Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationships Between Field Performance Tests in High-Level Soccer Players

Abstract Ingebrigtsen, J, Brochmann, M, Castagna, C, Bradley, PS, Ade, J, Krustrup, P, and Holtermann, A. Relationships between field performance tests in high-level soccer layers. J Strength Cond Res 28(4): 942–949, 2014—To reduce athlete testing time, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test levels 1 (IR1) and 2 (IR2) performances, maximal sprinting speed (10, 20, and 35 m), repeated sprint ability (RSA; 7 × 35 m), and submaximal heart rates (HRs) after 2 and 4 minutes of the Yo-Yo IR tests by testing 57 high-level soccer players. All players played regularly in one of 3 highest levels of Norwegian soccer and were tested during 3 sessions on 3 consecutive days. Large correlations were observed between Yo-Yo IR1 and IR2 test performances (r = 0.753, p ⩽ 0.05). Small and moderate correlations were found between 20- and 35-m sprinting speed and Yo-Yo IR1 performance (r = −0.289 and −0.321, respectively, p ⩽ 0.05), whereas 35-m sprinting speed correlated moderately to Yo-Yo IR2 performance (r = −0.371, p ⩽ 0.05). Repeated sprint ability at 10, 20, and 35 m all showed moderate to large correlations to Yo-Yo IR1 performance (r = −0.337 to −0.573, p ⩽ 0.05). Repeated sprint ability at 20 m (r = −0.348, p ⩽ 0.05) and 35 m (r = −0.552, p ⩽ 0.01) correlated moderately and largely to Yo-Yo IR2 performance. In addition, moderate and large correlations were found between submaximal Yo-Yo IR1 HRs after 2 (r = −0.483, p ⩽ 0.01) and 4 minutes (r = −0.655, p ⩽ 0.01) and Yo-Yo IR1 performance, and 2 minutes Yo-Yo IR2 HR and Yo-Yo IR2 performance (r = −0.530, p ⩽ 0.01). Intraclass correlation measures of submaximal HR after 2 and 4 minutes of Yo-Yo IR1 test and after 2 minutes of the Yo-Yo IR2 were 0.92 (coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.1%, n = 33), 0.93 (CV = 3.8%, n = 33), and 0.72 (CV = 2.9%, n = 10). Adjusted ordinary least square (OLS) regressions revealed associations (p ⩽ 0.05) between sprint speed at 20 and 35 m and Yo-Yo IR1 test performance, but only between 35 m and IR2 test performance (p ⩽ 0.05). Further, OLS showed that RSA at 35 m was related to both levels of the Yo-Yo IR test (p ⩽ 0.01), and that submaximal HRs after 2 and 4 minutes were independently associated with Yo-Yo IR1 and IR2 performances (p ⩽ 0.01). In conclusion, Yo-Yo IR1 and 2 test performances, as well as sprint and RSA performances, correlated very largely, and it may therefore be considered using only one of the Yo-Yo tests and a RSA test, in a general soccer-specific field test protocol. The submaximal HR measures during Yo-Yo tests are reproducible and may be used for frequent, time-efficient, and nonexhaustive testing of intermittent exercise capacity of high-level soccer players.
Phylogeny, Pathogenicity, and Transmission of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens

We analyzed five H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) isolated from different birds in 2012 in China. Based on whole-genome sequences, we divided the viruses into four genotypes. The DKE26, GSE43, and DKE53 viruses belonged to Genotypes 1–3, respectively. The CKE93 and CKE96 viruses were classified into Genotype 4. Genotypes 1–3 correspond to the viruses containing the HA gene of clade 2.3. 2, and Genotype 4 is the virus that bears the HA gene of clade 7.2. To better understand the pathogenicity and transmission of the viruses, we infected chickens with 103 EID50/0.1 ml GSE43 (clade 2.3.2) or CKE93 (clade 7.2) virus. Our results revealed that 6 of 7 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens inoculated with GSE43 virus were dead before 7-day post-infection, but all the SPF chickens inoculated with CKE93 virus survived the infection. Both the GSE43 and CKE93 viruses replicated systemically in chickens. The virus titers of GSE43 virus in tested organs were obviously higher than those of CKE93 virus. Our results revealed that the pathogenicity and replication of GSE43 in chickens was much higher than those of CKE93. The GSE43 virus could transmit between chickens, but the CKE93 could not transmit between chickens by naïve contact. Therefore, different clades of H5N1 AIVs possessed variable pathogenicities and transmission abilities among chickens. Our study contributes to knowledge of pathogenic variations of prevalent H5N1 viruses.
Graph Homomorphisms with Complex Values: A Dichotomy Theorem

