Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes properties, distribution and regulation.

The effects of catecholamines in the central and peripheral nervous systems appear to be mediated through interactions with 2 major classes of receptor: alpha-adrenoceptors and beta-adrenoceptors. Subtypes of both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors exist. In the periphery, alpha 1-receptors are located postsynaptically, mediating the excitatory effects of catecholamines at alpha-receptors. alpha 2-Adrenoceptors, on the other hand, are autoreceptors involved in the regulation of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) release. In the central nervous system, both alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors exist on postsynaptic cells; there are also 2 principal subtypes of beta-adrenoceptors. beta 1-Receptors have a high affinity for both noradrenaline and adrenaline (epinephrine) and are found in the heart, brain, and adipose tissue. beta 2-Receptors have a low affinity for noradrenaline and are involved in mediation of relaxation of vascular and other smooth muscles and in many of the metabolic effects of catecholamines. A variety of effector systems have been implicated in the actions of catecholamines. Most, though not all, of the effects of catecholamines at beta-receptors are mediated through activation of adenyl cyclase and increases in cyclic AMP accumulation. The effects of catecholamines at alpha-receptors generally involve other second messenger systems. Thus, in at least some systems, stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors mediates increases in phosphoinositide breakdown, while alpha 2-adrenoceptors appear to act through inhibition of adenyl cyclase activity. The pharmacological effects of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors were initially characterised by measuring responses observed in intact preparations. The advent of the use of radioligand binding techniques has allowed direct approaches to the characterisation of receptor properties. The use of radioligands makes it possible to determine the affinities of receptors for specific ligands, and it is possible to determine the density of receptors in a tissue. Finally, in vitro assays serve as a means through which receptors can be followed during solubilisation, isolation, and reconstitution. Several ligands are now available for the study of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. In general, relatively selective radioligands are available for the study of alpha-receptors. Thus, 3H-WB 4101 and 3H-prazosin are selective ligands for alpha 1-receptors; the ligand 125I-IBE 2254 also shows high selectivity for alpha 1-receptors. 3H-Yohimbine and 3H-rauwolscine are selective antagonists for the labelling of alpha 2-receptors and 3H-clonidine is a selective agonist used for studying alpha 2-receptors. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
LINEAR ANALYSIS OF A MULTIBEAM CYCLOTRON-RESONANCE MASER ARRAY

The multibeam cyclotron-resonance maser ~CRM! array is a new concept for compact, high-power CRM devices operating at low voltages. The CRM array studied in this paper employs low-energy electron beams, which are propagating in coupled channels in a two-dimensional periodic waveguide. A static magnetic field spirals the electrons in synchronism with a spatial harmonic of the electromagnetic wave. A matrix gaindispersion equation of the CRM-array interaction is derived in the paper. Numerical examples are presented for a comparison between CRM interactions of one, two, and three electron beams with various waveguide modes. The analysis shows that the multibeam cyclotron interaction yields a considerable gain of microwaves in selective modes. @S1063-651X~97! 09204-0#
Secondary prevention clinics for coronary heart disease: randomised trial of effect on health

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effects of secondary prevention clinics run by nurses in general practice on the health of patients with coronary heart disease. Design: Randomised controlled trial of clinics over one year with assessment by self completed postal questionnaires and audit of medical records at the start and end of the trial. Setting: Random sample of 19 general practices in northeast Scotland. Subjects: 1173 patients (685 men and 488 women) under 80 years with working diagnoses of coronary heart disease who did not have terminal illness or dementia and were not housebound. Intervention: Clinic staff promoted medical and lifestyle aspects of secondary prevention and offered regular follow up. Main outcome measures: Health status measured by the SF-36 questionnaire, chest pain by the angina type specification, and anxiety and depression by the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Use of health services before and during the study. Results: There were significant improvements in six of eight health status domains (all functioning scales, pain, and general health) among patients attending the clinic. Role limitations attributed to physical problems improved most (adjusted difference 8.52, 95% confidence interval 4.16 to 12.9). Fewer patients reported worsening chest pain (odds ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.37 to 0.94). There were no significant effects on anxiety or depression. Fewer intervention group patients required hospital admissions (0.64, 0.48 to 0.86), but general practitioner consultation rates did not alter. Conclusions: Within their first year secondary prevention clinics improved patients' health and reduced hospital admissions. Key messages Nurse led clinics in general practice were used to promote secondary prevention to patients with coronary heart disease Within the first year the health of patients invited to the clinics improved Most benefit was in functional status, but chest pain improved too There was no effects on anxiety or depression There were significant reductions in hospital admissions in the first year
Looking Back to Look Forward

In differentiating urban regime analysis from pluralism, this article argues that the politics of bringing together governing arrangements poses challenges that are much greater than the “retail” politics of pressuring government officials regarding particular decisions. Agenda setting, coalition building, resource mobilization, and devising schemes of cooperation are central elements in a model of governing. Seen in structural context, particularly of the system of social stratification, these elements in combination can explain why it is so difficult to give priority to policies to overcome social exclusion. Furthermore, because the impact of social-reform initiatives depends greatly on how governmental actions mesh with nongovernmental actions, sustained efforts depend on contributions from nonelites as well as strategic supports from elites.
Technological choices and regulation: the case of the Canadian manufacturing sectors

The economic environment in which Canadian manufacturing firms operate has changed substantially over the last 40 years. Technological changes, new regulations, deregulation, and exogenous economic shocks all have been important aspects of this economic environment. In this article, we show how to include such changes in the economic environment faced by the firms in a behavioural model that includes the investment decision of the firm under uncertainty. Assumptions regarding the expectation formation process and technology are kept minimal. We estimate the effects of innovations such as the free trade agreement, the foreign investment review agency, and the federal environmental policy on the economic decisions of fifteen Canadian manufacturing sectors.
Mandibular movement and muscle activity during mastication in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

Optoelectronic analysis of mandibular movement and electromyography (EMG) of masticatory muscles in Cavia porcellus indicate bilateral, unilateral, and gnawing cycles. During bilateral and unilateral cycles, the mandibular tip moves forward, lateral, and down during the lingual phase of the power stroke to bring the teeth into occlusion. EMG activity is generally asymmetric, with the exception of activity of the temporalis muscle during bilateral cycles. During gnawing cycles, the mandible moves in an anteroposterior direction that is opposite that during bilateral and unilateral chew cycles. Bilateral and unilateral cycles of pellets were significantly longer than carrot. With the exception of the width of bilateral cycles, the magnitude of cycle width, length, and height during the mastication of carrots was greater than that during the mastication of pellets. Significant differences exist between EMG durations during mastication of pellets and carrots. The lateral pterygoid displays continuous activity during gnawing cycles. Significant differences also exist in the durations of EMG activity between the working and balancing side during all three cycle types. High level activity of balancing side temporalis and anterior belly of digastric (ABD) during bilateral cycles occurs during rotation and depression of the mandible during the power stroke. The temporalis apparently provides a „braking”︁ or compensatory role during closing and power strokes. Differences between Cavia masticatory patterns and those shown by Rattus and Mesocricetus are apparently due to differences in dental morphology, occlusal relationships, and, possibly, the poorly developed temporalis in Cavia. The large number and wide diversity of rodent groups afford students of mammalian mastication an opportunity to investigate and compare different masticatory specializations.
Blood Parameters in Human Fetuses with Congenital Malformations and Normal Karyotype

The acid-base balance (pH, pCO2, bicarbonate concentration) and the oxygenation level of the fetuses (pO2, SaO2) were evaluated on umbilical venous blood (UVB), taken by cordocentesis. At the same time, the glucose, lactate, free fatty acid, aceto-acetate, betahydroxybutyrate and cholesterol concentrations were measured, being essential biochemical constituents in relation to the nutritional status.
Investigating the Relationship Between Advertising and Pricing in a Channel with Private Label Offering: A Theoretic Model

We study the relationship between pricing and advertising decisions in a distribution channel where national brands are competing with a private label. We solve a three-stage game-theoretic model where the national brands compete on advertising and prices, and the retailer is investing in umbrella advertising for the store and is selling a private label. The obtained equilibrium strategies highlight the importance of determining the complementary or competitive roles of advertising to better understand the relationship between advertising and prices, and to better adjust strategies to varying competition levels in the marketplace. In particular, we find that advertising that expands the national brands' sales gives pricing power to manufacturers. However, persuasive advertising can create different effects on prices depending on the strength of the advertising effect and on the price competition level between the national and the store brands. For highly competitive advertising effects, the retailer should charge lower prices for the private label when it carries highly advertised national brands, increase the national brand's price that is being advertised and decrease the price of the competing national brand. The retailer's advertising leads to higher prices for the national and private labels. We consider several extensions of the base model (retail competition, asymmetric manufacturers and dynamic effects of advertising) and show that our results still hold in such settings. Marketing implications and comparative statistics are also discussed.
Pluralistic views of performance

Regulatory efforts within the UK water industry in recent years have been predominated by the concern for measuring the cost efficiencies of the privatized companies. More recent regulatory work, however, has moved away from the assessment of performance on the strict basis of financial indicators to a multidimensional perspective that includes quality concerns, combining the interests of management, shareholders and consumers in the assessment procedures. This study adopts a similar perspective, describing a multi‐stakeholder performance model for UK water companies, which develops an understanding of performance improvement in financial and quality terms. Thus, the interests of shareholders and consumers are addressed – and differentiated – within a single performance frontier framework. The ways in which one approaches different regions of the frontier characterizes the different stakeholder perspectives, entertains the possibility of trade‐offs between them, and provides the basis of determining “bala.
PixelLink: Detecting Scene Text via Instance Segmentation

Most state-of-the-art scene text detection algorithms are deep learning based methods that depend on bounding box regression and perform at least two kinds of predictions: text/non-text classification and location regression. Regression plays a key role in the acquisition of bounding boxes in these methods, but it is not indispensable because text/non-text prediction can also be considered as a kind of semantic segmentation that contains full location information in itself. However, text instances in scene images often lie very close to each other, making them very difficult to separate via semantic segmentation. Therefore, instance segmentation is needed to address this problem. In this paper, PixelLink, a novel scene text detection algorithm based on instance segmentation, is proposed. Text instances are first segmented out by linking pixels within the same instance together. Text bounding boxes are then extracted directly from the segmentation result without location regression. Experiments show that, compared with regression-based methods, PixelLink can achieve better or comparable performance on several benchmarks, while requiring many fewer training iterations and less training data.
Measuring Acquired Capability for Suicide Within an Ideation-to-Action Framework

Objective: Despite the large literature on risk factors for suicide-related outcomes, few studies have examined risk for acting on suicidal thoughts among suicide ideators. The current study aimed to fill this gap by examining the role of acquired capability, as well as its hypothesized facilitator, painful and provocative events (PPEs), as motivators for behavior among individuals along the suicide continuum. Method: Undergraduates reporting suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide attempts without intent to die, or suicide attempts with intent to die (N = 546) completed a measure of acquired capability for suicide, as well as assessments of exposure to PPEs. Results: Our findings demonstrated that acquired capability for suicide did not distinguish between individuals falling along the ideation-to-action spectrum. Among the several PPEs assessed, the frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury, and the presence of childhood emotional abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect each significantly differentiated between groups, with individuals having a history of a suicide attempt with the intent to die reporting the highest levels. Conclusions: These findings implicate the PPEs that may be most important to assess in determining suicide risk, and, further, call into question the utility of acquired capability in differentiating between individuals along the suicide continuum.
The Impact of CETA Programs on Earnings: A Review of the Literature

This paper reviews and assesses evaluations of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) programs. Most of the studies found that the programs raised earnings by $200 to $600 annually in current dollars. The programs were found to be more effective for women than men, and public service employment and on-the-job training were generally found to be more effective activities than classroom training and work experience. In spite of the broad overall agreement, the studies differed significantly in many of their specific impact findings. The nonexperimental nature of the data required the studies to make specific assumptions about selection procedures used to determine which individuals received training, and the results are sensitive to the specific measures adopted. Data limitation and the inability to adequately test the validity of selection processes assumed make it impossible to determine which studies modeled the process correctly.
The 2004 Enlargement: Key Economic Issues

This chapter presents a “primer” on the ten new members of the EU starting in May 2004. It summarises the income and structural differences between them and the old members of the EU and analyses a number of economic policy issues regarding growth, migration, public finances, trade, foreign direct investment and capital mobility.
Feasibility Study of Reverse Mortgages for Pension —— A Case of Hangzhou, China

Since the aging problem became increasingly serious all around the world, the solution of aged care turns to an important issue which received wide concerning. As China own the one fifth population of the world, a well formed aged care system is urgently needed. The aim of this paper is to explore a possible form to relieve the more and more severe aged care pressure by taking Hangzhou as an empirical case and extent to the whole area of China. According to the life cycle hypothesis and international experiences, the reverse mortgages could be regarded as a new form for pension when considering the situation of Hangzhou. The main subjects of reverse mortgages programme are those society members who are “rich in asserts, poor in cash” and to improve their life quality by transforming the assets into cash. Thus, this paper will be designed as a case study for testing the feasibility of carrying out reverse mortgages programme in Hangzhou by considering theoretical assumption (individual choice, structure choice and political consideration) and the empirical date (capacity of markets, funds of the operation and social and cultural acceptability).
Evaluating Relationships among Brand Experience, Brand Personality, Brand Prestige, Brand Relationship Quality, and Brand Loyalty: An Empirical Study of Coffeehouse Brands

This study investigated effects of coffeehouse brand experience and personality on brand prestige and effects of brand prestige on brand relationship quality and brand loyalty. The study also explored the applicability of the four-factor model of brand experience and five-factor model of brand personality in the coffeehouse industry. Data were gathered from 309 coffeehouse customers via an online survey in the United Sates. This study found that brand experience and brand personality have direct effects on brand prestige, which leads to affect brand relationship quality and attitudinal brand loyalty. Also, brand relationship quality directly and indirectly influenced attitudinal and behavioral brand loyalty. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed for researchers and practitioners in achieving competitive advantages that can be developed through brand experience, brand personality, and brand prestige.
Asset Revaluations and Stock Market Prices

Several recently reported studies have considered whether changes in accounting methods by firms whose securities are publicaly traded have led to any discernible response in the form of shifts in share prices. (I) These studies have been framed in differing terms, and have looked at share price movements under a variety of conditions. But a common finding has been that changes in accounting methods do not appear to have had much of an effect on stock market prices. This paper presents some evidence of changes in accounting method which lead to shifts in stock prices. It describes an examination of movements in share prices of a sample of relatively large Australian public companies which announced upward asset revaluations during the period 1960-70. This examination revealed that announcements of asset revaluations were associated with substantial upward movements in stock prices, and that these shifts in stock prices were generally sustained in the post-announcement months. Furthermore, the stock market appears to digest this new information quickly into stock prices as the adjustment was almost complete at the close of the announcement month. Further analysis suggested that the observed movements in stock prices could not be attributed entirely to such additional information signals as earnings and dividend changes. Nor were the results explained by induced changes in volatility which could conceivably result from the release of revaluation information. Given that the revaluations reflected changes in the worth of assets which had predominantly taken place but had not been recorded during prior accounting periods, then the findings are consistent with claims that the failure of accounting to systematically provide contemporary information about the affairs of firms can deprive the stock market of valuable information and lead to the inequitable treatment of individual investors.
The Labor Market, Education and Armed Conflict in Tajikistan

Shortly following its independence in 1991, Tajikistan suffered a violent civil war. This study explores the effect of this conflict on education and labor market outcomes for men and women. The results are based on the data from the 2003 and 2007 Tajik Living Standards Measurement Surveys that were separated from the 1992-1998 Tajik civil war by five and nine years, respectively. The regression analysis that controls for the cohort and regional-level exposure points toward a persistent and lasting gap in the educational attainment by women who were of school age during the war and lived in the more conflict-affected regions as compared with women the same age who lived in the lesser affected regions and also to the older generation. These empirical results support the anecdotal and observational evidence about the decline in female educational attainment in Tajikistan. Interestingly, this group of young women is more likely to hold a job as compared with the rest of the analytical sample. Conditional on being employed, men and women in the more conflict-affected areas do not receive wages that are significantly different from wages received by men and women in the lesser affected areas.
Intellectual capital and its impact on business performance: Evidences from the Jordanian hotel industry

This paper aims to examine the relationship between intellectual capital and business performance in the Jordanian hotel industry. The data for this study were collected from 116 managers of four- and five-star hotels. Regression analyses were conducted to test different research hypotheses. The findings showed that all dimensions of intellectual capital have a positive and significant impact on the business performance of Jordanian hotels. In particular, structural capital as one of the intellectual capital dimensions had the strongest and largest contribution to business performance. The extended knowledge about the importance of intellectual capital and its impact on business performance enables practitioners to develop adequate strategies to better manage organisational performance. Not much research has investigated the importance of these resources in the hotel industry and even less research has been undertaken to explore their significance for Arabic countries. To our knowledge, this research is the first large-scale empirical study, which investigates this relationship in the Arab hotel industry.