Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inequality in Latin America: Breaking with History?

With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.
Nutritional manipulation of body composition and efficiency in ruminants.

Future meat production systems will focus on maximizing efficiency and optimizing utilization of inputs. There will be large penalties for product that fails to comply with market specifications, particularly carcass yield and meat quality traits. This paper reviews nutritional options for manipulation of body composition and their associated affects on carcass composition and quality and the efficiency of energy utilization for growth. Key elements that dictate the response of ruminants to feed restriction are the severity and timing of the restriction with respect to maturity. Variation in either of these elements results in differential affects on gross composition, fat partitioning and the efficiency of feed use for gain. The efficiency with which the animal uses energy to maintain the body and the ability of the animal to exhibit compensatory gain is coupled to the metabolic state of the visceral organs. Strategic manipulation of the energy yielding nutrients relative to protein content of feed and the specific addition of dietary constituents (for example, rumen escape amino acids, starch and oil) can also affect body composition and the efficiency of energy utilization for growth and maintenance. To capture the benefits of these effects and devise new and novel management procedures to manipulate body composition, a model which incorporates the interaction between nutrient supply and body composition is being developed.
Reducing the Risk of Nipple Necrosis: Technical Observations in 340 Nipple‐sparing Mastectomies

Optimizing cosmesis is a common goal of breast surgery. In support of immediate breast reconstruction, nipple‐sparing techniques have evolved. There is still a lack of agreement on the optimal technique and skin flap necrosis can be problematic. In this study, we review our experience with 340 NSM. Between March 2006 and February 2011, 340 NSMs were performed. Mammography, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed. Patient demographics and surgical techniques were reviewed. Anatomic observations were made and supported by breast images. A total of 340 NSMs in 231 patients by a single surgeon (AJS) were reviewed. Risk reduction was the indication for surgery in 59% with 50 patients (21.6%) testing positive for a BRCA1/2 gene mutation. There were two flap losses and 14 hematomas. Complete nipple necrosis occurred in three cases (0.8%) and partial loss in six patients. Recommendations are made to reduce the risk of nipple necrosis included the following: (a) preserving major perforating vessels (b) elevating skin flaps in the plane between the subcutaneous fat and the breast glandular tissue (c) the use of incisions that do not devascularize the nipple‐areola complex. Nipple‐sparing mastectomy can be performed with an acceptably low risk of nipple necrosis. Attention to detail including preserving major perforating vessels, elevating skin flaps in the appropriate plane and careful attention to incision planning are all required for a consistently good cosmetic outcome.
Experience And The Ability To Explain Audit Findings

This study investigates how experience-related differences in the content and structure of auditors' knowledge of financial statement errors can contribute to the effectiveness and efficiency of their audit decisions. Different audit decision tasks are performed by auditors with differing levels of training and experience. Such differential assignment is specifically mandated in the first standard of fieldwork (AU Section 210), and observations of practice (e.g., Haskins [1987]) indicate some consensus in assignment patterns. The appropriateness of these differential assignments has economic consequences because of the higher salaries paid to more experienced auditors. The existence of differential costs and presumed performance differences increases the importance of appropriately linking training, experience, and the promotion selection process. Nevertheless, researchers have yet to document both reliable experience-related performance differences and the ability' and knowledge differences2
SCALY INCUNABULA, AUXOSPORE DEVELOPMENT, AND GIRDLE POLYMORPHISM IN SELLAPHORA MARVANII SP. NOV. (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) 1

Uniparental auxosporulation was observed in a monoclonal culture of a Sellaphora clone isolated from the epipelon of a fishpond in the Czech Republic. The cox1 sequence for the clone confirmed that it belonged to the Sellaphora pupula–bacillum species complex but showed significant differences from all previously characterized Sellaphora species, and it is therefore described as S. marvanii sp. nov. Protoplast, valve, and girdle structure resembled those of other Sellaphora species, but a novel finding for all diatoms was a change in girdle structure during the life cycle: the most advalvar girdle band (valvocopula) bore a single line of pores in enlarged postauxospore cells but was entirely plain in small cells and gametangia. The young auxospores were covered by incunabula containing large, delicate, ± circular scales, resembling those of centric diatom auxospores; similar scales have been reported in a few other raphid diatoms (Pseudo‐nitzschia multiseries, Diploneis sp.) but contrast with the strip incunabula of some Nitzschia and Pinnularia and the helmet‐like caps of Neidium. The scales persisted during auxospore expansion, mostly as two caps over the auxospore poles. The transverse perizonium comprised a very wide, closed primary band, flanked by numerous secondary bands whose open ends were strongly incurved toward the center. Initial valves were differentiated from their immediate descendants by the very strong external demarcation of the raphe sternum, irregular shape, and curved transapical profile.
Unmet Needs in Groups of Traditionally Underserved Individuals with HIV/AIDS: Empirical Models

SUMMARY Over the course of the HIV epidemic, the demographics of the populations of affected individuals have changed. Groups that traditionally have been underserved in systems of care have a number of unmet service needs. This article presents results based on data from 478 patients in five national demonstration projects which were funded to enroll individuals from traditionally underserved groups and to help them access services using different strategies. The participants in these programs had a high level of unmet need prior to enrolling in care. Data on client service needs were related to 17 indicators of traditionally underserved status including demographic characteristics and risk behaviors, using the data modeling method of Exhaustive CHAID (Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector). Crack cocaine users with HIV/AIDS were more likely than other patient groups to have unmet service needs. Patients who were homeless or in precarious housing also were vulnerable. Results are discussed in terms of designing and evaluating innovative service models to close these service gaps.
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and other markers of high alcohol consumption: a study of 502 patients admitted consecutively to a medical department.

An isoform of transferrin, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is increased in a high percentage of abusing alcoholics and has been found superior in its specificity compared with other biological markers. We used serum CDT as a screening parameter in 502 patients consecutively admitted to our medical department during a 4-week period. The intake of ethanol during the last 4 weeks was registrated by personal interviews and the mean daily consumption calculated. Serum CDT was measured at admission (CDTect) and compared with gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), AST, ALT, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Serum CDT detected 18 of 26 (69%) patients who consumed > 50 g ethanol daily. The clinical sensitivity of CDT of detection ethanol consumption > 50 g daily was 69%, compared with 73%, 50%, 35%, and 52% for increased values of GGT, AST, ALT, and MCV, respectively. Altogether, 38 of 476 patients (8%) with a daily ethanol consumption < 50 g also had increased serum CDT levels. The specificity of CDT was 92%, compared with 75%, 82%, 86%, and 85% for GGT, AST, ALT, and MCV, respectively. In the 60 patients who consumed > 10 g ethanol daily, we found a significantly positive correlation between CDT and ethanol consumption (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). A positive correlation was also found between serum transferrin and CDT (r = 0.51, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the specificity of CDT is much higher compared with GGT in detecting alcohol abuse. Some acute and chronic illnesses may increase the serum level of CDT. False-positive CDT levels may be caused by changes in serum transferrin concentration.
Matching Unemployment and Vacancies in Regional Labour Markets; an empirical analysis for the Netherlands

In this paper we analyze regional developments in unemployment and vacancies in the Netherlands during the 1980s. Our purpose is to establish to what extent the differences in unemployment and vacancy rates are due to difference in regional labor market performance. The analysis is carried out by considering labor market dynamics using the concept of the matching function. We find a constant returns to scale matching function with coefficients of 0.25 for unemployment and 0.75 for vacancies. Efficiency rises substantially during the recession in the beginning of the 1980s. Regional differences in efficiency appear to be small for most regions, suggesting that a reduction in regional unemployment should by stimulating regional labor demand.
The Relationship between New Work Practices and Employee Effort

In the context of the debate about the effectiveness of implementing new work practices, such as job rotation, teamwork and enhancing job autonomy, this article analyses their relationship with different dimensions of workers’ effort. Using two different but complementary data sets, our study reveals that in general these new work practices are associated to greater voluntary and involuntary mental effort, with a weaker link with involuntary physical effort. Besides this general trend our study also shows that different practices play different roles in different dimensions of employee effort.
Complications after type one thyroplasty: is day-case surgery feasible?

Abstract Objectives and hypothesis: Isshiki type one medialisation thyroplasty is an accepted treatment for a unilateral immobile vocal fold. It can also be performed simultaneously as a bilateral procedure in patients with severe bowing of the vocal folds (e.g. presbyphonia). The objectives of this study were to assess the incidence and timing of post-operative complications, and to evaluate whether patients undergoing this operation could, in future, be treated as day cases. Study design and methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 57 consecutive patients who had undergone a type one thyroplasty (52 unilateral and five bilateral) at a tertiary referral centre between April 2003 and April 2006. Post-operative improvement in the voice (measured subjectively, perceptually and quantitatively) was considered to constitute a successful outcome. Any complications were documented. Results: Fifty-seven patients who had undergone laryngeal framework surgery were recruited from the study database. All of these patients had undergone either unilateral or bilateral type one medialisation thyroplasty but no arytenoid surgery. Thirty-seven were male (65 per cent) and 20 female (35 per cent), and there was left-sided predominance (74 per cent). All patients were discharged the morning following afternoon surgery (i.e. within 24 hours). Complications occurred in four patients (7 per cent). One patient, who was taking warfarin, developed a post-operative haematoma which resolved with conservative treatment. Two patients (both of whom had undergone revision thyroplasty) developed a wound infection three days post-operatively, which resolved with antibiotics. One patient returned with hoarseness five months post-operatively, after an initially successful result. This patient had previously received radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma, and the Silastic® implant was eroding through the mucosa. This was subsequently removed under general anaesthesia. No patients developed complications leading to airway compromise. Conclusion: The only complications in this series were in patients taking anticoagulation medication, undergoing revision surgery, or in whom the laryngeal tissue was atrophic or absent. Careful patient selection to exclude any of the above should reduce the risk of complications. The authors would therefore advocate type one thyroplasty for unilateral or bilateral vocal fold paralysis as a suitable procedure for day-case surgery within our department.
A New Bone Substitute Developed from 3D-Prints of Polylactide (PLA) Loaded with Collagen I: An In Vitro Study

Although a lot of research has been performed, large segmental bone defects caused by trauma, infection, bone tumors or revision surgeries still represent big challenges for trauma surgeons. New and innovative bone substitutes are needed. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a novel procedure to create 3D porous scaffolds that can be used for bone tissue engineering. In the present study, solid discs as well as porous cage-like 3D prints made of polylactide (PLA) are coated or filled with collagen, respectively, and tested for biocompatibility and endotoxin contamination. Microscopic analyses as well as proliferation assays were performed using various cell types on PLA discs. Stromal-derived factor (SDF-1) release from cages filled with collagen was analyzed and the effect on endothelial cells tested. This study confirms the biocompatibility of PLA and demonstrates an endotoxin contamination clearly below the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) limit. Cells of various cell types (osteoblasts, osteoblast-like cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells) grow, spread and proliferate on PLA-printed discs. PLA cages loaded with SDF-1 collagen display a steady SDF-1 release, support cell growth of endothelial cells and induce neo-vessel formation. These results demonstrate the potential for PLA scaffolds printed with an inexpensive desktop printer in medical applications, for example, in bone tissue engineering.
JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS December 1978 THE EXPECTED RETURN TO EQUITY AND INTERNATIONAL ASSET PRICES

This paper is concerned with empirical measurement, analysis, and comparison of the returns expected by investors in U.S., German, French and Japanese equity markets. The expedited return to equity is a pivotal concept in capital market theory because of the concern of this theory with analyzing relationships between expected returns to the general market and expected returns to individual securities. Because the expected equity returns are not directly observable, the approach almost uniformly taken in the empirical testing of capital market theory is to make additional behavioral assumptions beyond those contained in the basic theory that enable it to be translated into an analysis of market relationships among ex-post returns. Empirical tests then become tests of both the basic theory and the appended assumptions. A new approach to the empirical testing of capital market relationships is to develop empirical approximations to the returns expected in the equity market, and to employ these expectational measures to directly test capital market relationships. This paper formulates and examines this approach. Empirical approximations of the expected equity return for a representative group of major international stock exchanges are formulated, estimated, and analyzed, leading to a direct test of the International Asset Pricing model in its original form. In addition to the role of expected equity returns in the testing of capital market theory, the concept is important in the study of fluctuations in the level of new investment in real assets. In equilibrium, the expected equity return is driven to equality with the minimum return required by suppliers of equity capital. Accordingly, the assumption of an equity market that remains
Context-Aware Cloud Service Selection Model for Mobile Cloud Computing Environments

Mobile cloud computing (MCC) has attracted extensive attention in recent years. With the prevalence of MCC, how to select trustworthy and high quality mobile cloud services becomes one of the most urgent problems. Therefore, this paper focuses on the trustworthy service selection and recommendation in mobile cloud computing environments. We propose a novel service selection and recommendation model (SSRM), where user similarity is calculated based on user context information and interest. In addition, the relational degree among services is calculated based on PropFlow algorithm and we utilize it to improve the accuracy of ranking results. SSRM supports a personalized and trusted selection of cloud services through taking into account mobile user’s trust expectation. Simulation experiments are conducted on ns3 simulator to study the prediction performance of SSRM compared with other two traditional approaches. The experimental results show the effectiveness of SSRM.
Does Equity-Based Compensation Make CEOs More Acquisitive?

type="main" xml:lang="en"> Theory is conflicted on the impact of equity-based compensation on managerial risk taking. We explore this issue by studying the relation between equity-based compensation and firms' propensity to make acquisitions. Consistent with the notion that equity-based compensation encourages managerial risk taking, we report a positive relation between equity-based compensation and CEO acquisitiveness. Additionally, we find that the number of acquisitions, acquisition size, use of equity as payment, and propensity to acquire private firms are all positively associated with equity-based compensation. Abnormal returns around acquisition announcements suggest that the impact of equity-based compensation is not uniformly positive for acquiring-firm shareholders.
When Objectivity is Not Objective: Network Television News Coverage of U.S. Senators and the "Paradox of Objectivity"

Do the electronic media, the principal source of political information for many if not most American citizens, present biased accounts of national affairs? Our analyses of network coverage of U.S. senators during the 1970s and 1980s find that the networks follow objective routines, which normally ensure balanced reporting of political affairs. During times of seismic change in the political landscape, however, these very routines can produce what might be interpreted as biased coverage. The first four years of the Reagan administration, we show, is a striking example of this phenomenon. We label this the "paradox of objectivity," a phenomenon that greatly complicates the evaluation of news reporting.
Stock Split Decisions: A Synthesis of Theory and Evidence

This paper reviews various studies of forward and reverse stock splits in the areas of motives for splits, split practices, split effects on firm value, and changes in market activities around splits. It focuses on three hypotheses and their extended evidence. As our analysis shows, the optimal price/tick hypothesis is widely supported and applied; the signaling hypothesis is supported by limited empirical results; and the procedure/structure hypothesis, backed up by some evidence, complements the first and second hypotheses.
Weight gain in pregnancy according to maternal height and weight

Abstract Weight gain during pregnancy is of great importance for the health of mother and child. There is considerable individual variability with regard to the weight gain, with maternal height and pre-pregnancy body weight being important determinants. We aim to assess the usefulness of the maternal body mass index (BMI) and other ways of combining maternal weight and height in predicting weight gain during pregnancy. We analyzed data of more than 2.2 million pregnancies taken from the German perinatal statistics of 1995–2000. We found that BMI is not useful as a predictor of weight gain during pregnancy. We developed an alternative system of using maternal weight and height to predict weight gain by classifying pregnant women according to their weight and height. This allows an assessment of weight gain by comparing a given pregnant woman to other women with similar weights and heights.
Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship : the mediating effect of culture

Este trabajo estudia el efecto mediador de los valores culturales sobre la actividad emprendedora total (TEA) y la motivacion de los emprendedores -diferenciando el motivo oportunidad frente al motivo necesidad- en paises con niveles diferentes de desarrollo. Los datos de 56 paises del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) sobre actividad emprendedora y de la Schwartz Value Survey (1994, 2006b) se analizan usando modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados muestran que solo en los paises de ingresos altos, el valor utonomia impulsa la actividad emprendedora. Ademas, existen mayores niveles de emprendimiento en los paises donde predomina el Igualitarismo, y ese efecto es mas intenso conforme la renta se eleva. Es mas, la dimension ultural Igualitarismo-Jerarquia tambien es muy relevante en la explicacion del ratio de emprendedores por oportunidad/necesidad.