Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epigastric heteropagus conjoined twins: two case studies and associated DNA analysis

Conjoined twins are rarely observed, but heteropagus conjoined twins occur even less frequently. Heteropagus conjoined twins are asymmetrically conjoined twins, in which one twin is nearly anatomically normal (autosite), and the other twin remains anatomically incomplete (parasite) but physically attached to the autosite. Epigastric heteropagus conjoined twins (EHTs), referring to a parasitic twin who is attached to the epigastrium of the autosite, are extremely rare (1). Due to the rare incidence of EHTs, there are few publications on this subject, which has resulted in a general lack of knowledge among surgeons with respect to how to approach the management of EHTs. Furthermore, EHTs generally manifest as more medically complex situations than typical conjoined twins. Therefore, the etiology, manifestation, and therapeutic outcomes of EHTs remain controversial. In this article, we report two cases of EHTs encountered in our department between May 2007 and October 2007. One EHT case involved a large ventral hernia near the omphalocele, which has not been previously reported. Moreover, DNA analysis of case number 2 suggested a monozygotic origin of the EHTs.
Two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the limits of infinite and vanishing magnetic Prandtl number

Abstract We study both theoretically and numerically two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence at infinite and zero magnetic Prandtl number $\mathit{Pm}$ (and the limits thereof), with an emphasis on solution regularity. For $\mathit{Pm}= 0$ , both $\Vert \omega \Vert ^{2} $ and $\Vert j\Vert ^{2} $ , where $\omega $ and $j$ are, respectively, the vorticity and current, are uniformly bounded. Furthermore, $\Vert \boldsymbol{\nabla} j\Vert ^{2} $ is integrable over $[0, \infty )$ . The uniform boundedness of $\Vert \omega \Vert ^{2} $ implies that in the presence of vanishingly small viscosity $\nu $ (i.e. in the limit $\mathit{Pm}\rightarrow 0$ ), the kinetic energy dissipation rate $\nu \Vert \omega \Vert ^{2} $ vanishes for all times $t$ , including $t= \infty $ . Furthermore, for sufficiently small $\mathit{Pm}$ , this rate decreases linearly with $\mathit{Pm}$ . This linear behaviour of $\nu \Vert \omega \Vert ^{2} $ is investigated and confirmed by high-resolution simulations with $\mathit{Pm}$ in the range $[1/ 64, 1] $ . Several criteria for solution regularity are established and numerically tested. As $\mathit{Pm}$ is decreased from unity, the ratio $\Vert \omega \Vert _{\infty } / \Vert \omega \Vert $ is observed to increase relatively slowly. This, together with the integrability of $\Vert \boldsymbol{\nabla} j\Vert ^{2} $ , suggests global regularity for $\mathit{Pm}= 0$ . When $\mathit{Pm}= \infty $ , global regularity is secured when either $\Vert \boldsymbol{\nabla} \boldsymbol{u}\Vert _{\infty } / \Vert \omega \Vert $ , where $\boldsymbol{u}$ is the fluid velocity, or $\Vert j\Vert _{\infty } / \Vert j\Vert $ is bounded. The former is plausible given the presence of viscous effects for this case. Numerical results over the range $\mathit{Pm}\in [1, 64] $ show that $\Vert \boldsymbol{\nabla} \boldsymbol{u}\Vert _{\infty } / \Vert \omega \Vert $ varies slightly (with similar behaviour for $\Vert j\Vert _{\infty } / \Vert j\Vert $ ), thereby lending strong support for the possibility $\Vert \boldsymbol{\nabla} \boldsymbol{u}\Vert _{\infty } / \Vert \omega \Vert \lt \infty $ in the limit $\mathit{Pm}\rightarrow \infty $ . The peak of the magnetic energy dissipation rate $\mu \Vert j\Vert ^{2} $ is observed to decrease rapidly as $\mathit{Pm}$ is increased. This result suggests the possibility $\Vert j\Vert ^{2} \lt \infty $ in the limit $\mathit{Pm}\rightarrow \infty $ . We discuss further evidence for the boundedness of the ratios $\Vert \omega \Vert _{\infty } / \Vert \omega \Vert $ , $\Vert \boldsymbol{\nabla} \boldsymbol{u}\Vert _{\infty } / \Vert \omega \Vert $ and $\Vert j\Vert _{\infty } / \Vert j\Vert $ in conjunction with observation on the density of filamentary structures in the vorticity, velocity gradient and current fields.
Tracking: From Theory to Practice. Exchange.

