Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Children's social identities

This paper provides a brief overview of recent developmental research on themes related to children's social identities. Initially, consideration is given to the capacity for social categorization, following which attention is given to children's developing conceptions of social identities, their identification with social groups, and the consequences of identification upon various phenomena such as ingroup favouritism and well-being. Finally, some personal thoughts on the wider political implications of this research are offered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex Differences in Occupational Performance Expectations

This study is an investigation of the effects of occupational sex-dominance on sex differences in occupational performance expectations. Female and male college students indicated their expectations for their own performance—self expectations—and that of either a “typical” male, female, or male and female person—comparison person expectations—for six occupations varying according to perceived sex-dominance. Additionally, the performance expectations were reported under anticipated private or public conditions. Results indicated that in contrast to males, females reported lower expectations for themselves alone and lower expectations for themselves in comparison to another person for male-dominated occupations. However, unlike males, females reported higher expectations for themselves and for themselves in comparison to others for female-dominated fields. Occupational sex dominance appeared to influence females' performance expectations, while males' expectations were similar across fields varying in sex-dominance. Neither the sex of the comparison person nor the anticipated privacy of the expectations were found to be related to the sex differences in performance expectations.
With you until the end: family presence during failed resuscitation.

S pring marks the annual decline of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza season. This is always a relief for the employees of the emergency department of any hospital, but even more so for that of a children’s hospital. With this lull, however, comes the sure knowledge that following spring is summer and trauma season. After 13 years of nursing, 8 of those years in the emergency department and 5 in a pediatric facility, I am all too familiar with trauma season and its affect on the pediatric population. This article is not about trauma statistics or even prevention, but rather it is sharing a personal experience that has had a profound and positive effect on me. It is about family presence during a failed resuscitation of a pediatric trauma patient. The presence of family during invasive procedures and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a controversial topic that is gaining some popularity with research to support its positive effects. This case study regarding my experience is further evidence for the positive impact family presence can have for parents. Family presence during CPR or traumas has been felt by healthcare professionals to distract the staff or cause too much pain for loved ones to witness. The reasons to exclude family vary, but in the last 10 years, research has not supported any of the reasons given for denying family presence during CPR. The Emergency Nurses Association (ENA), after 10 years of research, has developed a procedure for emergency departments to include family presence at the unexpected death of a loved one (Eckle, 2001). The ENA document on family presence states that emergency care requires assessment and intervention to meet not only the patient’s physiologic needs but also the psychosocial and emotional needs. An interdisciplinary approach that supports and integrates the family into the emergency care process is vital to identifying and meeting the full spectrum of patient and family needs (Eckle). A family-centered approach to care requires that the needs of the patient and family dictate practice, not the needs of the healthcare provider (Gill, 1993; Johnson, Thomas, & Williams, 1997). Parental presence during failed resuscitation is consistent with the core principles of family-centered care, i.e., treating patients and families with dignity and respect, communicating unbiased information, encouraging patient and family participation by building on their strengths, enhancing family control, and collaboration in the delivery of care. Literature Review
Making scents out of spatial and temporal codes in specialist and generalist olfactory networks.

The first-order olfactory centers in the brains of vertebrates and invertebrates are characterized by arrays of morphologically discrete glomeruli, and cross-phyletic comparisons have repeatedly found striking similarities in glomerular organization across evolutionarily remote animals. A growing list of studies shows that the vertebrate olfactory bulb (OB) and insect antennal lobe (AL) are organized chemotopically, and an individual glomerulus reflects the odorresponse profile of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that converge on it (Bozza and Kauer, 1998; Belluscio et al., 2002; Ng et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2003). While these different studies using a wide range of methods have supported glomerular chemotopy in diverse species, many fundamental questions about the neural circuitry underlying these activity patterns remain. Evidence is increasing, in fact, that the molecular receptive range (MRR) or ‘odor tuning’ of a glomerulus is also shaped by interglomerular— and particularly inhibitory—interactions (Christensen et al., 1998; Lei et al., 2002; Sachse and Galizia, 2003; Aungst et al., 2003; Nagayama et al., 2004), but the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying this modulation remain poorly understood.
A Self-Reconfigurable Platform for Built-In Self-Test Applications

This paper introduces a novel architecture that is targeted for digital core testing and built-in-self test (BIST) algorithm development. This reconfigurable architecture is validated by an application that implements the novel idea of verifying algorithms for testing digital circuits by using runtime reconfigurable techniques in order to minimize the circuit area, as well as the test generation and application time. The idea revolves around the dynamic partial reconfiguration of circuits under test in order to inject stuck-at faults at different locations of the circuit and uncover both detectable and undetectable faults. Four testing strategies are presented, and two are experimentally compared, namely, the sequential compile-time reconfiguration and runtime reconfiguration strategies.
Structural Insights into Carbonic Anhydrase IX Isoform Specificity of Carbohydrate-Based Sulfamates

