Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Episodic arc-ophiolite emplacement and the growth of continental margins: Late accretion in the Northern Irish sector of the Grampian-Taconic orogeny

In order to understand the progressive growth of continental margins and the evolution of continental crust, we must first understand the formation of allochthonous ophiolitic and island-arc terranes within ancient orogens and the nature of their accretion. During the early Paleozoic closure of the Iapetus Ocean, diverse sets of arc terranes, oceanic tracts, and ribbon-shaped microcontinental blocks were accreted to the passive continental margin of Laurentia during the Grampian-Taconic orogeny. In the northern Appalachians in central Newfoundland, Canada, three distinct phases of arc-ophiolite accretion have been recognized. New field mapping, high-resolution airborne geophysics, whole-rock and Nd-isotope geochemistry, and U-Pb zircon geochronology within the Tyrone Volcanic Group of Northern Ireland have allowed all three episodes to now be correlated into the British and Irish Caledonides. The Tyrone Volcanic Group (ca. 475–469 Ma) is characterized by mafic to intermediate lavas, tuffs, rhyolite, banded chert, ferruginous jasperoid, and argillaceous sedimentary rocks cut by numerous high-level intrusive rocks. Geochemical signatures are consistent with formation within an evolving peri-Laurentian island-arc/backarc, which underwent several episodes of intra-arc rifting prior to its accretion at ca. 470 Ma to an outboard peri-Laurentian microcontinental block. Outriding microcontinental blocks played a fundamental role within the orogen, explaining the range of ages for Iapetan ophiolites and the timing of their accretion, as well as discrepancies between the timing of ophiolite emplacement and the termination of the Laurentian Cambrian–Ordovician shelf sequences. Accretion of the Tyrone arc and its associated suprasubduction-zone ophiolite represents the third stage of arc-ophiolite emplacement to the Laurentian margin during the Grampian-Taconic orogeny in the British and Irish Caledonides.
Transcendental philosophy and artificial life

This investigation is intended to bring to light some reasons for connecting the notion of artificial life to certain kinds of interpretation of transcendental philosophy. Since the conception of a machine has undergone an apparently decisive alteration in the post-Newtonian world it will be part of the burden of this piece to suggest that the possibility of the evolutionary development of life beyond the organic is itself a product of new thought about the relation between the organic and the processes of interpretation and understanding that we have summarized under the heading “mind”. The ultimate point of the piece will be to suggest both that the underlying conceptual approaches to artificial life have serious deficiencies and to indicate that the development of which they are a part nonetheless has an essential relationship to futurity
Juvenile homicide offenders: 10 years' experience of an adolescent forensic psychiatry service

Psychosocial characteristics were retrospectively studied in 46 juvenile perpetrators of homicide who had been referred to an adolescent forensic service in a 10-year period. Results of analysis were compared with a sample of 106 fire-setters referred to the same service. The profile of British homicidal juveniles is similar to that cited in the American literature in that the majority are male and come from disturbed family backgrounds. Compared with a delinquent sample of fire-setters, however, significantly more homicidal juveniles were male and had a history of frequent changes of schools, alcohol abuse and alcohol intoxication at the time of the offence. By contrast, when compared with delinquent juveniles, significantly fewer of the homicidal juveniles suffer from psychotic illness and are known to professional services prior to referral to the service. In a discriminant analysis a history of psychosis, being in care, alcohol intoxication at the material time and prior psychology contact were the most significant variables predicting group membership for homicidal and fire-setting delinquents. Abused homicidal youths do not differ markedly from those who do not suffer abuse but are characterized as coming from families with higher rates of paternal psychopathology. Prevention needs to focus on issues such as quality of parenting and alcohol abuse.
Children's attitudes toward a nonspeaking child using various augmentative and alternative communication techniques

Attitudes of children toward a nonspeaking child using three different augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) techniques were explored. Fourth grade children viewed videotapes showing a child communicating using either an aided electronic technique, an aided nonelectronic technique, or an unaided technique. Attitudes were measured using the Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes toward Children with Handicaps (CATCH) scale, and information was collected on the children's experience and exposure to disabled individuals and their reading comprehension level. Results indicated no difference in attitudes between the groups viewing the three different AAC techniques. More positive attitudes were exhibited by females, better readers, and children who reported experience with disabled children. Results are interpreted in light of information on development of attitudes.
Development to Term of Cloned Cattle Derived from Donor Cells Treated with Valproic Acid

