Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Etiology of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy following uterine corpus cancer and it is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women. There are important differences in their incidence across the world. In Europe in 2008, estimated incidence was 66,734 cases with an estimated mortality of 41,929 women. In United States, ovarian cancer was diagnosed in 21,880 with 13,850 cancer deaths last year. Both incidence and mortality are declining in USA and Europe. Higher incidence rates are observed in North America and European countries exceeding 10 per 100.000 inhabitants. Lower rates are observed in South America (7,7 per 100.000) and Southern Asia (7,5 per 100.000). (Parkin et al, 2005) Such geographical variations are due to differences in oral contraceptive use practices, pregnancy history, breast-feeding and other hormonal factors. (Permuth –Wey & Sellers, 2009) The relative risk for developing ovarian cancer is 1.39% (lifetime risk). It affects 12.9 per 100,000 women per year. Incidence rate of ovarian cancer increases with aging, being more prevalent in the eighth decade of life. At diagnosis, mean age is 63 years, and 62% of patients have advanced disease. Inherited ovarian cancer presents at younger age. (www.Seer.gov,Ferlay et al 2010) Five year overall survival is 93.5% for localized disease, 73.4% for locoregional disease (regional lymph node involvement) and 27.6% for distant disease. Genetic studies on ovarian cancer indicate that most of the cases are sporadic while 5 to 10 percent are inherited, generally due to germline mutations. Three histological subgroups have been described: epithelial tumours, stromal tumours and germ-cell tumours. Ninety percent of cases are epithelial tumours arising from the ovarian surface epithelium or Mullerian derivatives. These tumours are typical in postmenopausal women. The World Health Organization classification defines six more histotypes: serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell and squamous cell carcinomas. According to their architectural features like glandular or papillary components, carcinomas have been classified into three histological grades, well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly or undifferentiated. Malignant germ cell tumour affects younger women. (De Vita et al,2009) Despite the high incidence, ovarian cancer etiology is still poorly understood.
International Agency for Research on Cancer.

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Hippocampal conjunctive encoding, storage, and recall: Avoiding a trade‐off

The hippocampus and related structures are thought to be capable of (1) representing cortical activity in a way that minimizes overlap of the representations assigned to different cortical patterns (pattern separation); and (2) modifying synaptic connections so that these representations can later be reinstated from partial or noisy versions of the cortical activity pattern that was present at the time of storage (pattern completion). We point out that there is a trade‐off between pattern separation and completion and propose that the unique anatomical and physiological properties of the hippocampus might serve to minimize this trade‐off. We use analytical methods to determine quantitative estimates of both separation and completion for specified parameterized models of the hippocampus. These estimates are then used to evaluate the role of various properties and of the hippocampus, such as the activity levels seen in different hippocampal regions, synaptic potentiation and depression, the multi‐layer connectivity of the system, and the relatively focused and strong mossy fiber projections. This analysis is focused on the feedforward pathways from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the dentate gyrus (DG) and region CA3. Among our results are the following: (1) Hebbian synaptic modification (LTP) facilitates completion but reduces separation, unless the strengths of synapses from inactive presynaptic units to active postsynaptic units are reduced (LTD). (2) Multiple layers, as in EC to DG to CA3, allow the compounding of pattern separation, but not pattern completion. (3) The variance of the input signal carried by the mossy fibers is important for separation, not the raw strength, which may explain why the mossy fiber inputs are few and relatively strong, rather than many and relatively weak like the other hippocampal pathways. (4) The EC projects to CA3 both directly and indirectly via the DG, which suggests that the two‐stage pathway may dominate during pattern separation and the one‐stage pathway may dominate during completion; methods the hippocampus may use to enhance this effect are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biologising reading problems: the specific case of dyslexia

Biologising the problems of reading has a long tradition. However, modern and non-invasive techniques, like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that allow the mapping of changes in brain hemodynamic that corresponds to mental operations, boosted a wave of new research on the subject. This paper traces the history of treating a problem in teaching/learning as a disease-like condition. It also examines the beliefs of professionals in relation to dyslexia, and how they are biased by published research and the imbalance between biological and educational perspectives in published research. Overall, the educational perspective is underrepresented in published research about dyslexia, while the biological perspective is overrepresented. This is puzzling since to date biological perspectives have not produced any effective interventions for dyslexia, and almost all major claims for the biological view remain unproven. Nevertheless, biological models have a great influence on the beliefs of practitioners about the nature of dyslexia.
Validation of the Revised Algase Wandering Scale for Long-Term Care

