Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Typed Architectures: Architectural Support for Lightweight Scripting

Dynamic scripting languages are becoming more and more widely adopted not only for fast prototyping but also for developing production-grade applications. They provide high-productivity programming environments featuring high levels of abstraction with powerful built-in functions, automatic memory management, object-oriented programming paradigm and dynamic typing. However, their flexible, dynamic type systems easily become the source of inefficiency in terms of instruction count, memory footprint, and energy consumption. This overhead makes it challenging to deploy these high-productivity programming technologies on emerging single-board computers for IoT applications. Addressing this challenge, this paper introduces Typed Architectures, a high-efficiency, low-cost execution substrate for dynamic scripting languages, where each data variable retains high-level type information at an ISA level. Typed Architectures calculate and check the dynamic type of each variable implicitly in hardware, rather than explicitly in software, hence significantly reducing instruction count for dynamic type checking. Besides, Typed Architectures introduce polymorphic instructions (e.g., xadd), which are bound to the correct native instruction at runtime within the pipeline (e.g., add or fadd) to efficiently implement polymorphic operators. Finally, Typed Architectures provide hardware support for flexible yet efficient type tag extraction and insertion, capturing common data layout patterns of tag-value pairs. Our evaluation using a fully synthesizable RISC-V RTL design on FPGA shows that Typed Architectures achieve geomean speedups of 11.2% and 9.9% with maximum speedups of 32.6% and 43.5% for two production-grade scripting engines for JavaScript and Lua, respectively. Moreover, Typed Architectures improve the energy-delay product (EDP) by 19.3% for JavaScript and 16.5% for Lua with an area overhead of 1.6% at a 40nm technology node.
Processes and structures of networks: reflections on methodology

The paper discusses the ambiguity of the network concept. The ambiguity may be explained partly by the interface between an economic competitive perspective and a social trust perspective, with the paradoxes this implies. The ambiguity will also partly be linked to the choice of methodology and variables for measurement, determining the perspective of the network. The development and choice of methodology within the analysis of networks have tended to stress the identification of structures and stable conditions, rather than dynamic perspectives. The effort of making a statistical analysis of quantitative information leads to more standardization and attempts to register quantifiable information. Some perspectives and uses of networks are, however, difficult to measure quantitatively. Applying metaphors, cases and models would more adequately capture the dynamics and the fluid processes of networks. The purpose of this methodological discussion is to capture some of the more substantial traits of certain .
High-Throughput Sequencing of Islet-Infiltrating Memory CD4+ T Cells Reveals a Similar Pattern of TCR Vβ Usage in Prediabetic and Diabetic NOD Mice

Autoreactive memory CD4+ T cells play a critical role in the development of type 1 diabetes, but it is not yet known how the clonotypic composition and TCRβ repertoire of the memory CD4+ T cell compartment changes during the transition from prediabetes to diabetes. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the TCRβ repertoire of sorted islet-infiltrating memory CD4+CD44high T cells in 10-week-old prediabetic and recently diabetic NOD mice. We show that most clonotypes of islet-infiltrating CD4+CD44high T cells were rare, but high-frequency clonotypes were significantly more common in diabetic than in prediabetic mice. Moreover, although the CD4+CD44high TCRβ repertoires were highly diverse at both stages of disease development, dominant use of TRBV1 (Vβ2), TRBV13-3 (Vβ8.1), and TRBV19 (Vβ6) was evident in both prediabetic and diabetic mice. Our findings strongly suggest that therapeutic targeting of cells specifically expressing the dominant TCRβ might reduce pancreatic infiltration in prediabetic mice and attenuate the progression to diabetes.
Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis

SUMMARY This paper is concerned with the representation of a multivariate sample of size n as points P1, P2, . , PI in a Euclidean space. The interpretation of the distance A(Pi, Pj) between the ith andjth members of the sample is discussed for some commonly used types of analysis, including both Q and R techniques. When all the distances between n points are known a method is derived which finds their co-ordinates referred to principal axes. A set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a solution to exist in real Euclidean space is found. Q and R techniques are defined as being dual to one another when they both lead to a set of n points with the same inter-point distances. Pairs of dual techniques are derived. In factor analysis the distances between points whose co-ordinates are the estimated factor scores can be interpreted as D2 with a singular dispersion matrix.
Does weight loss reduce plasma fibrinogen?

