Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Metaphysics of Logic: Logic, mathematics, and conceptual structuralism

Conceptual structuralism is a non-realist philosophy of mathematics according to which the objects of mathematical thought are humanly conceived " ideal-world " structures. Basic conceptions of structures, such as those of the natural numbers, the continuum, and sets in the cumulative hierarchy, differ in their degree of clarity. One may speak of what is true in a given conception, but that notion of truth may be partial. Mathematics proceeds from such basic conceptions by reflective expansion and carefully reasoned argument, the last of which is analyzed in logical terms. The main questions for the role of logic here is whether there are principled demarcations on its use. It is claimed that in the case of a completely clear conception, such as that of the natural numbers, the logical notions are just those of first-order classical logic and hence that that is the appropriate vehicle for reasoning. At the other extreme, in the case of set theory, where each set is conceived of as a definite totality but the universe of " all " sets is an indefinite totality, it is proposed that the appropriate logic is semi-intuitionistic in which classical logic applies only to (set-) bounded formulas. Certain subsystems of classical set theory in which extensive parts of mathematics can be formalized are reducible to these semi-intuitionistic systems, thus justifying the de facto use of classical logic in mathematical practice at least to that reach. The nature and role of logic in mathematics: three perspectives. Logic is integral to mathematics and, to the extent that that is the case, a philosophy of logic should be integral to a philosophy of mathematics. In this, as you shall see, I am guided throughout by the simple view that what logic is to provide is all those forms of reasoning that lead invariably from truths to truths. The problematic part of this is how we take the notion of truth to be given. My concerns here are almost entirely with the nature and role of logic in mathematics. In order to examine that we need to consider three perspectives: that of the working mathematician, that of the mathematical logician and that of the philosopher of mathematics. The aim of the mathematician working in the mainstream is to establish truths about mathematical concepts by means of proofs as the principal instrument. We have to look to practice to see what is accepted as a …
Inferring individual rules from collective behavior

Social organisms form striking aggregation patterns, displaying cohesion, polarization, and collective intelligence. Determining how they do so in nature is challenging; a plethora of simulation studies displaying life-like swarm behavior lack rigorous comparison with actual data because collecting field data of sufficient quality has been a bottleneck. Here, we bridge this gap by gathering and analyzing a high-quality dataset of flocking surf scoters, forming well-spaced groups of hundreds of individuals on the water surface. By reconstructing each individual's position, velocity, and trajectory, we generate spatial and angular neighbor-distribution plots, revealing distinct concentric structure in positioning, a preference for neighbors directly in front, and strong alignment with neighbors on each side. We fit data to zonal interaction models and characterize which individual interaction forces suffice to explain observed spatial patterns. Results point to strong short-range repulsion, intermediate-range alignment, and longer-range attraction (with circular zones), as well as a weak but significant frontal-sector interaction with one neighbor. A best-fit model with such interactions accounts well for observed group structure, whereas absence or alteration in any one of these rules fails to do so. We find that important features of observed flocking surf scoters can be accounted for by zonal models with specific, well-defined rules of interaction.
A conceptual framework for predicting temperate ecosystem sensitivity to human impacts on fire regimes

Aim The increased incidence of large fires around much of the world in recent decades raises questions about human and non-human drivers of fire and the likelihood of increased fire activity in the future. The purpose of this paper is to outline a conceptual framework for examining where human-set fires and feedbacks are likely to be most pronounced in temperate forests world-wide and to establish and test a methodology for evaluating this framework using palaeoecological records.
Hybrid Parallel Sentence Mining from Comparable Corpora

Mining for parallel sentences in comparable corpora is much more difficult than aligning sentences in parallel corpora. Sentence alignment in parallel corpora usually exploits simple empirical evidence (turned into assumptions) such as (i) the length of a sentence is proportional with the length of its translation and (ii) the discourse flow is necessarily the same in both parts of the bi-text (Gale and Church, 1993). Thus, the extraction tools search for parallel sentences around the same (relative) text positions, making sentence alignment a much easier task when compared to kind of work undertaken here. For comparable corpora, the second assumption does not hold. Parallel sentences, should they exist at all, are scattered all around the source and target documents, and so, any two sentences 1 have to be processed in order to determine if they are parallel or not. Also, we aim at finding pairs of quasi-parallel sentences that are not entirely parallel but contain spans of contiguous text that is parallel. Thus, finding parallel sentences in comparable corpora is confronted
Increasing Marital Adjustment in Graduate Students and their Spouses through Relationship Enhancement

