Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential predictors of DSM-5 PTSD and ICD-11 complex PTSD among African American women

ABSTRACT Background: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is proposed for inclusion in the ICD-11 as a diagnosis distinct from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reflecting deficits in affective, self-concept, and relational domains. There remains significant controversy over whether CPTSD provides useful diagnostic information beyond PTSD and other comorbid conditions, such as depression or substance use disorders. Objective: The present study examined differences in psychiatric presentation for three groups: traumatized controls, DSM-5 PTSD subjects, and ICD-11 CPTSD subjects. Method: The sample included 190 African American women recruited from an urban public hospital where rates of trauma exposure are high. PTSD was measured using Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 and CPTSD was measured using clinician administered ICD-Trauma Interview. Psychiatric diagnoses and emotion dysregulation were also assessed. In a subset of women (n = 60), emotion recognition was measured using the Penn Emotion Recognition Task. Results: There were significant differences across groups on current and lifetime major depression (p < .001) and current and lifetime alcohol and substance dependence (p < .05), with CPTSD showing the highest rates of comorbidities. CPTSD women also showed significantly higher levels of childhood abuse and lower rates of adult secure attachment. Multivariate analysis of variance showed significantly more severe PTSD and depression symptoms and, as expected, more severe emotion dysregulation and dissociation, compared to DSM-5 PTSD and traumatized control groups. Individuals with CPTSD also had higher levels of emotion recognition to faces on a computer-based behavioural assessment, which may be related to heightened vigilance toward emotional cues from others. CPTSD women had better facial emotion recognition on a computer-based assessment, which may suggest heightened vigilance toward emotional cues. Conclusions: Our results suggest clear, clinically-relevant differences between PTSD and CPTSD, and highlight the need for further research on this topic with other traumatized populations, particularly studies that combine clinical and neurobiological data.
Deep Learning without Poor Local Minima

In this paper, we prove a conjecture published in 1989 and also partially address an open problem announced at the Conference on Learning Theory (COLT) 2015. With no unrealistic assumption, we first prove the following statements for the squared loss function of deep linear neural networks with any depth and any widths: 1) the function is non-convex and non-concave, 2) every local minimum is a global minimum, 3) every critical point that is not a global minimum is a saddle point, and 4) there exist "bad" saddle points (where the Hessian has no negative eigenvalue) for the deeper networks (with more than three layers), whereas there is no bad saddle point for the shallow networks (with three layers). Moreover, for deep nonlinear neural networks, we prove the same four statements via a reduction to a deep linear model under the independence assumption adopted from recent work. As a result, we present an instance, for which we can answer the following question: how difficult is it to directly train a deep model in theory? It is more difficult than the classical machine learning models (because of the non-convexity), but not too difficult (because of the nonexistence of poor local minima). Furthermore, the mathematically proven existence of bad saddle points for deeper models would suggest a possible open problem. We note that even though we have advanced the theoretical foundations of deep learning and non-convex optimization, there is still a gap between theory and practice.
Analysis of peer-to-peer file dissemination

In recent years, overlay networks have proven a popular way of disseminating potentially large files from a single server S to a potentially large group of N end users via the Internet. A number of algorithms and protocols have been suggested, implemented and studied. In particular, much attention has been given to peer-to-peer (P2P) systems such as BitTorrent [5], Slurpie [20], SplitStream [4], Bullet [11] and Avalanche [6]. The key idea is that the file is divided into M parts of equal size and that a given user may download any one of these - or, for Avalanche, linear combinations of these - either from the server or from a peer who has previously downloaded it.
Diagnostic value of cystatin C for predicting acute kidney injury in patients with liver cirrhosis

Background/Aims The present study aimed to determine the role of cystatin C as a prognostic factor for acute kidney injury and survival in cirrhotic patients. Methods The study investigated 53 liver cirrhosis patients. The renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine, serum and urine cystatin C, and 24-hour creatinine clearance on admission. Acute kidney injury was defined as a serum creatinine level exceeding the normal range (>1.2 mg/dl) and an increase of at least 50% from the baseline value. Multivariate analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve, and survival analysis were used to investigate prognostic factors for acute kidney injury and survival. Results Nine of the 53 cirrhotic patients (17.0%) developed acute kidney injury within 3 months. Both serum creatinine and cystatin C were predictive factors for acute kidney injury in univariate analysis, with a diagnostic accuracy of 0.735 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.525-0.945; p=0.028) for serum cystatin C and 0.698 (95% CI, 0.495-0.901, p=0.063) for creatinine. In multivariate analysis, only serum cystatin C was an independent risk factor for acute kidney injury. The sensitivity and specificity of a serum cystatin C level of >1.23 mg/L to acute kidney injury were 66% and 86%, respectively. Serum cystatin C was positively correlated with the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and MELD-Na scores (r=0.346 and p=0.011, and r=0.427 and p=0.001, respectively). Comparison of the survival rates over the observation period revealed that a serum cystatin C level of >1.23 mg/L was a useful marker for short-term mortality (p<0.001). Conclusions The accuracy in predicting acute kidney injury and short-term mortality was higher for a serum cystatin C level of >1.23 mg/L than for the serum creatinine concentration in patients with cirrhosis.
Comparison of Screening Methods for Pre- diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Race/ Ethnicity and Gender

