Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composers' Pulses: Science or Art?

In this reply, I respond to Clynes9s (1990) criticisms of my earlier work and raise a few questions about composers9 pulses not addressed in his "guidelines. " Although most of his criticisms are justified, they also reveal many unresolved methodological problems and a prominent role of subjective musical judgment in devising perceptual tests of composers9 pulses. This makes the theory very difficult to test.
In Vitro Comparison of Hypericin and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Derived Protoporphyrin IX for Photodynamic Inactivation of Medulloblastoma Cells

Background Hypericin (HYP) is a naturally occurring photosensitizer. Cellular uptake and photodynamic inactivation after incubation with this photosensitizer have neither been examined in medulloblastoma cells in vitro, nor compared with 5-aminolevulinic acid-derived protoporphyrin IX (5-ALA-derived PpIX). Methods In 3 medulloblastoma cell lines (D283 Med, Daoy, and D341 Med) the time- and concentration-dependent intracellular accumulation of HYP and 5-ALA-derived PpIX was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy (FM) and FACS. Photocytotoxicity was measured after illumination at 595 nm (HYP) and 635 nm (5-ALA-derived PpIX) in D283 Med cells and compared to U373 MG glioma cells. Results All medulloblastoma cell lines exhibited concentration- and time-dependent uptake of HYP. Incubation with HYP up to 10 µM resulted in a rapid increase in fluorescence intensity, which peaked between 2 and 4 hours. 5-ALA-derived PpIX accumulation increased in D283 Med cells by 22% over baseline after 5-ALA incubation up to 1.2 mM. Photocytotoxicity of 5-ALA-derived PpIX was higher in D283 Med medulloblastoma compared to U373MG glioma. The [lethal dose (light dose that is required to reduce cell survival to 50% of control)] of 5-ALA-derived PpIX was 3.8 J/cm2 in D283 Med cells versus 5.7 J/cm2 in U373MG glioma cells. Photocytotoxicity of HYP in D283 Med cells was determined at 2.5 µM after an incubation time of 2 h and an illumination wavelength of 595 nm. The value was 0.47 J/cm2. Conclusion By its 5-fold increase in fluorescence over autofluorescence levels HYP has excellent properties for tumor visualization in medulloblastomas. The high photocytotoxicity of HYP, compared to 5-ALA-derived PpIX, is convincingly demonstrated by its 8- to 13-fold lower . Therefore HYP might be a promising molecule for intraoperative visualization and photodynamic treatment of medulloblastomas.
Listening for Competence Through Documentation

This case study uses documentation as a tool for formative assessment to interpret the learning of twin boys with significantly delayed language skills. Reggio-inspired documentation (the act of collecting, interpreting, and reflecting on traces of learning from video, images, and observation notes) focused on the unfolding of the boys' nonverbal communication skills that helped inform planning and implementing instruction. Documentation is displayed, with an interpretation of the learning and a demonstration of the boys' strengths and competencies. The authors discuss how a public display of documentation sparked a collaborative inquiry among teachers, family, and the children themselves. Implications for practice outline guidelines in using documentation to assess learning.
Linguopalatal coarticulation and alveolar- palatal correlations for velarized and non- velarized / l /

Abstract Acoustic and electropalatographic data are presented involving palatal and alveolar contact coarticulation and alveolar-palatal contact correlations for Catalan velarized /l/ (5 speakers) and German non-velarized /l/ (4 speakers) in different vowel environments. Coarticulatory effects and significant alveolar-palatal correlations for German exceed those for Catalan which is consistent with the tongue body being more constrained for the velarized than the non-velarized realization. In comparison to non-velarized /l/, active predorsum lowering for velarized /l/ largely prevents dorsopalatal coarticulation with /i/ and tongue front –tongue dorsum coupling effects from occurring. Vowel-dependent variations in tongue dorsum position result in closure fronting differences for speakers of both languages which suggests that they use coordination mechanisms between the tongue tip and the tongue dorsum; however, not all speakers change closure location across vowel contexts.
Conflict, metacognition, and analytic thinking

One hundred and three participants solved conflict and non-conflict versions of four reasoning tasks using a two-response procedure: a base rate task, a causal reasoning task, a denominator neglect task, and a categorical syllogisms task. Participants were asked to give their first, intuitive answer, to make a Feeling of Rightness (FOR) judgment, and then were given as much time as needed to rethink their answer. They also completed a standardized measure of IQ and the actively open-minded thinking questionnaire. The FORs of both high- and low-capacity reasoners were responsive to conflict, such that FORs were lower for conflict relative to non-conflict problems. Consistent with the quantity hypothesis, high-capacity reasoners made a greater distinction between conflict and non-conflict items on measures of Type 2 thinking, namely, rethinking time and probability of changing answers. In contrast to the quality hypothesis, however, this rethinking time did not advantage the ability of the high-capacity group to produce normative answers, except for the base rate task. Indeed, we observed that the correlation between capacity and the probability of normative answers emerged at the initial response, rather than after rethinking.
GluA2 Trafficking Is Involved in Apoptosis of Retinal Ganglion Cells Induced by Activation of EphB/EphrinB Reverse Signaling in a Rat Chronic Ocular Hypertension Model

