Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation of On-Tree Vitamin E Biosynthesis in Olive Fruit during Successive Growing Years: The Impact of Fruit Development and Environmental Cues

The term vitamin E refers to a group of eight lipophilic compounds known as tocochromanols. The tocochromanols are divided into two groups, that is, tocopherols and tocotrienols, with four forms each, namely α-, β-, γ-, and δ-. In order to explore the temporal biosynthesis of tocochromanols in olive (Olea europaea cv. ‘Koroneiki’) fruit during on-tree development and ripening over successive growing years, a combined array of analytical, molecular, bioinformatic, immunoblotting, and antioxidant techniques were employed. Fruits were harvested at eight successive developmental stages [10–30 weeks after flowering (WAF)], over three consecutive years. Intriguingly, climatic conditions affected relative transcription levels of vitamin E biosynthetic enzymes; a general suppression to induction pattern (excluding VTE5) was monitored moving from the 1st to the 3rd growing year, probably correlated to decreasing rainfall levels and higher temperature, particularly at the fruit ripening stage. A gradual diminution of VTE5 protein content was detected during the fruit development of each year, with a marked decrease occurring after 16 WAF. Alpha-tocopherol was the most abundant metabolite with an average percentage of 96.82 ± 0.23%, 91.13 ± 0.95%, and 88.53 ± 0.96% (during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year, respectively) of total vitamin E content in 10–30 WAF. The concentrations of α-tocopherol revealed a generally declining pattern, both during the on-tree ripening of the olive fruit and across the 3 years, accompanied by a parallel decline of the total antioxidant capacity of the drupe. Contrarily, all other tocochromanols demonstrated an inverse pattern with lowest levels being recorded during the 1st year. It is likely that, in a defense attempt against water deficit conditions and increased air temperature, transcription of genes involved in vitamin E biosynthesis (excluding VTE5) is up-regulated in olive fruit, probably leading to the blocking/deactivating of the pathway through a negative feedback regulatory mechanism.
Do regulators overestimate the costs of regulation?

Abstract It has occasionally been asserted that regulators typically overestimate the costs of the regulations they impose. A number of arguments have been proposed for why this might be the case. The most widely credited is that regulators fail sufficiently to appreciate the effects of innovation in reducing regulatory compliance costs. Most existing studies have found that regulators are more likely to over- than to underestimate costs. While it is difficult to develop summary statistics to aggregate the results of different studies of disparate industries, one such measure is the average of the ratio of ex ante estimates of compliance costs to ex post estimates of the same costs. This ratio is generally greater than one. In this paper I argue that neither the greater frequency of overestimates nor the fact that the average ratio of ex ante to ex post cost estimates is greater than one necessarily demonstrates that ex ante estimates are biased. There are several reasons to suppose that the distribution of compliance costs could be skewed, so that the median of the distribution would lie below the mean. It is not surprising, then, that most estimates would prove to be too high. Moreover, Jensen’s inequality implies that the expected ratio of ex ante to ex post compliance costs would be greater than one. I propose a regression-based test of the bias of ex ante compliance cost estimates, and cannot reject the hypothesis that estimates are unbiased. Failure to reject a hypothesis with limited and noisy data should not, of course, be interpreted as a strong argument to accept the hypothesis. Rather, this paper argues for the generation of more and better information. Despite the existence of a number of papers reporting ex ante and ex post compliance cost estimates, it is surprisingly difficult to get a large sample with which to make such comparisons.
Protective Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum Aqueous Extract on Thioacetamide-induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Mice

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective activity of aqueous extract from Platycodon grandiflorum (BC703) on thioacetamide (TA)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. We found that BC703 significantly decreased mortality and the change in serum transaminase following TA administration. The group treated with BC703 at doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg produced significant hepatoprotective effects against TA-induced liver damage by decreasing the activities of serum enzymes, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation in dose-dependent manners. Histopathological studies further substantiated the protective effect of BC703. These results show the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract from Platycodon grandiflorum on thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure.
Yang-Baxter maps: dynamical point of view

A review of some recent results on the dynamical theory of the Yang- Baxter maps (also known as set-theoretical solutions to the quantum Yang-Baxter equation) is given. The central question is the integrability of the transfer dynamics. The relations with matrix factorisations, matrix KdV solitons, Poisson Lie groups, geometric crystals and tropical combinatorics are discussed and demonstrated on several concrete examples.
Complete genome sequence of Rhodospirillum rubrum type strain (S1T)

Rhodospirillum rubrum (Esmarch 1887) Molisch 1907 is the type species of the genus Rhodospirillum, which is the type genus of the family Rhodospirillaceae in the class Alphaproteobacteria. The species is of special interest because it is an anoxygenic phototroph that produces extracellular elemental sulfur (instead of oxygen) while harvesting light. It contains one of the most simple photosynthetic systems currently known, lacking light harvesting complex 2. Strain S1T can grow on carbon monoxide as sole energy source. With currently over 1,750 PubMed entries, R. rubrum is one of the most intensively studied microbial species, in particular for physiological and genetic studies. Next to R. centenum strain SW, the genome sequence of strain S1T is only the second genome of a member of the genus Rhodospirillum to be published, but the first type strain genome from the genus. The 4,352,825 bp long chromosome and 53,732 bp plasmid with a total of 3,850 protein-coding and 83 RNA genes were sequenced as part of the DOE Joint Genome Institute Program DOEM 2002.
TEACHER DISCLOSURE: DEVELOPING PRIVACY RULES, MANAGING BOUNDARIES AND BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS

OF THESIS TEACHER DISCLOSURE: DEVELOPING PRIVACY RULES, MANAGING BOUNDARIES AND BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS The roles and responsibilities of middle school teachers are never ending. From instructing students on state-mandated curriculum to the enrichment of character and inquiry, teachers make daily decisions about how and what to disclose to their students. The current study reexamines Hosek and Thompson’s (2009) study on how teachers develop privacy rules and coordinate boundaries using Petronio’s Communication Privacy Management as the theoretical framework. Studying middle school teachers, in lieu of college instructors, allows for a better understanding of how privacy rules and boundaries are constructed and used within the middle school. This provides a better understanding of the important factors that influence teachers’ communicative decision making within the classroom.
Epidemiologic and Molecular Prognostic Review of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary central nervous system malignancy with a median survival of 15 months. The average incidence rate of GBM is 3.19/100,000 population, and the median age of diagnosis is 64 years. Incidence is higher in men and individuals of white race and non-Hispanic ethnicity. Many genetic and environmental factors have been studied in GBM, but the majority are sporadic, and no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of GBMs has been identified. However, several favorable clinical prognostic factors are identified, including younger age at diagnosis, cerebellar location, high performance status, and maximal tumor resection. GBMs comprise of primary and secondary subtypes, which evolve through different genetic pathways, affect patients at different ages, and have differences in outcomes. We report the current epidemiology of GBM with new data from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States 2006 to 2010 as well as demonstrate and discuss trends in incidence and survival. We also provide a concise review on molecular markers in GBM that have helped distinguish biologically similar subtypes of GBM and have prognostic and predictive value. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(10); 1985–96. ©2014 AACR.
PENGARUH ANALISIS LEVERAGE TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN (Studi pada Perusahaan Property dan Real Estate yang Listing di BEI Tahun 2010-2012)

The purpose this study was to determine the influence of leverage analysis on the company's financial performance, either simultaneously or partially. The leverage analysis will be illustrated by the debt ratio, debt to equity ratio and long-term debt to equity ratio, while the company's financial performance is measured by return on investment and return on equity. Under these conditions, the independent variable in this study is the debt ratio, debt to equity ratio and long-term debt to equity ratio and the dependent variable consists of the return on investment and return on equity. The results of the study during 2010 to 2012 show the value of the debt ratio always increased for three consecutive years, while the other variable is the debt to equity ratio, long-term debt to equity ratio and the dependent variable consists of the return on investment and return on equity showed decrease in 2011 and again showed an increase in 2012. Methods This study proves that simultaneous and partially variable debt ratio, debt to equity ratio and long-term debt to equity ratio significantly influence of return on investment and return on equity . Keywords : Leverage Ratio , The Company s Financial Performance. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adalah pengaruh antara analisis leverage terhadap kinerja keuangan perusahaan, baik secara simultan maupun parsial. Analisis leverage akan digambarkan oleh debt ratio, debt to equity ratio dan long-term debt to equity ratio sedangkan kinerja keuangan perusahaan diukur dengan return on investment dan return on equity. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah debt ratio, debt to equity ratio dan long-term debt to equity ratio dan variabel terikat terdiri dari return on investment dan return on equity . Hasil penelitian selama tahun 2010 hingga 2012 menunjukkan nilai debt ratio selalu mengalami peningkatan selama tiga tahun berturut-turut, sementara variabel lain yaitu debt to equity ratio, long-term debt to equity ratio dan variabel terikat terdiri dari return on investment dan return on equity mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2011 dan kembali menunjukkan peningkatan pada tahun 2012. Metode Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa secara simultan dan parsial variabel debt ratio, debt to equity ratio dan long-term debt to equity ratio berpengaruh terhadap return on investment dan return on equity . Kata kunci : Rasio Leverage, Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan.
Corporate Governance and State-owned Enterprises: A Study of Indonesiaâ€™s Code of Corporate Governance

In Indonesia the concept of corporate governance was formally introduced in 1999 when the government established the National Committee on Corporate Governance (NCCG). Indonesia then created its national code of corporate governance in 2000 through the NCCG, later revised in 2006. This code is a reference point for all companies in Indonesia, including state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that are regulated under Law No. 19 of 2003. According to the law there are two types of SOEs: general companies and limited liability companies. The former are SOEs that have tasks to run social purposes. The latter are business-oriented SOEs, comprise listed companies or companies where shares are fragmented and non-listed companies (pure SOEs), where the government is representative of ordinary public as shareholder. Consequently, Indonesiaâ€™s code of good corporate governance applies also to pure SOEs. By undertaking a document analysis method, the study attempts to answer a question as to what extent Indonesiaâ€™s concept of corporate governance conforms to the Anglo-American corporate governance regime. In addition, this examines Indonesiaâ€™s code of corporate governance and to determine whether the code is suitable for solving the existing problems of SOEs, including pure SOEs. This study found that the mainstream corporate governance is designed to deal with agency problem that occurs in publicly traded companies with widely dispersed shareholders as opposed to non-listed companies such as pure SOEs with the government as shareholderâ€™s representative. Likewise, it found that the code has failed to be a problem solver for two other crucial problems, conflicting objectives and political interference. However, like other countries, the Indonesia code is the best solution in upholding listed companies with fragmented shareholders.
Breaking the Cycle of Poverty: Asset Accumulation by People with Disabilities.

In this article the authors argue that equality for people with disabilities is contingent on economic equality and financial independence. They discuss the use of asset accumulation strategies, such as Individual Development Accounts ("IDAs"), by people with disabilities who utilize Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Medicaid. The major federal IDA programs, Assets for Independence (AFIA) IDAs and TANF IDAs, are compared in their use by people with disabilities. Further, the authors examine the income and resource limitations of SSI, SSDI, TANF and Medicaid and show how these often operate as barriers to asset accumulation by people with disabilities. Work incentives that operate within these programs are discussed in relation to asset development. Finally, the article concludes with proposals to encourage asset accumulation by people with disabilities.
The public and private sector pay gap in Pakistan: a quantile regression analysis

This paper examines the magnitude of public/private wage differentials in Pakistan using data drawn from the 2001-02 Pakistan Labour Force Survey. As in many other countries, public sector workers in Pakistan tend both to have higher average pay and education levels as compared to their private sector counterparts. In addition, the public sector in Pakistan has both a more compressed wage distribution and a smaller gender pay gap than that prevailing in the private sector. Our empirical analysis suggests that about two-fifths of the raw differential in average hourly wages between the two sectors is accounted for by differentials in average characteristics. The estimated public sector mark-up, ceteris paribus, is of the order of 49 percent and is substantial by the standards of developed economies. The quantile regression estimates suggest that the mark-up was found to decline monotonically with movement up the conditional wage distribution. In particular, the premium at the 10th percentile was estimated at 92 percent as compared to a more modest 20 percent at the 90th percentile.
Positive selection of mouse NK1+ T cells by CD1-expressing cortical thymocytes

Mouse NK1+ T cells constitute a subset of alpha/beta TCR+ T cells that specialize in the rapid production of cytokines, in particular IL-4, and may promote the differentiation of Th2-type CD4 T cells. Their TCRs, like those of a homologous subset of human T cells, use an invariant TCR alpha chain and were recently shown to be specific for the beta 2-microglobulin-associated, MHC class I-like CD1 molecules, which are encoded outside the MHC. In contrast to mainstream thymocytes, which recognize their positively selecting MHC ligand on thymic epithelial cells, positive selection of NK1+ T cells requires their CD1 ligand to be expressed on bone marrow-derived cells. To investigate the nature of the bone marrow-derived cell involved, chimeric mice were constructed with tissues from normal, SCID, and MHC- deficient mice, so that CD1 could be selectively expressed by different subsets of bone marrow-derived cells in the thymus. CD1 expression was also directly assessed using an anti-CD1 mAb, and a CD1-specific T cell hybridoma. The results suggest that immature (CD4+8+ double-positive) cortical thymocytes are the source of CD1 presentation for positive selection of NK1+ T cells.
A New Model Construction for Various Type Systems ( Extended Abstract )

