Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHORTEST PATH ON THE PERCOLATION CLUSTER, ITS BACKBONE, AND SKELETON

We consider the mean distribution functions $\ensuremath{\Phi}(r|\mathcal{l}),$ ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{\mathrm{B}}(r|\mathcal{l}),$ and ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{\mathrm{S}}(r|\mathcal{l}),$ giving the probability that two sites on the incipient percolation cluster, on its backbone and on its skeleton, respectively, connected by a shortest path of length l are separated by an Euclidean distance $r. $ Following a scaling argument due to de Gennes for self-avoiding walks, we derive analytical expressions for the exponents ${g}_{1}{=d}_{f}{+d}_{\mathrm{min}}\ensuremath{-}d$ and ${g}_{1}^{\mathrm{B}}{=g}_{1}^{\mathrm{S}}{=3d}_{\mathrm{min}}\ensuremath{-}d,$ which determine the scaling behavior of the distribution functions in the limit $x\ensuremath{\equiv}r/{\mathcal{l}}^{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}}\ensuremath{\ll}1,$ i.e., $\ensuremath{\Phi}(r|\mathcal{l})\ensuremath{\propto}{\mathcal{l}}^{\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}d}{x}^{{g}_{1}},$ ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{\mathrm{B}}(r|\mathcal{l})\ensuremath{\propto}{\mathcal{l}}^{\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}d}{x}^{{g}_{1}^{\mathrm{B}}},$ and ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{\mathrm{S}}(r|\mathcal{l})\ensuremath{\propto}{\mathcal{l}}^{\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}d}{x}^{{g}_{1}^{\mathrm{S}}},$ with $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{1/d}_{\mathrm{min}},$ where ${d}_{f}$ and ${d}_{\mathrm{min}}$ are the fractal dimensions of the percolation cluster and the shortest path, respectively. The theoretical predictions for ${g}_{1},$ ${g}_{1}^{\mathrm{B}},$ and ${g}_{1}^{\mathrm{S}}$ are in very good agreement with our numerical results.
Age-independent and age–dependent neural substrate for single-digit multiplication and addition arithmetic problems

The present study examined developmental differences in event-related potentials between second graders and adults in arithmetic. Consistent with previous literature in adults, multiplication for both children and adults produced a greater left anterior negativity from 400 to 900 msec, whereas addition produced a greater right posterior negativity from 400 to 900 msec. Adults showed larger left anterior negativities in the time window suggesting that adults rely more than children on a verbal processing system for solving these problems. Children showed larger right posterior negativities in the time window suggesting that they rely more on quantitative manipulation for solving these problems.
Micro-CT evaluation of microleakage under orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded with different bonding techniques and adhesives.

AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate microleakage under orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded with direct and different indirect bonding techniques and adhesives using micro-computed tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 human maxillary premolars were randomly separated into five groups with six teeth in each group. In group I, teeth were bonded directly with Transbond XT (3M Unitek). In group II, group III, group IV, and group V, teeth were bonded through an indirect technique with Custom I.Q. (Reliance Orthodontic Products), Sondhi Rapid-Set (3M Unitek), RMbond (RMO), and Transbond IDB (3M Unitek), respectively, following the manufacturer's instructions. Micro-CT system model 1172 of Skyscan (Kontich, Belgium) was used to scan all samples. NRecon (Skyscan) version 1.6, CT-Analyser V.1. 11 (Skyscan), and TView (SkyScan, Bvba) software programs were used for microleakage evaluation. Microleakage values between the test groups were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, while the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for within-group comparisons. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS According to the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test, there were no significant differences among the tested groups, with regard to volume and percentage (microleakage/region of interest × 100) of microleakage values (P < 0.05). The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that coronal microleakage volume and percentage values significantly differed for RMbond and Transbond IDB groups. LIMITATIONS In the study, only ceramic brackets were used and microleakage into mini gaps did not show up on the micro-CT image because 50% silver nitrate solution could not penetrate into mini gaps which are smaller than silver nitrate particles. CONCLUSION Use of direct and indirect bonding techniques with different adhesives did not significantly affect the amount of microleakage.
Road terrain detection: Avoiding common obstacle detection assumptions using sensor fusion

Obstacle detection is a fundamental task for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Self-driving cars. Several commercial systems like Adaptive Cruise Controls and Collision Warning Systems depend on them to notify the driver about a risky situation. Several approaches have been presented in the literature in the last years. However, most of them are limited to specific scenarios and restricted conditions. In this paper we propose a robust sensor fusion-based method capable of detecting obstacles in a wide variety of scenarios using a minimum number of parameters. Our approach is based on the spatial-relationship on perspective images provided by a single camera and a 3D LIDAR. Experimental tests have been carried out in different conditions using the standard ROAD-KITTI benchmark, obtaining positive results.
Computads and slices of operads.

