Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of the effectiveness of community pharmacy-based interventions to reduce risk behaviours and risk factors for coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the published peer-reviewed evidence relating to community pharmacy-based activity in the reduction of risk behaviours and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). METHOD Electronic databases were searched from 1 January 1990 to 1 February 2001. Hand searches for the same period were undertaken of specific journals and proceedings of peer-reviewed conference abstracts. Data abstracted from publications included: participants/setting; study designs intervention including training); outcome measures; key findings. RESULTS Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, two in smoking cessation and two in lipid management. All met review criteria and were included. Two (RCTs) involving 976 subjects and three non-randomized experimental studies were identified that evaluated the effectiveness of community pharmacy advice in smoking cessation. Two controlled trials and one before-and-after study investigated the effect of training on pharmacists' smoking cessation advice. One attitudinal survey collected data on reactive and proactive smoking cessation advice-giving by community pharmacists. Two RCTs involving 642 subjects, and two observational studies were identified for community pharmacy-based lipid management. The published studies provided evidence of clinical and cost-effectiveness of community pharmacy services from UK RCTs in smoking cessation, and from US and Canadian RCTs in lipid management in the prevention of heart disease. Although the role of the community pharmacy in disease detection and case finding has been widely discussed, only a small number of studies was found. The findings indicated that further investigation is warranted in these areas. CONCLUSION The peer-reviewed literature demonstrates the contribution of community pharmacy-based services to the reduction of risk behaviours and risk factors for CHD. The evidence supports the wider provision of smoking cessation and lipid management through community pharmacies. Health commissioners and planners can use the findings of this review to incorporate community pharmacy based health development activities into local health services. Further research is needed into the contribution of community pharmacy to disease detection and case finding as part of local public health strategies.
Musical expertise and brain plasticity an ERP study on speech parsing

V Resumo VI Resume VII List of abbreviations X List of tables XI List of figures XII List of appendices XIV Introduction 1 Musical expertise 3 Brain plasticity, musical expertise 4 Musical expertise and language 5 The OPERA hypothesis 7 OPERA hypothesis and phrasing 8 Phrasing in the brain 10 Closure Positive Shift 11 Method 16 Participants 16 Stimuli 16 Procedure 20 ERP procedure 22 Statistical analysis 23
Perspectives, Opinions, and Information Flows

Consider a group of individuals with unobservable perspectives (subjective prior beliefs) about a sequence of states. In each period, each individual receives private information about the current state and forms an opinion (a posterior belief). He also chooses a target individual whose opinion is then observed. This choice involves a fundamental trade-off between well-informed targets, whose signals are precise, and well-understood targets, whose perspectives are well known by the observer. Observing an opinion provides information not just about the current state, but also about the target’s perspective; hence observed individuals become better-understood over time. This leads to path dependence and the possibly that some individuals never observe certain others in the long run. We identify a simple condition under which long-run behavior is efficient and history-independent. When this condition fails, with positive probability, a single individual emerges as an opinion leader in the long-run. Moreover, the extent to which an individual learns about a target’s perspective depends on how well-informed both agents are in the period of observation. This gives rise to symmetry breaking, and can result in observational networks involving information segregation, or static graphs with rich and complex structures. ∗We thank Daron Acemoglu and Sanjeev Goyal for helpful suggestions, and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton for hospitality and support. †Department of Economics, Barnard College, Columbia University and the Santa Fe Institute. ‡Department of Economics, MIT.
The paradox of asthma: neglect, burden, and big data

1. Divisão de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil. 2. Coordenador do Núcleo de Excelência em Asma, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (BA) Brasil. English is the lingua franca of scientific communication and, as such, provides words that are pregnant with meaning and symbolism but also challenging; paradoxically, such words often pave the way for solutions and innovations. Asthma is the most prevalent chronic lung disease and is per se a paradoxical disease: clinical control and good health-related quality of life can be achieved, and the risk of death is minimal or nonexistent. However, in numerous studies conducted in Brazil or other countries where disease control and treatment adherence are poor, the word “asthma” is often accompanied by the concept words “neglect” and “burden”.
Quantification of Dynamic Property of Pneumatic Muscle Actuator for Design of Therapeutic Robot Control

Robot-assisted therapy has shown potential in neuromotor rehabilitation. A therapeutic robot driven by pneumatic muscle actuators has been developed in our research group. However, the design of fine and real-time feedback robot control is a challenge. One of the difficulties is the lack of a general dynamic model of the pneumatic muscle actuator. In this study, a phenomenological model has been developed to quantify the dynamic behavior of pneumatic muscle actuator by fitting the experimental length response of the pneumatic muscle, to a step pressure input. In addition, comparison of the dynamic responses of two pneumatic muscles of different dimensions has also been studied. Several control strategies for the pneumatic muscle actuator are discussed based on the results from this study
Can patients with left main coronary artery disease wait for myocardial revascularization surgery?

