Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Local Bias and Indisputable Preference

Using a panel data set that provides detailed information on investors' stockholding, this paper studies the relationship between local bias and risk-adjusted portfolio return while controlling for alternative exogenous determinants within Sweden between the years of 2000 and 2007. Existing studies in local bias literature have suggested two major explanations behind local bias, seeing it either as a result of information advantage or familiarity attributes such as companies' language, culture, distance, size etc. This paper documents that investors do not outperform the fully diversified market portfolio by investing locally. Therefore, it invokes the possibility that local bias may merely be indisputable preference that investors choose local firms whenever they face equal or nearly equal profits.
On Energy Efficiency and Optimum Resource Allocation of Relay Transmissions

The location of an air supply in a combustion apparatus is made adjustable by changing the point of intersection of a slot in a movable surface with a slot in a fixed surface. In the preferred embodiment, the fixed and movable surfaces are of tubular construction. Variations include a second movable surface for the purpose of extending the range of adjustment, and the use of discrete holes rather than slots in the fixed and movable surfaces.
Adaptive Beamformer Performance In Reverberation

Introduction. Recent applications of adaptive filtering to hearing aids [4-81 have shown that very simple two-microphone systems can provide large improvements in target-to-jammer ratio under anechoic conditions. Some of these studies also considered non-anechoic conditions and showed that the presence of reverberation has a strong effect on performance. Because of differences among the acoustic and signal-processing conditions of these studies, a more detailed summary cannot be given. The present study illustrates , for a particular adaptive beamformer, the effects of reverberation on performance and the interactions among reverberation, target-to-jammer ratio (TJR) and filter length (L). System Description and Methods. The system used here (Figure 1) is a modified, two-microphone version of the Griffiths-Jim (21 constnained adaptive beamformer. The modifications were developed to deal with the problems of misadjustnient and misalignment at high TJRs and do so by exploiting the fluctuations in speech to allow adaptation during intervals of low TJR [l]. The first method employs the input correlation p between bandpass-filtered microphone signals as a measure of TJR and inhibits adaptation when p exceeds a threshold. The second method includes output power in the normalization of the weight update: Aw&z + 1) = 2ay[n]d[n-k]/{L(P,,[n] + Pd[n])}, where Py and P d are running estimates of power in the system output and the adaptive filter' The study employed computer simulations of this beamformer with 7-cm spacing between microphones in free-space. Input signals were generated by convolving single-talker target and babble jammer sources with synthetic source-to-microphone impulse responses [3]. For all conditions, the target was located at 0", broadside to the array, the jammer was at 45", and both sources were 0.9 m from the center of the array. Output target and jammer were measured separately through use of a master and two slave processors. The master processed target and jammer summed together, while the slave systems processed the target and jammer separately using adaptive filter weights copied from the master. The performance metric, GI, is a spectrally-weighted gain in target-to-jammer ratio from input to output, measured in the steady-state [6]. Results. A sampling of rooms and source/array geometries was simulated to study the joint effects of TJR, degree of reverberation, and filter length. Condition A employed a room with dimensions 5.2 x 3.4 x 2.8 mtders and a uniform absorption coefficient of 1.0 (anechoic), 0.6, or 0.2, resulting in direct-to-reverberant energy ratios at the array of 00, 5.7,oI-2.4 dB, respectively. The …
Organization of the connections between claustrum and cortex in the mouse

The connections between the claustrum and the cortex in mouse are systematically investigated with adeno‐associated virus (AAV), an anterograde viral tracer. We first define the boundary and the three‐dimensional structure of the claustrum based on a variety of molecular and anatomical data. From AAV injections into 42 neocortical and allocortical areas, we conclude that most cortical areas send bilateral projections to the claustrum, the majority being denser on the ipsilateral side. This includes prelimbic, infralimbic, medial, ventrolateral and lateral orbital, ventral retrosplenial, dorsal and posterior agranular insular, visceral, temporal association, dorsal and ventral auditory, ectorhinal, perirhinal, lateral entorhinal, and anteromedial, posteromedial, lateroposterior, laterointermediate, and postrhinal visual areas. In contrast, the cingulate and the secondary motor areas send denser projections to the contralateral claustrum than to the ipsilateral one. The gustatory, primary auditory, primary visual, rostrolateral visual, and medial entorhinal cortices send projections only to the ipsilateral claustrum. Primary motor, primary somatosensory and subicular areas barely send projections to either ipsi‐ or contralateral claustrum. Corticoclaustral projections are organized in a rough topographic manner, with variable projection strengths. We find that the claustrum, in turn, sends widespread projections preferentially to ipsilateral cortical areas with different projection strengths and laminar distribution patterns and to certain contralateral cortical areas. Our quantitative results show that the claustrum has strong reciprocal and bilateral connections with prefrontal and cingulate areas as well as strong reciprocal connections with the ipsilateral temporal and retrohippocampal areas, suggesting that it may play a crucial role in a variety of cognitive processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1317–1346, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Bazaar Effect, Unbundling of Comparative Advantage, and Migration

