Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Balancing Tradeoffs for Energy-Efficient Routing in MANETs Based on Reinforcement Learning

This paper proposes an energy-efficient path selection algorithm which aims at balancing the contrasting objectives of maximizing network lifetime and minimizing energy consumption routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The method is based on a reinforcement learning technique called the on-policy Monte Carlo (ONMC) method. Simulation results under high mobility environments reveal that variants of the proposed method can achieve the lowest long-term cost, which is a function that depicts the optimal tradeoff balance in the long run, when compared with existing tradeoff balancing schemes such as variants of the conditional max-min battery capacity routing (CMMBR) (Toh, C.-K., 2001) and the best minimum combined-cost routing algorithm (J.-H. Chang et al., 2004).
Lifetime socioeconomic position in relation to onset of perimenopause

Study objective: To assess the association between lifetime socioeconomic position and onset of perimenopause. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Boston, Massachusetts. Participants: 603 premenopausal women aged 36–45 years at baseline who completed a cross sectional survey on childhood and adult socioeconomic position. Main outcome measures: Time to perimenopause, defined as time in months from baseline interview to a woman’s report of (1) an absolute change of at least seven days in menstrual cycle length from baseline or subjective report of menstrual irregularity; (2) a change in menstrual flow amount or duration; or (3) cessation of periods for at least three months, whichever came first. Main results: Incidence of perimenopause was 1.75 times higher (95%CI 1.10 to 2.79) and median age at onset was 1.2 years younger (44.7 v 45.9 years) for women reporting childhood and adult economic distress compared with women reporting no lifetime economic distress. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, age at menarche, parity, oral contraceptive use, family history of early menopause, depression, smoking, and body mass index, the association weakened (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.59; 95%CI 0.97 to 2.61). Inverse associations were observed for most, but not all, measures of educational level. Measures of current household income were not associated with risk of perimenopause. Conclusions: This study suggests that adverse socioeconomic conditions across the lifespan, when measured in terms of economic hardship and low educational attainment, may be associated with an increased rate of entry into perimenopause.
Moxalactam Therapy of Bacterial Meningitis in Adults

The therapeutic efficacy and attainable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of moxalactam, administered by intravenous drip in a dose of 2 g every 4 to 8 h, were evaluated in seven adult patients with bacterial meningitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus, each caused infection in four patients, whereas Escherichia coli was the cause of infection in the other three patients. The mean moxalactam concentration in CSF was 14.7 μg/ml (range, 4.7 to 38 μg/ml) in the lumbar samples and 12.1 μg/ml (range, 4.4 to 27 μg/ml) in the ventricular samples. Depending on the time after antibiotic administration, the ratio of CSF to serum concentrations varied from 6.6 to 160%. Satisfactory improvement and negative CSF cultures were initially noted in all seven patients. Six patients were ultimately cured, and the death of the patient with Pseudomonas meningitis could not be clearly attributed to uncontrolled infection.
Osteoporosis education improves osteoporosis knowledge and dietary calcium: comparison of a 4 week and a one‐session education course

Background: Education is ideal for osteoporosis because many risk factors are modifiable. However, the efficacy of shortened education courses compared to a standard 4 week course for improving osteoporosis knowledge and healthy behaviours is not known. This study aimed to assess whether education changed knowledge and healthy behaviours over 3 months of follow‐up; and whether changes in these outcomes were different between participants receiving the different education courses.
The Impact on Nutrition of the Intrahousehold Distribution of Power

The distribution of income within the household is found to matter for the allocation of resources towards nutrition. Rural Mexican households do not pool income, nor do they attain a Pareto-efficient allocation of resources. In contrast to what is commonly done in the literature, I do not assume that only the head of household and his wife share the decision-making. In particular, I present a new test of the unitary model in the context of extended families, which acknowledges that any household member may participate to the decision-making as long as he or she earns some income. I find that a change in the number of income earners is associated with a change in food calorie consumption controlling for the change in household size and household income. Both the number and identities of income earners matter in the extended family. In particular, when a female household member starts earning income, food consumption increases substantively. When it is a male household member who starts earning income, it decreases substantively.
Nitric oxide and cardiac autonomic control in humans.

