Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Turkish foreign and strategic policy 1934–42

Turkish Foreign Policy in the Second World War, and immediate prewar years, has not been adequately described. Initially, Turkey's foreign policy in these years was officially explained by reference to Turkey's treaty obligations particularly with Britain which, the story went, Turkey had attempted to implement insofar as possible. If full implementation was not always possible, this was not because Turkey was acting in bad faith, but because at each juncture at which full implementation was considered, the conditions of the day left Turkey unable to consider, and, after reflection, its Western allies unwilling to insist upon, the full letter and spirit of the bond. Turkey wished to align itself with the West, but reality, it is maintained, continually undercut an abiding aspiration. This view received support from the memoirs of the principal Western diplomats involved in the alliance process, who, typically, admired Turkey's leading statesmen in this period and believed in the honesty of Turkish policy as it had been articulated to them at the time. ' For many years the only real challenge to this view and it was only a partial and nakedly self-interested challenge came from Hitler's former Ambassador to Ankara, Franz Von Papen, who provided a view of Turkey's policy which, while apologetic, showed a Turkey at once more truly neutral and less firm in friendship with the West than that provided by the official account.2 In the past twenty years, however, following the arrival of primary source material in Western archives, this picture has been challenged from several directions, and with arguments derived from various bodies of evidence. Zhivkova, for instance, relying almost entirely on such British Foreign Office documents as were available at the time of writing, challenges the traditional view, and, from a strongly Marxist perspective, questions both the sincerity of the Turkish leadership and, even more, the honesty of the purportive motives underlying Britain's regional policy.3 Weisband, likewise drawing primarily on Foreign Office papers, presents a picture of Turkish foreign policy in which the only constant was calculation of a narrowly and closely defined national interest.4 Tamoq and Derengil, in their descriptions of Turkish policy during this period, arrive at similar conclusions, though each particularly Derengil leavened his account with secondary biographical material relative to the Turkish leadership.5 Weber, making use of German sources most especially of material drawn from the files of the Ankara Embassy went furthest of all
A matrix-pencil approach to blind separation of colored nonstationary signals

For many signal sources such as speech with distinct, nonwhite power spectral densities, second-order statistics of the received signal mixture can be exploited for signal separation. Without knowledge of the noise correlation matrix, we propose a simple and yet effective signal extraction method for signal source separation under unknown temporally white noise. This new and unbiased signal extractor is derived from the matrix pencil formed between output autocorrelation matrices at different delays. Based on the matrix pencil, an ESPRIT-type algorithm is derived to get an optimal solution in the least square sense. Our method is well suited for systems with colored sensor noises and for nonstationary signals.
Guideline on the investigation and management of acute transfusion reactions Prepared by the BCSH Blood Transfusion Task Force

Although acute non‐haemolytic febrile or allergic reactions (ATRs) are a common complication of transfusion and often result in little or no morbidity, prompt recognition and management are essential. The serious hazards of transfusion haemovigilance organisation (SHOT) receives 30–40 reports of anaphylactic reactions each year. Other serious complications of transfusion, such as acute haemolysis, bacterial contamination, transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) or transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO) may present with similar clinical features to ATR.
Localized Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Seoul’s Urban Neighborhoods

Theoretically guided by communication infrastructure theory and theory of planned behavior, this study has two aims: to assess the experiences and intentions of Seoul residents with regard to their localized use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to identify the factors influencing those experiences and intentions. Online survey data (n = 901) were collected from adult residents of Seoul in the summer of 2013. The results indicate that various ICT channels (especially websites, online news sites, blogs, online cafés, and smartphone apps) could potentially be customized to serve urban neighborhoods. Positive attitudes and subjective norms related to localized ICT use behavior were significant factors for use of almost all ICT channels considered in the current study. Individuals’ integrated connectedness to community storytelling network was a consistently significant and positive factor in relation to both experience and intention of localized uses of ICTs. Among four community engagement variables included in the current study, community activity participation was associated with the experience (but not with the intention) of localized ICT uses.
Barchan dune corridors: Field characterization and investigation of control parameters

[1] The structure of the barchan field located between Tarfaya and Laayoune (Atlantic Sahara, Morocco) is quantitatively investigated and compared to that in La Pampa de la Joya (Arequipa, Peru). On the basis of field measurements, we show how the volume, the velocity, and the output sand flux of a dune can be computed from the value of its body and horn widths. The dune size distribution is obtained from the analysis of aerial photographs. It shows that these fields are in a statistically homogeneous state along the wind direction and present a “corridor” structure in the transverse direction, in which the dunes have a rather well selected size. Investigating the possible external parameters controlling these corridors, we demonstrate that none among topography, granulometry, wind, and sand flux is relevant. We finally discuss the dynamical processes at work in these fields (collisions and wind fluctuations) and investigate the way they could regulate the size of the dunes. Furthermore, we show that the overall sand flux transported by a dune field is smaller than the maximum transport that could be reached in the absence of dunes, i.e., in saltation over the solid ground.
Effective sensing regions and connectivity of agents undergoing periodic relative motions

Time-varying graphs are widely used to model communication and sensing in multi-agent systems such as mobile sensor networks and dynamic animal groups. Connectivity is often determined by the presence of neighbors in a sensing region defined by relative position and/or bearing. We present a method for calculating the effective sensing region that defines the connectivity between agents undergoing periodic relative motions. This method replaces time-varying calculations with time-invariant calculations which greatly simplifies studies of connectivity and convergence of consensus algorithms.We apply the technique to the case of agents moving in a common fixed direction with sinusoidal speed oscillations and fixed relative phases. For agents moving in a straight line, we show analytically how to select dynamics for fast convergence of consensus. Further numerical results suggest graph-level connectivity may be achieved with a sensing radius lower than that predicted by percolation theory for agents with fixed relative positions.
Legal Recognition of Sharia Law: Is this the Right Direction for Australian Family Matters?

Australia is marked by pluralism cultural, religious and ethnic. Yet, our legal system is not pluralistic. Apart from some concessions to the Indigenous peoples of this country, we abide by the 'one law for all' mantra. Both sides of politics have rejected a separate stream of law for specific religious or ethnic communities on the basis that Australia is a secular nation. Freedom of religion and worship is protected, but religion is to play no part in the formal legal system. Australia's former treasurer, Peter Costello (2006), argued, 'there is one law we are all expected to abide by. It is the law enacted by the Parliament under the Australian Constitution. If you can't accept that then you don't accept the fundamentals of what Australia is and what it stands for' (para. 44). This year, Attorney-General Robert McCelland confirmed that the 'Rudd government is not considering and will not consider the introduction of any part of Sharia law into the Australian legal system' (Zwartz, 2009).
K-12 Students' Perceptions of Scientists: Finding a valid measurement and exploring whether exposure to scientists makes an impact

This study was launched from a National Science Foundation GK-12 grant in which graduate fellows in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) are placed in classrooms to engage K-12 students in STEM activities. The investigation explored whether the STEM Fellows' presence impacted the K-12 students' stereotypical image of a scientist. Since finding a valid instrument is critical, the study involved (1) determining the validity of the commonly administered Draw-A-Scientist Test (DAST) against a newly designed six-question survey and (2) using a combination of both instruments to determine what stereotypes are currently held by children. A pretest–posttest design was used on 485 students, grades 3–11, attending 6 different schools in suburban and rural Maine communities. A significant but low positive correlation was found between the DAST and the survey; therefore, it is imperative that the DAST not be used alone, but corroboration with interviews or survey questions should occur. Pretest results revealed that the children held common stereotypes of scientists, but these stereotypes were neither as extensive nor did they increase with the grade level as past research has indicated, suggesting that a shift has occurred with children having a broader concept of who a scientist can be. Finally, the presence of an STEM Fellow corresponded with decreased stereotypes in middle school and high school, but no change in elementary age children. More research is needed to determine whether this reflects resiliency in elementary children's perceptions or limitations in either drawing or in writing out their responses.
Immunoglobulin Ihhibiting Reagent®: Evaluation of a New Method for Eliminating Spurious Elevations in CA125 Caused by HAMA

Cancer therapy utilising radiolabelled murine monoclonal antibodies frequently leads to the production of Human Anti-Mouse Antibodies (HAMA) in the recipient. HAMA interferes with “sandwich” immunoassays, such as those for tumour markers, rendering results unreliable. Published methods for eliminating HAMA from serum are not suitable for use in a laboratory which is processing a large number of assays using an automated system. We report on the use of Immunoglobulin Inhibiting Reagent (IIR) in CA125 assays from recipients of intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy who had spuriously elevated results due to HAMA. IIR was found to be comparable to the admixture of mouse serum as a way of eliminating the effect of HAMA. IIR is ideally suited to use with an automated assay process.
İLKOKUL 4. SINIF ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN BİLİNÇLİ TÜKETİCİLİĞE İLİŞKİN GÖRÜŞLERİ

Bu arastirmanin amaci ilkokul 4. sinif ogrencilerinin bilincli tuketicilige iliskin goruslerini ortaya koymaktir. Arastirmanin calisma grubunu 2010-2011 egitim ogretim yilinda Sakarya ilinin Adapazari ilcesinde ogrenim goren 8’i kiz, 13’u erkek olmak uzere toplam 21 ogrenci olusturmaktadir. Arastirma, maksimum ornekleme yontemiyle secilen farkli sosyoekonomik duzeylerdeki ilkokul 4. sinif ogrencileriyle; nitel arastirma desenlerinden olgubilim deseni kapsaminda yurutulmustur. Ogrencilerden elde edilen veriler icerik analizi yontemine tabi tutularak cozumlenmistir. Arastirma ilkokul 4. sinif ogrencilerinin bilincli tuketicilikle ilgili yeterli bilgiye sahip olduklarini ve ogrencilerin kendilerini bilincli tuketici olarak gorduklerini gostermektedir.
NPHS2 gene, nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: A HuGE review

Nephrotic syndrome, characterized by edema, proteinuria, hyperlipidemia and low serum albumin, is a manifestation of kidney disease involving the glomeruli. Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary kidney disease such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Mutations in the podocin gene, NPHS2, have been shown in familial and sporadic forms of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Podocin is an integral membrane protein located at the slit diaphragm of the glomerular permeability barrier. Complete information is lacking for the population frequency of some NPHS2 variants for all racial and ethnic groups. The most frequently reported variant, R229Q, is more common among European-derived populations than African-derived populations. We calculated crude odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of childhood nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with R229Q heterozygosity using data from five studies. The R229Q variant is not associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the US population of African descent. In contrast, the R229Q variant is associated with a trend toward increased focal segmental glomerulosclerosis risk in European-derived populations, with an estimated increased risk of 20–40%. Our insight into the association between NPHS2 variants and nephrotic disease is hampered by the limitations of the existing studies, including small numbers of affected individuals and suboptimal control groups. Nevertheless, the available data suggest that large epidemiological case-control studies to examine the association between NPHS2 variants and nephrotic syndrome are warranted.
Impacts of leaf age and heat stress duration on photosynthetic gas exchange and foliar nonstructural carbohydrates in Coffea arabica

Abstract Given future climate predictions of increased temperature, and frequency and intensity of heat waves in the tropics, suitable habitat to grow ecologically, economically, and socially valuable Coffea arabica is severely threatened. We investigated how leaf age and heat stress duration impact recovery from heat stress in C. arabica. Treated plants were heated in a growth chamber at 49°C for 45 or 90 min. Physiological recovery was monitored in situ using gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence (the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, F V/F M), and leaf nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) on mature and expanding leaves before and 2, 15, 25, and 50 days after treatment. Regardless of leaf age, the 90‐min treatment resulted in greater F V/F M reduction 2 days after treatment and slower recovery than the 45‐min treatment. In both treatments, photosynthesis of expanding leaves recovered more slowly than in mature leaves. Stomatal conductance (g s) decreased in expanding leaves but did not change in mature leaves. These responses led to reduced intrinsic water‐use efficiency with increasing heat stress duration in both age classes. Based on a leaf energy balance model, aftereffects of heat stress would be exacerbated by increases in leaf temperature at low g s under full sunlight where C. arabica is often grown, but also under partial sunlight. Starch and total NSC content of the 45‐min group significantly decreased 2 days after treatment and then accumulated 15 and 25 days after treatment coinciding with recovery of photosynthesis and F V/F M. In contrast, sucrose of the 90‐min group accumulated at day 2 suggesting that phloem transport was inhibited. Both treatment group responses contrasted with control plant total NSC and starch, which declined with time associated with subsequent flower and fruit production. No treated plants produced flowers or fruits, suggesting that short duration heat stress can lead to crop failure.
The Unbounded Body of the Law of Rape:

In the judicial context, the law of rape is plied chiefly around two central concepts: force and non-consent. These concepts are analogues to male and female sexuality and lie at the heart of what may be described as the dichotomy of rape law. When force is part of the legislative definition of rape, non-consent seems to be used in case law as an instrument to decide whether force may be proven. On the contrary, when the legislative definition contains non-consent, force is generally looked at in order to prove non-consent.
What happens when representations fail to represent? Graduate students’ mental models of organic chemistry diagrams

As part of our investigations into the development of representational competence, we report results from a study in which we elicited sixteen graduate students’ expressed mental models of commonly-used terms for describing organic reactions – functional group, nucleophile/electrophile, acid/base – and for diagrams of transformations and their mechanisms. The students had the greatest difficulty in articulating a verbal description of functional groups. Most of the participants conceived of functional groups as book-keeping devices for determining the changes that occur in a reaction. Their conceptions of functional groups lacked any indication of function. Furthermore, this lack of process-oriented thinking resulted in descriptions of reactions that were focused on structural changes with relatively little mechanistic information. Consistent with previous research in chemistry and other STEM fields, the students in this study exhibited an overall superficial approach in their explanations of the diagrams; thus limiting the information they could extract from them.
Cell Type-Specific Circuits of Cortical Layer IV Spiny Neurons

