Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rapid Spread of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in China Is Aided Differentially by Two Invasive Whiteflies

Background Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was introduced into China in 2006, approximately 10 years after the introduction of an invasive whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype. Even so the distribution and prevalence of TYLCV remained limited, and the economic damage was minimal. Following the introduction of Q biotype into China in 2003, the prevalence and spread of TYLCV started to accelerate. This has lead to the hypothesis that the two biotypes might not be equally competent vectors of TYLCV. Methodology/Principal Findings The infection frequency of TYLCV in the field-collected B. tabaci populations was investigated, the acquisition and transmission capability of TYLCV by B and Q biotypes were compared under the laboratory conditions. Analysis of B. tabaci populations from 55 field sites revealed the existence of 12 B and 43 Q biotypes across 18 provinces in China. The acquisition and transmission experiments showed that both B and Q biotypes can acquire and transmit the virus, however, Q biotype demonstrated superior acquisition and transmission capability than its B counterparts. Specifically, Q biotype acquired significantly more viral DNA than the B biotype, and reached the maximum viral load in a substantially shorter period of time. Although TYLCV was shown to be transmitted horizontally by both biotypes, Q biotype exhibited significantly higher viral transmission frequency than B biotype. Vertical transmission result, on the other hand, indicated that TYLCV DNA can be detected in eggs and nymphs, but not in pupae and adults of the first generation progeny. Conclusions/Significance These combined results suggested that the epidemiology of TYLCV was aided differentially by the two invasive whiteflies (B and Q biotypes) through horizontal but not vertical transmission of the virus. This is consistent with the concomitant eruption of TYLCV in tomato fields following the recent rapid invasion of Q biotype whitefly in China.
Toxicity of 100 nm zinc oxide nanoparticles: a report of 90-day repeated oral administration in Sprague Dawley rats

Nanoparticles (NPs) are used commercially in health and fitness fields, but information about the toxicity and mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of NPs is still very limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the toxic effect(s) of 100 nm negatively (ZnOAE100[−]) or positively (ZnOAE100[+]) charged zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs administered by gavage in Sprague Dawley rats, to establish a no observed adverse effect level, and to identify target organ(s). After verification of the primary particle size, morphology, hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential of each test article, we performed a 90-day study according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline 408. For the 90-day study, the high dose was set at 500 mg/kg and the middle and low doses were set at 125 mg/kg and 31.25 mg/kg, respectively. Both ZnO NPs had significant changes in hematological and blood biochemical analysis, which could correlate with anemia-related parameters, in the 500 mg/kg groups of both sexes. Histopathological examination showed significant adverse effects (by both test articles) in the stomach, pancreas, eye, and prostate gland tissues, but the particle charge did not affect the tendency or the degree of the lesions. We speculate that this inflammatory damage might result from continuous irritation caused by both test articles. Therefore, the target organs for both ZnOAE100(−) and ZnOAE100(+) are considered to be the stomach, pancreas, eye, and prostate gland. Also, the no observed adverse effect level for both test articles was identified as 31.25 mg/kg for both sexes, because the adverse effects were observed at all doses greater than 125 mg/kg.
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer and Resistance Characteristics on Honeycomb Ceramic Regenerator

Honeycomb ceramic regenerator with the advantages of high temperature resistance,corrosion resistance,high heat transfer capability and air flow resistance,has wide application prospects in the remaining heat recycling.According to the characteristics of the regenerator,the experiments with two different specifications of the honeycomb ceramic regenerator were made,to study the heat transfer and the resistance performance.Through the analysis of experiment data,the influenced law of the regenerator structure and operation parameters on the regenerator's heat transfer coefficient,friction coefficient,resistance losses and regenerator temperature efficiency and thermal efficiency can be illustrated.
Nonlinear optical characterization of organic dyes and dye doped polymers

Nonlinear optics has become a very important subfield of optics newlinesince its inception over three decades ago In linear systems the induced newlinepolarization is proportional to the electric field and the dielectric constant the newlineoptical susceptibility are constant for each particular medium independent of newlinethe electric field However when the intensity of the light propagation newlinethrough the material is increased the above conditions cease to be constant newlineand nonlinear effect occurs The synthetic work of scientist during the same newlineperiod has resulted in abroad range of new materials whose optical and newlinenonlinear optical properties have been characterized Many of these new newlinematerials are organic newline newline%%%Reference p.207-224
The Effect of Spatial Structure of Pasture Tree Cover on Avian Frugivores in Eastern Amazonia

