Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Open-Path FTIR Spectral Radiation Intensity Of Hot Combustion Gases – Measurement And Interpretation

Spectral remote sensing is a very popular method in atmospheric monitoring. The paper presents an approach that involves mid-infrared spectral measurements of combustion processes. The dominant feature in this spectral range is CO2 radiation, which is used to determine the maximum temperature of nonluminous flames. Efforts are also made to determine the temperature profile of hot CO2, but they are limited to the laboratory conditions. The paper presents an analysis of the radiation spectrum of a non-uniform-temperature gas environment using a radiative transfer equation. Particularly important are the presented experimental measurements of various stages of the combustion process. They allow for a qualitative description of the physical phenomena involved in the process and therefore permit diagnostics. The next step is determination of a non-uniform-temperature profile based on the spectral radiation intensity with the 8 m optical path length.
Automatic Judgment of the Subjectivity and Objectivity of the Chinese Words

The effective automatic judgment of the Chinese words sentiment polarity, the most important part of the Chinese sentiment analysis, can improve the building of the subjectivity lexicon and the efficiency of the sentiment analysis. The technology of the Chinese word subjectivity and objectivity judgment is discussed and analyzed, the subjectivity dictionary is defined and the subjective feature model is established by the use of the sentiment polarity of the word and the subjectivity intensity feature set. The machine learning method applied in the subjective feature set achieves the subjectivity classifier to automatically judge the word subjectivity and to compare and optimize. The performance is improved. The highest accuracy of KNN reaches 81.27%, and the F value is up to 81.52%. So it is effective to establish the word subjectivity feature set, using the sentiment polarity of and the subjectivity intensity feature the words. The automatic judgment of the word subjectivity through machine learning achieves excellent performance.
Heterospecific Mating and Partial Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation in the Planktonic Marine Copepods Centropages Typicus and Centropages Hamatus

Using three-dimensional (3D) video observations in laboratory experiments, I describe interspecific and intergeneric mating behaviors and motility patterns of the common planktonic marine copepods Centropages typicus, Centropages hamatus, and Temora longicornis. These observations are then used to estimate heterospecific and conspecific male mate-search volume rates and mate encounter rates in North Sea Centropages populations. Behavioral prezygotic reproductive isolation between Centropages species is incomplete, since males of each species pursued, contacted, captured, and, in rare cases, placed a spermatophore on the urosome of heterospecific females. T. longicornis males also detected the diffusible pheromone trail and pursued C. typicus females to the point of mate contact. Male mate-search tracking behavior was equally effective on diffusible pheromone trails of heterospecific and conspecific females, indicating that pheromone and hydromechanical precontact mating cues lack species specificity. Males attempted mating with both heterospecific and conspecific females at high frequencies in the laboratory, and species recognition is inferred to occur through contact chemosensory cues or morphological incompatibility between species. Heterospecific mate encounter rates in the North Sea were maximal in late summer (August), up to ,2,000 encounters m 23 d 21 , and were comparable in magnitude to conspecific encounter rates during the same period. C. typicus females experience the highest incidence of heterospecific mating interactions, since they encounter heterospecific males at rates up to 100 + encounters female 21 d 21 , ca. one order of magnitude higher than encounter rates with conspecifics. Heterospecific mating attempts may be a common feature of the reproductive ecology of planktonic copepods and may incur substantial fitness costs to the individuals involved. The population dynamics of marine copepods may be constrained by mate encounter and fertilization rates (e. in addition to suitable food availability, predation, and other extrinsic environmental factors (e.g., Eiane 2002; Li et al. 2006). Population-level mate encounter and fertilization rates are, in turn, controlled by the behaviors of individual zooplankters on small spatial scales. Owing to the broad biogeographic distributions and common co-occurrence of congeneric copepod species (e.g., Frost 1969; Mullin 1969; Goetze 2005), mate-seeking adults often encounter closely related heterospecifics in the water column, and the ability to discriminate heterospecific from conspecific potential mates is an important component of reproductive success for individual copepods. Although we may expect individuals to excel at selective mate-choice behavior, given its importance to fitness, laboratory experiments and field observations on planktonic copepods in freshwater environments often have found significant levels …
Event‐related potential activity in the basal ganglia differentiates rewards from nonrewards: Temporospatial principal components analysis and source localization of the feedback negativity: Commentary

