Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classic Epidemiology: High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is a Biomarker of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and Other Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Classic Epidemiology: High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is a Biomarker of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and Other Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a robust biomarker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. In observational studies and many clinical trials of statin therapy, HDL cholesterol levels are inversely associated with CVD events. In the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration that included 302,430 participants enrolled in 68 long-term prospective studies, for every 15 mg/dL increase in HDL cholesterol, the hazard ratio for coronary heart disease (CHD) events was 0.71 (95% confidence interval: 0.68–0.75) in models that were stratified by sex and trial group and further adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, history of diabetes mellitus, and body mass index. These associations remained significant in models that included triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol. Low levels of HDL cholesterol are inversely associated with apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins; thus, HDL cholesterol has been considered no more than a biomarker for atherogenic lipoproteins. Several studies have investigated the association between HDL cholesterol, atherogenic lipoproteins, and CVD. In multivariate models that include apolipoprotein B or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration, HDL cholesterol was not associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS) that included study participants with low levels of HDL cholesterol (men <45 mg/dL and women <47 mg/dL) and nonelevated triglycerides (<400 mg/dL), the risk of future CHD events was linearly associated with baseline and 6-month levels of apolipoprotein B but not with HDL cholesterol. These analyses indicate that low levels of HDL cholesterol are not associated with CVD events after adjustment for atherogenic lipoprotein concentrations. Clinical trials of high-intensity statin therapy have not confirmed the prognostic importance of HDL cholesterol in the prediction of CVD events. In the Treating to New Targets (TNT) trial, HDL cholesterol was not associated with future
Learning: The Power of Group Work in Facilitating Student Achievement

This paper focused on the American School Counseling Association National Standards requiring school counselors to serve all students. Focusing their activities, around three major areas, to help schools achieve their educational mission of student success. These three areas are academic achievement, personal/ social, and career development. In addition, it recommended implementing school counselors to student ratios at the ASCA recommended level or less. It presented a graduate student thesis study on the efficacy of non-directive group counseling with middle and high school students. It illustrated the changes in academic grades, the pre and post results from the Youth Outcome Questionnaire Self-Report assessment, which measured therapeutic change. Also including, a qualitative reporting of a personal experience questionnaire of the sixty students, grades sixth through tenth. It attributed the outcomes to the social and interpersonal skills gained through group therapy, which brought improvements in student academics, behavior, and social skills and relationships (Romasz, Kantor, and Elias, 2004). It proposed that these benefits positively affect all students’ growth and development, and these effects are not limited to students who exhibit “at risk” behavior. This review attempted to provide justification for the implementation of a developmentally comprehensive group-counseling program, consisting of three group models, psycho-educational, counseling, and psychotherapy, as the most efficient and effective way to reach the goal of student success (Delucia-Waack, 2000; Shechtman, 2002; Shechtman, Freidman, Kashti, & Sharabany, 2002).
A domain-independent model of suspense in narrative

Many computational models of narrative have focussed on the structure of the narrative world. Such models have been implemented in a wide variety of systems, often linked to characters’ goals and plans, where the goal of creating suspenseful stories is baked into the structure of each system. There is no portable, independently motivated idea of what makes a suspenseful story. Our approach is instead to take the phenomenon of suspense as the starting point. We extend an existing psychological model of narrative by Brewer and Lichtenstein (1982) which postulates suspense, curiosity and surprise as the fundamental elements of entertaining stories. We build a formal model of these phenomena using structures we call narrative threads. Narrative threads are a formal description of a reader’s expectations about what might happen next in a given story. Our model uses a measure for the imminence of the predicted conflict between narrative threads to create a suspense profile for a given story. We also identify two types of suspense: conflict-based and revelatory suspense. We tested the validity of our model by asking participants to give step- by-step self-reported suspense levels on reading online story variants. The results show that the normalised average scores of participants (N = 46) are in agreement with the values predicted by our model to a high level of statistical significance. Our model’s interface with storyworld knowledge is compatible with recent developments in automatic harvesting of world knowledge in the form of event chains such as Chambers and Jurafsky (2008). This means that it is in principle scalable. By disentangling suspense from specific narrative content and planning strategies, we arrive at a domain-independent model that can be reused within different narrative generation systems. We see our work as a signpost to encourage the further development of narrative models based on what we see as its fundamental ingredients.
Guidelines on travel‐related venous thrombosis

