Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The geography of nowhere : the rise and decline of America's man - made landscape

Eighty percent of everything ever built in America has been built since the end of World War II. This tragic landscape of highway strips, parking lots, housing tracts, mega-malls, junked cities, and ravaged countryside is not simply an expression of our economic predicament, but in large part a cause. It is the everyday environment where most Americans live and work, and it represents a gathering calamity whose effects we have hardly begun to measure. In The Geography of Nowhere, James Howard Kunstler traces America's evolution from a nation of Main Streets and coherent communities to a land where everyplace is like noplace in particular, where the city is a dead zone and the countryside a wasteland of cars and blacktop. Now that the great suburban build-out is over, Kunstler argues, we are stuck with the consequences: a national living arrangement that destroys civic life while imposing enormous social costs and economic burdens. Kunstler explains how our present zoning laws impoverish the life of our communities, and how all our efforts to make automobiles happy have resulted in making human beings miserable. He shows how common building regulations have led to a crisis in affordable housing, and why street crime is directly related to our traditional disregard for the public realm. Kunstler takes the reader on a historical journey to understand how Americans came to view their landscape as a commodity for exploitation rather than a social resource. He explains why our towns and cities came to be wounded by the abstract dogmas of Modernism, and reveals the paradox of a people who yearn for places worthy of their affection, yet bend their efforts in an economic enterprise ofdestruction that degrades and defaces what they most deeply desire. Kunstler proposes sensible remedies for this American crisis of landscape and townscape: a return to sound principles of planning and the lost art of good place-making, an end to the tyranny of compulsive commuting, the un
Deeply Learning the Messages in Message Passing Inference

Deep structured output learning shows great promise in tasks like semantic image segmentation. We proffer a new, efficient deep structured model learning scheme, in which we show how deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) can be used to directly estimate the messages in message passing inference for structured prediction with Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). With such CNN message estimators, we obviate the need to learn or evaluate potential functions for message calculation. This confers significant efficiency for learning, since otherwise when performing structured learning for a CRF with CNN potentials it is necessary to undertake expensive inference for every stochastic gradient iteration. The network output dimension of message estimators is the same as the number of classes, rather than exponentially growing in the order of the potentials. Hence it is more scalable for cases that involve a large number of classes. We apply our method to semantic image segmentation and achieve impressive performance, which demonstrates the effectiveness and usefulness of our CNN message learning method.
Inuit, Whalers and Cultural Persistence: Structure in Cumberland Sound and Central Inuit Social Organization

Orthography PART I: MODELS AND THEORIES OF INUIT SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS 1. "Eskimo" Type Kinship and Social Organization PART II: THE CUMBERLAND SOUND INUIT IN HISTORY AND PREHISTORY 2. Cumberland Sound Before Qallunaat 3. A History of Cumberland Sound Inuit-Qallunaat Interaction to 1970 4. Cultural Change and Continuity, 1840-1970 PART III: CUMBERLAND SOUND INUIT SOCIAL STRUCTURE 5. Cumberland Sound Inuit Kin and Local Groups, 1920-1970 6. The Structure of Cumberland Sound Inuit Social Organization 7. Cumberland Sound Inuit Prehistory Revisited PART IV: CENTRAL INUIT SOCIAL STRUCTURE 8. Igluingmiut and Netsilingmiut Social Organization 9. The Copper Inuit: Antithesis of Central Inuit Social Structure? PART V: IN CONSIDERATION OF CENTRAL INUIT SOCIAL STRUCTURE 10. Canadian Arctic Prehistory Reconsidered 11. Central Inuit Social Structure and Kinship Theory 12. The Politics of Survival: Central Inuit Social Structure and Nunavut Glossary of Common Inukitut Terms in Text Glossary of Common Anthropological Terms in Text Index
Appendiceal involvement as a skip lesion in ulcerative colitis.

Despite the frequency of ulcerative colitis (UC), and numerous studies related to this disease, controversy remains regarding its distribution patterns. It is generally believed that UC starts in the rectum and progresses proximally in continuity to involve cecum along with appendix in 50% of all cases. However, recent endoscopic and histological studies suggest that UC can occur as a discontinuous process. Furthermore, the few existing studies specifically addressing appendiceal histology in UC are divided over whether ulcerative appendicitis (UA) may be seen without cecal involvement (i.e., as a "skip lesion"). To study the appendiceal pathology in UC, and in particular the frequency of UA as a "skip lesion," we retrospectively evaluated 39 proctocolectomy specimens containing appendices removed for UC. Six cases (17%) had obliterated appendices; appendiceal and cecal histologies of the remaining 33 cases were divided into (a) active disease, (b) quiescent disease, or (c) nonspecific or normal histology. Twenty of 39 appendices (51%) showed active disease, four (10%) had quiescent disease, and nine (23%) were either normal or nonspecifically inflamed. After exclusion of one case for inadequate cecal sampling, comparison of cecal and appendiceal histologies showed concordance in 16 cases and discordance in the remaining 16. Of these discordant cases, six had greater disease activity in the cecum and 10 had greater activity in the appendix. Of these latter 10 cases, six showed normal or nonspecific cecal histology associated with active UA. Thus, "skip lesions" of the appendix were detected in 15% of the UC specimens examined.
2.5D gait biometrics using the Depth Gradient Histogram Energy Image

