Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective Development of Anticorrelated Networks in the Intrinsic Functional Organization of the Human Brain

We examined the normal development of intrinsic functional connectivity of the default network (brain regions typically deactivated for attention-demanding tasks) as measured by resting-state fMRI in children, adolescents, and young adults ages 8–24 years. We investigated both positive and negative correlations and employed analysis methods that allowed for valid interpretation of negative correlations and that also minimized the influence of motion artifacts that are often confounds in developmental neuroimaging. As age increased, there were robust developmental increases in negative correlations, including those between medial pFC (MPFC) and dorsolateral pFC (DLPFC) and between lateral parietal cortices and brain regions associated with the dorsal attention network. Between multiple regions, these correlations reversed from being positive in children to negative in adults. Age-related changes in positive correlations within the default network were below statistical threshold after controlling for motion. Given evidence in adults that greater negative correlation between MPFC and DLPFC is associated with superior cognitive performance, the development of an intrinsic anticorrelation between MPFC and DLPFC may be a marker of the large growth of working memory and executive functions that occurs from childhood to young adulthood.
MoJo in action: The use of mobiles in conflict, community, and cross-platform journalism

As citizen journalism and social media continue to influence and shape the global media landscape, and as smartphone technology becomes increasingly prevalent and affordable, this paper details four international smartphone-centric case studies that utilize a beta-stage editorial commissioning platform and accompanying smartphone. The study comes as increasing numbers of news organizations and citizen journalism tools harness the power of smartphones to both collect and publish editorial content. This paper examines the potential for community, student, and professional reporters to collate and transmit media via a tailored publishing platform provide and asks whether this platform can create a seamless link between smartphone content production and newsroom-based operations. It outlines considerations for future platform development and potential design methodologies to facilitate improved content capture methods, making the case for ongoing and collaborative co-design. UCLan's School of Journalism, through the RCUK-funded Bespoke Project, trialled Nokia Research Center's technology with community users, professional journalists, and student reporters between 2009 and 2011.Test locations included Fort Bastion, Afghanistan, rural Kenya, and Preston and Manchester in the UK. This paper also investigates the tension created when incorporating new platforms with pre-existing newsflows, and looks forward to a newsroom ecosystem where mobile phones are integrated within standard working practices.
Inequality in the Military: An Examination of Promotion Time for Black and White Enlisted Men.

Military sociologists have relied on a theory which is grounded in the universalistic standard argument to explain black inequality in the Army. This argument, which is a component part of the institutional racism perspective, argues that blacks do not do as well as whites in the Army because of their failure to do well on universalistic criteria such as civilian education or the Armed Forces Qualification Test. Taking promotion time as a measure of inequality, this paper presents data which suggest that universalistic criteria are not sufficient to explain black inequality vis-a-vis promotion time. When black and white enlisted men are matched on key universalistic criteria (civilian education, Armed Forces Qualification Test and occupation type), blacks consistently take more time to make grade than whites. The findings suggest the salience of the notion of ascription: when ascription is based on race, it becomes a component part of racism. Thus, one unavoidably is led by the data in this paper to conclude that the black enlisted man is subject to inequality, which is not the result of failure to meet universalistic criteria but, rather, a result of the racist actions of real-life people.
The Influence of Student Learning Characteristics on Progress Through the Extended Essay

The Extended Essay in the International Baccalaureate Diploma provides the opportunity for students to engage in self-directed knowledge enhancement. The present study investigates the influence of three learning factors on achievement outcomes: students' approach to learning, motivational style and cognitive style. All factors affected achievement scores. The implications of their influence for instruction, for student knowledge of how to work through the Extended Essay and for assisting students to manage and direct their learning most efficiently are discussed.
The End of the Paleolithic and the Mesolithic in Portugal

