Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic Justice and Transformations of Criminal Procedure

The use of DNA technology in the investigation of high-volume crimes such as thefts and burglaries is strongly promoted by politicians worldwide. It is beyond doubt that DNA plays a prominent role in contemporary criminal procedure. In fact, people in general are very accepting of the police's practice of collecting biological samples from suspects, of registering DNA profiles, and of using DNA evidence in prosecutions. Although there are good reasons for such acceptance, possible negative aspects of the use of DNA in the criminal justice system need to be further investigated. This article explores how the new ‘genetic justice regime’ affects the criminal justice system, including criminal trials. Theories and perspectives from the social sciences and jurisprudence are drawn on in order to identify possible unfavourable aspects of the new procedural regime. Increased focus on scientific and objective forms of argumentation in court and the prolongation of the contestability of criminal cases are particularly noteworthy characteristics of a criminal process that relies on DNA to identify perpetrators. It is not inconceivable that increased use of DNA also may give rise to a risk of enlarging the gap between the offender and the community acting in response to the offence and make it more difficult to arouse the offender's moral consciousness through the criminal process.
Reaction Time, Age, and Cognitive Ability: Longitudinal Findings from Age 16 to 63 Years in Representative Population Samples

Abstract Reaction time variables are used widely in studies of human cognitive ageing and in research on the information processing foundations of psychometric intelligence. The research is largely based on biased population samples. In the present study, large (500+), representative samples of the population of the West of Scotland were tested at ages 16, 36 and 56 years on simple and choice reaction time. Participants were re-tested eight years later, at which time they also took the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). We report simple and choice reaction time means and their variabilities, their stability across 8 years, and their correlations with the PASAT. Simple and choice reaction times become slower and more variable with age. Women from age 36 to 63 show more variability in choice reaction times than men, an effect which remains after controlling for mean reaction time. Reaction time differences largely account for age differences, but not sex differences, in PASAT scores.
Sensitivity to Ozone, Diesel Exhaust Particles, and Standardized Ambient Particulate Matter in Rats with a Listeria Monocytogenes-Induced Respiratory Infection

Ambient particulate matter may increase respiratory allergic skewing of the T-cell-mediated immune response toward a T-helper-2 (Th2) response, with the consequence that the Th1 response develops less well. Successful clearing of a respiratory bacterial infection depends on an adequate Th1 immune response; therefore, the subject would not control the infection as well if exposed to particulate matter. To substantiate this hypothesis, we examined the effect of exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and urban particulate matter (EHC-93, Ottawa dust) on rats with a Listeria monocytogenes respiratory infection. Since this hypothesis has been confirmed for ozone, we used it as a positive control. Wistar rats were exposed to ozone (2 mg/m3 for 24 h/day for 7 days) and to DEP or to EHC-93 (50 μg/rat intranasally daily for 7 consecutive days). Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the rats were infected intratracheally with 1 × 106 L. monocytogenes bacteria. The number of L. monocytogenes was determined after 3, 4 and 5 days. Statistically significant increases of the number of L. monocytogenes in rats exposed to ozone were observed in the lungs and spleen at all three times. However, we found no significant differences in the numbers of bacteria that were found in rats exposed to DEP or EHC-93 compared to the saline-treated group at any of the three times. In conclusion, the results of this study do not support the hypothesis that exposure to DEP or EHC-93 reduces subsequent resistance to a respiratory infection in rats.
Exploring the Ethics of Forewarning: Social Workers, Confidentiality and Potential Child Abuse Disclosures

This article reports on exploratory research into social workers’ perceptions and actions regarding “forewarning” clients of their child abuse reporting obligations as a limitation of confidentiality at relationship onset. Ethical principles and previous research on forewarning are discussed prior to stating the research methods and presenting findings. Data obtained from South Australian social workers engaged in human service work with adult family members articulate a strong desire to practise in accordance with professional codes of ethics. However, the findings suggest that proactive forewarning is extremely infrequent, with minimized forewarning accomplished only in response to client-initiated inquiry and where prior suspicions of child abuse may exist. Generally, discomfort with forewarning was found to result in its avoidance due to concerns about client retention, working in tense relationships and personal uncertainties about client's reactions towards participants. Through the avoidance of forewarning, participants are potentially supporting their own personal feelings and viewpoints more actively than the rights of others. This may correlate with having a private model of professionalism in opposition to a public model, in which relationship parameters are presented honestly and openly to clients when establishing the practice context—a problematic issue for ethical social work.
Talk about Text: Where Literacy is Learned and Taught

