Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Doppler spreading of internal gravity waves by an inertia‐wave packet

[1] Present Doppler-spreading models for the high wave number end of atmospheric and oceanic internal wave spectra either neglect the time dependence of the background long-wave shear entirely, or ignore time-dependent effects in their parameterization of dissipation. Through ray tracing and numerical simulations the Doppler spreading of an idealized interaction between a short internal-wave packet by an inertia-wave packet is examined. The results are sufficient to show that time dependence in the long-wave shear can make a significant difference to short-wave behavior, and will need to be taken into account in future modeling efforts.
When Do Women Speak? A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Gender in Legislative Debates

Do female representatives participate less often in legislative debates, and does it matter which topic is debated? Drawing on the role incongruity theory, we hypothesise that women take the parliamentary floor less often because of the gender stereotypes that are likely to guide the behaviour of party representatives. Such underrepresentation is less likely to be present when debates are dealing with policy areas that can be characterised as feminine. By referring to critical mass theory, we expect women to participate less in debates if they are members of parties with fewer female representatives. The results of an analysis of speechmaking among members of parliament in seven European countries show that female members of parliament are less represented in legislative debates, especially when debates deal with topics that can be characterised as masculine. Furthermore, the effect of gender on speechmaking clearly varies across parties. However, the pattern does not follow the logic derived from critical mass theory. Instead, female members of parliament take the floor less often when they are members of parties with many female representatives.
Modelling Java concurrency: An approach and a UPPAAL library

To effectively cope with correctness issues of concurrent and timed systems, the use of formal tools is mandatory. This paper proposes an original approach to modeling and exhaustive verification of Java-based concurrent systems which relies on the popular UPPAAL model checker. More precisely, a library of UPPAAL timed automata (TA) reproducing the semantics of major Java concurrent and synchronization mechanisms was developed, which fosters a smooth transition from specification down to implementation. The library includes such common control structures like semaphores and monitors, both classic and Java specific. The paper describes the developed TA library and shows its practical use by means of examples. Finally, an indication of on-going and future work directions is drawn in the conclusion.
High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging Probabilistic Tractography of the Auditory Radiation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The auditory radiation crosses other white matter tracts and cannot reliably be delineated or quantitatively assessed with DTI fiber tracking. This study investigates whether HARDI fiber tracking can be used to robustly delineate the full extent of the tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HARDI (64-direction, b=3000 s/mm2) and DTI (30-direction, b=1000 s/mm2) were acquired from 25 control participants between 8 and 26 years old. Probabilistic HARDI and DTI fiber tracking of the auditory radiation was performed with starting and filter regions automatically generated from the FreeSurfer white matter parcellation. DTI fiber tracking was performed with both the 64-direction and the 30-direction datasets. Fiber-tracking trials demonstrating connectivity from the Heschl gyrus to the medial geniculate nucleus were considered successful. RESULTS: The HARDI fiber tracking success rate was 98% and was significantly higher than the 64-direction DTI rate of 50% or the 30-direction DTI rate of 42% (P < .001). The success rates of HARDI fiber tracking for the left and right auditory radiations were not significantly different. In contrast, the left auditory radiation was successfully delineated with DTI fiber tracking at a higher rate than the right auditory radiation. CONCLUSIONS: HARDI can discriminate the complex white matter pathways at the junction of the auditory radiation and the ILF. HARDI fiber tracking can reliably delineate the auditory radiation.
Toward an Applied Developmental Science for Native Children, Families, and Communities

This article summarizes current knowledge in applied developmental science for Native children and adolescents. Included are brief reviews of research docu- menting disparities in health and education, exploring cul- tural factors in development, and moving toward evidence-based interventions for Native children. Oppor- tunities for campus-community partnerships are made evi- dent, especially in the area of intervention development that seeks to bridge cultural knowledge and strengths to address persistent disparities in health and development. KEYWORDS—Native American; applied developmental science; community-based participatory research comes. Accordingly, we seek to underscore the balance that investigators need to strike in understanding strength and adver- sity in the lives of Native children. We begin by summarizing data on disparities that exist between Native children and chil- dren of other groups in health, development, and education. We then turn to emerging work on some of the mechanisms that shape these outcomes and that may offer important insights for future intervention research. We conclude with some ideas we think might shape future research in applied developmental sci- ence for Native communities.
An extensible, lightweight architecture for adaptive J2EE applications

