Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HIV Provirus Stably Reproduces Parental Latent and Induced Transcription Phenotypes Regardless of the Chromosomal Integration Site

ABSTRACT Understanding the mechanisms of HIV proviral latency is essential for development of a means to eradicate infection and achieve a cure. We have previously described an in vitro latency model that reliably identifies HIV expression phenotypes of infected cells using a dual-fluorescence reporter virus. Our results have demonstrated that ∼50% of infected cells establish latency immediately upon integration of provirus, a phenomenon termed early latency, which appears to occur by mechanisms that are distinct from epigenetic silencing observed with HIV provirus that establishes productive infections. In this study, we have used a mini-dual HIV reporter virus (mdHIV) to compare the long-term stability of provirus produced as early latent or productive infections using Jurkat-Tat T cell clones. Cloned lines bearing mdHIV provirus integrated at different chromosomal locations display unique differences in responsiveness to signaling agonists and chromatin-modifying compounds, and they also produce characteristic expression patterns from the 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) dsRed and internal EIF1α-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EIF1α-eGFP) reporters. Furthermore, reporter expression profiles of single cell sorted subcultures faithfully reproduce expression profiles identical to that of their original parental population, following prolonged growth in culture, without shifting toward expression patterns resembling that of cell subclones at the time of sorting. Comparison of population dispersion coefficient (CV) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the subcloned lines showed that both untreated and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-ionomycin-stimulated cultures produce expression patterns identical to those of their parental lines. These results indicate that HIV provirus expression characteristics are strongly influenced by the epigenetic landscape at the site of chromosomal integration. IMPORTANCE There is currently considerable interest in development of therapies to eliminate latently infected cells from HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. One proposed strategy, known as “shock and kill,” would involve treatment with therapies capable of inducing expression of latent provirus, with the expectation that the latently infected cells could be killed by a host immune response or virus-induced apoptosis. In clinical trials, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors were shown to cause reactivation of latent provirus but did not produce a significant effect toward eliminating the latently infected population. Results shown here indicate that integration of HIV provirus at different chromosomal locations produces significant effects on the responsiveness of virus expression to T cell signaling agonists and chromatin-modifying compounds. Given the variety of phenotypes produced by integrated provirus, it is unlikely that any single potential shock-and-kill therapy will be effective toward purging the latently infected population.
Editor-in-chief Advisory Board Editorial Board Select Review in Neuro-oncology Title: Intra-arterial Cereport (rmp-7) and Carboplatin: a Dose Escalation Study for Recurrent Malignant Title: C-myc Oncogene Family Expression in Glioblastoma and Survival Medical Oncology Title: Prophylactic Cranial Irr

Adult Neurosurgery Title: Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus whole brain radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple metastases: a Prospective randomized trial Meeting: American Association of Neurological Surgeons . 67 Title: Craniotomy for tumor: Outcomes in high-volume versus low-volume hospitals Meeting: American Association of Neurological Surgeons . 68 Title: Correlation between radiation reponse and genetic aberrations in glioblastoma multiforme Meeting: American Association of Neurological Surgeons . 69 Medical Oncology Title: Phase I/II Study of Carboplatin and Thalidomide in Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme Meeting: American Society of Clinical Oncology.70 Title: Randomized Trial of Temodal (TEM) vs. Procarbazine (PCB) in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) at First Relapse Meeting: American Society of Clinical Oncology.71 Title: Oral Shark Cartilage in the Treatment of Patients with Advanced Primary Brain Tumors. A Phase II Pilot Study Meeting: American Society of Clinical Oncology.72 Neuro-Pathology Title: Clinicopathologic Features Of Astroblastoma Meeting: American Association of Neuropathologists . 73 Title: Alterations Of Chromosome Arms 1p And 19q As Predictors Of Survival In Diffuse Gliomas Meeting: American Association of Neuropathologists . 74 Title: Long Survivals And Therapeutic Responses In High-Grade Gliomas With Chromosome 1p Loss That Are Not Classic Anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas Meeting: American Association of Neuropathologists . 75 Title: Molecular Genetic Analysis Of Oligodendroglial Tumors FOR Allelic Deletions On 1p And Mutations Of CDKN2C Gene At 1p32 Meeting: American Association of Neuropathologists . 76 Neuro-Radiology Title: Quantitative Estimation of Microvascular Permeability with Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging: Correlation with Pathohistologic Grading Meeting: American Society of Neuroradiology . 77 Title: In Vivo Differentiation of Tumor Recurrence vs Radiation Change: High Correlation Between Proton MR Spectroscopy and Neuropathology Meeting: American Society of Neuroradiology . 78
Type‐2 cells as link between glial and neuronal lineage in adult hippocampal neurogenesis

