Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945-2006

Since its original publication in 1984, Manning Marable's Race, Reform, and Rebellion has become widely known as the most crucial political and social history of African Americans since World War II. Aimed at students of contemporary American politics and society and written by one of the most articulate and eloquent authorities on the movement for black freedom, this acclaimed study traces the divergent elements of political, social, and moral reform in nonwhite America since 1945. This updated edition brings Marable's study into the twenty-first century, analyzing the effects of such factors as black neoconservatism, welfare reform, the Million Man March, the mainstreaming of hip-hop culture, 9/11, and Hurricane Katrina. Marable's work, brought into the present, remains one of the most dramatic, well-conceived, and provocative histories of the struggle for African American civil rights and equality. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Marable follows the emergence of a powerful black working class, the successful effort to abolish racial segregation, the outbreak of Black Power, urban rebellion, and the renaissance of Black Nationalism. He explores the increased participation of blacks and other ethnic groups in governmental systems and the white reaction during the period he terms the Second Reconstruction. Race, Reform, and Rebellion illustrates how poverty, illegal drugs, unemployment, and a deteriorating urban infrastructure hammered the African American community in the 1980s and early 1990s. The Third Edition provides: * Perspective on recent catastrophic events * Context on how 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina magnified persistent racial injustice * Analysis of such devastating, long-term trends as urban decay, illegal drug use, and increased poverty * An up-to-date text from one of the nation's leading scholars Manning Marable is professor of public affairs, history, political science, and African American studies at Columbia University and is the director of the university's Center for Contemporary Black History. He has written or edited twenty-two books, including Living Black History, The Autobiography of Medgar Evers (coedited with Myrlie Evers Williams), Freedom (coauthored with Leith P. Mullings), The Great Wells of Democracy, Black Leadership, and How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America.
Factors Influencing the Adoption of Breeding Technologies in U.S. Hog Production

An important aspect of structural change in the U.S. hog industry has been the adoption of breeding technology. The adoption of each of four breeding technologies, weekly farrowing, intensive breeding, terminal crossbreeding, and artificial insemination, in U.S. hog production is analyzed using multivariate probit analysis. Results suggest that diversification, whether the producer raised breeding stock, debt and asset levels, and producer's education influence adoption rate. Larger, more risk-averse producers were more likely to adopt technology. Producers who rated the quality of labor available as higher were more likely to adopt management-intensive technologies.
Mathematical framework for detection and quantification of nonclassical correlation

Existing measures of bipartite nonclassical correlation that is typically characterized bynonvanishing nonlocalizable information under the zero-way CLOCC protocol are expensivein computational cost. We define and evaluate economical measures on the basisof a new class of maps, eigenvalue-preserving-but-not-completely-eigenvalue-preserving(EnCE) maps. The class is in analogy to the class of positive-but-not-completely-positive(PnCP) maps that have been commonly used in the entanglement theories. Linear andnonlinear EnCE maps are investigated. We also prove subadditivity of the measures ina form of logarithmic fidelity.
The Indirect Evolutionary Approach to Explaining Fair Allocations

Experimental results on the ultimatum game show clearly that (1) large fractions of players offer a 'fair' allocation and (2) that unfair (but positive) offers are systematically rejected. We offer an explanation of this behavior using the 'indirect evolutionary approach' which is based on the assumption that players behave rationally for given preferences but that their preferences change through an evolutionary process. We prove that despite anonymous interaction a preference for punishing unfair offers is an evolutionarily successful strategy if players interact in small groups. This leads players to split the resource equally almost always. However, the equal split is not due to 'true fairness' (or 'altruism') but is entirely caused by the (justified) fear that unfair offers might be rejected. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Factoring Proofs

Logic programs, when total, realize proofs via a realizabil ity nterpretation similar to the Curry Howard isomorphism. The chal lenge in statically deciding totality lies in checking for termination and for c overage. For Elf logic programs, sophisticated algorithms exist for both problem s. However, those solutions only apply to a much smaller subset of logic programs th an a programmer is typically inclined to write. Often programs have to be rew itten to accommodate the idiosyncrasies of the coverage checker that cannot ha dle logic programs that backtrack. Factoring is a semantic preserving program t nsformation technique that removes backtracking from logic programs and ren ers them coverage checkable.
Smartphone based Fuzzy Logic freezing of gait detection in Parkinson's Disease

