Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measures of acutance and shape for classification of breast tumors

Most benign breast tumors possess well-defined, sharp boundaries that delineate them from surrounding tissues, as opposed to malignant tumors. Computer techniques proposed to date for tumor analysis have concentrated on shape factors of tumor regions and texture measures. While shape measures based on contours of tumor regions can indicate differences in shape complexities between circumscribed and spiculated tumors, they are not designed to characterize the density variations across the boundary of a tumor. Here, the authors propose a region-based measure of image edge profile acutance which characterizes the transition in density of a region of interest (ROI) along normals to the ROI at every boundary pixel. The authors investigate the potential of acutance in quantifying the sharpness of the boundaries of tumors, and propose its application to discriminate between benign and malignant mammographic tumors. In addition, they study the complementary use of various shape factors based upon the shape of the ROI, such as compactness. Fourier descriptors, moments, and chord-length statistics to distinguish between circumscribed and spiculated tumors. Thirty-nine images from the Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database and an additional set of 15 local cases were selected for this study. The cases included 16 circumscribed benign, 7 circumscribed malignant, 12 spiculated benign, and 19 spiculated malignant lesions. All diagnoses were proven by pathologic examinations of resected tissue. The contours of the lesions were first marked by an expert radiologist using X-Paint and X-Windows on a SUN-SPARCstation 2 Workstation. For computation of acutance, the ROI boundaries were iteratively approximated using a split/merge and end-point adjustment technique to obtain the best-fitting polygonal approximation. The jackknife method using the Mahalanobis distance measure in the BMDP (Biomedical Programs) package was used for classification of the lesions using acutance and the shape factors as features in various combinations. Acutance alone resulted in a benign/malignant classification accuracy of 95% the MIAS cases. Compactness alone gave a circumscribed/spiculated classification rate of 92.3% with the MIAS cases. Acutance in combination with a moment-based shape measure and a Fourier descriptor-based measure gave four-group classification rate of 95% with the MIAS cases. The results indicate the importance of including lesion edge definition with shape information for classification of tumors, and that the proposed measure of acutance fills this need.
Translating Autoethnography Across the AERA Standards

The purpose of this article is to move readers toward a deeper understanding of and widened respect for autoethnography’s capacity as an empirical endeavor. An argument is presented in favor of autoethnography as empirical by translating information from its epistemological and methodological history across the AERA standards for reporting empirical social science research. Supporting evidence is drawn from samples of autoethnographic scholarship that emerged from an extensive literature review of first-tier, blind peer-reviewed journals with relatively low acceptance rates (i.e., 17% or less accepted for publication) that cater to an international audience of educational researchers. The journals include Harvard Educational Review, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, Teaching and Teacher Education, Qualitative Inquiry, Urban Review, Educational Studies, Journal of Latinos and Education, and Race, Ethnicity, and Education. The article concludes by imagining a rubric that may assist researchers, editors, and reviewers in translating autoethnographic scholarship as credible and defensible empirical research. To date, no such article has worked to demonstrate this important connection to open the potential empirical publication venues for autoethnography in our real world of promotion and tenure decision making in the academy that hinges increasingly on the integrity of the blind peer-review process.
The emergence and development of psychopathy

Currently, psychopathy and related terms such as antisocial personality disorder are popular yet problematic constructs within forensic psychology and other disciplines. Psychopathy is traced typically to the works of Pinel and Prichard in the early 19th century, and it has even been linked to biblical passages, although there appears to be little or no support for the latter claim. The first use of the term psychopathy in German psychiatry of the mid-19th century referred only to psychological disturbance in general, or ‘personality diseases’, although German psychiatrists such as Kraepelin did propose more specific definitions of the term related to social deviance. Our modern understanding of psychopathy as a psychiatric disorder of an undetermined genetic origin involving antisocial elements and a lack of feeling or concern for others owes much to the clinical work and writings of Cleckley. Antisocial personality disorder appears similarly to derive from the work of psychiatric nosologists like Kraepelin and Schneider, while sociopathy is due more to the work of Partridge in the 1920s and 1930s.
Inherited variation in the PARP1 gene and survival from melanoma

