Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
r Nonmo otonic Reasoning

C~vscsl theories are default theories which explicitly accommodate a distinction between ‘explained’ and ‘unexplained’ propositions. This is accomplished by means of an operator ‘C’ in the language for which propositions a! are assumed explained when literals of the form Car hold. The behavior of causal theories is determined by a preference relation on models based on the minimization of unexplained abnormality. We show that causal networks, general logic programs and theories for reasoning about change can be all naturally expressed as causal theories. We also develop a prooftheory for causal theories and discuss how they relate to autoepistemic theories, prioritized circumscription, and Pearl’s C-E calculus.
Growth Kinetics of Bacterial Pili from Pairwise Pilin Association Rates

Bacterial pilogenesis is a remarkable example of biological non-templated self-assembly where a small number of different building blocks are arranged in a specific order resulting in a macroscopic hair-like fiber containing up to thousands copies of protein subunits. A number of advanced experimental techniques have been used to understand pilus growth. While details such as the conformation of the protein building blocks before and after the elementary polymerization step have enhanced our understanding of this mechanism, such information does not explain the high efficiency of this growth process. In this study, we focused on the growth of the Escherichia coli P-pilus, which is formed by the assembly of six subunits, structurally similar incomplete Ig-like domains. These subunits undergo polymerization through fold complementation by the donation of a β-sheet strand in a specific conserved order. All pairwise rates of association of the individual subunits with the corresponding β-sheet donor strand peptides have been previously determined through non-covalent mass-spectrometry. Here we use computational simulations to determine donor-strand exchange rates and subunit concentrations necessary to warrant the growth of pili showing similar lengths and subunit orders to those observed in vivo. Our findings confirm that additional factors must be involved in the modulation of the donor-strand exchange rate and/or pilin subunit concentration at the usher must be important for the precise ordering and rapid polymerization rates observed in vivo.
Construction of a Three-Sided Immersive Telecollaboration System

In this article the setup and working principle of a new telecollaboration system blue-c is described. This system is an attempt to meet the rising expectations from industry of an IT-supported telecollaboration system. One basic requirement is that a three-dimensional representation of objects be possible together with threedimensional representations of the remote users. Since gesture and mimicry represent an important information channel during a discussion, a realistic 3D video representation is used instead of simple animated avatars. A simultaneous projection and image acquisition of the user in a telecollaboration system is necessary to allow simultaneous work of all team members. Thus, in the introduced system, problems had to be overcome such as providing, simultaneously, illumination for the image acquisition by the cameras and darkness for a bright projection to be seen by the user. A new approach was taken to integrate the cameras into the system by placing them behind active projection walls, which can be switched from transparent to opaque electrically. Unlike other systems, the cameras are therefore not visible to the user, who thus behaves more naturally. In addition, since the cameras are placed outside of the projection room, there is more space to move inside the immersive environment. The article describes the technology and functionality of the system, as well as the gathered experiences.
Design Optimization of Passively Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers With Intracavity Grating Spectral Filters

We consider design optimization of passively mode-locked two-section semiconductor lasers that incorporate intracavity grating spectral filters. Our goal is to develop a method for finding the optimal wavelength location for the filter in order to maximize the region of stable mode-locking as a function of drive current and reverse bias in the absorber section. In order to account for material dispersion in the two sections of the laser, we use analytic approximations for the gain and absorption as a function of carrier density and frequency. Fits to measured gain and absorption curves then provide inputs for numerical simulations based on a large signal accurate delay-differential model of the mode-locked laser. We show how a unique set of model parameters for each value of the drive current and reverse bias voltage can be selected based on the variation of the net gain along branches of steady-state solutions of the model. We demonstrate the validity of this approach by demonstrating qualitative agreement between the numerical simulations and measured current-voltage phase space of a two-section Fabry-Perot laser. We then show how to adapt this method to determine an optimum location for the spectral filter in a notional device with the same material composition, based on the targeted locking range, and accounting for the modal selectivity of the filter.
Terminological debate over language impairment in children: forward movement and sticking points

