Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Capital: Accumulation and Appropriation

This paper seeks to develop a literature-based perspective on intellectual property from the standpoint of business strategy and strategic human resource management. Distinctive competitive advantage is increasingly built on a firm's knowledge, one of the principal ingredients of intellectual capital. Competitive capability is strongly influenced by the organisation's ability to develop, differentiate, appropriate and disseminate its knowledge base. Section 2 identifies the principal characteristics of knowledge assets and explores the means of extracting and protecting the value of those assets, e.g., through R&D, patents and trademarks, licensing and human capital investment. Section 3 reviews the significance of knowledge as a strategic asset and reflects on its growing importance vis-a vis physical capital. However, where knowledge is embodied in people as part of their personal intellectual capital, questions of ownership and appropriability arise in ways that are absent with physical capital. This is discussed in Section 4. Section 5 focuses on the human resource management issues arising from the disputability of ownership of knowledge, especially embodied or intrinsic knowledge. Attention is paid to problems of ""stickiness"" of knowledge transfer and diffusion, and employer expropriation of value. Section 6 presents conclusions, including reference to the role of governmental agencies concerned with the public interest in the protection of property rights and the social benefit to be derived from advances in knowledge. An appendix briefly surveys three main approaches to the valuation of intangible capital and observes some of the problems posed in the development of effective measures of intangible assets, particularly where these are embodied in people.
Prevention of endothelin-1-induced increases in blood pressure: role of endogenous CGRP.

To determine the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and its receptors in the regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release, male Wistar rats were divided into six groups and subjected to the following treatments for 1 wk with or without ABT-627 (an ET(A) receptor antagonist, 5 mg.kg(-1). day(-1) in drinking water) or A-192621 (an ET(B)-receptor antagonist, 30 mg.kg(-1). day(-1) by oral gavage): control (Con), ET-1 (5 ng.kg(-1). min(-1) iv), Con + ABT-627, Con + A-192621, ET-1 + ABT-627, and ET-1 + A-192621. Baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg) was higher (P < 0.05) in Con + A-192621 (122 +/- 4) and ET-1 + A-192621 (119 +/- 4) groups compared with Con (104 +/- 6), ET1 (106 +/- 3), Con + ABT-627 (104 +/- 3), and ET1 + ABT-627 (100 +/- 3) groups. Intravenous administration of CGRP(8-37) (a CGRP receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg) increased MAP (P < 0.05) in ET-1 (13 +/- 1), Con + A-192621 (12 +/- 1), and ET-1 + A-192621 (15 +/- 3) groups compared with Con (4 +/- 1), Con-ABT-627 (4 +/- 1), and ET-1 + ABT-627 (5 +/- 1) groups. Plasma CGRP levels (in pg/ml) were increased (P < 0.05) in ET-1 (57.5 +/- 6.1), Con + A-192621 (53.9 +/- 3.4), and ET-1 + A-192621 (60.4 +/- 3.0) groups compared with Con (40.4 +/- 1.6), Con + ABT-627 (40.0 +/- 2.9), and ET-1 + ABT-627 (42.6 +/- 1.9) groups. Plasma ET-1 levels (in pg/ml) were higher (P < 0.05) in ET-1 (2.8 +/- 0.2), ET-1 + ABT-627 (3.2 +/- 0.4), Con + A-192621 (3.3 +/- 0.4), and ET-1 + A-192621 (4.6 +/- 0.3) groups compared with Con (1.1 +/- 0.2) and Con-ABT-627 (1.3 +/- 0.2) groups. Therefore, our data show that ET-1 infusion leads to increased CGRP release via activation of the ET(A) receptor, which plays a compensatory role in preventing ET-1-induced elevation in blood pressure.
A Systematic Review of the Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Urinary Protein Biomarkers in Urothelial Bladder Cancer

