Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parent behaviors in free‐play and problem‐solving interactions in relation to problem behaviors in preschool boys

A stratified sample of 34 three‐year‐old to five‐year‐old boys and their parents (30 mothers) was observed in their homes during free‐play and problem‐solving interactions. Observer‐ratings of behaviors of parents in each interaction were examined in relation to teachers’ ratings of the boys’ problem behaviors in a childcare setting. Parent behaviors in the play, but not problem‐solving, interaction were significantly related to boys’ problem behaviors. Positive behaviors of the parent in play, such as sensitivity and responsiveness to the child, accounted for nine percent of the variance in boys’ externalizing scores above and beyond the 28% accounted for by the negative parent behaviors of intrusiveness and permissiveness. The addition of positive parent behaviors to the regression model also canceled the statistical significance of the negative behaviors. Negative behaviors appeared to be most influential in that they decreased the likelihood that positive behaviors would be demonstrated within the play interaction.
Epstein-Barr Virus Can Establish Infection in the Absence of a Classical Memory B-Cell Population

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that persists in the body for life after primary infection. The primary site of EBV persistence is the memory B lymphocyte, but whether the virus initially infects naïve or memory B cells is still disputed. We have analyzed EBV infection in nine cases of X-linked hyper-immunoglobulin M (hyper-IgM) syndrome who, due to a mutation in CD40 ligand gene, do not have a classical, class-switched memory B-cell population (IgD− CD27+). We found evidence of EBV infection in 67% of cases, which is similar to the infection rate found in the general United Kingdom population (60 to 70% for the relevant age range). We detected EBV DNA in peripheral blood B cells and showed in one case that the infection was restricted to the small population of nonclassical, germinal center-independent memory B cells (IgD+ CD27+). Detection of EBV small RNAs, latent membrane protein 2, and EBV nuclear antigen 3C expression in peripheral blood suggests full latent viral gene expression in this population. Analysis of EBV DNA in serial samples showed variability over time, suggesting cycles of infection and loss. Our results demonstrate that short-term EBV persistence can occur in the absence of a germinal center reaction and a classical memory B-cell population.
The Importance of Students' Goals in Their Emotional Experience of Academic Failure: Investigating the Precursors and Consequences of Shame

This article uses the emotion of shame as an example for exploring relations of students' goals and emotions. Using the framework of self-regulation and motivation, the article discusses the precursors and consequences of this potentially devastating emotion. The research suggests that motivational and goal-related processes may be associated with triggering a shame reaction, but that they also can contribute to shame resiliency. Specifically, the article argues that having clear, important future goals-for which the course grade or course information is instrumentally connected-particularly facilitates students' recovery from a shame reaction. The article concludes, however, that having future goals that supply motivating power for students to engage in learning activities is not sufficient to bring about shame recovery. For students to obtain their future academic goals, they must have a repertoire of study strategies and volitional strategies as well as self-monitoring strategies, metacognitive strategies, and self-regulation that will facilitate the acquisition of immediate learning goals.
Essential Systems for Sustainable Implementation of Tier 2 Supports

Many schools are adopting Schoolwide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports, a multitiered prevention framework to promote proactive behavioral practices and encourage appropriate behavior. There is an extensive research base and demonstrations to guide schools in effective implementation of universal behavior support; however, schools frequently struggle as they attempt to expand their capacity to implement support at the Tier 2 level. In this article, the authors define the core systems that support the implementation of Tier 2 interventions, including coaching, structural organization, and evaluation.
Endoscopic Management of Postoperative Bile Duct Injuries: A Single Center Experience

Background/Aim: Biliary endoscopic procedures may be less invasive than surgery for management of postoperative bile duct injuries (POBDI). This retrospective work presents the experience of a single referral center during a period of 14 years in endoscopic management of POBDI. Patients and Methods: Between 1994 (March) and 2008 (May), ERCP had been performed on 277 patients suspected to have POBDI. Patients shown to have complete transaction of bile duct were prepared for definitive surgery. For patients with simple biliary leak, sphincterotomy was performed with stenting. Pneumatic dilatation and stenting were done on patients with biliary stricture and preserved ductal continuity. ERCP was repeated every 3 months till the site of narrowing disappeared. Results: The mean age was 45.3 years, 162 (58.5%) were females. The most common previous surgery was cholecystectomy (open, [N=119] 44%, and laparoscopic, [N=77] 28%). ERCP failed in 17 patients (6.1%). For successfully cannulated cases (N=260, 93.9%), the type of bile duct injury diagnosed at ERCP was completely ligated CBD (N=31/260 , 11.9%). Bile leakage was detected in (N=167/260, 64.2%) all patients with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stent insertion, the leak stopped in all of them. Biliary stricture was diagnosed in 33/260 patients (12.7%) and 17 of them had repeated balloon dilatation with stenting while the remaining had surgical correction. The success rate of endoscopic therapy for biliary strictures was 82%. Cholangiogram was normal in 29 patients (11.2%). Conclusions: Endoscopic therapy is safe and effective in the management of postoperative bile duct leak. For postoperative bile ductal strictures, ERCP is a less favorable option.
Diaspora Capitalism and the Homeland: Australian Chinese Networks into China

