Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scientific argument and explanation: A necessary distinction?

In this paper, we argue that there is an emergent confusion in the literature in the use of the terms “argument'' and “explanation. ” Drawing on a range of publications, we point to instances where these terms are either used inappropriately or conflated. We argue that the distinction between these two constructs is, however, important as a lack of clarity of fundamental concepts is problematic for a field. First, a lack of common conception hinders effective communication and, second, it makes defining the nature of the activity we might expect students to engage in more difficult. Drawing on a body of scholarship on argument and explanation, this paper is an attempt to clarify the distinction and to explain why such a distinction might matter. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed95:627–638, 2011
Explaining Young People’s Involvement in Online Piracy: An Empirical Assessment Using the Offending Crime and Justice Survey in England and Wales

Abstract The Internet has been widely acknowledged as facilitating many forms of youth offending. Existing research has identified important drivers of young people’s involvement in online crime, yet this has overwhelmingly relied on school or college samples. As such, it tells us little about those young people that have left the formal education system—a group who are more likely perpetrators of juvenile crime more generally. Focusing on young people’s involvement in online piracy offenses, our analysis draws on data from a nationally representative survey of England and Wales to better understand the dynamics of involvement in online crime across the population. We assess the potential overlaps between online and offline offending, the role of differential association and deviancy neutralization techniques in shaping offending behavior, as well as the protective effect of strong family support networks in reducing involvement in piracy. We find that illegal downloaders tend to be young, male, and have a higher number of delinquent friends. We also find that many of these offenders do not confine their offending to online spaces, with involvement in offline property offenses also high among this group.
A Ring-like Zone of Strong Radial Gas Motions in the Disk of NGC 6181

The Sc galaxy NGC 6181 was observed at the 6m telescope of SAO RAS with the scanning Perot-Fabry interferometer in the H-alpha emission line and at the 1m telescope of SAO RAS in BVRI broadband filters with CCD. Subtraction of the mean circular rotation curve from the two-dimensional velocity field has revealed a ring-like zone with a diameter about of 2 kpc where strong radial gas motions are present. The form of the ring is almost perfectly circular in the plane of the galaxy. It is located closer to the center than the beginning of the well-defined spiral structure, but outside of the central bulge-dominated region. The detected radial velocity reduced to the plane of the galaxy is about 100 km/sec and probably is azimuthally dependent. The very inner region of the galaxy, r < 3 arcsec or 0.5 kpc, shows a turn of the dynamical major axis by about 30 deg. Central continuum isophotes are also twisted which suggests the presence of small nuclear bar.
Transport of digoxin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles across BeWo cells, an in vitro model of human placental trophoblast.

BACKGROUND Fetal arrhythmias can lead to fetal congestive heart failure and hydrops fetalis. Digoxin (the first-line treatment) has low transplacental permeability and high risk of maternal side effects. Biodegradable digoxin-loaded PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles may increase digoxin transport across BeWo b30 cell monolayers (an in vitro model of trophoblast in human placenta) by reducing the drug's interaction with P-gp. Results/methodology: The nanoparticles showed high encapsulation efficiency and sustained release over 48 h. Transport studies revealed significantly increased permeability across BeWo cell layers of digoxin-loaded nanoparticles when compared with free digoxin. P-gp inhibition also increased the permeability of digoxin, but not digoxin-loaded nanoparticles. CONCLUSION This represents a novel treatment strategy for fetal cardiovascular disease which may improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Perspectives on Substance Use and Disclosure Among Behaviorally Bisexual Black Men With Female Primary Partners

Black men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) are believed to be a bridge to HIV infection among heterosexual Black women, and substance use can increase the risk of infection among men. However, empirical evidence on the social context of MSMW's sexual behavior and substance use is needed. This study examines the perspectives of Black MSMW with female primary partners on the role of substance use in their sexual encounters with men and their reasons for disclosing or not disclosing this behavior to their female partners. Findings can inform culturally relevant HIV prevention interventions for this population.
Isolation, Characterization, and Aggregation of a Structured Bacterial Matrix Precursor*