For over 80 years, cystoscopy has remained the gold-standard for detecting tumours of the urinary bladder. Since bladder tumours have a tendency to recur and progress, many patients are subjected to repeated cystoscopies during long-term surveillance, with the procedure being both unpleasant for the patient and expensive for healthcare providers. The identification and validation of bladder tumour specific molecular markers in urine could enable tumour detection and reduce reliance on cystoscopy, and numerous classes of biomarkers have been studied. Proteins represent the most intensively studied class of biomolecule in this setting. As an aid to researchers searching for better urinary biomarkers, we report a comprehensive systematic review of the literature and a searchable database of proteins that have been investigated to date. Our objective was to classify these proteins as: 1) those with robustly characterised sensitivity and specificity for bladder cancer detection; 2) those that show potential but further investigation is required; 3) those unlikely to warrant further investigation; and 4) those investigated as prognostic markers. This work should help to prioritise certain biomarkers for rigorous validation, whilst preventing wasted effort on proteins that have shown no association whatsoever with the disease, or only modest biomarker performance despite large-scale efforts at validation.
The connective tissue growth factor/cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma overexpressed (CCN) family.

I. Introduction II. The Modular Structure of the Connective Tissue Growth Factor/Cysteine-Rich 61/Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (CCN) Family Members III. Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) A. Discovery B. Structure of the CTGF gene and protein C. CTGF mRNA production D. CTGF production, secretion, and processing E. CTGF-heparin interactions F. Biological properties of CTGF G. Mechanism of action of CTGF IV. Cyr61 A. Discovery of cyr61 B. Structure of the cyr61 gene and protein C. Cyr61 mRNA production D. Cyr61 production and secretion E. Biological properties of cyr61 F. Mechanism of action of cyr61 V. Nov A. Discovery and structure of nov B. Nov mRNA production C. Biological properties of nov VI. Elm1/WISP-1 VII. Heparin-Induced CCN-Like Protein (HICP)/rCop-1/CTGF-3/WISP-2 VIII. WISP-3 IX. Other CCN-Like Molecules X. Regulation of Cellular Functions by the CCN Family A. Cell cycle control B. Cell adhesion and migration C. Extracellular matrix (ECM) production XI. Biological Processes Involving the CCN.
Experience of water birth delivery in Iran.

BACKGROUND Having considered the physiologic challenges during pregnancy, scientists have searched for different delivery methods with minimal medical intervention. The use of water immersion by women for relaxing during labor is being used worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the controversies surrounding water birth and to find out the interest of Iranian women in this delivery method. METHODS In a randomized clinical trial, 106 pregnant women were assigned to control and experimental groups. The experimental group underwent the labor and delivery in standardized warm water pools. The control group gave birth by conventional delivery method at the hospital. A questionnaire was completed during the labor for women in both control and experimental groups including the method of delivery; labor length; use of different drugs such as analgesics, opiates, antispasmodic, and oxytocin; use of episiotomy, and newborn's Apgar score and weight. RESULTS Totally, 53 cases and 53 controls with the mean age of 26.4+/-5.9 and 27.1+/-5.9 years, respectively, completed the study. Women in the control group required oxytocin, antispasmodics, opiates, and analgesics more frequently than those in the experimental group (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the active phase and the third stage of labor were shorter experimental group by 72 and 1.3 minutes, respectively (P<0.004, and P<0.04). All the participants in the experimental group gave birth naturally, whereas only 79.2< of the controls had normal vaginal delivery. CONCLUSION Our results revealed the advantage of water birth delivery. Those who gave water birth experienced less pain and completed the delivery sooner. Meanwhile, normal vaginal delivery was accomplished more frequently with this group. These all lead to a decreased necessity for medical interventions as well as an increased socioeconomic advantage for the society.
EXTENSION OF ROUGH SET UNDER INCOMPLETE INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The classical rough set theory developed by professor Pawlak is based on complete information systems. It classifies objects using upper-approximation and lower-approximation defined on an indiscernibility relation that is a kind of equivalent relation. In order to process incomplete information systems, the classical rough set theory needs to be extended, especially, the indiscernibility relation needs to be extended to some inequivalent relation. There are several extensions for the indiscernibility relation now, such as tolerance relation, non-symmetric similarity relation, and valued tolerance relation. Unfortunately, these extensions have their own limitation. Presented in this paper is a new extension of rough set based on limited tolerance relation. The performances of these extended rough set models are also compared.
Altered Regional Homogeneity with Short-term Simulated Microgravity and Its Relationship with Changed Performance in Mental Transformation

