Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of genetic alterations in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma by comparative genomic hybridization

To identify genetic alterations associated with the development and progression of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 57 tumors were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). In 47 cases, chromosomal imbalances were found. Several recurrent chromosomal abnormalities were identified in the present study. The most frequently detected chromosomal gains involved chromosome arms 12q (24 cases, 51%), 4q (17 cases, 36%), 3q (16 cases, 34%), 1q (15 cases, 32%), and 18q (15 cases, 32%). Common regions of gain involved 12q13–q15, 4q12–q21, and 3q21–q26. High‐copy‐number increases of chromosomal materials were detected in four chromosomal regions, 3q21–q26.2, 4p12–q21, 8p, and 12q14–q15. The most frequently detected loss of chromosomal materials involved chromosome arms 16q (26 cases, 55%), 14q (21 cases, 45%), 1p (20 cases, 43%), 3p (20 cases, 43%), 16p (19 cases, 40%), 11q (17 cases, 36%), and 19p (16 cases, 34%). The most common regions of loss involved 14q24–qter, 1pter–p36.1, 3p22–p21.3, 11q21–qter, and the distal region of 19p. Genomic alterations detected by CGH were compared and found to be largely consistent with those identified in banding analysis and loss of heterozygosity studies. However, several previously unrecognized recurrent alterations were also identified in the present study, including gain of 4q and 18q, and loss of 16q, 14q, and 19p. In addition, gain of 1q, 8q, 18q, and loss of 9q showed a statistically significant association with advanced clinical stages (P < 0.05). Identification of recurrent sites of chromosomal gain and loss identify regions of the genome that may contain oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, respectively, which may be involved in the tumorigenesis of NPC. Published 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete mitochondrial genome of blackchin tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Blackchin tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, is a highly salt-tolerant species in tilapias. In this paper, the complete mitochondrial genome of S. melanotheron was determined first. The mitogenome (16,627 bp) had the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, including 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA genes, and 1 putative control region. It shared 95.1%, 93.2%, and 92.2% mitogenome sequence with Oreochromis aureus, Oreochromis niloticus, and Oreochromis mossambicus, respectively.
The Kenyan Agrarian Debate: A Reappraisal

Kenya has served as a model of rural development, to be praised and lambasted, for three decades. As early as 1964 Clayton hailed it as an “agrarian revolution” (1964). As recently as 1989, Lofchie argued that it is an “agricultural ‘success story’” that has dramatically raised the real incomes of smallholder farmers while achieving one of the highest agricultural growth rates on the continent (1989, 15). Equally common are those condemning it as the archetypical example of capitalist development, impoverishing the rural poor to provide benefits to a small and internationally dependent bourgeoisie. Neither perspective is completely accurate; both need to be re-examined in light of Kenya's recent political unrest and shift to a multi-party political system. If a more open political system is sustained, rural political demands can only be understood and predicted if we understand the effects of Kenya's development model on the bulk of the population: Kenya's peasants. The Kenyan agrarian debate has produced an unusually rich literature on the effects of capitalist development on an African peasantry. At its heart is the question of whether the emergence of a rural market economy preserves a relatively homogeneous peasantry or dissolves it into landed and landless classes. This article reappraises and contributes to the debate by arguing that directly examining the historical process of social transformation brought about by capitalist development, rather than deducing the process from cross-sectional data, suggests a single, uniform explanation of seemingly conflicting empirical material.
Revisiting problems with foreign language aptitude

Abstract This study investigated three of the issues recently raised in connection with the traditional concept of foreign language aptitude: the relationship between foreign language aptitude and working memory and phonological short-term memory capacity, the role of foreign language aptitude in predicting success in the framework of focus-on-form foreign language instruction, and the stability of language aptitude and phonological short-term memory in the course of language learning. The participants of our research were 40 students of an English-Hungarian bilingual secondary school and 21 students in a regular Hungarian secondary school. Language aptitude was assessed both at the beginning and the end of the academic year. Our results support the existence of an effect of language learning experience on language aptitude. We also concluded that foreign language aptitude does not play a highly important role in communicative language teaching combined with focus-on-form instruction.
Lengthening of the duration of xylogenesis engenders disproportionate increases in xylem production