Using gait recognition methods, people can be identified by the way they walk. The most successful and efficient of these methods are based on the Gait Energy Image (GEI). In this paper, we extend the traditional Gait Energy Image by including depth information. First, GEI is extended by calculating the required silhouettes using depth data. We then formulate a completely new feature, which we call the Depth Gradient Histogram Energy Image (DGHEI). We compare the improved depth-GEI and the new DGHEI to the traditional GEI. We do this using a new gait database which was recorded with the Kinect sensor. On this database we show significant performance gain of DGHEI.
A combined field and numerical approach to investigate flow processes in natural macroporous soils under extreme precipitation

Abstract. A procedure involving simultaneous experimental and numerical research is described for the purposes of understanding the mechanisms involved when extreme precipitation is transformed to flood stream discharge. It is shown that experiments and model applications by themselves are not sufficient for process identification, but that their combined application provides considerable insight into the subsurface flow processes. The proposed approach is unconventional in that a numerical model, based on stringent continuity and momentum criteria, is used as a tool for process identification only. Unlike other studies, it is not intended to demonstrate the applicability of the utilised model for general hydrological applications, or to provide evidence of the suitability of particular model simplifications. Rather, different and sometimes conflicting model realisations are used to examine the plausibility of flow processes which may occur on natural hill slopes. Hereby, small scale effects such as those relating to the mechanisms of water entry into the macropores, and the movement of water to the surrounding matrix are identified from the results of well instrumented field experiments.
BIOLOGICAL DATA WITH SEGMENTED LANDSCAPE OBJECTS AND IMAGE GREY VALUES

Landscape structure was investigated on six test sites in Switzerland, selected along a land-use intensity gradient. The test areas were captured with remote sensing images on three spatial resolutions: 1) fused Landsat ETM-IRS and 2) Quickbird satellite images as well as 3) CIR aerial photos. Segmentation and fuzzy classification were implemented on the images to extract landscape patch indices in 96 sampling plots. In addition, or iginal and enhanced grey values were derived in the plots. Abundance of seven breeding bird species, sampled in the plots, was analysed with CCA. The variance of the species data explained by patch indices and grey values was compared across the three spatial resolutions. CCA revealed little explanatory power of remote sensing variables. The explained variance was comparable in case of grey values and patch indices. Increasing spatial resolution of patch indices and grey values did not evidence increasing association to abundance of birds. Presence and absence of E. rubecula was modelled by means of logistic regression. The logistic models were compared based on goodness of fit statistics and discrimination capacities. Logistic regression revealed very high discrimination capacity of both patch indices and grey values in predicting presence and absence of the species. Increasing spatial resolution did not effect the discrimination capacity of the remote sensing variables but resulted in increasing importance of image textural features.
Thick Anvils as Viewed by the TRMM Precipitation Radar

Abstract This study investigates anvils from thick, nonprecipitating clouds associated with deep convection as observed in the tropics by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) during the 10-yr period, 1998–2007. Anvils observable by the PR occur, on average, 5 out of every 100 days within grid boxes with 2.5° resolution and with a conditional areal coverage of 1.5%. Unconditional areal coverage is only a few tenths of a percent. Anvils also had an average 17-dBZ echo top of ∼8.5 km and an average thickness of ∼2.7 km. Anvils were usually higher and thicker over land compared to ocean, and occurred most frequently over Africa, the Maritime Continent, and Panama. Anvil properties were intimately tied to the properties of the parent convection. In particular, anvil area and echo-top heights were highly correlated to convective rain area. The next best predictor for anvil areal coverage and echo tops was convective echo tops, while convective reflectivities had the weakest co.
Fusion from without directed by human immunodeficiency virus particles

Fusion from without is the process through which particles of some enveloped viruses can direct fusion of target cells in the absence of viral replication. We demonstrate here that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles can efficiently promote fusion from without. Using HeLa-CD4 cells carrying a Tat-inducible lacZ gene, we observed syncytia as early as 6 h after exposure to HIV particles, before HIV gene expression could be detected. Efficient syncytium formation could be obtained when cells were treated with zidovudine, which prevented HIV replication and expression but not cell-cell fusion. Fusion was also observed when cells were exposed to particles of a replication-defective HIV integrase mutant. Fusion from without by HIV particles could be blocked by a monoclonal antibody specific for the V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and by soluble CD4. This mechanism of cytopathicity, which can involve cells that do not actively replicate HIV and can be directed by replication-defective particles, could participate in the pathogenicity of the CD4 cell depletion that characterizes HIV infection.
Direct Inhibition of Renin Direk Renin İnhibisyonu

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM The history of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) began in 1898 with the studies made by Tigerstedt, a Finnish professor of physiology working at the Karolinska Institute, and his assistant Bergman. They reported the pressor effect of renal extracts and named the renal substance renin based on its origin. After the first successful experiment performed by Goldblatt et al. in 1934 inducing the experimental hypertension in the dog by the partial constriction of the renal artery using a silver clip, their technique led to the discovery of the active polypeptide. Two research groups from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina and Eli Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis working independently, simultaneously reached similar conclusions on this matter. In Buenos Aires, it was called hypertensin; in the United States, angiotonin. Then after years Eduardo Braun Menéndez from Argentina and Irving H. Page from the United States agreed to name it angiotensin. By 1956, the renin–angiotensin system was pretty well worked out. [1,2]
Incorrect Insulin Administration: A Problem That Warrants Attention

In Brief Incorrect administration of insulin (e.g., too little, too much, or at wrong times) can result in transient and serious hypo- and hyperglycemia, wide glycemic excursions, and diabetic ketoacidosis. The authors systematically assessed the insulin-related knowledge and injection skills of a sample of adults with diabetes and found that errors in self-administering insulin, including choosing an incorrect insulin dose, were common. Injection site selection and diabetes numeracy were also concerns. Correct timing of injections and confidence in choosing correct doses, but not skills scores, related to better A1C and blood glucose levels.
Mice Lacking Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Show Impaired Learning and Reduced CA1 Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) But Normal CA3 LTP

Class I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been postulated to play a role in synaptic plasticity. To test the involvement of one member of this class, we have recently generated mutant mice that express no mGluR5 but normal levels of other glutamate receptors. The CNS revealed normal development of gross anatomical features. To examine synaptic functions we measured evoked field EPSPs in the hippocampal slice. Measures of presynaptic function, such as paired pulse facilitation in mutant CA1 neurons, were normal. The response of mutant CA1 neurons to low concentrations of (1S,3R)−1-amino-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) was missing, which suggests that mGluR5 may be the primary high affinity ACPD receptor in these neurons. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in mGluR5 mutants was significantly reduced in the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent pathways such as the CA1 region and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, whereas LTP remained intact in the mossy fiber synapses on the CA3 region, an NMDAR-independent pathway. Some of the difference in CA1 LTP could lie at the level of expression, because the reduction of LTP in the mutants was no longer observed 20 min after tetanus in the presence of 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate. We propose that mGluR5 plays a key regulatory role in NMDAR-dependent LTP. These mutant mice were also impaired in the acquisition and use of spatial information in both the Morris water maze and contextual information in the fear-conditioning test. This is consistent with the hypothesis that LTP in the CA1 region may underlie spatial learning and memory.
Horizontal translation and rocking rotation of a rigid tubular foundation

An exact formulation is presented for the lateral loading of a rigid tube of finite length embedded in a semi–infinite medium. The asymmetric mechanical interaction problem, which is relevant to the analysis of anchors and caissons in foundation engineering, is shown to be reducible to three coupled Fredholm integral equations. By analysis of the kernels involved, the fundamental singular characteristics of the radial, angular and vertical interfacial reactions acting on the foundation are explored. The results are incorporated into a computational scheme which permits the efficient evaluation of the contact loads and other structural responses. Solutions of the three–dimensional load–transfer, shear and bending moment diagrams, as well as the elements of the stiffness matrix pertaining to the coupled translation–rocking problem, are shown. L'article propose une formulation exact due chargement lateral exerce sur une conduite rigide de longueur finie encastree dans un milieu semiinfini. Comme pour les pie.
Searching for flavor labels in food products: the influence of color-flavor congruence and association strength

Prior research provides robust support for the existence of a number of associations between colors and flavors. In the present study, we examined whether congruent (vs. incongruent) combinations of product packaging colors and flavor labels would facilitate visual search for products labeled with specific flavors. The two experiments reported here document a Stroop-like effect between flavor words and packaging colors. The participants were able to search for packaging flavor labels more rapidly when the color of the packaging was congruent with the flavor label (e.g., red/tomato) than when it was incongruent (e.g., yellow/tomato). In addition, when the packaging color was incongruent, those flavor labels that were more strongly associated with a specific color yielded slower reaction times and more errors (Stroop interference) than those that were less strongly tied to a specific color. Importantly, search efficiency was affected both by color/flavor congruence and association strength. Taken together, these results therefore highlight the role of color congruence and color–word association strength when it comes to searching for specific flavor labels.
Impact of Orientation on the Vitamin D Weighted Exposure of a Human in an Urban Environment

The vitamin D3-weighted UV exposure of a human with vertical posture was calculated for urban locations to investigate the impact of orientation and obstructions on the exposure. Human exposure was calculated by using the 3D geometry of a human and integrating the radiance, i.e., the radiant energy from the direct solar beam and the diffuse sky radiation from different incident and azimuth angles. Obstructions of the sky are derived from hemispherical images, which are recorded by a digital camera with a fisheye lens. Due to the low reflectivity of most surfaces in the UV range, the radiance from obstructed sky regions was neglected. For spring equinox (21 March), the exposure of a human model with winter clothing in an environment where obstructions cover 40% of the sky varies by up to 25%, depending on the orientation of the human model to the sun. The calculation of the accumulated vitamin D3-weighted exposure of a human with winter clothing walking during lunch break shows that human exposure is reduced by the obstruction of buildings and vegetation by 40%.
An Unsupervised Fluoroscopic Analysis of Knee Joint Kinematics

Knowledge of the three dimensional positions of bones at a joint as a function of time is required to accurately model joint kinematics. 3-D bone geometry data from a static computer tomography (CT) images can be combined with time sequence information from 2-D video fluoroscopy images to produce 3-D position data over time. The process involves creating virtual X-rays from the CT image through digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) projections. Historically, the process of matching the 3-D and 2-D data has required human interaction. We have eliminated the need for manual initialization using a Monte Carlo technique with a variable search range. The search range decreases as the matching improves, avoiding the inherent problems of local minima in the optimization search. Experiments demonstrate that image positions can be matched to within 1 degree rotation, azimuth and elevation without human intervention
Algorithmic and Statistical Perspectives on Large-Scale Data Analysis

In recent years, ideas from statistics and scientific computing have begun to interact in increasingly sophisticated and fruitful ways with ideas from computer science and the theory of algorithms to aid in the development of improved worst-case algorithms that are useful for large-scale scientific and Internet data analysis problems. In this chapter, I will describe two recent examples---one having to do with selecting good columns or features from a (DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) data matrix, and the other having to do with selecting good clusters or communities from a data graph (representing a social or information network)---that drew on ideas from both areas and that may serve as a model for exploiting complementary algorithmic and statistical perspectives in order to solve applied large-scale data analysis problems.
Manganese Abundances in Cluster and Field Stars

We have derived Mn abundances for more than 200 stars in 19 globular clusters. In addition, Mn abundance determinations have been made for a comparable number of halo field and disk stars possessing an overlapping range of metallicities and stellar parameters. Our primary data set was comprised of high-resolution spectra previously acquired at the McDonald, Lick, and Keck Observatories. To enlarge our data pool, we acquired globular and open cluster spectra from several other investigators. Data were analyzed using synthetic spectra of the 6000 Å Mn I triplet. Hyperfine structure parameters were included in the synthetic spectra computations. Our analysis shows that for the metallicity range -0.7 > [Fe/H] > -2.7, stars of 19 globular clusters have a mean relative abundance of = -0.37 ± 0.01 (σ = 0.10), a value in agreement with that of the field stars, = -0.36 ± 0.01 (σ = 0.08). Despite the 2 orders of magnitude span in metallicity, the ⟨[Mn/Fe]⟩ ratio remains constant in both stellar populations. Our Mn abundance data indicate that there is no appreciable variation in the relative nucleosynthetic contribution from massive stars that undergo core-collapse supernovae and thus no significant change of the associated initial mass function in the specified metallicity range.
Thromboembolism : Findings From the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad Clinical Predictors for Fatal Pulmonary Embolism in 15 520 Patients With Venous

Silvy Laporte, Patrick Mismetti, Hervé Décousus, Fernando Uresandi, Remedios Otero, Jose TromboEmbolica venosa (RIETE) Registry Thromboembolism: Findings From the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad Clinical Predictors for Fatal Pulmonary Embolism in 15 520 Patients With Venous Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539 Copyright © 2008 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Circulation doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107. 726232 2008;117:1711-1716; originally published online March 17, 2008; Circulation. http://circ.ahajournals. org/content/117/13/1711 World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the
Bolanthus turcicus (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from Turkey

Abstract A new species Bolanthus turcicus Koç & Hamzaoğlu, sp. nov. was discovered on Hasan Mountain (Turkey, Aksaray province) where it grows on volcanic stony slopes and alpine steppe. its description, images, chorology and ecology, and threat category are provided in this article. It was compared with a closely related species, Bolanthus minuartioides (Jaub. & Spach) Hub. -Mor. , Bolanthus huber-morathii C.Simon, Bolanthus spergulifolius (Jaub. & Spach) Hub. -Mor. , Bolanthus frankenioides (Boiss) Bark. , Bolanthus mevlanae Aytaç based on its general morphology and seed micromorphology.