Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Use of G-form as an Assessment Instrument in Arabic Language Teaching Based on HOTS

Recently, Higher Order Thinking Skills is a new issues in Indonesia, because the government was inserted HOTS question into national exam in order to develop Indonesian education. One of the problem occuring that the students are not familiar to the question given, as the result, the student confuse and complait about it. Thereby, the need to the assessment instrument that could help teacher and students to challenge it is the must. This study aimed to describe the use of G-form as a assessment instrument in arabic language teaching based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), to ascertain availability of g-form features as an assessment instrument in arabic language teaching based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), and to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of it. The research used a library research. The data was taken by interview the arabic teacher that use gmail as a test instrument in arabic language teaching based on HOTS, by reading books, national as well as international journals, and other references related to this discussion, and small experiment of g-form made. The result of this study claim that g-form can be used as an assessment instrument in Arabic language teaching based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). The second are, although it has many advantages, in the other side, the disadvantages were found as well
Temperature-aware cooperative ring oscillator PUF

Physical unclonable functions leverage the manufacture variations during silicon fabrication process and have found many security related applications. The ring oscillator PUF relies on pairs of ring oscillators which have sufficiently large difference in delay to generate reliable bits. Current RO PUF approaches use redundancy to provide reliability under different operating temperature and thus have very high hardware cost.We propose a temperature-aware cooperative (TAC) RO PUF implementation to reduce such cost. The basic idea is to allow a pair of ring oscillators to generate an unreliable bit as long as we can find means to convert it to a reliable bit. We define bit generation rules that explicitly take temperature into consideration and pair up the ring oscillator pairs so they can cooperate. Experiments on FPGA show that our approach can significantly improve the efficiency of the RO PUF implementation. With the same hardware that the current state-of-art approach requires to generate one reliable bit, our TAC RO PUF approach can generate as high as 1.8 reliable bits, that is, an 80% improvement in hardware utilization.
REAP - A Strategy for Improving Reading/Writing/Study Skills

"We read at our own pace, finish with an inchoate lump of meaning unformed by language, and go on to other activity. " Henry goes on to suggest that it is not until we try to communicate the ideas of the passage, to ourselves or to others, that we indeed conceptualize it and know what meaning we have. This idea is supported by evidence from the field of verbal learning which strongly suggests that one learns best when the task one undertakes requires meaningful processing and an overt response (Anderson, 1970). Although reading teachers give lip service to the notion of developing active readers, it has become increasingly apparent that many common teaching practices, including the "establish purpose, read, answer questions" pattern typical of the DRA and its variations, are not adequately accomplishing this purpose. Even when such practices are moderately successful in the classroom, they tend to
Thriving at work: A meta‐analysis

Thriving at work refers to a positive psychological state characterized by a joint sense of vitalityand learning. Based on Spreitzer and colleagues’ (2005) model, we present a comprehensive meta-analysis of antecedents and outcomes of thriving at work (K = 73 independent samples, N = 21,739 employees). Results showed that thriving at work is associated with individual characteristics, such as psychological capital (rc = .47), proactive personality (rc = .58), positive affect (rc = .52), and work engagement (rc = .64). Positive associations were also found between thriving at work and relational characteristics, including supportive coworker behavior (rc = .42), supportive leadership behavior (rc= .44), and perceived organizational support (rc = .63). Moreover, thriving at work is related to important employee outcomes, including health-related outcomes like burnout (rc = -.53), attitudinal outcomes like commitment (rc = .65), and performance-related outcomes like task performance (rc = .35). The results of relative weights analyses suggest that thriving exhibits small, albeit incremental predictive validity above and beyond positive affect and work engagement, for task performance, job satisfaction, subjective health, and burnout. Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis support Spreitzer and colleagues’ (2005) model and underscore the importance of thriving in the work context.
Who's Minding the Store? Motivating and Monitoring Hired Managers at Small, Closely Held Firms: The Case of Commercial Banks

We test whether the gains from hiring an outside manager exceed the principal-agent costs of owner-manager separation at 266 small, closely held U.S. commercial banks. Our results suggest that hiring an outside manager can improve a bank's profit efficiency, but that these gains depend on aligning the hired managers with owners via managerial shareholdings. We find that over-utilizing this control mechanism results in entrenchment, while under-utilization is costly in terms of foregone profits. This study provides a relatively unfettered test of mitigating principal-agent costs, because these small banks cannot rely on market forces or blocks of outside investors to monitor managers.
Comparative Study of The Effect of LPS on The Function of BALB/c and C57BL/6 Peritoneal Macrophages

