Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Neuropathology of Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism

Manganese is an essential trace metal that is widely used in industry, particularly in the manufacture of steel. Exposure to high levels of manganese can cause neurotoxicity with the development of a form of parkinsonism known as manganism. It has recently been hypothesized that manganese exposure might also cause or accelerate the development of Parkinson disease (PD). This article is a review of the pathologic studies that have been reported in patients with manganism and in primates experimentally intoxicated with manganese. They demonstrate a consistent pattern characterized by damage to the globus pallidus (particularly the internal segment) with sparing of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the absence of Lewy bodies. This finding contrasts with what is seen in PD, in which there is preferential degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta coupled with Lewy bodies and preservation of the pallidum. These pathologic findings do not support the notion that manganese causes PD but rather argues that manganese-induced parkinsonism and PD are distinct and separate disease entities.
Developing a capacity to engage in critical reflection: students' ‘ways of knowing’ within an undergraduate business and accounting programme

The development of a capacity to engage in critical reflection is central to higher education. However, students vary in this capacity and its development requires students to move from an absolute towards a contextual way of knowing. Using 32 semi-structured interviews, this study identifies the ways of knowing of 17 business and accounting students at a large new United Kingdom (UK) university. In this study, absolute and transitional ways of knowing were found to be predominant. This appears to be significantly related to: (1) an extrinsic motivation for studying for a UK business or accounting degree and the desire to obtain a ‘good degree’; (2) a strong focus on the organisation of learning, rather than on what is learnt; and (3) a strong focus on, and an unquestioning attitude to, assessment. The implications of these findings for further research and pedagogy within higher education are discussed.
Childbearing after Remarriage.

Using June 1985 US Current Population Survey data this study provides a detailed analysis of childbearing that occurs after the 2nd marriage among women who remarry during their reproductive years. For both whites and blacks approximately 1/2 the women gave birth in the 2nd marriage; most of these births occur within 24 months of remarriage. Proportional-hazards models showed that among whites childbearing probabilities varied by sociodemographic variables most notably age at 2nd marriage and parity at 2nd marriage. Sociodemographic differentials had less effect on the childbearing probabilities of blacks. Variables that may affect childbearing in the 2nd marriage include race education duration of first marriage age of dissolution of first marriage dissolution type of first marriage age at second marriage year of second marriage parity at second marriage and intermarital fertility. Women whose 1st marriage lasted a short time may be more likely to give birth in the 2nd marriage. The older a women is when she ends her 1st marriage the less likely she may be to have a birth in the 2nd marriage and women ending their 1st marriage by divorce consider childbearing differently than those who became widowed. (Authors modified).
In Vivo Measurement of Levofloxacin Penetration into Lung Tissue after Cardiac Surgery

ABSTRACT Nosocomial pneumonia is a severe complication after cardiac surgery (CS). Levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, qualifies for the therapy of postoperative pneumonia. However, penetration properties of levofloxacin into the lung tissue could be substantially affected by CS: atelectasis, low cardiac output after CS, high volume loads, and inflammatory capillary leak potentially influence drug distribution. The aim of our study was to gain information on interstitial antibiotic concentrations in lung tissue in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore, six patients undergoing elective CS participated in this prospective study. A dose of 500 mg of levofloxacin was administered intravenously in addition to standard antibiotic prophylaxis immediately after the end of surgery. Time versus concentration profiles of levofloxacin in the interstitial lung tissue and plasma were determined. A microdialysis technique was used for lung interstitial concentration measurements. The microdialysis procedure was well tolerated in all patients and no adverse events were observed. The median area under the concentration curve (AUC) of levofloxacin in interstitial lung fluid was 18.6 μg · h/ml (range, 10.1 to 33.6). The median AUC for tissue (AUCtissue) of unbound levofloxacin/AUCtotal in plasma was 0.6 (range, 0.4 to 0.9). The median unbound AUCtissue/MIC was 2.4 (range, 1.3 to 4.2) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our study demonstrated the feasibility and safety of microdialysis in human lung tissue in vivo after CS. The unbound AUC/MIC ratio revealed that levofloxacin used in the described manner was borderline sufficient for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and insufficient for the treatment of pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, because the breakpoint of 30 to 40 for AUC/MIC could not be reached by the conventionally used dosage schema in our post-CS setting. Penetration was lower than in previous reports.
Ageism and Gender among Social Work and Criminal Justice Students

