Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary intake in relation to restrained eating, disinhibition, and hunger in obese and nonobese Swedish women.

The aims of this study were to: describe dietary intakes of obese and nonobese middle-aged women using a validated food frequency questionnaire; to assess dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger by the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) in obese and nonobese samples and determine which of the factors are independently associated with obesity; and to examine correlations between selected nutritional variables and the TFEQ factors. Subjects studied included 179 obese Swedish women (BMI > 32) and 147 nonobese population-based controls (BMI < 28). Age-adjusted mean energy intake was significantly higher in obese women (2730 +/- 78 vs. 2025 +/- 85 kcal, p < 0.0001). In absolute and relative terms, fat intake was higher and alcohol intake was lower in the obese subjects. Disinhibition was the strongest TFEQ factor independently differentiating the obese and nonobese states, i.e., after adjustment for restraint and hunger. Within the obese sample, strong associations were seen between energy intake and disinhibition (p = 0.0005) and hunger (p = 0.0004). The association between energy intake and restrained eating was negative and weaker (p = 0.04). No such associations were seen in nonobese women. Thus, using a dietary instrument that is valid and unbiased with respect to obesity, strong psychological correlates, possibly causal, of variability in energy intake were detected in middle-aged women with obesity. Disinhibition is associated with both obesity and high-energy intakes and is therefore an important factor to consider in the treatment of women with obesity.
Alteration of the natural killer repertoire in H-2 transgenic mice: specificity of rapid lymphoma cell clearance determined by the H-2 phenotype of the target

The mechanism behind natural tumor resistance conveyed by a H-2Dd transgene to C57Bl/6 (B6) mice was investigated. Transgenic D8 mice were more efficient than control mice in natural killer (NK) cell mediated rapid elimination of intravenously inoculated radiolabeled lymphoma cells of B6 origin, such as RBL-5. There was no difference between D8 and B6 mice when elimination of YAC-1 targets was monitored. The effect of the transgene on the NK repertoire was related to the H-2 phenotype of the target: the differential elimination of RBL-5 lymphoma cells in D8 and B6 mice was not seen when a H-2 deficient variant of this line was used (efficiently eliminated in both genotypes), nor was it seen with a H-2Dd transfectant (surviving in both genotypes). The data show that a MHC class I transgene can directly control natural killing in vivo by altering the repertoire rather than the general levels of NK activity. Since the NK mediated elimination seen after introduction of a novel gene in the host was neutralized by introducing the same gene (H-2Dd), but not an unrelated class I gene (H-2Dp), in the tumor, the data support the concept of NK surveillance against missing self. This combined transgenic/transfectant system may serve as a tool for a molecular dissection of the interactions between NK cells and their targets in vivo.
Disability and citizenship. Politicians' views on disabled persons' citizenship in Finland

Active citizen participation has today become increasingly highlighted in political debates worldwide. The aim of this article is to analyse the impact of so-called active citizenship ideas on disability policies in Finland by scrutinising how people with disabilities, disability policies and disability policy actors were constructed by MPs in relation to the parliamentary debate about the Government Report on Disability Policy in 2006. The results show that people with disabilities were seen as a group with equal rights to societal participation. Furthermore, the role of municipalities was viewed as crucial for realising this goal through its provision of support and service. However, there were also signs of a shift towards active citizenship insofar that measures for facilitating employment among disabled persons were emphasised while some claims requested disability benefits to be made more reciprocal.
Emotional Modulation of Attention: Fear Increases but Disgust Reduces the Attentional Blink

Background It is well known that facial expressions represent important social cues. In humans expressing facial emotion, fear may be configured to maximize sensory exposure (e.g., increases visual input) whereas disgust can reduce sensory exposure (e.g., decreases visual input). To investigate whether such effects also extend to the attentional system, we used the “attentional blink” (AB) paradigm. Many studies have documented that the second target (T2) of a pair is typically missed when presented within a time window of about 200–500 ms from the first to-be-detected target (T1; i.e., the AB effect). It has recently been proposed that the AB effect depends on the efficiency of a gating system which facilitates the entrance of relevant input into working memory, while inhibiting irrelevant input. Following the inhibitory response on post T1 distractors, prolonged inhibition of the subsequent T2 is observed. In the present study, we hypothesized that processing facial expressions of emotion would influence this attentional gating. Fearful faces would increase but disgust faces would decrease inhibition of the second target. Methodology/Principal Findings We showed that processing fearful versus disgust faces has different effects on these attentional processes. We found that processing fear faces impaired the detection of T2 to a greater extent than did the processing disgust faces. This finding implies emotion-specific modulation of attention. Conclusions/Significance Based on the recent literature on attention, our finding suggests that processing fear-related stimuli exerts greater inhibitory responses on distractors relative to processing disgust-related stimuli. This finding is of particular interest for researchers examining the influence of emotional processing on attention and memory in both clinical and normal populations. For example, future research could extend upon the current study to examine whether inhibitory processes invoked by fear-related stimuli may be the mechanism underlying the enhanced learning of fear-related stimuli.
Comparison of isometric contractile properties of the tongue muscles in three species of frogs, Litoria caerulea,Dyscophus guinetti, and Bufo marinus

Previous studies show that anurans feed in at least three different ways. Basal frogs have a broad tongue that shortens during protraction and emerges only a short distance from the mouth. Some frogs have long, narrow tongues that elongate dramatically due primarily to inertia from mouth opening, which is transferred to the tongue. A few species have a hydrostatic mechanism that produces tongue elongation during protraction. This functional diversity occurs among frogs that share the same two pairs of tongue muscles. Our study compares the isometric contractile properties of these tongue muscles among three frog species that represent each feeding mechanism. Nerves to the paired protractors and retractors were stimulated electrically in each species to record the force properties, contraction speeds, and fatigabilites of these muscles. Few differences were found in the isometric contractile properties of tongue muscles, and the greatest differences were found in the retractors, not the protractors. We propose that the unique arrangement of the tongue muscles in frogs results in a retractor that may also be coactivated with the protractor in order to produce normal tongue protraction. Inertial effects from body, head, and jaw movements, along with clear differences that we found in passive resistance of the tongues to elongation, may explain much of the behavioral variation in tongue use among species. J. Morphol. 242:107–124, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies of Otic Capsule Morphology and Gene Expression in the Mov13 Mouse – An Animal Model of Type I Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Type I osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a disorder of skeletal bones characterized by bone fragility and blue sclera, which can result from mutations in genes encoding for type I collagen – the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes. Fifty percent of patients with type I OI develop hearing loss and associated histopathological changes in the otic capsule that are indistinguishable from otosclerosis, a major cause of acquired hearing loss. In an attempt to elucidate molecular and cellular mechanisms of hearing loss in type I OI, we have studied the Mov13 mouse, which has served as an animal model of type I OI by virtue of exhibiting variable transcriptional block of the COL1A1 gene. We studied the morphometry of the Mov13 otic capsule and compared expression levels of 60 genes in the otic capsule with those in the tibia and parietal bone of the Mov13 and wild-type mice. The degree of transcriptional block of the COL1A1 gene and its downstream effects differed significantly between the bones examined. We found that expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein 3 and nuclear factor ĸ-B1 best distinguished Mov13 otic capsule from wild-type otic capsule, and that osteoprotegerin, caspase recruitment domain containing protein 1, and partitioning defective protein 3 best distinguished Mov13 otic capsule from Mov13 tibia and parietal bone. Although the Mov13 mouse did not demonstrate evidence of active abnormal otic capsule remodeling as seen in type I OI and otosclerosis, studying gene expression in the Mov13 mouse has provided evidence that osteocytes of the otic capsule differ from osteocytes in other bones.
Platelet concentrates: effects of calcium and thrombin on endothelial cell proliferation and growth factor release.

BACKGROUND Clinical evidence suggests that platelet concentrate (PC) could have beneficial therapeutic effects on hard and soft tissue healing, due to the contents of growth factors (GFs) stored in the platelets. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) released from PCs and whole blood (WB), before and after the addition of various concentrations of calcium and thrombin, and 2) to assess the physiological importance of the released GFs on angiogenesis. METHODS WB and PCs were harvested and prepared from three healthy volunteers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests, specific for PDGF-BB, TGF-beta1, VEGF, and bFGF, were performed on WB and PC supernatants, collected before and 30 minutes after the addition of various concentrations of calcium and thrombin. The supernatants were also added to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures in order to measure their effects on endothelial cell proliferation. RESULTS Growth factor concentrations detected in PC supernatants were significantly greater (280% to 800% increase) than concentrations present in WB supernatants. Calcium and thrombin induced immediate GF release from PCs in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, PC supernatants led to greater HUVEC proliferation rates than WB supernatants. However, there was no correlation between the concentrations of specific GFs and HUVEC proliferation rates. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PCs could stimulate blood vessel formation. They also reinforce the relevance for using PCs in regenerative therapies.
Neolocality and household structure in Early America

