Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Model Based Approaches for 2D and 3D Visual Human Pose Recovery

Human Pose Recovery has been studied in the field of Computer Vision for the last 40 years. Several approaches have been reported, and significant improvements have been obtained in both data representation and model design. However, the problem of Human Pose Recovery in uncontrolled environments is far from being solved. In this paper, we define a general taxonomy to group model based approaches for Human Pose Recovery, which is composed of five main modules: appearance, viewpoint, spatial relations, temporal consistence, and behavior. Subsequently, a methodological comparison is performed following the proposed taxonomy, evaluating current SoA approaches in the aforementioned five group categories. As a result of this comparison, we discuss the main advantages and drawbacks of the reviewed literature.
Right atrial flutter due to lower loop reentry: mechanism and anatomic substrates.

BACKGROUND The mechanisms of an atrial flutter (AFL) that is more rapid and at times more irregular than typical AFL are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-nine patients with AFL were studied. Atrial electrograms were recorded from a 20-pole catheter placed against the tricuspid annulus (TA), with its distal electrodes lateral to the isthmus between the TA and the eustachian ridge (ER), and from the His bundle and coronary sinus catheters. Atrial extrastimuli were delivered in the TA-ER isthmus during typical AFL. Episodes of a right atrial flutter rhythm that was different from typical AFL were induced in 3 patients and occurred spontaneously in 3 patients. This sustained AFL, designated as lower-loop reentry (LLR), involved the lower right atrium (RA), as manifested by early breakthrough in the lower RA, wave-front collision in the high lateral RA or septum, and conduction through the TA-ER isthmus. Linear ablation resulting in bidirectional conduction block in the TA-ER isthmus terminated spontaneous LLR in 3 patients and rendered LLR noninducible in all patients. The cycle length of LLR was shorter than that of typical AFL (217+/-32 versus 272+/-40 ms, P<0. 01). Alternating LLR and typical AFL in 1 patient resulted in cycle length oscillation. CONCLUSIONS LLR is a subtype of right atrial flutter and depends on conduction through the TA-ER isthmus.
Influence of the Pelvic Outlet Capacity on Fetal Head Presentation at Delivery

The influence of pelvic outlet capacity on fetal head presentation in 1402 term primiparas with normal pregnancies was studied. In all cases radiological pelvimetry was carried out and labor started spontaneously. Occiput posterior (OP) delivery occurred in 5.1%. As pelvic outlet capacity decreased an increased frequency of OP presentations and need for epidural anesthesia (EDA) was found. With OP presentation the duration of labour was longer, the frequency of EDA, instrumental delivery, cesarean section and low Apgar score at 1 minute were all higher, all compared with occiput anterior (OA) presentation. No difference in fetal morbidity was found. When the influence of the pelvic outlet capacity was eliminated through comparison of matched groups, the course of delivery became more similar whether the presentation was OA or OP and the frequency of EDA became the same. Reduced pelvic outlet capacity seemed to be one cause of both OP presentation and the use of EDA.
Microbe sampling by mucosal dendritic cells is a discrete, MyD88-independent stepin ΔinvG S. Typhimurium colitis

Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to sample and present commensal bacteria to the gut-associated immune system to maintain immune homeostasis. How antigen sampling pathways handle intestinal pathogens remains elusive. We present a murine colitogenic Salmonella infection model that is highly dependent on DCs. Conditional DC depletion experiments revealed that intestinal virulence of S. Typhimurium SL1344 ΔinvG mutant lacking a functional type 3 secretion system-1 (ΔinvG)critically required DCs for invasion across the epithelium. The DC-dependency was limited to the early phase of infection when bacteria colocalized with CD11c+CX3CR1+ mucosal DCs. At later stages, the bacteria became associated with other (CD11c−CX3CR1−) lamina propria cells, DC depletion no longer attenuated the pathology, and a MyD88-dependent mucosal inflammation was initiated. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we showed that the MyD88 signaling within hematopoietic cells, which are distinct from DCs, was required and sufficient for induction of the colitis. Moreover, MyD88-deficient DCs supported transepithelial uptake of the bacteria and the induction of MyD88-dependent colitis. These results establish that pathogen sampling by DCs is a discrete, and MyD88-independent, step during the initiation of a mucosal innate immune response to bacterial infection in vivo.
Yield Loss Assessment for Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Infested with Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