In order to further the insight into the explanation of changed performance in mental transformation under microgravity, we discuss the change of performance in mental transformation and its relationship with altered regional homogeneity (ReHo) in resting-state brain by using simulated weightlessness model. Twelve male subjects with age between 24 and 31 received resting-state fMRI scan and mental transformation test both in normal condition and immediately after 72 hours −6° head down tilt (HDT). A paired sample t-test was used to test the difference of behavior performance and brain activity between these two conditions. Compare with normal condition, subjects showed a changed performance in mental transformation with short term simulated microgravity and appeared to be falling. Meanwhile, decreased ReHo were found in right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) after 72 hours −6° HDT, while increased ReHo were found in bilateral medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and left superior frontal gyrus (SFG) (P<0.05, corrected). Particularly, there was a significant correlation between ReHo values in left IPL and velocity index of mental transformation. Our findings indicate that gravity change may disrupt the function of right IFG and left IPL in the resting-state, among of which functional change in left IPL may contribute to changed abilities of mental transformation. In addition, the enhanced activity of the bilateral MFG and decreased activity of right IFG found in the current study maybe reflect a complementation effect on inhibitory control process.
Role of Vertical Jumps and Anthropometric Variables in Maximal Kicking Ball Velocities in Elite Soccer Players

Abstract Kicking is one of the most important skills in soccer and the ability to achieve ma ximal kicking velocity with both legs leads to an advantage for the soccer player. This study examined the relationship be tween kicking ball velocity with both legs using anthropometric measurements and vertical jumps (a squat jump (SJ); a countermovement jump without (CMJ) and with the arm swing (CMJA) and a reactive jump (RJ)). Anthropome tric measurements did not correlate with kicking ball velocity. Vertical jumps correlated significantly with kicking ball velocity using the dominant leg only (r = .47, r = .58, r = .44, r = .51, for SJ, CMJ, CMJA and RJ, respectively) . Maximal kicking velocity with the dominant leg was significantly higher than with the non-dominant leg (t = 18.0 4, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that vertical jumps may be an optimal test to assess neuromuscular skills involved in kicking at maximal speed. Lack of the relationship between vertical jumps and kicking velocity with the non-dominant leg may reflect a difficulty to exhibit the neuromuscular skills during dominant leg kicking.
The magnetic field of the planet‐hosting star τ Bootis★

We have obtained high-resolution spectropolarimetric data for the planet-hosting star τ Bootis, using the ESPaDOnS spectropolarimeter at the Canada‐France‐Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). A weak but clear Stokes V signature is detected on three of the four nights of 2006 June during which we have recorded data. This polarimetric signature indicates with no ambiguity the presence of a magnetic field at the star’s surface, with intensity of just a few gauss. The analysis of the photospheric lines of τ Boo at ultra-high signal-to-noise ratio reveals the presence of an 18 per cent relative differential rotation. Tentative Zeeman‐Doppler imaging, using our spectropolarimetric observations covering only a fraction of the star’s rotational phase, indicates a magnetic field with a dominant potential field component. The data are best fitted when a 3.1-d period of modulation and an intermediate inclination are assumed. Considering the level of differential rotation of τ Boo, this implies a rotation period of 3.0 d at the equator and of 3.7 d at the pole, and a topology of the magnetic field where its main non-axisymmetric part is located at low latitudes. The planet is probably synchronized with the star’s rotation at intermediate latitudes, while the non-axisymmetric part of the magnetic field seems located at lower latitudes. Our limited data do not provide sufficient constraints on the magnetic field to study a possible interaction of the planet with the star’s magnetosphere. Investigating this issue will require data with much better phase coverage. Similar studies should also be performed for other stars hosting close-in giant planets.
Eye movements in time : auditory influences on oculomotor timing

