Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motivational science : social and personality perspectives

Introduction. E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski, Motivational Science: The Nature and Functions of Wanting. Part I: Basic Wants. Introduction. T. Pyszczynski, J. Greenberg, & S. Solomon, Why Do We Need What We Need? : A Terror Management Perspective on the Roots of Human Social Motivation. R. Baumeister & M. Leary, The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. M. B. Brewer, The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time. A. Tesser, M. Millar, & J. Moore, Some Affective Consequences of Social Comparison and Reflection Processes: The Pain and Pleasure of Being Close. Part II: When Wants Change. Introduction. N. Cantor, Life Task Problem-Solving: Situational Affordances and Personal Needs. S. Folkman, R. Lazurus, C. Dunkel-Schetter, A. DeLongis & R. Gruen, The Dynamics of a Stressful Encounter. E. Deci & R. Ryan, The Support of Autonomy and the Control of Behavior. Part III: Bridging the Gap Between Knowing and Doing. Introduction. J. Atkinson, Motivational Determinants of Risk-Taking Behavior. I. Ajzen, & M. Fishbein, The Prediction of Behavior from Attitudinal and Normative Variables. A. Bandura & D. Cervone, Self-Evaluative and Self-Efficacy Mechanisms Governing the Motivational Effects of Goal Systems. R. Vallacher & D. Wegner, What Do People Think They are Doing? : Action Identification and Human Behavior. W. Mischel & Y. Shoda, A Cognitive-Affective System Theory of Personality: Reconceptualizing Situations, Dispositions, Dynamics, and Invariance in Personality Structure. Part IV: Getting What You Want. Introduction. C. S. Carver & M. Scheier, Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View. E. Higgins, Beyond Pleasure and Pain. P. Gollwitzer, H. Heckhausen & B. Stellar, Deliberative vs. Implemental Mind-Sets: Cognitive Tuning Toward Congruous Thoughts and Information. W. Swann Jr., Identity Negotiation: Where Two Roads Meet. Part V: Knowing From Wanting. Introduction. Z. Kunda, The Case for Motivated Reasoning. M. Zanna & J. Cooper, Dissonance and the Pill: An Attribution Approach to Studying the Arousal Properties of Dissonance. R. Sorrentino, D. Bobocel, M. Gitta, J. Olson, & E. Hewitt, Uncertainty Orientation and Persuasion: Individual Differences in the Effects of Personal Relevance on Social Judgments. A. Kruglanski & D. Webster, Motivated Closing of the Mind: "Seizing" and "Freezing". Part VI: Wanting from Knowing. Introduction. B. Weiner & A. Kukla, An Attributional Analysis of Achievement Motivation. C. Dweck & E. Leggett, A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality. D. Zillmann, R. Johnson & K. Day, Attribution of Apparent Arousal and Proficiency of Recovery from Sympathetic Activation Affecting Excitation Transfer to Aggressive Behavior.
Entropy and Counting ∗

We illustrate the role of information theoretic ideas in combinatorial problems, some of them arising in computer science. We also consider the problem of covering graphs using other graphs, and show how information theoretic ideas are applied to this setting. Our treatment of graph covering problems naturally motivates two (already known) definitions of Körner’s graph entropy.
Pengaruh Konsumsi Jantung Pisang Batu terhadap Peningkatan Produksi Asi di Wilayah Puskesmas Srikuncoro, Kecamatan Pondok Kelapa, Bengkulu Tengah Tahun 2012

Latar Belakang: Air susu ibu (ASI) adalah makanan terbaik untuk bayi, jantung pisang batu merupakan jenis makananmengandung Laktogogum yaitu zat gizi yang dapat meningkatkan dan melancarkan produksi ASI terutama pada ibu yangmengalami masalah dalam produksi ASI. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh jantung pisangbatu terhadap peningkatan produksi ASI pada Ibu Menyusui di Wilayah Puskesmas Srikuncoro Kecamatan Pondok KelapaBengkulu Tengah Tahun 2012. Metode: Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode one group before and afterintervention design, atau pre and post test design. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Puskesmas Srikuncoro Bengkulu Tengahmulai Tanggal 16–29 Juni 2012. Populasi adalah ibu post partum < 40 hari yang menyusui di wilayah Puskesmas Srikuncoroberjumlah 60 orang, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 20 orang. Hasil: Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa intensitasrata-rata frekuensi ASI sebelum konsumsi jantung pisang batu adalah 5,7 kali. Setelah mengkonsumsi jantung pisang batu,mengalami peningkatan menjadi 9,75 kali. Perbedaan nilai rata-rata peningkatan Produksi ASI adalah 5,458 dengan sig0,000. Karena < 0,05, kesimpulan Ha diterima yang berarti ada pengaruh konsumsi jantung batu terhadap peningkatan produksi ASI. Saran, diperlukan penyuluhan yang lebih intensif kepada masyarakat bahwa jantung pisang batu dapatmemengaruhi produksi ASI. Diharapkan agar peneliti lain dapat melanjutkan penelitian ini dengan faktor-faktor lain sepertimasalah psikologis, pelaksanaan Inisiasi Menyusui Dini (IMD), status gizi dan penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal.
Staphylococcus aureus Induces Microglial Inflammation via a Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β-Regulated Pathway

