Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frequency Domain Multimodel Analysis of the Response of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to Surface Forcing

The dynamics of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) vary considerably among different climate models; for example, some models show clear peaks in their power spectra while others do not. To elucidate these model differences, transfer functions are used to estimate the frequency domain relationship between surface forcing fields, including sea surface temperature, salinity, and wind stress, and the resulting AMOC response. These are estimated from the outputs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and phase 3 (CMIP3) control runs for eightdifferent models,with a specificfocus on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1), and the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), which exhibit rather different spectral behavior. The transfer functionsshowvery littleagreement amongmodelsforany ofthe pairsofvariablesconsidered, suggestingthe existence of systematic model errors and that considerable uncertainty in the simulation of AMOC in current climate models remains. However, a robust feature of the frequency domain analysis is that models with spectral peaks in their AMOC correspond to those in which AMOC variability is more strongly excited by high-latitude surface perturbations that have periods corresponding to the frequency of the spectral peaks. This explains why different models exhibit such different AMOC variability. These differences would not be evident without using a method that explicitly computes the frequency dependence rather than a priori assuming a particular functional form. Finally, transfer functions are used to evaluate two proposed physical mechanisms for model differences in AMOC variability: differences in Labrador Sea stratification and excitation by westward-propagating subsurface Rossby waves.
Automated Verification of Dynamic Reliability Block Diagrams Using Colored Petri Nets 1

The increasing reliance on computer technology nowadays has resulted in a rapidly growing need to build reliable and fault resistant computer-based systems. Computer system reliabilities are conventionally modeled and analyzed using techniques such as fault tree analysis (FTA) and reliability block diagrams (RBD), which provide static representations of system reliabilities. A recent extension to RBD, called dynamic reliability block diagrams (DRBD), provides a framework for modeling dynamic reliability behaviors of computer-based systems. However, analyzing a DRBD model in order to locate and identify design errors, such as a deadlock error or a faulty state, is not trivial when done manually. A feasible approach to verifying a DRBD model is to develop a formal model of the DRBD, and analyze it using programmatic methods. In this paper, we first define a reliability markup language (RML) that can be used to formally describe DRBD models. Then we present an algorithm that automatically converts a DRBD model into a colored Petri net (CPN). We use a case study to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach and demonstrate how system properties of a DRBD model can be verified using an existing Petri net tool. Our approach is compositional and provides a potential solution to automated verification of DRBD models.
Quantitative Organization of GABAergic Synapses in the Molecular Layer of the Mouse Cerebellar Cortex

In the cerebellar cortex, interneurons of the molecular layer (stellate and basket cells) provide GABAergic input to Purkinje cells, as well as to each other and possibly to other interneurons. GABAergic inhibition in the molecular layer has mainly been investigated at the interneuron to Purkinje cell synapse. In this study, we used complementary subtractive strategies to quantitatively assess the ratio of GABAergic synapses on Purkinje cell dendrites versus those on interneurons. We generated a mouse model in which the GABAA receptor α1 subunit (GABAARα1) was selectively removed from Purkinje cells using the Cre/loxP system. Deletion of the α1 subunit resulted in a complete loss of GABAAR aggregates from Purkinje cells, allowing us to determine the density of GABAAR clusters in interneurons. In a complementary approach, we determined the density of GABA synapses impinging on Purkinje cells using α-dystroglycan as a specific marker of inhibitory postsynaptic sites. Combining these inverse approaches, we found that synapses received by interneurons represent approximately 40% of all GABAergic synapses in the molecular layer. Notably, this proportion was stable during postnatal development, indicating synchronized synaptogenesis. Based on the pure quantity of GABAergic synapses onto interneurons, we propose that mutual inhibition must play an important, yet largely neglected, computational role in the cerebellar cortex.
Models of Density‐Dependent Genic Selection and a New Rock‐Paper‐Scissors Social System

We describe new ESS models of density regulation driven by genic selection to explain the cyclical dynamics of a social system that exhibits a rock‐paper‐scissors (RPS) set of three alternative strategies. We tracked changes in morph frequency and fitness of Lacerta vivipara and found conspicuous RPS cycles. Morphs of Uta and Lacerta exhibited parallel survival‐performance trade‐offs. Frequency cycles in both species of lizards are driven by genic selection. In Lacerta, frequency of each allele in adult cohorts had significant impacts on juvenile recruitment, similar to mutualistic, altruistic, and antagonistic relations of RPS alleles in Uta. We constructed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) models in which adults impact juvenile recruitment as a function of self versus nonself color recognition. ESS models suggest that the rapid 4‐year RPS cycles exhibited by Lacerta are not possible unless three factors are present: behaviors evolve that discriminate self versus nonself morphs at higher rates than random, self‐ versus non‐self‐recognition contributes to density regulation, and context‐dependent mate choice evolves in females, which choose sire genotypes to enhance progeny survival. We suggest genic selection coupled to density regulation is widespread and thus fundamental to theories of social system evolution as well as theories of population regulation in diverse animal taxa.
Mitochondria-Specific Accumulation of Amyloid β Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction Leading to Apoptotic Cell Death

Mitochondria are best known as the essential intracellular organelles that host the homeostasis required for cellular survival, but they also have relevance in diverse disease-related conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is the key molecule in AD pathogenesis, and has been highlighted in the implication of mitochondrial abnormality during the disease progress. Neuronal exposure to Aβ impairs mitochondrial dynamics and function. Furthermore, mitochondrial Aβ accumulation has been detected in the AD brain. However, the underlying mechanism of how Aβ affects mitochondrial function remains uncertain, and it is questionable whether mitochondrial Aβ accumulation followed by mitochondrial dysfunction leads directly to neuronal toxicity. This study demonstrated that an exogenous Aβ1–42 treatment, when applied to the hippocampal cell line of mice (specifically HT22 cells), caused a deleterious alteration in mitochondria in both morphology and function. A clathrin-mediated endocytosis blocker rescued the exogenous Aβ1–42-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the mitochondria-targeted accumulation of Aβ1–42 in HT22 cells using Aβ1–42 with a mitochondria-targeting sequence induced the identical morphological alteration of mitochondria as that observed in the APP/PS AD mouse model and exogenous Aβ1–42-treated HT22 cells. In addition, subsequent mitochondrial dysfunctions were demonstrated in the mitochondria-specific Aβ1–42 accumulation model, which proved indistinguishable from the mitochondrial impairment induced by exogenous Aβ1–42-treated HT22 cells. Finally, cellular toxicity was directly induced by mitochondria-targeted Aβ1–42 accumulation, which mimics the apoptosis process in exogenous Aβ1–42-treated HT22 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that mitochondria-targeted Aβ1–42 accumulation is the necessary and sufficient condition for Aβ-mediated mitochondria impairments, and leads directly to cellular death rather than along with other Aβ-mediated signaling alterations.
Cognitive Recovery in Socially Deprived Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project

In a randomized controlled trial, we compared abandoned children reared in institutions to abandoned children placed in institutions but then moved to foster care. Young children living in institutions were randomly assigned to continued institutional care or to placement in foster care, and their cognitive development was tracked through 54 months of age. The cognitive outcome of children who remained in the institution was markedly below that of never-institutionalized children and children taken out of the institution and placed into foster care. The improved cognitive outcomes we observed at 42 and 54 months were most marked for the youngest children placed in foster care. These results point to the negative sequelae of early institutionalization, suggest a possible sensitive period in cognitive development, and underscore the advantages of family placements for young abandoned children.
Tuning Patchy Bonds Induced by Critical Casimir Forces

Experimental control of patchy interactions promises new routes for the assembly of complex colloidal structures, but remains challenging. Here, we investigate the role of patch width in the assembly of patchy colloidal particles assembled by critical Casimir forces. The particles are composed of a hydrophobic dumbbell with an equatorial hydrophilic polymer shell, and are synthesized to have well-defined patch-to-shell area ratios. Patch-to-patch binding is achieved in near-critical binary solvents, in which the particle interaction strength and range are controlled by the temperature-dependent solvent correlation length. Upon decreasing the patch-to-shell area ratio, we observe a pronounced change of the bonding morphology towards directed single-bonded configurations, as clearly reflected in the formation of chain-like structures. Computer simulations using an effective critical Casimir pair potential for the patches show that the morphology change results from the geometric exclusion of the increasingly thick hydrophilic particle shells. These results highlight the experimental control of patchy interactions through the engineering of the building blocks on the way towards rationally designed colloidal superstructures.
The Actual Usage of ERP Systems: An Extended Technology Acceptance Perspective

Implementing the ERP system is one method of minimizing cost and maximizing profit to increase competitive advantage. However, numerous factors influence ERP implementation success, including user resistance. This study thus attempts to explain behavioural intention and actual usage of ERP implementation based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). The model also incorporates additional behavioural constructs, top management support, computer self-efficacy (CSE) and computer anxiety. The Lisrel package of structural equation modelling is used in this study to verify the causal relationships between variables. Analytical results demonstrate that top management support strongly and positively affects CSE, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. However, CSE had an insignificant affect on perceived usefulness, but was found to directly influence perceived ease of use. Meanwhile, perceived usefulness influenced behavioural intention, but does not significantly affect actual usage. Perceived ease of use was found to directly affect behavioural intention. Finally, behavioural intention positively and directly affects actual usage. The implications of these findings for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Rcs signalling‐activated transcription of rcsA induces strong anti‐sense transcription of upstream fliPQR flagellar genes from a weak intergenic promoter: regulatory roles for the anti‐sense transcript in virulence and motility