Undergraduate sociatl work and criminal justice students completed 1 of 4 vignettes that were identical with the exception of the age and gender of the vignette's subject. In each vignette, the subject interacted with an opposite-sex 24-year-old waiter or waitress. Following each vignette, respondents answered 20 items relating to the age, gender, and perceived sexual behavior of the vignette's subject. The multivariate general linear model was significant (F = 174.572, p = .000) by the Wilk's Lambda Criterion. Tests of between-subjects effects yielded 17 significant item variables that focused on perceptions of the age appropriateness of the behaviors, perceptions of the sexual behaviors of the vignette's characters, perceptions of the affability of the vignette's characters, perceptions of characters being lonely, perceptions regarding the waiter's/waitress' financial gain/incentive, and perceptions of social acceptance for the vignette's main character and his/her affiliation with the younger service person. The findings suggest that male characters were perceived as sexually interested more often than female characters. Older characters are more likely to be perceived as nonsexual, particularly older women. Sexual behaviors in older characters were perceived as a gender transgression. While perceptions may be negative surrounding older males who engage in sexual behaviors, judgments appear harsher for older women.
Antiadhesive Properties of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) Immature Fruit Extract against Helicobacter pylori Adhesion

Background Traditional Asian and African medicine use immature okra fruits (Abelmoschus esculentus) as mucilaginous food to combat gastritis. Its effectiveness is due to polysaccharides that inhibit the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to stomach tissue. The present study investigates the antiadhesive effect in mechanistic detail. Methodology A standardized aqueous fresh extract (Okra FE) from immature okra fruits was used for a quantitative in vitro adhesion assay with FITC-labled H. pylori J99, 2 clinical isolates, AGS cells, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Bacterial adhesins affected by FE were pinpointed using a dot-blot overlay assay with immobilized Lewisb, sialyl-Lewisa, H-1, laminin, and fibronectin. 125I-radiolabeled Okra FE polymer served for binding studies to different H. pylori strains and interaction experiments with BabA and SabA. Iron nanoparticles with different coatings were used to investigate the influence of the charge-dependence of an interaction on the H. pylori surface. Principal findings Okra FE dose-dependently (0.2 to 2 mg/mL) inhibited H. pylori binding to AGS cells. FE inhibited the adhesive binding of membrane proteins BabA, SabA, and HpA to its specific ligands. Radiolabeled compounds from FE bound non-specifically to different strains of H. pylori, as well as to BabA/SabA deficient mutants, indicating an interaction with a still-unknown membrane structure in the vicinity of the adhesins. The binding depended on the charge of the inhibitors. Okra FE did not lead to subsequent feedback regulation or increased expression of adhesins or virulence factors. Conclusion Non-specific interactions between high molecular compounds from okra fruits and the H. pylori surface lead to strong antiadhesive effects.
Promoting Self-Expression in Classroom Interactions

Self-expression is a key concept for sociological studies on childhood since it is the cue for children's self-socialization and agency. Hence promoting children's agency and social participation requires their self-expression to be facilitated in their interaction with adults. The analysis in this article of a set of interactions in Italian schools sheds light on how promotion of children's self-expression succeeded or failed through specific adult intervention and forms of communication. This analysis may be interesting for a reflection on how to promote children's participation and self-expression in education systems.
QoS scheduler/shaper for optical coarse packet switching IP-over-WDM networks