The freezing of gait (FOG) is a common and highly distressing motor symptom of patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Effective management of FOG is difficult given its episodic nature, heterogeneous manifestation and limited responsiveness to drug treatment. Clinicians found alternative approaches, such as rhythmic cueing. We built a smartphone-based architecture in agreement with acceptability and usability requirements which is able to gather data and information useful to detect FOG. In this work fusing together the information of freeze index, energy, cadency variation and the ratio of the derivative of the energy a novel Fuzzy Logic based algorithm is developed. Performances of the Fuzzy algorithm are compared with two other algorithms showing its capability to reduce false negative detection thus improving sensitivity and specificity.
Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.net Regulation of Cellulase and Hemicellulase Gene Expression in Fungi

Research on regulation of cellulases and hemicellulases gene expression may be very useful for increasing the production of these enzymes in their native producers. Mechanisms of gene regulation of cellulase and hemicellulase expression in filamentous fungi have been studied, mainly in Aspergillus and Trichoderma. The production of these ex-tracellular enzymes is an energy-consuming process, so the enzymes are produced only under conditions in which the fungus needs to use plant polymers as an energy and carbon source. Moreover, production of many of these enzymes is coordinately regulated, and induced in the presence of the substrate polymers. In addition to induction by mono-and oligo-saccharides, genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes involved in plant cell wall deconstruction in filamentous fungi can be repressed during growth in the presence of easily metabolizable carbon sources, such as glucose. Carbon catabolite repression is an important mechanism to repress the production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes during growth on preferred carbon sources. This manuscript reviews the recent advancements in elucidation of molecular mechanisms responsible for regulation of expression of cellulase and hemicellulase genes in fungi.
Less-forgetting Learning in Deep Neural Networks

A catastrophic forgetting problem makes deep neural networks forget the previously learned information, when learning data collected in new environments, such as by different sensors or in different light conditions. This paper presents a new method for alleviating the catastrophic forgetting problem. Unlike previous research, our method does not use any information from the source domain. Surprisingly, our method is very effective to forget less of the information in the source domain, and we show the effectiveness of our method using several experiments. Furthermore, we observed that the forgetting problem occurs between mini-batches when performing general training processes using stochastic gradient descent methods, and this problem is one of the factors that degrades generalization performance of the network. We also try to solve this problem using the proposed method. Finally, we show our less-forgetting learning method is also helpful to improve the performance of deep neural networks in terms of recognition rates.
Piecewise fuzzy control for uncertain nonlinear system

Based on T-S fuzzy model, piecewise fuzzy Lyapunov function (PFLF) is adopted in the analysis of the stability of the a class of uncertainty nonlinear systems by defining the fuzzy Lyapunov function in each overlapping rules. The PFLF makes use of the premise of rules and the membership functions of the system. The sufficient condition is expressed with LMI on stability and performance of nonlinear system, and a way to design fuzzy robust controller based on state feedback is proposed. It can guarantee that the whole closed-loop system is asymptotically stability using the Hinfin controller and the effect of the disturbance input on the controlled output was reduced to a prescribed level. A illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller based on this approach proposed in this paper.
A Cache-Aware Parallel Implementation of the Push-Relabel Network Flow Algorithm and Experimental Evaluation of the Gap Relabeling Heuristic

This work was supported in part by NSF Grants CAREER ACI-00-93039, NSF DBI-0420513, ITR ACI-00- 81404, DEB-99-10123, ITR EIA-01-21377, Biocomplexity DEB-01-20709, and ITR EF/BIO 03-31654; and DARPA Contract NBCH30390004.
The influence of managerial factors on the capital structure of small and medium‐sized enterprises in emerging economies: Evidence from China

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of owner/manager characteristics in explaining the capital structure decisions of entrepreneurial enterprises in emerging economies using a sample of Chinese small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Although mainstream theories from the finance literature are useful in explaining capital structure decisions for large firms in developed economies, they do not adequately explain the financing behaviour of SMEs in developing economies.Design/methodology/approach – The authors' mixed methods approach utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how managerial factors influence the capital structure of Chinese SMEs.Findings – The findings suggest that the capital structure of SMEs in China is primarily influenced by aversion to external control and propensity to take risk. It was also found that owners with better networking ties generally require less debt financing because they can access adequate external resources throug.
Fertility Response to the Tax Treatment of Children

