Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the policy process for physical education and school sport: the rise and demise of school sport partnerships

This article examines the policymaking process for physical education (PE) and school sport (PESS) through an examination of the creation and recent demise of the groundbreaking ‘school sport partnerships’ (SSPs) initiative using Sabatier's advocacy coalition framework (ACF) model (1988, An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy oriented learning therein. Policy Sciences, 21, 129–168). The central premise of this socio-economic model of policy analysis is that policymaking occurs through the dynamic interplay of policy brokers and interest groups who compete to influence the course of policy selection. The controversial and widely criticized decision in October 2010 by the new coalition government to abandon its funding of SSPs in favour of a new School Games framework for competitive school sport highlights the highly politicized nature of policymaking for PESS. It is argued that the successful bid for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games provided an ideal opportunity to formally and systematically embed the work of SSPs in order to inspire a generation of young people in England to engage in sport and physical activity. Drawing upon empirical data, it is argued that there is evidence to support Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith's (1993, Policy change and learning: an advocacy coalitions approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press; 1999, The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press) contention that the major policy change (the creation of SSPs) was the consequence of lobbying by an emerging advocacy coalition led by the Youth Sport Trust (YST). However, the model's acknowledgement of the role of significant individuals and the weakness of the advocacy coalition working on behalf of PESS is more helpful in explaining the coalition government's recent decision to end the funding of SSPs.
Fund Choice Behavior and Estimation of Switching Models: An Experiment

We run a laboratory experiment that contributes to the finance literature on "return chasing behavior" studying how investors switch between mutual funds driven by past performance of the funds. The subjects in this experiment make discrete choices between several (2, 3 or 4) experimental funds in multiple periods. The time series of funds' profits are exogenously generated prior to the experiment and subjects are paid for that period according to the profit of the fund they choose. The experimental results show that the investment decision can to a large extent be explained by a discrete choice model ("switching model") with a few lags and a predisposition effect. The intensity of choice parameter \beta in the discrete choice model depends on the structure of the profit time series of the funds, and there is no evidence that it is influenced by experience.
Data-Driven Approaches to Game Player Modeling

Modeling and predicting player behavior is of the utmost importance in developing games. Experience has proven that, while theory-driven approaches are able to comprehend and justify a model's choices, such models frequently fail to encompass necessary features because of a lack of insight of the model builders. In contrast, data-driven approaches rely much less on expertise, and thus offer certain potential advantages. Hence, this study conducts a systematic review of the extant research on data-driven approaches to game player modeling. To this end, we have assessed experimental studies of such approaches over a nine-year period, from 2008 to 2016; this survey yielded 46 research studies of significance. We found that these studies pertained to three main areas of focus concerning the uses of data-driven approaches in game player modeling. One research area involved the objectives of data-driven approaches in game player modeling: behavior modeling and goal recognition. Another concerned methods: classification, clustering, regression, and evolutionary algorithm. The third was comprised of the current challenges and promising research directions for data-driven approaches in game player modeling.
Rebuilding Communities Following Disaster: Lessons from Kobe and Los Angeles

Shortly before dawn on 17 January 1994, the magnitude 6.7 Northridge Earthquake struck the Los Angeles region in southern California, costing over $48 billion in direct losses and leaving 25,000 housing units uninhabitable. Exactly one year later, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck the Kobe region of Japan, causing approximately $150 billion in losses, the loss of over 6,400 lives, and severe damage to nearly 450,000 housing units. This paper reports on a study that sought to understand the local and individual planning and reconstruction decisions following these two earthquakes, set within the larger context of regional and national policies. It summarizes reconstruction progress and planning decisions for seven urban districts in the two affected areas. The next catastrophic urban disaster to strike a developed nation will be extraordinarily expensive, and prudence demands preparedness for both post-disaster financing and planning processes; provision of temporary and permanent housing requires external funding and local flexibility; local governments need to combine firm safety regulations with citizen participation in reconstruction planning; and post-disaster planning to be fast, effective, equitable, and provide some improvements over previous conditions requires well-funded planning processes, rich in information and communication.
The Location of Employment Growth after 1978: The Surprising Significance of Dispersed Centres

Despite the overwhelming importance of job loss in labour markets in Great Britain since 1979, and the growth of unemployment everywhere, it has come to light that a proportion of areas enjoyed net job gains when recession was at its worst. Contrary to common assertion, these areas lay not entirely in the Home Counties or eastern Scotland, but included examples in most regions (for example, Exeter, York). A common denominator of many of these changes lies in relative shifts towards grade 3A service centres in the production of services. This pattern also prompts the need for thorough stocktaking over the location of elements of job growth, and the methodological implications of new sectoral patterns of growth, which continue to be represented sharply in official estimates at regional level to 1985.
The shifting balance of private and public welfare activity in the United Kingdom, 1979 to 2007