The movement of frugivores between remnant forests and successional areas is vital for tropical forest tree species to colonize successional habitats. The response of these species to the spatial structure of pasture tree cover is largely unknown. We studied avian frugivores that were found in primary forest edges and large pastures in eastern Amazonia, Brazil. We determined how the small‐scale spatial structure of pasture trees at forest edges affects five response variables: bird presence, visitation rate, duration of visit, species richness, and an index accounting for species’ level of frugivory and abundance in forests. We used hierarchical linear models to estimate the effect of four predictor variables on response variables: (1) clustering of pasture trees; (2) percent canopy cover of pasture trees; (3) distance of pasture tree to forest edge; and (4) tree crown area. The study species, many of which are widely distributed in the Neotropics, were generally insensitive to percent cover and clustering of trees. Frugivore visitation to individual trees remained constant as cover increased. Visitation was positively correlated with focal tree distance to forest edge and crown area. The positive relationship between distance and visitation rates may be due to the increased abundance of some resource further from forests. If pastures were abandoned the distance from forest edges would not likely limit frugivore visitation and seed deposition under large pasture trees in our study (i.e., up to 200 m distant).
Indian Sign Language Recognition System

— Normal humans can easily interact and communicate with one another, but the person with hearing and speaking disabilities face problems in communicating with other hearing people without a translator. The Sign Language is a barrier of communication for deaf and dumb people. People with hearing and speaking disability are highly dependent on non-verbal form of communication that involves hand gesture. This is the reason that the implementation of a system that recognize the sign language would have a significant benefit impact on dumb - deaf people. In this paper, a method is proposed for the automatic recognition of the finger spelling in the Indian sign language. Here, the sign in the form of gestures is given as an input to the system. Further various steps are performed on the input sign image. Firstly segmentation phase is performed based on the skin color so as to detect the shape of the sign. The detected region is then transformed into binary image. Later, the Euclidean distance transformation is applied on the obtained binary image. Row and column projection is applied on the distance transformed image. For feature extraction central moments along with HU’s moments are used. For classification, neural network and SVM are used.
Mapping the Genetic Diversity of Castanea sativa: Exploiting Spatial Analysis for Biogeography and Conservation Studies

The current distribution of forest tree species is a result of natural or human mediated historical and contemporary processes. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of the diversity and divergence of populations is crucial for managing and conserving genetic resources in forest tree species. By combining tools from population genetics, landscape ecology and spatial statistics, landscape genetics thus represents a powerful method for evaluating the geographic patterns of genetic resources at the population level. In this study, we explore the possibility of combining genetic diversity data, spatial statistic tools and GIS technologies to map the genetic divergence and diversity of 31 Castanea sativa populations collected in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. The IDW technique was used to interpolate the diversity values and divergence indices as expected hetereozygosity (He), allelic richness (Rs), private allelic richness (PRs), and membership values (Q) of each population to different clusters. Genetic diversity maps and a synthetic map of the spatial genetic structure of European chestnut populations were produced. Spatial coincidences between landscape elements and statistically significant genetic discontinuities between populations were investigated. Evidence is provided of the significance of cartographic outputs produced in the study and on their usefulness in managing genetic resources.
Major challenges in prognostics: study on benchmarking prognostic datasets

Even though prognostics has been defined to be one of the most difficult tasks in Condition Based Maintenance (CBM), many studies have reported promising results in recent years. The nature of the prognostics problem is different from diagnostics with its own challenges. There exist two major approaches to prognostics: data-driven and physics-based models. This paper aims to present the major challenges in both of these approaches by examining a number of published datasets for their suitability for analysis. Data-driven methods require sufficient samples that were run until failure whereas physics-based methods need physics of failure progression.
CLINICAL Ischemia in the Ambulatory Relation to Exercise Testing Therapeutic Implications Setting-the Total Ischemic Burden: and Investigative and

To establish the relation between treadmill exercise testing and ambulatory ST segment monitoring in the detection of ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease, and to assess whether standard medical therapy affects any such relation, 277 patients with stable angina and angiographi-tally documented coronary artery disease were studied with treadmill exercise testing and 48 h ambulatory ST segment monitoring. One hundred forty-six patients (52%) were studied while receiving no routine antianginal therapy, and 131 (48%) while receiving standard medical therapy. In 187 patients (67%) the exercise test was positive for ischemia. During 11,964 h of ambulatory monitoring, 881 episodes of ischemia (645 [73%] silent) were recorded, of which 809 (92%) occurred in patients with a positive exercise test. The mean heart rate at the onset of ischemic episodes during ambulatory monitoring was significantly less than that at the onset of 1 mm ST segment depression during exercise testing (94.5 versus 105.9 beats/min, p < 0.0001). However, the frequency of ambulatory ischemic episodes was strongly related to a positive exercise test (p < O.OOOl), and this relation was similar for both silent and painful ischemia (p < 0.0001 for both) and in patients who were and were not receiving therapy (p < 0.0001 for both). The total duration of ischemia was similarly related to a positive exercise test (p < 0.0001). Only one patient with a negative exercise test had frequent (>S/day) episodes of ischemia on ambulatory monitoring and had documented coronary artery spasm. Thus, exercise testing identifies the majority of patients likely to have significant ischemia during their daily activities. The strong relation between ischemia in the formal exercise and ambulatory settings suggests that the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are similar, even though the heart rate at the onset of ischemia in the two settings is different. There is little indication to perform ambulatory ST segment monitoring in patients with a negative exercise test unless the history suggests coronary artery spasm.
Test-Retest Reliability and Concurrent Validity of a Single Tri-Axial Accelerometer-Based Gait Analysis in Older Adults with Normal Cognition

Objective We investigated the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of spatio-temporal gait parameters measured with a single tri-axial accelerometer (TAA), determined the optimal number of steps required for obtaining acceptable levels of reliability, and compared the validity and reliability of the estimated gait parameters across the three reference axes of the TAA. Methods A total of 82 cognitively normal elderly participants walked around a 40-m long round walkway twice wearing a TAA at their center of body mass. Gait parameters such as cadence, gait velocity, step time, step length, step time variability, and step time asymmetry were estimated from the low pass-filtered signal of the TAA. The test-retest reliability and concurrent validity with the GAITRite® system were evaluated for the estimated gait parameters. Results Gait parameters using signals from the vertical axis showed excellent reliability for all gait parameters; the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.79–0.90. A minimum of 26 steps and 14 steps were needed to achieve excellent reliability in step time variability and step time asymmetry, respectively. A strong level of agreement was seen for the basic gait parameters between the TAA and GAITRiteⓇ (ICC = 0.91–0.96). Conclusions The measurement of gait parameters of elderly individuals with normal cognition using a TAA placed on the body’s center of mass was reliable and showed superiority over the GAITRiteⓇ with regard to gait variability and asymmetry. The TAA system was a valid tool for measuring basic gait parameters. Considering its wearability and low price, the TAA system may be a promising alternative to the pressure sensor walkway system for measuring gait parameters.
Is the largely used analgesic paracetamol without any adverse effects?: A study on ants as models

The nowadays most used analgesic is paracetamol. Its mode of action is not yet elucidated and its adverse effects have been only partly studied. In the present work, using ants as models, we examined the potential effect of a large dose (4g per day) on 22 physiological and ethological traits. It appeared that paracetamol increased the ants’ sinuosity of movement, decreased their orientation ability, trail-following behavior, tactile (pain) perception, cognition, visual and olfactory conditioning as well as memory. It did not affect the ants’ food consumption, general activity, audacity, brood caring, aggressiveness against nestmates and aliens, as well as ability in escaping from an enclosure. Paracetamol impacted thus some traits depending from the central nervous system. On the basis of other researchers’ studies, it can be advanced that such an impact depends on the consumed dose. Ants presented slight adaptation, as well as a significant habituation to paracetamol, two traits which are unfavorable to this drug use. Moreover, ants developed some dependence on paracetamol, and the effect of this drug rapidly decreased after weaning, nearly vanishing in about 4 hours. We suggest some control and limitation of usage as for the access to and the use of paracetamol. Note also that pain perception is a vital function and continuously inhibiting it may imperil the health.
Fatigue in lung cancer patients: symptom burden and management of challenges

Lung cancer (LC) remains the most common cause of cancer death in several countries across the world. Fatigue is the most frequently reported symptom in LC patients throughout the entire course of disease, and all international guidelines recommend early screening for cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and symptoms that can affect patients’ quality of life. In patients with LC, fatigue belongs to the symptom cluster of pain, depression, and insomnia, which are commonly observed simultaneously, but are typically treated as separate although they may have common biological mechanisms. The treatment of CRF remains one of the difficult areas in the oncology field: scarce evidence supports pharmacological therapies, while some interesting data arising indicates alternative remedies and physical exercise seem to be one of the most effective approaches for CRF at any stage of LC.
Lower-Cost epsilon-Private Information Retrieval

Private Information Retrieval (PIR), despite being well studied, is computationally costly and arduous to scale. We explore lower-cost relaxations of information-theoretic PIR, based on dummy queries, sparse vectors, and compositions with an anonymity system. We prove the security of each scheme using a flexible differentially private definition for private queries that can capture notions of imperfect privacy. We show that basic schemes are weak, but some of them can be made arbitrarily safe by composing them with large anonymity systems.
WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India

