Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic and Controlled Response Inhibition: Associative Learning in the Go/no-go and Stop-signal Paradigms the Go/no-go Paradigm and the Stop-signal Paradigm

In 5 experiments, the authors examined the development of automatic response inhibition in the go/no-go paradigm and a modified version of the stop-signal paradigm. They hypothesized that automatic response inhibition may develop over practice when stimuli are consistently associated with stopping. All 5 experiments consisted of a training phase and a test phase in which the stimulus mapping was reversed for a subset of the stimuli. Consistent with the automatic-inhibition hypothesis, the authors found that responding in the test phase was slowed when the stimulus had been consistently associated with stopping in the training phase. In addition, they found that response inhibition benefited from consistent stimulus–stop associations. These findings suggest that response inhibition may rely on the retrieval of stimulus–stop associations after practice with consistent stimulus–stop mappings. Stimulus–stop mapping is typically consistent in the go/no-go paradigm, so automatic inhibition is likely to occur. However, stimulus–stop mapping is typically inconsistent in the stop-signal paradigm, so automatic inhibition is unlikely to occur. Thus, the results suggest that the two paradigms are not equivalent because they allow different kinds of response inhibition. Inhibition plays a central role in theorizing about human cog-nition. Inhibition refers to the suppression of thoughts, actions, and emotions and is often regarded as a key component of executive control (e. Researchers have used the concept of inhibition to explain a broad range of phenomena in clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, lifespan development, and individual differences. The role of inhibitory processes in several paradigms is still debated (see e. & Bibi, 2003), but most researchers have agreed that some kind of inhibition is involved in deliberately stopping a prepared motor response (e.hibition supports flexible behavior in a constantly changing environment: When actions are no longer relevant, they can be stopped and possibly replaced by other actions when needed. Two paradigms that are frequently used to study response inhibition are the go/no-go paradigm (Donders, 1868/1969) and the stop-In both paradigms, subjects are instructed to withhold a response when a no-go or stop signal is presented. In the literature, the two paradigms have often been treated as equivalent (e.g., Aron et al., 2004; Nigg, 2000), and researchers have presumed that the same inhibitory processes are responsible for cancelling a response. However , in the present study, we show that this presumption is false and that response inhibition can be achieved through either automatic or controlled processing, depending on the consistency of associations …
The long saga of purification and culture of mouse primordial germ cells

Just twenty years ago I was preparing a research project centred on establishing methods for the isolation and culture of mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs). The project had been suggested to me by Anne McLaren and was to be developed at the Medical Research Council (MRC) "Mammalian Development Unit" in London under the direction of Anne herself. At that time I was a young postdoctoral researcher at the Institute of Histology and Embryology of the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and did not imagine that my decision to be involved in this project would signal a profound switch in my scientific life. From then on my research would mostly concentrate on primordial germ cell biology. I feel like saying that the modern history of mammalian primordial germ cells began twenty years ago at the MRC Mammalian Development Unit under Anne McLaren’s impulse. It is not surprising that among the most active researchers in the last twenty years in studying mammalian primordial germ cells, three, namely Chris Wylie, Peter Donovan and myself, began their studies under Anne McLaren’s guidance. Over the years, Anne’s suggestions and encouragement were always precious for my studies and her presence marked my most important findings on PGC biology. She often invited me to present the results obtained in my laboratory to workshops and congresses. In the present article some of these results particularly influenced by Anne’s teaching and suggestions will be briefly reviewed.
The Inherent Queuing Delay of Parallel Packet Switches

