Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When the cookie meets the blockchain: Privacy risks of web payments via cryptocurrencies

Abstract We show how third-party web trackers can deanonymize users of cryptocurrencies. We present two distinct but complementary attacks. On most shopping websites, third party trackers receive information about user purchases for purposes of advertising and analytics. We show that, if the user pays using a cryptocurrency, trackers typically possess enough information about the purchase to uniquely identify the transaction on the blockchain, link it to the user’s cookie, and further to the user’s real identity. Our second attack shows that if the tracker is able to link two purchases of the same user to the blockchain in this manner, it can identify the user’s cluster of addresses and transactions on the blockchain, even if the user employs blockchain anonymity techniques such as CoinJoin. The attacks are passive and hence can be retroactively applied to past purchases. We discuss several mitigations, but none are perfect.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, raster image correlation spectroscopy, and number and brightness on a commercial confocal laser scanning microscope with analog detectors (Nikon C1)

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was developed in 1972 by Magde, Elson and Webb. Photon counting detectors and avalanche photodiodes have become standards in FCS to the point that there is a widespread belief that these detectors are essential to perform FCS experiments, despite the fact that FCS was developed using analog detectors. Spatial and temporal intensity fluctuation correlations using analog detection on a commercial Olympus Fluoview 300 microscope have been reported by Brown et al. (2008). However, each analog instrument has its own idiosyncrasies that need to be understood before using the instrument for FCS. In this work, we explore the capabilities of the Nikon C1, a low‐cost confocal microscope, to obtain single point FCS, Raster‐scan image correlation spectroscopy (RICS), and Number and Brightness data both in solution and incorporated into the membrane of giant unilamellar vesicles. We show that it is possible to obtain dynamic information about fluorescent molecules from single point FCS, RICS, and Number and Brightness using the Nikon C1. We highlighted the fact that care should be taken in selecting the acquisition parameters to avoid possible artifacts due to the detector noise. However, due to relatively large errors in determining the distribution of digital levels for a given microscope setting, the system is probably only adequate for determining relative brightness within the same image. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A support vector reduction method for accelerating calculation

The global optimal, robust feature, and high generation ability of support vector machine (SVM) has been providing increasingly important tools in many fields, however, they are considerably slower in test phase than other leaning approaches due to the test procedure of SVMs usually requires huge memory space and significant computation time due to the enormous amounts of support vectors. Some researchers proposed to reduce the number of support vectors to lessen computational complexity and preserve generalization performance. In this paper, we proposed a new reduced support vector method, first, k nearest SV coalition was used to made a new support vector, second, the weight of the new support vector was obtain by an iterating method. So the computational complexity of improved method is lessen. Experimental results on power quality disturbance dataset show that the proposed method is effective in reducing number of support vectors and preserving machine 's generalization performance.
Clinical application of the mean babbling level and syllable structure level.

PURPOSE This clinical exchange reviews two independent phonological assessment measures: mean babbling level (MBL) and syllable structure level (SSL). Both measures summarize phonetic inventory and syllable shape in a calculated average and have been used in research to describe the phonological abilities of children ages 9 to 36 months. An example of the measures' clinical use is presented. METHOD Six studies reporting MBL and SSL were reviewed. Combined, the studies included 207 participants. One hundred twenty-eight of those were developing language as expected, and 79 were identified as having speech-language impairment. CONCLUSION Overall, the studies indicate that SSL is a reliable measure that increases as children develop. Children with language impairment exhibit lower SSL scores than children with typical language skills. Further, a lower than expected MBL is predictive of a lack of meaningful speech at 24 months of age. IMPLICATION MBL and SSL have clinical application in terms of initial evaluation as well as progress monitoring. Recommendations for standardized corpus inclusion procedures are presented.
Optimal dual fusion frames for probabilistic erasures

For any fixed fusion frame, its optimal dual fusion frames for reconstruction is studied in case of erasures of subspaces. It is considered that a probability distribution of erasure of subspaces is given and that a blind reconstruction procedure is used, where the erased data are set to zero. It is proved that there are always optimal duals. Sufficient conditions for the canonical dual fusion frame being either the unique optimal dual, a non-unique optimal dual, or a non optimal dual, are obtained. The reconstruction error is analyzed, using the optimal duals in the probability model considered here and using the optimal duals in a non-probability model.
Individual Belief Revision Dynamics in a Group Context

Our beliefs about the world are generally not formed in isolation: the inherently social nature of human beings means that much of what we believe to know is based, at least in part, on information gained from others. Consequently, human knowledge and its acquisition cannot be understood fully by considering just individuals. In this paper, we examine the belief dynamics in a group of networked participants engaged in a simple, factual estimation task. Specifically, we examine the extent to which participants revise their own judgments in light of others responses, and compare formal models of that process.
Organization Capital and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns

Organization capital is a production factor that is embodied in the firm's key talent and has an efficiency that is firm specific. Hence, both shareholders and key talent have a claim to its cash flows. We develop a model in which the outside option of the key talent determines the share of firm cash flows that accrue to shareholders. This outside option varies systematically and renders firms with high organization capital riskier from shareholders' perspective. We find that firms with more organization capital have average returns that are 4.6% higher than firms with less organization capital.
Accurate and reproducible functional maps in 127 human cell types via 2D genome segmentation

The Roadmap Epigenomics consortium has published whole-genome functional annotation maps in 127 human cell types and cancer cell lines by integrating data from multiple epigenetic marks. These maps have thereby been widely used by the community for studying gene regulation in cell type specific contexts and predicting functional impacts of DNA mutations on disease. Here, we present a new map of functional elements produced by a recently published method called IDEAS on the same data set. The IDEAS method has several unique advantages and was shown to outperform existing methods, including the one used by the Roadmap Epigenomics consortium. We further introduce a simple but highly effective pipeline to greatly improve the reproducibility of functional annotation. Using five categories of independent experimental results, we extensively compared the annotation produced by IDEAS and the Roadmap Epigenomics consortium. While the overall concordance between the two maps was high, we observed many differences in the details and in the position-wise consistency of annotation across cell types. We show that the IDEAS annotation was uniformly and often substantially more accurate than the Roadmap Epigenomics result. This study therefore reports on the quality of an existing functional map in 127 human genomes and provides an alternative and better map to be used by the community. The annotation result can be visualized in the UCSC genome browser via the hub at http://bx.psu. edu/~yuzhang/Roadmap_ideas/ideas_hub. txt
Facial Expression Recognition with Fusion Features Extracted from Salient Facial Areas

In the pattern recognition domain, deep architectures are currently widely used and they have achieved fine results. However, these deep architectures make particular demands, especially in terms of their requirement for big datasets and GPU. Aiming to gain better results without deep networks, we propose a simplified algorithm framework using fusion features extracted from the salient areas of faces. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm has achieved a better result than some deep architectures. For extracting more effective features, this paper firstly defines the salient areas on the faces. This paper normalizes the salient areas of the same location in the faces to the same size; therefore, it can extracts more similar features from different subjects. LBP and HOG features are extracted from the salient areas, fusion features’ dimensions are reduced by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and we apply several classifiers to classify the six basic expressions at once. This paper proposes a salient areas definitude method which uses peak expressions frames compared with neutral faces. This paper also proposes and applies the idea of normalizing the salient areas to align the specific areas which express the different expressions. As a result, the salient areas found from different subjects are the same size. In addition, the gamma correction method is firstly applied on LBP features in our algorithm framework which improves our recognition rates significantly. By applying this algorithm framework, our research has gained state-of-the-art performances on CK+ database and JAFFE database.
LP-925219 maximizes urinary glucose excretion in mice by inhibiting both renal SGLT1 and SGLT2

Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral anti‐diabetic agents that improve glycemic control by inhibiting SGLT2‐mediated renal glucose reabsorption. Currently available agents increase urinary glucose excretion (UGE) to <50% of maximal values because they do not inhibit SGLT1, which reabsorbs >50% of filtered glucose when SGLT2 is completely inhibited. This led us to test whether LP‐925219, a small molecule dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, increases UGE to maximal values in wild‐type (WT) mice. We first tested LP‐925219 inhibition of glucose transport by HEK293 cells expressing SGLT1 or SGLT2, and then characterized LP‐925219 pharmacokinetics. We found that LP‐925219 was a potent inhibitor of mouse SGLT1 (IC50 = 22.6 nmol/L) and SGLT2 (IC50 = 0.5 nmol/L), and that a 10 mg/kg oral dose was bioavailable (87%) with a long half‐life (7 h). We next delivered LP‐925219 by oral gavage to WT, SGLT1 knockout (KO), SGLT2 KO, and SGLT1/SGLT2 double KO (DKO) mice and measured their 24‐h UGE. We found that, in vehicle‐treated mice, DKO UGE was maximal and SGLT2 KO, SGLT1 KO, and WT UGEs were 30%, 2%, and 0.2% of maximal, respectively; we also found that LP‐925219 dosed at 60 mg/kg twice daily increased UGE of SGLT1 KO, SGLT2 KO, and WT mice to DKO UGE levels. These findings show that orally available dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitors can maximize 24‐h UGE in mammals, and suggest that such agents merit further evaluation for their potential, in diabetic patients, to achieve better glycemic control than is achieved using selective SGLT2 inhibitors.
The Role of the Dorsal Striatum in Reward and Decision-Making

