Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
External conversions of player strategy in an evolutionary game: A cost-benefit analysis through optimal control

We consider an optimal control problem based on the evolutionary game theory model introduced by Short et al. (Short, M. B., Brantingham, P. J. & D'Orsogna, M. R. (2010) Cooperation and punishment in an adversarial game: How defectors pave the way to a peaceful society. Phys. Rev. E82(6), 066114.1–066114.7) to study societal attitudes in relation to committing and reporting crimes. Since in [26] (Short, M. B., Brantingham, P. J. & D'Orsogna, M. R. Cooperation and punishment in an adversarial game: How defectors pave the way to a peaceful society. Phys. Rev. E82(6), 066114.1–066114.7) it is shown that the presence of criminal informants leads to diminishing crime, in this paper we investigate the active recruitment of informants from the general population via external intervention, albeit at a cost to society. While higher recruitment levels may be the most beneficial in abating crime, these are also more expensive. We thus formulate our optimal control problem to account for finite resources, incurred costs and expected benefits, and determine the most favourable recruitment strategy under given constraints. We consider the cases of targeted and untargeted recruitment, and allow recruitment costs to depend on past cumulative payoffs within a given memory time-frame so that conversion of more successful individuals may be more costly than that of less successful ones. Our optimal control problem is expressed via three control functions subject to a system of delay differential equations, and is numerically solved, analysed and discussed under different settings and in different parameter regimes. We find that the optimal strategy can change drastically and abruptly as parameters and resource constraints vary, and that increased information on individual player strategies leads to only slightly decreased minimal costs.
Modern pathogenetic concepts of liver fibrosis suggest stellate cells and TGF-β as major players and therapeutic targets

Hepatic fibrosis is a scarring process that is associated with an increased and altered deposition of extracellular matrix in liver. At the cellular and molecular level, this progressive process is mainly characterized by cellular activation of hepatic stellate cells and aberrant activity of transforming growth factor‐β1 and its downstream cellular mediators. Although the cellular responses to this cytokine are complex, the signalling pathways of this pivotal cytokine during the fibrogenic response and its connection to other signal cascades are now understood in some detail. Based on the current advances in understanding the pleiotropic reactions during fibrogenesis, various inhibitors of transforming growth factor‐β were developed and are now being investigated as potential drug candidates in experimental models of hepatic injury. Although it is too early to favour one of these antagonists for the treatment of hepatic fibrogenesis in human, the experimental results obtained yet provide stimulatory impulses for the development of an effective treatment of choice in the not too distant future. The present review summarises the actual knowledge on the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrogenesis, the role of transforming growth factor‐β and its signalling pathways in promoting the fibrogenic response, and the therapeutic modalities that are presently in the spotlight of many investigations and are already on the way to take the plunge into clinical studies.
The effect of fluid compressibility and elastic rock properties on deformation of geothermal reservoirs

A geothermal reservoir deforms when the extraction of pore fluid exceeds reservoir recharge, causing a decrease in pore pressure. The magnitude of this deformation is related to the amount of pore fluid that is extracted. Assuming compressible material properties in a homogeneous reservoir, we derive an expression for the ratio of reservoir volume change per extracted fluid mass. We show that this ratio depends on a number of parameters, notably the compressibilities of reservoir rock and pore fluid. We apply the obtained relationship to three different geothermal areas (Hellisheidi, Reykjanes and The Geysers) to illustrate under which circumstances the relation between reservoir deformation and the amount of extracted fluid is able to help us learn more about reservoir conditions. We find that the fluid compressibility, depending on whether the system is single-phase or two-phase, may explain large differences in estimates of reservoir volume changes per mass of extracted fluid
Autism Disclosures and Cybercrime Discourse on a Large Underground Forum

—Prior research on the relationship between autism and cybercrime has been inconclusive. While some research suggests those who had an autism diagnosis are more likely to engage in cybercrime than those without, other evidence indicates a diagnosis of autism is associated with a lower risk of cybercrime offending. Prior research has primarily relied on self-report survey data. To the best of our knowledge, data gathered from cybercrime-related conversations on underground forums has not previously been used to study the relationship between autism and cybercrime offending. This research applies natural language processing (NLP) techniques to a large underground cybercrime forum data. We developed two NLP classifiers to automatically categorise the context and content of forum posts. We find that terms related to autism were mostly used in a negative context, primarily to insult other users. We find that actors who self-declare as autistic, post more frequently on the forum than those who do not disclose to be autistic. Despite the increased frequency of their activity, we find those who disclose they are autistic are less likely to discuss cybercrime-related matters, compared to a matched sample of users with similar posting activity.
Dolomitization of the Hope Gate Formation (north Jamaica) by seawater: Reassessment of mixing-zone dolomite

