Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parents' Perceptions of Bullying Prevalence, Type, and Intervention Efforts in Utah Schools

Parents’ Perceptions of Bullying Prevalence, Type, and Intervention Efforts in Utah Schools Brittney Roberts Warburton Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education Educational Specialist in School Psychology Bullying is a pervasive and disruptive issue in the schools (Stockdale, Hanguduambo, Duys, Larson, & Sarvela, 2002). It has been shown to have serious negative consequences for students who are frequently targeted, including lower academic achievement, lower self-esteem, and more interpersonal problems in adulthood compared to their non-targeted peers (Eisenberg & Aalsma, 2005; Olweus & Limber, 1999; Rigby, 2003; Smokowski & Kopasz, 2005; Yoneyama & Rigby, 2006). However, when parents are engaged as active members of the school community, significant benefits accrue for children, educators, and parents. Such benefits include improved grades and test scores for students, greater job satisfaction among teachers, and decreased likelihood that children will be involved in bullying behaviors (Christenson, 1996; Spriggs, Iannotti, Nansel, & Haynie, 2007). Despite the important role parents play in their child’s success in school, there is little research concerning parents’ perceptions of bullying behaviors in schools. This research project surveyed parents in order to understand their perspectives regarding bullying prevalence, type, and intervention efforts taking place in schools. This was done through a survey administered at a statewide Parent Teacher Association Conference in Provo, Utah, in May 2008. Because attendees at the conference were assumed to be fairly involved in the local schools, the results of this study were expected to represent the perceptions of parents who are involved in the school community. The findings indicated that almost half (42.9–48.1%) of these parents are hearing their child report about verbal and relational bullying at least once a week. Parents noted that they are personally intervening in bullying situations approximately once each school year. Parents responded that they believe students are most at-risk for being bullied between classes, during break periods, and after school, as well as on the playground, on the school bus, and in the hallways, bathrooms, and school cafeteria. Overall, parents rated the most frequently used interventions as somewhat effective in combating bullying in their child’s school. Such interventions included counseling or talking with the bully, suspension, and time-out for the bully following an incident.
Depressive symptoms among the visually disabled in Wuhan: an epidemiological survey

Background There are no representative studies on the mental health status of persons with disabilities in China. Objective Estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and identify the factors associated with depressive symptoms in a representative sample of individuals with serious visually disabilities in Wuhan, China. Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to identify 1200 visually disabled individuals from among the 22,000 persons with serious visual disabilities who were registered with the Wuhan Disabled Persons' Federation. Identified individuals were administered the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Short Scale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC) by trained interviewers. Results The adjusted prevalence of mild, moderate and severe depressive symptoms among the 1003 individuals who successfully completed the survey were 8.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]=5.7-11.8%), 15.6% (CI=12.8-18.5%) and 16.0% (CI=13.7-18.3%), respectively. Factors significantly associated with more severe depressive symptoms in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (in order of importance) were emotional instability (OR=5.84, CI=4.19-8.14), introverted personality (OR=2.94, CI=2.10-4.12), having religious beliefs (OR=2.03, CI=1.06-3.90), being blind (versus those who were only visually impaired) (OR=1.52, CI=1.09-1.95), being unmarried (OR=1.51, CI=1.06-2.15), and having limited education (OR=1.49, CI=1.06-2.10). Conclusions Over one-third of all individuals with visual disabilities registered with the Disabled Persons' Federation in in Wuhan have clinically significant depressive symptoms. Almost none of these individuals receive treatment. Services for persons with serious visual disabilities – and for individuals with other types of serious physical or sensory disabilities – should include activities aimed at improving psychological wellbeing, periodic screening for psychological problems and, when needed, professional treatment for mental disorders.
Essential role of Notch signaling in effector memory CD8+ T cell–mediated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation

Adoptive transfer of in vivo–primed CD8+ T cells or in vitro–generated effector memory CD8+ T (TEFF) cells restores airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation in CD8-deficient (CD8−/−) mice. Examining transcription levels, there was a strong induction of Notch1 in TEFF cells compared with central memory CD8+ T cells. Treatment of TEFF cells with a γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) strongly inhibited Notch signaling in these cells, and after adoptive transfer, GSI-treated TEFF cells failed to restore AHR and airway inflammation in sensitized and challenged recipient CD8−/− mice, or to enhance these responses in recipient wild-type (WT) mice. These effects of GSI were also associated with increased expression of the Notch ligand Delta1 in TEFF cells. Treatment of sensitized and challenged WT mice with Delta1-Fc resulted in decreased AHR and airway inflammation accompanied by higher levels of interferon γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These results demonstrate a role for Notch in skewing the T cell response from a T helper (Th)2 to a Th1 phenotype as a consequence of the inhibition of Notch receptor activation and the up-regulation of the Notch ligand Delta1. These data are the first to show a functional role for Notch in the challenge phase of CD8+ T cell–mediated development of AHR and airway inflammation, and identify Delta1 as an important regulator of allergic airway inflammation.
Unemployment vs. Mismatch of Talents: Reconsidering Unemployment Benefits