Background There is no agreed terminology for describing childhood language problems. In this special issue Reilly et al. and Bishop review the history of the most widely used label, ‘specific language impairment’ (SLI), and discuss the pros and cons of various terms. Commentators from a range of backgrounds, in terms of both discipline and geographical background, were then invited to respond to each lead article. Aims To summarize the main points made by the commentators and identify (1) points of consensus and disagreement, (2) issues for debate including the drivers for change and diagnostic criteria, and (3) the way forward. Conclusions & Implications There was some common ground, namely that the current situation is not tenable because it impedes clinical and research progress and impacts on access to services. There were also wide-ranging disagreements about which term should be adopted. However, before debating the broad diagnostic label it is essential to consider the diagnostic criteria and the systems used to classify childhood language problems. This is critical in order to facilitate communication between and among clinicians and researchers, across sectors (in particular health and education), with the media and policy-makers and with families and individuals who have language problems. We suggest four criteria be taken into account when establishing diagnostic criteria, including: (1) the features of language, (2) the impact on functioning and participation, (3) the presence/absence of other impairments, and (4) the language trajectory or pathway and age of onset. In future, these criteria may expand to include the genetic and neural markers for language problems. Finally, there was overarching agreement about the need for an international and multidisciplinary forum to move this debate forward. The purpose would be to develop consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria and diagnostic label for children with language problems. This process should include canvassing the views of families and people with language problems as well as the views of policy-makers.
Improved Reversible Jump Algorithms for Bayesian Species Delimitation

Several computational methods have recently been proposed for delimiting species using multilocus sequence data. Among them, the Bayesian method of Yang and Rannala uses the multispecies coalescent model in the likelihood framework to calculate the posterior probabilities for the different species-delimitation models. It has a sound statistical basis and is found to have nice statistical properties in simulation studies, such as low error rates of undersplitting and oversplitting. However, the method suffers from poor mixing of the reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rjMCMC) algorithms. Here, we describe several modifications to the algorithms. We propose a flexible prior that allows the user to specify the probability that each node on the guide tree represents a true speciation event. We also introduce modifications to the rjMCMC algorithms that remove the constraint on the new species divergence time when splitting and alter the gene trees to remove incompatibilities. The new algorithms are found to improve mixing of the Markov chain for both simulated and empirical data sets.
Incorporating hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis measures into preventive interventions for adolescent depression: Are we there yet?

Abstract Altered functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a robust correlate of major depression in adults, and to a lesser extent, in adolescents. Premorbid differences in HPA axis function have been found to prospectively predict the onset of adolescent depression. To what extent might our knowledge of HPA axis function in adolescents with, or at risk for, depression, help guide efforts to prevent depression in this age group? We review evidence regarding the role of the HPA axis in the development of adolescent depression, and examine whether and which HPA axis measures might be useful in guiding prevention efforts as (a) as a criterion by which to select youth at risk for depression, (b) as a predictor of which youth will be most responsive to prevention efforts, and (c) as an indicator of whether prevention/intervention efforts are working. We conclude that our current understanding of the HPA axis, and its measurement, in adolescent depression are not sufficiently precise to be of immediate practical use in improving prevention efforts. Incorporating HPA axis measures into prevention studies, however, would be immensely useful in clarifying the role of the HPA axis in adolescent depression, such that future prevention efforts might more confidently rely on HPA axis information.
Immediate Anatomic Results after the Endovascular Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: Analysis of the ATENA Series

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A precise analysis of the immediate postoperative anatomic results in a large series of unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated by endovascular approach has not previously been presented. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in light of immediate postoperative anatomic results in a prospective, multicenter study (the Analysis of Treatment by Endovascular Approach of Nonruptured Aneurysms study; ATENA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Postoperative anatomic results from digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were evaluated with the Montreal scale by the treating physician and by 2 anonymous, independent, experienced neuroradiologists. RESULTS: The analysis included 622 patients (449 women, 173 men; age range, 22–83 years; mean age, 51.2 ± 11.3 years) harboring 694 aneurysms. Evaluation of the postoperative anatomic results by the 2 independent reviewers indicated total occlusions in 437 aneurysms (63.0%), neck remnants in 156 aneurysms (22.5%), and aneurysm remnants in 101 aneurysms (14.6%). Several factors favorably affected the quality of the aneurysm occlusion with treatment, including patient age (< 65 years old; P < .0001), aneurysm diameter (≤ 6 mm; P = .0049), aneurysm dome-to-neck ratio (> 1.5; P = .0388), and endovascular technique (coiling or remodelling compared with stent placement; P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The endovascular treatment of unruptured aneurysms provided satisfactory postoperative occlusion rates, with a high percentage of complete occlusion or neck remnants (85.4%). Postoperative anatomic results were significantly affected by aneurysm size and neck size, but not aneurysm location.
Bright Localized Near-Infrared Emission at 1-4 AU in the AB Aurigae Disk Revealed by IOTA Closure Phases

