Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental sustainability scholarship and the efforts of the sport sector: A rapid review of literature

Abstract The sport sector has witnessed a shift where organizations at all levels have begun to place considerable importance on becoming more environmentally conscientious. Simultaneously a growing body of scholarship has addressed sustainability in sport as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the state of scholarship on environmental sustainability over an 11-year period (2007–2017) and to determine whether scholarship in this domain is addressing (or not) the efforts of the sport sector using rapid review methodology. To achieve this objective, 96 peer-reviewed journals were identified and reviewed for manuscripts related to the topic, applying specific criteria. A rapid review was carried out, and a total of 84 articles were obtained. Additionally, the content from the Green Sports Alliance, a sport sustainability information and knowledge clearinghouse organization, was categorized into seven groups: performance/evaluation, marketing/communication, fan engagement/behaviors, procurement, facility management, managerial decision-making, and social sustainability. Results indicated that the areas most addressed by scholars were management, fan behavior and facilities management, whereas the least emphasized were performance evaluation and social sustainability. Each area is discussed in detail and suggestions for how to bridge the gap between the sport sector efforts and scholarship to advance environmental sustainability in the sport sector is addressed.
The New Caucus-Race: Methodological Considerations for Meta-Analyses of Psychotherapy Outcome

The Dodo Bird Verdict (DBV)—the proposition that all psychotherapies are equally effective—remains bitterly contested by researchers, who have mainly used meta-analyses as the primary tool to adjudicate the disagreements about relative psychotherapy efficacy. However, the meta-analytic literature remains inconclusive and contradictory, due in part to heterogeneity in researchers’ methodological and statistical decisions. We undertake a review of a number of recent meta-analyses of psychotherapy outcomes to highlight key methodological issues in the DBV meta-analytic literature. Issues under consideration include the inclusion of direct versus indirect comparisons; the restriction of analyses to bona fide rather than intent-to-fail treatments; the outcomes to be included and distinguished in the analysis (e.g., primary and secondary outcomes, outcomes at termination and at follow-up, intent-to-treat and completer analyses); methods for effect size aggregation; the question of what constitutes a clinically significant effect size; search strategies for locating primary studies; statistical considerations; and possible moderators for use in metaregression analysis, including treatment class, disorder, allegiance, and methodological quality. We conclude with recommendations for ensuring that meta-analytic assessments of the DBV are both accurate and even-handed. Le verdict du dodo (DBV) – la théorie voulant que toutes les psychothérapies sont aussi efficaces – demeure amèrement contestée par les chercheurs, qui ont surtout utilisé les méta-analyses comme outil principal pour rendre des décisions en ce qui a trait aux différends concernant l’efficacité de la psychothérapie. Or, la littérature méta-analytique reste peu concluante et même contradictoire, en bonne partie à cause de l’hétérogénéité des décisions méthodologiques et statistiques des chercheurs. Nous examinons ici un bon nombre de résultats en psychothérapie ayant fait l’objet de méta-analyses récentes pour mettre en évidence les principales difficultés méthodologiques de la littérature méta-analytique du DBV. Les questions examinées comprennent l’inclusion de comparaisons directes versus les comparaisons indirectes; la restriction des analyses à des traitements bona fide plutôt que des traitements voués à l’échec; les résultats à inclure et à distinguer dans l’analyse (c.-à-d. les résultats primaires et secondaires, les résultats en fin de traitement et lors des suivis, l’intention de traiter et les analyses de patients ayant terminé leur traitement); les méthodes d’agrégation d’ampleur de l’effet; la question de savoir ce qui constitue une ampleur de l’effet significative; les stratégies de recherche pour repérer les études primaires; les considérations statistiques; et les modérateurs potentiels pour utiliser dans l’analyse de méta-régression, y compris les classes de traitement, les troubles, l’allégeance et la qualité méthodologique. Nous concluons en formulant des recommandations pour assurer que les évaluations méta-analytiques du DBV sont à la fois précises et impartiales.
Dispersion measure variations and their effect on precision pulsar timing

We present an analysis of the variations seen in the dispersion measures (DMs) of 20-ms pulsars observed as part of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array project.We carry out a statistically rigorous structure function analysis for each pulsar and show that the variations seen for most pulsars are consistent with those expected for an interstellar medium characterized by a Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum. The structure functions for PSRs J1045−4509 and J1909−3744 provide the first clear evidence for a large inner scale, possibly due to ion–neutral damping. We also show the effect of the solar wind on the DMs and show that the simple models presently implemented into pulsar timing packages cannot reliably correct for this effect. For the first time we clearly show how DM variations affect pulsar timing residuals and how they can be corrected in order to obtain the highest possible timing precision. Even with our presently limited data span, the residuals (and all parameters derived from the timing) for six of our pulsars have been significantly improved by correcting for the DM variations.
High-Order Wave Propagation Algorithms for Hyperbolic Systems

We present a finite volume method that is applicable to hyperbolic PDEs including spatially varying and semilinear nonconservative systems. The spatial discretization, like that of the well-known Clawpack software, is based on solving Riemann problems and calculating fluctuations (not fluxes). The implementation employs weighted essentially nonoscillatory reconstruction in space and strong stability preserving Runge--Kutta integration in time. The method can be extended to arbitrarily high order of accuracy and allows a well-balanced implementation for capturing solutions of balance laws near steady state. This well-balancing is achieved through the $f$-wave Riemann solver and a novel wave-slope WENO reconstruction procedure. The wide applicability and advantageous properties of the method are demonstrated through numerical examples, including problems in nonconservative form, problems with spatially varying fluxes, and problems involving near-equilibrium solutions of balance laws.
Psychophysiological Response and Fine Motor Skills in High-Altitude Parachute Jumps.

Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier, José Juan Robles-Pérez, Ketty Herrera-Mendoza, Beliña Herrera-Tapias, and Jesús Fernández-Lucas. Psychophysiological response and fine motor skills in high-altitude parachute jumps. High Alt Med Biol 18:392-399, 2017. -We analyzed the psychophysiological response and specific fine motor skill of an experienced jumper in HALO (high altitude low opening) and HAHO (high altitude high opening) parachute jumps. Eight HALO and eight HAHO jumpers were analyzed. They jumped at 5500 m, HALO jumpers opened the parachute at 500 m and HAHO jumpers at 4300 m of altitude. Before and after the jumps, parameters of muscle strength, cortical arousal, blood creatine kinase (CK) and glucose, blood oxygen saturation, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and specific fine motor skills of an experienced jumper were assessed; during the jump, heart rate (HR), HR variability, and speed were evaluated. HALO and HAHO jumps produced a significant increase in CK, lactate, and RPE, and a decrease in glucose. HAHO decreased cortical arousal, presented a higher sympathetic modulation, and a higher HR during the jump than HALO. HALO and HAHO produced an increase in the physiological, sympathetic modulation and muscle destruction, and a decrease in cortical arousal and a higher blood lactate concentration only in the HAHO jump. Also, somatic and cognitive anxiety correlated with higher strength manifestation and muscle destruction. This novel research could be used to improve actual training systems in both civil and military parachute jumpers.
On Bayesian Exponentially Embedded Family for Model Order Selection

In this paper, we derive a Bayesian model order selection rule by using the exponentially embedded family (EEF) method, termed Bayesian EEF. It shows that the Bayesian EEF can use vague proper priors and improper noninformative priors to be objective in the elicitation of parameter priors. Moreover, the penalty term of the rule is shown to be the sum of half of the parameter dimension and the estimated mutual information between the parameter and observed data. This helps to reveal the EEF mechanism in selecting model orders and may provide new insights into the open problem of choosing an optimal penalty term for model order selection from information-theoretic viewpoints. The Bayesian EEF that uses a g-prior is derived for the linear model. The Bayesian EEF is extended for nonlinear models by using Jeffreys’ prior. Interestingly, it coincides with the EEF rule derived by a frequentist strategy. This shows another relationship between the frequentist and Bayesian philosophies for model selection.
Sensitivity and out‐of‐sample error in continuous time data assimilation

Data assimilation refers to the problem of finding trajectories of a prescribed dynamical model in such a way that the output of the model (usually some function of the model states) follows a given time series of observations. Typically though, these two requirements cannot both be met at the same time–tracking the observations is not possible without the trajectory deviating from the proposed model equations, while adherence to the model requires deviations from the observations. Thus, data assimilation faces a trade‐off. In this contribution, the sensitivity of the data assimilation with respect to perturbations in the observations is identified as the parameter which controls the trade‐off. A relation between the sensitivity and the out‐of‐sample error is established, which allows the latter to be calculated under operational conditions. A minimum out‐of‐sample error is proposed as a criterion to set an appropriate sensitivity and to settle the discussed trade‐off. Two approaches to data assimilation are considered, namely variational data assimilation and Newtonian nudging, also known as synchronization. Numerical examples demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Golf Putting: Equivalent Performance with Ball Focused and Target Focused Aiming

