Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photon‐Assisted Oxygen Diffusion and Oxygen‐Related Traps in Organic Semiconductors

Organic molecular crystals represent an excellent platform for fundamental studies of optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors. [ 1 ] Rubrene, in particular, has attracted significant attention due to a very low density of charge traps, record-high charge carrier mobility, and a very large micrometer-scale exciton diffusion length. [ 2 , 3 ] In this study, using rubrene as a model compound questions related to the interaction of crystalline organic semiconductors with oxygen are addressed. Although the chemistry of photo-oxidation of rubrene in solution and gas phases is understood based on self-sensitized photo-oxidation (see for example, Ref. [ 4 ]), the mechanism of oxygen incorporation and its effect on the photophysical properties of crystalline rubrene still remain controversial. Mitrofanov et al. [ 5 ] identifi ed an oxygen-related in-gap band in photo-oxidized rubrene by means of a two-photon photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy and showed that oxygen is concentrated near the surface of the crystals. Krellner et al. [ 6 ] revealed that an oxygen-related impurity forms an acceptor-like in-gap state in rubrene with an energy ≈ 0.28 eV above the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). X. Song et al. [ 7 ] used photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies to show that the HOMO of oxidized rubrene is ≈ 1 eV deeper than that of pure rubrene and hence can not account for formation of acceptor-like states within the bandgap. Therefore, in this contribution, we set out to answer the following questions: What triggers oxygen incorporation in molecular crystals? What is its effect on the conductivity of these materials? What dictates the depth distribution of oxygen defects? In this paper, a highly sensitive trap characterization technique based on wavelength-and polarization-resolved photo-current excitation spectroscopy of single crystalline organic semiconductors is developed and applied for the fi rst time. The method reveals that even a brief illumination of organic molecular crystals in an oxygen atmosphere triggers a long-term oxygen diffusion that continues in the dark and results in formation of oxygen-related traps in the crystal at the length scale ≈ α − 1 , where α is the light absorption coeffi cient. For example, in rubrene, no oxygen diffusion occurs in the dark without an initial photoexcitation, even if the samples are stored in pure oxygen. Our studies show that oxygen incorporation reduces both the dark-and photoconductivity of rubrene and leads to qualitative changes in the photocurrent excitation spectra that can be used for the …
Cultural differences in conflict resolution strategies

Cross-cultural differences in norms, values, and beliefs abound and impact preferred conflict resolution strategies. Potential differences in values and subsequent conflict resolution strategies can exacerbate the underlying conflict unless they are well understood. We study the case of differences in conflict resolution strategies between the United States and Mexico as well as studying the underlying value differences that explain their preferences. In a quasi-experimental study, we found that Mexicans, compared to US participants, appear to have a greater preference for both the use of social influence and negotiating when confronting a conflict. Moreover, it appears that collectivism helps explain these country differences as it mediated the relation between country and the likelihood of using social influence and negotiation. In addition, perceptions of fairness had a stronger influence on the preference that US participants had for negotiation as a conflict resolution strategy. The research helps illuminate the underlying mechanisms through which culture impacts conflict resolution strategy.
An N-terminal addressing sequence targets NLRX1 to the mitochondrial matrix

NLRX1 is the only member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family that is targeted to the mitochondria, and its overexpression induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus impacting on NFκB- and JNK-dependent signaling cascades. In addition, NLRX1 has been shown to interact with MAVS (also known as IPS-1, VISA and Cardif) at the mitochondrial outer membrane and to modulate antiviral responses. Here we report that NLRX1 has a functional leader sequence and fully translocates to the mitochondrial matrix via a mechanism requiring the mitochondrial inner-membrane potential, ΔΨm. Importantly, we failed to detect NLRX1 at the mitochondrial outer membrane. We also show that the leader sequence of NLRX1 is removed, which generates a mature protein lacking the first 39 amino acids through a maturation process that is common for mitochondrial-matrix proteins. Finally, we identified UQCRC2, a matrix-facing protein of the respiratory chain complex III, as an NLRX1-interacting molecule, thus providing a molecular basis for the role of NLRX1 in ROS generation. These results provide the first identification of a protein belonging to the NLR family that is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix.
NodIO, a JavaScript framework for volunteer-based evolutionary algorithms : first results

JavaScript is an interpreted language mainly known for its inclusion in web browsers, making them a container for rich Internet based applications. This has inspired its use, for a long time, as a tool for evolutionary algorithms, mainly so in browser-based volunteer computing environments. Several libraries have also been published so far and are in use. However, the last years have seen a resurgence of interest in the language, becoming one of the most popular and thus spawning the improvement of its implementations, which are now the foundation of many new client-server applications. We present such an application for running distributed volunteer-based evolutionary algorithm experiments, and we make a series of measurements to establish the speed of JavaScript in evolutionary algorithms that can serve as a baseline for comparison with other distributed computing experiments. These experiments use different integer and floating point problems, and prove that the speed of JavaScript is actually competitive with other languages commonly used by the evolutionary algorithm practitioner.
A Reconsideration of Hofstede’s Fifth Dimension: New Flexibility Versus Monumentalism Data From 54 Countries

