Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An empirical study of the robustness of two module clustering fitness functions

Two of the attractions of search-based software engineering (SBSE) derive from the nature of the fitness functions used to guide the search. These have proved to be highly robust (for a variety of different search algorithms) and have yielded insight into the nature of the search space itself, shedding light upon the software engineering problem in hand.This paper aims to exploit these two benefits of SBSE in the context of search based module clustering. The paper presents empirical results which compare the robustness of two fitness functions used for software module clustering: one (MQ) used exclusively for module clustering. The other is EVM, a clustering fitness function previously applied to time series and gene expression data.The results show that both metrics are relatively robust in the presence of noise, with EVM being the more robust of the two. The results may also yield some interesting insights into the nature of software graphs.
Affective Forecasting

All students, from college freshmen to advanced graduate students, have asked themselves, “Will this decision make me happy? ” The vast majority of them have been wrong. Affective forecasting, the process of predicting future feelings, is a topic of great interest to students due to its applicable and highly relatable nature. This article discusses the basic principles behind affective forecasting, explains common errors in forecasting, describes some specific applications derived from the forecasting literature, discusses and explains the connections between forecasting and happiness. It also discussed areas of application across the curriculum, particularly in the context of research methods, and considers the benefits and challenges of teaching this topic.
Snap Decisions?: How Users, Content, and Aesthetics Interact to Shape Photo Sharing Behaviors

Participants in social media systems must balance many considerations when choosing what to share and with whom. Sharing with others invites certain risks, as well as potential benefits; achieving the right balance is even more critical when sharing photos, which can be particularly engaging, but potentially compromising. In this paper, we examine photo-sharing decisions as an interaction between high-level user preferences and specific features of the images being shared. Our analysis combines insights from a 96-user survey with metadata from 10.4M photos to develop a model integrating these perspectives to predict permissions settings for uploaded photos. We discuss implications, including how such a model can be applied to provide online sharing experiences that are more safe, more scalable, and more satisfying.
En Face OCT Imaging for the Diagnosis of Outer Retinal Tubulations in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose. “En face” is an emerging imaging technique derived from spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). It produces frontal sections of retinal layers, also called “C-scan OCT.” Outer retinal tubulations (ORTs) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are a recent finding evidenced by spectral-domain OCT. The aim of this study is to characterize the morphology of ORT according to the form of AMD, using “en-face” spectral domain OCT. Methods. “En face” OCT imaging was prospectively performed in 26 consecutive eyes with AMD that also had ORT. Results. There were 15 neovascular, 8 atrophic, and 3 eyes with a mixed (fibrotic and atrophic) form of AMD. Among the neovascular group, the most frequent tubulation pattern on “en-face” OCT was a branching network emanating from a fibrovascular scar; we term this pattern as “pseudodendritic. ” It did not require treatment when observed as an isolated finding. In all cases of atrophic AMD, the tubular network was located at the edge of the geographic atrophy area, and formed a “perilesional” pattern. Six atrophic cases showed tubular invaginations inside this area. Conclusion. “En face” OCT is a valuable technique in the diagnosis and followup of macular disease. It revealed the main characteristic patterns of ORT associated with neovascular and atrophic AMD.
Nonlocal generalized models of predator-prey systems

The method of generalized modeling has been used to analyze differential equations arising in applications. It makes minimal assumptions about the precise functional form of the differential equation and the quantitative values of the steady-states which it aims to analyze from a dynamical systems perspective. The method has been applied successfully in many different contexts, particularly in ecology and systems biology, where the key advantage is that one does not have to select a particular model but is able to provide directly applicable conclusions for sets of models simultaneously. Although many dynamical systems in mathematical biology exhibit steady-state behaviour one also wants to understand nonlocal dynamics beyond equilibrium points. In this paper we analyze predator-prey dynamical systems and extend the method of generalized models to periodic solutions. First, we adapt the equilibrium generalized modeling approach and compute the unique Floquet multiplier of the periodic solution which depends upon so-called generalized elasticity and scale functions. We prove that these functions also have to satisfy a flow on parameter (or moduli) space. Then we use Fourier analysis to provide computable conditions for stability and the moduli space flow. The final stability analysis reduces to two discrete convolutions which can be interpreted to understand when the predator-prey system is stable and what factors enhance or prohibit stable oscillatory behaviour. Finally, we provide a sampling algorithm for parameter space based on nonlinear optimization and the Fast Fourier Transform which enables us to gain a statistical understanding of the stability properties of periodic predator-prey dynamics.
In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of a Novel Cytokine, Interleukin 4δ2, in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Rationale: Tuberculosis progresses despite potent Th1 responses. A putative explanation is the simultaneous presence of a subversive Th2 response. However, interpretation is confounded by interleukin 4δ2 (IL-4δ2), a splice variant and inhibitor of IL-4. Objective: To study levels of mRNA encoding IL-4 and IL-4δ2, and their relationship to treatment and clinical parameters, in cells from lung lavage and blood from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: IL-4δ2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and soluble CD30 (sCD30) levels were measured by polymerase chain reaction and relevant immunoassays in 29 patients and matched control subjects lacking responses to tuberculosis-specific antigens. Results: mRNA levels for IL-4 and IL-4δ2 were elevated in unstimulated cells from blood and lung lavage of patients versus control subjects (p < 0.005). In control subjects, there were low basal levels of IL-4 and IL-4δ2 mRNA expressed mainly by non–T cells (p < 0.05). However, in patients, there were greater levels of mRNA for both cy.
GrapH: Heterogeneity-Aware Graph Computation with Adaptive Partitioning

Vertex-centric graph processing systems such as Pregel, PowerGraph, or GraphX recently gained popularity due to their superior performance of data analytics on graph-structured data. These systems exploit the graph structure to improve data access locality during computation, making use of specialized graph partitioning algorithms. Recent partitioning techniques assume a uniform and constant amount of data exchanged between graph vertices (i.e., uniform vertex traffic) and homogeneous underlying network costs. However, in real-world scenarios vertex traffic and network costs are heterogeneous. This leads to suboptimal partitioning decisions and inefficient graph processing. To this end, we designed GrapH, the first graph processing system using vertex-cut graph partitioning that considers both, diverse vertex traffic and heterogeneous network, to minimize overall communication costs. The main idea is to avoid frequent communication over expensive network links using an adaptive edge migration strategy. Our evaluations show an improvement of 60% in communication costs compared to state-of-the-art partitioning approaches.
Uncertainty Management by Means of Trust

This dissertation investigated the role of trust in the process of managing personal uncertainty. Personal uncertainty is mostly experienced as an aversive state and individuals are therefore motivated to cope with their uncertainty about the self and social relationships. A central assumption underlying this research was that relational information (i.e., knowledge about the quality of social relationships) helps individuals cope with personal uncertainty. In particular, trust-related information was assumed to reduce personal uncertainty. Following from this notion, it was hypothesized that personal uncertainty renders individuals particularly sensitive to trust-related information. This sensitizing effect of uncertainty was assumed to be specific to relational information, such as trust, rather than being generally valid for all types of judgment-relevant information. Specifically, it was predicted that personal uncertainty does not increase individuals’ sensitivity to non-relational information. The outlined considerations were further explored in the light of previous research showing that uncertainty increases sensitivity to fairness. Based on the assumption that trust judgments often comprise more relational information than procedural fairness judgments, it was expected that individuals who feel personally uncertain more likely draw on trust information rather than on procedural fairness information to manage their uncertainty. A series of controlled laboratory experiments and field studies provides empirical support for these predictions. Results show that (a) trust-related information reduces personal uncertainty; (b) personal uncertainty increases individuals’ sensitivity to trust; (c) this sensitizing effect is specific to information that is relevant for managing uncertainty, namely relational information; and (d) trust is a particularly valuable type of relational information and plays a central role in dealing with uncertainty. Together, the current findings highlight the importance of trust-related information in the process of uncertainty management.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN CHILDREN

No clear explanation exists to understand how sex hormones and/or chromosomes affect the immune system. In vitro studies of human lymphoid cells also show sex differences in immune function. To evaluate these differences in frequent pediatric emergencies, we analyze the expression of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and neutrophil count) underlying inflammatory processes in children: 482 children (241 girls and 241 boys) hospitalized for pneumonia (n = 384), pyelonephritis (n = 39), or bronchiolitis (n = 59) matched for age and sex. All patients were younger than 10 years. A control population of 97 children (50 girls and 47 boys) admitted for day surgery (tonsillectomy, circumcision, or strabismus) was included. We observed highly significant differences between girls and boys: median C-reactive protein concentration of 5.45 mg/dL (range, 0.2-36.0 mg/dL) for girls and 2.6 mg/dL (range, 0.3-37.3 mg/dL) for boys (P < 0.0001), and median erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 39.5 mm/h (range, 2-104 mm/h) for girls and 24 mm/h (range, 4-140 mm/h) for boys (P < 0.005). Neutrophil counts were also significantly different: a median of 8,796 cells/&mgr;L (range, 328-27,645 cells/&mgr;L) for girls and 6,774 cells/&mgr;L (range, 600-38,668 cells/&mgr;L) for boys (P < 0.02). The duration of fever after initiating antibiotic therapy was longer in girls than in boys, but there was no difference (Fisher exact test, P < 0.06). The present study documents a relationship between sex and both the production of inflammatory markers and neutrophil recruitment. Sex difference also showed more direct clinical relevance with associations seen between sex and both duration of fever and duration of disease (bronchiolitis P < 0.0007).
Integrating Innovation into Enterprise Architecture Management

