Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scalable Bayesian Rule Lists

We present an algorithm for building probabilistic rule lists that is two orders of magnitude faster than previous work. Rule list algorithms are competitors for decision tree algorithms. They are associative classifiers, in that they are built from pre-mined association rules. They have a logical structure that is a sequence of IF-THEN rules, identical to a decision list or one-sided decision tree. Instead of using greedy splitting and pruning like decision tree algorithms, we fully optimize over rule lists, striking a practical balance between accuracy, interpretability, and computational speed. The algorithm presented here uses a mixture of theoretical bounds (tight enough to have practical implications as a screening or bounding procedure), computational reuse, and highly tuned language libraries to achieve computational efficiency. Currently, for many practical problems, this method achieves better accuracy and sparsity than decision trees; further, in many cases, the computational time is practical and often less than that of decision trees. The result is a probabilistic classifier (which estimates P(y = 1|x) for each x) that optimizes the posterior of a Bayesian hierarchical model over rule lists.
Vulnerability Bounds and Leakage Resilience of Blinded Cryptography under Timing Attacks

We establish formal bounds for the number of min-entropy bits that can be extracted in a timing attack against a cryptosystem that is protected by blinding, the state-of-the art countermeasure against timing attacks. Compared with existing bounds, our bounds are both tighter and of greater operational significance, in that they directly address the key’s one-guess vulnerability. Moreover, we show that any semantically secure public-key cryptosystem remains semantically secure in the presence of timing attacks, if the implementation is protected by blinding and bucketing. This result shows that, by considering (and justifying) more optimistic models of leakage than recent proposals for leakage-resilient cryptosystems, one can achieve provable resistance against side-channel attacks for standard cryptographic primitives.
Adaptation to a seasonally varying environment: a strong latitudinal cline in reproductive diapause combined with high gene flow in Drosophila montana

Adaptation to seasonal changes in the northern hemisphere includes an ability to predict the forthcoming cold season from gradual changes in environmental cues early enough to prepare for the harsh winter conditions. The magnitude and speed of changes in these cues vary between the latitudes, which induces strong selection pressures for local adaptation. We studied adaptation to seasonal changes in Drosophila montana, a northern maltfly, by defining the photoperiodic conditions leading to adult reproductive diapause along a latitudinal cline in Finland and by measuring genetic differentiation and the amount of gene flow between the sampling sites with microsatellites. Our data revealed a clear correlation between the latitude and the critical day length (CDL), in which half of the females of different cline populations enter photoperiodic reproductive diapause. There was no sign of limited gene flow between the cline populations, even though these populations showed isolation by distance. Our results show that local adaptation may occur even in the presence of high gene flow, when selection for locally adaptive life-history traits is strong. A wide range of variation in the CDLs of the fly strains within and between the cline populations may be partly due to gene flow and partly due to the opposing selection pressures for fly reproduction and overwinter survival. This variation in the timing of diapause will enhance populations’ survival over the years that differ in the severity of the winter and in the length of the warm period and may also help them respond to long-term changes in environmental conditions.
Maternal executive function, harsh parenting, and child conduct problems.

BACKGROUND Maternal executive function and household regulation both are critical aspects of optimal childrearing, but their interplay is not understood. We tested the hypotheses that (a) the link between challenging child conduct problems and harsh parenting would be strongest for mothers with poorer executive function and weakest among those with better executive function, and (b) this mechanism would be further moderated by the degree of household chaos. METHODS The socioeconomically diverse sample included 147 mothers of 3-to-7 year old children. Mothers completed questionnaires and a laboratory assessment of executive function. RESULTS Consistent with hypotheses, harsh parenting was linked with child conduct problems only among mothers with poorer executive function. This effect was particularly strong in calm, predictable environments, but was not evident in chaotic environments. CONCLUSION Maternal executive function is critical to minimizing harsh parenting in the context of challenging child behavior, but this self-regulation process may not operate well in chaotic environments.
Inhibiting Delta-6 Desaturase Activity Suppresses Tumor Growth in Mice

Recent studies have shown that a tumor-supportive microenvironment is characterized by high levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic eicosanoids derived from omega-6 (n−6) arachidonic acid (AA). Although the metabolic pathways (COX, LOX, and P450) that generate these n−6 AA eicosanoids have been targeted, the role of endogenous AA production in tumorigenesis remains unexplored. Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the synthesis of n−6 AA and increased D6D activity can lead to enhanced n−6 AA production. Here, we show that D6D activity is upregulated during melanoma and lung tumor growth and that suppressing D6D activity, either by RNAi knockdown or a specific D6D inhibitor, dramatically reduces tumor growth. Accordingly, the content of AA and AA-derived tumor-promoting metabolites is significantly decreased. Angiogenesis and inflammatory status are also reduced. These results identify D6D as a key factor for tumor growth and as a potential target for cancer therapy and prevention.
Influences of sudden changes in discharge and physical stream characteristics on transient storage and nitrate uptake in an urban stream

Changes in the physical structure of urban streams can occur abruptly due to flashy high‐flow events and subsequently alter stream processes, including transient storage and nitrate uptake. We examined temporal variability in transient storage and nitrate uptake by exploring the effects of altered physical characteristics resulting from a single high‐flow event in three reaches of Spring Creek, an urban stream in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Study reaches of varying geomorphic and hydraulic characteristics were chosen to represent distinct geomorphic settings in terms of substrate size, sinuosity, bed slope, and degree of rehabilitation and structural controls. We performed detailed physical characterizations and multiple nutrient injections of Br− and NO3− to estimate transient storage and nitrate uptake in each reach. A comparison of pre‐flood and post‐flood data indicates that transient storage and nitrate uptake are highly context specific and mediated by interactions between geomorphic setting and flood discharge. In the two reaches that showed significant post‐flood increases in transient storage (250% to 350% increases in Fmed200), the pool‐riffle reach exhibited a significant increase in uptake velocity, while the channelized reach did not. In contrast, transient storage decreased post‐flood in the third reach containing hydraulic structures. These complex responses likely reflect reach‐specific differences in hyporheic versus in‐channel storage. This study shows that repeat injections are necessary to describe nutrient dynamics because transient storage and nitrate uptake can be highly variable over time (showing changes on the order of 100%) due to variation in discharge and geomorphically influential flow events. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of neural networks for software quality prediction using object-oriented metrics

The paper presents the application of neural networks in software quality estimation using object-oriented metrics. Quality estimation includes estimating reliability as well as maintainability of software. Reliability is typically measured as the number of defects. Maintenance effort can be measured as the number of lines changed per class. In this paper, two kinds of investigation are performed: predicting the number of defects in a class; and predicting the number of lines change per class. Two neural network models are used: they are Ward neural network; and General Regression neural network (GRNN). Object-oriented design metrics concerning inheritance related measures, complexity measures, cohesion measures, coupling measures and memory allocation measures are used as the independent variables. GRNN network model is found to predict more accurately than Ward network model.
Investigations on corrosion and mechanical properties of a 20-year-old ground anchor exhumed at a power station site

This paper presents the observed findings and laboratory test results of an anchor exhumed from Manwan Hydropower Station, China, that was installed 20 years ago. The prestressed cables are 25.6 m long with a working load of 1000 kN. It consists of eight strands, and each strand consists of seven wires. The anchor was installed using the “single protection” technique (i.e., the steel strands without greased sheath and were backfilled directly with cement mortar). The anchor was unearthed by excavating a 1.5 m × 1.7 m tunnel. Visual inspection shows that the steel strands in the free and fixed lengths are basically stainless except for a few places where the grout failed to cover the anchor completely, thereby allowing direct contact of the strands with air. The magnitude of rebound of the tendon during the advancement of the tunnel face was simultaneously measured indicating a gradual release of bonding force, which was up to 62% of the prestressed load. This shows that the existence of the bonding force .
Factors Determining Offshore Location Choice for R&D Projects: A Comparative Study of Developed and Emerging Regions

This paper examines empirically the determinants of offshore location choice between country clusters. Based on a dataset of 1722 R&D projects by MNEs located in developed and emerging countries, we examine the impact of home and host country, industry, and firm level variables on choice of location. We draw on the extended OLI paradigm to develop our hypotheses. Using the EU15 as a base group, a multinomial logit model is estimated between the regions of USA&Canada, Eastern Europe&Russia, emerging countries of Asia, and India&China. At the regional level, findings show that the R&D wage difference and knowledge infrastructure difference between home and host countries, the science and engineering talent pool size, and political risk level of host countries are important determining factors. At the firm level, experience of overseas R&D projects and prior experience of research in the host country are found to be important location determinants. A distinguishing feature of the paper is that we examine regions in relation to a base region, and then further examine the impact of a marginal change in independent variables on the likelihood of the choice of a region for new offshore R&D projects.
UMCC-DLSI: Integrative Resource for Disambiguation Task

This paper describes the UMCC-DLSI system in SemEval-2010 task number 17 (All-words Word Sense Disambiguation on Specific Domain). The main purpose of this work is to evaluate and compare our computational resource of WordNet's mappings using 3 different methods: Relevant Semantic Tree, Relevant Semantic Tree 2 and an Adaptation of k-clique's Technique. Our proposal is a non-supervised and knowledge-based system that uses Domains Ontology and SUMO.
Breastfeeding in Obese versus Normal-Weight German Mothers of Various Socioeconomic Status

Background: To a large extent, breastfeeding practices depend on cultural norms. It is thus of particular importance to examine these practices in various settings, especially when considering the effect of complex factors, such as body mass index (BMI) or socioeconomic status. Objective: This study aimed to compare the breastfeeding practices of obese mothers with those of normal weight, taking into account social and economic status. Methods: Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and normal-weight (18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2) mothers with children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years were recruited for this study in Leipzig, Germany, via newspaper ads and other means. Kaplan-Meier curves for portraying breastfeeding over time were analyzed using Cox regression after checking the proportional hazards model. Results: Eighty obese and 70 normal-weight mothers were recruited. Significantly fewer obese mothers breastfed (84%) than normal-weight mothers (96%) (95% confidence interval [CI] for the difference is 3 to 22 percentage points, P = .02). Even after adjusting for the level of education and family income, breastfeeding duration was significantly shorter (2.7 months; 95% CI, 0.8-4.6 months; P = .005) in the obese group than in the normal-weight group. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that even at the earliest stages, breastfeeding behavior of obese mothers differs from that of normal-weight mothers.
Threshold of coarse sediment transport in broad and narrow natural streams

The threshold of coarse sediment transport has been examined in natural streambeds in an upland Pennine (U.K.) area. Threshold values of the total boundary shear stress (T0) (for a given grain size), in a narrow natural stream (W/D 11). Efficiency in the entrainment process is related not only to the overall channel geometry, but also varies as a function of discharge in channels characterized by compound roughness. Empirical curves relating T0 and a mean grain size (d5) are presented, but are limited in application to streams of similar physical and hydraulic characteristics as the ones examined in this investigation. Considerable divergence is noted between these empirical functions and a summary empirical function for general application obtained from a published source. The reasons for this divergence are discussed. The influence of grain shape was found not to be important in the initiation of motion criterion. This conclusion may reflect the limited range of natural grain shapes in the study streams, but might reasonably apply to other field investigations of similar streams. Modifications of the Shields' and Yalin diagrams are suggested for practical applications in shallow streams with poorly-graded bed material. The Shields' parameter may be regarded as an inverse function of the relative protrusion of individual grains in the shallow flow depth (d5/D). The increased importance of augmented drag forces, in the entrainment process in shallow flows, is suggested as the physical explanation for the reduced values of the Shields' parameter. However, the relationships presented should not be applied to laboratory experiments concerned with well-graded sediments (therefore beds with little deviation in level), in which the Shields' parameter may be regarded as constant at high Reynolds' grain numbers. Consistent estimated field values of ϵ, a threshold sediment transport parameter, might be used to compare field data to threshold values derived from statistical arguments and laboratory experiments reported in the literature.
Parental education and children's respiratory and allergic symptoms in the Pollution and the Young (PATY) study

Inequalities in health between socio-economic groups are a major public health concern. The current authors studied associations between parental socio-economic status (SES) and children's respiratory and allergic symptoms in 13 diverse countries, including the Russian Federation, North America (Canada and the USA), and countries across Eastern and Western Europe. Data of 57,000 children aged 6–12 yrs, originating from eight cross-sectional studies, were analysed. SES was defined by parental education. Respiratory and allergic symptoms were defined by parental questionnaire reports. Multiple logistic regressions showed that low parental education was associated with a decreased risk of inhalant allergy and itchy rash in school children. Furthermore, low parental education was associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze and nocturnal dry cough. No clear association was found between parental education and prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma and bronchitis. Part of the difference between socio-economic groups with regard to their children's symptoms was explained by established risk factors, such as parental allergy, smoking during pregnancy, pet ownership, crowding, mould/moisture in the home, use of gas for cooking, and air pollution (particulate matter with a diameter of <10 µm). However, differences remained after adjusting for these variables. Children's health was associated with parental education. The association could not fully be explained by established risk factors.
Further Complexity Reduction Using Rotational Symmetry for EDAS in Spatial Modulation

Euclidean distance antenna selection (EDAS) is an effective transmit antenna selection technique for spatial modulation (SM). However, since an exhaustive search over both the antenna set and the set of conventional constellation points is executed, the computational complexity required to find the optimal solution of EDAS is too high for practical applications. In general, digital modulation constellations have rotational symmetry. In this letter, it is shown that the symmetric constellation points have the same value as EDAS. Hence, only one search is enough for the symmetrical constellation set. Using this proposition, we propose a fast algorithm to find the optimal EDAS solution, which exhibits lower computational complexity than the conventional EDAS solution.
Automatic 3D Liver Segmentation Using Sparse Representation of Global and Local Image Information via Level Set Formulation

In this paper, a novel framework for automated liver segmentation via a level set formulation is presented. A sparse representation of both global (region-based) and local (voxel-wise) image information is embedded in a level set formulation to innovate a new cost function. Two dictionaries are build: A region-based feature dictionary and a voxel-wise dictionary. These dictionaries are learned, using the K-SVD method, from a public database of liver segmentation challenge (MICCAI-SLiver07). The learned dictionaries provide prior knowledge to the level set formulation. For the quantitative evaluation, the proposed method is evaluated using the testing data of MICCAI-SLiver07 database. The results are evaluated using different metric scores computed by the challenge organizers. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework by achieving the highest segmentation accuracy (79.6\%) in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods.
Characteristics of tide-water calving at Glaciar San Rafael, Chile

Abstract Glacial calving is a poorly understood process. This study tests the influence of local environmental variables on the magnitude and frequency distributions of calving behaviour at Glaciar San Rafael, Chile. Near the terminus of the glacier, surface speeds average 17 m d −1 in summer and calving is profuse and continual. The size, location and characteristics of over 7000 calving events were recorded during 32d in 1991 and 1992, together with meteorological, bathymetric and oceanographic data. Mean daily calving exceeds 400 events per day and the mean calving flux is more than 2 Mm3d1. Mean annual calving speed and calving flux are about 4500 m a −1 and 2.0 km3 a−1, respectively. This calving speed is higher than that predicted by the established empirical relationship between tide-water calving speed and water depth. This is surprising, given the low salinity of Laguna San Rafael and that fresh-water calving speeds are commonly much lower than those in ride water. Daily patterns of calving frequency and flux correlate poorly or not at all with meteorological variables, but tidal stage may have some control over the timing of large submarine calving events. Submarine calving produced the largest bergs. However, the relatively small total flux recorded from the submerged pars of the ice cliff may imply unusually rapid melt rates.
Geophysical Monitoring Of CO2 at the Ketzin Storage Site - The Results of the Second 3D Repeat Seismic Survey

Various geophysical methods applied at the Ketzin storage site have successfully imaged migration of the injected CO2 within the target reservoir zone of the ~ 650-680 m deep saline aquifer. Results from the first 3D repeat seismic survey conducted in 2009, after about 15 months of injection (~22,000 t), showed that the CO2 plume was concentrated around the injection well with a lateral extent of approximately 300-400 m and a thickness of about 5–20 m. The plume, however, was not radially symmetric, but had a rather westerly trending tendency, revealing the heterogeneous nature of the reservoir. A second 3D repeat seismic survey was acquired in the Summer/Fall of 2012, when ~ 61,000 tons of CO2 had been injected. Preliminary results show further growth and migration of the anomaly which has been interpreted to be induced by the CO2 injection. It is similar in shape to the one observed at the time of the first repeat survey, but larger by approximately 100-200 m and much stronger with the highest amplitudes nearly centered at the injection well. There is still a pronounced westward propagating tendency. The new seismic data show no indication of upward migration into the caprock.
A Video Compression-Based Approach to Measure Music Structural Similarity

The choice of the distance measure between time-series representations can be decisive to achieve good classification results in many content-based information retrieval applications. In the field of Music Information Retrieval, two-dimensional representations of the music signal are ubiquitous. Such representations are useful to display patterns of evidence that are not clearly revealed directly in the time domain. Among these representations, self-similarity matrices have become common representations for visualizing the time structure of an audio signal. In the context of organizing recordings, recent work has shown that, given a collection of recordings, it is possible to to group performances of the same musical work based on the pairwise similarity between structural representations of the audio signal. In this work, we introduce the use of the Campana- Keogh distance, a video compression-based measure, to compare musical items based on their structure. Through extensive experiments, we show that the use of this distance measure outperforms the results of previous work using similar approaches but other distance measures. Along with quantitative results, detailed examples are provided to to illustrate the benefits of using the newly proposed distance measure.