Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
You're where? prove it!: towards trusted indoor location estimation of mobile devices

Location-enabled applications now permeate the mobile computing landscape. As technologies like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Apple's iBeacon protocols begin to see widespread adoption, we will no doubt see a proliferation of indoor location enabled application experiences. While not essential to each of these applications, many will require that the location of the device be true and verifiable. In this paper, we present LocAssure, a new framework for trusted indoor location estimation. The system leverages existing technologies like BLE and iBeacons, making the solution practical and compatible with technologies that are already in use today. In this work, we describe our system, situate it within a broad location assurance taxonomy, describe the protocols that enable trusted localization in our system, and provide an analysis of early deployment and use characteristics. Through developer APIs, LocAssure can provide critical security support for a broad range of indoor location applications.
Accuracy and Optimal Altitude for Physical Habitat Assessment (PHA) of Stream Environments Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)

Physical Habitat Assessments (PHA) are useful to characterize and monitor stream and river habitat conditions, but can be costly and time-consuming. Alternative methods for data collection are getting attention, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of UAV-based remote sensing techniques relative to ground-based PHA measurements, and to determine the influence of flight altitude on those accuracies. A UAV quadcopter equipped with an RGB camera was flown at the altitudes of 30.5 m, 61.0 m, 91.5 m and 122.0 m, and the metrics wetted width (Ww), bankfull width (Wbf) and distance to water (Dw) were compared to field PHA. The UAV-PHA method generated similar values to observed PHA values, but underestimated distance to water, and overestimated wetted width. Bankfull width provided the largest RMSE (25–28%). No systematic error patterns were observed considering the different flight altitudes, and results indicated that all flight altitudes investigated can be reliably used for PHA measurements. However, UAV flight at 61 m provided the most accurate results (CI = 0.05) considering all metrics. All UAV parameters over all altitudes showed significant correlation with observed PHA data, validating the use of UAV-based remote sensing for PHA.
Dopaminergic Agonists Normalize Elevated Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Body Weight Gain, and Hyperglycemia in ob/ob Mice

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) influence feeding and levels of plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and triglycerides. Treatment of genetically obese, ob/ob mice, with dopamine receptor D1/D2 agonists normalizes hyperphagia, body weight gain, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. We therefore examined whether levels of NPY and CRH immunoreactivity in discrete hypothalamic nuclei are altered in ob/ob mice, and whether dopaminergic treatment reverses this alteration. Female ob/ob mice were treated daily at 1 h after light onset with the D1/D2 agonists, SKF-38393 (20 mg/kg) and bromocriptine (15 mg/kg), respectively or vehicle for 2 weeks. Such treatment, while normalizing body weight gain and hyperglycemia, also significantly reduced elevated NPY immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic (by 39%), intergeniculate (by 43%), paraventricular (PVN; by 31%), and arcuate (by 41%) nuclei in obese mice to levels observed in lean mice. This treatment also caused a 45–50% decline in levels of CRH in the PVN and dorsomedial hypothalamus compared to obese controls to levels observed in lean mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that dopaminergic D1/D2 receptor coactivation may improve hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, and obesity in the ob/ob mouse, in part, by normalizing elevated levels of both NPY and CRH.
Aktivitas Belajar Peserta Didik dengan Pembelajaran Literasi, Orientasi, Colaborasi dan Refleksi (Loc-R) di SMP Negeri 7 Kota Ternate

The lack of use of learning models makes teaching and learning activities less effective and interesting. The lecture learning model commonly used by teachers in teaching and learning activities is often considered boring by students and student learning activities are low. The purpose of this study was to determine the activities of students with the application of the Literacy, Orientation, Collaboration and Reflection Learning Model (LOC-R) at SMP Negeri 7 Ternate City. The research method is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The research sample was VIIc SMP Negeri 7 Ternate City. The number of samples selected was 35 students consisting of 23 girls and 12 boys. The sample in this study was class VIIc students, the sample was selected by purposive sampling by taking into account the characteristics of students. Collecting data using observation sheets and study documentation. Analysis of the data used is the percentage formula with categorization criteria. The results obtained by student activities at the appreciative stage were 79.9%, literacy stage was 82.8%, orientation stage was 88.4%, collaboration stage was 85.4% and reflection stage was 94.4%. Student learning activities using the LOC-R learning model are very effectively implemented in the classroom
Comprehensive evaluation of soil moisture retrieval models under different crop cover types using C-band synthetic aperture radar data

