Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Collaborative Planning Approach to Discourse Understanding

Approaches to discourse understanding fall roughly into two categories: those that treat mental states as elemental and thus reason directly about them, and those that do not reason about the beliefs and intentions of agents themselves, but about the propositions and actions that might be considered objects of those beliefs and intentions. The rst type of approach is a mental phenomenon approach, the second a data-structure approach (Pollack, 1986b). In this paper, we present a mental phenomenon approach to discourse understanding and demonstrate its advantages over the data-structure approaches used by other researchers. The model we present is based on the collaborative planning framework of SharedPlans (Grosz and Sidner, 1990; Lochbaum, Grosz, and Sidner, 1990; Grosz and Kraus, 1993). SharedPlans are shown to provide a computationally realizable model of the intentional component of Grosz and Sidner's theory of discourse structure (Grosz and Sidner, 1986). Additionally, this model is shown to simplify and extend approaches to discourse understanding that introduce multiple types of plans to model an agent's motivations for producing an utterance (Litman, 1985; Litman and Allen, 1987; Lambert and Carberry, 1991; Ramshaw, 1991). This paper is available from the Center for Research in Computing Technology, Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University as technical report TR-20-93. I would like to thank Cecile Balkanski, Barbara Grosz, Andy Kehler, Sarit Kraus, Christine Nakatani, Martha Pollack, Stuart Shieber, and Candy Sidner for their comments on previous drafts of this paper and on the research presented within it. I especially thank Professors Grosz, Pollack, and Shieber for their invaluable suggestions on strengthening the main points of this paper. This research has been supported by U S WEST Advanced Technologies and by a Bellcore Graduate Fellowship.
Behavioural investigations of the interpersonal action

Many everyday motor tasks require interpersonal action where the goal of the joint task is shared among all those involved. The aim of this thesis was two- fold; first, to explore bottom-up and top-down factors affecting interpersonal movement and second, to examine discrepancies in motor strategy arising between intrapersonal and interpersonal task conditions. In Chapter 2, participants coordinated their wrist movements to a live model whose own actions increased in frequency over time. Motoric and spatial contributions to the stability of interpersonal coordination were teased apart; testing whether spatial congruency overrides anatomical congruency. However, both factors influenced the task. Furthermore, the representation strength of these factors was not influenced by perspective (allocentric, egocentric). Chapter 3 investigated synchronization to self-versus-other when agency was either unknown or when participants were told (correctly or falsely) who they were synchronizing to. Participants synchronized arm movements to point- light stimuli derived from either their own or another person's previous motion recordings. Performance during self-belief trials was better relative to other belief trials, indicating a significant top-down modulation of behaviour. Chapter 4 probed interpersonal adherence to Fitts' Law, specifically looking at how task workload was shared across players when efficiency was emphasized. Players placed targets down at location distances of their discretion in order for their task partner to hit them. An equity-efficiency trade-off which violated Fitts' Law was observed. Chapter 5 studied how motor strategy across intrapersonal and interpersonal conditions differed in a reach-to-target task where two vBOTs jointly controlled the movement of a single cursor. Force perturbations ensured that both participants/hands experienced on shared 'difficult' direction and one shared 'easy' direction; the other two directions were difficult for one and easy for the other. Interpersonal behaviour was characterized by an iii equity-efficiency trade-off absent in the intrapersonal task. Overall, this thesis provides behavioural evidence of how interpersonal motor behaviour is modulated by bottom-up, topdown, social-goal and movement-control variables.
Thoracic Hemisection in Rats Results in Initial Recovery Followed by a Late Decrement in Locomotor Movements, with Changes in Coordination Correlated with Serotonergic Innervation of the Ventral Horn

