Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The (Mis)Allocation of Capital

Is capital allocated so that its marginal product is equated to the market interest rate? Is the marginal product of capital equalized across its alternative uses? This paper attempts to answer both of these questions using data from India, and concludes that both these standard properties fail by a wide margin. (JEL: O16, G2) Copyright (c) 2003 The European Economic Association.
The Compact Root Architecture 1 Gene Regulates Lignification , Flavonoid Production , and Polar Auxin Transport in Medicago truncatula 1 [ W ]

Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France (C. Laffont, S.B., L.B., P.R., M.C., F.F.); Unité de Chimie Biologique, UMR 1318, AgroParisTech-INRA, Centre de Grignon, 78850 ThivervalGrignon, France (C. Lapierre); and Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia (U.M.)
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS OF THE CAT FOOT AND TOE PADS—EVIDENCE FOR DUCTAL REABSORPTION IN THE HUMAN

The eccrine sweat glands of the cat foot and toe pads have been studied by light and electron microscopy before and after stimulation with mecholyl. The ultrastructure of these glands in the cat is found to be entirely comparable to that in the human (13). The ultrastructure and staining properties of the secretory segment of the two species are identical. The ductal part of the feline gland is shorter and the ductal cells have only scant mitochondria as compared with the human. Since Brusilow et al. (1) have observed that the secretion of the cat foot pad is isotonic as compared with human sweat, which is hypotonic, and since the secretory segments of the two species are structurally identical, the striking difference in the morphology of the duct is regarded as being responsible for the difference in the chemistry of the secretion of the two species. Thus the duct in the human is capable of reabsorbing sodium and chloride.
Methylphenidate Modulates Functional Network Connectivity to Enhance Attention

Recent work has demonstrated that human whole-brain functional connectivity patterns measured with fMRI contain information about cognitive abilities, including sustained attention. To derive behavioral predictions from connectivity patterns, our group developed a connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) approach (Finn et al., 2015; Rosenberg et al., 2016). Previously using CPM, we defined a high-attention network, comprising connections positively correlated with performance on a sustained attention task, and a low-attention network, comprising connections negatively correlated with performance. Validating the networks as generalizable biomarkers of attention, models based on network strength at rest predicted attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in an independent group of individuals (Rosenberg et al., 2016). To investigate whether these networks play a causal role in attention, here we examined their strength in healthy adults given methylphenidate (Ritalin), a common ADHD treatment, compared with unmedicated controls. As predicted, individuals given methylphenidate showed patterns of connectivity associated with better sustained attention: higher high-attention and lower low-attention network strength than controls. There was significant overlap between the high-attention network and a network with greater strength in the methylphenidate group, and between the low-attention network and a network with greater strength in the control group. Network strength also predicted behavior on a stop-signal task, such that participants with higher go response rates showed higher high-attention and lower low-attention network strength. These results suggest that methylphenidate acts by modulating functional brain networks related to sustained attention, and that changing whole-brain connectivity patterns may help improve attention. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent work identified a promising neuromarker of sustained attention based on whole-brain functional connectivity networks. To investigate the causal role of these networks in attention, we examined their response to a dose of methylphenidate, a common and effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, in healthy adults. As predicted, individuals on methylphenidate showed connectivity signatures of better sustained attention: higher high-attention and lower low-attention network strength than controls. These results suggest that methylphenidate acts by modulating strength in functional brain networks related to attention, and that changing whole-brain connectivity patterns may improve attention.
Bryophyte vegetation of Iskur River and its main tributaries.

The bryophyte vegetation was sampled at 32 localities along Iskur River and some of its tributaries to describe the various bryophyte assemblages. Eighty-four bryophyte species were inventoried. Three species (Fissidens arnoldii, Pohlia annotina, Rhynchostegiella curviseta) were recorded for the first time in Bulgaria. According to the bryophyte vegetation, two large groups could be distinguished: 1) the upper reaches of Iskur River and its tributaries taking their source from Vitosha and Stara Planina Mts, and 2) the lower sections of Iskur River. The bryophyte assemblages of the source area at Lakatnik and the sites situated in the upper course of Iskur River in the Rila Mts were very different from those of the other sampling sites.
A 10‐year spatial and temporal trend of sulfate across the United States

