Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why are people reluctant to exchange lottery tickets

Students were given lottery tickets and then were asked to exchange their ticket for another one, plus a small monetary incentive. Less than 50% agreed. In contrast, when given pens, and the same exchange offer, over 90% agreed. Experimental control rules out that the reluctance to exchange lottery tickets results (a) from overestimation of the winning probability of one's own ticket; (b) from a concern that the ticket, once exchanged, might win in the hands of another, (c) from an overly low transaction cost; (d) from "paranoia" due to the bizzarreness of the social situation we created; (e) from "bonding" to the ticket. Rather, the possibility for ex post regret that exists when exchanging lottery tickets, but not pens, underlies this reluctance. The notion of regret is broader than previously supposed. In a wellrknown experiment, Langer (1975) sold $1 lottery tickets to 53 office workers. Each ticket came in a matched pair. One part was kept by the purchaser, and the matched part was deposited in a box, from which the winning ticket was later drawn. The prize was the collected amount of $53. Almost all the office workers approached bought the tickets. Half the workers were handed a ticket by the experimenter, and half were allowed to choose their ticket themselves. A few days later, shortly before the lottery, the workers were approached again and on some pretext were asked how much they would require to give up their ticket. The average amount of money requested was over $8 if they had chosen their tickets and $2 if they had not. In addition, 10 of the choosers and 5 of the non-choosers initially said they wouldn't sell at all. Langer (1975) focused on the large difference between the choosers and the non-choosers, attributing it to an "illusion of control. defined as an expectancy of a personal success probability inappropriately higher than the objective probability would warrant" (p. 313). When one chooses tomatoes in the market, one can choose them to be better than those the vendor might randomly pick. Likewise, hypothesized Langer, participants react to choosing lottery tickets as if they can choose them to beat the odds. The higher asking price for chosen tickets reflects a higher subjective probability of winning with a chosen ticket than with a random ticket. Little was made of the fact that non-choosers required, on average, double the buying price. Indeed, though it is irrational to value chosen tickets over random tickets if one believes that the lottery is governed by chance alone, there is nothing irrational in asking more to part with a
The Boyer-Moore-Horspool heuristic with Markovian input

The Boyer–Moore–Horspool string-matching heuristic is an algorithm for locating occurrences of a fixed pattern in a random text. Under the assumption that the text is an independently and identically distributed sequence of characters, the probabilistic behavior of this algorithm was investigated by Mahmoud, Smythe, and Régnier [Random Struct Alg 10 (1997), 169–186]. Here, we obtain similar results under the assumption that the text is generated by an irreducible Markov chain. A natural Markov renewal process structure is exploited to obtain the asymptotic behavior of the number of comparisons. Under suitable normalization, it is shown that a central limit theorem holds for the number of comparisons. The analysis is completely probabilistic and does not use the shift generating function. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 18, 153–163, 2001
Oblique Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (OLLIF): Technical Notes and Early Results of a Single Surgeon Comparative Study

Background context: Lower back pain is one of the most prevalent and expensive health conditions in the Western world. The standard treatment, interbody fusion, is an invasive procedure that requires the stripping of muscles and soft tissue, leading to surgical morbidity. Current minimally invasive (MI) spinal fusions are technically demanding and suffer from technical limitations. Purpose: Oblique lumbar lateral interbody fusion (OLLIF) is a new technique for fusion of the lumbar spine that overcomes these complications. Outcome measures include patient demographics, reported outcomes, and surgical outcomes. Study design/Setting: Kambin's Triangle can easily be located as a silent window with an electrophysiological probe. Discectomy is performed through a single access portal with a 10 mm diameter. After a discectomy, the disc space is packed with beta-tricalcium phosphate soaked in autologous bone marrow, aspirated, and the cage is inserted. Finally, a minimally invasive posterior fixation is performed. Methods: OLLIF’s major innovation is to approach the disc through Kambin’s Triangle, aided by bilateral fluoroscopy. Results: We present data from 69 consecutive OLLIF surgeries on 128 levels with a control group of 55 consecutive open transformational lumbar interbody fusions (TLIFs) on 125 levels. For a single level OLLIF, the mean surgery time is 69 minutes (min) and blood loss is 29 ml. Surgery time was approximately twice as fast as open TLIF (mean: 135 min) and blood loss is reduced by over 80% compared to TLIF (mean: 355 ml). Conclusions: OLLIF is a minimally invasive fusion that significantly reduces surgery times compared to open surgery. OLLIF overcomes the difficulties of traditional open fusions, making it a safe and technically less demanding surgery than open or minimally invasive TLIF.
Why Predicting Post-Edition is so Hard? Failure Analysis of LIMSI Submission to the APE Shared Task