Graduate school for most students can be quite stressful. When combined with the responsibility of being a spouse, parent, and/or employee, the stress is elevated. Research has indicated that the greatest area of discord for married graduate students and their nonstudent spouses is communication. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a relationship enhancement program on the marital adjustment of graduate students and their spouses. The sample consisted of 28 married graduate students and their nonstudent spouses. These couples were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or a control group. Some of the treatment group participants received one-on-one training by a therapist certified in Relationship Enhancement (RE) Training while others received the training through an RE self-study manual (Guerney, 1987). Marital adjustment was measured pre and post to intervention by the LockeWallace Marital Adjustment Test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences between treatment group and control group as measured by scores of marital adjustment. This study also provides suggestions for how institutions of higher education can provide support to married graduate students and their spouses on college campuses.
QUANTIFYING THE PLEISTOCENE HISTORY OF THE OAK GALL PARASITOID CECIDOSTIBA FUNGOSA USING TWENTY INTRON LOCI

The longitudinal spread of temperate organisms into refugial populations in Southern Europe is generally assumed to predate the last interglacial. However, few studies have attempted to quantify this process in nonmodel organisms using explicit models and multilocus data. We used sequence data for 20 intron‐spanning loci (12 kb per individual) to resolve the history of refugial populations of a widespread western Palaearctic oak gall parasitoid Cecidostiba fungosa (Pteromalidae). Using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods we assess alternative population tree topologies and estimate divergence times and ancestral population sizes under a model of divergence between three refugia (Middle East, Balkans and Iberia). Both methods support an “Out of the East” history for C. fungosa, matching the pattern previously inferred for their gallwasp hosts. However, coalescent‐based estimates of the ages of population divides are much more recent (coinciding with the Eemian interglacial) than nodal ages of single gene trees for C. fungosa and other species. We also find that increasing the sample size from one haploid sequence per refugial population to three only marginally improves parameter estimates. Our results suggest that there is significant information in the minimal samples currently analyzable with maximum likelihood methods, and that similar methods could be applied to multiple species to test alternative models of assemblage evolution.
Self-Concealment: Integrative Review and Working Model

An extensive empirical literature has focused on the self-concealment (SC) construct. In this article, we review 137 studies that used the Self-Concealment Scale (SCS) with varied populations (e.g., adolescent; intercultural; international; lesbian, gay, and bisexual; and intimate partner). We propose a working model for the psychology of SC and the mechanisms of action for its effects on well-being. A dual-motive conflict between urges to conceal and reveal is seen to play a central role in these health effects. Meta-analytic techniques identify significant associations for SC with 18 constructs falling into six general categories: antecedents, disclosure and concealment, emotion regulation, social well-being, psychological and physical health, and psychotherapy. We interpret these findings with reference to current research and theory on secret keeping and health as well as emotion- and self-regulatory processes. This first integrative review supports the construct validity of the SCS and demonstrates t.
Isolation and characterization of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants defective in assembly of peroxisomes

We made use of autoradiographic screening to isolate two Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants deficient in peroxisomal dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase, a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of ether glycerolipids such as plasmalogens. Morphological analysis revealed no evidence of peroxisome in these mutants. Catalase was as active as in the normal cells but was not sedimentable. Pulse- chase radiolabeling experiments and cell-free translation of RNA demonstrated that acyl-CoA oxidase, the first enzyme of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system, was synthesized as the 75-kD form but was not converted to 53- and 22-kD mature components that were present in the wild-type CHO cells; rather, degradation was apparent. Peroxisomal thiolase was synthesized as in normal cells but remained as a larger, 44-kD precursor, whereas maturation to the 41-kD enzyme was detected in the wild-type cells. The peroxisomal 70-kD integral membrane protein was also equally synthesized, as in the wild-type cells, and was not degraded. These results suggest that assembly of the peroxisomes is defective in the mutants, whereas the synthesis of peroxisomal proteins appears to be normal. Cell-fusion studies revealed that the two mutants are recessive to the wild-type CHO cells and belong to different complementation groups. Thus, these mutants presumably contain different lesions in gene(s) encoding factor(s) required for peroxisome assembly.
Role of an Afterschool Program on Students Graduating High School: A Focus on Lived Experiences

