Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Productivity for proof engineering

Context: Recent projects such as L4.verified (the verification of the seL4 microkernel) have demonstrated that large-scale formal program verification is now becoming practical. Objective: We address an important but unstudied aspect of proof engineering: proof productivity. Method: We extracted size and effort data from the history of the development of nine projects associated with L4.verified. Results: We find strong linear relationships between effort and proof size for projects and for individuals. We discuss opportunities and limitations with the use of lines of proof as a size measure, and discuss the importance of understanding proof productivity for future research. Conclusions: An understanding of proof productivity will assist in its further industrial application and provide a basis for cost estimation and understanding of rework and tool usage.
Information Processing Taxonomy (IPT): An Alternative Technique for Assessing Mathematical Problem-Solving

Abstract This paper describes the development of the Information Processing Taxonomy (IPT) Model which models children's thinking at different hierarchical levels. The main features of the Model consist of retrieving information from external memory and primary and secondary productions of Type A and B information. These features constitute the components of different levels of thinking which could be used to confirm and describe the children's cognitive processes. Examples are shown to illustrate how the Model could be used to construct test items at different levels on the basis of these features. The Guttman procedure was applied to test the consistency of the hierarchical nature of the Model. Results show that the items constructed using the Model were scalable.
Member Diversity and Cohesion and Performance in Walking Groups

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship of group member diversity in task-related attributes (i.e., self-efficacy, level of previous physical activity, and personal goals) and task-unrelated attributes (i.e., ethnicity and gender) to task cohesiveness and task performance in walking groups (N varied from 1,324 to 1,392 groups for the analyses). For the task-related attributes, diversity in level of previous physical activity was significantly related to both task cohesion and group performance—as diversity increased, cohesion and performance decreased. For the task-unrelated attributes, diversity in gender was related to task cohesion—as diversity increased, cohesion decreased. Gender diversity was unrelated to group performance. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the dynamics of task-oriented groups.
Working Paper Number 129 Tax evasion, tax avoidance and development finance

Domestic revenue mobilisation is key to sustainable development finance ‐ only self-sufficiency will allow the development of fully-functioning states with flourishing systems of political representation and economies reflecting societies’ expressed preferences in regard to, for example, inequality. Tax evasion and tax avoidance are important insofar as they affect both the volume and nature of government finances. This paper estimates the total cost to developing countries of these leakages as US$385 billion annually, dwarfing any potential increase in aid. An additional result suggests that doubling aid to low income countries may have little positive revenue effect but damage the strength of political representation, if full trade liberalisation is simultaneously required.
Genetic Influence Helps Explain Variation in Human Fertility: Evidence From Recent Behavioral and Molecular Genetic Studies

To search for genetic influence on human fertility differentials appears inconsistent with past empirical research and prior interpretations of Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. We discuss Fisher's theorem and give reasons why genetic influences may indeed account for individual differences in human fertility. We review recent empirical studies showing genetic influence on variance in fertility outcomes and precursors to fertility. Further, some of the genetic variance underlying fertility outcomes overlaps with that underlying fertility precursors. Findings from different cultures, different times, different levels of data, and both behavioral and molecular genetic designs lead to the same conclusion: Fertility differentials are genetically influenced, and at least part of the influence derives from behavioral precursors that are under volitional control, which are themselves genetically mediated.
Assessment of the dining environment on and near the campuses of fifteen post-secondary institutions

