Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delay-Sensitive Opportunistic Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks

Acoustic transmission, inherent to aquatic environments and used in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs), presents its own challenges in terms of energy consumption, long propagation delay, and available bandwidth. These UWSN challenges make it difficult to directly adapt ideas which have already been proven reliable in open-air networks. End-to-end latency is one of the key elements for delay-sensitive UWSN applications. In this paper, we apply the idea of opportunistic-based routing (OR) for maximizing goodput while meeting end-to-end latency requirements for delay-sensitive UWSN applications. In doing so, we introduce a new metric called EEL|success(Fi), which is the expected end-to-end latency from node i to the destination when at least one forwarder of Fi successfully receives a packet; we then formulate this UWSN OR routing problem as a nonlinear optimization model. To effectively solve this problem, we propose a two-step heuristic algorithm, which is composed of per-node forwarding set determination and packet forwarding prioritization. The results of a performance study show that our scheme outperforms other existing works in terms of network goodput and energy costs.
Violent Critical Incidents in Four Types of Violent Interspousal Relationships

SUMMARY Violent critical incidents (relationally important interactional sequences about which inferences can be made) in archival data from the 1975 first national survey of family violence were examined in four couple types: Agreeable-Intimate, Conflictive-Intimate, Detached, and Diffident. The total number of violent behaviors in the critical incidents and six kinds of behaviors that occurred during the violent critical incidents (escalation, de-escalation, reasoning, symbolic violence, less-severe physical violence, and severe physical violence) were examined. Descriptive statistics revealed differences among the four couple types in all seven variables, and the chief finding of the study is that de-escalations, symbolic violence, and severe beating violence can be statistically significantly discriminated by couple type. This finding supports the contention that seeming contradictions in the literature (e.g., some research finding inequitable, husband-dominant role structure, and other research finding shifting power balances) occur because research samples contain different types of spousal relationships.
The impact of Ghana’s R3M programme on the provision of safe abortions and postabortion care

In 2006, in response to the high maternal mortality, driven largely by unsafe abortions, the government of Ghana, in partnership with other organizations, launched the reducing maternal mortality and morbidity (R3M) programme in seven districts in Greater Accra, Ashanti and Eastern, to improve comprehensive abortion care services. This article examines whether this intervention made a difference to the provision of safe abortion services and postabortion care (PAC). We also examine the role played by provider attitudes and knowledge of the abortion law, on providers with clinical training in service provision. Primary data on health care providers in Ghana, collected using a quasi-experimental design, were analysed using propensity score weighting. Apart from the treatment group, the sample included two controls: (1) Districts in Accra, Ashanti and Eastern, not exposed to the treatment; and (2) Districts from distant Brong Ahafo, also not exposed to the treatment. The findings show that providers in the treatment group are nearly 16 times as likely to provide safe abortions compared with their peers in Brong Ahafo, and ∼2.5 times as likely compared with providers in the other control group. R3M providers were also different from their peers in providing PAC. Associations between provider attitudes and knowledge of the law on both outcomes were either non-significant or inconsistent including for providers with clinical knowledge of abortion provision. Provider confidence however is strongly associated with service provision. We conclude that the R3M programme is helping safe abortion provision, with the differences being greater with control groups that are geographically distant, perhaps owing to lower contamination from movement of providers between facilities. Increasing provider confidence is key to improving both safe abortion provision and PAC.
Chapter II Verbal and Concept Learning

This chapter reviews the literature from approximately June 1964 to February 1967. Since the last two issues of the REVIEW devoted to Growth, Development, and Learning used an organization quite different from the current volume, it may be helpful to indicate those chapters which relate most closely to this review: McDonald (1964) on task and method variables and Briggs and Hamilton (1964) on practice and feedback variables. The authors of both chapters noted the need for a behavioral taxonomy. It would be most rewarding to report that educational researchers and psychologists now have a generally accepted taxonomy of learning tasks, but such is not the case. Since the last review of this topic, however, a significant step has been taken in this direction. Gagné's (1965) taxonomy is a hierarchy in which the most complex form of learning, problem solving, requires the learner to have mastered the appropriate subtasks in the next lower level, principle learning. Principle learning, in turn, requires mastery of relevant concepts. Thus, the more complex forms of learning are based on less complex forms all the way down to basic classical and operant conditioning. One important consequence of arranging all learning tasks in a hierarchical system is that failure to reach the criterion on a task implies that tasks above the failed task in the hierarchy will also be poorly learned. Stated somewhat differently, some portion of the variability in the performance in a group of learners may be attributed to the various amounts of success they have had in mastering the tasks prerequisite to the current task. Not all of the variability, however, is attributable to conditions within the learners. Some of it results from differences in the conditions existing within the learning environment. These conditions are encompassed by a host of independent variables that have been manipulated in laboratory experiments and classroom studies. The remainder of this review will discuss the studies related to these two main sources of conditions which affect success in verbal and concept learning.
Collaborative Events and Shared Artefacts: Agile Interaction Designers and Developers Working Toward Common Aims

