Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of CGS 30440, a dual inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11.

Dual angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, by decreasing angiotensin-II production and by preventing the degradation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), may be useful for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. The thiol dipeptide CGS 30440 (prodrug of CGS 30008, IC50: ACE/NEP = 19/2 nM) administered to rats (10 mg/kg p.o.) inhibited lung tissue ACE activity by 98% and 61% at 1 and 24 hr (P < .001) and inhibited the angiotensin-I pressor response by 75 to 90% for more than 6 hr. Renal tissue NEP activity was reduced by 80% at 1 hr and 73% at 24 hr (P < .001). In rats supplemented with exogenous ANP, CGS 30440 (1 mg/kg p.o.) elevated the concentration of circulating ANP (133%, P < .025) for 4 hr and increased the excretion of urine (300%, P < .001), sodium (194%, P < .025) and cyclic GMP (238%, P < .005). CGS 30440 (10 mg/kg p.o.) administered to hypertensive rats with aortic ligation between the renal arteries (mean arterial blood pressure, 209 +/- 4 mm Hg) produced a 48 mm Hg blood pressure reduction (P < .001) within 4 hr. CGS 30440 given to cynomolgus monkeys at 2 mg/kg inhibited plasma ACE activity by 96% within 1 hr (P < .001), and this inhibition was maintained for 7 and 21 days in monkeys receiving the compound orally at 2.5 mg/kg b.i. d. These studies demonstrate that CGS 30440 is an orally active agent which produces tissue ACE and NEP inhibition in rats and plasma ACE inhibition in primates and suggest that the compound may be useful in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
Use of a computer-aided detection system to detect missed lung cancer at chest radiography.

PURPOSE To study the ability of a computer-aided detection (CAD) system to detect lung cancer overlooked at initial interpretation by the radiologist. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval was given for this study. Patient consent was not required; a HIPAA waiver was granted because of the retrospective nature of the data collection. In patients with lung cancer diagnosed from 1995 to 2006 at two institutions, each chest radiograph obtained prior to tumor discovery was evaluated by two radiologists for an overlooked lesion. The size and location of the nodules were documented and graded for subtlety (grades 1-4, 1 = very subtle). Each radiograph with a missed lesion was analyzed by a commercial CAD system, as was the follow-up image at diagnosis. An age- and sex-matched control group was used to assess CAD false-positive rates. RESULTS Missed lung cancer was found in 89 patients (age range, 51-86 years; mean age, 65 years; 80 men, nine women) on 114 radiographs. Lesion size ranged from 0.4 to 5.5 cm (mean, 1.8 cm). Lesions were most commonly peripheral (n = 63, 71%) and in upper lobes (n = 67, 75%). Lesion subtlety score was 1, 2, 3, or 4 on 43, 49, 17, and five radiographs, respectively. CAD identified 53 (47%) and 46 (52%) undetected lesions on a per-image and per-patient basis, respectively. The average size of lesions detected with CAD was 1.73 cm compared with 1.85 cm for lesions that were undetected (P = .47). A significant difference (P = .017) was found in the average subtlety score between detected lesions (score, 2.06) and undetected lesions (score, 1.68). An average of 3.9 false-positive results occurred per radiograph; an average of 2.4 false-positive results occurred per radiograph for the control group. CONCLUSION CAD has the potential to detect approximately half of the lesions overlooked by human readers at chest radiography.
On the homeotopy group of a non-orientable surface

