Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cochrane Review: One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates

Background Animal studies and trials in older children and adults suggest that a one dose per day regimen of gentamicin is superior to a multiple doses per day regimen. Objectives To compare the efficacy and safety of one dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin in suspected or proven sepsis in neonates. Search strategy Eligible studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (February 2010), EMBASE 1980 to 2009, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2010) and CINAHL (December 1982 to October 2009). Abstracts of the Society for Pediatric Research were searched from 1980 to 2009 inclusive. Selection criteria All randomised or quasi randomised controlled trials comparing one dose per day ( 'once a day') compared to multiple doses per day ( 'multiple doses a day') of gentamicin to newborn infants < 28 days of life. Data collection and analysis Data collection and analysis was performed according to the standards of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. Main results Eighteen studies were excluded and eleven studies (N = 574) included. All infants in both 'once a day' as well as 'multiple doses a day' regimen showed adequate clearance of sepsis [typical RD 0.00 (95% CI - 0.19, 0.19); 3 trials; N = 36]. For the other primary outcome measures relating to gentamicin pharmacokinetics 'once a day' dosing of gentamicin was superior. 'Once a day' gentamicin regimen was associated with less failures to attain peak level of at least 5 µg/ml [Typical RR 0.22 (95% CI 0.11, 0.47); 9 trials; N = 422] and less failures to achieve trough levels of ≤ 2 µg/ml [Typical RR 0.38 (95% CI 0.27, 0.55); 11 trials N = 503] compared to 'multiple doses a day' regimen. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity were not noted with either of the treatment regimens. Authors' conclusions There is insufficient evidence from the currently available RCTs to conclude whether 'once a day' or 'multiple doses a day' regimen of gentamicin is superior in treating proven neonatal sepsis. However data suggests that pharmacokinetic properties of 'once a day' gentamicin regimen are superior to 'multiple doses a day' regimen in that it achieves higher peak levels while avoiding toxic trough levels. There is no change in nephrotoxicity or auditory toxicity. Based on this assessment of pharmacokinetics, 'once a day regimen' may be superior in treating neonatal sepsis in neonates greater than 32 weeks gestation. Plain Language Summary Gentamicin dosage in neonates Gentamicin is a commonly used antibiotic that is very effective in treating bacterial infections in neonates. However, gentamicin may cause adverse effects on auditory and renal functions that may be related to the dosage, interval and in turn the drug levels in plasma. Safer and potentially more effective levels of the drug were maintained using a one dose per day treatment schedule.
Statistical 3D shape-model guided segmentation of cardiac images

A novel scheme for the segmentation of 4-D MR cardiac images has been introduced in this paper. 3-D spatially hierarchical expressions of the statistical shape models for the cardiac chambers are constructed through principal component analysis (PCA) of the manually segmented training set. The difficult problem of landmarking before PCA is effectively solved through gradient vector flow guided 3D active surface method. The hierarchical shape models are then used as constraint forces in the segmentation process. The system has been tested on 3D MR cardiac images. The segmentation results of the presented system are better compared with the active surface method, and are comparative to the manual segmentation results.
Tuning fork MEMS gyroscope for precision northfinding

We report northfinding results using an out-of-plane tuning-fork MEMS gyroscope with performance approaching navigation grade. Angle random walk is less than 0.003 °/√hr, and in-run bias instability is less than 0.02 °/hr at an Allan variance sampling time of one hour. A compact (<; 20 cm3) prototype northfinder containing 3 gyros and 3 accelerometers is indexed to compensate for gyro and accelerometer bias drift and non-repeatability, providing northfinding precision of ±4 milliradians in 4 minutes averaging time. Gyro magnetic sensitivity is less than 0.004 °/hr/Gauss.
Economic Localisation Revisited

