Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Mode-Multiplexing LINC Architecture to Boost the Efficiency of WiMAX Up-Link Transmitters

This paper proposes a new amplifier architecture based on the outphasing technique intended for the efficiency enhancement of linear amplification with nonlinear components (LINC) transmitters. The proposed mode-multiplexing linear amplification with nonlinear components (MM-LINC) scheme operates according to the LINC concept for input signal magnitude drive levels below a certain threshold and as a balanced amplifier beyond this threshold. The setting of this threshold level influences the performance of the amplifier in terms of average power-added efficiency and linearity. A 2-W up-link transmitter prototype for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications was designed using this new architecture and optimized for a WiMAX signal with an 11.3-dB peak-to-average power ratio. The experimental results revealed a significant increase in power-added efficiency, from 6% for a LINC transmitter to 21% for the MM-LINC amplifier, while maintaining an error vector magnitude value under 8%, which is compliant with the standard requirement
This Reprint May Differ from the Original in Pagination and Typographic Detail. Hippocampal Theta (3-8 Hz) Activity during Classical Eyeblink Conditioning in Rabbits Hippocampal Theta (3-8 Hz) Activity during Classical Eyeblink Conditioning in Rabbits

All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. Abstract In 1978, Berry and Thompson showed that the amount of theta (3-8 Hz) activity in the spontaneous hippocampal EEG predicted learning rate in subsequent eyeblink conditioning in rabbits. More recently, the absence of theta activity during the training trial has been shown to have a detrimental effect on learning rate. Here, we aimed to further explore the relationship between theta activity and classical eyeblink conditioning by determining how the relative power of hippocampal theta activity [theta / (theta + delta) ratio] changes during both unpaired control and paired training phases. We found that animals with a higher hippocampal theta ratio immediately before conditioning learned faster and also that in these animals the theta ratio was higher throughout both experimental phases. In fact, while the hippocampal theta ratio remained stable in the fast learners as a function of training, it decreased in the slow learners already during unpaired training. In addition, the presence of hippocampal theta activity enhanced the hippocampal model of the conditioned response (CR) and seemed to be beneficial for CR performance in terms of peak latency during conditioning, but did not have any effect when the animals showed asymptotic learning. Together with earlier findings, these results imply that the behavioral state in which hippocampal theta activity is absent is detrimental for learning, and that the behavioral state in which hippocampal theta activity dominates is beneficial for learning, at least before a well-learned state is achieved. 1. Introduction Theta oscillations (3-8 Hz neural activity) originating in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca, the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus (for a review see Buzsáki, 2002) have been linked to a host of cognitive processes One of the most tangible pieces of evidence for the association of theta with learning was provided by Berry and Thompson (1978), who showed that the amount of spontaneous hippocampal theta activity before training predicts learning rate during subsequent
Recognizing names in biomedical texts: a machine learning approach

MOTIVATION With an overwhelming amount of textual information in molecular biology and biomedicine, there is a need for effective and efficient literature mining and knowledge discovery that can help biologists to gather and make use of the knowledge encoded in text documents. In order to make organized and structured information available, automatically recognizing biomedical entity names becomes critical and is important for information retrieval, information extraction and automated knowledge acquisition. RESULTS In this paper, we present a named entity recognition system in the biomedical domain, called PowerBioNE. In order to deal with the special phenomena of naming conventions in the biomedical domain, we propose various evidential features: (1) word formation pattern; (2) morphological pattern, such as prefix and suffix; (3) part-of-speech; (4) head noun trigger; (5) special verb trigger and (6) name alias feature. All the features are integrated effectively and efficiently through a hidden Markov model (HMM) and a HMM-based named entity recognizer. In addition, a k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) algorithm is proposed to resolve the data sparseness problem in our system. Finally, we present a pattern-based post-processing to automatically extract rules from the training data to deal with the cascaded entity name phenomenon. From our best knowledge, PowerBioNE is the first system which deals with the cascaded entity name phenomenon. Evaluation shows that our system achieves the F-measure of 66.6 and 62.2 on the 23 classes of GENIA V3.0 and V1.1, respectively. In particular, our system achieves the F-measure of 75.8 on the "protein" class of GENIA V3.0. For comparison, our system outperforms the best published result by 7.8 on GENIA V1.1, without help of any dictionaries. It also shows that our HMM and the k-NN algorithm outperform other models, such as back-off HMM, linear interpolated HMM, support vector machines, C4.5, C4.5 rules and RIPPER, by effectively capturing the local context dependency and resolving the data sparseness problem. Moreover, evaluation on GENIA V3.0 shows that the post-processing for the cascaded entity name phenomenon improves the F-measure by 3.9. Finally, error analysis shows that about half of the errors are caused by the strict annotation scheme and the annotation inconsistency in the GENIA corpus. This suggests that our system achieves an acceptable F-measure of 83.6 on the 23 classes of GENIA V3.0 and in particular 86.2 on the "protein" class, without help of any dictionaries. We think that a F-measure of 90 on the 23 classes of GENIA V3.0 and in particular 92 on the "protein" class, can be achieved through refining of the annotation scheme in the GENIA corpus, such as flexible annotation scheme and annotation consistency, and inclusion of a reasonable biomedical dictionary. AVAILABILITY A demo system is available at http://textmining.i2r. a-star.edu. sg/NLS/demo.htm. Technology license is available upon the bilateral agreement.
Foreign Direct Investment, Institutional Quality, Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets

This study investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment, institutional quality, economic freedom, and entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The research compares the capacity and appetite for business creation among high-income, low-income and emerging countries. The results are based on a panel study of data, from 2004 to 2009 for 87 countries, using as its source “The World Bank Entrepreneurship Snapshots” to look at the connection between business creation, institutional quality, market freedom and foreign direct investment (FDI). The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between institutional quality and business generation in all three of the above categories. The freedom to create businesses and invest has an impact on business generation in emerging countries, while the influence of international trade appears more important as a spur to the genesis of business in low-income countries. Finally, there is a direct and significant relationship between FDI and business development in emerging countries. This result is consistent with “the spillover theory of entrepreneurship” (Acs et al., 2009; Ayyagari and Kosova, 2010; Gorg and Strobl, 2002).
Applying High Performance Computing to Analyzing by Probabilistic Model Checking Mobile Cellular Networks with Spectrum Renting ∗

We report on the use of high performance computing in order to analyze with the probabilistic model checker PRISM mobile cellular networks, in particular the system described in the paper “A New Finite-Source Queueing Model for Mobile Cellular Networks Applying Spectrum Renting” by Tien v. Do et al. That paper proposes a new finite-source retrial queueing model to consider spectrum renting in mobile cellular networks; numerical results are there produced with the MOSEL-2 tool. Our results show that the model can be also appropriately described and analyzed in PRISM, but that modeling becomes comparatively more cumbersome due to the lack of zero-time/infinite-rate transitions in PRISM. By using a massively parallel non-uniform memory architecture (NUMA), we are able to considerably speed up the analysis of large scale models. ∗Supported by the European project FIRST — Future Internet Research, Services and Technology, Research of Future Internet from Theory to Applications (TÁMOP-4.4.2.C) and by the project 85öu8 of the Stiftung Aktion Österreich-Ungarn.
Survey of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection in German goat flocks

SUMMARY Animal losses due to abortion and malformed offspring during the lambing period 2011/2012 amounted to 50% in ruminants in Europe. A new arthropod-borne virus, called Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was identified as the cause of these losses. Blood samples were obtained from 40 goat flocks and tested for antibodies against SBV by ELISA, with 95% being seropositive. The calculated intra-herd seroprevalence (median 36·7%, min-max 0–93·3%) was smaller than in cattle or sheep flocks. Only 25% of the farmers reported malformations in kids. Statistical analysis revealed a significantly lower risk of goats housed indoors all year-round to be infected by SBV than for goats kept outside day and night. The low intra-herd seroprevalence demonstrates that German goat flocks are still at risk of SBV infection. Therefore, they must be protected during the next lambing seasons by rescheduling the mating period, implementing indoor housing, and continuous treatment with repellents or vaccination.
Shrinking cities: rethinking landscape in depopulating urban contexts

Abstract This paper presents a general introduction to the role that landscape as a concept, and landscape architecture as a discipline, can have in the academic discussion on Shrinking Cities. This editorial explores and presents a general overview of the causes and impacts of urban depopulation in different world contexts, presenting a brief literature review on this topic. Moreover, it also explores recent population trends around the world and their expected evolution in the next decades, confirming that urban depopulation is worth exploring, especially in certain macro regions such as Europe, North America, and Japan. The paper concludes by focusing on the multiple roles that landscape can have under such pressured urban conditions. The collection of research papers presented in this special issue are the result of a conference that took place at the University of Edinburgh in November 2013, co-chaired by the guest-editors of this special issue.
Mining user similarity based on location history

The pervasiveness of location-acquisition technologies (GPS, GSM networks, etc.) enable people to conveniently log the location histories they visited with spatio-temporal data. The increasing availability of large amounts of spatio-temporal data pertaining to an individual's trajectories has given rise to a variety of geographic information systems, and also brings us opportunities and challenges to automatically discover valuable knowledge from these trajectories. In this paper, we move towards this direction and aim to geographically mine the similarity between users based on their location histories. Such user similarity is significant to individuals, communities and businesses by helping them effectively retrieve the information with high relevance. A framework, referred to as hierarchical-graph-based similarity measurement (HGSM), is proposed for geographic information systems to consistently model each individual's location history and effectively measure the similarity among users. In this framework, we take into account both the sequence property of people's movement behaviors and the hierarchy property of geographic spaces. We evaluate this framework using the GPS data collected by 65 volunteers over a period of 6 months in the real world. As a result, HGSM outperforms related similarity measures, such as the cosine similarity and Pearson similarity measures.
Nutritional status, brain development and scholastic achievement of Chilean high-school graduates from high and low intellectual quotient and socio-economic status

The objective of the present study was to investigate the inter-relationships between nutritional status (past and current nutrition), brain development, and scholastic achievement (SA) of Chilean high-school graduates from high and low intellectual quotient (IQ) and socio-economic status (SES) (mean age 18·0 (SD 0·9) years). Results showed that independently of SES, high-school graduates with similar IQ have similar nutritional, brain development and SA variables. Multiple regression analysis between child IQ (dependent variable) and age, sex, SES, brain volume (BV), undernutrition during the first year of life, paternal and maternal IQ (independent variables) revealed that maternal IQ (P<0·0001), BV (P<0·0387) and severe undernutrition during the first year of life (P<0·0486), were the independent variables with the greatest explanatory power for child IQ variance (r2 0·707), without interaction with age, sex or SES. Child IQ (P<0·0001) was the only independent variable that explained both SA variance (r2 0·848) and academic aptitude test variance (r2 0·876) without interaction with age, sex or SES. These results confirm the hypotheses formulated for this study that: (1) independently of SES, high-school graduates with similar IQ have similar variables of nutritional status, brain development and SA; (2) past nutritional status, brain development, child IQ and SA are strongly and significantly inter-related. These findings are relevant in explaining the complex interactions between variables that affect IQ and SA and can be useful for nutritional and educational planning.
Algorithms in practice: Comparing web journalism and criminal justice

Big Data evangelists often argue that algorithms make decision-making more informed and objective—a promise hotly contested by critics of these technologies. Yet, to date, most of the debate has focused on the instruments themselves, rather than on how they are used. This article addresses this lack by examining the actual practices surrounding algorithmic technologies. Specifically, drawing on multi-sited ethnographic data, I compare how algorithms are used and interpreted in two institutional contexts with markedly different characteristics: web journalism and criminal justice. I find that there are surprising similarities in how web journalists and legal professionals use algorithms in their work. In both cases, I document a gap between the intended and actual effects of algorithms—a process I analyze as “decoupling. ” Second, I identify a gamut of buffering strategies used by both web journalists and legal professionals to minimize the impact of algorithms in their daily work. Those include foot-dragging, gaming, and open critique. Of course, these similarities do not exhaust the differences between the two cases, which are explored in the discussion section. I conclude with a call for further ethnographic work on algorithms in practice as an important empirical check against the dominant rhetoric of algorithmic power.
Economic Returns to Communist Party Membership: Evidence from Urban Chinese Twins

This paper estimates the returns to membership of the Chinese Communist Party using unique twins data we collected from China. Our OLS estimate shows that being a Party member increases earnings by 10%, but the within-twin-pair estimate becomes zero. One interpretation of these results is that the OLS Party premium is due to omitted ability and family background. This interpretation would suggest that Party members fare well not because of their special political status per se, but because of the superior ability that made them Party members. The estimates are also consistent with an alternative interpretation that Party membership not only has its own effect but also has an external effect on the sibling.
Human Capital and Jobs – Over-and Under-Education on the Swedish Labour Market

In this study the match between education and job requirements in the Swedish business sector in 1999 is analysed. Around 35 percent of the workers are under-educated while 56 percent have required education and nine percent have more education than their jobs require. Several explanations to mismatch between education and job requirements are analysed. The results support the proposition by human capital theory that experience and other forms of competence development can substitute for insufficient education, that job matching takes time and that discrimination of women and immigrants may be a problem. Using a standard Mincer equation the education premium is estimated to 4,1 percent. An alternative specification shows that the income effect varies depending on the job match. The excess education and competence over-educated possess is not fully utilised at work. If they had a matching job they would be more productive and hence earn more than at their current jobs.
Are political economists selfish and indoctrinated? Evidence from a natural experiment

Most professional economists believe that economists in general are more selfish than other people and that this increased selfishness is due to economics education. This article offers empirical evidence against this widely held belief. Using a unique data set about giving behavior in connection with two social funds at the University of Zurich, it is shown that economics education does not make people act more selfishly. Rather, this natural experiment suggests that the particular behavior of economists can be explained by a selection effect.
Sense of agency across contexts: Insights from schizophrenia and hypnosis

Passivity phenomena in schizophrenia are characterized by a sense of diminished agency. Clinical research into sense of agency has focused primarily on demonstrating impaired monitoring of self-generated actions in patients with passivity symptoms. Less attention has been paid to patients’ subjective experiences and clinical correlates of their sense of diminished agency. Our aim was first to investigate sense of agency and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia, both classic passivity phenomena and more general positive symptoms; and second, to contrast the agentive experiences of patients with a previously tested sample of 370 nonclinical, hypnotized participants. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia completed ratings of classic passivity phenomena and of involuntariness associated with a particular experience of agency alteration. Severity of positive symptoms was also rated. Correlations examined interrelations between these measures. Patients reported considerable levels of involuntariness for both body-related and thought-related symptoms. Overall involuntariness ratings from patients were similar to those of high hypnotizable participants in hypnosis. These results indicate altered sense of agency is associated with a range of experiences in schizophrenia, not just classic passivity phenomena. Moreover, the experience of altered agency in schizophrenia was similar to that seen in hypnosis, suggesting that hypnotic analogues may be a useful way to test theories of passivity-like phenomena.
Factorization of polynomials in one variable over the tropical semiring

We show factorization of polynomials in one variable over the tropical semiring is in general NP-complete, either if all coefficients are finite, or if all are either 0 or infinity (Boolean case). We give algorithms for the factorization problem which are not polynomial time in the degree, but are polynomial time for polynomials of fixed degree. For two-variable polynomials we derive an irreducibility criterion which is almost always satisfied, even for fixed degree, and is polynomial time in the degree. We prove there are unique least common multiples of tropical polynomials, but not unique greatest common divisors. We show that if two polynomials in one variable have a common tropical factor, then their eliminant matrix is singular in the tropical sense. We prove the problem of determining tropical rank is NP-hard.
Fluently disfluent?: Pauses and repairs of advanced learners and native speakers of German

In this article, we explore the disfluencies of advanced learners and native speakers of German in spontaneous speech. We focus on the frequency, form, and place of silent and filled pauses as well as self-repairs. Frequency significantly differs for silent pauses only. As to form, the distribution for both filled pauses and repair types significantly differs between the groups, while the proportion of within-repair hesitations (‘interregna’) is similar. For the neighbouring tokens of filled pauses, learners adhere to the pattern of their native language English, which is significantly different from the pattern we find for native German. Our results indicate that for some aspects of disfluencies, it seems that learners can adapt to a native-like pattern, while others are imported from the L1. Still others are significantly different from both the target and the native pattern. We present different possible explanations for all these cases.
On the Price of Anarchy and the Optimal Routing of Parallel non-Observable Queues

We consider a network of parallel, non-observable queues and analyze the ``price of anarchy'', an index measuring the worst-case performance loss of a decentralized system with respect to its centralized counterpart. Our analysis is undertaken from the new point of view where the router has the memory of previous dispatching choices, which significantly complicates the nature of the problem. In the limiting regime where the demands proportionally grow with the network capacity, we provide a tight lower bound on the socially-optimal response time and a tight upper bound on the price of anarchy by means of convex programming. Then, we exploit this result to show, by simulation, that the billiard routing scheme yields a response time which is remarkably close to our lower bound, implying that billiards minimize response time. To study the added-value of non-Bernoulli routers, we introduce the ``price of forgetting'' and prove that it is bounded from above by two, which is tight in heavy-traffic. Finally, other structural properties are derived numerically for the price of forgetting. These claim that the benefit of having memory in the router is independent of the network size and heterogeneity, while monotonically depending on the network load only. These properties yield simple product-forms well-approximating the socially-optimal response time.