Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen in Aquatic Ecosystems

Abstract Aquatic ecosystems respond variably to nutrient enrichment and altered nutrient ratios, along a continuum from fresh water through estuarine, coastal, and marine systems. Although phosphorus is considered the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton production in freshwater systems, the effects of atmospheric nitrogen and its contribution to acidification of fresh waters can be detrimental. Within the estuarine to coastal continuum, multiple nutrient limitations occur among nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon along the salinity gradient and by season, but nitrogen is generally considered the primary limiting nutrient for phytoplankton biomass accumulation. There are well-established, but nonlinear, positive relationships among nitrogen and phosphorus flux, phytoplankton primary production, and fisheries yield. There are thresholds, however, where the load of nutrients to estuarine, coastal and marine systems exceeds the capacity for assimilation of nutrient-enhanced production, and water-quality degradation occurs. Impacts can include noxious and toxic algal blooms, increased turbidity with a subsequent loss of submerged aquatic vegetation, oxygen deficiency, disruption of ecosystem functioning, loss of habitat, loss of biodiversity, shifts in food webs, and loss of harvestable fisheries.
Accounting, auditing and regulating charities ‐ towards a theoretical underpinning

We outline the history of a distinct accounting standard for charities. It charts the development of the first charity SORP and its subsequent failure. The paper explains the development of the current second charity SORP, and reviews three philosophical schools of accounting ‐ positivism, interpretive and critical. We critique how each perspective would define the SORP’s development. We conclude that all three philosophies provide a context which validates the purpose of the new charity accounting statement and subsequent regulation. The interpretative school, however, provides fusion between theory and current professional practice.
Recurrent Neural Network-Based Sentence Encoder with Gated Attention for Natural Language Inference

The RepEval 2017 Shared Task aims to evaluate natural language understanding models for sentence representation, in which a sentence is represented as a fixed-length vector with neural networks and the quality of the representation is tested with a natural language inference task. This paper describes our system (alpha) that is ranked among the top in the Shared Task, on both the in-domain test set (obtaining a 74.9% accuracy) and on the cross-domain test set (also attaining a 74.9% accuracy), demonstrating that the model generalizes well to the cross-domain data. Our model is equipped with intra-sentence gated-attention composition which helps achieve a better performance. In addition to submitting our model to the Shared Task, we have also tested it on the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) dataset. We obtain an accuracy of 85.5%, which is the best reported result on SNLI when cross-sentence attention is not allowed, the same condition enforced in RepEval 2017.
Buying a Place Abroad: Processes of Recreational Property Acquisition

In the search for ‘the good life,’ moving to warmer destinations is a growing trend among affluent individuals from the northern parts of Europe and North America. Induced by quality-of-life drivers, property acquisition is an integral part of this search. Property acquisition behavior has earlier been conceptualized in various models of consumer behavior; however, these models are not sophisticated enough to explain the multiple drivers and complexity of lifestyle- and leisure-led acquisitions, especially if they are international in scope. In this paper, the process of recreational property acquisition is explored, based on thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with Swedes in Malta. Acquisition is found to be influenced by both internal drivers and motives, and external factors that are highly contextualized. This study explains the importance of the contextual frameworks and external influences on decision-making, and conceptualizes the process of international recreational property acquisition.
p53, mdm2, and p21 expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas: relationship with clinicopathologic factors.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation of expression of cell cycle-associated gene proteins with clinicopathologic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). STUDY DESIGN Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 69 oral SCC cases and 10 normal mucosa cases were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p53, mdm 2, and p21 proteins. RESULTS We found p53, mdm 2, and p21 expression in 44 of 69 (63.8%), 25 of 69 (36.2%), and 37 of 69 (53.6%) oral SCCs, respectively. Ki-67-labeling index of combined p53(+)/mdm 2(+) expression cases was significantly higher than those that lacked combined expression (P =.004). Combined p53(+)/p21(+) expression showed a significant association with lymph node metastasis (P =.019). In survival analysis, combined p53(+)/p21(+) and p53(+)/mdm 2(+)/p21(+) expression was associated with poor clinical outcome (P =.018 and.012, respectively). CONCLUSION Combined p53/mdm 2 expression was associated with tumor proliferation in oral SCC. Combined p53/p21 and p53/mdm 2/p21 expression may be a predictive factor in lymph node metastasis.
Conflicting advocacy coalitions in an evolving modern biotechnology regulatory subsystem: policy learning and influencing Kenya's regulatory policy process

In many countries in Africa, the twin processes of modern biotechnology transfer and development of a regulatory regime have co-evolved. This provides a rich context in which to evaluate the underlying social and institutional factors that confront an evolving regulatory subsystem. This paper uses Kenya's biosafety regulatory system for the management of biotechnology as a case study to analyse such coevolution. Drawing some insights from the Advocacy Coalition Framework, this politically charged subsystem reveals empirically two advocacy coalitions which influenced the regulatory decision process trajectory. This has had significant implications for emerging regulatory instruments where different sources of knowledge informed the process. Thus, any innovation system with governance issues should reconceptualise how the tacit knowledge emanating from the complex relationships built around different advocacy coalitions is managed. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Inmate Self-Injurious Behaviors

The current study examines demographic, health functioning, and criminogenic correlates of self-injurious behaviors. Incident reports for all 28 South Carolina correctional facilities were collected during a 30-month period, evidencing 189 inmates who self-injure contrasted with 22,794 inmates who do not. Self-injury was significantly associated with the disproportionate utilization of health resources, specifically through major mental health treatment and institutional restriction. Characteristics of incarcerated self-injurers revealed discernible maladjustment to the correctional milieu, with each self-injury incident being associated with a 37% increase in the number of disciplinary incidents. Moreover, the earlier incarceration period represented a period of greater risk. Each additional year in prison was associated with a 25% increase in self-injurious events, which then declined with further years of imprisonment. These unique characteristics are discussed, and salient policy implications are recommended.
Theories of Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programs in Community Development

In this paper I explore how five competing theories of poverty shape anti-poverty strategies. Since most rural community development efforts aim to relieve causes or symptoms of poverty, it makes a difference which theory of poverty is believed to he responsible for the problem being addressed. In this paper five theories of poverty are distilled from the literature. It will be shown that these theories of poverty place its origin from (1) individual deficiencies, (2) cultural belief systems that support subcultures in poverty, (3) political-economic distortions, (4) geographical disparities, or (5) cumulative and circumstantial origins. Then, I show how each theory of poverty finds expression in common policy discussion and community development programs aimed to address the causes of poverty. Building a full understanding of each of these competing theories of poverty shows how they shape different community development approaches. Although no one theory explains all instances of poverty, this paper aims to show how community development practices that address the complex and overlapping sources of poverty more effectively reduce poverty compared to programs that address a single theory.
Localizing Thin Metallic Cylinders by a 2.5-D Linear Distributional Approach: Experimental Results

The problem of detecting and localizing "thin" metallic scatterers from electromagnetic scattered field measurements is addressed. The scatterers are assumed to be infinitely long and a 2.5-dimensional mathematical model is adopted. According to the distributional approach, the problem is cast as the inversion of a linear integral operator acting on 6-distributions whose supports are representative of the scatterers' locations. In this paper we present the experimental validation of such an approach. To this end, we perform the reconstructions by exploiting experimental scattered field data collected in controlled conditions at the electromagnetic diagnostics laboratory of the Second University of Naples. The experiments are conducted in an anechoic chamber where the scatterers are embedded in a homogenous and lossless background medium. The multistatic/single-view/multifrequency and the multistatic/multiview/multifrequency configurations are both considered.
Taiwan's environment, resource sustainability and green consumerism: perceptions of university students

It is argued that university students are the future elite members and decision-makers of a society, therefore the attitudes and behaviour of Taiwanese students will have a significant effect upon the future course of development of Taiwan. This article discusses university students' perceptions of the environment, resource sustainability, and green consumerism in Taiwan. A total of 345 students studying at the National Taiwan University completed the survey questionnaire in October 1996. It is encouraging to find that most students appear to be concerned with, and aware of, the environmental and resource sustainability issues of Taiwan. Furthermore, the paper reveals students' attitude toward priority of development options, their consumption patterns and their participation in environmental protection campaigns. Students advocate a fundamental change of the prevalent wasteful lifestyle to achieve the long-term sustainability of Taiwan. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Economic espionage as strategic trade policy

In an interview on NBC's Expose in September 1991, Pierre Marion, a former Director of the French intelligence service, stated that: "It would not be normal that we do spy on the (United) States in political matters; we are really allied. But in the economic competition, in the technological competition, we are competitors; we are not allied" (Security Management 1992). Is it "4normal" for competing nations to conduct economic espionage? This paper will show that there may be indirect strategic benefits from spying that go beyond the obvious direct benefits from access to valuable economic secrets. In such situations, economic espionage acts as a form of strategic trade policy that shifts profits from foreign firms to domestic firms and potentially improves national welfare. Porteous (1993) has sketched a similar argument. Many types of sensitive information may be obtained by means of economic espionage. If spying unearths the blueprints of a prodluct or the source code of software, the fixed costs associated with research and development can be reduced for domestic firms. In such a case, there are direct benefits for domestic firms, but no strategic benefits because the behaviour of the domestic firms in global markets will remain unchanged. On the other hand, information on contract bids, marketing plans, or costs of rival foreign firms may give rise to strategic benefits in global markets even though there are no direct benefits. Finally, if the production technology of foreign firms is obtained, there will be both a direct benefit from lower total costs for domestic firms and a strategic benefit on global markets due to lower marginal costs. This paper will focus on espionage performed to obtain marginal-cost reducing production technologies. While this paper considers espionage by the government on behalf of domestic firms, the analysis could easily be adapted to allow for spying by
Mismatch in the Graduate Labour Market Among Immigrants and Second-Generation Ethnic Minority Groups

This paper uses graduate survey data and econometric methods to estimate the incidence and wage effects of over-education and overskilling among immigrant and ethnic minority graduates from UK universities. The paper empirically demonstrates that immigrant and second-generation ethnic minority graduates were no more likely to experience education or skill mismatch relative to their native counterparts. Furthermore, graduates from immigrant and ethnic minority backgrounds incurred overeducation and overskilling wage penalties that lie well below the level incurred by native graduates. The research stresses the importance of controlling for the effects of location-specific human capital and sample selection when undertaking studies of this nature.
Understanding customers' loyalty intentions towards online shopping: an integration of technology acceptance model and fairness theory

As with any other information system (IS), the success of online shopping depends largely on customer satisfaction and other factors that will eventually increase customers' loyalty intentions. This article integrates two major variables of technology acceptance model (TAM), trust, and fairness to construct a model for investigating the motivations behind customers' loyalty intentions towards online shopping. The hypothesised model is validated empirically using data collected from 311 customers of an online shopping store. The results indicated that distributive, procedural and interactional fairness were strong predictors of trust, which in turn influenced satisfaction. Distributive fairness and interactional fairness exhibited significant positive effects on satisfaction. Perceived usefulness and satisfaction influenced loyalty intention towards online shopping. Perceived ease of use acts indirectly on loyalty intention through the mediating effect of perceived usefulness. Implications for theory and practice and future research directions are discussed.
Marching to Different Tunes: Commitment and Culture as Mobilizing Mechanisms of Trade Unions and Community Organizations

This study examines mobilizing mechanisms using a British community organization and a British trade union as exemplars. Although there has been substantial work on union revitalization on the one hand, and the emergence of alternative, community organizations on the other, no study has compared the challenges these organizations face in encouraging member mobilization. The findings illustrate how the trade union engages in a service‐driven culture, cultivating instrumental commitment between the members and the union. The community organization, in contrast, engages in a relational culture and exemplifies a form of social commitment between the members and the group. As a result, different types of commitment and organizational cultures help explain why sustained member mobilization within a trade union is harder to achieve than within a community organization.
Metabolic Response of Visceral White Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice Exposed for 5 Days to Human Room Temperature Compared to Mouse Thermoneutrality

Housing of laboratory mice at room temperature (22°C) might be considered a constant cold stress, which induces a thermogenic program in brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, the early adaptive response of white adipose tissue (WAT), the fat storage organ of the body, to a change from thermoneutrality to room temperature is not known. This was investigated here for various WAT depots, focusing on epididymal WAT (eWAT), widely used as reference depot. Male adult diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice housed at thermoneutrality (29°C), were for 5 days either switched to room temperature (22°C) or remained at thermoneutrality. Energy metabolism was continuously measured using indirect calorimetry. At the end of the study, serum metabolomics and WAT transcriptomics were performed. We confirmed activation of the thermogenic program in 22°C housed mice. Body weight and total fat mass were reduced. Whole body energy expenditure (EE) was increased, with a higher fatty acid to carbohydrate oxidation ratio and increased serum acylcarnitine levels, while energy intake was not significantly different between the two groups. Transcriptome analysis of eWAT identified tissue remodeling and inflammation as the most affected processes. Expression of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage-related genes, and M1 over M2 macrophage ratio were decreased, which might be linked to an increased insulin sensitivity. Markers of thermogenesis were not altered in eWAT. Decreased expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) and cholecystokinin (Cck) might represent altered neuroendocrine signaling. eWAT itself does not show increased fatty acid oxidation. The three measured WATs, epididymal, mesenteric, and retroperitoneal, showed mainly similar responses; reduced inflammation (s100a8), decreased carbohydrate oxidation, and no or small differences in fatty acid oxidation. However, Ucp1 was only expressed and increased in rWAT in 22°C housed mice. Cck expression was decreased in the three WATs, significantly in eWAT and rWAT, in contrast to Tph2, which was decreased in eWAT while not expressed in mWAT and rWAT. Our data show that tissue remodeling, inflammation and neuroendocrine signaling are early responses in WAT to a moderate decrease in environmental temperature.
HCVRD: A Benchmark for Large-Scale Human-Centered Visual Relationship Detection