The term tracking refers to the practice of assigning students to instructional groups on the basis of ability. Originally, secondary school students were assigned to academic, general, or vocational tracks, with the courses within those tracks designed to prepare students for postsecondary education or careers. More recently, these track categories have been replaced by course levels, with students typically being assigned to advanced, honors, regular, or basic courses. These course levels continue to be referred to as tracks, with the regular and higher-level courses loosely equivalent to the academic track and the basic and lower courses loosely equivalent to the general and vocational tracks. Most secondary and junior high or middle schools track students for English and mathematics, and many schools track for social studies, science, language, and other courses. Tracking is an organizational practice whose aim is to facilitate instruction and to increase learning. The theory of tracking argues that tracking permits teachers to tailor instruction to the ability level of their students. A good fit between a student's ability and the level of instruction is believed to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of the instructional process. Thus, tracking is meant to promote cognitive development; it is not designed to influence or modify students' social or emotional growth. The practice of tracking is currently a topic of intense debate. The concern focuses on two issues pertaining to the effectiveness and equity of tracking. The first is whether tracking is more effective in promoting students' learning than are other methods of grouping. The second is whether all students benefit from tracking to the same degree. The tracking debate is fed by conjectures and assumptions about the way tracking operates and how it affects students. Among these beliefs are that track placement is determined primarily by academic criteria, that tracks are strictly homogeneous with respect to ability, that track assignments tend to be permanent, that tracking has a negative effect on the self-esteem of lowability students, that low-ability students are difficult to teach because they are not highly motivated to learn, and that tracking limits the college options of low-track students.
Software quality classification modeling using the SPRINT decision tree algorithm

Predicting the quality of system modules prior to software testing and operations can benefit the software development team. Such a timely reliability estimation can be used to direct cost-effective quality improvement efforts to the high-risk modules. Tree-based software quality classification models based on software metrics are used to predict whether a software module is fault-prone or not fault-prone. They are white box quality estimation models with good accuracy, and are simple and easy to interpret. This paper presents an in-depth study of calibrating classification trees for software quality estimation using the SPRINT decision tree algorithm. Many classification algorithms have memory limitations including the requirement that data sets be memory resident. SPRINT removes all of these limitations and provides a fast and scalable analysis. It is an extension of a commonly used decision tree algorithm, CART, and provides a unique tree-pruning technique based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle. Combining the MDL pruning technique and the modified classification algorithm, SPRINT yields classification trees with useful prediction accuracy. The case study used comprises of software metrics and fault data collected over four releases from a very large telecommunications system. It is observed that classification trees built by SPRINT are more balanced and demonstrate better stability in comparison to those built by CART.
Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles in Human Germinal Vesicle Before and After Cytoplasmic Transfer From Mature Oocytes in Iranian Infertile Couples

Objective: To evaluate the effect of cytoplasm transfer from mature oocytes to germinal vesicle(GV)s on promoting the maturation of cytoplasm of GV at the mRNA level. Materials and methods: Sixty six in vitro fertilization (IVF) operations between June 2012 and November 2013 were included in this study. Totally 120 GVs were obtained. Normal GVs were categorized into 3 groups (n = 40) randomly: the first comprised oocytes that did not receive the cytoplasm of mature oocytes; the second group comprised oocytes that did not receive the cytoplasm of mature oocytes but were incubated for 24 h; and the third group comprised oocytes that received 10-15% the cytoplasm of mature oocytes and were then incubated for 24 h. Each group was separately analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the expression levels of selected genes were assessed. Results: The expression levels of genes involved in the cytoplasmic maturity, and energy-producing mitochondria were significantly higher in the pooled oocytes of 2nd control group than those of the 1st control and intervention groups (p < 0.001). The genes involved in the meiosis, spindle check point, DNA repairing and cell cycle checkpoint did not have any expression in the 1st and intervention groups; however, these genes were expressed in the 2nd group, significantly. In the 2nd group, the highest expression level was observed for genes involved in the DNA repairing and cell cycle checkpoint. In the intervention group, none of the genes were expressed except for energy-producing mitochondria gene; even in this case, the expression level of this gene in this group of oocytes was significantly lower than that in other groups (p < 0.001). After 24 h meiosis assumption was significantly higher in the third group than in the second group (95% vs. 68%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The cytoplasm transfer technique is not effective in cytoplasmic maturity of the recipient GV oocytes. In contrast, 24-hr in-vitro culture is associated with increased expression of studied genes in GVs.
Is that you? Metric learning approaches for face identification

Face identification is the problem of determining whether two face images depict the same person or not. This is difficult due to variations in scale, pose, lighting, background, expression, hairstyle, and glasses. In this paper we present two methods for learning robust distance measures: (a) a logistic discriminant approach which learns the metric from a set of labelled image pairs (LDML) and (b) a nearest neighbour approach which computes the probability for two images to belong to the same class (MkNN). We evaluate our approaches on the Labeled Faces in the Wild data set, a large and very challenging data set of faces from Yahoo! News. The evaluation protocol for this data set defines a restricted setting, where a fixed set of positive and negative image pairs is given, as well as an unrestricted one, where faces are labelled by their identity. We are the first to present results for the unrestricted setting, and show that our methods benefit from this richer training data, much more so than the current state-of-the-art method. Our results of 79.3% and 87.5% correct for the restricted and unrestricted setting respectively, significantly improve over the current state-of-the-art result of 78.5%. Confidence scores obtained for face identification can be used for many applications e.g. clustering or recognition from a single training example. We show that our learned metrics also improve performance for these tasks.
The P2X7 Receptor Primes IL-1β and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Astrocytes Exposed to Mechanical Strain

Inflammatory responses play a key role in many neural pathologies, with localized signaling from the non-immune cells making critical contributions. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an important component of innate immune signaling and can link neural insult to chronic inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome requires two stages to contribute: priming and activation. The priming stage involves upregulation of inflammasome components while the activation stage results in the assembly and activation of the inflammasome complex. The priming step can be rate limiting and can connect insult to chronic inflammation, but our knowledge of the signals that regulate NLRP3 inflammasome priming in sterile inflammation is limited. This study examined the link between mechanical strain and inflammasome priming in neural systems. Transient non-ischemic elevation of intraocular pressure increased mRNA for inflammasome components IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and CASP1 in rat and mouse retinas. The elevation was greater 1 day after the insult, with the rise in IL-1β most pronounced. The P2X7 receptor was implicated in the mechanosensitive priming of IL-1β mRNA in vivo, as the antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) blocked the increased expression, the agonist BzATP mimicked the pressure-dependent rise in IL-1β, and the rise was absent in P2X7 knockout mice. In vitro measurements from optic nerve head astrocytes demonstrated an increased expression of IL-1β following stretch or swelling. This increase in IL-1β was eliminated by degradation of extracellular ATP with apyrase, or by the block of pannexin hemichannels with carbenoxolone, probenecid, or 10panx1 peptide. The rise in IL-1β expression was also blocked by P2X7 receptor antagonists BBG, A839977 or A740003. The rise in IL-1β was prevented by blocking transcription factor NFκB with Bay 11-7082, while the swelling-dependent fall in NFκB inhibitor IκB-α was reduced by A839977 and in P2X7 knockout mice. In summary, mechanical trauma to the retina primed NLRP3 inflammasome components, but only if there was ATP release through pannexin hemichannels, and autostimulation of the P2X7 receptor. As the P2X7 receptor can also trigger stage two of inflammasome assembly and activation, the P2X7 receptor may have a central role in linking mechanical strain to neuroinflammation.
Please Scroll down for Article Language Acquisition Qr in Child Grammar: Evidence from Antecedent-contained Deletion Article Qr in Child Grammar: Evidence from Antecedent-contained Deletion

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. We show that 4-year-olds assign the correct interpretation to antecedent-contained deletion (ACD) sentences because they have the correct representation of these structures. This representation involves Quantifier Raising (QR) of a Quantificational Noun Phrase (QNP) that must move out of the site of the verb phrase in which it is contained to resolve a case of verb phrase ellipsis. Furthermore, not only do children provide clear justifications for such sentences with ACD, but they treat ACD sentences differently from sentences with coordinated conjunction, a plausible alternative if they lacked QR. The findings have implications for the interpretation of experimental results in which children appear to lack this grammatical operation, and instead point to extragrammatical factors as the source of this pattern.
Relationship between equipment and infrastructure for pandemic influenza and performance in an avian flu drill

