Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Utilization

This article provides an assessment of the fields of knowledge creation, diffusion, and utilization from the perspective of the founding editor of this journal. Where are researchers in the development of this area of inquiry? What are some of the critical agenda items for the future ? The article argues that the field faces the following issues: a crisis of legitimacy, a lack of theory development, problems in measurement of the phenomena being explored, and stalled develop ment in terms of posing challenging questions. The article concludes that there is an open agenda in the fields of knowledge creation, diffusion, and utilization. Once some closure is reached on the measurement issues, then it should be possible to advance a systematic theory of knowledge production and utilization. Unfortunately, the field has not been characterized by studies that consciously build other. Instead, the "wheel" has been reinvented on many different occasions.
Semantics behind the structure, and how it affects the learner: A new perspective on second language reflexives

Abstract One of the major findings in previous research on reflexive coreference in a second language is that learners of English violate the locality requirement of the reflexive form x-self more readily when it appears in the subordinate infinitival clause than when included in the subordinate tensed clause (a phenomenon called the “tensed-infinitive asymmetry”). This paper argues that the cause of this asymmetry is the difference in the factivity of the event/situation to be configured into a particular construction, rather than the difference in the syntactic type of the sentence per se. In an experiment that was designed to test the validity of this postulation, the learners tended to respond differently to the different degrees of factivity presumed in individual sentences, in line with the prediction. Thus, it seems that the learners based their interpretation on the semantics of the sentence. The theoretical as well as pedagogical implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of Print Ad Pictures and Copy Containing Instructions to Imagine on Mental Imagery That Mediates Attitudes

Abstract Results of an experimental study in a print advertising context suggest that two imagery-eliciting strategies, use of pictures and use of copy containing instructions to imagine, stimulate mental imagery processing, which in turn influences attitudinal judgments. Specifically, an ad containing a concrete picture of a product in use was more effective in stimulating vivid visual imagery processing and favorably influencing attitude toward the advertisement and brand than either an ad containing a considerably less concrete picture or one without a picture. Copy containing instructions to imagine also stimulated vivid and elaborate visual imagery processing and enhanced attitudes. Tests for mediation indicate that mental imagery processing explains all or some of the direct effects of the two imagery-eliciting strategies' influence on attitudes.
Previously Institutionalized Youths on the Road to Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study on Employment and Crime

Using longitudinal data on the criminal careers of a group of high-risk men and women (N=540) who were institutionalized in a Dutch juvenile justice institution in the 1990s, this article addresses the effects of (un)employment on crime. Results show that, for both men and women, employment rates are below average and stability in employment is low. Nevertheless, random effects models consistently show employment to reduce the estimated number of convictions for both men and women. Employment duration has an additional effect on crime, but only for men. Unemployment duration increases the estimated number of convictions for women, while slightly decreasing them for men.
An adaptive model for optimizing performance of an incremental web crawler

This paper outlines the design of a web crawler implemented for IBM Almaden's WebFountain project and describes an optimization model for controlling the crawl strategy. This crawler is scalable and incremental. The model makes no assumptions about the statistical behaviour of web page changes, but rather uses an adaptive approach to maintain data on actual change rates which are in turn used as inputs for the optimization. Computational results with simulated but realistic data show that there is no `magic bullet' different, but equally plausible, objectives lead to con icting `optimal' strategies. However, we nd that there are compromise objectives which lead to good strategies that are robust against a number of criteria.
Nigral pathology in older persons without Parkinson disease

positive. The normalized optical density values and percentage inhibition values for individual natalizumab-treated PML patients have been published and presented by Biogen Idec at scientific congresses and are to be included in future publications. The utility of anti-JCV antibody levels for further PML risk stratification and clinical decision making beyond determining JCV exposure, as suggested by Raffel et al, is not established at this time. Although it might be possible in the future to further stratify patients for PML risk using anti-JCV antibody levels, a conservative interpretation of anti-JCV antibody ELISA results is warranted at this time, consistent with expert opinion: once a patient tests anti-JCV positive, that patient is at an increased risk for PML. Thus, for the intended use of the anti-JCV antibody ELISA to determine JCV exposure, a positive/negative reporting of result is considered adequate and consistent with the assay validation. Biogen Idec and Elan continue to investigate the utility of anti-JCV antibody levels in 2 large ongoing clinical studies, STRATIFY 1 and 2. Finally, a collaborative standardization workshop for developing a serological definition for JCV and to establish a panel of control samples hosted by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Bethesda, MD) has been initiated.
The Games Concept Approach (GCA) as a mandated practice: views of Singaporean teachers

