Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Tagging as a Support Strategy for Creating Knowledge Maps

Graph organizers are powerful tools for both structuring and transmitting knowledge. Because of their unique characteristics, these organizers are valuable for cultural institutions, which own large amounts of information assets and need to constantly make sense of them. On one hand, graph organizers are tools for connecting numerous chunks of data. On the other hand, because they are visual media, they offer a bird’s-eye view perspective on complexity, which is digestible to the human eye. They are effective tools for information synthesis, and are capable of providing valuable insights on data. Information synthesis is essential for Heritage Interpretation, since institutions depend on constant generation of new content to preserve relevance among their audiences. While Mind Maps are simpler to be structured and comprehended, Knowledge Maps offer challenges that require new methods to minimize the difficulties encountered during their assembly. This paper presents strategies based on manual and automatic tagging as an answer to this problem. In addition, we describe the results of a usability test and qualitative analysis performed to compare the workflows employed to construct both Mind Maps and Knowledge Maps. Furthermore, we also talk about how well concepts can be communicated through the visual representation of trees and networks. Depending on the employed method, different results can be achieved, because of their unique topological characteristics. Our findings suggest that automatic tagging supports and accelerates the construction
Health Inequality and Its Determinants in New York

Self-assessed health status conditioned by several objective measures of health and socio-demographic characteristics are used to measure health inequality. We compare the quality of health and health inequality among different racial/ethnic groups as well as across 10 economic development regions in New York State. In terms of average health and health inequality, American Indian/Alaskan Natives and Hispanics are found to be the worst, and North Country and Southern Tier regions lag behind the rest of the State. Three major contributing factors to health inequality are found to be employment status, education, and income. However, the contribution of each of these determinants varies significantly among racial/ethnic groups as well as across regions, suggesting targeted public health initiatives for vulnerable populations to eliminate overall health disparity.
Experiencing Residential Segregation

Explicit considerations of race and unlawful racial discrimination persist as critical factors in the continuing segregation of urban housing markets. On the basis of a telephone survey of Washington, D.C. area households, the authors find that current black households were almost twice as likely as white households to not get their first choice when they moved into their current homes, more than one-fourth of black householders report that they or someone they know experienced discrimination in their efforts to obtain housing or housing finance within the past three years, and whites are more than four times as likely as blacks to believe that equal opportunity exists in the current housing market. These relationships persist after controlling on several socioeconomic characteristics (income, education, housing tenure) of households. Several policy options are recommended for ameliorating racial segregation in urban housing markets.
MathDQN: Solving Arithmetic Word Problems via Deep Reinforcement Learning

Designing an automatic solver for math word problems has been considered as a crucial step towards general AI, with the ability of natural language understanding and logical inference. The state-of-the-art performance was achieved by enumerating all the possible expressions from the quantities in the text and customizing a scoring function to identify the one with the maximum probability. However, it incurs exponential search space with the number of quantities and beam search has to be applied to trade accuracy for efficiency. In this paper, we make the first attempt of applying deep reinforcement learning to solve arithmetic word problems. The motivation is that deep Q-network has witnessed success in solving various problems with big search space and achieves promising performance in terms of both accuracy and running time. To fit the math problem scenario, we propose our MathDQN that is customized from the general deep reinforcement learning framework. Technically, we design the states, actions, reward function, together with a feed-forward neural network as the deep Q-network. Extensive experimental results validate our superiority over state-of-the-art methods. Our MathDQN yields remarkable improvement on most of datasets and boosts the average precision among all the benchmark datasets by 15\%.
A Real Options Approach to Bankruptcy Costs: Evidence from Failed Commercial Banks During the 1990s

Literature identifies three main aspects of liquidation costs: firm size, asset specificity, and industry concentration. This paper unifies the theory behind these aspects of bankruptcy costs by treating them as components of a broader option valuation problem faced by the liquidating trustee. Testing the hypothesized asset price relationships on FDIC failed-bank liquidation data yields the appropriate results. Furthermore, it appears that liquidation time alone can be used as an effective second-order proxy for asset value growth where market value estimates are unavailable.
Citizen Attitudes Toward Transparency in Local Government

The proper balance between governmental secrecy and open government is at the forefront of contemporary public debate. Citizens have different degrees of interest in and demand for governmental transparency. Using data from a national online survey of more than 1,800 respondents, we develop several indices to measure citizens' demand for transparency at the local level and explore its correlates. We also examine the correlates of citizens' reported requests for information from local government. The data and analysis suggest that there are several dimensions to the public's demand for transparency, including fiscal, safety, and government concerns, and principled openness. Age, political ideology, confidence in government leaders, frequency of contacting government, and especially the perception that there is currently not enough access to government appear to drive the public's demand for transparency, although determinants differ for each dimension. Some, although not all, of these factors also predict citizens' actual requests for government information.
The study of career needs, career development programmes and job satisfaction levels of R&D personnel: the case of Taiwan

This study sets out to explore the relative gap between career development programmes and career needs, and its subsequent causal effect on job satisfaction levels among research and development (R&D) personnel. The study reveals that R&D personnel have diverse career needs at various stages of their career, and that job satisfaction levels among this group are particularly affected by the gap between career needs and career development programmes depending upon which stage of their career they have reached. It is also clear, for R&D personnel in particular, that not only is the gap between career development programmes and career needs an important determinant of job satisfaction, but that there are considerably higher turnover levels among researchers in the high-tech industry in Taiwan than the average level for industry as a whole. Thus, from a pragmatic perspective, it is of particular importance to propose effective career development programmes aimed at satisfying the career needs of R&D personnel in order to improve the level of job satisfaction in this group.
Robust Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Based on MEMS-IMU for Smartphones

This paper proposes a pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) algorithm based on the strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS) using the gyros, accelerometers, and magnetometers on smartphones. In addition to using a gravity vector, magnetic field vector, and quasi-static attitude, this algorithm employs a gait model and motion constraint to provide pseudo-measurements (i.e., three-dimensional velocity and two-dimensional position increment) instead of using only pseudo-velocity measurement for a more robust PDR algorithm. Several walking tests show that the advanced algorithm can maintain good position estimation compare to the existing SINS-based PDR method in the four basic smartphone positions, i.e., handheld, calling near the ear, swaying in the hand, and in a pants pocket. In addition, we analyze the navigation performance difference between the advanced algorithm and the existing gait-model-based PDR algorithm from three aspects, i.e., heading estimation, position estimation, and step detection failure, in the four basic phone positions. Test results show that the proposed algorithm achieves better position estimation when a pedestrian holds a smartphone in a swaying hand and step detection is unsuccessful.
The Effects of Financial Statement Information Proximity and Feedback on Cash Flow Forecasts

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), in their joint Financial Statement Presentation project, are reconsidering the basic format of financial statements. The Boards' preliminary discussions related to this joint project indicate that they intend to modify the required financial statements to increase the proximity of performance-related information for each reported period, but also to reduce the number of reported periods. We provide evidence related to each of these potential changes by investigating the effects of financial-statement information proximity and the number of periods of reported performance on investors' ability to learn the forecast-relevant time-series properties of reported cash flows and accruals. Our experimental results suggest that nonprofessional investors are able to more quickly learn the relation between current period cash flows and accruals and future cash flow realizations when financial-statement information is presented in a single statement rather than separated into two statements. In addition, we find that nonprofessional investors exhibit lower levels of absolute forecast errors and less forecast dispersion when financial-statement information is unified into a single statement. Interestingly, we find that decreasing the number of periods of reported information from three to one does not negatively impact nonprofessional investor learning and prediction performance, both in terms of forecast errors and forecast dispersion. Overall, our results provide useful information related to the design of effective financial statement presentation format.
NGO futures: Beyond aid: NGDO values and the fourth position

This collection of articles rests on, for some, a speculative proposition. The proposition is that non-governmental organisations associated with international development (NGDOS) face a future scenario where they can no longer rely on a system of international concessional aid as reference point for their role, work and continuity. ' Depending on where you live in the world, this scenario is actual, as in Chile, or it may still appear to be far distant, as in Nepal. Whatever the case, this collection offers reflections on alternative NGDO thinking, practice and financing in the 21st century that are not premised on aid as a redistributive system providing international economic and social subsidy.2 This introduction has three purposes.3 First, to set the scene, so to speak, by examining the rationale for considering NGDOS in beyond-aid scenarios (BAS). This is undertaken in terms of both superficial and deeper-lying causes affecting NGDOS in tomorrow's world. Second, to provide brief introductions to articles as two sets. The first set of four papers provides different frameworks for thinking about NGDOS outside the notion of aid per se. The second set provides practical illustrations of how NGDOS are changing with the times, many of which correspond to ideas contained in the first group. Combining the two sets permits an identification of crosscutting issues. Finally, the introduction offers a provisional future-orientated synthesis of perspectives contained in the articles, a crux of which is for NGDOS to adopt a fourth, value-based position between state, market and civil society. Most of the contributions to be found in the following pages were originally drafted for and presented at sessions convened under a panel entitled 'NGOS in a Future Without Aid'. The panel was one of many forming the body of a conference with the theme 'NGOS in a Global Future', held in Birmingham, UK from 13 to 16 January 1999. Of the original papers, three have been combined into one (Aldaba, Antezana & Valderrama). The contribution from Peter van Tuijl was specifically commissioned for this volume; and another (Wiktorowicz & Taji Farouki) is included to help illustrate points raised by other papers. They are linked by a challenge to consider NGDOS in a New World Order outside their 'traditional' location within the thinking, practice and financing of intemational aid. Why is this necessary and useful?
Ultrastructural localization of reelin in the cortex in post‐mortem human brain

