Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Predictive Utility of the Children’s Physical Activity Correlates (CPAC) Scale Across Multiple Grade Levels

Understanding physical activity (PA) correlates in youth is challenging due to the inherent changes in activity patterns, activity preferences, and social norms that occur during the normal developmental transition from childhood into adolescence. This study examines possible age-related differences in physical activity correlates using the Children’s Physical Activity Correlates Scale (CPAC). The Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) was used to measure typical levels of PA. Results indicate high school youth had lower levels of PA and lower levels on the psychosocial correlates than middle school youth. Parental influence accounted for ~ 15% of the variance in PA while the predisposing factors (perceived competence, attraction to PA) accounted for 20% and 17% of the variance for middle and high school students, respectively. CPAC has similar predictive validity across the age range. The CPAC scale offers potential to help understand factors that influence physical activity behavior during the.
SUPERLOOP EQUATIONS AND TWO DIMENSIONAL SUPERGRAVITY

We propose a discrete model whose continuum limit reproduces the string susceptibility and the scaling dimensions of (2, 4m) minimal superconformal models coupled to 2D supergravity. The basic assumption in our presentation is a set of super-Virasoro constraints imposed on the partition function. We recover the Neveu-Schwarz and Ramond sectors of the theory, and we are also able to evaluate all planar loop correlation functions in the continuum limit. We find evidence to identify the integrable hierarchy of nonlinear equations describing the double scaling limit as a supersymmetric generalization of KP studied by Rabin.
Legal Policies in Conflict: The Gay Panic Defense and Hate Crime Legislation

ABSTRACT Gay panic refers to a situation in which a heterosexual individual loses control and commits a violent crime against a gay individual when faced with unwanted sexual advances. In court, it is argued the defendant was provoked, defending himself from possible gay rape, or even became temporarily unable to distinguish right from wrong. Despite use in many trials across the country, with varying degrees of success, the conceptualization has little merit based upon its psychological roots. Rather, the strategy appears to rely primarily upon antigay stereotypes. Counteracting gay victimization is the emergence of hate crime laws, enhancing punishments for offenders who unfairly target this group of individuals. However, the use of the gay panic defense appears to be juxtaposed to hate crimes, advocating for less severe punishments of those perpetuating crimes against gay individuals. Legal implications, possible trial strategy, and future research and legislative proposals are offered for cases involving gay panic when considering hate crime research.
The Effectiveness of Teachers in Regular Classes in the Process of Educating Students with Special Needs and Influencing Factors

High Statistics and diversity of mental-behavioral disorders, Failure of learning and physical disabilities exists as special needs in the educational process of students. Emphasis of institutions, international organizations and researches conducted, education and learning at an acceptable level the fundamental and natural right of all children know education and learning at an acceptable level to be the fundamental and natural right of all children and have requested training and designing capacity building programs in schools to provide services to all children, especially children with special needs and support for teachers is one of the solutions to achieve these objective. The purpose is providing new concepts of effectiveness of teachers of regular classes and its influencing factors in the process of educating students with special needs. This research was done until data saturation with qualitative approach and basic theoretical method and by using focused group discussion interviews with 10 teachers, 10 students with special needs and 8 of parents of students with special needs, which were selected by sampling method based on purpose. Interviews were recorded and eventually were handwritten and analyzed. Analysis of the data led to the emergence of concepts of teacher effectiveness attributes such as eternal effectiveness, Security Provider, changing the path of life and also determining three influencing factors: A. Full recognition of teachers about their roles in relation to the students B. teacher recognition of special needs of students C. Understanding the proper position in the process of teaching these students. Findings showed that one of the best supports of public education and responding to growing special needs of students is supporting teachers in regular classes and strengthening him as an important element in the process of educating students with special needs to manage three effective factors listed in the Results.
High level reduction technique for multiway decision graphs based model checking

Multiway Decision Graphs (MDGs) represent and manipulate a subset of first-order logic formulae suitable for model checking of large data path circuits. Due to the presence of abstract variables, existing reduction algorithms that is defined on symbolic model checking with BDD cannot be used with MDG. In this paper we propose a technique to construct a reduced MDG model for circuits described at algorithmic level in VHDL. The simplified model can be obtained using a high level symbolic simulator called TheoSim, and by running an appropriate symbolic simulation patterns. Then, the actual proof of a temporal MDG formula will be generated. We support our reduction technique by experimental results executed on benchmark properties.
Cognition and behaviour of children born to mothers with an underactive thyroid : data from the controlled antenatal thyroid screening study

