Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variability in Moral Disengagement and Its Relation to Offending in a Sample of Serious Youthful Offenders

Bandura’s theory of moral disengagement (MD) refers to the freeing of oneself from moral or ethical standards to engage in wrongdoing. Little is known about heterogeneity in MD among serious adolescent offenders, how MD changes over time in the transition from adolescence to early adulthood, and how such heterogeneity corresponds to offending. We used data from the Pathways to Desistance study, a longitudinal study of a sample of serious youthful offenders followed for 7 years, to examine trajectories of MD as well as the relationship of these trajectories to offending. Furthermore, we assessed whether MD varied by demographic and individual characteristics. Results indicated the presence of three trajectories: low, moderate, and high patterns. Females and Whites were more likely to be in the low-MD trajectory, whereas Hispanics were more likely to be in the high-MD trajectory. Respondents in the moderate or high-MD trajectories had more re-arrests at the 7-year follow-up relative to those in the low-MD trajectory, net of controls.
Philanthropy and cultural imperialism : the foundations at home and abroad

Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism is intended as a source book on the origins, workings, and consequences of modern general-purpose foundations. The text encompasses the activities of foundations-prinicpally Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford-in the production of culture and the formation of public policy. Particular attention is given to the policies of the big foundations in the fields of education and social science research. The authors write from the perspectives of history, sociology, comparative education, and educational policy studies. Their chapters are based on original research. While the contributors do not share a uniform ideological framework, they do have in common a structural point of view-they examine foundations with regard to their functioning in society. They analyze the implications of foundations' organizational characteristics, modus operandi, and substantive decisions for social control or social change. A distinguishing feature of Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism is its systematic, critical analysis of the sociopolitical consequences of these powerful institutions. A central thesis is that foundations like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford have a corrosive influence on a democratic society; they represent relatively unregulated and unaccountable concentrations of power and wealth which buy talent, promote causes, and, in effect, establish an agenda of what merits society's attention.
Secondary metabolites from Scrophularia canina L.

Abstract A re-examination of Scrophularia canina L. confirmed the presence of iridoid glucosides considered as chemotaxonomic markers for the Scrophulariaceae family, like aucubin, harpagide and 8-O-acetylharpagide, besides the further presence of 8-epiloganic acid, which is, indeed, considered the biogenetic precursor of iridoids normally found in Scrophulariaceae, and was recognised here for the first time in the studied species. Also verbascoside and (E)-phytol were evidenced for the first time in S. canina. The former compound is an almost ubiquitous glycosidic phenyl-ethanoid, which attains systematic importance when in co-occurrence with iridoids, and its taxonomical implications were discussed. The latter compound, even though it is omnipresent, is interestingly endowed with several biological activities, which may give an additional reason for the traditional uses of this plant.
Managing depression in physical illness

Depressive disorders are more common in patients with physical illness than in those without, with up to one-third of medical in-patients reporting mild to moderate symptoms of depression (Rodin & Voshart, 1986). Some medical conditions have a stronger association with psychiatric illness than others, for example the prevalence rates of depressive illness in patients with diabetes, cardiac or neurological disease is about 25%, but not much more than the general population in those with hypertension. Medical in-patients are more likely to have depression than are out-patients. There are a number of potential factors that may contribute to this increased risk of depression in people with physical illness, as outlined in Box 1. Despite this increased prevalence, there has been widespread neglect of depression in patients with medical disease (Royal College of Physicians & Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995), contributing to a number of poor outcomes. Physical problems are underdiagnosed in psychiatric patients. Patients with physical illness and depression have poorer levels of functioning and higher levels of mortality and morbidity compared with patients with similar illnesses but without depression (Wulsin et al, 1999). Physicians may assume that the medical illness caused the depression, or is a contraindication to antidepressant drug treatment. Medical patients with depression use more medical health care resources than those without, both for assessment and treatment – for example, the frequency of a patient’s attendance at a medical out-patient clinic is better predicted by how depressed he or she is than by his or her underlying medical condition. This contrasts with evidence of good outcomes in patients who do receive appropriate treatment, including relief of psychological distress, improved rehabilitation potential (following a stroke or myocardial infarct) and reduced health care costs. This article outlines the assessment of depression in patients with physical illness, explores some of the diagnostic issues involved and reviews the treatment options available.
Surface analysis of asymmetrically aged 400 kV silicone rubber composite insulators

Surface analysis of 400 kV silicone rubber composite insulators is presented. These insulators have experienced 15 years of service on a coastal 400 kV transmission line. Inspection of the insulators shows low levels of degradation through cracking and oxidation of title surface. This has been quantified by microscopy, energy dispersive X- ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis shows non-uniform ageing over each shed and ageing on the south side more advanced than on the north side. It is believed that non-uniform ageing was due to environmental factors including natural UV radiation and prevailing wind direction, and the resultant pattern of growth of organic species. EDX and FTIR were found to be the most useful and effective tools for analysis of these polymeric insulators.
Occurrence of Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol, and some other persistent organochlorines in Japanese human adipose tissue.

Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH) are among the most recently identified environmental contaminants. Despite their widespread contamination in the marine environment, human exposure to these compounds remains relatively unknown. We determined the concentrations of TCPMe, TCPMOH, and other persistent organochlorines such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordane compounds (CHLs) in human adipose tissue from Japan. TCPMe and TCPMOH were detected in all of the adipose samples analyzed; the concentrations ranged from 2.5-21 and 1.1-18 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Concentrations of TCPMe and TCPMOH in humans were less than those reported in marine mammals, suggesting the possibility of metabolism and elimination of these compounds by humans. Significant correlation between TCPMe and TCPMOH with concentrations of DDT and its metabolites in human adipose tissues suggested that exposure to DDT is the source of TCPMe and TCPMOH in humans. The age- and sex-dependent accumulation of TCPMe and TCPMOH as well as other organochlorines was less pronounced. Results for other organochlorines indicated that recent contamination status of PCBs in human samples from Japan was higher than that in developing countries, whereas DDT contamination is lower. Greater concentrations of CHLs in human adipose tissue from Japan than in those from other countries suggest that continuous monitoring of CHLs in humans in Japan is necessary. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the accumulation of TCPMe and TCPMOH in human adipose tissue. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2
How Institutions Think

1. Institutions Cannot Have Minds of their Own 2. Smallness of Scale Discounted 3. How Latent Groups Survive 4. Institutions are Founded on Analogy 5. Institutions Confer Identity 6. Institutions Remember and Forget 7. A Case of Institutional Forgetting 8. Institutions do the Classifying 9. Institutions Make Life and Death Decisions
Category discrimination of artificial polymorphous stimuli based on feature learning.

Pigeons and humans were trained to discriminate between sets of artificial stimuli defined by a 2-out-of-3 polymorphous concept. Stimuli containing any 2 of 3 positive or negative features were used for training. In Experiment 1, pigeons showed complete transfer to stimuli with all 3 positive or negative features and even to stimuli that had 1 of the 3 features replaced with a novel feature. In contrast, humans failed to show transfer to those stimuli. By using a selective reversal procedure for pigeons, Experiment 2 revealed that functional equivalence was not formed among either the stimuli or the features. Experiment 3 examined how pigeons integrate information from several distinct features to determine the response to any given stimulus. An additive rule and a combination rule were suggested to account for category discrimination by pigeons
Best Laid Schemes: The Psychology of Emotions

List of figures and tables Acknowledgments Prologue Part I. Theory and Function: 1. The structure of emotions 2. Intuitive and empirical approaches to understanding 3. Rationality and emotions 4. Mutual plans and social emotions Part II. Conflict and Unpredictability: 5. Plans and emotions in fictional narrative 6. Stress and distress 7. Freud's cognitive psychology of intention: the case of Dora Part III. Enjoyment and Creativity: 8. Happiness 9. Putting emotions into words Epilogue Notes References Author index Subject index.
Enhanced computations of gröbner bases in free algebras as a new application of the letterplace paradigm

Recently, the notion of "letterplace correspondence" between ideals in the free associative algebra KX and certain ideals in the so-called letterplace ring KXP has evolved. We continue this research direction, started by La Scala and Levandovskyy, and present novel ideas, supported by the implementation, for effective computations with ideals in the free algebra by utilizing the generalized letterplace correspondance. In particular, we provide a direct algorithm to compute Gröbner bases of non-graded ideals. Surprizingly we realize its behavior as "homogenizing without a homogenization variable". Moreover, we develop new shift-invariant data structures for this family of algorithms and discuss about them. Furthermore we generalize the famous criteria of Gebauer-Möller to the non-commutative setting and show the benefits for the computation by allowing to skip unnecessary critical pairs. The methods are implemented in the computer algebra system Singular. We present a comparison of performance of our implementation with the corresponding implementations in the systems Magma [BCP97] and GAP [GAP13] on the representative set of nontrivial examples.
Users Behavior in Location-Aware Services: Digital Natives versus Digital Immigrants

