Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutritional factors in osteoporosis.

OVERVIEW OF OSTEOPOROSIS . 287 Fraility and Injury . 288 Intrinsic Bony Strength and Fragility . 289 Bone MasslDensity . 290 CALCIUM . 290 The Requirement for Calcium . 295 Primary Prevention: The Acquisition of Genetically Programmed Bone Mass . 296 Secondary Prevention: The Conservation of Acquired Bone Mass . 299 Calcium Intake and Risk of Fracture 302 Calcium as a Component of Treatment of Established Osteoporosis . 303 Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions . 303 VITAMIN D . 306 VITAMIN K . 308 TRACE MINERALS . ' . 310 NUTRITION AND HIP FRACTURE . 310
Cooperate without Looking in a Non-Repeated Game

We propose a simple model for why we have more trust in people who cooperate without calculating the associated costs. Intuitively, by not looking at the payoffs, people indicate that they will not be swayed by high temptations to defect, which makes them more attractive as interaction partners. We capture this intuition using a simple four-stage game. In the first stage, nature draws the costs and benefits of cooperation according to a commonly-known distribution. In the second stage, Player 1 chooses whether or not to look at the realized payoffs. In the third stage, Player 2 decides whether to exit or let Player 1 choose whether or not to cooperate in the fourth stage. Using backward induction, we provide a complete characterization for when we expect Player 1 to cooperate without looking. Moreover, we show with numerical simulations how cooperating without looking can emerge through simple evolutionary processes.
Life‐long caloric restriction reduces oxidative stress and preserves nitric oxide bioavailability and function in arteries of old mice

Aging impairs arterial function through oxidative stress and diminished nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Life‐long caloric restriction (CR) reduces oxidative stress, but its impact on arterial aging is incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that life‐long CR attenuates key features of arterial aging. Blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV, arterial stiffness), carotid artery wall thickness and endothelium‐dependent dilation (EDD; endothelial function) were assessed in young (Y: 5–7 month), old ad libitum (Old AL: 30–31 month) and life‐long 40% CR old (30–31 month) B6D2F1 mice. Blood pressure was elevated with aging (P < 0.05) and was blunted by CR (P < 0.05 vs. Old AL). PWV was 27% greater in old vs. young AL‐fed mice (P < 0.05), and CR prevented this increase (P < 0.05 vs. Old AL). Carotid wall thickness was greater with age (P < 0.05), and CR reduced this by 30%. CR effects were associated with amelioration of age‐related changes in aortic collagen and elastin. Nitrotyrosine, a marker of cellular oxidative stress, and superoxide production were greater in old AL vs. young (P < 0.05) and CR attenuated these increase. Carotid artery EDD was impaired with age (P < 0.05); CR prevented this by enhancing NO and reducing superoxide‐dependent suppression of EDD (Both P < 0.05 vs. Old AL). This was associated with a blunted age‐related increase in NADPH oxidase activity and p67 expression, with increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), total SOD, and catalase activities (All P < 0.05 Old CR vs. Old AL). Lastly, CR normalized age‐related changes in the critical nutrient‐sensing pathways SIRT‐1 and mTOR (P < 0.05 vs. Old AL). Our findings demonstrate that CR is an effective strategy for attenuation of arterial aging.
First trimester maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein is not raised in pregnancies with open spina bifida

Two recent studies have suggested that maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels are increased in the first trimester of pregnancies in which the fetus has an open spina bifida. This is contrary to previously published studies. This study assesses further whether maternal serum AFP is elevated in the first trimester in cases with open spina bifida.
January 2018

EXPLANATION: Pursuant to academic and institutional planning, and in consultation with the New York State Department of Education, the President and Provost of Baruch College have concluded that the degree and certificate programs in School Administration and Supervision must be closed at the earliest feasible date. NYSED directed Baruch to discontinue admitting students at the earliest possible date, to ‘teach out’ students who were currently enrolled in the programs, and to seek formal removal of the program for the Inventory of Registered Programs.
Effects of Rice Proteins from Two Cultivars, Koshihikari and Shunyo, on Hepatic Cholesterol Secretion by Isolated Perfused Livers of Rats Fed Cholesterol-Enriched Diets