• Long duration travel is a weak risk factor for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The incidence of VTE after flights of >4 h is 1 in 4656 and for flights of more than 8 h in low and intermediate risk flyers is around 0·5%. • Severe symptomatic pulmonary embolism in the period immediately after travel is extremely rare after flights of <8 h. In flights over 12 h the rate is 5 per million. • VTE may be attributable to travel if it occurs up to 8 weeks following the journey. • The risk of travel‐related thrombosis is higher in individuals with pre‐existing risk factors for the development of VTE. • There is no evidence for an association between dehydration and travel‐associated VTE and so whilst maintaining good hydration is unlikely to be harmful it cannot be strongly recommended for prevention of thrombosis (recommendation grade 2, level of evidence, B). • There is indirect evidence that maintaining mobility may prevent VTE and, in view of the likely pathogenesis of travel‐related VTE, maintaining mobility is a reasonable precaution for all travellers on journeys over 3 h (2B). • Global use of compression stockings and anticoagulants for long distance travel is not indicated (1C). • Assessment of risk should be made on an individual basis but it is likely that recent major surgery (within 1 month), active malignancy, previous unprovoked VTE, previous travel‐related VTE with no associated temporary risk factor or presence of more than one risk factor identifies those travellers at highest thrombosis risk (1C). • Travellers at the highest risk of travel‐related thrombosis undertaking journeys of >3 h should wear well fitted below knee compression hosiery (2B). • Where pharmacological prophylaxis is considered appropriate, anticoagulants as opposed to anti‐platelet drugs are recommended based on the observation that, in other clinical scenarios, they provide more effective thromboprophylaxis. Usual contraindications to any form of thromboprophylaxis need to be borne in mind (2C).
Crimes of Violence by Mentally Abnormal Offenders: A psychiatric and epidemiological study in the Federal German Republic

List of authors and collaborators Foreword Preface Note on the translation 1. Introduction: the problem viewed in the light of the psychiatric literature 2. Previous studies of violence in the mentally abnormal 3. Questions posed, population studied, methodology 4. Results I: general data 5. Results II: overall comparisons of sex, age and diagnosis 6. Results III: comparative risk of violence in the mentally abnormal and in the control population 7. Results IV: personality, illness and background of the crime-patient comparisons 8. Results V: the crime and the victim 9. Results VI: qualitative analysis of small diagnostic groups 10. Summary and discussion Appendix: data sheets Bibliography Notes Name index Subject index.
Inertial Aided Cycle Slip Detection and Identification for Integrated PPP GPS and INS

The recently developed integrated Precise Point Positioning (PPP) GPS/INS system can be useful to many applications, such as UAV navigation systems, land vehicle/machine automation and mobile mapping systems. Since carrier phase measurements are the primary observables in PPP GPS, cycle slips, which often occur due to high dynamics, signal obstructions and low satellite elevation, must be detected and repaired in order to ensure the navigation performance. In this research, a new algorithm of cycle slip detection and identification has been developed. With the aiding from INS, the proposed method jointly uses WL and EWL phase combinations to uniquely determine cycle slips in the L1 and L2 frequencies. To verify the efficiency of the algorithm, both tactical-grade and consumer-grade IMUs are tested by using a real dataset collected from two field tests. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can efficiently detect and identify the cycle slips and subsequently improve the navigation performance of the integrated system.
Social Status of Rural and Urban Working Women in Pakistan - A Comparative Study

In Pakistan female participation in labour market has increased due to increased employment opportunities. Women are coming out of their homes in order to achieve economic independence as well as their rights and status like men in society and in family. Today one finds females in wide range of occupation other than teachers and doctors. Women have started to work in middle level occupations which were regarded as male professions only few years ago. The entry of women in labour market has fundamentally changed the status of women in the family as well in the society. However women are facing new challenges regarding their social status which varies from rural to urban areas and females of various families in one area. Social Status of Rural and Urban Working Women in Pakistan A Comparative Study 5 Table of
Evolution of Type-1 Clones

It is useful to study the evolution of code clones to better understand the nature, effects, and reasons of cloning. There are different approaches that investigate multiple versions of a program and detect patterns in the evolution of clones. The shortcomings of these methods are that they require significant computational effort, are limited to detecting predefined patterns and are mostly based on heuristics. This paper presents an approach that models clone evolution based on the source code changes that were made between consecutive program versions. Instead of relating clone classes by predefined patterns, the focus is on how individual cloned fragments evolve. The model has been used to analyze different aspects of type-1 clone evolution in nine open-source systems. The empirical results show that the ratio of clones decreased in the majority of the systems and cloned fragments survived more than a year on average. It was found that -- depending on the system -- either consistent or inconsistent changes to clone classes were more frequent. Overall, the peculiarity of clone evolution is significantly different for each system, making general conclusions difficult.
Formation of Spiral-Arm Spurs and Bound Clouds in Vertically Stratified Galactic Gas Disks

