Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Germany Still Have a European Vocation?

The narrative of Germany's European vocation falls into three stages. In the first stage – constituting Germany in Europe – European integration was a vital secondary arena for ensuring that the Federal Republic was able to develop economically, and to become a stable democracy. The second stage, of ever closer union accompanied by institutional export, was already evident under Helmut Schmidt, but became really manifest during the Kohl Chancellorship, reaching a high point in the early 1990s. In the post-Kohl third stage the European vocation persists, but has been very much scaled back.
Results of Screening Coagulation Studies in Patient Compared With Normal Values Test Activated whole blood clotting time Circulating anticoagulant Platelet count Activated partial thromboplastin time Prothrombin time Thrombin time Fibrinogen Thrombin clottable Radial immunodiffusion Antithrombin III

Background: We report a new plasminogen disorder detected in a 29-year-old man with a cerebellar infarct. To our knowledge, plasminogen disorders have not been previously linked with stroke. Summary of Report: Tests for well-recognized causes of stroke were negative. However, a screening hypercoagulation profile indicated low functional levels of plasminogen activity. Immunologic plasminogen (Laurell technique) was 64% of normal (normal level, 80-130%). The rate of plasmin generation induced by adding urokinase to plasma was also low. Plasminogen activator, free protease, and a? 2-plasmin inhibitor levels were normal. Family studies detected a similar plasminogen abnormality in the patient's mother and 9-year-old son, both of whom are asymptomatic. Conclusions: Our patient shows a congenital, heterozygous, functionally abnormal plasminogen. Although the exact relationship to stroke is unclear, we suggest screening young patients with unexplained stroke for plasminogen defects using commercially available assay systems. {Stroke 1991;22:1598-1602)
Using Outline to Enhance Reading Comprehension in a High School English Language Classroom

Reading has always been a key to successful learning. In every facet of human lives, reading plays an important role be it in sports, business, leisure or academe. In language learning for example, reading is undeniably a tool for learning. This has become an important part of learning a language. With the changing fortune of time, modern technology has taken its toll. The i-pod and x-box have probably overtaken great stories of the old times. As a result, today’s learners spend less time reading authentic texts. Studies have shown that it is common for students in high school to have difficulties with reading comprehension. Situations like this may jeopardize the development of learners’ language skills and strategies necessary for them to become proficient readers. Things must be considered in this changing time. Hence, a language teacher is faced with the burden to deal with classroom scenarios where reading comprehension is of vital interest. On this ground, one innovation is the use of outlining to enhance reading comprehension. The researcher envisions through this research to widen approach to a meaningful reading comprehension.
Molecular mechanisms triggered by low-calcium diets

Ca is not only essential for bone mineralisation, but also for regulation of extracellular and intracellular processes. When the Ca2+ intake is low, the efficiency of intestinal Ca2+ absorption and renal Ca2+ reabsorption is increased. This adaptive mechanism involves calcitriol enhancement via parathyroid hormone stimulation. Bone is also highly affected. Low Ca2+ intake is considered a risk factor for osteoporosis. Patients with renal lithiasis may be at higher risk of recurrence of stone formation when they have low Ca2+ intake. The role of dietary Ca2+ on the regulation of lipid metabolism and lipogenic genes in adipocytes might explain an inverse relationship between dairy intake and BMI. Dietary Ca2+ restriction produces impairment of the adipocyte apoptosis and dysregulation of glucocorticosteroid metabolism in the adipose tissue. An inverse relationship between hypertension and a low-Ca2+ diet has been described. Ca2+ facilitates weight loss and stimulates insulin sensitivity, which contributes to the decrease in the blood pressure. There is also evidence that dietary Ca2+ is associated with colorectal cancer. Dietary Ca2+ could alter the ratio of faecal bile acids, reducing the cytotoxicity of faecal water, or it could activate Ca2+-sensing receptors, triggering intracellular signalling pathways. Also it could bind luminal antigens, transporting them into mucosal mononuclear cells as a mechanism of immunosurveillance and promotion of tolerance. Data relative to nutritional Ca2+ and incidences of other human cancers are controversial. Health professionals should be aware of these nutritional complications and reinforce the dairy intakes to ensure the recommended Ca2+ requirements and prevent diseases.
The use of an independent visual background to reduce simulator side-effects.

