Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes

Part 1: Attitudes, Attitude Properties, and Behaviour. Gregory R. Maio, Victoria M. Esses, Karin Arnold, James M. Olson, The Function-structure Model of Attitudes: Incorporating the Need for Affect. Geoffrey Haddock, Thomas L.H. Huskinson, Individual Differences in Attitude Structure. David Trafimow, Paschal Sheeran, A Theory About the Translation of Cognition Into Affect and Behaviour. Steven J. Breckler, Hold Still While I Measure Your Attitude: Assessment in the Throes of Ambivalence. Howard Lavine, Attitude Ambivalence in the Real of Politics. Christopher J. Armitage, Mark Conner, The Effects of Attitudinal Ambivalence on Attitude-intension-behaviour Relationships. Sheina Orbell, Intention-behaviour Relations: A Self Regulation Perspective. Marco Perugini, Richard P. Bagozzi, An Alternative View of Pre-volitional Processes in Decision Making: Conceptual Issues and Empirical Evidence. Part 2: Attitude Awareness, Attitude Representations, and Change. Pablo Brinol, Richard E. Petty, Self-validation Processes: The Role of Thought Confidence in Persuasion. Yaacov Schul, Coping with Invalid Messages by Increasing or Decreasing Processing Complexity. Tilmann Betsch, Henning Plessner, Elke Schallies, The Value-account Model of Attitude Formation. Patrick T. Vargas, On the Relationship Between Implicit Attitudes and Behaviour: Some Lessons from the Past, and Directions for the Future. Charles G. Lord, The Role of Exemplar Stability in Attitude Consistency and Attitude Change. J. Richard Eiser, Putting Humpty Together Again: Attitude Organization From a Connectionist Perspective. Karen Jordens, Frank Van Overwalle, Connectionist Modelling of Attitudes and Cognitive Dissonance. Etsuko Hoshino-Browne, Adam S. Zanna, Steven J. Spencer, Mark P. Zanna, Investigating Attitudes Cross-culturally: A Case of Cognitive Dissonance Among East Asians and North Americans. Arie W. Kruglanski, Ayelet Fishbach, Hans-Peter Erb, Antonio Pierro, Lucia Mannetti, The Parametric Unimodel as a Theory of Persuasion. Part 3: Some Concluding Thoughts. Gregory R. Maio, Geoffrey Haddock, Theories of Attitude: Creating a Witches' Brew.
Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the U.S. Brewing Industry1

The number of small specialty brewers in the U.S. beer brewing industry has increased dramatically in recent decades, even as the market for beer became increasingly dominated by mass‐production brewing companies. Using the resource‐partitioning model of organizational ecology, this article shows that these two apparently contradictory trends are fundamentally interrelated. Hypotheses developed here refine the way scale competition among generalist organizations is modeled and improve the theoretical development of the sociological bases for the appeal of specialist organizations' products, especially those related to organizational identity. Evidence drawn from qualitative and quantitative research provides strong support for the theory. The article offers a brief discussion of the theoretical and substantive issues involved in application of the model to other industries and to other cultures.
Performance Analysis in CDMA-Based Cognitive Wireless Networks with Spectrum Underlay

In a cognitive wireless network with spectrum underlay, secondary links can transmit at the same spectrum as primary links as long as the interference to the primary links is below a pre-negotiated interference threshold. This paper studies the effect of setting different interference thresholds on the transmission rate of the secondary links and how secondary transmissions affect the primary links. An optimization problem is formulated to find the maximum achievable rate for the secondary links given the interference threshold, and an analytical model is developed to find the interference level at the primary link receiver. Our results show some interesting relationship among the interference threshold, transmission rate of secondary links, and transmission power increase of the primary links in such networks.
The Multidrug Resistance Protein 1: A Functionally Important Activation Marker for Murine Th1 Cells1

