Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Liver Function in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Randomized to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Versus Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the influence of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on liver function in bariatric patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a randomized clinical trial (NCT01806506). Background: Rapid weight loss and malabsorption after bariatric surgery in patients with NAFLD or steatohepatitis (NASH) may impair liver function. Methods: Sixty-six morbidly obese patients randomized to SG or RYGB were included in a secondary outcome analysis. Intraoperative liver biopsies were categorized with NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) and liver function tests were done before surgery and after 1, 6 and 12 months. Results: NASH was present in 54.5% RYGB and 51.5% SG patients (P > 0.05). At 12 months excess weight loss was 68.7 ± 19.7% after SG and 62.8 ± 18.5% after RYGB (P > 0.05). At 1 month international normalized ratio (INR) increased after RYGB (0.98 ± 0.05 vs 1.14 ± 0.11; P < 0.05) and SG (0.99 ± 0.06 vs 1.04 ± 0.06; P < 0.05), RYGB induced significantly greater increase in INR in the whole group and NASH patients than SG. After RYGB albumin decreased at 1 month (41.2 ± 2.7 vs 39.0 ± 3.2 g/L; P < 0.05). At 12 months, INR and albumin returned to baseline. At 12 months in NASH group, SG induced significant improvement in aspartate aminotransferase (32.4 ± 17.4 vs 21.5 ± 6.9U/L), alanine aminotransferase (39.9 ± 28.6U/L vs 23.8 ± 14.1U/L), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (34.3 ± 16.6 vs 24.5 ± 16.8U/L), and lactate dehydrogenase (510.8 ± 33 vs 292.4 ± 29). Variables predictive of INR change after 1 month included operation type, NAS ≥ 5, bilirubin, body mass index, hemoglobin A1C, and dyslipidemia. Conclusions: Patients with NASH undergoing RYGB are more susceptible to early transient deterioration of liver function than after SG.
Grammatical evolution

Grammatical Evolution is an automatic programming system that is a form of Genetic Programming that uses grammars to evolve structures. These structures can be in any form that can be specified using a grammar, including computer languages, graphs and neural networks. When evolving computer languages, multiple types can be handled in a completely transparent manner. This tutorial gives a brief introduction to Backus Naur Form grammars and a background into the use of grammars with Genetic Programming, before describing the inner workings of Grammatical Evolution and some of the more commonly used extensions.
Induction: the experiences of newly qualified science teachers

This research focused on the induction year entitlement in England, with particular reference to timetable, formal assessment meetings, lesson observations and provision of an induction tutor and a named external contact. Pooled data from a postal questionnaire, with a 60% response rate (n = 92), were analysed from three consecutive cohorts of newly qualified science teachers (2003–2006). Focus group interviews and telephone interviews with 20 newly qualified teachers and 20 induction tutors were also used to collect data. The majority of the sample of newly qualified teachers received the main entitlements in their induction year but serious concerns persist for a significant minority. Implications for the induction of all newly qualified teachers, irrespective of their subject area, school and policy‐makers, are identified.
Parenting Practices, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement in Adolescents

This study was concerned with the relationship between parenting practices and academic achievement of high school students. A sample of 873 Asian Americans, 1449 Hispanics, 1176 African Americans and 8292 European Americans was selected from the first follow-up (1990) and second follow-up (1992) of the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), hierarchical and stepwise multiple regressions were employed to determine the extent to which parenting practice predicts academic achievement. The results of the study showed that European Americans are more authoritative than other ethnic groups, but the relationship between having an authoritative parenting style and student academic achievement is supported only for the majority group. Implications for practices and suggestions for future research are offered.
Ciprofloxacin Cardiotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Humans and Animals

Ciprofloxacin is generally well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions include gastro intestinal tract, central nervous system and heamatological system. Recently rising cases of Ciprofloxacin associated toxicity have been re-ported. Experiment in animal models and clinical experience show that Ciprofloxacin induces cardiotoxicity marked by increase QT and QTC interval, prolongation of action potential duration. This increases the risk of arrhythmia (tosarde de pointes). Ciprofloxacin induced cardiotoxic effect could be associated with blocking cardiac voltage—gated potassium channels particularly the rapid component (IKr) of the delayed rectifier potassium current. Drug interaction with inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated metabolism is one of the underlying mechanisms. Several cases of Ciprofloxacin induced hepatoxicity have been reported. These were characterized by extensive hepatocellular necrosis, mixed inflammatory Infiltrate and abundant esinophils in the liver. Elevated liver enzymes which include serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gramma-glutamyltranferase and prolong prothrobin time were reported. The hepatotoxic effect of Ciprofloxacin as reported could be due to oxidative stress induced in the liver by Ciprofloxacin through the generation of oxidative radicals leading to depletion of protein content in hepatocytes as a consequence of nucleic acids diminution and DNA damage leading to a significant decrease in the number and degeneration in mitochondria which is responsible for energy supply. In conclusion ciprofloxacin induced cardiotoxicity and hepatoxicity is relatively low in humans but patients’ liver and cardiac function should be considered before ciprofloxacin use.
Cognitive Correlates of Interictal Discharges