Objectives: The aim of this study was to create a French equivalent of the revised Algase wandering scale for long-term care (RAWS-LTC). Methods: The RAWS-LTC French version (F-RAWS-LTC), Mini-Mental State Examination, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory were administered to a sample of 100 institutionalized patients from 12 specialized homes. Results: The mean of the overall F-RAWS-LTC was 2.32 (standard deviation [SD]1⁄4 0.74, range 1-4), and the mean of each subscale was 2.48 for persistent walking, 1.62 for eloping behavior, and 2.30 for spatial disorientation. The correlation between the overall F-RAWS-LTC and each subscale was between 0.73 (for Spatial Disorientation) and 0.87 (for Persistent Walking). The correlation between the degree of behavioral disturbances and the overall F-RAWS-LTC is 0.42, and the correlation with the cognitive impairment is 0.50. Differences between the wanderers and nonwanderers are significant for the overall F-RAWS-LTC and for all the subscales. Discussion: Data demonstrate the statistical validity of the F-RAWS-LTC.
Fast reference based MRI

In many clinical MRI scenarios, existing imaging information can be used to significantly shorten acquisition time or improve Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). In those cases, a previously acquired image can serve as a reference image, that may exhibit similarity in some sense to the image being acquired. Examples include similarity between adjacent slices in high resolution MRI, similarity between various contrasts in the same scans and similarity between different scans of the same patients. In this paper we present a general framework for utilizing reference images for fast MRI. We take into account that the reference image may exhibit low similarity with the acquired image and develop a hybrid adaptive-weighted approach for sampling and reconstruction. Experiments demonstrate the performance of the method in three different clinical MRI scenarios: SNR improvement in high resolution brain MRI, utilizing similarity between T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) for fast FLAIR scanning and utilizing similarity between baseline and follow-up scans for fast follow-up scanning.
Efficient and Robust Feature Selection via Joint ℓ2, 1-Norms Minimization

Feature selection is an important component of many machine learning applications. Especially in many bioinformatics tasks, efficient and robust feature selection methods are desired to extract meaningful features and eliminate noisy ones. In this paper, we propose a new robust feature selection method with emphasizing joint l2,1-norm minimization on both loss function and regularization. The l2,1-norm based loss function is robust to outliers in data points and the l2,1-norm regularization selects features across all data points with joint sparsity. An efficient algorithm is introduced with proved convergence. Our regression based objective makes the feature selection process more efficient. Our method has been applied into both genomic and proteomic biomarkers discovery. Extensive empirical studies are performed on six data sets to demonstrate the performance of our feature selection method.
Isolation, density purification, and in vitro culture maintenance of functional caprine islets of Langerhans as an alternative islet source for diabetes study

Hani H, TengkuAzmi TI, Abas MO, Mohd‐Azmi ML, Zeenathul NA. Isolation, density purification, and in vitro culture maintenance of functional caprine islets of Langerhans as an alternative islet source for diabetes study. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17: 469–480. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Effects of inhaled nitrous oxide 50% on estimated cerebral perfusion pressure and zero flow pressure in healthy volunteers *

The role of vascular tone in determining cerebral perfusion pressure is increasingly being appreciated. It has been suggested that zero flow pressure, the arterial pressure at which blood flow ceases, represents the effective downstream pressure of the cerebral circulation. Nitrous oxide is a cerebral vasodilator and may therefore decrease zero flow pressure and increase cerebral perfusion pressure. However, these effects may be opposed by the increase in intracranial blood volume produced by cerebral vasodilation. We studied eight healthy volunteers at normocapnia and studied the effects of the inhalation of nitrous oxide 50% on estimated cerebral perfusion pressure and zero flow pressure using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. We found that nitrous oxide 50% significantly increased estimated cerebral perfusion pressure (p = 0.03), whilst decreasing zero flow pressure (p = 0.01). These results suggest that the vasomotor effects of nitrous oxide predominate in determining the effective downstream pressure of the cerebral circulation in healthy individuals.
An Algorithm for Node-to-Set Disjoint Paths Problem in Bi-Rotator Graphs

