Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression of Genes that Control Respiration Contribute to Thermal Adaptation in Redband Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri)

Organisms can adapt to local environmental conditions as a plastic response or become adapted through natural selection on genetic variation. The ability to adapt to increased water temperatures will be of paramount importance for many fish species as the climate continues to warm and water resources become limited. Because increased water temperatures will reduce the dissolved oxygen available for fish, we hypothesized that adaptation to low oxygen environments would involve improved respiration through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). To test this hypothesis, we subjected individuals from two ecologically divergent populations of inland (redband) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri) with historically different temperature regimes (desert and montane) and their F1 progeny to diel cycles of temperature stress and then examined gene expression data for 80 nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded OXPHOS subunits that participate in respiration. Of the 80 transcripts, 7 showed ≥ 2-fold difference in expression levels in gill tissue from desert fish under heat stress whereas the montane fish had none and the F1 only had one differentially expressed gene. A structural analysis of the proteins encoded by those genes suggests that the response could coordinate the formation of supercomplexes and oligomers. Supercomplexes may increase the efficiency of respiration because complexes I, III, and IV are brought into close proximity and oligomerization of complex V alters the macrostructure of mitochondria to improve respiration. Significant differences in gene expression patterns in response to heat stress in a common environment indicate that the response was not due to plasticity but had a genetic basis.
Defenders of a Lost Cause: Terror Management and Violent Resistance to the Disengagement Plan

Two studies, conducted 3 months before the Israeli pullout from the Gaza Strip and the Northern West Bank, examined whether reminders of death would lead right-wing Israelis to endorse violent resistance against the disengagement plan. More specifically, we hypothesized that this reaction would be particularly strong among participants high in denial—those who were unable to come to terms with the Israeli withdrawal. In Study 1 (N = 63), right-wing Israeli undergraduates were primed with death and asked to indicate whether they view violent resistance as legitimate and whether they would be willing to partake in such violence. In Study 2 (N = 42), Israeli settlers in the Gaza Strip completed a similar procedure as in Study 1. In both studies, primes of death led to greater support of violent resistance, but only among participants high in denial. The discussion examines the applicability of terror management theory to understanding real-life political crises.
Identifying Consensus Disease Pathways in Parkinson's Disease Using an Integrative Systems Biology Approach

Parkinson's disease (PD) has had six genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted as well as several gene expression studies. However, only variants in MAPT and SNCA have been consistently replicated. To improve the utility of these approaches, we applied pathway analyses integrating both GWAS and gene expression. The top 5000 SNPs (p<0.01) from a joint analysis of three existing PD GWAS were identified and each assigned to a gene. For gene expression, rather than the traditional comparison of one anatomical region between sets of patients and controls, we identified differentially expressed genes between adjacent Braak regions in each individual and adjusted using average control expression profiles. Over-represented pathways were calculated using a hyper-geometric statistical comparison. An integrated, systems meta-analysis of the over-represented pathways combined the expression and GWAS results using a Fisher's combined probability test. Four of the top seven pathways from each approach were identical. The top three pathways in the meta-analysis, with their corrected p-values, were axonal guidance (p = 2.8E-07), focal adhesion (p = 7.7E-06) and calcium signaling (p = 2.9E-05). These results support that a systems biology (pathway) approach will provide additional insight into the genetic etiology of PD and that these pathways have both biological and statistical support to be important in PD.
Preoperative Prediction of Ki-67 Labeling Index By Three-dimensional CT Image Parameters for Differential Diagnosis Of Ground-Glass Opacity (GGO)

The aim of this study was to predict Ki-67 labeling index (LI) preoperatively by three-dimensional (3D) CT image parameters for pathologic assessment of GGO nodules. Diameter, total volume (TV), the maximum CT number (MAX), average CT number (AVG) and standard deviation of CT number within the whole GGO nodule (STD) were measured by 3D CT workstation. By detection of immunohistochemistry and Image Software Pro Plus 6.0, different Ki-67 LI were measured and statistically analyzed among preinvasive adenocarcinoma (PIA), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis with cross-validation were performed to further research a quantitative correlation between Ki-67 labeling index and radiological parameters. Diameter, TV, MAX, AVG and STD increased along with PIA, MIA and IAC significantly and consecutively. In the multiple linear regression model by a stepwise way, we obtained an equation: prediction of Ki-67 LI=0.022*STD+0.001* TV+2.137 (R=0.595, R’s square=0.354, p<0.001), which can predict Ki-67 LI as a proliferative marker preoperatively. Diameter, TV, MAX, AVG and STD could discriminate pathologic categories of GGO nodules significantly. Ki-67 LI of early lung adenocarcinoma presenting GGO can be predicted by radiologic parameters based on 3D CT for differential diagnosis.
Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Using Single Word Embedding

Abstract Automatic grammatical error detection for Chinese has been a big challenge for NLP researchers. Due to the formal and strict grammar rules in Chinese, it is hard for foreign students to master Chinese. A computer-assisted learning tool which can automatically detect and correct Chinese grammatical errors is necessary for those foreign students. Some of the previous works have sought to identify Chinese grammatical errors using template- and learning-based methods. In contrast, this study introduced convolutional neural network (CNN) and long-short term memory (LSTM) for the shared task of Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED). Different from traditional word-based embedding, single word embedding was used as input of CNN and LSTM. The proposed single word embedding can capture both semantic and syntactic information to detect those four type grammatical error. In experimental evaluation, the recall and f1-score of our submitted results Run1 of the TOCFL testing data ranked the fourth place in all submissions in detection-level.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Response of Mercurialis annua to Stress

The research presented stemmed from the observations that female plants of the annual dioecious Mercurialis annua outlive male plants. This led to the hypothesis that female plants of M. annua would be more tolerant to stress than male plants. This hypothesis was addressed in a comprehensive way, by comparing morphological, biochemical and metabolomics changes in female and male plants during their development and under salinity. There were practically no differences between the genders in vegetative development and physiological parameters. However, under salinity conditions, female plants produced significantly more new reproductive nodes. Gender-linked differences in peroxidase (POD) and glutathione transferases (GSTs) were involved in anti-oxidation, detoxification and developmental processes in M. annua. 1H NMR metabolite profiling of female and male M. annua plants showed that under salinity the activity of the TCA cycle increased. There was also an increase in betaine in both genders, which may be explainable by its osmo-compatible function under salinity. The concentration of ten metabolites changed in both genders, while ‘Female-only-response’ to salinity was detected for five metabolites. In conclusion, dimorphic responses of M. annua plant genders to stress may be attributed to female plants’ capacity to survive and complete the reproductive life cycle.
Sleep in a Gymnasium: A Study to Examine the Psychophysiological and Environmental Conditions in Shelter-Analogue Settings

We aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings to determine the sleep and environmental conditions in evacuation shelters. A summer social/educational event was conducted in an elementary school, wherein children and their parents (n = 109) spent one night in the school gymnasium; a total of 15 children and 7 adults completed the study. Data were recording using wrist actigraphy and questionnaires, from two days before the event to two days after the event. During the night in the gymnasium, sleep initiation in the children was found to be significantly delayed, whereas adults did not show any significant change in actigraphic sleep parameters. Although 57% of adults complained of stiffness of the floor, only 7% of children had the same complaint. The nocturnal noise recorded at four locations in the gymnasium showed that the percentage of 1-min data epochs with a noise level >40 dB ranged from 53% to 74% during lights-out. The number of subjects that woke up during the night showed a similar pattern with the changes in the noise level. The changes in sleep might represent event-specific responses, such as to a noisy environment, and the different complaints between adults and children could be useful in shelter management.
Automatic Acquisition of Lexico-semantic Knowledge for QA

We present an experiment for finding semantically similar words on the basis of a parsed corpus of Dutch text and show that the acquired information correlates with relations found in Dutch EuroWordNet. Next, we demonstrate how the acquired knowledge can be used to boost the performance of an open-domain question answering system for Dutch. Automatically acquired lexico-semantic information is used to improve the recall of a method for extracting function relations (such as Wim Kok is the prime minister of the Netherlands) from corpora, and to improve the precision of our QA system on general WH-questions and definition questions.
A general theory of cross-cultural variation in cognitive style