ABSTRACT A proinflammatory role for glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) has been demonstrated. Here, we addressed its roles on heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus-induced microglial inflammation. Heat-inactivated S. aureus induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) production, at least in part, via a Toll-like receptor 2-regulated pathway. Neutralization of TNF-α largely blocked heat-inactivated S. aureus-induced NO. Heat-inactivated S. aureus activated GSK-3β, and inhibiting GSK-3β reduced TNF-α production as well as inducible NO synthase (iNOS)/NO biosynthesis. While activation of NF-κB was essential for heat-inactivated S. aureus-induced TNF-α and NO, inhibiting GSK-3β blocked heat-inactivated S. aureus-induced NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. Additionally, inhibiting GSK-3β enhanced heat-inactivated S. aureus-induced interleukin-10 (IL-10) production (IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which inhibits TNF-α production). Neutralization of IL-10 reduced TNF-α downregulation caused by GSK-3β inhibition. These results suggest that GSK-3β regulates heat-inactivated S. aureus-induced TNF-α and NO production in microglia mainly by activating NF-κB and probably by inhibiting IL-10.
Differential patterns of cortical activation as a function of fluid reasoning complexity

Fluid intelligence (gf) refers to abstract reasoning and problem solving abilities. It is considered a human higher cognitive factor central to general intelligence (g). The regions of the cortex supporting gf have been revealed by recent bioimaging studies and valuable hypothesis on the neural correlates of individual differences have been proposed. However, little is known about the interaction between individual variability in gf and variation in cortical activity following task complexity increase. To further investigate this, two samples of participants (high‐IQ, N = 8; low‐IQ, N = 10) with significant differences in gf underwent two reasoning (moderate and complex) tasks and a control task adapted from the Raven progressive matrices. Functional magnetic resonance was used and the recorded signal analyzed between and within the groups. The present study revealed two opposite patterns of neural activity variation which were probably a reflection of the overall differences in cognitive resource modulation: when complexity increased, high‐IQ subjects showed a signal enhancement in some frontal and parietal regions, whereas low‐IQ subjects revealed a decreased activity in the same areas. Moreover, a direct comparison between the groups' activation patterns revealed a greater neural activity in the low‐IQ sample when conducting moderate task, with a strong involvement of medial and lateral frontal regions thus suggesting that the recruitment of executive functioning might be different between the groups. This study provides evidence for neural differences in facing reasoning complexity among subjects with different gf level that are mediated by specific patterns of activation of the underlying fronto‐parietal network. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyphenols as active ingredients for cosmetic products

Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐microbial activity. They are ubiquitously distributed in the plant kingdom; high amounts contain, for example, green tea and grape seeds. Polyphenolic extracts are attractive ingredients for cosmetics and pharmacy due to their beneficial biological properties. This review summarizes the effects of polyphenols in the context of anti‐ageing activity. We have explored in vitro studies, which investigate antioxidant activity, inhibition of dermal proteases and photoprotective activity, mostly studied using dermal fibroblasts or epidermal keratinocytes cell lines. Possible negative effects of polyphenols were also discussed. Further, some physicochemical aspects, namely the possible interactions with emulsifiers and the influence of the cosmetic formulation on the skin delivery, were reported. Finally, few clinical studies, which cover the anti‐ageing action of polyphenols on the skin after topical application, were reviewed.
Efficient Energy Minimization for Enforcing Label Statistics

Energy minimization algorithms, such as graph cuts, enable the computation of the MAP solution under certain probabilistic models such as Markov random fields. However, for many computer vision problems, the MAP solution under the model is not the ground truth solution. In many problem scenarios, the system has access to certain statistics of the ground truth. For instance, in image segmentation, the area and boundary length of the object may be known. In these cases, we want to estimate the most probable solution that is consistent with such statistics, i.e., satisfies certain equality or inequality constraints. The above constrained energy minimization problem is NP-hard in general, and is usually solved using Linear Programming formulations, which relax the integrality constraints. This paper proposes a novel method that directly finds the discrete approximate solution of such problems by maximizing the corresponding Lagrangian dual. This method can be applied to any constrained energy minimization problem whose unconstrained version is polynomial time solvable, and can handle multiple, equality or inequality, and linear or non-linear constraints. One important advantage of our method is the ability to handle second order constraints with both-side inequalities with a weak restriction, not trivial in the relaxation based methods, and show that the restriction does not affect the accuracy in our cases.We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on the foreground/background image segmentation problem, and show that it produces impressive segmentation results with less error, and runs more than 20 times faster than the state-of-the-art LP relaxation based approaches.
The Predrafting Processes of Four High- and Four Low-Apprehensive Writers.

This study investigated the predraf ting processes of four high and four low writing apprehensives. Eight college students composed aloud in response to two academic writing assignments and completed two interviews that identified their personal perceptions of their writing processes. The composing-aloud sessions were videotaped and all composing activities were timed and coded. After the data were analyzed and cross-checked, findings revealed that the four high writing apprehensives were less confident about their ability to compose an effective piece of prose, less facile at gathering important rhetorical information on audience and organization from their readings of assignments and less able to use this rhetorical information as they composed, less concerned with planning overall structures for their papers before beginning to plan the first sentence of their first draft, and less apt to use written prefiguring than were the four low writing apprehensives. The term "writing apprehension," originally coined in 1975 by Daly and Miller (1975b), refers to a generalized tendency to experience "some form of anxiety when faced with the task of encoding written messages. " Much of the early research in writing apprehension was concerned with defining the theoretical construct of writing apprehension and establishing the validity of the Writing Apprehension Test (WAT), an instrument designed to measure that construct (Daly & Miller, 1975b, 1975c). Later research has explored the correlative and predictive functions of the WAT. Specific studies have connected scores on the WAT with choice of academic majors and careers (Daly & Shamo, 1976, 1978), scores on self-concept and self-confidence measures (Daly, 1979), and performance on various assessments of writing skill and writing quality, (Daly, 1978a, 1978b; Daly & Miller, 1975a, 1975d). To date, however, no substantive research has been done to define the relationship between writing apprehension and the processes students employ as they compose. It is not even certain, for example, how or to what extent the theoretical construct of writing apprehension is evidenced during the act of composing, whether, in other words, there are definable differences between the composing process of high and low apprehensives. The current study was designed to address this particular question. The research project reported in this paper had three main goals: 1. To record the predraf ting processes of several high and several low writing apprehensives engaged in academic writing. Research in the Teaching of English, Vol. 18, No. 1, February 1984
Analyzing Long-Term Access Locality to Find Ways to Improve Distributed Storage Systems

An efficient design for a distributed file system originates from a deep understanding of common access patterns and user behavior which is obtained through a deep analysis of traces and snapshots. In this paper we analyze traces for eight distributed file systems that represent a mix of workloads taken from educational, research and commercial environments. We focused on characterizing block access patterns, amount of block sharing and working set size over long periods of time, and we tried to find common behaviors for all workloads that can be generalized to other storage systems. We found that most environments shared large amounts of blocks over time, and that block sharing was significantly affected by repetitive human behavior. We also found that block lifetimes tended to be short, but there were significant amounts of blocks with long lifetimes that were accessed over many consecutive days. Lastly, we determined that most daily accesses were made to a reduced set of blocks. We strongly believe that these findings can be used to improve long-term caching policies as well as data placement algorithms, thus increasing the performance of distributed storage systems.
Education, participatory action research, and social change : international perspectives

Introduction: International Perspectives on Education, PAR, and Social Change D.Kapoor & S.Jordan PART I: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION AND PAR From a Methodology of the Margins to Neoliberal Appropriation and Beyond: Lineages of PAR S.Jordan Subaltern Social Movements (SSM) and the Politicization of PAR D.Kapoor When Research becomes a Revolution: Participatory Action Research with Indigenous Peoples C.Weber-Pillwax Ko tatou te rangahau, ko te rangahau ko tatou: A Maori Approach to Participatory Action Research L.Te Aika & J.Greenwood Translating 'Participation' from North to South: A Case Against Intellectual Imperialism in Social Science Research C.Chambers & H.Balanoff Action Research for Curriculum Internationalization: Education versus Commercialization R.McTaggart & G.Curro Critical Complexity and Participatory Action Research: Decolonizing 'Democratic' Knowledge Production J.Kincheloe Reconceptualizing Participatory Action Research for Sustainability Education E.Lange PART II: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXTS: CASE STUDIES OF PAR, EDUCATION, AND SOCIAL CHANGE Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda: Indigenizing Science Education in Zimbabwe E.Shizha Research and Agency: The Case of Rural Women and Land Tenure in Tanzania C.Mhina NGO-Community Partnerships, PAR, and Learning in Mining Struggles in Ghana V.Kwai Pun Ethnography-in-Motion: Neo-liberalism and the Shack-Dwellers Movement in South Africa S.Walsh Kabyle Community Participatory Action Research (CPAR) in Algeria: Reflections on Research, Amazigh Identity, and Schooling T.Belkacem Notes and Queries for an Activist Street Anthropology: Street Resistance, Gringopolitica, and the Quest for Subaltern Visions in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil S.Veissiere A Participatory Research Approach to Exploring Social Movement Learning in the Chilean Women's Movement D.Chovanec & H.Gonzalez Participatory Research and Grassroots Development: Challenges in Rural Bangladesh B.Barua Making Space for Youth: iHuman Youth Society and Arts-Based Participatory Research with Street-Involved Youth in Canada D.Conrad & W.Kendal
Understanding spiking and bursting electrical activity through piece-wise linear systems