ABSTRACTTo be literate, the author proposes, is to have the disposition, as composer or interpreter, to engage with a text in one or more different modes according to the type of text involved and one's purpose in using it. Five modes of engagement are distinguished: performative, functional, informational, re-creational, and epistemic. However, only the epistemic mode, it is argued—in which meaning is treated as tentative, provisional, and open to alternative interpretations and to revision—fully exploits the potential of literacy to empower the thinking of those who use it.The bulk of the article then considers the learning and teaching of literacy in terms of an apprenticeship model, which is based on Vygotskian notions of assisted performance in joint activity. However, because the activities that are central to literate practices are mental rather than physical—and are therefore unobservable—an essential part of such assisted performance is enacting the mental processes involved through talking about.
The Relationship Between Sense of Coherence and Adjustment in Persons with Disabilities

The concepts of salutogenesis and Antonovsky's sense of coherence are introduced. Salutogenesis and sense of coherence are based upon factors (i.e., comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness) that promote health rather than those factors that cause disease. This study investigated the relationship between sense of coherence and adjustment in individuals with a disability (i.e., 89 college students with disabilities). Results indicated a positive correlation between sense of coherence and adjustment (p < .01). The subscales of sense of coherence accounted for 77% of the variance in adjustment, with the meaningfulness subscale accounting for the greatest percentage. The value of these paradigms and implications for rehabilitation counseling are discussed.
‘Drawing’ on disabled students’ experiences of physical education and stakeholder responses

Within education generally and more specifically physical education inclusion has become a central concern of legislation, policy and programming. Set within an environment where there is much talk of inclusion this paper seeks to interrogate adult stakeholders’ understandings of inclusion by exploring their responses to the drawings and commentary of young disabled students’ experiences of mainstream physical education. By engaging in this research in this way I attempt to ‘connect’ these conversations about inclusion. Four main themes emerged from these data including: (1) ‘activity setting’; (2) ‘enjoying physical education’; (3) ‘challenging practice’; and (4) ‘stakeholder empathy’. In concluding, this paper highlights the contradictory and inconsistent views stakeholders express about inclusion. Furthermore, the utility of adopting a data generation strategy incorporating student drawings and stakeholder responses is reflected upon.
Design and construction of link quality and localization protocol algorithms at WSN over IEEE802.15.4 physical protocol

This work describes the steps for obtaining two link layer protocols for a wireless sensor network WSN, which functions integrated at single stack. The central axis for the development is the Received Signal Strength Indicator of the signal radio available at the implementation of the radio system in the IEEE802.15. 4 standard. The protocols developed are quality link management protocols and positioning and localization protocols. The final results are completed with the protocols time synchronization, topology control and routing for generating a single protocols stack loading at nodes of WSN applied to industrial processes.
THE EFFECT OF AIRLINE SERVICE QUALITY ON PASSENGERS' BEHAVIOURAL INTENTIONS USING SERVQUAL SCORES: A TAIWAN CASE STUDY

This paper seeks to improve our understanding of air passengers’ decision-making processes by testing a conceptual model that considers service value, airline service quality, satisfaction, perceived sacrifice, and behavioural intentions. In this study, a linear structural equations modeling system is applied to incorporate the service quality of airline companies into the passengers’ airline choice models to enhance the models’ performance and the forecasting ability. Two modeling approaches are applied in this research: the structural equation modeling (SEM) and the importance-performance analysis (IPA). The SEM results of this study show that the service value is the major factor that can influence the behavioural intention. IPA results indicate that responsiveness is the most important airline service quality attribute in passengers. Finally, implications of these results for practice and research are provided.
How choice ambiguity modulates activity in brain areas representing brand preference: evidence from consumer neuroscience

In the present paper we investigate whether choice ambiguity modulates activity in brain areas that represent brand preference and decision utility, as identified in previous studies. Our findings reveal that brain areas involved in the interaction of brand information and ambiguity information are the (predominantly left) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and the anterior cingulate (AC). These activation patterns have earlier been found to correlate with brand preference. Thus, our findings show that the reduction of perceived ambiguity and information costs by brand information drives neural representations of brand preference as promoted by signaling theory in information economics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetrahydrobiopterin and dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in coronary arteries.

BACKGROUND The L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway plays a key role in the regulation of arterial tone. Biosynthesis of nitric oxide requires activation of nitric oxide synthase in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor. Biochemical studies demonstrated that activation of purified nitric oxide synthase at suboptimal concentrations of tetrahydrobiopterin leads to production of hydrogen peroxide. The present experiments were designed to determine whether in coronary arteries inhibition of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis may favor nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed production of hydrogen peroxide. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary branches of canine left anterior descending artery were incubated for 6 hours in minimum essential medium in the presence or in the absence of the tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis inhibitor 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP; 10(-2) mol/L). Arterial rings were suspended for isometric tension recording. Production of cGMP was measured by radioimmunoassay. Experiments were performed in the presence of indomethacin (10(-5) mol/L). During contractions to the thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor agonist U46619 (10(-7) mol/L), calcium ionophore A23187 (10(-9) to 10(-6) mol/L) caused endothelium-dependent relaxations. A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (3 x 10(-4) mol/L), significantly inhibited these relaxations. In DAHP-treated arteries, relaxations to A23187 and its stimulating effect on cGMP production were significantly reduced in the presence of catalase (1200 U/mL). By contrast, catalase did not exert any effect in rings incubated in the absence of DAHP. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of catalase on A23187-induced relaxations was abolished when coronary arteries were incubated in the presence of DAHP plus a liposoluble analogue of tetrahydrobiopterin, 6-methyltetrahydropterin (10(-4) mol/L). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that hydrogen peroxide may be a mediator of endothelium-dependent relaxations in coronary arteries depleted of tetrahydrobiopterin. This initially compensatory response, triggered by a dysfunctional nitric oxide synthase, may represent an important mechanism underlying oxidative vascular injury.
Musically puzzling I: Sensitivity to overall structure in the sonata form?

Previous studies have suggested that listeners are not sensitive to the overall tonal structure of musical pieces. This assumption is reexamined in the current study in an active musical puzzle task, with no time constraints, focusing on the presumably most directional musical form – the sonata form. In our first study (reported here, and referred to as “the Mozart study”), participants with varying levels of musical training were presented with disordered sections of Mozart’s piano sonata K. 570/I in B flat major and asked to rearrange the ten sections into a musically logical coherent whole. A second study (to be reported in Musicae Scientiae issue 16[1]) replicated the task in a different group of participants who listened to Haydn’s piano sonata, Hob: XVI-34/I in E minor. In contrast with previous studies, we do not focus on listeners’ ability to recover the original sonatas. Rather, we explore emergent patterns in their responses using new types of analysis. Our results indicate that listeners show: (1) Some sensitivity to the overall structure of A-B-A’ around the non-stable B section; (2) Non- trivial sensitivity to overall “directionality” through a new type of analysis (“distance score”); (3) Correct grouping and placement of developmental sections possibly related to listener’s sensitivity to musical tension; (4) Sensitivity to opening and closing gestures, thematic similarity and surface cues and; (5) No sensitivity to global harmonic structure.
Mental Health of Chinese Migrant Workers in Factories in Shenzhen, China: Effects of Migration Stress and Social Competence

The present study aimed to examine the mental health conditions of migrant workers in factories in Shenzhen, China, and to examine the effects of migration stress and social competence on the mental health of these migrants. A total of 582 migrant workers were recruited from 17 factories scattered in 8 different industries. The mental health situations of the migrant workers were assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The migrant workers' migration stress and social competence were measured by the Migration Stress Scale and Social Competence Scale. The results suggest that migrant workers experienced four major clusters of psychiatric symptoms: interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive compulsion, depression, and hostility. Regression analysis revealed that migration stress and social competence significantly predicted the migrant workers' mental health. Migration stress alone explained 23% of the variance. Specifically, “financial and employment difficulties” and lack of social life significantly predicted the mental health of the migrant workers. In the area of social competence, “social skills and language learning” and “personal characteristics” exerted significant effects on the mental health of migrant workers. In conclusion, social policies concerning migrant workers should aim at facilitating adjustments among migrant workers employed by factories in China. Prevention and treatment programs to improve the mental health of migrant workers in factories should also be implemented.
An existential framework of spirituality

A holistic approach to spirituality indicates a spiritual development that is relevant for all students and not just for those who have a religious background. However, debates in England surrounding spirituality in education often generally locate it within the religious domain (Blake, 1996;Carr, 1995, 1999;Isherwood, 1999). Conceptualizing spirituality in such a way tends to deny access to this development for non‐religious students or students in non‐religious contexts. Alternatively the other approaches to spirituality have adopted non‐religious viewpoints (see Erricker, 2003, p. 7). Such either/or approaches work against the notion that spirituality should be conceived as intrinsic to the enterprise of education. This paper offers a brief view of a more elaborate existential framework of spirituality which has been developed in order to transcend the religious/secular divide. A short account of Existentialist philosophy is provided before an outline of the framework is discussed.
Reflection in example- and problem-based learning: effects of reflection prompts, feedback and cooperative learning

Abstract To examine the effects of reflection prompts, elaborated feedback and cooperation on learning and reflection, two experimental studies were conducted. For both studies, an example- and problem-based e-learning environment on correlation was used. In Study 1, 57 university students were randomly assigned to two conditions: with reflection prompts that asked students to give reasons for their decisions and without reflection prompts. The intervention promoted learning, and the students' reasons indicated substantial reflective processes. In Study 2, 137 university students were randomly assigned to four conditions: individual learning with or without feedback intervention and dyadic learning with or without feedback intervention. The feedback intervention clearly enhanced learning outcomes, whereas cooperative learning had no significant effect on learning. Perceived reflection was high in all groups, differences were nonsignificant.
Designing a ship course controller by applying the adaptive backstepping method

The article discusses the problem of designing a proper and efficient adaptive course-keeping control system for a seagoing ship based on the adaptive backstepping method. The proposed controller in the design stage takes into account the dynamic properties of the steering gear and the full nonlinear static maneuvering characteristic. The adjustable parameters of the achieved nonlinear control structure were tuned up by using the genetic algorithm in order to optimize the system performance. A realistic full-scale simulation model of the B-481 type vessel including wave and wind effects was applied to simulate the control algorithm by using time domain analysis.
A Measure of Self-Defeating Personality

This paper describes the development of a scale to assess self-defeating personality. Cronbach alpha is . 68, and 3-wk. test-retest reliability is . 71 for men, . 75 for women. Correlations between Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Checklist Scales indicated the scale identifies individuals who strongly identify with a victim's position and have a number of characteristics consistent with the DSM-III—R criteria for diagnosing self-defeating personality disorder.
Observed Inconsistencies between Snow Extent and Snow Depth Variability at Regional/Continental Scales

Abstract Snow extent and snow depth are two related characteristics of a snowpack, but they do not need to be mutually consistent. Differences between these two variables at local scales are readily apparent. However, at larger scales, which interact with atmospheric circulation and climate, snow extent is the primary variable considered, owing largely to the scarcity of snow depth data. In this study, three regional-/continental-scale gridded snow depth/snow water equivalent (SWE) datasets, derived from station observations or passive microwave satellite sensors, are utilized to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between snow extent and snow depth/SWE over North America. Various statistical methods are used to ensure the robustness of the results, including correlations, composites, and singular value decomposition analyses. Results indicate that continental-scale snow depth variations are substantial in their own right and that depth and extent anomalies are largely unrelated over broad high-latit.
Regulation of primary HIV‐1 isolate replication in dendritic cells

The potential role of dendritic cells (DC) in the immunopathology of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) disease remains controversial. This study examines replication of a panel of HIV‐1 strains (both laboratory adapted and primary) within DC, in the context of the well‐established monocyte–DC and monocyte–macrophage transition. Viral replication was assessed by p24 ELISA assay. All strains of HIV‐1 tested replicated in DC. Only CCR5‐tropic virus replicated in macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced DC maturation (as reflected in altered cell phenotype) and at the same time diminished the ability of DC to support HIV‐1 replication. In contrast the presence of activated T cells, which had been fixed to prevent them acting as a site for viral replication, enhanced the ability of the DC to support viral replication, as has been reported previously for macrophages. Thus cells that are DC by phenotype, but are not activated, act as the optimum reservoir for HIV‐1 replication. If this form of DC is present in peripheral tissues, this will be permissive for amplification of the in vivo viral load at sites where there are few responder cells available, and hence contribute to the persistent immunopathology.
Entry Qualifications, Degree Results and Value‐added in UK Universities

Abstract The statistical correlation between entry qualifications (A‐level scores) and degree results (proportion of first and upper second (i.e. good) degrees) is described for eight subjects over a 21‐year period. A significant positive correlation is demonstrated, but the strength of the relationship varies between subjects. More detailed analysis reveals that the nature of the relationship also varies at institutional (effectively departmental) level with some displaying consistently counter‐intuitive combinations of above‐average entry qualifications and below‐average proportions of good degrees (and vice versa). These results have implications for current policy debates regarding value‐added and standards in UK universities. They also identify some directions for future research.