Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Critical Analysis of the Research on Learning to Teach: Making the Case for an Ecological Perspective on Inquiry

93 empirical studies on learning to teach were reviewed in order to establish what is currently known about how people learn to teach and to critique the quality of the reporting of that research. Among other observations concerning teacher education, the review highlights the tensions between the hopes and expectations of teacher educators and the expectations and experiences of beginning teachers. While this review supports the findings of others that many traditional programs of teacher education have little effect upon the firmly held beliefs of the beginning teachers, it also provides examples of successful programs. Such programs typically build upon the beliefs of pre service teachers and feature systematic and consistent long-term support in a collaborative setting. It is concluded that this body of research has advanced the field in significant ways, offering new directions for research and program reform. The critique of the papers themselves reveals that authors need to pay more careful attention to data selection and presentation and to the links made between data and conclusions. The review points to the need for a more self-critical stance on the part of researchers and a more ecological approach to research on learning to teach.
Steering by Hearing: A Bat’s Acoustic Gaze Is Linked to Its Flight Motor Output by a Delayed, Adaptive Linear Law

Adaptive behaviors require sensorimotor computations that convert information represented initially in sensory coordinates to commands for action in motor coordinates. Fundamental to these computations is the relationship between the region of the environment sensed by the animal (gaze) and the animal’s locomotor plan. Studies of visually guided animals have revealed an anticipatory relationship between gaze direction and the locomotor plan during target-directed locomotion. Here, we study an acoustically guided animal, an echolocating bat, and relate acoustic gaze (direction of the sonar beam) to flight planning as the bat searches for and intercepts insect prey. We show differences in the relationship between gaze and locomotion as the bat progresses through different phases of insect pursuit. We define acoustic gaze angle, θgaze, to be the angle between the sonar beam axis and the bat’s flight path. We show that there is a strong linear linkage between acoustic gaze angle at time t [θgaze(t)] and flight turn rate at time t + τ into the future [ \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \( \stackrel{.}{\theta }\) \end{document} flight (t + τ)], which can be expressed by the formula \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \( \stackrel{.}{\theta }\) \end{document}flight (t + τ) = kθgaze(t). The gain, k, of this linkage depends on the bat’s behavioral state, which is indexed by its sonar pulse rate. For high pulse rates, associated with insect attacking behavior, k is twice as high compared with low pulse rates, associated with searching behavior. We suggest that this adjustable linkage between acoustic gaze and motor output in a flying echolocating bat simplifies the transformation of auditory information to flight motor commands.
Reverse Transfer Effect of Celebrity-Product Congruence on the Celebrity's Perceived Credibility

In contrast with traditional celebrity endorsement research, this study examines the effect of celebrity advertisement on the celebrity himself/herself, that is, a reverse transfer effect, in terms of the celebrity's perceived attractiveness, trustworthiness, and expertise. Online questionnaires were conducted for sport and film celebrities using an identical 2 (Korean vs. non-Korean) X 3 (very congruent, moderately incongruent, very incongruent) design. The results show that a celebrity's perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness were significantly decreased when the celebrity-product congruence was low, whereas no significant effects were found when the congruence level was high. Theoretical and managerial implications as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Narrow Primary Feather Rachises in Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx Suggest Poor Flight Ability

