Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Risk Factors for Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection Caused by Percutaneously Inserted, Noncuffed Central Venous Catheters: Implications for Preventive Strategies

Strategies for preventing central venous catheter (CVC)-related bloodstream infection are most likely to be effective if guided by an understanding of the risk factors associated with these infections. In this critical review of published studies of risk factors for CVC-related bloodstream infection that were prospective and used multivariable techniques of data analysis or that were randomized trials of a preventive measure, a significantly increased risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection was associated with inexperience of the operator and nurse-to-patient ratio in the intensive care unit, catheter insertion with less than maximal sterile barriers, placement of a CVC in the internal jugular or femoral vein rather than subclavian vein, placement in an old site by guidewire exchange, heavy colonization of the insertion site or contamination of a catheter hub, and duration of CVC placement > 7 days. Prospective studies or randomized trials of control measures focusing on these risk factors have been shown to reduce risk significantly: formal training in CVC insertion and care, use of maximal sterile barriers at insertion, use of chlorhexidine rather than povidone-iodine for cutaneous antisepsis, applying a topical anti-infective cream or ointment or a chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing to the insertion site, and the use of novel catheters with an anti-infective surface or a contaminationresistant hub.Better prospective studies of sufficient size to address all potential risk factors, including insertion site and hub colonization, insertion technique, and details of follow-up care, would enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of CVC-related bloodstream infection and guide efforts to develop more effective strategies for prevention.
Documentation of ethnomedicinal information and antimicrobial validation of Thespesia populnea used by Yanadi tribe of Ganugapenta village, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India

Aim: This study aimed to document the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and antimicrobial validation of Thespesia populnea used by Yanadi tribe of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: The study was mainly focused on documentation of medicinal plants used by Yanadi tribe to treat different diseases with a standard questionnaire. These plants were cross-checked in Dr. Dukes Database and available literature to know the significance of this tribe on medicinal knowledge. Among the documented plants, T. populnea was selected for antimicrobial activity with disc diffusion assay. Results: Among the documented medicinal plants, herbs were the most utilized plants, followed by leaf part of the plants; paste form of medicinal preparation was the dominant one among the mode of preparations and oral administration was generally followed by this tribe. When checked these plants in Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database most of the medicinal plants were matched at least one medicinal use and most of them were correlated with existing literature. In antimicrobial activity, the microbial pathogens Klebsiella pneumonia among bacteria and Rhizopus arrhizus among fungi were most susceptible to methanol extract of T. populnea. Conclusion: From this study, we conclude that the preparation and dosage of the medicines by Yanadi tribe of this area is unique and the correlation of medicinal data with Duke’s Database and existing literature reveals high medicinal significance of claimed data of this tribe and potential inhibitory activity of T. populnea could be studied further to isolate effective antimicrobial agents.
Keepin' it Real: Challenges when Designing Sports-Training Games

Using game elements and mechanics in sports training holds great potential for increasing player enjoyment, but also introduces a risk of reducing training relevance. This paper describes a novel training installation for individual handball training, called "The Bouncer", and the design process behind three training games. In order to investigate how game elements can affect the training experience, we conducted a study with 10 experienced amateur handball players, eliciting responses regarding the training relevance of the games. Based on the study and our design insights, we propose three challenges that designers of interactive sports-training games need to consider: 1) Maintaining relevance when translating physical elements into digital representations. 2) Choosing an appropriate level of sensing as game input. 3) Introducing points in training exercises without reducing sport relevance. For the three challenges, we propose strategies to help future designers of training games.
Handbook of implicit social cognition : measurement, theory,and applications

Virtually every question in social psychology is currently being shaped by the concepts and methods of implicit social cognition. This tightly edited volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the field. Foremost authorities synthesize the latest findings on how automatic, implicit, and unconscious cognitive processes influence social judgments and behavior. Cutting-edge theories and data are presented in such crucial areas as attitudes, prejudice and stereotyping, self-esteem, self-concepts, close relationships, and morality. Describing state-of-the-art measurement procedures and research designs, the book discusses promising applications in clinical, forensic, and other real-world contexts. Each chapter both sums up what is known and identifies key directions for future research. This book will be useful to researchers and graduate students in social and cognitive psychology; also of interest to readers in applied contexts, including health, clinical, forensic, consumer, and political psychology. It will also serve as a supplemental text in graduate-level courses in social cognition and psychology research methods.
Job-Aware Scheduling for Big Data Processing