-Deposition of the Hope Gate Formation, which forms a prominent reef terrace along the coastline of north Jamaica, took place near the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, based on 87Sr/86Sr ratios of a mineralogically unaltered biolithite. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of some isolated dolomite samples are consistent with coeval seawater values, but most samples are less radiogenic. Dolomite crystals are characterized by relatively narrow ranges in strontium concentration (300 ± 50 ppm) and 15'80 (+ 3.1 ± 0.4 per mil PDB), both of which are consistent with precipitation from seawater (using a Dsr = 0.06), but not with precipitation from mixed water. The observed range in 87Srl6Sr can be explained if both surface seawater and seawater that had interacted with underlying Miocene chalk were responsible for dolomite precipitation. Lowered s=c values of Hope Gate dolomite (+0.9) relative to precursor biolithites (+ 3,0) suggest that the oxidation of organic carbon, possibly accompanying sulfate reduction, also modified the seawater that caused dolomitization.
Effect of slaughter weight on slaughter performance of a native swine breed "Ghungroo" of Duars' Valley and allied zone.

Ghungroo (GR) is a native pig breed which is mainly reared by the tribes of Duars’ Valley and allied zone. To assess the breed’s performance more comprehensively, a research work had been planned to evaluate the effect of slaughter weight on slaughter performance by dividing 18 GR pigs in three groups (viz. 40-50 Kg, 50-60 Kg and 60-70 Kg) having six animals in each group. Hot Carcass Weight, Dressing Percentage, Chilled Carcass Weight, Loin Eye Area, Back Fat Thickness, Carcass Length, shoulder weight, ham weight and loin weight increased significantly(P
The speed of information in a ‘ fast-light ’ optical medium

22 is a lower limit, because we do not resolve the current sheet. This is, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence of an electric current sheet in the upper solar atmosphere, whose presence has long been predicted. Currents are usually deduced from photo-spheric vector magnetograms 14. Outside sunspots the interpretation of the photospheric currents is not straightforward, because there the field is highly filamented and unresolved. In the upper chromo-sphere it has expanded to fill all of space, so that an interpretation in terms of a current sheet is reasonable. Current sheets are thought to be formed spontaneously when the footprints of the Sun's magnetic field are shuffled around 3,4,15 or when new magnetic flux emerges into the solar atmosphere. Our observations demonstrate that vector spectropolarimetry of the He I 1083.0 nm line allows such current sheets to be detected, thus providing the possibility of observationally testing their importance for the triggering of flares or for coronal heating 16. The presence of such a clear signature in the very first magnetic vector map made with the He I line provides strong support for coronal heating theories based on magnetic energy dissipation at current sheets. A Properties of the solar granulation obtained from the inversion of low spatial resolution spectra.
Carbon bonds , a sustainability alternative in the Chimborazo Fauna Production Reserve Bonos de carbono , una alternativa de sustentabilidad en la Reserva de Producción de Fauna Chimborazo

Los pagos por servicios ambientales son parte de un paradigma de conservación nuevo y más directo, que reconoce explícitamente la necesidad de crear puentes entre los intereses de los propietarios y usuarios de servicios. Por lo tanto, el suelo de la Reserva de Producción de Fauna Chimborazo es un depósito de carbono. De este modo, es aquí donde existe la necesidad de realizar estudios científicos sobre su capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono bajo diferentes tipos de cobertura vegetal. Para este propósito, los investigadores elaboraron celdas para cada ecosistema con la ayuda de un Sistema de Información Geográfica que, empleando herramientas de geoprocesamiento, establecieron un total de 819 sitios de muestreo en 58560 ha. Las muestras se tomaron a una profundidad de 0 cm 30 cm, y los resultados se ingresaron en una base de datos en ARC GIS, donde se creó una máscara, extrapolando el contenido de carbono en toda el área de reserva. Como resultado, se evidenció un mayor contenido de C en el bosque perennifolio (BsSN01) y el pastizal (HsSN02) del páramo, con 378.16 mg de OC, y en total, 4379 581.43 mg de OC que se pueden ofrecer al mercado internacional en bonos de carbono. En este sentido, es necesario evaluar desde una perspectiva económica-ambiental de los servicios ecosistémicos que ofrece la Reserva de Producción de Fauna Chimborazo, en este caso, como almacen de carbono en el suelo, de modo que los estímulos económicos sean atractivos para los propietarios de tierras.
Thymopoiesis and regulatory T cells in healthy children and adolescents