Background/Aims: The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of rice proteins, with different contents of glutelin and prolamin, on the regulation of hepatic cholesterol output pathways and the development of hypocholesterolemia in rats. Methods: Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were fed 2 types of rice protein from either the cultivar Koshihikari (RRP) or the cultivar Shunyo (SRP), or casein as a control, for 2 weeks (n = 6 for each group). Each diet was supplemented with 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. Using an isolated perfused liver, hepatic secretion of cholesterol into bile and the circulation was measured during a 4-hour perfusion. Results: Total hepatic cholesterol secretions into the circulation were significantly reduced by both rice proteins (p < 0.05), and hepatic cholesterol secretions into very-low-density lipoproteins were also effectively decreased by RRP and SRP. In contrast, bile flow and biliary output of bile acids were significantly stimulated by RRP and SRP (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the key metabolic pathways of hepatic cholesterol are modified by both rice proteins leading to similar hypocholesterolemic effects. The increased excretion of biliary bile acids associated with a decreased output of hepatic cholesterol into the circulation suggests a functional reciprocal interrelationship between both of the hepatic cholesterol secretory pathways in the rice-protein-fed rats, regardless of rice protein type.
The case for collaborative programming

T eam programming usually means coordinating efforts of individual programmers who divide up the programming tasks for a large, complex system. Collaborative programming is used here to mean two programmers working jointly on the same algorithm and code. Previous research indicates that student programmers working collaboratively outperformed individual programmers. A follow-up field experiment was conducted using experienced programmers who worked on a challenging problem important to their organization, in their own environments, and with their own equipment. To the surprise of the managers and participants, all the teams outperformed the individual programmers, enjoyed the problem-solving process more, and had greater confidence in their solutions.
Association between static and dynamic thenar near-infrared spectroscopy and mortality in patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Oxygen delivery and consumption disturbances are frequently seen with critically illness, potentially leading to pathologic changes in tissue oxygenation (StO2). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a potentially useful method to monitor StO2, but the role of NIRS in prognostication of septic patients is uncertain. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and evaluate static and dynamic NIRS in patients with sepsis. METHODS This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of publications between 1966 and 2013. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies on StO2 in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Meta-analysis was limited to studies about static and dynamic variables derived from NIRS in patients with sepsis. The association between StO2, reperfusion slope (Rres), occlusion slope, and maximum StO2 minus basal StO2 (&Dgr;StO2) and prognosis in septic patients was evaluated. RESULTS The search identified 20 articles (962 participants; 717 with severe sepsis or septic shock, and 245 healthy controls). Compared with healthy controls, septic patients had lower levels of StO2 (78.27% [4.91%] vs. 82.02% [3.57%], p = 0.012), Rres (2.75% [0.63%] vs. 5.19% [2.86%] per second, p = 0.003), and &Dgr;StO2 (7.86% [0.11%] vs. 12.53% [2.65%], p = 0.011). Survivors from sepsis presents higher levels of StO2 (81.68% [4.68%] vs. 74.54% [5.31%], p = 0.02) and Rres (3.37% [0.44%] vs. 2.16% [0.51%] per second, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Septic patients have lower levels of StO2, Rres and &Dgr;StO2, and survivors from sepsis present higher levels of StO2 and Rres compared with nonsurvivors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review/meta-analysis, level III.
Deep-Water Running: A Practical Review of the Literature with an Emphasis on Biomechanics

Abstract Deep-water running (DWR) is used as an adjunct to training and conditioning, and as an injury-rehabilitation technique. It is important for the physician or sports medicine practitioner to focus on the underlying physics and biomechanics of running in water in order to better produce the desired physiological, metabolic, and psychological outcomes. Deep-water running maximal heart rate and oxygen consumption values have been consistently shown to be lower than those found during treadmill running. However, recent evidence reveals that there is less of a difference between these maximal values relative to treadmill running and DWR with increased DWR experience. Submaximal values have been shown to be strikingly similar. The skill level of DWR technique, psychological comfort, perception of work, muscular recruitment patterns, and running kinematics are all affected by the physics (ie, temperature, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, specific gravity, and drag) of running in water. Therefore, the relationship between the biomechanics and the corollary practical physiological indicators of workload found in DWR must be factored into the appropriate prescription of training and conditioning workloads and rehabilitation protocols.
PathwayFinder: Paving the Way Towards Automatic Pathway Extraction

Automatically mining protein pathway information from the vast amount of published literature has been an increasing need from the pharmaceutical industry and biomedical research community. This task has been proved to be a formidable one. Many systems have been implemented, but few are practical. Some are too restricted and some are overly ambitious. 1This paper presents the PathwayFinder system with two key innovations that give the system simultaneously generalization power and practical capabilities: (a) PathwayFinder is designed with appropriate level of users' involvement on information extraction, based on the author's belief that totally automatic pathway retrieval is beyond the current technology; (b) A novel multi-agent architecture is built to support the need of user-computer interactions and domain extensions. As a result, PathwayFinder is flexible, easy to use, and extendable to be customized to other domains. We have successfully applied the PathwayFinder system to study the ubiquitin cascade pathway.
Long noncoding nature brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense is associated with poor prognosis and functional regulation in non–small cell lung caner

