Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patient considerations in the management of ulcerative colitis: role of once-daily MMX mesalamine

Mesalamine and its derivatives are effective and well-tolerated therapies for ulcerative colitis. However, patient adherence to traditional mesalamine-based therapy is poor, and is often limited by heavy pill burdens and frequent dosing intervals. This can lead to ineffective disease control, impaired quality of life, and preventable morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have suggested that a once-daily mesalamine regimen would be strongly adhered to in the outpatient setting, but at that time no such formulation of mesalamine existed. In 2007, clinical trial data showed a novel, once-daily, multi-matrix (MMX) formulation of mesalamine to be effective in both remission induction and remission maintenance. This breakthrough in drug delivery allowed the unification of an effective therapeutic with a formulation that enables outpatients to be increasingly adherent to their medication. In theory, this might result in improved outpatient disease control and a decreased number of flares. As the use of MMX mesalamine increases, studies examining the outpatient community adherence rate need to be performed.
Serum IL-12 Is Increased in Mexican Obese Subjects and Associated with Low-Grade Inflammation and Obesity-Related Parameters

Interleukin-(IL-) 12 has been recently suggested to participate during development of insulin resistance in obese mice. Nevertheless, serum IL-12 levels have not been accurately determined in overweight and obese humans. We thus studied serum concentrations of IL-12 in Mexican adult individuals, examining their relationship with low-grade inflammation and obesity-related parameters. A total of 147 healthy individuals, 43 normal weight, 61 overweight, and 43 obese subjects participated in the study. Circulating levels of IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured after overnight fasting in all of the study subjects. Waist circumference and body fat percentage were recorded for all the participants. Serum IL-12 was significantly higher in overweight and obese individuals than in normal weight controls. Besides being strongly related with body mass index (r = 0.5154), serum IL-12 exhibited a significant relationship with abdominal obesity (r = 0.4481), body fat percentage (r = 0.5625), serum glucose (r = 0.3158), triglyceride (r = 0.3714), and TNF-α (r = 0.4717). Thus, serum levels of IL-12 are increased in overweight and obese individuals and show a strong relationship with markers of low-grade inflammation and obesity in the Mexican adult population. Further research is needed to understand the role of IL-12 in developing obesity-associated alterations in humans.
The Faces of Terrorism: Social and Psychological Dimensions

very easy to interpret with confidence. The data is presented without interpretation— and in many cases the context needed to understand it—in Chapter Five, and in the discussion in Chapter Six the reader learns that many of the results are difficult or impossible to interpret because of a lack of additional variables or information on the driving population. Vehicle searches are one element Gumbhir can address with more confidence, and he uncovers interesting racial discrepancies. Both African-Americans and Latinos were more likely to be searched than whites, though there were no differences in search success rates between races, casting some doubt on differential offending as a legitimate motivation or explanation for this disparity. One of the most interesting discussions in the book (occurring in the introduction and epilogue) details the highly publicized racial profiling charges and the ensuing political furor in Eugene during and after the vehicle stop study. Additionally interesting but not directly discussed are the issues that surround asking a police department and police officers to collect data on themselves which may lead to charges of racial profiling. We are treated to hints, such as the footnote on page 206 which reveals that officers were informally instructed not to make a note of “pat down” or “Terry” searches on their vehicle stop forms, raising the question of other informal instructions the officers received on how to complete forms. In combination with the apparently non-random missing data, the significant lingering questions are about the story that, perhaps intentionally on the part of either individual police officers or the department as a whole, is not being told. Despite the limitations in what he is able to conclude with confidence, Gumbhir’s elegant theoretical framing and detailed consideration of the methodological problems in the survey design and implementation are significant contributions to the racial profiling literature. The Faces of Terrorism: Social and Psychological Dimensions, by Neil J. Smelser. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. 292pp. $29.95 cloth. ISBN-13: 9780691133089.
Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) - Part II: The Evidence

Methode In den 5 aufeinander aufbauenden Studien wurden jeweils andere Studiendesigns verwendet. Dabei folgten die Entwicklerinnen einem Phasenmodell von Ottenbacher [7], das f r die Verallgemeinerung von Behandlungseffekten den Nachweis der Wirksamkeit in der Anwendung bei verschiedenen Klienten, Settings und Therapeuten fordert, bevor die Behandlung allgemein anerkannt werden kann. Zun chst wurde mit einer experimentellen Einzelfallstudie begonnen und nach Erfolg der Behandlung die Vorgehensweise mit 9 weiteren Kindern wiederholt. Die Therapien f hrte dieselbe Therapeutin durch.
Evaluation of EAP re-authentication protocol