Cloning of mammals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is still plagued by low efficiency. The epigenetic modifications established during cellular differentiation are a major factor determining this low efficiency as they act as epigenetic barriers restricting reprogramming of somatic nuclei. In this regard, most factors that promote chromatin decondensation, including histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), have been found to increase nuclear reprogramming efficiency, making their use common to improve SCNT rates. Herein we used valproic acid (VPA) in SCNT to test whether the treatment of nuclear donor cells with this HDACi improves pre- and post-implantation development of cloned cattle. We found that the treatment of fibroblasts with VPA increased histone acetylation without affecting DNA methylation. Moreover, the treatment with VPA resulted in increased expression of IGF2R and PPARGC1A, but not of POU5F1. However, when treated cells were used as nuclear donors no difference of histone acetylation was found after oocyte reconstruction compared to the use of untreated cells. Moreover, shortly after artificial activation the histone acetylation levels were decreased in the embryos produced with VPA-treated cells. With respect to developmental rates, the use of treated cells as donors resulted in no difference during pre- and post-implantation development. In total, five clones developed to term; three produced with untreated cells and two with VPA-treated cells. Among the calves from treated group, one stillborn calf was delivered at day 270 of gestation whereas the other one was delivered at term but died shortly after birth. Among the calves from the control group, one died seven days after birth whereas the other two are still alive and healthy. Altogether, these results show that in spite of the alterations in fibroblasts resulting from the treatment with VPA, their use as donor cells in SCNT did not improve pre- and post-implantation development of cloned cattle.
Left/right and cortical/subcortical dichotomies in the neuropsychological study of human emotions

Abstract Two main dichotomies have been put forth in the study of the anatomical substrates of emotional behaviour. The first, more classical and more firmly established, claims that the basic brain mechanisms for emotions are located in subcortical rather than in cortical structures. The second, more recent and still more hypothetical dichotomy, maintains that the right and the left hemispheres are not equally involved in emotional behaviour and that the right hemisphere plays a critical role in this regard. It is not clear, however, if these two dichotomies are independent or are somehow interconnected. The aim of this article is to discuss some aspects of the neuropsychology of human emotions, taking into account both the cortical/subcortical and the left/right dichotomy. First, we will review some well-established facts and some more recent models and data concerning the role played by cortical and subcortical structures in various aspects of emotional behaviour. Secondly, we will present a short summ.
Parents' Perceptions of the Malleability of their Child's Academic Competencies

This study set out to examine parents' perceptions of the malleability of their child's academic competencies. A total of 97 mothers and fathers were asked to rate their child's potential for improving her/his competencies in mathematics and Finnish, using both intrapersonal and interpersonal criteria in their ratings. These two criteria were found to correlate closely with each other, suggesting that parents resorted to the school's normative frame in their interpretations of the malleability of the child's academic competencies. Furthermore, the parents seemed to evince a self-serving attribution pattern when rating their child's academic competencies and the malleability of these competencies, and this pattern was stronger among the academically educated than the vocationally educated parents for mathematics.
Towards a Magnetically Actuated Laser Scanner for Endoscopic Microsurgeries

This article presents the design and assembly of a novel magnetically actuated endoscopic laser scanner device. The device is designed to perform 2D position control and high speed scanning of a fiber-based laser for operation in narrow workspaces. The device includes laser focusing optics to allow non-contact incisions and tablet-based control interface for intuitive teleoperation. The performance of the proof-of-concept device is analysed through controllability and the usability studies. The computer-controlled high-speed scanning demonstrates repeatable results with 21 um precision and a stable response up to 48 Hz. Teleoperation user trials, were performed for trajectory-following tasks with 12 subjects, show an accuracy of 39 um. The innovative design of the device can be applied to both surgical and diagnostic (imaging) applications in endoscopic systems.
Eating disturbance, self-esteem, reasons for exercising and body weight dissatisfaction in adolescent males

This study assessed body dissatisfaction, self-esteem and attitudes as well as behaviours relating to disordered eating in adolescent boys. The results indicated that males who were dissatisfied with their bodies are equally divided between those who wish to gain weight and those who wish to lose weight. In addition exercising for physical tone, attractiveness, health, fitness and weight control were all related to measures of disordered eating, while exercising for mood, and enjoyment were not. There was no relationship between self-esteem and body weight dissatisfaction. The best predictors of satisfaction with weight were the ‘reasons for exercise’ variables. The findings are discussed in terms of differences between male and female body dissatisfaction and the cultural pressure to obtain male ideal body shapes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confronting Perpetrators of Prejudice: The Inhibitory Effects of Social Costs1

The purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which social costs influence whether or not targets of prejudice confront individuals who behave in a prejudiced manner during interpersonal interactions. Consistent with our predictions, we found that although women believe they will confront perpetrators of prejudice regardless of the social costs, in reality, they are less likely to confront male perpetrators in high social cost situations. Implications for how targets cope with prejudice and discrimination are discussed.
Effect of transient cerebral ischemia on γ‐aminobutyric acidA receptor α1‐subunit–immunoreactive interneurons in the gerbil CA1 hippocampus