In this study, we evaluated the prognostic potential and functional regulation of human nature antisense, brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense, in non–small cell lung cancer. Non–small cell lung cancer carcinoma and adjacent non-carcinoma lung tissues were extracted from 151 patients. Their endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense expression levels were compared by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Clinical relevance between endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense expression level and patients’ clinicopathological variances or overall survival was analyzed. The potential of brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense being an independent prognostic factor in non–small cell lung cancer was also evaluated. In in vitro non–small cell lung cancer cell lines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense was upregulated through forced overexpression. The effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense upregulation on non–small cell lung cancer in vitro survival, proliferation, and migration were evaluated by viability, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, and transwell assays. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense is lowly expressed in non–small cell lung cancer carcinoma tissues and further downregulated in late-stage carcinomas. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense downregulation was closely associated with non–small cell lung cancer patients’ advanced tumor, lymph node, metastasis stage, and positive status of lymph node metastasis, and confirmed to be an independent prognostic factor for patients’ poor overall survival. In non–small cell lung cancer A549 and H226 cell lines, forced overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense did not alter cancer cell viability but had significantly tumor suppressive effect in inhibiting in vitro non–small cell lung cancer proliferation and migration. Endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense in non–small cell lung cancer carcinoma could be a potential biomarker for predicting patients’ prognosis. Overexpressing brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense may also have a therapeutic potential in inhibiting non–small cell lung cancer tumor growth.
Applicability and Intrarespondent Reliability of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory in a Random Danish Sample

Purpose: To examine the applicability of US reference data from the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) in a random Danish sample and to assess intrarespondent reliability. Methods: The PEDI was administered as a mailed questionnaire that was completed by the parents. Linear regression models and comparisons of item difficulty were performed in the data analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used in the intrarespondent analysis. Results: US and Danish children differed on 3 of the 6 subscales of the PEDI. Danish children had significantly lower scores on the caregiver assistance subscales (self-care and mobility) and significantly higher scores on the functional skills subscale (social function). Item difficulty was found to be comparable (r = 0.82–0.97) on all 6 subscales. Intrarespondent reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.62–0.97). Conclusion: The PEDI reference values seem partly applicable in a Danish population. In a Danish rehabilitation setting, interpreting PEDI scores with regard to detecting functional delays must be done cautiously.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Fetuin-A in Obese Adolescents With and Without Type 2 Diabetes.

CONTEXT Hepatokines such as fetuin-A or fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are reasonable candidates affecting the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, studies in humans at the onset of disease are scarce. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare FGF21 and fetuin-A levels between adolescents with and without T2DM. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional comparison of adolescents with and without T2DM. SETTING The study was conducted at diabetes and obesity treatment centers. PATIENTS Seventy-four predominantly Caucasian adolescents with T2DM aged 12-18 years and 74 body mass index (BMI)-, age-, and gender-matched controls participated in the study. INTERVENTION There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES FGF21 and fetuin-A and their correlation to age, BMI, glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, lipids, adiponectin, and leptin were measured. RESULTS Adolescents with T2DM showed significant higher FGF21 serum concentrations compared with obese controls without T2DM [median 277 pg/mL (interquartile range [IQR] 161-586) vs 200 pg/mL (IQR 116-323), respectively, P = . 009] and higher fetuin-A serum concentrations (median 0.30 g/L (IQR 0.27-0.33) vs 0.28 g/L (IQR 0.25-0.30), respectively, P = . 005). In a multiple linear regression analysis, fetuin-A was positively associated with glycated hemoglobin [β-coefficient 0.005 (95% confidence interval ± 0.004), P = . 013], negatively with adiponectin (β-coefficient -0.004 (95% confidence interval ±0.002, P = .006) but not with BMI, age, gender, ethnicity, or leptin. FGF21 was not associated with any parameter in multiple linear regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Increased FGF21 serum levels in obese adolescents with T2DM compared with obese adolescents without T2DM suggest a FGF21-resistant state in T2DM because FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity. The increase of fetuin-A levels in obese adolescents with T2DM supports the hypothesis that fetuin-A is involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM because this hepatokine leads to insulin resistance.
Cross-Sectional Changes in Lung Volume Measured by Electrical Impedance Tomography Are Representative for the Whole Lung in Ventilated Preterm Infants

