Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing attachment, a work in progress: to look, to listen or both?

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation epitomises the observational approach (Ainsworth, 1964). It involves a separation–reunion paradigm in which the infant’s attachment is classified into one of several categories based on its response to reunion with (almost invariably) the mother. The strengths of this approach are substantial. First, the infant is unlikely to be influenced by the demand characteristics of the situation, although the responses of the mother might well be. Second, the procedure is standardised, and can utilise a number of independent raters to determine the categorisation. Third, considerable research has been conducted on both the causes and consequences of these infant attachment styles, providing some support for construct validity. However, the weaknesses of this approach are also substantial. First, it is a resource-intensive assessment whose time and cost often limit its application to one-off assessments in relatively small samples. Second, the commitment required of participants risks introducing sample bias. Third, a number of extraneous factors potentially influence the infant’s behaviour (tiredness, hunger, minor illness, etc.). Fourth, the focus is on the infant’s behaviour, at the expense of that of the mother. Fifth, it often involves causing distress to the infant.
Cell – Mediated Delayed Rejection of Orthotopic Guinea Pig Cornea Grafts in Mice Deficient in CD 4 T Cells

METHODS. CB.17 SCID and BALB/c mice were used as recipients of orthotopic cornea grafts obtained from strain 13 guinea pigs. Before transplantation, SCID recipients, which do not normally reject guinea pig cornea grafts, were reconstituted with spleen cells (whole, CD4-depleted, CD4/CD8-depleted) or purified CD8 T cells from normal BALB/c donors. Graft survival was assessed by clinical examination, and median survival times (MST) were calculated. Lymphocytes from mice that rejected guinea pig cornea grafts were analyzed in vitro for their capacity to respond to guinea pig xenoantigens and to lyse guinea pig target cells.
Beyond Cold Conceptual Change: The Role of Motivational Beliefs and Classroom Contextual Factors in the Process of Conceptual Change

Conceptual change models of student learning are useful for explicating the role of prior knowledge in students’ learning and are very popular in the research on learning in the subject areas. This article presents an analysis of a conceptual change model for describing student learning by applying research on student motivation to the process of conceptual change. Four general motivational constructs (goals, values, self-efficacy, and control beliefs) are suggested as potential mediators of the process of conceptual change. In addition, there is a discussion of the role of classroom contextual factors as moderators of the relations between student motivation and conceptual change. The article highlights the theoretical difficulties of a cold, or overly rational, model of conceptual change that focuses only on student cognition without considering the ways in which students’ motivational beliefs about themselves as learners and the roles of individuals in a classroom learning community can facilitate or hinder conceptual change.
Factors Affecting Altruism: Sex, Urgency, and Time of Day

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of sex, urgency, and time of day on altruism among 160 subjects who were telephoned by a male or a female either early or late at night and told that the caller had reached a wrong number. The caller went on to explain that he was stuck on a parkway and had either no more money or no more change and asked the person reached to call another number for assistance. Women and people who had no mote money were helped most quickly. The implications for the study of altruism as well as research on sex differences were discussed.
Downregulation of the β1 adrenergic receptor in the myocardium results in insensitivity to metoprolol and reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The β1-adrenergic receptor (AR) is the primary β-AR subtype in the heart and is the target of metoprolol (Met), which is commonly used to treat angina and hypertension. Previous studies have revealed a positive correlation between the methylation levels of the adrenoreceptor β1 gene (Adrb1) promoter in the myocardium with the antihypertensive activity of Met in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which affects β1-AR expression in H9C2 cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of myocardial β1-AR downregulation using short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) against Adrb1 on the antihypertensive activity of Met in SHR. Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 9 (rAAV9) vectors carrying Adrb1 shRNA (rAAV9-Adrb1) or a negative control sequence (rAAV9-NC) were generated and used to infect rat hearts via the pericardial cavity. The results of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting analyses demonstrated that cardiac β1-AR expression in the rAAV9-Adrb1 group was significantly downregulated when compared with the rAAV9-NC group (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P=0.032, respectively). In addition, a greater reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed in the rAAV9-NC group compared with the rAAV9-Adrb1 group following Met treatment (P=0.035). Furthermore, downregulation of myocardial β1-AR was associated with a significant decrease in SBP (P<0.001). In conclusion, these data suggest that suppression of β1-AR expression in the myocardium reduces SBP and sensitivity to Met in SHR.
Older Adults’ Preferences for Independent or Delegated End-of-Life Medical Decision Making

