Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypoglycemic Property of Ginger and Green Tea and their Possible Mechanisms in Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus disease is increasing rapidly and the incidences in 2010 were about 285 million people worldwide. This is projected to increase to 438 million in 2030. The conventionally used drugs possess many side effects. In addition, the cost of modern antidiabetic drugs is beyond the reach of most people with a low income. Because of this, the need for alternatives that are effective, cheap, and safe is very common. Plants and many plant derived preparations have long been used as traditional remedies for the treatment of diabetes in many parts of the world. Recently, ginger (Zingiber officinale) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) have been widely studied to assess their beneficial effects in treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. In vitro and in vivo studies evidenced the potential of ginger and green tea to normalize blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus. In this article we reviewed the various mechanisms through which ginger and green tea exert their hypoglycemic effect. Their pharmacokinetics and safety were also discussed. Results from previous studies revealed that ginger and green tea share some mechanisms of action to reduce blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus. Pharmacokinetics studies provided ample information about their absorption, distribution, and metabolism. Toxicological data exhibited their safety as complementary antidiabetic agents; therefore, a study on the administration of these two herbs simultaneously may be needed as they may exhibit a potential hypoglycemic action due to their synergistic or additive mechanisms of action in diabetes mellitus.
Inferring the eigenvalues of covariance matrices from limited, noisy data

The eigenvalue spectrum of covariance matrices is of central importance to a number of data analysis techniques. Usually, the sample covariance matrix is constructed from a limited number of noisy samples. We describe a method of inferring the true eigenvalue spectrum from the sample spectrum. Results of Silverstein (1986), which characterize the eigenvalue spectrum of the noise covariance matrix, and inequalities between the eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices are used to infer probability densities for the eigenvalues of the noise-free covariance matrix, using Bayesian inference. Posterior densities for each eigenvalue are obtained, which yield error estimates. The evidence framework gives estimates of the noise variance and permits model order selection by estimating the rank of the covariance matrix. The method is illustrated with numerical examples.
Stigma consciousness: the psychological legacy of social stereotypes.

Whereas past researchers have treated targets of stereotypes as though they have uniform reactions to their stereotyped status (e.g., J. Crocker & B. Major, 1989; C. M. Steele & J. Aronson, 1995), it is proposed here that targets differ in the extent to which they expect to be stereotyped by others (i.e., stigma consciousness). Six studies, 5 of which validate the stigma-consciousness questionnaire (SCQ), are presented. The results suggest that the SCQ is a reliable and valid instrument for detecting differences in stigma consciousness. In addition, scores on the SCQ predict perceptions of discrimination and the ability to generate convincing examples of such discrimination. The final study highlights a behavioral consequence of stigma consciousness: the tendency for people high in stigma consciousness to forgo opportunities to invalidate stereotypes about their group. The relation of stigma consciousness to past research on targets of stereotypes is considered as is the issue of how stigma consciousness may encourage continued stereotyping.
An MRI-Compatible Robotic System With Hybrid Tracking for MRI-Guided Prostate Intervention

This paper reports the development, evaluation, and first clinical trials of the access to the prostate tissue (APT) II system-a scanner independent system for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided transrectal prostate interventions. The system utilizes novel manipulator mechanics employing a steerable needle channel and a novel six degree-of-freedom hybrid tracking method, comprising passive fiducial tracking for initial registration and subsequent incremental motion measurements. Targeting accuracy of the system in prostate phantom experiments and two clinical human-subject procedures is shown to compare favorably with existing systems using passive and active tracking methods. The portable design of the APT II system, using only standard MRI image sequences and minimal custom scanner interfacing, allows the system to be easily used on different MRI scanners.
Anti-DDoS Virtualized Operating System

