Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approaching the ideal elastic strain limit in silicon nanowires

Single-crystalline silicon nanowires can be reversibly stretched above 10% elastic strain at room temperature. Achieving high elasticity for silicon (Si) nanowires, one of the most important and versatile building blocks in nanoelectronics, would enable their application in flexible electronics and bio-nano interfaces. We show that vapor-liquid-solid–grown single-crystalline Si nanowires with diameters of ~100 nm can be repeatedly stretched above 10% elastic strain at room temperature, approaching the theoretical elastic limit of silicon (17 to 20%). A few samples even reached ~16% tensile strain, with estimated fracture stress up to ~20 GPa. The deformations were fully reversible and hysteresis-free under loading-unloading tests with varied strain rates, and the failures still occurred in brittle fracture, with no visible sign of plasticity. The ability to achieve this “deep ultra-strength” for Si nanowires can be attributed mainly to their pristine, defect-scarce, nanosized single-crystalline structure and atomically smooth surfaces. This result indicates that semiconductor nanowires could have ultra-large elasticity with tunable band structures for promising “elastic strain engineering” applications.
[Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors].

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors. METHODS The study was carried out in Pelotas, a city in the Southern region of Brazil, between October and November 2000. Mothers (n=410) were interviewed in the hospital using two questionnaires on obstetric and psychosocial data. Later, these mothers were visited at home, within 30 to 45 days after delivery. Occurrence of postpartum depressive symptoms was assessed by the Hamilton Scale for Depression. Chi-square test was used for comparison between proportions and non conditional logistic regression was utilized in the multivariate analysis. Data analysis was conducted hierarchically: economic variables in the first level, sociodemographic in the second level, the obstetrics variables in the third level and, in the fourth level, the psychosocial variables. RESULTS The prevalence of postpartum depression observed in this sample was 19.1%. Family income (OR=5.24; CI 95%: 2.00-13.69), preference as to the child's gender (boys: OR=3.49; CI 95%: 1.76-6.93) and thinking about interrupting the pregnancy (OR=2.52; CI 95%: 1.33-4.76), were variables associated with postpartum depression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that low economic status of the puerperal woman and nonacceptance of pregnancy are key elements in the development of postpartum depression.
Old age is not so bad when you consider the alternatives

Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), found in the northernmost counties in Sweden, is a rare, lethal and inherited amyloidosis. The disease is caused by mutated transthyretin (TTR). The mutation is characterized by an exchange of valine for methionine at position 30 (ATTRVal30Met). FAP is characterised by progressive polyneuropathy affecting both the peripheral and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Cardiac arrhythmia and autonomic disturbances are common as well as gastrointestinal symptoms: such as constipation and diarrhoea. Today, orthotopic liver transplantation (LTx) is the only treatment to stop the progression of FAP. The rationale for this is because 95% of TTR is synthesized by the liver, a liver transplantation should abolish the production of new mutated amyloidogenic TTR. The first liver transplantation for FAP was performed in Sweden 1990. Heart complications and autonomic disturbances are common in FAP patients both before and after liver transplantation. The aim of the present study was three-fold: to determine whether liver transplantation affects the natural course of cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac autonomic function; to predict the risk of ventricular arrhythmias; and to elucidate heart rate variability (HRV) patterns by power spectrum analysis and Poincaré plots. In total, ninety-seven Swedish FAP patients were included in the studies. The patients underwent 24-hours electrocardiography (Holter) recordings, and/or signal averaged electrocardiography (SAECG) and heart rate variability.
The University of Birmingham ( Live System ) Reduced orbitofrontal and temporal grey matter in a community sample of maltreated children

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Socially Inefficient Use of Pesticides due to Negative Externalities: A Case of Indonesian Rice Agriculture

Pesticides provide economic benefits for the farmers in terms of saving yield loss; but also provide adverse impacts. It is therefore economically inefficient to totally ban the use of pesticides. Consequently, it is required to investigate the efficient level of pesticide use. This paper aims to determine the efficient use of pesticides by internalising the costs of externality, and estimates the monetary value of net welfare loss. The benefit of pesticide use is estimated using a production function, and the economic value of the adverse impact on human health and the environment are represented by a health cost and consumers’ willingness to pay for reduction in pesticide use. Panel data on rice production used in this paper is compiled from publications of Indonesian Statistics Agency. The costs of externality are adopted and adjusted from previous researches. The socially efficient use of pesticides is determined when the marginal benefit is equal to the marginal social cost. The results of this study indicate that the socially efficient use of pesticides is lower than that of actual use. Consequently, there is welfare loss imposed on farmers and other community.
AEROBIC ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS DURING PHYSICAL EDUCATION FITT CLASSES

