Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Harvey ras ( Hras ) Point Mutations Are Induced by 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide in Murine Oral Squamous Epithelia , while Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Loss of Heterozygosity Occur without Additional Exposure 1

Tumorigenesis is a multistep genetic process requiring several somatic mutations for neoplastic transformation. These mutations appear to be sequential, random, and independent events. However, we find linked, nonrandom ma mutations occurring during 4-thtroqulnoline-1-oxide-in duced tumorigenesis months after exposure to the carcinogen had ceased. Thecarcinogenhadbeentopicallyappliedto theoralcavityof CBAmice for 4 to 16 weeks. Dysplasia developed after 24 weeks, and carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma developed after 28 weeks. H-ms muta lions were detected In 13 of 25 tissue specimens (10 of 14 invasive card nomas and 2 of 4 carcinoma in situ, 1 of S dysplastic tissue, and 0 of 2 normal tissues). Approximately one-half of the tumors had C to A point mutations at codon 12 of the cellular H-ms proto-oncogene on mouse chromosome 7. None had codon 11, 13, or 61 mutations. Loss of heterozy gosity occurred in 5 of 14 invasive cancers. Larger invasive squamous cell carcinomas consistently lost the wild-type allele, whereas preneoplastic lesions and small tumors were heterozygous for ma. This suggests a causal relationship between carcinogen treatment, H-ms activation, and initia tion of tumorigenesis.The wild-typoallele in mousechromosome7 is lost with the progression of tumorigenesls long after exposure to the carcino gen. Thus, loss of heterozygosity of the ras gene appears to occur without multiple carcinogen-induced mutations, i.e., as a result of a cascade of events induced by an earlier ras mutation.
The Structure of Psychopathology in Adolescence and Its Common Personality and Cognitive Correlates

The traditional view that mental disorders are distinct, categorical disorders has been challenged by evidence that disorders are highly comorbid and exist on a continuum (e.g., Caspi et al., 2014; Tackett et al., 2013). The first objective of this study was to use structural equation modeling to model the structure of psychopathology in an adolescent community-based sample (N = 2,144) including conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), obsessive–compulsive disorder, eating disorders, substance use, anxiety, depression, phobias, and other emotional symptoms, assessed at 16 years. The second objective was to identify common personality and cognitive correlates of psychopathology, assessed at 14 years. Results showed that psychopathology at 16 years fit 2 bifactor models equally well: (a) a bifactor model, reflecting a general psychopathology factor, as well as specific externalizing (representing mainly substance misuse and low ADHD) and internalizing factors; and (b) a bifactor model with a general psychopathology factor and 3 specific externalizing (representing mainly ADHD and ODD), substance use and internalizing factors. The general psychopathology factor was related to high disinhibition/impulsivity, low agreeableness, high neuroticism and hopelessness, high delay-discounting, poor response inhibition and low performance IQ. Substance use was specifically related to high novelty-seeking, sensation-seeking, extraversion, high verbal IQ, and risk-taking. Internalizing psychopathology was specifically related to high neuroticism, hopelessness and anxiety-sensitivity, low novelty-seeking and extraversion, and an attentional bias toward negatively valenced verbal stimuli. Findings reveal several nonspecific or transdiagnostic personality and cognitive factors that may be targeted in new interventions to potentially prevent the development of multiple psychopathologies.
The Effect of Corporate Governance on Investment: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

This study investigates the relation between firms' investment choices and various governance mechanisms, using a sample of real estate investment trusts (REITs). We find evidence that the responsiveness of REITs' investment expenditures to their opportunities depends on their corporate governance structures. Within the set of governance mechanisms that we examine, we find particularly strong links between investment behavior and ownership. Specifically, we find that the investment choices of REITs are more closely tied to Tobin's q if they have greater institutional ownership or if they have lower director and officer stock ownership. These results are consistent with institutional owners monitoring the firm's investment policies as well as with high insider ownership allowing managers to follow their own investment agendas.
Understanding the factor structure of the public stigma of substance use disorder

Abstract Few empirical research studies have examined the public stigma of substance use disorder (SUD) compared to mental illness (MI). Expanding on the results of a qualitative study on the stigma of SUD, this study quantitatively examined items thought to represent the three constructs of public stigma: stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination. Additionally, exploratory factor analyses generated factor structures to provide meaning to each construct. Results indicated that some factors were endorsed significantly higher than others: for stereotypes, recklessness and threat were significantly endorsed more than unreliability and inadequacy; for prejudice, dread was endorsed the most; and for discrimination, restriction was endorsed more than invalidation. Additional oneway ANOVAs revealed that women significantly endorsed restriction more than men. Although further research is needed to confirm a complete set of factors, these results may help to establish a model for the public stigma of people with SUD.
Anecdote is the singular of data

