Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of ID3/C4.5 Decision tree and Multilayer Perceptron Algorithms for the Prediction of Typhoid Fever

Data mining is an essential phase in knowledge discovery in database which is actually used to extract hidden patterns from large databases. Data mining concepts and methods can be applied in various fields like marketing, medicine, real estate, customer relationship management, engineering, web mining, etc. The main objective of this paper is to compare the performance accuracy of Multilayer perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network and ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3), C4.5 (also known as J48) Decision Trees algorithms Weka data mining software in predicting Typhoid fever. The data used is the patient’s dataset collected from a well known Nigerian Hospital. ID3, C4.5 Decision tree and MLP Artificial Neural Network WEKA Data mining software was used for the implementation. The data collected were transformed in a form that is acceptable to the data mining software and it was splitted into two sets: The training dataset and the testing dataset so that it can be imported into the system. The training set was used to enable the system to observe relationships between input data and the resulting outcomes in order to perform the prediction. The testing dataset contains data used to test the performance of the model. This model can be used by medical experts both in the private and public hospitals to make more timely and consistent diagnosis of typhoid fever cases which will reduce death rate in our country. The MLP ANN model exhibits good performance in the prediction of typhoid fever disease in general because of the low values generated in the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Relative Absolute Error (RAE) error performance measures.
Equilibrium Notions and Framing Effects

Experimental economics has repeatedly demonstrated that the Nash equilibrium makes inaccurate predictions for a vast set of games. Instead, several alternative theoretical concepts predict behavior that is much more in tune with observed data, with the quantal response equilibrium as the most prominent example. However, here we show that this equilibrium notion itself, like any other concept that varies smoothly with the payoffs, is necessarily subject to framing effects: If the same economic problem is represented in a different but equivalent way, the predicted results will differ. As a consequence, we argue that tools and methods that are successful in explaining human behavior in laboratory experiments may be unsuitable for doing theory.
Inflammatory burden interacts with conventional cardiovascular risk factors for carotid plaque formation in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE Patients with RA have an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular (CV) diseases compared with the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of inflammatory burden in the formation of carotid plaques in patients with RA. METHODS We performed carotid artery US to measure the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaques in 406 patients with RA and 209 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. To assess the inflammatory burden, the area under the curve (AUC) of ESR over time was calculated. RESULTS The carotid plaque frequency and mean IMT were significantly increased in patients with RA relative to controls. After adjustment for age and gender, the presence of carotid plaques in patients with RA was associated with HAQ score, tender joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC), 28-joint DAS, ESR, CRP, LEF use, current corticosteroid dose and the number of conventional CV risk factors. After multivariate regression analysis, the factors significantly associated with plaque formation were TJC (P = 0.002), ESR (P = 0.002) and the number of conventional CV risk factors (P = 0.041). Among 194 RA patients with ESR AUC data, the presence of carotid plaque was independently associated with both the ESR AUC and number of conventional CV risk factors, which showed a synergistic interaction. CONCLUSION Cumulative inflammatory burden contributes to the development of carotid atherosclerosis through a synergistic interaction with conventional CV risk factors in patients with RA.
In Dubio, pro CES: technical progress specification and the elasticity of substitution

Capital-labor substitution and total factor productivity (TFP) estimates are essential features of growth and income distribution models. We show that the estimation of the elasticity of substitution can be substantially biased if the form of technical progress is misspecified. For plausible parameter values, when factor shares are relatively constant, there is an inherent bias towards the Cobb-Douglas case. The implied estimates of TFP growth also yield significantly different results depending on the specification of technical progress. A CES function is then estimated within a normalized system approach for the US economy for the 1960:1–2004:4 period. Our results show that the estimated substitution elasticity tends to be substantially lower using a factor augmenting specification and it is well below one. We are able to reject Hicks-, Harrodand Solow-neutral specifications in favor of a more general factor augmenting one. The model is able to capture the acceleration of TFP growth throughout the 1990s. JEL Classification: C22, E23, O30, 051.
La prime de risque dans un cadre international : le risque de change est-il apprécié ?

In this article, we investigate whether exchange rate risk is priced. We use a multivariate GARCH-in-Mean specification and test alternative conditional international CAPM versions. Our results support strongly the international asset-pricing model that includes exchange rate risk for both developed and emerging stock markets. However, there are important time and cross-country variations in the relative size and dynamics of different risk premia.
Localized patterns in the quintic generalized Swift-Hohenberg Cellular Neural Network

The Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) are very efficient in many tasks for image processing [1]-[2]. Particularly, they are useful for the study of the temporal dynamics in several differential partial equations and in the formation of patterns [4]-[9]. In this paper we describe the Swift-Hohenberg CNN and report some localized patterns obtained with numerical simulations of the generalized Swift-Hohenberg CNN of fifth degree.
Human Rights NGOs in East Africa: Political and Normative Tensions