We develop an equilibrium search-matching model with risk-neutral agents and two-sided ex-ante heterogeneity Unemployment insurance has the standard effect of reducing employment, but also helps workers to get a suitable job. The predictions of our simple model are consistent with the contrasting performance of the labor market in Europe and US in terms of unemployment, productivity growth and wage inequality. To show this, we construct two fictitious economies with calibrated parameters which only differ by the degree of unemployment insurance and assume that they are hit by a common technological shock which enhances the importance of mismatch. This shock reduces the proportion of jobs which workers regard as acceptable in the economy with unemployment insurance (Europe). As a result, unemployment doubles in this economy. In the laissez-faire economy (US), unemployment remains constant, but wage inequality increases more and productivity grows less due to larger mismatch. The model can be used to address a number of normative issues.
Voice onset time and global foreign accent in German–French simultaneous bilinguals during adulthood

Aims and objectives: In this study, we investigated crosslinguistic influence in the phonetic systems of simultaneous bilinguals (2L1s) during adulthood. Methodology: Specifically, we analyzed the voice onset time (VOT) of the voiceless stop /k/ in the spontaneous speech of 14 German–French bilinguals who grew up in France or Germany. We looked at both languages, first comparing the groups, second comparing their VOT to their global accent. Data and analysis: The material consisted of interviews, lasting for about half an hour. Findings/conclusions: Most 2L1s showed distinct VOT-ranges in their two languages, even if they were perceived to have a foreign accent in the minority language of their childhood environment. We conclude that the phonetic systems of 2L1s remain separate and stable throughout the lifespan. However, the 2L1s from France had significantly shorter VOTs in German than the 2L1s from Germany, and their speech was overall more accented. These findings are discussed with respect to the role of intra- and extra-linguistic factors. Originality: Our study adds a new perspective to existing VOT studies of bilinguals by using naturalistic speech data and by comparing two groups of 2L1s who have the same language combination but grew up in different countries, which allows us to evaluate the impact of their childhood environment on VOT development. Significance/implications: Language exposure during childhood seems to be beneficial for pronunciation during adulthood.
Nursing Theory and Concept Development or Analysis Getting Evidence into Practice: the Meaning of 'context'

Getting evidence into practice: the meaning of 'context' Aim of paper. This paper presents the findings of a concept analysis of 'context' in relation to the successful implementation of evidence into practice. Background. In 1998, a conceptual framework was developed that represented the interplay and interdependence of the many factors influencing the uptake of evidence into practice [Kitson A. , Harvey G. & McCormack B. (1998) Quality in Health Care 7, 149]. One of the key elements of the framework was 'context', that is, the setting in which evidence is implemented. It was proposed that key factors in the context of health care practice had a significant impact on the implementation and uptake of evidence. As part of the ongoing development and refinement of the framework, the elements within it have undergone a concept analysis in order to provide some theoretical and conceptual rigour to its content. approach to concept analysis was used as a framework to review semi-nal texts critically and the supporting research literature in order to establish the conceptual clarity and maturity of 'context' in relation to its importance in the implementation of evidence-based practice. Findings: Characteristics of the concept of context in terms of organizational culture, leadership and measurement are outlined. A main finding is that context specifically means 'the setting in which practice takes place', but that the term itself does little to reflect the complexity of the concept. Whilst the themes of culture and Background In a previous study (Kitson et al. 1998), a conceptual framework was developed to represent the interplay and interdependence of the many factors that influence the uptake of evidence into practice. Drawing on evidence derived from previous practice development, quality improvement and research projects, the framework attempts to represent the complexity of the change process involved in implementing evidence-based practice as acknowledged by many authors Theoretical and retrospective analysis of a number of case studies of change led to the proposition that implementation is explained as a function of the relationship between evidence (research, clinical experience and patient preferences), context (culture, leadership and measurement) and facilitation (characteristics, role and style), with these elements having a dynamic, simultaneous relationship. Kitson et al. (1998) suggested that the most successful implementation occurs when evidence is robust, the context is receptive to change and where the change process is appropriately facilitated. Whilst the framework appears to resonate with people's practical experience of developing and …
First-line chemotherapy for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) versus other histological soft tissue sarcoma subtypes and as a prognostic factor for MPNST: an EORTC soft tissue and bone sarcoma group study.