Previously, we described the expression of an energy-dependent pump in resting murine Th2 (but not resting Th1) cells which extruded the fluorescent dye Fluo-3. After stimulation with Ag and APCs, Th1 cells also expressed this pump. Furthermore, expression of the murine multidrug resistance protein 1 (mrp1) correlated with the presence of the pump. In this study, we report that Fluo-3 is indeed transported by murine mrp1 or its human ortholog MRP1, as revealed by transfection of HEK 293 cells with mrp1 or MRP1 cDNA. Like antigenic activation, IL-2 dose-dependently enhanced the Fluo-3-extruding activity in murine Th1 cells. Although TNF-α and IL-12 by themselves only weakly enhanced Fluo-3 extrusion, each of them did so in strong synergism with IL-2. An Ab directed against mrp1 was used to quantify the expression of mrp1 protein in T cells at the single-cell level. Like the Fluo-3 pump, mrp1 protein expression was enhanced by IL-2. Immunohistochemical studies using confocal laser microscopy indicated that mrp1 is localized mainly at the plasma membrane. In addition, protein expression of mrp1 was induced in Vβ8+CD4+ T cells 12 h after in vivo application of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Finally, mrp1 was functionally relevant during the activation process of Th1 cells, because T cell activation could be suppressed by exposure of cells to the mrp1 inhibitor MK571. Thus, we present mrp1 as a novel, functionally important activation marker for Th1 cells and short-term in vivo activated CD4+ T cells, whereas its expression seems to be constitutive in Th2 cells.
The Extreme Right in the Netherlands

The Extreme Right in the Netherlands has always been relatively weak; there was neither a strong ideological right-wing tradition nor a solid social base. Moreover, the Extreme Right has always been fragmented and divided. Historically, three varieties can be distinguished: theocratic Protestantism ('Very Old Right'), neo-fascism or national socialism ('Old Right') and ethnocentric nationalism ('New Right'). The third variety, since 1984 represented by the Centre Democrats, has gained some ground in recent years. Though reliable data are still scarce, it seems plausible that the party has attracted not only ideologically motivated extremists but also 'protest voters', mainly in older urban working class areas.
VALIDITY OF QUESTIONNAIRE DATA: REPORTED AND OBSERVED ATTENDANCE IN AN ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAM

The validity of questionnaire responses continues to be a central concern in social science research,' and periodic efforts are made to remind the researcher of the need for caution in viewing questionnaire data. One sociologist suggests that "sociologists and anthropologists have tended to assume that a statement about a simple objective fact by a responsible person, who is in a position to know the facts, is a reliable piece of information," when, in fact, tests of the accuracy of such factual information "are so low as to be distressing to the social researcher. "2
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation over Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Processing of Social Cognitive and Affective Information

Recent neurofunctional studies suggested that lateral prefrontal cortex is a domain-general cognitive control area modulating computation of social information. Neuropsychological evidence reported dissociations between cognitive and affective components of social cognition. Here, we tested whether performance on social cognitive and affective tasks can be modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). To this aim, we compared the effects of tDCS on explicit recognition of emotional facial expressions (affective task), and on one cognitive task assessing the ability to adopt another person’s visual perspective. In a randomized, cross-over design, male and female healthy participants performed the two experimental tasks after bi-hemispheric tDCS (sham, left anodal/right cathodal, and right anodal/left cathodal) applied over DLPFC. Results showed that only in male participants explicit recognition of fearful facial expressions was significantly faster after anodal right/cathodal left stimulation with respect to anodal left/cathodal right and sham stimulations. In the visual perspective taking task, instead, anodal right/cathodal left stimulation negatively affected both male and female participants’ tendency to adopt another’s point of view. These findings demonstrated that concurrent facilitation of right and inhibition of left lateral prefrontal cortex can speed-up males’ responses to threatening faces whereas it interferes with the ability to adopt another’s viewpoint independently from gender. Thus, stimulation of cognitive control areas can lead to different effects on social cognitive skills depending on the affective vs. cognitive nature of the task, and on the gender-related differences in neural organization of emotion processing.
Occurrence and Biosynthesis of Endogenous Cannabinoid Precursor,N-Arachidonoyl Phosphatidylethanolamine, in Rat Brain