Abstract Objective The present study evaluated the restaurant and dining venues on and near post-secondary campuses varying in institution size. Design The Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Restaurants (NEMS-R) was modified to evaluate restaurants as fast food, sit down and fast casual; and campus dining venues as dining halls, student unions and snack bar/cafés. ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's B and T tests were used to distinguish differences between dining venues and associated institutions by size. Setting The study was conducted at fifteen US post-secondary institutions, 2009–2011. Subjects Data presented are from a sample of 175 restaurants and sixty-eight on-campus dining venues. Results There were minimal differences in dining halls by institution size, although medium-sized institutions as compared with small-sized institutions offered significantly more healthful side dish/salad bar items. Dining halls scored significantly higher than student unions or snack bar/cafés on healthful entrées, side dish/salad bar and beverages offerings, but they also had the most barriers to healthful dietary habits (i.e. all-you-can-eat). No differences were found by restaurant type for NEMS-R scores for total restaurant dining environment or healthful entrées and barriers. Snack bars had more healthful side dishes (P = 0·002) and fast-food restaurants had the highest level of facilitators (i.e. nutrition information; P = 0·002). Conclusions Based on this evaluation in fifteen institutions, the full campus dining environment provides limited support for healthy eating and obesity prevention. The quality of campus dining environments can be improved via healthful offerings, providing nutrition information and other supports to facilitate healthy eating and prevent unwanted weight gain.
Effect of ACL Reconstruction and Tibial Rotation on Anterior Knee Laxity.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the primary restraint to anterior translation of the tibia on the femur. Research suggests that resistance to anterior translation changes as the tibia is rotated internally and externally. This study assessed the degree to which ACL reconstruction and tibial rotation affects anterior knee laxity. Nine subjects with ACL lesions and functional instabilities participated in the study. Subjects were measured 1 to 10 days before surgery and 6 to 8 months after ACL reconstruction using the KT-1000 knee arthrometer. A mechanical leg stabilizer was used to assess anterior translation at 20 degrees of knee flexion in three positions: internal rotation of 15 degrees , neutral, and external rotation of 15 degrees . Subjects were measured at 89 and 67 N of anterior force. Data were analyzed with a three-factor (test x position x force) repeated measures ANOVA. Following surgery, reduction in laxity (mm) for the three positions (internal rotation, neutral, and external rotation) was 1.9, 2.8, and 3.4, respectively, at 89 N and 1.5, 2.0, and 2.6, respectively, at 67 N. The degree of reduction in laxity (presurgery to postsurgery) was dependent upon rotation and force, and was greatest in external rotation and least in internal rotation pre- to postsurgery. We concluded that ACL reconstruction using a patellar tendon graft significantly decreased anterior tibial translation at all three positions, but a greater amount of reduction was observed postsurgically at the externally rotated position. This supports the theory that mechanical blocks and secondary restraints such as a taut mid-third of the iliotibial tract may interfere with clinical laxity tests in some positions of tibial rotation. Fixing the tibia in an externally rotated position may decrease the effect of secondary restraints and improve sensitivity in testing for ACL laxity.
The accuracy-confidence relationship in an eyewitness task: anxiety as a modifier

SUMMARY The present study investigated the role of anxiety as a moderator of the relationship between accuracy and confidence in an eyewitness recall task. Participants selected as high or low anxious on a test anxiety scale viewed a video clip of a crime. One week later they answered verbally a series of questions about the video, rating their confidence in each answer. Observers were shown a video-recording of each participant’s test session and rated how confident they appeared overall. It was argued that people high in test anxiety would appraise their performance to a greater degree than low-anxious people, resulting in a significant correlation between accuracy and subjective confidence for high-anxious but not for lowanxious participants. The results obtained supported this hypothesis, and found similar relationships between accuracy and perceived confidence. Highly anxious participants expressed less overall confidence in their answers than low anxious participants. & 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of Performance of Disadvantaged Adolescents in a Gifted Program

This study investigated the relative value of different measures in selecting disadvantaged South Africans for an enrichment program. Results on the measures for 99 13-18-year-old students were intercorrelated with achievement in the Soweto Gifted Child Program (SGCP). Regression analyses indicated that 50-58% of the variance in performance in the SGCP was accounted for by several significant predictors; namely, two subtests (the Verbal Analogies Test and the Organiser) of the Learning Potential Assessment Device, school performance, and the combined Similarities subtests of the WAIS-R and WISC-R. For all measures which emerged as predictors, assessment of performance followed an opportunity for learning.
Parameter-Free Online Learning via Model Selection

We introduce an efficient algorithmic framework for model selection in online learning, also known as parameter-free online learning. Departing from previous work, which has focused on highly structured function classes such as nested balls in Hilbert space, we propose a generic meta-algorithm framework that achieves online model selection oracle inequalities under minimal structural assumptions. We give the first computationally efficient parameter-free algorithms that work in arbitrary Banach spaces under mild smoothness assumptions; previous results applied only to Hilbert spaces. We further derive new oracle inequalities for matrix classes, non-nested convex sets, and $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ with generic regularizers. Finally, we generalize these results by providing oracle inequalities for arbitrary non-linear classes in the online supervised learning model. These results are all derived through a unified meta-algorithm scheme using a novel "multi-scale" algorithm for prediction with expert advice based on random playout, which may be of independent interest.
The effect of instructions upon children's drawings

In order to investigate whether verbal instructions can affect the drawings produced by children, 71 subjects between the ages of 4 years 7 months and 7 years 5 months were asked, using three different levels of explicitness of instruction, to draw a model house. It was found that the drawings which the subjects produced were systematically affected by the instructions, with the most explicit instructions resulting in the production of the most accurate representations of the subjects' own view of the model house.
Rules or schemas? Evidence from Polish

