Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross-cultural evidence of cognitive adaptations for social exchange among the Shiwiar of Ecuadorian Amazonia

On the basis of evolutionary game theory, it was hypothesized that humans have an evolved cognitive specialization for reasoning about social exchange, including a subroutine for detecting cheaters. This hypothesis led to a specific prediction: Although humans are known to be poor at detecting potential violations of conditional rules in general, they should nevertheless detect them easily when the rule involves social exchange and looking for violations corresponds to looking for cheaters. This prediction was subsequently confirmed by numerous tests. Evolutionary analyses further predict that: (i) in humans, complex adaptations will be distributed in a species-typical fashion; and (ii) aspects of cognitive organization relevant to performing the evolved function of an adaptation should be more buffered against environmental and cultural variation than function-irrelevant aspects. Here we report experiments testing whether social exchange reasoning exhibits these properties of adaptations. Existing tests of conditional reasoning were adapted for nonliterate experimental subjects and were administered to Shiwiar hunter–horticulturalists of the Ecuadorian Amazon. As predicted, Shiwiar subjects were as highly proficient at cheater detection as subjects from developed nations. Indeed, the frequency of cheater-relevant choices among Shiwiar hunter-horticulturalists was indistinguishable from that of Harvard undergraduates. Also as predicted, cultural variation was confined to those aspects of reasoning that are irrelevant to social exchange algorithms functioning as an evolutionarily stable strategy. Finally, Shiwiar subjects displayed the same low performance on descriptive conditionals as subjects from developed nations. Taken together, these findings support the hypotheses that social exchange algorithms are species-typical and that their evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)-relevant subroutines are developmentally buffered against cultural variation.
Compensation and language recovery in the chronic aphasic patient

Abstract Two chronic fluent aphasic patients were assessed on a range of standard, functional and linguistic measures at a testing interval of five years. Though no change was noted in the performance of either patient on the standard test, a shift was seen in both patients in functional communication and on certain syntactic and pragmatic dimensions. These shifts were interpreted within a framework of compensatory strategies. Certain processes common to both patients and related to increased communicative effectiveness are described and discussed. The chronic patient is viewed as an individual with potential for dynamic functional language change in certain aspects of communication not directly linked to the structural components of the message. Implications for therapy are discussed.
An Instance of American and Chinese Politeness Strategy

This paper reports on a small-scale investigation of the polite ness strategies used by American and Chinese subjects improvising the same situation. In the terms of Brown and Levinson (1978), Americans favored negative politeness and Chinese preferred positive politeness. These preferences are in accord with the American indivi dual-centered and the Chinese situation-centered ways of life dis cussed by Hsu (1981). However, inasmuch as some researchers have argued that the United States has a positive politeness culture, the results of the study argue against the crude classification of cultures into politeness types, suggesting instead that politeness strategies are more situation-specific.
Vibrotactile Display for Driving Safety Information

Vehicle driving support systems such as navigation systems and dead-angle warning systems make us safer and more comfortable. These kinds of systems provide only visual and auditory information. However, visual driving support systems are restricted in driver's field-of-view and auditory warning signals can lose in radio music, engine noise, or conversation noise. Tactile displays using vibration motors can provide useful information in spite of restricted field-of-view and noisy environment. It may quickly draw the attention of the driver when important events occur: for instance, collision warning and directional cues. These intuitive and quick cues may be combined together with the visual and auditory display to give multimodal feedback to the driver. In this paper, we present a vibrotactile display device for providing safety information to drivers. User studies with the vibrotactile device on the top of the foot show 86.7% recognition rate for alphabet characters after some training and 83.9% for providing driving safety information
Herschel : the first science highlights Special feature L etter to the E ditor Herschel and SCUBA-2 imaging and spectroscopy of a bright , lensed submillimetre galaxy at z = 2 . 3

We present a detailed analysis of the far-infrared (-IR) properties of the bright, lensed, z = 2.3, submillimetre-selected galaxy (SMG), SMM J2135−0102 (hereafter SMM J2135), using new observations with Herschel, SCUBA-2 and the Very Large Array (VLA). These data allow us to constrain the galaxy’s spectral energy distribution (SED) and show that it has an intrinsic rest-frame 8−1000-μm luminosity, Lbol, of (2.3 ± 0.2) × 1012 L and a likely star-formation rate (SFR) of ∼400 M yr−1. The galaxy sits on the far-IR/radio correlation for far-IR-selected galaxies. At >∼70 μm, the SED can be described adequately by dust components with dust temperatures, Td ∼ 30 and 60 k. Using SPIRE’s Fouriertransform spectrometer (FTS) we report a detection of the [C ii] 158 μm cooling line. If the [C ii], CO and far-IR continuum arise in photodissociation regions (PDRs), we derive a characteristic gas density, n ∼ 103 cm−3, and a far-ultraviolet (-UV) radiation field, G0, 103× stronger than the Milky Way. L[CII]/Lbol is significantly higher than in local ultra-luminous IR galaxies (ULIRGs) but similar to the values found in local star-forming galaxies and starburst nuclei. This is consistent with SMM J2135 being powered by starburst clumps distributed across ∼2 kpc, evidence that SMGs are not simply scaled-up ULIRGs. Our results show that SPIRE’s FTS has the ability to measure the redshifts of distant, obscured galaxies via the blind detection of atomic cooling lines, but it will not be competitive with ground-based CO-line searches. It will, however, allow detailed study of the integrated properties of high-redshift galaxies, as well as the chemistry of their interstellar medium (ISM), once more suitably bright candidates have been found.
Temporal coincidence between synaptic vesicle fusion and quantal secretion of acetylcholine

We applied the quick-freezing technique to investigate the precise temporal coincidence between the onset of quantal secretion and the appearance of fusions of synaptic vesicles with the prejunctional membrane. Frog cutaneous pectoris nerve-muscle preparations were soaked in modified Ringer's solution with 1 mM 4-aminopyridine, 10 mM Ca2+, and 10(-4) M d-Tubocurarine and quick-frozen 1-10 ms after a single supramaximal shock. The frozen muscles were then either freeze- fractured or cryosubstituted in acetone with 13% OsO4 and processed for thin section electron microscopy. Temporal resolution of less than 1 ms can be achieved using a quick-freeze device that increases the rate of freezing of the muscle after it strikes the chilled copper block (15 degrees K) and that minimizes the precooling of the muscle during its descent toward the block. We minimized variations in transmission time by examining thin sections taken only from the medial edge of the muscle, which was at a fixed distance from the point of stimulation of the nerve. The ultrastructure of the cryosubstituted preparations was well preserved to a depth of 5 - 10 micron, and within this narrow band vesicles were found fused with the axolemma after a minimum delay of 2.5 ms after stimulation of the nerve. Since the total transmission time to this edge of the muscle was approximately 3 ms, these results indicate that the vesicles fuse with the axolemma precisely at the same time the quanta are released. Freeze-fracture does not seem to be an adequate experimental technique for this work because in the well- preserved band of the muscle the fracture plane crosses, but does not cleave, the inner hydrophobic domain of the plasmalemma. Fracture faces may form in deeper regions of the muscle where tissue preservation is unsatisfactory and freezing is delayed.
A Cross-National Comparison Study on the Accuracy of Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Middle-School Mathematics Students

In this cross-national study, the authors compared mathematics self-efficacy beliefs of American (n = 107) and Taiwanese (n = 188) middle-school students for level and calibration (accuracy and bias). Taiwanese students surpassed Americans in math achievement. American students evidenced slightly higher self-efficacy levels for easy math items but a steeper decline for moderately difficult items than did Taiwanese students. Nationality differences in level of self-efficacy diminished for difficult math items. For calibration, American students reported less accurate self-efficacy beliefs than did Taiwanese students for all items, although the accuracy of both groups declined with items of higher difficulty. Postperformance self-evaluation judgments of Taiwanese students decreased as item difficulty increased, whereas American students' judgments decreased from easy items to moderate items, but remained unchanged with difficult items. The authors found no effects for gender or gender-nationality interactions on any dependent measure.
The Development and Implementation of a Faculty–Student Collaborative Research Project

Criminal Justice faculty collaborated with undergraduate and graduate students to evaluate federal probation officers’ use of evidence-based skills following the implementation of a new training program designed to improve officer supervision skills and offender outcomes. The project resulted in the coding of over 100 audio recordings of actual officer–offender interactions based upon a developed assessment instrument. Overall, officers demonstrated high levels of adherence to training program skills. This article describes the process used to form a faculty–student collaborative research project and the benefits, challenges, and recommendations for similar projects at other institutions.
Who withdraws from initial teacher preparation programmes and why?

Background: In recent years, withdrawal from initial teacher preparation (ITP) programmes, in England and elsewhere, has become a cause for concern amongst both ITP providers and policy-makers. Purpose: This paper seeks to enhance the presently underdeveloped evidence base on the causes of withdrawal from ITP and on the characteristics of student teachers who are most likely to withdraw. Sample: All ITP providers in England were stratified by ITP route (including university-administered undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, school-centred and employment-based programmes) and a random sample within each route was selected. Of the 110 providers invited to participate in the research, 74 agreed to take part. All student teachers following the specified ITP routes in these institutions were then invited to participate in a longitudinal survey about their experiences of ITP and early professional development. Design and methods: Student teachers (n = 4790) completed an initial questionnaire about their reasons for undertaking ITP and their preconceptions about ITP and teaching. Of these, 3162 took part in a follow-up telephone interview about their experiences of ITP and, for 135 of these participants, about their experiences of withdrawing from ITP. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed: (a) to explore the experiences of those who withdrew from ITP; (b) to examine the extent to which withdrawal might be predicted by their reasons for undertaking ITP or their preconceptions of ITP and teaching; (c) to compare the responses to a number of key questions of those who withdrew from ITP and those who did not. Results: The findings show that withdrawal from ITP is differentiated by a number of variables including the ITP route being followed, whether student teachers are seeking to teach in primary or secondary schools, their age, gender and prior commitment to the profession. Data suggest that the main causes of withdrawal relate to workload and an apparent lack of support from ITP providers. Conclusions: The findings support some those of earlier studies but contradict others, for example by showing that those who report more prior experience of working in schools are not less likely to withdraw from ITP. A number of implications are presented for teacher educators and policy-makers.
Dewey, Peirce, and the Learning Paradox

This article deals with a problem that has vexed educators and learning theorists for years—the so-called learning paradox. Attempts to explain how it is that new and better knowledge is fashioned out of prior, less complex knowledge typically rely on processes of deduction or induction or, as a third alternative, equate the generation of new knowledge with the development of new moves in the language game. A fourth promising solution to the learning paradox is advanced in this article. In this approach, based on Dewey and Peirce's work, ideas as opposed to schemas or postmodernist discourse are viewed as the real carriers of meaning. Ideas are thought to be generated through a metaphoric process known as abduction. Abduction offers the best chance of coming to terms with the learning paradox.
The uncertainty is killing me: Self-triage decision making and information availability

Accurate self-triage is important for both the individual’s health, and the efficacy and efficiency of the health care system. Ambiguity and partial information from sources of questionable fidelity may contribute to the difficulties laypersons experience in making care-seeking decisions. The role of certainty in diagnostic information was investigated using hypothetical health threat scenarios. Sixty healthy undergraduates were asked to indicate how urgently they would seek care under the circumstances depicted in these scenarios. Information relating to certainty interacted with threat severity in a logical pattern, such that increased certainty of high severity threat prompted more urgent care-seeking response, while reduced certainty of lower severity threats increases urgency. Minor reductions in certainty reduced urgency of response for high severity threats. Implications of these results on health information resources and public services are discussed.
Being Confined within? Constructions of the Good Childhood and Outdoor Play in Early Childhood Education and Care Settings in Ireland

This study is based on a study of the experience of the outdoors in early childhood education and care settings in Ireland. Central to the analyses are the inter-linkages drawn between constructions of a ‘good’ childhood, and children’s ‘need’ for outdoor play, as well as the contradictions which arise around competing discourses of safety and protection versus play and autonomy in the structuring of children’s everyday lives. The findings indicate that the outdoors is increasingly marginalised in young children’s everyday experiences. Conclusions are drawn with reference to the implications for the development of real and meaningful outdoor play experiences for children in early childhood education and care settings.
Selective impairment of italian grammatical morphology in the congenially deaf: A case study

Abstract Z is a congenitally deaf woman who has acquired an extraordinarily high level of competence in Italian, a spoken language with a rich system of inflectional morphology. Examples of Z's spoken and written language are compared with equivalent samples for an educated native speaker (NC) and a second control subject (BC) who acquired Italian as a second language. Like NC and BC, Z produces complex and well-formed syntactic constructions. Unlike BC, Z also demonstrates near-normal levels of lexical competence (in word selection, spelling, derivational morphology). By contrast, Z displays severe impairments in grammatical morphology. Her pattern of morphological impairment is also qualitatively different from that of our bilingual control: violations of bound morphology are restricted almost entirely to long-distance agreement; most errors involve omission, addition, or substitution of free-standing function words. Results are discussed in terms of a possible causal link between phonetic/phonological .
ARE THE SCALES TIPPED IN FAVOR OF PROCEDURAL OR DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE? AN INVESTIGATION OF THE U.S., INDIA, GERMANY, AND HONG KONG (CHINA)

This study explores the role of procedural and distributive justice in influencing supervisory trust, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Past work in U.S. settings has shown the differential effects of procedural and distributive justice on job attitudes while other work supports the relationship between both procedural and distributive justice with trust. This study attempts to replicate the US findings and extend them to samples from India, Germany, and China (Hong Kong). A theoretical model was tested via structural equation analysis. Organizational justice was found to be an important predictor of trust in all the samples, indicating the importance of these concepts in organizational life in different cultures. The implications of these results for future research are discussed.
Attachment classification, psychophysiology and frontal EEG asymmetry across the lifespan: a review