Reelin is a glycoprotein that plays a critical role in brain development, including proper cortical lamination. In adult animals, reelin continues to be expressed in different neuronal populations in many brain regions. We performed labeling for reelin immunoreactivity (‐i) in post‐mortem cerebral cortex from five adults and two fetuses with three different antibodies. The tissue was then processed for light and electron microscopy. In cell bodies, reelin‐i was found in pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons on the outer nuclear membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), and ribosomes. In dendrites, labeling was found in the rER and ribosomes and was diffusely distributed in spines. In the neuropil, diffuse labeling was seen in small axon terminals and unmyelinated axons, and the postsynaptic density (PSD) frequently had discrete labeling. Reelin‐i was also found in glial somata and in small astrocytic processes. With rare exceptions, reelin‐i in the adult was conspicuously absent from both the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the subcellular organelles, where secreted proteins are modified and taken back into the cell. Labeling in fetal cortex was similar to that in the adult except for prominent labeling in the ECM. The presence of reelin in adult spines, PSD, and terminals suggests that in the adult human reelin has a role in synaptic remodeling, which is consistent with the evidence for its role in long‐term potentiation in the adult brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:294–308, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aire Disruption Influences the Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cell Transcriptome and Interaction With Thymocytes

The function of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is associated with thymocyte adhesion, which is crucial for the negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes in the thymus. This process represents the root of central tolerance of self-components and prevents the onset of autoimmune diseases. Since thymic epithelia correspond to an important target of donor T cells during the onset of chronic graft-vs-host-disease, mTEC-thymocyte adhesion may have implications for alloimmunity. The Aire and Fezf2 genes function as transcriptome controllers in mTECs. The central question of this study is whether there is a mutual relationship between mTEC-thymocyte adhesion and the control of the mTEC transcriptome and whether Aire is involved in this process. Here, we show that in vitro mTEC-thymocyte adhesion causes transcriptome changes in mTECs and upregulates the transcriptional expression of Aire and Fezf2, as well as cell adhesion-related genes such as Cd80 or Tcf7, among others. Crispr-Cas9-mediated Aire gene disruption demonstrated that this gene plays a role in the process of mTEC-thymocyte adhesion. Consistent with the nuclear localization signal (NLS) encoded by Aire exon 3, which was targeted, we demonstrate that Aire KO−/− mTECs impair AIRE protein localization in the nucleus. Consequently, the loss of function of Aire reduced the ability of these cells to adhere to thymocytes. Their transcriptomes differed from their wild-type Aire+/+ counterparts, even during thymocyte adhesion. A set of mRNA isoforms that encode proteins involved in cell adhesion were also modulated during this process. This demonstrates that both thymocyte interactions and Aire influence transcriptome profiling of mTEC cells.
GyrA Mutations in Nosocomial Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates Associated with Urinary Tract Infections

In recent decades, fluoroquinolones have been broadly used to treat health care-associated Gram-negative bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin is the most commonly used fluoroquinolone for treatment of UTIs as it exists in oral and intravenous preparations (Schaeffer, 2002). However, resistance to fluoroquinolones has become prevalent due to this widespread use (Ena et al.,1998). Mutation in DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV are the most important mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones (Minarini and Darini, 2012; Moon et al., 2010). Other resistance mechanisms, including, alteration in the outer membrane International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 2 (2017) pp. 1902-1907 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Energy Requirements of Carbon Nanoparticle Production

Energy requirements for fullerene and nanotube synthesis are calculated from literature data and presented for a number of important production processes, including fluidized bed and floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CVD), carbon monoxide disproportionation, pyrolysis, laser ablation, and electric arc and solar furnace synthesis. To produce data for strategic forward‐looking assessments of the environmental implications of carbon nanoparticles, an attempt is made to balance generality with sufficient detail for individual processes, a trade‐off that will likely be inherent in the analysis of many nanotechnologies. Critical energy and production issues are identified, and potential improvements in industrial‐scale processes are discussed. Possible interactions with industrial ecosystems are discussed with a view toward integrating synthesis to mitigate the impacts of large‐scale carbon nanoparticle manufacture. Carbon nanoparticles are found to be highly energy‐intensive materials, on the order of 2 to 100 times more energy‐intensive than aluminum, even with idealized production models.
Evaluating Accounting-Based Measures of Expected Returns: Easton and Monahan and Botosan and Plumlee Redux

We respond to questions and comments we have received from numerous colleagues on the approach we developed for evaluating the reliability of accounting-based measures of the expected rate of return (i.e., ERR) on equity capital. First, we clarify the two implicit assumptions underlying the use of accounting-based ERR proxies: (1) firm- and portfolio-level realized returns are not reliable ERR proxies; and, (2) the factors that determine expected returns are unknown and/or they cannot be reliably estimated. Second, we discuss the approach developed by Botosan and Plumlee [2005]; and, we explain that this approach is logically inconsistent with the second implicit assumption. Third, we elaborate on our approach (i.e., Easton and Monahan [2005]) and we explain how it, and the proxies we use, follows logically from: (1) the first implicit assumption; and, (2) the analytical model developed by Vuolteenaho [2002]. Finally, we explain the importance of analyzing measurement error variances, and we answer some frequently asked questions about how to conduct and interpret these analyses.
Parental loss, depression and violence: III. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FEMALE PRISONERS

Information was obtained from 95 incarcerated female prisoners on their history of violence, on their feelings of depression, their suicide attempts, and on their history of loss of parents. The data revealed that the loss of father before the age of 10 years was more highly correlated with signs of depression in these women prisoners than was loss of mother. Women who reported at least one suicide attempt in the past were significantly more depressed on the self‐report measure of depression than the other women, and were more likely to be judged as violent on the basis of several independent indices. The results support the hypothesis that violence toward others and suicidal behavior are part of the same phenomenon of impairment in control mechanisms.
Tenancy contracts during transition: A study based on fieldwork in Uttar Pradesh (India)

This article attempts to situate the nature of and changes in tenancy contracts in the context of agrarian transition in developing countries such as India. Inter‐ and intra‐village variations in tenancy contracts are examined in detail for three contrasted villages in Uttar Pradesh (India), with the aim of bringing out the systematic basis of such variations. It is argued that Marxist analysis, based on the nature of class relations, offers a more credible explanation of the nature and unevenness of change, than neo‐classical analysis. Moreover, such analysis also offers a satisfactory explanation of the impact of tenancy on several commonly studied variables.
Empirical Analysis of Fiscal Policy Shocks and Current Account Dynamics in Nigeria

The study examines the effects of fiscal policy shocks on the current account as well as the dynamic interactions among fiscal policy shocks and current account with the other macroeconomic variables: real output, real interest rate and exchange rate for Nigeria over the periods 1980:1-2010:4. The identification of fiscal policy shocks is achieved via structural VAR approach proposed by Blanchard-Perotti (2002). The results of this study indicate that the expansionary fiscal policy shock has a positive effect on output, exchange rate and negative impacts on current account balance and interest rate. By implication, this study suggests that fiscal policy can stimulate economic activity through expenditure expansions at a cost of lower interest rate and exchange rate appreciation in the medium term and a sustained current account balance will enhance output via fiscal consolidation.
The condition of smallness: how what it means to be small deters firms from getting bigger

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine and explain why most small firms remain small. A new conceptual framework – the condition of smallness – is proposed. Design/methodology/approach – A critical examination of the literature about the nature of being a small firm is first conducted. Employing an inductive analysis of responses from a survey of 2,521 small business owners about employment regulation, the nature and effects of smallness is examined. Findings – It was found that owners' choice making combines with perceptions about their resources to produce a condition of smallness. The condition of smallness is conceptualised as the circularity perceptions, attitudes and consequent practices that reflect lack of knowledge, time and capability. It is argued that this condition of smallness inhibits growth to create a wicked problem that explains why most small firms don't grow. Research limitations/implications – This work is largely conceptual, albeit the argument is grounded in, and illustra.