It has been suggested that anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine), an endogenous cannabinoid substance, may be produced through Ca2+-stimulated hydrolysis of the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivative N-arachidonoyl PE. The presence of N-arachidonoyl PE in adult brain tissue and the enzyme pathways that underlie its biosynthesis are, however, still undetermined. We report here that rat brain tissue contains both anandamide (11 ± 7 pmol/gm wet tissue) andN-arachidonoyl PE (22 ± 16 pmol/gm), as assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We describe aN-acyltransferase activity in brain that catalyzes the biosynthesis of N-arachidonoyl PE by transferring an arachidonate group from the sn-1 carbon of phospholipids to the amino group of PE. We also show that sn-1 arachidonoyl phospholipids are present in brain, where they constitute ∼0.5% of total phospholipids. N-acyltransferase activity is Ca2+ dependent and is enriched in brain and testis. Within the brain, N-acyltransferase activity is highest in brainstem; intermediate in cortex, striatum, hippocampus, medulla, and cerebellum; and lowest in thalamus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb. Pharmacological inhibition ofN-acyltransferase activity in primary cultures of cortical neurons prevents Ca2+-stimulatedN-arachidonoyl PE biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate, therefore, that rat brain tissue contains the complement of enzymatic activity and lipid substrates necessary for the biosynthesis of the anandamide precursor N-arachidonoyl PE. They also suggest that biosynthesis of N-arachidonoyl PE and formation of anandamide are tightly coupled processes, which may concomitantly be stimulated by elevations in intracellular Ca2+ occurring during neural activity.
Lack of Attenuation in the Antitumor Effect of Tamoxifen by Chronic CYP Isoform Inhibition

Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used in estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer. Tamoxifen is metabolized to an extremely potent antiestrogen by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, 2C9, and 3A isoforms. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are potent inhibitors of these CYPs. Since the prevalence of depression in breast cancer patients is nearly triple that of the general population, it is likely that a subgroup of breast cancer patients will receive long‐term treatment with both an SSRI and tamoxifen. A case control design was used to investigate the possibility that a resultant decrease in production of the 4‐hydroxy metabolite from chronic inhibition results in the attenuation of the antitumor effect of tamoxifen. Twenty‐eight patients without recurrences of breast cancer (controls) were matched to an equal number of cases (recurrences) by cancer stage and year of diagnosis. Data were analyzed on all chronic medication exposure (> 3 months) in both cases and controls classified as to their status as CYP 2D6, 2C9, and 3A inhibitors, substrates, or inducers. No significant difference was found for CYP inhibitor or substrate exposure between cases and controls. Indeed, controls showed a slightly greater exposure to inhibitors of the relevant CYP isoforms compared to cases. These results suggested a trend toward the null hypothesis. It is unlikely that the effect of chronic exposure to potent CYP isoform inhibitors affects the antitumor effect of tamoxifen and its 4‐hydroxy metabolite, supporting the safety of the continued practice of concomitant SSRI administration to breast cancer patients with depression.
The impact of emotions on attention and decision making

Emotional information is widely acknowledged to play a role in shaping human behavior. In particular, emotions, by modulating attentional capacity, provide an evolutionary advantage by facilitating quick responses to potential threat. By contrast, the impact of emotions on the decision-making processes is often seen as engendering suboptimal or even so-called "irrational" decisions In this thesis, I combine innovative experimental paradigms with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral pharmacological manipulations to explore how at neurobiological level these processes share similar mechanisms. In doing so, I aim to attempt a reconciliation of the aforementioned contrasting views on emotion. I examined four key aspects of interaction between emotion and both attention and decision-making: firstly, I investigated how the human brain is able to process emotional stimuli in conditions of limited attentional resources whilst subjects were engaged in an attentional blink paradigm. Secondly, using a similar paradigm and three different drug manipulations I examined the role of noradrenaline in modulating this process. Thirdly, I have studied how the human brain processes contextual emotional information when choice options are presented. Finally I extend my research to study how during economics transactions (in which the contextual emotional information is rooted in the subjects own role as either seller or buyer) an item's value representation in the brain affects the decision process.
Tobacco display and brand communication at the point of sale: implications for adolescent smoking behaviour