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is an extracellular transmembrane homodimeric zinc metalloenzyme that has been validated as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for several types of aggressive cancers. CA IX shares a close homology with other CA isoforms, making the design of CA IX isoform selective inhibitors challenging. In this paper, we describe the development of a new class of CA IX inhibitors that comprise a sulfamate as the zinc binding group, a variable linker, and a carbohydrate “tail” moiety. Seven compounds inhibited CA IX with low nM Ki values of 1–2 nM and also exhibited permeability profiles to preferentially target the binding of extracellular CA IX over cytosolic CAs. The crystal structures of two of these compounds in complex with a CA IX-mimic (a variant of CA II, with active site residues that mimic CA IX) and one compound in complex with CA II have been determined to 1.7 Å resolution or better and demonstrate a selective mechanism of binding between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic pockets of CA IX versus CA II. These compounds present promising candidates for anti-CA IX drugs and the treatment for several aggressive cancer types.
Cardiovascular patients’ experiences of living with pacemaker: Qualitative study

BACKGROUND A pacemaker implantation is considered major life event for cardiovascular patients, so they will probably have very interesting experiences of living with this device. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of cardiovascular patients living with the pacemaker. METHODS In this qualitative study, 27 patients were chosen through purposive sampling to achieve data saturation, and their experiences were examined using semi-structured interviews. The patients’ statements were recorded with their consent and analyzed using content analysis method. RESULTS Participants’ experiences included three main themes: “Problems and limitations,” “feeling and dealing with pacemaker”, and “sources of comfort” and 10 sub-themes including: physical problems, financial problems, social problems, the first encounter, the feeling of living with the pacemaker, how to cope with pacemaker, satisfaction with pacemaker, good family support, hospital and hospital staff performance, and role of religious beliefs. CONCLUSION Planning to solve social problems, identifying and changing feelings of patients using pacemakers, reinforcing the resources of comfort especially family support seem to be necessary steps for improving quality of life and impact of using pacemaker.
Acute toxicity of thioarsenates to Vibrio fischeri

Thioarsenic species often are the predominant arsenic species in sulfidic environments, yet little is known about their toxicity. We report to our knowledge the first determination of acute toxicity of mono‐, di‐, and trithioarsenate to the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, which increases with an increasing number of thio(SH)‐groups. Whereas mono‐ and dithioarsenate are much less toxic (effective analyte concentration causing a 50% decrease in luminescence [EC50], 676 and 158 mg/L, respectively), the toxicity of trithioarsenate (EC50, 14.4 mg/L) is comparable to the toxicities of arsenate and arsenite (EC50, 9.1 and 26.1 mg/L, respectively). The low toxicity of monothioarsenate is remarkable, because it has chemical properties very similar to those of arsenate. In contrast to the toxicities of arsenite and arsenate, the toxicity of thioarsenates increases with exposure time, suggesting a lack of detoxification mechanisms or a conversion of thioarsenic species into arsenic oxyanions after uptake. We determined the acute toxicity of synthetic arsenite solutions with varying sulfide concentration to V. fischeri. Arsenic speciation in these solutions was measured by ion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, and the observed toxicity was related to the different arsenic species present. High inhibition of luminescence was observed at low and high ratios of sulfur to arsenic, in which arsenite or a mixture of di‐, tri‐, and tetrathioarsenate dominated arsenic speciation. Acute toxicity decreased at sulfur to arsenic ratios of from 1 to 10, with a minimum luminescence inhibition of 30% at a ratio of 3.5, at which concentrations of 55 mg/L of arsenite and 30 mg/L of trithioarsenate were determined. The toxicity observed under these conditions is much lower than that anticipated from the individual dose–response curves that predict each species alone already should cause 70 to 80% inhibition. The low toxicity suggests an antagonistic toxicological interaction between arsenite and trithioarsenate.
Pharmacokinetics of the antianginal agent perhexiline: relationship between metabolic ratio and steady-state dose.

