Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF RELATEDNESS AMONG MATHEMATICAL VERBAL PROBLEMS

In his writings on mathematical problem solving, Polya (1957, 1962, 1965) has suggested a series of heuristic precepts that might be useful in the solution of a mathematical problem. For example, Polya has suggested that, when one is devising a plan for solving a problem, it is often useful to "think of a related problem. " Indeed, it is reasonable to assume that many mathematics teachers suggest such advice to their students. But how do students respond to the suggestion? How have students categorized the vast number of problems that they have encountered so that they can retrieve a related problem when the suggestion is made? The answers to such questions may provide insight into the psychological implications of Polya's reasonable suggestion. In fact, the answers may help to provide an increased understanding of the modes of information processing and retrieval that students use in mathematical problem solving. Consider a person's mathematical problem-solving experience. The problems that have been solved previously have almost certainly been classified in a certain way. A person's ability to make good use of Polya's related problem heuristic advice is, at least partially, a function of the criteria that have been used in forming the categories. The criteria reveal the dimensions along which the person views problems as similar. That individuals may differ in their perceptions of the important features of common stimuli is well known. Evidence is available from many fields of study, including visual pattern processing (Garner, 1974); medical anthro-
Auditory-Motor Expertise Alters “Speech Selectivity” in Professional Musicians and Actors

Several perisylvian brain regions show preferential activation for spoken language above and beyond other complex sounds. These “speech-selective” effects might be driven by regions’ intrinsic biases for processing the acoustical or informational properties of speech. Alternatively, such speech selectivity might emerge through extensive experience in perceiving and producing speech sounds. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study disambiguated such audiomotor expertise from speech selectivity by comparing activation for listening to speech and music in female professional violinists and actors. Audiomotor expertise effects were identified in several right and left superior temporal regions that responded to speech in all participants and music in violinists more than actresses. Regions associated with the acoustic/information content of speech were identified along the entire length of the superior temporal sulci bilaterally where activation was greater for speech than music in all participants. Finally, an effect of performing arts training was identified in bilateral premotor regions commonly activated by finger and mouth movements as well as in right hemisphere “language regions. ” These results distinguish the seemingly speech-specific neural responses that can be abolished and even reversed by long-term audiomotor experience.
Lessons Learned from a Randomized Trial of Fixed and Escalating Contingency Management Schedules in Opioid-Dependent Pregnant Women

Background: Contingency management (CM) has shown promise for treating substance use disorders in pregnant women. Methods: A randomized clinical trial compared the relative efficacy of three conditions on the measures of opioid and cocaine abstinence and days retained in treatment. A total of 133 pregnant patients attending treatment for substance use disorders were randomized either to an escalating reinforcement condition, a fixed reinforcement condition, or an attendance control condition. Conditions were compared on drug abstinence rates and days retained in treatment. Results: As expected, the pooled escalating + fixed conditions received a greater total amount of voucher money than the control condition mean [M = 392.40 (SE = 40.47) vs. 219.74 (SE = 39.78)], respectively; p < . 001. However, the escalating and fixed conditions did not differ on the outcome variables of drug abstinence and treatment retention. Conclusions: The CM conditions examined in the current study did not emerge as superior to the control condition. The lack of significant differences among study conditions may be attributed, in part, to study sample size. Additionally, methodological issues related to the CM intervention may also have compromised outcomes, including delay in reinforcement following the target behavior and limited contact with the reinforcer. Scientific Significance: This study highlights the importance of key CM implementation features, including immediate reinforcement, and adequate access to the reinforcer. It may also be that the reset feature for missing samples in CM interventions is an essential contingency for promoting behavior change. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00497068.
Teacher candidates' reflections on some components of a pre‐service English teacher education programme in Turkey

This study aimed to explore teacher candidates' reflections on the methodology and practice components of a pre‐service English teacher training programme in Turkey. For this purpose, a qualitative case study method was followed. The participants were 176 senior year students at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey. The data were analysed by seeking patterns and themes in relation to each research question. The participants believed that a close connection between the course materials and practical application in real classrooms did not always exist. They also stated that they did not have enough opportunities for micro‐teaching and practice teaching.
Trade Integration, Firm Selection and the Costs of Non-Europe

