Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who do you lie to? Social identity and the cost of lying

We investigate whether and how an individuals' propensity to lie is affected by the social relationship between a potential liar and her/his possible victim. We argue that a shared social identity of sender and receiver increases sender's aversion to lie by raising two types of costs: the allocative and the social costs of the lie. Allocative costs should be larger in ingroup interactions because social preferences are stronger and thus losses to the receiver are weighted more heavily while social costs should be higher in closer relationships due to stricter moral rules. In contrast to our hypothesis our experimental results from a modified three-person sender-receiver game do not provide evidence that social identity affects lying behavior. While across all treatments about half of the participants send a dishonest message, we do not observe differences in lying behavior towards ingroup and outgroup members: neither with respect to allocative nor in terms of social costs. Hence, in our experiment lying behavior is robust to social identity manipulations.
An analysis of volatiles in the headspace of the faeces of neonates

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the headspace from the faeces of neonates was undertaken to record the volatiles associated with preterm babies on a neonatal unit. The compounds ethanol, acetone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal and 2,3-butanedione occurred with the highest frequency. The volatiles analysed were then compared to a previously published study of the volatiles from asymptomatic adult faeces. Fewer compounds were found in the neonatal faeces and virtually no sulfides were detected, in contrast to the adult samples where carbon disulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfide were ubiquitous. In addition, 7 of the most abundant 15 volatile compounds were found to be aldehydes, while in contrast only 2, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde, were present in the most abundant 15 compounds found in the headspace of adult faeces. 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol was considerably more abundant in the neonate stool compared to adult stool, and probably reflects high exposure to plastic materials containing plasticizers. The potential of disease diagnoses from the analysis of volatiles emitted from neonate faeces is discussed.
Digitized Slice Interposition in Forensic Dental Radiographic Identification: An in Vitro Study

Traditional methods of comparison involving the presence of missing teeth, dental restorations, and other pathological features may be difficult due to the reduction in dental restorations in today's population. This study demonstrates an alternative method of identification using digitized images. It utilizes anatomical structures such as dental root morphology and spatial relations of teeth roots and their supporting structures on simulated antemortem and postmortem radiographs as the basis for identification. A total of 39 mandibular specimens were used and two radiographs representing the antemortem and postmortem radiographs of each hemimandible were exposed by two operators using different x-ray generators. The radiographs were scanned and digitized. The identities of the antemortem and postmortem radiographs were kept from the operator. Following this, horizontal sections were digitally cut from the antemortem radiographs through the roots approximately halfway between the neck of the tooth and the root apex. This section was manipulated onto the postmortem radiograph by using a computer graphics program and a quantitative comparison of the alignment of normal dental anatomical landmarks was undertaken. The technique enabled perfect matching of all 39 specimens by antemortem and postmortem dental radiographs. The mean number of identifying points was 17.5 and the mean number of nonmatching points was 0.1. The mean concordance was 99.2% between the antemortem and postmortem radiographs.
Relative Wages and the Returns to Education in the Labor Market for Registered Nurses

This paper examines the labor market for registered nurses using data from the Current Population Survey from 1973 through 1994 and the Sample Survey of Registered Nurses for 1984, 1988 and 1992. Major changes in the hospital industry including movement to primary care nursing, Medicare's Prospective Payment System, and technological development led hospitals to use a higher proportion of RNs in providing care. As a consequence, the real wages of RNs increased substantially throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, as compared to college educated females in non-health related occupations. As health-care expenditures have fallen and as long run adjustments have occurred, the wage gains to RNs peaked in the early 1990s. RNs experienced declines in both real and relative wages in 1994. Previous estimates of the return to nursing education do not consider the payoff from non-nursing training. Non-nursing post-secondary education has value in nursing labor markets, but its omission does not seriously bias estimated returns to the BS in nursing.
WOM-Code Solutions for Low Latency and High Endurance in Phase Change Memory