We report the association of an inherited variant located upstream of the poly(adenosine diphosphate‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) gene (rs2249844), with survival in 11 BioGenoMEL melanoma cohorts. The gene encodes a protein involved in a number of cellular processes including single‐strand DNA repair. Survival analysis was conducted for each cohort using proportional hazards regression adjusting for factors known to be associated with survival. Survival was measured as overall survival (OS) and, where available, melanoma‐specific survival (MSS). Results were combined using random effects meta‐analysis. Evidence for a role of the PARP1 protein in melanoma ulceration and survival was investigated by testing gene expression levels taken from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tumors. A significant association was seen for inheritance of the rarer variant of PARP1, rs2249844 with OS (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16 per allele, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.28, p = 0.005, eleven cohorts) and MSS (HR = 1.20 per allele, 95% CI 1.01–1.39, p = 0.03, eight cohorts). We report bioinformatic data supportive of a functional effect for rs2249844. Higher levels of PARP1 gene expression in tumors were shown to be associated with tumor ulceration and poorer OS.
Fatores que Explicam a Divulgação Voluntária das 100 Empresas com Ações Mais Negociadas na BM&FBOVESPA

A evidenciacao das empresas pode assumir duas perspectivas, a divulgacao obrigatoria e voluntaria. Normalmente, a evidenciacao obrigatoria imprime um padrao de divulgacao, mas quando se trata de divulgacao voluntaria, essa envolve a natureza endogena da empresa e que, portanto, depende do julgamento dos gestores pela divulgacao ou nao de determinando item. Sendo assim, este estudo analisou os fatores determinantes do nivel de divulgacao de informacao voluntaria das empresas, tendo com base de calculo a adaptacao da metrica de Murcia e Santos (2009). As informacoes foram obtidas atraves das Demonstracoes Financeiras Padronizadas publicadas no site da BM&FBOVESPA, relativas ao exercicio findo em 2012. Fundamentando-se pela Teoria da Divulgacao Voluntaria construiram-se sete hipoteses que foram testadas atraves do modelo de regressao linear multipla, tendo como variavel a ser explicada o Indice de Divulgacao Voluntaria (IDV) e como variaveis explicativas a Rentabilidade (ROE), Sustentabilidade (ISE), Tamanho (TAM), Endividamento (END), Concentracao Acionaria (CON), Internacionalizacao (INT) e Empresas Regulamentadas (REG). Os resultados apontam que a rentabilidade, o tamanho das empresas e a sustentabilidade sao fatores determinantes da divulgacao voluntaria, sendo portanto, positivamente significativas nos modelos estimados. Consequentemente, concluiu-se que quatro das hipoteses testadas nao possuem comprovacao empirica, sao elas: endividamento, concentracao acionaria, internacionalizacao e empresas regulamentadas.
Preventing the “Second Rape”

Although prevention efforts aimed at eliminating the occurrence of sexual assault are clearly needed, it is also important to consider how we can prevent further trauma among those already victimized. Prior research suggests that rape survivors may experience victim-blaming treatment from system personnel (termed secondary victimization or the second rape). This research examined how postassault contact with community systems exacerbated rape victims' psychological and physical health distress. Findings revealed that the majority of rape survivors who reported their assault to the legal or medical system did not receive needed services. These difficulties with service delivery were associated with both perceived and objective measures of negative health outcomes. Contact with the mental health system, rape crisis centers, or religious communities was generally perceived by victims as beneficial. This study suggests that the trauma of rape extends far beyond the assault itself, as negative community responses can significantly elevate distress.
Structure of Organizations in Occupational Interest Associations

This paper reports an extension of the Aston studies of organizational structure to the field of occupational interest associations. The sample consisted of six trade unions and one professional association. The fundamental relationships of the dimensions of organizational structure to each other, and to size (whether number of employees, members or branches), were shown to hold in this new context. A greater Centralization of occupational interest associations than business firms was observed and this was seen as facilitating the exercise of control by the members through the representative institutions. The political processes of representation within such associations is briefly discussed.
How do eye gaze and facial expression interact?

Previous research has demonstrated an interaction between eye gaze and selected facial emotional expressions, whereby the perception of anger and happiness is impaired when the eyes are horizontally averted within a face, but the perception of fear and sadness is enhanced under the same conditions. The current study reexamined these claims over six experiments. In the first three experiments, the categorization of happy and sad expressions (Experiments 1 and 2) and angry and fearful expressions (Experiment 3) was impaired when eye gaze was averted, in comparison to direct gaze conditions. Experiment 4 replicated these findings in a rating task, which combined all four expressions within the same design. Experiments 5 and 6 then showed that previous findings, that the perception of selected expressions is enhanced under averted gaze, are stimulus and task-bound. The results are discussed in relation to research on facial expression processing and visual attention.
Factors, issues and values: revisiting reasoning with cases

In this paper we revisit reasoning with legal cases, with a view to articulating the relationships between issues, factors, facts and values, and to identifying areas for future work on these topics. We start from the different ways in which attempts have been made to go beyond a fortori reasoning from the precedent base, so that conclusions not fully justified by the precedents can be drawn. We then use a particular example domain taken from the literature to illustrate our preferred approach and to relate factors and values. From this we observe that much current work depends critically on the ascription of factors to cases in a Boolean manner, while in practice there are compelling reasons to see the presence of factors as a matter of degree. On the basis of our observations we make suggestions for the directions of future work on this topic.
Optimizing DSP circuits by a new family of arithmetic operators