In recent years research on physiological response and frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry in different patterns of infant and adult attachment has increased. We review research findings regarding associations between attachment classifications and frontal EEG asymmetry, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA). Studies indicate that insecure attachment is related to a heightened adrenocortical activity, heart rate and skin conductance in response to stress, which is consistent with the hypothesis that attachment insecurity leads to impaired emotion regulation. Research on frontal EEG asymmetry also shows a clear difference in the emotional arousal between the attachment groups evidenced by specific frontal asymmetry changes. Furthermore, we discuss neurophysiological evidence of attachment organization and present up-to-date findings of EEG-research with adults. Based on the overall patterns of results presented in this article we identify some major areas of interest and directions for future research.
Exploration of Death Anxiety as a Function of Religious Variables in Gay Men with and without Aids

The relationship of religious variables to death anxiety was investigated in fifty-one gay men with AIDS and sixty-four gay men without AIDS. Higher death anxiety in the men with AIDS was associated with greater church attendance, belonging to the religion of childhood, citing religion to have been “harmful,” and not adhering to a spiritual belief system independent of formal religion. Within the group of men without AIDS higher death anxiety was associated with having the same religion as in childhood.
Social Correlates of Unsafe Sexual Intercourse

Building upon the work of Connell and colleagues, this paper examines four social correlates of unsafe sexual intercourse for gay, bisexual and heterosexual people. These are: (1) alcohol consumption; (2) uncertainty about one's HIV-infection status; (3) learned and shared logic about condoms; and (4) logic about the seriousness of the AIDS epidemic. The data come from two samples of sexually active people in Perth: (1) the gay community and (2) clients at an STD clinic. Data collection consisted of self- administered questionnaires (N=906), follow-up interviews (N=361) and ethnographic field work at heterosexual and gay venues. The conclusion reached is that unsafe sexual intercourse may be considered to be a collective, cultural institution and not merely due to individual ignorance, weakness or foolishness. HIV education and prevention programs need to focus more on collective action to achieve safer sex practices and on grassroot social processes that will sustain changes toward safer sex.
Relationships among Life Stress, Problem Solving, Self-Esteem, and Dysphoria in Hong Kong Adolescents: Test of a Model

The present research sought to examine (a) the moderating role of problem solving in the relationship between life stress and dysphoria among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong, and (b) a multi-factorial model in the development of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Two hundred and eighty-six secondary school students with a mean age of 15.79 (SD = 0.74) participated in a three-month prospective study. Problem solving was found to moderate the association between dysphoria and both life events and hassles, providing evidence that the problem solving model of depression was applicable to Chinese adolescents. Results from the path analyses indicated that life events affected depressive symptoms via the mediators of problem solving and self-esteem, whereas hassles did so only through a direct pathway . Mechanisms in the development of dysphoria and limitations of the study were discussed.
Young and intermediate-age massive star clusters

An overview of our current understanding of the formation and evolution of star clusters is given, with the main emphasis on high-mass clusters. Clusters form deeply embedded within dense clouds of molecular gas. Left-over gas is cleared within a few million years and, depending on the efficiency of star formation, the clusters may disperse almost immediately or remain gravitationally bound. Current evidence suggests that a small percentage of star formation occurs in clusters that remain bound, although it is not yet clear whether this fraction is truly universal. Internal two-body relaxation and external shocks will lead to further, gradual dissolution on time scales of up to a few hundred million years for low-mass open clusters in the Milky Way, while the most massive clusters (>105 M⊙) have lifetimes comparable to or exceeding the age of the Universe. The low-mass end of the initial cluster mass function is well approximated by a power-law distribution, , but there is mounting evidence that quiescent spiral discs form relatively few clusters with masses M>2×105 M⊙. In starburst galaxies and old globular cluster systems, this limit appears to be higher, at least several ×106 M⊙. The difference is likely related to the higher gas densities and pressures in starburst galaxies, which allow denser, more massive giant molecular clouds to form. Low-mass clusters may thus trace star formation quite universally, while the more long-lived, massive clusters appear to form preferentially in the context of violent star formation.
Posterior consistency of Gaussian process prior for nonparametric binary regression

Consider binary observations whose response probability is an unknown smooth function of a set of covariates. Suppose that a prior on the response probability function is induced by a Gaussian process mapped to the unit interval through a link function. In this paper we study consistency of the resulting posterior distribution. If the covariance kernel has derivatives up to a desired order and the bandwidth parameter of the kernel is allowed to take arbitrarily small values, we show that the posterior distribution is consistent in the L 1 -distance. As an auxiliary result to our proofs, we show that, under certain conditions, a Gaussian process assigns positive probabilities to the uniform neighborhoods of a continuous function. This result may be of independent interest in the literature for small ball probabilities of Gaussian processes.