Let X be a closed, compact connected 2-manifold (a surface), which we will denote by O or N if we wish to stress that X is orientable or non-orientable. Let G(X) denote the group of all homeomorphisms X → X, D(X) the normal subgroup of homeomorphisms isotopic to the identity, and H(X) the factor group G(X)/D(X), i.e. the homeotopy group of X. The problem of determining generators for H(O) was considered by Lickorish in (7, 8), and the second of these papers specifies a finite set of generators of a particularly simple type. In (10) and (11) Lickorish considered the analogous problem for non-orientable surfaces, and, using Lickorish's partial results, Chilling-worth (4) determined a finite set of generators for H(N). While the generators obtained for H(O) and H(N) were strikingly similar, it was noteworthy that the techniques used in the two cases were different, and in particular that little use was made in the non-orientable case of the earlier results obtained on the orientable case. The purpose of this note is to show that the results of Lickorish and Chillingworth on non-orientable surfaces follow rather easily from the work in (7, 8) by an application of some ideas from the theory of covering spaces (2). Moreover, while Lickorish and Chillingworth sought only to find generators, we are able to show (Theorem 1) how in fact the entire structure of the group H(N) is determined by H(O), where O is an orientable double cover of N. Finally, we are able to determine defining relations for H(N) for the case where N is the connected sum of 3 projective planes (Theorem 3).
Dangerous safe havens: institutional betrayal exacerbates sexual trauma.

Research has documented the profound negative impact of betrayal within experiences of interpersonal trauma such as sexual assault (Freyd, 1994, 1996; Freyd, DePrince, & Gleaves, 2007). In the current study of college women (N = 345, 79% Caucasian; mean age = 19.69 years, SD = 2.55), we examined whether institutional failure to prevent sexual assault or respond supportively when it occurs may similarly exacerbate posttraumatic symptomatology-what we call "institutional betrayal. " Almost half (47%) of the women reported at least one coercive sexual experience and another 21% reported no coercion, but at least one unwanted sexual experience (total reporting unwanted sexual experiences, N = 233). Institutional betrayal (e.g., creating an environment where these experiences seemed more likely, making it difficult to report these experiences) was reported across different unwanted sexual experiences (47% and 45% of women reporting coercion and no coercion, respectively). Those women who reported institutional betrayal surrounding their unwanted sexual experience reported increased levels of anxiety (R(2) = . 10), trauma-specific sexual symptoms (R(2) = . 17), dissociation (R(2) = . 11), and problematic sexual functioning (R(2) = . 12). These results suggest that institutions have the power to cause additional harm to assault survivors.
GRB 050509B: Constraints on Short Gamma-Ray Burst Models

We have obtained deep optical images with the Very Large Telescope at ESO of the first well-localized short-duration gamma-ray burst, GRB 050509B. From V and R imaging, initiated ~2 days after the GRB trigger and lasting up to three weeks, we detect no variable object inside the small Swift XRT X-ray error circle down to 2 σ limits of V = 26.5 and R = 25.1. The X-ray error circle includes a giant elliptical galaxy at z = 0.225, which has been proposed as the likely host of this GRB. Our limits indicate that if the GRB originated at z = 0.225, any supernova-like event accompanying the GRB would have to be over 100 times fainter than normal Type Ia SNe or Type Ic hypernovae, 5 times fainter than the faintest known Ia or Ic SNe, and fainter than the faintest known Type II SNe. Moreover, we use the optical limits to constrain the energetics of the GRB outflow. Simple models indicate that unless the intrinsic energy in the outflow from GRB 050509B was ≪1051 ergs, there was very little radioactive material with efficient decay timescales for generating a large luminosity. These limits strongly constrain progenitor models for this short GRB.
Stability versus exchange: a paradox in DNA replication

Abstract Multi-component biological machines, comprising individual proteins with specialized functions, perform a variety of essential processes in cells. Once assembled, most such complexes are considered very stable, retaining individual constituents as long as required. However, rapid and frequent exchange of individual factors in a range of critical cellular assemblies, including DNA replication machineries, DNA transcription regulators and flagellar motors, has recently been observed. The high stability of a multi-protein complex may appear mutually exclusive with rapid subunit exchange. Here, we describe a multisite competitive exchange mechanism, based on simultaneous binding of a protein to multiple low-affinity sites. It explains how a component can be stably integrated into a complex in the absence of competing factors, while able to rapidly exchange in the presence of competing proteins. We provide a mathematical model for the mechanism and give analytical expressions for the stability of a pre-formed complex, in the absence and presence of competitors. Using typical binding kinetic parameters, we show that the mechanism is operational under physically realistic conditions. Thus, high stability and rapid exchange within a complex can be reconciled and this framework can be used to rationalize previous observations, qualitatively as well as quantitatively.
Event Clusters: An Organization of Personal Events in Autobiographical Memory

The present study employed a method called event cuing to investigate the organization of autobiographical memory. The unique feature of this method is the use of event descriptions as retrieval cues. Participants first recalled a set of personal events. Next, they responded to each of these cuing events by retrieving a second related personal event (the cued event). Subsequently, relations between cued and cuing events were coded by the participants, and all events were dated and rated for importance. Results indicate that memorable personal events, regardless of age or importance, are often embedded in event clusters; that events organized by these clusters, like episodes in a story, are often causally related, temporally proximate, and similar in content; and that narrative processes may not be necessary for the formation of event clusters, though subsequent narration may affect their contents and structure.
Isostatic compensation of equatorial highlands on Venus

Abstract Spherical harmonic models for Venus' global topography and gravity incorporating Magellan data are used to test isostatic compensation models in five 30° × 30° regions representative of the main classes of equatorial highlands. The power spectral density for the harmonic models obeys a power-law scaling with spectral slope β∼2 (Brown noise) for the topography and β∼3 (Kaula's law) for the geoid, similar to what is observed for Earth. The Venus topography spectrum has lower amplitudes than Earth's which reflects the dominant lowland topography on Venus. Observed degree geoid to topography ratios (GTRs) on Venus are significantly smaller than degree GTRs for uncompensated topography, indicative of substantial compensation. Assuming a global Airy compensation, most of the topography is compensated at depths greater than 100 km, suggesting a thick lithosphere on Venus. For each region considered we obtain a regional degree of compensation C from a linear regression of Bouguer anomaly versus Bouguer gravity data. Geoid anomaly ( N ) versus topography variation ( h ) data for each sample were compared, in the least-squares sense, to theoretical correlations for Pratt, Airy, and thermal thinning isostasy models yielding regional GTR, zero-elevation crustal thickness ( H ), and zero elevation thermal lithosphere thickness ( y L 0 ), respectively. We find the regional compensation to be substantial ( C ∼ 52-90%), and the h, N data correlations in the chosen areas can be explained by isostasy models applicable on the Earth and involving variations in crustal thickness (Airy) and/or lithospheric (thermal thinning) thickness. However, a thick crust and lithosphere ( y L 0 ∼ 300 km) must be assumed for Venus. Compensation mechanisms are distributed as follows: For the high plateaus of Ovda (GTR ∼ 9 m/km) and Thetis (GTR ∼ 11 m/km), mainly Airy isostasy with H ∼ 50-60 km; for the Chasmata area sample (GTR ∼ 15 m/km), Airy with perhaps a thermal component; finally, a very strong thermal component for the broad swells of Beta (GTR ∼ 32 m/km) and Atla (GTR ∼ 25 m/km), with the lithosphere thinned to ∼100 km. Aphrodite Terra, which shows a marked eastward increase in Pratt and Airy model parameter values, could be a candidate for thermal isostasy decay from east to west.
Forward Simulation Results of CSAMT Data on Considering IP Effect

The CSAMT responses of geoelectric media are actually the accumulation of electromagnetic response and induced polarization under the stimulation of controlled source. The resistivity is dealt as a parameter which is scarcely related to the frequency when we proceed the forward and inversion with field data. Due to the induced polarization of underground layers, however, the resistivity of polarized layers is complex number relating to the frequencies and using only resistivity will lead an inaccurate result. This paper provides a primary trial in solving this problem that not only the current research situation of basic theory of IP in recent years, but also a few of preliminary modeling results are presented
Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met Polymorphism Interacts with Sex to Affect Face Recognition Ability

