Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fixation Probability in a Two-Locus Model by the Ancestral Recombination–Selection Graph

We use the ancestral influence graph (AIG) for a two-locus, two-allele selection model in the limit of a large population size to obtain an analytic approximation for the probability of ultimate fixation of a single mutant allele A. We assume that this new mutant is introduced at a given locus into a finite population in which a previous mutant allele B is already segregating with a wild type at another linked locus. We deduce that the fixation probability increases as the recombination rate increases if allele A is either in positive epistatic interaction with B and allele B is beneficial or in no epistatic interaction with B and then allele A itself is beneficial. This holds at least as long as the recombination fraction and the selection intensity are small enough and the population size is large enough. In particular this confirms the Hill–Robertson effect, which predicts that recombination renders more likely the ultimate fixation of beneficial mutants at different loci in a population in the presence of random genetic drift even in the absence of epistasis. More importantly, we show that this is true from weak negative epistasis to positive epistasis, at least under weak selection. In the case of deleterious mutants, the fixation probability decreases as the recombination rate increases. This supports Muller’s ratchet mechanism to explain the accumulation of deleterious mutants in a population lacking recombination.
Strategic Use of Trust

While most of the previous literature interprets trust as an action, we adopt a view that trust is represented by a belief that the other party will return a fair share. The agent's action is then a commitment device that signals this belief. In this paper we propose and test a conjecture that economic agents use trust strategically. That is, the agents have incentives to inflate the perceived level of trust (the signal) in order to induce a more favorable outcome for themselves. In the experiment we study the behavior of subjects in a modified investment game which is played sequentially and simultaneously. While the sequential treatment allows for strategic use of trust, in the simultaneous treatment the first mover's action is not observed and hence does not signal her belief. In line with our prediction we find that first movers send significantly more in the sequential treatment than in simultaneous. Moreover, second movers reward trusting action, but only if it is maximal. We also find that signaling with trust enhances welfare.
How to Waste a Break: Using Portable Electronic Devices Substantially Counteracts Attention Enhancement Effects of Green Spaces

Overuse of portable electronic devices depletes one’s attention capacity, a critical cognitive resource. Although contact with nature promotes attentional functioning, we do not know the extent to which exposure to nature and the use of electronic devices interact to promote or inhibit attentional functioning. In this study, 81 participants performed cognitive tasks and then were randomly assigned to one of four rest treatments: green settings with or without a laptop computer and barren settings with or without a laptop computer. Attention was measured three times. Analysis showed a significant effect for both setting and use of a laptop as well as a significant interaction between setting and laptop use. A further analysis controlling for time spent focused on the laptop screen produced similar results. The findings show that using an electronic device in green settings substantially counteracts the attention enhancement benefits of green spaces.
Super Mario as a String: Platformer Level Generation Via LSTMs

The procedural generation of video game levels has existed for at least 30 years, but only recently have machine learning approaches been used to generate levels without specifying the rules for generation. A number of these have looked at platformer levels as a sequence of characters and performed generation using Markov chains. In this paper we examine the use of Long Short-Term Memory recurrent neural networks (LSTMs) for the purpose of generating levels trained from a corpus of Super Mario Brothers levels. We analyze a number of different data representations and how the generated levels fit into the space of human authored Super Mario Brothers levels.
Orthoptera Fauna of Aksaray and Konya Province in Middle Anatolia of Turkey

In this study, the specimens which were reported previous studies and collected by author belonging to families Tettigonidae, Gryllidae, Trigonidiidae , Gryllotalpidae, Rhaphdophoridae, Tridactylidae, Tetrigidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Pamphagidae, and Acrididae (Orthoptera) were evaluated which collected from Aksaray and Konya province of Turkey. The study area represented 10 family, 20 subfamily, 54 genera, and 109 taxa, species-subspecies level, have been identified from the study material.
Primary-Ambient Extraction Using Ambient Phase Estimation with a Sparsity Constraint

Spatial audio reproduction addresses the growing commercial need to recreate an immersive listening experience of digital media content, such as movies and games. Primary-ambient extraction (PAE) is one of the key approaches to facilitate flexible and optimal rendering in spatial audio reproduction. Existing approaches, such as principal component analysis and time-frequency masking, often suffer from severe extraction error. This problem is more evident when the sound scene contains a relatively strong ambient component, which is frequently encountered in digital media. In this Letter, we propose a novel PAE approach by estimating the ambient phase with a sparsity constraint (APES). This approach exploits the equal magnitude of the uncorrelated ambient components in the two channels of a stereo signal and reformulates the PAE problem as an ambient phase estimation problem, which is then solved using the criterion that the primary component is sparse. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms existing approaches, especially when the ambient component is relatively strong.
CRYOGENIC FLUID JETS AND MIXING LAYERS IN TRANSCRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL ENVIRONMENTS

ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of recent advances in the theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of cryogenic fluid injection and mixing in transcritical and supercritical environments. The basis of the analysis is a general theoretical and numerical framework that accommodates full conservation laws and real-fluid thermodynamic and transport phenomena. All of the thermophysical properties are determined directly from fundamental thermodynamics theories, along with the use of corresponding-state principles. Turbulence closure is achieved using a large-eddy-simulation technique, in which large-scale motions are calculated explicitly and the effects of unresolved small-scale turbulence are modeled either analytically or empirically. The analysis has been applied to study: (1) fluid jet dynamics, (2) swirl injection of liquid oxygen through a simplex swirl injector, and (3) shear co-axial injection and mixing of liquid oxygen and methane. Various effects, including density stratification, shear-layer instability, volume dilatation, and property variations, dictating the evolution of cryogenic jets and mixing layers, are identified and analyzed in depth. The jet dynamics are found to be largely determined by the local thermodynamic state through its influence on the thermophysical properties of the fluid. The impact of injector configuration and operating conditions on the swirl injector behavior are also highlighted. These results not only shed light on the subject problems, but also provide a quantitative basis for identifying the design parameters and flow variables that exert the strongest influence on the underlying processes.
Clive Bell’s “Significant Form” and the neurobiology of aesthetics

Though first published almost one century ago, and though its premise has been disputed, Clive Bell’s essay on aesthetics in his book Art still provides fertile ground for discussing problems in aesthetics, especially as they relate to neuroesthetics. In this essay, I begin with a brief account of Bell’s ideas on aesthetics, and describe how they focus on problems of importance to neuroesthetics. I also examine where his premise falls short, and where it provides significant insights, from a neuroesthetic and general neurobiological point of view.
Qualitative and Quantitative Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasonographic Assessment of Cerulein‐Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs

Background Acute pancreatitis (AP) is the most common disease of the canine exocrine pancreas, and accurate noninvasive diagnosis is challenging. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the feasibility of using quantitative contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) to detect pancreatic perfusional changes in cerulein‐induced AP in dogs. Animals Six adult female Beagles. Methods Each dog received 2 hours of IV infusion with 7.5 μg/kg/h of cerulein diluted in saline. As control, all dogs received 2 hours of IV infusion of saline 2 weeks before cerulein infusion. CEUS of the pancreas and duodenum were performed before (0 hour), and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours after saline and cerulein infusion. Time‐intensity curves were created from regions of interest in the pancreas and duodenum. Five perfusional parameters were measured for statistical analysis: time to initial up‐slope, peak time, time to wash‐out, peak intensity (PI), and area under the curve (AUC). Results In cerulein‐induced AP, pancreatic PI increased at 2 and 4 hours when compared to 0 hour, and at 2, 4, and 6 hours when compared to control. AUC increased at 4 hours when compared to 0 hour, and at 2 and 4 hours when compared to control. Time to wash‐out was prolonged at 4 hours when compared to control. For saline control, peak time was faster at 2 hours when compared to 0 hour. Conclusions and Clinical Importance CEUS parameters PI and AUC can provide useful information in differentiating acute pancreatitis from normal pancreas. Cerulein‐induced AP was characterized by prolonged hyperechoic enhancement on CEUS.
The Home Literacy Environment as a Predictor of the Early Literacy Development of Children at Family-Risk of Dyslexia

ABSTRACT The home literacy environment (HLE) predicts language and reading development in typically developing children; relatively little is known about its association with literacy development in children at family-risk of dyslexia. We assessed the HLE at age 4 years, precursor literacy skills at age 5, and literacy outcomes at age 6, in a sample of children at family-risk of dyslexia (n = 116) and children with no known risk (n = 72). Developmental relationships between the HLE and literacy were comparable between the groups; an additional effect of storybook exposure on phoneme awareness was observed in the family-risk group only. The effects of socioeconomic status on literacy were partially mediated by variations in the HLE; in turn, effects of the HLE on literacy were mediated by precursor skills (oral language, phoneme awareness, and emergent decoding) in both groups. Findings are discussed in terms of possible gene–environment correlation mechanisms underpinning atypical literacy development.
Association between serum ferritin level and diastolic cardiac function in patients with major β-thalassemia

