Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Group Therapy for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Their Significant Others: Results of a Waiting-List Controlled Trial

Background: Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have to deal with an uncertain prognosis and also face a multitude of memory-related problems and psychosocial consequences. A newly developed group programme proved to be feasible, however, it needed confirmation by a controlled study. Aim: This controlled study evaluates this group therapy for MCI patients aimed to help them accept and manage the memory problems and the psychosocial consequences. The programme combines elements from psychoeducation, cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive-behavioural therapy. Patients and Methods: Ninety-three MCI patients received treatment, with 30 patients being first assigned to a waiting list, thus serving as their own control group. Pre- and post-treatment acceptance and helplessness were assessed using subscales of the Illness Cognition Questionnaire, while distress and general well-being were gauged with the Geriatric Depression Scale and subscales of the RAND-36. Results: Linear mixed model analyses showed that, relative to the controls, acceptance had increased more in the intervention group compared to the waiting-list period (p = 0.034). Distress and general well-being showed no changes. Treatment responders demonstrating a clinically significant effect on acceptance and two of three secondary outcome measures had higher baseline levels of helplessness and fewer self-reported memory complaints in daily life than patients who did not improve. Conclusion: The intervention helped the patients deal better with their uncertain future in that they were overall better able to accept their condition, with especially the female patients showing a decrease in helplessness cognitions, although the effects were relatively small.
Solid state fluorescence of Pigment Yellow 101 and derivatives: a conserved property of the individual molecules.

The optical properties of the bisazomethine pigments Pigment Yellow 101 (P.Y.101) and three derivatives are investigated employing density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT). P.Y. 101 and one of its derivatives exhibit unusual solid state fluorescence, although both possess OH groups and the latter pigment has particularly small intermolecular distances in its crystal, which are both properties that contradict common empirical rules for fluorescent pigments. Here it is shown that the OH groups are indeed essential for molecular fluorescence of the pigments due to the necessary formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the lone pairs of the bisazomethine nitrogens. Furthermore, the quenching mechanism of molecular fluorescence in the non-fluorescent derivatives is analyzed in detail and a CNN bending motion of the central bisazomethine substructure is identified to be the relevant reaction coordinate along which efficient fluorescence quenching occurs in the individual molecule as well as in the crystal. Electron transfer quenching, which usually is expected to be an important quenching mechanism in aggregated media (here the crystals), is ruled out for the studied bisazomethine pigments. The solid state fluorescence properties of the pigments can finally be understood as conserved molecular properties of the individual pigment molecules.
Does Medicare Managed Care reduce racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes preventive care and healthcare expenditures?

OBJECTIVES Large and persistent racial/ethnic disparities exist in diabetes care. Considering the rapid rate of growth of Medicare Managed Care (MMC) plans among minority populations, our aim was to investigate whether disparities in diabetes management and healthcare expenditures are smaller in MMC versus Medicare fee-for-service (MFFS) plans. We hypothesized that racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes care and in health expenditures would be less pronounced in MMC compared with MFFS plans. STUDY DESIGN Nationally representative data from the 2006 to 2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey on white, African American, and Hispanic seniors with diabetes were analyzed. METHODS We examined 4 measures of diabetes care-regular foot check, eye exam, cholesterol check, and flu vaccine-and total and out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare expenditures. We implemented the Institute of Medicine's definition of disparity, applied propensity score weighting to adjust for potential differential selection, and used a difference-in-differences generalized linear framework to estimate outcome measures. RESULTS For African Americans, MMC was associated with a $1183 (P <.036) reduction and a $547 (P <.001) increase in disparities in total and OOP healthcare expenditures, respectively. For Hispanics, disparities in foot exam, flu shot, and cholesterol check decreased by 5, 10, and 7 percentage points (P <.001); additionally, disparities in total and OOP healthcare expenditures were reduced by $3588 and $276 (P <.001), respectively. MMC plans spend less on everyone, including whites. CONCLUSIONS Hispanic/white disparities in diabetes management and healthcare expenditures were smaller in MMC than in MFFS plans. African American/white disparities were not consistently larger in 1 setting than the other.
Air‐ground Matching: Appearance‐based GPS‐denied Urban Localization of Micro Aerial Vehicles

In this paper, we address the problem of globally localizing and tracking the pose of a camera‐equipped micro aerial vehicle (MAV) flying in urban streets at low altitudes without GPS. An image‐based global positioning system is introduced to localize the MAV with respect to the surrounding buildings. We propose a novel air‐ground image‐matching algorithm to search the airborne image of the MAV within a ground‐level, geotagged image database. Based on the detected matching image features, we infer the global position of the MAV by back‐projecting the corresponding image points onto a cadastral three‐dimensional city model. Furthermore, we describe an algorithm to track the position of the flying vehicle over several frames and to correct the accumulated drift of the visual odometry whenever a good match is detected between the airborne and the ground‐level images. The proposed approach is tested on a 2 km trajectory with a small quadrocopter flying in the streets of Zurich. Our vision‐based global localization can robustly handle extreme changes in viewpoint, illumination, perceptual aliasing, and over‐season variations, thus outperforming conventional visual place‐recognition approaches. The dataset is made publicly available to the research community. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that studies and demonstrates global localization and position tracking of a drone in urban streets with a single onboard camera.
Novel parameters of global and regional mitral annulus geometry in man: comparison between normals and organic mitral regurgitation, before and after mitral valve repair.

AIMS The mitral annulus (MA) saddle shape is complex but vital for a normal functioning mitral apparatus. Although conventional parameters of MA geometry such as area and height are helpful, they fall short of describing its complex regional geometry. METHODS AND RESULTS In this prospective study, novel parameters of MA curvature and torsion were derived from three-dimensional (3D) transoesophageal echocardiography. These quantitative indices were computed in 15 patients with normal valves (age 53 ± 8 years) and in 15 patients with organic significant mitral regurgitation (MR, age 66 ± 11 years), before and after mitral valve repair (MVR). The MA was traced and modelled in mid- and end-systole. Curvature and torsion were computed at 500 points across the MA to derive regional and global indices. Overall, patients with organic MR presented the smallest global curvature and torsion; this decrease in curvature and torsion reflects a loss of tonicity of the MA tissue. These changes were largely corrected with MVR surgery, to higher values, compared with normals. The regional analysis revealed similar trends. The maximal MA curvature was found to be at the MA 'anterior horn', whereas the MA 'posterior horn' had the lowest curvature values. CONCLUSION Novel MA parameters of curvature and torsion can be computed from 3D echocardiography and provide quantitative characteristics of dynamic regional MA geometry. In patients with organic MR, the reduced regional and global curvatures improve following surgical MVR. These quantitative parameters may help further refine the quantitative description of MA geometry in various mitral valve pathologies and after MVR.
Cocaine and the AP‐1 Transcription Factor Complex

ABSTRACT: Cocaine addiction in humans develops gradually with repeated administrations and persists long after cocaine has cleared the body. The mechanisms underlying this persistent form of neuroplasticity are not understood and can involve both structural and biochemical mechanisms. The long time course for cocaine addiction in humans and for development of cocaine self‐administration in animal models suggests the involvement of alterations in gene expression leading to altered signaling in the brain. In the striatum (Str) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats, pretreatment with repeated cocaine administrations downregulates the induction of various immediate early genes (IEGs) by a subsequent acute challenge with cocaine. Some of these downregulated IEGs encode Fos‐related components of the activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) complex, which is likely to regulate a number of genes important for neuronal function. Interestingly, repeated cocaine administration induces novel delta FosB‐related proteins (called chronic Fos‐related antigens (Fras)) in the NAc and Str that replace the downregulated isoforms of Fos. Unlike the acutely induced, short‐lasting isoforms of Fos and FosB, the chronic Fras persist long after the last cocaine administration. The known form of delta FosB per se lacks the domain required to activate transcription. If the chronic Fras are similar in structure to delta FosB, then the induction of chronic Fras likely leads to a blockade of AP‐1‐dependent transcription resulting in altered gene expression. We are presently purifying the chronic Fras to obtain amino acid sequence in order to directly examine our hypothesis about the effects of repeated cocaine administration on AP‐1‐dependent transcription and gene expression in the brain.
Diagnostic Value of Serum Levels of GFAP, pNF-H, and NSE Compared With Clinical Findings in Severity Assessment of Human Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Study Design. An analytical cohort study. Objective. This study aimed to evaluate severity of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) based on the serum levels of phosphorylated form of heavy subunit of neurofilament (pNF-H), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which are axonal, neural cell body, and glial cell injury markers, respectively. Summary of Background Data. Prior studies have reported elevated serum levels of pNF-H, NSE, and GFAP as biomarkers for the detection of traumatic SCI in animals. However, in this study, these biomarkers were studied in humans and with an extended level of timing. Methods. The study included 35 patients with SCI with a mean age of 36.5 years. All patients were evaluated using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale, followed by examinations including radiography and spinal computed tomography for determining the injury level. Serum levels of NSE, pNF-H, and GFAP were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. The mean serum level of GFAP was significantly higher in patients with SCI than in the control group. Mean serum levels of pNF-H and NSE were significantly higher during 24 and 48 hours after injury in patients with SCI than in the control group. The serum level of GFAP was appropriate for estimating the severity of SCI in the first 24 hours after injury. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that increased serum levels of GFAP, NSE, and pNF-H can be used for the diagnosis and degree of SCI severity in trauma patients. During 48 hours after injury, estimation of serum levels of pNF-H, NSE, and GFAP, combined with neurological testing, could predict the presence of SCI and severity prior to spinal computed tomography and surgical or conservative interventions. Level of Evidence: 2
Improving the Incremental Gaussian Mixture Neural Network model for spatial interpolation and geostatistical simulation

