Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fairness and family background

Fairness preferences fundamentally affect individual behavior and play an important role in shaping social and political institutions. However, people differ both with respect to what they view as fair and with respect to how much weight they attach to fairness considerations. In this article, we study the role of family background in explaining these heterogeneities in fairness preferences. In particular, we examine how socioeconomic background relates to fairness views and to how people make trade-offs between fairness and self-interest. To study this, we conducted an economic experiment with a representative sample of 14- to 15-year-old and matched the experimental data to administrative data on parental income and education. The participants made two distributive choices in the experiment. The first choice was to distribute money between themselves and another participant in a situation where there was no difference in merit. The second choice was to distribute money between two other participants with unequal merits. Our main finding is that there is a systematic difference in fairness view between children from low-socioceconomic status (SES) families and the rest of the participants; more than 50 percent of the participants from low-SES families are egalitarians, whereas only about 20 percent in the rest of the sample hold this fairness view. In contrast, we find no significant difference in the weight attached to fairness between children from different socioeconomic groups.
Factors influencing the successful aging of older Korean adults

Background: The study trend has been undergoing a change, increasingly focusing on successful aging factors for obtaining a healthy and happy life in old age and in an aging society. This study examined and identified the factors influencing the degree of successful aging among older Korean adults. This study was a cross-sectional design. The participants comprised of 305 Korean older people aged 60 years or over, who met eligibility criteria. Measures: Measures were a general characteristics form, the self-liking/self-competence scale-revised version (SLCS-R) form, the self-efficacy scale, the interpersonal relationship scale, the self-achievement instrument, and the successful aging scale. Results: The analyses showed that the prediction model for successful aging among older Korean adults was significant (F = 159.09, p < 0.001). The value of the adjusted R2 was 0.692, which corresponds to the explanatory power of 69.2%. The factor that was found to have the most influence on successful aging among older Korean adults was self-esteem (â = 0.38), followed by self-achievement (â = 0.25), interpersonal relationships (â = 0.22), and self-efficacy (â = 0.21). Conclusions: This cross-sectional study provides preliminary evidence that self-esteem is a major and primary predictor of successful aging among older Korean adults. In the nursing practice, health professionals can use the results of this study in order to help older Korean adults obtain a positive outlook, promote a sense of self-worth, and achieve a higher degree of adaptability towards aging despite the health problems and personal issues associated with older age by providing intervention programs that advocate successful aging.
Study on the characteristics of Chinese developmental reading dyslexia among children.

[Objective] To study the status and features of Chinese developmental dyslexia,and provide a bases for the further study of it's pathogenesis. [Methods] A total of 1367 children of grade 3-5 were selected by cluster sampling,and a compare of their reading feature was researched and compared. 131 children with developmental dyslexia were screened out according to ICD-10. All kinds of related factors for developmental dyslexia was analyzed. [Results] 1.The prevalence rate of developmental dyslexia was 6.7%. 2. There were significant difference in the score among male and female children. Among normal children,the scores of DCCC among boys were higher than girls(P﹤0.05);But among dyslexic children,there was no significant difference in between male and female children,except the writing disability. 3. Among normal children,there was significant difference in the scores among different grades(P﹤0.05) ,and there was a descending trend in the sores of expression disability,bad reading habit,writing disability and understanding disability;but for dyslexic children,there was significant difference in the scores of different items. [Conclusion] It is necessary to identify the children with developmental dyslexia,and give them proper intervention. Also,we should establish various and long term intervention plan in terms of different kinds and age group children.
The Functional Significance of Neandertal Pubic Length [and Comments and Reply]

The pelvic morphology of Neandertals has long been proposed to distinguish them from anatomically modem humans. Neandertals' superior pubic bones are long medial-laterally, resulting in birth canals that are large compared with those of modem humans. This morphology has been interpreted as evidence of a significant difference between Neandertals and later humans in reproductive pattern, with important implications for behavior. An alternative hypothesis is that the elongated superior pubic ramus in Neandertals functioned to maintain a large birth canal in heavy, short people who gave birth to babies that were large relative to maternal stature. This hypothesis uggests that populations (such as Neandertals) that are heavy have large infants and consequently have large birth canals. To test this hypothesis, birth-canal size was examined in eight recent human populations chosen to represent he extremes of modern variation in stature and weight. The data indicate that although individual Neandertals fall outside the modern range of variation for pubic length, weight, and relative weight, the relationship among these variables is the same as in modern humans. This provides upport for the notion of morphological nd behavioral continuity between these human groups.
Variation in the Membrane Transport Properties and Predicted Optimal Rates of Freezing for Spermatozoa of Diploid and Tetraploid Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas1