BENNETT, JOHN W. , AND SEENA B. KOHL. I98I. "Longitudinal research in rural North America: The Saskatchewan Cultural Ecology Research Program, I960-I973," in Anthropologists at home in North America: Methods and issues in the study of one's own society. Edited by Donald A. Messerschmidt. New York: Cambridge University Press. BENNETT, JOHN W. , AND ROBERT K. MCKNIGHT. I956. Liberation of alienation: The Japanese woman student in America. News Bulletin of the Institute of Internal Education 3 I(7):
Poisson-type processes governed by fractional and higher-order recursive differential equations

We consider some fractional extensions of the recursive differential equation governing the Poisson process, i.e. $\partial_tp_k(t)=-\lambda(p_k(t)-p_{k-1}(t))$, $k\geq0$, $t>0$ by introducing fractional time-derivatives of order $\nu,2\nu,\ldots,n\nu$. We show that the so-called "Generalized Mittag-Leffler functions" $E_{\alpha,\beta^k}(x)$, $x\in\mathbb{R}$ (introduced by Prabhakar [24] )arise as solutions of these equations. The corresponding processes are proved to be renewal, with density of the intearrival times (represented by Mittag-Leffler functions) possessing power, instead of exponential, decay, for $t\to\infty$. On the other hand, near the origin the behavior of the law of the interarrival times drastically changes for the parameter $\nu$ varying in $(0,1]$. For integer values of $\nu$, these models can be viewed as a higher-order Poisson processes, connected with the standard case by simple and explict relationships.
The 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 Microdeletion Syndrome: A Review

Patients with the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion can present with developmental and language delay, neurobehavioral disturbances and psychiatric problems. Autism, seizures, schizophrenia and mild dysmorphic features are less commonly seen. The 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion involving four genes (i.e., TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA1, NIPA2) is emerging as a recognized syndrome with a prevalence ranging from 0.57%–1.27% of patients presenting for microarray analysis which is a two to four fold increase compared with controls. Review of clinical features from about 200 individuals were grouped into five categories and included developmental (73%) and speech (67%) delays; dysmorphic ears (46%) and palatal anomalies (46%); writing (60%) and reading (57%) difficulties, memory problems (60%) and verbal IQ scores ≤75 (50%); general behavioral problems, unspecified (55%) and abnormal brain imaging (43%). Other clinical features noted but not considered as common were seizures/epilepsy (26%), autism spectrum disorder (27%), attention deficit disorder (ADD)/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (35%), schizophrenia/paranoid psychosis (20%) and motor delay (42%). Not all individuals with the deletion are clinically affected, yet the collection of findings appear to share biological pathways and presumed genetic mechanisms. Neuropsychiatric and behavior disturbances and mild dysmorphic features are associated with genomic imbalances of the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 region, including microdeletions, but with an apparent incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.
Frontal Lobe Deficits after Head Injury: Unity and Diversity of Function

Deficits of “executive function” are commonly described following either focal frontal lobe lesions or the diffuse pathology of closed head injury. Here, correlational methods were used to investigate common elements in different tests conventionally used to measure executive deficits. Conventional executive CONVEX tests, sometimes adapted to give a variety of performance scores, were administered to a sample of 90 head-injured patients, along with a range of other clinical and neuropsychological measures. Following on from previous reports showing deficits in general intelligence or Spearman's g after frontal lobe lesions, tests relating to g were administered in a more detailed follow-up of 24 patients. The data showed uniformly low correlations between CONVEX tests, no higher indeed than correlations with others tests in the battery. Extracting more detailed scores in search of executive subfunctions such as switching or impulse control simply produced yet lower correlations. Though correlations betwee.
Issues in Continuous 24-h Core Body Temperature Monitoring in Humans Using an Ingestible Capsule Telemetric Sensor