This study addressed several inconsistencies and omissions in golf putting research by testing the performance impact of target focused aiming. Participants were 22 high-level and experienced golfers, currently using ball focused aiming. Participants were allocated in a quasi-random fashion to ball or target focused aiming conditions and each performed 32 putts under competitive conditions on a natural putting green from a distance of 8 ft. Data were recorded as putts holed or missed and further categorised into putts missed long, short, left, right, short left, short right, long left and long right. There was no significant difference between conditions (p > 0.05) for any of the categories tested, despite participants’ prior extreme familiarity and expressed preference for the ball focused technique. These results notwithstanding, we discuss possible explanations for target focused benefits, including the role of vision during putting, the impact of intention during execution and possible expectancy effects. While these findings hold potential implications for golf coaching, more research is clearly required to further understand causative mechanisms and to clarify the existence and nature of advantage for one technique over the other. Based on this study, we recommend that high-level and experienced golfers might try target focused aiming as a ‘cost-free’ experiment.
Lean Participative Process Improvement: Outcomes and Obstacles in Trauma Orthopaedics

Objectives To examine the effectiveness of a “systems” approach using Lean methodology to improve surgical care, as part of a programme of studies investigating possible synergy between improvement approaches. Setting A controlled before-after study using the orthopaedic trauma theatre of a UK Trust hospital as the active site and an elective orthopaedic theatre in the same Trust as control. Participants All staff involved in surgical procedures in both theatres. Interventions A one-day “lean” training course delivered by an experienced specialist team was followed by support and assistance in developing a 6 month improvement project. Clinical staff selected the subjects for improvement and designed the improvements. Outcome Measures We compared technical and non-technical team performance in theatre using WHO checklist compliance evaluation, “glitch count” and Oxford NOTECHS II in a sample of directly observed operations, and patient outcome (length of stay, complications and readmissions) for all patients. We collected observational data for 3 months and clinical data for 6 months before and after the intervention period. We compared changes in measures using 2-way analysis of variance. Results We studied 576 cases before and 465 after intervention, observing the operation in 38 and 41 cases respectively. We found no significant changes in team performance or patient outcome measures. The intervention theatre staff focused their efforts on improving first patient arrival time, which improved by 20 minutes after intervention. Conclusions This version of “lean” system improvement did not improve measured safety processes or outcomes. The study highlighted an important tension between promoting staff ownership and providing direction, which needs to be managed in “lean” projects. Space and time for staff to conduct improvement activities are important for success.
Carbon Balance and Management

Background: Fires emit significant amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere. These emissions, however, are highly variable in both space and time. Additionally, CO2 emissions estimates from fires are very uncertain. The combination of high spatial and temporal variability and substantial uncertainty associated with fire CO2 emissions can be problematic to efforts to develop remote sensing, monitoring, and inverse modeling techniques to quantify carbon fluxes at the continental scale. Policy and carbon management decisions based on atmospheric sampling/modeling techniques must account for the impact of fire CO2 emissions; a task that may prove very difficult for the foreseeable future. This paper addresses the variability of CO2 emissions from fires across the US, how these emissions compare to anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and Net Primary Productivity, and the potential implications for monitoring programs and policy development. Results: Average annual CO2 emissions from fires in the lower 48 (LOWER48) states from 2002– 2006 are estimated to be 213 (± 50 std. dev.) Tg CO2 yr-1 and 80 (± 89 std. dev.) Tg CO2 yr-1 in Alaska. These estimates have significant interannual and spatial variability. Needleleaf forests in the Southeastern US and the Western US are the dominant source regions for US fire CO2 emissions. Very high emission years typically coincide with droughts, and climatic variability is a major driver of the high interannual and spatial variation in fire emissions. The amount of CO2 emitted from fires in the US is equivalent to 4–6% of anthropogenic emissions at the continental scale and, at the statelevel, fire emissions of CO2 can, in some cases, exceed annual emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel usage. Conclusion: The CO2 released from fires, overall, is a small fraction of the estimated average annual Net Primary Productivity and, unlike fossil fuel CO2 emissions, the pulsed emissions of CO2 during fires are partially counterbalanced by uptake of CO2 by regrowing vegetation in the decades following fire. Changes in fire severity and frequency can, however, lead to net changes in atmospheric CO2 and the short-term impacts of fire emissions on monitoring, modeling, and carbon management policy are substantial. Published: 1 November 2007 Carbon Balance and Management 2007, 2:10 doi:10.1186/1750-0680-2-10 Received: 13 August 2007 Accepted: 1 November 2007 This article is available from: http://www.cbmjournal. com/content/2/1/10 © 2007 Wiedinmyer and Neff; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Gradual Rarefaction of Hematopoietic Precursors and Atrophy in a Depleted microRNA 29a, b and c Environment

