Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cortical Serotonin 1A Receptor Levels Are Associated with Depression in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia

Background: Serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1A) have not been studied in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) patients with depression. Aim: To examine 5-HT1A in DLB and PDD postmortem in relation to depression. Methods: [3H]8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin binding to 5-HT1A was determined in temporal cortex (Brodmann areas, BA20 and BA36) from 10 DLB patients, 17 PDD patients and 9 controls. Results: 5-HT1A density was significantly higher in BA36 in combined DLB/PDD patients with depression, but was unaltered in BA20. Conclusion: Higher BA36 5-HT1A density in PDD and DLB patients than in control is dependent on whether the patient had experienced depression during life, not DLB/PDD diagnosis. A 5-HT1A antagonist adjuvant may improve treatment of depression in dementia.
HISTORICAL MARINE POPULATION ESTIMATES: TRIGGERS OR TARGETS FOR CONSERVATION? THE DUGONG CASE STUDY

Recent studies have estimated the historical abundance of large marine vertebrates to determine potential targets for conservation. We evaluated this approach using 1990s aerial survey estimates of dugong abundance and an estimate of the decline in dugong numbers since the 1960s based on changes in the catch per unit effort of dugong bycatch in a government shark control program on the east coast of Queensland, Australia. This analysis indicated that the catch rate of dugongs caught in shark nets, at six locations between latitudes 16.5° S and 28° S, declined at an average of 8.7% per year between 1962 and 1999. This represents a decline to 3.1% of initial catch rates over the sampling period. If the changes in the populations sampled by the shark nets and aerial surveys were equivalent, this result suggests that the region supported 72 000 dugongs in the early 1960s compared with an estimated 4220 dugongs in the mid-1990s. The seagrass habitat in the region is currently insufficient to support 72 000 dug.
How Mandated College Students Talk About Alcohol: Peer Communication Factors Associated with Drinking

ABSTRACT Relatively little research has examined how peer communication influences alcohol consumption. In a sample of mandated college students, we differentiate conversations about drinking from conversations about harm prevention and provide evidence for the validity of these communication constructs. Students who violated campus alcohol policies and were referred for alcohol sanctions (N = 345) reported on drinking patterns, use of protective behavioral strategies, perceived descriptive norms for close friends, and serving as social leader among their friends; they also reported on the frequency of conversations about drinking, about drinking safety, and about risk reduction efforts. Predicted correlations were found among types of communication and conceptually related variables. General communication was related to consumption but not protective behavioral strategies, whereas safety/risk reduction conversations correlated positively with all protective behavioral strategies. Both types of communication were associated with social leadership. Safety communication moderated the relationship between peer descriptive norms and drinks per week; more frequent talking about safety attenuated the norms–consumption relationship. Peer communication about both drinking and safety may serve as targets for change in risk reduction interventions for mandated college students.
Path integration in place cells of developing rats

Significance The mammalian brain has neurons that specifically represent the animal’s location in the environment. Place cells in the hippocampus encode position, whereas grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex, one synapse away, also express information about the distance and direction that the animal is moving. In this study, we show that, in 2.5–3-wk-old rat pups, place cells have firing fields whose positions depend on distance travelled, despite the immature state of grid fields at this age. The results suggest that place fields can be generated from self-motion–induced distance information in the absence of fully matured grid patterns. Place cells in the hippocampus and grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex rely on self-motion information and path integration for spatially confined firing. Place cells can be observed in young rats as soon as they leave their nest at around 2.5 wk of postnatal life. In contrast, the regularly spaced firing of grid cells develops only after weaning, during the fourth week. In the present study, we sought to determine whether place cells are able to integrate self-motion information before maturation of the grid-cell system. Place cells were recorded on a 200-cm linear track while preweaning, postweaning, and adult rats ran on successive trials from a start wall to a box at the end of a linear track. The position of the start wall was altered in the middle of the trial sequence. When recordings were made in complete darkness, place cells maintained fields at a fixed distance from the start wall regardless of the age of the animal. When lights were on, place fields were determined primarily by external landmarks, except at the very beginning of the track. This shift was observed in both young and adult animals. The results suggest that preweaning rats are able to calculate distances based on information from self-motion before the grid-cell system has matured to its full extent.
Comprehensive description of genomewide nucleotide and structural variation in short‐season soya bean

