Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Food Allergy in Infants With Atopic Dermatitis: Limitations of Food-Specific IgE Measurements

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children with atopic dermatitis (AD) have a higher risk for development of food allergies. The objective of this study was to examine incidence of food allergy development in infants with AD and the predictive value of food-antigen–specific immunoglobulin E measurements. METHODS: This trial examined the long-term safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% in >1000 infants (3–18 months) with mild-to-severe AD without a history of food allergy. Food allergy development was followed throughout a 36-month randomized double-blind phase followed by an open-label (OL) phase up to 33 months. Additionally, sIgE for cow’s milk, egg white, peanut, wheat, seafood mix, and soybean was measured by ImmunoCAP at baseline, end of the double-blind phase, and end of OL phase. RESULTS: By the end of the OL phase, 15.9% of infants with AD developed at least 1 food allergy; allergy to peanut was most common (6.6%), followed by cow’s milk (4.3%) and egg white (3.9%). Seafood, soybean, and wheat allergies were rare. Levels of sIgE for milk, egg, and peanut increased with severity of AD, as determined by Investigator’s Global Assessment score. We assigned sIgE decision points for the 6 foods and tested their ability to predict definite food allergy in this population. Positive predictive values for published and newly developed sIgE decision points were low (<0.6 for all values tested). CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of infants at risk for development of food allergy, sIgE levels were not clinically useful for predicting food allergy development.
Imagining Wales and the Welsh Language

A survey of approximately 2,000 informants with links to Wales provided differentiated data on Welsh social identities and affiliation, engagement with Welsh cultural practices, and perceptions of the ethnolinguistic vitality of the Welsh language and of domain priorities for Welsh. The data were interrogated mainly in relation to “flowgroups” (participants with different patterns of lived history inside and outside Wales) and groups based on degrees of Welsh-language competence. Flows and competence were potent factors predicting felt affiliation to Wales and many other subjective stances. Strong affiliation to Wales and moderate levels of optimism about Welsh's future were expressed, feelings not restricted to informants within Wales. The Welsh diaspora in North America offers strong symbolic support for the project of Wales and for the Welsh language, as do returning émigrés. Perspectives on cultural flow challenge assumptions about cultural boundedness and authenticity. The data show the need to account for Welsh ethnolinguistic subjectivities in terms of demographic mobility and complexity.
The Current State(s) of Prereferral Intervention Teams

Current prereferral intervention team (PIT) regulations, prevalence, membership, goals, and intervention information from two national telephone surveys are reported. Survey 1 obtained information about state PIT regulations and recommendations from employees of the 51 state education departments (50 states and Washington, DC). Survey 2 obtained information about elementary schools' PIT prevalence, membership, goals, and common intervention recommendations from employees of 200 elementary schools (4 per state). Survey 1 results indicated that although 69% of states mandate prereferral intervention and 86% require or recommend PITs, states provided little direction about how to implement such services (e.g., only 14% specified or recommended team composition). Survey 2 results indicated that 85% of schools had PITs, which were composed predominantly of multidisciplinary specialists (e.g., administrators and school psychologists). Remedial teachers and parents were sometimes PIT members, but community representatives were seldom on the PIT. There was no clear school-based consensus on PIT goals. PITs most commonly recommended additional services, testing, or easy classroom interventions and seldom recommended substantive instructional modifications. Existing PITs seldom approached problems or interventions from an ecological perspective. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Intentional Evidence: Effects on Mock-Jurors' Perceptions

Intent has long been an important consideration of our legal system, yet little is known of its direct effect on jurors. Joann Horai and Mary Barrek made some initial steps cowards discovering the effects of intent of act in criminal situations in their finding thar intent did indeed influence punishment recommended by subjects (Horai, 1977; Horai & Bartek. 1978) . The present study extended this research to mock-jurors for whom the criminal act and consequences to the victim were held constant and evidence on intention was explicitly defined as statements made by the defendant, referring to the defendant's intentions, prior to or at the time of the crime. The study employed a 3 X 2 (type of evidence X sex) between-groups design. One hundred and eleven male and 111 female college smdents were randomly assigned to one of three groups and presented written case material which varied in type of evidence (intentional, oonintentional, or fact-only evidence). Subjects then responded individually to a questionnaire. Evidence suggesting an intentional act invariably led the subject-jurors to recommend more severe treatment for the defendant. lndividuals in the intentional group significantly more often chose verdicts of deliberate homicide over negligent homicide, relative to the nonintentional group [ X Z ? ( N = 148) = 33.71, p < . 0001] and the fact group [ X 2 Z ( N = 148) = 12.57, p = ,00041. This analysis served as a manipulation check on the independent variable. More importantly, severity of prison sentence (F,,21a = 6.81, p = .001), length of parole ( F 2 . 2 0 = 4.86, 9 = .009) , and level of violence measures ( F 2 . 3 0 = 3.85, P = ,022) also showed main effects for type of evidence. Neuman-Keuls pairwise comparisons indicated the intentional group's mean score was always significantly greater than thar of the nonintentional group. A significant interaction for type of evidence by sex on perceived likelihood of future crime was also noted (Fz .=o = 6.17, P = .01) , suggesting that college women saw the male defendant as more likely to be involved in future crime than did the college men. This was not manifest in more severe sentences, however. These results show a relationship between type of evidence and jurors' resulting perceptions. Researchers might combine the types of evidence and extend this format to deliberating juries to maximize the usefulness of the findings.
The Effects of Rhetorical Organization in Expository Prose on ESL Readers in Singapore