Foti et al. propose that a reward‐related brain potential component recorded from scalp EEG is generated by deep brain basal ganglia structures. Previous work, cited in their original article, provides only speculative and theoretical support for this interpretation. Based on empirical and anatomical evidence, we argue that this scalp‐recorded ERP component is highly unlikely to be generated by the basal ganglia. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altered Myocardial Mechanics in Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus is associated frequently with congestive heart failure in humans, even in the absence of associated coronary disease or hypertension. Nevertheless, the effects of the diabetic state on myocardial mechanics have not been studied. Accordingly, diabetes was induced in female Wistar rats by injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Left ventricular papillary muscles were studied 5,10, and 30 weeks later and compared with controls. Relaxation was delayed significantly and velocity of shortening was depressed at all loads. However, the passive and active force-length curves, as well as the series elastic properties, were not altered. The changes in cardiac performance were found over a range of muscle lengths, stimulus frequencies, and bath concentrations of calcium, glucose, and norepinephrine. The duration of diabetes had no major effect on the mechanical changes observed. The possible influences of drug-induced cardiac toxicity, malnutrition, and altered thyroid hormone levels have been considered; the latter two factors could not be excluded completely from having some influence on the mechanical properties of diabetic cardiac muscle. Evidence is cited showing abnor-malities in calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum and depressed actomyosin ATPase activity. Thus, a cardiomyopathic state has been produced in the rat consequent to the induction of experimental diabetes mellitus. Various mechanisms for this entity have been suggested. Circ Res 47: 922-933, 1980
Understanding responses to comedic advertising aggression: the role of vividness and gender identity

As the use of comedic aggression in advertising has become more frequent, questions about the boundary conditions of its effectiveness become more important. Issues related to the vividness of the aggression, unique audience responses, and legitimacy of the aggression are examined here as potential influences on the impact of comedic advertising aggression. Two experiments are reported that explore how reactions to comedic advertising aggression are influenced by components of vividness (concreteness – aggressive intensity, emotional interest – psychological distance), the audience's gender identity, and whether the aggression was provoked and justified. Feminine identity individuals in close psychological situations react quite negatively to advertising using the highest level of comedic aggression while masculine identity individuals actually prefer the most vivid aggression in some conditions. The response patterns become different for feminine and masculine identity individuals when the aggression is unprovoked and therefore less justified. The results provide guidance about the limits of using comedic advertising aggression.
Optogenetic activation of neocortical neurons in vivo with a sapphire-based micro-scale LED probe

Optogenetics has proven to be a revolutionary technology in neuroscience and has advanced continuously over the past decade. However, optical stimulation technologies for in vivo need to be developed to match the advances in genetics and biochemistry that have driven this field. In particular, conventional approaches for in vivo optical illumination have a limitation on the achievable spatio-temporal resolution. Here we utilize a sapphire-based microscale gallium nitride light-emitting diode (μLED) probe to activate neocortical neurons in vivo. The probes were designed to contain independently controllable multiple μLEDs, emitting at 450 nm wavelength with an irradiance of up to 2 W/mm2. Monte-Carlo stimulations predicted that optical stimulation using a μLED can modulate neural activity within a localized region. To validate this prediction, we tested this probe in the mouse neocortex that expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and compared the results with optical stimulation through a fiber at the cortical surface. We confirmed that both approaches reliably induced action potentials in cortical neurons and that the μLED probe evoked strong responses in deep neurons. Due to the possibility to integrate many optical stimulation sites onto a single shank, the μLED probe is thus a promising approach to control neurons locally in vivo.
Topological Recurrent Neural Network for Diffusion Prediction

In this paper, we study the problem of using representation learning to assist information diffusion prediction on graphs. In particular, we aim at estimating the probability of an inactive node to be activated next in a cascade. Despite the success of recent deep learning methods for diffusion, we find that they often underexplore the cascade structure. We consider a cascade as not merely a sequence of nodes ordered by their activation time stamps; instead, it has a richer structure indicating the diffusion process over the data graph. As a result, we introduce a new data model, namely diffusion topologies, to fully describe the cascade structure. We find it challenging to model diffusion topologies, which are dynamic directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), with the existing neural networks. Therefore, we propose a novel topological recurrent neural network, namely Topo-LSTM, for modeling dynamic DAGs. We customize Topo-LSTM for the diffusion prediction task, and show it improves the state-of-the-art baselines, by 20.1%-56.6% (MAP) relatively, across multiple real-world data sets.
Circulating tumor cells in immunohistochemical subtypes of metastatic breast cancer: lack of prediction in HER2-positive disease treated with targeted therapy.

BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with inferior prognosis in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We hypothesized that the relationship between CTCs and disease subtype would provide a better understanding of the clinical and biologic behavior of MBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 517 MBC patients treated at a single institution. Subtypes of primary tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemical (IHC) or fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses and CTCs were enumerated by CellSearch(®) at starting a new therapy. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival durations for each IHC subtype were determined. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 24.6 months, 276 of 517 (53%) patients had died. The median OS for patients with <5 and ≥ 5 CTCs were 32.4 and 18.3 months, respectively (P < 0.001). Except in HER2+ patients, the prognostic value of CTCs was independent of disease subtype and disease site. CONCLUSIONS In this large retrospective study, CTCs were strongly predictive of survival in all MBC subtypes except HER2+ patients who had been treated with targeted therapy. Our results clearly demonstrate the value of enumerating CTCs in MBC and strongly suggest an interesting biological implication in the HER2+ subset of patients that need to be further explored.
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS ON A LOCALLY SYMMETRIC SPACE

The basic result is the classication of rst order invariant elliptic dierential operators on a quotient of a spin symmetric space by a suitable discrete group: Such operators are all twisted Dirac operators. As a consequence we obtain conditions for the spectral symmetry to be equivariant. We also show that the characteristic numbers of these spaces vanish, a result previously obtained by Hirzebruch and Slodowy from the study of elliptic genera. Here we prove that any rst order invariant elliptic operator on a space nM, where M = G=H is a spin symmetric space and G is a discrete subgroup, is a twisted Dirac operator. Furthermore, we study the spectral symmetry of such operators when is co-compact giving simple conditions for spectral symmetry and, if G is compact, when this spectral symmetry is equivariant with respect to G. A symmetric space is given as M = G=H where G and H are Lie groups such that there is an involution on the Lie algebra, g ,o f Gwith xed set the Lie algebra h of H; and now M is compact if and only if G is compact. (Since every compact group has a noncompact dual we see that every compact symmetric space has a noncompact dual, and conversely.) When G is compact we may take = f1g and if G is not compact there are always co-compact subgroups , see [ 9]. Given a self-adjoint elliptic operator on a compact Riemannian manifold, there is a complete set of eigenvalues with nite dimensional eigenspaces. The eta function is dened as
Immune-Inflammatory Activation in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Look into the Heart of Unstable Coronary Plaque

In the last twenty years, our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation, progression and complication of atherosclerotic plaque has advanced significantly and the main role of inflammation and immunity in this phenomenon is now largely accepted. Accumulating evidence highlight the crucial role of different inflammatory and immune cells, such as monocytes and T-lymphocytes, in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic lesion, particularly in contributing to its com-plications, such as rupture or ulceration. According to the new terminology, “vulnerable plaque” identi-fies an inflamed atherosclerotic lesion that is particularly prone to rupture. Once disrupted, prothrom-botic material is exposed to the flowing blood, thus activating coagulation cascade and platelet aggrega-tion, ultimately leading to acute thrombus formation within the coronary vessel. To date this is the key event underlying the clinical manifestations of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The degree of vessel occlusion (complete vs. incomplete) and the time of blood flow cessation will define the severity of clinical picture. This phenomenon seems to be the final effect of a complex inter-action between different local and systemic factors, involving the degree of inflammation, type of cells infiltration and the rheological characteristics of blood flow at the site of plaque rupture, thrombogenic substrates within the atherosclerotic lesion and different soluble mediators, already present or acutely released in the circulating blood. This article will review currently available data on the pathophysiology of ACS, emphasizing the immunological and inflammatory aspects of vulnerable plaque. We may pos-tulate that intraplaque antigens and local microenvironment will define the immune-inflammatory re-sponse and cells phenotype, thus determining the severity of clinical manifestations.
Center for International Economics Working Paper Series the Nature of Corruption -an Interdisciplinary Perspective the Nature of Corruption an Interdisciplinary Perspective I Would like to Thank Burkhard Hehenkamp and Tim Krieger for Helpful Comments and Nina-madeleine Brummel and Anna-sophie Steube

Corruption has fierce impacts on economic and societal development and is subject to a vast range of institutional, jurisdictional, societal and economic conditions. Research indicates that corrup-tion's predominantly negative effects have arisen to a massive trans-border threat while creating high obstacles to sustainable and prospective development, ultimately impairing everybody's life. This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey of existing literature on corruption and its antecedents and effects. Consequently, we bridge the gap between existing theories of different fields of research including economics, psychology, and criminology in order to draw a conclusive picture of corruption on the micro-, meso-and macro-level.
Human computation for procedural content generation in platform games

