Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review of the chronology of eruption of deciduous teeth.

Recent research suggests that the traditional values for the ages at which deciduous teeth erupt need to be revised and that other investigations are necessary. The table of dental development, “Chronology of the human dentition” (Logan and Kronfeld, slightly modified by McCall and Schour), has been an accepted standard since 1940, and it still appears in current textbooks. The ages at which deciduous teeth erupt, given in that table, have never been revised, although recent investigations suggest that modifications are needed. A review of the literature on the eruption of deciduous teeth was carried out with the goal of revising the portion of the Logan and Kronfeld table related to the deciduous dentition. A revision of the traditional table, giving later ages for eruption of deciduous teeth than the previously accepted values, is presented. A longitudinal study is needed. In the article, “A review of the chronology of calcification of deciduous teeth" published in the September issue of the journal , Dr. Lunt and Dr. Law suggested revisions of ages at which deciduous teeth calcify and a corrected sequence of calcification. These modifications also are included in the proposed revision of the Logan and Kronfeld table presented here.
CHO‐K1 host cells adapted to growth in glutamine‐free medium by FACS‐assisted evolution

During the process of recombinant cell line optimisation for production of biopharmaceuticals, multiple cellular properties like robustness against stress, the attainment of high cell concentrations and maintenance of high viability must be considered to maximize protein yield. To improve growth and viability, glutamine is supplemented as an alternative energy source for rapidly dividing cells that oxidize glucose inefficiently. However, the resulting by‐product ammonia is toxic at high concentrations and has a negative impact on protein glycosylation, a major quality‐determining parameter of biopharmaceuticals. In this work, the CHO‐K1 cell line was adapted to a chemically defined medium and suspension growth within 3 weeks. Subsequently, the glutamine concentration was stepwise reduced from 8 to 4 and 2 mM. After each reduction, both the final cell concentration in the batch and the viability decreased. To force a rapid evolution of cells to achieve high final cell concentrations, cells were seeded at high densities (107 cells/mL) and surviving cells were sorted by FACS or MACS when viability declined to 10% (typically after 24 h). Sorted cells were grown in batch until viability declined to 10% and viable cells recovered again. The final sorted population was able to reach comparable or even better viable cell concentrations and showed a significantly improved viability compared to their ancestors. The 2 mM glutamine‐adapted cell line was directly transferred into glutamine‐free medium and was able to grow at comparable rates without requiring further adaptation. Cells compensated the lack of glutamine by increasing their consumption of glutamate and aspartate.
Early Cretaceous Dinoflagellate Cysts from the Agrio Formation at Its Type Locality (Neuquén Basin, Argentina) and Their Biostratigraphic Implications

Abstract. The Early Cretaceous marine deposits of the Agrio Formation are widely distributed in southern Mendoza and Neuquén provinces, Argentina. The stratigraphic distribution of upper Valanginian to upper Hauterivian organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts was evaluated at the Agrio Formation, at Bajada del Agrio locality. The assemblages exhibit a relatively moderate to low diversity and those with greater abundance are dominated by a small number of species such as Circulodinium distinctum, Cribroperidinium spp. , Exochosphaeridium spp. , Florentinia mantellii, Kiokansium unituberculatum, and Oligosphaeridium complex. Three diagnostic bioevents of lowest (LO) and highest (HO) stratigraphic occurrences of taxa calibrated with the local ammonoid zonation were identified for the Early Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin: the LO of Callaiosphaeridium sp. (base of Holcoptychites neuquensis Zone, earliest Hauterivian), the LO of Cymososphaeridium validum (uppermost Hoplitocrioceras gentilii Zone, upper early Hauterivian) and the HO of Cymososphaeridium validum (lowermost Crioceratites diamantensis Zone, late Hauterivian). The studied assemblages are compared with Early Cretaceous assemblages from the Northern Hemisphere. In general, the association of dinoflagellate cysts together with the selected diagnostic species exhibit a clear affinity with those of the Mediterranean region.
High expression of Wilms' tumor suppressor gene predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE The prognostic significance of the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene(WT1) mRNA expression was evaluated in patients with invasive breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WT1 mRNA expression in tumor tissues (n = 99) was examined by a quantitative, real-time PCR assay. RESULTS No significant association was observed between WT1 mRNA levels and clinicopathological parameters such as menopausal status, tumor size, lymph node status, histological grade, and estrogen receptor status. Five-year disease-free survival rate of patients with high WT1 mRNA levels (62.6%) was significantly (P < 0.05) poorer than those with low WT1 mRNA levels (77.2%). Lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), high histological grade (P < 0.01), and estrogen receptor negativity (P < 0.05) were also significantly associated with poor prognosis, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that WT1 mRNA levels were a significant prognostic factor, independent of the other conventional prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that measurement of WT1 mRNA levels in tumor tissues might be useful as a new prognostic factor in breast cancer patients.
Macrodiversity in Cellular Networks With Random Blockages

Blocking objects (blockages) between a transmitter and receiver cause wireless communication links to transition from line-of-sight (LOS) to non-LOS propagation, which can greatly reduce the received power, particularly at the higher frequencies such as millimeter wave. We consider a cellular network in which a mobile user attempts to connect to two or more base stations (BSs) simultaneously, to increase the probability of at least one LOS link, which is a form of macrodiversity. We develop a framework for determining the LOS probability as a function of the number of BSs, when taking into account the correlation between blockages: for example, a single blockage close to the device—including the user’s own body—could block multiple BSs. We consider the impact of the size of blocking objects on the system’s $n$ th order LOS probability and show that macrodiversity gains are higher when the blocking objects are small. We also show that the BS density must scale as the square of the blockage density to maintain a given level of LOS probability.
Time Synchronization for High Latency Acoustic Networks-Extended Technical Report ISI-TR-2005-602 b

Distributed time synchronization is an important part of a sensor network where sensing and actuation must be coordinated across multiple nodes. Several time synchronization protocol that maximize accuracy and energy conservation have been developed, including FTSP, TPSN, and RBS. All of these assume nearly instantaneous wireless communication between sensor nodes; each of them work well in today’s RF-based sensor networks. We are just beginning to explore underwater sensor networks where communication is primarily via acoustic telemetry. With acoustic communication, where the propagation speed is nearly five orders of magnitude slower than RF, assumptions about rapid communication are incorrect and new approaches to time synchronization are required. We present Time Synchronization for High Latency (TSHL), designed assuming such high latency propagation. We show through analysis and simulation that it achieves precise time synchronization with minimal energy cost. Although at very short distances existing protocols are adequate, TSHL shows twice the accuracy at 500m, demonstrating the need to model both clock skew and propagation latency.
Redox Specificity of 2-Hydroxyacid-Coupled NAD+/NADH Dehydrogenases: A Study Exploiting “Reactive” Arginine as a Reporter of Protein Electrostatics

With “reactive” arginine as a kinetic reporter, 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases are assessed in basis of their specialization as NAD+-reducing or NADH-oxidizing enzymes. Specifically, M4 and H4 lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) are compared to assess if their coenzyme specificity may involve electrostatics of cationic or neutral nicotinamide structure as the basis. The enzymes from diverse eukaryote and prokaryote sources thus are assessed in “reactivity” of functionally-critical arginine as a function of salt concentration and pH. Electrostatic calculations were performed on “reactive” arginines and found good correspondence with experiment. The reductive and oxidative LDHs and MDHs are assessed in their count over ionizable residues and in placement details of the residues in their structures as proteins. The variants found to be high or low in ΔpKa of “reactive” arginine are found to be also strong or weak cations that preferentially oxidize NADH (neutral nicotinamide structure) or reduce NAD+ (cationic nicotinamide structure). The ionized groups of protein structure may thus be important to redox specificity of the enzyme on basis of electrostatic preference for the oxidized (cationic nicotinamide) or reduced (neutral nicotinamide) coenzyme. Detailed comparisons of isozymes establish that the residues contributing in their redox specificity are scrambled in structure of the reductive enzyme.
Boundary‐layer turbulence characteristics during aeolian saltation

A great deal of effort has been expended in measuring turbulence phenomena in clean air flows. However, no previous measurements have been successfully made of the vertical distributions of turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress in a fully adjusted boundary‐layer flow saturated with saltating particles. The present wind tunnel study addresses this knowledge gap using a custom designed laser‐Doppler anemometer (LDA). The amount of turbulence is found to increase with the introduction of saltating particles to the airflow. Over the lowest 15% of boundary layer, vertical profiles of the streamwise wind speed provide friction velocities that lie well within the narrow range of those derived from direct measurement of the Reynolds stress. Relative to clean air, aeolian saltation is demonstrated to increase the magnitude but not the frequency of burst‐sweep events that primarily contribute to the total fluid stress. Within several millimeters above the bed surface, all vertical profiles of wind speed converge upon a focal point, as the local fluid stress declines toward the mobile bed.
Lithospheric geometry revealed by deep-probing magnetotelluric surveying, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut

As part of a multidisciplinary geoscience project, the conductivity structure of the lithosphere beneath the Melville Peninsula, Nunavut, has been imaged using lithosphere-probing magnetotelluric methods. Two-dimensional resistivity models demonstrate a strong correlation between the resistivity structure and features mapped at the surface. An analysis of distortion effects and structural dimensionality show that, toward the north at crustal depths, the geoelectric strike angle is 099° azimuth, consistent with abundant east-trending faults; however toward the south and at mantle depths the geoelectric strike direction is 034°, similar to the regional structural trend. The data reveal near-vertical, less resistive features that extend through the highly resistive Archean-age Prince Albert crustal block to the base of the crust and correlate with surface fault traces. Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Penrhyn Group are characteristic of extremely low resistivities associated with graphite-bearing metapelites. A near-vertical low resistivity zone is interpreted to represent a shear zone that marks the northern extent of the Archean Repulse Bay Block. Variations in the resistivity structure of the mantle lithosphere suggest changes in structure or composition between the Repulse Bay Block to the south and the Prince Albert Block to the north. Resumé : Dans le cadre d’un projet géoscientifique multidisciplinaire, une représentation de la structure de conductivité de la lithosphère sous la presqu’île Melville (Nunavut) a été obtenue à l’aide de méthodes magnétotelluriques (MT) de sondage de la lithosphère. Des modèles bidimensionnels de la résistivité indiquent une forte corrélation entre la structure de résistivité et les entités cartographiées à la surface. Une analyse des effets de distorsion et de la dimensionnalité structurale montre que, vers le nord à des profondeurs crustales, l’azimut de la direction géoélectrique est de 099°, ce qui est cohérent avec l’abondance de failles orientées est-ouest. Cependant, vers le sud et aux profondeurs du manteau, l’azimut de la direction géoélectrique est de 034°, ce qui est similaire à celui de la direction structurale à l’échelle régionale. Les données montrent des entités moins résistives, presque verticales, qui traversent le bloc crustal hautement résistif de Prince Albert de l’Archéen jusqu’à la base de la croûte et qui peuvent être mises en corrélation avec les lignes de faille en surface. Les roches métasédimentaires du Groupe de Penrhyn du Paléoprotérozoïque sont caractéristiques des résistivités extrêmement faibles associées à des métapélites graphiteuses. Selon les interprétations, une zone presque verticale de faible résistivité représenterait une zone de cisaillement marquant la limite nord du bloc de Repulse Bay de l’Archéen. Des variations de la structure de résistivité de la lithosphère mantellique laissent supposer des changements dans la structure ou la composition entre le bloc de Repulse Bay au sud et le bloc de Prince Albert au nord.
A Case of Large Phyllodes Tumor Causing “Rupture” of the Breast: A Unique Presentation

Introduction. Phyllodes tumors are rare fibroepithelial tumors which constitute less than 1% of all known breast neoplasms. The importance of recognizing these tumors lies in the need to differentiate them from fibroadenomas and other benign breast lesions to avoid inappropriate surgical management. We report a case of large phyllodes tumor which caused rupture of the breast and presented as an external fungating breast mass, a presentation which is exceedingly rare. Case Presentation. A 32-year-old female presented with a 1-year history of a mass in her right breast and eruption of the mass through the skin for the last 3 months. On physical examination, an ulcerated, irregular, and nodular mass measuring 9 × 8 cms was found hanging in the lower and outer quadrant of the right breast. Ultrasonography revealed an exophytic mass with heterogeneous echotexture and vascularity. Under general anesthesia, the tumor was excised. The resected specimen was 9.5 × 8.5 × 4.5 cm in size and the tumor was not invasive to the surrounding tissues. Histological examination confirmed a benign case of Phyllodes tumor. Conclusion. Clinicians should be aware of the myriad ways in which Phyllodes can present. A rapidly growing breast mass in a female should raise strong suspicion for Phyllodes. It is necessary to differentiate it from fibroadenomas to avoid inappropriate surgical management which may lead to local recurrence.
Socioeconomic Status and Stroke Incidence in the US Elderly: The Role of Risk Factors in the EPESE Study

Background and Purpose— This study assesses the effect of socioeconomic status on stroke incidence in the elderly, and the contribution of risk factors to stroke disparities. Methods— Data comprised a sample of 2812 men and women aged 65 years and over from the New Haven cohort of the Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Individuals provided baseline information on demographics, functioning, cardiovascular and psychosocial risk factors in 1982 and were followed for 12 years. Proportional hazard models were used to model survival from initial interview to first fatal or nonfatal stroke. Results— Two hundred and seventy subjects developed incident stroke. At ages 65 to 74, lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher stroke incidence for both education (HRlowest/highest=2.07, 95% CI, 1.04 to 4.13) and income (HRlowest/highest=2.08, 95% CI, 1.01 to 4.27). Adjustment for race, diabetes, depression, social networks and functioning attenuated hazard ratios to a nonsignificant level, whereas other risk factors did not change associations significantly. Beyond age 75, however, stroke rates were higher among those with the highest education (HRlowest/highest=0.42, 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.79) and income (HRlowest/highest=0.43, 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.86), which remained largely unchanged after adjustment for risk factors. Conclusions— We observed substantial socioeconomic disparities in stroke at ages 65 to 74, whereas a crossover of the association occurred beyond age 75. Policies to improve social and economic resources at early old age, and interventions to improve diabetes management, depression, social networks and functioning in the disadvantaged elderly can contribute to reduce stroke disparities.
The Cost of Annual versus Biannual Community-Directed Treatment of Onchocerciasis with Ivermectin: Ghana as a Case Study

Background It has been proposed that switching from annual to biannual (twice yearly) mass community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) might improve the chances of onchocerciasis elimination in some African foci. However, historically, relatively few communities have received biannual treatments in Africa, and there are no cost data associated with increasing ivermectin treatment frequency at a large scale. Collecting cost data is essential for conducting economic evaluations of control programmes. Some countries, such as Ghana, have adopted a biannual treatment strategy in selected districts. We undertook a study to estimate the costs associated with annual and biannual CDTI in Ghana. Methodology The study was conducted in the Brong-Ahafo and Northern regions of Ghana. Data collection was organized at the national, regional, district, sub-district and community levels, and involved interviewing key personnel and scrutinizing national records. Data were collected in four districts; one in which treatment is delivered annually, two in which it is delivered biannually, and one where treatment takes place biannually in some communities and annually in others. Both financial and economic costs were collected from the health care provider's perspective. Principal Findings The estimated cost of treating annually was US Dollars (USD) 0.45 per person including the value of time donated by the community drug distributors (which was estimated at USD 0.05 per person per treatment round). The cost of CDTI was approximately 50–60% higher in those districts where treatment was biannual than in those where it was annual. Large-scale mass biannual treatment was reported as being well received and considered sustainable. Conclusions/Significance This study provides rigorous evidence of the different costs associated with annual and biannual CDTI in Ghana which can be used to inform an economic evaluation of the debate on the optimal treatment frequency required to control (or eliminate) onchocerciasis in Africa.
Psychovisual evaluation of image segmentation algorithms

Evaluation plays an important role in the advancement of any field. In computer vision, unsupervised segmentation algorithms, although of great interest, often suffer from lack of a well-defined goal and/or explicit ground truth data, thus rendering evaluation difficult. This paper presents a novel method for evaluating such algorithms using a database for which ground truth data is not explicitly available. Unlike methods of evaluation that rely on the existence or creation of explicit ground truth data, the proposed evaluation procedure subjects human observers to a psychovisual test comparing the results of different segmentation algorithms. The test is designed to answer two main questions: does consensus about a ‘best’ segmentation exist, and if it does, what do we learn about segmentation schemes? The results confirm that human subjects are consistent in their judgements, thus allowing meaningful evaluation. The relevance of the procedure for the evaluation of CBIR systems is discussed.
YawDD: a yawning detection dataset

In this paper, we present two video datasets of drivers with various facial characteristics, to be used for designing and testing algorithms and models for yawning detection. For collecting these videos, male and female candidates were asked to sit in the driver's seat of a car. The videos are taken in real and varying illumination conditions. In the first dataset, the camera is installed under the front mirror of the car. Each participant has three or four videos and each video contains different mouth conditions such as normal, talking/singing, and yawning. In the second dataset, the camera is installed on the dash in front of the driver, and each participant has one video with the above-mentioned different mouth conditions all in the same video. The car was parked for both datasets to keep the environment safe for the participants. As a benchmark, we also present the results of our own yawning detection method, and show that we can achieve a much higher accuracy in the scenario with the camera installed on the dash in front of the driver.
Initiation of DNA replication in nuclei from quiescent cells requires permeabilization of the nuclear membrane

We have investigated the replication capacity of intact nuclei from quiescent cells using Xenopus egg extract. Nuclei, with intact nuclear membranes, were isolated from both exponentially growing and contact- inhibited BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts by treatment of the cells with streptolysin-O. Flow cytometry showed that > 90% of all contact- inhibited cells and approximately 50% of the exponential cells were in G0/G1-phase at the time of nuclear isolation. Intact nuclei were assayed for replication in the extract by incorporation of [alpha- 32P]dATP or biotin-dUTP into nascent DNA. Most nuclei from exponential cells replicated in the egg extract, consistent with previous results showing that intact G1 nuclei from HeLa cells replicate in this system. In contrast, few nuclei from quiescent cells replicated in parallel incubations. However, when the nuclear membranes of these intact quiescent nuclei were permeabilized with lysophosphatidylcholine prior to addition to the extract, nearly all the nuclei replicated under complete cell cycle control in a subsequent incubation. The ability of LPC-treated quiescent nuclei to undergo DNA replication was reversed by resealing permeable nuclear membranes with Xenopus egg membranes prior to extract incubation demonstrating that the effect of LPC treatment is at the level of the nuclear membrane. These results indicate that nuclei from G1-phase cells lose their capacity to initiate DNA replication following density-dependent growth arrest and suggest that changes in nuclear membrane permeability may be required for the initiation of replication upon re-entry of the quiescent cell into the cell cycle.