Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Land Cover Characterization Using EOS MISR and MODIS Data and a Decision Tree Classifier

Abstract Land cover characterization at a regional scale using spaceborne multi‐angle remote sensing data is in its infancy. A data mining technique was employed to evaluate the degree to which the accuracy of land cover classification can be increased using multi‐spectral, multi‐temporal and multi‐angle remote sensing data. The study area is around the Jornada Rangeland in New Mexico, USA with shrubland, woodland, grassland, desert barren land and irrigated cropland. Data used for this study included EOS MISR surface BRF and MODIS 16‐day NDVI composite acquired from 2002‐2003. Eight land cover types were classified using a decision tree algorithm with multiple classifications obtained to evaluate classification accuracy using different input data (MODIS data only, MISR data only, and MODIS plus MISR data). The overall classification accuracy from a five‐fold cross‐validation using MODIS data alone was 46% (standard error of 2.6%) as compared with 51% (standard error of 2.3%) using MISR data. The class‐specific accuracy obtained from using MISR data was equal to or higher than those using MODIS data (0‐28%) for all land cover types. The largest increase in accuracy was observed for open oak woodland, coniferous woodland, and woody wetland using MISR and MODIS data, and for irrigated cropland and barren land using MISR data only. The increased classification accuracy using MISR data was attributed to difference in directional spectral signature and its temporal behavior among open woodland, woody wetland, irrigated cropland, and barren land.
Incorporating Both Distributional and Relational Semantics in Word Representations

We investigate the hypothesis that word representations ought to incorporate both distributional and relational semantics. To this end, we employ the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), which flexibly optimizes a distributional objective on raw text and a relational objective on WordNet. Preliminary results on knowledge base completion, analogy tests, and parsing show that word representations trained on both objectives can give improvements in some cases.
Novel method to classify hemodynamic response obtained using multi-channel fNIRS measurements into two groups: exploring the combinations of channels

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in psychiatric studies has widely demonstrated that cerebral hemodynamics differs among psychiatric patients. Recently we found that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) showed different hemodynamic responses to their own mother’s face. Based on this finding, we may be able to classify the hemodynamic data into two those groups and predict to which diagnostic group an unknown participant belongs. In the present study, we proposed a novel statistical method for classifying the hemodynamic data of these two groups. By applying a support vector machine (SVM), we searched the combination of measurement channels at which the hemodynamic response differed between the ADHD and the ASD children. The SVM found the optimal subset of channels in each data set and successfully classified the ADHD data from the ASD data. For the 24-dimensional hemodynamic data, two optimal subsets classified the hemodynamic data with 84% classification accuracy, while the subset contained all 24 channels classified with 62% classification accuracy. These results indicate the potential application of our novel method for classifying the hemodynamic data into two groups and revealing the combinations of channels that efficiently differentiate the two groups.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT TAXING, SPENDING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: NEW EVIDENCE FOR WISCONSIN

Wisconsin is generally viewed as a high tax state. Depending on how one measures tax burdens, Wisconsin's rankings range from either the top five, or right in the middle of the national average. While these rankings have always been a source of discussion in Wisconsin, the state's current budget deficit, and the proposed solutions, has renewed the public debate about Wisconsin's fiscal policies with a vengeance. Accusations of duplication of services, higher costs inherent to the small scale of operation and a general tendency to be "big spenders" have created a firestorm of controversy. Further, a range of business support organizations has renewed yet again the call for tax reductions in the name of economic growth. In this applied research study we again ask the fundamental question "are Wisconsin local taxes too high" but we address the research question from a slightly different direction. Rather than looking at local property values and corresponding tax generating abilities, we measure the influence of local spending and taxation decisions on local economic growth. If local spending and taxation levels are indeed too high, we should see a dampening affect on local economic growth rates.
Influence of the preparation design and artificial aging on the fracture resistance of monolithic zirconia crowns

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance and fracture behavior of monolithic zirconia crowns in accordance with the preparation design and aging simulation method. MATERIALS AND METHODS An upper first molar was prepared sequentially with three different preparation designs: shoulderless preparation, 0.4 mm chamfer and 0.8 mm chamfer preparation. For each preparation design, 30 monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated. After cementation on Cr-Co alloy dies, the following artificial aging procedures were performed: (1) thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML): 5000 cycles of thermal cycling 5℃–55℃ and chewing simulation (1,200,000 cycles, 50 N); (2) Low Temperature Degradation simulation (LTD): autoclave treatment at 137℃, 2 bar for 3 hours and chewing simulation; and (3) no pre-treatment (control group). After artificial aging, the crowns were loaded until fracture. RESULTS The mean values of fracture resistance varied between 3414 N (LTD; 0.8 mm chamfer preparation) and 5712 N (control group; shoulderless preparation). Two-way ANOVA analysis showed a significantly higher fracture loads for the shoulderless preparation, whereas no difference was found between the chamfer preparations. In contrast to TCML, after LTD simulation the fracture strength of monolithic zirconia crowns decreased significantly. CONCLUSION The monolithic crowns tested in this study showed generally high fracture load values. Preparation design and LTD simulation had a significant influence on the fracture strength of monolithic zirconia crowns.
Multi - instantons and Maldacena's conjecture

