Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Implications of Alternative Expectations Hypotheses in the Monetary Analysis of Hyperinflations

IT IS well known that the substitution of the rational expectations hypothesis for expectation-formation processes based on error-learning mechanisms can radically affect the predictions, and hence the policy implications, of simple macro-economic models. Thus, for example, in a model incorporating an aggregate supply function relating output to productive capacity and unanticipated inflation, Sargent and Wallace [7] have shown that the level of output is independent of the particular money-supply rule in operation-a result which does not hold when expectations are formed adaptively. While recent contributions to this literature have tended to follow Sargent and Wallace in focusing upon the dynamics of output and employment, in this paper we are concerned with the effects of alternative expectations hypotheses on price-level movements during hyperinflations; the latter being defined as periods during which fluctuations in prices are considered sufficiently large as to be analysed independently of output changes. Specifically, we are interested in the differences in price level behaviour between models based upon error-learning and rational-expectations hypotheses. Although a number of the results to be obtained below are already known, full derivations are set out in each case to facilitate comparisons between the models. The analysis is based upon a continuous, non-stochastic version of Cagan's model [2], extended to include an explicit price-adjustment equation and a government budget equation. ' The components of the analysis, with the exception of the expectations hypothesis, are outlined in Section II, which also includes a discussion of comparative statics results under two different money-supply regimes. In Section III an adaptive expectations equation is added and the stability of the model's equilibria are explored. Similar stability conditions for the case in which expectations are generated by a second-order error learning process are then quoted (proofs are relegated to the Appendix). Section IV moves on to consider the consequences of replacing the error-learning equations with the hypothesis that expectations are formed rationally. Finally, in Section V we discuss the
Multi-mode precoding scheme based on interference channel in MIMO-based cognitive radio networks

The interference minimization approach to pre-coding is an appropriate scheme to mitigate the interference efficiently while it may cause the capacity loss of the desired channel. On the other hand, the precoding scheme for the maximal capacity of the desired channel improves the capacity of the desired users while it increases the interference power and finally causes the capacity loss of the interfered users. Therefore, we propose a precoding scheme which satisfies these two conflicting goals and manages the interference signal in an interference-limited environment such as a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-based cognitive radio (CR) network. The proposed scheme consists of two steps. The first step nulls out the largest singular value of the interference channel to mitigate the dominant interference signal based on the interference minimization approach. The second step calculates the total system capacity of each mode and selects a mode to maximize the total system capacity. In the second step, each mode consists of the right singular vectors corresponding to the singular values except the largest singular value eliminated in the first step. Simulation results show that the proposed precoding scheme not only efficiently mitigate the interference signal, but also has the best performance in terms of the total system capacity in a MIMO-based CR network.
A Homogeneous Fluorescent Assay for cAMP-Phosphodiesterase Enzyme Activity

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate–phosphodiesterases (cAMP-PDEs) regulate the cellular level of cAMP by selectively catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond in the cAMP molecule. They play important roles in modulating cellular and physiological functions. There is a growing interest in the study of cAMP-PDEs as therapeutic targets. We describe a novel method for measuring the enzyme activity of cAMP-PDEs that is based on a homogeneous fluorescence assay employing a cAMP-dependent DNA-binding protein (CAP). We demonstrate that the assay is quick and robust compared to traditional methods and is expected to be cost-effective for high-throughput screening of cAMP-PDE inhibitors. The usefulness of the assay is demonstrated by measuring IC50 values of three nonselective PDE inhibitors and by kinetic measurements of cAMP-PDEs from various rat tissues.
An investigational study to assess patient beliefs and informational sources regarding the safety and use of sunscreen

To the Editor, In recent years, the media has paid increasing attention to the safety and efficacy of sunscreens, generating confusion and fear in the general public and prompting comments from the American Academy of Dermatology and Skin Cancer Foundation. A prominent nonprofit organization has made public claims that sunscreens are toxic, can alter hormone levels, and cause birth defects and cancer, which have been perpetuated by the media. To ascertain the impact of these media claims on public opinion, we conducted a survey of 109 patients in a general dermatology clinic. Our results indicate that a majority of patients do not know about the validity of these assertions. In this article, we briefly review the relevant research behind these claims.
Deception Detection in Videos

