Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Career Advancement and Challenges of Saudi Women Graduates

This paper reports on the views that woman graduates have about their career prospects, and the expectations and challenges they experience between their work and personal lives. The purpose of this paper is to address the research gap on Saudi women graduates and to demonstrate how gender, work, and family factors influence the career advancement of these graduates. In order to explore and describe these factors a structured survey was conducted using a random sample from a database of the Alumni of one private university in Saudi. By exploring and describing the destination of female graduate leavers and understanding the reason for women’s (un)employment, we aimed to unfold the underlying challenges, constraints and barriers for Saudi women to enter the workforce.
How Does Support by the Organization Decrease Employee’s Intention to Leave?

This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of affective commitment in the relationship between perceived organizational support and turnover intention. Data were collected using paper-and-pencil survey on inbound Customer Service Officers (CSO) of a Contact Center X in Jakarta operating in service of electricity needs by phone calls (N = 96). Data were analyzed using Hayes PROCESS macro on SPSS software. Results showed that perceived organizational support was negatively related to turnover intention and positively related to affective commitment. Results also showed that affective commitment was negatively correlated with turnover intention. The mediation analysis showed that affective commitment fully mediated the relationship between perceived organizational support and turnover intention. The theoretical and practical implications of the study were further discussed.
Detection and analysis of near-miss clone genealogies

It is believed that identical or similar code fragments in source code, also known as code clones, have an impact on software maintenance. A clone genealogy shows how a group of clone fragments evolve with the evolution of the associated software system, and thus may provide important insights on the maintenance implications of those clone fragments. Considering the importance of studying the evolution of code clones, many studies have been conducted on this topic. However, after a decade of active research, there has been a marked lack of progress in understanding the evolution of near-miss software clones, especially where statements have been added, deleted, or modified in the copied fragments. Given that there are a significant amount of near-miss clones in the software systems, we believe that without studying the evolution of nearmiss clones, one cannot have a complete picture of the clone evolution. In this thesis, we have advanced the state-of-the-art in the evolution of clone research in the context of both exact and near-miss software clones. First, we performed a large-scale empirical study to extend the existing knowledge about the evolution of exact and renamed clones where identifiers have been modified in the copied fragments. Second, we have developed a framework, gCad that can automatically extract both exact and near-miss clone genealogies across multiple versions of a program and identify their change patterns reasonably fast while maintaining high precision and recall. Third, in order to gain a broader perspective of clone evolution, we extended gCad to calculate various evolutionary metrics, and performed an in-depth empirical study on the evolution of both exact and near-miss clones in six open source software systems of two different programming languages with respect to five research questions. We discovered several interesting evolutionary phenomena of nearmiss clones which either contradict with previous findings or are new. Finally, we further improved gCad, and investigated a wide range of attributes and metrics derived from both the clones themselves and their evolution histories to identify certain attributes, which developers often use to remove clones in the real world. We believe that our new insights in the evolution of near-miss clones, and about how developers approach and remove duplication, will play an important role in understanding the maintenance implications of clones and will help design better clone management systems.
Co-modulation of EEG Activity during Drowsiness

Rhythmic electrical fluctuations measurable on the human scalp were the first direct evidence for the link between electrophysiological processes in the brain and behavior. Several studies have shown the EEG power spectra at various scalp locations are correlated with drowsiness in various sustained-attention experiments. We hypothesize that there seems to be modulators mediated spectral activations of the cortical areas by intra-cortical feedback loops, or distributed over different parts of the brain comprising a large number of neurons. In this study, we investigate the neuromodulatory system from alertness to drowsiness in a realistic virtual-reality based driving environment to understand the interactions among different cortical areas. We model spectral fluctuations of independent components from EEG activations as the actions of independently modulator processes, and report two main classes of spectral modulation patterns, alpha modulator and theta-beta modulator. The theta-beta modulator fluctuates very little during the low LDE periods, and increases monotonically from low LDE to high LDE. Different with the theta-beta band, the alpha modulator fluctuates very large during the low LDE periods. Therefore, the theta-beta modulator is high correlated with performance changes, and alpha modulator in this study might be partially contributed by cortical idling. The neuromodulatory system can be explored more by the method we propose here. Keyword: Drowsiness, Electroencephalogram, Independent Component Analysis, Neuromodulatory System, Modulation, Cognitive State, Alpha Wave, Theta Wave.
Effectiveness of motivational videos for elite swimmers: Subjective and biological evaluations

Motivational videos (MVs) are used in Japan in many competitive sports, both professional and amateur. However, several researchers have stated that the effectiveness of MVs has not been scientifically verified, and only subjective evaluations have been conducted in previous studies (Yamazaki & Sugiyama, 2009). This study examined the psychological effectiveness of MVs using both subjective and biological evaluations. The subjects were six elite Japanese collegiate swimmers participating in the FINA Swimming World Cup (age: 21.33 ± 0.51, four males and two females). We employed subjective and biological evaluations to examine these elite swimmers’ psychological motivation while watching an MV as part of their practice. We adopted subjective and self-report Psychological Condition Inventory (Yamazaki et al., 2008) to measure the athletes’ level of vigor while watching the MV. An electroencephalogram (EEG) was employed to evaluate the emotions of the swimmers. The emotional condition (vigor) was analysed by combining the extracted raw EEG data using a KANSEI module logger (Littlesoftware, 2018). A subjective evaluation showed that the score for vigor significantly improved after watching the MV (t = 2.33, p < 0.05), which was also indicated by the results of the biological evaluation (t = 5.69, p < 0.01). There was also a significant correlation between subjective and biological vigor after watching the MV (r = 0.77, p < 0.01). The results of this study, therefore, indicated that biological evaluation can be employed anew to verify the effectiveness of MVs.
SCHOOL SUBSIDIES FOR THE POOR: EVALUATING A MEXICAN STRATEGY FOR REDUCING POVERTY

overty alleviation programs have taken a variety of forms. Social welfare programs provide transfers in cash and kind to people with incomes and assets below a specified level in most high-income countries. These conditional transfer programs have been shown to be likely to distort the allocation of private economic resources and thereby reduce the efficiency of the economy. In populations engaged in agriculture, poverty alleviation programs have often taken the form of setting prices for farm outputs or subsidizing farm inputs. In contrast to means-tested income supports in welfare programs, agricultural price supports are generally not specifically targeted to poor families, but only to a relatively poor occupation or industry. In neither the income supplement nor price-support program is there an expectation that beneficiaries will invest more in the acquisition of skills or the accumulation of capital to boost their future productivity and consumption, and thus diminish their dependence on transfers from the state. Indeed, one consequence of both of these types of programs is that they erode incentives to change the sector of employment, accumulate new types of productive job experience, or generally invest in human capital.
An investigation of relationship between bone vibration frequency and its mass-volume ratio

The correlation between Turkey bones' mass/volume ratios and the magnitude and frequency of the largest peak in their vibration frequency spectra was studied. A computer controlled small hammer was used to induce bone vibrations. The study indicated a correlation of 0.87 between the magnitude of the largest peak and mass/volume ratio. The relationship between the frequency of the largest peak in the frequency spectra of the vibration responses and mass/volume ratio was best represented by a second order polynomial while the relationship between the magnitude of the largest peak and mass/volume ratio was best represented by a first order polynomial.
The Impact of Education on Health Using Compulsory Schooling Laws

Educational attainment is strongly associated with better health outcomes. It is less clear whether this reflects a direct causal effect of schooling on health, reverse causality, or the influence of other, unobserved variables. In the past few years researchers have increasingly relied upon natural experiments to examine this question. This paper uses variations in state-specific compulsory schooling laws in the U.S. as instruments for education. I examine a wide variety of outcomes related to lifestyle diseases and general health status. These variables, together with detailed information on schooling and other demographics, were taken from the first two waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). While associations between schooling and health outcomes are found to be very strong in this sample, the instrumental variable results are inconclusive due to large standard errors in the presence of weak instruments. Using estimators and tests that are robust to weak instruments yields similar results.
A new simple model for high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in black hole candidates

Observations of X-ray emissions from binary systems have long since been considered important tools to test general relativity in strong-field regimes. The high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (HFQPOs) observed in binaries containing a black hole candidate, in particular, have been proposed as a means to measure more directly the properties of the black hole, such as its mass and spin. Numerous models have been suggested to explain the HFQPOs and the rich phenomenology accompanying them. Many of these models rest on a number of assumptions and are at times in conflict with the most recent observations. We here propose a new, simple model in which the HFQPOs result from basic p-mode oscillations of a small accretion torus orbiting close to the black hole. We show that within this model the key properties of the HFQPOs can be explained simply, given a single reasonable assumption. We also discuss observational tests that can refute the model.
Comparison of epidemiological features between imported and indigenous dengue cases in China

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in 2016 and compare the difference between imported and indigenous dengue fever cases in China, and provide evidence for the development of national strategies for dengue fever prevention and control. Methods: the incidence data of dengue fever were obtained from national notifiable communicable disease reporting information system to describe the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the dengue fever, and the spatiotemporal patterns were compared between imported and indigenous cases, and the imported sources of dengue fever were also presented. Results: in 2016, a total of 2 049 dengue fever cases were reported without death in China, a decrease of 46.9% compared with 2015. The incidence rate was 0.2/100 000. Among the reported cases, 1 569 were indigenous cases (76.6%). A total of 1 562 local cases were reported in Fujian (921 cases), Guangdong (416 cases), Yunnan (217 cases) and Zhejiang (8 cases); and 7 cases from other provinces were reported by Guangxi and Hunan (2 cases respectively), and Shandong, Shaanxi and Zhejiang (1 case respectively). A total of 480 imported cases were reported in 23 provinces, accounting for 23.4% of total cases, in which 434 were from Southeast Asia and South Asia, accounting for 90.4% of total imported cases. Conclusion: the incidence of dengue fever was significantly lower in China in 2016 compared with 2015, and the indigenous outbreaks in provinces with high incidence history were mainly caused by imported cases. The significant difference in epidemiological characteristics has been found between indigenous and imported cases. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the dengue fever control strategy according to the characteristics of indigenous and imported dengue fever cases.
The Empirical Performance of Alternative Extreme Value Volatility Estimators ∗

This paper addresses the following issue: given a set of daily observations on an asset (historical opening, closing, high and low prices), how should one go about estimating the asset’s volatility? We use high-frequency data on very liquid assets to construct daily realized volatility series, which enables us to treat volatility as observed rather than latent. We then compare the empirical performance of various estimators of asset return volatility against the realized volatility benchmark. This procedure makes it possible, for the first time, to study the bias and relative efficiency of the various estimators directly. The stock index results give overwhelming support to the use of extreme value volatility estimators, but the futures and currency results are less clear. We highlight a number of important instances in which extreme value volatility estimators are both less biased and more efficient than the traditional estimator. JEL Classification Codes: C14, C53, F31.
A solution of a tropical linear vector equation

A linear vector equation is considered defined in terms of idempotent mathematics. To solve the equation, we apply an approach that is based on the analysis of distances between vectors in idempotent vector spaces and reduces the solution of the equation to that of a tropical optimization problem. Based on the approach, existence and uniqueness conditions are established for the solution, and a general solution to the equation is given.
The Superintendent Shortage: Findings from Research on School Board Presidents

Media reports of a crisis in the American superintendency, based on anecdotal reports and scattered superintendent opinions about a growing number of retirements, high turnover, and an inadequate pool of qualified applicants, are contributing to widespread public misperceptions. The Education Commission of the States (ECS) recently completed a nationwide survey of school board presidents, those with direct knowledge of the number and quality of candidates in superintendent search pools, to better understand the nature and scope of this issue. Findings indicate that a nationwide crisis in the superintendency does not exist. Rather, the number and quality of applicants appears adequate. Data also suggest, however, that some districts have a history of “churning” superintendents. These circumstances contribute disproportionately to these districts having high turnover rates and a relatively smaller number of qualified applicants in search pools. We suggest that the crisis has been misdiagnosed. It is not one associated with the superintendency per se but involves political conflict among local school board members.
Myth Buster: Do Engineers Trust Parametric Models Over Their Own Intuition?

This paper explores the abilities of engineers to estimate everyday tasks and their reliance on their own intuition when performing cost estimates. The approach to answering these questions is similar to that of the popular television show MythBusters which aims to separate truth from urban legend using controlled experiments. In MythBusters, methods for testing myths and urban legends are usually planned and executed in a manner to produce the most visually dramatic results possible, which generally involves explosions, fires, or vehicle crashes. While the question of parametric models versus intuition is not as exciting, we provide an interesting result that demonstrates the difference between what is real and what is fiction in the world of cost estimation. Two heuristics, representativeness and anchoring, are explored in two experiments involving psychology students, engineering students, and engineering practitioners. The first experiment, designed to determine if there is a difference in estimating ability in everyday quantities, demonstrates that the three groups estimate with relatively equal accuracy. The results shed light on the distribution of estimates and the process of subjective judgment. The second experiment, designed to explore abilities for estimating the cost of software-intensive systems given incomplete information, shows that predictions by engineering students and practitioners are within 3-12% of each other. Results also show that engineers rely more on their intuition than on parametric models to make decisions. The value of this work is in helping better understand how software engineers make decisions based on limited information. Implications for the development of software cost estimation models are discussed in light of the findings from the two experiments.
Secular trends in the lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence in the United States: a re-evaluation.

BACKGROUND U.S. epidemiologic surveys have consistently found higher lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence among younger subjects than among older groups. Because lifetime prevalence is cumulative, such patterns are suggestive of strong secular trends; i.e., more-recently born subjects have developed more disease in a shorter period of time than their elders. However, it remains unclear whether such patterns truly reflect secular trends or are confounded by age-dependent factors such as differential recall, differential mortality, and other effects. METHODS Using data from 2 large, national epidemiological surveys, a repeated cross-sectional analysis was conducted to compare lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence across temporally adjacent birth cohorts surveyed at the same age, thus enabling estimates of cross-cohort differences while controlling for age-related factors. RESULTS In contrast with results from single cross-sectional analyses, there were few significant cross-cohort differences among groups of men compared at similar ages. On the other hand, women born between 1954 and 1963 were at 1.2-fold higher odds for lifetime drinking, and those who drank were at 1.5-fold higher odds for lifetime alcohol dependence, compared with the immediately preceding birth cohort (1944 to 1953). The 1944 to 1953 cohort was also at elevated odds for lifetime drinking compared with their predecessors (1934 to 1943). These results were largely due to changes among White and Hispanic women. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that there have been substantial secular increases in drinking and alcohol dependence among women, but not men. Analyses of single cross-sectional studies may tend to over-estimate secular trends by failing to account for age-dependent effects. Nonetheless, secular increases in drinking and alcohol dependence among women are evident after taking age-related factors into account.
Can Loss Aversion Move the Market? Evidence from IPO Trading Volume

We study the market-wide importance of loss aversion by investigating IPO trading volume. In IPOs all initial investors have a common purchase price, and the effect of loss aversion should be at its strongest. We find an increase in turnover for negative initial return IPOs on the day they surpass the offer price for the first time. This effect is economically important, although not as strong and consistent as that produced by new maximum and minimum stock prices. These results suggest that loss aversion may play a role in aggregate stock market activity. JEL Classifications: G10, G30
Security mechanism for IPv6 stateless address autoconfiguration

Internet Protocol version six (IPv6) was designed and developed to solve the problem of exhaustion of current Internet address. IPv6 also introduces a number of benefits including address auto-configuration mechanism which allows host to self-generate its own IPv6 address without the presence of a DHCPv6 server. It is one mechanism, among others, provided by Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). However, the protocol does not have a built-in security mechanism and its messages were exchanged without security verification thus leaving the mechanism vulnerable to exploitation by malicious nodes. A malicious node could disrupt or tamper with the IPv6 address auto-generation process that will leave the victim without an IP address needed for communication or having a wrongly formed address. The NDP standard suggests either IPSec or SeND to secure the mechanism. Unfortunately, both security mechanisms have been extensively studied and were reported to have serious drawbacks that limit their implementation and adoption. This research proposes Trust-ND to secure IPv6 address auto-configuration mechanism based on a distributed trust mechanism. Experiment result shows that this mechanism is more lightweight and uses less bandwidth while still able to fulfill the required security feature.