Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bystander Defibrillation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Public vs Residential Locations

Importance Bystander-delivered defibrillation (hereinafter referred to as bystander defibrillation) of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) remains limited despite the widespread dissemination of automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Objective To examine calendar changes in bystander defibrillation and subsequent survival according to a public or a residential location of the cardiac arrest after nationwide initiatives in Denmark to facilitate bystander-mediated resuscitative efforts, including bystander defibrillation. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationwide study identified 18 688 patients in Denmark with first-time OHCA from June 1, 2001, to December 31, 2012, using the Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Patients had a presumed cardiac cause of arrest that was not witnessed by emergency medical services personnel. Data were analyzed from April 1, 2015, to December 10, 2016. Exposures Nationwide initiatives to facilitate bystander resuscitative efforts, including bystander defibrillation, consisted of resuscitation training of Danish citizens, dissemination of on-site AEDs, foundation of an AED registry linked to emergency medical dispatch centers, and dispatcher-assisted guidance of bystander resuscitation efforts. Main Outcomes and Measures The proportion of patients who received bystander defibrillation according to the location of the cardiac arrest and their subsequent 30-day survival. Results Of the 18 688 patients with OHCAs (67.8% men and 32.2% women; median [interquartile range] age, 72 [62-80] years), 4783 (25.6%) had a cardiac arrest in a public location and 13 905 (74.4%) in a residential location. The number of registered AEDs increased from 141 in 2007 to 7800 in 2012. The distribution of AED location was consistently skewed in favor of public locations. Bystander defibrillation increased in public locations from 3 of 245 (1.2%; 95% CI, 0.4%-3.5%) in 2001 to 78 of 510 (15.3%; 95% CI, 12.4%-18.7%) in 2012 (P < .001) but remained unchanged in residential locations from 7 of 542 (1.3%; 95% CI, 0.6%-2.6%) in 2001 to 21 of 1669 (1.3%; 95% CI, 0.8%-1.9%) in 2012 (P = .17). Thirty-day survival after bystander defibrillation increased in public locations from 8.3% (95% CI, 1.5%-35.4%) in 2001/2002 to 57.5% (95% CI, 48.6%-66.0%) in 2011/2012 (P < .001) in residential locations, from 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0%-19.4%) in 2001/2002 to 25.6% (95% CI, 14.6%-41.1%) in 2011/2012 (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance Initiatives to facilitate bystander defibrillation were associated with a marked increase in bystander defibrillation in public locations, whereas bystander defibrillation remained limited in residential locations. Concomitantly, survival increased after bystander defibrillation in residential and public locations.
On cooperative secrecy for discrete memoryless relay networks

In this paper we consider information-theoretically secure communication between two special nodes (“source” and “destination”) in a memoryless network with authenticated relays, where the secrecy is with respect to a class of eavesdroppers. We develop achievable secrecy rates when authenticated relays also help increase secrecy rate by inserting noise into the network.
Full-Sibs in Cohorts of Newly Settled Coral Reef Fishes

Reef fishes exhibit a bipartite life cycle where a benthic adult stage is preceded by a pelagic dispersal phase during which larvae are presumed to be mixed and transported by oceanic currents. Genetic analyses based on twelve microsatellite loci of 181 three-spot dascyllus (Dascyllus trimaculatus) that settled concurrently on a small reef in French Polynesia revealed 11 groups of siblings (1 full sibs and 10 half-sibs). This is the first evidence that fish siblings can journey together throughout their entire planktonic dispersal phase (nearly a month long for three-spot dascyllus). Our findings have critical implications for the dynamics and genetic structure of fish populations, as well as for the design of marine protected areas and management of fisheries.
Gynodioecy in structured populations: understanding fine‐scale sex ratio variation in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima

Natural selection, random processes and gene flow are known to generate sex ratio variations among sexually polymorphic plant populations. In gynodioecious species, in which hermaphrodites and females coexist, the relative effect of these processes on the maintenance of sex polymorphism is still up for debate. The aim of this study was to document sex ratio and cytonuclear genetic variation at a very local scale in wind‐pollinated gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima and attempt to elucidate which processes explained the observed variation. The study sites were characterized by geographically distinct patches of individuals and appeared to be dynamic entities, with recurrent establishment of distinct haplotypes through independent founder events. Along with substantial variation in sex ratio and unexpectedly low gene flow within study sites, our results showed a high genetic differentiation among a mosaic of genetically distinct demes, with isolation by distance or abrupt genetic discontinuities taking place within a few tens of metres. Overall, random founder events with restricted gene flow could be primary determinants of sex structure, by promoting the clumping of sex‐determining genes. Such high levels of sex structure provide a landscape for differential selection acting on sex‐determining genes, which could modify the conditions of maintenance of gynodioecy in structured populations.
Locomotion Envelopes for Adaptive Control of Powered Ankle Prostheses

In this paper we combine Gaussian process regression and impedance control, to illicit robust, anthropomorphic, adaptive control of a powered ankle prosthesis. We learn the non-linear manifolds which guide how locomotion variables temporally evolve, and regress that surface over a velocity range to create a manifold. The joint set of manifolds, as well as the temporal evolution of the gait-cycle duration is what we term a locomotion envelope. Current powered prostheses have problems adapting across speeds. It is likely that humans rely upon a control strategy which is adaptable, can become more robust and accurate with more data and provides a nonparametric approach which allows the strategy to grow with the number of observations. We demonstrate such a strategy in this study and successfully simulate locomotion well beyond our training data. The method we propose is based on common physical features observed in numerous human subjects walking at different speeds. Based on the derived locomotion envelopes we show that ankle power increases monotonically with speed among all subjects. We demonstrate our methods in simulation and human experiments, on a powered ankle foot prosthesis to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Incorporation of a Horizontally Transferred Gene into an Operon during Cnidarian Evolution

Genome sequencing has revealed examples of horizontally transferred genes, but we still know little about how such genes are incorporated into their host genomes. We have previously reported the identification of a gene (flp) that appears to have entered the Hydra genome through horizontal transfer. Here we provide additional evidence in support of our original hypothesis that the transfer was from a unicellular organism, and we show that the transfer occurred in an ancestor of two medusozoan cnidarian species. In addition we show that the gene is part of a bicistronic operon in the Hydra genome. These findings identify a new animal phylum in which trans-spliced leader addition has led to the formation of operons, and define the requirements for evolution of an operon in Hydra. The identification of operons in Hydra also provides a tool that can be exploited in the construction of transgenic Hydra strains.
Grammar in Boys With Idiopathic Autism Spectrum Disorder and Boys With Fragile X Syndrome Plus Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Purpose Some boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and boys with fragile X syndrome and a codiagnosis of ASD (FXS+ASD) have impairments in expressive grammatical abilities. The current study compared grammatical performance in these 2 groups of school-age boys. Method Thirty-seven boys similar on mean length of utterance participated in the current study (FXS: n = 19, ASD: n = 18). Participants completed an ASD assessment, nonverbal IQ testing, and conversation language samples. Convergent validity of a sentence imitation task with a norm-referenced assessment of grammar was examined in addition to divergent validity of the measures with nonverbal IQ and vocabulary comprehension and production. Results The boys with ASD outperformed the boys with FXS+ASD on the norm-referenced assessment of "be," and effect sizes indicate that the boys with ASD had better performance on past tense probes on the sentence imitation task and "do" on the norm-referenced assessment. The two measures of grammar had good convergent validity except for copula and auxiliary "be" and "do. " Grammatical performance was not correlated with nonverbal IQ, and trends indicate a relationship between vocabulary and grammar. Conclusions Despite being similar on mean length of utterance, there were group differences on grammatical performance. The sentence imitation task had good convergent validity with a norm-referenced assessment of grammar for the third-person singular and past tense probes and therefore could be an inexpensive and valid tool to use clinically for these populations. Future research should continue to refine this task, particularly for the probes with high rates of unscorable responses (i.e., "be" and "do").
A Simple Off-line E-Cash System with Observers

A simple and transparent mobile e-cash system with observers is presented. Observers are cryptographic bank chips inserted in customer’s payment device, e.g. smart phone. System satisfies e-cash divisibility, anonymity, off-line payments, transferability and double-spending prevention requirements. Proposed e-cash system is based on two well-known cryptographic primitives, namely ElGamal encryption and Schnorr identification protocols, therefore it can be named as simple and transparent in the sense of security considerations. In Schnorr identification scheme Brand’s double spending prevention protocol is implemented during payment protocol. The use of observers allows to avoid e-cash data growing in size as it takes place in all divisible, anonymous, off-line and transferable e-cash systems. To increase observer’s security and avoid their clonability the use of physical unclonable function in the chip of observer is proposed. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.itc. 47.1. 18021
Fracture Toughness of Single Crystal Silicon at High Temperatures.

The fracture toughness (KIC) on the major planes of single crystal silicon was measured by the controlled surface flaw (CSF) and indentation fracture (IF) methods at high temperatures. The KIC values obtained by the CSF method for the surface orientations {100}, {110}, {111} and {112} of silicon up to about 500°C decreased with increasing temperature. In the low temperature region, the linear decrease of KIC for {110}, {111}, and {112}, excepting for {100}, was explained on the basis of an elastic model. The KIC values for {100}, {110}, {111} and {112} planes of silicon increased rapidly over the temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800°C, respectively.It was found that the rapid KIC increase for those planes of silicon at the individual critical temperatures was attributable to extensive plastic yielding in the vicinity of the crack tips relating the Schmid factor and numbers of slip systems for each planes. The KIC values obtained by the IF method in the range from 400 to 600°C were larger than those obtained by the CSF method for all planes. The trend of increase in KIC values by the former method in the high temperature region agreed with that by the later method.
Vital Dye Reaction and Granule Localization in Periplasm of Escherichia coli

Background Tetrazolium salts are widely used in biology as indicators of metabolic activity – hence termed vital dyes – but their reduction site is still debated despite decades of intensive research. The prototype, 2,3,5- triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, which was first synthesized a century ago, often generates a single formazan granule at the old pole of Escherichia coli cells after reduction. So far, no explanation for their pole localization has been proposed. Method/Principal Findings Here we provide evidence that the granules form in the periplasm of bacterial cells. A source of reducing power is deduced to be thiol groups destined to become disulfides, since deletion of dsbA, coding for thiol-oxidase, enhances the formation of reduced formazan. However, pervasive reduction did not result in a random distribution of formazan aggregates. In filamentous cells, large granules appear at regular intervals of about four normal cell-lengths, consistent with a diffusion-to-capture model. Computer simulations of a minimal biophysical model showed that the pole localization of granules is a spontaneous process, i.e. small granules in a normal size bacterium have lower energy at the poles. This biased their diffusion to the poles. They kept growing there and eventually became fixed. Conclusions We observed that formazan granules formed in the periplasm after reduction of tetrazolium, which calls for re-evaluation of previous studies using cell-free systems that liberate inaccessible intracellular reductant and potentially generate artifacts. The localization of formazan granules in E. coli cells can now be understood. In living bacteria, the seeds formed at or migrated to the new pole would become visible only when that new pole already became an old pole, because of the relatively slow growth rate of granules relative to cell division.
Investigation of plasma-enhanced-fluorination treatment on epoxy resins for high-voltage DC applications

Charge build-up under high voltage DC is a significant concern in the transmission system as its presence may distort the local electric field. By chemically treat polymeric insulation via plasma-enhanced-fluorination (PEF) treatment, the charge transport characteristics of the material can be modified. In doing so, excellent surface properties similar to those of fluoropolymers can be attained without compromising the bulk properties of the original polymeric insulation. The change in chemical components at the surface of polymeric insulation should lead to a corresponding change in dielectric properties at the surface and consequently may suppress the occurrences of charge build up. In this paper, the performance of plasma-treated epoxy resins was investigated in term of its dielectric performances, and valid comparison is made between PEF and direct-fluorination treatment from author's previous work. The tests include surface current measurement and surface flashover performances using a pair of finger electrodes. The effect of moisture absorption on the treated surface was also discussed and proved to be the limiting factor in the improvement of dielectric properties of fluorination treatment. This research proved that the introduction of the fluorinated surface layer on epoxy resins does play a major role in improving the surface dielectric properties for the use as insulation spacer in high voltage DC GIS systems.
One Species, Three Pleistocene Evolutionary Histories: Phylogeography of the Italian Crested Newt, Triturus carnifex

Phylogeographic patterns of temperate species from the Mediterranean peninsulas have been investigated intensively. Nevertheless, as more phylogeographies become available, either unique patterns or new lines of concordance continue to emerge, providing new insights on the evolution of regional biotas. Here, we investigated the phylogeography and evolutionary history of the Italian crested newt, Triturus carnifex, through phylogenetic, molecular dating and population structure analyses of two mitochondrial gene fragments (ND2 and ND4; overall 1273 bp). We found three main mtDNA lineages having parapatric distribution and estimated divergence times between Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. One lineage (S) was widespread south of the northern Apennine chain and was further geographically structured into five sublineages, likely of Middle Pleistocene origin. The second lineage (C) was widespread throughout the Padano–Venetian plain and did not show a clear phylogeographic structure. The third lineage (N) was observed in only two populations located on western Croatia/Slovenia. Results of analysis of molecular variance suggested that partitioning populations according to the geographic distribution of these lineages and sublineages explains 76% of the observed genetic variation. The phylogeographic structure observed within T. carnifex and divergence time estimates among its lineages, suggest that responses to Pleistocene environmental changes in this single species have been as diverse as those found previously among several codistributed temperate species combined. Consistent with the landscape heterogeneity, physiographic features, and palaeogeographical evolution of its distribution range, these responses encompass multiple refugia along the Apennine chain, lowland refugia in large peri-coastal plains, and a ‘cryptic’ northern refugium.
Alloying of aluminium surface with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

In surface modification, laser has been used as a tool to improve and enhance the surface properties of metallic alloys through laser alloying technique. Therefore, the aim of this study is to modify aluminium surface with iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is operating at a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm with 10 ns pulse duration. The laser optimized parameters in this work are focus distance, pulse width and pulse energy. The target consists of a pure aluminium plate and the two alloying elements used are iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) powders. The alloying elements were well mixed and prepared in four different ratios (Fe:Cu) of (1:0), (1:1), (2:1), and (3:1). The surface alloying process was carried out by varying the laser output energy delivered to the targets from 67 to 331 mJ per pulse. The modified surfaces were characterized by using three types of analysis; structural elemental, and mechanical analysis. The results from field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that the surface microstructures change significantly compared to the untreated surface. The formation of alloyed layer due to the rapid melting and solidification processes of alloying elements with aluminium substrate was observed. In addition, all the treated surfaces show less porosity and are free from any cracks. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the treated surface showed the formation of new compounds which comprise AlCu, AlFe, CuFe and AlFeCu. The maximum hardness of the treated surfaces as measured using microhardness tester is 86.2 HV which is two times higher than that of the untreated surface. The formation of intermetallic phases and the change in the surface microstructures are responsible for the increase in the surface hardness compared to untreated one.
How Covalent Heme to Protein Bonds Influence the Formation and Reactivity of Redox Intermediates of a Bacterial Peroxidase*

Background: The impact of autocatalytically formed covalent heme to protein bonds on formation and reactivity of redox intermediates of a peroxidase was analyzed. Results: Posttranslational modification significantly changes the reactivity of the ferric protein and of compounds I and II. Conclusion: Upon covalent attachment, the capacity of compound I to oxidize one- and two-electron donors is enhanced. Significance: First direct evidence about the relation between H2O2-triggered covalent heme to protein bond formation and enzyme reactivity. The most striking feature of mammalian peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase (LPO) is the existence of covalent bonds between the prosthetic group and the protein, which has a strong impact on their (electronic) structure and biophysical and chemical properties. Recently, a novel bacterial heme peroxidase with high structural and functional similarities to LPO was described. Being released from Escherichia coli, it contains mainly heme b, which can be autocatalytically modified and covalently bound to the protein by incubation with hydrogen peroxide. In the present study, we investigated the reactivity of these two forms in their ferric, compound I and compound II state in a multi-mixing stopped-flow study. Upon heme modification, the reactions between the ferric proteins with cyanide or H2O2 were accelerated. Moreover, apparent bimolecular rate constants of the reaction of compound I with iodide, thiocyanate, bromide, and tyrosine increased significantly and became similar to LPO. Kinetic data are discussed and compared with known structure-function relationships of the mammalian peroxidases LPO and myeloperoxidase.
Rank-order statistics for the campus local area network traffic

We analyze the statistical properties of the local area network (LAN) traffic data collected from a part of the campus of St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University. The entire LAN is subdivided into several subnets, thus we focus on the analysis of the downlink traffic fluctuations at several levels, including individual end users' devices (end-IPs), individual subnets as well as the entire network. Following a recently suggested approach, we also split the daily traffic logs into short fragments where the traffic could be treated as stationarity to a first approximation. Next traffic anomalies were excluded from further analysis based on their Cook's distance exceeding a certain threshold. We find that at all studied levels the distribution of the traffic intensity to different end devices as well as separate subnets obeys Zipf's law. We show that, while the asymptotic behavior is characterized by a power law, in practical setting for a small number of IPs and subnets in the LAN leading to inevitable finite size effects this law to a reasonable approximation can be described by a gamma distribution. Particular parameters of the fitting distribution were obtained by regression analysis leading to a phenomenological scalable model. Finally, we show that the parameters of this model depend for a given network are determined by the number of active users.
Anatomical network analysis of the musculoskeletal system reveals integration loss and parcellation boost during the fins‐to‐limbs transition

Tetrapods evolved from within the lobe‐finned fishes around 370 Ma. The evolution of limbs from lobe‐fins entailed a major reorganization of the skeletal and muscular anatomy of appendages in early tetrapods. Concurrently, a degree of similarity between pectoral and pelvic appendages also evolved. Here, we compared the anatomy of appendages in extant lobe‐finned fishes (Latimeria and Neoceratodus) and anatomically plesiomorphic amphibians (Ambystoma, Salamandra) and amniotes (Sphenodon) to trace and reconstruct the musculoskeletal changes that took place during the fins‐to‐limbs transition. We quantified the anatomy of appendages using network analysis. First, we built network models—in which nodes represent bones and muscles, and links represent their anatomical connections—and then we measured network parameters related to their anatomical integration, heterogeneity, and modularity. Our results reveal an evolutionary transition toward less integrated, more modular appendages. We interpret this transition as a diversification of muscle functions in tetrapods compared to lobe‐finned fishes. Limbs and lobe‐fins show also a greater similarity between their pectoral and pelvic appendages than ray‐fins do. These findings on extant species provide a basis for future quantitative and comprehensive reconstructions of the anatomy of limbs in early tetrapod fossils, and a way to better understand the fins‐to‐limbs transition.