Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leading Johnny to Water: Designing for Usability and Trust

Although the means and the motivation for securing private messages and emails with strong end-to-end encryption exist, we have yet to see the widespread adoption of existing implementations. Previous studies have suggested that this is due to the lack of usability and understanding of existing systems such as PGP. A recent study by Ruoti et al. suggested that transparent, standalone encryption software that shows ciphertext and allows users to manually participate in the encryption process is more trustworthy than integrated, opaque software and just as usable. In this work, we critically examine this suggestion by revisiting their study, deliberately investigating the effect of integration and transparency on users’ trust. We also implement systems that adhere to the OpenPGP standard and use end-to-end encryption without reliance on third-party key escrow servers. We find that while approximately a third of users do in fact trust standalone encryption applications more than browser extensions that integrate into their webmail client, it is not due to being able to see and interact with ciphertext. Rather, we find that users hold a belief that desktop applications are less likely to transmit their personal messages back to the developer of the software. We also find that despite this trust difference, users still overwhelmingly prefer integrated encryption software, due to the enhanced user experience it provides. Finally, we provide a set of design principles to guide the development of future consumerfriendly end-to-end encryption tools.
ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FROM THE PAST, DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

This paper reviews the literature assessing the economic impacts of integrated pest management (IPM). Definitions of IPM are categorized as input- or outcome-oriented, and an outcome- oriented definition is recommended for public program assessment. The literature on economic impact assessment of IPM is divided according to focus on expected profit, profitability risk, environment, and health. Measuring diverse impacts on the environment and health poses a challenge, as does placing a value on those impacts. Evaluation of environment and health variables has been accomplished either by comparing individual attributes (multiple criteria approach) or else by constructing a weighted index (index approach), which may be measured in monetary or non- monetary terms. While partial budgeting represents an accepted measure of short-term expected profitability effects of IPM practices, the three other focal areas are much more costly and complicated to measure. For routine IPM project assessments, simple indicators of health and environmental impacts are needed that can be used to extrapolate upon valuation measures from prior, published studies.
The impact of entrepreneurship education on the relationships between institutional and individual factors and entrepreneurial intention of university graduates : evidence from Zambia

i Acknowledgements . iii List of Appendices . viii List of Figures . ix List of Tables . x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms . xii List of Key Definitions . xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH . 1 1.1 Outline of the Research Project . 1 1.1.1 Rationale of the Study and Research Problems . 3 1.1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study . 6 1.2 Contributions to Knowledge . 6 1.3 Summary of the Thesis
Forecasting labour markets in OECD countries : measuring and tackling mismatches

Why forecast and for whom? some introductory remarks, Michael Neugart, Klaus Schomann occupations and skills in the United States - projection methods and results through 2008, Burt S. Barnow forecasting future skill needs in Canada, Douglas A. Smith labour market forecasting in Japan - methodology, main results and implications, Fujikazu Suzuki projections and institutions - the state of play in Britain, Robert M. Lindley a review of occupational employment forecasting for Ireland, Jerry J. Sexton beyond manpower planning - a labour market model for the Netherlands and its forecasts to 2006, Frank Chivers, Andries de Grip, Hans Heijke French occupational outlooks by 2010 - a quantitative approach based on the FLIP-FAP model, Agnes Topiol projections of qualifications and occupations in Austria - short-term approaches, macro perspective and emphasis on the supply side, Lorenz Lassnigg projecting labour market developments in Spain through 2010 - from massive unemployment to skill gaps and labour shortages? , Ferran Mane, Josep Oliver.
The logic of the brand

This article delineates the ideal-typical model of what I call the "logic of the brand". I argue the logic governing how brands create value, represents a paradigmatic example of the dominating value-logic of informational capitalism. Value is less based on the control of salaried labour and more on the ability to appropriate and commodify a socially produced immaterial externality. This externality consists in forms of knowledge; sociality and affect that arise in (relatively) autonomous processes of media enhanced sociality. It is the new empowered capacity to create what I call an "ethical surplus" that result from new information and communication technologies, that constitutes the real foundation for the wealth that brands valorise. The article suggests that the logic of the brand is applicable to a range of other socialized production processes, from the ethically conscious company to the contemporary participatory online economy, or Web 2.0.
Analysis of Traffic Performance of a Merging Assistant Strategy Using Cooperative Vehicles

