an extracellular odorant-binding protein (OBP76a) present in the sensillum lymph bathing trichoid olfactory neuron dendrites. Here, we show LUSH are also required in non-T1 neurons misexpressing the receptor to respond to VA. These data provide new insight into the molecular components and neuronal basis of volatile pheromone perception.
Effect of the Aerosol Model Assumption on the Atmospheric Correction over Land: Case Studies with CHRIS/PROBA Hyperspectral Images over Benelux

Surface reflectance has a central role in the analysis of land surface for a broad variety of Earth System studies. An accurate atmospheric correction, obtained by an appropriate selection of aerosol model, is the first requirement for reliable surface reflectance estimation. In the aerosol model, the type is defined by the physical and chemical properties, while the loading is usually described by the optical thickness at 550 nm. The aim of this work is to evaluate the radiative impact of the aerosol model on the surface reflectance obtained from Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) hyperspectral data over land by using the specifically developed algorithm CHRIS Atmospherically Corrected Reflectance Imagery (CHRIS@CRI) based on the 6SV radiative transfer model. We employed five different aerosol models: one provided by the AERONET inversion products (used as reference), three standard aerosol models in 6SV, and one obtained from the output of the GEOS-Chem global chemistry-transport model (CTM). The results obtained for the two case studies selected over Benelux show that in the absence of AERONET data on the scene, the best performing aerosol model is the one derived from CTM output.
Pedagogical documentation as a strategy to develop praxeological knowledge: the case of the observatory of childhood culture – OBECI

ABSTRACT This study presents the Observatory of Childhood Culture – OBECI – a professional development community in the making. It describes its origins, constitution and functioning. It reports some of its achievements at the level of promoting participatory pedagogies for children’s learning and professionals’ development. To make the transformation processes visible (which are the core of a praxeological knowledge development) this study uses the methodology of praxeological studies. This paper focus on the reflexive discussions developed around the relationship between adults and children in order to reveal emerging knowledge from the training processes deployed in the Observatory of Childhood Culture – OBECI.