Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can you keep a secret? Introducing the RT-based Concealed Information Test to children

ABSTRACT The present study validates a novel version of the Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT) adapted for young children (7–10 years). Their ability to deny the possession of relevant information was related to individual differences in intelligence, processing speed, executive functioning and affective problems. The comparison between the knowledgeable group of children (N = 84) who took part in a mock surprise scenario and the unknowledgeable group (N = 78) indicated that by early school-age the RT-CIT can be considered a relatively reliable diagnostic tool for detecting concealed information. We found evidence indicating that executive functions are predictors of children's proficiency in concealing information; however, the specific interrelations were complex (children with lower inhibition and spatial working memory, but with better shifting performance were easier to detect as possessing concealed information). Finally, we found limited evidence for a substantial association between parent-reported emotional problems and children's proficiency in concealing information. This investigation has practical implications for the development of rigorous protocols to detect children's concealed knowledge within legal environments.
A longitudinal study of smoking in year 7 and 8 students speaking English or a language other than English at home in Sydney, Australia

OBJECTIVE To compare the rates and predictors of smoking uptake between adolescents speaking English and those speaking a language other than English (LOTE) at home. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey of year 7 and 8 students (aged 12 and 13 years) was conducted in 1994 and repeated 12 months later. A cohort of students was identified with respondents at baseline matched at follow up. χ2 and logistic regression were used for analysis. SETTING 38 schools in southern, east, and northern Sydney, Australia. SUBJECTS Year 7 and 8 students in the schools were included and examined on two occasions, with complete data for 5947 (80%) students at baseline and 6177 (98%) students at a 12-month follow up. Records were able to be matched perfectly for 3513 respondents (59%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Smoking rates and predictors of smoking uptake among students speaking English or a LOTE at home. RESULTS At baseline, 6.1% of students surveyed were smokers. Twelve months later, 15.8% of student surveyed were smokers. There were significantly lower smoking rates among students speaking a LOTE at home compared with those speaking English at home at baseline and at 12 months. Using matched data, for students speaking English at home, five variables were significant predictors of smoking uptake: thinking it acceptable to smoke, perceived benefits of smoking, and having a brother, sister, or close friend who smokes. For students speaking a LOTE, the only predictor was the smoking status of close friends. CONCLUSIONS Despite the higher smoking prevalence among men with a non-English-speaking background, and the reported strong association between fathers’ smoking status and smoking onset of their children, adolescents speaking a LOTE at home were significantly less likely to be smokers than their English-speaking counterparts. Thus, there would seem to be a delay of smoking onset among students speaking a LOTE at home. The smoking rates among respondents speaking a LOTE at home in this study are lower than those obtained from the studies conducted in Europe and the United States. Effective smoking prevention interventions need to be implemented at an early stage of adolescence.
Performance monitoring at the task and the response level

Abstract How errors and conflict are processed in the human brain, has been extensively investigated over the last decades. In this review, we argue that error research has mainly focused on one type of errors, namely errors at the response level. Furthermore, research on conflict and errors has primarily used a very restricted set of experimental paradigms, raising the question as to whether the results from this research can be generalized to other forms of errors and conflict. We thus argue to approach errors and conflict from a broader perspective.
Evolving Partnerships in Community

In recent years there have been a significant number of publications on the benefits and challenges of community-based participatory research (CBPR). In this introduction we give an overview of three projects presented in this mini-monograph and highlight their commonalities and differences in developing community–university partnerships. While the studies presented here were not required to use CBPR strategies in their work, they did engage community members in a participatory manner. In this mini-monograph we examine how these multifaceted research questions are addressed while simultaneously negotiating complex relationships among researchers and communities as they strive for a more equitable partnership—not only in the distribution of resources but also in power/authority, the process of research, and its outcome. The three papers in this mini-monograph offer insights into various ways of forming, working, and sustaining community–university partnerships in conducting CBPR. They illustrate both the potential benefits and some of the challenges involved with establishing partnerships between community groups and researchers committed to the mutual goal of promoting environmental health. They suggest the importance of nonprescriptive frameworks for conducting community-based participatory research that focuses on more equitable power relationships to address health disparities to help alleviate environmental health problems.
Glioblastoma of the optic chiasm.

