Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dihydrofolate reductase is present in brain

IT HAS been reported previously that brain contains either, little (BERTINO et a/., 1964; BRAGANCA & KENKARE, 1964) or no (MAKULU et a/. 1973) dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofoIate:NADPi oxidoreductase; EC 1.5.1.3). Since this enzyme plays a key role in DNA (BLAKLEY. 19690) and tetrahydropterin biosynthesis (BROW, 1971). and since both of these processes occur in brain at some period during its development (DAMSON & DOEBING, 1968; GAL & SHERMAN, 1976; FUKUSHIMA et a/., 1975). i t was thought worthwhile to re-examine the question of whether brain has detectable levels of this enzyme. In this communication we report that brain extracts from both rats and rabbits do contain dihydrofolate reductase. Like liver dihydrofohte reductase, the brain enzyme is almost completely inhibited by 0.03 pM-methotrexate. The finding that the product of brain dihydrofolate reductase activity is active with both formiminoglutamate transferase (5-formimino tetrahydrofolate: L-glutamate N-formiminotransferase, EC 2.1.2.5) and serine hydroxymethyl transferase (L-serine: tetrahydrofolate 10-h ydroxymethyltransferase. EC 2.1.2.1) strongly supports the conclusion that the responsible activity in brain is dihydrofolate reductase. For rat brains, the specific activity of dihydrofolate reductase is 2-5-fold greater in 5-13-day-old rats than it is in adults.
Determinants of Economic Growth in Nigeria

This paper investigates the role of Frazer Economic Freedom Index on FDI-growth relationship over the period spanning 1980 through 2010 using annual time series data. A Multivariate Regression approach was employed to estimate augmented growth models. Quite intriguingly, the impact of disaggregated economic freedom over aggregated composite index was found profoundly revealing. Emanated results show that the same set of variables like labour, life expectancy, degree of openness and economic freedom are factors affecting the level of economic growth in both but at different levels of significance. However, the estimates of disaggregated components of economic freedom data show that the size of government (negative effects) and freedom to trade internationally (positive effects) appears as significant out of five variables making the composite (aggregated) index. The following are therefore suggested for policy applications: curbing unfettered liberalization in the degree of openness, improving and strengthening of the components of economic freedom index, specifically, through reduction in excessive government intervention and that more budgetary allocations should be channeled towards health delivery schemes and education promoting activities since the likelihood of elongating life expectancy is in tandem with such exercises.
White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes with Quantum Dot Color Converters for Display Backlights

Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted great attention as good candidate for the next generation displays due to their narrow emission, and high luminescence efficiency, and tunable emission covering all visible range. However, QDs easily lost their initial optical properties during the process for a device fabrication and practical operation. We synthesized well passivated green and red light emitting QDs that show almost 100% of QE. When the highly luminescent green and red light emitting QDs were applied as color converters in InGaN blue LEDs, resulting cool white QD-LEDs showed 41lm/W and more than 100% of color reproducibility compared to NTSC standard in CIE1931 and maintained their optical properties for a long time operation. We also demonstrated a 46-inch LCD panel using the white QDLED backlight was successfully demonstrated (Figure).
Challenge Demands, Hindrance Demands, and Psychological Need Satisfaction: Their Influence on Employee Engagement and Emotional Exhaustion

The job demands-resources (JD-R) model provides a well-validated account of how job resources and job demands influence work engagement, burnout, and their constituent dimensions. The present study aimed to extend previous research by including challenge demands not widely examined in the context of the JD-R. Furthermore, and extending self-determination theory, the research also aimed to investigate the potential mediating effects that employees’ need satisfaction as regards their need for autonomy, need for belongingness, need for competence, and need for achievement, as components of a higher order needs construct, may have on the relationships between job demands and engagement. Structural equations modeling across two independent samples generally supported the proposed relationships. Further research opportunities, practical implications, and study limitations are discussed.
A Noncanonical mu-1A-Binding Motif in the N Terminus of HIV-1 Nef Determines Its Ability To Downregulate Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I in T Lymphocytes

ABSTRACT Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) by HIV-1 Nef protein is indispensable for evasion of protective immunity by HIV-1. Though it has been suggested that the N-terminal region of Nef contributes to the function by associating with a mu-1A subunit of adaptor protein 1, the structural basis of the interaction between Nef and mu-1A remains elusive. We found that a tripartite hydrophobic motif (Trp13/Val16/Met20) in the N terminus of Nef was required for the MHC-I downregulation. Importantly, the motif functioned as a noncanonical mu-1A-binding motif for the interaction with the tyrosine motif-binding site of the mu-1A subunit. Our findings will help understanding of how HIV-1 evades the antiviral immune response by selectively redirecting the cellular protein trafficking system.
The effect of word repetition on evoked magnetic responses in the human brain

Stimulus repetition improves performance on word recognition tasks. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the brain areas associated with this word repetition effect. The participants were eight men and six women. The stimuli were 162 Japanese words each consisting of four katakana letters. The task was to read the words silently and memorize them for a subsequent recognition test. The words were presented one by one and repeated once after eight intervening words. Recordings were taken from bilateral temporal sites of the brain and the responses to the second presentations of the words were compared with those to the first presentations of the same words. Clear magnetic responses were observed in both the left and right hemispheres. In both hemispheres, the responses to the second words were significantly smaller than those to the first words, 250–600 ms after the stimulus onset. Multidipole source analyses showed that the activities were reduced by repetition in the bilateral peri-Sylvian areas, the bilateral medial temporal lobes, and the left angular gyrus.
The Role of Directives in Early Language Intervention

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the appropriate role for directives in language intervention. Three types of directives are defined: follow-in, redirectives, and introductions. Two conceptual models for the role of directives in language development are then presented. The research supports the hypothesis that follow-in directives facilitate language development and can play a useful role in intervention. Redirectives are either negatively or nonsignificantly associated with language development and have a less useful role in language intervention. The role of introductions is less clear, and more research needs to be done. Finally, 3 issues, the possible covariation of directiveness and responsiveness, cultural differences in the use of directives, and a useful role for redirectives separate from language development, are discussed.
Developmental changes in the inward current of the action potential of Rohon‐Beard neurones

1. Rohon‐Beard cells in the spinal cord of Xenopus tadpoles have been studied in animals from early neural tube to free‐swimming larval stages. The onset and further development of electrical excitability of these neurones has been investigated in different ionic environments, to determine the ionic species carrying the inward current of the action potential.
Parents talk about how it feels to have a child with a cognitive disability

This qualitative study focuses on the feelings and responses of parents who have a child with a cognitive disability. Forty-six parents of 38 children, aged seven to 16 years, were interviewed. The data reveal that parental responses vary. While some parents pass through phases as in the adaptation—mourning model, the majority report from time to time experiencing incidents and events which they perceive as critical and difficult. The findings indicate that there is insufficient evidence to support professionals continuing to adhere to the adaptation—mourning model, together with its associated pathological-dysfunctional paradigm. More encompassing models are needed to better support the families throughout their lifespan.
Improving robustness of deep neural networks via spectral masking for automatic speech recognition

The performance of human listeners degrades rather slowly compared to machines in noisy environments. This has been attributed to the ability of performing auditory scene analysis which separates the speech prior to recognition. In this work, we investigate two mask estimation approaches, namely the state dependent and the deep neural network (DNN) based estimations, to separate speech from noises for improving DNN acoustic models' noise robustness. The second approach has been experimentally shown to outperform the first one. Due to the stereo data based training and ill-defined masks for speech with channel distortions, both methods do not generalize well to unseen conditions and fail to beat the performance of the multi-style trained baseline system. However, the model trained on masked features demonstrates strong complementariness to the baseline model. The simple average of the two system's posteriors yields word error rates of 4.4% on Aurora2 and 12.3% on Aurora4.
Friction compensation as a fault-tolerant control problem

The control of systems that involve friction presents interesting challenges. Recent research has focused on detailed modelling of friction phenomena in order to use robust on-line friction compensation procedures, attempting to cancel out the friction force effect in the feedback control of a mechanical or mechatronic system. However, the friction modelling problem remains a very difficult challenge and this article proposes a new approach to friction compensation which is based on the theory of robust fault estimation. The friction forces acting in a dynamic system can be viewed as actuator faults with time-varying characteristics to be estimated and compensated within an output feedback fault-tolerant control (FTC) scheme, so that the limitations arising from the use of a friction model are obviated. The friction (fault) estimation problem is hence embedded inside a control system with required stability, and performance robustness. This can be a significant advantage over well-known model-based friction compensation methods in which detailed modelling of friction phenomena is essential and for which robustness with respect to friction characteristics is difficult to achieve using non-linear models.
Use of the social capital framework for assessment of a training and education program for people working with crime victims

Social capital theory provided a framework for assessing the impact of participation in the Michigan Victim Assistance Academy (MVAA), an intensive university based education program for people whose job includes assisting crime victims. The MVAA was designed to, among other things, increase participants’ social capital as reflected by quality of relationships and network building. The model used to assess the MVAA links participation in the MVAA to increased social capital and improvements in both individual victim service (IVS) and coordinated community response (CCR) outcomes. Data were collected with in‐depth telephone interviews with academy graduates. Empirically supported relationships for a sample of primarily white female participants confirm a Revised MVAA Model. Findings show that the majority of study participants did increase their social capital by forming new relationships and improving existing relationships, and that this increase translated into positive IVS and/or CCR outcomes. Furthermore, the presence or absence of workplace or community barriers or resources did not greatly impact the participants’ ability to translate social capital into desired outcomes. That is, participants were able to draw upon their social capital to improve victim service regardless of their work or community environment. Implications for future university based victim service provider educational programs are discussed.
Widowhood, family support, and self‐rated health among older adults in China

Li Y, Chi I, Krochalk PC, Xu L. Widowhood, family support, and self-rated health among older adults in China Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S72–S85 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. Although widowhood can be an extended life experience, research generally treats the widowed as one homogenous group, thus masking the variability within this group. Using national representative survey data from China, we examined whether length of widowhood among older adults moderates the effects of family support on self-rated health. Based on bivariate descriptive statistics and logistic regressions and controlling for demographic variables, we found that persons who were widowed longer, had more children, and took care of grandchildren were more likely to report poor self-rated health than their married counterparts. In addition, those widowed were less likely to report negative health if they regarded their children as filial, particularly among those widowed longer, thus suggesting that filial piety may have a buffering effect. Further specified is the complex role family support plays in self-rated health suggesting that length of time widowed should be considered in order to understand its long-term effects on health status.
The Founding Parents of Communication : 57 Interviews with ICA Fellows. An Introduction

Fifty-seven famous professors from all over the world talk about their careers, from their beginning to today. The interviews start with family background, early days, and professional dreams, before moving into the world of ideas. They look back to dealing with decisions over which graduate school to attend, main academic teachers, and the state of the discipline at the time, and then continue with both the intellectual and the institutional steps which led to fame and recognition within and, in almost all cases, even outside the field. Last but not least, all interviewees were asked about the discipline itself: What is communication all about? Is there a kind of core, although the discipline is highly diverse in methods, theories, and objects of study (Stanfill, 2012)? What is the reputation of the subject today? Is communication still seen as an “academic Taiwan” (claiming all of China as its own tiny island; Peters, 1986, p. 544), or, similarly unfavorably, as a stepchild that is tolerated by U.S. university administrators only because it helps to pay the bill for the departments they really care about? What about the “rest” of the world, and what about the “big unknowns” (Sonia Livingstone), such as China, for example, where they seem to open a new university every week? These interviews are not only a source for future historians of the discipline and a blueprint for junior scholars that strive for a professorship, but also a document of the early 21st century: Where did communication come from? What does the worldwide landscape of this fast growing academic enterprise look like today? And where do we go from here—let’s say, until 2030?
Effects of botulinum toxin‐induced paralysis on postnatal development of the supraspinatus muscle

The mechanical environment plays an important role in musculoskeletal tissue development. The present study characterized changes in supraspinatus muscle due to removal of mechanical cues during postnatal development. An intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX) was used to induce and maintain paralysis in the left shoulders of mice since birth while the right shoulders received saline and served as contralateral controls. A separate group of animals was allowed to develop normally without any injections. Muscles were examined postnatally at various time points. The maximum isometric tetanic force generated by the muscle was significantly reduced in the BTX group compared to saline and normal groups. The paralyzed muscles were smaller and showed significant muscle atrophy and fat accumulation on histologic evaluation. Myogenic genes myogenin, myoD1, myf5, myf6, and fast type II myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform were significantly upregulated while slow type I MHC isoform was significantly downregulated in the BTX group. Adipogenic genes C/EBPα, PPARγ2, leptin, and lipoprotein lipase were significantly upregulated in the BTX group. Results indicate that reduced muscle loading secondary to BTX‐induced paralysis leads to fat accumulation and muscle degeneration in the developing muscle. Understanding the molecular and compositional changes in developing supraspinatus muscles may be useful for identifying and addressing the pathological changes that occur in shoulder injuries such as neonatal brachial plexus palsy. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:281–288, 2011
Clinical effectiveness of vitamin E and vitamin B6 for improving pain severity in cyclic mastalgia

Background: Recent attempts have been focused on employing chemical and natural supplemental agents for treatment of cyclic mastalgia. Among various agents, the potential effects of vitamins remain questionable. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of two types of these vitamin supplements (vitamin E and vitamin B6) in improving pain severity in cyclic mastalgia. Materials and Methods: In a randomized double-blinded clinical trial, 80 patients suffering from cyclic mastalgia were randomly assigned to receive 200 IU of vitamin E daily or 40 mg/day of vitamin B6 for 2 months. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Severity of breast pain was detected by the Cardiff breast pain score during one menstrual cycle before and two menstrual cycles after the intervention. Data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-squared test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression with SPSS version 19 and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was no significant difference in the mean of severity of cyclic mastalgia during one menstrual cycle before the intervention between the vitamin E and B6 groups (9.1 ± 2.1 and 8.4 ± 3.1, respectively), but the difference was significant during the first cycle (5.1 ± 1.6 and 5.2 ± 2.5, respectively) and the second menstrual cycle (2.3 ± 1.0 and 2.6 ± 2.0, respectively) in the two groups after the intervention. The trend of changes in pain severity score showed significant downward trend of pain severity score within the study period in both the treatment groups (P < 0.001), while these trends were similar in both groups when examined by the repeated-measure ANOVA test. By multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for baseline variables, we found that both the treatment regimens resulted in similar reduction in breast pain severity (P = 0.067). Conclusions: Both regimens containing vitamin E and vitamin B6 are similar in reducing breast pain severity in cyclic mastalgia.
Identifying Causal Relations Using Parallel Wikipedia Articles

The automatic detection of causal relationships in text is important for natural language understanding. This task has proven to be difﬁcult, however, due to the need for world knowledge and inference. We focus on a sub-task of this problem where an open class set of linguistic markers can provide clues towards understanding causality. Unlike the explicit markers, a closed class, these markers vary signiﬁ-cantly in their linguistic forms. We leverage parallel Wikipedia corpora to identify new markers that are variations on known causal phrases, creating a training set via distant supervision. We also train a causal classiﬁer using features from the open class markers and semantic features providing contextual information. The results show that our features provide an 11.05 point absolute increase over the baseline on the task of identifying causality in text.
Black Participation

The recent, ever-growing literature (Atunes and Gaitz, 1975; Clemente and Sauer, 1975; Cohen and Kapsis, 1978; Danigelis, 1977, 1978; Edwards and Klobus, 1976; Guterbock and London, 1983; Klobus and Edwards, 1976; Klobus-Edwards et al., 1978; Kuo, 1977; London, 1975; London and Hearn, 1977; McPherson, 1977; Olsen, 1970; Orum, 1966; Shingles, 1981; Welch et al., 1975 ; William et al., 1973; Williams and St. Peter, 1977) on racial differences in social and political participation reflects a dramatic debate between &dquo;compensatory&dquo; and &dquo;ethnic community&dquo; interpretations of the observed disproportionate rates of joining voluntary associations and being politically active among blacks. Due to inadequate conceptualization and operationalization of compensatory behavior and ethnic identification, no study to date has resolved the issue of the relative efficacy of the competing theories. Our goals in this article will be to discuss the genesis and evolution of this debate, to suggest a method by which it might be resolved, and to conduct a preliminary empirical test. The debate between compensatory and ethnic community theories takes as its starting point the frequently repeated, basic finding that blacks participate more than whites of
Religiosity, Psychological Acculturation to the Host Culture, Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms Among Stigmatized and Nonstigmatized Religious Immigrant Groups in Western Europe

This study examined the associations among religiosity, psychological acculturation to the host culture, and self-esteem and depressive symptoms among immigrants to a secular European country (Belgium). A first hypothesis proposed that religiosity would be negatively indirectly associated with psychological acculturation through the intervening mechanism of perceived distance between the home and host cultures. A second hypothesis proposed that religiosity would be indirectly negatively related to self-esteem and indirectly positively related to depressive symptoms through (a) reduced perceptions that religious beliefs are tolerated by the host culture and (b) feelings of anger toward the host society. The first hypothesis received support among stigmatized and nonstigmatized religious groups, whereas the second was supported only for members of the stigmatized religious group.