Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
El consumo de drogas en México: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones, 2011

The national lifetime prevalence of any drug grew between 2002 and 2011, increasing significantly from 5.0% to 7.8%, while consumption of any illegal drugs increased from 4.1% to 7.2%. By sex, in men, any drug use increased from 8.6% to 13%. Illegal drugs increased from 8.0% to 12.5%. In women, use of any drug increased from 2.1% to 3.0% and use of any illegal drug increased from 1.0% to 2.3%. Marijuana is the first drug of choice (6.5%) followed by cocaine (3.6%). Considering regions, any drug consumption grew significantly in the Western (5.5% to 10.3%), Northeast (5.5% to 10.3%), North Central (7.5% to 9.2%) and South Central (4.2% to 7.5%). As for illegal drugs, there is also a statistically significant increase in these regions, however, growth was proportionally bigger in South Central region, going from 3.5% to 6.8%. Conclusions Results from this study indicate a growth in the consumption of illegal drugs from 2002 to 2011, especially in marijuana. It also shows that men from 18 to 34 years are the most affected by this consumption, while increases in adolescent men have been low. Moreover, the study shows that those who have received some type of prevention, showed a smaller consumption prevalence, indicating that further work is needed in this area with young people to consolidate activities of health promotion and drug use prevention, working with infant population is needed, including a systematic evaluation of the actions mentioned above. In the international context, data from this study confirms that Mexico continues reporting low levels of drug consumption.
Coming home: university exchange students' narratives of cultural re-entry

Cultural re-entry – the process of returning to one’s home culture after an overseas sojourn – is ostensibly a return to the familiar: familiar places and familiar people. Yet, this simplistic understanding of the phenomenon belies its multi-layered, complex nature. More appropriately framed as a psychological process than one of physical relocation, re-entry is characteristically challenging for sojourners, its impact being felt affectively, behaviourally and cognitively. Despite being a focus of research for half a century, the challenges associated with re-entry remain primarily unexpected, by both sojourners and those at home. The cost –personal, social and financial – of such ignorance is great. As globalization and concomitant increased travel becomes a reality, an increasing number of people world-wide will experience the phenomenon of re-entry. This longitudinal qualitative study sought to explore the experiences and perceptions of six university students during the first six months of their return to their home culture from an international exchange. Employing a narrative inquiry approach, this study sought openended exploration, the purpose of which was to understand rather than explain the experience. It was motivated by a desire to enhance multiple meanings as opposed to enhancing certainty. In presenting six individual stories this study gave voice to experience, and in doing so, traded generalisation for particularisation. There are a number of provocative findings from this study. First, the study underscored the inherently idiosyncratic nature of each person’s re-entry experience. Second, it reinforced the notion of cultural adjustment as a process, the symbiotic relationship between the overseas experience and re-entry clearly discernible. Third, affective and cognitive processes (internal) – as opposed to behavioural processes (external) – were found to dominate the participants’ re-entry experiences. Finally, relationships emerged as the most significant and powerful variable in the re-entry experience, a finding which positions re-entry as a social rather than a personal phenomenon. While students were the lens through which the phenomenon of re-entry was explored in this study, these findings may be of interest to the myriad groups who undertake sojourns – not only prospective sojourners, but also their families, friends and colleagues, and those responsible for organizing and managing sojourner travel.
Affective forecasting: The effects of immune neglect and surrogation

Studies of affective forecasting examine people’s ability to predict (forecast) their emotional (affective) responses to future events. Affective forecasts underlie nearly all decisions people make and the actions they take. However, people engage in systematic cognitive errors when making affective forecasts and most often overestimate the intensity and duration of their emotional responses. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to affective forecasting errors (e.g., immune neglect) and examining the utility of methods for improving affective forecasting errors (e.g., surrogation) can provide highly valuable information for clinicians as they assist clients in determining their goals both for therapy and for life. The first purpose of the current study was to determine if affective forecasting errors due to immune neglect lead to misjudgments about the relative emotional impact of minor versus moderate negative experiences (i.e., trauma severity). The second purpose was to examine the utility of surrogation for improving affective forecasts. Potential interaction effects between these two variables were also examined. The current study utilized a 2 (Trauma Severity: minor, moderate) X 3 (Prediction Information: surrogation information only, simulation information only, both types of information) experimental design. Undergraduates were recruited via the SONA system and randomly assigned to one of the six experimental conditions. A preliminary study was conducted to obtain surrogation information for use in the main study. All participants in the main study predicted how they would feel 10 minutes after receiving negative personality feedback, using a 10-point scale ranging from (1) very unhappy to (10) very happy. These predictions constitute their affective forecasts. All participants then actually received the negative personality feedback (ostensibly from another participant, a peer, in a nearby room) and reported their actual affective states ten minutes later, using the same scale. These ratings constitute their affective reports. Affective forecasting error was calculated as the difference between affective forecasts and affective reports. Results showed the affective forecasts of participants in the moderate trauma severity condition were significantly less accurate than those of participants in the minor trauma severity condition, providing evidence of immune neglect. Surrogation information significantly improved the accuracy of affective forecasts when participants were deprived of simulation information. Limitations of the current study and implications of the findings are discussed.
Low-Level Jet Climatology from Enhanced Rawinsonde Observations at a Site in the Southern Great Plains

