Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Current Status of Malaria in Ethiopia : Evaluation of the Burden , Factors for Transmission and Prevention Methods

Malaria is a sever disease in Ethiopia, 75% of the land are malarias’ areas and more than 54 million people are vulnerable. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are commonly known species in Ethiopia are to cause malaria accounting for 60% and 40%, respectively. The transmission is unstable and seasonal from September to December and April to May. The burdens of malaria in Ethiopia are lost productive personnel due to illness, school absenteeism, medical costs and other indirect costs including adult laborers are infected by malaria and stop working. Burdens are increased by absolute poverty of the country that cannot protect themselves from the bite of mosquito. Ethiopian government works for eradicating these things by providing technical and material resources. Health service extension program was introduced starting from 2003 in Ethiopia as part of primary personal health care service. But malaria in Ethiopia is still prevalence in every season of huge rain in relatively low lands of Ethiopia. Traditional malaria preventing techniques are effective for temporarily reducing the severity of the disease. Environmental management activities such as destroying mosquito breeding sites by clearing stagnant water, disposing waste either damping or burning and using toilets properly.
Hierarchical clustering of brain activity during human nonrapid eye movement sleep

Consciousness is reduced during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep due to changes in brain function that are still poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that impaired consciousness during NREM sleep is associated with an increased modularity of brain activity. Cerebral connectivity was quantified in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging times series acquired in 13 healthy volunteers during wakefulness and NREM sleep. The analysis revealed a modification of the hierarchical organization of large-scale networks into smaller independent modules during NREM sleep, independently from EEG markers of the slow oscillation. Such modifications in brain connectivity, possibly driven by sleep ultraslow oscillations, could hinder the brain's ability to integrate information and account for decreased consciousness during NREM sleep.
In Vitro and In Vivo Reversal of Cancer Cell Multidrug Resistance by 2',4'-Dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'- dimethylchalcone

Abstract 2',4'-Dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC) isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus, was investigated for its reversal effects on cancer cell multidrug resistance. DMC potentiated the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin to drug-resistant KB-A1 cells. When 5 μM DMC was present simultaneously with doxorubicin, the IC50 of DOX on KB-A1 cells decreased from 13.9 ± 0.7 μg/ml to 3.6 ± 0.7 μg/ml. A human carcinoma xenograft model was established with the KB-A1 cell line. DMC could sensitize the tumors to doxorubicin as indicated by a considerable reduction in tumor weight. DMC increased the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin in KB-A1 cells. When KB-A1 cells were exposed to 10 μg/ml doxorubicin combined with 5, 10, 20 μM DMC for 4 hours, the intracellular concentrations of doxorubicin were increased 1.4-, 1.8-, 3.1-fold, respectively, in comparison with doxorubicin alone treatment. All results indicated that DMC had reversal effects on the multidrug resistance phenotype.
Behavior of Entropy/Complexity Measures of the Electroencephalogram during Propofol-induced Sedation: Dose-dependent Effects of Remifentanil

Background:Several new measures based on the regularity of the electroencephalogram signal for the assessment of depth of anesthesia/sedation have been proposed recently. In this study we analyze the influence of remifentanil and electroencephalogram frequency content of the performance of a set of such measures. Methods:Forty-five patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I were randomly allocated to one of three groups according to the received dose of predicted effect compartment–controlled remifentanil (0, 2, and 4 ng/ml). All 45 patients received stepwise increased effect site concentration–controlled dose of propofol. At every step of propofol increase, the Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score was assessed. The following measures were calulated from the electroencephalographic signal: spectral entropy, approximate entropy, Higuchi fractal dimension, Lempel-Ziv complexity, relative &bgr; ratio, and SyncFastSlow measure. Results:The behavior of the electroencephalogram-based measures is highly sensitive to the frequency content of the signal and the dose of remifentanil. The prediction probability with respect to the Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score of the most discriminative measure, the Higuchi fractal dimension, dropped from 0.90 (electroencephalographic frequency band 6–47 Hz, no remifentanil) to 0.55 when the frequency band was changed to 0.5–19 Hz and to 0.83 when remifentanil concentration was increased to 4 ng/ml. The coeffect of remifentanil on electroencephalographic regularity is bimodal depending on the frequency band of the signal. Conclusions:Cutting off high frequencies from the electroencephalogram and increased remifentanil concentration deteriorate the performance of the electroencephalogram-based entropy/complexity measures as indicators of the depth of propofol sedation.
The relative isotopic abundance of K^(40) in terrestrial and meteoritic samples

