Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Age-specific Variability of Plasma Proteins in Healthy Neonates, Children and Adults*

Human blood plasma is a complex biological fluid containing soluble proteins, sugars, hormones, electrolytes, and dissolved gasses. As plasma interacts with a wide array of bodily systems, changes in protein expression, or the presence or absence of specific proteins are regularly used in the clinic as a molecular biomarker tool. A large body of literature exists detailing proteomic changes in pathologic contexts, however little research has been conducted on the quantitation of the plasma proteome in age-specific, healthy subjects, especially in pediatrics. In this study, we utilized SWATH-MS to identify and quantify proteins in the blood plasma of healthy neonates, infants under 1 year of age, children between 1–5 years, and adults. We identified more than 100 proteins that showed significant differential expression levels across these age groups, and we analyzed variation in protein expression across the age spectrum. The plasma proteomic profiles of neonates were strikingly dissimilar to the older children and adults. By extracting the SWATH data against a large human spectral library we increased protein identification more than 6-fold (940 proteins) and confirmed the concentrations of several of these using ELISA. The results of this study map the variation in expression of proteins and pathways often implicated in disease, and so have significant clinical implication.
Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Multiple Sclerosis and Migraine

Background Studies investigating a proposed association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine have produced conflicting results and a great range in the prevalence rate of migraine in MS patients. By meta-analysing all available data we aimed to establish an overall estimate of any association in order to more accurately inform clinicians and care-givers about a potential association between MS and migraine. Methods Pubmed and EMBASE were searched to identify suitable studies. Studies were included if they were a case-control study or cohort study in which controls were not reported to have another neurological condition, were available in English, and specified migraine as a headache sub-type. The odds ratio (OR) of migraine in MS patients vs. controls was calculated using the inverse variance with random effects model in Review Manager 5.1. Results Eight studies were selected for inclusion, yielding a total of 1864 MS patients and 261563 control subjects. We found a significant association between migraine and MS (OR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.12–6.04), although there was significant heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis showed that migraine without aura was associated with MS OR = 2.29 (95% CI 1.14–4.58), with no significant heterogeneity. Conclusions MS patients are more than twice as likely to report migraine as controls. Care providers should be alerted to ask MS patients about migraine in order to treat it and potentially improve quality of life. Future work should further investigate the temporal relationship of this association and relationship to the clinical characteristics of MS.
EVALUATION OF CHANGES OCCURRING IN CHILDREN WHO PARTICIPATED IN PROJECT HEAD START.

DESCRIPTORS*CULTURALLY DISADVANTAGED, ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS, PROGRAM EVALUATION, CASE STUDIES (EDUCATION), *INTELLIGENCE DIFFERENCES, VISUAL PERCEPTION, *ACHIEVEMENT GAINS, SOCIAL ADJUSTMENTS MATCHED GROUPS, *KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN, *TESTING, MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, HEADSTART, NEBRASKA, STANFORD BINET, METROPOLITAN READINESS TEST, FROSTIG-DEVELOPMENT TEST OF VISUAL PERCEPTION, HISKEY-NEBRASKA TEST,
The Impact of HIV Education on the Lives of Ugandan Nurses and Nurse‐Midwives

In this ethnography, I explored the impact of an HIV/AIDS education program on the lives of 24 Ugandan nurses and nurse-midwives. Nurses who previously had viewed themselves simply as providers of advice and sympathy now saw themselves as more holistic, collaborative caregivers. They voiced an increased awareness of their role as leaders and advocates in the community with respect to policy. The education program had positive and synergistic effects on the nurses' professional practice, communication and problem-solving skills, confidence, and engagement in political and social change activities.
Meta-analysis of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND With radiotherapy (RT) alone, the five-year overall survival (OS) rate for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) can only reach 40%, the ratio of distant metastasis (DM) is 36-40%. This meta-analysis was performed to compare the clinical efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with RT alone in the treatment of locoregionally advanced NPC. METHODS The related literature were retrieved and reviewed by two independent investigators from the followed electronic databases: Review manager 5.3 software (Cochrane Collaboration, London, United Kingdom) was applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 16 trials with 2576 patients were recruited according to the criterion. The odds ratios of 3 and 5 years OS was 0.53 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.44-0.64) and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.71), which confirmed the significant improvement of CCRT compared with RT alone (P < 0.001). CCRT also reduced the risk of locoregional control failure and DM in locoregionally advanced NPC patients. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that CCRT was more beneficial when compared with RT alone in locoregionally advanced NPC patients. Further study is needed to perform to confirm this effect.
A Novel Synergistic Galactomannan-Based Unit Dosage Form for Sustained Release of Acarbose

