Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraints on QSO Models from a Relation between the QSO Luminosity Function and the Local Black Hole Mass Function

QSOs are believed to be powered by accretion onto massive black holes (BHs). In this paper, assuming that each central BH in nearby galaxies has experienced the QSO phase and ignoring BH mergers, we establish a relation between the QSO luminosity function (LF) and the local BH mass function (MF). The QSOLF is jointly controlled by the luminosity evolution of individual QSOs and the triggering history of the accretion onto seed BHs. By comparing the time integral of the QSOLF with that inferred from local BHs, we separate the effect of the luminosity evolution of individual QSOs from the effect of the triggering history. Assuming that the nuclear luminosity evolution includes two phases (first increasing at the Eddington luminosity with growth of BHs and then declining), we find that observations are generally consistent with the expected relation between the QSOLF and the local BHMF and obtain the following constraints on QSO models and BH growth: (i) The QSO mass-to-energy efficiency ϵ should be ≳0.1. (ii) The lifetime (defined directly through the luminosity evolution of individual QSOs here) should be ≳4 × 107 yr. The characteristic declining timescale in the second phase should be significantly shorter than the Salpeter timescale τSp, and BH growth should not be dominated by the second phase. (iii) The ratio of obscured QSOs/AGNs to optically bright QSOs should be not larger than 7 at MB ~ -23 and 3 at MB ~ -26 if ϵ = 0.31, and not larger than 1 at MB ~ -23 and negligible at MB ~ -26 if ϵ = 0.1. (iv) It is unlikely that most QSOs are accreting at super-Eddington luminosities. We point out that it is hard to accurately estimate the value of the QSO lifetime from the QSOLF and/or the local BHMF, if it is longer than a certain value (e.g., ~4τSp in this study). We discuss the importance of accurate measurements of the intrinsic scatter in the BH mass and velocity dispersion relation of local galaxies and the scatter in the bolometric correction of QSOs. We also discuss some possible applications of the work in this paper, such as to the study of the demography of QSOs and the demography of normal galaxies at intermediate redshift.
A worst case timing analysis technique for multiple-issue machines

We propose a worst case timing analysis technique for in-order multiple-issue machines. In the proposed technique, timing information for each program construct is represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) that shows dependences among instructions in the program construct. From this information, we derive for each pair of instructions the distance bounds between their issue times. Using these distance bounds, we identify the sets of instructions that can be issued at the same time. Deciding such instructions is an essential task in reasoning about the timing behavior of multiple-issue machines. In order to reduce the complexity of analysis, the distance bounds are progressively refined through a hierarchical analysis over the program syntax tree in a bottom-up fashion. Our experimental results show that the proposed technique can predict the worst case execution times for in-order multiple-issue machines as accurately as ones for simpler RISC processors.
Sonographic hematoma-guided vs wire-localized lumpectomy for breast cancer: a comparison of margins and volume of resection.

HYPOTHESIS Sonographic hematoma-guided (SHG) lumpectomy achieves better margin clearance with a smaller volume of resection compared with wire-localized (WL) lumpectomy. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University Comprehensive Breast Center. PATIENTS Consecutive patients treated over 6 months at the breast center with stereotactic biopsy-proven cancers that were not visualized on ultrasonography. The SHG and WL techniques were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The matching variables were age, mammographic abnormality, tumor size and type, and lymph node status. The outcome variables were the closest margin of resection, volume of resection, resection index (resection volume divided by tumor volume), and rate of margin revision. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients had SHG lumpectomy and 34 had WL lumpectomy. The SHG and WL groups were similar in age, mammographic abnormality, tumor size and type, and lymph node status. The median (interquartile range) closest margin was 5.0 (5-8) mm in the SHG group vs 3.5 (1-7) mm in the WL group (P = .01). The median (interquartile range) resection volume was 85.0 (60-128) cm(3) in the SHG group vs 143.4 (54-229) cm(3) in the WL group (P = .048). The median (interquartile range) resection index was 77.1 (51-220) in the SHG group vs 315.9 (89-3025) in the WL group (P = .003). The margin was revised in 1 (3.4%) of the patients who underwent SHG lumpectomy vs 5 (14.7%) of the patients who underwent WL lumpectomy (P = .20). CONCLUSIONS Sonographic hematoma-guided lumpectomy is superior to WL lumpectomy in obtaining adequate margins while minimizing the volume of resection.
Using Peer Modeling to Teach Self-Regulation