Poor Flight of the Ancients In order to fly, the feathers of birds must be strong enough to support the bird's weight without breaking or bending. The main part of a feather providing structural support is its central shaft, which stiffens the feather along its length. In modern birds, this is hollow to reduce weight. Nudds and Dyke (p. 887) show that the cross-section of the shaft of the Mesozoic birds Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis was much smaller than that of modern birds. Calculations imply that even if it was solid, it would have been too weak to support powered flight and barely strong enough to allow gliding. Thus, powered flight probably arose later in the evolution of birds and these early birds were poor fliers. The flight feathers of early Mesozoic birds Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis were too weak to support powered flight. The fossil birds Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis had feathered wings resembling those of living birds, but their flight capabilities remain uncertain. Analysis of the rachises of their primary feathers shows that the rachises were much thinner and weaker than those of modern birds, and thus the birds were not capable of flight. Only if the primary feather rachises were solid in cross-section (the strongest structural configuration), and not hollow as in living birds, would flight have been possible. Hence, if Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis were flapping flyers, they must have had a feather structure that was fundamentally different from that of living birds. Alternatively, if they were only gliders, then the flapping wing stroke must have appeared after the divergence of Confuciusornis, likely within the enantiornithine or ornithurine radiations.
Focal physiologic fluorodeoxyglucose activity in the gastrointestinal tract is located within the colonic lumen

Aim Physiologic activity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in the intestinal tract occurs frequently in patients undergoing PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging, appearing most often in the colon. The purpose of this study is to determine the localization of the FDG within the colon. We hypothesize that intestinal FDG activity is intraluminal. Methods In a prospective Institutional Review Board-approved and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study, patients with physiologic colonic FDG activity on PET/CT scans were enrolled to undergo repeat imaging 2 h after stimulation of colonic motility with a high-fat meal. Results We identified 13 patients who had focal FDG activity in their colon during a routine clinical PET/CT scan. After administration of a high-fat meal, 10 patients (77%) demonstrated antegrade movement of FDG along the colon, consistent with luminal clearance. Conclusion Our results suggest that normal physiologic FDG activity within the large intestine, seen on PET/CT scans, is intraluminal.
Anesthesia Related Closed Claims and Litigations at the Detroit Medical Center: Analysis, Lessons Learned, and Conclusions

The analysis of closed claims and litigations can provide an invaluable tool to improve patient safety by minimizing adverse anesthesia-related outcomes. Analysis of collective data describing such claims is integral to develop new guidelines aimed to reduce adverse anesthesia-related events. In this study, we give a descriptive analysis of anesthesia-related claims at the Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA. The study analyzed different components in anesthesia-related closed claims and litigations such as medical, demographic and socio-economic factors. From 67,000 procedures in anesthesiology care provider, related cases claims were made in 0.057% (38/67,000) of all cases. The majority of claims involved procedures involving Caucasian females aged 51-55 years. The highest risk periods involved early shift times during Monday and Tuesday, particularly of procedures performed during August. About 33% of all cases in which death occurred involved patients who received an Obstetrics/Gynecology or an Orthopedic procedure under general anesthesia. The majority of closed claims and litigations cases were distributed between procedures treating nerves injuries and anoxic encephalopathy. The OR and PACU at urban hospitals had the highest claim rates. MD anesthesiologists constituted the lowest proportion of all anesthesia providers involved in closed claims incidents. The average compensation paid was predominately in the range of $200,000-$250,000. In addition to reporting anesthesia related factors involved in closed claims and litigations this study also includes a series of recommendations which may work as a framework for improving anesthesia practices.
Some Random Collections of Finite Subsets

The randomness of the Xi means that An is a random family of subsets of In, and it is clear that the distribution of An does not depend on F . Hammersley (1972) studied the problem, proposed by Ulam, of finding at least the asymptotic distribution of the size of the largest set in An, the random variable Ln = max{|A|; A ∈ An}. (3) He showed that there is a constant c such that, with probability one, Ln ∼ c √ n (4) as n → ∞. Hammersley conjectured that c = 2, but he was only able to prove that 1 2π ≤ c ≤ e. (5) These bounds are improved in Kingman (1973) to (8/π) ≤ c ≤ ǫ, (6)
Methodology as a ritualized Eurocentrism: Introduction to the special issue

As we revise this introduction, a wave of backlash against migrant workers is spreading in Europe. Daily news of (illegal) immigration and increasing incidents of xenophobia, racism, and violence make BBC World News. The need for understanding cultural difference and tackling discrimination in all forms cannot be greater than at the time when our “global village” is spiraling down the economic recession. Academic scholarship is one of the venues to stimulate interest in challenging issues of shifting identities, competing belongingnesss, and contested cultures that have forcefully emerged as the result of geopolitical remapping of the world. This special issue examines questions of difference in relation to our research practices as a means of promoting ethical and moral engagement with those who are not part of the privileged sociocultural space.
Eavesdropping : how do vervet monkeys perceive the alarm calls of other species?.

