Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal Interactions between Neurons and Glia Are Required for Drosophila Peripheral Nervous System Development

A major developmental role of peripheral glia is to mediate sensory axon guidance; however, it is not known whether sensory neurons influence peripheral glial development. To determine whether glia and neurons reciprocally interact during embryonic development, we ablated each cell type by overexpressing the apoptosis gene, grim, and observed the effects on peripheral nervous system (PNS) development. When neurons are ablated, glial defects occur as a secondary effect, and vice versa. Therefore glia and neurons are codependent during embryogenesis. To further explore glial-neuronal interactions, we genetically disrupted glial migration or differentiation and observed the secondary effects on sensory neuron development. Glial migration and ensheathment of PNS axons was blocked by overexpression of activated Rho GTPase, a regulator of actin dynamics. Here, sensory axons extended to the CNS without exhibiting gross pathfinding errors. In contrast, disrupting differentiation by expression of dominant-negative Ras GTPase in glia resulted in major sensory axon pathfinding errors, similar to those seen in glial ablations. Glial overexpression of transgenic components of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway yielded similar sensory neuron defects and also downregulated the expression of the glial marker Neuroglian. Mutant analysis also suggested that the EGFR ligands Spitz and Vein play roles in peripheral glial development. The observations support a model in which glia express genes necessary for sensory neuron development, and these genes are potentially under the control of the EGFR/Ras signaling pathway.
From Opt Out to Blocked Out: The Challenges for Labor Market Re-entry after Family-Related Employment Lapses

In today’s labor market, the majority of individuals experience a lapse in employment at some point in their careers, most commonly due to unemployment from job loss or leaving work to care for family or children. Existing scholarship has studied how unemployment affects subsequent career outcomes, but the consequences of temporarily “opting out” of work to care for family are relatively unknown. In this article, I ask: how do “opt out” parents fare when they re-enter the labor market? I argue that opting out signals a violation of ideal worker norms to employers—norms that expect employees to be highly dedicated to work—and that this signal is distinct from two other types of résumé signals: signals produced by unemployment due to job loss and the signal of motherhood or fatherhood. Using an original survey experiment and a large-scale audit study, I test the relative strength of these three résumé signals. I find that mothers and fathers who temporarily opted out of work to care for family fared significantly worse in terms of hiring prospects, relative to applicants who experienced unemployment due to job loss and compared to continuously employed mothers and fathers. I examine variation in these signals’ effects across local labor markets, and I find that within competitive markets, penalties emerged for continuously employed mothers and became even greater for opt out fathers. This research provides a causal test of the micro- and macro-level demand-side processes that disadvantage parents who leave work to care for family. This is important because when opt out applicants are prevented from re-entering the labor market, employers reinforce standards that exclude parents from full participation in work.
Wild-Type Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthase (PRS) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Bacterial Class II PRS?

The 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) metabolite plays essential roles in several biosynthetic pathways, including histidine, tryptophan, nucleotides, and, in mycobacteria, cell wall precursors. PRPP is synthesized from α-D-ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) and ATP by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis prsA gene product, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthase (MtPRS). Here, we report amplification, cloning, expression and purification of wild-type MtPRS. Glutaraldehyde cross-linking results suggest that MtPRS predominates as a hexamer, presenting varied oligomeric states due to distinct ligand binding. MtPRS activity measurements were carried out by a novel coupled continuous spectrophotometric assay. MtPRS enzyme activity could be detected in the absence of Pi. ADP, GDP and UMP inhibit MtPRS activity. Steady-state kinetics results indicate that MtPRS has broad substrate specificity, being able to accept ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP as diphosphoryl group donors. Fluorescence spectroscopy data suggest that the enzyme mechanism for purine diphosphoryl donors follows a random order of substrate addition, and for pyrimidine diphosphoryl donors follows an ordered mechanism of substrate addition in which R5P binds first to free enzyme. An ordered mechanism for product dissociation is followed by MtPRS, in which PRPP is the first product to be released followed by the nucleoside monophosphate products to yield free enzyme for the next round of catalysis. The broad specificity for diphosphoryl group donors and detection of enzyme activity in the absence of Pi would suggest that MtPRS belongs to Class II PRS proteins. On the other hand, the hexameric quaternary structure and allosteric ADP inhibition would place MtPRS in Class I PRSs. Further data are needed to classify MtPRS as belonging to a particular family of PRS proteins. The data here presented should help augment our understanding of MtPRS mode of action. Current efforts are toward experimental structure determination of MtPRS to provide a solid foundation for the rational design of specific inhibitors of this enzyme.
Screening for rapidly evolving genes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus using cDNA microarrays

