Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apodized phase mask coronagraphs for arbitrary apertures - II. Comprehensive review of solutions for the vortex coronagraph

Context. With a clear circular aperture, the vortex coronagraph perfectly cancels an on-axis point source and offers a 0.9 or 1. 75λ/D inner working angle for topological charge 2 or 4, respectively. Current and near-future large telescopes are on-axis, however, and the diffraction effects of the central obscuration, and the secondary supports are strong enough to prevent the detection of companions 10^(-3)–10^(-5) as bright as, or fainter than, their host star. Aims. Recent advances show that a ring apodizer can restore the performance of this coronagraph by compensating for the diffraction effects of a circular central obscuration in a 1D modeling of the pupil. Our aim is to extend this work and design optimal apodizers for arbitrary apertures in 2D in order to tackle the diffraction effects of the spiders and other noncircular artifacts in the pupil. Methods. We fold this analytical result into a numerical optimization scheme that yields hybrid coronagraph designs that combine the advantages of the vortex coronagraph (small in IWA) and of shaped pupils coronagraphs (robustness to central obscuration and pupil asymmetric structures). The transmission of the apodizer is maximized, while constraints are set on the extremum values of the electric field that is computed in chosen regions of the Lyot plane through closed form expressions derived even for topological charges. Optimal apodizers are computed for topological charges 2 and 4 vortex coronagraphs and for telescope apertures with 10–30% central obscurations and 0%, 0.5%, and 1% thick spiders. Results. We put the results of our numerical optimizations in perspective with the analytical solutions and show that our apodizations converge to the ring apodizations. We then characterize the impacts of the obscuration ratio and the thickness of the spiders on the throughput and the IWA. For the apodized charge-2 vortex coronagraph the throughputs are slightly below those of the ring apodized vortex coronagraph, and the inner working angle is mostly unaffected by the apodization. The throughputs of the apodizers for the charge-4 vortex coronagraph are higher than those of the ring apodized vortex coronagraph. This effect increases with the obscuration ratio, though the inner working angle does, too, and it ranges between 2 and 3λ/D. Conclusions. The results presented in this paper show that high contrast at small inner working angles can be obtained with a vortex coronagraph for on-axis telescopes, in spite of the presence of a secondary mirror and its secondary support structures.
Men in limbo: former students with special educational needs caught between economic independence and social security dependence

Abstract Individuals in their mid-thirties are expected to be employed and economically independent. However, people with disabilities and health problems – for example, former students with special educational needs (SEN) – may have problems in this domain of adult life. In Norway, individuals with SEN frequently rely on social security and support measures from the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV). This article is based on the narrative analysis of life course trajectories of seven young adult males over a period of 17 years – from their enrolment in upper secondary school with special needs teaching whilst in their teens to their participation in various NAV programmes whilst in their mid-thirties. The life course approach, with an emphasis on transitions and trajectories, has been used as the theoretical framework for analysing the presented data. The hope is that, taken together, these seven stories provide a deeper insight than one individual story could offer. We find that both social structures and the earlier life course affect one’s opportunities for joining the labour market.
A neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO‐5046) reduces neurologic damage after spinal cord injury in rats

In view of a cytoprotective effect of elastase inhibitor on chemokine‐mediated tissue injury, we examined the neuroprotective effect of ONO‐5046, a specific inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, in rats with spinal cord injury. Standardized spinal cord compression markedly increased cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemo‐attractant (CINC)‐1 mRNA and protein. Their increases correlated with neurologic severity of injured rats. Immunohistochemically, CINC‐1 protein was detected sequentially in vascular endothelial cells at 4 h, in perivascular neutrophils at 8 h, and in neutrophils infiltrating into cord substance at 12 h. Pretreatment with ONO‐5046 (50 mg/kg) markedly ameliorated motor disturbance in injured rats, and reduced CINC‐1 protein and mRNA expression. ONO‐5046 also significantly reduced the increase of neutrophil accumulation or infiltration estimated by myeloperoxidase activity, and the extent of vascular permeability by Evans blue extravasation in the injured cord segment in comparison to control animals receiving vehicle. These results suggest that CINC‐1 contributed to inflammation in rat spinal cord injury and ONO‐5046 attenuated neurologic damage partly by blocking CINC‐1 production of the chemoattractant, preventing neutrophil activation and vascular endothelial cell injury.
Lifestyle

Indeed, we as humans always want to show the best for the environment. Life style or lifestyle will establish a person's self-image where an activity that is often carried out and someone's interest in something will be shown by himself. With the development of this modern era, everything is easy and instant, so this is very influential on people's lifestyle. There are many negative and positive things that arise. However, due to the lack of modern society to think intellectually and to take advantage of sophisticated technology, as a result people become consumers of hedonism. Whereas in the teachings of Islam, Allah instructs us not to become extravagant people, one of which is by saving or giving alms, that is one way of utilizing what we currently have properly.Keyword: Life style and hedonisme
Reference ranges for lymphocyte subsets in adults from western India: influence of sex, age and method of enumeration.

BACKGROUND The enumeration of absolute CD4 counts is of primary importance, since therapeutic protocols for HIV1 patients are based on these. AIMS To establish reference ranges for the CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes in the Indian population. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Enumeration of absolute numbers and percentages of lymphocyte subsets was performed in 252 healthy adult Indians. METHODS AND MATERIALS The assays for SPT were carried out using the Beckman EPICS XL-MCL flow cytometer and the cytostat tetraCHROME reagent containing CD45/CD8/CD4/CD3 monoclonal antibodies. For comparison with DPT the absolute lymphocyte count was obtained using the Coulter STK-S fully automated hematology analyzer. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Regression analysis and Students t test were used for data analysis. RESULTS Median values were as follows; absolute CD3 counts 1446 cells/mm3 (total), 1361 cells/mm3 (males) and 1511 cells/mm3 (females); absolute CD4 counts are 771 cells/mm3 (total), 705 cells/mm3 (males) and 839 cells/mm3 (females); absolute CD8 counts are 555 cells/mm3 (total), 552 cells/mm3 (males) and 561 cells/mm3 (females). The median CD4/CD8 ratio for the total samples was 1.34, for males 1.22 and for females 1.49. CONCLUSIONS In this study we have established reference ranges for normal Indian adults using the fully automated Single Platform Technology. The lymphocyte subsets values of our population are closer to those of the population from Botswana and China rather than the Western population. The absolute CD3 and CD4 counts and the CD4:CD8 ratio are higher in females than in males. Consistently higher values are obtained by the DPT as compared to the SPT.
Comparison of intestinal mast cell and basophil histamine release in children with food allergic reactions

The in vitro histamine release response of human intestinal mast cells and basophils challenged with anti‐IgE, Concanavalin A, ionophore A23187 and food extracts was compared with skin prick test, RAST analysis and open food challenge. It was not possible to perform food challenge in all patients; however, seven children underwent open food challenge and in five the clinical diagnosis of “true” food allergy was confirmed. The intestinal mast cells were pooled from enzymatically dispersed duodenal biopsies obtained by duodenoscopy from 15 selected children suspected of food allergy, and five age‐matched controls. In nine of 10 patients classified as “food allergic” intestinal mast cells released histamine to various food extracts in a dose‐dependent fashion. From the mast cells of the nine food‐allergic patients compared with non‐allergics, the anti‐IgE mediated mast cell histamine release was increased. Additionally, at 1000 U/ml anti‐IgE the mast cell histamine release was increased compared with their corresponding basophils. However, in non‐allergic subjects the histamine release of basophils was increased compared with their corresponding mast cells. Histamine release from basophils was positively correlated to the test scores of the RAST analysis, skin prick test, and food challenge. No apparent correlation between tests scores obtained from histamine release of intestinal mast cell and the other tests was demonstrated, except in children with diarrhoea as only symptom. However, the study gives evidence that duodenal mast cells actually are sensitized with specific IgE and thus may play a pathophysiological role in food hypersensitivity. In addition, the study shows that the ability of different stimuli, including food extracts, to trigger basophil histamine release does not correlate with their potency to induce histamine release from mast cells.
Occupational skin disease in Sweden – a 12‐year follow‐up

The aim of this project was to study the long‐term prognosis of occupational skin diseases in Sweden. In 1999, a questionnaire was sent to 623/655 individuals who in 1987 reported occupational skin disease to the Social Insurance Office. 394 answered the questionnaire, and 123 non‐responders were interwiewed by telephone, giving 517 participants (83%), 323 females and 194 males. 85% reported skin symptoms after 1987, 70% during the previous year. 28% considered themselves recovered, of those with nickel allergy only 12%. In a logistic regression model, skin atopy was the strongest unfavourable factor for the prognosis followed by contact allergy and female sex. 66% had consulted a doctor after 1987 and the majority, 82%, had performed occupational changes – most common was change of jobs, 44%. Those who had changed jobs reported less sick leave. The conclusion is that occupational skin diseases have a clear tendency to end up as chronic conditions with a majority reporting symptoms at a 12‐year follow‐up. The skin disease had influenced the occupational situation for the majority (82%) and for 15% resulted in exclusion from the labour market through unemployment or disability pension.
Surgical management of anorectal disease in HIV‐positive homosexuals

One thousand and ninety human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive homosexual or bisexual males were seen in one hospital for management of HIV disease over a 9‐year period. One hundred and fifty‐five patients were referred by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) physicians for general surgical management. The most frequent reason for surgical referral (64 patients) was anorectal disease which occurred in 5·9 per cent of all HIV‐positive patients. One or more diagnoses were reached in 61 of the 64 patients referred with anorectal disease: warts (38 per cent of diagnoses), anorectal ulceration (26 per cent), perianal sepsis (15 per cent), neoplasia (14 per cent) and haemorrhoidal disease (8 per cent). Anorectal symptoms were relieved in 68 per cent of patients and the median survival of those treated was 17·5 months from the time of surgical referral. Both warts and perianal sepsis were associated with in situ neoplasia, but no case of progression from in situ to invasive anal squamous carcinoma was detected. The aetiology of anorectal ulcers was not clear, but surgical excision of anal ulcers and skin tags can produce healing. Palliation of anorectal symptoms in HIV‐positive homosexual patients is possible but some conditions are unusual and surgeons should be familiar with their presentation and management.
Data Clustering : An Overview

In the last few years we have observed a proliferation of approaches for clustering XML documents and schemas based on their structure and content. The presence of such a huge amount of approaches is due to the different applications requiring the clustering of XML data. These applications need data in the form of similar contents, tags, paths, structures, and semantics. In this article, we first outline the application contexts in which clustering is useful, then we survey approaches so far proposed relying on the abstract representation of data (instances or schema), on the identified similarity measure, and on the clustering algorithm. In this presentation, we aim to draw a taxonomy in which the current approaches can be classified and compared. We aim at introducing an integrated view that is useful when comparing XML data clustering approaches, when developing a new clustering algorithm, and when implementing an XML clustering component. Finally, the article moves into the description of future trends and research issues that still need to be faced.
An investigation of 4th Grade Students’ Attitudes towards Music Class

This study was carried out in order to analyze attitudes of primary school 4 th grades students related to music class. This study using the general survey model was come out with 619 students who took course at five primary schools affiliated to Ministry of National Education in spring term of 2014-2015 academic years. In the study, data has been collected by using “personal information form and “Music Lesson Attitude Scale” developed by Nacakci (2006). The data obtained has been analyzed by using statistical methods and presented in tables. According to study results, it can be said that attitudes of students related to music class are generally positive, primary school 4 th grade students attend the class with love, find the lessons interesting and useful including lesson content and subjects, attend the lesson willingly, consider these lessons get them adopt pleasure and selection habit of listening music and accordingly they do not study lessons not only for passing the class. Additionally, it can be considered among the results obtained by this study that students who take music lesson out of school time and have another family member interested in any kind of music are statistically significantly different compared to students who do not take music lesson out of school time and have not another family member interested in any kind of music.
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of ATLANTA WORKING PAPER SERIES Trends and Cycles in China’s Macroeconomy