In recent years there has been an increased interest in working with piece-wise linear caricatures of nonlinear models. Such models are often preferred over more detailed conductance based models for their small number of parameters and low computational overhead. Moreover, their piece-wise linear (PWL) form, allow the construction of action potential shapes in closed form as well as the calculation of phase response curves (PRC). With the inclusion of PWL adaptive currents they can also support bursting behaviour, though remain amenable to mathematical analysis at both the single neuron and network level. In fact, PWL models caricaturing conductance based models such as that of Morris-Lecar or McKean have also been studied for some time now and are known to be mathematically tractable at the network level. In this work we proceed to analyse PWL neuron models of conductance type. In particular we focus on PWL models of the FitzHugh-Nagumo type and describe in detail the mechanism for a canard explosion. This model is further explored at the network level in the presence of gap junction coupling. The study moves to a different area where excitable cells (pancreatic beta-cells) are used to explain insulin secretion phenomena. Here, Ca2+ signals obtained from pancreatic beta-cells of mice are extracted from image data and analysed using signal processing techniques. Both synchrony and functional connectivity analyses are performed. As regards to PWL bursting models we focus on a variant of the adaptive absolute IF model that can support bursting. We investigate the bursting electrical activity of such models with an emphasis on pancreatic beta-cells.
MEASURING FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION IN LATIN AMERICA : AN INDEX OF BANKING ACTIVITY

inancial liberalization, or the opening of domestic financial markets to competition and foreign capital, is a multifaceted process involving a complex of markets and institutions intermediating funds between lenders and borrowers. Despite this relative simplicity, it is difficult to appreciate what the financial system really is in any measurable sense because the combined interactions of financial and economic factors cannot be easily gauged or estimated through individual markets or variables. Moreover, liberalization often also involves restructuring and strengthening of domestic markets to make them more market-friendly and efficient. This study attempts to establish a baseline for evaluating the complex process of financial liberalization in Latin America by focusing on important changes in the banking sector. Ideally, we could construct a measure capable of evaluating the totality of the liberalization process— encompassing changes across financial intermediaries, including institutions engaged in banking and nonbanking activity, bond and equity markets. Thus far, however, the types of data available have essentially limited our measure to capturing the changes in the banking sector. Despite this limitation, the banking sector is a viable proxy for the financial system as a whole because much of the early adjustment in a liberalization process occurs in the banking sector as interest rates are lowered and private credit is made available more broadly. During liberalization, banks may experience substantial gains, but they are also subject to the possibility of substantial losses or crisis as the financial system transitions from a controlled to an open system. Our findings are presented in the Index of Banking Activity (hereafter referred to as the index) covering five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru) and spanning the period from 1980 through 2000. Before our discussion of the index, this paper includes a section highlighting important elements of the financial liberalization literature as well as a brief description of the development of the modern financial system in each country. This study also presents the findings from
Physiological changes induced by the quaternary ammonium compound benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride on Pseudomonas fluorescens.

OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern, particularly in hospitals and other healthcare settings. For the rational design of disinfection strategies, it is of utmost importance to understand the mechanisms of action of antimicrobials. In this study, the mechanism of action of benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (BDMDAC) was assessed against Pseudomonas fluorescens. METHODS The targets of antimicrobial action were studied using different bacterial physiological indices. The MIC, MBC, membrane permeabilization, intracellular potassium release, physico-chemical surface properties, surface charge, outer membrane protein (OMP) expression and morphological changes were assessed after BDMDAC exposure. RESULTS The MIC was found to be 20 mg/L and the MBC was 10 mg/L. BDMDAC led to a significant change in cell surface hydrophobicity and induced propidium iodide uptake. Such results suggest cytoplasmic membrane damage, corroborated by the release of intracellular potassium. The results obtained from the zeta potential measurement demonstrate a -31.2 mV value for untreated cells and -21.0 mV for cells at the MIC. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cells treated with 20 mg/L were less bulky, and their membrane seemed to be rougher, wrinkled and deformed when compared with untreated cells. The overall bactericidal events occurred without detectable changes in OMP expression. CONCLUSIONS BDMDAC is an effective biocide against P. fluorescens. It binds by ionic and hydrophobic interactions to the cell membrane, causing changes in membrane properties and function, as manifested by phenomena such as cellular disruption and loss of membrane integrity with consequent leakage of essential intracellular constituents.