Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of School Principals on Management Time and Student Activity Time for Two Elementary Physical Education Teachers

The study investigated the effects of behavioral interventions conducted by two school principals on selected teaching behaviors of physical education teachers. Subjects were two physical education teachers and two elementary school principals. The interventions consisted of (a) the principals conducting a standard observation and sharing session with the teacher, (b) the principals conducting an observation and sharing session after learning an observation system by viewing an instructional videotape, and (c) the teachers viewing the instructional videotape and learning the observation system. The dependent variables were student activity time, management time, and teacher feedback. Teacher behaviors were recorded using the Academic Learning Time-Physical Education (ALT-PE) 1982 Revision Coding Instrument (Siedentop, Tousignant, & Parker, 1982) and audiotape recordings. Visual inspection and comparison of the mean percentages during each phase indicated that activity time and management time did not chan.
Stereotaxic Localization, Intersubject Variability, and Interhemispheric Differences of the Human Auditory Thalamocortical System

Population (probability) maps of cytoarchitectonically defined cortical maps and myeloarchitectonically defined subcortical fiber tracts of the human brain became recently available. These maps can be used for the precise anatomical localization of activated foci as found in functional imaging studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate population maps of the human acoustic radiation (AR) for the purpose of brain mapping studies. Thus, a stereotaxic 3-D representation of the human AR was computed which includes myeloarchitectonic probabilistic maps of AR and its thalamic origin, i.e. the cytoarchitectonically defined medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). These maps were compared with earlier, mostly schematic drawings of AR and MGN. To generate these maps, the degree of intersubject variability of AR and MGN in each stereotaxic position was quantified for the standard axes (x, y, and z) of the reference space in a series of 10 adult human postmortem brains. The results show that the location and volumes of AR and MGN vary considerably between individuals and hemispheres. It is demonstrated that this striking degree of spatial variations may lead to structural-functional mismatch in brain mapping studies based on the Talairach atlas (discrepancy maps). Furthermore, the volumetric measures showed no hemispheric asymmetry for AR and MGN. In contrast to earlier maps, our approach provides microanatomically defined data as a probabilistic reference system for research in auditory structure-function relationships.
Gait in single- and dual-task conditions : investigations of children with and without developmental risks and disorders

Gait is a complex human motor activity with walking being considered the most important mode of locomotion. Engaging in concurrent tasks while walking is routine in daily life, and although walking is a highly practiced task, dual tasking has shown to alter gait performance, revealing the involvement of cognitive processes in gait control. Yet for children, research on single- and dual-task walking is scarce. This cumulative dissertation comprises five articles that extend the research on gait in children with and without developmental risks and disorders. The samples in the research were 138 typically developing children, 44 very preterm children, 32 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 30 children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For gait analysis (i.e., measurements of spatiotemporal and variability gait parameters) the GAITRite system was used. Single-task walking was investigated in children with ASD whereas the gait of the other children was further assessed while they concurrently performed motor and cognitive tasks. Findings for typically developing children showed an increase in gait maturation with increasing age in single- and dual-task conditions, indicating that in middle childhood gait is still developing. Further, results revealed a developmental delay in gait variability in children with ASD and ADHD, indicating that these children walk less regularly than controls. Dual tasking caused gait alterations in all children, indicating that walking is not an automatic activity but rather requires cognitive processes. Finally, in typically developing children and children with ADHD, a motor concurrent task had a greater effect on gait than a cognitive concurrent task, possibly because it competes more strongly with walking for processing resources. The present results emphasize that gait forms an important part of children’s motor development with maturational changes across childhood and support the idea that cognitive processes are involved in the control of gait. Furthermore, they highlight the necessity to account for the type of concurrent task in dual-task walking paradigms and the careful selection and interpretation of the gait parameters under consideration.
What's New in the Clinical Management of Disorders of Social Cognition?

Social cognition refers to the ability to use social cues to infer the meaning and intentions behind the behaviour of others in order to respond in a socially adaptive manner. It is increasingly recognised that disorders of social cognition, including problems with emotion perception, theory of mind, conversational inference, morality judgements, decision making and social inhibition, characterise many developmental and psychiatric disorders and are highly relevant to many with acquired brain injuries or diseases, especially the frontotemporal dementias. This review provides an introduction and overview of the papers in this special edition on social cognition and places these in the context of other recent research. In doing so, several current issues in the clinical management of social cognition are delineated. Given that social cognition seems to be a sensitive predictor of psychosocial function, the assessment of social cognition is seen by many clinicians to be important although which profession is responsible is yet to be resolved. Issues in how social cognition are assessed are discussed, including the importance of context to social cognition, its interactive nature and the need to recognise influences such as family upbringing, gender and emotional state on social cognitive performance. There also needs to be development of tests that address all aspects of social cognition, including decision making and inhibition. Finally, this review discusses intervention research. Interventions are especially well developed in relation to schizophrenia, and less well developed in brain injury. These appear to be generally effective although treatments for emotional self-awareness are yet to be developed.
Collaborative prediction using ensembles of Maximum Margin Matrix Factorizations

