Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning to be Violent: The role of the school in developing adolescent gendered behaviour

This paper examines the role of the school, and of the peer group culture in particular, in constructing male and female identity among adolescents within the context of high levels of gender violence. It draws on a DfID-funded study into the abuse of girls in schools in three African countries (Zimbabwe, Malawi and Ghana). This study documents incidents of male teachers and older male pupils aggressively propositioning female pupils for sex, 'sugar daddies' preying on schoolgirls in the vicinity of the school, and generally high levels of corporal punishment and bullying. The abusive behaviour of boys towards girls (and also towards younger or more vulnerable boys) in school is in part the product of a peer culture which stresses male competition and sexual prowess as part of the process of learning to 'be a man'. Alongside other studies (Wood & Jewkes, 1998; Leach & Machakanja, 2000; Human Rights Watch, 2001) it reveals a worrying sexual socialisation process in which male violence is accepted as the norm in adolescent relationships while obedience and tolerance continue to be expected of girls. This can lead to aggressive male behaviour being normalised and perpetuated in adulthood. Schools and education authorities are guilty of contributing to this socialisation as long as they fail to take vigorous measures to stamp out all forms of violent behaviour and to actively promote constructive adolescent relationships. Lessons can be learnt from those few innovative programmes with adolescents which provide genuine examples of the promotion of equal gender relations, personal responsibility, respect for others and cooperation between individuals. It is part of the school's mission not just to foster academic learning but to teach life skills which include supporting adolescents in developing constructive relationships.
Behavioural criteria of managerial and leadership effectiveness within Egyptian and British public sector hospitals: an empirical case study and multi-case/cross-nation comparative analysis

This paper reports the results of a study of managerial and leadership effectiveness carried out within an Egyptian public sector hospital in which concrete examples of ‘effective’ and ‘least effective/ineffective’ manager and managerial leader behaviour, as observed by superiors, peers and subordinates, were collected using the critical incident technique. These critical incidents were then content analyzed to identify a smaller number of discrete behavioural statements and criteria of effectiveness. The paper also reports the results of a subsequent comparative analysis of these Egyptian findings against equivalent behavioural criteria that emerged from studies in two different British NHS Trust hospitals. This latter multi-case/cross-nation study revealed high degrees of overlap, commonality, and relative generalization across all three organizations. The results lend strong empirical support to those who believe in ‘generic’ and ‘universalistic’ explanations of the nature of managerial and leadership effectiveness.
An academic profile of IT faculty in the USA

A common sentiment at SIGITE conferences is that IT faculty come from a wide variety of disciplines. But is this true? In this paper we present an academic profile of IT faculty that was discovered through examination of credentials reported on the websites of 224 IT programs. The profile shows that the vast majority of IT faculty come from a Computer Science background but there is also evidence of diversity. This information should prove helpful in advising students in their preparation to teach IT.
Preliminary: Not for Circulation or Quotation without Permission Health Warnings for Growth Data

Versions 6.1 and 6.2 of Penn World Tables (PWT) have essentially the same methodology and the same underlying data, but report significantly different growth numbers. It is not the case that 6.2 is better or worse than 6.1; it is inherent in the PWT approach that some data will vary a great deal across versions and there is no way to determine which of the existing versions is " best ". We examine 13 leading studies of growth for " Table Invariant " results that are robust across different versions of PWT. Table Invariant results are common in studies examining cross-sectional or very long run data; in contrast, results based on higher frequency data are less likely to be robust in this sense, and annual data are particularly problematic. This lack of robustness can be attributed in part to poor data quality in lower income countries, which has been flagged in the Tables' own health warnings. The lack of robustness is also due to the PWT's methodology for constructing and compiling the data. This methodology renders data for countries with relatively small total GDP and data distant from the current benchmark year especially variable. We propose an alternative way to use PWT data that might be less prone to some of these issues.
Inhalant Use and Mental Health Problems in Russian Juvenile Delinquents

ABSTRACT Background: Inhalant use by children and adolescents has been linked to an increased risk of multiple drug use, mental health problems and antisocial behavior. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the frequency of inhalant use and psychiatric diagnoses among incarcerated delinquent youths in Russia. Methods: A total of 370 incarcerated delinquents from a juvenile correction center in Northern Russia were assessed by means of a semi-structured psychiatric interview and by self-reports. Results: Compared to non-users (N = 266), inhalant users (N = 104) reported higher rates of PTSD, early onset conduct disorder, ADHD, alcohol abuse and dependence, as well as higher levels of antisocial behavior, impulsiveness and more psychopathic traits. Frequent inhalant users also reported the highest rates of co-occurring psychopathology. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that inhalant use in delinquents is frequent and may require additional clinical measures to address the issue of psychiatric comorbidity.
Relations with Parents and Friends During Adolescence and Early Adulthood

Abstract Relative power, conflict, and intimacy in adolescents' and young adults' relations with mothers, fathers, and best friends were examined. Two hundred eighty-five students from German high-track (i.e., university bound schools 6th, 9th, 12th grade), undergraduate and graduate students completed the respective scales of the Network of Relationships Inventory (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985). Relations with friends were more symmetrical and had a better socio-emotional quality than relations with parents. Still, increases in relative power in relations with parents were accompanied by low absolute levels of conflict. A symmetrical distribution of power in the family was not reached before the end of the third decade of life. To explore the influence of the entry into worklife on close relations, an additional subsample of 55 working young adults was compared with the participating university students. Despite slight differences in age-related patterns of intimacy, similarities prevailed. Overall, findings mostly converge with observations in U.S. samples of high school and college
The ‘screen‐size’ art: Using digital media to perform poetry

Abstract In this paper, I examine the immersive and performative potential of new media for reading, writing and representing poetry to encourage an exploration of the relationship between text, image and sound and discuss how these are used to mediate meaning making. Based on the premise that poetry is meant to be lifted from the printed page and experienced in multimodal ways, the research explores the notion of poetry as digital performance.
Satellite Tagging and Cardiac Physiology Reveal Niche Expansion in Salmon Sharks

Shark populations are declining globally, yet the movements and habitats of most species are unknown. We used a satellite tag attached to the dorsal fin to track salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) for up to 3.2 years. Here we show that salmon sharks have a subarctic-to-subtropical niche, ranging from 2° to 24°C, and they spend winter periods in waters as cold as 2° to 8°C. Functional assays and protein gels reveal that the expression of excitation-contraction coupling proteins is enhanced in salmon shark hearts, which may underlie the shark's ability to maintain heart function at cold temperatures and their niche expansion into subarctic seas.
The Decline in Intercountry Adoptions and New Practices of Global Surrogacy

Intercountry adoption (ICA) has declined significantly since 2004. Now with fewer options for family building with a healthy child or infant via ICA, global surrogacy appears to be replacing the practice in some cases. This article presents a brief history of ICA and ethical dilemmas and human rights concerns and explores global surrogacy, starting with surrogacy practices in India. It then considers the new and emerging practice of surrogacy in Guatemala, with concerns about informed consent in the context of poverty and human rights abuses, including human trafficking and violence against women.
Construct Validity in SLA Research: A Response to Firth and Wagner

Its analyses are oversimplistic, F&W assert, because they have generally considered the L2 acquirer as a "nonnative speaker" of the L2, as a "learner," and as someone whose L2 repertoire and underlying grammar is an "interlanguage" (the psycholinguistic L2 equivalent of an "idiolect" in sociolinguistics, a construct to which F&W presumably also object), and as a "deficient communicator, struggling to overcome an L2 competence" when interacting with an "idealized native speaker," who is attributed elevated status by researchers. They assert that this view is "individualistic," "mechanistic," and
Mushroom-Type High-Impedance Surface With Loaded Vias: Homogenization Model and Ultra-Thin Design

In this letter, we study the reflection properties and natural modes (surface waves and leaky waves) of the mushroom-type surfaces with impedance loadings (as lumped loads) at the connection of the vias to the ground plane. The analysis is carried out using the nonlocal homogenization model for the mushroom structure with a generalized additional boundary condition for loaded vias. It is observed that the reflection characteristics obtained with the homogenization model strongly depend on the type of the load (inductive or capacitive) and are in a very good agreement with the full-wave simulation results. The proposed concept of lumped loads enables the design of an ultrathin mushroom-type surface with high-impedance resonance characteristics (zero reflection phase) for oblique incidence at low frequencies with a broad stopband for surface waves.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF EVERNIA PRUNASTRI, PARMELIA SULCATA, PSEUDEVERNIA FURFURACEA VAR. FURFURACEA

The aim of this study was to investigate the In vitro efficacy of 96% alcohol extracts of Evernia prunastri and Pseudevernia furfuracea var. furfuracea that were in foliose-fruticose form and Parmelia sulcata in foliose form against important plant pathogens. The growth of fungal colonies in Petri plates amended with lichen extracts at 25°C was measured a day before covering all surface of Petri plate in control treatment. Data were analysed according to statistic analysis test LSD at p≤0.05. The in vitro efficacy of extracts of E. prunastri, P. sulcata and P. furfuracea var. furfuracea showed a significant inhibition against mycelia and spor growth of Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, F. solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicillium expansum and Rhizoctonia solani. The level of inhibition among extracts showed variation. It was concluded that secondary metabolites of lichens may be used as biological chemicals against some plant pathogens.
Tenuous Ties: The Limited-Term Full-time Faculty in Canadian Universities

This paper examines limited-term full-time faculty (LTFTs) in Canadian universities in 1991-1992 in response to the author's survey. It addresses the following issues: the faculty hierarchy, the characteristics of LTFTs, career paths, career aspirations and job prospects, barriers to achieving tenure-stream positions, workloads, perceptions of their workplace, and their view of how tenured faculty perceive them. The discussion examines these questions: Are LTFTs a kind of "disposable" faculty? Does hierarchy in academe begin where collegium ends?
Astrocyte immune responses in epilepsy

Astrocytes, the major glial cell type of the central nervous system (CNS), are known to play a major role in the regulation of the immune/inflammatory response in several human CNS diseases. In epilepsy‐associated pathologies, the presence of astrogliosis has stimulated extensive research focused on the role of reactive astrocytes in the pathophysiological processes that underlie the development of epilepsy. In brain tissue from patients with epilepsy, astrocytes undergo significant changes in their physiological properties, including the activation of inflammatory pathways. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that proinflammatory molecules can alter glio‐neuronal communications contributing to the generation of seizures and seizure‐related neuronal damage. In particular, both in vitro and in vivo data point to the role of astrocytes as both major source and target of epileptogenic inflammatory signaling. In this context, understanding the astroglial inflammatory response occurring in epileptic brain tissue may provide new strategies for targeting astrocyte‐mediated epileptogenesis. This article reviews current evidence regarding the role of astrocytes in the regulation of the innate immune responses in epilepsy. Both clinical observations in drug‐resistant human epilepsies and experimental findings in clinically relevant models will be discussed and elaborated, highlighting specific inflammatory pathways (such as interleukin‐1β/toll‐like receptor 4) that could be potential targets for antiepileptic, disease‐modifying therapeutic strategies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Koreans with Mental Illness

ABSTRACT This qualitative phenomenological study explores the meaning of lived experiences for individuals with mental illness in the context of a clubhouse in Korea. In-depth semistructured interviews with 9 clubhouse members were conducted to examine the interactive aspects of clubhouse members and the rehabilitative clubhouse environments. Three major themes from the lived experiences emerged: entering a haven, living in a haven, and having a haven-like hometown. The results of the study indicated that the participants had a broad range of perspectives on mental rehabilitation, including their recognition that rehabilitation meant something more than simply holding a regular job; acceptance of their illness, situations, and limitations; and their desire for a meaningful and fulfilling life within the clubhouse. The results contributed to a better understanding of the lived experiences of individuals with mental illness in the context of a clubhouse and their extended rehabilitation and provided important implications for social work professionals. This study expanded the availability of literature on members’ perceptions of the clubhouse experiences. Future research should be broadened to consider a wider range of people with mental illness, including those in mental hospitals and those secluded to their homes, to provide a better understanding of the overall situation.
Systolic Left Ventricular Function After Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction An Analysis of Determinants of Improvement

BackgroundContrast ventriculograms of 542 patients treated with intravenous thrombolytic agents for acute myocardial infarction were examined to define changes in left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion that occur during the first week after reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction and define clinical, acute angiographic and treatment variables related to improvement in global and regional left ventricular function. Methods and ResultsIntravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and/or urokinase was administered to 805 patients during acute myocardial infarction. Mean time from symptom onset to thrombolytic therapy was 3 hours (22 patients received therapy within the first hour). Acute and 7-day catheterizations were performed. Paired left ventricular ejection fraction and centerline regional wall motion were available in 542 patients (67%). Stepwise, multivariable analysis of clinical, acute angiographic and treatment variables was used to develop two models: One related to improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction, and the second related to improvement in infarct zone regional function. Left ventricular ejection fraction did not change (51.2±11.1% for acute versus 51.9±11.0% for 1 week, p=0.19). Improvement in infarct zone regional function was modest (14%) at 1 week (-2.54±+1.07 standard deviation per chord for acute versus -2.17+ 1.24 at 1 week, p<0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated modest improvement in ejection fraction (1.4±9.5%) and greater improvement in infarct zone function (19%) in patients with successful sustained reperfusion at 1 week. Depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and infarct zone regional wall motion at the acute study were strongly associated with improvement of these parameters at 1 week. Resolution of chest pain before acute catheterization, infarct-related artery flow at acute catheterization, and depressed regional wall motion in the noninfarct zone were associated with improvement in both ejection fraction and regional infarct zone function at 1 week. Notably, the time from the onset of symptoms to initiation of thrombolytic treatment was not related to subsequent improvement in ventricular function. ConclusionsDramatic improvement in left ventricular systolic function is not common after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Improvement in global and regional systolic function is most closely related to acutely depressed ventricular function and successful acute coronary recanalization. Thus, patients with the most myocardium in jeopardy and successful coronary reperfusion demonstrate the greatest improvement in global and infarct zone ventricular function. Overall, the magnitude of this improvement is modest, suggesting that the benefits of coronary reperfusion are not solely related to improvement in systolic left ventricular function.
The In Vivo Effects of Cytokines Modulation for BALB/C Mice Fed with a Traditional Combined Chinese Herb‐Soaked Solution, Yi‐Fey Ruenn‐Hou Tea

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Yi‐Fey Ruenn‐Hou (YR) Tea, a combination of Chinese herbs, 10% licorice root, 10% American ginseng, 10% Radix Paeoniae alba and 70% green tea‐soaked solution, on the cytokine modulation in Balb/C mice. Four groups of mice were administered either 1ml of drinking water (group A) or 2 mg/ml (group B), 8 mg/ml (group C), 40 mg/ml (group D) of a saturated solution of combined Chinese herbs daily for six months. The physiological and pathological characteristics of the mice were observed during the time, and the mice were weighed and at least two mice were sacrificed each month for pathological detection of the brain, heart, liver, spleen and kidney and cytokine analysis. The results revealed neither weight difference nor pathological change among the four groups, however, serum‐cytokine assay indicated that the cytokine modulation effects are consistent, and the most obvious cytokine modulation effect was observed in group D, which was the highest dosage employed for treating the mice. TH2‐pattern cytokines responded earlier and higher in group D than in groups B and C. Furthermore, the effect of YR Tea on cytokine modulation in vivo is predominantly TH2‐pattern and is dependent on its dosage (P < 0.05).
Motivations and behaviors that support recycling

Abstract This paper proposes that recycling researchers should pay attention to both attitudes towards recycling and the processes involved in recycling (recyclers' phenomenal experiences and organizing strategies). As predicted by Sansone and colleagues' model of how people induce themselves to engage in necessary but boring tasks, people who had reasons to persist at recycling (that is, who held strong prorecycling attitudes or had a social orientation towards recycling) were more likely to redefine recycling so as to emphasize its pleasures or the sense of satisfaction they gained from contributing to the environment. These people were also more likely to have developed a way of organizing recycling in their homes, to report few interferences with recycling, and—most important—to recycle on both short- and long-term bases. In accord with the model, people who became better recyclers by Time 2 had had stronger prorecycling attitudes at Time 1 than people who remained poor recyclers. Our results are consistent with the view that people who make a valued but uninteresting task more phenomenally interesting and more manageable are more likely to continue at the task. Sansone and colleagues' model provides a useful way to look at recycling and also suggests a new way that attitudes may be linked to behavior—via cognitive transformation of behavior.
Security and privacy in RFID and applications in telemedicine

Radio frequency identification systems have many applications in manufacturing, supply chain management, inventory control, and telemedicine. In an RFID system, products and objects are given RFID tags to identify themselves. However, security and privacy issues pose significant challenges on these systems. In this article we first briefly introduce RFID systems. Then two RFID applications in telemedicine are proposed: studying supply and demand of doctors, nurses, and patients in hospitals and healthcare, and developing mobile telemedicine services. The security and privacy issues of RFID, and their solutions are discussed as well.
The Limits of Social Solidarity

Does mass immigration and increasing ethnic diversity challenge the legitimacy of the universal welfare state? Assuming that basic income can be seen as a radical extension of the universal welfare state, we pursue this question by investigating whether popular reactions towards a basic income proposal are susceptible to persuasion that invokes attitudes towards immigration. The study is based on survey data covering a representative sample of the Norwegian electorate. We find that a comfortable majority express sympathy with the idea of a basic income, and that the structure of initial support for the basic income proposal is well in line with established findings concerning attitudes towards welfare state institutions and redistributive policies more generally. However, by applying a persuasion experiment, we show that negative attitudes towards immigration can be mobilized to significantly reduce the scope of support for a basic income proposal among the Norwegian electorate.
Rheologies and morphologies of three actinomycetes in submerged culture

The broth rheologies and morphologies of three actinomycetes (Saccharopolyspora erythraea, Actinomadura roseorufa, and Streptomyces rimosus) in submerged culture have been examined. The rheology of all the broths became pseudoplastic as soon as significant growth occurred with the power law index, n, falling to 0.20 to 0.25. The consistency index, K, rose with biomass concentration although in some instances it fell later in the fermentation. The mean main hyphal lengths of all cultures were in the range, 15 to 25 μm, and did not alter greatly even when large changes in K were occurring. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.