EphB1, expressed in Müller cells, and ephrinB2, expressed in both Müller cells and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), constitute an EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling in RGCs. Whether and how this reverse signaling is involved in RGC apoptosis in a rat chronic ocular hypertension (COH) model was investigated. In the COH model, both EphB1 and ephrinB2 were significantly increased and the reverse signaling was activated, which was accompanied by increased protein levels of phosphorylated (p) src, GluA2, and p-GluA2. Intravitreal injection of EphB2-Fc, an activator of ephrinB2, induced an increase in TUNEL-positive signals in normal retinae. A coimmunoprecipitation assay demonstrated direct interactions among ephrinB2, p-src, and GluA2. Moreover, in COH rats the expression of GluA2 proteins on the surface of retinal cells was decreased. Such GluA2 endocytosis could be prevented by preoperational intravitreal injection of 4-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(t-butyl)-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine (PP2), an inhibitor of src family tyrosine kinases, and possibly involved the protein interacting with C kinase 1 and phosphorylation of GluA2. In normal rats, intravitreal injection of EphB2-Fc caused changes in these protein levels similar to those observed in COH rats, which all could be avoided by preinjection of PP2. Patch-clamp experiments further showed that the current–voltage relationship of AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs of RGCs exhibited stronger inward rectification in EphB2-Fc-injected rats. Furthermore, preinjection of PP2 or N-[3-[[4-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]butyl]amino]propyl]-1-naphthaleneacetamide trihydrochloride) (Naspm), a Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking AMPA receptor inhibitor, remarkably inhibited RGC apoptosis in either EphB2-Fc-injected or COH rats. Together, elevated GluA2 trafficking induced by activated EphB2/ephrinB2 reverse signaling likely contributes to RGC apoptosis in COH rats.
Developing Nurse Leaders: A Program Enhancing Staff Nurse Leadership Skills and Professionalism

This study aims to determine whether participation in the Nursing Leadership Perspectives Program (NLPP) at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, produced a change in leadership skills, increased professional activities, leadership promotion, and retention rates of participants. The NLPP is an educational program designed to enhance leadership skills and promote professionalism of registered nurses. The 6-month program provides participants with theoretical knowledge, core competencies, and opportunities to practice application of leadership skills. Outcome metrics were collected from registered nurses who completed the program (n = 15). Data analysis included descriptive and nonparametric methods. Participants reported statistically significant changes in their leadership skills after participation in the program (P = .007) on the Leadership Practices Inventory. Changes in professional behavior were also statistically significant as rated by the Nursing Activity Scale (P = .001). Participants demonstrated a change in leadership skills and professional behavior following the program.
Interaction between linguistic theory and language processing in SLA

This article examines L2 performance in three areas of French morphosyntax by English L1 learners. More particularly, it examines how coindexation as defined within the government-binding framework develops in the L2 grammar. Empirical studies relating the development of two areas of French grammar by English L1 speakers are presented. L2 performance on information questions involving qui and que in which learners have to link the wh-phrase and its trace in order to establish the syntactic function of the wh-phrase in the sentence is examined, as well as performance on the morphological phenomenon of noun-adjective agreement in French where learners have to transmit agreement features from a noun to an adjective which it governs. In both cases, learners are found to increase gradually the structural domain in which they are able to operate as their level of competence in the L2 improves, suggesting that they are faced with a parsing problem when coindexing elements in a sentence. These findings are related to a study of the acquisition of restrictive relative clauses in French L2 by English learners (Hawkins, 1989), and then discussed in the light of the current debate in SLA research about the roles played by linguistic theory, on the one hand, and language processing mechanisms on the other.
Mortality among injecting drug users: a critical reappraisal.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to quantify all cause mortality among injecting drug users. DESIGN--This was a retrospective analysis of 1989 data on injecting drug users and mortality obtained from three independent agencies: the Procurator Fiscal's Office, the General Register Office, and the Scottish HIV-test register. SETTING--Greater Glasgow, Scotland. SUBJECTS--Drug injectors, estimated population 9424. MAIN RESULTS--81 names were found using the three sources to identify deaths. After removing duplicates, 51 deaths were found. This represented a mortality rate of 0.54% in the estimated population. Among female injectors the mortality rate was 0.85%, significantly higher than the rate of 0.42% among male injectors (95% CI for the true difference in mortality rates between female and male injectors was 0.31%-0.55%). Over 90% of deaths were attributed to overdose or suicide. Although AIDS caused only one death, 19% of cases (5/27) whose HIV antibody status could be ascertained were positive. The mortality rate among HIV positive injectors (3.8%) was significantly higher than among HIV negative injectors (0.49%). CONCLUSIONS--Comprehensive coverage using three data sources revealed a far greater annual number of all cause deaths among injectors than would have been expected from previous research. The observed mortality rate was lower than in previous studies where the denominators used to calculate rates had an element of underenumeration. For the foreseeable future it is unlikely that AIDS will have much impact on mortality among injectors in Glasgow, because of the low prevalence of HIV infection among injectors in the city, and because HIV positive injectors are dying for reasons other than AIDS; rather, overdose and suicide will continue to be the main causes of death.
Development of Lateral Consistency and its Relation to Reading and Reversals

