Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
C2.7 Generation Gap Methods C2.7.1 Introduction C2.7.2 Historical Perspective

In this section, we will examine how generation gap methods are related to the concept of overlapping and non-overlapping populations in evolutionary algorithms (EAs). We will then review why generation gap methods were designed. We will compare and contrast the generational and steady state systems. Finally we will describe the elitist strategies used in evolutionary algorithms. The concept of generation gap is linked to the notion of non-overlapping and overlapping populations. In a non-overlapping model parents and oospring never compete with one another, i.e., the entire parent population is always replaced by the oospring population, while in an overlapping system, parents and oospring compete for survival. The term generation gap refers to the amount of overlap between parents and oospring. The notion of a generation gap is closely related to selection algorithms and population management issues. A selection algorithm in an evolutionary algorithm (EA) involves two elements: (1) a selection pool and (2) a selection distribution over that pool. A selection pool is required for reproduction selection as well as for deletion selection. The key issue in both these cases is \what does the pool contain when parents are selected and when survivors are selected? " In the selection for reproduction phase, parents are selected to produce oospring and the selection pool consists of the current population. How the parents are selected for reproduction depends on the individual EA paradigm. In the selection for deletion phase, a decision has to be made as to which individuals to select for deletion to make room for the new oospring. In non-overlapping systems the entire selection pool consisting of the current population is selected for deletion, i.e., the parent population () is always replaced by the oospring population (). In overlapping models, the selection pool for deletion consists of both parents and their oospring. Selection for deletion is performed on this combined set and the actual selection procedure varies in each of the EA paradigms. Historically, both evolutionary programming and evolution strategies had overlapping populations while the canonical genetic algorithms used non-overlapping populations. In evolutionary programming (Fogel et al 1966), each individual produces one oospring and the best half from the parent and oospring populations are selected to form the new population. This is an overlapping system as the parents and their oospring constantly compete with each other for survival. In evolution strategies (Schwefel 1981), the (+) and the (;) models correspond to the …
Relationship Between Pedagocical Certificate Program Students’ Attitudes and Self-Efficacy Beliefs Towards Teacher Profession

The aim of this study is to take on pedagocical certificate program students’ attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs towards teacher profession in terms of different variables and determine whether there is a relationship between two variables. The participants of the study were 754 students who were studying at Abant Izzet Baysal University in academic year 2014-2015 in spring semester. The data were collected through Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy and Teaching Profession Attitude Scales. The data were analyzed through t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA and Pearson’s Corelation Coefficent (r). At the end of the study a meaningful, positive and low level relationship was found between students’ attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs towards teacher profession.
Strychnos nux-vomica seeds: Pharmacognostical standardization, extraction, and antidiabetic activity

Background: Strychnos nux-vomica, commonly known as kuchla, contains strychnine and brucine as main constituents. Minor alkaloids present in the seeds are protostrychnine, vomicine, n-oxystrychnine, pseudostrychnine, isostrychnine, chlorogenic acid, and a glycoside. Seeds are used traditionally to treat diabetes, asthma, aphrodisiac and to improve appetite. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the various pharmacognostical characters and antidiabetic activity of S. nux-vomica seed. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical characters were performed as per the WHO guideline. Extraction was carried out in petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, hydroalcoholic, aqueous, and phytochemical constituents present in extracts were detected by different chemical tests. Among these extracts hydroalcoholic, aqueous extracts were evaluated for antidiabetic activity on the basis of extractive yield and phytoconstituents, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats using gliclazide as standard. Results: Various analytical values of S. nux-vomica extract were established. Phytoconstituents present in S. nux-vomica extracts were detected. Conclusion: S. nux-vomica extracts show antihyperglycemic activity in experimental animals.
The Zebrafish Mutants dre, uki, and lep Encode Negative Regulators of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Proliferation is one of the basic processes that control embryogenesis. To identify factors involved in the regulation of proliferation, we performed a zebrafish genetic screen in which we used proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression as a readout. Two mutants, hu418B and hu540A, show increased PCNA expression. Morphologically both mutants resembled the dre (dreumes), uki (ukkie), and lep (leprechaun) mutant class and both are shown to be additional uki alleles. Surprisingly, although an increased size is detected of multiple structures in these mutant embryos, adults become dwarfs. We show that these mutations disrupt repressors of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The dre, uki, and lep loci encode Su(fu) (suppressor of fused), Hip (Hedgehog interacting protein), and Ptc2 (Patched2) proteins, respectively. This class of mutants is therefore unique compared to previously described Hh mutants from zebrafish genetic screens, which mainly show loss of Hh signaling. Furthermore, su(fu) and ptc2 mutants have not been described in vertebrate model systems before. Inhibiting Hh activity by cyclopamine rescues uki and lep mutants and confirms the overactivation of the Hh signaling pathway in these mutants. Triple uki/dre/lep mutants show neither an additive increase in PCNA expression nor enhanced embryonic phenotypes, suggesting that other negative regulators, possibly Ptc1, prevent further activation of the Hh signaling pathway. The effects of increased Hh signaling resulting from the genetic alterations in the uki, dre, and lep mutants differ from phenotypes described as a result of Hh overexpression and therefore provide additional insight into the role of Hh signaling during vertebrate development.
A kinematic comparison of spring-loaded and traditional crutches.