Hofstede’s “long-term orientation” (LTO) may be one of the most important dimensions of national culture, as it highlights differences on a continuum from East Asia to Africa and Latin America, strongly associated with differences in educational achievement. However, LTO’s structure lacks theoretical coherence. We show that a statistically similar, and theoretically more focused and coherent, dimension of national culture, called “flexibility versus monumentalism,” or vice versa, can be extracted from national differences in self-enhancement and self-stability or self-consistency, as well as a willingness to help people. Using data from nearly 53,000 respondents recruited probabilistically from 54 countries, we provide a new national flexibility-versus-monumentalism index that measures key cultural differences on the world’s East–West geographic axis and predicts educational achievement better than LTO or any other known dimension of national culture.
Good Risk Kinetics and Differentiation and Alter Mouse Mammary Tumor Calories , Parity , and Prolactin Influence Mammary Epithelial

Reduced calorie intake (RCI) suppresses mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) transcription and reduces mammary tumor (MT) incidence in Oil/On mice. Since efficient retroviral expression requires cell division, we investigated whether the suppression of MMTV and MT by RCI reflects changes in mammary histogenesis and lowered epithelial kinetics. Prolactin (PRL) augments MMTV transcription. Since PRL levels may be lowered by RCI, we evaluated whether lowered PRL in ad libitum-fed mice alters mammary histogenesis and MT incidence in a manner comparable to RCI. Pregnancy augments MMTV transcription. Hence, we also deter mined the effect of parity on mammary histogenesis, kinetics, and MT risk. One hundred thirty-five C3H/Ou mice were fed ad libitum or a RCI level and separated into six experimental groups. Twenty ail libitum-fed mice were injected with a dopaminomimetic to lower PRL, and 20 RCI mice were engrafted with adenohypophyses to elevate PRL. Twenty-seven ad libitum-tea mice and twenty-eight RCI mice experienced a single par turition. RCI protected nulliparous i/' = 0.0001) and parous mice (P = 0.005) from MT development. Reduced calories or lowered PRL with ini libitum feeding similarly influenced mammary histogenesis, kinetics and MT risk (P > 0.5). Mammary glands of RCI mice or of ad libitum-tea mice with lowered PRL were histologically comparable and principally ductular with a low DNA-labeling index (DNA-LI) (P < 0.001). In con trast, the parenchyma of ad libitum-fed mice or of RCI mice with elevated PRL had exuberant alveoli formation, an elevated DNA-LI (P < 0.001), and preneoplastic lesions. Parity did not change the elevated DNA-LI and MT risk of ad libitum-fed mice but increased the mammary DNA-LI (P < 0.001) and MT incidence (P = 0.01) of RCI mice. Prevention of mammary tumorigenesis in C3H/Ou mice by RCI may result from mod ulated serum PRL activity and reduced mammary epithelial kinetics which suppress MMTV transcription and minimize the risk of activating protooncogenes.
The Ocular Biometry of Adult Cataract Patients on Lifeline Express Hospital Eye-Train in Rural China

Aims. To describe and explore the distribution of ocular biometric parameters of adult cataract patients in rural China. Methods. Three Lifeline Express Hospital Eye-Train missions of Peking University People's Hospital in China were chosen. 3828 adult cataract patients aged 29 to 88 years with axial length (AL) less than 27.0 mm were enrolled. The ocular biometry including visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure, AL, corneal power (K1 and K2), and corneal endothelial counting (CEC) were collected and analysis. Corneal radius (CR) was calculated from the corneal power. Results. The participants in Zhoukou of these three missions had the worse preoperative VA (p < 0.001), the lowest K1 (p < 0.001), K2 (p < 0.001), and K (p < 0.001) and the highest |K1 − K2| (p < 0.001), moreover AL/CR more closely to 3.0. The AL, |K1 − K2|, and AL/CR were normally distributed. But the K1, K2, K, and CEC were not normal distributions. Except K1, all parameters were positively skewed and peaked. Conclusion. Our study provides normative ocular biometry in a large, representative rural Chinese population. The AL is normally distributed with a positive skew and big kurtosis. The corneal powers are not normal distribution. The corneal astigmatism might have a significant effect on the visual acuity.
On the role of convexity in functional and isoperimetric inequalities