In the course of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, new cells go through a series of stages associated with proliferative activity. The most highly proliferative cell type is an intermediate precursor cell, called type‐2 cell. We here report that on the level of type‐2 cells a transition takes place between features associated with the glial and the neuronal lineage. We show that stem‐cell marker Sox2 and radial glia marker BLBP are expressed in type‐2 cells but label only a small percentage of the proliferating cells. By and large, precursor cell marker Sox2 was found to be widely expressed in hippocampal astrocytes. Between 3 h and 1 week after a single injection of permanent S‐phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), the number of BrdU‐labeled BLBP‐positive cells did not change, consistent with the idea that both markers here are associated with the maintained precursor cell pool. Using reporter gene mice expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the promoter for nestin we found an overlap of GFP with markers of the neuronal lineage, doublecortin (DCX) and transcription factor NeuroD1 in type‐2 cells, whereas in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐GFP mice expression of GFP and NeuroD1 or DCX was mutually exclusive. Electrophysiologically, the group of type‐2 cells fell into two subgroups: one with astrocytic properties and another with an early “complex” phenotype of neural progenitor cells. Our data further support the existence of proliferative precursor cells that mark the transition between glia‐like states and neuronal differentiation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VERSION # JN-00843-2002 R 2 1 TRPM 8 mRNA is expressed in a subset of cold-responsive trigeminal neurons from rat

TRPM8 mRNA is expressed in a subset of cold-responsive trigeminal neurons from rat Abstract Recent electrophysiological studies of cultured dorsal root and trigeminal ganglion neurons have suggested that multiple ionic mechanisms underlie the peripheral detection of cold temperatures. Several candidate " cold receptors " , all of them ion channel proteins, have been implicated in this process. One of the most promising candidates is TRPM8, a non-selective cationic channel expressed in a subpopulation of sensory neurons that is activated both by decreases in temperature and the cooling compound menthol. However, evidence for the expression of TRPM8 in functionally defined cold-sensitive neurons has been lacking. Here, we combine fluorometric calcium imaging of cultured rat trigeminal neurons with single-cell RT-PCR to demonstrate that there are distinct subpopulations of cold responsive neurons, and that TRPM8 likely contributes to cold transduction in one of them. TRPM8 is preferentially expressed within a subset of rapidly responsive, low-threshold (~30°C), cold-sensitive neurons. A distinct class of slowly responsive cold-sensitive neurons that is activated at lower temperatures (~20°C) generally lacks detectable TRPM8 mRNA. Together with previous findings, our data support the notion that cold responsive neurons are functionally heterogeneous.
Isolation measures in the hospital management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): systematic review of the literature

Abstract Objective To evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of isolation measures in reducing the incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation and infection in hospital inpatients. Design Systematic review of published articles. Data sources Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE), and citation lists (1966-2000). Review methods Articles reporting MRSA related outcomes and describing an isolation policy were selected. No quality restrictions were imposed on studies using isolation wards or nurse cohorting. Other studies were included if they were prospective or employed planned comparisons of retrospective data. Results 46 studies were accepted; 18 used isolation wards, nine used nurse cohorting, and 19 used other isolation policies. Most were interrupted time series, with few planned formal prospective studies. All but one reported multiple interventions. Consideration of potential confounders, measures to prevent bias, and appropriate statistical analysis were mostly lacking. No conclusions could be drawn in a third of studies. Most others provided evidence consistent with a reduction of MRSA acquisition. Six long interrupted time series provided the strongest evidence. Four of these provided evidence that intensive control measures including patient isolation were effective in controlling MRSA. In two others, isolation wards failed to prevent endemic MRSA. Conclusion Major methodological weaknesses and inadequate reporting in published research mean that many plausible alternative explanations for reductions in MRSA acquisition associated with interventions cannot be excluded. No well designed studies exist that allow the role of isolation measures alone to be assessed. None the less, there is evidence that concerted efforts that include isolation can reduce MRSA even in endemic settings. Current isolation measures recommended in national guidelines should continue to be applied until further research establishes otherwise.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates Acute and Late Mast Cell Responses

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor whose activity is modulated by xenobiotics as well as physiological ligands. These compounds may modulate inflammatory responses and contribute to the rising prevalence of allergic diseases observed in industrialized countries. Mast cells (MCs), located within tissues at the boundary of the external environment, represent a potential target of AhR ligands. In this study, we report that murine and human MCs constitutively express AhR, and its activation by the high-affinity ligand 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) determines a boost in degranulation. On the contrary, repeated exposure to FICZ inhibits MC degranulation. Accordingly, histamine release, in an in vivo passive systemic anaphylactic model, is exacerbated by a single dose and is attenuated by repetitive stimulation of AhR. FICZ-exposed MCs produce reactive oxygen species and IL-6 in response to cAMP-dependent signals. Moreover, AhR-activated MCs produce IL-17, a critical player in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, suggesting a novel pathway for MC activation in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Indeed, histological analysis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease revealed an enrichment in AhR/IL-6 and AhR/IL-17 double-positive MCs within bronchial lamina propria. Thus, tissue-resident MCs could translate external chemical challenges through AhR by modulating allergic responses and contributing to the generation of inflammation-related diseases.
Exact Expressions for Correlations in the Ground State of the Dense O(1) Loop Model

Conjectures for analytical expressions for correlations in the dense O (1) loop model on semi-infinite square lattices are given. We have obtained these results for four types of boundary conditions. Periodic and reflecting boundary conditions have been considered before. We give many new conjectures for these two cases and review some of the existing results. We also consider boundaries on which loops can end. We call such boundaries 'open'. We have obtained expressions for correlations when both boundaries are open, and one is open and the other one is reflecting. Also, we formulate a conjecture relating the ground state of the model with open boundaries to fully packed loop models on a finite square grid. We also review earlier obtained results about this relation for the three other types of boundary conditions. Finally, we construct a mapping between the ground state of the dense O (1) loop model and the XXZ spin chain for the different types of boundary conditions.
Computerized Accounting Information Systems and Perceived Security Threats in Developing Economies: The Nigerian Case

The concept of IT as a business enabler is enshrined in the widespread use of computerized accounting information system the world over. However, this milestone in accounting portends imminent challenges in terms of the integrity of underlying accounting transactions processed by IT equipment and facility, an important question arises: what are the likely threats to computerized accounting information systems resulting from the deployment of IT in business and how can these challenges be overcome especially in developing economies? To analyse this area of interest, Nigerian companies has been chosen as reference. An empirical study was conducted through a structured survey directed to the users of computerized accounting systems. Information was collected in order to explain the perceived threats common to CAIS's as well as determine what categories of threats were most significant. Results show that employees and outsiders constitute key threats to information assets used in computerized accounting when not controlled effectively. This suggests that management should put in place authorization procedures on a "need to know basis" only. Authorized users should have access to only applications and data required to perform specific tasks only. Also, there should be regular logging and monitoring of logical access to systems and data, policies and procedures on segregation of duties, access and transaction logs.
A feature dependent method for opinion mining and classification

Mining the web for customer opinion on different products is both a useful, as well as challenging task. Previous approaches to customer review classification included document level, sentence and clause level sentiment analysis and feature based opinion summarization. In this paper, we present a feature driven opinion summarization method, where the term ldquodrivenrdquo is employed to describe the concept-to-detail (product class to product-specific characteristics) approach we took. For each product class we first automatically extract general features (characteristics describing any product, such as price, size, design), for each product we then extract specific features (as picture resolution in the case of a digital camera) and feature attributes (adjectives grading the characteristics, as for example high or low for price, small or big for size and modern or faddy for design). Further on, we assign a polarity (positive or negative) to each of the feature attributes using a previously annotated corpus and Support Vector Machines Sequential Minimal Optimization machine learning with the Normalized Google Distance. We show how the method presented is employed to build a feature-driven opinion summarization system that is presently working in English and Spanish. In order to detect the product category, we use a modified system for person names classification. The raw review text is split into sentences and depending on the product class detected, only the phrases containing the specific product features are selected for further processing. The phrases extracted undergo a process of anaphora resolution, Named Entity Recognition and syntactic parsing. Applying syntactic dependency and part of speech patterns, we extract pairs containing the feature and the polarity of the feature attribute the customer associates to the feature in the review. Eventually, we statistically summarize the polarity of the opinions different customers expressed about the product on the web as percentages of positive and negative opinions about each of the product features. We show the results and improvements over baseline, together with a discussion on the strong and weak points of the method and the directions for future work.
Efficacy of Spinosad Tablets Administered to a Colony of 15 Indoor Cats Naturally Infested with Fleas

The aims of the study were (i) to describe adult fleas distribution in a strictly indoor cat colony composed of cats with flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) and non-FAD cats and (ii) to evaluate the efficacy of spinosad used alone. Skin lesions were scored according to the SCORing Feline Allergic Dermatitis lesion severity scale (SCORFAD) on days 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90. Cats were combed prior to the treatment (days 0, 30, and 60) and on days 15, 45, and 90; collected fleas were replaced on the animals. All cats received flavored spinosad tablets (Comfortis) at a dosage of 50–75 mg/kg on days 0, 30, and 60. Cats were fed immediately afterwards. On day 0, a total of 60 fleas were collected (mean: 4 ± 4). Cats with FAD had a SCORFAD of 6, 8, 12, and 13 and harbored 0, 2, 1, and 0 fleas, respectively. Tablets were taken voluntarily by 8, 11, and 12 cats on days 0, 30, and 60, respectively. No adverse event was recorded. From day 15 to day 90, no fleas could be collected. SCORFAD was reduced by 40%, 71%, 80%, 89%, and 98% on days 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90, respectively.
A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE LANGUAGE OF INTERROGATION IN POLICE/CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE KANO METROPOLIS

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND LITERARY STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE (MA) ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Antibacterial Metallic Touch Surfaces

Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of the development of modern antibacterial metallic materials as touch surfaces in healthcare settings. Initially we compare Japanese, European and US standards for the assessment of antimicrobial activity. The variations in methodologies defined in these standards are highlighted. Our review will also cover the most relevant factors that define the antimicrobial performance of metals, namely, the effect of humidity, material geometry, chemistry, physical properties and oxidation of the material. The state of the art in contact-killing materials will be described. Finally, the effect of cleaning products, including disinfectants, on the antimicrobial performance, either by direct contact or by altering the touch surface chemistry on which the microbes attach, will be discussed. We offer our outlook, identifying research areas that require further development and an overview of potential future directions of this exciting field.
Wage Dispersion, Markets and Institutions: The Effects of the Boom in Education on the Wage Structure

In this paper, we investigate the effects of the boom in education on the wage structure in Europe. We use detailed information on the distribution of wages, estimated from microdata from 12 European countries from the beginning of the 1980’s to the present, to analyse the changes both between and within groups. We specify and estimate a model with supply and demand for different types of labour, as well as institutions affecting the bargained relative wage. Our results show that the boom in education closely matched the shifts in demand due to (skill biased) technological change, which in turn explains why the wage premia for education only rose moderately. We use the conditional wage spread within tertiary education, predicted from quantile log wage regressions, to investigate the hypothesis of skills erosion as a result of the large expansion in tertiary education. We find no evidence in favour of the hypothesis that the boom in higher education lead to an erosion of skills within the group of tertiary education, nor evidence of increasing “over-education” in Europe. Labour market institutions also matter: bargaining co-ordination and employment protection are shown to have a compressing effect on wages, but at different points of the wage distribution.
Neural responses to one- and two-tone stimuli in the hearing organ of the dengue vector mosquito

SUMMARY Recent studies demonstrate that mosquitoes listen to each other's wing beats just prior to mating in flight. Field potentials from sound-transducing neurons in the antennae contain both sustained and oscillatory components to pure and paired tone stimuli. Described here is a direct comparison of these two types of response in the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Across a wide range of frequencies and intensities, sustained responses to one- and two-tone stimuli are about equal in magnitude to oscillatory responses to the beats produced by two-tone stimuli. All of these responses are much larger than the oscillatory responses to one-tone stimuli. Similarly, the frequency range extends up to at least the fifth harmonic of the male flight tone for sustained responses to one- and two-tone stimuli and oscillatory responses at the beat frequency of two-tone stimuli, whereas the range of oscillatory response to a one-tone stimulus is limited to, at most, the third harmonic. Thresholds near the fundamental of the flight tone are lower for oscillatory responses than for sustained deflections, lower for males than for females, and within the behaviorally relevant range. A simple model of the transduction process can qualitatively account for both oscillatory and sustained responses to pure and paired tones. These data leave open the question as to which of several alternative strategies underlie flight tone matching behavior in mosquitoes.
Utility of 18fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for prognosis and response assessments in a phase 2 study of romidepsin in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma

This study examined the utility of PET scans for assessing prognosis and response to treatment in patients with relapsed/refractory PTCL receiving romidepsin. For patients with stable disease or partial response by conventional criteria, PET status better differentiated durability of response than conventional response category. Routine PET use may aid in treatment planning in patients with PTCL.
Experimental demonstration of the slow group velocity of light in two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays

We recently proposed two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays as a route to achieve a slow-group velocity of light (flat band) in all crystal directions. In this letter we present the experimental demonstration of such structures with a measured group velocity below 0.008c and discuss the feasibility of applications such as low-threshold photonic crystal lasers with increased output powers, optical delay components, and sensors.