The parallel packet switch (PPS) extends the inverse multiplexing architecture and is widely used as the core of contemporary commercial switches. This paper investigates the inherent queuing delay introduced by the PPS's demultiplexing algorithm, responsible for dispatching cells to the middle-stage switches, relative to an optimal work-conserving switch. We first consider an N times N PPS without buffers in its input ports, operating at external rate R, internal rate r < R, and speedup (or overcapacity) S. We show that the inherent queuing delay of a symmetric and fault-tolerant PPS, where every demultiplexer may dispatch cells to all middle-stage switches, is Omega(N R/r) if no information is shared between the input ports. Sharing information between the input ports significantly reduces this lower bound, even if the information is outdated. These lower bounds indicate that employing algorithms using slightly out-of-date information may greatly improve the PPS performance. When the PPS has buffers in its input ports, an Omega(N/S) lower bound holds if the demultiplexing algorithm uses only local information or the input buffers are small relative to the time an input port needs to learn the switch global information
Fibrous Dysplasia of Skull

Background and Objective:Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a kind of benign but chronically progressive bone lesion. There is a lack of standard therapy for craniofacial FD because situations are protean. This study aimed at analyzing the clinical characteristics of craniofacial FD and suggesting strategies of treatment according to different situations. Patients and Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 81 patients diagnosed as having an FD of the craniofacial region in West China Hospital between 1996 and 2009. The data and follow-up information were collected and analyzed using SPSS 13.0. Results:Patients were between 5 to 71 years old, with an average age of 23.94 years; 61.73% of the patients were female. The sizes of the lesion range from 1.5 × 2 cm to 15 × 10 cm, most commonly affecting the frontal bones. Painless mass was the most common symptom, and vision loss was the most serious result. Of these patients, 86.4% underwent surgical treatment, 65.4% were followed up, and 86.8% did not show sign of recurrence. The bone defect was best restored with titanium mesh in recent years, and the gross cosmetic results of cranial reconstruction were favorable. Conclusions:Fibrous dysplasia of the skull in most cases is preferred to be treated with whole excision and immediate reconstruction with titanium mesh.
Pengaruh Transparansi Dan Akuntabilitas Terhadap Pengumpulan Dana Zakat, Infaq Dan Shodaqoh Pada Laz Di Surabaya

Abstract Potential acceptance of zakat in Indonesia is very large, considering Indonesia is a country with the largest Muslim population in the world. Potential new revenue forecast comes from the charity, not including potential revenues derived from infaq and shodaqoh and endowments. Zakat earnings potential is still far from reality receiving alms, infaq and shodaqoh, acceptance of zakat in Indonesia in 2009 amounted to Rp. 250 billion or just 0.13% of the existing potential of zakat. Zakat also serves as worship that bridges the rich and the poor in order to avoid extreme disparities. In the Qur'an itself there are 27 verses that align with the obligation of zakat obligations prayer. This study uses quantitative methods by taking the population is the Muzakki the zakat funds, infaq and shodaqoh through the Amil Zakat Foundation (LAZ) in Surabaya while the sample used is the Muzakki from 5 LAZ raised in Surabaya by 75 respondents. Using Multiple Regression analysis with SPSS. The results showed that there is a positive correlation or there is the influence of sermons and the mandate of charity fundraising, and shodaqoh infaq on LAZ in Surabaya.
Severe visceral leishmaniasis in children: the relationship between cytokine patterns and clinical features.

INTRODUCTION The relationship between severe clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and immune response profiles has not yet been clarified, despite numerous studies on the subject. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cytokine profiles and the presence of immunological markers associated with clinical manifestations and, particularly, signs of severity, as defined in a protocol drafted by the Ministry of Health (Brazil). METHODS We conducted a prospective, descriptive study between May 2008 and December 2009. This study was based on an assessment of all pediatric patients with VL who were observed in a reference hospital in Maranhão. RESULTS Among 27 children, 55.5% presented with more than one sign of severity or warning sign. Patients without signs of severity or warning signs and patients with only one warning sign had the highest interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels, although their interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels were also elevated. In contrast, patients with the features of severe disease had the lowest IFN-γ levels. Three patients who presented with more than two signs of severe disease died; these patients had undetectable interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IFN-γ levels and low IL-10 levels, which varied between 0 and 36.8pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that disease severity was associated with low IFN-γ levels and elevated IL-10 levels. However, further studies with larger samples are needed to better characterize the relationship between disease severity and cytokine levels, with the aim of identifying immunological markers of active-disease severity.
The Incidence and Prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in New York County (Manhattan), New York: The Manhattan Lupus Surveillance Program

The Manhattan Lupus Surveillance Program (MLSP) is a population‐based registry designed to determine the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 2007 and the incidence from 2007 to 2009 among residents of New York County (Manhattan), New York, and to characterize cases by race/ethnicity, including Asians and Hispanics, for whom data are lacking.
Acute multiple sclerosis (marburg type) is associated with developmentally immature myelin basic protein

We have studied a case of acute, fulminating multiple sclerosis (MS) (Marburg type) at the pathological and biochemical levels. Postmortem examination of the brain revealed extensive areas of gross rarefaction in the hemispheric white matter. Histologically, well‐demarcated areas of demyelination with a large influx of macrophages and a subtle perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes were seen with relative preservation of the axis cylinders. Myelin basic protein (MBP) was isolated and purifed from noninvolved white matter. It was slightly larger in molecular weight than MBP from normal brain or from chronic MS brain. The increase in mass was accounted for, in part, by the deimination of 18 of 19 arginyl residues to citrulline, making the patient's MBP much less cationic than MBP from normal white matter. When expressed as the ratio of least cationic form of MBP to the most cationic (C‐8/C‐1), the normal ratio was 0.82, chronic MS 2.5, and the patient in this study 6.7. Because the ratio of 6.7 was similar to 7.5 found for a 15‐month‐old infant, MBP was considered to be of the immature form. The data are consistent with a genetic factor influencing the charge microheterogeneity of MBP. The resulting less cationic MBP cannot carry out its normal function of compacting multilayers.
Developmental Changes in Sensory-Evoked Optical Intrinsic Signals in the Rat Barrel Cortex

Optical Intrinsic Signal imaging (OISi) is a powerful technique for optical brain studies. OIS mainly reflects the hemodynamic response (HR) and metabolism, but it may also involve changes in tissue light scattering (LS) caused by transient cellular swelling in the active tissue. Here, we explored the developmental features of sensory-evoked OIS in the rat barrel cortex during the first 3 months after birth. Multispectral OISi revealed that two temporally distinct components contribute to the neonatal OIS: an early phase of LS followed by a late phase of HR. The contribution of LS to the early response was also evidenced by an increase in light transmission through the active barrel. The early OIS phase correlated in time and amplitude with the sensory-evoked electrophysiological response. Application of the Modified Beer-Lambert Law (MBLL) to the OIS data revealed that HR during the early phase involved only a slight decrease in blood oxygenation without any change in blood volume. In contrast, HR during the late phase manifested an adult-like increase in blood volume and oxygenation. During development, the peak time of the delayed HR progressively shortened with age, nearly reaching the stimulus onset and overlapping with the early LS phase by the fourth postnatal week. Thus, LS contributes to the sensory-evoked OIS in the barrel cortex of rats at all ages, and it dominates the early OIS phase in neonatal rats due to delayed HR. Our results are also consistent with the delayed blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in human preterm infants.
Physiological Tooth Migration and its Significance for the Development of Occlusion