Abstract In the present study, random forest regression (RFR), support vector regression (SVR) and artificial neural network regression (ANNR) models were evaluated for the retrieval of soil moisture covered by winter wheat, barley and corn crops. SVR with radial basis function kernel was provided the highest adj. R2 (0.95) value for soil moisture retrieval covered by the wheat crop at VV polarization. However, RFR provided the adj. R2 (0.94) value for soil moisture retrieval covered by barley crop at VV polarization using Sentinel-1A satellite data. The adj. R2 (0.94) values were found for the soil moisture covered by corn crop at VV polarization using RFR, SVR linear and radial basis function kernels. The least performance was reported using ANNR model for almost all the crops under investigation. The soil moisture retrieval outcomes were found better at VV polarization in comparison to VH polarization using three different models.
Differences between long-acting insulins for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Importance of the field: Most guidelines suggest that failure of oral antidiabetic drugs should be followed by the addition of a basal insulin with aggressive titration of the dose. In most countries, neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)-insulin, glargine and detemir are the only choices. Clinical trials show that the metabolism and metabolic outcomes after treatment with intermediate- or long-acting insulins differ little. Despite this, the hypoglycaemic potential, effect on body weight and adherence to insulin treatment may affect the choice of basal insulin. Adherence seems to be negatively correlated to the prescribed dose and the number of injections. Furthermore, the choice of basal insulin might be influenced by the number of units necessary to achieve the goal for HbA1c. Areas covered in this review: By searching the literature systematically, we identified all randomised clinical trials comparing long-acting insulins (human NPH-insulin and the analogues glargine and detemir) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes conducted over the last 10 years. We continued by reviewing only studies in which similar antihyperglycaemic potential of the treatments was achieved. What the reader will gain: According to the inclusion criteria for this review, all drugs were efficacious regarding the main purpose of decreasing glycaemia. For an equal efficacy, we were able to detect other differences between the treatments and, furthermore, an estimate on the number of units of insulin needed to achieve comparable glycaemic control. Take home message: The analysis confirmed a favourable profile of both analogues regarding hypoglycaemia. For detemir, we additionally identified a favourable profile regarding weight gain and need for an increased number of units of insulin to achieve comparable glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) responses. We conclude that the efficacy of insulin treatment seems to vary little between the available products, however doses needed to achieve similar effects vary; units used per HbA1c reduction could be a relevant parameter for the choice of insulin.
Performance evaluation and enhancement of the CSMA/CA MAC protocol for 802.11 wireless LANs

The IEEE 802.11 protocol for wireless local area networks adopts a CSMA/CA protocol with exponential backoff as medium access control technique. As the throughput performance of such a scheme becomes critical when the number of mobile stations increases, in this paper we propose an adaptive contention window mechanism, which dynamically selects the optimal backoff window according to the estimate of the number of contending stations. We show that this technique leads to stable behavior, and it outperforms the standard protocol when the network load and the number of mobile stations are high. We also investigate the CSMA/CA with the optional RTS/CTS technique, and we show that our adaptive technique reaches better performance only when the packet size is short. Finally, the performance of a system environment with hidden terminals show that the RTS/CTS mechanism, which can also be used in conjunction with the adaptive contention window mechanism, provides significant improvements.
NIRA: A New Inter-Domain Routing Architecture

In today's Internet, users can choose their local Internet service providers (ISPs), but once their packets have entered the network, they have little control over the overall routes their packets take. Giving a user the ability to choose between provider-level routes has the potential of fostering ISP competition to offer enhanced service and improving end-to-end performance and reliability. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a new Internet routing architecture (NIRA) that gives a user the ability to choose the sequence of providers his packets take. NIRA addresses a broad range of issues, including practical provider compensation, scalable route discovery, efficient route representation, fast route fail-over, and security. NIRA supports user choice without running a global link-state routing protocol. It breaks an end-to-end route into a sender part and a receiver part and uses address assignment to represent each part. A user can specify a route with only a source and a destination address, and switch routes by switching addresses. We evaluate NIRA using a combination of network measurement, simulation, and analysis. Our evaluation shows that NIRA supports user choice with low overhead.
Support vector machines classifiers of physical activities in preschoolers