In the current study, the potential of a novel combination of a galactomannan with acarbose (100 mg) was evaluated for attaining a desired hypoglycaemic effect over a prolonged period of time. Three major antidiabetic galactomannans viz., fenugreek gum, boswellia gum, and locust bean gum were selected in order to achieve a synergistic effect in the treatment alongwith retardation in drug release. In vitro studies indicated that batches containing various proportions of fenugreek gum (AF40-60) were able to control drug release for a longer duration of approximately 10–12 h. In contrast, the matrices prepared using boswellia and locust bean gum were able to sustain the release for relatively shorter durations. Drug release mainly followed first-order release kinetics owing to the highly soluble nature of the drug. In vivo study depicted a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the postprandial blood glucose and triglyceride levels in the diabetic rats on treatment with formulation AF40. Thus, the developed system provides a better control of the postprandial glycaemic levels and it also obviates the need of conventional multiple dosing of acarbose. Furthermore, it also reduces the occurrence of side effects like diarrhea and loss of appetite.
Normative data for the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) in Swedish adolescents

The Swedish translation of a new scale developed for childhood and adolescent anxiety, the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), was studied regarding reliability and convergent validity and to obtain norms in a general population. Four hundred and five adolescents, reasonably representative of Swedish adolescents, were asked to rate their anxiety symptoms on the MASC. In order to study the convergent validity, they also rated their depressive symptoms on the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), their attitude to their body on the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA) and filled in demographical data on themselves. The MASC showed adequate internal consistency both for the whole scale (alpha = 0.87) and for subscales (range 0.64–0.84). The scale showed convergent validity through a moderate correlation with the CDI (r=0.400, P=0.0001) and the BESAA (r= − 0.29, P=0001). Girls scored higher (mean = 38.9) than boys (mean = 31.9) on the MASC total score (t(385) = 5.14, P=0.0001) and on the subscales, except Harm avoidance. Using the MASC as a general screen for anxiety, scores of 48 for boys and 56 for girls using MASC total scores, or scores of 15 for boys and 17 for girls using the Anxiety Disorders Index could be employed (both representing the 90th percentiles). The MASC appears to be a reliable and valid scale both on the global and on the subscale level.
Circadian Clock Genes Per1 and Per2 Regulate the Response of Metabolism-Associated Transcripts to Sleep Disruption

Human and animal studies demonstrate that short sleep or poor sleep quality, e.g. in night shift workers, promote the development of obesity and diabetes. Effects of sleep disruption on glucose homeostasis and liver physiology are well documented. However, changes in adipokine levels after sleep disruption suggest that adipocytes might be another important peripheral target of sleep. Circadian clocks regulate metabolic homeostasis and clock disruption can result in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The finding that sleep and clock disruption have very similar metabolic effects prompted us to ask whether the circadian clock machinery may mediate the metabolic consequences of sleep disruption. To test this we analyzed energy homeostasis and adipocyte transcriptome regulation in a mouse model of shift work, in which we prevented mice from sleeping during the first six hours of their normal inactive phase for five consecutive days (timed sleep restriction – TSR). We compared the effects of TSR between wild-type and Per1/2 double mutant mice with the prediction that the absence of a circadian clock in Per1/2 mutants would result in a blunted metabolic response to TSR. In wild-types, TSR induces significant transcriptional reprogramming of white adipose tissue, suggestive of increased lipogenesis, together with increased secretion of the adipokine leptin and increased food intake, hallmarks of obesity and associated leptin resistance. Some of these changes persist for at least one week after the end of TSR, indicating that even short episodes of sleep disruption can induce prolonged physiological impairments. In contrast, Per1/2 deficient mice show blunted effects of TSR on food intake, leptin levels and adipose transcription. We conclude that the absence of a functional clock in Per1/2 double mutants protects these mice from TSR-induced metabolic reprogramming, suggesting a role of the circadian timing system in regulating the physiological effects of sleep disruption.
Retrospective and prospective memory in healthy and cognitively impaired older adults : using subjective and objective assessment

viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1 What is memory? 1 1.1.1 Definition of memory. 1 1.1.2 Taxonomy of memory. 1 1.1.3 Retrospective memory . 3 1.1.4 Prospective memory. 10 1.2 Memory and normal ageing . 16 1.2.1 Normal ageing. 16 1.2.2 Retrospective memory and normal ageing. 19 1.2.3 Prospective memory and normal ageing . 24 1.3 Non-age associated memory decline. 31 1.3. 1 Causes of non-age associated memory decline. 31 1.3. 2 Retrospective memory and dementia of the Alzheimer type . 40 1.3. 3 Prospective memory and dementia of the Alzheimer type . 42 1.4 Assessment of memory . 46 1.4. 1 Subjective assessment of memory . 46 1.4. 2 Objective assessment of memory. 48 1.5 Current study. 50 1.5. 1 Aim. 50 1.5. 2 Hypotheses . 50 CHAPTER 2 – METHODOLOGY . 53 2.1 Design . 53 2.1.1 Literature review search strategy . 53 2.1.2 Current study design . 54 2.1.3 Ethical considerations . 55 2.2 Materials. 56 2.2.1 Demographic information . 57 2.2.2 Standardised assessment . 57 2.3 Participants. 64
ANNIS3: A new architecture for generic corpus query and visualization

This article is concerned with the data structures, properties of query languages, and visualization facilities required for the generic representation of richly annotated, heterogeneous linguistic corpora. We propose that above and beyond a general graph-based data model, which is becoming increasingly popular in many complex annotation formats, a well-defined concept of multiple, potentially conflicting segmentation layers must be introduced to deal with different sources and applications of corpus data flexibly. We also propose a generic solution for specialized corpus visualizations in a Web interface using annotation-triggered style sheets, which leverage the power of modern browsers and CSS for multiple and highly customizable views of primary data. We offer an implementation and evaluation of our architecture in ANNIS3, an open-source browser-based architecture for corpus search and visualization. We present three case studies to test the coverage of the system, encompassing core linguistic and digital humanities use-cases including richly annotated newspaper treebanks, multilingual diplomatic and normalized manuscript materials edited in TEI, and analysis of multimodal recordings of spoken language.
Minding the Law

1. Invitation to a Journey 2. On Categories 3. Categorizing at the Supreme Court Missouri v. Jenkins and Michael H. v. Gerald D. 4. On Narrative 5. Narratives at Court Prigg v. Pennsylvania and Freeman v. Pitts 6. On Rhetorics 7. The Rhetorics of Death McCleskey v. Kemp 8. On the Dialectic of Culture 9. Race, the Court, and America's Dialectic From Plessy through Brown to Pitts and Jenkins 10. Reflections on a Voyage Appendix: Analysis of Nouns and Verbs in the Prigg, Pitts, and Brown Opinions Notes Table of Cases Index
Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in soybean root callus and differentiated soybean root cultures as a function of concentration and tissue age.

