Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Introgression of the ace-1R Mutation and of the ace-1 Duplication in West African Anopheles gambiae s. s

Background The role of inter-specific hybridisation is of particular importance in mosquito disease vectors for predicting the evolution of insecticide resistance. Two molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae s.s. , currently recognized as S and M taxa, are considered to be incipient sibling species. Hybrid scarcity in the field was suggested that differentiation of M and S taxa is maintained by limited or absent gene flow. However, recent studies have revealed shared polymorphisms within the M and S forms, and a better understanding of the occurrence of gene flow is needed. One such shared polymorphism is the G119S mutation in the ace-1 gene (which is responsible for insecticide resistance); this mutation has been described in both the M and S forms of A. gambiae s.s. Methods and Results To establish whether the G119S mutation has arisen independently in each form or by genetic introgression, we analysed coding and non-coding sequences of ace-1 alleles in M and S mosquitoes from representative field populations. Our data revealed many polymorphic sites shared by S and M forms, but no diversity was associated with the G119S mutation. These results indicate that the G119S mutation was a unique event and that genetic introgression explains the observed distribution of the G119S mutation within the two forms. However, it was impossible to determine from our data whether the mutation occurred first in the S form or in the M form. Unexpectedly, sequence analysis of some resistant individuals revealed a duplication of the ace-1 gene that was observed in both A. gambiae s.s. M and S forms. Again, the distribution of this duplication in the two forms most likely occurred through introgression. Conclusions These results highlight the need for more research to understand the forces driving the evolution of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors and to regularly monitor resistance in mosquito populations of Africa.
Exploring the Causes of Writing Anxiety: A Case of B.S. English Students

This study explores the causes of writing anxiety found among the students of B.S. English. The data were collected through a questionnaire based on three point rating scale. The questionnaire was designed after reading a lot of literature on the topic concerned. The purpose of devising this questionnaire was to investigate the Writing Anxiety among B.S. English Students. The questionnaire consisted of ten questions. The results of the data collected through sixty respondents are shown through the graphs. In the end, it was concluded that the fear of teacher's negative comments, linguistic difficulties, pressure of time and perfect work, insufficient writing practice and problems with topic affect a lot while writing in English.
Photophysical Studies of A2‐E, Putative Precursor of Lipofuscin, in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Abstract. With age, human retinal pigment epithelial cells accumulate lipofuscin that can absorb photons in the visible range leading to light‐induced damage and impaired vision. A putative precursor of lipofuscin, 2‐[2,6‐dimethyl‐8‐(2,6,6‐trimethyl‐l‐cyclohexen‐l‐yl)‐lE,3E:,5E,7E‐octa‐tetraenyl]‐l‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐[4‐methyl‐6‐(2,6,6‐tri‐methyl‐1 ‐cyclohexen‐1 ‐y 1)‐ IE, 3E, 5E‐hexatrienyl] ‐pyridi‐nium (A2‐E), has recently been isolated and characterized from aged human retinal pigment epithelial cells. We have found that A2‐E inhibits the growth of human retinal pigment epithelial cells at concentrations greater than 1 μM. Time‐resolved fluorescence measurements of 1 μM A2‐E in solution, performed under 413 nm excitation, showed that fluorescence wave forms integrated across the spectrum (450–600 nm) were best‐fitted with three decay times in the nanosecond and subnanosecond time scale: 6.6,1.9 and 0.33 ns. Untreated retinal pigment epithelial cells were characterized by three fluorescence lifetimes: 6.3, 1.7 and 0.35 ns. In retinal pigment epithelial cells treated with 1 μM A2‐E, the fluorescence decay was significantly faster, with the marked presence (30%) of a fourth short lifetime (0.12 ns). These fluorescence decay times for A2‐E bound to human retinal pigment epithelial cells are similar to those of lipofuscin granules isolated from aged human retinal pigment epithelial cells. This similarity supports the hypothesis that A2‐E is a precursor of lipofuscin and suggests that A2‐E may play a role in the overall light damage associated with age‐related retinal diseases.
RNA-directed remodeling of the HIV-1 protein Rev orchestrates assembly of the Rev–Rev response element complex

The HIV-1 protein Rev controls a critical step in viral replication by mediating the nuclear export of unspliced and singly-spliced viral mRNAs. Multiple Rev subunits assemble on the Rev Response Element (RRE), a structured region present in these RNAs, and direct their export through the Crm1 pathway. Rev-RRE assembly occurs via several Rev oligomerization and RNA-binding steps, but how these steps are coordinated to form an export–competent complex is unclear. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a Rev dimer-RRE complex, revealing a dramatic rearrangement of the Rev-dimer upon RRE binding through re-packing of its hydrophobic protein–protein interface. Rev-RNA recognition relies on sequence-specific contacts at the well-characterized IIB site and local RNA architecture at the second site. The structure supports a model in which the RRE utilizes the inherent plasticity of Rev subunit interfaces to guide the formation of a functional complex. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.04120. 001
On the interpolation of bivariate polynomials related to the Diffie-Hellman mapping