Cardiac autonomic control is of prognostic significance in cardiac disease, yet the control mechanisms of this system remain poorly defined. Animal data suggest that nitric oxide (NO) modulates cardiac autonomic control. We investigated the influence of NO on the baroreflex control of heart rate in healthy human subjects. In 26 healthy male volunteers (mean age, 23+/-5 years), we measured heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity during inhibition of endogenous NO production with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (3 mg/kg per hour) and during exogenous NO donation with sodium nitroprusside (1 to 3 mg/h). Increases from baseline (Delta) in high-frequency (HF) indexes of heart rate variability were smaller with L-NMMA in comparison to an equipressor dose of the control vasoconstrictor phenylephrine (12 to 42 microg/kg per hour): Deltaroot mean square of successive RR interval differences (DeltaRMSSD)=23+/-32 versus 51+/-48 ms (P<0.002); Deltapercentage of successive RR interval differences >50 ms (DeltapNN50)=5+/-15% versus 14+/-12% (P<0.05); and DeltaHF normalized power=-2+/-7 versus 9+/-8 normalized units (P<0.01), respectively. Relative preservation of these indexes was observed during unloading of the baroreflex with sodium nitroprusside compared with a matched fall in blood pressure produced by a control vasodilator, hydralazine (9 to 18 mg/h): DeltaRMSSD=-8+/-8 versus -24+/-15 ms (P<0.001); DeltapNN50=-6+/-11% versus -15+/-19% (P<0.01); DeltaHF normalized power=-7+/-13 versus -13+/-11 normalized units (P<0.05), respectively. The change in cross-spectral alpha-index calculated as the square root of the ratio of RR interval power to systolic spectral power in the HF band (although not alpha-index calculated in the same way for the low-frequency bands or baroreflex sensitivity assessed by the phenylephrine bolus method) was attenuated with L-NMMA compared with phenylephrine (Delta=4+/-8 versus 14+/-15 ms/mm Hg, respectively; P<0.02) and with sodium nitroprusside compared with hydralazine (Delta=-7+/-6 and -9+/-7 ms/mm Hg, respectively; P<0.05). In conclusion, these data demonstrate that NO augments cardiac vagal control in humans.
Proximity energies: a framework for understanding concentrated solutions

A high‐concentration fluid may be defined as one in which the distance between the van der Waals surfaces of the molecules is on the same order of magnitude as the size of the molecules. Many biological fluids meet this definition of being concentrated. High concentration protein solutions are of commercial interest, too. In the biopharmaceutical industry, there is a desire to produce high concentration (>100 mg/ml) protein formulations. The goal of this paper is to provide an energetic framework for understanding the functional properties (e.g., solubility, stability and viscosity) of high concentration solutions. Using this framework not only provides a simple, clear view of protein behavior at high concentrations, it also provides insights into how modifications to the protein or the solvent affect solution behavior. Thus, the paper provides a starting point for the rational manipulation of protein solubility, viscosity and stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of lutein diesters in non‐aqueous media is favored at extremely low water activities

The enzymatic hydrolysis of a mixture of lutein diesters from Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) was performed both in organic solvents and supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) using two commercial lipases: lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) and the lipase from Mucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM). Both lipases showed an unexpected dependence of initial reaction rate with the initial water activity (awi) in hexane, with the highest rates of hydrolysis taking place at the lowest awi of the biocatalyst particles. The same result was observed using isooctane, toluene, or SC‐CO2. It is proposed that an increase in awi generates a hydrophilic microenvironment that prevents efficient partitioning of the highly hydrophobic lutein diesters to the enzyme. The critical role of water in this system has not been reported for other hydrolytic reactions in low water media. Calculations of water available for hydrolysis from isotherm analysis, Karl‐Fischer titration, and substrate conversion at awi = 0.13, indicate that the extent of reaction is not limited by the amount of available water. Accordingly, the enzyme that holds the largest amount of water after prehydration at the same awi (0.13) will yield the greatest substrate conversion and concentration of the free lutein product. The highest conversion occurred in SC‐CO2, which opens up new opportunities to develop a combined extraction–reaction process for the environmentally benign synthesis of lutein, an important nutraceutical compound. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98: 535–542. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inequality aversion, efficiency, and maximin preferences in simple distribution experiments: Comment

A major puzzle in the literature on social preferences is that a large majority of subjects behaves as if completely self-interested in some circumstances, such as in competitive experimental markets with standardized goods or in the final rounds of public goods experiments; while in other circumstances a large majority behaves as if strongly motivated by fairness concerns, e.g., in competitive markets with incomplete contracts or in public goods experiments with punishment opportunities. Recently developed models of inequity aversion (Fehr and Schmidt, 1999; Gary E Bolton and Axel Ockenfels, 2000) can explain this puzzle by assuming a heterogeneous population of selfish and inequity-averse subjects. Dirk Engelmann and Martin Strobel (2004, henceforth E&S) question the relevance of inequity aversion in simple dictator game experiments, claiming that a combination of a preference for efficiency and a Rawlsian motive for helping the least well-off is more important than inequity aversion. In this paper, we show that E&S overstate the relevance of efficiency motives and understate the relevance of inequity aversion. The participants of the E&S experiments were undergraduate students of economics and business administration. These subjects self-selected into their field of study (economics) and learned in the first semester that efficiency is desirable. Noneconomists, however, may value efficiency much less than economists do. We replicated the most relevant E&S experiments with various subject pools and are able to show that the dominance of the efficiency motive over the equity motive is restricted to students of economics and business administration. Students from various other disciplines and a sample of nonacademic employees value equality much more highly than efficiency. This raises the question whether there are other subject characteristics such as gender or political attitudes that affect the preferences for efficiency versus equality. We find a nonnegligible gender effect, indicating that women are more egalitarian than men. Perhaps surprisingly, however, the dominance of equality over efficiency is unrelated to political attitudes, i.e., subjects who vote for right-wing parties and favor right-wing political attitudes are as likely to favor equality as are subjects with left-wing attitudes.
Value of a privileged background