We present a system for covert automated deception detection using information available in a video. We study the importance of different modalities like vision, audio and text for this task. On the vision side, our system uses classifiers trained on low level video features which predict human micro-expressions. We show that predictions of high-level micro-expressions can be used as features for deception prediction. Surprisingly, IDT (Improved Dense Trajectory) features which have been widely used for action recognition, are also very good at predicting deception in videos. We fuse the score of classifiers trained on IDT features and high-level micro-expressions to improve performance. MFCC (Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients) features from the audio domain also provide a significant boost in performance, while information from transcripts is not very beneficial for our system. Using various classifiers, our automated system obtains an AUC of 0.877 (10-fold cross-validation) when evaluated on subjects which were not part of the training set. Even though state-of-the-art methods use human annotations of micro-expressions for deception detection, our fully automated approach outperforms them by 5%. When combined with human annotations of micro-expressions, our AUC improves to 0.922. We also present results of a user-study to analyze how well do average humans perform on this task, what modalities they use for deception detection and how they perform if only one modality is accessible.
Prospective, Blinded Assessment of Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Biliary Cytology Interpretation

OBJECTIVES:There is little published data assessing factors that influence the accuracy of biliary cytology. The aim of this study was to (a) prospectively compare interobserver variability among two blinded pathologists interpreting biliary cytology specimens, (b) to describe the predictors of interpathologist agreement, and (c) to characterize the predictors of accurate cytology interpretation.METHODS:In total, 113 consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with brushing of suspicious biliary tract strictures were prospectively enrolled to assess routine cytology (RC) accuracy. The initial RC interpretation was performed by the pathologist on duty with the benefit of the patient's clinical information. Subsequent interpretation was performed by two independent pathologists blinded to the patients' clinical details.RESULTS:Of the 113 patients, 67 had malignant strictures and 46 had benign strictures. The sensitivity of RC varied from 9% to 24% (p= 0.02), while the specificity varied from 61% to 100% (p < 0.001). Accuracy varied from 43% to 51% (p= n.s.). The rate of equivocal readings was lowest for the initial interpretation (1.7%), p < 0.0001 versus pathologist 1, p= 0.002 versus pathologist 2. Overall correlation of the blinded pathologists' interpretations was moderate, k= 0.66. Neither cytology accuracy nor interpathologist agreement improved with increasing specimen cellularity.CONCLUSIONS:There is a high rate of interpathologist variation for the biliary cytology interpretation. The knowledge of the patient's clinical information appears to clarify cytology interpretation resulting in fewer equivocal results. We did not detect any reliable predictors of cytology accuracy.
Social Entrepreneurship Profiles: Lessons from Organizational and Management Dynamics

Abstract This paper discusses how the concept of social entrepreneurship has been applied in Portuguese Third Sector organizations. It draws on the empirical findings of a survey carried out on a sample of 89 organizations, in which data on key features of organizational dynamics were collected. Strongly rooted in mainstream European theories of social entrepreneurship, the authors propose a typology of three profiles of social entrepreneurship based on different configurations of key features of organizations, namely, models of work organization; coordination/leadership; human resources management; and funding and action planning.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Acceptance-Based Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Therapy for Test Anxiety: A Pilot Study

Many university students suffer from test anxiety that is severe enough to impair performance. Given mixed efficacy results of previous cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) trials and a theoretically driven rationale, an acceptance-based behavior therapy (ABBT) approach was compared to traditional CBT (i.e., Beckian cognitive therapy; CT) for the treatment of test anxiety. In this pilot study, 16 university students with test anxiety were randomly assigned to receive either a CT or ABBT 2-hr group workshop. The two treatments produced markedly different effects on test performance (measured by exam scores), with those receiving ABBT experiencing improvements in performance, whereas those receiving CT exhibited reduced performance. In addition, there was a suggestion that ABBT might have been more effective at reducing subjectively experienced test anxiety (i.e., a nonsignificant but medium-sized group by time interaction effect). Implications of these results for the treatment of test anxiety and for theoretical notions related to cognitive change strategies are discussed.
Content validity of a process evaluation checklist to measure intervention implementation fidelity of the EPIC intervention.