At least three factors—regularity, type frequency, and phonological heterogeneity—have been claimed to be implicated in determining the likelihood that a particular inflection will be applied to new stems. The role of these factors in determining Polish speakers’ productivity with genitive and dative inflections was investigated using nonce word production tasks and spontaneous child language data. Both children and adults freely generalised genitive masculine inflections, which are irregular but apply to large classes of phonologically heterogeneous nouns. However, speakers were only weakly productive with genitive neuter and dative neuter inflections, in spite of the fact that they are almost completely regular. This is attributed to the fact that the neuter class is relatively small, and that most nouns are clustered in a few densely populated phonological neighbourhoods. Thus, type frequency and phonological heterogeneity appear to be much better predictors of productivity than regularity. These findings are discussed in the context of single and dual mechanism approaches to morphological productivity.
The Perceived Acceptance Scale: Development and Validation

The Perceived Acceptance Scale (PAS), a new instrument designed to assess perceptions of acceptance within specific categories of relationships, is described. Acceptance is defined as relationship-specific and relatively stable cognitive appraisals that others care for and value us and that their concern is not contingent upon our holding particular attitudes or acting differently from how we typically act. We hypothesized that acceptance would predict relationship quality and mediate the association between perceptions of social support and emotional adjustment. Development of the PAS proceeded in two steps: (1) construct definition and initial scale construction; and (2) scale development and assessment of reliability and validity evidence. The PAS provides separate scores that reflect acceptance from one's mother, father, family in general and friends. These scores are internally consistent and exhibit test-retest reliability. Each PAS score showed discriminant and convergent validity in correlational analyses with emotional adjustment, relationship quality and global perceptions of social support. Following the statistical control of the effects of global perceptions of social support and sex, the PAS scores predicted unique variance in self-esteem, loneliness, social competence and optimism.
Work Without Boundaries: Psychological Perspectives on the New Working Life

Translated and adapted from a Swedish original, Work without Boundaries: Psychological Perspectives on the New Working Life tackles the human impact of the changing nature of work. It brings together strands of research from a variety of disciplines including work psychology, occupational health psychology, social psychology, and psychobiology. Written by two leading international researchers and writers in this field, Work without Boundaries delivers new levels of understanding in the field and charts the way forward for future research.
Fifth-order numerical methods for heat equation subject to a boundary integral specification.

In this paper a fifth-order numerical scheme is developed and implemented for the solution of the homogeneous heat equation ut = αuxx with a nonlocal boundary condition as well as for the inhomogeneous heat equation ut = uxx+s(x, t) with a nonlocal boundary condition. The results obtained show that the numerical method based on the proposed technique is fifth-order accurate as well as L-acceptable. In the development of this method second-order spatial derivatives are approximated by fifth-order finite-difference approximations which give a system of first order, linear, ordinary differential equations whose solution satisfies a recurrence relation which leads to the development of algorithm. The algorithm is tested on various heat equations and no oscillations are observed in the experiments. This method is based on a partial fraction technique which is useful in parallel processing and it does not require complex arithmetic.
‘Dads aren't Demons. Mums aren't Madonnas.’ Constructions of fatherhood and masculinities in the (real) Fathers 4 Justice campaign

Constructions of fatherhood are key signifiers of masculinity/ies and, in the context of a new politics of fatherhood, these constructions have been articulated in opposition both to motherhood and femininity/ies and to ideas of the ‘deadbeat dad’ (Collier 2006, Gavanas 2004, Kaye and Tolmie 1998). The fathers' rights movement has contributed to this redefinition of fatherhood. In the case of the UK group, Fathers 4 Justice, the central message is that ‘Dads aren't Demons [and] Mums aren't Madonnas’ (fathers-4-justice.org). The paper draws on in-depth interviews conducted with members of the fathers' rights group, Real Fathers for Justice/Fathers 4 Justice, to explore and illustrate the conceptions of fatherhood underpinning the campaign. My analysis of the interviews suggests that there is indeed an anxiety to distinguish ‘good’ from ‘bad’ fathers and also to underline the need for fathers by highlighting the existence of ‘bad’ mothers. In addition, conceptions of the good father expressed in the interviews can be further subdivided into the ‘nurturing father’, the ‘father as superhero’ and the ‘good enough father’.
Parallel shared-memory simulator performance for large ATM networks