Graph homomorphism problem has been studied intensively. Given an m × m symmetric matrix A, the graph homomorphism function ZA(G) is defined as ZA(G) = σξ:V →[m] (u,v)∈E ΠAξ(u),ξ(v), where G = (V,E) is any undirected graph. The function ZA(G) can encode many interesting graph properties, including counting vertex covers and k-colorings. We study the computational complexity of ZA(G), for arbitrary complex valued symmetric matrices A. Building on the work by Dyer and Greenhill [1], Bulatov and Grohe [2], and especially the recent beautiful work by Goldberg, Grohe, Jerrum and Thurley [3], we prove a complete dichotomy theorem for this problem.
Can dark energy be expressed as a power series of the Hubble parameter?

In this work, we examine the possibility that the dark energy (DE) density, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{de}}$, can be dynamical and appear as a power series expansion of the Hubble rate (and its time derivatives), i.e., ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{de}}(H,\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{H},\dots{})$. For the present universe, however, only the terms $H$, $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{H}$, and ${H}^{2}$ can be relevant, together with an additive constant term. We fit these models to the current cosmological data on the main observables $\mathrm{SnIa}+H(z)+\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{BAO}+\mathrm{LSS}+\mathrm{CMB}+\mathrm{BBN}$. Our analysis involves both the background as well as the cosmic perturbation equations. The latter include, apart from the matter density perturbations, also the DE density perturbations. We assume that matter and dynamical DE are separately self-conserved. As a result the equation of state of the DE becomes a nontrivial function of the cosmological redshift, ${w}_{D}={w}_{D}(z)$. The particular subset of DE models of this type having no additive constant term in ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{de}}$ include the so-called ``entropic-force'' and ``QCD-ghost'' DE models, as well as the pure linear model ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{de}}\ensuremath{\sim}H$, all of which are strongly disfavored in our fitting analysis. In contrast, the models that include the additive term plus one or both of the dynamical components $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{H}$ and ${H}^{2}$ appear more favored than the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$. In particular, the dynamical DE models provide a value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.74--0.77$ which is substantially lower than that of the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ and hence more in accordance with the observations. This helps to significantly reduce the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}$ tension in the structure formation data. At the same time the predicted value for ${H}_{0}$ is in between the local and Planck measurements, thus helping to alleviate this tension as well.
Crystal structure of a new RNA‐binding domain from the antiterminator protein SacY of Bacillus subtilis

SacY belongs to a family of, at present, seven bacterial transcriptional antiterminators. The RNA‐binding and antitermination capacity of SacY resides in the 55 amino acids at the N‐terminal [SacY(1‐55)]. The crystal structure at 2 Å resolution shows that SacY(1‐55) forms a dimer in the crystal, in accordance with the NMR solution structure. The structure of the monomer is a four‐stranded β‐sheet with a simple β1β2β3β4 topology. One side of the sheet is covered by a long surface loop and the other side forms the dimer interface. The dimer is stabilized by the orthogonal stacking of the two β‐sheets. The crystal structure is in excellent agreement with the NMR solution structure (r.m.s. distance for Cα coordinates is 1.3 Å). The structure of SacY(1‐55) reveals a new RNA‐binding motif.
In Vitro Activities of Three Licensed Antifungal Agents against Spanish Clinical Isolates of Aspergillus spp

