Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Low-Profile Unidirectional Printed Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications

By combining a printed reflector-backed one-wave-length bowtie antenna and a printed double loop antenna, a new wideband high-gain antenna element is demonstrated. Due to its low-profile structure of ~ 0. 05λ0, it is attractive to be used in an array environment. Experimentally, a series of antenna arrays operated at 60 GHz are designed and fabricated. They achieve wide impedance bandwidths covering the 57-64 GHz unlicensed frequency band. Over this band, the measured antenna gains are ranged from 14.5-15.5 dBi, 18.3-20.1 dBi and 22.5-25.2 dBi for 4-element, 14-element and 50-element antenna arrays, respectively. The measured radiation pattern has low cross-polarization level and low back radiation. The proposed low-profile antenna and arrays are low-cost in fabrication as they are simply made on a single-layer printed circuit board.
Teachers' Perceptions of the Assessment Structure of the O'level History Syllabus (2167) in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Zaka District.

This study examined teachers’ perceptions of the assessment structure on the 0’level History Syllabus 2167 examination in Zimbabwe. A descriptive survey approach in which 30 History teachers from 15 Zaka District secondary schools responded to a questionnaire was used. Quantitative and qualitative paradigms of data presentation were both useful in this project. Findings from the study revealed that assessment and teaching History are two sides of the same coin but dropping the Source Based Question to an option was considered to be throwing away the baby with bath water. Most teachers are no longer teaching Source Based Questions and critical higher order skills are no longer developed in History students. The essay question with its tri -segmented structure gives prominence to factual regurgitation. This study led to the conclusion that the removal of the Source Based Question from the compulsory status has prevented History students from developing genuine higher order skills in Zimbabwe. It is recommended therefore that syllabus 2166 be revisited with an aim of merging it with syllabus 2167 in order to resuscitate the development of higher order skills of analysis ,inference and evaluation among History students.
Polymorphisms of the Cell Surface Receptor Control Mouse Susceptibilities to Xenotropic and Polytropic Leukemia Viruses

ABSTRACT The differential susceptibilities of mouse strains to xenotropic and polytropic murine leukemia viruses (X-MLVs and P-MLVs, respectively) are poorly understood but may involve multiple mechanisms. Recent evidence has demonstrated that these viruses use a common cell surface receptor (the X-receptor) for infection of human cells. We describe the properties of X-receptor cDNAs with distinct sequences cloned from five laboratory and wild strains of mice and from hamsters and minks. Expression of these cDNAs in resistant cells conferred susceptibilities to the same viruses that naturally infect the animals from which the cDNAs were derived. Thus, a laboratory mouse (NIH Swiss) X-receptor conferred susceptibility to P-MLVs but not to X-MLVs, whereas those from humans, minks, and several wild mice (Mus dunni, SC-1 cells, and Mus spretus) mediated infections by both X-MLVs and P-MLVs. In contrast, X-receptors from the resistant mouse strain Mus castaneus and from hamsters were inactive as viral receptors. These results suggest that X-receptor polymorphisms are a primary cause of resistances of mice to members of the X-MLV/P-MLV family of retroviruses and are responsible for the xenotropism of X-MLVs in laboratory mice. By site-directed mutagenesis, we substituted sequences between the X-receptors ofM. dunni and NIH Swiss mice. The NIH Swiss protein contains two key differences (K500E in presumptive extracellular loop 3 [ECL 3] and a T582 deletion in ECL 4) that are both required to block X-MLV infections. Accordingly, a single inverse mutation in the NIH Swiss protein conferred X-MLV susceptibility. Furthermore, expression of an X-MLV envelope glycoprotein in Chinese hamster ovary cells interfered efficiently with X-MLV and P-MLV infections mediated by X-receptors that contained K500 and/or T582 but had no effect on P-MLV infections mediated by X-receptors that lacked these amino acids. In contrast, moderate expression of a P-MLV (MCF247) envelope glycoprotein did not cause substantial interference, suggesting that X-MLV and P-MLV glycoproteins interfere nonreciprocally with X-receptor-mediated infections. We conclude that P-MLVs have become adapted to utilize X-receptors that lack K500 and T582. A penalty for this adaptation is a reduced ability to interfere with superinfection. Because failure of interference is a hallmark of several exceptionally pathogenic retroviruses, we propose that it contributes to P-MLV-induced diseases.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES ARISING FROM REPRESENTATIONS OF GL(m|n)