When a mobile host is carrying out an initial network attachment procedure in a wireless or cellular system, a large part of a network access latency is due to authentication, authorization and generation of a cryptographic keying material for the subsequent protection of a wireless link. Considerable latency is acceptable as a one-time situation. In scenarios where mobile devices need to re-authenticate, like during handoffs, re-authentication latency may turn out unacceptable in many services. In the paper we are evaluating improvements to Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) introduced with the EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP), designed for use in the in the Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) system. The main conclusion is that the new protocol features, specifically the protocol extensions and the new key management framework indeed reduce signalling overhead, offload the server and improve security on the wireless link. They are collectively evaluated in the paper through numerical simulation and software-based emulation.
Staff attitudes to the development and delivery of e‐learning

Reports the outcome of research conducted as part of a project funded by the Learning and Technology Support Network – Information and Computing Studies Group (LTSN‐ICS). The paper deals with the issues perceived as being important “barriers” to using technology in teaching and learning within the academic staff community working in higher education in the UK. Data were gathered from a critical analysis of the literature, the administration of a questionnaire survey and a series of interviews with academic staff. Empirical data are used to verify some of the contentions from the literature review and to contextualise these (mainly US‐based publications) in terms of the experience of UK academics. The overall picture which emerges when examining a range of initiatives currently being undertaken across a range of academic institutions is that developments are often led by the enthusiasm of individuals with little extrinsic reward structure to encourage these innovations.
The National Security State

The current political climate and the upcoming election provide us with both short-term opportunities for critical activism and long-term encouragement to rethink higher education’s role in preparing citizens for participation in a democracy. This is a rare, if brief, opportunity for academics to encourage participation in the political process by writing and speaking. We face real risks of an emerging national security state limiting our freedom of speech and access to education. Long term, we must recognize our failure to produce a critical mass of graduates ready to engage public policy in a reflective and independent fashion. In large measure, education has failed the country. We need to reevaluate our mission and the undergraduate curriculum.
Priming and communication: Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction

Two experiments examined the effects of answering a question about a specific component of life satisfaction on respondents' assessment of their overall satisfaction with life. The results suggest that the use of primed information in forming subsequent judgments is determined by Grice's conversational norms. In general, answering the specific question increases the accessibility of information relevant to that question. However, the effect that this has on the general judgment depends on the way in which the two questions are presented. When the two questions are merely placed in sequence without a conversational context, the answer to the subsequent general question is based in part on the primed specific information. As a result, the answer to the general question becomes similar to that for the specific question (i.e. assimilation). However, this does not occur when the two questions are placed in a communication context. Conversational rules dictate that communicators should be informative and should avoid redundancy in their answers. Therefore, when a specific and a general question are perceived as belonging to the same conversational context, the information on which the answer to the specific question was based is disregarded when answering the general one. This attenuates the assimilation effect. The conditions under which these different processes occur are identified and experimentally manipulated, and the implications of these findings for models of information use in judgment are discussed.
The Personality Construct of Hardiness, V

In the past 25 years, personality hardiness has been emphasized as a composite of the interrelated attitudes of commitment, control, and challenge that together provide the existential courage and motivation to turn stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities. As such, hardiness has become considered the pathway to resilience and is increasingly used in consulting work. This study continues the construct validation of hardiness, using its latest measure, the Personal Views Survey III-R. In a large sample of undergraduates, this test showed adequate internal consistency reliability and absence of relationship to socially desirable responding. Furthermore, as expected, hardiness was positively related to measures of the ongoing, existential process of finding meaning through experiencing rather than imposing preexisting notions of what life is all about.
Whatever happened to psychology as the science of behavior

Research on lower organisms by H. S. Jen- nings and Jacques Loeb, together with a positivistic ap- proach to a philosophy of science, contributed to early efforts to explain behavior as a subject matter in its own right rather than as the effect of internal processes, mental or neural. The experimental analysis of behavior was an example of such a program. Psychology has remained, however, primarily a search for internal determiners. Three obstacles in its path as a science of behavior-- humanistic psychology, the helping professions, and cog- nitive psychology--seem to explain why. Some of their unfortunate effects upon psychology as a science and as the basis of a technology are reviewed.
Challenging Language-Dependent Segmentation for Arabic: An Application to Machine Translation and Part-of-Speech Tagging

