Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complex chromosomal rearrangements: origin and meiotic behavior.

BACKGROUND Complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCRs) describe structural rearrangements, essentially translocations, involving at least three breakpoints on two or more chromosomes. Although they are rare in humans, their clinical identification is important since CCR carriers can display various phenotypes which include phenotypically normal subjects, infertile males and patients with mental retardation and/or congenital abnormalities. The rearrangement can be de novo or familial. The use of fluorescent in situ hybridization assays and molecular techniques for the characterization of CCRs have indicated that the rearrangements could be more complex than initially assumed. Accumulating data have revealed that the mechanisms underlying the genesis of CCRs remain elusive. METHODS We performed a large PubMed search in order to summarize the current knowledge in this field and address important aspects of CCR formation and meiotic behavior, highlighting the complexity of these rearrangements at the chromosomal and genomic level. RESULTS The review of published data indicates that the complexity of CCRs is becoming increasingly known, thanks to the application of more and more efficient molecular techniques. These approaches have allowed the precise sequence analysis of breakpoints and the identification of insertions, deletions, inversions and recombination events. New models have been proposed for the formation of CCRs, based on replication-based mechanisms and specific sequence elements. Their meiotic behavior has been discussed in the light of these new molecular data. CONCLUSIONS Despite the increasing understanding of the mechanisms involved in their genesis, CCRs arise as unique, complex events for which the genetic and reproductive counseling of carriers remains a challenge.
Chapter 13 AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC , PARTIAL PIXEL , SPATIALLY MULTIPLEXED , AND OTHER 3 D DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES

The technologies and advances in the field of three-dimensional (3D) displays within the past two decades are reviewed. Specifically, the developments in diffractive, refractive, reflective and occlusive 3D display strategies are discussed, highlighting the advantages and limitations of the associated systems. The partial pixel and the partial object pixel architectures associated with autostereoscopic displays are discussed in some detail, while other techniques are briefly introduced. It is shown that major breakthroughs occurred with the development of computer-generated holography (CGH), liquid crystal arrays (LCA) and other spatial light modulators (SLM), and also the discrete fabrication of diffractive and holographic optical elements (DOE and HOE), micromirror arrays, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). These techniques and components have enabled the implementation of spatially and angularly multiplexed 3D images and scenes with potentially dynamic (time-varying) features.
The Bacterial Amyloid Curli Is Associated with Urinary Source Bloodstream Infection

Urinary tract infections are the most common cause of E. coli bloodstream infections (BSI) but the mechanism of bloodstream invasion is poorly understood. Some clinical isolates have been observed to shield themselves with extracellular amyloid fibers called curli at physiologic temperature. We hypothesize that curli fiber assembly at 37°C promotes bacteremic progression by urinary E. coli strains. Curli expression by cultured E. coli isolates from bacteriuric patients in the presence and absence of bacteremia were compared using Western blotting following amyloid fiber disruption with hexafluoroisopropanol. At 37°C, urinary isolates from bacteremic patients were more likely to express curli than those from non-bacteremic patients [16/22 (73%) vs. 7/21 (33%); p = 0.01]. No significant difference in curli expression was observed at 30°C [86% (19/22) vs. 76% (16/21); p = 0.5]. Isolates were clonally diverse between patients, indicating that this phenotype is distributed across multiple lineages. Most same-patient urine and blood isolates were highly related, consistent with direct invasion of urinary bacteria into the bloodstream. 37°C curli expression was associated with bacteremic progression of urinary E. coli isolates in this population. These findings suggest new future diagnostic and virulence-targeting therapeutic approaches.
Europa: Tidal heating of upwelling thermal plumes and the origin of lenticulae and chaos melting

Tidal heating models are linked to thermal convection models for ice having strongly temperature dependent viscosity. In the range of ice viscosity inferred from laboratory experiments, tidal forces will heat up rising diapirs on Europa. Partial melt produced in the rising diapirs is predicted to create disruption of near‐surface materials and formation of lenticulae and chaos, even if the average ice layer thickness overlying an ocean is larger than 20 km.
Completeness of the Internet Core Topology Collected by a Fast Mapping Software

The study of the Internet topology allows us to discover properties that can be exploited in order to improve the performance of network protocols and applications. Thus, Internet mapping is very useful to simulation software focusing on network protocols. Unfortunately Internet mapping has two major drawbacks. First it takes a lot of time to be carried out and secondly it is often incomplete. To solve these two problems, we have developed a fast mapping software whose aim is to map the heart of the Internet as fast as possible with the highest possible accuracy. In this paper, we describe our software and evaluate its performance compared to an existing and freely available mapping software. We assess the completeness of the router level maps by creating overlays with an autonomous system topology.
An Empirically Calibrated Model for Interpreting the Evolution of Galaxies during the Reionization Era