Background: TasA is an extracellular matrix protein that makes amyloid-like fibers in Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Results: An isolated TasA matrix precursor self-assembled in vitro into fibers on hydrophobic surfaces and in acidic solutions. Conclusion: TasA is purified as stable, structured oligomers that aggregate in response to simple physical external cues. Significance: TasA aggregation principles can be used to design new anti-biofilm drugs and surfaces. Biofilms are surface-associated groups of microbial cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a network of biopolymers, mainly polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. ECM proteins serve a variety of structural roles and often form amyloid-like fibers. Despite the extensive study of the formation of amyloid fibers from their constituent subunits in humans, much less is known about the assembly of bacterial functional amyloid-like precursors into fibers. Using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopy, we show that our unique purification method of a Bacillus subtilis major matrix protein component results in stable oligomers that retain their native α-helical structure. The stability of these oligomers enabled us to control the external conditions that triggered their aggregation. In particular, we show that stretched fibers are formed on a hydrophobic surface, whereas plaque-like aggregates are formed in solution under acidic pH conditions. TasA is also shown to change conformation upon aggregation and gain some β-sheet structure. Our studies of the aggregation of a bacterial matrix protein from its subunits shed new light on assembly processes of the ECM within bacterial biofilms.
In Vitro Activities of Miltefosine and Two Novel Antifungal Biscationic Salts against a Panel of 77 Dermatophytes

ABSTRACT The susceptibilities of 77 dermatophytes to miltefosine (MI), 1,12-bis(4-pentylpyridinium)dodecane (PYR), 1,12-bis(tributylammonium)dodecane (AM), itraconazole (ITC), terbinafine (TRB), and butenafine (BTF) were compared. Geometric mean MICs of TRB, BTF, ITC, MI, PYR, and AM were 0.039, 0.059, 1.718, 0.671, 6.006, and 4.771 μg/ml, respectively. MI was more active than ITC (P < 0.001).
Assessment of sensitization to insect aeroallergens among patients with allergic rhinitis in Yazd City, Iran.

The frequency of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis is considerable in general population. Insect aeroallergens are important allergens which can induce airway inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sensitization to insect aeroallergens in allergic rhinitis patients in Yazd as a desert city in Iran.A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 95 allergic rhinitis patients who were referred to allergy clinic of Yazd city. Skin prick tests (SPT) by standard extracts of three insect aeroallergens including Mosquito, Corn moth, Cockroach and two species of mites as common aeroallergens in allergic rhinitis (Dermatophagoid Farina, Dermatophagoid Peteronysinus) were done.SPT results showed that the most common insect aeroallergens were: mosquito (32.6%) followed by corn moth (26.3%) and cockroach (13.7%). The prevalence of SPT positive response to Dermatophagoid Peteronysinus, Dermatophagoid Farina were 8.4% and 7.4%, respectively. These results demonstrated that sensitization to insect aeroallergens was significantly more common compared to mites in patients with allergic rhinitis in Yazd city, a city surrounded by deserts. High prevalence of skin reactivity to mosquito and corn moth as insect aeroallergens in Yazd city with hot and dry climate in contrast to humid regions such as north of Iran, where mites are more frequent, indicates differences in the prevalence of aeroallergen reactivity in various areas with different climates. Our study could highlight the importance of insect aeroallergens for clinicians for better diagnosis and management of patients with allergic rhinitis.
Antimicrobial Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions： Synergistic Effect of Nisin and Carvacrol against Bacillus subtilis

The aim of this study was to elucidate the mode of action of two antimicrobial compounds, nisin, which is hydrophilic, and the lipophilic compound carvacrol. For that purpose, both antimicrobials were loaded into Oil-in-/Water nanoemulsions, and their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the O/W nanoemulsions loaded with both, nisin and carvacrol, having Sauter mean diameter (d3,2) of around 120 nm, were considerably stable under the conditions investigated (up to 1 week storage at room temperature). The interfacial tension between nisin aqueous solutions and soybean oil could be reduced up to 12 mN/m, as compared to that of pure water and soybean oil (21 mN/m), so that demonstrating the potential of nisin to be used as emulsifier. The results obtained for O/W nanoemulsions loaded with both antimicrobial compounds indicated a reduction of nearly two log cycles (around 100 times) on B. subtilis population upon incubation for 24 h, compared to the blank (10 mM phosphate buffer).
Utility of Hematological and Iron-Related Screening in Elite Athletes