Introduction -Makau Mutua PART I. DEFINING CHALLENGES TO CIVIL SOCIETY IN EAST AFRICA Chapter 1. Human Rights NGOs in East Africa: Defining the Challenges -Makau Mutua Chapter 2. To Whom, for What, and About What? The Legitimacy of Human Rights NGOs in Kenya -Betty K. Murungi PART II. INTERROGATING NGO MANDATES: GENDER, SEXUALITY, AND ESC RIGHTS Chapter 3. Law, Sexuality, and Politics in Uganda: Challenges for Women's Human Rights NGOs -Sylvia Tamale Chapter 4. NGO Struggles for Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in UTAKE: A Ugandan Perspective -Joe Oloka-Onyango Chapter 5. Feminist Masculinity: Advocacy for Gender Equality and Equity -Willy Mutunga Chapter 6. Women's Advocacy: Engendering and Reconstituting the Kenyan State -Jacinta K. Muteshi PART III: DONORS AND GRANTEES: CONVERGENCES AND DIVERGENCES Chapter 7. Donors and Human Rights NGOs in East Africa: Challenges and Opportunities -Connie Ngondi-Houghton Chapter 8. Contradictions in Neoliberalism: Donors, Human Rights NGOs, and Governance in Kenya -Karuti Kanyinga PART IV STATE/CIVIL SOCIETY RELATIONS Chapter 9. State and Civil Society Relations: Constructing Human Rights Groups for Social Change -Livingstone Sewanyana Chapter 10. Governance and Democracy in Kenya: Challenges for Human Rights NGOs -J. Wanjiku Miano PART V. NGO INSTITUTIONAL CASE STUDIES Chapter 11. The African Women's Development and Communication Network: Pan-African Organizing in Human Rights -L. Muthoni Wanyeki Chapter 12. Social Transformation in Uganda: A Study of Grassroots NGOs -Dani W. Nabudere PART VI. SOUTH/SOUTH AND SOUTH/NORTH NGO RELATIONS Chapter 13. The Death Penalty in East Africa: Law and Transnational Advocacy -Margaret A. Burnham Chapter 14. Democracy Organizations in Political Transitions: IDASA and the New South Africa -Shaila Gupta and Alycia Kellman Conclusion: Coming of Age: NGOs and State Accountability in East Africa -Chris Maina Peter Notes List of Contributors Index Acknowledgments
From the kitchen to the parlor : language and becoming in African American women's hair care

When is hair "just hair" and when is it not "just hair"? Documenting the politics of African American women's hair, this multi-sited linguistic ethnography explores everyday interaction in beauty parlors, Internet discussions, comedy clubs, and other contexts to illuminate how and why hair matters in African American women's day-to-day experiences.
Title of paper : eLEN — eLearning Exchange Networks : reaching out to effective bilingual and multicultural University collaboration

In 2004 the Language Sciences department of Montpellier 3 University, introduced a new Masters degree in “Knowledge Management, Learning and eLearning” (www.univmontp3.fr/metice/_masterprogaf/), the first year of which is delivered both face-to-face and online, and the second entirely online. In previous research (Marsh & Panckhurst, 2006), an analysis of questionnaire responses from learners and teaching staff on the programme provided important insights into the learning needs specific to this group of learners, namely postgraduate students who require a flexible programme of learning which responds to both the individual professional needs as well as the collective needs of the group. A direct consequence of this research led to a pilot study being conducted by the authors in May 2007 to explore the opportunities for a more flexible learner-centred approach through the provision of an online social network. A private community eLEN (eLearning Exchange Network) was set up using Ning (www.ning.com) to provide virtual space within a social network environment. Two groups of learners were invited into this network: French students following the Master’s degree in “Knowledge Management, Learning and eLearning” and students following the online Master’s of Education in eLearning (www.hull.ac.uk/ces/courses/MEdineLearning.html) delivered by the University of Hull in the UK. This paper will discuss the benefits of eLEN within the context of professional development, provide an analysis of the online interaction between the learners and identify key criteria to promote effective learning through international bilingual social networks.
An Investigation into the Reachability of Radio Frequency Identification Technologies in Adverse Conditions

The use of location tracking technology can be applied to industry to improve many areas such as security, safety and the supply chain. The main reason that location tracking systems have not be applied across many applications is due to the number of limitations that restrict the technology. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is mainly used in close proximity identification such as entering a building using an RFID enabled swipe card. The technology uses readers and tags to communicate data. Active RFID and passive RFID tags can be used for tracking goods or people within indoor or outdoor environments. The accuracy varies with each system and there are many factors which influence the accuracy such as electromagnetic interference. This paper investigates the accuracy of one RFID indoor tracking system. We develop a location tracking system for the Northern Ireland fire service to test the RFID tracking in a real world scenario.
Word Formation in Computational Linguistics

