Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Flight from Reality in the Human Sciences

Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION: Fear of Not Flying 1 CHAPTER ONE: The Difference That Realism Makes: Social Science and the Politics of Consent by Ian Shapiro and Alexander Wendt 19 CHAPTER TWO: Revisiting the Pathologies of Rational Choice by Donald Green and Ian Shapiro 51 CHAPTER THREE: Richard Posner's Praxis 100 CHAPTER FOUR: Gross Concepts in Political Argument 152 CHAPTER FIVE: Problems, Methods, and Theories in the Study of Politics: Or, What's Wrong with Political Science and What to Do about It 178 CHAPTER SIX: The Political Science Discipline: A Comment on David Laitin 204 Index 213
Hostile attributions in incarcerated adult male offenders: An exploration of diverse pathways

Hostile attributions were examined in 150 incarcerated males to test the possibility that there are two pathways associated with hostile attributions: one related to psychopathy as assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised [PCL-R; Hare, 1991] and one related to depressogenic attributional style, as assessed using the Inferential Styles Questionnaire [ISQ; Rose et al., 1994]. Ten hypothetical vignettes were used to assess attributions of intent. Both PCL-R and ISQ scores were significant predictors of hostile attributions. Further, the two processes appeared to relate differentially to the race of the participants, such that an ISQ-hostile attribution association was stronger among African American participants than among Caucasian participants. Contrary to prediction, hostile attributions did not mediate associations between personality and violent crime.
Talking Heads: A Review of Speaking Minds: Interviews with Twenty Eminent Cognitive Scientists

Review of "Speaking Minds: Interviews with Twenty Eminent Cognitive Scientists, Peter Baumgartner and Sabine Payr, editors, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995. 376 pp. $17.95 (paper). ISBN 0-691-02901-6. $39.50 (cloth). ISBN 0-691-03678-0.
Symbionts Commonly Provide Broad Spectrum Resistance to Viruses in Insects: A Comparative Analysis of Wolbachia Strains

In the last decade, bacterial symbionts have been shown to play an important role in protecting hosts against pathogens. Wolbachia, a widespread symbiont in arthropods, can protect Drosophila and mosquito species against viral infections. We have investigated antiviral protection in 19 Wolbachia strains originating from 16 Drosophila species after transfer into the same genotype of Drosophila simulans. We found that approximately half of the strains protected against two RNA viruses. Given that 40% of terrestrial arthropod species are estimated to harbour Wolbachia, as many as a fifth of all arthropods species may benefit from Wolbachia-mediated protection. The level of protection against two distantly related RNA viruses – DCV and FHV – was strongly genetically correlated, which suggests that there is a single mechanism of protection with broad specificity. Furthermore, Wolbachia is making flies resistant to viruses, as increases in survival can be largely explained by reductions in viral titer. Variation in the level of antiviral protection provided by different Wolbachia strains is strongly genetically correlated to the density of the bacteria strains in host tissues. We found no support for two previously proposed mechanisms of Wolbachia-mediated protection — activation of the immune system and upregulation of the methyltransferase Dnmt2. The large variation in Wolbachia's antiviral properties highlights the need to carefully select Wolbachia strains introduced into mosquito populations to prevent the transmission of arboviruses.
Study of the heterogeneity of 16S rRNA genes in gamma-proteobacteria: implications for phylogenetic analysis.

teria and their relatives,” are a major class of bacteria (Gupta, 2000; Holt et al., 1994; Stackebrandt et al., 1988; Zinder, 1998). This group of predominantly Gram-negative bacteria contains more than 200 genera with a great diversity of phenotypic and physiological attributes. Proteobacteria have been classified based on homology of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA (Fox et al., 1980; Woese, 1987; Woese et al., 1985). The class has been divided into five major groups, a-, b-, g-, dand e-. The g-proteobacteria include several families of utmost biological significance, several human, animal and plant pathogens, most notably the Enterobacteriaceae, Legionellaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae. Because of their biological importance, the genomes of more than 33 g-proteobacteria have been fully sequenced and are freely available in GenBank. The 16S ribosomal RNA, the RNA component of the ribosome small subunit, has been established as the macromolecule of choice for single-gene phylogenetic analyses (Lane et al., 1985; Woese, 1987; Woese et al., 1990). The 16S rRNA is an essential component of protein synthesis and is present in all bacteria. Because it is under highly constrained function, its gene is highly conserved throughout bacteria and even very distant bacterial species can be compared. The gene is easy to amplify and sequence using universal primers (Stackebrandt et al., 1991). It is assumed that the homology between 16S rRNA sequences from different bacteria reflects the phylogenetic relationship between these organims. However, the copy number of 16S rRNA genes per bacterial genome ranges between 1 and 15 (Klappenbach et al., 2001). Consequently, one of the premises in 16S rRNA sequenceinferred phylogenies is that a single 16S rRNA allele, any one, is representative of its taxon. It has long been assumed that the 16S rRNA allelic sequences within a bacterial isolate were nearly identical and the homology was governed by concerted evolution (Hillis et al., 1991). In the last few years, however, 16S rRNA sequence heterogeneities have been reported for some bacteria at the intraspecies or intrastrain levels. This is the case for Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma (Liefting et al., 1996); Mycobacterium strain “X” (Ninet et al., 1996); Paenibacillus polymyxa (Nubel et al., 1996); Study of the heterogeneity of 16S rRNA genes in g-proteobacteria: Implications for phylogenetic analysis
\unbounded" Second Order Partial Differential Equations in Infinite Dimensional Hilbert Spaces

0. Introduction. In this paper we study fully nonlinear stationary partial diierential equations (PDE's) having the form (S) as well as Cauchy problems (CP) (u t + hA x; Dui + F(t; x; Du; D 2 u) = 0 for (t; x) 2 (0; T) H (E) u(0; x) = (x) for x 2 H; where H is a real, separable Hilbert space, A is a linear, densely deened, maximal monotone operator on H and u is a real valued function. Above Du(x) and D 2 u(x) correspond respectively to the rst and second order Fr echet derivatives of u. Identifying H with its dual, Du(x) corresponds to an element of H and D 2 u(x) to an element of S(H), the space of bounded, self-adjoint operators on H. Therefore,
Relict soils as paleoclimatic indicators : examples from the Austrian Alps and the Central Andes

Two examples of widespread relict soils in high mountains of different climatic environments are presented. In the European Alps above the timberline, Podzols are typical soils on silicatic rocks. The Podzols seem to be relicts of an Early Holocene climatic optimum, when the slopes of the alpine and lower subnival ecotone had been stabilized by high reaching alpine meadows, probably for a period of several thousand years. From 5,000-6,000 C y BP on, the Podzols were partly fossilized by solifluction lobes. Due to intensified periglacial processes as a consequence of climate change, the formation of Podzols has not been possible at these altitudes during the Upper Holocene. But in many places with a dense cover of alpine meadows, the Early Holocene Podzols are preserved until today. A similar situation can be recognized with well developed Cambic Calcaric Regosols on carbonate rocks, also pointing to a climatically more favorable Early Holocene. In the semiarid and arid Central Andes of Chile and Argentina, relict Luvisols characterize great part of the landscape. On the Altiplano north of 27°S, Luvisols developed under the influence of tropical summer precipitation. South of it, humidity for soil formation is related to the westerlies. According to geomorphological aspects as well as to C and OSL-dates, the Luvisols in the winter rainfall region were formed during the Upper Pleistocene, prior to 20,000-25,000 C y BP. The Luvisols on the northern Altiplano were formed during the late glacial period around 15,000 C y BP. This discrepancy in the timing of the humidity maximum between the tropics and ektropics is well documented in other paleoclimatic archives (e.g. glaciers, lakes) of the Central Andes, too. Due to a more arid climate since the Early Holocene (Altiplano: summer precipitation) or since the Last Glacial Maximum (westerlies: winter precipitation), the relict Luvisols have been severely eroded, which must not be confused with anthropogenically induced soil erosion since the arrival of the Spanish
Disclosure levels of environmental accounting information and financial performance: The case of Vietnam

Article history: Received: October 28, 2018 Received in revised format: November 18, 2018 Accepted: January 12, 2019 Available online: January 12, 2019 This research is conducted for assessing the relationship between disclosure levels of environmental accounting information and financial performance. Data were collected from the firms listed in Vietnam from 2013 to 2017, including the firms disclosed and the ones did not disclose the environmental accounting information. The study uses two regression models to investigate the relationship between environmental accounting information and return on assets. The results indicate that there was a close relationship between disclosure level of environmental accounting information and financial performance. In addition, there was a difference in terms of financial performance between the firms had not disclosed environmental accounting information and the ones disclosed the environmental accounting information. © 2019 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada
Minimum Component Based First-Order All- Pass Filter with Inverting and Non-inverting Outputs

In this paper, a new voltage-mode first order all- pass filter using minimum active and passive components is presented. The proposed circuit employs one fully differential second generation current conveyor (FDCCII), one grounded capacitor, one resistor and offers the following advantages: the use of only grounded capacitor which is attractive for integrated circuit implementation, low active and passive sensitivities, providing inverting and non-inverting voltage- mode all-pass responses simultaneously from the single configuration and no requirement for component matching conditions. The theory is validated through PSPICE simulation using TSMC 0. 35µm CMOS process parameters.
Stochastic geometry analysis of the average error probability of downlink cellular networks

In this paper, we introduce a mathematical framework for computing the average error probability of downlink cellular networks in the presence of other-cell interference, Rayleigh fading, and thermal noise. A stochastic geometry based abstraction model for the locations of the Base Stations (BSs) is used, hence the BSs are modeled as points of a homogeneous spatial Poisson Point Process (PPP). The Mobile Terminal (MT) is assumed to be served by the BS that is closest to it. The technical contribution of this paper is twofold: 1) we provide an exact closed-form expression of the Characteristic Function (CF) of the aggregate other-cell interference at the MT, which takes into account the shortest distance based cell association mechanism; and 2) by relying on the Gil-Pelaez inversion theorem, we provide an exact closed-form expression of the Average Pairwise Error Probability (APEP), which accounts for Rayleigh fading and for the spatial distribution of the BSs. From the APEP, the Average Symbol Error Probability (ASEP) is obtained by using the Nearest Neighbor (NN) approximation, which is shown to provide accurate estimates. Finally, the mathematical framework is substantiated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations and insights on the achievable performance are discussed.
Fuzzy control for a liquid level system

This paper deals with the design of a fuzzy controller (FC) based on pole assignment method for the control of a liquid level system. The problem is to control level set point changes by adjusting the flowrate of liquid entering the tank through a feed pump [2], [5]. The behaviour of the closed loop fuzzy system controlled by the fuzzy controller is identical to the linear system whose state transition matrix is the desired one. The main objective of this paper is the use of the affine T-S fuzzy model to represent both the controlled system and the fuzzy controller taking into consideration the effect of the constant term. Most of the research works analyzed the T-S model assuming that the non-linear system is linearized with respect to the origin in each IF-THEN rule, which means that the consequent part of each rule is a linear function with zero constant term. This will in turn reduce the accuracy of approximating nonlinear systems [3].
Annotation and analysis of listener's engagement based on multi-modal behaviors

We address the annotation of engagement in the context of human-machine interaction. Engagement represents the level of how much a user is being interested in and willing to continue the current interaction. The conversational data used in the annotation work is a human-robot interaction corpus where a human subject talks with the android ERICA, which is remotely operated by another human subject. The annotation work was done by multiple third-party annotators, and the task was to detect the time point when the level of engagement becomes high. The annotation results indicate that there are agreements among the annotators although the numbers of annotated points are different among them. It is also found that the level of engagement is related to turn-taking behaviors. Furthermore, we conducted interviews with the annotators to reveal behaviors used to show a high level of engagement. The results suggest that laughing, backchannels and nodding are related to the level of engagement.
Lineage-specific requirements of β-catenin in neural crest development

β-Catenin plays a pivotal role in cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. Moreover, it is a downstream signaling component of Wnt that controls multiple developmental processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and fate decisions. To study the role of β-catenin in neural crest development, we used the Cre/loxP system to ablate β-catenin specifically in neural crest stem cells. Although several neural crest–derived structures develop normally, mutant animals lack melanocytes and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In vivo and in vitro analyses revealed that mutant neural crest cells emigrate but fail to generate an early wave of sensory neurogenesis that is normally marked by the transcription factor neurogenin (ngn) 2. This indicates a role of β-catenin in premigratory or early migratory neural crest and points to heterogeneity of neural crest cells at the earliest stages of crest development. In addition, migratory neural crest cells lateral to the neural tube do not aggregate to form DRG and are unable to produce a later wave of sensory neurogenesis usually marked by the transcription factor ngn1. We propose that the requirement of β-catenin for the specification of melanocytes and sensory neuronal lineages reflects roles of β-catenin both in Wnt signaling and in mediating cell–cell interactions.
Monetary Policy and Inflation Targeting

On 21–22 July 1997, the Bank convened a conference entitled, 'Monetary Policy and Inflation Targeting'. The following excer pt is the introductory chapter of the conference volume. Medium-term price stability is widely accepted as the appropriate ultimate goal for monetary policy. This reflects two ideas. The first is that high rates of inflation distort decision-making, ultimately leading to slower economic growth. The second is that monetary policy is the most effective instrument in influencing medium-term inflation outcomes. By pursuing a strategy that ensures that inflation does not distort decisions concerning investment, production and savings, monetary policy is best able to contribute to sustainable improvements in living standards. A variety of monetary policy frameworks is consistent with achieving this objective, although there has been a shift over recent years to forms of inflation targeting. Even in countries without an explicit inflation target, there is often a strong commitment to an implicit medium-term inflation objective. Further, countries that have chosen to fix their exchange rate have typically done so against a country with some form of implicit or explicit inflation objective. While the move to inflation targets has made the ultimate goal of monetary policy more transparent, it has not meant that central banks have eschewed all attempts to mitigate cyclical fluctuations in output and employment. Indeed, most central banks aim to reduce the amplitude of the business cycle, not only because this often helps the task of inflation control, but also because steady, sustained growth is likely to lead to better medium-term outcomes than is a process of 'stop-go' growth. The focus of monetary policy on price stability has contributed to a remarkable convergence of inflation rates; most OECD countries now have inflation rates of around 3 per cent or less, with the differences between countries currently smaller than at any time since the early 1960s. This convergence of outcomes has also been helped by the generally benign international economic environment over recent years and the processes of international integration and product-and labour-market reform. However, while these developments have contributed to the recent low inflation outcomes, they do not by themselves ensure a continuation of low inflation. This remains the responsibility of monetary policy. The papers in this volume were commissioned by the Bank to examine how this responsibility may best be met. The papers in Part I examine the arguments for and against various operational frameworks for monetary policy, including …
Report of the NOOA Panel on Contingent Valuation

In behalf o f so-chairs Xennmth Arrow and Rob&& Solow, ar well a8 Edward Leanor, Ro RPQner, a d noward Scbunua8 I am v r t y plaaaed t o submit tha . 1 onelored f nal report o f the Contingent Valuation Panel (Pmel) appopt,ad by the Office Of General Counsel to conaidet the reliability of tha contiegent valuation (or CV) methodology in neasuring passive-use valies of natural rO8OUtC.8. I I The P&nel concluder that Cv studies c m produce astimator reliable enaugh t o be the starting point for a judicial o r administrative detenninatian of natucal rerource dumgea -including lost ~asnive-uae valua. To be ' acceptable for t l d a purpaae, though, such studies should adhere clostIy to . the guidelines described in the report. It is not necessary that every injunction be completely obeyed: however, the more c lore ly the guidelines are followed, the more reriablr the re su l t . A CV study that Is carafJl ly constructed, rddnistexed, ~ n d analyzed w i l l contain inf onnation t hot 1 judges, jurioe and other dec ia iomkesa w i l l uiah t o ure, In cambination with other evidence, including the testimony of expert vitnasres . I The teport i s organired in the follouing way. Section I in the
Common fixed point theorems satisfying integral type rational contractive conditions and applications

Inspired by the concept of integral type (Branciari type) contractive condition and respective fixed point results, we derive some new common fixed point theorems for quadruple self mappings satisfying a generalized W -contractive condition or a generalized -contractive condition of integral type, also using the notions of compatibility and subsequential continuity (alternately subcompatibility and reciprocal continuity) in the frame of metric spaces. We furnish some examples to illustrate the useability of our main results. Several results existing in the literature are obtained as consequences of the main results. At the end of this article the existence and uniqueness of solutions for certain systems of integral equations and functional equations arising in dynamic programming are demonstrated with the help of the obtained results. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47H10; 54H25
Reducing the Leakage in Practical Order-Revealing Encryption

We study practical order-revealing encryption (ORE) with a well-defined leakage profile (the information revealed about the plaintexts from their ciphertexts), a direction recently initiated by Chenette, Lewi, Weis, and Wu (CLWW). ORE, which allows public comparison of plaintext order via their ciphertexts, is a useful tool in the design of secure outsourced database systems. We first show a general construction of ORE with reduced leakage as compared to CLWW, by combining ideas from their scheme with a new type of“propertypreserving” hash function. We then show how to construct such a hash function efficiently based on bilinear maps. Our resulting ORE scheme is fairly practical: for n-bit plaintexts, ciphertexts consists of about 4n group elements, and order comparison requires about n pairings. The leakage is, roughly speaking, the “equality pattern” of the mostsignificant differing bits, whereas CLWW’s is the location and values of the most-significant differing bits. We also provide a generalization of our scheme that improves the leakage and/or efficiency. To analyze the quality of our leakage profile, we show several additional results. In particular, we show that orderpreserving (OPE) encryption, an important special case of ORE scheme in which ciphertexts are ordered, cannot be secure wrt. our leakage profile. This implies that our ORE scheme is the first one without multilinear maps that is proven secure wrt. a leakage profile unachievable by OPE. We also also show that our generalized scheme meets a “semantically meaningful” one-wayness notion that schemes with the leakage of CLWW do not.
White Matter Microstructural Organization Is Higher with Age in Adult Superior Cerebellar Peduncles

Using diffusion tensor imaging, we conducted an exploratory investigation of the relationship between white matter tract microstructure and age in 200 healthy adult subjects using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Though most tracts showed the slight decline in microstructural organization with age widely noted, in both superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP) it correlated positively with age, a result not previously reported. We confirmed this by using an alternative method, and by repeating our TBSS analysis in an additional sample of 133 healthy adults. In exploring this surprising result we considered the possibility that this might arise from the continual cognitive and motor refinement that is enacted in the cerebellum: we found that tract microstructure in both SCPs was also strongly correlated with IQ, again in contrast with all other tracts, and its relationship with age mediated by IQ, as a training model would predict.