Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The components of a respiratory rehabilitation program: a systematic overview.

OBJECTIVE To determine the contribution of the various components of a rehabilitation program to the improvement of exercise capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with COPD. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (1966 to April 1996) was searched. Abstracts presented at international conferences were also hand searched for additional relevant trials. Bibliographies of the retrieved articles were reviewed. Experts in rehabilitation were consulted to uncover unpublished trials. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise training, breathing exercises, education, and psychosocial support in patients with COPD were primarily included if (1) the treatment effect of a specific component of a rehabilitation program could be isolated, and (2) exercise capacity, HRQL, compliance with medical therapy, and/or knowledge about the disease were measured. DATA SYNTHESIS A best-evidence synthesis was conducted; 22 RCTs contributed to the analysis. We found the following: (1) the patients exposed to interventions that included exercise training improved their functional exercise capacity and HRQL; (2) exercise training was muscle specific; (3) the evidence to support inspiratory muscle training and other breathing exercises as an adjunct to exercise training in COPD remains equivocal; (4) the contribution of education has not been well addressed; and (5) psychosocial support reduced dyspnea acutely and, when used as an adjunct to rehabilitation, promoted compliance with an exercise regimen and improved HRQL. CONCLUSION Respiratory rehabilitation is likely to improve functional exercise capacity and HRQL if it includes exercise training and psychosocial support. Further research is required to better define the types and intensity of exercise as well as the influence of respiratory muscle training and patient education.
A focus on commitment: the roles of transformational and transactional leadership and self-regulatory focus in fostering organizational and safety commitment

ABSTRACT The concept of employees’ commitment is one of the most challenging concepts in the management, organizational behaviour and human resource management literatures and research. The current study focuses on the construct of commitment as an emotional attitude, and expands the concept of general organizational commitment to a new more specific form of commitment, commitment to safety. Furthermore, commitment theorists commonly identify leadership as an important contributing factor to the development of organizational commitment. We aim to explain an underlying motivational mechanism, self-regulatory foci, through which leadership styles foster followers’ commitment. Results of three studies that used different methods (field and experimental), within different samples, demonstrated that transformational leadership was positively associated with followers’ promotion focus, which in turn was positively associated with both followers’ general and affective commitment to safety. Prevention focus mediated the positive relationship between a transactional active leadership style and both followers’ general and continuance commitment to safety. The implications of the findings for theory and practice are further discussed.
Relative Galois module structure of rings of integers of absolutely abelian number fields

Abstract Let L/K be an extension of number fields where L/ℚ is abelian. We define such an extension to be Leopoldt if the ring of integers L of L is free over the associated order . Furthermore we define an abelian number field K to be Leopoldt if every finite extension L/K with L/ℚ abelian is Leopoldt in the sense above. Previous results of Leopoldt, Chan & Lim, Bley, and Byott & Lettl culminate in the proof that the n-th cyclotomic field ℚ(n) is Leopoldt for every n. In this paper, we generalize this result by giving more examples of Leopoldt extensions and fields, along with explicit generators.
Genetic biomarkers for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy using antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is revolutionizing cancer treatment (1-3). These antibodies provide long-term durable responses for patients with various types of advanced cancers, such as melanoma, non–small-cell lung cancer, kidney cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma (1-3). Accumulating evidence suggests that these agents convey their therapeutic effects through targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to unleash anti-tumor immune responses. In turn, it is supposed that cancer cells depend critically on evading immune surveillance for their malignant growth. As immune checkpoint blockade therapy has benefited only a subset of patients, defining biomarkers that can predict therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects is of urgent importance, which is substantiated by recent approvals for PD-L1 diagnostic tests (2). Here we provide a brief overview of the recent development of genetic biomarkers for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies, with special focus on PD-L1 genetic abnormalities, including its 3′-UTR disruption. Early studies demonstrated the potential value of immunological biomarkers, such as intratumoral lymphoid infiltrates and PD-L1 expression on tumor or infiltrating immune cells, for predicting response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade (1, 2). However, subsequent studies have revealed a lower but significant response rate in patients with PD-L1-tumors, raising questions about the utility of these immunological markers as an ideal selection criterion for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy (2). Indeed, estimated from the results across 15 studies including various solid cancer types, the overall response rate to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade was 48% in patients with PD-L1 + tumors, in contrast to 15% in those with PD-L1-tumors. In addition, especially in clinical setting, accurate measurement and scoring of PD-L1 protein expression are hampered by a variety of technical and biological pitfalls (2). Genomics-based approaches have the potential to complement immunological biomarkers. In particular, Rizvi et al. demonstrated that a higher load of nonsynonymous mutations and neoantigens detected by whole-exome sequencing positively correlated with clinical response to an anti-PD-1 antibody (pembrolizumab) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Moreover, candidate neoantigens were experimentally validated using a high-throughput multimer screening to identify neoantigen-specific T cells. In one responder, neoantigen-specific T-cell reactivity paralleled tumor regression (4). In addition to neoantigen load, the extent of neoantigen intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) within single tumors affects the sensitivity to immune modulation. An integrated analysis of ITH and neoantigen burden showed that the response to PD-1 blockade in patients with NSCLC was enhanced in tumors enriched for clonal neoantigens, i.e., those shared …
A Model of Overconfidence

People use information about their ability to choose tasks. If more challenging tasks provide more accurate information about ability, people who care about and who are risk averse over their perception of their own ability will choose tasks that are not sufficiently challenging. Overestimation of ability raises utility by deluding people into believing that they are more able than they are in fact. Moderate overestimation of ability and overestimation of the precision of initial information leads people to choose tasks that raise expected output, however extreme overconfidence leads people to undertake tasks that are excessively challenging. Consistent with our results, psychologists have found that moderate overconfidence is both pervasive and advantageous and that people maintain such beliefs by underweighting new information about their ability.
Some estimates of Wang–Yau quasilocal energy

Given a spacelike 2-surface Σ in a spacetime N and a constant future timelike unit vector T0 in , we derive upper and lower estimates of Wang–Yau quasilocal energy E(Σ, X, T0) for a given isometric embedding X of Σ into a flat 3-slice in . The quantity E(Σ, X, T0) itself depends on the choice of X; however, the infimum of E(Σ, X, T0) over T0 does not. In particular, when Σ bounds a compact domain Ω in a time symmetric 3-slice in N and has nonnegative Brown–York quasilocal mass , our estimates show that equals . We also study the spatial limit of , where Sr is a large coordinate sphere in a fixed end of an asymptotically flat initial data set (M, g, p) and Xr is an isometric embedding of Sr into . We show that if (M, g, p) has future timelike ADM energy–momentum, then equals the ADM mass of (M, g, p).
A comparison of numerical techniques in Markov modeling

This paper presents several numerical methods which may be used to obtain the stationary probability vectors of Markovian models. An example of a nearly decomposable system is considered, and the results obtained by the different methods examined. A post mortem reveals why standard techniques often fail to yield the correct results. Finally, a means of estimating the error inherent in the decomposition of certain models is presented.
Special education for the social competences in autism spectrum disorders. The role of the Pivotal Response Training

The Pivotal Response Training (PRT) is currently one of the most effective models for the educational evidence-based interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorders. The model is based on Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), and represents a naturalistic child-centered intervention for the development of appropriate social interactions. This paper presents the theoretical background and the relative implications for the inclusive educational intervention in the Primary School.
Fast decoding of codes from algebraic plane curves

Improvement to an earlier decoding algorithm for codes from algebraic geometry is presented. For codes from an arbitrary regular plane curve the authors correct up to d*/2-m/sup 2//8+m/4-9/8 errors, where d* is the designed distance of the code and m is the degree of the curve. The complexity of finding the error locator is O(n/sup 7/3/), where n is the length of the code. For codes from Hermitian curves the complexity of finding the error values, given the error locator, is O(n/sup 2/), and the same complexity can be obtained in the general case if only d*/2-m/sup 2//2 errors are corrected. >
Definitional and Conceptual Muddling: Identifying the Positionality of Employee Engagement and Defining the Construct

Numerous entangled definitions, words, measurements, and frameworks have been proposed when referring to employee engagement, as well as other engagement typologies. Consequently, researchers have routinely drawn atheoretical conclusions about the meaning of employee engagement, limiting the applicability of employee engagement in theory building and practice. The focal point of our work was to detail an explicit definition of employee engagement and juxtapose our definition alongside several existing frameworks and definitions. First, we detail and position an operational definition of employee engagement ground in seminal literature. Second, we systematically examine the engagement literature, highlighting both dominant types of engagement and alternative typologies. Third, we conclude by making meaning for the human resource development field, distinguishing the use of employee engagement in the literature as an outcome, psychological state, and process, and synthesize our findings through a brief discussion of implications for research and practice.
Planck2013 results. XXIX. ThePlanckcatalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources

We describe the all-sky Planck catalogue of clusters and cluster candidates derived from Sunyaev--Zeldovich (SZ) effect detections using the first 15.5 months of Planck satellite observations. The catalogue contains 1227 entries, making it over six times the size of the Planck Early SZ (ESZ) sample and the largest SZ-selected catalogue to date. It contains 861 confirmed clusters, of which 178 have been confirmed as clusters, mostly through follow-up observations, and a further 683 are previously-known clusters. The remaining 366 have the status of cluster candidates, and we divide them into three classes according to the quality of evidence that they are likely to be true clusters. The Planck SZ catalogue is the deepest all-sky cluster catalogue, with redshifts up to about one, and spans the broadest cluster mass range from (0.1 to 1.6) 10^{15}Msun. Confirmation of cluster candidates through comparison with existing surveys or cluster catalogues is extensively described, as is the statistical characterization of the catalogue in terms of completeness and statistical reliability. The outputs of the validation process are provided as additional information. This gives, in particular, an ensemble of 813 cluster redshifts, and for all these Planck clusters we also include a mass estimated from a newly-proposed SZ-mass proxy. A refined measure of the SZ Compton parameter for the clusters with X-ray counter-parts is provided, as is an X-ray flux for all the Planck clusters not previously detected in X-ray surveys.
New ways to explore factorization in b decays

We propose to study factorization breaking effects in exclusive b decays where they are strongly enhanced over the factorizing contributions. This can be done by selecting final-state mesons with a small decay constant or with spin greater than one. We find a variety of decay modes which could help understand the dynamical origin of factorization and the mechanisms responsible for its breaking.
GABAC Receptors Control Adaptive Changes in a Glycinergic Inhibitory Pathway in Salamander Retina

We studied the role of GABA in adaptive changes in a lateral inhibitory system in the tiger salamander retina. In dark-adapted retinal slice preparations picrotoxin caused a slow enhancement of glycine-mediated IPSCs in ganglion cells. The enhancement of glycinergic IPSCs developed slowly over the course of 5–20 min, even though picrotoxin blocked both GABAA and GABACreceptors within a few seconds. The slow enhancement of glycinergic IPSCs by picrotoxin was much weaker in light-adapted preparations. The slow enhancement of glycinergic inhibitory inputs was not produced by bicuculline, indicating that it involved GABAC receptors. The responses of ganglion cells to direct application of glycine were not enhanced by picrotoxin, indicating that the enhancement was not caused by an action on glycine receptors. In dark-adapted eyecup preparations picrotoxin caused a slow enhancement of glycinergic IPSPs and transient lateral inhibition produced by a rotating windmill pattern, similar to the effect of light adaptation. The results suggest that the glycinergic inhibitory inputs are modulated by an unknown substance whose synthesis and/or release is inhibited in dark-adapted retinas by GABA acting at GABAC receptors.
New drug classes for the treatment of partial onset epilepsy: focus on perampanel

Perampanel (2-[2-oxo-1-phenyl-5-pyridin-2-yl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl] benzonitrile hydrate) is the latest in the line of new antiepileptic drugs with a novel mechanism of action. Perampanel inhibits α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ and selectively blocks AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, thus reducing neuronal excitation. Three Phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials demonstrated the efficacy and good tolerability of perampanel as adjunctive treatment in patients with refractory partial-onset seizures. The drug is approved for use in the European Union and United States, with expected release onto the American market in June–September 2013, pending US Drug Enforcement Agency classification. The pharmacology of perampanel offers potential as more than just another new antiepileptic drug. This first-in-class drug will provide another option for practitioners of rational polytherapy. As an AMPA-receptor antagonist, perampanel may possess antiepileptogenic properties in addition to its demonstrated antiseizure properties.
Effect of administering a multi-species probiotic mixture on the changes in fecal microbiota and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

We assessed the effect of multi-species probiotic mixture on the changes in fecal microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Eighty-one IBS patients were randomly assigned to receive either probiotic mixture (n = 39; containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve, B. actis, B. longum, and Streptococcus thermophilus) or placebo (n = 42) for 4 weeks. A questionnaire regarding general symptom relief was administered. The change in total symptom scores (sum of 10 IBS symptoms) and subtotal scores in 4 domains (pain, constipation, diarrhea, and bloating/gas) were evaluated. The change in fecal flora was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The concentration of probiotic strains significantly increased after ingestion in probiotics group (B. bifidum, p = 0.043; B. lactis, p<0.001; L. acidophilus, p = 0.016; L. rhamnosus, p<0.001). The proportion of patients with adequate symptom relief was higher in probiotics group than in placebo group (74.4% vs 61.9%, p = 0.230). The decrease in total symptom score over time was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.703). Among subtotal scores of 4 IBS symptom domains, the time effect was significantly different for diarrhea-symptom score between the groups (p = 0.017). A 4-week administration of multi-species probiotic mixture significantly increased the fecal concentration of most probiotic strains and improved diarrhea-symptom scores in IBS patients.
Depeche Mood: a Lexicon for Emotion Analysis from Crowd Annotated News

While many lexica annotated with words polarity are available for sentiment analysis, very few tackle the harder task of emotion analysis and are usually quite limited in coverage. In this paper, we present a novel approach for extracting - in a totally automated way - a high-coverage and high-precision lexicon of roughly 37 thousand terms annotated with emotion scores, called DepecheMood. Our approach exploits in an original way 'crowd-sourced' affective annotation implicitly provided by readers of news articles from rappler.com. By providing new state-of-the-art performances in unsupervised settings for regression and classification tasks, even using a na\"{\i}ve approach, our experiments show the beneficial impact of harvesting social media data for affective lexicon building.
A global search strategy of quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization

Based on the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm, we formulate the philosophy of QPSO and introduce a so-called mainstream thought of the population to evaluate the search scope of a particle and thus propose a novel parameter control method of QPSO. After that, we test the revised QPSO algorithm on several benchmark functions and the experiment results show its superiority.
Principal Component Analysis of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies: Revealing The Tensor Degeneracy

A principal-component analysis of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy measurements is used to investigate degeneracies among cosmological parameters. The results show that a degeneracy with tensor modes - the 'tensor degeneracy' - dominates uncertainties in estimates of the baryon and cold dark matter densities, ω b = Ω b h 2 , ω c = Ω c h 2 , 1 from an analysis of CMB anisotropies alone. The principal-component analysis agrees well with a maximum-likelihood analysis of the observations, identifying the main degeneracy directions and providing an impression of the effective dimensionality of the parameter space.
Examining determinants of seeking help for depression: implications for effective health promotion messages

ABSTRACT Background: Even though college students are particularly vulnerable to depression, most of those who are affected do not seek the help they need. Communication interventions could help promote help-seeking and motivate depressed college students to make an appointment with a health professional. Remarkably, guidance on how such health messages should look like are largely absent – with few exceptions. Adding to the urgency to find better ways to communicate with those who suffer from depression, recent research has pointed to potential negative effects if the unique characteristics of depression are not considered in the health communication intervention context. Method: To advance understanding of the effects of health promotion messages, this experiment utilized the reasoned action framework to investigate college students’ perceptions of and intentions to seek help after viewing either a gain- (n = 75) or a loss-framed (n = 78) depression help-seeking message. Results: Findings revealed that in this sample of students, gain-and loss-framing did not influence determinants of help-seeking – an encouraging finding, given the emerging empirical evidence of unintended negative effects of health promotion messages in this vulnerable population. Regardless of message framing, this study identified outcome expectations and, to a lesser extent, subjective feelings regarding help-seeking as most important determinants of intentions to seek help. Conclusions: Accordingly, health promotion messages should focus on reinforcing, rather than attempting to change, the already positive outcome expectations of seeking help for depression in order to prompt timely help-seeking and improve overall mental health among college students.
Spectral convergence for high contrast media with a defect via homogenization

We consider an eigenvalue problem for a divergence form elliptic operator Aε with locally perturbed high contrast periodic coefficients. Periodicity size ε is a small parameter. Local perturbation of coefficients for such operator could result in emergence of localized waves eigenfunctions with corresponding eigenvalues lying in the gaps of the Floquet-Bloch spectrum. We prove that, for a double porosity type scaling, under some natural assumptions the eigenfunctions decay exponentially at infinity, uniformly in ε. Then, using the tools of two-scale convergence for high contrast homogenization, we prove the two-scale compactness of the normalized eigenfunctions of Aε, i.e. that, up to a subsequence, they two-scale converge to the eigenfunctions of a two-scale limit homogenized operator A0. This consequently establishes asymptotic one-to-one correspondence between eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of Aε and A0. We also prove by direct means the stability of the essential spectrum of the homogenized operator with respect to the local perturbation of its coefficients. That allows us to establish not only strong two-scale resolvent convergence of Aε to A0 but also Hausdorff convergence of the spectra of Aε to the spectrum of A0, preserving the multiplicity of the isolated eigenvalues.
Coping with Shocks: The Realities of African Life

The shocks: • More than 60 percent of households report sudden losses in income and assets. • Weather shocks are very common, but price risk is just as prevalent. Death and illness were also frequently reported. • Health and weather shocks are often repeatedly experienced by the same household. Price risk is by far the most commonly reported covariate shock, much more so than weather shocks. • Risk is higher in rural areas, particularly risks to income. Rural households are more susceptible to income shocks because agriculture is a risky business. • Female-headed households are less susceptible to agricultural price risk, but more susceptible to food price risk.