Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Joint Extraction of Entities and Relations Based on a Novel Tagging Scheme

Joint extraction of entities and relations is an important task in information extraction. To tackle this problem, we firstly propose a novel tagging scheme that can convert the joint extraction task to a tagging problem. Then, based on our tagging scheme, we study different end-to-end models to extract entities and their relations directly, without identifying entities and relations separately. We conduct experiments on a public dataset produced by distant supervision method and the experimental results show that the tagging based methods are better than most of the existing pipelined and joint learning methods. What’s more, the end-to-end model proposed in this paper, achieves the best results on the public dataset.
Animal Research for Alzheimer Disease: Failures of Science and Ethics

Perhaps the most impactful and foreboding development in chronic diseas­ es in recent decades has been the increasing prevalence and awareness of dementia. The various dementias, especially Alzheimer disease (AD), have de­ railed and ended the lives of tens of millions in America and worldwide. It is a truism that AD patients die twice. First the mind dies, and only later does the body. AD uniquely and unremittingly affects not only patients, but their families, caregivers, and communities. In recent years, AD may have displaced cancer as the most feared disease among Americans. As with other diseases that have no meaningful methods for prevention and treatment, research tar­ geting AD has primarily focused on preclinical approaches, predominantly us­ ing animals. Nonetheless, decades of animal research have failed to translate into significant advances in the prevention or treatment of AD. In view of this failure, a different and human-relevant approach is critically needed.
Analysis of exposed cellulose surfaces in pretreated wood biomass using carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM)–cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)

In enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosics, the access of the enzymes to exposed cellulose surfaces is a key initial step in triggering hydrolysis. However, knowledge of the structure–hydrolyzability relationship of the pretreated biomass is still limited. Here we used fluorescent‐labeled recombinant carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs) from Clostridium josui as specific markers for crystalline cellulose (CjCBM3) and non‐crystalline cellulose (CjCBM28) to analyze the complex surfaces of wood tissues pretreated with NaOH, NaOH–Na2S (kraft pulping), hydrothermolysis, ball‐milling, and organosolvolysis. Japanese cedar wood, one of the most recalcitrant softwood species was selected for the analysis. The binding analysis clarified the linear dependency of the exposure of crystalline and non‐crystalline cellulose surfaces for enzymatic saccharification yield by the organosolv and kraft delignification processes. Ball‐milling for 5–30 min increased saccharification yield up to 77%, but adsorption by the CjCBM–cyan fluorescent proteins (CFPs) was below 5%. Adsorption of CjCBM–CFPs on the hydrothermolysis pulp were less than half of those for organosolvolysis pulp, in coincidence with low saccharification yields. For all the pretreated wood, crystallinity index was not directly correlated with the overall saccharification yield. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that CjCBM3–CFP and CjCBM28–CFP were site‐specifically adsorbed on external fibrous structures and ruptured or distorted fiber surfaces. The assay system with CBM–CFPs is a powerful measure to estimate the initiation sites of hydrolysis and saccharification yields from chemically delignified wood pulps. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 499–508. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurochemical Mechanisms Induced by High Frequency Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus: Increase of Extracellular Striatal Glutamate and GABA in Normal and Hemiparkinsonian Rats

High frequency stimulation (HFS) (130 Hz) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) provides beneficial effects in patients suffering from severe parkinsonism, but the mechanisms underlying these clinical results remain to be clarified. To date, very little is known concerning the effects of STN-HFS on neurochemical transmission in the different basal ganglia nuclei and in particular the striatum. This study examines the effects of STN-HFS in intact and hemiparkinsonian rats on extracellular striatal glutamate (Glu) and GABA levels by means of intracerebral microdialysis. Unilateral STN-HFS was found to induce a significant bilateral increase of striatal Glu and GABA both in intact and in dopamine-lesioned animals. In intact rats, these increases were reversed by local administration of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390, but were potentiated by the D2 antagonist sulpiride. Potentiation was also observed after local administration of both D1 and D2 antagonists whose amplitude was similar to that measured in hemiparkinsonian rats. These data furnish the first evidence that STN-HFS influences striatal amino-acid transmission and that this influence is modulated by dopamine. They provide evidence that the effects of STN-HFS are not only restricted to the direct STN targets, but also involve adaptive changes within other structures of the basal ganglia circuitry.
The neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: protective effect of dipyridamole