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to identify retrospectively trends in the species distributions and the susceptibility patterns of Aspergillus species causing fungal infections in Spanish medical centers from 2000 to 2002. The susceptibilities of 338 isolates to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole were tested. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most common species (54.7%), followed by Aspergillus terreus (14.8%) and Aspergillus flavus (13.9%). Non-A. fumigatus species were encountered in 45.3% of the samples studied. The majority of Aspergillus isolates were obtained from respiratory tract specimens, followed by ear and skin samples. The geometric mean (GM) MIC of amphotericin B was 0.56 μg/ml, and the amphotericin B MIC was >2 μg/ml for 16 isolates (4.7%). Nine of them were A. terreus. The GM MIC of itraconazole was 0.37, and the itraconazole MIC was >4 μg/ml for 12 (3.5%) isolates. The voriconazole MICs were also high for 8 of the 12 strains for which itraconazole MICs were high (voriconazole MIC range, 2 to 8 μg/ml).
THE INFLUENCE OF RESPIRATION ON VENOUS PRESSURE.

Ainsi, au moment de l'inspiration, l'air de la poitrine se rarefiant par la dilatation de cette cavite, la pression de l'atmosphere 1'emporte, sur celle de I'air qui y est renferme, et le sang des veines jugulaires tend a se precipiter dans le thorax; au contraire, dans l'expiration, la poitrine se resserrant, la pression de l'air interieur devient plus grande, les veines sont comprimees, par suite le sangde cesvaisseaux reflue hors de la poitrine. Ainsi, nous croyons devoir conclure qui si l'inspiration appelle vers la poitrine une certaine quantite de sang veineux, l'expiration aussi concourt puissamment a mouvoir le sang vers le coeur. Nous concluons que l'aspiration due a la dilatation de la poitrine et a celle du co't droit du coeur n'est point lascause principale du mouvement du sang veineux, mais que par cette aspiration les gros troncs veineux se dechargeant dans la poitrine, le sang veineux des autres veines trouve seulement moins de resistance a se mouvoir; cette cause n'est donc qu'accessoire et rien de plus.
OP IN ION The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization ( MEMS ) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization : do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter ?

The decomposition and transformation of aboveand below-ground plant detritus (litter) is the main process by which soil organic matter (SOM) is formed. Yet, research on litter decay and SOM formation has been largely uncoupled, failing to provide an effective nexus between these two fundamental processes for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and storage. We present the current understanding of the importance of microbial substrate use efficiency and C and N allocation in controlling the proportion of plant-derived C and N that is incorporated into SOM, and of soil matrix interactions in controlling SOM stabilization. We synthesize this understanding into the Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework. This framework leads to the hypothesis that labile plant constituents are the dominant source of microbial products, relative to input rates, because they are utilized more efficiently by microbes. These microbial products of decomposition would thus become the main precursors of stable SOM by promoting aggregation and through strong chemical bonding to the mineral soil matrix.
Excess May Do Harm: Investigating the Effect of Team External Environment on External Activities in Teams

We extend research on team external environment by investigating whether lack of permanence, fluid membership, and environmental volatility influence the relationship between team external activities and team effectiveness. Teams engage in external activities with clients, audiences, funding sources, or other stakeholders who may receive the work of the team and/or who convey access to legitimacy and resources, and who may be outside of any organization team members represent. We seek to understand whether significant external activities reach a point of diminishing returns, arguing that the utility of such activity depends on the team external environment. Our study consisted of a quantitative analysis of 140 film-making teams rated by the teams and 5,000 film viewers. We found that the relationship between team external activities and effectiveness is nonmonotonic; a moderate amount of activity is associated with the highest level of effectiveness, but these effects are contingent upon the aforementioned environmental characteristics. Our findings extend current theory on team external environment and external activities and have practical implications for collaborators in dynamic environments hoping to optimize their effectiveness without compromising their vision.
Catalog of Galaxy Morphology in Four Rich Clusters: Luminosity Evolution of Disk Galaxies at 0.33 < z < 0.83