Visual relationship detection aims to capture interactions between pairs of objects in images. Relationships between objects and humans represent a particularly important subset of this problem, with implications for challenges such as understanding human behavior, and identifying affordances, amongst others. In addressing this problem we first construct a large-scale human-centric visual relationship detection dataset (HCVRD), which provides many more types of relationship annotations (nearly 10K categories) than the previous released datasets. This large label space better reflects the reality of human-object interactions, but gives rise to a long-tail distribution problem, which in turn demands a zero-shot approach to labels appearing only in the test set. This is the first time this issue has been addressed. We propose a webly-supervised approach to these problems and demonstrate that the proposed model provides a strong baseline on our HCVRD dataset.
Effects of satisfaction, trust and alternative attractiveness on switching intentions in industrial customers

This study explores the antecedents of customers' supplier switching intention in a business-to-business context. Few studies have examined the drivers of customer switching intention in industrial customers, particularly, in relation to the alternative attractiveness effect. The contribution of this study lies in bridging the research gap by examining the relationship between switching intention and its antecedents. This work presents a causal model and then tests it using questionnaire survey data gathered from 260 Taiwanese electronics firms. Structural equation modelling techniques employing LISREL were applied for measurement model assessment and hypothesis testing. This investigation reveals that effective communication and customer satisfaction significantly and positively impact trust which has negative effect on customer switching intention. Reduced customer satisfaction directly increases switching intention. Furthermore, alternative attractiveness negatively affects customer satisfaction and positively influences switching intention.
Baidu, Weibo and Renren: the global political economy of social media in China

The task of this work is to conduct a global political-economic analysis of China's major social media platforms in the context of transformations of the Chinese economy. It analyses Chinese social media's commodity and capital form. It compares the political economy of Baidu (search engine), Weibo (microblog) and Renren (social networking site) to the political economy of the US platforms Google (search engine), Twitter (microblog) and Facebook (social networking site) in order to analyse differences and commonalities. The comparative analysis focuses on aspects such as profits, the role of advertising, the boards of directors, shareholders, financial market values, terms of use and usage policies. The analysis is framed by the question to which extent China has a capitalist or socialist economy.
Job injury issues among Hispanic immigrant employees in hospitality operations

Purpose – The increasing number of Hispanic immigrant employee workers in the hospitality industry in the USA has led to some imperative issues and questions, such as how communication barriers and culture gaps influence work injuries. The purpose of this study is to examine factors that influence the extent to which immigrant employees report work injuries to their managers.Design/methodology/approach – Using survey methodology, 154 full‐time employees working at a hospitality operation were requested to participate (60 percent were Hispanic immigrant employees, 40 percent were US born). Participants were given a Spanish or English language survey that contained the measures of interests, as well as demographic questions, and a debriefing statement.Findings – The results showed that immigrant workers reported fewer injuries to their supervisors/managers than US‐born workers and the extent to which Hispanic immigrants speak English was related to the frequency of reporting work injuries. Immigrant climate.
The Triple Helix in the context of global change: dynamics and challenges

Understanding how economies change through interactions with science and government as different spheres of activity requires both new conceptual tools and methodologies. In this paper, the evolution of the metaphor of a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations is elaborated into an evolutionary model, and positioned within the context of global economic changes. We highlight how Triple Helix relations are both continuing and mutating, and the conditions under which a Triple Helix might be seen to be unraveling in the face of pressures on each of the three helices – university, industry, and government. The reciprocal dynamics of innovation both in the Triple Helix thesis and in the global economy are empirically explored: we find that footlooseness of high technology manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services counteract the embeddedness prevailing in medium technology manufacturing. The geographical level at which synergy in Triple Helix relations can be expected and sustained varies among nations and regions.