We make four contributions in this paper. First, we provide a core of macroeconomic time series usable for systematic research on China. Second, we document, through various empirical methods, the robust findings about striking patterns of trend and cycle. Third, we build a theoretical model that accounts for these facts. Fourth, the model’s mechanism and assumptions are corroborated by institutional details, disaggregated data, and banking time series, all of which are distinctive Chinese characteristics. We argue that preferential credit policy for promoting heavy industries accounts for the unusual cyclical patterns as well as the post-1990s economic transition featured by the persistently rising investment rate, the declining labor income share, and a growing foreign surplus. The departure of our theoretical model from standard ones offers a constructive framework for studying China's modern macroeconomy. JEL classification: E, F4, G1
Contractility and kinetics of human fetal and human adult skeletal muscle

• The contractile properties of human fetal skeletal muscle are unknown. • Reductionist approaches such as isolated myofibril and isolated contractile protein biomechanical assays allow study of activation and relaxation properties of skeletal muscle from different sources. • We have tested the contractile properties of human fetal skeletal myofibrils and myosin in comparison with myosin and myofibrils from human adult skeletal muscle and rabbit psoas muscle. • Human fetal skeletal myofibrils have much slower kinetics of activation and relaxation compared to myofibrils from adult human or rabbit psoas skeletal muscle. • Investigations using altered substrate and product conditions for both the in vitro motility assay and myofibril mechanics/kinetics indicate that fetal muscle acto‐myosin crossbridges cycle more slowly than, but with similar rate‐limiting steps to, the adult myosin isoforms.
Fear conditioning of SCR but not the startle reflex requires conscious discrimination of threat and safety

There is conflicting evidence as to whether awareness is required for conditioning of the skin conductance response (SCR). Recently, Schultz and Helmstetter (2010) reported SCR conditioning in contingency unaware participants by using difficult to discriminate stimuli. These findings are in stark contrast with other observations in human fear conditioning research, showing that SCR predominantly reflects contingency learning. Therefore, we repeated the study by Schultz and Helmstetter and additionally measured conditioning of the startle response, which seems to be less sensitive to declarative knowledge than SCR. While we solely observed SCR conditioning in participants who reported awareness of the contingencies (n = 16) and not in the unaware participants (n = 18), we observed startle conditioning irrespective of awareness. We conclude that SCR but not startle conditioning depends on conscious discriminative fear learning.
Primes and Irreducibles in Truncation Integer Parts of Real Closed Fields.

Berarducci (2000) studied irreducible elements of the ring k((G <0 ))'Z, which is an integer part of the power series fleld k((G)) where G is an ordered divisible abelian group and k is an ordered fleld. Pitteloud (2001) proved that some of the irreducible elements constructed by Berarducci are actually prime. Both authors mainly concentrated on the case of archimedean G. In this paper, we study truncation integer parts of any (non-archimedean) real closed fleld and generalize results of Berarducci and Pitteloud. To this end, we study the canonical integer part Neg(F) 'Z of any truncation closed subfleld F of k((G)), where Neg(F) := F \ k((G <0 )), and work out in detail how the general case can be reduced to the case of archimedean G. In particular, we prove that k((G <0 )) 'Z has (coflnally many) prime elements for any ordered divisible abelian group G. Addressing a question in the paper of Berarducci, we show that every truncation integer part of a non-archimedean exponential fleld has a coflnal set of irreducible elements. Finally, we apply our results to two important classes of exponential flelds: exponential algebraic power series and exponential-logarithmic power series.
Ezrin Tunes the Magnitude of Humoral Immunity