This paper describes the two systems submitted by LIMSI to the WMT’15 Shared Task on Automatic Post-Editing. The first one relies on a reformulation of the APE task as a Machine Translation task; the second implements a simple rule-based approach. Neither of these two systems manage to improve the automatic translation. We show, by carefully analyzing the failure of our systems that this counterperformance mainly results from the inconsistency in the annotations.
Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy for Acute Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication: Clinical Experience in Four Cases

There is no specific antidote for intoxication with synthetic cannabinoids. In this case series, we considered the efficiency of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in four cases, who presented to emergency department with synthetic cannabinoid (bonzai) intoxication. The first patient had a GCS of 3 and a left bundle branch block on electrocardiography. The electrocardiography revealed sinus rhythm with normal QRS width after the treatment. The second patient had bradycardia, hypotension, and a GCS of 14. After intravenous lipid emulsion therapy, the bradycardia resolved, and the patient's GCS improved to 15. The third patient presented with a GCS of 8, and had hypotension and bradycardia. After the treatment, not only did the bradycardia resolve, but also the GCS improved to 15. The fourth patient, whose electrocardiography revealed accelerated junctional rhythm, had a GCS of 13. The patient's rhythm was sinus after the treatment. Cardiovascular recovery was seen in all four cases, and neurological recovery was also seen in three of them. Based on the fact that intravenous lipid emulsion is beneficial in patients intoxicated with lipophilic drugs, unstable patients presenting to the emergency department with acute synthetic cannabinoid intoxication may be candidates for intravenous lipid emulsion treatment.
Ginseng on Hyperglycemia: Effects and Mechanisms

It has been reported that American ginseng attenuates hyperglycemia and may present itself as a supplement to diabetes therapy. However, the lack of standardization in the usage of ginseng root leads to inconclusive results when applied to diabetes treatment. The mechanisms of American ginseng root in the treatment of diabetes remains a mystery. This greatly limits the effective utilization of American ginseng in facilitating diabetic therapy. Initiating studies have shown that American ginseng increases insulin production and reduces cell death in pancreatic β-cells. Also, studies have revealed American ginseng's ability to decrease blood glucose in type II diabetes patients as well as in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals (STZ-diabetic mice). These data suggest that effects of ginseng in improving hyperglycemia may alter mitochondrial function as well as apoptosis cascades to ensure cell viability in pancreatic islet cells. This review briefly summarizes current knowledge of ginseng components and clinical studies related to diabetes. Further research will be needed to explore and identify the component(s) of ginseng, which may be responsible for the beneficial effects observed in animal studies which could then be extrapolated to human islets.
Panum's Areas and Some Other Prevailing Misconceptions concerning Binocular Vision.

TmH SO-CALLED Panum's areas were described by Panum in 1858 and his description, translated into English, was as follows: "Every perceptive retinal point in one eye has a corresponding perceptive circle in the other eye with which a single perception is mediated. " Thus, he maintained that every point in one retina corresponded not just to one point in the other retina, but to an area of considerable size. Although he used the term circle for this area, he later made it clear that he regarded it as really a horizontal ellipse which in the foveal region was horizontally ten to twenty times the diameter of a cone and elsewhere was wider. In the same year, Volkman (2) denied Panum's concept, but evidently his argument has not been generally accepted as convincing. Twenty-four years ago, I explained (8) that Panum's areas do not really exist, a fact then known to me for some years. So far as I am aware no one has joined me in this denial or has since even expressed any doubt that these areas exist. This is amazing to me because there are two simple facts each of which alone demonstrates the falsity of Panum's concept. The first is that the Nonius (vernier) method of determining corresponding points demonstrates not Panumn's areas, but point to point correspondence. The second fact is that if Panum's areas really existed delicate stereopsis would be impossible since it is dependent upon the perception of disparity, and it is known that disparity of two seconds of arc can be recognized as depth. The concept of Panum's areas is based on the observation that when two disparate images are both seen, and then are made to approach each other, they finally seem to "fuse" into one while still some distance apart. Actually, as I explained in 1935, what happens is that one of the images disappears from consciousness by complete replacement, so-called suppression. When one disparate image is completely
Stratification and Prognostic Relevance of Jass’s Molecular Classification of Colorectal Cancer

Background: The current proposed model of colorectal tumorigenesis is based primarily on CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), microsatellite instability (MSI), KRAS, BRAF, and methylation status of 0-6-Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) and classifies tumors into five subgroups. The aim of this study is to validate this molecular classification and test its prognostic relevance. Methods: Three hundred two patients were included in this study. Molecular analysis was performed for five CIMP-related promoters (CRABP1, MLH1, p16INK4a, CACNA1G, NEUROG1), MGMT, MSI, KRAS, and BRAF. Methylation in at least 4 promoters or in one to three promoters was considered CIMP-high and CIMP-low (CIMP-H/L), respectively. Results: CIMP-H, CIMP-L, and CIMP-negative were found in 7.1, 43, and 49.9% cases, respectively. One hundred twenty-three tumors (41%) could not be classified into any one of the proposed molecular subgroups, including 107 CIMP-L, 14 CIMP-H, and two CIMP-negative cases. The 10 year survival rate for CIMP-high patients [22.6% (95%CI: 7–43)] was significantly lower than for CIMP-L or CIMP-negative (p = 0.0295). Only the combined analysis of BRAF and CIMP (negative versus L/H) led to distinct prognostic subgroups. Conclusion: Although CIMP status has an effect on outcome, our results underline the need for standardized definitions of low- and high-level CIMP, which clearly hinders an effective prognostic and molecular classification of colorectal cancer.
Genetic assessment of the role of AcrB β‐hairpins in the assembly of the TolC–AcrAB multidrug efflux pump of Escherichia coli

The tripartite AcrAB–TolC multidrug efflux pump of Escherichia coli is the central conduit for cell‐toxic compounds and contributes to antibiotic resistance. While high‐resolution structures of all three proteins have been solved, much remains to be learned as to how the individual components come together to form a functional complex. In this study, we investigated the importance of the AcrB β‐hairpins belonging to the DN and DC subdomains, which are presumed to dock with TolC, in complex stability and activity of the complete pump. Our data show that the DN subdomain β‐hairpin residues play a more critical role in complex stability and activity than the DC subdomain hairpin residues. The failure of the AcrB DN β‐hairpin deletion mutant to engage with TolC leads to the drug hypersensitivity phenotype, which is reversed by compensatory alterations in the lipoyl and β‐barrel domains of AcrA. Moreover, AcrA and TolC mutants that induce TolC opening also reverse the drug hypersensitivity phenotype of the AcrB β‐hairpin mutants, indicating a failure by the AcrB mutant to interact and thus induce TolC opening on its own. Together, these data suggest that both AcrB β‐hairpins and AcrA act to stabilize the tripartite complex and induce TolC opening for drug expulsion.
Performance Characterization of Image Feature Detectors in Relation to the Scene Content Utilizing a Large Image Database

Selecting the most suitable local invariant feature detector for a particular application has rendered the task of evaluating feature detectors a critical issue in vision research. Although the literature, offers a variety of comparison works focusing on performance evaluation of image feature detectors under several types of image transformations, the influence of the scene content on the performance of local feature detectors has received little attention so far. This paper, aims to bridge this gap with a new framework for determining the type of scenes which maximize and minimize the performance of detectors in terms of repeatability rate. The results are presented for several state-of-the-art feature detectors that have been obtained using a large image database of 20482 images under JPEG compression, uniform light and blur changes with 539 different scenes captured from real-world scenarios. These results provide new insights into the behavior of feature detectors.
Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum

Giant Spin Hall One of the primary challenges in the field of spin-electronics, which exploits the electron's spin rather than its charge, is to create strong currents of electrons with polarized spins. One way to do this is to use a ferromagnet as a polarizer, a principle used in magnetic tunnel junctions; however, these devices suffer from reliability problems. An alternative is the spin Hall effect, where running a charge current through a material generates a spin current in the transverse direction, but the efficiency of this process tends to be small. Liu et al. (p. 555) now show that the spin Hall effect in Tantalum in its high-resistance β phase generates spin currents strong enough to induce switching of the magnetization of an adjacent ferromagnet; at the same time, Ta does not cause energy dissipation in the ferromagnet. These properties allowed efficient and reliable operation of a prototype three-terminal device. Tantalum is found to generate strong spin currents that can induce switching of ferromagnets efficiently and reliably. Spin currents can apply useful torques in spintronic devices. The spin Hall effect has been proposed as a source of spin current, but its modest strength has limited its usefulness. We report a giant spin Hall effect (SHE) in β-tantalum that generates spin currents intense enough to induce efficient spin-torque switching of ferromagnets at room temperature. We quantify this SHE by three independent methods and demonstrate spin-torque switching of both out-of-plane and in-plane magnetized layers. We furthermore implement a three-terminal device that uses current passing through a tantalum-ferromagnet bilayer to switch a nanomagnet, with a magnetic tunnel junction for read-out. This simple, reliable, and efficient design may eliminate the main obstacles to the development of magnetic memory and nonvolatile spin logic technologies.
Statistical Ranking in Tactical Generation

In this paper we describe and evaluate several statistical models for the task of realization ranking, i.e. the problem of discriminating between competing surface realizations generated for a given input semantics. Three models (and several variants) are trained and tested: an n-gram language model, a discriminative maximum entropy model using structural information (and incorporating the language model as a separate feature), and finally an SVM ranker trained on the same feature set. The resulting hybrid tactical generator is part of a larger, semantic transfer MT system.
Crowdsourced generation of annotated video datasets: A zebrafish larvae dataset for video segmentation and tracking evaluation

Video segmentation research has emerged over the last decade for biomedical image and video processing, especially in biological organism tracking. However, due to the difficulties in generating the video segmentation ground truth, the general lack of segmentation datasets with annotated ground-truth severely limits the evaluation of segmentation algorithms. This paper proposes an efficient and scalable crowdsourced approach to generate video segmentation ground-truth to facilitate database generation for general biological organism segmentation and tracking algorithm evaluation. To illustrate the proposed approach, an annotated zebrafish larvae video segmentation dataset has been generated and made freely available online. To enable the evaluation of algorithms against a ground-truth, a set of segmentation evaluation metrics are also presented. The segmentation performance of five leading segmentation algorithms is then evaluated by the metrics on the generated zebrafish video segmentation dataset.
Cryptococcus neoformans Is Internalized by Receptor-Mediated or ‘Triggered’ Phagocytosis, Dependent on Actin Recruitment

Cryptococcosis by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans affects mostly immunocompromised individuals and is a frequent neurological complication in AIDS patients. Recent studies support the idea that intracellular survival of Cryptococcus yeast cells is important for the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis. However, the initial steps of Cryptococcus internalization by host cells remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the mechanism of Cryptococcus neoformans phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages using confocal and electron microscopy techniques, as well as flow cytometry quantification, evaluating the importance of fungal capsule production and of host cell cytoskeletal elements for fungal phagocytosis. Electron microscopy analyses revealed that capsular and acapsular strains of C. neoformans are internalized by macrophages via both ‘zipper’ (receptor-mediated) and ‘trigger’ (membrane ruffle-dependent) phagocytosis mechanisms. Actin filaments surrounded phagosomes of capsular and acapsular yeasts, and the actin depolymerizing drugs cytochalasin D and latrunculin B inhibited yeast internalization and actin recruitment to the phagosome area. In contrast, nocodazole and paclitaxel, inhibitors of microtubule dynamics decreased internalization but did not prevent actin recruitment to the site of phagocytosis. Our results show that different uptake mechanisms, dependent on both actin and tubulin dynamics occur during yeast internalization by macrophages, and that capsule production does not affect the mode of Cryptococcus uptake by host cells.
Beyond Server Consolidation

Virtualization technology was developed in the late 1960s to make more efficient use of hardware. Hardware was expensive, and there was not that much available. Processing was largely outsourced to the few places that did have computers. On a single IBM System/360, one could run in parallel several environments that maintained full isolation and gave each of its customers the illusion of owning the hardware. Virtualization was time sharing implemented at a coarse-grained level, and isolation was the key achievement of the technology. It also provided the ability to manage resources efficiently, as they would be assigned to virtual machines such that deadlines could be met and a certain quality of service could be achieved.
Syphilis Infection Differentially Regulates the Phenotype and Function of γδ T Cells in HIV-1-Infected Patients Depends on the HIV-1 Disease Stage

A rapidly escalating outbreak of syphilis infection has been affected men who have sex with men, particularly those with HIV-1 infection. γδ T cells are unconventional immune cells with two main subsets, Vδ1 T cells and Vδ2 T cells, which possess a combination of innate and adaptive immune features allowing them against HIV-1. However, whether syphilis infection affects the phenotype and function of γδ T cells in HIV-1-infected patients remains unclear, especially in acute HIV-1 infection (AHI). In this study, we enrolled 57 HIV-1-infected patients (24 with HIV-1 infection only and 33 coinfected with syphilis) from an acute HIV-1-infected cohort in Beijing (PRIMO). A comprehensive analysis of γδ T-cell phenotype and function was performed by flow cytometry. We found syphilis coinfection could reverse the imbalance of Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio in AHI. Syphilis infection results in decreased γδ T-cell activation in AHI, but increased γδ T-cell activation in chronic HIV-1 infection (CHI). Moreover, patients with CHI had larger numbers of IL-17-producing γδ T cells than those with AHI, regardless of syphilis status. Thus, syphilis affected the γδ T-cell immune response differently in patients depending on the stages of HIV-1 disease. In addition, the percentage of IL-17-producing γδ T cells was positively correlated with the percentage of neutrophils. These results suggest that the γδ T-cell/IL-17/neutrophil axis is involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease progression. Taken together, our observations provide new insight into the roles of γδ T cells in immunopathogenesis of syphilis and HIV-1 coinfection, particularly during AHI, and our findings may be helpful for the prevention of syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections and highlight the great significance on the remedy of patients coinfected with HIV-1.
Building a Scalable Bipartite P2P Overlay Network

The peer-to-peer (P2P) model, being widely adopted in today's Internet computing, suffers from the problem of topology mismatch between the overlay networks and the underlying physical network. Traditional topology optimization techniques identify physically closer nodes to connect as overlay neighbors, but could significantly shrink the search scope. Efforts have been made to address the mismatch problem without sacrificing the search scope, but they either need time synchronization among peers or have a low convergent speed. In this paper, we propose a scalable bipartite overlay (SBO) scheme to optimize the overlay topology by identifying and replacing the mismatched connections. In SBO, we employ an efficient strategy for distributing optimization tasks in peers with different colors. We conducted comprehensive simulations to evaluate this design. The results show that SBO achieves approximately 85 percent of reduction on traffic cost and about 60 percent of reduction on query response time. Our comparisons with previous approaches to address the topology mismatch problem have shown that SBO can achieve a fast convergent speed, without the need of time synchronization among peers.