Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seeing Red: Disgust Reactions to Gruesome Photographs in Color (but not in Black and White) Increase Convictions

Jurors are often exposed to emotionally disturbing gruesome photographs of victims of extreme violence. Judges must determine whether the informational value of these photographs outweighs their prejudicial effect on jurors and are left to their assumptions about juror psychology to do so. The current research draws upon the affect infusion model (AIM; Forgas, 1995) to investigate the affective mechanism through which gruesome photographs might operate. A mock jury experiment presented online adults (n = 193) with murder trial evidence that included verbal descriptions of the victim’s injuries and neutral photographs in all conditions. Participants were randomly assigned to view (a) only the nongruesome photographs or additional gruesome photographs of the victim in (b) color, or (c) black and white (B&W). Color gruesome (vs. nongruesome) photographs increased convictions via the disgust they elicited. Consistent with the AIM, this was especially so for mock jurors with relatively higher awareness of their bodily sensations. The effects of gruesome photographs in color on disgust and verdicts were eliminated, however, when the same photographs were presented in B&W. A second experiment (n = 354) replicated these results and also revealed that viewing color gruesome photographs significantly reduced mock jurors’ sensitivity to a manipulation of defense evidence strength—especially among jurors with relatively higher bodily awareness. Thus, gruesome photographs can increase convictions via direct and indirect affect infusion. Presenting gruesome photographs in B&W might reduce jurors’ emotional reactions while maintaining their probative information.
Effect of a mass casualty incident: clinical outcomes and hospital charges for casualty patients versus concurrent inpatients.

OBJECTIVES A mass casualty incident (MCI) may strain a health care system beyond surge capacity, affecting patterns of care for casualties and other patients. Prior studies of MCIs have assessed clinical care for casualty patients, but have not examined outcomes or expenditures for noncasualty inpatients in the same time period. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of administrative hospital claims in a state where an MCI with over 200 casualties occurred; two hospitals that admitted casualties of >5% of their inpatient capacity were studied. The "surge period" was defined as 7 days after the MCI. Using diagnostic codes, patients admitted on the MCI day with diagnoses of burns or inhalation injury were included in the "MCI surge cohort. " Patients admitted within a time frame of 7 days prior to 7 days after the MCI who were inpatients during the surge period were included in the "non-MCI surge cohort. " The authors compared the MCI and non-MCI surge cohorts to a mutually exclusive reference cohort (all inpatients during 6 weeks prior to the MCI), regarding key outcomes of hospital length of stay (LOS) and hospital charges adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and severity of illness. RESULTS Fifty-five patients met criteria for the MCI surge cohort, 1,369 for the non-MCI surge cohort, and 5,980 for the reference group. Compared with the reference group and adjusted for covariates, the mean (±SD) hospital LOS was 4.90 (±1.85) days longer for the MCI surge cohort (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.67 to 8.84) and 1.34 (±0.16) days longer for the non-MCI surge cohort (95% CI = 1.00 to 1.65). The MCI cohort also had significantly longer mean hospital LOS than the non-MCI surge cohort (difference = 3.56 days; 95% CI = 0.36 to 7.36). Also adjusted for covariates, mean (±SD) total hospital charges for the MCI surge cohort were $22,349 (±$8,342) greater than for the reference group (95% CI = $8,182 to $39,485). Mean (±SD) charges for the non-MCI surge cohort were $4,028 (±$633) greater than for the reference group (95% CI = $2,792 to $5,196). The MCI cohort also had higher mean total charges than the non-MCI surge cohort (difference = $18,321; 95% CI = $4,488 to $34,980). CONCLUSIONS When adjusted for severity of illness, casualty patients and noncasualty patients receiving concurrent hospital care have significantly longer LOS and higher charges than typical hospital patients at times unaffected by MCIs. Spillover effects from MCIs for noncasualty patients have not been previously described and have implications for clinical and hospital management in MCI and other high-surge circumstances.
The Futalosine Pathway Played an Important Role in Menaquinone Biosynthesis during Early Prokaryote Evolution

Menaquinone (MK) is an important component of the electron-transfer system in prokaryotes. One of its precursors, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate, can be synthesized from chorismate by the classical MK pathway. Interestingly, in some bacteria, chorismate can also be converted to 1,4-dihydroxy-6-naphthoate by four enzymes encoded by mqnABCD in an alternative futalosine pathway. In this study, six crucial enzymes belonging to these two independent nonhomologous pathways were identified in the predicted proteomes of prokaryotes representing a broad phylogenetic distribution. Although the classical MK pathway was found in 32.1% of the proteomes, more than twice the proportion containing the futalosine pathway, the latter was found in a broader taxonomic range of organisms (18 of 31 phyla). The prokaryotes equipped with the classical MK pathway were almost all aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, but those with the futalosine pathway were not only aerobic or facultatively anaerobic but also anaerobic. Phylogenies of enzymes of the classical MK pathway indicated that its genes in archaea were probably acquired by an ancient horizontal gene transfer from bacterial donors. Therefore, the organization of the futalosine pathway likely predated that of the classical MK pathway in the evolutionary history of prokaryotes.
From Deficit to Asset: Locating Discursive Resistance in a Refugee-Background Student’s Written and Oral Narrative