Background There is increasing interest in the use of pill-sized ingestible capsule telemetric sensors for assessing core body temperature (Tc) as a potential indicator of variability in metabolic efficiency and thrifty metabolic traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of measuring Tc using the CorTemp® system. Methods Tc was measured over an average of 20 h in 27 human subjects, with measurements of energy expenditure made in the overnight fasted state at rest, during standardized low-intensity physical activity and after a 600 kcal mixed meal. Validation of accuracy of the capsule sensors was made ex vivo against mercury and electronic thermometers across the physiological range (35–40°C) in morning and afternoon of 2 or 3 consecutive days. Comparisons between capsule sensors and thermometers were made using Bland–Altman analysis. Systematic bias, error, and temperature drift over time were assessed. Results The circadian Tc profile classically reported in free-living humans was confirmed. Significant increases in Tc (+0.2°C) were found in response to low-power cycling at 40–50 W (~3–4 METs), but no changes in Tc were detectable during low-level isometric leg press exercise (<2 METs) or during the peak postprandial thermogenesis induced by the 600 kcal meal. Issues of particular interest include fast “turbo” gut transit with expulsion time of <15 h after capsule ingestion in one out of every five subjects and sudden erratic readings in teletransmission of Tc. Furthermore, ex vivo validation revealed a substantial mean bias (exceeding ±0.5°C) between the Tc capsule readings and mercury or electronic thermometers in half of the capsules. When examined over 2 or 3 days, the initial bias (small or large) drifted in excess of ±0.5°C in one out of every four capsules. Conclusion Since Tc is regulated within a very narrow range in the healthy homeotherm’s body (within 1°C), physiological investigations of Tc require great accuracy and precision (better than 0.1°C). Although ingestible capsule methodology appears of great interest for non-invasively monitoring the transit gut temperature, new technology requires a reduction in the inherent error of measurement and elimination of temperature drift and warrants more interlaboratory investigation on the above factors.
An Exploratory Comparison of the Behavioral Dynamics of Top Management Teams in Family and Nonfamily New Ventures: Cohesion, Conflict, Potency, and Consensus

While some researchers propose that the combination of family and business creates a need for trade–offs in family and business demands, we argue that the social system of the family creates a synergy in the top management team (TMT) that is not present in TMTs with less “familiness. ” We argue that the unique dynamics created by the social aspects of the family–owned firm will result in higher cohesion, potency, task conflict, and shared strategic consensus than those TMTs with less “familiness. ” Discriminant analysis of three groups of TMTs (parental, familial, and nonfamily) was conducted on a sample of 224 TMTs of new ventures to explore our propositions.
Partnership, pluralism and education policy: a reassessment

This paper draws on an on‐going research project on ‘Elites in Education Policy‐making’ supported by the Open University's Research Committee. A major aim of the project is to critically evaluate the post‐war ‘partnership’ between LEAs, teachers and the Ministry of Education/Department of Education and Science. A critical re‐assessment of partnership, it is suggested, has implications for the pluralist analysis of policy‐making on which it draws. The paper critically reviews pluralist approaches, and, drawing on evidence from interviews and archive sources, outlines an approach which is historically grounded and state‐centred.
Ad hoc positioning system (APS)

Many ad hoc network protocols and applications assume the knowledge of geographic location of nodes. The absolute location of each networked node is an assumed fact by most sensor networks which can then present the sensed information on a geographical map. Finding location without the aid of GPS in each node of an ad hoc network is important in cases where GPS is either not accessible, or not practical to use due to power, form factor or line of sight conditions. Location would also enable routing in sufficiently isotropic large networks, without the use of large routing tables. We are proposing APS - a distributed, hop by hop positioning algorithm, that works as an extension of both distance vector routing and GPS positioning in order to provide approximate location for all nodes in a network where only a limited fraction of nodes have self location capability.
The Roots of Empathy: The Shared Manifold Hypothesis and the Neural Basis of Intersubjectivity