Where does word formation information play a role in computational linguistics? Think of information retrieval where the parts of a word might contain the important information. If we want to find information in German on relaxation techniques, we need to look for the verb entspannen 'to relax' as well as for the derived noun Entspannung 'relaxation' and compounds containing Entspannung, such as Entspannungsantwort 'relaxation response', Tiefenentspannung 'deep relaxation' or Entspannungsübung 'relaxation exercise' etc. Another example are Text-To-Speech systems where the structure of a word can tell us where the stress goes. Consider English words containing so-called neoclassical affixes (affixes of Latin or Greek etymology). Some of these affixes, such as –ation influence the stress of a word: re'lax vs. relax'ation. Even such seemingly 'basic' components as part-of-speech taggers can (and often do) use word formation information, if only as heuristics. If a tagger encounters an unknown English word ending in the letters <ous>, for example, it can guess that this must be an adjective. Word formation information is thus important for many computational linguistics applications. But why do we need a word formation component? There are large machine-readable lexicons available today. Why can't we just use these? First, we have to distinguish between computational linguistic applications (by application we mean 'higher' systems like machine translation systems, text understanding systems etc. that include a number of components) that deal with a fixed text/set of texts (which can, of course, work with a finite lexicon) and applications that deal with unseen text. These applications make use of basic components such as taggers, lemmatizers / stemmers, parsers etc. Often these components (and accordingly the application) – no matter
upply chain sustainability assessment of the U . S . food manufacturing ectors : A life cycle-based frontier approach

Due to the fact that food manufacturing is one of the major drivers of the global environmental issues, there is a strong need to focus on sustainable manufacturing toward achieving long-term sustainability goals in food production of the United States. In this regard, current study assessed the direct and indirect environmental footprint of 33 U.S. food manufacturing sectors by using the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) model. Then, a non-parametric mathematical optimization tool, namely Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), is utilized to benchmark the sustainability performance of food manufacturing sectors by using the results of the EIO-LCA model. Next, sustainability performance indices (SPIs), rankings, target improvements, and sensitivity of environmental impact indicators are presented. The average SPI score of U.S. food manufacturing sectors is found as 0.76. In addition, 19 out of 33 food sectors are found as inefficient where an average of 45–71% reduction is indicated for various environustainability mental impact categories. Analysis results also indicate that supply chains of food manufacturing sectors are heavily responsible for the impacts with over 80% shares for energy, water and carbon footprint, fishery and grazing categories. Especially, animal (except poultry) slaughtering, rendering and processing sector is found as the most dominant sector in most of the impact categories (ranked as 2nd in fishery and forest land). Sensitivity analysis indicated that forest land footprint is found to be the most sensitive environmental indicator on the overall sustainability performance of food manufacturing sectors.
Detection of multiple cracks in beams using particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network

This paper presents a new procedure for identification of multiple cracks in beam. Natural frequency is frequently used as a parameter for detection of cracks in the structures. The process of crack identification in presented procedure is consists of four stages. In first stage, three natural frequencies of a cantilever beam for different locations and depths of cracks were obtained using Finite Element Method (FEM). Assumed beam of this study include two cracks. In second stage, four Multi Layer Feed Forward (MLFF) neural networks were created. In third stage, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method was used to training the neural networks. The inputs of neural networks were first three natural frequencies. The outputs of first and second neural networks were corresponding locations of first and second cracks, and the outputs of third and forth neural networks were corresponding depths of first and second cracks, respectively. In forth stage, some of natural frequencies of beam with distinct crack conditions as inputs applied to trained neural networks. Finally the calculated results showed that cracks characteristics were in good agreements with actual data.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Parameters during Meditation with Mental Targeting in Varsity Swimmers

Introduction. Athletes who develop an immunosuppressed state because of intensive training get upper respiratory infections (URIs) and may respond to meditation. Reflective exercise (RE), a westernized form of Qigong, combines meditation, breathing, and targeted mental attention to an internal pulsatile sensation, previously shown to protect varsity swimmers from URIs during the height of training. We report here the evaluation of cardiovascular parameters measured during meditation combined with targeted imagery (interoception) in a cohort of varsity swimmers taught RE. Methods. Thirteen subjects were enrolled on a prospective protocol that used the CareTaker, a noninvasive cardiovascular monitor before, during, and after RE training. Questionnaires regarding targeted mental imagery focusing on a pulsatile sensation were collected. The cardiovascular parameters include heart rate, blood pressure, and heart rate variability (HRV). Results. Increased variance in the subjects' BP and HRV was observed over the training period of 8 weeks. In nine subjects there was an increased low frequency (LF) HRV that was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the subject's awareness of the pulsatile sensation that makes up a basic part of the RE practice. Summary. These data support further evaluation of HRV measurements in subjects while meditating with mental imagery. This direction could contribute to better understanding of neurocardiac mechanisms that relate meditation to enhanced immunity.
What are Cities Worth? Land Rents, Local Productivity, and the Capitalization of Amenity Values