BACKGROUND the role of chemotherapy in advanced malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS chemotherapy-naive soft tissue sarcomas (STS) patients treated on 12 pooled nonrandomized and randomized European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group trials were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical outcomes, overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS) and response were determined for MPNST and other STS histotypes and compared. Additionally, prognostic factors within the MPNST population were defined. Studied cofactors were demographics, sarcoma history, disease extent and chemotherapy regimen. RESULTS after a median follow-up of 4.1 years, 175 MPNST out of 2675 eligible STS patients were analyzed. Outcome was similar for MPNST versus other STS histotypes, with a response rate, median PFS and overall survival of 21% versus 22%, 17 versus 16 weeks and 48 versus 51 weeks, respectively. Performance status was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Chemotherapy regimen was an independent prognostic factor for response (P < 0.0001) and PFS (P = 0.009). Compared with standard first-line doxorubicin, the doxorubicin-ifosfamide regimen had the best response, whereas ifosfamide had the worst prognosis. CONCLUSION this series indicates the role of chemotherapy in treatment of advanced MPNST. This first comparison showed similar outcomes for MPNST and other STS histotypes. The apparent superiority of the doxorubicin-ifosfamide regimen justifies further investigations of this combination in randomized trials.
Encoding of Categories by Noncategory-Specific Neurons in the Inferior Temporal Cortex

In order to understand how the brain codes natural categories, e.g., trees and fish, recordings were made in the anterior part of the macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex while the animal was performing a tree/nontree categorization task. Most single cells responded to exemplars of more than one category while other neurons responded only to a restricted set of exemplars of a given category. Since it is still not known which type of cells contribute and what is the nature of the code used for categorization in IT, we have performed an analysis on single-cell data. A Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), which uses an unsupervised (competitive) learning algorithm, was used to study the single cell responses to tree and nontree images. Results from the Kohonen SOM indicated that the collected neuronal data consisting of spike counts was sufficient to account for a good level of categorization success (approximately 83) when categorizing a group of 200 trees and nontrees. Contrary to intuition, the results of the investigation suggest that the population of category-specific neurons (neurons that respond only to trees or only to nontrees) was unimportant to the categorization. Instead, a large majority of the neurons that were most important to the categorization was found to belong to a class of more broadly tuned cells, namely, cells that responded to both categories but that favored one category over the other by seven or more images. A simple algebraic operation (without the Kohonen SOM) between the above-mentioned noncategory-specific neurons confirmed the contribution of these neurons to categorization. Thus, the modeling results suggest (1) that broadly tuned neurons are critical for categorization, and (2) that only one additional layer of processing is required to extract the categories from a population of IT neurons.
Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Observations of the OMC-2/3 Region. II. Observational Evidence for Outflow-triggered Star Formation in the OMC-2 FIR 3/4 Region

We have observed the Orion Molecular Cloud-2 FIR 3/4 region in the H13CO+ (J = 1–0),12CO (J = 1–0), SiO (v = 0, J = 2–1), and CS (J = 2–1) lines and the 3.3 mm continuum emission with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA) and in the CO (J = 3–2) and CH3OH (JK = 7K–6K) lines with Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). Our NMA observations in the H13CO+ emission have revealed 0.07 pc scale dense gas associated with FIR 4 (FIR 4 clump). The 12CO (J = 3–2,1-0) emission shows high-velocity blue- and redshifted components to both the northeast and southwest of FIR 3, suggesting an outflow from FIR 3 along the plane of the sky. The SiO and CH3OH emission, known as shock tracers, are detected around the interface between the outflow and FIR 4 clump. Furthermore, the 12CO (J = 1–0) emission shows an L-shaped structure in the PV diagram. These results suggest the presence of an interaction between the outflow and FIR 4 clump. Moreover, our interferometric 3.3 mm continuum observations have first found that FIR 4 consists of 11 dusty cores at a scale of ~2000 AU. The separation among these cores (~5 × 103 AU) is on the same order of the Jeans length (~13 × 103 AU), and the estimated time scale of the fragmentation (~3.8 × 104 yr) is similar to the time scale of the outflow interaction (~1.4 × 104 yr). We suggest that the interaction triggered the fragmentation into these dusty cores, and hence the next generation of the cluster formation in FIR 4.
Fiscal Decentralization and Local Finance Reforms in the Philippines