Server applications with adaptive behaviors can adapt their functionality in response to environmental changes, and significantly reduce the on-going costs of system deployment and administration. However, developing adaptive server applications is challenging due to the complexity of server technologies and highly dynamic application environments. This paper presents an architecture framework, known as the Adaptive Server Framework (ASF). ASF provides a clear separation between the implementation of adaptive behaviors and the server application business logic. This means a server application can be cost effectively extended with programmable adaptive features through the definition and implementation of control components defined in ASF. Furthermore, ASF is a lightweight architecture in that it incurs low CPU overhead and memory usage. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ASF through a case study, in which a server application dynamically determines the resolution and quality to scale an image based on the load of the server and network connection speed. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the performance gains possible by adaptive behaviors and the low overhead introduced by ASF.
Voluntary, permanent land protection reduces forest loss and development in a rural‐urban landscape

Voluntary, permanent land protection is a key conservation process in many countries. Concerns with the effectiveness of such decentralized processes exist due to the potential for (1) selection bias, that is, the protection of parcels whose land cover would have been conserved in the absence of protection, and (2) local spillover effects, that is, protection increasing the likelihood that adjacent parcels lose land cover due to additional conversion. We examine the validity of both concerns using a quasi‐experimental approach and a dataset of 220,187 parcels and 26 years of protection and land‐cover change in Massachusetts. We find that land acquisitions and conservation restrictions implemented by state, local, and nongovernmental actors reduced forest loss and conversion to developed uses without increasing either type of land‐cover change on adjacent parcels. Our results suggest that voluntary, permanent land protection can make significant contributions in protecting land cover in landscapes dominated by private ownership.
Summarizing as a Strategy for Science Text Comprehension: Text-Based Versus Content-Based Processing

ABSTRACT In this experiment, we contrasted two instructions in which the focus of summary writing was varied. We predicted that students would better understand a scientific text when they learn to focus their summaries on the referential content rather than on the hierarchical structure of the text. In a 2 × 2 factorial experiment, 85 Grade-10 students were instructed (a) to focus the text’s referential content or the text’s hierarchical structure, and (b) received drawings depicting parts of the text’s content or received the text without drawings. After reading the text, the participants summarized the text and were tested for their learning performance. Instructing participants to focus on the referential content affected the structure of their summaries and led to a better understanding than focusing on the hierarchical structure of the text. Summary quality indicators mediated the effect of the summary training on comprehension performance.
Characterization of the Novel Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 4 ADX88178 in Rodent Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

There is growing evidence that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4) leads to anxiolytic- and antipsychotic-like efficacy in rodent models, yet its relevance to depression-like reactivity remains unclear. Here, we present the pharmacological evaluation of ADX88178 [5-methyl-N-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazol-2-amine], a novel potent, selective, and brain-penetrant positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu4 receptor in rodent models of anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), fear, depression, and psychosis. ADX88178 dose-dependently reduced the number of buried marbles in the marble burying test and increased open-arm exploration in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, indicative of anxiolytic-like efficacy. Target specificity of the effect in the EPM test was confirmed using male and female mGlu4 receptor knockout mice. In mice, ADX88178 reduced the likelihood of conditioned freezing in the acquisition phase of the fear conditioning test, yet had no carryover effect in the expression phase. Also, ADX88178 dose-dependently reduced duration of immobility in the forced swim test, indicative of antidepressant-like efficacy. ADX88178 reduced DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine)-mediated head twitches (albeit with no dose-dependency), and MK-801 [(5S,10R)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine]–induced locomotor hyperactivity in mice, but was inactive in the conditioned avoidance response test in rats. The compound showed good specificity as it had no effect on locomotor activity in mice and rats at efficacious doses. Thus, allosteric activation of mGlu4 receptors can be a promising new therapeutic approach for treatment of anxiety, OCD, fear-related disorders, and psychosis.
Gravitationally lensed radio emission associated with SMM J16359+6612, a multiply imaged submillimeter galaxy behind A 2218

We report the detection of discrete, lensed radio emission from the multiply imaged, z = 2.516 submillimetre selected galaxy, SMM J16359+6612. All three images are detected in deep WSRT 1.4 GHz and VLA 8.2 GHz observations, and the radio positions are coincident with previous sub-mm SCUBA observations of this system. This is the widest separation lens system to be detected in the radio so far, and the first time that multiply imaged lensed radio emission has been detected from a star forming galaxy - all previous multiply-lensed radio systems being associated with radio-loud AGN. Taking into account the total magnification of ∼45, the WSRT 1.4 GHz observations suggest a star formation rate of ∼500 Myr −1 . T he source has a steep radio spectrum α ∼− 0.7 and an intrinsic flux density of just 3 microJy at 8.2 GHz. Three other SCUBA sources in the field are also detected by the WSRT, including SMM J16359+66118, a singly imaged (and magnified) arclet at z = 1.034. Higher resolution radio observations of SMM J16359+6612 (and other highly magnified star forming galaxies) provide a unique opportunity to study the general properties and radio morphology of intrinsically faint, distant and obscured star forming galaxies. They can also help to constrain the technical specification of next generation radio telescopes, such as the Square Kilometre Array.
Optimal RSS threshold selection in connectivity-based localization schemes

