Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUFFIX TREES REVISITED : ( UN ) EXPECTED ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIORS September 16 , 1991

Suffix trees find several applications in computer sciences and telecommunications, most notably in algorithms on strings, data compressions and codes. Despite this, very little is known about their typical behavior. We consider in a probabilistic framework a family of suffix trees further called b-suffix trees built from the first n suffixes of a random word. In this family a noncompact suffix trees (Le., such that every edge is labeled by a single symbol) is represented by b = 1, and a compact suffix tree (Le., without unary nodes) is asymptotically equivalent to b~ 00. Several parameters of b-suffix trees are of interest, namely the typical depth D~b), the depth of insertion L~), the height HAb), the external path length E~b), and so forth. We establish several results concerning typical, that is, almost sure (a.s.), behavior of these parameters. For example, we show that D~b)Ilogn converges (a.s.) to I/h where h is entropy of the alphabet, but not the depth of insertion for which L~) Ilogn oscillates between I/hl and I/h~b) (a.s.) where 0 < h~b) < h ~ hI < 00 are some parameters of the underlying probabilistic model. These findings are used to obtain several insights into certain algorithms on words and universal data compression schemes. As a simple consequence of our results, we settle in the negative the conjecture of Wyner and Ziv regarding the typical length of repeated subwords; we present a new surprising results concerning the length of a block in the Lempel-Ziv parsing algorithm; and finally we demonstrate how to obtain precise asymptotic results for the average time-complexity of some algorithms on strings. *This research was supported in part by NSF Grants CCR-8900305 and INT-8912631, and AFOSR Grant 90-0107, and Grant R01 LM05118 from the National Library of Medicine.
Patterns of grain‐size dependent sediment transport in low‐ordered, ephemeral channels

Sediment data were analyzed to determine grain‐size dependant factors affecting sediment transport in a low‐ordered, ephemeral watershed. Sediment and flow samples were collected during 22 flow events at the outlet of a 4·53 ha sub‐watershed within the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in south‐eastern Arizona. Measured concentrations ranged from 4191 to 115 045 mg l−1 and included grain sizes up to 8·0 mm in diameter. Two grain‐size dependent transport patterns were observed, that of the finer grain‐size fraction (approximately < 0·25 mm) and that of a coarser grain‐size fraction (approximately ≥ 0·25 mm). The concentration of the fine fraction decreased with flow duration, peaking near the beginning of a flow event and declining thereafter. The concentration of the fine fraction showed slight trends with season and recovery period. The concentration of the coarse fraction displayed a slight negative trend with instantaneous discharge and was not correlated with event duration. These patterns typically produced a condition where the majority of the fine fraction of the sediment yield was evacuated out of the watershed before the hydrograph peak while the majority of the coarser sediment was evacuated during the falling limb of the hydrograph. Each grain‐size dependent transport pattern was likely influenced by the source of the associated sediment. At the flow event time scale, the fines were primarily wash load, supplied from the hillslopes and the coarser grains were entrained from the channel bed. Because transport patterns differ based on grain size, attempts to define the total sediment concentration and sediment yield by the behavior of a single grain‐size fraction may lead to erroneous results, especially when a large range of sediment grain sizes are present. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberrant Functional Connectome in Neurologically Asymptomatic Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the topological organization of intrinsic functional brain networks in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Materials and Methods Resting-state functional MRI data were collected from 22 patients with ESRD (16 men, 18–61 years) and 29age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs, 19 men, 32–61 years). Whole-brain functional networks were obtained by calculating the interregional correlation of low-frequency fluctuations in spontaneous brain activity among 1,024 parcels that cover the entire cerebrum. Weighted graph-based models were then employed to topologically characterize these networks at different global, modular and nodal levels. Results Compared to HCs, the patients exhibited significant disruption in parallel information processing over the whole networks (P< 0.05). The disruption was present in all the functional modules (default mode, executive control, sensorimotor and visual networks) although decreased functional connectivity was observed only within the default mode network. Regional analysis showed that the disease disproportionately weakened nodal efficiency of the default mode components and tended to preferentially affect central or hub-like regions. Intriguingly, the network abnormalities correlated with biochemical hemoglobin and serum calcium levels in the patients. Finally, the functional changes were substantively unchanged after correcting for gray matter atrophy in the patients. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence for the disconnection nature of ESRD’s brain and therefore have important implications for understanding the neuropathologic substrate of the disease from disrupted network organization perspective.
Mapping the Effect of Ambient Temperature on the Power Demand of Populations of Air Conditioners

