Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prices in 1970: The Horizontal Phillips Curve

ECONOMISTS OF ALL PERSUASIONS, monetarists and fiscalists alike, have been surprised by the stubborn refusal of the U.S. rate of inflation to decelerate during 1970. If the beginning of the present recession is dated from the peak of industrial production in the third quarter of 1969, four quarters of recession have now passed without any decline in the rate of advance of the nonfarm private deflator (NPD). There is no historical precedent for this, since the rate of increase of the NPD had fallen from 5.9 percent in the last four expansion quarters to -1.2 percent in the first four recession quarters in 1948-49, from 1.8 to 1.3 percent in 1953-54, from 3.6 to 1.3 percent in 1957-58, and from 1.5 to 1.1 percent in 1960-61.1 In contrast, the same pair of figures for 1969-70 is 4.3 and 4.7 percent, so the rate of inflation has actually increased slightly. The significant rise in unemployment in 1970, accompanied by a virtually unchanged rate of inflation, contrasts with the inverse relation between inflation and unemployment-known as the Phillips curve-that is usually assumed by economists, including the administration game-plan strategists. The first section of this report examines disaggregated evidence to determine whether the peculiar behavior of aggregate prices has been widespread or confined to specific misbehaving sectors. The second section
Interplay between entrepreneurial characteristics, organisational structure, corporate culture and SME performance: empirical results from Fiji Islands

This paper demonstrates how entrepreneurial characteristics, organisational structure and corporate culture combine synergistically within an eclectic framework of performance influenced by corporate growth, management’s optimism and product diversification in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Fiji Islands. Data analysis and key findings from a survey of 360 respondents indicate that performance of SMEs is neither influenced by the age nor the education level of the entrepreneur but rather their gender and ethnicity. Competitor orientation contributes more to the performance of SMEs than customer orientation. The implications of these findings with respect to SMEs in Fiji are discussed.
Types of Identification among Russians in the 'Near Abroad'

AFTER THE DISSOLUTION OF THE SOVIET UNION a significant number of Russians, namely 25 million, happened to live in the near abroad, that is in one of the 14 non-Russian successor states. ' These ethnic Russians, whose social status suddenly shifted from the position of a dominant nation in the Soviet era to that of a minority group residing in a nationalising state, have been the focus of attention of many scholars.2 These authors have coined various labels to categorise the Russians in the near abroad, such as Russian settlers or Russian diaspora. These labels, however, have clear drawbacks. The term 'Russian settler community', used by Melvin in his perceptive study Russians beyond Russia, suggests a prior movement from one country to another, while in fact Russians can be considered as indigenous in some regions, for instance eastern Ukraine.3 The label 'diaspora', used by Shlapentokh among others, implies that Russians in the near abroad have strong links with their Russian homeland, while in fact most of them lack a sense of homeland other than the USSR as a whole.4 The conglomerate identity category 'Russian-speaking population', used by Laitin, is not accurate either. Whereas the use of this label may serve as a simple means to generalise 'the other' from the titular perspective, the question remains whether different non-titular ethnic groups speaking the Russian language (e.g. Jews, Gypsies, Belarusians and Russians in Ukraine) consider themselves as one group. Moreover, the label 'Russian-speaking population' is ambiguous in those republics where a considerable number of titulars speak Russian as their first language, for instance in Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan (i.e. Russophone titulars). Although many researchers have focused on the position of ethnic Russians in the near abroad and on their differences across the republics, little attention has been given to the possible variety within Russian communities.5 Given the dynamic nature of identification among ethnic minorities in newly independent republics, we may assume nonetheless that various identification types can be distinguished among Russians living in the near abroad. In this article we attempt to distinguish the most salient types of identification among these Russians. It is important to find out whether most of them consider themselves primarily as Russians or whether many of them are more or less assimilated and whether they then identify as republican representatives or even as titulars. The question is whether dual ethnic identification is an option for Russians, and whether many Russians still identify as Soviet citizens. After having determined the most salient types of
Dietary intake among Norwegian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the nationwide study on dietary behaviour of adolescents was to describe and evaluate dietary habits, and relate that to other lifestyle factors. DESIGN AND SUBJECT: 1564 students in secondary schools completed a self-administered quantitative food frequency questionnaire in a school setting. RESULTS The questionnaire showed an average energy intake of 15.8 and 9.9 MJ among boys and girls, respectively. Nearly 31% of the energy was supplied by fat and 11.4% by sugar. The average daily intake of micronutrients exceeded the Norwegian recommendations, except for vitamin D and iron in girls. 13.4% of the students had breakfast twice a week or less. These students had a higher percentage of energy from fat and sugar, and a lower intake of micronutrients, than students eating breakfast more often. Students who were daily smokers or fairly inactive had higher energy percentage from fat and sugar and lower intake of fibre, than non-smokers or physically active students. CONCLUSION Half of the students consumed a diet with too much fat and two-thirds consumed too much sugar as compared to the recommendations. The girls had a diet with a higher nutrient density and a lower fat energy percentage than the boys. Finally, it seemed as if a healthy lifestyle was associated with a healthy diet.
Older workers in Australia: the myths, the realities and the battle over workforce 'flexibility'