ability of organizations to innovate is acknowledged as an essential capability to compete in a competitive market. This paper proposes to use enterprise architecture management as a systematic approach to innovate the enterprise. The enterprise architecture approach is based on a comprehensive architecture framework which aligns the domains of business -, application - and infrastructure architecture. The framework addresses all dimensions relevant for enterprise innovation like business mod- el, organization, processes, and technology and provides appro- priate design techniques. A comprehensive architecture development process is introduced which integrates innovation as a central element for the enter- prise architecture design. The process encompasses all activities from business vision & strategy, architecture design to imple- mentation. In addition, the organization of architecture manage- ment and the main stakeholders from the business as well as IT side and their respective role are explained.
Bit Error Rate Analysis of Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes in Nakagami-M Keyhole Channels

We analyze the bit error rate (BER) performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems employing orthogonal space-time block codes (STBC) in Nakagami-m keyhole channels. We derive exact analytical closed-form expressions for the average BER of I-ary pulse amplitude modulation (I-PAM) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) as well as a tight approximation for M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK). These BER expressions are given as finite sums of weighted Meijer G-functions, which can be easily evaluated numerically. Furthermore, we determine the corresponding high SNR asymptotics, based on which we quantify the diversity order of the considered system. Numerical results illustrate the impact of several different parameters on the average BER and are shown to be in excellent agreement with simulated values.
Prevalence of Flat Foot: Comparison between Male and Female Primary School Students

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of flat foot in a population of 7-12 year old students and to investigate the relationship between flat foot and age and sex. Method: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 945 students (460 girls and 485 boys) were examined. The presence of flatfoot and the degree of its severity according to Tachdjian's system of grading for flatfoot was assessed. Results: The data showed that the overall prevalence of flat foot was 74% out of which 23% were mild, 34% were moderate and 17% were severe. The prevalence of flat foot in girl and boy students were 75.2% and 72.6% respectively, but this difference was not significant. Moreover, no significant relationship was observed between the prevalence of flat foot and age. Discussion: This study showed that flat foot is a common problem among primary school students and should be addressed by responsible organizations.
Rejoinder to the Replies by Daniel Warner, Finn Stepputat and David Turton

single statement in the abstract of his article with which I would wish to disagree or which appears to me to be incompatible with the statements I have made above about territorial attachment and group identity amongst the Mursi—or with possible 'corollaries' that might be drawn from them. Second, my own interest in territorial attachment and identity was not aroused by the 'post-modern' debate about the impact of globalization and 'deterritorialization' but by the much earlier anthropological debate about territorial expansion and 'ethnogenesis' amongst cattle herding peoples in East Africa. The Mursi case is only relevant to the general issues raised by Kibreab, therefore, to the extent that it allows us to gain some distance from our 'normally unexamined assumptions about territory and identity' (Turton 1996: 106). Whether my analysis of this case contains insights which are relevant to the issues raised by Kibreab in his article is, ultimately, for the reader to decide.
The meaning of developmental trauma: validation of a brief screen for developmental trauma appraisals

This article describes the development and validation of a brief screen for developmental trauma appraisals. The 7-item screen was administered to a non-clinical sample of 477 South African adolescents who had experienced interpersonal violence during childhood. In all, 216 participants (45%) met the study criteria for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and 41 (9%) met the study criteria for a diagnosis of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Exploratory factor analysis yielded one factor which had a high level of internal consistency (α = .91) and acceptable levels of construct and concurrent validity for both posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder outcomes. Mediation analyses indicated that the appraisal screen measures a construct which effectively mediates the relationship between traumatic exposure and the severity of posttraumatic outcomes across a broad range of maltreatment types.
DOES PRIOR MESSAGE WORK TO PROMOTE MOTIVATION FOR SERIOUS GAME PLAYING

This study aims to investigate effects of external aid that can enhance motivation and performance of serious game playing to maximize learning effects. Based on self-determination theory, two types of rationales, intrinsic goal framing and extrinsic goal framing, were examined to know which message type is effective. Also, individual’s level of issue involvement was tested as a moderating variable. To investigate the effects of goal framing on motivation and moderating effects of involvement, this study designed a 2x2 (goal framing x involvement) between subjects with 120 middle school students in Korea. Three procedures involved for the experiment: 1) receiving message for manipulating involvement and goal framing 2) Playing actual serious game, and 3) answering survey questionnaire. Overall, providing intrinsic goal before a serious game was more effective to increase both motivation and performance than presenting extrinsic goal. However, there was no main effects and interaction effect in terms of issue involvement.
Rapid Online Identification of Adverse Events After Influenza Immunization in Children by PCIRN’s National Ambulatory Network