Germany exhibits a strong reduction in domestic manufacturing production depth (bazaar effect). I argue that this reflects an unbundling of comparative advantage. Using a model where Ricardian plus Heckscher-Ohlin-type comparative advantage relates to fragments of production, I compare a trading equilibrium where all fragments are located within a country with an equilibrium where input sub-bundles may be traded (offshoring). The model allows for several goods and two fragments, produced with high-skilled and low-skilled labor. I address wage and welfare effects under flexible wages, and under a minimum wage. I also explore trade policy implications and compare offshoring to migration.
Expression Kinetics and Mapping of the Thymidine Kinase Transcript and an Immediate-Early Transcript from Channel Catfish Virus

ABSTRACT Three transcripts from the terminal repeat of the channel catfish virus (CCV; also known as ictalurid herpesvirus 1) genome were mapped by S1 nuclease and primer extension analyses as well as by cDNA sequencing. These transcripts, TR3, TR5/6, andTR6, are encoded by open reading frame (ORF) 3, ORFs 5 and 6, and ORF 6, respectively, and correspond to those previously identified by sequence analysis (A. J. Davison, Virology 186:9–14, 1992). ORF 5 has previously been determined to encode thymidine kinase, but ORF 3 and ORF 6 encode proteins of unknown function. Although all three transcripts accumulate to high levels in cells infected in the presence of cycloheximide, kinetic analysis demonstrates that TR5/6 and TR6 are either early or late transcripts that leak through the cycloheximide block. In addition, two transcripts from the terminal repeat of the CCV genome that were mapped previously and were thought to be immediate-early in character, TR8a/9 and TR9, exhibit kinetics characteristic of early or late transcripts. TR3 is an immediate-early transcript that appears to have a very short half-life. In the 3′ untranslated region of TR3, there are three copies of an AU-rich element which has previously been shown to be involved in destabilization of the oncogene c-fos and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNAs. mRNA destabilization may represent another mechanism by which herpesviruses regulate the rapid switch in expression from immediate-early genes to early genes during the transition to the early phase of infection.
The Illusory Nature of Momentum Profits

In markets with trading friction, the incorporation of information into market prices can be substantially delayed through a weakening of the arbitrage process. We re-examine the profitability of relative-strength, or momentum, trading strategies (buying past strong performers and selling past weak performers). We find that standard relative-strength strategies require frequent trading in disproportionately high-cost securities so that trading costs prevent profitable strategy execution. In the cross section, we find that those stocks that generate large momentum returns are precisely those stocks with high trading costs. We conclude that the magnitude of the abnormal returns associated with these trading strategies creates an illusion of profit opportunity when, in fact, none exists.
Four Theories for Backward Simulation Data-Refinement

This paper investigates data-refinement by backward simula tion. We introduce four distinct theories and demonstrate that thes e are all equivalent. One theory, SB-refinement, serves as a normative characterisat ion of backwards refinement. The other model-theoretic characterisations ill uminate the standard approach involving non-strictly lifted relational completi on operators.
Notation-Independent Representation of Fractions in the Human Parietal Cortex

Although the concept of whole numbers is intuitive and well suited for counting and ordering, it is with the invention of fractions that the number system gained precision and flexibility. Absolute magnitude is encoded by single neurons that discharge maximally to specific numbers. However, it is unknown how the ratio of two numbers is represented, whether by processing numerator and denominator in separation, or by extending the analog magnitude code to relative quantity. Using functional MRI adaptation, we now show that populations of neurons in human fronto-parietal cortex are tuned to preferred fractions, generalizing across the format of presentation. After blood oxygen level-dependent signal adaptation to constant fractions, signal recovery to deviant fractions was modulated parametrically as a function of numerical distance between the deviant and adaptation fraction. The distance effect was invariant to changes in notation from number to word fractions and strongest in the anterior intraparietal sulcus, a key region for the processing of whole numbers. These findings demonstrate that the human brain uses the same analog magnitude code to represent both absolute and relative quantity. Our results have implications for mathematical education, which may be tailored to better harness our ability to access automatically a composite quantitative measure.
A New Tail-based Correlation

