Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Approach to Pediatric Injury Prevention in the Emergency Department

Abstract Injury is the leading cause of pediatric mortality and long-term disability. Although the primary care setting has traditionally been considered as the main venue to address injury anticipatory guidance, an emergency department (ED) visit may serve as a “teachable moment” because most injured children are cared for in this setting and the experience may elicit a greater chance of behavior change. However, EDs can also provide additional information and services beyond counseling to prevent injuries. These adjunct efforts and activities focus on primary injury prevention (screening for and promoting safe behaviors and collecting data to survey high-risk community locations), secondary prevention (use of safety products to mitigate injury), and tertiary prevention (maximizing injury care and minimizing injury sequelae). This review will describe several ways an ED can help to mitigate the epidemic of pediatric injuries through surveillance, screening, education, product disbursement, community engagement, and quality improvement efforts.
The quality of public information and the term structure of interest rates

This paper analyzes the term structure of interest rates in an exchange-only Lucas (Econometrica 46:1429–1445, 1978) economy where consumers learn about a stochastic growth rate through observations of the endowment process and an external public signal. We allow for deluded consumers, who exaggerate the degree of covariation between the external public signal and the growth rate. With such consumers, there can be a premium for noisy external public information in long-term bonds and the social value of more precise public information can be negative. Moreover, our model can create excessive yield volatility and deviations from the expectations hypothesis.
Refugees and asylum seekers living in the Australian community: The importance of work rights and employment support

While Australian legislation allows for the mandatory detention of asylum seekers arriving without a valid visa, in recent years the Australian Government has released thousands from immigration detention prior to their protection claims being finalised. This article outlines the results of interviews with eleven men who had been released into such community-based arrangements after long periods of immigration detention. The major challenge for most of the men who had been granted the right to work upon their release was securing employment, while being denied the right to work was the major challenge for those released without this right. This article explores the social and personal benefits that employment can offer asylum seekers and refugees and the implications it has for integration into their host country.
Shareholder Litigation, Reputational Loss, and Bank Loan Contracting

Abstract We examine shareholder litigation and the price and nonprice terms of bank loan contracts. After filing a lawsuit, defendant firms pay higher loan spreads and up-front charges, experience more financial covenants, and are more likely to have a collateral requirement. These findings are consistent with reputational losses associated with shareholder litigation. The magnitude of a firm’s lost market value when the lawsuit is filed is positively related to the increase in the firm’s future borrowing costs. We investigate whether the lawsuit allegations and its merit affect future bank loan terms. Our results do not appear to be affected by self-selection.
Firm Determinants In New Product Introduction: A Study Through Survival Analysis

The literature has broadly discussed the advantages obtained by pioneer firms under the concept of “first mover advantages”. However, less attention has been paid to the study of the factors that determine entry timing. The present paper analyzes the firm’s determinants in the introduction of a product innovation. The results obtained for the Cox regression in the case of the Italian ceramic tiles industry show that technological resources and firm size have a positive and significant influence on the likelihood of the innovation being introduced, while other factors, i.e. financial and marketing resources, have no influence on the adoption of the innovation.
Is seeking treatment for depression predicted by a history of depression in relatives? Implications for family studies of affective disorder

SYNOPSIS Most family studies of psychiatric illness ascertain probands through treatment facilities. If psychiatric illness in relatives influences the probability of treatment seeking, then the risk of illness in the relatives of treated probands will not be representative of the risk of illness in all probands. We have investigated this question in a population-based sample of female twins with lifetime history of DSM-III-R defined major depression (MD) (N = 753), 36% of whom reported seeking professional help for their depression. Logistic and Cox regression methods were used. Treatment seeking for MD was significantly associated with age, education, comorbidity with anxiety disorders, degree of impairment and number of symptoms. Controlling for these predictors, treatment seeking was significantly predicted by the presence of one or more relatives with a lifetime diagnosis of MD (OR = 1·62). The probability of treatment seeking for MD in the proband was significantly increased if the affected relative: (i) had an onset of their MD prior that of the proband and; (ii) themselves sought treatment for their depression. Seeking treatment in this epidemiological sample of depressed women was associated with a 32% increase in risk of MD in relatives. Selecting probands for family studies from treated populations may select for families with an increased rate of illness. For MD, this artefact can explain only a modest proportion of the familial aggregation observed in prior family studies that utilized treated probands.
Eosinophilic Folliculitis: The Histologic Spectrum