In eight of nine trials spanning 5 yr, relative yield of semidwarf hard red spring wheat (yield expressed as a percent of estimated weed-free yield) decreased linearly as Canada thistle shoot density increased when measured in late July to early August in the northern Great Plains. Differences between yield loss assessment (YLA) equations could not be distinguished statistically between no-tillage and chisel-plowed production systems. Multiple linear regression equations of relative wheat yield versus wheat density plus Canada thistle shoot density accounted for more variability in YLA equations than simple linear regression equations of wheat yield versus Canada thistle shoot density alone. Estimated weed-free wheat yield and negative slope (b) for yield loss assessment equations increased as cumulative growing-season (April to August) rainfall increased. Thus, relative wheat yield was decreased more by increasing Canada thistle density (slope b became more negative) in years of greater growing-season rainfall.
In Vivo Targeting of Inflammation-Associated Myeloid-Related Protein 8/14 Via Gadolinium Immunonanoparticles

Objective—Myeloid-related protein (Mrp) 8/14 complex (is a highly expressed extracellularly secreted protein, implicated in atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of targeting Mrp in vivo through synthetic immuno-nanoprobes. Methods and Results—Anti-Mrp–14 and nonspecific IgG-conjugated gadolinium nanoprobes (aMrp-) were synthesized and characterized. Pharmacokinetics and vascular targeting via MRI of the formulations were assessed in vivo in high fat-fed apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE−/−), ApoE−/−/Mrp14−/− (double knockout) and chow-fed wild-type (C57BL/6) mice. Bone marrow-derived myeloid progenitor cells were isolated from both ApoE−/− and double knockout mice, differentiated to macrophages, and were treated with LPS, with or without Mrp8, Mrp14, or Mrp8/14; conditioned media was used for in vitro studies. Mrp-activated cells secreted significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, which was abolished by pretreatment with aMrp-NP. We show in vitro that aMrp-NP binds endothelial cells previously treated with conditioned media containing Mrp8/14. MRI following intravenous delivery of aMrp-NP revealed prolonged and substantial delineation of plaque in ApoE−/− but not double knockout or wild-type animals. Nonspecific IgG-conjugated gadolinium nanoprobe-injected animals in all groups did not show vessel wall enhancement. Flow-cytometric analysis of aortic digesta revealed that aMrp-NP present in Ly-6G+, CD11b+, CD11c+, and CD31+ cells in ApoE−/− but not in double knockout animals. Conclusion—Targeted imaging with aMrp-NP demonstrates enhancement of plaque with binding to inflammatory cells and reduction in inflammation. This strategy has promise as a theranostic approach for atherosclerosis.
Regulation and Function of RFRP-3 (GnIH) Neurons during Postnatal Development

RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) [mammalian ortholog to gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH)] potently inhibits gonadotropin secretion in mammals. Studies of RFRP-3 immunoreactivity and Rfrp expression (the gene encoding RFRP-3) in mammalian brains have uncovered several possible pathways regulating RFRP-3 neurons, shedding light on their potential role in reproduction and other processes, and pharmacological studies have probed the target sites of RFRP-3 action. Despite this, there is currently no major consensus on RFRP-3’s specific endogenous role(s) in reproductive physiology. Here, we discuss the latest evidence relating to RFRP-3 neuron regulation and function during development and sexual maturation, focusing on rodents. We highlight significant changes in RFRP-3 and Rfrp expression, as well as RFRP-3 neuronal activation, during key stages of postnatal and pubertal development and also discuss recent evidence testing the requisite role of RFRP-3 receptors for normal pubertal timing and developmental LH secretion. Interestingly, some findings suggest that endogenous RFRP-3 signaling may not be necessary for the puberty timing, at least in some species, forcing new hypotheses to be generated regarding this peptide’s functional significance to sexual maturation and development.
Identification of Peach NAP Transcription Factor Genes and Characterization of their Expression in Vegetative and Reproductive Organs during Development and Senescence

The NAP (NAC-like, activated by AP3/P1) transcription factor belongs to a subfamily of the NAC transcription factor family, and is believed to have an important role in regulating plant growth and development. However, there is very little information about this subfamily in Rosaceous plants. We identified seven NAP genes in the peach genome. PpNAP2 was categorized in the NAP I group, and contained a conserved transcription activation region. The other PpNAP genes belonged to the NAP II group. The expression patterns of the PpNAP genes differed in various organs and developmental stages. PpNAP1 and PpNAP2 were highly expressed in mature and senescing flowers, but not in leaves, fruits, and flower buds. PpNAP3 and PpNAP5 were only expressed in leaves. The PpNAP4 expression level was high in mature and senescing fruits, while PpNAP6 and PpNAP7 expression was up-regulated in mature and senescent leaves and flowers. During the fruit development period, the PpNAP4 and PpNAP6 expression levels rapidly increased during the S1 and S4 stages, which suggests these genes are involved in the first exponential growth phase and fruit ripening. During the fruit ripening and softening period, the PpNAP1, PpNAP4, and PpNAP6 expression levels were high during the early storage period, which was accompanied by a rapid increase in ethylene production. PpNAP1, PpNAP4, and PpNAP6 expression slowly increased during the middle or late storage periods, and peaked at the end of the storage period. Additionally, abscisic acid (ABA)-treated fruits were softer and produced more ethylene than the controls. Furthermore, the PpNAP1, PpNAP4, and PpNAP6 expression levels were higher in ABA-treated fruits. These results suggest that PpNAP1, PpNAP4, and PpNAP6 are responsive to ABA and may regulate peach fruit ripening.
Different Risk Factor Profiles for Mucinous and Nonmucinous Ovarian Cancer: Results from the Danish MALOVA Study

Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the overall risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer and according to histologic subtypes. Materials and Methods: Ovarian cancer cases and controls were recruited from 1995 to 1999, and personal interviews were conducted. A total of 554 cases and 1,564 randomly selected controls were included. The analyses were done using multiple logistic regression models. Results: The overall risk of ovarian cancer decreased with ever being pregnant [odds ratios (OR), 0.40; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.30-0.55], with increasing pregnancies (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45-0.87 and OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37-0.69 for two and three pregnancies as compared with one), and with older age at first and last pregnancy, respectively. Increasing years of ovulation was a very strong risk factor with a 7% to 8% increase in risk for each year of ovulation. Use of oral contraceptives (OR, 0.67, 95% CI, 0.53-0.85) and longer duration of use were associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer. Ever use of hormone replacement therapy increased the overall risk (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.61). For all those variables, the effect was present for serous tumors, endometrioid tumors, and tumors of other histologies, but not for mucinous tumors. In contrast, current smoking was a risk factor only for mucinous tumors (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.01-3.15) and increasing body mass index tended to increase the risk especially for mucinous and endometrioid tumors. Conclusions: We confirmed already known risk factors for ovarian cancer, and we observed significant differences in the risk profiles between mucinous and nonmucinous tumors indicating different etiologies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1160–6)
Identify Promising Parents and Crosses of Taramira ( Eruca sativa Mill.) for Improvement in Irrigated and Drought Conditions

The parents (varieties) RTM-1359 and RTM-1375 superior in all the environments, RTM-314 in the environment-II and III were found to be superior based on vi effects and per se performance not only for seed yield per plant but for some of the other yield traits studied. The parents worth considered on the basis of hi values were RTM-1375 in environment-I, RTM-314 in environment-II, while RTM-1415 and RTM-1359 in the environment-III and RTM-314, RTM-1359 in environment-IV. It was therefore recommended to include these parents in hybridization programme to improve seed yield and seed quality. Highly heterotic crosses RTM-1351 x RTM-314, RTM-314 x RTM-1359, RTM-1415 X RTM2002 and T-27 x RTM-2002 superior in all the four environments, were desirable as they had high seed yield per plant, high sii’ values, with high heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis not only for seed yield per plant but for some than the other yield traits studied.
Aerodynamic Focusing of Nanoparticles: II. Numerical Simulation of Particle Motion Through Aerodynamic Lenses

Abstract We have developed a numerical simulation methodology that is able to accurately characterize the focusing performance of aerodynamic lens systems. The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT was used to simulate the gas flow field. Particle trajectories were tracked using the Lagrangian approach. Brownian motion of nanoparticles was successfully incorporated in our numerical simulations. This simulation tool was then used to evaluate the performance of an aerodynamic lens assembly that was designed to focus 3 nm spherical unit density particles following the guidelines described in Paper I (Wang et al. 2005). Our simulations show that the performance of this lens assembly is close to what is predicted by the design guidelines. The simulations also demonstrate the ability of aerodynamic lenses to focus sub-30 nm spherical unit density particles.
Interactions of Morphine and Peptide 234 on Mean Plasma Testosterone Concentration

Background: Kisspeptin-GPR54 system stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis; dysfunction of the gene encoding the GPR54 receptor causes hypogonadism and infertility. Opioid peptides inhibit the reproductive axis. Peptide 234 is a GPR54 receptor antagonist and blocks the stimulatory effects of kisspeptin on HPG axis. Objectives: Interactions of morphine, kisspeptin and peptide 234 on mean plasma testosterone concentration was investigated in rats. Materials and Methods: In the present experimental study, seventy male Wistar rats in 14 groups (n = 5 in each group) received saline, different doses of kisspeptin (100 pmol, 1 or 3 nmol, Intracerebroventricular (ICV)), P234 (1 or 2.5 nmol) or Co- administration of kisspeptin, P234, morphine and naloxone at 09:00 - 09:30 am. In the co-administrated groups, kisspeptin was injected at 15 min following P234, morphine or naloxone injections. Blood samples were collected 60 min following injections. Plasma testosterone concentration was measured using the rat testosterone ELISA kit. Results: Injections of kisspeptin (1 or 3 nmol) significantly increased the mean testosterone concentration compared to saline. Injection of different doses of P234 (1 or 2.5nmol) did not significantly decrease mean testosterone compared to saline. Co-administration of kisspeptin and different doses of P234 significantly decreased mean testosterone concentration compared to the kisspeptin group. Co-administration of P234/morphine or P234/naloxone significantly decreased mean testosterone concentration compared to kisspeptin/saline, kisspeptin/morphine or kisspeptin/ naloxone groups. Conclusions: Morphine and kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling pathway may interact with each other to control the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Membrane Protein Folding

Understanding protein folding has been one of the great challenges in biochemistry and molecular biophysics. Over the past 50 years, many thermodynamic and kinetic studies have been performed addressing the stability of globular proteins. In comparison, advances in the membrane protein folding field lag far behind. Although membrane proteins constitute about a third of the proteins encoded in known genomes, stability studies on membrane proteins have been impaired due to experimental limitations. Furthermore, no systematic experimental strategies are available for folding these biomolecules in vitro. Common denaturing agents such as chaotropes usually do not work on helical membrane proteins, and ionic detergents have been successful denaturants only in few cases. Refolding a membrane protein seems to be a craftsman work, which is relatively straightforward for transmembrane β-barrel proteins but challenging for α-helical membrane proteins. Additional complexities emerge in multidomain membrane proteins, data interpretation being one of the most critical. In this review, we will describe some recent efforts in understanding the folding mechanism of membrane proteins that have been reversibly refolded allowing both thermodynamic and kinetic analysis. This information will be discussed in the context of current paradigms in the protein folding field.
Imitation Induced Innovation in General Equilibrium

This paper analyzes the effect of imitation on the rate of technological progress in an endogenous growth model. Quality leaders protect themselves from imitation by secondary development, which increases technological progress. Nevertheless, lower intellectual property rights protection reduces the incentives to enter the research sector which reduces innovation by outsiders. Simulations show that the net effect of increased imitation on the growth rate is ambiguous - it can be positive, negative, or inversely U-shaped, depending on the productivity of secondary research. Lower patent protection also reduces the degree of market power in the economy so that output, the wage rate, and welfare is typically increased.
An anthropological approach to the evaluation of preschool children exposed to pesticides in Mexico.

