Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plant trait responses to grazing – a global synthesis

Herbivory by domestic and wild ungulates is a major driver of global vegetation dynamics. However, grazing is not considered in dynamic global vegetation models, or more generally in studies of the effects of environmental change on ecosystems at regional to global scale. An obstacle to this is a lack of empirical tests of several hypotheses linking plant traits with grazing. We, therefore, set out to test whether some widely recognized trait responses to grazing are consistent at the global level. We conducted a meta-analysis of plant trait responses to grazing, based on 197 studies from all major regions of the world, and using six major conceptual models of trait response to grazing as a framework. Data were available for seven plant traits: life history, canopy height, habit, architecture, growth form (forb, graminoid, herbaceous legume, woody), palatability, and geographic origin. Covariates were precipitation and evolutionary history of herbivory. Overall, grazing favoured annual over perennial plants, short plants over tall plants, prostrate over erect plants, and stoloniferous and rosette architecture over tussock architecture. There was no consistent effect of grazing on growth form. Some response patterns were modified by particular combinations of precipitation and history of herbivory. Climatic and historical contexts are therefore essential for understanding plant trait responses to grazing. Our study identifies some key traits to be incorporated into plant functional classifications for the explicit consideration of grazing into global vegetation models used in global change research. Importantly, our results suggest that plant functional type classifications and response rules need to be specific to regions with different climate and herbivory history.
Gender and Motivation: A Study of the Athletic and Academic Motivations of Division I Female College Basketball Players

Student-athletes are an incredibly vulnerable population. Many dream of a professional career, but statistically very, very few will make it. Even if they have the talent, and the luck (which the vast majority do not have), they are always only one major injury away from the end of these career aspirations. Additionally, the focus of many student-athletes on sports is potentially a double-edged sword: while part of their success comes from their athletic drive, ambition and identity, an excessive emphasis on sport—without sufficient emphasis on academics—can also place their careers in jeopardy. They need to have excellent time-management skills, and must multi-task well so that they can achieve success both athletically and academically. They must maintain a high enough Grade Point Average to continue their studies—especially those with an athletic scholarship, because it too could be taken away with academic failure. Student-athletes also deal with various layers of bureaucracy associated with athletic departments that are also unique (for instance, a change of major or transferring from one degree to another can jeopardize their athletic eligibility). As a result, student-athletes need to be focused on the pursuit of both athletic and academic excellence—and yet they may face specific demands on their time and energy associated
Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions of Field Experiences in Inclusive Preschool Settings: Implications for Personnel Preparation

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify events in the field experiences of Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) preservice teachers that were perceived by the preservice teachers as influencing their thinking in relation to ECSE practices. The preservice teachers’ weekly reflective journals, university supervisor observation notes, and preservice teachers’ overall evaluations of the field experience were analyzed. Comments were coded into one of the five direct services strands or one of the indirect supports strands of the Division of Early Childhood (DEC) recommended practices in early intervention/ECSE: assessment, child-focused practices, family-based practices, interdisciplinary models, technology applications, personnel preparation, and policy, procedures, and systems change. The majority of data were coded into the strand of child-focused practices. The strand that received the second largest number of codings was assessment; family-based practices had the third highest number of codings. Findings are discussed in relation to structuring ECSE practicum experiences to result in the desired outcomes.
Nonconventional Family Life-Styles and School Achievement: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study

The life-styles of countercultural, nonconventional families have potential risks as well as benefits for children’s school achievement. The effects on children’s school achievement of nonconventional family organization, parents’ values and commitment to their family life-style, and family stability were examined in a 12-year longitudinal study of 146 nonconventional families and a comparison group of 43 stable, two-parent conventional families. In spite of considerable instability and other potential risk conditions in nonconventional families’ lives (single parent or unmarried couple status, frequent change, stigma, low incomes, and others), most of their children do as well or better in school than a comparison group of conventional families. These effects were still present after adjusting for child WISC-R, gender, and family SES. Those children doing best in school come from families who have a stronger commitment to their nonconventional family life-style while those doing less well have families with a lower commitment. Children in single parent families had grades similar to those of children in two-parent families. Family stability—regardless of the form of the family (single parent or couple)— also was associated with higher grades. Strong commitment to meaningful values regarding the importance of one’s family life-style can protect children against some of the risks that were a part of many countercultural family’s lives.
Novice Supervisees' Self-Evaluations and Their Perceptions of Supervisor Style.

Multiple regression analyses of data obtained for 36 counseling supervision dyads indicated that attractiveness, an aspect of supervisory style, was negatively associated with supervisees' self-evaluations and positively associated with the difference between trainees' and supervisors' evaluations of counseling competence at the end of the 1st practicum experience. Supervisors' interpersonal sensitivity and task orientation were not found to contribute significantly to either of the criterion variables.
Application of the Overclaiming Technique to Scholastic Assessment

The overclaiming technique is a novel assessment procedure that uses signal detection analysis to generate indices of knowledge accuracy (OC-accuracy) and self-enhancement (OC-bias). The technique has previously shown robustness over varied knowledge domains as well as low reactivity across administration contexts. Here we compared the OC-accuracy index with multiple choice (MC) and short answer (SA) tests in assessing knowledge of introductory psychology topics in a sample of 108 undergraduates. Results indicated that OC-accuracy was (a) comparable to MC and SA in predicting overall course grades and (b) superior to SA tests in reliability achieved per unit administration time. By including the OC-bias index, the overclaiming method also adds a unique element to scholastic testing, namely, a measure of knowledge self-enhancement. The latter index was a negative predictor of overall course grade, suggesting a narcissistic self-destructiveness. Because the self-enhancement index adds no extra administration time to the knowledge measure, the overclaiming approach provides a more rich and efficient information source compared with traditional methods of scholastic assessment.
Power to the People? Emotional Components of Media Power, Mobile ICTs, and Their Potential to Alter Individual-Media Dependency Relations

Within the individual-media dependency relation (IMDR), individuals are at a disadvantage. Because media control the information resources individuals require, media typically have more power. However, with the proliferation of mobile information communication technologies (ICTs), that power is being challenged. ICTs allow individuals more control over their interactions with media-provided information. To see if ICTs altered IMDR, media power was conceptualized as changes in emotional response to media access for informational goal achievement. An experiment using an active imagery task was conducted and emotional responses to accessing information via ICTs and traditional media were obtained, along with media use measures. Emotional responses were measured along three factors: valence, arousal, and most importantly, dominance, or control. Results showed that ICT use did not have the predicted impacts on emotional responses. When ICT use was a significant factor, it was related to decreases in all three emotion factors. Ball-Rokeach's (1998) conceptualization of power was supported. Implications and limitations of the findings are also presented.
Long-Term Capital Management and the sociology of arbitrage

Arbitrage is a key process in the practice of financial markets and in their theoretical depiction: it allows markets to be posited as efficient without all investors being assumed to be rational. This article explores the sociology of arbitrage by means of an examination of the arbitrageurs, Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM). LTCM's 1998 crisis is analysed using both qualitative, interview-based data and quantitative examination of price movements. It is suggested that the roots of the crisis lay in an unstable pattern of imitation that had developed in the markets within which LTCM operated. As the resulting 'superportfolio' began to unravel, arbitrageurs other than LTCM fled the market, even as arbitrage opportunities became more attractive, causing huge price movements against LTCM. Three features of the sociology of arbitrage are discussed: its conduct by people often personally known to each other; the possibility and consequences of imitation; and the limits on the capacity of arbitrage to close price discrepancies. It is suggested that by 1998 imitative arbitrage formed a 'global microstructure' in the sense of Knorr Cetina and Bruegger.
Should the Devil Sell Prada? Retail Rejection Increases Aspiring Consumers' Desire for the Brand

In response to consumers' complaints that they feel rejected in and thus avoid luxury stores, retailers have encouraged sales personnel to be more friendly. However, prior research on social rejection supports the idea that rejection encourages people to elevate their perceptions of their rejecters and strengthens their predilection to affiliate with them. Four studies examine the circumstances in which consumers increase their regard and willingness to pay after brand rejection. In a retail context, the data reveal that after threat, consumers have more positive attitudes and higher willingness to pay when (1) the rejection comes from an aspirational (vs. nonaspirational) brand, (2) the consumer relates the brand to his/her ideal self-concept, (3) s/he is unable to self-affirm before rejection, (4) the salesperson delivering the threat reflects the brand, and (5) the threat occurred recently. The substantive implications of these findings for retailers are discussed, and opportunities for future research are identified.
General and Culturally Specific Factors Influencing Black and White Rape Survivors' Self-Esteem

Grounded in a culturally inclusive ecological model of sexual assault recovery framework, the influence of personal (e.g., prior victimization), rape context (e.g., degree of injury during last assault), and postrape response factors (e.g., general and cultural attributions, rape related coping) on self-esteem of Black and White college women, who were survivors of attempted and completed rape, were examined. As predicted, Black and White women identified similar general variables (e.g., general attributions) as important in the recovery process. Black women, however, identified a cultural factor (i.e., cultural attributions) as more important in influencing their reactions to the last rape compared to their White counterparts. Using path analysis, findings from this cross-sectional study indicated that severity of the last assault and prior victimization were related to lower self-esteem indirectly through avoidance coping strategies, and victim blame attributions for the latter. Results also suggested that the link between cultural attributions and self-esteem was explained through victim blame attributions, primarily for Black participants. The model accounted for 26% of variance in self-esteem.
Outsourcing Parenthood? How Families Manage Care Assemblages Using Paid Commercial Services

An expanding array of available services allow parents to outsource almost any caregiving activity (e.g., nannies, potty training, birthday party planning). Sociologists document a care deficit—resulting from dual-earner households and distance from extended family—coupled with rising consumerism to account for outsourcing. These studies, as well as those in consumer research, clarify outsourcing motivations, but stop short of explaining the differential impacts of outsourcing tensions parents regularly face when assembling care. As such, consumer researchers know little about how parents navigate such tensions when deciding what is acceptable to outsource. Based on depth interviews with 23 families, our analysis uncovers complex care assemblages that are shaped by parenting discourses and tensions of control, intimacy, and substitutability. The resulting framework explains parents' strategies for minimizing outsourcing tensions, reveals processes for (re)assembling different types of care resources, and challenges what is known about the relationship between the market and family life.
Kindergarten Experience: Cognitive Effects or Socialization?

This paper employs a large representative sample of Baltimore first graders to examine effects of the amount of children’s kindergarten experience on their first-grade performance. More kindergarten leads to some early positive effects on cognitive status (fall California Achievement Test [CAT] scores, first marks in reading and math), more noticeably for black children than for white. There are some year-end effects of more kindergarten on boys’ reading marks, but no lasting effects on CAT scores. More kindergarten also leads to fewer days’ absence in first grade. More kindergarten experience does not affect children’s deportment, their personal maturity as estimated by their teachers, their expectations for their own performance, or their parents’ expectations for them. It therefore appears that effects of more kindergarten are attributable not to “socializing” children for first grade but to improving their cognitive status.
Ethics, Moral Reasoning and Professional Virtue in Occupational Therapy Education

Concerns about the right ways of behaving towards others have been around for centuries and are clearly influenced by social and historical contexts. The feminist concept of health-care ethics as a commitment to fostering health empowerment *** still in its infancy but is especially appropriate to the practice of occupational therapy. It calls for a much wider interpretation of ethics than is common in bioethics literature but one that clearly affects all professional relationships because of their inherently moral nature. Replicating a study in the United Kingdom (UK), a survey of the occupational therapy educational programmes in Canada was undertaken to determine what is being taught about ethics. As in the UK, the picture is quite confused. This paper outlines the results of the Canadian study and discusses the concerns that arise for the practice of occupational therapy as a moral endeavour.
A multifaceted intervention for infants with failure to thrive. A prospective study.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a multifaceted intervention decreased the incidence of failure to thrive (FTT) in a group of preterm infants with low birth weights and improved the 3-year intelligence, health, growth, and behavior status of the children with FTT. DESIGN Three-year, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. SETTING Eight large university hospital sites throughout the United States. SAMPLE Nine hundred fourteen preterm infants with low birth weights who were born at the sites and met study criteria. INTERVENTION Home visits weekly during the first year of life and biweekly thereafter until the age of 3 years to provide family support and implement two curricula; and attendance at a child development center from 12 months until 3 years of age, 5 days a week, to deliver an early childhood educational intervention. RESULTS The incidence of FTT did not differ between the treatment and control groups (20% vs 22%). Overall, children with FTT in the treatment group were not different from children with FTT in the follow-up group on any of the outcome variables. However, after controlling for other factors, treatment group membership significantly contributed to the prediction model of 36-month IQ (P = .005) for the children with FTT. In addition, children with FTT in the intervention group with higher compliance demonstrated higher 3-year IQ and better behavior scores than the children with FTT in the low-compliance group. CONCLUSIONS The intervention did not change the incidence of FTT or the 3-year outcomes in this low-birth-weight, preterm cohort. After controlling for multiple independent variables, marked effects on 3-year IQ were noted. In addition, these beneficial effects were most pronounced in families that were most complaint with the intervention.
From Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Candida glabrata in a few easy steps: important adaptations for an opportunistic pathogen

The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yet it has evolved to survive within mammalian hosts. Which traits help C. glabrata to adapt to this different environment? Which specific responses are crucial for its survival in the host? The main differences seem to include an extended repertoire of adhesin genes, high drug resistance, an enhanced ability to sustain prolonged starvation and adaptations of the transcriptional wiring of key stress response genes. Here, we discuss the properties of C. glabrata with a focus on the differences to related fungi.
The Role of Stigma in Understanding Ethnicity Differences in Authoritarianism

Ethnic minorities often have shown higher mean levels of authoritarianism compared to Whites. However, no theoretical mechanism has been directly tested to explain these ethnicity differences. Using the stigma literature as a framework, two studies are presented that test a novel explanation for this difference, rooted in the devaluing that accompanies being a member of a stigmatized group in society. The results show that, in Study 1, ethnic minorities reported higher levels of authoritarianism in ways that could not be explained by traditional explanations of authoritarianism, including lower income, lower education, or lack of cognitive complexity. However, in Study 2, when participants were given the opportunity to affirm their sense of worth, ethnic minorities did not differ in their mean levels of authoritarianism compared to Whites. These findings are discussed in the context of understanding ethnic minority endorsement of authoritarianism in terms of self-regulatory processes that may be related to their stigmatized condition in society.
Insecurity and Violence as a New Power Relation in Latin America

This article shows the growing activities related to the existence of three types of urban violence: the structural violence inherent in the existing social inequalities in Latino American countries, radical violence, and criminal violence. Neoliberal policies generate more inequality, exclusion, poverty, and alienation, which yield a rising tide of criminal and radical violence, which triggers more state violence and coercion, which, in turn, encourages more resistance from below. Violence and security have become a key link in the economic arena characterizing the Latin American metropolis.
Personality and approaches to learning as predictors of academic achievement

The relationship between personality, approaches to learning, and academic achievement was investigated. Two different undergraduate student samples, totalling 310 students, participated in the study. Results showed the expected significant correlations between the personality factors of openness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness, on the one hand, and deep, surface, and strategic approaches to learning, on the other. A significant negative correlation between surface approach and achievement was observed in sample 1. In sample 2, achievement was positively correlated with neuroticism, openness, and deep approach, and negatively correlated with agreeableness. Path analysis showed that each approach to learning was predicted by multiple personality traits, and that academic achievement was predicted by approaches to learning. A separate analysis showed that the relationship between openness and achievement was mediated by a deep approach to learning. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The preliminary study on the antithrombotic mechanism of glycosaminoglycan from mactra veneriformis

The effect of glycosaminoglycan from Mactra veneriformis on deep venous thrombosis of rats was observed, and the preliminary antithrombotic mechanism of glycosaminoglycan was explained. The results showed that when the glycosaminoglycan was injected intravenously into rats within the dose range of 0.0313–1 mg/kg, the antithrombotic effect increased as the dose increased. When the dose was increased to and exceeded 0.125 mg/kg, deep venous thrombosis caused by blood stagnation was inhibited significantly or extremely remarkably (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), while the intensity was similar to that of the tool drug heparin sodium at the same dose and weaker than that of heparin calcium of low molecular weight at three times’ dose in clinics. Three doses (0.1, 0.4 and 1.6 mg/kg) of glycosaminoglycan were intravenously injected via mice tail, resulting in an extremely significant increase of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) (P < 0.01), no significant change of prothrombin time (PT) (P > 0.05), and a weaker anticoagulant effect than that of heparin sodium. In-vitro experiments demonstrated that except for the 2 &mgr;g/ml of glycosaminoglycan (P > 0.05), other final concentration groups significantly or extremely significantly prolonged the APPT, TT and PT of rabbits (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), but with a slightly weaker anticoagulant effect than that of heparin sodium; The antiplatelet aggregation experiments using big-eared rabbits manifested that glycosaminoglycan markedly decreased the maximum aggregation percentage of rabbits blood platelet (P < 0.01), which indicated that it had good antiplatelet aggregation effect, but the intensity was weaker than the positive control drug, Ozagrel sodium.
Clinical significance of human papillomavirus genotyping

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, and the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main causative agent for its development. HPV is a heterogeneous virus, and a persistent infection with a high-risk HPV contributes to the development of cancer. In recent decades, great advances have been made in understanding the molecular biology of HPV, and HPV’s significance in cervical cancer prevention and management has received increased attention. In this review, we discuss the role of HPV genotyping in cervical cancer by addressing: clinically important issues in HPV virology; the current application of HPV genotyping in clinical medicine; and potential future uses for HPV genotyping.