Word segmentation plays a pivotal role in improving any Arabic NLP application. Therefore, a lot of research has been spent in improving its accuracy. Off-the-shelf tools, however, are: i) complicated to use and ii) domain/dialect dependent. We explore three language-independent alternatives to morphological segmentation using: i) data-driven sub-word units, ii) characters as a unit of learning, and iii) word embeddings learned using a character CNN (Convolution Neural Network). On the tasks of Machine Translation and POS tagging, we found these methods to achieve close to, and occasionally surpass state-of-the-art performance. In our analysis, we show that a neural machine translation system is sensitive to the ratio of source and target tokens, and a ratio close to 1 or greater, gives optimal performance.
A Prospective Study of the Impact of Automated Dipstick Urinalysis on the Diagnosis of Preeclampsia

Objective: To determine prospectively in hypertensive pregnant women 1) the accuracy of dipstick testing for proteinuria using automated urinalysis, 2) factors that might affect such accuracy, and 3) the potential impact of automated dipstick testing on the accuracy of diagnosis of preeclampsia according to acceptance of proteinuria at either 1 + or 2 + level. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Antenatal day assessment unit and antenatal ward of St George Hospital, a teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia. Population: 170 hypertensive pregnant women attending as outpatients or inpatients. Methods: 503 midstream urine samples were collected prospectively on separate occasions from 170 women. Full urinalysis was recorded using the Bayer Clinitek 50 automated urinalysis device and Multistix 10SG urinalysis strips (Bayer Diagnostics, Victoria, Australia). Each MSU was analysed for spot protein/creatinine ratio and also for culture and sensitivity if symptoms of a urinary tract infection were present or dipstick included positive nitrites. Urinalysis protein results were compared with spot urinary protein/creatinine ratio (previously shown to correlate with 24‐hr urine protein excretion) to determine the accuracy of urinalysis. True proteinuria was defined as a ratio ≥ 30 mg protein/mmol creatinine. Results: False positive dipstick tests ranged from 7% at 3 + level to 71% at 1 + proteinuria level while false negative rates were 7% for “nil” and 14% for “trace” proteinuria, 9% overall. Accepting the dipstick proteinuria result at face value led to an incorrect diagnosis of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension in 85 (50%) women. Dipstick proteinuria was significantly more likely to be correct (true positive/true negative) if diastolic blood pressure was elevated > 90 mmHg (p = 0.032) and in the absence of ketonuria (p = 0.001). Accepting a diagnosis of preeclampsia on the basis of de novo hypertension and dipstick testing alone was accurate less often (70%) when > 1 + was used as a discriminant value than at the 82% of presentations when > 2 + was used (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Accepting “nil” or “trace” proteinuria as a true negative dipstick results fails to identify approximately 1 in 11 hypertensive pregnant women with true proteinuria, a false negative rate that may be acceptable provided these women are subject to ongoing vigilant clinical review. Even with automated urinalysis the false positive rate for dipstick levels ≥ 1 + is very high, particularly in the presence of ketonuria and relying on this alone to diagnose preeclampsia leads to significant errors in diagnosis. Accepting ≥ 2 + dipstick proteinuria improves overall diagnostic accuracy for preeclampsia at the expense of a higher false negative rate. This study emphasizes the need to confirm dipstick proteinuria with a further test such as a spot urine protein/creatinine ratio in all hypertensive pregnant women, particularly in research studies.
Risk and Resilience in Orphaned Adolescents Living in a Community Affected by AIDS

The AIDS pandemic has resulted in a dramatic rise in the number of orphans in South Africa. This study was designed to investigate the associations between family, peer, and community factors and resilience in orphaned adolescents. Self-report questionnaires were administered verbally to 159 parentally bereaved adolescents (aged 10-19) in an economically deprived urban area. Questionnaires included measures of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. The results of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicate that cumulative stress exposure, losing a parent to a cause other than HIV and AIDS, and being cared for by a nonrelative were associated with an increased risk of internalizing symptoms. Family regulation and respect for individuality, peer connection, and community connection and regulation were significantly associated with greater emotional resilience. The findings support a main-effects model of resilience in which risk factors and protective factors contribute additively to the prediction of the outcome, without interaction.
Becoming American, Constructing Ethnicity: Immigrant Youth and Civic Engagement