Objective:To determine the clinical and performance related utility of hematological and iron-related screening in elite athletes. Design:Prospective cohort study. Setting:The Department of Sports Medicine at the Australian Institute of Sport. Participants:Male and female elite athletes undergoing routine medical screening over a period of 2 to 3 years. Intervention:Blood testing for hematological and iron-related biochemical variables. Measures:White blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, percent hypochromic red cells, serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, and percent transferrin saturation. Results:Eight female athletes (4.6%) had clinically relevant abnormal results, 6 with an obvious explanation on clinical history and examination and 1 who was diagnosed with hemochromatosis following genetic testing. Eighty-nine (51.1%) female athletes had abnormal results that were not associated with obvious clinical signs or symptoms. Twenty-seven female athletes had a serum ferritin less than 30 ng/mL and were placed on iron supplementation. In male athletes, 5 cases had screening abnormalities that were associated with illness or other factors identified during the clinical consultations. Nonclinically significant abnormalities in males were generally minor reductions in hemoglobin and/or hematocrit or minor alterations in red cell parameters. Five male athletes had a serum ferritin less than 30 ng/mL and were placed on iron supplementation. Conclusion:Screening for hematological and iron-related abnormalities in male athletes has a very low yield. Due to the critical nature of the effects of anemia and low serum ferritin on some aspects of performance, it is reasonable to perform a full blood count and a serum ferritin on male athletes entering an elite training program. Further testing should be performed on clinical grounds. In females, the yield is greater. Again, it is reasonable to perform a full blood count and a serum ferritin on female athletes entering an elite training program. In view of their greater risk of iron depletion and to assess the effect of increased training inherent in elite programs, this could be repeated at 6-month intervals, or an isolated measurement of serum ferritin could be performed. Further testing should be performed on clinical grounds.
Mesangial IgA1 in IgA nephropathy exhibits aberrant O-glycosylation: observations in three patients.

BACKGROUND In IgA nephropathy (IgAN), circulating IgA1 molecules display an abnormal pattern of O-glycosylation. This abnormality may potentially contribute to mesangial IgA1 deposition, but this is unproven because the O-glycosylation of mesangial IgA1 has not been analyzed. METHODS IgA1 was eluted from glomeruli isolated from the kidneys of three IgAN patients obtained after nephrectomy or at postmortem. Serum from these patients, other patients with IgAN, and controls was subjected to the same treatment as the glomerular eluates. The O-glycosylation of eluted and serum IgA1 was measured by lectin binding using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based system. RESULTS In all three cases, the lectin binding of IgA1 eluted from the glomeruli of IgAN patients was markedly higher than that of the serum IgA1 of the same individual, and also all but one of a series of serum IgA1 samples from other patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS The higher lectin binding of glomerular compared with serum IgA1 suggests that O-glycosylated IgA1 molecules abnormally and selectively deposit in the kidney. These results provide the first evidence that mesangial IgA1 is abnormally O-glycosylated, and support a direct role for abnormal IgA1 O-glycosylation in the mechanism of mesangial IgA deposition in IgAN.
Psychiatric Symptoms in Dental Students

Prior research has suggested that dentistry is a relatively stressful occupation that may place its practitioners at an increased mental health risk. Whether or not this susceptibility to mental distress is also evident in those who are being educated to enter the occupation has not been previously studied. The purpose of the present study was to examine the presence of psychiatric symptomatology in a sample of dental students by using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Results indicate that dental students evidenced considerably higher symptom levels than those previously reported in a general population survey. Compared with the general population, dental students showed a mild elevation in somatic symptomatology, a moderate elevation in anxiety and depressive symptomatology, and a marked elevation in obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and interpersonal sensitivity. It is possible that the marked elevations in obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and in interpersonal sensitivity may reflect in part a sensitization to excessive performance demands. This sensitization may manifest itself in cognitive inefficiencies such as indecisiveness, blocking or memory impairment, and excess sensitivity to the evaluative judgments of other people. In comparing dental students with other sample groups, dental students were also found to evidence more psychiatric symptomatology than general medical patients judged free of psychiatric illness, and to approach levels of symptomatology found in general medical patients judged psychiatrically ill or in need of psychiatric treatment. Dental students were also found to evidence a level of symptomatology very similar to that previously reported in a large sample of medical students at the same institution. Dental students clearly did not evidence as much symptomatology as that found in identified psychiatric outpatients suffering from anxiety or depressive disorders. In other analyses, students from each of the four dental school classes were compared, and there was no significant relationship between the year in school of the student and the symptom level reported. In examining sex differences, women reported a significantly higher level of total symptomatology and significantly higher symptom levels on four of the five subscales. The largest sex differences occurred in the symptom areas of depression and anxiety. An examination of the ethnic backgrounds of students also revealed significant differences as individuals from non-black, non-Hispanic minority groups showed high symptom levels. Levels of psychiatric symptomatology were also significantly related to a measure of perceived stress. Results clearly indicate that further attention to the mental health needs of dental students is warranted.
Malingering Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Open-Ended and Directive Formats