This article explores two new and related phenomena of the late twentieth century that will surely play a major role in shaping the world of the twenty-first: the economic development and opening up of China, and the emergence onto the world economic stage of diaspora Chinese businesses, producing a significant, identifiably Chinese current within global capitalism. Each of these has, we believe, been crucial and perhaps indispensable to the other.
Platelet Transfusion Practices Among Neonatologists in the United States and Canada: Results of a Survey

OBJECTIVE. In the absence of scientific evidence, current neonatal platelet transfusion practices are based on physicians' preferences, expert advice, or consensus-driven recommendations. We hypothesized that there would be significant diversity in platelet transfusion triggers, product selection, and dosing among neonatologists in the United States and Canada. METHODS. A Web-based survey on neonatal platelet transfusion practices was distributed to all members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Perinatal Section in the United States and to all physicians listed in the 2005 Canadian Neonatology Directory. RESULTS. The overall response rate was 37% (1060 of 2875). In the United States, 37% (1007 of 2700) responded, of which 52% practiced at academic centers. Thirty percent (53 of 175) of Canadians responded, of whom 94% practiced at academic centers. As hypothesized, there was significant practice diversity in both countries. The survey also revealed that platelet transfusions are frequently administered to nonbleeding neonates with platelet counts of >50 × 109/L. This practice is particularly prevalent among neonates with specific clinical conditions, including indomethacin treatment, preceding procedures, in the postoperative period, or with intraventricular hemorrhages. CONCLUSIONS. There is great variability in platelet transfusion practices among US and Canadian neonatologists, suggesting clinical equipoise in many clinical scenarios. Prospective randomized clinical trials to generate evidence-based neonatal platelet transfusion guidelines are needed.
Organization of self-knowledge: implications for recovery from sad mood.

In compartmentalized self-organization, positive and negative self-beliefs are separated into distinct categories (i.e., self-aspects), so that each self-aspect contains primarily positive or primarily negative beliefs. In evaluatively integrative organization, self-aspect categories contain a mixture of positive and negative beliefs. Positive-compartmentalized individuals recovered easily from a sad mood when they could reflect on personally important, pure positive self-aspects. When situational factors maintained the activation of pure negative self-aspects, compartmentalization seemed to perpetuate the negative mood. These studies suggest that people with a positive-compartmentalized self (who usually report high self-esteem and positive mood) have a hidden vulnerability to intense negative states. The advantages of an evaluatively integrated self may require having the opportunity to reflect on (and integrate) positive and negative beliefs about the self.
Dorsal Medullary Infarction: Distinct Syndrome of Isolated Central Vestibulopathy

Background and Purpose— The characteristics of infarctions restricted to the dorsal medulla have received little attention. This study aimed to define the distinct clinical features of dorsal medullary infarction. Methods— Of the 172 patients with a diagnosis of medullary infarction at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from 2003 to 2014, 18 patients with isolated dorsal medullary infarction were subjected to analyses of clinical and laboratory findings. Results— All patients presented acute isolated vestibular syndrome with dizziness/vertigo and imbalance. Almost all patients (17/18, 94%) showed the signs from involvements of the vestibular nuclei, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, or inferior cerebellar peduncle, which included direction-changing gaze-evoked nystagmus (n=12), negative head-impulse tests (n=8), skew deviation (n=7), central patterns of head-shaking nystagmus (n=6), and spontaneous nystagmus (n=2). Initial magnetic resonance imagings including diffusion-weighted images were negative in 7 patients (39%). Twelve patients (67%) showed a progression and developed additional neurological abnormalities, but the neurological outcomes were favorable. Conclusions— The presence of central vestibular signs allows bedside differentiation of isolated vestibular syndrome because of dorsal medullary infarction from acute peripheral vestibular disorders. Because initially false-negative magnetic resonance imagings and subsequent progression are frequent in dorsal medullary infarction, early recognition through scrutinized evaluation is important for proper managements.
Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro Secretion of Alpha Toxin (hla) Correlates with the Affiliation to Clonal Complexes

The alpha toxin of Staphylococcus aureus is a pore forming toxin that penetrates host cell membranes causing osmotic swelling, rupture, lysis and subsequently cell death. Haemolysin alpha is toxic to a wide range of different mammalian cells; i.e., neurotoxic, dermonecrotic, haemolytic, and it can cause lethality in a wide variety of animals. In this study, the in vitro alpha toxin production of 648 previously genotyped isolates of S. aureus was measured quantitatively using antibody microarrays. Isolates originated from medical and veterinary settings and were selected in order to represent diverse clonal complexes and defined clinical conditions. Generally, the production of alpha toxin in vitro is related to the clonal complex affiliation. For clonal complexes CC22, CC30, CC45, CC479, CC705 and others, invariably no alpha toxin production was noted under the given in vitro conditions, while others, such as CC1, CC5, CC8, CC15 or CC96 secreted variable or high levels of alpha toxin. There was no correlation between alpha toxin yield and clinical course of the disease, or between alpha toxin yield and host species.
Design of Flexible Hybrid Nanocomposite Structure Based on Frequency Selective Surface for Wideband Radar Cross Section Reduction

This paper presents the design, synthesis, and testing of a novel flexible hybrid nanocomposite (FHN) structure for the wideband radar cross section (RCS) reduction of targets. The proposed FHN structure consists of a frequency selective surface (FSS) pattern printed on a thin flexible polyimide film backed by aluminum foil, which is then integrated with a customized flexible nanocomposite sheet. The nanocomposite sheet consists of graphite fillers combined with zinc oxide powders, which are embedded into the thermoplastic polyurethane matrix. The fabricated nanocomposite sheet is first characterized for the effective permittivity and the dielectric loss tangent using the free-space measurement technique, and the measured electromagnetic properties are then used for the design of an FHN structure. The proposed FHN structure having overall thickness of 1.335 mm shows minimum reflection coefficient (RC) of −28 dB at 10.2 GHz, along with −10 dB RC bandwidth in the entire $X$ -band. Finally, the fabricated FHN structure is applied on a cylindrical target, which provides minimum 10 dB RCS reduction under various polarizations. The proposed work provides an effective way to combine the strength of FSS with that of a customized nanocomposite sheet in order to design an efficient FHN structure for various strategic applications.
Delinquent Peers Revisited: Does Network Structure Matter?1

This study examines whether structural properties of friendship networks condition the association between friends' delinquency and an individual's own delinquent behavior. Data from the Add Health allows a more accurate conceptualization of the peer network and a more rigorous measurement of peer delinquency than previous research. Findings from this study indicate that friends' delinquency is associated with an adolescent's own delinquency involvement. However, characteristics of adolescents' friendship networks, such as its density and adolescents' centrality and popularity, condition the delinquency‐peer association. Network density, in particular, emerges as an important component of the delinquency‐peer association, with very cohesive networks containing stronger delinquency‐peer associations than those that are less cohesive. These findings suggest that it is necessary to consider the underlying structural properties of friendship networks in order to understand the impact of peer influence on adolescent delinquency.
Characterization of the COD removal, electricity generation, and bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells treating molasses wastewater

ABSTRACT The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, electricity generation, and microbial communities were compared in 3 types of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) treating molasses wastewater. Single-chamber MFCs without and with a proton exchange membrane (PEM), and double-chamber MFC were constructed. A total of 10,000 mg L−1 COD of molasses wastewater was continuously fed. The COD removal, electricity generation, and microbial communities in the two types of single-chamber MFCs were similar, indicating that the PEM did not enhance the reactor performance. The COD removal in the single-chamber MFCs (89–90%) was higher than that in the double-chamber MFC (50%). However, electricity generation in the double-chamber MFC was higher than that in the single-chamber MFCs. The current density (80 mA m−2) and power density (17 mW m−2) in the double-chamber MFC were 1.4- and 2.2-times higher than those in the single-chamber MFCs, respectively. The bacterial community structures in single- and double-chamber MFCs were also distinguishable. The amount of Proteobacteria in the double-chamber MFC was 2–3 times higher than those in the single-chamber MFCs. For the archaeal community, Methanothrix (96.4%) was remarkably dominant in the single-chamber MFCs, but Methanobacterium (35.1%), Methanosarcina (28.3%), and Methanothrix (16.2%) were abundant in the double-chamber MFC.
The Origin of the Alphabet