Background and aims Underactive thyroid function during pregnancy and its effects on offspring intelligence, general cognition and behaviour have long been researched and reported on. Some of the differences found for the offspring are so apparent, that is has warranted authors to suggest universal thyroid function screening during pregnancy. The current study was the world’s first randomised controlled trial to investigate the effects of treatment for suboptimal gestational thyroid function (SGTF) on offspring. The aims of this thesis are, 1) to re-analyse the intelligence scores for the offspring at age 3 years, 2) to clarify any SGTF effects by cognitive testing and behavioural questionnaires completed at offspring age 9, and 3) compare and contrast wave one and two findings. Methods and analysis 1) Data was previously collected for this analysis. Treated and untreated SGTF groups were compared by unadjusted and adjusted models. 2) I conducted the intelligence, additional cognitive testing, and collection of the completed behavioural questionnaires. All data were analysed separately (per chapter) by multivariate analysis models. 3) Comparison of intelligence results were explored by correlations and a repeated measures multivariate analysis. Results and conclusions Re-analysis of the age 3 intelligence scores revealed that the untreated SGTF group performed worse compared to the treated SGTF group (p = .008 for scores below 85). No age 9 differences in intelligence or additional cognitive tests were found. The behavioural questionnaires revealed that treatment for SGTF may have had a detrimental effect for the offspring. Intelligence score comparisons revealed no differences between the groups. These results suggest that any intelligence effects from the mother not being treated for SGTF may be present at age 3 but have disappeared by age 9. However, treatment for SGTF appeared to significantly increase behaviour problems for offspring at age 9; though not clinically significant.
Determinants of Patient Delay in Seeking Diagnosis and Treatment among Moroccan Women with Cervical Cancer

Introduction. This study sought to investigate potential determinants of patient delay among Moroccan women with cervical cancer. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to June 2015 at the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat. Data were collected using questionnaire among patients with cervical cancer locally advanced or metastatic (stages IIA–IVB). Medical records were abstracted to complete clinical information. An interval longer than 90 days between discovery of initial symptoms and presentation to a provider was defined as a patient delay. Results. Four hundred and one patients with cervical cancer enrolled in this study. The mean age was 52.4 years (SD = 11.5). 53.6% were illiterate. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was identified for 65.8% of patients. 60.1% were diagnosed at stages IIA-IIB. 55.4% were found having patient delay. The regression analyses showed the association between literacy (p < 0.001), distance of the place of the first consultation (p = 0.031), abnormal vaginal bleeding as an earlier symptom (p < 0.001), stage at diagnosis (p < 0.03), knowledge of symptoms (p < 0.001), knowledge of causes (p = 0.008), and practice of gynecological exam during the last three years (p = 0.018) and the patient delay. Conclusion. Educational messages should aim at increasing awareness of cervical cancer, assisting women in symptom recognition, and encouraging earlier presentation.
Contrastive Analysis of Dog Expressions in English and Persian

This study is based on corpora of animal expressions in English and Persian. In this study, “dog” expressions are examined based on Hsieh’s (2006) approach of semantic molecules to explore the salient meanings and the cultural backgrounds. Animal expressions may reveal people’s thoughts, emotions, culture, and customs. The analysis of about 10,000 Persian and English proverbs shows that there are 207 Persian and 97 English “dog” expressions. In spite of cultural and social differences between English and Persian, the salient semantic properties derived from the name of this animal are nearly the same. The main semantic molecules of the word “dog” are “worthless, bad-tempered, cruel, violent” in both English and Persian.
Smoke Invigoration Versus Inhibition of Clouds over the Amazon

www.sciencemag. org (this information is current as of September 3, 2008 ): The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/321/5891/946 version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/321/5891/946/DC1 can be found at: Supporting Online Material http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/321/5891/946#otherarticles , 6 of which can be accessed for free: cites 23 articles This article http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/collection/atmos Atmospheric Science : subject collections This article appears in the following http://www.sciencemag. org/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this article permission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprints Information about obtaining
Asymptotically optimal low-complexity sequential lossless coding for piecewise-stationary memoryless sources - Part 1: The regular case

The lower bound on the redundancy for lossless universal coding of regular memoryless sources with a bounded number of abrupt changes in the statistics is shown to be asymptotically achievable using a fixed per-letter computational complexity sequential compression scheme with fixed storage complexity. The scheme which outperforms any other known fixed-complexity scheme when regularity conditions hold is presented, and its redundancy is upper-bounded. Although the upper bounds are merely asymptotic, simulation results show that even for relatively short sequences, the redundancy obtained by asymptotically optimal schemes of higher complexity can still be achieved with fixed per-letter complexity. Furthermore, in practice, a fixed-complexity scheme based on the proposed scheme can in most cases achieve optimal redundancy even when the regularity conditions do not hold.
Emerging Patterns of Neuronal Responses in Supplementary and Primary Motor Areas during Sensorimotor Adaptation