An important feature present in neural network models is their ability to learn from data, even when the user does not have much information about the particular dataset. However, the most popular models do not perform well in spatial interpolation problems due to their difficulty in accurately modeling spatial correlation between samples. On the other hand, one of the most important geostatistical methods for spatial interpolation, Kriging, performs very well but requires some expert knowledge to fit the correlation model (semivariogram). In this work, we adapt the Incremental Gaussian Mixture Network (IGMN) neural network model for spatial interpolation and geostatistical sequential simulation applications. Results show that our approach outperforms Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and the original IGMN, especially in anisotropic and sparse datasets. Also, we propose an algorithm for Sequential Gaussian Simulation that uses IGMN instead of Kriging and can successfully generate equally probable realizations of the defined grid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a Neural Network model is specialized for spatial interpolation applications and has the ability to perform a geostatistical simulation.
Protection Motivation Theory and Stages of Change in Sun Protective Behavior

This study examined the usefulness of the stage of change model and protection motivation theory (PMT) in creating brief persuasive appeals to promote healthy sun-behavior. College women (N = 254) read one of four essays that manipulated the level of threat and coping appraisal. The transition from the precontemplation to contemplation stage was promoted by threat appraisal information, but transition from contemplation to the preparation stage occurred only when individuals were provided with both high threat and high coping information. Thus, brief communications based on PMT may create attitudes leading to behavior change when later, more intensive, interventions are introduced.
Reward motivation modulates coding of behaviorally relevant category distinctions across the frontoparietal cortex

Selection and integration of information based on current goals is a fundamental aspect of flexible goal-directed behavior. Motivation has been shown to improve behavioral performance across multiple cognitive tasks, yet the underlying neural mechanisms that link motivation and control processes, and in particular its effect on context-dependent information processing, remain unclear. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 24 human volunteers to test whether reward motivation enhances the coding of behaviorally relevant category distinctions across the frontoparietal cortex. In a cued-detection categorization task, participants detected whether an object from a cued visual category was present in a subsequent display. Objects from one of two cued categories could serve as either Targets or High-conflict nontargets, depending on the cue on a given trial. Objects from a third category were never cued and served as Low-conflict nontargets, thus yielding three levels of behavioral status for the displayed categories (Targets, High-conflict nontargets, and Low-conflict nontargets). Half of all trials offered the possibility of a substantial reward. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) showed a conflict-contingent enhancement effect of reward across the frontoparietal cortex. Reward increased the discrimination between highly conflicting behavioral status conditions, but not between less conflicting distinctions, and this selective effect was not driven by visual differences. In contrast, reward did not modulate these task-related distinctions in the high-level general object visual region, the lateral occipital complex. These findings suggest that reward modulates the representation of behaviorally relevant information only when it is most needed to successfully complete a task, and therefore facilitates an efficient allocation of attentional resources.
Salivary Acetylcholinesterase Activity Is Increased in Parkinson's Disease: A Potential Marker of Parasympathetic Dysfunction

