Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolving Structure-Function Mappings in Cognitive Neuroscience Using Genetic Programming

A challenging goal of psychology and neuroscience is to map cognitive functions onto neuroanatomical structures. This paper shows how computational methods based upon evolutionary algorithms can facilitate the search for satisfactory mappings by efficiently combining constraints from neuroanatomy and physiology (the structures) with constraints from behavioural experiments (the functions). This methodology involves creation of a database coding for known neuroanatomical and physiological constraints, for mental programs made of primitive cognitive functions, and for typical experiments with their behavioural results. The evolutionary algorithms evolve theories mapping structures to functions in order to optimize the fit with the actual data. These theories lead to new, empirically testable predictions. The role of the prefrontal cortex in humans is discussed as an example. This methodology can be applied to the study of structures or functions alone, and can also be used to study other complex systems.
Transport of Trapped Particles in a Surface Potential

In this paper, we propose a model to describe the transport of trapped particles in a surface potential. It is derived from a microscopic (kinetic) description of particle motion in the potential subject to collisions with the solid surface. Under speciic hypotheses on the collision operator and adequate time and space rescaling, the kinetic model is formally shown to converge to a diiusion equation in position-energy space known in the literature as the SHE model (for Spherical Harmonics Expansion). The model applies to several practical situations in semiconductor and plasma physics. Acknowledgements: The author would express his gratitude to J. P. Boeuf for having suggested this problem and provided encouragements and references.
Yoga and Cognition: A Meta-Analysis of Chronic and Acute Effects

Objectives To review and synthesize the existing literature on the effects of yoga on cognitive function by determining effect sizes that could serve as a platform to design, calculate statistical power, and implement future studies. Methods Through electronic databases, we identified acute studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of yoga that reported cognitive outcomes. Inclusion criteria included the following: use of an objective measure of cognition and sufficient data reported to estimate an effect size. The meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall weighted effect sizes, expressed as Hedge g. Results Fifteen RCTs and 7 acute exposure studies examined the effects of yoga on cognition. A moderate effect (g = 0.33, standard error = 0.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.18–0.48, p < .001) of yoga on cognition was observed for RCTs, with the strongest effect for attention and processing speed (g = 0.29, p < .001), followed by executive function (g = 0.27, p = .001) and memory (g = 0.18, p = .051). Acute studies showed a stronger overall effect of yoga on cognition (g = 0.56, standard error = 0.11, 95% confidence interval = 0.33–0.78, p < .001). The effect was strongest for memory (g = 0.78, p < .001), followed by attention and processing speed measures (g = 0.49, p < .001) and executive functions (g = 0.39, p < .003). Conclusions Yoga practice seems to be associated with moderate improvements in cognitive function. Although the studies are limited by sample size, heterogeneous population characteristics, varied doses of yoga interventions, and a myriad of cognitive tests, these findings warrant rigorous systematic RCTs and well-designed counterbalanced acute studies to comprehensively explore yoga as a means to improve or sustain cognitive abilities across the life span.
Advocates for Māori students: The role of careers advisors?

ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Figures viii Glossary ix Taku Ao – My Story 1 Chapter One: Introduction – Te Kupu whakatau i te kaupapa 9 An introduction to the thesis 10 The multilevel argument 11 Structure of the thesis 13 Chapter Two: Education for Māori – Te ora te hōhonu o te hinengaro Māori 16 The context for Māori education in the new millennium 17 Emerging Issues 21 The Hunn Report 23 The Influence of Socio-economic Reforms 30 Institutional Racism in Education 33 Access and participation in tertiary education 36 Chapter Three: Equity in education – Te tikanga whakatau/nga piki, nga heke 52 Defining equity 53 Implications of Equity 54 Māori as an equity group 57 Equity in education since 1980 62 STEAM 71 The rationale for STEAM 71 The significance of STEAM to this research project 73 Chapter Four: Access: selection in or selection out – Te whiriwhiri me te whakatau 78
Changes in Investors' Market Attention and Near-Term Stock Market Returns

abstract We use Google Search volume to track changes investors' positive and negative market attention. Our results support the hypothesis that this information reflects investors' optimistic and pessimistic anticipation and can be used to predict near-term future returns. We find that changes in negative search term volume of “market crash” and “bear market” and changes in positive search term volume “market rally” explain near-term stock returns. Changes in investors' attention are partly related to past stock market returns, implying that investors are prone to pay attention to possible price reversals. These measures of market attention are potential gauges of investor sentiment.
The effect of task type on preferred element types in an XML-based retrieval system