Acquisition and retention of sensorimotor skills have been extensively investigated psychophysically, but little is known about the underlying neuronal mechanisms. Here we examine the evolution of neural activity associated with adaptation to new kinematic tasks in two cortical areas: the caudal supplementary motor area (SMA proper), and the primary motor cortex (MI). We investigate the hypothesis that adaptation starts at premotor areas, i.e., higher in the hierarchy of computation, until a stable representation is formed in primary areas. In accordance with previous studies, we found that adaptation can be characterized by two phases: an early phase that is accompanied by fast and substantial reduction of errors, followed by a late phase with slower and more moderate improvements in behavior. We used unsupervised clustering to separate the activity of the single cells into groups of cells with similar response patterns, under the assumption that each such subpopulation forms a functional unit. We specifically observed the number of clusters in each cortical area during early and late phases of the adaptation and found that the number of clusters is higher in the SMA during early phases of adaptation. In contrast, a higher number of clusters was observed in MI only during late phases. Our results suggest a new approach to analyze responses of large populations of neurons and use it to show a hierarchy of dynamic reorganization of functional groups during adaptation.
Dynamic Environment Coupling Induced Synchronized States in Coupled Time-Delayed Electronic Circuits

We experimentally demonstrate the effect of dynamic environment coupling in a system of coupled piecewise linear time-delay electronic circuits with mutual and subsystem coupling configurations. Time-delay systems are essentially infinite-dimensional systems with complex phase-space properties. Dynamic environmental coupling with mutual coupling configuration has been recently theoretically shown to induce complete (CS) and inverse synchronizations (IS) [Resmi et al., 2010] in low-dimensional dynamical systems described by ordinary differential equations (ODEs), for which no experimental confirmation exists. In this paper, we investigate the effect of dynamic environment for the first time in mutual as well as subsystem coupling configurations in coupled time-delay differential equations theoretically and experimentally. Depending upon the coupling strength and the nature of feedback, we observe a transition from asynchronization to CS via phase synchronization and from asynchronization to IS via inverse-phase synchronization in both coupling configurations. The results are corroborated by snapshots of the time evolution, phase projection plots and localized sets as observed from the oscilloscope. Further, the synchronization is also confirmed numerically from the largest Lyapunov exponents, correlation of probability of recurrence and correlation coefficient of the coupled time-delay system. We also present a linear stability analysis and obtain conditions for different synchronized states.
PKDL and Other Dermal Lesions in HIV Co-infected Patients with Leishmaniasis: Review of Clinical Presentation in Relation to Immune Responses

Background Co-infection of leishmaniasis and HIV is increasingly reported. The clinical presentation of leishmaniasis is determined by the host immune response to the parasite; as a consequence, this presentation will be influenced by HIV-induced immunosuppression. As leishmaniasis commonly affects the skin, increasing immunosuppression changes the clinical presentation, such as in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); dermal lesions are also commonly reported in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV co-infection. Methods We reviewed the literature with regard to dermal manifestations in leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection, in three clinical syndromes, according to the primary presentation: PKDL, VL, or CL. Results A wide variety of descriptions of dermal leishmaniasis in HIV co-infection has been reported. Lesions are commonly described as florid, symmetrical, non-ulcerating, nodular lesions with atypical distribution and numerous parasites. Pre-existing, unrelated dermal lesions may become parasitized. Parasites lose their tropism and no longer exclusively cause VL or CL. PKDL in HIV co-infected patients is more common and more severe and is not restricted to Leishmania donovani. In VL, dermal lesions occur in up to 18% of patients and may present as (severe) localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DL) or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL); there may be an overlap with para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. In CL, dissemination in the skin may occur resembling DL or DCL; subsequent spread to the viscera may follow. Mucosal lesions are commonly found in VL or CL and HIV co-infection. Classical mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is more severe. Immune reconstitution disease (IRD) is uncommon in HIV co-infected patients with leishmaniasis on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Conclusion With increasing immunosuppression, the clinical syndromes of CL, VL, and PKDL become more severe and may overlap. These syndromes may be best described as VL with disseminated cutaneous lesions (before, during, or after VL) and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis with or without visceralization.
An Anisotropic Error Estimator for the Crank--Nicolson Method: Application to a Parabolic Problem

