Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mit Sloan School of Management Mit Sloan School Working Paper 4749-09 Profiting from Voluntary Information Spillovers: How Users Benefit by Freely Revealing Their Innovations Profiting from Voluntary Information Spillovers: How Users Benefit by Freely Revealing Their Innovations *

All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission, provided that full credit including © notice is given to the source. Abstract Empirical studies of innovation have found that end users frequently develop important product and process innovations. Defying conventional wisdom on the negative effects of uncompensated spillovers, innovative users also often openly reveal their innovations to competing users and to manufacturers. Rival users are thus in a position to reproduce the innovation in-house and benefit from using it, and manufacturers are in a position to refine the innovation and sell it to all users, including competitors of the user revealing its innovation. In this paper we explore the incentives that users might have to freely reveal their proprietary innovations. We then develop a game-theoretic model to explore the effect of these incentives on users' decisions to reveal or hide their proprietary information. We find that, under realistic parameter constellations, free revealing pays. We conclude by discussing some implications of our findings.
Binary black holes and tori in AGN - I. Ejection of stars and merging of the binary

Observations of HST and groundbased data strongly suggest that most galaxies harbour central supermassive black holes and that most galaxies merge with others. Consequently a black hole binary emerges as the two black holes are spiraling into the center towards each other. In our work we are investigating two basic questions of our understanding of the central activity of galaxies and find that both can be answered with "yes" : (1) Do the black holes actually merge? (2) And does the effect of the torque of the black hole binary on the surrounding stellar distribution help to explain the presence of the ubiquitous torus of molecular material surrounding apparently all active galactic nuclei? The first question is the topic of the present article, while the second question will be subject of a subsequent paper. Simulating the evolution of a stellar cluster in the potential of such a binary by solving the equations of the restricted three body problem we obtained the following results: provided that the cluster is about as massive as the black hole binary the two black holes coalesce after ${\sim} 10^7 {\rm yr}$ due to ejection of stars and finally via emission of gravitational radiation. Whether a star is ejected or not crucially depends on its angular momentum. Almost all stars whose angular momentum is twice as large as that of a star circulating around the binary in a distance corresponding to that between the black holes, stay bound to the binary. In a sequence of models where the mass of the secondary black hole increases while M 1 is fixed, a bigger fraction of stars is ejected. For a more massive binary also the cluster has to be more massive in order to allow the two black holes to coalesce. The merger then proceeds on smaller time scales. The cluster is depleted in the central region and the final distribution of stars assumes a torus-like structure, peaking at three times the initial distance of the two black holes. The relationship of the bound stars to the obscuring torus in active galactic nuclei will be investigated in a subsequent paper.
Characterization of clonal immunoglobulin heavy (IGH) V-D-J gene rearrangements and the complementarity-determining region in South Indian patients with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Background This study characterized clonal IG heavy V-D-J (IGH) gene rearrangements in South Indian patients with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (precursor B-ALL) and identified age-related predominance in VDJ rearrangements. Methods IGH rearrangements were studied in 50 precursor B-ALL cases (common ALL=37, pre-B ALL=10, pro-B ALL=3) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) heteroduplex analysis. Twenty randomly selected clonal IGH rearrangement sequences were analyzed using the IMGT/V-QUEST tool. Results Clonal IGH rearrangements were detected in 41 (82%) precursor B-ALL cases. Among the IGHV1-IGHV7 subgroups, IGHV3 was used in 25 (50%) cases. Among the IGHD1-IGHD7 genes, IGHD2 and IGHD3 were used in 8 (40%) and 5 (25%) clones, respectively. Among the IGHJ1-IGHJ6 genes, IGHJ6 and IGHJ4 were used in 9 (45%) and 6 (30%) clones, respectively. In 6 out of 20 (30%) IGH rearranged sequences, CDR3 was in frame whereas 14 (70%) had rearranged sequences and CDR3 was out of frame. A somatic mutation in Vmut/Dmut/Jmut was detected in 14 of 20 IGH sequences. On average, Vmut/Dmut/Jmut were detected in 0.1 nt, 1.1 nt, and 0.2 nt, respectively. Conclusion The IGHV3 gene was frequently used whereas lower frequencies of IGHV5 and IGHV6 and a higher frequency of IGHV4 were detected in children compared with young adults. The IGHD2 and IGHD3 genes were over-represented, and the IGHJ6 gene was predominantly used in precursor-B-ALL. However, the IGH gene rearrangements in precursor-B-ALL did not show any significant age-associated genotype pattern attributed to our population.
Visual Working Memory Capacity and the Medial Temporal Lobe