Sensory signal processing in cortical layer IV involves two major morphological classes of excitatory neurons: spiny stellate and pyramidal cells. It is essentially unknown how these two cell types are integrated into intracortical networks and whether they play different roles in cortical signal processing. We mapped their cell-specific intracortical afferents in rat somatosensory cortex through a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and caged glutamate photolysis. Spiny stellate cells received monosynaptic excitation and inhibition originating almost exclusively from neurons located within the same barrel. Pyramidal cells, by contrast, displayed additional excitatory inputs from nongranular layers and from neighboring barrels. Their inhibitory inputs originated, as for spiny stellate cells, mainly from neurons located in the same barrel. These results indicate that spiny stellate cells act predominantly as local signal processors within a single barrel, whereas pyramidal cells globally integrate horizontal and top-down information within a functional column and between neighboring barrels.
Relationship between Achievement Goals, Meta-Cognition and Academic Success in Pakistan.

The research was the replication of the study done by Coutinho (2006) and it aimed at finding the relationship between achievement goals, meta-cognition and academic success. Achievement goals were further divided into two types: mastery and performance. The participants were 119 students enrolled in M. A. Education, Department of Education at the University of Sargodha. The questionnaire used in the original study, along with Urdu translation, was administered to the participants. The questionnaire consisted of three sections measuring mastery goals, performance goals, and meta-cognition, respectively. The academic achievement record was taken from the Office of Department of Education. Academic achievement was taken as marked and obtained at the Matric, Intermediate, Bachelors, and M.A. levels. It was concluded there is no significant correlation between mastery goals and academic achievement. Similarly, there was no significant correlation between performance goals and academic achievement at Matric, Intermediate and Bachelor levels. However, negative correlation was observed between performance goals and achievement at the masters level. The researchers found no significant relationship between meta-cognition and academic achievement at all levels and there were no significant gender differences in mastery goals, performance goals and meta-cognition.
Good News or Bad News? Conducting Sentiment Analysis on Dutch Text to Distinguish Between Positive and Negative Relations

ABSTRACT Many research questions in political communication can be answered by representing text as a network of positive or negative relations between actors and issues such as conducted by semantic network analysis. This article presents a system for automatically determining the polarity (positivity/negativity) of these relations by using techniques from sentiment analysis. We used a machine learning model trained on the manually annotated news coverage of the Dutch 2006 elections, collecting lexical, syntactic, and word-similarity based features, and using the syntactic analysis to focus on the relevant part of the sentence. The performance of the full system is significantly better than the baseline with an F1 score of . 63. Additionally, we replicate four studies from an earlier analysis of these elections, attaining correlations of greater than . 8 in three out of four cases. This shows that the presented system can be immediately used for a number of analyses.
INCREASING STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY THROUGH PROBLEMSOLVING AT THE FIRST GRADE OF SMAN 1 SIMPANG PEMATANG

Problem solving is a technique that gives students opportunity to express their opinion based on the problem. Problem solving can help students become more interested and active. In problem solving students use their background knowledge and experience to understand their situation and solve the problem. There are two main objectives of this research namely, 1. To find out whether there is any significant difference of students’ speaking ability after being taught through problem solving. 2. To know which one is the most effective topic for teaching speaking. This research was conducted at SMAN 1 Simpang Pematang. The sample of this research was students of tenth grade, class X1. The study employed times series design by giving three pre-tests, three treatments, and three post-tests. To collect data, the speaking test applied speaking performance. There were two raters to score students’ speaking performance. The result shows that there is significant difference of students’ speaking ability after being taught through problem solving. It means that problem solving can increase students speaking ability. The result of students’ mean score pre-test 1 is 62.3 up in post-test 1 is 71(gain is 8.7), pre-test 2 is 63.1 up in post-test 2 is 73.4 (gain is 10.3) ,and pre-test 3 is 64.2 up in post-test 3 is 76.8 (gain is 12.6). The reseacher also uses pair sample of SPSS. The result is 1st pair 26.187 (t-value) > 2. 048 (t-table) , 2nd pair 22.079 (t-value) > 2. 048 (t-table), 3rd pair 43.847 (t-value) > 2. 048 (t-table) means that there are significant differences of students’ speaking ability after being taught through problem solving. Therefore, the first hypothesis is accepted. Regarding the three topics given are; Friend, Family, and Holiday. The result of mean score for Friend topic is 66.86 and is up to 67.66 in Family topic and then the last topic, Holiday is up 68.18 So, the topic that give better speaking ability is Holiday. It might be due to the very familiar material to every student. The result prooves that problem solving using familiar topic can be recommended as a teaching technique as it gives better speaking ability.