We have examined the variations in gene content and sequence divergence that could be associated with symbiotic adaptations in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus and the closely related species Paxillus filamentosus. Strains with various abilities to form mycorrhizae were analysed by comparative genomic hybridizations using a cDNA microarray containing 1076 putative unique genes of P. involutus. To screen for genes diverging at an enhanced and presumably non‐neutral rate, we implemented a simple rate test using information from both the variations in hybridizations signal and data on sequence divergence of the arrayed genes relative to the genome of Coprinus cinereus. C. cinereus is a free‐living saprophyte and is the closest evolutionary relative to P. involutus that has been fully sequenced. Approximately 17% of the genes investigated were detected as rapidly diverging within Paxillus. Furthermore, 6% of the genes varied in copy numbers between the analysed strains. Genome rearrangements associated with this variation including duplications and deletions may also play a role in adaptive evolution. The cohort of divergent and duplicated genes showed an over‐representation of either orphans, genes whose products are located at membranes, or genes encoding for components of stress/defence reactions. Some of the identified genomic changes may be associated with the variation in host specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The proposed procedure could be generally applicable to screen for rapidly evolving genes in closely related strains or species where at least one has been sequenced or characterized by expressed sequence tag analysis.
A demonstration of the Borg centiMax® Scale (CR100) for performance evaluation in diving

Abstract In many sports, for example in diving, figure skating, or ski jumping, judges subjectively score the performance on a category scale. The level-anchored ratio Borg centiMax® Scale (CR100), a general intensity scale from 0 to 100 commonly used for self-appraisal of exertion, is an interesting and valuable alternative. The aim was to explore the possibility of using the Borg centiMax® Scale (CR100), for performance evaluation in diving. In Study 1, 16 participants used the centiMax scale and the traditional diving scale (FINA) during a judicial training course on pre-recorded material; and in Study 2, six professional judges used the two scales during qualifying, semi-finals, and finals in the Swedish Championships in Örebro, 2012. Strong and significant correlations were obtained between judged performances with the two scales (r ≥ .8), as well as with contest results (r ≥ .6). The continuous and finely graded centiMax scale has promising possibilities of improving measurement with both level determinations (how good) and ratio relationships (how much better). With a Borg CR scale, more interesting comparisons can be made, for example, direct comparisons between performance measures and perceptual variables (e.g., perceived exertion and motivation). This is of importance in training and coaching of athletes.
Crossover and Mutation Operations in GA-Genetic Algorithm

Genetic Algorithms GA are search algorithms based on the principles of natural selection and genetics. GA evolves a population of initial individuals to a population of high quality individuals, where each individual represents a solution to the problem to be solved. Each individual is called chromosome and is composed of predetermined number of genes. The quality of each rule is measured by a fitness function as the quantitative representation of each rule's adaptation. The genetic algorithm can be viewed as two stage process. It starts with the current population. Selection is applied to the current population to create an intermediate population. Then recombination and mutation are applied to the intermediate population to create the next population. The process of going from the current population to the next population constitutes one generation in the execution of a genetic algorithm. Crossover is applied to randomly paired strings with a probability denoted Pc. A pair of strings is picked with probability Pc for recombination. These strings form two new strings that are inserted into the next population. After recombination, mutation operator is applied. In this paper mutation and crossover operations are discussed with GA-Genetic Algorithm. The search for an appropriate hypothesis begins with a population of initial hypotheses strings. Members of the current population give rise to the next generation by means of operations such as crossover and mutation. At each step, the hypotheses in the current population are evaluated by a fitness function. The fit hypotheses are selected probabilistically for producing the next generation. The basic representational structure of a genetic program is a directed, acyclic graph, also known as a tree, with symbols from the defined language associated with each position in the tree. Accordingly, terminals occupy the leaves of the trees while functions the internal positions. The Overall structure of a program tree is determined by the number of input parameters to the functions that occupy the tree's internal points. A function that takes three arguments, for instance, will have three associated sub trees below it, one per input argument. The number of parameters required for a function is the only syntactic constraint associated with genetic programming trees.
Automatic identification of application I/O signatures from noisy server-side traces

