Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optical off‐nuclear spectra of quasar hosts and radio galaxies

We present optical (∼3200 to ∼9000 A) off-nuclear spectra of 26 powerful active galaxies in the redshift range 0.1≤z≤0.3, obtained with the Mayall and William Herschel 4-m class telescopes. The sample consists of radio-quiet quasars, radio-loud quasars (all with −23≥MV≥−26) and radio galaxies of Fanaroff–Riley Type II (with extended radio luminosities and spectral indices comparable to those of the radio-loud quasars). The spectra were all taken approximately 5 arcsec off-nucleus, with offsets carefully selected so as to maximize the amount of galaxy light falling into the slit, whilst simultaneously minimizing the amount of scattered nuclear light. The majority of the resulting spectra appear to be dominated by the integrated stellar continuum of the underlying galaxies rather than by light from the non-stellar processes occurring in the active nuclei, and in many cases a 4000-A break feature can be identified. The individual spectra are described in detail, and the importance of the various spectral components is discussed. Stellar population synthesis modelling of the spectra will follow in a subsequent paper.
The depth distribution-a new characterization for linear codes

We apply the well known operator of sequences, the derivative D, on codewords of linear codes. The depth of a codeword c is the smallest integer i such that D/sup i/c (the derivative applied i consecutive times) is zero. We show that the depth distribution of the nonzero codewords of an [n,k] linear code consists of exactly k nonzero values, and its generator matrix can be constructed from any k nonzero codewords with distinct depths. Interesting properties of some linear codes, and a way to partition equivalent codes into new equivalence classes are also discussed.
Words that describe chronic musculoskeletal pain: implications for assessing pain quality across cultures

Background People from different cultures who speak different languages may experience pain differently. This possible variability has important implications for evaluating the validity of pain quality measures that are directly translated into different languages without cultural adaptations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of language and culture on the validity of pain quality measures by comparing the words that individuals with chronic pain from Nepal use to describe their pain with those used by patients from the USA. Methods A total of 101 individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain in Nepal were asked to describe their pain. The rates of the different pain descriptor domains and phrases used by the Nepali sample were then compared to the published rates of descriptors used by patients from the USA. The content validity of commonly used measures for assessing pain quality was then evaluated. Results While there was some similarity between patients from Nepal and the USA in how they describe pain, there were also important differences, especially in how pain quality was described. For example, many patients from Nepal used metaphors to describe their pain. Also, the patients from Nepal often used a category of pain descriptor – which describes a physical state – not used by patients from the USA. Only the original McGill Pain Questionnaire was found to have content validity for assessing pain quality in patients from Nepal, although other existing pain quality measures could be adapted to be content valid by adding one or two additional descriptors, depending on the measure in question. Conclusion The findings indicate that direct translations of measures that are developed using samples of patients from one country or culture are not necessarily content valid for use in other countries or cultures; some adaptations may be required in order for such measures to be most useful in new language and culture.
Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology Assessment of LD Matrix Measures for the Analysis of Biological Pathway Association

Complex diseases will have multiple functional sites, and it will be invaluable to understand the cross-locus interaction in terms of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between those sites (epistasis) in addition to the haplotype-LD effects. We investigated the statistical properties of a class of matrix-based statistics to assess this epistasis. These statistical methods include two LD contrast tests (Zaykin et al., 2006) and partial least squares regression (Wang et al., 2008). To estimate Type 1 error rates and power, we simulated multiple two-variant disease models using the SIMLA software package. SIMLA allows for the joint action of up to two disease genes in the simulated data with all possible multiplicative interaction effects between them. Our goal was to detect an interaction between multiple disease-causing variants by means of their linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns with other markers. We measured the effects of marginal disease effect size, haplotype LD, disease prevalence and minor allele frequency have on cross-locus interaction (epistasis). In the setting of strong allele effects and strong interaction, the correlation between the two disease genes was weak (r = 0.2). In a complex system with multiple correlations (both marginal and interaction), it was difficult to determine the source of a significant result. Despite these complications, the partial least squares and modified LD contrast methods maintained adequate power to detect the epistatic effects; however, for many of the analyses we often could not separate interaction from a strong marginal effect. While we did not exhaust the entire parameter space of possible models, we do provide guidance on the effects that population parameters have on cross-locus interaction.
Tool selection and the ventral‐dorsal organization of tool‐related knowledge

Tool selection is a cognitive process necessary for tool use, and may rely on distinct knowledge under different conditions. This fMRI experiment was designed to identify neural substrates mediating tool selection under different conditions. Participants performed a picture‐matching task that presented a recipient object and an action‐goal, and required the selection of the best tool object from among four candidates. Some trials allowed selection of the prototypical tool, whereas others forced selection of either a functionally substitutable or impossible tool. Statistical contrasts revealed significantly different activation between Proto and Sub conditions in frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. The middle temporal gyrus (MTG) bilaterally, and the right posterior cingulate were more strongly activated by prototypical tool selection, and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), middle frontal gyrus, and precuneus were more strongly activated when selecting substitutable objects. These findings are concordant with previous neuroimaging studies of tool use knowledge in demonstrating that activation of the MTG represents functional knowledge for conventional tool usage, and activation of the IPL/IPS supports action (i.e., praxic) knowledge representations. These results contribute to the literature that dissociates the roles of ventral and dorsal streams in tool‐related knowledge and behavior, and emphasize the role of the left hemisphere for processing goal‐directed object interactions.
Minimally invasive prosthetic procedures in the rehabilitation of a bulimic patient affected by dental erosion

The population affected by dental erosion due to bulimia is generally very young. This population group has a high aesthetic requirement; the dentition in these patients is severely damaged, especially in the anterior maxillary quadrant. In terms of treatment, it is still controversial whether an adhesive rehabilitation is preferable to a longer-lasting but more aggressive conventional treatment, such as full-crown coverage of the majority of teeth. This case report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a young female patient previously affected by bulimia nervosa and presenting erosion of the maxillary teeth. The prosthetic rehabilitation was performed through indirect adhesive restorations of the anterior teeth and direct restorations of the posterior teeth. A clinical follow-up after 4 years showed that the occlusion remained satisfactorily restored. Posterior direct composite resin restorations and anterior indirect adhesive composite restorations proved to be an effective time and money-saving procedure to rehabilitate patients affected by dental erosion. Adhesive rehabilitation provides a functional and good aesthetic result while preserving tooth structure. Key words:Bulimia, dental erosion, composite resin, veneers.
Designing a mobile diet diary application with and for older adults with AMD: a case study

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the UK's leading cause of severe visual impairment amongst the elderly. It accounts for 16,000 blind/partial sight registrations per year and is the leading cause of blindness among people aged 55 years and older in western countries (Bressler, 2004). Our research aims to design and develop a self-monitoring, ability-reactive technology (SMART) for users with AMD to support their dietary-based AMD risk mitigation and progression retardation over time. In this paper, we reflect on our experience of adapting and applying a participatory design (PD) approach to support the effective design of our application with and for older adults with AMD. We introduce the outcome of a series of PD sessions with older adults with AMD -- that is, a paper prototype of our proposed application which focuses on accessibility for our target users -- and discuss implications for the eventual prototype development.
An Adaptive Connectionist Model of Cognitive Dissonance

This article proposes an adaptive connectionist model that implements an attributional account of cognitive dissonance. The model represents an attitude as the connection between the attitude object and behavioral-affective outcomes. Dissonance arises when circumstantial constraints induce a mismatch between the model's (mental) prediction and discrepant behavior or affect. Reduction of dissonance by attitude change is accomplished through long-lasting changes in the connection weights using the error-correcting delta learning algorithm. The model can explain both the typical effects predicted by dissonance theory as well as some atypical effects (i.e., reinforcement effect), using this principle of weight changes and by giving a prominent role to affective experiences. The model was implemented in a standard feedforward connectionist network. Computer simulations showed an adequate fit with several classical dissonance paradigms (inhibition, initiation, forced compliance, free choice, & misattribution), as well as novel studies that underscore the role of affect. A comparison with an earlier constraint satisfaction approach (Shultz & Lepper, 1996) indicates that the feedforward implementation provides a similar fit with these shortcomings of this previous model.
Merging gauge coupling constants without

The merging of the running couplings constants of the weak, strong, and electromagnetic fields does not require the unification of these gauge fields at high energy. It can, in fact, be the property of a general fermionic system in which gauge bosons are not fundamental. PACS 11.10. Hi, 12.10. Kt, 12.60. Re, 67.90. +z, 71.10. -w Email address: frans.klinkhamer@physik.uni-karlsruhe.de Email address: volovik@boojum.hut. fi
Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis strains: evidence of adaptation at the cellular level