The direct load control (DLC) of populations of air conditioners (ACs) is a cost-effective demand-side strategy to manage peak demand and provide ancillary services to the electricity grid. Much research in recent years has focused on the formulation of mathematical models for the aggregate demand of such populations as a basis for DLC analysis and design. These models, however, are sensitive to ambient temperature, which is often assumed constant, and rely on the knowledge of thermal parameters that are typically difficult to obtain. This paper develops a new mathematical model to map the effect of ambient temperature to the aggregate demand response of a heterogeneous population of ACs. The significance of this new model lies in that it can be used to estimate the thermal parameters that characterize aggregate demand using available local weather and demand data, with no need for additional metering or direct engagement of grid users. While the estimation of these parameters is of independent interest in mapping distributed building energy performance over the grid, a key additional benefit is that these parameters fit existing models for DLC design, which provides the technical basis for practical model-based DLC of populations of ACs.
Emotions by Design: A Consumer Perspective

What is the relationship between attribute tradeoff decisions at the time of purchase and emotional content of the consumption experience? This article offers a comprehensive overview and an enhanced model of the possible forms of this relationship. It sets forth new insights into negative post-consumption emotions in an integrated manner with prior work on attribute tradeoffs and positive emotions. The primary insights this research provides are as follows: (1) a negative experience with the choice of a product with superior utilitarian and inferior hedonic benefits (e.g., a highly functional cell phone with poor attractiveness) over a product with superior hedonic and inferior utilitarian benefits evokes feelings of sadness, disappointment, and anger, (2) a negative experience with the choice of a product with superior hedonic and inferior utilitarian benefits (e.g., a highly attractive cell phone with poor functionality) over a product with superior utilitarian and inferior hedonic benefits evokes feelings of guilt and anxiety. Further, an enhanced model is presented that integrates the results for four new negative post-consumption emotions with the results from replication of prior work on positive emotions and consumer behavior. Finally, the research shows that positive and negative emotions impact customer loyalty. The article discusses the theoretical contribution and strategic insights the research provides for product designers and marketers.
Lipid droplet consumption is functionally coupled to vacuole homeostasis independent of lipophagy

ABSTRACT Lipid droplets (LDs) store neutral lipids and are integrated into a cellular metabolic network that relies on functional coupling with various organelles. Factors mediating efficient coupling and mechanisms regulating them remain unknown. Here, we conducted a global screen in S. cerevisiae to identify genes required for the functional coupling of LDs and other organelles during LD consumption. We show that LD utilization during growth resumption is coupled to vacuole homeostasis. ESCRT-, V-ATPase- and vacuole protein sorting-mutants negatively affect LD consumption, independent of lipophagy. Loss of ESCRT function leads to the accumulation of LD-derived diacylglycerol (DAG), preventing its conversion into phosphatidic acid (PA) and membrane lipids. In addition, channeling of DAG from LD-proximal sites to the vacuole is blocked. We demonstrate that utilization of LDs requires intact vacuolar signaling via TORC1 and its downstream effector Sit4p. These data suggest that vacuolar status is coupled to LD catabolism via TORC1-mediated regulation of DAG-PA interconversion and explain how cells coordinate organelle dynamics throughout cell growth. Highlighted Article: A genome-wide screen in budding yeast reveals that the functional status of vacuoles is relayed to lipid droplets to regulate their efficient utilization, independently of lipophagy.
PROMOTING TEACHERS' POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS WEB USE: A STUDY IN WEB SITE DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of the study was to examine effects of a compact training for developing web sites on teachers’ web attitude, as composed of: web self efficacy, perceived web enjoyment, perceived web usefulness and behavioral intention to use the web. To measure the related constructs, the Web Attitude Scale was adapted into Turkish and tested with a sample of 156 teachers. Then, a web site development training based upon behavioral modeling method of instruction was conducted with sixteen teachers. The training created a positive and significant difference on the participants’ web attitude, web self efficacy and perceived web usefulness scores. Although the post training scores of perceived web enjoyment and behavioral intention to use the web were higher than the pre training scores, the differences were not significant. The results are encouraging and suggest that teachers should involve more in design and development of web based materials to help students to learn.
Integrated instruction cache analysis and locking in multitasking real-time systems

Cache locking improves timing predictability at the cost of performance. We explore a novel approach that opportunistically employs both cache analysis and locking to enhance schedulability in preemptive multi-tasking real-time systems. The cache is spatially shared among the tasks by statically locking a portion of the cache per task. To overcome the issue of limited cache space per task, we keep a portion of the cache unlocked and let all the tasks use it through time-multiplexing. Compared to locking the entire cache for each task during execution, our approach obviates the cost of reloading locked blocks at preemption. But we require static cache analysis for WCET estimation and cache related preemption delay (CRPD) analysis of the unlocked cache space. We design an algorithm to make appropriate locking decisions through accurate cost-benefit analysis. Experimental results show that our integrated approach leads to substantially improved schedulability results compared to cache analysis and cache locking employed individually.
Comparative Study of Vasodilatation Induced by Rokumigan , Hachimijiogan , and Goshajinkigan in the Rat Aorta