This paper reports on the views of Singaporean teachers of a mandated curriculum innovation aimed at changing the nature of games pedagogy within the physical education curriculum framework in Singapore. Since its first appearance over 20 years ago, Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), as an approach to games pedagogy has gathered support around the world. Through a process of evolution TGfU now has many guises and one of the latest of these is the Games Concept Approach (GCA), a name that is given to this pedagogical approach in Singapore. As part of a major national curricular reform project, the GCA was identified as the preferred method of games teaching and, as a result, was mandated as required professional practice within physical education teaching. To prepare teachers for the implementation phase, a training programme was developed by the National Institute of Education in conjunction with the Ministry of Education and well-known experts in the field from the USA. For this part of the study, 22 teachers from across Singapore were interviewed. The data were used to create three fictional narratives, a process described by Sparkes and used more recently by Ryan (2005) in the field of literac. The stories were framed using Foucault's notion of governmentality and Bernstein's notion of regulative discourse. The narratives reveal tales of confusion, frustration but also of hope and enthusiasm.
Periodontal biotype influence on the volume maintenance of onlay grafts.

BACKGROUND Autogenous osseous transplants have advantages, including the maintenance of bone density and high concentrations of growth factors. Little is known about the potential long-term influence of periodontal biotype on the volume maintenance of block grafts. METHODS Forty patients who received autogenous block transplants prior to implant placement were included in the study. Digital photographs and periapical radiographs were taken after restoration. Clinical parameters, including bleeding on probing, mobility, suppuration, mucosal recession, and buccal tissue transparency, were recorded at yearly intervals. A computerized tomography (CT) scan was taken at an average of 42 months (n = 20) postaugmentation. RESULTS The clinical examination revealed no implant transparency, mucosal recession, mobility, bleeding on probing, or suppuration (n = 40) at 48 months. CT scans showed varying thicknesses (0.5 to 4 mm) of buccal cortical bone around the implants. The increased width at the recipient site postgraft was 7.6 mm, maintaining, on average, 98% of the augmented width. The buccal osseous thickness at the implant sites averaged 2.0 +/- 0.8 mm compared to 0.7 +/- 0.5 mm for the adjacent teeth (95% confidence interval: 0.85 to 1.65 mm; P <0.0001). Even when adjacent teeth had a thin biotype, the transplanted sites maintained statistically significant thicker buccal cortical plate at all sites (P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Grafted site phenotype did not seem to be influenced by the adjacent teeth biotype. Autogenous osseous transplants can predictably reconstruct function and esthetics and seemed to maintain stable bone volume around implants at an average of 3.5 years.
Manual Activity and Onset of First Words in Babies Exposed and Not Exposed to Baby Signing

Support for baby signing (BS) with hearing infants tends to converge toward three camps or positions. Those who advocate BS to advance infant language, literacy, behavioral, and cognitive development rely heavily on anecdotal evidence and social media to support their claims. Those who advocate BS as an introduction to another language, such as American Sign Language (ASL), advocate early bilingual language learning. A third group warns against BS, emphasizing that it competes for attention with, and thereby potentially delays, spoken language acquisition in hearing infants. Empirical evidence to support any of these camps has been scarce.In this retrospective investigation we analyzed videotapes of sixteen infants from 9 through 18 months of age; eight had been exposed to BS, and eight had not been exposed to signing (NS). We compared their manual activity and found no differences in the quantity of manual activity accompanying vocal activity and no qualitative differences in the handshapes used during manual and vocal activity. More babies in the BS group reached the 4-, 10-, and 25-word milestones than babies in the NS group, but the differences were not statistically significant. In addition, monthly lexical growth from 12 to 18 months did not reveal signing to have a statistical impact on vocabulary acquisition.Discussion of these findings points to a tight relationship between manual and vocal activity in all sixteen babies, a relationship that aligns with previous theories and research on gestural and vocal development. Failure to find a statistical difference between the two groups’ development of words, however, calls for temperance in claiming that baby signing facilitates early word learning and cautions against claims that baby signing interferes with word learning.
Guests Bearing Gifts: the position of student teachers in primary school classrooms

Abstract Conversations between intending early years teachers and their school‐based mentors were tape‐recorded and subjected to content analysis in order to reveal their focus and purpose. Analysis of the content of the conversations, which took place before and after sessions in which the student teachers had been working with children, indicated that both sets of participants used the conversations to limit possibilities for the failure of students while they implemented classroom tasks with pupils. Drawing on the work of Bakhtin and his collaborators, the conversations were also analysed to reveal the speech genre selected by the students as they spoke with their mentors. The analysis indicates that students were presenting themselves less as learners in their mentors’ classrooms and more as fellow teachers who were positioned as polite guests in the classrooms of their mentor hosts.
Assessment of the Potential Distance of Dispersal of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus by Wild Mallards

SUMMARY. This work presents the results of studies aimed at assessing the median and maximum distances covered by wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos; n = 38), hypothetically infected with the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) during spring migrations, using GPS-GSM tracking and published data on the susceptibility to HPAIV infection and duration of shedding. The model was based on the assumptions that the birds shed virus in the absence of clinical signs during infectious periods (IP) that were assumed to last 1 day (IP1), 4 days (IP4), and 8 days (IP8) and that each day of migration is a hypothetical day of the onset of IP. Using the haversine formula over a sliding timeframe corresponding to each IP, distances were estimated for each duck that undertook migration and then the maximum distance (Dmax) was selected. Ten mallards undertook spring migrations but, due to the loss of signal in the GPS-GSM devices, only three ducks were observed during autumn migrations. The following ranges of Dmax values were calculated for spring migrations: 124–382 km for IP1 (median 210 km), 208–632 km for IP4 (median 342 km), and 213–687 km for IP8 (median 370 km). The present study provides information that can be used as a data source to perform risk assessment related to the contribution of wild mallards in the dispersal of HPAIV over considerable distances.
Exploration during turbulent times: an analysis of the effects of R&D cooperation on radical innovation performance during the economic crisis

During the recent economic recession, firms have been less willing to invest in innovation, which often is an uncertain and long-term process. This reduction did not occur equally for all firms, and recent literature has analysed the characteristics of those firms which maintain or even raise their innovative efforts during the crisis. Technological collaboration has been recognised as one of the most important external sources that affects innovation performance. However, how economic recession has changed the impact of R&D collaboration on innovation performance has received few attention. This paper investigates the effect of different external cooperation patterns of firms before and during the last economic recession. We highlight the role of geographical and organizational diversity of knowledge sources, as well as the effect of past experience. We find that R&D cooperation has a stronger effect on radical innovation performance during the economic recession than before, this being true irrespectively of the geographical location of the partners. This benefit from cooperation during the economic turmoil is higher in the case of firms having a diverse portfolio of partners. In addition, we also find that past experience in R&D cooperation positively affects innovation performance during the crisis.
Probabilistic encryption & how to play mental poker keeping secret all partial information

This paper proposes an Encryption Scheme that possess the following property : An adversary, who knows the encryption algorithm and is given the cyphertext, cannot obtain any information about the clear-text. Any implementation of a Public Key Cryptosystem, as proposed by Diffie and Hellman in [8], should possess this property. Our Encryption Scheme follows the ideas in the number theoretic implementations of a Public Key Cryptosystem due to Rivest, Shamir and Adleman [13], and Rabin [12].
Computing approximate blocking probabilities for a class of all-optical networks

Studies a class of all-optical networks using wavelength division multiplexing and wavelength routing in which a connection between a pair of nodes in the network is assigned a path and a wavelength on that path. Moreover, on the links of that path no other connection can share the assigned wavelength. Using a generalized reduced load approximation scheme the authors calculate the blocking probabilities for the optical network model for two routing schemes: fixed routing and least loaded routing.
The moderating effects of inner-directed and other-directed behavior styles on the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior

The aim of the present study was to investigate the moderating effects of inner-directed and other-directed behavior styles on the association between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in a sample of Iranian bank employees. A total of 249 volunteer employees (140 males, 109 females) were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete Organizational Commitment Scale (OCS), Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale (OCBS), and Personal Behavior Styles Scale (PBSS). The results revealed that inner-directed and other-directed behavior styles moderated the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Inner-directed style amplified the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, whereas other-directed style showed an opposite impact on this relationship. It can be concluded that inner-directed individuals experience strong sense of control on their daily life events and do not have need to reinforcement and control from the organization. Whereas, other-directed individuals experience lack of control and they have strong need to reinforcement and supervision from outside.
Single Mothers with Custody Following Divorce