Background Prevention of myocardial siderosis is a key step to reduce rate of mortality in thalassemic patients. Our objective was to study association between echocardiography parameters and serum ferritin level in patients with major thalassemia. Materials and Methods Sixty-six patients with major thalassemia were studied in Amir Kabir hospital, Arak, Iran. Serum ferritin levels were measured during 3 months in patients with no symptoms of infection. It was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ejection Fraction (EF), Fractional Shortening (FS) and Early/Late ratio (E/A) were studied by echocardiography. Results Fifty two percent were female and 48% were male. Mean age was 16 ± 9 years and the age range was3-26years. Mean serum ferritin level was1912 ± 1748 ng/dl and its range was from 303 to 8333 ng/dl. There were significant correlations between serum ferritin level and EF(r=0.3 and P=0.05) and also between serum ferritin level and FS. Conclusion Due to significant association between serum ferritin level and echo parameters, it is beneficial that all patients with major thalassemia undergo echocardiography to gain better understating about cardiac function.
Occupational Exposures to Blood and Body Fluids (BBFS) among Health Care Workers and Medical Students in University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest of Ethiopia

Introduction: Occupational exposure to blood and body fluid is a serious concern for health care workers. The problem is more devastating in developing countries like Ethiopia with poor infrastructure and health setup. This study tried to assess the magnitudes of occupational exposure and its associated factors among HCWs and medical students to BBFs in University of Gondar Hospital. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted from September 6 to October 2, 2012, in University of Gondar hospital. Two hundred eighty five participants (including health professionals, janitors and medical students) were participated in the study. Stratified simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants. Data was collected through Self-administered questionnaire and interview using structured questionnaire. Result: The overall lifetime and one year prevalence’s of occupational exposure to BBF during the study period were 177(70.2%) and158 (62.9%), respectively. The exposure rate of BBFs in the last-one year was highest among interns 29(90.6%), followed by health professionals 100(63.3%) and least among housekeeping staffs 28(45.2%).
Quaternary Barrier InAlGaN HEMTs With $f_{T}/f_{\max}$  of 230/300 GHz

Depletion-mode quaternary barrier In<sub>0.13</sub>Al<sub>0.83</sub> Ga<sub>0.04</sub>N high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with regrown ohmic contacts and T-gates on a SiC substrate have been fabricated. Devices with 40-nm-long footprints show a maximum output current density of 1.8 A/mm, an extrinsic dc transconductance of 770 mS/mm, and cutoff frequencies <i>fT</i>/<i>f</i><sub>max</sub> of 230/300 GHz at the same bias, which give a record-high value of √<i>fT</i> ·<i>f</i><sub>max</sub> = 263 GHz among all reported InAl(Ga)N barrier HEMTs. The device speed shows good scalability with gate length despite the onset of short-channel effects due to the lack of a back barrier. An effective electron velocity of 1.36 ×10<sup>7</sup> cm/s, which is comparable with that in the state-of-the-art deeply scaled AlN/GaN HEMTs, has been extracted from the gate-length dependence of <i>fT</i> for gate lengths from 100 to 40 nm.
Evaluating the Impact of Cyber Attacks on Missions

Using current methods, it is virtually impossible to determine the impact of a cyber attack on the attainment of mission objectives. Do we know which mission elements are affected? Can we continue to operate and fulfill the mission? Should we wait for recovery? Can we salvage part of the mission? Since it is currently so difficult for humans to comprehend the mission impact of a cyber incident, our ability to respond is much less effective than it could be. We believe that improved knowledge of the mission impact of a cyber attack will lead to improved, more targeted responses, creating more attack resistant systems that can operate through cyber attacks. Our work addresses the “mission” part of “mission assurance,” focusing on cyber mission impact assessment (CMIA). Our challenge is to create mission models that can link information technology (IT) capabilities to an organization’s business processes associated with Measures of Effectiveness and Performance (e.g., attrition of enemy forces , targets destroyed, blue force protection). Measuring mission impact requires knowing the mission activities that fulfill mission needs, the supporting cyber assets, and understanding how the effects of an attack change mission capability. This paper is about developing the techniques that make estimating the mission impact of cyber attacks possible.
Triangulação em Estudos de Caso: incidência, apropriações e mal-entendidos em pesquisas da área de Administração

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis that identifies the incidence of the use of triangulation, as well as its appropriations as a methodological strategy. The paper analyses Case Studies published in Brazilian scientific journals from the Management academia. Triangulation is understood as an important strategy to increase the in-depth understanding of the phenomena studied, as well as to assign greater reliability and reliability to Case Studies. The paper discusses five types of triangulation: Triangulation of: (i) sources of evidence; (ii) methods, (iii) researchers, (iv) theories, and (v) the triangulation technique as proposed by Trivinos (1987). The research analyzed a sample of 1384 Case Studies published between the years 2008 and 2012 in periodicals classified as A1 to B1 by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel - CAPES (according to Qualis qualification event 2013). The results point out that only 12% of the studies analyzed reported the use of triangulation. In the few cases in which it was used, the studies reported triangulation of sources of evidence (100%), triangulation of methods (86.72%), with rare case studies reporting having used theoretical triangulation, or any type of systematized triangulation techniques, as the one proposed by Trivinos (1987). In addition to the incidence and appropriation of triangulation, several misunderstandings have been identified regarding triangulation. This article explores these misunderstandings and presents suggestions to ensure the correct use and reporting of the technique. The relevance of the article is based on the need to reflect about the quality of the methodological procedures and the research reports that have been carried out in the area of Administration in Brazil.
The Effect of Trust in the Intention to Use m-banking

Despite the alleged benefits of m-banking, its acceptance has been short of industry expectations. One plausible explanation may be consumers' initial lack of trust in available services. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of trust in the intention to use m-banking in the Brazilian context, specifically among users of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Therefore, we developed and tested a model that relates trust and its antecedents (familiarity, ease of use, perceived usefulness, safety, privacy and innovativeness) with the intention to use m-banking. We got a sample of 272 users of financial mobile apps and through structural equation modeling the hypotheses were tested. The results confirmed most of the proposed hypotheses, and we found significant relationships between the construct trust and other constructs, which significantly influence the intended use of banking services via m-banking.
ResMon: Securing Resource Consumption of Critical Infrastructure from Wanton Applications

Hackers have devised a recent technique of infiltrating critical infrastructure with wanton applications that gulp at the limited resources possessed by these infrastructure for meeting critical needs and deadlines. Also a reality is the fact that hackers could breach already existing and trusted applications or software on these critical infrastructure and bug them with malicious codes that plunge them into a state of wantonness; consuming limited, critical resources and making none (or insufficient) available for other, equally critical applications that depend on a fair portion of the same resources to meet their deadlines and critical requirements. This development portends the next generation of denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks to critical infrastructure, where all that is required is to discover vulnerabilities in already trusted and running applications on critical infrastructure or deliver and escalate new applications on these critical infrastructure and plunge them into wantonness, consuming limited resources and resulting in a denial of service. Proposals already exist in literature that could forestall an occurrence of such attacks, but some of these have not previously been tested; one of such being that documented by [1]. This research is an experimental implementation of the theoretical model proposed in the cited article, in order to test and validate its workability and results. An experimental prototype – codenamed “ResMon” – of the model proposed is built and validated within the Ubuntu Linux operating system environment. General Terms Network Security, Denial of Service, Critical Infrastructure.
Associative nature of event participation dynamics: A network theory approach

The affiliation with various social groups can be a critical factor when it comes to quality of life of each individual, making such groups an essential element of every society. The group dynamics, longevity and effectiveness strongly depend on group’s ability to attract new members and keep them engaged in group activities. It was shown that high heterogeneity of scientist’s engagement in conference activities of the specific scientific community depends on the balance between the numbers of previous attendances and non-attendances and is directly related to scientist’s association with that community. Here we show that the same holds for leisure groups of the Meetup website and further quantify individual members’ association with the group. We examine how structure of personal social networks is evolving with the event attendance. Our results show that member’s increasing engagement in the group activities is primarily associated with the strengthening of already existing ties and increase in the bonding social capital. We also show that Meetup social networks mostly grow trough big events, while small events contribute to the groups cohesiveness.
Striving for wellbeing: The different roles of hedonia and eudaimonia in goal pursuit and goal achievement

Goals are central to theories of happiness and previous research has shown that successful goal pursuit typically leads to a boost in wellbeing. Taking these ideas further, the current study adopts the distinction between hedonic wellbeing (HWB) and eudaimonic wellbeing (EWB) and suggests that it is the former that increases when goals are achieved. By contrast, EWB is hypothesized to have a causal effect on the initiating and upholding of goal pursuits. In a short-term, longitudinal intervention study, 185 participants (78.8% women): 69 students and 116 participants from a sample representative of the Norwegian population were asked to set a personal goal. Every night throughout the next week, participants received one out of three different mental exercises (i.e., mental contrasting, process simulation or positive fantasizing) to support active goal pursuit. A path model found that EWB, and not HWB, predicted subsequent goal effort directly (b = .33, p < .001) and goal achievement indirectly (fully mediated by goal effort; b = .14, p = .001). Further, the model showed that goal effort (b = .17, p < .001) and goal achievement (b = .13, p = .001) caused an increase in post-intervention measures of HWB but not in EWB. A multilevel linear growth model revealed elevated levels of HWB for all intervention groups after the goal pursuit week (b = .24, p < .001), while EWB in general did not change during the study period. However, EWB unexpectedly increased for those in the positive fantasizing condition. The present finding indicates that it is the eudaimonic part of wellbeing that ignites and sustains goal pursuit processes, at least when they take some effort. By contrast, HWB is less involved in goal pursuit initiatives and more related to the outcome phase. Results are discussed with reference to several wellbeing theories.