For IP-over-WDM networks, optical coarse packet switching (OCPS) has been proposed to circumvent optical packet switching limitations by using in-band-controlled per-burst switching and advocating traffic control enforcement to achieve high bandwidth utilization and quality-of-service (QoS). In this paper, we first introduce the OCPS paradigm. Significantly, we present a QoS-enhanced traffic control scheme exerted during packet aggregation at ingress nodes, aiming at providing delay and loss class differentiations for OCPS networks. Serving a dual purpose, the scheme is called (/spl psi/,/spl tau/)-Scheduler/Shaper, where /spl psi/ and /spl tau/ are the maximum burst size and burst assembly time, respectively. To provide delay class differentiation, for IP packet flows designated with delay-associated weights, (/spl psi/,/spl tau/)-Scheduler performs packet scheduling and assembly into bursts based on their weights and a virtual window of size /spl psi/. The guaranteed delay bound for each delay class is quantified via the formal specification of a stepwise service curve. To provide loss class differentiation, (/spl psi/,/spl tau/)-Shaper facilitates traffic shaping with larger burst sizes assigned to higher loss priority classes. To examine the shaping effect on loss performance, we analytically derive the departure process of (/spl psi/,/spl tau/)-Shaper. The aggregate packet arrivals are modeled as a two-state Markov modulated Bernoulli process (MMBP) with batch arrivals. Analytical results delineate that (/spl psi/,/spl tau/)-Shaper yields substantial reduction, proportional to the burst size, in the coefficient of variation of the burst interdeparture time. Furthermore, we conduct extensive simulations on a 24-node ARPANET network to draw packet loss comparisons between OCPS and just-enough-time (JET)-based OBS. Simulation results demonstrate that, through burst size adjustment, (/spl psi/,/spl tau/)-Shaper effectively achieves differentiation of loss classes. Essentially, compared to JET-based OBS using out-of-band control and offset-time-based QoS strategy, OCPS is shown to achieve invariably superior packet loss probability for a high-priority class, facilitating better differentiation of loss traffic classes.
Empathy in Conduct-Disordered and Comparison Youth.

Empathy was measured by an interview assessing emotions and cognitions in response to videotaped vignettes of persons in affective events and by empathy self-report questionnaires. As hypothesized, empathy was lower among conduct-disordered (CD) than comparison youth and was related inversely to antisocial and aggressive attitudes for all youth tested. Affectively, CD youth (n = 30) reported fewer concordant emotional responses to vignette persons than did a comparison peer group (n = 32). Cognitively, CD youth reported fewer correct identifications of vignette persons' emotions, lower mean levels of cognitive attributions for their own responsive emotions, and lower scores on empathy-related cognitive scales. Significant gender differences occurred, with girls scoring higher than boys on empathy questionnaires. Findings are discussed in terms of previous empathy and aggression research, and directions for future study are suggested.
Z-suture: a new knotless technique for transscleral suture fixation of intraocular implants

The presented Z-suture is a simple, rapid and safe knotless technique that facilitates transscleral suture fixation of various intraocular implants in the ciliary sulcus, such as sutured intraocular lenses, artificial iris prostheses and iris diaphragms. As the knotless approach reliably avoids suture erosion, external fixation can be performed without any protecting scleral flaps or lamellar grooves. The needle is simply passed through the sulcus and the emerging polypropylene suture is secured in the sclera using a zigzag-shaped intrascleral suture (Z-suture). Each pass starts directly adjacent to the exiting site. Five passes are sufficient to reliably fix the suture so that it resists even maximum tractive forces. Once this procedure is done, the suture can be cut without any knot. By avoiding suture knots, and hence the need for intrascleral flaps, this knotless approach may help to reduce suture-related complications such as scleral atrophy, suture erosion and infections.
Distinguishing Benign Thymic Lesions from Early-Stage Thymic Malignancies on Computed Tomography