Fowler, Greenstein, and Hoyle have proposed that the inner solar system was heavily irradiated during its formation. A consequence of this proposal is that sizable differences in meteoritic and terrestrial K^(41)/K^(40) ratios are possible if the fraction of material which was irradiated was different in the two cases. The isotopic composition of potassium was measured by mass spectrometry for nine stone meteorites, silicate from the Vaca Muerta mesosiderite and the Weekeroo Station iron meteorite, and four terrestrial samples. The measured K^(41)/K^(40) ratios were corrected by normalizing the measured K^(39)/K^(41) ratio to the Nier value of 13.47. This normalization procedure approximately cancels out any variations in the isotopic abundance except those due to nuclear processes. Measurements on enriched standards showed that any variations greater than 1% would certainly have been detected, and variations greater than ½% would probably have been detected with replicate analyses. Within these limits, no variations in the K^(40) abundance between the terrestrial and meteoritic samples could be found which could be ascribed to particle irradiation in the early history of the solar system. Small K^(40) enrichments were observed in Norton County, Weekeroo Station, and Vaca Muerta; however, these appear to have been produced during cosmic-ray irradiation by the Ca^(40)(n, p) reaction. The present results set relatively strong limitations on possible mechanisms for the formation of the earth and the meteorites if the idea of a large-scale irradiation in the early history of the solar system is to be retained. Independent of the model of Fowler et al., limits have been placed on any differential uniform irradiation. The implications of the present work on the K-Ar ages of stone and iron meteorites are discussed. The possibility that iron meteorites are considerably older than the solar system as a whole appears unlikely.
Specific to Whose Body? Perspective-Taking and the Spatial Mapping of Valence

People tend to associate the abstract concepts of “good” and “bad” with their fluent and disfluent sides of space, as determined by their natural handedness or by experimental manipulation (Casasanto, 2011). Here we investigated influences of spatial perspective taking on the spatialization of “good” and “bad. ” In the first experiment, participants indicated where a schematically drawn cartoon character would locate “good” and “bad” stimuli. Right-handers tended to assign “good” to the right and “bad” to the left side of egocentric space when the character shared their spatial perspective, but when the character was rotated 180° this spatial mapping was reversed: good was assigned to the character’s right side, not the participant’s. The tendency to spatialize valence from the character’s perspective was stronger in the second experiment, when participants were shown a full-featured photograph of the character. In a third experiment, most participants not only spatialized “good” and “bad” from the character’s perspective, they also based their judgments on a salient attribute of the character’s body (an injured hand) rather than their own body. Taking another’s spatial perspective encourages people to compute space-valence mappings using an allocentric frame of reference, based on the fluency with which the other person could perform motor actions with their right or left hand. When people reason from their own spatial perspective, their judgments depend, in part, on the specifics of their bodies; when people reason from someone else’s perspective, their judgments may depend on the specifics of the other person’s body, instead.
Do Girls Really Experience More Anxiety in Mathematics?

