Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revising for Meaning: Effects of Knowledge and Strategy.

Two experiments examined developmental and individual differences in students' revising for meaning. In Experiment 1, the authors investigated effects of knowledge of topic and knowledge of error location on revising done by middle school and college students. Knowledge of topic helped with meaning-level revising but did not seem necessary when surface-level editing was the goal. More interesting, knowledge of error location helped college students with both editing and revising but focused middle school students on editing at the expense of revising. In Experiment 2, the authors used a dyad-discussion design to investigate further differences in reading strategies during revising. The authors listened as pairs of 7th-grade students of different writing abilities (high, middle, and low) collaboratively revised. The results of Experiment 2 were consistent with the outcomes in Experiment 1, that is, knowing error location may focus less sophisticated writers too narrowly and thereby impede meaning-based revision.
Evolutionarily Significant Units and the Conservation of Biological Diversity under the Endangered ' Species Act

Absrract. -The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) considers "distinct" populations of vertebrates to be "species" (and hence eligible for legal protection) but does not explain how distinctness should be evaluated. A review of the legislative and legal history of the ESA indicates that in implementing the ESA with respect to vertebrate populations, the Fish and Wildlife Senice and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) should strive to conserve genetic diversity scientifically but sparingly. Based on these precepts, NMFS developed a species policy to guide ESA listing determinations for Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. According to the policy, a population (or group of populations) will be considered distinct if it represents an evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of the biological species. The unifying theme of the NMFS species policy is the desire to identify and conserve important genetic resources in nature, thus allowing the dynamic process of evolutioa to continue largely unaffected by human factors. A review of case histories in which the NMFS policy has been applied shows that it is flexible enough to provide guidance on many difficult issues for Pacific salmon, such as anadromy versus nonanadromy, variation in life history patterns, and the role of hatchery fish in regards to the ESA. Collectively, these case studies also provide insight into approaches for dealing with scientific uncertainty. Some criticisms of the ESU concept (e.g., that it is too subjective and relies too much-or not enough-on genetics) are discussed, as is its applicability to biological conservation outside the ESA.
Learning in tandem: professional development for teachers and students as inquirers

This study explores the first year of a grant-funded professional development program that utilized collaborative inquiry to develop teachers’ capacities to enact inquiry learning with secondary students in a variety of content areas. Guided by a vision of inquiry as a complex endeavor, located along a continuum of decisions about authentic disciplinary tasks and student autonomy, as well as a situated view of teacher learning, researchers examined surveys, reflective writing and teacher work samples to explore the relationship between developing capacity for both student and teacher inquiry. Teachers reported satisfaction with their learning about teacher and student inquiry while exhibiting capacity at mostly beginning levels. Ultimately, these results led to discussion of the practical and conceptual dilemmas for facilitating teacher learning when the two inquiry processes for teachers and students are developed in tandem. While conceptual shifts in planning and assessment were noted, practical capacities of both were limited. Most teachers, however, evidenced interest in inquiry for engagement and no shift in embracing more self-directed views of their own learning in spite of professional development interventions.
“Speaking Up” and “Speaking Out”: Examining “Voice” in a Reading/Writing Program with Adolescent African Caribbean Girls

This account examines three significant moments in a weekly reading and writing workshop in order to reflect on the problematic notion of “coming to voice” for African Caribbean girls aged 14 to 15. The author discusses the process as both a program and a research inquiry. The aim of the inquiry was to explore some academic, social, and affective concerns for girls of this age. Program objectives included introducing culturally and gender-relevant curricula as well as facilitating critical literacy skills. The research is framed from a critical Black feminist perspective. The design was qualitative. Ethnographic methods were used (audiotaped transcriptions of fieldnotes of workshop activities, formal and informal student interviews, and student journal writings). The author concludes by sharing how the inquiry taught her some salient lessons in listening to research participants' voices and in the politics and ethics of participatory literacy inquiries.
Latina/o Achievement at Predominantly White Universities

In this exploratory study, the authors examined the influence of cultural fit on the achievement of Latina/o college students by testing whether cultural integration factors (i.e., cultural congruity, ethnic identity, connection with ethnic minority peers) predict college GPA (grade point average). Participants were 113 Latina/o students enrolled at 4 predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the Pacific Northwest. Findings revealed that in addition to high school GPA, connection with ethnic minority peers and cultural congruity were significant predictors of college GPA.
The Relationship between 30-m Sprint Running Time and Muscle Cross-sectional Areas of the Psoas Major and Lower Limb Muscles in Male College Short and Middle Distance Runners

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 30-m sprint running time and muscle cross-sectional areas of the psoas major and lower limb muscles. In sixteen male college short and middle distance runners, the muscle anatomical cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the psoas major, the quadriceps femoris, the hip adductors (ADD), the hamstrings, the triceps surae, and the tibialis anterior and extensor digtrum longus complex (DF) were measured using a magnetic resonance imaging system. In addition, the relative values of CSA to the two-thirds power of body weight (CSA-to-BW2/3) were calculated. A stepwise multiple regression analysis produced a prediction equation (R2=0.605) of 30-m sprint running time with explanatory variables of ADD CSA-to-BW2/3 and DF CSA. The ADD CSA-to-BW2/3 had a negative partial regression coefficient (r=−0.768, p<0.01) and the DF CSA had a positive partial regression coefficient (r=0.526, p<0.05). From the present results, it is concluded that to have greater hip adductor muscles relative to the body size and smaller dorsiflexors is advantageous for achieving higher performance in 30-m sprint running.
Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition

Objectives Across Europe, almost a third of individuals infected with HIV do not enter health care until late in the course of their infection. Surveillance to identify the extent to which late presentation occurs remains inadequate across Europe and is further complicated by the lack of a common clinical definition of late presentation. The objective of this article is to present a consensus definition of late presentation of HIV infection.
Sociality, role, and embodiment

Abstract The author critically reviews Kelly's concepts of ‘role’ and sociality, which are seen as central to the project of personal construct psychology. ‘Construing the constructions’ of the other conjures us a picture of putting ourselves in the position of the other through an act of imagination, that is subsequently followed by action. It is argued here that this is not always (or even often) an appropriate description of what happens when we understand another person. Drawing on Merleau-Ponty's (1962) existential phenomenology, the author elaborates an alternative version of construing other's constructions. In this model, playing a role with another involves all the person's processes, without giving undue emphasis to the cognitive functions of deliberation and imagination. The clinical implications of this formulation are examined.
Attentional Strategies During Rowing

This investigation explored the relationship between task intensity, competitive setting, and attentional strategy in collegiate rowers. Here, the associative-dissociative dimension of attentional focus is considered. Associative thoughts are task-related, whereas dissociative thoughts are not. Previous work has linked associative strategies with higher level performance, and higher intensities of exercise (i.e. those which exceed the ventilatory threshold). Male and female collegiate rowers (N = 298) completed three training sessions (one each at low, moderate, and high intensity) and two races (short and long distance). Results revealed that the higher the training intensity, the greater the degree of association. A greater degree of association was also observed in competition as opposed to training, and in short distance versus long distance races. There was no gender difference in attentional strategy. Finally, it was shown that the variation in attentional strategy was inversely proportional to exercise intensity. These findings support previous work examining the effect of task intensity on attentional focus (1), in a field based setting. Furthermore, new insight is offered regarding how competition interacts with intensity in this relationship.
Croatian Dependency Treebank: Recent Development and Initial Experiments

We present the current state of development of the Croatian Dependency Treebank ― with special empahsis on adapting the Prague Dependency Treebank formalism to Croatian language specifics ― and illustrate its possible applications in an experiment with dependency parsing using MaltParser. The treebank currently contains approximately 2870 sentences, out of which the 2699 sentences and 66930 tokens were used in this experiment. Three linear-time projective algorithms implemented by the MaltParser system ― Nivre eager, Nivre standard and stack projective ― running on default settings were used in the experiment. The highest performing system, implementing the Nivre eager algorithm, scored (LAS 71.31 UAS 80.93 LA 83.87) within our experiment setup. The results obtained serve as an illustration of treebank's usefulness in natural language processing research and as a baseline for further research in dependency parsing of Croatian.
News Media Portrayal of Mental Illness

Newspapers are a primary source of information about a variety of topics, including mental illnesses. A study of 1999 newspapers revealed that dangerousness is the most common theme of stories about mental illnesses. In contrast, stories of recovery or accomplishment were found to be rare. The ratio of negative to positive stories involving mental illness decreased between 1989 and 1999, but negative stories continued to far outnumber positive ones. The potential influence of these patterns of news coverage on public attitudes and public policy are discussed.
The Relation Between Personality and Contextual Performance in "Strong" Versus "Weak" Situations

Both a laboratory and field study investigated the extent to which the strength of behavioral cues in simulated and actual job performance situations moderate the relation between measures of broad personality dimensions and contextual performance behaviors. Extending Mischel's (1977) conceptualization of strong and weak situations, it was hypothesized that personality and contextual performance behavior would be most strongly correlated when there were only weak cues, and less correlated when there were strong cues. Results indicated that personality-contextual performance correlations varied across situations with different expectations for performance.
Salmonella choleraesuis strains deficient in O antigen remain fully virulent for mice by parenteral inoculation but are avirulent by oral administration