Unselected children from preschools (n = 224) and from primary schools (n = 222), representing an age range 4 to 8 yr. , were tested for lateral consistency, eye preference and cross-hand-eye preference. The primary school children were also tested for reading achievement, reversal tendency in writing, and vocabulary. Lateral consistency was unrelated to age, as also were hand and eye preference, and cross-hand-eye preference. None of these variables was related to reading achievement, reversal tendency, or vocabulary.
When is the federal budget like a baby? Metaphor in political rhetoric.

The effect of metaphor on responses to political communications was examined. In Study 1, we investigated whether a metaphor could increase memory for a passage and whether the effect might be greater when the passage was heard rather than read. Also examined were the relative effects of having the metaphor present at encoding, at recall, both, or neither. Participants either read or listened to four short passages. For half of the subjects, each passage was preceded by a metaphor. At recall, all subjects were presented with the corresponding metaphor for two of the four passages, as a retrieval cue. As predicted, subjects better recalled the passages when the metaphor was present at encoding. This effect tended to be stronger when the passage was presented orally. Presence of the metaphor at recall had no effect. In addition, presence of the metaphor led to significantly more positive ratings of both the passages and the speaker on a number of characteristics.
Challenge-based instruction: the VaNTH biomechanics learning modules

This paper presents the methodology and results of teaching an engineering course using a challenge-based approach. The challenges consisted of eight biomechanics learning modules developed as part of the VaNTH NSF educational coalition. The pedagogical framework for these modules is based on the widely publicized book "How People Learn" (HPL). The HPL teaching framework presents the learning material as a series of challenges that are posed through a "Legacy Cycle. " The VaNTH biomechanics modules were presented in an undergraduate mechanical engineering course titled "Biomechanics of Human Movement" in Fall 2004. The class (N=18) was divided into three-member teams. All challenges were performed by the teams using computer-based homework assignments that were supplied by the instructor on a CD. Pre-tests, post-tests, and affect rankings were administered for each modular topic. The students were also surveyed on the learning effectiveness of the various components of each module. At the end of the semester, the students completed a biomechanics topics matrix that mapped the challenges to the various class topics. Results of this classroom experience and data gathering are presented in this paper
Lead User Analyses for the Development of New Industrial Products

Recently, a "lead user" concept has been proposed for new product development in fields subject to rapid change von Hippel [von Hippel, E. 1986. Lead users: A source of novel product concepts. Management Sci.32 791-805. ]. In this paper we integrate market research within this lead user methodology and report a test of it in the rapidly evolving field of computer-aided systems for the design of printed circuit boards PC-CAD. In the test, lead users were successfully identified and proved to have unique and useful data regarding both new product needs and solutions responsive to those needs. New product concepts generated on the basis of lead user data were found to be strongly preferred by a representative sample of PC-CAD users. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of this first empirical test of the lead user methodology, and suggest directions for future research.
Interleukin-15 Modulates Adipose Tissue by Altering Mitochondrial Mass and Activity

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that affects body mass regulation independent of lymphocytes; however, the underlying mechanism(s) involved remains unknown. In an effort to investigate these mechanisms, we performed metabolic cage studies, assessed intestinal bacterial diversity and macronutrient absorption, and examined adipose mitochondrial activity in cultured adipocytes and in lean IL-15 transgenic (IL-15tg), overweight IL-15 deficient (IL-15−/−), and control C57Bl/6 (B6) mice. Here we show that differences in body weight are not the result of differential activity level, food intake, or respiratory exchange ratio. Although intestinal microbiota differences between obese and lean individuals are known to impact macronutrient absorption, differing gut bacteria profiles in these murine strains does not translate to differences in body weight in colonized germ free animals and macronutrient absorption. Due to its contribution to body weight variation, we examined mitochondrial factors and found that IL-15 treatment in cultured adipocytes resulted in increased mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased lipid deposition. Lastly, IL-15tg mice have significantly elevated mitochondrial activity and mass in adipose tissue compared to B6 and IL-15−/− mice. Altogether, these results suggest that IL-15 is involved in adipose tissue regulation and linked to altered mitochondrial function.
Loss reactions of college students: A descriptive analysis

