Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Language ' control ' in ' interpreters ' and ' bilinguals ' ' 1 ' Running head : Language control in bilinguals and interpreters Verbal and non-verbal cognitive control in bilinguals and interpreters *

The present study explored the relation between language control and non-verbal cognitive control in different bilingual populations. We compared monolinguals, Dutch-French unbalanced bilinguals, balanced bilinguals, and interpreters on the Simon task and Attention Network Test (ANT). All bilingual groups showed a smaller congruency effect in the Simon task than the monolingual group. They were also faster overall in the ANT. Furthermore, interpreters outperformed unbalanced, but not balanced, bilinguals in terms of overall accuracy on both tasks. In the ANT, the error congruency effect was significantly smaller for interpreters and balanced bilinguals. Using a measure of switching fluency in language production, this study also found direct evidence for a relation between language control and executive control. This relation was only observed in balanced bilinguals, where fluent switching was correlated with the Simon effect. These findings support the existence of a bilingual advantage and also indicate that different patterns of bilingual language use modulate the nature and extent of a cognitive control advantage in multilingual populations.
Calorie restriction as an anti-invasive therapy for malignant brain cancer in the VM mouse

GBM (glioblastoma multiforme) is the most aggressive and invasive form of primary human brain cancer. We recently developed a novel brain cancer model in the inbred VM mouse strain that shares several characteristics with human GBM. Using bioluminescence imaging, we tested the efficacy of CR (calorie restriction) for its ability to reduce tumour size and invasion. CR targets glycolysis and rapid tumour cell growth in part by lowering circulating glucose levels. The VM-M3 tumour cells were implanted intracerebrally in the syngeneic VM mouse host. Approx. 12–15 days post-implantation, brains were removed and both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres were imaged to measure bioluminescence of invading tumour cells. CR significantly reduced the invasion of tumour cells from the implanted ipsilateral hemisphere into the contralateral hemisphere. The total percentage of Ki-67-stained cells within the primary tumour and the total number of blood vessels was also significantly lower in the CR-treated mice than in the mice fed ad libitum, suggesting that CR is anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic. Our findings indicate that the VM-M3 GBM model is a valuable tool for studying brain tumour cell invasion and for evaluating potential therapeutic approaches for managing invasive brain cancer. In addition, we show that CR can be effective in reducing malignant brain tumour growth and invasion.
Learning-Teaching Process Issues in Classrooms with Refugee Students

The aim of this qualitative study is to determine issues refugee students encounter in learning-teaching process, which live out of the refugee camps and live near to enrolled schools. The study group composed of 20 classroom teachers whose classes have refugee students. Data collected through semi-structure interviews and observations in 10 classrooms. Inductive approach and content analysis are used. The findings show that refugee students have language problems. The messages cannot be understood by refugee students because of the language problems. The refuges students detach themselves from learning process thus adaptation and attitudes problems emerged.
Feasibility and reproducibility of off-line tissue Doppler measurement of regional myocardial function during dobutamine stress echocardiography.

AIMS Off-line post-processing of colour tissue Doppler from digital loops may allow objective quantification of dobutamine stress echocardiography. We assessed the reproducibility of off-line measurements of regional myocardial velocities. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine observers analysed 10 studies, each making 2400 observations. Coefficients of variation in basal segments from apical windows, at rest and maximal stress, were 9-14% and 11-18% for peak systolic velocity, 16-18% and 17-19% for time-to-peak systolic velocity, 9-17% and 18-24% for systolic velocity time integral, and 18-23% and 21-27% for systolic acceleration. Coefficients of variation for diastolic velocities in basal segments at rest were 11-40%. Coefficients of variation for peak systolic velocity were 10-24% at rest and 14-28% at peak in mid segments, and 19-53% and 29-69% in apical segments. From parasternal windows coefficients of variation for peak systolic velocity were 14-16% in basal posterior, and 19-29% in mid-anterior segments. High variability makes measurement unreliable in apical and basal anterior septal segments. The feasibility of obtaining traces was tested in 92 subjects, and >90% in all basal and mid segments apart from the anterior septum. CONCLUSION Quantification of myocardial functional reserve by off-line analysis of colour tissue Doppler acquired during dobutamine stress is feasible and reproducible in 11 segments of the left ventricle. The most reliable measurements are systolic velocities of longitudinal motion in basal segments.
The Role of Personal Best Goals in EFL Learners’ Behavioural, Cognitive, and Emotional Engagement

There may be successful and less successful learners in every learning context. The latter group may try their best to improve their performance in comparison with their previous failures. To achieve such an objective, they try to adopt goals which are likely to promote their success. Such goals are commonly known as personal best goals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of personal best goals in behavioural, cognitive, and emotional engagement of learners in an academic context. The participants of the study consisted of 302 B.A. university students majoring in English literature. One questionnaire consisting of items relating to different types of engagement and personal best goals was applied to collect the data of the study. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for each of the measures related to personal best goals, behavioural, emotional, and cognitive engagement, each showing an acceptable goodness of fit index. Moreover, a model was proposed. In the proposed structural equation model, personal best goals accounted for 55, 51, and 51 percent of variance in cognitive, behavioural, and emotional engagement, respectively.
Systematic Design of 18S rRNA Gene Primers for Determining Eukaryotic Diversity in Microbial Consortia

High-throughput sequencing of ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) amplicons has opened up the door to large-scale comparative studies of microbial community structures. The short reads currently produced by massively parallel sequencing technologies make the choice of sequencing region crucial for accurate phylogenetic assignments. While for 16S rDNA, relevant regions have been well described, no truly systematic design of 18S rDNA primers aimed at resolving eukaryotic diversity has yet been reported. Here we used 31,862 18S rDNA sequences to design a set of broad-taxonomic range degenerate PCR primers. We simulated the phylogenetic information that each candidate primer pair would retrieve using paired- or single-end reads of various lengths, representing different sequencing technologies. Primer pairs targeting the V4 region performed best, allowing discrimination with paired-end reads as short as 150 bp (with 75% accuracy at genus level). The conditions for PCR amplification were optimised for one of these primer pairs and this was used to amplify 18S rDNA sequences from isolates as well as from a range of environmental samples which were then Illumina sequenced and analysed, revealing good concordance between expected and observed results. In summary, the reported primer sets will allow minimally biased assessment of eukaryotic diversity in different microbial ecosystems.
Always bad for creativity? An affect-based model of job insecurity and the moderating effects of giving support and receiving support

Drawing on an overarching framework of transactional stress theory, in this article the authors develop and test a theoretical model specifying the affect-based relationships between job insecurity and employee creativity, as well as the buffering role of giving support and receiving support in the affective processes. Results from a sample of 569 employees showed that job insecurity had offsetting indirect links with employee creativity through attentiveness and irritation. Both giving support and receiving support reduce the negative effect of job insecurity on employee creativity because they both weaken the negative link between job insecurity and irritation. It was also found that receiving support enhanced the positive relationship between job insecurity and attentiveness. Implications of the results to theory and practice are discussed.
Negative reinforcement impairs overnight memory consolidation Material Supplemental

Material Supplemental http://learnmem.cshlp. org/content/suppl/2014/09/18/21.11. 591.DC1. html References http://learnmem.cshlp. org/content/21/11/591.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 46 articles, 12 of which can be accessed free at: License Commons Creative . http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ as described at under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), ). After 12 months, it is available http://learnmem.cshlp. org/site/misc/terms.xhtml first 12 months after the full-issue publication date (see This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the
Ethnicity, Peer Harassment, and Adjustment in Middle School:

In an urban middle school, African American (n = 116), Latino (n = 118), and students from four other ethnic groups (labeled multiethnic, n = 172) completed nomination procedures that identified classmates who were perceived as aggressive or as victims of peer harassment. Peer acceptance and rejection also were measured by nomination procedures, and participants reported their self-perceived loneliness, social anxiety, and global self-esteem. Compared to Latino and multiethnic respondents, more African American students were nominated as aggressive, and fewer were nominated as victims of harassment. However, African American harassment victims reported more loneliness and lower self-esteem than did harassment victims in the other ethnic groups, and they were more rejected by peers. The data were interpreted as evidence that deviations from normative perceptions of a person’s group (i.e., being a victim of harassment when the perceived group norm is aggressiveness) are particularly detrimental to psychological and social adjustment.
Inferring Statistically Significant Hidden Markov Models

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are used to analyze real-world problems. We consider an approach that constructs minimum entropy HMMs directly from a sequence of observations. If an insufficient amount of observation data is used to generate the HMM, the model will not represent the underlying process. Current methods assume that observations completely represent the underlying process. It is often the case that the training data size is not large enough to adequately capture all statistical dependencies in the system. It is, therefore, important to know the statistical significance level for that the constructed model representing the underlying process, not only the training set. In this paper, we present a method to determine if the observation data and constructed model fully express the underlying process with a given level of statistical significance. We use the statistics of the process to calculate an upper bound on the number of samples required to guarantee that the model has a given level significance. We provide theoretical and experimental results that confirm the utility of this approach. The experiment is conducted on a real private Tor network.
Study of the evolution of 180° domain pattern microstructure using measurements of nonlinear permittivity

In this work, we study theoretically and experimentally the linear and nonlinear dielectric response in a system where the extrinsic permittivity is controlled by bending movements of pinned 180deg domain walls. We calculated the linear and nonlinear extrinsic contribution to permittivity and discovered a quadratic relationship between them, which is a feature quite different from that of the lattice contribution derived from Landau theory. We show that, from measured values of linear and nonlinear permittivity, it is possible to determine the configuration of the 180deg domain pattern and the concentration of the pinning centers in the ferroelectric. Therefore, our results can be used as a simple and useful tool for getting a deeper insight into the configuration of the domain pattern and the quality of the ferroelectric thin films, which is demonstrated on data obtained from [111] oriented PZT (45/55) thin film.
Author ' s personal copy Sunk costs in the human brain

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Rational decision-making should not be influenced by irrecoverable past costs. Human beings, however, often violate this basic rule of economics and take 'sunk' costs into account when making decisions about current or future investments, thus exhibiting a so-called 'sunk cost effect'. Although the sunk cost effect may have serious political, financial or personal consequences, its neural basis is largely unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a novel financial decision-making task, we show here that previous investments reduced the contribution of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to current decision-making and that this reduction in vmPFC activity correlated with the sunk cost effect. Moreover, activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) was associated with the norm not to waste resources and negatively correlated with vmPFC activity. The present findings show how past investments may bias decision-making in the human brain, suggesting that the interaction of vmPFC and dlPFC may promote a tendency to throw good money after bad. Introduction According to traditional economic theory, rational decision-making should be based on current and future costs and benefits associated with the available alternatives (Bernoulli, 1954; Frank and Bernanke, 2006). Past costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered , however, should be ignored when making decisions about present investments. Nevertheless, people are frequently influenced by previous investments in their decision-making, succumbing to a cognitive bias known as the 'sunk cost' effect (Arkes and Ayton, 1999; Arkes and Blumer, 1985). Although the sunk cost effect often leads to adverse financial (McNamara et al., 2002), political (Staw, 1976), or personal consequences (Strube, 1988), its neurobiological underpinnings are largely unknown. Recent years have seen rapid advances in understanding how decision processes are implemented in the brain Neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies identified a large network of brain areas relevant for decision-making, including the ventral striatum, the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortexlar the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) are thought to integrate the various dimensions of an option and to compute expected value or utility (Grabenhorst and Here, we set out to …
A Decrease in Victimization From Physical Punishment in Finland in 1934–2014: An Evidence of an Emerging Culture of Nonviolent Parenting

Objectives: In 1983, as the second country in the world, Finland established a law criminalizing all kinds of physical punishment of children, also in the homes. The aim of the present study was to establish whether an earlier observed decrease of physical punishment of children in Finland (Osterman et al., 2014) could be replicated 3 years later. Methods: A representative sample of citizens in Western Finland (3639 respondents, 15–80 years old) completed a questionnaire providing retrospective data about their childhood exposure to physical punishment. Four types of physical punishment were measured: pulled by the hair, pulled by the ear, hit with a hand, and hit with an object. Results: A continuous significant decline in self-reported physical punishment after the establishment of the law was observed. Of the 15–20-year-old respondents, 45% had never been exposed to any of the four types of punishment measured. Low parental educational level was found to be associated with higher levels of physical punishment. Conclusion: The present study replicates the findings from the previous study conducted 3 years earlier (Osterman et al., 2014). It is concluded that a shift in the mindset toward a culture of nonviolent childrearing can be observed in Finland.
Stabilization Through Reorganization? Some Preliminary Implications of Russia's Entry into World Markets in the Age of Discursive Quality Standards by

