Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Famines as Failures of Exchange Entitlements

The primary object of this note is to propose viewing a class of famines as ariszng from 'failures of exchange entitlemetts', and to contrast this approach with the more traditional viewv of 'food availability c4ecline'. A second airn is to examine critically the ideas on famzines ouitlined by Thomas Robert Malthus in lis "An Investigation of the Cause of the Present High Price of Provisions" (1800), which provided one of the most clear accouints of the 'food availability' appr-oach in an exchange economy an account that can stand even tvithouit presupposing his theory of population. An evaluation of Malt lus' analysis of famines helps to idlentify some of the inherent weaknesses of the food availability approach in the context of an exchange economy. Finally, the 'exchange entitlemernts' approach is illustrated with some facts relating to the Bengal Famine of 1943.
Reliability of genetic bottleneck tests for detecting recent population declines

The identification of population bottlenecks is critical in conservation because populations that have experienced significant reductions in abundance are subject to a variety of genetic and demographic processes that can hasten extinction. Genetic bottleneck tests constitute an appealing and popular approach for determining if a population decline has occurred because they only require sampling at a single point in time, yet reflect demographic history over multiple generations. However, a review of the published literature indicates that, as typically applied, microsatellite‐based bottleneck tests often do not detect bottlenecks in vertebrate populations known to have experienced declines. This observation was supported by simulations that revealed that bottleneck tests can have limited statistical power to detect bottlenecks largely as a result of limited sample sizes typically used in published studies. Moreover, commonly assumed values for mutation model parameters do not appear to encompass variation in microsatellite evolution observed in vertebrates and, on average, the proportion of multi‐step mutations is underestimated by a factor of approximately two. As a result, bottleneck tests can have a higher probability of ‘detecting’ bottlenecks in stable populations than expected based on the nominal significance level. We provide recommendations that could add rigor to inferences drawn from future bottleneck tests and highlight new directions for the characterization of demographic history.
Self-Care Behaviors among Thai Primigravida Teenagers

The purpose of this study was to investigate predictive factors of the self-care behaviors among Thai teenagers with primigravida. The samples of 206 primigravida teenagers attending ANC clinics of six hospitals in the North-Eastern region of Thailand were included. Data collection was done through self administered-questionnaire. Scales of the questionnaire had reliability coefficients ranging from 0.72 – 0.92. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that the percentage-mean score of overall self-care behavior was 76.91. The percentage-mean scores of self-care behaviors in specific trimester were found that the score in the second trimester was lower than the scores in the first and third trimesters (57.58, 60.45, and 64.65, respectively). Factors associated with overall self-care behavior were perceived self-efficacy, perceived social support from family, knowledge on self-care during pregnancy, accessibility to health services, self-esteem and age (r = 0.47, 0.34, 0.28, 0.24, 0.19, and 0.15, respectively). Perceived self-efficacy and knowledge on self-care during pregnancy were the two considerable predictors accounted for 25% of the variance in the self-care behaviors of Thai teenagers with primigravida.
Advection-Dominated Accretion Disks: Geometrically Slim or Thick?

We revisit the vertical structure of black-hole accretion disks in spherical coordinates. By comparing the advective cooling with the viscous heating, we show that advection-dominated disks are geometrically thick, i.e., with a half-opening angle of Δ �> 2�= 5, rather than being slim, as supposed previously in the literature.
Marsileaceae Sporocarps and Spores from the Late Cretaceous of Georgia, U.S.A.

A new species provisionally assigned to the extant genus Regnellidium Lindm. (Regnellidium upatoiensis sp. nov.) is established for isolated sporocarps assignable to the heterosporous water fern family Marsileaceae. Three sporocarps and hundreds of dispersed megaspores were recovered from unconsolidated clays and silts of the Eutaw Formation (Santonian, Late Cretaceous) along Upatoi Creek, Georgia, U.S.A. The sporocarps are ellipsoidal and flattened, contain both megasporangia and microsporangia, and possess a two‐layered wall—an outer sclerenchymatous layer and an inner parenchymatous layer. In situ megaspores are spheroidal, with two distinct wall layers—an exine, differentiated into two layers, and an outer ornamented perine also differentiated into two layers. The megaspores also possess an acrolamella consisting of six (five to seven) triangular lobes that are twisted. In situ microspores are trilete and spheroidal, with a strongly rugulate perine, and show modification of the perine over the laesura to form an acrolamella. Comparison of the fossil sporocarps with those of four extant species of Marsileaceae reveal marked similarity with Regnellidium diphyllum Lindm. , particularly in megaspore and microspore morphology. If found dispersed, the in situ megaspores would be assigned to Molaspora lobata (Dijkstra) Hall and the microspores to Crybelosporites Dettmann based on their size, shape, and ornamentation. Regnellidium upatoiensis sp. nov. extends the stratigraphic range of the genus back to the Santonian, nearly contemporaneous with the first evidence of Marsilea, and implies that the diversification of the Marsileaceae into its extant lineages occurred in the mid‐Cretaceous.
Compensation of College Football’s Head Coaches: A Case Study in Firm Size’s Effects on Pay

