Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The summer diurnal cycle of coastal cloudiness over west Iberia using Meteosat/SEVIRI and a WRF regional climate model simulation

The summer time cloud diurnal cycle over western Iberia is analysed here using a satellite climate data record of fractional cloud cover based on 9 years of Meteosat Second Generation observations which is distributed by the EUMETSAT's Climate Monitoring Satellite Applications Facility. These observations were complemented with a corresponding mean cloud diurnal cycle using SYNOP reports on six locations over the studied domain. It is shown that the main coastal mountain range separates regions that are characterized by two very different cloud regimes: stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer convection dominates the region towards the coast and continental cumulus convection dominates the region to the east of these mountains. To explain the observed variability, a long‐term regional climate model [Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF)] simulation over Iberia was used. A comparison of the observations against model output for the common period between observations and simulation shows that although the model generally underestimates cloudiness, it is able to represent the diurnal cycle in a realistic manner. It is shown that the observed cloud diurnal evolution is linked to the thermal circulations generated by the land‐sea contrast and orography. The extent to which the cloud deck penetrates inland is closely related to the coastal orography: although smaller hills tend to enhance cloudiness, larger mountains block the progression of the marine boundary layer further inland, as it behaves as a density current. Larger mountains also produce katabatic flow and a rather strong subsidence aloft during the night. The warming due to this subsidence helps the blocking of the cloud deck as it is partially responsible for evaporating clouds, as shown by a potential temperature budget analysis.
Evaluation of Disulfide Bond Position to Enhance the Thermal Stability of a Highly Stable Single Domain Antibody

Single domain antibodies are the small recombinant variable domains derived from camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies. They are renowned for their stability, in large part due to their ability to refold following thermal or chemical denaturation. In addition to refolding after heat denaturation, A3, a high affinity anti-Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B single domain antibody, possesses a melting temperature of ∼84°C, among the highest reported for a single domain antibody. In this work we utilized the recently described crystal structure of A3 to select locations for the insertion of a second disulfide bond and evaluated the impact that the addition of this second bond had on the melting temperature. Four double-disulfide versions of A3 were constructed and each was found to improve the melting temperature relative to the native structure without reducing affinity. Placement of the disulfide bond at a previously published position between framework regions 2 and 3 yielded the largest improvement (>6°C), suggesting this location is optimal, and seemingly provides a universal route to raise the melting temperature of single domain antibodies. This study further demonstrates that even single domain antibodies with extremely high melting points can be further stabilized by addition of disulfide bonds.
Variations in the clinical presentations of children and adolescents at eight psychiatric hospitals.

OBJECTIVE Clinical presentations of children and adolescents admitted to eight psychiatric hospitals were examined to determine variation in symptoms and severity of illness. METHODS A prospective design was implemented using the Childhood Severity of Psychiatric Illness (CSPI) scale, a reliable measure of psychiatric severity and factors thought to affect decision making about mental health services. The CSPI was completed by mobile crisis workers after interviews with 875 children and adolescents to assess whether hospitalization was appropriate. All the children were wards of the state in Cook County, Illinois, and all were subsequently hospitalized. RESULTS A factor analysis of the CSPI revealed three distinct factors: caregiver problems, externalizing symptoms, and internalizing symptoms. Children were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe problems or symptoms in the areas covered by the three factors. Chi square analyses revealed that significant variation existed between hospitals in the proportions of children with problems or symptoms in the three factor areas and in the severity of their problems or symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The major finding of variation among the eight hospitals on measures of severity of children's psychiatric illness and caregiver problems empirically supports the importance of adjusting for severity before implementing initiatives to manage performance and outcome across a system of hospitals.
Variability and trends in the annual snow‐cover cycle in Northern Hemisphere land areas, 1972–2000

This study investigated variability and trends in the annual snow‐cover cycle in regions covering high‐latitude and high‐elevation land areas in the Northern Hemisphere. The annual snow‐cover cycle was examined with respect to the week of the last‐observed snow cover in spring (WLS), the week of the first‐observed snow cover in autumn (WFS), and the duration of the snow‐free period (DSF). The analysis used a 29‐year time‐series (1972–2000) of weekly, visible‐band satellite observations of Northern Hemisphere snow cover from NOAA with corrections applied by D. Robinson of Rutgers University Climate Laboratory. Substantial interannual variability was observed in WLS, WFS and DSF (standard deviations of 0·8–1·1, 0·7–0·9 and 1·0–1·4 weeks, respectively), which is related directly to interannual variability in snow‐cover area in the regions and time periods of snow‐cover transition. Over the nearly three‐decade study period, WLS shifted earlier by 3–5 days/decade as determined by linear regression analysis. The observed shifts in the annual snow‐cover cycle underlie a significant trend toward a longer annual snow‐free period. The DSF increased by 5–6 days/decade over the study period, primarily as a result of earlier snow cover disappearance in spring. The observed trends are consistent with reported trends in the timing and length of the active growing season as determined from satellite observations of vegetation greenness and the atmospheric CO2 record. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical stratification in a two‐dimensional convecting mantle with magmatism and moving plates