Without the knowledgeable assistance of the Economic Committee for the Development of the Urals Region, and particularly of Sergei Vozdvizhenskiy and Evgeniy Popov, we could not have conducted the discussions with factory managers on which this essay is based. We are grateful for their help. The names of factories used in the essay and some characterizations of their products have been altered to preserve the anonymity of our interlocutors. We also benefited greatly from discussions with all of whom kept us looking as we leapt.
The effect of instructions on distance and similarity judgements in information spatializations

We investigate the relationship of perceived distances to judged similarities between document points in various types of spatialized displays. Our findings suggest that the distance–similarity relationship is not as self‐evident to viewers as is commonly assumed in the information visualization literature. We further investigate how participants interpret instructions to judge distances when those instructions do or do not specify the type of distance. We find that in all types of spatialization displays, there is no significant difference between default and direct judgements of distance; people clearly interpret default distance instructions to refer to direct (straight‐line) distance. These findings provide direct evidence on the conditions under which people employ distance when assessing similarity between data objects in various types of spatialized views and, when they do, which type of distance. They also give insight into how people explore the similarity of geographic features depicted in cartographic maps or GIS displays.
The Initiator Element in a Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Late-Gene Promoter Enhances Activation by ICP4, Resulting in Abundant Late-Gene Expression

ABSTRACT The start site regions of late genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 are similar to the eukaryotic initiator sequence (Inr), have been shown to affect the levels of expression, and may also play a role in transcription activation by the viral activator ICP4. A series of linker-scanning mutations spanning the start site of transcription and several downstream mutations in the true late gC promoter were analyzed in reconstituted in vitro transcription reactions with and without ICP4, as well as in the context of the viral genome during infection. The nucleotide contacts previously found to be important for Inr function were also found to be important for optimal induction by ICP4. While the Inr had a substantial effect on the accumulation of gC RNA during infection, no other sequence downstream of the TATA box to +124 had a significant effect on levels of expression during infection. Therefore, these studies suggest that TATA box and the Inr are the only cis-acting elements required to achieve optimal expression of gC, and that the high levels of late-gene transcription may be largely due to the induction by ICP4, functioning through the Inr element.
Making Crisis a Momentum for Change within Public Services

The public sector is traditionally presented as reluctant to change. Using an adaptive systems framework and following a grounded theorising approach, I analyse four cases of successful organisational transformation through the management of crises as a momentum for change. Crises help only if they are managed as such a momentum. My conclusion is that appropriate crisis management may lead to a performing organisation. I stress the key success factors for a successful management of crisis as a momentum for change: learning is the key point and public managers appear to have a fair ability to learn.
Access to food source and food source use are associated with healthy and unhealthy food-purchasing behaviours among low-income African-American adults in Baltimore City

Abstract Objective Although previous research has shown limited availability of healthy food in low-income urban neighbourhoods, the association between food source use and food-purchasing patterns has not yet been examined. We explored food-purchasing patterns in the context of food source use and food source access factors in low-income areas of Baltimore City. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Predominantly low-income neighbourhoods in East and West Baltimore City. Subjects A total of 175 low-income African-American adult residents. Results Supermarkets and corner stores were the most frequently used food sources. Walking was the main form of transportation used by 57 % of all respondents, 97 % of corner-store shoppers and 49 % of supermarket shoppers. Multiple linear regression models adjusting for demographic factors, type of food source used and transportation type found that corner-store use was associated with obtaining more unhealthy food (P = 0·005), whereas driving to the food source was associated with obtaining more healthy food (P = 0·012). Conclusions The large number of corner stores compared with supermarkets in low-income neighbourhoods makes them an easily accessible and frequently used food source for many people. Interventions to increase the availability and promotion of healthy food in highly accessed corner stores in low-income neighbourhoods are needed. Increased access to transportation may also lead to the use of food sources beyond the corner store, and to increased healthy food purchasing.
Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management User Acceptance of the E-government Services in Malaysia: Structural Equation Modelling Approach

This paper identifies the factors that determine users' acceptance of e-Government services and its causal relationships using a theoretical model based on the Technology Acceptance Model. Data relating to the constructs were collected from 200 respondents in Malaysia and subjected to Structural Equation Modeling analysis. The proposed model fits the data well. Results indicate that the important determinants of user acceptance of the e-Government services are perceived usefulness, ease of use, compatibility, interpersonal influence, external influence, self efficacy, facilitating conditions, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to use e-Government services/system. Finally, implications and recommendations of these finding are discussed.