Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lead Us (Not) into Temptation: Testing the Motivational Mechanisms Linking Honesty–Humility to Cooperation

Over the past decades, there has been considerable interest in individual differences in cooperative behaviour and how these can be explained. Whereas the Honesty–Humility dimension from the HEXACO model of personality has been identified as a consistent predictor of cooperation, the underlying motivational mechanisms of this association have remained unclear—especially given the confound between the temptation to exploit others and the fear of being exploited as motivational drivers of defection in social dilemmas. In a reanalysis and a new experiment, we tease apart these mechanisms by manipulating the rank order of pay–offs in a symmetric two–person game paradigm, essentially implementing the classic prisoner's dilemma, stag hunt, and chicken games. Results revealed that Honesty–Humility predicted cooperation specifically in the games in which temptation was a potential motivator of defection, whereas it did not account for cooperation in those games in which only fear implied defection. Our findings thereby shed light on the underlying motivational mechanisms of the Honesty–Humility–cooperation link and, more generally, demonstrate how economic games can be used to disentangle such mechanisms. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
Political Attitudes and the Processing of Misinformation Corrections

Misinformation often continues to influence people’s memory and inferential reasoning after it has been retracted; this is known as the continued influence effect (CIE). Previous research investigating the role of attitude-based motivated reasoning in this context has found conflicting results: Some studies have found that worldview can have a strong impact on the magnitude of the CIE, such that retractions are less effective if the misinformation is congruent with a person’s relevant attitudes, in which case the retractions can even backfire. Other studies have failed to find evidence for an effect of attitudes on the processing of misinformation corrections. The present study used political misinformation— specifically fictional scenarios involving misconduct by politicians from left-wing and rightwing parties—and tested participants identifying with those political parties. Results showed that in this type of scenario, partisan attitudes have an impact on the processing of retractions, in particular (1) if the misinformation relates to a general assertion rather than just a specific singular event, and (2) if the misinformation is congruent with a conservative partisanship.
Ionic Strength and the Contraction Kinetics of Skinned Muscle Fibers

The influence of KCl concentration on the contraction kinetics of skinned frog muscle fibers at 5–7°C was studied at various calcium levels. The magnitude of the calcium-activated force decreased continuously as the KCl concentration of the bathing solution was increased from 0 to 280 mM. The shortening velocity at a given relative load was unaffected by the level of calcium activation at 140 mM KCl, as has been previously reported by Podolsky and Teichholz (1970. J. Physiol. [Lond.]. 211: 19), and was independent of ionic strength when the KCl concentration was increased from 140 to 280 mM. In contrast, the shortening velocity decreased as the KCl concentration was reduced below 140 mM; the decrease in velocity was enhanced when the fibers were only partially activated. In the low KCl range, the resting tension of the fibers increased after the first contraction cycle. The results suggest that in fibers activated at low ionic strength some of the cross bridges that are formed are abnormal in the sense that they retard shortening and persist in relaxing solution.
‘Oh, what a tangled web we weave’: How tax linkages shape responsiveness in the United Kingdom and France

What determines government responsiveness during fiscal austerity? Comparing the United Kingdom (UK) and France between 1975 and 2015 and using narrative accounts of austerity episodes, I argue that tax linkages (defined as the nature of dominant taxes, their governance and their dilemmas) shape partisan competition and fiscal responsiveness. I show how, despite comparable conditions, the UK and France implemented austerity simultaneously but opted for divergent types of fiscal responsiveness. In the UK, the right has been advantaged by centralized and weak tax linkages, which acted as a break on tax hikes and favoured spending cuts. In France, the left benefited from decentralized and strong tax linkages, which helped to increase taxes and made it hard to cut spending.
Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity of Neocortical Excitatory Synapses on Inhibitory Interneurons Depends on Target Cell Type

