Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy and Water Flux during Terrestrial Estivation and Overland Movement in a Freshwater Turtle

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method for studying energy and water balance in field‐active animals is not feasible for freshwater animals during aquatic activities, but several species of nominally aquatic reptiles leave wetlands for several critical and extended behaviors, where they face challenges to their energy and water balance. Using DLW, we studied energy and water relations during terrestrial estivation and movements in the eastern long‐necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis), a species that inhabits temporary wetlands in southeastern Australia. Water efflux rates of 14.3–19.3 mL (kg d)−1 during estivation were nearly offset by influx, indicating that turtles did not maintain water balance while terrestrial, though dehydration was slow. Estivation energy expenditure declined over time to 20.0–24.6 kJ (kg d)−1 but did not indicate substantial physiological specializations. Energy reserves are predicted to limit survival in estivation to an estimated 49–261 d (depending on body fat), which is in close agreement with observed bouts of natural estivation in this population. The energy cost and water flux rates associated with overland movement behavior ranged from 46 to 99 kJ (kg d)−1 and from 21.6 to 40.6 mL (kg d)−1, respectively, for turtles moving 23–34 m d−1. When a wetland dries, a turtle that forgoes movement to other wetlands can save sufficient energy to fuel up to 134 d in estivation. The increasing time in estivation with travel distance gained in this energy “trade‐off” fits our previous observations that more turtles estivate when longer distances must be traveled to the nearest permanent lake, whereas emigration is nearly universal when only short distances must be traversed. The DLW method shows promise for addressing questions regarding the behavioral ecology and physiology of freshwater turtles in terrestrial situations, though validation studies are needed.
You Are Who You Know and How You Behave: Attribute Inference Attacks via Users' Social Friends and Behaviors

We propose new privacy attacks to infer attributes (e.g., locations, occupations, and interests) of online social network users. Our attacks leverage seemingly innocent user information that is publicly available in online social networks to infer missing attributes of targeted users. Given the increasing availability of (seemingly innocent) user information online, our results have serious implications for Internet privacy -- private attributes can be inferred from users' publicly available data unless we take steps to protect users from such inference attacks. To infer attributes of a targeted user, existing inference attacks leverage either the user's publicly available social friends or the user's behavioral records (e.g., the webpages that the user has liked on Facebook, the apps that the user has reviewed on Google Play), but not both. As we will show, such inference attacks achieve limited success rates. However, the problem becomes qualitatively different if we consider both social friends and behavioral records. To address this challenge, we develop a novel model to integrate social friends and behavioral records and design new attacks based on our model. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of our attacks. For instance, we observe that, in a real-world large-scale dataset with 1.1 million users, our attack can correctly infer the cities a user lived in for 57% of the users, via confidence estimation, we are able to increase the attack success rate to over 90% if the attacker selectively attacks a half of the users. Moreover, we show that our attack can correctly infer attributes for significantly more users than previous attacks.
Next-generation micromanipulator for computer-assisted laser phonomicrosurgery

This paper describes a new motorized laser micromanipulator created for computer-assisted laser laryngeal microsurgeries. This new device is based on a single tip/tilt fast steering mirror driven by a parallel kinematics mechanism, which is shown to improve previous laser micromanipulator designs by offering highly accurate motorized laser aiming control from a small, simple, and robust system created for real operating settings. The integration of this new device to a previously developed assistive surgical system is also described, including the new calibration model implemented to enable precise laser beam control from the live microscope video displayed on a computer screen. High system accuracy is demonstrated by the results of trajectory following experiments, which reveal an average RMSE of only 0.06 mm over an 8.5 mm diameter circular path. These numbers are also shown to favorably compare to those obtained with a traditional laser micromanipulator, evidencing a 70% error reduction when using the new system. In addition, experiments under higher optical magnification (40× instead of 16×) demonstrate even better accuracy results, proving the new system is highly scalable and indicating it has the potential to greatly improve laser microsurgery quality and safety.
Improvement of dose calculation in radiation therapy due to metal artifact correction using the augmented likelihood image reconstruction

