Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human CD8 T cells of the peripheral blood contain a low CD8 expressing cytotoxic/effector subpopulation

Heterogeneity of lymphocyte populations demonstrates the diversity of cellular immune responses and provide a better understanding of the immune system. CD3+ CD8+ T cells exhibit a low CD8 expressing (CD8low) population in flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood T cells. In healthy donors, this population consists of 0·2–7·0% of all CD8 T cells. The majority of the CD8low T cell population showed an elevated expression of CD25, CD45RA, and CD95L, and low levels of CD28, CD62L and CD45RO. Circulating CD8low T cells resemble cytotoxic effector cells because they express cytolytic mediators and are able to execute cytotoxicity. A restricted T cell receptor profile with increased Vβ9, Vβ14 and Vβ23 expression was observed and the CD8low T cell population contain Epstein–Barr virus‐specific T cells. Therefore, the CD8low population represent a subset of activated CD8 effector T cells, resulting most probably from a continous and/or balanced immune response to intracellular pathogens.
THE BARGAINING PROBLEM

A new treatment is presented of a classical economic problem, one which occurs in many forms, as bargaining, bilateral monopoly, etc. It may also be regarded as a nonzero-sum two-person game. In this treatment a few general assumptions are made concerning the behavior of a single individual and of a group of two individuals in certain economic environments. From these, the solution (in the sense of this paper) of classical problem may be obtained. In the terms of game theory, values are found for the game. См. также: Two-person cooperative games, автор - Джо Нэш.
Demonstration and Performance Assessment of Large Format InP–InGaAsP Quantum-Well Infrared Photodetector Focal Plane Array

There have been various studies showing that InP-InGaAs quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are potential alternatives to AlGaAs-GaAs QWIPs in the long wavelength infrared (LWIR) band, especially for applications requiring high responsivity. Being on InP substrate, this material system also offers lattice matched mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR)/LWIR dual band QWIP stack when it is used with the AlInAs-InGaAs system. It is desirable to extend the cut-off wavelength of InP based LWIR QWIPs to , which can be accomplished by replacing the QW material with InGaAsP. In this paper, we report the first InP-InGaAsP QWIP focal plane array (FPA). The 640 512 FPA displayed remarkably low noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) with very short integration times (46 mK at 66 K with and f/1.5 optics). The results show that these QWIPs can be operated with high responsivity (1 A/W) while offering bias adjustable gain in a wide range where the detectivity is almost constant at a reasonably high level.
Speciation in the highlands of Mexico: genetic and phenotypic divergence in the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina)

The pine‐oak woodlands of the Mexican highlands harbour significant biological diversity, yet little is known about the evolutionary history of organisms inhabiting this region. We assessed genetic and phenotypic differentiation in 482 individuals representing 27 populations of the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina) — a widespread bird species of the Mexican highlands — to test whether populations in the central and northern Mexican sierras display discrete breaks between groups, which would be consistent with a role for the different mountain chains in divergence and speciation. We found abrupt breaks in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; ND2 and control region) delineating four major genetic groups found in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, southern Central Plateau (Bajio), and Transvolcanic Belt. These mtDNA groups were largely corroborated by data from nuclear microsatellites and phenotypic data, except that clades from the Central Plateau and Sierra Madre Oriental showed clinal change in these data sets. Uncertainty about the mutation rate for our mitochondrial markers warrants considerable caution with regard to estimating divergence times, but the major genetic groups appear to have split before the most extreme period of glacial cycling that marked the last 0.7 million years and after Mexico's period of major mountain formation. The fact that some genetic breaks do not coincide with well‐known geographic barriers suggests a role for ecology in divergence and speciation, and we discuss implications for taxonomy and conservation.
Linking strategic HRM, performance management and organizational effectiveness: perceptions of managers in Singapore

Strategic human resource management (SHRM) theory is predicated on the assumption that effective human resource management (HRM) processes have the capacity to contribute significantly to organizational effectiveness, expressed in terms of productivity, flexibility, effectiveness, efficiency, return on investment, competitiveness, and ultimately, profitability. Earlier research studies have explored the overall value-adding potential of HRM processes as a whole. Few have focused on the links between strategic HRM, performance management systems and organizational effectiveness, and even fewer have examined these relationships in Southeast Asia. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by examining the perceptions of a split sample of senior managers in Singapore. It reveals an interesting gap between their rhetoric and the realities of their performance management systems, and suggests future research directions.
The Economics of Reinsurance

Features of insurance markets that affect the use of reinsurance are examined. An active reinsurance market exists when the direct market is imperfectly competitive. The manager of an insurer with monopoly power takes reinsurance. Market power in the reinsurance market restricts its use. The manager of a monopsonistic insurer takes reinsurance when his or her risk aversion is greater than that of clients; this behavior is consistent with the interests of owners. The use of reinsurance is then decreasing with the ratio of policy-holder to manager risk aversion coefficients. Costs incurred by either insurers or reinsurers in the reinsurance market reduce the use of reinsurance, while costs incurred by insurers in the original transaction leave coverage provided by insurers themselves unchanged.
Neural Character-level Dependency Parsing for Chinese

This paper presents a truly full character-level neural dependency parser together with a newly released character-level dependency treebank for Chinese, which has suffered a lot from the dilemma of defining word or not to model character interactions. Integrating full character-level dependencies with character embedding and human annotated character-level part-of-speech and dependency labels for the first time, we show an extra performance enhancement from the evaluation on Chinese Penn Treebank and SJTU (Shanghai Jiao Tong University) Chinese Character Dependency Treebank and the potential of better understanding deeper structure of Chinese sentences.
Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Techniques, Complications, and Outcome

Study Design. A systematic review of the literature, pertaining surgical treatment of traumatic thoracic and lumbar spine fractures, was performed. Objectives. To provide information on surgical techniques for traumatic spine fracture management, their respective performance and complication rates, based on previously published information. Summary of Background Data. The treatment of traumatic fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine remains controversial. There is insufficient evidence in the literature to choose between the various surgical options. In absence of conclusive studies, a systematic review can be an alternative to obtain more convincing information. Methods. Full-text papers from 1970 until 2001 were included if strict inclusion criteria were met. Five surgical subgroups were recognized: posterior short-segment (PS), posterior long-segment (PL), reports on both posterior short- and long-segment (PSL), anterior (A), and anterior combined with posterior (AP) techniques. Clearly defined and generally accepted parameters were scored and subsequently analyzed. The preoperative injury severity of the surgical groups was compared. The neurologic, radiologic, and functional outcome and complications of all groups were assessed. Results. A total of 132 papers, the majority being retrospective case-series, were included representing 5,748 patients. The preoperative injury severity revealed an inequality between the subgroups. Partial neurologic deficits had the potential to resolve irrespective of treatment choice. None of the five techniques used was able to maintain the corrected kyphosis angle. The functional outcome after surgery seems to be better than generally believed. Complications are relatively rare. Conclusions. In general, surgical treatment of traumatic spine fractures is safe and effective. Surgical techniques can only be compared using randomized controlled trials.
Sole-Sourcing versus Competitive Bidding: US Government Agencies' Procedural Choices for Mainframe Computer Procurement

Why do government agencies sole-source sometimes and use competitive procedures for procurement other times? This paper develops a testable model of the economic determinants of agencies' procurement procedures and applies it to procurement of general-purpose mainframe computer systems. Factors related to the extent of vendor competition or the value of a procurement importantly influences an agency's procedural choice. Extensive experience between an agency buyer and an incumbent vendor, or the buyer's experience with IBM, also helps predict the agency's procedural choice. Copyright 1995 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
The pre-investment behaviour of business angels: a social capital approach

Using insights from social capital theory, this paper examines the pre-investment behaviour of experienced business angels in Norway. Previous research indicates there are considerable inefficiencies in the informal venture capital market, notably information inefficiencies related to the identification of investment opportunities, and problems associated with the screening or evaluation of new investment proposals. The empirical findings show that an investor's previous track record, to a great extent, determines how they can operate in the informal venture capital market. It is quite rational for individuals who have acquired most of their experience in one specific region to make the overwhelming majority of their investments in the same region. It is this regional track record that gives them a competitive advantage in the informal venture capital market. This reasoning also seems to be valid with regard to individuals with industry specific experience, where the regional track record is ‘replaced’ by an industry specific record. Moreover, these industry specific investors take care of the initial screening themselves, whereas regional investors are predominately generalists who rely more on information provided by their regional networks. The business angels in this study are very concerned with establishing common ground with entrepreneurs and potential co-investors. This establishment of common ground can be viewed as a necessary antecedent for long-term trustworthy relationships.
Epidemiology of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in a Neonatology Ward

OBJECTIVE In-hospital transmission of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) among neonates remains enigmatic. We describe the epidemiology of MSSA colonization and infection in a 30-bed neonatal ward. DESIGN Multimodal outbreak investigation SETTING A public 800-bed tertiary care university hospital in Switzerland METHODS Investigations in 2012–2013, triggered by a MSSA infection cluster, included prospective MSSA infection surveillance, microbiologic screening of neonates and environment, onsite observations, and a prospective cohort study. MSSA isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and selected isolates were examined for multilocus sequence type (MLST) and virulence factors. RESULTS Among 726 in 2012, 30 (4.1%) patients suffered from MSSA infections including 8 (1.1%) with bacteremia. Among 655 admissions in 2013, 13 (2.0%) suffered from MSSA infections including 2 (0.3%) with bacteremia. Among 177 neonates screened for S. aureus carriage, overall 77 (44%) tested positive. A predominant PFGE-1-ST30 strain was identified in 6 of 30 infected neonates (20%) and 30 of 77 colonized neonates (39%). This persistent clone was pvl-negative, tst-positive and belonged to agr group III. We found no environmental point source. MSSA carriage was associated with central vascular catheter use but not with a particular midwife, nurse, physician, or isolette. Observed healthcare worker behavior may have propagated transmission via hands and fomites. Despite multimodal interventions, clonal transmission and colonization continued and another clone, PFGE-6-ST5, became predominant. CONCLUSIONS Hospital-acquired MSSA clones represent a high proportion of MSSA colonization but not MSSA infections in neonate inpatients. In contrast to persisting MSSA, transmission infection rates decreased concurrently with interventions. It remains to be established whether eradication of hospital-acquired MSSA strains would reduce infection rates further. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(11):1305–1312
Intratympanic Steroid Therapy Using the Silverstein Microwick™ for Refractory Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Increases Speech Intelligibility

Objective:To determine whether delivery of methylprednisolone to the round window (administered for 10 days after the onset of the hearing loss) can improve hearing and, in particular, speech intelligibility, after the failure of conventional treatment for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Results: Of the 26 patients enrolled in this non-randomized retrospective study, 14 patients (54%) showed an improvement in the pure tone average (PTA) and 12 remained unchanged. The topical steroid therapy brought about an overall improvement in PTA of 13.5 ± 7.3 dB for the 26 patients enrolled. The auditory capacity index, defined as the mean speech discrimination score obtained at 40, 55 and 70 dB, improved by 24.2 ± 8.7% in 26 patients. Among the 12 patients with a stable PTA, 9 showed an increase in speech intelligibility. Conclusion: Local administration of steroids to the inner ear through the round window route improves hearing and speech intelligibility in patients after failure of conventional therapy.
Audit Committee Quality and Internal Control: An Empirical Analysis

I examine the association between audit committee quality and the quality of corporate internal control. While information on the quality of internal control is not generally available, companies changing auditors are required to disclose any internal control problems that were pointed out by their predecessor auditors. The empirical results are based on a comparison of companies disclosing such internal control problems with a control sample of companies changing auditors but not disclosing internal control problems. Audit committee quality is measured in three dimensions: its size, its independence, and its expertise. The internal control problems are observed at two levels of increasing seriousness: reportable conditions and material weaknesses. The sample time period precedes the effective dates of recent policy changes regarding audit committees. The results indicate that independent audit committees and audit committees with financial expertise are significantly less likely to be associated with the.
Attitudes Towards Antipsychotics Among Patients with Schizophrenia on First- or Second-Generation Medications

Background: Given the paucity of research in this area, this study attempted to assess attitudes toward antipsychotic medications and its correlates among patients with schizophrenia, either on first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) or second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) medications. Materials and Methods: Structured assessments of attitudes to antipsychotics, psychopathology, insight and side-effects were carried out in 120 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia; 89 of these were on SGAs and 31 on FGAs. Results: Patients had predominantly positive attitudes toward antipsychotics. Severity of side-effects was the principal correlate of attitudes, explaining 19.5% of the variance, followed by greater insight (4.2% of the variance). Other factors such as younger age, male gender, employment, higher family income, urban residence and lower symptom-severity explained only a negligible proportion of the variance (0.2%) in attitudes. Patients on SGAs had more positive views of their medications than those on FGAs. They felt more normal on their medications, believed that their thoughts were clearer on medications, felt that good things about their medications outweighed the bad and believed that their medications helped them from falling ill again. In addition, they did not feel as tired and sluggish on their medications and did not believe that medications were unnatural or controlled their bodies. Conclusions: Positive attitudes toward antipsychotics were common among patients with schizophrenia. Attitudes were principally determined by severity of side-effects and insight levels. Patients on SGAs had better attitudes, possibly because of less severe side-effects and greater insight among them. The importance of exploring patients’ attitudes toward their antipsychotics is highlighted by this study.
Education: Consumption or Production?

This paper attempts to determine whether the relationship between education and income results because schooling allows individuals to earn higher income or because higher income individuals purchase more of all normal goods, including schooling. Education is treated as a joint product, producing potential wage gains and utility simultaneously. The framework permits estimation of the rental price of a unit of education, net of consumption effects. The major finding is that education does causally produce income. By moving from 0 years of schooling to 12 years, the mean individual approximately triples his wealth. More surprising is that education is a bad. " Individuals stop short of acquiring the wealth-maximizing level of education because of the disutility associated with school attendance.
The Agricultural Teacher's Struggle for Balance between Career and Family.

Research has shown that agricultural education graduates are hesitant to enter the profession and seemingly quick to leave, often citing long work hours as a main contributing factor. As the shortage of agricultural teachers continues, there is concern over the balance of career and family and its effect on the profession. The purpose of this study was to examine the issue of career and family balance for Georgia agricultural teachers by gender. It was determined that Georgia agricultural teachers were working an average of 57 hours per week and 39 days per summer, with both genders being similar in the amount of time spent on the job. Teachers carried out traditional gender roles in family responsibilities, with females handling the majority of the housework and childcare and males handling the majority of farm and yard work. One third of respondents reported that it was always difficult or impossible to balance career and family.
Clopidogrel Response Variability and Its Correlation with Early Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Chinese Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background/Aims:Numerous studies conducted on Caucasian patients have reported that individual responsiveness to clopidogrel varies widely, whereas there are only a few published studies on the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel therapy in Chinese patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The present study aimed to evaluate clopidogrel antiplatelet effects and their correlation with early recurrent cardiovascular (CV) events. Methods: Platelet aggregation (with 5 and 20 µmol/l ADP) and the expression of glycoprotein Ib and P-selectin were measured at baseline and 12 and 36 h after the clopidogrel loading dose in 111 consecutive patients. The primary outcome was a definite CV event. Results: There was marked interindividual variability in the drug response, as measured by platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression. The proportions of nonresponders at 12 and 36 h were 32 and 19%, respectively, with 5 µmol/l ADP, 38 and 28% with 20 µmol/l ADP, and 27 and 17% according to P-selectin expression. The maximal aggregation rates stimulated by 5 µmol/l ADP in nonresponders were significantly higher than those of the responders at 12 h (57.53 ± 14.24% vs. 33.91 ± 10.79%; p < 0.0001) and at 36 h (48.65 ± 15.46% vs. 30.31 ± 16.04%; p < 0.0001). During the 3-month follow-up period, 11 patients (32.4%) among the nonresponders, 2 patients (7.1%) among the low responders and none of the responders suffered a recurrent CV event (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The antiplatelet effectiveness of clopidogrel has a wide interindividual variation, and nonresponsiveness to clopidogrel is associated with an increased risk of early recurrent CV events.
International R&D Networks

This paper considers the Goyal and Moraga-Gonzalez (2001) model of strategic R&D collaboration networks in the open economy framework. The R&D is the d'Aspremont and Jacquemin (1988) process innovation and collaboration takes the form of research joint ventures (RJV) in which firms cooperate in R&D but compete in product markets. Countries decide whether to establish free-trade links while firms decide whether and with whom to form RJVs. A double-layer pairwise stability concept is introduced to characterize equilibrium network structures. In contrast with conventional wisdom, it is shown that global free trade generally reduces collaborative R&D levels. We give conditions for which pairwise stable R&D networks are welfare maximizing. Stability and efficiency are congruent when R&D cost is either too high or too low. A large public spillover effect is detrimental to an R&D network when trade networks are regional.
Technical trading strategies and return predictability: NYSE

This study consists of an empirical analysis on technical trading rules (the simple price moving average, the momentum, and trading volume) utilizing the NYSE value-weighted index over the period 1962–1996, as well as, three subperiods. The methodologies employed include the traditional t-test and residual bootstrap methodology utilizing random walk, GARCH-M and GARCH-M with some instrument variables. The results indicate that the technical trading rules add a value to capture profit opportunities over a buy-hold strategy. When the trading rules are applied to the different sub-samples, the results are weaker in the last sub-period, 1985–1996. This may imply that the market is getting efficient in information over the recent years because of technological improvements.
A Neoclassical Model of Unemployment and the Business Cycle

This paper investigates a general equilibrium model of unemployment and the business cycle in which specialization of labor plays a key role. A rational expectations equilibrium with fully flexible wages and prices can exhibit unemployment in which the marginal product of employed workers exceeds the reservation wage of those who are without jobs. Workers are unemployed either because they are in the process of relocating for a better job or because they are waiting for conditions in the depressed sector to improve. Moreover, seemingly small disruptions in the supplies of primary commodities such as energy could be the source of fluctuations in aggregate employment and can exert surprisingly large effects on real output.