AIMS 1) To develop an estimate of oral clearance (CL(Px)/F) for the antianginal agent perhexiline based on the ratio of cis-OH-perhexiline metabolite/parent perhexiline plasma concentrations at steady-state (C(OHPx,ss)/C(Px,ss)). 2) To determine whether the ratio measured in the first fortnight of treatment (C(i)(OHPx)/C(i)(Px)) may be used to guide patient dosing with perhexiline, a drug with a narrow therapeutic index, long half-life and saturable metabolism via CYP2D6. METHODS Two retrospective studies were conducted reviewing patient records and data obtained from routine monitoring of plasma perhexiline and cis-OH-perhexiline concentrations. RESULTS Study 1 (n=70). At steady-state, the frequency distributions of CL(Px)/F and C(OHPx,ss)/C(Px,ss) were consistent with CYP2D6 metabolism. Putative poor metabolizers (approximately 8%) were identified by CL(Px)/F< or =50 ml min(-1) or C(OHPx,ss)/C(Px,ss)< or =0.3. A group of patients with CL(Px)/F> or =950 ml min(-1) may have been ultra-rapid metabolizers. In this group, the high CL(Px)/F values suggest extensive first-pass metabolism and poor bioavailability. In patients with therapeutic plasma perhexiline concentrations (0.15-0.60 mg l(-1)), the variability in dose appeared directly proportional to CL(Px)/F (r2=0.741, P<0.0001). Study 2 (n=23). Using C(i)(OHPx)/C(i)(Px) patients were tentatively identified as poor, extensive and ultra-rapid metabolizers, with CL(Px)/F of 23-72, 134-868 and 947-1462 ml min(-1), respectively, requiring doses of 10-25, 100-250 and 300-500 mg day(-1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The cis-OH-perhexiline/perhexiline concentration ratio may be useful for optimizing individual patient treatment with the antianginal agent perhexiline.
The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study.

OBJECTIVES To determine any long-term effects, 6 and 8 years after childhood enrollment, of the randomly assigned 14-month treatments in the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA; N = 436); to test whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom trajectory through 3 years predicts outcome in subsequent years; and to examine functioning level of the MTA adolescents relative to their non-ADHD peers (local normative comparison group; N = 261). METHOD Mixed-effects regression models with planned contrasts at 6 and 8 years tested a wide range of symptom and impairment variables assessed by parent, teacher, and youth report. RESULTS In nearly every analysis, the originally randomized treatment groups did not differ significantly on repeated measures or newly analyzed variables (e.g., grades earned in school, arrests, psychiatric hospitalizations, other clinically relevant outcomes). Medication use decreased by 62% after the 14-month controlled trial, but adjusting for this did not change the results. ADHD symptom trajectory in the first 3 years predicted 55% of the outcomes. The MTA participants fared worse than the local normative comparison group on 91% of the variables tested. CONCLUSIONS Type or intensity of 14 months of treatment for ADHD in childhood (at age 7.0-9.9 years) does not predict functioning 6 to 8 years later. Rather, early ADHD symptom trajectory regardless of treatment type is prognostic. This finding implies that children with behavioral and sociodemographic advantage, with the best response to any treatment, will have the best long-term prognosis. As a group, however, despite initial symptom improvement during treatment that is largely maintained after treatment, children with combined-type ADHD exhibit significant impairment in adolescence. Innovative treatment approaches targeting specific areas of adolescent impairment are needed.
Fund management, intellectual capital, intangibles and private disclosure

Purpose – This paper aims to explore how fund managers (FMs) deal with major problems of ignorance and uncertainty in stock selection and in asset allocation decisions. Design/methodology/approach - Interviews were conducted with 40 fund managers in the period October 1997 to January 2000. A seven stage approach was adopted to sift through and process the large volumes of case data. The interview case data formed the basis for identifying common patterns and themes across the cases. Findings - The case data revealed the nature of this private information agenda concerning intellectual capital or intangibles and the dynamic connections between these variables in the value creation process. The case data provided insight into how the book value and market value gap arose and the special role of information on intangibles and intellectual capital in valuing the company. Practical implications - The fund management behaviour has important implications for regulatory policy issues on insider information, on corporate disclosure, the corporate governance role of financial institutions, and for the governance of financial institutions. Originality/value - The paper focuses on issues of importance in an increasingly concentrated and global FM industry.
Effects of extracurricular activities and their quality on primary school-age students’ achievement in mathematics in Switzerland

In this study, we examined the development of mathematics achievement in children attending extracurricular activities intensively in comparison with the development in a control group of children attending only the obligatory hours of school instruction. In addition, we investigated the question of possible effects of intensity of attendance and quality of extracurricular activities on achievement in students attending extracurricular activities from the end of Grade 1 to the end of Grade 3. This was a longitudinal study of a sample of N = 295 students in the first years of school at 35 primary schools in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. The results show that attendance in extracurricular activities had a positive effect on the development of students’ achievement. Students who attended extracurricular activities intensively in Grade 1, students who attended high-quality extracurricular activities, and especially those who did both, had greater improvement.
Informal care and support for carers in Sweden: patterns of service receipt among informal caregivers and care recipients

This study describes and analyses the kinds of support received by different categories of informal carers, and the kinds of help that care recipients receive in addition to that provided by various categories of carers. Data were collected in a Swedish county in 2000, by means of telephone interviews. The net sample consisted of 2,697 individuals 18–84 years old, and the response rate was 61%. The results showed that relatively few carers in any care category received any kind of support aimed directly at them as carers. The most widespread form of support received by providers of personal care was relief services. Those most likely to be receiving care from the public care system were people also receiving personal care from an informal caregiver. Nevertheless, the majority of those receiving personal care from an informal carer did not receive any help from the public care system or from voluntary organizations or for-profit agencies. These results indicate that social policy and social work need to clarify the aims of the services they provide. They also need to take the needs of both caregivers and recipients into account when discussing support systems.
Addressing South African Pre-service Teachers’ Sentiments, Attitudes and Concerns Regarding Inclusive Education

This article recounts the findings of a study that investigated pre-service teachers’ attitudes and concerns regarding inclusive education and their degree of comfort when interacting with people with disabilities after completing courses on inclusive education. One hundred and eighty pre-service teachers from one higher education institution in South Africa completed the Sentiments, Attitudes and Concerns about Inclusive Education Scale. They were all being prepared to teach at either the primary (41%) or secondary (59%) level of education. Pre-service teachers’ mean scores on the sentiments scale increased following the intervention (p < 0.001), as did the mean scores on the attitudes scale (p < 0.001). However, mean scores related to their concerns decreased (p = 0.01). With respect to the latter finding, as a result of the intervention the pre-service teachers became more worried about resources to support inclusive education (p < 0.001), the reality of large classes (p = 0.01) and their workload (p = 0.04). Recommendations based on the research findings are made, suggesting that the quality of courses on inclusive education should be enhanced in higher education institutions.
Memory for emotional words in bilinguals: Do words have the same emotional intensity in the first and in the second language?

Emotionally charged words are usually better remembered than neutral words. In the current study we focused on memory for emotional words in bilinguals and examined the influence of some variables that might modulate the effect of emotionality of second-language words on recall. We tested memory for positive, negative and neutral words of two groups of proficient bilinguals of Spanish and Catalan who had acquired the second language early in life in an immersion context and who differed in their language dominance. We also tested a group of proficient Spanish–English bilinguals who had learned the second language later in life in an instruction setting. The three groups showed a superiority in recall for emotional words that was of the same magnitude in their first as in their second language. These results suggest that neither language dominance, nor the type of context, the age of second language acquisition, or the similarity between languages, seem to have any effect on memory for emotional words in the second language. They also indicate that, at least in proficient bilinguals, and when memory tasks are used, words seem to have the same emotional intensity in the first and in the second language.
Taking a “Peak” at Leisure Travelers’ Positive Emotions

There is ample evidence to suggest that positive emotions lead to valuable life outcomes. This study examines daily positive emotion development before, during, and after a leisure travel experience. The study measured positive emotions on a daily basis in 25 mature adult participants before, during, and after two leisure travel experiences. Consistent with the “peak” model in previous research, positive emotions overall—and joy and interest in particular—increased before leisure travel, were elevated during travel, and declined afterward. Implications for practice include managing positive emotions before and after leisure travel. Future research should consider positive emotions in other populations and other leisure experiences.
Immunization with a ZmpB-Based Protein Vaccine Could Protect against Pneumococcal Diseases in Mice

ABSTRACT Zinc metalloprotease B (ZmpB) is present in all isolated pneumococcal strains and contributes to the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection. In this study, recombinant ZmpB was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expression of ZmpB by different pneumococcal strains was detectable by Western blotting with antisera raised to recombinant ZmpB. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that anti-ZmpB polyclonal antibodies could bind to the cell surface of the pneumococcal strains analyzed. Both recombinant ZmpB protein and anti-ZmpB polyclonal antibodies significantly inhibited the adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 to A549 cells. In mouse models, mucosal immunization with recombinant ZmpB could significantly reduce pneumococcal lung colonization caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 19F and 14 and significantly increase mice survival times following invasive pneumococcal challenge with different pneumococcal strains, including serotypes 2, 3, 6B, and 14. Furthermore, intraperitoneal immunization with recombinant ZmpB in combination with the recombinant pneumolysin mutant (DeltaA146 Ply) and heat shock protein 40 (DnaJ) could enhance the protection against pneumococcal infection compared to protection provided by single-protein antigens. Passive immunization with hyperimmune antisera against these three antigens also demonstrated that the combination of three hyperimmune antisera could provide better protection than single antisera. Taken together, our results suggest that ZmpB is a good candidate pneumococcal vaccine antigen.