The metabolism of [1-(14)C]2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill var. Amsoy) root callus and in differentiated soybean root cultures was investigated as a function of pesticide concentration and age of tissue. The chronological age of the tissue was found to be correlated with the mitotic index which reached a peak at 2 weeks and then declined. The metabolism of 2,4-D changed with age of the root callus tissue. The amount of free 2,4-D found in 3-week-old root callus tissue rapidly increased as the concentration of 2,4-D in the medium was increased from 10(-6) to 10(-5) molar, whereas the low level of aqueous (glycosides) and ether soluble metabolites (2,4-D amino acid conjugates) increased slowly. With 9-week-old root callus tissue, the amount of free 2,4-D remained at a relatively low, constant level (saturation level) as the concentration of 2,4-D in the medium increased. Under these conditions the aqueous metabolites increased only slightly but the ether fraction (2,4-D amino acid conjugates) rapidly increased. Thus, the older root callus tissue appeared to regulate the level of free 2,4-D at about 4 nanomoles per gram by converting any excess 2,4-D into amino acid conjugates.In 3-week-old, differentiated root cultures the metabolism of 2,4-D closely paralleled the metabolism found in the older 9-week-old callus tissue. The saturation level of free 2,4-D found in this tissue was only about 1 to 2 nanomoles per gram.
Selective and synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by a non-nucleoside inhibitor, MKC-442.

In the search for 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine derivatives, we have found 6-benzyl-1-(ethoxymethyl)-5-isopropyl-uracil (MKC-442) to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). The IC50 value of MKC-442 for HIV-1 RT was 8 nM. MKC-442 did not inhibit HIV-1 RNase H, other RTs, or DNA polymerase alpha. Because its inhibitory pattern showed noncompetitive inhibition with regard to nucleotide substrates, its mode of action was considered to be allosteric inhibition. From the results of combination studies, MKC-442 was found to produce synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 RT with 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) 5'-triphosphate (AZT.TP). The dose of AZT.TP required for 50% inhibition was reduced to one tenth of control in the presence of a half dose of MKC-442. Although other allosteric inhibitors (Nevirapine, L-696,229, and R82,913) had the same specificity for enzyme inhibition, they did not show synergism with AZT.TP in the combination index and synergy plot analyses. Synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 replication by MKC-442 and AZT has also been observed in HIV-1-infected MT-4 cells. These results suggest that MKC-442 is a unique inhibitor of HIV-1 RT, and combination therapy with MKC-442 and AZT could be advantageous in the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Reciprocity in Computer-Human Interaction: Source-Based, Norm-Based, and Affect-Based Explanations

Individuals often apply social rules when they interact with computers, and this is known as the Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) effect. Following previous work, one approach to understand the mechanism responsible for CASA is to utilize computer agents and have the agents attempt to gain human compliance (e.g., completing a pattern recognition task). The current study focuses on three key factors frequently cited to influence traditional notions of compliance: evaluations toward the source (competence and warmth), normative influence (reciprocity), and affective influence (mood). Structural equation modeling assessed the effects of these factors on human compliance with computer request. The final model shows that norm-based influence (reciprocity) increased the likelihood of compliance, while evaluations toward the computer agent did not significantly influence compliance.
Globalisation, migration and knowledge transfer: the reconfiguration of R&D capability in Indian pharmaceutical firms