Background: A National Ambulatory Network was created in 2009 to rapidly assess the safety of influenza vaccines. In 2012, the network was expanded to monitor the safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine and trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children. Methods: We used an online survey administered 7 days after influenza immunization to track new or exacerbated health problems that required medical consultation or prevented daily activities. Parents of immunized children completed the survey. Reported adverse events were followed up by telephone within 48 hours of the online report. A sample of nonresponders was contacted by telephone to ensure the online responder group was representative. Event rates after the 2 influenza vaccines were compared. Results: A total of 1230 parents completed an online or telephone survey, for a participation rate of 83%: 72% responded online and an additional 11% were reached by telephone. The rate of severe events in children immunized with an influenza vaccine was 4.7% (3.5–5.9%). The frequency and types of events reported were similar between online and telephone reports. Reported rates of severe events were similar after trivalent inactivated influenza or live attenuated influenza vaccine (4.0% vs. 5.1%, respectively). The online survey was easy to access and understand. Most respondents (94%) would participate next year. Conclusions: The rate and type of adverse events after immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza versus live attenuated influenza vaccine were similar and did not vary by reporting process (online vs. telephone). The electronic surveillance methodology provided rapid vaccine safety data in children. The electronic survey methodology was acceptable and feasible.
This is not déjà vu all over again: male guppy colour in a new experimental introduction

We use an experimental introduction in nature to examine factors that influence parallel evolution. In 1996, 200 high‐predation guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from the Yarra River were introduced into the Damier River, which previously lacked guppies. Eight years later, we quantified the colour of wild‐caught guppies (‘phenotypic’ divergence) and lab‐reared guppies (‘genetic’ divergence) from low‐ and high‐predation environments in both rivers. Phenotypic and genetic divergence between predation environments within the Yarra was evident for black and for orange. Phenotypic divergence within the Damier was parallel to the Yarra for black but not for orange. Genetic divergence was absent between predation environments within the Damier, but was evident when comparing both Damier populations to their Yarra ancestors. The evolution of male colour thus depends on factors other than the simple contrast between ‘high’ and ‘low’ predation. We suggest that the parallel evolution of male signalling traits may sometimes first require the parallel evolution of female preferences.
The role of early symptom trajectories and pretreatment variables in predicting treatment response to cognitive behavioral therapy.

OBJECTIVE Research has focused on 2 different approaches to answering the question, "Which clients will respond to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression? " One approach focuses on rates of symptom change within the 1st few weeks of treatment, whereas the 2nd approach looks to pretreatment client variables (e.g., hopelessness) to identify clients who are more or less likely to respond. The current study simultaneously examines these 2 lines of research (i.e., early symptom change and pretreatment variables) on the prediction of treatment outcome to determine the incremental utility of each potential predictor. METHOD The sample consists of 173 clients (66.47% female, 92.49% Caucasian), 18-64 years of age (M = 27.94, SD = 11.42), receiving treatment for depression and anxiety disorders in a CBT-oriented psychology training clinic. RESULTS The rate of change in depressive symptom severity from baseline over the 1st 5 treatment sessions significantly predicted treatment outcome. A contemplative orientation to change and medication status positively predicted early symptom change, whereas student status negatively predicted early symptom change. Higher levels of baseline anxiety, precontemplative readiness to change, and global functioning predicted lower levels of depressive symptom severity at termination. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest achieving rapid symptom change early in treatment may be integral to overall success. As such, therapists may wish to target factors such as readiness to change to potentially maximize rapid rate of symptom change and subsequent treatment outcome.
HyperS Tableaux - Heuristic Hyper Tableaux

Several syntactic methods have been constructed to automate theorem proving in first-order logic. The positive (negative) hyper-resolution and the clause tableaux were combined in a single calculus called hyper tableaux in [1]. In this paper we propose a new calculus called hyperS tableaux which overcomes substantial drawbacks of hyper tableaux. Contrast to hyper tableaux, hyperS tableaux are entirely automated and heuristic. We prove the soundness and the completeness of hyperS tableaux. HyperS tableaux are applied in the theorem prover Sofia, which additionally provides useful tools for clause set generation (based on justificational tableaux) and for tableau simplification (based on redundancy), and advantageous heuristics as well. An additional feature is the support of the so-called parametrized theorems, which makes the prover able to give compound answers.