The dominant models of eye movement timing consider only visual factors as modulators of when gaze orients (e.g. EZ-Reader, SWIFT, CRISP, LATEST). Yet realworld perception is multimodal, and temporal information from audition can both aid the predictive orienting of gaze (to relevant audiovisual onsets in time), and inform visual orientation decisions known to modulate saccade timing, e.g. where to orient. The aim of this thesis was to further the current understanding of eye movement timing to incorporate auditory information; specifically investigating the implicit and explicit capacity for musical beats to influence (and entrain) eye movements, and to quantify the capacity and limitations of direct control when volitionally matching eye movements to auditory onsets. To achieve this, a highly-simplified gaze-contingent visual search paradigm was refined that minimised visual and task factors in order to measure auditory influence. The findings of this thesis present evidence that self-paced eye movements are impervious to implicit auditory influences. The explicit control of eye movements, as small corrections in time to align with similarly timed music, was very limited. In contrast, when visual transitions were externally timed, audiovisual correspondence systematically delayed fixation durations. The thesis also measured the extent of direct control that can be exerted on eye movements, including the role of auditory feedback, as well as modulating visual complexity to further increase inhibition and temporal precision. These studies show a predictive relationship between the level of direct volitional control that an individual can affect and how synchronised they are. Additionally, these studies quantify a large subpopulation of quick eye movements that are impervious to direct control. These findings are discussed as provocation for revised oculomotor models, future work that considers the temporal relationship between shifts of attention and gaze, and implications for wider psychological research that employs timed eye movement measures.
Factors Affecting the Germination of Tall Morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea)

Abstract Tall morningglory is an annual broadleaf vine and a problem weed in many annual and perennial crops in several countries including the United States. A better understanding of the germination biology of tall morningglory would facilitate the development of better control strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted under greenhouse and laboratory conditions to evaluate the effects of various environmental factors, such as temperature, light, planting depth, pH, osmotic and salt stress, and flooding duration, on the germination of tall morningglory. The results suggested that the optimum day/night temperature range for the germination of tall morningglory was 20/12.5 to 35/25 C and maximum germination (89%) was observed at 30/20 C. Temperature higher and lower than the optimum range significantly reduced germination. Alternate light and dark did not have any adverse effect on the germination of tall morningglory seeds. The germination was 10% at an osmotic stress of −0.3 and −0.4 MPa, and above that, no germination was observed. Tall morningglory showed some tolerance to salt stress. The germination was 40% and 12% at salt concentrations of 50 mM and 200 mM, respectively. Germination was affected by pH levels, and maximum germination occurred at pH 6, whereas above or below that level, germination was significantly reduced. Maximum germination of seeds was 83 and 94% when sown at 0 and 2 cm depth in soil, within a week of sowing; however, germination was significantly reduced to 76% when placed at a depth of 4 cm or deeper. Under no flooding treatment, 87% of seed germinated, but flooding delayed and inhibited the germination of tall morningglory seeds. It is concluded that several environmental factors affected the germination of tall morningglory, and this information could help to predict the spread of tall morningglory in new areas such as Florida. Nomenclature: Tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, PHBPU.
Expression of Aggressive Tendencies in the Drawings of Children and Youth Who Survived the Northern Pakistan Earthquake

The study focused on the presence of aggressive tendencies in the drawings of children who survived the northern Pakistan earthquake. The data was collected one year after the earthquake from Sahara Children Academy (Mallot Tehsil) and Surbuland (camp school set up by the Army at District Bagh). The sample consisted of 75 children (44 boys and 31 girls) age range from 5 to 15 years with a mean age of 8 years. The Human Figure Drawing as projective test (Koppitz, 1969) was used. The drawings were analyzed utilizing a list of emotional indicators for aggression. The list, consisting of 24 indicators, was drawn from the literature on assessment of human figure drawings (Gilbert, 1980). The results indicated the presence of aggressive tendencies among these children with straight lines as the most frequently occurring indicator among both genders. Chi square analysis was conducted to compare males and females for the frequency of occurrence of emotional indicators in drawings. Findings reflect significant differences in frequency of occurrence of aggression related indicators between genders with calculated X2 =4.37, p<. 05. However, there was no significant difference observed with reference to the content of emotional indicators for boys and girls.
Ethnic differences among maltreated youths with respect to posttraumatic stress disorder and related symptoms

