Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a risk factor for persistent nocturnal enuresis in children: A two‐year follow‐up study

Aims: A previous prevalence study indicated that the prevalence of ADHD is highly increased in enuretic children. In the current 2‐y follow‐up study we investigate the relationship between both disorders further. Our goal is to determine whether the ADHD diagnoses can be reconfirmed and whether children with ADHD are more at risk for difficult‐to‐cure enuresis. Moreover, we explore the effect of medical enuresis parameters on the course of the voiding problem.
Uncertainty and the Accumulation of Human Capital over the Life Cycle

Models of the accumulation of human capital over the life cycle have recently received widespread attention in the literature on labor economics. The seminal work by Becker (1964) and Ben-Porath (1967) characterized optimal investments in education and the resulting lifetime profiles for both human capital and labor income. More recent refinements by Ghez and Becker (1975), Blinder and Weiss (1976), and Heckman (1976) added consumption and leisure, thereby altering predicted patterns for labor supply and labor earnings. Simultaneously, empirical stLudies by Mincer (1974), Haley (1976), Rosen (1976), and others used the current theory to estimate relevant parameters affecting labor earnings over the life cycle. Despite this lengthy literature on human capital, existing research has largely ignored all significant sources of uncertainty affecting observed behavior over the life cycle. ' This is unfortunate if only because the introduction of uncertainty significantly alters predicted patterns for both labor supply and labor earnings. For Existing models of the accumulation of human capital over the life cycle ignore uncertainty. In this paper proper-ties of optimal allocations to labor, leisure, and education over the life cycle are developed in detail for the individual facing uncertainty from several soul-ces. Results are reported for both a simple stochastic model and a more general adaptive model in which the individual, by investing in education, not only accumulates hUman capital but also gradually learns about his ability to acquire additional huLman capital.
Senior Citizen Bingo Players in Australian Registered and Licensed Clubs: A Case Study at Tweed Heads, New South Wales

This article reports on an investigation into motivations for and consequences of, bingo playing by senior citizens in three Australian clubs. Using a qualitative approach, 40 participants discussed this topic in three focus groups. Motivations were reported as: to socialize, to reduce isolation and loneliness, to combat depression through relaxation, to balance boredom with healthy living, to escape from pressures at home, to find entertainment that represents value for money, and to keep alert. Consequential risks were said to be: bingo as a sedentary recreation pursuit reduces physical activity and is a possible source of developing problems with gambling.
Retail investor information demand – speculating and investing in structured products

We study the impact of retail investor information demand on trading in bank-issued investment and leverage structured products, which are specifically designed for retail investors. Stock-specific information demand positively predicts speculative trading activity. Furthermore, we find a positive relationship between market-wide information demand and order aggressiveness and order uncertainty for speculating and investing activity. Whereas information supply is associated with speculative long positions, information demand does not induce investors to be predominantly long or short. Finally, we do not find retail investor information demand to contribute to an upward price pressure on security prices. In contrast, information supply exerts negative price pressure. Overall, retail investor trading in individual stocks is much more strongly influenced by market-wide information demand instead of firm-specific information demand. This implies a low informational efficiency of retail investor speculation and investing activity.
Evaluation of the Impacts of Innovation in the Health Care Sector: A comparative analysis

Assessing impacts related to the adoption of an innovation represents a particular challenge. However, the use of innovation in government organizations does have some effects: some intended, others unintended; some desirable, others undesirable. Findings in literature now suggest that the use of innovation in government organizations produces beneficial results for the most part. The purpose of this article is to provide a multi-dimensional framework for assessing the impacts of innovation on an organization’s performance as perceived by individual stakeholders and at organizational level. In particular, this framework is designed to evaluate the impacts resulting from the introduction of electronic medical records, namely an organizational, cultural, and technological innovation that many health care providers are currently undertaking. It provides the results of a comparative analysis carried out in Spain and Italy and discusses the need for a more systematic evaluation assessment of the innovation processes.
Employee development through self‐development in three retail banks

The employee development initiatives in three retail banks are the focus of this paper. The discussion draws on recent empirical findings to examine the motives and expectations that underpin employee development initiatives, and the underlying assumptions which shape how such initiatives are implemented in practice. The perspective of the organisation in relation to employee development is further enhanced with findings from the perspective of the individual employee. These findings show the impact of employee development initiatives on individuals’ willingness to learn and take personal responsibility for their development. The analysis highlights the nature of the interaction between individual and organisational priorities within development and draws attention to some of the challenges that underpin employee development initiatives. The implications of these challenges for the way organisations design employee development initiatives in the future, and the way we think and research employee development are discussed at the end of the paper.
Emotion-Cognition Interaction in Nonhuman Primates