We report on the detection of localized off-center emission at 1-4 AU in the circumstellar environment of the young stellar object AB Aurigae. We used closure-phase measurements in the near-infrared that were made at the long-baseline interferometer IOTA, the first obtained on a young stellar object using this technique. When probing sub-AU scales, all closure phases are close to zero degrees, as expected given the previously determined size of the AB Aurigae inner-dust disk. However, a clear closure-phase signal of -3. °5 ± 0. °5 is detected on one triangle containing relatively short baselines, requiring a high degree of non-point symmetry from emission at larger (AU-sized) scales in the disk. We have not identified any alternative explanation for these closure-phase results, and we demonstrate that a "disk hot spot" model can fit our data. We speculate that such detected asymmetric near-infrared emission might arise as a result of localized viscous heating due to a gravitational instability in the AB Aurigae disk, or to the presence of a close stellar companion or accreting substellar object.
Sex differences and thyroid hormone sensitivity of hippocampal pyramidal cells

In an effort to determine if sex differences exist in the morphologic characteristics of pyramidal cells and granule cells of the hippocampal formation and whether sex plays a role in determining thyroid hormone sensitivity of these neuronal populations, we used single-section Golgi impregnation to examine the effects of neonatal thyroid hormone administration on hippocampal cells from the brains of adult rats of both sexes. Quantitative analyses of control brains revealed sex differences in the number of primary dendrites and the number of spines on the apical dendritic shaft of CA3 pyramidal cells. These differences showed opposite trends; females possessed more primary dendrites, whereas males showed more apical excrescences. Neonatal treatment with thyroid hormone resulted in long-lasting and dramatic changes of the entire CA3 pyramidal cell. CA3 pyramidal cells from thyroid hormone- treated animals showed significantly larger cell body areas, greater numbers of dendritic branchpoints, and longer dendrites. In addition, CA3 pyramidal cells from thyroid hormone-treated animals showed changes in the morphological characteristics which were shown to be sexually dimorphic; treatment resulted in significantly greater numbers of both primary dendrites and apical excrescences. These treatment differences occurred in both sexes and were of equal magnitude, regardless of sex. On the other hand, no sex differences in the morphologic parameters examined were detected for pyramidal cells in the CA1 region. Moreover, neonatal thyroid hormone treatment did not affect the cell body area, dendritic branch points, or the length of dendrites of these cells. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Capitalism and Labor Shares: A Cross-Country Panel Study

We examine the empirical relationship between the institutions of economic freedom and labor shares in a panel of up to 93 countries covering 1970 through 2009. We find that a standard deviation increase in the Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) score is associated with about a 1/3 standard deviation increase in a country's labor share. Starting from the sample mean labor share in our panel, this amounts to about 4.26percentage points. This relationship is robust to considering OECD and non-OECD samples separately. It is also (both qualitatively and quantitatively) robust to controlling for differences in human capital levels, labor productivity, trade union density, and international economic flows. Breaking the EFW into its individual component areas, the regulation of credit, business and labor appears to be the most important source of the positive EFW–labor share relationship.
DRD4 Polymorphism Moderates the Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Social Bonding

Development of interpersonal relationships is a fundamental human motivation, and behaviors facilitating social bonding are prized. Some individuals experience enhanced reward from alcohol in social contexts and may be at heightened risk for developing and maintaining problematic drinking. We employed a 3 (group beverage condition) ×2 (genotype) design (N = 422) to test the moderating influence of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4 VNTR) polymorphism on the effects of alcohol on social bonding. A significant gene x environment interaction showed that carriers of at least one copy of the 7-repeat allele reported higher social bonding in the alcohol, relative to placebo or control conditions, whereas alcohol did not affect ratings of 7-absent allele carriers. Carriers of the 7-repeat allele were especially sensitive to alcohol's effects on social bonding. These data converge with other recent gene-environment interaction findings implicating the DRD4 polymorphism in the development of alcohol use disorders, and results suggest a specific pathway by which social factors may increase risk for problematic drinking among 7-repeat carriers. More generally, our findings highlight the potential utility of employing transdisciplinary methods that integrate genetic methodologies, social psychology, and addiction theory to improve theories of alcohol use and abuse.
A QR Factorization Based Algorithm for Pilot Assisted Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems

This paper deals with the pilot assisted time-varying channel estimation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Since the pilot sub-carrier correlations are rank deficient, an estimation scheme can be implemented by discarding the noise subspace components and filtering the subspace components. The subspace can be estimated by some subspace tracking (ST) algorithm. We propose to implement the subspace components filtering via a QR factorization based algorithm, which is suitable for operating in conjunction with the ST algorithm. The performance of the proposed schemes is verified by simulation in computer.
A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Brain