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of four rich, X-ray-luminous, galaxy clusters (0.33 < z < 0.83) is used to produce quantitative morphological measurements for galaxies in their fields. Catalogs of these measurements are presented for 1642 galaxies brighter than F814W(AB) = 23.0. Galaxy luminosity profiles are fitted with three models: exponential disk, de Vaucouleurs bulge, and a disk-plus-bulge hybrid model. The best fit is selected and produces a quantitative assessment of the morphology of each galaxy: the principal parameters derived being B/T, the ratio of bulge to total luminosity, the scale lengths and half-light radii, axial ratios, position angles, and surface brightnesses of each component. Cluster membership is determined using a statistical correction for field galaxy contamination, and a mass normalization factor (mass within boundaries of the observed fields) is derived for each cluster. Morphological classes are defined using B/T: disk galaxies have 0 ≤ B/T ≤ 0.4, intermediate galaxies 0.4 < B/T < 0.8, and bulge-dominated galaxies have 0.8 ≤ B/T ≤ 1. In the present paper, this catalog of measurements is used to investigate the luminosity evolution of disk galaxies in the rich-cluster environment. Examination of the relations between disk scale length and central surface brightness suggests, under the assumption that these clusters represent a family who share a common evolutionary history and are simply observed at different ages, that there is a dramatic change in the properties of the small disks (h < 2 kpc). This change is best characterized as a change in surface brightness by ∼1.5 mag between z = 0.3 and z = 0.8 with brighter disks at higher redshifts.
Negative emotion provides cues for orienting auditory spatial attention

The auditory stimuli provide information about the objects and events around us. They can also carry biologically significant emotional information (such as unseen dangers and conspecific vocalizations), which provides cues for allocation of attention and mental resources. Here, we investigated whether task-irrelevant auditory emotional information can provide cues for orientation of auditory spatial attention. We employed a covert spatial orienting task: the dot-probe task. In each trial, two task-irrelevant auditory cues were simultaneously presented at two separate locations (left–right or front–back). Environmental sounds were selected to form emotional vs. neutral, emotional vs. emotional, and neutral vs. neutral cue pairs. The participants’ task was to detect the location of an acoustic target that was presented immediately after the task-irrelevant auditory cues. The target was presented at the same location as one of the auditory cues. The results indicated that participants were significantly faster to locate the target when it replaced the negative cue compared to when it replaced the neutral cue. The positive cues did not produce a clear attentional bias. Further, same valence pairs (emotional–emotional or neutral–neutral) did not modulate reaction times due to a lack of spatial attention capture by one cue in the pair. Taken together, the results indicate that negative affect can provide cues for the orientation of spatial attention in the auditory domain.
Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in children in Serbia.

BACKGROUND The epidemiological information from well-defined populations regarding childhood chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly those concerning non-terminal stages, are scanty. The epidemiology of CKD in children is often based on renal replacement therapy (RRT) data, which means that a considerable number of children in earlier stages of CKD are missed as they will reach end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in adulthood. Here, we report the basic epidemiological data on childhood CKD in Serbia, gathered over the 10-year period of activity of the Serbian Pediatric Registry of Chronic Kidney Disease. METHODS Since 2000-09, data on incidence, prevalence, aetiology, treatment modalities and outcome of children aged 0-18 years, with CKD Stages 2-4 and CKD Stage 5, were collected by reporting index cases from paediatric centres. RESULTS Three hundred and thirty-six children were registered (211 boys, 125 girls, male/female ratio 1.7). The median age at registration was 9.0 years [interquartile range (IQR) 3-13]. Median follow-up was 4.0 years (IQR, 1-9). The median glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the time of the registration was 39.6 mL/min/1.73m(2) (IQR, 13.8-65.4). Median annual incidence of CKD 2-5 stages was 14.3 per million age-related population (p.m.a.r.p.), while those of CKD 2-4 or CKD 5 were 9.1 and 5.7 p.m.a.r. p., respectively. The median prevalence of CKD 2-5 was 96.1 p.m.a.r. p., 52.8 p.m.a.r. p. in CKD 2-4 and 62.2 p.m.a.r. p. in CKD 5. The main causes of CKD were congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract and hereditary nephropathies. Kidney survival was the worst in children with glomerular diseases and in those with advanced CKD. Haemodialysis was the most common first modality of RRT. Mortality rate was 4.5%, mainly due to cardiovascular and infectious complications. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiology of paediatric CKD in Serbia is similar to that reported from developed European countries. The knowledge of the epidemiology of earlier stages of CKD is essential for both institution of renoprotective therapy and planning of RRT, a fact of paramount importance in countries with limited resources.
Two Distinct Steps during Thymocyte Maturation from CD4−CD8− to CD4+CD8+ Distinguished in the Early Growth Response (Egr)-1 Transgenic Mice with a Recombinase-activating Gene–Deficient Background