HE "accessional dentition"* makes its appearance with the eruption of the first permanent molars which are guided into position by the distal surfaces of the second deciduous molars (terminal plane). When the distal surface of the mandibular molar is mesial to that of the maxillary, thereby forming a terminal plane with a mesial step, no adjusting mechanism is necessary to assure eruption of the first permanent molars into proper cuspal interdigitation (Fig. 1, A). If the terminal plane remains perpendicular, an end-to-end relationship of the first permanent molars may result (Fig. 1, B). Three theories have been proposed to explain the ocelusal adjustment of the deciduous arches from the straight terminal plane into a mesial step: A. A mesial forward adjustment of the mandible in its fossa may occur during the period of the deciduous dentition as described by Korkhaus,4 and Gottlieb and Orban.3 If the mandible or the lower dental arch move forward, this must result in increased sagittal measurements between distal surface of the lower deciduous canine to the distal of the upper one. In order to determine whether such a movement takes place, this distance between the distal surfaces of the opposing deciduous canines was measured seriatim on plaster reproductions before and after eruption of the permanent first molars. B. The possibility of a forward migration of the lower teeth during the period of the deciduous dentition was suggested by Zielinsky14 and others.2' 6, 8 The observations made in the previous paper of this series1 showed that the terminal plane remained constant throughout the period of the deciduous dentition. It was therefore necessary to investigate whether such a change in the terminal plane takes place after eruption of the first permanent molars or not. C. A mesial tipping of the lower first permanent molars after shedding of the lower second deciduous molars may take place as described by Kantorowicz,5 Strang,1" and recently reviewed by Speidel.10 In order to demonstrate any probable movements of the posterior teeth in the upper or lower arches the distance from the distal of the second deciduous molar to the distal of the deciduous canine was measured before and after eruption of the permanent molars.
Quantitative Genetic Analysis of the Retinal Vascular Caliber: The Australian Twins Eye Study

Research into the genetic effects and specific genes associated with retinal vascular caliber, a risk marker of cardiovascular diseases, may provide new insights into the genetic contribution of early microvascular disease. A combined 374 monozygotic and 536 dizygotic twin pairs and 322 siblings from the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania and the Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study underwent complete ophthalmic examinations, including retinal photography, and bilateral retinal vascular caliber was measured. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the heritability. Genome-wide linkage analysis was conducted on 836 individuals from 381 Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study families, with adjustments for age, sex, and other covariates. The heritabilities for the retinal arteriolar caliber were 59.4% (95% CI: 53.2% to 64.7%) and 56.5% (95% CI: 50.1% to 61.9%) in the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania and the Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study, respectively, and for venular caliber they were 61.7% (95% CI: 55.6% to 67.0%) and 64.2% (95% CI: 58.7% to 68.8%), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index. Two multipoint peaks detected on chromosomes 3p12.3 and 8p23.1 for retinal arteriolar caliber had suggestive linkage, with the highest multipoint peak logarithm of odds score of 2.24 on chromosome 8p23.1 (genome-wide P=7.0×10−4). Two suggestive logarithm of odds scores for venular caliber were identified on chromosomes 2p14 and 9q21.13. The largest multipoint logarithm of odds score was 2.69 on chromosome 2p14 (genome-wide P=2.0×10−4). In this large twin population, genetic factors appear to play a significant role in the variation of retinal vascular caliber. Several putative loci were identified for the retinal vascular caliber.
Three New Cembranoids from the Taiwanese Soft Coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi

In order to search for new bioactive substances from marine organisms, we have investigated the acetone extracts of the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi collected at San-Hsian-Tai, Taitong County, Taiwan. Chromatographic fractionation of the extracts of the octocoral S. ehrenbergi led to the isolation of three new cembranoids, (+)-12-ethoxycarbonyl-11Z-sarcophine (1), ehrenbergol A and B (2 and 3). The structures of these isolated metabolites were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, metabolites 1–3 were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity towards selected cancer cell lines and antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV).
Sunflower, soybean, and grain sorghum crop production as affected by dripline depth.

