Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Perfect Foresight Models of a Stochastic World

Long-run analysis is often based on perfect foresight equilibrium relationships arbitrarily augmented to incorporate stochastic shocks. This paper examines whether perfect foresight models admit interpretations as limits of stochastic economies and reflect long-run behavior and policy effects. It provides a novel interpretation of such models, specifies consistency criteria for long-run analysis, and proposes metrics for model convergence. Analytical and calibration exercises are conducted to show that convergence to perfect foresight need not occur and even when it occurs it does not ensure that relationships between long-run averages or low-frequency components are captured by perfect foresight models. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society.
Asymmetric Dynamic Interrelationships among the Greater Chinese, Japanese and US Stock Markets

Abstract Over the past decade, empirical studies have not found any evidence of cointegration relationships between the A-shares in the Shanghai/Shenzhen markets and the other indexes in foreign markets. However, by performing an asymmetric cointegration test, we surprisingly find a strong long-run asymmetric cointegration relationship linking A-shares in the Shanghai/Shenzhen markets with either the Hang Seng index or the Taiwan index, thereby confirming the concept of a Greater Chinese stock market. On the other hand, we find an insignificant long-run asymmetric cointegration relationship between the S & P500/Nikkei 225 and the A-shares in the Shanghai/Shenzhen markets. The asymmetric dynamic inter-relationships can provide an interesting point of view.
Partnership and public administration: conceptual and practical considerations

Abstract: In recent years, there has been a proliferation of partnerships involving public organizations. The use of partnerships has evolved from an ad hoc response to particular problems to a general approach to problem-solving and to improving the efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness of public organizations. Partnerships are also used to empower individuals, groups, and organizations outside government by enabling them to make a genuine contribution to government decisions affecting them. It is important, therefore, to explain the meaning and types of partnership, to examine their purposes, benefits, and participants, and to assess their political implications. In-depth evaluative studies of partnerships are scarce, but there are enough data on partnerships and enough sufficient and theoretical materials on inter-organizational relations in general to formulate hypotheses about the requirements for successful partnerships. Sommaire: Au cours des dernieres annees, on a assiste a une proliferation des partenariats impliquant des organismes publics. Leur utilisation a evolue, passant de la simple reponse concue pour un probleme particulier a une approche generate visant a resoudre les problemes et a ameliorer l'efficacite et la receptivite des organismes publics. Cette forme d'association sert aussi a deleguer davantage de pouvoirs aux particuliers, aux groupes et aux organismes non-gouvernementaux en leur permettant de contribuer vraiment aux decisions gouvernementales qui les touchent. II importe done d'expliquer la signification et les differents types de partenariats, d'examiner leurs objectifs, leurs avantages et leurs participants, et d'evaluer aussi leurs repercussions politiques. Les etudes sur ce sujet sont rares, mais il existe a cet egard suffisamment de donnees et de materiel conceptuel et theorique sur les relations interorganisationnelles en general, pour pouvoir formuler des hypotheses sur les elements qui garantissent la reussite d'une association en partenariat.
How to identify leadership potential: Development and testing of a consensus model

Building on two studies, the current article responds to urgent calls in the literature for more empirical research on how to identify leadership potential. Based on an extensive review of the 1986–2010 literature, and applying a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques, we developed a model of leadership potential consisting of four quadrants: Analytical skills (containing the factors Intellectual curiosity, Strategic insight, Decision making, and Problem solving); Learning agility (containing the factors Willingness to learn, Emotional intelligence, and Adaptability); Drive (containing the factors Results orientation, Perseverance, and Dedication); and Emergent leadership (containing the factors Motivation to lead, Self-promotion, and Stakeholder sensitivity). Notably, the developed model steers clear from some of the typical issues that tend to hinder valid assessments of leadership potential (i.e., the confound between performance and potential, as well as that between leadership potential and successful, mature leadership). Furthermore, high consensus was found between top managers, line managers, and HR managers about the practical relevance of the proposed model. The article concludes with some specific future avenues for research and practice. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Should hysteroscopy be provided for patients who have undergone instrumental intrauterine intervention after delivery?