It is well established that emotion and cognition interact in humans, but such an interaction has not been extensively studied in nonhuman primates. We investigated whether emotional value can affect nonhuman primates’ processing of stimuli that are only mentally represented, not visually available. In a short-term memory task, baboons memorized the location of two target squares of the same color, which were presented with a distractor of a different color. Through prior long-term conditioning, one of the two colors had acquired a negative valence. Subjects were slower and less accurate on the memory task when the targets were negative than when they were neutral. In contrast, subjects were faster and more accurate when the distractors were negative than when they were neutral. Some of these effects were modulated by individual differences in emotional disposition. Overall, the results reveal a pattern of cognitive avoidance of negative stimuli, and show that emotional value alters cognitive processing in baboons even when the stimuli are not physically present. This suggests that emotional influences on cognition are deeply rooted in evolutionary continuity.
Exploring Web users' optimal flow experiences

Characterizations of users’ experiences on the Web are beginning to appear. Recently released research suggests that Internet use may reduce psychological well‐being, for instance by increasing loneliness and depression. Our current study implies that using the Internet may provoke enjoyable experiences through the flow state, which may in turn positively influence an individual’s subjective well‐being and improve a person’s happiness, life satisfaction, and positive affect. By surveying 304 Web users through an open‐ended questionnaire, this study captures a picture of Web users’ flow experiences regarding their optimal situations on the Web. Results suggest that using the World Wide Web is an activity that facilitates flow, which generates an optimal, extremely enjoyable experience with total involvement and concentration. Symptoms and dimensions of flow states on the Web are reported directly from subjects’ responses, such as merging of action and awareness, a loss of self‐consciousness, the sense of time distortion, enjoyment, and telepresence.
Catastrophic health payments in Malawi: analysis of determinants using a zero-inflated beta regression

The existing literature on out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments has tended to use binary models to analyse the determinants of catastrophic health spending. In so doing, the literature ignores the fact that shares of out-of-pocket health care payments which are used to define the binary dependent variables are fractional with a mass point at zero. Further to this, the literature makes no distinction between factors which influence the level and the risk of catastrophic health payments. In order to address these shortcomings, this paper departs from this approach, and uses the zero-inflated beta regression instead. The paper also derives elasticity formalae for the zero-inflated beta regression. These elasticities allow one to talk about both the statistical, and economic significance of the different determinants of health nonpayment, catastrophic health spending, and the risk of catastrophe. Data from Malawi's Third Integrated Household survey are used. The empirical results indicate that the same variable can have a different effect on the levels, and risk of catastrophic health spending as well as OOP health nonpayment.
Can Futures and Options Markets Hold the Milk Price Safety Net? Policy Conflicts and Market Failures in Dairy Hedging

U.S. Department of Agriculture's Dairy Options Pilot Program promoted hedging by producers, and was a test case for similar programs in other agricultural industries. Rapidly shifting milk pricing policies impeded quantitative hedging evaluations while the program was active. Hedging appears capable of reducing price variance by 50–60% in most regions, and favors large, sophisticated producers in heavy cheese manufacturing regions. Forward contracting or price insurance products may offer lower transaction costs and attract more small-scale producers. Ballooning milk deficiency payments and milk's prominent role in trade-distorting payments suggest an ongoing need to promote private price risk management tools. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Comparison of Microtensile Bond Strength of Silorane-Based Composite with the Conventional Methacrylate Composite to the Dentin of Primary Teeth