Abstract Background Metal artifacts caused by high‐density implants lead to incorrectly reconstructed Hounsfield units in computed tomography images. This can result in a loss of accuracy in dose calculation in radiation therapy. This study investigates the potential of the metal artifact reduction algorithms, Augmented Likelihood Image Reconstruction and linear interpolation, in improving dose calculation in the presence of metal artifacts. Materials and Methods In order to simulate a pelvis with a double‐sided total endoprosthesis, a polymethylmethacrylate phantom was equipped with two steel bars. Artifacts were reduced by applying the Augmented Likelihood Image Reconstruction, a linear interpolation, and a manual correction approach. Using the treatment planning system Eclipse™, identical planning target volumes for an idealized prostate as well as structures for bladder and rectum were defined in corrected and noncorrected images. Volumetric modulated arc therapy plans have been created with double arc rotations with and without avoidance sectors that mask out the prosthesis. The irradiation plans were analyzed for variations in the dose distribution and their homogeneity. Dosimetric measurements were performed using isocentric positioned ionization chambers. Results Irradiation plans based on images containing artifacts lead to a dose error in the isocenter of up to 8.4%. Corrections with the Augmented Likelihood Image Reconstruction reduce this dose error to 2.7%, corrections with linear interpolation to 3.2%, and manual artifact correction to 4.1%. When applying artifact correction, the dose homogeneity was slightly improved for all investigated methods. Furthermore, the calculated mean doses are higher for rectum and bladder if avoidance sectors are applied. Conclusion Streaking artifacts cause an imprecise dose calculation within irradiation plans. Using a metal artifact correction algorithm, the planning accuracy can be significantly improved. Best results were accomplished using the Augmented Likelihood Image Reconstruction algorithm.
Evolution of large-scale flow from turbulence in a two-dimensional superfluid

Clustering vortices Many-body systems generally become more disordered as more energy is pumped into them. A curious exception to this rule was predicted in the context of turbulent flow by the physical chemist Lars Onsager. He suggested that the entropy of certain two-dimensional (2D) systems can decrease with increasing energy, corresponding to an effective negative temperature. Using 2D Bose-Einstein condensates of atoms, Gauthier et al. and Johnstone et al. put Onsager's theory to the test. They provided energy to the system by perturbing the condensate, creating vortices and antivortices. With increasing energy, the system became more ordered as clusters containing either only vortices or only antivortices emerged. Science, this issue p. 1264, p. 1267 2D Bose-Einstein condensates are used to reach the vortex clustering regime in Onsager’s model of turbulent flow. Nonequilibrium interacting systems can evolve to exhibit large-scale structure and order. In two-dimensional turbulent flow, the seemingly random swirling motion of a fluid can evolve toward persistent large-scale vortices. To explain such behavior, Lars Onsager proposed a statistical hydrodynamic model based on quantized vortices. Here, we report on the experimental confirmation of Onsager’s model. We dragged a grid barrier through an oblate superfluid Bose–Einstein condensate to generate nonequilibrium distributions of vortices. We observed signatures of an inverse energy cascade driven by the evaporative heating of vortices, leading to steady-state configurations characterized by negative absolute temperatures. Our results open a pathway for quantitative studies of emergent structures in interacting quantum systems driven far from equilibrium.
Brain Growth of the Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) from 2 to 24 Weeks of Age: A Longitudinal MRI Study

An animal model with brain growth similar to humans, that can be used in MRI studies to investigate brain development, would be valuable. Our laboratory has developed and validated MRI methods for regional brain volume quantification in the neonatal piglet. The aim of this study was to utilize the MRI-based volume quantification technique in a longitudinal study to determine brain growth in domestic pigs from 2 to 24 weeks of age. MRI data were acquired from pigs 2–24 weeks of age using a 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared gradient echo sequence on a Magnetom Trio 3-tesla imager. Manual segmentation was performed for volume estimates of total brain, cortical, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellar and hippocampal regions. Logistic modeling procedures were used to characterize brain growth. Total brain volume increased 130% (±12%) and 121% (±7%) from 2 to 24 weeks in males and females, respectively. The maximum increase in total brain volume occurred about the age of 4 weeks and 95% of whole brain growth occurred by the age of 21–23 weeks. Logistical modeling suggests there are sexually dimorphic effects on brain growth. For example, in females, the cortex was smaller (p = 0.04). Furthermore, the maximum growth of the hippocampus occurred about 5 weeks earlier in females than males, and the window for hippocampal growth was significantly shorter in females than males (p = 0.02, p = 0.002 respectively). These sexual dimorphisms are similar to what is seen in humans. In addition to providing important data on brain growth for pigs, this study shows pigs can be used to obtain longitudinal MRI data. The large increase in brain volume in the postnatal period is similar to that of human neonates and suggests pigs can be used to investigate brain development.
Secular Trends in Cognitive Performance in Older Black and White U.S. Adults, 1993–2012: Findings From the Chicago Health and Aging Project

Objective To characterize secular trends from 1993 to 2012 in cognitive performance using a cohort of older black and white U.S. adults, and compare trends by race. Method Our data come from 8,906 participants of the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP), a longitudinal, population-based cohort (age ≥ 67, 60% black). Participants underwent cognitive assessments in six 3-year study cycles from 1993 to 1996 through 2010 to 2012. We computed 3 measures of cognitive performance: global cognition, episodic memory, and perceptual speed. Results Mean performance in terms of global cognitive score followed a secular pattern of modest decline over the 6 study cycles. The trend was most pronounced for perceptual speed. Mean scores among black participants were consistently lower than those for whites; these disparities in mean performance narrowed over time, especially on perceptual speed, but appeared to widen at the last cycle. Global scores among the upper quartile of performers rose slightly, but scores among the lowest quartile of performers dropped precipitously. Discussion Between 1993 and 2012, secular trends in cognitive performance in this established cohort did not follow a clear pattern of improvement, contrasting with previous research. But patterns differed by cognitive domain, performance level, and race.
Assessment of Knowledge regarding Climate Change and Health among Adolescents in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This research was aimed at providing evidence on climate change and health knowledge among adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yogyakarta city from June to September 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 508 adolescents who were in the second grade of a senior high school. This study revealed that participants had a low and inconsistent understanding regarding climate change and its impact on health. They reported that they prefer to get climate change information via talking with family. In summary, adolescent knowledge regarding climate change and health needs to improve with proper content and appropriate media.
Site stability and pipe diffusion of hydrogen under localised shear in aluminium

ABSTRACT This paper studies the effect of a plastic shear on the tetrahedral vs. octahedral site stability for hydrogen, in aluminium. Based on Density Functional Theory calculations, it is shown that the tetrahedral site remains the most stable site. It transforms into the octahedral site of the local hexagonal compact structure of the intrinsic stacking fault. The imperfect stacking is slightly attractive with respect to a regular lattice site. It is also shown that the shearing process involves a significant decrease of the energetic barrier for hydrogen jumps, at half the value of the Shockley partial Burgers vector, but not in the intrinsic stacking fault. These jumps involve a displacement component perpendicular to the shearing direction which favours an enhancement of hydrogen diffusion along edge dislocation cores (pipe diffusion). The magnitude of the boost in the jump rate in the direction of the dislocation line, according to Transition State Theory and taking into account the zero point energy correction, is of the order of a factor 50, at room temperature. First Passage Time Analysis is used to evaluate the effect on diffusion which is significant, by only at the nanoscale. Indeed, the common dislocation densities are too small for these effects (trapping, or pipe diffusion) to have a signature at the macroscopic level. The observed drop of the effective diffusion coefficient could therefore be attributed to the production of debris during plastic straining, as proposed in the literature.
Interaction of TRN-SR 2 with Ran 1 Interaction of Transportin-SR 2 with Ras-related nuclear protein ( Ran ) GTPase *

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other lentiviruses are capable of infecting non-dividing cells and therefore need to be imported into the nucleus prior to integration into the host cell chromatin. Transportin-SR2 (TRN-SR2, Transportin-3, TNPO3) is a cellular karyopherin implicated in nuclear import of HIV-1. A model in which TRN-SR2 imports the viral preintegration complex (PIC) into the nucleus is supported by direct interaction between TRN-SR2 and HIV1 integrase (IN). Residues in the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 IN that mediate binding to TRN-SR2 were recently delineated. As for most nuclear import cargoes, the driving force behind HIV-1 PIC import is likely a gradient of the GDPand GTP-bound forms of Ran, a small GTPase. In this study we offer biochemical and structural characterization of the interaction between TRN-SR2 and Ran. By size exclusion chromatography we demonstrate stable complex formation of TRN-SR2 and RanGTP in solution. Consistent with the behavior of normal nuclear import cargoes, HIV-1 IN is released from the complex with TRN-SR2 by RanGTP. While in concentrated solutions TRN-SR2 by itself was predominantly present as a dimer, the TRN-SR2–RanGTP complex was significantly more compact. Further analysis supported a model wherein one monomer of TRN-SR2 is bound to one monomer of RanGTP. Finally, we present a homology model of the TRN-SR2–RanGTP complex, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental SAXS data. INTRODUCTION The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other lentiviruses have the capacity to infect non-dividing cells such as macrophages through an active nuclear import mechanism (1, 2). Nuclear import is particularly important in the pathogenesis of HIV-1, because non-dividing cells are a key reservoir of virus in infected individuals. After viral entry and partial uncoating the reverse transcriptase (RT) produces a double stranded DNA copy of the viral RNA genome. During its migration to the nucleus the reverse transcription complex is gradually transformed into the preintegration complex (PIC). Capsid (CA) proteins remain at least partially associated with http://www.jbc. org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M113.484345 The latest version is at JBC Papers in Press. Published on July 22, 2013 as Manuscript M113.484345 Copyright 2013 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. at JOHNSON & JOHNSON on August 8, 2013 http://www.jbc. org/ Downloaded from Interaction of TRN-SR2 with Ran
Understanding the dynamics in distribution of invasive alien plant species under predicted climate change in Western Himalaya

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) can pose severe threats to biodiversity and stability of native ecosystems, therefore, predicting the distribution of the IAPS plays a crucial role in effective planning and management of ecosystems. In the present study, we use Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modelling approach to predict the potential of distribution of eleven IAPS under future climatic conditions under RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 in part of Kailash sacred landscape region in Western Himalaya. Based on the model predictions, distribution of most of these invasive plants is expected to expand under future climatic scenarios, which might pose a serious threat to the native ecosystems through competition for resources in the study area. Native scrublands and subtropical needle-leaved forests will be the most affected ecosystems by the expansion of these IAPS. The present study is first of its kind in the Kailash Sacred Landscape in the field of invasive plants and the predictions of potential distribution under future climatic conditions from our study could help decision makers in planning and managing these forest ecosystems effectively.
Effect of conduction block in classification and prognosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome

Aim: The aim was to investigate the electro-physiological characteristics in disease progression of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and observe the effect of conduction block (CB) in classification and severity of the disease. Methods: Two hundred and ninety-four patients with GBS were divided into acute inflammatory demyelinating poly-neuropathy (AIDP) group, acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) group and equivocal group according to their electro-physiological results and then reclassificated after electro-physiological review. All of the patients were followed for 6 months since their attacks. Results: Bad prognosis is more pronounced in AMAN group than in AIDP group (P < 0.05). Most of the patients classificated as AIDP transformed into AMAN when CB occurred in the early phase of the disease. There is a positive relationship between CB in the early phase of the disease and severity of illness (P < 0.05), but CB showed no correlation with prognosis of the patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: CB in the early phase of GBS indicates the probability of AIDP transforming into AMAN; it suggests that patients with CB in the early phase of the disease might be in serious conditions in a certain extent.
The Mechanism of Deterioration, Treatment and Display of Historical Decorated Silk Textile

This paper explores the deterioration aspects were found due to suffering from several degradation factors during the previous museum exhibition for an archaeological Silk piece. The textile with tow face, multicolored, and was exhibited in Applied Art museum in Egypt, Cairo, in case m.s 120/4. Also, treatment and conservation method have been done successfully such as cleaning the piece, supporting of the deteriorated areas on new linen fabric and the museum display have been done by using a wood frame and Acrylic sheet. But many deteriorated, degradation aspects were investigated by using recent technologies such as Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDAX) is the most frequently used analytical technique to determine the chemical composition. The X-rays can be analyzed with an energy-dispersive system (EDAX), and they provide qualitative and quantitative information. The SEM images provide a characteristic surface morphology and are useful for judging the surface structure of the investigated sample, its fiber quality as well as its damage aspects, FTIR was used to identify the kinds of dyes, and the Stereo Microscopy was used to investigate the weave structure.
A comparative study of the time performance between NINO and FlexToT ASICs

Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and CIEMAT have designed the FlexToT ASIC for the front-end readout of SiPM-based scintillator detectors. This ASIC is aimed at time of flight (ToF) positron emission tomography (PET) applications. In this work we have evaluated the time performance of the FlexToT v2 ASIC compared to the NINO ASIC, a fast ASIC developped at CERN. NINO electronics give 64 ps sigma for single-photon time resolution (SPTR) and 93 ps FWHM for coincidence time resolution (CTR) with 2 × 2 × 5 mm3 LSO:Ce,Ca crystals and S13360-3050CS SiPMs. Using the same SiPMs and crystals, the FlexToT v2 ASIC yields 91 ps sigma for SPTR and 123 ps FWHM for CTR. Despite worse time performace than NINO, FlexToT v2 features lower power consumption (11 vs. 27 mW/ch) and linear ToT energy measurement.
Detecting Trivial Mutant Equivalences via Compiler Optimisations

Mutation testing realises the idea of fault-based testing, i.e., using artificial defects to guide the testing process. It is used to evaluate the adequacy of test suites and to guide test case generation. It is a potentially powerful form of testing, but it is well-known that its effectiveness is inhibited by the presence of equivalent mutants. We recently studied Trivial Compiler Equivalence (TCE) as a simple, fast and readily applicable technique for identifying equivalent mutants for C programs. In the present work, we augment our findings with further results for the Java programming language. TCE can remove a large portion of all mutants because they are determined to be either equivalent or duplicates of other mutants. In particular, TCE equivalent mutants account for 7.4 and 5.7 percent of all C and Java mutants, while duplicated mutants account for a further 21 percent of all C mutants and 5.4 percent Java mutants, on average. With respect to a benchmark ground truth suite (of known equivalent mutants), approximately 30 percent (for C) and 54 percent (for Java) are TCE equivalent. It is unsurprising that results differ between languages, since mutation characteristics are language-dependent. In the case of Java, our new results suggest that TCE may be particularly effective, finding almost half of all equivalent mutants.