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion during aging may cause progressive neurodegeneration as ischemic conditions persist. Proper functioning of the interplay between neurons and glia is fundamental for the functional organization of the brain. The aim of our research was to study the pathophysiological mechanisms, and particularly the derangement of the interplay between neurons and astrocytes-microglia with the formation of “triads,” in a model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by the two-vessel occlusion (2VO) in adult Wistar rats (n = 15). The protective effect of dipyridamole given during the early phases after 2VO (4 mg/kg/day i.v., the first 7 days after 2VO) was verified (n = 15). Sham-operated rats (n = 15) were used as controls. Immunofluorescent triple staining of neurons (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP), and microglia (IBA1) was performed 90 days after 2VO. We found significantly higher amount of “ectopic” neurons, neuronal debris and apoptotic neurons in CA1 Str. Radiatum and Str. Pyramidale of 2VO rats. In CA1 Str. Radiatum of 2VO rats the amount of astrocytes (cells/mm2) did not increase. In some instances several astrocytes surrounded ectopic neurons and formed a “micro scar” around them. Astrocyte branches could infiltrate the cell body of ectopic neurons, and, together with activated microglia cells formed the “triads. ” In the triad, significantly more numerous in CA1 Str. Radiatum of 2VO than in sham rats, astrocytes and microglia cooperated in the phagocytosis of ectopic neurons. These events might be common mechanisms underlying many neurodegenerative processes. The frequency to which they appear might depend upon, or might be the cause of, the burden and severity of neurodegeneration. Dypiridamole significantly reverted all the above described events. The protective effect of chronic administration of dipyridamole might be a consequence of its vasodilatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role during the early phases after 2VO.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TEST ANXIETY, LOCUS OF CONTROL AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

This study is a correlational study designed to investigate the relationships among test anxiety, locus of control and students’ academic achievement. From a population of 498 students registered in the Department of Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria for 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 academic sessions, a sample of 364 student volunteers participated in the studies. Four research questions and three hypotheses tested at 0.05 alpha level were designed to guide the study. The instruments for data collection were College Students’ Test Anxiety Scale (CSTAS) and College Students’ Locus of Control Scale (CSLCS) validated by experts in relevant fields. Their reliability coefficients obtained through test-retest method and Pearson product moment correlation technique were 0.73 and 0.78 for CSTAS and CSLCS respectively. The data generated from these instruments were analyzed using SPSS. It was found that 28.57%, 18.13% and 53.30% of the student sample had low, high and moderate test anxiety respectively; there was a weak, but significant negative relationship between test anxiety and students’ academic achievement (r= 0.22, p<0.05); a weak, but significant positive relationship was found between internal locus of control and students’ academic achievement (r= 0.191, p<0.05); there was a weak and insignificant negative relationship between external locus of control and students’ academic achievement (r= 0.081, p<0.05). It was therefore recommended that students should start preparing for tests or examinations from the day a semester resumes rather than procrastinating studies until a test is at hand so as to avoid cramming and the attendant anxiety. The students must realize that hard work is a key to success and that success is determined by one’s attitude. They should purge themselves of the feeling that success in one’s life is a matter of luck. European Scientific Journal May 2014 edition vol.10, No.13 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 18577431 388
Serotonin Affects Movement Gain Control in the Spinal Cord

A fundamental challenge for the nervous system is to encode signals spanning many orders of magnitude with neurons of limited bandwidth. To meet this challenge, perceptual systems use gain control. However, whether the motor system uses an analogous mechanism is essentially unknown. Neuromodulators, such as serotonin, are prime candidates for gain control signals during force production. Serotonergic neurons project diffusely to motor pools, and, therefore, force production by one muscle should change the gain of others. Here we present behavioral and pharmaceutical evidence that serotonin modulates the input–output gain of motoneurons in humans. By selectively changing the efficacy of serotonin with drugs, we systematically modulated the amplitude of spinal reflexes. More importantly, force production in different limbs interacts systematically, as predicted by a spinal gain control mechanism. Psychophysics and pharmacology suggest that the motor system adopts gain control mechanisms, and serotonin is a primary driver for their implementation in force production.
Underlying cognitions in the selection of lottery tickets.

There is evidence that the faulty cognitions underlying an individual's playing behavior maintains and supports their gambling behavior. Sixty undergraduate students completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), a measure to assess pathological gambling, and a questionnaire ascertaining the type and frequency of their gambling activities. Sixteen Loto 6/49 tickets were presented to participants and ranked according to their perceived likelihood of being the winning ticket. The numbers on the tickets were categorized as: long sequences (e.g., 1-2-3-4-5-6), patterns and series in a pseudo-psychological order (e.g., 16-21-26-31-36-41), unbalanced (e.g., six numbers from 1-24 or 25-49), and those appearing to be random (e.g., 11-14-20-29-37-43). Verbal protocols of ticket selections were ranked into eight heuristics. Results revealed that for the entire sample the greatest percentage of tickets chosen for the first four selections were "random" tickets. Further, the most commonly cited reason for selecting and changing a lottery ticket was perceived randomness. The results are discussed with reference to the cognitions used when purchasing lottery tickets.
High Expression of Pyruvate Kinase M2 is Associated with Chemosensitivity to Epirubicin and 5-Fluorouracil in Breast Cancer

