Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Giant wing sphenoid meningioma with principal manifestation depression.

UNLABELLED A 68-year-old woman with no previous mental illness presented with a three-month history of decreased energy, fatigue, feelings of hopelessness, pessimism, difficulty concentrating, and persistent feelings of "emptiness", worthlessness, insomnia, appetite loss, diminished functionality. The patient's neurological examination was normal. She was diagnosis with major depressive disorder (MDD) by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV criteria and received psychiatric treatment. Resistance at therapy leaded at cerebral axial computed tomography (CT) indication. Cerebral CT-scan revealed an intracranial expansive mass (EPIC) located in frontal-temporal (F-T) right lobe, size 42/45/66 mm, hyperdense lesion, without peri-lesional edema, inserted on the great sphenoid wing, image suggestive for meningioma. MRI confirmed the presence of tumor and angiography showed the arterial source of the meningioma. The neurosurgical intervention removed successfully the tumor. Grossly examination revealed a giant tumor with a maximal diameter of 7 cm. The histological aspect of the tumor was highly representative for the diagnosis of meningioma. Patient mental status was evaluated at baseline, in preoperative period and postoperative period and had been using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) - 17 items version, Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). After neurosurgical intervention, functioning was improving with completed remission of depression symptoms at six-month postoperative evaluation. CONCLUSION Most meningiomas are slow growing and many are found incidentally. The decision to perform a cerebral CT-scan depends on the clinician's degree of suspicion that a tumor is present. A first depressive episode is a clinical condition with principal indication for cerebral CT-scan.
Maxout Networks

We consider the problem of designing models to leverage a recently introduced approximate model averaging technique called dropout. We define a simple new model called maxout (so named because its output is the max of a set of inputs, and because it is a natural companion to dropout) designed to both facilitate optimization by dropout and improve the accuracy of dropout's fast approximate model averaging technique. We empirically verify that the model successfully accomplishes both of these tasks. We use maxout and dropout to demonstrate state of the art classification performance on four benchmark datasets: MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and SVHN.
Cellular composition and cytoarchitecture of the rabbit subventricular zone and its extensions in the forebrain

Persistent neurogenic sites, harboring neurogenic progenitor cells, which give rise to neuronal precursors throughout life, occur in different mammals, including humans. The telencephalic subventricular zone (SVZ) is the most active adult neurogenic site. Despite remarkable knowledge of its anatomical and cellular composition in rodents, detailed arrangement of SVZ in other mammals is poorly understood, yet comparative studies suggest that differences might exist. Here, by analyzing the cellular composition/arrangement in the SVZ of postnatal, young, and adult rabbits, we found a remarkably heterogeneous distribution of its chain and glia compartments. Starting from postnatal stages, this heterogeneity leads to a distinction between a ventricular SVZ and an abventricular SVZ, whereby the former contains small chains and isolated neuroblasts and the latter is characterized by large chains and a loose astrocytic meshwork. In addition to analysis of the SVZ proper, attention has been focused on its extensions, called parenchymal chains. Anterior parenchymal chains are compact chains surrounded by axon bundles and frequently establish direct contact with blood vessels. Posterior parenchymal chains are less compact, being squeezed between gray and white matter. In the shift from neonatal to adult rabbit SVZ, chains occur very early, both in the SVZ and within the brain parenchyma. Comparison of these results with the pattern in rodents reveals different types of chains, displaying a variety of relationships with glia or other substrates in vivo, an issue that might be important in understanding differences in the adaptation of persistent germinative layers to different mammalian brain anatomies. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:491–507, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The k-support norm and convex envelopes of cardinality and rank

Sparsity, or cardinality, as a tool for feature selection is extremely common in a vast number of current computer vision applications. The k-support norm is a recently proposed norm with the proven property of providing the tightest convex bound on cardinality over the Euclidean norm unit ball. In this paper we present a re-derivation of this norm, with the hope of shedding further light on this particular surrogate function. In addition, we also present a connection between the rank operator, the nuclear norm and the k-support norm. Finally, based on the results established in this re-derivation, we propose a novel algorithm with significantly improved computational efficiency, empirically validated on a number of different problems, using both synthetic and real world data.
MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE IS ENHANCED IN RAT MODELS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE

In this study, the authors describe a new technique enabling the rapid assessment of mucociliary clearance (MCC) in rats and characterize this aspect of innate host defense in 2 animal models of bronchitis. Following instillation into the airways, fluorescent microspheres were rapidly cleared over 24 hours, with 60% to 80% of clearance occurring within 4 hours. On a background of airway neutrophilia and mucus hypersecretion, induced by either lipopolysaccharide or cigarette smoke, MCC was significantly enhanced. This reserve capacity in the MCC system will need to become overwhelmed in order to model the clinically observed impairment of lung mucus clearance in an animal system.
Model-based deformable surface finding for medical images

Describes a new global shape parameterization for smoothly deformable three-dimensional (3-D) objects, such as those found in biomedical images, whose diversity and irregularity make them difficult to represent in terms of fixed features or parts. This representation is used for geometric surface matching to 3-D medical image data, such as from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The parameterization decomposes the surface into sinusoidal basis functions. Four types of surfaces are modeled: tori, open surfaces, closed surfaces and tubes. This parameterization allows a wide variety of smooth surfaces to be described with a small number of parameters. Extrinsic model-based information is incorporated by introducing prior probabilities on the parameters. Surface finding is formulated as an optimization problem. Results of the method applied to synthetic images and 3-D medical images of the heart and brain are presented.
Developing ecological sustainability: a green IS response model

Growing private and public concern with the environment is pushing businesses to increase their awareness and action. Using the Nordic bank Nordea as a case study and a Green information systems (IS) organizational response model developed on the basis of extant literature, we investigate how Green IS initiatives become part of a firm's overall strategy and part of the organizational sustainability process. We find that Green IS initiatives are initiated through a bottom‐up process where environmentally concerned individuals identify issues and become Green IS champions. They use their authority and edification skills to promote Green IS to the organizational agenda. If the issue is aligned with the organizational agenda, it receives management's endorsement. The empirical case also shows two types of systemic feedback that can fuel a self‐reinforcing sustainability process. The first type of feedback increases the champion's ability to promote Green IS in the future through authority and edification. The second type leads to the transformation of organizational value through reinforcement and extension. Finally, we identify interrelationships between organizational response processes, where higher‐order response processes, e.g. change of corporate values, function as gatekeepers or pre‐conditions for when and which issues are promoted to the organizational agenda. © 2016 Wiley Publishing Ltd
Specific and Nonspecific Host Adaptation during Arboviral Experimental Evolution

During the past decade or so, there has been a substantial body of work to dissect arboviral evolution and to develop models of adaptation during host switching. Regardless of what species serve as host or vectors, and of the geographic distribution and the mechanisms of replication, arboviruses tend to have slow evolutionary rates in nature. The hypothesis that this is the result of replication in the disparate environments provided by host and vector did not receive solid experimental support in any of the many viral species tested. Instead, it seems that from the virus’s point of view, either the two environments are sufficiently similar or one of the environments so dominates viral evolution that there is tolerance for suboptimal adaptation to the other environment. Replication in alternating environments has an unexpected cost in that there is decreased genetic variance that translates into a compromised adaptability for bypassed environments. Arboviruses under strong and continuous positive selection may have unusual patterns of genomic changes, with few or no mutations accumulated in the consensus sequence or with dN/dS values typically consistent with random drift in DNA-based organisms.
Empowerment through Choice? Towards an Understanding of Parental Choice and School Responsiveness

more competitive environment for schools. These provsions are designed so that the major part of state funds going to schools is determined by numbers of pupils on roll, rather than being allocated by local authorities, and so that schools have more decision-making powers. Parental choice, as a means of improvng or changing schools, is linked to the notion of responsiveness, i.e. the extent to which schools alter their policies and practices in response to parents’ wishes. It is an open question, however, as to whether greater emphasis on parental choice in practice encourages schools to do this. School responsiveness to parents generally is an under-researched area (Macbeth, 1989, p. 76). In particular, research into how schools and parents interact and influence each otlier in the context of greater emphasis on parental choice is extremely sparse. The PASCI (Parental and School Choice Interaction) Study is Investigating how secondary schools are responding to an envronment in which competition is heightened and parental choice of school of much greater significance, and how parental choice decisions are affected by school decisions. Hence it is concerned essentially with how schools and parents
Maternal knowledge, attitude and practice regarding folic acid intake during the periconceptional period

Abstract Objective: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women regarding periconceptional folic acid (FA) intake. Design: Questionnaire-based prospective study. Setting: Antenatal clinic of a District General Hospital. Subjects: Three-hundred pregnant women in an antenatal clinic. Results: Nearly all (298/300) had heard of FA. A majority (275/300, 91%) knew that FA could prevent neural tube defects, and married women (P <0.001), those with higher education (P <0.001), those of Social Classes 1–3 (P <0.01) and women over 30 years of age (P <0.05) were more likely to be thus aware. Knowledge about the correct timing of FA intake was seen in 76% and was more likely in those with higher education (P <0.001), married women (P <0.001) and women age over 30 years (P <0.05). Intake of FA in the periconceptional period was seen in 134/300 (44.6%) women and was most likely in the married, Social Classes 1–3, women with higher education (all P <0.001), non-smokers (P <0.01), women with a planned pregnancy and women aged 30 years and over (P <0.05). Conclusions: The knowledge of the correct timing of FA intake was present in only 76%. Less than half (44.6%) had taken FA in the periconceptional period, and this was far more common in the more ‘privileged’ classes. Low socio-economic status, age less than 30 years, lower educational status and unplanned pregnancy were high risk factors for not taking FA. The challenge to the medical profession for targeting this group cannot be over-emphasised.
Studying for success: diaries of students' study behaviours

The current study examined students' study behaviours using a diary methodology. Given the limitations of previous investigations, participants were asked to complete daily study diaries for 10 days prior to a course test to assess students' actual study behaviours. Results showed that students engaged in a diverse set of behaviours with only some of them (i.e., active strategies) predicting academic outcomes including test performance, course grade, and overall grade point average. Implications, as well as the need for further research, are discussed.
The collapse of the bounded width hierarchy

We show that every constraint satisfaction problem over a fixed constraint language that has bounded relational width has also relational width (2, 3). Together with known results this gives a trichotomy for width: a constraint satisfaction problem has either relational width 1, or relational width (2, 3) (and no smaller width), or does not have bounded relational width.
Derivation of Distal Lung Epithelial Progenitors from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells Using a Novel Three‐Step Differentiation Protocol

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a potential source for the cell‐based therapy of a wide variety of lung diseases for which the only current treatment is transplantation. However, distal lung epithelium, like many other endodermally derived somatic cell lineages, is proving difficult to obtain from both murine and human ESCs. We have previously obtained alveolar epithelium from ESCs, although final cell yield remained extremely low. Here, we present an optimized three‐step protocol for the derivation of distal lung epithelial cells from murine ESCs. This protocol incorporates (a) treatment of early differentiating embryoid bodies with activin A to enhance the specification of the endodermal germ layer, followed by (b) adherent culture in serum‐free medium and (c) the final application of a commercial, lung‐specific medium. As well as enhancing the specification of distal lung epithelium, this protocol was found to yield cells with a phenotype most closely resembling that of lung‐committed progenitor cells present in the foregut endoderm and the early lung buds during embryonic development. This is in contrast to our previous differentiation method, which drives differentiation through to mature type II alveolar epithelial cells. The derivation of a committed lung progenitor cell type from ESCs is particularly significant for regenerative medicine because the therapeutic implantation of progenitor cells has several clear advantages over the transplantation of mature, terminally differentiated somatic cells.
Examining Educators’ Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices About Using Technology With Young Children

Technology has been shown to foster children’s motivation and interest in instructional materials. In addition, researchers have found that technology results in higher levels of student engagement and greater levels of comprehension. Researchers have also found that educators must have the knowledge and skills in technology necessary to effectively support their students. Much of the research examining educator knowledge and skills has centered at the K–12 level. The current study examines the technological knowledge, beliefs, and practices of educators in early childhood settings. Findings indicate that educators believe that it is important to integrate technology into daily lessons. However, findings also indicate that many teachers do not feel adequately prepared to use technology in early childhood settings; that there is a lack of technology currently available in early childhood settings; and that early childhood educators want more professional development on using technology that also reflects their varying levels of knowledge and experience. An analysis of study results is provided through a discussion of implications, limitations, and next steps.
Intraocular pressure measurements with the Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins® applanation tonometers in horses and cattle

The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy between two applanation tonometers, Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins®, in horses and cattle. The eyes of 20 horses and 20 cattle conscious and healthy were evaluated for the in vivo study and both eyes of 5 horses and 5 cattle were used as controls for the postmortem study. In conscious animals, the tonometry was performed with auriculopalpebral nerve block and then topical anesthesia for both tonometers and 1% fluorescein eye drops only for the Perkins tonometer. Readings of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the postmortem study were taken using manometry and tonometry by Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins®. The correlation coefficient (r²) between manometry and applanation tonometers Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins®, in horses, were 0.845 and 0.989, respectively, and in cattle, were 0.772 and 0.988, respectively. The mean IOP values in conscious horses with Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins® were 20.1±3.9mmHg and 20.9±3.2mmHg, respectively, and in conscious cattle, these values were 17.2±2.4mmHg and 17.9±1.4mmHg, respectively. There was a strong correlation between the IOP values obtained by direct ocular manometry and the Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins® tonometers in horses and cattle. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean IOPs obtained with both tonometers in conscious animals; however, there was a difference between the minimum values, which were on average 2-3 mmHg lower with the Tono-Pen XL® tonometer than with the Perkins® tonometer, which justifies a table of normal values differentiated for each tonometer.
Determinants of residential water demand in an arid and oil rich country: A case study of Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia

The accurate forecast of residential water demand is critically important for arid and oil rich countries such as Saudi Arabia which depend on costly desalination plants to satisfy the growing water demand. Achieving the desired prediction accuracy is a challenging task since the forecast model should take into consideration a variety of factors such as economic development, climate conditions and population growth. The task is further complicated given that the water sector in the country is characterized by high levels of unaccounted-for-water and heavy government subsidies, which lead to an artificially high water demand. This study presents a model for forecasting the long term water demand for Riyadh city, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The proposed model used historic records of water consumption to calibrate an econometric predictive model for per capita water use. The explanatory variables included household income, persons per household and maximum monthly temperature. Both the effects of unaccounted-for-water and conservation measures were also included. The calibration results indicate that socio-economic factors and weather temperature are equally important for water demand. The results also predict considerable savings if a comprehensive policy for water conservation and unaccounted-for-water management is implemented. Key words: Water demand forecast, predictive model, water demand management, Saudi Arabia.
GROUP INCLUSIVENESS, GROUP IDENTIFICATION, AND INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS

Two studies examined the effects of group inclusiveness and the strength of group identification on intergroup attributional bias. Thirty-seven Hakka students (Study 1) and 53 Chaoshanese students (Study 2) in China read scenarios in which members of an excessively inclusive in-group, optimally inclusive in-group, or an out-group engaged in desirable or undesirable behaviors. They then made causal attributions for each behavior. Results consistently showed that intergroup attributional bias (i.e., attributing desirable behaviors of in-group members to internal causes and undesirable behaviors to external causes; for events associated with members of out-groups, opposite directions of attributions are observed) was especially visible when the in-group size was optimally inclusive. Moreover, in-group identification with optimally inclusive in-group was stronger than that with excessively inclusive in-group. The strength of group-identification was positively correlated with the magnitude of intergroup attributional bias at the individual level. The results were interpreted from the viewpoint of Self-Categorization Theory.
Aldose Reductase Inhibitors: The End of an Era or the Need for Different Trial Designs?

Despite numerous attempts over 16 years, the results of aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) trials for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy have not proven efficacy. This paper reviews each of the ARI trials, examines confounding factors, and proposes a future course. The confounding factors considered are pharmacokinetics (ARI penetration of human nerve), length of trial (in terms of the natural history of diabetic neuropathy), trial endpoints (reversibility or slowing of progression), reproducibility of clinical measurements (in terms of power calculations), standardization and quality control of endpoints, and clinically meaningful differences in endpoints. We conclude that ARIs are most likely to have a beneficial effect in the management of diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and autonomic neuropathy but that the clinical role of ARIs is to slow the progression of diabetic neuropathy rather than to reverse it. Future trials should be designed with adequate statistical power, with consideration of the variability of the endpoint measurements for long enough duration, and with rigorous quality control to definitively confirm the utility of ARIs in the treatment of diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and autonomic neuropathy.