Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Machine-Translation History and Evolution: Survey for Arabic-English Translations

As a result of the rapid changes in information and communication technology (ICT), the world has become a small village where people from all over the world connect with each other in dialogue and communication via the Internet. Also, communications have become a daily routine activity due to the new globalization where companies and even universities become global residing cross countries borders. As a result, translation becomes a needed activity in this connected world. ICT made it possible to have a student in one country take a course or even a degree from a different country anytime anywhere easily. The resulted communication still needs a language as a means that helps the receiver understands the contents of the sent message. People need an automated translation application because human translators are hard to find all the times, and the human translations are very expensive comparing to the translations automated process. Several types of research describe the electronic process of the Machine-Translation. In this paper, the authors are going to study some of these previous researches, and they will explore some of the needed tools for the Machine-Translation. This research is going to contribute to the Machine-Translation area by helping future researchers to have a summary for the Machine-Translation groups of research and to let lights on the importance of the translation mechanism.
Optimal Expected-Case Planar Point Location

Point location is the problem of preprocessing a planar polygonal subdivision $S$ of size $n$ into a data structure in order to determine efficiently the cell of the subdivision that contains a given query point. We consider this problem from the perspective of expected query time. We are given the probabilities $p_z$ that the query point lies within each cell $z \in S$. The entropy $H$ of the resulting discrete probability distribution is the dominant term in the lower bound on the expected-case query time. We show that it is possible to achieve query time $H + O(\sqrt{H}+1)$ with space $O(n)$, which is optimal up to lower order terms in the query time. We extend this result to subdivisions with convex cells, assuming a uniform query distribution within each cell. In order to achieve space efficiency, we introduce the concept of entropy-preserving cuttings.
Guideline for Care of Patients With the Diagnoses of Craniosynostosis: Working Group on Craniosynostosis

Chaired by Irene M.J. Mathijssen, MD, PhD Participants: The Dutch National Cranial and Facial Deformities Patients and Parents Association (LAPOSA) The Netherlands Society for Ophthalmology The Netherlands Society for Anesthesiology The Netherlands Society for Otorhinolaryngology The Dutch Association for Pediatrics The Netherlands Society for Oral Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Netherlands Society for Neurosurgery The Netherlands Society for Plastic Surgery The Society for Orthodontists The Netherlands Society for Clinical Genetics The Dutch Association of Psychologists The Netherlands Society for Relationship Counseling and Family Therapy Address correspondence and reprint requests to Irene M.J. Mathijssen, MD, PhD, Deptartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Hand Surgery, Room Sk-1202, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: i.mathijssen@erasmusmc.nl ABSTRACT This guideline for care of children with craniosynostosis was developed by a national working group with representatives of 11 matrix societies of specialties and the national patients’ society. All medical aspects of care for nonsyndromic and syndromic craniosynostosis are included, as well as the social and psychologic impact for the patient and their parents. Managerial aspects are incorporated as well, such as organizing a timely referral to the craniofacial center, requirements for a dedicated craniofacial center, and centralization of this specialized care. The conclusions and recommendations within this document are founded on the available literature, with a grading of the level of evidence, thereby highlighting the areas of care that are in need of high-quality research. The development of this guideline was made possible by an educational grant of the Dutch Order of Medical Specialists. The development of this guideline was supported by an educational grant of the Dutch Order of Medical Specialists. Contents Chapter 1. General introduction 1735 Chapter 2. Introduction to craniosynostosis 1736 Chapter 3. Referral and diagnostics 1737 Chapter 4. Perioperative care 1744 Chapter 5. Surgical treatment of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis 1747 Chapter 6. Surgical treatment of syndromic craniosynostosis—the cranial vault 1751 Chapter 7. Surgical treatment of syndromic craniosynostosis—the face 1753 Chapter 8. Increased intracranial pressure 1762 Chapter 9. Hydrocephalus 1768 Chapter 10. Chiari I malformation 1769 Chapter 11. Vision, refraction and motility abnormalities 1771 Chapter 12. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 1772 Chapter 13. Hearing impairments 1776 Chapter 14. Dentofacial deformities 1777 Chapter 15. Deformities of the extremities 1780 Chapter 16. Cognitive functioning and behavior 1783 Chapter 17. Patients’ and parents’ perspectives 1786 Chapter 18. Psychosocial functioning 1787 Chapter 19. Criteria for the craniofacial center and its team members 1790 Chapter 20. Summary 1794
Effects of a Coping Intervention on Transmission Risk Behavior Among People Living With HIV/AIDS and a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Objectives:To examine the effect of a 15-session coping group intervention compared with a 15-session therapeutic support group intervention among HIV-positive men and women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) on sexual transmission risk behavior. Design:A randomized controlled behavioral intervention trial with 12-month follow-up. Methods:A diverse sample of 247 HIV-positive men and women with histories of CSA was randomized to 1 of 2 time-matched group intervention conditions. Sexual behavior was assessed at baseline; immediately after the intervention; and at 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow-up periods (5 assessments). Changes in frequency of unprotected anal and vaginal intercourse by intervention condition were examined using generalized linear mixed models for all partners, and specifically for HIV-negative or serostatus unknown partners. Results:Participants in the HIV and trauma coping intervention condition decreased their frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse more than participants in the support intervention condition for all partners (P < 0.001; d = 0.38, 0.32, and 0.38 at the 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow-up periods, respectively) and for HIV-negative and serostatus unknown partners (P < 0.001; d = 0.48, 0.39, and 0.04 at the 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow-up periods, respectively). Conclusion:A group intervention to address coping with HIV and CSA can be effective in reducing transmission risk behavior among HIV-positive men and women with histories of sexual trauma.
Organization and distribution of glomeruli in the bowhead whale olfactory bulb

Although modern baleen whales (Mysticeti) retain a functional olfactory system that includes olfactory bulbs, cranial nerve I and olfactory receptor genes, their olfactory capabilities have been reduced to a great degree. This reduction likely occurred as a selective response to their fully aquatic lifestyle. The glomeruli that occur in the olfactory bulb can be divided into two non-overlapping domains, a dorsal domain and a ventral domain. Recent molecular studies revealed that all modern whales have lost olfactory receptor genes and marker genes that are specific to the dorsal domain. Here we show that olfactory bulbs of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) lack glomeruli on the dorsal side, consistent with the molecular data. In addition, we estimate that there are more than 4,000 glomeruli elsewhere in the bowhead whale olfactory bulb, which is surprising given that bowhead whales possess only 80 intact olfactory receptor genes. Olfactory sensory neurons that express the same olfactory receptors in rodents generally project to two specific glomeruli in an olfactory bulb, implying an approximate 1:2 ratio of the number of olfactory receptors to the number of glomeruli. Here we show that this ratio does not apply to bowhead whales, reiterating the conceptual limits of using rodents as model organisms for understanding the initial coding of odor information among mammals.
The Costs and Benefits of Secured Creditor Control in Bankruptcy: Evidence from the UK

The theoretical literature debates whether debtors should be permitted to contract with lenders over control rights in bankruptcy. Proponents point to coordination benefits from concentrating control rights; detractors point to inter-creditor agency costs. A recent reform of UK bankruptcy law provides an opportunity to test these theories. Until 2003, UK bankruptcy law permitted firms to give complete ex post control to secured creditors, through a procedure known as “receivership. ” A bankruptcy reform then required firms to use a different procedure, “administration,” which confers greater control on unsecured creditors. We present empirical findings from a hand-coded sample of 340 bankruptcies from both before and after the change in the law. Whilst gross realizations have increased following the change in the law, these have tended to be eaten up by increased bankruptcy costs. We infer that dispersed and concentrated creditor governance in bankruptcy may be functionally equivalent.
Distributed Clustering-Based Aggregation Algorithm for Spatial Correlated Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, it is already noted that nearby sensor nodes monitoring an environmental feature typically register similar values. This kind of data redundancy due to the spatial correlation between sensor observations inspires the research of in-network data aggregation. In this paper, an α -local spatial clustering algorithm for sensor networks is proposed. By measuring the spatial correlation between data sampled by different sensors, the algorithm constructs a dominating set as the sensor network backbone used to realize the data aggregation based on the information description/summarization performance of the dominators. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithm a pattern recognition scenario over environmental data is presented. The evaluation shows that the resulting network achieved by our algorithm can provide environmental information at higher accuracy compared to other algorithms.
High temperature mechanical properties of high-strength fly ash concrete with and without fibers

There is an increasing interest in the use of high-strength fly ash concrete (HFAC) due to growing environmental awareness. Knowledge of high temperature material properties is critical for evaluating the fire response of structures. This paper presents the effect of temperature on mechanical properties of plain HFAC and polypropylene fiber-reinforced HFAC (HFAC-P) with a compressive strength of approximately 70 MPa (10.1 ksi). A series of strength tests were carried out to evaluate compressive strength, tensile strength, stress-strain response, and elastic modulus of HFAC and HFAC-P in a 20 to 800°C (68 to 1472°F) temperature range. Results from mechanical property tests indicate that both HFAC and HFAC-P experience significant degradation in compressive and tensile strength, and elastic modulus with temperature. Data generated from tests are used to develop simplified relations for expressing strength and elastic modulus of HFAC and HFAC-P as a function of temperature. The proposed relations can be used as input data in computer models for evaluating fire response of structures made of HFAC with and without fibers.
Novel Activation of Voltage-gated K+ Channels by Sevoflurane*

Background: Halogenated inhaled anesthetics modulate voltage-gated ion channels by unknown mechanisms. Results: Biophysical analyses revealed novel activation of Kv channels by the inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane. Conclusion: Kv channel activation by sevoflurane results from the positive allosteric modulation of activation gating. Significance: The unique activation of Kv channels by sevoflurane demonstrates novel anesthetic specificity and offers new insights into allosteric modulation of channel gating. Voltage-gated ion channels are modulated by halogenated inhaled general anesthetics, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. Alkanols and halogenated inhaled anesthetics such as halothane and isoflurane inhibit the archetypical voltage-gated Kv3 channel homolog K-Shaw2 by stabilizing the resting/closed states. By contrast, sevoflurane, a more heavily fluorinated ether commonly used in general anesthesia, specifically activates K-Shaw2 currents at relevant concentrations (0.05–1 mm) in a rapid and reversible manner. The concentration dependence of this modulation is consistent with the presence of high and low affinity interactions (KD = 0.06 and 4 mm, respectively). Sevoflurane (<1 mm) induces a negative shift in the conductance-voltage relation and increases the maximum conductance. Furthermore, suggesting possible roles in general anesthesia, mammalian Kv1.2 and Kv1.5 channels display similar changes. Quantitative description of the observations by an economical allosteric model indicates that sevoflurane binding favors activation gating and eliminates an unstable inactivated state outside the activation pathway. This study casts light on the mechanism of the novel sevoflurane-dependent activation of Kv channels, which helps explain how closely related inhaled anesthetics achieve specific actions and suggests strategies to develop novel Kv channel activators.
Six New Non-Shannon Information Inequalities

All unconstrained information inequalities in three or fewer random variables are known to be "Shannon-type", in that they are nonnegative linear combinations of instances of the inequality I(A;B|C) ges 0. In 1998, Zhang and Yeung gave the first example of an information inequality in four variables that is not "Shannon-type". Here we give six new unconstrained non-Shannon information inequalities in four variables. The new inequalities are independent of each other and of the Zhang-Yeung inequality
Exploring the dimensions of project sustainability: a case study of an ICT4D project

The difficulty of sustaining ICT4D projects in developing nations is a challenging issue. Finding ways to ameliorate this problem is critical given the opportunity cost of IT investment failure in developing-world contexts and the consequence of discouraging donor support for ICT-enabled development interventions. This paper presents a study which explores the sustainability of ICT4D projects via a case study of a prominent, large-scale, nationwide ICT4D project that targets agricultural development in a developing nation in South Asia. The case study is interpreted based upon six major dimensions influencing project sustainability that have been identified in the literature. While providing confirmation of the importance and relevance of these dimensions and associated factors, the study highlights the inherent limitations of adopting this approach and proposes an alternative theoretical approach to complement analyses of ICT4D project sustainability.
A Monocular Marker-Free Gait Measurement System

This paper presents a new, user-friendly, portable motion capture and gait analysis system for capturing and analyzing human gait, designed as a telemedicine tool to monitor remotely the progress of patients through treatment. The system requires minimal user input and simple single-camera filming (which can be acquired from a basic webcam) making it very accessible to nontechnical, nonclinical personnel. This system can allow gait studies to acquire a much larger data set and allow trained gait analysts to focus their skills on the interpretation phase of gait analysis. The design uses a novel motion capture method derived from spatiotemporal segmentation and model-based tracking. Testing is performed on four monocular, sagittal-view, sample gait videos. Results of modeling, tracking, and analysis stages are presented with standard gait graphs and parameters compared to manually acquired data.
Using a caries activity test to predict caries risk in early childhood.

BACKGROUND The authors conducted a two-year longitudinal study to show the predictive abilities of a caries activity test (Cariostat, Dentsply-Sankin, Tokyo), and to include the predicted screening indexes that were based on previous caries activity test results and lifestyle factors that influence caries activity. METHODS The subjects were 1,206 children born in 2000. These children participated in health examinations at 18 months, 2 years and 3 1/2 years of age at Kurashiki-City Public Health Center in Kurashiki-City, Japan. Two of the authors performed caries activity tests at 18-month and 2-year examinations. Questionnaires regarding the patient's lifestyle were mailed to each participant's parents or guardians. The authors analyzed these questionnaires to evaluate lifestyle factors that made participants susceptible to caries. RESULTS A caries activity test score at 18 months of age not only reflected caries incidence but also predicted caries incidence and screening results in 2- and 3 1/2-year-old children. A caries activity test score at 2 years of age both reflected and predicted children's caries incidence and screening results at 3 1/2 years of age. Breast-feeding and use of the bottle to intake liquids other than water produced significant caries susceptibility in 18-month-old children. Additionally, increased frequency and total time of sucrose intake put 2-year-old children at high risk of developing caries and failure of parental brushing produced a high risk in 3 1/2-year-old children. CONCLUSIONS A caries activity test could predict 3 1/2-year-old children's caries risk based on 18-month and 2-year-old test results. Early weaning, less sucrose intake and toothbrushing by parents were effective in reducing a child's caries risk. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The caries activity test is more useful than oral examination because it can indicate the need for caries-preventive treatment before a carious lesion actually is manifest.
Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background— The use of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) is increasing, and their associated infections result in significant morbidity and mortality. The introduction of better cardiac imaging techniques could be useful for diagnosing this condition and guiding therapy. Our objective was to systematically assess the diagnostic accuracy of Fluor-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography, labeled leukocyte scintigraphy (LS), and Gallium-67 citrate scintigraphy for the diagnosis of CIED infection. Methods and Results— A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis on the use of all 3 modalities in CIED infection were conducted. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and summary receiver operating characteristic curves of each imaging modalities were determined. The literature search identified 2493 articles. A total of 13 articles (11 studies for 18F-FDG PET-CT and 2 for LS), met the inclusion criteria. No studies for 67Ga citrate scintigraphy met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity of 18F-FDG PET-CT for the diagnosis of CIED infection was 87% (95% CI, 82%–91%) and pooled specificity was 94% (95% CI, 88%–98%). The summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated good overall accuracy, with an area under the curve of 0.935. There were insufficient data to do a meta-analysis for LS, but both studies reported sensitivity above 90% and specificity of 100%. Conclusions— Both 18F-FDG PET-CT and LS yield high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, and thus seem to be useful for the diagnosis of CIED infection, based on robust data for 18F-FDG PET-CT but limited data for LS. When available,18F-FDG PET-CT may be preferred.
Age and Outcomes After Carotid Stenting and Endarterectomy: The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial

Background and Purpose— High stroke event rates among carotid artery stenting (CAS)-treated patients in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST) lead-in registry generated an a priori hypothesis that age may modify the relative efficacy of CAS versus carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In the primary CREST report, we previously noted significant effect modification by age. Here we extend this investigation by examining the relative efficacy of the components of the primary end point, the treatment-specific impact of age, and contributors to the increasing risk in CAS-treated patients at older ages. Methods— Among 2502 CREST patients with high-grade carotid stenosis, proportional hazards models were used to examine the impact of age on the CAS-to-CEA relative efficacy, and the impact of age on risk within CAS-treated and CEA-treated patients. Results— Age acted as a treatment effect modifier for the primary end point (P interaction=0.02), with the efficacy of CAS and CEA approximately equal at age 70 years. For CAS, risk for the primary end point increased with age (P<0.0001) by 1.77-times (95% confidence interval, 1.38–2.28) per 10-year increment; however, there was no evidence of increased risk for CEA-treated patients (P=0.27). Stroke events were the primary contributor to the overall effect modification (P interaction=0.033), with equal risk at ≈64 years. The treatment-by-age interaction for CAS and CEA was not altered by symptomatic status (P=0.96) or by sex (P=0.45). Conclusions— Outcomes after CAS versus CEA were related to patient age, attributable to increasing risk for stroke after CAS at older ages. Patient age should be an important consideration when choosing between the 2 procedures for treating carotid stenosis. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00004732.
Ontological Errors - Inconsistency, Incompleteness and Redundancy

Mapping and merging of multiple ontologies to produce consistent, coherent and correct merged global ontology is an essential process to enable heterogeneous multi-vendors semantic-based systems to communicate with each other. To generate such a global ontology automatically, the individual ontologies must be free of (all types of) errors. We have observed that the present error classification does not include all the errors. This paper extends the existing error classification (Inconsistency, Incompleteness and Redundancy) and provides a discussion about the consequences of these errors. We highlight the problems that we faced while developing our DKP-OM, ontology merging system and explain how these errors became obstacles in efficient ontology merging process. It integrates the ontological errors and design anomalies for content evaluation of ontologies under one framework. This framework helps ontologists to build semantically correct ontology free from errors that enables effective and automatic ontology mapping and merging with lesser user intervention.