Patients with medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage are sometimes impaired at remembering visual information across delays as short as a few seconds. Such impairments could reflect either impaired visual working memory capacity or impaired long-term memory (because attention has been diverted or because working memory capacity has been exceeded). Using a standard change-detection task, we asked whether visual working memory capacity is intact or impaired after MTL damage. Five patients with hippocampal lesions and one patient with large MTL lesions saw an array of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 colored squares, followed after 3, 4, or 8 s by a second array where one of the colored squares was cued. The task was to decide whether the cued square had the same color as the corresponding square in the first array or a different color. At the 1 s delay typically used to assess working memory capacity, patients performed as well as controls at all array sizes. At the longer delays, patients performed as well as controls at small array sizes, thought to be within the capacity limit, and worse than controls at large array sizes, thought to exceed the capacity limit. The findings suggest that visual working memory capacity in humans is intact after damage to the MTL structures and that damage to these structures impairs performance only when visual working memory is insufficient to support performance.
A Randomized Concurrent Algorithm for Disjoint Set Union

Disjoint set union is a basic problem in data structures with a wide variety of applications. We extend a known efficient sequential algorithm for this problem to obtain a simple and efficient concurrent wait-free algorithm running on an asynchronous parallel random access machine (APRAM). Crucial to our result is the use of randomization. Under a certain independence assumption, for a problem instance in which there are n elements, m operations, and l processes, our algorithm does θ(m (α{n, m/nl) + log (nl/m + 1 ))) expected work, where the expectation is over the random choices made by the algorithm and α is a functional inverse of Ackermann's function. In addition, each operation takes O(log n) steps with high probability. We point out some gaps in the earlier work on this problem by Anderson and Woll [1]. More importantly, our algorithm is significantly simpler than theirs. Finally, under our independence assumption our algorithm achieves speedup close to linear for applications in which all or most of the processes can be kept busy, thereby partially answering an open problem posed by them.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Mangrove Plant Sonneratiaapetala Buch. Ham Leaf

3 Abstract: Mangroves are collection of plants growing in saline coastal habitats around the world and are a rich source of secondary metabolites of various types. Secondary metabolites from various plant species are known to possess interesting bioactive properties especially with respect to their antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study thus was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of a mangrove plant Sonneratia apetala. Acetone extract was prepared from the leaves and was tested against various bacterial pathogens. For this purpose, both gram-negative as well as gram-positive bacterial strains were tested in this study. Antibacterial potency of the extract was tested by standard growth inhibitory assay methods. The tested extract showed to varying degrees of antibacterial potential against tested gram-negative as well as gram-positive bacteria. These promising findings suggest antibacterial activity of the plant material indicating presence of bioactive compounds against bacterial pathogens and exhibiting an alternative source of antimicrobial compounds against diseases caused by these micro-organisms.
Fountain of Knowledge or Web of Deceit? A Look at Some Moroccan Students’ Use of the Internet

The paper presents a preliminary investigation of some Moroccan students' use of the Internet, finding that they are more concerned with obtaining everyday information and communicating with their peers rather than exploring new horizons, and that they often fail to discriminate valid information from hoaxes. It is therefore argued that the impact of the Internet as a diffuser of knowledge and an enhancer of intercultural understanding cannot be taken for granted. The Internet and the World Wide Web are constantly be- ing hailed as one of the greatest revolutions in social history. We can distinguish two major reasons for this. Metaphors describing the web as an information superhighway, a foun- tain of knowledge, or a gateway to the world reflect some of the ways in which its possibilities have been perceived. One of the pervading images used to describe the impact of Inter- net use on the world is the notion of the democracy of information (Friedman, 1999) - the idea that the net has made accessible to the masses a wealth of information that formerly was available only to an elite. To quote Kofi Anan, as far back as 1998: 'The quantity and quality of available information is changing dramatically every day, in every country, in every corner of the world. Citizens are gaining greater access to information, too. ' (UN Press Release, 1998). A second set of images are those which focus on the Internet as a meeting place, a means of crossing frontiers and bridging oceans, facilitating communication between individuals around the world and supposedly thereby enhancing intercultural understanding. A corollary of this second idea is the often expressed view that Internet communication can be exploited as an educational tool for promoting intercultural awareness and communication skills. For instance, many studies have recommended the use of emailing and participation in Internet forums as part of courses in language and communication (see, for instance, Chen, 1998). However, these strong claims may well need to be tem- pered. The Internet does indeed give access to a seemingly unlimited amount of accurate, up-to-date and authoritative information. Unfortunately, it also offers an unrivalled col- lection of outdated, distorted and downright false informa- tion. Some of this is only unintentionally misleading (old web pages, personal websites and blogs which represent only their authors' views). But alongside this is the extensive use of the Internet to disseminate propaganda, disinformation and misinformation for purposes which may range from the merely ludic to the seriously malevolent. As Internet com- munication has expanded, Internet hoaxes have proliferated, to be followed, fortunately, by a host of sites like Snopes and Hoaxbusters, aimed at exposing them. There are also numer-
Compressive Coded Aperture Spectral Imaging: An Introduction