Two studies were conducted to examine gender differences in trait (habitual) versus state (momentary) mathematics anxiety in a sample of students (Study 1: N = 584; Study 2: N = 111). For trait math anxiety, the findings of both studies replicated previous research showing that female students report higher levels of anxiety than do male students. However, no gender differences were observed for state anxiety, as assessed using experience-sampling methods while students took a math test (Study 1) and attended math classes (Study 2). The discrepant findings for trait versus state math anxiety were partly accounted for by students’ beliefs about their competence in mathematics, with female students reporting lower perceived competence than male students despite having the same average grades in math. Implications for educational practices and the assessment of anxiety are discussed.
Stochastic theory of singly occupied ion channels

In a previous paper (Jakobsson, E., and S. W. Chiu. 1987. Biophys. J. 52:33-46), we presented the stochastic theory of the singly occupied ion channel as applied to sodium permeation of gramicidin channels, with the assumption of perfect equilibration between the bathing solutions and the ends of the ion channel. In the present paper we couple the previous theory to electrodiffusion of ions from the bulk of the bathing solution to the channel mouth. Our electrodiffusion calculations incorporate estimates of the potential gradients near the channel mouth due to image forces and due to the fraction of the applied potential that falls beyond the ends of the channel. To keep the diffusion calculation one-dimensional, we make the assumption that the electrical potentials in the bath exhibit hemispherical symmetry. As in the previous paper, the flux equations are fit to data on sodium permeation of normal gramicidin A, and gramicidins modified by the fluorination of the valine at the No. 1 position (Barrett Russell, E. W., L. B. Weiss, F. 1. Navetta, R. E. Koeppe 11, and 0. S. Anderson. 1986. Biophys. J. 49:673686). The conclusions of our previous paper with respect to the effect of fluorination on the mobility, surface potential well depth, and central barrier, are confirmed. However the absolute values of these quantities are somewhat changed when diffusive resistance to the mouth is taken into account, as in the present paper. Future possibilities for more accurate calculations by other methods are outlined.
Weight of transformations and major drifts related to major river water projects in Africa : case of the manantali dam on the senegal river basin

This article deals with the weight of major developments or hydroelectric works in the development of the Senegal River Basin. He is interested in the positive and negative consequences resulting from the installation of the Manantali dam. This dam is the only major dam in the world that is declared a joint dam, financed, operated and jointly managed. The methodology is based on the collection of information from secondary sources and available statistics (books and Internet). Thus, it required dialogue and consultation between Senegal, Mali and Mauritania, through the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River (OMVS). However, it has long since been built into controversy even before its construction began in 1982 and it was flooded in 1988. The results show that: first, the benefits of Manantali Dam are flood prevention and surface water availability, power generation, navigation, aquaculture, ecological protection, development-based restocking, food self-sufficiency, water transfer and supply in neighboring countries, irrigation, etc ; on the other hand, the disadvantages of dam are the impacts on environment (waterborne diseases and proliferation of aquatic plants), the effect on local culture and traditional economy, the sedimentation, etc. From the point of view of the impacts the Manantali Dam shows proof that there are more advantages than disadvantages. Thus, it could well be compatible with an ethic of sustainable development and the preservation of ecological balances. Keywords : Manantali dam, environmental impact, flood prevention, electricity production, ecological protection
Spatial and temporal CO 2 exchanges measured by Eddy Correlation over a temperate intertidal flat and their relationships to net ecosystem production

P. Polsenaere, E. Lamaud, V. Lafon, J.-M. Bonnefond, P. Bretel, B. Delille, J. Deborde, D. Loustau, and G. Abril Laboratoire Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéanique (EPOC), UMR5805, CNRS – Université Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France Laboratoire Ecologie fonctionnelle et PHYSique de l’Environement (EPHYSE), INRA, Centre de Bordeaux-Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France Unité Océanographie Chimique, Département d’Astrophysique, Géophysique et Océanographie, Université de Liège, 17 Allée du 6 août (Bât. B5), 4000 Liège, Belgium
MIMO wiretap channels with randomly located eavesdroppers: Large-system analysis

Security issues in wireless networks have become a subject of growing interest in recent years due to the broadcast nature of wireless channels. In this paper, we investigate secure communication over a multi-antenna wiretap channel in the presence of randomly distributed eavesdroppers. In the fast fading environment, the overall performance of this channel is traditionally characterized by the ergodic secrecy capacity, which, in general, cannot be derived explicitly. Nevertheless, based on the assumption that the numbers of antennas at legitimate terminals and the number of eavesdroppers grow large without bound, we derive a deterministic approximation of an achievable ergodic secrecy rate for arbitrary inputs. In addition, we characterize the secrecy rates for practically relevant separate-decoding scheme at the receiver. We validate the proposed large-system approximation through numerical simulations and observe a good match with the actual secrecy rates. Finally, we also analyze some interesting behavior of the secrecy rates in the given scenario depending on the geometry of the nodes.
An In vitro Comparison of Apically Extruded Debris Using Reciproc, ProTaper Universal, Neolix and Hyflex in Curved Canals

Introduction: As a consequence of root canal preparation, dentinal chips, irrigants and pulp remnants are extruded into preradicular space. This phenomenon may lead to post endodontic flare-ups. The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of extruded debris with four endodontic NiTi engine-driven systems. Methods and Materials: Sixty mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars with 15-30˚ curvature were divided randomly into four groups (n=15). Each group was instrumented up to apical size of 25 using Reciproc, ProTaper Universal, Neolix and Hyflex. Bidistilled water was used as irrigant and extruded debris was collected in pre-weighted Eppendorf tubes. Tubes were stored in incubator for drying the debris. Extruded debris were weighted in electronic microbalance with accuracy of 0.0001 g. The raw data was analyzed with one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The debris extrusion with Reciproc files was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05). Hyflex significantly extruded less debris than other files (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between ProTaper Universal and Neolix regarding the amount of extruded debris (P=0.98). Conclusion: All systems extruded debris during the instrumentation. Reciproc system significantly extruded more debris. Caution should be taken when interpreting the results of this study and applying it to the real clinical situation.
The Synthesis of Cyclic Dependencies with Craig Interpolation

The accepted wisdom is that combinational circuits must have acyclic (i.e., loop-free or feed-forward) topologies. And yet simple examples suggest that this need not be so. In previous work, we advocated the design of cyclic combinational circuits (i.e., circuits with loops or feedback paths). We proposed a methodology for synthesizing such circuits and demonstrated that it produces significant improvements in area and in delay. Cycles are introduced in the restructuring and minimization phases, at the level of functional dependencies. In the original formulation, the functional dependencies were obtained through SOP minimization with the Berkeley SIS package; validation was performed with BDD-based analysis. In recent work, we presented a SAT-based technique for validation. In this paper, we present a SAT-based method for synthesizing cyclic dependencies, through Craig interpolation. While full synthesis results are not presented in this work, it is our plan to incorporate this methodology into a full synthesis routine soon.
Studies on resilient modulus value from cyclic loading tests for cohesive soil

Abstract In this article the cyclic CBR test as a reference method in determination of resilient modulus (Mr) is confronted with results of cyclic triaxial and unconfined uniaxial cyclic test. The main idea of conducted experiments is establish relationship between cyclic loading tests in testing of natural subsoil and road materials. The article shows results of investigation on cohesive soil, namely sandy silty clay, commonly problematic soil in Poland. The results of repeated loading triaxial test resilient modulus were displayed in order to compare them with cyclic CBR test results by using the Mr–Ө model. Some empirical correlation between factors obtained from triaxial test or uniaxial unconfined cyclic test and cyclic CBR test was introduced here. The behavior of resilient modulus was also examined in this paper.
Sea-level change in Australasia and the radiocarbon time scale calibration during the last 50,000 years

Uranium series and radiocarbon ages were measured in corals from the uplifted coral terraces of Huon Peninsula (HP), Papua New Guinea, to provide a calibration for the radiocarbon time-scale of the past 30,000 years to 50,000 years. Improved analytical procedures, and quantitative criteria for sample selection, helped screen diagenetically altered samples. The base-line of the calibration curve follows the trend of increasing divergence from calendar ages, as established by previous measurements. In addition, four well defined peaks of excess atmospheric radiocarbon concentration were observed correlated with the timing of reef growth at HP. These peaks appear to be synchronous with Heinrich events and concentrations of ice-rafted debris found in North Atlantic deep sea cores. The time sequence of events are as follows: An initial sea level high is followed by a large increase in atmospheric radiocarbon as the sea-level subsides. Over 3000 years to 4000 years the atmospheric radiocarbon drops to below present ambient levels. This cycle bears a close resemblance to ice-calving episodes of Dangaard-Oeschger and Bond cycles and the slow-down or complete interruption of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. The increases in the atmospheric radiocarbon levels are attributed to the cessation of the North Atlantic circulation. The measured initial 234U /238U ratio of last glacial period corals from HP, when compared with previously published data for the Holocene and Last Interglacial, appears to be about 1% lower. This suggests shorter ocean 234U residence times than previously believed. It appears that chemical weathering and terrestrialocean transport of was more efficient during interglacials than in ice-ages. Sea-level changes, at locations far away from former ice sheets, are relatively immune from isostatic effects; expressed as equivalent sea-level (esl), they relate to variations in ice volume. The tectonically stable North Australian continental shelf, and the tectonically uplifting HP were examined to construct equivalent sea levels for the past 50,000 years. Sedimentological, micropalaeontological and radiocarbon (14C) analyses of gravity-core samples, from the North Western Australian shelf, show details of the esl during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the timing of the termination of LGM, which appears to have been in two steps. During the LGM, maximum esl occurred at about 22,000 yr (BP, calendar timescale), at a depth of-134±4 m, followed by a slightly higher period of esl from 21,000 to 20,000 yr BP. The end of LGM, at 19,500 yr BP, marks the start of major melting. These results are in excellent agreement with previous studies from the same area and Barbados. Radiocarbon dated, Holocene corals, from (HP) coral reefs, confirm the occurrence of meter-scale co-seismic uplift events. Using previously published up-lift rates, equivalent sea-levels (esl) derived from U-series dated 30,000 year to 50,000 year old HP corals show similar variations as recorded in deep sea core lsO based sea-levels.
Calcium Influx Rescues Adenylate Cyclase-Hemolysin from Rapid Cell Membrane Removal and Enables Phagocyte Permeabilization by Toxin Pores

Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA) penetrates the cytoplasmic membrane of phagocytes and employs two distinct conformers to exert its multiple activities. One conformer forms cation-selective pores that permeabilize phagocyte membrane for efflux of cytosolic potassium. The other conformer conducts extracellular calcium ions across cytoplasmic membrane of cells, relocates into lipid rafts, translocates the adenylate cyclase enzyme (AC) domain into cells and converts cytosolic ATP to cAMP. We show that the calcium-conducting activity of CyaA controls the path and kinetics of endocytic removal of toxin pores from phagocyte membrane. The enzymatically inactive but calcium-conducting CyaA-AC− toxoid was endocytosed via a clathrin-dependent pathway. In contrast, a doubly mutated (E570K+E581P) toxoid, unable to conduct Ca2+ into cells, was rapidly internalized by membrane macropinocytosis, unless rescued by Ca2+ influx promoted in trans by ionomycin or intact toxoid. Moreover, a fully pore-forming CyaA-ΔAC hemolysin failed to permeabilize phagocytes, unless endocytic removal of its pores from cell membrane was decelerated through Ca2+ influx promoted by molecules locked in a Ca2+-conducting conformation by the 3D1 antibody. Inhibition of endocytosis also enabled the native B. pertussis-produced CyaA to induce lysis of J774A.1 macrophages at concentrations starting from 100 ng/ml. Hence, by mediating calcium influx into cells, the translocating conformer of CyaA controls the removal of bystander toxin pores from phagocyte membrane. This triggers a positive feedback loop of exacerbated cell permeabilization, where the efflux of cellular potassium yields further decreased toxin pore removal from cell membrane and this further enhances cell permeabilization and potassium efflux.