Summary Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics tools have greatly facilitated the characterization of nucleotide variation; nonetheless, an exhaustive description of both SNP haplotype diversity and of structural variation remains elusive in most species. In this study, we sequenced a representative set of 102 short‐season soya beans and achieved an extensive coverage of both nucleotide diversity and structural variation (SV). We called close to 5M sequence variants (SNPs, MNPs and indels) and noticed that the number of unique haplotypes had plateaued within this set of germplasm (1.7M tag SNPs). This data set proved highly accurate (98.6%) based on a comparison of called genotypes at loci shared with a SNP array. We used this catalogue of SNPs as a reference panel to impute missing genotypes at untyped loci in data sets derived from lower density genotyping tools (150 K GBS‐derived SNPs/530 samples). After imputation, 96.4% of the missing genotypes imputed in this fashion proved to be accurate. Using a combination of three bioinformatics pipelines, we uncovered ~92 K SVs (deletions, insertions, inversions, duplications, CNVs and translocations) and estimated that over 90% of these were accurate. Finally, we noticed that the duplication of certain genomic regions explained much of the residual heterozygosity at SNP loci in otherwise highly inbred soya bean accessions. This is the first time that a comprehensive description of both SNP haplotype diversity and SV has been achieved within a regionally relevant subset of a major crop.
2 Tomosynthesis in pulmonary cystic fibrosis with comparison to radiography and computed tomography . A pictorial review

The purpose of this pictorial review is to illustrate chest imaging findings of cystic fibrosis (CF) using tomosynthesis (digital tomography), in comparison to radiography and computed tomography (CT). CF is a chronic systemic disease where imaging has long been used for monitoring chest status. CT exposes the patient to a substantially higher radiation dose than radiography, rendering it unsuitable for the often needed repeated examinations of these patients. Tomosynthesis has recently appeared as an interesting low dose alternative to CT, with an effective dose of approximately 0.08 mSv for children and 0.12 mSv for adults. Typical pulmonary changes in CF such as mucus plugging, bronchial wall thickening, and bronchiectases are shown in significantly better detail with tomosynthesis than with traditional radiography. In addition, the cost for a tomosynthesis examination is low compared to CT. To reduce the radiation burden of patients with CF it is important to consider low dose alternatives to CT, especially in the paediatric population. Tomosynthesis has a lower radiation dose than CT and gives a superior visualization of pulmonary CF changes compared to radiography. It is important to further determine the role of tomosynthesis for monitoring disease progression in CF.
Minimal residual disease in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma – current applications and future directions

Non‐Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours with distinct treatment paradigms, but in all cases the goal of treatment is to maximize quality and duration of remission while minimizing therapy‐related toxicity. Identification of persistent disease or relapse is most often the trigger to intensify or re‐initiate anti‐neoplastic therapy, respectively. In the current era of NHL treatment, this determination is mostly based on imaging and clinical evaluations, tools with imperfect sensitivity and specificity. The availability of minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring could transform treatment paradigms by allowing intensification of treatment in at‐risk patients or early intervention for impending relapse. Novel methods based on polymerase chain reaction and next‐generation sequencing are now being studied in NHL with promising results. This review outlines the current status of the field in the use of MRD techniques for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Specifically, we address their demonstrated and potential clinical utility in risk stratification, monitoring of remission status, and guiding interim and post‐treatment escalation. Future applications of these techniques could identify novel markers of MRD, improve initial treatment selection, guide treatment escalation or de‐escalation, and allow for real‐time monitoring of patterns of clonal evolution, which together could redefine NHL treatment paradigms.
Synaptic drive at developing synapses: Transient upregulation of kainate receptors

At the onset of a period of intense synaptic refinement initiated by synchronized eye opening (EO), rapid changes in postsynaptic NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor currents (NMDARcs and AMPARcs) occur within the superficial visual layers of the rodent superior colliculus (sSC; Lu and Constantine‐Paton [ 2004 ]: Neuron 43:237–249). Subsequently, evoked non‐NMDARc amplitudes increase, but by 2 weeks after EO (AEO) they decrease significantly. Here, using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording, we demonstrate that small, slowly desensitizing excitatory kainate receptor currents (KARcs) are responsible for the rise and subsequent fall in non‐NMDARcs. The increase in KAR transmission parallels inhibitory GABAA responses that plateau at 7 days AEO. By 2 weeks AEO, KARcs are gone. AMPARcs remain unchanged during the appearance and disappearance of the KARcs, despite increases in sSC neuropil activity and continued refinement of inputs to individual sSC neurons. We suggest that in the interval of heightened activity, before SC inhibition matures, many AMPARcs desensitize and are relatively ineffective at relieving the Mg2+ block on NMDARs. This transient appearance of slowly desensitizing, long‐duration KARcs may provide increased membrane depolarization necessary for NMDAR function and continuation of synaptic refinement. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 737–750, 2010
At-MINI ZINC FINGER2 and Sl-INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY, a Conserved Missing Link in the Regulation of Floral Meristem Termination in Arabidopsis and Tomato

The adaptor proteins AtMIF2 and SlIMA regulate floral meristem termination in Arabidopsis and tomato by joining KNUCKLES, TOPLESS, and a histone deacetylase to repress WUSCHEL gene expression. In angiosperms, the gynoecium is the last structure to develop within the flower due to the determinate fate of floral meristem (FM) stem cells. The maintenance of stem cell activity before its arrest at the stage called FM termination affects the number of carpels that develop. The necessary inhibition at this stage of WUSCHEL (WUS), which is responsible for stem cell maintenance, involves a two-step mechanism. Direct repression mediated by the MADS domain transcription factor AGAMOUS (AG), followed by indirect repression requiring the C2H2 zinc-finger protein KNUCKLES (KNU), allow for the complete termination of floral stem cell activity. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana MINI ZINC FINGER2 (AtMIF2) and its homolog in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY (SlIMA), participate in the FM termination process by functioning as adaptor proteins. AtMIF2 and SlIMA recruit AtKNU and SlKNU, respectively, to form a transcriptional repressor complex together with TOPLESS and HISTONE DEACETYLASE19. AtMIF2 and SlIMA bind to the WUS and SlWUS loci in the respective plants, leading to their repression. These results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms governing (FM) termination and highlight the essential role of AtMIF2/SlIMA during this developmental step, which determines carpel number and therefore fruit size.
Embrittlement of laboratory and reactor aged CF3,CF8, and CF8M duplex stainless steels

AbstractCast duplex stainless steels of CF3, CF8, and CF8M grades, containing a wide range of chemical composition and ferrite content, were aged in the laboratory at 270–450°C to evaluate the kinetics and mechanisms of thermal aging embrittlement. Also, CF8 and CF8A steels were obtained from components of boiling and pressurised water reactors after 12–22 years of service. After mechanical property (namely, Charpy impact, tensile, and J integral–crack growth resistance R curve) and microhardness tests, the aged specimens were examined using transmission electron microscopy and field ion atom probe techniques to identify the aging mechanisms and the critical factors that control the embrittlement kinetics. From the results of microstructural characterisation, the primary and secondary embrittlement mechanisms were identified. A mechanistic correlation was obtained between the microstructural characteristics and the activation energy of aging (namely, the temperature dependence of the aging kinetics) for s.
Root inoculation with Pseudomonas putida KT2440 induces transcriptional and metabolic changes and systemic resistance in maize plants

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (KT2440) rhizobacteria colonize a wide range of plants. They have been extensively studied for their capacity to adhere to maize seeds, to tolerate toxic secondary metabolites produced by maize roots and to be attracted by maize roots. However, the response of maize plants to KT2440 colonization has not been investigated yet. Maize roots were inoculated with KT2440 and the local (roots) and systemic (leaves) early plant responses were investigated. The colonization behavior of KT2440 following application to maize seedlings was investigated and transcriptional analysis of stress- and defense-related genes as well as metabolite profiling of local and systemic maize tissues of KT2440-inoculated were performed. The local and systemic responses differed and more pronounced changes were observed in roots compared to leaves. Early in the interaction roots responded via jasmonic acid- and abscisic acid-dependent signaling. Interestingly, during later steps, the salicylic acid pathway was suppressed. Metabolite profiling revealed the importance of plant phospholipids in KT2440-maize interactions. An additional important maize secondary metabolite, a form of benzoxazinone, was also found to be differently abundant in roots 3 days after KT2440 inoculation. However, the transcriptional and metabolic changes observed in bacterized plants early during the interaction were minor and became even less pronounced with time, indicating an accommodation state of the plant to the presence of KT2440. Since the maize plants reacted to the presence of KT2440 in the rhizosphere, we also investigated the ability of these bacteria to trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR) against the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. The observed resistance was expressed as strongly reduced leaf necrosis and fungal growth in infected bacterized plants compared to non-bacterized controls, showing the potential of KT2440 to act as resistance inducers.
Human adaptation strategies to abrupt climate change in Puerto Rico ca. 3.5 ka

The connection between climatic change and social response is complex because change articulates a number of inter-related factors. Human decisions are filtered by social buffers – including social memory, risk perception, and cultural priorities – and the rate and scale of climate change is usually much larger than the scale of human decision-making. In this article, we provide information on climate change based on precisely dated speleothems with the response evident in archaeological sites that have radiocarbon date ranges within the same time frame. A stalagmite recovered from within the catchment area for aquifer recharge of the Pre-Arawak site of Angostura in Barceloneta, Puerto Rico, shows that a significant wet period occurred between 3.9 and 3.1 ka (primarily centered at 3.5 ka). We investigate the effect that this increase in precipitation had on the earliest occupations on the island in the context of palaeoenvironmental, geoarchaeological, and archaeological records from Angostura, Maruca, and Paso del Indio. Our analysis suggests the presence of two different adaptation strategies: settlement relocation and microlandscape modification. Our study concludes that the social response to change cannot be seen as monolithic given that human behavior, even within the same period, addresses the needs of individual groups with different priorities. This multiplicity of responses can indeed enhance resilience as social support can continue through alliances and exchanges, strengthening social bonds that can help buffer catastrophes. The results can help shed light on the range of adaptation strategies to change encompassed within the manifestations of social resilience or vulnerability.
Differences in textural properties of cooked caponized and broiler chicken breast meat

&NA; This study was aimed at evaluating textural properties of cooked chicken breast meats obtained from 3 production systems (conventional raising, feed modification, and caponization) and determining the relationship between instrumental parameters and sensory attributes associated with the texture of capon meat. Texture of cooked breast meats was determined using 3 instrumental methods: Warner‐Bratzler Shear (WBS), texture profile analysis (TPA), and uniaxial compression (UC), and sensory analysis by trained panelists. The results indicated that cooked caponized meat showed the lowest values of WBS force, shear energy, hardness, Young's modulus of UC, and the 2 sensory attributes (firmness and number of chews) (P < 0.05). In contrast, springiness and juiciness were the highest in the caponized meat (P < 0.05), suggesting that capon meat was more tender and juicier than the others. Feed‐modified chicken samples showed intermediate textural characteristics between the samples of capon and conventionally raised broiler. Pearson's correlation revealed that WBS force, shear energy, Young's modulus of UC, gumminess, and springiness were strongly correlated with 3 sensory attributes (firmness, number of chews, and juiciness). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) demonstrated that 72% of all sensory attributes for the first 2 PLSR components were explained by 36% of the instrumental parameters and the production systems. Loading and score plot illustrated that conventional raising contributed to a high degree of firmness and number of chews, and positively correlated with shear energy, WBS force, gumminess, hardness, and Young's modulus. Contrarily, caponization was negatively correlated with those sensory attributes. The univariate analysis indicated that firmness and number of chews were positively correlated with all instrumental parameters, except springiness. Juiciness was positively correlated with springiness but negatively correlated with the others. The study suggested that the cooked meat of capons could be differentiated from those of broilers raised conventionally and with feed‐modified diets based on textural properties. Based on the optimized simulating equation, texture of caponized breast could be explained by WBS force, shear energy, Young's modulus, and gumminess.
Exposure to Community Violence and Sexual Behaviors Among African American Youth: Testing Multiple Pathways

ABSTRACT African American youth bear a disproportionate burden of sexually transmitted infections. A growing number of studies document that youth exposure to community violence and sexual behaviors are highly correlated. Despite such growing evidence, only a few studies have empirically tested conceptually driven pathways that may account for such relationships. This study seeks to address that gap by exploring multiple pathways linking exposure to community violence and youth sexual behaviors. Using an existing sample of 563 African American youth attending high school, we examined whether possible links between exposure to community violence and sexual activity, sexual risk behaviors were mediated by aggression, low student-teacher connectedness, and negative peer norms. Major findings indicated indirect relationships between exposures to community violence and both sexual activity and risky sex, mediated by aggression and negative peer norms with no significant differences based on gender or socioeconomic status. Overall findings also indicated a significant indirect effect of aggression to risky sex via negative peer norms and from community violence to risky peer norms via aggression. By illuminating ways that community violence, aggression, peer norms, and sexual behaviors are dynamically interrelated, these findings have significant implications for future research and intervention initiatives aimed at addressing the different pathways.
Carvedilol delays the progression of small oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background and aims Carvedilol is effective in the primary prophylaxis for large oesophageal varices. We investigated its use in preventing progression of small to large oesophageal varices. Methods Consecutive cirrhotics with small oesophageal varices were prospectively randomised to either carvedilol (n=70) or placebo (n=70) and followed up for a minimum of 24 months. Endoscopy was done at baseline and six monthly intervals. Hepatic vein pressure gradient (HVPG) was measured at baseline and at 12 months. The primary endpoint was development of large varices. Results Baseline characteristics in two groups were comparable. The predominant aetiology of cirrhosis was non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in both the groups. The mean dose of carvedilol administered was 12±1.67 mg/day and the target heart rate achieved was 58±3 bpm. A higher proportion of patients in carvedilol group had non-progression to large varices than placebo (79.4% vs 61.4%; p=0.04); the mean time of non-progression to large varices was 20.8 months (95% CI 19.4 to 22.4) in carvedilol group and 18.7 months (95% CI 17.1 to 20.4) in placebo group (p=0.04). There was a modest reduction of HVPG at 1 year in carvedilol group (−8.64%) compared with placebo (+0.33%) (p=0.22). None of the patients in either group died of variceal bleeding or liver-related causes. No major adverse events were observed in either group. Conclusions Carvedilol is safe and effective in delaying the progression of small to large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. Trial registration number NCT01196507; post-results.