OBJECTIVE To assess the occurrence of cardiac events in patients diagnosed with left main coronary artery disease on diagnostic cardiac catheterization and waiting for myocardial revascularization surgery. METHODS All patients diagnosed with left main coronary artery disease (stenosis > or = 50%) consecutively identified on diagnostic cardiac catheterization during an 8-month period were selected for the study. The group comprised 56 patients (40 males and 16 females) with a mean age of 61 10 years. The cardiac events included death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, acute left ventricular failure, unstable angina, and emergency surgery. RESULTS While waiting for surgery, patients experienced the following cardiac events: 7 acute myocardial infarctions and 1 death. All events occurred within the first 60 days after the diagnostic cardiac catheterization. More patients, whose indication for diagnostic cardiac catheterization was unstable angina, experienced events as compared with those with other indications [p=0.03, relative risk (RR) = 5.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.47 - 18.7]. In the multivariate analysis of logistic regression, unstable angina was also the only factor that independently contributed to a greater number of events (p = 0.02, OR = 8.43, 95% CI =1.37 - 51.7). CONCLUSION Unstable angina in patients with left main coronary artery disease acts as a high risk factor for cardiac events, emergency surgery being recommended in these cases.
Managerial Risk Attitudes and Firm Performance in Ghanaian Manufacturing: an Empirical Analysis Based on Experimental Data

Ghanaian manufacturing firms face a highly risky environment. Firms may attempt to manage these risks by undertaking production, input, and investment strategies designed to lower profit variability. Mean-variance analysis implies, however, that these strategies involve a trade-off with lower expected profits. This paper investigates the extent to which more risk averse managers who face high risks attempt to smooth profits at the expense of lower average profits. We use data from the Ghana Manufacturing Enterprise Survey (GMES) 1994-95, and a specialised component designed to measure managers’ risk attitudes using an experimental gambling approach with real monetary payoffs. Joint estimation of profit and profit variance functions which control for unobserved heterogeneity support model predictions. Firms with more risk averse managers who face high risks have lower profit rate variability and lower mean profit rates. These mean and variance differences are economically important and statistically significant.
Inter-individual cognitive variability in children with Asperger's syndrome

Multiple studies have tried to establish the distinctive profile of individuals with Asperger's syndrome (AS). However, recent reports suggest that adults with AS feature heterogeneous cognitive profiles. The present study explores inter-individual variability in children with AS through group comparison and multiple case series analysis. All participants completed an extended battery including measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence, executive functions, theory of mind, and classical neuropsychological tests. Significant group differences were found in theory of mind and other domains related to global information processing. However, the AS group showed high inter-individual variability (both sub- and supra-normal performance) on most cognitive tasks. Furthermore, high fluid intelligence correlated with less general cognitive impairment, high cognitive flexibility, and speed of motor processing. In light of these findings, we propose that children with AS are characterized by a distinct, uneven pattern of cognitive strengths and weaknesses.
Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections: recommendations relevant to interventional radiology.

THE revised version of the Centers for Disease Control Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheterrelated Infections was published on August 9, 2002, in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Reports and Recommendations series (1). It replaces the previous guideline published in 1996. The goal of the new guidelines is to provide evidencebased recommendations for preventing catheter-related infections. The new document was prepared by a working group led by the Society of Critical Care Medicine, in collaboration with the Infectious Disease Society of America, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Surgical Infection Society, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, American Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Infusion Nurses Society, Oncology Nursing Society, Society of Interventional Radiology, American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee of the Centers for Disease Control. Major areas of emphasis in the new guidelines include (i) education and training of health-care providers who insert and maintain catheters, (ii) use of maximal sterile barrier precautions during central venous catheter (CVC) insertion, (iii) use of a 2% chlorhexidine preparation for skin antisepsis, (iv) avoidance of routine replacement of CVCs as a strategy to prevent infection, and (v) use of antisepticor antibiotic-impregnated short-term CVCs if the rate of infection is high despite adherence to other strategies (ie, education and training, maximum sterile barrier precautions, and 2% chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis). The full guideline, available without charge at http:// www.cdc. gov/mmwr/PDF/RR/RR5110.pdf, is lengthy and includes numerous other recommendations (1). Portions of the new guideline are of particular interest to interventional radiologists, particularly those dealing with CVCs, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), and hemodialysis catheters. Selected recommendations are presented verbatim here, along with selected supporting data, background information, and references.
Nasal Fractures: Is Closed Reduction Satisfying?

Objective This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of closed reduction and the effects of timing and fracture types on patient satisfaction. Methods Only patients with isolated nasal fractures were included in the study. Patients with additional maxillofacial fractures and patients whose application time to our clinic was more than 10 days after the trauma were excluded. Patients were classified into 5 types according to their fracture. All patients underwent closed reduction and external fixation under local anesthesia. Patients were asked about their satisfaction in a survey at 28th day and sixth month after the surgery. Patients were divided into groups according to fracture type and intervention time, and the results of the survey were evaluated. Results Of the 43 patients included in the study, 38 were male, 5 were female, and the average age was 24.9. The average intervention time of the patients was 5.44 days. Twenty-eight (65%) of 43 patients were satisfied with the result, whereas 15 (35%) patients were not happy with their operation. In a comparison of patient satisfaction rates according to fracture type, the mild fracture group had a higher satisfaction rate compared to the severe fracture group. Conclusion Closed reduction is an easy and sufficient treatment for nasal fractures, especially for mild nasal fractures. Early intervention raises the patient satisfaction rate.
Pedagogical reasoning of pre-service teachers: Juggling priorities and managing resources

The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive and motivational factors related to the development of self-regulated teaching. These factors were defined by Shulman (1986; 2006) as theoretical, practical and moral knowledge for pedagogical reasoning. This study occurred in a clinical, instructional setting specifically designed to provide pre-service teachers with the environmental factors necessary to support the development of self-regulated instructional decision making. These factors included specific modeling of teacher thinking, regular formative feedback, instructional autonomy and strategic reflection. An instructional sequence based on Schunk and Zimmerman’s (1998; 2007) Model of the Development of Self-Regulatory Skill was applied which allowed pre-service teachers opportunities to observe, emulate, control and self-regulate teaching decisions. This study used interpretive content analysis to examine how preservice teachers recognize teaching decisions and apply three types of professional knowledge in order to justify decisions related to reading instruction for elementary students. PEDAGOGICAL REASONING OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS: JUGGLING PRIORITIES AND MANAGING RESOURCES A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education
Lip augmentation and contour correction with a ribose cross-linked collagen dermal filler.

BACKGROUND Dermicol-P35 is a collagen gel for soft-tissue cosmetic correction. This study evaluated the affects of Dermicol-P35 in patients who underwent lip enhancement. METHODS This open, multicenter, retrospective data collection study included patients who received an injection of Dermicol-P35 30G to the lip. All patients who had undergone Dermicol-P35 30G lip injections at 3 cosmetic clinics in Europe were identified and evaluated for inclusion in the study. Assessments were conducted by a clinic investigator immediately after the initial injections and after any touch-up injections as well as 4 months to 10 months after the initial injection. Efficacy measures included subjective impression of improvement by the clinic investigator who performed the injections, and subjective satisfaction of both the investigator and patient with treatment. Safety measures included any adverse events, and the occurrence of swelling, bruising, lumpiness, and pain. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients were identified to have undergone lip injections, and 51 of these patients met criteria for inclusion in the study. Four months to 10 months postinjection, most patients (98%) were believed to have an improvement in lip enhancement, and the clinic investigators rated themselves as "very satisfied" or "satisfied" with 90% of the treatment results. The majority of patients (94%) were either "very satisfied" or "satisfied" with the Dermicol-P35 30G enhancement. The majority of treatments elicited no reports of swelling, bruising, or lumpiness. CONCLUSION These study results support Dermicol-P35 30G treatment as a safe and effective treatment for lip enhancement.
Selective up‐regulation of P‐ and R‐type Ca2+ channels in rat embryo motoneurons by BDNF