Statement of Problem: The bond strength between restorative material and tooth structure is so important for conduction of durable restoration. Considering the recent attention to low shrinkage composite resins, evaluation of micro tensile bond strength of these materials would be valuable. Objectives: To compare the microtensile bond strength of silorane composite resin (Filtek P90) with the conventional methacrylate composite (Filtek Z250) with and without applying acid etch before application of bonding system. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 24 intact primary canines were used. After the dentin was exposed, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups as follows: the first group (silorane bond system + composite Filtek P90); the second group (etch + silorane bond system + composite Filtek P90); the third group (Single bond + composite Filtek Z250); and the fourth group (etch + Single bond + composite Filtek Z250). The teeth were cut on the longitudinal axis and the interface between the composite and dentin were grinded buccolingually and mesiodistally. The samples were subjected to a microtensile force until breakage. The obtained values were recorded in MPa; data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Tamhane’s T2 statistical tests. Results: The average microtensile bond strength in all groups had a statistically significant difference with each other (all p < 0.05). The highest bond strength belonged to the second group (etch + silorane bond system + composite Filtek P90) and the lowest value was related to the third group (Single bond + composite Filtek Z250). Conclusions: As the second group (etch + silorane bond system + composite Filtek P90) exhibited higher microtensile bond strength, it may prove that using composite Filtek P90 is preferable to be used in primary dentin in comparison with composite Filtek Z250, and using etch + silorane bond system is more advantageous than single bond system.
Real-time deformation, registration and tracking of solids based on physical simulation

This paper proposes a novel approach to registering deformations of 3D non-rigid objects for Augmented Reality applications. Our prototype is able to handle different types of objects in real-time regardless of their geometry and appearance (with and without texture) with the support of an RGB-D camera. During an automatic offline stage, the model is processed in order to extract the data that serves as input for a physics-based simulation. Using its output, the deformations of the model are estimated by considering the simulated behaviour as a constraint. Furthermore, our framework incorporates a tracking method based on templates in order to detect the object in the scene and continuously update the camera pose without any user intervention. Therefore, it is a complete solution that extends from tracking to deformation formulation for either textured or untextured objects regardless of their geometrical shape. Our proposal focuses on providing a correct visual with a low computational cost. Experiments with real and synthetic data demonstrate the visual accuracy and the performance of our approach.
The Effects of Outside Board on Firm Value in the Emerging Market from the Perspective of Information Transaction Costs

This paper examines whether the problem of high information asymmetry lowers the positive impact of board independence on firm value. Independent directors are outside directors who have never had business and professional ties with the firm. We adopt various proxies for information transaction costs from the market microstructure literature and traditional measures, such as firm size, firm age, number of analyst reports, governance scores, credit ratings, and institutional ownership, to see how they interact. Using data on publicly listed firms and their directors between 1999 and 2006 in Korea, we find that independent directors are correlated with higher corporate value when the firm has lower information transaction costs. The results suggest that the monitoring role of independent directors is limited when transferring firm-specific information is costly.
The impact of the native language of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly individuals on their ability to recall digits

Recent studies have indicated that Spanish-speaking Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients perform more poorly than English-speaking patients on the Digit Span subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised (WAIS-R). In the current investigation, the performance of English-speaking and Spanish-speaking Alzheimer's disease patients ( N = 119) and normal elderly controls ( N = 91) were compared with regards to their capacity to remember digit strings of different lengths. Subjects were administered the standard version of the Digit Span subtest of the WAIS-R as well as a modification of the test (chunking task) in which the numbers were presented in pairs (e.g. 27, 41, 46, 12, etc.). Results indicated that both English-speaking groups, AD patients as well as normal controls, had significantly higher scores on all aspects of the standard Digit Span tasks relative to their Spanish-speaking counterparts (forward, backward, and total scores). In contrast, English-speaking and Spanish-speaking AD groups did not differ with regards to their performance on the two digit chunking task forward score. Similar performance on all aspects of the chunking task was evidenced in the English-speaking and Spanish-speaking normal elderly control groups. These findings have important implications for the development of more culture and language appropriate cognitive test batteries for AD patients and the normal elderly.
HypothesisConcurrent HLA-related response factors mediate recombinant hepatitis B vaccine major adverse events

Recombinant hepatitis B (HB) vaccines have successfully reduced infection, cirrhosis and carcinoma, but questions have endured about causality of serious adverse events following vaccination. After an event in a pediatric patient an investigation reviewed HLA vaccine response effects and analyzed genetics in reported cases. There are apparent common causal immune mechanisms among reported adverse events. HLA class II alleles/haplotypes linked to HB vaccine cellular/non-response and Crohn's disease can create conditions that actively/passively amplify, respectively, all or other components of the immune response to the HB vaccine. Presence of the HLA class I allele A2 can result in heavy cytotoxic T-cell activation and vaccine/self-peptide presentation to immune cells. If HLA autoimmune susceptibility alleles/haplotypes are present that control other immune response components, the probability is elevated that these will activate cross-reactive immune cells; the cells, their inflammatory secretions and/or auto-antibodies may initiate adverse events reflecting those susceptibilities. Probable DRB1 amplifying alleles are noted. High-resolution DNA typing and results analysis are described to test the hypothesis in known HB vaccine adverse event patients. Possible practical applications stemming from hypothesis validation are described.
Substrate specific associations of epebionts on Middle Devonian brachiopods: Implications for paleoecology

A detailed study of over 2500 host brachiopods, from the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group of New York State, revealed distinct patterns of epibiont encrustation, that provide insight into taphonomy and paleoautecology of the host brachiopod shells and depositional environments. The concavo‐convex orthid, Tropidoleptus carinatus (Conrad), as well as strophomenid, and smooth athyrid brachiopods are among the most heavily encrusted. However, terebratulids of nearly identical size and shape are relatively clean of epibionts. This selective distribution strongly suggests that epibionts were discouraged from settling on punctate brachiopods. Brachiopods with small spines and frills were also nearly clean of epibionts, possibly because of entrapment of a mud layer, which made the outer layer of the host inhospitable for larval settling. Concavo‐convex taxa reveal high percent coverage and diversity of epibionts on the convex valve, which probably rested on the substrate during the life of brachiopod. This pattern .
Hungry for success: Urban consumer demand for wild animal products in Vietnam

Rising urban prosperity is escalating demand for wild animal products in Vietnam. Conservation interventions seek to influence consumer demand, but are based on a limited understanding of consumers and consumption behaviour. This report presents key findings of a structured survey (n=915) and semi-structured interviews (n=78) to investigate the social context of consumption of wild animal-derived products among the population of central Hanoi. Wildmeat is the product most commonly reported consumed-predominantly by successful, high-income, high-status males of all ages and educational levels-and is used as a medium to communicate prestige and obtain social leverage. As Vietnam's economy grows and its population ages, demand for wildmeat and medicinal products is likely to rise. Given the difficulties of acting on personal rather than collective interests and the symbolic role of wildmeat in an extremely status-conscious society, reducing demand is challenging. Influencing consumer behaviour over the long term requires social marketing expertise and has to be informed by an in-depth understanding, achieved using appropriate methods, of the social drivers of consumer demand for wild animal products. In the meantime, strengthened enforcement is needed to prevent the demand being met from consumers prepared to pay the rising costs of finding the last individuals of a species.
Consumer Reaction to Measures of Poor Quality: Evidence from the Mutual Fund Industry

U NLESS quality is apparent at the point of sale, the market must find ways to ensure the delivery of high-quality products; otherwise, producers have incentives to sell low-quality goods at high-quality prices, thereby assuring a degenerate equilibrium.1 Various solutions to this problem have been proposed, most revolving around bonding mechanisms.2 For bonds to work, however, consumers must react to the delivery of less-than-promised quality.3 In general, the faster consumers detect and react to delivery of low-quality products, the more efficient the market is in delivering high-quality products.4 Despite its prominence in the theoretical literature, direct evidence of consumer response to less-than-promised quality is rarely measured. This is a shortcoming presumably attributable to the difficulty of measuring both the difference between expected and actual product quality and
Effect of regulation FD on disclosures of information by firms

Critics of Regulation Fair Disclosure (FD) have argued that its enactment would result in not only a decrease in asymmetric information but a decrease in total amount of information disclosed by firms. We investigate this conjecture and find (1) no change in market risk premium, (2) an increase in risk premiums for size and (3) an increase in the distress risk premium in the post-FD period. These findings lead us to conclude that in the post-FD period there is a significant decrease in the dissemination of (1) overall information by small firms and (2) unfavourable information by firms in general.
Economic and Market Predictors of Insolvencies in the Property-Liability Insurance Industry

This article identifies a set of factors exogenous to individual property-liability insurers that are statistically related to the overall rate of insurer insolvencies. This approach represents a departure from the methodologies of prior studies which have focused primarily on firm-specific characteristics in assessing insolvency risk. The study uses quarterly data for the period 1970 through 1990. The empirical results support the hypothesis that economic and insurance market variables are important predictors of property-liability insurer failure rates. The sensitivity of the insurer insolvency rate to two of the insurance market factors is particularly striking: A 10 percent reduction in the number of property-liability insurers results in an 82 percent reduction in the insolvency rate, all else equal. A reduction of five points in the combined ratio results in an 18 percent reduction in the insolvency rate.