This is a continuation of our previous work [Preprint, 2008, http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.4092]. It is well known that various isoperimetric inequalities imply their functional ‘counterparts’, but in general this is not an equivalence. We show that under certain convexity assumptions (for example, for log‐concave probability measures in Euclidean space), the latter implication can in fact be reversed for very general inequalities, generalizing a reverse form of Cheeger's inequality due to Buser and Ledoux. We develop a coherent single framework for passing between isoperimetric inequalities, Orlicz–Sobolev functional inequalities and capacity inequalities, the latter being notions introduced by Maz'ya and extended by Barthe–Cattiaux–Roberto. As an application, we extend the known results due to the latter authors about the stability of the isoperimetric profile under tensorization, when there is no Central‐Limit obstruction. As another application, we show that under our convexity assumptions, q‐log‐Sobolev inequalities (q ∈ [1, 2]) are equivalent to an appropriate family of isoperimetric inequalities, extending results of Bakry–Ledoux and Bobkov–Zegarliński. Our results extend to the more general setting of Riemannian manifolds with density which satisfy the CD(0, ∞) curvature–dimension condition of Bakry–Émery.
Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Homes: Strategies for Efficient and Systematic Exposure Measurement Based on Empirical and Theoretical Factors

Residential exposure can dominate total exposure for commercial chemicals of health concern; however, despite the importance of consumer exposures, methods for estimating household exposures remain limited. We collected house dust and indoor air samples in 49 California homes and analyzed for 76 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs)—phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides. Sixty chemicals were detected in either dust or air and here we report 58 SVOCs detected in dust for the first time. In dust, phthalates (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate) and flame retardants (PBDE 99, PBDE 47) were detected at the highest concentrations relative to other chemicals at the 95th percentile, while phthalates were highest at the median. Because SVOCs are found in both gas and condensed phases and redistribute from their original source over time, partitioning models can clarify their fate indoors. We use empirical data to validate air-dust partitioning models and use these results, combined with experience in SVOC exposure assessment, to recommend residential exposure measurement strategies. We can predict dust concentrations reasonably well from measured air concentrations (R2 = 0.80). Partitioning models and knowledge of chemical Koa elucidate exposure pathways and suggest priorities for chemical regulation. These findings also inform study design by allowing researchers to select sampling approaches optimized for their chemicals of interest and study goals. While surface wipes are commonly used in epidemiology studies because of ease of implementation, passive air sampling may be more standardized between homes and also relatively simple to deploy. Validation of passive air sampling methods for SVOCs is a priority.
Symbolic state validation through runtime data

Real world programs are typically built on top of many library functions. Symbolic analysis of these programs generally requires precise models of these functions? Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), which are mostly unavailable because these models are costly to construct. A variant approach of symbolic analysis is to over-approximate the return values of those APIs that have not been modeled. However, such approximation can induce many unreachable symbolic states, which are expensive to validate manually. In this paper, we propose a static approach to automatically validating the reported anomalous symbolic states. The validation makes use of the available runtime data of the un-modeled APIs collected from previous program executions. We show that the symbolic state validation problem can be cast as a MAX-SAT problem and solved by existing constraint solvers. Our approach is motivated by two observations. We may bind the symbolic parameters in un-modeled APIs based on observations made in former executions by other programs. The binding enables us to use the corresponding observed concrete return values of APIs to validate the symbolic states arising from the over-approximated return values of the un-modeled APIs. Second, some symbolic constraints can be accurately evaluated despite the imprecision of the over-approximated symbolic values. Our technique found 80 unreported bugs when it was applied to 10 popular programs with a total of 1.5 million lines of code. All of them can be confirmed by test cases. Our technique presents a promising way to apply the big data paradigm to software engineering. It provides a mechanism to validate the symbolic states of a project by leveraging the many concrete input-output values of APIs collected from other projects.
SHORT HYPOCOTYL IN WHITE LIGHT1, a Serine-Arginine-Aspartate-Rich Protein in Arabidopsis, Acts as a Negative Regulator of Photomorphogenic Growth1[W]

Light is an important factor for plant growth and development. We have identified and functionally characterized a regulatory gene SHORT HYPOCOTYL IN WHITE LIGHT1 (SHW1) involved in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling development. SHW1 encodes a unique serine-arginine-aspartate-rich protein, which is constitutively localized in the nucleus of hypocotyl cells. Transgenic analyses have revealed that the expression of SHW1 is developmentally regulated and is closely associated with the photosynthetically active tissues. Genetic and molecular analyses suggest that SHW1 acts as a negative regulator of light-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, however, plays a positive regulatory role in light-regulated gene expression. The shw1 mutants also display shorter hypocotyl in dark, and analyses of shw1 cop1 double mutants reveal that SHW1 acts nonredundantly with COP1 to control hypocotyl elongation in the darkness. Taken together, this study provides evidences that SHW1 is a regulatory protein that is functionally interrelated to COP1 and plays dual but opposite regulatory roles in photomorphogenesis.
Characteristics Associated with Citation Rate of the Medical Literature