Methods: We used in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine neuronal integrity of the medial prefrontal and parietal lobes in 14 non–learningdisabled adults with AS and 18 control subjects (of similar sex, age, and IQ). We obtained measures of the prefrontal lobe in 11, the parietal lobe in 13, and both lobes in 10 subjects with AS. We measured concentrations and ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine and phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr), and choline (Cho). Levels of NAA, Cr+PCr, and Cho are indicators of neuronal density and mitochondrial metabolism, phosphate metabolism, and membrane turnover. Frontal metabolite levels were correlated with scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and the Autism Diagnostic Interview. Results: Subjects with AS had a significantly higher prefrontal lobe concentration of NAA (z = –3.1; P = .002), Cr+PCr (z=–2.2; P=.03), and Cho (z=–2.9; P=.003). Increased prefrontal NAA concentration was significantly correlated with obsessional behavior (=0.67; P=.005); increased prefrontal concentration of Cho, with social function (=0.72; P=.02). We found no significant differences in parietal lobe metabolite concentrations. Conclusion: Subjects with AS have abnormalities in neuronal integrity of the prefrontal lobe, which is related to severity of clinical symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:885-891
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Approach in management of Children with High Grade Fever ≥ 39°.

BACKGROUND Fever is one of the most frequently encountered pediatric problems, accounting for 25% of visits to pediatric emergency room. There is no specific standardized approach to reach to a final diagnosis in children with fever as this may be difficult and individualized for each child. The integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) approach is an approach designed to reach a classification rather than a specific diagnosis. OBJECTIVE Comparison between IMCI and Non-IMCI approaches in management of children with high grade fever≥ 39°. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a prospective study carried out on 50 children less than five years old presented with fever ≥ 39° attended the outpatient clinic of Minia university hospital from September 2012 to May 2014. These 50 children divided into 2 groups: group I (25 children) subjected to the (IMCI) approach and group II (25 children) subjected to the traditional approach. RESULTS Most of children according to the IMCI approach (64%) were classified and diagnosed during the first day, while most of children in traditional approach were diagnosed by the fourth (34%) or fifth day (20%). Sixty percent of children treated according to IMCI approach were improved clinically compared to 12% in traditional approach. Forty percent of children treated according to traditional approach had worse outcomes compared to 16% treated according to the IMCI. CONCLUSION The IMCI approach can be applied upon children under five years old with high grade fever to reach to a classification, early diagnosis, much better outcomes and less daily cost than the traditional approach.
Investigation of the binding interactions of Bisdemethoxycurcumin, Diacetylcurcumin and Diacetylbisdemethoxycurcumin with bovine α-lactalbumin by experimental and theoretical analysis

It was reported that bovine α-lactalbumin (BLA) as an important whey protein can be utilized as valuable vehicle for metal ions. The goal of this study was to investigate the interaction of BLA with bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), Diacetylcurcumin (DAC), and diacetylbisdemethoxycurcumin (DABC) as three bioactive compounds by fluorescence quenching measurements and docking studies. It was observed that these ligands come closer to tryptophan residues and quench their emission without any change in their micro region polarity. The Stern–Volmer equation which is the best model to provide information about the interaction between small bioactive molecules and proteins was used to obtain the binding constants and the binding stoichiometry. Information about the extent of resonance energy transfer and Förster’s distance between donor and acceptor was estimated. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the final BDMC–BLA complex was stabilized by hydrogen bonds, whereas the final DABC–BLA and DAC–BLA complexes were stabilized by hydrophobic bonds which are in accordance with their chemical structures. Both the synchronous and docking studies verified that theTrp-26 which is the most exposed Tryptophan residue has the most contribution in the binding process. The Förster’s distances between bound ligands and tryptophans were in agreement with the measured distances by docking studies. The obtained achievements confirmed that there are considerable binding interactions between these curcuminoids and BLA.
Shutdown of turbulent convection as a new criterion for the onset of spring phytoplankton blooms

The onset of phytoplankton blooms in late winter, early spring has been traditionally associated with the shoaling of the mixed layer above a critical depth. Here we show that the onset of a bloom can also be triggered by a reduction in air–sea fluxes at the end of winter. When net cooling subsides at the end of winter, turbulent mixing becomes weak, thereby increasing the residence time of phytoplankton cells in the euphotic layer and allowing a bloom to develop. The necessary change in the air–sea flux generally precedes mixed‐layer shoaling, and may provide a better indicator for the onset of the spring bloom than the mixed‐layer depth alone. Our hypothesis is supported by numerical simulations and remote sensing data.