In this paper, we give an algorithmfor the node-to-set disjoint paths problemi n rotator graphs. The algorithm is based on recursion and it is divided into cases according to the distribution of destination nodes in classes into which all the nodes in a rotator graph are categorized. The proof of correctness of our algorithm, the sum of the length of paths, and the time complexity are also given.
Comparison of Parametric Representations for Monosyllabic Word Recognition in Continuously Spoken Se

Several parametric representations of the acoustic signal were compared with regard to word recognition performance in a syllable-oriented continuous speech recognition system. The vocabulary included many phonetically similar monosyllabic words, therefore the emphasis was on the ability to retain phonetically significant acoustic information in the face of syntactic and duration variations. For each parameter set (based on a mel-frequency cepstrum, a linear frequency cepstrum, a linear prediction cepstrum, a linear prediction spectrum, or a set of reflection coefficients), word templates were generated using an efficient dynamic warping method, and test data were time registered with the templates. A set of ten mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients computed every 6.4 ms resulted in the best performance, namely 96.5 percent and 95.0 percent recognition with each of two speakers. The superior performance of the mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients may be attributed to the fact that they better represent the perceptually relevant aspects of the short-term speech spectrum.
Contrast gain control in the lower vertebrate retinas [published erratum appears in J Gen Physiol 1995 Aug;106(2):following 388]

Control of contrast sensitivity was studied in two kinds of retina, that of the channel catfish and that of the kissing gourami. The former preparation is dominantly monochromatic and the latter is bichromatic. Various stimuli were used, namely a large field of light, a spot- annulus configuration and two overlapping stimuli of red and green. Recordings were made from horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cells and the results were analyzed by means of Wiener's theory, in which the kernels are the contrast (incremental) sensitivity. Modulation responses from horizontal cells are linear, in that the waveform and amplitude of the first-order kernels are independent of the depth of modulation. In the N (sustained) amacrine and ganglion cells, contrast sensitivity was low for a large modulation input and was high for a small modulation input, providing an example of contrast gain control. In most of the cells, the contrast gain control did not affect the dynamics of the response because the waveform of the first-order kernels remained unchanged when the contrast sensitivity increased more than fivefold. The signature of the second-order kernels also remained unchanged over a wide range of modulation. The increase in the contrast sensitivity for the second-order component, as defined by the amplitude of the kernels, was much larger than for the first-order component. This observation suggests that the contrast gain control proceeded the generation of the second-order nonlinearity. An analysis of a cascade of the Wiener type shows that the control of contrast sensitivity in the proximal retinal cells could be modeled by assuming the presence of a simple (static) saturation nonlinearity. Such a nonlinearity must exist somewhere between the horizontal cells and the amacrine cells. The functional implications of the contrast gain control are as follows: (a) neurons in the proximal retina exhibit greater sensitivity to input of lower contrast; (b) saturation of a neuronal response can be prevented because of the lower sensitivity for an input with large contrast, and (c) over a large range of modulation depths, the amplitude of the response remains approximately constant.
Immunologic Insights on the Membrane Proximal External Region: A Major Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Vaccine Target

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting conserved regions within the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) can be generated by the human immune system and their elicitation by vaccination will be a key point to protect against the wide range of viral diversity. The membrane proximal external region (MPER) is a highly conserved region within the Env gp41 subunit, plays a major role in membrane fusion and is targeted by naturally induced bNAbs. Therefore, the MPER is considered as an attractive vaccine target. However, despite many attempts to design MPER-based immunogens, further study is still needed to understand its structural complexity, its amphiphilic feature, and its limited accessibility by steric hindrance. These particular features compromise the development of MPER-specific neutralizing responses during natural infection and limit the number of bNAbs isolated against this region, as compared with other HIV-1 vulnerability sites, and represent additional hurdles for immunogen development. Nevertheless, the analysis of MPER humoral responses elicited during natural infection as well as the MPER bNAbs isolated to date highlight that the human immune system is capable of generating MPER protective antibodies. Here, we discuss the recent advances describing the immunologic and biochemical features that make the MPER a unique HIV-1 vulnerability site, the different strategies to generate MPER-neutralizing antibodies in immunization protocols and point the importance of extending our knowledge toward new MPER epitopes by the isolation of novel monoclonal antibodies. This will be crucial for the redesign of immunogens able to skip non-neutralizing MPER determinants.
Quantum dynamical simulations of local field enhancement in metal nanoparticles