This thesis considers how informational imperfections may give rise to advantages for those born to relatively rich parents. The first chapter focuses on the separation of some societies into different classes. Within the model, classes provide greater advantages to those from privileged backgrounds and, even in the absence of legal barriers preventing the lower classes from accessing skilled jobs, the skilled amongst them are still de facto denied access to high paying jobs through statistical discrimination. This chapter shows that there can be a net benefit from class discrimination, versus a classless state, when it creates information relating to the abilities of the upper class. This theme is expanded on in chapter two where a signalling model more explicitly describes the statistical discrimination suffered by some members of society. The advantage conferred on those from privileged backgrounds generates income dispersion, which in turn reinforces the advantages of the rich. If this feedback is strong enough, the model may exhibit multiplicity of steady states. This multiplicity of steady states is backward looking: the income dispersion today depends on the extent to which firms use the information available to them, which in turn depends on the income dispersion in the previous generation. The model of chapter two also demonstrates why societies with more “meritocratic” institutions may exhibit less intergenerational income mobility: the income dispersion that meritocracy creates increases the value of a privileged upbringing. The final chapter adds parental investment to the model. In doing so it brings the model more squarely in line with the statistical discrimination literature, although the
Smoking cessation outcomes among sexual and gender minority and nonminority smokers in extended smoking treatments.

INTRODUCTION Sexual and gender minority individuals (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender [LGBT]) have a higher smoking prevalence than nonminority individuals. There is limited evidence of smoking abstinence success in nontailored smoking treatments among LGBT smokers. METHODS This study is a secondary data analysis comparing the efficacy of extended, nontailored treatments among sexual and gender minority and nonminority smokers. Data from two clinical trials were combined to increase power and generalizability of the findings. Trials began with 12 weeks of counseling, nicotine replacement, and bupropion, after which participants were randomized to an extended treatment. RESULTS Follow-up occurred at weeks 12, 24, 52, 64, and 104. Of the sample (n = 777), 17% identified as sexual and gender minority and 83% as nonminority. The sample was 75% non-Hispanic White, with 86% completing at least some college, and 68% were employed. Sexual and gender minorities were younger and indicated a greater desire to quit smoking than nonminority smokers. No other differences emerged on demographic, smoking, or mood variables. The average Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score was 4.8, and mean daily cigarettes was 19.8. The generalized estimating equations model revealed no significant differences in abstinence between sexual and gender minority smokers and nonminority smokers at all follow-up assessments. CONCLUSIONS Sexual and gender minority smokers appear as likely to quit or abstain as nonminority smokers in extended, nontailored interventions. However, these findings may not generalize to other geographic areas, where access to treatment is limited or a higher stigma of sexual orientation exists.
Both Constitutive and Inducible Prostaglandin H Synthase Affect Dermal Wound Healing in Mice

In an attempt to define the roles of prostaglandin H synthase 1 (PGHS-1, cyclooxygenase-1, COX-1) and prostaglandin H synthase 2 (PGHS-2, cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2) in wound healing, we investigated the healing of incisional dermal wounds in wild-type, PGHS-1 null, and PGHS-2 null mice. We measured tensile strength of the wounds, levels of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 mRNA in the wound site, and histologic markers for the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing. Although no gross visible differences were noted among healed wounds of the different mouse types, measurement of tensile strength showed that both PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 null wounds were weaker (75% and 70%, respectively) than wild-type wounds at 12 days after incision. At Day 8 the endothelial staining was 70% greater in the wounds of PGHS-2 null mice compared with their wild-type counterparts. In contrast at Day 12, staining for macrophages and myofibroblasts was less in PGHS-1 null wounds compared with wild-type and PGHS-2 null tissue. Compensatory expression of the alternate PGHS mRNA could be demonstrated by RT-PCR in the wounds of PGHS null mice on Days 1 and 4. We conclude that both PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 genes play distinct roles in the process of dermal wound healing.
Male/Female Partnerships in Cohabitation and Marriage: Changing Trends in New Zealand