Imaging spectroscopy involves the sensing of a large amount of spatial information across a multitude of wavelengths. Conventional approaches to hyperspectral sensing scan adjacent zones of the underlying spectral scene and merge the results to construct a spectral data cube. Push broom spectral imaging sensors, for instance, capture a spectral cube with one focal plane array (FPA) measurement per spatial line of the scene [1], [2]. Spectrometers based on optical bandpass filters sequentially scan the scene by tuning the bandpass filters in steps. The disadvantage of these techniques is that they require scanning a number of zones linearly in proportion to the desired spatial and spectral resolution. This article surveys compressive coded aperture spectral imagers, also known as coded aperture snapshot spectral imagers (CASSI) [1], [3], [4], which naturally embody the principles of compressive sensing (CS) [5], [6]. The remarkable advantage of CASSI is that the entire data cube is sensed with just a few FPA measurements and, in some cases, with as little as a single FPA shot.
The association between mood and anxiety disorders, and coronary heart disease in Brazil: a cross-sectional analysis on the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil)

Background: Associations between major depressive disorder (MDD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been established, and these associations increase risk of future morbidity and mortality. Prior research has been carried out in high-income countries. Here we examine associations between the mood and anxiety disorders, and CHD in a large cohort at baseline from Brazil, a country facing a variety of challenges that may affect these associations. Methods: Participants included 15,105 civil servants aged 35 to 74 at baseline (2008–2010) from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). CHD (N = 721) included self-reported angina pectoris (n = 305), myocardial infarction (n = 259) and coronary revascularization (n = 239). Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate odds ratios and confidence intervals. Results: Major findings indicate that comorbid MDD and anxiety disorders (n = 434) are associated with a threefold increase in CHD, MDD alone (n = 170) with a twofold increase in CHD, while generalized anxiety disorder alone (n = 1,394) and mixed anxiety and depression disorder (n = 1,844) – symptoms present, but diagnostic threshold not reached – are associated with a 1.5-fold increase in CHD, after full adjustment for covariates. Conclusion: The association with CHD is greatest in those with psychiatric comorbidity, while associations were also observed in MDD and generalized anxiety disorder without comorbidity. While findings are limited by the cross-sectional design of the study, given the known risks associated with comorbidity of the mood and anxiety disorders with CHD, findings reinforce the importance of comprehensive health assessment in Brazil.
Evaluation of 2D and 3D Map Presentations for Geo-Visualization

With increasingly available stereoscopic technology and techniques, it is interesting to investigate new ways of representing information using stereoscopy. Within this context a user study was performed to compare if it is worthwhile to use 3D map presentations over 2D, and to identify how much a 3D stereoscopic map can be slanted without losing the perception of information. Two different visual tasks were evaluated, these visual tasks were: 1) identification of the smallest distance between two points; 2) combinational task that included both the identification of the smallest distance between two points, and the comparison of bar heights. The tested visual conditions were a 2D („2D‟) visualization, static monoscopic 3D visualization („W3D‟), and a headtracking stereoscopic visualization („S3D‟). The respective performance was measured in terms of accuracy and time of execution of the stimuli. Results showed no benefit of using 3D map presentation over a 2D map presentation in both visual tasks. Slanting a 3D stereoscopic map, 55 degrees got the best performance.
Accelerating I/O Performance of SVM on HDFS

Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) is a major distributed file system for commodity clusters and cloud computing. Its extensive scalability and replica fault tolerance scheme makes it well suited for data-intensive application. Due to the tremendous growth of data, many computation-centric applications also become data-intensive. However, they are not optimal on HDFS, which leaves plenty of space for performance optimization. In this paper we ported an MPI-SVM solver, originally developed for HPC environment to the HDFS. We specifically improved the data pre-processing part that requires large amount of I/O operations by a deterministic scheduling method. Our improvement showed a balanced read pattern on each node. The time ratio between the longest process and the shortest process has been reduced by 60%. Also the average read time has significantly reduced by 78%. The data served on each node also showed a small variance in comparison with the originally ported SVM algorithm. We believe that our design avoids the overhead introduced by remote I/O operations, which will be beneficial to many algorithms when coping with large scale of data.
On Calderon s conjecture

with constants Cfi;p1;p2 depending only on fi;p1;p2 and p := p1p2 p1+p2 hold. The flrst result of this type is proved in [4], and the purpose of the current paper is to extend the range of exponents p1 and p2 for which (2) is known. In particular, the case p1 =2 ,p2 = 1 is solved to the a‐rmative. This was
Performance and Program Complexity in Contemporary Network-based Parallel Computing Systems