A construction of nondomain models for various type systems such as Martin-Löf’s type theory with intensional identity types, the polymorphic lambda calculus and other extensions of the simply typed lambda calculus is presented. These extensions include nearly all calculi in Barendregt’s lambda cube enriched by strong sums. The models can be arranged in such a way that the universal type Πα. α representing absurdity is interpreted by the empty set, which means they are also models of the consistent higher order logic defined by the type structure.
A Novel Selective Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist Reduces Food Intake in Rats and Mice without Producing Aversive Consequences

Studies using nonselective agonists and antagonists of melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and MC4R point to the importance of the CNS melanocortin system in the control of food intake. We describe here a novel compound that is highly selective as an agonist at the MC4 receptor but has minimal activity at the MC3 receptor. When administered centrally to rats, this selective agonist increased Fos-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, nucleus of the solitary tract, and area postrema, a pattern of neuronal activation that is similar to that induced by a nonselective MC3/4R agonist. Additionally, it suppresses food intake when administered centrally to rats or peripherally todb/db mice that lack functional leptin receptors via a mechanism that is not accompanied by illness or other nonspecific effects. Conversely, a related compound that is a selective MC4R antagonist potently increased food intake when administered centrally in rats. These results support the hypothesis that the brain MC4R is intimately involved in the control of food intake and body weight and provide evidence that selective activation of MC4R causes anorexia that is not secondary to aversive effects.
Are workplace end-user computing skills at a desirable level? A New Zealand perspective

End-user computing is part of many occupations. The most requested end-user computing skills are experience with word-processing and spreadsheet applications. Often an employee’s skill level may not be good enough to be deemed effective. Frequently this occurs because employers expect that employees will have the requisite skill level without formally assessing this. This paper presents a study involving the testing of people who, in their jobs, use word-processing and spreadsheet software. Two instruments were created to assess skill in common work place computing tasks. The results showed that the majority of participants could only manage very basic spreadsheet tasks, even though the use of spreadsheets was part of their employment. Results for word-processing skill was more positive, with most participants completing all of the basic and some moderately advanced tasks. These results confirm that end-user computer skill, while required, is not at a level that could be deemed proficient.
ANALISIS PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP KEMUNGKINAN FINANCIAL DISTRESS

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of corporate governance characteristics like ownership concentration, government ownership, managerial ownership, independent directors, managerial agency cost, and auditor’s opinion on probability of financial distress. Leverage, profitability, and liquidity used as control variable. The population in this study consists of all listed firms in Indonesia Stock Exchange in year 2010-2011. Sampling method used is purposive sampling. A criterion for firm with probability of financial distress is a company which is has a negative net income in a year ended. Data of these listed companies one and two years before they selected as samples. By omitting companies with some data unavailable, the samples consist of 296 companies. Then, there are 28 samples that included outlier should be excluded from samples of observation. So, the final amounts of the sample are 268 firms. Logistic regression used to be analysis technique. The empirical result of this study show that ownership concentration, managerial ownership, independent directors, and auditor’s opinion have negatively significant influenced on probability of financial distress. Managerial agency cost has positively significant and government ownership has no significant influence to probability of financial distress.
Functions of explanations : Israeli and swedish elementary school curriculum documents

Explanations are an integral part of mathematics education in primary school. This paper investigates some of the possible functions of explanations according to curriculum documents in Israel and Sweden and provides a way of classifying those functions. Findings indicated that explanations may have several various functions depending on the context in which they are requested or given.
Habit in the context of IS continuance: theory extension and scale development

Christy M.K. Cheung Department of Information Systems City University of Hong Kong Tel: (852) 2784-4745, Fax: (852) 2788-8694 iscc@is.cityu. edu.hk Abstract Defining “IS habit” as the extent to which using a particular IS has become automatic in response to certain situations, we developed a reliable and validated scale to measure the construct. The final scale was tested in the context of a theoretical model developed based on recent work on IS continuance. The central idea of this model is to consider habit as a moderator of the relationship between intention and continuous IS usage. The paper describes the scale development process and presents the resulting 6-item measurement instrument. Furthermore, it reports on the results of using the scale to test the “moderator-hypothesis”.
Highway infrastructure and private output: evidence from static and dynamic production function models

Much of the previous empirical literature that evaluates the relationship between public capital and productivity using a production function approach has not allowed for lagged responses of productivity to public capital. Using panel data for 48 contiguous US states over the period 1984–1997, this article demonstrates the importance of using correctly specified dynamics to examine the contribution of highway capital to state productivity. We find that the imposition of static production function models tends to overestimate the short-run effect of highways while underestimating the long-run effect. More plausible results are found when accounting for dynamic adjustments of state output and these show that both the short-run and long-run effects of highway capital are positive but fairly small, even after including positive productivity spillovers from highways located in other states.