BACKGROUND The Evidence-Based Practice Identification and Change (EPIC) intervention is a complex multifaceted knowledge translation strategy that combines the use of evidence and continuous quality improvement to change health care professional practices. However, there is no measure to evaluate the fidelity (degree to which the intervention was implemented as planned) of the EPIC intervention. AIM To examine the content validity of the Process Evaluation Checklist (PEC), a newly developed measure to assess the fidelity of the EPIC intervention. METHODS Eight health care professionals with experience in the delivery of the EPIC intervention rated the importance/relevance of items in assessing the scale/subscales of the PEC. A content validity index was computed for each item (I-CVI) and for each scale/subscale (S-CVI) in the measure. RESULTS I-CVIs ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 and S-CVIs ranged from 0.3 to 1.0. Two items were eliminated, while nine items were retained. CONCLUSIONS Content validity of the PEC was established. The PEC will be used to evaluate the implementation fidelity of the EPIC intervention in future trials.
Improving Lighting Quality and Capacity of OFDM-Based WDM-VLC Systems

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems in visible light communication are able to increase the data rates by independently modulating colored light sources-generally red, green, and blue. We analytically model such a system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation and show that the main limitation in achieving higher capacity and illuminance is the red channel. We propose alternate WDM techniques-one which uses an additional red light emitting diode (LED) to offset this effect and another which uses an unmodulated amber LED. By evaluating these systems, we show that increased capacity, higher illuminance range, as well as superior light quality could be achieved by the latter.
Avoidance or Engagement? Issue Convergence in U.S. Presidential Campaigns, 1960–2000

A widely noted and oft-decried characteristic of campaigns in the United States is the tendency of the competing sides to talk past each other—to avoid engaging with one another on the same issues. We bring a massive database on statements by the major-party presidential candidates and other campaign spokespersons in the 1960 through 2000 elections to bear on the question of issue convergence. Far from the exception, a high degree of similarity in the issue emphases of the two sides appears to have been the norm in these campaigns. This result suggests the need to rethink some influential empirical, formal, and normative perspectives on campaigns.
Parental origin and somatic mosaicism of PHOX2B mutations in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

Heterozygous polyalanine repeat expansions of PHOX2B have been associated with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome, a rare neurocristopathy characterized by absence of adequate control of respiration during sleep. Here we report a PHOX2B mutational screening in 63 CCHS patients, 58 of whom presenting with poly‐A expansions or frameshift, missense and nonsense mutations. To assess a somatic or germline occurrence of poly‐A length variations, the relative amounts of mutant and wild type alleles have been quantified in 20 selected CCHS patients presenting with an expansion, and in their parents. Somatic mosaicism was shown in four parents, while no mosaic was found among CCHS patients. Moreover, while co‐segregation analysis of the PHOX2B poly‐A expansions with selected marker alleles in the same 20 CCHS trios has not demonstrated any parent‐of‐origin effect of the mutations, it has provided further clues to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the expansion occurrence. Finally, the segregation of PHOX2B poly‐A anomalous tracts within family members has allowed us to exclude tendency of polymorphic variations towards expansion. This strengthens the notion that expanded polyalanine tracts, identified as frequent disease‐causing mutations also in other human diseases, are mitotically and meiotically stable. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Working without commitments: precarious employment and health

Using cross-sectional data from a Canadian population-based questionnaire, this article develops a new approach to understanding the impact of less permanent forms of employment on workers' health. It concludes that employment relationships where future employment is uncertain, where individuals are actively searching for new employment and where support is limited are associated with poorer health indicators.
The Relationship Between the Management of Book Income and Taxable Income Under a Moderate Level of Book-Tax Conformity

We find evidence suggesting that taxable income management is not related to book income management in firms operating under a moderate level of book-tax conformity. For a sample of Israeli firms that the tax authorities determined had understated their earnings to avoid taxes, we do not find evidence of an overstatement of book earnings. Notably, public firms do not differ from private firms in this regard. Using a control sample of firms that were not subject to tax audits, we validate that self-selection does not affect our inferences. Given Israel’s unique “intermediate” level of book-tax conformity, an important practical contribution of the findings is in shedding more light on the question of the need for a substantial transition from nonconformity to full alignment in countries with large book-tax gaps (such as the United States). Our results showing that tax-avoiding firms in Israel, public and private alike, avoid book income management even if areas of book-tax nonconformity allow them to do so imply that a reduction in the divergence between the tax and the accounting rules may suffice to reduce managers’ opportunistic (reporting) behavior.
Developmental trends in memory and metamemory in children with attention deficit disorder.

