Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NOT REALLY ENOUGH

The media in much of sub-Saharan Africa is severely constrained by several factors: lack of resources, government pressure, the influence of media ownership and the declining quality of secondary education and professional journalism education. In many countries, newspapers are unable to perform the role of watchdog or effectively educate the public in part because of the difficulties faced by the journalists in their employ. Into the breach has stepped a plethora of foreign organizations which provide journalism training. Some of these are non-governmental organizations with a development agenda that seek to promote education about their causes. Others are the training arms of professional media groups (Thomson Reuters, BBC Trust) or are organizations that work on journalism education (the Berlin-based International Institute for Journalism and the International Center for Journalism in Washington, DC). This study—which includes content analysis and interviews with journalists who have received journalism training—considers these training efforts to see how effective they have been. The paper argues that given the challenges faced by the African media, donor-driven training programs will have only a limited effect on the larger media climate.
Skeletonization and Partitioning of Digital Images Using Discrete Morse Theory

We show how discrete Morse theory provides a rigorous and unifying foundation for defining skeletons and partitions of grayscale digital images. We model a grayscale image as a cubical complex with a real-valued function defined on its vertices (the voxel values). This function is extended to a discrete gradient vector field using the algorithm presented in Robins, Wood, Sheppard TPAMI 33:1646 (2011). In the current paper we define basins (the building blocks of a partition) and segments of the skeleton using the stable and unstable sets associated with critical cells. The natural connection between Morse theory and homology allows us to prove the topological validity of these constructions; for example, that the skeleton is homotopic to the initial object. We simplify the basins and skeletons via Morse-theoretic cancellation of critical cells in the discrete gradient vector field using a strategy informed by persistent homology. Simple working Python code for our algorithms for efficient vector field traversal is included. Example data are taken from micro-CT images of porous materials, an application area where accurate topological models of pore connectivity are vital for fluid-flow modelling.
Prevention of sports injuries : systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Prevention of sports injuries: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Leppanen Mari University of Jyvaskyla, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences 2013 52 pages, 3 appendices Participation in sports includes a risk of injury. Injuries burden athlete’s health and health care system. The number of trials investigating prevention of sports injuries has increased over the past decade. This master’s thesis is a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. The purpose of the study is to summarize the effects of sports injury prevention interventions. Systematic literature search was conducted using following keywords: sports injuri/es, athletic injuri/es, prevention, preventive, randomized, controlled trial and randomized controlled trial. Following databases were used: PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, PEDro and Web of Science. The reference lists of retrieved articles and reviews were hand searched. Calculations were made with the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager – software. Meta-analysis included 59 trials with 65 comparisons. Insoles (OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.32– 0.81), external joint supports (OR 0.40, 95%CI 0.30–0.53) and training programs (OR 0.55, 95%CI 0.46–0.66) appeared to be effective to reduce the risk of sports injuries. Stretching (OR 0.92, 95%CI 0.80–1.06), modified shoes (OR 1.23, 95%CI 0.81–1.87) and preventive videos (OR 0.94, 95%CI 0.43–2.04) were not effective. This meta-analysis showed that certain interventions can reduce the risk of sports injuries. By taking preventive actions to practice, major benefits can be accomplished. There were limitations with quality of the trials, generalizability of the results and heterogeneity of the study designs. Future research should focus on commonly practiced, high-risk sports. The mechanisms behind effective methods and the most beneficial elements of preventive intervention need to be clarified.
The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey - II. Gravitational lens candidate selection and follow-up

We report the final results of the search for gravitationally lensed flat-spectrum radio sources found in the combination of CLASS (Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey) and JVAS (Jodrell Bank VLA Astrometric Survey). VLA (Very Large Array) observations of 16 503 sources have been made, resulting in the largest sample of arcsec-scale lens systems available. Contained within the 16 503 sources is a complete sample of 11 685 sources which have two-point spectral indices between 1.4 and 5 GHz flatter than −0.5, and 5-GHz flux densities 30 mJy. A subset of 8958 sources form a well-defined statistical sample suitable for analysis of the lens statistics. We describe the systematic process by which 149 candidate lensed sources were picked from the statistical sample on the basis of possessing multiple compact components in the 0.2-arcsec resolution VLA maps. Candidates were followed up with 0.05-arcsec resolution MERLIN and 0.003-arcsec VLBA observations at 5 GHz and rejected as lens systems if they failed well-defined surface brightness and/or morphological tests. To illustrate the candidate elimination process, we show examples of sources representative of particular morphologies that have been ruled out by the follow-up observations. 194 additional candidates, not in the well-defined sample, were also followed up. Maps for all the candidates can be found on the World Wide Web at http://www.jb. man.ac. uk/research/gravlens/index.html. We summarize the properties of each of the 22 gravitational lens systems in JVAS/CLASS. 12 are double-image systems, nine are four-image systems and one is a six-image system. 13 constitute a statistically well-defined sample giving a point-source lensing rate of 1:690 ± 190. The interpretation of the results in terms of the properties of the lensing galaxy population and cosmological parameters will be published elsewhere.
CYP2C19 Poor Metabolizer Is Associated With Clinical Outcome of Clopidogrel Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction But Not Stable Angina

