Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Judging Diatoms by Their Cover: Variability in Local Elasticity of Lithodesmium undulatum Undergoing Cell Division

Unique features of diatoms are their intricate cell covers (frustules) made out of hydrated, amorphous silica. The frustule defines and maintains cell shape and protects cells against grazers and pathogens, yet it must allow for cell expansion during growth and division. Other siliceous structures have also evolved in some chain-forming species as means for holding neighboring cells together. Characterization and quantification of mechanical properties of these structures are crucial for the understanding of the relationship between form and function in diatoms, but thus far only a handful of studies have addressed this issue. We conducted micro-indentation experiments, using atomic force microscopy (AFM), to examine local variations in elastic (Young's) moduli of cells and linking structures in the marine, chain-forming diatom Lithodesmium undulatum. Using a fluorescent tracer that is incorporated into new cell wall components we tested the hypothesis that new siliceous structures differ in elastic modulus from their older counterparts. Results show that the local elastic modulus is a highly dynamic property. Elastic modulus of stained regions was significantly lower than that of unstained regions, suggesting that newly formed cell wall components are generally softer than the ones inherited from the parent cells. This study provides the first evidence of differentiation in local elastic properties in the course of the cell cycle. Hardening of newly formed regions may involve incorporation of additional, possibly organic, material but further studies are needed to elucidate the processes that regulate mechanical properties of the frustule during the cell cycle.
Description and phylogenetic position of the first sand-dwelling entoproct from the western coast of North America: Loxosomella vancouverensis sp. nov.

Abstract The Entoprocta is a poorly known lineage of suspension-feeding animals, with 180 described species, most of which are colonial or commensal. A small number of interstitial entoprocts are known, and these are from very few localities in Europe and the eastern coast of North America. We found the solitary entoproct reported here while undertaking a meiofaunal biodiversity survey off the western coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. This species, Loxosomella vancouverensis sp. nov., is the first putatively meiofaunal entoproct described from the western coast of North America.
Climatic Control on Plant and Soil δ13C along an Altitudinal Transect of Lushan Mountain in Subtropical China: Characteristics and Interpretation of Soil Carbon Dynamics

Decreasing temperature and increasing precipitation along altitude gradients are typical mountain climate in subtropical China. In such a climate regime, identifying the patterns of the C stable isotope composition (δ13C) in plants and soils and their relations to the context of climate change is essential. In this study, the patterns of δ13C variation were investigated for tree leaves, litters, and soils in the natural secondary forests at four altitudes (219, 405, 780, and 1268 m a.s.l.) in Lushan Mountain, central subtropical China. For the dominant trees, both leaf and leaf-litter δ13C decreased as altitude increased from low to high altitude, whereas surface soil δ13C increased. The lower leaf δ13C at high altitudes was associated with the high moisture-related discrimination, while the high soil δ13C is attributed to the low temperature-induced decay. At each altitude, soil δ13C became enriched with soil depth. Soil δ13C increased with soil C concentrations and altitude, but decreased with soil depth. A negative relationship was also found between O-alkyl C and δ13C in litter and soil, whereas a positive relationship was observed between aromatic C and δ13C. Lower temperature and higher moisture at high altitudes are the predominant control factors of δ13C variation in plants and soils. These results help understand C dynamics in the context of global warming.
Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility Minimization Strategies for Warm-Mix Asphalt: Case Study

AbstractWarm-mix asphalt (WMA) technologies aid in reducing mixing and compaction temperatures for asphalt concrete mixtures, allowing for savings in fuel consumption and extending haul distances and construction season. The reduced temperatures also provide a greener technology as emissions are lowered at the plant and the construction site. Engineering and environmental benefits promoted the rapid implementation of WMA technologies, but concerns remain regarding the difference in mixture performance of WMA versus hot-mix asphalt (HMA) because of the changes in the production process, specifically in terms of moisture susceptibility. This case study evaluates moisture susceptibility through the use of laboratory tests including the wet indirect tensile (IDT) strength test, the tensile strength ratio (TSR), and the Hamburg wheel tracking test (HWTT) analyzed with a novel methodology. The performance of two WMA technologies (Evotherm DAT and foaming) versus a control HMA is analyzed with and without antist.
The Incidence of First Venous Thromboembolism in and around Pregnancy Using Linked Primary and Secondary Care Data: A Population Based Cohort Study from England and Comparative Meta-Analysis

Background Recent linkage between primary and secondary care data has provided valuable information for studying heath outcomes that may initially present in different health care settings. The aim of this study was therefore, twofold: to use linked primary and secondary care data to determine an optimum definition for estimating the incidence of first VTE in and around pregnancy; and secondly to conduct a systematic literature review of studies on perinatal VTE incidence with the purpose of comparing our estimates. Methods We used primary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), which incorporates linkages to secondary care contained within Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) between 1997 and 2010 to estimate the incidence rate of VTE in the antepartum and postpartum period. We systematically searched the literature on the incidence of VTE during antepartum and postpartum periods and performed a meta-analysis to provide comparison. Findings Using combined CPRD and HES data and a restrictive VTE definition, the absolute rate during the antepartum period and first six weeks postpartum (early postpartum) were 99 (95%CI 85–116) and 468 (95%CI 391–561) per 100,000 person-years respectively. These were comparable to the pooled estimates from our meta-analysis (using studies after 2005) during the antepartum period (118/100,000 person-years) and early postpartum (424/100,000 person-years). When we used only secondary care data to identify VTE events, incidence was lower during the early postpartum period (308/100,000 person-years), whereas relying only on primary care data lead to lower incidence during the time around delivery, but higher rates during the postpartum period (558/100,000 person-years). Conclusion Using combined CPRD and HES data gives estimates of the risk of VTE in and around pregnancy that are comparable to the existing literature. It also provides more accurate estimation of the date of VTE diagnosis which will allow risk stratification during specific pregnancy and postpartum periods.
Virulence and resistance in a mosquito–microsporidium interaction

We review the results of a series of experiments involving Aedes aegypti and its microsporidian parasite Vavraia culicis to illustrate how intra‐specific competition and parasitism shape life history traits. More specifically these experiments showed that some major components of virulence are host condition‐dependent in this system, while others are not. We also briefly discuss the ways through which V. culicis modifies the physiological functioning of its host. We discuss the implications of these results for studies of host – parasite interactions in general and propose ways through which our studies could contribute to vector control and management programs.
Improved Algorithmic Complexity for the 3SEQ Recombination Detection Algorithm

Abstract Identifying recombinant sequences in an era of large genomic databases is challenging as it requires an efficient algorithm to identify candidate recombinants and parents, as well as appropriate statistical methods to correct for the large number of comparisons performed. In 2007, a computation was introduced for an exact nonparametric mosaicism statistic that gave high-precision P values for putative recombinants. This exact computation meant that multiple-comparisons corrected P values also had high precision, which is crucial when performing millions or billions of tests in large databases. Here, we introduce an improvement to the algorithmic complexity of this computation from O(mn3) to O(mn2), where m and n are the numbers of recombination-informative sites in the candidate recombinant. This new computation allows for recombination analysis to be performed in alignments with thousands of polymorphic sites. Benchmark runs are presented on viral genome sequence alignments, new features are introduced, and applications outside recombination analysis are discussed.
Authentication Using Graphical password : Effects of Increased Security on Usability

Graphical User Authentication (GUA) is a method that uses images as passwords, instead of alphanumeric characters. We propose PassDecoy, a shoulder surfing resilient GUA system, and through previous research has been shown to have a higher degree of security when compared to PassPoints (Chaisson et al. [3]). However, previous work has exposed a password problem, where the effect of increased security often comes at the expense of decreased usability. We conducted a user study in an effort to evaluate the usability of PassDecoy, and its ability to be both secure and usable. The results of the user test yielded mixed results, where many results showed insufficient evidence to demonstrate an effect on usability. However, there was some observed decrease in usability, specifically in login time and a users perception of their ability to memorize passwords. These are key measures of password usability, and futrue work is required for PassDecoy to be implemented futher.
A randomized double-blind controlled study of the efficacy of ketofol with propofol-fentanyl and propofol alone in termination of pregnancy

The objectives of this study are to compare the effectiveness of different proportions of ketamine and propofol in ketamine-propofol single-syringe combination (ketofol), and to compare the effectiveness of ketofol with propofol-fentanyl and propofol alone in termination of pregnancy. Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 100 female American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA I or II) patients of age 18 to 40 years undergoing abortion was used. Patients were randomly divided into 5 groups of 20. Groups K21, K31, and K41 were given ketofol intravenously in the ratios of propofol:ketamine, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1, respectively in small aliquots; group PF was given 1.5 to 2 mg/kg propofol and 50 mcg fentanyl, whereas group P was given only 2 mg/kg propofol. Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation; surgery, anesthesia, sedation, recovery, and discharge times were recorded. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in anesthesia, sedation, and discharge times. Group K21 had higher sedation, recovery, and discharge times than the other groups. All ketofol groups had high incidence of postoperative dizziness, whereas the non-ketofol groups had high incidence of intraoperative respiratory depression. Ketofol groups required less dosage of propofol than the non-ketofol groups with group P requiring the highest (3.5±0.6 mg/kg). Ketofol is as effective as propofol-fentanyl combination, especially in the ratios 3:1 and 4:1 (propofol:ketamine) for abortion. Key words: Ketofol, ketamine, propofol, fentanyl, procedural sedation, abortion.
THE REACTIVITY AND MOLECULAR SIZE OF FILM PRECURSORS DURING CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF WSix

A kinetic study of chemical vapor deposition of tungsten silicide films was made, focusing on the reactivity and molecular size of film precursors. Tungsten silicide (WSL) fllms were deposited by low pressure CVD from SiH, and WF,. The molecular size of the film precursor was calculated to fit to the diffusion coefficient obtained from the deposition rate profile in a tubular reactor. Typically the ske was 5-& which is close to the size of the WF, molecule. The sticking probability of the film precursor was also examined by observing step coverage in a micron size trench. The sticking probability was about 0.5 at 270-360'C and dependent only slightly on temperature. The partial pressure ratio of SiH, to WF, was varied from 5 to 100, but the sticking probability did not change and the step coverage remained poor. Some modifications of reaction system would be required to improve the step coverage.
Effects of Antigenic Dissimilarity between Mother and Foetus on Placental Size in Mice

THE mammalian foetus must differ antigenically from its mother, in normal circumstances, the exception being in highly inbred strains. Consequently, except in matings between inbred mammals, the foetus and the foetal part of the placenta may be regarded as a homograft, and a homograft reaction against the foreign antigens might be expected. However, the antigenically different foetus and placenta are maintained in the uterus throughout pregnancy without eliciting any apparent rejection reaction, although the immunological competence of the mother must be significant during gestation.
Adversity, cannabis use and psychotic experiences: evidence of cumulative and synergistic effects

Background There is robust evidence that childhood adversity is associated with an increased risk of psychosis. There is, however, little research on intervening factors that might increase or decrease risk following childhood adversity. Aims To investigate main effects of, and synergy between, childhood abuse and life events and cannabis use on odds of psychotic experiences. Method Data on psychotic experiences and childhood abuse, life events and cannabis use were collected from 1680 individuals as part of the South East London Community Health Study (SELCoH), a population-based household survey. Results There was strong evidence that childhood abuse and number of life events combined synergistically to increase odds of psychotic experiences beyond the effects of each individually. There was similar, but weaker, evidence for cannabis use (past year). Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that childhood abuse creates an enduring vulnerability to psychosis that is realised in the event of exposure to further stressors and risk factors.
Investigation on stability and density of methanol based TiO2 nanofluids

This work has investigated the enhancement of heat transfer considering the density of methanol based nanofluids with TiO2 nanoparticles at various volume fractions and temperatures. Nanoparticles are suspended into methanol base fluid at four different concentrations which are 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 vol% and the nanofluids preparation were completed through sonication using ultrasonic homogenizer. The density of prepared nanofluids was measured by KEM-DA 130N density meter at four different temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 20 °C). The results show that the density increases with increase of volume concentrations while the density decreases with increasing temperature and the increment is observed about 2.2% over the base fluid at 0.15 vol% and 20 °C temperature.
Dietary fiber and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Background Several studies have suggested that higher consumption of dietary fiber is beneficial for a variety of health outcomes. However, many results have been inconclusive and, to our knowledge, there has been no attempt to systematically capture the breadth of outcomes associated with dietary fiber intake or to systematically assess the quality and the strength of the evidence on the associations of dietary fiber intake and different health outcomes or medical conditions. Objective The aim of this study was to describe the diverse health outcomes convincingly associated with dietary fiber consumption. Design This was an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis of observational studies. For each association, random-effects summary effect size, 95% CIs, and 95% prediction intervals were estimated. We also assessed heterogeneity, evidence for small-study effect, and evidence for excess significance bias. We used these metrics to evaluate the credibility of the identified evidence. Results Our literature search identified 1351 abstracts. Of these, 18 meta-analyses including a total of 298 prospective observational studies and 21 outcomes were included. Outcomes studied included cancer and precancer lesions (n = 12), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs; n = 3), all-cause and specific-cause mortality (n = 4), type 2 diabetes (n = 1), and Crohn disease (n = 1). Overall, 6 (29%) of the 21 eligible outcomes reported highly significant summary results (P < 1 × 10-6); these included CVD and CVD mortality, coronary artery disease, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer. Overall, 3 of 21 (14%) outcomes presented convincing evidence (pancreatic cancer, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality), but only CVD and all-cause mortality were based on prospective studies. Two other outcomes (10%), CVD and coronary artery disease, presented highly suggestive evidence based on prospective studies. Conclusion Our results support dietary recommendations that promote higher fiber intake as part of a healthy diet.
Polonium-210 in Man

The part played by polonium-210 in contributing to the biologically effective radiation dose received by humans in a variety of environments is described. The selection of data presented has been dictated to a large extent by the availability of post-mortem and other specimens and cannot be considered comprehensive. The correspondence both for grazing animals and humans between the levels of polonium-210 in the food of a community and in the tissues of its members clearly indicates that food ingestion is an important route for acquisition of body-burdens of the nuclide. The variations by an order of magnitude or more between polonium-210 body-burdens in "normal" United Kingdom and U.S. residents and in some Canadian Eskimos are probably due to the latter having a high dietary content of meat derived from animals grazing on poor slowly growing pasture. Cigarette smoking does not seem to lead to abnormal levels of polonium-210 in tissues other than lung and the levels here examined either as gross tissue concentrations or as localized concentrations are not such that would lead to abnormally high radiation dose rates. The question of the part played by physiological uptake of lead-210 in producing tissue concentrations of polonium-210 is still not completely resolved.
Deep Functional Maps: Structured Prediction for Dense Shape Correspondence

We introduce a new framework for learning dense correspondence between deformable 3D shapes. Existing learning based approaches model shape correspondence as a labelling problem, where each point of a query shape receives a label identifying a point on some reference domain; the correspondence is then constructed a posteriori by composing the label predictions of two input shapes. We propose a paradigm shift and design a structured prediction model in the space of functional maps, linear operators that provide a compact representation of the correspondence. We model the learning process via a deep residual network which takes dense descriptor fields defined on two shapes as input, and outputs a soft map between the two given objects. The resulting correspondence is shown to be accurate on several challenging benchmarks comprising multiple categories, synthetic models, real scans with acquisition artifacts, topological noise, and partiality.
On an SVD‐free approach to the complementarity and coupling theory A note on the elimination of unknowns in sums of dyadic products

The partial knowledge of the factors in a multivariate curve resolution problem can simplify the factorization problem. The complementarity and coupling theory as published in 2012 provides precise mathematical conditions for certain unknown parts of the factors. These constraints are based on a singular value decomposition of the data matrix; they have the form of linear or affine linear spaces which contain the unknown parts of the pure component factors. This paper presents a new and simple singular value decomposition‐free form of the complementarity and coupling theory. The derivation of these theorems is based on elementary arguments of linear algebra. The new mathematical form of the theory allows its easy and straightforward applicability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract Algebra

Algebra Abstract algebra is the study of algebraic structures and include groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, lattices, and algebras. The term abstract algebra was coined in the early 20th century to distinguish this area of study from the other parts of algebra. • Book: Introduction to Algebraic Structures (Denton) An algebraic structure is a set (called carrier set or underlying set) with one or more finitary operations defined on it that satisfies a list of axioms. Examples of algebraic structures include groups, rings, fields, and lattices. ◦ Front Matter ◦ 1: Introduction ◦ 2: Symmetry ◦ 3: Groups I ◦ 4: Groups II ◦ 5: Groups III ◦ 6: Groups IV UC Davis ChemWiki is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. 1 ◦ 7: Group Actions ◦ 8: Rings I ◦ 9: Rings II ◦ 10: Vector Spaces ◦ Back Matter UC Davis ChemWiki is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. 2
Further analysis of indentation loading curves: Effects of tip rounding on mechanical property measurements

The effects of indenter tip rounding on the shape of indentation loading curves have been analyzed using dimensional and finite element analysis for conical indentation in elastic-perfectly plastic solids. A method for obtaining mechanical properties from indentation loading curves is then proposed. The validity of this method is examined using finite element analysis. Finally, the method is used to determine the yield strength of several materials for which the indentation loading curves are available in the literature.