Perceived predation risk has a large impact on how prey species utilise landscapes. In an effort to reduce predation risk, individuals tend to utilise safer areas more than unsafe areas. How perceived predation risk affects the utilisation of landscapes by animals is termed a “landscape of fear”. Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) have a landscape of fear that operates in both horizontal and vertical planes. Within this landscape, vervets perceive the safest area to be up in a tree, under the canopy. To reduce predation risk, vervets use various predator-specific alarm calls and have been found to eavesdrop on the alarm calls of other species (e.g. birds). In this study, I explored whether vervet monkeys were able to associate eavesdropped alarm calls with specific predator types (i.e. aerial and terrestrial) as they do with their own predator specific alarm calls. To do this, I first quantified the three-dimensional landscape of fear for vervet monkeys by measuring giving up densities in artificial patches. I then used playbacks of the vervets’ aerial and terrestrial predator alarm calls, the alarm call of a red-backed shrike, and a mixed-species flock mobbing call to manipulate perceived predation risk. By comparing changes in foraging intensity within the patches, I quantified the specific reactions of the vervet monkeys to aerial and terrestrial predators. In addition, I found that the monkeys did not eavesdrop on the red-backed shrike call. However, the vervets did eavesdrop on bird mobbing calls, and associated the calls with the location of the potential treat and reacted as if it was a particular predator type. Specifically, the vervets reacted to mobbing calls played from up in a tree the same way as they did if an aerial predator was present, and calls from the ground as if a terrestrial predator was present. Thus, this suggests that they were able to associate a nonfunctional referential call (i.e. the mobbing call) with specific information, gathered from the location of the calls, and interpreted it in a referential manner. Moreover, intensity of these reactions (as measured by total feeding effort) indicated that vervets saw aerial predators as a greater threat compared to terrestrial predators. Ultimately, my results suggest that vervets can associate eavesdropped calls with specific predators, and this likely provides a fitness benefit in a dangerous and unpredictable world.
Effects of Stilbestrol on Pituitary-Adrenal Function in Male and Female Rats.∗

Summary Stilbestrol administration produced apparently similar increases in pituitary and adrenal weights and losses in body weight upon comparison of male and female rats. Pituitary ACTH content was more than doubled in females and unchanged in male animals. Pituitary RNA and DNA were both unchanged in males, whereas RNA (but not DNA) was increased in females. Adrenal RNA was increased in both sexes while DNA was unchanged in males and decreased in females. Plasma Cpd. B levels after stress or ACTH were unaffected in males and markedly reduced in females. Biological half-life of Cpd. B was shortened and hepatic metabolism of the steroid enhanced in treated males. Opposite changes were observed in female rats. Adrenal steroidogenesis in vitro was inhibited in female rats. An increment in steroidogenesis was demonstrated in males per total gland whereas a decrease obtained per unit gland weight. Male responses became similar to those in the female by administration of a more potent dose of stilbestrol.
Anesthesia Preoperative Clinic Referral for Elevated Hba1c Reduces Complication Rate in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is risk factor for complications after orthopedic surgery. Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that anesthesia preoperative clinic (APC) referral for elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduces complication rate after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Patients and Methods: Patients (n = 203) with and without DM were chosen from 1,237 patients undergoing TJA during 2006 - 12. Patients evaluated in the APC had surgery in 2006 - 8 regardless of HbA1c (uncontrolled). Those evaluated between in subsequent two-year intervals were referred to primary care for HbA1c ≥ 10% and ≥ 8%, respectively, to improve DM control before surgery. Complications and mortality were quantified postoperatively and at three, six, and twelve months. Length of stay (LOS) and patients requiring a prolonged LOS (> 5 days) were recorded. Results: Patients (197 men, 6 women) underwent 71, 131, and 1 total hip, knee, and shoulder replacements, respectively. Patients undergoing TJA with uncontrolled HbA1c and those with HbA1c < 10%, but not those with HbA1c < 8%, had a higher incidence of coronary disease and hypercholesterolemia than patients without DM. An increase in complication rate was observed in DM patients with uncontrolled HbA1c versus patients without DM (P < 0.001); the complication rate progressively decreased with tighter HbA1c control. More DM patients with preoperative HbA1c that was uncontrolled or ≥ 10% required prolonged LOS versus those without DM (P < 0.001 and P = 0.0404, respectively). Conclusions: APC referral for elevated HbA1c reduces complication rate and the incidence of prolonged hospitalization during the first year after surgery in diabetics undergoing TJA.
Biliary tree opacification using a trans-gallbladder approach: how to improve biliary drainage in patients with non-dilated biliary ducts.

