Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infant mortality and reproductive wastage associated with different genotypes of haemoglobinopathies in Orissa, India

Background: Haemoglobinopathies, including sickle-cell disease and thalassaemia syndrome, are a group of blood diseases mostly confined to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The spectrum of haemoglobin variants is a group of commonly encountered genetic conditions, with an average frequency of 19.32% in Orissa, varying from region to region and from community to community depending upon the type of mating practices. Aim: For the first time, the infant mortality rate (IMR), i.e. the number of deaths under 1 year of age (in a given year) per thousand live births in a particular area, was studied to find the cause of the high IMR and to relate it to different genotypes of haemoglobinopathies. Results: IMR was found to be higher in couples with sickle-cell trait (75.9), β-thalassaemia (184.2), and sickle cell/β-thalassaemia (70.2) compared to normal couples (26.3). The reproductive wastage (abortions, stillbirths and neonatal deaths) and the number of deaths of offspring below 1 year of age (infant mortality) and below 10 years of age (childhood mortality) among affected couples in such families were also statistically significantly higher compared to normal parents. Conclusions: The progeny of sickle-cell trait, β-thalassaemia trait, and sickle cell/β-thalassaemia couples contributes substantially to the high neonatal/IMR in the coastal state of Orissa in Central-Eastern India. This study has revealed that in comparison to normal couples, couples who were carriers of haemoglobinopathies had a greater reproductive wastage. Screening and genetic counselling could be an important factor in reducing IMR in rural India. The traits/carriers of haemoglobinopathies should, specifically, avoid marriages and mating for the better health of subsequent generations.
Gender differences in eicosanoid production from macrophages of arthritis-susceptible mice.

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rodents is an experimental animal model that shares many clinical and pathologic findings with rheumatoid arthritis in man. Our previous findings suggested that the amelioration of CIA in mice by a fish oil diet was associated with macrophage accumulation and metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid and a subsequently altered prostaglandin (PG) profile. In these experiments, we examined the role of gender and found that macrophages from female arthritis-susceptible B10.RIII or B10.G mice synthesized more PG and thromboxane than macrophages isolated from the males. Compared with males, female mice had higher circulating anti-type II collagen antibodies but were less likely to develop CIA. Females, especially those on a fish oil diet, developed a much less severe disease than the males. This supports our hypothesis that the type and/or amount of eicosanoid produced from the macrophage may alter the course of experimentally induced arthritis.
Efficacy of AAC interventions: Methodologic issues in evaluating behavior change, generalization, and effects

The purpose of this paper is to discuss selected methodologic issues related to the evaluation of the efficacy of interventions in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Previous literature is summarized for the evaluation of the effectiveness of AAC intervention programs as an organizational framework. Efficacy is then defined as an umbrella term, comprising not only effectiveness, but also efficiency and effects. Two indices, previously insufficiently addressed, are discussed in detail: (1) causal behavior change and (2) generalization. It is emphasized that demonstrations of causal behavior change require experimental research methodology rather than case study methodology. Generalization is defined and distinguished into stimulus and response generalization as two broad dimensions of generalization. Researchers are encouraged to explore the wide range of stimulus generalization conceivable in AAC and to evaluate whether collateral effects correspond conceptually to response generalization.
Max-Information, Differential Privacy, and Post-selection Hypothesis Testing

In this paper, we initiate a principled study of how the generalization properties of approximate differential privacy can be used to perform adaptive hypothesis testing, while giving statistically valid p-value corrections. We do this by observing that the guarantees of algorithms with bounded approximate max-information are sufficient to correct the p-values of adaptively chosen hypotheses, and then by proving that algorithms that satisfy (∈,δ)-differential privacy have bounded approximate max information when their inputs are drawn from a product distribution. This substantially extends the known connection between differential privacy and max-information, which previously was only known to hold for (pure) (∈,0)-differential privacy. It also extends our understanding of max-information as a partially unifying measure controlling the generalization properties of adaptive data analyses. We also show a lower bound, proving that (despite the strong composition properties of max-information), when data is drawn from a product distribution, (∈,δ)-differentially private algorithms can come first in a composition with other algorithms satisfying max-information bounds, but not necessarily second if the composition is required to itself satisfy a nontrivial max-information bound. This, in particular, implies that the connection between (∈,δ)-differential privacy and max-information holds only for inputs drawn from product distributions, unlike the connection between (∈,0)-differential privacy and max-information.
Improving the Effectiveness of Gainsharing: The Role of Fairness and Participation

Christine L. Cooper, Bruno Dyck, and Norman Frohlich University of Manitoba This paper investigates gainsharing plans and identifies problems that may limit potential gains in productivity. It explains how contemporary gainsharing plans constitute social dilemmas and provide an opportunity for "free-riding" and thus lower productivity. It also presents theoretical and experimental findings that suggest hypotheses regarding the impact on productivity of a fairer distribution rule and worker participation in the development of such a rule. The paper then describes two experiments designed to test these hypotheses. The experimental data reported in this study indicate that fair distribution rules that are participatively developed can ameliorate the social dilemma inherent in gainsharing plans. The paper offers prescriptions for improving gainsharing plans and discusses other implications of our findings. '
Three Reaction Papers

the opportunity to examine a range of relationships between research on writing and its applications to classroom instruction. The survey summary by Humes is a comprehensive reminder of just how much inquiry has gone into the topic of learning to write during the past 10 years. The other articles in the collection provide views on specific studies and topics, such as translations of descriptive research on classroom practice (Perl; Pekala; Schwartz; Graves; Silver; Carter; Shaw, Pettigrew, & Van Nostrand), descriptions of two research projects that examined the outcomes of specially developed programs of writing and literacy instruction (Coop, White, Tapscott, & Lee; Noyce & Christie), and rationales for specific approaches to teaching writing subskills (Lawlor; McCutchen & Perfetti). My intention here is not to respond directly to these articles; rather, it is to try to establish several fixed points for exploring key ideas among them.
The development and initial testing of the AIM2 framework to assess risk and strengths in young people who sexually offend

Abstract This paper describes the AIM2 assessment framework and the process of its development and initial testing. AIM2 is used to assess areas of concerns and strengths of young people. Some preliminary analysis is described, including the correlation of assessment items, their ability to discriminate between cases, their inter-rater reliability and a small-scale recidivist study. These analyses were used to develop AIM2. Results from the recidivist study identified a particular set of concern and strength factors associated with recidivism in the sample. We conclude that the inclusion of strengths-related items are important to consider as protective factors when assessing the risk of further sexually abusive behaviours. Limitations and future directions of AIM2 are also discussed.
Evaluating Shortest Edit Script Methods for Contextual Lemmatization

Modern contextual lemmatizers often rely on automatically induced Shortest Edit Scripts (SES), namely, the number of edit operations to transform a word form into its lemma. In fact, different methods of computing SES have been proposed as an integral component in the architecture of several state-of-the-art contextual lemmatizers currently available. However, previous work has not investigated the direct impact of SES in the final lemmatization performance. In this paper we address this issue by focusing on lemmatization as a token classification task where the only input that the model receives is the word-label pairs in context, where the labels correspond to previously induced SES. Thus, by modifying in our lemmatization system only the SES labels that the model needs to learn, we may then objectively conclude which SES representation produces the best lemmatization results. We experiment with seven languages of different morphological complexity, namely, English, Spanish, Basque, Russian, Czech, Turkish and Polish, using multilingual and language-specific pre-trained masked language encoder-only models as a backbone to build our lemmatizers. Comprehensive experimental results, both in- and out-of-domain, indicate that computing the casing and edit operations separately is beneficial overall, but much more clearly for languages with high-inflected morphology. Notably, multilingual pre-trained language models consistently outperform their language-specific counterparts in every evaluation setting.
Accurate Fitting Formula for the Two-Point Correlation Function of Dark Matter Halos

An accurate fitting formula is reported for the two-point correlation function ξhh(r;M) of dark matter halos in hierarchical clustering models. It is valid for the linearly clustering regime, and its accuracy is about 10% in ξhh(r;M) for the halos with mass M > (10−2-10−3)M*, where M* is the characteristic nonlinear mass. The result is found on the basis of a careful analysis for a large set of scale-free simulations with 2563 particles. The fitting formula has a weak explicit dependence on the index n of the initial power spectrum but can be equally well applied to the cold dark matter (CDM) cosmological models if the effective index neff of the CDM power spectrum at the scale of the halo mass replaces the index n. The formula agrees with the analytical formula of Mo & White for massive halos with M > M*, but the Mo & White formula significantly underpredicts ξhh(r;M) for the less massive halos. The difference between the fitting and the analytical formulae amounts to a factor ≳2 in ξhh(r;M) for M=0.01M*. One of the most interesting applications of this fitting formula would be the clustering of galaxies, since the majority of halos hosting galaxies satisfies M≪M*.
World assumptions following disaster.