Background The self-renewing ability of HSCs is fundamental for the maintenance of a pool of bone marrow precursors throughout the life of an individual. The genetic mechanisms underlying such a complex process are still poorly understood. Results and Significance Here, we show that constitutive in vivo deletion of miR29ab1 leads to reduced number of HSCs and that miR29ab1 deficient bone marrow cannot repopulate the bone marrow of irradiated mice. An Affymetrix analysis of the miR29ab1 knockout mice identifies key proteins that could be responsible for this phenotype, as DNMT3a and b. Moreover, our findings reveal that whereas miR29b2c knockout mice do not exhibit any spontaneous abnormality, the double knock out – miR29ab1b2c – has marked generalized atrophy, raising the possibility that the two bi-cistrons might cooperate in order to maintain the stem cell number in general, not only limited to the bone marrow.
Automated Tag Clustering: Improving search and exploration in the tag space

In this paper we discuss the use of clustering techniques to enhance the user experience and thus the success of collaborative tagging services. We show that clustering techniques can improve the user experience of current tagging services. We first describe current limitations of tagging services, second, we give an overview of existing approaches. We then describe the algorithms we used for tag clustering and give experimental results. Finally, we explore the use of several techniques to identify semantically related tags.
Dexmedetomidine inhibits vasoconstriction via activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Despite the complex vascular effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX), its actions on human pulmonary resistance arteries remain unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that DEX inhibits vascular tension in human pulmonary arteries through the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mediated production of nitric oxide (NO). Pulmonary artery segments were obtained from 62 patients who underwent lung resection. The direct effects of DEX on human pulmonary artery tension and changes in vascular tension were determined by isometric force measurements recorded on a myograph. Arterial contractions caused by increasing concentrations of serotonin with DEX in the presence or absence of L-NAME (endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), yohimbine (α2-adrenoceptor antagonist) and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) as antagonists were also measured. DEX had no effect on endothelium-intact pulmonary arteries, whereas at concentrations of 10–8~10–6 mol/L, it elicited contractions in endothelium-denuded pulmonary arteries. DEX (0.3, 1, or 3×10–9 mmol/L) inhibited serotonin-induced contraction in arteries with intact endothelium in a dose-dependent manner. L-NAME and yohimbine abolished DEX-induced inhibition, whereas indomethacin had no effect. No inhibitory effect was observed in endothelium-denuded pulmonary arteries. DEX-induced inhibition of vasoconstriction in human pulmonary arteries is mediated by NO production induced by the activation of endothelial α2-adrenoceptor and nitric oxide synthase.
Horizons in Nutritional Science

The appetite-modulating peptide ghrelin is predominantly produced and secreted by the stomach and shows a strong growth hormone-releasing activity, which is mediated by the activation of the so-called growth hormone secretagogue type 1a receptor. Ghrelin is involved in the regulation of energy balance by increasing food intake and reducing fat utilization. Additionally, it stimulates lactotroph and corticotroph function, influences the pituitary gonadal axis, inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, controls gastric motility and acid secretion and influences pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function, as well as impacting on glucose metabolism. This review summarizes the known functions of ghrelin and its role in the regulation of the gut–brain axis.
Molecular composition of Clostridium botulinum type A progenitor toxins

The molecular composition of progenitor toxins produced by a Clostridium botulinum type A strain (A-NIH) was analyzed. The strain produced three types of progenitor toxins (19 S, 16 S, and 12 S) as reported previously. Purified 19 S and 16 S toxins demonstrated the same banding profiles on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), indicating that they consist of the same protein components. The nontoxic components of the 19 S and 16 S toxins are a nontoxic non-hemagglutinin (HA) (molecular mass, 120 kDa) and HA. HA could be fractionated into five subcomponents with molecular masses of 52, 35, 20, 19, and 15 kDa in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The molar ratios of neurotoxins, nontoxic non-HAs, and each HA subcomponent of the 19 S and 16 S toxins showed that only HA-35 of the 19 S toxin was approximately twice the size of that of the 16 S toxin, suggesting that the 19 S toxin is a dimer of the 16 S toxin cross-linked by the 35-kDa subcomponent. The nontoxic non-HA of the 12 S toxin, but not those of the 19 S and 16 S toxins, demonstrated two bands with molecular masses of 106 and 13 kDa on SDS-PAGE with or without 2-mercaptoethanol. It was concluded from the N-terminal amino acid sequences that 106- and 13-kDa proteins were generated by a cleavage of whole nontoxic non-HA. This may explain why the 12 S and 16 S (and 19 S) toxins exist in the same culture. We also found that the HA and its 35-kDa subcomponent exist in a free state in the culture fluid along with three types of progenitor toxins.