Repetitive correlated spiking can induce long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of many excitatory synapses on glutamatergic neurons, in a manner that depends on the timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic spiking. However, it is mostly unknown whether and how such spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) operates at neocortical excitatory synapses on inhibitory interneurons, which have diverse physiological and morphological characteristics. In this study, we found that these synapses exhibit target-cell-dependent STDP. In layer 2/3 of the somatosensory cortex, the pyramidal cell (PC) forms divergent synapses on fast spiking (FS) and low-threshold spiking (LTS) interneurons that exhibit short-term synaptic depression and facilitation in response to high-frequency stimulation, respectively. At PC-LTS synapses, repetitive correlated spiking induced LTP or LTD, depending on the timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic spiking. However, regardless of the timing and frequency of spiking, correlated activity induced only LTD at PC-FS synapses. This target-cell-specific STDP was not caused by the difference in the short-term plasticity between these two types of synapses. Activation of postsynaptic NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) was required for LTP induction at PC-LTS synapses, whereas activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors was required for LTD induction at both PC-LTS and PC-FS synapses. Additional analysis of synaptic currents suggests that LTP and LTD of PC-LTS synapses, but not LTD of PC-FS synapses, involves presynaptic modifications. Such dependence of both the induction and expression of STDP on the type of postsynaptic interneurons may contribute to differential processing and storage of information in cortical local circuits.
Assessing a novel immuno-oncology-based combination therapy: Ipilimumab plus electrochemotherapy

Melanoma is responsible for most skin cancer-related deaths and is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in young adults. In melanoma, tumors can become established by activation of the negative regulator of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), CTL antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Ipilimumab blocks the interaction of CTLA-4 with CD80/CD86 and augments T-cell activation and proliferation. In electrochemotherapy (ECT), local application of short high-voltage pulses renders cell membranes transiently permeable to chemotherapeutic drugs. The combination of ipilimumab and ECT may be beneficial for the treatment of metastatic melanoma; however, no prospective data are available to date. Here, we report the retrospective analysis of patients treated with ipilimumab in an expanded access program (EAP) who also received ECT. Fifteen patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma who received ipilimumab 3 mg/kg every three weeks for four cycles and underwent ECT for local disease control and/or palliation of cutaneous lesions with bleomycin 15 mg/m2 after the first ipilimumab infusion were included in the analysis. Over the study period, a local objective response was observed in 67% of patients (27% complete response [CR] and 40% partial response [PR]). According to immune-related response criteria, a systemic response was observed in nine patients (five PR and four stable disease [SD]), resulting in a disease control rate of 60%. Evaluation of circulating T-regulatory (T-reg) cells demonstrated significant differences between responders and non-responders. Overall, treatment was well-tolerated and without notable toxicity. In conclusion, the combination of ipilimumab and ECT appears to be beneficial to patients with advanced melanoma, warranting further investigation in prospective trials.
A Single Dose of Ketoprofen in the Immediate Postpartum Period has the Potential to Improve 1 Dairy Calf Welfare in the First 48 hours of Life 2

The welfare impact of birth on newborn calves has rarely been studied. Dystocia in particular may 15 have significant welfare costs for calves. While analgesia is sometimes provided to calves born to 16 difficult parturition by veterinary surgeons in practice, it is not known if this is actually beneficial. On 17 a commercial dairy farm, we examined the behavioural time budget of 39 Holstein heifer calves born 18 with the aid of farmer assistance and 36 calves born without assistance; half of each group were 19 randomly allocated to receive either a single dose of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug 20 ketoprofen or a saline placebo in a two by two factorial design. The calves were group housed and 21 their behaviour was recorded for 48 hours postpartum and analysed using instantaneous focal 22 sampling (every 5 minutes in alternate hours). Regardless of analgesic treatment, calves born with 23 assistance showed behaviours consistent with experiencing a less positive welfare state (lying with 24 their head down and in lateral recumbency, and less time playing than unassisted calves). 25 Behavioural differences between calves treated with ketoprofen and calves treated with saline (in 26 particular increased play) suggest that the birth experience may be painful for all calves, even if no 27 assistance is required. Our findings suggest that a single dose of ketoprofen in the immediate 28 postpartum period may improve calf welfare regardless of assistance status and has the potential to 29 contribute to significant welfare gains in dairy calves.
Allergic And Environmental Induced Asthma