A performance comparison between an optimistic and a conservative parallel simulation kernel is presented. Performance of the parallel kernels is also compared to a central-event-list sequential kernel. A spectrum of ATM network and traffic scenarios representative of those used by ATM networking researchers are used for the comparison. Experiments are conducted with a cell-level ATM network simulator and an 18-processor SGI PowerChallenge shared-memory multiprocessor. The results show the performance advantages of parallel simulation ove r sequential simulation for ATM networks. Speedups of 4-5 relative to a fast sequential kernel are achieved on 16 processors for several large irregular ATM benchmark scenarios and the optimistic kernel achieves 2 to 5 times speedup on all 7 benchmarks. However, the relative performance of the two parallel simulation kernels is dependent on the size of the ATM network, the number of traffic sources, and the traffic source types used in the simulation. For some benchmarks the best single point performance is provided by the conservative kernel even on a single processor. Unfortunately, the conservative kernel performance is susceptible to small changes in the modeling code and is outperformed by the optimistic kernel on 5 of the 7 benchmarks. The optimistic parallel simulation kernel thus provides most robust performance, but its speedup is limited by the overheads of its implementation, which make it approximately half the speed of the sequential kernel on one processor.
Neuroprotective potential of erythropoietin and darbepoetin alfa in an experimental model of sciatic nerve injury. Laboratory investigation.

OBJECT The objectives of this study were to examine whether the systemic administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) and its long-lasting derivative darbepoetin alfa expedited functional recovery in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury, and to compare the effects of these agents in the model. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats received a crush injury to the left sciatic nerve and subsequently underwent either placebo treatment, daily injections of rHuEPO, or weekly injections of darbepoetin alfa. RESULTS Both rHuEPO and darbepoetin alfa were effective in reducing neurological impairment and improving compound muscle action potentials following nerve injury. Darbepoetin alfa, however, shortened the duration of peripheral nerve recovery'and facilitated recovery from the neurological and electrophysiological impairment following crush injury significantly better than rHuEPO. Examination of the footprint length factor data revealed that darbepoetin alfa-treated animals recovered preinjury function by postoperative Day 10, 4 days earlier than animals treated with rHuEPO and 11 days earlier than animals treated with placebo. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that recovery of neurological function in a model of peripheral nerve injury is more rapid with weekly administration of darbepoetin alfa than with daily rHuEPO treatment. Agents that facilitate nerve regeneration have the potential to limit the extent of motor endplate loss and muscle atrophy. The administration of EPO in its long-lasting recombinant forms affords significant neuroprotection in peripheral nerve injury models and may hold promise for future clinical applications.
Acute cholangitis.

Acute cholangitis is a clinical syndrome marked by fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain that develops because of stasis and infection in the biliary tract. Patients with cholangitis may present with symptoms ranging from a mild, recurrent illness to overwhelming sepsis. Increased age, malignant obstruction, and a rapidly progressive, systemic illness define a group of patients at increased risk. Patients who are delayed in diagnosis, present with septicemia, or fail to respond to conservative treatment still have substantial morbidity and death from cholangitis. Antibiotic therapy that includes coverage for anaerobes and gram-negative, enteric organisms together with other supportive measures often resolves the acute episode, permitting elective diagnostic procedures prior to definitive treatment of biliary tract obstruction. Advances in endoscopic and transhepatic procedures have reduced the necessity for and risks associated with emergent operative biliary drainage.
Young Muslim women's experiences of Islam and physical education in Greece and Britain: a comparative study

Previous research suggests that Muslim women can experience particular problems when taking physical education (PE) lessons, for example with dress codes, mixed-teaching and exercise during Ramadan; and they can face restrictions in extra-curricular activities for cultural and religious reasons. The area is under-researched and there is little evidence of comparative studies that explore similarities and differences in cross-national experiences, which is the aim of this paper. Two studies conducted in Greece and Britain that explored the views of Muslim women on school experiences of physical education are compared. Both studies focused on diaspora communities, Greek Turkish girls and British Asian women, living in predominantly non-Muslim countries. Growing concerns about global divisions between ‘Muslims and the West’ make this a particularly pertinent study. Qualitative data were collected by interviews with 24 Greek Muslim women, and 20 British Muslim women. Physical education has national curriculum status and a similar rationale in both countries but with different cultures of formality and tradition, which impacted on pupils’ experiences. Data suggested that Greek and British groups held positive views towards physical education but were restricted on their participation in extra-curricular activities. For the British women religious identity and consciousness of Islamic requirements were more evident than for the Greek women. Differences in stages of acculturation, historical and socio-cultural contexts contributed to less problematic encounters with physical education for Greek Muslims who appeared more closely assimilated into the dominant culture.