Abstract The author used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to model self-regulation subprocesses as latent concepts in an examination of the effectiveness of peer modeling for teaching self-regulation. The design was a nonequivalent pretestposttest control group design with 63 participants (52 women and 11 men). The experimental group received self-regulation training through a self-regulation videotape and a peer-advocated action plan. The control group received no training. Difference scores were calculated for both groups and analyzed with analysis of variance. The author used a 50-item Likert-type Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI) as a pretest and posttest to measure participants' self-regulatory attitudes and behaviors. The experimental group performed significantly better than the control group. The author used CFA to test the goodness of fit between a hypothesized model of self-regulation and the sample data. On the basis of a priori specification of the CFA model, the author predicted that response.
Internet use as a Leisure Pastime

Abstract This study examines older adult’s subjective well-being (SWB) as a measure of Quality of Life (QOL) and its relationship with other SWB correlates. It investigates whether the Internet plays a significant role in assessing the life quality of older adults. It is proposed that spending time online helps fulfill leisure, interaction with the outer world, and socializing needs of older adults, and thereby promotes physical and mental health in older age. The interplay of these factors was tested through a structural equation model using secondary data of a nationally representative sample of older individuals over 50 years old in the U. S. The results show that older adults’ interactional activities on the Internet through information seeking and communication have positive associations with all three SWB correlates and consequently exert impacts on their subjective health and subjective well-being. While considerable research has examined the structure of SWB, or the impact of leisure activities and social interaction on SWB, this study expands the SWB framework by including not only leisure and social interaction variables but also the Internet influences on them.
Partial Thrombus Resolution With Trofiban in a Pregnant Woman With Mechanical Prosthetic Mitral Valve Thrombosis

We present a 15-week pregnant woman who developed mechanical mitral valve thrombosis on a fixed dose of enoxaparin therapy 60 mg twice daily. No reductions were observed in the thrombus size or mean mitral gradient on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with 1 week of unfractioned heparin therapy. As the thrombus on TEE imaging was hypermobile and fragile, in addition to a higher dose of enoxaparin (80 mg twice daily), trofiban infusion 0.20 µg/kg per minute was administered for another 1 week. The thrombus on the valve was reduced in size, mobility and fragility of the thrombus diminished, and mean valve gradient decreased on TEE. As complete thrombus resolution was not observed and limitation of valve mobility continued, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was given to the patient. A complete thrombus resolution was observed on this therapy. The patient is presented for being the first case in literature whose valvular thrombus reduced with trofiban therapy.
Controlling Acquiescence Response Bias by Item Reversals: The Effect on Questionnaire Validity

The prevailing conventional wisdom is that it is advisable to mix positively and negatively worded items in psychological measures to counteract acquiescence response bias. However, there has been virtually no unambiguous empirical evidence to support this recommendation. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of subjects to respond accurately to both positive and reversed (negative) items on a questionnaire. Items from the LBDQ—XII Initiating Structure and Consideration subscales were used to create a written description of a fictitious manager. One hundred-fifty subjects, all upper-division business undergraduates, were given the written managerial description and then asked to complete a questionnaire containing the twenty Initiating Structure and Consideration items. The managerial descriptions were in two forms (to portray high and low Initiating Structure), and the questionnaires contained items in three forms (all positively worded, all negatively worded, and mixed). The data were evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance and post hoc t-tests. Significant differences in response accuracy were found between the item wording conditions. It was concluded that it may not be advisable to employ reversed (negatively-worded) items to control acquiescence response bias, as such changes may actually impair response accuracy.
Commentary: Cognitive reflection vs. calculation in decision making

Sinayev and Peters (2015; hereafter SP namely, that the propensity or disposition to think analytically plays an important role in CRT performance (Pennycook et al., 2015b). We discuss recent empirical evidence that supports the claim that the CRT is more than just a measure of numeracy or, more generally, cognitive ability.
Performance and Readability: A Comparison of Annual Reports of Profitable and Unprofitable Corporations

This study tested the relationship between performance and the readability of annual reports. Style analysis of 60 annual reports using a computer style analyzer revealed that the annual reports of good performers were easier to read than those of poor per formers. Good performers used strong writing in their annual reports unlike poor performers, but did not use significantly more jargon or modifiers.
A role for the substance P/NK-1 receptor complex in cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence and distribution of substance P (SP) and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their relationship with proliferation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety OSCCs from 73 patients were immunohistochemically analyzed using monoclonal antibodies against SP, NK-1R and Ki-67 in a case and control study. RESULTS Seventy-one percent (n=49) of cases expressed SP on tumour cell membrane, 81.3% (n=69) in cytoplasm, 39.4% (n=28) in nucleus, 81.6% (n=71) in infiltrating lymphocytes, and 58.1% (n=43) in peritumoural or intratumoural blood vessels; 14% (n=12) of cases expressed NK-1R on tumour cell membrane, 50% (n=43) in cytoplasm, 48.3% (n=42) in infiltrating lymphocytes and 22.5% (n=18) in tumour blood vessels. All cases expressed Ki-67, which was expressed in >25% of tumour cells in 79.8% of cases (n=63). Direct significant associations were observed in SP expression between different tissue levels (p<0.01), between SP and NK-1R tumour cell membrane expression (p<0.01), and between joint SP and NK-1R expression in tumour cell cytoplasm and a higher expression of Ki-67 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The ubiquitous presence of SP strongly suggests a role for SP/NK-1R complex in tumour development and progression and possibly for NK-1R antagonists, such as L-773060, in the management of patients with oral cancer.
Why Coaches Experience Burnout: A Commitment Perspective

