Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-additive effects of litter mixing are suppressed in a nutrient-enriched stream.

Investigations of how species compositional changes interact with other aspects of global change, such as nutrient mobilization, to affect ecosystem processes are currently lacking. Many studies have shown that mixed species plant litters exhibit non-additive effects on ecosystem functions in terrestrial and aquatic systems. Using a full-factorial design of three leaf litter species with distinct initial chemistries (carbon:nitrogen; C:N) and breakdown rates (Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer rubrum and Rhododendron maximum), we tested for additive and non-additive effects of litter species mixing on breakdown in southeastern US streams with and without added nutrients (N and phosphorus). We found a non-additive (antagonistic) effect of litter mixing on breakdown rates under reference conditions but not when nutrient levels were elevated. Differential responses among single-species litters to nutrient enrichment contributed to this result. Antagonistic litter mixing effects on breakdown were consistent with trends in litter C:N, which were higher for mixtures than for single species, suggesting lower microbial colonization on mixtures. Nutrient enrichment lowered C:N and had the greatest effect on the lowest- (R. maximum) and the least effect on the highest-quality litter species (L. tulipifera), resulting in lower interspecific variation in C:N. Detritivore abundance was correlated with litter C:N in the reference stream, potentially contributing to variation in breakdown rates. In the nutrient-enriched stream, detritivore abundance was higher for all litter and was unrelated to C:N. Thus, non-additive effects of litter mixing were suppressed by elevated streamwater nutrients, which increased nutrient content of all litter, reduced variation in C:N among litter species and increased detritivore abundance. Nutrients reduced interspecific variation among plant litters, the base of important food web pathways in aquatic ecosystems, affecting predicted mixed-species breakdown rates. More generally, world-wide mobilization of nutrients may similarly modify other effects of biodiversity on ecosystem processes.
Central and peripheral contributions to fatigue after electrostimulation training.

PURPOSE We examined the effect of 4 (WK4) and 8 wk (WK8) of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training on both endurance time and mechanisms contributing to task failure. METHODS Ten males performed a fatiguing isometric contraction with the knee extensor muscles at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until exhaustion before (B), at WK4, and at WK8 of NMES training. The electromyographic (EMG) activity and muscle activation obtained under MVC were recorded before and after the fatiguing task to assess central fatigue. Torque and EMG responses obtained under electrically evoked contractions were examined before and after the fatiguing task to analyze peripheral fatigue. RESULTS Knee extensor MVC torque increased significantly between B and WK4 (+16%), between WK4 and WK8 (+10%), and between B and WK8 (+26%), which meant that the average target torque sustained during the fatiguing contraction increased between the testing sessions. Endurance time decreased significantly over the three sessions (493+/-101 s at B, 408+/-159 s at WK4, and 338+/-126 s at WK8) despite a similar reduction in knee extensor MVC (approximately 25%). Negative correlations were found between endurance time absolute changes and target torque absolute gains. Average EMG activity of the knee extensor muscles was lower after training, but the mean rate of increase was similar over the three sessions. Single-twitch contractile properties were not affected by the task. CONCLUSION We conclude that the endurance time was shorter after 4 and 8 wk of NMES training, and this was associated with higher absolute contraction intensity. Despite endurance time reduction, NMES training did not affect the amount of fatigue at exhaustion nor the central and peripheral contributions to fatigue.
Analysis with Ultrasmall Numbers

Abstract We develop a context-based theory of ultrasmall (infinitesimal) and ultralarge real numbers from a few simple principles, and present some examples of their use in analysis. In this theory, perhaps for the first time, definitions and arguments involving infinitesimals can be presented in a style that is both as informal and as rigorous as is customary in standard textbooks of real analysis.
MIG-32 and SPAT-3A are PRC1 homologs that control neuronal migration in Caenorhabditis elegans

The Polycomb repression complex 2 (PRC2) methylates histone H3 lysine 27 at target genes to modify gene expression, and this mark is recognized by PRC1, which ubiquitylates histone H2A. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a complex of the MES-2, MES-3 and MES-6 proteins is functionally analogous to the PRC2 complex, but the functional analog of PRC1, and indeed whether C. elegans has such a complex, has been unclear. We describe here that MIG-32 and SPAT-3A are functional analogs of PRC1 in C. elegans, where they are required for neuronal migrations and during vulval development. mig-32 and spat-3 mutants are defective in H2A ubiquitylation, and have nervous system defects that partially overlap with those of mes mutants. However, unlike the mes mutants, mig-32 and spat-3 mutants are fertile, suggesting that PRC1 function is not absolutely required in the germline for essential functions of PRC2.
Very Low-Dose Risperidone in First-Episode Psychosis: A Safe and Effective Way to Initiate Treatment

