Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An analysis of star formation with Herschel in the Hi-GAL survey - I. The science demonstration phase fields

Aims. The Herschel survey of the Galactic plane (Hi-GAL) provides a unique opportunity to study star formation over large areas of the sky and different environments in the Milky Way. We use the best-studied Hi-GAL fields to date, two 2°·2° tiles centered on (l, b) = (30°, 0°) and (l, b) = (59°, 0°), to study the star formation activity in these regions of the sky using a large sample of well-selected young stellar objects (YSOs). Methods. We used the science demonstration phase Hi-GAL fields, where a tremendous effort has been made to identify the newly formed stars and to derive their properties as accurately as possible, e.g. distance, bolometric luminosity, envelope mass, and stage of evolution. We estimated the star formation rate (SFR) for these fields using the number of candidate YSOs and their average time scale to reach the zero age main sequence, and compared it with the rate estimated using their integrated luminosity at 70 μm, combined with an extragalactic star formation indicator. Results. We measure an SFR of (9.5 ± 4.3) × 10^(-4) M_⊙/yr and (1.6 ± 0.7) × 10^(-4) M_⊙/yr with the source counting method, in l = 30° and l = 59°, respectively. Results with the 70 μm estimator are (2.4 ± 0.4) × 10^(-4) M_⊙/yr and (2.6 ± 1.1) × 10^(-6) M_⊙/yr. Since the 70 μm indicator is derived from averaging extragalactic star forming complexes, we extrapolated of these values to the whole Milky Way and obtain SFR_(MW) = (0.71 ± 0.13) M_⊙/yr from l = 30° and SFR_(MW) = (0.10 ± 0.04) M_⊙/yr from l = 59°. The estimates in l = 30° agree with the most recent results for Galactic star formation activity. Conclusions. The source-counting method gives results that are only valid for the particular region under consideration. In contrast, the construction of the IR indicator leads to results that can be extrapolated to the whole Galaxy. In particular, when it is applied to the l = 30° field, it provides an SFR that is consistent with previous estimates, indicating that the characteristics of this field are very likely close to those of the star formation-dominated galaxies used for its derivation. Since the sky coverage is limited, this analysis will improve when the full Hi-GAL survey is available. It will cover the whole Galactic plane, sampling almost the totality of Galactic star forming complexes. By means of the candidate YSO-counting method, it will then be possible to calibrate an SFR Galactic indicator and to test the validity of the extragalactic estimators.
Putting Rhineland principles into practice in Thailand: Sustainable leadership at Bathroom Design Company

Enterprises in less developed economies that wish to sustain success have a choice of business models to follow. This case study investigates the extent to which a Thai corporation engages in management practices matching the 19 sustainable leadership criteria attributed to Rhineland organizations and distills those practices into six categories: a focus on long-term perspective, staff development, organizational culture, innovation, social responsibility, and ethical behavior. In sharp contrast to the prevailing Anglo/US business model of short-term maximization of profitability, these practices offered the company a solid framework for evaluating its corporate sustainability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of Functional Dentition in a Group of Mexican Adult Males.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of functional dentition and associated periodontal variables in a sample of Mexican adult males. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 161 policemen in Campeche, Mexico, was carried out. A clinical examination using an electronic probe was used to collect variables (dental plaque, periodontal pockets, gingival recession, suppuration, and bleeding on probing) on 6 periodontal sites (a maximum of 168 sites, excluding third molars). Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables were collected through a self-administered survey. Functional dentition was defined as having 21 or more natural teeth. Data were analyzed with STATA 11.0, using logistic regression models. RESULTS Mean age was 38.3 (±10.9) years. The prevalence of having a functional dentition was 83.8% in the sample. The odds of having a functional dentition declined with age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.93), having diabetes (OR = 0.27) and with having a high percentage of sites with plaque (OR = 0.77), with bleeding on probing (OR = 0.97), and with gingival recession (OR = 0.82). CONCLUSION While a large proportion of subjects had a functional dentition in this community-dwelling sample of adult Mexican males, the likelihood of their having a functional dentition decreased with age, with their having been diagnosed with diabetes, and with assorted negative indicators of periodontal/gingival status.
Estimating Heterogeneity in Consumers' Purchase Rates

Consumers are different in their purchase rates and it is important to determine this heterogeneity. If a consumer's purchases follow a Poisson process (hence exponential interpurchase time), and purchase rates are distributed gamma across consumers, then a simple measure of heterogeneity is the shape parameter of the gamma distribution. Although we can use either the number of purchases or the interpurchase time data to estimate this heterogeneity, we suggest that number of purchases data are better and easier to use. It is also suggested that while method of moments (MOM) gives good parameter estimates for models using number of purchases data (e.g. NBD), it may be very misleading for models using interpurchase time data (e.g. Pareto). We also recommend caution when using maximum likelihood estimation procedure for the interpurchase time data if multiple observations are available for each consumer. This is to ensure that the model captures heterogeneity across consumers and not across observations.
Where Is the Australian J-Curve?

This study of the distributed lag response of Australia's trade balance to the terms of trade fin ds no evidence of a J-curve response beyond 1974 when the exchange rate is flexible. There is some inconclusive evidence of a protracted J curve in the fixed exchange rate era. The structural inadequacies of Australian import replacement and export industries explain these results, but there is little evidence to support the argument that Australian wages policies have priced the nation's tradables out of world or domestic markets. Copyright 1988 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Board of Trustees of the Bulletin of Economic Research
Technical Change, Organizational Form, and the Structure of Bank Production

OF THOSE TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO the nature of competition among firms in an industry or market, scale economies and technical change are especially important. Economies of scale are said to exist when an equiproportional increase in all inputs results in a greater than proportional increase in output or equivalently when an increase in output at constant input prices leads to a less than proportional increase in total costs. Thus, average costs decline as output expands. Depending upon the extent to which costs decline as output increases, regulation of the firms in the industry may be necessary.l The literature analyzing scale economies in commercial banking is voluminous. The early studies on scale economies in banking include those by Benston (1965, 1972), Greenbaum (1967), Murphy (1972), and Bell and Murphy (1968). More recent studies include those by Benston, Hanweck, and Humphrey (1982) and Clark (1984). 2 This literature has established that mild scale economies exist in bank
Adoption of green strategy by Danish firms

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine the issue of corporate environmentalism from a managerial perspective, specifically in connection to top management commitment and the need for competitive advantage, which can be integrated into the decision making of environmental strategies. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses data from a recent online survey of 77 Danish firms. Surveyed firms in the study were divided into two categories based on their adoption of a green strategy. Univariate analysis of variance and step-wise discriminant analysis were used to identify variables that discriminate between these firms. Findings – The results revealed that systematic planning to develop a green strategy coupled with each firm's view of the importance of formulating and implementing a green strategy are the key factors discriminating between the two groups of firms. Research limitations/implications – Since this study did not consider external factors such as, governmental regulation, NGO press.
Adequacy of the follow-up process in India and barriers to its effective implementation

This paper examines the effectiveness of EIA procedures in India in terms of the follow-up process. It provides an insight into the legal framework, roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and the focus of Terms of Reference (TOR) provided for the follow-up. A ‘practice analysis’ was carried out to assess actual enforcement and implementation of environmental stipulations, based on information derived from the official records of regulatory authorities for the industrial estate of Haldia. The analysis was further substantiated through discussions with various stakeholders and personal observations. Several inadequacies were observed during the implementation of the process, in terms of ambiguous conditions, ineffective measures to ensure compliance, vested interests of industrial units, lack of co-ordination and inadequate resources available with implementing agencies. In order to ascertain effective follow-up practice, integrated efforts, i.e. focused and elaborated Terms of Reference (TOR), better monitoring support, extended legal powers, co-ordination among regulators for timely action, self-regulation among proponents and the involvement of local people, are essential.
Challenges of Diagnosing Cognitive Dysfunction With Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Childhood

