Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dendritic SNAREs add a new twist to the old neuron theory

Dendritic exocytosis underpins a broad range of integrative and homeostatic synaptic functions. Emerging data highlight the essential role of SNAREs in trafficking and fusion of secretory organelles with release of peptides and neurotransmitters from dendrites. This Perspective analyzes recent evidence inferring axo-dendritic polarization of vesicular release machinery and pinpoints progress made with existing challenges in this rapidly progressing field of dendritic research. Interpreting the relation of new molecular data to physiological results on secretion from dendrites would greatly advance our understanding of this facet of neuronal mechanisms.
On the Injectivity of the Parikh Matrix Mapping

In this paper we investigate the injectivity of the Parikh matrix mapping. This research is done mainly on the binary alphabet. We identify a family of binary words, refered to as ``palindromic amiable'', such that two such words are palindromic amiable if and only if they have the same image by the Parikh matrix mapping. Some other related problems are discussed, too.
In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects of Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Roxb. leaf extract on Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) and Syphacia obvelata (Nematoda)

Background: Leaves of Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Roxb. have been traditionally used as an herbal remedy to treat the intestinal helminthic infections in traditional medicine of India. Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects of C. bonducella leaf extract against Syphacia obvelata (Nematoda) and Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). Materials and Methods: The in vitro anthelmintic activity of the extract was investigated on adult worms of S. obvelata (Nematoda) and H. diminuta (Cestoda) in terms of physical motility and mortality of parasites. The in vivo study was performed in H. diminuta-rat model and S. obvelata-mice model, by monitoring the egg per gram of feces count and worm count of animals following the treatment with different doses of plant extract. Results: The study recorded significant and dose-dependent anthelmintic effects of the extract on both the parasites. In the in vitro study, 30 mg/ml concentration of extract caused mortality of H. diminuta in 2.5 ± 0.2 h and S. obvelata in 3.57 ± 0.16 h. In the in vivo study, the extract showed a comparatively better efficacy on S. obvelata, where its 800 mg/kg dose revealed 93% reduction of worm load in mice, as compared to 85% worm load reduction of H. diminuta in rats. Conclusions: The findings suggest that leaf extract of C. bonducella possesses significant anthelmintic effects and supports its use as an anthelmintic in traditional medicine. This appears to be the first report of in vivo anthelmintic activity of C. bonducella against these parasites.
The role of the potential of meaning in asynchronous dialogues in a collective process of collaboration

This study’s aim is to describe and explore how 40 teacher students, engaged in courses in web-based learning environments, successively develop a collective competence to collaborate during two 15-credit courses in a period of 40 weeks. The collective competence of collaboration is here defined as the level of learning ability, a group of students express, when using dialogues as a tool for their own and other’s learning in a web-based learning environment. The students’ contributions to the course assignments, the group responses and the collaborative discussions and dialogues were analysed and interpreted based on Bakhtin’s (1986, 2004) and Rommetveit’s (2003) theories on dialogic interactions and meaning potentials. The results describes three levels of thematic pattern in the dialogues as a competence to collaborate within the group.
SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES: EVALUATING AND INVESTIGATING THEIR USE IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH

Researchers must collect and analyse new data that will enhance the body of knowledge. It is for this reason that data is of major importance to researchers. All aspects of a research project involve data, from navigating existing data, to understanding how data is used in the world and why it is important to learn to collect data and make predictions. Researchers need to consider the types of data that are possible and examine and weight each option so they can determine what sources of data will answer the research questions or hypotheses. Researchers, who require a large amount of participants to contribute to their data collection and assist in their research, are limited in the choice of current research methods including questionnaires, postal surveys and online surveys and also limited in the number of respondents they can obtain to participate in their research. This paper proposes a new research method through the use of Social Networking Sites (SNS‟s). It aims to evaluate and investigate if SNS‟s are a feasible method for conducting research and collecting data. SNS‟s offer researchers the potential to reach millions of people worldwide quickly and at a low cost. Facebook currently ranked as the second most popular website worldwide has over 500 million active users. MySpace has over 130 million. The majority of the world‟s highest ranked SNS‟s today provide a developer platform for people to create their own applications.
Widows in India

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Dynamic-decomposition-based approach to eigenvalue and scattering problems for azimuthally inhomogeneous slotted cylindrical structures

