Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecological Validity, Representative Design, and Correspondence Between Experimental Task Constraints and Behavioral Setting: Comment on Rogers, Kadar, and Costall (2005)

Abstract Using the term ecological validity, in a recent issue of Ecological Psychology, Rogers, Kadar, and Costall (2005) discussed how the simulator they used could provide data by replicating natural road driving behaviors. However, ecological validity, as Brunswik (1956) conceived it, refers to the validity of a cue (i.e., perceptual variable) in predicting a criterion state of the environment. Like other psychologists in the past, Rogers et al. (2005) confused this term with another of Brunswik's terms: representative design. In this comment, the authors clarify the distinction between these concepts and also discuss how Gibsonian ideas can strengthen understanding of the correspondence between experimental task constraints and behavioral settings outside the laboratory. The main implication of this theoretical rationalization is for the development of a measurable correspondence between experimental and behavioral contexts, enabling defensible generalization to both organisms and environments beyond the bounds of particular experiments.
Anthropometric analysis of maxillary anterior buccal bone of Korean adults using cone-beam CT

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the thickness of buccal and palatal alveolar bone and buccal bony curvature below root apex in maxillary anterior teeth of Korean adults using Cone-beam CT images. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 3D image was reconstructed with dicom file obtained through CBCT from 20 - 39 year old Korean subjects (n = 20). The thickness of buccal and palatal plate, root diameter, the buccal bony curvature angle below root apex and the distance from root apex to the deepest point of buccal bony curvature were measured on maxillary anterior teeth area using OnDemand3D program. RESULTS Mean thickness of buccal plate 3 mm below CEJ was 0.68 ± 0.29 mm at central incisor, 0.76 ± 0.59 mm at lateral incisor, and 1.07 ± 0.80 mm at canine. Mean thickness of palatal plate 3 mm below CEJ was 1.53 ± 0.55 mm of central incisor, 1.18 ± 0.66 mm of lateral incisor, 1.42 ± 0.77 mm of canine. Bucco-lingual diameter 3 mm below CEJ was 5.13 ± 0.37 mm of central incisor, 4.58 ± 0.46 mm of lateral incisor, and 5.93 ± 0.47 mm of canine. Buccal bony curvature angle below root apex was 134.7 ± 17.5° at central incisor, 151.0 ± 13.9° at lateral incisor, 153.0 ± 9.5° at canine. Distance between root apex and the deepest point of buccal bony curvature of central incisor was 3.67 ± 1.28 mm at central incisor, 3.90 ± 1.51 mm at lateral incisor, and 5.13 ± 1.70 mm at canine. CONCLUSION Within the limitation of this study in Korean adults, the thickness of maxillary anterior buccal plate was very thin within 1mm and the thickness of palatal plate was thick, relatively. The buccal bony curvature below root apex of maxillary central incisor was higher than that of lateral incisor and canine and it seems that the buccal bony plate below root apex of central incisor is most curved.
Oxidase Reactions of Tomato Anionic Peroxidasel