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Broken Spirits: The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees and War and Torture Victims

Foreword. About the Editors. Contributors. Acknowledgements. Preface. Part I: Theoretical, Conceptual and Socio-cultural Considerations. Wilson, Introduction. Volkan, From Hope for a Better Life to Broken Spirits: An Introduction. Silove, The Global Challenge of Asylum. Modvig, Jaranson, A Global Perspective of Torture, Political Violence and Health. Aroche, Coello, Ethnocultural Considerations in the Treatment of Refugees and Asylum Seekers. McFarlane, Assessing PTSD and Co-morbidity: Issues in Differential Diagnosis. Part II: Broken Spirits: Traumatic Injury to Culture, the Self and Personality. Wilson, Introduction. Wilson, The Broken Spirit: Posttaumatic Damage to the Self . de Jong, Public Mental Health and Culture: Disasters as a Challenge to Western Mental Health Care Models, the Self and PTSD. Part III: Post-traumatic Treatments: Guidelines for Practitioners. Wilson, Introduction. van der Veer, van Waning, Creating a Safe Therapeutic Sanctuary. Turkovic, Hovens, Gregurek, Strengthening Psychological Health in War Victims and Refugees. Drodzek, Wilson, Uncovering: Trauma Focused Treatment Techniques with Asylum Seekers. Wilson, Empathy, Trauma Transmission and Counter-transference in Posttraumatic Psychotherapy. Lansen, Haans, Clinical Supervision for Trauma Therapists. Bot, Wadensjo, The Presence of a Third Party: A Dialogical View on Interpreter-assisted Treatment. Part IV: Non-verbal and Experiential Therapies. Wilson, Introduction to Part IV. de Winter, Drodzek, Psychomotor Therapy: Healing by Action. Karcher, Body Psychotherapy with Survivors of Torture. Wertheim-Cahen, van Dijk, Schouten, Roozen, Drodzek, About a Weeping Willow, a Phoenix Rising from its Ashes and Building a House. Art Therapy with Refugees: Three Different Perspectives. Orth, Doorschodt, Verburgt, Drodzek, Sounds of Trauma. Part V: Treatment of Special Populations: Gender and Developmental Considerations. Wilson, Introduction to Part V. Walter, Bala, Where Meanings, Sorrow and Hope have a Resident Permit: Treatment of Families and Children. Adam, van Essen, In Between - Adolescent Refugees in Exile. Kastrup, Arcel, Gender Specific Treatment. Part VI: Medical, Surgical and Clinical Issues in the Treatment of Refugees and Torture Victims. Wilson, Introduction to Part VI. Kinzie, Friedman, Psychopharmacology for Refugee and Asylum Seeker Patients. Juhler, Surgical Approach to Victims of Torture and PTSD. Ekblad, Jaranson, Psychosocial Rehabilitation. Part VII: Legal, Moral and Political Issues in the Treatment Process. Wilson, Introduction to Part VII. Herlihy, Ferstman, Turner, Legal Issues in Work with Asylum Seekers. Steele, Mares, Newman, Blick, Dudley, The Politics of Asylum and Immigration Detention: Advocacy, Ethics and the Professional Role of the Therapist.
Characteristics of free-roaming cats evaluated in a trap-neuter-return program.

OBJECTIVE To determine characteristics of free-roaming cats evaluated in a trap-neuter-return program. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 5,323 free-roaming cats. PROCEDURE Data collected included sex, maturity, pregnancy status, number of fetuses per pregnancy, cryptorchidism, and occurrence of complications or euthanasia. RESULTS Adult cats represented 85% of the population, and 57% were female. Overall, 19% of adult females were pregnant, and mean litter size was 3.6 fetuses. Pregnancy rate peaked at 36 to 47% of all females evaluated in March and April and decreased to < or = 4% from October through January. Cryptorchidism was observed in 1.9% of the males; 0.4% of the adult females had pyometra. Only 1.9% of the cats were already neutered. Euthanasia and unexpected death rates were 0.4 and 0.3%, respectively. The most common severe problems encountered included pyometra, neoplasia, surgical complications, diaphragmatic hernia, debilitation, and chronic inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Neutering programs for free-roaming cats should include preparations to perform more spays than castrations. Typically, almost half of the female cats trapped during spring will be pregnant. Cryptorchidism is uncommon but is encountered on a consistent basis, so care should be taken to differentiate previous castration from retained testicles. Euthanasia of debilitated cats for humane reasons is rarely necessary, and unexpected deaths occur at a low rate. It is feasible and safe to neuter large numbers of free-roaming cats in large-scale clinics.