Competing workloads on a shared storage system cause I/O resource contention and application performance vagaries. This problem is already evident in today's HPC storage systems and is likely to become acute at exascale. We need more interaction between application I/O requirements and system software tools to help alleviate the I/O bottleneck, moving towards I/O-aware job scheduling. However, this requires rich techniques to capture application I/O characteristics, which remain evasive in production systems. Traditionally, I/O characteristics have been obtained using client-side tracing tools, with drawbacks such as non-trivial instrumentation/development costs, large trace traffic, and inconsistent adoption. We present a novel approach, I/O Signature Identifier (IOSI), to characterize the I/O behavior of data-intensive applications. IOSI extracts signatures from noisy, zero-overhead server-side I/O throughput logs that are already collected on today's supercomputers, without interfering with the compiling/execution of applications. We evaluated IOSI using the Spider storage system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the S3D turbulence application (running on 18,000 Titan nodes), and benchmark-based pseudo-applications. Through our experiments we confirmed that IOSI effectively extracts an application's I/O signature despite significant server-side noise. Compared to client-side tracing tools, IOSI is transparent, interface-agnostic, and incurs no overhead. Compared to alternative data alignment techniques (e.g., dynamic time warping), it offers higher signature accuracy and shorter processing time.
A Doherty Architecture With High Feasibility and Defined Bandwidth Behavior

This paper presents a complete and rigorous theoretical investigation of a Doherty architecture with a novel output combining network. The benefits in terms of bandwidth and feasibility held by the proposed topology are investigated and compared with the conventional one. In particular, the theoretical analysis demonstrates that the proposed output combiner allows to implement a Doherty amplifier with defined bandwidth (narrower or broader) without worsening in performances. Moreover, the proposed solution results in a more feasible structure with respect to the classical one, especially when high output power levels are sought. The theoretical results are validated through the design and realization of a prototype based on commercial GaN active devices. Experimental results show 42-dBm output power and 65% peak efficiency with a flat behavior in the 1.95-2.25-GHz frequency band (i.e., 14% of relative bandwidth) under continuous wave signal. Moreover, 50% average efficiency at 38-dBm average output power with -45 dBc of adjacent channel power ratio is demonstrated under 5-MHz 3GPP driving signal using a simple polynomial digital pre-distortion.
brain barrier in HIV-1 encephalitis ( HIVE ) Rho-mediated regulation of tight junctions during monocyte migration

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AEGIS: Extinction and Star Formation Tracers from Line Emission

Strong nebular emission lines are a sensitive probe of star formation and extinction in galaxies, and the [O II] line detects star-forming populations out to z > 1. However, star formation rates from emission lines depend on calibration of extinction and the [O II]/Hα line ratio, and separating star formation from AGN emission. We use calibrated line luminosities from the DEEP2 survey and Palomar K magnitudes to show that the behavior of emission-line ratios depends on galaxy magnitude and color. For galaxies on the blue side of the color bimodality, the vast majority show emission signatures of star formation, and there are strong correlations of extinction and [O II]/Hα with rest-frame H magnitude. The conversion of [O II] to extinction-corrected Hα and thus to star formation rate has a significant slope with MH, 0.23 dex mag-1. Red galaxies with emission lines have a much higher scatter in their line ratios, and more than half show AGN signatures. We use 24 μm fluxes from Spitzer MIPS to demonstrate the differing populations probed by nebular emission and by mid-IR luminosity. Although extinction is correlated with luminosity, 98% of IR-luminous galaxies at z ~ 1 are still detected in the [O II] line. Mid-IR-detected galaxies are mostly bright and intermediate color, while fainter, bluer galaxies with high [O II] luminosity are rarely detected at 24 μm.
Collaborative Writing among Second Language Learners Using Google Docs in a Secondary School Context