Lateral thoracic hemisection of the rodent spinal cord is a popular model of spinal cord injury, in which the effects of various treatments, designed to encourage locomotor recovery, are tested. Nevertheless, there are still inconsistencies in the literature concerning the details of spontaneous locomotor recovery after such lesions, and there is a lack of data concerning the quality of locomotion over a long time span after the lesion. In this study, we aimed to address some of these issues. In our experiments, locomotor recovery was assessed using EMG and CatWalk recordings and analysis. Our results showed that after hemisection there was paralysis in both hindlimbs, followed by a substantial recovery of locomotor movements, but even at the peak of recovery, which occurred about 4 weeks after the lesion, some deficits of locomotion remained present. The parameters that were abnormal included abduction, interlimb coordination and speed of locomotion. Locomotor performance was stable for several weeks, but about 3–4 months after hemisection secondary locomotor impairment was observed with changes in parameters, such as speed of locomotion, interlimb coordination, base of hindlimb support, hindlimb abduction and relative foot print distance. Histological analysis of serotonergic innervation at the lumbar ventral horn below hemisection revealed a limited restoration of serotonergic fibers on the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord, while on the contralateral side of the spinal cord it returned to normal. In addition, the length of these fibers on both sides of the spinal cord correlated with inter- and intralimb coordination. In contrast to data reported in the literature, our results show there is not full locomotor recovery after spinal cord hemisection. Secondary deterioration of certain locomotor functions occurs with time in hemisected rats, and locomotor recovery appears partly associated with reinnervation of spinal circuitry by serotonergic fibers.
Self-Stabilizing Spanning Tree Algorithm for Large Scale Systems ∗

We introduce a self-stabilizing algorithm that builds and maintains a spanning tree topology on any large scale system. We assume that the existing topology is a complete graph and that nodes may arrive or leave at any time. To cope with the large number of processes of a grid or a peer to peer system, we limit the memory usage of each process to a small constant number of variables, combining this with previous results concerning failure detectors and resource discovery. We provide a formal proof of the algorithm and the results of experiments on a cluster.
AlphaServer 4100 Performance Characterization

1. AlphaServer 4100 model 5/300E, which has up to four 300-megahertz (MHz) Alpha 21164 microprocessors, each without a module-level, thirdlevel, write-back cache (B-cache) (a design referred to as uncached in this paper) 2. AlphaServer 4100 model 5/300, which has up to four 300-MHz Alpha 21164 microprocessors, each with a 2-megabyte (MB) B-cache 3. AlphaServer 4100 model 5/400, which has up to four 400-MHz Alpha 21164 microprocessors, each with a 4-MB B-cache
Mechanisms underlying the reduced endothelium‐dependent relaxation in human omental resistance artery in pre‐eclampsia

1 In pre‐eclampsia, a functional change occurs in the role played by endothelium‐derived nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction in resistance arteries. We investigated the underlying mechanism in human omental resistance arteries from normotensive pregnant and pre‐eclamptic women in the presence of diclofenac (an inhibitor of cyclo‐oxygenase). 2 In endothelium‐intact strips, the sensitivity to 9,11‐epithio‐11,12‐methano‐thromboxane A2 (STA2) was significantly higher in pre‐eclampsia, and this was not modified by either NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NNA, an inhibitor of NO synthase) or removal of the endothelium. 3 Bradykinin and substance P each produced an endothelium‐dependent relaxation of the STA2‐induced contraction in both groups, although the relaxation was significantly smaller for pre‐eclampsia. l‐NNA markedly attenuated the endothelium‐dependent relaxation in the normotensive pregnant group but not in the pre‐eclamptic group. 4 In the presence of l‐NNA, the relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the STA2 contraction was significantly smaller for pre‐eclamptic than for normotensive pregnant women. 5 In endothelium‐denuded strips, the relaxation induced by 8‐para‐ chlorophenyl thio‐guanosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (8‐pCPT‐cGMP) on the STA2 contraction was significantly less for pre‐eclampsia. 6 In β‐escin‐skinned strips from both groups of women, 8‐pCPT‐cGMP (1–10 μm) concentration‐dependently attenuated the contraction induced by 0.5 μm Ca2+. However, its relaxing action was significantly weaker in pre‐eclampsia. 7 It is suggested that the weaker responsiveness to NO seen in strips from pre‐eclamptic women may be partly due to a reduced smooth muscle responsiveness to cyclic GMP.
Usefulness of diffusion‐weighted MRI in human herpesvirus‐6 encephalitis

We report a patient with human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) encephalitis diagnosed by diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI). A previously healthy 10‐month‐old girl developed acute encephalopathy. HHV‐6 DNA was detected in her cerebrospinal fluid during the acute phase of the disease by polymerase chain reaction. The patient demonstrated cortical diffusion abnormalities in affected brain parenchyma, partially as the initial or most sensitive sign of encephalitis that could be detected not by conventional MRI but by DW‐MRI. Serial imaging showed that the diffusion abnormality DW‐MRI returned to normal after 45 days.
Graph-based Neural Multi-Document Summarization

We propose a neural multi-document summarization system that incorporates sentence relation graphs. We employ a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) on the relation graphs, with sentence embeddings obtained from Recurrent Neural Networks as input node features. Through multiple layer-wise propagation, the GCN generates high-level hidden sentence features for salience estimation. We then use a greedy heuristic to extract salient sentences that avoid redundancy. In our experiments on DUC 2004, we consider three types of sentence relation graphs and demonstrate the advantage of combining sentence relations in graphs with the representation power of deep neural networks. Our model improves upon other traditional graph-based extractive approaches and the vanilla GRU sequence model with no graph, and it achieves competitive results against other state-of-the-art multi-document summarization systems.
Recipient Vessels in Head and Neck Microsurgery: Radiation Effect and Vessel Access

Historical cohort analysis compared free-flap survival rates in 226 irradiated and 108 nonirradiated head and neck reconstructions. The failure rate for the irradiated flaps (3.5 percent) did not differ significantly from that for the nonirradiated group (2.9 percent). A case-control study of the failed irradiated flaps revealed infection and lag time between radiotherapy and surgery as the only factors significantly associated with free flap failure. Salvage techniques (vein grafting, cephalic transposition, and Corlett looping) for recruiting recipient vessels into radically ablated head and neck beds are reviewed. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92: 628, 1993.)
SysPal : Sys tem-guided Pa ttern L ocks for Android

To improve the security of user-chosen Android screen lock patterns, we propose a novel system-guided pattern lock scheme called “SysPal” that mandates the use of a small number of randomly selected points while selecting a pattern. Users are given the freedom to use those mandated points at any position. We conducted a large-scale online study with 1,717 participants to evaluate the security and usability of three SysPal policies, varying the number of mandatory points that must be used (upon selecting a pattern) from one to three. Our results suggest that the two SysPal policies that mandate the use of one and two points can help users select significantly more secure patterns compared to the current Android policy: 22.58% and 23.19% fewer patterns were cracked. Those two SysPal policies, however, did not show any statistically significant inferiority in pattern recall success rate (the percentage of participants who correctly recalled their pattern after 24 hours). In our lab study, we asked participants to install our screen unlock application on their own Android device, and observed their real-life phone unlock behaviors for a day. Again, our lab study did not show any statistically significant difference in memorability for those two SysPal policies compared to the current Android policy.
Calcination Temperature of Nano MgO Effect on Base Transesterification of Palm Oil

Nano MgO has been synthesized by hydration and dehydration method by modifies the commercial MgO. The prepared MgO had been investigated as a heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification process for biodiesel production using palm oil. TGA, FT-IR and XRD results obtained from this study lie each other and proved in the formation of nano MgO from decomposition of Mg(OH)2. This study proved that the prepared nano MgO was a better base transesterification catalyst compared to commercial MgO. The nano MgO calcined at 600oC had gives the highest conversion of 51.3% of palm oil to biodiesel. Keywords—Hydration-dehydration method, nano MgO, transesterification, biodiesel.
Seasonal variations of snow chemistry at NEEM, Greenland

Abstarct We conducted a pit study in July 2009 at the NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) deep ice-coring site in northwest Greenland. To examine the seasonal variations of snow chemistry and characteristics of the drill site, we collected snow/firn samples from the wall of a 2 m deep pit at intervals of 0.03 m and analyzed them for electric conductivity, pH, Cl–, NO3 –, SO4 2–, CH3SO3 – (MSA), Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and stable isotopes of water (δ18O and δD). Pronounced seasonal variations in the stable isotopes of water were observed, which indicated that the snow had accumulated regularly during the past 4 years. Concentrations of Na+, Cl– and Mg2+, which largely originate from sea salt, peaked in winter to early spring, while Ca2+, which mainly originates from mineral dust, peaked in late winter to spring, slightly later than Na+, Cl– and Mg2+. Concentrations of NO3 – showed double peaks, one in summer and the other in winter to spring, whereas those of SO4 2– peaked in winter to spring. The winter-to-spring concentrations of NO3 – and SO4 2– seem to have been strongly influenced by anthropogenic inputs. Concentrations of MSA showed double peaks, one in spring and the other in late summer to autumn. Our study confirms that the NEEM deep ice core can be absolutely dated to a certain depth by counting annual layers, using the seasonal variations of stable isotopes of water and those of ions. We calculated the annual surface mass balance for the years 2006–08. The mean annual balance was 176 mm w.e. , and the balances for winter-to-summer and summer-to-winter halves of the year were 98 and 78 mm, respectively. Snow deposition during the winter-to-summer half of the year was greater than that during the summer-to-winter half by 10–20mm for all three years covered by this study.
Identification and Characterization of an Aeromonas hydrophila Oligopeptidase Gene pepF Negatively Related to Biofilm Formation

Bacterial biofilms are involved in adaptation to complex environments and are responsible for persistent bacterial infections. Biofilm formation is a highly complex process during which multifarious genes work together regularly. In this study, we screened the EZ-Tn5 transposon mutant library to identify genes involved in biofilm formation of Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 24 biofilm-associated genes were identified, the majority of which encoded proteins related to cell structure, transcription and translation, gene regulation, growth and metabolism. The mutant strain TM90, in which a gene encoding oligopeptidase F (pepF) was disturbed, showed significant upregulation of biofilm formation compared to the parental strain. The TM90 colony phenotype was smaller, more transparent, and splendent. The adhesive ability of TM90 to HEp-2 cells was significantly increased compared with the parental strain. Fifty percent lethal dose (LD50) determinations in zebrafish demonstrated that the enhanced-biofilm mutant TM90 was highly attenuated relative to the wild-type strain. In conclusion, the pepF gene is demonstrated for the first time to be a negative factor for biofilm formation and is involved in A. hydrophila pathogenicity.
Seismic potential of weak, near-surface faults revealed at plate tectonic slip rates

Experimental shearing at plate rate speeds reveals slow slip events and earthquake potential on weak, shallow faults. The near-surface areas of major faults commonly contain weak, phyllosilicate minerals, which, based on laboratory friction measurements, are assumed to creep stably. However, it is now known that shallow faults can experience tens of meters of earthquake slip and also host slow and transient slip events. Laboratory experiments are generally performed at least two orders of magnitude faster than plate tectonic speeds, which are the natural driving conditions for major faults; the absence of experimental data for natural driving rates represents a critical knowledge gap. We use laboratory friction experiments on natural fault zone samples at driving rates of centimeters per year to demonstrate that there is abundant evidence of unstable slip behavior that was not previously predicted. Specifically, weak clay-rich fault samples generate slow slip events (SSEs) and have frictional properties favorable for earthquake rupture. Our work explains growing field observations of shallow SSE and surface-breaking earthquake slip, and predicts that such phenomena should be more widely expected.
(Non) Commutative Finsler Geometry from String/M-theory

We synthesize and extend the previous ideas about appearance of both noncommutative and Finsler geometry in string theory with nonvanishing B–field and/or anholonomic (super) frame structures [42, 43, 48, 50]. There are investigated the limits to the Einstein gravity and string generalizations containing locally anisotropic structures modeled by moving frames. The relation of anholonomic frames and nonlinear connection geometry to M–theory and possible noncommutative versions of locally anisotropic supergravity and D–brane physics is discussed. We construct and analyze new classes of exact solutions with noncommutative local anisotropy describing anholonomically deformed black holes (black ellipsoids) in string gravity, embedded Finsler–string two dimensional structures, solitonically moving black holes in extra dimensions and wormholes with noncommutativity and anisotropy induced from string theory.
How to Increase the Value of the Project Management Maturity Model as a Business-Oriented Framework

An organization's effectiveness partly depends on the success of its projects. With this in mind, many efforts have been spent in recent decades to enhance the project management culture, but results are still highly unsatisfactory. Project Management Maturity Models (PMMMs) are seen by both the academic and the industrial communities as a solid instrument to achieve this goal. The point at issue is that surveys and researches show PMMMs must be better linked to business and financial performance. The aim of this paper is to explore the scope for improvement to evolve PMMMs as business-oriented frameworks.
Validation of the hydrodynamic part of the ecohydrodynamic model for the Southern Baltic

The first part of the Baltic Sea ecohydrodynamic model, based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), was validated by long-term observations of sea level, salinity and water temperature fluctuations. The modelled sea surface temperature (SST) fields were also compared to satellite images – satisfactory correlation coefficients were obtained. The model bias and efficiency coefficients of the modelled variables in relation to the observed values were determined. The quality of model simulations in relation to measured values was estimated with respect to spatial and seasonal variability in shallow and deep coastal waters as well as in the open sea. The results indicated the high quality of simulations by the hydrodynamic model.
A New Approach of Multiuser Detection in UWB Systems

In this paper, we implement a MMSE RAKE receiver in a very fast system simulator for time-hopping ultra-wideband (TH-UWB) system. Since the transmitted waveform is masked by transmitted-distorted-received waveform (TDR), a typical multiuser structure does not exist and the implementation of any multiuser detector in this algorithm might be a difficult issue. Therefore, applying this method, in this paper, a novel approach of multiuser detection is achieved. With our approach, it is possible to reduce the simulation process significantly by avoiding any convolution operation, which is the most time-consuming. This algorithm takes advantage of some of the properties of TH-UWB systems in order to improve all the previous designs by several orders of magnitude, independently of the sampling rate, in terms of a very straightforward and fast processing. Relying on this approach, the complexity of the algorithm needed to evaluate MMSE receiver matrix is reduced. Thus, it is possible to process a large number of samples and to accurately estimate low BER in a short time application. Simulations are provided in order to validate the correctness and efficiency of this approach
Religion, spirituality and aging: A longitudinal study of mental and physical coping

A connection to the divine, God, or nature can be a source of comfort, guidance and insight, particularly during times of hardship or illness. This study draws together sociological theories on religion, aging and health to explore the ways in which religious and spiritual practices may impact the mental and physical aspects of old age. Analyzing data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 2000 to 2010, the effects of religious salience, prayer and meditation are investigated in terms of their impact on mental health and physical functioning. Additionally the study examines a sample of cancer survivors to determine if the effects of religion differ for this unique population. Results demonstrated a salutary effect of religious salience on mental health and coping with cancer, but a negative association with disability. Similarly, moderate prayer improved outcomes of depression and disability while daily prayer and meditation was associated with poorer outcomes. Theoretical explanations for these results are discussed with respect to policy implications and future research directions.