Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Meaning of Daily Activities and Subjective Quality of Life in People with Severe Mental Illness

The occupational therapy services for adults with severe and persistent mental illness are concerned with their quality of life. A correlational study explored the relationship between the meaning of daily activities and the subjective quality of life of this group of people. In this study, the meaning of activities was defined by three elements, related to the Human Occupation Model: perceived competence, value and pleasure, measured by the Occupational Questionnaire. The Wisconsin Quality of Life-Client Questionnaire provided a global score for the subjective quality of life. A total of 45 people with severe and persistent mental illness, living in downtown Montreal, participated in a semi-structured interview. The results suggest that perceived competence in daily tasks and rest, and pleasure in work and rest activities are positively correlated with subjective quality of life. The influence of occupation and its meaning on quality of life, an occupational therapy assumption, is supported by these resu.
One Adolescent’s Construction of Native Identity in School: “Speaking with Dance and Not in Words and Writing”

This case study describes how one eighth-grade student, Jon, asserted Native identities in texts as he attended a middle school in the western United States. Jon—a self-described Native American, Navajo, and Paiute with verified Native ancestry—sought to share what he called his Native culture with others in his school wherein he was the only Native American, despite his perception that schools have historically suppressed this culture. To study how the texts that Jon designed in school may have afforded and constrained the expression of Native identities, the authors collected three types of data over the course of eight months: (a) interviews from Jon and his teachers; (b) fieldnotes from classroom observations; and (c) texts that Jon designed in school. Grounded in theories of social semiotics and multimodality, the findings from this study suggest that different forms of representation afforded and constrained the expression of Jon’s desired identities in different ways due to their different physical properties, due to their historical and immediate uses in context, and due to the extent to which they fulfilled different metafunctions of communication. Recognizing the tensions and ironies associated with using some forms of representation, Jon sought to combine and use multiple representations to construct desired identities and to negate undesired ones.
When the Self Becomes Other

How can people adaptively analyze and “work through” negative feelings without ruminating? This paper will briefly review findings from an integrative program of research, which suggests that a critical factor determining whether people's attempts to adaptively reason about negative experiences succeed or fail is the type of self‐perspective they adopt. That is, whether people analyze their feelings from a self‐immersed or self‐distanced perspective. The implications of shifting self‐perspectives for subjective experience, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and neural activity are discussed.
IL-17A Promotes Intracellular Growth of Mycobacterium by Inhibiting Apoptosis of Infected Macrophages

The fate of infected macrophages is a critical aspect of immunity to mycobacteria. By depriving the pathogen of its intracellular niche, apoptotic death of the infected macrophage has been shown to be an important mechanism to control bacterial growth. Here, we show that IL-17 inhibits apoptosis of Mycobacterium bovis BCG- or Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages thus hampering their ability to control bacterial growth. Mechanistically, we show that IL-17 inhibits p53, and impacts on the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, by increasing the Bcl2 and decreasing Bax expression, decreasing cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and inhibiting caspase-3 activation. The same effect of IL-17 was observed in infected macrophages upon blockade of p53 nuclear translocation. These results reveal a previously unappreciated role for the IL-17/p53 axis in the regulation of mycobacteria-induced apoptosis and can have important implications in a broad spectrum of diseases where apoptosis of the infected cell is an important host defense mechanism.
Training Undergraduate Students to Use Interpretation

After they had learned exploration skills, 128 undergraduate helping skills students were taught to use the insight skill of interpretation. After training, students had higher self-efficacy for using interpretation and were rated by both themselves and volunteer clients as using interpretation more often. Students in a delay condition did not change over a comparable period of time in which they received no training in interpretation. Self-efficacy for interpretation increased after lecture/discussion, a fishbowl exercise in the lecture class, small group practice in the lab, and dyad practice in the lab. In post-training ratings, lab group practice was perceived as the most helpful, the fishbowl exercise the least helpful, and all other components moderately helpful. Students with the highest initial self-efficacy gained the least in self-efficacy but ended with the highest levels of self-efficacy. Students with more prior helping experience increased more in self-efficacy and had the highest final self-efficacy.
A Qualitative Investigation of Fatigue among Healthy Working Adults

Despite considerable attention to fatigue in acute and chronic illnesses, little is known about fatigue in a healthy population. A detailed exploration of fatigue, therefore, was conducted to answer the broad question of what fatigue is to a basically healthy population and to lay the groundwork for establishing an empirically based definition of fatigue. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Results of the qualitative phase of the study, in which 40 persons were interviewed, are presented here. Categories and themes of the experience of fatigue were identified. Based on the qualitative findings, we propose that fatigue in generally healthy adults is an acute, subjective, sometimes overwhelming, but temporary state (with physical, emotional, and behavioral manifestations) caused by stress and overwork in one's life roles, which disrupts activity and alerts the person to take restorative measures.
Inclusion in School: A Policy, Ideology or Lived Experience? Similar Findings in Diverse School Cultures.