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) anionic peroxidase was found to catalyze oxidase reactions with NADH, glutathione, dithiothreitol, oxaloacetate, and hydroquinone as substrates with a mean activity 30% that of horseradish peroxidase; this is in contrast to the negligible activity of the tomato enzyme as compared to the horseradish enzyme in catalyzing an indoleacetic acid-oxidase reaction with only Mn2' and a phenol as cofactors. Substitution of Ce3' for Mn2' produced an 18-fold larger response with the tomato enzyme than with the horseradish enzyme, suggesting a significant difference in the autocatalytic indoleacetic acidoxidase reactions with these two enzymes. In attempting to compare enzyme activities with 2,4-dichlorophenol as a cofactor, it was found that reaction rates increased exponentially with both increasing cofactor concentration and increasing enzyme concentration. While the former response may be analogous to allosteric control of enzyme activity, the latter response is contrary to the principle that reaction rate is proportional to enzyme concentration, and additionally makes any comparison of enzyme activity difficult. Tomato ripening, like that of pears, bananas, and avocadoes, appears to be at least partly controlled by auxin levels (12); free IAA decreases and peroxides accumulate in tomato ripening. An isoelectric point of less than 5.5 for tomato anionic peroxidase, as suggested by its column chromatographic behavior, is lower than those ofthe major horseradish peroxidase isozymes (1 1) and is in particular lower than the value of 8.9 for horseradish peroxidase isozyme C, which predominates in commercial horseradish peroxidase preparations. This is of interest because of the statement (2) that cationic peroxidases serve as IAAoxidases in vivo. The more cationic members of isozyme sets often show the highest specific activity in the IAA-oxidase reaction or the highest ratio of IAA-oxidase to peroxidase activity (1 1, 20, 22, 24), though this is not consistently the case (5, 1 1). In considering the results of in vitro comparisons of peroxidases, it should be recalled that IAA-oxidase activity is more closely related to the oxidation-reduction potential of the enzyme than to the isoelectric point (24), that peroxidase isozymes may differ greatly in their peroxidase activity (15), and that relative IAAoxidase activities may depend greatly on the conditions of assay used (1, 22).
Primary afferent‐evoked glycine‐ and GABA‐mediated IPSPs in substantia gelatinosa neurones in the rat spinal cord in vitro.

1. The possible roles of glycine and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as inhibitory transmitters in the spinal dorsal horn were studied by intracellular recordings from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurones in transverse slices of the adult rat spinal cord which retained an attached dorsal root. 2. Stimulation of primary afferent A delta fibres evoked an initial excitatory postsynaptic potential (fast EPSP) followed by a short and/or long inhibitory postsynaptic potential (short and long IPSP). The short IPSP, observed in twenty‐nine SG neurones (37%) which received inhibitory inputs, had a mean latency of 3.6 ms and a half‐decay time of 11 ms, while the long IPSP had a mean latency of 3.7 ms and a half‐decay time of 42 ms and was observed in thirty‐seven SG neurones (47%). The remaining twelve neurones (16%) exhibited both short and long IPSPs. Both IPSPs reversed polarity at a membrane potential of ‐70 +/‐ 4 mV. The short IPSP was reversibly blocked by the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine (0.5‐2 microM), while the long IPSP was reversibly blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (10‐20 microM). 3. In the majority of SG neurones, the short and long IPSPs appeared to be disynaptic and were blocked by the non‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (non‐NMDA) receptor antagonist 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX; 5‐10 microM). Both IPSPs were less sensitive (depressed by less than 30%) to the NMDA receptor antagonist DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (APV; 50‐100 microM). 4. In ten SG neurones (13%), bath‐applied glutamate (0.5‐2 mM) increased the amplitude and frequency of IPSPs, which had a similar time course to that of the short IPSP evoked by afferent A delta fibres. The glutamate‐induced short IPSPs were blocked by tetrodotoxin (0.5 microM) or strychnine (0.5‐1 microM). In twelve neurones (16%), glutamate hyperpolarized the membrane or increased the amplitude and frequency of IPSPs that had a similar time course to that of the A delta fibre‐evoked long IPSPs. The glutamate‐induced membrane hyperpolarization and long IPSPs decreased in amplitude with membrane hyperpolarization and reversed polarity at ‐70 +/‐ 6 mV. These hyperpolarizing responses were blocked by tetrodotoxin (0.5 microM) or bicuculline (10 microM). 5. These observations suggest that primary afferent A delta fibres activate glycinergic and/or GABAergic interneurones primarily through the non‐NMDA receptor subclass and result in inhibition of nearby SG neurones in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) The role of mannose-binding lectin in vitro and in vivo

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Fast Rule-Based Prediction of Data Streams Using Associative Classification Mining

Associative Classification is a recent and rewarding approach which combines associative rule mining and classification. This technique has attracted many researchers as it derives accurate classifier with effective rules. Associative classifiers are useful for application where maximum predictive accuracy is desired. Increasing access to huge datasets and corresponding demands to analyze these data has led to the development of new online algorithms for performing machine learning on data streams. There is a need to develop a decision support system for predicting the huge datasets generated by various applications in IT industry. In this paper we proposed two efficient techniques called PSTMiner and PSToSWMine for prediction of data streams. This research uses associative classification which builds a classifier with prediction rules of high interestingness values. Experimental results show that the performance of these two algorithms is highly competitive in terms of accuracy and performance time.
A Novel Approach to the Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniations: Indications of Simple Discectomy and Posterior Transpedicular Dynamic Stabilization Based on Carragee Classification

Surgery of lumbar disc herniation is still a problem since Mixter and Barr. Main trouble is dissatisfaction after the operation. Today there is a debate on surgical or conservative treatment despite spending great effort to provide patients with satisfaction. The main problem is segmental instability, and the minimally invasive approach via microscope or endoscope is not necessarily appropriate solution for all cases. Microsurgery or endoscopy would be appropriate for the treatment of Carragee type I and type III herniations. On the other hand in Carragee type II and type IV herniations that are prone to develop recurrent disc herniation and segmental instability, the minimal invasive techniques might be insufficient to achieve satisfactory results. The posterior transpedicular dynamic stabilization method might be a good solution to prevent or diminish the recurrent disc herniation and development of segmental instability. In this study we present our experience in the surgical treatment of disc herniations.
A Preliminary Pharmacokinetic Study of Betulin, the Main Pentacyclic Triterpene from Extract of Outer Bark of Birch (Betulae alba cortex)

During the last two decades triterpenes have attracted attention because of their pharmacological potential. Triterpene extract (TE) from outer bark of birch consisting mainly of betulin is able to form an oleogel which was successfully tested in the treatment of actinic keratosis. Some aspects of TE in vitro pharmacology are already known. Now we show preliminary pharmacokinetics of betulin and results of a subchronic toxicity study of TE in rats and dogs. Because of poor aqueous solubility of the TE-triterpenes (< 0.1 µg/mL respectively), for pharmacokinetic studies it was suspended in sesame oil (rats, i.p.) and PEG 400 / 0.9 % NaCl (dogs, s.c.). I.p. administered, betulin, the main component of TE, shows time dependency over a period of 4 h and reaches a dose-independent serum level of 0.13 µg/mL. Dose dependency was observed with s.c. administration. At 300 mg/kg a maximum plasma concentration of 0.33 µg/mL betulin was detected after 28 daily applications. The subchronic toxicity study showed no toxicity of TE in rats (i.p.) and dogs (s.c.). In conclusion, triterpene extract from birch bark is safe, its betulin is bioavailable and in addition to published triterpene biological activities TE provides high potential for further pharmaceutical and pharmacological research.
Learning hierarchical similarity metrics

Categories in multi-class data are often part of an underlying semantic taxonomy. Recent work in object classification has found interesting ways to use this taxonomy structure to develop better recognition algorithms. Here we propose a novel framework to learn similarity metrics using the class taxonomy. We show that a nearest neighbor classifier using the learned metrics gets improved performance over the best discriminative methods. Moreover, by incorporating the taxonomy, our learned metrics can also help in some taxonomy specific applications. We show that the metrics can help determine the correct placement of a new category that was not part of the original taxonomy, and can provide effective classification amongst categories local to specific subtrees of the taxonomy.
A Lightweight Infrastructure for Reconfiguring Applications ; CU-CS-943-02

We describe Lira, a lightweight infrastructure for managing dynamic reconfiguration that applies and extends the concepts of network management to component-based, distributed software systems. Lira is designed to perform both component-level reconfigurations and scalable applicationlevel reconfigurations, the former through agents associated with individual components and the latter through a hierarchy of managers. Agents are programmed on a component-by-component basis to respond to reconfiguration requests appropriate for that component. Managers embody the logic for monitoring the state of one or more components, and for determining when and how to execute reconfiguration activities. A simple protocol based on SNMP is used for communication among managers and agents.
Expert face processing: specialisation and constraints

6.1 Introduction Face processing in adults is the product of innate mechanisms, and is also based on years of experience. There is no doubt that face processing is a human skill at which most adults are real experts. In the present chapter we review theories and hypotheses concerning adults' face processing skills, as well as what information and processes these are based on. Moreover, we discuss how the high specialization is attained at the cost of being susceptible to specific conditions. Expertise, according to the American Heritage Dictionary is given when a person shows a high degree of skill in or knowledge of a certain subject. This definition implies that an expert is a high-grade specialist. Expertise does not have to be accessible in an explicit way, because an expert does not have to know all the facts of his expertise. The skill humans show in identifying faces is astonishing. According to Bahrick, Bahrick, and Wittlinger (1975) adults are able to recognize familiar faces with an accuracy of 90 per cent or more, even when some of those faces have not been seen for fifty years. Moreover, faces are a class of objects which encourage a special kind of categorization. According to the logic of Roger Brown's seminal paper " How shall a thing be called " (Brown, 1958), the level of the object name reflects the entry point of the recognition process. When asked to name pictures of faces spontaneously, humans produce the concrete names of the persons shown.
Systemic Intervention: Philosophy, Methodology, and Practice

1. Systems Thinking for the 21st Century. Section I: Philosophy. 2. Why Philosophy? 3. The Systems Idea. 4. Process Philosophy. Section II: Methodology. 5. Why Methodology? 6. Systemic Intervention. 7. Boundary Critique. 8. Theoretical Pluralism. 9. Methodological Pluralism. 10. Mixing Methods. 11. Learning about Methodology and Methods. Section III: Practice. 12. Why Practice? 13. Community Operational Research. 14. Developing Housing Services for Older People. 15. Planning for Disaster. 16. Planning and Evaluation Diversion from Custody for Mentally Disordered Offenders. 17. Developing Services with Young People (Under 16) Missing from Home or Care. 18. Looking to the Future.
C-Si surface passivation by aluminum oxide studied with electron energy loss spectroscopy

In this work the mechanism of c-Si surface passivation by Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films is studied in detail by means of spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The bonding configuration of Al and O is studied in as-deposited and annealed Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films grown on c-Si substrates by plasma-assisted and thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD). The ratio of tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Al is found to increase after annealing, especially for the plasmaassisted ALD sample. The increase is strongest close to the c-Si/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> interface and thus these results strongly support tetrahedrally coordinated Al as the origin for the negative fixed charge in Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.
Role of the vascular and lymphatic endothelium in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: ‘brothers in arms’

The ‘IN’ of chronic inflammation—that is, the mechanisms of cell entry into the intestinal mucosa, bacterial and foreign antigen invasion, angiogenesis, and the control of gut inflammation through intestinal microvasculature—has received a great deal of attention in studies of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This has resulted in the validation of several targets for the treatment of experimental inflammation—both on immune and non-immune cells—some of which have translated into effective treatments for patients with IBD. An important aspect of this has been our growing understanding of the role the intestinal vascular microcirculation plays in the initiation and perpetuation of the inflammatory process, by regulating the migration of leucocytes into the interstitial space. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that it is also important to focus on the ‘OUT’ of chronic inflammation—that is, the lymphatics and their role in controlling tissue oedema, leucocyte exit, bacterial antigen and inflammatory chemokine clearance. As our understanding of the lymphatics and the role they play grows, another rich source of non-immune cell targets for therapeutic intervention is gradually being revealed. This article describes current knowledge of the roles played by the vascular and lymphatic endothelium throughout the gut in the pathogenesis of IBD, and how this differs from their role under physiological conditions, as well as discussing current and future therapeutic targets that have been identified.
Unexpected Instability of Family of Repeats (FR), the Critical cis-Acting Sequence Required for EBV Latent Infection, in EBV-BAC Systems

A group of repetitive sequences, known as the Family of Repeats (FR), is a critical cis-acting sequence required for EBV latent infection. The FR sequences are heterogeneous among EBV strains, and they are sometimes subject to partial deletion when subcloned in E. coli-based cloning vectors. However, the FR stability in EBV-BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) system has never been investigated. We found that the full length FR of the Akata strain EBV was not stably maintained in a BAC vector. By contrast, newly obtained BAC clones of the B95-8 strain of EBV stably maintained the full length FR during recombinant virus production and B-cell transformation. Investigation of primary DNA sequences of Akata–derived EBV-BAC clones indicates that the FR instability is most likely due to a putative secondary structure of the FR region. We conclude that the FR instability in EBV-BAC clones can be a pitfall in E. coli-mediated EBV genetics.
Vascular effects of photodynamic and pulsed dye laser therapy protocols

Pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions is associated with variable and unpredictable efficacy. Thus, alternative treatment modalities are needed. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated enhanced selective vascular destruction with benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) monoacid ring A photodynamic therapy (PDT) followed immediately by PDL irradiation (PDT+PDL). Here, we evaluate PDT alone, PDL alone, and PDT+PDL protocols using an optimized in vivo rodent dorsal window chamber model.
Flapless surgery and its effect on dental implant outcomes.

PURPOSE The aim of this article was to review the current literature with regard to the efficacy and effectiveness of flapless surgery for endosseous dental implants. The available data were evaluated for short- and long-term outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A MEDLINE search was conducted on studies published between 1966 and 2008. For the purpose of this review, only clinical (human) studies with five or more subjects were included, and clinical opinion papers were excluded. Clinical studies or reports were further rated in terms of the level or weight of evidence using criteria defined by the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine in 2001. RESULTS The available data on flapless technique indicate high implant survival overall. The prospective cohort studies demonstrated approximately 98.6% (95% CI: 97.6 to 99.6) survival, suggesting clinical efficacy, while the retrospective studies or case series demonstrated 95.9% (95% CI: 94.8 to 97.0) survival, suggesting effective treatment. Six studies reported mean radiographic alveolar bone loss ranging from 0.7 to 2.6 mm after 1 year of implant placement. Intraoperative complications were reported in four studies, and these included perforation of the buccal or lingual bony plate. Overall, the incidence of intraoperative complications was 3.8% of reported surgical procedures. CONCLUSION Flapless surgery appears to be a plausible treatment modality for implant placement, demonstrating both efficacy and clinical effectiveness. However, these data are derived from short-term studies with a mean interval of 19 months, and a successful outcome with this technique is dependent on advanced imaging, clinical training, and surgical judgment.
Improved inapproximability of lattice and coding problems with preprocessing

We show that the closest vector problem with preprocessing (CVPP) is NP-hard to approximate to within /spl radic/3-/spl epsi/ for any /spl epsi/>0. In addition, we show that the nearest codeword problem with preprocessing (NCPP) is NP-hard to approximate to within 3-/spl epsi/. These results improve the results of Feige and Micciancio (2002). We also present the first inapproximability result for the relatively nearest codeword problem with preprocessing (RNCP). Finally, we describe an n-approximation algorithm to CVPP.
Group Invariance and Stability to Deformations of Deep Convolutional Representations

In this paper, we study deep signal representations that are invariant to groups of transformations and stable to the action of diffeomorphisms without losing signal information. This is achieved by generalizing the multilayer kernel introduced in the context of convolutional kernel networks and by studying the geometry of the corresponding reproducing kernel Hilbert space. We show that the signal representation is stable, and that models from this functional space, such as a large class of convolutional neural networks with homogeneous activation functions, may enjoy the same stability.