Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Significance of Anode Location for Stimulus-Evoked Electromyography During Iliosacral Screw Placement

Objectives To determine the effect of anode location on the current threshold required to provoke an electromyograph response during stimulus-evoked electromyography for iliosacral screw placement. Design Prospective cohort. Setting Level I trauma center. Patients Nineteen consecutive patients with 23 unstable posterior pelvic ring injuries treated with iliosacral screws. Intervention Iliosacral screws were inserted percutaneously over guidewires. Twenty-seven screws were inserted, all into the first sacral vertebrae. The guidewire was used as the cathode for constant-current, stimulus-evoked electromyography for all data collection. Stimulus-evoked electromyographs were obtained with the guidewire at four different stations: at the sacroiliac joint (station I), at the first sacral neuroforamen (station II), in the body of the sacrum (station III), and when the iliosacral screw was in final position over the guidewire (station IV). Main Outcome Measure Stimulus-evoked electromyographs were obtained with the anode at four different locations for each of the implant stations. Location A had the anode adjacent to the percutaneous insertion site of the guidewire, location B at the ipsilateral anterior superior iliac spine, location C at the midline, and location D at the contralateral anterior superior iliac spine. Results Moving the anode from midline (location C) toward the entry point of the guidewire increased the current threshold required to provoke an EMG response as much as 67.1% (p < 0.05). Moving the anode from midline to the contralateral anterior superior iliac spine decreased thresholds as much as 3.4% (p > 0.05). In one case, anode placement close to the guidewire insertion site (locations A and B) failed to identify a potentially dangerous implant because current thresholds were >8 mA. With the anode at the midline, current thresholds were <8 mA, indicating unsafe guidewire position leading to redirection of the guidewire. Conclusion The physical location of the anode during stimulus-evoked electromyography monitoring for iliosacral screw placement significantly changes the current thresholds required to provoke an electromyograph response. Current thresholds required to stimulate nerves increase as the anode is moved toward the stimulating electrode. Anode placement ipsilateral to the stimulating electrode may provide a false indication of safe guidewire placement. We recommend anode location at or beyond the midline for stimulus-evoked electromyography monitoring during iliosacral screw placement.
The formation of S0 galaxies: evidence from globular clusters

Aims. We devise a simple experiment to test the theory that lenticular (S0) galaxies form from spirals whose star formation has been shut down. An individual galaxy’s fading is measured using the globular cluster specific frequency (S N), defined as the number of globular clusters normalised by the galaxy luminosity. This is compared with a spectroscopically-derived age estimate. Methods. We make NTT/EMMI long-slit spectroscopic observations of 11 S0 galaxies at z < 0.006. We measure the absorption-line indices, Hδ ,H γ ,M gb, Fe5270 and Fe5335 within the central re/8. By inverting single-stellar population models, luminosity-weighted mean ages, metallicities and α-element abundance ratios are derived. We estimate the amount of fading a galaxy has undergone by comparing each galaxy’s S N with its deviation from the mean spiral S N. Results. Galaxies with higher S N have older stellar populations. Moreover, we find that the zero-point and amount of fading is consistent with a scenario where lenticulars are formed by the quenching of star formation in spiral galaxies. Our data also rule out any formation method for S0s which creates a large number of new globular clusters. We confirm that previous results showing a relationship between S N and color are driven by the S N−Age relation. Five galaxies show detectable Hβ ,[ Oiii], Hα or [N ii] emission lines. However, only in the two youngest galaxies is this emission unambiguously from star formation. Conclusions. Our results are consistent with the theory that S0 galaxies are formed when gas in normal spirals is removed, possibly as a result of a change in environment. The on-going star formation in the youngest galaxies hints that the timescale of quenching is 1 Gyr. We speculate, therefore, that the truncation of star formation is a rather gentle process unlikely to involve a rapid burst of star formation.
Strategies for preserving residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients

Although there have been many advancements in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) over the last 50 years, in terms of reducing cardiovascular risk, mortality remains unacceptably high, particularly for those patients who progress to stage 5 CKD and initiate dialysis (CKD5d). As mortality risk increases exponentially with progressive CKD stage, the question arises as to whether preservation of residual renal function once dialysis has been initiated can reduce mortality risk. Observational studies to date have reported an association between even small amounts of residual renal function and improved patient survival and quality of life. Dialysis therapies predominantly provide clearance for small water-soluble solutes, volume and acid-base control, but cannot reproduce the metabolic functions of the kidney. As such, protein-bound solutes, advanced glycosylation end-products, middle molecules and other azotaemic toxins accumulate over time in the anuric CKD5d patient. Apart from avoiding potential nephrotoxic insults, observational and interventional trials have suggested that a number of interventions and treatments may potentially reduce the progression of earlier stages of CKD, including targeted blood pressure control, reducing proteinuria and dietary intervention using combinations of protein restriction with keto acid supplementation. However, many interventions which have been proven to be effective in the general population have not been equally effective in the CKD5d patient, and so the question arises as to whether these treatment options are equally applicable to CKD5d patients. As strategies to help preserve residual renal function in CKD5d patients are not well established, we have reviewed the evidence for preserving or losing residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients, as urine collections are routinely collected, whereas few centres regularly collect urine from haemodialysis patients, and haemodialysis dialysis patients are at risk of sudden intravascular volume shifts associated with dialysis treatments. On the other hand, peritoneal dialysis patients are exposed to a variety of hypertonic dialysates and episodes of peritonitis. Whereas blood pressure control, using an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and low-protein diets along with keto acid supplementation have been shown to reduce the rate of progression in patients with earlier stages of CKD, the strategies to preserve residual renal function (RRF) in dialysis patients are not well established. For peritoneal dialysis patients, there are additional technical factors that might aggravate the rate of loss of residual renal function including peritoneal dialysis prescriptions and modality, bio-incompatible dialysis fluid and over ultrafiltration of fluid causing dehydration. In this review, we aim to evaluate the evidence of interventions and treatments, which may sustain residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Applying instantaneous SCADA data to artificial intelligence based power curve monitoring and WTG fault forecasting

Power curve (PC) monitoring can be applied to evaluate the wind turbine generator (WTG) power output and detect deviations between the expected and the measured value, often a precursor of unexpected faults. In this research, the instantaneous SCADA data is used to show the fault forecast ability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based PC monitoring of a pitch regulated WTG. The measured PCs illustrate that the instantaneous data is better than averaged data, widely used in the literature, to present the dynamics of WTG operation. The influence of ambient temperature, generator speed and pitch angle on WTG power output is analyzed using measured data. The analysis illustrates that the generator speed and pitch angle have a significant effect on WTG power generation. The performance of the proposed model option is compared against previously published option using the same data sets collected from a 2 MW Pitch Regulated WTG. The comparison is based on the mean absolute error (MAE), the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (R2). The result shows that models considering generator speed and pitch angle performs better with lowest MAE and RMSE and highest R2 values. A case study illustrated that the AI models, using wind speed, generator speed and pitch angle inputs, would have successfully detected a pitch fault due to the slip ring malfunction nearly 5 hours earlier than the existing fault detection mechanisms.
Effect of Conventional and Organic Production Practices on the Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Poultry

ABSTRACT Intestinal tracts of broilers and turkeys from 10 conventional broiler farms and 10 conventional turkey farms, where antimicrobials were routinely used, and from 5 organic broiler farms and 5 organic turkey farms, where antimicrobials had never been used, were collected and cultured for Campylobacter species. A total of 694 Campylobacter isolates from the conventional and organic poultry operations were tested for antimicrobial resistance to nine antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. Although Campylobacter species were highly prevalent in both the conventional and organic poultry operations, the antimicrobial resistance rates were significantly different between the organic operations and the conventional operations. Less than 2% of Campylobacter strains isolated from organically raised poultry were resistant to fluoroquinolones, while 46% and 67% of Campylobacter isolates from conventionally raised broilers and conventionally raised turkeys, respectively, were resistant to these antimicrobials. In addition, a high frequency of resistance to erythromycin (80%), clindamycin (64%), kanamycin (76%), and ampicillin (31%) was observed among Campylobacter isolates from conventionally raised turkeys. None of the Campylobacter isolates obtained in this study was resistant to gentamicin, while a large number of the isolates from both conventional and organic poultry operations were resistant to tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was observed mainly among Campylobacter strains isolated from the conventional turkey operation (81%). Findings from this study clearly indicate the influence of conventional and organic poultry production practices on antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter on poultry farms.
Psychopathy: its association with early maladaptive schemas, risk-related behaviors and treatment outcome

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Biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli K1 group 2 polysialic acid capsule occurs within a protected cytoplasmic compartment

Capsular polysaccharides are important virulence determinants in a wide range of invasive infectious diseases. Although capsule synthesis has been extensively investigated, understanding polysaccharide export from the cytoplasm to the external environment has been more difficult. Here we present the results of a novel protection assay indicating that synthesis and export of the Escherichia coli K1 group 2 capsular polysialic acid (K1 antigen) occur within a protected subcellular compartment designated the sialisome. In addition to the polymerase encoded by neuS, localization and complementation analyses indicated that the sialisome includes the accessory membrane protein NeuE. The requirement for NeuE was suppressed by overproducing NeuS, suggesting that NeuE functions by stabilizing the polymerase or facilitating its assembly in the sialisome. Although an interaction between NeuE and NeuS could not be demonstrated with a bacterial two‐hybrid system that reconstitutes an intracellular cell‐signalling pathway, interactions between NeuS and KpsC as well as other sialisome components were detected. The combined results provide direct evidence for specific protein–protein interactions in the synthesis and export of group 2 capsular polysaccharides under in vivo conditions. The approaches developed here will facilitate further dissection of the sialisome, suggesting similar methodology for understanding the biosynthesis of other group 2 capsules.
Selection Criteria for Active Surveillance of Patients with Prostate Cancer in Korea: A Multicenter Analysis of Pathology after Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose Korean patients with prostate cancer (PC) typically present with a more aggressive disease than patients in Western populations. Consequently, it is unclear if the current criteria for active surveillance (AS) can safely be applied to Korean patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to define appropriate selection criteria for AS for patients with PC in Korea. Materials and Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 2,126 patients with low risk PC who actually underwent radical prostatectomy. The primary outcome was an unfavorable disease, which was defined by non-organ confined disease or an upgrading of the Gleason score to ≥ 7 (4+3). Predictive variables of an unfavorable outcome were identified by multivariate analysis using randomly selected training samples (n=1,623, 76.3%). We compared our selected criteria to various Western criteria for the primary outcome and validated our criteria using the remaining validation sample (n=503, 23.7%). Results A non-organ confined disease rate of 14.9% was identified, with an increase in Gleason score ≥ 7 (4+3) of 8.7% and a final unfavorable disease status of 20.8%. The following criteria were selected: Gleason score ≤ 6, clinical stage T1-T2a, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≤ 10 ng/mL, PSA density < 0.15 ng/mL/mL, number of positive cores ≤ 2, and maximum cancer involvement in any one core ≤ 20%. These criteria provided the lowest unfavorable disease rate (11.7%) when compared to Western criteria (13.3%-20.7%), and their validity was confirmed using the validation sample (5.9%). Conclusion We developed AS criteria which are appropriate for Korean patients with PC. Prospective studies using these criteria are now warranted.
Influence of a Stainless Steel Core on Coupling Loss, Interstrand Contact Resistance, and Magnetization of an  $\hbox{Nb}_{3}\hbox{Sn}$ Rutherford Cable

Calorimetric and magnetic AC loss measurements were made on a pair of TQ (ldquotechnology quadrupolerdquo) class cables, one with and the other without a stainless steel core. The coupling losses are compared to the cables' hysteretic losses determined at the same time; the latter being compared to the magnetically measured hysteretic losses of individual strand segments. The outcomes of these measurements were: (i) the effective interstrand contact resistances of the uncored and cored cables, (ii) their hysteretic losses translated in terms of ldquoeffective, ICRs (interstrand contact resistances)rdquo for comparison with the above, and hence an evaluation of the real effectiveness of the core in a contemporary cable (iii) a comparison of the cable and strand hysteretic losses and hence an estimate of an effective filament diameter, , for the as-cabled strands.
Sum-of-Squares Lower Bounds for Sparse PCA

This paper establishes a statistical versus computational trade-off for solving a basic high-dimensional machine learning problem via a basic convex relaxation method. Specifically, we consider the {\em Sparse Principal Component Analysis} (Sparse PCA) problem, and the family of {\em Sum-of-Squares} (SoS, aka Lasserre/Parillo) convex relaxations. It was well known that in large dimension $p$, a planted $k$-sparse unit vector can be {\em in principle} detected using only $n \approx k\log p$ (Gaussian or Bernoulli) samples, but all {\em efficient} (polynomial time) algorithms known require $n \approx k^2$ samples. It was also known that this quadratic gap cannot be improved by the the most basic {\em semi-definite} (SDP, aka spectral) relaxation, equivalent to a degree-2 SoS algorithms. Here we prove that also degree-4 SoS algorithms cannot improve this quadratic gap. This average-case lower bound adds to the small collection of hardness results in machine learning for this powerful family of convex relaxation algorithms. Moreover, our design of moments (or "pseudo-expectations") for this lower bound is quite different than previous lower bounds. Establishing lower bounds for higher degree SoS algorithms for remains a challenging problem.
A Bayesian Algorithm for Reading 1D Barcodes

The 1D barcode is a ubiquitous labeling technology, with symbologies such as UPC used to label approximately 99\% of all packaged goods in the US. It would be very convenient for consumers to be able to read these barcodes using portable cameras (e.g. mobile phones), but the limited quality and resolution of images taken by these cameras often make it difficult to read the barcodes accurately. We propose a Bayesian framework for reading 1D barcodes that models the shape and appearance of barcodes, allowing for geometric distortions and image noise, and exploiting the redundant information contained in the parity digit. An important feature of our framework is that it doesn't require that every barcode edge be detected in the image. Experiments on a publicly available dataset of barcode images explore the range of images that are readable, and comparisons with two commercial readers demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithm.
Temporal Cognition and the Phenomenology of Time: A Multiplicative Function for Apparent Duration