Much interest is being shown in fibrinogen as a possible cardiovascular risk factor. ' The concept that fibrinogen is causally related to cardiovascular events is supported by several lines of evidence. Perhaps the strongest indication stems from seven prospective epidemiological trials2all of which showed that fibrinogen predicts major cardiovascular events such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Clinical trials on survivors of a first myocardial infarction9 or stroke'0 also showed that fibrinogen was a risk factor for further cardiovascular disasters. Several plausible pathological mechanisms could explain this association': fibrinogen is an important clotting factor and it determines the flow properties of blood, represents a co-factor for platelet aggregation, and may cause atherosclerosis by direct effects on the arterial wall. Acceptance that fibrinogen is a major cardiovascular risk factor will lead to attempts to lower its plasma concentration. Methods to achieve this are still in their infancy. Though dietary influences seem to be small,' there is a striking association between body weight and fibrinogen. I will review the data suggesting that weight loss might be one practical way of influencing fibrinogen concentrations.
Shallow Reductionism and the Problem of Complexity in Psychology

In his recent book The Mind Doesn't Work That Way, Fodor argues that computational modeling of global cognitive processes, such as abductive everyday reasoning, has not been successful. In this article the problem is analyzed in the framework of algorithmic information theory. It is argued that the failed approaches are characterized by shallow reductionism, which is rejected in favor of deep reductionism and nonreductionism.
Randomized control study of the effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and homocysteine in older women.

OBJECTIVE(S) Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has beneficial estrogen agonist effects on bone and cardiovascular risk factors and estrogen antagonist effects on the breast and uterus. Limited clinical data have shown a sustained decrease in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and homocysteine levels; an elevated homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. All of these studies were conducted in relatively young populations of women (mean age, 52-54 years). Raloxifene does not affect hot flushes, a major immediate symptom of menopause. This drug may therefore be useful in older women to prevent osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the effects of raloxifene on plasma lipids and homocysteine in older women. STUDY DESIGN The subjects were 45 healthy postmenopausal women, aged 60 to 70 years. The women were randomly assigned to therapy with raloxifene or placebo, 60 mg/d for 1 year. Twenty-six women received raloxifene and 19 received placebo. Checkups were performed every 3 months. At baseline and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of treatment we measured homocysteine, total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and both high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS An effect on lipids was evident by 3 months with no significant additional modification at 12 months. Mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lowered by 15% and total cholesterol was lowered by 8.5%. No reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides was observed. After 3 months of therapy, homocysteine was significantly lower than at baseline (9.9 +/- 1.6 vs 11 +/- 2.1 micromol/L; P < .05). The greatest reduction with respect to baseline was reached after 6 months of therapy (-19.5% +/- 3%; P < .05). CONCLUSION(S) The results of our study show that raloxifene at a dose of 60 mg/d reduces serum concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol in healthy older women. Our study shows that in older women raloxifene leads to a 19.5% +/- 3% reduction in fasting homocysteine levels. Raloxifene may have a favorable effect on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in older women.
Microarray Expression Profile of Circular RNAs in Plasma from Primary Biliary Cholangitis Patients