This paper presents a new family of arithmetic operators to optimize the implementation of circuits for digital signal processing. They are based on using a new fixed-point format which allows performing rounding to nearest as the same cost as truncation. Thanks to the use of rounding, the word-length optimization may improve significantly respect to using conventional units and truncation. That reduction means a simultaneous improvement of area, delay, and, consequently, power consumption. As an example, several FIR filters have been tested, and an area reduction up to 50% along with a speed improvement up to 42% has been obtained.
A Semi-Supervised Method to Learn and Construct Taxonomies Using the Web

Although many algorithms have been developed to harvest lexical resources, few organize the mined terms into taxonomies. We propose (1) a semi-supervised algorithm that uses a root concept, a basic level concept, and recursive surface patterns to learn automatically from the Web hyponym-hypernym pairs subordinated to the root; (2) a Web based concept positioning procedure to validate the learned pairs' is-a relations; and (3) a graph algorithm that derives from scratch the integrated taxonomy structure of all the terms. Comparing results with WordNet, we find that the algorithm misses some concepts and links, but also that it discovers many additional ones lacking in WordNet. We evaluate the taxonomization power of our method on reconstructing parts of the WordNet taxonomy. Experiments show that starting from scratch, the algorithm can reconstruct 62% of the WordNet taxonomy for the regions tested.
The HELLAS2XMM survey - VI. X-ray absorption in the 1df AGN sample through a spectral analysis

The spectroscopic analysis of 117 serendipitous sources in the HELLAS2XMM 1df (1 degree field) survey is de- scribed. Of these, 106 sources, of which 86% have a spectroscopic redshift, are used to evaluate the fraction of X-ray absorbed (log NH > 22) Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in the 2−10 keV flux range 0.8−20 × 10 −14 erg cm −2 s −1 . This fraction turns out lower than what is predicted by two well known Cosmic X-Ray Background synthesis models, and the discrepancy is signifi- cant at the 99.999% level. This result consolidates the findings recently obtained by other authors. In the flux interval explored, the data are consistent with an intrinsic distribution of the absorbing columns (flat per decade above log NH > 21) independent of luminosity and redshift, together with an AGN luminosity function evolving purely in luminosity. It is shown that, on the other hand, extrapolation to lower fluxes fails to reproduce the results inferred from the Chandra Deep Field North survey. It is found that about 40% of the high luminosity sources in our sample have best fit log NH > 22, and the surface density of these X-ray obscured QSOs can then be estimated at about 48 per square degree, at the flux limit of ∼10 −14 erg cm −2 s −1 of the HELLAS2XMM 1df survey. As a side issue, 5 or 6 out of 60 sources, that is about 10%, identified with broad line AGN, turn out to be affected by log NH > 22 absorption.
Hypokalemic quadriparesis: An unusual manifestation of dengue fever

Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne, arboviral infection found in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Clinical presentation varies from a severe flu-like illness to a potentially lethal dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue has been regarded as a nonneurotropic virus. However, there are reports describing neurological involvements in dengue virus infection. The neurological involvement in dengue virus infection includes encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. The neurological spectrum of dengue patients has been limited because of small number of case reports, paucity of imaging, and neurophysiologic studies. There are only a few isolated case reports and case series documenting acute pure motor quadriparesis in dengue fever. We report acute pure motor reversible quadriparesis due to hypokalemia. Clinicians in the endemic area should be aware of such association of acute pure motor reversible quadriparesis with dengue fever
The relative centrality of life domains among Jews and Arabs in Israel: the effect of culture, ethnicity, and demographic variables

The centrality of major life domains (work, family community leisure and religion) have not, to date, been studied among Arabs in Israel. This paper examines life domains centrality of 909 Jews and 286 Arabs (or Palestinians that have Israeli citizenship), who work in the Israeli labor market. The findings reveal significant differences in the importance of all life domains. Work centrality, as well as the importance of religion and community is significantly higher among Arabs than among Jews. Among Jews, the importance of family and leisure are significantly higher than among Arabs. A hierarchical regression analysis indicates that demographic variables have a low ability to explain the differences in the centrality of life domains among Jews and Arabs. The findings can be explained by cultural differences, the high degree of segregation, occupational discrimination, and mainly by the regional Palestinian/Arab-Israeli conflict.
A Component Analysis

