Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Single Internal Ribosome Entry Site Containing a G Quartet RNA Structure Drives Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Gene Expression at Four Alternative Translation Initiation Codons*

The 484-nucleotide (nt) alternatively translated region (ATR) of the human fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) mRNA contains four CUG and one AUG translation initiation codons. Although the 5′-end proximal CUG codon is initiated by a cap-dependent translation process, the other four initiation codons are initiated by a mechanism of internal entry of ribosomes. We undertook here a detailed analysis of the cis-acting elements defining the FGF-2 internal ribosome entry site (IRES). A thorough deletion analysis study within the 5′-ATR led us to define a 176-nt region as being necessary and sufficient for IRES function at four codons present in a downstream 308-nt RNA segment. Unexpectedly, a single IRES module is therefore responsible for translation initiation at four distantly localized codons. The determination of the FGF-2 5′-ATR RNA secondary structure by enzymatic and chemical probing experiments showed that the FGF-2 IRES contained two stem-loop regions and a G quartet motif that constitute novel structural determinants of IRES function.
Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants

Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
Fine Tuning of Redox Networks on Multiheme Cytochromes from Geobacter sulfurreducens Drives Physiological Electron/Proton Energy Transduction

The bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens (Gs) can grow in the presence of extracellular terminal acceptors, a property that is currently explored to harvest electricity from aquatic sediments and waste organic matter into microbial fuel cells. A family composed of five triheme cytochromes (PpcA-E) was identified in Gs. These cytochromes play a crucial role by bridging the electron transfer from oxidation of cytoplasmic donors to the cell exterior and assisting the reduction of extracellular terminal acceptors. The detailed thermodynamic characterization of such proteins showed that PpcA and PpcD have an important redox-Bohr effect that might implicate these proteins in the e−/H+ coupling mechanisms to sustain cellular growth. The physiological relevance of the redox-Bohr effect in these proteins was studied by determining the fractional contribution of each individual redox-microstate at different pH values. For both proteins, oxidation progresses from a particular protonated microstate to a particular deprotonated one, over specific pH ranges. The preferred e−/H+ transfer pathway established by the selected microstates indicates that both proteins are functionally designed to couple e−/H+ transfer at the physiological pH range for cellular growth.
Kinetic Studies that Evaluate the Solvolytic Mechanisms of Allyl and Vinyl Chloroformate Esters

At 25.0 °C the specific rates of solvolysis for allyl and vinyl chloroformates have been determined in a wide mix of pure and aqueous organic mixtures. In all the solvents studied, vinyl chloroformate was found to react significantly faster than allyl chloroformate. Multiple correlation analyses of these rates are completed using the extended (two-term) Grunwald-Winstein equation with incorporation of literature values for solvent nucleophilicity (NT) and solvent ionizing power (YCl). Both substrates were found to solvolyze by similar dual bimolecular carbonyl-addition and unimolecular ionization channels, each heavily dependent upon the solvents nucleophilicity and ionizing ability.
Calcifying nanoparticles promote mineralization in vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for atherosclerosis

Background Nano-sized complexes of calcium phosphate mineral and proteins (calcifying nanoparticles [CNPs]) serve as mineral chaperones. Thus, CNPs may be both a result and cause of soft tissue calcification processes. This study determined if CNPs could augment calcification of arterial vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Methods CNPs 210 nm in diameter were propagated in vitro from human serum. Porcine aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured for up to 28 days in medium in the absence (control) or presence of 2 mM phosphate ([P] positive calcification control) or after a single 3-day exposure to CNPs. Transmission electron-microscopy was used to characterize CNPs and to examine their cellular uptake. Calcium deposits were visualized by light microscopy and von Kossa staining and were quantified by colorimetry. Cell viability was quantified by confocal microscopy of live-/dead-stained cells and apoptosis was examined concurrently by fluorescent labeling of exposed phosphatidylserine. Results CNPs, as well as smaller calcium crystals, were observed by transmission electron-microscopy on day 3 in CNP-treated but not P-treated cells. By day 28, calcium deposits were visible in similar amounts within multicellular nodules of both CNP- and P-treated cells. Apoptosis increased with cell density under all treatments. CNP treatment augmented the density of apoptotic bodies and cellular debris in association with mineralized multicellular nodules. Conclusion Exogenous CNPs are taken up by aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro and potentiate accumulation of smooth-muscle-derived apoptotic bodies at sites of mineralization. Thus, CNPs may accelerate vascular calcification.
Immunoelectron microscopic studies of desmin (skeletin) localization and intermediate filament organization in chicken skeletal muscle

We studied the localization of desmin (skeletin), the major subunit of muscle-type intermediate filaments, by high resolution immunoelectron microscopy in adult chicken skeletal muscle. Immunoferritin labeling of ultrathin frozen sections of intact fixed sartorius muscle showed the presence of desmin between adjacent Z-bands and as strands peripheral to Z-bands, forming apparent connections between the Z-bands with adjacent sarcolemma, mitochondria, and nuclei. We observed no desmin labeling, however, in the vicinity of the T-tubules. In addition, intermediate filaments were morphologically discernible at the level of the Z-bands in plastic sections of glycerol-extracted muscle that had been infused with unlabeled antidesmin antibodies. Our results indicate that the desmin present in adult skeletal muscle, that had previously been detected by immunofluorescence light microscopy, is largely if not entirely in the form of intermediate filaments. The results provide evidence that these filaments serve to interconnect myofibrils at the level of their Z-bands, and to connect Z-bands with other specific structures and organelles in the myotube, but not with the T-tubule system.
Genetically Altered Mice with Different Sialyltransferase Deficiencies Show Tissue-specific Alterations in Sialylation and Sialic Acid 9-O-Acetylation* 210

Glycan chains on glycoconjugates traversing the Golgi apparatus are often terminated by sialic acid residues, which can also be 9-O-acetylated. This process involves competition between multiple Golgi enzymes. Expression levels of Golgi enzyme mRNAs do not always correlate with enzyme activity, which in turn cannot accurately predict glycan sequences found on cell surfaces. Here we examine the cell type-specific expression of terminal glycans in tissues of normal mice in comparison with animals deficient in ST6Gal-I (transfers α2–6-linked sialic acid to Galβ1–4GlcNAc) or ST3Gal-I (transfers α2–3-linked sialic acid to Galβ1–3GalNAc). Tissues of ST6Gal-I null mice showed minimal binding of an α2–6-sialic acid-specific lectin, indicating that no other enzyme generates Siaα2–6Galβ1–4GlcNAc and that Siaα2–6GalNAc (sialyl-Tn) is rare in mice. However, exposed Galβ1–4GlcNAc termini were only moderately increased, indicating that these can be partially capped by other enzymes. Indeed, Galα1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAc and Fucα1–2Galβ1–4GlcNAc termini were enhanced in some tissues. Many tissues of ST3Gal-I null animals showed increases in Galβ1–3GalNAc termini, and some increases in poly-N-acetyllactosamines. However, overall expression of α2–3-linked sialic acid was selectively reduced only in a few instances, indicating that other ST3Gal enzymes can generate this linkage in most tissues. Highly selective losses of 9-O-acetylation of sialic acid residues were also observed, with ST6Gal-I deficiency causing loss on endothelium and ST3Gal-I deficiency giving a marked decrease on CD4+ lymphocytes. These data demonstrate selective regulation of sialylation and 9-O-acetylation, point to cell types with potential physiological defects in null animals, and show in vivo evidence for competition between Golgi enzymes.
Trust, But Verify: Fast and Accurate Signal Recovery From 1-Bit Compressive Measurements

The recently emerged compressive sensing (CS) framework aims to acquire signals at reduced sample rates compared to the classical Shannon-Nyquist rate. To date, the CS theory has assumed primarily real-valued measurements; it has recently been demonstrated that accurate and stable signal acquisition is still possible even when each measurement is quantized to just a single bit. This property enables the design of simplified CS acquisition hardware based around a simple sign comparator rather than a more complex analog-to-digital converter; moreover, it ensures robustness to gross nonlinearities applied to the measurements. In this paper we introduce a new algorithm - restricted-step shrinkage (RSS) - to recover sparse signals from 1-bit CS measurements. In contrast to previous algorithms for 1-bit CS, RSS has provable convergence guarantees, is about an order of magnitude faster, and achieves higher average recovery signal-to-noise ratio. RSS is similar in spirit to trust-region methods for nonconvex optimization on the unit sphere, which are relatively unexplored in signal processing and hence of independent interest.
Phosphorylation of Gα11 Protein Contributes to Agonist-Induced Desensitization of 5-HT2A Receptor Signaling

