Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WORLDS APART: STUDENTS' EXPERIENCES OF LEARNING INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNTING☆

Abstract This paper argues that, whilst a substantial amount of educational research has been conducted within the introductory accounting curriculum, there is scope for alternative research founded on a particular view of learning, that of social constructivism. In this view, learning is seen to be a response to a student's perception of, or way of experiencing, his or her particular situation rather than the outcome of a particular personality trait or a conditioned biographical response. This argument is supported by the presentation of the findings of a phenomenographic study into students' experiences of learning introductory accounting within the United Kingdom undergraduate curriculum. This qualitative interview-based research reveals two contrasting worlds of accounting: for most students it is a world of detachment and for only a few is it a world of engagement. Drawing on these findings, the paper proposes that an awareness of the nature of the student experience may provide a new way of viewing the introductory accounting curriculum and a new agenda for future research.
Simvastatin Modulates Remodeling of Kv4.3 Expression in Rat Hypertrophied Cardiomyocytes

Objectives: Hypertrophy has been shown to be associated with arrhythmias which can be caused by abnormal remodeling of the Kv4-family of transient potassium channels. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (statins) have recently been shown to exert pleiotropic protective effects in cardiovascular diseases, including anti-arrhythmias. It is hypothesized that remodeling of Kv4.3 occurs in rat hypertrophied cardiomyocytes and is regulated by simvastatin. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) underwent abdominal aortic banding (AAB) for 7 weeks and angiotensin II (AngII) treatment, respectively, to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Kv4.3 expression by NRVMs and myocardium (subepicardial and subendocardial) in the left ventricle was measured. The transient outward potassium current (Ito) of NRVMs was recorded using a whole-cell patch-clamp method. Results: Expression of the Kv4.3 transcript and protein was significantly reduced in myocardium (subepicardial and subendocardial) in the left ventricle and in NRVMs. Simvastatin partially prevented the reduction of Kv4.3 expression in NRVMs and subepicardial myocardium but not in the subendocardial myocardium. Hypertrophied NRVMs exhibited a significant reduction in the Ito current and this effect was partially reversed by simvastatin. Conclusions: Simvastatin alleviated the reduction of Kv4.3 expression, Ito currents in hypertrophied NRVMs and alleviated the reduced Kv4.3 expression in subepicardial myocardium from the hypertrophied left ventricle. It can be speculated that among the pleiotropic effects of simvastatin, the anti-arrhythmia effect is partly mediated by its effect on Kv4.3.
Opportunistic Relaying in In-Home PLC Networks

We consider the use of a relay to provide capacity improvements and range extension for in-home power line communication networks. In particular, we focus on opportunistic relaying where the relay is exploited only if it provides improved capacity w.r. t. the use of direct transmission between the source and the destination. The relay applies a decode and forward scheme and the channel is shared in a time division multiple access mode. The performance is studied in statistically representative in-home power line communication (PLC) networks via the use of a statistical topology model together with the application of transmission line theory for the computation of the channel transfer function among network nodes. The statistical topology model allows determining the capacity improvements as a function of the relay position. Furthermore, we determine the optimal time slot duration for each considered relay configuration, as well as we propose the use of a globally optimal time slot duration that maximizes the average network capacity. The numerical results show that significant capacity improvement can be obtained via opportunistic relaying in in-home PLC networks. The gains are more significant for low SNR scenarios and for networks composed by sub-networks each connected to the main panel via a circuit breaker that introduces signal attenuation.
A comparison of dynamic WFST decoding approaches

In this paper we perform a comparison of lookahead composition and on-the-fly hypothesis rescoring using a common decoder. The results on a large vocabulary speech recognition task illustrate the differences in the behaviour of these algorithms in terms of error rate, real time factor, memory usage and internal statistics of the decoder. The evaluations were performed when the decoder was operated at either the state or arc level. The results show the dynamic approaches also work well at the state level even though there is greater dynamic construction cost.
The House on Henry Street

Nearly one hundred years after the Henry Street Settlement was founded, this venerable institution still serves the people of the lower East Side of New York. Much of the credit for its survival may be attributed to its founder, Lillian Wald, who is also the author of this book. "The House on Henry Street "was written at the height of the Progressive Era, when economic prosperity and an expansive spirit were pervasive, but when poverty and misery were the lot of countless new immigrants and families in urban areas. This book is the story of the early years of the Settlement and of the personal involvement of Lillian Wald in the social reform activities of the Settlement and the Progressive movements. From the first it was considered a significant work, and was widely and favorably reviewed. It remains significant. The story of the Henry Street Settlement is part of the history of New York City, as well as a key moment in the growth of social work in the United States. It is integrally related to the story of progressivism and social reform. Although the book's style is simple, it tells a complex story, both of one woman's indomitable nature, and of a special institution in a particular neighborhood of New York City. "The House on Henry Street "reflects the spirit of an optimistic era in which actors were part of larger social and political changes. It is also a history that moves easily from the personal, through the community, and finally to the national levels of American government. Professionals in the fields of volunteerism and philanthropy, progressivism, women's studies, and social welfare will find this an absorbing document.
Light and Shade Effects on Abscission and C-Photoassimilate Partitioning among Reproductive Structures in Soybean.