[1] Legislative and regulatory mandates have resulted in reduced sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in both the eastern and western United States with anticipation that concurrent levels of ambient SO2, SO42−, and rainwater acidity would decrease. This paper examines spatial and temporal trends in ambient SO42− concentration from 1988 to 1999, SO2 emissions from 1990 to 1999, and the relationship between these two variables. The SO42− concentration data came from combining data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet). Over 70 sites spread across the continental United States are considered in this analysis. From a spatial perspective, the 90th percentile summer sulfate concentrations are highest along the Ohio River Valley and in central Tennessee where the emission density of SO2 is greatest. These concentrations are a factor of 2 greater than the Northeast, northern Michigan, and coastal areas of the Southeast and about a factor of 15 greater than the central western United States. In the East, the largest SO42− decreases in the 80th percentile concentrations occurred north of the Ohio River Valley, while most monitoring sites south of Kentucky and Virginia showed increasing and decreasing trends that were not statistically significant. Big Bend National Park, Texas, Cranberry, North Carolina, and Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, are the only areas that show a statistically significant increase in SO42− mass concentrations. The 1990–1999 annual 80th percentile SO42− time series were compared to the annual SO2 emissions over four broad United States regions. Each region had a unique time series pattern with the SO42− concentrations and SO2 emissions closely tracking each other over the 10-year period. Both the SO42− and SO2 emissions decreased in the Northeast (28%) and the West (15%), while there was little change in the Southeast and a 15% increase over Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado.
Frequency-Based Measurement of Mismatches Between Small Capacitors

The mismatch between two capacitors can be measured by alternately switching each into an oscillator and measuring the change in the oscillation frequency. Three-stage differential ring oscillators can provide multiple mismatch data points for capacitances as small as 8 fF. Experimental results obtained from test circuits fabricated in 0.13-mum CMOS technology also reveal lower mismatches for metal sandwich capacitors than for lateral fringe structures
THE EFFECT OF ACACIA MEARNSII INVASION AND CLEARING ON SOIL LOSS IN THE KOUGA MOUNTAINS, EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA

Concerns exist over increasing sediment yields in areas of South Africa with a Mediterranean climate that result from the clearing of invasive woody vegetation from steep slopes, as part of the Working for Water Programme. Erosion rates were monitored with erosion pins over a 26‐month period. Measurements were made on slopes covered with indigenous fynbos vegetation, intact Acacia mearnsii stands (the invasive species) and on slopes from which A. mearnsii had been cleared either within the last 2 years or 11 years ago. Net erosion was observed at all sites following the largest storm during the monitoring period, whereas smaller storms were often accompanied by net deposition. Cleared locations showed the most variable response through time and sites with native fynbos vegetation the least. A stepwise multiple regression showed that vegetation cover, slope gradient and stone cover were the main variables affecting soil loss, but the relationship varied between sites and measuring periods. Soil loss was negatively related to vegetation cover and stone cover, as could be expected; the negative relationship with slope was more surprising. Stone cover, which increases with slope gradient, is considered to be an important control on soil loss. The findings of this study suggest that the rehabilitation of hillslopes invaded by alien woody vegetation needs to take into account the slow recovery of vegetation after initial clearing as, 11 years since clearing, significant erosion still occurs during severe storms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attentional capture by physically salient stimuli in the gamma frequency is associated with schizophrenia symptoms

Abstract Objectives: Aberrant salience mainly is attributed to excessive dopaminergic processing in the ventral striatum. Increased gamma power during sensory processing of physical salience has been shown to be associated with positive trait schizotypy. In the present study, this is assessed in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: The early evoked visual gamma-band response (GBR) at 40 Hz was assessed for a schizophrenia patient group (N = 22) and a matched healthy control group (N = 22) applying EEG time-frequency analysis. The GBR was assessed for two conditions within a visual detection paradigm: a target with or without a physically salient distracter and evaluated in relation to the PANSS. Results: A 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of condition and a trend interaction of group and condition for the GBR, with highest power for schizophrenia patients in the physically salient distracter condition. Moreover, evoked GBR power in this condition was correlated with positive (r = 0.664; P = 0.001**) and disorganised (r = 0.618; P = 0.002**) schizophrenia symptoms. Conclusions: Evoked GBR power during processing of physical salience in schizophrenia was associated with positive symptoms. We suggest that abnormal processing of physically salient stimuli might be involved in the pathophysiological genesis of positive symptoms.
Search for the cause-effect relationship between Miocene silicic volcanism and hydrothermal activity in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Numerical modeling approach

[1] Elevated temperatures of waters that circulated through the thick unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain and deposited secondary minerals have been explained by conductive heating of the rock mass by a magma body emplaced in association with the activity of the Timber Mountain silicic volcanic center (the “conductive heating” conceptual model). The model was evaluated by means of numerical modeling. Two- and three-dimensional simulations of the conductive heat transfer, as well as three-dimensional simulations considering convective flow of water, did not match the target temperature-time “trajectory” established from fluid inclusion studies and radiometric dating of secondary minerals at Yucca Mountain. This result was obtained despite the fact that the modeling was nonconservative in that the initial conditions, boundary conditions, and parameters of the models were selected so that they would return higher temperatures and longer cooling times. We conclude that the “conductive heating” conceptual model does not appear to constitute a plausible explanation for the circulation in the past of thermal waters (up to 70–90°C, according to fluid inclusion data) in the vadose zone of Yucca Mountain. The finding has important implications for the safety and expected performance of the proposed high-level nuclear waste disposal facility at Yucca Mountain.
Crustal uplift in the south central Alaska subduction zone: New analysis and interpretation of tide gauge observations

We have examined tide gauge measurements of apparent sea level height in south central Alaska to determine the history of crustal uplift subsequent to the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake. There are spatial and temporal variations in the uplift rate since the 1994 earthquake that depend on the location of the tide gauge relative to the coseismic rupture features. At Seward, on the eastern side of the Kenai Peninsula, we find slow uplift that is consistent with elastic strain accumulation at the locked North American-Pacific Plate boundary. Conversely, at Seldovia and Nikiski, on the western side of the Kenai Peninsula, we find persistent rapid uplift of ∼10 mm yr−1 that may be longterm transient response to the earthquake but that cannot be sustained over the entire several hundred year recurrence interval for a great earthquake. Farther to the southwest, at Kodiak, the rate of uplift is several millimeters per year but has slowed significantly over the past three and a half decades. To the east of the Kenai Peninsula we find subsidence at Cordova and an uncertain behavior at Valdez. At Cordova, and to a lesser extent Valdez, there is a mathematically significant time dependence, although the evidence for the time dependence is less compelling than at Kodiak. At Anchorage, there is little evidence of vertical motion since the earthquake. The along-strike spatial variability in the relaxation time of the rates of vertical motion since the 1964 earthquake may be related to variations in the updip coseismic slip during the megathrust event.
Effect of Sediment Size Scaling on Physical Modeling of Bridge Pier Scour

Local pier scour experiments were performed in the laboratory to investigate the effect of relative sediment size on pier scour depth using three uniform sediment sizes and three bridge pier designs at different geometric model scales. When the data from a large number of experimental and field investigations are filtered according to a Froude number criterion, the effect of relative sediment size on dimensionless pier scour depth is brought into focus. The choice of sediment size in the laboratory model distorts the value of the ratio of pier width to sediment size in comparison with the prototype which in turn causes larger values of scour depth in the laboratory than in the field. This model distortion due to sediment size is shown to be related to the scaling of the large-scale unsteadiness of the horseshoe vortex by studying the relevant time scales of its coherent structure upstream of a bridge pier using acoustic Doppler velocimeter measurements. Observations of sediment movement, probability distributions of velocity components, and phase-averaging of velocity measured upstream of a bridge pier reveal properties of coherent motions that are discussed in terms of their contribution to the relationship between dimensionless pier scour depth and the ratio of pier width to sediment size over a large range of physical scales.
Unpacking mobility, sex trafficking, and HIV vulnerability in two Mexico-U.S. border cities

Author(s): Goldenberg, Shira Miriam | Advisor(s): Strathdee, Steffanie A | Abstract: Background: Sex trafficking is a human rights abuse that carries particularly negative health and social consequences, including HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). While HIV/STI infection and sex trafficking have been linked in Asia, the context of these associations and their applicability in Mexico is poorly understood.Aims: Aims of this dissertation were to (1) Critically review evidence linking mobility, trafficking, and HIV vulnerability in Mexico and Central America; (2) Explore associations between features of the risk environment, sex work and drug use history, and underage sex work among female sex workers (FSWs) in Tijuana and Cd. Juarez, Mexico; and (3) Describe and "unpack" sex trafficking and its relationship to HIV/STI vulnerability among formerly trafficked FSWs in Tijuana.Methods: This study employed qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate sex trafficking, mobility and HIV vulnerability. In Chapter 2, a critical review of the epidemiology and context of HIV vulnerability among mobile populations in Central America and Mexico was conducted. Chapter 3 draws upon questionnaires and HIV/STI testing among FSWs (n=624) in Tijuana and Cd. Juarez. In Chapter 4, in-depth interviews were conducted with formerly trafficked FSWs in Tijuana (n=31). Results: Chapter 2 found that among mobile groups in Central America and Mexico, social isolation, socio-economic impacts of displacement, gender inequalities, and stigma/discrimination strongly shape HIV/STI risk. In Chapter 3, underage sex work entry was positively associated with inhalants as the first drug used, forced first injection, number of drug treatment attempts, and recent receptive syringe-sharing. Number of recent condom negotiation attempts with steady partners and depression as a reason for first injecting were negatively associated with underage entry into sex work. In Chapter 4, sex trafficking was linked to elevated HIV/STI vulnerability through gender-based violence, economic vulnerability, migration, and stigma.Conclusions: These findings contribute to a foundation of knowledge to advocate for strategies to reduce sex trafficking and HIV. Multi-level, intersectoral interventions to prevent sex trafficking and HIV infection are needed for vulnerable youths, migrants, and FSWs in Mexico-U.S. border cities; recommended components include strengthening the response to gender-based violence, peer-delivered prevention, and the provision of shelter, food, job placements, and psychological support.
Cascade macroinvertebrate assemblages for in‐stream flow criteria and biomonitoring of tropical mountain streams

Few comprehensive studies on stream assessment and biomonitoring have been conducted in tropical, freshwater watersheds. Currently under threat from climate change, urbanization and increasing freshwater demands, there is a need for innovative approaches to tropical watershed assessment and management. This study investigated cascade habitat macroinvertebrate communities among four tropical mountain streams with the goal of enhancing future efforts to identify flow biocriteria for watersheds of Polynesia. Cascade macroinvertebrate communities were compared between streams of differing size and magnitude of flow removal to evaluate the biological effects of water withdrawal on benthic communities. Two cascade microhabitats, identified as torrenticolous and amphibious, were evaluated for macroinvertebrate community differences and presence of native taxa among watersheds. Cascade habitat in general was reduced, by as much as 98%, in downstream reaches, having a significant impact on the stream ecosystem physical template important for native stream communities. In addition, two‐way ANOVA results revealed no main effects, but significant interactions of watershed size and flow removal on mean macroinvertebrate density for torrenticolous microhabitats; however, the opposite was true for the amphibious microhabitat. Diversity was significantly higher under undiverted flow conditions (t = 4.21, df = 272, p = 0.0004) and in torrenticolous microhabitats (t = 3.86, df = 272, p < 0.0001) over the entire study period. The amphibious microhabitat was composed of 39% native taxa, while the torrenticolous microhabitat contained <7%. This study provides new options for biomonitoring of native populations in Polynesian watersheds. Further studies that support the development of in‐stream flow criteria to preserve cascades are important to understanding the role of this habitat in tropical stream ecosystem function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating headwater stream buffers: lessons learned from watershed scale experiments in southwest Washington

We present preliminary results from an experiment in which alternative forest buff er treatments were applied to clusters of watersheds in southwest Washington using a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design. Th e treatments occurred on small (~2- to 9-ha) headwater catchments, and compared continuous fi xed-width buff ered, discontinuous patch-buff ered, and unbuffered streams to an adjacent unlogged reference catchment. Eight treatment clusters were monitored from 2001 to 2006; four were located in the Black Hills (Capitol State Forest) and four in the Willapa Hills of the Coast Range. Logging took place in 2004 or 2005, depending on the cluster. Th e study streams were too small to support fi shes, but catchments did harbor amphibians, aquatic invertebrates, and riparian mollusks. In addition to biota, we examined water quality, discharge, and organic matter inputs. Th e intent was to monitor the sites two years pre-treatment and three years posttreatment, although unforeseen circumstances caused some exceptions. Overall, results suggested that relatively small but measurable changes in ecological condition occurred in most catchments where logging occurred. Changes were most apparent in streams having no buffers. In catchments with no buff ers, summer water temperature increases were largest, organic matter inputs declined, and drifting invertebrates increased or decreased depending on their trophic guild. Changes in catchments with discontinuous patch buff ers were often complex and generally less detectable, and streams with continuous fi xed-width buff ers tended to exhibit the fewest changes in invertebrate communities and organic matter inputs relative to reference sites. Analyses of ecological response, both physical and biological, were fraught with difficulty. Difficulties in executing the study and analyzing results include operational planning and scheduling, spatial and temporal variability, and unplanned environmental disturbances. Based on our experience, we offer suggestions for future research on riparian management in small watersheds. First, think of watershed-scale studies as interventions that are carried out so as to maximize what we can learn from them, rather than as true experiments. Second, if the study covers several locations, thoroughly characterize diff erences in physical and biological features among the sites before treatments are applied to avoid misinterpreting results. Third, be prepared to accommodate uncontrolled environmental disturbances (e.g., droughts, floods, wildfi res, etc.) that are inevitable in multi-year investigations. Fourth, once the basic experimental layout is established, resist the temptation to switch treatments midway through the study, which will only confound analyses. Finally, when surprises occur, be flexible enough to monitor their eff ects to take advantage of learning opportunities.