This paper provides results on the modular representation theory of the supergroup GL(m|n). Working over a field of arbitrary characteristic, we prove that the explicit combinatorics of certain crystal graphs describe the representa- tion theory of a modular analogue of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand category O. In particular, we obtain a linkage principle and describe the eect of certain trans- lation functors on irreducible supermodules. Furthermore, our approach accounts for the fact that GL(m|n) has non-conjugate Borel subgroups and we show how Serganova's odd reflections give rise to canonical crystal isomorphisms.
The Factor AnalyƟ c Symptom Structure of the Manic Episode and its RelaƟ onship to Aff ecƟ ve Temperament

Methods: The study included 100 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, manic episode (DSM-IV) that were hospitalized in the psychiatric clinics of Bakirkoy Prof. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry and Neurology. The patients were administered the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (positive syndrome sub-scale) (PANSS). Then, factor analysis was conducted. The relationships between factor scores and underlying affective temperaments were investigated in 72 fully-remitted patients that were re-assessed using the Turkish version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Results: A model with 7 factors emerged from principal component factor analysis, which accounted for 67.48% of the total variance. These 7 factors were dysphoria, psychomotor acceleration, psychosis, irritability, insight, grandiosity, and sexual interest. There was a positive correlation between hyperthymic temperament and psychomotor acceleration (r = 0.255, P < 0.05), and a positive correlation between depressive temperament and sexual interest (r = -0.248, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results show that the clinical phenomenology of mania involves the independent dimensions of dysphoria, irritability, and psychosis, and that there is a relationship between hyperthymic temperament and psychomotor acceleration, which is accepted as a core characteristic of mania.
Predatory Incentives and Predation Policy: The American Airlines Case

Two major issues have led courts and antitrust enforcers to take a highly skeptical view when assessing claims of anticompetitive predation. First, predation is an inherently dynamic and strategic phenomenon but the practical tools available to identify predatory behavior are based on a static, competitive view of markets. Second, there is understandable concern about the potential distortionary implications of punishing …rms for competing too intensely. This paper analyzes these problems in the context of the U.S. airline industry, where there have been frequent allegations of predatory conduct. I …rst argue, via an explicit dynamic industry model, that certain features of the industry do make it fertile ground for predatory incentives
Ultrafast wavelength multiplexed broad bandwidth digital diffuse optical spectroscopy for in vivo extraction of tissue optical properties

Abstract. Frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (FD-DOS) utilizes intensity-modulated light to characterize optical scattering and absorption in thick tissue. Previous FD-DOS systems have been limited by large device footprints, complex electronics, high costs, and limited acquisition speeds, all of which complicate access to patients in the clinical setting. We have developed a new digital DOS (dDOS) system, which is relatively compact and inexpensive, allowing for simplified clinical use, while providing unprecedented measurement speeds. The dDOS system utilizes hardware-integrated custom board-level direct digital synthesizers and an analog-to-digital converter to generate frequency sweeps and directly measure signals utilizing undersampling at six wavelengths modulated at discrete frequencies from 50 to 400 MHz. Wavelength multiplexing is utilized to achieve broadband frequency sweep measurements acquired at over 97 Hz. When compared to a gold-standard DOS system, the accuracy of optical properties recovered with the dDOS system was within 5.3% and 5.5% for absorption and reduced scattering coefficient extractions, respectively. When tested in vivo, the dDOS system was able to detect physiological changes throughout the cardiac cycle. The new FD-dDOS system is fast, inexpensive, and compact without compromising measurement quality.
Targeted Destruction of Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells with a Saporin Conjugate Alters the Effects of Light on Mouse Circadian Rhythms

