Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Intermittent Illumination on the Visual Acuity Threshold

Senders (1949) reported that with intermittent illumination short flashes needed less energy than larger ones to make a visual acuity target visible. This apparent breakdown of the reciprocal relationship between time and intensity, which has been found almost universally by earlier workers under a very wide range of experimental conditions, raised a number of interesting theoretical issues such as the relationship between visual acuity and intensity discrimination thresholds, and the plausible importance of eye movements in each. Unfortunately we have been unable to repeat Senders' result in spite of the most determined efforts to reproduce her experimental conditions. We are unable to suggest why our results differ from hers, but feel that our experiments at least show that her data are very difficult to reproduce and hence no general theoretical argument can be based on them. In view of this we felt at liberty to predict results on the basis of a model, we had tentatively constructed, which we regarded as integrating Bloch's and Talbot's laws. This enabled us to make predictions about the effect of frequency of repetitive stimulation on thresholds. Experiments were carried out to ascertain how far these predictions were substantiated. Agreement was remarkably good.
Learning Explanatory Rules from Noisy Data

Artificial Neural Networks are powerful function approximators capable of modelling solutions to a wide variety of problems, both supervised and unsupervised. As their size and expressivity increases, so too does the variance of the model, yielding a nearly ubiquitous overfitting problem. Although mitigated by a variety of model regularisation methods, the common cure is to seek large amounts of training data—which is not necessarily easily obtained—that sufficiently approximates the data distribution of the domain we wish to test on. In contrast, logic programming methods such as Inductive Logic Programming offer an extremely data-efficient process by which models can be trained to reason on symbolic domains. However, these methods are unable to deal with the variety of domains neural networks can be applied to: they are not robust to noise in or mislabelling of inputs, and perhaps more importantly, cannot be applied to non-symbolic domains where the data is ambiguous, such as operating on raw pixels. In this paper, we propose a Differentiable Inductive Logic framework (∂ILP), which can not only solve tasks which traditional ILP systems are suited for, but shows a robustness to noise and error in the training data which ILP cannot cope with. Furthermore, as it is trained by backpropagation against a likelihood objective, it can be hybridised by connecting it with neural networks over ambiguous data in order to be applied to domains which ILP cannot address, while providing data efficiency and generalisation beyond what neural networks on their own can achieve.
Rapid Induction of High-Level Carbapenem Resistance in Heteroresistant KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

ABSTRACT Enterobacteriaceae strains producing the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) have disseminated worldwide, causing an urgent threat to public health. KPC-producing strains often exhibit low-level carbapenem resistance, which may be missed by automated clinical detection systems. In this study, eight Klebsiella pneumoniae strains with heterogeneous resistance to imipenem were used to elucidate the factors leading from imipenem susceptibility to high-level resistance as defined by clinical laboratory testing standards. Time-kill analysis with an inoculum as low as 3 × 106 CFU/ml and concentrations of imipenem 8- and 16-fold higher than the MIC resulted in the initial killing of 99.9% of the population. However, full recovery of the population occurred by 20 h of incubation in the same drug concentrations. Population profiles showed that recovery was mediated by a heteroresistant subpopulation at a frequency of 2 × 10−7 to 3 × 10−6. Samples selected 2 h after exposure to imipenem were as susceptible as the unexposed parental strain and produced the major outer membrane porin OmpK36. However, between 4 to 8 h after exposure, OmpK36 became absent, and the imipenem MIC increased at least 32-fold. Individual colonies isolated from cultures after 20 h of exposure revealed both susceptible and resistant subpopulations. Once induced, however, the high-level imipenem resistance was maintained, and OmpK36 remained unexpressed even without continued carbapenem exposure. This study demonstrates the essential coordination between blaKPC and ompK36 expression mediating high-level imipenem resistance from a population of bacteria that initially exhibits a carbapenem-susceptibility phenotype.
Cue Representation and Selection Effects of Arousal on Persuasion

A popular prediction in persuasion research is that decreased ability to process information increases reliance on peripheral cues and decreases reliance on central claims. This article explains why this prediction does not necessarily hold when processing capacity is impaired by high arousal. Three experiments suggest that two types of processes underlie arousal effects on persuasion. Arousal induces selective processing of cues that are diagnostic at the expense of cues that are nondiagnostic--the selection effect. Arousal may also dilute the influence of cues that are capacity demanding--the representation effect. It is therefore important to disentangle the diagnosticity of persuasion cues from their processing demands. Copyright 1996 by the University of Chicago.
Toward Practical Benchmarks of Ising Machines: A Case Study on the Quadratic Knapsack Problem

Combinatorial optimization has wide applications from industry to natural science. Ising machines bring an emerging computing paradigm for efficiently solving a combinatorial optimization problem by searching a ground state of a given Ising model. Current cutting-edge Ising machines achieve fast sampling of near-optimal solutions of the max-cut problem. However, for problems with additional constraint conditions, their advantages have been hardly shown due to difficulties in handling the constraints. The performance of Ising machines on such problems heavily depends on encoding methods of constraints into penalties, but the optimal choice is non-trivial. In this work, we focus on benchmarks of Ising machines on the quadratic knapsack problem (QKP). To bring out their practical performance, we propose to exploit the problem structure upon using Ising machines. Specifically, we apply fast two-stage post-processing to the outputs of Ising machines, which makes handling the constraint easier. Simulation on medium-sized test instances shows that the proposed method substantially improves the solving performance of Ising machines and the improvement is robust to a choice of the encoding methods. We evaluate an Ising machine called Amplify Annealing Engine with the proposed method and found that it achieves comparable results with existing heuristics.
Speaking of change: why discourse is key to the dynamics of policy transformation

This article maps out the field of study known as discursive institutionalism while exploring the range of ways in which scholars in this field explain the dynamics of change (and continuity). In so doing, it examines theoretical issues related to the timing of change, including crisis-driven or incremental approaches to change in policy, programmatic, and philosophical ideas; the content of change not only in different levels of ideas but also in different types, cognitive and normative, and in different forms of discourse; the processes of change via ‘sentient’ agents in different discursive spheres, whether the coordinative discourse of policy actors or the communicative discourse of political actors with the public; and the context of change, not only the meaning context of ideas and the forum for discourse but also the formal and informal institutional structures that are the focus of rationalist, historical and sociological institutional approaches. The article seeks to demonstrate that only by understanding discourse as substantive ideas and interactive processes in institutional context can we fully demonstrate its transformational role in policy change. Speaking of change, in other words, rather than just thinking it, is key to explaining the actions that lead to major policy transformations.
Beamforming maximizes the rank one Ricean MIMO compound capacity

In this paper, we consider the optimization of the compound capacity in a rank one Ricean multiple input multiple output channels using partial channel state information at the transmitter side. We model the channel as a deterministic matrix within a known ellipsoid, and maximize the compound capacity defined as the worst case capacity within this set. We find that the optimal transmit strategy is always beamforming, and can be found using a simple one dimensional search. These results motivate the growing use of systems using simple beamforming transmit strategies.
One‐inflation and unobserved heterogeneity in population size estimation

We present the one‐inflated zero‐truncated negative binomial (OIZTNB) model, and propose its use as the truncated count distribution in Horvitz–Thompson estimation of an unknown population size. In the presence of unobserved heterogeneity, the zero‐truncated negative binomial (ZTNB) model is a natural choice over the positive Poisson (PP) model; however, when one‐inflation is present the ZTNB model either suffers from a boundary problem, or provides extremely biased population size estimates. Monte Carlo evidence suggests that in the presence of one‐inflation, the Horvitz–Thompson estimator under the ZTNB model can converge in probability to infinity. The OIZTNB model gives markedly different population size estimates compared to some existing truncated count distributions, when applied to several capture–recapture data that exhibit both one‐inflation and unobserved heterogeneity.
SineNet: Learning Temporal Dynamics in Time-Dependent Partial Differential Equations

We consider using deep neural networks to solve time-dependent partial differential equations (PDEs), where multi-scale processing is crucial for modeling complex, time-evolving dynamics. While the U-Net architecture with skip connections is commonly used by prior studies to enable multi-scale processing, our analysis shows that the need for features to evolve across layers results in temporally misaligned features in skip connections, which limits the model's performance. To address this limitation, we propose SineNet, consisting of multiple sequentially connected U-shaped network blocks, referred to as waves. In SineNet, high-resolution features are evolved progressively through multiple stages, thereby reducing the amount of misalignment within each stage. We furthermore analyze the role of skip connections in enabling both parallel and sequential processing of multi-scale information. Our method is rigorously tested on multiple PDE datasets, including the Navier-Stokes equations and shallow water equations, showcasing the advantages of our proposed approach over conventional U-Nets with a comparable parameter budget. We further demonstrate that increasing the number of waves in SineNet while maintaining the same number of parameters leads to a monotonically improved performance. The results highlight the effectiveness of SineNet and the potential of our approach in advancing the state-of-the-art in neural PDE solver design. Our code is available as part of AIRS (https://github.com/divelab/AIRS).
Reflections on developing a reflective journal as a management adviser

This paper is a personal account of how I learned to keep a reflective journal whilst working as a volunteer management adviser in a cambodian non‐governmental organization. My reason for keeping a journal has been to help me better understand my role, and to help gather data for a research degree that I am undertaking. In this paper I describe how, through the process of trial and error, my journal style changed from one in which I recorded data in an unstructured way, to one in which events were subjected to reflective inquiry as a result of developing a sense‐making framework. I also discuss how keeping a reflective journal has been an important aid in my approach to action research. I found that reflecting on my practice provided me with a deep insight into my own work and that of the organization. However, the way that I recorded learning incidents was not without its problems, an important issue that needed to be addressed if I was to create a true picture of my role as a practitioner‐researcher.
Plant growth regulators induced drought tolerance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids.

Present study was conducted to investigate whether plant growth regulators viz. salicylic acid and ascorbic acid can alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress on germination and seedling growth of two sunflower hybrids (Hysun-33 and Hysun-38). Two (-0.06 MPa and -0.12 MPa) levels of drought stress were created by adding different concentrations of (PEG8000) polyethylene glycol in growth medium. Results indicated that increase in drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage, plumule length, germination rate and seedling fresh biomass, except radical length, while, in contrast non significantly increased mean germination time with respect to their control. The adverse effects of drought stress (-0.12 MPa) level were more severe than (-0.06 MPa). Both hybrids differed significantly but Hysun-33 was less affected compared to Hysun-38. However, seed treatment of both hybrids with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid at different concentrations (0, 100mg L -1 and 200mg L -1 ) proved significantly effective in alleviating the adverse effects of drought stress and increased the values of all the attributes, whereas, non significant decrease was noted for germination time. Moreover, drought stress alleviative effects due to salicylic acid were higher compared to ascorbic acid. Over all, most effective concentration was 200mg L -1 and maximum increase was recorded in Hysun-33.
Effects of Adrenergic Neuron and Ganglion Blockers on Hemodynamics and Plasma Catecholamine Levels after Corticosteroids during Hemorrhagic Shock in the Dog

The involvement of adrenergic mechanisms in the ability of massive doses of methylprednisolone to potentiate the vasodilatory effects of phenoxybenzamine during controlled hemorrhagic shock was investigated. Dogs were subjected to ligation of the adrenals and, with the exception of the controls, were pretreated with either hexamethonium or bretylium. Despite careful surgery, the adrenal ligation, per se, failed to alter the concentration of plasma catecholamines. Hexamethonium and bretylium, on the other hand, both decreased the levels of plasma catecholamines: noradrenaline to a greater extent than adrenaline. Methylprednisolone was almost ineffective after ganglionic or adrenergic neuron blockade. Furthermore, the degree of vasodilation after methylprednisolone and phenoxybenzamine seemed to correlate better with plasma noradrenaline than with adrenaline. These findings indicate that the ability of methylprednisolone to induce vasodilation in the presence of adrenergic alpha‐receptor blockade in hypovolemic shock in the dog relies on an intact release of noradrenaline from postganglionic adrenergic nerve terminals.
Hop-on hop-off: importin-α-guided tours to the nucleus in innate immune signaling

Nuclear translocation of immune regulatory proteins and signal transducers is an essential process in animal and plant defense signaling against pathogenic microbes. Import of proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) into the nucleus is mediated by nuclear transport receptors termed importins, typically dimers of a cargo-binding α-subunit and a β-subunit that mediates translocation through the nuclear pore complex. Here, we review recent reports of importin-α cargo specificity and mutant phenotypes in plant- and animal–microbe interactions. Using homology modeling of the NLS-binding cleft of nine predicted Arabidopsis α-importins and analyses of their gene expression patterns, we discuss functional redundancy and specialization within this transport receptor family. In addition, we consider how pathogen effector proteins that promote infection by manipulating host cell nuclear processes might compete with endogenous cargo proteins for nuclear uptake.
Neurophysiology of Tactile Perception : A Tribute to Steven Hsiao Processing time of addition or withdrawal of single or combined balance-stabilizing haptic and visual information

Honeine JL, Crisafulli O, Sozzi S, Schieppati M. Processing time of addition or withdrawal of single or combined balance-stabilizing haptic and visual information. J Neurophysiol 114: 3097–3110, 2015. First published September 2, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.00618. 2015. —We investigated the integration time of haptic and visual input and their interaction during stance stabilization. Eleven subjects performed four tandem-stance conditions (60 trials each). Vision, touch, and both vision and touch were added and withdrawn. Furthermore, vision was replaced with touch and vice versa. Body sway, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus activity were measured. Following addition or withdrawal of vision or touch, an integration time period elapsed before the earliest changes in sway were observed. Thereafter, sway varied exponentially to a new steady-state while reweighting occurred. Latencies of sway changes on sensory addition ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 s across subjects, consistently longer for touch than vision, and were regularly preceded by changes in muscle activity. Addition of vision and touch simultaneously shortened the latencies with respect to vision or touch separately, suggesting cooperation between sensory modalities. Latencies following withdrawal of vision or touch or both simultaneously were shorter than following addition. When vision was replaced with touch or vice versa, adding one modality did not interfere with the effect of withdrawal of the other, suggesting that integration of withdrawal and addition were performed in parallel. The time course of the reweighting process to reach the new steadystate was also shorter on withdrawal than addition. The effects of different sensory inputs on posture stabilization illustrate the operation of a time-consuming, possibly supraspinal process that integrates and fuses modalities for accurate balance control. This study also shows the facilitatory interaction of visual and haptic inputs in integration and reweighting of stance-stabilizing inputs.
Social Information Processing in Dating Conflicts

The aim of this study was to assess the reciprocal associations among social information processing (SIP) in dating conflicts and the perpetration of dating aggression. A first step involved the development of a measure (The Social Information Processing Questionnaire in Dating Conflicts, SIPQ-DC) to assess social information in scenarios of conflict with dating partners. A sample of 1,272 adolescents (653 girls, 619 boys; Mage = 14.74 years, SD = 1.21) completed measures of SIP and dating aggression perpetration in two different times, which were spaced 1 year apart. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for a model with five correlated factors for the SIPQ-DC, namely, hostile attribution, anger, aggressive response access, anticipation of positive consequences for oneself, and anticipation of negative consequences for partners. Although the perpetration of dating aggression at T1 was cross-sectionally associated with all the SIP components, anger was the only component that predicted the residual increase in dating aggression behavior over time. The perpetration of dating aggression predicted a worsening of cognitive-emotional processes involved in dating conflicts. Some longitudinal paths were significant only in male adolescents. In conclussion, relationships among SIP and aggression are reciprocal. Gender differences in longitudinal paths can contribute to explaining men’s higher perpetration of violence in adulthood.
Hydration and recognition of methylated CpG steps in DNA

The analysis of the hydration pattern around methylated CpG steps in three high resolution (1.7, 2.15 and 2.2 Å) crystal structures of A‐DNA decamers reveals that the methyl groups of cytosine residues are well hydrated. In comparing the native structure with two structurally distinct forms of the decamer d(CCGCCGGCGG) fully methylated at its CpG steps, this study shows also that in certain structural and sequence contexts, the methylated cytosine base can be more hydrated that the unmodified one. These water molecules seem to be stabilized in front of the methyl group through the formation C–H···O interactions. In addition, these structures provide the first observation of magnesium cations bound to the major groove of A‐DNA and reveal two distinct modes of metal binding in methylated and native duplexes. These findings suggest that methylated cytosine bases could be recognized by protein or DNA polar residues through their tightly bound water molecules.
Reading and Study Behaviors of Fourth-Grade Hispanics: Can Teachers Assess Risk?

In this study, teachers assessed content reading and study behaviors of 57fourth-grade Mexican American children attending a low-income urban school in south Texas. Questionnaire items were significantly correlated with traditional at-risk indicators such as grade point average (GPA), age, and standardized achievement. Teachers' assessments of students'work habits, such as the student's completion of homework and class assignments and the student's ability to get organized and understand directions, were important indicators of students 'success in school as measured by GPA and achievement. This research indicates that the identification of good study practices can be critical in targeting at-risk students and that classroom teachers are an essential component in the assessment of these behaviors. The study concludes by recommending teachers' input in making the decision about who is at risk. Further, the results would suggest that teachers give appropriate attention to the critical assessment and teaching of content reading and study behaviors early in the elementary grades.
A Theory of Communication

In this paper, I conjecture that an expanded theory of communication can be constructed and show what it would look like in outline. If the conjecture proves to be valid, then it makes possible a unification of the aspects of semantics, syntax, and phonology that occur in communication. The key idea is based on an analogy between semantics and syntax and semantics and phonology and builds on section 7.1. 1 and section 7.6 of Parikh [11]. As such, the second third of the paper is somewhat speculative. In the last section, I discuss the assumption of cheap talk.
Perceived realism of dynamic facial expressions of emotion: Optimal durations for the presentation of emotional onsets and offsets

The presentation of facial displays of emotions is an important method in emotion-recognition studies in various basic and applied settings. This study intends to make a methodological contribution and investigates the perceived realism of dynamic facial expressions for six emotions (fear, sadness, anger, happiness, disgust, and surprise). We presented dynamic displays of faces evolving from a neutral to an emotional expression (onsets) and faces evolving from an emotional expression to a neutral one (offsets). Participants rated the perceived realism of stimuli of different durations (240–3040 ms) and adjusted the duration of each sequence until they perceived it as maximally realistic. Durations perceived as most realistic are reported for each emotion, providing an important basis for the construction of dynamic facial stimuli for future research.