The goal of this study is to develop, test, and compare multinomial logistic regression (MLR) and support vector machines (SVM) in classifying preschool‐aged children physical activity data acquired from an accelerometer. In this study, 69 children aged 3–5 years old were asked to participate in a supervised protocol of physical activities while wearing a triaxial accelerometer. Accelerometer counts, steps, and position were obtained from the device. We applied K‐means clustering to determine the number of natural groupings presented by the data. We used MLR and SVM to classify the six activity types. Using direct observation as the criterion method, the 10‐fold cross‐validation (CV) error rate was used to compare MLR and SVM classifiers, with and without sleep. Altogether, 58 classification models based on combinations of the accelerometer output variables were developed. In general, the SVM classifiers have a smaller 10‐fold CV error rate than their MLR counterparts. Including sleep, a SVM classifier provided the best performance with a 10‐fold CV error rate of 24.70%. Without sleep, a SVM classifier‐based triaxial accelerometer counts, vector magnitude, steps, position, and 1‐ and 2‐min lag and lead values achieved a 10‐fold CV error rate of 20.16% and an overall classification error rate of 15.56%. SVM supersedes the classical classifier MLR in categorizing physical activities in preschool‐aged children. Using accelerometer data, SVM can be used to correctly classify physical activities typical of preschool‐aged children with an acceptable classification error rate.
Transport phenomena in liquid-gated Si nanowire FETs for biosensing applications

We review transport and noise properties of liquid-gated Si nanowire field-effect transistor structures designed and fabricated for biosensing applications, aiming to study the response at the level of a single molecule or single neuron. It is shown that the characteristic capture time of a single trap, determined from random telegraph signal noise, contains important information about surface potential changes, with enhanced sensitivity compared to standard measurements of the drain current's dependence on the pH concentration of the solution. The gate coupling effect determined was used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio: an important characteristic to register small signals from neuronal activity.
Expression of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins under Stress Encountered during Food Production and Preservation

Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is the most prevalent cause of food-borne intoxications worldwide. Consumption of enterotoxins preformed in food causes violent vomiting and can be fatal in children and the elderly. While being repressed by competing bacteria in most matrices, Staphylococcus aureus benefits from crucial competitive advantages in foods with high osmolarity or low pH. During recent years, the long-standing belief in the feasibility of assessing SFP risk based on colony-forming units of S. aureus present in food products has been disproven. Instead, researchers and food business operators are acutely aware of the imminent threat arising from unforeseeable enterotoxin production under stress conditions. This paradigm shift led to a variety of new publications enabling an improved understanding of enterotoxin expression under stress conditions encountered in food. The wealth of data provided by these studies is extremely diverse, as it is based on different methodological approaches, staphylococcal strains, stressors, and enterotoxins. Therefore, in this review, we aggregated and critically evaluated the complex findings of these studies, to provide readers with a current overview of the state of research in the field.
Non-contiguous processor allocation strategy for 2D mesh connected multicomputers based on sub-meshes available for allocation

Contiguous allocation of parallel jobs usually suffers from the degrading effects of fragmentation as it requires that the allocated processors be contiguous and has the same topology as the network topology connecting these processors. In non-contiguous allocation, a job can execute on multiple disjoint smaller sub-meshes rather than always waiting until a single sub-mesh of the requested size is available. Lifting the contiguity condition in non-contiguous allocation is expected to reduce processor fragmentation and increase processor utilization. However, the communication overhead is increased because the distances traversed by messages can be longer. The extra communication overhead depends on how the allocation request is partitioned and allocated to free sub-meshes. In this paper, a new noncontiguous processor allocation strategy, referred to as greedy-available-busy-list, is suggested for the 2D mesh network, and is compared using simulation against the well-known non-contiguous and contiguous allocation strategies. To show the performance improved by proposed strategy, we conducted simulation runs under the assumption of wormhole routing and all-to-all communication pattern. The results show that the proposed strategy can reduce the communication overhead and improve performance substantially in terms of turnaround times of jobs and finish times
The Role of Protein Flexibility in Molecular Motor Function: Coupled Diffusion in a Tilted Periodic Potential

Biomolecular motors are tiny engines that transport material at the microscopic level within biological cells. It has been proposed that many such motors operate, at least in part, by a Brownian ratchet mechanism. Since biomolecular motors typically transport cargo that are much larger than themselves, one would expect the speed of such a motor to be severely limited by the small diffusion coefficient of its enormous cargo. It has been suggested by Berg and Kahn [Mobility and Recognition in Cell Biology, H. Suns and C. Veeger, eds., de Gruyter, Berlin, 1983, pp. 485--497] and Meister, Caplan, and Berg [ Biophys. J. 55 (1989), pp. 905--914] that this limitation can be overcome if the tether that connects the motor to its cargo is sufficiently elastic. This paper evaluates the influence of the elasticity of the tether on the speed of an imperfect Brownian ratchet. This is done in two limiting cases: (1) large diffusion coefficient of the motor and (2) large potential barrier against reverse motion at each r.
Differential and overlapping functions of two closely related Drosophila FGF8-like growth factors in mesoderm development