We obtain lower bounds on degree and weight of bivariate polynomials representing the Diffie-Hellman mapping for finite fields and the Diffie-Hellman mapping for elliptic curves over finite fields. This complements and improves several earlier results. We also consider some closely related bivariate mappings called P-Diffie-Hellman mappings introduced by the first author. We show that the existence of a low degree polynomial representing a P-Diffie-Hellman mapping would lead to an efficient algorithm for solving the Diffie-Hellman problem. Motivated by this result we prove lower bounds on weight and degree of such interpolation polynomials, as well.
Imputing gene–treatment interactions when the genotype distribution is unknown using case‐only and putative placebo analyses—a new method for the Genetics of Hypertension Associated Treatment (GenHAT) study

There is a sizeable literature on methods for detecting gene–environment interaction in the framework of case‐control studies, particularly with reference to the assumption of independence of genotype and exposure. In the context of a clinical trial, wherein gene–drug interactions with regard to outcomes are examined, these methods may be readily applied, as gene and drug are independent by randomization.
Species-specific Regulation of Toll-like Receptor 3 Genes in Men and Mice*

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) belongs to a family of evolutionary conserved innate immune recognition molecules and recognizes double-stranded RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infections. Earlier studies suggested a differential expression pattern in men and mice; the molecular basis for this observation, however, was unknown. Here we demonstrate that species-specific differences in tissue expression and responses to lipopolysaccaride (LPS) coincide with the presence of different, evolutionary non-conserved promoter sequences in both species. Despite the overall unrelatedness of TLR3 promoter sequences, mRNA expression of both TLR3 orthologues was induced by interferons, particularly by interferon (IFN)-β. The basal and IFN-β-induced activation of promoters from both species largely depended on similar interferon regulatory factor (IRF) elements, which constitutively bound IRF-2 and recruited IRF-1 after stimulation. In murine macrophages, IFN-β-induced TLR3 up-regulation required IFNAR1, STAT1, and in part IRF-1, but not the Janus kinase (Jak) family member Tyk2. We also show that LPS specifically up-regulates TLR3 expression in murine cells through the induction of autocrine/paracrine IFN-β. In humans, however, IFN-β-induced up-regulation of TLR3 was blocked by pretreatment with LPS, despite the efficient induction of IRF-1. Our findings reveal a mechanistic basis for the observed differences as well as similarities in TLR3 expression in men and mice. The IFN-β-TLR3 link further suggests a role of TLR3 in innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections. It will be interesting and important to clarify whether the observed differences in the transcriptional regulation of TLR3 influence innate immune responses in a species-specific manner.
Association of Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus with gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease

Objective. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections are common world-wide. Though H. pylori infection is a major factor in gastroduodenal diseases, its role in association with EBV infection is unknown. We prospectively studied the association of H. pylori and EBV in patients with gastric cancer (GC) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Material and methods. A total of 348 adult patients (non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) 241, PUD 45, GC 62) undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between September 2003 and May 2007 were enrolled in the study. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by rapid urease test, culture, histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). EBV DNA was detected by non-polymorphic Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) gene-based PCR and sequence analysis. Results. The rate of H. pylori infection was higher in patients with PUD than in those with GC (80% versus 56.5%, p=0.01) and NUD (80% versus 55.2%, p=0.002). In patients with GC and PUD, EBV DNA was detected more often than in those with NUD (GC versus NUD – 82.3% versus 37.3%, p<0.001; PUD versus NUD – 75.5% versus 37.3%, p<0.001). H. pylori infection and EBV DNA detected in different groups of patients was as follows: 62.2% in PUD, 46.8% in GC and 29.5% in NUD. PUD and GC were significantly associated (p<0.001 and <0.05, respectively) with the presence of H. pylori infection and EBV DNA as compared with NUD. Conclusions. EBV DNA either alone or in combination with H. pylori infection was significantly associated with GC and PUD, suggesting that EBV might play an important role in gastroduodenal pathology.
A calculation method of reference flux to realize maximum torque per ampere control in direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drives

This paper proposes a maximum torque per ampere control method for a direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor without using a look-up table. The proposed method is based on a motor model in the d-q rotating frame, which is often used in synchronous motor control. This method does not require any look-up tables, and therefore, estimated parameters can be applied easily. In addition, inductance variation can be considered if inductances are modeled as functions of current. The simulation and experimental results validate the proposed method.
THE EFFECTS OF FLASHCARDS AND STUDENT SELECTED REINFORCERS WITH GOALS AND ADDITIONAL PRACTICE WITH MULTIPLICATION FACTS FOR TWO INTERMEDIATE ELEMENTARY STUDENTS WITH BEHAVIOR DISORDERS

The purpose of this study was to increase the fluency and accuracy on seem to write multiplication facts for two elementary school students with behavior impairments. One was an 11-year-old male and the other was a 13-year-old male. The study was conducted in a self-contained behavior impaired classroom in a large urban school district in the Pacific Northwest. The three behaviors measured were corrects, errors, and skips per minute. These data were gathered from a multiplication probe sheet. The behavioral results showed a clear increase of corrects per minute and decrease in both skips and errors when the three interventions (flashcards + student selected rewards, flashcards + student selected rewards + goals, and flashcards + student selected rewards + goals + extra timings). The outcomes one participant was larger than for the other. The benefits of employing data-based evaluation procedures with intermediate children with behavior impairments are outlined.
IAC Standardized Reporting of Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytology

There have been many changes in the roles of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and core needle biopsy (CNB) in the diagnostic workup of breast lesions in routine breast clinics and in mammographic breast screening programs, as well as changes in the management algorithms utilized and the treatments available, since the NCI consensus on breast FNAB cytology in 1996. A standardized approach will improve training and performance of FNAB and smear-making techniques, and structured reporting will improve the quality and reproducibility of reports across departments, cities and countries providing a basis for quality assurance measures and improving patient care and facilitating research. Linking cytology reports to management algorithms will increase the clinicians' use of FNAB cytology and where appropriate CNB, and enhance the use of ancillary tests for prognostic testing. The IAC recognizes that the local medical infrastructure and resources for breast imaging, biopsy and treatment will influence the diagnostic workup and management of breast disease, but best practice guidelines should be established and modified as required.
Beyond the Aww Factor: Human Interest Profiles of Paralympians and the Media Navigation of Physical Difference and Social Stigma

People with disability negotiate a complex identity that involves both physical difference and social stigma. Excluded from other identity-based areas of inquiry, and encouraged to pass as unimpaired by human rights models (see the ability), media representations purporting to offer empowerment may actually perpetuate the biomedical model of disability as it discursively situates disability as deficit. Drawing on work undertaken by Schell and Duncan (1999) this article critically examines current affairs programming (60 Minutes and Australian Story) leading up to the 2008 Paralympics Games to highlight the role the media plays in reflecting and reinforcing social disablement. I will likewise explore the way aspects of these profiles, which foreground the relevance of impairment and disability to the lives of people with disability, potentially advance social understandings of disability.
Dirac Cones for Point Scatterers on a Honeycomb Lattice

We investigate the spectrum and the dispersion relation of the Schrodinger operator with point scatterers on a triangular lattice and a honeycomb lattice. We prove that the low-level dispersion bands have conic singularities near Dirac points, which are the vertices of the first Brillouin zone. The existence of such conic dispersion bands plays an important role in various electronic properties of honeycomb-structured materials such as graphene. We then prove that, for a honeycomb lattice, the spectra generated by higher-level dispersion relations are all connected, so the complete spectrum consists of at most three bands. Numerical simulations for dispersion bands with various parameters are also presented.
Joint segmentation via patient-specific latent anatomy model

We present a generative approach for joint 3D segmentation of patient-speciOc MR scans across diAEerent modalities or time points. The latent anatomy, in the form of spatial parameters, is inferred si- multaneously with the evolution of the segmentations. The individual segmentation of each scan supports the segmentation of the group by sharing common information. The joint segmentation problem is solved via a statistically driven level-set framework. We illustrate the method on an example application of multimodal and longitudinal brain tumor segmentation, reporting promising segmentation results
Child and Parent Characteristics Associated With Canadian Parents’ Reports of Spanking

We examined self-reported use of spanking as a discipline strategy in a Canadian sample of mothers and fathers (N = 2,340) of children aged 2 to 12 years using data from the International Parenting Survey–Canada. Logistic regression was conducted to assess the association between reported use of spanking and child characteristics (age, gender, disability status, and behaviour problems), adult demographic characteristics (age at birth of child, marital status, education, employment, and income inadequacy), as well as parent attitudes toward spanking. Approximately one quarter of parents reported spanking their child. Child age, parent education, employment, and income inadequacy had significant associations with reported spanking. When controlling for child and parent demographic characteristics, parent reports of child behaviour and parent attitudes toward spanking also had strong relationships with reported spanking. Results are discussed in relation to previous findings and in terms of implications for .
Bereavement and Depressive Symptoms 2 From Loss to Loneliness : The Relationship Between Bereavement and Depressive Symptoms