Why put together yet another debate about the importance or irrelevance of place in society? The superficial reason for doing this here was that in Autumn 2000 I was asked to referee a paper by Andrew McCulloch (2001) which both impressed and concerned me. I was impressed by the amount of work and skill which had gone into this paper, as with much of the analysis of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) coming out of Essex University. I was also concerned with some of the underlying assumptions and implicit beliefs expressed through this and in similar recent papers using the BHPS. The six short articles which follow and McCulloch's reply reflect much of the admiration for his work and skill, a great deal of support but also much dissent. I summarise them next; however, they are all kept short enough to be summaries of a much wider debate in themselves. The authors were chosen as being leading researchers in social science, ranging from the study of deprivation and poverty, to employment, housing, voting, area effects, health, multilevel modeling, and other similar subjects and techniques. They were limited (as am I) to only a few words and half a dozen references. Among a number of the critics, the paper raised the issue of whether area-based initiatives are a valid policy option for government today. George Smith, Michael Noble, and Gemma Wright suggest that McCulloch is on shaky ground in arguing against area-based policy initiatives; in contrast to his claims they suggest that we do need such policies and that we do not need further evidence that area effects exist to justify area-based initiatives. In further contrast, Roger Burrows and Johnathan Bradshaw argue that there is little evidence that area-based policies alleviate poverty. However, they too believe there is not enough èvidence' in McCulloch's paper to support his general conclusionsöwith which they sympathise. Both of the above papers argue for longitudinal studies. Heather Joshi, a long-term advocate and How much does place matter? Environment and Planning A 2001, volume 33, pages 1335 ^ 1369
International Financial Integration

In recent decades, foreign assets and liabilities in advanced countries have grown rapidly relative to GDP, with the increase in gross cross-holdings far exceeding the size of net positions. Moreover, the portfolio equity and foreign direct investment (FDI) categories have grown in importance relative to international debt stocks. In this paper, we describe the broad trends in international financial integration for a sample of industrial countries and seek to explain the cross-country and time-series variation in the size of international balance sheets. We also examine the behavior of the rates of return on foreign assets and liabilities, relating them to “market” returns.
Reciprocity, Accountability and Credibility in International Relations

Do public opinion dynamics play an important role in understanding conflict dynamics between democracies and their international rivals? These opinion dynamics and government behavior are interpreted as particular causal links in models of reciprocity, accountability and credibility. Theoretical expectations about the character of these linkages are translated into four distinct Bayesian structural time series models. The models are fit to events data from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict with provisions for U.S. intervention. We find that a credibility model fits the data best. This credibility model supports research that predicts asymmetric reciprocity between democratic and non-democratic belligerents. For the credibility model there is evidence that more pacific Israeli opinion leads to more immediate hostility by the Palestinians toward the Israelis. The direction of this response suggests a negative feedback mechanism in which low level conflict is maintained and momentum toward either all out war or dramatic peace is slowed. Finally, we use the credibility model to forecast ex ante 24 months ahead fromMarch 2005. These forecasts show rapid deterioration of Israeli-Palestinian relations (even if recent election outcomes in the Levant had not occurred). The forecasts illustrate that the level of violence and support for peace move in opposite directions. ∗Freeman and Brandt’s research is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants Nos. SES-0351179, SES-0351205, SES-0540816. We thank Will Moore, Jon Pevehouse and Phil Schrodt for their advice on this project and also the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research for supplying us with public opinion data. An earlier version of this project was presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 22-25, 2006. The authors are solely responsible for the paper’s contents.
Andiamo! Moving forward with autologous hematopoietic transplantation for highly active MS

The cause and exact processes underlying the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) development and progression have eluded clinicians and scientists for almost 150 years, since Jean-Martin Charcot recognized it as a distinct disease. Based on current understanding, an inflammatory immune response, potentially elicited by a common pathogen or unidentified microbial or environmental agent, is inappropriately targeted against CNS components, possibly a myelin protein, and not properly tempered by immune regulatory circuits. Blood-derived T and B cells are critical components of the adaptive immune response that initiates the inflammatory attack, although innate immunity is also implicated, with macrophages and microglia operating as antigen presenting cells, as demyelinating effector cells, and possibly as mediators of a diffuse chronic CNS inflammatory state.
Dietary fatty acids and human health