Background/Aims: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a crucial role in the occurrence of several diseases, including autoimmune diseases. However, their role in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) remains unclear. Here, we aimed to determine the circRNA expression profile in plasma from PBC patients and further explore the value of circRNA in diagnosing PBC. Methods: CircRNA microarrays were used to determine circRNA expression profiles in plasma samples from 6 PBC patients and 6 healthy controls. Statistical analyses identified differentially expressed circRNAs, and these circRNAs were verified by qRT-PCR in 29 PBC patients and 30 healthy controls. MicroRNA (miRNA) target prediction software identified putative miRNA response elements (MREs), which were used to construct a map of circRNA-miRNA interactions for the differentially expressed circRNAs. Results: Our results indicated that there were 18 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated circular RNAs in the plasma from PBC patients compared with that from healthy individuals. Among the differentially expressed circRNAs, hsa_circ_402458 (P=0.0033), hsa_circ_087631 and hsa_circ_406329 (P=0.0185) were up-regulated, and hsa_circ_407176 (P=0.0066) and hsa_circ_082319 were down-regulated in the PBC group versus the healthy group as demonstrated by qRT-PCR. In particular, hsa_circ_402458 was significantly higher in PBC patients not receiving UDCA treatment than in PBC patients receiving UDCA treatment (P=0.0338). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hsa_circ_402458 for diagnosing PBC was 0.710 (P=0.005). For hsa_circ_402458, two putative miRNA targets, hsa-miR-522-3p and hsa-miR-943, were predicted. Conclusions: circRNA dysregulation may play a role in PBC pathogenesis, and hsa_circ_402458 shows promise as a candidate biomarker for PBC.
Gypsy Work-Gadjo Work

Approached from a variety of viewpoints, the issue of work often plays a central role in any discourse concerning the Gypsies. Common public stereotypes (claiming that the Gypsies are lazy, that they do not like to or want to work, that they make a living out of thievery) just as ethnographic works (describing their traditional professions) or the sociological literature (which likes to focus on workplace segregation, on their ejection into the informal sector, etc.) regularly deal with the issue of 'Gypsy work'. Naturally, this is also a key topic within anthropological literature (perhaps because one of the goals of anthropology has always been to challenge external opinions via internal ones) thus often raising the question whether the resistance towards paid work should be seen as a Gypsy specificity. According to this view, paid work belongs to the gadjo world, therefore partaking in it might lead to the loss of Gypsy identity. In this article I would like to explicate this view, at times refuting it .
Obesity decreases excitability of putative ventral tegmental area GABAergic neurons

Palatable food has reinforcing effects on feeding and accelerates obesity. Alteration of food‐related behavior in obesity may promote maintenance of obesity. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain is important for food reward. However, it is unknown whether activity of VTA neurons is altered in diet‐induced obesity. In this study, we examined VTA neuronal activity using an electrophysiological technique in diet‐induced obese mice. Male 4‐week‐old mice were fed a high‐fat diet or a standard diet for 5–6 weeks. Mice fed a high‐fat diet gained greater body weight with heavier visceral fat compared with those fed a standard diet. Brain slice preparations were obtained from the lean and obese mice. Spontaneous activity of VTA neurons was recorded extracellularly. We found a negative correlation between firing frequency (FF) and action potential (AP) current duration in lean and obese mice VTA neurons. VTA neurons were classified as group‐1 neurons (FF <5.0 Hz and AP current duration >1.2 msec) or group‐2 neurons (FF ≧5.0 Hz and AP current duration ≦1.2 msec). FF, AP current duration, and firing regularity of VTA group‐1 neurons were similar between lean and obese mice. Obese mice VTA group‐2 neurons had a lower FF and shorter AP current duration compared with lean mice. In conclusion, obesity minimally affects VTA group‐1 neurons, which are presumed to be dopaminergic, but decreases excitability of VTA group‐2 neurons, which are presumed to be GABAergic. This differential effect may contribute to the pathophysiology of reward‐related feeding in obesity.
Gambling and violence in a nationally representative sample of UK men.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship between violence and problem gambling in general population samples is under-researched and requires further attention to inform treatment and prevention efforts. We investigated the relationship between gambling problems and violence among men and sought to determine if the link can be accounted for by mental disorders, alcohol and drug dependence and impulsivity. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey. SETTING A UK representative general population survey conducted in 2009. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3025 UK men aged 18-64 years. MEASUREMENTS Binary logistic regression was used to examine relationships. Outcome measures included gambling behaviour and self-reports of violence. Covariates included alcohol and drug dependence, mental illness, impulsivity and socio-demography. FINDINGS Problem gambling and probable pathological gambling were associated with increased odds of the perpetration of violence [adjusted odd ratios (AOR) = 3.09, confidence interval (CI) = 1.90-5.00 and 4.09, CI = 2.76-6.30, respectively] and a range of other behaviours, such as using a weapon (AORs = 4.93, CI = 2.52-9.63 and 6.33, CI = 3.52-11.38) and the perpetration of intimate partner violence (AOR = 9.80, CI =2.45-39.04). The results were attenuated when adjusted for comorbid mental illness and impulsivity, but remained statistically significant. Alcohol and drug dependence had the most impact; relationships were most attenuated when they added into the models, with the latter having the largest effect. CONCLUSIONS Among men in the United Kingdom, self-reports of problem/pathological gambling remain predictive of a range of measures of violent behaviour after adjusting for alcohol and drug dependence, comorbid mental disorder and impulsivity; of the covariates, alcohol and drug dependence have the greatest effect in attenuating the gambling-violence association.
Perceiving emotion from a talker: How face and voice work together