Spousal bereavement can cause a rise in depressive symptoms. This study empirically evaluates two competing explanations concerning how this causal effect is brought about: (a) a traditional latent variable explanation, in which loss triggers depression which then leads to symptoms; and (b) a novel network explanation, in which bereavement directly affects particular depression symptoms which then activate other symptoms. We used data from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) study and compared depressive symptomatology, assessed via the 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), among those who lost their partner (N = 241) with a still-married control group (N = 274). We modeled the effect of partner loss on depressive symptoms either as an indirect effect through a latent variable, or as a direct effect in a network constructed through a causal search algorithm. Compared to the control group, widow(er)s’ scores were significantly higher for symptoms of loneliness, sadness, depressed mood, and appetite loss, and significantly lower for happiness and enjoyed life. The effect of partner loss on these symptoms was not mediated by a latent variable. The network model indicated that bereavement mainly affected loneliness, which in turn activated other depressive symptoms. The direct effects of spousal loss on particular symptoms are inconsistent with the predictions of latent variable models, but can be explained from a network perspective. Our findings support a growing body of literature showing that specific adverse life events differentially affect depressive symptomatology, and suggest that future studies should examine interventions that directly target such symptoms.
Reaching Across Institutional Logics: Arbitrage Vs. Contamination

While previous research has explored organizations responses to multiple institutional logics, less attention has been paid to how actors hybridize logics. In this paper, we explore what kind of actors within a field are most likely to reach out to alternative logics, and what consequence this hybridization has for their standing in their field. We present a framework predicting hybridization behavior by individuals who represent an important locus of agency within institutional processes. Via testable hypotheses, we postulate that hybridization is pursued by individuals with high status within their field as well as individuals with high status in their organizations. However, we argue that their approach to hybridization differs. Actors with high field-wide status pursue ? arbitrage? in the sense that they exploit
Acupoint Application for Asthma Therapy in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: To evaluate the evidence available on the effects of acupuncture point (acupoint) application for asthma therapy in adults. Methods: Six electronic databases were searched up to May 2014 to identify relevant studies. Randomized controlled trials, which assessed the effects of acupoint application for asthma treatment in adults, were included in our review. The methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of a random-effects model were calculated. The heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Results: Eight studies were included in our review. The aggregated results indicated that acupoint application improved forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (SMD, 0.32; 95% CI 0.04-0.60; p = 0.03), FEV1/forced vital capacity (SMD, 0.89; 95% CI 0.70-1.09; p < 0.00001), interleukin (SMD, -0.26; 95% CI -0.50 to -0.01; p = 0.04) and immunoglobulin E (SMD, -0.49; 95% CI -0.83 to -0.16; p = 0.004) in patients with asthma, but not eosinophilic cation protein (SMD, -0.58; 95% CI -1.42 to 0.26; p = 0.18). There was no sufficient evidence for the follow-up effects of acupoint application for asthma therapy in adults. Conclusions: Acupoint application may be a valid complementary and alternative therapy for asthma in adults. It contributes especially to improving pulmonary function and reducing the levels of interleukin and immunoglobulin E. However, more studies with longer follow-ups are warranted to confirm the current findings.
Social Work, Social Science and Practice Wisdom

Social work has for some time had an ambiguous and ambivalent relationship with its social science knowledge base. However, this has arisen, at least in part, because of the emphasis on the outcome or product of social science rather than the process by which research is conducted. This paper, focusing on assessment, argues that an emphasis on process goes some way to closing the gap between social science and social work, that the methods used by social researchers are, in many respects, simply refinements of the methodology of everyday life, and that social workers, when conducting assessments operate rather like practical qualitative researchers. Using Analytical Induction as an heuristic device, it proceeds to explore critical characteristics of good practice in social work assessments. It concludes that practice should be characterized by critical awareness, involving imaginative development of alternative hypotheses, a sceptical attitude towards case assessments and a principle of adopting hypotheses least likely to be in error.
Making Meaning

The reflecting team (RT) process was once a common practice in couple and family therapy training programs. This qualitative case study utilized the interview process to gain understanding about a couple’s perspective of the RT process. Categories constructed included (a) characteristics of the RT and (b) reactions to reflections. These findings underscore the need for additional research that specifically addresses these themes and aims to help counselor educators and counselors in training better understand and serve their clients. While this study supports many of the previous research findings, it adds the elements of encouraging listening, fostering hope, and facilitating engagement in the reflective process.