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder. Many cells including mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils, T-lymphocytes, and epithelial cells contribute to the inflammation that occurs. The inflammation can lead to the symptoms of asthma that arise; such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness.Asthma is an obstructive airway disorder, limiting expiratory airflow. It is both acute and reversible and is characterized by obstruction of airflow due to inflammation, bronchospasm and increased airway secretions. Asthma is a disease that impacts all races, ages, sexes, and ethnic groups. It is estimated that 7% of Americans have asthma. Asthma and atopy have dramatically increased in westernized countries. Despite the high prevalence of disease there have been improved outcomes and fewer hospitalizations for asthma attacks. Asthma is characterized by episodic wheezing, hyperresponsiveness of airways to various stimuli and obstruction of airways. These symptoms may occur a few times a day or a few times a week, depending on the person. The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel guidelines for the management of asthma recommend that patients who require daily asthma medications have allergy testing for perennial indoor and outdoor allergens.
The Role of Villages and Townships in Informal Land Development in China: An Investigation on the City Fringe of Beijing

The past decades have witnessed a number of informal land developments on the urban fringe in China although many strict state regulations have been made to control this. The dual urban rural land system is widely believed to be one major determinant of informal developments in the existing literature. However, the important role of local villages and townships are often neglected. This paper aims to shed light on this by looking at the gated informal housing communities in Beijing as a case study. It investigates the role of villages and townships in informal land development and the conflicts of interest that arise with state regulations in the context of political decentralization. The results of analysis show that township governments have an ambivalent attitude or even give tacit approval to informal land development in villages since these informal developments actually bring economic benefits to local villagers and themselves. The situation seems to be worse as townships have poor fiscal capacity and a growing administrative responsibility for improvement of local development in the context of decentralization. Villages are keen to capture economic benefits from informal land development with help from private developers. As a result, a local, informal coalition between townships, villages, and private developers emerged at the grass roots level. This presents a major challenge to the state regulations designed for sustainable urban growth management.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology When Inverted Faces Are Recognized: the Role of Configural Information in Face Recognition

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Series 2014 / 028 Turnout and Polarization under Alternative Electoral Systems

We present a formal model of electoral competition where parties’ platforms are endogenously chosen and depend on the degree of the electoral rule disproportionality. We first show that proportional electoral systems generate centrifugal forces that increase candidate differentiation. This in turn implies that more proportional systems are associated with lower levels of abstention from indifference. This two step theoretical prediction of the effect of electoral systems on turnout is then empirically validated even when we jointly control for the prevailing pivotality and party-system size hypotheses. Thus, our work highlights an additional link in the proportionality-turnout nexus. ∗London School of Economics and Political Science, Government Department, Connaught Hall CON.5. 10, London WC2A 2AE, UK; e-mail: k.matakos@lse.ac. uk †Department of Economics, Lancaster University, The Management School, Bailrigg, LA1 4YX, UK, e-mail: o.troumpounis@lancaster.ac. uk ‡Department of Economics, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus, e-mail: xefteris.dimitrios@ucy.ac. cy
Effects of a Group Reminiscence Program on Self-forgiveness, Life Satisfaction, and Death Anxiety among Institutionalized Older Adults

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing Vol. 30 No. 5, 546-554, October 2018 pISSN 1225-4886 / eISSN 2288-338X https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018. 30.5. 546
DNA Dynamics Is Likely to Be a Factor in the Genomic Nucleotide Repeats Expansions Related to Diseases

Trinucleotide repeats sequences (TRS) represent a common type of genomic DNA motif whose expansion is associated with a large number of human diseases. The driving molecular mechanisms of the TRS ongoing dynamic expansion across generations and within tissues and its influence on genomic DNA functions are not well understood. Here we report results for a novel and notable collective breathing behavior of genomic DNA of tandem TRS, leading to propensity for large local DNA transient openings at physiological temperature. Our Langevin molecular dynamics (LMD) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations demonstrate that the patterns of openings of various TRSs depend specifically on their length. The collective propensity for DNA strand separation of repeated sequences serves as a precursor for outsized intermediate bubble states independently of the G/C-content. We report that repeats have the potential to interfere with the binding of transcription factors to their consensus sequence by altered DNA breathing dynamics in proximity of the binding sites. These observations might influence ongoing attempts to use LMD and MCMC simulations for TRS–related modeling of genomic DNA functionality in elucidating the common denominators of the dynamic TRS expansion mutation with potential therapeutic applications.
Phylogeography and population genetic structure of an exotic invasive brine shrimp, Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea : Anostraca), in Australia