In models with heterogeneous firms trade integration has a positive impact on aggregate productivity through the selection of the best firms as import competition drives the least productive ones out of the market. To quantify the impact of firm selection on productivity, we calibrate and simulate a multi-country multi-sector model with monopolistic competition and variable markups using firm-level data and aggregate trade figures on a panel of 11 EU countries. We find that EU trade has a sizeable impact on aggregate productivity. In 2000 the introduction of prohibitive trade barriers would have caused an average productivity loss of roughly 13 per cent, whereas a reduction of intra-EU trade costs by 5 per cent would have generated a productivity gain of roughly 2 per cent. Productivity losses and gains, however, vary a lot across countries and sectors depending on market accessibility and trade costs. We provide evidence that our results are robust to alternative distance and productivity measures.
Acceptable and unacceptable risk: balancing everyday risk by family members of older cognitively impaired adults who live alone

For individuals providing care for older people the issue of risk is a well-established concern, especially in the context of the older person's declining functional abilities and cognitive skills. Recently in expert discussions of health care, the issue of risk has been subsumed under the discourse of patient safety with the assumption that risk is intrinsic to certain situations and therefore can be measured by professionals and ultimately prevented. Less attention has been paid to the risk perceptions of older persons and their families and friends. We undertook the study on which this article is based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between 2005 and 2007. We used grounded theory to identify the process whereby family and friends recognise and balance risk of older persons with cognitive impairment who live alone. Twenty pairs of older adults with cognitive impairment and their primary family members or friends were interviewed using in-depth, semi-structured interviews. The model of acceptable and unacceptable risk began with family members' perceptions that the older person was living with an acceptable level of risk, but then noticing red flags that eventually led to the perception of unacceptable risk. They employed risk-balancing strategies such as making changes in the physical environment, increasing surveillance, becoming more involved in the older person's care or redefining their definitions of acceptable risk in order to return the perceived risk to an acceptable level. Meanings of risk were constantly redefined as new situations arose and risk-balancing strategies were implemented. Throughout family members constantly balanced the risks of physical harm with the risks of undermining the older person's independence and self-esteem.
Homeostatic regulation of glutamatergic transmission by dopamine D4 receptors

Alterations of synaptic transmission have been considered a core feature of mental disorders; thus, we examined the role of dopamine D4 receptors, which is highly implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, in regulating synaptic functions of prefrontal cortex, a brain region critical for cognitive and emotional processes. We found that D4 stimulation caused a profound depression or potentiation of AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons when their activity was elevated or dampened, respectively, which was accompanied by a D4-induced decrease or increase of AMPARs at synapses. The dual effects of D4 on AMPAR trafficking and function was dependent on the D4-mediated bidirectional regulation of CaMKII activity via coupling to distinct signaling pathways, which provides a unique mechanism for D4 receptors to serve as a homeostatic synaptic factor to stabilize cortical excitability.
A block rational Arnoldi algorithm for multipoint passive model-order reduction of multiport RLC networks

Work in the area of model-order reduction for RLC interconnect networks has focused on building reduced-order models that preserve the circuit-theoretic properties of the network, such as stability, passivity, and synthesizability (Silveira et al., 1996). Passivity is the one circuit-theoretic property that is vital for the successful simulation of a large circuit netlist containing reduced-order models of its interconnect networks. Non-passive reduced-order models may lead to instabilities even if they are themselves stable. We address the problem of guaranteeing the accuracy and passivity of reduced-order models of multiport RLC networks at any finite number of expansion points. The novel passivity-preserving model-order reduction scheme is a block version of the rational Arnoldi algorithm (Ruhe, 1994). The scheme reduces to that of (Odabasioglu et al., 1997) when applied to a single expansion point at zero frequency. Although the treatment of this paper is restricted to expansion points that are on the negative real axis, it is shown that the resulting passive reduced-order model is superior in accuracy to the one that would result from expanding the original model around a single point. Nyquist plots are used to illustrate both the passivity and the accuracy of the reduced order models.
On the Scalar Measure of Non-Normality of Matrices-Dimension vs . Structure

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relative importance of the dimension and the structure of the square matrices in the quantification of their non-normality. We envisage non-normal matrices which come from numerical analysis of o. d. e. and p. d. e. as well as from various iterative processes where the parameter dimension varies. The main result consists in an upper bound for the departure from normality. This bound is a product of two factors, is based directly on the entries of the matrices, and is elementary computable. The first factor depends exclusively on the dimension of matrices and the second, called the aspect factor, is intimately related to the structure of the matrices. In some special situations, the aspect factor is independent of the dimension, and shows that, in these cases, only the dimension is responsible for the departure from normality. 21 22 Călin-Ioan Gheorghiu An upper bound for the field of values is also obtained. Some numerical experiments are carried out. They underline the idea that the aspect factor and pseudospectrum are complementary aspects of the non-normality. 2000 Mathematical Subject Classification:65F35, 65F50, 15A60, 15A12.
Understanding Students' Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status

The goal of this study is to explore and compare the experiences and views that community college students face across multiple levels of parental education. The findings demonstrate significant differences across five different parental education levels, arguing that future research ought to expand current notions of parental education beyond a binary comparison (having a college educated parent or not).
Attitudes, Perceptions and Concerns of Student Social Workers: First Two Years of a Longitudinal Study

A longitudinal study was initiated by the authors in September 2001 to monitor the changing attitudes, perceptions, concerns and experiences of 32 social work students during their two‐year MSW training at University College Dublin, subsequently following the students into their first three years of practice. This paper reports on the findings from the first two years of the study, exploring how much the attitudes of the respondents changed towards different areas of social work practice while they were full‐time students. Both quantitative and qualitative data have been collected by means of mixed method questionnaires, taken at four points over a two‐year period, and a focus group. Issues examined included the students' changing perceptions of stress, job satisfaction and levels of expertise in different areas of social work practice. The study also monitored their willingness to work in specific areas of social work after graduation. Statistical analysis revealed that students consistently rated social work in the areas of child protection and welfare as requiring high levels of expertise, but they associated the area with higher levels of perceived stress and lower levels of job satisfaction. These attitudes remain relatively stable throughout their two‐year professional training. However, the study revealed greater changes in the students' willingness to work in different areas. For example, specialist family services such as fostering and child/adolescent became more popular choices for future work settings. This change was noted to have occurred between the start and end of the course. Also noteworthy was that general medical, probation and welfare showed the most negative change.
Automated hull reconstruction motion tracking (HRMT) applied to sideways maneuvers of free-flying insects

SUMMARY Flying insects perform aerial maneuvers through slight manipulations of their wing motions. Because such manipulations in wing kinematics are subtle, a reliable method is needed to properly discern consistent kinematic strategies used by the insect from inconsistent variations and measurement error. Here, we introduce a novel automated method that accurately extracts full, 3D body and wing kinematics from high-resolution films of free-flying insects. This method combines visual hull reconstruction, principal components analysis, and geometric information about the insect to recover time series data of positions and orientations. The technique has small, well-characterized errors of under 3 pixels for positions and 5 deg. for orientations. To show its utility, we apply this motion tracking to the flight of fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster. We find that fruit flies generate sideways forces during some maneuvers and that strong lateral acceleration is associated with differences between the left and right wing angles of attack. Remarkably, this asymmetry can be induced by simply altering the relative timing of flips between the right and left wings, and we observe that fruit flies employ timing differences as high as 10% of a wing beat period while accelerating sideways at 40% g.
The Double-Edged Effect of Knowledge Acquisition: How Contracts Safeguard Pre-Existing Resources

Acquiring knowledge on a partner’s pre-existing resources plays an important yet ambiguous role in collaborative relationships. We formally model how contracts trade off productive and destructive uses of knowledge in a buyer-supplier relationship. We show that, when the buyer’s pre-existing resources are vulnerable to the revelation of sensitive knowledge, the supplier overinvests in knowledge acquisition as it expects to use the knowledge as a threat in price negotiations. A non-renegotiable closed-price contract prevents such overinvestment and reduces the supplier’s ability to expropriate the buyer ex post. Our results extend to the cases of renegotiable closed-price contracts, repeat interactions between a buyer and a supplier, and the use of non-disclosure policies. We draw theoretical, empirical, and managerial implications from our model.
Cultural distance and psychic distance: refinements in conceptualisation and measurement

Cultural distance and psychic distance are two concepts that are widely used in the marketing literature to assess the differences between countries. The purpose of this study is to draw attention of researchers and managers to the general failure in the literature to differentiate between the cultural distance and psychic distance concepts. A critical review of the use of these concepts, outlining their theoretical and methodological properties, shows that a large number of studies use both concepts interchangeably with no clear distinction between them. The concepts are, however, conceptually distinct and address different phenomena. A framework is proposed that allows researchers and managers to recognise the exclusive properties of the two concepts.
Category differentiation in object recognition: typicality constraints on the basic category advantage.

When people are asked to decide whether an object is in a given category, they generally respond faster when the category is at the basic level (e.g., car) than when it is at the superordinate level (e.g., vehicle) or the subordinate level (e.g., sedan). Basic categories have shorter and more frequent names, are learned earlier, and are usually more highly differentiated than other categories (they are both specific and distinctive), but it is not clear which of these factors is responsible for the faster response to basic categories. In three experiments with natural language categories, we found evidence that objects can be identified fastest as members of differentiated categories, even when such categories have longer names and are learned later than less differentiated categories. Specifically, we argued that atypical subordinate categories (e.g., racing car) are highly differentiated and should therefore be responded to as fast as basic categories in object recognition. The results supported this view and also ruled out the hypothesis that objects are necessarily identified as members of basic categories before further identification. We discuss the implications of these findings for the use of category names as definite descriptions in discourse.
The Impact of Spousal Variables on Life Satisfaction of Individuals in Late Adulthood

We examine whether homogamy (similarity) in sociodemographic variables and personality traits in late adulthood is greater among couples characterized by high life satisfaction than among those characterized by low life satisfaction. The research sample included 256 participants (128 husbands and 128 wives) in Israel. The findings on homogamy in sociodemographic variables reveal no differences between participants in the ‘high’ and ‘low’ satisfaction groups. However, with regard to personality traits (self-esteem and anxiety), there are differences between participants in ‘high’ and ‘low’ satisfaction groups. In the high satisfaction group, the husbands (and the wives to some extent) have more similar personality traits than their counterparts in the low satisfaction group. In general, the findings reveal greater similarity in sociodemographic variables than in personality traits among the spouses. The findings also indicate that in late adulthood wives are less satisfied with life, have higher anxiety, and lower self-esteem than their husbands.
Effect of yoga on pulmonary function tests of hypothyroid patients.

Aim of this study was to see any effect on respiratory functions in hypothyroid patients after pranayama (yoga). The subjects for the study were 20 hypothyroid females, 39.70 +/- 8.27 years of mean age referred from medicine department of UCMS & G.T. B. Hospital. Spiro metric recordings were taken with hypair (version-1.28). Baseline (first) recordings were taken when patient came for the first time. Patients came to yoga lab in physiology department for 21 days continuously where they were trained by the yoga instructors and then told to do pranayama at home and called at regular intervals after 7 days to see the compliance. The breathing exercises were done for 45 minutes everyday. After 6 months of pranayama second recording was taken and compared with the baseline. There were significant improvement in forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and Inspiratory Capacity(IC). Thus Pranayama and meditation has beneficial effect on pulmonary functions of hypothyroid patients along with conventional treatment.
Correlation of Dual Colour Single Particle Trajectories for Improved Detection and Analysis of Interactions in Living Cells

Interactions between objects inside living cells are often investigated by looking for colocalization between fluorescence microscopy images that are recorded in separate colours corresponding to the fluorescent label of each object. The fundamental limitation of this approach in the case of dynamic objects is that coincidental colocalization cannot be distinguished from true interaction. Instead, correlation between motion trajectories obtained by dual colour single particle tracking provides a much stronger indication of interaction. However, frequently occurring phenomena in living cells, such as immobile phases or transient interactions, can limit the correlation to small parts of the trajectories. The method presented here, developed for the detection of interaction, is based on the correlation inside a window that is scanned along the trajectories, covering different subsets of the positions. This scanning window method was validated by simulations and, as an experimental proof of concept, it was applied to the investigation of the intracellular trafficking of polymeric gene complexes by endosomes in living retinal pigment epithelium cells, which is of interest to ocular gene therapy.