We investigated the frequency of pathology, especially intrauterine adhesions, after instrumental evacuation within 24 h of delivery in a prospective observational intervention study on 100 women where a ‘see and treat’ hysteroscopy was performed after three to four months. There were two possible etiology groups: intrauterine adhesions [classified according by European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) grades I–IV] and residual tissue (classified as minimal and considerable). Adhesions were found in 18% of patients, as follows: ESGE I–II in 13% and ESGE III–IV in 5%. Residual tissue was present in 33%, as follows: minimal in 23% and considerable in 10%. There were 6% who had both mild adhesions and minimal residual tissue, while 43% of the women had normal intrauterine findings. Of the women, 32% were symptomatic (spotting, bleeding). Only residual tissue correlated with symptoms (r=0.376; p<0.001). There is a high prevalence of acquired intrauterine pathology (57%) in women who require early instrumental evacuation.
Testing Advertising-Induced Rotation of Demand Curves in the EU Salmon Market

The Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to examine the responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Council (NSC) in the EU Atlantic salmon market. The model allows advertising to shift and rotate the demand curve simultaneously. EU demand is segmented by supply sources of the salmon, namely Norway, the United Kingdom, Chile, Canada, and the Rest of World. Results suggest that a 10% increase in advertising expenditure sponsored by the NSC makes the demand curve of Norwegian salmon and Canadian salmon rotate counterclockwise by 0.54% and 10.3%, respectively, and the curve for the Rest-of-World salmon rotate clockwise by 4.09%. In our empirical case of salmon demand, the impact of advertising-induced rotation on the optimal spending level and the change in producer surplus is significant when the advertising expenditure is greatly intensified, the export volume is huge and the supply is less elastic.
Corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and corporate performance

Previous research has analyzed and debated corporate governance (CG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) independently. This paper aims to empirically explore the interrelationship between CG, CSR, financial performance (FP) and Corporate Social Performance (CSP) using a sample of 297 electronics companies operating in Taiwan, a newly industrialized Asian economy. The results show that a CG model which includes independent outside directors and which has specific ownership characteristics has a significantly positive impact on both FP and CSP, whereas FP itself does not influence CSP. The presence of independent outside directors in the firm has the greatest impact on the social performance of the firm's worker, customer, supplier, community and society dimensions. Government shareholders enhance a firm's social performance extraordinarily because government shareholders will be more likely to request that companies fulfill their social responsibilities. Only government shareholders positively and significantly relate to a firm's environmental performance. Furthermore, foreign institutional stockholders help to increase worker and supplier performance by paying more attention to employee policies and supply chain relationships. Finally, independent outside directors, foreign institutional stockholders and domestic financial institutional stockholders are shown to improve financial performance.
Birth Weight and Blood Pressure in Young Adults: A Prospective Twin Study

Background—The intrauterine environment may be a critical period for the development of hypertension in later life. In the present study, we applied the twin approach to estimate the contribution of genetic and environmental causes that may underlie the birth weight–adult blood pressure association. Methods and Results—Birth weights of 418 twin pairs were obtained prospectively, and resting and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressures were obtained at the age of 18 to 34 years. In women, resting systolic blood pressure decreased 4.27 mm Hg (P <0.001) and diastolic pressure decreased 2.18 mm Hg (P =0.02) per kilogram increase in birth weight. Similar associations were found for ambulatory measurements, although these were somewhat less pronounced. Pair-wise analysis confirmed these findings: twin pairs of whom both members had a low birth weight (<2500 g) had a higher systolic blood pressure compared with twins who both had a high birth weight (≥2500 g). Systolic blood pressure of the lightest of a low-birth-weight pair was ≥4.7 mm Hg (P =0.02) higher and of the heaviest ≥2.4 mm Hg higher (P =0.2) than similar measurements in high-birth-weight pairs. Intrapair differences in blood pressure between the lightest and the heaviest at birth were only present in low-birth-weight pairs. The results were similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. In men, no associations were found between birth weight and adult blood pressure. Conclusions—These findings suggest that prenatal programming of adult blood pressure occurs at least in female twins. We suggest that particularly maternal influences, experienced by both twin members, may underlie the association between birth weight and blood pressure. The fetoplacental unit seems to influence blood pressure only when both fetuses had low birth weight.
Indigenous Language Skills and the Labor Market in a Developing Economy: Bolivia

