Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association between hypocapnia and ventilation during the first days of life and brain injury in asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia

Abstract Purpose: Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard treatment for asphyxiated newborns. Since hypocapnia is common in these newborns, the aim of this study was to assess the association among hypocapnia, ventilation, and brain injury. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia from 2008 to 2014. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), ventilatory status, and modes of ventilation were recorded during the first 4 days of life. Brain injury was evaluated using brain magnetic resonance imaging. Differences between intubated and nonintubated newborns and between the newborns who developed brain injury or not were assessed. Results: One hundred ninety-eight asphyxiated newborns were treated with hypothermia. During the first 2 days of life, intubated newborns had consistently lower pCO2 levels (respectively, 29.01 ± 8.55, p < .001 on day 1 of life and 33.65 ± 7.12, p = .004 on day 2 of life). Fifty-nine percent of the intubated newborns developed brain injury versus only 43% of the nonintubated newborns (p = .046). The lowest pCO2 levels averaged over the first 4 days of life were significantly decreased in newborns developing brain injury (p = .02) and significantly associated with brain injury severity (p = .01). After adjusting for potential cofounders, the lowest pCO2 averaged over days 1–4 of life remained significantly associated with an increased risk of brain injury (odds ratio [95%CI]: 1.07 [1.00–1.14]; p = .04). Conclusions: Intubated and ventilated asphyxiated newborns experienced more severe hypocapnia, and had higher incidences of brain injury. Hypocapnia during the first 4 days of life was associated with an increased risk of developing (more severe) brain injury.
LES AND UNSTEADY RANS OF BOUNDARY-LAYER TRANSITION INDUCED BY PERIODICALLY PASSING WAKES

Results from 3-dimensional large-eddy simulation (LES) and 2-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation of a spatially-evolving flat-plate boundary-layer undergoing transition induced by periodically passing wakes are presented and compared. The LES simulations used a novel kinetic-energy conserving finite-volume discretization of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and the standard dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model. RANS simulations were based on the STREAM code of Lien & Leschziner (1994) with the v − f turbulence model of Lien & Durbin (1996). When compared to the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of Wu et al. (1999), the LES was able to correctly predict the onset of transition. Inspection of the instantaneous flow field in the transition region confirmed that intermittent turbulent spots were being distinctly resolved. A close inspection of the fluctuating velocities near the top of the boundary layer just prior to spot formation confirmed the presence of the “backward jet” inflectional velocity profile proposed by Wu et al. (1999) and Jacobs & Durbin (2000) as the precursor to turbulent spot formation, suggesting that the LES is actually capturing the bypass transition mechanism, at least in these initial stages. The transition length predicted by LES, however, was consistently shorter than the DNS result. The unsteady RANS simulations were also able to correctly predict the onset of transition, in this case by the mechanism of turbulent diffusion from the turbulence kinetic energy of the passing wake into the boundary layer. The transition length predicted by RANS is also in agreement with the DNS; however, the overshoot of average skin friction relative to the flat plate correlation (seen in both the DNS and present LES) was not observed.
“Cholesteatoma” of the Petrous Apex

As is well known, the word cholesteatoma has for neurologists and otologists an ambiguous meaning. On the one hand, it is applied to certain rare intradural tumours, characterized by glistening pearly epithelial capsules, which envelop amorphous masses of keratin, cholesterol and degenerate squamous cells. These tumours are especially found in the cerebello-pontine angle, lateral ventricle, and suprasellar region. It is agreed that they are of developmental origin, and better designated as epidermoids. But on the other hand, there is a much commoner condition also styled a cholesteatoma. This is the aural cholesteatoma, a chronic cavitating lesion arising in relation to an infected middle ear. It may be lined with stratified squamous epithelium, and usually contains waxy or oily debris: but it is generally considered to be of inflammatory origin. In this view (Tumarkin, 1954; Young, 1950) the aural cholesteatoma or cholesteatosis is wholly unrelated to the intracranial epidermoid: it arises as a consequence of otitic suppuration, probably by metaplasia of the squamous cells lining the middle-ear cleft, or perhaps from ingrowth of the tympanic epithelium. (It must, however, be said that some writers still doubt that this is so, and contend that some or all of these so-called "secondary" cholesteatomas are inclusion cysts become secondarily infected. (Volk, 1951.))
High-SNR mutual information of dense constellations

In this paper, we consider the asymptotic (for high signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) behavior of the mutual information (MI) between the input and the output of a two-dimensional additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with continuous input distributions. In particular, the obtained results apply to modulation formats with dense constellations. The accuracy of the presented results is the higher the denser are the considered constellations. We find two simple expressions relating the MI of the considered continuous input distribution, as a function of the SNR, to that of the Gaussian input distribution, in one- and two-dimensional cases, respectively.
Key factors determining success of primary eye care through vision centres in rural India: Patients’ perspectives

