Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Greed–Grievance Nexus: Property Rights and the Political Economy of War in Sri Lanka

The literature on civil wars tends to understand greed and grievances in antagonistic terms of ‘either–or’. This article suggests that in the political economy of conflict, greed and grievances may be causally linked and reinforce each other: war (or shadow) economies of combatants and the survival economies of civilians are intertwined. Gains made by conflict entrepreneurs and war profiteers feed grievances about identity, economic inequality, and lack of political power. Once civil war is onset (for whatever reason), the political economy of war produces a self-sustaining logic of clientelism along the lines of perceived ‘friends’ and ‘foes’. These dividing lines get reinforced in everyday political networks of survival. This everyday clientelism, in turn, nourishes grievance discourses along the same lines. These grievances contribute to heighten the motivation for people to fight for ‘justice’. In this way, greed produces grievances, which in turn stabilize the war economy and offer economic opportunities for greedy entrepreneurs of violence. Case studies from Sri Lanka on local resource conflicts in the context of civil war support this proposition. They indicate that because of the civil war and the breakdown of state and civic institutions, ethnicity becomes a mechanism for civilian actors to access resources available largely through arbitrary power. Civilians thus become part of the ‘game’. In effect, this leads to ‘ethnicized entitlements’, where the ethnic groups are asymmetrically endowed with bargaining power to access resources, depending upon their affiliation with militant actors and their respective initial power resources. These ethnicized entitlements satisfy greed for some war winners and feed grievances among those at the losing end.
Health-related Quality of Life Among People Participating in a Metabolic Syndrome E-screening Program: A Web-based Study

Background: Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the clustering of risk factors for developing the disease. Strong evidence exists for the efficacy of screening for MetS. However, the potential of novel web-based studies for MetS and online assessing of the quality of life (QOL) for these high-risk participants have not been explored. Methods: This was a web-based, cross-sectional study. Participants were recruited through online registering on the study website. Then, those who met the study criteria (waist circumference [WC] ≥90 and blood pressure [BP] ≥130/85) were contacted and invited for the clinical assessments, if they wish. Baseline measurements were MetS risk factors (weight, WC, body mass index and BP, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting blood glucose) and health-related QOL (HRQOL) that was measured using the short form-36 (SF-36). Results: There were 1436 (male: 928, female: 508) registration data on the study website. Reviewing the data, of 317 eligible participants that were invited to the study, 229 persons were responded to invitation in the screening program. The mean age of participants was 43.8 (standard deviation [SD] = 9.9) years. MetS was more frequent in male and married persons. In addition, participants with MetS had lower mean (SD) scores than participants without MetS for the following subscales of HRQOL as: role-physical (with MetS 51.1±35.2; versus without MetS 65.3 ± SD = 40.1), vitality (with MetS 65± 21; versus without MetS 75.3 ± 21.1), mental health (with MetS 49.5±30.1; versus without MetS 34.1±17.2)(P < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: People with MetS experienced lower HRQOL than without MetS. Internet as a powerful medium offers a novel setting for delivery health information. It seems that high BP and abdominal obesity are associated with lower HRQOL in the participants with MetS. A web-based prevention program could make people aware for their vulnerability to MetS and its complications.
The Customs Union Issue . By Viner Jacob. (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1950. Pp. viii, 221. $2.50.)

sovereignty to the . international government" (p. 8), he employs the OEEC as a mere instance of the new international administrative pattern, which, through his wealth of knowledge and experience, he succeeds in fitting properly into the broader normative, administrative and politico-economic framework. This enhances greatly the value and the reach of the book which is distinguished by solid research, clear analysis and adequate footnoting;—the last being hardly the outstanding characteristic of the majority of the contemporary French publications in the field of droit et science politique. Full texts of relevant conventions and protocols are appended; generous quotations from other documents and citations of recent cases of import should prove very useful to the American student. The book deserves an English edition, which Professor Adam—now with the Strasbourg Council—could undoubtedly bring up-to-the-moment with an additional chapter or two. —JAROSLAV MAYDA, Ohio State University.
Seasonal Dynamics, Longevity, and Biting Activity of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Southwestern Ethiopia

Continuous monitoring of vector species composition, abundance, dynamics, feeding pattern, and host finding strategy is the base to determine when, what, and how control should be implemented. Thus, this study was conducted to assess entomological parameters of anopheline mosquitoes in nine villages in Seka district, southwestern Ethiopia, from June to December 2012. Mosquito collection was carried out from selected households in each of the nine study villages using light trap catches from June to December 2012. Differences in mean mosquito density, parity rates before, and after indoor residual spraying (IRS) operation were compared. In total, 1,136 adult female anopheline mosquitoes were collected during the study period. All anopheline mosquitoes collected belong to three species. Anopheles gambiae senso lato Giles was the most predominant (69.7%) followed by Anopheles coustani s.l. Laveran (22.7%) and Anopheles pharoensis Theobald (7.6%). There was significant variation in mean mosquito density among An. gambiae s.l. , An. coustani s.l. , and An. pharoensis. Parity rate of An. gambiae s.l. before spray operation was significantly higher than after spray operation. The highest peak biting activity of An. gambiae s.l. was between 1800 and 2100 hours. The longevity of An. gambiae s.l. ranged from 3.4 to 12.5 d. The highest vector abundance and parity rate were recorded in July and August. In conclusion, the behavioral plasticity and early biting activity of An. gambiae s.l. could affect current vector control tools (IRS and long lasting insecticidal nets). Hence, it is imperative to explore intervention tools for outdoor malaria vector control in addition to the existing IRS and long-lasting insecticidal nets.
Rheological properties of pharmaceutical creams containing sorbitan fatty acid ester surfactants

Korhonen, M. , 2003. Rheological properties of pharmaceutical creams containing sorbitan fatty acid ester surfactants. ISBN 952-91-6585-4 (paperback) ISBN 952-10-1476-8 (PDF) The main purpose of the present study was to gain understanding about the rheological (elastic, viscoelastic and viscous) properties of pharmaceutical creams containing sorbitan fatty acid ester surfactants (sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan trioleate). The study investigated the effects of an increase in the hydrocarbon chain length, the double bonded hydrocarbon chains and the concentration of the surfactant on the rheological properties of the sorbitan fatty acid ester surfactant containing creams. In addition, the effects of the volume of inner phase and the short-term storage on the rheological properties of the sorbitan fatty acid ester surfactant containing creams were investigated. The creams studied were either simple, three-component creams, or complex, multi-component creams. The rheological properties were determined with dynamic oscillation stress sweep and oscillation frequency sweep measurements, with static creep recovery measurements and with time-dependent viscosity measurements. An increase in the length of the saturated hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant increased the elastic nature of the creams. A double bond in the hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant decreased, and an increase in the number of double bonded hydrocarbon chains within the surfactant molecule increased the elastic nature of the creams. An increase in the concentration of the surfactant and an increase in the volume of the inner phase increased the elastic nature of the creams. Storage time decreased and storaging the creams at three different conditions levelled off the differences in the elastic properties of the creams. In the three-component cream formulations the rheological properties of the creams were concluded to be mainly due to the interfacial properties of the surfactants. In the multi-component cream formulations the rheological properties of the creams were concluded to be due, in addition to the surfactants used, to the multiphase structures of the creams. Determination of rheological properties, i.e. unrecoverable viscous, partly recoverable viscoelastic and recoverable elastic properties, gave valuable information about the structural and intermolecular properties of the creams. Rheological measurements can be regarded as sensitive tools for detecting structural changes in pharmaceutical creams and should be regarded as an integral part of the quality evaluation of pharmaceutical creams.
Optimal Testing of Multiple Hypotheses with Common Effect Direction

We present a theoretical basis for testing related endpoints. Typically, it is known how to construct tests of the individual hypotheses, and the problem is how to combine them into a multiple test procedure that controls the familywise error rate. Using the closure method, we emphasize the role of consonant procedures, from an interpretive as well as a theoretical viewpoint. Suprisingly, even if each intersection test has an optimality property, the overall procedure obtained by applying closure to these tests may be inadmissible. We introduce a new procedure, which is consonant and has a maximin property under the normal model. The results are then applied to PROactive, a clinical trial designed to investigate the effectiveness of a glucose-lowering drug on macrovascular outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes.
KEEFEKTIFAN PENGGUNAAN RESTRAIN TERHADAP PENURUNAN PERILAKU KEKERASAN PADA PASIEN SKIZOFRENIA

Abstract: Restrain, Violent Behavior, schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome or a disease process that affects perception, emotion, behavior, and social functioning. The main problem that frequently occurs in patients with schizophrenia is violent behavior. Violent behavior is a condition in which a person perform actions that can physically harm either to yourself, others, and the environment. In the management of violent behavior are three strategies, namely: prevention strategies, anticipated strategies, and strategies restraint. While binding (restrain) is part of a strategy of restraint. The study design was performed according to a quasi experimental design with a control group pretest-posttest design. Sampling using purposive sampling with a sample size of 30 clients. Analysis of the data used is the paired t test Keywords: Restrain, violent behavior, schizophrenia Abstrak: Restrain, Perilaku Kekerasan, Schizofrenia. Schizofrenia merupakan suatu syndrome klinis atau proses penyakit yang mempengaruhi persepsi, emosi, perilaku, dan fungsi sosial. Permasalahan utama yang sering terjadi pada pasien Schizofrenia adalah perilaku kekerasan. Perilaku kekerasan adalah keadaan dimana seseorang melakukan tindakan yang dapat membahayakan secara fisik baik kepada diri sendiri, orang lain, maupun lingkungan. Dalam manajemen perilaku kekerasan terdapat 3 strategi yaitu : strategi pencegahan, strategi antisipasi, dan strategi pengekangan. Sedangkan pengikatan (restrain) merupakan bagian dari strategi pengekangan. Desain penelitian dilakukan menurut rancangan quasi experiment dengan control group pretest-post test design. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan cara purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 30 klien. Analisa data yang digunakan adalah uji paired t test. Kata kunci : restrain, perilaku kekerasan, schizofrenia
Physical Practice is Superior to Mental Practice In Enhancing Cognitive and Motor Task Performance

This study compared varying ratios of physical to mental practice on cognitive (pegboard) and motor (pursuit rotor) task performance. Subjects (36 males and 36 females) were randomly assigned to one of six conditions experiencing different amounts of combined mental and physical practice. Seven practice sessions (four trials per session for the pegboard and eight trials per session for the pursuit rotor) were employed. ANOVA results showed that all treatment conditions, except the pegboard control group, showed significant differential pre- to posttest improvement. Furthermore, effect sizes and significant linear trends of posttest scores from both tasks showed that as the relative proportion of physical practice increased, performance was enhanced. In support of previous meta-analytic research, for all treatment groups, the effect sizes for the cognitive task were larger than for the motor task. These findings are consistent with the symbolic-learning theory explanation for mental-practice effects. In ad.
Estimation of Radiation Exposure of 128-Slice 4D-Perfusion CT for the Assessment of Tumor Vascularity

Objective We aimed to estimate the effective dose of 4D-Perfusion-CT protocols of the lung, liver, and pelvis for the assessment of tumor vascularity. Materials and Methods An Alderson-Rando phantom equipped with thermoluminescent dosimeters was used to determine the effective dose values of 4D-Perfusion-CT. Phantom measurements were performed on a 128-slice single-source scanner in adaptive 4D-spiral-mode with bidirectional table movement and a total scan range of 69 mm over a time period of nearly 120 seconds (26 scans). Perfusion measurements were simulated for the lung, liver, and pelvis under the following conditions: lung (80 kV, 60 mAs), liver (80 kV/80 mAs and 80 kV/120 mAs), pelvis (100 kV/80 mAs and 100 kV/120 mAs). Results Depending on gender, the evaluated body region and scan protocol, an effective whole-body dose between 2.9-12.2 mSv, was determined. The radiation exposure administered to gender-specific organs like the female breast tissue (lung perfusion) or to the ovaries (pelvic perfusion) led to an increase in the female specific dose by 86% and 100% in perfusion scans of the lung and the pelvis, respectively. Conclusion Due to a significant radiation dose of 4D-perfusion-CT protocols, the responsible use of this new promising technique is mandatory. Gender- and organ-specific differences should be considered for indication and planning of tumor perfusion scans.
To Brand or Not to Brand? A Theoretical and Empirical Question

A firm's brand name is a valuable asset that can greatly enhance the demand for its products. This fact is widely recognized in both the economics and marketing literatures. Surprisingly, though, little rigorous analysis has been devoted by either of these literatures to the question of when a firm will identify one of its new products with an established brand name. It is on this question that our research is focused. The economics literature in this general area has focused on issues that are related to but quite distinct from the issue we examine. The "traditional" industrial organization literature discusses and attempts to capture empirically the relationships among advertising, brand names, and market power. (For some representative work We develop and test a model that predicts (1) whether a multiproduct firm will brand a new product with the established company name and (2) where the new product will be "located" in relation to the reputation estabished by the firm in other markets. Hotelling's (1929) model of spatial location serves as the basis for our theoretical investigation. However, we extend Hotelling's model to the case of "experience goods" whose qualities can only be known with certainty after the product is purchased and consumed. The logic that underlies our model is tested on a sample of firms from the U.S. liquor industry. We employ a mixed logit approach to capture the simultaneous decisions that are made by the firms in our sample. * The views expressed in this paper are our own, and not necessarily those of the Bell System. We are grateful to 0. Gur-Arie, the Michigan Liquor Control Commission, Peter Ochshorn, and Srinivasan Balakrishnan for valuable assistance with data collection and programming, and to the National Science Foundation for support through grant IST 8315690. The helpful comments of Roger Klein, Pablo Spiller, and an anonymous referee are also gratefully acknowledged. Any errors are, of course, our responsibility.
Microbiological profile of milk: impact of household practices.

BACKGROUND Milk is susceptible to contamination by many microorganisms including microbial pathogens responsible for causing diseases. Various processes including pasteurization, boiling or storage under refrigerated conditions are undertaken to minimize the microbial contamination of milk. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken with an objective to evaluate the effect of household practices on the microbiological profile of milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Milk samples of pasteurized, ultra heat treated (UHT) as well as unpasteurized milk (Vendor's milk) were collected. The effect of different storage practices and treatments on the microbiological profile (standard plate count (SPC), coliform, E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast and moulds, anaerobic spore count, and Listeria monocytogenes) of milk was studied using National/ International Standard Test Methods. RESULTS Average SPC in vendor's milk was found very high as compared to pasteurized milk. Coliform, yeast and moulds, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in the samples of vendor's as well as pasteurized milk. Boiling the milk reduces SPC and kills the other microorganisms. Storage of boiled milk under room temperature or refrigerated condition resulted in a similar increase in SPC at the end of 24 h, but storage of un-boiled milk even under refrigerated conditions increased SPC manifold after 24 h. CONCLUSION The pasteurization process and hygienic conditions at the milk processing units along with cold chain of milk from suppliers to end users needs improvement. Currently, even pasteurized milk does not match the microbiological standards. It is recommended that milk should be boiled before consumption and refrigerated for storage to improve its shelf life/keeping quality.
Security and Privacy in Online Social Networks-A Survey

This survey highlights the major issues concerning privacy and security in online social networks. Firstly, we discuss research that aims to protect user data from the various attack vantage points including other users, advertisers, third party application developers, and the online social network provider itself. Next we cover social network inference of user attributes, locating hubs, and link prediction. Because online social networks are so saturated with sensitive information, network inference plays a major privacy role. As a response to the issues brought forth by client-server architectures, distributed social networks are discussed. We then cover the challenges that providers face in maintaining the proper operation of an online social network including minimizing spam messages, and reducing the number of sybil accounts. Finally, we present research in anonymizing social network data. This area is of particular interest in order to continue research in this field both in academia and in industry.
Reorganizing Leaders’ Time: Does It Create Better Schools for Students?

Effective schools research gave birth to a new role for principals: instructional leader. Recent studies have suggested the relationship between strong school instructional leadership and higher student achievement. Skeptics question whether the principal’s job is realistic and reasonable, with its emphasis on instructional leadership, multiple managerial responsibilities, and conflicting time demands. A more crucial question is, can the job allow the principal more time for instructional pursuits to provide greater impact on student learning? The answer to which this article explores.
PARAMETRIC SPECIFICATION TEST FOR NONLINEAR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS

The paper considers testing parametric assumptions on the conditional mean and variance functions for nonlinear autoregressive models. To this end, we compare the kernel density estimate of the marginal density of the process with a convolution-type density estimate. It is shown that, interestingly, the latter estimate has a parametric $\left( {\sqrt n } \right)$ rate of convergence, thus substantially improving the classical kernel density estimates whose rates of convergence are much inferior. Our results are confirmed by a simulation study for threshold autoregressive processes and autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic processes.
Effects of GO 4 IT . . . NOW! Strategy Instruction on the Written IEP Goal Articulation and Paragraph-Writing Skills of Middle School Students With Disabilities

The current standards-based reform movement, which emphasizes teaching academic skills to all students, holds promise for students with disabilities. However, there is concern that this movement's sole focus on academic skills will leave less room for teaching self-determination skills. One possible solution is to identify interventions that can teach self-determination and academic skills simultaneously. This study investigated the effects of such an intervention (i.e., GO 4 IT . . . NOW! ) with 12 middle school students with high-incidence disabilities. The findings showed a functional relationship between the instruction and (a) students' abilities to articulate Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals in writing and (b) paragraph-writing skills in students' IEP goal paragraphs.
Dendritic cell regulation of carbon tetrachloride–induced murine liver fibrosis regression

Although hepatic fibrosis typically follows chronic inflammation, fibrosis will often regress after cessation of liver injury. In this study, we examined whether liver dendritic cells (DCs) play a role in liver fibrosis regression using carbon tetrachloride to induce liver injury. We examined DC dynamics during fibrosis regression and their capacity to modulate liver fibrosis regression upon cessation of injury. We show that conditional DC depletion soon after discontinuation of the liver insult leads to delayed fibrosis regression and reduced clearance of activated hepatic stellate cells, the key fibrogenic cell in the liver. Conversely, DC expansion induced either by Flt3L (fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐3 ligand) or adoptive transfer of purified DCs accelerates liver fibrosis regression. DC modulation of fibrosis was partially dependent on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, because MMP‐9 inhibition abolished the Flt3L‐mediated effect and the ability of transferred DCs to accelerate fibrosis regression. In contrast, transfer of DCs from MMP‐9–deficient mice failed to improve fibrosis regression. Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that DCs increase fibrosis regression and that the effect is correlated with their production of MMP‐9. The results also suggest that Flt3L treatment during fibrosis resolution merits evaluation to accelerate regression of advanced liver fibrosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;55:243–255)