This article examines household organization and living arrangements in Early America using a unique population enumeration collected in 1776 in the British North American colony of Maryland. Confounding expectations, Early American populations did not demonstrate key demographic or economic pre-conditions of the ‘northwest European’ model. High sex ratios in New England, the Chesapeake, and New Spain led to extremely low ages at marriage. Likewise, evidence of ‘life-cycle’ service in British North America was almost non-existent as dependence on indentured servitude and chattel slavery translated into diminished economic opportunities for single adult males. Despite the differences, British North American populations still adhered to the rule of ‘neolocality’ when it came to household organization. Inheritance practices in British North America seem to have reinforced the practice of neolocality for older sons and the simultaneous formation of both simple and extended households. Parental bequest patterns reinforced the independence of the older retired generation and the first-born children at the expense of the younger children. First-born children who left the parental estate never returned to take over the home plantation or to care for their parents. This obligation was fulfilled by the younger, unmarried sons, who deferred their own marriages as a result.
Transplantation of myoblasts from a transgenic mouse overexpressing dystrophin produced only a relatively small increase of dystrophin‐positive membrane

Myoblast cultures from normal and Tg‐MDA (transgenic mouse overexpressing dystrophin 50‐fold) mice were transplanted into dystrophin‐deficient mdx mouse muscles. Four weeks after transplantation, dystrophin‐positive fibers were observed four times more frequently in cross sections of muscles injected with Tg‐MDA. Myoblasts from Tg‐MDA mice also expressing the β‐gal transgene (Tg‐MDA/β‐gal) and myoblasts from β‐gal transgenic mice containing one normal dystrophin gene (normal/β‐gal) were also transplanted into mdx mouse muscles. Four weeks after transplantation, the fiber length positive for dystrophin (nuclear domain) was shorter (439 ± 326 μm) than the β‐gal nuclear domain (1466 ± 713 μm) of the same fiber when normal/β‐gal myoblasts were transplanted, but increased (1302 ± 487 μm) when Tg‐MDA/β‐gal myoblasts were used. These experiments show that despite the presence in Tg‐MDA myoblasts of constructions which lead in vivo in transgenic mice to an overexpression of dystrophin 50‐fold, the membrane area over which dystrophin was expressed was increased only threefold. This observation is also expected for vector‐mediated gene therapy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 21: 91–103, 1998.
Predictors of Increased Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Epidemiological data indicate that type 2 diabetes is associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, risk stratification for HCC has not been fully elucidated in diabetic population. The aim of this study was to identify potential predictors of HCC in diabetic patients without chronic viral hepatitis. A cohort of 3,544 diabetic patients without chronic viral hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis was established and subjects were randomly allocated into a derivation and a validation set. A scoring system was developed by using potential predictors of increased risk of HCC from the Cox proportional hazards model. The performance of the scoring system was tested for validation by using receiver operating characteristics analysis. During median follow-up of 55 months, 36 cases of HCC developed (190 per 100,000 person-years). The 5- and 10-year cumulative incidences of HCC were 1.0%, and 2.2%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age > 65 years, low triglyceride levels and high gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were independently associated with an increased risk of HCC. DM-HCC risk score, a weighted sum of scores from these 3 parameters, predicted 10-year development of HCC with area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.86, and discriminated different risk categories for HCC in the derivation and validation cohort. In conclusion, old age, low triglyceride level and high gamma-glutamyl transferase level may help to identify individuals at high risk of developing HCC in diabetic patients without chronic viral hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis.
Morphological Structure in the Chinese Mental Lexicon

This paper investigates the role of morphological structure in the representation and processing of Mandarin Chinese compounds. A series of 12 experiments, all using disyllabic compounds in a variety of auditory-auditory priming tasks, contrast the effects of four different typea of prime-target relationship (identical, morphological, homophonic, homographic), while varying the constituent position of the related syllables in primes and targets. These priming effects were evaluated both in paired priming tasks. with a 150-msec inter-stimulus interval (ISI) between prime and target, and in delayed repetition tasks, using short, medium and long lags (intervening items ranging from 1 to 40). The results provide evidence against single-layer, morpheme-based models of the Chinese mental lexicon, pointing instead to a two-layer, whole-word and morphemic model (the Multi-Level Cluster Representation Model).
Rhoticity in Brunei English

