Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sucrose in the diet of 3-year-old Finnish children: sources, determinants and impact on food and nutrient intake

The aim was to identify the important sources of added sucrose and determinants of high intake, and to evaluate what impact a high proportion of energy from added sucrose has on the intake of foods and nutrients. The subjects consisted of children invited to the nutrition study within the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention birth cohort and born in 2001 (n 846). Of these, 471 returned 3 d food records at 3 years of age. The average daily intake of added sucrose was 35 (sd 17) g (11·3 % of energy intake) and that of total sucrose was 41 (sd 18) g (13·3 % of energy intake). Sucrose added by manufacturers accounted for 82 %, naturally occurring sucrose for 15 % and sucrose added by consumers for 3 % of the total sucrose. Juice drinks, yoghurt/cultured milks, and chocolate and confectionery were the main contributors to added sucrose intake. Consumption of rye bread, porridge, fresh vegetables, cooked potatoes, skimmed milk, hard cheeses, margarine and fat spread as well as intake of most nutrients decreased across the quartiles of added sucrose (P < 0·05). Being cared for at home, having a father with a vocational school degree, having at least two siblings and a milk-restricted diet increased the risk for a high-sucrose diet. The study implied that a high proportion of added sucrose in the diet had mainly an unfavourable impact on the intake of recommended foods and key nutrients in Finnish children. The rationale for the recommendation to reduce the intake of refined sugars to ensure adequate intakes of nutrients seems reasonable.
Comparison of Fungizone, Amphotec, AmBisome, and Abelcet for Treatment of Systemic Murine Cryptococcosis

ABSTRACT Three lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B have been approved for use in various countries. The aim of this study was to compare Amphotec (ABCD; Sequus), AmBisome (AmBi; Nexstar), Abelcet (ABLC; The Liposome Co.), and conventional deoxycholate amphotericin B (Fungizone; Bristol Meyers Squibb) for the treatment of experimental systemic cryptococcosis. A model was established in 10-week-old female CD-1 mice by intravenous (i.v.) injection of 6.25 × 105 viableCryptococcus neoformans yeast cells. Therapy began 4 days later, with i.v. administration three times per week for 2 weeks. Mice received either no treatment, 1 mg of Fungizone per kg of body weight, or 1, 5, or 10 mg of ABCD, AmBi, or ABLC per kg. Ninety percent of control mice died between days 15 and 34. All treatment regimens except ABLC at 1 mg/kg prolonged survival compared with no treatment (P < 0.01 to 0.001). All mice receiving 5 or 10 mg of ABCD or AmBi per kg and 90% of mice given 10 mg of ABLC per kg survived, whereas ≤50% of those given other treatment regimens survived. Fungizone was the least effective of the four formulations, with 5 or 10 mg of ABCD, AmBi, or ABLC per kg resulting in a significantly better outcome than Fungizone (P < 0.001). Among the three formulations, ABCD and AmBi were equally effective, both being better than ABLC at equal 5- or 10-mg/kg doses (P < 0.001). Comparison of residual infectious burdens in various organs showed that each drug had some dose-responsive efficacy in three or more organs at escalating doses. In the brain, ABCD or AmBi at 5 or 10 mg/kg or ABLC at 10 mg/kg was more effective than Fungizone at 1 mg/kg or no treatment, while ABCD or AmBi at 1 mg/kg was as effective as ABLC at 10 mg/kg. Similar results were obtained for the kidneys and lungs. In the spleen, ABCD at 10 mg/kg cured all mice of infection and was superior to all other regimens. In the liver, AmBi at 5 mg/kg was superior to an equal dose of ABCD or ABLC. Overall, the efficacies of ABCD and AmBi were equal to that of Fungizone at 1 mg/kg and were about 10-fold better than that of ABLC, particularly in the brain; a comparative rank order of efficacies was ABCD ≅ AmBi > ABLC ≫ Fungizone. This is the first study that compared all four amphotericin B formulations.
The Impact of Migration on Productivity and Native-Born Workers' Training