Rokumigan, hachimijiogan, and goshajinkigan are traditional Japanese Kampo formulations with similar components and consequently similar clinical indications. These formulations are considered useful for the management of edema, water disturbances, dry skin, dry mouth, and abnormal urination. Rokumigan is composed of six types of crude herbal drugs, hachimijiogan comprises rokumigan and two crude drugs, and goshajinkigan includes hachimijiogan and two other crude drugs. In this study, we compared the vasodilatations induced by these formulations and investigated the underlying mechanisms using rat aortic ring strips. We found that 0.1 to 3.0 mg/ mL of these formulations counteracted the effects norepinephrine (5 μM)-induced vasoconstriction in a concentration dependent manner. The vasodilatation induced by 0.03 to 1.0 mg/mL of the formulations was similar, although rokumigan induced the greatest vasodilatation at 3.0 mg/mL. Pretreatment with L-NAME (100 μM) and endothelium removal significantly attenuated the vasodilatation induced by the three formulations, whereas indomethacin (10 μM) showed no effects. Furthermore, pretreatments with propranolol (3 μM) and nicardipine (2 μM) markedly decreased this vasodilatation, which was also observed in Ca2+-free solution. These results indicate that rokumigan, hachimijiogan, and goshajinkigan induce marked vasodilatation via nitric oxide production from the endothelium and via β-adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade of L-type Ca2+ channels on the vascular smooth muscle.
Migration and families left behind

The effect of a family member’s migration on those who stay behind can be either positive or negative, depending on individual circumstances. Although remittances are a potentially important means of easing family budget constraints and alleviating poverty, the most vulnerable populations may be hurt by a family member’s migration. Policymakers need to consider the specific circumstances behind the migration and of the family members in the home country. Support systems for these families may need to be bolstered to help them cope with any detrimental impacts of migration, especially its effect on education and human capital accumulation
Influence of selected production parameters on the hand of mattress knitted fabrics assessed by the Fabric Touch Tester

The overall comfort of a bedding system is, among others, the result of the moisture and thermal management capabilities of its components, including mattress ticking fabrics. The hand of mattress ticking fabrics, their smoothness, softness, flexibility, and thermal properties, in particular, partially contribute to the sleep quality. Manufacturers pay a great deal of attention to this aspect and make efforts to improve fabric hand as customers always touch and squeeze the fabric and the perceived fabric hand will partially influence their buying decision. In this study the hand of 12 mattress fabrics was investigated by the Fabric Touch Tester (FTT), which is a relatively new characterization method of fabric hand. The FTT measures simultaneously 13 fabric indices related to four categories of fabric physical properties, namely bending, compression, and thermal and surface properties. These fabric indices are subsequently used by the FTT software to predict three primary comfort indices (i.e. smoothness, softness, warmth) and two global comfort indices (i.e. total hand and total feel). The fabrics were differentiated by three production parameters, namely fabric mass per unit area, concentration of softener and fiber composition. Relevant tactile properties for mattress ticking fabrics, such as smoothness, softness, warmth, and flexibility, were assessed by an expert panel and the average scores given by the assessors were correlated with the fabric indices measured by the FTT. Among the selected variables, fabric mass per unit area has the greatest influence on all FTT fabric indices. Due to the large fabric set, considerable variances were observed between the scores assigned by the panels. That resulted in poor correlations between tactile properties and selected production parameters, although the trend seems to be correct and all the factors were found to be statistically significant. Strong correlations were found between the FTT fabric indices and tactile properties assessed by the panels, except warmth, which suggests that the FTT is suitable to assess mattress ticking fabrics with elevated mass per unit area and uneven texture.
Analysis of Hydrochemical Characteristics and Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra in the Semi-Arid Ebinur Lake Watershed, Xinjiang, China