Following transient cerebral ischemia, pyramidal cells within area CA1 of the hippocampus exhibit delayed neuronal death. While interneurons within this sector continue to survive long‐term, there is evidence that some interneurons in area CA1 are vulnerable to damage. To determine the nature of vulnerability in a neurochemically heterogeneous population of interneurons throughout area CA1, we examined the labeling of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons with an antibody to the GABAA receptor α1‐subunit 1–35 days following cerebral ischemia in the Mongolian gerbil. Unlike some other GABA interneuron markers, this antibody labels both the dendrites and soma of interneurons, allowing dendritic structure to be examined. Three to four days following ischemia, the pyramidal cells in area CA1 had degenerated, and the α1‐subunit–positive interneurons in all layers of area CA1 had developed severely beaded dendrites. At longer survival times (21–35 days), the α1‐subunit–immunolabeled dendrites of these interneurons had a fragmented appearance. In contrast, interneurons bordering str. oriens and alveus typically exhibited normal dendritic morphology. Despite the pathologic changes, there was no evidence of interneuron loss in area CA1 up to 35 days post‐ischemia. Normal interneuron morphology was also observed in area CA3 and dentate gyrus, regions where neither pyramidal neurons nor granule cells, respectively, die following 5 min of cerebral ischemia. To determine if the ischemia‐induced changes in interneuron morphology could be prevented, diazepam was administered 30 and 90 min following ischemia. Diazepam produces long‐term neuroprotection of area CA1 pyramidal neurons. In gerbils sacrificed 35 days after ischemia, diazepam markedly attenuated the dendritic beading of the area CA1 interneurons. In addition, the dendrites did not display the fragmented labeling by the α1‐subunit antibody. Thus, despite their long‐term survival, CA1 hippocampal interneurons in the gerbil can express severe structural abnormalities after transient cerebral ischemia coincident with pyramidal cell degeneration, and the injury to the dendrites can be prevented by the neuroprotectant diazepam. Hippocampus 1997; 7:511–523. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors That Differentiate Acceleration Ability in Field Sport Athletes

Lockie, RG, Murphy, AJ, Knight, TJ, and Janse de Jonge, XAK. Factors that differentiate acceleration ability in field sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 25(10): 2704–2714, 2011—Speed and acceleration are essential for field sport athletes. However, the mechanical factors important for field sport acceleration have not been established in the scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical and performance factors that differentiate sprint acceleration ability in field sport athletes. Twenty men completed sprint tests for biomechanical analysis and tests of power, strength, and leg stiffness. The sprint intervals analyzed were 0–5, 5–10, and 0–10 m. The subjects were split into a faster and slower group based on 0- to 10-m velocity. A 1-way analysis of variance determined variables that significantly (p ≤ 0.05) distinguished between faster and slower acceleration. All subject data were then pooled for a correlation analysis to determine factors contributing most to acceleration. The results showed that 0- to 5-m (∼16% difference) and 0- to 10-m (∼11% difference) contact times for the faster group were significantly lower. Times to peak vertical and horizontal force during ground contact were lower for the faster group. This was associated with the reduced support times achieved by faster accelerators and their ability to generate force quickly. Ground contact force profiles during initial acceleration are useful discriminators of sprint performance in field sport athletes. For the strength and power measures, the faster group demonstrated a 14% greater countermovement jump and 48% greater reactive strength index. Significant correlations were found between velocity (0–5, 5–10, and 0–10 m) and most strength and power measures. The novel finding of this study is that training programs directed toward improving field sport sprint acceleration should aim to reduce contact time and improve ground force efficiency. It is important that even during the short sprints required for field sports, practitioners focus on good technique with short contact times.
The Relationship Between Stress and Performance: The Moderating Effect of Hardiness

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of hardiness to stress and to performance, and to explore its moderating effect on the rela- tionship between stress and performance. Three hundred twenty-six officer cadets in the Israel Defense Forces completed self-report stress questionnaires during four critical course events and hardiness questionnaires at the beginning and end of the course. As hypothesized, hardiness was consistently negatively related to experienced stress. It was also consistently positively related to objectively assessed performance throughout the course and in the subsequent course, and to the first on-the-job performance appraisal a year later. In addition to its main effects, hardiness buffered the cadets from the detri- mental effects of stress on performance. The processes by which hardiness affects performance are discussed.
An evaluation of the distinction of ectopic and pituitary ACTH dependent Cushing's syndrome by clinical features, biochemical tests and radiological findings.