BACKGROUND Simulator sickness (SS) is a major problem which potentially limits interface applications that feature simulated motion. While display imperfections play a role, a large part of SS is motion sickness (MS). Sensory rearrangement theory holds that MS is related to conflicting motion cues; in the case of simulators, mainly a conflict between inertial cues (usually indicating no self-motion) and visual stimuli from the display (indicating self-motion). It is suggested that MS does not arise from conflicting motion cues per se, but rather from conflicting rest frames selected from those motion cues. There is strong evidence that the visual rest frame is heavily influenced by the visual background. Providing an independent visual background (IVB) consistent with the inertial rest frame may reduce SS, even when the simulator's content-of-interest (CI) is not consistent with the inertial rest frame. METHODS In two experiments, a circular vection stimulus was shown for 3-4.5 min in a head-mounted display, comparing see-through (i.e., IVB) to occluded (i.e., no IVB) modes. Measures included a standard SS questionnaire and a pre-exposure ataxia measure. Experiment 2 added a visual task which forced attention into the CI and a post-exposure ataxia measure. In both experiments, subjects rated the CI as significantly more visible than the IVB. RESULTS A large effect was found for the reduction of SS and ataxia in the first experiment, and for pre-exposure ataxia in the second. CONCLUSIONS Future research will further test the IVB idea and examine applications to high-end simulators.
Representations of a Quantum Heisenberg Group Algebra

In our earlier work, we constructed a specific non-compact quantum group whose quantum group structures have been constructed on a certain twisted group C*-algebra. In a sense, it may be considered as a ``quantum Heisenberg group C*-algebra''. In this paper, we will find, up to equivalence, all of its irreducible *-representations. We will point out the Kirillov type correspondence between the irreducible representations and the so-called ``dressing orbits''. By taking advantage of its comultiplication, we will then introduce and study the notion of ``inner tensor product representations''. We will show that the representation theory satisfies a ``quasitriangular'' type property, which does not appear in ordinary group representation theory.
Persistent objects in the Fleet system

Fleet is a middleware system implementing a distributed repository for persistent Java objects. Fleet is primarily targeted for supporting highly critical applications: in particular, the objects it stores maintain correct semantics despite the arbitrary failure (including hostile corruption) of a limited number of Fleet servers and, for some object types, of clients allowed to invoke methods on those objects. Fleet is designed to be highly available, dynamically extensible with new object types, and scalable to large numbers of servers and clients. In this paper, we describe the design of Fleet objects, including how new objects are introduced into the system, how they are named, and their default semantics.
Intersubjective cultural representations predicting behaviour: The case of political culture and voting

Research has shown that cultural identification is influenced by the congruence between people's personal values and intersubjectively represented cultural values. The current research extended this finding to voter choice and behaviour. We hypothesized that people whose values and attitudes are similar to the collective representations of the political party that an election candidate belongs to would be more likely to vote for that candidate. Also, this relationship would be mediated by party identification. We found support for our hypotheses in two studies, one on the Legislative Council election in Hong Kong and the other on the 2004 US presidential election.
Fabrication and Modeling of High-Efficiency Front Junction N-Type Silicon Solar Cells With Tunnel Oxide Passivating Back Contact

This paper reports on in-depth understanding, modeling, and fabrication of 23.8% efficient 4 cm<sup>2</sup> n-type Float Zone (FZ) silicon cells with a selective boron emitter and photolithography contact on front and tunnel oxide passivating contact on the back. Tunnel oxide passivating contact composed of a very thin chemically grown silicon oxide (∼15 Å) capped with plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) grown 20 nm n<sup>+ </sup> poly Si gave excellent surface passivation and carrier selectivity with very low saturation current density (∼5 fA/cm<sup>2</sup>). A high-quality boron selective emitter was formed using ion implantation and solid source diffusion to minimize metal recombination and emitter saturation current density. Process optimization resulted in a cell <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{{\rm{oc}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of 712 mV, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$J_{{\rm{sc}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of 41.2 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, and FF of 0.811. A simple methodology is used to model these cells which replaces tunnel oxide passivating contact region by electron and hole recombination velocities extracted from measured saturation current density of tunnel oxide passivating contact region and analysis. Using this approach and two-dimensional device modeling gave an excellent match between the measured and simulated cell parameters and efficiency, supporting excellent passivation and carrier selectivity of these contacts. Extended simulations showed that 26% cell efficiency can be achieved with this cell structure by further optimization of wafer quality, emitter profile, and contact design.
Individual Differences in Discrimination Expectations Moderate the Impact of Target Stereotypically Black Physical Features on Racism-Related Responses in Blacks

Two experiments assess the extent that targets’ stereotypically Black physical features and individual differences in perceiver discrimination expectations influence racism-related responses. In Experiment 1, a total of 115 Black college students read about an ambiguously racist workplace situation. Participants reported their hostile emotions and racism attributions. In Experiment 2, a total of 121 Black college students read about two White police officers who physically harm a Black male. Participants reported their experience of empathy for the Black target. In both experiments, stereotypically Black physical features of the Black target were experimentally manipulated, and individual differences in discrimination expectations were assessed. More stereotypically Black physical features elicited greater racism attributions, greater hostile emotions, and more empathy for the target; and in all cases, the impact was stronger for Blacks with low discrimination expectations relative to those with high discrimination expectations. When person-related variables are especially salient, the influence of situational factors is necessarily reduced. Specifically, our findings demonstrate the insensitivity to racism-related situational cues that may be most pervasive for Blacks with high discrimination expectations.
The Comparability of Accounting Rates of Return Under Historical Cost Accounting †

We investigate a possible weakness of measuring assets using historical cost. Our results suggest that an economically significant portion of the return on net operating assets reported by firms with older assets is an artifact of historical cost accounting rather than superior economic performance. We document that this feature of historical cost accounting lowers the comparability and value-relevance of accounting-based rates of return. Results are concentrated in firms with high proportions of PPE, and alternative explanations due to variation in the age of the firm, managerial ability and competitive advantages are not supported by the data. Our results have implications for the ongoing debate on the appropriate measurement techniques for assets.
Tradition, Authority and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Abstract The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed into law in 1990 and since that time has been implemented in ways that merit attention from scholars of religion. This article explores the legislative history of the law, analysing Native American appeals to ‘tradition’ in their quest to establish authority over disputed human and cultural remains. After a preliminary theoretical section that sets out relevant issues and questions, the essay engages a close reading of pivotal legislative hearings and reports, with attention to uses of religious and moral language. Building upon this reading, a dual analysis of Native American ‘traditional’ rhetoric is developed that examines the persuasive features of minority-specific claims, majority-inclusive claims and the combined force of these. Next, this line of analysis is framed in comparative and historical terms through a consideration of ‘revitalisation movements’. In light of this comparison, a case is made for interpreting NAGPRA and related movements as a primary means by which Native Americans manage their relationship to modernity, acting as critical citizens who demand their rights as Indians, Americans and human beings. The essay concludes by arguing for an understanding of social and discursive boundaries that neither limits nor is limited by ‘tradition’.
Studies on the function of the alpha cells of the pancreas; dogs with a reduction in the number of alpha cells.

The relation of glucagon to the alpha cells of the pancreas, and the function of this substance and of these cells, were critically reviewed in a recent paper by Korp and LeCompte. Evidence observed in this laboratory indicates that the alpha cell is the site of origin for pancreatic glucagon. '' 6-8 In the course of a systematic study of the function of alpha cells, some morphologic and biochemical changes were observed in dogs that were deprived of alpha cells. This paper deals with our observations on dogs with a beta:alpha cell ratio that was greater than normal, after the absolute number of their alpha cells was reduced by means of a selective partial pancreatectomy.
Deletion of the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor attenuates morphine reinforcement and withdrawal but not morphine analgesia

Little is known about the physiological roles of the M5 muscarinic receptor, the last member of the muscarinic receptor family (M1–M5) to be cloned. In the brain, the M5 receptor subtype is preferentially expressed by dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral tegmental area are known to play important roles in mediating both the rewarding effects of opiates and other drugs of abuse and the manifestations of opiate/drug withdrawal symptoms. We therefore speculated that acetylcholine-dependent activation of M5 receptors might modulate the manifestations of opiate reward and withdrawal. This hypothesis was tested in a series of behavioral, biochemical, and neurochemical studies using M5 receptor-deficient mice (M5−/− mice) as novel experimental tools. We found that the rewarding effects of morphine, as measured in the conditioned place preference paradigm, were substantially reduced in M5−/− mice. Furthermore, both the somatic and affective components of naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal symptoms were significantly attenuated in M5−/− mice. In contrast, the analgesic efficacy of morphine and the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine remained unaltered by the lack of M5 receptors. The finding that M5 receptor activity modulates both morphine reward and withdrawal processes suggests that M5 receptors may represent a novel target for the treatment of opiate addiction.
Larger deficits in brain networks for response inhibition than for visual selective attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

BACKGROUND Brain activation differences between 12 control and 12 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children (9- to 12-year-olds) were examined on two cognitive tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHOD Visual selective attention was measured with the visual search of a conjunction target (red triangle) in a field of distracters and response inhibition was measured with a go/no-go task. RESULTS There were limited group differences in the selective attention task, with control children showing significantly greater intensity of activation in a small area of the superior parietal lobule region of interest. There were large group differences in the response inhibition task, with control children showing significantly greater intensity of activation in fronto-striatal regions of interest including the inferior, middle, superior and medial frontal gyri as well as the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. CONCLUSION The widespread hypoactivity for the ADHD children on the go/no-go task is consistent with the hypothesis that response inhibition is a specific deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The Effect of Transactive Memory and Collective Efficacy on Aircrew Performance

Abstract : The use of teams is becoming prevalent in American organizations. The United States Air Force for example, employs aircrew teams on the majority of their aircraft. This thesis focuses on system and motivational variables that influence the performance of aircraft teams. Two potentially important team variables are identified and examined in three research studies. Transactive memory is a system which combines the knowledge possessed by individual team members with a shared awareness of who knows what, who is good at what, and who does what. Collective efficacy is the group's collective belief that it can perform a specific task. This research tests these two constructs as competing constructs in explaining team performance. A laboratory and two field studies are conducted to determine the effects of transactive memory and collective efficacy on team performance. The results indicate that transactive memory has a consistent and positive relationship with performance across studies. However, the relationship failed to reach statistical significance due to small sample sizes. Change in the composition of the team due to turnover is shown to be detrimental to transactive memory. In addition, transactive memory makes important contributions to the team's collective efficacy. In operational environments, collective efficacy is significantly related to higher performance. A confident team is a more effective team. These results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical significance.
Difference between meaningful and psychologically rewarding occupations: Findings from two pilot studies

ABSTRACT Introduction: Meaningful occupations are hypothesized to be healing because they activate the dopaminergic neural pathways in the brain. We investigated whether: 1) self-selected meaningful occupations activated the dopaminergic neural pathways; and 2) there were differences in the categories of occupations that were perceived by study participants to be; a) meaningful, b) psychologically rewarding (likely to activate the dopaminergic or reward neural pathways), and/or c) both meaningful and psychologically rewarding. Method: In study number one, participants’ brains were scanned on fMRI while they watched themselves engaging in various types of occupations. In study number two we used the Experience sampling method and Repeated Measures designs. Findings: Self-selected meaningful occupations did not activate the reward neural pathways as hypothesized. Occupational category had an effect on mood and meaningfulness. Fun occupations elicited the most positive mood, especially when they were mentally stimulating and were performed with other people. Conclusion: Occupations that were both meaningful and psychologically rewarding were mentally stimulating and fostered connection with other people. Psychologically rewarding occupations tended to be perceived as fun, while physically stimulating occupations were perceived as meaningful. A larger study with a more representative sample will be conducted in an attempt to verify these findings.
Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious

Preface 1. Freud's Genius, Freud's Myopia 2. The Adaptive Unconscious 3. Who's in Charge? 4. Knowing Who We Are 5. Knowing Why 6. Knowing How We Feel 7. Knowing How We Will Feel 8. Introspection and Self-Narratives 9. Looking Outward to Know Ourselves 10. Observing and Changing Our Behavior Notes Bibliography Index
Efficient Recycled Algorithms for Quantitative Trait Models on Phylogenies

We present an efficient and flexible method for computing likelihoods for phenotypic traits on a phylogeny. The method does not resort to Monte Carlo computation but instead blends Felsenstein’s discrete character pruning algorithm with methods for numerical quadrature. It is not limited to Gaussian models and adapts readily to model uncertainty in the observed trait values. We demonstrate the framework by developing efficient algorithms for likelihood calculation and ancestral state reconstruction under Wright’s threshold model, applying our methods to a data set of trait data for extrafloral nectaries across a phylogeny of 839 Fabales species.
Genome Sequence of Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755, a Butyric Acid-Overproducing Strain

ABSTRACT Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 is an efficient producer of butyric acid. Here we report a 3.01-Mb assembly of its genome sequence and other useful information, including the coding sequences (CDSs) responsible for an alternative pathway leading to acetate synthesis as well as a series of membrane transport systems.