CONTEXT A novel spring-loaded-crutch design may provide patients additional forward velocity, relative to traditional axillary crutches; however, this idea has not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To quantify elastic potential energy stored by spring-loaded crutches during crutch-ground contact and determine whether this energy increases forward velocity for patients during crutch ambulation. Because elastic potential energy is likely stored by the spring-loaded crutch during ambulation, the authors hypothesized that subjects would exhibit greater peak instantaneous forward velocity during crutch-ground contact and increased preferred ambulation speed during spring-loaded-crutch ambulation, relative to traditional-crutch ambulation. DESIGN Within-subject. SETTING Biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 10 healthy men and 10 healthy women. INTERVENTIONS The independent variable was crutch type: Subjects used spring-loaded and traditional axillary crutches to ambulate at standardized and preferred speeds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary dependent variables were peak instantaneous forward velocity and preferred ambulation speed; these variables were quantified using high-speed videography and an optoelectronic timing device, respectively. Between-crutches differences for the dependent variables were evaluated using paired t tests (α = .05). Elastic potential energy stored by the spring-loaded crutches during crutch-ground contact was also quantified via videography. RESULTS Peak forward velocity during crutch-ground contact was 5% greater (P < .001) for spring-loaded-crutch ambulation than for traditional-crutch ambulation. Preferred ambulation speed, however, did not significantly differ (P = .538) between crutch types. The spring-loaded crutches stored an average of 2.50 ± 1.96 J of elastic potential energy during crutch-ground contact. CONCLUSIONS The spring-loaded crutches appear to have provided subjects with additional peak instantaneous forward velocity. This increased velocity, however, was relatively small and did not increase preferred ambulation speed.
THE CAPM RELATION FOR INEFFICIENT PORTFOLIOS

Following empirical evidence that—contrary to CAPM predictions—found little relation between expected rates of return and betas, the relation has been investigated extensively. Roll (1977), Roll and Ross (1994) (RR) Kandel and Stambaugh (1995), and Jagannathan and Wang (1996) are seminal works. In this context, within a Markowitz world (finite number of nonredundant risky securities with finite first two moments), we generally and simply write the theoretical CAPM relation for inefficient (non-frontier) portfolios (CAPMI). We demonstrate that the CAPMI is a well-specified alternative for the widely implemented misspecified CAPM for use with inefficient portfolios. We identify three sources for this misspecification: i) the omission of an addend in the pricing relation, ii) the use of an incorrect risk premiums/beta coefficients (due to of the existence of infinitely many "zero beta" portfolios at all expected returns), and iii) the use of unadjusted betas. We suggest the use of incomplete information equilibria to overcome unobservability of moments of returns. Our results are robust to regressions that produce positive explanatory beta power, including extensions such as multiperiod, multifactor, and the conditioning on time and various attributes.
Semantic Composition and Decomposition: From Recognition to Generation

Semantic composition is the task of understanding the meaning of text by composing the meanings of the individual words in the text. Semantic decomposition is the task of understanding the meaning of an individual word by decomposing it into various aspects (factors, constituents, components) that are latent in the meaning of the word. We take a distributional approach to semantics, in which a word is represented by a context vector. Much recent work has considered the problem of recognizing compositions and decompositions, but we tackle the more dicult generation problem. For simplicity, we focus on noun-modier bigrams and noun unigrams. A test for semantic composition is, given context vectors for the noun and modier in a noun-modier bigram ( red salmon), generate a noun unigram that is synonymous with the given bigram (sockeye). A test for semantic decomposition is, given a context vector for a noun unigram (snifter), generate a noun-modier bigram that is synonymous with the given unigram ( brandy glass). With a vocabulary of about 73,000 unigrams from WordNet, there are 73,000 candidate unigram compositions for a bigram and 5,300,000,000 (73,000 squared) candidate bigram decompositions for a unigram. We generate ranked lists of potential solutions in two passes. A fast unsupervised learning algorithm generates an initial list of candidates and then a slower supervised learning algorithm renes the list. We evaluate the candidate solutions by comparing them to WordNet synonym sets. For decomposition (unigram to bigram), the top 100 most highly ranked bigrams include a WordNet synonym of the given unigram 50.7% of the time. For composition (bigram to unigram), the top 100 most highly ranked unigrams include a WordNet synonym of the given bigram 77.8% of the time.
Relationship between nurses and physicians in terms of organizational culture: who is responsible for subordination of nurses?

AIM To investigate how nurses and physicians perceive organizational culture, their integration into the organizational processes, and relations within a health care team. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study that included 106 physicians and 558 nurses from 14 Slovenian hospitals in December 2005. The hospitals were randomly selected. We distributed the questionnaires on the same day to physicians and nurses during a morning shift. The total number of distributed questionnaires represented a 20% of each personnel category at each hospital. The following variables were studied: organizational culture, integration of nurses and physicians in hospital processes, and subordination of nurses to physicians. RESULTS Physicians and nurses favored a culture of internal focus, stability, and control. Both groups estimated that they had a low level of personal involvement in their organizations and indicated insufficient involvement in work teams, while nurses also felt that they were subordinated (mean+/-standard deviation, 3.6+/-0.9 on a scale from 1 to 5) to physicians (2.7+/-1.0; P<0.001). Control orientation correlated positively with the subordination of nurses (PP<0.005) and negatively with personal integration in an organization (PP<0.005). CONCLUSION We found out that subordination of nurses can be explained by market culture, level of personal involvement, and the level of education. Our research showed that the professional growth of nurses was mainly threatened by organizational factors such as hierarchy, control orientation, a lack of cooperation and team building between physicians and nurses, as well as insufficient inclusion of both physicians and nurses into change implementation activities.
The Career of Alexander Maxwell Adams, M.D. (Erlangen), Poor-Law Reformer and Agitator

Dr. A. M. Adams was, in November, 1847, appointed by the Parochial Board, Inspector of the Poor for the City Parish of Glasgow, and his appointment was approved of by the new " Board of Supervision for the Relief of the Poor. " At the time of his election to office the chairman of the Parochial Board was the notorious Bailie McClellan, who favoured the election of another candidate for the Inspectorship who happened to be amenable to the Bailie's influence and who was an out-
AhpA is a peroxidase expressed during biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis

Organisms growing aerobically generate reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. These reactive oxygen molecules damage enzymes and DNA, potentially causing cell death. In response, Bacillus subtilis produces at least nine potential peroxide‐scavenging enzymes; two belong to the alkylhydroperoxide reductase (Ahp) class of peroxidases. Here, we explore the role of one of these Ahp homologs, AhpA. While previous studies demonstrated that AhpA can scavenge peroxides and thus defend cells against peroxides, they did not clarify when during growth the cell produces AhpA. The results presented here show that the expression of ahpA is regulated in a manner distinct from that of the other peroxide‐scavenging enzymes in B. subtilis. While the primary Ahp, AhpC, is expressed during exponential growth and stationary phase, these studies demonstrate that the expression of ahpA is dependent on the transition‐state regulator AbrB and the sporulation and biofilm formation transcription factor Spo0A. Furthermore, these results show that ahpA is specifically expressed during biofilm formation, and not during sporulation or stationary phase, suggesting that derepression of ahpA by AbrB requires a signal other than those present upon entry into stationary phase. Despite this expression pattern, ahpA mutant strains still form and maintain robust biofilms, even in the presence of peroxides. Thus, the role of AhpA with regard to protecting cells within biofilms from environmental stresses is still uncertain. These studies highlight the need to further study the Ahp homologs to better understand how they differ from one another and the unique roles they may play in oxidative stress resistance.
Factors affecting the Adoption Level of C-Commerce: An Empirical Study

The major objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of collaborative commerce (c-commerce) adoption with special emphasis on Electrical and Electronic organizations in Malaysia. Original research using a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 400 Malaysian organizations. Out of the 400 questionnaires posted, 109 usable questionnaires were returned, yielding a response rate of 27.25%. Data were analysed by using correlation and multiple regression analysis. External environment, organization readiness and information sharing culture were found to be significant in affecting organizations decision to adopt c-commerce. Information sharing culture factor was found to have the strongest influence on the adoption of c-commerce, followed by organization readiness and external environment. Contrary to other technology adoption studies, this research found that innovation attributes have no significant influence on the adoption of c-commerce. In terms of theoretical contributions, this study has extended previous researches conducted in western countries and provides great potential by advancing the understanding between the association of adoption factors and c-commerce adoption level. This research show that adoption studies could move beyond studying the factors based on traditional adoption models. Organizations planning to adopt c-commerce would also be able to applied strategies based on the findings from this research.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN, BUDAYA ORGANISASI, KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DENGAN MOTIVASI KERJA SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (Pada BMT Bintoro Madani di Kabupaten Demak)

Masalah yang ada dalam penelitian ini adalah kurangnya motivasi karyawan di BMT Bintoro Madani sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kinerja mereka. Penelitian ini menyelidiki pengaruh dari kepemimpinan, budaya organisasi, kepuasan kerja dan motivasi kerja untuk meningkatkan kinerja karyawan. Model yang dikembangkan merefleksikan faktor-faktor penting tersebut. Berdasarkan pada data yang diambil dari BMT Bintoro Madani. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 120 orang karyawan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sensus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan wawancara kepada responden, dan teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis faktor konfirmatori dan maximum likelihood estimation dalam Structural equation modeling pada program AMOS 5. Dari kuesioner yang disebar, sampai tahap pengolahan data dilakukan, jumlah kuesioner yang lengkap dan bisa digunakan adalah 115. Sehingga jumlah responden yang dapat dianalisis adalah 115. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa faktor kepemimpinan transformasional dan transaksional berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap motivasi kerja. Budaya organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap motivasi kerja. Kepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap motivasi kerja. Selanjutnya motivasi kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional dan transaksional secara langsung mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan secara positif dan signifikan. Kepuasan kerja secara langsung mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan secara positif dan signifikan. Dibahas pula implikasi teoritis dan manajerial sesuai prioritas yang bisa dilakukan oleh perusahaan. Keterbatasan penelitian dan agenda penelitian mendatang dapat dijadikan acuan bagi peneliti selanjutnya.
Global Debt Patterns: An International Comparison of Student Loan Burdens and Repayment Conditions. Canadian Higher Education Report Series.

(EPI) is a non-partisan, non-governmental organization dedicated to policy-based research on educational opportunity for all students. With offices in Virginia Beach, VA, Toronto, ON, and Melbourne, Australia, EPI is a collective association of researchers and policy analysts from around the world dedicated to the mission of enhancing our knowledge of critical barriers facing students and families throughout the educational pipeline. In addition, EPI has developed extensive partnerships and collaborative arrangements with other leading research and educational organizations, further supporting our mission and ability to conduct policy-relevant research for practical use. The mission of EPI is to expand educational opportunity for low-income and other historically-underrepresented students through high-level research and analysis. By providing educational leaders and policymakers with the information required to make prudent programmatic and policy decisions, we believe that the doors of opportunity can be further opened for all students, resulting in an increase in the number of students prepared for, enrolled in, and completing postsecondary education.
Detection of circulating cancer cells expressing uroplakins and epidermal growth factor receptor in bladder cancer patients

Our purpose was to determine the clinical relevance of the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) expressing urothelial and epithelial markers in bladder cancer patients. Sixty‐two patients who presented to Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center between July 2000 and September 2001 were studied. Peripheral blood was tested by nested RT‐PCR assay for uroplakins (UPs) Ia, Ib, II and III as well as for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We determined the sensitivity and specificity of each individual marker and the combinations of UPIa/UPII and UPIb/UPIII. The latter strategy was based on our data, which showed that UPIa and UPIb form heterodimers with UPII and UPIII, respectively. Forty patients had clinically advanced bladder cancer and 22 had no evidence of disease at the time of assay. Eight of the 22 patients recurred during the follow‐up period. All 8 patients were positive at presentation for UPIa/UPII. The combination of UPIa/UPII provided the best sensitivity (75%) of detecting CTCs, with a specificity of 50%. The combination of UPIb/UPIII was the most specific (79%) but had modest sensitivity (31%). Detection of EGFR‐positive cells alone and in combination with UPs was inferior to that for UPIa/UPII. Combinations of urothelial markers are superior to single urothelial or epithelial markers in detecting CTCs in bladder cancer patients. Further efforts are under way to confirm the potential predictive value of these markers in a prospectively designed study of a larger cohort of patients. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.