The experiment investigated how the addition of emotion information from the voice affects the identification of facial emotion. We presented whole face, upper face, and lower face displays and examined correct recognition rates and patterns of response confusions for auditory-visual (AV), auditory-only (AO), and visual-only (VO) expressive speech. Emotion recognition accuracy was superior for AV compared to unimodal presentation. The pattern of response confusions differed across the unimodal conditions and across display type. For AV presentation, a response confusion only occurred when such a confusion was present in each modality separately, thus response confusions were reduced compared to unimodal presentations. Emotion space (calculated from the confusion data) differed across display types for the VO presentations but was more similar for the AV ones indicating that the addition of the auditory information acted to harmonize the various VO response patterns. These results are discussed with respect to how bimodal emotion recognition combines auditory and visual information.
Assessing Biases in Measuring Decision Effectiveness and Information Overload

Jn our article on information overload (Keller and Staelin 1987), we modeled the effect of two aspects of information-information quality (TQ) and information quantity (N)-on decision effectiveness, where decision effectiveness was defined in terms of normative utility. Results from an experiment we conducted were compatible with the model's implications and indicated that when everything else was held constant, increases in information quality (at least up to a point) and decreases in information quantity led to increases in decision effectiveness. In their comment, Meyer and Johnson (1989) consider how two biases might affect the interpretation of our experimental results. Specifically, they derive relationships between our two major design factors (i.e., TQ and N) and two factors that affect the analyst's ability to specify correctly which alternative a subject should choose as best from a pair of alternatives. The two factors Meyer and Johnson consider are task ease (TE*), defined as the absolute difference between the decision maker's true utilities for the two alternatives, and measurement error (Ei), defined as the difference between the decision maker's true utility (ut) and the researcher's measurement of this utility (ui). 1 Using these relationships, they contend that our experimental results concerning the relationships between our two design factors, TQ and N, and the dependent measure of interest, decision effectiveness, may not be caused by the subject's inability to make good decisions. Instead, they contend that it is caused by the analyst's inability to correctly control for the variation of task ease and measurement error across the design. In this rejoinder to their comment, we summarize Meyer and Johnson's position on the two potential biases, and then explain why the bias associated with task ease was not a significant problem in our study. Furthermore, by quantifying the magnitude of the measurement error in our data and using the simulation methodology of Meyer and Johnson, we show empirically that, even though there probably was a bias due to measurement error, our general conclusions still hold. Finally, we summarize what we believe we have learned about information overload and suggest how one might design a study to avoid the potentially confounding bias due to measurement error.
Molecular genetic analysis of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes among anti-U1-70-kd autoantibody positive connective tissue disease patients.

OBJECTIVE We have recently found that the presence of autoantibodies against the 70-kd polypeptide of U1 RNP (U1-70-kd) is associated with HLA-DR4 and DR2. To further characterize this association, we performed a molecular genetic analysis of HLA-DR and DQ genes among patients with autoantibodies against U1-70-kd. METHODS The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequence-specific oligonucleotide hybridization, and solid-phase direct DNA sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA were utilized to analyze HLA-DRB1, DRB5, DQA1, and DQB1 genes. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of HLA-DRB1, DRB5, DQA1, and DQB1 from 27 patients and controls identified shared amino acids FDYFYQA (Phe, Asp, Tyr, Phe, Tyr, Gln, Ala) at positions 26, 28, 30-32, 70, and 73 of HLA-DRB1 on disease-associated haplotypes. CONCLUSION A common cluster of shared amino acids, or a shared epitope, identified within HLA-DRB1 among anti-U1-70-kd autoantibody positive connective tissue disease patients may be important in regulating an autoimmune response to the U1-70-kd antigen.
Morpho-functional study of peritoneum in peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND Structure and function of the peritoneal membrane (PM) are impaired on peritoneal dialysis (PD). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dialytic parameters and histological and functional characteristics of the peritoneum of PD patients. METHODS A peritoneal biopsy (PB) was performed on 31 PD patients during catheter removal due to malfunction or after drop-out from treatment. PB was performed at least 5 cm from the catheter insertion. For each patient PM transport was evaluated by the last peritoneal equilibration test (PET) before PB. Each daily glucose load was calculated. Tissue was formalin-embedded and stained for histological and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS (1) Duration of treatment was longer in patients with mesothelial impairment. (2) Patients showing sub-mesothelial sclerosis (SS) and those with impairment of submesothelial basement membrane and subendothelial vascular membrane (SVM) were submitted to a larger daily glucose load. (3) SS exceeding 50 mm was more frequent among high transporters, who were exposed to larger daily glucose load compared to medium-high transporters. (4) Mesothelial loss correlated to SS and vascular alterations. (5) SS was related to vascular injuries but not to inflammatory infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS SS is not constant in PD patients and is not a prominent factor in treatment drop-out. Mesothelial impairment seems to be mainly related to duration of PD treatment. Glucose load seems to mainly damage the sub-mesothelial layer.
Masculinity and Male Dominance

The problems with established sociological and socio-psychological conceptions of masculinity are discussed, and it is argued that object-relations theory can provide a clearer understanding of masculinity. An ideal type of the development of masculinity is built up in contrast to similar ideal types of human development and the development of femininity as portrayed by recent feminist writers. The status of the ideal type is then discussed, drawing out its implications for the relationship between psychoanalysis and sociological analysis, and for the nature of social change.
The strategic planning and ICT in the Brazilian Justice

In this case study, we analyze the role of different actors in the process of strategic planning and definition of information and communication technologies (ICT) strategies in the Brazilian Justice. The central role of the National Council of Justice (NCJ) in the process of coordinated strategic planning is highlighted. The technical approach of the NCJ team is then compared with the different constituency groups involved in the process. The end result, consisting of 10 goals for the Judiciary is then analyzed focusing on the different actors and their roles, with special attention given to the ICT strategies which relates to these goals.
Plague immunization. II. Relation of adverse clinical reactions to multiple immunizations with killed vaccine.

John D. Marshall, Jr.,* Peter J. Bartelloni, Dan C. Cavanaugh, Paul J. Kadull, and K. F. Meyer From the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland; the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.; the Veterans Administration Hospital, Altoona, Pennsylvania; and the George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California