Agonist treatment causes desensitization of many G proteincoupled receptor systems. Recent advances have delineated changes in receptors in the desensitization response; however, the role of G proteins remains unclear. We investigated the role of phosphorylation of Gαq/11 proteins in agonist-induced desensitization of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. In an embryonic rat cortical cell line (A1A1v), 24-h treatment with 100 nM (-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane HCl (DOI), a 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, decreased DOI-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation and increased the phosphorylation of Gαq/11 proteins, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of Gαq/11 and both incorporation of 32P phosphate and labeling with a S/T/Y phosphorylation-dependent antibody. Treatment with DOI for 30 min induced desensitization but did not increase phosphorylation of Gαq/11 proteins, suggesting that different mechanisms are involved in desensitization after short- and long-term treatments. Mutation of S154A in a protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase (CaMK) consensus site in Gα11 significantly reduced DOI-stimulated phosphorylation of Gα11 and DOI-induced desensitization of 5-HT2A receptor signaling. Inhibition of PKC and CaMK attenuated phosphorylation of Gαq/11 proteins and DOI-induced desensitization of 5-HT2A receptors. Expression of Gα11 S154D, a phosphorylation mimic, reduced DOI-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation. DOI treatment for 24 h also produced heterologous desensitization, as indicated by decreased bradykinin-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation. These data suggest that phosphorylation of Gα11 protein by PKC and CaMK contributes to agonistinduced homologous desensitization of 5-HT2A receptor signaling as well as heterologous desensitization. The phosphorylation of Gα protein represents a novel mechanism involved in regulation of receptor signaling and agonist-induced desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors.
When Is a Network Epidemic Hard to Eliminate?

We consider the propagation of a contagion process (“epidemic”) on a network and study the problem of dynamically allocating a fixed curing budget to the nodes of the graph, at each time instant. For bounded degree graphs, we provide a lower bound on the expected time to extinction under any such dynamic allocation policy, in terms of a combinatorial quantity that we call the resistance of the set of initially infected nodes, the available budget, and the number of nodes n . Specifically, we consider the case of bounded degree graphs, with the resistance growing linearly in n . We show that if the curing budget is less than a certain multiple of the resistance, then the expected time to extinction grows exponentially with n . As a corollary, if all nodes are initially infected and the CutWidth of the graph grows linearly, while the curing budget is less than a certain multiple of the CutWidth, then the expected time to extinction grows exponentially in n . The combination of the latter with our prior work establishes a fairly sharp phase transition on the expected time to extinction (sublinear versus exponential) based on the relation between the CutWidth and the curing budget.
Photogrammetric Texture Mapping onto Planar Polygons

This paper presents a mathematical description of texture mapping onto planar polygons from a photogrammetry viewpoint. In principle, this approach can accommodate textures acquired from a variety of camera systems including panoramic, strip, pushbroom, multispectral scanners and synthetic aperture radar, as well as the common frame (snap-shot) camera. The main focus of this paper, however, is the frame camera. When this type of camera photographs an object obliquely, the transformation between polygon and texture is characterized by a perspective projection rather than an affine transformation. In particular, we derive the rational linear texture mapping transformation equation and show how to compute its coefficients in two ways using known values for the relevant camera parameters. We also show that the denominator term in this transformation is not equivalent to perspective depth as it is when the textures are face-on to the polygon surface. Although the specific case of perspective texture projection onto planar polygons has been discussed before using techniques based upon homogeneous coordinates, we believe that this paper will be interesting and beneficial due to the intuitive basis of the photogrammetry concepts.
Proposal of Three-Phase High-Frequency Transformer Isolation UPS Topologies for Distributed Generation Applications

A family of double-conversion three-phase uninterruptible power systems with power factor correction and high-frequency transformer (HFT) isolation topologies are presented in this paper. This might be a suitable alternative compared to large conventional uninterruptible power systems (UPSs) that are based upon bulky transformers that operate at the grid frequency. This system is commonly used to supply critical loads, but nowadays, due to the increasing interest in renewable energy integration and distributed generation (DG), it can also be a suitable solution for energy storage in microgrids or renewable-power-conditioning interface applications. The three-phase HFT UPS used for further analysis is composed of single-phase chopper modules, one three-phase boost module, and one three-phase inverter. The relevant features are soft commutation of the controlled switches in the chopper stage, simple control strategy that can be implemented with well-known integrated circuits, and the use of a few batteries in series due to the same reference of the step-up stages. The principle of operation of the chosen system for experimental validation, the implemented control strategy, and the experimental results obtained for a 15-kVA prototype are presented.
Cloning, transport properties, and differential localization of two splice variants of GLT‐1 in the rat CNS: Implications for CNS glutamate homeostasis

At least two splice variants of GLT‐1 are expressed by rat brain astrocytes, albeit in different membrane domains. There is at present only limited data available as to the spatial relationship of such variants relative to the location of synapses and their functional properties. We have characterized the transport properties of GLT‐1v in a heterologous expression system and conclude that its transport properties are similar to those of the originally described form of GLT‐1, namely GLT‐1α. We demonstrate that GLT‐1α is localized to glial processes, some of which are interposed between multiple synapse types, including GABAergic synapses, whereas GLT‐1v is expressed by astrocytic processes, at sites not interposed between synapses. Both splice variants can be expressed by a single astrocyte, but such expression is not uniform over the surface of the astrocytes. Neither splice variant of GLT‐1 is evident in brain neurons, but both are abundantly expressed in some retinal neurons. We conclude that GLT‐1v may not be involved in shaping the kinetics of synaptic signaling in the brain, but may be critical in preventing spillover of glutamate between adjacent synapses, thereby regulating intersynaptic glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission. Furthermore, GLT‐1v may be crucial in ensuring that low levels of glutamate are maintained at extrasynaptic locations, especially in pathological conditions such as ischemia, motor neurone disease, and epilepsy. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[On the classification of endogenous psychoses].