A decisive 2004 fourth term win for the Howard Government and control over the Senate provided the Australian government with a mandate to further deregulate the labour market in the name of ‘flexibility’. This conceptual paper uses a critical perspective to challenge the wisdom of neo-liberal market economics as the driving force behind the rapid expansion of non-traditional ‘flexible’ forms of work and argues that this kind of divestment strategy can produce negative long term consequences including under utilisation of labour and skill shortages stemming from a lack of investment in human capital. While an ageing workforce is set to intensify labour shortages long into the future, the Howard Government has adopted modest measures designed to counter age based discrimination and encourage workforce participation. However, participation rates among mature age workers in Australia have remained one of the lowest among OECD countries. This paper argues that the Government’s labour market deregulation policies are reducing the availability of jobs that provide sufficient working conditions and remuneration to make workforce participation attractive to many of those who are not working. The erosion of employment conditions associated with ‘flexible’ workforce reform can lead to underemployment and other employment outcomes that often fail to meet the needs of disadvantaged groups in the labour market. More recently, however, the Government has embarked on reforms that appear to provide genuine incentives aimed specifically at attracting workforce participation by older workers, but only for those aged 60 years and over.
Social Capital and Regional Social Infrastructure Investment

In this article, we link unique data on local social infrastructure expenditure with microlevel individual survey data of self-reported social capital measures of trust and participation in community activities. We use both probit and tobit models to estimate the impact of social infrastructure expenditure on social capital formation. Our results imply that the links between social capital, demographic characteristics, human capital, geography, and public social infrastructure investment are rather more subtle and complex than much of the literature implies. While we find evidence in support of many of the hypothesized relationships discussed in the social capital literature, our results also suggest that the impact of public social infrastructure investment is affected by both selection effects and free rider processes.
Working Memory and the Hippocampus

A number of studies suggest an important role for the hippocampus in tasks involving visuospatial or relational working memory. We test the generality of this proposal across tasks using a battery designed to investigate the various components of working memory, studying the working memory performance of Jon, who shows a bilateral reduction in hippocampal volume of approximately 50%, comparing him to a group of 48 college students. We measure performance on four complex working memory span measures based on combining visuospatial and verbal storage with visuospatial or verbal concurrent processing as well as measuring Jon's ability to carry out the component storage and processing aspects of these tasks. Jon performed at a consistently high level across our range of tasks. Possible reasons for the apparent disparity between our own findings and earlier studies showing a hippocampal deficit are discussed in terms of both the potential differences in the demands placed on relational memory and of the proposed distinction between egocentric and allocentric visuospatial processing.
The Role of Culture in Parents’ Socialization of Children’s Emotional Development

Parents’ emotion coaching of children and modeling of effective emotional responses are associated with children’s positive emotional development. However, much of the research in this area has been with European American families. This study examined parents’ self-reports about their emotion regulation patterns and coaching their children about emotions, across three racial and ethnic groups (African American, European American, and Multiracial), to determine how well these parental behaviors predicted their children’s self-reports of depressive and anxiety symptoms 18 to 24 months later (N = 99). For the African American families, a higher level of coaching about anger and sadness by mothers was linked with lower depressive symptoms in their children. A higher level of anger coaching by fathers within the Multiracial group was also associated with lower anxiety and depressive symptoms. This study supports the importance of cultural values, within racial and ethnic groups, in parenting approaches associated with children’s mental health outcomes.
Extracellular Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Induces T Cell Apoptosis In Vivo and In Vitro1

Incubation of mouse T cells expressing the cell surface enzyme ADP ribosyltransferase with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) had been reported to cause ADP ribosylation of cell surface molecules, inhibition of transmembrane signaling, and suppression of immune responses. In this study, we analyze the reasons for these effects and report that contact of T cells with NAD causes cell death. Naive T cells when incubated with NAD and adoptively transferred into semiallogeneic mice fail to cause graft-vs-host disease, and when injected into syngeneic, T cell-deficient recipients do not reconstitute these mice. Rather, they accumulate in the liver, leading to an increase of apoptotic lymphocytes in this organ. Similar effects are induced by injection of NAD, shown to cause a dramatic increase of apoptotic CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells in the liver. Consistent with this, in vitro incubation of naive T cells with NAD is shown to induce apoptosis. In contrast, no cell death is demonstrable when T cells are activated before incubation with NAD. It is concluded that ecto-NAD, as substrate of ADP ribosyltransferase, acts on naive, but not on activated CD69+ T cells.
Epstein‐Barr virus B95.8 produced in 293 cells shows marked tropism for differentiated primary epithelial cells and reveals interindividual variation in susceptibility to viral infection

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), a well‐characterised B‐lymphotropic agent is aetiologically linked to B cell lymphoproliferations, but the spectrum of diseases the virus causes also includes oral hairy leukoplakia, a benign epithelial lesion, as well as carcinomas of the nasopharynx and of the stomach. However, it is still unclear how EBV accesses and transforms primary epithelial cells. Sixteen samples consisting of primary epithelial cells from the sphenoidal sinus or from tonsils were infected with GFP‐tagged recombinant B95.8 EBVs produced in the 293 cell line. The rate of infection was assessed by counting GFP‐positive cells and cells expressing viral proteins. Primary epithelial cells from all samples were found to be sensitive to EBV infection but there was a marked interindividual variation among the tested samples (2–48% positive cells). This suggests heterogeneity in terms of sensitivity to EBV infection in vivo and therefore possibly to EBV‐associated diseases of the epithelium. The virus showed a preferential tropism for differentiated epithelial cells (p63 negative, involucrin positive). In all cases, infected cells expressed EBV lytic proteins but also the LMP1 protein. The viral tropism for differentiated cells and the permissivity of these cells for virus replication reproduced in vitro cardinal features of oral hairy leukoplakia. We have identified a source of EBV that shows unusually strong epitheliotropism for primary epithelial cells that will allow detailed analysis of virus‐cell interactions during virus infection, replication and virus‐mediated transformation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bactericidal Action of Daptomycin against Stationary-Phase and Nondividing Staphylococcus aureus Cells

ABSTRACT Most antibiotics with bactericidal activity require that the bacteria be actively dividing to produce rapid killing. However, in many infections, such as endocarditis, prosthetic joint infections, and infected embedded catheters, the bacteria divide slowly or not at all. Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic with a distinct mechanism of action that targets the cytoplasmic membrane of gram-positive organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus. Daptomycin is rapidly bactericidal against exponentially growing bacteria (a 3-log reduction in 60 min). The objectives of this study were to determine if daptomycin is bactericidal against nondividing S. aureus and to quantify the extent of the bactericidal activity. In high-inoculum methicillin-sensitive S. aureus cultures in stationary phase (1010 CFU/ml), daptomycin displayed concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, requiring 32 μg/ml to achieve a 3-log reduction. In a study comparing several antibiotics at 100 μg/ml, daptomycin demonstrated faster bactericidal activity than nafcillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin. In experiments where bacterial cell growth was halted by the metabolic inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone or erythromycin, daptomycin (10 μg/ml) achieved the bactericidal end point (a 3-log reduction) within 2 h. In contrast, ciprofloxacin (10 μg/ml) did not produce bactericidal activity. Daptomycin (2 μg/ml) remained bactericidal against cold-arrested S. aureus, which was protected from the actions of ciprofloxacin and nafcillin. The data presented here suggest that, in contrast to that of other classes of antibiotics, the bactericidal activity of daptomycin does not require cell division or active metabolism, most likely as a consequence of its direct action on the bacterial membrane.
Perceptions and Beliefs concerning Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Physicians and Patients Disagree

Background/Aim: There is insufficient evidence to support an association between lifestyle and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Furthermore, perceptions concerning the impact of GERD on lifestyle are largely unknown. We aimed at investigating physicians’ perceptions about GERD and lifestyle and at evaluating physician-patient agreement concerning the impact of GERD on the quality of life. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to all Danish primary care physicians (n = 3,603, response rate 36%) and to all Danish gastroenterologists (n = 624, response rate 50%). Another questionnaire was completed by 176 GERD patients on medical therapy (84% on proton pump inhibitors). Results: 35% of the physicians believe GERD is predominantly caused by lifestyle and 51% always recommend lifestyle modifications. According to the physicians, the three most frequently affected aspects of quality of life were sleep disturbances (24%), limitations in physical activities (22%) and tiredness (18%). However, according to the patients, the three most frequently reported aspects were dietary restrictions (63%), tiredness/lack of energy (49%) and health concerns (44%). 70% of the physicians considered complete absence of symptoms as a useful goal for therapy. 72% of the patients reported recent symptoms, despite therapy and self-imposed lifestyle restrictions. Conclusions: Physicians and GERD patients disagree on impairments of quality of life. Many patients reported frequent symptoms despite therapy and self-imposed lifestyle restrictions.
Effects of dietary fat on muscle substrates, metabolism, and performance in athletes.

INTRODUCTION The present investigation aimed at identifying differences in muscle structural composition, substrate selection, and performance capacity in highly trained endurance athletes as a consequence of consuming a high-fat or a low-fat diet. METHODS Eleven duathletes ingested high-fat (53% fat; HF) or high-carbohydrate diets (17% fat; LF) for 5 wk in a randomized crossover design. RESULTS In m. vastus lateralis, oxidative capacity estimated as volume of mitochondria per volume of muscle fiber (HF: 9.86 +/- 0.36 vs LF: 9.79 +/- 0.52%, mean +/- SE) was not different after the two diet periods. Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) was significantly increased after HF compared with LF (1.54 +/- 0.27% vs 0.69 +/- 0.09%, P = 0.0076). Glycogen content was lower after HF than after LF, but this difference was not statistically significant (487.8 +/- 38.2 vs 534.4 +/- 32.6 mmol x kg-1 dry weight, P = 0.2454). Maximal power and [OV0312]O(2max) (63.6 +/- 0.9 vs 63.9 +/- 1.2 mL O(2) x min-1 x kg-1 on HF and LF) during an incremental exercise test to exhaustion were not different between the two diet periods. Total work output during a 20-min all-out time trial (298 +/- 6 vs 297 +/- 7 W) on a bicycle ergometer as well as half-marathon running time (80 min 12 s +/- 86 s vs 80 min 24 s +/- 82 s) were not different between HF and LF. Blood lactate concentrations and respiratory exchange ratios (RER) were significantly lower after HF than after LF at rest and during all submaximal exercise loads. CONCLUSIONS Muscle glycogen stores were maintained after a 5-wk high-fat diet period whereas IMCL content was more than doubled. Endurance performance capacity was maintained at moderate to high-exercise intensities with a significantly larger contribution of lipids to total energy turnover.
Effect of baroreceptor denervation on the autonomic control of arterial pressure in conscious mice

This study evaluated the role of arterial baroreceptors in arterial pressure (AP) and pulse interval (PI) regulation in conscious C57BL mice. Male animals, implanted with catheters in a femoral artery and a jugular vein, were submitted to sino‐aortic (SAD), aortic (Ao‐X) or carotid sinus denervation (Ca‐X), 5 days prior to the experiments. After basal recording of AP, the lack of reflex bradycardia elicited by administration of phenylephrine was used to confirm the efficacy of SAD, and cardiac autonomic blockade with methylatropine and propranolol was performed. The AP and PI variability were calculated in the time and frequency domains (spectral analysis/fast Fourier transform) with the spectra quantified in low‐ (LF; 0.25–1 Hz) and high‐frequency bands (HF; 1–5 Hz). Basal AP and AP variability were higher after SAD, Ao‐X or Ca‐X than in intact mice. Pulse interval was similar among the groups, whereas PI variability was lower after SAD. Atropine elicited a slight tachycardia in control mice but did not change PI after total or partial denervation. The bradycardia caused by propranolol was higher after SAD, Ao‐X or Ca‐X compared with intact mice. The increase in the variability of AP was accompanied by a marked increase in the LF and HF power of the AP spectra after baroreceptor denervation. The LF and HF power of the PI were reduced by SAD and by Ao‐X or Ca‐X. Therefore, both sino‐aortic and partial baroreceptor denervation in mice elicits hypertension and a remarkable increase in AP variability and cardiac sympathetic tonus. Spectral analysis showed an important contribution of the baroreflex in the power of LF oscillations of the PI spectra. Both sets of baroreceptors seem to be equally important in the autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system in mice.
Over-reviewed and Underfunded? The evolving policy context of Australian higher education research and development

Major restructuring to the Australian higher education sector was initiated in 1988 with the dismantling of the previous binary system and the introduction of the unified national system. Since this time the sector has been the subject of continuous review by government and the policy and funding framework for higher education research in particular has undergone a number of changes. After providing contextual information regarding Australia and its R&D effort, this paper examines a number of major reviews that have impacted on the higher education sector. Particular attention is directed to identifying changes in both policy and funding environment. It is argued that the crisis facing Australian universities is the result of not only inadequate funding but also an over-reliance by government on the market steering of the sector.
Dose Response of Soft X-Ray-Induced Bystander Cell Killing Affected by p53 Status

A radiation-induced bystander response, which is generally defined as a cellular response that is induced in nonirradiated cells that received bystander signals from directly irradiated cells within an irradiated cell population. In our earlier X-ray microbeam studies, bystander cell killing in normal human fibroblasts had a parabolic relationship to the irradiation dose. To elucidate the role of p53 in the bystander cell killing, the effects were assessed using human non-small cell lung cancer cells expressing wild-type or temperature-sensitive mutated p53. The surviving fraction of bystander wild-type p53 cells showed a parabolic relationship to the irradiation dose; survival was steeply reduced up to 0.45 Gy, recovered toward to 2 Gy, and remained at control levels up to 5 Gy. In contrast, in the mutated p53 cells at a nonpermissive temperature, the surviving fraction was steeply reduced up to 1 Gy and remained at the reduced level up to 5 Gy. When the mutated p53 cells were incubated at a permissive temperature, the decrease in the surviving fraction at 2 Gy was suppressed. The wild-type p53 cells were not only restrained in releasing bystander signals at 2 Gy, but were also resistant to the signals released by the mutated p53 cells. These results suggest that the X-ray-induced bystander cell killing depends on both the irradiation dose and the p53 status of the targeted cells and the bystander cells.