After presenting demographic data to demonstrate why immigrant youth are and will be important, this article addresses the limited literature on immigrant youth civic engagement. It also examines the historical literature of immigrant youth in the United States, specifically that of the last great wave of immigration approximately 100 years ago, along with the literature on contemporary adult immigrant civic engagement. It concludes that today's immigrant youth are Americanizing. Nevertheless, when U.S. society and particularly the U.S. state treats immigrant youth as different, the immigrant youth respond with pride by defending their cultural integrity, their right to be different. Contemporary immigrant youth also have the opportunity to maintain transnational ties with their homeland. In response to these forces and opportunities, immigrant youth maintain multiple identities, sometimes identifying with their homeland culture at other times with the United States. The unanswered question is what difference these multiple ties may make for civic engagement.
How Knowledge is Power: Education and the Sense of Control

Using data from a 2005 nationally representative survey of working adults residing in the United States, we show that education is associated positively with a sense of personal control. The well-educated have higher status occupations which include higher levels of schedule control, challenging, interesting and enriching work, greater economic rewards and security, and a higher level of trust. Collectively, these patterns contribute substantially to the association between education and sense of control. We also observe that demanding work has a negative effect on sense of control, but this emerges only after adjusting for other higher status work conditions that correspond with demands. Our observations inform the integration of theoretical perspectives to describe education's benefits for personal and social functioning.
The Navajo Relative Clause

1 I want to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to those who helped me in various ways. Ken Hale for his interest, encouragements, and for his invaluable comments and suggestions which are incorporated throughout this article. Also, special thanks are due to Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle for suggestions that helped improve this work; to Dave Perlmutter, Ellen Kaufman, Haj Ross, and others for help on particular problems; to Linda, my wife, for providing me with additional judgments on some of the difficult sentences in Navajo and for typing the many versions tirelessly; and finally to Nathan, Brenda, and Jeremy, our children, for being patient with us. Thanks to the Navajo Division of Education for supporting hundreds of young Navajo students who are preparing themselves to bring about a true bilingual education. The Navajo Tribe, in this way, must be commended. A different solution to involved in deriving the surface forms of relative clauses.
The Indigenous Knowledge Systems Policy of 2004: Challenges for South African Universities

Abstract South Africa's Indigenous Knowledge Systems Policy was approved by Cabinet in 2004, and the National Indigenous Knowledge Systems Office (NIKSO) was opened in the Department of Science and Technology in 2006. Proposing the integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in the arenas of education, commerce, agriculture, the sciences, law, languages, arts, social sciences, and health, the policy document implies several challenges to the idea of knowledge at the postcolonial university, and has significant implications for research and innovation in South Africa. Yet will a dramatically increased budget for research on Indigenous Knowledge Systems bring the kinds of insights and ideas that are needed in order to bring the sciences into dialogue with indigenous knowledge? While arguing for the importance of engaging with the IKS debate, the first part of this paper offers a critique of the conceptual tools contained within the IKS Policy and associated calls for research. The second part of the paper focuses on the question of how universities might approach the task of supporting researchers who are exploring IKS. Arguing that a strong intellectual presence is needed in the implementation of the policy nationally, the paper argues that dedicated IKS research units within universities may be counter-productive to the task of integrating indigenous knowledges with the sciences. However, neither the sciences, nor sociologies of knowledge alone can provide an adequate intellectual home for research on the topic. Rather, if South African universities are to respond productively, there is a need for university executives to remove impediments to teaching and research across faculties and disciplines and between universities, and to stimulate emerging dialogues about the nature of knowledge in the postcolony.
Attempting to improve the validity of a well-established assessment centre

Various procedural changes were introduced to an assessment centre (AC) for the selection of naval officers in order to assist the assessors to use the evidence more appropriately in arriving at their overall assessment rating (OAR). Procedural changes included: the reduction in the number of dimensions assessed; assembling component predictor information under the relevant dimension on an evidence organizer; a visual indication of predictive validity of components on the evidence organizer; and focusing assessors' discussion on areas of disagreement or criticality. Data concerning component predictors, dimensions and the OAR were examined for applicant groups before and after the changes were introduced. Assessors seem to have used the numerical components correctly when assessing two of the three dimensions although the OAR still appeared to place too much weight on the group exercises (compared with written evidence). No improvements in OAR predictive validities against training performance criteria were obtained after the changes, although there was an improvement in the prediction of voluntary turnover. These results are discussed in terms of implications for the AC studied, subjective versus mechanical integration of AC data, and explanations of AC validity. It is argued that, at least in the selection context, the traditional explanation of OAR validity (in terms of ‘high’ assessment technology) is not tenable. An explanation in terms of the availability of a wide range of evidence, and the assessors' belief in behavioural consistency, is better supported by the available data.