We might expect Brunei English to be non-rhotic, as the Englishes of both Singapore and Malaysia are non-rhotic and Brunei has strong ethnic, historical, economic and cultural ties with those two countries. The current study compares the R-colouring of read data from female undergraduates in Brunei and Singapore, and it finds that the Brunei data is substantially more rhotic than that of Singapore. It is suggested that this is for two reasons: the main indigenous language of Brunei is Brunei Malay, which is rhotic; and Brunei English is at an earlier stage of development than Singapore English and so it is more susceptible to outside influences, particularly from American media.
Dosage and Distribution in Morphosyntax Intervention: Current Evidence and Future Needs

This article reviews the effectiveness of dose forms and the efficacy of dosage and distribution in morphosyntax intervention for children. Dose forms include the commonly used techniques, procedures, and intervention contexts that constitute teaching episodes; dosage includes the quantitative measures of dose, dose frequency, total intervention duration, and cumulative intervention intensity (S. F. Warren, M. E. Fey, & P. J. Yoder, 2007). Based on the literature, this article first outlines and evaluates the range of dose forms and intervention contexts that clinicians and researchers can employ to facilitate morphosyntactic acquisition. Then, it defines and evaluates research outcomes and provides examples of the dosage components. Current evidence, which focuses primarily on young children and early-developing morphology and sentence structures, suggests that some dose forms and dosage levels are more effective with some populations and some morphosyntactic forms than with others. Distributed practice within sessions and throughout the total period of treatment appears to be more facilitative than massed practice, at least for children with typical language development. The scant research concerning total intervention duration suggests that it affects children's developmental trajectory and that treatment attendance matters. What is missing from the research base is detailed information about the effectiveness and efficacy of intervention for the acquisition of particular morphosyntactic forms in specific populations. The article summarizes these gaps in 3 research goals that reflect the argument of S. F. Warren et al. that it is time to conduct systematic comparisons of specific dose forms while testing how each measure of dosage affects outcomes.
Images of Men and Women in Indian Textbooks

In 1965, the Government of India proposed to create a curriculum conducive to sex-role equality. Recognizing the fundamental equality between men and women, it envisioned an educational system that would pave the way for a new society where individuals would not be forced to follow sex-based patterns of behavior: ". it is unscientific to divide tasks and subjects on the basis of sex and to regard some of them as 'masculine' and others as 'feminine. ' Similarly, the fact that the so-called psychological differences between the two sexes arises, not out of sex but out of social conditioning, will have to be widely publicized and people will have to be made to realize that stereo-types of 'masculine' and 'feminine' personalities do more harm than good. "' This commitment was reiterated a decade later in a proposed amendment to the Indian Constitution which, among other fundamental duties, called upon Indian citizens to ". remove any practice derogatory to the dignity of women. "2 The Indian government has had a very important means for implementing this educational policy since 1955, when the preparation and approval of Indian textbooks became a highly centralized and mostly state-controlled enterprise. Ever since 1953, when the Secondary Education Commission found serious flaws in textbooks published by private concerns, the government has steadily increased its direction of the textbook industry. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and the National Board of School Textbooks developed guidelines for the states, and by the end of 1971, all states had set up appropriate agencies to produce the texts.3 As a result, the Indian educational policymakers today enjoy almost complete control over the content and format of Indian school textbooks.
Tissue‐specific alterations of methyl group metabolism with DNA hypermethylation in the Zucker (type 2) diabetic fatty rat

BackgroundAltered methyl group and homocysteine metabolism were tissue‐specific, persistent, and preceded hepatic DNA hypomethylation in type 1 diabetic rats. Similar metabolic perturbations have been shown in the Zucker (type 2) diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat in the pre‐diabetic and early diabetic stages, but tissue specificity and potential impact on epigenetic marks are unknown, particularly during pathogenesis.
Language in the Lives of Ethnic Minorities: Cuban American Families in Miami

Working-class and middle-class mothers of Cuban heritage were questioned about their modes of accommodation to America in terms of language proficiencies. Specifically, they were asked about their own language fluency, in both Spanish and English, and that of their children. The focus was on the within-family dynamics of the accommodation process, and the links between mothers' and children's language fluencies and children's school performance. Two distinct patterns emerged. For working-class mothers, the emphasis was more on encouraging their children to learn English in order to 'succeed' in America, especially in school - a 'subtractive' form of bilingualism and biculturalism where advances in English appear to be at the expense of Spanish fluency and heritage culture maintenance. In contrast, for middle-class mothers, success was associated more with the encouragement of Spanish competence, not English - a form of 'additive' bilingualism where the heritage language and culture are protected as the process of Americanization runs its course