This study assessed the beliefs and cognitions of bus-train collision survivors, 7 years following the accident. The sample consisted of 389 young adults who were adolescents at the time of the disaster. The sample was composed of 4 groups who differed in their levels of exposure to traumatic stress. Results indicated that (a) exposure to the traumatic accident was implicated in challenging survivors' beliefs about the benevolence of the world. Justice and luck were also associated with posttraumatic psychiatric and functional impairment; (b) the level of exposure had a direct bearing on dependent variables; and (c) cognitive schemata were associated with psychiatric symptomatology and problems in functioning, reflecting the coexistence of diverse traumatic sequelae. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Analysis and Characterization of Author Contribution Patterns in Open Source Software Development

Analysis and Characterization of Author Contribution Patterns in Open Source Software Development Quinn C. Taylor Department of Computer Science, BYU Master of Science Software development is a process fraught with unpredictability, in part because software is created by people. Human interactions add complexity to development processes, and collaborative development can become a liability if not properly understood and managed. Recent years have seen an increase in the use of data mining techniques on publicly-available repository data with the goal of improving software development processes, and by extension, software quality. In this thesis, we introduce the concept of author entropy as a metric for quantifying interaction and collaboration (both within individual files and across projects), present results from two empirical observational studies of open-source projects, identify and analyze authorship and collaboration patterns within source code, demonstrate techniques for visualizing authorship patterns, and propose avenues for further research.
Nutrition and Child Development: More Food for Thought

For many years, the specific ef fects of mild-to-moderate protein energy malnutrition, poor-quality diet, and sporadic food shortages on children's development were un known. Although the serious conse quences of severe malnutrition early in life had been identified, the extent to which milder deprivation com promises the child's development was unclear. In an earlier issue of this journal, Ricciuti outlined some of the issues1 but, in my view, un derestimated the detrimental effects of undernutrition as well as the ben eficial effects of supplementation. The aims of this review are, first, to summarize a series of studies that have identified some of the nutri tional and psychological mecha nisms underlying the effects of un dernutrition and, second, to present the findings on supplementation in a more positive light. Mild-to-moderate malnutrition is difficult to study for several reasons. First, unlike serious malnutrition, which can be identified by the phys ical condition of the individual, mild protein-energy malnutrition and in
Culture of principal cells from the rat caput epididymidis.

Studies of epididymal function would be facilitated if principal or basal cells could be cultured. Principal cells from the caput epididymidis were isolated by elutriation and suspended (4 X 106 /ml) in culture medium supplemented with serum. Cells were cultured at 34#{176}C within a floatingcollagen matrix prepared by mixing equal volumes of the principalcellsuspension and an ice-cold collagen solution when plating the cells in the culture dish. After 20-24 h, serum-free medium was used. Cultures contained both isolated cells and clusters of cells surrounded by collagen fibers, but cell division was not seen. Based on observations by transmission electron microscopy, 82% of the cells in Day 5 cultures were principal cells and 75% of these cells were morphologically normal. Fine structure of principal cells on Days 1, 3 or 5 was similar to that of cells in situ. Metabolism of �3 HI testosterone was evaluated over Days 1-3 and 3-5. Virtually all
Experience of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks by Airline Flight Staff

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the 9/11-related experiences, observations, and perceptions of airline flight staff highly connected to the terrorist attacks and the effects of the attacks on their work. A focus group of seven flight staff was conducted in January 2004. Spoken passages (N = 115) were categorized into themes, with excellent interrater reliability. Item count frequencies were tabulated for each theme. Five themes emerged: disaster experience, emotional response, perceived danger, interpersonal response, and workplace response. The flight staff characterized their daily work as front-line duty fraught with danger, uncertainty, and vivid reminders.
How Many Dystonias? Clinical Evidence

Literary reports on dystonia date back to post-Medieval times. Medical reports are instead more recent. We review here the early descriptions and the historical establishment of a consensus on the clinical phenomenology and the diagnostic features of dystonia syndromes. Lumping and splitting exercises have characterized this area of knowledge, and it remains largely unclear how many dystonia types we are to count. This review describes the history leading to recognize that focal dystonia syndromes are a coherent clinical set encompassing cranial dystonia (including blepharospasm), oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic torticollis, truncal dystonia, writer’s cramp, and other occupational dystonias. Papers describing features of dystonia and diagnostic criteria are critically analyzed and put into historical perspective. Issues and inconsistencies in this lumping effort are discussed, and the currently unmet needs are critically reviewed.
Nonlinear 1-bit precoding for massive MU-MIMO with higher-order modulation

Massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is widely believed to be a core technology for the upcoming fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication standards. The use of low-precision digital-to-analog converters (DACs) in MU-MIMO base stations is of interest because it reduces the power consumption, system costs, and raw baseband data rates. In this paper, we develop novel algorithms for downlink precoding in massive MU-MIMO systems with 1-bit DACs that support higher-order modulation schemes such as 8-PSK or 16-QAM. Specifically, we present low-complexity nonlinear precoding algorithms that achieve low error rates when combined with blind or training-based channel-estimation algorithms at the user equipment. These results are in stark contrast to linear-quantized precoding algorithms, which suffer from a high error floor if used with high-order modulation schemes and 1-bit DACs.
Effect of the Single or Combined Administration of Cocaine and Testosterone on Cardiovascular Function and Baroreflex Activity in Unanesthetized Rats

Abstract Abuse of cocaine and androgenic–anabolic steroids has become a serious public health problem. Despite reports of an increase in the incidence of simultaneous illicit use of these substances, potential toxic interactions between cocaine and androgenic–anabolic steroids in the cardiovascular system are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of single or combined administration of testosterone and cocaine for 1 or 10 consecutive days on basal cardiovascular parameters, baroreflex activity, and hemodynamic responses to vasoactive agents in unanesthetized rats. Ten-day combined administration of testosterone and cocaine increased baseline arterial pressure. Changes in arterial pressure were associated with altered baroreflex activity and impairment of both hypotensive response to intravenous sodium nitroprusside and pressor effect of intravenous phenylephrine. Chronic single administration of either testosterone or cocaine did not affect baseline arterial pressure. However, testosterone-treated animals presented rest bradycardia, cardiac hypertrophy, alterations in baroreflex activity, and enhanced response to sodium nitroprusside. Repeated administration of cocaine affected baroreflex activity and impaired vascular responsiveness to both sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. One-day single or combined administration of the drugs did not affect any parameter investigated. In conclusion, the present results suggest a potential interaction between toxic effects of cocaine and testosterone on the cardiovascular activity. Changes in baseline arterial pressure after combined administration of these 2 drugs may result from alterations in baroreflex activity and impairment of vascular responsiveness to vasoactive agents.
Selective Phosphorylation of Adult Tau Isoforms in Mature Hippocampal Neurons Exposed to Fibrillar Aβ

How senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are linked represents a major gap in our understanding of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. We characterized a hippocampal neuronal culture system in which tau undergoes maturation in vivo; rat neurons maintained in culture for more than 3 weeks replicated the splicing and phosphorylation changes that tau undergoes upon maturation in situ. Using this model system, we induced an Alzheimer-like neuritic dystrophy following the application of fibrillar beta-amyloid. The dystrophy consisted of focal distortions and swellings within the neurites and an altered phosphorylation of the adult tau isoforms. Fibrillar beta-amyloid induced the concomitant activation of MAP kinase and GSK3 beta. The aberrant activation of several signaling pathways may lead to the abnormal phosphorylation of tau and neuritic degeneration.
Cenozoic deformation of Iberia: A model for intraplate mountain building and basin development based on analogue modeling

Inferences from analogue models support lithospheric folding as the primary response to large‐scale shortening manifested in the present day topography of Iberia. This process was active from the late Oligocene‐early Miocene during the Alpine orogeny and was probably enhanced by reactivation of inherited Variscan faults. The modeling results confirm the dependence of fold wavelength on convergence rate and hence the strength of the layers of the lithosphere such that fold wavelength is longest for fast convergence rates favoring whole lithosphere folding. Folding is associated with the formation of dominantly pop‐up type mountain ranges in the brittle crust and thickening of the ductile layers in the synforms of the buckle folds by flow. The mountain ranges are represented by upper crustal pop‐ups forming the main topographic relief. The wavelengths of the topographic uplifts, both, in model and nature suggest mechanical decoupling between crust and mantle. Moreover, our modeling results suggest that buckling in Iberia took place under rheological conditions where the lithospheric mantle is stronger than the lower crust. The presence of an indenter, inducing oblique shortening in response to the opening of the King's Trough in the north western corner of the Atlantic Iberian margin controls the spacing and obliquity of structures. This leads to the transfer of the deformation from the moving walls towards the inner part of the model, creating oblique structures in both brittle and ductile layers. The effect of the indenter, together with an increase on the convergence rate produced more complex brittle structures. These results show close similarities to observations on the general shape and distribution of mountain ranges and basins in Iberia, including the Spanish Central System and Toledo Mountains.
Religion, Personality, and Well-being: The Relationship Between Church Attendance and Purpose in Life

A sample of 517 first-year, undergraduate students attending an Anglican College in Wales completed the Purpose-in-Life Scale (PILS) together with the short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR) and a measure of church attendance. After controlling for individual differences in personality, the data demonstrate a significant positive correlation between church attendance and scores on the PILS. A growing body of evidence indicates that attendance at religious services tends to promote the psychological wellbeing of college students.