ABSTRACT This article examines how a refugee-background student of Somali Bantu heritage employs linguistic resources to make sense of his experience with forced migration, resettlement, and formal education. Much of the educational research on refugee-background students (and other groups of English learners) propagates a deficit orientation in which educational gaps and challenges, rather than educational resources and potential, are the central focus. In contrast, this student’s written and oral narratives construct a different identity, reframing his experience in terms of asset rather than deficit. Our discussion of asset discourse focuses on three central themes: agency, critical awareness, and contribution. This analysis suggests broader implications for research in educational linguistics and related fields.
A systematic study of water models for molecular simulation: Derivation of water models optimized for use with a reaction field

We have performed long molecular dynamics simulations of water using four popular water models, namely simple point charge (SPC), extended simple point charge (SPC/E), and the three point (TIP3P) and four point (TIP4P) transferable intermolecular potentials. System sizes of 216 and 820 molecules were used to study the dependence of properties on the system size. All systems were simulated at 300 K with and without reaction fields and with two different cutoff radii, in order to study the impact of the cutoff treatment on density, energy, dynamic, and dielectric properties. Furthermore we generated two special-purpose water models based on the SPC and TIP4P models, for use with a reaction field. The atomic charges and the Lennard-Jones C12 parameter were optimized to reproduce the correct energy and pressure using the weak coupling algorithm for parameters. Indeed, in simulations without parameter coupling of both new models the density and potential energy were found to be close to the experimental values.
Detecting time periods of differential gene expression using Gaussian processes: an application to endothelial cells exposed to radiotherapy dose fraction

MOTIVATION Identifying the set of genes differentially expressed along time is an important task in two-sample time course experiments. Furthermore, estimating at which time periods the differential expression is present can provide additional insight into temporal gene functions. The current differential detection methods are designed to detect difference along observation time intervals or on single measurement points, warranting dense measurements along time to characterize the full temporal differential expression patterns. RESULTS We propose a novel Bayesian likelihood ratio test to estimate the differential expression time periods. Applying the ratio test to systems of genes provides the temporal response timings and durations of gene expression to a biological condition. We introduce a novel non-stationary Gaussian process as the underlying expression model, with major improvements on model fitness on perturbation and stress experiments. The method is robust to uneven or sparse measurements along time. We assess the performance of the method on realistically simulated dataset and compare against state-of-the-art methods. We additionally apply the method to the analysis of primary human endothelial cells under an ionizing radiation stress to study the transcriptional perturbations over 283 measured genes in an attempt to better understand the role of endothelium in both normal and cancer tissues during radiotherapy. As a result, using the cascade of differential expression periods, domain literature and gene enrichment analysis, we gain insights into the dynamic response of endothelial cells to irradiation. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION R package 'nsgp' is available at www.ibisc. fr/en/logiciels_arobas.
Social Comparison as the Thief of Joy: Emotional Consequences of Viewing Strangers’ Instagram Posts

ABSTRACT This experiment investigates the emotional consequences of viewing strangers’ positive posts on Instagram. From a social comparison perspective, strangers’ positive posts on social media are expected to negatively affect viewers’ emotions. From an emotional contagion perspective, strangers’ positive posts should positively affect viewers’ emotions. The current lab experiment examines both the social comparison and the emotional contagion perspective while taking individual differences into account. Participants viewed positive, neutral, or no posts of confederates. In support of the social comparison perspective, individuals who tend to compare themselves to others reported lower positive affect if they had viewed positive posts than if they had viewed neutral or no posts. In support of the emotional contagion perspective, individuals who tend not to engage in social comparison reported higher positive affect after viewing positive posts than after viewing neutral or no posts. These findings indicate that individual differences in processing tendencies lead people to respond to social information on social media in opposite ways.
Genome‐based analysis of virulence genes in a non‐biofilm‐forming Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (ATCC 12228)

Staphylococcus epidermidis strains are diverse in their pathogenicity; some are invasive and cause serious nosocomial infections, whereas others are non‐pathogenic commensal organisms. To analyse the implications of different virulence factors in Staphylococcus epidermidis infections, the complete genome of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain ATCC 12228, a non‐biofilm forming, non‐infection associated strain used for detection of residual antibiotics in food products, was sequenced. This strain showed low virulence by mouse and rat experimental infections. The genome consists of a single 2499 279 bp chromosome and six plasmids. The chromosomal G + C content is 32.1% and 2419 protein coding sequences (CDS) are predicted, among which 230 are putative novel genes. Compared to the virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus, aside from δ‐haemolysin and β‐haemolysin, other toxin genes were not found. In contrast, the majority of adhesin genes are intact in ATCC 12228. Most strikingly, the ica operon coding for the enzymes synthesizing interbacterial cellular polysaccharide is missing in ATCC 12228 and rearrangements of adjacent genes are shown. No mec genes, IS256, IS257, were found in ATCC 12228. It is suggested that the absence of the ica operon is a genetic marker in commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis strains which are less likely to become invasive.
Perceptions of psychological recommendation strategies: A review

School psychology reports typically include program recommendations for teachers to implement with their students. These recommendations, however, are not always followed up. This brief review identifies and discusses some of the factors which may account for this phenomenon. Lack of research in the field is evident, particularly in the Australian context. Issues of role identification of psychologists in the school system, and the expectations of them held by teaching staff are discussed.
Applicability of condensation particle counters to measure atmospheric clusters

This study presents an evaluation of a pulse height condensation particle counter (PH-CPC) and an expansion condensation particle counter (E-CPC) in terms of measuring ambient and laboratory-generated molecular and ion clusters. Ambient molecular cluster concentrations were measured with both instruments as they were deployed in conjunction with an ion spectrometer and other aerosol instruments in Hyytiala, Finland at the SMEAR II station between 1 March and 30 June 2007. The observed cluster concentrations varied and ranged from some thousands to 100 000 cm −3 . Both instruments showed similar (within a factor of ~5) concentrations. An average size of the detected clusters was approximately 1.8 nm. As the atmospheric measurement of sub 2-nm particles and molecular clusters is a challenging task, we conclude that most likely we were unable to detect the smallest clusters. Nevertheless, the reported concentrations are the best estimates to date for minimum cluster concentrations in a boreal forest environment.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Long Chain Polymer Melts: Crossover from Rouse to Reptation Dynamics

We present data from Monte Carlo simulations for monodisperse linear polymer chains in dense melts with degrees of polymerization between N = 16 and N = 512. The aim of this study is to investigate the crossover from Rouse-like dynamics for short chains to reptation-like dynamics for long chains. To address this problem, we calculate a variety of different quantities: standard mean-square displacements of inner monomers and of the chain's center of mass, the recently proposed cubic invariant (Ebert, U.; et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 1592), persistence of bond-vector orientation with time, and the autocorrelation functions of the bond vector, the end-to-end vector, and the Rouse modes. This analysis reveals that the crossover from nonentangled to entangled dynamics is very protracted. Even the biggest chain length N = 512, which is about 14 times larger than the entanglement length, shows no clear evidence for reptation. In the opposite limit of short chains, no pure Rouse behavior is found either. Lo.
Lithium induces microcysts and polyuria in adolescent rat kidney independent of cyclooxygenase‐2

In patients, chronic treatment with lithium leads to renal microcysts and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). It was hypothesized that renal cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) activity promotes microcyst formation and NDI. Kidney microcysts were induced in male adolescent rats by feeding dams with lithium (50 mmol/kg chow) from postnatal days 7–34. Lithium treatment induced somatic growth retardation, renal microcysts and dilatations in cortical collecting duct; it increased cortical cell proliferation and inactive pGSK‐3β abundance; it lowered aquaporin‐2 (AQP2) protein abundance and induced polyuria with decreased ability to concentrate the urine; and it increased COX‐2 protein level in thick ascending limb. Concomitant treatment with lithium and a specific COX‐2 inhibitor, parecoxib (5 mg/kg per day, P10–P34), did not prevent lithium‐induced microcysts and polyuria, but improved urine concentrating ability transiently after a 1‐desamino‐8‐D‐arginine vasopressin challenge. COX‐2 inhibition did not reduce cortical lithium‐induced cell proliferation and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β). COX‐1 protein abundance increased in rat kidney cortex in response to lithium. COX‐1 immunoreactivity was found in microcyst epithelium in rat kidney. A human nephrectomy specimen from a patient treated for 28 years with lithium displayed multiple, COX‐1‐immunopositive, microcysts. In chronic lithium‐treated adolescent rats, COX‐2 is not colocalized with microcystic epithelium, mitotic activity, and inactive pGSK‐3β in collecting duct; a blocker of COX‐2 does not prevent cell proliferation, cyst formation, or GSK‐3β inactivation. It is concluded that COX‐2 activity is not the primary cause for microcysts and polyuria in a NaCl‐substituted rat model of lithium nephropathy. COX‐1 is a relevant candidate to affect the injured epithelium.
Zonal Polynomials and Hypergeometric Functions of Quaternion Matrix Argument

We define zonal polynomials of quaternion matrix argument and deduce some impor-tant formulae of zonal polynomials and hypergeometric functions of quaternion matrix argument. As an application, we give the distributions of the largest and smallest eigenvalues of a quaternion central Wishart matrix W ∼ ℚW(n, Σ), respectively.
Only tetracaine and not other local anaesthetics induce apoptosis in rat cortical astrocytes.

BACKGROUND The potential risks of neurotoxicity due to local anaesthetics after regional anaesthesia have been suggested recently. To evaluate the neurotoxicity of commonly used local anaesthetics, primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes were treated with lidocaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and tetracaine. METHODS Cell death after local anaesthetic treatment was evaluated with a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. To examine the mechanisms of cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement and western blots of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), procaspase-3, and mitogen-activated protein kinases family members were performed. RESULTS Of the local anaesthetics, which were applied at <1 mM for 18 h, only tetracaine significantly increased LDH leakage (P<0.05) and cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hoechst 33258-propidium iodide staining and western blots with PARP and procaspase-3 antibodies suggested that tetracaine induced apoptosis. ROS levels increased 2-fold at 30 min after tetracaine treatment compared with the control and then decreased. The antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine and trolox, markedly inhibited tetracaine-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Tetracaine induced apoptosis through ROS generation. Further studies focusing on the neurotoxicity of tetracaine are needed.
Does Risk Pay? An Analysis of Short Gamma Trading Strategies and Volatility Forecasting in the Swaptions Market

Acknowledgements First and foremost we would like to thank Professor Emma Rasiel, our faculty advisor, for her thoughtful critiques and suggestions. Without her, this paper would not have been possible. In addition, we are especially grateful to Professor Michelle Connolly for her constant support and encouragement, and to Professor Tim Bollerslev for his guidance and expertise. Finally, we would like to thank Richie Prager and Bank of America for providing us with the data necessary to perform this analysis. Abstract We evaluate short gamma trading strategies in the interest rate swaptions market from January 4 th , 1999 to January 19 th , 2007, and test the effectiveness of swaption proprietary forecasted volatility at predicting future realized volatility. We find that swaptions market proprietary forecasted volatility is an effective estimator; there is no risk premium priced into swaption prices and hence short gamma strategies are not profitable. We find that the market on average underprices interest rate swaptions by underestimating forward realized volatility.
Exposure in and Out of School: A Black Bermudian Male's Successful Educational Journey

Background/Context The influence of non-school based venues has been historically significant for people of African descent who have often had to buttress their schoolhouse experiences with support from community-based influences. For example, Black churches, barbershops and athletic environments like basketball courts, and soccer and cricket clubs are particularly relevant for Black males in spaces like Bermuda and urban communities in the United States. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Drawing on a larger oral history project, this paper reports the findings of a secondary narrative analysis of a Black Bermudian male to provide an in-depth understanding of his in-school and out-ofschool educational experiences, identity construction and success. The authors seek to answer the following research question: How does a Black Bermudian male describe the impact of his ethnic community for shaping his successful educational journey? Research Design While the larger oral history study includes data collected from 12 Black Bermudian males, the scope of this article specifically focuses on the secondary narrative analysis of the experiences of one of the participants, Brandon Smith. As a published author, high-ranking civil servant, and prominent community leader, Brandon is arguably one of the most successful Black Bermudian males of his generation. Findings/Results The results of the study reveal that the participant's educational success was undergirded by his exposure to varying constructs related to his personal and cultural identity; exposure to engaged educators, mentors, spaces, and opportunities in elementary, secondary, and post-secondary settings; and exposure to mechanisms of identity and success in the geographical spaces of Bermuda, the Caribbean, and the United States. Conclusions/Recommendations Three subsections of the participant's exposure are discussed in the manuscript: nondeficit community and school-based exposure, multigenerational academically legitimizing support, and border crossing exposure. This study suggests that a Black Bermudian male can experience educational success when his educational journey inside and outside of school provides balance between his knowledge and acceptance of his identity. The authors contend that the schoolhouse is not the only space or variable that defines or prepares Black males for academic (or personal) success. Furthermore, many students who identify as African American in school may also have familial connections to the Caribbean, Africa, South America, Europe, Bermuda, and other jurisdictions. As such, educators should consider the significance of regional differences on Black male identities (e.g., North, South, East, West, Midwestern), and find ways to help students see relevance between their personal identities and larger causes and contexts.