Objectives: This study assesses the proportions of participants who prefer independent or delegated medical decision making at the end of life and examines the relationships of personal beliefs, affiliative beliefs, and end-of-life planning behaviors to decision-making preference. Method: Data are drawn from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 4,500 healthy White Midwestern high school graduates in their mid-60s. Results: Four fifths of participants wanted to make decisions independently. Valuing independence, being less avoidant of thoughts of death, and valuing quality of life over length of life had strong associations with a preference for independent decision making. Those concerned about burdening a caregiver wanted to make independent decisions. Persons who both executed a living will and appointed a durable power of attorney for health care preferred independent decision making. Discussion: Older adults cite personal and affiliative beliefs, not lack of autonomy, as reasons for their choice to decide independently or delegate.
Optimal Axonal and Dendritic Branching Strategies During the Development of Neural Circuitry

In developing brain, axons and dendrites are capable of connecting to each other with high precision. Imaging of axonal and dendritic dynamics in vivo shows that the majority of axonal and dendritic branches are formed ‘in error’, only to be retracted later. The functional significance of the overproduction of branches is not clear. Here we show that branching of both axons and dendrites can accelerate finding appropriate synaptic targets during the development of neuronal circuitry. We suggest that branching rules implemented by axons and dendrites minimize the number of erroneous branches. We find that optimal branching rules are different for axons and dendrites in agreement with experimentally observed branch dynamics. Thus, our studies suggest that the developing neural system employs a set of sophisticated computational strategies that facilitate the formation of required circuitry in the fastest and most frugal way.
Crystal structure of the collagen triple helix model [(Pro‐Pro‐Gly)10]3

The first report of the full‐length structure of the collagen‐like polypeptide [(Pro‐Pro‐Gly)10]3 is given. This structure was obtained from crystals grown in a microgravity environment, which diffracted up to 1.3 Å, using synchrotron radiation. The final model, which was refined to an Rfactor of 0.18, is the highest‐resolution description of a collagen triple helix reported to date. This structure provides clues regarding a series of aspects related to collagen triple helix structure and assembly. The strict dependence of proline puckering on the position inside the Pro‐Pro‐Gly triplets and the correlation between backbone and side chain dihedral angles support the propensity‐based mechanism of triple helix stabilization/destabilization induced by hydroxyproline. Furthermore, the analysis of [(Pro‐Pro‐Gly)10]3 packing, which is governed by electrostatic interactions, suggests that charges may act as locking features in the axial organization of triple helices in the collagen fibrils.
Age at first introduction to complementary foods is associated with sociodemographic factors in children with increased genetic risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