The dependence between assets tends to increase when the market declines. This paper develops a correlation measure focusing on market declines using the expected shortfall (ES), referred to as the ES-implied correlation, to improve the existing value at risk (VaR)-implied correlation. Simulations which define period-by-period true correlations show that the ESimplied correlation is much closer to true correlations than is the VaR-implied correlation with respect to average bias, standard deviation and root-mean-squared error. More importantly, this paper develops a series of test statistics to measure and test correlation asymmetries, as well as to evaluate the impact of weights on the VaR-implied correlation and the ES-implied correlation. The test statistics indicate that the linear correlation significantly underestimates correlations between US and other G7 countries during market downturns, and the choice of weights does not have significant impact on the VaR-implied correlation or the ES-implied correlation.
Accounting Solutions Use For Budgeting In ERP, Hybrid ERP And BoB: An Explorative Study

We explore whether off-the-shelf accounting solutions are used or not used in management control. This study explores the usage of accounting solutions such as ERP, “hybrid ERP”, and “best-ofbreed” (BoB). Previous research highlights the problem that ERP has a “moderate” impact on management control but no study addresses whether hybrid ERP and BoB adopters experience the same problem. The explorative study investigates two budgeting activities – annual budget and rolling forecast construction, and variance analysis – in five case companies in order to explore and explain if and why off-the-shelf accounting solutions are used or not used. Due to a misfit between user intentions and system functionality, all the case companies use non-accounting solutions such as MS Excel and Hyperion business intelligence budgeting. In the first activity, users intend to achieve budgeting accuracy but the accounting solutions offer poor forecasting ability. In the second activity, users intend to identify management control problems but the accounting solutions offer poor analysis functions, for example poor visual presentation. We conclude that hybrid ERP and BoB accounting solution adopters experience the same problems as ERP adopters because accounting solution nonuse or “workaround” is related to both technical and social problems.
FORMALIN FIXATION IN THE CYTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE OF MITOCHONDRIA

A variety of established methods for protecting mitochondria were tested on rat duodenal epithelium during the histochemical assay for succinic dehydrogenase. The use of sucrose at isotonic or hypertonic concentrations, 7.5 per cent polyvinylpyrrolidone, divalent cations, physiological salt solutions, phenazine methosulfate, coenzyme Q10, and menadione failed to improve the quality of the histochemical preparation once fresh frozen sections were prepared. However, preservation of mitochondrial integrity with little diminution in succinic dehydrogenase activity was obtained by fixing tissue slices (less than 1 mm. in thickness) in 8 per cent unneutralized, aqueous formaldehyde from 8 to 16 minutes at from 5° to 10°C. prior to freezing. To offset the inhibition of enzymatic activity it was necessary to extend the incubation period by 10 to 15 minutes. Two-micron-thick sections were easily obtained from the frozen blocks of such fixed tissue and incubated in the unmodified Nitro—BT-succinate medium. Once the optimum conditions for fixation of intestinal epithelium were determined, many other tissues were subjected to the same procedure. From the morphological standpoint the appearance of the mitochondria in these histochemical preparations compares favorably with the results obtained using the classical Regaud iron-hematoxylin staining procedure. With most tissues, the results are superior to those with fresh frozen sections. However, results with muscle, sperm, and kidney tubular epithelium are not as strikingly improved as with gut and liver.
Testing general relativity by micro-arcsecond global astrometry

The global astrometric observations of a GAIA-like satellite were modeled within the PPN formulation of Post- Newtonian gravitation. An extensive experimental campaign based on realistic end-to-end simulations was conducted to estab- lish the sensitivity of global astrometry to the PPN parameter γ, which measures the amount of space curvature produced by unit rest mass. The results show that, with just a few thousands of relatively bright, photometrically stable, and astrometrically well behaved single stars, among the ∼10 9 objects that will be observed by GAIA, γ can be estimated after 1 year of continuous observations with an accuracy of ∼10 −5 at the 3σ level. Extrapolation to the full 5-year mission of these results based on the scaling properties of the adjustment procedure utilized suggests that the accuracy of � 2 × 10 −7 ,a t the same 3σ level, can be reached with ∼10 6 single stars, again chosen as the most astrometrically stable among the millions available in the magnitude range V = 12−13. These accuracies compare quite favorably with recent findings of scalar-tensor cosmological models, which predict for γ a present-time deviation, |1 − γ|, from the General Relativity value between 10 −5 and 10 −7 .
Substructure analysis of selected low-richness 2dFGRS clusters of galaxies

Complementary one-, two-, and three-dimensional tests for detecting the presence of substructure in clusters of galaxies are applied to recently obtained data from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey. The sample of 25 clusters used in this study includes 16 clusters not previously investigated for substructure. Substructure is detected at or greater than the 99% CL level in at least one test for 21 of the 25 clusters studied here. From the results, it appears that low richness clusters commonly contain subclusters participating in mergers. About half of the clusters have two or more components within 0.5 h 1 Mpc of the cluster centroid, and at least three clusters (Abell 1139, Abell 1663, and Abell S333) exhibit velocity-position characteristics consistent with the presence of possible cluster rotation, shear, or infall dynamics. The geometry of certain features is consistent with influence by the host supercluster environments. In general, our results support the hypothesis that low richness clusters relax to structureless equilibrium states on very long dynamical time scales (if at all).
Optimal Control Design with Limited Model Information ∗ †

We introduce the family of limited model information control design methods, which construct controllers by accessing the plant’s model in a constrained way, according to a given design graph. We investigate the achievable closed-loop performance of discrete-time linear time-invariant plants under a separable quadratic cost performance measure with structured static state-feedback controllers. We find the optimal control design strategy (in terms of the competitive ratio and domination metrics) when the control designer has access to the local model information and the global interconnection structure of the plant-to-be-controlled. At last, we study the trade-off between the amount of model information exploited by a control design method and the best closed-loop performance (in terms of the competitive ratio) of controllers it can produce.
Diagnostic Modalities of Precancerous and Cancerous Cervical Lesions with Special Emphasis on CD31 Angiogenesis Factor as a Marker

Objectives. To evaluate the role of angiogenesis tumor marker CD31 in the detection of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions and to compare its efficacy with colposcopy and histopathology. Materials and Methods. 230 patients with a suspicious looking cervix and an abnormal Pap smear attending the Outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of GSVM Medical College were subjected to a colposcopic examination. 180 patients with suspected colposcopic findings were subjected to a colposcopic directed biopsy. Biopsy tissues were sent for histopathological examination out of which 50 biopsied samples were sent for immunostaining of CD-31. Statistical analysis was done. Results. Comparison of microvessel density (MVD) count by haematoxylin and eosin staining (HE) and immunostaining of CD31 in preinvasive group were 4.012 ± 2.57 and 5.44 ± 2.21, respectively, and in invasive group were 9.18 ± 2.32 and 12.82 ± 4.07, respectively, which showed that MVD was higher by CD31 both in preinvasive and invasive group, and it was statistically significant. Conclusion. Angiogenesis is a marker of tumor progression, and CD31 fixes up vessel better as compared to HE, so aggressiveness of the tumor can be better predicted by MVD-CD31 as compared to MVD-HE.
Association between albuminuria and proteinuria in the general population: the AusDiab Study.

BACKGROUND The relationship between urinary albumin and total protein excretion and the appropriateness of one test over the other are unclear due to the paucity of large epidemiological studies of albuminuria and proteinuria. In screening for renal and cardiovascular disease, whether to measure albuminuria, proteinuria or both, is currently an unanswered question. METHODS Random urine samples from 10,596 (94.2%) participants of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study were tested for albuminuria (urine albumin:creatinine > or =30 mg/g) and proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine > or =0.20 mg/mg). This study was a representative sample of the national non-institutionalized population drawn from 42 randomly selected urban and non-urban areas (census collector districts) across Australia. RESULTS Among a representative cross-section of the Australian adult population, urine albumin excretion was strongly correlated with total protein excretion, particularly among the elderly, and those with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity and renal impairment (P <0.001). Albuminuria performed well as a screening test for proteinuria: sensitivity 91.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 87.7-94.5%], specificity 95.3% (95% CI 94.9-95.7%) and negative predictive value 99.8% (95% CI 99.7-99.9%). However, among those with proteinuria, 8% excreted albumin within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS While albuminuria may be a suitable test for general population screening for renal and cardiovascular disease, it should not replace testing for proteinuria in those with known or suspected renal disease.
Adaptive Smoothed Aggregation ( α SA ) Multigrid ∗

Substantial effort has been focused over the last two decades on developing multilevel iterative methods capable of solving the large linear systems encountered in engineering practice. These systems often arise from discretizing partial differential equations over unstructured meshes, and the particular parameters or geometry of the physical problem being discretized may be unavailable to the solver. Algebraic multigrid (AMG) and multilevel domain decomposition methods of algebraic type have been of particular interest in this context because of their promises of optimal performance without the need for explicit knowledge of the problem geometry. These methods construct a hierarchy of coarse problems based on the linear system itself and on certain assumptions about the smooth components of the error. For smoothed aggregation (SA) multigrid methods applied to discretizations of elliptic problems, these assumptions typically consist of knowledge of the near-kernel or near-nullspace of the weak form. This paper introduces an extension of the SA method in which good convergence properties are achieved in situations where explicit knowledge of the near-kernel components is unavailable. This extension is accomplished in an adaptive process that uses the method itself to determine near-kernel components and adjusts the coarsening processes accordingly.