Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Degradation of thyroid hormones by phagocytosing human leukocytes.

Thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(9)) are rapidly degraded by a purified preparation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and H(2)O(2) with the formation of iodide and material which remains at the origin on paper chromatography. Deiodination by MPO and H(2)O(2) occurs more readily at pH 7.0 than at pH 5.0 in contrast to iodination by this system which is known to occur more readily at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.0. Degradation is inhibited by azide, cyanide, ascorbic acid, and propylthiouracil. Methimazole stimulates deiodination by MPO and H(2)O(2) but inhibits this reaction when MPO is replaced by lactoperoxidase or horseradish peroxidase.Intact human leukocytes, in the resting state, degrade T(4) and T(3) slowly: degradation, however, is increased markedly during phagocytosis of preopsonized particles. Serum inhibits this reaction. T(3) can be detected as a minor product of T(4) degradation. Proteolytic digestion of the reaction products increases the recovery of monoiodotyrosine. The fixation of iodine in the cytoplasm of leukocytes which contain ingested bacteria was detected radioautographically. Chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, which are deficient in H(2)O(2) formation, degrade T(4) and T(3) poorly during phagocytosis. MPO-deficient leukocytes degrade the thyroid hormones at a slower rate than do normal leukocytes although considerable degradation is still observed. Azide, cyanide, ascorbic acid, and propylthiouracil which inhibit certain peroxidasecatalyzed reactions inhibit degradation by normal leukocytes; however, inhibition is incomplete. Formation of iodinated origin material is inhibited to a greater degree by azide, cyanide, and propylthiouracil than is deiodination. Methimazole inhibits the formation of iodinated origin material by both normal and MPO-deficient leukocytes. However, deiodination by normal leukocytes is stimulated and that of MPO-deficient leukocytes is unaffected by methimazole. Hypoxia inhibits the degradation of T(4) and T(3) by untreated normal or MPO-deficient leukocytes and by normal leukocytes treated with azide or methimazole. These data suggest that both MPO-dependent and MPO-independent systems are involved in the degradation of T(4) and T(3) by phagocytosing leukocytes. The role of leukocytic degradation of T(4) and T(3) in thyroid hormone economy and in leukocytic microbicidal activity is considered.
Psychiatric and personality disorders in survivors following their first suicide attempt

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of psychiatric and personality disorders in survivors following their first suicide attempt. Three hundred and fortyone survivors who received treatment from the various medical wards of a general hospital participated in the study. ICDIO psychiatric disorders were diagnosed in 47.2% of the cases. The most common diagnosis was depressive episode (31 %). Only 7 % qualified for a diagnosis of personality disorder. A significant proportion of patients (52.8%) did not suffer from any identifiable ICD- 10 psychiatric disorder.
Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by nanoscale talc particles from two different geographical regions in human lung epithelial cells

We have characterized the physicochemical properties of nanotalc particles from two different geographical regions and examined their toxicity mechanisms in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Indigenous nanotalc (IN) of Indian origin and commercial nanotalc (CN) of American origin were used in this study. Physicochemical properties of nanotalc particles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller (BET), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results showed that both IN and CN particles significantly induce cytotoxicity and alteration in cell cycle phases. Both IN and CN particles were found to induce oxidative stress indicated by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and depletion of antioxidant levels. DNA fragmentation and caspase‐3 enzyme activation due to IN and CN particles exposure were also observed. We further showed that after iron chelation, IN and CN particles produce significantly less cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity to A549 cells as compared with nonchelated particles. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that redox active iron plays significant role in the toxicity of IN and CN particles, which may be mediated through ROS generation and oxidative stress. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 394–406, 2014.
Measurement Equivalence in Cross-National Research

Determining whether people in certain countries score differently in measurements of interest or whether concepts relate differently to each other across nations can indisputably assist in testing theories and advancing our sociological knowledge. However, meaningful comparisons of means or relationships between constructs within and across nations require equivalent measurements of these constructs. This is especially true for subjective attributes such as values, attitudes, opinions, or behavior. In this review, we first discuss the concept of cross-group measurement equivalence, look at possible sources of nonequivalence, and suggest ways to prevent it. Next, we examine the social science methodological literature for ways to empirically test for measurement equivalence. Finally, we consider what may be done when equivalence is not supported by the data and conclude with a review of recent developments that offer exciting directions and solutions for future research in cross-national measurement equivalence assessment.
Social motives and trust in integrative negotiation : The disruptive effects of punitive capability

Two studies tested the effects of negotiators' social motive (cooperative vs. individualistic) and punitive capability (high vs. low) on trust, negotiation behavior, and joint outcomes. On the basis of structural goal-expectation theory (T. Yamagishi, 1986), it was predicted that in the case of a cooperative motive higher levels of punitive capability lead to less trust, less exchange of information about preferences and priorities, and agreements of lower joint outcome. Study 1 (N = 41) supported this prediction: Cooperative negotiators had lower trust, exchanged less information, and attained lower joint outcomes under high rather than low punitive capability; individualistic negotiators were not influenced by punitive capability, presumably because they have low levels of trust to start with. Study 2 (N = 21) showed that these effects happened because higher levels of punitive capability increase conflict avoidance in negotiators with a cooperative motive.
A fine-grained analysis of the effects of negative evidence with and without metalinguistic information in language development

The current study compared the effectiveness of computer-delivered task-essential practice coupled with feedback consisting of (1) negative evidence with metalinguistic information (NE+MI) or (2) negative evidence without metalinguistic information (NE–MI) in promoting absolute beginners’ (n = 58) initial learning of aspects of Latin morphosyntax. This study measured language development on a variety of dependent measures (three comprehension-based tests and one production test), assessing both changes in accuracy and reaction time as well as examining effects on trained (old) vs. untrained (new) items. Although participants under both conditions improved in accuracy and reaction time on all measures, on immediate post-tests, participants receiving metalinguistic information outperformed those who did not. However, this advantage had largely dissipated by the time of the delayed tests. Performance on untrained items also suggests an advantage for metalinguistic feedback on system learning and on transfer of skills from comprehension-based practice to production. Furthermore, we argue, based on findings in cognitive neuroscience, that greater maintenance of gains in accuracy as well as evidence of some faster processing by participants not exposed to metalinguistic information may reflect qualitatively different learning processes at work: more explicit learning in the [NE+MI] group and more implicit learning in the [NE–MI] group (Li, 2010).
Understanding fatherhood in Greece: father's involvement in child care

The present study aims to depict a picture of Greek fathers concerning their involvement in family and child-centered tasks over the first year of the child. Eighty fathers from rural areas with low educational and occupational status and eighty fathers from urban districts with high educational and occupational status were asked to talk about their own perceptions of fatherhood and also their participation into two parenting commitments: (a) preparations before and after the birth of the child and (b) involvement in play with the child and a variety of daily child-care tasks. The results show that fathers in urban regions were more involved in these activities than their counterparts in rural areas. All fathers valued fatherhood as a pleasant experience. Many fathers, however, stated that child-rearing responsibilities cause them a lot of psychological strain. The results are discussed in relation to the division of roles between spouses in Greek families.
PERNIKAHAN DINI DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN KELUARGA PADA MASYARAKAT MADURA (PERSPEKTIF HUKUM DAN GENDER)

Early marriage phenomenon in Madurese society is caused by parents’worry towards their children’s behaviour, self readiness, reducing economic burden of the family, and less awareness of the importance of education. This sort of marriage implies on child care and the way the couple educatetheir child and tension within the marriage which is ended by divorce.People’s perceptions on early marriage practice are categorized intoproponent and opponent groups. The reasons for those who disagree withthe marriage are couple’s readiness in managing the family, couple’s agematurity biologically, sociologically as well as psychologically which willinfluence family’s life. By contrast, for those who agree with this earlymarriage, they propose that this marriage is practiced to save the religion and to avoid free sex. Besides, there are some parents who are proud if their children get married soon and not to be late age girl. Economic reason isanother consideration for parents that the son in law will support themfinancially.g
Cytogenetic abnormalities in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia: a Nordic series comprising all children enrolled in the NOPHO‐93‐AML trial between 1993 and 2001

Summary. Between 1993 and 2001, 318 children were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in the Nordic countries. The patient group comprised 237 children < 15 years of age with de novo AML, 42 children < 15 years with Down syndrome (DS) and de novo AML, 18 adolescents 15–18 years of age with de novo AML, and 21 children < 15 years with treatment‐related AML (t‐AML). The first group was all‐inclusive, yielding an annual childhood de novo AML incidence of 0·7/100 000. Cytogenetic analyses were successful in 288 cases (91%), and clonal chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 211 (73%). The distribution of ploidy levels were pseudodiploidy (55%), hyperdiploidy (34%) and hypodiploidy (11%). The most common aberrations (> 2%) were + 8 (23%) (as a sole change in 6·2%), 11q23‐translocations, including cryptic MLL rearrangements (22%) [t(9;11)(p21–22;q23) in 11%], t(8;21)(q22;q22) (9·0%), inv(16)(p13q22) (6·2%), −7/7q– (5·2%), and t(15;17)(q22;q12) (3·8%). Except for +8, these abnormalities were rare in group 2; only one DS patient had a t(8;21) and none had 11q23‐translocations, t(15;17) or inv(16). In the t‐AML group, three cases displayed 11q23‐rearrangements, all t(9;11); and there were no t(8;21), t(15;17) or inv(16). Overall, the observed frequencies of t(8;21) and t(15;17) were lower, and frequencies of trisomy 8 and 11q23‐translocations higher, than in previous studies. Furthermore, seven abnormalities that were previously reported as only single AML cases were also seen, meaning that der(4)t(4;11)(q26–27;q23), der(6)t(1;6)(q24–25;q27), der(7)t(7;11)(p22;q13), inv(8)(p23q11–12), t(11;17)(p15;q21), der(16)t(10;16)(q22;p13) and der(22)t(1;22)(q21;q13) are now classified as recurrent abnormalities in AML. In addition, 37 novel aberrations were observed, 11 of which were sole anomalies.
Size Matters: Cerebral Volume Influences Sex Differences in Neuroanatomy