1. The relative efficacy of oral and parenteral iron administration in the prophylaxis and treatment of Fe-deficiency anaemia of pregnancy has been studied. 2. Intravenous administration of Fe by total dose infusion of Fe dextran was not superior to oral Fe 120 mg/d, 6 d/week for 10–12 weeks. 3. Intramuscular Fe dextran, 100 mg twice per week for 10–12 weeks, produced a significantly greater rise in mean haemoglobin concentration than oral Fe therapy. 4. The superiority of intramuscular Fe as compared with intravenous Fe is probably related to the different handling of the Fe dextran by the reticulo-endothelial system. 5. In spite of the better response to intramuscular Fe dextran, it is not recommended for public health practice because of the risks associated with its use and the much higher cost of the preparation and its delivery.
Miniaturization of Intracellular Calcium Functional Assays to 1536-Well Plate Format Using a Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader

The measurement of intracellular calcium response transients in living mammalian cells is a popular functional assay for identification of agonists and antagonists to receptors or channels of pharmacological interest. In recent years, advances in fluorescence-based detection techniques and automation technologies have facilitated the adaptation of this assay to 384-well microplate format high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. However, the cost and time required performing the intracellular calcium HTS assays in the 384-well format can be prohibitive for HTS campaigns of greater than 1 × 106 wells. For these reasons, it is attractive to miniaturize intracellular calcium functional assays to the 1536-well microplate format, where assay volumes and plate throughput can be decreased by several fold. The focus of the research described in this article is the miniaturization of an intracellular calcium assay to 1536-well plate format. This was accomplished by modifying the hardware and software of a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) to enable transfer of nanoliters of test compound directly to a 1536-well assay plate, and measure the resulting calcium response from all 1536 wells simultaneously. An intracellular calcium functional assay against the rat muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (rmAchR1) G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) was miniaturized and executed on this modified instrument. In experiments measuring the activity of known muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists, the miniaturized FLIPR assay gave EC50 and IC50 values and rank order potency comparable to the 384-well format assays. Calculated Z′ factors for the miniaturized agonist and antagonist assays were, respectively, 0.56 ± 0.21 and 0.53 ± 0.22, which were slightly higher (Z′agonist = 0.55 ± 0.33) and lower (Z′antagonist = 0.70 ± 0.18) than the corresponding values in the 384-well assays. A mock agonist HTS campaign against the muscarinic receptor in miniaturized format was able to identify all wells spiked with the rmAchR1 agonist carbachol.
A Research Agenda for DSM-V

Toward DSM-V: basic nomenclature issues. Proposed basic and clinical neuroscience research agenda to guide the development of a pathophysiologically-based classification. Report from developmental issues and diagnosis work group. A research agenda for addressing crucial gaps in the DSM: personality disorders and relational disorders. Mental disorders and disability: time to reevaluate the relationship? Beyond the funhouse mirrors: research agenda on culture and psychiatric diagnosis
Functional Assessment for Acute Stroke Trials: Properties, Analysis, and Application

A measure of treatment effect is needed to assess the utility of any novel intervention in acute stroke. For a potentially disabling condition such as stroke, outcomes of interest should include some measure of functional recovery. There are many functional outcome assessments that can be used after stroke. In this narrative review, we discuss exemplars of assessments that describe impairment, activity, participation, and quality of life. We will consider the psychometric properties of assessment scales in the context of stroke trials, focusing on validity, reliability, responsiveness, and feasibility. We will consider approaches to the analysis of functional outcome measures, including novel statistical approaches. Finally, we will discuss how advances in audiovisual and information technology could further improve outcome assessment in trials.
AFM Height Measurements of Molecular Layers of a Carbocyanine Dye

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used for the morphological characterization and precise height meas-urements of two-dimensional molecular layers of carbocyanine dye 3,3’-di(r-sulfopropyl)-4,4’,5,5’-dibenzo-9-ethylthiacarbocyanine betaine pyridinium salt. The AFM measurements reveal three morphological types of molecular aggregates: leaves, stripes and spots. The leaves are stripes have same monolayer height ~1.4 nm and different crystal shapes: the leaves are monoloyers with the lens shape and the stripes are bilay-ers with the shape of extended rectangles. The monolayer height ~1.4 nm was interpreted as indicating the symmetrical packing arrangement of dye molecules. In the symmetrical monolayer, the sulfopropyl groups of all-trans monomer units are located on both monolayer sides whereas the adjacent stacked dye molecules have a lateral slippage providing the J-aggregate optical properties. The lower height of spots ~1 nm was explained by the model of an asymmetric monolayer with sulfopropyl groups of all-trans monomers occupy-ing the same position with respect to the monolayer plane. The packing arrangement of all-trans monomers in the asymmetric monolayer corresponds to H-aggregate. The alternative models of the packing arrange-ment in monolayers with mono-cis1 monomer configuration are discussed.