Infant's age at introduction to certain complementary foods (CF) has in previous studies been associated with islet autoimmunity, which is an early marker for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Various maternal sociodemographic factors have been found to be associated with early introduction to CF. The aims of this study were to describe early infant feeding and identify sociodemographic factors associated with early introduction to CF in a multinational cohort of infants with an increased genetic risk for T1D. The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young study is a prospective longitudinal birth cohort study. Infants (N = 6404) screened for T1D high risk human leucocyte antigen-DQ genotypes (DR3/4, DR4/4, DR4/8, DR3/3, DR4/4, DR4/1, DR4/13, DR4/9 and DR3/9) were followed for 2 years at six clinical research centres: three in the United States (Colorado, Georgia/Florida, Washington) and three in Europe (Sweden, Finland, Germany). Age at first introduction to any food was reported at clinical visits every third month from the age of 3 months. Maternal sociodemographic data were self-reported through questionnaires. Age at first introduction to CF was primarily associated with country of residence. Root vegetables and fruits were usually the first CF introduced in Finland and Sweden and cereals were usually the first CF introduced in the United States. Between 15% and 20% of the infants were introduced to solid foods before the age of 4 months. Young maternal age (<25 years), low educational level (<12 years) and smoking during pregnancy were significant predictors of early introduction to CF in this cohort. Infants with a relative with T1D were more likely to be introduced to CF later.
Family Transitions, Economic Status, and Voter Turnout Among African-American Inner-City Women*

We examine voter turnout of inner-city African-American mothers, many of whom are single parents and endure long-term, economic hardship. Previous research suggests that income is a more important factor among these groups than in the general population. We seek to understand the interplay of family structure, income, and voter turnout. Copyright (c) 2006 Southwestern Social Science Association.
Pattern of retinal projections in the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi): Anterograde tracing study using cholera toxin

The retinofugal pathways in the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi, were mapped after intravitreal injections of cholera toxin B‐subunit. The results of the current study are consistent with work in other mammals and provide new details relevant to the organization and evolution of the visual system. All retinorecipient nuclei received bilateral input, with a contralateral predominance. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is heavily innervated, and sparse terminals were noted in other hypothalamic areas. In addition to the interstitial, medial, lateral, and dorsal terminal nuclei, a few fibers of the accessory optic tract may enter the ventral lateral geniculate and the nucleus of the optic tract, though this innervation may not derive from the same ganglion cells innervating the accessory optic nuclei. Retinal terminals are found in the intergeniculate leaflet and the “dorsal cap” of the ventral lateral geniculate. Retinal fibers pass rostrally from the dorsal cap toward the anterodorsal thalamus, confirming a projection described in the tree shrew and monkeys. Retinal termination patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate reveal a hexilaminate organization of alternating ipsilateral and contralateral input. Variations in terminal morphology suggest that sublayers receive input from distinct ganglion cell types and that laminar comparisons can be made with primates. Finally, terminal patterns in the superior colliculus reveal a dense, highly ordered columnar organization supporting functional properties of tectal receptive fields. All the visual structures in the ground squirrel are large and well differentiated, making the sciurid visual system an accessible rodent model for comparing visual processing with that in other diurnal vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:317–340, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tense or Aspect?: A Review of Initial Past Tense Marking and Task Conditions for Beginning Classroom Learners of Spanish

This essay contributes to the research on the emergence of tense/aspect morphology by reviewing the results and task conditions of studies supporting either the Aspect Hypothesis (AH) or the Default Past Tense Hypothesis (DPTH) for second language (L2) learners of Spanish. The AH has found that past marking emerges based on inherent aspectual categories (Andersen 1991; Andersen and Shirai 1994), and the DPTH proposes (Salaberry 1999, 2002, 2003, 2008; Salaberry and Ayoun 2005) that beginning learners of Spanish with first language (L1) English initially use perfective past marking as a default tense marker. The present study reviewed the results and task conditions of studies of beginning classroom learners of Spanish with L1 English that support either hypothesis. The review shows that many learners go through a stage of marking preterite regardless of lexical aspect particularly in tasks requiring an explicit focus on forms or in impersonal narratives. On the other hand, beginning learners show prototypical associations of preterite marking with telic predicates in open-ended tasks or personal narratives, and stronger associations of imperfect marking with state verbs especially in personal narratives.
A Broadband VHF/UHF-Loaded Dipole Antenna in the Vicinity of a Human Body

A broadband dipole antenna with a very simple low-cost mechanical structure is proposed. This dipole of the height of 173 cm with inductor/resistor (LR) loading circuits is designed to operate in the frequency range of 30–512 MHz—hence a 17:1 bandwidth (178%). By choosing the optimized location of LR loads, the radiation pattern is controlled. Meanwhile, the VSWR 1:3.5 is adjusted by an input matching circuit, tuning a number of LR loads, and using a transmission line transformer. The impedance matching is better than −6.5 dB in whole frequency bandwidth. The antenna gain is gradually increased from −20 dBi at 30 MHz to −2 dBi at 512 MHz. The manufactured prototype is presented along with its measured characteristics which map well onto software simulated counterparts. The antenna is considered to be used in portable applications. Therefore, the simulations and the measurements are conducted near the human body. A simple model of the adult human body at the frequency band of the proposed antenna is used, which helps to study the effects of the human on the antenna performance. Moreover, the electromagnetic exposure on the human body is investigated. Experimental evidence is presented to verify the conclusion.
Effects of Disturbing Televised Events on the Acquisition of Information from Subsequently Presented Commercials

Abstract Male and female respondents were exposed to a television news program containing commercials. Immediately following exposure to either an emotionally disturbing or an innocuous, affectively neutral news story, respondents watched a sequence of standard news items mixed with commercials. The placement of 30-second commercials was systematically varied through three time slots: immediately following the experimental pretreatment (0.0–0.5 min); delayed by two minutes (2.0–2.5 min); or delayed by four minutes (4.0–4.5 min). A surprise recognition/recall test, measuring information acquisition of the content of the commercials, was administered. Compared with the control condition, the acquisition of information from the commercials following the emotionally charged, disturbing story was significantly poorer for a period of two and one-half minutes. No appreciable difference in information acquisition was observed thereafter. The apparent impairment of information acquisition, processing, and retrieva.
Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Polymorphism as a Susceptibility Factor for Acute Myocardial Infarction and Smoking in the North Indian Population

Objectives: Glutathione S-transferase (GST) plays a key role in the detoxification of xenobiotic atherogens generated by smoking. We investigated whether functional GST gene polymorphism might be associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and smoking. No such investigation has previously been conducted among North Indians. Methods: 230 patients with AMI and 300 healthy controls of North Indian ethnicity were enrolled in the study. GSTM1/T1/P1 gene polymorphisms were examined using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: When GST polymorphism was analyzed in patients with AMI, GSTM1 null genotype frequencies were 0.24 and 0.21 among cases with coronary artery disease and controls, respectively. The respective GSTT1 null genotype frequencies were 0.10 and 0.20 (p = 0.001). GSTP1 variant Val/Val allele frequencies were 0.02 and 0.07 with p = 0.03. After risk factor adjustment, only GSTP1Val/Val was found to be protective against disease. Considering the effect of GST (T1, M1, and P1) gene polymorphism on smoking, subjects were further divided into smokers and nonsmokers. However, GSTT1 null as well as GSTP Val/Val genotypes were protective only in nonsmokers (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04). Conclusions: A significant protective effect of GSTT1 null and GSTP1 Val genotype against disease was observed in patients with AMI although protection was limited to nonsmokers.
Variability of pulmonary function tests in cystic fibrosis

The aim of this study was to define the within‐subject variability for tests of respiratory function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) within the day, from day to day and from week to week. Twenty‐eight patients with CF (aged 9–19 years) and 23 healthy height matched controls (aged 9–18 years) had measurements made of spirometry, lung volumes, maximal flows at three lung volumes and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures at the mouth. Testings were done on nine occasions, three times within a day, on consecutive days at one week intervals. Each individual's variability was summarized both as the within‐subject coefficient of variation (WCV) and within‐subject standard deviation (WSD). Means of WSD and median WCV are reported for both the patients with CF and normal subjects.
Evidence of Ball-and-chain Transport of Ferric Enterobactin through FepA*