A considerable amount of evidence has accumulated to support the view that the very long chain omega 3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) have beneficial cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory properties and that levels of their consumption are insufficient in most Western diets. More recently, attention has been given to the possibility that the precursor omega-3 PUFA, alpha linolenic acid (ALNA), may share some of the beneficial actions of EPA/DHA on human health. Further research into the metabolism and physiological actions of ALNA, and comparisons with EPA/DHA, is needed before conclusions regarding the optimal amounts and types of omega-3 PUFA for human health can be defined. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which arises as a metabolic by-product of rumen hydrogenation and which is found in foods of animal origin, has been proposed to possess potent health promoting properties, but much of this research has been conducted in experimental animals. There is an urgent need for complementary stud- ies in human volunteers, to confirm the putative anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-lipogenic and immuno-suppressive properties of CLA. human health / fatty acids / omega-3 PUFA / conjugated linoleic acid Resume — Acides gras alimentaires et sante humaine. Il a ete amplement demontre que les acides gras a tres longue chaine en omega 3, les acides eicoapentaenoique (EPA) et decosahexaenoique (DHA) ont des effets positifs relatifs a l'apparition des maladies cardio-vasculaires, et des propriete anti-inflammatoires. Leur consommation par l'Homme est insuffisante dans la plupart des pays occi- dentaux. Recemment il est apparu que l'acide alpha linolenique, precurseur des acides gras en omega 3, pouvait partager avec l'EPA et le DHA certains effets positifs sur la sante humaine. Des recherches complementaires sur le metabolisme et le role physiologique de l'acide alpha linolenique, ainsi que des comparaisons avec l'EPA et le DHA sont necessaires avant de pouvoir definir les apports recom- mandes optimaux de chacun de ces acides gras. L'acide linoleique conjugue (CLA) qui provient du metabolisme ruminal des acides gras et qui est present dans les aliments d'origine animale, a ete decrit comme potentiellement favorable a la sante humaine, mais la plupart des experimentations ont ete conduites sur animaux de laboratoire. Il y a une urgence a realiser des etudes complementaires sur des volontaires humains, afin de confirmer les proprietes annoncees du CLA, a savoir des effets anti-carcinogene, anti-atherogene, anti-lipogenique et une modulation de l'immunite.
A study on the effect of carbon nanotube surface modification on mechanical and thermal properties of CNT/HDPE nanocomposite

In this article, the effect of carbon nanotube’s (CNT) surface modification on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of nanocomposite with different content of CNTs was studied. CNT/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposites were prepared by a mini twin-screw extruder. To modify the dispersion of MWCNTs in HDPE, the surface of CNTs was functionalized by HNO3 and stearic acid (SA). The tensile tests results show that addition of 5% of acid-treated CNT in HDPE cause to increase in Young’s modulus and yield strength up to 4% and 6%, respectively; as compared to unmodified CNT/HDPE nanocomposite. The presence of the SA on CNTs can lead to slight decrease of the CNT-SA/HDPE strength properties; when compared to pure CNT/PE nanocomposite. However, there is a fracture toughness enhancement in CNT-SA/HDPE up to 10% compare to unmodified CNT/PE nanocomposite. Furthermore, the calculation of the stress whitening zone of all samples verifies the fracture toughness data of CNT/HDPE nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopic images showed that the best dispersion of CNTs in the HDPE matrix was seen in CNT-SA/HDPE nanocomposite.
Glycemic control is a predictor of survival for diabetic patients on hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of glycemic control on the survival of diabetic subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) starting hemodialysis treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This single-center prospective observational study enrolled 150 diabetic ESRD subjects (109 men and 41 women; age at hemodialysis initiation, 60.5 +/- 10.2 years) at start of hemodialysis between January 1989 and December 1997. The subjects were divided into groups according to their glycemic control level at inclusion as follows: good HbA1c <7.5%, n = 93 (group G), and poor HbA1c > or = 7.5%, n = 57 (group P); and survival was followed until December 1999, with a mean follow-up period of 2.7 years. RESULTS Group G had better survival than group P (the control group) (P = 0.008). At inclusion, there was no significant difference in age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), BMI, cardio-to-thoracic ratio (CTR) on chest X-ray, and serum creatinine (Cre) or hemoglobin (Hb) levels between the two groups. After adjustment for age and sex, HbA1c was a significant predictor of survival (hazard ratio 1. 133 per 1.0% increment of HbA1c, 95% CI 1.028-1.249, P = 0.012), as were Cre and CTR. CONCLUSIONS Good glycemic control (HbA1c <7.5%) predicts better survival of diabetic ESRD patients starting hemodialysis treatment.
Argue, observe, assess: Measuring disciplinary identities and differences through socio‐epistemic discourse