Gliomas can arise in the optic pathways between the bulb and the lateral geniculate bodies. Their clinical behaviour is not only related to the degree of malignancy, but is also influenced by the site of origin. When they arise in the optic nerve they are often relatively benign. They are usually unilateral and involvement of the chiasm is not very common (Tym, I96I; Chutorian, Schwartz, Evans, and Carter, I964; Hoyt and Baghdassarian, I969; Davis, I940; Reese, I956). Howvever, those arising at the chiasm often spread to both optic nerves (Chutorian and others, I964; Russell, I971). The majority of optic nerve gliomas occur in children under the age of io years (Chutorian and others, i964) and they are rare in adults (Fowler and Matson, I957). In the case described below, the tumour arose in the optic chiasm of a 40-year-old woman.
Cognitions about Cognitions: The Theory of Metacognition.

This paper proposes a theoretical review of the term 'metacognition'. It was introduced by John Flavell in the early 1970s based on the term 'metamemory' previously conceived by the same scholar (Flavell 1971). Flavell (1979) viewed metacognition as learners' knowledge of their own cognition, defining it as 'knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena'. Metacognition is often referred to in the literature as 'thinking about one's own thinking', or as 'cognitions about cognitions'. It is usually related to learners' knowledge, awareness and control of the processes by which they learn and the metacognitive learner is thought to be characterized by ability to recognize, evaluate and, where needed, reconstruct existing ideas. Flavell's definition was followed by numerous others, often portraying different emphases on or different understanding of mechanisms and processes associated with metacognition.
The Switch from Latent to Productive Infection in Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected B Cells Is Associated with Sensitization to NK Cell Killing

ABSTRACT Following activation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells from latent to productive (lytic) infection, there is a concomitant reduction in the level of cell surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and an impaired antigen-presenting function that may facilitate evasion from EBV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. In some other herpesviruses studied, most notably human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), evasion of virus-specific CD8+ effector responses via downregulation of surface MHC class I molecules is supplemented with specific mechanisms for evading NK cells. We now report that EBV differs from HCMV in this respect. While latently infected EBV-positive B cells were resistant to lysis by two NK lines and by primary polyclonal NK cells from peripheral blood, these effectors efficiently killed cells activated into the lytic cycle. Susceptibility to NK lysis coincided not only with downregulation of HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules that bind to the KIR family of inhibitory receptors on NK cells but also with downregulation of HLA-E molecules binding the CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptors. Conversely, ULBP-1 and CD112, ligands for the NK cell-activating receptors NKG2D and DNAM-1, respectively, were elevated. Susceptibility of the virus-producing target cells to NK cell lysis was partially reversed by blocking ULBP-1 or CD112 with specific antibodies. These results highlight a fundamental difference between EBV and HCMV with regards to evasion of innate immunity.
Medium voltage fan save: Energy efficient fan systems in power engineering, part 1

Fan systems, pumping systems and compressed air systems consume approximately 60% of total electricity generated worldwide. At the same time, these systems have very significant cost-effective energy saving potential. Nevertheless, the major barriers to effectively and widely apply the generally known recommendations are i) the need of individual evaluation of each application for concrete facilities ii) the lack of methodology and/or tools that would be able to sufficiently and reliably quantify the real energy saving potential for the most suitable technology both from technological and economical point of view. In this paper, we present the results of the research project which is intended to overcome these barriers. By specific, we present the developed software tool, methodology and physical background of modeling with the emphasis on comparison of conventional flow control methods to variable speed drives (VSDs). Case study results are also included.
Span of High Tones in Hong Kong English

Regardless of one’s position on whether Hong Kong English (HKE) exists, the English spoken in Hong Kong has a distinct Cantonese flavor even when spoken by highly educated individuals. Part of that distinctiveness comes from the fact of HKE’s widespread use of tones. In this paper, I demonstrate that the tonal patterns in HKE are derivable via multiple associations of a single high tone (H) autosegment with a domain of syllables defined by the edgemost stresses of a given utterance, which I will refer to as the stress domain. This description is accurate for mono-syllabic utterances and poly-syllabic ones and may range from a short word to a long sentence. At the utterance final position, there is a boundary low tone (L%) which would be associated with the final syllable. All residual syllables outside the stress domain will receive a default phonetic implementation of either a mid-level tone for pre-stress domain syllables or a transitional falling tone for post-stress domain syllables preceding the L%. Using universal constraints found in Optimality Theory, this paper then proceeds to demonstrate how the autosegmental account may be derived by careful ranking of the relevant constraints. Factorial typology of these constraints is demonstrated to make correct predictions for a different variety of HKE.
Ngari Virus Is a Bunyamwera Virus Reassortant That Can Be Associated with Large Outbreaks of Hemorrhagic Fever in Africa

ABSTRACT Two isolates of a virus of the genus Orthobunyavirus (family Bunyaviridae) were obtained from hemorrhagic fever cases during a large disease outbreak in East Africa in 1997 and 1998. Sequence analysis of regions of the three genomic RNA segments of the virus (provisionally referred to as Garissa virus) suggested that it was a genetic reassortant virus with S and L segments derived from Bunyamwera virus but an M segment from an unidentified virus of the genus Orthobunyavirus. While high genetic diversity (52%) was revealed by analysis of virus M segment nucleotide sequences obtained from 21 members of the genus Orthobunyavirus, the Garissa and Ngari virus M segments were almost identical. Surprisingly, the Ngari virus L and S segments showed high sequence identity with those of Bunyamwera virus, showing that Garissa virus is an isolate of Ngari virus, which in turn is a Bunyamwera virus reassortant. Ngari virus should be considered when investigating hemorrhagic fever outbreaks throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
Local Field Potentials and Spikes in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe are Selective to Image Category

Local field potentials (LFPs) reflect the averaged dendrosomatic activity of synaptic signals of large neuronal populations. In this study, we investigate the selectivity of LFPs and single neuron activity to semantic categories of visual stimuli in the medial temporal lobe of nine neurosurgical patients implanted with intracranial depth electrodes for clinical reasons. Strong selectivity to the category of presented images was found for the amplitude of LFPs in 8% of implanted microelectrodes and for the firing rates of single and multiunits in 14% of microelectrodes. There was little overlap between the LFP- and spike-selective microelectrodes. Separate analysis of the power and phase of LFPs revealed that the mean phase was category-selective around the frequency range and that the power of the LFPs was category-selective for high frequencies around the rhythm. Of the 36 microelectrodes with amplitude-selective LFPs, 30 were found in the hippocampus. Finally, it was possible to readout information about the category of stimuli presented to the patients with both spikes and LFPs. Combining spiking and LFP activity enhanced the decoding accuracy in comparison with the accuracy obtained with each signal alone, especially for short time intervals.
Should We Get Married in the Morning?

v Introduction. 1 Background . 2 Data and Methods . 5 Results . 11 Living Arrangements and Well-Being. 11 Characteristics of Cohabiting and Married Parents . 12 Simulation Results . 17 Discussion. 20 References . 22 Figures and Tables . 24
Kinematic and thermal structure at the onset of high-mass star formation - ISOSS23053

Abstract Within the ‘earliest phases of star formation’ (EPoS) Herschel project, we observed the NH3 inversion lines of 6 very young high-mass star-forming regions at high spatial resolution (3-5″) with the JVLA. While the Herschel data provide details about the dust continuum, the ammonia data reveal the kinematics and temperatures. Here we present the exciting star-forming clump ISOSS23053 that shows multiple velocity components. We observe a prominent velocity step within the clump, which could be a sign of colliding or converging flows that triggers star formation. Furthermore, we used the JVLA in the C-array configuration to study this source in more detail and we present the first results from the new data. They support the idea of converging flows, as we observe two components in the NH3(1,1) and (2,2) line, whereas the higher excited NH3(3,3) line shows one component that links the two lower excited lines.
Minority ethnic women and cervical screening: a matter of action or research?

Concerns over low uptake of cervical screening among minority ethnic women have spurred much research and practical activity to address the problem. Due to theoretical and methodological difficulties, research in this area has tended to focus on the communication deficit of women, without addressing the social context. This has not only hindered a wider theoretical understanding of the problem but, also, has perpetuated ineffective health promotion practice in this area. Using a participatory action research (PAR) approach, the project ‘Woman-to-woman: promoting cervical screening to minority ethnic women in primary care’, tackled the problem by involving both health professionals and women from the communities. Working in partnership, both professional and lay participants identified the problems from their own perspectives and generated solutions to resolve them. An intervention strategy was formulated in which bilingual women from the communities were recruited as community health educators to provide an informed link between their respective communities and the primary care sector. The outcomes of the intervention were evaluated by all participants. This paper aims to introduce PAR as an alternative approach by presenting an overview of the study. It begins by highlighting some of the common theoretical and methodological problems encountered by researchers; and then introduces the research framework of PAR and describes the research processes. A case observation is presented to illustrate the depth of understanding of the screening processes that can be obtained using this approach. The project has demonstrated that applying PAR cannot only lead to meaningful discoveries and insights into the problem of minority ethnic women and cervical screening, but also change in health promotion practice, which would have been difficult to achieve using a conventional research model. However, this study has also revealed major limitations of PAR, which need to be addressed if the approach is to be further developed.
Emotional Aspects and Quality of Experience for Multifactor Evaluation of Audiovisual Content

The present paper investigates multifactor audiovisual-content quality evaluation strategies, in mediated communication. The primary aims of the work are to identify, describe and model the mechanisms that the attributes of source content and its encoding properties influence the communication process and the involved emotional aspects in terms of Quality of Experience QoE, information perception and understanding. Mediated learning constitutes a demanding thus suitable investigation case-study, where communication efficiency can be monitored with the use of applicable Quality of Learning QoL parameters, such as the learning outcome and its relation to the prior knowledge status. Real-world e-learning scenarios are utilized for sentiment analysis tests combined with QoE/QoL evaluation, using both subjective scores and perceptually-adapted metrics. This experimental research attempts to monitor communication efficiency and its relation to the quality and emotional impact of the mediated content, offering new insights in mediated learning and broader audiovisual communication services.
Timing vs. Long-run Charitable Giving Behavior: Reconciling Divergent Approaches and Estimates

In this paper we examine the effect of the income tax on charitable giving. An important challenge in this literature has been to estimate the long-run response of giving to a persistent change in tax-price, which can be difficult to distinguish from intertemporal substitution arising from differences between current and expected future tax prices, arising for example due to transitory fluctuations in incomes, life-cycle factors, or preannounced tax reforms. Several papers that have attempted to distinguish these effects have found that the elasticity of charitable giving with respect to a persistent price change is small, while the elasticity with respect to a transitory difference between current and expected future prices is large. Auten, Sieg, and Clotfelter (2002) advance this literature by developing an estimation procedure that incorporates a more sophisticated model of the stochastic process for income. In contrast to previous research on the topic, they find the counterintuitive result that the immediate response to a persistent price change is much larger than the immediate response to a one-period transitory price change. In this paper, we present a new estimation procedure that allows us to implement their assumptions about the stochastic process of income in a more conventional regression framework, and then adapt the procedure to take into account the pre-announced and phased-in nature of tax reforms that occurred during the sample period. In preliminary analysis based on a public-use panel of individual tax return data, we are able to replicate their counterintuitive pattern of price elasticities, and find that incorporating information about pre-announced and phased-in tax law changes reverses their result -- the persistent price elasticity is reduced substantially, and the transitory price elasticity is now the larger of the two. We also try an instrumental variables strategy that relies exclusively on federal and state tax reforms for identification, and this yields similar results. Finally, we incorporate a dynamic adjustment process into the empirical specification, and find evidence that the long-run response to persistent price and income changes is larger than the immediate response.
Plasticity of plasma membrane compartmentalization during plant immune responses

Plasma membranes require high levels of plasticity to modulate the perception and transduction of extracellular and intracellular signals. Dynamic lateral assembly of protein complexes combined with an independent compositional lipid patterning in both membrane leaflets provide cells the opportunity to decorate this interface with specific proteins in an organized but dynamic manner. Such ability to dynamically reorganize the protein content of the plasma membrane is essential for the regulation of processes such as polarity of transport, development, and microbial infection. While the plant cell wall represents the first physical and mostly unspecific barrier for invading microbes, the plasma membrane is at the forefront of microbial recognition and initiation of defense responses. Accumulating evidence indicating dynamic compartmentalization of plasma membranes in response to environmental cues has increased the interest in the compositional heterogeneity of this bilayer. Here, we elucidate the recruitment of specific proteins into defined membrane structures that ensure functional compartmentalization of the bilayer during infection processes.
[Cardiac transplantation with bicaval anastomosis and prophylactic graft tricuspid annuloplasty].

OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the effects of prophylactic heart donor tricuspid annuloplasty in patients after heart transplantation with bicaval anastomosis. METHODS From 2002 to 2005, 20 patients undergoing heart transplantation with bicaval anastomosis and with a survival rate over 6 months were deliberately selected. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I - 10 patients who underwent prophylactic heart donor tricuspid annuloplasty by the De Vega technique; and Group II - 10 patients did not undergo annuloplasty. In both groups, presurgical clinical characteristics were the same. The tricuspid regurgitation degree was evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and it was qualified from 0 to 3 (0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderated, 3=severe). Myocardial performance was evaluated by ventricular ejection fraction and invasive hemodynamic study performed during routine endomyocardial biopsies. RESULTS Mean clinical follow-up was 14.6+/-4.3 (6 and 16) months. There was only one death in group II. It was not related to annuloplasty. Mean degree of tricuspid regurgitation in Group I was 0.4+/-0.6 and in Group II was 1.6+/-0.8 (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between both groups in right atrium pressure, which was higher in Group II. CONCLUSIONS In view of the limitations of the study, the prophylactic tricuspid annuloplasty in heart donor reduced the degree of valvar regurgitation in the medium term after heart transplantation with bicaval anastomosis, in spite of not interfering with the allograft hemodynamic performance in the period under consideration.