Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of and risks for cervical human papillomavirus infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions in adolescent girls: impact of infection with human immunodeficiency virus.

CONTEXT Data suggest that in adults, human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and their sequalae, squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs), occur more commonly among human immunodeficiency (HIV)-infected women because of the HIV-associated CD4+ T-cell immunosuppression. Since adolescents are more likely to be early in the course of HIV and HPV infections, the study of both infections in this age group may help elucidate their initial relationship. OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of and risks for cervical HPV infection and SILs by HIV status in a population of adolescent girls. PARTICIPANTS Subjects recruited at each of the 16 different US sites participating in a national study of HIV infection in adolescents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cervical HPV DNA findings using polymerase chain reaction detection techniques and Papanicolaou smear from baseline visits. Infection with HPV was categorized into low- (rarely associated with cancer) and high- (commonly associated with cancers) risk types. RESULTS Of 133 HIV-infected girls, 103 (77.4%) compared with 30 (54.5%) of 55 noninfected girls were positive for HPV (relative risk [RR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.8). The risk was for high-risk (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7) but not low-risk (RR, 1.2; 95% Cl, 0.4-3.9) HPV types. Among the girls with HPV infection, 21 (70.0%) of the non-HIV-infected girls had normal cytologic findings compared with only 29 (29.9%) of the HIV-infected girls (P<.001). Multivariate analysis showed that HIV status was a significant risk for HPV infection (odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% CI, 1.6-6.7) and SIL (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.8-14.8), but CD4 cell count and viral load were not associated with infection or squamous intraepithelial lesions. Only 9 girls had a CD4+ T-cell count of less than 0.2 cell X 10(9)/L. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of HPV infection in both groups underscores the risky sexual behavior in this adolescent cohort. Rates of HPV infection and SILs were higher among HIV-infected girls, despite similar sexual risk behaviors and the relatively healthy state of our HIV-infected group. Infection with HIV may enhance HPV proliferation through mechanisms other than CD4 immunosuppression, particularly early in the course of HIV infection.
Reply: The free will revolution

I should like to thank the editors of Philosophical Explorations for kindly offering an opportunity for discussion of some of my (and my co-author’s) work on free will and moral responsibility. Additionally, I am very grateful to Ishtiyaque Haji for his excellent work in facilitating this symposium and editing the papers. My deepest debt of gratitude goes to Michael McKenna, Daniel Speak, Neal Judisch, and Seth Shabo for their probing, gracious, and illuminating discussions. I am very thankful for their thoughtful and sympathetic papers, from which I have learned a great deal. I shall limit myself to some sketchy and tentative replies, and I hope to continue to think about and work on these issues in the future. I cannot possibly do justice to all the points raised in these papers.
Understanding trade union culture

The articles by Klemm, Kraetsch and Weyand and by Hurtgen provide refreshing new perspectives on the comparative study of trade unions and industrial relations, all too often locked into naive assumptions that words mean the same things in all national contexts. The neglect of culture by comparative industrial relations studies is in striking contrast with the opposite tendency in the field of International Human Resource Management, which focuses often on different national cultures as explanation of different practices across countries within the same multinational companies (Hofstede 1980). It is appropriate to discuss whether such a gap is theoretically justified. In addition, these two articles are remarkable in questioning the cultural assumptions that researchers themselves have, in their ethnocentric tendency to treat as ‘normal’ their own situation, and as ‘cultural’ those that deviate. 1 Both Klemm et al. (2011) and Hurtgen (2011) deeply, if differently, challenge not merely the Central Eastern European (CEE), but also the German perspectives as far from value-neutral.
Ultra-compact visible chiral spectrometer with meta-lenses

Conventional compact spectrometers have a fixed spectral resolution and cannot resolve the polarization properties of light without additional optical elements, while their larger counterparts are bulky and costly. Here, we demonstrate multiple off-axis meta-lenses in the visible integrated on a single planar substrate. They possess both focusing and strongly dispersive properties and are designed to provide different spectral resolutions as well as working wavelength ranges on the same chip. We realize a compact spectrometer using only these meta-lenses and a CMOS camera and achieve detector-limited spectral resolutions as small as 0.3 nm and a total working wavelength range exceeding 170 nm for a beam propagation length of only a few cm. In addition, this spectrometer has the capability to resolve different helicities of light in a single measurement. This chip-camera setup represents the most compact configuration so far achieved for a spectrometer with similar performance and functionality, and its co.
The AraC/XylS regulator TxtR modulates thaxtomin biosynthesis and virulence in Streptomyces scabies

Streptomyces scabies is the best studied of those streptomycetes that cause an economically important disease known as potato scab. The phytotoxin thaxtomin is made exclusively by these pathogens and is required for virulence. Here we describe regulation of thaxtomin biosynthesis by TxtR, a member of the AraC/XylS family of transcriptional regulators. The txtR gene is imbedded in the thaxtomin biosynthetic pathway and is located on a conserved pathogenicity island in S. scabies, S. turgidiscabies and S. acidiscabies. Thaxtomin biosynthesis was abolished and virulence was almost eliminated in the txtR deletion mutant of S. scabies 87.22. Accumulation of thaxtomin biosynthetic gene (txtA, txtB, txtC, nos) transcripts was reduced compared with the wild‐type S. scabies 87.22. NOS‐dependent nitric oxide production by S. scabies was also reduced in the mutant. The TxtR protein bound cellobiose, an inducer of thaxtomin production, and transcription of txtR and thaxtomin biosynthetic genes was upregulated in response to cellobiose. TxtR is the first example of an AraC/XylS family protein regulated by cellobiose. Together, these data suggest that cellobiose, the smallest oligomer of cellulose, may signal the availability of expanding plant tissue, which is the site of action of thaxtomin.
Urban Transformation in China, 1949 – 2000: A Review and Research Agenda

Through a review of the literature, the author identifies the achievements as well as the deficiencies in the study of China's urbanization and urbanism in the second half of the 20th century. A number of issues that merit scholarly research are suggested and the need for theorization is emphasized. During the last half century, Chinese cities underwent dramatic transformations as a consequence of two major systemic changes. During the first three decades after the socialist revolution of 1949, sustained low levels of urbanization and a brief episode of antiurbanism accompanied centralized planning and city-based industrialization. Since the economic reforms of 1978 Chinese cities have witnessed major economic and spatial shifts away from the socialist patterns. Among the many facets of urban transformation since 1978 are a more heterogeneous urban population, rural – urban migration, spatial reorganization through urban land-use change, new housing development, globalization, suburbanization, polycentric restructuring of urban form, and changes in the spatial/administrative systems of cities. It is argued that, as the Chinese economy is inherently political, political economy perspectives should be foregrounded to enrich our understanding of the complexity of China's economic and urban transformation. In this regard, the continuously powerful and multiple roles of the Party-state as the ultimate decisionmaker, regulator, and participant in the urban economy should be emphasized, despite globalization and decentralization of administrative and fiscal powers from the central to local levels. The Chinese trajectory of urban development is seen as more different from than similar to the experiences of other economies undergoing structural change away from socialism, and context-based country-specific theorization of urban change is called for. More general theories of urban transformation which are applicable to a number of former socialist nations, and which transcend the idiosyncrasies of individual countries, should be developed where possible. A closer engagement among scholars working on the urban development of China and those working on other former socialist countries is necessary if ‘the socialist city’ is to become a firm typology of cities.
The rule of law at time of masculine honor: Afghan police attitudes and intimate partner violence

This paper examines how attitudes toward violence against women (VAW)—in terms of justification—influence the behavioral intentions of Afghan police officers when dealing with a case of intimate partner violence (IPV). An experimental study was carried out with 108 Afghan police officers who took part in a training course at the NATO Training Mission in Afghanistan (NTM-A) bases in Herat and Kandahar. Participants read an extract of a police intervention for an IPV case. They were faced with honor-related attitudes and possible actions to be taken to help victims and arrest perpetrators. In the experimental condition, in the questionnaire provided to police officers, there was reference to the victim admitting to an affair with another man. No such reference was present in the control condition. Results showed that admitting an infidelity produced more lenient attitudes toward the violence against the woman, which in turn reduced police officers’ intention to intervene by arresting the man and providing support to the victim. Results are discussed in terms of the role and function of the so-called culture of (masculine) honor and the rule of law and its implications.
Energetic costs of cellular and therapeutic control of stochastic mtDNA populations

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers fluctuate over time due to stochastic cellular dynamics. Understanding mtDNA dynamics and the accumulation of mutations is vital for understanding mitochondrial-related diseases. Here, we use stochastic modelling to derive general results for the impact of cellular control on mtDNA populations, the cost to the cell of different mtDNA states, and the optimisation of therapeutic control of mtDNA populations. We provide theoretical evidence that an increasing mtDNA variance can increase the energetic cost of maintaining a tissue, that intermediate levels of heteroplasmy can be more detrimental than ho-moplasmy even for a dysfunctional mutant, that het-eroplasmy distribution (not mean alone) is crucial for the success of gene therapies, and that long-term rather than short intense gene therapies are more likely to beneficially impact mtDNA populations. New experiments validate our predictions on heteroplasmy dependence of therapeutic outcomes.
SUSTAINABILITY OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS DURING CLIMATES OF REDUCED FUNDING: A CASE STUDY OF THE JOHANNESBURG JEWISH HELPING HAND SOCIETY

This study explores how the values, theoretical principles as well as human resource and funding strategies underpinning service delivery in the Johannesburg Jewish Helping Hand Society might have contributed to the sustainability of the organisation during a time of reduced funding. Interviews were conducted with 15 key informants. The main finding was that the Jewish value of ‘chesed’ (loving kindness to one’s neighbours), the importance of community life, and the notion of giving to charity are actualised in addressing social issues. These values help to sustain this organisation as community members donate funds and make their skills available for community service.
Social Media as Social Lubricant

Knowledge stickiness often impedes knowledge transfer. When knowledge is complex and the knowledge seeker lacks intimacy with the knowledge source, knowledge sticks in its point of origin because the knowledge seeker faces ambiguity about the best way to acquire the needed knowledge. We theorize that, given the extent of that ambiguity, knowledge seekers will make a choice to either ask for needed knowledge immediately after deciding it is needed, or wait and ask for it at a later date. We hypothesize that when knowledge is sticky, knowledge seekers will delay asking for knowledge and, in the interim period, use an enterprise social networking site to gather information that can lubricate stuck knowledge, such as how, when, and in what way to ask for the desired knowledge. We propose that by doing this, knowledge seekers can increase their ultimate satisfaction with the knowledge once they ask for it. Data describing specific instances of knowledge transfer occurring in a large telecommunications firm supported these hypotheses, showing that knowledge transfer is made easier by the fact that enterprise social networking sites make other peoples’ communications visible to casual observers such that knowledge seekers can gather information about the knowledge and its source simply by watching his or her actions through the technology, even if they never interacted with the source directly themselves. The findings show that simple awareness of others’ communications (what we call ambient awareness) played a pivotal role in helping knowledge seekers to obtain interpersonal and knowledge-related material with which to lubricate their interactions with knowledge sources.
The atmospheric boundary layer over melting glaciers

Results from a number of glacio-meteorological experiments carried out over melting glaciers are summarized. It is shown that in summer the microclimate of a glacier tongue is dominated by katabatic flow, initiated by the downward sensible heat flux. Characteristic obstacle height is an appreciable fraction (typically 0.1 to 0.5) of the height at which the wind maximum occurs, implying a serious zero-reference problem for profile analysis. Using a bulk method with roughness length estimated by a micro-topographic method appears to perform better. Analysis of the momentum and heat budgets shows that, in a first-order approximation, the dynamics of this flow can be described well by the classical Prandtl model for slope winds. The Prandtl model is extended by introducing a flow-dependent eddy viscosity. The eddy viscosity is set proportional to the maximum wind velocity (velocity scale) and the height at which the wind maximum occurs (length scale). An analytic solution can then be obtained which provides a useful description of the katabatic flow and the associated exchange of heat with the glacier surface.
Cellular mechanisms of tubular protein transport.

AT the cellular level different mechanisms have been demonstrated or postulated for the transport and processing of proteins in the epithelium of the proximal tubule. Eight pathways are summarized and numbered in Figure 13: 1. The main transport pathway for proteins consist of endocytosis from the tubule lumen and subsequently lysosomal digestion. 2. Proteins do not pass through the junctional complexes into the intercellular spaces under physiological conditions but may do so in very early embryological stages or if the luminal hydrostatic pressure is experimentally increased. 3. Certain small proteins or polypeptides may be catabolized by membrane digestion at the surface of the brush border membranes. 4. Proteins may normally diffuse retrograde into the intercellular space through the basement membrane and then return unaltered to the peritubular space. 5. Endocytosis from the peritubular cell surface is rare and quantitatively insignificant. 6. -8. There is no convincing evidence for the existence of transcellular transport of intact protein, either directly through the cytoplasm, or by peritubular release of protein-containing lysosomes or endocytic vacuoles.
INTEGRAL spectroscopy of three powerful radio galaxies: jet—cloud interactions seen in three dimensions

Integral-field spectroscopic observations are presented for three powerful radio galaxies, namely 3C 277.3 (Coma A; z= 0.0857), 3C 171 (z= 0.2384) and 3C 265 (z= 0.811), which are known to be undergoing jet–cloud interactions. The morphology, kinematics and ionization of the gas in the emission-line structure of these sources are mapped and analysed. One-dimensional spectra are also extracted and integrated over the different emission-line regions in each galaxy. In two of the galaxies (3C 277.3 and 3C 171) the radio sizes are of similar extent to the emission-line structure. For these, enhanced emission-line regions are found associated with the radio structures, in addition to complex kinematics and low ionization states close to the radio hotspots, indicating that jet-induced shocks disturb and ionize the gas. Interestingly, the bright – presumably shock-ionized – emission-line region coincident with the radio jet knot in 3C 277.3 shows quiescent kinematics and high ionization state. Possible explanations for this puzzling result are proposed. The images of 3C 171 and 3C 265 indicate that the lateral expansion of the cocoon has a significant effect on the kinematics and ionization of the gas, showing for the first time that the effects of the radio source are felt far from the jet axis. In addition, the presence of a stellar-photoionized H ii region is detected in the extended emission-line nebula of the radio galaxy 3C 277.3.
The Advocacy Experiences of Parents of Elementary Age, Twice-Exceptional Children

For many parents, successfully advocating for their twice-exceptional child can be intimidating and overwhelming. Using grounded theory, we conducted a study with parents (n = 8) of elementary age, twice-exceptional children to learn about their advocacy experiences. Findings revealed that parents simultaneously advocated for their child’s disability and protected their child’s giftedness. This overarching theme influenced parents’ expectations of their local school system, while highlighting their lack of professional knowledge. All participants wanted their child to maximize her or his potential and not be limited by her or his disability. Data gathered from individual interviews and focus group sessions revealed that all parents struggled with developing advocacy strategies to manage their child’s dual diagnosis. Only after parents acquired professional knowledge about educational terminology and official policies, were they able to become successful advocates. The lack of readily available resources focusing on twice-exceptional children was an obstacle to successful advocacy. Suggestions for future research and collaboration are discussed.
A community like Philadelphia

This essay argues that critical applications of queer theory must extend beyond questions of the authenticity of sexual representation. Given that social norms regarding sexuality are constructed, critical approaches should examine the power relations that inform these constructions. This essay contends that rhetorical theory can contribute to the investigation of sexuality, and offers as an example an analysis of mainstream media representations of the homosexual “community. ” The presentation of this community operates rhetorically, inviting audiences to view sexuality as a question of family morality, while also advocating an economic and ethnic hierarchy.
The unconscious unfolding of emotions

How do emotional reactions arise? We argue that emotional information processing and the resulting responses unfold from being global to specific: Initial emotional responses are typically based on general, positive‐negative evaluations, whereas later emotional responses are based on more specific, fine-grained information processing. Global, positive‐negative reactions may influence people’s mood states, whereas detailed, fine-grained emotional reactions may cause specific emotions such as fear, disgust, or happiness to arise. Our view also entails that global and specific processing may both occur unconsciously. In this chapter we briefly discuss theories of emotion that inspired us, we provide empirical evidence for our global-to-specific unfolding view, and we explain consequences of our view for research on facial emotional expressions, imitation, and general mood states.
Fatal primary pulmonary hypertension in a 30‐yr-old female with APECED syndrome

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, which has a central function in maintaining immunological tolerance. A number of conditions with proven or likely autoimmune pathogenesis occur in APECED: hypoparathyroidism, adrenocortical insufficency, candidiasis, hypogonadism, type 1 diabetes, hypothyroidism, hypophysitis, hepatitis, malabsorption, nail dystrophy, enamel hypoplasia and keratopathy. It is not clear which factors are responsible for variation in clinical picture of APECED, but human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype may be important. The authors report the first description of a case of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) in patient with APECED, caused by R257X mutation in AIRE. The HLA genotype of the patient (DRB1*01/DRB1*11, DQB1*0301/DQB1*0501) has been previously reported as a predisposing factor to PPH. The findings from this study, provided that other similar cases are reported, suggest that immune deregulation plays a role in the pathogenesis of primary pulmonary hypertension.
Scientifically Correct Racism: Health Studies' Unintended Effects against Minority Groups

The present paper analyses press releases, news reports and health plans to show how health communication functions in perpetuating dominant racist structures. The paper is mainly concerned with how normal science and health practices can become an instrument for justifying racism and reproducing it in our societies. The examples demonstrate that even when all forms of explicit racism are avoided, health communication can have identifiable racist consequences in people's lives.
Machine learning for text selection with expressive unit-selection voices

We show that a ranking model produced by machine learning outperforms two baselines when applied to the task of selecting texts for use in creating a unit-selection synthesis voice with good domain coverage. The model learns to predict the estimated utility of an utterance based on features relating it to the utterances selected so far and a corpus of target utterances. Our analyses indicate that our discriminative approach continues to work well even though the presence of rich prosodic and nonprosodic features significantly expands the search space beyond what has previously been handled by greedy methods.