Emerging in-car communication technologies continually offer new communication capabilities between vehicles and infrastructure that, together with more accurate positioning systems, can be used to improve the use of current infrastructure. The aim of this paper is to present a novel merging assistant strategy that exploits cooperative systems to reduce congestion at motorway junctions. This new system, called Cooperative Merging Assistant, groups main carriageway vehicles together and collects the intervehicle spaces into gaps that are usable by merging traffic. These gaps will facilitate the coordinated entry of platoons of vehicles released by an on-ramp traffic signal. The performance of this new system is evaluated using microscopic simulation. Results show the reduction of late-merging vehicles, decrease in congestion and increase of merging capacity. This study shows how the use of cooperative systems can improve the merging maneuver and thus lead to a reduction of congestion on motorways.
Is dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activation in response to social exclusion due to expectancy violation? An fMRI study

People are typically quite sensitive about being accepted or excluded by others. Previous studies have suggested that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is a key brain region involved in the detection of social exclusion. However, this region has also been shown to be sensitive to non-social expectancy violations. We often expect other people to follow an unwritten rule in which they include us as they would expect to be included, such that social exclusion likely involves some degree of expectancy violation. The present event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study sought to separate the effects of expectancy violation from those of social exclusion, such that we employed an “overinclusion” condition in which a player was unexpectedly overincluded in the game by the other players. With this modification, we found that the dACC and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) were activated by exclusion, relative to overinclusion. In addition, we identified a negative correlation between exclusion-evoked brain activity and self-rated social pain in the rVLPFC, but not in the dACC. These findings suggest that the rVLPFC is critical for regulating social pain, whereas the dACC plays an important role in the detection of exclusion. The neurobiological basis of social exclusion is different from that of mere expectancy violation.
Sustainability entrepreneurs: could they be the true wealth generators of the future?

This paper presents a model of sustainability entrepreneurship that suggests sustainability entrepreneurs could potentially be the true wealth generators of the future. Entrepreneurship has been linked to wealth creation and economic growth and consequently been promoted and encouraged in modern society. In more recent times, with the increased awareness of environmental and social problems the theory of ecological modernisation has been presented as an explanation for how entrepreneurship can reconcile the twin goals of sustainable development and wealth accumulation. However, the limitations of ecological modernisation theory suggest this may not be the panacea some first thought, thus opening up the debate for an alternative model of entrepreneurship based on the principles of sustainability. This in turn is linked to a broader more radical definition of wealth that goes beyond a narrow financial scope to a more integrated approach that incorporates environmental and social forms of wealth alongside the traditional economic forms. ● Entrepreneurship ● Sustainable development ● Wealth ● Ecological modernisation ● Sustainability entrepreneurship
Nongeometrically converted shear waves in marine streamer data

Under certain circumstances, marine streamer data contain nongeometrical shear body wave arrivals that can be used for imaging. These shear waves are generated via an evanescent compressional wave in the water and convert to propagating shear waves at the water bottom. They are called “nongeometrical” because the evanescent part in the water does not satisfy Snell’s law for real angles, but only for complex angles. The propagating shear waves then undergo reflection and refraction in the subsurface, and arrive at the receivers via an evanescent compressional wave. The required circumstances are that sources and receivers are near the water bottom, irrespective of the total water depth, and that the shear-wave velocity of the water bottom is smaller than the P-wave velocity in the water, most often the normal situation. This claim has been tested during a seismic experiment in the river Danube, south of Budapest, Hungary. To show that the shear-related arrivals are body rather than surface waves, a borehole was drilled and used for multicomponent recordings. The streamer data indeed show evidence of shear waves propagating as body waves, and the borehole data confirm that these arrivals are refracted shear waves. To illustrate the effect, finite-difference modeling has been performed and it confirmed the presence of such shear waves. The streamer data were subsequently processed to obtain a shear-wave refraction section; this was obtained by removing the Scholte wave arrival, separating the wavefield into different refracted arrivals, stacking and depth-converting each refracted arrival before adding the different depth sections together. The obtained section can be compared directly with the standard P-wave reflection section. The comparison shows that this approach can deliver refracted-shear-wave sections from streamer data in an efficient manner, because neither the source nor receivers need to be situated on the water bottom.
Radial evolution of cross helicity at low and high latitudes in the solar wind

We employ a turbulence transport theory to the radial evolution of the solar wind at both low and high latitudes. The theory includes cross helicity, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, and driving by shear and pickup ions. The radial decrease of cross helicity, observed in both low and high latitudes, can be accounted for by including sufficient shear driving to overcome the tendency of MHD turbulence to produce Alfvénic states. The shear driving is weaker at high latitudes leading to a slower evolution. Model results are compared with observations from Ulysses and Voyager.
Discouraged and other marginally attached workers: evidence on their role in the labor market