We examine certain n-point functions Gn in = 4 supersymmetric SU(N) gauge theory at the conformal point. In the large-N limit, we are able to sum all leading-order multi-instanton contributions exactly. We find compelling evidence for Maldacena's conjecture: (1) The large-N k-instanton collective coordinate space has the geometry of AdS5 × S5, (2) In exact agreement with type IIB superstring calculations, at the k-instanton level, Gn = N1/2g8kn−7/2e−8π2kg2∑d|kd−2Fn(x1,.,xn), where Fn is identical to a convolution of n bulk-to-boundary SUGRA propagators.
Relationship Between Parenting Styles,Attachment and Ego-identity of College Students

Objective:To explore the relationship between parenting styles,attachment and ego-identity of college students.Methods:320 college students in Hunan province were randomly selected and assessed with the RQ,ECR,PBI and EOM-EIS-2.Results:①There were significant gender differences and grade differences in ego-identity;②The achievement status of ego-identity was negatively correlated with attachment avoidance;③The foreclosure status of ego-identity was positively correlated with attachment anxiety,while negatively correlated with mother care;④The moratorium status of ego-identity had positive correlation with attachment anxiety;⑤The diffusion status of ego-identity was positively correlated with attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety;⑥Stepwise regression analysis showed that attachment avoidance and father encouragement of independence were significant predictors of the achievement status of ego-identity;father control and attachment anxiety were significant predictors of the foreclosure status of ego-identity;attachment anxiety and father control were significant predictors of the moratorium status of ego-identity;father control,attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety were significant predictors of the diffusion status of ego-identity.Conclusion:Generally,father parenting styles and attachment play an important role for the achievement status of ego-identity.
Long time behavior of non-autonomous Fokker-Planck equations and the cooling of granular gases

We analyze the asymptotic behavior of linear Fokker-Planck equations with time-dependent coefficients. Relaxation towards a Maxwellian distribution with time-dependent temperature is shown under explicitly computable conditions. We apply this result to the study of Brownian motion in granular gases as introduced J. J. Brey, J. Dufty and A. Santos (1999), by showing that the Homogenous Cooling State attracts any solution at an algebraic rate.
Neural offset min-sum decoding

Recently, it was shown that if multiplicative weights are assigned to the edges of a Tanner graph used in belief propagation decoding, it is possible to use deep learning techniques to find values for the weights which improve the error-correction performance of the decoder. Unfortunately, this approach requires many multiplications, which are generally expensive operations. In this paper, we suggest a more hardware-friendly approach in which offset min-sum decoding is augmented with learnable offset parameters. Our method uses no multiplications and has a parameter count less than half that of the multiplicative algorithm. This both speeds up training and provides a feasible path to hardware architectures. After describing our method, we compare the performance of the two neural decoding algorithms and show that our method achieves error-correction performance within 0.1 dB of the multiplicative approach and as much as 1 dB better than traditional belief propagation for the codes under consideration.
Advancement of Bi-Level Integrated System Synthesis (BLISS)

Bi-Level Integrated System Synthesis (BLISS) is a method for optimization of an engineering system, e.g., an aerospace vehicle. BLISS consists of optimizations at the subsystem (module) and system levels to divide the overall large optimization task into sets of smaller ones that can be executed concurrently. In the initial version of BLISS that was introduced and documented in previous publications, analysis in the modules was kept at the early conceptual design level. This paper reports on the next step in the BLISS development in which the fidelity of the aerodynamic drag and structural stress and displacement analyses were upgraded while the method''s satisfactory convergence rate was retained.
The Effects of Angiotensin II on Renal Water and Electrolyte Excretion in Normal and Caval Dogs.