In this paper we derive two a posteriori upper bounds for the heat equation. A continuous, piecewise linear finite element discretization in space and the Crank-Nicolson method for the time discretization are used. The error due to the space discretization is derived using anisotropic interpolation estimates and a postprocessing procedure. The error due to the time discretization is obtained using two different continuous, piecewise quadratic time reconstructions. The first reconstruction is developed following G. Akrivis, C. Makridakis, and R. H. Nochetto [Math. Comp., 75 (2006), pp. 511-531], while the second one is new. Moreover, in the case of isotropic meshes only, upper and lower bounds are provided as in [R. Verfurth, Calcolo, 40 (2003), pp. 195-212]. An adaptive algorithm is developed. Numerical studies are reported for several test cases and show that the second error estimator is more efficient than the first one. In particular, the second error indicator is of optimal order with respect to both the mesh size and the time step when using our adaptive algorithm.
Aquaporin 1 Is Involved in Acid Secretion by Ionocytes of Zebrafish Embryos through Facilitating CO2 Transport

Mammalian aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is well known to function as a membrane channel for H2O and CO2 transport. Zebrafish AQP1a.1 (the homologue of mammalian AQP1) was recently identified in ionocytes of embryos; however its role in ionocytes is still unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that zebrafish AQP1a.1 is involved in the acid secretion by ionocytes through facilitating H2O and CO2 diffusion. A real-time PCR showed that mRNA levels of AQP1a.1 in embryos were induced by exposure to 1% CO2 hypercapnia for 3 days. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that the AQP1a.1 transcript was highly expressed by acid-secreting ionocytes, i.e., H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells. A scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) was applied to analyze CO2-induced H+ secretion by individual ionocytes in embryos. H+ secretion by HR cells remarkably increased after a transient loading of CO2 (1% for 10 min). AQP1a.1 knockdown with morpholino oligonucleotides decreased the H+ secretion of HR cells by about half and limited the CO2 stimulated increase. In addition, exposure to an AQP inhibitor (PCMB) for 10 min also suppressed CO2-induced H+ secretion. Results from this study support our hypothesis and provide in vivo evidence of the physiological role of AQP1 in CO2 transport.
The effects of tourists’ knowledge-sharing motivation on online tourist community loyalty: the moderating role of ambient stimuli

This study explores the role of tourists’ knowledge-sharing motivation in the formation of online community loyalty. More specifically, the study examines (1) the theoretical relationships between five factors influencing knowledge-sharing motivation, knowledge contributions (KNC), knowledge-sharing continuance intentions (KCI), and community promotion (COP) and (2) the moderating effects of ambient stimuli on the relationship between KNC and KCI and on that between KNC and COP. For valid respondents, a convenience sample of online travel community members was obtained using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Hence, a total of 410 responses were employed to test the research hypotheses through a structural equation modelling analysis and a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses. The results show that four factors influencing knowledge-sharing motivation, namely altruism, expected reciprocal benefits, reputation, and trust, had positive effects on KNO. KNO had positive effects on KCI and COP, and KCI had a positive effect on COP. In addition, a positive group perception moderated the KNC–KCI and KNC–COP relationships.
Characterizing the zebrafish organizer: microsurgical analysis at the early-shield stage.

The appearance of the embryonic shield, a slight thickening at the leading edge of the blastoderm during the formation of the germ ring, is one of the first signs of dorsoventral polarity in the zebrafish embryo. It has been proposed that the shield plays a role in fish embryo patterning similar to that attributed to the amphibian dorsal lip. In a recent study, we fate mapped many of the cells in the region of the forming embryonic shield, and found that neural and mesodermal progenitors are intermingled (Shih, J. and Fraser, S.E. (1995) Development 121, 2755-2765), in contrast to the coherent region of mesodermal progenitors found at the amphibian dorsal lip. Here, we examine the fate and the inductive potential of the embryonic shield to determine if the intermingling reflects a different mode of embryonic patterning than that found in amphibians. Using the microsurgical techniques commonly used in amphibian and avian experimental embryology, we either grafted or deleted the region of the embryonic shield. Homotopic grafting experiments confirmed the fates of cells within the embryonic shield region, showing descendants in the hatching gland, head mesoderm, notochord, somitic mesoderm, endoderm and ventral aspect of the neuraxis. Heterotopic grafting experiments demonstrated that the embryonic shield can organize a second embryonic axis; however, contrary to our expectations based on amphibian research, the graft contributes extensively to the ectopic neuraxis. Microsurgical deletion of the embryonic shield region at the onset of germ ring formation has little effect on neural development: embryos with a well-formed and well-patterned neuraxis develop in the complete absence of notochord cells. While these results show that the embryonic shield is sufficient for ectopic axis formation, they also raise questions concerning the necessity of the shield region for neural induction and embryonic patterning after the formation of the germ ring.