This paper reports an experimental study carried out at the In stitute of Education in 1987 to find out the effects of rhetorical organization in expository prose on ESL readers in Singapore. The study was undertaken mainly to test the findings of a study by Carrell (1984) on ESL readers in USA. As an extension of the earlier study, which used foreign students at an American university as subjects, the present study incorporated three levels of language proficiency: school, college* and university graduates. Results of the study con firm two of the findings in the Carrell study: that different rhetorical organizations have differential effects on the recall of Singapore readers, and that readers who recognized and used the rhetorical organization of the original texts recalled more idea units in their recall protocols. The finding that readers with different native languages showed different recall patterns for the various rhetorical organizations is not confirmed in the present study. The paper dis cusse.
Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis with the aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index (APRI): Usefulness in patients with chronic liver disease

Background The aspartate aminotransferases (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) may serve as a noninvasive marker to assess liver fibrosis. Objectives To assess the diagnostic ability of the APRI for prediction of fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic hepatitis C (CHC), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Patients and Methods This retrospective study included 207 patients with CHB, 108 with CHC, and 140 patients with NAFLD. The APRI was calculated as (AST level/upper normal limit for AST)/platelet counts (109/L) × 100. The stage of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis was graded using the METAVIR scale. The Kleiner system for grading fibrosis was used in patients with NAFLD. Results Bivariate correlation analyses showed that the APRI was significantly associated with fibrosis scores in patients with CHC (p = 0.2634, p = 0.0059) and NAFLD (p = 0.2273, p = 0.0069), but not in those with CHB (p = 0.1005, p = 0.1495). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for assessing the ability of the APRI as a predictor of the absence or presence of liver fibrosis (fibrosis score of 0 vs fibrosis scores of 1-4). In patients with CHC, the APRI showed a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 62.4% for detection of fibrosis (p<0.01). In the NAFLD group, the APRI showed a sensitivity of 60.0% and specificity of 73.3% for detection of fibrosis (p<0.01). In patients with CHB, the APRI showed a sensitivity of 55.0% and a specificity of 75.4% for fibrosis (p=NS). Conclusions The APRI shows an acceptable accuracy for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with CHC and NAFLD, but not in those with CHB.
A comparison of cancer risk in crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

The authors estimated cancer risk among 579 patients hospitalized with Crohn's disease between 1960–1976 by calculating the ratios of observed number of cancers (O) in our hospital sample to the expected number of cancers (E) based on the age‐ and sex‐specific cancer rates of a standard population. The authors then compared these O/E ratios with the O/E ratios similarly calculated among 267 patients hospitalized with ulcerative colitis. The risk of colorectal cancer was significantly increased in Crohn's disease (O/E = 6.9, P< 0.001). This increase was similar in magnitude to that found in left‐sided ulcerative colitis (O/E = 8.6, P< 0.001) but was much less than that found in universal ulcerative colitis (O/E = 26.5, P< 0.001). The incidence of small bowel cancer was greatly increased in the combined group of regional enteritis and ileocolitis (O/E = 85.8, P< 0.001), and even more so in the regional enteritis group alone (O/E = 114.5, P< 0.001). The incidence of extraintestinal cancer did not increase in any of the patient groups.
An Attribution Training Program and Achievement in Sport

