Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Frequencies Using FIRAS

We present predicted full-sky maps of submillimeter and microwave emission from the diffuse interstellar dust in the Galaxy. These maps are extrapolated from the 100 μm emission and 100/240 μm flux ratio maps that Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis generated from IRAS and COBE/DIRBE data. Results are presented for a number of physically plausible emissivity models. The correlation of COBE/FIRAS data with the simple Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis (ν2 emissivity power law) extrapolation is much tighter than with other common dust templates such as H I column density or 100 μm emission. Despite the apparent success of the Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis extrapolation, the assumed ν2 emissivity is inconsistent with the FIRAS data below 800 GHz. Indeed, no power-law emissivity function fits the FIRAS data from 200 to 2100 GHz. In this paper we provide a formalism for a multicomponent model for the dust emission. A two-component model with a mixture of "silicate" and "carbon-dominated" grains (motivated by Pollack et al.) provides a fit to an accuracy of ~15% to all the FIRAS data over the entire high-latitude sky. Small systematic differences are found between the atomic and molecular phases of the ISM. COBE/DMR has observed microwave emission that is correlated with thermal dust emission. However, this emission is higher than our model predicts by factors of 1.2, 2.4, and 20 at 90, 53, and 31 GHz, respectively. This provides evidence that another emission mechanism dominates dust emission at frequencies below ~60 GHz. Our predictions for the thermal (vibrational) emission from Galactic dust at ν < 3000 GHz are available for general use. These full-sky predictions can be made at the DIRBE resolution of 40' or at the higher resolution of 6. ′1 from the Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis DIRBE-corrected IRAS maps.
Novel inhibitors of DNA gyrase: 3D structure based biased needle screening, hit validation by biophysical methods, and 3D guided optimization. A promising alternative to random screening.

Random screening provided no suitable lead structures in a search for novel inhibitors of the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. Therefore, an alternative approach had to be developed. Relying on the detailed 3D structural information of the targeted ATP binding site, our approach combines as key techniques (1) an in silico screening for potential low molecular weight inhibitors, (2) a biased high throughput DNA gyrase screen, (3) validation of the screening hits by biophysical methods, and (4) a 3D guided optimization process. When the in silico screening was performed, the initial data set containing 350 000 compounds could be reduced to 3000 molecules. Testing these 3000 selected compounds in the DNA gyrase assay provided 150 hits clustered in 14 classes. Seven classes could be validated as true, novel DNA gyrase inhibitors that act by binding to the ATP binding site located on subunit B: phenols, 2-amino-triazines, 4-amino-pyrimidines, 2-amino-pyrimidines, pyrrolopyrimidines, indazoles, and 2-hydroxymethyl-indoles. The 3D guided optimization provided highly potent DNA gyrase inhibitors, e. g. , the 3,4-disubstituted indazole 23 being a 10 times more potent DNA gyrase inhibitor than novobiocin (3).
Role of the Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding Complex and Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Synergistic Activation of the Glycoprotein Hormone α Subunit Gene by Epidermal Growth Factor and Forskolin

ABSTRACT The aim of these studies was to elucidate a role for epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling in the transcriptional regulation of the glycoprotein hormone α subunit gene, a subunit of chorionic gonadotropin. Studies examined the effects of EGF and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin on the expression of a transfected α subunit reporter gene in a human choriocarcinoma cell line (JEG3). At maximal doses, administration of EGF resulted in a 50% increase in a subunit reporter activity; forskolin administration induced a fivefold activation; the combined actions of EGF and forskolin resulted in synergistic activation (greater than eightfold) of the α subunit reporter. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the cyclic AMP response elements (CRE) were required and sufficient to mediate EGF-forskolin-induced synergistic activation. The combined actions of EGF and forskolin resulted in potentiated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) enzyme activity compared with EGF alone. Specific blockade of ERK activation was sufficient to block EGF-forskolin-induced synergistic activation of the α subunit reporter. Pretreatment of JEG3 cells with a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor did not influence activation of the α reporter. However, overexpression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-interacting protein 1 as a dominant interfering molecule abolished the synergistic effects of EGF and forskolin on the α subunit reporter. CRE binding studies suggested that the CRE complex consisted of CRE binding protein and EGF-ERK-dependent recruitment of c-Jun–c-Fos (AP-1) to the CRE. A dominant negative form of c-Fos (A-Fos) that specifically disrupts c-Jun–c-Fos DNA binding inhibited synergistic activation of the α subunit. Thus, synergistic activation of the α subunit gene induced by EGF-forskolin requires the ERK and JNK cascades and the recruitment of AP-1 to the CRE binding complex.
Global diversity and molecular systematics of Wrightoporia s.l. (Russulales, Basidiomycota)