Abstract A climatology of the Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) is developed from 2 yr of research rawinsonde data obtained up to eight times per day at a site in north-central Oklahoma. These data have better height and time resolution than earlier studies, and show that jets are stronger than previously reported and that the heights of maximum wind speed are closer to the ground. LLJs are present in 47% of the warm season soundings and 45% of the cold season soundings. More than 50% of the LLJs have wind maxima below 500 m above ground level (AGL). Because the 404-MHz radar profiler network in the central United States has its first data points at 500 m AGL, it is likely to miss some LLJ events and will have inadequate vertical resolution of LLJ wind structure. Previous studies have identified LLJs on the basis of a wind speed profile criterion. This criterion fails to separate the classical southerly LLJs from the less frequent northerly jets, which differ in both structure and evolution. Classical sout.
Divergent selection for shape of the growth curve in Japanese quail. 8. Effect of long-term selection on embryonic development and growth

Abstract 1. Changes in embryonic development and growth were analysed in relation to direct changes in postnatal growth and correlated responses in egg parameters using Japanese quail lines selected for more than 30 generations for high (HG) and low (LG) relative gain of body weight (BW) between 11 and 28 d of age, and constant BW at 49 d of age. 2. During the first 42 h as well as at the end of incubation, LG embryos were developmentally accelerated in comparison with their HG counterparts. An expected increase of line divergence across generations was observed only in traits analysed at the end of incubation. 3. In contrast to early generations, LG embryos continuously exhibited a higher BW than HG embryos and this difference temporarily disappeared only around incubation d 8. Analogous to early generations, the HG compared with LG embryos showed two periods of transient growth retardation compensated subsequently by a higher growth rate (incubation d 3–8 and 8–16). 4. More pronounced growth retardation of HG versus LG embryos in late versus early generations corresponded to more distinct decrease of HG versus LG growth rate during the first post-hatch days. Likewise, a disappearance of line BW differences on incubation d 8 characterising the late generations corresponded to the elimination of line differences in adult BW. 5. Alterations of growth pattern were associated with changes of egg size. While HG quail maintained a relatively constant adult BW and egg size across generations, the gradually increasing incidence of large eggs in the LG line allowed selection of birds with higher growth potential, which in turn amplified the line differences in the embryonic BW and eliminated the line differences in adult BW. Line differences in egg composition (larger albumen with lower density in LG compared with HG eggs) apparently contributed to the strengthening of line developmental divergence during incubation. 6. Transient lack of nutrient supply to HG embryos due to their developmental delay is probably responsible for a higher HG versus LG embryo mortality.
Robust processing of diffusion weighted image data

The work presented in this thesis comprises a proposed robust diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) pipeline, each chapter detailing a step designed to ultimately transform raw DW-MRI data into segmented bundles of coherent fibre ready for more complex analysis or manipulation. In addition to this pipeline we will also demonstrate, where appropriate, ways in which each step could be optimized for the maxillofacial region, setting the groundwork for a wider maxillofacial modelling project intended to aid surgical planning. Our contribution begins with RESDORE, an algorithm designed to automatically identify corrupt DW-MRI signal elements. While slower than the closest alternative, RESDORE is also far more robust to localised changes in SNR and pervasive image corruptions. The second step in the pipeline concerns the retrieval of accurate fibre orientation distribution functions (fODFs) from the DW-MRI signal. Chapter 4 comprises a simulation study exploring the application of spherical deconvolution methods to `generic' fibre; finding that the commonly used constrained spherical harmonic deconvolution (CSHD) is extremely sensitive to calibration but, if handled correctly, might be able to resolve muscle fODFs in vivo. Building upon this information, Chapter 5 conducts further simulations and in vivo image experimentation demonstrating that this is indeed the case, allowing us to demonstrate, for the first time, anatomically plausible reconstructions of several maxillofacial muscles. To complete the proposed pipeline, Chapter 6 then introduces a method for segmenting whole volume streamline tractographies into anatomically valid bundles. In addition to providing an accurate segmentation, this shape-based method does not require computationally expensive inter-streamline comparisons employed by other approaches, allowing the algorithm to scale linearly with respect to the number of streamlines within the dataset. This is not often true for comparison based methods which in the best case scale in higher linear time but more often by O(N2) complexity.
Vitamin C in plasma and leucocytes in relation to periodontitis.

AIM To test the hypothesis that vitamin C concentrations in plasma, polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes (PMNs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are lower in periodontitis patients compared with healthy controls. METHODS Twenty-one untreated periodontal patients and 21 healthy controls matched for age, gender, race and smoking habits were selected. Dietary vitamin C intake was assessed by a self-administered dietary record. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analysed for vitamin C concentrations in plasma, PMNs and PBMCs by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Plasma vitamin C was lower in periodontitis patients compared with controls (8.3 and 11.3 mg/l, respectively, p = 0.03). Only in the control group a positive correlation was present between vitamin C intake and plasma values. No differences could be assessed between patients and controls regarding vitamin C dietary intake and levels in PMNs and PBMCs. In the patient group, pocket depth appeared to be negatively associated with the vitamin C concentration in PMNs. CONCLUSION Although the relationship between low plasma vitamin C levels and periodontitis is clear, the disease cannot be explained by insufficient vitamin C storage capacity of leucocytes; the question remains through which mechanism low plasma vitamin C levels are related to periodontitis.
Effects of the fitting parameters of a two-channel compression system on the intelligibility of speech in quiet and in noise.

These experiments were carried out to assess how accurately the gains and compression ratios in a two-channel compression system needed to be set. We used as a research tool a laboratory version of a two-channel full-dynamic-range compression system. The system was initially adjusted to suit each hearing-impaired subject according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Then, further adjustments were made to ensure that speech stimuli were both audible and comfortable over a wide range of sound levels. Finally, the settings of the gains and compression ratios were systematically varied from the adjusted values and the effects of this on the intelligibility of speech in quiet and in noise (12-talker babble, levels of 65 and 75 dB SPL) were measured. The results indicated that speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in quiet were significantly adversely affected by decreases in low-level gain. However, SRTs in noise were relatively unaffected by changes in low-level gain. An exception occurred at the higher noise level used, where increases in the low-level gains (with corresponding increases in compression ratios) had a significant adverse effect on the SRTs. It is concluded that, provided excessive low-level gains (associated with high compression ratios) are avoided, the main criteria for fitting such a system should be listening comfort (i.e. achieving an acceptable tonal balance, and avoiding uncomfortably loud sounds) and an appropriate value of the threshold for detecting speech in quiet (which should be a little below 50 dB SPL).
The yeast NOP4 gene product is an essential nucleolar protein required for pre‐rRNA processing and accumulation of 60S ribosomal subunits.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae NOP4 gene was isolated by screening a lambda gt11 yeast genomic DNA library with a monoclonal antibody against a yeast nucleolar protein. NOP4 encodes a 78 kDa protein that contains two prototypical RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) flanking an imperfect RRM lacking characteristic RNP1 and RNP2 motifs. In addition, there is a fourth incomplete RRM. NOP4 is a single copy essential gene present on chromosome XVI, between RAD1 and PEP4. To examine the function of Nop4p, we constructed a conditional null allele of NOP4 by placing this gene under the control of the glucose‐repressible GAL1 promoter. When cells are shifted from galactose‐containing medium to glucose‐containing medium, NOP4 transcription is terminated, Nop4 protein is depleted and cell growth is impaired. Nop4 protein depletion results in diminished accumulation of 60S ribosomal subunits, assignable to a defect in ribosome biogenesis arising from a lack of production of mature 25S rRNA from 27S precursor rRNA.
Occupational Therapy in the Promotion of Health and the Prevention of Disease and Disability

The purpose of this paper is to describe occupational therapy’s contribution in the areas of health promotion and prevention and is intended for internal and external audiences. The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) supports and promotes involvement of occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants in the development and provision of health promotion and disease or disability prevention programs and services.
Glutamate Transporter Cluster Formation in Astrocytic Processes Regulates Glutamate Uptake Activity

Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, and it is removed from the synaptic cleft by sodium-dependent glutamate transport activity. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is expressed predominantly in astroglial cells and is responsible for the largest proportion of glutamate transport in the adult forebrain. In the present study, we demonstrate the ability of endogenous and recombinant GLT-1 to form clusters in astrocytic processes and characterize the mobility and physiological importance of these clusters in the regulation of GLT-1 activity in the presence or absence of neurons. At the distal end of C6 glioma cell processes, GLT-1 clusters undergo rapid morphological changes in both shape and size, and these changes are inhibited by cytochalasin D treatment, suggesting that the morphogenesis of GLT-1 clusters is highly dependent on the actin network. Treatment of astrocytes with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) quickly and preferentially decreases GLT-1 localization on the process membrane, leading to de novo generation of GLT-1 clusters along the process shaft. Pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide II (Bis II), with sucrose (0.4 m), or through the expression of a dominant-negative form of dynamin prevents PMA-induced GLT-1 internalization and cluster formation. In terms of glutamate transporter function, PMA treatment elicits a significant decrease in GLT-1 activity that is prevented by preexposure to either Bis II or hypertonic treatment. Together, these data indicate that GLT-1 trafficking and cluster formation in glial cell processes are dynamic events that play important roles in regulating glutamate uptake in astrocytes and glioma cells.
El terremoto de 1647 de Chile central como un evento intraplaca: ¿otra amenaza para Chile metropolitano?

El terremoto del 13 de mayo de 1647, la mayor catastrofe en la historia colonial de Chile central, es considerado como el segundo evento de la secuencia de terremotos interplaca que ha ocurrido con una sorprendente regularidad en esta parte de Chile. Sin embargo, el analisis historico realizado sugiere que este terremoto, ademas de generar un energico y extenso sacudimiento en el valle central, no habria producido un tsunami. Ambas caracteristicas podrian signifi car que se trato de un evento tipo intraplaca, originado superfi cialmente en la placa continental o profundo en la de Nazca. Los efectos reportados se asemejan mas a los del terremoto de Chillan de 1939, un evento intraplaca de profundidad intermedia que aunque no produjo un tsunami genero grandes intensidades en el valle central y una enorme cantidad de victimas. Si el terremoto de 1647 fue intraplaca, se plantea un problematico escenario de riesgo para la region mas poblada del pais
Narrative and Medical Genetics: On Ethics and Therapeutics

Narrative, as a hermeneutic social science with its key concepts borrowed from literary theory, guides interpretation of lived-experience and has found expression in qualitative research in the health sciences. Narrative, as it will be advocated here, is an appropriate method for phenomenological investigations relating to genetic counseling. The benefits to the practice of medical genetics from qualitative-that is, narrative-studies will be explored and sources of resistance to phenomenological investigations will be identified. Narrative studies in medical genetics will be shown to have the potential clinical significance of fundamentally altering the stance of genetic counselors toward those who seek their services. By understanding the client's "illness experience," counseling practice, including the ethics of practice, is altered. Finally, the Human Genome Project, by compounding the social and ethical demands on genetic counseling, makes this advocacy especially timely.
Multifactorial Analysis of a Biomarker Pool for Alzheimer Disease Risk in a North Indian Population

Background: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a complex multifactorial etiology. Here, we aim to identify a biomarker pool comprised of genetic variants and blood biomarkers as predictor of AD risk. Methods: We performed a case-control study involving 108 cases and 159 non-demented healthy controls to examine the association of multiple biomarkers with AD risk. Results: The APOE genotyping revealed that ε4 allele frequency was significantly high (p value = 0.0001, OR = 2.66, 95% CI 1.58-4.46) in AD as compared to controls, whereas ε2 (p = 0.0430, OR = 0.29, CI 0.07-1.10) was overrepresented in controls. In biochemical assays, significant differences in levels of total copper, free copper, zinc, copper/zinc ratio, iron, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), leptin, and albumin were also observed. The AD risk score (ADRS) as a linear combination of 6 candidate markers involving age, education status, APOE ε4 allele, levels of iron, Cu/Zn ratio, and EGFR was created using stepwise linear discriminant analysis. The area under the ROC curve of the ADRS panel for predicting AD risk was significantly high (AUC = 0.84, p < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.78-0.89, sensitivity = 70.0%, specificity = 83.8%) compared to individual parameters. Conclusion: These findings support the multifactorial etiology of AD and demonstrate the ability of a panel involving 6 biomarkers to discriminate AD cases from non-demented healthy controls.