Introduction: The increasing use of computed tomography (CT) has led to frequent identification of asymptomatic lesions in the anterior mediastinum. The purpose of this study is to identify CT features that distinguish benign thymic lesions from early-stage malignant thymic neoplasms. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed preoperative CT imaging for 66 patients, who had undergone thymectomy for benign thymic lesions or early-stage malignant thymic neoplasms. All variables with a p value of less than 0.2 on univariate logistic regression analysis were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Stepwise selection was performed, and variables with a p value less than 0.05 were retained in the final model. Results: Thirty-eight malignant (58%) and 28 benign thymic lesions (42%) were included. Patients with benign thymic tumors were significantly younger (median age, 49.5 years) than patients with malignant tumors (60.0 years; p = 0.007). Malignant tumors were larger in short-axis dimension (p = 0.028) and more frequently in a nonmidline location in the anterior mediastinum (p = 0.029). Intralesional fat was seen exclusively in benign masses (p = 0.002). Seven benign tumors (25%) and one malignant tumor (2.6%) had a triangular thymic shape (p = 0.023). In multivariate analysis, lower age, smaller short-axis dimension, and lack of infiltration of the mediastinal fat were significant independent predictors of benign pathologic results. Conclusion: Intralesional fat, midline location, and triangular thymic shape are more frequently found in benign thymic lesions. Lack of infiltration of the mediastinal fat, younger patient age, and smaller size are independent predictors of benign thymic lesions. These features may help characterize thymic masses as benign and avert potentially unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures.
An accumulator model account of semantic interference in memory retrieval

To explain latency effects in picture-word interference tasks (Glaser & Dungelhoff, 1984, cf. Stroop, 1935), cognitive models need to account for both interference and SOA effects. As opposed to most ACT-R models, which model the time course in a ballistic manner, the RACE model (Retrieval by ACcumulating Evidence) presented here accounts for semantic interference during the retrieval interval. This way, RACE offers a better account of semantic memory retrieval latencies in different interference and SOA conditions. We describe the architectural assumptions of RACE and simulations of a Glaser and Dungelhoff experiment, illustrating the validity of the RACE model.
Are Androgynous Individuals More Effective Persons and Parents

BAUMRIND, DIANA. Are Androgynous Individuals More Effective Persons and Parents? CmHLD DEVELOPMENT, 1982, 53, 44-75. It has been asserted that androgynes of both sexes are more competent and flexible persons and that they are more likely to be the kind of parents Baumrind describes as Authoritative. Like the children of Authoritative parents, the children of androgynes are predicted to be assertive, socially responsible, and highly competent. Using extensive, multifaceted observational and interview data from the Family Socialization and Developmental Competence Project, it was possible to test these hypotheses with 9-year-old girls and boys and their parents. First it was established that the fourfold sex-role classification derived from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory does have predictive power beyond that of biological sex. The behavioral consequences associated with gender-identity assignment were subsequently examined. Androgynous women do not differ importantly from other women. Androgynous men, however, are more like Androgynous women than like Masculine men in their child-rearing practices. In addition, they are unconventional and autonomous in their personal lives. In accordance with their professed values, sex-typed mothers are responsive, and sex-typed fathers are firm. Androgynes are not more likely to be authoritative parents, but instead are "child centered" in their approach. Children of sex-typed parents are somewhat more competent than children of androgynous parents. Since cogent behavioral data have not been accumulated to support their claims, it is concluded that androgyny researchers should refrain from promoting the androgyne as the new American ideal.
c-axis resistivity, pseudogap, superconductivity, and Widom line in doped Mott insulators