Most big data jobs are network-bound, which involve large amount of data transfers among the nodes in a cluster. Optimizing the scheduling of flows can improve big data job performance. Traditional techniques are mostly flow-based scheduling, without considering the flow correlations. In this paper, we take the dependency of the flows into account and propose traffic forecasting and job-aware priority scheduling for big data processing. First, we forecast the network traffic for flows of the same job through run-time monitoring, and assign a unique priority for each job and tag every packet in this job. Then we schedule flows of the same priority (often the same job) in a FIFO order. We implement our proposed scheme using NS-2 simulator and show that our system can increase the network utilization and reduce the job completion time.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PROCEDURAL VARIATIONS IN VICARIOUS SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION OF TEST-ANXIETY

This study investigates within a group of junior high school students referred by counselors for test anxiety, differential changes achieved by Ss in seven dependent variables as a result of (a) instruc­ tions designed to engender high-versus-moderate expectations for benefit and (b) three discrete variations in procedures for observing video­ tapes depicting systematic desensitization of a peer model. Twenty seventh-grade boys, 20 seventh-grade girls, 20 eighthgrade boys, and 20 eighth-grade girls were administered a pretreatment assessment battery comprising the Test-Anxiety Scale (TAS), a question­ naire measure of test anxiety; the Reading Speed and Comprehension Subtest of the Gates-McGinnitie Reading Test (G-M), a work-sample of scholastic performance presumably susceptible to inhibition by elevated test-anxiety; the Estimate of Anxiety (EA), a measure of anxiety exper­ ienced while taking G-M; the Anxiety Survey, a checklist of common situational anxieties scored for total magnitude of anxiety (AS) and total number of high anxiety statements (#AS); and the Questionnaire of Attitudes toward Tests (QAT) and Semantic Differential (SD), two measures of attitudes toward tests. On the basis of TAS scores, Ss were assigned by stratified random sampling to eight equal groups (n = 10) within one waiting-list control and three discrete experi­ mental conditions. Condition P (Performance) required Ss to execute therapist instructions to the filmed model; Condition 0 required Ss
Hope, Goal-Blocking Thoughts, and Test-Related Anxieties

Based on Onwuegbuzie's 1998 findings pertaining to the relationship of lower scores on hope to higher ones on anxiety about statistics, a brief overview of the etiology of test-related anxieties in the context of Snyder's hope theory is given, and the utility of hope theory for helping students with test-related anxieties is explored.
Is traditional reading of the bedside chest radiograph appropriate to detect intraatrial central venous catheter position?

BACKGROUND Traditionally, the positioning of central venous catheters (CVCs) outside the right atrium (RA) in patients receiving intensive care is determined by surrogate landmarks on bedside chest radiographs (CXRs). The validity of this method was examined by comparing readings of radiologists with the results of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). METHODS Prospective study at university hospital. Two hundred thirteen adults scheduled for cardiothoracic surgery were randomized to right or left internal jugular vein catheterization under ECG guidance. One senior radiologist and two radiologists in training independently read the CXRs, and determined whether the CVC tip ended in the RA and measured the vertical distance from the CVC tip to the carina (TC-distance). RESULTS Two hundred twelve CVC tips could be identified by TEE. Only left-sided CVCs (n = 5) ended in the upper RA (2.4%). Three of those patients were shorter than 160 cm. Specificity was 94% for senior radiologist, 44% for the first radiologist in training, and 60% for the second radiologist in training. The TC-distance of intraatrial catheters was 39, 55, 59, 80, and 83 mm, respectively. Thus, a TC-distance < or = 55 mm ensured extraatrial tip position in four of five intraatrial CVCs (80%, p = 0.002). The TC-distance of extraatrial catheters ranged from - 26 to 102 mm. CONCLUSIONS Reading of a bedside CXR alone is not very accurate to identify intraatrial CVC tip position. TC-distance is a helpful marker, and its specificity is as good as that of an experienced radiologist if a cutoff value of 55 mm is chosen.
The Influence of Bioactive Oxylipins from Marine Diatoms on Invertebrate Reproduction and Development

Diatoms are one of the main primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and occupy a vital link in the transfer of photosynthetically-fixed carbon through aquatic food webs. Diatoms produce an array of biologically-active metabolites, many of which have been attributed as a form of chemical defence and may offer potential as candidate marine drugs. Of considerable interest are molecules belonging to the oxylipin family which are broadly disruptive to reproductive and developmental processes. The range of reproductive impacts includes; oocyte maturation; sperm motility; fertilization; embryogenesis and larval competence. Much of the observed bioactivity may be ascribed to disruption of intracellular calcium signalling, induction of cytoskeletal instability and promotion of apoptotic pathways. From an ecological perspective, the primary interest in diatom-oxylipins is in relation to the potential impact on energy flow in planktonic systems whereby the reproductive success of copepods (the main grazers of diatoms) is compromised. Much data exists providing evidence for and against diatom reproductive effects; however detailed knowledge of the physiological and molecular processes involved remains poor. This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge of the mechanistic impacts of diatom-oxylipins on marine invertebrate reproduction and development.
Karl Barth's Anthropology in Light of Modern Thought

This engaging book explores Karl Barth's view of human beings, finding in the thought of this monumental Christian thinker new possibilities for dialogue between religion and modern science. Covering all of Barth's writings, Daniel Price clearly pieces together Barth's anthropology, showing that Barth based his view of persons on his understanding of the Trinity. Rather than stressing bodily and soulish substances or innately endowed faculties, Barth emphasized that people are composed of certain vital relations -- to God, to self, and to others. With Barth's theology firmly in hand, Price argues that Barth's dynamic anthropology bears certain intriguing analogies to modern object relations psychology. Price uses these analogies in turn to demonstrate that Barth's theology is not alien or hostile to modern science, as many people suppose; instead, his thought actually opens up the potential for increased dialogue between theology and the human sciences. This volume will be of value to anyone interested in Barth's thought, Christian anthropology, or the relation of science and faith.
Gait Event Detection on Level Ground and Incline Walking Using a Rate Gyroscope

Gyroscopes have been proposed as sensors for ambulatory gait analysis and functional electrical stimulation systems. Accurate determination of the Initial Contact of the foot with the floor (IC) and the final contact or Foot Off (FO) on different terrains is important. This paper describes the evaluation of a gyroscope placed on the shank for determination of IC and FO in subjects walking outdoors on level ground, and up and down an incline. Performance was compared with a reference pressure measurement system. The mean difference between the gyroscope and the reference was less than −25 ms for IC and less than 75 ms for FO for all terrains. Detection success was over 98%. These results provide preliminary evidence supporting the use of the gyroscope for gait event detection on inclines as well as level walking.
Activation of somatostatin receptors attenuates pulmonary fibrosis

Background and aim: Somatostatin analogues may have antifibrotic properties in the lung. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the five somatostatin receptors sst1 to sst5 in normal and fibrotic mouse lung and the action of SOM230 (pasireotide), a new somatostatin analogue with a long half-life, in bleomycin induced lung fibrosis and in human lung fibroblasts in vitro. Methods: After intratracheal injection of bleomycin, C57Bl6 male mice received one daily subcutaneous injection of SOM230 or saline. The lungs were evaluated on days 3, 7 and 14 after administration of bleomycin. Results: We found that all somatostatin receptors were expressed in the normal mouse lung. The sst2 receptor mRNA expression was increased after bleomycin. SOM230 improved mice survival (69% vs 44%; p = 0.024), reduced lung collagen content at day 14 and decreased lung collagen-1 mRNA at day 7. SOM230 reduced bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cell influx at day 3, decreased lung connective tissue growth factor mRNA and transforming growth factor (TGF) β mRNA and increased lung hepatocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor mRNA. The sst2 receptor was strongly expressed in the human lung (normal or fibrotic), particularly by fibroblasts. In vitro, SOM230 reduced BrdU incorporation by control human lung fibroblasts cultured under basal conditions or with TGFβ, and reduced alpha-1 collagen-1 mRNA expression in TGFβ stimulated fibroblasts. Conclusion: We conclude that SOM230 attenuates bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice and human lung fibroblasts activation. This study points to a potential new approach for treating pulmonary fibrotic disorders.
NK1.1 cells are required to control T cell hyperactivity during Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