Field experiments were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to study the effects of low-irradiance supplemental light on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Evans) flower and pod abscission. Cool-white and red fluorescent lights illuminated the lower part of the soybean canopy during daylight hours for 3 weeks late in flowering. At the same time, flowers and young pods on half the plants were shaded with aluminum foil. Flowers were tagged at anthesis and monitored through abscission or pod maturity.Responses to red and white lights were similar. Supplemental light tended to reduce abscission and increase seed weight per node compared to natural light. Shading flowers and pods increased abscission and reduced seed weight per node. Number of flowers produced per node, individual seed weight, and seeds per pod were not affected by light or shade treatments.Further studies examined the effects of shading reproductive structures on their capacity to accumulate (14)C-photoassimilates. Individual leaves were pulse labeled with (14)CO(2) 1, 2, and 4 weeks post anthesis. Flowers and pods in the axil of the labeled leaf were covered with aluminum foil 0, 24, 72, and 120 hours before pulsing.Shading flowers and pods resulted in a 30% reduction in the relative amount of radiolabel accumulated from the source leaf. The reduction in (14)C accumulation due to shading was evident regardless of the length of the shading period and was most pronounced when the shades were applied early in reproductive development. We conclude that light perceived by soybean flowers and young pods has a role in regulating both their abscission and their capacity to accumulate photoassimilates.
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, generates two bioactive products during the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein: use of a novel inhibitor.

A novel and potent azetidinone inhibitor of the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), i.e. platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, is described for the first time. This inhibitor, SB-222657 (Ki=40+/-3 nM, kobs/[I]=6. 6x10(5) M-1.s-1), is inactive against paraoxonase, is a poor inhibitor of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and has been used to investigate the role of Lp-PLA2 in the oxidative modification of lipoproteins. Although pretreatment with SB-222657 did not affect the kinetics of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by Cu2+ or an azo free-radical generator as determined by assay of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances, in both cases it inhibited the elevation in lysophosphatidylcholine content. Moreover, the significantly increased monocyte chemoattractant activity found in a non-esterified fatty acid fraction from LDL oxidized by Cu2+ was also prevented by pretreatment with SB-222657, with an IC50 value of 5.0+/-0.4 nM. The less potent diastereoisomer of SB-222657, SB-223777 (Ki=6.3+/-0.5 microM, kobs/[I]=1.6x10(4) M-1.s-1), was found to be significantly less active in both assays. Thus, in addition to generating lysophosphatidylcholine, a known biologically active lipid, these results demonstrate that Lp-PLA2 is capable of generating oxidized non-esterified fatty acid moieties that are also bioactive. These findings are consistent with our proposal that Lp-PLA2 has a predominantly pro-inflammatory role in atherogenesis. Finally, similar studies have demonstrated that a different situation exists during the oxidation of high-density lipoprotein, with enzyme(s) other than Lp-PLA2 apparently being responsible for generating lysophosphatidylcholine.
Mechanism of cleavage and ligation by FLP recombinase: classification of mutations in FLP protein by in vitro complementation analysis

The FLP recombinase of the 2 microns plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a member of the integrase family of site-specific recombinases. Recombination catalyzed by members of this family proceeds via the ordered cleavage and religation of four strands of DNA. Although the amino acid sequences of integrase family members are quite different, each recombinase maintains an absolutely conserved tetrad of amino acids (R-191, H-305, R-308, Y-343; numbers are those of the FLP protein). This tetrad is presumed to reflect a common chemical mechanism for cleavage and ligation that has evolved among all family members. The tyrosine is the nucleophile that causes phosphodiester bond cleavage and covalently attaches to the 3'-PO4 terminus, whereas the other three residues have been implicated in ligation of strands. It has recently been shown that cleavage by FLP takes place in trans; that is, a FLP molecule binds adjacent to the site of cleavage but receives the nucleophilic tyrosine from a molecule of FLP that is bound to another FLP-binding element (J.-W. Chen, J. Lee, and M. Jayaram, Cell 69:647-658, 1992). These studies led us to examine whether the ligation step of the FLP reaction is performed by the FLP molecule bound adjacent to the cleavage site (ligation in cis). We have found that FLP promotes ligation in cis. Furthermore, using in vitro complementation analysis, we have classified several mutant FLP proteins into one of two groups: those proteins that are cleavage competent but ligation deficient (group I) and those that are ligation competent but cleavage defective (group II). This observation suggests that the active site of FLP is composed of several amino acid residues from each of two FLP molecules.
Comparison of contrast-normalization and threshold models of the responses of simple cells in cat striate cortex

Abstract In almost every study of the linearity of spatiotemporal summation in simple cells of the cat's visual cortex, there have been systematic mismatches between the experimental observations and the predictions of the linear theory. These mismatches have generally been explained by supposing that the initial spatiotemporal summation stage is strictly linear, but that the following output stage of the simple cell is subject to some contrast-dependent nonlinearity. Two main models of the output nonlinearity have been proposed: the threshold model (e.g. Tolhurst & Dean, 1987) and the contrast-normalization model (e.g. Heeger, 1992a, b). In this paper, the two models are fitted rigorously to a variety of previously published neurophysiological data, in order to determine whether one model is a better explanation of the data. We reexamine data on the interaction between two bar stimuli presented in different parts of the receptive field; on the relationship between the receptive-field map and the inverse Fourier transform of the spatial-frequency tuning curve; on the dependence of response amplitude and phase on the spatial phase of stationary gratings; on the relationships between the responses to moving and modulated gratings; and on the suppressive action of gratings moving in a neuron's nonpreferred direction. In many situations, the predictions of the two models are similar, but the contrast-normalization model usually fits the data slightly better than the threshold model, and it is easier to apply the equations of the normalization model. More importantly, the normalization model is naturally able to account very well for the details and subtlety of the results in experiments where the total contrast energy of the stimuli changes; some of these phenomena are completely beyond the scope of the threshold model. Rigorous application of the models' equations has revealed some situations where neither model fits quite well enough, and we must suppose, therefore, that there are some subtle nonlinearities still to be characterized.
Differential Regulation of Strand-Specific Transcripts from Arabidopsis Centromeric Satellite Repeats

Centromeres interact with the spindle apparatus to enable chromosome disjunction and typically contain thousands of tandemly arranged satellite repeats interspersed with retrotransposons. While their role has been obscure, centromeric repeats are epigenetically modified and centromere specification has a strong epigenetic component. In the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, long heterochromatic repeats are transcribed and contribute to centromere function via RNA interference (RNAi). In the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana, as in mammalian cells, centromeric satellite repeats are short (180 base pairs), are found in thousands of tandem copies, and are methylated. We have found transcripts from both strands of canonical, bulk Arabidopsis repeats. At least one subfamily of 180–base pair repeats is transcribed from only one strand and regulated by RNAi and histone modification. A second subfamily of repeats is also silenced, but silencing is lost on both strands in mutants in the CpG DNA methyltransferase MET1, the histone deacetylase HDA6/SIL1, or the chromatin remodeling ATPase DDM1. This regulation is due to transcription from Athila2 retrotransposons, which integrate in both orientations relative to the repeats, and differs between strains of Arabidopsis. Silencing lost in met1 or hda6 is reestablished in backcrosses to wild-type, but silencing lost in RNAi mutants and ddm1 is not. Twenty-four–nucleotide small interfering RNAs from centromeric repeats are retained in met1 and hda6, but not in ddm1, and may have a role in this epigenetic inheritance. Histone H3 lysine-9 dimethylation is associated with both classes of repeats. We propose roles for transcribed repeats in the epigenetic inheritance and evolution of centromeres.
Preliminary Analysis of the “Survey of Educators’ Knowledge and Value of Research-Based Practices for Students With Autism”

Because of the increased prevalence of autism and current legislation mandates, public schools are increasingly responsible for educating students with autism. The current literature describes a variety of instructional methods that have been successful in educating these students. However, many educators are not exposed to this information. To determine educators’ needs in this area, the knowledge they possess and the information they value regarding these methods must be determined. The purpose of this study was to develop a survey that measures educators’ knowledge of research-based practices for instructing students with autism and the value they place on information regarding these practices and then conduct a preliminary analysis of the survey’s psychometric properties. The results indicated that the survey possesses excellent reliability and good construct validity. It is expected that this survey can be used by school districts as a needs assessment that will support the provision of continuing education and professional development in the area of instructional methods for students with autism.
Infant feeding practices and infant mortality in England, 1900–1919

Studies of infant mortality in both historical and modern populations from around the world have shown that the most important single factor affecting the infant mortality rate (IMR) is the way in which babies are fed. When methods of infant feeding are unsatisfactory or dangerous, mortality is high; when improvements are made in feeding practices, mortality falls, often dramatically, in a short period of time. The degree to which changes in infant feeding alone can affect IMRs depends on other factors in the population concerned, primarily the health and nutritional status of the mother; sanitary conditions both within the household and in the surrounding environment; levels of endemic and epidemic diseases; the degree of wealth, education and sophistication of the population; and, if women are employed outside the home, the provision made for infant feeding and care by the child's family and by society. This article examines infant feeding practices in England during the first two decades of the twentieth century, arguably the most important 20 years in the fall in that nation's IMR between 1870 and 1920. The 1900s and 1910s saw many major changes in the ways in which infants were fed in all sections of society. Instigated by government, local Medical Officers of Health and their staff and voluntary organizations, the effect of the infant welfare movement in England in this period was that infants and their mothers were significantly better fed, cared for and able to resist disease in 1919 than in 1900.
Significant Race Differences in Factors Related to the Detention Recidivism of Youthful Offenders

A significant number of youthful offenders in the United States are held in juvenile court detention centers. Of broad concern is the disproportionate impact these placements have on minority youth, with African American and Hispanic youth much more frequently detained in these facilities compared to Caucasian youth. This U.S. study of a 2-county youthful offender population in the Midwest (1 urban, 1 rural) investigated racial differences in both extralegal (demographic, educational, mental health, and history of abuse or neglect) and court-related legal variables that predict detention placement upon recidivism—in other words, a second detention placement. Findings from logistic regression analysis indicated that only a few legal factors (violation of a court order, number of court offenses) predicted for both minority and Caucasian youth, but numerous racially disparate extralegal factors also predicted detention placement upon recidivism. Specifically, unique predictors for minority youth included a history of abuse or neglect, suicide attempt, and mental health diagnoses. These findings support the racially differential treatment explanation for detention placements as well as offer interventive opportunities for juvenile court personnel to reduce disproportionate minority confinement among youthful offenders.
Risk-Based Attack Surface Approximation: How Much Data Is Enough?

Proactive security reviews and test efforts are a necessary component of the software development lifecycle. Resource limitations often preclude reviewing the entire code base. Making informed decisions on what code to review can improve a team's ability to find and remove vulnerabilities. Risk-based attack surface approximation (RASA) is a technique that uses crash dump stack traces to predict what code may contain exploitable vulnerabilities. The goal of this research is to help software development teams prioritize security efforts by the efficient development of a risk-based attack surface approximation. We explore the use of RASA using Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft Windows stack traces from crash dumps. We create RASA at the file level for Firefox, in which the 15.8% of the files that were part of the approximation contained 73.6% of the vulnerabilities seen for the product. We also explore the effect of random sampling of crashes on the approximation, as it may be impractical for organizations to store and process every crash received. We find that 10-fold random sampling of crashes at a rate of 10% resulted in 3% less vulnerabilities identified than using the entire set of stack traces for Mozilla Firefox. Sampling crashes in Windows 8.1 at a rate of 40% resulted in insignificant differences in vulnerability and file coverage as compared to a rate of 100%.
Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism.

AIMS In addition to being produced in ethanol metabolism, acetaldehyde occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages. Limited epidemiological evidence points to acetaldehyde as an independent risk factor for cancer during alcohol consumption, in addition to the effects of ethanol. This study aims to estimate human exposure to acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages and provide a quantitative risk assessment. METHODS The human dietary intake of acetaldehyde via alcoholic beverages was estimated based on World Health Organization (WHO) consumption data and literature on the acetaldehyde contents of different beverage groups (beer, wine, spirits and unrecorded alcohol). The risk assessment was conducted using the European Food Safety Authority's margin of exposure (MOE) approach with benchmark doses obtained from dose-response modelling of animal experiments. Life-time cancer risk was calculated using the T25 dose descriptor. RESULTS The average exposure to acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages was estimated at 0.112 mg/kg body weight/day. The MOE was calculated to be 498, and the life-time cancer risk at 7.6 in 10,000. Higher risk may exist for people exposed to high acetaldehyde contaminations, as we have found in certain unrecorded alcohol beverages in Guatemala and Russia, for which we have demonstrated possible exposure scenarios, with risks in the range of 1 in 1000. CONCLUSIONS The life-time cancer risks for acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages greatly exceed the usual limits for cancer risks from the environment set between 1 : 10,000 and 1 : 1,000,000. Alcohol consumption has thus been identified as a direct source of acetaldehyde exposure, which in conjunction with other sources (food flavourings, tobacco) results in a magnitude of risk requiring intervention. An initial public health measure could be to reduce the acetaldehyde content in alcoholic beverages as low as technologically possible, and to restrict its use as a food flavour additive.