One of the most commonly cited studies on the effect of child subsidies on fertility, Whittington, Alm, and Peters (1990), claimed a large positive effect of child tax benefits on fertility using time series methods. We revisit this question in light of recent increases in child tax benefits by replicating this earlier study and extending the analysis with an additional 20 years of data. We find that their results suffer from the spurious regression problem, and are not robust to differencing. We find evidence of a statistically significant fertility response to a change in the real value of child tax subsidies occurring with a one- to two-year lag, but a much smaller and statistically insignificant total effect after several years, suggesting that a change in the child tax subsidy most strongly affects the timing of births.
Narrowing Perceptual Sensitivity to the Native Language in Infancy: Exogenous Influences on Developmental Timing

The infancy literature situates the perceptual narrowing of speech sounds at around 10 months of age, but little is known about the mechanisms that influence individual differences in this developmental milestone. We hypothesized that such differences might in part be explained by characteristics of mother-child interaction. Infant sensitivity to syllables from their native tongue was compared longitudinally to sensitivity to non-native phonemes, at 6 months and again at 10 months. We replicated previous findings that at the group level, both 6- and 10- month-olds were able to discriminate contrasts in their native language, but only 6-month-olds succeeded in discriminating contrasts in the non-native language. However, when discrimination was assessed for separate groups on the basis of mother-child interaction—a ‘high contingency group’ and a ‘moderate contingency’ group—the vast majority of infants in both groups showed the expected developmental pattern by 10 months, but only infants in the ‘high contingency’ group showed early specialization for their native phonemes by failing to discriminate non-native contrasts at 6-months. The findings suggest that the quality of mother-child interaction is one of the exogenous factors influencing the timing of infant specialization for speech processing.
The Role of Credit Market Imperfections in the Monetary Transmission Mechanism: Arguments and Evidence

Recently, a debate has resurfaced on whether and how credit market imperfections may play a role in the transmission of monetary policy. This new literature attempts to identify the effects of credit market imperfections by analyzing the response to tight money of different forms of credit and different types of borrowers. The arguments and evidence in this literature are reviewed and some new evidence is presented. There is a striking difference in response of credit flows to small versus large borrowers, potentially consistent with the view that credit market imperfections help propagate the impact of monetary policy.
Behavioral Deficits Are Accompanied by Immunological and Neurochemical Changes in a Mouse Model for Neuropsychiatric Lupus (NP-SLE)

Neuropsychiatric symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE) have been understudied compared to end-organ failure and peripheral pathology. Neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly affective and cognitive indications, may be among the earliest manifestations of SLE. Among the potential pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for NP-SLE are increased peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, subsequent induction of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and activation of the kynurenine pathway. In the MRL/MpJ-Faslpr (MRL/lpr) murine model of lupus, depression-like behavior and cognitive dysfunction is evident before significant levels of autoantibody titers and nephritis are present. We examined the behavioral profile of MRL/lpr mice and their congenic controls, a comprehensive plasma cytokine and chemokine profile, and brain levels of serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolites. Consistent with previous studies, MRL/lpr mice had increased depression-like behavior and visuospatial memory impairment. Plasma levels of different inflammatory molecules (Haptoglobin, interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), lymphotactin, macrophage inhibitory protein 3β (MIP-3β/CCL19), monocyte chemotactic protein 1, 3 and 5 (MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-3/CCL7, MCP-5/CCL12), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), lymphotactin and interferon γ (IFN-γ)) were increased in MRL/lpr mice. In cortex and hippocampus, MRL/lpr mice had increased levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites (kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxynthranilic acid and quinolinic acid). Therefore, our study suggests that increased cytokine expression may be critical in the regulation subtle aspects of brain function in NP-SLE via induction of IDO and tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism.
Exchange Rate Uncertainty and Trade Flows Between the United States and China

This article assesses the impact of the RMB-dollar exchange rate and volatility on U.S. agricultural exports to and imports from China. Two measures of volatility are employed: one based on the moving standard deviation of the real RMB-dollar rate, the other a GARCH-based measure which yields more significant results. We find that exchange rate volatility has a significantly positive long-run effect only on export earnings of the nonagricultural sector. On the other hand, depreciation of the dollar has an expected long-run effect on the import value of the nonagricultural sector and on export earnings of the agricultural sector. No matter which model we consider, the level of economic activity in both countries seems to be the major long-run determinant of trade flows in both directions.
Hair follicle dermal cells repopulate the mouse haematopoietic system

