Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The deceptive nature of root coverage results.

BACKGROUND The purposes of this article are to: 1) propose a new method of reporting root coverage data; 2) compare existing root coverage techniques using the proposed data analysis method; and 3) discuss additional refinements to root coverage data analysis. Past studies have equated percent defect coverage with root coverage. This gives deceptive information about the magnitude of the residual recession defect. Defect coverage of 67% could actually amount to 92% root coverage. METHODS The use of mean root lengths will permit the determination of true root coverage data. This should be reported in addition to defect coverage data. Also including frequency data will provide a better assessment of the predictability of the surgical techniques. RESULTS A comparison table of root coverage studies demonstrates that the connective tissue graft is the most effective and predictable method that has been tested. CONCLUSIONS Further refinements to data analysis may help researchers identify the determinants of predictable root coverage.
Epidemiology and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Background. Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients and is a major concern for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Risk factors and the natural history of C. difficile infection (CDI) are poorly understood in this population. Methods. We performed a retrospective nested case-control study to describe the epidemiology, timing, and risk factors for CDI among adult patients who received HSCTs at our center from January 2003 through December 2008. Results. The overall 1-year incidence of CDI was 9.2% among HSCTs performed (n = 999). The median time to diagnosis of CDI was short among both autologous and allogeneic HSCT recipients (6.5 days and 33 days, respectively). Risk factors for CDI in allogeneic HSCT recipients included receipt of chemotherapy prior to conditioning for HSCT, broad-spectrum antimicrobial use, and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54-12.84; P = .006). There was a strong relationship between early CDI and subsequent development of gastrointestinal tract GVHD in the year following allogeneic HSCT (P < .001). Gastrointestinal GVHD was also strongly associated with an increased risk for recurrent CDI (AOR, 4.23 [95% CI, 1.20-14.86]; P = .02). Conclusions. These results highlight the high incidence and early timing of CDI after HSCT. Early timing, coupled with the noted risk of pretransplant chemotherapy, suggests that the natural history of disease in some patients may involve colonization prior to HSCT. A potentially important interplay between CDI and GVHD involving the gastrointestinal tract was observed.
Comparative Anatomy of the Baboon and the Human Cervical Spine

Study Design The anatomy of baboon and human cervical spines were compared by measuring adult, cadaveric specimens. Objective The objective of the study was to compare human and baboon cervical motion segments to determine whether the baboon provides a suitable model for spinal research. Summary of Background Data Several studies have examined the quantitative anatomy of the human cervical bones and ligaments. Several animal species have been used for cervical spine research; however, no studies have validated whether the animal models resemble the human cervical spine closely enough to provide generalizable data. Methods Multiple morphologic parameters were measured directly from nine baboon and six human adult cadaveric cervical spine specimens. The bone structure and geometry of each of the seven cervical vertebrae were analyzed; the structure and histology of the ligaments were measured; and histomophometry of the vertebrae was performed. Results The architectural composition and geometry of individual cervical vertebrae of baboons and humans were similar at each level. The proportional relationship of bone and ligment structures in the two species was almost identical. There were, however, several differences: 1) The baboon spine was about half the size of the human spine; 2) its vertebral arteries were encased fully within the C1 lateral mass; 3) its uncovertebral joints were more prominent; 4) its vertebral endplates were more concave; 5) its pedicles were thinner; 6) its transverse processes were longer; and 7) its spinous processes were horizontal and nonbifid. Conclusions The geometry and anatomy of the baboon cervical spine closely resemble that of the human cervical spine. It therefore provides an excellent model for in vivo and in vitro research.
Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and the engineering of choice

conceptions of bounded rationality. Recently, behavioral studies of choice have examined the second guess, the way preferences are processed in choice behavior. These studies suggest possible modifications in standard assumptions about tastes and their role in choice. This paper examines some of those modifications, some possible approaches to working on them, and some complications. 1. The engineering of choice and ordinary choice behavior * Recently I gave a lecture on elementary decision theory, an introduction to rational theories of choice. After the lecture, a student asked whether it was conceivable that the practical procedures for decisionmaking implicit in theories of choice might make actual human decisions worse rather than better. What is the empirical evidence, he asked, that human choice is improved by knowledge of decision theory or by application of the various engineering forms of rational choice? I answered, I think correctly, that the case for the usefulness of decision engineering rested primarily not on the kind of direct empirical confirmation that he sought, but on two other things: on a set of theorems proving the superiority of particular procedures in particular situations if the situations are correctly specified and the procedures correctly applied, and on the willingness of clients to purchase the services of experts with skills in decision sciences. The answer may not have been reasonable, but the question clearly was. It articulated a classical challenge to the practice of rational choice, the possibility that processes of rationality might combine with properties of human beings to
Muscarinic Receptors Are Responsible for the Cholinergic Modulation of Projection Neurons in the Song Production Brain Nucleus RA of Zebra Finches