The balance between private and public sectors in welfare activity in the UK has been documented by Burchardt (1997) and Smithies (2005) for three time periods; 1979/1980, 1995/1996 and 1999/2000. The existing evidence suggested that a welfare mix has previously been in existence but that the balance had been shifting. This paper explores this phenomenon by updating the existing evidence with a snapshot of the welfare mix in 2007/2008 across five different welfare sectors: Education, Health, Housing, Income Maintenance and Social Security and Personal Social Services. The paper systematically explores who finances, controls and delivers services in each of these five welfare sectors. Over the 29 year period, there has been a gradual increase in the proportion of welfare activity that is privately financed, controlled and delivered, and a gradual decrease in the proportion of welfare activity that is publicly financed, controlled and delivered. The most significant change is the proportion of services that are contracted-out, and the majority of this change generally occurred prior to 1995/96; since then changes have been much more slight and nuanced. Interestingly, the most significant growth in total welfare activity as a proportion of GDP occurred between 1979 and 1996, and Pure Private activity only accounted for part of this.
Inadequacy of positivistic research to explain complexity of water management

The paper looks at alternative scientific research approaches and traditions related to Water Resources Management (WRM) and Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) services. How can they explain the problem-oriented water governance challenges, and how do they apply to multi- and inter-disciplinary research? It is argued that the bias in favour of a positivistic approach and natural sciences in water research prevents adequate answers to wider water governance challenges and institutional and management issues. Water research should be expanded to include diverse multi-, pluri-, cross-, inter- and multi-disciplinary approaches as joint efforts, while individuals could be encouraged to seek transdisciplinarity.
Conformational selection and induced changes along the catalytic cycle of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase

Protein function often involves changes between different conformations. Central questions are how these conformational changes are coupled to the binding or catalytic processes during which they occur, and how they affect the catalytic rates of enzymes. An important model system is the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Escherichia coli, which exhibits characteristic conformational changes of the active‐site loop during the catalytic step and during unbinding of the product. In this article, we present a general kinetic framework that can be used (1) to identify the ordering of events in the coupling of conformational changes, binding, and catalysis and (2) to determine the rates of the substeps of coupled processes from a combined analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance R2 relaxation dispersion experiments and traditional enzyme kinetics measurements. We apply this framework to E. coli DHFR and find that the conformational change during product unbinding follows a conformational‐selection mechanism, that is, the conformational change occurs predominantly prior to unbinding. The conformational change during the catalytic step, in contrast, is an induced change, that is, the change occurs after the chemical reaction. We propose that the reason for these conformational changes, which are absent in human and other vertebrate DHFRs, is robustness of the catalytic rate against large pH variations and changes to substrate/product concentrations in E. coli. Proteins 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Employer-Employee Relationships on Business Growth

Abstract This paper aims to outline the importance of the employer-employee relationship and describes the role this relationship plays towards the growth of a business. The paper also highlights the role job satisfaction plays towards stimulating good relationships between these two parties and provides guidelines to business owners on how the relationship can be managed. A relationship survey was designed for the study. The survey aimed to determine the business owners’ opinions about relationships, and whether they believed these play a significant role towards the success of their businesses. The survey further aimed to measure job satisfaction of the employees. In the study, job satisfaction was identified as an accurate indicator of good relationships between employers and employees. The study found that business owners shared a positive notion that relationships play an important role towards their business as these contribute to the growth of their business. The employees indicated high levels of satisfaction with their jobs. The study concludes by outlining the key factors and benefits of managing employer-employee relationships.
A 115mW 1Gbps QC-LDPC decoder ASIC for WiMAX in 65nm CMOS

Structured quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) code is a part of many emerging wireless communication standards, such as WiMAX, WiFi and WPAN. This paper presents a high parallel decoder architecture for the QC-LDPC codes and the corresponding decoder ASIC for WiMAX system. Through utilizing the proposed fully parallel layered scheduling architecture, the decoder chip saves 22.2% memory bits and takes 24∼48 clock cycles per iteration for different code rates. It occupies 3.36 mm2 in SMIC 65nm CMOS, and realizes 1Gbps (1056Mbps) throughput at 1.2V, 110MHz and 10 iterations with the power 115mW and power efficiency 10.9pJ/bit/iteration. The energy/bit/iteration reduces 63.6% in normalized comparison with the state-of-art publication.
Optimal Psychological Autonomy and its Implications for Selecting Portfolio CEOs

