Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MEMORANDUM No 18 / 2001 The TV Industry : Advertising and Programming

The key to an understanding of the TV industry is the market for TV advertising. We present a model of this market that also encompasses the product markets and the viewer market. Because viewers dislike commercials, there is congestion in advertising, and TV channels offer complementary goods to advertisers. A move from a TV monopoly to a TV duopoly, we find, may reduce both the total number of viewers and the total amount of TV advertising. A softening of competition in each product market results in more investment in programming, higher price per advertising slot, and more advertising. (98 words) *This is a revision of parts of a paper titled “TV Advertising, Programming Investments, and ProductMarket Oligopoly”. The results of the rest of that paper now appear in a paper titled “Who Are the Advertisers? ”. We are indebted to Philippe Cyrenne, Ted Frech, Laurent Linnemer, and seminar participants at the Universities of Calgary, California-Berkeley, California-Santa Barbara, and Colorado, at Northwestern University and Copenhagen Business School, and at the 2000 CEA (Vancouver), EARIE (Lausanne), and EEA (Bolzano) meetings, for helpful comments. Part of this research is financed by the Norwegian Research Council, the Norwegian Competition Authority, and the Norwegian Ministry of Government Administration, through SNF (The Foundation for Research in Economics and Business Administration). Part of Nilssen's research was done during a visit at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley. Part of Sørgard's research was done during a visit at the Department of Economics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The hospitality of the two institutions, as well as travel grants from the Research Council of Norway and the U.S.-Norway Fulbright Foundation for Educational Exchange, are gratefully acknowledged.
Acculturation Attitudes and Sociocultural Adaptation of Chinese Mainland Sojourners in Hong Kong

Within these years, there has been a significant increase in the number of Chinese Mainland sojourners studying in Hong Kong. Due to the huge differences in various aspects like language, culture, cultural value, it would be considerably difficult for the Chinese Mainland students to adapt to the Hong Kong environment. This article investigates the ways for a group of doctoral students from Chinese Mainland to acculturate in Hong Kong. With the help of questionnaires, the difficulties that the sojourners have encountered in social situations are measured. It is found out that age and gender may have influenced the participants’ acculturation strategies, and interpersonal relationship is that which the subjects have the most difficulties with, while academic domain is the area with the least difficulties. Meanwhile, the results have shown that competence of local language is not a determinant factor of the sociocultural adaptation, and female subjects seem to adapt better than male subjects. Keywords: sojourner, acculturation, sociocultural adaptation, acculturation strategy
A Comparison of Solenoid-Based Strategies for robotic drumming

Solenoids are important components of robotic drumming systems and several designs have been proposed. In this paper, we compare different designs in terms of speed and dynamic range and discuss the tradeoffs involved. The evaluation is performed in the context of MahaDeviBot, a custom built 12-armed MIDI controlled mechanical device that performs a variety of Indian folk instruments, including frame-drums, bells, and shakers. To measure speed and dynamic range a haptic robotic feedback system using piezo sensors was built. The evaluation methods presented are modular and can be administered to any hyperinstrument, new interface or robotic system to inform composers about the strengths and limitation of different designs to guide composition and performance.
A systematic review of the effectiveness of promoting lifestyle change in general practice.

BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that particular lifestyle behaviours increase the risk of disease and it is widely argued that GPs are ideally placed to encourage patients to modify their behaviour in these areas and thereby reduce their disease risk. There is therefore a need for evidence that GP-based lifestyle interventions are effective in eliciting behaviour change. As there has been no comprehensive attempt to review the literature on this subject, we chose to conduct a systematic review, incorporating meta-analytic techniques where possible, to address this need. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine how effective lifestyle advice provided by GPs is in changing patient behaviour. The following four areas of behaviour were examined: smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and exercise. METHOD The review was restricted to English-language reports of trials which investigated the effectiveness of lifestyle advice provided in a general practice setting. Studies were included where it could be established that subjects were randomly allocated to experimental groups and where a comparison was made between either a "no intervention' or "usual care' control group, or between advice of differing intensities. Six electronic databases were searched and a total of 37 trials were selected for inclusion in the review. Meta-analytic techniques were employed to analyse the data from the smoking advice trials. The results form the trials concerned with the other three behaviours did not lend themselves to this form of analysis. Outcome data were extracted from these trials and summarized in tabular form. RESULTS The results of this review suggest that whilst many of the general practice-based lifestyle interventions show promise in effecting small changes in behaviour, none appears to produce substantial changes. CONCLUSION There is a need for more extensive and rigorous research in this area before substantial public funds are committed to general practice-based health promotion. Furthermore, it is clear that if general practice-based interventions are to be effective in a public health sense, a greater number of GPs will need to become involved in promoting behaviour change than the literature suggests is currently occurring.
The Case for Fine-Grained Traffic Engineering in Data Centers