In this paper, an approach is developed that allows one to substantially accelerate numerical solving of the eigenvalue modal and scattering problems treated with the aid of the mode-matching technique or integral-equation technique combined with the method of moments for a wide class of azimuthally inhomogeneous cylindrical structures having sector-shaped slots. It is based on a special decomposition of the matrix elements containing series over spatial harmonics. An earlier developed decomposition scheme is modified that provides fast and accurate calculation of the series, which correspond to both slot and nonslot domains. Two new efficient schemes are proposed, which are especially important for accelerating calculations in cases where the series corresponding to the slot domains contain cylindrical functions of noninteger order. Results are presented that demonstrate advantages of both the new and modified decomposition scheme.
Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor as Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Prognosis

Epidemiologic studies have shown that growth factors and inflammatory mechanisms may affect breast cancer risk and prognosis. The present analysis on 110 postmenopausal breast cancer patients tested if serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fructosamine, and C-reactive protein, a serum marker of inflammation, are associated with breast cancer relapse. The risk of adverse events after 5.5 years of follow-up was examined by Cox proportional hazards modeling, controlling for hormone receptor status, stage at diagnosis, and for body weight and serum testosterone level, which were known to significantly affect prognosis. PDGF and, to a lesser extent, IGF-I were positively but not significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer recurrence. By combining PDGF and IGF-I, however, the adjusted hazard ratio of recurrence among the women with both PDGF and IGF-I levels > their median values (respectively, 9.3 and 174.4 ng/mL) was 6.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-26.7) compared with the women with PDGF and IGF-I levels ≤ their median values. Fructosamine and C-reactive protein were not associated with recurrences. The results suggest that PDGF may be an important prognostic factor for breast cancer and that IGF-I may increase the risk of recurrence in the presence of high PDGF levels. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(7):1719–22)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOOD OF FERAL CATS ON CAMPBELL ISLAND

INTRODUCTION Subantarctic Campbell Island (52 S, 169 E), the southernmost of the outlying islands of New Zealand, is a Nature Reserve for the preservation of flora and fauna. It has been heavily modified by man and introduced animals and was farmed from before the turn of the century until 1931. The date cats (Felis catus) were introduced to Campbell Island is not known, but they were probably brought as pets to control rats (Rattus norvegicus) during the sheep-farming era. Joe Timms, who lived on the island from 1912 until 1916, found no cats there (Kerr and Judd, 1978), so the first may have been taken to the island after 1916.
Benchmarking the encoding efficiency of H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC

This paper deals with the currently developing video encoding standard H.265/HEVC. The scope of this paper is to evaluate the encoding and compression efficiency of the new standard in comparison to its predecessor H.264/AVC and more specifically to validate if the main objective of the new codec is satisfied, which is to double the compression efficiency of the bit stream without deteriorating the quality level of the encoded signal.
Phosphoinositides Regulate P2X4 ATP-Gated Channels through Direct Interactions

P2X receptors are ATP-gated nonselective cation channels highly permeable to calcium that contribute to nociception and inflammatory responses. The P2X4 subtype, upregulated in activated microglia, is thought to play a critical role in the development of tactile allodynia following peripheral nerve injury. Posttranslational regulation of P2X4 function is crucial to the cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain, however it remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the phosphoinositides PI(4,5)P2 (PIP2) and PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3), products of phosphorylation by wortmannin-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, can modulate the function of native and recombinant P2X4 receptor channels. In BV-2 microglial cells, depleting the intracellular levels of PIP2 and PIP3 with wortmannin significantly decreased P2X4 current amplitude and P2X4-mediated calcium entry measured in patch clamp recordings and ratiometric ion imaging, respectively. Wortmannin-induced depletion of phosphoinositides in Xenopus oocytes decreased the current amplitude of P2X4 responses by converting ATP into a partial agonist. It also decreased their recovery from desensitization and affected their kinetics. Injection of phosphoinositides in wortmannin-treated oocytes reversed these effects and application of PIP2 on excised inside-out macropatches rescued P2X4 currents from rundown. Moreover, we report the direct interaction of phospholipids with the proximal C-terminal domain of P2X4 subunit (Cys360–Val375) using an in vitro binding assay. These results demonstrate novel regulatory roles of the major signaling phosphoinositides PIP2 and PIP3 on P2X4 function through direct channel–lipid interactions.
Estimating Private Incentives for Wildfire Risk Mitigation: Determinants of Demands for Different Fire-Safe Actions

In this article we develop a general conceptual model of a property-owner’s decision to implement actions to protect his property against wildfire threat. Assuming a prospective-utility maximizing decision maker, we derive a system of demand functions for fire-safe actions that characterizes factors affecting individual decision making. We then empirically estimate the demands for various fire-safe actions functions using survey data of property owners facing a wildfire threat in Nevada. We find that the probability of individuals implementing some fire-safe action increases with value of the residence, previous experience with wildfire, the property being used as the primary residence, positive attitude towards wildfire management methods on public lands, and connectedness of community members. A lower probability of implementing fire-safe actions is found for those who value pristine nature and privacy that nature provides.
Confidence Assessment of the Simcyp Time-Based Approach and a Static Mathematical Model in Predicting Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions for Mechanism-Based CYP3A Inhibitors

Accurate prediction of the extent of mechanism-based CYP3A inhibition is critical in determining the timing of clinical drug interaction studies in drug development. To evaluate the prediction accuracy of the static and Simcyp time-based approaches, 54 clinical drug interactions involving mechanism-based CYP3A inhibitors were predicted using both methods. The Simcyp time-based approach generated better prediction when 0.03 h−1 was used as the hepatic CYP3A enzyme degradation rate constant (kdeg) value. Of the predictions 87 and 55% had an error less than 2 and 0.5, respectively, relative to the observed values, compared with 57 and 20%, respectively, when the Simcyp default kdeg value of 0.0077 h−1 was used. Accuracy improvement using the kdeg value of 0.03 over 0.0077 h−1 was most evident for trials with observed magnitude of interaction greater than 2-fold; predictions with an error less than 0.5 relative to clinical observations increased from 8 to 48%. For the static approach, 76 and 35% of the predictions had an error less than 2 and 0.5, respectively. Both methods generated good predictions for weak and moderate inhibitors. The prediction accuracy could be affected by our knowledge of disposition of a substrate compound, in vitro inactivation parameter estimates, and the ability of Simcyp to accurately simulate the pharmacokinetics of inhibitors. Nonetheless, both the Simcyp and static approaches are useful tools for assessing the drug-drug interaction potential of a mechanism-based CYP3A inhibitor, especially when human pharmacokinetics of the inhibitor is known and 0.03 h−1 is used as the hepatic CYP3A kdeg value.
Both Group 4 Capsule and Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen Contribute to Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Resistance to Human α-Defensin 5

Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC) are food-borne pathogens that colonize the small intestine and colon, respectively. To cause disease, these pathogens must overcome the action of different host antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) secreted into these distinct niches. We have shown previously that EHEC expresses high levels of the OmpT protease to inactivate the human cathelicidin LL-37, an AMP present in the colon. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms used by EPEC to resist human α-defensin 5 (HD-5), the most abundant AMP in the small intestine. Quantitative PCR was used to measure transcript levels of various EPEC surface structures. High transcript levels of gfcA, a gene required for group 4 capsule (G4C) production, were observed in EPEC, but not in EHEC. The unencapsulated EPEC ∆gfcA and EHEC wild-type strains were more susceptible to HD-5 than EPEC wild-type. Since the G4C is composed of the same sugar repeats as the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen, an -antigen ligase (waaL) deletion mutant was generated in EPEC to assess its role in HD-5 resistance. The ∆waaL EPEC strain was more susceptible to HD-5 than both the wild-type and ∆gfcA strains. The ∆gfcA∆waaL EPEC strain was not significantly more susceptible to HD-5 than the ∆waaL strain, suggesting that the absence of -antigen influences G4C formation. To determine whether the G4C and -antigen interact with HD-5, total polysaccharide was purified from wild-type EPEC and added to the ∆gfcA∆waaL strain in the presence of HD-5. The addition of exogenous polysaccharide protected the susceptible strain against HD-5 killing in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that HD-5 binds to the polysaccharides present on the surface of EPEC. Altogether, these findings indicate that EPEC relies on both the G4C and the -antigen to resist the bactericidal activity of HD-5.
Global Weak Solutions to a Generalized Hyperelastic-rod Wave Equation

We consider a generalized hyperelastic-rod wave equation (or generalized Camassa--Holm equation) describing nonlinear dispersive waves in compressible hyperelastic rods. We establish existence of a strongly continuous semigroup of global weak solutions for any initial data from $H^1(\R)$. We also present a "weak equals strong" uniqueness result.
Applications of Categories in Computer Science: Geometric theories and databases

Domain theoretic understanding of databases as elements of powerdomains is modified to allow multisets of records instead of sets. This is related to geometric theories and classifying toposes, and it is shown that algebraic base domains lead to algebraic categories of models in two cases analogous to the lower (Hoare) powerdomain and Gunter’s mixed powerdomain. Terminology Throughout this paper, “domain” means algebraic poset – not necessarily with bottom, nor second countable. The information system theoretic account of algebraic posets fits very neatly with powerdomain constructions. Following Vickers [90], it may be that essentially the same methods work for continuous posets; but we defer treating those until we have a better understanding of the necessary generalizations to topos theory. More concretely, a domain is a preorder (information system) (D, ̇) of tokens, and associated with it are an algebraic poset pt D of points (ideals of D; one would normally think of pt D as the domain), and a frame ΩD of opens (upper closed subsets of D; ΩD is isomorphic to the Scott topology on pt D). “Topos” always means “Grothendieck topos”, and not “elementary topos”; morphisms between toposes are understood to be geometric morphisms. S, italicized, denotes the category of sets. We shall follow, usually without comment, the notation of Vickers [89], which can be taken as our standard reference for the topological and localic notions used here. * Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, England; email sjv@doc.ic. ac.uk VICKERS: GEOMETRIC THEORIES AND DATABASES 2 Acknowledgements It has taken me a long time to understand toposes well enough to be able to handle them at all mathematically. I think others will share my experience, for even now there is no introductory text that treats in depth the relation between toposes and geometric logic (as opposed to intuitionistic logic), this being the connection that is relevant to Grothendieck’s original intuition of a topos as a generalized topological space. My thanks are therefore due to all the people who have ever told me anything about toposes. I should like in particular to mention: Martin Hyland, for his unfailing helpfulness; Mike Fourman, for his clear talk (reported as Fourman and Vickers [85]) on classifying toposes; Samson Abramsky, Axel Poigné and Mike Smyth, whose participation in a reading group at Imperial in 1985 helped me gain a toehold of understanding of Johnstone [77]; and Peter Johnstone and other participants at the Durham Symposium for their advice on technical matters. I should also like to acknowledge the influence of Carl Gunter, whose elegant database account of powerdomains gave me both the intuitions (databases) and the mathematical context (generalized powerdomain theory) that I needed for a natural application of topos theory. The work was made possible by the financial support of the British Science and Engineering Research Council for two research projects at Imperial: Formal Methods for Declarative Languages, and Foundational Structures for Computer Science.
Gender difference in smoking effects on adult pulmonary function.

Data on 1,618 male and 1,669 female adults aged 40-69 yrs, from China in the Beijing Respiratory Health Study, were analysed to investigate the gender differences in effects of smoking on pulmonary function. Smoking was characterized by total smoking-years, smoking status (former, transitional and constant), smoking type (cigarette, cigar and others). The effects of smoking on height-standardized forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were assessed by multiple regressions adjusting for age, education level, use of an indoor coal stove for heating, passive smoking, occupational dust and gas/fume exposure, and residence. Prediction equations were derived from nonsmoking asymptomatic subjects. As compared to women, men had a much higher smoking prevalence (78 vs 35%) but a lower quitting rate (14 vs 23%). Female lifetime nonsmokers had greater mean percentage predicted lung function values than male lifetime nonsmokers, whilst female cigarette smokers had lower values than their male counterparts. In both sexes, the highest mean percentage predicted lung function values were found in lifetime nonsmokers, whilst the lowest values were found among former smokers, the second lowest among transitional smokers, and constant smokers actually had greater values than both former and transitional smokers. These findings were confirmed by sex-specific regression analyses. A global test on the interactions between smoking and sex was highly significant. This study suggests that adverse smoking effects on pulmonary function were greater in women than in men. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)