Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopy of halogen‐containing carbonates

Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has been used to study a series of selected natural halogenated carbonates from different origins including bastnasite, parisite and northupite. The position of CO32- symmetric stretching vibration varies with mineral composition. An additional band for northupite at 1107 cm-1 is observed. Raman spectra of bastnasite, parisite and northupite show a single band at 1433, 1420 and 1554 cm-1 respectively, assigned to the ν3 (CO3)2- asymmetric stretching mode. The observation of additional Raman bands for the ν3 modes for some halogentaed carbonates is significant in that it shows distortion of the CaO6 octahedron No ν2 Raman bending modes are observed for these minerals. The band is observed in the infrared spectra and multiple ν2 modes at 844 and 867 cm-1 are observed for parisite. A single intense infrared band is found at 879 cm-1 for northupite. Raman bands are observed for the carbonate ν4 in phase bending modes at 722 cm-1 for bastnasite, 736 and 684 cm-1 for parisite, 714 cm-1 for northupite. Multiple bands are observed in the OH stretching region for selected bastansites and parisites indicating the presence of water and OH units in the mineral structure. The presence of such bands brings into question the actual formula of these halogenated carbonate minerals.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the external genitalia

An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the male and female genitalia, and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of these body regions. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
VLT/NACO coronagraphic observations of fine structures in the disk of β Pictoris

Aims. We present ground-based observations of the disk around the A-type star β Pictoris to obtain scattered light images at the highest angular resolution (60 mas, equivalent to about 1 AU at the distance of the star) and the highest contrast in the very close environment of the star. The purpose of this program is to perform a close inspection of the inner disk morphology. Methods. Images were collected with NACO, the AO-assisted near-IR instrument on the VLT (ESO) which includes two types of coronagraphs: classical Lyot masks and phase masks. In this program we took advantage of both types of coronagraphs in two spectral bands, H-band for the Lyot mask and Ks-band for the phase mask. The Lyot mask blocks a large central region around the star (radius <0.35 �� ) but allows deep integrations and hence good signal-to-noise ratio at large distances, while the phase mask allows imaging at very close separation (down to ∼0.15 �� in theory) but conversely is more sensitive to residual aberrations. In addition, we simulated an extended object to understand the limitations in deconvolution of coronagraphic images. Results. The reduced coronagraphic images allow us to carefully measure the structures of the debris disk and reveal a number of asymmetries of which some were not reported before (position, elevation and thickness of the warp). Our analysis also demonstrates the advantage of the phase mask coronagraph to explore the very close environment of stars. In this program, the circumstellar material is visible as close as 0.7 �� (13.5 AU) owing to the phase mask while the Lyot mask generates artifacts which hamper the detection of the dust at separations closer than 1.2 �� (23.2 AU). The point source detection limit is compared to recently published observations of a planet candidate. Finally, the simulations show that deconvolution of coronagraphic data may indeed produce artificial patterns within the image of a disk.
Fungal communities in soils along a vegetative ecotone

We investigated the community composition and diversity of soil fungi along a sharp vegetative ecotone between coastal sage scrub (CSS) and nonnative annual grassland habitat at two sites in coastal California. USA- We pooled soil samples across 29 m transects on either side of the ecotone at each of the two sites, and. using clone libraries of fungal ribosomal DNA, we identified 280 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from a total 40 g soil. We combined information from partial LSU and ITS sequences and found that the majority of OTUs belonged to the phylum Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota. Within the Ascomycota. a quarter of OTUs were Sordariomycetes. 17% were Leotiomycet.es, 16% were Dothideomycetes and the remaining OTUs were distributed among the classes Eurotiomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Orbiliomycetes and Arthoniomycetes. Within the Basidiomycota. all OTUs but one belonged to the subphylum Agaricomycotina. We also sampled plant communities at the same sites to offer a point of comparison for patterns in richness of fungal communities. Fungal communities had higher alpha and beta diversity than plant communities; fungal communities were approximately 20 times as rich as plant communities and the majority of OTUs were found in single soil samples. Soils harbored a unique mycoflora that did not reveal vegetative boundaries or site differences. High alpha and beta diversity and possible sampling artifacts necessitate extensive sampling to reveal differentiation in these fungal communities.
Guest Editorial Industry 4.0-Prerequisites and Visions

The papers in this special section focus on the concept of Industry 4.0. From its origin, Industry 4.0–derived from the German term Industrie 4.0–is used as a synonym for Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS), i.e., Cyber-Physical Systems applied in the domain of manufacturing/production. To enable CPPS their automation systems need to be enabled to fulfill the requirements. The term Industrie 4.0 was first used in 2011 at the Hannover Fair and the topic has grown every year not only on the fair. There are still several definitions of Industrie 4.0 (I4.0).
Health and safety consequences of shift work in the food processing industry.

Both a questionnaire survey and an evaluation of health and safety records were used to characterize the health and safety consequences of day versus afternoon, night and rotating shifts for approximately 1000 food processing workers. Relative to the day workers, the results indicated that those on shift work, particularly rotating and night shifts, showed greater adverse effects. These included poorer sleep, altered eating habits, greater alcohol consumption, greater incidence of sick absence and greater incidence of work-related injuries. Shift work was not related to self-reported health complaints or self-reported chronic disease states. The impact of shift work on sick absence and work-related injuries differed depending on worker sex, age and work tenure.
A maximum entropy framework for nonexponential distributions

Significance Many statistical distributions, particularly among social and biological systems, have “heavy tails,” which are situations where rare events are not as improbable as would have been guessed from more traditional statistics. Heavy-tailed distributions are the basis for the phrase “the rich get richer. ” Here, we propose a basic principle underlying systems with heavy-tailed distributions. We show that it is the same principle (maximum entropy) used in statistical physics and statistics to estimate probabilistic models from relatively few constraints. The heavy-tail principle can be expressed in terms of shared costs and economies of scale. The probability distribution we derive is a mathematical digamma function, and we show that it accurately fits 13 real-world data sets. Probability distributions having power-law tails are observed in a broad range of social, economic, and biological systems. We describe here a potentially useful common framework. We derive distribution functions for situations in which a “joiner particle” k pays some form of price to enter a community of size , where costs are subject to economies of scale. Maximizing the Boltzmann–Gibbs–Shannon entropy subject to this energy-like constraint predicts a distribution having a power-law tail; it reduces to the Boltzmann distribution in the absence of economies of scale. We show that the predicted function gives excellent fits to 13 different distribution functions, ranging from friendship links in social networks, to protein–protein interactions, to the severity of terrorist attacks. This approach may give useful insights into when to expect power-law distributions in the natural and social sciences.
Beta-lactams and Beta-lactamase-inhibitors in current- or potential-clinical practice: A comprehensive update

The use of successive generations of β-lactams has selected successive generations of β-lactamases including CTX-M ESBLs, AmpC β-lactamases, and KPC carbapenamases in Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, this cephalosporin resistance, along with rising resistance to fluoroquinolones, is now driving the use of carbapenems and unfortunately the carbapenem resistance has emerged markedly, especially in Acinetobacter spp. due to OXA- and metallo-carbapenemases. The industry responded to the challenge of rising resistance and recently developed some novel β-lactams such as ceftobiprole, ceftaroline etc. and many β-lactam compounds, including β-lactamase-inhibitors, such as BMS-247243, S-3578, RWJ-54428, CS-023, SMP-601, NXL 104, BAL 30376, LK 157, and so on are under trials. This review provides the comprehensive accounts of the developments in penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and β-lactamase-inhibitors, and the insight about medicinal chemistry, mechanism(s) of action and resistance, potential strategies to overcome resistance due to β-lactamases, and also the recent advancements in the development of newer β-lactam compounds; some of which are still under trials and yet to be classified. This review will fill the gap since previously published reviews and will serve as a comprehensive update on the current topic.
Registering fNIR Data to Brain Surface Image using MRI templates

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) measures changes in the relative levels of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and has increasingly been used to assess neural functioning in the brain. In addition to the ongoing technological developments, investigators have also been conducting studies on functional mapping and refinement of data analytic strategies in order to better understand the relationship between the fNIR signal and brain activity. However, since fNIR is a relatively new functional brain imaging modality as compared to positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it still lacks brain-mapping tools designed to allow researchers and clinicians to easily interact with their data. The aim of this study is to develop a registration technique for the fNIR measurements using anatomical landmarks and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) templates in order to visualize the brain activation when and where it happens. The proposed registration technique utilizes chain-code algorithm and depicts activations over respective locations based on sensor geometry. Furthermore, registered data locations have been used to create spatiotemporal visualization of fNIR measurements
Isolated Traumatic Neurogenic Ptosis With Delayed Recovery