This article examines the influence of task type on the users' preferred level of document elements (full articles, sections, or subsections) during interaction with an XML-version of Wikipedia. We found that in general articles and subsections seemed to be the most valuable elements for our test subjects. For information-gathering tasks, this tendency was stronger, whereas for fact-finding tasks, the sections seemed to play a more important role. We assume from this that users select different information search strategies for the two task types. When dealing with fact-finding tasks, users seem more likely to use one single element as an answer, while when they do information gathering, they pick information from several elements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the dust selection bias in quasar absorbers at 0.7 < z < 1.6: Zn/Fe abundances in a radio-selected sample

The Complete Optical and Radio Absorption Line System (CORALS) survey has previously been used to demonstrate that the number density, gas and metals content of z > 1.6 damped Lyman alpha (DLA) systems is not significantly underestimated in magnitude limited surveys. In this paper, a sample of strong Mg II absorbers selected from the optically complete 0.7 0.5 A in the redshift range 0.7 < z < 1.6, we determine column densities of Zn, Cr, Fe, Mn and Si. The range of dust-to-metals ratios and inferred number density of DLAs from the D-index are consistent with optical samples. We also report the discovery of four new absorbers in the echelle data in the redshift range 1.7 < z < 2.0, two of which are confirmed DLAs and one is a sub-DLA, whilst the Lyα line is not covered for the fourth.
Multigrid solvers and multigrid preconditioners for the solution of variational data assimilation problems

In order to lower the computational cost of the variational data assimilation process, we investigate the use of multigrid methods to solve the associated optimal control system. In a linear advection equation, we study the impact of the regularization term on the optimal control and the impact of discretization errors on the efficiency of the coarse‐grid correction step. We show that, even if the optimal control problem leads to the solution of an elliptic system, numerical errors introduced by the discretization can alter the success of the multigrid method. The view of multigrid iteration as a preconditioner for a Krylov optimization method leads to a more robust algorithm. A scale‐dependent weighting of the multigrid preconditioner and the usual background‐error covariance‐matrix based preconditioner is proposed and brings significant improvements.
A Real-Time Exposure System for Electrophysiological Recording in Brain Slices

In order to study possible effects of microwave electromagnetic (EM) fields on neuronal activity, a real-time exposure system was designed and fabricated. The structure is suitable for electrophysiological recording in brain slices, a widely used in vitro methodology for investigations on neuronal function. The EM features of the structure were characterized both numerically and experimentally. Results indicate that the system is slightly radiating and that its field configuration produces minimum coupling with laboratory equipment. To determine the device efficiency, numerical and experimental dosimetry was conducted. The system exhibits high efficiency, with uniform distribution of the E- and H-fields and the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the biological sample.
Economic evaluation of projects in the electricity supply industry

This fully revised and updated edition of Financial and Economic Evaluation of Projects in the Electricity Supply Industry (IEE, 1996) takes a broad introductory approach, covering market and environmental issues, financial analysis and evaluation and clean environmental technologies and costs. A valuable reference for engineers, economists and financial analysts needing an understanding of the area.
Heterogeneous Shareholders and Signaling with Share Repurchases

This paper presents an asymmetric information model of share repurchases when shareholders have heterogenous reservation values. Consistent with empirical evidence, managers in the model repurchase shares at a premium above the post-repurchase share value--transferring wealth from shareholders who do not tender to those who do--in order to signal that the firm is undervalued. Such dilutive repurchases would not occur under the classical assumption of perfectly elastic share supply; they depend critically on shareholder heterogeneity. It is also shown that repurchases are more efficient signals than other strategies like dividends and "burning money. " The model's implications are consistent with much empirical evidence regarding announcement returns, repurchase size, repurchase premiums and expiration-day price drops.
Distances between Real-World Locations Are Represented in the Human Hippocampus

Spatial navigation is believed to be guided in part by reference to an internal map of the environment. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test for a key aspect of a cognitive map: preservation of real-world distance relationships. University students were scanned while viewing photographs of familiar campus landmarks. fMRI response levels in the left hippocampus corresponded to real-world distances between landmarks shown on successive trials, indicating that this region considered closer landmarks to be more representationally similar and more distant landmarks to be more representationally distinct. In contrast, posterior visually responsive regions such as retrosplenial complex and the parahippocampal place area were sensitive to landmark repetition and encoded landmark identity in their multivoxel activity patterns but did not show a distance-related response. These data suggest the existence of a map-like representation in the human medial temporal lobe that encodes the coordinates of familiar locations in large-scale, real-world environments.
DNA oxidation injury in bone early after steroid administration is involved in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis.

OBJECTIVE Using a rabbit model, we investigated the DNA oxidation injury occurring in bone following steroid administration and focused on the relation between DNA oxidation injury and osteonecrosis. METHODS Japanese white rabbits weighing about 3.5 kg were injected with a single intramuscular dose of methylprednisolone 4 mg/kg and divided into groups consisting of 10 rabbits each, which were killed after 3, 5 and 14 days (groups A, B and C respectively). As a control, five untreated rabbits (group N) were also studied. An immunohistochemical study of the diaphysis of the proximal femur was conducted using the monoclonal antibody N45.1, which is a highly specific antibody against 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, an index of DNA oxidation injury. Also, using NIH Image freeware, the positive area (8-OHdG %PA) of each group was calculated and the four groups were compared. RESULTS Osteonecrosis was detected only in group C (70%). N45.1 positivity was noted in bone marrow haematopoietic cells and was particularly marked in groups B and C. 8-OHdG %PA was 1.6 +/- 0.2% in group N, 2.2 +/- 0.4% in group A, 4.8 +/- 0.4% in group B and 5.1 +/- 0.5% in group C, with significantly greater oxidation injury found in groups B and C (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Oxidative injury was demonstrated soon after the administration of methylprednisolone in a rabbit model prior to the development of osteonecrosis. This finding may suggest new strategies to prevent steroid-induced osteonecrosis, such as the optimally timed (early) administration of antioxidant agents.
Spatial Distribution and Temporal Patterns of Cassin’s Auklet Foraging and Their Euphausiid Prey in a Variable Ocean Environment

Krill (Euphausiids) play a vital ecosystem role in many of the world’s most productive marine regions, providing an important trophic linkage. We introduce a robust modeling approach to link Cassin’s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) abundance and distribution to large-scale and local oceanic and atmospheric conditions and relate these patterns to similarly modeled distributions of an important prey resource, krill. We carried out at-sea strip transect bird surveys and hydroacoustic assessments of euphausiids (2004–2013). Data informed separate, spatially-explicit predictive models of Cassin’s auklet abundance (zero-inflated negative binomial regression) and krill biomass (two-part model) based on these surveys. We established the type of prey responsible for acoustic backscatter by conducting net tows of the upper 50 m during surveys. We determined the types of prey fed to Cassin’s auklet chicks by collecting diet samples from provisioning adults. Using time-depth-recorders, we found Cassin’s auklets utilized consistent areas in the upper water column, less than 30 m, where krill could be found (99.5% of dives were less than 30 m). Birds primarily preyed upon two species of euphausiids, Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spinifera, which were available in the upper water column. Cassin’s auklet abundance was best predicted by both large scale and localized oceanic processes (upwelling) while krill biomass was best predicted by local factors (temperature, salinity, and fluorescence) and both large scale and localized oceanic processes (upwelling). Models predicted varying krill and bird distribution by month and year. Our work informs the use of Cassin’s auklet as a valuable indicator or krill abundance and distribution and strengthens our understanding of the link between Cassin’s auklet and its primary prey. We expect future increases in frequency and magnitude of anomalous ocean conditions will result in decreased availability of krill leading to declines in the Farallon Islands population of Cassin’s auklets.
Overview of NTCIR-12 Temporal Information Access (Temporalia-2) Task

This paper overviews NTCIR-12 Temporal Information Access (Temporalia-2) task. The task aims to foster research in temporal aspects of information retrieval and search, and is a continuation of Temporalia-1 task at NTCIR-11. Temporalia-2 is composed of two subtasks: Temporal Intent Disam-biguation (TID) and Temporally Diversiﬁed Retrieval (TDR). Both the subtasks have English and Chinese language versions. A total of 47 runs were submitted by 15 teams across the world. This was 40% improvement in the number of participated teams when compared to the previous edition. TID in English attracted 12 teams which submitted a total of 30 runs, while its Chinese version attracted 3 teams sub-mitting 7 runs. 4 teams including the organizer’s team took part in TDR English language subtask with the total of 10 runs. In this paper we describe both the subtasks, datasets, evaluation methods and the results of meta analyses.
Immunoproteomic analysis of potential serum biomarker candidates in human glaucoma.

PURPOSE Evidence supporting the immune system involvement in glaucoma includes increased titers of serum antibodies to retina and optic nerve proteins, although their pathogenic importance remains unclear. This study using an antibody-based proteomics approach aimed to identify disease-related antigens as candidate biomarkers of glaucoma. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 111 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and an age-matched control group of 49 healthy subjects without glaucoma. For high-throughput characterization of antigens, serum IgG was eluted from five randomly selected glaucomatous samples and analyzed by linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Serum titers of selected biomarker candidates were then measured by specific ELISAs in the whole sample pool (including an additional control group of diabetic retinopathy). RESULTS LC-MS/MS analysis of IgG elutes revealed a complex panel of proteins, including those detectable only in glaucomatous samples. Interestingly, many of these antigens corresponded to upregulated retinal proteins previously identified in glaucomatous donors (or that exhibited increased methionine oxidation). Moreover, additional analysis detected a greater immunoreactivity of the patient sera to glaucomatous retinal proteins (or to oxidatively stressed cell culture proteins), thereby suggesting the importance of disease-related protein modifications in autoantibody production/reactivity. As a narrowing-down strategy for selection of initial biomarker candidates, we determined the serum proteins overlapping with the retinal proteins known to be up-regulated in glaucoma. Four of the selected 10 candidates (AIF, cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein, ephrin type-A receptor, and huntingtin) exhibited higher ELISA titers in the glaucomatous sera. CONCLUSIONS A number of serum proteins identified by this immunoproteomic study of human glaucoma may represent diseased tissue-related antigens and serve as candidate biomarkers of glaucoma.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES O F TOMZCUS PZNZPERDA AND TOMZCUS M N O R (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO NON-HOST LEAF AND BARK VOLATILES

The Canadian Entomologist 32: 965 981 (2000) Leaf and bark volatiles from non-host birches, Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh. (Betulaceae), and aspen, Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae), were tested on spring-dispersing Tomicus piniperda (L.) and Tomicus minor (Hart.) by gas chromatographic electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and by attractantbaited traps in southern Sweden. GC-EAD analysis of the head-space volatiles from fresh bark chips of B. pendula revealed two green leaf alcohols, I-hexanol and (273hexen-1-01, that consistently elicited antennal responses by T. piniperda and T. minor. Further analyses with synthetic mixtures showed that the antennae of these two Tomicus species also responded to other green leaf alcohols, such as (E)-2-hexen-1-01 found from the non-host leaves, and C,-alcohols, 3-octanol and I-octen-3-01, from bark of non-host birches and aspen. No antennal responses of the Tomicus species were observed to green leaf C6-aldehydes and C6-acetate or to non-host bark volatiles like trans-conophthorin, benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol. In field trapping experiments, blends of electrophysiologically active green leaf alcohols or C,-alcohols resulted in reductions (>60%) in the number of T. piniperda captured compared with that for the kairomone-baited trap. When these two blends were combined, trap catch was further reduced (90%), which was not significantly different from that for the blank control. Neither the blend of two green leaf aldehydes plus the acetate nor the bark compounds trans-conophthorin or benzyl alcohol reduced trap catches. Tomicus minor had a response pattern similar to that of T. piniperda. Hylurgops palliarus (Gyll.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) was attracted to the combination of kairomone and verbenone but not to kairomone and was not affected by the blends of green leaf volatiles. Our results suggest that selected leaf-bark C6-alcohols and the bark C8-alcohols may have potential in developing semiochemical-based management programs against both pine shoot beetles by repelling them from suitable breeding and feeding sites. Schlyter F, Zhang Q-H, Anderson P, Byers JA, Wadhams W, Lofqvist J, Birgersson G. 2000. RCponses Clectrophysiologiques et comportementales de Tomicus piniperda et T. minor. (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) A des substances volatiles emanant des feuilles et de I'Ccorce d'arbres non hates. The Canadian Entonzolo~ist 132 : 965-981. I Author to whom aIl correspondence should be addressed (E-mail: fredrik.schlyter@vv.slu.se).
The Balance Sheet Channel

In this paper, we study the role of the credit channel of monetary policy in the context of a DSGE model. Through the use of a regulated banking sector subject to a regulatory capital constraint on lending, we provide alternative interpretations that can potentially explain differences in the implementation of monetary policy without appealing to ad-hoc central bank preferences. This is accomplished through the characterization of the external finance premium as a function of bank leverage and systemic aggregate risk.
Fast but economical: A simulative comparison of structured peer-to-peer systems

In the past many proposals for structured peer-to-peer protocols have been published. They differ in properties like overlay topology and routing table maintenance. Furthermore, each protocol exhibits various parameters e.g. to adjust the size of the routing table or stabilization intervals, making it difficult to choose an optimal protocol and parameter set for a given scenario (e.g. churn rate, number of nodes). For this purpose, we developed the overlay simulation framework OverSim and implemented six well known structured overlay protocols. In this paper we first compare these protocols among each other. Furthermore, we study several recursive and iterative routing variants and show the effect of routing table redundancy and lookup parallelism on routing latency and bandwidth costs. For each overlay protocol we identify an optimal parameter set for a typical peer-to-peer scenario. Finally, we show how overlay protocols adapt to variations in churn rate and network size. Our results show considerable advantages of the protocols Kademlia and Bamboo, while De Bruijn based protocols reveal a lack of stability under churn.