Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Galanin inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase expression in midbrain dopaminergic neurons

Galanin (GAL) inhibits midbrain dopamine (DA) activity in several experimental paradigms, yet the mechanism underlying this inhibition is unclear. We examined the effects of GAL on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in primary cultures of rat embryonic (E14) ventral mesencephalon (VM). One micromolar GAL had no effect on the number of TH‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons in VM cultures. However, 1 µm GAL reduced an approximately 100% increase in TH‐ir neurons in 1 mm dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP)‐treated cultures by ∼50%. TH‐ir neuron number in dbcAMP‐treated VM cultures was dose‐responsive to GAL and the GAL receptor antagonist M40 blocked GAL effects. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR and quantitative immunoblotting experiments revealed that GAL had no effect on TH mRNA levels in VM cultures but reduced TH protein. VM cultures expressed GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 receptor mRNA. However, dbcAMP treatment resulted in a specific ∼200% increase in GALR1 mRNA. GALR1 activity is linked to a pertussis toxin (PTX)‐sensitive opening of G protein‐gated K+ channels (GIRKs). GAL reduction of TH‐ir neuron number in dbcAMP + GAL‐treated cultures was sensitive to both PTX and tertiapin, a GIRK inhibitor. GAL inhibition of midbrain DA activity may involve a GALR1‐ mediated reduction of TH in midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
A Simple Construction of Initial Data for Multiple Black Holes

Binary black hole spacetimes are one of the great challenges for numerical general relativity, even if no matter sources are present. Here we consider the problem of finding initial data for several black holes in vacuum with arbitrary momenta and spins. In general relativity, initial data on a hypersurface cannot be specified freely, because the Einstein equations give rise to four equations, three momentum constraints, and the Hamiltonian constraint that the initial data has to satisfy. The purpose of this Letter is to introduce a novel approach which is significantly simpler than the conventional method based on throats and conformal imaging. In all that follows we will assume vacuum, that the metric is conformally flat, and that the extrinsic curvature is tracefree. A convenient form of the constraints of general relativity can be obtained by rescaling the physical three-metric g ph ab and its extrinsic curvature K ph ab by a conformal factor c,
Recent Advances in Chinese Archeomagnetism

The geomagnetic field is one of Earth’s fundamental properties with a history of ~3.5 Gyr. The field, generated in Earth’s core is a window to the deep interior of Earth and may have played a key role in evolution of life on our planet. Materials on Earth’s surface that contain magnetic minerals can record information about the geomagnetic field in which they formed. Fired archeological materials (e.g., pottery, brick, and burnt clay) are favorable recorders of the field, and have been widely employed to recover geomagnetic variations over periods of hundreds to thousands of years. The longevity of Chinese civilization and the abundant nature of archeological artifacts make Chinese archeomagnetism a promising source of data. The main work of Chinese archeomagnetism was carried out in the 1980s and 90s, followed by a break of more than a decade; in the 2010s activity resumed. In this paper, we review the development of Chinese archeomagnetism, including a summary of previous work, recent progress, remaining issues and future studies with the aim of promoting an understanding of archeomagnetic work in China and to guide the way for future studies. Here, we compile published data, including some data discovered in old publications that have not yet been included in paleomagnetic databases. We also establish the first, albeit preliminary, archeomagnetic reference curves (with 42 declination / inclination pairs and 76 / 192 archeointensities) for the geomagnetic field in China (ArchInt_China.1a / ArchInt_China.1b, ArchDec_China.1, ArchInc_China.1), which can be used for global comparison of the field and regional archeomagnetic dating.
Calculation of the dietary exposure of Chinese consumers to acephate residues using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

This paper compares the exposure for the Chinese populations and sub-groups to acephate, a widely applied organophosphorus pesticide, using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Acephate residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program 2001–2006, collected by multi-stage stratified sampling and with a detection rate of 3.3%. Food consumption data were gathered from the national diet and nutrition survey conducted in 2002 over three consecutive days by the 24-h recall method, and included 22,563 families or 65,886 consumers aged 2–100 years. For point estimate, it was evident that exposures were higher than the acute reference dose (ARfD) in many cases. For the probabilistic approach, the P99.9 exposures for the general population and children accounted for 11.88 and 24.15% of the ARfD, respectively, in acute intake calculations and 52.86 and 68.75%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) in chronic intake calculations. The exposure level of rural people was higher than urban dwellers, and vegetables contributed most to acephate intake.
Teenage girls’ participation in sports. An intergenerational analysis of socio-cultural predictor variables