In Salmonella enterica, an activated Rcs signalling system inhibits initiation of transcription of the flhD master operon. Under these conditions, where motility is shut down, microarray experiments showed an increased RNA signal for three flagellar genes –fliPQR– located upstream of rcsA. We show here that it is the anti‐sense (AS) strand of these genes that is transcribed, originating at a weak promoter in the intergenic region between fliR and rcsA. RcsA is an auxiliary regulator for the Rcs system, whose transcription is dependent on the response regulator RcsB. Rcs‐activated rightward transcription, but not translation, of rcsA is required for stimulation of leftward AS transcription. Our results implicate a combined action of RcsB and rcsA transcription in activating the AS promoter, likely by modulating DNA superhelicity in the intergenic region. We show that the AS transcript regulates many genes in the Rcs regulon, including SPI‐1 and SPI‐2 virulence and stress‐response genes. In the wild‐type strain the AS transcript is present in low amounts, independent of Rcs signalling. Here, AS transcription modulates complementary sense RNA levels and impacts swarming motility. It appears that the flagellar AS transcript has been co‐opted by the Rcs system to regulate virulence.
PROSPER delivery of universal preventive interventions with young adolescents: long-term effects on emerging adult substance misuse and associated risk behaviors

Background Substance misuse and associated health-risking behaviors are prevalent in emerging adulthood. There is a knowledge gap concerning the post-high school effects of community-based delivery systems for universal preventive interventions implemented during young adolescence. This study reports effects of the PROSPER delivery system through age 19, 7.5 years past baseline. Methods A cohort sequential design included 28 public school districts randomly assigned to the PROSPER partnership delivery system or usual-programming conditions. PROSPER community teams implemented a family-focused intervention in 6th grade and a school-based intervention in 7th grade. Outcomes for the age 19, post-high school report included lifetime, current, and frequency of substance misuse, as well as antisocial and health-risking sexual behaviors. Intent-to-treat, multi-level analyses of covariance of point-in-time outcomes were conducted, along with analyses of risk-related moderation of intervention effects. Results Results showed emerging adults from PROSPER communities reported significantly lower substance misuse across a range of types of substances, with relative reduction rates of up to 41.0%. No significant findings were observed for associated antisocial and health-risking sexual behavior indices; or for lifetime rates of sexually transmitted infections. Risk-related moderation effects were non-significant, suggesting generally comparable outcomes across higher- and lower-risk subgroups of emerging adults. Conclusions The PROSPER delivery system for brief universal preventive interventions has potential for public health impact by reducing long-term substance misuse, with positive results extending beyond high school.
Localised axial progenitor cell populations in the avian tail bud are not committed to a posterior Hox identity

The outgrowth of the vertebrate tail is thought to involve the proliferation of regionalised stem/progenitor cell populations formed during gastrulation. To follow these populations over extended periods, we used cells from GFP-positive transgenic chick embryos as a source for donor tissue in grafting experiments. We determined that resident progenitor cell populations are localised in the chicken tail bud. One population, which is located in the chordoneural hinge (CNH), contributes descendants to the paraxial mesoderm, notochord and neural tube, and is serially transplantable between embryos. A second population of mesodermal progenitor cells is located in a separate dorsoposterior region of the tail bud, and a corresponding population is present in the mouse tail bud. Using heterotopic transplantations, we show that the fate of CNH cells depends on their environment within the tail bud. Furthermore, we show that the anteroposterior identity of tail bud progenitor cells can be reset by heterochronic transplantation to the node region of gastrula-stage chicken embryos.
A new approach to the dynamic RGA analysis of uncertain systems

