Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Calibration Methods for Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays

Optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST HMDs) are a major output medium for Augmented Reality, which have seen significant growth in popularity and usage among the general public due to the growing release of consumer-oriented models, such as the Microsoft Hololens. Unlike Virtual Reality headsets, OST HMDs inherently support the addition of computer-generated graphics directly into the light path between a user's eyes and their view of the physical world. As with most Augmented and Virtual Reality systems, the physical position of an OST HMD is typically determined by an external or embedded 6-Degree-of-Freedom tracking system. However, in order to properly render virtual objects, which are perceived as spatially aligned with the physical environment, it is also necessary to accurately measure the position of the user's eyes within the tracking system's coordinate frame. For over 20 years, researchers have proposed various calibration methods to determine this needed eye position. However, to date, there has not been a comprehensive overview of these procedures and their requirements. Hence, this paper surveys the field of calibration methods for OST HMDs. Specifically, it provides insights into the fundamentals of calibration techniques, and presents an overview of both manual and automatic approaches, as well as evaluation methods and metrics. Finally, it also identifies opportunities for future research.
The immediate asthmatic response to allergen challenge.

One hundred and three bronchial asthma patients with a suspected allergic component developed 133 positive immediate asthmatic (bronchus-obstructive) responses (IARs) to bronchial challenge with allergen (BP). The onset of IAR was within 10 minutes, the maximum within 45 minutes, and the resolution of the response within 120 minutes after the challenge. All IARs were highly significant in comparison with the control test (p less than .01). The association of IAR with other diagnostic parameters was the following: positive disease history in 82 IAR cases (= 62%); positive immediate skin response in 91 IAR cases (= 68%); increased total serum IgE in 54 IAR cases (= 41%); positive specific IgE in the serum in 59 IAR cases (= 44%); increased serum concentration of IgG in 36 IAR cases (= 27%), of IgM in 17 (= 13%), and of IgA in 3 IAR cases (= 2%); increased blood eosinophilia in 36 (= 27%) and blood leukocytosis in 19 IAR cases (= 14%); increased bronchial reactivity to histamine in 74 of 103 patients with IAR (= 72%); body temperature increased during nine IAR cases (= 7%); and 131 IAR cases (= 98%) were accompanied by bronchial and 62 (= 47%) by general malaise complaints. The IAR showed a very good reproducibility and significant dose-response relationship (P less than .01). In conclusion, the IAR is an important diagnostic parameter for the allergic component due to immediate hypersensitivity in the bronchial tree. The correlation of other diagnostic parameters with IAR was not satisfactory. They should therefore be regarded as diagnostic supplement only. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Multi-Instance Multi-Label Class Discovery: A Computational Approach for Assessing Bird Biodiversity

We study the problem of analyzing a large volume ofbioacoustic data collected in-situ with the goal of assessingthe biodiversity of bird species at the data collectionsite. We are interested in the class discoveryproblem for this setting. Specifically, given a large collectionof audio recordings containing bird and othersounds, we aim to automatically select a fixed size subsetof the recordings for human expert labeling suchthat the maximum number of species/classes is discovered.We employ a multi-instance multi-label representationto address multiple simultaneously vocalizingbirds with sounds that overlap in time, and proposenew algorithms for species/class discovery using thisrepresentation. In a comparative study, we show that theproposed methods discover more species/classes thancurrent state-of-the-art in a real world datasetof 92,095 ten-second recordings collected in field conditions.
Mistargeting of the Lectin ERGIC-53 to the Endoplasmic Reticulum of HeLa Cells Impairs the Secretion of a Lysosomal Enzyme

ERGIC-53, a homo-oligomeric recycling protein associated with the ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), has properties of a mannose-selective lectin in vitro, suggesting that it may function as a transport receptor for glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. To investigate if ERGIC-53 is involved in glycoprotein secretion, a mutant form of this protein was generated that is incapable of leaving the ER. If expressed in HeLa cells in a tetracycline-inducible manner, this mutant accumulated in the ER and retained the endogenous ERGIC-53 in this compartment, thus preventing its recycling. Mistargeting of ERGIC-53 to the ER did not alter the gross morphology of the early secretory pathway, including the distribution of β′-COP. However, it impaired the secretion of one major glycoprotein, identified as the precursor of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin C, while overexpression of wild-type ERGIC-53 had no effect on glycoprotein secretion. Transport of two other lysosomal enzymes and three post-Golgi membrane glycoproteins was unaffected by inactivating the recycling of ERGIC-53. The results suggest that the recycling of ERGIC-53 is required for efficient intracellular transport of a small subset of glycoproteins, but it does not appear to be essential for the majority of glycoproteins.
Asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals with the same radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis walk with different knee moments and muscle activity