Abstract An analysis of the loss reactions of college and university students was made over a 2-year period, using 1,139 students in nine institutions in New York, who provided data on what they perceived to be major losses in their lives. Variability in choice of coping mechanism, type of loss, and physical and emotional reactions was shown. Social support systems and communication about the loss were important forces in resolution and grief work. Suggestions for building skills and understandings to assist students in dealing with loss are made based on the anecdotal data supplied by respondents.
A Novel Orphan G Protein‐Coupled Receptor Primarily Expressed in the Brain Is Localized on Human Chromosomal Band 2q21

Abstract: A human hippocampus cDNA library was screened with a probe obtained from degenerate RT‐PCR aimed at P2Y‐homologous sequences. A positive clone, designated hip4, was identified containing an open reading frame of 1,020 bp that had been previously detected in a published genomic clone called R12. Subsequent screening of a human fetal brain cDNA library yielded a splice variant with a 1,104‐bp open reading frame, which was named fb1. Both variants display the seven‐transmembrane topology that is typical for G protein‐coupled receptors. Probing a human multitissue northern blot revealed two brain‐specific transcripts of 2.3 and 6.3 kb, respectively. Northern blot analyses with specific fragments confirmed that the two transcripts are generated by alternative polyadenylation yielding two different 3′ untranslated regions. A genomic clone from the corresponding gene was isolated and mapped to human chromosomal band 2q21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Literacy and disadvantage: learners' achievements in the early primary school years

Abstract Worldwide, research shows that it is not easy to educate children from poor environments. Poor literacy achievement and poverty tend to go hand in hand. In developing countries, where education tends to be characterised by inequalities and disadvantage, there is a dire need to explore ways of boosting literacy levels in highpoverty schools. This article examines the effects of an out-of-school literacy enrichment programme on the literacy skills of Grades 1 and 4 learners at five disadvantaged schools in rural KwaZulu-Natal. A brief overview is given of the Family Literacy Project of which this study was a component, followed by the methodological details concerning the materials and procedures used in the assessment of the Grade 1 (Zulu) and Grade 4 (Zulu and English) learners' literacy skills. The learners' literacy performance is compared with those of learners who had not been in the programme. The findings indicate that greater exposure to literacy activities such as storybook reading in Zulu had a discernible impact on the learners' literacy accomplishments. The article concludes by identifying some educational implications that follow from the findings.
Link Quality Classifier with Compressed Sensing Based on \ell_1-\ell_2 Optimization

Network tomography is an inference technique for internal network characteristics from end-to-end measurements. In this letter, we propose a new network tomography scheme to classify communication links into lower or higher quality classes according to their link loss rates. The two-class classification is achieved by the estimation of link loss rates via compressed sensing, which is an emerging theory to obtain a sparse solution from an underdetermined linear system, with regarding link loss rates in the higher quality class as 0. In the proposed scheme, we implement compressed sensing with an ℓ1-ℓ2 optimization, where the cost function is defined as a sum of ℓ1 and ℓ2 norms with a mixing parameter, which enables us to control the threshold between the lower and higher quality classes.
The process of therapeutic change involving implicit knowledge: Some implications of developmental observations for adult psychotherapy

Several aspects of developmental change that are dependent on interactions between parent and infant are examined for their value in casting light on the processes of change in adult psychotherapies. First, the domain of implicit knowledge (where changes necessarily occur in nonverbal infants) is iden- tified. The vast majority of therapeutic change is found to occur in this domain. We then examine the improvised, largely unpredictable, nonlinear movements toward mutual goals that characterize the pro- cesses of parent- infant and therapist- patient interactions. Finally, we provide a microdescription of these processes and provide a terminology for the "moments" that make up their flow. Of particular importance is the "moment of meeting," in which the participants interact in a way that creates a new implicit, intersubjective understanding of their relationship and permits a new "way-of-being-with-the-other. " We view "moments of meeting" as the key element in bringing about change in implicit knowledge, just as interpretations are thought to be the key element in bringing about change in explicit knowledge. RESUMEN: Debido al valor que tienen para dar luz sobre los procesos de cambio en las sicoterapias para adultos, se examinan aquivarios aspectos del cambio en el desarrollo, los cuales dependen de interac- ciones entre padre o madre y su infante. Primero, se identifica el dominio del conocimiento implicito (donde los cambios ocurren necesariamente en infantes que no hablan). Se encuentra que la vasta mayoria de cambios terapeuticos ocurren en este dominio. De allipasamos a examinar los improvisados, no lineales y dificilmente predecibles movimientos hacia metas comunes que caracterizan tanto a los procesos de