Summary: Interictal discharges can occur silently without apparent simultaneous clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, formal testing during electroencephalographic (EEG) recording may demonstrate transitory cognitive impairment (TCI). The probability of demonstrating TCI is related to the nature of the test employed and the type of epileptiform discharge. Difficult tasks are more useful to detect TCI, and working memory and language tests may be particularly sensitive. Generalized 3‐Hz spike‐wave bursts lasting at least 3 s are most likely to produce demonstrable TCI, but they can also be found during briefer and even focal discharges. The latter exhibit some specificity: left‐sided focal spiking more frequently produces errors in verbal tasks, whereas right‐sided discharges are more often accompanied by impairment in handling nonverbal material. TCI may adversely affect the patient's psychosocial functioning in daily life, as has been shown by some studies pointing out an impairment of educational skill in epileptic children and of driving performance in motorists. Our study on benign childhood epilepsy with Rolandic spikes also detected TCI in the majority of the patients. Nevertheless, it is not possible to claim that everyone with subclinical EEG discharges has TCI that adversely affects their psychosocial functioning. It may be possible to treat TCI by antiepileptic drugs.
The Predictive Validity of the American College Test for Students From Low Socioeconomic Levels

THE predictive validity of the American College Test (ACT) has been established by the American College Testing Program (1965) and by individual researchers (Hoyt and Munday, 1969; Munday, 1967). Though these investigations have indicated ACT scores can be used to foretell college grades of students from the general population, few efforts have been made to assess the predictive validity of the ACT for persons from specific socioeconomic backgrounds. Since students from low income families on the average do make lower scores on the ACT than do persons from other socioeconomic backgrounds (Merritt, 1970), the ACT may be less valid as a predictor of their college academic success. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine predictive validity of the ACT for students from low socioeconomic levels. Method. The sample for this study consisted of individuals employed on the Federal Work-Study Program during the school sessions of 1968-69 and 1970-71. All members of the sample earned a minimum of $50 during the fall semester by working
Autocrine VEGF-VEGF-R loop on podocytes during glomerulonephritis in humans.

BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most important and tightly regulated angiogenic cytokine in the kidney. Its activity is critical for capillary/glomerular preservation and repair, and recent studies have also demonstrated its relevance for the preservation of podocytes. METHODS The present study investigated a large number (n = 153) of renal biopsies from patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) and evaluated the expression and activity of the glomerular VEGF system [VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 and biologically active VEGF as identified by VEGF-VEGF receptor complexes (VEGF-VEGF-R)] in parallel with markers of renal function, injury and repair. RESULTS Whereas glomerular VEGF expression was clearly elevated, VEGF-R expression levels were widely unchanged. In parallel to the overall VEGF expression, the biological activity of VEGF on its receptors was uniformly significantly enhanced. Interestingly, the expression pattern of VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 significantly changed during GN where a very prominent podocytic pattern appeared, which was also detected for receptor-bound VEGF. VEGF expression and activity could be linked with indicators of renal injury such as glomerular proliferation and creatinine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study shows, for the first time, increased podocytic VEGF-VEGF-R binding during human GN, suggesting not only the existence of a glomerular paracrine proangiogenic, but also an autocrine role of the VEGF-VEGF-R system in diseased podocytes.
Language Switching as a Window on Trilingual Acquisition

The present study discusses and describes codeswitches produced by two trilingual children acquiring English, Spanish and Hebrew simultaneously from birth. Data were collected regularly over a period of 20 months (from age 2;6 to 4;2 for M and from age 5;5 to 7;1 for E), in naturalistic tape-recorded sessions. Codeswitches drawn from transcriptions of 32 h of spontaneous conversation were analysed. We describe and explain trilingual switches involving morphosyntactic boundary violations, some of which have not yet been reported in the literature. We claim that these switches provide incipient evidence for a developing trilingual competence that stands at the base of trilingual performance.
Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range

We characterize the seasonal variation in the geochemical and isotopic content of the outflow of the Green Lake 5 rock glacier (RG5), located in the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range, USA. Between June and August, the geochemical content of rock glacier outflow does not appear to differ substantially from that of other surface waters in the Green Lakes Valley. Thus, for this alpine ecosystem at this time of year there does not appear to be large differences in water quality among rock glacier outflow, glacier and blockslope discharge, and discharge from small alpine catchments. However, in September concentrations of Mg2+ in the outflow of the rock glacier increased to more than 900 µeq L−1 compared to values of less than 40 µeq L−1 at all the other sites, concentrations of Ca2+ were greater than 4,000 µeq L−1 compared to maximum values of less than 200 µeq L−1 at all other sites, and concentrations of SO 42− reached 7,000 µeq L−1, compared to maximum concentrations below 120 µeq L−1 at the other sites. Inverse geochemical modelling suggests that dissolution of pyrite, epidote, chlorite and minor calcite as well as the precipitation of silica and goethite best explain these elevated concentrations of solutes in the outflow of the rock glacier. Three component hydrograph separation using end–member mixing analysis shows that melted snow comprised an average of 30% of RG5 outflow, soil water 32%, and base flow 38%. Snow was the dominant source water in June, soil water was the dominant water source in July, and base flow was the dominant source in September. Enrichment of δ18O from −10‰ in the outflow of the rock glacier compared to −20‰ in snow and enrichment of deuterium excess from + 17.5‰ in rock glacier outflow compared to + 11‰ in snow, suggests that melt of internal ice that had undergone multiple melt/freeze episodes was the dominant source of base flow. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
As lógicas do recrutamento político

Analysis of the original social positions of party leaders shows that the present mechanisms of political recruitment tend to favour the upper classes of society, but that each party encourages the ascent of different fractions of these classes. The contrasts between parties which structure the functioning of the political spectrum thus appear to duplicate (quite independently moreover) the internal structures of the upper classes. The differences between the leaders of the PCF and PS on one hand, and the RPR and UDF on the other, bear a strong resemblance, for example, to the contrast between the intellectual and economic poles of these classes. Similarly, when these parties recruit in other strata, the PCF and PS tend to recruit officials in lower-dominated positions, whereas the UDF and RPR prefer to recruit officials in senior-dominant positions. This pattern of homologies also explains the logic behind recruitment aimed at the middle and popular classes, and allows a few assumptions to be made concerning the mechanism of political influence and representation.
Characterization of Structure and Cellular Components of Aspirated and Excised Adipose Tissue

Background: Adipose tissue is an easily accessible tissue for use as a soft-tissue filler and source of adult multipotent cells, called adipose-derived stem/stromal/progenitor cells. However, many aspects of its anatomy remain unclear because of the fragile structure of adipocytes and adipose tissue. Methods: Aspirated (n = 15) or intact (n = 9) subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were evaluated by (1) whole-mount histology with triple-fluorescence staining for three-dimensional visualization of living adipose tissue, (2) glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase assay, (3) multicolor flow cytometry (CD34, CD31, and CD45), and (4) adherent cell culture of stromal vascular fraction cells for viable adipose-derived stromal cell yield. Results: Whole-mount histology revealed the presence of a capillary network running alongside adipocytes, which was partly disrupted in aspirated adipose tissues. Aspirated adipose tissue also lacked large vasculature structures and showed significantly larger numbers of small lipid droplets (ruptured adipocytes) (p = 0.00016) and dead cells (p = 0.0038) compared with excised adipose tissue. Adipocyte number was less than 20 percent of total cellularity, and vasculature-associated cells, including endothelial cells and adipose-derived stromal cells, constituted over one-half of total cells in both intact and aspirated adipose tissue. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase assay suggested that greater than 30 percent and 5 percent of adipocytes were ruptured in aspirated and excised adipose tissue, respectively (p = 0.032). Multicolor flow cytometric analysis indicated a much higher percentage of blood-derived cells (CD45+) contaminated in aspirated adipose tissue (p = 0.0038), and adipose-derived stromal cell yield in aspirated adipose tissue was approximately one-half that in excised tissue (p = 0.011). Conclusion: The authors’ results indicate the differential structure and cellular composition of the two tissues, and significant tissue damage and progenitor yield deficiency in aspirated adipose tissue.
Intraventricular Thrombolysis in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Requiring Ventriculostomy: A Decade-Long Real-World Experience