This paper examines the relationship between language use and labor market activities (participation and earnings) in a developing economy where many speak an indigenous language. The application is to men and women age 15 and over in Bolivia? s department capital cities, using the 1993 Encusesta Integrade de Hogares (Integrated Household Survey). The use of Spanish is found to be more prevalent among those more active in the labor market, among those who have had more exposure to Spanish, and among those who are more efficient in acquiring language skills. The effects of Spanish and indigenous language usage on labor force participation and on earnings are analyzed. When other variables are held constant, including level of schooling, among both men and women monolingual Spanish speakers earn about 25 percent more than bilingual Spanish-indigenous language speakers. Among women, those who speak only an indigenous language earn about 25 percent less than those who are bilingual. The lower earnings of the bilingual speakers may be due to their poorer proficiency in Spanish.
The Relation between Cost Shifting and Segment Profitability in the Defense‐Contracting Industry

We test the conjecture from prior research that defense contractors' excess profitability in the 1980s stemmed from their ability to shift common overhead costs to government contracts that typically allow cost reimbursement or price renegotiation (Rogerson 1992; Thomas and Tung 1992; Lichtenberg 1992). Although we confirm prior evidence that defense contractors enjoyed abnormally high profitability on their government work in the 1984–1989 period (a period of relatively low competition for defense contracts), we find no evidence that this excess profitability is attributable to cost shifting. In addition, we find no evidence that the Top 100 defense contractors (firms that likely wield above‐average market power) are able to use cost shifting to exploit a lack of competition in the industry. Our results suggest that, contrary to the conjectures in prior research, the unusually high profitability reported on government contracts in 1984–1989 is more likely attributable to nonaccounting explanations than t.
Influenced and influential: the role of tour operators and development organisations in tourism and poverty reduction in Ecuador

This paper uses a comparative analysis of three differently funded and managed tourism projects in Ecuador to examine the use of a theoretical dimension in the study of tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. The key elements of Giddens’ structuration theory are tested by exploring actor's knowledgeability and reflexivity, and institutionalised interactions, leading to a discussion of the duality of agency and structure. Ninety-seven resident interviews, along with 28 expert stakeholders’ interviews were carried out, shedding light on the dense web of relations, interactions and structures in which poverty reduction tourism projects operate. The key ways in which tourism projects initiated and funded by development organisations differ from private sector-funded projects are uncovered. Short-term development organisation funding was found to be a serious problem, as was the lack of collaborative partnerships between the private sector and development organisations. Contrasting ideologies were found at agency and private sector levels, but were less pronounced at community levels. The paper deduces that development organisations are strongly influenced, and confined, by institutional structures, whereas tour operators’ freedom of action can be more effective in altering traditional tourism industry structures. All three projects demonstrate the duality of agency and structure to varying degrees.
Orthodontic Force Stimulates eNOS and iNOS in Rat Osteocytes

Mechanosensitive osteocytes are essential for bone remodeling. Nitric oxide, an important regulator of bone remodeling, is produced by osteocytes through the activity of constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We hypothesized that these enzymes regulate the tissue response to orthodontic force, and therefore we investigated eNOS and iNOS expression in osteocytes during orthodontic force application. The upper rat molars were moved mesially by NiTi coil springs (10 cN, 120 hrs) in a split-mouth design. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that, in the tension area, eNOS-positive osteocytes increased from 24 hrs on, while iNOS-positive osteocytes remained largely constant. In the compression area, iNOS-positive osteocytes increased after 6 hrs, while eNOS- positive osteocytes increased after 24 hrs. This suggests that eNOS mediates bone formation in the tension area, while iNOS mediates inflammation-induced bone resorption in the compression area. Both eNOS and iNOS seem to be important regulators of bone remodeling during orthodontic force application.
CEO cash compensation determinants: an empirical examination of US airlines

This study empirically investigated the determinants of cash compensation for chief executive officers (CEOs) for US airlines in the post-9.11 period. After an analysis of 53 firm-year observations from 2002 to 2004, we found that the airline CEO cash compensation was positively correlated with the size and revenue efficiency of an airline firm whereas growth, debt use, profitability, and stock performance were irrelevant to the compensation. Larger airlines with better revenue-generating ability tended to offer high cash compensation to their CEOs. Our findings suggest that the pay-for-performance principle has yet to be fully implemented in the airlines industry. To minimize agency problems and enhance the firm value of US airlines, CEO compensation should be based not only on revenue efficiency but also on profitability and stock performance. †This work was supported by a Dong-A University research grant.
Significance of Increased Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Viral-Induced Thymic Lymphoma.∗

Summary Mice inoculated with a leukemogenic virus (Rich) were studied to determine when alkaline phosphatase appears in thymic cells relative to the developing thymic lymphoma. The findings indicated that the enzyme increase occurs only after the tumor is definitely established, hence this change cannot be causally related to the neoplasm.
Hedonic Consumption: Emerging Concepts, Methods and Propositions

This paper defines hedonic consumption as those facets of consumer behavior that relate to the multisensory, fantasy and emotive aspects of product usage experience. After delineating these concepts, their theoretical antecedents are traced, followed by a discussion of differences between the traditional and hedonic views, methodological implications of the latter approach, and behavioral propositions in four substantive areas relevant to hedonic consumption—mental constructs, product classes, product usage and individual differences. Conclusions concern the usefulness of the hedonic perspective in supplementing and extending marketing research on consumer behavior.
Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Endoscopic Laser Treatment

The records of 15 patients with idiopathic subglottic stenosis treated at Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, between 1980 and 1994 were reviewed. All were female and had similar characteristic clinical and histopathologic features. Endoscopic laser vaporization was the primary treatment in 12 patients and was successful in maintaining the airway of 8 of these 12; this outcome indicates that the disease can be managed, at least initially, by endoscopic laser treatment in most cases.
Determinants of Nature Trip Expenditures in Southern Finland – Implications for Nature Tourism Development

As in many industrialized countries, Finnish policy makers see nature tourism as a source of rural economic development. This study explores the factors that influence traveller expenditures on nature trips. While focusing primarily on nature tourism in southern Finland, it also draws comparisons with northern Finland, where nature tourism is well established. On the basis of accommodation and activity expense data, nature trips were segmented in order to identify those destination attributes that promote high expenditures. In addition, an analysis was made of the role of different landownership categories in providing recreation services that support nature tourism. Basic data was provided by a population survey designed to inventory national outdoor recreation demand and supply. Trip‐related expenditures were found to be especially low on trips to a family‐owned summer cottage, such trips being typical in nature tourism in southern Finland. For trips to destinations other than a vacation home, higher expenditures tended to be associated with travellers' higher income and with middle age. Some destination area characteristics, such as availability of downhill skiing slopes and camping sites increased the probability that the trip would be a high‐expenditure trip. Other trip characteristics that increased tourists' expenditures and thus economic impacts of nature tourism were related to first‐time visit, longer distance from residence to destination and longer stay at the destination. The implications of these findings on nature tourism development in Finland are discussed.
Understanding and Reducing Work-Family Conflict in the Hospitality Industry

Due the nature of the industry, hospitality workers often face work-family conflict (WFC) issues. If not managed properly, WFC can produce many detrimental consequences, including decreased employee performance, job dissatisfaction, lateness, absenteeism, and high turnover. This article synthesizes pertinent WFC literature and explicates a series of measures for reducing WFC in hospitality firms. Future research directions are also identified.
A Supplementary Grading Scale for Selecting Patients With Brain Arteriovenous Malformations for Surgery

BACKGROUNDPatient age, hemorrhagic presentation, nidal diffuseness, and deep perforating artery supply are important factors when selecting patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) for surgery. OBJECTIVEWe hypothesized that these factors outside of the Spetzler-Martin grading system could be combined into a simple, supplementary grading system that would accurately predict neurologic outcome and refine patient selection. METHODSA consecutive, single-surgeon series of 300 patients with AVMs treated microsurgically was analyzed in terms of change between preoperative and final postoperative modified Rankin Scale scores. Three different multivariable logistic models (full, Spetzler-Martin, and supplementary models) were constructed to test the association of combined predictor variables with the change in modified Rankin Scale score. A simplified supplementary grading system was developed from the data with points assigned according to each variable and added together for a supplementary AVM grade. RESULTSPredictive accuracy was highest for the full multivariable model (receiver operating characteristic curve area, 0.78), followed by the supplementary model (0.73), and least for the Spetzler-Martin model (0.66). Predictive accuracy of the simplified supplementary grade was significantly better than that of the Spetzler-Martin grade (P = .042), with receiver operating characteristic curve areas of 0.73 and 0.65, respectively. CONCLUSIONThis new AVM grading system supplements rather than replaces the well-established Spetzler-Martin grading system and is a better predictor of neurologic outcomes after AVM surgery. The supplementary grading scale has high predictive accuracy on its own and stratifies surgical risk more evenly. The supplementary grading system is easily applicable at the bedside, where it is intended to improve preoperative risk prediction and patient selection for surgery.