Challenges of Diagnosing Cognitive Dysfunction With Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Childhood ASHWAQ ALE’ED, PATRICIA VEGA-FERNANDEZ, EYAL MUSCAL, CLAAS H. HINZE, LORI B. TUCKER, SIMONE APPENZELLER, BRIGITTE BADER-MEUNIER, JOHANNES ROTH, VICENÇ TORRENTE-SEGARRA, MARISA S. KLEIN-GITELMAN, DEBORAH M. LEVY, TRESA ROEBUCK-SPENCER, AND HERMINE I. BRUNNER, FOR THE CARRA NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS WORKING GROUP
Local residents' monetary evaluation of sports events

This study presents an empirical analysis from the World Championship in Skiing, hosted in Trondheim, Norway. Surveys focus on local residents' assessment of a major sport event and reveal that more than three out of four would have voted yes if a referendum was staged. This proportion was stable before and after the event. Peoples' monetary evaluation depended on how the question was framed. Ninety percent put a positive price tag on the event, according to the WTA (willingness to accept compensation for giving away the event)-approach, while 50% had a positive assessment of it according to the WTP (willingness to pay to host the event)- approach. The average WTA estimate was 43 times higher than the average WTP estimate. One explanation to this difference is that the impacts to a large extent are public goods. Another part of the difference is explained by Prospect Theory. Four regression models identified a limited number of significant variables that explain local residents' monetary evaluation. Most of these are related to a desire for a more social city life, rather than being related to positive economic impacts. A proposal left for future research is that this unusual domination of social factors over economic factors is related to the particular measurement of residents' evaluation (ratio scale) used in this study.
Interest rates, saving, investment and growth in mexico 1960–90: Tests of the financial liberalisation hypothesis

The theory of financial liberalisation argues that rising real interest rates induces more saving and investment and therefore acts as a positive stimulus to economic growth. This hypothesis is tested for Mexico over the period 1960–90, making the important distinction between financial saving and total saving. Financial saving is found to be positively related to real interest rates partly through capital flows and partly through domestic asset substitution, but total saving is invariant with respect to real interest rates. Investment is positively related to the supply of credit from the banking system, but the net effect of interest rates on investment is negative. Furthermore, taking McKinnon's ‘virtuous circle’ model of economic growth shows no favourable effects of interest rates on economic growth. It is concluded that any favourable effect of financial liberalisation and higher real interest rates on economic growth must come through raising the productivity of investment.
Does the Form of Managements' Earnings Guidance Affect Analysts' Earnings Forecasts?

This study examines how the form of management's earnings guidance (point, narrow range, wide range) affects analysts' earnings forecasts. Results from two experiments demonstrate that: (1) guidance form has no effect on analysts' forecasts made immediately after the guidance; and (2) after the actual earnings announcement, guidance form and the relationship of the earnings guidance to actual earnings (guid- ance error) interact in their effect on analysts' forecasts. After the actual earnings an- nouncement, guidance error leads to higher (lower) analysts' forecasts for firms with downwardly (upwardly) biased guidance; this effect of guidance error is magnified by a narrow range and reduced by a wide range, compared to a point estimate. These results suggest that treating the mean of the range endpoints as equivalent to a point estimate and failing to consider effects after the release of actual earnings may paint an incomplete picture of how management guidance affects analysts and investors. It also offers useful information to managers who issue earnings guidance, and presents a challenge to the psychology literature regarding the effects of information precision on judgment and decision making.
Mutagenic, Antimutagenic, Cytotoxic, and Apoptotic Activities of Extracts from Pituranthos tortuosus

Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities against direct acting mutagens, nifuroxazide (NF) and sodium azide (SA), and indirect acting mutagen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) of extracts prepared from aerial parts of Pituranthos tortuosus were investigated in bacterial assay systems (i.e., the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98, TA1538, TA1535, and the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ 37). It was found that all extracts obtained from P. tortuosus decreased the mutagenicity induced by AFB1 (10 μg/assay), SA (1.5 μg/assay), and NF (20 μg/assay). Ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and total oligomer flavenoid extracts exhibited the highest inhibition level of mutagenicity induced by the indirect mutagen AFB1. In addition, antiproliferative and apoptotic properties of these extracts have also been reported using two leukemia cell lines, L1210 and K562. The results revealed that all extracts showed a significant cytotoxic effect on these cell lines, and the effect was greater in the presence of human K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, whereas they do not induce apoptosis.
Haem and folate transport by proton-coupled folate transporter/haem carrier protein 1 (SLC46A1)

Haem carrier protein 1 (HCP1) was originally identified and characterised as a mammalian haem transporter. However, recent evidence has shown that it is also a proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) and mutations in the gene cause hereditary folate deficiency in humans. We therefore investigated haem and folate transport characteristics of PCFT/HCP1 both in vivo and in vitro in CD-1 mice and in the presence or absence of a blocking antibody for PCFT/HCP1, and also in cultured cells (which express PCFT/HCP1 endogenously) to elucidate the specificity and selectivity of PCFT/HCP1. The in vivo study showed that the addition of folic acid inhibited 59Fe-labelled haem transport in hypoxic mice but had no effect in normal mice. Using in vitro methods, the results showed increased [3H]folate uptake into everted duodenum from hypoxic mice but uptake was reduced by the addition of haem or PCFT/HCP1 antibodies to the medium. Caco-2 cells transiently transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) PCFT/HCP1 duplex oligos resulted in a 69 % reduction in PCFT/HCP1 mRNA when compared with the control siRNA. Both haem and folate uptake were significantly (P < 0·05) reduced in cells transfected with PCFT/HCP1 siRNA; however, the magnitude of reduction with folic acid uptake was greater (48 %) than that of haem (22·5 %). Overall the data support PCFT/HCP1 as a primary folate transporter with a lower affinity for haem. PCFT/HCP1 could therefore play a physiological role in Fe nutrition and the data highlight the potential for the interaction of folate and haem at the level of intestinal absorption.
Does the L1 have a role in the foreign language classroom? A review of the literature

Recently, the powers that be at the English language school where I work posted signs in every classroom, advising that only English is to be spoken there. The signs feature a menacing-looking Uncle Sam, wearing a patriotic top hat and a scowl. His outstretched index finger points accusingly at the viewer and his catch phrase is altered to read, "I want YOU to speak English at (name of school)" The background of these signs is an ominous black, and above the image of Uncle Sam is a warning: "Caution: English Only Zone. "
Dibutyltin Compounds Effects on PPARγ/RXRα Activity, Adipogenesis, and Inflammation in Mammalians Cells

