Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contempt and Pity: Social Policy and the Image of the Damaged Black Psyche, 1880-1996

For over a century, the idea that African Americans are psychologically damaged has played an important role in discussions of race. In this provocative work, Daryl Michael Scott argues that damage imagery has been the product of liberals and conservatives, of racists and antiracists. While racial conservatives, often playing on white contempt for blacks, have sought to use findings of black pathology to justify exclusionary policies, racial liberals have used damage imagery primarily to promote policies of inclusion and rehabilitation. In advancing his argument, Scott challenges some long-held beliefs about the history of damage imagery. He rediscovers the liberal impulses behind Stanley Elkins's Sambo hypothesis and Daniel Patrick Moynihan's Negro Family and exposes the damage imagery in the work of Ralph Ellison, the leading anti-pathologist. He also corrects the view that the Chicago School depicted blacks as pathological products of matriarchy. New Negro experts such as Charles Johnson and E. Franklin Frazier, he says, disdained sympathy-seeking and refrained from exploring individual pathology. Scott's reassessment of social science sheds new light on Brown v. Board of Education , revealing how experts reversed four decades of theory in order to represent segregation as inherently damaging to blacks. In this controversial work, Scott warns the Left of the dangers in their recent rediscovery of damage imagery in an age of conservative reform. |In reassessing the image of the damaged black psyche from 1880 to 1996, Scott argues that damage imagery has been the product of both liberals and conservatives, racists and antiracists. While racial conservatives, often playing on white contempt for blacks, have sought to use findings of black pathology to justify exclusionary policies, racial liberals have used damage imagery primarily to promote policies of inclusion and rehabilitation. Scott challenges long-held beliefs about the history of damage imagery, warning the Left of the dangers in their rediscovery of damage imagery in an age of conservative reform.
Quaternionic contact structures in dimension 7

L'infini conforme d'une metrique quaternion-kahlerienne complete sur une variete de dimension 4n est une distribution de contact quaternionienne de codimension 3. En dimension 4n - 1 >7, une telle structure de contact quaternionienne est toujours l'infini conforme d'une metrique quaternion-kahlerienne. Cependant, nous decrivons dans cet article une condition necessaire et suffisante pour qu'une telle distribution sur une variete de dimension 7 soit l'infini conforme d'une metrique quaternion-kalerienne. Ceci nous permet de trouver les structures de contact quaternioniennes sur la sphere de dimension 7, proches de la structure standard et qui sont les infinis conformes de metriques quaternion-kahleriennes completes sur la boule de dimension 8. Nous construisons ensuite une famille a 25 parametres de metriques quaternion-kahleriennes Sp(1)-invariantes et completes sur la boule de dimension 8.
To Read or Not to Read

For some time European newspaper markets have been confronted with decreasing circulation and readership figures. Research focused on patterns of consumption reveals that young people in particular spend less time reading newspapers. Since 2003, the government in Flanders has supported the Newspapers in Education programme in search of more qualitative and long-term alternatives to press subsidy, aimed at the preservation of the future readership market. As a result, the government and Flemish newspaper publishers distribute almost 1 million newspaper copies to schools every year. Each school year, approximately 100,000 students participate in the Newspapers in Education project. Over the years the financial support has grown and recently the Flemish government decided to substantially increase its contribution to γ1. 2 million, which will make it possible to expand the target group considerably, beyond the original focus on 16- to 18-year-olds. The research presented in this article analyses the shifts in pre and post test design survey results of the participants who took part in the Newspaper in Education project between February and May 2005.
Atypical eating disorders in young children

Eating disorders are considered rare in young children. However, we have admitted 8 prepubertal patients with atypical eating disorders. The 6 girls and 2 boys were 5-11 years old and had markedly abnormal eating behaviors for periods of 2 months to 10 years. Weights varied from 82% to 108% of desirable body weight. All patients refused to eat normal amounts or types of food and struggled with family and staff about eating and weight gain. Several displayed ritualistic, obsessive behaviors during meals. None had a distorted body image or fear of fatness, and none had anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Observed symptoms ranged from phobic food aversion with little weight loss or depression to very restrictive diets with bizarre eating behaviors, low weight, and significant depressive symptoms. A wide range of critical familial psychosocial problems was identified. All patients gained weight and demonstrated some improvement in eating behaviors in hospital. However, most children had significant associated psychopathology, which required treatment after discharge. Eating disorders may be more common in children than now believed, may be associated with major family conflict, and may not manifest distorted body image or fear of fatness as cardinal symptoms.
On Balance: Preschool Children's Judgements of Sociomoral, Environmental, and Social Conventional Transgressions

The current study investigates how preschool children judge behaviors that harm the environment as compared to moral transgressions, social-conventional transgressions, and personal choices. Forty-five preschool children (45% male) attending urban and rural preschool programs in Nebraska participated. An assessment tool was designed for this study and was comprised of a moveable balance scale on a game board. Pictures depicting different types of transgressions were attached to each end of the balance scale with Velcro and children judged which transgression was worse, or if both were equally bad. The results indicate that overall, children tended to judge socio-moral transgressions as worse than social-conventional transgressions or transgressions against the environment or animals. This undergraduate research project was grant funded by an Agricultural Research Division Honor Student Research Award through the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Sickness behaviors in response to unusual external events in healthy cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis.

OBJECTIVE To compare sickness behaviors (SB) in response to unusual external events (UEE) in healthy cats with those of cats with feline interstitial cystitis (FIC). DESIGN Prospective observational study. ANIMALS 12 healthy cats and 20 donated cats with FIC. PROCEDURES Cats were housed in a vivarium. Sickness behaviors referable to the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, the skin, and behavior problems were recorded by a single observer for 77 weeks. Instances of UEE (eg, changes in caretakers, vivarium routine, and lack of interaction with the investigator) were identified during 11 of the 77 weeks. No instances of UEE were identified during the remaining 66 weeks, which were considered control weeks. RESULTS An increase in age and exposure to UEE, but not disease status, significantly increased total number of SB when results were controlled for other factors. Evaluation of individual SB revealed a protective effect of food intake for healthy males. An increase in age conferred a small increase in relative risk (RR) for upper gastrointestinal tract signs (RR, 1.2) and avoidance behavior (1.7). Exposure to UEE significantly increased the RR for decreases in food intake (RR, 9.3) and for no eliminations in 24 hours (6.4). Exposure to UEE significantly increased the RR for defecation (RR, 9.8) and urination (1.6) outside the litter box. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SB, including some of the most commonly observed abnormalities in client-owned cats, were observed after exposure to UEE in both groups. Because healthy cats and cats with FIC were comparably affected by UEE, clinicians should consider the possibility of exposure to UEE in cats evaluated for these signs.
People detection in top-view fisheye imaging

We address the problem of people detection in top-view fisheye imaging. Even within the same top-view fisheye frame, upright people appear slanted in various directions and are distorted in different ways. Due to this variability, standard people detectors are not directly applicable to top-view fisheye frames, and dedicated people detectors for the top-view fisheye domain are hard to design. We extract features in the fisheye frame, unwrap them to a perspectivelike feature map, and forward them to a people detector designed and trained for common perspective images. Extracting the features before unwrapping prevents harmful smoothing of the gradient information. To facilitate feature unwrapping, we employ dense feature extraction and compute the unwrapping Jacobian. Distortion-free unwrapping is known to be impossible. We optimize the unwrapping method for the explicit goal of people detection performance. Applying a tunable fisheye camera model to project the fisheye image plane onto a unit half sphere, followed by the stereographic map projection, we obtain people detection performance similar to the standard perspective case. We complete the solution by introducing a convenient purposive fisheye-camera calibration process, optimized for subsequent people detection performance.
Potential of Miscanthus grasses to provide energy and hence reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Using bio-fuels, such as bio-ethanol or bio-diesel in transportation, or biomass in power generation reduces CO2 emissions as the carbon is fixed by the plants from the atmosphere and saves the equivalent fossil fuel. The perennial rhizomatous C4 grass Miscanthus has one of the highest energy intensities per hectare of land in Europe. Here we model the future potential of Europe to produce Miscanthus with four different future land use and climate change scenarios and conclude that up to 17% of Europe’s current primary energy consumption could be provided by this bio-energy crop by the year 2080 but that inter-annual variation of crop yield can be more than 20%. We conclude that that the highest greenhouse gas mitigation from bio-energy can be achieved by growing a Miscanthus crop on existing fertile and degraded arable land and not on land with a currently undisturbed ecosystem.
The Utility of the Electric Mallet

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of electrical mallet for tooth extraction evaluating the integrity of fresh sockets walls. From July 2009 to February 2012, 427 hopeless teeth were extracted in 156 patients: 96 males and 60 females, with a mean age of 53.2 ± 26.4 years. Two hundred fifty teeth were extracted from the maxilla and 177 from the mandible. Extractions were performed using an electrical mallet. It pushed blade in a longitudinal movement along central axis, moving up and down toward the periodontal ligament space in a repetitive manner, providing a driving mechanism of longitudinal movements. Intraoral digital radiographic examinations were performed before and immediately after dental extractions to evaluate the lamina dura setting. No fracture or loss of cortical bone plate was observed in fresh sockets of teeth extracted by electrical mallet. All the alveoli revealed full soft tissue secondary healing 2 weeks after complete root extraction. During the healing period, there were no signs of inflamed tissue or exposed bone in any of the cases. As reported in this clinical study, maximum preservation of the alveolar housing and related gingival structures may be achieved following assisted atraumatic tooth extraction by electrical mallet.
Spatial Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Relation to Environmental Variables in Korean Nationwide Streams

Conserving and enhancing freshwater biodiversity are global issues to ensure ecosystem integrity and sustainability. To meet this, it is critical to understand how the biological assemblages are determined by environmental gradients in different spatial scales. Nevertheless, information on their large-scale environmental relationships remains scarce in Korea. We aimed to understand nationwide spatial distribution patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates and important environmental factors affecting their distribution in 388 streams and rivers across Korea. A total of 340 taxa, belonging to 113 families in 23 orders of five phyla, were identified. Assemblage composition in most Korean streams included a few predominant colonizers and a majority of rare taxa. Cluster analysis based on benthic macroinvertebrates classified a total of 720 sampling sites into five clusters according to the pollution levels from fast-flowing less polluted streams with low electrical conductivity to moderately or severely polluted streams with high electrical conductivity and slow water velocity. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that altitude, water velocity and streambed composition were the most important determinants, rather than watershed and water chemistry variables, for explaining the variation in macroinvertebrate assemblage patterns. The results provide basic information for establishing the conservation and restoration strategies of macroinvertebrate biodiversity against anthropogenic disturbances and developing more confident bio-assessment tools for diagnosing stream ecosystem integrity.
Mapping dusty star formation in and around a cluster at z= 0.81 by wide-field imaging with AKARI

We present environmental dependence of dusty star-forming activity in and around the cluster RXJ1716.4+6708 at z= 0.81 based on wide-field and multiwavelength observations with the Prime Focus Camera on the Subaru Telescope (Suprime-Cam) and the Infrared Camera onboard the AKARI satellite. Our optical data show that the optical colour distribution of galaxies starts to dramatically change from blue to red at the medium-density environment such as cluster outskirts, groups and filaments. By combining with the AKARI infrared data, we find that 15-μm-detected galaxies tend to have optical colours between the red sequence and the blue cloud with a tail into the red sequence, consistent with being dusty star-forming galaxies. The spatial distribution of the 15-μm-detected galaxies over ∼200 arcmin2 around the cluster reveals that few 15-μm galaxies are detected in the cluster central region. This is probably due to the low star-forming activity in the cluster core. However, interestingly, the fraction of 15-μm-detected galaxies in the medium-density environments is as high as in the low-density field, despite the fact that the optical colours start to change in the medium-density environments. Furthermore, we find that 15-μm-detected galaxies which have optically red colours (candidates for dusty red galaxies) and galaxies with high specific star formation rates are also concentrated in the medium-density environment. These results imply that the star-forming activity in galaxies in groups and filaments is enhanced due to some environmental effects specific to the medium-density environment (e.g. galaxy–galaxy interaction), and such a phenomenon is probably directly connected to the truncation of star-forming activity in galaxies seen as the dramatic change in optical colours in such environment.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol delivered as a combination dry powder from a capsule-based inhaler and a multidose inhaler in asthma and COPD patients.

BACKGROUND The object of this study was to assess whether a capsule-based and multidose dry powder inhaler containing salmeterol (as xinafoate salt) 50 μg plus fluticasone propionate (FP) 250 μg [combination (SFC 50/250)] could be equivalent in terms of in vivo drug delivery and systemic exposure. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, replicate treatment design comparative bioavailability study of SFC 50/250 delivered in a capsule-based inhaler (Rotahaler®) and a multidose dry powder inhaler (Diskus®). Subjects with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) disease (n=60) were randomized to receive twice-daily SFC 50/250 via a Rotahaler and via Diskus each for two 10-day treatment periods (GlaxoSmithKline Protocol ASR114334). RESULTS For FP and salmeterol, the in vitro aerodynamic particle size profiles were within±15% of Diskus for the fine particle mass (FPM) and emitted dose (ED) using the Andersen Cascade Impactor, and ED, mass median aerodynamic diameter, and geometric standard deviation using the New Generation Impactor (NGI). This was also the case for FP but not salmeterol for FPM and fine particle dose using the NGI. For the combined asthma and COPD subjects, the plasma AUC and Cmax for FP and salmeterol were higher for Rotahaler:Rotahaler/Diskus geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) for FP AUC0-τ of 1.52 (1.37-1.67) and Cmax of 1.94 (1.75-2.10) and salmeterol AUC0-τ of 1.15 (1.09-1.21) and Cmax of 1.56 (1.42-1.67). Corresponding values for the primary pharmacodynamic endpoint, weighted mean (0-12 hr) serum cortisol, were 0.928 (0.886-0.971). Inhaled FP/salmeterol via both inhalers was well-tolerated. One serious adverse event, considered possibly related to study medication, resulted in subject withdrawal from the study. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro tests and systemic pharmacodynamic endpoints revealed no major differences between the two inhalers, but lacked predictive power and sensitivity to guide in vivo drug delivery performance and systemic exposure. Based on pharmacokinetic endpoints, the inhalers were not considered bioequivalent in terms of systemic exposure. Further studies to refine the Rotahaler performance are ongoing.
Adaptive Bitrate Selection: A Survey

HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) is the most recent attempt regarding video quality adaptation. It enables cheap and easy to implement streaming technology without the need for a dedicated infrastructure. By using a combination of TCP and HTTP it has the advantage of reusing all the existing technologies designed for ordinary web. Equally important is that HAS traffic passes through firewalls and works well when NAT is deployed. The rate adaptation controller of HAS, commonly called adaptive bitrate selection (ABR), is currently receiving a lot of attention from both industry and academia. However, most of the research efforts concentrate on a specific aspect or a particular methodology without considering the overall context. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the most significant research activities in the area of client-side HTTP-based adaptive video streaming. It starts by decomposing the ABR module into three subcomponents, namely: resource estimation function, chunk request scheduling, and adaptation module. Each subcomponent encapsulates a particular function that is vital to the operation of an ABR scheme. A review of each of the subcomponents and how they interact with each other is presented. Furthermore, those external factors that are known to have a direct impact on the performance of an ABR module, such as content nature, CDN, and context, are discussed. In conclusion, this paper provides an extensive reference for further research in the field.
A CHRNA5 allele related to nicotine addiction and schizophrenia

Schizophrenia and nicotine addiction are both highly heritable phenotypes. Because individuals with schizophrenia have a higher rate of smoking than those in the general population, one could hypothesize that genes associated with smoking might be overrepresented in schizophrenia and thus help explain their increased smoking incidence. Although a number of genes have been proposed to explain the increased smoking risk in schizophrenia, none of them have been consistently linked to smoking and schizophrenia, and thus difficult to explain the increased smoking in schizophrenia. A functional smoking‐related nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α5 subunit gene (CHRNA5) nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs16969968 (Asp398Asn) has recently been discovered and replicated. As such, we tested whether this variant contributes to smoking in schizophrenia in a sample of 313 schizophrenia patients and 525 controls. The Asp398Asn risk allele is significantly associated with smoking severity independently in schizophrenia patient smokers (P = 0.001) and control smokers (P = 0.029). Furthermore, the same risk allele is significantly associated with schizophrenia in both Caucasian (P = 0.022) and African‐American (P = 0.006) nonsmoker schizophrenia patients compared with control nonsmokers. Intriguingly, this SNP was not significantly associated with smoking status (smokers vs. nonsmokers) in either schizophrenia patients or controls. Therefore, our study identifies a genetic variant that is simultaneously linked to smoking and schizophrenia in the same cohort, but whether this SNP contributes to the increased smoking prevalence in schizophrenia patients requires additional studies.
Validation of a Model of Extramusical Influences on Solo and Small-Ensemble Festival Ratings

This is the fourth in a series of studies whose purpose has been to develop a theoretical model of selected extramusical variables' ability to explain solo and small-ensemble festival ratings. Authors of the second and third of these (Bergee & McWhirter, 2005; Bergee & Westfall, 2005) used logistic regression as the basis for their model-building strategy. Modeling in these two studies strongly converged, demonstrating that performing as a soloist later in the day and entering from a large, metropolitan-area, relatively well-financed school were success indicators. The present study constitutes the validation phase of this series. First, the 2004 ratings data from a large Midwestern state's solo and small ensemble music festival were analyzed using binomial logistic regression. Model variables retained to this point in the process-time of day (morning/afternoon), geographical district (metropolitan/nonmetropolitan), district expenditure per average daily attendance (defined with two categorical variables), school size classification (highest/four lowest classifications), type of event (sololensemble), and the time of day by geographical district interaction—were regressed on a dichotomized ("I" vs. "not I" ) festival ratings variable. The model then underwent external (cross) validation by means of its application to the 2002 and 2003 festival data. Although some shrinkage was noted, results indicated an acceptable fit with these two data sets. For internal validation, 50 random samples of 25 % of the 2004 entrants were drawn and submitted to binomial logistic regression analysis. Then, 50 random samples of 10 % were drawn and likewise analyzed. Results indicated that estimated coefficients showed unbiasedness and consistency. On the other hand, a marked inefficiency among the estimates was found. The model also showed evidence of under specificity.