Native American Artemia franciscana has become an introduced species in the Old World due to the rapid development of the aquaculture industry in Eurasia. The recent colonisation of A. franciscana in Mediterranean regions and Asia has been well documented, but Australia is a continent where the dispersal of this species is not well understood. In the present study, we sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and examined the phylogenetic relationships, haplotype network and population genetic structure of Artemia from four geographical localities in Australia and two American native localities. Our results confirmed the colonisation of Australia in all four localities by A. franciscana. First, we document the occurrence of Artemia in Mulgundawa and St Kilda localities in Australia. The Dampier population is a monomorphic population, but there is high genetic variation and a degree of demographic expansion observed in other introduced A. franciscana populations in Australia. This observation suggests an interaction between environmental conditions and adaptive potentials of A. franciscana. Our findings imply that populations from St Kilda and Port Hedland might have originated from a San Francisco Bay source, while the two other locations resulted from admixture between Great Salt Lake and San Francisco Bay sources, perhaps resulting from secondary introduction events.
Noncommutative Berezin transforms and model theory

We initiate the study of a class of noncommutative domains of n-tuples of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space, which is generated by certain positivity conditions on polynomials in n noncommutative indeterminates. We obtain Fatou type results, functional calculi, and a model theory for n-tuples of operators in these domains. The main role in this study is played by a class of noncommutative Berezin transforms which is introduced in this paper. Our results extend to noncommutative varieties.
Transcriptional landscape and essential genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The WHO has recently classified Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a super-bacterium due to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistant derivatives and an overall dramatic increase in infection incidences. Genome sequencing has identified potential genes, however, little is known about the transcriptional organization and the presence of non-coding RNAs in gonococci. We performed RNA sequencing to define the transcriptome and the transcriptional start sites of all gonococcal genes and operons. Numerous new transcripts including 253 potentially non-coding RNAs transcribed from intergenic regions or antisense to coding genes were identified. Strikingly, strong antisense transcription was detected for the phase-variable opa genes coding for a family of adhesins and invasins in pathogenic Neisseria, that may have regulatory functions. Based on the defined transcriptional start sites, promoter motifs were identified. We further generated and sequenced a high density Tn5 transposon library to predict a core of 827 gonococcal essential genes, 133 of which have no known function. Our combined RNA-Seq and Tn-Seq approach establishes a detailed map of gonococcal genes and defines the first core set of essential gonococcal genes.
The Effect of Ceramic Painting on the Life Satisfaction and Cognitive Status of Older Adults Residing in a Nursing Home

Objectives: The aim of this experimental study was to assess the cognitive activity and satisfaction with life of older adults in nursing home before and after ceramic painting. Methods: The sample of the survey consisted of 15 older adults each in the intervention and control groups. Data for the study were collected using a questionnaire form developed to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of the older adults, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the mean Mini-Mental State Examination score of the intervention group compared with the control group at the end of ceramic painting (P < .05). The intervention group had increased average Life Satisfaction Scale scores in the posttest compared with the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The results showed that art therapy with ceramic painting was a positive effect on the cognitive levels and quality of life of older adults.
I wanted to settle a bet!: understanding why and how people use mobile search in social settings

Recent work in mobile computing has highlighted that conversations and social interactions have a significant impact on mobile Web and mobile search behaviours. To date, however, this social element has not been explored fully and little is known about why and how mobile users search for information in social settings. The goal of this work is to provide a deeper understanding of social mobile search behaviours so that we may improve future mobile search experiences that involve a social component. To this end we present the results of two studies: a survey involving almost 200 users and a two-week diary and follow-up interview study of 20 users. Our results extend past research in the mobile search space, by exploring the motivations, circumstances and experiences of using mobile search in social settings to satisfy group information needs. Our findings point to a number of open research challenges and implications for enriching the search experiences of mobile users.