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between T cell receptor excision circle levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and regulatory T cells that co-express CD25 and Foxp3 in healthy children and adolescents of different ages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The quantification of signal-joint T-cell receptor excision circle levels in the genomic DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed using real-time quantitative PCR. The analysis of CD4, CD8, CD25, and Foxp3 expression was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Ninety-five healthy controls (46 females and 49 males) ranging in age from 1 to 18 years were analyzed. The mean T-cell receptor excision circle count in all individuals was 89.095±36.790 T-cell receptor excision circles per microgram of DNA. There was an inverse correlation between T-cell receptor excision circles counts and age (r = -0.846; p<0.001) as well as between the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and age (r = -0.467; p = 0.04). In addition, we observed a positive correlation between the amount of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and the amount of T-cell receptor excision circles per microgram of DNA in individuals of all ages (r = -0.529; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we observed a decrease in the thymic function with age based on the fact that the level of T-cell receptor excision circles in the peripheral blood positively correlated with the proportion of regulatory T cells in healthy children and adolescents. These findings indicate that although T-cell receptor excision circles and regulatory T cells levels decrease with age, homeostasis of the immune system and relative regulatory T cells population levels are maintained in the peripheral blood.
Effective End-User Interaction with Machine Learning

End-user interactive machine learning is a promising tool for enhancing human productivity and capabilities with large unstructured data sets. Recent work has shown that we can create end-user interactive machine learning systems for specific applications. However, we still lack a generalized understanding of how to design effective end-user interaction with interactive machine learning systems. This work presents three explorations in designing for effective end-user interaction with machine learning in CueFlik, a system developed to support Web image search. These explorations demonstrate that interactions designed to balance the needs of end-users and machine learning algorithms can significantly improve the effectiveness of end-user interactive machine learning.
Results of MODIS band-to-band registration characterization using on-orbit lunar observations

Since launch, lunar observations have been made on a regular basis for both Terra and Aqua MODIS and used in a number of applications for their on-orbit calibration and characterization, including radiometric stability monitoring, band-to-band registration (BBR) characterization, optical leak and electronic cross-talk characterization, and calibration inter-comparisons with others sensors. MODIS has 36 spectral bands, consisting of a total of 490 individual detectors, which are located on four different focal plane assemblies (FPAs). This paper focuses on the use of MODIS lunar observations for its on-orbit BBR characterization in both along-scan and along-track directions. In addition to BBR, study of detector-to-detector registration (DDR) through the use of lunar observations is also discussed. The yearly averaged BBR results developed from MODIS lunar observations are presented in this paper and compared with that derived from its on-board calibrator (OBC). In general, results from different approaches agree well. Results show that on-orbit changes in BBR have been very small for both Terra and Aqua MODIS over their entire missions. It is clearly demonstrated in this paper that the lunar approaches developed and applied to MODIS can be effectively used by other sensors for their on-orbit BBR and DDR characterization.
Characterization of a waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer using PDMS as a cover layer

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer made with shallow rib waveguides is studied experimentally and using simulations. The rib-height giving single-mode guidance is found as function of core thickness and polarization. Devices have been made using shallow rib waveguides (5 nm rib height) in silicon nitride. The sensitivity and the limit of detection (LOD) is studied experimentally regarding the length of the sensing window and for two cover media: water with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). For HCl-solution, which is the standard method for testing Mach-Zehnder interferometers, the measured sensitivity and LOD was 13000 π rad/RIU and 1.1x10^-7 π RIU, respectively, for a 2 cm long sensing window. This is comparable to the best results reported previously. With PDMS as the cover medium, the temperature of the device was increased in order to measure the sensitivity. This is a new approach that makes it possible to measure the sensitivity with a solid cover medium which has a relatively high temperature coefficient for the refractive index. Measured sensitivity and LOD was 15200 π rad/RIU and 1.3x10^-7 π RIU, respectively, again for a 2 cm long sensing window. Measured sensitivities agreed with simulations and increased linearly with sensing length as expected. However, the LOD showed a minimum for 2 cm sensing length. This was mainly due to increased noise for 3 cm sensing length, both for HCl-solution and PDMS. With higher sensitivity and similar LOD for PDMS compared to HCl-solution, it is concluded that using the temperature dependence of PDMS is a good alternative for testing Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
Spatial modeling of permafrost distribution and properties on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau

Accurate information on the distribution of permafrost and its thermal and hydrological properties is critical for environmental management and engineering development. This study modeled the current state of permafrost on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP), including the spatial distribution of permafrost, active‐layer thickness (ALT), mean annual ground temperature (MAGT), depth of zero annual amplitude (DZAA) and ground‐ice content using an improved Noah land surface model (LSM). The improved model was examined at a typical permafrost site and then applied to the entire QTP using existing gridded meteorological data and newly developed soil data. The simulated permafrost distribution and properties were validated against existing permafrost maps in three representative survey areas and with measurements from 54 boreholes. The results indicate that the Noah LSM with augmented physics and proper soil data support can model permafrost over the QTP. Permafrost was simulated to underlie an area of 1.113 × 106 km2 in 2010, accounting for 43.8% of the entire area of the QTP. The modeled regional average ALT and MAGT were 3.23 m and −1.56°C, respectively. Spatially, MAGT increases and DZAA becomes shallower from north to south. Thermally unstable permafrost (MAGT above −0.5°C) is predominant, accounting for 38.75% of the whole permafrost area on the QTP. Ice‐rich permafrost was mainly simulated around lakes across the north‐central QTP.
Scaling Laws for Connectivity in Random Threshold Graph Models with Non-Negative Fitness Variables

