Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mothers More Altruistic than Fathers, but Only When Bearing Responsibility Alone: Evidence from Parental Choice Experiments in Tanzania

Evolutionary theory predicts humans to be more altruistic towards genetically more closely related kin. Because fathers face uncertainty about the relation to their children, the asymmetric parental altruism hypothesis predicts mothers to provide a higher share of parental care than fathers. We tested this hypothesis using parental choice experiments in rural Tanzania, in which fathers and mothers could choose between an outcome that benefited themselves and an outcome that benefited their children. When a parent was solely responsible for the outcome, mothers chose more altruistic than fathers. However when the choice situation was changed into a coordination game in which responsibility was shared with the partner, the sex difference disappeared. Fathers then chose somewhat more altruistic, but mothers substantially less. Our findings thus partly support the asymmetric parental altruism hypothesis, but they also show that parental altruism is influenced by the context in which choices are taken.
Learning Democracy in Mexico and the United States

This essay explores how Americans, Mexican Americans, and Mexicans learn about politics, and specifically, their notions of democracy, using a comprehensive cross-national survey funded by the Hewlett Foundation. It identifies significant differences and similarities across groups, and raises important questions about the socialization process, about the resistance of certain attitudes to transformation in new cultural settings, and the ease with which major political views are altered within months of changing national residence. Language facility proves to be a significant variable in this process. Este ensayo explora coomo los estadounidenses, los mexicano-americanos y los mexicanos aprenden sobre la poliitica y, especiificamente, investiga las nociones de democracia, a travees de una encuesta comprensiva y nacional patrocinada por la Hewlett Foundation. Se identifican diferencias y similitudes significativas en los grupos y se plantean preguntas importantes sobre el proceso de socializacioon, sobre la resistencia de ciertas actitudes a la transformacioon en nuevos formatos culturales, y sobre la facilidad con que algunas visiones poliiticas principales son alteradas a soolo meses de haber cambiado de residencia de paiis. La facilidad de la lengua demuestra ser una variable significativo en este proceso.
Compositional Vector Space Models for Improved Bug Localization

Software developers and maintainers often need to locate code units responsible for a particular bug. A number of Information Retrieval (IR) techniques have been proposed to map natural language bug descriptions to the associated code units. The vector space model (VSM) with the standard tf-idf weighting scheme (VSMnatural), has been shown to outperform nine other state-of-the-art IR techniques. However, there are multiple VSM variants with different weighting schemes, and their relative performance differs for different software systems. Based on this observation, we propose to compose various VSM variants, modelling their composition as an optimization problem. We propose a genetic algorithm (GA) based approach to explore the space of possible compositions and output a heuristically near-optimal composite model. We have evaluated our approach against several baselines on thousands of bug reports from AspectJ, Eclipse, and SWT. On average, our approach (VSM composite) improves hit at 5 (Hit@5), mean average precision (MAP), and mean reciprocal rank (MRR) scores of VSMnatural by 18.4%, 20.6%, and 10.5% respectively. We also integrate our compositional model with AmaLgam, which is a state-of-art bug localization technique. The resultant model named AmaLgamcomposite on average can improve Hit@5, MAP, and MRR scores of AmaLgam by 8.0%, 14.4% and 6.5% respectively.
Nonspecificityof a Direct 17 a-HydroxyprogesteroneRadioimmunoassayKit When Used with Samples from Neonates

We analyzed 240 samples for 17a-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) with the direct-assay kit (“Coat-A-Count” method for serum samples) from Diagnostic Products Corp. (DPC). The specimens were from 50 patients with known or suspected congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); 74 mostly hospitalized neonates and infants, ages three days to three months; and 116 other patients, ages six months to 23 years. Samples from the CAH group were also analyzed with our in-house assay. For 39 of the neonatal samples, the analysis with the DPC assay was repeated with re-solubilized material that had been extracted from the serum with organic solvents. Values for “17-OHP” measured with the DPC direct assay were high, not only in CAH patients, but also in many of the unaffected neonates and infants. The extraction properties of the cross-reacting immunoreactive material into various organic solvent systems were different from those of 17-OHP, and were more like those of steroid sulfates. Because of this significant cross-reactivity, we recommend that the DPC kit not be used for sera from children younger than six months of age, unless the method is modified to include an extraction step.
Localization of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and the 2-AG synthesizing (DAGLα) and degrading (MAGL, FAAH) enzymes in cells expressing the Ca2+-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the adult rat hippocampus