Top management pay and firm size has been well documented. We explore a variation of this relationship by extending it to college sports. College football is big business, and many college football programs operate as large corporations with the head coach acting as a member of top management—similar to the COO—of the football program. Using data from 2006-2012, we examine the causal relationship between a head coach’s school pay, past performance, and football program size. Our results indicate the most important determinant of a head coach’s pay is the total revenue generated by the football program.
The Sun as a fundamental calibrator of stellar evolution

Abstract The Sun is unique amongst stars in having a precisely determined age which does not depend on the modelling of stellar evolution. Furthermore, other global properties of the Sun are known to much higher accuracy than for any other star. Also, helioseismology has provided detailed determination of the solar internal structure and rotation. As a result, the Sun plays a central role in the development and test of stellar modelling. Here I discuss solar modelling and its application to tests of asteroseismic techniques for stellar age determination.
Testing The Applicability of Porter's Generic Strategies In The Digital Age: A Study of Korean Cyber Malls

Although traditional strategic management theory evolved in the context ofbrick and mortar firms operating in a physical space, we propose that Porter's(1980) generic strategy framework is still applicable, albeit in need of somemodification, to competition in the digital age. This study tests that assertionin a sample of Korean online shopping malls. In particular, it explores the followingresearch question: Do Porter's (1980) generic strategies explain performancedifferences across business-to-consumer (B2C) firms? Our results suggest that Porter's generic strategies are applicable to e-businessand that they indeed explain performance differences across firms.Contrary to conventional wisdom, but consistent with the logic of business inthe digital realm, the cost leadership strategy exhibited the lowest performance.Firms pursuing a hybrid cost leadership/differentiation strategy exhibited thehighest performance. Interestingly, when a sub-sample of all firms pursuing thehybrid strategy was analyzed for performance differences by firm type (pureplays vs. clicks-and-bricks), pure plays exhibited superior performance. Ourfindings suggest that cost leadership and differentiation can be combined at thesame time, and must be combined to be successful in e-business.
Changing Revealed Comparative Advantage of Textile and Clothing Sector of Pakistan: Pre and Post Quota Analysis

Many Asian countries have been beneficiaries of quota abolition for textile and clothing sector since 2005. After the implementation of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) in December 2004, member countries of World Trade Organization (WTO) have quota-free trade except People’s Republic of China (PRC). It was expected that Pakistan will be beneficiaries in textile and clothing due to expected superior export performance in this sector. Therefore, this study aims estimating revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of textile and clothing sector of Pakistan at HS-2digit level and SITC-3 digit level. It reveals Pakistan has comparative advantage in textile sector and low comparative advantage in clothing sector. Further, it analyzes RCA of textile and clothing sector during the period of pre and post quota and concludes that comparative advantage of Pakistan in textile and clothing sector has been declined during 2011-12.
Vetting undesirable behaviors in android apps with permission use analysis

Android platform adopts permissions to protect sensitive resources from untrusted apps. However, after permissions are granted by users at install time, apps could use these permissions (sensitive resources) with no further restrictions. Thus, recent years have witnessed the explosion of undesirable behaviors in Android apps. An important part in the defense is the accurate analysis of Android apps. However, traditional syscall-based analysis techniques are not well-suited for Android, because they could not capture critical interactions between the application and the Android system. This paper presents VetDroid, a dynamic analysis platform for reconstructing sensitive behaviors in Android apps from a novel permission use perspective. VetDroid features a systematic framework to effectively construct permission use behaviors, i.e., how applications use permissions to access (sensitive) system resources, and how these acquired permission-sensitive resources are further utilized by the application. With permission use behaviors, security analysts can easily examine the internal sensitive behaviors of an app. Using real-world Android malware, we show that VetDroid can clearly reconstruct fine-grained malicious behaviors to ease malware analysis. We further apply VetDroid to 1,249 top free apps in Google Play. VetDroid can assist in finding more information leaks than TaintDroid, a state-of-the-art technique. In addition, we show how we can use VetDroid to analyze fine-grained causes of information leaks that TaintDroid cannot reveal. Finally, we show that VetDroid can help identify subtle vulnerabilities in some (top free) applications otherwise hard to detect.
Transcriptome Sequencing from Diverse Human Populations Reveals Differentiated Regulatory Architecture