Biological and behavioral differences between the sexes range from obvious to subtle or nonexistent. Neuroanatomical differences are particularly controversial, perhaps due to the implication that they might account for behavioral differences. In this sample of 200 men and women, large effect sizes (Cohen's d > 0.8) were found for sex differences in total cerebral gray and white matter, cerebellum, and gray matter proportion (women had a higher proportion of gray matter). The only one of these sex differences that survived adjustment for the effect of cerebral volume was gray matter proportion. Individual differences in cerebral volume accounted for 21% of the difference in gray matter proportion, while sex accounted for an additional 4%. The relative size of the corpus callosum was 5% larger in women, but this difference was completely explained by a negative relationship between relative callosal size and cerebral volume. In agreement with Jancke et al., individuals with higher cerebral volume tended to have smaller corpora callosa. There were few sex differences in the size of structures in Broca's and Wernicke's area. We conclude that individual differences in brain volume, in both men and women, account for apparent sex differences in relative size.
Psychological Aspects of Cyberspace: Exposure in Cyberspace as Means of Enhancing Psychological Assessment

For those who regularly surf through cyberspace and experience it as a parallel and not unusual social environment – whether this takes the form of online forums, chat rooms, or personal communication through instant messaging (IM) – it is customary to encounter various types and exhibitions of human behavior. Many Internet surfers, in the beginning, are convinced that most other surfers impersonate, lie, cheat, or at the very least attempt to pull your leg; later, however, it occurs to them that this basic premise is generally wrong. After spending much time in virtual communities, publicly and privately interacting with numerous anonymous individuals, many people start to realize that their behavior in cyberspace reflects their actual personalities or mood states. To their astonishment, as they observe over time other people’s gestures, behavioral patterns, writing styles, frequency and intensity of involvement in group situations, personal associations, vocabulary, choice of verbal expressions, netiquette, and other features of their online behavior – all based on textual communication – laypeople realize that they can learn a great amount about themselves and about others. Moreover, it occurs to them that under these circumstances, they could learn even more about many people’s personality dispositions, attitudes, moral values, sensitivities, habits, needs, and preferences than in an offline, face-to-face (F2F) environment. This intuitive recognition by many Internet users is consistent with what behavioral theorists and researchers of cyberspace have argued in regard to the emergence of self in cyberspace. That is, in contrast to common belief, we now know that many people, when immersed in cyberspace, remove their everyday, offline masks and games and expose their more authentic selves, revealing their longer-term personality dispositions and traits or their current mood and emotional state (McKenna, 2007; also see McKenna, Chapter 10). This chapter takes another step in this knowledge direction. Under the assumption that people not only tend to express and reflect themselves in online situations but also usually feel comfortable doing so, the idea advanced here is that the online environment may constructively be used to assess and evaluate people in professional terms. Because psychologists so widely use and need assessment and evaluation activities – for clinical, educational, vocational, and other purposes – cyberspace may be professionally exploited to
Reading is Seeing: Using Visual Response to Improve the Literary Reading of Reluctant Readers

This study compared the responses of two highly reluctant learning-disabled readers before and after they were helped to visualize story situations and events through visual art. These visual art procedures included the reading of illustrated books, the use of visual protocols, and the creation of symbolic story representations, illustrated books, collages, and picture maps regarding their reading. Data gathered from the students were subjected to ethnographic analysis, including preliminary and systematic domain searches, to reveal codes and themes. Data revealed that the use of visual art helped these two readers to begin enjoying reading, and to begin evoking and manipulating story worlds in their minds. The treatments encouraged the students not only to “see” what they were reading, but also to make other response moves involving emotional affect, connecting their own life to the literary experience, and the consideration of significance. Most importantly, perhaps, these students began to participate in the classroom community through their artwork.
Semantic Extensions of the Ephyra QA System for TREC 2007

We describe recent extensions to the Ephyra question answering (QA) system and their evaluation in the TREC 2007 QA track. Existing syntactic answer extraction approaches for factoid and list questions have been complemented with a high-accuracy semantic approach that generates a semantic representation of the question and extracts answer candidates from similar semantic structures in the corpus. Candidates found by different answer extractors are combined and ranked by a statistical framework that integrates a variety of answer validation techniques and similarity measures to estimate a probability for each candidate. A novel answer type classifier combines a statistical model and hand-coded rules to predict the answer type based on syntactic and semantic features of the question. Our approach for the ‘other’ questions uses Wikipedia and Google to judge the relevance of answer candidates found in the corpora.
Nonlinear relationships and phylogenetically independent contrasts

The method of phylogenetically independent contrasts is commonly used for exploring cross‐taxon relationships between traits. Here we show that this phylogenetic comparative method (PCM) can fail to detect correlated evolution when the underlying relationship between traits is nonlinear. Simulations indicate that statistical power can be dramatically reduced when independent contrasts analysis is used on nonlinear relationships. We also reanalyse a published data set and demonstrate that ignoring nonlinearity can affect biological inferences. We suggest that researchers consider the shape of the relationship between traits when using independent contrasts analysis. Alternative PCMs may be more appropriate if data cannot be transformed to meet assumptions of linearity.
An Evidence-Based Practice Model Across the Academic and Clinical Settings

This tutorial is designed to provide academic communication sciences and disorders (CSD) programs, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, with a comprehensive instructional model on evidence-based practice (EBP). The model was designed to help students view EBP as an ongoing process needed in all clinical decision making. The three facets of EBP (research, client/contextual factors, and clinical expertise) are addressed through explicit teaching practices and assignments in didactic coursework and considered in parallel with a concurrent clinical practicum. At the graduate level, the reciprocal nature between theory, research, and practice is emphasized using components such as structured EBP protocols in coursework and clinic, application of clinical case studies that emphasize EBP procedures, and the integration of authentic research assignments. Examples are provided, and ways in which academic faculty and clinical educators can actively engage in creating a shared language and culture at all levels in a CSD program are presented.
Factors Affecting Perceived Job Performance among Staff: A Case Study of Ban Karuna Juvenile Vocational Training Centre for Boys

The main objectives of this research were (1) to determine the relationships among organizational factors (goal setting, and role ambiguity), personal factor (job satisfaction), and perceived job performance, and (2) to determine the predictive power of organizational factors (goal setting, and role ambiguity), and personal factor (job satisfaction) on perceived job performance. A correlational research design was used. 5 key informants were purposively selected from staff of Ban Karuna (a juvenile vocational training centre for boys in Bangkok) for exploring job performance problems. Information was collected from 95 staff of Ban Karuna. The research instruments consisted of questions for measuring information of (1) a demographic, (2) a goal setting, (3) a role ambiguity, (4) a job satisfaction, and (5) a perceived job performance. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed by using Pearson's product moment correlation and multiple regression. The multiple regression model with all three variables could account for 43% of the variance in perceived job performance. However, only Role ambiguity had significant negative effect on Perceived job performance.
Psychosocial factors influencing mobile phone use while driving

This study aims to improve our understanding of why drivers use their mobile phones while driving and to inform campaigns designed to address this behaviour. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to investigate factors relating to mobile phone use while driving. Study 1 (N = 47) elicited behavioural, normative, and control beliefs towards mobile phone use while driving and assessed situational factors affecting this behaviour. Study 2 (N = 801) examined how attitudes, normative pressures, and control factors influenced intention to use a mobile phone while driving in general, and in four scenarios manipulating driving condition (moving versus stationary) and drivers motivation (in a hurry versus not in a hurry). In addition, the research explored the effects of age, gender, driving purpose, perceived risk of apprehension, perceived risk of crashing, and addictive tendencies towards mobile phone use. Differences in the underlying beliefs held by participants with strong and weak intentions to use a mobile phone while driving were also assessed. Participants’ attitudes towards mobile phone use while driving were the only consistent predictors of the intention to engage in this behaviour in the future. Drivers with strong intentions to use a mobile phone while driving perceived that this behaviour had more advantages, greater approval from others and were less affected by factors deterring them from using a mobile phone while driving, than drivers with weak intentions. The perceived risk of apprehension, or crashing did not have much impact on participants’ intention to engage in this behaviour. People with addictive tendencies towards mobile phone use were more likely to use their mobile phone while driving. Drivers were more likely to use their phone when waiting at traffic lights than when driving at 100 km/h. Results of the study improve our understanding of why drivers use their mobile phones while driving by highlighting factors which influence driver’s decisions to engage in this behaviour. The findings from this study can inform campaigns designed to reduce this unsafe driving practice.