Aim: This paper intends to discuss the patients’ perspective on the determinants of primary eye care services from vision centers (VC) in rural India. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study design and interview method was used on 127 randomly selected patients who accessed the 4 VCs in 2007. Factor analyses and linear regression models were used to predict the associations with patient satisfaction. Results: The three factors derived from factor analyses were: (1)-vision technician (VT), (2)-location of VC, and (3)-access to VC; explaining 60% of the variance in total patients’ satisfaction with VC. The first model (R2: 0.61; F1,124=144.36, P<0.001), indicated that respondents who had ‘difficulty to travel to the place of VC’ and those who can afford to pay had less satisfaction with VT services. The second model (R2=0.18; F1,124=29.5, P<0.001) explained that respondents’ difficulty to identify the building of VC had decreased patients’ satisfaction and the third model (R2=0.36; F1,124=45.6, P<0.001) indicated that those who had to travel<5 km to the VC and had 0.38 units of increased satisfaction level with the services of VC. Conclusion: A good VT can enhance patient satisfaction. However, patient expectations are not only confined to the provider but also other factors such as ability to pay and convenient transportation that helps patients reach the location of the VC with ease.
On the Propositional Attitudes

An adequate account of the nature of the so called 'propositional attitudes' has long been sought by philosophers of mind, and most theories which have been proposed have suffered from certain logical or epistemological defects or have been limited in scope. The issues centering around the nature of beliefs, desires, and the other attitudes pertain to two principal areas of investigation: the explication of a (psychological) theory concerning the objects of the propositional attitudes and the analysis of the logical structure of such sentences as those with the form 'A believes that p' or 'A wishes (desires) that p.' My main concern in this paper is with problems associated with the latter endeavor. Such problems in an important respect are more basic, for a successful attempt at characterizing the typical form of sentences that express propositional attitudes must be made before any theory about the objects of beliefs, desires, and other intentions can possibly take shape.1 The sentence "Jones believes that there are unicorns" has the typical form of the members of a class of sentences each one consisting of one or more names or denoting phrases followed by an intentional idiom of the kind 'believes that', 'desires that', 'wishes that', 'hopes that', 'fears that', 'says that', 'wonders whether', etc. followed by a complete sentence. Such complex sentences when taken as assertions have usually been seen as expressing a relationship (or a propositional attitude) of one kind or another between an object (usually a person) and a belief, desire, wish, hope, or other intention (or object of the propositional attitude). For the sake of facilitating the discussion regarding these sentences, I shall, with a certain degree of liberty, call such idioms consisting of the word 'that' preceded by a verb of intention 'proposing phrases'; 1 seek then an analysis of the role such phrases have in determining the logical form of sentences in which they occur. I will begin my account by specifying the logical requirements any such analysis must meet and then briefly examine some of the proposed analyses (each one of which I believe fails to satisfy at least one requirement) and then end by presenting and justifying my analysis, which, hopefully, does meet these requirements.
Knowledge and Awareness of Eye Flu among the Dentists and Dental Auxiliaries of Udaipur City, Rajasthan

Background: Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva and has 4 main causes-viruses, bacteria, allergens, and irritants. Among these, bacterial conjunctivitis is most common and is contagious, especially when the dentist is working with the infected person, and that person spreads the same to the other patient. Methods: A pretested questionnaire survey was conducted among 152 subjects (those who were present at the time of survey) aged 18 to 60 years of Udaipur city, Rajasthan in March 2012. Ethical clearance was obtained from relevant authority. Written informed consent was obtained from study participants. Results: All (80 dentists and 72 dental auxiliaries) the subjects returned the questionnaire. Regarding previous experience of eye flu, 67 (44.08%) participants reported that they had been infected with eye flu previously. Majority 123 (80.92%) of participants agreed that virus or bacteria caused eye flu. Majority of 145 (95.39%) of the participants agreed that the eye turns red during eye flu. One hundred and twenty three (80.92%) subjects replied that the dental treatment for a patient infected with eye flu should be delayed till the symptoms subside. Conclusions: Eye flu being an occupational hazard among dentists, personal ophthalmic prophylactic care is a must which helps in prevention of spread of infection to other patients and family members.
Sex Workers Perspectives on Strategies to Reduce Sexual Exploitation and HIV Risk: A Qualitative Study in Tijuana, Mexico