Thisbe (Ths) and Pyramus (Pyr), two closely related Drosophila homologues of the vertebrate fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8/17/18 subfamily, are ligands for the FGF receptor Heartless (Htl). Both ligands are required for mesoderm development, but their differential expression patterns suggest distinct functions during development. We generated single mutants and found that ths or pyr loss-of-function mutations are semi-lethal and mutants exhibit much weaker phenotypes as compared with loss of both ligands or htl. Thus, pyr and ths display partial redundancy in their requirement in embryogenesis and viability. Nevertheless, we find that pyr and ths single mutants display defects in gastrulation and mesoderm differentiation. We show that localised expression of pyr is required for normal cell protrusions and high levels of MAPK activation in migrating mesoderm cells. The results support the model that Pyr acts as an instructive cue for mesoderm migration during gastrulation. Consistent with this function, mutations in pyr affect the normal segmental number of cardioblasts. Furthermore, Pyr is essential for the specification of even-skipped-positive mesodermal precursors and Pyr and Ths are both required for the specification of a subset of somatic muscles. The results demonstrate both independent and overlapping functions of two FGF8 homologues in mesoderm morphogenesis and differentiation. We propose that the integration of Pyr and Ths function is required for robustness of Htl-dependent mesoderm spreading and differentiation, but that the functions of Pyr have become more specific, possibly representing an early stage of functional divergence after gene duplication of a common ancestor.
Two‐Sample Tests for Comparing Intra‐Individual Genetic Sequence Diversity between Populations

Summary Consider a study of two groups of individuals infected with a population of a genetically related heterogeneous mixture of viruses, and multiple viral sequences are sampled from each person. Based on estimates of genetic distances between pairs of aligned viral sequences within individuals, we develop four new tests to compare intra‐individual genetic sequence diversity between the two groups. This problem is complicated by two levels of dependency in the data structure: (i) Within an individual, any pairwise distances that share a common sequence are positively correlated; and (ii) for any two pairings of individuals which share a person, the two differences in intra‐individual distances between the paired individuals are positively correlated. The first proposed test is based on the difference in mean intra‐individual pairwise distances pooled over all individuals in each group, standardized by a variance estimate that corrects for the correlation structure using U‐statistic theory. The second procedure is a nonparametric rank‐based analog of the first test, and the third test contrasts the set of subject‐specific average intra‐individual pairwise distances between the groups. These tests are very easy to use and solve correlation problem (i). The fourth procedure is based on a linear combination of all possible U‐statistics calculated on independent, identically distributed sequence subdatasets, over the two levels (i) and (ii) of dependencies in the data, and is more complicated than the other tests but can be more powerful. Although the proposed methods are empirical and do not fully utilize knowledge from population genetics, the tests reflect biology through the evolutionary models used to derive the pairwise sequence distances. The new tests are evaluated theoretically and in a simulation study, and are applied to a dataset of 200 HIV sequences sampled from 21 children.
Mobile Phones and Cancer

616 | www.epidem. com © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Agency for Research on Cancer evaluation of radiofrequency radiation,2 which recommended a coordinated, strategic plan of epidemiologic research, experimental studies, and risk communication and management. Samet and colleagues1 describe results of recent epidemiologic studies, including analysis of data from 5 INTERPHONE countries using estimates of cumulative energy at tumor location.3 They report the increased glioma risk among heaviest users but omit important findings: a dose-response for glioma among long-term users and, in case-only analyses minimizing recall bias by ignoring reported amount and laterality of use, an increased odds ratio (OR) among longterm users in the most exposed part of the brain.3 They also do not mention a similar OR in case-specular analyses of data from 7 other INTERPHONE countries.4 Recommendations stemming from previous case-control studies include the following: (1) further development of radiofrequency radiation exposure modeling, (2) bias modeling, and (3) parallel reanalysis of the INTERPHONE and Hardell studies. We fully support such recommendations. Despite limitations of the case-control design—which must be addressed—this design is the most powerful for investigating potential associations between radiofrequency radiation and brain tumors. Prospective studies based on operator records are also recommended; although immune to recall bias, they are limited by statistical power (INTERPHONE captured a population of 50 million, hardly achievable in a cohort study), exposure assessment, and selection bias. Time-trend analyses are important for population surveillance but have limited power to detect risks of tumors arising only in the most exposed part of the brain, years after substantial exposure.2 Samet and colleagues1 also note the importance of developing and implementing a strategic research agenda and keeping the public well informed. The newly European Union–funded GERoNiMO project (geronimo.crealradiation.com) builds upon existing European resources (including large-scale Mobile Phones and Cancer