Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Square complex orthogonal designs with low PAPR and signaling complexity

Space-Time Block Codes from square complex orthogonal designs (SCOD) have been extensively studied and most of the existing SCODs contain large number of zero. The zeros in the designs result in high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and also impose a severe constraint on hardware implementation of the code when turning off some of the transmitting antennas whenever a zero is transmitted. Recently, rate 1/2 SCODs with no zero entry have been reported for 8 transmit antennas. In this paper, SCODs with no zero entry for 2a transmit antennas whenever a + 1 is a power of 2, are constructed which includes the 8 transmit antennas case as a special case. More generally, for arbitrary values of a, explicit construction of 2a times 2a rate a+1/2a SCODs with the ratio of number of zero entries to the total number of entries equal to 1 - aplusmn1/2a 2[logs2(2 a /a+1)] is reported, whereas for standard known constructions, the ratio is 1- a+1/2a. The codes presented do not result in increased signaling complexity. Simulation results show that the codes constructed in this paper outperform the codes using the standard construction under peak power constraint while performing the same under average power constraint.
Are Male Judokas with Visual Impairments Training Properly? Findings from an Observational Study

Introduction One aim of the study was to describe the temporal structure of judo combat among male judokas with visual impairments. Another aim was to determine the possible differences between the judokas with visual impairments and sighted male judokas to determine whether judokas with visual impairments need specific training to achieve their maximum performance level. Methods Observational methodology was used in 184 combats (n = 92 male senior judokas with visual impairments). A T-Patterns study (THEME) and a descriptive statistical analysis (SPSS) were conducted. Results The results showed that most of the observed combats ended before the regulation time was over (81%). The temporal structure observed in judokas with visual impairments was as follows: total combat time: 4 minutes, 26 seconds; total pause time: 2 minutes, 38 seconds; total stand-up fight time: 1 minute, 22 seconds; and total ground fight time: 60 seconds. The number of sequences were as follows: 6.9 pause sequences with a duration of 19.6 seconds each, 12.4 work sequences with a duration of 22 seconds each, 7.9 work sequences in stand-up judo with a duration of 11.7 seconds each, and 4.5 work sequences in ground judo with a duration of 12.9 seconds each. Discussion The combats’ mean values revealed that, compared to male sighted judokas, judokas with visual impairments perform shorter work sequences and need longer pause sequences because of their impairment. Implications for Practitioners These data indicate that the temporal structure of judo combat in athletes with visual impairments is different from the temporal structure of judo combat in sighted athletes, which indicates that the appropriate training for each group should be different. This article describes a specific temporal structure that is applicable to traditional judo training methods, fits these athletes’ needs, and is available for coaches who train judokas with visual impairments.
Plagiarism in the Internet Age.

Using sources with integrity is complex. The solution is teaching skills, not vilifying the Internet. Many teachers see plagiarism as a simple, black-and-white issue. Teachers often bring up the topic at the beginning of a research paper unit, discuss it in one classroom period, and never say the word plagiarism again unless students are caught copying, when this term is dragged out once more to accuse and punish the guilty. Teachers warn students not to copy—or else—and present them with citation guides and the trinity of techniques to write using others' research without plagiarizing: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. The onus then falls on the students, who are expected to use these techniques well, assuming that they know how to do so. In an age when students gravitate to online sources for research—and when tremendous amounts of both reputable and questionable information are available online—many have come to regard the Internet itself as a culprit in students' plagiarism. Some teachers go so far as to forbid students from researching online, in the mistaken assumption that if students are working from hard-copy sources only, the problem will disappear. We believe that an approach far different from either warnings and punishment or attempts to curtail online research is warranted. Teachers who wish to prevent plagiarism should devote extensive instruction to the component tasks of writing from sources. This instruction should focus on the supposedly simple technique of summarizing sources, which is in truth not simple. Many students are far from competent at summarizing an argument— and students who cannot summarize are the students most likely to plagiarize. Our argument may seem innocuous, but it profoundly contradicts widely shared attitudes. Most approaches to confronting plagiarism start from the premise that it is something to prevent simply by imparting information and "getting tough. " A didactic children's book and accompanying instructor's manual that we saw recently exemplified this premise. The book told the tale of a young student who unknowingly plagiarizes by copying information from an online source into her report on the American Revolution. The teacher in this tale uses the incident to teach students that using others' words without attribution is a serious crime. He then emphasizes to students the importance of citation and source integration techniques and enlists the school librarian to model how to cite outside works used in a piece of writing.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND HOVERING PERFORMANCE STUDY OF NANO COAXIAL ROTOR