Introduction. Decreased salivary flow and xerostomia are frequent findings in Parkinson's disease (PD), possibly caused by alterations in the parasympathetic tonus. Here we explore salivary acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity as a potential biomarker in PD. Methods. We measured salivary flow, AChE activity, and total protein concentration in 30 PD patients and 49 healthy controls. We also performed exploratory correlation analyses with disease duration, motor symptom severity, autonomic complaints, and other nonmotor symptoms. Results. PD patients displayed significantly decreased salivary flow rate, significantly increased salivary AChE activity, and total protein concentration. Importantly, the AChE activity/total protein ratio was significantly increased in PD patients, suggesting that increased AChE activity cannot be explained solely by upconcentration of saliva. The Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) score displayed significant correlation with total salivary protein (P = 0.002) and near-significant correlation with salivary flow (P = 0.07). Color vision test scores were also significantly correlated with AChE activity (P = 0.04) and total protein levels (P = 0.002). Conclusion. Salivary AChE activity is increased in PD patients compared to healthy controls. Future studies are needed to elucidate whether this parameter reflects the extent of neuronal damage and parasympathetic denervation in the salivary glands of PD patients.
Opinions and Beliefs About Telemedicine for Emergency Treatment During Ambulance Transportation and for Chronic Care at Home

Background Telemedicine is a valid alternative to face-to-face patient care in many areas. However, the opinion of all stakeholders is decisive for successful adoption of this technique, especially as telemedicine expands into novel domains such as emergency teleconsultations during ambulance transportation and chronic care at home. Objective We evaluate the viewpoints of the broad public, patients, and professional caregivers in these situations. Methods A 10-question survey was developed and obtained via face-to-face interviews of visitors at the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB). The online questionnaire was also distributed among professional caregivers via the intranet of the UZB and among the broad public using social media. Results In total, 607 individuals responded to the questionnaire, expressing a positive opinion regarding telemedicine for in-ambulance emergency treatment and for chronic care at home. Privacy issues were not perceived as relevant, and most respondents were ready to participate in future teleconsultations. Lack of telecommunication knowledge (213/566, 37.6%) was the only independent factor associated with rejection of telemedicine at home and respondents via social media (250/607, 41.2%) were less concerned about privacy issues than respondents via face-to-face interviews (visitors, 234/607, 38.6%). The visitors were more positive towards in-ambulance telemedicine and more likely to agree with future participation in teleconsultations than respondents via social media. Conclusions The broad public, professional caregivers, and patients reported a positive attitude towards telemedicine for emergency treatment during ambulance transportation and for chronic care at home. These results support further improvement of telemedicine solutions in these domains.
The influence of fatigue on damage from eccentric contractions in the gastrocnemius muscle of the cat

Eccentric exercise is unique in that it can lead to muscle damage and soreness. Concentric exercise is not accompanied by evidence of damage. There are reports in the literature that muscle fatigue is a factor determining the amount of damage from eccentric exercise. Our theory for the damage process predicts that susceptibility for damage is independent of fatigue. Experiments were carried out to test this prediction as well as to seek other evidence in support of our theory. Comparisons were made between the effects of eccentric and concentric contractions. The nerve supply to the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the anaesthetized cat was divided into three equal portions in terms of the tension they generated. In the first experiment a muscle portion was fatigued by giving it 200 shortening contractions over 12 mm at a shortening speed of 50 mm s−1. This led to a mean fall in isometric tension (37 ± 4%) without a significant shift in the optimum length for peak active tension. Giving the fatigued muscle 10 eccentric contractions, active stretches over 6 mm at 50 mm s−1, beginning from the muscle's optimum length led to a further fall in tension (11%± 7%) and a significant shift in optimum length (3.7 mm ± 0.6 mm) in the direction of longer muscle lengths. The shift in optimum was taken as an indicator of muscle damage. This shift was not significantly different from that seen after eccentric contractions carried out on an unfatigued muscle. After a series of eccentric or concentric contractions, tension at the end of a ramp shortening of 6 mm at 10 mm s−1 fell more than isometric tension, and by near equal amounts for the two kinds of contractions. In an unfatigued muscle, if tension was altered by changing the rate of stimulation, the fall in shortening tension was greater than after either concentric or eccentric contractions. These observations were seen to be consistent with predictions of the proposed mechanism for the damage process.
A Refined Neuronal Population Measure of Visual Attention

Neurophysiological studies of cognitive mechanisms such as visual attention typically ignore trial-by-trial variability and instead report mean differences averaged across many trials. Advances in electrophysiology allow for the simultaneous recording of small populations of neurons, which may obviate the need for averaging activity over trials. We recently introduced a method called the attention axis that uses multi-electrode recordings to provide estimates of attentional state of behaving monkeys on individual trials. Here, we refine this method to eliminate problems that can cause bias in estimates of attentional state in certain scenarios. We demonstrate the sources of these problems using simulations and propose an amendment to the previous formulation that provides superior performance in trial-by-trial assessments of attentional state.