Starting from a neurobiological standpoint, I will propose that our capacity to understand others as intentional agents, far from being exclusively dependent upon mentalistic/linguistic abilities, be deeply grounded in the relational nature of our interactions with the world. According to this hypothesis, an implicit, prereflexive form of understanding of other individuals is based on the strong sense of identity binding us to them. We share with our conspecifics a multiplicity of states that include actions, sensations and emotions. A new conceptual tool able to capture the richness of the experiences we share with others will be introduced: the shared manifold of intersubjectivity. I will posit that it is through this shared manifold that it is possible for us to recognize other human beings as similar to us. It is just because of this shared manifold that intersubjective communication and ascription of intentionality become possible. It will be argued that the same neural structures that are involved in processing and controlling executed actions, felt sensations and emotions are also active when the same actions, sensations and emotions are to be detected in others. It therefore appears that a whole range of different ‘mirror matching mechanisms’ may be present in our brain. This matching mechanism, constituted by mirror neurons originally discovered and described in the domain of action, could well be a basic organizational feature of our brain, enabling our rich and diversified intersubjective experiences. This perspective is in a position to offer a global approach to the understanding of the vulnerability to major psychoses such as schizophrenia.
TEL/AML1 rearrangement and the prognostic significance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Hong Kong

The TEL/AML1 rearrangement has been implicated as an independent good prognostic factor in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We examined TEL/AML1 using nested reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and correlated TEL/AML1 with cytogenetics and immunophenotypes in 75 consecutively analyzed Chinese children with ALL in Hong Kong. TEL/AML1 was detected in 17.9% (12/67) B‐lineage ALL at diagnosis but not in 8 T‐ALL children or in 34 adults with ALL. E2A/PBX1, MLL/AF4, and BCR/ABL were not found in TEL/AML1+ patients. Coexpression of cross‐lineage antigens was associated with TEL/AML1 gene fusion (p = 0.032), with CD13 in 80% (4/5) TEL/AML1+ cohort. Chromosomal abnormalities were demonstrated in 50% of the TEL/AML1+ ALL; however, a cryptic t(12;21) was not detected in these cases. Hyperdiploidy of 47–48 chromosomes was encountered in 25%. Deletion of 12p resulting in the loss of the normal allele of TEL and nonspecific del(6q) were noted in 8% (1/12) and 25% (3/12) of the TEL/AML1+ children, respectively. Rapid clearance of TEL/AML1 was noted in 50% of the patients on completion of the induction therapy; however, 16.7% (2/12) TEL/AML1+ ALL relapsed at a mean of 48.6 months from diagnosis (25 months off‐therapy). The incidence of relapses of TEL/AML1+ ALL was comparable to that at diagnosis in B‐lineage ALL (14.3% [2/14] vs. 17.9% [12/67], p > 0.05). The relapse rate in TEL/AML1+ ALL was similar to that of TEL/AML1− ALL (16.7% [2/12] vs. 20.6% [13/63], p > 0.05). The duration of first complete remission in TEL/AML1+ ALL was significantly longer as compared to TEL/AML1− ALL (mean [range] in month: 48.6 [47.2 − 50] vs 14.6 [2.9 − 42.3], p < 0.0001). Irrespective of TEL/AML1 rearrangement, the probabilities of the five‐year overall survival and the event‐free survival of patients were comparable (overall survival: 100% vs. 72.3%, p = 0.166 and event‐free survival: 60% vs. 56.2%, p = 0.343). Our data would not suggest a less aggressive treatment regimen for TEL/AML1+ ALL. Am. J. Hematol. 68:91–98, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A narrative exploration of the sense of self of women recovering from childhood sexual abuse

Objectives: To explore how the sense of self evolves through the recovery process after intensive therapy that focuses on issues pertaining to childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Design: A retrospective qualitative study. Method: Four women with CSA experiences, who completed a local sexual abuse intervention group programme, participated in the study. They were interviewed using a narrative life story approach and a narrative analysis was conducted on the data. Results: Participants had a ‘traumatised self’ characterised by shame and guilt, leading to self-perceptions of being insignificant and undeserving. After intervention, an overall positive sense of self resulted characterised by an increased sense of self-awareness, self-acceptance and self-confidence. This was enhanced by being able to externalise their abuse and to shift the responsibility of the abuse from the abused to the abuser. Self-control was gained through the use of effective coping strategies. Being part of a group with similar experiences was found to enhance feelings of solidarity and commonality and instilled a sense of optimism about the future. Conclusions: After therapy, the concept of sense of self evolved from a traumatised self to a more enduring positive sense of self. The participants made self-improvements, connections with people and were able to live autonomous lives.
The impact of increased mean airway pressure on contrast‐enhanced MRI measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional mean transit time (rMTT), and regional cerebrovascular resistance (rCVR) in human volunteers

Contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of cerebral perfusion is a diagnostic procedure increasingly gaining access to clinical practice not only in spontaneously breathing patients but also in mechanically ventilated patients. Effects of increased mean airway pressure on cerebral perfusion are entirely possible. Therefore, the present study used continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (12 cm H2O) to study the effects of increased mean airway pressure on cerebral perfusion in volunteers. CPAP significantly reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) but increased regional mean transit time (rMTT) and regional cerebrovascular resistance (rCVR). Active vasoconstriction (e.g., arterial) and/or passive compression of capillary and/or venous vessel areas are the most likely underlying mechanisms. The number of interhemispheric differences in rCBF, rCBV, rMTT, and rCVR found at baseline rose when mean airway pressure was increased. These results, although obtained in volunteers, should be taken into consideration for the interpretation of contrast‐enhanced MRI perfusion measurements in mechanically ventilated patients with an increased positive airway pressure. Hum. Brain Mapping 11:214–222, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insulin Secretion Induced by Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Requires Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase γ in Rodent and Human β-Cells*

Background: PI3Kγ is implicated in insulin secretion and actin remodeling and is activated by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Results: GIP activates Ras-related-C3 botulinum toxin substrate-1 (Rac1), induces actin remodeling, and amplifies β-cell insulin secretion in a PI3Kγ-dependent manner. Conclusion: Insulin secretion induced by GIP requires PI3Kγ. Significance: Understanding the β-cell signaling pathway will help us understand β-cell dysfunction in diabetes. PI3Kγ, a G-protein-coupled type 1B phosphoinositol 3-kinase, exhibits a basal glucose-independent activity in β-cells and can be activated by the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). We therefore investigated the role of the PI3Kγ catalytic subunit (p110γ) in insulin secretion and β-cell exocytosis stimulated by GIP. We inhibited p110γ with AS604850 (1 μmol/liter) or knocked it down using an shRNA adenovirus or siRNA duplex in mouse and human islets and β-cells. Inhibition of PI3Kγ blunted the exocytotic and insulinotropic response to GIP receptor activation, whereas responses to the glucagon-like peptide-1 or the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 were unchanged. Downstream, we find that GIP, much like glucose stimulation, activates the small GTPase protein Rac1 to induce actin remodeling. Inhibition of PI3Kγ blocked these effects of GIP. Although exendin-4 could also stimulate actin remodeling, this was not prevented by p110γ inhibition. Finally, forced actin depolymerization with latrunculin B restored the exocytotic and secretory responses to GIP during PI3Kγ inhibition, demonstrating that the loss of GIP-induced actin depolymerization was indeed limiting insulin exocytosis.
A Theoretical Model to Measure the Appraisal and Coping Response to Hassles in Outdoor Recreation Settings

Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess measurement models for the stress/coping process experienced in outdoor recreation settings. Three separate measurement models were evaluated: (1) experience use history and social support, (2) secondary appraisal, and (3) ways of coping scales. This research documents the development of models that can be improved upon by future researchers and promote stress/coping theory building in outdoor recreation research. Social support performed well, and experience use history was reduced to a single dimension measure. The secondary appraisal factor was problematic; the four variables may not be functioning as a unidimensional measure. A model consisting of two, second-order factors and four error covariances was identified for the ways of coping scales. An acceptable fit was achieved for all three models, statistical and theoretical justification is provided for modifications made to the models, and explanations of problems are offered.