In cold climates, the expected global warming will lead to earlier cambial resumptions in spring, with a resultant lengthening of the growing season but unknown consequences on forest productivity. The phenological traits of cambium activity and xylem formation were analyzed at a short time scale along a thermal gradient represented by an alti‐latitudinal range from the 48th to 53rd parallels and covering the whole closed black‐spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] forest in Quebec, Canada. A hypothesis was tested that warmer temperatures influence cambium phenology, allowing longer duration and higher intensity of growth, and resulting in proportionally increased xylem production. From April to October 2012, cell division in cambium and post‐cambial differentiation of xylem were observed on anatomical sections obtained from microcores collected weekly from the stem of fifty trees. The southern and warmer site was characterized by the highest radial growth, which corresponded to both the highest rates and longest durations of cell production. The differences in terms of xylem phenology and growth were marginal between the other sites. Xylem growth was positively correlated with rate and duration of cell production, with the latter explaining most variability in growth. Within the range analyzed, the relationship between temperature and most phenological phases of xylogenesis was linear. On the contrary, temperature was related with cell production according to an exponential pattern. Periods of xylogenesis of 14 days longer (+13.1%) corresponded to a massive increase in cell production (33 cells, +109%). This disproportionate change occurred at a May–September average temperature of ca. 14 °C and a snow‐free period of 210–235 days. At the lower boundary of the distribution of black spruce, small environmental changes allowing marginal lengthening of the period of cell division could potentially lead to disproportionate increases in xylem cell production, with substantial consequences for the productivity of this boreal species.
Complementarity of future dark energy probes

In recent years a plethora of future surveys has been suggested to constrain the nature of dark energy. In this paper we adapt a binning approach to the equation of state factor ‘w’ and discuss how future weak lensing, galaxy cluster counts, supernovae and baryon acoustic oscillation surveys constrain the equation of state at different redshifts. We analyse a few representative future surveys, namely Dark Energy Survey (DES), Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS1), Wide Field MultiObject Spectrograph (WFMOS), PanSTARRS4, EUCLID, SuperNovae Acceleration Probe (SNAP) and Square Kilometer Array (SKA), and perform a principal component analysis for the ‘w’ bins. We also employ a prior from Planck cosmic microwave background measurements on the remaining cosmological parameters. We study at which redshifts a particular survey constrains the equation of state best and how many principal components are significantly determined. We then point out which surveys would be sufficiently complementary. We find that weak lensing surveys, like EUCLID, would constrain the equation of state best and would be able to constrain the order of three significant modes. Baryon acoustic oscillation surveys on the other hand provide a unique opportunity to probe the equation of state at relatively high redshifts.
Identification of Phosphorylation Sites on Neurofilament Proteins by Nanoelectrospray Mass Spectrometry*

Neurofilament (NF) proteins are intermediate filaments found in the neuronal cytoskeleton. Phosphorylation of these proteins is considered an important factor in the assembly of filaments and determination of filament caliber and stability. Mammalian neurofilaments are composed of three polypeptide subunits, NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H, all of which are phosphorylated. Here we used techniques for the mass spectrometric sequencing of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to analyze in vivo phosphorylation sites on NF-M and NF-L. Neurofilaments were isolated from rat brain and enzymatically digested in gel. The resulting peptides were analyzed and sequence data obtained by nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. Four phosphorylation sites have been found in the C-terminal domain of NF-M: serines 603, 608, 666, and 766. Two of these are found in lysine-serine-proline (KSP) motifs and two in the variant motifs, glutamic acid-serine-proline (ESP) and valine-serine-proline (VSP). Serine 55 in NF-L was not found to be phosphorylated, which confirms the possible role of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of this site in early neurofilament assembly. The techniques used enable sequence data and characterization of posttranslational modifications to be obtained for each individual subunit directly from polyacrylamide gels.
Perceived employability and performance: moderation by felt job insecurity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship perceived employability (the employee's perception about available job opportunities in the external labour market) and performance, accounting for felt job insecurity. Performance is conceptualized broadly in terms of optimal functioning (i.e. in-role performance and helping behaviour) and malfunctioning (i.e. organizational and interpersonal counterproductive work behaviour). Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected among 433 Romanian workers. Findings – The authors hypothesize and demonstrate that perceived employability relates positively to optimal functioning, but less so when workers feel insecure: highly employable workers may be high achievers, but withdraw from the organization when they feel insecure. Furthermore, the authors hypothesize that perceived employability relates positively to malfunctioning, the more so when workers feel insecure. Highly employable workers may care less about organizational norms,.
Mortality, immortality and other life strategies

This is a brilliant exploration, from a sociological point of view, of what is still a taboo subject in modern societies: death and dying. In a sustained and gripping argument, the author puts forward a new theory explaining the individual, cultural, and institutional strategies for dealing with human mortality. The author demonstrates that the necessity of human beings to live with the constant awareness of death accounts for crucial aspects of the social organisation of all known societies.
Blockade of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis produces antidepressant‐like effects and enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity

The endocannabinoid ligand 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) is inactivated primarily by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). We have shown recently that chronic treatments with MAGL inhibitor JZL184 produce antidepressant‐ and anxiolytic‐like effects in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model of depression in mice. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in animal models of anxiety and depression and behavioral effects of antidepressants. We tested whether CUS and chronic JZL184 treatments affected adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) of mouse hippocampus. We report that CUS induced depressive‐like behaviors and decreased the number of bromodeoxyuridine‐labeled neural progenitor cells and doublecortin‐positive immature neurons in the DG, while chronic JZL184 treatments prevented these behavioral and cellular deficits. We also investigated the effects of CUS and chronic JZL184 on a form long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the DG known to be neurogenesis‐dependent. CUS impaired LTP induction, whereas chronic JZL184 treatments restored LTP in CUS‐exposed mice. These results suggest that enhanced adult neurogenesis and long‐term synaptic plasticity in the DG of the hippocampus might contribute to antidepressant‐ and anxiolytic‐like behavioral effects of JZL184. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of Nonsevere and Severe Hypoglycemia During Glucose-Lowering Treatment With Insulin Glargine or Standard Drugs in the ORIGIN Trial

OBJECTIVE Hypoglycemia is a leading risk of glucose-lowering therapy. Treatment with insulin glargine compared with standard care early in the course of dysglycemia in the Outcome Reduction with an Initial Glargine Intervention (ORIGIN) trial provides information on the frequency and predictors of hypoglycemia in this setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 12,537 people with high cardiovascular risk and dysglycemia treated with one or no oral glucose-lowering agents were randomized to add glargine titrated to a fasting glucose level of ≤5.3 mmol/L (≤95 mg/dL) or to use standard therapies. Independent associations of both nonsevere hypoglycemia (symptomatic and confirmed with a glucose level of ≤3 mmol/L [≤54 mg/dL]) and severe hypoglycemia with characteristics at baseline, treatment allocation, and average HbA1c were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 6.2 years, 28% of participants reported nonsevere hypoglycemia, and 3.8% reported severe hypoglycemia. Prior use of a sulfonylurea and allocation to glargine independently predicted a higher risk for both categories of participants. Nonsevere events were independently associated with younger age, lower BMI, the presence of diabetes, and higher baseline HbA1c level. Severe events were associated with older age, hypertension, higher serum creatinine level, and lower cognitive function, but not baseline glycemic status. Progressively higher on-treatment HbA1c level was associated with a lower risk of nonsevere events in both treatment groups; a lower risk of severe events in the glargine group, and a higher risk of severe events with standard care. CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycemia was relatively uncommon in the ORIGIN trial, but was more frequent with sulfonylurea use at baseline and allocation to glargine. Nonsevere and severe events were associated with different clinical characteristics, awareness of which may guide individualized therapy.
MODELS, ATTENTION, AND AWARENESS IN SLA

Simard and Wong (2001) raise serious concerns about the theoretical and empirical (Leow, 1998b) aspects of Tomlin and Villa's (1994) model, which postulates a fine-grained analysis of attention for SLA and the prediction that awareness at the level of detection is not crucial for further processing of second or foreign language (L2) data. According to Simard and Wong, Tomlin and Villa's frequently cited model has provided the “theoretical motivation for recent studies of input enhancement and especially of textual enhancement in SLA” (p. 104), an impact that needs to be viewed with caution (p. 105). To motivate their critique of Tomlin and Villa's model, the authors repeatedly question the validity of basing their model on “findings from the research contexts of psychology and neuroscience” (p. 105) and, in turn, put forward suggestions for a model of attention that they claim would better reflect the complex nature of SLA as well as suggestions for “new” research orientations relating to attention and awareness in SLA.
From E1 to 90057: The Immigrant-Serving Nonprofit Sector Among London Bangladeshis and Los Angeles Central Americans

This study contributes to the current literature on the welfare state, the voluntary sector, and immigrant communities in two ways. It compares two immigrant groups who immigrated to London and Los Angeles in the 1980s (Bangladeshis and Central Americans, respectively), in terms of how their immigrant-serving, nonprofit sector mediates the larger welfare state, itself pluralistic and neoliberalizing. Results suggest that although each community experienced similar grassroots origins that expanded to assume the functions of an unaccommodating welfare state, development trajectories have diverged considerably since the 1980s. For London Bangladeshis, the sector is smaller because of much stronger national and local welfare state settlements, whereas for the Central-Americans in L.A. , the sector is larger and has been forced, due to a residualized welfare state, to shoulder far greater burdens.
Language and hand preference in early development

Although there is a demonstrated bias toward use of the right hand from birth, the meaning of this bias and its stability over time are unclear. Within a longitudinal study of language development at 13,20, and 28 months, we extracted information about unimanual and bimanual hand preference from videotapes. Both unimanual and bimanual actions on objects were divided into symbolic (e.g., pretend play) and nonsymbolic (e.g., picking up and putting down). A separate count was made of communicative pointing gestures. Children showed a marked right‐hand bias (70%) across categories, a bias that did not differ as a function of age, sex, or unimanual or bimanual type. However, preference for the right hand was stronger for symbolic than for nonsymbolic movements in both unimanual and bimanual activity. At 13 and 28 months, there was a significantly greater right‐hand bias in pointing than in any other manual activity. Total right‐hand bias at 13 months was significantly correlated with analytic/ receptive aspect.
Alexithymia as Related to Facial Imitation, Mentalization, Empathy, and Internal Working Models-of-Self and -Others

The study investigated alexithymia in relation to facial imitation, empathy, attachment (models-of-self and-others), and reported emotional contagion and the degree of correspondence between facial responses (somatic affect) and reported emotional contagion (mentalization of affects). Pictures of angry, happy, and sad faces were presented to 102 participants at exposure times from subliminal (17–23 ms) to clearly supraliminal (2,500 ms). Electromyographic (EMG) activity from the corrugator and zygomaticus muscles was measured, and emotional contagion was reported after exposures. Self-report questionnaires measured alexithymia (TAS-20), attachment (RSQ), and empathy (IRI). Alexithymia correlated negatively with models-of-self (p < .01) and models-of-others (p < .0001), with a marginally significant correlation with empathy (p = .06). An interaction (p < .05) was found between alexithymia and facial expression with corrugator response as dependent measure, indicating corrugator imitation only for the low-alexithymia participants. The low-alexithymia group's facial responses corresponded with their verbal reports, when exposed to both negative and positive faces at the longest exposure. The high-alexithymia participants showed correspondences when exposed to happy facial expressions at shorter exposures.
Correspondence of pollen assemblages with forest zones across steep environmental gradients, Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA

The use of pollen records to document vegetation responses to climatic change in mountains relies on the ability of pollen assemblages to differentiate among elevationally stratified vegetation zones. Comparisons among modem pollen assemblages within mountainous areas provide a basis for assessing this potential. We examined relationships between pollen assemblages, forest vegetation and climate at 65 small lake sites distributed across five forest zones on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Sample sites spanned nearly the full range of climatic gradients on the Peninsula, c. 900-6000 mm annual precipitation and c. 17-8C July mean temperature (from 9 to 1981 m a.s.l.). The pollen percentages of most arboreal taxa showed a strong relationship with elevation, especially for taxa with poor dispersal potential (Abies and Picea) or high elevation ranges (Tsuga mertensiana and Alnus sinuata). Tsuga heterophylla was the only pollen taxon abundant across all forest zones. Both detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and linear discriminant analysis (DA) arranged pollen assemblages along temperature and precipitation gradients approximating the actual distribution of vegetation along these gradients. DA classified 90% of the sites into their correct forest zones, but was very sensitive to sample size, suggesting that caution should be exercised when using DA for classifying fossil pollen assemblages. Pairwise comparisons using the squared-chord-distance metric (SCD) showed that the SCD threshold that best distinguishes neighbouring forest zones is affected by the number of samples in each forest zone and by the patchiness of species distributions within each zone, suggesting that SCD is also sensitive to sample size and that thresholds used with the modem analogue technique must be calibrated for each vegetation zone. This study indicates that pollen assemblages on the Olympic Peninsula record local forest zones despite steep environmental gradients and the close proximity of neighbouring forest zones.