It is easier to detect a DDoS attack near the victim but it is of little use to do so. Many researchers believe that it would be best to handle DDoS attacks closer to the computers which host these attacks and have propounded various strategies for packet filtering at edge-routers. This paper makes three contributions over earlier work. First, we propose that it is best to track illegitimate packets suspected to cause a DDoS at the source computer itself. Secondly, we come up with a secure and efficient implementation (ADVOS: Anti-DDoS Virtualized Operating System) for packet filtering at the source computer itself. Security dependency on the integrity of the source operating system is removed by using virtualization to isolate the modules providing the protection capabilities. Different models of traffic characterization could possibly be used in curtailing malicious traffic, we justify the effectiveness of symmetry based model at source computers. Thirdly, we demonstrate that such an anti-DDoS operating system using virtualization can be implemented practically and efficiently. In our prototype over native Linux system 2.4% overhead was observed in the attained network throughput. Less than 1% of the total attack traffic generated was allowed to pass through on attack. Finally, we discuss the scalability and deployment issues for ADVOS.
An Overview of History, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Perforated Peptic Ulcer Disease with Evaluation of Prognostic Scoring in Adults

Peptic ulcer disease including both gastric and duodenal ulcer form a substantial part of patients seeking surgical opinion world-wide. The concept of acid in peptic ulcer disease, which was the basis of treatment of peptic ulcer was revolutionized by the discovery of H 2 -receptor antagonists, that led to the principle of acid suppression therapy for duodenal ulcer which followed decades of preference for surgical interventions in the form of gastric resections, vagotomy etc., After the discovery of Helicobacter pylori organism as the causative factor a triple drug regime was identified to treat peptic disease which was further modified to sequential therapy to avoid antibiotic resistance. This recognition has not concluded the chapter on peptic ulcers. The management of ulcer disease and its complications remain a surgical challenge. All the materials for this review have been accessed from various internet search engines. The references have been narrowed down to 34 by excluding cross references, duplicated citations, pediatric studies, case reports, iatrogenic and malignant perforations and including microbiological, immunohistochemistry references and studies with more than a sample size of ten. Case control, cohort studies, prospective/retrospective, metaanalytical studies were preferred in that order. This article attempts to take an overview of all aspects of the management of peptic ulcer.
Signature schemes based on the strong RSA assumption

We describe and analyze a new digital signature scheme. The new scheme is quite efficient, does not require the signer to maintain any state, and can be proven secure against adaptive chosen message attack under a reasonable intractability assumption, the so-called strong RSA assumption. Moreover, a hash function can be incorporated into the scheme in such a way that it is also secure in the random oracle model under the standard RSA assumption.
“Power comparisons for genotypic vs. allelic TDT methods with >2 Alleles”

To the Editor: Family-based association methods have become increasingly popular tools for both fine mapping and candidate gene association studies. Of such methods, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) has received the most attention [Spielman et al., 1993; Risch and Merikangas, 1996]. This test was originally proposed as an ‘‘allelic’’ test of linkage and association which compares transmitted to nontransmitted alleles in parents of cases in a matched analysis [Spielman et al., 1993]. Several have pointed out that the TDT can also be framed as a genotypic test of linkage and association [Self et al. 1991; Schaid, 1999], similar to the genotype relative risk modeling of Schaid and Sommer [1993], by comparing the case’s transmitted genotype to the set of all possible genotypes for that individual, given the parental genotypes. This ‘‘genotypic’’ TDT allows for assessment of genotype relative risks and modeling of particular risk relationships, while the allelic version must make an implicit assumption of multiplicative effects of alleles. Further, this framework allows analysis of individuals, rather than considering chromosomes as the unit of observation, which provides a natural setting for the inclusion of covariates and tests for possible interaction [Schaid and Sommer, 1993]. Schaid [1999] presented a likelihood framework for the genotypic TDT, allowing likelihood ratio (LR) testing, and showed modeling situations in which this LR test method outperforms the allelic score and LR test versions, using diallelic markers [Schaid and Sommer, 1993]. Specifically, the ‘‘genotypic’’ LR test provided more statistical power across recessive models and for dominant models with frequent risk alleles [Schaid and Sommer, 1993]. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in haplotype-based association methods, considering the potential increases in statistical power to detect a diseaseassociated variant by considering alleles at several markers across a region
Effects of Pure Vergence Training on Initiation and Binocular Coordination of Saccades.

Purpose We hypothesized that saccade eye movement properties, particularly latency and binocular coordination, depend on vergence quality. Methods We studied 11 students clinically diagnosed for vergence disorders versus 8 healthy controls. Rehabilitation of vergence disorders was done with a novel research-based method, using vergence in midsagittal plane. Vergence and saccades were recorded in separate blocks, before and after five weekly rehabilitation sessions. Results Healthy controls showed higher accuracy and velocity of convergence and divergence relative to the vergence disorders group; then rehabilitation led to significant decrease of latency and increase of gain and peak velocity of vergence. Before rehabilitation of the vergence disorders, saccade parameters did not differ significantly from healthy controls, except the binocular coordination that was significantly deteriorated. Following vergence rehabilitation, saccade properties improved: The latency decreased significantly, the gain increased particularly at far, and the binocular coordination improved significantly. Latency and accuracy improved in a durable way, with values even better than the range of accuracy measured in healthy controls; binocular coordination of saccades, although improved, did not normalize. In healthy controls, binocular coordination was optimal at 40 cm (working distance), and the vergence disorders group showed improvement at 40 cm. Results confirm the hypothesis, which is further corroborated by the correlation between vergence and saccade latency. Conclusions Results are in line with the hypothesis of permanent interaction between saccades and vergence, even when the task requires only saccades. Relevance of such interaction is emphasized by improvements of binocular saccades through the novel research-based method of vergence rehabilitation.
Low frequency of bacteremia after endoscopic mucosal resection.

BACKGROUND Endoscopic mucosal resection has become a popular alternative for the treatment of early-stage neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. However, there are still no data on the frequency of bacteremia associated with this form of treatment. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 21 men and 17 women undergoing endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted panendoscope for upper gastrointestinal lesions. Blood cultures were performed before, 10 minutes after, and 4 hours after the procedure for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. RESULTS Blood culture at baseline was negative in all the patients. Two of 38 patients (5.3 %) had positive blood culture at 10 minutes after the procedure. The isolated microorganisms were Streptococcus salivarius and Corynebacterium species. All patients had negative blood cultures 4 hours later. None of these 38 patients had any symptoms or signs associated with infection. CONCLUSIONS Bacteremia associated with endoscopic mucosal resection is infrequent and transient.
Distinct CDR3 Conformations in TCRs Determine the Level of Cross-Reactivity for Diverse Antigens, but Not the Docking Orientation1

T cells are known to cross-react with diverse peptide MHC Ags through their αβ TCR. To explore the basis of such cross-reactivity, we examined the 2C TCR that recognizes two structurally distinct ligands, SIY-Kb and alloantigen QL9-Ld. In this study we characterized the cross-reactivity of several high-affinity 2C TCR variants that contained mutations only in the CDR3α loop. Two of the TCR lost their ability to cross-react with the reciprocal ligand (SIY-Kb), whereas another TCR (m67) maintained reactivity with both ligands. Crystal structures of four of the TCRs in complex with QL9-Ld showed that CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3β conformations and docking orientations were remarkably similar. Although the CDR3α loop of TCR m67 conferred a 2000-fold higher affinity for SIY-Kb, the TCR maintained the same docking angle on QL9-Ld as the 2C TCR. Thus, CDR3α dictated the affinity and level of cross-reactivity, yet it did so without affecting the conserved docking orientation.
Using Mountain Snowpack to Predict Summer Water Availability in Semiarid Mountain Watersheds

vi LIST OF TABLES . x LIST OF FIGURES . xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND . 9 2.1. SNOTEL Sites . 9 2.2. Streamflow . 9 2.3. Snow to Streamflow Relationships . 10 2.4. Water Accounting . 11 CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREAS AND DATA SOURCES . 14 3.1. Boise River Basin . 14 3.2. Payette River Basin . 16 3.3. Upper Snake River Basin . 18 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODS . 21 4.1. Confirm Relationships Among Snow, Streamflow, and DOA . 22 4.1. 1. How can the day of allocation be described with flow? 22
Estimating Household and Community Transmission of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis

Introduction Community-wide administration of antibiotics is one arm of a four-pronged strategy in the global initiative to eliminate blindness due to trachoma. The potential impact of more efficient, targeted treatment of infected households depends on the relative contribution of community and household transmission of infection, which have not previously been estimated. Methods A mathematical model of the household transmission of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis was fit to detailed demographic and prevalence data from four endemic populations in The Gambia and Tanzania. Maximum likelihood estimates of the household and community transmission coefficients were obtained. Results The estimated household transmission coefficient exceeded both the community transmission coefficient and the rate of clearance of infection by individuals in three of the four populations, allowing persistent transmission of infection within households. In all populations, individuals in larger households contributed more to the incidence of infection than those in smaller households. Discussion Transmission of ocular C. trachomatis infection within households is typically very efficient. Failure to treat all infected members of a household during mass administration of antibiotics is likely to result in rapid re-infection of that household, followed by more gradual spread across the community. The feasibility and effectiveness of household targeted strategies should be explored.
A comparison of creatinine vs. specific gravity to correct for urinary dilution of cotinine

Context: The validity of urinary correction standards has not been established for most analytes. Methods: We compared urinary creatinine and specific gravity as dilution correction standards for cotinine in a community-based study of smokers. Results: Models of blood cotinine regressed against CR or SG (measured by total soluble solids) significantly improved the fit compared to a model without a dilution measure (P < 0.01). There were no differences in model fit between CR- and SG-corrected values. Both CR and SG were significant predictors of urinary cotinine regressed against cigarettes smoked per day (P < 0.01). Conclusion: CR and SG are valid and interchangeable correction standards.
The impact of a young radio galaxy: clues from the cosmic ray electron population

In the framework of hierarchical structure formation AGN feedback shapes the galaxy luminosity function. Low luminosity, galaxy-scale double radio sources are ideal targets to investigate the interplay between AGN feedback and star formation. We use VLA and BIMA observations to study the radio continuum emission of NGC 3801 between 1:4 and 112:4 GHz. We find a prominent spectral break at 10 GHz, where the spectrum steepens as expected from cosmic-ray electron (CRe) ageing. Using the equipartition magnetic field and fitting JP models locally we create a spatially resolved map of the spectral age of the CRe population. The spectral age of int = 2:0 0:2 Myr agrees within a factor of two with the dynamical age of the expanding X-ray emitting shells. The spectral age varies only little across the lobes, requiring an e ective mixing process of the CRe such as a convective backflow of magnetized plasma. The jet termination points have a slightly younger CRe spectral age, hinting at in-situ CRe re-acceleration. Our findings support the scenario where the supersonically expanding radio lobes heat the ISM of NGC 3801 via shock waves, and, as their energy is comparable to the energy of the ISM, are clearly able to influence the galaxy’s further evolution.
Network tomography on general topologies

In this paper we consider the problem of inferring link-level loss rates from end-to-end multicast measurements taken from a collection of trees. We give conditions under which loss rates are identifiable on a specified set of links. Two algorithms are presented to perform the link-level inferences for those links on which losses can be identified. One, the minimum variance weighted average (MVWA) algorithm treats the trees separately and then averages the results. The second, based on expectation-maximization (EM) merges all of the measurements into one computation. Simulations show that EM is slightly more accurate than MVWA, most likely due to its more efficient use of the measurements. We also describe extensions to the inference of link-level delay, inference from end-to-end unicast measurements, and inference when some measurements are missing.
Factors associated with collagen deposition in lymphoid tissue in long-term treated HIV-infected patients