Objective: Macrophages influence their environment and surrounding immune cells as soon as stimulators affect them. Different sources of macrophages induce different reactions in their neighboring immune cells,which result in non-uniform immunologic outcomes. In this experimental research, we compare the behavior of peritoneal macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation from BALB/cmice as an indicator of a type 2 immune response and from C57BL/6 mice as an indicator of a type 1 immune response. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, peritoneal macrophages prepared from thioglycolate stimulated BALB/c and C57BL/6 micewere treated with 1µg/ml LPS. At different time points after LPS treatment, nitric oxide (NO), interferon gamma (IFN-λ), interleukin 4 (IL-4),transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1), interleukin 17 (IL-17), and interleukin 10(IL-10) production were measured in the supernatants of all macrophage cultures. Indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO) and phagocytic activitywere analyzed in the different experimental groups. The supernatant effects of LPS-treated macrophages on splenocyte proliferation was assessed by the colorimetric method using a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagent. Results: According to cytokine analysis, different mouse strains show different cytokine patterns in response to LPS. C57BL/6 macrophages produced more IL-17, IL-10, and IFN-λ, while BALB/c macrophages produced more TGF-β1 and IL-4. There was no significant difference in IDO activity between strains (p≤0.05). BALB/c mice produced more NO inthe first 24 hours after LPS treatment,but C57BL/6 produced more NO at 72 hours post-LPS treatment. Macrophages from both strains hada suppressor effect on splenocyte proliferation, but this effect was stronger in BALB/c mice. Conclusion: The results show that macrophages from different genetic backgrounds respond differently to the same stimulus in aspects of type, intensity, and time of response. The consideration of these aspects will enableresearchers to use correct treatment programs for immune-regulation or immunotherapy.
Global regulation of heterochromatin spreading by Leo1

Heterochromatin plays important roles in eukaryotic genome regulation. However, the repressive nature of heterochromatin combined with its propensity to self-propagate necessitates robust mechanisms to contain heterochromatin within defined boundaries and thus prevent silencing of expressed genes. Here we show that loss of the PAF complex (PAFc) component Leo1 compromises chromatin boundaries, resulting in invasion of heterochromatin into flanking euchromatin domains. Similar effects are seen upon deletion of other PAFc components, but not other factors with related functions in transcription-associated chromatin modification, indicating a specific role for PAFc in heterochromatin regulation. Loss of Leo1 results in reduced levels of H4K16 acetylation at boundary regions, while tethering of the H4K16 acetyltransferase Mst1 to boundary chromatin suppresses heterochromatin spreading in leo1Δ cells, suggesting that Leo1 antagonises heterochromatin spreading by promoting H4K16 acetylation. Our findings reveal a previously undescribed role for PAFc in regulating global heterochromatin distribution.
ROBUST DETERMINATION OF THE MAJOR MERGER FRACTION AT Z = 0.6 IN THE GROTH STRIP

We measure the fraction of galaxies undergoing disk–disk major mergers (fmphm) at intermediate redshifts (0.35 ⩽ z < 0.85) by studying the asymmetry index A of galaxy images. Results are provided for B- and Ks-band absolute magnitude selected samples from the Groth strip in the galaxy origins and young assembly photometric survey. Three sources of systematic error are carefully addressed and quantified. The effects of the large errors in the photometric redshifts and asymmetry indices are corrected with maximum-likelihood techniques. Biases linked to the redshift degradation of the morphological information in the images are treated by measuring asymmetries on images artificially redshifted to a reference redshift of zd = 0.75. Morphological K-corrections are further constrained by remaining within redshifts where the images sample redward of 4000 Å. We find that: (1) our data allow for a robust merger fraction to be provided for a single redshift bin, which we center at z = 0.6. (2) Merger fractions at that z have lower values than previous determinations: fmphm = 0.045+0.014−0.011 for MB ⩽ −20 galaxies, and fmphm = 0.031+0.013−0.009 for galaxies. And, (3) failure to address the effects of the large observational errors leads to overestimating fmphm by factors of 10%–60%. Combining our results with those on other B-band selected samples, and parameterizing the merger fraction evolution as fmphm(z) = fmphm(0)(1 + z)m, we obtain that m = 2.9 ± 0.8, and fmphm(0) = 0.012 ± 0.004. For an assumed merger timescale between 0.35–0.6 Gyr, these values imply that only 20%–35% of present-day MB ⩽ −20 galaxies have undergone a disk–disk major merger since z ∼ 1. Assuming a Ks-band mass-to-light ratio not varying with luminosity, we infer that the merger rate of galaxies with stellar mass M⋆ ≳ 3.5 × 1010 M☉ is ℜm = 1.6+0.9−0.6 × 10−4 Mpc-3 Gyr-1 at z = 0.6. When we compare with previous studies at similar redshifts, we find that the merger rate decreases when mass increases.
Inequities of Enrollment in Gifted Education: A Statewide Application of the 20% Equity Allowance Formula

Underrepresentation in gifted education for ethnically diverse student groups has been widely recognized. Two recent federal district court decisions defined the lower limits of equitable participation using the 20% equity allowance formula proposed by Donna Ford. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the application of the 20% rule to identify the prevalence of inequity and associated variables in Texas gifted education programs. Using data from the Office of Civil Rights and Texas Education Agency, the authors applied the 20% rule to demographics of K-12 gifted education programs in Texas to identify inequity and used Bayesian regression with district characteristics to investigate contributing factors of inequity. Only 282 of 994 (28.4%) districts met equity standards for Hispanic students. Second, Bayesian regressions with district-level characteristics of students, teachers, and expenditures were used to identify factors associated with inequitable enrollment of Hispanic students. Overall, the model accounted for 12.9% variance (R2 = 0.129, 95% highest density interval [0.095, 0.170]), with increasing variance explained by district subsets (i.e., city, suburb, town, rural). Furthermore, the results of the regression models revealed the percentage of Hispanic and White teachers were inversely associated with inequity across all district subsets. It is postulated that the mechanism of inequity is in the teacher referral process, frequently used as a determinant of gifted education enrollment. The authors suggest means of addressing this reality.
Immigrant and Minority Student Visual Narratives of High School Dropout in Atlanta

This thesis is about the Reading and Writing for Filmmaking Afterschool program, an extracurricular focus group centered around engaging urban immigrant and minority workingclass high school students in a discussion about high school dropout using participatory video as a methodological tool. The program was created under the assumption that, (1) within ‘free spaces’ students who are encouraged to express themselves and explore their social realities through innovative methods will reveal their understanding of high school dropout and the factors contributing to it, and (2) the way these students conceptualize and talk about high school dropout is significant to understanding this phenomenon. Through participatory video, observation, interviews, and storyboard narratives, I examine the discourse of minority and immigrant students as a means of understanding their cultural assumptions and observations of school dropout. As a result, this paper illuminates the issue of immigrant educational retention and attrition in an urban public school setting. INDEX WORDS: Latino, Hispanic, Minority, Immigrant, Educational attainment, School dropout, School attrition and retention, Participatory video, Narrative, Visual methodology, Afterschool programs, Georgia
EOP, a Newly Synthesized Ethyl Pyruvate Derivative, Attenuates the Production of Inflammatory Mediators via p38, ERK and NF-κB Pathways in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated BV-2 Microglial Cells

Microglia-induced neuroinflammation is an important pathological mechanism influencing various neurodegenerative disorders. Excess activation of microglia produces a myriad of proinflammatory mediators that decimate neurons. Hence, therapeutic strategies aimed to suppress the activation of microglia might lead to advancements in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we synthesized a novel ethyl pyruvate derivative, named EOP (S-ethyl 2-oxopropanethioate) and studied its effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in rat primary microglia and mouse BV-2 microglia. EOP significantly decreased the production of NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase and other proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia. The phosphorylation levels of extracellular regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB were also inhibited by EOP in LPS-activated BV-2 microglial cells. Overall, our observations indicate that EOP might be a promising therapeutic agent to diminish the development of neurodegenerative diseases associated with microglia activation.
Culture, identity, religion and sexual behaviour among Black and Minority Ethnic teenagers in East London

We agreed with the Department of Health to write 4 papers aimed at practitioners rather than academics and as such the papers are structured as stand-alone reports. They will therefore contain some degree of overlap. Further details of our methods can be found in the endnotes of each paper and in our methods paper. All quotations are taken from focus groups with young people, unless otherwise stated.
Postural primitives: Interactive Behavior for a Humanoid Robot Arm

This paper describes the implementation of reex action for the arm of the humanoid robot Cog [5]. A set of biologically inspired postural primitives are used to create the arm motion. The primitives are combined in di erent ways to achieve reaching with grasping and withdrawal reexes, allowing the arm to interact safely with both objects and people. This paper describes the re exes, the biological inspiration for the control, and includes data collected from the robot.
Object-Orientation in Requirements , Specifications and Models TR-2001-12

Object-oriented requirements and specifications seem desi rable for object-oriented design and implementation. However, in this paper we demonstr ate hat this is not necessarily the case. When we compare the conventionally desired attributes of requirements (e.g., easily modifiable, expressed in the customer’s terms , and individual requirements which are separable) with some of the conventional properti es of object-orientation (e.g., taxonomic organization), we see that in some ways the y ar incompatible with each other. While a specification may be expressed as an objec t-ori nted model, there are disadvantages to doing so that have not been adequately c onsidered in this context. We illustrate these distinctions with examples from the Kai serslautern Light Control Problem and offer strategies to assist practitioners as the y address these issues.
Electronic Participation through Social Media