Ethnic Differences Among Maltreated Youths With Respect to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder And Related Symptoms by Amie Marie Lemos-Miller Dr. Christopher A. Kearney, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Psychology University of Nevada, Las Vegas Symptoms associated with the development and maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were examined in a diverse group of maltreated adolescents. The first hypothesis was that levels of PTSD symptomatology, depression, dissociation, anger, and maladaptive cognitions were expected to significantly differ among African-American, Caucasian, Hispanic, and Multiracial adolescents. The second hypothesis was that ethnicity was expected to significantly moderate a relationship between (1) severity of PTSD as measured by symptomatology, and (2) the expression of related symptoms (i.e., depression, dissociation, anger, and maladaptive cognitions). Regarding hypothesis one, African-Americans reported less depressive symptoms overall than other ethnic groups, with Caucasians and Hispanics appearing fairly similar, and Multiracial individuals reporting the most symptoms. African-American and Multiracial ethnic statuses were moderators in the relationship between PTSD and depression. Assessment and clinical recommendations pertaining to trauma in diverse youths were provided.
The Relationship between Resilience and Constant Hope in Students Studying Sports Science

Individuals face negative events throughout their lives and such events can cause problems in every aspect of life. A high level of resilience is required to cope with such negative events. There are various factors that affect resilience. Hope is one of those factors. This factor provides a strong structure to individuals and keeps identified objectives alive. Based on this view, th e aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between resilience and constant hope of students studying in a sports science department. Accordingly, the study group of this study consisted of 203 students with 91 female and 112 male students studying in a sport s science faculty/school of physical education and sports of universities. The data collection tools of this study were the “Resilience Scale” and the “Constant Hope Scale”. Additionally, to collect information about the students, the “Personal Information Form” developed by the researchers was adopted during the data collection process. The analysis of the obtained data was done with descriptive statistics, t-test for independent two groups, one- way variance analysis (Anova), and Pearson Correlation. To determine which groups caused the statistical difference after one-way variance analysis (Anova), the Tukey HSD multiple comparative test was applied. The results of the study indicated that the data obtained on a scale basis had normal distribution. While there was no significant difference for gender between the relationship of resilience and constant hope, there was a statistically significant difference between different age groups. Additionally, the correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive, moderate level relationship between the two scales.
M31N 2007-11d: A SLOWLY RISING, LUMINOUS NOVA IN M31

We report a series of extensive photometric and spectroscopic observations of the luminous M31 nova M31N 2007-11d. Our photometric observations coupled with previous measurements show that the nova took at least 4 days to reach peak brightness at R ≃ 14.9 on 2007 November 20 UT. After reaching maximum, the time for the nova to decline 2 and 3 mag from maximum light (t 2 and t 3) was ∼9.5 and ∼13 days, respectively, establishing that M31N 2007-11d was a moderately fast declining nova. During the nova's evolution, a total of three spectra were obtained. The first spectrum was obtained one day after maximum light (5 days post-discovery), followed by two additional spectra taken on the decline at two and three weeks post-maximum. The initial spectrum reveals narrow Balmer and Fe II emission with P Cygni profiles superimposed on a blue continuum. These data, along with the spectra obtained on the subsequent decline, clearly establish that M31N 2007-11d belongs to the Fe II spectroscopic class. The properties of M31N 2007-11d are discussed within the context of other luminous novae in M31, the Galaxy, and the LMC. Overall, M31N 2007-11d appears to be remarkably similar to Nova LMC 1991, which was another bright, slowly rising, Fe II nova. A comparison of the available data for luminous extragalactic novae suggests that the ≳4 day rise to maximum light seen in M31N 2007-11d may not be unusual, and that the rise times of luminous Galactic novae, usually assumed to be ≲2 days, may have been underestimated.