The combination of very low unemployment rates and somewhat limited wage and salary pressures has called into question our ability to measure labor market tightness. One issue is the extent to which labor availability is understated, given the existence of people who are not actively looking for work but express interest in working. This note examines the evidence on discouraged and other marginally attached workers. ; The author concludes that the number of discouraged and other marginally attached workers is extremely low, and their inclusion in an expanded measure of unemployment is unlikely to change the conclusion that the current jobless rate is the lowest in three decades. Marginally attached workers are more concentrated than the unemployed in demographic groups whose employment-population ratios are low. As a group, they are less likely to become employed or remain employed. She finds that the decline in their number in recent years is due in large measure to the success of unemployed workers in finding jobs. Favorable economic conditions serve to limit the number who drop out of the officially measured work force.
Active Queue Management within Large-Scale Wired Networks

Signal transmission control protocol sources with the objective of managing queue utilization and delay is actually a feedback control problem in active queue management (AQM) core routers. This paper extends AQM control design for single network systems to large-scale wired network systems with time delays at each communication channel. A system model consisted of several local networks is first constructed. The stability condition guaranteeing overall stability is subsequently derived using Lyapunov stability theory. The results developed have been successfully verified on a network simulator.
Price Volatility, Trading Volume and Open Interest: Evidence from Indian Commodity Futures Markets

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between volatility and trading activity including trading volume and open interest, for agricultural, metals, precious metals and energy commodities in Indian commodity derivatives market. Trading volume and open interest are included in this paper to distinguish between speculators/day traders and hedgers. The relationship between volatility and trading activity is more important in emerging market context where derivatives markets are generally criticized for speculative activity and destabilizing effect on spot market. This study uses three different measures of volatility: (1) daily volatility measured by close-to-close returns, (2) non-trading volatility measured by close-to-open returns and (3) trading volatility measured by open-to-close returns. The contemporaneous as well as dynamic relationship between volatility and trading activity are investigated. Following Bessembinder and Senguin (1993), volume and open interest are divided into expected and unexpected components. The contemporaneous relationship between volatility and trading activity is investigated by augmented GARCH model where expected and unexpected components of trading activity (volume and open interest) are used as explanatory variables. This is also an empirical test of the Mixture of distribution hypothesis (MDH) in Indian commodity derivatives markets. The dynamic relationship across conditional volatility from GARCH (1,1), unexpected trading volume and unexpected open interest is examined by Granger Causality test in which trivariate VAR model is used. To obtain additional insights about the interaction between volatility, trading volume and open interest, variance decomposition and impulse response function are employed. We find positive and significant correlation between volatility and trading volume for all commodities under consideration. It is found that although volume parameters are significant, volatility is mainly explained through its own lagged values. For most of the commodities we find insignificant relationship between volatility and open interest. In Indian commodity futures market trading activity does not proxy for information. The results of dynamic relationship between volatility and trading activity show that only overnight volatility drives the trading volume but not open interest. This result is more prominent in non-agricultural commodities. We also find asymmetric relationship between trading volume and open interest. The lagged open interest affects volume positively but lagged volume affects open interest negatively. This result is also more prominent in case of non-agricultural metals.
When Is Price-Level Targeting a Good Idea ?

This paper critically examines a new literature that supports price-le targeting (PT) over inflation targeting (IT). 1 This literature shows that it is better for the central bank (the Bank) to gradually wrestle the price le rather than the inflation rate, back to the target path. PT provides a nominal anchor for expectations, and thereby conditions private se expectations in a way that reduces inflation variability and improves welf These recent results appear to contradict the conventional view that PT “bad idea” because it increases the variability of inflation and output rela to IT. In this paper, we attempt to sort out these differing views within standard theoretical framework in which the Bank minimizes a quadr loss function subject to a log-linear Phillips curve (PC).
Do Islamic and Conventional Banks Have the Same Technology?