The effects of intravenous administration of angiotensin II on renal water and electrolyte excretion were examined during hydropenia, water diuresis, and hypotonic saline diuresis in anesthetized normal dogs and dogs with thoracic inferior vena cava constriction and ascites (caval dogs). The effects of unilateral renal artery infusion of a subpressor dose were also examined.During hydropenia angiotensin produced a decrease in tubular sodium reabsorption, with a considerably greater natriuresis in caval dogs, and associated with a decrease in free water reabsorption (T(c) (H(2)O)). Water and hypotonic saline diuresis resulted in an augmented angiotensin natriuresis, with a greater effect still observed in caval dogs. In these experiments free water excretion (C(H(2)O)) was limited to 8-10% of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), although distal sodium load increased in every instance. In the renal artery infusion experiments a significant ipsilateral decrease in tubular sodium reabsorption was induced, particularly in caval dogs.These findings indicate that angiotensin has a direct effect on renal sodium reabsorption unrelated to a systemic circulatory alteration. The attenuation or prevention of the falls in GFR and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) usually induced by angiotensin may partially account for the greater natriuretic response in caval dogs and the augmentation during water or hypotonic saline diuresis. However, a correlation between renal hemodynamics and the degree of natriuresis induced was not always present and, furthermore, GFR and ERPF decreased significantly during the intrarenal artery infusion experiments. Therefore, the present experiments indicate that another mechanism is operative in the control of the angiotensin natriuresis and suggest that alterations in intrarenal hemodynamics may play a role.The decrease in T(c) (H(2)O) and the apparent limitation of C(H(2)O) associated with an increase in distal sodium load localize the site of action of angiotensin to the ascending limb of Henle's loop and the proximal tubule.
The Hierarchy of Influences on Professional Role Perceptions Among Chinese Online Journalists

This research seeks to understand the journalistic profession in contemporary China, given the growth of online journalism, the transformation of the media system, and the emergence of transnational journalism culture. Based on a nationwide sample of 1751 full-time online journalists from 205 online news organizations in 31 provincial level units and other aggregate-level data from secondary sources, the study applies Shoemaker and Reese’s Hierarchical Model to examine the factors that drive the formation of professional role perceptions among Chinese online journalists. The final results of hierarchical linear models provide evidence for the significant influences of individual level, routine level, and organizational level factors. However, social institutional-level and social system-level factors are not significant predictors of professional role perceptions.
Genome-wide identification and characterization of cysteine-rich polycomb-like protein (CPP) family genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and their roles in stress responses

Cysteine-rich polycomb-like protein (CPP) transcription factors are a small gene family involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and stress response. Genome-wide identification and characterization of CPP gene family have been carried out in several plant species. However, no comprehensive phylogenetic analysis or expression profiling of CPP genes in Cucumis sativus has been reported. In this study, we characterized the CPP family genes in C. sativus, and 5 CPP candidate genes were found in cucumber genome. CPP proteins from cucumber and other plant species were classified into two groups, which were further divided into five subgroups based on the phylogenetic distribution. Most CPP genes in the same subgroup shared similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Transcriptome data revealed that CsCPP genes were expressed in leaves, ovaries, flowers, stems, roots, and tendril tissues. qRT-PCR expression analysis showed that many CsCPP genes exhibited different expression patterns in cucumber leaves under abiotic stresses including salt, cold, drought, and ABA. These results demonstrate that cucumber CPP gene family may play critical roles in plant development as well as in the responses to environmental stresses.
The influence of clothing in the negotiation of identities. A study between students and lecturers.

Abstract Identity negotiation is the process by which perceivers target comes to agreement regarding the identities that the targets are to assume in the interaction. In this contemporary era, the notion of uniqueness shows that humans differ from one another, whilst what we do in the same way as well as what we share and have in common with others is understood as the social aspects of ourselves. The objective of the study was to find out the influence of clothing in the negotiation of identities in terms of the relationship between students and lecturers from the students perspective. For the study to be materialized, the researchers employed descriptive survey as the design for the study. Questionnaire was the sole instrument used to elicit response from respondents. The sample size for the study was 248 respondents. The key findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents consider their values, attitudes, status and mood in choosing clothing and are also able to identify the moods and values of others through their clothing. The findings further gave evidence that clothing plays a major role in helping student’s identify their lectures. It was recommended that workshops and seminars about clothing should be organized for both lecturers and students. And also on how the impact of clothing influence negotiation of identity. Again, lecturers should be encouraged by the school authorities to put on clothes that will differentiate them from their students. This will help them gain the necessary recognition.
Current and emerging treatment strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in childhood. It is caused by mutations of the DMD gene, leading to progressive muscle weakness, loss of independent ambulation by early teens, and premature death due to cardiorespiratory complications. The diagnosis can usually be made after careful review of the history and examination of affected boys presenting with developmental delay, proximal weakness, and elevated serum creatine kinase, plus confirmation by muscle biopsy or genetic testing. Precise characterization of the DMD mutation is important for genetic counseling and individualized treatment. Current standard of care includes the use of corticosteroids to prolong ambulation and to delay the onset of secondary complications. Early use of cardioprotective agents, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, and other supportive strategies has improved the life expectancy and health-related quality of life for many young adults with DMD. New emerging treatment includes viral-mediated microdystrophin gene replacement, exon skipping to restore the reading frame, and nonsense suppression therapy to allow translation and production of a modified dystrophin protein. Other potential therapeutic targets involve upregulation of compensatory proteins, reduction of the inflammatory cascade, and enhancement of muscle regeneration. So far, data from DMD clinical trials have shown limited success in delaying disease progression; unforeseen obstacles included immune response against the generated mini-dystrophin, inconsistent evidence of dystrophin production in muscle biopsies, and failure to demonstrate a significant improvement in the primary outcome measure, as defined by the 6-minute walk test in some studies. The long-term safety and efficacy of emerging treatments will depend on the selection of appropriate clinical end points and sensitive biomarkers to detect meaningful changes in disease progression. Correction of the underlying mutations using new gene-editing technologies and corticosteroid analogs with better safety profiles offers renewed hope for many individuals with DMD and their families.
Large scale distribution of bacterial communities in the upper Paraná River floodplain

A bacterial community has a central role in nutrient cycle in aquatic habitats. Therefore, it is important to analyze how this community is distributed throughout different locations. Thirty-six different sites in the upper Paraná River floodplain were surveyed to determine the influence of environmental variable in bacterial community composition. The sites are classified as rivers, channels, and floodplain lakes connected or unconnected to the main river channel. The bacterial community structure was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, based on frequency of the main domains Bacteria and Archaea, and subdivisions of the phylum Proteobacteria (Alpha-proteobacteria, Beta-proteobacteria, Gamma-proteobacteria) and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster. It has been demonstrated that the bacterial community differed in density and frequency of the studied groups. And these differences responded to distinct characteristics of the three main rivers of the floodplain as well as to the classification of the environments found in this floodplain. We conclude that dissimilarities in the bacterial community structure are related to environmental heterogeneity, and the limnological variables that most predicted bacterial communities in the upper Paraná River floodplain was total and ammoniacal nitrogen, orthophosphate and chlorophyll-a.
Mapping Rice Fields in Urban Shanghai, Southeast China, Using Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8 Datasets

Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8 images have been combined in this study to map rice fields in urban Shanghai, southeast China, during the 2015 growing season. Rice grown in paddies in this area is characterized by wide inter-field variability in addition to being fragmented by other landuses. Improving rice classification accuracy requires the use of multi-source and multi-temporal high resolution data for operational purposes. In this regard, we first exploited the temporal backscatter of rice fields and background land-cover types at the vertical transmitted and vertical received (VV) and vertical transmitted and horizontal received (VH) polarizations of Sentinel-1A. We observed that the temporal backscatter of rice increased sharply at the early stages of growth, as opposed to the relatively uniform temporal backscatter of the other land-cover classes. However, the increase in rice backscatter is more sustained at the VH polarization, and two-class separability measures further indicated the superiority of VH over VV in discriminating rice fields. We have therefore combined the temporal VH images of Sentinel-1A with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) derived from a single-date cloud-free Landsat 8 image. The integration of these optical indices with temporal backscatter eliminated all commission errors in the Rice class and increased overall accuracy by 5.3%, demonstrating the complimentary role of optical indices to microwave data in mapping rice fields in subtropical and urban landscapes such as Shanghai.
Characterization of the Xen Project Code Review Process: an Experience Report

Many software development projects have introduced manda-tory code review for every change to the code. This meansthat the project needs to devote a significant effort to re-view all proposed changes, and that their merging into thecode base may get considerably delayed. Therefore, all thoseprojects need to understand how code review is working, andthe delays it is causing in time to merge.This is the case in the Xen project, which performs peerreview using mailing lists. During the first half of 2015, somepeople in the project observed a large and sustained increasein the number of messages related to code review, which hadstarted some years before. This observation led to concernson whether the code review process was having some trouble,and too large an impact on the overall development process.Those concerns were addressed with a quantitative study,which is presented in this paper. Based on the informa-tion in code review messages, some metrics were defined toinfer delays imposed by code review. The study producedquantitative data suitable for informed discussion, which theproject is using to understand its code review process, andto take decisions to improve it.