Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning Disabled Students' Engaged Time and Classroom Interaction: The Impact of Computer Assisted Instruction

The affective, social, and behavioral responses of learning disabled students to computer assisted instruction are important both as significant outcomes themselves and as variables that may influence achievement. This study investigated two sets of variables that might influence achievement differences between computer assisted drill and practice (CADP) and independent seat-work: engaged time and interactions with teachers and peers. Twenty-four learning disabled students in six self-contained classrooms were observed during CADP and seatwork. During CADP, students spent significantly more time attending to academic content (engaged time) and waiting and significantly less time off task. Total time interacting with teachers and peers did not differ, but the type of help students received from teachers and the amount of time teachers and students spent watching were different. Implications for research and implementation of microcomputers in special education settings are discussed.
Numerical and experimental investigations of human swimming motions

ABSTRACT This paper reviews unsteady flow conditions in human swimming and identifies the limitations and future potential of the current methods of analysing unsteady flow. The capability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been extended from approaches assuming steady-state conditions to consideration of unsteady/transient conditions associated with the body motion of a swimmer. However, to predict hydrodynamic forces and the swimmer’s potential speeds accurately, more robust and efficient numerical methods are necessary, coupled with validation procedures, requiring detailed experimental data reflecting local flow. Experimental data obtained by particle image velocimetry (PIV) in this area are limited, because at present observations are restricted to a two-dimensional 1.0 m2 area, though this could be improved if the output range of the associated laser sheet increased. Simulations of human swimming are expected to improve competitive swimming, and our review has identified two important advances relating to understanding the flow conditions affecting performance in front crawl swimming: one is a mechanism for generating unsteady fluid forces, and the other is a theory relating to increased speed and efficiency.
The Effects of Locus of Control, Academic Failure and Task Dimensions on a Student’s Responsiveness to Praise 1

The present study investigated the responsiveness to praise of 285 elementary school pupils as a function of task variables and subject characteristics. The individual difference variables of locus of control and previous school-related failure were utilized. Analyses of the effects of praise differed considerably between an ambiguous coding and an academic reading task. Male subjects with an external locus of control orientation were responsive to praise on the coding task. Female subjects were generally not responsive, regardless of individual characteristics. Reading test residual gains, however, were affected by prior experiences of failure and praise. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the importance of integrating task variables into aptitude-treatment interaction research.
Knowledge Gaps, Belief Gaps, Ideology, and Culture Wars

Ideological and partisan fissures increasingly divide the United States into opposing factions. This article discusses a theoretical framework for research on knowledge and belief gaps in order to better understand increasing gulfs between conservatives and liberals. The perspective develops from “knowledge gap” research (Tichenor, Donohue, & Olien, 1970), a “belief-knowledge gap” hypothesis (Gaziano & Gaziano, 1999, 2009), and Hindman’s “belief gap” research (2009, 2012). Hindman distinguished between knowledge as empirically observed by scientists and beliefs or views accepted without an empirical foundation, frequently based on religious faith. He, like Gaziano and Gaziano, considered knowledge to be socially constructed. The Gaziano and Gaziano perspective treats knowledge as a form of belief and ideology as a multifaceted concept, maintaining that social and political groups differ in personality, values, moral foundations, attitudes, reasoning styles, conceptions of power relations, and even neurological and genetic make-up. This helps to explain why conservatives and liberals can appear to be two cultures. Their level of analysis is collective, rather than individual, a main tenet is that beliefs are knowledge, and the unit of analysis is “belief-knowledge” differences between ideological segments of social subsystems. This perspective advocates approaching ideology from a viewpoint of understanding differences. One can begin to frame solutions to ideological conflicts by accepting the other side as valid, by trying to understand the differences, and by appealing to the other cultural groups’ values, conceptual systems, mores, and social life. An important question is how the interests and beliefs of conservatives and liberals, as well as moderates, can be addressed to improve social and political system functioning instead of driving them further apart. The article proposes hypotheses and research questions for future research.
Wide Spread Cross Resistance to Pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Veracruz State Mexico

ABSTRACT Seven F1 strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) were evaluated by bottle bioassay for resistance to the pyrethroids d-phenothrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, &lgr;-cyalothrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, á-cypermethrin, and z-cypermethrin. The New Orleans strain was used as a susceptible control. Mortality rates after a 1 h exposure and after a 24 h recovery period were determined. The resistance ratio between the 50% knockdown values (RRKC50) of the F1 and New Orleans strains indicated high levels of knockdown resistance. The RRKC50 with &agr;-cypermethrin varied from 10 to 100 among strains indicating high levels of knockdown resistance. Most of the strains had moderate resistance to (d-phenothrin. Significant but much lower levels of resistance were detected for &lgr;-cyalothrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin. For z-cypermethrin and bifenthrin, only one strain exhibited resistance with RRKC50 values of 10- and 21-fold, respectively. None of the strains showed RRKC50 >10 with deltamethrin, and moderate resistance was seen in three strains, while the rest were susceptible. Mosquitoes from all strains exhibited some recovery from all pyrethroids except d-phenothrin. Regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between RRKC50 and RRKC50. Both were highly correlated (R2 = 0.84-0.97) so that the slope could be used to determine how much additional pyrethroid was needed to ensure lethality. Slopes ranged from 0.875 for d-phenothrin (RRLC50 RRKC50) to 8.67 for ë-cyalothrin (∼8.5-fold more insecticide needed to kill). Both RRLC50 and RRKC50 values were highly correlated for all pyrethroids except bifenthrin indicating strong cross-resistance. Bifenthrin appears to be an alternative pyrethroid without strong cross-resistance that could be used as an alternative to the current widespread use of permethrin in Mexico.
COMPUTATION OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE GAIN OF SAMPLED-DATA SYSTEMS

Abstract This paper provides a condition to determine the frequency response gain of sampled-data systems is less than a given positive number for its bisection computation. In contrast to existing conditions, there is no assumption on the norm of the related state space compression operators. The derived condition also unifies the computation of the frequency response gain of sampled-data systems and the induced norm of state-space compression operators.
Vulnerability of settling plaice Pleuronectes platessa to predation: effects of developmental stage and alternative prey

Plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. metamorphose when they change from a pelagic to a benthic habitat during settlement. The effect of developmental stage (i.e. before, during and after metamorphosis) on the vulnerability of reared plaice was tested in laboratory experiments with the epibenthic brown shrimp Crangon crangon as predator. The developmental effect was studied in the presence and absence of the alternative prey Corophium volutator to investigate if the predator's preference for plaice would change with developmental stage. In addition, I investigated the size dependency of shrimp predation on metamorphosing plaice. The vulnerability to predation de- creased from the last bilaterally symmetrical stage to the early juvenile stage of plaice, with meta- morphosing plaice being intermediate in vulnerability. The decrease was primarily caused by a developmental change in the ability to evade the predator following an encounter. Presence of alter- native prey decreased mortality in all developmental stages of plaice, but no interaction was found between the effect of developmental stage and alternative prey to indicate a change in prey prefer- ence by the predator. The rapid change in vulnerability to predation during metamorphosis suggests that the developmental stage at settlement is of great importance for the initial survival of plaice recruits. Predation by shrimps on metamorphosing plaice was inversely size-dependent and related to the predator's ability to hold on to the prey once captured.
Time perception deficits in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and comorbid reading difficulties in child and adolescent samples.

BACKGROUND Our objective was to investigate time perception in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid reading difficulties (RD) in child and adolescent participants. METHOD In study 1, 50 children with ADHD (31 ADHD, 19 ADHD+RD) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 50) completed three psychophysical tasks: duration discrimination (target duration of 400 ms versus a foil duration), frequency discrimination (a control condition to evaluate general perceptual ability), and a duration estimation task using the method of reproduction for intervals of 400 ms, 2000 ms, and 6000 ms. Study 2 used the same tasks with an adolescent sample (35 ADHD, 24 ADHD+RD, 39 controls). RESULTS In both studies, children and adolescents with ADHD and ADHD+RD displayed some impairments in duration discrimination and the precision with which they reproduced the intervals on the estimation task, particularly the shorter 400 ms interval. The most severe impairments tended to occur in the comorbid ADHD+RD group. No impairments were found on the frequency discrimination task. ADHD participants also displayed significant intra-individual variability in their performance on the estimation task. Finally, short-term and working memory, estimated full-scale IQ, and teacher report of hyperactivity/impulsivity were found to differentially predict performance on the time perception measures in the adolescent clinical sample. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in duration discrimination, duration estimation, and intra-individual performance variability may have cascaded effects on the temporal organisation of behaviour in children and adolescents with ADHD and ADHD+RD.
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroprevalence in population-based samples of African children: evidence for at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission.

BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is endemic among adult populations in Africa. A prevailing view is that childhood transmission is primarily responsible for the high seroprevalence of KSHV among adults that is observed throughout the continent. However, few studies have directly examined children, particularly in locations where KS is not commonly endemic. METHODS Participants were children aged 1.5-8.9 years, including 427 children from a population-based sample in South Africa, 422 from a population-based sample in Uganda, and 567 from a clinic-based sample in Uganda. All serum specimens were tested by the same laboratory for KSHV antibodies with use of 2 enzyme immunoassays (against K8.1 and ORF65) and 1 immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS KSHV seroprevalence was 7.5%-9.0% among South African children and was not associated with age. In contrast, in the Ugandan population-based sample, KSHV seroprevalence increased from 10% among 2-year-old children to 30.6% among 8-year-old children (P(trend) < . 001). In the Ugandan clinic-based sample, seroprevalence increased from 9.3% among 2-year-old children to 36.4% among 8-year-old children (P(trend) < . 001). CONCLUSION Two distinct relationships between age and KSHV infection among children imply that KSHV transmission among children is not uniform throughout Africa and is therefore not always responsible for the high seroprevalence observed in adults. There are at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission in Africa.
When Freud Was New Again: the Pleasure of Reading French Psychoanalysis

For those of us who know France more through the gentle comforts of its food and wine than through the violence of its history and politics, the monumental anthology Reading French Psychoanalysis may prove a rude awakening. It is a book that will challenge many American readers intellectually, even relentlessly. It tells the story of a psychoanalytic universe that evolved from ruins of the Second World War into a generative culture mixing classicism and innovation in the 1980s and ’90s. The first French analysts formed two factions. On one side, a group of young psychiatrists, including Angelo Hesnard, édouard Pichon, and René Laforgue, expressed nationalist feelings and allegiances to master teachers, such as Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet. They imagined a French psychoanalysis purged of its Germanic roots. On the other, Marie Bonaparte and a group of émigrés, including Rudolf Loewenstein and Eugénie Sokolnicka—a Polish citizen who had a training analysis with Freud before settling in Paris—devoted themselves to disseminating Freud’s work and to the international psychoanalytic movement.
Social climate in diverse university departments: the role of internal knowledge sharing

Background: A good social climate is a precondition for developing a well functioning staff in university departments. However, as universities are becoming increasingly diverse in their staff composition, new problems for the social climate may develop. Organisations where members are open to diversity are known to be better integrated and to perform better. While the relation between a positive social climate and group functioning is well documented, we know much less about antecedents for such a climate. Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of internal learning and knowledge sharing engagement (sharing informal knowledge of a personal nature and the staff's application of each other's knowledge to task relevant problems) on diversity climate (openness to linguistic, visual, value and informational diversity) among university teachers. Sample: The study used questionnaire responses from 489 teachers in multicultural Danish university departments. Design and methods: To study antecedents for a good diversity climate, statistical analysis including hierarchical multiple regressions was applied. Conclusions: Results showed that group members' engagement in: (1) sharing informal knowledge of a personal nature; and (2) their application of each other's knowledge to task relevant problems had strong positive associations with openness to linguistic, visible, value and informational diversity. We conclude that interaction and knowledge sharing among teachers in multicultural departments is likely to have a favourable effect on the social working climate.
Reproductive outcome of fresh or frozen-thawed embryo transfer is similar in high-risk patients for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome using GnRH agonist for final oocyte maturation and intensive luteal support.

BACKGROUND Triggering ovulation by GnRH agonist (GnRHa) in GnRH antagonist IVF protocols coupled with adequate luteal phase support has recently been suggested as a means to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Our objective was to examine the outcome of fresh embryo transfer (f-ET) after triggering ovulation by GnRHa and providing intensive luteal phase supplementation, compared with that of the next first frozen-thawed embryo transfer (ft-ET) after cycles with the same protocol and cryopreservation of all the embryos. METHODS We performed a cohort study at a university-based IVF clinic. The study population was patients at high risk for OHSS. A daily dose of 50 mg i.m. progesterone in oil and 6 mg of oral 17-β-estradiol initiated on oocyte retrieval day in the f-ET group (n= 70). In the ft-ET group (n= 40) the embryos were cryopreserved and transferred in the next cycle. RESULTS The live birth rate per f-ET was 27.1 versus 20% in the ft-ET groups [P = 0.4; rate ratio = 1.36 (0.65-2.81)]. The implantation, pregnancy and spontaneous abortion rates were comparable in both groups. None of the patients developed OHSS. CONCLUSIONS In this observational cohort study, we showed that triggering ovulation with GnRHa and intensive luteal phase support is a promising new modality to prevent OHSS without the cost of cycle cancellation, ET deferral and reduced clinical pregnancy rates. Confirmation of these findings by RCTs is now required.
Availability of Donor Corneal Tissue for Transplantation

The utilization rate of available donor corneas is very low almost everywhere. The present work was undertaken to study the rate of acceptability of donor corneas in a city eye bank in India. Donor eyes were evaluated under slit lamp examination and tissue quality was categorized as: very good; good; fair; and poor -following the guidelines laid down by the Eye Bank Association of America in 1992. One hundred and eight eyes (from 54 donors) were studied. The mean age of the donors was 75.9 years (range 30–97 years). Thirty-nine (36%) eyes were of very good to good quality and of these 37 (34.3%) were acceptable for grafting either for optical or therapeutic purposes. Sixty-one (56.4%) eyes were not acceptable owing to fair to poor tissue quality. Four (3.7%) eyes were discarded on medical grounds and six (5.6%) were discarded both because of fair to poor tissue quality and on medical grounds. Twenty-three of 50 tissues (46%) available from donors aged 75 years or younger were acceptable while 14 of 58 (24.1%) tissues from donors over 75 years were acceptable.
Self-Paced Instruction: An Innovation that Failed

might also be wise to include training in sociology and anthropology, inasmuch as candidates with these qualifications were considered most appealing by all the high schools, and the same types of courses proposed for current teachers would be important for future teachers. Furthermore, teachers with this extra preparation might spark the creation of social science departments in the high schools in which psychology would come to be viewed as a subject matter in its own right, rather than, for example, as the history teacher's extra course. Such teacher-training programs, successfully implemented, would thus benefit the high schools, in that such programs would provide the high schools with productive, professional teachers equipped to offer more than general psychology courses. The students as well as the teachers themselves would also benefit from teacher-training programs: teachers would be able to acquire the knowledge and the competence to represent psychology as the science it is, and students would be able to receive a more comprehensive education in psychology, which up to the present has been lacking.
Young Children's Perspectives on Learning and Teacher Practices in Different Classroom Contexts: Implications for Motivation

Primary studentsa' perceptions of teacher practices and learning were investigated in two different classroom contexts: learner-centered (LC) and non-learner-centered (NLC). Sixty-six children in kindergarten, first, and second grades evaluated and explained teacher practices, reported self-perceptions, and expressed views on good teachers and learning in school. Results indicate that primary students value similar characteristics in teachers regardless of differences in classroom contexts or grade levels. In general, students reported that good teachers are caring, helpful (responsive), and stimulating. Furthermore, results showed that young children's interest in schoolwork and learning was lower in NLC classrooms than in LC classrooms, particularly for students who perceived their teachers as not being supportive and stimulating. Children's views of how learning occurs tended to be consistent with the practices in their classrooms (i.e. self-directed and process-oriented versus teacher-directed and basic skills-oriented). However, children who held contemporary views of learning that were inconsistent with practices in their NLC classrooms showed signs of becoming alienated from school. These results are interpreted in terms of self-determination theory, learner-centered psychological principles, and developmentally-appropriate practice. The importance of considering young children's perspectives for continuing motivation to learn is highlighted.
Phylogeography and molecular phylogeny of Macaronesian island Tarphius (Coleoptera: Zopheridae): why are there so few species in the Azores?

Aim We used a phylogenetic framework to examine island colonization and predictions pertaining to differentiation within Macaronesian Tarphius (Insecta, Coleoptera, Zopheridae), and explain the paucity of endemics in the Azores compared with other Macaronesian archipelagos. Specifically, we test whether low diversity in the Azores could be due to recent colonization (phylogenetic lineage youth), cryptic speciation (distinct phylogenetic entities within species) or the young geological age of the archipelago.
Knowledge about Others' Reaction to a Public Service Announcement: The Impact on Self Persuasion and Third-Person Perception

This study, an experiment, explored the impact of perceived knowledge about others on self persuasion and third-person perception. Subjects were divided into groups and were told that a public service announcement about organ donation had succeeded in persuading other people, had failed to persuade others, or were given no information. A first-person effect was found. Also, first-person persuasion decreased when subjects believed others had evaluated the PSA. Finally, subjects tended to explain third-person reaction to the PSA in ways that placed others in a negative light. Engaging in self-enhancement is offered as an explanation for these findings.