To the Editors: In the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO), there are no accurate estimates of numbers of patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR)/extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB). In 2006, we documented the existence and transmission of XDR-TB among patients with MDR-TB 1. In a further study, we isolated more dangerous forms of bacilli, named totally drug-resistant (TDR) 2. This group of strains showed in vitro resistance to all first- and second-line drugs tested ( i.e. aminoglycosides, cyclic polypeptides, fluoroquinolones, thioamides, serine analogues and salicylic acid derivatives). TDR-TB patients remained smear- and culture-positive after 18 months’ median treatment with second-line drugs. Even changing the treatment to co-amoxyclav (625 mg per 8 h) or clarithromycin (1,000 mg·day−1), along with a high dose of isoniazid (15 mg·kg−1) led to no improvement 2. In the present study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the differences between such deadly bacilli and MDR or susceptible ones at the ultrastructural level. Furthermore, to evaluate the genotyping patterns, the strains were subjected to spoligotyping and variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis. Susceptibility testing against first- and second-line drugs was performed using the proportional method on Lowenstein–Jensen media 3. For spoligotyping and VNTR analysis, five isolates from each group of strains …
Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect.

This article presents a theory of how different types of discrepancies between self-state representations are related to different kinds of emotional vulnerabilities. One domain of the self (actual; ideal; ought) and one standpoint on the self (own; significant other) constitute each type of self-state representation. It is proposed that different types of self-discrepancies represent different types of negative psychological situations that are associated with different kinds of discomfort. Discrepancies between the actual/own self-state (i.e., the self-concept) and ideal self-states (i.e., representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a sitmifieant other's hopes, wishes, or aspirations for the individual) signify the absence of positive outcomes, which is associated with dejection-related emotions (e.g., disappointment, dissatisfaction, sadness). In contrast, discrepancies between the actual/own self-state and ought self-states (i.e., representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a significant other's beliefs about the individual's duties, responsibilities, or obligations) signify the presence of negative outcomes, which is associated with agitation-related emotions (e.g., fear, threat, restlessness). Differences in both the relative magnitude and the accessibility of individuals' available types of self-discrepancies are predicted to be related to differences in the kinds of discomfort people are likely to experience. Correlational and experimental evidence supports the predictions of the model. Differences between self-discrepancy theory and (a) other theories of incompatible self-beliefs and (b) actual self negativity (e.g., low self-esteem) are discussed.
Alternative Indigeneity in China? The Paradox of the Buyi in the Age of Ethnic Branding

Abstract:This article considers the future of “indigeneity” in China through examining the case of the Buyi (Bouyei), an ethnic group that has historically been closely aligned with state-building processes. I first introduce a Chinese concept—yuanshengtai—which refers to a perfect combination of pristine nature and culture. By parsing how this notion glosses the historical continuity, cultural distinctiveness, and environmental sensibility of local peoples, I contextualize its potential as an alternative to highlight indigenous identity through ethnic branding and cultural promotion in a country without official endorsement of “indigenous peoples. ” The article proceeds to delineate the paradox of the Buyi, who seem to lack enough cultural difference in branding yuanshengtai, and in turn traces the trajectories and constraints of cultural production in late socialist China.
Lateralized Kinematics of Predation Behavior in a Lake Tanganyika Scale-Eating Cichlid Fish

Behavioral lateralization has been documented in many vertebrates. The scale-eating cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis is well known for exhibiting lateral dimorphism in its mouth morphology and lateralized behavior in robbing scales from prey fish. A previous field study indicated that this mouth asymmetry closely correlates with the side on which prey is attacked, but details of this species' predation behavior have not been previously analyzed because of the rapidity of the movements. Here, we studied scale-eating behavior in cichlids in a tank through high-speed video monitoring and quantitative assessment of behavioral laterality and kinematics. The fish observed showed a clear bias toward striking on one side, which closely correlated with their asymmetric mouth morphologies. Furthermore, the maximum angular velocity and amplitude of body flexion were significantly larger during attacks on the preferred side compared to those on the nonpreferred side, permitting increased predation success. In contrast, no such lateral difference in movement elements was observed in acoustically evoked flexion during the escape response, which is similar to flexion during scale eating and suggests that they share a common motor control pathway. Thus the neuronal circuits controlling body flexion during scale eating may be functionally lateralized upstream of this common motor pathway.
Is Free and Reduced-Price Lunch a Valid Measure of Educational Disadvantage?

Students in the United States whose household income is less than 130% of the poverty line qualify for free lunch, and students whose household income is between 130% and 185% of the poverty line qualify for reduced-price lunch. Education researchers and policymakers often use free and reduced-price lunch (FRPL) status to measure socioeconomic disadvantage. But how valid is this measure? Linking IRS income tax data to school administrative records for all eighth graders in one California public school district and Oregon public schools, we examine how well FRPL enrollment captures student disadvantage. We find that FRPL categories capture relatively little variation in household income. However, FRPL captures elements of educational disadvantage that IRS-reported household income data do not.
Study on a new approach of rank preservation in Analytic Hierarchy Process

In classical Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the rank reversal problem, resulting from adding a new program, brings decision-maker the difficult in evaluation. The rank reversal problem of AHP is discussed in this paper, and a new method of rank preservation is proposed in the condition of Judgment matrix consistency. By this method, the rank reversal problem is solved by some transformation of the weight. Finally, an example is given to show that the method is effective and feasible.
An experimental comparison of four test suite reduction techniques

As a test suite usually contains redundancy, a subset of the test suite (representative set) may still satisfy all the test objectives. As the redundancy increases the cost of executing the test suite, many test suite reduction techniques have been brought out in spite of the NP-completeness of the general problem of finding the optimal representative set of the test suite. In the literature, some experimental studies of test suite reduction techniques have already been reported, but there are still shortcomings of the studies of these techniques. This paper presents an experimental comparison of the four typical test suite reduction techniques: heuristic H, heuristic GRE, genetic algorithm-based approach and ILP-based approach. The aim of the study is to provide a guideline for choosing the appropriate test suite reduction techniques.
An Estimation of the Inside Bank Premium

This paper is an empirical examination of the existence of the inside bank premium arising from relationship banking, which is predicted in the extant theoretical models. These models predict that the contracted interest rate of a loan extended by an inside bank when there exist asymmetries between the inside bank and outside banks, such as the information advantage of the inside bank or the implicit insurance and other borrower-specific services exclusively provided by the inside bank, is higher than that without such asymmetries. Our statistical estimations are based on the dataset collected through the survey for small and medium-sized firms in Japan, which were designed to contain the questions about a firm's loan application process, and the agreed-upon loan terms that are crucial to our tests. Our estimations show that such an inside bank premium is 30-50 basis points on average for short-term loans. This is economically significant for the median short-term interest rate of 1.9 %. The subsample regressions show that this premium is more likely to come from the implicit insurance and that this premium is more significant for smaller inside banks in more competitive loan markets.
The Formation of the cAMP / PKA-dependent Annexin 2S 100 A 10 Complex with CFTR Regulates CFTR Channel Function

Cystic fibrosis results from mutations in the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator protein (CFTR), a cAMP/PKA and ATP-regulated Cl channel. CFTR is increasingly recognized as a component of multi-protein complexes and although several inhibitory proteins to CFTR have been identified, protein complexes that stimulate CFTR function remain less well characterised. We report that annexin 2 (anx 2)-S100A10 forms a functional cAMP/PKA/calcineurin (CaN)-dependent complex with CFTR. Cell stimulation with FSK/IBMX significantly increases the amount of anx 2-S100A10 that reciprocally coimmunoprecipitates with cell surface CFTR and CaN A. Pre-inhibition with PKA or CaN inhibitors attenuates the interaction. Furthermore, we find that the acetylated peptide (STVHEILCKLSLEG, Ac1-14), but not the non-acetylated equivalent N1-14, corresponding to the S100A10 binding site on anx 2, disrupts the anx 2-S100A10/CFTR complex. Analysis of DIDS and CFTRinh172-sensitive currents, taken as indication of the outwardly rectifying Cl channels (ORCC) and CFTR-mediated currents, respectively, showed that Ac1-14, but not N1-14, inhibits both the cAMP/PKA-dependent ORCC and CFTR activities. CaN inhibitors (cypermethrin, cyclosporin A) discriminated between ORCC/CFTR by inhibiting the CFTRinh172-, but not the DIDS, sensitive currents, by more than 70%. Furthermore, peptide Ac1-14 inhibited acetylcholine-induced short-circuit current measured across a sheet of intact intestinal biopsy. Our data suggests that the anx 2-S100A10/CFTR complex is important for CFTR function across epithelia.