The Indian pharmaceutical industry represents a successful case of indigenous self-reliant development. Over the last three decades the Indian industry, working under weak patent laws, used reverse engineering skills to develop capabilities in process R&D and generics drug development. With the signing of the TRIPS agreement Indian firms faced a stronger regulatory environment which restricted the application of imitative R&D. This change in regulation accelerated development of innovative R&D capabilities in the Indian pharmaceutical firms. Building on process R&D capabilities Indian firms entered the generics market in advanced regions such as Europe and US. Indian firms started their subsidiaries in Europe and US and acquired firms in these countries. From 1995 Indian pharma firms began investing in the development of capabilities in new drug development and new drug delivery systems R&D. Major Indian firms have filed patents for new chemical entities and signed licensing deals with large MNC pharmaceutical firms. Indian firms hired Indian scientists educated or working overseas in multinational pharmaceutical R&D to acquire capabilities in innovative R&D. These scientists played a key role in development of R&D capabilities in Indian firms by bridging knowledge gaps in pharmaceutical R&D. However transfer of knowledge by hiring scientists is a complex process. For Indian firms differences between working cultures of Indian and western firms and importantly differences between the requirements of Indian firms and the skill sets of returnees have hampered effective diffusion of knowledge. Indian firms have responded to these issues by adopting global R&D management practices.
Osteoporosis case manager for patients with hip fractures: results of a cost-effectiveness analysis conducted alongside a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND In a randomized trial of patients with hip fractures, we previously demonstrated that a hospital-based case manager could increase rates of appropriate osteoporosis treatment to 51% compared with 22% for usual care (P < .001). Alongside that trial, we conducted an economic analysis. METHODS Patients with hip fractures were randomized to usual care (n = 110) or a case manager (n = 110) and followed up for 1 year. Time-motion studies were used to determine intervention costs. From a third-party health care payer perspective and over the patient's remaining lifetime, a Markov decision-analytic model was constructed to determine cost-effectiveness of the intervention compared with usual care. Costs and benefits were discounted at 3% and expressed in 2006 Canadian dollars. RESULTS The intervention cost CaD $56 per patient. Compared with usual care, the intervention strategy was dominant: for every 100 patients case managed, 6 fractures (4 hip fractures) were prevented, 4 quality-adjusted life-years were gained, and CaD $260 000 was saved by the health care system. Irrespective of the number of patients case managed, the intervention reached a break-even threshold within 2 years. The intervention dominated usual care over the entire spectrum of 1-way sensitivity analyses and was cost-saving in 82% of probabilistic model simulations. CONCLUSIONS Compared with usual care, we found that using a case manager for patients with hip fractures increased rates of appropriate osteoporosis treatment. The intervention dominated usual care, and the analysis suggests that systems implementing an intervention similar to ours should expect to see a reduction in fractures, gains in life expectancy, and substantial cost savings. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00175175.
Immunohistochemical expression profile and prognosis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with or without human immunodeficiency virus infection

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype in non-immunosuppressed and in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. The prognosis of DLBCL with germinal center (GC) phenotype is better than that of the non-germinal center (non-GC) phenotype by immunohistochemical expression profile (IHC) in some studies but not in others. The frequency and the prognosis of these phenotypic subtypes in DLBCL related to HIV infection is not well known. The objectives of this study were to characterize the IHC by tissue microarray in 98 patients with DLBCL, 34 of whom were HIV-positive, and to evaluate their prognosis. Patients with HIV-related DLBCL with a non-GC pattern had poorer prognosis than patients with non-HIV-related DLBCL with the same pattern, but this difference disappeared when we considered only patients receiving HAART.
Proof of Work Without All the Work

Proof-of-work (PoW) is an algorithmic tool used to secure networks by imposing a computational cost on participating devices. Unfortunately, traditional PoW schemes require that correct devices perform computational work perpetually, even when the system is not under attack. We address this issue by designing a general PoW protocol that ensures two properties. First, the network stays secure. In particular, the fraction of identities in the system that are controlled by an attacker is always less than 1/2. Second, our protocol's computational cost is commensurate with the cost of an attacker. That is, the total computational cost of correct devices is a linear function of the attacker's computational cost plus the number of correct devices that have joined the system. Consequently, if the network is attacked, we ensure security, with cost that grows linearly with the attacker's cost; and, in the absence of attack, our computational cost is small. We prove similar guarantees for bandwidth cost. Our results hold in a dynamic, decentralized system where participants join and depart over time, and where the total computational power of the attacker is up to a constant fraction of the total computational power of correct devices. We show how to leverage our results to address important security problems in distributed computing including: Sybil attacks, Byzantine Consensus, and Committee Election.