Is there a technology gap between Islamic and conventional banks? Do Islamic and conventional banks have different cost efficiency levels? We show that conventional and Islamic banks have similar mean (aggregate) cost efficiency levels in the MENA area and there is no technology gap between the two types of banks. At the country level, Islamic banks are more cost efficient than conventional banks in Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey and United Arab Emirates, and less efficient in Bangladesh, Kuwait, Malaysia and Tunisia. We analyse a very large sample of banks in twelve MENA and South East Asian countries between 2000 and 2006 and we use the meta-frontier approach to account for the sample heterogeneity.
Simulation and DSP based implementation of conventional controller for double output elementary LUO converter

Mirror-symmetrical double-output voltages are specially required in industrial applications and computer periphery circuits. Double output DC-DC converters can convert the positive input source voltage to positive and negative output voltages by two conversion paths. Because of the effect of parasitic elements, the output voltage and power-transfer efficiency of DC-DC converters are limited. The voltage-lift technique is a popular method that is widely applied in electronic circuit design. This technique gives a good way of improving circuit characteristics and has been successfully applied for DC-DC converters. As are single output (positive or negative output), double-output converters are a series of new DC-DC converters using only one switch. These converters perform from positive to positive and negative DC-DC voltage conversion with high power density, high efficiency and cheap topology in a simple structure. They are different from any other existing DC-DC converters and possess many advantages including high output voltage with small ripples. Therefore these converters will be widely used in computer peripheral equipment and industrial applications, especially for high double-output voltage projects. MATLAB (version 7.01) software and TMS320LF2407 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) are used to study the dynamic characteristics and analyze the closed loop performances of these converters with resistive load under supply and load disturbances. The simulation and experimental results closely match with each other and highlight the feasibility and validity of the developed control scheme.
The Clustering of Galaxy Groups: Dependence on Mass and Other Properties

We investigate the clustering of galaxy groups and clusters in the SDSS using the Berlind et al. (2006) group sample, which is designed to identify galaxy systems that each occupy a single dark matter halo. We estimate group masses from their abundances, and measure their relative large-scale bias as a function of mass. Our measurements are in agreement with the theoretical halo bias function, given a standard LCDM cosmological model, and they tend to favor a low value of the power spectrum amplitude sigma_8. We search for a residual dependence of clustering on other group properties at fixed mass, and find the strongest signal for central galaxy color in high mass groups. Massive groups with less red central galaxies are more biased on large scales than similar mass groups with redder central galaxies. We show that this effect is unlikely to be caused by errors in our mass estimates, and is most likely observational evidence of recent theoretical findings that halo bias depends on a ``second parameter'' other than mass, such as age or concentration. To compare with the data, we study the bias of massive halos in N-body simulations and quantify the strength of the relation between halo bias and concentration at fixed mass. In addition to confirming a non-trivial prediction of the LCDM cosmological model, these results have important implications for the role that environment plays in shaping galaxy properties.
Lessons learnt from the implementation of maternal immunization programs in England

Maternal immunization is increasingly being recognized as an important platform for the prevention of severe maternal and infant morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable diseases. Since the 1980s, the widespread use of tetanus toxoid vaccines for pregnant women in developing countries has had a major impact on the burden of neonatal tetanus, with WHO estimating a 94% global reduction in newborn tetanus deaths. More recently, many developed countries have recommended influenza and pertussis vaccines for pregnant women. Despite the wealth of evidence supporting the significant morbidity and mortality associated with influenza infection for pregnant women and for both influenza and pertussis in young infants, these programs have been implemented with varying degrees of success. In this paper, we describe the experience of the implementation of the influenza and pertussis vaccination programs for pregnant women in England and consider some of the key factors that have impacted on the coverage achieved across the country.
Determinants of Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in a Healthy Working Population

Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) by the spontaneous sequence technique has been widely used as a cardiac autonomic index for a variety of pathological conditions. However, little information is available on determinants of the variability of spontaneous BRS and on age-related reference values of this measurement in a healthy population. We evaluated BRS as the slope of spontaneous changes in systolic blood pressure (BP) and pulse interval from 10 minutes BP (Finapres) and ECG recordings in 1134 healthy volunteers 18 to 60 years of age. Measurement of BRS could be obtained in 90% of subjects. Those with unmeasurable spontaneous BRS had a slightly lower heart rate but were otherwise not different from the rest of the population. BRS was inversely related to age (lnBRS, 3.24−0.03×age;r2=0.23;P <0.0001) in both genders. In addition, univariate analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation between BRS and heart rate, body mass index, and BP. Sedentary lifestyle and regular alcohol consumption were also associated with lower BRS. However, only age, heart rate, systolic and diastolic BP, body mass index, smoking, and gender were independent predictors of BRS in a multivariate model, accounting for 47% of the variance of BRS. The present study provides reference values for spontaneous BRS in a healthy white population. Only approximately half of the variability of BRS could be explained by anthropometric variables and common risk factors, which suggests that a significant proportion of interindividual differences may reflect genetic heterogeneity.