Songbirds are a useful model for the study of learned vocal behavior in vertebrates. The robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) is a premotor nucleus in the vocal motor pathway. It receives excitatory synaptic inputs from the anterior forebrain pathway. RA also receives cholinergic inputs from the ventral paleostriatum of the basal forebrain. Our previous study showed that carbachol, a non-selective cholinergic receptor agonist, modulates the electrophysiology of RA projection neurons (PNs), indicating that cholinergic modulation of RA may play an important role in song production. However, the receptor mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the electrophysiological properties of two acetylcholine receptors on the RA PNs of adult male zebra finches using in vitro whole-cell current clamp. Our results demonstrate that activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) simulate the effects of carbachol. Both carbachol and the mAChR agonist muscarine produced a decrease in the excitability of RA PNs and a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. The mAChR antagonist atropine blocked the effects of carbachol. Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with nAChR agonist nicotine or DMPP had no effect on the excitability of RA PNs, and the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine failed to inhibit the effects of carbachol. These results suggest that mAChRs, but not nAChRs, primarily modulate the effects of carbachol on the activity of RA PNs. Collectively, these findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of cholinergic modulation in the vocal nuclei of songbirds.
Crystallographic Analysis of Rotavirus NSP2-RNA Complex Reveals Specific Recognition of 5′ GG Sequence for RTPase Activity

ABSTRACT Rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP2, a functional octamer, is critical for the formation of viroplasms, which are exclusive sites for replication and packaging of the segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) rotavirus genome. As a component of replication intermediates, NSP2 is also implicated in various replication-related activities. In addition to sequence-independent single-stranded RNA-binding and helix-destabilizing activities, NSP2 exhibits monomer-associated nucleoside and 5′ RNA triphosphatase (NTPase/RTPase) activities that are mediated by a conserved H225 residue within a narrow enzymatic cleft. Lack of a 5′ γ-phosphate is a common feature of the negative-strand RNA [(−)RNA] of the packaged dsRNA segments in rotavirus. Strikingly, all (−)RNAs (of group A rotaviruses) have a 5′ GG dinucleotide sequence. As the only rotavirus protein with 5′ RTPase activity, NSP2 is implicated in the removal of the γ-phosphate from the rotavirus (−)RNA. To understand how NSP2, despite its sequence-independent RNA-binding property, recognizes (−)RNA to hydrolyze the γ-phosphate within the catalytic cleft, we determined a crystal structure of NSP2 in complex with the 5′ consensus sequence of minus-strand rotavirus RNA. Our studies show that the 5′ GG of the bound oligoribonucleotide interacts extensively with highly conserved residues in the NSP2 enzymatic cleft. Although these residues provide GG-specific interactions, surface plasmon resonance studies suggest that the C-terminal helix and other basic residues outside the enzymatic cleft account for sequence-independent RNA binding of NSP2. A novel observation from our studies, which may have implications in viroplasm formation, is that the C-terminal helix of NSP2 exhibits two distinct conformations and engages in domain-swapping interactions, which result in the formation of NSP2 octamer chains.
Race and Socioeconomic Differences in Obesity and Depression among Black and Non-Hispanic White Americans

Obesity and depression often co-occur; however, the association between these conditions is poorly understood, especially among racial/ethnic minority groups. Using multinomial logistic regression and data from the National Survey of American Life, the relationships between race, ethnicity, and sociodemographic factors to the joint classification of body mass index categories and depression among African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites were examined. Differential risk for the combination of obesity and depression by sociodemographic status was found. Being African American, female, young, married, or having low income or education increases the risk for obesity without depression. Risk factors for obesity with depression include being female, young, married and having a low income. Race was not a significant predictor of obesity with depression relative to normal weight without depression status. However, racial differences were observed among the non-depressed. Non-depressed African Americans were more likely than non-depressed Whites or Caribbean Blacks to be obese.
The practical implications of the emerging findings in the neurobiology of maltreatment for looked after and adopted children: recognising the diversity of outcomes

The cutting-edge scientific research that is emerging regarding the neurobiological consequences of early maltreatment and neglect is highly relevant for thinking about the diverse needs of adopted and fostered children. Knowledge about the science has an important role to play in many areas, from child care proceedings to the mental health and educational needs of adopted children and young people. However, the science is complex and it is difficult to provide a succinct but valid summary of the rapidly expanding literature to guide practice. Indeed, there has been some concern from the scientists themselves that the research can be too easily misunderstood. The purpose of this article is to review some of the more recent research on the neurobiological consequences of maltreatment. A narrative is developed that pays due respect to the complexity of the findings, while drawing out practical implications for professionals working with adopted and fostered children. In particular, the notion of differential susceptibility and its consequences for individual differences in response to early negative environments is described. The science also stresses the inter-relatedness of the biological systems affected and, in turn, their dynamic relationships with environments over time. The article reviews the research relating to neuroscience, physiology and genetics in particular, before describing some animal research to integrate the various neurobiological consequences of maltreatment over the course of development, and which reveal implications for interventions.
Artemisinin Combination Therapies for Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Uganda

Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of artemisinin combination therapies for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Uganda. Design: Randomized single-blind controlled trial. Setting: Tororo, Uganda, an area of high-level malaria transmission. Participants: Children aged one to ten years with confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. Interventions: Amodiaquine + artesunate or artemether–lumefantrine. Outcome Measures: Risks of recurrent symptomatic malaria and recurrent parasitemia at 28 days, unadjusted and adjusted by genotyping to distinguish recrudescences and new infections. Results: Of 408 participants enrolled, 403 with unadjusted efficacy outcomes were included in the per-protocol analysis. Both treatment regimens were highly efficacious; no recrudescences occurred in patients treated with amodiaquine + artesunate, and only two occurred in those treated with artemether–lumefantrine. However, recurrent malaria due to new infections was common. The unadjusted risk of recurrent symptomatic malaria was significantly lower for participants treated with artemether–lumefantrine than for those treated with amodiaquine + artesunate (27% versus 42%, risk difference 15%, 95% CI 5.9%–24.2%). Similar results were seen for the risk of recurrent parasitemia (51% artemether–lumefantrine versus 66% amodiaquine + artesunate, risk difference 16%, 95% CI 6.2%–25.2%). Amodiaquine + artesunate and artemether–lumefantrine were both well-tolerated. Serious adverse events were uncommon with both regimens. Conclusions: Amodiaquine + artesunate and artemether–lumefantrine were both highly efficacious for treatment of uncomplicated malaria. However, in this holoendemic area, despite the excellent performance of both regimens in terms of efficacy, many patients experienced recurrent parasitemia due to new infections. Artemether–lumefantrine was superior to amodiaquine + artesunate for prevention of new infections. To maximize the benefit of artemisinin combination therapy in Africa, treatment should be integrated with strategies to prevent malaria transmission. The impact of frequent repeated therapy on the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of new artemisinin regimens should be further investigated.
A Probabilistic Model for Dirty Multi-task Feature Selection

Multi-task feature selection methods often make the hypothesis that learning tasks share relevant and irrelevant features. However, this hypothesis may be too restrictive in practice. For example, there may be a few tasks with specific relevant and irrelevant features (outlier tasks). Similarly, a few of the features may be relevant for only some of the tasks (outlier features). To account for this, we propose a model for multitask feature selection based on a robust prior distribution that introduces a set of binary latent variables to identify outlier tasks and outlier features. Expectation propagation can be used for efficient approximate inference under the proposed prior. Several experiments show that a model based on the new robust prior provides better predictive performance than other benchmark methods.
ENTRENAMIENTO DE PADRES: UNA REVISIÓN DE SUS PRINCIPALES COMPONENTES Y APLICACIONES

The article makes a presentation of defining aspects of parent training, a therapeutic perspective for the treatment of child behavior problems and the improvement of the upbringing, and a delimitation of its main treatment components and applications, based upon the revision of several programs developed under this focus including the first publicized in 1974. The revision of the components of these programs, points out that these can be divided in two types: 1) those directed to improve the paternal work and 2) those that look for to strengthen the parents and, this way, to improve the work of upbringing. The review of its applications indicates, on the other hand, that parent training has been used fundamentally to treat problems of infantile behavior and to strengthen the parents that are in risk of negative child parent interactions.
Gas-Phase and Microsolvated Glycine Interacting with Boron Nitride Nanotubes : a B3LYP-D2* Periodic Study

The adsorption of glycine (Gly) both in gas-phase conditions and in a microsolvated state on a series of zig-zag (n,0) single-walled boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs, n = 4, 6, 9 and 15) has been studied by means of B3LYP-D2* periodic calculations. Gas-phase Gly is found to be chemisorbed on the (4,0), (6,0) and (9,0) BNNTs by means of a dative interaction between the NH2 group of Gly and a B atom of the BNNTs, whose computed adsorption energies are gradually decreased by increasing the tube radius. On the (15,0) BNNT, Gly is found to be physisorbed with an adsorption driving force mainly dictated by π-stacking dispersion interactions. Gly adsorption in a microsolvated environment has been studied in the presence of seven water molecules by progressively microsolvating the dry Gly/BNNT interface. The most stable structures on the (6,0), (9,0) and (15,0) BNNTs present the Gly/BNNT interface fully bridged by the water solvent molecules; i.e., no direct contact between Gly and the BNNTs takes place, whereas on the (4,0) BNNT the most stable structure presents a unique direct interaction between the COO− Gly group and a B atom of the nanotube. Further energetic analyses indicate that the (6,0), (9,0) and (15,0) BNNTs exhibit a low water affinity, which favors the Gly/water interactions upon BNNT coadsorption. In contrast, the (4,0) BNNT has been found to show a large water affinity, bringing the replacement of adsorbed water by a microsolvated glycine molecule as an unfavorable process.
The influence of anaesthetic technique upon the immune response to hysterectomy

Earlier studies on propofol have shown increased percentages of T helper cells after minor surgery. In this study, the effects of propofol infusion anaesthesia on the immune response were compared with those of combined isoflurane anaesthesia in 30patients (median age 47 years, ASA 1–2) undergoing major surgery. The total dose of propofol in the propofol infusion group of 15 women was 860 mg (range 540–1520 mg) and the median end‐expiratory isoflurane concentration in the combined isoflurane group of 15 women was 0.6% (range 0.5–0.8). The following were measured; leucocyte and differential counts; percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations (CDS, CD4, CD8, CD 19, CD 16 and HLA‐DR + CD3); phytohaemagglutinin‐, concanavalin A‐, and pokeweed mitogen‐induced and unstimulated lymphocyte proliferation; plasma interleukin‐6; serum group II phospholipase A2, C‐reactive protein and cortisol concentrations. Measurements were made pre‐operatively, at the end of the operation and on the first and fifth postoperative days. No statistically significant overall differences were observed in the immune response between the groups. The serum cortisol response was weaker in the propofol group than in the isoflurane group (p < 0.05). Time‐related changes were seen within the groups.
Child Personality in Slovenia and Russia

The present study compares structure, mean trait levels, and development of child personality in Slovenia and Russia, using parent and self-reports on the Inventory of Child Individual Differences. Evidence for the Five Factor Model of child and adolescent personality structure is demonstrated across age groups, genders, and countries. In comparison with Russians, Slovenian children are rated higher on Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Some of the differences are observed even among toddlers, and these differences increase over age, suggesting that they do not arise solely in the process of socialization. Cultural differences are more pronounced for parent reports than for adolescent self-reports, suggesting that a part of these differences may reflect cultural influences on parent ratings.
Gender in the Midst of Reforms: Attitudes to Work and Family Roles among University Students in Urban Indonesia

ABSTRACT The onset of the Reform era in 1998 after the fall of Suharto bears interesting prospects on gender relations among youth in Indonesia. Using a survey of 1,761 university students from 12 universities in two contrasting urban settings, this article explores attitudes to work and family roles among senior university students in 2004: this is the year when people were preparing to elect a president directly for the first time in history, with the incumbent president the first woman in the role. Results determined that women were less traditional than their male counterparts in their attitudes toward gender roles. This article further explores correlates of gender role attitudes, offering insights on the role of sex, sample sites, gender ratio in faculty, parental role models, religion, and ethno-cultural background.
Fine mapping and functional analysis of a common variant in MSMB on chromosome 10q11.2 associated with prostate cancer susceptibility

Two recent genome-wide association studies have independently identified a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 10q11.2. The most significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker reported, rs10993994, is 57 bp centromeric of the first exon of the MSMB gene, which encodes β-microseminoprotein (prostatic secretory protein 94). In this study, a fine-mapping analysis using HapMap SNPs was conducted across a ≈65-kb region (chr10: 51168330–51234020) flanking rs10993994 with 13 tag SNPs in 6,118 prostate cancer cases and 6,105 controls of European origin from the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) project. rs10993994 remained the most strongly associated marker with prostate cancer risk [P = 8.8 × 10−18; heterozygous odds ratio (OR) = 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.30; homozygous OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.47–1.86 for the adjusted genotype test with 2 df]. In follow-up functional analyses, the T variant of rs10993994 significantly affected expression of in vitro luciferase reporter constructs. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the C allele of rs10993994 preferentially binds to the CREB transcription factor. Analysis of tumor cell lines with a CC or CT genotype revealed a high level of MSMB gene expression compared with cell lines with a TT genotype. These findings were specific to the alleles of rs10993994 and were not observed for other SNPs determined by sequence analysis of the proximal promoter. Together, our mapping study and functional analyses implicate regulation of expression of MSMB as a plausible mechanism accounting for the association identified at this locus. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether rs10993994 alone or in combination with additional variants contributes to prostate cancer susceptibility.