This article demonstrates the relationship between two dimensions of the active coping style “psychological autonomy and instrumental coping” and leadership effectiveness. Conceptually, we focus on the portfolio CEO, for whom psychological autonomy is crucial in resolving potential tensions between the demands of running a company and satisfying investors' expectations for returns. The CEO's psychological autonomy manifests itself as an ability to recognize and respect the aims and feelings of investors and organizational constituents while maintaining a sense of objectivity and personal agency that allows for creative, workable resolutions to conflicts. The successful CEO cannot become a sole representative of either side, nor become fully independent and rejecting of any side, but must function as a participant intermediary who employs lucid reasoning and an unfaltering sense of integrity.
Blinded by the Light: Information Overload and its Consequences for Securities Regulation

A demanding system of mandatory disclosure, which has become more demanding in the wake of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, makes up the core of the federal securities laws. Securities regulation is motivated, in large part, by the assumption that more information is better than less. After all, "sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants; electric light the most efficient policeman. " But sunlight can also be blinding. Two things are needed for a regulatory regime based on disclosure, such as the federal securities laws, to be effective. First, information has to be disclosed. Second, and often overlooked, is that the users of the information - for example, investors, securities analysts, brokers, and portfolio managers - need to use the disclosed information effectively. Securities regulation focuses primarily on disclosing information, and pays relatively little attention to how the information is used - namely, how do investors and securities market professionals search and process information and make decisions based on the information the securities laws make available? Studies making up the field of behavioral finance show that investing decisions can be influenced by various cognitive biases on the part of investors, analysts, and others. This Article focuses on a related concern: information overload. An extensive psychology literature shows that people can become overloaded with information and make worse decisions with more information. In particular, studies show that when faced with complicated tasks, such as those involving lots of information, people tend to adopt simplifying decision strategies that require less cognitive effort but that are less accurate than more complex decision strategies. The basic intuition of information overload is that people might make better decisions by bringing a more complex decision strategy to bear on less information than by bringing a simpler decision strategy to bear on more information. To the extent that investors, analysts, and other capital market participants are subject to information overload, the model of mandatory disclosure that says more is better than less may be counterproductive. This Article considers the phenomenon of information overload and its implications for securities regulation, including the possibility of scaling back the mandatory disclosure system.
Genetics of Growth Predict Patterns of Brain-Size Evolution

Experimental evidence is presented supporting a developmental model that explains the genetic basis for brain and body size associations. Evolutionary change in body size causes correlated change in brain size because some genes affect both traits. The commonly observed correlation between brain and body size results from genetic variation in growth determinants affecting both traits simultaneously during fetal and early postnatal growth. Later growth reduces brain-body correlation because of changes in the underlying causal components of growth in each trait. Brain-body size evolution shows a different pattern at higher taxonomic levels from that seen within and between closely related species because body-size evolution among higher taxa occurs primarily by change in early portions of growth, which share more genetic growth determinants with brain size.
How Do Powerful CEOS Affect Analyst Coverage?

We examine how CEO power affects the extent of analyst coverage. CEO power can influence a CEO's incentives to disclose information. The amount of information disclosed by the CEO in turn influences the information environment, which affects financial analysts’ incentives to follow the firm. Consistent with this notion, we show that firms with powerful CEOs are covered by fewer analysts. In addition, the evidence shows that firms with more powerful CEOs experience less information asymmetry. Powerful CEOs are well insulated and have fewer incentives to conceal information, resulting in more transparency. The information provided to investors directly by the firm substitutes for the information in the analyst's report. As a result, the demand for analyst coverage is lower. Our results are important because they show that CEO power affects important corporate outcomes such as corporate transparency and analyst following.
Wide‐scale comparative analysis of longevity genes and interventions

Hundreds of genes, when manipulated, affect the lifespan of model organisms (yeast, worm, fruit fly, and mouse) and thus can be defined as longevity‐associated genes (LAGs). A major challenge is to determine whether these LAGs are model‐specific or may play a universal role as longevity regulators across diverse taxa. A wide‐scale comparative analysis of the 1805 known LAGs across 205 species revealed that (i) LAG orthologs are substantially overrepresented, from bacteria to mammals, compared to the entire genomes or interactomes, and this was especially noted for essential LAGs; (ii) the effects on lifespan, when manipulating orthologous LAGs in different model organisms, were mostly concordant, despite a high evolutionary distance between them; (iii) LAGs that have orthologs across a high number of phyla were enriched in translational processes, energy metabolism, and DNA repair genes; (iv) LAGs that have no orthologs out of the taxa in which they were discovered were enriched in autophagy (Ascomycota/Fungi), G proteins (Nematodes), and neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions (Chordata). The results also suggest that antagonistic pleiotropy might be a conserved principle of aging and highlight the importance of overexpression studies in the search for longevity regulators.
The SAHA Syndrome