It is widely acknowledge that many of e-Participation initiatives often attract wider audience and face serious limited citizens' involvement. The use of social media has been seen as a hope to remedy such limitation. However, despite the recently adoption of social media the lack of citizens' involvement in e-Participation initiatives still remains. This ongoing research paper aims at producing a general overview of e-Participation through social media. So far, the latest research works on such topic have been predominantly focused on a political context of e-Participation, where politicians-citizens interactions and activities are the central interest of the studies. Little existing studies investigate e-Participation in its own right in government context. The findings also reveal that the majority of e-Participation through social media initiatives are more informative than interactive, since few initiatives have been found that aim to considerably enhance citizen participation in policy decision making.
Coincident Pre-Diabetes Is Associated with Dysregulated Cytokine Responses in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Background Cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) - Type 2 diabetes mellitus co-morbidity. However, the cytokine interactions that characterize PTB coincident with pre-diabetes (PDM) are not known. Methods To identify the influence of coincident PDM on cytokine levels in PTB, we examined circulating levels of a panel of cytokines in the plasma of individuals with TB-PDM and compared them with those without PDM (TB-NDM). Results TB-PDM is characterized by elevated circulating levels of Type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2), Type 17 (IL-17A and IL-17F) and other pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IFNβ and GM-CSF) cytokines. TB-PDM is also characterized by increased systemic levels of Type 2 (IL-5) and regulatory (IL-10 and TGFβ) cytokines. Moreover, TB antigen stimulated whole blood also showed increased levels of pro-inflammatory (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-1β) cytokines as well. However, the cytokines did not exhibit any significant correlation with HbA1C levels or with bacterial burdens. Conclusion Our data reveal that pre-diabetes in PTB individuals is characterized by heightened cytokine responsiveness, indicating that a balanced pro and anti - inflammatory cytokine milieu is a feature of pre-diabetes - TB co-morbidity.
Codes for distributed PIR with low storage overhead

Private information retrieval (PIR) protocols allow a user to retrieve a data item from a database without revealing any information about the identity of the item being retrieved. Specifically, in information-theoretic k-server PIR, the database is replicated among k non-communicating servers, and each server learns nothing about the item retrieved by the user. The cost of PIR protocols is usually measured in terms of their communication complexity, which is the total number of bits exchanged between the user and the servers. However, another important cost parameter is the storage overhead, which is the ratio between the total number of bits stored on all the servers and the number of bits in the database. Since single-server information-theoretic PIR is impossible, the storage overhead of all existing PIR protocols is at least 2 (or k, in the case of k-server PIR). In this work, we show that information-theoretic PIR can be achieved with storage overhead arbitrarily close to the optimal value of 1, without sacrificing the communication complexity. Specifically, we prove that all known k-server PIR protocols can be efficiently emulated, while preserving both privacy and communication complexity but significantly reducing the storage overhead. To this end, we distribute the n bits of the database among s + r servers, each storing n/s coded bits (rather than replicas). Notably, our coding scheme remains the same, regardless of the specific k-server PIR protocol being emulated. For every fixed k, the resulting storage overhead (s +r)/s approaches 1 as s grows; explicitly we have equation. Moreover, in the special case k = 2, the storage overhead is only 1 + 1/s. In order to achieve these results, we introduce and study a new kind of binary linear codes, called here k-server PIR codes. Finally, we show how such codes can be constructed from multidimensional cubic, from Steiner systems, and from one-step majority-logic decodable codes.
Academic Ability, Earnings, and the Decision to Become a Teacher: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972

Perceived shortcomings in the quality of American education at the elementary and secondary school levels have drawn much public attention recently. In particular, concern with the composition of the teacher force has been prominent. Informed assessment of the various proposals for increasing the quality of the teaching force is possible only if we can forecast the extent to which these proposals, if enacted, would influence the occupational choice decisions of high ability young adults. Until now,there has been no basis for making such forecasts.The research reported here examines the relationships between academic ability, earnings, and the decision to become a teacher through analysis of data from a national sample of college graduates. Inspection of the data reveals that the frequency of choice of teaching as an occupation is inversely- related to academic ability. Conditioning on sex and academic ability, the earnings of teachers are much lower, on average, than those of other working college graduates. Conditioning on sex, the earnings of teachers tend to rise only slightly, if at all, with academic ability. An econometric analysis suggests that in the absence of a minimum ability standard, increases in teacher earnings would yield substantial growth in the size of the teaching force but minimal improvement in the average academic ability of teachers. If teacher salaries are not increased, institution of a minimum ability standard would improve the average ability of the teaching force but reduce its size. The average ability of the teaching force can be improved and the size of the teaching force maintained if minimum ability standards are combined with sufficient salary increases. It appears that the average academic ability of teachers can be raised to the average of all college graduates if a minimum SAT score (verbal +math) of 800 is required for teacher certification and teacher salaries are raised by about ten percent over their present levels.