O-antigen-deficient derivatives of two mouse-virulent strains of Salmonella choleraesuis (serogroup C1; O-6,7) were constructed by transduction of a long deletion of the rfb operon. Strains SN36 and SN57 were derived from the smooth ancestor SL2824, while SN37 was derived from the smooth ancestor SL2840. These rfb deletion derivatives (rfb strains) had typical bacteriophage sensitivity patterns of "rough" Salmonella strains and were at least 200,000 times more sensitive to serum than their smooth ancestors. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from them consisted only of two low-molecular-weight bands and lacked the ladderlike pattern of bands seen in the LPS of their smooth ancestors. The LPS from the rfb strains did not react in an enzyme immunoassay with any of three monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of the O-6,7 antigen but reacted well with at least one of three monoclonal antibodies specific for core epitopes. The data were consistent with inability of these strains to synthesize O-specific chains and showed that the LPS extracted from SN57 was of chemotype Ra and that from SN36 was of chemotype Rb1, while that of SN37 consisted of a mixture of the two chemotypes. The virulence of these strains was tested by various routes in BALB/c mice. All three O-antigen-deficient derivatives were about as virulent as their "smooth" ancestors by the intraperitoneal and intravenous routes (50% lethal dose, 20 to 700 bacteria) but, unlike their ancestors, were avirulent by the oral route (50% lethal dose, greater than or equal to 5 x 10(9) bacteria). This suggests that the major role of smooth LPS in the mouse virulence of S. choleraesuis is to facilitate survival in the gastrointestinal tract and eventual entry into deeper tissues.
Physicochemical mechanisms of protein regulation by phosphorylation

Phosphorylation offers a dynamic way to regulate protein activity and subcellular localization, which is achieved through its reversibility and fast kinetics. Adding or removing a dianionic phosphate group somewhere on a protein often changes the protein’s structural properties, its stability and dynamics. Moreover, the majority of signaling pathways involve an extensive set of protein–protein interactions, and phosphorylation can be used to regulate and modulate protein–protein binding. Losses of phosphorylation sites, as a result of disease mutations, might disrupt protein binding and deregulate signal transduction. In this paper we focus on the effects of phosphorylation on protein stability, dynamics, and binding. We describe several physico-chemical mechanisms of protein regulation through phosphorylation and pay particular attention to phosphorylation in protein complexes and phosphorylation in the context of disorder–order and order–disorder transitions. Finally we assess the role of multiple phosphorylation sites in a protein molecule, their possible cooperativity and function.
The use of Erbium:YAG laser for caries removal in paediatric patients following Minimally Invasive Dentistry concepts.

AIM The Er:YAG laser has proven to be effective and efficient in dental hard tissue ablation. The Minimally Invasive Dentistry (MID) approach in caries removal is to stop the disease process and to restore lost tooth structure and function, maximizing the health potential of the tooth. One of the most important concepts of the MID is to preserve as much as possible the dental tissue and this approach is even more important in primary dentition where the dimensions of the crown are smaller and the dimension of the pulp chamber is bigger in relationship to the crown. After treating 30 children's teeth (primary molars and first permanent molars) with the Er:YAG laser, we come to conclusion that laser treatment possesses the requirements of Minimal Invasive Dentistry: the possibility to ablate small area of infected layer guarantees maximum conservation of the tooth structure; using the antibacterial property of the Er:YAG laser we can decontaminate the affected layer that retains its remineralising potential; the lack of smear layer after vaporization with laser assures a better retention of the composite resin to the dentine; preparing the enamel surface with laser before etching gives a better marginal seal of the composite restoration.
A Place of Opportunity: Black Male Student Athletes’ Experiences at a Historically Black University

The purpose of this study was to identify key factors associated with the academic achievement and positive college experiences among Black male student athletes at a Historically Black University (HBU) in the Southeastern United States (U.S.). A concurrent triangulation exploratory design allowed both qualitative and quantitative data to be collected simultaneously and converged during the analysis phase (Creswell, 2009). Participants in this study included current Black male student athletes who participated in football and men’s basketball at a HBU in the Southeastern U.S. Using aspects of the grounded theoretical approach for analysis (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), the following emergent themes were identified: “You Got a Chance,” “An Opportunity,” “Not Just a Number,” “It’s Hard, But It’s Not Impossible” and “As An Athlete It Makes Your Social Life a Little Easier. ” Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Are Birth-preparedness Programmes Effective? Results From a Field Trial in Siraha District, Nepal