The purpose of this paper is to put forth a theory that will synthesize as much as possible of what has been observed about cross-cultural differences in thinking in the last few decades. The theoretical notion that is used is cognitive style, defined as learned habits to emphasize the development and use of certain universal cognitive processes. Three cognitive style variables will be used to bring together a large and diverse literature. They are: differentiation-integration, contextualization-decontextualization, and reality-hypotheticality. Although the concept of cognitive style comes from psychology, the approach taken here belongs to cognitive science since extensive use will be made of studies from other disciplines, especially anthropology and linguistics. While I will show that many different findings can be joined together by considering cognitive style, there are some well-known topics in cross-cultural cognition which lie outside our scope. One example would be the Whorfian hypothesis that language influences thinking (Lucy 1992), and another the study of differences among modern nations in school achievement (Stigler & Perry 1990). However, the significance of Western schooling as a cultural institution falls within the theory (Lave 1990). The first two cognitive style variables have been developed recently from an older variable put forward by Witkin, field-dependence-independence (Witkin et al. 1962), whereas the third one has arisen separately. Witkin regarded the two cognitive styles which have been taken from his variable as " aspects " of field-dependence-independence, but as we will see, recent research shows that they have to be treated as separate variables. Since the study of cognitive style begins in psychology, I will use psychological tasks to introduce the variables and then spread from there to anthropology and linguistics. As I introduce the variables I will sometimes also introduce the cultures across which they vary. To do so I use traditional classifications of cultures from anthropology as a starting point. However, as study of a particular culture proceeds the traditional classes become uninformative and the particular culture history of that group's adaptation must be used instead. For example, the Iroquoians of the Lower Great Lakes in North America are traditionally classed as swidden agriculturalists, but their culture history reveals that they only adopted this system about AD 900, and some details of their cognitive emphases are only explainable if this relatively recent change from a hunting society is recognized. For instance, Chafe (1964) reports that in one Iroquoian language, Seneca, words for …
Fighting for Respeto: Latinas’ Stories of Violence and Resistance Shaping Educational Opportunities

Background/Context The experiences of Latina youth in the United States are embedded within a larger social context influenced by gender, ethnic/racial identity, socioeconomic status, language, and sociospatial and political characteristics that can negatively impact their daily lived experiences. Given the challenges that young Latinas encounter, it is necessary to understand the systemic barriers that complicate their educational progress as they confront dominant institutions and systems that marginalize them. Purpose/Objective This article is informed by intersecting forms of violence and the relationship between violence and systems experienced by adolescent Latinas. Its purpose is to explore the oppressive structures that influence Latinas’ educational opportunities and to illustrate how Latinas respond to these structures. This article is guided by the following research questions: How are Latina students’ schooling experiences influenced by acts of violence? How do Latina students respond to these acts of violence? Participants Analysis for this article was drawn from seven focus groups with 39 Latinas, ages 11–18. The majority (82%) of the Latinas identified as Puerto Rican, inclusive of biracial and multiracial identities. Research Design The data in this article originated from a larger mixed-methods study examining the barriers that prohibit Latina/o students from successfully progressing through K–12 schooling. We used focus groups to collect data from the participants and drew upon narrative analysis techniques to represent the stories of the young Latinas. Findings Findings highlight how systemic forces position and oppress Latinas, resulting in physical violence, stereotypes, and environmental violence, each of which intersect with Latinas’ gender, race, ethnicity, social class, and language. The authors present the findings by associating key themes of resistance, resiliency, and agency with Latina participant experiences with violence. Conclusions/Recommendations The authors argue that these forms of systemic violence must be interrogated further, as future educational opportunities for Latinas will continue to be impacted. Spaces must be created to recognize and further cultivate the resistance strategies that Latinas are developing, especially as they learn to critique and fight against the social systems in which they are embedded. I don't fight in school but they always wanted to, they always wanted to see me fight and they never ever got to see me fight, they saw me once but not in school. It was downtown. Girl, I feel better here because there's no girls trying to fight me. I'm making more friends … but in the street, there ain't no friends in the street. —Katia, Puerto Rican, current GED student
V1 orientation plasticity is explained by broadly tuned feedforward inputs and intracortical sharpening