Background: Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is the key enzyme in the Warburg effect, and it was recently reported to be involved in the metabolic pathways of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the role of PKM2 in breast cancer and its influence in the sensitivity to front-line anticancer drugs remains unclear. Methods: In this study, we examined the correlation between the expression of PKM2 and the sensitivity of primary breast cancer cells to anticancer drugs. PKM2 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry using biopsy samples of 296 patients diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma, and the collagen gel droplet embedded culture-drug sensitivity tests (CD-DST) was conducted to all the patients to detect in vitro chemosensitivity after surgery. Results: We found high PKM2 expression was significantly associated with in vitro chemosensitivity to epirubicin (EPI) (P=0.019) and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) (P=0.009) in breast cancer patients. Then we used a small group of neoadjuvant chemotherapy cases to confirm that the higher PKM2 expression, the better pathological response to therapy was obtained in patients treated with EPI-based or EPI plus 5-Fu chemotherapy regimens. Although univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that high PKM2 was a poor independent predictor of progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in breast cancer, patients with PKM2 high expression who received EPI-based or EPI plus 5-Fu chemotherapy were found to have a longer PFS (P=0.003, P=0.013) and OS (P=0.003, P=0.004) than patients treated with non-EPI/5-Fu-based regimens, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings confirmed the poor prognosis of high PKM2 expression in breast cancer patients and revealed the predictive value of high PKM2 in the therapeutic response to EPI and 5-Fu. Moreover, our results provide the guidance of individual treatment for breast cancer patients who are foreboded a poor prognosis by the presence of high PKM2 status.
Limit-feeding corn as an alternative to hay for gestating beef cows.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of limit-feeding corn-based diets as an alternative to hay for beef cows in gestation and early lactation. Seventy or 71 mature, pregnant Simmental crossbred cows (average weight = 589 +/- 10 kg) were used in each trial. Each of 29 or 30 cows was fed approximately 5 kg of whole shelled corn, 1.2 kg of a pelletted supplement, and 1 kg of hay daily from November to April to meet nutritional needs for gestation. The remaining 41 cows were fed first-cutting round-baled hay free choice. Cows with ad libitum hay intake consumed approximately twice as much feed as cows limit-fed the corn-based diet. Body weight change during the winter was not affected (P > .10) by feeding system in Trials 1 and 2. Limit-feeding the corn-based diet had no detrimental effects on subsequent cow performance or conception rate or on calf weaning weight following summer grazing on pasture. The cost to feed a cow hay was nearly double that of limit-feeding corn-based diet. Two additional experiments were conducted to determine the effect of supplemental monensin (200 mg/d) on performance of gestating Simmental-Angus first-calf heifers fed corn-based diets. In Trial 4, monensin-supplemented heifers were fed 10% less corn than control heifers. In Trial 5, both groups were fed equal amounts of feed. No adverse effects of feeding the corn-based diets were observed. It was concluded from these trials that corn-based diets can meet the nutrient requirements of pregnant beef cattle without adverse effects on production and at a lower cost than feeding hay.
The Origins of Writing in the Disciplines

The introduction of seminars to university teaching marks the onset of a new teaching philosophy and practice in which writing is used to make students independent learners and researchers. Although the beginnings of writing pedagogy at American universities are well documented, little is known about its origins in Germany. The article tracks the history of seminar teaching back to its roots and reviews its historical development from the very beginnings to the point when seminars became the pedagogical flagship of the Humboldtian research university. Twenty seminar regulations from Prussian universities, written between 1812 and 1839, are reviewed with respect to the prescriptions they contain about writing. They reveal that a writing-to-learn pedagogy was elaborated as early as about 1820. The most important claim of the article is that an early concept of writing in the disciplines was central to the development of the Humboldtian research university.
A Study on Dual-Directional Mm-wave Indoor Channel Characteristics