Ezrin is a member of the ezrin–radixin–moesin family of membrane-actin cytoskeleton cross-linkers that participate in a variety of cellular processes. In B cells, phosphorylation of ezrin at different sites regulates multiple processes, such as lipid raft coalescence, BCR diffusion, microclustering, and endosomal JNK activation. In this study, we generated mice with conditional deletion of ezrin in the B cell lineage to investigate the physiological significance of ezrin’s function in Ag receptor–mediated B cell activation and humoral immunity. B cell development, as well as the proportion and numbers of major B cell subsets in peripheral lymphoid organs, was unaffected by the loss of ezrin. Using superresolution imaging methods, we show that, in the absence of ezrin, BCRs respond to Ag binding by accumulating into larger and more stable signaling microclusters. Loss of ezrin led to delayed BCR capping and accelerated lipid raft coalescence. Although proximal signaling proteins showed stronger activation in the absence of ezrin, components of the distal BCR signaling pathways displayed distinct effects. Ezrin deficiency resulted in increased B cell proliferation and differentiation into Ab-secreting cells ex vivo and stronger T cell–independent and -dependent responses to Ag in vivo. Overall, our data demonstrate that ezrin regulates amplification of BCR signals and tunes the strength of B cell activation and humoral immunity.
Discrepancy Between Preferences and Perceptions of Leadership Behavior and Satisfaction of Athletes in Varying Sports

This study examined the relationship between the discrepancy between preferred and perceived leadership and athletes' satisfaction. The five preferred and perceived leadership behaviors assessed were Training and Instruction, Democratic Behavior, Autocratic Behavior, Social Support, and Positive Feedback. Four facets of satisfaction were measured: Satisfaction with Individual Performance, Satisfaction with Team Performance, Satisfaction with Leadership, and Satisfaction with Overall Involvement. The athletes were selected from sports differentiated on the basis of task variability and/or task dependence. Discrepancy in leadership was computed by subtracting the perception of a specific dimension of leader behavior from preference for such behavior. The results showed that discrepancy in leadership for athletes in the various sports was associated with three measures of satisfaction: Satisfaction with Team Performance, with Leadership, and with Overall Involvement. Further, Training and Instruction, and Po.
Circulating Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor Concentrations and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Community

Background Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a pleiotropic peptide involved in maintaining endothelial integrity. It is unknown if circulating BDNF levels are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods and Results We prospectively investigated the association of circulating BDNF levels with cardiovascular events and mortality in 3687 participants (mean age 65 years, 2068 women) from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). Using a common nonsynonomous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BDNF gene (rs6265), we then performed a Mendelian randomization experiment in the CARDIoGRAM (Coronary ARtery DIsease Genome‐Wide Replication And Meta‐Analysis) consortium (>22 000 coronary artery disease [CAD] cases, >60 000 controls) to investigate whether SNP rs6265 was associated with CAD in CARDIoGRAM and, if so, whether the effect estimate differed from that predicted based on FHS data. On follow‐up (median 8.9 years), 467 individuals (261 women) in FHS experienced a CVD event, and 835 (430 women) died. In multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression, serum BDNF was associated inversely with CVD risk (hazard ratio [HR] per 1‐SD increase 0.88, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.97, P=0.01) and with mortality (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.93, P=0.0002). SNP rs6265 was associated with BDNF concentrations (0.772 ng/mL increase per minor allele copy) in FHS. In CARDIoGRAM, SNP rs6265 was associated with CAD (odds ratio 0.957, 95% CI 0.923 to 0.992), a magnitude consistent with the predicted effect (HR per minor allele copy 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.0; P=0.06 for difference between predicted and observed effect). Conclusion Higher serum BDNF is associated with a decreased risk of CVD and mortality. Mendelian randomization suggests a causal protective role of BDNF in the pathogenesis of CVD.