Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS AT z = 0.1–3 IN COSMOS

Large-scale structures (LSSs) out to z < 3.0 are measured in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) using extremely accurate photometric redshifts (photoz). The Ks-band-selected sample (from Ultra-Vista) is comprised of 155,954 galaxies. Two techniques—adaptive smoothing and Voronoi tessellation—are used to estimate the environmental densities within 127 redshift slices. Approximately 250 statistically significant overdense structures are identified out to z = 3.0 with shapes varying from elongated filamentary structures to more circularly symmetric concentrations. We also compare the densities derived for COSMOS with those based on semi-analytic predictions for a ΛCDM simulation and find excellent overall agreement between the mean densities as a function of redshift and the range of densities. The galaxy properties (stellar mass, spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and star formation rates (SFRs)) are strongly correlated with environmental density and redshift, particularly at z < 1.0–1.2. Classifying the spectral type of each galaxy using the rest-frame b − i color (from the photoz SED fitting), we find a strong correlation of early-type galaxies (E-Sa) with high-density environments, while the degree of environmental segregation varies systematically with redshift out to z ∼ 1.3. In the highest density regions, 80% of the galaxies are early types at z = 0.2 compared to only 20% at z = 1.5. The SFRs and the star formation timescales exhibit clear environmental correlations. At z > 0.8, the SFR density is uniformly distributed over all environmental density percentiles, while at lower redshifts the dominant contribution is shifted to galaxies in lower density environments.
Ethnomethodologic analysis of accounts of feeding demented residents in long-term care.

PURPOSE To describe the self-organizing activities and the unspoken knowledge that nursing assistants employ in performing the work of feeding as a routine part of their activities. In U.S. long-term care facilities, activities related to medical and nursing care are frequently based on the ability of nursing assistants to successfully accomplish the work of feeding. Nurses are not always aware of the difficulties involved in feeding nor the means by which food is offered and intake calculated. DESIGN Qualitative phenomenologic. METHODS Observations were conducted during 12 weekday mealtimes, October and November 1994. Data were collected using participant observation of mealtimes in the congregate dining room of one licensed long-term care facility. Data were analyzed using the framework of ethnomethodology to indicate the methods nursing assistants used to make sense of their interactions with demented residents. FINDINGS Nursing assistants used several common behaviors: grouping the "difficult feeders" together; "marking the borders" by maintaining a tidy tray; and "loading the spoon" to maximize the amount of food given at one time. Estimations of the quantity of intake varied according to ideas about the nutritional content of various foods. CONCLUSIONS Unsuccessful feeding interactions have implications for the quality of life for the demented. When inadequate intake leads to significant weight loss, medical and nursing interventions should be implemented.
Challenging stereotypes: Muslim girls talk about physical activity, physical education and sport

Often labelled as ‘problematic’ within health and physical education (HPE) and sporting literature, young Muslim women's participation is frequently understood through both cultural and religious limitations seen to be placed upon them. Although these factors are negotiated by many young Muslim women, and contribute to the way in which some will understand and participate in physical activity, it would be misleading of those working within the fields of HPE and sport to assume that these are definitive, and apply to all. Through exploring the diverse ways in which eleven young, Australian Muslim women spoke about, and engaged in, physical activity, we provide a different narrative for HPE teachers and community based practitioners to both consider and draw upon in their curriculum and policy design and daily practices.
The impact of free cash flow, financial leverage and accounting regulation on earnings management in Australia’s “old” and “new” economies

Outlines the rapid growth of “new economy” companies in Australia and compares their levels of earnings management with “old economy” firms, using data on all Australian listed companies. Reviews the relevant research, explains the methodology and presents the results. Shows that the old economy firms do engage in significant earnings management which is positively associated with leverage and free cash flow levels but, surprisingly, that this is far less evident in the new economic sector. Considers consistency with other research, the underlying reasons for the findings (including regulatory constraints) and opportunities for further research.
Association of CYP2J2 gene polymorphisms with ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the relationship between CYP2J2 gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke (IS) in a Chinese Han population. METHODS We performed a case-control study including 300 stroke patients and 300 healthy control subjects to compare the distribution of genetic polymorphism G-50T in CYP2J2 gene. RESULTS We found GT genotype of G-50T in CYP2J2 gene was associated with the risk for IS (13.7% vs. 7.7%, P = 0.037). After adjustment of confounders, the difference remains significant (OR = 1.890, 95% CI: 1.042-3.011). CONCLUSION CYP2J2 gene polymorphism might increase the risk of stroke in Chinese population.
GED Candidates and Their Postsecondary Educational Outcomes: A Pilot Study. GED Testing Service[R] Research Studies, 2009-5. Executive Summary.

For most high school non-completers, the GED® credential is the bridge to postsecondary education, but little is known about how successfully they could make that transition and whether their participation shifts across time. The American Council on Education (ACE) has begun a three-year longitudinal study to understand the effect of the GED credential on postsecondary enrollment, persistence, and completion. This study is in support of GED 20/20, a new comprehensive initiative to transition adults without a high school diploma to the GED credential and career and college readiness via accelerated learning. A first step of the study involved piloting the work with a random sample of 1,000 U.S. GED candidates in September 2008. The pilot reports the latest data available from a 2003 cohort of GED candidates who tested shortly after the introduction of the new rigorous 2002 test series. The 307 GED candidates in the pilot attended a total of 369 postsecondary institutions in 44 states. (Some students attended more than one institution.) The vast majority of students who had taken the GED Test initially attended colleges offering programs of two years or less; 78 percent attended public two-year colleges. GED candidates who enrolled in postsecondary institutions enrolled mostly within the first three years after taking the test (i.e., 2003, 2004, or 2005). The vast majority (77 percent) enrolled for a single semester only. Ten of 17 graduates were male, and graduates were either African American, Hispanic, or white. It took graduates an average of 3.8 years to complete their degree program. Major findings of interest in this pilot study reflect a positive relationship between the GED credential and entering postsecondary education. GED credential recipients enrolled in postsecondary education at a significantly higher rate than did non-passers. Women with a GED credential enrolled at a higher rate than male GED credential recipients. Approximately half of GED credential recipients who indicated Enter Two-Year College and Enter Four-Year College as reasons for testing enrolled in postsecondary education after testing. These comparisons suggest that GED credential recipients with the intention to enroll in a two-year or four-year college when testing are more likely to actually do so, compared with GED credential recipients who do not state these goals. Those who earned the GED credential while working part time were more likely to enroll in postsecondary education. GED credential recipients who enrolled in postsecondary education tended to have higher standard scores on the GED Test in all five content areas, and those with higher standard scores were more likely to enroll. A discussion of findings and their implications for future longitudinal research follows. GED Candidates and Postsecondary Outcomes 4
Assessing the status of six sigma implementation in the Indian industry: Results from an exploratory empirical study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results from an empirical investigation of six sigma status in the Indian industry and underrepresented region of investigation on six sigma implementation.Design/methodology/approach – A survey questionnaire which applied in the UK industry is applied in India. The survey is adapted so that it is suitable to Indian industry. The results of the study are based on descriptive statistics.Findings – The results of this empirical study reflect the reasons for application of six sigma by Indian organizations, the most and least commonly used tools and techniques, critical success factors (CSFs) for the implementation of six sigma, and common impediments in the implementation.Research limitations/implications – This study was carried out with some boundaries such as the number of companies surveyed, time and budget constraints. Moreover, a detailed understanding of the status of six sigma applications in Indian industry by means of semi‐structured interviews.
Influence of eye biometrics and corneal micro-structure on noncontact tonometry

Purpose Tonometry is widely used as the main screening tool supporting glaucoma diagnosis. Still, its accuracy could be improved if full knowledge about the variation of the corneal biomechanical properties was available. In this study, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) speckle statistics are used to infer the organisation of the corneal micro-structure and hence, to analyse its influence on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements. Methods Fifty-six subjects were recruited for this prospective study. Macro and micro-structural corneal parameters as well as subject age were considered. Macro-structural analysis included the parameters that are associated with the ocular anatomy, such as central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal radius, axial length, anterior chamber depth and white-to-white corneal diameter. Micro-structural parameters which included OCT speckle statistics were related to the internal organisation of the corneal tissue and its physiological changes during lifetime. The corneal speckle obtained from OCT was modelled with the Generalised Gamma (GG) distribution that is characterised with a scale parameter and two shape parameters. Results In macro-structure analysis, only CCT showed a statistically significant correlation with IOP (R2 = 0.25, p<0.001). The scale parameter and the ratio of the shape parameters of GG distribution showed statistically significant correlation with IOP (R2 = 0.19, p<0.001 and R2 = 0.17, p<0.001, respectively). For the studied group, a weak, although significant correlation was found between age and IOP (R2 = 0.053, p = 0.04). Forward stepwise regression showed that CCT and the scale parameter of the Generalised Gamma distribution can be combined in a regression model (R2 = 0.39, p<0.001) to study the role of the corneal structure on IOP. Conclusions We show, for the first time, that corneal micro-structure influences the IOP measurements obtained from noncontact tonometry. OCT speckle statistics can be employed to learn about the corneal micro-structure and hence, to further calibrate the IOP measurements.
Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation

This paper presents economic models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on skill formation. The goal of this essay is to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies, and for formulating policy. Central to our analysis is the concept that childhood has more than one stage. We formalize the concepts of self-productivity and complementarity of human capital investments and use them to explain the evidence on skill formation. Together, they explain why skill begets skill through a multiplier process. Skill formation is a life cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout life. Families play a role in this process that is far more important than the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate about nature versus nurture is scientifically obsolete. Human capital investment exhibits both self-productivity and complementarity. Skill attainment at one stage of the life cycle raises skill attainment at later stages of the life cycle (self-productivity). Early investment facilitates the productivity of later investment (complementarity). Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments (another aspect of complementarity). This complementarity explains why there is no equity-efficiency trade-off for early investment. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. Remediation of inadequate early investments is difficult and very costly as a consequence of both self-productivity and complementarity.
Income Convergence within and between Countries

The authors study how trade changes the rate of income convergence within and between countries in a model of endogenous growth. An externality in the production of human capital implies that inequality slows down growth under autarky. Eventually incomes converge, raising the growth rate. Trade accelerates (slows down) growth and the rate of income convergence in the poor (rich) country. In the long run, trade ensures that countries grow at the same rate and that the ratio of their incomes tends to one. Trade pattern reversals are possible since the initially wealthy country may be overtaken by the poor country. Copyright 1996 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Multiple effects of the lectin-inhibitory sugars D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine on tsetse-trypanosome interactions

We are studying early events in the establishment of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse midgut using fluorescent trypanosomes to increase visibility. Feeding flies with the lectin-inhibitory sugars D-glucosamine (GlcN) or N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) has previously been shown to enhance fly susceptibility to infection with trypanosomes and, as expected, we found that both sugars increased midgut infection rates of Glossina morsitans morsitans with T. brucei. However, GlcNAc did not show the inhibitory effect on salivary gland infection rate reported previously for GlcN. Both sugars significantly slowed the movement of the bloodmeal along the midgut. GlcN also significantly increased the size of the bloodmeal taken and fly mortality. The most surprising finding was that GlcNAc stimulated trypanosome growth not only in the midgut, but also in vitro in the absence of any factor derived from the fly. Thus our direct comparison of the effects of GlcN and GlcNAc on the trypanosome-tsetse interaction has shown that these sugars impact on trypanosome growth and tsetse physiology in different ways and are not interchangeable as suggested in the literature. The sugars cause multiple effects, not restricted solely to the inhibition of midgut lectins. These findings have implications for current models of tsetse susceptibility to trypanosome infection.
Polycomb group proteins ESC and E(Z) are present in multiple distinct complexes that undergo dynamic changes during development

Summary: The Polycomb Group proteins are required for stable long‐term maintenance of transcriptionally repressed states. Two distinct Polycomb Group complexes have been identified, a 2‐MDa PRC1 complex and a 600‐kDa complex containing the ESC and E(Z) proteins together with the histone deacetylase RPD3 and the histone‐binding protein p55. We report here that there are at least two embryonic ESC/E(Z) complexes that undergo dynamic changes during development and a third larval E(Z) complex that forms after disappearance of ESC. We have identified a larger embryonic ESC complex containing RPD3 and p55, along with E(Z), that is present only until mid‐embryogenesis, while the previously identified 600‐kDa ESC/E(Z) complex persists until the end of embryogenesis. Constitutive overexpression of ESC does not promote abnormal persistence of the larger or smaller embryonic complexes and does not delay a dissociation of E(Z) from the smaller ESC complex or delay appearance of the larval E(Z) complex, indicating that these changes are developmentally programmed and not regulated by the temporal profile of ESC itself. Genetic removal of ESC prevents appearance of E(Z) in the smaller embryonic complex, but does not appear to affect formation of the large embryonic ESC complex or the PRC1 complex. We also show that the ESC complex is already bound to chromosomes in preblastoderm embryos and present genetic evidence that ESC is required during this very early period. genesis 35:114–124, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Competitive orientations among intercollegiate athletes: Is winning the only thing?

In this exploratory investigation of competitive orientations, intercollegiate athletes from a highly competitive Division I program and nonathletes from the same university completed Gill's Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) which assesses competitiveness, win and goal orientation; Vealey's Competitive Orientation Inventory (COI) which assesses the relative importance of performing well (performance) and winning (outcome) in competitive sports; and Helmreich and Spence's Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire (WOFO), a general achievement orientation measure. A Gender X Athlete/Nonathlete MANOVA yielded both gender and athlete/nonathlete main effects and no interaction. The gender difference was most evident for competitiveness scores, with males scoring higher than females on competitiveness and win orientation. Athletes scored higher than nonathletes on most measures, but especially so on the sport-specific competitiveness score. Athletes also placed more emphasis on performance and less on outcome than nonathletes did. A secondary analysis compared the eight athletic teams and revealed considerable variation among teams. Generally the team differences were not gender differences but seemed to reflect the competitive structure of the activity.
On ethical theory in auditing

This article discusses ways of giving support to auditors in addressing moral dilemmas. Codes of Ethics are very important in this context but are in the final analysis insufficient devices, because their necessarily generalised form has to be translated into the specific situation and thus requires acceptance rather than merely adherence. Codes have to be complemented with developed ethical reasoning of accountants. Hence, individual ethical principles are discussed which have been applied to accounting in the recent literature, i.e. utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics and ethics of care. Unsurprisingly, none emerges as giving completely satisfactory solutions. Yet eclecticism can be avoided by using compound models, which combine individual principles to provide reasonably comprehensive cover of decision‐making in a business context.
Developing the global leaders of tomorrow

To achieve aggressive growth goals, many global companies are increasingly recognizing the importance of developing leadership talent—those individuals who demonstrate the ability to become the company's future senior executives. This article focuses on the efforts of one $8 billion consumer products company that has proven itself a leader in global leadership development. It describes how the company is developing its leaders around the world. In-depth observations were made over a period of several years, during which time the author served as both an inside participant in the decision making process and an outside observer of the company's progress. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Study of Granger Causality of Macroeconomic Factors on Indian Stock Markets

Volatility in financial markets is a phenomenon which is influenced by many factors. For the very reason that unexpected volatility in the market can lead to severe losses, tracking and determining its trend become very much necessary. This study focuses on identifying the factors which affect the volatility in Indian stock markets. For this purpose, certain macroeconomic variables are considered, including exchange rates, crude oil prices, interest rates, gold prices, and so on. These variables are analysed along with the movement of S&P CNX Nifty. The study uses vector autoregressive techniques and Granger causality tests to determine whether each of the factors have a significant impact on market volatility, as well as volatility of individual stocks. The findings of the study suggest that individually none of the macroeconomic variables have a significant impact on the volatility of Nifty. However, a very important finding is the movement of the exchange rate is significantly impacted by the stock market, which is quite visible in the current market scenerio. There is a further scope for study using the Ganger causality test to further analyse the volatilty trend of individual stocks.
Sensitivity of Escherichia coli O157 Detection in Bovine Feces Assessed by Broth Enrichment followed by Immunomagnetic Separation and Direct Plating Methodologies

ABSTRACT In order to more precisely predict food safety risks, the fecal presence of food-borne pathogens among animals at slaughter must be correctly determined. Quantification of Escherichia coli O157 is also desirable. In two separate experiments, detection and enumeration of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of E. coli O157 in bovine feces was assessed by culture on MacConkey agar supplemented with nalidixic acid (MACnal) and compared to overnight broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and to direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces onto sorbitol MacConkey agar containing cefixime and tellurite (SMACct). The sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 by both direct plating and IMS was highly dependent upon the initial concentration of the target organism in the sample. Sensitivity of detection by IMS was poor below 100 CFU/g but was better, and not affected by initial E. coli O157 numbers, above this concentration. Sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 in bovine feces at low initial concentrations is very poor for both direct plating and IMS. Direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces on SMACct can be used to determine the magnitude of fecal E. coli excretion among cattle excreting greater than 100 CFU/g. Among positive samples identified by direct plating on SMACct, the direct counts of E. coli O157:H7 were highly correlated with the estimates obtained with the MACnal plates (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). Because the majority of cattle excrete less than 102 CFU E. coli O157/g feces, most studies, including those using IMS methods, probably grossly underestimate the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle.