Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Ultraviolet Light‐Induced Pigmentation

Work in the past 8 years, particularly in the past 1-2 years, has greatly expanded our understanding of the mechanisms by which ultraviolet irradiation stimulates melanogenesis in the skin. A direct effect of UV photons on DNA results in up-regulation of the gene for tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, as well as an increase in cell surface expression of receptors for at least one of the several known keratinocyte-derived melanogenic factors, MSH. Direct effects of UV on melanocyte membranes, releasing DAG and arachidonic acid, may also play a role in the tanning response. Diacylglycerol may activate PKC-beta, which in turn phosphorylates and activates tyrosinase protein; the pathways by which products of other inflammatory mediator cascades may act on melanogenesis are unknown. The tanning response also relies heavily on UV-stimulated increased production and release of numerous keratinocyte-derived factors including bFGF, NGF, endothelin-1 and the POMC-derived peptides MSH, ACTH, beta-LPH and beta-endorphin. These factors variably induce melanocyte mitosis, increase melanogenesis, enhance dendricity and prevent apoptotic cell death following the UV injury. Thus, events within the epidermal melanin unit conspire to maintain or increase melanocyte number, increase melanin pigment throughout the epidermis. Overall, ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis may be one part of a eukaryotic SOS response to damaging ultraviolet irradiation that has evolved over time to provide a protective tan in skin at risk of further injury from sun exposure. These recent insights into the mechanisms underlying ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis offer the opportunity for novel therapeutic approaches to minimizing acute and chronic photodamage in human skin.
A Travel Cost Analysis of the Australian Alps

This paper uses the ‘quick and dirty’ travel cost method (TCM) to generate a range of estimates of one part of the environmental value of the Australian Alps: the recreation use value (RUV). Data for the study were collected during 2001/02 from 4,791 visitor surveys which provided information on 18,480 individuals who were visiting seven different regions of the Australian Alps across three states. The range of estimates is between $10 billion and $200 billion – that range varying across a variety of plausible travel costs and other research judgements.
Relationship between Franking Credits and the Market Risk Premium: A Comment

This paper examines two arguments presented in Gray and Hall (2006). First, that the generally used estimate of 0.06 for the market risk premium within the Officer version of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the generally used estimate of 0.50 for the parameter 'gamma' within the Officer framework are jointly inconsistent with evidence concerning the market risk premium in the standard version of the CAPM. Second, that the first two of these parameter estimates are also jointly inconsistent with the observed cash dividend yield on the Australian market. To resolve these problems, Gray and Hall recommend setting gamma to zero. The present paper shows that the first argument does not account for the fact that imputation induces a reduction in the market risk premium as defined in the standard version of the CAPM. The present paper also shows that both arguments identify a problem that characterizes only parts of the Officer framework, and these parts are not generally used in Australia. Therefore, rather than suggesting that gamma should be zero, Gray and Hall's analysis identifies parts of the Officer framework that should be avoided. Copyright (c) The Authors.
Challenges of Curriculum Reform in the Context of Decentralization: The Response of Teachers to a Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) and Its Implementation in Schools

This study focuses on the time when the Indonesia government launched a new national curriculum, CBC, in response to both the need to produce human resources to survive in the era of globalization and the change in the government system from centralization to decentralization, which resulted in increasingly greater responsibility at the local level in implementing the reforms. As the reforms regarding the decentralization of certain educational functions and processes in Indonesia continue, understanding the impact on curriculum reform and the changes at local school levels will be essential.The objective of this study was to investigate the ways in which primary school teachers respond to the implementation of CBC, particularly issues like curriculum diversification, learning materials, syllabus design, and student assessment. Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian language), one of the subjects in the primary school, was selected as a focus of interest in this study. Sixty-five primary schools from two provinces were selected: Jakarta municipality (represents urban community) and Kodya Bandung, West Java (represents sub-urban community); and 286 teachers were invited to participate. The survey instrument featured "closed-ended" questions of twenty-five education-related and six demographics-related questions in different. A descriptive statistic was applied to the SPSS and used for data analysis. The current study reveals that over the long-term, in-service teacher training (INSET) has addressed only one third of the training badly needed by teachers. Teachers claimed to know what CBC is, but in actual classroom implementation of CBC, these teachers were lost, returning instead to the former curriculum, which they were more comfortable teaching. This study also investigates the policy issues regarding teachers' improvements using the three sets of terminology- "adopt," "adapt," and "implement" -to portray the connection between the conceptual and the practical sides of classroom teaching and learning activities.The implications of this study for further policy implementation of the CBC address two issues: the needs of teacher's training and the teachers' quality improvements. Regarding the government policy of decentralization, the policy actors- the "center," teachers' forums and the Curriculum Network Group- must establish a strong collaborative team of professional agents that will improve the quality of teachers.
Business groups and their corporate strategies on the Argentine roller coaster of competitive and anti-competitive shocks

Executive Overview Argentine economic history can be pictured as a series of severe economic ups and downs, which created unique managerial challenges for growing businesses. In this article we show how Argentine entrepreneurs have successfully crafted strategies and organizational forms to cope with this economic “roller coaster. ” Our work is founded on the resource-based view, state development and market-failure theories, and relies on data from historical evidence, surveys, and thorough interviews with CEOs of the largest Argentine firms--known as Argentine Business Groups (ABGs). We found that ABGs generally expanded their corporate portfolios in periods of higher uncertainty by skillfully maneuvering through labor and capital market deficiencies and leveraging preferred foreign and local contacts and opportunities. We also found that in response to the Argentine market-oriented reforms of the 1990s, many ABGs trimmed their business portfolios and expanded internationally to compete more effectively.
The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education

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Targets in the Taylor Rule: Inflation, Speed Limit, or Price Level?

This paper explores the link between alternative targets in the Taylor rule and their empirical fit using real-time U.S. macroeconomic data. We first study the stabilizing properties of the classical Taylor rule (inflation targeting, IT) and add either a price-level target (PLT) or output gap quasi-growth target (speed-limit targeting, SLT) in the context of the standard New Keynesian model. We demonstrate that, although only SLT has the same functional form as the optimal interest rate reaction function, both PLT and SLT stabilize the model macroeconomy against a cost-push shock for a wide range of parameter values better than IT. We then estimate all three specifications using the Greenbook data. We find much stronger support for SLT than PLT and discuss pitfalls in estimating the latter that are present in existing literature.
Functional Foods as a Value-Added Strategy: The Commercial Potential of “Cancer-Fighting” Dairy Products

Levels of conjugated linoleic acid, which may help prevent cancer, can be elevated in milk. A sensory evaluation, willingness-to-pay survey, and feasibility analysis suggest that profit potential exists for producers serving niche markets via small-scale processing ventures. Households with children and health-conscious consumers appear most willing to pay premiums for “cancer-fighting” dairy products. Consumer demand and the legality of health claims hinge on pending medical research outcomes. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
New product pricing strategies for network effects products: free products?

An increasing amount of products introduced today exhibit network effects, i.e., the value of using the product increases as more people adopt it. However, current marketing literature offers little decision-making guidance for managers introducing network effects products. In this paper, we show that the consistency between product characteristics, objectives of product launch, and pricing objectives determines preferable introductory pricing strategies. Contrary to traditional products, the pricing decisions for network effects products are influenced by whether creating a critical mass of users is important for the future success of the product. Additionally, we demonstrate that although penetration pricing can be recommended in some cases, it is not suitable in all situations. Premium prices can be charged depending on the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic product value. The results of our study highlight the need to update the theoretical reasoning on launch strategies for network effects products. Implications for managerial practice are discussed and suggestions for further research offered.
Acute responses of biomechanical parameters to different sizes of hand paddles in front-crawl stroke

Abstract This study investigated the acute effects of different sizes of paddles on the force-time curve during tethered swimming and swimming velocity in front-crawl stroke. Fourteen male swimmers (20.0 ± 3.7 years; 100-m best time: 53.70 ± 0.87 s) performed two 10-s maximal efforts in tethered swimming to obtain peak force, average force, impulse, rate of force development, stroke duration and time to peak force. Swimming velocity, stroke rate and stroke length were obtained from two 25-m maximal swims. Both tests were repeated in five conditions: free swimming, wearing small (280 cm 2 ), medium (352 cm 2 ), large (462 cm 2 ) and extra-large (552 cm 2 ) hand paddles. Compared to free swimming, paddles provided significant increases of peak force (medium: 11.5%, large: 16.7%, extra-large: 21.7%), impulse (medium: 15.2%, large: 22.4%, extra-large: 30.9%), average force (medium: 5.1%, large: 7.5%), rate of force development (extra-large: 11.3%), stroke duration (medium: 9.3%, large: 11.8%, extra-large: 18.5%), time to peak force (medium: 11.1%, large: 15.9%, extra-large: 22.1%), swimming velocity (medium: 2.2%, large: 3.2%, extra-large: 3.7%) and stroke length (medium: 9.0%, large: 9.0%, extra-large: 14.8%), while stroke rate decreased (medium: –6.2%, large: –5.5%, extra-large: –9.5%). It is concluded that medium, large and extra-large paddles influence the force-time curve and change swimming velocity, suggesting these sizes may be useful for force development in water.
The zinc finger protein ZPR 1 is a potential modifier of spinal muscular atrophy

Center of Excellence in Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and Psychiatry, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
How entrepreneurs identify opportunities and access to external financing in Tunisian's micro-enterprises?

Micro-enterprises play an extremely important role in the development of any country, especially in developing countries. To understand entrepreneurs who operate in a low-technology industry and in a low financial resources, we rely on the network and human perspective on entrepreneurship. In this paper, we investigate how the social and human capital of entrepreneurs influences their ability to identify opportunities and access to external financing. In this paper, we extends prior research in two ways. First, by introducing the context of micro-entreprises which has been marginalized in the entrepreneurship research. Second, to our knowledge, there is a very small number of studies that have investigated theorically and empirically the access to external financial capital especially at the level of small businesses. In this regard, we propose to measure the access to external financial capital by the access to bank financing, that is, in terms of the ease in obtaining a credit.
A Prognostic Model for Stochastic Degrading Systems With State Recovery: Application to Li-Ion Batteries

Many industrial systems inevitably suffer performance degradation. Thus, predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) for such degrading systems has attracted significant attention in the prognostics community. For some systems like batteries, one commonly encountered phenomenon is that the system performance degrades with usage and recovers in storage. However, almost all of the current prognostic studies do not consider such a recovery phenomenon in stochastic degradation modeling. In this paper, we present a prognostic model for deteriorating systems experiencing a switching operating process between usage and storage, where the system degradation state recovers randomly after the storage process. The possible recovery from the current time to the predicted future failure time is incorporated in the prognosis. First, the degradation state evolution of the system is modeled through a diffusion process with piecewise but time-dependent drift coefficient functions. Under the concept of first hitting time, we derived the lifetime and RUL distributions for systems with specific constant working mode. Further, we extended the results of RUL distribution in specific constant working mode to the case of stochastic working mode, which is modeled through a flexible two-state semi-Markov model (SMM) with phase-type distributed interval times. The unknown parameters in the present model are estimated based on the observed condition monitoring data of the system, and the SMM model is identified on the basis of the operating data. A numerical study and a case study of Li-ion batteries are carried out to illustrate and demonstrate the proposed prognostic method. Experimental results indicate that the presented method can improve the accuracy of lifetime and RUL estimation for systems with state recovery.
Long-term relationships between international share prices

This paper considers whether there are any long-term statistical relationships between the prices of shares on different national stock markets. A review of the institutional and technological changes which occurred in the early 1980s suggests that, while such relationships were unlikely before 1980, markets are now expected to move together. Using monthly share price data for 17 major exchanges over the period 1970:1–1989:2, tests for the presence of unit roots are conducted and share prices are found to be integrated of order one. When the data are split for the periods 1970:1–1979:12 and 1984:1–1989:2, corresponding to before and after the development of global markets, there is some evidence of long-term relationships in the later period.
ADAM 12 as a first‐trimester maternal serum marker in screening for Down syndrome

A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 12 (ADAM 12) is a glycoprotein synthesised by placenta and it has been shown to be a potential first‐trimester maternal serum marker for Down syndrome (DS) in two small series. Here we analyse further, the potential of ADAM 12 as a marker for DS in a large collection of first‐trimester serum samples.
The Persistence and Pricing of Earnings, Accruals, and Cash Flows When Firms Have Large Book-Tax Differences

I investigate the role of book‐tax differences in indicating the persistence of earnings, accruals, and cash flows for one‐period‐ahead earnings. I also examine whether the level of book‐tax differences influences investors' assessments of future earnings persistence. I find that firm‐years with large book‐tax differences have earnings that are less persistent than firm‐years with small book‐tax differences. Further, the evidence is consistent with investors interpreting large positive book‐tax differences (book income greater than taxable income) as a “red flag” and reducing their expectation of future earnings persistence for these firm‐years. I then investigate potential sources of the lower persistence for firm‐years with large book‐tax differences. I find that special items contribute in part to the results but that firm‐years with large booktax differences continue to have lower persistence in earnings after controlling for the effect of the special items.
Market discipline and bank risk taking

This paper explores the impact of market discipline on bank risk taking. We examine a broad sample of financial institutions from the G7 nations over the period 1996–2010. We apply System Generalized Method of Moments estimation to control for endogeneity and other unobserved heterogeneity in a dynamic panel setting. Our analysis suggests that market discipline helps reduce bank risk (both equity and credit risk). Moreover, we find that this negative impact of market discipline is stronger: (a) in the presence of a risk-adjusted insurance premium; and (b) during the post-global financial crisis period. However, the disciplinary effect of market discipline is not enhanced in the presence of bank capital. We highlight the policy implications of these findings.
Transmission dynamics of malaria in four selected ecological zones of Nigeria in the rainy season.

BACKGROUND Two of the problems of malaria parasite vector control in Nigeria are the diversity of Anopheline vectors and large size of the country. Anopheline distribution and transmission dynamics of malaria were therefore compared between four ecotypes in Nigeria during the rainy season. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in molecular identification after morphological identification microscopically. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the blood meal analysis and sporozoite detection. RESULTS Five species were identified out of 16,410 anophelines collected. An. gambiae s.s made up approximately 29.2%-36.6% of the population in each zone. All five species acted as vectors for P. falciparum. An. gambiae s.s had the highest sporozoite rate. The most infected mosquitoes were found in the rain forest. More blood meals were taken from bovids, except the savannah forest, where 73.3% were on humans and Human Blood index (HBI) was 57.3%. The Entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was a mean of 13.6 ib/p but was highest in the rainforest zone. CONCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS This study demonstrates the complex distribution of anophelines and the considerable variations in the intensity of malaria transmission in Nigeria. We highlight the need to consider diverse epidemiological situations when planning countrywide control programmes.
Livestock Revolution in India: Its Impact and Policy Response

A demand-driven revolution in livestock consumption and production is taking place in many developing countries, impacting on nutrition, health, the environment, and national and international agricultural marketing and research systems. This Livestock Revolution is most evident in China, India and Brazil because of the sheer size of these countries. While China and Brazil have a dominant role in meat production as part of this Livestock Revolution, the revolution will not be limited to China and Brazil, and extends beyond the meat market. The example of India is a case in point. The near doubling of aggregate milk consumption as food in India between the early 1980s and the late 1990s suggests that the Livestock Revolution goes beyond meat production and consumption. Now the critical question for economic managers and planners in countries such as India is no longer whether the Livestock Revolution is manifest in the country or not, but to what extent poor people and smallholders can play a significant part in this enterprise. This article charts the development of the Indian Livestock Revolution and assesses the potential impact of industrialization of livestock production on small farmers especially. It is argued that intensive livestock farming may not be appropriate for India on a number of grounds. There is a risk that the Livestock Revolution, similar to the Green Revolution, will polarize the inequality between rich and poor. Decisive action needs to be taken to ensure that the poor benefit from such developments, and some policy recommendations are made to address such concerns.
Do Male-Female Wage Differentials Reflect Differences in the Return to Skill? Cross-City Evidence from 1980-2000

Over the 1980s and 1990s the wage differentials between men and women (with similar observable characteristics) declined significantly. At the same time, the returns to education increased. It has been suggested that these two trends may reflect a common change in the relative price of a skill which is more abundant in both women and more educated workers. In this paper we explore the relevance of this hypothesis by examining the cross-city co-movement in both male-female wage differentials and returns to education over the 1980-2000 period. In parallel to the aggregate pattern, we find that male-female wage differentials at the city levels moved in opposite direction to the changes in the return to education. We also find this relationship to be particularly strong when we isolate data variation which most likely reflects the effect of technological change on relative prices. We take considerable care of controlling for potential selection issues which could bias our interpretation. Overall, our cross-city estimates suggest that most of the aggregate reduction in the male-female wage differential observed over the 1980-2000 period was likely due to a change in the relative price of skill that both females and educated workers have in greater abundance.