Abstract The main objective of this study is to analyse which socio-cultural variables, including parental sports experiences, best predict the active sports participation patterns of teenage girls. Identical data were retrieved from three cross-sectional samples of teenage girls and their parents (N =7,276) through a written questionnaire. Results from logistic regression modelling indicate that parental sports capital and the school programme remain significant socio-cultural determinants for female teenagers’ active participation in leisure-time sports, of which mothers’ sports capital is the most important one. It is suggested that more sports policy efforts are needed in relation to teenage girls and their mothers, in order to get this target group more actively involved in sports and physical activities.
Chirp-Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response in Children: A Review.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the use of the chirp stimulus to record auditory brainstem responses in the pediatric population via a traditional review. METHOD An electronic search of the literature and a hand search of the literature were conducted. Studies that utilized chirp stimuli within the pediatric population that met all of the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Qualitative synthesis and interpretation of the data were completed. RESULTS Seven studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Chirp stimuli produce auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveform amplitudes in children similar to those in adults when presented at moderate to low frequency levels. Latency data from chirp stimuli are not consistent when stimulus presentation rates are altered. Test-retest reliability when using the chirp stimulus was found to be good, as were sensitivity and specificity of chirp-evoked ABRs utilized in a newborn hearing screening protocol. CONCLUSION Reviewed studies indicated that when presented at 60 dB nHL or lower, broadband chirp-generated ABRs have larger amplitudes than click-generated ABRs in children with normal hearing. Utilization of chirp stimuli decreases test time because waveforms are easier to detect with increased synchronization. Further research should focus on correlating chirp thresholds with behavioral hearing thresholds. Given the variance of results in these select studies, future research should also evaluate latency findings and focus on developing normative data for infants with hearing impairment and normal hearing.
Examining creativity and cultural production: screen based media and the current research into creativity

This paper presents an overview of the current research into creativity, contrasts this with some common sense assumptions about creativity, and explores what the implications are for media practice in the light of what that research is telling us (McIntyre, 2012). In doing this the paper concentrates on some of the issues that apply to an understanding of the ways the products of screen based media, in particular television and film, come into being. It specifically focuses on so called confluence approaches to creativity and cultural production, including the systems model of creativity developed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1988, 1997, 1999) and combines this with the comprehensive approach to cultural production put forward by Pierre Bourdieu (1977, 1990, 1993 ,1996). The argument being presented is that it is the combined action of multiple interacting factors that enables creativity to emerge in film and television.
Interaction between Foxc1 and Fgf8 during Mammalian Jaw Patterning and in the Pathogenesis of Syngnathia

Syngnathia (bony fusion of the upper and lower jaw) is a rare human congenital condition, with fewer than sixty cases reported in the literature. Syngnathia typically presents as part of a complex syndrome comprising widespread oral and maxillofacial anomalies, but it can also occur in isolation. Most cartilage, bone, and connective tissue of the head and face is derived from neural crest cells. Hence, congenital craniofacial anomalies are often attributed to defects in neural crest cell formation, survival, migration, or differentiation. The etiology and pathogenesis of syngnathia however remains unknown. Here, we report that Foxc1 null embryos display bony syngnathia together with defects in maxillary and mandibular structures, and agenesis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). In the absence of Foxc1, neural crest cell derived osteogenic patterning is affected, as osteoblasts develop ectopically in the maxillary prominence and fuse with the dentary bone. Furthermore, we observed that the craniofacial musculature is also perturbed in Foxc1 null mice, which highlights the complex tissue interactions required for proper jaw development. We present evidence that Foxc1 and Fgf8 genetically interact and that Fgf8 dosage is associated with variation in the syngnathic phenotype. Together our data demonstrates that Foxc1 – Fgf8 signaling regulates mammalian jaw patterning and provides a mechanistic basis for the pathogenesis of syngnathia. Furthermore, our work provides a framework for understanding jaw patterning and the etiology of other congenital craniofacial anomalies, including temporomandibular joint agenesis.
The Role of Planning for Intention-Behavior Consistency

Two studies investigated how planning affects intention-behavior consistency. In Study 1 an experimental group and control group which each consisted of 14 undergraduates were requested in computerized interviews to indicate which activities they intended to perform on the following day. Subjects in the experimental group were also requested in a second phase of the interviews to specify when and where they intended to perform the activities. The results showed that activities for which time and place had been specified were more likely to be performed. In Study 2 another 75 undergraduates volunteered to participate in an experiment in which they were requested to perform an activity (reporting mood effects of reading a prose excerpt) by themselves on one of three following days. One group of subjects only agreed to perform the activity, another group agreed to perform the activity as well as indicated when and where they would do it, and a third group in addition to this indicated which other activities they would perform on the same day. In support of the hypothesis that planning an activity increases the likelihood that it will be performed, the results showed that subjects who indicated other activities more frequently performed the target activity. More efficient time management resulting from planning may account for the findings, although further research is needed to show this conclusively.
Signal transduction pro fi le of chemical sensitisers in dendritic cells : An endpoint to be included in a cell-based in vitro alternative approach to hazard identi fi cation ?

a Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal b Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal c Faculdade de Medicina (Serviço de Dermatologia), Hospital da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal d Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular and Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
Providing dental care to survivors of childhood sexual abuse: treatment considerations for the practitioner.

BACKGROUND Adults who experienced childhood sexual abuse frequently find dental treatment difficult to tolerate. Increased understanding of common long-term effects of this trauma may help dental professionals to respond more sensitively to patients who have experienced it. METHODS The authors recruited 58 men and 19 women with self-reported histories of childhood sexual abuse from social agencies serving this population and interviewed the participants about their experiences with health care professionals, including dentists. The authors analyzed interview transcripts using the constant comparative method to identify main themes and patterns. RESULTS Participants reported aspects of dental treatment that can be particularly difficult for them and offered ideas about how dental health professionals could make the experience more tolerable for them. The data analysis produced suggestions about how dentists might respond sensitively to patients who frequently cancel appointments, are distressed by certain body positions, need a sense of control and fear judgment. The authors also report participants' thoughts about questions from dental practitioners regarding a history of childhood sexual abuse. CONCLUSIONS Adults who report a history of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to experience dental treatment more positively when dental professionals have some understanding of the long-term effects of such abuse, including how it can affect dental treatment interactions. Such knowledge enables dental professioinals to respond to their needs in a sensitive manner.
Extracting the Evaluations of Stereotypes: Bi-factor Model of the Stereotype Content Structure

Stereotype dimensions—competence, morality and sociability—are fundamental to studying the perception of other groups. These dimensions have shown moderate/high positive correlations with each other that do not reflect the theoretical expectations. The explanation for this (e.g., halo effect) undervalues the utility of the shared variance identified. In contrast, in this work we propose that this common variance could represent the global evaluation of the perceived group. Bi-factor models are proposed to improve the internal structure and to take advantage of the information representing the shared variance among dimensions. Bi-factor models were compared with first order models and other alternative models in three large samples (300–309 participants). The relationships among the global and specific bi-factor dimensions with a global evaluation dimension (measured through a semantic differential) were estimated. The results support the use of bi-factor models rather than first order models (and other alternative models). Bi-factor models also show a greater utility to directly and more easily explore the stereotype content including its evaluative content.
Use of the Global Assessment of Function scale in learning disability.

BACKGROUND The Global Assessment of Function (GAF) scale is widely used in adult psychiatric practice and research but it has not often been used in learning disability, which is inherently more complex. AIMS To evaluate the reliability of GAF in the assessment of learning disability. METHOD GAF reliability was tested by simultaneous multiple rating of unselected case vignettes (n=19-25) from health professionals of different disciplines, under controlled conditions. Analysis of reliability was made with the intraclass correlation coefficient (R(1)) with separate assessments to determine rater bias and individual performance of raters. RESULTS The results of three data-sets showed generally poor overall levels of agreement, with R(1) levels of 0.35 and 0.28 and somewhat better levels for current GAF scores (R(1)=0.49). However, a subset of raters was identified that achieved much higher levels (R(1)=0.54 to 0.74). CONCLUSIONS The GAF, in its current format, is not reliable enough to be used in the routine assessment of learning disability. A subgroup of raters, however, have ratings that are, by current biostatistical criteria, sufficiently reliable.
A Case of Morphea Following Radiotherapy for an Intracranial Tumor: An Example of Isoradiotopic Response

Sir, We read with great interest the report recently published in the Indian Journal of Dermatology by Balegar et al.,[1] which describes a case of a 27-year-old male who developed radiation-induced progressive generalized morphea after getting radiotherapy (RT) for an intracranial tumor. In this patient, morphea, initially strictly localized on the irradiated zone, appeared some months after the last cycle of RT, suggesting induction by ionizing radiation. [1]
Comparing the personality characteristics and health concerns in married people attempting suicide with ordinary married people

The present study analyzes the comparison between personality characteristics and health concerns in married people who attempt suicide and ordinary married people. The statistical group in this study includes two groups of all the people who have attempted suicide during the years 2012 and 2013 in Khouzestan, Lorestan, Ilam and Alborz provinces, and all the students of the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz as the control group. Among the married people who have attempted suicide, 100 were picked as the sample. The students were selected matching the married people who attempted suicide based on age, gender and being or not being native. The tools used included the Neo personality questionnaire (NEO-FFI) and the Health Concern Questionnaire (HSQ - 54). The results from this study indicated that there is a meaningful difference between the personality characteristics of neuroticism, extroversion and conscientiousness, between mental and social concerns of health among the married people who have attempted suicide and ordinary people. No meaningful difference was found between the physical concerns of the two groups in the personality characteristics of embracing experiences and compromising. In general, the results of the study showed that there is a difference in the personality characteristics and health concerns in the married people who have attempted suicide and ordinary married people.
Modeling of the voltage snap-back in amorphous-GST memory devices

Charge transport in amorphous chalcogenide-GST used for memory devices is modeled by means of two contributions: hopping of trapped electrons and motion of band electrons. Field-induced emission is accounted for as the mechanism mainly responsible for the trap-to-band transitions. The experimental snap-back behavior of the I(V) curves is reproduced even in the simple case of one-dimensional, uniform structures as the one considered in the paper.
Prevalence of Aspergillosis in chronic lung diseases.

Eighty eight patients of chronic lung diseases (CLD) attending TB and Chest department of J.N. Medical college Hospital were studied to find out the prevalence of Aspergillus in Broncho-alveolar Lavage (BAL) and anti- aspergillus antibodies in their sera. Direct microscopy and fungal culture of BAL was done. Antibodies were studied by immunodiffusion (ID) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dot blot assay for anti-aspergillus antibodies was also performed in sera of patients which were either positive by ID or by ELISA. Aspergillus was isolated in culture from 13(14.7%) cases of CLD, while, 30.6% cases showed anti-aspergillus antibodies by serological methods. Aspergillus fumigatus was the predominant species isolated. 17(19.3%) cases of CLD showed antibody against Aspergillus by ID, 22(25%) by ELISA, while 19 of 27 seropositive cases also showed positive results by Dot Blot assay. In cases of bronchogenic carcinoma and pulmonary tuberculosis, anti-aspergillus antibodies were detected equally by ID and ELISA in 21.42% and 21.05% cases respectively. In bronchial asthma, the antibodies could be detected in 60% cases by ELISA, while, in only 10% cases by ID. ELISA was found more sensitive than ID for detection of anti-aspergillus antibodies. The sensitivity of Dot Blot lies some what between ID and ELISA. It is concluded that prevalence of Aspergillosis is quite high in chronic lung diseases, culture and serological test should be performed in conjunction and more than one type of serological tests should be performed to establish the diagnosis.
Recurrent intracranial Rosai-Dorfman disease: Management of a challenging case

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare, idiopathic, benign histioproliferative disorder. Extranodal involvement is seen in around 25–40% of patients. Central nervous system manifestation of RDD is uncommon and suprasellar location of the lesion is a distinct rarity. Surgery is the cornerstone of management of intracranial RDD. However, tumor recurrence or regrowth is a potential problem. Hence, low dose conformal radiotherapy (RT) should be considered in patients undergoing sub-total resection or having unresectable recurrent disease. Though cranial RT usually leads to satisfactory improvement of symptoms and long-term disease stabilization or regression, in few patients there may be an eventual progression of disease for which systemic chemotherapy may be considered. We have highlighted the salient features of this enigmatic disease by citing a case of a 50-year-old male patient with suprasellar RDD treated by maximal safe surgery and deferred radiation therapy on progression.
Risk factors associated with denture stomatitis in healthy subjects attending a dental school in southeast iran.

OBJECTIVES There is scant information regarding the multifactorial aetiology of denture stomatitis (DS) in the world and, despite its frequency, associated factors are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors that may be associated with this lesion. METHODS A total of 70 edentulous patients, all wearing removable dentures, were divided into two groups. The test group comprised 43 patients with DS and the control group comprised 27 subjects with clinically healthy palatal mucosa. A thorough history-taking and physical examination were carried out; the subjects also answered a questionnaire. The serum level of vitamin A for each subject was assayed from a blood sample taken after the examination. RESULTS THIS STUDY SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INCIDENCE OF DS AND THREE MAJOR FACTORS: denture age (in terms of years), the practitioner manufacturing the dentures (general dental practitioner versus dental hygienist), and the night-long wearing of dentures. Also, the vitamin A serum level was low in 94.29% of all subjects (cases and controls). CONCLUSION Although many predisposing conditions were related to this situation, the most important risk factor was the continuous use of the dentures.
Crowding and Cognitive Development

Residential crowding in both U.S. and U.K. samples of 36-month-old children is related concurrently to the Bracken scale, a standard index of early cognitive development skills including letter and color identification, shape recognition, and elementary numeric comprehension. In the U.S. sample, these effects also replicate prospectively. Statistical controls for income, child gender, maternal age, and maternal education are incorporated throughout. In both samples the association between crowding and cognitive development are mediated by maternal responsiveness. Mothers in more crowded homes are less responsive to their children.