Objective:The factors associated with fibrosis in lymphoid tissue in long-term treated HIV-infected patients and their correlation with immune reconstitution were assessed. Methods:Tonsillar biopsies were performed in seven antiretroviral-naive patients and 29 successfully treated patients (median time on treatment, 61 months). Twenty patients received protease inhibitors-sparing regimens and nine protease inhibitor-containing regimens. Five tonsillar resections of HIV-negative individuals were used as controls. Lymphoid tissue architecture, collagen deposition (fibrosis) and the mean interfollicular CD4+ cell count per μm2 were assessed. Results:Naive and long-term treated HIV-infected patients had a higher proportion of fibrosis than did HIV-uninfected persons (P < 0.001). Patients with greater collagen deposition showed lower levels of CD4+ cells in lymphoid tissue (P = 0.03) and smaller increase in peripheral CD4+ T cells (r = −0.40, P = 0.05). The factors independently associated with fibrosis in lymphoid tissue were age (P < 0.0001), treated patients with detectable lymphoid tissue viral load when compared with patients with undetectable lymphoid tissue viral load (median 5 vs. 12%, respectively, P = 0.017) and patients receiving a protease inhibitor-sparing vs. a protease inhibitor-containing regimen (median 8 vs. 2.5%, respectively, P = 0.04). Conclusion:Fibrosis in lymphoid tissue was associated with a poor reconstitution of CD4+ T cells and long-term antiretroviral therapy did not reverse this abnormality. HIV infection, older age, a detectable level of lymphoid tissue viral load in treated patients and protease inhibitor-sparing regimens seem to favour fibrosis in lymphoid tissue.
Short- and long-range neuronal synchronization of the slow (< 1 Hz) cortical oscillation.

1. Multisite, extra- and intracellular recordings were carried out in cats under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia to assess the degree of synchrony and time relations among cellular activities in various neocortical fields during a slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation consisting of long-lasting depolarizing and hyperpolarizing phases. 2. Recordings were performed from visual areas 17, 18, 19, and 21, association suprasylvian areas 5 and 7, motor pericruciate areas 4 and 6, as well as some related thalamic territories, such as the lateral geniculate (LG), perigeniculate (PG), and rostral intralaminar nuclei. We used spike analyses (auto- and cross-correlograms) to reveal rhythmicities, time relations and coherence properties, analyses of field potentials recorded through the same microelectrodes as used for unit discharges (auto-and cross-correlation functions and their spectral equivalents), and spike-triggered averages. The results are based on 194 groups of neurons with a total of 591 neurons. Seventeen groups included intracellular recordings of cortical neurons with membrane potentials more negative than -60 mV and overshooting action potentials. 3. The most obvious and frequent signs of neuronal synchrony were found within and between association areas 5 and 7 and 18/19 and 21. Closely located cells or neuronal pools were also "closer" in time. The shortest mean time lag was found between cells within adjacent foci (1-2 mm) of areas 5 and 7 and was 12 +/- 11.2 (SE) ms, with more caudal neurons preceding the rostral ones in 70% of cases. In visual cortical fields, the time lag between areas 18/19 and 21 neurons was 27.6 +/- 36 ms, between areas 17 and 21 was 36.2 +/- 47.8 ms, and between areas 18/19 and 17 was 40 +/- 73 ms. In the majority of cases, neuronal firing in area 21 preceded that in areas 18/19. The longest time lags were found in distant recordings from visual and motor areas, with a mean of 124 +/- 86.8 ms, although in some cell groups the time intervals between neuronal firing in areas 18/19 or 21 and areas 4 or 6 were as short as approximately 20 ms. 4. Similar time relations were found in those instances in which the unit firing of the same cortical neuron was used as reference in spike triggered averages and was related to the field potential recorded from an adjacent area before impaling a neuron and, thereafter, to membrane potential fluctuations after impaling the cell. 5. The PG reticular thalamic neurons reflected the slow cortical oscillation in 75% of multisite recordings. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)