Department of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an, 710072, China. xumin@nwpu.edu. cnAccepted 6 September 2011A nano coaxial rotor was designed, fabricated and studied experimentally at an ultra-low Reynolds number ranging from 5000 to 20,000. The Minimum Induced Loss theorywas employed to optimize the geometry of nano coaxial rotor with the introduction ofweights to take into account the interference of upper rotor and lower rotor. The chordand twist distributions of both rotors were achieved as a result. Nano coaxial rotor wasthen fabricated with a lightweight material of carbon laminate. Two rotor slices wereobtained with mass less than 0.3 g and the thickness less than 0.23 mm. Successively, asensitive test bench was designed to measure the hovering performance of nano coaxialrotor. Single upper rotor and lower rotor were tested with the test bench as well asthe isolated upper rotor and lower rotor of nano coaxial rotor. It is found that thedesigned nano coaxial rotor can generate a thrust of 0.105 N with torque cancelled. Andthe comparison between single rotor and isolated rotor of nano rotor showed that themutual interaction between rotors improves upper rotor performance but impairs lowerrotor performance.Keywords: Nano Air Vehicle; Nano coaxial rotor; Design and fabrication; Hovering per-formance.
The Effects of Aging on Conflict Detection

Several cognitive changes characterize normal aging; one change regards inhibitory processing and includes both conflict monitoring and response suppression. We attempted to segregate these two aspects within a Go/No-go task, investigating three age categories. Accuracy, response times and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The ERP data were analyzed, and the Go and No-go trials were separated; in addition, the trials were organized in repeat trials (in which the subjects repeated the action delivered in the previous trial) and switch trials (in which the subjects produced a response opposite to the previous response). We assumed that the switch trials conveyed more conflict than the repeat trials. In general, the behavioral data and slower P3 latencies confirmed the well-known age-related speed/accuracy trade-off. The novel analyses of the repeat vs. switch trials indicated that the age-related P3 slowing was significant only for the high conflict condition; the switch-P3 amplitude increased only in the two older groups. The ‘aging switch effect’ on the P3 component suggests a failure in the conflict conditions and likely contributes to a generalized dysfunction. The absence of either a switch effect in the young group and the P3 slowing in middle-aged group indicate that switching was not particularly demanding for these participants. The N2 component was less sensitive to the repeat/switch manipulation; however, the subtractive waves also enhanced the age effects in this earlier time window. The topographic maps showed other notable age effects: the frontal No-go N2 was nearly undetectable in the elderly; in the identical time window, a large activity in the posterior and prefrontal scalp regions was observed. Moreover, the prefrontal activity showed a negative correlation with false alarms. These results suggest that the frontal involvement during action suppression becomes progressively dysfunctional with aging, and additional activity was required to reach a good level of accuracy.
Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.

CONTEXT Gene expression analysis has identified several breast cancer subtypes, including basal-like, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive/estrogen receptor negative (HER2+/ER-), luminal A, and luminal B. OBJECTIVES To determine population-based distributions and clinical associations for breast cancer subtypes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Immunohistochemical surrogates for each subtype were applied to 496 incident cases of invasive breast cancer from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (ascertained between May 1993 and December 1996), a population-based, case-control study that oversampled premenopausal and African American women. Subtype definitions were as follows: luminal A (ER+ and/or progesterone receptor positive [PR+], HER2-), luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+), basal-like (ER-, PR-, HER2-, cytokeratin 5/6 positive, and/or HER1+), HER2+/ER- (ER-, PR-, and HER2+), and unclassified (negative for all 5 markers). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We examined the prevalence of breast cancer subtypes within racial and menopausal subsets and determined their associations with tumor size, axillary nodal status, mitotic index, nuclear pleomorphism, combined grade, p53 mutation status, and breast cancer-specific survival. RESULTS The basal-like breast cancer subtype was more prevalent among premenopausal African American women (39%) compared with postmenopausal African American women (14%) and non-African American women (16%) of any age (P<.001), whereas the luminal A subtype was less prevalent (36% vs 59% and 54%, respectively). The HER2+/ER- subtype did not vary with race or menopausal status (6%-9%). Compared with luminal A, basal-like tumors had more TP53 mutations (44% vs 15%, P<.001), higher mitotic index (odds ratio [OR], 11.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6-21.7), more marked nuclear pleomorphism (OR, 9.7; 95% CI, 5.3-18.0), and higher combined grade (OR, 8.3; 95% CI, 4.4-15.6). Breast cancer-specific survival differed by subtype (P<.001), with shortest survival among HER2+/ER- and basal-like subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Basal-like breast tumors occurred at a higher prevalence among premenopausal African American patients compared with postmenopausal African American and non-African American patients in this population-based study. A higher prevalence of basal-like breast tumors and a lower prevalence of luminal A tumors could contribute to the poor prognosis of young African American women with breast cancer.
Rigid, Complete Annuloplasty Rings Increase Anterior Mitral Leaflet Strains in the Normal Beating Ovine Heart

Background— Annuloplasty ring or band implantation during surgical mitral valve repair perturbs mitral annular dimensions, dynamics, and shape, which have been associated with changes in anterior mitral leaflet (AML) strain patterns and suboptimal long-term repair durability. We hypothesized that rigid rings with nonphysiological three-dimensional shapes, but not saddle-shaped rigid rings or flexible bands, increase AML strains. Methods and Results— Sheep had 23 radiopaque markers inserted: 7 along the anterior mitral annulus and 16 equally spaced on the AML. True-sized Cosgrove-Edwards flexible, partial band (n=12), rigid, complete St Jude Medical rigid saddle-shaped (n=12), Carpentier-Edwards Physio (n=12), Edwards IMR ETlogix (n=11), and Edwards GeoForm (n=12) annuloplasty rings were implanted in a releasable fashion. Under acute open-chest conditions, 4-dimensional marker coordinates were obtained using biplane videofluoroscopy along with hemodynamic parameters with the ring inserted and after release. Marker coordinates were triangulated, and the largest maximum principal AML strains were determined during isovolumetric relaxation. No relevant changes in hemodynamics occurred. Compared with the respective control state, strains increased significantly with rigid saddle-shaped annuloplasty ring, Carpentier-Edwards Physio, Edwards IMR ETlogix, and Edwards GeoForm (0.14±0.05 versus 0.16±0.05, P=0.024, 0.15±0.03 versus 0.18±0.04, P=0.020, 0.11±0.05 versus 0.14±0.05, P=0.042, and 0.13±0.05 versus 0.16±0.05, P=0.009), but not with Cosgrove-Edwards band (0.15±0.05 versus 0.15±0.04, P=0.973). Conclusions— Regardless of three-dimensional shape, rigid, complete annuloplasty rings, but not a flexible, partial band, increased AML strains in the normal beating ovine heart. Clinical studies are needed to determine whether annuloplasty rings affect AML strains in patients, and, if so, whether ring-induced perturbations in leaflet strain states are linked to repair failure.
Enhanced expression of the S100A8/A9 complex in acute myocardial infarction patients.

BACKGROUND S100A8/A9 complex (S100A8/A9) is expressed in activated human neutrophils and macrophages. Enhanced expression of S100A8/A9 in atherosclerotic plaque of patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) has been demonstrated, but its profile in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum S100A8/A9 levels were serially measured in patients with AMI (n=55) and UAP (n=16) during the acute period. The expression of S100A8/A9 was examined immunohistochemically in the infarcted myocardium of 7 autopsied patients with AMI. Serum S100A8/A9 levels on the 1st day were 1,118+/-115 (SE) ng/ml in AMI patients as compared with 787+/-147 ng/ml in UAP patients. On days 3-5, serum S100A8/A9 levels in AMI patients reached a peak value and were significantly higher than the values in UAP patients (1,690+/-144 ng/ml vs 844+/-100 ng/ml; P<0.0001). In AMI patients, peak S100A8/A9 levels positively correlated with peak white blood cell and neutrophil counts, and peak creatine kinase-MB and peak C-reactive protein levels. Double immunostaining revealed that S100A8/A9 was specifically expressed in neutrophils and macrophages infiltrating the infarcted myocardium. CONCLUSIONS S100A8/A9 is implicated in the pathophysiology of AMI and may be an additional biomarker of the local inflammatory response following AMI.
Archaeological data provide alternative hypotheses on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) distribution, abundance, and variability

Significance Over the last century, Pacific herring, a forage fish of tremendous cultural, economic, and ecological importance, has declined in abundance over much of its range. We synthesize archaeological fisheries data spanning the past 10,000 y from Puget Sound in Washington to southeast Alaska to extend the ecological baseline for herring and contextualize the dynamics of modern industrial fisheries. While modern herring populations can be erratic and exhibit catastrophic declines, the archaeological record indicates a pattern of consistent abundance, providing an example of long-term sustainability and resilience in a fishery known for its modern variability. The most parsimonious explanation for the discrepancy between herring abundance in the ancient and more recent past is industrial harvesting over the last century. Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), a foundation of coastal social-ecological systems, is in decline throughout much of its range. We assembled data on fish bones from 171 archaeological sites from Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington to provide proxy measures of past herring distribution and abundance. The dataset represents 435,777 fish bones, dating throughout the Holocene, but primarily to the last 2,500 y. Herring is the single-most ubiquitous fish taxon (99% ubiquity) and among the two most abundant taxa in 80% of individual assemblages. Herring bones are archaeologically abundant in all regions, but are superabundant in the northern Salish Sea and southwestern Vancouver Island areas. Analyses of temporal variability in 50 well-sampled sites reveals that herring exhibits consistently high abundance (>20% of fish bones) and consistently low variance (<10%) within the majority of sites (88% and 96%, respectively). We pose three alternative hypotheses to account for the disjunction between modern and archaeological herring populations. We reject the first hypothesis that the archaeological data overestimate past abundance and underestimate past variability. We are unable to distinguish between the second two hypotheses, which both assert that the archaeological data reflect a higher mean abundance of herring in the past, but differ in whether variability was similar to or less than that observed recently. In either case, sufficient herring was consistently available to meet the needs of harvesters, even if variability is damped in the archaeological record. These results provide baseline information prior to herring depletion and can inform modern management.
Cognitive and anatomic contributions of metabolic decline in Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular disease.

BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular disease affect elderly persons through alterations in brain structure and metabolism that produce cognitive decline. Understanding how each disease contributes to dementia is essential from both a pathophysiologic and diagnostic perspective. OBJECTIVE To elucidate how baseline cognitive function (episodic memory and executive function) and brain anatomy (white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume) are associated with baseline (positron emission tomography-1 [PET1]) and longitudinal (PET2) glucose metabolism in 38 subjects older than 55 years ranging from normal cognition, cognitive impairment without dementia, and dementia. DESIGN Cross-sectional regression analyses across subjects. SETTING Multicenter, university-based study of subcortical vascular dementia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Regional cerebral glucose metabolism was the primary outcome, with the major hypotheses that memory and hippocampal volume are related to temporoparietal hypometabolism while executive function and white matter hyperintensities correlate with frontal lobe hypometabolism. RESULTS Low baseline hippocampal volume predicted longitudinal development (PET2) of medial temporal hypometabolism. Lower memory was associated with parietal and cingulate hypometabolism at PET1, which increased at the 2-year-follow-up (PET2). Executive function was associated with frontal and temporoparietal hypometabolism at PET1 but only with frontal hypometabolism at follow-up. White matter hyperintensities predicted hypometabolism over time in the frontoparietal regions, predicting a rate of metabolic change (PET1 - PET2/time). CONCLUSIONS Low baseline episodic memory and hippocampal volume predict the metabolic alterations associated with Alzheimer disease, whereas elevated baseline white matter hyperintensities predict a different pattern of metabolic decline that is plausibly associated with cerebrovascular disease.
Determination of the Hall voltage in devices with arbitrary aspect ratio and probe position

A number of devices, that are under investigation for implementing and calibrating physical models at high operating temperatures and transient high current stress, exhibit geometrical features that do not allow for the application of the elementary Hall theory. Here, a more general calculation is carried out, that leads to the determination of the Hall voltage as a function of the position along the longitudinal direction in devices like, e.g., linear resistors or MOSFETs.
Selecting effective index terms using a decision tree

This paper explores the effectiveness of index terms more complex than the single words used in conventional information retrieval systems. Retrieval is done in two phases: in the first, a conventional retrieval method (the Okapi system) is used; in the second, complex index terms such as syntactic relations and single words with part-of-speech information are introduced to rerank the results of the first phase. We evaluated the effectiveness of the different types of index terms through experiments using the TREC-7 test collection and 50 queries. The retrieval effectiveness was improved for 32 out of 50 queries. Based on this investigation, we then introduce a method to select effective index terms by using a decision tree. Further experiments with the same test collection showed that retrieval effectiveness was improved in 25 of the 50 queries.
Social network architecture and the maintenance of deleterious cultural traits

How have changes in communications technology affected the way that misinformation spreads through a population and persists? To what extent do differences in the architecture of social networks affect the spread of misinformation, relative to the rates and rules by which individuals transmit or eliminate different pieces of information (cultural traits)? Here, we use analytical models and individual-based simulations to study how a ‘cultural load’ of misinformation can be maintained in a population under a balance between social transmission and selective elimination of cultural traits with low intrinsic value. While considerable research has explored how network architecture affects percolation processes, we find that the relative rates at which individuals transmit or eliminate traits can have much more profound impacts on the cultural load than differences in network architecture. In particular, the cultural load is insensitive to correlations between an individual's network degree and rate of elimination when these quantities vary among individuals. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in communications technology may have influenced cultural evolution more strongly through changes in the amount of information flow, rather than the details of who is connected to whom.
Dynamic Characteristics of a Hydraulic Amplification Mechanism for Large Displacement Actuators Systems

We have developed a hydraulic displacement amplification mechanism (HDAM) and studied its dynamic response when combined with a piezoelectric actuator. The HDAM consists of an incompressible fluid sealed in a microcavity by two largely deformable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. The geometry with input and output surfaces having different cross-sectional areas creates amplification. By combining the HDAM with micro-actuators, we can amplify the input displacement generated by the actuators, which is useful for applications requiring large deformation, such as tactile displays. We achieved a mechanism offering up to 18-fold displacement amplification for static actuation and 12-fold for 55 Hz dynamic actuation.