This study attempted to identify symptom-reporting patterns in people who were malingering posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Thirty participants comprised treatment-seeking patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and non-PTSD participants instructed to malinger PTSD. Participants were required to describe their symptoms during an open-ended interview and subsequently were administered a directive interview based on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Audiotaped responses were independently rated for symptom endorsement. Malingerers reported emotional numbing less often than genuine PTSD participants during the openended format. Both malingerers and genuine PTSD participants reported a range of symptoms more often on the CAPS than during open-ended interviewing. Malingerers increased symptom reporting of physiological reactivity, social detachment, and irritability during the directive format more than genuine participants. These findings suggest that changes in symptom reporting in open-ended and directive formats may be useful in discriminating between malingered and genuine PTSD.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTANCE TRAVELLED AND MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS OF FIRESETTING BEHAVIOUR

This paper offers a model of the spatial behaviour of arsonists based on motivational aspects of the offence. The relationships between the distances travelled to set fires and both crime-scene features and offender background characteristics were tested using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). This showed that arsonists whose behaviour contained a strong emotional component tended to travel much shorter distances, on average, than arsonists who sought direct instrumental benefits from setting fires. Where a specific individual was targeted in a revenge attack, the arsonist was prepared to travel the greatest distance overall. A three-dimensional projection of the SSA revealed that these differences in distances travelled exist empirically as distinct regions in the SSA space. An analysis of associations between distance travelled and the personal characteristics of arsonists revealed that similar patterns exist. Arsonists who had recently separated from a partner were more likely to travel greater distances, due to the target-specific nature of these fires. There were also trends associated with the age of the arsonist, with the relationship between age and distance travelled being represented by an inverse U-curve. The findings of this study support previous research findings, namely that expressive crimes occur closer to home than instrumental crimes. However, this study also enriches our understanding of specific features of arsons that particularly influence the spatial behaviour of the individuals committing them.
Kuram ve Uygulamada Sınıf Dışı Tarih Öğretimi Algısı: Öğretmen ve Aday Öğretmen Görüşleri

Outdoor learning as an experiential process which is based on the contact with environment, learning by doing and living can be used in teaching of different fields from mathematics to history. Understanding of history education in recent years provides opportunity to this kind of a teaching (style). However, expanding the use of these activities in teaching is closely related with the knowledge, skills and attitudes of teachers and prospective teachers. To develop knowledge, skills and attitudes of teachers and prospective teachers on Outdoor History Teaching (OHT), pre-service and in-service needs, goals and plans should be determined and realized firstly. This research intends to contribute determining these pre-service and in-service needs, goals and plans by getting the opinions of teachers and prospective teachers about the subject. The research implemented by getting opinions of 12 history teachers and 12 prospective history teachers in spring semester of 2013-2014 and fall semester of 2014-2015 academic years. In the research which was carried out on the basis of phenomenology that is one of the qualitative research designs, opinions of teachers and prospective teachers were collected as based on the semi-structured interview technique. Then interview data were typed and content analysis was made. As the result of analysis it was seen that the awareness of the prospective teachers towards the concept is higher. Moreover, it was identified that all of the teachers and prospective teachers found OHT relevant to history course, similarly majority of them was feeling themselves insufficient in this subject and thought that a special education is necessary to perform these activities. However, unlike teachers, prospective teachers could associate different types of methods with OHT. In contrast, awareness of prospective teachers in questions related with practice and curriculums is lower than the teachers’. In the research suggestions were offered according to the results.
Terrorism alerts and target transference: evidence and implications from the 2010 Europe-wide terrorism alert

ABSTRACT This article examines how terrorist alerts and terrorist threats interacted during a period of heightened alert in Europe in late 2010. Taking from game theory the concepts of target transference (by terrorists) and defence races (among states) and using their underlying rationalist logic as a causal mechanism, the article attempts to construct an analytical narrative of the till now unwritten history of this event. In the process, the event serves to test whether the observable implications of theory corresponded to reality in this case. The study finds that during the Euro-alert transference in time was more common than transference of place and that there was more resistance to defence races than theory predicts. The alert itself was only a qualified success; the extent to which it was effective was determined by its combination with other offensive actions. The findings call for more attention to be given to terrorist preferences, inter-temporal transference and its relationship to bandwagoning, and state resistance to defence races with consideration of the role of information.