Field enhancements (Γ) around small Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are calculated using a quantum dynamical simulation formalism and the results are compared with electrodynamic simulations using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) in order to address the important issue of the intrinsic atomistic structure of NPs. Quite remarkably, in both quantum and classical approaches the highest values of Γ are located in the same regions around single NPs. However, by introducing a complete atomistic description of the metallic NPs in optical simulations, a different pattern of the Γ distribution is obtained. Knowing the correct pattern of the Γ distribution around NPs is crucial for understanding the spectroscopic features of molecules inside hot spots. The enhancement produced by surface plasmon coupling is studied by using both approaches in NP dimers for different inter-particle distances. The results show that the trend of the variation of Γ versus inter-particle distance is different for classical and quantum simulations. This difference is explained in terms of a charge transfer mechanism that cannot be obtained with classical electrodynamics. Finally, time dependent distribution of the enhancement factor is simulated by introducing a time dependent field perturbation into the Hamiltonian, allowing an assessment of the localized surface plasmon resonance quantum dynamics.
Implementation of memristive neural networks with spike-rate-dependent plasticity synapses

The property of changing resistance according to applied currents of memristors makes them candidates for emulating synapses in artificial neural networks. In this paper, we introduce a memristive synapse design into neural network circuits. Combined with modified integrate-and-fire (I&F) complementary metal-oxide-semiconducter (CMOS) neurons, the memristive neural network shows similarities to its biological counterpart, in respect of biologically realistic, current-controlled spikes and adaptive synaptic plasticity. Then, the spike-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP) of the synapse, an extended protocol of the Hebbian learning rule, is originally implemented by the circuit. And some advanced neural activities including learning, associative memory and forgetting are realized based on the SRDP rule. These activities are comprehensively validated on a neural network circuit inspired by famous Pavlov's dog-experiment with simulations and quantitative analyses.
Long-term Brain Tissue Monitoring after Semi-brain Irradiation in Rats Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Study In vivo

Background: In head and neck neoplasm survivors treated with brain irradiation, metabolic alterations would occur in the radiation-induced injury area. The mechanism of these metabolic alterations has not been fully understood, while the alternations could be sensitively detected by proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In this study, we investigated the metabolic characteristics of radiation-induced brain injury through a long-term follow-up after radiation treatment using MRS in vivo. Methods: A total of 12 adult Sprague-Dawley rats received a single dose of 30 Gy radiation treatment to semi-brain (field size: 1.0 cm × 2.0 cm; anterior limit: binocular posterior inner canthus connection; posterior limit: external acoustic meatus connection; internal limit: sagittal suture). Conventional magnetic resonance imaging and single-voxel 1H-MRS were performed at different time points (in month 0 before irradiation as well as in the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th months after irradiation) to investigate the alternations in irradiation field. N-acetylaspartate/choline (NAA/Cho), NAA/creatinine (Cr), and Cho/Cr ratios were measured in the bilateral hippocampus and quantitatively analyzed with a repeated-measures mixed-effects model and multiple comparison test. Results: Significant changes in the ratios of NAA/Cho (F = 57.37, Pg < 0.001), NAA/Cr (F = 54.49, Pg < 0.001), and Cho/Cr (F = 9.78, Pg = 0.005) between the hippocampus region of the irradiated semi-brain and the contralateral semi-brain were observed. There were significant differences in NAA/Cho (F = 9.17, Pt < 0.001) and NAA/Cr (F = 13.04, Pt < 0.001) ratios over time. The tendency of NAA/Cr to change with time showed no significant difference between the irradiated and contralateral sides. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the Cho/Cr ratio between these two sides. Conclusions: MRS can sensitively detect metabolic alternations. Significant changes of metabolites ratio in the first few months after radiation treatment reflect the metabolic disturbance in the acute and early-delayed stages of radiation-induced brain injuries.
Measuring the Learning-Centered Leadership Expertise of School Principals

We as a field believe that school principals can acquire new expertise by participating in principal preparation and professional development programs; however, we have few methodologies to measure leadership expertise, especially expertise that links leadership to improved student learning. In this article, we present the results of a study that examines two instruments for measuring leadership expertise, principal surveys and open-ended scenarios. First we make the case regarding the need for measurements of expertise. Next we discuss the conceptual definitions of expertise in general and present the specific domains of leadership expertise we attempt to measure. Finally, we present the results of a study that implemented two measures of leadership expertise: principal surveys and open-ended scenarios. The descriptive statistics, correlations, and examples we present in this article offer mixed results regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods to conceptualize and measure leadership expertise.