The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val158met polymorphism affects the breakdown of synaptic dopamine. Consequently, this polymorphism has been associated with a variety of neurophysiological and behavioral outcomes. Some of the effects have been found to be sex-specific and it appears estrogen may act to down-regulate the activity of the COMT enzyme. The dopaminergic system has been implicated in face recognition, a form of cognition for which a female advantage has typically been reported. This study aimed to investigate potential joint effects of sex and COMT genotype on face recognition. A sample of 142 university students was genotyped and assessed using the Faces I subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale – Third Edition (WMS-III). A significant two-way interaction between sex and COMT genotype on face recognition performance was found. Of the male participants, COMT val homozygotes and heterozygotes had significantly lower scores than met homozygotes. Scores did not differ between genotypes for female participants. While male val homozygotes had significantly lower scores than female val homozygotes, no sex differences were observed in the heterozygotes and met homozygotes. This study contributes to the accumulating literature documenting sex-specific effects of the COMT polymorphism by demonstrating a COMT-sex interaction for face recognition, and is consistent with a role for dopamine in face recognition.
Interdependence of Physical (In-) Activity, Fitness and Cognition: A Cross-Sectional Study in Young Adults

There is growing evidence for possible associations between physical exercise, fitness and cognitive performance in elderly, but research in young adults is lacking. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the interdependence between physical (in-) activity, fitness, and cognition in young adults. The methods included a number of physical performance tests, a physical activity questionnaire, and a test battery to measure executive functions and event-related brain potentials.
Protograph-based Raptor-like LDPC codes with low thresholds

This paper presents a new construction of punctured-node protograph-based Raptor-like (PN-PBRL) codes that is suitable for long-blocklength applications. As with the Raptor codes, additional parity bits can be easily produced by exclusive-OR operations on the precoded bits, providing extensive rate compatibility. The new construction provides low iterative decoding thresholds that are within 0.45 dB of the capacity for all code rates studied, and the construction is suitable for long blocklengths. Comparing at the same information block size of k = 16368 bits, the PN-PBRL codes are as good as the best known AR4JA codes in the waterfall region. The PN-PBRL codes also perform comparably to DVB-S2 LDPC codes even though the DVBi-S2 codes have longer blocklength and outer BCH codes.
Buffer Overflow Vulnerability Prediction from x86 Executables Using Static Analysis and Machine Learning

Mining static code attributes for predicting software vulnerabilities has received some attention recently. There are a number of approaches for detecting vulnerabilities from source code, but commercial off the shelf components are, in general, distributed in binary form. Before using such third-party components it is imperative to check for presence of vulnerabilities. We investigate the use of static analysis and machine learning for predicting buffer overflow vulnerabilities from binaries in this study. To mitigate buffer overflows, developers typically perform size checks and input validation. We propose static code attributes characterizing buffer usage and defense mechanisms implemented in the code for preventing buffer overflows. The proposed approach starts by identifying potential vulnerable statement constructs during binary program analysis and extracts static code attributes for each of them as per proposed characterization scheme to capture buffer usage patterns and defensive mechanisms employed in the code. Data mining methods are then used on these collected code attributes for predicting buffer overflows. Our experimental evaluation on standard buffer overflow benchmark binaries shows that the proposed static code attributes are effective in predicting buffer overflow vulnerabilities.
Relationship Dissolution and Romance and Mate Selection Myths