The literature on time perception is discussed. This is done with reference both to the "cognitive-timer" model for time estimation and to the subjective experience of apparent duration. Three assumptions underlying the model are scrutinized. I stress the strong interplay among attention, arousal, and time perception, which is at the base of the cognitive-timer model. It is suggested that a multiplicative function of two key components (the number of subjective time units and their size) should predict apparent duration. Implications for other cognitive domains are drawn, and in particular an analogy is suggested between apparent duration and apparent movement.
The simultaneous determination of managerial ownership , corporate performance and financial analysts coverage in the United Kingdom

Various monitoring and incentive mechanisms interact within the context of organizations to encourage management to maximise the value of their firm. Within the context of this paper I explore the interaction between insider ownership, financial analyst coverage and corporate value. I propose that any relationship between these variables is endogenous. However, due to managerial entrenchment and the diminishing increase in value of additional analyst coverage, it is found that such relationships are non-linear. Within the context of cubic and logarithmic functions I find that these three variables interact to jointly affect one another in a non-linear manner. The simultaneous determination of managerial ownership, corporate performance and financial analysts coverage in the United Kingdom
Identification and Functional Analysis of Flowering Related microRNAs in Common Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.)

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) is a class of non-coding RNAs involved in post- transcriptional control of gene expression, via degradation and/or translational inhibition. Six-hundred sixty-one rice miRNAs are known that are important in plant development. However, flowering-related miRNAs have not been characterized in Oryza rufipogon Griff. It was approved by supervision department of Guangdong wild rice protection. We analyzed flowering-related miRNAs in O. rufipogon using high-throughput sequencing (deep sequencing) to understand the changes that occurred during rice domestication, and to elucidate their functions in flowering. Results Three O. rufipogon sRNA libraries, two vegetative stage (CWR-V1 and CWR-V2) and one flowering stage (CWR-F2) were sequenced using Illumina deep sequencing. A total of 20,156,098, 21,531,511 and 20,995,942 high quality sRNA reads were obtained from CWR-V1, CWR-V2 and CWR-F2, respectively, of which 3,448,185, 4,265,048 and 2,833,527 reads matched known miRNAs. We identified 512 known rice miRNAs in 214 miRNA families and predicted 290 new miRNAs. Targeted functional annotation, GO and KEGG pathway analyses predicted that 187 miRNAs regulate expression of flowering-related genes. Differential expression analysis of flowering-related miRNAs showed that: expression of 95 miRNAs varied significantly between the libraries, 66 are flowering-related miRNAs, such as oru-miR97, oru-miR117, oru-miR135, oru-miR137, et al. 17 are early-flowering -related miRNAs, including osa-miR160f, osa-miR164d, osa-miR167d, osa-miR169a, osa-miR172b, oru-miR4, et al., induced during the floral transition. Real-time PCR revealed the same expression patterns as deep sequencing. miRNAs targets were confirmed for cleavage by 5′-RACE in vivo, and were negatively regulated by miRNAs. Conclusions This is the first investigation of flowering miRNAs in wild rice. The result indicates that variation in miRNAs occurred during rice domestication and lays a foundation for further study of phase change and flowering in O. rufipogon. Complicated regulatory networks mediated by multiple miRNAs regulate the expression of flowering genes that control the induction of flowering.
The Relationship Between Hearing Thresholds and Hyperandrogenism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hearing thresholds. Material/Methods Forty women diagnosed with PCOS (mean age, 24.33±6.38 years) and 40 healthy women controls (mean age, 26.38±6.75 years) were included in prospective study. Each case was tested with low (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz), high (4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz) and extended high (EH) (9000–20000 Hz) frequency audiometry. The fasting plasma glucose, insulin, FSH, LH, total testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured in all patients. Results The mean hearing thresholds at EH frequencies were statistically significantly higher in the PCOS group than in the control group (p=0.001 right ear and p=0.015 left ear). There were significant positive correlations among free testosterone index (FTI) values and hirsutism scores with EH frequency hearing thresholds. Conclusions At pure-tone audiometry (PTA) EH frequencies, we detected significantly higher hearing thresholds in PCOS patients than in controls. We also determined that elevated FTI and hirsutism score were positively correlated with elevated hearing thresholds in EH frequencies. These findings support that hyperandrogenism can play a role in the elevation of hearing thresholds in PCOS.