Globally, female sex workers are a population at greatly elevated risk of HIV infection, and the reasons for and context of sex industry involvement have key implications for HIV risk and prevention. Evidence suggests that experiences of sexual exploitation (i.e., forced/coerced sex exchange) contribute to health-related harms. However, public health interventions that address HIV vulnerability and sexual exploitation are lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elicit recommendations for interventions to prevent sexual exploitation and reduce HIV risk from current female sex workers with a history of sexual exploitation or youth sex work. From 2010–2011, we conducted in-depth interviews with sex workers (n = 31) in Tijuana, Mexico who reported having previously experienced sexual exploitation or youth sex work. Participants recommended that interventions aim to (1) reduce susceptibility to sexual exploitation by providing social support and peer-based education; (2) mitigate harms by improving access to HIV prevention resources and psychological support, and reducing gender-based violence; and (3) provide opportunities to exit the sex industry via vocational supports and improved access to effective drug treatment. Structural interventions incorporating these strategies are recommended to reduce susceptibility to sexual exploitation and enhance capacities to prevent HIV infection among marginalized women and girls in Mexico and across international settings.
Pro-angiogenic Role of Insulin: From Physiology to Pathology

The underlying molecular mechanisms involve in the regulation of the angiogenic process by insulin are not well understood. In this review article, we aim to describe the role of insulin and insulin receptor activation on the control of angiogenesis and how these mechanisms can be deregulated in human diseases. Functional expression of insulin receptors and their signaling pathways has been described on endothelial cells and pericytes, both of the main cells involved in vessel formation and maturation. Consequently, insulin has been shown to regulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and in vitro tubular structure formation through binding to its receptors and activation of intracellular phosphorylation cascades. Furthermore, insulin-mediated pro-angiogenic state is potentiated by generation of vascular growth factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor, produced by endothelial cells. Additionally, diseases such as insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and cancer may be associated with the deregulation of insulin-mediated angiogenesis. Despite this knowledge, the underlying molecular mechanisms need to be elucidated in order to provide new insights into the role of insulin on angiogenesis.
Ultrasound-Guided Popliteal Block Through a Common Paraneural Sheath Versus Conventional Injection: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study

Background and Objectives The macroscopic anatomy of a common paraneural sheath that surrounds the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa has been studied recently in a human cadaveric study. It has been suggested that an injection through this sheath could be an ideal location for local anesthetic administration for popliteal block. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hypothesis that popliteal sciatic nerve blockade through a common paraneural sheath results in shorter onset time when compared with conventional postbifurcation injection external to the paraneural tissue. To illustrate the microscopic anatomy of the paraneural tissues, we performed histological examinations of a human leg specimen. Methods Following institutional review board approval and written informed consent, 89 patients undergoing an ultrasound-guided popliteal block for foot or ankle surgery were included in the study. They were prospectively randomized to receive a single injection of local anesthetic at the site of bifurcation through a common paraneural sheath (group 1) or 2 separate circumferential injections of the tibial and common peroneal nerves distally to sciatic nerve bifurcation (group 2). Results Patients in group 1 had a 30% shorter onset time of both sensory and motor block. This was associated with a more extensive proximal and distal longitudinal spread of local anesthetic in this group. Nerve diameter and cross-sectional area remained unchanged in both groups after injection, which is consistent with extraneural injection. A greater proportion of patients in group 1 required a single needle pass for block performance. Discussion An ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block through a common paraneural sheath at the site of sciatic nerve bifurcation is a simple, safe, and highly effective block technique. It results in consistently short onset time, while respecting the integrity of the epineurium and intraneural structures.
Screening Protocol for Early Identification of Brazilian Children at Risk for Dyslexia

Early identification of students at risk of dyslexia has been an educational challenge in the past years. This research had two main goals. First, we aimed to develop a screening protocol for early identification of Brazilian children at risk for dyslexia; second, we aimed to identify the predictive variables of this protocol using Principal Component Analysis. The major step involved in developing this protocol was the selection of variables, which were chosen based on the literature review and linguistic criteria. The screening protocol was composed of seven cognitive-linguistic skills: Letter naming; Phonological Awareness (which comprises the following subtests: Rhyme production, Rhyme identification, Syllabic segmentation, Production of words from a given phoneme, Phonemic Synthesis, and Phonemic analysis); Phonological Working memory, Rapid naming Speed; Silent reading; Reading of words and non-words; and Auditory Comprehension of sentences from pictures. A total of 149 children, aged from 6 years to 6 and 11, of both genders who were enrolled in the 1st grade of elementary public schools were submitted to the screening protocol. Principal Component Analysis revealed four factors, accounting for 64.45% of the variance of the Protocol variables: first factor (“pre-reading”), second factor (“decoding”), third factor (“Reading”), and fourth factor “Auditory processing. ” The factors found corroborate those reported in the National and International literature and have been described as early signs of dyslexia and reading problems.
Validation of 64Cu-ATSM damaging DNA via high-LET Auger electron emission

Radioactive copper (II) (diacetyl-bis N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) isotopes were originally developed for the imaging of hypoxia in tumors. Because the decay of a 64Cu atom is emitting not only positrons but also Auger electrons, this radionuclide has great potential as a theranostic agent. However, the success of 64Cu-ATSM internal radiation therapy would depend on the contribution of Auger electrons to tumor cell killing. Therefore, we designed a cell culture system to define the contributions to cell death from Auger electrons to support or refute our hypothesis that the majority of cell death from 64Cu-ATSM is a result of high-LET Auger electrons and not positrons or other low-LET radiation. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) wild type and DNA repair–deficient xrs5 cells were exposed to 64Cu-ATSM during hypoxic conditions. Surviving fractions were compared with those surviving gamma-radiation, low-LET hadron radiation, and high-LET heavy ion exposure. The ratio of the D10 values (doses required to achieve 10% cell survival) between CHO wild type and xrs5 cells suggested that 64Cu-ATSM toxicity is similar to that of high-LET Carbon ion radiation (70 keV/μm). γH2AX foci assays confirmed DNA double-strand breaks and cluster damage by high-LET Auger electrons from 64Cu decay, and complex types of chromosomal aberrations typical of high-LET radiation were observed after 64Cu-ATSM exposure. The majority of cell death was caused by high-LET radiation. This work provides strong evidence that 64Cu-ATSM damages DNA via high-LET Auger electrons, supporting further study and consideration of 64Cu-ATSM as a cancer treatment modality for hypoxic tumors.
Posture monitoring and improvement for laptop use

Both Repetitive Stress Injuries and laptop use have increased. The poor ergonomic design of laptops has the potential to create or exacerbate existing RSI. We propose a persuasive Attentive User Interface which provides feedback in order to improve user neck posture. This system measures the angle of the user.s neck and determines the quality of his/her neck posture. We then provide exercises to strengthen the neck and improve the user.s posture. We performed a study which showed an increase in neck comfort among our system.s users. The study demonstrated the potential of our system, which should be further tested.
Effects of a New State Policy on Physical Activity Practices in Child Care Centers in South Carolina

Objectives We sought to determine the extent to which child care centers in South Carolina improved physical activity practices after a new policy took effect. Methods In 2012, South Carolina adopted new mandatory physical activity standards within its child care quality enhancement program. This quasi-experimental study used North Carolina, a state not making policy changes, as the comparison. Participants were 34 child care centers in South Carolina and 30 centers in North Carolina. Researchers used the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) tool to conduct center observations before and after policy implementation and then conducted repeated-measures linear regression with interaction between state and time for the Physical Activity Environment Total Score and the 8 subscale scores. Results Compared with centers in North Carolina, EPAO subscale scores in South Carolina centers increased significantly for the Fixed Play Environment (P < .001) and Physical Activity Training and Education (P = .015). The state-by-time interaction of Physical Activity Environment Total Score approached statistical significance (P = .06). Conclusions Adoption of new physical activity standards in South Carolina child care centers was associated with improvements in practices aimed at increasing children's physical activity.
Coronary calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A close linkage between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is considered to be the causal link connecting them. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between level of kidney function and the prevalence of CAC. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Autopsy subjects known to have coronary artery disease and a wide range of kidney function were studied. Patients without CKD were classified into five groups depending on estimated GFR (eGFR) and proteinuria: eGFR > or =60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) without proteinuria; CKD1/2: eGFR > or =60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) with proteinuria; CKD3: 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) >eGFR > or =30 ml/min/1.73 m(2); CKD4/5: eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m(2); and CKD5D: on hemodialysis. Intimal and medial calcification of the coronary arteries was evaluated. Risk factors for CVD and uremia were identified as relevant to CAC using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Intimal calcification of plaques was present in all groups, but was most frequent and severe in the CKD5D group and less so in the CKD4/5 and CKD3 groups. Risk factors included luminal stenosis, age, smoking, diabetes, calcium-phosphorus product, inflammation, and kidney function. Medial calcification was seen in a small number of CKD4/5 and CKD5D groups. Risk factors were use of calcium-containing phosphate binders, hemodialysis treatment, and duration. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that CAC was present in the intimal plaque of both nonrenal and renal patients. Renal function and traditional risks were linked to initimal calcification. Medial calcification occurred only in CKD patients.