This research examines the impact that of relationship dissolutions on romance and mate selection beliefs. A questionnaire was randomly distributed to 261 young adults regarding past breakup history and attitudes toward unrealistic beliefs of romance and mate selection. Age, gender, relationship status, the number of breakups and recentness of a breakup were all shown to affect one or more of these unrealistic beliefs. The study suggests that the more relationship experience an individual has, the less likely one is to hold unrealistic beliefs when choosing a mate. Studies that examined dating relationships, attitudes toward mate selection and marriage, and the dynamics of ending close relationships (Grover, Russell, Schumm, & Paff-Bergen, 1985; Sorenson, Russell, Harkness, & Harvey 1993; Zusman & Knox, 1998) offer insight as to why the process of choosing a future partner can be both intriguing and difficult for young adults and how breakups can shape attitudes and expectations toward intimate relationships. Individuals with unrealistic expectations about mate selection are more likely to experience indecision, frustration and disappointment while choosing a mate (Larson, 1992). Cobb, Larson, and Watson (2003) suggested that few other experiences have such a rippling effect on the lifespan of the individual than that of choosing a future partner. Tashiro and Frazier (2003) noted that the ending of a close relationship can be one of life's most difficult events. Difficult life events can often alter the belief and value systems of individuals. Since breakups have been identified as an event that can be difficult and life changing, examining how a relationship dissolution impacts mate selection beliefs can yield valuable insights into young adult development of values and attitudes related to mate selection. The purpose of this research is to explore how relationship dissolutions actually impact ideals or beliefs regarding mate selection. If patterns are identified between breakups and mate selection, it is important to understand how such breakups impact these beliefs.
Direct structural analysis of modified RNA by fluorescent in-line probing

Chemical probing is a common method for the structural characterization of RNA. Typically, RNA is radioactively end-labelled, subjected to probing conditions, and the cleavage fragment pattern is analysed by gel electrophoresis. In recent years, many chemical modifications, like fluorophores, were introduced into RNA, but methods are lacking that detect the influence of the modification on the RNA structure with single-nucleotide resolution. Here, we first demonstrate that a 5′-terminal 32P label can be replaced by a dye label for in-line probing of riboswitch RNAs. Next, we show that small, highly structured FRET-labelled Diels–Alderase ribozymes can be directly probed, using the internal or terminal FRET dyes as reporters. The probing patterns indeed reveal whether or not the attachment of the dyes influences the structure. The existence of two dye labels in typical FRET constructs is found to be beneficial, as ‘duplexing’ allows observation of the complete RNA on a single gel. Structural information can be derived from the probing gels by deconvolution of the superimposed band patterns. Finally, we use fluorescent in-line probing to experimentally validate the structural consequences of photocaging, unambiguously demonstrating the intentional destruction of selected elements of secondary or tertiary structure.
The 2004–2006 uplift episode at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): Constraints from SBAS‐DInSAR ENVISAT data and Bayesian source inference

We investigate the 2004–2006 uplift phase of Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) by exploiting the archive of ascending and descending ENVISAT SAR data acquired from November 2002 to November 2006. The SBAS‐DInSAR technique is applied to generate displacement mean velocity maps and time series. An appropriate post‐processing step is subsequently applied to map the areas whose temporal deformation behavior is correlated with that of the maximum uplift zone. Our results show that the deformation also extends outside the volcanological limits of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera, without significant discontinuities. The DInSAR data are inverted by considering a finite spheroid and an isotropic point‐source. The inversion results suggest that the new uplift is characterized by a source location similar to the previous small uplift event of 2000 and to the long term subsidence of the 1990's. In particular, the source is located at a depth of about 3.2 km and very close to the city of Pozzuoli (about 800 m offshore, to the SW); the associated volume variation is about 1.1 106 m3/year.
A field experiment to assess the interruption effect of pop-up promotions

This article highlights a large-scale field experiment conducted at an informational Web site where the timing of pop-up promotions being offered was varied. The experiment examines the Web user's reaction to the promotion in terms of (a) a direct response to the promotion (i.e., clickthrough) and (b) any indirect response in terms of the user's Web-site-exit behavior. Factors such as delay in offering the pop-up promotion and the page on which the pop-up appears are identified as variables that can be manipulated to enhance the individual's response. The context, or the page on which the pop-up promotion is offered, also is examined. Overall, this article suggests that characteristics of pop-up promotions, beyond just the message of the promotion, can be utilized to improve the consumer response.