Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of weather shocks and risk on schooling and child labour in rural Indonesia

Agriculture employs 60% of workers in rural Indonesia whose crop production and incomes are threatened by variation in climatic conditions. Delayed monsoon onset related to El Nino is likely to become more frequent with climate change. Using the Indonesian Family Life Survey, IFLS, this paper examines how schooling and child labour are affected by ex post climate shock, delayed monsoon onset. A minor research question studies the impact of ex ante climate risk on school entry. The probability of continuing from primary to secondary school is reduced when a delayed onset coincides with the transition year. In other respects, monsoon onset does not affect education of rural children. However, riskier distribution of rain postpones school entry for young children. Moreover, I find that delayed onset increases child labour. Finally, I do not find any gender differences in schooling or labour supply when children exposure to delayed monsoon onset.
BETWEEN OURSELVES Automatic mimicry reactions as related to empathic ability and patterns of attachment

This thesis investigated emotional communication in experimentally created face-to-face interaction situations. The hypotheses were based on the conception of a process which leads to emotional empathy, assuming that automatic mimicking tendencies are involved in an automatic part of the process. Subjects were categorised as high- or low-empathic according to results on the Questionnaire Measure Of Emotional Empathy (QMEE). The compared parameters were facial mimicry reactions, represented by electromyographic (EMG) activity, when subjects were exposed to pictures of angry or happy faces. Comparisons were made at different stimulus exposure times in order to elicit reactions at different levels of information processing: preattentive (from 17 ms), automatic (17-56 ms), and controlled (100-2350 ms)levels. High-empathy subjects showed mimicking reactions already at the automatic level. In contrast, the low-empathy group reacted with inverted reactions and showed higher zygomaticus activity ("smiling") when exposed to angry faces. Thus, the result supported the hypothesis that mimicry is an early, automatic element involved in emotional empathy. Since patterns of attachment have been assumed to be involved in emotion regulation, the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) was introduced to measure patterns of attachment and to relate this parameter to mimicry and empathy. Negative model-of-self subjects (corresponding to preoccupied and fearful-avoidant attachment patterns) showed a significantly stronger corrugator response (negative emotions) and reported more negative feelings than subjects with a positive model-of-self (corresponding to secure and dismissing-avoidant patterns of attachment) at the controlled level, representing emotionally regulated responses. These results supported the hypothesis that subjects with a negative model-of-self would show difficulties in regulation of negative emotions. The dismissing-avoidant subjects displayed "normal" corrugator reactions to angry faces at the automatic level of information processing (56 ms), whereas they showed inverted zygomatic reactions ("smiling") and decreased their corrugator response, to the angry face, at the controlled level (2350 ms), a reaction that may be may be interpreted as a repression of their preceeding negative emotional reaction. The dismissing-avoidant subjects scored significantly lower on QMEE than non-avoidant subjects, a result that may be explained as a repression of apprehensive reactions to others' negative emotional expression. Negative model-of-self subjects scored significantly higher on QMEE than positive model-of-self subjects and showed a mimicry reaction at the controlled level, which may be interpreted as a tendency for negative model-of-self subjects to be easily distressed by others showing negative emotions.
Systematic CpG Islands Methylation Profiling of Genes in the Wnt Pathway in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Identifies Biomarkers of Progression-Free Survival

Purpose: Wnt pathways control key biological processes that potentially impact on tumor progression and patient survival. We aimed to evaluate DNA methylation at promoter CpG islands (CGI) of Wnt pathway genes in ovarian tumors at presentation and identify biomarkers of patient progression-free survival (PFS). Experimental Design: Epithelial ovarian tumors (screening study n = 120, validation study n = 61), prospectively collected through a cohort study, were analyzed by differential methylation hybridization at 302 loci spanning 189 promoter CGIs at 137 genes in Wnt pathways. The association of methylation and PFS was examined by Cox proportional hazards model. Results: DNA methylation is associated with PFS at 20 of 302 loci (P < 0.05, n = 111), with 5 loci significant at false discovery rate (FDR) less than 10%. A total of 11 of 20 loci retain significance in an independent validation cohort (n = 48, P ≤ 0.05, FDR ≤ 10%), and 7 of these loci, at FZD4, DVL1, NFATC3, ROCK1, LRP5, AXIN1, and NKD1 genes, are independent from clinical parameters (adjusted P < 0.05). Increased methylation at these loci associates with increased hazard of disease progression. A multivariate Cox model incorporates only NKD1 and DVL1, identifying two groups differing in PFS [HR = 2.09; 95% CI (1.39–3.15); permutation test P < 0.005]. Methylation at DVL1 and NFATC3 show significant association with response. Consistent with their epigenetic regulation, reduced expression of FZD4, DVL1, and ROCK1 is an indicator of early-disease relapse in an independent ovarian tumor cohort (n = 311, adjusted P < 0.05). Conclusion: The data highlight the importance of epigenetic regulation of multiple promoter CGIs of Wnt pathway genes in ovarian cancer and identify methylation at NKD1 and DVL1 as independent predictors of PFS. Clin Cancer Res; 17(12); 4052–62. ©2011 AACR.
Adding Term Weight into Boolean Query and Ranking Facility to Improve the Boolean Retrieval Model