The Escherichia coli iron transporter, FepA, has a globular N terminus that resides within a transmembrane β-barrel formed by its C terminus. We engineered 25 cysteine substitution mutations at different locations in FepA and modified their sulfhydryl side chains with fluorescein maleimide in live cells. The reactivity of the Cys residues changed, sometimes dramatically, during the transport of ferric enterobactin, the natural ligand of FepA. Patterns of Cys susceptibility reflected energy- and TonB-dependent motion in the receptor protein. During transport, a residue on the normally buried surface of the N-domain was labeled by fluorescein maleimide in the periplasm, providing evidence that the transport process involves expulsion of the globular domain from the β-barrel. Porin deficiency much reduced the fluoresceination of this site, confirming the periplasmic labeling route. These data support the previously proposed, but never demonstrated, ball-and-chain theory of membrane transport. Functional complementation between a separately expressed N terminus and C-terminal β-barrel domain confirmed the feasibility of this mechanism.
Perfil da violência de gênero perpetrada por companheiro Profile of gender violence by intimate partners

Baseado na dissertacao de mestrado apresentada a Universidade Vale dos Sinos, em 2004. Recebido em 12/7/2004. Reapresentado em 19/5/2005. Aprovado em 17/6/2005. Correspondencia/ Correspondence: Jose Fernando Dresch Kronbauer Av. Unisinos, 950 93022-000 Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brasil E-mail: fernando@mercado.unisinos. br Descritores Saude da mulher. Violencia domestica. Servicos de saude comunitaria. Maustratos conjugais.
Immune Activation and Loss of Eomes and PLZF Common Variable Immunodeficiency Is Associated with Loss of Circulating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by low levels of Igs leading to increased risk of infections. Mucosalassociated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently identified population of innate T cells with potent antibacterial activity. We hypothesized that CVID is associated with alterations in MAIT cells. Cryopreserved PBMC from CVID patients and healthy controls were used to study the frequency, phenotype, and response to Escherichia coli stimulation of MAIT cells by flow cytometry. MAIT cell frequency and absolute counts were depressed in CVID. Residual MAIT presented elevated coexpression of CD38 and HLA-DR, and reduced expression of CCR6, whereas levels of CD127 (IL-7 receptor) were unchanged. CVID patients also had an accumulation of MAIT cells lacking the critical transcription factors eomesodermin and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein. MAIT cell frequency was inversely associated with levels of soluble CD14, with coexpression of CD38 and HLA-DR, and accumulation of MAIT cells lacking eomesodermin or promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein expression. None of these changes were normalized by IgG replacement therapy. Finally, MAIT cells from CVID patients displayed poor IFN-g responses to E. coli stimulation, in part due to defective Ag presentation, and these responses were increased by pretreatment with IL-7. Defective MAIT cell response may contribute to the increased incidence of microbial infections seen in CVID patients on IgG replacement therapy. ImmunoHorizons,
Five Ovine Mitochondrial Lineages Identified From Sheep Breeds of the Near East

Archaeozoological evidence indicates that sheep were first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. To search for DNA sequence diversity arising from previously undetected domestication events, this survey examined nine breeds of sheep from modern-day Turkey and Israel. A total of 2027 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence from 197 sheep revealed a total of 85 haplotypes and a high level of genetic diversity. Six individuals carried three haplotypes, which clustered separately from the known ovine mtDNA lineages A, B, and C. Analysis of genetic distance, mismatch distribution, and comparisons with wild sheep confirmed that these represent two additional mtDNA lineages denoted D and E. The two haplogroup E sequences were found to link the previously identified groups A and C. The single haplogroup D sequence branched with the eastern mouflon (Ovis orientalis), urial (O. vignei), and argali (O. ammon) sheep. High sequence diversity (K = 1.86%, haplogroup D and O. orientalis) indicates that the wild progenitor of this domestic lineage remains unresolved. The identification in this study of evidence for additional domestication events adds to the emerging view that sheep were recruited from wild populations multiple times in the same way as for other livestock species such as goat, cattle, and pig.