BACKGROUND This study evaluated the regulatory function of NK1.1+ cells during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. MATERIAL/METHODS Both thymectomized (Tx C57Bl/6) and euthymic C57Bl/6 mice (C57Bl/6) were infected intraperitoneally with the Tulahuen strain. NK1.1+ cells were depleted in vivo by anti-NK1.1 mAb. Spleen cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for the expression of CD44 and CD69 on T cells. Supernatants from splenocytes were used to measure nitrite concentration (quantified by Griess reagent). Interleukin 2 and IFN-gamma levels were determined by ELISA. The protocols used herein were approved by the Institutional Committee for Ethics. Student's t or Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied, as indicated. RESULTS The number of T cells expressing CD69 increased progressively during T. cruzi infection in NK1.1 cell-depleted C57Bl/6 mice. In spite of an increased early T cell activation during infection, the percentage of CD4+ CD44high T cells did not augment in NK1.1 cell-depleted C57Bl/6 mice compared with untreated C57Bl/6 controls. Serum levels of IFN-gamma in anti-NK1.1-treated mice were higher than in non-depleted animals. Con-A-stimulated spleen cell supernatants from NK1.1 cell-depleted animals contained increased levels of IL-2 and nitric oxide (NO) during early infection. CONCLUSIONS After the first week of infection, NO overproduction and high levels of IFN-gamma in anti-NK1.1-tre-ated C57Bl/6 mice appeared to be related to susceptibility and hyperactivation of peripheral T cells. Finally, this study suggests a novel regulatory function of NK1.1+ cells during T. cruzi infection. Without NK1.1 cells, T lymphocytes are hyperactivated but do not differentiate to effector/memory T cells in infected C57Bl/6 mice.
ST-segment resolution after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND The association between ST-segment resolution and clinical outcome in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) remains unclear. Recent studies on the association between ST-segment resolution and mortality have given conflicting results. We undertook this study to assess whether ST-segment resolution in electrocardiograms recorded 90-120 min after initiation of PPCI predicts long-term mortality in patients with STEMI. METHODS The study included 900 patients with STEMI presenting within the first 24 h after symptom onset who were treated with PPCI. The ST-segment resolution was assessed in electrocardiograms recorded 90-120 min after the first balloon inflation. The ST-segment resolution was dichotomized as follows: < 30% (no resolution), 30% to ≤ 70% (partial resolution) and > 70% (complete resolution). The primary endpoint was five-year mortality. RESULTS ST-segment resolution was < 30% in 263 (29.0%) patients, between 30% and ≤ 70% in 356 (40.0%) patients and > 70% in 281 (31.0%) patients. There were 62 deaths during the follow-up. In patients with ST-segment resolution < 30%, 30 to ≤ 70% and > 70%, the Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were 8.3% (n = 17 deaths), 11.5% (n = 29 deaths) and 6.8% (n = 16 deaths), respectively; unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46-1.67, p = 0.695 for ST-segment resolution > 70% vs < 30%; adjusted HR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.61-1.33; p = 0.607, for ST-segment resolution > 70% vs ST-segment resolution < 30%. CONCLUSIONS In patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI, ST-segment resolution in electrocardiograms recorded 90-120 min after initiation of PPCI did not predict long-term mortality.
Inducing cells to disperse nickel nanowires via integrin-mediated responses

We present non-cytotoxic, magnetic, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-functionalized nickel nanowires (RGD–nanowires) that trigger specific cellular responses via integrin transmembrane receptors, resulting in dispersal of the nanowires. Time-lapse fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy showed that dispersal of 3 μm long nanowire increased by a factor of 1.54 with functionalization by RGD, compared to polyethylene glycol (PEG), through integrin-specific binding, internalization and proliferation in osteosarcoma cells. Further, a 35.5% increase in cell density was observed in the presence of RGD–nanowires, compared to an increase of only 15.6% with PEG–nanowires. These results promise to advance applications of magnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery, hyperthermia, and cell separation where uniformity and high efficiency in cell targeting is desirable.
Quantifying the risks of non-oncology phase I research in healthy volunteers: meta-analysis of phase I studies

Objective To quantify the frequency and seriousness of adverse events in non-oncology phase I studies with healthy participants. Design Meta-analysis of individual, healthy volunteer level data. Setting Phase I studies with healthy volunteers conducted between September 2004 and March 2011 at Pfizer’s three dedicated phase I testing sites in Belgium, Singapore, and the United States. These included studies in which drug development was terminated. Participants 11 028 participants who received the study drug in 394 distinct non-oncology phase I studies, which involved 4620 unique individuals. A total of 2460 (53.2%) participants were involved in only one study, whereas others participated in two or more studies. Main outcome measures Adverse events classified as mild, moderate, and severe as well as serious adverse events—defined by the Food and Drug Administration as events that result in death, a life threatening event, admission to hospital, prolongation of existing hospital stay, a persistent or major disability, or a congenital anomaly or birth defect. Pfizer researchers of phase I trials determined adverse events, and serious adverse events were those filed with the FDA. Results Overall, 4000 (36.3%) participants who received the study drug experienced no adverse events and 7028 (63.7%) experienced 24 643 adverse events. Overall, 84.6% (n=20 840) of adverse events were mild and 1.0% (n=255) were severe. 34 (0.31%) serious adverse events occurred among the 11 028 participants who received the study agent, with no deaths or life threatening events. Of the 34 serious adverse events, 11 were related to the study drug and seven to study procedures, whereas 16 were unrelated to a study drug or procedure, including four that occurred when the participant was receiving a placebo. Overall, 24.1% (n=5947) of adverse events were deemed to be unrelated to the study drug. With a total of 143 (36%) studies involving placebo, 10.3% (n=2528) of all adverse events occurred among participants receiving placebo. The most common adverse events were headache (12.2%, n=3017), drowsiness (9.8%, n=2410), and diarrhea (6.9%, n=1698). Research on drugs for neuropsychiatric indications had the highest frequency of adverse events (3015 per 1000 participants). Conclusion Among 11 028 healthy participants who received study drug in non-oncology phase I studies, the majority (85%) of adverse events were mild. 34 (0.31%) serious adverse events occurred, with no life threatening events or deaths. Half of all adverse events were related to the study drug or to procedures. Extrapolation of these data to other types of phase I studies, especially with biological agents, may not be warranted.