This study examined coaching burnout from a commitment perspective that highlights the link between burnout and feelings of entrapment. Theoretically, entrapment occurs when coaches become less attracted to coaching but feel they have to maintain their involvement because (a) they perceive a lack of attractive alternatives to coaching, (b) they believe they have too much invested to quit, or (c) they think others expect them to continue coaching. For this study, 295 age-group swim coaches completed a survey that included scales to assess the theoretical determinants of commitment, the exhaustion component of burnout, and commitment itself. Data analyses involved a 2-step approach. (Initially, cluster analysis results revealed 3 clusters of coaches with characteristics reflecting profiles based on the theoretical determinants of commitment.) Subsequently, MANOVA revealed significant differences between the 3 clusters on exhaustion and commitment. Coaches with characteristics of entrapment reported signific.
Spatial distribution of charge-density-wave phase slip in NbSe 3

Steady-state charge transport via motion of charge-density waves ~CDW’s! requires conversion between collective CDW conduction and quasiparticle conduction in the vicinity of current injection contacts. The conversion occurs via phase slip, in which CDW amplitude defects form and move in the presence of CDW strain so as to remove or add CDW phase fronts in a process analogous to phase slip in superconductors and superfluids. We have determined the spatial distribution of phase slip for the T P1 CDW in NbSe3 by measuring the spatial variation of the CDW current density j c(x). As the current contacts are approached, j c(x) decreases and the normal current j n(x) due to quasiparticle flow increases. The size of the region near each contact where appreciable phase slip occurs is less than 40 mm for T near 120 K but grows to hundreds of micrometers at lower temperatures. The current and phase-slip profiles are asymmetric with respect to driving current direction, implying an asymmetry between phase front addition and removal. Analysis of these profiles yields the local relation between the phase-slip rate r ps(x) and CDW strain e(x). This relation is not unique, and for a given strain the phase-slip rate increases with increasing distance from the current electrode. These results are inconsistent with the predictions of models for phase slip via homogeneous defect nucleation, and provide evidence for amplitude defect motion. The presence of substantial amounts of phase slip at large distances from the current contacts explains the loss of coherence of the sliding CDW observed at lower temperatures, and suggests that predictions of phase-only models of CDW dynamics may be of very limited use in describing the sliding CDW in NbSe3. @S0163-1829~98! 02020-7#
A Randomized Double-Masked Study of 0.05% Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion in the Treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of topical cyclosporine [0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA)] and preservative-free artificial tears in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: A 3-month prospective, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group controlled trial enrolled 70 patients with symptomatic MGD and unstable tear film [tear breakup time (TBUT) <8 seconds]. Patients were randomized to topical CsA (0.05%; group A) and 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (control; group B) instilled twice daily for 3 months. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), lid margin inflammation, meibomian gland expression, conjunctival injection, corneal and interpalpebral dye staining, noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT) using the Tearscope Plus and invasive fluorescein tear breakup time (FBUT), and Schirmer I test were performed. Results: At the 3-month evaluation, mean OSDI, NIBUT and FBUT, lid margin inflammation, meibomian gland expressibility, and tarsal injection showed significant improvement from baseline in group A (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively). In group B, only the OSDI improved significantly from baseline at 3 months (P = 0.003). TBUTs (NIBUT and FBUT) were significantly longer in group A at all visits, and the mean change of TBUTs from baseline was also significantly greater in group A at 3 months (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Topical CsA 0.05% twice daily may be helpful in the treatment of MGD mainly by improving tear film stability.
Electrical Stimulation

N 'eural stimulation to control all aspects of bladder function has been a subject of interest in our laboratory for the last 20 years. After trylng many varying modes of stimulation, including spinal cord stimulation at the level of the micturition center, we concentrated on stimulation of the sacral roots to induce selective responses, either on the bladder or on the sphincter. Extensive experimental studies and subsequent clinical trials confirmed the merits of this approach for urinary incontinence owing to detrusor or sphincteric instability, pelvic floor or sphincteric weakness, and radical prostate surgery. In carefully selected patients who are unresponsive to conventional means of treatment, sacral root stimulation is a promising alternative.
Development and application of model selection methods for investigating brain function

The goal of any scientific discipline is to learn about nature, usually through the process of evaluating competing hypotheses for explaining observations. Brain research is no exception. Investigating brain function usually entails comparing models, expressed as mathematical equations, of how the brain works. The aim of this thesis is to provide and evaluate new model comparison techniques that facilitate this research. In addition, it applies existing comparison methods to disambiguate between hypotheses of how neuronal activity relates to blood ow, a topic known as neurovascular coupling. In neuroimaging, techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) allow to routinely image the brain, whilst statistical frameworks, such as statistical parametric mapping (SPM), allow to identify regionally specific responses, or brain activations. In this thesis, SPM is first used to address the problem of neurovascular coupling, and compare different putative coupling functions, which relate fMRI signals to different features of the EEG power spectrum. These inferences are made using linear models and a model selection approach based on F-tests. Although valid, this approach is restricted to nested models. This thesis then focuses on the development of a Bayesian technique, to construct posterior model probability maps (PPMs) for group studies. PPMs are analogous to F-tests but not limited to nested hypotheses. The work presented here then focuses again on neurovascular coupling, this time from a mechanistic perspective, not afforded by linear models. For this purpose, a detailed biophysical framework is used to explore the contribution of synaptic and spiking activity in the generation of hemodynamic signals in visual cortex, using simultaneous EEG-fMRI. This approach is a special case of brain connectivity models. Finally, using fMRI data, this thesis validates a recently proposed Bayesian approach for quickly comparing large numbers of connectivity models based on inverting a single model.
When in Rome? The Effects of Spokesperson Ethnicity on Audience Evaluation of Crisis Communication

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of using organi zational spokespersons of ethnic backgrounds similar to or different from possible stakeholders of a multinational organization. The inves tigation used a fictitious crisis in the United States and varied the home country of the organization involved in the crisis (United States, Mexico, and Japan), as well as whether the organization used a spokesperson from its home country. Although the participant groups did not generally prefer similar spokespersons, path analyses found that the degree to which each participant identified with his or her own ethnic group affected spokesperson similarity ratings, which, in turn, predicted spokesperson credibility ratings. Additionally, the extent to which participants accepted the crisis response given by the organization was predicted by spokesperson credibility ratings. Impli cations for multinational organizations experiencing a crisis in host, or foreign, countries are discussed.
Theoretical analysis of Wheel Slide Protection controllers for rail vehicles

The subject of this paper is a theoretical analysis of Wheel Slide Protection (WSP) controllers for rail vehicles. First of all a principle of operation of WSP systems has been described and problems concerning designing WSP controllers have been specified. Then structure of a WSP controller compared to a classic control diagram is presented. Various types of WSP controllers are compared and their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Conclusions concerning adopting structure and parameters of controllers are drawn. Further investigations aimed at facilitating development of efficient WSP controllers are proposed.
Fast generation of result snippets in web search

The presentation of query biased document snippets as part of results pages presented by search engines has become an expectation of search engine users. In this paper we explore the algorithms and data structures required as part of a search engine to allow efficient generation of query biased snippets. We begin by proposing and analysing a document compression method that reduces snippet generation time by 58% over a baseline using the zlib compression library. These experiments reveal that finding documents on secondary storage dominates the total cost of generating snippets, and so caching documents in RAM is essential for a fast snippet generation process. Using simulation, we examine snippet generation performance for different size RAM caches. Finally we propose and analyse document reordering and compaction, revealing a scheme that increases the number of document cache hits with only a marginal affect on snippet quality. This scheme effectively doubles the number of documents that can fit in a fixed size cache.
Australian Rural Accountants’ Views on How Locally Provided CPD Compares with City-based Provision

Abstract This paper analyses Australian rural accountants’ attitudes and levels of satisfaction with continuing professional development (CPD), based on whether the CPD was delivered by a professional accounting body in a rural or metropolitan area. The paper responds to prior research that finds rural accountants are dissatisfied with professional accounting bodies [Rural and regional Australian public accounting firm services: Service provision, concerns and tensions. Australian Accounting Review, 23(23), 163–176]. Findings of a survey to which 156 rural accountants responded were that when CPD is delivered into the rural areas, there are greater levels of CPD satisfaction. The study also found that cost was significantly better for rural-delivered CPD and that when more rural-based CPD was attended differences became more significant across a number of satisfaction measures. The findings have important implications for both rural accountants and professional accounting bodies.