There is an established discordance between the structural joint damage and clinical symptoms of knee osteoarthritis; however, there has been little investigation into the differences in joint level biomechanics and muscle activation patterns during gait between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals with the same radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis. The objective of this study was to examine three‐dimensional knee joint biomechanics and muscle activation differences during gait between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals with radiographic knee osteoarthritis. A total of 54 asymptomatic and 59 symptomatic individuals with a Kellgren–Lawrence osteoarthritis radiographic grade of 2 underwent a comprehensive gait analysis to examine differences in the magnitude and patterns of the knee flexion angle, three‐dimensional net resultant moments, and electromyography of the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemii during over ground walking between the two groups. The symptomatic group walked with significantly higher overall magnitudes and less mid‐stance unloading of the net resultant knee adduction moment, lower peak flexion moments, and higher lateral hamstrings and quadriceps activity during stance than the Asymptomatic group (p < 0.05, sex‐adjusted analysis), with a trend (p = 0.07) toward greater transverse plane range of moment over stance. The differences found suggest a “stiffer” frontal and sagittal plane pattern with symptomatic individuals, but with more muscle activity and a trend toward more torsional loading in the transverse plane, which may have implications for shear loading of the joint. This is the first evidence of differences in three‐dimensional knee joint biomechanics and muscle activation between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals with the same radiographic grade. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1661–1670, 2017.
Validation of the GerdQ questionnaire for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Japan

Background The GerdQ scoring system may be a useful tool for managing gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. However, GerdQ has not been fully validated in Asian countries. Objective To validate the Japanese version of GerdQ and to compare this version to the Carlsson-Dent questionnaire (CDQ) in both general and hospital-based populations. Methods The questionnaires, including the Japanese versions of GerdQ and CDQ, and questions designed to collect demographic information, were sent to a general population via the web, and to a hospital-based population via conventional mail. The optimal cutoff GerdQ score and the differences in the characteristics between GerdQ and CDQ were assessed. Results The answers from 863 web-responders and 303 conventional-mail responders were analysed. When a GerdQ cutoff score was set at 8, GerdQ significantly predicted the presence of reflux oesophagitis. Although the GerdQ scores were correlated with the CDQ scores, the concordance rates were poor. Multivariate analysis results indicated that, the additional use of over-the-counter medications was associated with GerdQ score ≥ 8, but not with CDQ score ≥ 6. Conclusions The GerdQ cutoff score of 8 was appropriate for the Japanese population. Compared with CDQ, GerdQ was more useful for evaluating treatment efficacy and detecting patients’ unmet medical needs.
A single-centre randomized controlled clinical trial on the adjunct treatment of intra-bony defects with autogenous bone or a xenograft: results after 12 months.

BACKGROUND Limited evidence exists on the efficacy of regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects receiving antibiotics and surgical debridement were randomly assigned to placement of autogenous bone (AB) or bovine-derived xenograft (BDX) and with placement of a collagen membrane. The primary outcome was evidence of radiographic bone fill and the secondary outcomes included reductions of probing depth (PD) bleeding on probing (BOP) and suppuration. RESULTS Twenty-two subjects were included in the AB and 23 subjects in the BDX group. Statistical analysis failed to demonstrate differences for 38/39 variables assessed at baseline. At 12 months, significant better results were obtained in the BDX group for bone levels (p < 0.001), BOP (p = 0.004), PI (p = 0.003) and suppuration (p < 0.01). When adjusting for number of implants treated per subject, a successful treatment outcome PD ≤ 5.0 mm, no pus, no bone loss and BOP at 1/4 or less sites the likelihood of defect fill was higher in the BDX group (LR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.0-10.6, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bovine xenograft provided more radiographic bone fill than AB. The success for both surgical regenerative procedures was limited. Decreases in PD, BOP, and suppuration were observed.
Dividend Payout and Executive Compensation: Theory and Evidence

Recent studies have documented an association between managerial compensation and firm dividend policy. Bhattacharyya (2000) develops a model of dividend payout that is based in the principal-agent paradigm. In Bhattacharyya's model, managerial quality and effort are unobservable to shareholders and therefore first best contracts are not possible. He demonstrates analytically that the second best compensation contract motivates high quality managers to retain and invest firm earnings, and motivates low quality managers to distribute income to shareholders. This study presents results of tobit regression analyses of US firm dividend payouts over the period 1992-2001 that are consistent with the Bhattacharyya model.
Estimating p-values in small microarray experiments

MOTIVATION Microarray data typically have small numbers of observations per gene, which can result in low power for statistical tests. Test statistics that borrow information from data across all of the genes can improve power, but these statistics have non-standard distributions, and their significance must be assessed using permutation analysis. When sample sizes are small, the number of distinct permutations can be severely limited, and pooling the permutation-derived test statistics across all genes has been proposed. However, the null distribution of the test statistics under permutation is not the same for equally and differentially expressed genes. This can have a negative impact on both p-value estimation and the power of information borrowing statistics. RESULTS We investigate permutation based methods for estimating p-values. One of methods that uses pooling from a selected subset of the data are shown to have the correct type I error rate and to provide accurate estimates of the false discovery rate (FDR). We provide guidelines to select an appropriate subset. We also demonstrate that information borrowing statistics have substantially increased power compared to the t-test in small experiments.
At-the-Market (ATM) Offerings

Facilitated in 2008, “at-the-market” (ATM) equity offerings are direct share issuances to secondary market investors. Their use has grown markedly, and in 2015 the number of ATMs relative to SEOs was 40%, while total ATM proceeds relative to total SEO proceeds was nearly one-fourth. ATMs forgo underwriters and shares are “dribbled-out” over many months. Firms’ choices between SEOs (either accelerated or fully-marketed) and ATMs, support the costly certification hypothesis of Chemmanur and Fulghieri (1994). Ex-post, firms’ ATM proceeds largely associate with cash buildup. We conclude that ATMs are likely a permanent fixture in the follow-on equity issuance landscape.
Erosion Phenomenon Caused by Water Droplet Impingement and Life Prediction of Industrial Materials: Part2-Establishment of predictive equations and evaluation of material performance

液滴衝突エロージョンを受ける実用装置材料の損傷推算式や寿命予測式を得るには，液滴の攻撃条件がよく分かっている試験から，材料の性能評価を行う必要がある．ウォータージェット法試験装置を用いて，前報ではアルミニウム試験片に貼られたアルミ箔を用いて試験装置の各操作条件における液滴の攻撃条件を求めた．また，材料の損傷量推算のための基礎式を提案した．本報では実用的な材料として汎用炭素鋼，ステンレス鋼，炭素工具鋼を用いてエロージョン試験を行い，エロージョン挙動に及ぼす攻撃因子としての液滴速度，頻度，液滴径，および材料の機械的性質の影響を明らかにした．結果として，具体的なエロージョン量推算式を誘導し，妥当性を確認した．また，寿命予測法についてもエロージョン挙動の中で重要な因子の1つである潜伏期間とともに誘導した．
Secretion of Shigella flexneri Ipa invasins on contact with epithelial cells and subsequent entry of the bacterium into cells are growth stage dependent

Upon contact with the surface of epithelial cells, Shigella flexneri secretes Ipa proteins through the Mxi-Spa type III secretion apparatus. Among the Ipa proteins, IpaB and IpaC form a soluble complex in the bacterial supernatant which appears to be sufficient to initiate the cellular rearrangements necessary to achieve bacterial entry. Here, we provide the first evidence that efficiency of bacterial entry into cells depends on the stage of bacterial growth. Bacteria in the early phase of exponential growth are six times more invasive than those in the stationary phase. The entry efficiency of the bacteria present on the cell surface appears to correlate with the percentage of those that are able to secrete their invasins. This suggests that the capacity to activate the Mxi-Spa apparatus is a major factor in the regulation of bacterial entry efficiency. Consistent with these observations, we have further shown that bacteria which have reached the stage of division secrete Ipa proteins more often than those that have not. Also, initial secretion occurs essentially in the area of the septation furrow. The Ipa proteins, secreted in the vicinity of the septation furrow, seem to initiate the early stages of reorganization of the host cell cytoskeleton.
Brain activity and connectivity during poetry composition: Toward a multidimensional model of the creative process

Creativity, a multifaceted construct, can be studied in various ways, for example, investigating phases of the creative process, quality of the creative product, or the impact of expertise. Previous neuroimaging studies have assessed these individually. Believing that each of these interacting features must be examined simultaneously to develop a comprehensive understanding of creative behavior, we examined poetry composition, assessing process, product, and expertise in a single experiment. Distinct activation patterns were associated with generation and revision, two major phases of the creative process. Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) was active during both phases, yet responses in dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal executive systems (DLPFC/IPS) were phase‐dependent, indicating that while motivation remains unchanged, cognitive control is attenuated during generation and re‐engaged during revision. Experts showed significantly stronger deactivation of DLPFC/IPS during generation, suggesting that they may more effectively suspend cognitive control. Importantly however, similar overall patterns were observed in both groups, indicating the same cognitive resources are available to experts and novices alike. Quality of poetry, assessed by an independent panel, was associated with divergent connectivity patterns in experts and novices, centered upon MPFC (for technical facility) and DLPFC/IPS (for innovation), suggesting a mechanism by which experts produce higher quality poetry. Crucially, each of these three key features can be understood in the context of a single neurocognitive model characterized by dynamic interactions between medial prefrontal areas regulating motivation, dorsolateral prefrontal, and parietal areas regulating cognitive control and the association of these regions with language, sensorimotor, limbic, and subcortical areas distributed throughout the brain. Hum Brain Mapp 36:3351–3372, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Caffeine on near Maximal Blood Pressure and Blood Pressure Recovery in Physically-Active, College-Aged Females

The purpose of this study is to determine how caffeine affects exercise blood pressure (BP) and active and passive recovery BP after vigorous intensity exercise in physically active college-aged females. Fifteen physically active, ACSM stratified low-risk females (age (y): 23.53 ± 4.07, weight (kg): 60.34 ± 3.67, height (cm): 165.14 ± 7.20, BMI (kg/m2): 22.18 ± 1.55) participated in two Bruce protocol exercise tests. Before each test participants consumed 1) a placebo or 2) 3.3 mg·kg−1 of caffeine at least one hour before exercise in a counterbalanced double-blinded fashion. After reaching 85% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate, BP was taken and participants began an active (i.e. walking) recovery phase for 6 minutes followed by a passive (i.e. sitting) recovery phase. BP was assessed every two minutes in each phase. Recovery times were assessed until active and passive BP equaled 20 mmHg and 10 mmHg above resting, respectively. Participants completed each test 1–2 weeks a part. Maximal systolic and diastolic blood pressures were not significantly different between the two trials. Active recovery, passive recovery, and total recovery times were all significantly longer during the caffeine trial than the placebo trial. Furthermore, the time to reach age-predicted maximum heart rate was significantly shorter in the placebo trial than the caffeine trial. While caffeine consumption did not significantly affect maximal blood pressure, it did affect active and passive recovery time following vigorous intensity exercise in physically active females. Exercise endurance also improved after consuming caffeine in this population.
PATTERNS OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTION IN A LOW‐BIRTHWEIGHT POPULATI0N

An investigative analysis was carried out of the neuromotor and cognitive findings in a population based study of low‐birthweight infants (< 17509) at 4 1/2 years of age to try to improve the understandïng of the neuropathological basis of their deficit,. Cluster analysis identified groups of children whose performance in the cognitive subscales of the British Ability Scales followed similar patterns and also differentiated between children in neuromotor competence. Cluster membership correlated highly with language attainment, ability to copy shapes behaviour as reported by parents, and parents, and examiners' perception of attention span. Children in poorer‐performing clusters were more likely to be born to mothers who had had a previous perinatal death, and were also more likely to have experienced septicaemia during the neonatal period. These findings are discussed in the light of evidence from the neuropathological and physiological literature.
Value of autoantibodies for prediction of treatment response in patients with autoimmune epilepsy: Review of the literature and suggestions for clinical management

The detection of antineural autoantibodies in patients with epilepsy has led to the new concept of “autoimmune epilepsy. ” A particularly important implication is that knowledge of the antigenic target of the underlying antibody permits prognostic estimates. Patients with antibodies to the potassium channel complex (mostly to its leucine‐rich glioma inactivated 1 [LGI1] component) have a high chance of becoming seizure free within days to months upon immunotherapy but less so with antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment alone. Seizures in the setting of antibodies to the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor also have a high likelihood to remit, again especially with rapid institution of immunotherapy. In contrast to these antibodies to neuronal surface molecules, antibodies directed to intracellular antigens (onconeural antibodies, antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase) portend a low likelihood of seizure remission, regardless of the treatments chosen. These outcome differences are probably related to the underlying pathophysiology—with largely reversible functional effects of antibodies to surface antigens and irreversible destructive sequelae (probably caused by T cells) in patients with antibodies to intracellular antigens. With ongoing experience with these conditions, clinical and paraclinical clues to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsies are emerging.
Mining for Outliers in Sequential Databases

The mining of outliers (or anomaly detection) in large databases continues to remain an active area of research with many potential applications. Over the last several years many novel methods have been proposed to efficiently and accurately mine for outliers. In this paper we propose a unique approach to mine for sequential outliers using Probabilistic Suffix Trees (PST). The key insight that underpins our work is that we can distinguish outliers from non-outliers by only examining the nodes close to the root of the PST. Thus, if the goal is to just mine outliers, then we can drastically reduce the size of the PST and reduce its construction and query time. In our experiments, we show that on a real data set consisting of protein sequences, by retaining less than 5% of the original PST we can retrieve all the outliers that were reported by the full-sized PST. We also carry out a detailed comparison between two measures of sequence similarity: the normalized probability and the odds and show that while the current research literature in PST favours the odds, for outlier detection it is normalized probability which gives far superior results. We provide an information theoretic argument based on entropy to explain the success of the normalized probability measure. Finally, we describe a more efficient implementation of the PST algorithm, which dramatically reduces its construction time compared to the implementation of Bejerano [3].