We investigate the growth of spiral-arm substructure in vertically stratified, self-gravitating, galactic gas disks, using local numerical MHD simulations. Our new models extend our previous two-dimensional studies, which showed that a magnetized spiral shock in a thin disk can undergo magneto-Jeans instability (MJI), resulting in regularly spaced interarm spur structures and massive gravitationally bound fragments. Similar spur (or "feather") features have recently been seen in high-resolution observations of several galaxies. Here we consider two sets of numerical models: two-dimensional simulations that use a "thick-disk" gravitational kernel, and three-dimensional simulations with explicit vertical stratification. Both models adopt an isothermal equation of state with cs = 7 km s-1. When disks are sufficiently magnetized and self-gravitating, the result in both sorts of models is the growth of spiral-arm substructure similar to that in our previous razor-thin models. Reduced self-gravity due to nonzero disk thickness increases the spur spacing to ~10 times the Jeans length at the arm peak. Bound clouds that form from spur fragmentation have masses ~(1-3) × 107 M☉ each, similar to the largest observed GMCs. The mass-to-flux ratios and specific angular momenta of the bound condensations are lower than large-scale galactic values, as is true for observed GMCs. We find that unmagnetized or weakly magnetized two-dimensional models are unstable to the "wiggle instability" previously identified by Wada & Koda. However, our fully three-dimensional models do not show this effect. Nonsteady motions and strong vertical shear prevent coherent vortical structures from forming, evidently suppressing the wiggle instability. We also find no clear traces of Parker instability in the nonlinear spiral arm substructures that emerge, although conceivably Parker modes may help seed the MJI at early stages since azimuthal wavelengths are similar.
Software for Empirical Building of Biokinetic Models for Normal and Decorporation-affected Data

Abstract This paper describes software (“RATDOSE”) developed to analyze data from animal experiments investigating the efficacy of chelating agents. An empirical model building approach is used where, starting from the simplest model structures, one minimizes &khgr;2 by varying transfer rates in the model. Model complexity is increased as needed until the minimum attained value of &khgr;2 per data point decreases to about 1. This approach requires careful treatment of data uncertainties and independent checks of data self-consistency. The biokinetic models can include second-order kinetics to describe the chelation chemical reaction. The radiation dose to the animal is also calculated using S quantities specific for the animal, although the tissue weighting factors used to calculate the effective dose are those for the human.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the lowest effective dose of drospirenone with 17&bgr;-estradiol for moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of daily drospirenone/17&bgr;-estradiol in two low-dose combinations (0.25 mg/0.5 mg and 0.5 mg/0.5 mg, respectively) versus 17&bgr;-estradiol (0.3 mg) or placebo in postmenopausal women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms. MethodsSeven hundred thirty-five postmenopausal women aged 40 years or older who experienced a minimum of 7 to 8 moderate to severe hot flushes per day, or 50 to 60 moderate to severe hot flushes per week, participated in a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. The primary efficacy variables were mean changes from baseline to weeks 4 and 12 in the weekly frequency and weekly mean daily severity of moderate to severe hot flushes recorded daily by the participants on diary cards. ResultsAll active treatments were significantly more effective than placebo for the primary efficacy variables for drospirenone/17&bgr;-estradiol (P < 0.0001), and for 17&bgr;-estradiol (P < 0.01) at 4 and 12 weeks. Efficacy was greater for both low-dose drospirenone/17&bgr;-estradiol combinations versus the lower-dose 17&bgr;-estradiol. Change in vaginal pH and vaginal maturation index showed significant improvements (with P values versus placebo of <0.0001 and P ⩽ 0.0028, respectively), and exploratory analysis of the Clinical Global Impressions scale score indicated an overall satisfaction of women with active treatments. All active treatments were generally well tolerated with low rates of adverse event–related dropouts, and the safety profile of drospirenone/17&bgr;-estradiol in both low-dose combinations was consistent with previous studies. ConclusionsDrospirenone 0.25 mg/17&bgr;-estradiol 0.5 mg is concluded to be the lowest dose with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of postmenopausal women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms.
Change of Antibiotic Resistance to the Causative Organisms of Pelvic Wound Infection for Recent 5 Years