The retrograde suppression of the synaptic transmission by the endocannabinoid sn-2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is mediated by the cannabinoid CB1 receptors and requires the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and the activation of specific 2-AG synthesizing (i.e., DAGLα) enzymes. However, the anatomical organization of the neuronal substrates that express 2-AG/CB1 signaling system-related molecules associated with selective Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBPs) is still unknown. For this purpose, we used double-label immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy for the characterization of the expression of the 2-AG/CB1 signaling system (CB1 receptor, DAGLα, MAGL, and FAAH) and the CaBPs calbindin D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the rat hippocampus. CB1, DAGLα, and MAGL labeling was mainly localized in fibers and neuropil, which were differentially organized depending on the hippocampal CaBPs-expressing cells. CB+1 fiber terminals localized in all hippocampal principal cell layers were tightly attached to calbindin+ cells (granular and pyramidal neurons), and calretinin+ and parvalbumin+ interneurons. DAGLα neuropil labeling was selectively found surrounding calbindin+ principal cells in the dentate gyrus and CA1, and in the calretinin+ and parvalbumin+ interneurons in the pyramidal cell layers of the CA1/3 fields. MAGL+ terminals were only observed around CA1 calbindin+ pyramidal cells, CA1/3 calretinin+ interneurons and CA3 parvalbumin+ interneurons localized in the pyramidal cell layers. Interestingly, calbindin+ pyramidal cells expressed FAAH specifically in the CA1 field. The identification of anatomically related-neuronal substrates that expressed 2-AG/CB1 signaling system and selective CaBPs should be considered when analyzing the cannabinoid signaling associated with hippocampal functions.
Load Shifting in the Smart Grid: To Participate or Not?

Demand-side management (DSM) has emerged as an important smart grid feature that allows utility companies to maintain desirable grid loads. However, the success of DSM is contingent on active customer participation. Indeed, most existing DSM studies are based on game-theoretic models that assume customers will act rationally and will voluntarily participate in DSM. In contrast, in this paper, the impact of customers' subjective behavior on each other's DSM decisions is explicitly accounted for. In particular, a noncooperative game is formulated between grid customers in which each customer can decide on whether to participate in DSM or not. In this game, customers seek to minimize a cost function that reflects their total payment for electricity. Unlike classical game-theoretic DSM studies, which assume that customers are rational in their decision-making, a novel approach is proposed based on the framework of prospect theory (PT) to explicitly incorporate the impact of customer behavior on DSM decisions. To solve the proposed game under both conventional game theory and PT, a new algorithm based on fictitious play is proposed using which the game will reach an ${\epsilon }$ -mixed Nash equilibrium. Simulation results are provided to assess the impact of customer behavior on DSM. In particular, the overall participation level and grid load can depend significantly on the rationality level of the players and their risk aversion tendencies.
Performance of International Joint Ventures: What Factors Really Make a Difference and How?

This article presents an in-depth review and critique of previous research on international joint venture (IJV) performance over the past 10 years. In doing so, the authors tease out the most important conceptualizations of IJV performance, the dominant drivers of IJV performance, and the key links among all these variables. They propose a comprehensive model that relates drivers to IJV performance measures and also performance measures to each other over time to guide future research.
Serum Interleukin 17 Levels in Patients with Crohn's Disease: Real Life Data

The aim of this study was to investigate serum IL17 levels in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and to investigate the relationship between serum IL17 levels with disease activity. Methods. Fifty patients with CD and sex- and age-matched 40 healthy controls were included in the study. The serum IL17 levels, complete blood count, blood chemistry, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured, and Crohn's disease activity was calculated using Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI). Results. The mean serum IL17 level of CD patients did not differ from those of healthy controls (P > 0.05). There was no difference between the mean serum IL levels of active CD patients and of quiescent CD patients (P > 0.05). However, the mean IL17 level of active patients was lower than of control subjects (P = 0.02). Serum IL17 was not correlated with inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP, white blood count, platelet count, and albumin) and CDAI. Conclusions. Peripheral blood serum IL17 levels of CD patients were not higher than of healthy controls, and also, serum IL17 level was not correlated with clinical disease activity. Peripheral IL17 measurement is not a useful tool for detecting and monitoring Crohn's disease which is understood to have complex etiopathogenesis.
Review Essay: Karen Barad, quantum mechanics, and the paradox of mutual exclusivity

I recently had the pleasure of sharing a lecturing platform with Karen Barad. As can only happen in our wonderfully diverse field of science studies, I discussed electronic music and she talked about quantum mechanics. It turned out we both shared a lot in common. I am not only a historian of the Moog synthesizer, but also a builder of such instruments and a performer. She is not only a philosopher of physics, feminist, and science studies practitioner, but also a practicing physicist. I was once an undergraduate physicist and cut my teeth in science studies on the topic of quantum mechanics. What could and should the relationship be to our subject matter in science studies – especially when we increasingly work on the same sorts of topic as the people we study? I use this examination of Karen Barad’s work to offer some critical comments on her project and also to try and reflect a little on this wider issue.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised subtest scatter as a function of maximum subtest scaled score.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (Wechsler, 1981) standardization data were analyzed to determine the frequency of relative intersubtest scatter. The relative scatter range was defined as the difference between the highest and lowest subtest scores based on the value of the highest subtest. This approach provides the greatest precision in scatter analysis to determine whether the amount of scatter obtained in clinical profiles is rare enough to be considered abnormal. For ease of clinical use, tables are provided that report frequency of a minimum (lowest) subtest score by each level of maximum (highest) subtest score. Potential scatter range, rather than overall level of intelligence, was the primary determinant of the magnitude of scatter; the greater the possible range the larger the magnitude of scatter
Self-Report Psychopathy in an Australian Community Sample

Psychopathy has long been identified as a central personality correlate of criminal and violent behaviour yet remains relatively unexplored in Australia. The present study utilised the recently developed Self-Report Psychopathy Scale – III (SRP-III) with an Australian community sample (N = 327). As expected, males reported higher levels of psychopathy across the four SRP-III facets, callous-affect (CA), interpersonally manipulative (IPM), erratic life-style (ELS) and criminal tendencies (CT). Psychopathy was associated with lower levels of empathy (especially CA), higher alcohol use (ELS, CT), pro-violence thoughts (IPM, CA) and elevated depression, anxiety and stress (IPM, ELS). Each facet was found to enhance the statistical prediction of physical aggression, beyond age, gender, social desirability and violent thoughts. The SRP-III is a potentially useful instrument for measuring psychopathic characteristics when comprehensive documentation is not available.
Effects of a Calcium Bentonite Clay in Diets Containing Aflatoxin when Measuring Liver Residues of Aflatoxin B1 in Starter Broiler Chicks

Research has shown success using clay-based binders to adsorb aflatoxin in animal feeds; however, no adsorbent has been approved for the prevention or treatment of aflatoxicosis. In this study, growth and relative organ weights were evaluated along with a residue analysis for aflatoxin B1 in liver tissue collected from broiler chickens consuming dietary aflatoxin (0, 600, 1200, and 1800 µg/kg) both with and without 0.2% of a calcium bentonite clay additive (TX4). After one week, only the combined measure of a broiler productivity index was significantly affected by 1800 µg/kg aflatoxin. However, once birds had consumed treatment diets for two weeks, body weights and relative kidney weights were affected by the lowest concentration. Then, during the third week, body weights, feed conversion, and the productivity index were affected by the 600 µg/kg level. Results also showed that 0.2% TX4 was effective at reducing the accumulation of aflatoxin B1 residues in the liver and improving livability in birds fed aflatoxin. The time required to clear all residues from the liver was less than one week. With evidence that the liver’s ability to process aflatoxin becomes relatively efficient within three weeks, this would imply that an alternative strategy for handling aflatoxin contamination in feed could be to allow a short, punctuated exposure to a higher level, so long as that exposure is followed by at least a week of a withdrawal period on a clean diet free of aflatoxin.
Effect of Cocaine in Early Gestation on Striatal Dopamine and Neurotrophic Activity

ABSTRACT: Prenatal exposure to the dopamine (DA) agonist cocaine, even if limited to early gestation, is associated with impaired developmental outcome in the human infant. We investigated the possible role of neurotrophic factors in this process by evaluating 4− to 6-d-old New Zealand White rabbit pups (n = 14) born to cocaineexposed does (30 mg/kg/d s.c. from days 7 to 15 of a 32-d gestation) and control does (sterile H2O). Cocaine exposure reduced striatal dopamine by 46% (t = 2.31; p < 0.05) and striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid by 49% (t = 2.44; p < 0.05). The number of neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivc neurons in mcsenccphalic cultures incubated with striatal extracts from pups exposed to cocainewas reduced by 61% relative to the effect of striatal extracts from control pups (t = 4.84; p < 0.01). The present results suggest that the reduction in striatal dopamine observed may result from a cocaine-induced decrease in striatal trophic activity.
The oxidative and antioxidative status of simple febrile seizure patients.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the oxidative status following a seizure in children experiencing a simple febrile seizure. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted at Harran University, Turkey, between January and September 2011. It comprised 32 paediatric patients who, within the preceding 8 hours, had experienced a seizure due to upper respiratory tract infection and had been diagnosed with simple febrile seizure, and 30 healthy children as the control group. Blood was taken from the patients 8 hours after the seizure. Total oxidant level and Total anti-oxidant level were measured according to the Erel technique and the oxidative stress index was calculated. Data was analysed using SPSS 11.5. RESULTS The mean values of the total oxidant level and the oxidative stress index of the cases were found to be significantly high compared to the controls and the total anti-oxidant level was found to be significantly low (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.03 respectively). CONCLUSION The increased total oxidant level and decreased total anti-oxidant level resulting in increased oxidative stress associated with febrile seizure patients may increase the risk of experiencing febrile seizures.
Is there the potential for an epidemic of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease via blood transfusion in the UK?