Background In England, point-of-sale (PoS) displays in larger shops were prohibited in April 2012, with an exemption for smaller retailers until 2015. The aim of this study was to examine the association between tobacco displays and brand communication at the PoS and adolescent smoking behaviour, and to assess the potential benefits likely to accrue from this legislation. Methods Self-completion questionnaire survey in students aged 11–15 years in March 2011. Results The odds of ever-smoking doubled for those visiting shops almost daily relative to less than once a week (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.40 to 3.55), and susceptibility increased by around 60% (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.10). Noticing tobacco on display every time during store visits increased the odds of susceptibility more than threefold compared with never noticing tobacco (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.52 to 6.54). For each additional tobacco brand recognised at the PoS, the adjusted odds of being an ever-smoker increased by 5% (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.06) and of susceptibility by 4% (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.05). The association between frequency of visiting stores and susceptibility was predominantly due to exposure in small shops. Conclusions Exposure to and awareness of PoS displays and brands in displays were associated with smoking susceptibility. The association between PoS display exposure and smoking susceptibility was predominantly due to exposure in small shops. These findings suggest that a one-off, comprehensive tobacco display ban is the recommended approach for countries considering a display ban.
Effects of syllable neighborhood frequency in visual word recog

(2004). Effets de la fréquence du voisinage syllabique dans la reconnaissance des mot écrits et la lecture: Comparisons inter-tâches [Effects of syllable neighborhood frequency in visual word recognition and reading: Cross-task comparisons]. During the process of visual word recognition readers do not identify words as a whole –specially long words–, but rather there are sublexical units that mediate between a word's constituent letters and the lexical level. One of the most important sublexical units is the syllable, especially in Romance languages such as French and Spanish. The syllable has been proposed as one of the most relevant functional units In the next section we review the evidence for syllabic processing, focusing especially on the syllable frequency effect, which is the variable manipulated in the present study. We will then present three experiments; these experiments employed different
Towards an understanding of corporate citizenship and how to influence it

Companies are in effect citizens of the countries where they operate and increasingly, with globalising markets, of the world. The potential positive environmental and social contribution of companies is every bit as great as their potential for harm. Good corporate citizenship is about understanding and managing an organisation's influences on and relationships with the rest of society in a way that minimises the negative and maximises the positive. The importance of the effective management of a company's citizenship performance is growing both for itself and society as a whole. There are a number of forces based on self‐interest and mutual advantage, in addition to ethical values which underpin any civilised activity, which if better understood and harnessed, can be used by company managers and stakeholders to enhance the positive contribution and lessen the negative. The key to this is the development of an effective ‘reputation market place’ which relies on the creation of countervailing power to bal.
Bug Localization with Combination of Deep Learning and Information Retrieval

The automated task of locating the potential buggy files in a softwareproject given a bug report is called bug localization. Buglocalization helps developers focus on crucial files. However, theexisting automated bug localization approaches face a key challenge, called lexical mismatch. Specifically, the terms used in bug reportsto describe a bug are different from the terms and code tokens used insource files. To address that, we present a novel approach that usesdeep neural network (DNN) in combination with rVSM, an informationretrieval (IR) technique. rVSM collects the feature on the textualsimilarity between bug reports and source files. DNN is used to learnto relate the terms in bug reports to potentially different codetokens and terms in source files. Our empirical evaluation onreal-world bug reports in the open-source projects shows that DNN andIR complement well to each other to achieve higher bug localizationaccuracy than individual models. Importantly, our new model, DNNLOC, with a combination of the features built from DNN, rVSM, and project'sbug-fixing history, achieves higher accuracy than the state-of-the-artIR and machine learning techniques. In half of the cases, it iscorrect with just a single suggested file. In 66% of the time, acorrect buggy file is in the list of three suggested files. With 5suggested files, it is correct in almost 70% of the cases.
Active Boundary Annotation using Random MAP Perturbations