In this comparative study, we compensated for many of the known variables that influence children's growth and development by selecting two groups of 4-5-year-old Yaqui children who reside in the Yaqui Valley of northwestern Mexico. These children share similar genetic backgrounds, diets, water mineral contents, cultural patterns, and social behaviors. The major difference was their exposure to pesticides. Pesticides have been applied to the agricultural area of the valley since the late 1940s. In 1990, high levels of multiple pesticides were found in the cord blood of newborns and in breast milk. Building on anthropological methods for rapid rural appraisal of problems within the environment, a Rapid Assessment Tool for Preschool Children (RATPC) was developed to measure growth and development. The children of the agrarian region were compared to children living in the foothills, where pesticide use is avoided. The RATPC measured varied aspects of physical growth and abilities to perform, or function in, normal childhood activities. No differences were found in growth patterns. Functionally, the exposed children demonstrated decreases in stamina, gross and fine eye-hand coordination, 30-minute memory, and the ability to draw a person. The RATPC also pointed out areas in which more in-depth research on the toxicology of pesticides would be valuable. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2
Factors determining the photovoltaic performance of a CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cell: the role of the linker molecule and of the counter electrode

Colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QDs) of different sizes, prepared by a solvothermal route, have been employed as sensitizers of nanostructured TiO2 electrode based solar cells. Three different bifunctional linker molecules have been used to attach colloidal QDs to the TiO2 surface: mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), thioglycolic acid (TGA), and cysteine. The linker molecule plays a determinant role in the solar cell performance, as illustrated by the fact that the incident photon to charge carrier generation efficiency (IPCE) could be improved by a factor of 5–6 by using cysteine with respect to MPA. The photovoltaic properties of QD sensitized electrodes have been characterized for both three-electrode and closed two-electrode solar cell configurations. For three-electrode measurement a maximum power conversion efficiency near 1% can be deduced, but this efficiency is halved in the closed cell configuration mainly due to the decrease of the fill factor (FF).
Restenosis After Placement of Palmaz‐Schatz Stents in Native Coronary Arteries: Initial Results of a Multicenter Experience

BackgroundSeveral metallic intracoronary stents are currently undergoing preliminary evaluation to ascertain potential benefit as means to reduce the 30-40% incidence of restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Methods and ResultsTo determine the incidence and correlates of restenosis after placement of Palmaz-Schatz stents in native coronary arteries in the first group of patients selected for this procedure, clinical and quantitative angiographic data from 206 consecutive patients (221 stenoses) with successful stent placement (diameter stenosis < 50%) were analyzed. Six patients (2.9%) had thrombosis-mediated stent closure within 1 month after stent placement and were excluded from long-term angiographic follow-up. One hundred eighty-one (91%) of the remaining 200 patients had angiography at 5.8 ± 2.1 months. Patients with and without follow-up did not differ in any baseline characteristic; in particular, history of restenosis at the site stented (73% versus 65%), placement of multiple overlapping stents (17% versus 20%), and mean poststent diameter stenosis (16 ± 12% versus 14 ± 12%). The overall incidence of restenosis (diameter stenosis. 501% at follow-up) in this group at high risk for restenosis was 36% (95% confidence interval, 29-43%) on a per-stenosis basis. The incidence of restenosis when a single stent was placed was 301% (95% confidence interval, 23-37%). Risk was dependent upon a history of restenosis (present versus absent 36% versus 16%, p=0.02) and upon whether or not a poststent stenosis ≤0% was achieved (6% versus 33%, p=0.02). When multiple overlapping stents were placed, restenosis occurred at 64% of sites, and placement of multiple stents was discouraged during the later phases of this study as these results became apparent. ConclusionsAlthough multiple stents appear to yield a poor long-term result, placement of single stents may offer a benefit compared with standard coronary angioplasty, particularly if an excellent angio-graphic result can be obtained in patients without prior restenosis. Further randomized trials in such patients are needed.