The presence of seborrhoea, acne, hirsutism and alopecia in women has first been summarized as SAHA syndrome in 1982 and can be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, cystic mastitis, obesity and infertility. In 1994, the association of these androgen-dependent cutaneous signs, was classified according to their etiology into four types: (1) idiopathic, (2) ovarian, (3) adrenal, and (4) hyperprolactinemic SAHA. The HAIRAN syndrome has been currently described as a fifth variant with polyendocrinopathy. The SAHA syndrome generally occurs in young to middle-aged women and involves either the presence of elevated blood levels of androgens or increased androgen-driven peripheral response with normal circulating androgen levels. Peripheral metabolism of androgens takes place in various areas within the pilosebaceous unit, as indicated by local differences in the activities of aromatase, 5α-reductase as well as of the presence of the androgen receptors. In cases of SAHA syndrome, careful diagnostic and clinical evaluation has to be performed in order to identify the cause for peripheral hyperandrogenism and to exclude androgen-producing tumors. Treatment will target the etiology, whereas the management in idiopathic cases will aim to improve the clinical features of SAHA.
Exports, export composition and growth: cointegration and causality evidence for Malaysia

This paper comprehensively tests the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis for Malaysia for the period 1955 - 90, using cointegration and causality testing based on Hsiao's synthesis of the Granger test and Akaike's minimum final prediction error criterion. The results provide support for the ELG hypothesis; aggregate exports Granger-cause real GDP and non-export GDP. This relationship is found to be driven by manufactured exports rather than by traditional exports.
Connections from the lateral vestibular nucleus to the upper cervical spinal cord of the cat: A study with the anterograde tracer PHA‐L

The projections of neurons in the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) to the upper cervical spinal cord of the cat were investigated by means of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L). At the junction of C1 and C2, axons were distributed bilaterally in the ventromedial funiculi, and ipsilaterally in the ventrolateral and lateral funiculi. The majority of boutons were found ipsilateral to the injection sites and most of these boutons were found at the base of the ventral horn and throughout the medial two‐thirds of lamina VIII. A more modest termination zone was found along the ventral border of lamina VII and a small number of boutons were scattered in the dorsal horn. Contralateral termination zones were similar to the ipsilateral projections.
Valuation by Approximation: A Comparison of Alternative Option Valuation Techniques

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to compare a variety of approximation techniques for valuing contingent contracts when analytic solutions do not exist. The comparison is made with respect to the differences in both the approximation theory and the efficiency of the computation algorithms. The focus of the computational comparison is upon binomial and finite difference methods applied to option valuation models with one stochastic variable. However, many of the results would generalize to pricing corporate securities, and also to certain aspects of problems involving multiple stochastic variables.
The role of learning in sustainable communities of practice

This paper adds to the literature on skills for sustainable communities by examining the role and processes of learning in “communities of practice” that exist within a “grassroots association”. Interviews were conducted with participants in the communities of practice of a student group called Green Action, which engages with environmental issues in practical ways. The findings demonstrate how learning occurred in the communities of practice, how participants gained skills and knowledge for sustainable consumption, and how learning in the communities of practice appeared to help Green Action to sustain itself in the long-term. This paper could serve as a useful demonstration to others as to how to apply the theories and concepts from the literature on communities of practice when researching skills and knowledge for sustainable communities. It also has some value for grassroots associations themselves in understanding their own activities.
Assessing a Minimum Pension Guarantee for the Voluntary IPS in Turkey

The returns from individual account pension plans are subject to fluctuations in capital markets. This increases income uncertainty for the beneficiary and exposes individuals to the risk of fluctuations in the economy in general and the stock market in particular. A minimum pension guarantee is a way to avoid this pitfall by providing a minimum annuity regardless of the actual investment performance of individual accounts. In this article, we present a cost analysis of a minimum benefit guarantee mechanism for the voluntary Individual Pension System in Turkey. We examine the cost estimates and the probability of providing guaranteed payments under various economic and demographic assumptions.