Poster: "ECR 2012 / C-2452 / Biliary tree opacification using a trans-gallbladder approach: how to improve biliary drainage in patients with non-dilated biliary ducts. " by: "D. Poretti1, E. Lanza2, G. Brambilla1, V. Pedicini1, G. Mauri3, L. M. Sconfienza4, F. Sardanelli2; 1Rozzano/IT, 2San Donato Milanese, Milan/IT, 3Milano/IT, 4San Donato Milanese/IT"
How Do Continents Deform During Mantle Exhumation? Insights From the Northern Iberia Inverted Paleopassive Margin, Western Pyrenees (France)

Extreme crustal thinning associated with subcontinental mantle exhumation characterizes the distal domain of some current, magma‐poor continental passive margins. Since these domains lie at abyssal depths and are hardly accessible, their internal structure and the finite strain of the stretched crust are not directly observed and are only inferred. A detailed field study was conducted on exceptionally preserved Cretaceous distal margin analogs in two key areas of the western Pyrenees (North Pyrenean Zone): the Urdach and Saraillé ultramafic massifs in the Chaînons Béarnais range. A tight sampling allowed us to characterize the conditions of the ductile deformation of the continental crust exhumed together with the mantle. New 40Ar/39Ar dating on muscovite constrains the timing of the last deformation of the continental crust in relation with mantle exhumation to the late Albian. We propose a new reconstruction for the distal part of the North Iberian paleopassive margin based on the following constraints: (i) post‐Silurian Paleozoic rocks are never found in the distal domain; (ii) lower crustal levels are not found in the exhumed crustal units; (iii) extension in the pre‐Silurian series is accomplished by lenticular deformation and pervasive ductile flattening through anastomosing extensional mylonitic shear zones at temperatures of 350–450 °C; and (iv) at the final step of exhumation, only pre‐Silurian crustal lenses remained welded on the exhumed mantle. Finally, we discuss the importance of the crustal structure inherited from previous Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic events and we state that mantle exhumation was partially achieved before the Cretaceous North Pyrenean rifting.
Electrospun chitosan-P(LLA-CL) nanofibers for biomimetic extracellular matrix