There are two major shortcomings of the Boolean Retrieval Model that has attracted many researchers to improve the model since 1980s. These two problems are: inability to accommodate term weight in boolean queries and being unable to rank in Boolean Retrieval Model. Approaches to improve these two disadvantages can help us to achieve better precision and recall results for information retrieval. Various researchers have proposed approaches to solve the two problems. This survey reviews research which tries to clarify: (1). how well does the traditional boolean query work; (2). three different methods which can add term weight into boolean query; (3). the method of adding ranking facility to Boolean Model; (4). how well does the new extended model work and what are the evaluation results.
BUILDING SIMULATION CALIBRATION USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

This paper presents first steps of a methodology for calibration of building simulation models through definition of the parameters that most affect the main electric end-uses of a building. The first step consists on a good definition of constant loads (plug loads, lighting and occupation) and its schedules. The next steps are directed to calibrate the envelope variables. Sensitivity analysis is applied over the estimated cooling and heating loads in order to specify more accurate values for those inputs that present great impact on the total thermal load. The methodology is proposed to minimize the long time spent in the calibration procedure during a building simulation task. A case study is presented where the annual electricity consumption predicted by EnergyPlus simulation was only 1% lower than actual value. The calibration was obtained after four iterations over the base case model. The building under analysis is a public office one with 26,274 m2 of area and annual electric consumption of 4,462 MWh (172 kWh/m2.year).
Mobility Attitudes of Segregated and Desegregated Black Youths

Historically, the Supreme Court has drawn on social science data to support its decisions to end de jure segregation; this was especially true in the 1954 Brown decision. It was argued then, and the same general thesis is still set forth, that attending racially segregated schools could result in detrimental effects on " the hearts and minds of black children. " Thus the law was interpreted as providing equal access to education under the 14th amendment and the remedy was to desegregate with "all deliberate speed. " In later appellate court decisions (as long as 15 or 16 years after Brown), deliberate speed was determined to mean immediately. But the Brown decision is now over twenty years old, and one cannot help but wonder about how much social science is capable of telling us today about desegregation-just as twenty years ago it was called on to provide information on segregation. If we examine recent works,1 it is apparent that the outcomes of desegregation remain poorly researched. If we consider school desegregation and its possible effects on attitudes (in a very general sense), we may expect at least three possible outcomes from the desegregation experience for desegregated students. Attitudes could change and become (1) more positive, (2) more negative, or (3) they could remain the same. These three outcomes are parallelled for the findings of academic achievement studies which conclude that desegregation leads to
Connections between First- and Second-Language Reading

This study builds upon previous research examining the relationship between first-language (L1) reading, second-language (L2) knowledge, and L2 reading. The unique contributions of L1 reading, L2 vocabulary, and L2 grammatical skill to L2 reading scores are investigated along with whether or not the contributions differ by course level. Subjects included 131 students (88 beginners and 43 upper level) enrolled in French at the U.S. Air Force Academy. Data were analyzed using multiple regression. Two programs were run for each subject group because L1 reading was measured using two different tests—recall protocols and the comprehension portion of the Nelson Denny Test. All of the independent variables contributed significantly for beginners, but did so for the upper level subjects only when L1 protocols were used as the reading measure. Typically, L1 reading contributed substantially, particularly for the upper level group, supporting Cummins's (1981) Hypothesis. This study demonstrates the importance of L1 reading and L2 knowledge to L2 reading comprehension.
How Does the Quality and Stability of the Teaching Force Influence the Research-to-Practice Gap?

Although effective practices have been developed to address the needs of a wide range of students with disabilities, evidence suggests a limited use of these practices. Potential contributors to the research-to-practice gap focus on problems with pre-service teacher preparation, professional development, and the nature of research. The authors present evidence that the lack of well-qualified special education teachers, the instability of special education teachers in teaching positions (i.e., attrition and migration), and inadequate work conditions contribute to the research-to-practice gap. They also address the need for comprehensive, coordinated, and sustained efforts to reduce the teacher shortage and improve the likelihood that special educators have the work conditions needed to use effective practices.
Specification of Temporal Constraints in Multimedia Documents using HyTime

SUMMARY Multimedia documents also include time dependent media like audio and video. In contrast to traditional text documents temporal constraints have to be determined that tell a presentation application when and for how long certain parts of the document have to be presented. The paper shows how temporal constraints may be specified with HyTime. An analysis of different approaches covering the specification of temporal constraints resulted in a catalogue of relevant issues. They are explained in the context of an abstract document model. Then it is shown how each issue may be specified with HyTime introducing and explaining all necessary constructs and principles. Several HyTime encoded example scenarios illustrate the actual usage of HyTime building blocks.
aFGF, bFGF and flg mRNAs Show Distinct Patterns of Induction in the Hippocampus Following Kainate‐induced Seizures

We report that kainic acid‐induced seizures lead to marked increases in mRNAs encoding basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF and aFGF, respectively) and fig, one of their receptors, in the rat hippocampus. Anticonvulsant pretreatment inhibits the up‐regulation of these mRNAs. The observed increase in fig mRNA levels involves the pyramidal cells of all hippocampal subfields and the granular ceils of the dentate gyrus. The increased expression of aFGF and bFGF mRNAs is limited to neuron populations that are resistant to seizure‐induced injury, the granular cells of dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells of CA1 region, respectively. The results suggest that the increase in the FGFs and fig may play pivotal roles in neuron survival and in long‐term changes occurring in the hippocampus following seizure activity.
The Effects of a Buddy Skills Package on Preschool Children’s Social Interactions and Play

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a buddy skills package on the social and play interactions between three preschoolers with developmental delays and their peers. Each child participated in sociodramatic play activities with two peers who exhibited age-appropriate social and play skills. Following baseline, the children participated in three sessions of training on the strategies of stay, play, and talk with your friends. The intervention consisting of teacher feedback, praise, and picture cards was then used to support children’s social interactions and play. A multiple baseline design indicated that the package was effective for increasing children’s cooperative play in the exchange of activity-related comments. In addition, each playgroup continued to demonstrate these positive outcomes during a maintenance condition.
Factorial and Criterion Validity of Scores of a Measure of Belonging in Youth Development Programs

Many youth development programs, including the Boys & Girls Clubs ofAmerica, feature belonging as a central piece in their theories ofchange. From a psychometric perspective, little is known about measures ofbelonging. This research examined the factorial validity, internal consistency, and predictive validity of scores from one measure of belonging to an after-school youth development program. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a five-item measure from a calibration analysis that demonstrated “tight” cross validity in a cross-validation sample as well as factorial invariance between females and males. Internal consistency estimates for this 5-item scale exceeded . 90 in both samples. Belonging scores were positively related to actual program attendance over a 6-month period, self-reported attendance in the last week, and protective factors found in communities. Belonging scores were moderately and negatively related to community-based risk factors.
The use of mixed methods by Chinese scholars in East China: A case study

Abstract Since mixed methods research began as an Anglo-American movement (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011), there is little information about how it has emerged in non-Western cultural contexts such as East Asia and China. Without this knowledge, a gap in understanding occurs about the diffusion and expansion of mixed methods in some of the most populous cultures in the world. The objective of this qualitative case study is to present a detailed analysis of how mixed methods is being used by Chinese scholars in the region of East China. Five themes emerged from the inductive coding. These were the need for using mixed methods, the designs, the current status of the use, the ways to improve the use, and the contextual factors influence the expansion of mixed methods in China. With mixed methods research increasingly attracting worldwide attention, this discussion makes a unique contribution by exploring its expansion into Mainland China.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT AMENDMENTS ON CROP PRODUCTION UNDER POOR QUALITY TUBEWELL WATER

The experiment was conducted on a farmer’s field in Majokay area, district Charsadda during 2004 to assess the beneficial effects of different amendments on poor quality tube well irrigation water. Rice was used as test crop. There were five treatments in the experiments consisting of; control (T 1), gypsum at 50 % of the requirement (T 2), 50 % gypsum + 10 tons FYM ha -1 (T 3), 100 % gypsum (T 4), and 100 % gypsum + 10 tons FYM ha -1 (T 5). The experiment was laid out using randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were collected before treatment application and after harvesting the crop for the analysis of physico-chemical propert ies. The results pertaining to yield parameters show that padd y yield ranged from 968 kg ha -1 observed in control to 1940 kg ha -1 in T 5. The later treatment also had a harvest index of 33.92 s ignificantly higher than the lowest value (22.72) found in control. Similarly, T 5 gained maximum 1000-grain weight of 24.73 g and the minimum was in control (19.86 g). Application of FYM boosted the effect of gypsum in obtaining maximum values of these indices. The results on soil chemical properties viz. pH and EC we re highly significant among various treatments. By comparing the results it was noted that pH was reduced fro m 10.00 to 9.21 and EC was reduced from 6.00 dS m -1 to 3.90 dS m -1 in T 5. The data show that soil organic matter was increased b y gypsum application, but prominent increase occurred when gypsum was supplemented with FYM. Combined application of manure with full rate of gypsum proved to improve paddy yield under brackish irrigation water .
Police-Led Crackdowns and Cleanups: An Evaluation of a Crime Control Initiative in Richmond, Virginia

In April 1999, the Richmond, Virginia, Police Department, in conjunction with other city agencies, began a crackdown and cleanup initiative in seven city neighborhoods. This article reports on an evaluation of this “Blitz to Bloom” initiative that was conducted in the first of the seven neighborhoods. Pre-and postcrackdown data on reported crime and calls for service were analyzed using difference of means tests. A 92% reduction in reported crime occurred in the target area during the month-long crackdown period. Significant reductions in reported crime persisted in some parts of the neighborhood surrounding the area up to 6 months after the crackdown ended. No displacement was observed into the surrounding neighborhood. Although reductions in crime were being recorded, calls for service increased in the neighborhood after the crackdown. Additional research is called for that examines the impact of police maintenance efforts on the continuation of crackdown-induced reductions in reported crime.
Systematic and Idiosyncratic Default Risk in Synthetic Credit Markets

We present a new estimation approach that allows us to extract from spreads in synthetic credit markets the contribution of systematic and idiosyncratic default risk to total default risk. Using an extensive dataset of 90,600 credit default swap and collateralized debt obligation (CDO) tranche spreads on the North American Investment Grade CDX index, we conduct an empirical analysis of an intensity-based model for correlated defaults. Our results show that systematic default risk is an explosive process with low volatility, while idiosyncratic default risk is more volatile but less explosive. Also, we find that the model is able to capture both the level and time series dynamics of CDO tranche spreads. Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. , Oxford University Press.
Diagnostics of solar flare reconnection

Abstract. We present new diagnostics of the solar flare reconnection, mainly based on the plasma radio emission. We propose that the high-frequency (600-2000 MHz) slowly drifting pulsating structures map the flare magnetic field reconnection. These structures correspond to the radio emission from plasmoids which are formed in the extended current sheet due to tearing and coalescence processes. An increase of the frequency drift of the drifting structures is interpreted as an increase of the reconnection rate. Using this model, time scales of slowly drifting pulsating structure observed during the 12 April 2001 flare by the Trieste radiopolarimeter with high time resolution (1 ms) are interpreted as a radio manifestation of electron beams accelerated in the multi-scale reconnection process. For short periods Fourier spectra of the observed structure have a power-law form with power-law indices in the 1.3-1.6 range. For comparison the 2-D MHD numerical modeling of the multi-scale reconnection is made and it is shown that Fourier spectrum of the reconnection dissipation power has also a power-law form, but with power-law index 2. Furthermore, we compute a time evolution of plasma parameters (density, magnetic field etc) in the 2-D MHD model of the reconnection. Then assuming a plasma radio emission from locations, where the "double-resonance" instability generates the upper-hybrid waves due to unstable distribution function of suprathermal electrons, we model radio spectra. Effects of the MHD turbulence are included. The resulting spectra are compared with those observed. It is found, that depending on model parameters the lace bursts and the decimetric spikes can be reproduced. Thus, it is shown that the model can be used for diagnostics of the flare reconnection process. We also point out possible radio signatures of reconnection outflow termination shocks. They are detected as type II-like herringbone structures in the 200-700 MHz frequency range. Finally, we mention Hα spectra of the 18 September 1995 eruptive prominence which indicate the bi-directional plasma flow as expected in the reconnection process.
Complex Problem Solving in Educational Contexts—Something Beyond g: Concept, Assessment, Measurement Invariance, and Construct Validity

Innovative assessments of cross-curricular competencies such as complex problem solving (CPS) have currently received considerable attention in large-scale educational studies. This study investigated the nature of CPS by applying a state-of-the-art approach to assess CPS in high school. We analyzed whether two processes derived from cognitive psychology, knowledge acquisition and knowledge application, could be measured equally well across grades and how these processes differed between grades. Further, relations between CPS, general mental ability (g), academic achievement, and parental education were explored. Hungarian high school students in Grades 5 to 11 (N 855) completed MicroDYN, which is a computer-based CPS test, and the Culture Fair Test 20-R as a measure of g. Results based on structural equation models showed that empirical modeling of CPS was in line with theories from cognitive psychology such that the two dimensions identified above were found in all grades, and that there was some development of CPS in school, although the Grade 9 students deviated from the general pattern of development. Finally, path analysis showed that CPS was a relevant predictor of academic achievement over and above g. Overall, results of the current study provide support for an understanding of CPS as a cross-curricular skill that is accessible through computer-based assessment and that yields substantial relations to school performance. Thus, the increasing attention CPS has currently received on an international level seems warranted given its high relevance for educational psychologists.