Fast gradient-based methods for Maximum Margin Matrix Factorization (MMMF) were recently shown to have great promise (Rennie & Srebro, 2005), including significantly outperforming the previous state-of-the-art methods on some standard collaborative prediction benchmarks (including MovieLens). In this paper, we investigate ways to further improve the performance of MMMF, by casting it within an ensemble approach. We explore and evaluate a variety of alternative ways to define such ensembles. We show that our resulting ensembles can perform significantly better than a single MMMF model, along multiple evaluation metrics. In fact, we find that ensembles of partially trained MMMF models can sometimes even give better predictions in total training time comparable to a single MMMF model.
The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of refractive errors in persons 40 years and older. METHODS Counts of persons with phakic eyes with and without spherical equivalent refractive error in the worse eye of +3 diopters (D) or greater, -1 D or less, and -5 D or less were obtained from population-based eye surveys in strata of gender, race/ethnicity, and 5-year age intervals. Pooled age-, gender-, and race/ethnicity-specific rates for each refractive error were applied to the corresponding stratum-specific US, Western European, and Australian populations (years 2000 and projected 2020). RESULTS Six studies provided data from 29 281 persons. In the US, Western European, and Australian year 2000 populations 40 years or older, the estimated crude prevalence for hyperopia of +3 D or greater was 9.9%, 11.6%, and 5.8%, respectively (11.8 million, 21.6 million, and 0.47 million persons). For myopia of -1 D or less, the estimated crude prevalence was 25.4%, 26.6%, and 16.4% (30.4 million, 49.6 million, and 1.3 million persons), respectively, of whom 4.5%, 4.6%, and 2.8% (5.3 million, 8.5 million, and 0.23 million persons), respectively, had myopia of -5 D or less. Projected prevalence rates in 2020 were similar. CONCLUSIONS Refractive errors affect approximately one third of persons 40 years or older in the United States and Western Europe, and one fifth of Australians in this age group.
Gromov-Witten theory of A_n-resolutions

We give a complete solution for the reduced Gromov-Witten theory of resolved surface singularities of type A_n, for any genus, with arbitrary descendent insertions. We also present a partial evaluation of the T-equivariant relative Gromov-Witten theory of the threefold A_n x P^1 which, under a nondegeneracy hypothesis, yields a complete solution for the theory. The results given here allow comparison of this theory with the quantum cohomology of the Hilbert scheme of points on the A_n surfaces. We discuss generalizations to linear Hodge insertions and to surface resolutions of type D,E. As a corollary, we present a new derivation of the stationary Gromov-Witten theory of P^1.
Accuracy of Pseudo-Inverse Covariance Learning—A Random Matrix Theory Analysis

For many learning problems, estimates of the inverse population covariance are required and often obtained by inverting the sample covariance matrix. Increasingly for modern scientific data sets, the number of sample points is less than the number of features and so the sample covariance is not invertible. In such circumstances, the Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse sample covariance matrix, constructed from the eigenvectors corresponding to nonzero sample covariance eigenvalues, is often used as an approximation to the inverse population covariance matrix. The reconstruction error of the pseudo-inverse sample covariance matrix in estimating the true inverse covariance can be quantified via the Frobenius norm of the difference between the two. The reconstruction error is dominated by the smallest nonzero sample covariance eigenvalues and diverges as the sample size becomes comparable to the number of features. For high-dimensional data, we use random matrix theory techniques and results to study the reconstruction error for a wide class of population covariance matrices. We also show how bagging and random subspace methods can result in a reduction in the reconstruction error and can be combined to improve the accuracy of classifiers that utilize the pseudo-inverse sample covariance matrix. We test our analysis on both simulated and benchmark data sets.
Postseismic relaxation driven by brittle creep: A possible mechanism to reconcile geodetic measurements and the decay rate of aftershocks, application to the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

We evaluate the effect of coseismic stress changes on the fault slip at midcrustal depth, assuming a velocity-strengthening brittle creep rheology. We show that this model can help reconcile the time evolution of afterslip, as measured from geodesy, with aftershocks decay. We propose an analytical expression for slip of the brittle creeping fault zone (BCFZ) that applies to any dynamic or static stress perturbation, including shear stress and normal stress changes. The model predicts an initial logarithmic increase of slip with time. Postseismic slip rate decays over a characteristic time t_r = aσ/τ that does not depend on the amplitude of the stress perturbation, and it asymptotically joins the long-term creep imposed by interseismic stress buildup τ. Given that the seismicity rate might be considered proportional to the sliding velocity of the BCFZ, the model predicts a decay rate of aftershocks that follows Omori's law, with a mathematical formalism identical to that of Dieterich [1994] although based on a different mechanical rationale. Our model also differs from Dieterich's model in that it requires that aftershock sequences and deep afterslip, as constrained from geodetic measurements, should follow the same temporal evolution. We test this for the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, M_w = 7.6 and find that both sets of data are consistent with a model of afterslip due to the response of the BCFZ. The inferred relaxation time t_r = 8.5 years requires a value for a = ∂μ/∂log(V) (μ being the coefficient of friction) in the range between 1.3 10^(−3) and 10^(−2).
Sources contributing to background surface ozone in the US Intermountain West

Abstract. We quantify the sources contributing to background surface ozone concentrations in the US Intermountain West by using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model with 1 / 2° × 2 / 3° horizontal resolution to interpret the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) ozone monitoring data for 2006–2008. We isolate contributions from lightning, wildfires, the stratosphere, and California pollution. Lightning emissions are constrained by observations and wildfire emissions are estimated from daily fire reports. We find that lightning increases mean surface ozone in summer by 10 ppbv in the Intermountain West, with moderate variability. Wildfire plumes generate high-ozone events in excess of 80 ppbv in GEOS-Chem, but CASTNet ozone observations in the Intermountain West show no enhancements during these events nor do they show evidence of regional fire influence. Models may overestimate ozone production in fresh fire plumes because of inadequate chemistry and grid-scale resolution. The highest ozone concentrations observed in the Intermountain West (> 75 ppbv) in spring are associated with stratospheric intrusions. The model captures the timing of these intrusions but not their magnitude, reflecting numerical diffusion intrinsic to Eulerian models. This can be corrected statistically through a relationship between model bias and the model-diagnosed magnitude of stratospheric influence; with this correction, models may still be useful to forecast and interpret high-ozone events from stratospheric intrusions. We show that discrepancy between models in diagnosing stratospheric influence is due in part to differences in definition, i.e., whether stratospheric ozone is diagnosed as produced in the stratosphere (GEOS-Chem definition) or as transported from above the tropopause. The latter definition can double the diagnosed stratospheric influence in surface air by labeling as "stratospheric" any ozone produced in the troposphere and temporarily transported to the stratosphere. California pollution influence in the Intermountain West frequently exceeds 10 ppbv but is generally not correlated with the highest ozone events.
GraRep: Learning Graph Representations with Global Structural Information

In this paper, we present {GraRep}, a novel model for learning vertex representations of weighted graphs. This model learns low dimensional vectors to represent vertices appearing in a graph and, unlike existing work, integrates global structural information of the graph into the learning process. We also formally analyze the connections between our work and several previous research efforts, including the DeepWalk model of Perozzi et al. as well as the skip-gram model with negative sampling of Mikolov et al. We conduct experiments on a language network, a social network as well as a citation network and show that our learned global representations can be effectively used as features in tasks such as clustering, classification and visualization. Empirical results demonstrate that our representation significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in such tasks.
Breast Cancer Survival Defined by the ER/PR/HER2 Subtypes and a Surrogate Classification according to Tumor Grade and Immunohistochemical Biomarkers

Introduction. ER, PR, and HER2 are routinely available in breast cancer specimens. The purpose of this study is to contrast breast cancer-specific survival for the eight ER/PR/HER2 subtypes with survival of an immunohistochemical surrogate for the molecular subtype based on the ER/PR/HER2 subtypes and tumor grade. Methods. We identified 123,780 cases of stages 1–3 primary female invasive breast cancer from California Cancer Registry. The surrogate classification was derived using ER/PR/HER2 and tumor grade. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to assess differences in survival and risk of mortality for the ER/PR/HER2 subtypes and surrogate classification within each stage. Results. The luminal B/HER2− surrogate classification had a higher risk of mortality than the luminal B/HER2+ for all stages of disease. There was no difference in risk of mortality between the ER+/PR+/HER2− and ER+/PR+/HER2+ in stage 3. With one exception in stage 3, the ER-negative subtypes all had an increased risk of mortality when compared with the ER-positive subtypes. Conclusions. Assessment of survival using ER/PR/HER2 illustrates the heterogeneity of HER2+ subtypes. The surrogate classification provides clear separation in survival and adjusted mortality but underestimates the wide variability within the subtypes that make up the classification.
Convective Clouds over the Bay of Bengal