This paper deals with DRGA analysis for uncertain systems. Uncertainties in a process model can be translated into uncertainties in the DRGA which might invalidate the decision on the variable paring in decentralized control. Bounds for the uncertainties in the DRGA of a multivariable process are derived for a given nominal process model with known uncertainty region. The resulting uncertainty region for the DRGA is used to assess the validity of decisions based on the nominal DRGA. The methodology for the computation of the bounds is currently restricted to the 2-by-2 case. Beside an explanatory example, a case study on a coal injection vessel is conducted and discussed.
Mitochondria and tumor progression in ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND The role of mitochondria in cancer is poorly understood. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that predisposes to colorectal cancer and is an excellent model to study tumor progression. Our goal was to characterize mitochondrial alterations in UC tumorigenesis. METHODS Nondysplastic colon biopsies from UC patients with high-grade dysplasia or cancer (progressors; n = 9) and UC patients dysplasia free (nonprogressors; n = 9) were immunostained for cytochrome C oxidase (COX), a component of the electron transport chain, and were quantified by multispectral imaging. For six additional progressors, nondysplastic and dysplastic biopsies were stained for COX and additional mitochondrial proteins including PGC1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Generalized estimating equations with two-sided tests were used to account for correlation of measurements within individuals. RESULTS Nondysplastic biopsies of UC progressors showed statistically significant COX loss compared with UC nonprogressors by generalized estimating equation (-18.5 units, 95% confidence interval = -12.1 to -24.9; P < .001). COX intensity progressively decreased with proximity to dysplasia and was the lowest in adjacent to dysplasia and dysplastic epithelium. Surprisingly, COX intensity was statistically significantly increased in cancers. This bimodal pattern was observed for other mitochondrial proteins, including PGC1α, and was confirmed by mtDNA copy number. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial loss precedes the development of dysplasia, and it could be used to detect and potentially predict cancer. Cancer cells restore mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondria are needed for further proliferation. This bimodal pattern might be driven by transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC1α.
Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Tracks 133Xe Cerebral Blood Flow Changes After Carotid Stenting

Background and Purpose— To compare magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion to gold-standard cerebral blood flow (CBF) determined by intra-arterial 133Xe washout method. Methods— Eight patients with high-grade carotid stenoses underwent bolus-tracking MR perfusion and intra-arterial 133Xe washout before and after carotid stenting. MR perfusion was compared with 133Xe-CBF values using Pearson linear correlation analysis. Results— We observed a mean 37±38% increase in 133Xe-CBF and a mean 19±27% increase in relative CBF (rCBF) by MR perfusion immediately after stent placement. Relative (percent) changes in MR-rCBF showed a close and linear correlation to those seen in 133Xe-CBF (r=0.91; R2=0.84; P=0.002). There was a trend for MR perfusion to underestimate change in CBF at higher relative changes in flow. Conclusion— Bolus-tracking MR perfusion correlates with 133Xe-CBF in estimating postprocedural increases in blood flow but may underestimate the magnitude of the change with higher relative changes.
Comparative Hemodynamic Effects of Chewable Isosorbide Dinitrate and Nitroglycerin in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure

Vasodilators are known to be effective in improving the hemodynamics of congestive heart failure by increasing cardiac output and reducing left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP). Long acting agents are needed to augment the practicality and availability of chronic vasodilator therapy. In the present study the vascular effects of chewable isosorbide dinitrate (CHIS), sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG) and placebo (P) were compared in eight patients with high LVFP due to heart failure. Patients with LVFP (pulmonary wedge pressure) over 14 mm Hg were given CHIS, 10 mg, NTG, 0.6 mg, and P, two chewable tablets, in random fashion. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and LVFP were monitored for three hours after each drug. HR was not significantly affected by any drug, although it rose slightly after NTG and fell after CHIS. Significant reduction of BP occurred only after NTG, with peak effect at five minutes, but lasting only 15 minutes. NTG reduced LVFP 5.1 mm Hg (19.5%, P < 0.05), at peak effect, but LVFP was no longer significantly lower by 20 minutes after NTG. After CHIS, LVFP fell significantly within five minutes, reached a peak reduction of 8.6 mm Hg (32.7%, P < 0.01) at 15 minutes, and remained significantly lower through three hours. Thus CHIS provides a nitrate action of rapid onset and sustained effect that may be useful for chronic vasodilator therapy of heart failure.
A general weight matrix formulation using optimal control

Classical methods from optimal control theory are used in deriving general forms for neural network weights. The network learning or application task is encoded in a performance index of a general structure. Consequently, different instances of this performance index lead to special cases of weight rules, including some well-known forms. Comparisons are made with the outer product rule, spectral methods, and recurrent back-propagation. Simulation results and comparisons are presented.
Study on Coordinated Control and Hardware System of a Mobile Manipulator

A hierarchical intelligent controller based on neural network was proposed for the coordinated control of a mobile manipulator that a multi-link manipulator mounted upon a wheeled mobile platform. It consists of three levels: decision level, processing level and execution level. The controller can identify and compensate for dynamics coupling of the unknown mobile platform and the manipulator. The kinematics submodels of the manipulator and the wheeled mobile vehicle were established. And the unified kinematics of the mobile manipulator was analysed. The mobile manipulator was constructed with a Pioneer 3 H8-AT mobile platform and a 5 degree of freedom manipulator and many sensors. Certain experiments had been done to test the mobile manipulator. It can identify and remedy the leakage points of jugs filled with danger chemicals