In recent years, several techniques have been suggested for routing and traffic engineering in data centers. However, not much is known about how these techniques per-formrelative to each other under realistic data center traffic patterns. Our preliminary study reveals that existing techniques can only achieve 80% to 85% of the ideal solution in terms of the number of bytes delivered. We find that these techniques suffer due to their inability to utilize global knowledge of the properties of traffic flows and their inability to make coordinated decision for scheduling flows at fine time-scales. Even recent traffic engineering techniques such as COPE fail in data centers despite their proven ability to adapt to dynamic variations, because they are designed to operate at longer time scales (on the order of hours, at least). In contrast, data centers, due to the bursty nature inherent to their traffic, require adaptation at much finer times scales. To this end, we define a set of requirements that a data center-oriented traffic engineering technique must possess in order to successfully mitigate congestion. In this paper, we present the design for a strawman framework that fulfills these requirements.
Libraries, Archives, and Museums: Achieving Scale and Relevance in the Digital Age

Over the years, I have heard many apologia for libraries, archives, and museums: why they are important, why they matter, and why we should care. In most cases, particularly in North America, the defense at some point invokes the role that cultural institutions play in the structure of a successful democracy: their support for the free flow of information that makes for an informed citizenry, and the preservation of a record of knowledge that enables choice and progress. Despite the fact that they are integrally bound up with American culture, I endorse all of those arguments; yet I do not .
Pharmacological Influences on the Neolithic Transition

Abstract While uncertainty remains as to the relative importance of the factors that propelled Neolithization at different sites, a model is gaining traction that proposes that cereal cultivation was adopted in part to produce alcohol for competitive feasting. The model ties together the emergence of two key phenomena – cereal cultivation and social inequality – and is supported by a variety of archaeological and ethnographic data. However pharmacological theory has not yet been explicitly deployed in the presentation of the model; rather its development has relied on a common-sense understanding of the effects of alcohol and its cross-cultural importance in social life. Our aim in this paper is to bring understandings of drug use from pharmacology and related disciplines to bear upon the challenge of explaining Neolithization. We find that pharmacological theory sheds light on the importance of alcohol and other mood-altering products of Neolithic farming. In particular there is support for some influence of pharmacoactivity on Neolithic social evolution, which might extend beyond a role in feasting to include modulation of responses to status hierarchies, increased residential densities, and more intense work schedules. We propose that pharmacological influences be incorporated into models of the Neolithic transition.
HF geolocation and mode estimation with a ULA

The article proposes a method for HF emitter geolocation and mode group range estimation when the signal of interest is received via sky-wave propagation by a uniform linear array (ULA) of antennas. Ionospheric multipath and the geometrical relationships that constrain such propagation are exploited to derive a new estimator for a problem that inherently produces an ambiguous solution when the modes are considered individually. This opens up the possibility to perform meaningful HF single site location (SSL) with a ULA. The method is also applicable to reduce estimation errors in traditional HF-SSL systems based on two-dimensional apertures. Field data gathered in a controlled experiment with known truth is used to validate the method.
A Case for Using Online Discussion Forums in Critical Psychological Research

Online forums provide a wealth of publicly accessible data and have proven particularly useful for critical psychologists wishing to examine naturalistic data on a wide range of social phenomena. This article begins by considering the use of online discussion forums for critical discursive psychological research and outlines ethical debates regarding their use (particularly in light of past and current British Psychological Society guidelines). To demonstrate how such data can be used in critical psychology I provide an illustrative example of a discursive analysis of a single online discussion thread taken from a diabetes newsgroup that examines anti-social online behaviours in the form of “trolling,” “flaming,” and heterosexism.
Organizational Commitment in Estonian University Libraries: A Review and Survey

The data used in this article is based on the reviewing of relevant literature to provide an overview of the concepts of organizational commitment, job security, and interpersonal relations, as well as on the results of the original online survey, conducted by the article's authors, held in 2012 in Estonian university libraries governed by public law. On the basis of the current study it can be said that Estonian university librarians’ are generally committed and loyal to their library, but significant influencers of that are general job satisfaction, job security feeling, good relationship with the closest colleagues, and support and recognition from direct supervisor. However, the sign of a danger is that 42% of the respondents are ready to change their job, if a more suitable opportunity is available. The results also show that the length of employment in a particular library is positively correlated with job commitment. The biggest challenge for managements of the university libraries in Estonia is to keep young professionals not only committed to their current libraries, but also committed to their chosen occupation. Management should also pay more attention to improve communication between direct managers and employees, and to improve the job security feeling among librarians.
Pathways of infant and childhood growth that lead to type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE Although a link between small body size at birth and later type 2 diabetes has been repeatedly documented, less is known about the associations between the disease and growth during infancy. The aim of this study was to explore the pathways of infant and early growth that lead to type 2 diabetes in adult life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We carried out a longitudinal study of 8760 subjects born in Helsinki from 1934 to 1944. On average, they had 8 measurements of height and weight between birth and 1 year of age and another 10 measurements between 1 and 12 years of age. We identified people with type 2 diabetes using a national register. RESULTS Among babies whose birth weights were <or=3.5 kg, the rate of infant growth was unrelated to later type 2 diabetes. Among babies with birth weights >3.5 kg, slow growth in length between birth and 3 months of age predicted later disease. Rapid gain in BMI after age 2 years increased the risk of later disease in both groups of babies, but this effect was greatest among children who had slow growth in length between birth and 3 months of age. In children whose Z-scores for length decreased, an SD increase in BMI at age 12 years was associated with an odds ratio (OR) for type 2 diabetes of 1.77 (95% CI 1.50-2.09). The corresponding OR in subjects whose Z-scores for length increased was 1.42 (95% CI 1.20-1.69). Rapid gain in childhood BMI was associated with high maternal BMI and socioeconomic factors (fewer people in the home and lower social class). CONCLUSIONS Babies with above-average birth weights may develop type 2 diabetes later in life if poor living conditions lead to faltering growth in length in the first few months after birth. We speculate that growth faltering at this time is associated with lifelong impairment of insulin metabolism and inability to meet the challenge of rapid childhood increase in BMI.
Defending networked resources against floods of unwelcome requests

e Internet is a icted by “unwelcome requests”, de ned broadly as spurious claims on scarce resources. For example, the CPU and other resources at a server are targets of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Another example is spam (i.e., unsolicited bulk email); here, the resource is human attention. Absent any defense, a very small number of attackers can claim a very large fraction of the scarce resources. Traditional responses identify “bad” requests based on content (for example, spam lters analyze email text and embedded URLs). We argue that such approaches are inherently gameable because motivated attackers can make “bad” requests look “good”. Instead, defenses should aim to allocate resources proportionally (so if 10% of the requesters are “bad”, they should be limited to 10% of the scarce resources). To meet this goal, we present the design, implementation, analysis, and experimental evaluation of two systems. e rst, speak-up, defends servers against application-level denial-of-service by encouraging all clients to automatically send more trafc. e “good” clients can thereby compete equally with the “bad” ones. Experiments with an implementation of speak-up indicate that it allocates a server’s resources in rough proportion to clients’ upload bandwidths, which is the intended result. e second system, DQE, controls spam with per-sender email quotas. Under DQE, senders attach stamps to emails. Receivers communicate with a well-known, untrusted enforcer to verify that stamps are fresh and to cancel stamps to prevent reuse. e enforcer is distributed over multiple hosts and is designed to tolerate arbitrary faults in these hosts, resist various attacks, and handle hundreds of billions of messages daily (two or three million stamp checks per second). Our experimental results suggest that our implementation can meet these goals with only a few thousand PCs. e enforcer occupies a novel design point: a set of hosts implement a simple storage abstraction but avoid neighbor maintenance, replica maintenance, and mutual trust. One connection between these systems is that DQE needs a DoS defense—and can use speak-up. We re ect on this connection, on why we apply speak-up to DoS and DQE to spam, and, more generally, on what problems call for which solutions. Dissertation Supervisor: Hari Balakrishnan Title: Professor To Jack and Ruth Radin
HIV Neurotoxicity: Potential Therapeutic Interventions

Individuals suffering from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection suffer from a wide range of neurological deficits. The most pronounced are the motor and cognitive deficits observed in many patients in the latter stages of HIV infection. Gross postmortem inspection shows cortical atrophy and widespread neuronal loss. One of the more debilitating of the HIV-related syndromes is AIDS-related dementia, or HAD. Complete understanding of HIV neurotoxicity has been elusive. Both direct and indirect toxic mechanisms have been implicated in the neurotoxicity of the HIV proteins, Tat and gp120. The glutamatergic system, nitric oxide, calcium, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and microglia have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-related neuronal degeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent work and provide an overview to the current theories of HIV-related neurotoxicity and potential avenues of therapeutic interventions to prevent the neuronal loss and motor/cognitive deficits previously described.
Mechanisms of pathological scarring: Role of myofibroblasts and current developments

Myofibroblasts play a key role in the wound‐healing process, promoting wound closure and matrix deposition. These cells normally disappear from granulation tissue by apoptosis after wound closure, but under some circumstances, they persist and may contribute to pathological scar formation. Myofibroblast differentiation and apoptosis are both modulated by cytokines, mechanical stress, and, more generally, cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. Tissue repair allows tissues and organs to recover, at least partially, functional properties that have been lost through trauma or disease. Embryonic skin wounds are repaired without scarring or fibrosis, whereas skin wound repair in adults always leads to scar formation, which may have functional or esthetic consequences, as in the case of hypertrophic scars, for example. Skin wound repair involves a precise remodeling process, particularly in the dermal compartment, during which fibroblasts/myofibroblasts play a central role. This article reviews the origins of myofibroblasts and their role in normal and pathological skin wound healing. This article focuses on traumatic skin wound healing, but largely, the same mechanisms apply in other physiological and pathological settings. Tissue healing in other organs is examined by comparison, as well as the stromal reaction associated with cancer. New approaches to wound/scar therapy are discussed.
RNA interference by small hairpin RNAs synthesised under control of the human 7S K RNA promoter

Abstract Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) represent RNA duplexes of 21 nucleotides in length that inhibit gene expression. We have used the human gene-external 7S K RNA promoter for synthesis of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) which efficiently target human lamin mRNA via RNA interference (RNAi). Here we demonstrate that orientation of the target sequence within the shRNA construct is important for interference. Furthermore, effective interference also depends on the length and/or structure of the shRNA. Evidence is presented that the human 7S K promoter is more active in vivo than other gene-external promoters, such as the human U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene promoter.
Evidence of sexual reproduction of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, in New Zealand

Abstract Reproduction of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), can take place parthenogenetically or sexually when both host plants, apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and elm (Ulmus americana L.) are available. Since elm is not commonly grown in New Zealand, E. lanigerum, a major pest of apple, is thought to reproduce only parthenogenetically here. During our studies between 1999 and 2003, different morphs of E. lanigerum have been observed on apple trees, which were studied in more detail in 2003 and 2004. In the laboratory, alates reproduced mainly sexual morphs with degenerated mouthparts. Oviparous females lived for 8.95 ± 0.17 days (n = 20) and males lived for 7.1 ± 0.12 days (n = 20). Both went through 4 moults, without feeding or changing body size. Oviparous female laid a single egg and died soon after oviposition. In addition to sexual morphs, shiny brown, oblong eggs were seen on apple leaves grown outside as well as in the glasshouse. As the numbers of eggs and sexual morphs on trees grown outside were less than on those grown in the glasshouse, we suggest that alates disperse into the natural environment searching for an apple or elm tree to continue the sexual reproduction while spreading the population.
The Mycobacterial Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin Is a Protective Antigen in the Mouse Aerosol Challenge Model of Tuberculosis

ABSTRACT The heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a surface-expressed adhesin that can affect binding to host cells via a unique, methylated, carboxyl-terminal, lysine-, alanine-, and proline-rich repeat region. It has been implicated in extrapulmonary dissemination of M. tuberculosis from the lung following the initial infection of the host. To assess the vaccine potential of this protein, purified preparations of HBHA were emulsified in a dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide-monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant and tested for the ability to reduce M. tuberculosis infection in the mouse aerosol challenge model for tuberculosis. The HBHA-containing vaccine gave a ∼0.7-log reduction in CFU in both mouse lungs and spleens compared to adjuvant controls 28 days following challenge. Although a notable level of serum antibody to HBHA was elicited after three immunizations and the antibodies were able to bind to the surface of M. tuberculosis, passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies directed against HBHA did not protect in the challenge model. Compared to adjuvant controls, an elevated gamma interferon response was generated by splenic and lymph node-derived T cells from immunized mice in the presence of macrophages pulsed with purified HBHA or infected with live M. tuberculosis, suggesting that the effective immunity may be cell mediated. Efforts to construct effective recombinant HBHA vaccines in fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis have been unsuccessful so far, which indicates that distinctive posttranslational modifications present in the HBHA protein expressed by M. tuberculosis are critical for generating effective host immune responses. The vaccine studies described here demonstrate that HBHA is a promising new vaccine candidate for tuberculosis.