We address the problem of efficiently annotating labels of objects when they are structured. Often the distribution over labels can be described using a joint potential function over the labels for which sampling is provably hard but efficient maximum a-posteriori (MAP) solvers exist. In this setting we develop novel entropy bounds that are based on the expected amount of perturbation to the potential function that is needed to change MAP decisions. By reasoning about the entropy reduction and cost tradeoff, our algorithm actively selects the next annotation task. As an example of our framework we propose a boundary refinement task which can used to obtain pixelaccurate image boundaries much faster than traditional tools by focussing on parts of the image for refinement in a multi-scale manner.
Vacuolar-Type H+ -ATPases Are Associated with the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Provacuoles of Root Tip Cells

To understand the origin of vacuolar H+ -ATPases (V-ATPases) and their cellular functions, the subcellular location of V-H+ -ATPases was examined immunologically in root cells of oat seedlings. A V-ATPase complex from oat roots consists of a large peripheral sector (V1) that includes the 70-kD (A) catalytic and the 60-kD (B) regulatory subunits. The soluble V1 complex, thought to be synthesized in the cytoplasm, is assembled with the membrane integral sector (V0) at a yet undefined location. In mature cells, V-ATPase subunits A and B, detected in immunoblots with monoclonal antibodies (Mab) (7A5 and 2E7), were associated mainly with vacuolar membranes (20–22% sucrose) fractionated with an isopycnic sucrose gradient. However, in immature root tip cells, which lack large vacuoles, most of the V-ATPase was localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at 28 to 31% sucrose where a major ER-resident binding protein equilibrated. The peripheral subunits were also associated with membranes at 22% sucrose, at 31 to 34% sucrose (Golgi), and in plasma membranes at 38% sucrose. Immunogold labeling of root tip cells with Mab 2E7 against subunit B showed gold particles decorating the ER as well as numerous small vesicles (0.1–0.3 [mu]m diameter), presumably pro-vacuoles. The immunological detection of the peripheral subunit B on the ER supports a model in which the V1 sector is assembled with the V0 on the ER. These results support the model in which the central vacuolar membrane originates ultimately from the ER. The presence of V-ATPases on several endomembranes indicates that this pump could participate in diverse functional roles.
HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 2-ALPHA AND IRON ABSORPTIVE GENE 1 EXPRESSION IN BELGRADE RAT

29 30 31 The Divalent Metal Transporter (DMT1, Slc11a2) is an important molecule 32 for intestinal iron absorption. In the Belgrade (b/b) rat, the DMT1 G185R mutation 33 markedly decreases intestinal iron absorption. We used b/b rats as a model to 34 examine the genes that could be compensatory for decreased iron absorption. 35 When tissue hypoxia was assayed by detecting pimonidazole HCl adducts, the 36 b/b liver and intestine exhibited more adducts than the +/+ rats, suggesting that 37 hypoxia might signal altered gene expression. Total RNA in the crypt-villus 38 bottom (C-pole) and villus top (V-pole) of +/+, b/b, and iron-fed b/b rats was 39 isolated for gene array analyses. In addition, hepatic hepcidin and intestinal 40 hypoxia inducible factor α (Hifα) expression were examined. The results showed 41 that expression of hepatic hepcidin was significantly decreased and intestinal 42 Hif2α was significantly increased in b/b and iron-fed b/b than +/+ rats. In b/b rats, 43 the expression of Tfrc mRNA in the C-pole and of DMT1, Dcytb, FPN1, Heph, 44 Hmox1 and ZIP14 mRNAs in the V-pole were markedly enhanced with increases 45 occurring even in the C-pole. After iron-feeding, the increased expression found 46 in b/b rats persisted, except for Heph and ZIP14 which returned to normal levels. 47 Thus, in b/b rats depressed liver hepcidin production and activated intestinal 48 Hif2α starting at the C-pole resulted in increasing expression of iron transport 49 genes, including DMT1 G185R, in an attempt to compensate for the anemia in 50 Belgrade rats. 51