Purpose: We researched microbial profiles and the antimicrobial resistance profile of wound infection of the pelvic area in Korea for the recent 5 years in order to provide useful information on the choice of adequate drugs in the treatment of pelvic wound infection. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 211 pelvic wound culture samples and their antimicrobial resistance in 198 inor out-patients of the Urology and Plastic surgery department from January 2010 to December 2014. Results: Of the total samples, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated most frequently (35.3%), followed by Escherichia coli (15.1%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (12.6%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (12.6%), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (8.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.7%), Enterococcus spp. (4.2%), and Streptococcus spp. (3.3%). There were no notable changes of bacterial distribution for 5 years. For Gram-positive isolates, the oxacillin resistance rate for Gram-positive bacteria was 42.6% and showed an increasing tendency for the recent 5 years. Piperacillin, rifampicin, and vancomycin had low resistance for Gram-positive bacteria. Carbapenems, piperacillin/tazobactam had low resistance for Gram-negative bacteria. The Gram-positive organisms were more sensitive to many antibiotics in contrast to the Gram-negative organisms. Conclusions: Of varied causative organisms and susceptibility of the pelvic wound site, the most frequently infected organisms of the pelvic area were S. aureus, followed by E. coli. The methicillin resistive S. aureus (MRSA) incidence showed a tendency to increase yearly, thus selection or early change of antibiotics considering MRSA is recommended if the antibiotic response is poor. Gram-negative bacteria has a higher resistance rate compared with Gram-positive bacteria and had carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam.
Belief's Own Ethics

The fundamental question of the ethics of belief is "What ought one to believe? " According to the traditional view of evidentialism, the strength of one's beliefs should be proportionate to the evidence. Conventional ways of defending and challenging evidentialism rely on the idea that what one ought to believe is a matter of what it is rational, prudent, ethical, or personally fulfilling to believe. Common to all these approaches is that they look outside of belief itself to determine what one ought to believe. In this book Jonathan Adler offers a strengthened version of evidentialism, arguing that the ethics of belief should be rooted in the concept of belief--that evidentialism is belief's own ethics. A key observation is that it is not merely that one ought not, but that one cannot, believe, for example, that the number of stars is even. The "cannot" represents a conceptual barrier, not just an inability. Therefore belief in defiance of one's evidence (or evidentialism) is impossible. Adler addresses such questions as irrational beliefs, reasonableness, control over beliefs, and whether justifying beliefs requires a foundation. Although he treats the ethics of belief as a central topic in epistemology, his ideas also bear on rationality, argument and pragmatics, philosophy of religion, ethics, and social cognitive psychology.
Increased left ventricular myocardial mass is associated with arrhythmias after cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients with an elevated left ventricular mass index undergoing cardiac surgery were more likely to experience postoperative atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. DESIGN A retrospective analysis. SETTING A single tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS One thousand consecutive patients undergoing all types of adult cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS With institutional review board approval, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic images were reviewed by a single reviewer. The left ventricular mass index was calculated using the American Society of Echocardiography-recommended formula. Medical charts were reviewed for the occurrence and type of clinically significant postoperative arrhythmias. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Of the patients who had an elevated left ventricular mass index, 47.6% (225/473) developed clinically significant postoperative arrhythmias compared with 38.3% (142/371) of patients with a normal left ventricular mass index (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.93; p = 0.007). In the multivariate analysis, this finding remained statistically significant, controlling for the effects of age, weight, sex, surgery type, left ventricular function, functional status, left atrial dimensions, and a history of atrial fibrillation (OR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.03-1.90 per 100-g/m(2) increase in the left ventricular mass index). An increased left ventricular mass index was also an independent predictor of the separate or combined occurrence of atrial or ventricular arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS An elevated left ventricular mass index was a strong independent predictor of clinically significant postoperative atrial and ventricular arrhythmias after adult cardiac surgery. Although prospective validation is required, targeting patients for arrhythmia prophylaxis therapy may be justified in patients with a left ventricular mass index >188 g/m(2).
Formation of an Infalling Disklike Envelope around a Protostar

We examined the gravitational contraction of isothermal molecular cloud cores with slow rotation by means of two-dimensional numerical simulations. Applying a sink-cell method, we followed the evolution of the cloud cores up to the stages at which most of the matter accretes onto the central region (i.e., a protostar and a rotationally supported circumstellar disk). We show that both an infalling disklike envelope and a rotationally supported disk around the central star are natural outcomes of the gravitational contraction of a prolate cloud core with slow rotation. The early evolution of infalling envelopes resembles sheet models recently proposed by Hartmann and coworkers. In the infalling disklike envelope, the radial profiles of density, radial velocity, and azimuthal velocity can be approximated by ρ ∝ r-1.5, vr ∝ r-0.5, and vφ ∝ r-1, respectively. The fate of infalling envelopes is also discussed.