We investigate the relationship between migration and productivity in the UK, using an instrumental variable along the lines suggested by Bianchi, Buonanno and Pinotti (2012). Our results suggest that immigration has a positive and significant impact (in both the statistical sense and more broadly) on productivity, as measured at a geographical level; this appears to be driven by higher-skilled workers. The results for training are less clear, but suggest that higher-skilled immigration may have a positive impact on the training of native workers. We discuss the implications for post-Brexit immigration policy.
Temperature Issues in Saliency-Tracking-Based Sensorless Methods for PM Synchronous Machines

High-frequency carrier signal excitation has been widely investigated for the position sensorless control of permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) near and at zero speed. Selection of the injected signal characteristics (shape, frequency, magnitude, etc.) is a tradeoff between performance criteria of the sensorless control (stability, accuracy, robustness, bandwidth, etc.) and minimization of its adverse effects (additional losses, noise, vibration, etc.). The increased losses due to the injected signal can be of importance in PMSMs since they can produce a significant increase of the temperature in the rotor magnets. This can adversely impact the normal operation of the machine and can eventually result in the irreversible demagnetization of the magnets. This paper analyzes the impact that excitation using high-frequency signals for sensorless control of PMSMs has on the machine's temperature. The machine design, as well as the type of injected high-frequency signal, will be shown to strongly influence the machine's thermal behavior. Analytical models will be developed to explain this behavior, with experimental results being used to verify the analysis.
Age changes in myelinated nerve fibers of the cingulate bundle and corpus callosum in the rhesus monkey

Aging is accompanied by deficits in cognitive function, which may be related to the vulnerability of myelinated nerve fibers to the normal process of aging. Loss of nerve fibers, together with age‐related alterations in myelin sheath structure, may result in the inefficient and poorly coordinated conduction of neuronal signals. Until now, the ultrastructural analysis of cerebral white matter fiber tracts associated with frontal lobe areas critical in cognitive processing has been limited. In this study we analyzed the morphology and area number density of myelinated nerve fibers in the cingulate bundle and genu of the corpus callosum in behaviorally assessed young, middle aged, and old rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In both structures, normal aging results in a 20% decrease in the number of myelinated nerve fibers per unit area, while remaining nerve fibers exhibit an increasing frequency of degenerative changes in their myelin sheaths throughout middle and old age. Concomitantly, myelination continues in older monkeys, suggesting ongoing, albeit inadequate, reparative processes. Despite similar patterns of degeneration in both fiber tracts, only the age‐related changes in the cingulate bundle correlate with declining cognitive function, underscoring its role as a critical corticocortical pathway linking the medial prefrontal, cingulate, and parahippocampal cortices in processes of working memory, recognition memory, and other higher cognitive faculties. These results further demonstrate the important role myelinated nerve fiber degeneration plays in the pathogenesis of age‐related cognitive decline. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3046–3064, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medically eligible women who do not use HAART: the importance of abuse, drug use, and race.

OBJECTIVES We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of HIV-positive women who do not report highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) use. METHODS We analyzed HAART use among 1165 HIV-positive participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. RESULTS Between October 1, 2000, and March 31, 2001, 254 women with clinical indications for HAART reported not using it, 635 reported HAART use, and 276 had no clinical indications. In multivariate analysis, using crack/cocaine/heroin and a history of abuse decreased the likelihood of using HAART, whereas being White increased it. CONCLUSIONS One of 4 women for whom HAART was indicated reported not using HAART. Childhood sexual abuse prevention, more intensive abuse treatment, and continuing drug treatment may enhance HIV disease treatment of women.
Success Rate of Split-Thickness Skin Grafting of Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers Depends on the Presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Retrospective Study

The last years of research have proposed that bacteria might be involved in and contribute to the lack of healing of chronic wounds. Especially it seems that Pseudomonas aeruginosa play a crucial role in the healing. At Copenhagen Wound Healing Centre it was for many years clinical suspected that once chronic venous leg ulcers were colonized (weeks or months preoperatively) by P. aeruginosa, the success rate of skin grafting deteriorated despite aggressive treatment. To investigate this, a retrospective study was performed on the clinical outcome of 82 consecutive patients with chronic venous leg ulcers on 91 extremities, from the 1st of March 2005 until the 31st of August 2006. This was achieved by analysing the microbiology, demographic data, smoking and drinking habits, diabetes, renal impairment, co-morbidities, approximated size and age of the wounds, immunosuppressive treatment and complicating factors on the clinical outcome of each patient. The results were evaluated using a Student T-test for continuous parameters, chi-square test for categorical parameters and a logistic regression analysis to predict healing after 12 weeks. The analysis revealed that only 33,3% of ulcers with P. aeruginosa, isolated at least once from 12 weeks prior, to or during surgery, were healed (98% or more) by week 12 follow-up, while 73,1% of ulcers without P. aeruginosa were so by the same time (p = 0,001). Smoking also significantly suppressed the outcome at the 12-week follow-up. Subsequently, a logistic regression analysis was carried out leaving P. aeruginosa as the only predictor left in the model (p = 0,001). This study supports our hypothesis that P. aeruginosa in chronic venous leg ulcers, despite treatment, has considerable impact on partial take or rejection of split-thickness skin grafts.
Predicting poor outcome in perforated peptic ulcer disease.

BACKGROUND Despite modern medications for peptic ulcers, patients frequently require emergency surgery for complications of ulcer disease. Many of these patients have coexisting medical problems which not only predispose to perforated ulcer disease, but also influence the clinical outcome. This study reviews the outcome of a group of patients with perforated ulcer disease and examines the influence of a range of comorbidity factors on the outcome. METHODS A retrospective chart review of all cases of perforated peptic occurring over a period of 9 years. RESULTS One hundred and forty-nine perforated peptic ulcers in 147 patients were diagnosed between 1987 and 1996. Coexisting malignancy, use of immunosuppressives or corticosteroids, pre-operative shock and admission to intensive care were all significantly associated with reperforation by univariate analysis. However, logistic regression analysis indicated that none of these factors independently predicted reperforation which, therefore, occurs as a multifactorial event with all the above factors contributing. Death from perforated ulcer disease was related to pre-operative shock, malignancy, admission to intensive care and reperforation when examined by univariate analysis. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis showed that coexisting malignancy and reperforation were significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Perforated peptic ulcer disease remains a frequent clinical problem in patients with short dyspeptic histories, who may or may not have been using ulcerogenic medications. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among an often aged and otherwise unwell group of patients. Patients with underlying malignant disease, who may be immunosuppressed with corticosteroids or cytotoxics, are at increased risk of dying from perforated ulcer disease. Reperforation of an ulcer, following simple closure or conservative treatment, is also highly predictive of increased mortality.
Minority status and perceived health: a comparative study of Finnish- and Swedish-speaking schoolchildren in Finland

Results of earlier studies suggest that the health of the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland is better than that of the sociodemographically similar Finnish-speaking population. The causes of differences are unknown. The main aim of the study referred was to investigate whether differences in perceived health according to linguistic group were present in a nation-wide representative sample (n=5,230) of schoolchildren aged 11, 13 and 15 years. A further aim was to determine whether differences could be attributed to socioeconomic background, social relationships or health behaviour. The study is part of the international Health Behaviour in School-aged children (HBSC) survey. The perceived health of Swedish-speaking children (n=1,699) proved to be better than that of Finnish-speaking children (n=3,531). In multivariate logistic regression models the differences could not be attributed to underlying associations with any variable studied. The health advantage of Swedish-speaking children essentially could not be related to known risk factors.
Analyses of the picosecond range transient in a high-power switch based on a bipolar GaAs transistor structure

The superfast (/spl sim/200 ps) switching observed lately in a GaAs bipolar-junction transistor (BJT) structure is analyzed. Contrary to all known bipolar semiconductor switches, a superfast transient occurs in this GaAs BJT due to practically homogeneous and simultaneous high-rate carrier generation across the entire thickness of the blocking region. This generation is provided by a comb of powerfully avalanching Gunn domains moving across the blocking n/sub 0/ layer and covering whole layer thickness at each instant. Generation of the multiple avalanching Gunn domains is accompanied by current filamentation, and at first glance the total area of the structure should not affect the switching process. It is shown however, that the charge accumulated in the barrier capacitance of the collector junction can cause a further drastic reduction in the switching time and in the residual voltage across the switch. Simulations performed with the barrier capacitance taken into account show excellent agreement with the experimental data for a transistor prototype, while a further significant reduction in the switching time to several dozens of picoseconds, and in the residual voltage to a dozen volts, is predicted for a device area that is an order of magnitude larger.
Characterization and modeling of long term retention in SONOS non volatile memories

An improved model to predict the charge retention dynamics of SONOS non volatile memory cells has been developed which accounts for the space and energy dependence of the trapped charge in the silicon nitride self consistently with the potential. From selected long term retention measurements (beyond 106 s) we were able to decouple the charge loss mechanisms and to derive an initial guess of the charge distribution profile. Without further adjustments of the parameters, the model reproduces a large set of long term retention measurements on devices featuring different gate stack, initial threshold voltage and operation temperature.
Magnitude modulation for VSAT's low back-off transmission

This paper addresses the problem of controlling the envelope's power peak of single carrier modulated signals, band limited by root-raised cosine (RRC) pulse shaping filters, in order to reduce power amplifier back-off for very small aperture terminals ground stations. Magnitude modulation (MM) is presented as a very efficient solution to the peak-to-average power ratio problem. This paper gives a detailed description of the MM concept and its recent evolutions. It starts by extending the look-up-table (LUT) based approach of the MM concept to M-ary constellations with M ≤ 16. The constellation and RRC symmetries are explored, allowing considerable reduction on LUT computation complexity and storage requirements. An effective multistage polyphase (MPMM) approach for the MM concept is then proposed. As opposed to traditional LUT-MM solutions, MM coefficients are computed in real-time by a low complexity multirate filter system. The back-off from high-power amplifier saturation is almost eliminated (reduction is greater than 95%) with just a 2-stage MPMM system even for very demanding roll-off cases (e.g., α = 0.1). Also, the MPMM is independent of modulation in use, allowing its easy application to constellations with M > 16.
Detection of microRNA Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Microvesicles

Background MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate translation of mRNA and protein. Loss or enhanced expression of miRNAs is associated with several diseases, including cancer. However, the identification of circulating miRNA in healthy donors is not well characterized. Microvesicles, also known as exosomes or microparticles, circulate in the peripheral blood and can stimulate cellular signaling. In this study, we hypothesized that under normal healthy conditions, microvesicles contain miRNAs, contributing to biological homeostasis. Methodology/Principal Findings Microvesicles were isolated from the plasma of normal healthy individuals. RNA was isolated from both the microvesicles and matched mononuclear cells and profiled for 420 known mature miRNAs by real-time PCR. Hierarchical clustering of the data sets indicated significant differences in miRNA expression between peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma microvesicles. We observed 71 miRNAs co-expressed between microvesicles and PBMC. Notably, we found 33 and 4 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs in the plasma microvesicles and mononuclear cells, respectively. Prediction of the gene targets and associated biological pathways regulated by the detected miRNAs was performed. The majority of the miRNAs expressed in the microvesicles from the blood were predicted to regulate cellular differentiation of blood cells and metabolic pathways. Interestingly, a select few miRNAs were also predicted to be important modulators of immune function. Conclusions This study is the first to identify and define miRNA expression in circulating plasma microvesicles of normal subjects. The data generated from this study provides a basis for future studies to determine the predictive role of peripheral blood miRNA signatures in human disease and will enable the definition of the biological processes regulated by these miRNA.
Correlates of placebo response in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: a preliminary report.

INTRODUCTION Placebo responses have been large across a number of clinical trials for treatment of women's sexual dysfunction. Studying placebo responses may elucidate predictors of symptom reduction and responsiveness to intervention. AIM To determine the correlates of placebo response in participants enrolled in a clinical trial for female sexual dysfunction. METHODS We analyzed data from 16 women with sexual arousal and orgasmic dysfunction who were randomized to receive 8 weeks of placebo treatment within a larger randomized controlled trial. Using nonparametric correlations, we tested whether age, length of relationship, psychological symptoms, and scores on self-report measures predicted change in sexual function with placebo treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Female Sexual Function Index. RESULTS Consistent with findings from other studies, we found a significant improvement in sexual function scores after 8 weeks of treatment with placebo. We also found that age and length of relationship predicted the magnitude of change in sexual function across treatment. Changes in relationship adjustment, but not relationship adjustment at baseline, predicted the magnitude of improvement in sexual function scores. We observed no relationship between psychological symptom severity and change in sexual function. CONCLUSIONS Participant age and length of relationship predicted subsequent magnitude of change in sexual function scores during treatment with placebo. In addition, relationship adjustment covaried with changes in sexual function. Our findings suggest that "placebo effects" may represent underlying factors that influence the way in which women respond to the process of treatment.
Childbearing in cohabiting unions: racial and ethnic differences.

CONTEXT Cohabitation provides a two-parent family union in which to have and raise children outside of marriage. Little is known, however, about the conditions under which cohabiting couples conceive and decide to have children. METHODS The National Survey of Family Growth provides detailed data on the cohabitation and fertility histories of American women. Life-table techniques, event-history analyses and logistic regression were employed to understand the racial and ethnic differences in the timing of childbearing within cohabiting unions and whether childbearing within cohabiting unions is more acceptable to members of minorities than to whites. RESULTS In multivariate models, Hispanic women were found to be 77% more likely than white women to conceive a child in cohabitation and black women were 69% more likely than white women to do so. Among women who became pregnant while cohabiting, Hispanic women were almost twice as likely and black women were three times as likely as white women to remain cohabiting with their partner when their child was born. In addition, children born to Hispanic women in cohabiting unions were found to be 70% more likely to be intended than were those born to cohabiting white women. CONCLUSIONS In terms of fertility, cohabitation does not maintain the same place in the American family system for all racial and ethnic groups. These racial and ethnic differences in fertility-related behavior are not explained by socioeconomic differences. Based on levels of childbearing during cohabitation, relationship status at time of birth and intention status of children, it appears that cohabitation is a more acceptable arena for family building among Hispanic women than among whites or blacks.
Market Value of Voluntary Disclosures Concerning Information Security

Information security is a fundamental concern for corporations operating in today's digital economy. The number of firms disclosing items concerning their information security on reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has increased in recent years. A question then arises as to whether or not there is value to the voluntary disclosures concerning information security. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to assess empirically the market value of voluntary disclosures of items pertaining to information security. Based on a sample of 1,641 disclosing and 19,266 non-disclosing firm-years in a cross-sectional pooled model, our primary findings provide strong evidence that voluntarily disclosing items concerning information security is associated positively with the market value of a firm. These findings are based on the use of a market-value relevance model, as well as a bid-ask spread analysis. The study's findings are robust to alternative statistical analyses. The findings also provide support for the signaling argument, which states that managers disclose information in a manner consistent with increased firm value. Finally, the study findings provide some insight into the strategic choice that firms make regarding voluntary disclosures about information security.