Background The citation rate for articles is viewed as a measure of their importance and impact; however, little is known about what features of articles are associated with higher citation rate. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a cohort study of all original articles, regardless of study methodology, published in the Lancet, JAMA, and New England Journal of Medicine, from October 1, 1999 to March 31, 2000. We identified 328 articles. Two blinded, independent reviewers extracted, in duplicate, nine variables from each article, which were analyzed in both univariable and multivariable linear least-squares regression models for their association with the annual rate of citations received by the article since publication. A two-way interaction between industry funding and an industry-favoring result was tested and found to be significant (p = 0.02). In our adjusted analysis, the presence of industry funding and an industry-favoring result was associated with an increase in annual citation rate of 25.7 (95% confidence interval, 8.5 to 42.8) compared to the absence of both industry funding and industry-favoring results. Higher annual rates of citation were also associated with articles dealing with cardiovascular medicine (13.3 more; 95% confidence interval, 3.9 to 22.3) and oncology (12.6 more; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 24.0), articles with group authorship (11.1 more; 95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 19.5), larger sample size and journal of publication. Conclusions/Significance Large trials, with group authorship, industry-funded, with industry-favoring results, in oncology or cardiology were associated with greater subsequent citations.
Tethyan magnetostratigraphy from Pizzo Mondello (Sicily) and correlation to the Late Triassic Newark astrochronological polarity time scale

We present the magnetostratigraphy and stable isotope stratigraphy from an expanded (~430-m-thick) Upper Triassic marine limestone section at Pizzo Mondello, Sicily, and review published biostratigraphic information that can be used to defi ne the location of the conodont Carnian-Norian and NorianRhaetian boundaries in this section. Pizzo Mondello offers good potential for magnetostratigraphic correlation of marine biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data with the continental Newark astrochronological polarity time scale (APTS) for development of an integrated Late Triassic time scale. The relatively stable average values of δ 18 O centered on 0‰ are a strong indication that the Cherty Limestone at Pizzo Mondello suffered very little diagenetic overprinting. The conodont Carnian-Norian boundary is located 12.5 m above a positive shift of δ 13 C. A statistical approach was applied to evaluate various Pizzo Mondello to Newark magnetostratigraphic correlations. Two correlation options have the highest correlation coeffi cients. In option #1, the base of Pizzo Mondello correlates with the middle part of the Newark APTS, whereas in option #2, the base of Pizzo Mondello starts toward the early part of the Newark APTS. We prefer option #2 in which the Carnian-Norian boundary based on conodonts, as well as its closely associated positive δ 13 C shift, correspond to Newark magnetozone E7 at ca. 228‐227 Ma (adopting Newark astrochronology), implying a long Norian with a duration of ~20 m.y. , and a Rhaetian of ~6 m.y. duration. These ages are in fact not inconsistent with the few high-quality radiometric dates that are available for Late Triassic time scale calibration. Based on its good exposure, accessibility, stratigraphic thickness and continuity, and multiple chronostratigraphic correlation possibilities, we propose Pizzo Mondello as global stratigraphic section and point for the base of the Norian.
Differentiating knowledge processes in organizational learning: a case of “two solitudes”

The fields of organizational behavior (OB)/strategy and marketing have taken different paths over the past two decades to understanding organizational learning. OB/strategy has been pre-occupied with theory development and case study illustrations, whereas marketing has taken a highly quantitative path. Although relying on essentially the same foundation theory, the two disciplines have had minimal crossfertilization. Furthermore, both fields tend to blur or usually ignore the distinction between structural and informal knowledge processes. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the distinction between informal and structural knowledge acquisition and dissemination processes and propose new definitions to differentiate them. Future research should bring together cross-disciplinary studies from OB/strategy and marketing to develop an organizational learning framework to test structural knowledge processes alongside informal knowledge processes.
The Political Significance of Social Media Activity and Social Networks

This paper examines panel data from two waves of the Youth Participatory Politics Survey, a nationally representative sample of young people in the United States. It employs a cross-lagged design to investigate the extent to which common forms of online activity create pathways to online and offline forms of political activity. Specifically, we examine the influence of Friendship-Driven (FD) and Interest-Driven (ID) online activity on online participatory politics and on offline forms of political action. Our findings reveal that FD and ID activity relate to political engagement, but in different ways. In addition, we find that the size of young people’s social networks interacts with both FD and ID online activity to promote political activity. This indicates that having exposure to “weak-ties” (resulting from large social networks) promote higher levels of political engagement. These findings demonstrate the need to specify the kinds of online activities in which youth are engaged and, more broadly, the political significance of social media and social networks