Non-image related responses to light, such as the synchronization of circadian rhythms to the day/night cycle, are mediated by classical rod/cone photoreceptors and by a small subset of retinal ganglion cells that are intrinsically photosensitive, expressing the photopigment, melanopsin. This raises the possibility that the melanopsin cells may be serving as a conduit for photic information detected by the rods and/or cones. To test this idea, we developed a specific immunotoxin consisting of an anti-melanopsin antibody conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin. Intravitreal injection of this immunotoxin results in targeted destruction of melanopsin cells. We find that the specific loss of these cells in the adult mouse retina alters the effects of light on circadian rhythms. In particular, the photosensitivity of the circadian system is significantly attenuated. A subset of animals becomes non-responsive to the light/dark cycle, a characteristic previously observed in mice lacking rods, cones, and functional melanopsin cells. Mice lacking melanopsin cells are also unable to show light induced negative masking, a phenomenon known to be mediated by such cells, but both visual cliff and light/dark preference responses are normal. These data suggest that cells containing melanopsin do indeed function as a conduit for rod and/or cone information for certain non-image forming visual responses. Furthermore, we have developed a technique to specifically ablate melanopsin cells in the fully developed adult retina. This approach can be applied to any species subject to the existence of appropriate anti-melanopsin antibodies.
Reexamining Fear Appeal Models from Cognitive Appraisal Theory and Functional Emotion Theory Perspectives

Recognizing inconsistencies between the extant fear appeal theories and emotion literature, this research integrated cognitive appraisal theory and functional emotion theory into a fear appeal literature and proposed a model that describes a process through which both fear and anxiety can contribute to adaptive responses. Findings from an experiment (N = 927) supported the predictions. Fear and anxiety emerged as distinct constructs. Perceived susceptibility was a stronger predictor of anxiety than fear, while perceived severity was a stronger predictor of fear than anxiety. In addition, greater fear and anxiety led to greater response efficacy through increased motivation to obtain protection-related information and heightened attention to such information, thus mediating the threat and coping appraisal processes. The SEM model testing the predictions showed that perceived susceptibility had the strongest total effects on protection intention, followed by anxiety, perceived severity, and fear.
Optogenetic Activation of the Excitatory Neurons Expressing CaMKIIα in the Ventral Tegmental Area Upregulates the Locomotor Activity of Free Behaving Rats

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays an important role in motivation and motor activity of mammals. Previous studies have reported that electrical stimulations of the VTA's neuronal projections were able to upregulate the locomotor activity of behaving rats. However, which types of neurons in the VTA that take part in the activation remain elusive. In this paper we employed optogenetic technique to selectively activate the excitatory neurons expressing CaMKIIα in the VTA region and induced a higher locomotor activity for free behaving rats. Further behavioral studies indicated that reward learning mediated in the enhancement of the rat locomotor activity. Finally the immunohistochemistry studies explored that the excitatory neurons under the optogenetic activation in VTA were partly dopaminergic that may participate as a vital role in the optogenetic activation of the locomotor activity. In total, our study provided an optogenetic approach to selectively upregulate the locomotor activity of free behaving rats, thus facilitating both neuroscience researches and neural engineering such as animal robotics in the future.
Residential alternatives to acute psychiatric hospital admission: systematic review