We sought to define the light microscopic features of eosinophilic folliculitis as it occurs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The histologic findings of 52 biopsies from 50 patients were graded and compared with six biopsies of suppurative folliculitis from HIV-infected individuals. In all patients, clinical examination showed an eruption of pruritic follicular papules, and the folliculocentric nature of the disorder was confirmed histologically. Perifollicular infiltrates of lymphocytes and eosinophils were identified in all study biopsies, and there was also spongiosis of follicular epithelium. The inflammatory reaction was focused at the level of the follicular isthmus and the sebaceous duct. In all biopsies, lymphocytes and/or eosinophils were present within spongiotic follicular epithelium, but intrafollicular neutrophils were rare. Sebaceous glandular inflammation, eosinophilic pustule formation, and follicular rupture were present in less than half of the biopsies. Small numbers of microbes (bacteria, yeast, Demodex) were identified in 25% of the study biopsies in routine or special stains, but the organisms were away from areas of inflammation and were interpreted as nonpathogenic flora. The biopsies of suppurative folliculitis differed in that neutrophils and macrophages predominated in the infiltrate, microorganisms were readily identified in the inflammatory reaction, and the involved follicle was often ruptured. We believe that eosinophilic folliculitis is a unique HIV-associated dermatosis distinguishable from other folliculitides and papular dermatitides by clinical examination and light microscopy. We present our diagnostic approach.
TIVA in Terms of Middle Ear Pressure During Laparoscopic Surgery

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CO2 insufflation on the pressure of the middle ear cavity (PMEC) during laparoscopic surgery under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol or sevoflurane as an inhalational anesthetic maintenance. Material and Methods. Sixty patients who underwent laparoscopic/or non-laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were included in the study. For anesthetic maintenance with inhalation agents, 20 non-laparoscopic surgery patients in Group 1 were applied sevoflurane (2–2.5%). Forty patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery were randomized into two groups. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (2–2.5%) in twenty patients in Group 2 and the TIVA technique in 20 patients in Group 3. In Group 1, PMEC was measured before anesthesia, 10 and 30 min after endotracheal intubation, 10 min before extubation, and 15, 30, 60 min and 6 hours in the postoperative period. In Group 2 and 3, PMEC was measured before the anesthesia, 10 min after intubation, 10 and 30 min after CO2 insufflation, just before the CO2 elimination, 10 min before the extubation, and 15, 30, 60 min and 6 hours after extubation in the postoperative period. Results. PMEC was significantly increased in Group 1 at 10 min after intubation, at 30 min of the operation, before extubation, and at postoperative 15 and 30 min (p < 0.05). In Group 3, differences between PMECs were detected at the 30th min of insufflation (p = 0.005), and during elimination (p = 0.035) compared to the initial measurement. Generally, the values remained positive in Group 1 and negative in Group 3. There was a significant difference between Group 1 and Group 3 at 10 min after the induction (p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in PMECs between Group 2 and 3 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Conclusions. Our results indicate that, in laparoscopic surgery, TIVA used for the maintenance of anesthesia did not increase the PMEC and the changes caused by sevoflurane were also in the normal range of middle ear pressures. In patients with previous ear surgery, if there is a need of classical surgical procedures in the future, sevoflurane anesthesia should not be the first choice due to its effects on PMEC, which cause it to be increased over 50 daPa, especially at 30 min after intubation. Patient characteristics including previous ear surgery should be considered in selecting the optimum anesthetic agents and technique (Adv Clin Exp Med 2014, 23, 3, 447–454).
Integration of automatically measured transient ischemic dilation ratio into interpretation of adenosine stress myocardial perfusion SPECT for detection of severe and extensive CAD.

UNLABELLED The aim of our study was to derive and to validate the normal threshold for an automatically measured left ventricular transient ischemic dilation (TID) ratio in patients referred for adenosine stress myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) and to assess the value of integrating TID in detecting severe and extensive coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Normal limits for the TID ratio were derived using dual-isotope MPS data from 38 patients with a low (<5%) likelihood of CAD. Criteria for abnormality were calculated on the basis of data from 179 consecutive patients who had undergone coronary angiography less than 3 mo after index adenosine MPS: 41 patients (23%) had severe and extensive CAD (> or =90% stenosis) in the proximal left anterior descending artery or in 2 or more coronary arteries, 64 (36%) had no significant CAD (<70% stenosis), and 74 (41%) had mild or moderate CAD. The criteria were then prospectively validated in a cohort of 177 patients, of whom 41 patients (23%) had severe and extensive CAD, 55 (31%) had no significant CAD, and 81 (46%) had mild or moderate CAD. RESULTS By analysis of receiver-operating-characteristic curves, the best threshold for adenosine TID ratio abnormality was the mean adenosine TID ratio in the low-CAD-likelihood patients + 2 SDs (TID ratio > 1.36). Abnormal TID ratio using this threshold demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for severe and extensive CAD (71% and 86%, respectively), and similar sensitivity and specificity were observed in the prospective validation group (73% and 88%, respectively). In the combined pilot and validation groups, the absence of both abnormal TID ratio and abnormal perfusion was highly specific for the absence of severe and extensive CAD; only one (1.3%) of 79 patients with severe and extensive CAD had neither of these abnormal findings on adenosine MPS. In patients with both abnormal TID ratio and abnormal perfusion, 55 of 84 (65%) had severe and extensive CAD. When patients had one but not both of these findings, 26 of 193 (13%) had severe and extensive CAD. CONCLUSION The automatically measured TID ratio is a useful clinical marker that is sensitive and highly specific for identification of severe and extensive CAD in patients undergoing adenosine MPS. Integration of abnormal TID ratio into the dual-isotope MPS image interpretation algorithm improves the identification of severe and extensive CAD in adenosine MPS.
Export instability and the domestic economy: Questions of causality

The conventional view concerning the impact of export instability on the domestic economies of developing countries is one of pessimism. Export instability is thought to adversely affect the short‐run stability and longer‐run growth of income. Empirical evidence on these matters is, however, inconclusive. This article applies a Granger/Sims reduced form approach to examining whether export instability generates short‐run instability in domestic income. For each of a sample of 20 trade‐dependent countries the results obtained strongly support the contention that export instability induces short‐run macroeconomic instability.
Unionism and Wages: A Longitudinal Analysis

THE impact of unionism on relative wage rates is a topic of long-standing interest in labor economics. Over the years researchers have used a variety of approaches to estimate the wage advantage associated with union membership. Initially, researchers compared the average wages of union and nonunion workers in specific sectors, such as an industry. ' This approach has the obvious limitation of not accounting very well for the various quality or productivity differences that exist among workers-differences that command compensating wage payments. More recent studies have used cross-section wage regressions to control for these other determinants of wages and thereby improve estimates of the union wage effect. Using large microeconomic data files containing detailed information on characteristics of individual workers, numerous studies have estimated wage regressions that include controls for worker characteristics (education, experience, etc.) and a dichotomous variable indicating union membership status as explanatory variables.2 The coefficient of the union membership variable in these regressions is taken as an estimate of the average impact that unionism has on wage rates, controlling for measured differences in characteristics among workers. Unfortunately, the wage regression approach does not completely resolve the problem of standardizing the union-nonunion wage comparison for differences in worker quality. Even with detailed microdata on the characteristics of individual workers, it is simply not possible to specify a set of variables that completely captures all worker-specific differences in productive ability. Some aspects of human capital are too subtle to be operationally specified and included in a wage regression, although they are recognized and paid for by employers. To the extent that these unmeasured worker-specific differences are correlated with union membership, the wage regression will incorrectly attribute a relative wage impact to unionism.3 An alternative measurement approach that has several advantages over the wage regression is to compare the wage received by the same worker as a union and nonunion member. In the past, data limitations have prevented researchers from making such a comparison. Since only a small portion of workers change union status in a given period, an unusually large longitudinal file is needed to yield a sufficient number of observed changes for a meaningful analysis.4 Recently, however, large longitudinal data files on individuals participating in the Current Population Survey have become available. This paper uses these data to estimate the impact a change in union status has on the worker' s wage. The
Kanamycin incorporation in lipid vesicles prepared by ethanol injection designed for tuberculosis treatment

The primary goal of this study was the production of liposomes encapsulating kanamycin for drug administration by inhalation. The selected drug is indicated for multiresistant tuberculosis, and administration through inhalation allows both local delivery of the drug to the lungs and systemic therapy. The ethanol injection method used for the liposome production is easily scaled up and is characterized by simplicity and low cost. Vesicles were prepared using different lipid compositions, including hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (SPC/Chol), egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (EPC/Chol), distearoyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (DSPC/Chol), distearoyl phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol (DSPC/DMPE/Chol), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (DPPC/Chol) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol and cholesterol (DPPC/DPPG/Chol). The effects of different operational conditions for vesicle production and drug encapsulation were evaluated, aiming at a compromise between final process cost and suitable vesicle characteristics. The best performance concerning drug incorporation was achieved with the DSPC/Chol system, although its production cost was considerably larger than that of the natural lipids formulations. Encapsulation efficiencies up to 63% and final drug to lipid molar ratios up to 0.1 were obtained for SPC/Chol vesicles presenting mean diameters of 132 nm incubated at 60°C with the drug for 60 min at an initial drug‐to‐lipid molar ratio of 0.16.
Access to Finance by Small and Medium Enterprises: A Cross‐Country Analysis with a New Data Set

Access to finance has always been a challenge for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), but the need to address this issue became more pronounced after the global financial crisis, as SMEs are perceived as engines of growth and job creation. However, lack of consistent indicators for SME finance at the country level restricts cross‐country analyses. The present paper introduces a supply‐side data set to fill this gap, and provides the first set of analyses with this new data set. Global SME lending volume is predicted as $US10tn, 70% of which is in high‐income OECD countries. On average, SME loans constitute 13 and 3% of GDP in developed and developing countries, respectively.
Do Sales of Foreign Exchange Reserves Lead to Currency Appreciation

We employ novel time-stamped reserve sales data, provided by the Czech National Bank (CNB), to carry out a time-series analysis of the exchange rate implications of Czech reserve sales aimed at mitigating valuation losses on Euro-denominated assets. The sales were explicitly not intended to influence the value of the koruna relative to the euro. The period under study includes a well-defined regime change in the CNB's approach to reserves sales, allowing us to address whether the manner in which the sales are carried out matters for their influence on the relative value of the domestic currency. We find little evidence that reserve sales influence the exchange rate when sales are carried out on a discretionary and relatively infrequent basis. However, when the sales are carried out daily, we find a statistically and economically significant appreciation of the domestic currency follows.
Connexin abundance in resistance vessels from the renal microcirculation in normo‐ and hypertensive rats

The expression of connexins in renal arterioles is believed to have a profound impact on conducted responses, regulation of arteriolar tonus and renal blood flow. We have previously shown that in renal preglomerular arterioles, conducted vasomotor responses are 40% greater in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Because conducted vasomotor responses depend on the cell–cell communication mediated through gap junctions, we hypothesized that the increased magnitude of conducted vasomotor response in SHR is associated with an increased amount of connexins in renal arterioles. To test this hypothesis, the amount of connexin 37 (Cx37), Cx40 and Cx43 was assessed in renal arterioles from normo‐ and hypertensive rats using quantitative immunofluorescence laser confocal miscroscopy. To account for differences in genetic background, we included both normotensive Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) and SD rats in the study. In all three strains of rats, and for all three isoforms, the expression of connexins was predominantly confined to the endothelial cells. We found a significantly increased abundance (240 ± 17.6%, p<0.05) of Cx37 in arterioles from WKY compared with SD and SHR. This high abundance of Cx37 was not related to blood pressure because normotensive SD demonstrated a level of Cx37 similar to that of SHR. Additionally, we found no evidence for an increased abundance of Cx40 and Cx43 in renal arterioles of SHR when compared with normotensive counterparts.
Ownership concentration, board characteristics and firm performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of the relationship between firm-level governance mechanisms and firm performance using a contingency framework. The contingency framework is based on an integration of agency theory, stewardship theory, resource dependence theory and stakeholder theory of firm governance. Design/methodology/approach – The authors test the arguments on a sample of all the listed firms on the New Zealand Stock Exchange between 2004 and 2007. Given the longitudinal nature of the data, the authors employ random effects, generalized least square estimation to run the regression models. Findings – The authors find that the presence of internal directors, CEO duality, board size and presence of professional directors leads to superior firm performance. A lack of ownership concentration leads to agency problems resulting in inferior performance. However, the positive effect of board independence on firm performance reduces in firms that have a high-ownership con.
Finance Research Productivity and Influence

This study examines differences in finance research productivity and influence across 661 academic institutions over the five-year period from 1989 through 1993. The authors find that forty institutions account for over 50 percent of all articles published by sixteen leading journals over the five-year period; sixty-six institutions account for two-thirds of the articles. Influence is more skewed, with as few as twenty institutions accounting for 50 percent of all citations to articles in these journals. The number of publications and publication influence increase with faculty size and academic accreditation. Prestigious business schools are associated with high publication productivity and influence. Coauthors are Robert J. Bricker, Kelly R. Brunarski, and Betty J. Simkins. Copyright 1995 by American Finance Association.