In a previous study, sharing was established and maintained in preschool children by the combined use of modeling, self-reporting, and reinforcement for true reports of sharing. The present study systematically analyzed five components of that procedure in a multiple-baseline design across two groups of four-year-old children. The first two components, (1) modeling of sharing and (2) modeling of sharing combined with reinforcement of modeled reports of sharing, did not increase subjects' sharing above base-line levels. When given an opportunity to report their own behaviors (component 3), most subjects began reporting sharing, and three (of eight) subjects began sharing play materials. Reinforcement of any (true or untrue) report of sharing (component 4) maintained the reports of sharing, but produced only small increases in actual sharing. However, the fifth component, reinforcement of true reports of sharing, produced desirable rates of sharing and high levels of reporting for all subjects. Thus, although modeling in combination with self-reporting may be sufficient to increase sharing by some children, the combined use of modeling, self-reporting, and reinforcement for true reports of sharing is most effective for all subjects.
Value Orientations, Gender, and Environmental Concern

A social-psychological model is developed to examine the proposition that environmentalism represents a new way of thinking. It presumes that action in support of environmental quality may derive from any of three value orientations: egoistic, social-altruistic, or biospheric, and that gender may be implicated in the relation between these orientations and behavior. Behavioral intentions are modeled as the sum across values of the strength of a value times the strength of beliefs about the consequences of environmental conditions for valued objects. Evidence from a survey of 349 college students shows that beliefs about consequences for each type of valued object independently predict willingness to take political action, but only beliefs about consequences for self reliably predict willingness to pay through taxes. This result is consistent with other recent findings from contingent valuation surveys. Women have stronger beliefs than men about consequences for self, others, and the biosphere, but there is no gender difference in the strength of value orientations.
Creating Lifelong Science Learners: What Models Form a Firm Foundation?

Recently published standards for science, mathematics, history, and other fields challenge educators to design instruction that sets in motion a lifelong habit of learning. Creating lifelong learners requires the redesign of instruction to ensure that students have a generative understanding and an inclination to progressively refine their ideas. We discuss research on middle-school science learning and instruction that suggests how generative models of scientific phenomena can be developed, and we offer a framework for curriculum reform.
Optimization with Multivariate Conditional Value-at-Risk Constraints

For many decision-making problems under uncertainty, it is crucial to develop risk-averse models and specify the decision makers' risk preferences based on multiple stochastic performance measures (or criteria). Incorporating such multivariate preference rules into optimization models is a fairly recent research area. Existing studies focus on extending univariate stochastic dominance rules to the multivariate case. However, enforcing multivariate stochastic dominance constraints can often be overly conservative in practice. As an alternative, we focus on the widely applied risk measure conditional value-at-risk (CVaR), introduce a multivariate CVaR relation, and develop a novel optimization model with multivariate CVaR constraints based on polyhedral scalarization. To solve such problems for finite probability spaces, we develop a cut generation algorithm, where each cut is obtained by solving a mixed-integer problem. We show that a multivariate CVaR constraint reduces to finitely many univariate CVaR co.
Staining of interleukin‐10 predicts clinical outcome in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) has been implicated as an important modulator of lymphoid cells, and its sequence is homologous to an open reading frame in the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) genome. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a representative tumor related to EBV infection.
Upping the Ante of Text Complexity in the Common Core State Standards

The Common Core Standards for the English Language Arts (CCSS) provide explicit guidelines matching grade-level bands (e.g., 2–3, 4–5) with targeted text complexity levels. The CCSS staircase accelerates text expectations for students across Grades 2–12 in order to close a gap in the complexity of texts typically used in high school and those of college and career. The first step of the band at second and third grades is examined because it marks the entry into the staircase and a critical developmental juncture. In this article, we examine the theoretical and empirical support for three assumptions that underlie the acceleration of text complexity in Grades 2–3. Then we identify patterns in American reading achievement and instruction to illustrate the potential and far-reaching consequences of an increase in the first step of the CCSS staircase.
Approximate Hubel-Wiesel Modules and the Data Structures of Neural Computation

This paper describes a framework for modeling the interface between perception and memory on the algorithmic level of analysis. It is consistent with phenomena associated with many different brain regions. These include view-dependence (and invariance) effects in visual psychophysics and inferotemporal cortex physiology, as well as episodic memory recall interference effects associated with the medial temporal lobe. The perspective developed here relies on a novel interpretation of Hubel and Wiesel's conjecture for how receptive fields tuned to complex objects, and invariant to details, could be achieved. It complements existing accounts of two-speed learning systems in neocortex and hippocampus (e.g., McClelland et al. 1995) while significantly expanding their scope to encompass a unified view of the entire pathway from V1 to hippocampus.