This study aimed to investigate the influence of an attribution training program for learners who attribute their sport performance to dysfunctional attributions. Participants were 35 college beginner tennis players who were oriented to attribute their performance in a tennis skill task to controllable, unstable factors; uncontrollable, stable factors; or no specific factors. Participants received fictitious failure feedback over 10 trial blocks administered during four sessions. Dependent variables included attributions, expectations, emotions, persistence, and performance. MANOVA analyses revealed that it is possible to modify attributions in regard to a tennis performance task. More importantly, the new attributions were consistent up to 3 weeks postintervention and were generalized to a different tennis task. In addition, participants who changed their attributions to more functional ones had higher expectations for future success and experienced positive emotions.
Internationalization of Secondary Education—Lessons From Israeli Palestinian-Arab Schools in Tel Aviv-Jaffa

Cosmopolitan capital became an integral ingredient in the set of competencies considered to provide a competitive edge for effective citizenship in the 21st century. Recently, internationalization of education became a more common phenomenon in secondary schools, serving as a tool to provide youth with cosmopolitan capital and relevant capabilities for the future. This research investigates the internationalization processes taking place in Palestinian-Arab secondary schools in Israel. Drawing on semistructured interviews with school principals and teachers, it identifies and characterizes the phenomenon of internationalization in schools. The findings reveal a complex, multidimensional behavior of school principals with regard to this process. Generally, principals support internationalization, although the scope, nature, and intensity of the international activities largely depend on schools’ contextual variables. The international dimension in Israeli Palestinian-Arabs schools was found to be closely related to political and national circumstances. The importance of this dimension in secondary education is depicted through the school principals’ and teachers’ views and opinions.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Modified MMSE (3MS): A psychometric comparison and normative data.

study, 525 community-dwelling participants, aged 65-89, were divided into 2 groups: no cognitive impairment (NCI; n - 406) and Alzheimer's disease (n = 119). Both tests yielded comparable reliability estimates. Fewer years of education decreased specificity and increased sensitivity, whereas increasing age primarily decreased specificity. It is concluded that although the 2 tests produce comparable effects, the inclusion of a verbal fluency test would increase the sensitivity of the MMSE. Normative data for the NCI group, stratified for 2 age levels (65-79 and 80-89) and 2 educational levels (0-8 and 9+ years), are presented. Folstein, Folstein, and McHugh (1975) introduced the MiniMental State Examination (MMSE) as a brief, objective assessment of cognitive functioning and as a measure of changes in cognitive status. The MMSE usually can be administered in 510 min and has been employed extensively in clinical settings, community surveys, and epidemiological studies. In a recent review of the literature, Tombaugh and Mclntyre (1992) concluded that the MMSE possessed moderate to high reliability coefficients, demonstrated high levels of sensitivity for cognitive deficits in patients suffering from moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, and reflected the cognitive decline typical of dementia patients. Criticisms of the MMSE included (a) its failure to discriminate between people with mild dementia and those who are not demented, (b) a limited ability to detect impairment caused by focal lesions, particularly those in the right hemisphere, (c) overly simple language items that reduce sensitivity to mild linguistic deficits, and (d) a large number of false-positive errors because of its bias against individuals with low education. In response to these problems, several attempts have been made to improve the MMSE. Of these, the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS; Teng & Chui, 1987) represents the most extensive revision. Teng and Chui (1987) added four additional subtests (date and place of birth, word fluency, similarities, and delayed recall of words). The maximum score was
Chapter IV: Personality Development

THE most interesting features to be detected in the literature on personality development in the 1950-1952 period are those relating to the changing focus in theoretical and research emphasis. There has been a substantial increase in the volume of writing on theoretical problems in the field, and particularly, the conceptualization of personality in perceptual terms has been expanded. In research, parallel to this, there has been an increased number of studies built around perceptual hypotheses, or using perceptual theory to interpret findings. Neither of these trends, of course, is exactly new. The current concern with "perception of self" and "the environment as perceived" evokes memories of William James, George Herbert, and Mary Calkins. These concepts have simply been elevated once more to a position of prominence in psychology, just as the tachistoscope, so much used today, also had its vogue some 50 years ago. What is truly new is that psychologists are now integrating an enormous mass of material on child behavior, parent-child interaction, transmission of the culture, delinquency, neurosis, group membership, and group conflict in terms of a coherent and congruent set of categories. Emphasis upon personality as a set of responses was natural in the theoretical climate of the 1930's, with a sophisticated behaviorism providing the main trend in theorizing. Hence we had research on frequencies of smiling, nail biting, and other specific behavior patterns in the child, but, often enough, precious little information about how these responses fitted into a picture of the child as a functioning individual. In recent years it has become clear that the same overt response has different implications according to the context, and that the same parental act has different significance for different children, depending on how they perceive it. A traumatic experience for a child who perceives himself as weak and helpless may be an experience leading to constructive development for the child who perceives himself as strong and capable. Thus, today, we still use data on the overt responses of child and parent, but we fit them into a total context: how is this act perceived by the parent? What is the meaning of this to the child? Fortunately, this has not led to a narrow concentration of research on perception as an isolated function. The borderline between perception and other categories, such as motivation, actually seems to be breaking down. The new prevailing pattern might be described as a functional psychology of personality development, in which the child's growth is seen as a func-
THE USE OF DIRECT ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION AND CYCLOSPORINE IN FACILITATING INDEFINITE PANCREATIC ISLET ALLOGRAFT ACCEPTANCE

We have previously shown that direct ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of islets can reduce their immunogenicity without alteration of their endocrine function and effect prolonged survival of islet allografts in the Lewis-to-ACI strain combination without the use of immuno-suppression. This study extends that work to investigate the survival of UV-irradiated Wistar-Furth islets instreptozotocin-diabetic Lewis rats, in which case the recipient is a relatively “high responder” to W/F alloantigens. Lewis recipients of 24-hr cultured W/F isletsuniformly rejected islet allografts within one week of transplantation while the additional immunosuppression with cyclosporine (CsA) at 15 or 30 mg/kg on days 0, +1, and +2 was ineffective in prolonging islet allograft survival. Wistar-Furth islets, which were UV-irradiated at 850–900 J/m2 and cultured for 24 hr prior to transplantation, did not survive any longer than those in control animals receiving untreated islets (MST 5.5 ± 1 day). When UV irradiation of islets was combined with recipient peritransplant treatment with CsA at 15 mg/kg on days 0, +1, and +2 islet allograft survival was markedly prolonged (MST of 18 ± 4.1 days). Treatment of diabetic recipients of UV irradiated islets with an increased dose of CsA (30 mg/kg) during the same peritransplant period (0, +1, +2 days) resulted in 100% islet allograft survival beyond 120 days. This data demonstrate the effectiveness and synergism between the use of the pretransplant UV irradiation of islet allograft and the peritransplant immunosuppression of the recipient with CsA in inducing prolonged islet allograft survival in “high responder” recipients, in which the singular use of either modality may be ineffective.
Graph theoretic approach for studying correlated motions in biomolecules

The paper describes the application of graph theoretic concepts to the dynamic cross-correlation data obtained from MD simulations of adenine riboswitch, in the absence and presence of adenine. This novel approach combines both community detection algorithms that support edge weights, and cliques. The effect of variations in the values of nearest neighbors (NN) and correlation coefficient threshold (T) in the community detection algorithm have been applied to identify and filter out coincidental correlations between rogue nodes. The results generated for add Adenine riboswitch based on this hybrid approach, successfully identified the correlations within the structural regions of the molecule, providing strong clues regarding the functionality and stability of the RNA molecule in the absence and presence of adenine. Our results also suggested that a prior application of the proposed algorithm (in an automated fashion) to the simulation data of RNA biomolecules, can provide strong leads for hypothesis formulation and subsequent hypothesis-driven manual investigation.
Brain response to empathy-eliciting scenarios involving pain in incarcerated individuals with psychopathy.

IMPORTANCE A marked lack of empathy is a hallmark characteristic of individuals with psychopathy. However, neural processes associated with empathic processing have not yet been directly examined in psychopathy, especially in response to the perception of other people in pain and distress. OBJECTIVE To identify potential differences in patterns of neural activity in incarcerated individuals with psychopathy and incarcerated persons serving as controls during the perception of empathy-eliciting stimuli depicting other people experiencing pain. DESIGN In a case-control study, brain activation patterns elicited by dynamic stimuli depicting individuals being harmed and facial expressions of pain were compared between incarcerated individuals with psychopathy and incarcerated controls. SETTING Participants were scanned on the grounds of a correctional facility using the Mind Research Network's mobile 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging system. PARTICIPANTS Eighty incarcerated men were classified according to scores on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) as high (27 men; PCL-R, ≥30), intermediate (28 men; PCL-R, 21-29), or low (25 men; PCL-R, ≤20) levels of psychopathy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Neurohemodynamic response to empathy-eliciting dynamic scenarios revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Participants in the psychopathy group exhibited significantly less activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and periaqueductal gray relative to controls but showed greater activation in the insula, which was positively correlated with scores on both PCL-R factors 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In response to pain and distress cues expressed by others, individuals with psychopathy exhibit deficits in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex regardless of stimulus type and display selective impairment in processing facial cues of distress in regions associated with cognitive mentalizing. A better understanding of the neural responses to empathy-eliciting stimuli in psychopathy is necessary to inform intervention programs.