Connectivity-based localization schemes compute the node positions using proximity information collected within the network. In many cases of practical interest, Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements are available, and connectivity data can be obtained by comparing the RSS against a threshold. We use the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) analysis to determine the threshold value that minimizes the localization error. The CRB is based on knowledge of the propagation model's parameters and the true node positions. Since this information is not available to a localization scheme, we approximate the optimal threshold value using a function that depends only on the number of nodes in the network. We use extensive simulations and RSS data from in-field experiments to validate the results of the proposed approach.
A Proteomic Analysis of Human Bile*

We have carried out a comprehensive characterization of human bile to define the bile proteome. Our approach involved fractionation of bile by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and lectin affinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, we identified 87 unique proteins, including several novel proteins as well as known proteins whose functions are unknown. A large majority of the identified proteins have not been previously described in bile. Using lectin affinity chromatography and enzymatically labeling of asparagine residues carrying glycan moieties by 18O, we have identified a total of 33 glycosylation sites. The strategy described in this study should be generally applicable for a detailed proteomic analysis of most body fluids. In combination with “tagging” approaches for differential proteomics, our method could be used for identification of cancer biomarkers from any body fluid.
A phenomenological investigation into the lived experiences of grade 12 Physical Sciences learners from selected schools in the Western Cape Province

A phenomenological investigation into the lived experiences of Grade12 Physical Sciences Learners from selected schools in the Western Cape Province by MKHUMBUZI JOE MABODOKO Student number: 205096581 Thesis) submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Education :) Discipline: Physical Sciences Education in the Faculty of Education at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Supervisor: Dr O. Koopman Mowbray Date submitted (16 August 2017)
Lexical Analysis of US Political Speeches

Abstract This article describes a US political corpus comprising 245 speeches given by senators John McCain and Barack Obama during the years 2007–2008. We present the main characteristics of this collection and compare the common English words most frequently used by these political leaders with ordinary usage (Brown corpus). We then discuss and compare certain metrics capable of extracting terms best characterizing a given subset of the entire text corpus. Terms overused and underused by both candidates during the last US presidential election are determined and analysed from both a statistical and dynamic perspective.
Molecular Pathways Molecular Pathways : PI 3 K Pathway Phosphatases as Biomarkers for Cancer Prognosis and Therapy

Cancer research has seen tremendous changes over the past decade. Fast progress in sequencing technology has afforded us with landmark genetic alterations, which had immediate impact on clinical science and practice by pointing to new kinase targets, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the EGF receptor, or BRAF. The PI3K pathway for growth control has emerged as a prime example for both oncogene activation and tumor suppressor loss in cancer. Here, we discuss how therapy using PI3Kpathway inhibitors couldbenefit from informationon specific phosphatases,whichnaturally antagonize the kinase targets. This PI3K pathway is found mutated in most cancer types, including prostate, breast, colon, and brain tumors. The tumor-suppressing phosphatases operate at two levels. Lipid-level phosphatases, such as PTEN and INPP4B, revert PI3K activity to keep the lipid second messengers inactive. At the protein level, PHLPP1/2 protein phosphatases inactivate AKT kinase, thus antagonizing mTOR complex 2 activity. However, in contrast with their kinase counterparts the phosphatases are unlikely drug targets. They would need to be stimulated by therapy and are commonly deleted and mutated in cancer. Yet, because they occupy critical nodes in preventing cancer initiation and progression, the information on their status has tremendous potential in outcome prediction, and in matching the available kinase inhibitor repertoire with the right patients. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3057–63. 2014 AACR. Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. CME Staff Planners' Disclosures The members of the planning committee have no real or apparent conflict of interest to disclose.
Investigation of the hygroscopic properties of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and internally mixed Ca(NO 3 ) 2 /CaCO 3 particles by micro-Raman spectrometry

To understand and predict the role of mineral aerosol particles processed by reactive nitrogen species in the atmosphere, the hygroscopic properties of both Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and Ca(NO 3 ) 2 -containing mineral particles must be well understood. Using a micro-Raman system, the hygroscopic behaviors of micro-sized individual Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and internally mixed Ca(NO 3 ) 2 /CaCO 3 particles in both dehumidifying and humidifying processes were investigated systematically. In addition to accurate quantification of the dependence of water content on relative humidity (RH), significant new spectroscopic evidence related to chemical structure was also obtained to confirm the occurrence of amorphous solid state and to better understand the phase transition process. The Ca(NO 3 ) 2 particles exhibit reversible behavior in the dehumidifying and humidifying processes; they are in the state of solution droplets above 10% RH and amorphous hydrates below 7% RH, and phase transition occurs at 7–10% RH. The hygroscopic behavior of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 /CaCO 3 particles is identical to that of pure Ca(NO 3 ) 2 particles, suggesting a negligible effect of the slightly soluble CaCO 3 inclusion on the hygroscopic behavior of a(NO 3 ) 2 /CaCO 3 particles.
SELF-CONSISTENT MODELS OF THE AGN AND BLACK HOLE POPULATIONS: DUTY CYCLES, ACCRETION RATES, AND THE MEAN RADIATIVE EFFICIENCY

We construct evolutionary models of the populations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and supermassive black holes, in which the black hole mass function grows at the rate implied by the observed luminosity function, given assumptions about the radiative efficiency and the luminosity in Eddington units. We draw on a variety of recent X-ray and optical measurements to estimate the bolometric AGN luminosity function and compare to X-ray background data and the independent estimate of Hopkins et al. to assess remaining systematic uncertainties. The integrated AGN emissivity closely tracks the cosmic star-formation history, suggesting that star formation and black hole growth are closely linked at all redshifts. We discuss observational uncertainties in the local black hole mass function, which remain substantial, with estimates of the integrated black hole mass density ρ• spanning the range 3–5.5 × 105 M☉ Mpc−3. We find good agreement with estimates of the local mass function for a reference model where all active black holes have a fixed efficiency ϵ = 0.065 and Lbol/LEdd ≈ 0.4 (shifting to ϵ = 0.09, Lbol/LEdd ≈ 0.9 for the Hopkins et al. luminosity function). In our reference model, the duty cycle of 109M☉ black holes declines from 0.07 at z = 3 to 0.004 at z = 1 and 10−4 at z = 0. The decline is shallower for less massive black holes, a signature of “downsizing” evolution in which more massive black holes build their mass earlier. The predicted duty cycles and AGN clustering bias in this model are in reasonable accord with observational estimates. If the typical Eddington ratio declines at z < 2, then the “downsizing” of black hole growth is less pronounced. Models with reduced Eddington ratios at low redshift or black hole mass predict fewer low-mass black holes (M• ≲ 108 M☉) in the local universe, while models with black hole mergers predict more black holes at M• > 109 M☉. Matching the integrated AGN emissivity to the local black hole mass density implies ϵ = 0.075 × (ρ•/4.5 × 105 M☉ Mpc−3)−1 for our standard luminosity function estimate, or 25% higher for Hopkins et al.'s estimate. It is difficult to reconcile current observations with a model in which most black holes have the high efficiencies ϵ ≈ 0.16–0.20 predicted by MHD simulations of disk accretion. We provide electronic tabulations of our bolometric luminosity function and our reference model predictions for black hole mass functions and duty cycles as a function of redshift.
The Effects of Capillary Transit Time Heterogeneity (CTH) on the Cerebral Uptake of Glucose and Glucose Analogs: Application to FDG and Comparison to Oxygen Uptake

Glucose is the brain's principal source of ATP, but the extent to which cerebral glucose consumption (CMRglc) is coupled with its oxygen consumption (CMRO2) remains unclear. Measurements of the brain's oxygen-glucose index OGI = CMRO2/CMRglc suggest that its oxygen uptake largely suffices for oxidative phosphorylation. Nevertheless, during functional activation and in some disease states, brain tissue seemingly produces lactate although cerebral blood flow (CBF) delivers sufficient oxygen, so-called aerobic glycolysis. OGI measurements, in turn, are method-dependent in that estimates based on glucose analog uptake depend on the so-called lumped constant (LC) to arrive at CMRglc. Capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH), which is believed to change during functional activation and in some disease states, affects the extraction efficacy of oxygen from blood. We developed a three-compartment model of glucose extraction to examine whether CTH also affects glucose extraction into brain tissue. We then combined this model with our previous model of oxygen extraction to examine whether differential glucose and oxygen extraction might favor non-oxidative glucose metabolism under certain conditions. Our model predicts that glucose uptake is largely unaffected by changes in its plasma concentration, while changes in CBF and CTH affect glucose and oxygen uptake to different extents. Accordingly, functional hyperemia facilitates glucose uptake more than oxygen uptake, favoring aerobic glycolysis during enhanced energy demands. Applying our model to glucose analogs, we observe that LC depends on physiological state, with a risk of overestimating relative increases in CMRglc during functional activation by as much as 50%.