For a given ! -operad A on globular sets we introduce a sequence of symmetric operads on Set called slices of A and show how the connected limit preserving properties of slices are related to the property of the category of n-computads of A being a presheaf topos. 1991 Math. Subj. Class. 18C20, 18D05
Publishing: a reliable broadcast communication mechanism

Publishing is a model and mechanism for crash recovery in a distributed computing environment. Published communication works for systems connected via a broadcast medium by recording messages transmitted over the network. The recovery mechanism can be completely transparent to the failed process and all processes interacting with it. Although published communication is intended for a broadcast network such as a bus, a ring, or an Ethernet, it can be used in other environments. A recorder reliably stores all messages that are transmitted, as well as checkpoint and recovery information. When it detects a failure, the recorder may restart affected processes from checkpoints. The recorder subsequently resends to each process all messages which were sent to it since the time its checkpoint was taken, while ignoring duplicate messages sent by it. Message-based systems without shared memory can use published communications to recover groups of processes. Simulations show that at least 5 multi-user minicomputers can be supported on a standard Ethernet using a single recorder. The prototype version implemented in DEMOS/MP demonstrates that an error recovery can be transparent to user processes and can be centralized in the network.
Intrapericardial Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Large Animal Model: A Bio-Distribution Analysis

The appropriate administration route for cardiovascular cell therapy is essential to ensure the viability, proliferative potential, homing capacity and implantation of transferred cells. At the present, the intrapericardial administration of pharmacological agents is considered an efficient method for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, only a few reports have addressed the question whether the intrapericardial delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) could be an optimal administration route. This work firstly aimed to analyze the pericardial fluid as a cell-delivery vehicle. Moreover, the in vivo biodistribution pattern of intrapericardially administered MSCs was evaluated in a clinically relevant large animal model. Our in vitro results firstly showed that, MSCs viability, proliferative behavior and phenotypic profile were unaffected by exposure to pericardial fluid. Secondly, in vivo cell tracking by magnetic resonance imaging, histological examination and Y-chromosome amplification clearly demonstrated the presence of MSCs in pericardium, ventricles (left and right) and atrium (left and right) when MSCs were administered into the pericardial space. In conclusion, here we demonstrate that pericardial fluid is a suitable vehicle for MSCs and intrapericardial route provides an optimal retention and implantation of MSCs.
Effects of guided aerobic exercise and mindfulness after acquired brain injury: a pilot study

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a specific guided programme of aerobic exercise together with mindfulness could have an effect on estimated health status and occupational performance in individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI). As secondary outcomes, the effects on health-related quality of life, cognition and mental fatigue were analysed. Methods: The study included individuals with mild to moderate ABI (n = 21) with residual cognitive impairments. Guided interventions were given three times per week for 12 weeks. Neuropsychological and physical tests as well as patient-reported outcome measures were used as outcomes. Results: Estimated health status, self-reported occupational performance as well as satisfaction with performance improved together with physical capacity. Improvements in cognitive functions were related to attention and information processing speed; in addition, self-reported mental fatigue was reduced after the intervention. Cognitive function related to working memory and health-related quality of life were not affected. Conclusions: Support to improve physical capacity combined with practicing mindfulness, bringing attention to the present moment, seems to have a positive impact on occupational performance, estimated health status, attention and information processing speed as well as mental fatigue in individuals with cognitive dysfunction after ABI.
Comparative Genomics of Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Reveals Shared Genomic Features of Ecto- and Endoparastic Neodermata

The ectoparasitic Monogenea comprise a major part of the obligate parasitic flatworm diversity. Although genomic adaptations to parasitism have been studied in the endoparasitic tapeworms (Cestoda) and flukes (Trematoda), no representative of the Monogenea has been investigated yet. We present the high-quality draft genome of Gyrodactylus salaris, an economically important monogenean ectoparasite of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A total of 15,488 gene models were identified, of which 7,102 were functionally annotated. The controversial phylogenetic relationships within the obligate parasitic Neodermata were resolved in a phylogenomic analysis using 1,719 gene models (alignment length of >500,000 amino acids) for a set of 16 metazoan taxa. The Monogenea were found basal to the Cestoda and Trematoda, which implies ectoparasitism being plesiomorphic within the Neodermata and strongly supports a common origin of complex life cycles. Comparative analysis of seven parasitic flatworm genomes identified shared genomic features for the ecto- and endoparasitic lineages, such as a substantial reduction of the core bilaterian gene complement, including the homeodomain-containing genes, and a loss of the piwi and vasa genes, which are considered essential for animal development. Furthermore, the shared loss of functional fatty acid biosynthesis pathways and the absence of peroxisomes, the latter organelles presumed ubiquitous in eukaryotes except for parasitic protozoans, were inferred. The draft genome of G. salaris opens for future in-depth analyses of pathogenicity and host specificity of poorly characterized G. salaris strains, and will enhance studies addressing the genomics of host–parasite interactions and speciation in the highly diverse monogenean flatworms.
Digital degradation: Stigma management in the internet age

The concept of stigma and labeling has been central to the sociology of punishment since at least the writings of Durkheim and Mead. However, the vast transformations brought on by the expansion of the internet over the past 20 years suggest the need for revisiting the dynamics of labeling. While the power to apply extralegal criminal labels is now in the hands of many, stigma in the form of a digital footprint is arguably more difficult than ever to escape. This paper draws on two small studies to better understand these new dynamics of labeling: a discourse analysis of the motivations of online labelers and interviews with individuals struggling to cope with online labels. This evidence describes how the internet has become a fertile space for the expression of public anxieties about social problems and a digital prison that can discourage the labeled from engaging with the processes of reintegration.
Measurement of Mucosal Thickness in Denture-bearing Area of Edentulous Mandible

Background: The thickness of the alveolar mucosa influences the probability of the occurrence of denture-induced irritations. Thick denture-supporting tissues offer relief from mucosal tenderness and ulcers; however, the uniformity of the thickness across the entire mandibular alveolar mucosa cannot be accurately determined in edentulous patients. This study aimed to assess the mucosal thickness of the denture-bearing area in the edentulous mandible. Methods: Twenty-seven edentulous patients underwent cone-beam computed tomography scanning, wherein the patients wore a record base to retract soft tissues away from the alveolar mucosa. The measured regions were the central incisor (IC), lateral incisor (IL), canine (Ca), first premolar (P1), second premolar (P2), first molar (M1), and second molar (M2) regions. The thickness was measured in the alveolar ridge crest (T), buccal (B1–B4), and lingual (L1–L4) alveolar ridge mucosa. The average thickness of the mucosa at buccal sides (B) and lingual sides (L) were also assessed. Results: The differences in the mucosal thickness between the left and right sides were not significant. In the Ca–M2 regions, T was the thickest, and L3 was the thinnest of all the measured points in the same regions. L was significantly less than B in posterior regions (P < 0.01). On the other hand, M2 at L4 was thinnest of all the measured regions from Ca to M2 (P < 0.01), and was thicker than IC, IL, P1, and P2 at B2. Conclusions: Since the mucosal thickness of denture-bearing area in the edentulous mandible is not uniform; the tissue surface of the denture base or custom tray should be selectively relieved, which may reduce the risk of denture-induced irritations.
An Analysis of Pricing Competition for Queued Services with Multiple Providers

We model the relationship between capacity, Quality of Service (QoS) and offered prices of service providers in a competitive network services market. Capacity and QoS are linked through simple queueing formulae while QoS and price are coupled through distributions on customer preferences. We study the sensitivity of market share of providers to price, capacity and market size. We revisit the notion of “price wars” that has been shown to lead to zero profits for all providers and conclude that our more general model does admit some form of anomalous behavior, but which need not lead to zero profits. Our study reveals important properties of the equilibrium solution which may be exploited to provide useful guidelines for performance planning and pricing strategies for firms competing in network resource markets.
Cortical Neuron Response Properties Are Related to Lesion Extent and Behavioral Recovery after Sensory Loss from Spinal Cord Injury in Monkeys

Lesions of the dorsal columns at a mid-cervical level render the hand representation of the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b) unresponsive. Over weeks of recovery, most of this cortex becomes responsive to touch on the hand. Determining functional properties of neurons within the hand representation is critical to understanding the neural basis of this adaptive plasticity. Here, we recorded neural activity across the hand representation of area 3b with a 100-electrode array and compared results from owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys 5–10 weeks after lesions with controls. Even after extensive lesions, performance on reach-to-grasp tasks returned to prelesion levels, and hand touches activated territories mainly within expected cortical locations. However, some digit representations were abnormal, such that receptive fields of presumably reactivated neurons were larger and more often involved discontinuous parts of the hand compared with controls. Hand stimulation evoked similar neuronal firing rates in lesion and control monkeys. By assessing the same monkeys with multiple measures, we determined that properties of neurons in area 3b were highly correlated with both the lesion severity and the impairment of hand use. We propose that the reactivation of neurons with near-normal response properties and the recovery of near-normal somatotopy likely supported the recovery of hand use. Given the near-completeness of the more extensive dorsal column lesions we studied, we suggest that alternate spinal afferents, in addition to the few spared primary axon afferents in the dorsal columns, likely have a major role in the reactivation pattern and return of function.
Corporal punishment and physical abuse: population‐based trends for three‐to‐11‐year‐old children in the United States

C orporal punishment is increasingly regarded as an act of violence against children. Corporal punishment includes any use of physical punishment against a child in response to misbehaviour. This most commonly includes spanking, smacking and slapping, but also includes the use of an object such as a rod or stick, hair pulling and ear twisting. A growing body of research has focused on discipline and the adverse effects of corporal punishment (Berlin et al., 2009; Lansford et al., 2009). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts that States take ‘all appropriate legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence . ’ (UNICEF, 1989; Article 19, Center for Effective Discipline, 2009). The Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006), in General Comment Number 8, has further clarifi ed that:
ALLIK PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS ACROSS CULTURES PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS ACROSS CULTURES

In order to generalize the dimensional structure of personality—relatively independent groups of covarying traits—across languages and cultures, a large number of cultures must be studied. Until recently only a few worldwide personality datasets have been available. The first large–scale studies indicate that the pattern of covariation between personality traits is universal and is relatively easily generalizable across languages and cultures. In contrast to the structure of personality, the comparison of the mean trait scores across cultures is much more problematic because cross–cultural differences turned out to be very small in their magnitude, about one–third of the magnitude of individual differences within culture. More integral (e.g., the similarity between personality profiles) or subtle (e.g., the disparity between positively and negatively worded items) measures can reveal more systematic relationships with relevant socioeconomic and geographic variables than the mean scores themselves. Relatively modest sizes of cross–cultural differences in the mean values may imply that a reasonable scalar equivalence can be achieved, and all individuals, irrespective of their language and culture, can be represented in a common metric.
Torsional Oscillations of Relativistic Stars with Dipole Magnetic Fields II. Global Alfven Modes

We investigate torsional Alfven modes of relativistic stars with a global dipole mag- netic field. It has been noted recently (Glampedakis et al. 2006) that such oscillation modes could serve as as an alternative explanation (in contrast to torsional crustal modes) for the SGR phenomenon, if the magnetic field is not confined to the crust. We compute global Alfven modes for a representative sample of equations of state and magnetar masses, in the ideal MHD approximation and ignoring l ± 2 terms in the eigenfunction. We find that the presence of a realistic crust has a negligible effect on Alfven modes for B > 4 × 10 15 G. Furthermore, we find strong avoided crossings between torsional Alfven modes and torsional crust modes. For magnetar-like mag- netic field strengths, the spacing between consecutive Alfvmodes is of the same order as the gap of avoided crossings. As a result, it is not possible to identify modes of predominantly crustal character and all oscillations are predominantly Alfven-like. Interestingly, we find excellent agreement between our computed frequencies and ob- served frequencies in two SGRs, for a maximum magnetic field strength in the range of (0.8-1.2)×10 16 G.
Text alignment with handwritten documents

Today's digital libraries increasingly include not only printed text but also scanned handwritten pages and other multimedia material. There are, however, few tools available for manipulating handwritten pages. Here, we propose an algorithm based on dynamic time warping (DTW) for a word by word alignment of handwritten documents with their (ASCII) transcripts. We see at least three uses for such alignment algorithms. First, alignment algorithms allow us to produce displays (for example on the Web) that allow a person to easily find their place in the manuscript when reading a transcript. Second, such alignment algorithms allow us to produce large quantities of ground truth data for evaluating handwriting recognition algorithms. Third, such algorithms allow us to produce indices in a straightforward manner for handwriting material. We provide experimental results of our algorithm on a set of 70 pages of historical handwritten material & specifically the writings of George Washington. Our method achieves 74.5% accuracy on line by line alignment and 60.5% accuracy when aligning whole pages at time.
Toward an understanding of heritage prosody: Acoustic and perceptual properties of tone produced by heritage, native, and second language speakers of Mandarin

In previous work examining heritage language phonology, heritage speakers have often patterned differently from native speakers and late-onset second language (L2) learners with respect to overall accent and segmentals. The current study extended this line of inquiry to suprasegmentals, comparing the properties of lexical tones produced by heritage, native, and L2 speakers of Mandarin living in the U.S. We hypothesized that heritage speakers would approximate native norms for Mandarin tones more closely than L2 speakers, yet diverge from these norms in one or more ways. We further hypothesized that, due to their unique linguistic experience, heritage speakers would sound the most ambiguous in terms of demographic background. Acoustic data showed that heritage speakers approximated native-like production more closely than L2 speakers with respect to the pitch contour of Tone 3, durational shortening in connected speech, and rates of Tone 3 reduction in non-phrase-final contexts, while showing the highest levels of tonal variability among all groups. Perceptual data indicated that heritage speakers’ tones differed from native and L2 speakers’ in terms of both intelligibility and perceived goodness. Consistent with the variability results, heritage speakers were the most difficult group to classify demographically. Taken together, these findings suggest that, with respect to tone, early heritage language experience can, but does not necessarily, result in a phonological advantage over L2 learners. Further, they add support to the view that heritage speakers are language users distinct from both native and L2 speakers.