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Current screening guidelines for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus note that there are discrepancies in diagnosing the disease using the fasting plasma glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c in high-risk populations. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of screening methods for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes by race/ethnicity and gender. METHODS: Secondary analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2008) were performed using SPSS 19.0. Screening outcomes were assessed and compared for a sample of n=10,566, NHW, NHB, MA, and Multiracial/other men and women. Analyses included cross tabulations, ANOVA and partial correlations to establish disease prevalence, effectiveness of screenings, and statistical significance. RESULTS: It was found that the HbA1c test is comparable in precision, and is correlated with the FPG for racial and ethnic minorities. The specificities for detecting pre-diabetes using the HbA1c were higher (64-66%) for these groups than by using the standard, FPG screening method (42-49%). There were no strong, significant differences for screening effectiveness for men versus women. DISCUSSION: This study revealed that the HbA1c test might be an effective method for screening for pre-diabetes in racial and ethnic minorities instead of the FPG test alone. Screening in high-risk populations will help delay the onset of T2DM, with increased prevention during the pre-clinical phase. INDEX WORDS: Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), HbA1c. Comparison of Screening Methods for Pre-diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Race/Ethnicity and Gender
Empirically Testing Decision Making in TAC SCM

Design decisions for TAC SCM agents are usually evaluated empirically by running complete agents against each other. While this approach is sufficient for many purposes, it be difficult to use it for running large-scale, controlled experiments to evaluate particular aspects of an agent’s design. This is true both for technical reasons (availability of other agent code, the trouble of setting up a TAC server, etc.) and especially because results can depend heavily on the experimenter’s choice of opponent agents. This paper introduces a novel model of the TAC SCM scheduling problem for use in such empirical evaluations. The model aims to reduce the experimental variability caused by the experimenter’s choice of opponent agents, replacing markets with stochastic processes that simulate them. These stochastic processes are designed by using machine learning to distill typical agent behaviors from real game logs taken from the TAC SCM finals. After describing the operation of our model, we validate it by showing that its predictions of opponent behavior are highly consistent with further game logs that were not used for building the model. Finally, we apply our model to investigate the performance of several integer/linear programming approaches for solving the delivery and scheduling subproblems in TAC SCM.
Appropriate antenatal corticosteroid use in women at risk for preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation

Please cite this paper as: Mahony R, McKeating A, Murphy T, McAuliffe F, O’Herlihy C, Foley M. Appropriate antenatal corticosteroid use in women at risk for preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. BJOG 2010;117:963–967.
Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and hypertension

Objective: Neuropeptide Y is a co-transmitter with noradrenaline in sympathetic neurons supplying arteries and veins with potent contractile effects. To investigate the role of neuropeptide Y in hypertension, we measured the circulating levels of neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline in patients with severe hypertension. Design: Samples were collected from patients with untreated, severe hypertension (diastolic blood pressure > 120 mmHg) and in age- and sex-matched controls. After treatment with β-adrenoceptor blockers, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or calcium antagonists, samples were taken from the patients during 12 months. Methods: The circulating levels of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) were measured with a radioimmunoassay using a rabbit antiserum. Catecholamines were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Results: There was a significantly higher level of NPY-LI in the patients when they were compared with the controls. However, there was no correlation either in the controls or in the hypertensives between systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and NPY-LI or noradrenaline. The increased level of NPY-LI in plasma remained elevated for up to 12 months despite reduction in blood pressure to acceptable levels. The noradrenaline level was not increased before treatment, after 2—4 weeks or after 2—12 months treatment. Conclusion: The high level of NPY-LI may represent a marker for higher activity of the sympathetic nervous system which is not controlled by the treatment of blood pressure to normotension.
Screening for cervical cancer.

Pap smears. Our clinic has provided services previously inaccessible to many women in the community. Colposcopy is a technique which has been used in Europe for many years, but it is relatively new in the United States. The colposcope is a binocular microscope with a magnification of x13.5 and a light source of high intensity. With this instrument, the nurse can identify specific areas of cervical atypia and subsequently per-
bject and spatial memory after neonatal perirhinal lesions in onkeys lison

The contribution of the perirhinal cortex (PRh) to recognition memory is well characterized in adults, yet the same lesions have limited effect on recognition of spatial locations. Here, we assessed whether the same outcomes will follow when perirhinal lesions are performed in infancy. Monkeys with neonatal perirhinal (Neo-PRh) lesions and control animals were tested in three operant recognition tasks as they reached adulthood: Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample (DNMS) and Object Memory Span (OMS), measuring object recognition, and Spatial Memory Span (SMS), measuring recognition of spatial locations. Although Neo-PRh lesions did not impact acquisition of the DNMS rule, they did impair performance when the delays were extended from 30 s to 600 s. In contrast, the same neonatal lesions had no impact on either the object or spatial memory span tasks, suggesting that the lesions impacted the maintenance of information across longer delays and not memory capacity. Finally, the magnitude of recognition memory impairment after the Neo-PRh lesions was similar to that previously observed after adult-onset evelopmental amnesia perirhinal lesions, indicating minimal, or no, functional compensation after the early PRh lesions. Overall, the results indicate that the PRh is a cortical structure that is important for the normal development of mechanisms supporting object recognition memory. Its contribution may be relevant to the memory impairment observed with human cases of temporal lobe epilepsy without hippocampal sclerosis, but rmen ublis not to the memory impai © 2015 The Authors. P
The Maize Tapetum Employs Diverse Mechanisms to Synthesize and Store Proteins and Flavonoids and Transfer Them to the Pollen Surface1[W][OA]

In anthers, the tapetum synthesizes and stores proteins and flavonoids, which will be transferred to the surface of adjacent microspores. The mechanism of synthesis, storage, and transfer of these pollen-coat materials in maize (Zea mays) differs completely from that reported in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which stores major pollen-coat materials in tapetosomes and elaioplasts. On maize pollen, three proteins, glucanase, xylanase, and a novel protease, Zea mays pollen coat protease (ZmPCP), are predominant. During anther development, glucanase and xylanase transcripts appeared at a mid developmental stage, whereas protease transcript emerged at a late developmental stage. Protease and xylanase transcripts were present only in the anther tapetum of the plant, whereas glucanase transcript was distributed ubiquitously. ZmPCP belongs to the cysteine protease family but has no closely related paralogs. Its nascent polypeptide has a putative amino-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeting peptide and a propeptide. All three proteins were synthesized in the tapetum and were present on mature pollen after tapetum death. Electron microscopy of tapetum cells of mid to late developmental stages revealed small vacuoles distributed throughout the cytoplasm and numerous secretory vesicles concentrated near the locular side. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation localized glucanase in ER-derived vesicles in the cytoplasm and the wall facing the locule, xylanase in the cytosol, protease in vacuoles, and flavonoids in subdomains of ER rather than in vacuoles. The nonoverlapping subcellular locations of the three proteins and flavonoids indicate distinct modes of their storage in tapetum cells and transfer to the pollen surface, which in turn reflect their respective functions in tapetum cells or the pollen surface.
Constant Envelope Precoding by Interference Exploitation in Phase Shift Keying-Modulated Multiuser Transmission

We introduce a new approach to constant-envelope precoding (CEP) based on an interference-driven optimization region for generic phase-shift-keying modulations in the multi-user (MU) multiple-input-multiple-output downlink. While conventional precoding approaches aim to minimize the multi-user interference (MUI) with a total sum-power constraint at the transmitter, in the proposed scheme we consider MUI as a source of additional energy to increase the signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio at the receiver. In our studies, we focus on two different CEP approaches: a first technique, where the power at each antenna is fixed to a specific value, and a two-step approach, where we first relax the power constraints to be lower than a defined parameter and then enforce CEP transmission. The algorithms are studied in terms of computational costs, with a detailed comparison between the proposed approach and the classical interference suppression schemes from the literature. Moreover, we analytically derive a robust optimization region to counteract the effects of channel-state estimation errors. The presented schemes are evaluated in terms of achievable symbol error rate in a perfect and imperfect channel-state information scenario for different modulation orders. Our results show that the proposed techniques further extend the benefits of classical CEP by judiciously relaxing the optimization region.
Mechanistic Modeling of Architectural Vulnerability Factor

Reliability to soft errors is a significant design challenge in modern microprocessors owing to an exponential increase in the number of transistors on chip and the reduction in operating voltages with each process generation. Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF) modeling using microarchitectural simulators enables architects to make informed performance, power, and reliability tradeoffs. However, such simulators are time-consuming and do not reveal the microarchitectural mechanisms that influence AVF. In this article, we present an accurate first-order mechanistic analytical model to compute AVF, developed using the first principles of an out-of-order superscalar execution. This model provides insight into the fundamental interactions between the workload and microarchitecture that together influence AVF. We use the model to perform design space exploration, parametric sweeps, and workload characterization for AVF.
Self-Organizing Neural Architectures and Cooperative Learning in a Multiagent Environment

Temporal-difference-fusion architecture for learning, cognition, and navigation (TD-FALCON) is a generalization of adaptive resonance theory (a class of self-organizing neural networks) that incorporates TD methods for real-time reinforcement learning. In this paper, we investigate how a team of TD-FALCON networks may cooperate to learn and function in a dynamic multiagent environment based on minefield navigation and a predator/prey pursuit tasks. Experiments on the navigation task demonstrate that TD-FALCON agent teams are able to adapt and function well in a multiagent environment without an explicit mechanism of collaboration. In comparison, traditional Q-learning agents using gradient-descent-based feedforward neural networks, trained with the standard backpropagation and the resilient-propagation (RPROP) algorithms, produce a significantly poorer level of performance. For the predator/prey pursuit task, we experiment with various cooperative strategies and find that a combination of a high-level compressed state representation and a hybrid reward function produces the best results. Using the same cooperative strategy, the TD-FALCON team also outperforms the RPROP-based reinforcement learners in terms of both task completion rate and learning efficiency.
Immunodeficient and immunosuppressed mice as models to test anti-Pneumocystis carinii drugs

Congenitally immunodeficient and immunosuppressed normal mice with naturally acquired Pneumocystis carinii infection were compared as models for testing anti-P. carinii drugs. Among the immunodeficient mice, mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (scid), which lack B and T cells, had higher levels of P. carinii pneumonia than did microMT mice, which lack K cells. Normal mice administered dexamethasone in the drinking water had more extensive pneumocystosis than mice administered parenteral methylprednisolone or hybridoma cells making a monoclonal antibody to CD4 cells. The standard anti-P. carinii drugs trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfamethoxazole (SMX), pentamidine, and atovaquone, which work well in rats and humans, worked well in the mice. Clindamycin and primaquine were effective in the scid and microMT mice but not in the immunosuppressed normal mice. High doses of epiroprim, an analog of TMP, appeared to enhance the activities of low doses of SMX and dapsone, while high doses of TMP did not; however, further studies are needed before definitive conclusions about the actions of these drugs can be drawn. Taken together, the data obtained in this study support the growing body of literature suggesting that the mouse is a valid alternative to the rat as a model for testing anti-P. carinii drugs. Additional differences involving the activities of individual drugs in these models will probably emerge as more experience is gained.
Tropical Forest Fragmentation Limits Movements, but Not Occurrence of a Generalist Pollinator Species

Habitat loss and fragmentation influence species distributions and therefore ecological processes that depend upon them. Pollination may be particularly susceptible to fragmentation, as it depends on frequent pollinator movement. Unfortunately, most pollinators are too small to track efficiently which has precluded testing the hypothesis that habitat fragmentation reduces or eliminates pollen flow by disrupting pollinator movement. We used radio-telemetry to examine space use of the green hermit hummingbird (Phaethornis guy), an important ‘hub’ pollinator of understory flowering plants across substantial portions of the neotropics and the primary pollinator of a keystone plant which shows reduced pollination success in fragmented landscapes. We found that green hermits strongly avoided crossing large stretches of non-forested matrix and preferred to move along stream corridors. Forest gaps as small as 50 m diminished the odds of movement by 50%. Green hermits occurred almost exclusively inside the forest, with the odds of occurrence being 8 times higher at points with >95% canopy cover compared with points having <5% canopy cover. Nevertheless, surprisingly. the species occurred in fragmented landscapes with low amounts of forest (~30% within a 2 km radius). Our results indicate that although green hermits are present even in landscapes with low amounts of tropical forest, movement within these landscapes ends up strongly constrained by forest gaps. Restricted movement of pollinators may be an underappreciated mechanism for widespread declines in pollination and plant fitness in fragmented landscapes, even when in the presence of appropriate pollinators.