The experience of being a single mother with custody following divorce is influenced by many variables across several levels of interaction, such as age of mother and child, potential for remarriage, coping skills, social networks and income changes. Cross-sectional studies have examined additional variables such as time since divorce and level of family religiosity and subsequent impact on individual well-being. Whereas most studies took a cate- gorical approach to examining the experience of divorce, a few refreshing studies were based on an ecological systems model. As divorce also involves building a new life, longitudinal research pro- vides the best picture of how divorced women accomplish this task. Long-term research clearly points to the fact that divorce is an event whose impact is individual and very often life long. Researchers have provided valuable information to build meaningful programs of intervention for divorced mothers. Perhaps the biggest challenge is to design flexible programs which.
Sleep and Academic Performance in Undergraduates: A Multi-measure, Multi-predictor Approach

The present study examined the associations of sleep patterns with multiple measures of academic achievement of undergraduate university students and tested whether sleep variables emerged as significant predictors of subsequent academic performance when other potential predictors, such as class attendance, time devoted to study, and substance use are considered. A sample of 1654 (55% female) full-time undergraduates 17 to 25 yrs of age responded to a self-response questionnaire on sleep, academics, lifestyle, and well-being that was administered at the middle of the semester. In addition to self-reported measures of academic performance, a final grade for each student was collected at the end of the semester. Univariate analyses found that sleep phase, morningness/eveningness preference, sleep deprivation, sleep quality, and sleep irregularity were significantly associated with at least two academic performance measures. Among 15 potential predictors, stepwise multiple regression analysis identified 5 significant predictors of end-of-semester marks: previous academic achievement, class attendance, sufficient sleep, night outings, and sleep quality (R2 = 0.14 and adjusted R2 = 0.14, F(5, 1234) = 40.99, p < . 0001). Associations between academic achievement and the remaining sleep variables as well as the academic, well-being, and lifestyle variables lost significance in stepwise regression. Together with class attendance, night outings, and previous academic achievement, self-reported sleep quality and self-reported frequency of sufficient sleep were among the main predictors of academic performance, adding an independent and significant contribution, regardless of academic variables and lifestyles of the students. (Author correspondence: ana.allen@ua.pt)
Religion in America—1972–2006: Religious Affiliation, Attendance, and Strength of Faith

The present study used data from the General Social Survey, collected between 1972 and 2006 (N = 45,463) to analyze changes over time in three aspects of religion among American adults: religious affiliation, frequency of attending religious services, and strength of faith. The last two measures were analyzed only for survey participants who had a religious affiliation. Ordinary least-squares regression confirmed a significant decrease in religious affiliation over time, after controlling for socio-demographic variables that are known to be associated with religion. A significant decrease in attending religious services was found among those survey participants who were religiously affiliated. As expected, participants who were African American, female, older, and from the South were more religious according to all three measures. No effect of birth-cohort was found for any religious measure. The results are discussed in the context of Stark and Bainbridge's 1996 theory of religion.
The Enterprise System Experience— From Adoption to Success

173 For some 20 years after John Dearden wrote these words, history proved him right. Today, however, there is a booming market for software packages claiming to provide a total, integrated solution to companies’ information-processing needs. Even companies that choose not to adopt such packages are pursuing aggressive strategies of systems integration by redeveloping custom software and adopting technologies such as data warehousing. Integrated enterprise systems deserve serious research attention because of their great potential for financial, technical, managerial, human, and strategic benefits, costs, and risks. This chapter provides a theoretical framework for analyzing, both retrospectively and prospectively, the business value of enterprise systems. We first describe the historical context in which enterprise systems emerged. Next we identify the key characteristics of enterprise systems, discuss the reasons companies do and do not adopt them, and summarize arguments about why enterprise systems are an important topic for research. We then analyze enterprise systems in terms of the concept of success. We argue that the many facets of success create difficulties for
Phonological and Surface Subtypes among University Students with Dyslexia

The prevalence of phonological and surface dyslexia subtypes among Swedish university students with dyslexia (n = 40) was examined using both the regression method, developed by Castles and Coltheart, and latent profile analysis. When an academic‐level control group was used as a reference group in a regression, eight students with phonological dyslexia and 15 students with surface dyslexia were identified. In contrast, 17 students with phonological dyslexia and two students with surface dyslexia were identified when the subtypes were defined by reference to a reading‐level control group, indicating a deviant profile among the students with phonological dyslexia and delayed development among those with surface dyslexia. The latent profile analysis was based on five phonological and four orthographic tasks. Seven profiles were obtained, of which none exhibited deficits in orthographic but not in phonological skills or vice versa. Thus, the analysis further supported the phonological deficit hypothesis of dyslexia.