Abstract The behavior of convective activity over the Bay of Bengal during the 1988 and 1999 monsoon seasons is examined using 3-hourly satellite infrared data. More organized convective activity, spreading farther south into the bay, occurred in 1988 than in 1999. A distinct spatial grouping of convective systems by size is found. The east side of the bay experiences most of the rainfall over water, and here the convective systems are relatively small, short lived, and frequent. At the northwest side of the bay near most of the land-based rainfall, convective activity is organized into much larger and longer-lived systems. The diurnal cycle of all the systems over the bay, regardless of size, shows a 0600 local time (LT) maximum in very cold cloud tops (infrared brightness temperature <210 K), with genesis occurring between 2100 and 0300 LT (2100 LT for the larger, longer-lived systems). The cloud systems dissipate after sunrise, with the larger systems lasting until the afternoon. The land–water interfa.
A new framing for an old sociology of intimacy

The concept of intimacy has long permeated theories of social life, and its use within sociology has produced conceptual confusion rather than coherence. Overlapping with concepts of emotions and communities, intimacy both binds modern life together and offers a respite from its affective “coldness. ” This paper offers a framework for the concept of intimacy and outlines the dimensions along which to organize future empirical work. Building on sociological, psychological, and queer theoretical approaches, I propose four such dimensions: affect, knowledge, mutual action, and norms. The degree of overlap between these four dimensions suggests a continuum between “strong” and “weak” intimacies. These conceptual refinements enable empirical specification, particularly in the study of close relationships like friendships.
Optimizing Spectral Feature Based Text-Independent Speaker Recognition

Abstract A UTOMATIC speaker recognition has been an active research area for morethan 30 years, and the technology has gradually matured to a state ready forreal applications. In the early years, text-depended recognition was morestudied but gradually the focus has moved towards text-independent recognitionbecause their application ﬂeld is much wider, including forensics, teleconferencing,and user interfaces in addition to security applications.Text-independentspeakerrecognitionis considerablymoredi–cultproblemcom-pared to text-depended recognition because the recognition system must be preparedfor an arbitrary input text. Commonly used acoustic features contain both linguisticand speaker information mixed in highly complex way over the frequency spectrum.The solution is to use either better features or better matching strategy, or a com-bination of the two. In this thesis, the subcomponents of text-independent speakerrecognition are studied, and several improvements are proposed for achieving betteraccuracy and faster processing.For feature extraction, a frame-adaptive ﬂlterbank that utilizes rough phoneticinformation is proposed. Pseudo-phoneme templates are found using unsupervisedclustering, and frame labeling is performed via vector quantization, so there is noneed for annotated training data. For speaker modeling, experimental compari-iii
Metal-rich damped/subdamped Lyman α quasar absorbers at z < 1

Damped Lyman a absorbers (DLAs), seen in absorption against a background quasar, provide the most detailed probes available of element abundances in the Universe over >90 per cent of its age. DLAs can be used to observationally measure the global mean metallicity in the Universe and its evolution with time. Paradoxically, these observations are more difficult at lower redshifts, where the absorber rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) spectra are cut-off due to the atmospheric absorption. We present here high-resolution Very Large Telescope/Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph observations of several elements contained in three DLAs and one sub-DLA with 0.6 < z abs < 0.9. We detect Mg I Mg II, Fen, Zn II, Cr II, Mn II, Ti II and Ca II. Our observations more than double the high-resolution sample of [Zn/H] at z < 1. We also report the discovery of three metal-rich systems, whereas most previous measurements show low N HI -weighted mean metallicity projecting to about 1/6th solar level at z = 0. We derive [Zn/H] = -0.11 ± 0.04 at z abs = 0.725, [Zn/H] = -0.54 ± 0.20 at z abs = 0.740 and [Zn/H] = -0.49 ± 0.22 at z abs = 0.652, plus one additional upper limit ([Zn/H] < -0.36 at z abs = 0.842). These measurements confirm the existence of quasar absorbers with relatively high metallicities based on abundance estimates free from the effect of dust depletion. Possible implications of these results for the metallicity of neutral gas phase in the past ≈8 Gyr are presented and compared with models.