Large-scale sequencing efforts have documented extensive genetic variation within the human genome. However, our understanding of the origins, global distribution, and functional consequences of this variation is far from complete. While regulatory variation influencing gene expression has been studied within a handful of populations, the breadth of transcriptome differences across diverse human populations has not been systematically analyzed. To better understand the spectrum of gene expression variation, alternative splicing, and the population genetics of regulatory variation in humans, we have sequenced the genomes, exomes, and transcriptomes of EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 45 individuals in the Human Genome Diversity Panel (HGDP). The populations sampled span the geographic breadth of human migration history and include Namibian San, Mbuti Pygmies of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Algerian Mozabites, Pathan of Pakistan, Cambodians of East Asia, Yakut of Siberia, and Mayans of Mexico. We discover that approximately 25.0% of the variation in gene expression found amongst individuals can be attributed to population differences. However, we find few genes that are systematically differentially expressed among populations. Of this population-specific variation, 75.5% is due to expression rather than splicing variability, and we find few genes with strong evidence for differential splicing across populations. Allelic expression analyses indicate that previously mapped common regulatory variants identified in eight populations from the International Haplotype Map Phase 3 project have similar effects in our seven sampled HGDP populations, suggesting that the cellular effects of common variants are shared across diverse populations. Together, these results provide a resource for studies analyzing functional differences across populations by estimating the degree of shared gene expression, alternative splicing, and regulatory genetics across populations from the broadest points of human migration history yet sampled.
A robust geostatistical approach to contaminant source identification

Estimation under model uncertainty remains a practical concern in many scientific and engineering fields. A commonly encountered example in groundwater remediation is the contaminant source identification problem. Like many other inverse problems, contaminant source identification is inherently ill posed and is sensitive to both data and model uncertainties. Model uncertainties, which may be introduced at virtually any stage of a model building process, can adversely affect estimator performance if they are not accounted for properly. In this paper, a robust geostatistical approach (RGS), which is extended from the geostatistical inversion approach (GS), is used to solve linear estimation problems. The uncertainties in both model and covariance matrices are taken into account in the RGS formulation. The nominal correlation structural parameters are estimated using a structural analysis procedure. The resulting minimax optimization problem is solved using semidefinite programming techniques. The RGS is generic and can be applied to any problem for which the GS is suitable and the upper bound of uncertainty can be quantified. The RGS is illustrated for source release history identification in a two‐dimensional aquifer where the model uncertainty is caused by variability in hydraulic conductivity. It is shown that when the model is perfectly known, the RGS solution coincides with that of the GS; when the model has uncertainty, the RGS is robust against unknown variations from a nominal model, and its overall performance is better than that of the GS using the same nominal model.
Critical Management Education as a Vehicle for Emancipation: Exploring the Philosophy of Jacques Rancière

This paper aims to contribute to the literature on Critical Management Education (CME) by drawing on the work of philosopher, Jacques Ranciere, whose thinking provides a means of resolving the dilemma underlying CME. It raises fundamental questions regarding the position of authority and the expertise of the critical educator, while at the same time dispelling the illusion of collaboration and consensus with students and managers. By presenting equality as an assumption to be actualised, Ranciere invites us to reject the appropriation harboured by expert knowledge and the assignation of positions that this implies. On this basis, we can restructure the place of management and management education as a fertile ground for the emergence of dissensus in order to politicise what was neutralised and to give voice to those who have no voice.
Living on Little: Case Studies of Iowa Families with Very Low Incomes. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research

Looks at 16 families who left TANF in spring 1999 and reported $500 or less in family income to see how they make ends meet. Focuses on sources of income and expenses, strategies for making ends meet, and family well-being, noting that most families had earnings from employment, but low pay, irregular schedules, and job instability were problematic. Child support was an important source of income, but few families received it regularly. Tax refunds and credits were an important earnings supplement.
Coarse Decision Making

We study decision makers who willingly forgo acts that finely vary with states, even though these acts are informationally and technologically feasible. They opt instead for coarse rules that are less sensitive to state by state variations. We model this coarse decision making as a consequence of individuals using classical, frequentist methods to draw robust inferences from scarce data. Our central theme is that coarse decision making arises to mitigate the problem of over-fitting the data. The main implication of this framework is behavior that is biased towards simplicity: decision makers choose models, or decision frames that are statistically simple, in a sense we make precise. We are also able to give a unified interpretation of many seemingly anomalous cognitive and decision making procedures, such as categorization, reliance on linear orders, and satisficing. ∗ Department of Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208. E-mail: <al-najjar@northwestern.edu>. Research page : http://www.kellogg. northwestern.edu/faculty/alnajjar/htm/index.htm † Department of Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208. E-mail: <m-pai@northwestern.edu>. Research page : http://www.kellogg. northwestern.edu/faculty/pai/
Chapter 2 Broadband Vibration Energy Harvesting Techniques