The birth-preparedness package (BPP) promotes active preparation and decision-making for births, including pregnancy/postpartum periods, by pregnant women and their families. This paper describes a district-wide field trial of the BPP implemented through the government health system in Siraha, Nepal, during 2003–2004. The aim of the field trial was to determine the effectiveness of the BPP to positively influence planning for births, household-level behaviours that affect the health of pregnant and postpartum women and their newborns, and their use of selected health services for maternal and newborn care. Community health workers promoted desired behaviours through inter-personal counselling with individuals and groups. Content of messages included maternal and newborn-danger signs and encouraged the use of healthcare services and preparation for emergencies. Thirty-cluster baseline and endline household surveys of mothers of infants aged less than one year were used for estimating the change in key outcome indicators. Fifty-four percent of respondents (n=162) were directly exposed to BPP materials while pregnant. A composite index of seven indicators that measure knowledge of respondents, use of health services, and preparation for emergencies increased from 33% at baseline to 54% at endline (p=0.001). Five key newborn practices increased by 19 to 29 percentage points from baseline to endline (p values ranged from 0.000 to 0.06). Certain key maternal health indicators, such as skilled birth attendance and use of emergency obstetric care, did not change. The BPP can positively influence knowledge and intermediate health outcomes, such as household practices and use of some health services. The BPP can be implemented by government health services with minimal outside assistance but should be comprehensively integrated into the safe motherhood programme rather than implemented as a separate intervention.
Understanding assistant roles in social care

This article re-connects with structure-agency debates to explore the development of the social work assistant role. Drawing upon an analytical framework based on the tenets of critical realism, it seeks to explain the evolution of this role across three local authorities by looking at the interaction of structure and agency at different societal levels: the sub-sector, the organization and the workplace. In doing so, it establishes the analytical value of the structure-agency dualism in studying occupations and, at the same time, provides data on what employees do in the type of role increasingly likely to characterize the modern service economy.
South Asian Female Migrants’ Work Differentials

This article examines the employment and occupational status of South Asian female migrants in Australia, mostly Indian and Sri Lankan. It highlights their work differentials with both native-born and other female migrants in this multicultural context and confirms that they are a highly selected population who potentially bring considerable economic benefits to the receiving society. The observation that South Asian female migrants in Australia are able to contribute significant human capital in the form of language and education skills, but do so to some extent on their own terms, suggests that more careful attention needs to be paid to selecting migrants from South Asia and facilitating their entry into the labour market.
Black Husbands' Satisfaction with Their Family Life.

This study reports on the degree of satisfaction expressed within a probability sample of 158 Southern black husbands regarding life in their families. The modal response (44.9%) was that their family life was "good, " but more indicated that it was "fair" (29. 71o) than responded "excellent" (18.4%). Most closely associated with family life satisfaction was adjusted family income, followed by health. Education also was significantly related in bivariate relationship, but not in the multiple regression. Not significantly related to family life satisfaction were having a minor child at home, age, frequency of contact with relatives and friends, and church participation.
Psychotic and Mystical States of Being: Connections and Distinctions

Previous analyses of descriptively defined psychotic phenomena have concluded that they can occur in benign spiritual experiences as well as pathological states. Attempts to forge a distinction between psychotic experiences in spiritual and pathological contexts on the basis of the form or content of the experience (broadly described) can be disproved by counterexample; distinguishing on the basis of negative or positive consequences of the phenomena for the individual can be seen to beg the question. In the present paper, it is argued that examining the fundamental conceptual organization of psychotic and mystical mental states not only elucidates the observed similarities between them, but can highlight the differences, and the processes by which negatively evaluated pathological features can be seen to emerge. Oriental philosophical systems such as Tibetan and Zen Buddhism, and Tantric Hinduism, provide conceptualizations of mystical states of mind, from which a model can be drawn, while the epistemologies of these systems provide an illuminating metaphysical perspective on both psychotic and mystical experiences. It is concluded that mystical and psychotic experiences can be distinguished not only by emotional and behavioral consequences, but by real differences in the states themselves; certain features, such as loss of subject/object boundaries and loss of the relative dimensional structure of perception, are common to both processes.
Relation between Working Alliance and Outcome in Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis.

Results of 24 studies (based on 20 distinct data sets) relating the quality of the working alliance (WA) to therapy outcome were synthesized using meta-analytic procedures. A moderate but reliable association between good WA and positive therapy outcome was found. Overall, the quality of the WA was most predictive of treatment outcomes based on clients' assessments, less so of therapists' assessments, and least predictive of observers' report