This article examines and quantifies the relationship between local amenities and prices in an equilibrium model, demonstrating the role of non-traded goods and federal taxes. I derive formulae using factor shares to infer local land rents, productivity, and the total value of amenities from wage and housing-cost data, applying them to U.S. metropolitan areas. The formulae address how “wage multipliers,” heterogeneity in non-traded firm productivity, and tax-driven amenity value expropriation affect price capitalization. Wage and housing-cost variations across metros are driven more by productivity than quality-of-life differences. The most productive and valuable cities are typically coastal, sunny, mild, educated and large.
Deciding Who Works Where - An Analysis of the Distribution of Work within Native and Immigrant Families in Australia

The paper examines whether there is an asymmetry in the distribution of market work and domestic work within families in Australia, and to what extent differences in earnings capacities of spouses can account for the division of labor. Using a Blinder-Oaxaca Tobit-type decomposition, we find that the difference in earnings capacities of Australian couples could explain about 30 and 20 percent of the observed disparities in spousal time allocation in market and domestic work, respectively. Most of the work gaps, however, appear to be accounted for by the differences in labor supply behaviors of partners rather than by the differences in earnings capacities. We further observe that the differences in wages are more relevant for immigrant families originating from non-English speaking countries. Convergence of gender wages would produce the greatest reduction in spousal specialization for this particular group. Given that immigrant women from non-English speaking background have high levels of formal qualifications, our results could assert the significance of improving the returns to human capital attributes of these immigrant women in reducing the imbalance in spousal work distribution.
Some Tests of Alternative Accessibility Measures: A Population Density Approach

This paper presents nine alternative accessibility measures and evaluates their usefulness in explaining population distribution. It first evaluates these measures by using the criterion of maximum explanatory power in standard regression analysis. It then performs non-nested tests on these nine measures. The paper concludes that gravity-type accessibility measures generally perform better than other measures. The most commonly used measure, size of opportunity weighted by the reciprocal of distance, is not statistically surpassed by any other measures. Cumulative opportunity within the average commuting distance and the distance to the central business district are the poorest accessibility measures.
GALAXY COUNTS AT 24 μm IN THE SWIRE FIELDS

This paper presents galaxy source counts at 24 μm in the six Spitzer Wide-field InfraRed Extragalactic (SWIRE) fields. The source counts are compared to counts in other fields, and to model predictions that have been updated since the launch of Spitzer. This analysis confirms a very steep rise in the Euclidean-normalized differential number counts between 2 mJy and 0.3 mJy. Variations in the counts between fields show the effects of sample variance in the flux range of 0.5–10 mJy, up to 100% larger than Poisson errors. Nonetheless, a “shoulder” in the normalized counts persists at around 3 mJy. The peak of the normalized counts at 0.3 mJy is higher and narrower than most models predict. In the ELAIS N1 field, the 24 μm data are combined with Spitzer–IRAC data and five-band optical imaging, and these band-merged data are fit with photometric redshift templates. Above 1 mJy the counts are dominated by galaxies at z < 0.3. By 300 μJy, about 25% are between z ∼ 0.3 and 0.8, and a significant fraction are at z ∼ 1.3–2. At low redshifts the counts are dominated by spirals, and starbursts rise in number density to outnumber the spirals' contribution to the counts below 1 mJy.
Asymmetric Adjustment Costs in Non-linear Labour Demand Models for the Netherlands and U.K. Manufacturing Sectors.

The costs of hiring a worker generally differ in size from the firing costs. This article investigates optimal labour demand schedules for production and nonproduction workers of firms that operate under uncertainty and face asymmetric costs of adjusting their workforce. In the empirical part generalised methods of moments (GMM) estimates of the structural parameters of the Euler conditions for production and nonproduction workers are presented, together with specification and structural stability tests, using time series data of the Netherlands and UK manufacturing sectors. We find that asymmetric adjustment costs play an important role in the explanation of unbalanced labour demand between upward and downward movements of the business cycle. Moreover, hiring costs exceed firing costs of production workers, whereas firing costs exceed hiring costs of nonproduction workers.
Illiquidity, Consumer Durable Expenditure, and Monetary Policy

In the literature on consumer durable expenditure, monetary policy has a major impact either through interest rate or liquid asset (real balance) effects. The theoretical justification for the inclusion of liquid assets as an important determinant of consumer durable expenditures is not particularly strong, and results with this variable have been mixed. Yet, even though there is a solid theoretical basis for monetary policy effects through interest rates, empirical econometric work has rarely found these effects to be substantial. One possible conclusion from research