This article summarises three case studies examining the implementation of inclusive practices, which evidence the exclusionary pressures acting in school settings that put the needs, rights and entitlements of vulnerable children and young people at risk. It examines how three very culturally different secondary schools in England interpreted inclusive policies and illuminates the various constraints to the implementation of inclusive practices as experienced by senior leaders, teachers, parents and pupils in these schools. Conceptual unpreparedness towards inclusion versus integration, knowledge and false conceptualisations of special educational needs and difficulties associated with differentiation and time limitations were the main barriers presented. The implications for initial and professional teacher education are posited; it is suggested that inclusion can work by removing the diagnostic paradigm associated with special educational needs and by creating a framework for teachers' lifelong learning focusing on a social justice oriented pedagogy that will empower teachers conceptually and practically.
Gentrification in Recession: Social Change in Six Canadian Inner Cities, 1981-1986.

The relationship between inner-city gentrification and the restructuring of metropolitan economies toward employment in the advanced services is well established. In this context, the paper examines the effects of the 1982-1983 recession, the deepest in Canada in 50 years, upon the incidence of gentrification in six major Canadian cities. Contrary to expectation, the rate of gentrification through the 1981-1986 period accelerated over the rate through the economically more buoyant years of the 1970s, although regional variations were more pronounced. This finding is explained by the more resilient metropolitan labor market in advanced services, even in times of national recession. A second objective of the paper is to examine the spatial patterning of gentrification within the six inner cities. Census tracts that underwent social upgrading during 1981-1986 are far more diverse than the more conservative pattern of the 1970s, where upgrading expanded wave-like from established middle class areas in the inn.
Identification of Partial Differential Equation Models for Continuous Spatio-Temporal Dynamical Systems

The identification of a class of continuous spatio-temporal dynamical systems from observations is presented in this paper. The proposed approach is a combination of implicit Adams integration and an orthogonal least-squares algorithm, in which the operators are expanded using polynomials as basis functions, and the spatial derivatives are estimated by finite difference methods. The resulting identified models of the spatio-temporal evolution form a system of partial differential equations. Examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method
The Processing Nature of the N400: Evidence from Masked Priming

The N400 is an endogenous event-related brain potential (ERP) that is sensitive to semantic processes during language comprehension. The general question we address in this paper is which aspects of the comprehension process are manifest in the N400. The focus is on the sensitivity of the N400 to the automatic process of lexical access, or to the controlled process of lexical integration. The former process is the reflex-like and effortless behavior of computing a form representation of the linguistic signal, and of mapping this representation onto corresponding entries in the mental lexicon. The latter process concerns the integration of a spoken or written word into a higher-order meaning representation of the context within which it occurs. ERPs and reaction times (RTs) were acquired to target words preceded by semantically related and unrelated prime words. The semantic relationship between a prime and its target has been shown to modulate the amplitude of the N400 to the target. This modulation can arise from lexical access processes, reflecting the automatic spread of activation between words related in meaning in the mental lexicon. Alternatively, the N400 effect can arise from lexical integration processes, reflecting the relative ease of meaning integration between the prime and the target. To assess the impact of automatic lexical access processes on the N400, we compared the effect of masked and unmasked presentations of a prime on the N400 to a following target. Masking prevents perceptual identification, and as such it is claimed to rule out effects from controlled processes. It therefore enables a stringent test of the possible impact of automatic lexical access processes on the N400. The RT study showed a significant semantic priming effect under both unmasked and masked presentations of the prime. The result for masked priming reflects the effect of automatic spreading of activation during the lexical access process. The ERP study showed a significant N400 effect for the unmasked presentation condition, but no such effect for the masked presentation condition. This indicates that the N400 is not a manifestation of lexical access processes, but reflects aspects of semantic integration processes.
An electropalatographic investigation of linguopalatal contact in participants with acquired apraxia of speech: A quantitative and qualitative analysis

The current study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of linguopalatal contact patterns in participants with acquired apraxia of speech (AOS). Tongue‐to‐palate contacts were recorded for three participants with AOS during consonant singletons and consonant clusters using the Reading Electropalatograph (EPG3) system. Amount and pattern of linguopalatal contact were analysed using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods and the degree of spatial variability was quantified. The results obtained for each of the apraxic speakers were individually compared to those obtained by a control group (n = 5). Misdirected articulatory gestures and distorted spatial configurations for alveolar fricatives were detected in the linguopalatal contact patterns recorded for each of the participants with AOS. Lingual overshoot, right‐side dominant contact, and increased spatial variability were also evidenced by some participants. True omission errors were absent. Overall, the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques proved valuable in providing a comprehensive analysis of linguopalatal contact in AOS. Results provided support for a motoric account of articulatory and prosodic deficits in AOS.
Clustering of Defect Reports Using Graph Partitioning Algorithms

We present in this paper several solutions to the challenging task of clustering software defect reports. Clustering defect reports can be very useful for prioritizing the testing effort and to better understand the nature of software defects. Despite some challenges with the language used and semi-structured nature of defect reports, our experiments on data collected from the open source project Mozilla show extremely promising results for clustering software defect reports using natural language processing and graph partitioning techniques. We report results with three models for representing the textual information in the defect reports and three clustering algorithms: normalized cut, size regularized cut, and k-means. Our data collection method allowed us to quickly develop a proof-of-concept setup. Experiments showed that normalized cut achieved the best performance in terms of average cluster purity, accuracy, and normalized mutual information.
Assessing the Effects of Immigration and Diversity in Europe: Introduction to the Special Issue

This article introduces the special issue on “Assessing the Effects of Immigration and Diversity in Europe” to the JEPOP readers. The article starts with a summary of the controversy generated by Putnam's 2007 article “E pluribus unum”. Next, it provides a brief account of the state of the art in the scholarship analysing the link between diversity, trust, social capital and social cohesion. The article continues with a discussion of a number of key problems that affect the existing scholarship, and highlights how the contributions to this special issue overcome some of these limitations. After this, the article considers the implications of this debate for the study of elections and public opinion. It concludes with a succinct overview of the contributions to the special issue and a discussion of how they help move forward the scholarship in this area.
Effects of Disturbing News on Recall of Subsequently Presented News

Both male and female respondents were exposed to a television news program. Immediately following exposure to either an emotionally disturbing or an innocuous, affectively neutral news story, respondents watched a sequence of standard news items. The placement of these items was systematically varied through three time slots of 90 s each. In the two preexposure conditions, all items appeared equally often in all time slots, thus allowing comparisons over time as well as at given times. A surprise information-acquisition test was administered for the contents of the news items. Compared with the control condition, the acquisition of information from the news items following the emotionally charged, disturbing story was significantly poorer for a period of 3 min. No appreciable difference in information acquisition was observed thereafter. The apparent impairment of information acquisition, processing, storage, and retrieval after emotionally charged news stories is discussed in terms of emotion theory. Practical implications are considered.
Navigating stormy waters: Challenges and opportunities for social work in mental health

The reforms driven by the National Mental Health Strategy have created both opportunities and challenges for social work as a profession. This paper examines the rapidly changing context for practice in mental health, including policy change, and developments in the education and training of the mental health workforce. Key practice issues identified for social work include: (i) the need to establish a viable paradigm for practice; (ii) a more positive response to the challenge of evidence-based practice models; (iii) a national agenda for education and training; and (iv) the importance of working collaboratively with consumers and families in a way that values their human rights and the lived experience of mental illness.
Saliva analysis by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF/MS): from sample collection to data analysis

Abstract Background: Saliva is one of the most promising and easy-to-collect source of potential biomarkers of oral and systemic disease. We standardized a protocol suitable for pre-analytical treatment and for the analysis of whole normal saliva by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF/MS). Methods: We evaluated the impact of storage time, freeze/thaw cycles, denaturing agents, glycoproteins depletion, centrifugation, type of matrix and ProteinChip® used on the quality of the SELDI protein profile. Moreover, we explored the inter-individual and between-sex differences and the changes in the sample composition over the day. Results: Saliva was qualitatively stable, in the absence of protease inhibitors, for up to 3 h from the collection at room temperature, although the intensity of a number of peaks slightly decreased between 0 and 3 h and the addition of protease inhibitors did not completely revert this trend. The saliva proteome changed during the day and showed relevant between-sex differences. The protein profile remained stable for up to five freeze/thaw cycles. The addition of denaturing solutions and the depletion of glycoproteins improved the quality of the spectra without affecting their reproducibility. Conclusions: We defined a protocol that improved the quality and the reproducibility of SELDI-TOF/MS analysis, thus potentially supporting the search for putative biomarkers of disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:89–99.
Extending health maintenance organization insurance to the uninsured. A controlled measure of health care utilization.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the utilization of health care services of previously uninsured low-income patients after becoming insured by a health maintenance organization (HMO). DESIGN Retrospective study of utilization in a previously uninsured study group compared with an age- and sex-matched randomly selected control group of commercial HMO enrollees. SETTING Group model HMO. PATIENTS A study group of 346 previously uninsured low-income patients and 382 controls. MEASURES utpatient visits for primary and specialty care, outpatient pharmacy, laboratory, and radiology use, and inpatient admissions and hospital days over a 2-year period. Self-reported health status measures were obtained to control for differences in health status. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS There were no differences between the study and control groups in hospital admissions, hospital days, and measures of outpatient laboratory, pharmacy, and radiology use. The odds of having an outpatient visit per patient per month was 30% higher for the study group. Approximately half the increase in the odds ratio for outpatient visits was related to the worse self-perceived health status of the study group. While both groups utilized more services in the early phase of their enrollment, the intensity of this start-up effect was similar for both groups. CONCLUSIONS Compared with a commercial group of the same age and sex, the patterns of utilization were similar and the financial costs of care were only moderately more for a previously uninsured group provided with comprehensive HMO insurance. With the growth of managed care, these data should be beneficial in the development of health care programs for the growing number of uninsured Americans.
Delving into promises: Conceptually exploring the beliefs constituting the contemporary psychological contract

Abstract The psychological contract is used to examine the dynamics of the employee–employer exchange relationship. The dominant contract conceptualisation is that it is constituted by beliefs about ‘explicit’ and ‘implicit’ promises; however, there is a dearth of conceptual investigation regarding how other research fields understand promising and reconciling this with how the notion has come to be used in psychological contract theory. In particular, the notion of implicit promising remains conceptually and empirically underdeveloped, despite forming a key plank of the contemporary account of the contract. This paper explores these issues by presenting a cross-disciplinary review of promising and applying this to how the notion is used in the contract literature. A conceptual model is also developed to provide avenues to investigate how promise beliefs form in a contract context and their outcomes. Finally, research directions are outlined regarding the roles that beliefs other than promises can play in contract theory.
Getting Liberals and Conservatives to Go Green: Political Ideology and Congruent Appeals

The authors develop a conceptual model of how the congruence of political ideology and persuasive appeals enhances sustainable behaviors. In study 1, persuasive appeals consistent with individualizing and binding moral foundations were developed to enhance liberal and conservative recycling. In study 2, individualizing and binding appeals were tested on actual recycling behavior using a longitudinal field study to demonstrate the effectiveness of messages congruent with the moral foundations of liberals and conservatives. Study 3 demonstrated that enhanced fluency represents the underlying psychological process that mediates the relationship between message congruence and intentions. Moreover, study 3 established that spillover effects resulting from increased intentions to engage in sustainable disposition behavior enhance intentions to engage in sustainable acquisition and consumption behaviors. Finally, study 4 ruled out potential message confounds to demonstrate the robustness of the findings. Practical implications for marketers and public policy officials interested in increasing sustainable behaviors are offered.
Safe Streets for Whom? Homeless Youth, Social Exclusion, and Criminal Victimization

This article explores the victimization experiences of street youth living in Toronto, Canada. It is argued that street youth are much more likely than domiciled youth to be victims of a broad range of crimes. In particular, young women who are homeless face increased vulnerability to specific forms of violent crime, including sexual assault. The circumstances that produce such high levels of criminal victimization among street youth are myriad and complex. While background variables (a history of violence), lifestyle, and routine activities theories have been used to explain criminal victimization, it is argued here that the conditions that place street youth at risk are connected to their experiences of social exclusion in terms of restricted access to housing, employment, and public spaces.