Although the involvement in the striatum in the refinement and control of motor movement has long been recognized, recent description of discrete frontal corticobasal ganglia networks in a range of species has focused attention on the role particularly of the dorsal striatum in executive functions. Current evidence suggests that the dorsal striatum contributes directly to decision-making, especially to action selection and initiation, through the integration of sensorimotor, cognitive, and motivational/emotional information within specific corticostriatal circuits involving discrete regions of striatum. We review key evidence from recent studies in rodent, nonhuman primate, and human subjects.
Hindu Eschatology and the Indian Caste System: An Example of Structural Reversal

Virtually all interpreters of Hinduism agree that the notions of samsara, karma, and moksa are central to nearly all varieties of Hinduism. That is, it is agreed that most Hindus assume continuing reincarnations (samsara), that a person's current incarnation and experiences are, at least in part, the fruit of past actions (karma), and that release or liberation (moksa) from this ongoing cycle is possible and desirable. As David Kinsley (1982:8) says, “certain underlying beliefs are accepted by most Hindus: karma, samsara, and moksa, for example. ” J. L. Brockington (1981:5) notes, “Doctrines concerning … samsara, karma and moksa … may be regarded as axiomatic by most schools of Hindu philosophy. ” Thomas Hopkins (1971:50) observes, “By the early sixth century B.C.E. , transmigration and the “law of karma” had been generally accepted as basic facts of existence and were rarely challenged from that time on by any major Indian system of thought. ” According to A. L. Basham (1989:42): “These [karma and samsara] are the beliefs of nearly all Indians, other than Muslims, Christians, and Parsis, down to the present day. ”
Social Network Analysis and Research with Māori collectives

Social Network Analysis (SNA) involves the study of the structure and composition of networks that, in turn, is useful for understanding the implications of patterns and relationships among social entities. The focus of SNA is based on relationships within a network rather than the influence and characteristics of individuals within a network. Four key features of SNA are the structure of the social ties, systematic data, graphic representation, and mathematical or computational models. Examples of network structures and graphic representations are provided. This article provides an overview of SNA; it looks at some studies of SNA with indigenous and minority groups; it explores the use of social networks within a Kaupapa Māori analysis; and gives preliminary consideration as to whether SNA may be useful as a method for analysing social networks with Māori collectives. The article also raises considerations for future research using SNA such as who benefits from the knowledge that analysing Māori social networks brings about; what is the use of internet among Māori and to what extent do Māori use internet-based social networking tools; and will SNA enhance our ability to anticipate, understand and explain the relationship between social networks and whānau ora (wellbeing).
Spinning versus Wobbling: How the Brain Solves a Geometry Problem

Oscillating an animal out-of-phase simultaneously about the roll and pitch axes (“wobble”) changes continuously the orientation of the head relative to gravity. For example, it may gradually change from nose-up, to ear-down, nose-down, ear-down, and back to nose-up. Rotations about the longitudinal axis (“spin”) can change the orientation of the head relative to gravity in the same way, provided the axis is tilted from vertical. During both maneuvers, the otolith organs in the inner ear detect the change in head orientation relative to gravity, whereas the semicircular canals will only detect oscillations in velocity (wobble), but not any rotation at constant velocity (spin). Geometrically, the whole motion can be computed based on information about head orientation relative to gravity and the wobble velocity. We subjected monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to combinations of spin and wobble and found that the animals were always able to correctly estimate their spin velocity. Simulations of these results with an optimal Bayesian model of vestibular information processing suggest that the brain integrates gravity and velocity information based on a geometrically coherent three-dimensional representation of head-in-space motion.
Assessing police–community relationships: is there a gap in perceptions between police officers and residents?

ABSTRACT The notion that community residents are key players responsible for the well-being of the larger society has become a cornerstone of approaches to modern policing in democratic societies. That is, residents partner with police to help maintain social order. An essential element of successful implementation of any programme is communication and understanding between various parties in the partnership. In this paper, we examine whether there is congruence between police officers and residents in how they perceive their relationships on various dimensions of police–community relations. These dimensions include residents’ respect for police and their willingness to cooperate in various community-policing activities. Using survey data collected in 2011 from a larger project with a national sample of 581 Slovenian police officers and 959 residents, we analyse both groups’ perceptions of community support of and willingness to partner with police officers. Results show that, on the one hand, residents appeared to have respect and confidence in police and were willing to cooperate with police officers in various crime prevention and community-policing activities. On the other hand, we find police officers’ perceptions of residents’ willingness to cooperate with the police ranked lower than residents’ reflections on these matters. On many of the dimensions of police–community partnerships, residents appeared more willing to cooperate and support the police compared to what officers perceived of residents’ willingness. This research identifies a gap in perceptions of citizen support of the police between Slovenian residents and police officers, which has to be bridged to make community policing more effective.
Hepatitis C Virus Induces the Mitochondrial Translocation of Parkin and Subsequent Mitophagy

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) induces intracellular events that trigger mitochondrial dysfunction and promote host metabolic alterations. Here, we investigated selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy) in HCV-infected cells. HCV infection stimulated Parkin and PINK1 gene expression, induced perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, and promoted mitochondrial translocation of Parkin, an initial event in mitophagy. Liver tissues from chronic HCV patients also exhibited notable levels of Parkin induction. Using multiple strategies involving confocal and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that HCV-infected cells display greater number of mitophagosomes and mitophagolysosomes compared to uninfected cells. HCV-induced mitophagy was evidenced by the colocalization of LC3 puncta with Parkin-associated mitochondria and lysosomes. Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy also displayed engulfment of damaged mitochondria in double membrane vesicles in HCV-infected cells. The HCV-induced mitophagy occurred irrespective of genotypic differences. Silencing Parkin and PINK1 hindered HCV replication suggesting the functional relevance of mitophagy in HCV propagation. HCV-mediated decline of mitochondrial complex I enzyme activity was rescued by chemical inhibition of mitophagy or by Parkin silencing. Overall our results suggest that HCV induces Parkin-dependent mitophagy, which may have significant contribution in mitochondrial liver injury associated with chronic hepatitis C.
From the Other Side: Women, Gender, and Immigrant Life in the U.S., 1820-1990

Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Coming to the United States 1. Where is the Other Side? 2. The Women of the Other Side 3. From Minority to Majority Part II: Foreign and Female: Continuities in Immigrant Life 4. Lives of Labor 5. All Her Kin 6. Working Together Part III: Changing: Class and Culture in the Twentieth Century 7. Middle-Class Immigrants 8. Preservation and Innovation Conclusion Notes Bibliographical Essay Index
Clarifying Fog Computing and Networking: 10 Questions and Answers

Fog computing is an end-to-end horizontal architecture that distributes computing, storage, control, and networking functions closer to users along the cloud-to-thing continuum. The word “edge” may carry different meanings. A common usage of the term refers to the edge network as opposed to the core network, with equipment such as edge routers, base stations, and home gateways. In that sense, there are several differences between fog and edge. First, fog is inclusive of cloud, core, metro, edge, clients, and things. The fog architecture will further enable pooling, orchestrating, managing, and securing the resources and functions distributed in the cloud, anywhere along the cloud-to-thing continuum, and on the things to support end-to-end services and applications. Second, fog seeks to realize a seamless continuum of computing services from the cloud to the things rather than treating the network edges as isolated computing platforms. Third, fog envisions a horizontal platform that will support the common fog computing functions for multiple industries and application domains, including but not limited to traditional telco services. Fourth, a dominant part of edge is mobile edge, whereas the fog computing architecture will be flexible enough to work over wireline as well as wireless networks.
An Analysis of Learning Rate and Curricular Scope: Caution When Choosing Academic Interventions Based on Aggregated Outcomes

Abstract. We aggregated and analyzed single-case research targeting math-fact fluency to investigate whether learning (behavior change) data were sufficient to summarize and compare intervention outcomes or if learning rate (learning/cumulative instructional time) data would provide divergent effect size (ES) results. We also extracted the curricular scope or set size data (how many items were targeted) and evaluated the relationship with obtained ESs. The results suggest that ESs calculated without accounting for cumulative instructional time and curricular scope result in different estimates of effect than ESs that do account for cumulative instructional time and curricular scope. Discussion focuses on the importance of using learning rate and curricular scope when comparing intervention effects and limitations associated with drawing relative-effectiveness conclusions by aggregating outcomes across studies.
THE LANGUAGES WE SPEAK AFFECT OUR PERCEPTIONS OF THE WORLD

The article presents review of studies on interaction between language and thought and the way it influences our understanding of the world. This is an interesting and important new direction for the research on language and thought, as our society becomes increasingly global and has an increased need for clear communication across languages and cultures. With a better understanding of how language and thought interact to influence how we understand and communicate about the world, we may begin to better understand how to communicate across languages and cultures, in ways beyond simple translation, that allow us to understand the various nuances of different languages and cultures. All new research shows us that the languages we speak not only reflect or express our thoughts, but also shape the very thoughts we wish to express. The structures that exist in our languages profoundly shape how we construct reality, and help make us as smart and sophisticated as we are.