[1] A self-consistent numerical model is presented for magmatism in a convecting mantle with moving plates. Mantle convection is modeled as a thermal-chemical convection of binary eutectic material with Newtonian rheology in a two-dimensional rectangular box internally heated by radioactive elements. Viscosity is assumed to depend on stress history as well as temperature and pressure to self-consistently reproduce moving plates. The barrier effect of the solid-solid phase transitions at depths around 660 km to convective flow across the 660 km phase boundary is also taken into account. Magmatism is modeled as a permeable flow of basaltic melt produced upon decompression melting of the convecting material through the coexisting matrix. Magmatism makes mantle chemically stratified with the shallower part occupied by chemically buoyant residue of magma and the deeper part occupied by hot but chemically dense materials enriched in basaltic component even under the influence of moving plates and subducting slabs. The magmatism is induced by moving plates (ridge volcanism), mantle overturn, and hot plumes uprising from the 660 km phase boundary or the lower mantle, depending upon the internal heating rate and the strength of the 660 km barrier. A weaker 660 km barrier leads to more continuous plate tectonics. When plates move, subducting slabs penetrate deep into the lower mantle and induce broad thermal and chemical heterogeneity at depth in the lower mantle. The chemically stratified mantle with moving plates is compared to the Earth's mantle.
Energy Transport by Nonlinear Internal Waves

Wintertime stratification on Oregon’s continental shelf often produces a near-bottom layer of densefluid that acts as an internal waveguide on which nonlinear internal waves propagate. Shipboard profiling and bottom lander observations capture disturbances that exhibit properties of internal solitary waves, bores and gravity currents. Wave-like pulses are highly turbulent (instantaneous bed stresses are 1 N m 2 ), resuspending bottom sediments into the water column and raising them 30 + m above the seafloor. The waves’ cross-shelf transport of fluid counters the time-averaged Ekman transport in the bottom boundary layer. In the nonlinear internal waves we have observed, the kinetic energy is roughly equal to the available potential energy and is O(0.1) MJ per m of coastline. The energy transported by these waves includes a nonlinear advection term huEi that is negligible in linear internal waves. Unlike linear internal waves, the pressure-velocity energy flux hupi includes important contributions from nonhydrostatic effects and surface displacement. It is found that, statistically, huEi ’ 2hupi. Vertical profiles indicate that up(z) is more important in transporting energy near the seafloor while uE(z) dominates farther from the bottom. With the wave speed, c, estimated from weakly nonlinear wave theory it is verified experimentally that the total energy transported by the waves, hupi + huEi ’ chEi. The high but intermittent energyflux by the waves is, in an averaged sense, O(100) W per m of coastline. This is similar to independent estimates of the shoreward energy flux in the semidiurnal internal tide at the shelfbreak.
Quality-assured Efficient Engineering of Feedforward Neural Networks (QUEEN)

Summary Objectives: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an important prognostic indicator in patients with gastric carcinoma. However, the methods that have been established for preoperative diagnosis of LNM show insufficient accuracy. Methods: This study describes the use of the QUality Assured Efficient Engineering of Feedforward Neural Networks with Supervised Learning (QUEEN) technique to attempt optimization of the preoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in patients with gastric carcinoma. The results were compared with the Maruyama Diagnostic System (MDS) for preoperative prediction of LNM, established at the National Cancer Center in Tokyo. Results: QUEEN is able to extract predictive variables from a case-based database. The combination of a development method, a special type of neural network and the corresponding encoding yielded an accuracy of 72.73%, which is notably higher than that of the MDS. Our system produced a nearly ten per cent higher sensitivity and around eighteen per cent higher specificity than MDS. Conclusion: Our results show that QUEEN is a reasonable method for the development of ANNs. We used the QUEEN system for prediction of LNM in gastric cancer. This system may allow more meaningful preoperative planning by gastric surgeons.
Spontaneous-Speech Acoustic-Prosodic Features of Children with Autism and the Interacting Psychologist

Atypical prosody, often reported in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, is described by a range of qualitative terms that reflect the eccentricities and variability among persons in the spectrum. We investigate various wordand phonetic-level features from spontaneous speech that may quantify the cues reflecting prosody. Furthermore, we introduce the importance of jointly modeling the psychologist’s vocal behavior in this dyadic interaction. We demonstrate that acoustic-prosodic features of both participants correlate with the children’s rated autism severity. For increasing perceived atypicality, we find children’s prosodic features that suggest ‘monotonic’ speech, variable volume, atypical voice quality, and slower rate of speech. Additionally, we find the psychologist’s features inform their perception of a child’s atypical behavior– e.g., the psychologist’s pitch slope and jitter are increasingly variable and their speech rate generally decreases.
Adherence of Catheterization Laboratory Cardiologists to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: What Happens in Actual Practice?

Background— The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association have issued guidelines for the use of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for many years, but little is known about the impact of these evidence-based guidelines on referral decisions. Methods and Results— A cardiac catheterization laboratory database used by 19 hospitals in New York State was used to identify treatment (CABG surgery, PCI, medical treatment, or nothing) recommended by the catheterization laboratory cardiologist for patients undergoing catheterization with asymptomatic/mild angina, stable angina, and unstable angina/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction between January 1, 2005, and August 31, 2007. The recommended treatment was compared with indications for these patients based on American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. Of the 16 142 patients undergoing catheterization who were found to have coronary artery disease, the catheterization laboratory cardiologist was the final source of recommendation for 10 333 patients (64%). Of these 10 333 patients, 13% had indications for CABG surgery, 59% for PCI, and 17% for both CABG surgery and PCI. Of the patients who had indications for CABG surgery, 53% were recommended for CABG and 34% for PCI. Of the patients with indications for PCI, 94% were recommended for PCI. For the patients who had indications for both CABG surgery and PCI, 93% were recommended for PCI and 5% for CABG surgery. Catheterization laboratory cardiologists in hospitals with PCI capability were more likely to recommend patients for PCI than hospitals in which only catheterization was performed. Conclusions— Patients with coronary artery disease receive more recommendations for PCI and fewer recommendations for CABG surgery than indicated in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines.
Evidence for Neural Computations of Temporal Coherence in an Auditory Scene and Their Enhancement during Active Listening

The human brain has evolved to operate effectively in highly complex acoustic environments, segregating multiple sound sources into perceptually distinct auditory objects. A recent theory seeks to explain this ability by arguing that stream segregation occurs primarily due to the temporal coherence of the neural populations that encode the various features of an individual acoustic source. This theory has received support from both psychoacoustic and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that use stimuli which model complex acoustic environments. Termed stochastic figure–ground (SFG) stimuli, they are composed of a “figure” and background that overlap in spectrotemporal space, such that the only way to segregate the figure is by computing the coherence of its frequency components over time. Here, we extend these psychoacoustic and fMRI findings by using the greater temporal resolution of electroencephalography to investigate the neural computation of temporal coherence. We present subjects with modified SFG stimuli wherein the temporal coherence of the figure is modulated stochastically over time, which allows us to use linear regression methods to extract a signature of the neural processing of this temporal coherence. We do this under both active and passive listening conditions. Our findings show an early effect of coherence during passive listening, lasting from ∼115 to 185 ms post-stimulus. When subjects are actively listening to the stimuli, these responses are larger and last longer, up to ∼265 ms. These findings provide evidence for early and preattentive neural computations of temporal coherence that are enhanced by active analysis of an auditory scene.
Dynamics of Signaling between Ca2+ Sparks and Ca2+- Activated K+ Channels Studied with a Novel Image-Based Method for Direct Intracellular Measurement of Ryanodine Receptor Ca2+ Current

Ca2+ sparks are highly localized cytosolic Ca2+ transients caused by a release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors (RyRs); they are the elementary events underlying global changes in Ca2+ in skeletal and cardiac muscle. In smooth muscle and some neurons, Ca2+ sparks activate large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK channels) in the spark microdomain, causing spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) that regulate membrane potential and, hence, voltage-gated channels. Using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 and a high speed widefield digital imaging system, it was possible to capture the total increase in fluorescence (i.e., the signal mass) during a spark in smooth muscle cells, which is the first time such a direct approach has been used in any system. The signal mass is proportional to the total quantity of Ca2+ released into the cytosol, and its rate of rise is proportional to the Ca2+ current flowing through the RyRs during a spark (ICa(spark)). Thus, Ca2+ currents through RyRs can be monitored inside the cell under physiological conditions. Since the magnitude of ICa(spark) in different sparks varies more than fivefold, Ca2+ sparks appear to be caused by the concerted opening of a number of RyRs. Sparks with the same underlying Ca2+ current cause STOCs, whose amplitudes vary more than threefold, a finding that is best explained by variability in coupling ratio (i.e., the ratio of RyRs to BK channels in the spark microdomain). The time course of STOC decay is approximated by a single exponential that is independent of the magnitude of signal mass and has a time constant close to the value of the mean open time of the BK channels, suggesting that STOC decay reflects BK channel kinetics, rather than the time course of [Ca2+] decline at the membrane. Computer simulations were carried out to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of the Ca2+ concentration resulting from the measured range of ICa(spark). At the onset of a spark, the Ca2+ concentration within 200 nm of the release site reaches a plateau or exceeds the [Ca2+]EC50 for the BK channels rapidly in comparison to the rate of rise of STOCs. These findings suggest a model in which the BK channels lie close to the release site and are exposed to a saturating [Ca2+] with the rise and fall of the STOCs determined by BK channel kinetics. The mechanism of signaling between RyRs and BK channels may provide a model for Ca2+ action on a variety of molecular targets within cellular microdomains.
A Portable Farmland Information Collection System with Multiple Sensors

Precision agriculture is the trend of modern agriculture, and it is also one of the important ways to realize the sustainable development of agriculture. In order to meet the production requirements of precision agriculture—efficient use of agricultural resources, and improving the crop yields and quality—some necessary field information in crop growth environment needs to be collected and monitored. In this paper, a farmland information collection system is developed, which includes a portable farmland information collection device based on STM32 (a 32-bit comprehensive range of microcontrollers based on ARM Crotex-M3), a remote server and a mobile phone APP. The device realizes the function of portable and mobile collecting of multiple parameters farmland information, such as chlorophyll content of crop leaves, air temperature, air humidity, and light intensity. UM220-III (Unicore Communication Inc., Beijing, China) is used to realize the positioning based on BDS/GPS (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, BDS/Global Positioning System, GPS) dual-mode navigation and positioning system, and the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA) wireless communication module is adopted to realize the real-time remote transmission. The portable multi-function farmland information collection system is real-time, accurate, and easy to use to collect farmland information and multiple information parameters of crops.
The pathology of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone: A study of 130 patients

Since 1927, 130 patients with well-documented malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone have been diagnosed and treated at Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases. This sarcoma is 10 times less frequent than osteogenic sarcoma in this hospital. It most commonly occurred spontaneously (72%), whereas in the rest (28%) it followed previous radiation or various preexistent osseous conditions, most often Paget's disease. The appendicular skeleton was the commonest site of involvement. The majority of the patients were middle-aged or older adults with a mean of 40.5 years of age; only 21.5% were 21 years or younger. Histologically, the lesions were subclassified as fibrous (62%), histiocytic or xanthomatous (30%), and malignant giant cell tumor (8%) variants. Older patients were more likely to have a secondary malignant fibrous histiocytoma, especially following radiation or Paget's disease. Overall survival estimates at 2 years and 5 years were 71% and 53%, respectively. Survival was not dependent on the histologic subtype of the lesion, but was strongly influenced by the histologic grade of malignancy. Important prognostic factors were the age of the patients and whether the lesions were primary de novo or secondary sarcomas: the older patients and those with secondary lesions did substantially worse.
Long Short-Term Memory-Networks for Machine Reading

In this paper we address the question of how to render sequence-level networks better at handling structured input. We propose a machine reading simulator which processes text incrementally from left to right and performs shallow reasoning with memory and attention. The reader extends the Long Short-Term Memory architecture with a memory network in place of a single memory cell. This enables adaptive memory usage during recurrence with neural attention, offering a way to weakly induce relations among tokens. The system is initially designed to process a single sequence but we also demonstrate how to integrate it with an encoder-decoder architecture. Experiments on language modeling, sentiment analysis, and natural language inference show that our model matches or outperforms the state of the art.
Stabilization of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and the Muted Global Hydrological Cycle Response to Global Warming

Abstract Both the global precipitation and evaporation in global warming simulations increase at 1%–3% K−1, much smaller than the rate suggested from the Clausius–Clapeyron (C–C) relation (6%–6.5% K−1). However, the reduction of surface sensible heat flux over the global ocean (5.2% K−1) matches the difference between the fractional increase of evaporation and the C–C relation, implying that the fractional decrease of the Bowen ratio over the global ocean follows the C–C relation closely. The analysis suggests that the stabilization of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in response to global warming is the main factor responsible for the simultaneous reduction of the surface sensible flux and the muted increase in the surface latent heat. Because the stabilization of the ABL causes the same amount of fractional change in both the sensible and latent heat fluxes, the fractional decrease of the Bowen ratio closely follows the C–C relation. The ABL stabilization mechanism for the muted increase in the glob.