This study investigates the use of web-based, task-oriented and collaborative writing for academic purposes. Twenty Form 5 students of proficiency levels ranging from moderately proficient to weak used Google Docs to construct an argument of a given topic in pairs. The duration for this study was one month. The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of collaborative writing in a Web-based writing context. Details of the studentsâ€™ writing processes and their perceptions of the online collaborative writing were examined via a questionnaire and interviews. Codingâ€™s were created via document analysis of studentsâ€™ written texts; while a survey was conducted to explore studentsâ€™ perceptions. Findings suggest that studentsâ€™ collaborative writing were focused more on forms than on meanings. A great deal of grammatical changes was made but not all errors were correctly revised, indicating a lack of mastery of grammatical accuracy. Survey results indicated that the students participated positively to the ease of using Google Docs. This study proves that the nature of ESL writing can experience change in a positive manner and students can be directed to experience a more autonomous learning.
Working Paper Research Exporters and Credit Constraints. a Firm-level Approach Editorial Director

Statement of purpose: The purpose of these working papers is to promote the circulation of research results (Research Series) and analytical studies (Documents Series) made within the National Bank of Belgium or presented by external economists in seminars, conferences and conventions organised by the Bank. The aim is therefore to provide a platform for discussion. The opinions expressed are strictly those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bank of Belgium. Abstract By building a theoretical model and taking it to the data with two novel datasets, this paper analyses the interaction between credit constraints and exporting behaviour. Building a heterogeneous firms model of international trade with liquidity-constrained firms yields several predictions on the equilibrium relationships between productivity, credit constraints and exports that are then verified in the data. The main findings of the paper are that firms are more likely to be exporting if they enjoy higher productivity levels and lower credit constraints. Also, credit constraints are important in determining the extensive but not the intensive margin of trade in terms of destinations. This introduces a pecking order of trade. Finally, an exchange rate appreciation will cause existing exporters to reduce their exports, entry of credit-constrained potential exporters and exit of the least productive exporters. Acknowledgement: I am very grateful to Olivier Nifle, Paul Huberlant and Serge Heinen from Coface Services Belgium for access to the Coface dataset and very useful information and feedback. I also thank George van Gastel, Jean-Marc Troch and the Microeconomic Analysis Service team of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) for their invaluable help with the construction of the BBSTTD dataset. Winters and seminar participants at LSE for helpful comments and suggestions.
Factors Affecting Social Network Use by Students in Indonesia

(CC BY-NC 4.0) This article is licensed it to you under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. When you copy and redistribute this paper in full or in part, you need to provide proper attribution to it to ensure that others can later locate this work (and to ensure that others do not accuse you of plagiarism). You may (and we encourage you to) adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any non-commercial purposes. This license does not permit you to use this material for commercial purposes. FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL NETWORK USE BY STUDENTS IN INDONESIA
Voxel-Based Morphometry Study of Gray Matter Abnormalities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

To examine regional abnormalities in the brains of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), we assessed the gray matter (GM) density using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). We compared magnetic resonance images (MRIs) acquired from 71 OCD patients and 71 age- and gender-matched normal controls and examined the relationship between GM density and various clinical variables in OCD patients. We also investigated whether GM density differs among the subtypes of OCD compared to healthy controls. We detected significant reduction of GM in the inferior frontal gyrus, the medial frontal gyrus, the insula, the cingulate gyrus, and the superior temporal gyrus of OCD patients. A significant increase in GM density was observed in the postcentral gyrus, the thalamus, and the putamen. Some of these regions, including the insular and postcentral gyrus, were also associated with the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These findings indicate that the frontal-subcortical circuitry is dysfunctional in OCD, and suggest that the parietal cortex may play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease.
Planetary Nebula Abundances and Morphology: Probing the Chemical Evolution of the Milky Way

This paper presents a homogeneous study of abundances in a sample of 79 northern Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe) whose morphological classes have been uniformly determined. Ionic abundances and plasma diagnostics were derived from selected optical line strengths in the literature, and elemental abundances were estimated with the ionization correction factor developed by Kingsbourgh & Barlow in 1994. We compare the elemental abundances to the final yields obtained from stellar evolution models of low- and intermediate-mass stars, and we confirm that most bipolar PNe have high nitrogen and helium abundance and are the likely progeny of stars with main-sequence mass greater than 3 M☉. We derive = 0.27 and discuss the implication of such a high ratio in connection with the solar neon abundance. We determine the Galactic gradients of oxygen and neon and found Δ log(O/H)/ΔR = -0.01 dex kpc-1 and Δ log(Ne/H)/ΔR = -0.01 dex kpc-1. These flat PN gradients are irreconcilable with Galactic metallicity gradients flattening with time.