The concept of economic localisation, though quite a “hot topic” also within the academic debate (especially regarding food systems) still lacks a solid theoretical and empirical background. In this article, we present three viewpoints on economic localisation, those of its proponents (within the field of ecological economics), doubters (representing the social geography perspective), and deniers (representing the mainstream economic theory). Based on a detailed analysis of six monographs of the proponents, we suggest a general definition of economic localisation and present an overview of its eleven dimensions and their particular aspects. When discussing the main points of the critique, we argue that in contradiction to the so,called local trap argumentation of the doubters , economic localisation cannot be reduced to a social construct of a specific scalar strategy and that according to our definition it comprises also its own specific outcomes. Regarding the deniers’ critical points, we emphasize that the judgement about in/efficiency is dependent on the espoused assumptions. As the assumptions of mainstream economics are not consistent with those of economic localisation as defined here, it is not possible to judge the outcomes of economic localisation using a mainstream economic perspective. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of a continued critical discussion of economic localisation and we briefly introduce the concept of economic de,growth as anothe r interesting framework in which economic localisation can be examined.
Non-extremal fuzzballs and ergoregion emission

In the traditional picture of black holes, Hawking radiation is created by pair creation from the vacuum at the horizon. In the fuzzball proposal, individual microstates do not have a horizon with the ‘vacuum’ state in its vicinity. For a special family of non-extremal microstates it was recently found that emission occurs due to pair creation in an ergoregion, rather than at a horizon. In this paper we extend this result to a slightly larger class of microstates, again finding exact agreement between the emission in the gravity picture and the CFT dual. We write down an expression for emission from geometries with ergoregions, in terms of the leading falloff behavior of the wavefunctions in the fuzzball region. Finally, we describe another family of nonextremal microstates and find their ergoregion.
Selective abolition of adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses in skin by local iontophoresis of bretylium.

Skin blood flow (SkBF) in humans is controlled by a noradrenergic active vasoconstrictor system and an active vasodilator system of an uncertain neurotransmitter. Understanding how these systems interact would be aided if the vasodilator system could be studied in the absence of effects of the vasoconstrictor system. To accomplish this we combined laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) with the local iontophoresis of bretylium in 10 studies with eight healthy subjects. Each subject had two forearm sites (0.64 cm2) treated with bretylium to block local norepinephrine release. LDV was monitored at those sites and at two untreated sites during 3-4 min of cold stress, 35-45 min of heat stress, and a final cold stress to verify blockade. In five studies, local temperature was raised to 39 degrees C at the LDV sites before the final cold stress. Whole body skin temperature was controlled by water-perfused suits. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured noninvasively. Heart rate and internal temperature were also recorded. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as LDV/MAP. During the initial cold stress, performed 130 min after bretylium treatment, CVC at treated sites fell by an average of 0.3 +/- 3.2% (P greater than 0.10) and at untreated sites by 29.2 +/- 4.1% (P less than 0.001 between sites). During heat stress, CVC at treated sites rose by 419 +/- 66% and at control sites, by 517 +/- 90% (P greater than 0.10 between sites). The internal temperature threshold for cutaneous vasodilation was not statistically different between sites (P greater than 0.10). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA1): unusual bifaceted gene products with suspected relevance to breast cancer

The steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) is a unique modulator of steroid receptor transcriptional activity, as it is able to mediate its coregulatory effects as a RNA molecule. Recent findings, however, have painted a more complex picture of the SRA gene (SRA1) products. Indeed, even though SRA was initially thought to be noncoding, several RNA isoforms have now been found to encode an endogenous protein (SRAP), which is well conserved among Chordata. Although the function of SRAP remains largely unknown, it has been proposed that, much like its corresponding RNA, the protein itself might regulate estrogen and androgen receptor signaling pathways. As such, data suggest that both SRA and SRAP might participate in the mechanisms underlying breast, as well as prostate tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the published literature dealing with these two faces of the SRA gene products and underscores the relevance of this bifaceted system to breast cancer development.
Coding for Cryptographic Security Enhancement Using Stopping Sets

In this paper, we discuss the ability of channel codes to enhance cryptographic secrecy. Toward that end, we present the secrecy metric of degrees of freedom in an attacker's knowledge of the cryptogram, which is similar to equivocation. Using this notion of secrecy, we show how a specific practical channel coding system can be used to hide information about the ciphertext, thus increasing the difficulty of cryptographic attacks. The system setup is the wiretap channel model where transmitted data traverse through independent packet erasure channels (PECs) with public feedback for authenticated automatic repeat-request (ARQ). The code design relies on puncturing nonsystematic low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with the intent of inflicting an eavesdropper with stopping sets in the decoder. The design amplifies errors when stopping sets occur such that a receiver must guess all the channel-erased bits correctly to avoid an error rate of one half in the ciphertext. We extend previous results on the coding scheme by giving design criteria that reduce the effectiveness of a maximum-likelihood (ML) attack to that of a message-passing (MP) attack. We further extend security analysis to models with multiple receivers and collaborative attackers. Cryptographic security is even enhanced by the system when eavesdroppers have better channel quality than legitimate receivers.
On modern DNS behavior and properties