The efficiency of various laboratory and radiological investigations in the differentiation of ectopic from pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome was studied, based on findings in 23 patients with verified Cushing's disease and seven patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Clinical features strongly favouring the ectopic type were male sex and history for less than 18 months. Basal biochemical features strongly indicating the ectopic syndrome included plasma K+ less than 3.0 mmol/l and HCO3 greater than 30 mmol/l; serum cortisol at 9 a.m. or midnight of greater than 800 nmol/l; urine free cortisol greater than 1300 nmol/24 hours; plasma ACTH greater than 100 ng/l. In the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, suppression by less than 50 per cent of 9 a.m. serum cortisol, urine free cortisol or 17-oxogenic steroids was usually indicative of an ectopic source of ACTH. A mean suppressed value of greater than 450 nmol/l for the 9 a.m. and midnight cortisol combined occurred in all of those with the ectopic syndrome, but in none of the 23 patients with Cushing's disease. For urine free cortisol, a mean suppressed value of less than 1000 nmol/24 hours was found in all patients with Cushing's disease, but in none of those in the ectopic group. In the metyrapone test, there was an increase of less than or equal to 3-fold in 11-deoxycortisol at 24 hours in patients with ectopic ACTH; the increase was greater than 3-fold in all but one of the patients with Cushing's disease. Failure to respond to either dexamethasone or metyrapone was found in only one of the patients with Cushing's disease (Patient 16); in the ectopic group, all patients except Patient D failed to respond to either test. It is concluded that patients presenting with clinically obvious Cushing's syndrome along with measurable plasma ACTH can be reliably divided by conventional tests into those that are driven from the pituitary and those driven by ectopic ACTH.
Effect of long-term cadmium intoxication on selected biochemical parameters in experimental animals

Cadmium (Cd) is a dangerous occupational and environmental toxin. Exceeding its permissible weekly uptake in meals is a disturbing phenomenon. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of long-term uptake of cadmium chloride on selected biochemical parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers in animal models. Long-term intoxication with cadmium chloride elevated blood serum concentration of urea, creatinine, glucose, AspAT and A1AT activity as well as TBARS and protein carbonyl group concentrations; TBARS concentration in erythrocytes was also elevated as well as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion with urine.
Using Multilevel Random Coefficient Modeling to Investigate Rater Effects in Performance Ratings

There has been recent interest in how rater attributes lead to systematic variance in ratings of job performance. Although numerous rater characteristics have been proposed to affect performance ratings, there has been little empirical research studying them. We suggest this has been because of methodological problems with levels of analysis and propose multilevel random coefficient (MRC) modeling as a solution. We present a multilevel model of rater effects in which ratees are nested within raters. We also present two examples of applying MRC modeling to criterion-related validity data to study how rater-level variables influence performance ratings and the relationships selection assessments have with those ratings.
Undergraduate students in part‐time employment in China

Advantages and disadvantages of undergraduates undertaking part‐time employment are indicated from the western literature, together with discussion of the nature, amount and effects of part‐time employment. A study is reported of a university in China, using a cross‐sectional survey which investigates the characteristics of undergraduates holding a part‐time job, the reasons for taking part‐time jobs, the positive and negative impacts of taking part‐time jobs, the balance between positive and negative impacts, and the characteristics of the employment that undergraduates undertake. Important differences are reported between findings of western studies and those of the university in China. Implications are drawn for further research and development.
Molecular Monitoring of Plasmodium vivax Infection after Radical Treatment in Southeastern Iran

Background: The aim was to evaluate the relapse risk of vivax malaria in patients who received radical treatment in Hormozgan Province, a malarious area located on southeast of Iran. Methods: A total of 95 symptomatic vivax malaria infected patients were enrolled in urban health centers of Bandar-Abbas, Minab, Bandar-Jask and Bashagard districts of Hormozgan Province, southeast of Iran from January 2008 to March 2009 for consideration as a case- series study. DNA was extracted from parasite infected whole blood samples. A polymorphic region of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (pvMSP1) was selected and a PCR method was employed for all the samples to amplify the specific variable gene fragment. The obtained fragments in primary and secondary samples were sequenced. Both nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the samples were investigated for returned patients. Results: 3.2% of the patients experienced a second attack between 83–199 days after the initial episode of infection. Alignment of nucleotide and their deduced amino acid sequences between pair sequences of primary and secondary isolates revealed 8 and 6 dissimilarities respectively for the first case, and 9 and 7 dissimilarities for the second case. Although microscopical examination of recurrent thick blood smear of the third patient confirmed new P. vivax infection, the venous blood sample was accidentally missed. Sequencing results of primary and returned isolates 1P, 1S, 2P, 2S and 3P in this study showed an identity with BP13, T117, BP13, TC28 and Chesson genotypes respectively. Conclusion: The returned (secondary) isolates may account to be for the sake of reinfection.