Some current scientific interests—game theory, computers, social invention—may hear echoes from the beginning of recorded time in Dr. Stecchini's preliminary inquiry into the origins of the alphabet. Some unheralded Sumerian grammarian probably devised a primitive alphabet as a divining, abacus-like instrument formed in a sixteen- letter square, as reconstructed in the cover drawing. Its purpose was to allow divine voices to "speak" in the language of the land. The author resides at Princeton, N.J., where he is completing his work on the HISTORY OF MEASURE. A further article on his findings will appear in the March issue of ABS.
Combined Genomic and Genetic Data Integration of Major Agronomical Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The high resolution integration of bread wheat genetic and genomic resources accumulated during the last decades offers the opportunity to unveil candidate genes driving major agronomical traits to an unprecedented scale. We combined 27 public quantitative genetic studies and four genetic maps to deliver an exhaustive consensus map consisting of 140,315 molecular markers hosting 221, 73, and 82 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for respectively yield, baking quality, and grain protein content (GPC) related traits. Projection of the consensus genetic map and associated QTLs onto the wheat syntenome made of 99,386 genes ordered on the 21 chromosomes delivered a complete and non-redundant repertoire of 18, 8, 6 metaQTLs for respectively yield, baking quality and GPC, altogether associated to 15,772 genes (delivering 28,630 SNP-based makers) including 37 major candidates. Overall, this study illustrates a translational research approach in transferring information gained from grass relatives to dissect the genomic regions hosting major loci governing key agronomical traits in bread wheat, their flanking markers and associated candidate genes to be now considered as a key resource for breeding programs.
How to Establish and Follow up a Large Prospective Cohort Study in the 21st Century - Lessons from UK COSMOS

Large-scale prospective cohort studies are invaluable in epidemiology, but they are increasingly difficult and costly to establish and follow-up. More efficient methods for recruitment, data collection and follow-up are essential if such studies are to remain feasible with limited public and research funds. Here, we discuss how these challenges were addressed in the UK COSMOS cohort study where fixed budget and limited time frame necessitated new approaches to consent and recruitment between 2009-2012. Web-based e-consent and data collection should be considered in large scale observational studies, as they offer a streamlined experience which benefits both participants and researchers and save costs. Commercial providers of register and marketing data, smartphones, apps, email, social media, and the internet offer innovative possibilities for identifying, recruiting and following up cohorts. Using examples from UK COSMOS, this article sets out the dos and don’ts for today's cohort studies and provides a guide on how best to take advantage of new technologies and innovative methods to simplify logistics and minimise costs. Thus a more streamlined experience to the benefit of both research participants and researchers becomes achievable.
Performance of Cooperative Transmission Schemes Using Distributed Antennas

Closed-form expressions for the ergodic capacity for downlink transmission of a distributed antenna system are derived, based on different cooperative transmission schemes including single-antenna transmission (SAT) and dual-antenna transmissions (DAT). For DAT, we consider space-time block coding (STBC) for the open-loop operation, and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) for the closed-loop operation. The probability density function (PDF) of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) for each scheme is presented, followed by the capacity expressions in terms of the received power components for the significant signal sources and the interference sources. The switching criteria among the transmission schemes are proposed and used for evaluating the capacity gain over the conventional SAT. The derived results are verified via Monte-Carlo simulations in a Rayleigh fading environment, for a given geographic location of the mobile station (MS). It is also demonstrated that an instantaneous adaptation of the transmission schemes, if applicable, can provide further capacity improvement over individual transmission schemes.
A cross‐cultural comparison of ethnocentrism among Japanese and United States college students

This study is a cross‐cultural comparison of ethnocentrism among Japanese and American college students. Both Japanese (N=372) and American (N=173) college students completed a measure of ethnocentrism and responded to several questions about their travel experiences, interaction with foreigners, and other similar kinds of questions. Results revealed that Japanese students scored significantly higher in ethnocentrism than the American students. Further results indicate that in both samples, men scored higher in ethnocentrism than women. The within group differences across both cultures were remarkably similar. In both Japanese and American samples, class rank, travel abroad experiences, interaction with foreigners, and hometown populations did not affect ethnocentrism scores.
Home Schooling and the Question of Socialization

"Why aren't your kids in school? Do you have experience as a teacher? How do you know if you're teaching the right things? Aren't you worried that your kids won't be able to get into college? Whatever made you decide to keep your children at home? " Home schooling parents, if they have been at it very long at all, have been asked these questions countless times by the curious and the disapproving. But of the customary questions home schoolers face, "What about socialization? " is perhaps the most familiar and the most puzzling. What makes this question so puzzling is that different people mean different things by the word socialization. Some people mean social activity: giving children the chance to play with friends and participate in traditional extracurricular activities like sports, school plays, and the senior prom. Others mean social influence: teaching children to conform to majority norms. And some mean social exposure: introducing children to the culture and values of different groups of people. All these things may be a part of socialization, but socialization can be more accurately defined as "the process whereby people acquire the rules of behavior and systems of