By searching the title, publisher, or authors of guide you essentially want, you can discover them rapidly. In the house, workplace, or perhaps in your method can be all best place within net connections. If you set sights on to download and install the the classification of endogenous psychoses, it is definitely simple then, before currently we extend the belong to to buy and make bargains to download and install the classification of endogenous psychoses appropriately simple!
Gauge Transformations and Inverse Quantum Scattering with Medium-Range Magnetic Fields

The time-dependent, geometric method for high-energy limits and inverse scattering is applied to nonrelativistic quantum particles in external electromagnetic fields. Both the Schr"odinger- and the Pauli equations in R^2 and R^3 are considered. The electrostatic potential A_0 shall be short-range, and the magnetic field B shall decay faster than |x|^{-3/2} . A natural class of corresponding vector potentials A of medium range is introduced, and the decay and regularity properties of various gauges are discussed, including the transversal gauge, the Coulomb gauge, and the Griesinger vector potentials. By a suitable combination of these gauges, B need not be differentiable. The scattering operator S is not invariant under the corresponding gauge transformations, but experiences an explicit transformation. Both B and A_0 are reconstructed from an X-ray transform, which is obtained from the high-energy limit of S . Here previous results by Arians and Nicoleau are generalized to the medium-range situation. In a sequel paper, medium-range vector potentials are applied to relativistic scattering.
Increasing Compliance with Mass Drug Administration Programs for Lymphatic Filariasis in India through Education and Lymphedema Management Programs

Background Nearly 45% of people living at risk for lymphatic filariasis (LF) worldwide live in India. India has faced challenges obtaining the needed levels of compliance with its mass drug administration (MDA) program to interrupt LF transmission, which utilizes diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or DEC plus albendazole. Previously identified predictors of and barriers to compliance with the MDA program were used to refine a pre-MDA educational campaign. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of these refinements and of a lymphedema morbidity management program on MDA compliance. Methods/Principal Findings A randomized, 30-cluster survey was performed in each of 3 areas: the community-based pre-MDA education plus community-based lymphedema management education (Com-MDA+LM) area, the community-based pre-MDA education (Com-MDA) area, and the Indian standard pre-MDA education (MDA-only) area. Compliance with the MDA program was 90.2% in Com-MDA+LM, 75.0% in Com-MDA, and 52.9% in the MDA-only areas (p<0.0001). Identified barriers to adherence included: 1) fear of side effects and 2) lack of recognition of one's personal benefit from adherence. Multivariable predictors of adherence amenable to educational intervention were: 1) knowing about the MDA in advance of its occurrence, 2) knowing everyone is at risk for LF, 3) knowing that the MDA was for LF, and 4) knowing at least one component of the lymphedema management techniques taught in the lymphedema management program. Conclusions/Significance This study confirmed previously identified predictors of and barriers to compliance with India's MDA program for LF. More importantly, it showed that targeting these predictors and barriers in a timely and clear pre-MDA educational campaign can increase compliance with MDA programs, and it demonstrated, for the first time, that lymphedema management programs may also increase compliance with MDA programs.
Generational curse? Spiritual appraisals, spiritual struggles and risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of divorce

Annette Mahoney, Advisor Utilizing religious coping theory, this study examined the impact of religion and spirituality on documented risk factors for the future divorce of adult children of divorce. Consistent with previous research, approximately one third of the 158 college students whose parents had divorced since they were 13 years old, viewed the divorce as the loss or desecration of something sacred at the time it happened, one fourth struggled spiritually in response to this divorce at the time it happened, and just under one third reported engaging in adaptive spiritual coping at the time of the divorce. After controlling for global religiousness, relevant demographics and non-spiritual struggle and coping, several links between these religious and spiritual constructs and risk factors for future divorce emerged. Specifically, significant relationships existed between the following variables: greater retrospective spiritual struggles and both lower current conflict resolution skills and greater current spiritual decline; higher current appraisals of marriage as sacred and current lower risky attitudes towards cohabitation and sexual intercourse, marriage and divorce as well as greater current spiritual growth; greater retrospective adaptive spiritual coping and greater current conflict resolution skills. Participants’ pattern of spiritual struggle across time was also related to some risk factors for future divorce and spiritual decline. Implications of these findings are discussed as well as other expected links that did not