Objective:Electrical impedance tomography measures lung volume in a cross-sectional slice of the lung. Whether these cross-sectional volume changes are representative of the whole lung has only been investigated in adults, showing conflicting results. This study aimed to compare cross-sectional and whole lung volume changes using electrical impedance tomography and respiratory inductive plethysmography. Design:A prospective, single-center, observational, nonrandomized study. Setting:The study was conducted in a neonatal ICU in the Netherlands. Patients:High-frequency ventilated preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Interventions:Cross-sectional and whole lung volume changes were continuously and simultaneously measured by, respectively, electrical impedance tomography and respiratory inductive plethysmography during a stepwise recruitment procedure. End-expiratory lung volume changes were assessed by mapping the inflation and deflation limbs using both the pressure/impedance and pressure/inductance pairs and characterized by calculating the inflection points. In addition, oscillatory tidal volume changes were assessed at each pressure step. Measurements and Main Results:Twenty-three infants were included in the study. Of these, eight infants had to be excluded because the quality of the registration was insufficient for analysis (two electrical impedance tomography and six respiratory inductive plethysmography). In the remaining 15 infants (gestational age 28.0 ± 2.6 wk; birth weight 1,027 ± 514 g), end-expiratory lung volume changes measured by electrical impedance tomography were significantly correlated to respiratory inductive plethysmography measurements in 12 patients (mean r = 0.93 ± 0.05). This was also true for the upper inflection point on the inflation (r = 0.91, p < 0.01) and deflation limb (r = 0.83, p < 0.01). In 13 patients, impedance and inductance data also correlated significantly on oscillatory tidal volume/pressure relationships (mean r = 0.81 ± 0.18). Conclusions:This study shows that cross-sectional lung volume changes measured by electrical impedance tomography are representative for the whole lung and that this concept also applies to newborn infants.
Effect of etching with distinct hydrofluoric acid concentrations on the flexural strength of a lithium disilicate-based glass ceramic.

This study examined the effects of distinct hydrofluoric acid concentrations on the mechanical behavior of a lithium disilicate-based glass ceramic. Bar-shaped specimens were produced from ceramic blocks (e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent). The specimens were polished, chamfered, and sonically cleaned in distilled water. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n = 23). The HF1, HF3, HF5, and HF10 specimens were etched for 20 s with acid concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%, respectively, while the SC (control) sample was untreated. The etched surfaces were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope. Finally, the roughness was measured, and 3-point bending flexural tests were performed. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The Weibull modulus and characteristic strength were also determined. No statistical difference in the roughness and flexural strength was determined among the groups. The structural reliabilities (Weilbull moduli) were similar for the tested groups; however, the characteristic strength of the HF1 specimen was greater than that of the HF10 specimen. Compared with the untreated ceramic, the surface roughness and flexural strength of the ceramic were unaffected upon etching, regardless of the acid concentration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 885-891, 2017.
Mass-Temperature Relation of Galaxy Clusters: Implications from the Observed Luminosity-Temperature Relation and X-Ray Temperature Function

We derive constraints on the mass-temperature relation of galaxy clusters from their observed luminosity-temperature relation and X-ray temperature function. Adopting the isothermal gas in hydrostatic equilibrium embedded in the universal density profile of dark matter halos, we compute the X-ray luminosity for clusters as a function of their hosting halo mass. We find that in order to reproduce the two observational statistics, the mass-temperature relation is fairly well constrained as Tgas = (1.5 ~ 2.0) keV(Mvir/1014 h M☉)0.5~0.55, and a simple self-similar evolution model (Tgas ∝ M) is strongly disfavored. In the cosmological model that we assume (a ΛCDM universe with Ω0 = 0.3, λ0 = 0.7, and h70 = 1), the derived mass-temperature relation suggests that the mass fluctuation amplitude σ8 is 0.7-0.8.
When ecological isolation breaks down: sexual isolation is an incomplete barrier to hybridization between Rhagoletis species

Question: Environmental disturbance can disrupt habitat choice as an ecological barrier to hybridization between host-specific parasites that mate on their host. Is environmentindependent mate choice a sufficient barrier to prevent hybridization when ecological isolation breaks down? Hypothesis: Males and females will not discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific mating partners in the absence of host cues. Study system: Rhagoletis mendax and R. zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae). Hybridization between these two taxa resulted in the Lonicera fly, an example of hybrid speciation in animals. The Lonicera fly is found only on non-native honeysuckle. Rhagoletis mendax and R. zephyria discriminate against each other’s host but not honeysuckle. This suggests the local breakdown of reproductive isolation via host choice following the introduction of an invasive plant. Methods: We combined males and females of both species in a multi-choice experiment in the laboratory and recorded mating events. Conclusion: Without host plant cues, mate choice is an incomplete barrier to hybridization. Reproductive isolation between host-specific parasites can be influenced by environmental disturbance because a non-ecological barrier (mate choice) alone is too weak to maintain reproductive isolation.