The paper examines the progress being made in local finance reforms and indicates pathways to advance those reforms. A summary of the effects of decentralization is given as a contextual background for the discussion of local finance reforms. The inefficient tax assignment has constrained the mobilization of local tax revenues even as local government units have become very dependent on the intergovernmental fiscal transfer, called the “internal revenue allotment. ” The paper raises the importance of revisiting the internal revenue allotment formula. It identifies the local finance reforms currently being undertaken and reports the progress being made at the local and national level. The final section comments on the outstanding issues in local finance reform and gives some recommendations.
Goals Affect the Perceived Quality of Explanations

Do people evaluate the quality of explanations differently depending on their goals? In particular, are explanations of different kinds (formal, mechanistic, teleological) judged differently depending on the future judgments the evaluator anticipates making? We report two studies demonstrating that the perceived “goodness” of explanations depends on the evaluator’s current goals, with explanations receiving a relative boost when they are based on relationships that support anticipated judgments. These findings shed light on the functions of explanation and support pragmatic and pluralist approaches to explanation.
Generic Utilization Rates, Real Pharmaceutical Prices, and Research and Development Expenditures

Generic utilization rates have risen substantially since the enactment of The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (Hatch-Waxman) in 1984. In the year Hatch-Waxman was enacted, generic utilization rates were 19 percent; in contrast, today, the generic utilization rate is approximately 70 percent. Striking a balance between access to existing medicines and access to yet-to-be-discovered (and developed) drugs, through research incentives, was the principal objective of this landmark legislation. However, given the current rate of generic utilization, it seems plausible, if not likely, that any balance achieved by the 1984 Act has since shifted away from research incentives and towards improved access, ceteris paribus. Among other factors, recent mandatory substitution laws in most states have driven up generic utilization rates. In the current paper, we employ semi-annual data from 1992 to 2008 to examine the link between generic utilization rates and real U.S. prescription drug prices. This link is important because previous research has identified a causal relationship between real drug prices in the U.S. and industry-level R&D investment intensity. We identify a statistically significant, positive relationship between generic utilization rates in the U.S. and real U.S. prescription drug prices. Specifically, we estimate an elasticity of real drug prices to generic utilization rates of -0.15. This finding, when coupled with previous empirical work on the determinants of pharmaceutical R&D intensity, suggests an elasticity of R&D to generic utilization rates of about 0.090. While the magnitude of this elasticity is modest, as theory would predict--the effect of greater generic erosion of brand sales at patent expiration is heavily discounted due to the long time horizon to generic erosion when an R&D project is in clinical development. However, because there has been a very substantial increase in generic utilization rates since 1984, the impact on R&D is nevertheless quite large. We explore this and other issues in the current paper.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Quetiapine: Effect of Coadministration with Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders

Antiepileptic agents, particularly those with mood-stabilizing properties, are increasingly used in the manage- ment of psychiatric disorders and may be prescribed in combination with antipsychotics. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between various antiepileptics and quetiapine, a second-generation antipsychotic, in psychiatric patients, by using data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Steady-state plasma concentrations of quetiapine were compared in patients treated with quetiapine alone (controls, n=35) and in patients comedicated with val- proic acid (n=19), lamotrigine (n=16), carbamazepine (n=6), topiramate (n=6) and oxcarbazepine (n=5). The six groups were matched for sex, age and daily dose of quetiapine. Dose-normalized plasma concentrations of quetiapine were sig- nificantly lower in the carbamazepine group than in the control group (p<0.001), while there were no differences in plasma quetiapine concentrations between the valproic acid, lamotrigine, topiramate or oxcarbazepine groups and the con- trol group. In 5 patients assessed on and off carbamazepine comedication, dose-normalized plasma concentrations of quetiapine were significantly lower during combination therapy than on quetiapine alone (p<0.01). By contrast, no appre- ciable changes in plasma levels of quetiapine were found in the 8 and 6 patients assessed on and off valproic acid or lamo- trigine comedication, respectively. These findings confirm that carbamazepine decreases markedly steady-state plasma concentrations of quetiapine, presumably by inducing its CYP3A4-mediated biotransformation. Conversely, concomitant administration of therapeutic doses of valproic acid, lamotrigine, topiramate or oxcarbazepine does not appear to affect significantly plasma levels of quetiapine.