Purpose: To describe the entity of isolated neurogenic ptosis due to presumed tractional injury to the nerve of innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris, with recovery occurring over a period up to 6 months. Methods: Retrospective case review. Results: Three cases of presumed neurapraxic injury to the nerve of innervation to the levator palpebrae superioris are described. Two cases had a clear history of traction to the upper eyelid. There was no evidence of damage to other extraocular muscles or their nerves of innervation in 2 cases and mild transient superior rectus underaction in 1. Maximal recovery occurred over a period of up to 6 months. Conclusions: Traumatic neurapraxic injury to the nerve of innervation to the levator palpebrae superioris may occur in certain types of upper eyelid injury, most notably when there is significant forward traction applied to the upper eyelid. Although recovery may occur within weeks, as previously described, this series illustrates that recovery may take up to 6 months.
A STUDY OF THE VORTEX FLOW OVER 76 / 40-deg DOUBLE-DELTA WING

A low-speed wind-tunnel study of the flow about a 76/40-deg double-delta wing is described for angles of attack ranging from -10 to 25 deg and Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 Million. The study was conducted to provide data for the purpose of understanding the vortical flow behavior and for validating Computational Fluid Dynamics methods. Flow visualization tests have provided insight into the effect of the angle of attack and Reynolds number on the vortex-dominated flow both on and off of the surface of the double-delta wing. Upper surface pressure recordings from pressure orifices and Pressure Sensitive Paint have provided data on the pressures induced by the vortices. Flowfield surveys were carried out at an angle of attack of 10 deg by using a thin 5-hole probe. Numerical solutions of the compressible thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations were conducted and compared to the experimental data.
Drawbacks of Proactivity: Effects of Daily Proactivity on Daily Salivary Cortisol and Subjective Well-Being

The benefit of proactive work behaviors for performance-related outcomes has been well established. However, this approach to studying proactivity has not yet acknowledged its potential implications for the actor’s well-being. Drawing on the fact that resources at work are limited and that the workplace is a social system characterized by interdependencies, we proposed that daily proactivity could have a negative effect on daily well-being. We furthermore proposed that this effect should be mediated by work overload and negative affect. We conducted a daily diary study (N = 72) to test the potential negative effects of proactivity on daily well-being. Data was collected across 3 consecutive work days. During several daily measurement occasions, participants reported proactivity, work overload, negative affect, and fatigue. They also provided 4 saliva samples per day, from which cortisol was assayed. Based on the 4 samples, a measure of daily cortisol output was produced. Multilevel analyses showed that daily proactivity was positively associated with higher daily cortisol output. The positive association of daily proactivity with bedtime fatigue was marginally significant. There was no support for a mediating effect of work overload and negative affect. Implications for theory-building on the proactivity–well-being link are discussed.
Perception of multiple objects - a connectionist approach

"The Perception of Multiple Objects "describes a neurally inspired computational model of two-dimensional object recognition and spatial attention that can explain many characteristics of human visual perception. The model, called MORSEL (named for its ability to perform Multiple Object Recognition and attentional Selection), is unique in providing a broad and unified explanation for a wide range of experimental psychological data on visual perception and attention. Although it draws on existing theoretical perspectives from cognitive psychology, it is a fully mechanistic account, not just a functional-level theory.MORSEL has been trained to recognize letters and words in various positions on its "retina. " Following training, it can also recognize several items at once, subject to capacity limitations. The model makes predictions about what sorts of information the visual system can process in parallel and what sorts must be processed serially.Through simulation experiments, chiefly in letter and word perception, MORSEL has been shown to account for a variety of psychological phenomena, including perceptual errors that arise when several items appear simultaneously in the visual field, facilitatory effects of context and redundant information, attentional phenomena, visual search performance, and behaviors exhibited by neurological patients with acquired dyslexia.
Sarcosine as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker—A Review

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common type of tumour disease in men. Early diagnosis of cancer of the prostate is very important, because the sooner the cancer is detected, the better it is treated. According to that fact, there is great interest in the finding of new markers including amino acids, proteins or nucleic acids. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used and is the most important biomarker of CaP. This marker can only be detected in blood and its sensitivity is approximately 80%. Moreover, early stages cannot be diagnosed using this protein. Currently, there does not exist a test for diagnosis of early stages of prostate cancer. This fact motivates us to find markers sensitive to the early stages of CaP, which are easily detected in body fluids including urine. A potential is therefore attributed to the non-protein amino acid sarcosine, which is generated by glycine-N-methyltransferase in its biochemical cycle. In this review, we summarize analytical methods for quantification of sarcosine as a CaP marker. Moreover, pathways of the connection of synthesis of sarcosine and CaP development are discussed.
Sympathetic neurogenic Ca2+ signalling in rat arteries: ATP, noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays an essential role in the control of total peripheral vascular resistance by controlling the contraction of small arteries. The SNS also exerts long‐term trophic influences in health and disease; SNS hyperactivity accompanies most forms of human essential hypertension, obesity and heart failure. At their junctions with smooth muscle cells, the peri‐arterial sympathetic nerves release ATP, noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) onto smooth muscle cells. Confocal Ca2+ imaging studies reveal that ATP and NA each produce unique types of postjunctional Ca2+ signals and consequent smooth muscle cell contractions. Neurally released ATP activates postjunctional P2X1 receptors to produce local, non‐propagating Ca2+ transients, termed ‘junctional Ca2+ transients’, or ‘jCaTs’. Neurally released NA binds to α1‐adrenoceptors and can activate Ca2+ waves or more uniform global changes in [Ca2+]. Neurally released NPY does not appear to produce Ca2+ transients directly, but significantly modulates NA‐induced Ca2+ signalling. The neural release of ATP and NA, as judged by postjunctional Ca2+ signals, electrical recording of excitatory junction potentials and carbon fibre amperometry to measure NA, varies markedly with the pattern of nerve activity. This probably reflects both pre‐ and postjunctional mechanisms, which are not yet fully understood. These phenomena, together with different temporal patterns of sympathetic nerve activity in different regional circulations, are probably an important mechanistic basis of the important selective regulation of regional vascular resistance and blood flow by the sympathetic nervous system.
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY VERSES CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY IN BREAST LESIONS - A COMPARATIVE STUDY -

Background & Objectives: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a part of triple assessment in evaluation of breast lesions in our country. In the western countries, core needle biopsy (CNB) is fast replacing FNAC as part of screening programmes and early detection of cancer. This study was undertaken to know the advantages, limitations of each procedure and their diagnostic utility in patients in and around Bangalore. Methodology: 50 female patients presenting with breast lesion were subjected to both FNAC and CNB. Grades were assigned as C1-C5 for FNAC and B1-B5 for CNB. Statistical analysis was done using kappa correlation score and the concordance rate between the two procedures was determined. Results: The most common age group was between 21-40 years and left sided lesions were more common. Out of 50 cases, there was concordance between FNAC and CNB in 38 cases and 12 cases were discordant. Kappa score of agreement was 0.559 indicating a moderate degree of concordance between the two tests. Conclusion: Both FNAC and CNB are equally good in assessment of breast lesions. However, FNAC is more suitable in the developing counties, for palpable lesions due to better turnaround time and it is cost effective. Whenever there is discrepancy between clinical findings, imaging studies and FNAC, CNB can be used as the next step in assessment before definitive treatment. Also, it can be used in cases of low grade malignancies, where it is difficult to give a diagnosis of malignancy on FNAC alone.
Inactivation of FGF8 in early mesoderm reveals an essential role in kidney development

To bypass the essential gastrulation function of Fgf8 and study its role in lineages of the primitive streak, we have used a new mouse line, T-Cre, to generate mouse embryos with pan-mesodermal loss of Fgf8 expression. Surprisingly, despite previous models in which Fgf8 has been assigned a pivotal role in segmentation/somite differentiation, Fgf8 is not required for these processes. However, mutant neonates display severe renal hypoplasia with deficient nephron formation. In mutant kidneys, aberrant cell death occurs within the metanephric mesenchyme (MM), particularly in the cortical nephrogenic zone, which provides the progenitors for recurring rounds of nephron formation. Prior to mutant morphological changes, Wnt4 and Lim1 expression, which is essential for nephrogenesis, is absent in MM. Furthermore, comparative analysis of Wnt4-null homozygotes reveals concomitant downregulation of Lim1 and diminished tubule formation. Our data support a model whereby FGF8 and WNT4 function in concert to induce the expression of Lim1 for MM survival and tubulogenesis.
Effects of acute systemic administration of cannabidiol on sleep-wake cycle in rats

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main components of Cannabis sativa and has a wide spectrum of action, including effects in the sleep-wake cycle. Objective: The objective of this paper is to assess the effects on sleep of acute systemic administration of CBD. Method: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four groups that received intraperitoneal injections of CBD 2.5 mg/kg, CBD 10 mg/kg, CBD 40 mg/kg or vehicle (n=seven animals/group). Sleep recordings were made during light and dark periods for four days: two days of baseline recording, one day of drug administration (test), and one day after drug (post-test). Results: During the light period of the test day, the total percentage of sleep significantly increased in the groups treated with 10 and 40 mg/kg of CBD compared to placebo. REM sleep latency increased in the group injected with CBD 40 mg/kg and was significantly decreased with the dose of 10 mg/kg on the post-test day. There was an increase in the time of SWS in the group treated with CBD 40 mg/kg, although this result did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The systemic acute administration of CBD appears to increase total sleep time, in addition to increasing sleep latency in the light period of the day of administration.