Abstract Orientation adaptation and perceptual learning change orientation tuning curves of V1 cells. Adaptation shifts tuning curve peaks away from the adapted orientation, reduces tuning curve slopes near the adapted orientation, and increases the responses on the far flank of tuning curves. Learning an orientation discrimination task increases tuning curve slopes near the trained orientation. These changes have been explained previously in a recurrent model (RM) of orientation selectivity. However, the RM generates only complex cells when they are well tuned, so that there is currently no model of orientation plasticity for simple cells. In addition, some feedforward models, such as the modified feedforward model (MFM), also contain recurrent cortical excitation, and it is unknown whether they can explain plasticity. Here, we compare plasticity in the MFM, which simulates simple cells, and a recent modification of the RM (MRM), which displays a continuum of simple-to-complex characteristics. Both pre- and postsynaptic-based modifications of the recurrent and feedforward connections in the models are investigated. The MRM can account for all the learning- and adaptation-induced plasticity, for both simple and complex cells, while the MFM cannot. The key features from the MRM required for explaining plasticity are broadly tuned feedforward inputs and sharpening by a Mexican hat intracortical interaction profile. The mere presence of recurrent cortical interactions in feedforward models like the MFM is insufficient; such models have more rigid tuning curves. We predict that the plastic properties must be absent for cells whose orientation tuning arises from a feedforward mechanism.
INTERRATER DISCREPANCIES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Measurement of psychological symptoms in children and adolescents

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Short‐run Real Exchange Rate Dynamics

The short-run dynamics of German mark and US dollar real exchange rates are investigated for a panel of 19 OECD economies in a vector error correction framework for the 1973-96 period. The novel persistence profiles approach of Pesaran and Shin (1996) indicates that the effect of system-wide shocks declines rapidly initially but decays slowly thereafter. It yields an average of just one year for the half-life of such shocks but some seven years before they fully dissipate. These half-life estimates are just one-quarter of the consensus estimates. Our results are consistent with non-linear adjustment and with monetary factors being the main source of real exchange rate volatility. Copyright 2000 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Oligopoly and Financial Structure: The Limited Liability Effect

The authors argue that product market decisions and financial structure will normally be related. Assuming an oligopoly structure in which financial decisions and output decisions follow insequence, it is shown that limited liability may commit a leveraged firm to a more aggressive output stance, expanding its market share and profit at the expense of a fully equity-financed rival. Firms will therefore have incentives to use financial structure to influence the product market, leading normally, to an internal solution for the debt equity ratio even in the absence of bankruptcy costs and tax advantages of debt.
Preference in Asynchronous Presentation of Stimuli

A self-control procedure that involved a later onset of a stimulus signalling a small reinforcer within the waiting time for a larger reinforcer was investigated to determine a point of shifting preference and a discounting function as the delay varied. The results from Experiment 1 to Experiment 3 showed exclusive impulsive choices regardless of the delay. In order to examine if the results were due to the procedure and the parameters, or the species used, Experiment 4 attempted to obtain shifts in preference using simultaneous onset of stimuli with the same species. The results demonstrated no changes in preference but an increase in proportion of self-control choices was shown. Due to the limited information from the replicated studies, the accounts for the results could not be concluded. The explanations derived from choice models seemed most plausible, but limitations of the choice models were discussed.
Entrepreneurial Backgrounds, Human Capital and Start-up Success

We examine whether foundersâ€™ backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years after start-up. We develop hypotheses linking founders' backgrounds to pre-entry capabilities associated with entrepreneurial human capital, highlighting the cases of spin-offs and habitual entrepreneurs. The subject of unemployment-driven entrepreneurship is also explored. We find that specific human capital more frequently found in spin-off founders plays a key role in enhancing survival chances, while more general forms of human capital may help inexperienced entrepreneurs overcome the barrier posed by the critical early years after start-up.
Applying an equity lens to child health and mortality : more of the same is not enough

The survival prospects of poor children are not as good as those of their better-off peers, often strikingly so. Worse still, these gaps show signs of widening, both between and within countries (panels 1 and 2). They exist despite the availability of an impressive array of effective interventions, and despite initiatives such as GOBI (growth monitoring, oral rehydration, breastfeeding, and immunisations) and Health for All 2000, both of which combined focus on interventions aimed at diseases that disproportionately affect poor children with a strategy to make them available free of charge through primary-care facilities. Of course, the gaps might have been even greater in the absence of these strategies, but it is clear that present initiatives have come nowhere close to eliminating them. Socioeconomic status gaps in child mortality are not simply inequalities, they are also inequities—inequalities that are unjust and unfair. These inequities, similar to those related to sex (panel 3), are increasingly recognised by the international community. Bilateral donors—such as the UK’s Department for International Development—have put improvement of the health of poor people as their top priority in the health sector, as have WHO and the World Bank. Although this commitment is welcome, far too little attention has been paid to how international agencies and national and