Skin and hair follicle stem cell biology is the focus of increasing interest, not least because the adult hair follicle has well defined dermal and epithelial populations that display distinct developmental properties. Recent evidence suggests that a number of adult cell populations have much broader stem cell capabilities than previously thought. To examine whether this applied to the hair follicle, and with a view to developing the follicle as a stem cell model system we investigated whether adult hair follicles were capable of demonstrating haematopoietic stem cell activity. To investigate haematopoietic activity in hair follicles we first used in vitro haematopoietic colony assays. This demonstrated that rodent hair follicle end bulbs as well as micro-dissected dermal papilla and dermal sheath cells actively produced cells of erythroid and myeloid lineages but that follicle epithelial cells did not. As a more stringent test, we then transplanted cultured dermal papilla or dermal sheath cells from transgenically marked donor mice into lethally irradiated recipient mice and observed multi-lineage haematopoietic reconstitution when assayed at intervals of up to one year. Colony assays from bone marrow of primary recipients revealed that over 70% of clonogenic precursors were derived from donor hair follicle cells. When bone marrow from primary mice was harvested and used to repopulate secondary myeloablated recipients, multi-lineage haematopoietic engraftment was observed. Our data show that dermal but not epidermal compartments of the adult hair follicle have much broader stem cell activities than previously described. Although the treatment for many forms of blood disorder, such as leukemia, often requires transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), their availability can be rate limiting. Given its easy accessibility, our identification of the hair follicle as a source of extramedullary haematopoietic stem cell activity makes it an attractive potential source for blood stem cell therapeutics and highlights its value as a model system in adult stem cell biology.
French second language education in Canada : empirical studies

The thirteen Chaffers in this volume present recent empirical studies in FSL education in Canada. Many of them were conducted as thesis research, for school boards, and provincial and federal agencies. They are theoretically grounded in current paradigms and employ leading-edge research methodologies. The studies address a wide range of substantive issues including core French and immersion program design and outcomes, classroom studies, teacher development, and social and administrative perspectives on FSL education. The authors are all active researchers from across Canada. This book should be useful to FSL or French as a foreign language educators everywhere, and to researchers, teacher educators and policy makers.
The Role of Animal Models in the Study of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and GvHD: A Historical Overview

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the only therapeutic option for many hematological malignancies, but its applicability is limited by life-threatening complications, such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). The last decades have seen great advances in the understanding of BMT and its related complications; in particular GvHD. Animal models are beneficial to study complex diseases, as they allow dissecting the contribution of single components in the development of the disease. Most of the current knowledge on the therapeutic mechanisms of BMT derives from studies in animal models. Parallel to BMT, the understanding of the pathophysiology of GvHD, as well as the development of new treatment regimens, has also been supported by studies in animal models. Pre-clinical experimentation is the basis for deep understanding and successful improvements of clinical applications. In this review, we retrace the history of BMT and GvHD by describing how the studies in animal models have paved the way to the many advances in the field. We also describe how animal models contributed to the understanding of GvHD pathophysiology and how they are fundamental for the discovery of new treatments.
The Effects of Gum Chewing on Classroom Performance in Children with ADHD: A Pilot Study

A four-week single subject (A-B) research design examined the effects of gum chewing on classroom performance in two 2 nd grade boys with a diagnosis of ADHD. This study focused on three variables: on-task behaviors, task completion, and quality of work. Data, using visual analogue scales, on these three variables were collected during 12 writing periods. The researcher observed and documented the participants’ on-task behaviors, and the teacher scored the participants’ quality and amount of work completed on writing assignments. Visual analysis and 2-standard deviation band methods were used to compare the participants’ performance when gum was not chewed to the participants’ performance when gum was chewed. The findings are inconclusive due to multiple limitations of the study. However, emerging secondary findings suggest that the child’s needs, environment, and task demands may be important components to take into account when implementing gum as a sensory-based intervention strategy. Future research on the use of gum chewing for children diagnosed with ADHD in classroom settings is needed.
Investment Decisions and Managerial Discipline: Evidence from the Takeover Market

This article focuses on the relative importance of boards of directors and the hostile takeover market in disciplining managers who make poor acquisition decisions. The evidence shows a weak inverse relationship between acquisition performance and the likelihood of becoming a takeover target, but only after it becomes clear that the internal control mechanism has failed. A forced turnover of a top executive was more likely in the 1990s, the more negative the abnormal return associated with an acquisition announcement. The relationship between forced turnover and negative acquisition returns is stronger when hostile takeover activity is less intense. Hence, it appears that being disciplined for making a poor acquisition is a function more of the internal control mechanism than of the workings of the takeover market.