Chitosan-poly(L-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone)(50:50) (P(LLA-CL)) (CS/P(LLA-CL)) blends were electrospun into nanofibers using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as solvents. Chitosan, which is difficult to electrospin into nanofibers, could be easily electrospun into nanofibers with addition of a small portion of P(LLA-CL). The fiber diameter depended on both the polymer concentration and the blend ratio of chitosan to P(LLA-CL). The average fiber diameter increased with increasing polymer concentration and decreasing the blend ratio of chitosan to P(LLA-CL). X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured to characterize blended nanofibers. The porosity of CS/P(LLA-CL) nanofiber mats increased with increasing the weight ratio of chitosan to P(LLA-CL), while both the tensile strength and the ultimate strain increased with increasing P(LLA-CL) ratio. Fibroblast cell growth on nanofiber mats were investigated with MTT assay and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. The highest cell proliferation was observed on the nanofiber mats when the weight ratio of chitosan to P(LLA-CL) was 1:2. As SEM images shown, fibroblast cells showed a polygonal shape on blend nanofiber mats and migrated into the nanofiber mats.
Blurry and Centered or Clear and Balanced?

Contemporary photojournalists are seeing their fellow photojournalists being laid off, are struggling to defend their professional values, and all the while having their own hard-fought photographs displayed next to blurry and grainy amateur images taken by mere happenstance. Professional photojournalists and citizen photojournalists are performing similar work, but have very differing understandings of photojournalism values and—importantly—of each other. The purpose of this study was to glean an insight into professional photojournalists' and citizen photojournalists' perceptions of photojournalism values through a coorientational framework. The results revealed that professional photojournalists may dislike citizen photojournalists and generally do not understand them accurately, hinting toward a sense of professional threat. Citizen photojournalists, on the other hand, are more accurate and may seek to model themselves on professional photojournalists.
A comprehensive model to evaluate implementation of the world health organization framework convention of tobacco control

Background: Iran is one of the countries that has ratified the World Health Organization Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC), and has implemented a series of tobacco control interventions including the Comprehensive Tobacco Control Law. Enforcement of this legislation and assessment of its outcome requires a dedicated evaluation system. This study aimed to develop a generic model to evaluate the implementation of the Comprehensive Tobacco Control Law in Iran that was provided based on WHO-FCTC articles. Materials and Methods: Using a grounded theory approach, qualitative data were collected from 265 subjects in individual interviews and focus group discussions with policymakers who designed the legislation, key stakeholders, and members of the target community. In addition, field observations data in supermarkets/shops, restaurants, teahouses and coffee shops were collected. Data were analyzed in two stages through conceptual theoretical coding. Findings: Overall, 617 open codes were extracted from the data into tables; 72 level-3 codes were retained from the level-2 code series. Using a Model Met paradigm, the relationships between the components of each paradigm were depicted graphically. The evaluation model entailed three levels, namely: short-term results, process evaluation and long-term results. Conclusions: Central concept of the process of evaluation is that enforcing the law influences a variety of internal and environmental factors including legislative changes. These factors will be examined during the process evaluation and context evaluation. The current model can be applicable for providing FCTC evaluation tools across other jurisdictions.
Postendoscopic Zenker esophagodiverticulostomy leaks associated with a specific stapler cartridge.

OBJECTIVE To determine the cause of postoperative leaks in 2 patients with Zenker diverticula treated with endoscopic staple-assisted esophagodiverticulostomy. DESIGN Medical chart review and simulated surgery. SETTING Teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two case reports of postoperative leaks in patients treated with endoscopic staple-assisted esophagodiverticulostomy and experimental simulated surgery to investigate the possible cause of this complication. Use of a TR45B, 3.5-mm cartridge for an Endopath ETS Flex45 Endoscopic Articulation Linear Cutter stapler was associated with complications, whereas use of a TR45W, 2.5-mm cartridge in the same stapler was not. RESULTS In a simulated surgery model, the 3.5-mm cartridge staple line leaked from the incision apex with pressure of less than 20 cm H(2)O, whereas the apex remained dry when using the 2.5-mm cartridge. When pressure was increased to 30 cm H(2)O, the staple line of the 2.5-mm cartridge had diffuse weeping of fluid but no focal, apical leak. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic staple-assisted esophagodiverticulostomy continues to be a relatively safe procedure; however, to provide maximum safety at the apex, the surgeon needs to be aware of stapler cartridge differences.