Location-aware services may expose users to privacy risks as they usually attach user’s location to the generated contents. Different studies have focused on privacy in location-aware services, but the results are often conflicting. Our hypothesis is that users are not fully aware of the features of the location-aware scenario and this lack of knowledge affects the results. Hence, in this paper we present a different approach: the analysis is conducted on two different groups of users (digital natives and digital immigrants) and is divided into two steps: (i) understanding users’ knowledge of a location-aware scenario and (ii) investigating users’ opinion toward location-aware services after showing them an example of an effective location-aware service able to extract personal and sensitive information from contents publicly available in social media platforms. The analysis reveals that there is relation between users’ knowledge and users’ concerns toward privacy in location-aware services and also reveals that digital natives are more interested in the location-aware scenario than digital immigrants. The analysis also discloses that users’ concerns toward these services may be ameliorated if these services ask for users’ authorization and provide benefits to users. Other interesting findings allow us to draw guidelines that might be helpful in developing effective location-aware services.
The class and cultural functions of obesity discourse: our latter day child saving movement

This paper examines the inexorable rise of ‘health’ as regulative discourse, highlighting its class and cultural dimensions. With reference to the policy content of recent obesity reports, analysis suggests that contemporary concerns around obesity are but a modern variant of earlier eighteenth and nineteenth century child saving crusades whose primary concerns were the regulation of deviant populations among women and the working classes rather than amelioration of the antecedents of social disorder and its attendant ill‐health. Unlike earlier crusades, however, in the ‘risk’ discourse of contemporary versions, class and gender are but a subtle presence, while other subjectivities of ethnicity, age and disability are barely to be seen. We suggest that in failing to address the complexity of people’s lives and the intersections of class and culture, such policies and their attendant pedagogies are likely to have very little impact on either individual or community health.
The feature-label-order effect in symbolic learning

We present a formal analysis of symbolic learning that predicts significant differences in symbolic learning depending on the sequencing of semantic features and labels. A computational simulation confirms the FeatureLabel-Ordering (FLO) effect in learning that our analysis predicts. Discrimination learning is facilitated when semantic features predict labels, but not when labels predict semantic features. A behavioral study confirms the predictions of the simulation. Our results and analysis suggest that the semantic categories people use to understand and communicate about the world might only be learnable when labels are predicted from objects.
Inspiration and the Origins of Global Waves of Terrorism

This article examines the causes of terrorism at a global level. It also reexamines the chronology of terrorism since the nineteenth century. It argues that local causes cannot explain global waves, and that while ideology is a necessary ingredient in causing terrorism, it does not explain it. The article proposes that the most important cause of global waves of terror is the inspiring example for radicals everywhere of what are, or appear to be, successful uses of terrorist strategies. This hypothesis is tested in the context of a reevaluation of David Rapoport's chronology of global waves of terrorism. The article argues for different periodization, and for labeling the waves as Italian, German, Chinese, and Afghan.
Measures of Relationship Strength in Occupational Therapy Research

Measures of relationship strength (effect size) were computed for 330 statistical tests appearing in the occupational therapy research literature The effect size measures were categorized as “small,” “medium,” or “large” according to criteria proposed by Cohen (1977). Analysis of the various measures of relationship strength revealed that the average effect size fell in the medium range Further analysis indicated that effect sizes categorized as large were frequently reported as statistically significant, while effect sizes labeled as small were rarely associated with statistical significance. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to research conducted in applied fields such as occupational therapy. The argument is made that due to the nature of the variables under investigation and the lack of experimental control in most clinical situations, measures of relationship strength should be reported routinely in occupational therapy research where statistical hypotheses are evaluated. The reporting of measures of relationship strength will aid researchers in determining the power or sensitivity of experimental manipulations and will provide valuable information related to the clinical relevance of research findings.
Testing Cost Inefficiency Under Free Entry in the Real Estate Brokerage Industry

This article provides an empirical framework for studying entry and cost inefficiency in the real estate brokerage industry. We present a structural entry model that exploits individual level data on entry and earnings to estimate potential real estate agents’ revenues and reservation wages, thereby recovering costs of providing brokerage service. Using U.S. Census data, we estimate the model and find strong evidence for cost inefficiency under free entry, attributable in particular to wasteful nonprice competition. We further use the estimated model to evaluate welfare implications of the rebate bans that currently persist in some U.S. states. Supplemental materials are provided online.
Exploring the Impact of Medical Marijuana Laws on the Validity of Self-Reported Marijuana Use Among Juvenile Arrestees Over Time

Past studies have found that underreporting of marijuana use is particularly high. The present study extends previous research that examined the temporal validity of self-reported marijuana use among juvenile arrestees. Furthermore, the present study explores whether the passage of medical marijuana laws in some states have affected the validity of self-reported marijuana use among juvenile arrestees. Using existing juvenile offender interview and urinalysis data from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM) for the years 1998 to 2002, we find that the validity of self-reported marijuana use was low, but quite stable, over time even after the threshold for a positive test was changed. However, study sites in states that had passed medical marijuana laws had significantly higher validity levels than states that had not, suggesting that the passage of medical marijuana laws may affect validity of self-reported marijuana use.
Growth cone steering by a physiological electric field requires dynamic microtubules, microfilaments and Rac-mediated filopodial asymmetry

Electric fields (EFs) resembling those in the developing and regenerating nervous systems steer growth cones towards the cathode. Requirements for actin microfilaments, microtubules and their interactions during EF growth cone steering have been presumed, but remain unproven. Here, we demonstrate essential roles for dynamic microfilaments and microtubules in cathode-directed migration. Cathodal turning of growth cones on cultured Xenopus embryonic spinal neurons was attenuated significantly by nanomolar concentrations of the microfilament inhibitor latrunculin, the microtubule-stabilising drug taxol, or the microtubule-destabilising drugs vinblastine or nocodazole. Dynamically, the cathodal bias of filopodia preceded cathodal turning of the growth cone, suggesting an instructive role in EF-induced steering. Lamellipodial asymmetry accompanied turning. Filopodia and lamellipodia are regulated by the GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, respectively, and, as shown in the companion paper in this issue, peptides that selectively prevented effector binding to the CRIB domains of Cdc42 or Rac abolished cathodal growth cone turning during 3 hours of EF exposure. Here, the Rac peptide suppressed lamellipodium formation, increased the number of filopodia, abolished cathodal filopodial orientation, and prevented cathodal steering. The Cdc42 peptide suppressed filopodium formation, increased lamellipodial area and prevented cathodal steering. The cathodal bias of lamellipodia was independent of Cdc42 CRIB activity and was not sufficient for cathodal steering in the absence of filopodia, but the cathodal bias of filopodia through Rac CRIB activity was necessary for cathodal turning. Understanding the mechanism for cathodal growth cone guidance will enhance the emerging clinical effort to stimulate human spinal cord regeneration through EF application.
Performance and fluid simulations of a novel shared buffer management system

We consider a switching system which has multiple ports that share a common buffer, in which there is a FIFO logical queue for each port. Each port may support a large number of flows or connections, which are approximately homogeneous in their statistical characteristics, with common QoS requirements in cell loss and maximum delay. Heterogeneity may exist across ports. Our first contribution is a buffer management scheme based on buffer admission control, which is integrated with connection admission control at the switch, and is at the same time fair, efficient and robust in sharing the buffer resources across ports. Our scheme is based on the resource-sharing technique of virtual partitioning. Our second major contribution is to advance the practice of discrete-event fluid simulations. Such simulations are approximations to cell-level simulations and offer orders of magnitude speed-up. A third contribution of the paper is the formulation and solution of a problem of optimal allocation of bandwidth and buffers to each port having specific delay bounds, in a lossless multiplexing framework. Finally, we report on extensive simulation results. The scheme is found to be effective, efficient and robust.
Histological Description of Morphogenesis of the Gastroesophageal Mucosa of Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

La morfogenesis de la mucosa gastroesofagica implica alteraciones morfologicas relacionadas con su estructura y la funcion de cada segmento. El presente estudio describe la histogenesis del epitelio secretor mucinoso y de las glandulas del esofago, molleja y proventriculo del pollo (G. gallus), ademas de identificar los cambios em el patron de secrecion de glicocosaminoglicanos (GAG's). Se utilizaron treinta y ocho embriones de pollo. El material recogido fue procesado de acuerdo a la rutina histologica y posteriormente las secciones se tinieron con hematoxilina-eosina para su analisis histologico, con tricromico de Gomori para identificar el tejido conectivo y las fibras de colageno y con PAS y AB pH 2,5 para el analisis GAG's neutro y acido. En una etapa avanzada de desarrollo de los embriones, se pudo obervar en la pared del esofago cuatro capas: mucosa, submucosa, muscular y serosa, mientras que el proventriculo y molleja se muestra constituida por tres capas: mucosa, muscular y serosa. En los tres segmentos de la superficie, el epitelio se identifico como mucinoso y en el esofago solo en la etapa inicial de desarrollo. Las glandulas del proventriculo se empiezan a formar en las primeras etapas de desarrollo, mientras que en las glandulas tubulares de la molleja comienzan su solo despues del dia 15. Las diferencias en la produccion de GAG's en estas regiones del tracto digestivo estan relacionadas con las etapas de desarrollo, las funciones y necesidades fisiologicas de cada segmento del cuerpo y se adapta gradualmente a la vida despues de la eclosion.