Agile processes emphasize collaboration. We were interested in studying collaboration in agile teams including interaction designers, since the integration of user interaction design processes and software development processes is still an open issue. This study focused on designer and developer collaborations in the early stages of project work at four workplaces. We found designer-developer collaborations were extensive and we developed a categorization scheme of collaboration forms and artefacts that support this relationship. While some designer-developer collaborations were directed towards planning, which has been extensively researched, a larger part was directed towards realignment work. This latter type of collaborative work took three basic forms: scheduled, impromptu, and chats. Regardless of the form of collaboration, designer-developer interactions were mediated by twelve categories of artefacts. These artefacts helped designers and developers to determine, more specifically, what to create. We discuss the implications of our observations on alignment work for theory and practice.
Extending the academic year for mature part-time higher education students using a web-based learning environment

Abstract Higher education institutions in the United Kingdom are subject to a variety of pressures to encourage a more inclusive and broader based student body. This has resulted in an extended range of flexible course delivery patterns for mature, part-time students. This article discusses a pilot to extend the academic year for a small cohort of such students using a web-based learning environment. The pilot used the web-based learning environment BSCW (Basic Support for Cooperative Work) to deliver the course outside the traditional teaching period (in the summer vacation period). The article first introduces the background to the pilot and details its aims. This is followed by a review of the pilot that was devised for evaluation purposes and an analysis of its implementation Finally, by way of summary, there are general comments on the pilot, on BSCW and specific comments on encouraging collaboration and site usage, on training, on lurking and on flaming.
Pr Epublications Du Laboratoire Sharp Adaptive Estimation of Quadratic Functionals J. Klemel a Septembre 1999 Sharp Adaptive Estimation of Quadratic Functionals

An data-dependent method for choosing the amount of smoothing when estimating quadratic functionals is given. It is shown that the method is asymp-totically optimal adaptive up to a constant. The method is based on applying the Lepski method for the quadratic estimators which are minimax optimal among quadratic estimators.
Changes with aging in gastric biomarkers levels and in biochemical factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic Chinese population

AIM To observe changes in gastric biomarker levels with age and effects of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in a healthy population, and explore factors associated with gastric biomarkers. METHODS Three hundred and ninety-five subjects were selected and underwent physical examinations, biochemical tests, and measurement of serum pepsinogen (PG) I and II, gastrin-17 (G-17) and H. pylori antibody levels. Analyses were made by Student’s t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS PGII levels were higher in the ≥ 65-years-old age group (P < 0.05) and PGI/PGII were lower in the ≥ 75-years-old age group (P = 0.035) compared to the 35-44-years-old age group. Levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were higher (P = 0.009) in H. pylori-infected subjects that were male. LDL-C levels were higher in 55-74-years-old age group (P < 0.05) for H. pylori-infected subjects and 45-64-years-old age group (P < 0.05) for non-infected subjects compared to 35-44-years-old age group. Hp-IgG level positively correlated with PGI, PGII and G-17 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.006), and negatively correlated with PGI/PGII (P < 0.001). Creatinine positively correlated with PGI, PGII and G-17 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) positively correlated with PGI/PGII and G-17 (P < 0.001, P = 0.037). Age positively correlated with PGII and G-17 (P = 0.005, P = 0.026). CONCLUSION PGII levels increased while PGI/PGII declined with age in a healthy population. H. pylori infection had an effect on raising LDL-C levels to increase the risk of atherosclerosis in males, especially those of elderly age. Age, H. pylori infection, levels of renal function and FBG were associated with levels of pepsinogens and gastrin.
Determinants of children's oral-health-related quality of life over time.

OBJECTIVE To identify clinical and psychosocial predictors of oral-health-related quality of life (OHQoL) in Thai children over time. METHODS OHQoL data were collected from 510 students aged 10–14 years at baseline and 3, 6 and 9-month follow-up using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), and sense of coherence (SOC), dental coping beliefs (DCB) and socioeconomic status (maternal educational attainment, paternal educational attainment and parental income), together with clinical variables (untreated caries, gingival health, malocclusion, dental opacities), were collected at baseline. The data were analysed with structural equation modelling (SEM) guided by the Wilson and Cleary model (J Am Med Assoc 1995;273:59). RESULTS Mean DMFT was 1.97 (SD=1.81). Most students had healthy gingivae (54.3%) and 68.9% scored IOTN 1–4. The SEM model fitted the data well [CMIN/DF=2.574, SRMR=0.0561, CFI=0.974 and RMSEA=0.059 (90% CIs=0.039–0.079)]. Higher SOC, DCB and socioeconomic status (SES) at baseline consistently predicted better OHQoL at all three time points. Untreated caries at baseline predicted worse OHQoL at 6-month follow-up only. Malocclusion and dental opacities were unrelated to OHQoL at any time point. CONCLUSIONS Individual factors, particularly SOC, were important influences on OHQoL, suggesting that interventions designed to promote SOC may present an opportunity to enhance children's experience of oral health in their daily lives. Clinical factors were not consistently related to OHQoL. This could be attributed to weak relationships between the two, the low level of disease and/or the sensitivity and discriminant validity of the CPQ11-14.
Saving the Self? Classical Hindu Theories of Consciousness and Contemporary Physicalism

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Physiological and biomechanical adaptations to the cycle to run transition in Olympic triathlon: review and practical recommendations for training

Current knowledge of the physiological, biomechanical, and sensory effects of the cycle to run transition in the Olympic triathlon (1.5 km, 10 km, 40 km) is reviewed and implications for the training of junior and elite triathletes are discussed. Triathlon running elicits hyperventilation, increased heart rate, decreased pulmonary compliance, and exercise induced hypoxaemia. This may be due to exercise intensity, ventilatory muscle fatigue, dehydration, muscle fibre damage, a shift in metabolism towards fat oxidation, and depleted glycogen stores after a 40 km cycle. The energy cost (CR) of running during the cycle to run transition is also increased over that of control running. The increase in CR varies from 1.6% to 11.6% and is a reflection of triathlete ability level. This increase may be partly related to kinematic alterations, but research suggests that most biomechanical parameters are unchanged. A more forward leaning trunk inclination is the most significant observation reported. Running pattern, and thus running economy, could also be influenced by sensorimotor perturbations related to the change in posture. Technical skill in the transition area is obviously very important. The conditions under which the preceding cycling section is performed—that is, steady state or stochastic power output, drafting or non-drafting—are likely to influence the speed of adjustment to transition. The extent to which a decrease in the average 10 km running speed occurs during competition must be investigated further. It is clear that the higher the athlete is placed in the field at the end of the bike section, the greater the importance to their finishing position of both a quick transition area time and optimal adjustment to the physiological demands of the cycle to run transition. The need for, and current methods of, training to prepare junior and elite triathletes for a better transition are critically reviewed in light of the effects of sequential cycle to run exercise.
Approaches to Composition Writing: The Case of Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana

This investigation aims at identifying the approaches teachers in junior secondary schools utilize in the teaching of English composition writing and assesses how far the approaches impact students’ development of effective writing skills. It also discusses the challenges/advantages posed by the use of such approaches in writing pedagogy. The study utilizes the qualitative technique through interviews, observations, literature reviews, examination of documents and students’ artifacts. Based on the methodologies employed, the major findings are that teachers mainly used the product oriented approach to teaching composition writing. As a result of the approach, the teachers were confronted with students’ inability to write in any meaningful way as a result of surface level errors, lack of ideas/vocabulary, lack of organization skills and students’ inability to compose effectively among other problems. On the part of students, they were found to have poor writing skills reflected in their inability to compose, lack of ideas and vocabulary and general apathy to composition writing which is a disadvantage if students are to become effective communicators in an increasingly globalized world. Key Words: Product writing, process writing, reading/writing connection, modeling.
Effects of a Timing Signal on Simple Reaction Time with a Rectangular Distribution of Foreperiods