Cultured spinal cord motoneurons from day 15 rat embryos (E15) represent a useful model to study Ca2+ channel diversities and their regulation by neurotrophins. Besides the previously identified L‐, N‐ and P‐type channels, E15 rat motoneurons also express high densities of R‐type channels. We have previously shown that the P‐type channel is nearly absent in 60% of these cells, while the R‐type contributes to ≈ 35% of the total current. Here, we show that chronic preincubation of cultured rat motoneurons with high concentrations (20–100 ng/mL) of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) caused a selective up‐regulation of the P‐ and R‐type current density available after blocking N‐ and L‐type channels, with no changes to cell membrane capacitance. N‐ and L‐type channels were either not affected or slightly down‐modulated by the neurotrophin. The onset of BDNF up‐regulation of P/R‐type currents had a half‐time of 12 h and reached maximal values of ≈ 80%. High concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF; 50–100 ng/mL) had no effect on P/R currents, while BDNF action was prevented by the kinase inhibitor K252a and by the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. These results suggest that chronic applications of BDNF selectively up‐regulates the Ca2+ channel types which are most likely to be involved in the control of neurotransmitter release in mammalian neuromuscular junctions. The signal transduction mechanism is probably mediated by TrkB receptors and involves the synthesis of newly functionally active P‐ and R‐type channels. Our data furnish a rationale for a number of recent observations in other laboratories, in which prolonged applications of neurotrophins were shown to potentiate the presynaptic response in developing synapses.
Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane for the calibration of ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers and a comparison to GOSAT data measured over Tsukuba and Moshiri

Abstract. Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane over Tsukuba (36.05° N, 140.12° E) (February 2010) and Moshiri (44.36° N, 142.26° E) (August 2009) were made to calibrate ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTSs) and to compare with the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The aircraft measurements over Tsukuba in February 2010 were successful in synchronizing with both the g-b FTS and GOSAT for the first time. Airborne in situ and flask-sampling instruments were mounted on the aircraft, and measurements were carried out between altitudes of 0.5 and 7 km to obtain vertical profiles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and other gaseous species. By comparing the g-b FTS measurements with the airborne measurements, the column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) and CH4 (XCH4) retrieved from the g-b FTS measurements at Tsukuba were biased low by 0.33 ± 0.11% for XCO2 and 0.69 ± 0.29% for XCH4. The g-b FTS values at Moshiri were biased low by 1.24% for XCO2 and 2.11% for XCH4. The GOSAT data show biases that are 3.1% ± 1.7% lower for XCO2 and 2.5% ± 0.8% lower for XCH4 than the aircraft measurements obtained over Tsukuba.
Essays on behavioral decision making

This thesis consists in four essays on behavioral decision making. The first essay analyses the preferences for diversification of decision makers according to regret theory. The second essay presents some new covariance inequalities of non-monotonic functions of a random variable. I also show two applications of these new results. The third essay proposes an extension of the recognition heuristic. I also compare the predictive power of this heuristic for recognition vectors with three and ten objects. Finally, the fourth essay analyses the mental accounting principles when decision makers must decide to integrate or segregate three or more experiences, outcomes, etc.
The two faces of social capital in private flood mitigation: opposing effects on risk perception, self-efficacy and coping capacity

Impacts of flooding are expected to increase, most notably in residential areas. As a consequence, private households are increasingly encouraged to engage in private flood mitigation complementary to public measures. Despite the growing literature on private flood mitigation, little is known about how social capital influences households’ perception of and coping with flood risks. This study draws on survey data of 226 flood-prone households in two Austrian Alpine municipalities, both recently affected by riverine flooding. We show that social capital cuts both ways: on the positive side, social capital increases perceived self-efficacy and provides critical support during and most notably after flood events. On the negative side, social capital reduces flood risk perceptions of private households. While social ties are effective when responding to and recovering from floods, the expectation of social support downplays risk, making precautionary action by households less likely. The results also show that flood-affected households receive more social support than they provide to others. In the long-run, this can lead to a problematic reciprocity imbalance, challenging the long-term stability of the interpersonal exchanges underlying social capital. Among the various sources of social support, informal social networks (neighbours, friends and relatives) provide the most important workforce in the response and recovery phase of a flood event. It is therefore crucial for flood risk management to recognise and promote the protective quality of social capital alongside conventional structural and non-structural measures.