The discovery of three individuals suspected to have contracted variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) through blood transfusions has heightened concerns that a secondary epidemic via human-to-human transmission could occur in the UK. The Department of Health responded immediately to this threat by banning those who had received blood transfusions since 1980 from donating blood. In this paper, we conduct a sensitivity analysis to explore the potential size of a blood-borne vCJD epidemic and investigate the effectiveness of public health interventions. A mathematical model was developed together with an expression for the basic reproduction number (R0). The sensitivity of model predictions to unknown parameters determining the transmission of vCJD via infected blood was assessed under pessimistic modelling assumptions. We found that the size of the epidemic (up until 2080) was bounded above by 900 cases, with self-sustaining epidemics (R0>1) also possible; but the scenarios under which such epidemics could arise were found to be biologically implausible. Under optimistic assumptions, public health interventions reduced the upper bound to 250 and further still when only biologically plausible scenarios were considered. Our results support the belief that scenarios leading to large or self-sustaining epidemics are possible but unlikely, and that public health interventions were effective.
GENERAL DECAY RATE ESTIMATE FOR THE ENERGY OF A WEAK VISCOELASTIC EQUATION WITH AN INTERNAL TIME-VARYING DELAY TERM

In this paper we consider the weak viscoelastic equation with an internal time-varying delay term $$u_{tt}(x,t)-\Delta u(x,t)+\alpha(t)\int_{0}^{t}g(t-s)\Delta u(x,s)\, {\rm d}s +a_{0}u_{t}(x,t)+a_{1}u_{t}(x,t-\tau(t))=0$$ in a bounded domain. By introducing suitable energy and Lyapunov functionals, under suitable assumptions, we establish a general decay rate estimate for the energy, which depends on the behavior of both $\alpha$ and $g$.
Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates

The neocortex is widely held to have been the focus of mammalian brain evolution, but what selection pressures explain the observed diversity in its size and structure? Among primates, comparative studies suggest that neocortical evolution is related to the cognitive demands of sociality, and here I confirm that neocortex size and social group size are positively correlated once phylogenetic associations and overall brain size are taken into account. This association holds within haplorhine but not strepsirhine primates. In addition, the neocortex is larger in diurnal than in nocturnal primates, and among diurnal haplorhines its size is positively correlated with the degree of frugivory. These ecological correlates reflect the diverse sensory-cognitive functions of the neocortex.
Benchmarking Professional Development Practices Across Youth-Serving Organizations: Implications for Extension

Examining traditional and contemporary professional development practices of youth-serving organizations can inform practices across Extension, particularly in light of the barriers that have been noted for effectively developing the professional competencies of Extension educators. With professional development systems changing quickly, particularly through online education and blended learning opportunities, benchmarks need to guide new research around best practices in professional development. Although many program providers have not established benchmarks for professional development, a few cases exist. This article examines the current state of professional development practices of youth-serving organizations and offers recommendations for improving Extension professional development practices.
The evolving role of strategic management development

Purpose – To validate conceptual frameworks for strategic management development. Also, to test the hypothesis that the objectives and design of a strategic management development programme need to match the organisation's level of commitment to strategic management and the degree of maturity of its strategic management processes and competencies, in order that the programme can be effective in enhancing the strategic capability of the organisation.Design/methodology/approach – Earlier work by the author (based on literature review and one case study) had generated two conceptual models which could help in the understanding of strategic management development. One provides a life‐cycle typology matching an organisation's level of commitment to strategic management with the design of an effective strategic management development programme. The second provides a causal network showing how strategic management capability may be developed. In this paper case study research is reported from six organisations t.
The Road to Work for Former Students with Special Educational Needs: Different Paths for Young Men and Young Women?

This article focuses on how young people with special educational needs have made the transition into working life. At 23–24 years of age, the young women have, to a lesser extent than the young men, succeeded in finding a permanent job. This finding reflects the fact that young women and young men follow different paths. Many young women with special needs give birth to children at an early stage in their life course, which consequently delays their gaining a foothold in the labour market. However, what occurs during their schooling also affects their adaptation to a job situation. Formal competence improves the young men's chances to get work, whereas the organization of the teaching is more important in the case of the young women. To a large extent, the young women benefit from an education that includes a job placement contract in a company. This article is based on a longitudinal study of 494 former special needs students from six Norwegian counties.