Background Reducing use of hospital wards and improving their quality are central aims of mental health service policy. However, no comprehensive synthesis is available of evidence on residential alternatives to standard acute psychiatric wards. Aims To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of and satisfaction with residential alternatives to standard acute in-patient mental health services. Method A systematic search identified controlled studies comparing residential alternatives with standard in-patient services. Studies were described and assessed for methodological quality. Results from higher quality studies are presented and discussed. Results Twenty-seven relevant studies were identified. Nine studies of moderate quality provide no contraindication to identified alternative service models and limited preliminary evidence that community-based alternatives may be cheaper and individuals more satisfied than in standard acute wards. Conclusions More research is needed to establish the effectiveness of service models and target populations for residential alternatives to standard acute wards. Community-based residential crisis services may provide a feasible and acceptable alternative to hospital admission for some people with acute mental illness.
Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with impaired myocardial performance and left ventricle hypertrophy in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients

Objective: Vitamin D deficiency is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. The relationship between vitamin D level and left ventricle (LV) myocardial performance index (MPI=Tei index), which incorporates both LV systolic function and diastolic function, was not investigated in previous studies. We hypothesized that vitamin D level may be associated with LV function and geometry. We aimed to investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH] D) levels and MPI and LV hypertrophy in hypertensive patients with newly diagnosed and preserved ejection fraction. Methods: We studied 151 sequential newly diagnosed hypertensive subjects who lived in the Çukurova region without known cardiovascular risk factors or overt heart disease (mean age: 62.8±10.4 years). Serum 25 (OH) D was measured using a direct competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay. The patients were divided into two groups according to serum 25 (OH) D level: vitamin D-non-deficient group (vitamin D> 20.00 ng/mL, n=53) and vitamin D-deficient group (vitamin D< 20.00 ng/mL, n=98). MPI was defined as the sum of isovolumic contraction and relaxation times divided by the ejection time. LV mass index (LVMI) was calculated by using the Devereux formula and body surface area. Results: MPI and LVMI values were lower and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were higher in patients who were vitamin D-non-deficient than patients who were vitamin D-deficient (p<0.05 for all). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that serum 25 (OH) D was indepen-dently associated with MPI (β=-0.426, p<0.001), LVMI (β=-0.345, p=<0.001), and LDL (β=0.140, p<0.026). Conclusion: Lower serum 25 (OH) D levels are significantly associated with impaired myocardial performance and LVMI.
Notes and correspondence : Origin of the Parry arc

Laboratory experiments to determine the preferred orientation of free-falling hexagonal prisms were performed at Reynolds numbers appropriate to falling ice crystals in the atmosphere. Hexagonal plates orient with their c axis vertical for aspect ratios < 0.9, whilst hexagonal columns fall with their c axis horizontal. A secondary alignment is also observed: regular hexagonal columns fall preferentially with two prism facets aligned vertically, and not horizontally the latter scenario was previously assumed responsible for the rare Parry arc. However, if the column is made scalene in its cross section, it can orient such that a pair of prism facets are horizontal. This finding indicates that the development of scalene crystals may be key to the production of certain ice crystal optical phenomena. Copyright c © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Gender differences in responses to the Approaches to Studying Inventory

ABSTRACT The Approaches to Studying Inventory (ASI) was devised in order to measure different orientations towards learning in higher education. Most research using the ASI has ignored gender as a social variable, and the few previous studies which have compared the responses given by male and female students are open to methodological criticisms. Two studies used different forms of the ASI to investigate the possibility of gender differences in approaches to studying. There was no consistent evidence of significant difference between men and women in terms of their scores on individual items, subscales, or learning orientations.
Natural Variation Can Significantly Alter the Sensitivity of Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses to Oseltamivir

ABSTRACT Geographic spread of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses may give rise to an influenza pandemic. During the first months of a pandemic, control measures would rely mainly on antiviral drugs, such as the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. In this study, we compare the sensitivities to oseltamivir of the NAs of several highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses isolated in Asia from 1997 to 2005. The corresponding 50% inhibitory concentrations were determined using a standard in vitro NA inhibition assay. The Km for the substrate and the affinity for the inhibitor (Ki) of NA were determined for a 1997 and a 2005 virus, using an NA inhibition assay on cells transiently expressing the viral enzyme. Our data show that the sensitivities of the NAs of H5N1 viruses isolated in 2004 and 2005 to oseltamivir are about 10-fold higher than those of earlier H5N1 viruses or currently circulating H1N1 viruses. Three-dimensional modeling of the N1 protein predicted that Glu248Gly and Tyr252His changes could account for increased sensitivity. Our data indicate that genetic variation in the absence of any drug-selective pressure may result in significant variations in sensitivity to anti-NA drugs. Although the clinical relevance of a 10-fold increase in the sensitivity of NA to oseltamivir needs to be investigated further, the possibility that sensitivity to anti-NA drugs could increase (or possibly decrease) significantly, even in the absence of treatment, underscores the need for continuous evaluation of the impact of genetic drift on this parameter, especially for influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
Evidence for lifespan extension and delayed age–related biomarkers in insulin receptor substrate 1 null mice

Recent evidence suggests that alterations in insulin/insulin–like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling (IIS) can increase mammalian life span. For example, in several mouse mutants, impairment of the growth hormone (GH)/IGF1 axis increases life span and also insulin sensitivity. However, the intracellular signaling route to altered mammalian aging remains unclear. We therefore measured the life span of mice lacking either insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 or 2, the major intracellular effectors of the IIS receptors. Our provisional results indicate that female Irs1–/– mice are long–lived. Furthermore, they displayed resistance to a range of age–sensitive markers of aging including skin, bone, immune, and motor dysfunction. These improvements in health were seen despite mild, lifelong insulin resistance. Thus, enhanced insulin sensitivity is not a prerequisite for IIS mutant longevity. Irs1–/– female mice also displayed normal anterior pituitary function, distinguishing them from long–lived somatotrophic axis mutants. In contrast, Irs2–/– mice were short–lived, whereas Irs1–/– and Irs2+/– mice of both sexes showed normal life spans. Our results therefore suggest that IRS1 signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway regulating mammalian life span and may be a point of intervention for therapies with the potential to delay age–related processes. —Selman, C. , Lingard, S. , Choudhury, A. I. , Batterham, A. L. , Claret, M. , Clements, M. , Ramadani, F. , Okkenhaug, K. , Schuster, E. , Blanc, E. , Piper, M. D. , Al‐Qassab, H. , Speakman, J. R. , Carmignac, D. , Robinson, I. C. A. , Thornton, J. M. , Gems, D. , Partridge, L. , Withers, D. J. Evidence for lifespan extension and delayed age‐related biomarkers in insulin receptor substrate 1 null mice. FASEB J. 22, 807–818 (2008)
Global Ionospheric Current System Associated With Penetration Electric Field and New Mechanism for the Generation of Dayside Westward Electric Field at Low Latitudes During Northward IMF

It is well known that penetration and shielding electric fields are related to the southward and northward turnings of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The shielding electric field is assumed to be caused by the region‐2 field‐aligned currents. We have analyzed observations of equatorial ionospheric plasma drifts measured by the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar and global ground magnetic perturbations in an event when the IMF fluctuates between southward and northward. The vertical plasma drifts/zonal electric fields in the dayside equatorial ionosphere are well correlated with the IMF reorientations, indicating that the disturbance electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere are caused by the IMF. Magnetometer data are used to reconstruct the global ionospheric currents and convection. The DP 2 current system consists of a large vortex in the afternoon‐evening sector and a much smaller vortex in the dawn sector, and the ionospheric currents associated with the dayside penetration electric field extend into the postmidnight sector. The downward plasma drift and southward magnetic perturbations at equatorial latitudes during northward IMF are correlated with the reverse convection in the polar cap, indicating that the polar electric field associated with the reverse convection is an important source of the westward electric field in the dayside equatorial region. A new mechanism is proposed to explain the generation of westward electric field in the dayside equatorial ionosphere during northward IMF.