We explore the scaling properties for graph connectivity in random threshold graphs. In the many node limit, we provide a complete characterization for the existence and type of the underlying zero-one laws, and identify the corresponding critical scalings. These results are consequences of well-known facts in Extreme Value Theory concerning the asymptotic behavior of running maxima on i.i. d. random variables. In the important special case of exponentially distributed fitness, we show that the (essentially unique) critical scaling which ensures a power-law degree distribution, does not result in graph connectivity in the asymptotically almost sure (a.a.s.) sense.
ANNALES DE L’INSTITUT FOURIER

— We establish a Yau–Tian–Donaldson type correspondence, expressed in terms of a single Delzant polytope, concerning the existence of extremal Kähler metrics on a large class of toric fibrations, introduced by Apostolov– Calderbank–Gauduchon–Tonnesen-Friedman and called semi-simple principal toric fibrations . We use that an extremal metric on the total space corresponds to a weighted constant scalar curvature Kähler metric (in the sense of Lahdili) on the corresponding toric fiber in order to obtain an equivalence between the existence of extremal Kähler metrics on the total space and a suitable notion of weighted uniform K-stability of the corresponding Delzant polytope. As an application, we show that the projective plane bundle P ( L 0 ⊕L 1 ⊕L 2 ), where L i are holomorphic line bundles over an elliptic curve, admits an extremal metric in every Kähler class. Résumé. — Nous établissons une correspondance du type Yau–Tian–Donaldson, exprimée en terme d’un polytope de Delzant, concernant l’existence de métriques Kähler extrémales sur une large classe de fibrations toriques définie par Apostolov– Calderbank–Gauduchon–Tonnesen-Friedman et appelée semi-simple principal to-ric
Who gains from financial reforms ? Evidence from the Chinese stock market

We evaluate the stock price effects of the 2005-200 6 reform of the Chinese stock market associated with the elimination of nontradable shar es and the consequent change in the ownership structure of firms. We claim that there a several reasons why the reform can affect stock prices, among which are corporate governance, dividends, liquidity, transparency, and supply. We conjecture that, cross-sectionally, comp anies with weaker fundamentals but better positioned to profit from the change in ownership s hould be the main beneficiaries of the reform. We study abnormal returns at the time of the announ cement of the reform and find that indeed the prices of stocks characterized by lower liquidi ty, inactive investors and less transparency rise more than others. We conclude that the recent finan cial reforms significantly improved market fundamentals on the Chinese stock market.
Anticancer and Antifungal Compounds from Aspergillus, Penicillium and Other Filamentous Fungi

This review covers important anticancer and antifungal compounds reported from filamentous fungi and in particular from Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces. The taxonomy of these fungi is not trivial, so a focus of this review has been to report the correct identity of the producing organisms based on substantial previous in-house chemotaxonomic studies.
Targeting the NF‐κB pathway in estrogen receptor negative MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells using small inhibitory RNAs

Cancer cells in order to survive are often mutated to block apoptosis. One chemotherapeutic option is the re‐establishment of apoptosis. An example of such a therapy is the PKC inhibitor Gö6976, which activates apoptosis and shrinks in vivo tumors in estrogen receptor‐negative breast cancers. We proposed as a mechanism blockage of activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB, which is anti‐apoptotic and often elevated in cancers. Over recent years, questions have arisen regarding the specificity of these “small‐molecule inhibitors. ” We have therefore explored the role of NF‐κB inhibition in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells using small inhibitory RNAs (siRNA). siRNAs designed against NF‐κB protein p65 (RelA) and IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ, strongly decreased the target proteins. But, unlike Gö6976, they did not decrease basal NF‐κB or cause apoptosis. In particular, the decrease in p65 protein had no effects on apoptosis or cell proliferation, thus questioning the importance of NF‐κB alone in the maintenance of these cells. Furthermore, the proteasome inhibitor MG‐132 caused loss of IκBα, and an increase of it is phosphorylated form, but basal NF‐κB was unchanged, whilst activation of NF‐κB by TNFα was completely inhibited, suggesting that MG‐132 activity is independent of constitutive NF‐κB activation. We ascribe these differences to the specificity of inhibition by siRNAs as compared to the well‐known non‐specificity of small‐molecule inhibitors. We conclude that the mutations in these cancer cells made them resistant to apoptosis, by elevating their NF‐κB and activating other basal pathways that are blocked by Gö6976 but not by IKK and p65 siRNAs. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 221–233, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.