Patients experiencing a first psychotic episode have high rates of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSs) when treated with the doses of neuroleptics used in multiepisode or chronic schizophrenia. There is some evidence that lower doses may be equally, if not more, effective but less toxic in this population. Here, we report the results of a biphasic open label trial designed to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of low-dose (2–4 mg/day) risperidone treatment in a group of 96 first-episode nonaffective psychosis patients. At the end of the trial, 62% of patients met the response criteria although approximately 80% had achieved a response at some time during the study. Reports of EPS remained low, and there were no dystonic reactions. We conclude that even at a dose of 2 mg/day, risperidone was highly effective in reducing acute symptomatology in a real world sample of young first-episode psychosis patients.
Random subsets of structured deterministic frames have MANOVA spectra

Significance A frame (overcomplete set of vectors) represents an analog coding scheme. Deterministic frame constructions offer useful codes for communication and signal processing tasks. When the coded signal only uses a random subset of the frame vectors (for example, in compressed sensing), the coding quality is determined by the typical covariances within subsets of frame vectors. We provide a method to calculate functions of these typical covariances, which predict specific performance measures of the corresponding coding scheme. Our method uses a universality property: for many well-known deterministic and random frames, typical covariances within subsets of frame vectors do not depend on the frame and are described by the MANOVA (multivariate ANOVA) ensemble, a classical object in statistics and random matrix theory. We draw a random subset of k rows from a frame with n rows (vectors) and m columns (dimensions), where k and m are proportional to n. For a variety of important deterministic equiangular tight frames (ETFs) and tight non-ETFs, we consider the distribution of singular values of the k-subset matrix. We observe that, for large n, they can be precisely described by a known probability distribution—Wachter’s MANOVA (multivariate ANOVA) spectral distribution, a phenomenon that was previously known only for two types of random frames. In terms of convergence to this limit, the k-subset matrix from all of these frames is shown to be empirically indistinguishable from the classical MANOVA (Jacobi) random matrix ensemble. Thus, empirically, the MANOVA ensemble offers a universal description of the spectra of randomly selected k subframes, even those taken from deterministic frames. The same universality phenomena is shown to hold for notable random frames as well. This description enables exact calculations of properties of solutions for systems of linear equations based on a random choice of k frame vectors of n possible vectors and has a variety of implications for erasure coding, compressed sensing, and sparse recovery. When the aspect ratio m/n is small, the MANOVA spectrum tends to the well-known Marčenko–Pastur distribution of the singular values of a Gaussian matrix, in agreement with previous work on highly redundant frames. Our results are empirical, but they are exhaustive, precise, and fully reproducible.
The representation of material categories in the brain

Using textures mapped onto virtual nonsense objects, it has recently been shown that early visual cortex plays an important role in processing material properties. Here, we examined brain activation to photographs of materials, consisting of wood, stone, metal and fabric surfaces. These photographs were close-ups in the sense that the materials filled the image. In the first experiment, observers categorized the material in each image (i.e., wood, stone, metal, or fabric), while in an fMRI-scanner. We predicted the assigned material category using the obtained voxel patterns using a linear classifier. Region-of-interest and whole-brain analyses demonstrated material coding in the early visual regions, with lower accuracies for more anterior regions. There was little evidence for material coding in other brain regions. In the second experiment, we used an adaptation paradigm to reveal additional brain areas involved in the perception of material categories. Participants viewed images of wood, stone, metal, and fabric, presented in blocks with images of either different material categories (no adaptation) or images of different samples from the same material category (material adaptation). To measure baseline activation, blocks with the same material sample were presented (baseline adaptation). Material adaptation effects were found mainly in the parahippocampal gyrus, in agreement with fMRI-studies of texture perception. Our findings suggest that the parahippocampal gyrus, early visual cortex, and possibly the supramarginal gyrus are involved in the perception of material categories, but in different ways. The different outcomes from the two studies are likely due to inherent differences between the two paradigms. A third experiment suggested, based on anatomical overlap between activations, that spatial frequency information is important for within-category material discrimination.
Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation Type Ia: Searching for the Origin of Common Mutations in PMM2

Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) are a group of recessive genetic disorders characterized by hypoglycosylation of glycoproteins. CDG‐Ia, the most common type, is caused by mutations in the PMM2 gene, coding for a phosphomannomutase (PMM2; EC 5.4.2.8). The mutational spectrum of PMM2 comprises more than 80 different mutations but one of them, R141H, is particularly interesting due to its high frequency among CDG‐Ia patients worldwide. In contrast, other mutations are ethnically or geographically restricted, such as D65Y which is only found in patients of Iberian ancestry.
Efficiency of energy detectors under multiple access coexistence schemes

This paper examines the efficiency of employing energy detectors in a multi-user network, whose nodes are spatially distributed in a geographic area and employ a CSMA MAC protocol to access the channel. It has been observed that explicit expressions for the analysis of imperfect physical carrier-sensing MAC protocols using energy detection are non-existent in the literature. We, therefore, present simple expressions to achieve this for two protocols. Firstly, the mandatory physical carrier-sensing protocol is examined under the distributed coordination function of the IEEE 802.11 standard. Thereafter, a protocol which includes an optional virtual carrier-sensing scheme is examined alongside the physical carrier-sensing protocol. In this manner, the effect of CSMA inhibition zones arising due to neighbour node deactivation by the protocol is investigated. System parameters such as the energy detector detection threshold, the node density and the radius of inhibition are also studied and the analytical expressions are validated with Monte Carlo simulations.
Parietal Lobe: From Action Organization to Intention Understanding

Inferior parietal lobule (IPL) neurons were studied when monkeys performed motor acts embedded in different actions and when they observed similar acts done by an experimenter. Most motor IPL neurons coding a specific act (e.g., grasping) showed markedly different activations when this act was part of different actions (e.g., for eating or for placing). Many motor IPL neurons also discharged during the observation of acts done by others. Most responded differentially when the same observed act was embedded in a specific action. These neurons fired during the observation of an act, before the beginning of the subsequent acts specifying the action. Thus, these neurons not only code the observed motor act but also allow the observer to understand the agent's intentions.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF DARK MATTER OVER THREE DECADES IN RADIUS IN THE LENSING CLUSTER ABELL 611

We present a detailed analysis of the baryonic and dark matter distribution in the lensing cluster Abell 611 (z = 0.288), with the goal of determining the dark matter profile over an unprecedented range of cluster-centric distance. By combining three complementary probes of the mass distribution, weak lensing from multi-color Subaru imaging, strong lensing constraints based on the identification of multiply imaged sources in Hubble Space Telescope images, and resolved stellar velocity dispersion measures for the brightest cluster galaxy secured using the Keck telescope, we extend the methodology for separating the dark and baryonic mass components introduced by Sand et al. Our resulting dark matter profile samples the cluster from ∼3 kpc to 3.25 Mpc, thereby providing an excellent basis for comparisons with recent numerical models. We demonstrate that only by combining our three observational techniques can degeneracies in constraining the form of the dark matter profile be broken on scales crucial for detailed comparisons with numerical simulations. Our analysis reveals that a simple Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) profile is an unacceptable fit to our data. We confirm earlier claims based on less extensive analyses of other clusters that the inner profile of the dark matter profile deviates significantly from the NFW form and find a inner logarithmic slope β flatter than 0.3 (68%; where ρDM ∝ r−β at small radii). In order to reconcile our data with cluster formation in a ΛCDM cosmology, we speculate that it may be necessary to revise our understanding of the nature of baryon–dark matter interactions in cluster cores. Comprehensive weak and strong lensing data, when coupled with kinematic information on the brightest cluster galaxy, can readily be applied to a larger sample of clusters to test the universality of these results.
Effect of mechanical stress on Zea root apex. I. Mechanical stress leads to the switch from closed to open meristem organization

The effect of mechanical stress on the root apical meristem (RAM) organization of Zea mays was investigated. In the experiment performed, root apices were grown through a narrowing of either circular (variant I) or elliptical (variant II) shape. This caused a mechanical impedance distributed circumferentially or from the opposite sides in variant I and II, respectively. The maximal force exerted by the growing root in response to the impedance reached the value of 0.15 N for variant I and 0.08 N for variant II. Significant morphological and anatomical changes were observed. The changes in morphology depended on the variant and concerned diminishing and/or deformation of the cross-section of the root apex, and buckling and swelling of the root. Anatomical changes, similar in both variants, concerned transformation of the meristem from closed to open, an increase in the number of the cell layers at the pole of the root proper, and atypical oblique divisions of the root cap cells. After leaving the narrowing, a return to both typical cellular organization and morphology of the apex was observed. The results are discussed in terms of three aspects: the morphological response, the RAM reorganization, and mechanical factors. Assuming that the orientation of division walls is affected by directional cues of a tensor nature, the changes mentioned may indicate that a pattern of such cues is modified when the root apex passes through the narrowing, but its primary mode is finally restored.
Linear and nonlinear characteristics of heart rate time series in obesity and during weight-reduction surgery

Obesity is associated with abnormal cardiac regulation by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), this being reversed by weight loss. Bariatric (weight-reduction) surgery can induce substantial long-term weight reductions. This study compares the acute influence on ANS control of two different types of bariatric surgery involving laparascopic and open procedures. To distinguish between the cardiac influences of surgery and obesity, we perform the same analysis for laparascopic surgery in non-obese patients. Eight morbidly obese and five non-obese patients underwent surgery. Obese patients received either laparoscopic procedures (group A: n = 5, BMI = 44.3 ± 2.7 kg m2) or open procedures (group B: n = 3, BMI = 55.2 ± 4.5 kg m2) and non-obese patients received a laparoscopic procedure (group C: n = 5, BMI = 30.8 ± 5.8 kg m−2). Holter ECG was recorded and heart rate variability (HRV) was quantified together with measures of complexity (sample entropy) and structure (Hurst coefficient, scaling coefficient) of the heart rate data. Multifractal characteristics of heart rate data, not previously reported for obese patients, are also quantified and interpreted. Mixed model ANOVA was used to assess the magnitudes of each quantified variable, with surgical group and perioperative time as main factors. HRV measures were influenced only during anaesthesia (LFn increase: p = 0.009; HFn decrease: p = 0.033) and did not discriminate between patient groups. Multifractality was the only characteristic of heart rate data that discriminated between patient groups, being significantly (p < 0.001) greater in non-obese (group C) compared with obese patients (groups A and B, who had similar multifractal properties). Multifractality was also enhanced during anaesthesia (p = 0.028) but did not differ for other stages. We conclude that obesity per se rather than response to surgery is the cause of reduced multifractality. Reduced multifractality in obesity might reflect a diminished ‘scaling’ or ‘collective response’ across the multiple autonomic modulators of heart rate. The multifractal method appears to be a more sensitive measure of integrated cardiac autonomic function than linear methods for these patients.
The role of SEUSS in auxin response and floral organ patterning

Genetic and physiological analyses implicate auxin flux in patterning, initiation and growth of floral organs. Within the Arabidopsis flower, the ETTIN/ARF3 transcription factor responds to auxin to effect perianth organ number and reproductive organ differentiation. This work describes a modifier of ettin that causes filamentous, mispositioned outer whorl organs and reduced numbers of malformed stamens in the double mutant. The modifier was discovered to be a new allele of the seuss (seu) mutant. SEU encodes a novel protein that is predicted to transcriptionally co-repress the AGAMOUS floral organ identity gene. The effects of seu on ett are shown to be independent of the SEU-AG pathway. Furthermore, morphological, physiological and genetic evidence implicate SEU in auxin-regulated growth and development. seu has a pleiotropic phenotype that includes reductions in several classic auxin responses such as apical dominance, lateral root initiation, sensitivity to exogenous auxin and activation of the DR5 auxin response reporter. seu displays a synergistic interaction with the auxin response mutant pinoid, producing flowers with few outer whorl organs. Collectively, these data suggest that SEU is a novel factor affecting auxin response. A model is proposed in which SEU functions jointly with ETT in auxin response to promote floral organ patterning and growth.
Autonomous flight system using marker recognition on drone

The DHL began test and research on delivery system by drone. Because of growing demand about comercialized and personal-use drone business, we needed a real-time unmanned drone control system that individuals can afford. In this paper, we propose an autonomous flight system for drone. We used marker recognition technique on that system because it doesn't require high-spec device which cannot be afforded by ordinary people. The proposed system maintains distance between drone and marker in flight. The system estimates the distance between marker and drone by calculating area of recognized marker image. Performance is validated by result of the proposed system experiment with Parrot's aerial vehicle AR.drone 2.0 and Android device. The proposed system is expected to be used in promising areas like chase camera, unmanned transport and etc.
Integrative genomic analyses reveal clinically relevant long non-coding RNA in human cancer

Despite growing appreciations of the importance of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in normal physiology and disease, our knowledge of cancer-related lncRNA remains limited. By repurposing microarray probes, we constructed the expression profile of 10,207 lncRNA genes in approximately 1,300 tumors over four different cancer types. Through integrative analysis of the lncRNA expression profiles with clinical outcome and somatic copy number alteration (SCNA), we identified lncRNA that are associated with cancer subtypes and clinical prognosis, and predicted those that are potential drivers of cancer progression. We validated our predictions by experimentally confirming prostate cancer cell growth dependence on two novel lncRNA. Our analysis provided a resource of clinically relevant lncRNA for development of lncRNA biomarkers and identification of lncRNA therapeutic targets. It also demonstrated the power of integrating publically available genomic datasets and clinical information for discovering disease associated lncRNA. 3 , or RNA-seq 4, 5 data revealed that the human genome encodes over 10,000 lncRNA with little coding capacity. Growing evidences