The Internet crucially depends on the Domain Name System (DNS) to both allow users to interact with the system in human-friendly terms and also increasingly as a way to direct traffic to the best content replicas at the instant the content is requested. This paper is an initial study into the behavior and properties of the modern DNS system. We passively monitor DNS and related traffic within a residential network in an effort to understand server behavior--as viewed through DNS responses? and client behavior--as viewed through both DNS requests and traffic that follows DNS responses. We present an initial set of wide ranging findings.
The Benefits of Facebook "Friends: " Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites

This study examines the relationship between use of Facebook, a popular online social network site, and the formation and maintenance of social capital. In addition to assessing bonding and bridging social capital, we explore a dimension of social capital that assesses one’s ability to stay connected with members of a previously inhabited community, which we call maintained social capital. Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N = 286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.
Grandparents and Teen Grandchildren: Exploring Intergenerational Relationships

This research focused on the nature of grandparent-grandchild relationships, exploring the ways in which family and societal contexts are impacting on this kinship relation. The focus was on grandparent-grandchild relations when grandchildren are in their teenage years, as little research has been conducted on this phase of the grandchild-grandparent relationship, particularly on the range of help and support provided by grandparents to older grandchildren, or vice versa. Much previous research on grandparenthood has been based upon large-scale surveys, highlighting various predictors of relationship strength and quality. However, such studies are limited in their ability to shed light on how grandparent-grandchild relationships are actually experienced. Information has mainly been gathered from grandparents, parents and young adults, with few studies including the views of children and young people or containing the perspectives of related grandparents and grandchildren. This research redressed the balance by adopting a qualitative approach to explore the experiences of both grandparents and grandchildren. It considered variations in the same person's relationships with several grandchildren or grandparents, placing these in the context of each individual's family, social networks and socio-economic environments. The study emphasised the dynamic nature of grandparent-grandchild relations by examining perceived changes related to life stage and the implications of various family transitions, formations and mobility.
The association between market availability and adherence to antihypertensive medications: an observational study.

BACKGROUND High adherence to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reported in observational studies has frequently been attributed to improved tolerability. However, these agents are also relatively new to the market compared to other antihypertensive medications. We aimed to determine if an association exists between adherence and market availability of a specific antihypertensive agent. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used administrative data from Saskatchewan, Canada. Subjects were ≥40 years of age and received a new antihypertensive medication between 1994 and 2002. The primary outcome was the proportion of subjects achieving optimal adherence (≥80%) at 1 year, stratified by antihypertensive medication class and the year of availability. Adherence was measured using the cumulative mean gap ratio. RESULTS A total of 36,214 subjects met the inclusion criteria. Optimal adherence was observed in 4987 of 8623 (57.8%) subjects receiving ACEIs and 1013 of 1600 (63.3%) subjects receiving ARBs, but adherence appeared inconsistent when examined within each antihypertensive class. A pattern of increasing mean adherence was observed according to availability in the ACEI subgroup (Spearman r = 0.82; P = 0.007) but not the ARB subgroup (Spearman r = 0.41; P = 0.49). However, the association between availability and optimal adherence converged when ARB and ACEI users were combined (Spearman r = 0.85, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Optimal adherence with ACEIs and ARBs compared to other antihypertensive agents may be associated with their relative availability. To what extent optimal adherence is also associated with improved tolerability, as currently believed, remains to be determined.
Aortic calcifications and arterial stiffness as predictors of cardiovascular events in incident renal transplant recipients

Renal transplant recipients have an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Arterial stiffness (AS) and aortic calcifications (ACs) are well‐known CV risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease. We aimed to determine the prognostic value of AS and AC in incident renal transplant recipients (RTRs). We conducted a prospective study in 253 single RTR. AC were scored by means of lumbar X‐ray. Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was assessed in a subgroup of 115 patients. AC were present in 61% of patients. After a mean follow‐up of 36 months, 32 CV events occurred in the overall group and 13 events in the PWV subgroup. When we accounted for age, gender, and CV history, AC score (HR, hazard ratio 1.09 per 1 unit increase; 95% CI 1.02–1.17) and PWV (HR 1.45 per 1 m/s; 95% CI 1.16–1.8) remained an independent predictor of CV events in Cox‐regression analyses. Using receiver operating characteristics, the area under the curve for predicting CV events amounted to 0.80 and 0.72 for sum AC and PWV, respectively. Both AS and AC are strong predictors of future CV events in an incident RTR population. These vascular assessments are readily available and easy to perform, making them ideal tools for further risk stratification.
From search session detection to search mission detection

Search mission detection aims at identifying those queries a user submits for the same information need. Such knowledge offers interesting insights into behavioral usage patterns and often can help to better support a user. However, most existing query log studies focus on search sessions only (consecutive queries for the same need) and ignore multitasking behavior (interleaved information needs) as well as hierarchies of short-term search goals in multiple sessions that form a long-term search task such as vacation planning. To better understand the dialog between user and search engine we distinguish between (1) physical search sessions, characterized by the time gap between queries, (2) logical search sessions, characterized by consecutive queries for the same information need within a physical session, and (3) search missions, characterized by logical sessions, multitasking behavior, and hierarchical goals. Our contributions are threefold. First, we present a new algorithm for logical session detection, which follows the state-of-the-art cascading method's rationale of combining effectiveness with efficiency. Our approach is applicable within the time-critical online scenario, where a search engine tries to support users by incorporating knowledge about their search history on the fly, as well as within the offline scenario, where the objective is to accurately partition a collected log. We improve several steps of the cascading method, among others by exploiting Linked Open Data information. Second, we demonstrate our new algorithm's applicability to accurately detect search missions. Third, we introduce a new publicly available corpus of 8800 queries labeled with session and mission information.
Preliminary assessment of natal attraction and infant handling in wild Colobus vellerosus

This study describes natal attraction and infant handling in wild ursine colobus (Colobus vellerosus). Focal animal samples were collected from five infants of 1–16 weeks of age (mean: 14.5 focal hours per infant). Group members may be attracted to an infant, but unable to handle it because of resistance from the mother. We thus measured natal attraction independently from infant handling by the number of interactive approaches received. The youngest infants were most attractive. Immature females were attracted to and handled infants more than other group members. Mothers were tolerant of most handling attempts and infant‐directed aggression was rare. A sixth infant was attacked by members of an all‐male band, which allowed us to record the expression of natal attraction and infant handling in the context of an acute threat of infanticide. This infant was carried by non‐mothers less frequently than the other infants, and its mother resisted handling attempts more often. Am. J. Primatol. 70:101–105, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Balancing Career and Technical Education With Academic Coursework

Federal legislation has attempted to move career and technical education (CTE) from a segregated component of the high school curriculum to an integrated element that jointly improves both academic and career readiness. However, concerns remain about the ability of CTE to improve academic learning. Using a nationally representative sample of high school students, we examine the relationship between CTE coursework and mathematics achievement in high school. Accounting for observed and unobserved characteristics of students, we find that CTE courses neither limit overall gains in mathematics learning nor the acquisition of basic and intermediate mathematics skills. Additionally, engineering and technology courses, a subset of CTE courses that incorporate quantitative reasoning, logic, and problem solving, are unrelated with math achievement.
Gautreaux mothers and their children: an update

The Gautreaux program was one of the first major residential mobility programs in the United States, providing low-income black families from public housing with opportunities to relocate to more affluent white neighborhoods in the Chicago suburbs and in other city neighborhoods. This paper reviews the most recent research on the Gautreaux families, which uses long-term administrative data to examine the effects of placement neighborhoods on the economic and social outcomes of mothers and children. We find that both Gautreaux mothers and their now-grown children were remarkably successful at maintaining the affluence and safety of their placement neighborhoods. As to the long-run economic independence of the mothers themselves, however, the new research fails to confirm the suburban advantages found in past Gautreaux research, although it does show that these outcomes were worst in the most racially segregated placement neighborhoods. With regard to the criminal records of Gautreaux children, it is found that suburban placement helped boys but not girls. Based on these results, we review possible new directions for successful mobility programs.