It was hypothesized that the time course of preparation during a variable interstimulus interval (ISI) of a simple reaction time (RT) experiment was partly determined by the subjective distribution of conditional probabilities of the executive signal (ES). Sixty subjects performed a simple auditory RT task with various ranges of six ISI durations organized in rectangular frequency distributions. In order to give the subjects information about elapsed time during ISI, a recurring time-marking click, the periodicity of which was varied, was introduced during the ISI in one of the three series of trials each subject performed. A strong decreasing RT–-ISI relationship was observed supporting the main hypothesis. However, a clear increase of mean RT over all ISIs combined, was also found. Because these two mixed effects were greatest when the click intervened at the possible times of ES occurrence only, three functions of time-information given by the click are discussed: (a) a reduction of the usual increase of time estimation error with increased ISI; (b) an increase of the subjects knowledge of the ISI range resulting from the discontinuity of the time-marking click which makes easier a discrete time-intervals numbering process; (c) a change of the simple-RT task into a discrimination task.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Carotenoid Pathway Genes and Carotenoid Content in Ixeris dentata var. albiflora

Ixeris dentata var. albiflora is considered as a potential therapeutic agent against mithridatism, calculous, indigestion, pneumonia, hepatitis, and tumors as well as good seasoned vegetable in Far East countries. Phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS) ξ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB), lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE), ε-ring carotene hydroxylase (CHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZDS) are vital enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. We have examined these seven genes from I. dentata that are participated in carotenoid biosynthesis utilizing an Illumina/Solexa HiSeq 2000 platform. In silico analysis of the seven deduced amino acid sequences were revealed its closest homology with other Asteracea plants. Further, we explored transcript levels and carotenoid accumulation in various organs of I. dentata using quantitative real time PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The highest transcript levels were noticed in the leaf for all the genes while minimal levels were noticed in the root. The maximal carotenoid accumulation was also detected in the leaf. We proposed that these genes expressions are associated with the accumulation of carotenoids. Our findings may suggest the fundamental clues to unravel the molecular insights of carotenoid biosynthesis in various organs of I. dentata.
Toward a Neuroscience of Empathy: Integrating Affective and Cognitive Perspectives

Empathy is a process essential for mitigation of human suffering and for the creation and long-term stability of social bonds. Although it has recently become the focus of intensive study after decades of neglect, models of empathy emerging from cognitive neuroscience, affective neuroscience, and functional imaging studies show considerable confusion about defining empathy and widespread differences of opinion about the cognitive vs. affective dimensions to empathy. Human empathy probably reflects variable admixtures of more primitive affective resonance mechanisms, melded with developmentally later-arriving theory of mind and perspective taking. This integration of primitive with more cognitive mechanisms occurs under the “supervision” of a motivated valuing of another sentient creature, a supervision that underlines intrinsic ties between empathy and attachment processes. We know little, however, about how more primitive resonance-induction mechanisms centrally involved in attachment connect developmentally to more later arriving cognitive theory of mind components. From these considerations, a basic model of affective empathy is generated as a gated resonance induction of the internal distress of another creature, with an intrinsic motivation to relieve the distress. It is “gated” in that at least four classes of poorly mapped variables determine the intensity of an empathic response to the suffering of another. Potential classes of variables affecting empathic inductions are: (1) genotypic and (2) phenotypic effects; (3) state-dependent influences (on the affective state of the empathizer); and finally (4) the perceived qualities of the suffering party. Most current models have failed to conceptualize this critical “gating” process, subsequently losing any naturalistic predictive efficacy in modeling real-world social phenomena. Contagion has been generally neglected in affective neuroscience, but it may point to poorly understood receptive processing capabilities, embedded in the distributed paralimbic and subcortical architectures for primary emotion. Thus, contagion may be a developmentally primitive emotion-induction mechanism that cognitive development largely (but not totally) supplants. Detailed differential predictions of this model are proposed.