Calls for interdisciplinary collaboration have become increasingly common in the face of large‐scale complex problems (including climate change, economic inequality, and education, among others); however, outcomes of such collaborations have been mixed, due, among other things, to the so‐called “translation problem” in interdisciplinary research. This article presents a potential solution: an empirical approach to quantitatively measure both the degree and nature of differences among disciplinary tongues through the social and epistemic terms used (a research area we refer to as discourse epistemetrics), in a case study comparing dissertations in philosophy, psychology, and physics. Using a support‐vector model of machine learning to classify disciplines based on relative frequencies of social and epistemic terms, we were able to markedly improve accuracy over a random selection baseline (distinguishing between disciplines with as high as 90% accuracy) as well as acquire sets of most indicative terms for each discipline by their relative presence or absence. These lists were then considered in light of findings of sociological and epistemological studies of disciplines and found to validate the approach's measure of social and epistemic disciplinary identities and contrasts. Based on the findings of our study, we conclude by considering the beneficiaries of research in this area, including bibliometricians, students, and science policy makers, among others, as well as laying out a research program that expands the number of disciplines, considers shifts in socio‐epistemic identities over time and applies these methods to nonacademic epistemological communities (e.g., political groups).
Log Data in Digital Libraries

This study presents relevant characteristics of library automation systems and digital library systems that need to be taken into account in addressing the study of log data in digital libraries. For all the different categories of users of a digital library system, the quality of services and documents the digital library supplies are very important. Log data constitute a relevant aspect in the evaluation process of the quality of a digital library system and of the quality of interoperability of digital library services. A general approach for the analysis of log data generated in the use of services of digital library systems is introduced.
Collaborative diffusive source localization in wireless sensor networks

We propose a collaborative, energy efficient method for diffusive source localization in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm is based on distributed and iterative maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation, which is very sensitive to initialization. As a part of the proposed method we present an approach for obtaining a “good enough” initial value for the ML recursion based on infinite time approximation and semidefinite programming. We also present an approach for determining the sensor node that initiates the estimation process. To improve the convergence rate of the algorithm, we consider the case where selected nodes collaborate with their neighbors. Simulation results are used to characterize the performance and energy efficiency of the algorithm. We also illustrate estimation accuracy/energy consumption trade-off by varying the communication radius of sensor nodes.
OverCode: visualizing variation in student solutions to programming problems at scale

In MOOCs, a single programming exercise may produce thousands of solutions from learners. Understanding solution variation is important for providing appropriate feedback to students at scale. The wide variation among these solutions can be a source of pedagogically valuable examples, and can be used to refine the autograder for the exercise by exposing corner cases. We present OverCode, a system for visualizing and exploring thousands of programming solutions. OverCode uses both static and dynamic analysis to cluster similar solutions, and lets instructors further filter and cluster solutions based on different criteria. We evaluated OverCode against a non-clustering baseline in a within-subjects study with 24 teaching assistants, and found that the OverCode interface allows teachers to more quickly develop a high-level view of students' understanding and misconceptions, and to provide feedback that is relevant to more students.
Identity-centrality, dimensions of uncertainty, and pursuit of subgroup autonomy: The case of Sardinia within Italy

Almost all groups are hierarchically structured such that numerically smaller collectives (subgroups) are nested within numerically larger collectives (superordinate groups). For example, there are 28 nations within the European Union, 50 states within the United States, 20 regions within Italy, and so forth. In these nested category situations, a specific individual’s social identity is to varying degree defined and prescribed by both their subgroup and the superordinate group within which the subgroup is nested—a French citizen is both French and European, as a resident of Sardinia is both Sardinian and Italian. Not surprisingly, these nested subgroups experience tension with their overarching superordinate group over the degree of autonomy and control that the subgroup has over its practices and identity within the superordinate entity. The key questions, which are the focus of the present research, are what psychologically motivate the pursuit of greater subgroup autonomy within a superordinate group. Is autonomy all about social identity and associated cultural practices, or is it also about political and economic opportunity? And what are the consequences of this desire for subgroup autonomy for the superordinate group and for superordinate‐subgroup relations? Drawing on uncertainty‐identity theory (Hogg, 2007, 2012 ), we propose that uncertainty about one’s social identity (identity‐ uncertainty) is perhaps a more powerful underlying motivation for the pursuit of subgroup autonomy than concerns about economic or political self‐determination (politico‐economic uncertainty)—even if the surface narrative appears to be about the latter. For example, the 2016 Brexit narrative in the UK often hinged on immigration and jobs, payments to the EU, and voice in Brussels; however, perhaps it was largely about preserving a distinct British identity that some felt had been eroded and had an uncertain future. Likewise, Catalonia’s desire for independence from the Spanish government is not purely a pursuit of economic freedom, but also a desire for independence over their social and cultural practices. The research reported in the present article examines the extent to which the pursuit of autonomy is driven primarily by uncertainty about a subgroup’s identity and cultural practices or uncertainty about its political‐economic status. Received: 13 February 2018 | Accepted: 11 May 2018 DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12549