This paper describes a write-once-memory-code phase change memory (WOM-code PCM) architecture for next-generation non-volatile memory applications. Specifically, we address the long latency of the write operation in PCM-attributed to PCM SET-by proposing a novel PCM memory architecture that integrates the 〈22}2/3 WOM-code at the memory organization and memory controller levels. To further improve the write latency of WOM-code PCM, we propose a PCM-refresh approach that uses idle cycles to preemptively set PCM rows to the initial WOM-code state. Finally, to balance write latency improvements against WOM-code PCM overhead, we propose a WOM-code cached PCM (WCPCM) architecture that uses WOM-code PCM as the cache alongside conventional PCM main memory. Since WOM-code techniques inherently impact PCM endurance by increasing the number of bitwrites in comparison to unencoded PCM, we incorporate additional transitions from the 〈22}2/3 WOM-code transition graph to realize endurance-WOM-code (e-WOM-code) architectures. Transitions between the e-WOM-code states on writes to memory are integrated into an incremental coding for endurance (ICE) approach that exploits redundancies in the conventional WOM-code to reduce the number of bit-writes over unencoded PCM. Simulation results show that the proposed e-WOM-code PCM architecture is able to reduce memory write (read) latency by 19.8 percent (14.7 percent) and the number of bit-writes over unencoded PCM without (with) datacomparison write (DCW), a read-modify-write process that only updates changed cells, by 83.0 percent (22.1 percent) on average across general-purpose (SPEC CPU2006), embedded (MiBench), and high-performance (SPLASH-2) benchmarks. Further, e-WOMcode PCM with PCM-refresh can reduce memory write (read) latency by 51.5 percent (44.1 percent) and the number of bit-writes over unencoded PCM without DCW by 76.5 percent on average across the benchmarks; there is, however, an increase of 19 percent in the number of bit-writes over unencoded PCM with DCW. Finally, for just 4.7 percent memory overhead, the e-WOM-code cached PCM (e-WCPCM) architecture reduces memory write (read) latency by 47.5 percent (41.6 percent) and the number of bit-writes over unencoded PCM without DCW by 68.1 percent on average across the benchmarks; again, there is a 49 percent increase in the number of bit-writes over unencoded PCM with DCW.
The impact of participation in extra-curricular physical activity on males from disadvantaged schools

Extra-curricular physical activity (ECPA) may have an important role to play in the health and well-being of adolescents, but the actual benefits are relatively unknown. This study examined ECPA participation amongst adolescent males (age 12–15 years) from disadvantaged backgrounds, and evaluated its impact on overall physical activity (PA) accumulation and psychological well-being. At three time points over a single academic year, participants from four schools (n = 174) wore a pedometer for seven days and completed a questionnaire assessing habitual PA, frequency of ECPA participation, barriers to ECPA participation and seven psychosocial subscales. An average year-long score was calculated for each participant, for each variable. Across seasons, 84% of participants reported regular (≥ twice a week) or occasional (once a week) participation in ECPA. Those reporting regular participation in ECPA were significantly (p < .01) more active (steps/day) and scored higher (p < .01) on each psychosocial subscale. Results of multinomial regression analysis showed that perceived physical competence (p < .001) had a significant main effect on ECPA participation. Our study results indicate that students from disadvantaged backgrounds whom participate in ECPA at least once a week are significantly more physically active and have a higher level of psychological well-being than those who never participate.
Serum Lipid Profiles, Lipid Ratios and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Chinese Population

Aim: To examine the association of serum lipids, lipid ratios with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in a Chinese population. Methods: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey in China. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 or albuminuria-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) > 30 mg/g. Multivariable logistic regressions and multivariate regression models were used. Serum lipids and lipid ratios included total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), TG/HDL-C ratio, TC/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Results: In men, only logarithm-transformed (log) TG was associated with CKD. The odds ratio (every SD increment) was 1.39 (95% CI 1.03–1.87, P = 0.03). In women, none of the serum lipids and lipid ratios was associated with CKD. Using multivariate regression models, it was shown that log TG and log TG/HDL-C were negatively correlated with eGFR (P < 0.05) in men and LDL-C and log LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were correlated with ACR in men. In female subjects, serum TC, log TG, log TG/HDL-C and log TC/HDL-C were negatively correlated with eGFR (P < 0.05). All of serum lipid profiles and lipid related ratio were not correlated with ACR in women. Conclusion: Serum TG is the only suitable predictor for CKD in men. However, in women, none of serum lipids and lipid ratio can be used as a predictor for CKD. Log TG and log TG/HDL-C are negatively correlated with eGFR in both genders.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CHILD REARING PRACTICES IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Much has been written about child rearing practices, the right way, the wrong way, the American way, the Nigerian way, the Kenyan or the Japanese ways etc. Frankly, child rearing practices change from culture to culture, from generation to generation and from social class to social class. What is perfectly acceptable in one culture or decade, may be seen as shocking in another. As American society and all other societies’ worldwide become increasingly more global and less homogenized, understanding and accepting cultural differences in child rearing will become more important. Juvenile delinquency is one of the most serious problems plaguing contemporary societies in different countries across the world. For decades, society has been seeking effective ways to address and resolve the issue, by developing different theories accounting for the progress of juvenile delinquency. One of the powerful factors related to the problem are child rearing practices applied by parents and approved by society. The analysis of authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles and the effects they have on children’s social behavior in developed and developing countries demonstrate significant differences between the groups of countries and the connection between child rearing practices and risks of developing juvenile delinquency.
Human Adenovirus 36 Infection Increased the Risk of Obesity

AbstractHuman adenovirus 36 (HAdV-36), as the key pathogen, was supposed and discussed to be associated with obesity. We searched the references on the association between HAdV-36 infection and obesity with the different epidemiological methods, to explore the relationship with a larger sample size by meta-analysis and compare the differences of epidemiological methods and population subsets by the subgroup analyses.We conducted literature search on the association between HAdV-36 infections and obesity in English or Chinese published up to July 1, 2015. The primary outcome was the HAdV-36 infection rate in the obese and lean groups; the secondary outcomes were the BMI level and BMI z-score in the HAdV-36 positive and negative groups. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated for the primary outcome; the standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for the secondary and third outcomes. Prediction interval (PI) was graphically presented in the forest plot of the random effect meta-analyses. Metaregression analysis and subgroup analysis were performed.Finally 24 references with 10,191 study subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The obesity subjects were more likely to be infected with HAdV-36 compared to the lean controls (OR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.46, 2.74; PI: 0.59, 6.76; P < 0.001) with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 80.1%; P < 0.001) estimated by the random effect model. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the pooled OR of HAdV-36 infection for obesity were 1.77 (95%CI: 1.19, 2.63; PI: 0.44, 7.03; P = 0.005) and 2.26 (95%CI: 1.67, 3.07; PI: 1.45, 3.54; P < 0.001) in the adults and children, respectively. Compared to the HAdV-36 negative subjects, the SMD of BMI was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.47; PI: −0.53, 1.08; P = 0.006) in the HAdV-36 positive subjects with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 86.5%; P < 0.001). The BMI z-score in the children with HAdV-36 infection was higher than those without HAdV-36 infection (SMD = 0.19; 95%CI: −0.31, 0.70; PI: −2.10, 2.49), which had no significantly statistical difference (P = 0.453). HAdV-36 infection increased the risk of obesity. HAdV-36 also increased the risk of weight gain in adults, which was not observed in children.
Dai-kenchu-to enhances accelerated small intestinal movement.

The present study was conducted to clarify the effects of Dai-kenchu-to on accelerated small intestinal movement. We evaluated the effects of Dai-kenchu-to and its constituent herbs (dried ginger root, ginseng, zanthoxylum fruit, and malt sugar) on carbachol-accelerated mouse small intestinal transit, and contractions induced by low-frequency electrostimulation (ESC), KCl, or acetylcholine (ACh) using isolated guinea pig ileum. Dai-kenchu-to (10-300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved carbachol-accelerated small intestinal transit in a dose-dependent manner. Using a concentration with the compounded rate for Dai-kenchu-to 300 mg/kg, carbachol-accelerated small intestinal transit was also significantly improved with a single dose of dried ginger root or ginseng. At a concentration of 3 x 10(-5) g/ml or less, Dai-kenchu-to, dried ginger root, and ginseng all inhibited ESC but not KCl- or ACh-induced contractions. However, at a higher concentration of Dai-kenchu-to (10(-4) g/ml) or zanthoxylum fruit (10(-5) g/ml or more) the ESC were enhanced. Both Dai-kenchu-to and dried ginger root at 10(-3) g/ml remarkably inhibited the KCl-induced contractions. These results indicate that Dai-kenchu-to improves accelerated small intestinal movement and that dried ginger root and ginseng may be involved in this effect. It is also thought that the mechanisms mainly involve the direct inhibition of smooth muscle but with a contribution from neural inhibition.
Cardiac Ultrasound Is a Competency of Critical Care Medicine.

Critical Care Medicine www.ccmjournal. org 1555 A recent publication in Critical Care Medicine provided a clear and thorough review of the evidence supporting use of bedside cardiac ultrasound (BCU) by intensivists (1). In addition to their specific recommendations covering each component of the point-of-care cardiac examination, the authors noted that BCU “should be considered an important part of the clinician’s armamentarium. ” As such, and given the persuasive weight of literature supporting it, it is time that we see the long overdue acknowledgment that BCU, performed by intensivists, is indeed a competency of critical care medicine.
ONLINE NEURAL NETWORK ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF A CLASS OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS USING FUZZY INFERENCE REASONING

This study addresses the proposition of neural network (NN) adaptive control for a class of nonlinear systems using fuzzy reasoning. In first step, an ideal control law is established based on feedback linearization technique and certainty equivalence. Then the NN system is introduced on line to approximate this ideal control law. The parameters of the NN system are on-line adapted and changed according to the gradient descent law, which will be approximated in part by a fuzzy inference system. In other words, instead of using the popular back propagation technique. we use an on-line simple fuzzy inference system to approximate part of the gradient descent resulting adaptation law.
“You Don’t Have to Like Me, But You Have to Respect Me”

This study investigates cooperativeness, assertiveness, group satisfaction, leader grade, and leadership negotiation in a collaborative assignment conducted in a small group. Researchers manipulated the assignment of team members who reported on measures of group satisfaction and original scales of assertiveness and cooperativeness. Respondents also responded to open-ended questions regarding active leadership, leadership traits, and leadership negotiation, which resulted in the emergence of multiple themes. Assertiveness, cooperativeness, and group satisfaction were found to predict the grade given to the leader.
Linguistic Sequence Processing and the Prefrontal Cortex

Since language necessarily unfolds over time, language comprehension involves the processing of a sequentially ordered input. In this paper, we review neuroimaging findings on syntactic processing and word order variations in order to shed light on the neural bases of linguistic sequencing, focusing particularly on the role of prefrontal cortex (including Broca's region). On the basis of the full range of available data from several languages, we argue that different types of sequencing cues correlate with activation along an anterior-posterior gradient in frontal cortex, with highly local sequencing cues eliciting activation in the most posterior frontal regions (premotor cortex and the cytoarchitectonically corresponding frontal operculum) and less local sequencing cues (requiring relational comparisons between the current input element and the current sentence or discourse context, respectively) engendering activation in successively more anterior regions of the left inferior frontal gyrus. We argue that this neurocognitive gradient of linguistic sequence processing can be associated with a more general hierarchy of cognitive control in prefrontal cortex, which has also been shown to vary along an anterior-posterior gradient (1). We conclude that the processing of linguistic sequences and the concomitant extraction of information (e.g. semantic relations) from them, as an essential component of language processing, follows more general principles of neurocognitive organisation in prefrontal cortex.
The FC and not CD4 receptor mediates antibody enhancement of HIV infection in human cells.

Antibodies that enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectivity have been found in the blood of infected individuals and in infected or immunized animals. These findings raise serious concern for the development of a safe vaccine against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. To address the in vivo relevance and mechanism of this phenomenon, antibody-dependent enhancement of HIV infectivity in peripheral blood macrophages, lymphocytes, and human fibroblastoid cells was studied. Neither Leu3a, a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD4 receptor, nor soluble recombinant CD4 even at high concentrations prevented this enhancement. The addition of monoclonal antibody to the Fc receptor III (anti-FcRIII), but not of antibodies that react with FcRI or FcRII, inhibited HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 enhancement in peripheral blood macrophages. Although enhancement of HIV infection in CD4+ lymphocytes could not be blocked by anti-FcRIII, it was inhibited by the addition of human immunoglobulin G aggregates. The results indicate that the FcRIII receptor on human macrophages and possibly another Fc receptor on human CD4+ lymphocytes mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of HIV infectivity and that this phenomenon proceeds through a mechanism independent of the CD4 protein.
Interference-dependent contention control in multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks: An optimal cognitive MAC protocol

In addition to spectrum scarcity, unfair and insufficient channel contention resolution has become one of the major bottlenecks for a good throughput in multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks (MHAHNs). In this paper, we propose an optimal cognitive MAC protocol for MHAHNs under opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) approach in which channel contention resolution is done on the basis of interference-dependent random access addressing both social welfare maximization and energy efficiency. We show that, in OSA-based MHAHNs, contention control at MAC layer has an interaction relationship with power control at physical layer and congestion control at transport layer. Studying their mutual effect on such an OSA-based MHAHNs' performance motivates an optimal cognitive MAC framework which is shown as an NP-hard problem. To solve the problem, we introduce some auxiliary variables which are interpreted as interference weights and develop a distributed solution, which has been proved to converge to the global optimum.
Effectiveness of 5‐fluorouracil treatment for actinic keratosis – a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Actinic keratosis (AK) lesions present as dry, rough, yellow– brown, scaly plaques which may become thickened and horny. Most AKs are caused by chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and are therefore most common in middle-aged and elderly fair-skinned individuals. Regions with a higher UV exposure show a higher prevalence, and the incidence rate increases with age. 1 Around 15–25% of lesions resolve spontaneously over a 12-month period, and the risk of a single lesion progressing to an invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is in the range 0.25–20% per year. 2,3 Opinion differs about the classification of AKs – some argue that they should be classified as in situ SCC because they are histopathologically indistinguishable from SCCs, 3 whereas others argue that the classification of in situ SCC, although histopathologically correct, is liable to misinterpretation by consumers, leading to unnecessary and excessive concerns generated by a diagnosis of cancer and additional costs to already overburdened healthcare systems. 4 Nevertheless, the inability to predict which AK lesions will transform into invasive SCCs means that the treatment of all AKs is indicated. Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a well-established treatment for AK. 5-FU is an antineoplastic antimetabolite, which interferes with the synthesis of DNA and RNA, provoking unbalanced cell growth and death. 5-FU enables field therapy for patients with multiple AKs, and may also promote the healing of subclinical lesions. 5 Treatment is lengthy (about 4 weeks) and application site reactions, ranging from redness, soreness and weeping to shallow ulceration and crusting, are a consequence of treatment. Despite the widespread use of 5-FU to treat AK, the evidence supporting its use has not been reviewed systematically or appraised critically, unlike that for imiquimod. 6–8 We therefore reviewed systematically the published literature to address this gap, and to identify areas in which further research is needed.