It is commonly assumed that if a programmer is willing to invest the potentially significant effort required to port an application program to run on a multiprocessor system using a low-level parallel language or library, they will be able to take advantage of a larger degree of parallelism to achieve higher performance than when using a higher-level language or an automatically parallelizing compiler. However, there has been little work examining the relationship between programming complexity (or ease-of-use) and performance. As a first step towards quantifying this relationship, we use the cyclomatic program complexity metric, borrowed from the software engineering field, and the number of program source statements as measures of the relative complexity of a parallel implementation of a application program compared to it's equivalent sequential implementation. We compare several different programming paradigms across a common set of application programs executed on two workstation clusters, a shared-memory multiprocessor, an IBM SP2 and a Cray T3D. We find that message-passing languages tend to be both the most widely supported and the most complex. Other programming paradigms such as shared-memory and High-Performance Fortran produce more compact and easily understood programs than message-passing languages but are not yet well supported.
Update on argatroban for the prophylaxis and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare but potentially severe complication of heparin therapy that is strongly associated with venous and arterial thrombosis (HIT and thrombosis syndrome, HITTS), which requires urgent detection and treatment with a nonheparin anticoagulant. Argatroban, a synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with HIT, including those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Argatroban has a relatively short elimination half-life of approximately 45 minutes, which is predominantly performed via hepatic metabolism. It is derived from L-arginine that selectively and reversibly inhibits thrombin, both clot-bound and free, at the catalytic site. Argatroban anticoagulation has been systematically studied in patients with HIT and HITTS and proved to be a safe and effective agent for this indication. The current review presents the pharmacology of argatroban, data regarding monitoring of the agent, and an overview of the results of the major clinical trials assessing argatroban anticoagulation in HIT patients. Additionally, data from recent clinical trials with argatroban use in more special indications such as in percutaneous coronary intervention, liver dysfunction, renal replacement therapy, and intensive care medicine, are reviewed. The approved initial dosage of argatroban for adults with HIT or HITTS is 2 μg/kg/minute for patients with normal hepatic function and 0.5 μg/kg/minute for patients with hepatic dysfunction. There is evidence that a reduced initial dose may also be advisable for patients with heart failure, multiple organ dysfunction, severe anasarca, or after cardiac surgery. Given this information, argatroban can be effectively used in treating HIT with monitoring of activated partial thromboplastin time.
Visualizing Cold Spots: TRPM8-Expressing Sensory Neurons and Their Projections

Environmental stimuli such as temperature and pressure are sensed by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. DRG neurons are heterogeneous, but molecular markers that identify unique functional subpopulations are mainly lacking. ThermoTRPs are members of the transient receptor potential family of ion channels and are gated by shifts in temperature. TRPM8 is activated by cooling, and TRPM8-deficient mice have severe deficits in cool thermosensation. The anatomical and functional properties of TRPM8-expressing fibers have not been not comprehensively investigated. We use mice engineered to express the farnesylated enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFPf) from the TRPM8 locus (TRPM8EGFPf) to explore this issue. Virtually all EGFPf-positive cultured DRG neurons from hemizygous mice (TRPM8EGFPf/+) responded to cold and menthol. In contrast, EGFPf-positive DRGs from homozygous mice (TRPM8EGFPf/EGFPf) had drastically reduced cold responses and no menthol responses. In vivo, EGFPf-positive neurons marked a unique population of DRG neurons, a majority of which do not coexpress nociceptive markers. The fraction of DRG neurons expressing EGFPf was not altered under an inflammatory condition, although an increase in TRPV1-coexpressing neurons was observed. TRPM8EGFPf neurons project to the superficial layer I of the spinal cord, making distinct contacts when compared with peptidergic projections. At the periphery, TRPM8EGFPf projections mark unique endings in the most superficial layers of epidermis, including bush/cluster endings of the mystacial pads. We show that TRPM8 expression functionally associates with cold sensitivity in cultured DRGs, and provide the first glimpses of the unique anatomical architecture of cold fibers in vivo.
A Usability Study of the GIVE-2 Environment

A usability study applied to the GIVE-2 environment unveiled issues which were passed on to the organisers of the challenge and may have otherwise impacted on the outcomes of GIVE-2. The study also suggests that interacting with GIVE-2 is perceived as performing a task rather than playing a game and that prior gaming experience has an effect on task completion.