Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race

prioritization of strategies for saving the natural world. Smith’s critique of sovereignty correctly includes alternative modes of production and political forms which are just as susceptible to the ecological critique of sovereignty as capitalism. However, Smith’s explication of this critique implicitly suggests that any of these economic modes and political forms could precipitate ecological crisis, a suggestion that effectively short-circuits the critique of capitalism. If we are to prioritize strategies for saving the natural world, we need to distinguish between the general critique of sovereignty and the particular critique of capitalism, which is the true historical referent of Smith’s possible impending ecological crisis. Still, this does not undermine Smith’s ecological project. Indeed, the book develops the non-ontological foundations for a radical ecological politics and ethics which will not be compromised by the “post-politics” of the sovereign state, forms of environmental governance, or other forms of the biopolitical management of humans and nature. As such, it will be invaluable for those working at the intersection of political theory and global environmental politics, especially those who take seriously the political implications of the state of exception.
Ostracism in childhood and adolescence: Emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects of social exclusion

Drawing on theories of development, motivation, and personality we examined children's and adolescents’ emotional and cognitive perception of, and explained their behavioral reactions to, ostracism in two experimental studies. In Study one, 93 fourth- and eighth-graders (49 girls) were either socially included or excluded within a virtual ball-tossing game (cyberball). Results demonstrated that ostracism causes negative emotions and a selective memory for social events, similarly for children and adolescents, which verifies the usefulness of cyberball beyond self-reports. In Study two, 97 fourth- to ninth-graders (43 girls) behaviorally reacted to the previously induced ostracism episode within a modified paradigm (cyberball-R). Multinomial logistic regression demonstrated that psychosocial differences between participants displaying prosocial, avoidant, and antisocial reactions followed the expected pattern, which provides initial evidence concerning moderators that prevent children and adolescents from receiving further aggression.
Development and clinical validation of a novel photography‐based skin pigmentation evaluation system: a comparison with the calculated consensus of dermatologists

Various cosmetics, medicines, and light and laser treatments have been increasingly developed to improve pigmentary skin alterations such as melasma, actinic lentigo and dyschromia. To determine the efficacy of these modalities in view of the changes in pigmentation, an objective and reliable device that has a comparable performance to that of physicians is required. We developed a novel photography‐based skin pigmentation evaluation system and validated its accuracy and reliability with a newly proposed method.
Curcumin Suppresses the Paclitaxel-Induced Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells and Inhibits Lung Metastasis of Human Breast Cancer in Nude Mice

Currently, there is no effective therapy for metastatic breast cancer after surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been used against the primary tumor. Because curcumin suppresses nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and most chemotherapeutic agents activate NF-κB that mediates cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, we hypothesized that curcumin would potentiate the effect of chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer and inhibit lung metastasis. We tested this hypothesis using paclitaxel (Taxol)-resistant breast cancer cells and a human breast cancer xenograft model. As examined by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay, paclitaxel activated NF-κB in breast cancer cells and curcumin inhibited it; this inhibition was mediated through inhibition of IκBα kinase activation and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. Curcumin also suppressed the paclitaxel-induced expression of antiapoptotic (XIAP, IAP-1, IAP-2, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL), proliferative (cyclooxygenase 2, c-Myc, and cyclin D1), and metastatic proteins (vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1). It also enhanced apoptosis. In a human breast cancer xenograft model, dietary administration of curcumin significantly decreased the incidence of breast cancer metastasis to the lung and suppressed the expression of NF-κB, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Overall, our results indicate that curcumin, which is a pharmacologically safe compound, has a therapeutic potential in preventing breast cancer metastasis possibly through suppression of NF-κB and NF-κB–regulated gene products.
Effects of alcohol on cardiovascular reactivity and the mediation of aggressive behaviour in adult men and women.

AIMS Recent models have proposed several pharmacological means by which alcohol may produce heightened aggression, among them that alcohol may both hyper-arouse the reward system and diminish the threat detection system. The current study examined these hypotheses employing heart rate and blood pressure as physiological indices of arousal, examining whether arousal differed by alcohol group, and if this related to level of aggression. METHODS Participants were 32 males and 32 females, aged 18-30 years, screened for physical and psychological disorder, who competed on the Taylor aggression paradigm. The gender groups were further split into half sober, half intoxicated. Arousal was measured at baseline, post-beverage consumption, and post-aggression paradigm. RESULTS Participants in the alcohol condition initially demonstrated slight heart rate elevations and blood pressure decreases, but showed little arousal in response to the aggression paradigm, whereas sober participants demonstrated considerable arousal on both indices. Intoxicated participants were more aggressive than sober controls; men and women did not differ significantly. Regression analyses demonstrated that change in systolic blood pressure from post-beverage consumption to post-aggression paradigm acts as a mediating variable in the alcohol-aggression relationship. CONCLUSIONS These results lend support to the stress-response dampening model of the alcohol-aggression relationship, and moreover suggest that the magnitude of intoxicated aggression is related to the magnitude of that dampening.
The polyubiquitin Ubc gene modulates histone H2A monoubiquitylation in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the protein huntingtin (htt). HD brains are characterized by the presence of ubiquitin‐positive neuronal inclusion bodies, suggesting that disturbances in the distribution of cellular ubiquitin may contribute to disease pathology. The fact that several neurodegenerative diseases are caused by mutations in ubiquitin‐processing enzymes and that the polyubiquitin genes are required for resistance to cellular stress led us to investigate the effect of perturbing the ubiquitin system in HD. We crossed R6/2 transgenic HD mice with heterozygous polyubiquitin Ubc knockout mice (Ubc+/−) and assessed the effect on the R6/2 neurological phenotype. Although the R6/2 phenotype was largely unaffected, surprisingly we observed some subtle improvements in various behavioural activities correlating with heterozygous Ubc knockout. Interestingly, immunoblot analysis revealed that the levels of monoubiquitylated histone H2A (uH2A), a modification associated with gene repression, were significantly increased in the brains of R6/2 mice. Furthermore, the reduction of Ubc expression in R6/2; Ubc+/− mice largely prevented this increase in uH2A levels. However, we were not able to show by the use of a limited number of quantitative RT‐PCR assays that changes in the amount of uH2A in the R6/2‐Ubc mice had an effect on disease‐associated transcriptional abnormalities. These results suggest that the expression of aggregation‐prone mutant htt causes disturbances to the ubiquitin system, which may contribute to disease due to the diverse and important roles of ubiquitin.
Searching for identity in the capability space

In this paper, we consider the extension of the conception of the economic agent as a person who chooses particular actions in relation to his or her social identity. We do this in particular by analysing Akerlof and Kranton's recent models on ‘economics and identity’ (2000). Amartya Sen has over the years consistently pointed out that a person might have different reasons to choose, including not only those that increase a person's self‐interested utility, however broadly this self might be defined. The question then is how should one assess a person's well‐being if her choices are not based on the maximisation of her ‘own’ utility. Against the background of these considerations, we will present our own analysis of the economic agent's identity, which is motivated not by the self‐interested choices, but by achieving consistency between one's characteristics and one's desired self‐image through participation in different social groups. We propose to situate this identity‐conception in a space of capabilities.
Exploring the relationship between individuals’ speed of processing and their comprehension of spoken idioms

In two crossmodal lexical decision experiments we investigated the time course of idiomatic meaning activation for Italian participants listening to spoken idioms. Participants were grouped into fast and slow groups on the basis of their speed of correct response to visually presented targets associated with idioms that were auditorily presented. Participants whose mean lexical decision times were below the 45th percentile were considered slow participants and those whose mean lexical decision times were above the 55th percentile were considered fast participants. The results of Experiment 1 showed that slow and fast participants decided equally quickly the lexical status of the target words associated with predictable idioms. In contrast, whereas the slow participants responded to target words presented during predictable idioms more quickly than to target words presented during nonpredictable idioms, the fast participants responded equally quickly to targets presented during predictable and nonpredictable idioms. When a response deadline was introduced (Experiment 2), fast and slow participants activated the idiomatic meaning of nonpredictable idioms equally quickly, as reflected by the lexical decision times for the target words associated with idioms of this type. The results are interpreted in the light of current models of spoken idiom comprehension.
Extensions of absolute discounting (Kneser-Ney method)

The problem of estimating the parameters of an n-gram language model is a typical problem of estimating small probabilities. So far, two methods have been proposed and used to handle this problem: 1. the empirical Bayes method resulting in the Turing-Good estimates. Theses estimates do not have any constraints and tend to be very noisy. 2. discounting models like absolute (or linear) discounting. The discounting models are heavily constrained and typically have only a single free parameter. Both methods can be formulated in a leaving-one-out framework. In this paper, we study methods that lie between these two extremes. We design models with various types of constraints and derive efficient algorithms for estimating the parameters of these models. We propose two novel types of constraints or models: interval constraints and the exact extended Kneser-Ney model. The proposed methods are implemented and applied to language modelling in order to compare the methods in terms of perplexities. The results show that the new constrained methods outperform other unconstrained methods.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 regulates excitability and Kv 4 . 2-containing K channels primarily in excitatory neurons of the spinal dorsal horn

Hu HJ, Gereau RW IV. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 regulates excitability and Kv4.2-containing K channels primarily in excitatory neurons of the spinal dorsal horn. J Neurophysiol 105: 3010–3021, 2011. First published March 30, 2011; doi:10.1152/jn.01050. 2010. —Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors play important roles in the modulation of nociception. Previous studies demonstrated that mGlu5 modulates nociceptive plasticity via activation of ERK signaling. We have reported recently that the Kv4.2 K channel subunit underlies A-type currents in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and that this channel is modulated by mGlu5-ERK signaling. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that modulation of Kv4.2 by mGlu5 occurs in excitatory spinal dorsal horn neurons. With the use of a transgenic mouse strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the promoter for the -amino butyric acid (GABA)synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), we found that these GABAergic neurons express less Kv4.2-mediated A-type current than non-GAD67-GFP neurons. Furthermore, the mGlu1/5 agonist, (R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, had no modulatory effects on A-type currents or neuronal excitability in this subgroup of GABAergic neurons but robustly modulated A-type currents and neuronal excitability in non-GFP-expressing neurons. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that Kv4.2 was highly colocalized with markers of excitatory neurons, such as vesicular glutamate transporter 1/2, PKC , and neurokinin 1, in cultured dorsal horn neurons. These results indicate that mGlu5-Kv4.2 signaling is associated with excitatory dorsal horn neurons and suggest that the pronociceptive effects of mGlu5 activation in the spinal cord likely involve enhanced excitability of excitatory neurons.
Cognitive Management in an Enduring International Rivalry: The Case of India and Pakistan

Using integrative complexity scoring, the current study addresses how communications by leaders of India and Pakistan have revealed their information processing and decision-making strategies. The hostility between India and Pakistan started with the official creation of the two states and has lasted through more than a half-century. It has been marked by four full-scale wars and almost constant ethnopolitical, terrorist, and guerrilla violence. It is one of the most enduring and bloody binational rivalries of recent decades. Shared aspects of history and culture make the comparisons relatively free of confounding factors. In common with previous findings, complexity scores have shown reliable associations with impending war and with continued peace (or low-intensity conflict). Language: en
Antigen cross‐presentation: extending recent laboratory findings to therapeutic intervention

The initiation of adaptive immune responses requires antigen presentation to lymphocytes. In particular, dendritic cells (DCs) are equipped with specialized machinery that promote effective display of peptide/major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), rendering them the most potent stimulators of naive T lymphocytes. Antigen cross‐presentation to CD8+ T cells is an important mechanism for the development of specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumours and viruses that do not infect antigen‐presenting cells. Here, we review recent findings concerning antigen cross‐presentation to CD8+ T lymphocytes. Specific subtypes of DCs in the mouse have been defined as being especially endowed for antigen cross‐presentation, and a human homologue of these DCs has recently been described. DC vaccination strategies for the prevention and treatment of human diseases have been under investigation in recent years, but have not generally reached satisfying results. We here provide an overview of new findings in antigen cross‐presentation research and how they can be used for development of the next generation of human DC vaccines.
Un estudio sobre las metas académicas en estudiantes universitarios de enfermería

The objective of this study was to understand the main features of the academic goals shown by a sample of students in their second year of studies for the nursing diploma at a private university. The instrument used was the goals questionnaire by Skaalvik (1997). This instrument was validated in the study, and obtained three groups of students based on their adoption of multiple goals. This study provides data that reinforce the four-goal structure (target task, self-enchancing goal, self-defeating goal, and work avoidance goal) set out by Skaalvik in 1997. This study also collects data about the positive correlation between the task and self-enhancing goals, and classifies students according to the goals towards which they are oriented, with an orientation toward the goal orientation task predominating over the others. These results are consistent with vocational aspects that are related to the choice of degrees in health sciences, especially nursing. Finally, suggestions for improvement are offered for intervention in educational practice.
A Distinct Role of the Temporal-Parietal Junction in Predicting Socially Guided Decisions

You Must Be Human Are there specific brain structures associated with social cognition or with aspects of information processing that frequently occur together with social cognition? Carter et al. (p. 109) invited subjects to play a simplified virtual poker game against either a human or a computer and examined brain scans collected during the game. The brains scans when the cards shown were used to predict the participant's decision 6 seconds later. Activity in one region, the temporal-parietal junction, was one of the best predictors of future decisions against a human opponent, but the single worst predictor against a computer opponent. A single region of the brain is particularly engaged when one is beating an opponent at poker. To make adaptive decisions in a social context, humans must identify relevant agents in the environment, infer their underlying strategies and motivations, and predict their upcoming actions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging, in conjunction with combinatorial multivariate pattern analysis, to predict human participants’ subsequent decisions in an incentive-compatible poker game. We found that signals from the temporal-parietal junction provided unique information about the nature of the upcoming decision, and that information was specific to decisions against agents who were both social and relevant for future behavior.
MET Amplification and Exon 14 Splice Site Mutation Define Unique Molecular Subgroups of Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma with Poor Prognosis

Purpose: Activation of MET oncogene as the result of amplification or activation mutation represents an emerging molecular target for cancer treatment. We comprehensively studied MET alterations and the clinicopathologic correlations in a large cohort of treatment-naïve non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Experimental Design: Six hundred eighty-seven NSCLCs were tested for MET exon 14 splicing site mutation (METΔ14), DNA copy number alterations, and protein expression by Sanger sequencing, FISH, and IHC, respectively. Results: METΔ14 mutation was detected in 2.62% (18/687) of NSCLC. The mutation rates were 2.6% in adenocarcinoma, 4.8% in adenosquamous carcinoma, and 31.8% in sarcomatoid carcinoma. METΔ14 mutation was not detected in squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma but significantly enriched in sarcomatoid carcinoma (P < 0.001). METΔ14 occurred mutually exclusively with known driver mutations but tended to coexist with MET amplification or copy number gain (P < 0.001). Low-level MET amplification and polysomy might occur in the background of EGFR or KRAS mutation whereas high-level amplification (MET/CEP7 ratio ≥5) was mutually exclusive to the major driver genes except METΔ14. Oncogenic METΔ14 mutation and/or high-level amplification occurred in a total of 3.3% (23/687) of NSCLC and associated with higher MET protein expression. METΔ14 occurred more frequently in older patients whereas amplification was more common in ever-smokers. Both METΔ14 and high-level amplification were independent prognostic factors that predicted poorer survival by multivariable analysis. Conclusions: The high incidence of METΔ14 mutation in sarcomatoid carcinoma suggested that MET inhibition might benefit this specific subgroup of patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 3048–56. ©2016 AACR. See related commentary by Drilon, p. 2832
Environmental Consciousness

A questionnaire designed to examine levels of environmental consciousness was distributed to a sample of approximately 300 individuals. The results show a high level of concern for environmental issues and a high proportion of the sample describing themselves as environmentalists. The pattern is fairly consistent by sex, age, and ethnic grouping. But closer analysis suggests caution before concluding that there is a high level of environmental consciousness in the United States.
Ray casting using a roped BVH with CUDA

In this paper, we present a real-time ray caster implemented on GPU using CUDA. It uses a BVH augmented with ropes that is traversed with ray packets to speed up performance. We present two algorithms making use of ray packets, packet-warp and packet-block, which set the packet size to a warp and a block, respectively. We also analyze the influence of the packet size and packet shape by testing several configurations. Finally, we compare the time results we have obtained to previous related papers over a batch of usual scenes.
Exploring the “Root Causes” of Terrorism

This article attempts to clarify what is meant by “root causes” and considers if their analysis helps to explain and describe how, where, and why terrorism occurs. In attempting to explore—but not definitively resolve—these challenges, the article will attempt to delineate “root causes” into qualitative and quantitative variables that can be empirically tested in relation to contemporary terrorist activity. In so doing, it considers the relative merits of different methodologies for approaching “root causes. ” The article concludes that indirect and underlying sources of conflict are significant to understanding specific incidents of terrorism and certain categories of terrorism; that “root causes” are less helpful in describing and explaining terrorism as a general phenomenon; and that root causes are of analytical use only in conjunction with precipitant factors.