One of the major challenges in procedural content generation in computer games is to automatically evaluate whether the generated content has good quality. In this paper we describe a system which uses human computation to evaluate small portions of levels generated by an existing system for the game of Infinite Mario Bros. Several such evaluated portions are then combined into a full level of the game. The composition of the small portions into a full level is done by accounting for the human-annotated information and the mathematical model of tension arcs used in interactive drama and storytelling. We tested our system with human subjects and the results show that our approach is able to generate levels with better visual aesthetics and that are more enjoyable to play than other existing approaches.
Quasi-Optical Verification of the Band 9 ALMA Front-End

The front-end optical design for band 9 (600 to 720GHz) of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) is now completed. A frequency independent design approach is used to couple radiation to the two orthogonal polarized mixed detectors from the large 12m ALMA Cassegrain telescope. As it is a heterodyne receiver, two local oscillator beam paths are integrated into the front-end optical system. Due to the large number of interferometer elements (64 antenna units) to be built, installed and maintained in the remote site of the Atacama Desert, reliability of the optical system should be ensured. A modular and compact optical design is also important. In addition a cheaper fabrication process is considered, at these more tolerant higher frequencies, by milling the mirror surfaces near the surface roughness limit. In this paper we verify the optical design and estimate system efficiency by means of experimental measurement and software simulation comparisons. Precision planar scans of near field beam patterns (amplitude and phase) have been measured. Experimental beam measurements were taken at the output of the mirror coupling system (telescope focal plane location) for both polarization paths and for both local oscillator beam guides. At the same measurement locations, software simulations of a highly accurate geometrical model of the mirror coupling system were predicted using the commercial package GRASP8 c ©. These comparisons at some fundamental locations along the beam paths, allow the assessment of the quasi-optical beam coupling system design. The local oscillator power budget analysis is carried out from results obtained using GRASP8 c ©. In the conclusion we summarize the current status and describe future analysis plans.
Capacity Results for Binary Fading Interference Channels With Delayed CSIT

To study the effect of lack of up-to-date channel state information at the transmitters (CSITs), we consider two-user binary fading interference channels with Delayed-CSIT. We characterize the capacity region for such channels under homogeneous assumption, where channel gains have identical and independent distributions across time and space, eliminating the possibility of exploiting time/space correlation. We introduce and discuss several novel coding opportunities created by outdated CSIT that can enlarge the achievable rate region. The capacity-achieving scheme relies on accurate combination, concatenation, and merging of these opportunities, depending on the channel statistics. The outer-bounds are based on an extremal inequality we develop for a binary broadcast channel with delayed-CSIT. We further extend the results and characterize the capacity region when output feedback links are available from the receivers to the transmitters in addition to the delayed knowledge of the channel state information. We also discuss the extension of our results to the nonhomogeneous setting.
Dirac operators , II Basic Estimates

We assume that the manifold with boundary, X, has a SpinCstructure with spinor bundle S/. Along the boundary, this structure agrees with the structure defined by an infinite order integrable almost complex structure and the metric is Kähler. In this case the SpinCDirac operator ð agrees with ∂̄ + ∂̄∗ along the boundary. The induced CR-structure on bX is integrable and either strictly pseudoconvex or strictly pseudoconcave. We assume that E → X is a complex vector bundle, which has an infinite order integrable complex structure along bX, compatible with that defined along bX. In this paper use boundary layer methods to prove subelliptic estimates for the twisted SpinC-Dirac operator acting on sections on S/ ⊗ E. We use boundary conditions that are modifications of the classical ∂̄-Neumann condition. These results are proved by using the extended Heisenberg calculus.
Evaluation of Ischemia-Modified Albumin, Malondialdehyde, and Advanced Oxidative Protein Products as Markers of Vascular Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy

AIM This study aimed at evaluation of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP) as markers of vascular injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN) with derivation of cutoff values for the same. Materials and Methods Study population comprised 60 diabetes patients and 30 controls, with diabetes patients further categorized into three groups based on urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) of <30 mg/g (diabetes without microalbuminuria), 30–300 mg/g (early DN), and >300 mg/g of creatinine (overt DN). Serum IMA, MDA, and AOPP were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HbA1c, serum creatinine, urine albumin, and urine creatinine were estimated using automated analyzers. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and receiver-operating characteristic curve. Results A statistically significant difference was found in the levels of IMA among patients with early DN (154 ng/mL), diabetes without nephropathy (109.4 ng/mL), and healthy controls (45.7 ng/mL), with highest levels in early DN cases. Similar increase was seen in AOPP as well. A significant correlation was observed between IMA and UACR in diabetes without nephropathy (r = 0.448). Conclusion The present study postulates serum IMA as a novel biomarker for the assessment of disease progression in diabetes even before microalbuminuria, and a cutoff point ≥99 ng/mL can be used for detection of early DN.