Wrightoporia accommodates polypores producing finely asperulate and amyloid basidiospores, and causing white rot. Thirty-nine species have been described or transferred to this genus; however, only a few species have been referred to molecular phylogeny. In this study, about 140 worldwide specimens of Wrightoporia s.l. were studied morphologically, and ITS and/or nLSU regions from 37 samples, representing 19 species, were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Six clades of Wrightoporia s.l. were recognized. The Wrightoporia s.str. clade includes W. avellanea, W. lenta (the generic type) and W. subavellanea. Three clades segregating from Wrightoporia s.str. were proposed separately as three new genera, namely Larssoniporia gen. nov., Pseudowrightoporia gen. nov. and Wrightoporiopsis gen. nov. Two other clades were named after Amylonotus and Amylosporus. According to phylogenetic and morphological evidence, species previously treated in Wrightoporia were transferred to Amylonotus, Amylosporus and the new genera, or were retained as members of Wrightoporia s.l. because no good solution for these species could be found so far. In addition, one new species in Larssoniporia, three new species in Pseudowrightoporia and two new species in Wrightoporiopsis were described. Identification keys to the six genera and species in Amylonotus, Amylosporus, Larssoniporia, Pseudowrightoporia, Wrightoporia and Wrightoporiopsis are provided, respectively.
Depression, loneliness, anger behaviours and interpersonal relationship styles in male patients admitted to internet addiction outpatient clinic in Turkey.

BACKGROUND 'Internet addiction' is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life of a person. We designed this study in order to evaluate the predictor effect of depression, loneliness, anger and interpersonal relationship styles for internet addiction as well as develop a model. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty (40) male internet addicted patients were selected from our hospital's internet Addiction Outpatient Clinic. During the study, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State Trait Anger Expression Scale (STAXI), the UCLA-Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), and the Interpersonal Relationship Styles Scale (IRSS) were used for the evaluation of the patients. RESULTS The results of this study showed that the 'duration of internet use' (B=2.353, p=0.01) and STAXI 'anger in' subscale (B=1.487, p=0.01) were the predictors of internet addiction. CONCLUSION When the clinicians suspect for the internet overuse, regulation of internet usage might be helpful. Psychiatric treatments for expressing anger and therapies that focus on validation of the feelings may be useful.
Assessment of midbrain atrophy in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy with routine magnetic resonance imaging

Objectives – To assess midbrain atrophy through morphometric (linear, surface and volumetric) measurements in patients with clinically diagnosed progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and to establish the most accurate measure to be implemented in routine magnetic resonance (MR) protocol in distinguishing PSP from healthy subjects and MSA‐p (multiple system atrophy, parkinsonian form) patients.
Detection of a soluble form of BACE-1 in human cerebrospinal fluid by a sensitive activity assay.

BACKGROUND Formation of deposits of the insoluble amyloid beta-peptide is believed to be causally related with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD). The beta-peptide originates from a larger amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of proteolytic enzymes. The first proteolytic event leading to amyloid formation is the cleavage of APP by the membrane-bound aspartyl protease BACE-1, also known as memapsin-2. Inhibition of BACE-1 is thought to be a therapeutic approach to AD. Measuring BACE-1 activity in biological samples would be useful to elucidate the mechanism of AD and for development of AD drugs. METHODS We developed a sensitive and specific activity assay for BACE-1. The assay is based on a genetically engineered proenzyme that is specifically activated by BACE-1. The resulting active enzyme is measured with a chromogenic substrate. The use of 2 coupled reactions produces a detection limit as low as 0.4 pmol/L. RESULTS The assay detected BACE-1 activity in extracts of human brain tissue as well as, unexpectedly, in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Gel electrophoresis and Western blotting identified the BACE-1 present in CSF as a truncated soluble form of the originally membrane-bound BACE-1. CONCLUSION Detection of the soluble form of BACE-1 in CSF, a relatively easily accessible biological fluid, may be useful for monitoring the effects of drug candidates in vivo and may have diagnostic or prognostic applications.
Cultural Diversity and Trust in IT Adoption: A Comparison of Potential e-Voters in the USA and South Africa

To trust means to have expectations about othersâ€™ (the trusteesâ€™) socially acceptable behavior. One of the central effects of this trust in the context of IT adoption is to increase the perceived usefulness (PU) of Information Technology (IT) associated with the trusteeâ€™s agency. One way of increasing this trust is through greater sociocultural similarity. Taking previous research into the realm of electronic voting, this paper posits that because trust is culture-dependent, it should decrease considerably as cultural diversity and differentiation increases. To investigate the role of trust in IT adoption in different cultures where dissimilar concepts of socially acceptable behavior exist, this study compares trust-related perceptions of an emerging IT (i.e., electronic voting) between the United States of America (USA) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA). More specifically, the question was addressed by comparing the unique circumstances of the cultural changes in the RSA with the more socially integrated mainstream USA culture. In both cultures, a perceived sociocultural similarity between the individual and the agency in charge of the electronic voting IT contributed to both the establishment of trust and to an increase in the perceived usefulness of the IT, supporting and extending the extrapolations of past propositions to this new realm. However, only in the USA did trust contribute to the PU of the IT. The results suggest that when cultural diversity is large, trust becomes of lesser importance, perhaps because it can no longer reduce social uncertainty. Implications for researchers and governmental voting agencies are discussed, and future research directions are proposed.
WHEN DOES MY RELATIONSHIP WITH MY MANAGER MATTER MOST? THE MODERATING ROLE OF COWORKERS' LMX.

The article discusses leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which focuses on the relationship between leaders and followers. LMX theory postulates that leaders tend to create high quality relationships with some employees and low quality relationships with others. As employees are likely to be influenced by the leader-follower relationships of other group members, the social context as a moderator of the effects of LMX is investigated. Social comparison theory involves a comparison of one's own relationship with the leader compared to coworkers' relationships with the leader. We conducted three field studies investigating job satisfaction, organizational commitment, competence perceptions, group identification, OCB, deviance, and performance.
Enhancing the Prediction of Transcription Factor Binding Sites by Incorporating Structural Properties and Nucleotide Covariations

A problem faced by many algorithms for finding transcription factor (TF) binding sites is the high number of false positive hits that result with the increased sensitivity of their prediction. A main contributing factor to this is the short and degenerate nature of these sites which results in a low signal-to-noise ratio. In order to counter this problem, one needs to look beyond the assumption that individual bases of a TF binding site act independently from each other when binding to a transcription factor. In this paper, we present a new method based on templates, designed to exploit the discriminatory features, nucleotide polymorphism, and structural homology present in TF binding sites for distinguishing them from nonbinding sites.
No Magic Bullet: 3D Video Games in Education

AquaMOOSE 3D is a graphical environment designed to support the exploration of 3D mathematical concepts. One of the underlying motivations for the AquaMOOSE project is to leverage the entertainment value of video games to provide a learning environment that engages students in more meaningful ways than are typically seen in the classroom. In this quasi- experimental comparison class study at a suburban high school, we compared the AquaMOOSE intervention to instruction using the traditional curriculum. Our results were disappointing, and call into question our underlying assumptions. In this paper, we will describe factors that contributed and discuss broader implications. Student expectations for the software were high due to the production values seen in commercial video games. In addition, the 3D aspect of the AquaMOOSE software introduced usability concerns and increased content complexity. We also encountered many classic problems of research in the classroom that affected the outcome of the study.
Solving a Cauchy problem for a 3D elliptic PDE with variable coefficients by a quasi-boundary-value method

An ill-posed Cauchy problem for a 3D elliptic partial differential equation with variable coefficients is considered. A well-posed quasi-boundary-value (QBV) problem is given to approximate it. Some stability estimates are given. For the numerical implementation, a large sparse system is obtained from discretizing the QBV problem using the finite difference method. A left-preconditioned generalized minimum residual method is used to solve the large system effectively. For the preconditioned system, a fast solver using the fast Fourier transform is given. Numerical results show that the method works well.
High- but not low-intensity light leads to oxidative stress and quality loss of cold-stored baby leaf spinach.

BACKGROUND Quality management in the fresh produce industry is an important issue. Spinach is exposed to various adverse conditions (temperature, light, etc.) within the supply chain. The present experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of light conditions (dark, low-intensity light (LL) and high-intensity light (HL)) and photoperiod (6 h HL and 18 h dark) on the quality changes of cold-stored spinach. RESULTS HL exposure resulted in oxidative stress, causing tissue damage and quality loss as evidenced by increased membrane damage and water loss. The content of total ascorbic acid was reduced under HL conditions. On the other hand, storage of spinach under LL conditions gave promising results, as nutritional quality was not reduced, while texture maintenance was improved. No significant differences, with the exception of nutritional quality, were found between spinach leaves stored under continuous (24 h) low-intensity light (30-35 µmol m(-2) s(-1)) and their counterparts stored under the same light integral over 6 h (130-140 µmol m(-2) s(-1)). CONCLUSION LL extended the shelf-life of spinach. The amount of light received by the leaves was the key factor affecting produce quality. Light intensity, however, has to be low enough not to cause excess oxidative stress and lead to accelerated senescence.
An Epidemic Model of Violence and Public Support in Civil War