Background: Effective preparedness for pandemic influenza necessitates acquisition and maintenance of vital equipment and infrastructure. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the level of hospital preparedness relating to infrastructure and equipment and performance of the hospital in an avian flu drill. Methods: The levels of preparedness of the infrastructure and equipment for pandemic influenza of all 24 general hospitals were evaluated using a tool developed for this purpose. The hospital evaluation scores were then compared with the scores obtained by the hospitals in a simulated avian flu drill. Results: The overall scores of equipment and infrastructure for pandemic influenza of general hospitals ranged from 67% to 100%. Comparison of the overall level of preparedness of equipment and infrastructure for pandemic influenza with the overall scores achieved in the avian flu drill revealed a medium correlation. A medium correlation was also found between stockpiling of medications and performance in the avian flu drill. No correlations were found between operating infrastructure, availability of protective measures and medical forms and performance in the avian flu drill. Conclusions: This study has identified benchmarks of infrastructure and equipment required for managing a pandemic influenza event and evaluating the level of emergency preparedness of the hospital. The significant relationship between maintaining stockpiles of antiviral medications for patients and staff and performance in an avian flu drill emphasises its importance in the process of maintaining emergency preparedness for a pandemic influenza outbreak.
N ARRATOLOGY AND L UDOLOGY : C OMPETING P ARADIGMS OR C OMPLEMENTARY T HEORIES IN S IMULATION

Two philosophical positions have been examined in the literature surrounding simulation and gaming: narratology and ludology. Narratologists are scholars who generally claim simulation and gaming are closely related to narrative – or “stories” – analyzing them through this lens to explain both their inner workings (Frasca, 2003a), and the workings of individual mind (e.g., Bruner, 1960; Schank, 1990). Ludology, in a similarly broad regard, focuses on the interactivity, structure, and play in simulation and gaming (Frasca, 2003a). Ludologists generally contend that the fidelity, immersibility, and “realness” of the experience are more important than narrative elements. Technological innovations in simulation practice have increased the speed at which theories underpinning their study evolve. As researchers come forward to accept the task of developing these theories, differences between two philosophical positions – narratology and ludology – are sparking debate which may indicate a future paradigmatic shift. The article to follow compares and contrasts narratology and ludology within the range of simulation and non-pedagogical gaming, respectively. Divergences between the two holistic meanings are noted, overlap and synergies between the issues surrounding these meanings are discussed, and a fusion of the two is proposed for future theoretical and/or paradigmatic progress. Games
Sociometric Location and Innovativeness: Reformulation and Extension of the Diffusion Model

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Investigating group singing activity with people with dementia and their caregivers: Problems and positive prospects

The current study investigated the results of a 6-week singing program targeted for older individuals with dementia and their caregivers. Participants were from: a) a residential care unit within a retirement village with dementia clients and their site-based professional caregivers (mainly occupational therapists, but some care assistants); and b) a drop-in program organized by a dementia trust for clients living in the community, in which both client and spouse were asked to participate. The program, already tried and tested, had been developed with elderly clients mainly without dementia (see Davidson & Faulkner, 2010) but was modified to suit the new cohort and evaluated using standardized measures of dementia, health, and wellbeing, plus measures designed to examine specific singing program outcomes. In addition, video footage of the sessions and checklists kept by both the singing group facilitator and some of the caregivers were drawn upon for qualitative analysis. Whilst little effect of the singing program was revealed using standard outcome measures, study-specific measures and the qualitative analyses indicated that many participants had positive gains including lucidity and improved social interaction within session, as well as enjoyment, singing engagement, and carry-over memory and recall from one week to the next. Thus, it seems that well-structured singing programs can encourage both caregiver and cared-for participant to develop better communication. The lack of outcomes from the standardized measures indicates that these types of measures are either not sufficiently fine-grained or appropriate to the context of the short-term singing program to account for the changes that are otherwise captured in the qualitative measures.