Hydrochemical characteristics and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra for Lake Ebinur and its major inflow tributaries have been analyzed. The results indicate that Jing and Bortala River ions differ very little. Anions are composed of HCO3− > SO42− > Cl−, while cations have the following composition: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+. The Jing and Bortala Rivers include mainly SO42− and HCO3− anions; these cations are primarily Ca2+. Hydrochemical components of the Jing and Bortala Rivers are of the HCO3−-Ca2+ type. Ion compositions of the Jing and Bortala Rivers are derived primarily from the weathering of rocks. In addition, a parallel factor method (PARAFAC) analysis of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra (EEM) of the Jing and Bortala Rivers shows that all the sampled water bodies contain C1 (260/420 nm) humic organic matter, C2 (240, 240/490 nm), C3 (220/280, 300/450 nm) protein-like C4 (260, 270/530 nm), and humic substances. To further understand characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) components, we base our research on regional standards related to water quality and fluorescence. A fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis of the Jing and Bortala Rivers shows that protein organic matter levels are the highest, whereas fulvic acid levels are the lowest. Of the correlation coefficients of hydrochemical factors and fluorescence indices, the biological index (BIX), TDS, HCO3−, and K+ are stronger in major inflow tributaries of Ebinur Lake with correlation coefficients of 0.577, 0.708, and 0.764, respectively, at the p < 0.01 significance level; correlations between the humification index (HIX) and HCO3− concentrations amount to 0.568 at the p < 0.05 significance level. Hydrochemical factors and fluorescence indices show the presence of three fitting relationships. While the HIX and HCO3− fitting effect is strongest with a correlation coefficient of 0.789, the second strongest is that of BIX and K+ with a correlation coefficient of 0.814. The results of this work offer scientific support for water quality monitoring and restoration in arid regions of Central Asia.
A Gibberellin-Regulated Calcineurin B in Rice Localizes to the Tonoplast and Is Implicated in Vacuole Function1

Many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements. RNA profiling using a rice (Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare) oligonucleotide microarray was used to monitor gene expression in de-embryonated rice grains. This analysis showed that a putative rice CBL gene responded to gibberellic acid, but not abscisic acid, treatment. The CBL gene family in rice contains at least 10 genes and these have extensive similarity to the CBLs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assays, rice CBLs interact with the kinase partners of Arabidopsis CBLs. Only one rice CBL gene, OsCBL2, is up-regulated by GA in the aleurone layer. A homolog with 91% sequence identity to OsCBL2 was cloned from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya), and designated HvCBL2. We examined the localization and function of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 in rice and barley aleurone because changes in cytosolic calcium have been implicated in the response of the aleurone cell to GA. Green fluorescent protein translational fusions of OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 were localized to the tonoplast of aleurone cell protein storage vacuoles and OsCBL4-green fluorescent protein was localized to the plasma membrane. Data from experiments using antisense expression of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 are consistent with a role for OsCBL2 in promoting vacuolation of barley aleurone cells following treatment with GA.
Effect of varying ratios of oyster mushroompowder to tapioca flour on the physicochemicalproperties and sensory acceptability offried mushroom crackers

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different ratios of powder prepared from oyster mushroom to tapioca flour on the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of fried mushroom crackers. Four recipes for crackers were formulated with varying ratios of oyster mushroom powder to tapioca flour, i.e. 5:95; 10:90; 15:85 and 20:80. The control sample comprised 100% tapioca flour. Sensory acceptability was performed using an affective test on a 7-point hedonic scale. Fried mushroom crackers showed significant decreases (p<0.05) in the L* value, oil absorption and hardness, while the b* value, linear expansion, ash and protein contents increased when the content of oyster mushroom powder was increased in the crackers. Sensory acceptability of the crackers was significantly improved (p<0.05) with the addition of oyster mushroom powder as compared with the control. Crackers made with 15% of oyster mushroom powder and 85% of tapioca flour gave the highest mean score in all the evaluated sensory attributes; they were not significantly different (p>0.05) in these respects from crackers containing 20% oyster mushroom powder. These results can be useful in the development of vegetarian fried mushroom crackers that may serve as an alternative to crackers more commonly based on fish or other seafood.
Dynamic Changes in the Osmotic Water Permeability of Protoplast Plasma Membrane1[w]

The osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) of plasma membrane of maize (Zea mays) Black Mexican Sweet protoplasts changed dynamically during a hypoosmotic challenge, as revealed using a model-based computational approach. The best-fitting model had three free parameters: initial Pf, Pf rate-of-change (slopePf), and a delay, which were hypothesized to reflect changes in the number and/or activity of aquaporins in the plasma membrane. Remarkably, the swelling response was delayed 2 to 11 s after start of the noninstantaneous (but accounted for) bath flush. The Pf during the delay was ≤1 μm s−1. During the swelling period following the delay, Pf changed dynamically: within the first 15 s Pf either (1) increased gradually to approximately 8 μm s−1 (in the majority population of low-initial-Pf cells) or (2) increased abruptly to 10 to 20 μm s−1 and then decreased gradually to 3 to 6 μm s−1 (in the minority population of high-initial-Pf cells). We affirmed the validity of our computational approach by the ability to reproduce previously reported initial Pf values (including the absence of delay) in control experiments on Xenopus oocytes expressing the maize aquaporin ZmPIP2;5. Although mercury did not affect the Pf in swelling Black Mexican Sweet cells, phloretin, another aquaporin inhibitor, inhibited swelling in a predicted manner, prolonging the delay and slowing Pf increase, thereby confirming the hypothesis that Pf dynamics, delay included, reflected the varying activity of aquaporins.