How do civilians respond to violence in civil war, and how do these responses shape combatants’ coercive strategies? Conventional wisdom expects civilian victimization to backfire, as a security-minded public “balances” against the side posing the greatest threat to its livelihood and survival. Yet combatants often expect a terrorized population to do the opposite, “bandwagoning” with those most willing and capable to inflict harm. Using an epidemic model of popular support dynamics, I explore the logic of balancing and bandwagoning in irregular civil war. I argue that when civilian strategy is clearly communicated to combatants, civilians are always better off balancing, and combatants are better off avoiding punishment. When civilian choice is not observed, the balancing equilibrium breaks down and patterns of violence depend on the local balance of power. The model’s results challenge the view that selective violence is most common in areas of incomplete control. Due to uncertainty over civilian behavior, violence in both divided and perfectly controlled areas can occur in equilibrium, inflicting great costs on civilians. I compare these predictions against the historical record of Soviet counterinsurgency in Western Ukraine, using new micro-level data from the declassified archives of the Soviet secret police.
Compressive Link Acquisition in Multiuser Communications

An important sensing operation is to detect the presence of specific signals with unknown transmission parameters. This task, referred to as “link acquisition,” is typically a sequential search over the transmitted signal space. Recently, the use of sparsity in similar estimation or detection problems has received considerable attention. These works typically focus on the benefits of compressed sensing, but not generally on the cost brought by sparse recovery. Our goal is to examine the tradeoff in complexity and performance when using sparse recovery with compressed or uncompressed samples. To do so, we propose a compressive sparsity aware (CSA) acquisition scheme, where a compressive multichannel sampling (CMS) front-end is followed by a sparsity regularized likelihood ratio test (SR-LRT) module. The CSA scheme borrows insights from the models studied in sub-Nyquist sampling and finite rate of innovation (FRI) signals. We further optimize the CMS front-end by maximizing the average Kullback-Leibler distance of all the hypotheses in the SR-LRT. We compare the CSA scheme vis-à-vis other popular alternatives in terms of performance and complexity. Simulations suggest that one can use the CSA scheme to scale down the implementation cost with greater flexibility than other alternatives. However, we find that they both have overall complexities that scale linearly with the search space. Furthermore, it is shown that compressive measurements used in the SR-LRT lead to a performance loss when noise prevails, while providing better performance in spite of the compression when noise is mild.
Barriers to Effective Prevocational education implementation in Jordanian Schools as Perceived by Teachers

The main goal of this qualitative study was to explore perceptions and opinions of a group of in-service Prevocational Education (PVE) teachers to derive barriers to effective PVE implementation at the middle basic stage in Jordanian schools. The population and sample (n=35 of the study consisted of all teachers responsible for the delivery of PVE at the middle basic stage of the "North Mazar" educational directorate in the northern region in Jordan. The population and sample of the study were conveniently selected. The instrument used in this study was an interview schedule and technique used in analyzing data obtained from open-ended face-to-face interviews was that suggested by Merriam (2009) regarding qualitative data. Frequencies, percentages in addition to examples of sample quotes representing teachers' responses were provided. The results revealed that PVE lack attractiveness for pupils, parents, teachers, and principals and consequently they hold negative attitudes towards this practical provision. The results revealed four categories of barriers: (1), Barriers pertaining to perceptions and attitudes (2) barriers pertaining to economic factors, (3) barriers pertaining to administrative factors, (4) Barriers pertaining to human factors. Discussions of such barriers were provided, and concluding reflections and recommendations were presented.
Training Behavioral Aides with a Combination of Online and Face-to-Face Procedures

ment for children with autism, the number of people who are properly trained to deliver such treatments fails to meet the demand. Thus, many families and schools cannot provide their children with adequate treatment (see box, "What Does the Literature Say About the Incidence of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders? ” and Figure 1). This article describes a low-cost model that we developed for training behavioral aides in applied behavior analysis (ABA), an effective method of treating children with autism.
A computer-based observational analysis of physical education teachers and youth sport coaches pedagogic behaviour

This study adopted a positivist research design and quantitatively assessed the pedagogic delivery of teachers of physical education and youth sport coaches. The frequency and duration of behaviours from twenty-two teachers of physical education and twenty-two youth sport coaches were independently observed using a validated observation instrument ASUOI (Arizona State University Observation Instrument). The ASUOI was configured to a computerised software system BEST (Behavioural Evaluation Strategies and Taxonomies) and data were collected from practical teaching and coaching environments. Independent sample t-tests revealed significant differences in both frequency and time duration in the behaviour categories pre-instruction, negative modelling and scold. The level of significance was set at p < . 05. Both the teachers and the sports coaches were engaged in prolonged periods of management and silence. However, no other statistical significances were found. The findings from this study suggest that the pedagogic delivery of teachers of physical education and youth sport coaches may actually contain more similarities than differences. The notion that a difference exits between the pedagogic behaviour of teachers of physical education and sports coaches, in this study at least, cannot be totally supported.