Abstract In the present study, a shape-independent differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique was used to measure the dehydration response during freezing of sperm cells from diploid and tetraploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. This represents the first application of the DSC technique to sperm cells from nonmammalian species. Volumetric shrinkage during freezing of oyster sperm cell suspensions was obtained at cooling rates of 5 and 20°C/min in the presence of extracellular ice and 8% (v/v) concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a commonly used cryoprotective agent (CPA). Using previously published data, sperm cells from diploid oysters were modeled as a two-compartment “ball-on-stick” model with a “ball” 1.66 μm in diameter and a “stick” 41 μm in length and 0.14 μm wide. Similarly, sperm cells of tetraploid oysters were modeled with a “ball” 2.14 μm in diameter and a “stick” 53 μm in length and 0.17 μm wide. Sperm cells of both ploidy levels were assumed to have an osmotically inactive cell volume, Vb, of 0.6 Vo, where Vo is the isotonic (or initial) cell volume. By fitting a model of water transport to the experimentally obtained volumetric shrinkage data, the best-fit membrane permeability parameters (Lpg and ELp) were determined. The combined-best-fit membrane permeability parameters at 5 and 20°C/min for haploid sperm cells (or cells from diploid Pacific oysters) in the absence of CPAs were: Lpg = 0.30 × 10−15 m3/Ns (0.0017 μm/min-atm) and ELp = 41.0 kJ/mole (9.8 kcal/mole). The corresponding parameters in the presence of 8% DMSO were: Lpg[cpa] = 0.27 × 10−15 m3/Ns (0.0015 μm/min-atm) and ELp[cpa] = 38.0 kJ/mole (9.1 kcal/mole). Similarly, the combined-best-fit membrane permeability parameters at 5 and 20°C/min for diploid sperm cells (or cells from tetraploid Pacific oysters) in the absence of CPAs were: Lpg = 0.34 × 10−15 m3/Ns (0.0019 μm/min-atm) and ELp = 29.7 kJ/mole (7.1 kcal/mole). The corresponding parameters in the presence of 8% DMSO were: Lpg[cpa] = 0.34 × 10−15 m3/Ns (0.0019 μm/min-atm) and ELp[cpa] = 37.6 kJ/mole (9.0 kcal/mole). The parameters obtained in this study suggest that optimal rates of cooling for Pacific oyster sperm cells range from 40 to 70°C/min. These theoretical cooling rates are in close conformity with empirically determined optimal rates of cooling sperm cells from Pacific oysters, C. gigas.
The utility of two autism screening instruments in an urban low-income minority population

Importance: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a growing healthcare challenge that affects an estimated 1 in 68 children in the US. Early intervention can lead to improved long-term outcomes but access to these services is dependent on diagnosis. Diagnostic assessments are costly and time-consuming, making it impractical to conduct wide-scale assessments. Screening instruments such as the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) have been developed to efficiently screen for children who should be referred for full clinical assessment. The validity of the SCQ and the SRS-2 autism screening instruments has not yet been tested in a predominantly urban low-income minority population with lower education levels and high immigrant/English as second language prevalence. Additionally, current research suggests that children with lower socioeconomic status and children in ethnic minority groups may be underdiagnosed with ASD, which underscores the importance of an effective screening method for these underrepresented groups. Minority children are typically diagnosed with ASD at a later age than white children, which leads to a delay in critical early intervention services. Objective: We wish to examine the effects of age, gender, ethnicity, preterm birth, maternal primary language, maternal nativity, and maternal education on the validity of v the SCQ-Current and the SRS-2 for pediatric patients at Boston Medical Center. A modified screening administration process was developed to account for the higher English as a second language speakers and lower-literacy rates in this population; as such, we are also examining the validity of the screening instruments when administered under this modified procedure. This study will also examine the ability of the two screening instruments to distinguish between autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities, and other developmental delays. Design: The SCQ-Current and the SRS-2 screening instruments were incorporated into the existing Children’s Health Study, a subset of the Boston Birth Cohort. Setting: Boston Medical Center pediatric outpatient clinics Participants: A total of 108 mother-child pairs completed the SCQ-Current and the SRS2 between September 2014 and January 2015. Main Outcome Measures: SCQ-Current Total score; SRS-2 Total raw score; Diagnosis status of autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities, or other developmental delays. Results: There were six cases of diagnosed autism spectrum disorder in our sample. Both screening measures were able to distinguish between ASD and non-ASD. The SCQ had a specificity of 0.833 and sensitivity of 0.892 at an optimal cut-off score of ≥11 (area under the curve =0.909). Boys, preterm/low-birth weight children, children of US-born mothers, and those with other developmental diagnoses were more likely to fail the SCQ,
Improving the General Language Skills of Second-Language Learners in Kindergarten: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ABSTRACT Second-language learners display poorer general language skills in the language used at school than their monolingual peers, which is a concern because general language skills (vocabulary, grammar, language expression, and comprehension) provide the foundation for later academic success. In a randomized controlled trial, we examined the efficacy of an intervention to improve second-language learners' general language skills in their second language. One hundred and fifteen children (mean age = 5.5 years) were randomly assigned to a business-as-usual control group or to an 18-week intervention program conducted by kindergarten teachers during the last semester of kindergarten. The children were assessed at pre-intervention, post-intervention and a seven-month follow-up. The children in the treatment group demonstrated significant improvements on a custom measure of taught vocabulary. The language intervention program also produced effects that generalized to standardized measures reflecting expressive language skills. These findings suggest that intervention programs designed to enhance second-language learners' expressive language in the second language can be successfully implemented in kindergarten settings before school entry.
Clobazam as an adjunctive therapy in treating seizures associated with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a devastating childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by the occurrence of multiple types of seizures and cognitive decline. Most children suffer from frequent seizures that are refractory to current medical management. Recent clinical trials have suggested that addition of clobazam may improve the clinical outcome for some LGS patients. Although clobazam has been available for over five decades, it has only recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for this indication. As a 1,5-benzodiazepine, clobazam is structurally related to the widely used 1,4-benzodiazepines, which include diazepam. Clobazam has been shown to modulate GABAergic neurotransmission by positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors, and to increase expression of transporters for both GABA and glutamate. The active metabolite n-desmethylclobazam (norclobazam) also modulates GABAA receptors, and the relative importance of these two compounds in the clinical effectiveness of clobazam remains an open question. Clinical trials involving clobazam as an addon therapy in a variety of pediatric epilepsy populations have found a significant improvement in seizure control. In patients with LGS, clobazam may have greatest efficacy for drop seizures. Longstanding clinical experience suggests that clobazam is a safe and well tolerated antiepileptic drug with infrequent and mild adverse effects. These results suggest that adjunctive treatment with clobazam may be a reasonable option for LGS patients, particularly those who are treatment-resistant.
A Short Submaximal Test to Determine the Fatigue Threshold of Knee Extensors in Young Men.

PURPOSE Recently, a fatigue threshold obtained during submaximal repetitive isometric knee extensor contractions was related to V˙O2max measured during cycling and to exercise endurance. However, test duration is quite long (20-30 min in young people) to be of practical and possibly clinical use. The purpose of the present study was to test the day-to-day reliability of a newly developed short test that assessed the fatigue threshold during a submaximal test with the knee extensors. METHODS Fifteen healthy young males were tested three times, once using the original long protocol (5-min blocks of repetitive unilateral isometric knee extensor contractions with stepwise (5% MVC) increases of force) and twice using a new shorter protocol. In the latter, force increased by 2% MVC every 30 s, starting at 15% MVC (all contractions were 3 s on, 2 s off). The fatigue threshold was defined as the force where the EMG/force ratio started to increase and, compared with the force, at which deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([HHb]) increased steeply (HHb threshold). RESULTS The EMG/force threshold during the short trials was reached after 3.9 ± 1.5 min of submaximal exercise and similar (P > 0.05) between days. The EMG/force threshold showed good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.87, SEM = 2.2%) and did not differ between (P > 0.05) the short (31.1% ± 7.6% MVC) and long tests (30.5% ± 6.2% MVC), with a significant relation (r = 0.71) between both tests. Similar results (P > 0.05) were found for the HHb threshold. CONCLUSION In young healthy men, a fatigue threshold can be detected during repetitive isometric knee extensor contractions using a short submaximal test, which may be suitable for untrained or frail people and patients.
In Dialogue

SUMMARY This article considers the tensions and solidarities between gay and bisexual men by looking at the representation of a dialogue between two men in the film Together Alone. By exploring these identities, the film suggests ways in which gay and bisexual men can enter into discussion about their connections and divergences. It recognizes the differences between the two sexual communities, but also risks exaggerating those differences in the process. At the same time, it offers an image of unity that is equally problematic, because it relies on undefined liberal notions of “common humanity,” which fail to consider the subcultural specificities of the groups of men involved. More usefully than either of these, it offers an important model of dialogue which accepts disagreement and hostility as one mechanism by which communities are in fact sustained.
On monotonicity and propagation of order properties

In this paper, a link between monotonicity of deterministic dynamical systems and propagation of order by Markov processes is established. Order propagation has received a considerable attention in the literature, however, this notion is yet to be fully understood. The main contribution of this paper is a study of order propagation in the deterministic setting, which potentially can provide new techniques for analysis in the stochastic one. We take a close look at propagation of the so-called increasing and increasing convex orders. Infinitesimal characterisations of these orders are derived, which resemble the well-known Kamke conditions for monotonicity. It is shown that propagation of the increasing order is equivalent to classical monotonicity, while the class of systems propagating the increasing convex order is equal to the class of monotone systems with convex vector fields. The paper is concluded by deriving a novel result on order propagating diffusion processes and an application of this result to biological processes.
Direct and indirect roles of CNS dorsal midline cells in choroid plexus epithelia formation

Choroid plexus (CP) produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the central nervous system (CNS), but little is known about the mechanisms underlying development of this important tissue. CP forms in the hindbrain (4th ventricle), diencephalon (3rd ventricle) and dorsomedial telencephalon bilaterally (lateral ventricles). All of these sites lie at or near the embryonic dorsal midline (DM), which acts as a CNS patterning center. We therefore examined DM-CP relationships using normal and Gdf7 (Bmp12) transgenic embryos to fate map or ablate DM cells. These studies revealed a Gdf7 fate map that includes most CP epithelial (CPe) cells of the hindbrain and diencephalon. In the telencephalon, Gdf7 cell lineages were found in the small anterior domain of telencephalic CPe (tCPe), but its large posterior domain was devoid of these lineages. Anterior and posterior tCPe domains, which arise within a contiguous field separate from diencephalic CPe, also exhibited different patterns of apoptosis. Despite lacking Gdf7 cell lineages, the posterior tCPe domain failed to form after ablating Gdf7-expressing DM cells at neural tube stages. The tCPe loss was associated with abrogation of high-level bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling, which is known to be required for tCPe induction. Taken together, these studies demonstrate intimate DM-CPe relationships throughout the CNS and highlight two distinct tCPe domains, including a posterior domain whose genesis depends on DM cells in a non-cell-autonomous fashion.
Albedo estimates for land surface models and support for a new paradigm based on foliage nitrogen concentration

Vegetation albedo is a critical component of the Earth's climate system, yet efforts to evaluate and improve albedo parameterizations in climate models have lagged relative to other aspects of model development. Here, we calculated growing season albedos for deciduous and evergreen forests, crops, and grasslands based on over 40 site‐years of data from the AmeriFlux network and compared them with estimates presently used in the land surface formulations of a variety of climate models. Generally, the albedo estimates used in land surface models agreed well with this data compilation. However, a variety of models using fixed seasonal estimates of albedo overestimated the growing season albedo of northerly evergreen trees. In contrast, climate models that rely on a common two‐stream albedo submodel provided accurate predictions of boreal needle‐leaf evergreen albedo but overestimated grassland albedos. Inverse analysis showed that parameters of the two‐stream model were highly correlated. Consistent with recent observations based on remotely sensed albedo, the AmeriFlux dataset demonstrated a tight linear relationship between canopy albedo and foliage nitrogen concentration (for forest vegetation: albedo=0.01+0.071%N, r2=0.91; forests, grassland, and maize: albedo=0.02+0.067%N, r2=0.80). However, this relationship saturated at the higher nitrogen concentrations displayed by soybean foliage. We developed similar relationships between a foliar parameter used in the two‐stream albedo model and foliage nitrogen concentration. These nitrogen‐based relationships can serve as the basis for a new approach to land surface albedo modeling that simplifies albedo estimation while providing a link to other important ecosystem processes.
The Abstraction of Intervening Concepts from Experience with Multiple Input–Multiple Output Causal Environments

The purpose of this article is threefold: (a) introduce a new paradigm for investigating how intervening concepts are learned, (b) report four new experiments that provide converging evidence for the acquisition of intervening concepts, and (c) propose a simple associative learning mechanism to account for the results. The new paradigm utilizes a stimulus-response-feedback task in which subjects learn trial by trial how a multivariate set of inputs maps into a multivariate set of outputs. The first two experiments use evidence based on a principal component analysis to replicate the finding that intervening-concept learning occurs spontaneously, but only in environments that contain an intervening factor. The next experiment provides a second converging line of evidence for this conclusion by showing that subjects can use an intervening concept to make accurate inferences to a new fourth output during a transfer test. The last experiment provides a third line of evidence by showing that subjects can use an intervening concept to make accurate inferences from a new fourth input. The results are explained by a hidden-unit connectionist learning mechanism that includes both accuracy and parsimony as learning objectives.