The early growth response (Egr)-1 is a zinc finger–containing transcription factor belonging to the immediate–early genes. Its expression in CD4/CD8 double negative (DN) immature thymocytes suggests that Egr-1 expression may be involved in early thymocyte development. In transgenic mice overexpressing Egr-1 in a recombinase-activating gene–deficient background, thymocytes bypassed the block at the CD25+CD44− DN stage and matured to the immature CD8 single-positive (ISP) cell stage, but not further to the CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) cell stage. When these mice were irradiated, thymocytes did develop to the DP stage, suggesting transcriptional induction of additional genes by irradiation that are required to promote thymocyte development from the ISP to the DP stage. These results provide genetic evidence for two distinct steps during early thymocyte development from the CD25+CD44− DN to the DP stage. The first step, from the CD25+CD44− DN to the ISP stage, can be entirely promoted by overexpression of Egr-1.
Near-IR internetwork spectro-polarimetry at different heliocentric angles

Aims. The analysis of near infrared spectropolarimetric data at the internetwork in different regions on the solar surface could offer constraints that reject current modeling of these quiet areas. Methods. We present spectro-polarimetric observations of very quiet regions for different values of the heliocentric angle for the Fe i lines at 1.56 µm, from disc centre to positions close to the limb. The spatial resolution of the data is 0.7−1 �� . We analyse direct observable properties of the Stokes profiles as the amplitude of circular and linear polarisation, as well as the total degree of polarisation. The area and amplitude asymmetries are also studied. Results. We do not find any significant variation in the properties of the polarimetric signals with the heliocentric angle. This means that the magnetism of the solar internetwork remains the same regardless of the position on the solar disc. This observational fact discards the possibility of modeling the internetwork as a network-like scenario. The magnetic elements of internetwork areas seem to be isotropically distributed when observed at our spatial resolution.
Thermodynamics of computation and information distance

Applying the tools of algorithmic information theory, we compare several candidates for an asymptotically machine-independent. absolute measure of the informational or ``cognitive`` distance between discrete objects x and y. The maximum of the conditional Kolmogorov complexities max{l_brace}K(y{vert_bar}z) K(m{vert_bar}y){r_brace}, is shown to be optimal, in the sense of being minimal within an additive constant among semicomputable, symmetric, positive semidefinite functions of z and y satisfying a reasonable normalization condition and obeying the triangle intequality. The optimal metric, in turn, differs by at most an additive logarithmic term from the size of the smallest program for a universal reversible computer to transform x into y. This program functions in a `catalytic`` capacity, being retained in the computer before, during, and after the computation. Similarly, the sum of the conditional complexities. K(y{vert_bar}x) + K(x{vert_bar}y), is shown to be equal within a logarithmic term to the minimal amount Of information flowing out and in during a reversible computation in which the program is not retained. Finally. using the physical theory of reversible computation, it is shown that the simple difference K(x) - K(y) is an appropriate (ie universal, antisymmetric, and transitive) measure of the amount of thermodynamic work required to transform string x intomore » string y by the most efficient process. « less