The continuous reduction in power consumption of wireless sensing electronics has led to immense research interests in vibration energy harvesting techniques for self-powered devices. Currently, most vibration-based energy harvesters are designed as linear resonators that only work efficiently with limited bandwidth near their resonant frequencies. Unfortunately, in the vast majority of practical scenarios, ambient vibrations are frequency-varying or totally random with energy distributed over a wide frequency range. Hence, increasing the bandwidth of vibration energy harvesters has become one of the most critical issues before these harvesters can be widely deployed in practice. This chapter reviews the advances made in the past few years on this issue. The broadband vibration energy harvesting techniques, covering resonant frequency tuning, multimodal energy harvesting, and nonlinear energy harvesting configurations are summarized in detail with regard to their merits and applicability in different circumstances.
Quantum Error Correction Beyond the Bounded Distance Decoding Limit

In this paper, we consider quantum error correction over depolarizing channels with nonbinary low-density parity-check codes defined over Galois field of size 2p. The proposed quantum error correcting codes are based on the binary quasi-cyclic Calderbank, Shor, and Steane (CSS) codes. The resulting quantum codes outperform the best known quantum codes and surpass the performance limit of the bounded distance decoder. By increasing the size of the underlying Galois field, i.e., 2p, the error floors are considerably improved.
Temperant Portfolio Choice and Background Risk: Evidence from France

We explore empirically whether earnings uncertainty and borrowing constraints deter households from the stockmarket, consistent with the predictions of theoretical studies of portfolio choice in the presence of uninsurable earnings. Recent extensions highlight the importance of the correlation between earnings and financial risks. We use a self-assessed proxy for the correlation from the DELTA-TNS 2002 cross-sectional survey. While income risk does not deter from the stockmarket those households' reporting a negative correlation, it does for those who report a non-negative sign, consistent with economic theory predictions.
Chip ignition in research on high-speed face milling AM50A magnesium alloy

The ignition of magnesium alloy chips is a problem during high speed dry machining in industry. It should be avoided in the practical production. Many factors including machining environment, material composition, tool geometry, cutting parameters etc. can influence the cutting processes. Among these factors, cutting parameters is one of most important elements to induce the ignition of magnesium alloys. AM50A is a commercial magnesium alloy which is widely used in industry. However, very few reports about the ignition conditions of AM50A magnesium alloy are available. In this paper, we investigated the ignition conditions of AM50A magnesium alloy at different cutting parameters. The relationship between ignition conditions and chip morphologies was further explored. The macro morphologies of the chips were observed by optical microscope and the micro structure were obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is found that the macro morphologies of chips can be characterized into powdered chip, tubular helical chip, acicular helical chip, and long belt chip, which correspond to the different ignition conditions. The powdered chips and acicular spiral chips are easily ignited. They have thinner lamellar thickness compared to the other two types of chips. These results may be used to analyze cutting process and prevent the chip ignition in dry machining magnesium alloy.
Analysis of tropical tropospheric ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor during the 2006 El Niño using TES observations and the GEOS‐Chem model

[1] Elevated levels of tropical tropospheric ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) and decreased water (H2O) vapor were observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) in the region of Indonesia and the eastern Indian Ocean during the coincident positive phases of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in late 2006. Using the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem, we show that the elevated CO results from increased biomass burning in Indonesia during the ENSO/IOD-induced drought and quantify the effect of the fires and other factors on O3. In the region of highest CO (∼200 ppb), the contribution of the fires to enhanced O3 is ∼45% in October, ∼75% in early November, and only 10% in December. More lightning in late 2006 compared to 2005 causes an increase in O3 of a few parts per billion. Dynamical changes increase O3 over a larger region than fire emissions which mainly increase O3 at 10°N–10°S in October and November. The model matches the O3 anomaly in October but underestimates it in November and December, which we ascribe to overly active convection in the model in late 2006, based on an analysis of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. An underestimate of NOx emissions from soils may also contribute to the disparity at the end of the year. A dramatic decrease in O3 in late 2006 in equatorial Africa and the western Indian Ocean is reproduced by the model and is caused by highly enhanced convection in 2006, likely associated with the IOD.