Layered doped Mott insulators, such as the cuprates, show unusual temperature dependence of the resistivity. Intriguingly, the resistivity perpendicular to the CuO$_2$ planes, $\rho_c(T)$, shows both metallic ($d\rho_c/dT > 0$) and semi-conducting ($d\rho_c/dT<0$) behavior. We shed light on this puzzle by calculating $\rho_c$ for the two-dimensional Hubbard model within plaquette cellular dynamical mean-field theory and strong-coupling continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo as the impurity solver. The temperature, $T$, and doping, $\delta$, dependencies of $\rho_c$ are controlled by the first-order transition between pseudogap and correlated metal phases from which superconductivity can emerge. On the large doping side of the transition $\rho_c(T)$ is metallic, while on the low-doping side $\rho_c(T)$ changes from metallic to semi-conducting behavior with decreasing $T$. As a function of doping, the jump in $\rho_c$ across the first-order transition evolves into a sharp crossover at higher temperatures. This crossover coincides with the pseudogap temperature $T^*$ in the single-particle density of states, the spin susceptibility and other observables. Such coincidence in crossovers is expected along the continuation of the first-order transition into the super-critical regime, called the Widom line. This implies that not only the dynamic and the thermodynamic properties but also the DC transport in the normal state are governed by the hidden first-order transition. $\rho_c(T)$ has a high-temperature quasi-linear regime where it can exceed the Mott-Ioffe-Regel limit and when it has a minimum it is nearly parallel to the Widom line.
Relationship Between Exposure to Prasugrel Active Metabolite and Clinical Outcomes in the TRITON‐TIMI 38 Substudy

In TRITON‐TIMI 38, levels of the prasugrel active metabolite (pras‐AM) were measured in a population pharmacokinetic substudy that characterized the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing exposure. Higher exposure to the pras‐AM was observed in low‐weight or very elderly patients. The authors hypothesized that this higher exposure might explain the higher risk of non—coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)–related TIMI‐related bleeding observed in these 2 patient populations. The relationship between estimated exposure to the pras‐AM and clinical outcomes was assessed in 1159 prasugrel‐treated patients enrolled in the substudy using multivariable logistic regression analysis. There was no relationship between pras‐AM exposure and efficacy through 3 days or after 3 days. Higher estimated pras‐AM exposure was associated with a higher incidence of non‐CABG‐related TIMI major or minor bleeding after 3 days (P < .05) but not through 3 days from start of study drug. Factors associated with increased risk for non‐CABG‐related TIMI bleeding (≥75 years and <60 kg) also identified subgroups with higher exposure to the pras‐AM. Within low body weight and very elderly subgroups, bleeding was largely confined to patients having the highest exposure to the pras‐AM, indicating that a prasugrel lower dose in these subgroups may reduce the risk of bleeding while maintaining efficacy.
Adaptação e Validação de Instrumentos Psicológicos entre Culturas: Algumas Considerações

The adaptation of psychological instruments is a complex process that requires a high methodological rigor. Because there is no consensus in the literature about its steps, this article discuss some essential aspects regarding the cross- cultural adaptation of psychological instruments and proposes guidelines to the researchers about the different steps of this process. Some considerations regarding the validation of the adapted instrument are also presented. In this stage, we discuss some aspects regarding the factorial structure of the instrument, which might be evaluated through statistical procedures, such as exploratory and confi rmatory factor analysis. More than that, the authors provide some guidelines to the validation of psychological instruments in different cultures.
Gay Men and Lesbian Women with Molestation History: Impact on Sexual Orientation and Experience of Pleasure

This research focused on the 101 (36.07%) of 280 non-clinical questionnaire-surveyed gay men and lesbians who reported molestations prior to the age of 16. The homosexually molested participants were more likely to say that the molestation had an impact on their sexual orientation than heterosexually molested participants. The perpetrator was de- scribed as homosexual in 94.49% of female homosexual molestations and in 80.0% of male homosexual molestations. The experience was reported as pleasurable by 88.9% of females molested by females, 88.2% of males molested by females, 72.0% of males molested by males, and 48.9% of females molested by males. The molestation was reported to authorities in only 14% of the cases. The reader is urged to use considerable caution in making cause and effect inferences.