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of an afterschool program on students graduating high school. The study included students that were chosen using purposeful sampling who had recently graduated high school and participated in a school’s afterschool program. A qualitative design was used with hermeneutical phenomenology being the focus in order for the researcher to highlight and interpret the lived experiences of the participants. Data was collected through interviews with recent graduates. The researcher’s field notes were also used as a data collection procedure. The researcher analyzed the data through interpretive measures by coding the transcribed interviews and specifically identifying common themes regarding the experience of afterschool programs and the role after school programs had on graduating high school students. Three significant themes emerged in the findings: an improved overall self-worth of the students, a tangible connection between high school and career opportunities, and an establishment of connections between adults and the students. Descriptors: afterschool programs, high school dropouts, hermeneutic phenomenology, graduation rates
Met31p and Met32p, two related zinc finger proteins, are involved in transcriptional regulation of yeast sulfur amino acid metabolism

Sulfur amino acid metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by the level of intracellular S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). Two cis-acting elements have been previously identified within the 5' upstream regions of the structural genes of the sulfur network. The first contains the CACGTG motif and is the target of the transcription activation complex Cbflp-Met4p-Met28p. We report here the identification of two new factors, Met31p and Met32p, that recognize the second cis-acting element. Met31p was isolated through the use of the one-hybrid method, while Met32p was identified during the analysis of the yeast methionine transport system. Met31p and Met32p are highly related zinc finger-containing proteins. Both LexA-Met31p and LexA-Met32p fusion proteins activate the transcription of a LexAop-containing promoter in a Met4p-dependent manner. Northern blot analyses of cells that do not express either Met31p and/or Met32p suggest that the function of the two proteins during the transcriptional regulation of the sulfur network varies from one gene to the other. While the expression of both the MET3 and MET14 genes was shown to strictly depend upon the presence of either Met31p or Met32p, the transcription of the MET25 gene is constitutive in cells lacking both Met31p and Met32p. These results therefore emphasise the diversity of the mechanisms allowing regulation of the expression of the methionine biosynthetic genes.
Conflict, Regulation and Marginalisation in the North of Ireland: The Experiences of Children and Young People

Abstract Based on primary research and consultations conducted over the last four years in the north of Ireland, this article considers the lives and experiences of children and young people in communities where the legacy of conflict and economic deprivation are most marked. It explores the reality of differential policing in communities where paramilitaries filled the policing deficit during the Conflict through informal ‘justice’ and punishment beatings. Finally, it considers the potential for change in a climate increasingly hostile towards children and young people, and the realisation of their rights.
The Role of Interpersonal Traits in Social Decision Making

Economic games are well-established experimental paradigms for modeling social decision making. A large body of literature has pointed to the heterogeneity of behavior within many of these games, which might be partly explained by broad interpersonal trait dispositions. Using the Big Five and HEXACO (Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience) personality frameworks, we review the role of personality in two main classes of economic games: social dilemmas and bargaining games. This reveals an emerging role for Big Five agreeableness in promoting cooperative, egalitarian, and altruistic behaviors across several games, consistent with its core characteristic of maintaining harmonious interpersonal relations. The role for extraversion is less clear, which may reflect the divergent effects of its underlying agentic and affiliative motivational components. In addition, HEXACO honesty-humility and agreeableness may capture distinct aspects of prosocial behavior outside the bounds of the Five-Factor Model. Important considerations and directions for future studies are discussed within the emerging personality–economics interface.
The pattern of excess cancer in dialysis and transplantation.

BACKGROUND After transplantation, cancer risk varies from no increase for several common cancers to a many-fold increase for a number of, chiefly virus-associated, cancers. The smaller excess of cancer in dialysis has been less well described, but two studies suggested that impaired immunity might be responsible. METHODS In a population-based cohort study of 28 855 patients who received renal replacement therapy (RRT), we categorized incident cancers as end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) related, immune deficiency related, not related to immune deficiency, or of uncertain status, according to whether they were, or were not, increased in published reports of cancer in ESKD prior to starting RRT, organ transplantation or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Standardized incidence ratios for, and excess burdens of, cancer were calculated for all persons normally resident in Australia starting treatment by dialysis or renal transplantation from 1982 to 2003. RESULTS The risk for ESKD-related cancers was increased 4-fold in dialysis and during transplant function. For immune deficiency-related cancers, the increase was 1.5 (95% CI 1.3-1.6) times in dialysis, and 5-fold after transplantation. ESKD- or immune deficiency-related cancers contributed to approximately 90% of the excess burden of cancer, 48% and 36%, respectively, in dialysis, and 10% and 78% after transplantation. The remaining excess malignancy was contributed by cancers whose relationship with ESKD and immune deficiency is not yet certain. CONCLUSIONS In RRT, the increase in cancer is restricted, largely if not wholly, to cancers with origins in ESKD or related to immune deficiency. For the former, the cancer risk is similar in dialysis and transplantation, but for immune deficiency-related cancers, the relative risk is much greater after transplantation.
Leadership Traits and Media Influence in Britain

Although party leaders are now assumed to play a more important role in parliamentary elections, little is known about how voters form opinions about leaders. In this article, we rely on theories of priming to investigate how media exposure influences leadership evaluations. The analysis is based on a unique examination of the nature and dynamics of leadership evaluations in Britain which combines survey data with media content data to investigate how perceptions of character traits, and media influence on perceptions of character traits, affect leadership evaluations. Our findings show that both the amount and the tone of newspaper media coverage can affect leadership evaluations which could result in a gain or loss in party support.
Peer Effects and Entrepreneurship

Several recent studies in entrepreneurship have shown that the propensity for individuals to become entrepreneurs seems to vary considerably by the type of firm for which they work. Many of these studies have hypothesized that this may result from ‘knowledge spillovers’ within the firm or due to ‘entrepreneurial exposure’ to employees’ colleagues. In this paper, we directly test the hypothesis that an individual’s colleagues might impact their transition to entrepreneurship, by looking at how diversity in the prior career histories of an individual’s peers relates to their own propensity to become an entrepreneur. We find that employees are more likely to become entrepreneurs if their co-workers have had prior self-employment experience or have had more diverse work experience in the past. Our findings suggest the presence of both ‘knowledge-spillovers’ and ‘entrepreneurial exposure’ as important mechanisms contributing to firm-level heterogeneity in entrepreneurial spawning, and highlight the importance of studying the social context of firms when looking at labor market outcomes.
CpG Island Methylation in Familial Colorectal Cancer Patients Not Fulfilling the Amsterdam Criteria

To determine the role of methylation in colorectal cancer patients with a family history, we enrolled 25 colorectal cancer patients with a family history of colorectal cancer but without a mutation in the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes. Thirty patients with sporadic colorectal cancer were included as control. The methylation status of COX2, MGMT, hMLH1, TIMP3, p16, and MINT2 in normal mucosa and tumor were assessed using methylation-specific PCR. In patients with a family history, the methylation frequency ranged from 4.0% for TIMP3 to 44.4% for MGMT, whereas, in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer, it ranged from 6.7% for TIMP3 to 50.0% for p16. Nine of the 25 patients with family history (36.0%) were classified as methylation-prone, and nine of the 30 patients with sporadic cancers (30.0%) were as methylation-prone, making their methylation indices 0.19 and 0.16, respectively (p=0.522). As for the individual genes, the methylation rate of MGMT was higher in colorectal cancer patients with family history (44.0% vs. 13.0%, p=0.016), whereas the methylation rate of p16 was higher in sporadic colorectal cancers (50.0% vs. 8.7%, p=0.046). While CpG island methylation of tumor suppressor genes may play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis, the genes involved may be different between tumors of patients with and without a family history of colorectal cancer.
Influence of Illumination on the Negative-Bias Stability of Transparent Hafnium–Indium–Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors

The stability of transparent hafnium-indium-zinc oxide (HIZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) was investigated under negative-bias stress conditions. TFTs that incorporate transparent electrode materials such as indium-tin oxide or indium-zinc oxide were studied, and the bias stress experiments showed that transparent TFTs undergo severe degradation (negative shift in threshold voltage VT) with simultaneous exposure to white light, in comparison with the results obtained in dark. The time evolution of VT indicates that the deterioration under illumination occurs mainly by the trapping of photogenerated carriers near the HIZO/dielectric interface.
A Proposed Approach for Quality of Experience Assurance of IPTV

IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) systems are being widely deployed by telecommunications service providers which intend to add TV services to their portfolio. Such services must have equal or higher quality levels than those currently offered by traditional TV players using other technologies, for example: cable or satellite. This paper proposes an approach for ensuring the desired quality requirements for IPTV services. The proposed approach is based on the use of quality of experience (QoE) concept that focuses on the quality perceived by the end user. This approach is broader than that oriented to quality of service (QoS) that primarily focuses on the performance measures from the network perspective. QoE takes into account how well a service meet customers' goals and expectations rather than focusing only on the network performance. At the bottom line, QoE is a measure of end-to-end performance at the service layer.