Background and Purpose— Intraventricular thrombolysis (IVT) is a promising treatment in facilitating intraventricular clot resolution after intraventricular hemorrhage. We examined in-hospital outcomes and resource utilization after thrombolysis in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage requiring ventriculostomy in a real-world setting. Methods— We identified adult patients with primary diagnosis of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage requiring ventriculostomy from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2011. We compared demographic and hospital characteristics, comorbidities, inpatient outcomes, and resource utilization measures between patients treated with IVT and those managed with ventriculostomy, but without IVT. Population estimates were extrapolated using standard Nationwide Inpatient Sample weighting algorithms. Results— We included 34 044 patients in the analysis, of whom 1133 (3.3%) received IVT. The thrombolysis group had significantly lower inpatient mortality (32.4% versus 41.6%; P=0.001) and it remained lower after controlling for baseline demographics, hospital characteristics, comorbidity, case severity, and withdrawal of care status (adjusted odds ratio, 0.670; 95% confidence interval, 0.520–0.865; P=0.002). There was a trend toward favorable discharge (home or rehabilitation) among the thrombolysis cohort (adjusted odds ratio, 1.335; 95% confidence interval, 0.983–1.812; P=0.064). The adjusted rates of bacterial meningitis and ventricular shunt placement were similar between groups. The thrombolysis group had longer length of stay and higher inflation-adjusted cost of care, but cost of care per day length of stay was similar to the non-IVT group. Conclusions— IVT for intracerebral hemorrhage requiring ventriculostomy resulted in lower inpatient mortality and a trend toward favorable discharge outcome with similar rates of inpatient complications compared with the non-IVT group.
Detecting Noteheads in Handwritten Scores with ConvNets and Bounding Box Regression

Noteheads are the interface between the written score and music. Each notehead on the page signifies one note to be played, and detecting noteheads is thus an unavoidable step for Optical Music Recognition. Noteheads are clearly distinct objects, however, the variety of music notation handwriting makes noteheads harder to identify, and while handwritten music notation symbol {\em classification} is a well-studied task, symbol {\em detection} has usually been limited to heuristics and rule-based systems instead of machine learning methods better suited to deal with the uncertainties in handwriting. We present ongoing work on a simple notehead detector using convolutional neural networks for pixel classification and bounding box regression that achieves a detection f-score of 0.97 on binary score images in the MUSCIMA++ dataset, does not require staff removal, and is applicable to a variety of handwriting styles and levels of musical complexity.
Computerised cognitive assessment of athletes with sports related head injury

Professional and amateur participants in many sports are at risk of brain injury caused by impact with other players or objects. In many cases, mild cognitive deficits may persist after the common neurological signs of brain injury have passed. In recent years, the athlete's cognitive status after concussion has been measured with conventional “paper and pencil” neuropsychological tests. However, such tests are not ideal for sporting settings, as they are designed for the detection of gross cognitive impairments at a single assessment, not for the identification of mild cognitive deficits on repeated assessment. A number of computerised cognitive assessment tests and test batteries have been developed over the past two decades. These batteries offer major scientific and practical advantages over conventional neuropsychological tests which make them ideal for the assessment of cognitive function in sportspeople. This review first describes the problems associated with cognitive assessment of people with sports related cognitive deficits, and then critically examines the utility of conventional neuropsychological and computerised cognitive tests in sporting settings.
Aneuploidy and Confined Chromosomal Mosaicism in the Developing Human Brain

Background Understanding the mechanisms underlying generation of neuronal variability and complexity remains the central challenge for neuroscience. Structural variation in the neuronal genome is likely to be one important mechanism for neuronal diversity and brain diseases. Large-scale genomic variations due to loss or gain of whole chromosomes (aneuploidy) have been described in cells of the normal and diseased human brain, which are generated from neural stem cells during intrauterine period of life. However, the incidence of aneuploidy in the developing human brain and its impact on the brain development and function are obscure. Methodology/Principal Findings To address genomic variation during development we surveyed aneuploidy/polyploidy in the human fetal tissues by advanced molecular-cytogenetic techniques at the single-cell level. Here we show that the human developing brain has mosaic nature, being composed of euploid and aneuploid neural cells. Studying over 600,000 neural cells, we have determined the average aneuploidy frequency as 1.25–1.45% per chromosome, with the overall percentage of aneuploidy tending to approach 30–35%. Furthermore, we found that mosaic aneuploidy can be exclusively confined to the brain. Conclusions/Significance Our data indicates aneuploidization to be an additional pathological mechanism for neuronal genome diversification. These findings highlight the involvement of aneuploidy in the human brain development and suggest an unexpected link between developmental chromosomal instability, intercellural/intertissular genome diversity and human brain diseases.
Cerebral asymmetry and emotion: Conceptual and methodological conundrums

Abstract A diversity of methods have been used to study cerebral asymmetries associated with emotion. Many different conceptual schemes have also been invoked to guide research on this topic. The purpose of this article is to survey the critical methodological and conceptual issues in this area of research. Research in this area must acknowledge the multi-componential nature of emotion. Asymmetries associated with the perception of emotional information and the posing of emotional expressions are not necessarily the same as those that accompany the actual production of emotion. Asymmetries vary along the rostral/caudal plane both in their magnitude and direction, as well as in their functional significance. Research in this area must explicitly take this variable into account. Different measures of asymmetry do not reflect the same underlying process and so cannot be used interchangeably. In particular, behavioural measures which lack extensive localising validation, must be used with caution. Finally, th.