A 5-year field study (2004-2008) using irrigation water from an unlined surface reservoir was conducted to examine the effect of dripline depth (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, or 0.6 m) on subsurface drip-irrigated rotational crop production of sunflower, soybean, and grain sorghum on a deep silt loam soil in western Kansas. Additional years (1999-2003) of data were included in the analysis of long-term dripline flowrates as affected by dripline depth. Crop seed germination and plant establishment with the subsurface drip irrigation system was not examined in this field study. There were no significant differences in crop yields or yield components in any year of the study with the exception of the number of soybean pods/plant in 2007. In that year, the number of pods/plant was significantly greater for the deeper dripline depths, but this improvement was not reflected in significantly greater soybean yield due to compensation from the other yield components. Measured crop water use and calculated water productivity (yield/water use) also were not significantly affected by dripline depth for any crop in any year. Crop water use varied less than 4% and water productivity varied less than 8% with dripline depth from the mean values for a given crop within a given year, but water productivity tended to be greater for the intermediate 0.4 m dripline depth. There was a tendency for the deeper dripline depths to have greater amounts of plant available soil water and this tendency was stronger as the crop season progressed and for deeper portions of the crop root zone. However, there were neither significant differences in plant available soil water in the upper (0 to 0.9 m) and lower root zones (0.9 to 2.4 m) at physiological maturity of the crop in any year, nor in the total 2.4 m soil profile. The lack of significant differences in crop yields, water use, water productivity and plant available soil water at physiological maturity suggests that dripline depths ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 m are acceptable for crop production of these three crops on the silt loam soils of the region. Measurements of plot dripline flowrates during the period 1999 through 2008 indicated a tendency for deeper driplines to have reduced flowrates and these flowrate reductions were statistically significant in 2001, 2006, 2007, and 2008. Although the reason for these plot flowrate reductions cannot be fully ascertained, it seems likely they were caused by emitter clogging related to an interaction between dripline depth and irrigation water quality for which the rationale was not determined.
The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Gene hesr2 Promotes Gliogenesis in Mouse Retina

Members of a subclass of hairy/Enhancer of split [E(spl)] homologs, calledhesr genes, are structurally related to another subclass of hairy/E(spl) homologs,Hes genes, which play an important role in neural development. To characterize the roles of hesr genes in neural development, we used the retina as a model system. In situ hybridization analysis indicated that allhesr genes are expressed in the developing retina, but only hesr2 expression is associated spatially with gliogenesis. Each member was then misexpressed with retrovirus in the retinal explant cultures prepared from mouse embryos or neonates, which well mimic in vivo retinal development. Interestingly,hesr2 but not hesr1 orhesr3 promoted gliogenesis while inhibiting rod genesis without affecting cell proliferation or death, suggesting that the cells that normally differentiate into rods adopted the glial fate by misexpression of hesr2. The gliogenic activity ofhesr2 was more profound when it was misexpressed postnatally than prenatally. In addition, double mutation of the neuronal determination genes Mash1 andMath3, which increases Müller glia at the expense of bipolar cells, upregulated hesr2 expression. These results indicate that, among structurally related hesrgenes, only hesr2 promotes glial versus neuronal cell fate specification in the retina and that antagonistic regulation between hesr2 and Mash1–Math3 may determine the ratios of neurons and glia.
Emulating DNA: Rigorous Quantification of Evidential Weight in Transparent and Testable Forensic Speaker Recognition

Forensic DNA profiling is acknowledged as the model for a scientifically defensible approach in forensic identification science, as it meets the most stringent court admissibility requirements demanding transparency in scientific evaluation of evidence and testability of systems and protocols. In this paper, we propose a unified approach to forensic speaker recognition (FSR) oriented to fulfil these admissibility requirements within a framework which is transparent, testable, and understandable, both for scientists and fact-finders. We show how the evaluation of DNA evidence, which is based on a probabilistic similarity-typicality metric in the form of likelihood ratios (LR), can also be generalized to continuous LR estimation, thus providing a common framework for phonetic-linguistic methods and automatic systems. We highlight the importance of calibration, and we exemplify with LRs from diphthongal F-pattern, and LRs in NIST-SRE06 tasks. The application of the proposed approach in daily casework remains a sensitive issue, and special caution is enjoined. Our objective is to show how traditional and automatic FSR methodologies can be transparent and testable, but simultaneously remain conscious of the present limitations. We conclude with a discussion on the combined use of traditional and automatic approaches and current challenges for the admissibility of speech evidence.