The aim of the research is to examine the volume of aerobic activities of elementary school, third grade, students at physical education FITT (acronym for frequency, intensity, duration and type of activity) classes. At one physical education (PE) class a pedometer was used to monitor the values students had accumulated in each planned activity. The results indicate that boys statistically accumulate more steps than girls (2828 ± 337 steps, vs 2703 ± 250 steps): t(89) = -1.99; p = . 049; η2 = . 04. Most students have singled out the elementary game as the most interesting activity. During the game the greatest activity volume was achieved (180 steps/min). The FITT PE class can provide one third of the daily recommended steps and 45 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity which is 100% of the class. Elementary games have the greatest potential for increasing the intensity, and therefore the scope of pupils' activities of the younger school age. Class planning requires the choice of various, fun and interesting content which contribute to high MVPA rate, to individualise activities according to students’ capabilities, with appropriate work organisation contemporary inclusion of all the children into exercising process and to decrease the “loss of time” during setting up the formation and explanation of simpler content.
Cracking Down on Exotic Dancers: How the Act, the Media and Interest Groups Frame Human Trafficking Policy in Canada

This thesis examines the Preventing the Trafficking, Abuse, and Exploitation of Vulnerable Immigrants Act. The history of human trafficking and migrant policy in Canada generally and in relation to this amendment passed in 2012 are examined. The framing perspective, political process model, and the policy process literature are used to understand this law. I am interested in three main questions: does the Act differentiate between victims and criminals? ; how did socio-political groups shape this law? ; and how do the media portray the differences in victims and criminals in relation to this law? Content analysis is used to analyze the Act itself, relevant press releases and media coverage. The policy is found to have a victimcentered focus, and portrayals of human trafficking victims and criminals are shaped by heteronormative ideas. This study concludes that the Act under review may not be successful in protecting foreign nationals from exploitation.
Evaluation of attributes that affect longissimus muscle tenderness in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle.

Biological tenderness differences between longissimus muscles (LM) from Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds were evaluated. Steers and heifers of Hereford x Angus (H x A, n = 10), 3/8 Sahiwal x H, A or H x A (3/8 SAH, n = 6) and 5/8 Sahiwal x H, A or H x A (5/8 SAH, n = 11) crosses were utilized. Muscle temperature and pH were monitored every 3 h for the first 12 h and at 24 h. Samples were obtained within 1 h and at 24 h postmortem from the LM for determination of calcium-dependent protease (CDP) -I and -II and CDP inhibitor (INH) activities. At 1 and 14 d postmortem, LM samples were removed for determining cathepsin B and B + L activity, soluble and total collagen, sarcomere length, muscle-fiber histochemistry, shear force and sensory-panel traits. Data were analyzed using least squares procedures with fixed effects of breed cross, sex and their interaction. No significant breed cross effects were observed for carcass traits or rates of pH and temperature decline. Steaks from H x A had lower (P less than .05) shear-force values and higher (P less than .05) sensory scores for tenderness at 1 and 14 d postmortem than steaks from 3/8 and 5/8 SAH. Correspondingly, 5/8 SAH had lower (P less than .05) myofibril fragmentation indices than H x A at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d postmortem. Breed cross effects were not significant for sarcomere length, fiber types, soluble and total collagen, cathepsin B and B + L specific activity, CDP-I and -II activity and INH activity within 1 h postmortem. However, INH total activity/100 g of muscle was greater (P less than .01) at 24 h postmortem for 5/8 SAH (208.8 +/- 14.8) and 3/8 SAH (195.6 +/- 19.3) than for H x A (136.3 +/- 14.9). For H x A, SDS-PAGE revealed that by d 1 desmin had been subjected to proteolysis, and by d 14 desmin could not be detected, but a 30,000-dalton component was clearly evident. However, in 5/8 SAH, desmin remained visible at d 14 without a 30,000-dalton component appearing. This reduced protein hydrolysis may account for less tender meat in SAH; INH apparently influences this process.
TRADE OPENNESS , TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND THE DEMAND FOR SKILLS : EVIDENCE FROM TURKISH MICRODATA

In this paper we report evidence on the relationship between trade openness, technology adoption and relative demand for skilled labour in the Turkish manufacturing sector, using firm level data over the period 1980-2001. We first depict the simultaneous increasing trends in international openness and in demand for skills and we show that the shift of the relative demand for labour was mainly due to the withinindustry component, suggesting the relevance of the skill biased technological change (SBTC) hypothesis. We then estimate – in a dynamic panel data setting using a unique database of 88,561 firms – an augmented cost share equation whereby the wage bill share of skilled workers in a given firm is related to international exposure and technology adoption. Overall, results suggest that trade openness and technology play a key role in shifting the demand for labour towards more skilled workers within each firm. Technology related variables (domestic R&D expenditures and technological transfer from abroad) are positive and significantly related to skill upgrading, as it is the involvement of foreign capital in firm’s ownership. Moreover, firms belonging to those sectors that most raised their imports also experienced a higher increase in the labour cost share of skilled workers. This finding is consistent with the idea that imports by a middle income country imply a transfer of new technologies that are more skill-intensive than those previously in use in domestic markets. This idea is reinforced by the finding that only imports from industrialised countries where the potential for innovation diffusion comes from enter the regressions significantly. Instead, sectoral export orientation is negatively correlated with the demand for skills, which is consistent with the predictions from the trade theory, given Turkey’s comparative advantage in the production of unskilled-labour-intensive goods.
Intracellular signaling specificity in skeletal muscle in response to different modes of exercise.

The aim of this study was to understand better the specific signaling events resulting from different modes of exercise. Three different exercise protocols were employed based on their well-characterized, long-term training effects on either muscle hypertrophy or endurance phenotypes. Rats were subjected to a single bout of either a high-frequency electrical stimulation, a low-frequency electrical stimulation, or a running exercise protocol. Postexercise intracellular signaling was analyzed in the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles at 0, 3, and 6 h. A prolonged increase in p70(S6k) and a transient increase in protein kinase B phosphorylation were only observed in response to a growth-inducing stimulus (e.g., tibialis anterior in high-frequency electrical stimulation). In contrast, extracellular regulated kinase and 38-kDa stress-activated protein kinase were activated in response to all forms of exercise at 0 h, but only extracellular regulated kinase phosphorylation was found significantly elevated at 6 h after running exercise. These results demonstrate that different exercise protocols resulted in the selective activation of specific intracellular signaling pathways, which may determine the specific adaptations induced by different forms of exercise.
Optimal Policies from Prices Observed at Random Times

We study the questions of optimal portfolios and hedging strategies in a market where the asset log-price Y follows a diffusion model whose coefficients are unobservable and are given in terms of a Markov process X. This leads naturally to a partial information setup, where the strategies are measurable w.r. t. the observations. Nevertheless, the proposed framework departs from the usual one as the stock price is observed only discretely at random times T(n). While quite natural, these hypotheses lead to special optimization and filtering approaches. In the above setting, the investor problem can be approached by considering that the wealth process is subject to shocks produced by a multivariate point process given by the observations (T(n),δY(T(n)). Eventually, by resorting to the martingale approach of the stochastic control problem through duality and use of Malliavin calculus for random measures, we fully characterize the investment policy process. To this end, we derive an extension of Clark's formula for random measures under an equivalent change of measure. As examples, optimal portfolios are given for power, logarithmic and exponential utility functions and hedging strategies for contingent claims will be derived.
The escape behavior of marine copepods in response to a quantifiable fluid mechanical disturbance

The threshold shear values needed to elicit the escape reaction to a quantifiable fluid mechanical disturbance were compared between five free-swimming oceanic copepod species. The results indicate a significant difference in the threshold for different species of copepods and between different age groups within a single species. In general, animals captured from more energetic regimes required a higher threshold than those captured from more pacific locations. Labidocera madurae required the highest shear values with 51.5 s~' for 50% of the animals tested to elicit an escape reac- tion (5jo). Acartia tonsa and Euchaeta rimana, in contrast, were behaviorally the most sensitive requir- ing an 550 of only 1.5 and 4.1 s~', respectively, to initiate an escape reaction. Pleuromamma xiphias and Oithona required intermediate shear values with an 550 of 7.2 and 8.1 s~'. When compared to literature values, the threshold needed to elicit an escape reaction was consistently higher than average environmental shear values. Threshold shear values also varied significantly with develop- mental stage. Naupliar stages of A.tonsa required greater than six times the 550 value required by adults of the same species. This suggests that the higher vulnerability to predation of naupliar stages of copepods may not only reflect inferior escape strength, but may also result from the higher thresh- old needed to elicit an escape reaction. This study supports the hypothesis that selective feeding pat- terns exhibited by predators of copepods may be the result of the differential behavioral sensitivities of different species and developmental stages of copepods.
Predicting Statistical Properties of Open Reading Frames in Bacterial Genomes

An analytical model based on the statistical properties of Open Reading Frames (ORFs) of eubacterial genomes such as codon composition and sequence length of all reading frames was developed. This new model predicts the average length, maximum length as well as the length distribution of the ORFs of 70 species with GC contents varying between 21% and 74%. Furthermore, the number of annotated genes is predicted with high accordance. However, the ORF length distribution in the five alternative reading frames shows interesting deviations from the predicted distribution. In particular, long ORFs appear more often than expected statistically. The unexpected depletion of stop codons in these alternative open reading frames cannot completely be explained by a biased codon usage in the +1 frame. While it is unknown if the stop codon depletion has a biological function, it could be due to a protein coding capacity of alternative ORFs exerting a selection pressure which prevents the fixation of stop codon mutations. The comparison of the analytical model with bacterial genomes, therefore, leads to a hypothesis suggesting novel gene candidates which can now be investigated in subsequent wet lab experiments.
Context Matters: Volunteer Bias, Small Sample Size, and the Value of Comparison Groups in the Assessment of Research-Based Undergraduate Introductory Biology Lab Courses

The shift from cookbook to authentic research-based lab courses in undergraduate biology necessitates the need for evaluation and assessment of these novel courses. Although the biology education community has made progress in this area, it is important that we interpret the effectiveness of these courses with caution and remain mindful of inherent limitations to our study designs that may impact internal and external validity. The specific context of a research study can have a dramatic impact on the conclusions. We present a case study of our own three-year investigation of the impact of a research-based introductory lab course, highlighting how volunteer students, a lack of a comparison group, and small sample sizes can be limitations of a study design that can affect the interpretation of the effectiveness of a course.
Characterizing the Effects of Heavy Metal and Vibrio Exposure on Hsp70 Expression in Crassostrea gigas Gill Tissue

ABSTRACT The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is an intertidal bivalve mollusc that inhabits several continents. Similar to other shellfish, the Pacific oyster is considered an important bioindicator species. One way to assess environmental perturbations is to examine an organism's stress response. Molecular chaperones, including heat shock proteins, are common targets when evaluating an organism's response to environmental stress. In this study, oysters were exposed to copper and the bacterium Vibrio tubiashii to characterize how these environmental stressors influence Hsp70 gene and protein expression. Bacterial exposure did not affect Hsp70 expression, whereas copper exposure changed both transcript and protein levels significantly. Interestingly, copper exposure increased gene expression and decreased protein levels when compared with controls. The dynamics of Hsp70 regulation observed here provide important insight into heavy metal exposure and heat shock protein levels in oysters, highlighting considerations that should be made when using Hsp70 as an indicator of an organism's general stress response.
Macroeconomic Expectations and the Size, Value and Momentum Factors

One of the challenges facing the prior literature when examining the link between macroeconomic risks and the size (SMB), value (HML) and momentum (WML) factors is the difficulty of obtaining direct measures of macroeconomic expectations. We re-examine these relations using direct measures of investor expectations across 20 developed markets. While local and global market returns are robustly related to measures of economic activity, unlike the prior literature we find only a weak relation between HML and changes in expectations about macroeconomic activity. SMB and WML are either unrelated to or act as hedges against macroeconomic risk. This is inconsistent with HML, SMB and WML being priced because they proxy for macroeconomic risks. These findings are not the result of low power tests but rather from the fact that the individual portfolios, which make up the factors, have economically and statistically similar sensitivity to the macroeconomic risks we examine.
Assessing the Awareness of Parents and Satisfaction of Children with Intraoral Space Maintainers

1 Assistant Professor, Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, AND Kerman Social Determinants on Oral Health Research Center, AND Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2 Dentistry Student, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 3 Postgraduate Student, Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, AND Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Uncertainties in sea surface temperature retrievals from space: Comparison of microwave and infrared observations from TRMM

[1] A study of the uncertainties in infrared (IR) and microwave (MW) sea surface temperature (SST) retrievals by satellite is described here. The availability of both infrared (VIRS) and microwave (TMI) sensors on the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) provided an opportunity to perform this detailed SST intercomparison from two distinct but colocated sensors. Infrared retrievals provide good spatial resolution, but they are limited to clear-sky conditions. Microwave observations provide supplemental SST information in cloudy areas, but they are subject to other limitations such as poor spatial resolution and possible wind biases. One year of colocated VIRS and TMI SSTs are analyzed here, together with other colocated ancillary data sets including surface winds and water vapor, and potential sources of error are presented. The analysis shows some residual IR SST's dependence on atmospheric water vapor, despite corrective terms in the algorithm, with biases of a few tenths of a degree. The inclusion of a water vapor term in the IR algorithm reduces these biases. The results also show a higher uncertainty in MW SST retrievals for winds greater than 12 m/s, and a warm bias of MW SSTs of the order of 1°C within 50–100 km from land. Other potential sources of uncertainties discussed in the paper are undetected clouds, choice of IR SST algorithm, diurnal warming of the skin layer, and satellite maneuvers. The results of this intercomparison are valuable for the development of a future generation of a blended IR/MW SST data set, which combines the strengths of each observational method.