Organotins are a group of chemical compounds that have a tin atom covalently bound to one or more organic groups. The best-studied organotin is tributyltin chloride, which is an environmental pollutant and an endocrine disruptor. Tributyltin chloride has been shown to bind to PPARγ/RXRα and induces adipogenesis in different mammalian cells. However, there are few studies with other organotin compounds, such as dibutyltins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dibutyltins diacetate, dichloride, dilaurate, and maleate on the transcriptional activity of the nuclear PPARγ and RXRα receptors, and on adipogenesis and inflammation. Analogous to tributyltin chloride, in reporter gene assay using HeLa cells, we observed that dibutyltins diacetate, dichloride, dilaurate, and maleate are partial agonists of PPARγ. Unlike tributyltin chloride, which is a full agonist of RXRα, dibutyltins dichloride and dilaurate are partial RXRα agonists. Additionally, the introduction of the C285S mutation, which disrupts tributyltin chloride binding to PPARγ, abrogated the dibutyltin agonistic activity. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, all dibutyltin induced adipogenesis, although the effect was less pronounced than that of rosiglitazone and tributyltin chloride. This adipogenic effect was confirmed by the expression of adipogenic markers Fabp4, Adipoq, and Glut4. Exposure of 3T3-L1 cells with dibutyltin in the presence of T0070907, a specific PPARγ antagonist, reduced fat accumulation, suggesting that adipogenic effect occurs through PPARγ. Furthermore, dibutyltins dichloride, dilaurate, and maleate inhibited the expression of proinflammatory genes in 3T3-L1 cells, such as Vcam1, Dcn, Fn1, S100a8, and Lgals9. Additionally, in RAW 264.7 macrophages, tributyltin chloride and dibutyltin dilaurate reduced LPS-stimulated TNFα expression. Our findings indicate that dibutyltins diacetate, dichloride, dilaurate, and maleate are PPARγ partial agonists and that dibutyltins dichloride and dilaurate are also partial RXRα agonists. Furthermore, dibutyltins induce adipogenesis in a PPARγ-dependent manner and repress inflammatory genes in 3T3-L1 and RAW 264.7 cells. Although dibutyltins display some partial PPARγ/RXRα agonistic effects, the translation of cell-based results assays into in vivo effects on inflammation and insulin resistance is not entirely known. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to address their effects in different periods of life and to elucidate the actions of organostanic compounds in whole-body context.
Effects of Recessions on Advertising Expenditures: An Exploratory Study of Economic Downturns in Nine Developed Nations

This article explores the effects of recessions in developed nations since 1989 to determine how advertising expenditures are related to recessions and whether expenditures for different media are affected differently. The study finds that advertising expenditures (in constant currency) declined an average of 5% when a 1% decline occurred. The relations between the gross domestic product and advertising expenditures were not universal across the nations, however. It appears that nature of the economies, the degree of economic fluctuation, segments of industry affected, national economic policies, and other factors may play roles in the advertising expenditure choices. The study also finds that print media are more affected by recessions than broadcast media. The effect of the economic downturns on newspaper and magazine advertising expenditures were 4 times that of the effect on television advertising expenditures.
Evaluation of the efficacy and reproducibility of cholangiopancreatography by magnetic resonance for detecting biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation.

PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the detection of biliary complications in liver transplanted patients. METHODS A study was conducted, with blinded review of 28 MRCP exams of 24 patients submitted to liver transplantation. The images were reviewed by two independent observers, at two different moments, regarding the degree of biliary tree visualization and the presence or absence of biliary complications. The MRCP results were compared, when negative, to at least 3 months of clinical and biochemical follow-up, and when positive, to the findings at surgery or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). RESULTS The degree of intrahepatic biliary tree visualization was considered good or excellent in 78.6% and 82.1% of the exams by the two observers and visualization of the donor duct, recipient duct and biliary anastomosis was considered good or excellent in 100% of the exams, by both observers. Six biliary complications were detected (21.4%), all of them anastomotic strictures. Intra and interobserver agreement were substantial or almost perfect (kappa k values of 0.611 to 0.804) for the visualization of the biliary tree and almost perfect (k values of 0.900 to 1.000) for the detection of biliary complications. MRCP achieved 100% sensitivity, 95.45% specificity, 85.7% positive predictive value and 100% negative predictive value for the detection of biliary complications. CONCLUSIONS MRCP is an accurate examination for the detection of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation and it is a highly reproducible method in the evaluation of the biliary tree of liver transplanted patients.
The Sources of the Decline in U.S. Output Volatility

"In this paper, we investigate the sources of the decline in U.S. output volatility. We estimate structural vector autoregression models before and after the structural break date of the first quarter of 1984. We find that the magnitude of both supply and demand shocks in the pre-1984 period is greater than that in the post-1984 period. We also find that the relative importance of the demand shocks in the post-1984 has decreased drastically compared to the pre-1984 period. Further counterfactual analyses show that good luck, good policies, and better business practices might have played a role in reducing U.S. output volatility. " ("JEL" E30, E60, C32) Copyright 2007 Western Economic Association International.