We develop a simple star formation model whose goal is to interpret the emerging body of observational data of star-forming galaxies at z ≳ 6. The efficiency and duty cycle of the star formation activity within dark matter halos are determined by fitting the luminosity functions of Lyα emitter and Lyman break galaxies at redshifts z ≃ 5-6. Our error budget takes proper account of the uncertainty arising from both the spatial clustering of galaxies and the Poisson contribution. We find that the abundance of luminous Lyman break galaxies in the 500 Myr between z ≃ 6 and 10 can be naturally explained by the hierarchical assembly of dark matter halos; there is only marginal evidence for strong physical evolution. In contrast, the first estimates of the abundance of less luminous star-forming galaxies at z = 9-10 are higher than predicted and, if verified by further data, may suggest a top-heavy stellar mass function at these early epochs. Although these abundances remain uncertain because of the difficulty of spectroscopic confirmation and cosmic variance, even a modest improvement in survey capability with present or upcoming facilities should yield great progress. In this context, we use our model to consider those observational techniques that hold the most promise and make predictions for specific surveys that are, or will soon be, underway. We conclude that narrowband Lyα emitter surveys should be efficient for searches at z ≃ 7-8; however, such conventional surveys are unlikely to detect sufficient galaxies at z ≃ 10 to provide useful constraints. For this reason, gravitational lensing offers the best prospect for probing the z ≃ 10 universe prior to JWST.
Is Social Television the “Anti-Laugh Track?” Testing the Effect of Negative Comments and Canned Laughter on Comedy Reception

Broadcasters often use multiple methods to promote positive responses to TV programing. Some programs feature the sound of audience laughter, whereas others display social media comments that praise programing. What happens, however, when viewers’ comments on social media are negative? Can the presence of laugh tracks buffer hostile comments’ negative effects? An experiment (N = 184) was conducted to answer these questions using a 3 (comment valence: positive vs. negative vs. control) × 2 (laugh track: present vs. absent) between-subjects design. Negative comments decreased program perceptions via the mediating pathway of bandwagon support. The presence of a laugh track did not moderate effects. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for new media effects are discussed.
Imaging of an Inflammatory Injury in the Newborn Rat Brain with Photoacoustic Tomography

Background The precise assessment of cerebral saturation changes during an inflammatory injury in the developing brain, such as seen in periventricular leukomalacia, is not well defined. This study investigated the impact of inflammation on locoregional cerebral oxygen saturation in a newborn rodent model using photoacoustic imaging. Methods 1 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) diluted in saline or saline alone was injected under ultrasound guidance directly in the corpus callosum of P3 rat pups. Coronal photoacoustic images were carried out 24 h after LPS exposure. Locoregional oxygen saturation (SO2) and resting state connectivity were assessed in the cortex and the corpus callosum. Microvasculature was then evaluated on cryosection slices by lectin histochemistry. Results Significant reduction of SO2 was found in the corpus callosum; reduced SO2 was also found in the cortex ipsilateral to the injection site. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis showed that bilateral connectivity was not affected by LPS exposure. Changes in locoregional oxygen saturation were accompanied by a significant reduction in the average length of microvessels in the left cortex but no differences were observed in the corpus callosum. Conclusion Inflammation in the developing brain induces marked reduction of locoregional oxygen saturation, predominantly in the white matter not explained by microvascular degeneration. The ability to examine regional saturation offers a new way to monitor injury and understand physiological disturbance non-invasively.
Comparison between OpenGL ES and metal API in medical volume visualisation

A decade ago volume visualization required costly workstations due to the high processing cost for visualization. Nowadays and with the rapid development of mobile graphics, opportunities to provide volume visualization on mobile devices have been increased. New graphic application programming interfaces (APIs) have been developed as worthy candidates to support the volume rendering core. This paper focused especially on OpenGL ES and Metal APIs. OpenGL ES is a cross-platform API designed especially for embedded systems; such as smartphones, computer tablets, video game consoles and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Metal is a low-level, low-overhead hardware- accelerated graphics and compute API that debuted in iOS 8. It combines functionality similar to OpenGL and OpenCL under one API. This paper shed a light on the performance gained by Metal over OpenGL ES by implemented two applications for texture mapping; each of them uses different API and compare the rendering time. Four dataset used to test the result, namely: Diaphysis, Distal epiphysis, Scapula and knee. The first three datasets used from the laboratory of human anatomy and embryology, University of Brussels (ULB), Belgium, the last one used from Osirix DICOM sample.
The Moderating Role of Popular Peers’ Achievement Goals in 5th- and 6th-Graders’ Achievement-Related Friendships: A Social Network Analysis

This research investigated whether classroom-based peer norms for achievement goals moderate friendship selection, maintenance and influence processes related to academic achievement in 46 Grade 5 and Grade 6 classrooms (N = 901, 58.7% Grade 5 students, 48.5% boys). A distinction was made between peer norms for mastery (i.e., developing competence) and performance (i.e., demonstrating competence) goals. Peer norms were measured in terms of popularity norms (the within-classroom correlation between student achievement goals and popularity) and descriptive norms (the class-level aggregated average achievement goals). As hypothesized, longitudinal social network analyses revealed that achievement goal popularity norms played a role in friendship processes, rather than achievement goal descriptive norms. Specifically, adolescents formed friendships with similarly achieving peers in classrooms with high performance goal popularity norms but not in classrooms with low performance goal popularity norms. Conversely, adolescents remained friends with similarly achieving peers in classrooms with low performance goal popularity norms but not in classrooms with high performance goal popularity norms. Furthermore, friendship influence on achievement took place in classrooms with high mastery goal popularity norms, but not in classrooms with low mastery goal popularity norms. This study indicates that friendship processes regarding achievement depend upon the extent to which certain achievement goals are made salient by virtue of their association with popularity in classrooms.
Plasticite neuronale de reseau et ses modulations par stimulations cerebrales non-invasives

L'accident vasculaire cerebral (AVC) est la premiere cause de handicap dans les pays industrialises. Malgre leur prise en charge, la recuperation fonctionnelle de ces patients demeure limitee. L'utilisation des stimulations cerebrales non-invasives sont parmi les moyens therapeutiques les plus prometteurs. Afin de developper cette offre therapeutique, cette these de doctorat s'est interessee a l'identification et la modulation des processus cerebraux impliques dans la recuperation apres un AVC. Dans les premieres semaines post AVC, nous avons identifie des patterns d'interactions de reseaux, lesquelles sont predictives de l'amelioration clinique a trois mois. L'application des stimulations cerebrales non-invasives est capable de moduler ces biomarqueurs de plasticite. Cependant, les effets cliniques ne sont observes que chez les patients ayant ete traite precocement. Enfin, nous observons que la reponse comportementale aux stimulations non-invasive est variable. En particulier, l'etat du reseau neuronal au moment de la stimulation influence les effets cerebraux induit et la performance.
Syncretism without Underspecification in Optimality Theory : The Role of Leading Forms

The main goal of this article is to outline a new approach to syncretism in optimality theory, one that does not rely on tools like underspecification or rules of referral that are taken over from grammatical theories which do not recognize constraint ranking and constraint violability. The analysis is based on a concept of morphological exponents as leading forms. Instances of syncretism can be traced back to the selection of unfaithful leading forms as a last resort to avoid paradigmatic gaps: The minimally unfaithful leading form exponent spreads to an empty paradigm cell. Three well-studied empirical domains figure in the analysis: (i) determiner inflection in German (Bierwisch (1967), Wiese (1999)), (ii) Italian object clitics (Grimshaw (2001)), and (iii) animacy effects with noun inflection in Russian (Wunderlich (2004)). 1. Syncretism by Underspecification Underspecification of morphological exponents (inflection markers) with respect to morpho-syntactic features is proposed as a general method to account for instances of syncretism (systematic homonymy) in morphological paradigms in Jakobson (1962a;b). This method is formally refined and extended in Bierwisch (1967). Underspecification is adopted as a means to derive syncretism in a variety of contemporary morphological theories, such as Distributed Morphology (see Halle & Marantz (1993; 1994), Noyer (1992), Halle (1997), and Harley & Noyer (2003), among others), A-Morphous Morphology (see Anderson (1992)), Paradigm Function Morphology (see Stump (2001)), Minimalist Morphology (see Wunderlich (1996; 1997b)), and Net*For discussions leading to the present version of this paper, I am grateful to Antje Lahne, Andreas Opitz, Jochen Trommer, Philipp Weisser, and the participants of the meeting of the DFG-network Core Mechanisms of Exponence in Leipzig in January 2008. The research documented here was supported by a DFG grant to the project Argument Encoding in Morphology and Syntax, as part of Forschergruppe 742. Varieties of Competition, 81-132 Fabian Heck, Gereon Müller & Jochen Trommer (eds.) Linguistische Arbeits Berichte 87, Universität Leipzig 2008
The unicorn, the normal curve, and other improbable creatures.

An investigation of the distributional characteristics of 440 large-sample achievement and psychometric measures found all to be significantly nonnormal at the alpha . 01 significance level. Several classes of contamination were found, including tail weights from the uniform to the double exponential, exponential-level asymmetry, severe digit preferences, multimodalities, and modes external to the mean/median interval. Thus, the underlying tenets of normality-assuming statistics appear fallacious for these commonly used types of data. However, findings here also fail to support the types of distributions used in most prior robustness research suggesting the failure of such statistics under nonnormal conditions. A reevaluation of the statistical robustness literature appears appropriate in light of these findings.
Assessment of Adherence to and Persistence on Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective:Biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are efficacious for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, measurements of relative effectiveness, including treatment adherence and persistence, are lacking. We evaluated adherence and persistence during new episodes of use of traditional and biologic DMARDs. Methods:Using Tennessee Medicaid databases (1995–2004), we assembled a retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with RA, and identified new episodes of use for 12 DMARD regimens. We evaluated persistence through survival analyses, and adherence within episodes through the medication possession ratio. A risk score was included in the analyses to account for measured confounders. Results:We identified 14,932 patients with RA; 6018 patients had 10,547 episodes of new use of DMARDs. Considering methotrexate as the reference and after adjustment for measured confounders, episodes of new use of sulfasalazine [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.47–1.72] and infliximab alone (aHR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.09–1.73) were more likely to be discontinued; and new episodes of etanercept (aHR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.73–0.92) and methotrexate + adalimumab (aHR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.48–0.84) were less likely to be discontinued. Compared with methotrexate, adherence was higher for leflunomide, infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab and lower for sulfasalazine and all combined therapies. Conclusions:We developed an approach to assess persistence on and adherence to the most common DMARD therapies. In this large cohort, persistence and adherence to leflunomide and most biologic DMARD therapies were at least comparable to methotrexate. Adherence was lower for sulfasalazine and all combined therapies.
Civil Society

:USA has been taken as a case of study in this article to explore three aspects of the divine legitimacy; the faith basis of three separation of powers, the church basis of the democratic republic compiehensive presidency regime, and the cultural basis of civil religion. Based on such an analysis, the author has foreseen a future of China, which includes at kind of world civil religions with dual colors background.
Exploring the validity of scores from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) in Burundi: A multi-strategy approach

The present study aimed to validate the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) in Burundi, through a multi-strategy approach used in cross-cultural studies. Respondents were 906 health workers (men = 56%; caregivers 60%). They responded to a bilingual version of RSES. We utilised Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) with structural equation modelling and a back translation test to explore the structure of the RSES and the reliability of scores from the scale. Data from an independent sample were analysed for the reliability of scores assessment. CFA results suggested that the global RSES factor was likely contaminated by a method-effect; mainly associated with negatively worded items. Internal consistencies and a back-translation test demonstrated that the negatively worded items were unsuitable in this context. The independent sample study confirmed poor reliability and internal consistency of scores for both alternative language versions of the RSES. Our data suggested that an overall cultural effect, rather than a merely specific language effect, may undermine the cross-cultural transportability of the Western scale.
Mig-6 controls EGFR trafficking and suppresses gliomagenesis

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain cancer that is driven by aberrant signaling of growth factor receptors, particularly the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR signaling is tightly regulated by receptor endocytosis and lysosome-mediated degradation, although the molecular mechanisms governing such regulation, particularly in the context of cancer, remain poorly delineated. Here, high-resolution genomic profiles of GBM identified a highly recurrent focal 1p36 deletion encompassing the putative tumor suppressor gene, Mig-6. We show that Mig-6 quells the malignant potential of GBM cells and dampens EGFR signaling by driving EGFR into late endosomes and lysosome-mediated degradation upon ligand stimulation. Mechanistically, this effect is mediated by the binding of Mig-6 to a SNARE protein STX8, a protein known to be required for late endosome trafficking. Thus, Mig-6 functions to ensure recruitment of internalized receptor to late endosomes and subsequently the lysosomal degradation compartment through its ability to specifically link EGFR and STX8 during ligand-stimulated EGFR trafficking. In GBM, the highly frequent loss of Mig-6 would therefore serve to sustain aberrant EGFR-mediated oncogenic signaling. Together, these data uncover a unique tumor suppression mechanism involving the regulation of receptor trafficking.
Temporally Consistent Superpixels

Super pixel algorithms represent a very useful and increasingly popular preprocessing step for a wide range of computer vision applications, as they offer the potential to boost efficiency and effectiveness. In this regards, this paper presents a highly competitive approach for temporally consistent super pixels for video content. The approach is based on energy-minimizing clustering utilizing a novel hybrid clustering strategy for a multi-dimensional feature space working in a global color subspace and local spatial subspaces. Moreover, a new contour evolution based strategy is introduced to ensure spatial coherency of the generated super pixels. For a thorough evaluation the proposed approach is compared to state of the art super voxel algorithms using established benchmarks and shows a superior performance.
Behavioural Macroeconomics and the Aggregate Supply Puzzle

The paper provides a short and simplified overview of important deviations from the economic man assumption that have been documented in research by cognitive psychologists and experimental economists. After the overview, I proceed to look at one specific topic within macroeconomics – the short run aggregate supply schedule – and discuss whether theories based on behavioural assumptions might perhaps resolve weaknesses in the more traditional approach.