Examined the development of memory strategy knowledge and spontaneous use of strategy by 6- to 12-year-old boys with ADD-H. Metamemory knowledge of 12 ADD-H boys, unmedicated for study participation, and 12 matched control Ss was compared using a structured interview. Use of categorization was assessed using free recall of word lists differing in category composition (acoustic vs semantic categories) and list organization (clustered by category vs unclustered). Interview data indicated no difference between groups in development of metamemory knowledge. Analysis of free recall performance showed that ADD-H Ss were less likely than controls to benefit from that knowledge when strategy was less salient and involved effortful reorganization of stimuli (p less than .05). The results were consistent with a production deficiency. Developmental trends and implications for remediation are discussed.
Applying Intelligent Algorithms to Automate the Identification of Error Factors

Objectives Medical errors are the manifestation of the defects occurring in medical processes. Extracting and identifying defects as medical error factors from these processes are an effective approach to prevent medical errors. However, it is a difficult and time-consuming task and requires an analyst with a professional medical background. The issues of identifying a method to extract medical error factors and reduce the extraction difficulty need to be resolved. Methods In this research, a systematic methodology to extract and identify error factors in the medical administration process was proposed. The design of the error report, extraction of the error factors, and identification of the error factors were analyzed. Results Based on 624 medical error cases across four medical institutes in both Japan and China, 19 error-related items and their levels were extracted. After which, they were closely related to 12 error factors. The relational model between the error-related items and error factors was established based on a genetic algorithm (GA)–back-propagation neural network (BPNN) model. Additionally, compared to GA-BPNN, BPNN, partial least squares regression and support vector regression, GA-BPNN exhibited a higher overall prediction accuracy, being able to promptly identify the error factors from the error-related items. Conclusions The combination of “error-related items, their different levels, and the GA-BPNN model” was proposed as an error-factor identification technology, which could automatically identify medical error factors.
India′s Software Industry: State Policy, Liberalisation and Industrial Development

From the Publisher: Richard Heeks provides the first critical analysis of the development of India's software industry and the impact on it of the recent policy of liberalisation in the areas of trade, state intervention and foreign investment. The study is located at the intersection of three major trends witnessed in the ninetiesthe increasing importance of computer software in all aspects of business; the mounting global search for outsourcing services and manufacture on the part of multinational companies; and the growing dominance of neo-liberal policy models inspired by the World Bank and the IMF. The author starts with a detailed history of the government's role in India's industrial development. Dr Heeks then examines important issues concerning the software industry such as the division of labour within exports, the relation between export and domestic markets, the role of multinationals, and the impact of imports. Finally, he also studies the development of India's computer industry because of the intimate connection between software and hardware. Basing his arguments on a wealth of facts and figures and probing many misconceptions, Dr Heeks concludes that liberalisation has brought in only limited benefits, and argues that a successful software industry requires essential state interventions of a promotional nature. To this end, he makes recommendations for the future growth of this industry both in India and in other developing countries. Besides being of considerable interest to academics and professionals in the areas of business finance, management, information systems, economics, industrial development and computers, this book will be essential reading for all computer manufacturers, software companies, bureaucrats and those engaged in framing economic and industrial policies.
Never Retreat, Never Retract: Argumentation Analysis for Political Speeches

In this work, we apply argumentation mining techniques, in particular relation prediction, to study political speeches in monological form, where there is no direct interaction between opponents. We argue that this kind of technique can effectively support researchers in history, social and political sciences, which must deal with an increasing amount of data in digital form and need ways to automatically extract and analyse argumentation patterns. We test and discuss our approach based on the analysis of documents issued by R. Nixon and J. F. Kennedy during 1960 presidential campaign. We rely on a supervised classifier to predict argument relations (i.e., support and attack), obtaining an accuracy of 0.72 on a dataset of 1,462 argument pairs. The application of argument mining to such data allows not only to highlight the main points of agreement and disagreement between the candidates' arguments over the campaign issues such as Cuba, disarmament and health-care, but also an in-depth argumentative analysis of the respective viewpoints on these topics.