Background—More intensive platelet suppression is required in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than in those with stable angina because of differential platelet activation between AMI and stable angina. In this context, CYP2C19 genotype leading to reduced active metabolite formation may profoundly affect the clinical outcome of clopidogrel therapy in patients with AMI compared with those with stable angina. Methods and Results—Effects of CYP2C19 genotypes on the clinical outcome of clopidogrel therapy were evaluated in 2188 patients (532 patients with AMI and 1656 patients with stable angina) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary clinical outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events defined as death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or stroke during 1 year of clopidogrel therapy. Compared with extensive metabolizer, the CYP2C19 poor metabolizer was significantly associated with higher risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in patients with AMI (hazard ratio, 2.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–6.53; P=0.011). However, this finding was not seen in patients with stable angina. A significant interaction between CYP2C19 genotypes and disease subsets of AMI and stable angina was identified with respect to major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (adjusted interaction P=0.045). The patients with AMI showed lower percent inhibition of P2Y12 compared with patients with stable angina in CYP2C19 poor metabolizer or CYP2C19 intermediate metabolizer genotype groups but not in CYP2C19 extensive metabolizer genotype group. Conclusions—CYP2C19 poor metabolizer is associated with poor clinical outcome of clopidogrel therapy in Asian patients with AMI but not in those with stable angina possibly because of differential requirement of platelet suppression in patients with AMI and stable angina. Clinical Trial Registration Information—URL: clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCTO1239914.
Human Development and Performance Throughout the Lifespan

Part 1:Human Performance. Human Performance, Function, and Disablement. Developmental Theory. Learning Across the Lifespan. Culture and Development. Lifespan Communication. Part 2: Lifestage Characteristics. Pre-natal Development. The Newborn. Development of the Infant. Family and Disability Issues Through Infancy. Development in the Pre-School Years. Middle Childhood and School. Adolescent development. Family and Disablement Issues Through Youth. Transitions to Adult Life. Adulthood and Transitions. Aging. Family and Disablement In Adulthood. Part 3: Special Topics in Human Performance. Environmental Influences on Human Performance. Prevention and Wellness. Public Policy and the Health Care System. Assessment of Human Performance Across the Lifespan
Feasibility of Supramaximal Verification of Peak Oxygen Uptake of a Graded Maximal Treadmill Test in Adults With Intellectual Disability

Purpose: To determine the feasibility of aerobic capacity measurement (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) of adults (18–50 years) with an intellectual disability (ID) through supramaximal verification. Methods: A cross-sectional observational design was used that consisted of 2 sessions. Before testing, a 3-step familiarization process was performed (session 1), after which the V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak of a graded maximal treadmill test (GXTT) (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peakGXTT) and a supramaximal exercise test (SET) (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peakSET) were measured (session 2). The feasibility parameters used in this study were completion rate (based on the criteria for maximal effort), agreement between the V[Combining Dot Above]O2peakGXTT and the V[Combining Dot Above]O2peakSET (through intraclass correlation coefficient [ICCagreement]) and acceptance (through a custom-made questionnaire). Results: Twelve participants performed the measurement procedure. The completion rate was 75% and the ICCagreement was 0.99 (P < .001). The questionnaire showed that the measuring procedure was acceptable for the participants. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that it appears feasible to perform a maximal treadmill test (GXTT) followed by a SET for adults with ID. Therefore, it can be possible to verify the V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak of the GXTT as a true V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in adults with an ID.
Pattern of Otorhinolaryngological Admissions via Emergency Unit in a Suburban Tertiary Center

Background: Patients with ORL lesions sometimes present to the general emergency room. This study reviews the common ENT admissions via emergency room in a sub-urban town in Nigeria Methods: A retrospective study spanning five years from January 2009 to December 2013 Results: A total of 211 cases consisting of 131 (62.1%) males with male: female ratio 1.6: 1 and a mean age of 32.8 ± 22.4 years. About a quarter of the patients were children, the peak age was 21-40 years (in 37%). The common indications for emergency otorhinolaryngological admissions were Epistaxis (16.1%), Nasal/facial trauma (14.7%), pharyngo-esophageal foreign bodies (13.3%) and upper airway obstruction (8.1%). Majority 16 (57.1%) of the Pharyngo-esophageal FBs occurred in children. Most of the airway obstructions in children were due to juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis while laryngeal cancer was the major cause among the adult. Sixty percent had surgical procedures, 86.7% had satisfactory outcome and mortalities were recorded in 1.4%. Conclusion: Majority of causes for ORL admissions via emergency unit are of pharyngo-esophageal origin. There is apparent reversal of the otological origin trend in ENT admissions via A&E unit.
Neurocranium versus Face: A Morphometric Approach with Classical Anthropometric Variables for Characterizing Patterns of Cranial Integration in Extant Hominoids and Extinct Hominins

The relative importance of the two main cranial complexes, the neurocranium and the splanchnocranium, has been examined in the five species of extant hominoids and in a huge sample of extinct hominins using six standard craniometric variables that measure the length, width and height of each cranial module. Factor analysis and two-block partial least squares were used for establishing the major patterns of developmental and evolutionary integration between both cranial modules. The results obtained show that all extant hominoids (including the anatomically modern humans) share a conserved pattern of developmental integration, a result that agrees with previous studies. The pattern of evolutionary integration between both cranial modules in australopiths runs in parallel to developmental integration. In contrast, the pattern of evolutionary and developmental integration of the species of the genus Homo is the opposite, which is probably the consequence of distinctive selective regimes for both hominin groups.
Psychopharmacology of Affective Disorders

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Frailty in older breast cancer survivors: age, prevalence, and associated factors.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe frailty and associated factors in breast cancer survivors (BCSs) and evaluate whether BCSs are frail at an earlier age than female participants from in two large epidemiological studies. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional. SETTING School of Nursing at Oregon Health and Science University. SAMPLE 216 BCSs aged 53-87 years who were a mean 5-7 years post-treatment and not currently participating in exercise. METHODS Performance tests, clinical measures, and self-reported questionnaires provided baseline data on five criteria for frailty. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Frailty was defined as meeting three of the five criteria of the frailty phenotype: shrinking, exhaustion, low activity, slowness, and weakness. Data were compared to published data from women in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and Women's Health and Aging Study (WHAS). FINDINGS Eighteen percent of BCSs aged 70-79 years were frail compared to 11% of women of the same age in the CHS and WHAS. Frailty was more common at a younger age in BCSs, and more BCSs were frail in all age groups compared to women in the CHS study until about age 80 years, when prevalence of frailty was similar in the two groups. Fifty percent of BCSs were classified as prefrail because they met one or two of the five frailty criteria. Higher body mass index increased the odds of frailty, and higher physical activity decreased the odds of frailty (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, p = 0.003, and OR = 0.99, p = 0.000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Frailty and prefrailty may be common in BCSs and may occur at an earlier age than in adults without a history of breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses should be alert to prefrailty or frailty at a younger age in BCSs. Awareness and early intervention may delay or prevent frailty. KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION BCSs may be frail even when they are not yet considered older adults. Prefrailty in BCSs is important to recognize because it suggests impending frailty that could lead to reduced physical functioning or poor health. Prefrailty and frailty could be assessed in BCSs aged 50 years and older in a clinical setting using a few questions about weight, fatigue, and activity levels, in addition to simple tests of walking speed and grip strength, if warranted.
Factors Associated with the Presence of Coliforms in the Feed and Water of Feedlot Cattle

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate coliform counts in feedlot cattle water and feed rations and their associations with management, climate, fecal material, and water Escherichia coli O157 using a cross-sectional study design. Coliform counts were performed on feed samples from 671 pens on 70 feedlots and on water samples from 702 pens on 72 feedlots in four U.S. states collected between May and August 2001. Management and climate factors were obtained by survey and observation. Month of sampling (higher in May and June), presence of corn silage in the ration (negative association), temperature of the feed 1 in. (ca. 2.5 cm) below the surface at the time of sampling (negative association), and wind velocity at the time of sampling (positive association) were significantly associated with log10 coliform levels in feed. Month of sampling (lower in May versus June July and August), water pH (negative association), and water total solids (positive association) were significantly associated with log10 water coliform levels. Coliform counts in feed and water were not associated with prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle feces or water. Management risk factors must be interpreted with caution but the results reported here do not support the use of coliform counts as a marker for E. coli O157 contamination of feed or water.
Influence of the lonic Environment on Spontaneous Electrical and Mechanical Activity of the Rat Portal Vein

The effects of variations in external K+ and Ca2+ concentrations on electrical and mechanical activity of the isolated rat portal vein were studied using a sucrose-gap technique. Spontaneous activity in normal Krebs solution consists of bursts of action potentials accompanied by phasic contractions. Moderate reduction in [K+]o results in slight hyperpolarization with decreased discharge frequency. Greater reduction or total removal of extracellular K causes a temporary increase in burst frequency. Graded increases in [K+]o from 6 up to 128 mM cause depolarization with an increase in discharge frequency and in contraction amplitude until [K+]o reaches a level of 6 to 7 times normal when spike potentials are abolished and a contracture develops. The relationship between membrance potential and log [K+]o indicates a relatively low permeability to K+. Increasing [Ca2+]o causes slight hyperpolarization, decreased burst frequency, increased burst duration and increased contraction amplitude. Reducing [Ca2+]o causes increased frequency of discharge and shortening of bursts, until single spikes appear, each preceded by a prepotential; thus the activity resembles that in cardiac pacemaker cells. In Ca2+-free solution, electrical and mechanical activity ceases within 10 to 15 min. Calcium is essential for activation of the contractile mechanism and for maintenance of spontaneous spike discharge.
A VGA 30 fps Affine Motion Model Estimation VLSI for Real-Time Video Segmentation

This paper describes an affine motion estimation processor for real-time video segmentation. The processor estimates the dominant motion of a target region with affine parameters. The processor is based on the Pseudo-M-estimator algorithm. Introduction of an image division method and a binary weight method to the original algorithm reduces data traffic and hardware costs. A pixel sampling method is proposed that reduces the clock frequency by 50%. The pixel pipeline architecture and a frame overlap method double throughput. The processor was prototyped on an FPGA; its function and performance were subsequently verified. It was also implemented as an ASIC. The core size is 5.0×5.0mm2 in 0. 18µm process, standard cell technology. The ASIC can accommodate a VGA 30fps video with 120MHz clock frequency.
Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein on hypertension/renal injury induced by high salt diet and nitric oxide withdrawal

Background: Nitric oxide just as prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein (PHD) is a regulator of hypoxia inducible factor-1 &agr; (HIF-1&agr;), a transcription factor complex that controls the expression of most genes involved in hypoxia and cardiovascular diseases. In the absence of nitric oxide, it is not clear how HIF-1&agr; and PHD are regulated and to what extent they contribute to the ensuing disorder. Method: Using the nitric oxide withdrawal/high salt diet model of hypertensive renal injury, this study tested the hypothesis that removal of the inhibition by nitric oxide on PHD predisposes to increased PHD but reduced HIF-1&agr; expression, hypertension and renal injury. Results: In animals treated with NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 250 mg/l in drinking water for 14 days) and high salt diet (4% NaCl), there was hypertension (41 ± 5%, P < 0.05), proteinuria (three-fold, P < 0.05), kidney (22 ± 3%, P < 0.05) and heart enlargement (24 ± 3%, P < 0.05), as well as increased renal osteopontin (21 ± 3%, P < 0.05) and collagen IV (24 ± 4%, P < 0.05) expression. Accompanying these effects were increased expression of PHD1 (24 ± 4%, P < 0.05) and PHD2 (36 ± 4%, P < 0.05) but reduced HIF-1&agr; (35 ± 6%, P < 0.05) expression. Dimethyloxallyl glycine (5 mg/kg), a PHD inhibitor, paradoxically exacerbated hypertension (46 ± 7%, P < 0.05), proteinuria (two-fold, P < 0.05), and increased osteopontin (15 ± 2%, P < 0.05) and HIF-1&agr; (31 ± 5%, P < 0.05) expression with no change in PHD1/2 expression or kidney and heart enlargement. Conclusion: These data suggest that the protective effect of physiological levels of nitric oxide may be by virtue of inhibition of PHD or increased HIF-1&agr; expression, hence, the pathological changes produced following its withdrawal was accompanied by increased PHD or decreased HIF-1&agr; expression. Exacerbation of hypertension and renal injury following PHD inhibition suggests a deleterious effect in the chronic setting and challenges the dogma that inhibition of PHD is useful in cardiovascular diseases.
Integrating regional economic development analysis and land use economics

Two largely separate literatures exist on regional economic development and land use economics. In this chapter, we argue that a full understanding of each of the two areas requires greater knowledge of their interrelationship. We review key studies of the two literatures, particularly those related to the close interconnectedness of regional economic development and land use. We contend that a critical shortcoming in the literatures is that key features that affect both land use and economic activity are typically not systematically considered. We then posit that the spatial equilibrium framework is especially suited for understanding the various feedback mechanisms that affect both. Also particularly promising are the increased availability of GIS and micro data, as well as recent methodological advances in empirical estimation and modeling.
Entity Extraction: From Unstructured Text to DBpedia RDF triples

In this paper, we describe an end-to-end system that automatically extracts RDF triples describing entity relations and properties from unstructured text. This system is based on a pipeline of text processing modules that includes a semantic parser and a coreference solver. By using coreference chains, we group entity actions and properties described in different sentences and convert them into entity triples. We applied our system to over 114,000 Wikipedia articles and we could extract more than 1,000,000 triples. Using an ontology-mapping system that we bootstrapped using existing DBpedia triples, we mapped 189,000 extracted triples onto the DBpedia namespace. These extracted entities are availableonline in the N-Triple format. 1 1 http://semantica.cs. lth.se/ (Less)