Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the galaxy stellar mass function, the mass-metallicity relation, and the implied baryonic mass function

A comparison between published field galaxy stellar mass fun ctions (GSMFs) shows that the cosmic stellar mass density is in the range 4‐8 per cent of the baryon density (assuming b = 0.045). There remain significant sources of uncertainty for the du st correction and underlying stellar mass-to-light ratio even assuming a reaso nable universal stellar initial mass function. We determine the z < 0.05 GSMF using the New York University ‐ Value-Added Galaxy Catalog sample of 49968 galaxies derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and various estimates of stellar mass. The GSMF shows clear evidence for a low-mass upturn and is fitted with a double Schechter function that has �2 ≃ −1.6. At masses below ∼ 10 8.5 M⊙, the GSMF may be significantly incomplete because of missing l ow surface-brightness galaxies. One interpretation of the stellar mass-metallicity re lation is that it is primarily caused by a lower fraction of available baryons converted to stars in l ow-mass galaxies. Using this principal, we determine a simple relationship between baryonic mass and stellar mass and present an ‘implied baryonic mass function’. This function has a fai nt-end slope, �2 ≃ −1.9. Thus, we find evidence that the slope of the low-mass end of the galax y mass function could plausibly be as steep as the halo mass function. We illustrate the relationship between halo baryonic mass function → galaxy baryonic mass function → GSMF. This demonstrates the requirement for peak galaxy formation efficiency at baryonic masses ∼ 10 11 M⊙ corresponding to a minimum in feedback effects. The baryonic-infall efficien cy may have levelled off at lower masses.
Protection mechanisms of the iron-plated armor of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gastropod

Biological exoskeletons, in particular those with unusually robust and multifunctional properties, hold enormous potential for the development of improved load-bearing and protective engineering materials. Here, we report new materials and mechanical design principles of the iron-plated multilayered structure of the natural armor of Crysomallon squamiferum, a recently discovered gastropod mollusc from the Kairei Indian hydrothermal vent field, which is unlike any other known natural or synthetic engineered armor. We have determined through nanoscale experiments and computational simulations of a predatory attack that the specific combination of different materials, microstructures, interfacial geometries, gradation, and layering are advantageous for penetration resistance, energy dissipation, mitigation of fracture and crack arrest, reduction of back deflections, and resistance to bending and tensile loads. The structure-property-performance relationships described are expected to be of technological interest for a variety of civilian and defense applications.
Malliavin calculus for backward stochastic differential equations and application to numerical solutions

In this paper we study backward stochastic differential equations with general terminal value and general random generator. In particular, we do not require the terminal value be given by a forward diffusion equation. The randomness of the generator does not need to be from a forward equation, either. Motivated from applications to numerical simulations, first we obtain the $L^p$-H\"{o}lder continuity of the solution. Then we construct several numerical approximation schemes for backward stochastic differential equations and obtain the rate of convergence of the schemes based on the obtained $L^p$-H\"{o}lder continuity results. The main tool is the Malliavin calculus.
Risk factors for endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis in patients with Klebsiella bacteraemia: a case–control study

Aim: To identify risk factors for Klebsiella endophthalmitis in patients with Klebsiella sepsis. Methods: This is a retrospective case–control study. The study population consisted of all patients with positive blood cultures for Klebsiella, admitted to Changi General Hospital (Singapore) from August 2004 to July 2005. The cases were patients who developed Klebsiella endophthalmitis, and the controls were those who did not. The potential risk factors analysed included age, sex, race and total white cell count at presentation, maximum temperature response, co-morbid pathologies, presence of severe infection, site of primary infection, antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial strain, and systemic antibiotics treatment regimen. Results: 133 consecutive patients with Klebsiella bacteraemia confirmed by blood culture were included. Five (3.8%) developed endophthalmitis. Klebsiella endophthalmitis was significantly associated with liver abscess as the primary site of infection (p<0.001) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (p = 0.010) on both univariate and multivariate analysis. Diabetes mellitus and other co-morbid pathologies, race and maximum temperature response were not risk factors for the occurrence of endophthalmitis. Conclusions: Liver abscess and disseminated intravascular coagulation are risk factors for endogenous endophthalmitis in patients with Klebsiella sepsis.
Trends in survival from primary central nervous system lymphoma, 1975–1999

The age‐adjusted incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has increased since the 1970s, and treatment for this disease has evolved considerably. The objective of this study was to examine time trends in overall survival and disease‐specific mortality in a population‐based cohort of patients with PCNSL.
Hybrid Liveness-Enforcing Policy for Generalized Petri Net Models of Flexible Manufacturing Systems

This paper proposes a hybrid liveness-enforcing method for a class of Petri nets, which can well model many flexible manufacturing systems. The proposed method combines elementary siphons with a characteristic structure-based method to prevent deadlocks and enforce liveness to the net class under consideration. The characteristic structure-based method is further advanced in this work. It unveils and takes a full advantage of an intrinsically live structure of generalized Petri nets, which hides behind the arc weights, to achieve the liveness enforcement without any external control agent such as monitors. This hybrid method can identify and remove redundant monitors from a liveness-enforcing supervisor designed according to existing policies, improve the permissiveness, reduce the structural complexity of a controlled system, and consequently save the control implementation cost. Several examples are used to illustrate this method.
Automatic instruction set extension and utilization for embedded processors

There is a growing demand for application-specific embedded processors in system-on-a-chip designs. Current tools and design methodologies often require designers to manually specialize the processor based on an application. Moreover, the use of the new complex instructions added to the processor is often left to designers' ingenuity. We present a solution that automatically groups dataflow operations in the application software as potential new complex instructions. The set of possible instructions is then automatically used for code generation combined with high-level arithmetic optimizations using symbolic algebra. Symbolic arithmetic manipulations provide a novel and effective method for instruction selection that is necessary due to the complexity of the automatically identified instructions. We have used our methodology to automatically add new instructions to Tensilica processors for a set of examples. Our results show that our tools improve designers productivity and efficiently specialize an embedded processor for the given application such that the execution time is greatly improved.
STOCHASTICITY IN REPRODUCTIVE OPPORTUNITY AND THE EVOLUTION OF EGG LIMITATION IN INSECTS

Is reproduction by adult female insects limited by the finite time available to locate hosts (time limitation) or by the finite supply of eggs (egg limitation)? An influential model predicted that stochasticity in reproductive opportunity favors elevated fecundity, rendering egg limitation sufficiently rare that its importance would be greatly diminished. Here, I use models to explore how stochasticity shapes fecundity, the likelihood of egg limitation, and the ecological importance of egg limitation. The models make three predictions. First, whereas spatially stochastic environments favor increased fecundity, temporally stochastic environments favor increases, decreases, or intermediate maxima in fecundity, depending on egg costs. Second, even when spatially or temporally stochastic environments favor life histories with less‐frequent egg limitation, stochasticity still increases the proportion of all eggs laid in the population that is laid by females destined to become egg limited. This counterintuitive result is explained by noting that stochasticity concentrates reproduction in the hands of a few females that are likely to become egg limited. Third, spatially or temporally stochastic environments amplify the constraints imposed by time and eggs on total reproduction by the population. I conclude that both egg and time constraints are fundamental in shaping insect reproductive behavior and population dynamics in stochastic environments.
Control of Shaft-Line-Embedded Multiphase Starter/Generator for Aero-Engine

This paper deals with a shaft-line-embedded multiphase electrical machine to be connected to the high-pressure shaft of an open-rotor jet engine. An asymmetrical six-phase induction machine (IM) is proposed for this application. The main focus of this paper is on the control of the six-phase IM, to verify its overload capabilities and postfault operations. The implemented control uses a direct-flux vector control scheme based on a double-stator approach, where each three-phase winding set is independently controlled. This way, the fault-tolerant behavior of the drive system is enhanced. Complete details of the adopted flux observer are included; torque and speed control loops are implemented in a dedicated multiple three-phase drive, and a scaled prototype (10 kW, 6000 r/min) has been tested. The overload capability has been verified both in generation and motoring mode, for different speeds and torque up to 150% of the rated one. Finally, the transitions between healthy and faulty modes are reported for open phases and encoder faults. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed drive solutions.
Diversity and Creativity

textabstractHoever’s dissertation investigates the conditions and processes that enable teams to develop more creative solutions and optimally use their informational resources for higher creativity. Whereas teams, especially those composed of members with different task-relevant information and perspectives, are considered a particularly viable means to the end of higher creativity, systematic research on the factors that facilitate team creativity and the processes conducive to it is sparse and its findings remain fragmented to date. The three empirical studies included in this dissertation contribute to a more complete understanding of how teams achieve creative outcomes by addressing different aspects of this question. Hoever’s findings highlight that other-focused behaviours such as perspective taking and mutual feedback between team members represent important mechanisms to bring out the potential of team diversity for team creativity. Furthermore, on the basis of an in-depth behavioural observation of the teams throughout their creative process, she was able to develop a more nuanced understanding of the processes that underlie these observed effects. This analysis yields converging evidence for the importance of information elaboration as a precursor of higher creativity in diverse teams but not for other processes frequently suggested to transmit the benefits of diversity when they occur. Finally, the reported research points to the differential impact of formal external interventions in shaping team processes and information processing mechanisms in teams with diverse informational resources. Together, the reported research has important implications for future work on team creativity, diversity, and team processes. With regards to team creativity and diversity the results call into question the straightforward nature of the frequently proposed link between diversity and creativity and highlight a number of important moderators of this effect. Moreover, the findings indicate that the relationship between creativity and its antecedents at the team level do not fully mirror the effects observed at the individual level of analysis. Finally, they direct attention to the need to systematically investigate the extent to which diverse and homogeneous teams react differently to common managerial interventions such as feedback.
Changes in the Expression of Human Cell Division Autoantigen-1 Influence Toxoplasma gondii Growth and Development

Toxoplasma is a significant opportunistic pathogen in AIDS, and bradyzoite differentiation is the critical step in the pathogenesis of chronic infection. Bradyzoite development has an apparent tropism for cells and tissues of the central nervous system, suggesting the need for a specific molecular environment in the host cell, but it is unknown whether this environment is parasite directed or the result of molecular features specific to the host cell itself. We have determined that a trisubstituted pyrrole acts directly on human and murine host cells to slow tachyzoite replication and induce bradyzoite-specific gene expression in type II and III strain parasites but not type I strains. New mRNA synthesis in the host cell was required and indicates that novel host transcripts encode signals that were able to induce parasite development. We have applied multivariate microarray analyses to identify and correlate host gene expression with specific parasite phenotypes. Human cell division autoantigen-1 (CDA1) was identified in this analysis, and small interfering RNA knockdown of this gene demonstrated that CDA1 expression causes the inhibition of parasite replication that leads subsequently to the induction of bradyzoite differentiation. Overexpression of CDA1 alone was able to slow parasite growth and induce the expression of bradyzoite-specific proteins, and thus these results demonstrate that changes in host cell transcription can directly influence the molecular environment to enable bradyzoite development. Investigation of host biochemical pathways with respect to variation in strain type response will help provide an understanding of the link(s) between the molecular environment in the host cell and parasite development.
Experimental Characterization and Modeling of Shadow Fading Correlation for Relaying Systems

A multi-link measurement campaign with relays was carried out. The shadowing cross-correlations between a BS-MS (Base Station to Mobile Station) link and a RS-MS (Relay Station to Mobile Station) link or between two RS-MS links were experimentally characterized. The correlation coefficients were found to vary from -0.04 to 0.57. Furthermore, based on the significantly large amount of measurement samples, the shadow fading angular properties were examined. It was observed that the correlation of 0.5 was found when the angle e seen from MS to the transmitters is smaller than 10 degrees. Although correlations observed with the angle e higher than 10 degrees present different angular dependences, their coefficients are minor and considered as negligible. This result indicates that a correlation coefficient of 0.5 should be taken into account in analysis tools for 0-10 degree angular sample groups. A simple uncorrelated shadow fading model for signals from different transmitters can be used for the other cases.
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis—a rare but devastating peritoneal disease

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a devastating but, fortunately, rare complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis. The disease is associated with extensive thickening and fibrosis of the peritoneum resulting in the formation of a fibrous cocoon encapsulating the bowel leading to intestinal obstruction. The incidence of EPS ranges between 0.7 and 3.3% and increases with duration of peritoneal dialysis therapy. Dialysis fluid is hyperosmotic, hyperglycemic, and acidic causing chronic injury and inflammation in the peritoneum with loss of mesothelium and extensive tissue fibrosis. The pathogenesis of EPS, however, still remains uncertain, although a widely accepted hypothesis is the “two-hit theory,” where, the first hit is chronic peritoneal membrane injury from long standing peritoneal dialysis followed by a second hit such as an episode of peritonitis, genetic predisposition and/or acute cessation of peritoneal dialysis, leading to EPS. Recently, EPS has been reported in patients shortly after transplantation suggesting that this procedure may also act as a possible second insult. The process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells is proposed to play a central role in the development of peritoneal sclerosis, a common characteristic of patients on dialysis, however, its importance in EPS is less clear. There is no established treatment for EPS although evidence from small case studies suggests that corticosteroids and tamoxifen may be beneficial. Nutritional support is essential and surgical intervention (peritonectomy and enterolysis) is recommended in later stages to relieve bowel obstruction.
Predicting the Individual Mood Level based on diary Data

Understanding mood changes of individuals with depressive disorders is crucial in order to guide personalized therapeutic interventions. Based on diary data, in which clients of an online depression treatment report their activities as free text, we categorize these activities and predict the mood level of clients. We apply a bag-of-words text-mining approach for activity categorization and explore recurrent neuronal networks to support this task. Using the identiﬁed activities, we develop partial ordered logit models with varying levels of heterogeneity among clients to predict their mood. We estimate the parameters of these models by employing Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques and compare the models regarding their predictive performance. Therefore, by combining text-mining and Bayesian estimation techniques, we apply a two-stage analysis approach in order to reveal relationships between various activity categories and the individual mood level. Our ﬁndings indicate that the mood level is inﬂuenced negatively when participants report about sickness or rumination. Social activities have a positive inﬂuence on the mood. By understanding the inﬂuences of daily activities on the individual mood level, we hope to improve the efﬁcacy of online behavior therapy, provide support in the context of clinical decision-making, and contribute to the development of personalized interventions.
The Highly Hypnotizable Person: Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Issues

Introduction. Michael Heap, Richard J. Brown, David A. Oakley, High Hypnotizability: Key Issues. Amanda J. Barnier, Kevin M. McConkey, Defining and Identifying the Highly Hypnotizable Person. Kevin M. McConkey, Amanda J. Barnier, High Hypnotizability: Unity and Diversity in Behaviour and Experience. Graham F. Wagstaff, High Hypnotizability in a Sociocognitive Framework. Judith Rhue, Developmental Determinants of High Hypnotizability. James E. Horton, Helen J. Crawford, Neurophysiological and Genetic Determinants of High Hypnotizability. Richard J. Brown, David A. Oakley, An Integrative Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis and High Hypnotizability. Steven Jay Lynn, Eric Meyer, Kelley Shindler, Clinical Correlates of High Hypnotizability. Donald R. Gorassini, Enhancing Hypnotizability. Graham Turpin, High Hypnotizability: Relevance and Utility to Cognitive and Clinical Psychology?
A case-control study to investigate the relation between low and moderate levels of physical activity and osteoarthritis of the knee using data collected as part of the Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey

BACKGROUND Physical activity is being recommended as an intervention for seemingly almost universal improvements to health. A potential concern with this recommendation for increased exercise is that some believe increased levels of activity may lead to increased incidence of osteoarthritis of the knee (knee OA), as a result of accelerated “wear and tear” of the major joints. OBJECTIVE To investigate the hypothesis that the occurrence of knee OA may be related to the duration of participation in some forms of sport and active recreation. METHODS The relation between habitual exercise, reported by a cross section of people surveyed in England, and self reported knee OA was investigated. Data were derived from the Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey (1990–91). A matched retrospective case-control design was used and a new exposure classification system which categorised different grades of activities for different time periods for each subject's lifetime participation in regular physical activities was developed. Additional data on knee injuries sustained and bodily composition were also included in a multivariate analysis. RESULTS From 4316 people originally interviewed, 216 eligible cases (66 men, 150 women) were identified (mean age 57.1). Each case was matched to four controls. When habitual sport/exercise participation were examined during a subject's life, only exposure to regular long walks and being physically active between the ages of 20 and 24 suggested any association with developing knee OA later in life. The only strong association found was a greatly increased risk of knee OA having previously sustained a knee injury (p<0.01, odds ratio 8.0 (95% confidence interval 2.0 to 32.0)). CONCLUSIONS There was little evidence to suggest that increased levels of regular physical activity throughout life lead to an increased risk of knee OA later in life. Previous knee injury was associated with an increased risk of knee OA. Additionally, most injuries were caused through participation in physical activities. Hence, when deciding on participation in activities, it is worth taking the likelihood of joint injury into consideration, as the chance of injury is greater in some activities than others.
Effects of myeloid cell growth factors on alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, defensin and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor receptor mRNA expression in haemopoietic cells of normal individuals and myeloid disorders

The mRNA expressions of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), defensin and G‐CSF receptor (G‐CSFR) in bone marrow cells of normal individuals and myeloid disorders, with or without in vitro stimulation by myeloid cell growth factors, i.e. G‐CSF, GM‐CSF and IL‐3, were examined as markers for myeloid cell differentiation in both mononuclear cell (MNC) and polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) fractions. Without any stimulation, ALP mRNA was expressed only in PMNs, G‐CSFR mRNA in PMNs were expressed stronger than in MNCs; both MPO and defensin mRNA were expressed to the same degree in both fractions. With stimulation, the ALP mRNA expression in both fractions was strongly enhanced by G‐CSF, but the expression was inhibited by GM‐CSF and/or IL‐3. MPO mRNA expression was stimulated by G‐CSF and/or GM‐CSF in MNCs. G‐CSFR mRNA expression was enhanced by G‐CSF in both fractions. Defensin mRNA expression was inhibited by G‐CSF. In cases of myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelogenous leukaemia which display a suppressed maturation of myeloid cells, our results demonstrated an almost normal response to these growth factors. Our results suggest that studies on these myeloid marker mRNA expressions would provide more knowledge about the differentiation state and cytokine reactivity of myeloid cells in normal individuals as well as various disorders.