The dual-directional characteristics of propagation in a medium-size lecture room at two frequency bands, 10 GHz and 60 GHz, are assessed in this work through directional measurements and ray tracing simulation. Ray Tracing is used as a tool to interpret measurement results, but also as a propagation model to simulate mm-wave propagation. For what concerns the latter aspect, ray tracing has been calibrated vs. measurements and the accuracy in terms of dual-directional simulation of the channel has been evaluated.
The effect of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine on cultured human periodontal ligament cells.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHx) on cultured human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in vitro. STUDY DESIGN The effects of irrigation solutions on human PDL cells were evaluated by propidium iodide fluorescence cytotoxicity assay, protein synthesis assay, and mitochondrial activity. RESULTS Both NaOCl and CHx were cytotoxic to human PDL cells in a concentration- and contact time-dependent manner. In addition, CHx inhibited protein synthesis in human PDL cells. Although NaOCl displayed cellular cytotoxicity, it showed no protein inhibition in the PDL cells. Furthermore, both NaOCl and CHx exhibited an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial activity on human PDL cells. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that these irrigation fluids may cause detrimental effects on vital tissues. Its clinical significance, however, needs to be evaluated further because concentration used, exposure time to the agent, and exposure surface area are important factors affecting the resulting effect.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium with Unusual Morphology and Pigment Content

A dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated which differed in morphology and pigment content from previously described species. The organism was mesophilic, obligately anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporulating, long, and slender with one polar flagellum. Whole cells fluoresced red at neutral pH when excited with light at 365 nm owing to the presence of a pink pigment. Desulfoviridin was present. Reduced minus oxidized spectra of whole cells showed peaks in the position of a c-type cytochrome characteristic of Desulfovibrio species and peaks at about 629 and 603 nm. CO difference spectra showed the presence of a CO-binding pigment with a peak at 593 nm. Lactate and pyruvate supported growth in the presence of sulfate but not in its absence. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate served as electron acceptors for growth. Hydrogenase was present. The deoxyribonucleic acid had a buoyant density of 1.722 g/cm3 and a guanosine plus cystosine molar percentage of total bases calculated by two different methods of 61.2 or 63.2.
How do the Internal Details of the Object Contribute to Recognition?

Object recognition becomes difficult when the main axis of the object is foreshortened. It has previously been reported that this so-called foreshortened disadvantage is larger when the silhouette of the object is presented than when the line drawing of the object is presented. The pronounced foreshortened disadvantage in silhouette recognition indicates that the internal details of the object, which are absent in the silhouette, provide useful information, particularly when the main axis is foreshortened. But the role of these internal details remains controversial. One account for the pronounced disadvantage is that the internal details contribute to the derivation of the main axis. The other account is that internal details provide the distinctive features that are directly matched to the object represented in memory. The aim in the present study was to determine which of these two explanations best accounts for the differential foreshortened disadvantage between line drawings and silhouettes. To reduce the uncertainty regarding the axis orientation, a 3-D arrow indicating the orientation of the main axis was presented as a cue before the object itself was presented. As a result, the difference in the foreshortened disadvantage between silhouettes and line drawings disappeared. This indicated that the pronounced foreshortened disadvantage for silhouettes was caused by a lack of axis information. In other words, the internal details provided the information necessary for axis derivation when the axis was foreshortened.
Transparency Is the Key to Quality

A workshop held last June by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director's Office, Nature Publishing Group, and Science focused on the role that journals play in supporting scientific research that is reproducible, robust, and transparent. The “Principles and Guidelines for Reporting Preclinical Research” (http://www.nih.gov/research-training/rigor-reproducibility/principles-guidelines-reporting-preclinical-research) that emerged from the workshop have since been endorsed by nearly 80 societies, journals, and associations. Rigorous, objective peer review was widely acknowledged as the key to publication of high quality science. The expert, dedicated members of the JBC Editorial Board provide an invaluable service to the community of JBC authors and readers by ensuring the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of research reported in the Journal. Over the past year, the JBC Associate Editors have been working to make sure that JBC reviewing editors, and ultimately our readers, have the information they need from authors for rigorous evaluation of the scientific content of JBC manuscripts. This effort has led to extensive revisions of our Instructions for Authors (http://www.jbc.org/site/misc/ifora.xhtml) for reporting experimental uncertainty, animal studies, biological materials, immunoblot data, and imaging results. The JBC has identified three major gaps in overall data reporting. We expect that filling these gaps will have an immediate impact on improving transparency in our journal. These gaps, which will be readily recognized by much of the bioscience community, include the need for (i) more complete disclosure of experimental design and reporting of experimental uncertainty and reproducibility, (ii) improved statistical and graphical presentation of quantitative data, and (iii) revised guidelines for the presentation and quantitation of immuno (“Western”) blots.
Extensive synteny conservation of holocentric chromosomes in Lepidoptera despite high rates of local genome rearrangements

Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1301, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8634, Ibaraki, Japan; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1099, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroCampus, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, 35042 Rennes, France; UR1164, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, Versailles 78026, France; Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, 91057 Evry, France; and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Entomology, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia