Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change

The recent warming in the Arctic is affecting a broad spectrum of physical, ecological, and human/cultural systems that may be irreversible on century time scales and have the potential to cause rapid changes in the earth system. The response of the carbon cycle of the Arctic to changes in climate is a major issue of global concern, yet there has not been a comprehensive review of the status of the contemporary carbon cycle of the Arctic and its response to climate change. This review is designed to clarify key uncertainties and vulnerabilities in the response of the carbon cycle of the Arctic to ongoing climatic change. While it is clear that there are substantial stocks of carbon in the Arctic, there are also significant uncertainties associated with the magnitude of organic matter stocks contained in permafrost and the storage of methane hydrates beneath both subterranean and submerged permafrost of the Arctic. In the context of the global carbon cycle, this review demonstrates that the Arctic plays an important role in the global dynamics of both CO2 and CH4. Studies suggest that the Arctic has been a sink for atmospheric CO2 of between 0 and 0.8 Pg C/yr in recent decades, which is between 0% and 25% of the global net land/ocean flux during the 1990s. The Arctic is a substantial source of CH4 to the atmosphere (between 32 and 112 Tg CH4/yr), primarily because of the large area of wetlands throughout the region. Analyses to date indicate that the sensitivity of the carbon cycle of the Arctic during the remainder of the 21st century is highly uncertain. To improve the capability to assess the sensitivity of the carbon cycle of the Arctic to projected climate change, we recommend that (1) integrated regional studies be conducted to link observations of carbon dynamics to the processes that are likely to influence those dynamics, and (2) the understanding gained from these integrated studies be incorporated into both uncoupled and fully coupled carbon-climate modeling efforts. (Less)
Rate loading in OFDM based on bit-level capacities

A new bit allocation algorithm for uncoded transmission over parallel, independent channels (e.g., multicarrier transmission) is proposed. In contrast to state-of-the-art loading algorithms it is based on bit-level capacities and aims at the maximization of the so-called parallel decoding capacity. The algorithm can be implemented very efficiently and requires significantly lower complexity than existing approaches. Numerical results show a performance in terms of the bit-error ratio comparable to established bit-loading algorithms.
Long Term Persistence

Is social capital long lasting? Does it affect long term economic performance? To answer these questions we test Putnam's conjecture that today marked differences in social capital between the North and South of Italy were due to the culture of independence fostered by the free city-states experience in the North of Italy at the turn of the first millennium. We show that the medieval experience of independence has an impact on social capital within the North, even when we instrument for the probability of becoming a city-state with historical factors (such as the Etruscan origin of the city and the presence of a bishop in year 1,000). More importantly, we show that the difference in social capital among towns that in the Middle Ages had the characteristics to become independent and towns that did not exists only in the North (where most of these towns became independent) and not in the South (where the power of the Norman kingdom prevented them from doing so). Our difference in difference estimates suggest that at least 50% of the North-South gap in social capital is due to the lack of a free city-state experience in the South.
Refining instance coreferencing results using belief propagation Conference Item

The problem of coreference resolution (finding individuals, which describe the same entity but have different URIs) is crucial when dealing with semantic data coming from different sources. Specific features of Semantic Web data (ontological constraints, data sparseness, varying quality of sources) are all significant for coreference resolution and must be exploited. In this paper we present a framework, which uses Dempster-Shafer belief propagation to capture these features and refine coreference resolution results produced by simpler string similarity techniques.
Surgical Management of Proximal Humeral Fractures: The Emerging Role of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Acute proximal humeral fractures are common injuries in elderly patients. These fractures can lead to significant pain and functional loss. Nonoperative treatment offers high rates of satisfactory function and pain relief in the majority of fractures, particularly in elderly patients. Open reduction and internal fixation, closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, and hemiarthroplasty are used for treating displaced proximal humeral fractures, depending on patient and fracture characteristics. Recently, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has gained popularity for treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures due to a rapid recovery of active elevation and activities of daily living function. Although complications remain a concern, early results of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humeral fractures have been promising. Future comparative outcome studies are needed to define the indications for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty instead of nonoperative and other operative options. Optimal treatment of proximal humeral fractures requires clinical judgment based on fracture characteristics, bone quality, patient factors, and surgeon experience with the array of available techniques. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(3):e465-e473. ].
Changes in self-perceptions of competence and intrinsic motivation among elementary schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND Children's perceived competence and intrinsic motivation are assumed to be very high at the outset of schooling. However, how they change and how they relate to each other and to academic achievement across early schooling years remain open to question. AIMS This 3-year longitudinal study was aimed at examining the following questions. Do children's perceived competence and intrinsic motivation about reading and mathematics change across the first 3 years of schooling? Do their perceived competence and intrinsic motivation differ according to academic domains? Do their perceived competence and intrinsic motivation relate to their academic achievement in each academic domain? SAMPLE A total of 115 elementary schoolchildren (63 boys and 52 girls) were examined in first grade (mean age = 84,5 months, SD =.67) and for the next 2 years. METHOD Children responded to questionnaires about their perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in reading and mathematics. Year-end grades in these two subjects were used as a measure of performance. RESULTS Changes in perceived competence and intrinsic motivation, and between-year intercorrelations, were observed to differ according to academic domains and gender. Intrinsic motivation did not make a significant contribution to academic achievement at either school grade or in any academic domain, whereas perceived competence was significantly related to achievement at each school grade in both reading and mathematics. CONCLUSIONS Differences between boys and girls observed in this study were not linked to a specific domain and cannot be attributed to gender-role stereotypes. Girls appeared to be more precocious in differentiating their competence and intrinsic motivation according to academic domain, as well as in being able to process and integrate information about their ability from past performances in a domain to judge their competence in the same domain.
Cancer risk among professional inshore divers in Norway.

BACKGROUND Professional divers are exposed to physiological effects of increased ambient pressure and may be exposed to hazards like carcinogens in polluted breathing gas and water. Consequences in terms of adverse health effects and mortality have been debated for many years. AIM The aim of this study was to compare the risk of cancer in Norwegian professional divers to that of the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS All professional divers born 1950-1990 and registered by compulsory notification in The Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority's registry of divers were included and grouped according to the type of diving certificate. By August 2010, 5,526 male divers were identified. The rest of the male population born in the same period (1,591,243) was used as referents. The Cancer Registry of Norway, based on compulsory notification of all diagnosed malignancies, was linked to the Diver Registry. RESULTS A higher risk of cancer, OR 1.54 (CI 1.21-1.96), was observed among fully certified divers compared to the referents. No excess risk was observed for professional divers with limited certificate. CONCLUSIONS Norwegian fully certified divers had higher risk of cancer compared to the Norwegian male population. Based on small numbers, the higher risks among divers within subgroups of cancer sites should be interpreted with care.
Methodology for the empirical analysis of the scattering signals from a wind turbine

This study proposes a field data-based methodology to characterize the scattered signals from wind turbines. The method is based on the scattering pattern of the wind turbine, empirically obtained from the estimation of the channel impulse response, which allows the accurate estimation of the amplitude and the time variation of the scattered signals. The analysis of the Channel Impulse Response at different situations, such as the rotation speed, the orientation of the turbine or the elevation and azimuth angles of the receiver location, will allow the proper characterization of this phenomenon, and therefore, the development of an empirical model for the estimation of the potential interference of wind farms.
Caspase-8 deficiency in epidermal keratinocytes triggers an inflammatory skin disease

Expression of enzymatically inactive caspase-8, or deletion of caspase-8 from basal epidermal keratinocytes, triggers chronic skin inflammation in mice. Unlike similar inflammation resulting from arrest of nuclear factor κB activation in the epidermal cells, the effect induced by caspase-8 deficiency did not depend on TNF, IL-1, dermal macrophage function, or expression of the toll-like receptor adapter proteins MyD88 or TRIF. Both interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and TANK-binding kinase were constitutively phosphorylated in the caspase-8–deficient epidermis, and knockdown of IRF3 in the epidermis-derived cells from these mice abolished the expression of up-regulated genes. Temporal and spatial analyses of the alterations in gene expression that result from caspase-8 deficiency reveal that the changes are initiated before birth, around the time that cornification develops, and occur mainly in the suprabasal layer. Finally, we found that caspase-8–deficient keratinocytes display an enhanced response to gene activation by transfected DNA. Our findings suggest that an enhanced response to endogenous activators of IRF3 in the epidermis, presumably generated in association with keratinocyte differentiation, contributes to the skin inflammatory process triggered by caspase-8 deficiency.
State Space Initiation for Blind Mobile Terminal Position Tracking

Blind localization and tracking of mobile terminals in urban scenarios is an important requirement for offering new location-based services, handling emergency cases of nonsubscribed users, public safety, countering IEDs, and so forth. In this context, we propose a track-before-detect scheme taking explicitly advantage of multipath propagation in an urban terrain by using a priori information about the known locations of the main scattering objects such as buildings. This information is made available for localization and tracking by a real-time ray tracing technique based on a 2D geographic database. This allows the prediction of the directional and temporal structure of the received multipath components for an arbitrary transmitter position. We consider a single observing station where the direction and the relative time of arrival of the received multipath components can be estimated by an antenna array. By a likelihood function, which is algorithmically defined for a randomly distributed set of potential transmitter positions, these measurements are compared with those being expected by ray tracing. This likelihood function is the key component of a track-before-detect scheme providing initial state estimates for mobile transmitter tracking using a particle filtering technique.
An optimal algorithm for mutual exclusion in computer networks

An algorithm is proposed that creates mutual exclusion in a computer network whose nodes communicate only by messages and do not share memory. The algorithm sends only 2*(N - 1) messages, where N is the number of nodes in the network per critical section invocation. This number of messages is at a minimum if parallel, distributed, symmetric control is used; hence, the algorithm is optimal in this respect. The time needed to achieve mutual exclusion is also minimal under some general assumptions. As in Lamport's "bakery algorithm," unbounded sequence numbers are used to provide first-come firstserved priority into the critical section. It is shown that the number can be contained in a fixed amount of memory by storing it as the residue of a modulus. The number of messages required to implement the exclusion can be reduced by using sequential node-by-node processing, by using broadcast message techniques, or by sending information through timing channels. The "readers and writers" problem is solved by a simple modification of the algorithm and the modifications necessary to make the algorithm robust are described.
Knowledge transfer in globally distributed teams: the role of transactive memory

This paper explores the role of transactive memory in enabling knowledge transfer between globally distributed teams. While the information systems literature has recently acknowledged the role transactive memory plays in improving knowledge processes and performance in colocated teams, little is known about its contribution to distributed teams. To contribute to filling this gap, knowledge‐transfer challenges and processes between onsite and offshore teams were studied at TATA Consultancy Services. In particular, the paper describes the transfer of knowledge between onsite and offshore teams through encoding, storing and retrieving processes. An in‐depth case study of globally distributed software development projects was carried out, and a qualitative, interpretive approach was adopted. The analysis of the case suggests that in order to overcome differences derived from the local contexts of the onsite and offshore teams (e.g. different work routines, methodologies and skills), some specific mechanisms supporting the development of codified and personalized ‘directories’ were introduced. These include the standardization of templates and methodologies across the remote sites as well as frequent teleconferencing sessions and occasional short visits. These mechanisms contributed to the development of the notion of ‘who knows what’ across onsite and offshore teams despite the challenges associated with globally distributed teams, and supported the transfer of knowledge between onsite and offshore teams. The paper concludes by offering theoretical and practical implications.
Hidden Naive Bayes

The conditional independence assumption of naive Bayes essentially ignores attribute dependencies and is often violated. On the other hand, although a Bayesian network can represent arbitrary attribute dependencies, learning an optimal Bayesian network from data is intractable. The main reason is that learning the optimal structure of a Bayesian network is extremely time consuming. Thus, a Bayesian model without structure learning is desirable. In this paper, we propose a novel model, called hidden naive Bayes (HNB). In an HNB, a hidden parent is created for each attribute which combines the influences from all other attributes. We present an approach to creating hidden parents using the average of weighted one-dependence estimators. HNB inherits the structural simplicity of naive Bayes and can be easily learned without structure learning. We propose an algorithm for learning HNB based on conditional mutual information. We experimentally test HNB in terms of classification accuracy, using the 36 UCI data sets recommended by Weka (Witten & Frank 2000), and compare it to naive Bayes (Langley, Iba, & Thomas 1992), C4.5 (Quinlan 1993), SBC (Langley & Sage 1994), NBTree (Kohavi 1996), CL-TAN (Friedman, Geiger, & Goldszmidt 1997), and AODE (Webb, Boughton, & Wang 2005). The experimental results show that HNB outperforms naive Bayes, C4.5, SBC, NBTree, and CL-TAN, and is competitive with AODE.
Polar cap index comparisons with AMIE cross polar cap potential, electric field, and polar cap area

The polar cap index (PCI) has been shown to be quite useful as an index of the electrodynamic processes within the high‐latitude ionosphere. Here we use between 150 and 180 magnetometers to model the high‐latitude electrodynamics with the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique for all of 1997–2001. We compare AMIE calculations of the cross polar cap potential (CPCP), polar cap electric field, and polar cap area to the Northern PCI and the existing PCI‐based relationships for these quantities. We find that the existing PCI estimates underestimate all of the AMIE derived quantities. The PCI is best correlated with the CPCP, while it correlates least with the polar cap electric field. In addition, there is a seasonal effect in the relationship between all AMIE quantities and the PCI. It is most pronounced in the electric field. The polar cap area is shown to have a linear fit in the summer and an asymptotic fit in the winter. These differences indicate that there may be a conductance difference in the techniques. We derive new relationships between the Northern PCI and the AMIE derived polar cap area, CPCP, and polar cap electric field which include the seasonal dependence.
Synthesis and Toxicity Evaluation of Some N4-Aryl Substituted 5-Trifluoromethoxyisatin-3-thiosemicarbazones

A series of twenty one N4-aryl substituted 5-trifluoromethoxyisatin-3-thiosemicarbazones 3a-3u was synthesized by the reaction of trifluoromethoxyisatin 1 with different arylthiosemicarbazides 2 in aqueous ethanol (50%), containing a few drops of acetic acid. Their structures were established on the basis of analytical (CHN) and spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, EIMS) data. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their toxicity potential by a brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Ten compounds i.e., 3a, 3e, 3i-3l and 3n-3q proved to be active in this assay, displaying promising toxicity (LD50 = 1.11 × 10−5 M − 1.80 × 10−4 M). Amongst these, 3k, 3n and 3o were found to be the most active ones (LD50 = 1.11 × 10−5 M − 1.43 × 10−5 M). Compound 3k showed the highest activity with a LD50 value of 1.11 × 10−5 M and can, therefore, be used as a lead for further studies. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that the presence of strong inductively electron-attracting trifluoromethoxy substituent at position-5 of the isatin moiety played an important role in inducing or enhancing toxic potentiality of some of the synthesized compounds.
Sleep Spindle Activity is Associated with the Integration of New Memories and Existing Knowledge

Sleep spindle activity has been associated with improvements in procedural and declarative memory. Here, for the first time, we looked at the role of spindles in the integration of newly learned information with existing knowledge, contrasting this with explicit recall of the new information. Two groups of participants learned novel spoken words (e.g., cathedruke) that overlapped phonologically with familiar words (e.g., cathedral). The sleep group was exposed to the novel words in the evening, followed by an initial test, a polysomnographically monitored night of sleep, and a second test in the morning. The wake group was exposed and initially tested in the morning and spent a retention interval of similar duration awake. Finally, both groups were tested a week later at the same circadian time to control for possible circadian effects. In the sleep group, participants recalled more words and recognized them faster after sleep, whereas in the wake group such changes were not observed until the final test 1 week later. Following acquisition of the novel words, recognition of the familiar words was slowed in both groups, but only after the retention interval, indicating that the novel words had been integrated into the mental lexicon following consolidation. Importantly, spindle activity was associated with overnight lexical integration in the sleep group, but not with gains in recall rate or recognition speed of the novel words themselves. Spindle activity appears to be particularly important for overnight integration of new memories with existing neocortical knowledge.
Fracture Mechanics of Concrete: Applications of Fracture Mechanics to Concrete, Rock and Other Quasi-Brittle Materials

Failure of Structures. Principles of Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics. Principles of Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics. Structure and Fracture Process of Concrete. Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics for Mode I Quasi-Brittle Fracture. Test Methods to Determine Mode I Fracture Properties for Concrete and Rock. Fracture Resistance Curves (R-Curves) for Quasi-Brittle Materials. Fracture Mechanics for Other Deformation Modes. Applications of Fracture Mechanics to Concrete Structures. Fracture Mechanics and Compressive Failure. Damage Mechanics and Fracture Mechanics. Other Areas in Application of Fracture Mechanics. Problems. Index.
Tagma‐specific distribution of FXPRLamides in the nervous system of the American cockroach

FXPRLamide (pyrokinin) distribution in the central nervous system and major neurohaemal organs of the American cockroach and related cockroach species was investigated using immunocytochemistry and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Six isoforms (Pea‐PK‐1 through ‐6) were found in different neurohaemal release sites. Pea‐PK‐1–4 and Pea‐PK‐6 are all stored in the retrocerebral complex and are all produced in cells located in both the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) and the tritocerebrum. These pyrokinins were found to be concentrated in and around the corpora allata. No other known peptides were detectable in such high concentrations in this neurohaemal organ. They reach the corpora cardiaca/allata via the nervi corporis cardiaci‐1 (NCC‐1), NCC‐3, and nervi corporis allati‐2 (NCA‐2). Abdominal perisympathetic organs contained only Pea‐PK‐5 and low quantities of the sequence‐related Pea‐PK‐6. Neither Pea‐PK‐5 nor ‐PK‐6 was detected in thoracic perisympathetic organs. It is likely that the expression of pyrokinins in the central nervous system is tagma (body region)‐specific. Pea‐PK‐6 was identified during this study as follows: Ser‐Glu‐Ser‐Glu‐Val‐Pro‐Gly‐Met‐Trp‐Phe‐Gly‐Pro‐Arg‐Leu‐NH2. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:352–363, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The universal definition of myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction is defined pathologically as myocyte necrosis due to prolonged ischaemia. These conditions are met when there is a detection of a rise and/or fall of cardiac biomarkers, preferably troponins, with at least one value above the 99th percentile of the upper reference limit, together with evidence of myocardial ischaemia, as recognized by at least one of the following: symptoms of ischaemia, electrocardiographic changes of new ischaemia, the development of pathological Q waves, imaging evidence of a new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality, or the identification of an intracoronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy.