Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance and a Model Suggestion

Organizational culture is defined as set of goals and values shared by employees in the organization. Recently it has also come to be perceived as a resource of knowledge in the organization. In the literature, along with the studies aiming at identifyingthe elements of organizational culture, there are some research that study the relationship between organizational culture and performance. This article is a theoretical study of the two concepts and suggests a research model for further research.Recently, knowledge management and innovation strategy have started to be regarded as features of organizational culture. Research shows that these two variables also have significant impacts on organizational performance. Our model suggests measuring the effectof organizational culture on performance along with the supportive impacts of knowledge management and innovation strategy. Key Words: Business; Culture; Performance; Organization
How Ownership and Corporate Governance Influence Chief Executive Pay in China's Listed Firms

This article contributes to the international corporate governance literature by examining factors that affect CEO compensation in China. The article develops models of CEO pay based on an understanding of the unique economic and structural reforms undertaken by the privatized State Owned Enterprises. The findings show that CEO compensation depends, in part, on the firm's operating profits and this indicates that incentive systems are being used to motivate top managers. Corporate governance factors have a significant impact on CEO compensation, but they do so in ways that differ from those in other countries. The conclusions are robust across different formulations of the basic model and they have public policy implications for China and other transitional economies that are moving away from state ownership of business enterprises.
Market signals and disrepair in privately rented housing

Despite recent improvements, private rented housing in England is in a worse state of repair than dwellings in other tenures. This has been attributed to a number of factors, including rent control and regulation, tax and subsidy policy, and falling effective demand. In the post-war period governments tried to achieve improvements by several means, including grant aid, enforcing standards, and transferring dwellings to the social rented sector. Since 1988 government policy has been designed to revive private rented housing and rents have been deregulated. Government policy makes it clear that landlords are primarily responsible for undertaking repairs and maintaining standards. It is assumed that market rents will provide sufficient incentives for landlords to carry out maintenance and do improvements. The evidence presented in this paper shows, however, that market rents are not strongly related to the state of repair of dwellings in the deregulated sector and also that the dwellings in the poorest condition are owned by landlords primarily seeking a commercial return on their investments. This suggests that conditions are not likely to improve under the current policy framework which seeks to increase the proportion of dwellings owned by investment oriented landlords, so long as market rents are not related to the state of repair of private rented dwellings.
Unemployment and Vacancies with Sectoral Shifts

Recent analyses of unemployment-vacancy series suggest that aggregate shocks, rather than sectoral shocks, are the primary factors responsible for unemployment fluctuations. This inference follows from two widely held beliefs: sectoral shocks induce only positive unemployment-vacancy comovements, while negative comovements are necessarily the result of aggregate demand shocks. This paper describes an equilibrium matching model that identifies plausible circumstances in which neither assumption is correct, thus suggesting that unemployment-vacancy data are inconclusive. Interestingly, this model's novel results are due to standard features in the contracting literature: firms experience relative price shocks and negotiate contracts that prescribe temporary layoffs. Copyright 1994 by American Economic Association.
Interleukin 10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced survival and cytokine production by human peripheral blood eosinophils

In this study we have investigated the effects of interleukin 10 (IL- 10) on human peripheral blood eosinophils stimulated with granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that LPS was able to enhance eosinophil survival in a dose-dependent manner, as well as release of the cytokines GM-CSF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-8. LPS- induced eosinophil survival was largely inhibited by an anti-GM-CSF neutralizing antibody and completely blocked by polymyxin B, suggesting GM-CSF involvement in the survival enhancing mechanism and LPS specificity, respectively. IL-10 significantly inhibited survival of, and cytokine production from, eosinophils induced by LPS, but did not inhibit the survival induced by GM-CSF. These observations suggest a novel activation mechanism of eosinophils and, also, that IL-10 may participate in the regulation of diseases characterized by eosinophil infiltration.
Effects of Storage Solutions on Contraction and Relaxation of Isolated Saphenous Veins

Summary: Saphenous veins are placed frequently in storage solutions before use as coronary bypass grafts. Controversy remains regarding which solution is optimal for the preservation of endothelium and vascular smooth muscle viability. Thus, this study measured the effect of four different storage solutions on saphenous vein smooth muscle and endothelial cell function. Saphenous vein segments from five baboons were stored for 3 h in one of four storage solutions consisting of physiological salt solution (PSS), University of Wisconsin solution (UWS), normal saline solution (NSS), or autologous whole blood (WB). Following storage, veins were suspended for isometric tension recording in tissue baths filled with PSS. Veins stored in PSS, UWS, and NSS showed similar contractile amplitude and agonist sensitivity to norepinephrine (10−8‐10−4 M) and KCl (20‐100 mM). However, veins stored in WB contracted 31% less to KCl on average than those stored in the other three solutions (p < 0.05). The direct vascular muscle vasodilator, papaverine (10−7‐10−4 M), and the endothelium‐dependent dilator, A23187 (10−5 M), relaxed all vein preparations equally well. These results suggest that after storage in PSS, UWS, and NSS, contractile and relaxant vascular responses are similar in isolated saphenous veins. However, although veins stored in WB show comparable relaxation responses, they demonstrate an impaired vascular contraction immediately after storage. We conclude that storage of veins in blood may immediately modify vascular smooth muscle function.
Comparison of Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy and Radical Hysterectomy: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background/Aims: Radical hysterectomy (RH) for the treatment of cervical cancer frequently caused pelvic organ dysfunctions. This study aimed to compare the results of pelvic organ function and recurrence rate after Nerve sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) and RH treatment through systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database were searched from inception to 25 February 2015. Studies of cervical cancer which reported radical hysterectomy or nerve sparing radical hysterectomy were included. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the guidelines of Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software (Cochrane Collaboration). Results: A total of 20 studies were finally included. Meta-analysis demonstrated that NSRH was associated with less bladder and anorectal dysfunction than RH. The time to bladder and anorectal function recovery after NSRH was shorter than RH. Patients undergoing NSRH also scored higher than patients undergoing RH at Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). On the other hand, the local recurrence and overall recurrence rate were similar between NSRH and RH. Conclusion: NSRH may be an effective technique for lowering pelvic organ dysfunction and improving the function recovery without increasing the recurrence rate of cervical cancer.
Adoption of farm forestry in Victoria: linking policy with practice

Farm forestry is promoted in many Australian regions as a strategy to: address environmental decline on farmland, add to farm incomes, and contribute to regional forest industries. At the core of the federal and state governments' policies on farm forestry is the assumption that a large proportion of landholders will be able to grow trees profitably for timber. Results from a mail survey of landholders in three catchments in Victoria—Goulburn-Broken, Ovens and Wimmera during 1999 to 2002, revealed low levels of farm forestry adoption. Landholders are concerned about what they see as uncertain and uncompetitive regional markets for small-scale growers. Analysis of survey data suggests that high levels of property turnover will occur over the next 10 years. These trends are serious impediments to the widespread adoption of farm forestry in these catchments and have important implications for federal and state policies. We conclude with some practical suggestions about how farm forestry policy and programs can be more effective by responding more directly to the concerns and values of landholders.
Expression of delta‐protocadherins in the spinal cord of the chicken embryo

Protocadherins constitute the largest subfamily of cadherin genes and are widely expressed in the nervous system. In the present study, we cloned eight members of the delta‐protocadherin subfamily of cadherins (Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh17, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19) from the chicken, and investigated their expression in the developing chicken spinal cord by in situ hybridization. Our results showed that each of the investigated delta‐protocadherins exhibits a spatially restricted and temporally regulated pattern of expression. Pcdh1, Pcdh8, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19 are expressed in restricted dorsoventral domains of the neuroepithelial layer at early developmental stages (E2.5–E4). In the differentiating mantle layer, specific expression profiles are observed for all eight delta‐protocadherins along the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and rostrocaudal dimensions at intermediate stages of development (E6–E10). Expression profiles are especially diverse in the motor column, where different pools of motor neurons exhibit signal for subsets of delta‐protocadherins. In the dorsal root ganglion, subpopulations of cells express combinations of Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, and Pcdh17. The ventral boundary cap cells are positive for Pcdh7, Pcdh9, and Pcdh10. Signals for Pcdh8, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19 are found in the meninges. Surrounding tissues, such as the notochord, dermomyotome, and sclerotome also exhibit differential expression patterns. The highly regulated spatiotemporal expression patterns of delta‐protocadherins suggest that they have multiple and diverse functions during development of the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1509–1531, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Globalization Reconsidered: Foreign Direct Investment and Global Governance

Globalization has become the focus of much research and debate in recent years, with contrasting views ranging from unfettered praise to harsh criticism. The criticism of the phenomenon as it unfolded during the 1990s mostly focused on two aspects: the strategy of economic development based on the prescriptions of the competitive model of economic theory and the kind of global governance provided by the economic international institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. There has been relatively little attention paid to the process of economic integration occurring via foreign direct investment (FDI), an issue instead prominent in the 1970s literature on the internationalization of production and multinational corporations (MNCs). Nevertheless, foreign investment flows increased significantly during the 1990s, within a general process of rising capital mobility. In this paper the focus on FDI leads to two main results, one empirical and the other theoretical. The empirical evidence of FDI suggests a picture of world integration that is considerably different from that assumed by the globalization debate. In particular, what emerges is the concentration of direct investment in a few countries, which supports the general idea of a selective integration of certain areas into the world economy. That denies the notion of globalization as an overall phenomenon and reinforces the need to go beyond the framework defined by the debate. It also points out the areas of the world that should be submitted to more
Do Long‐Term Shareholders Benefit From Corporate Acquisitions?

Using 947 acquisitions during 1970-89, this article finds a relationship between the postacquisition returns and the mode of acquisition and form of payment. During a five-year period following the acquisition, on average, firms that complete stock mergers earn significantly negative excess returns of -25.0 percent whereas firms that complete cash tender offers earn significantly positive excess returns of 61.7 percent. Over the combined preacquisition and postacquisition period, target shareholders who hold on to the acquirer stock received as payment in stock mergers do not earn significantly positive excess returns. In the top quartile of target to acquirer size ratio, they earn negative excess returns. Copyright 1997 by American Finance Association.
Evidence that disrupted orienting to evaluative social feedback undermines error correction in rejection sensitive women

ABSTRACT For individuals high in Rejection Sensitivity (RS), a learned orientation to anxiously expect rejection from valued others, negative feedback from social sources may disrupt engagement with learning opportunities, impeding recovery from mistakes. One context in which this disruption may be particularly pronounced is among women high in RS following evaluation by a male in authority. To investigate this prediction, 40 college students (50% female) answered general knowledge questions followed by immediate performance feedback and the correct answer while we recorded event-related potentials. Error correction was measured with a subsequent surprise retest. Performance feedback was either nonsocial (asterisk/tone) or social (male professor’s face/voice). Attention and learning were indexed respectively by the anterior frontal P3a (attentional orienting) and a set of negative-going waveforms over left inferior-posterior regions associated with successful encoding. For women, but not men, higher RS scores predicted poorer error correction in the social condition. A path analysis suggested that, for women, high RS disrupted attentional orienting to the social-evaluative performance feedback, which affected subsequent memory for the correct answer by reducing engagement with learning opportunities. These results suggest a mechanism for how social feedback may impede learning among women who are high in RS.
Relationships among leader–member exchange, person–organization fit and work attitudes in Japanese and Korean organizations: testing a cross-cultural moderating effect

This study examines a possible national culture difference in the moderating effect of leader–member exchange (LMX) on the relationship between person–organization (P–O) fit and work attitudes, including job satisfaction and organizational commitment, in Japan and Korea. Specifically, we use trait activation theory as a lens to explain the complementarities between P–O fit and LMX that may exert an influence on employees' work attitudes. We hypothesize that from the cross-cultural management perspective, such complementary effects would work in Japan where organizations encourage more decentralization and empowerment than those in Korea, which may enable supervisors in Japanese organizations to provide unambiguous reward expectancies for their immediate subordinates. Using samples of 138 Japanese and 144 Korean employees working for privately owned firms in Japan and Korea, we demonstrate that a significant three-way interaction of employees' P–O fit, LMX and a national culture difference (i.e. nationality) influences their work attitudes. Specifically, LMX moderated the positive relationships between P–O fit and both job satisfaction and organizational commitment for Japanese employees, tending to weaken them. For Korean employees, however, no such interactions were observed. The findings are used to discuss the applicability and generalizability of trait activation theory in East Asian cultures. In addition, suggestions are made regarding the discussion of HRM practices from a cross-vergence perspective. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
Long-Term Followup of 1121 Cases of Carcinoma In Situ

A series of 1121 patients with carcinoma in situ have been followed for 5 to 25 years. Recurrences of in situ lesions and development of invasive cancer were found, often many years after treatment. Therapeutic conization was performed in 795 patients, of which 19 (2.3%) had recurrent carcinoma in situ and 7 patients (0.9%) developed invasive cancer. The corresponding figures for 238 patients treated with hysterectomy were, respectively, 3 (1.2%) and 5 (2.1%). The invasive lesions appeared after treatment several years later than the in situ lesions. It is stressed that women having once had in situ carcinoma of the cervix will always be at some risk, and therefore should be carefully followed for a much longer time than the conventional 5 years. Of 42 cases of preinvasive carcinoma extending to the border of the surgical specimen in which conization was performed, 25 were not immediately treated but only observed. Four of these patients developed recurrence from 2 to 6 years after treatment, while 21 are well after a followup period of between 5 and 15 years.
Investigation of Social Media Marketing: How Does the Hotel Industry in Hong Kong Perform in Marketing on Social Media Websites?

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which social media marketing is being utilized in the Hong Kong hotel industry. Marketing performance of 67 hotels in Hong Kong on 23 social media sites was evaluated according to 18 criteria adapted from past studies. The results indicate that hotels generally have a poor performance in using social media to learn about customers. Major problems regarding the hotels' social media marketing efforts are identified. Implications behind these problems and recommendations for improvement are made accordingly.
Patterns of locoregional failure in patients with operable breast cancer treated by mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy with or without tamoxifen and without radiotherapy: results from five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project randomized clinical trials.

PURPOSE To assess patterns of locoregional failure (LRF) in lymph node-positive (LN+) breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy (+/- tamoxifen) and without postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined 5,758 patients enrolled onto the B-15, B-16, B-18, B-22, and B-25 trials. Median follow-up time was 11.1 years. Distribution of pathologic tumor size was < or = 2 cm, 2.1 to 5 cm, and more than 5 cm in 30%, 52%, and 11% of patients, respectively. Distribution of the number of LN+ was one to three, four to nine, and > or = 10 in 51%, 32%, and 16% of patients, respectively. Ninety percent of patients received doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. RESULTS The overall 10-year cumulative incidences of isolated LRF, LRF with or without distant failure (DF), and DF alone as first event were 12.2%, 19.8%, and 43.3%, respectively. Cumulative incidences for LRF as first event with or without DF for patients with one to three, four to nine, and > or = 10 LN+ were 13.0%, 24.4%, and 31.9%, respectively (P < .0001). For patients with a tumor size of < or = 2 cm, 2.1 to 5.0 cm, and more than 5.0 cm, these incidences were 14.9%, 21.3%, and 24.6%, respectively (P < .0001). Multivariate analysis showed age, tumor size, premenopausal status, number of LN+, and number of dissected LN as significant predictors for LRF as first event. CONCLUSION In patients with large tumors and four or more LN+, LRF as first event remains a significant problem. Although PMRT is currently recommended for patients with four or more LN+, it may also have value in selected patients with one to three LN+. However, in the absence of a randomized trial examining the worth of radiotherapy in this group of patients, the value of PMRT remains unknown.
Persuasion or Information? Promotion and the Shares of Brand Name and Generic Pharmaceuticals

ECONOMISTS have vigorously debated whether advertising and other messages supplied by sellers to buyers represent the efficient provision of information or the exploitation of buyers' imperfect access to it. Many economists now agree that each view commands some truth. Advertising should convey information efficiently where the buyer can easily verify it. But it may engender inefficient rent-seeking outlays by producers able to hamper buyers' gaining of information from alternative sources. For example, if buyers sample product information randomly, an incumbent can "jam" the channels through which entrants transmit their messages by loading the sampled population with messages of his own. Or the incumbent's messages can reinforce buyers' habits so as to reduce their prior expectations of the value of trying an alternative brand.2 If sales promotion is effective (by whatever means) in causing buyers to shift among competing products, it becomes a form of rent-seeking outlay by which sellers bid for the available customers.3 The problem for empirical research is to determine the extent to which seller-supplied information pursues a rent-seeking goal and thus incurs social costs. Those costs must be set against the efficiency advantage of sellers (relative to buyers or
Causality between exports, world income and economic growth in Pakistan

This paper investigates the direction of causation between GDP representing economic growth, exports and its different categories, imports and world income. After experiencing vigorous import-substitution in the past decades, Pakistan adopted an outward-looking strategy in the late 1980s with an emphasis on export promotion. A strong and stable relationship between GDP and exports and bi-directional causality between manufactured exports and GDP has been found. Export promotion policy is pursued consistently with an emphasis on manufactured exports and this is most likely to contribute adequately to economic growth in the long run.
Policy Watch: Examining the Justification for Residential Recycling

There are 8,875 municipalities in the United States that have initiated curbside recycling programs over the past two decades to help reduce residential solid waste. Four thousand of these municipalities encourage recycling by requiring households to pay a fee for each unit of garbage presented at the curb for collection. How beneficial have the various recycling policies been in practice? This article examines the empirical lessons gained from twenty years of solid waste policy in the United States and argues for the replacement of several state recycling mandates with a moderate landfill tax.