Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Architecture of Functional Interaction Networks in the Retina

Sensory information is represented in the brain by the joint activity of large groups of neurons. Recent studies have shown that, although the number of possible activity patterns and underlying interactions is exponentially large, pairwise-based models give a surprisingly accurate description of neural population activity patterns. We explored the architecture of maximum entropy models of the functional interaction networks underlying the response of large populations of retinal ganglion cells, in adult tiger salamander retina, responding to natural and artificial stimuli. We found that we can further simplify these pairwise models by neglecting weak interaction terms or by relying on a small set of interaction strengths. Comparing network interactions under different visual stimuli, we show the existence of local network motifs in the interaction map of the retina. Our results demonstrate that the underlying interaction map of the retina is sparse and dominated by local overlapping interaction modules.
Vection Change Exacerbates Simulator Sickness in Virtual Environments

The optic flow patterns generated by virtual reality (VR) systems typically produce visually induced experiences of self-motion (vection). While this vection can enhance presence in VR, it is often accompanied by a variant of motion sickness called simulator sickness (SS). However, not all vection experiences are the same. In terms of perceived heading and/or speed, visually simulated self-motion can be either steady or changing. It was hypothesized that changing vection would lead to more SS. Participants viewed an optic flow pattern that either steadily expanded or alternately expanded and contracted. In one experiment, SS was measured pretreatment and after 5 min of viewing using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. In a second experiment employing the same stimuli, vection onset and magnitude were measured using a computer-interfaced slide indicator. The steadily expanding flow pattern, compared to the expanding and contracting pattern, led to: 1) significantly less SS, 2) lower subscores for nausea, oculomotor, and disorientation symptoms, 3) more overall vection magnitude, and 4) less changing vection. Collectively, these results suggest that changing vection exacerbates SS.
Protective Effect of Rutin and Naringin on Sperm Quality in Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats

Oxidative stress is one of the important causes of the type 1 diabetes induced changes in the sperm quality. Bioflavonoids, Rutin 10 mg/Kg and Naringin 10 mg/Kg were evaluated for their protective effects on sperm parameters, oxidative stress, and histopathology of type 1 diabetic rats. Results demonstrated the reduction in sperm count, sperm motility and vitality in diabetic rats. Mass drug administration (MDA) levels were increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase levels were decreased. Histopathological changes were evident and in accordance with the above results. In the treatment groups, both Rutin and Naringin in combination with insulin treatment in diabetic rats produced protection from diabetes and improved all the sperm parameters, decreased the MDA levels and increased the SOD and catalase levels. Protection was evident in histological examination. Our data suggests that the possible protection of testicular tissue and reproduction from oxidative stress have been induced by type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Modelling iodide - iodate speciation in atmospheric aerosol: Contributions of inorganic and organic iodine chemistry

The speciation of iodine in atmospheric aerosol is currently poorly understood. Models predict negligible iodide concentrations but accumulation of iodate in aerosol, both of which is not confirmed by recent measurements. We present an updated aqueous phase iodine chemistry scheme for use in atmospheric chemistry models and discuss sensitivity studies with the marine boundary layer model MISTRA. These studies show that iodate can be reduced in acidic aerosol by inorganic reactions, i.e., iodate does not necessarily accumulate in particles. Furthermore, the transformation of particulate iodide to volatile iodine species likely has been overestimated in previous model studies due to negligence of collision-induced upper limits for the reaction rates. However, inorganic reaction cycles still do not seem to be sufficient to reproduce the observed range of iodide – iodate speciation in atmospheric aerosol. Therefore, we also investigate the effects of the recently suggested reaction of HOI with dissolved organic matter to produce iodide. If this reaction is fast enough to compete with the inorganic mechanism, it would not only directly lead to enhanced iodide concentrations but, indirectly via speed-up of the inorganic iodate reduction cycles, also to a decrease in iodate concentrations. Hence, according to our model studies, organic iodine chemistry, combined with inorganic reaction cycles, is able to reproduce observations. The presented chemistry cycles are highly dependent on pH and thus offer an explanation for the large observed variability of the iodide – iodate speciation in atmospheric aerosol.
Inter-Individual Decision-Making Differences in the Effects of Cingulate, Orbitofrontal, and Prelimbic Cortex Lesions in a Rat Gambling Task

Deficits in decision-making is a hallmark of several neuropsychiatric pathologies but is also observed in some healthy individuals that could be at risk to develop these pathologies. Poor decision-making can be revealed experimentally in humans using the Iowa gambling task, through the inability to select options that ensure long term gains over larger immediate gratification. We devised an analogous task in the rat, based on uncertainty and conflicting choices, the rat gambling task (RGT). It similarly reveals good and poor performers within a single session. Using this task, we investigated the role of three prefrontal cortical areas, the orbitofrontal, prelimbic, and cingulate cortices on decision-making, taking into account inter-individual variability in behavioral performances. Here, we show that these three distinct subregions are differentially engaged to solve the RGT. Cingulate cortex lesion mainly delayed good decision-making whereas prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices induced different patterns of inadapted behaviors in the task, indicating varying degree of functional specialization of these three areas. Their contribution largely depended on the level of adaptability demonstrated by each individual to the constraint of the task. The inter-individual differences in the effect of prefrontal cortex area lesions on decision-making revealed in this study open new perspectives in the search for vulnerability markers to develop disorders related to executive dysfunctioning.
Mobile phone dependence,parenting style and subjective well-being in college students

Objective: To explore the relation of mobile phone dependence to parenting style and subjective well-being in college students. Methods: Totally 1477 college students were chosen from one college in Hubei province. The M obile Phone Addiction Index Scale( M PAI) was used to measure the degree of mobile phone dependence,the short-Egna M innen av Barndom Uppfostran-Chinese( s-EM BU-c) was used to measure their parenting styles,and the General Well-being Schedule( GWB) was used to measure the level of subjective well-being. Results: The average M PAI score in college students was( 36. 7 ± 11. 5) and the scores were higher in female students than in males [( 37. 8 ± 11. 2) vs.( 35. 8 ± 11. 6),P 0. 01]. The M PAI scores were positively correlated with the scores of paternal denial, paternal over-protect, maternal denial and maternal over-protect( r = 0. 14- 0. 21, P 0. 01),while the M PAI score was negatively correlated with paternal warmth,maternal warmth and SWB scores( r=- 0. 17,- 0. 16,- 0. 49; P 0. 01). Structural equation model found subjective well-being played a partly mediating role between parenting styles and mobile phone dependence, and the mediation effect account for the total effect 73. 8% and 43. 5% respectively. Conclusion: There may be a close relation of mobile phone dependence to parenting styles and subjective well-being,and parenting styles could affect mobile phone dependence through subjective well-being.
Two-Stage Total Knee Arthroplasty for Prosthetic Joint Infection

Purpose This retrospective review was conducted to identify prognostic factors for two-stage reimplantation for infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and the rate of reinfection following revision TKA. Materials and Methods Out of 88 patients diagnosed with post-TKA infection between 1998 and 2011, 76 underwent two-stage reimplantation and were reviewed in this study. The 76 patients were divided into two groups-those who experienced reinfection and those who did not. Comorbidities, culture results, and inflammation indices were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results Of the 76 patients who underwent a two-stage reimplantation, 18 (23.7%) experienced reinfection. Patients with more than three comorbidities had significantly higher reinfection rates than those with less than three comorbidities (47.1% vs. 4.8%, p=0.032). The reinfection rate between the culture positive prosthetic joint infection group and the culture negative prosthetic joint infection group was not significantly different (p=0.056). Inflammation indices (erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR] and C-reactive protein [CRP]) showed a statistically significant difference between patients with reinfection and those without reinfection at 4 weeks after the first-stage surgery. Conclusions Reimplantation must be carefully performed when the risk of reinfection is high, particularly in patients with more than three systemic or local comorbidities and higher inflammation indices (ESR and CRP) prior to revision TKA.
R++: Adding Path-Based Rules to C++

Object-oriented languages and rule-based languages offer two distinct and useful programming abstractions. However, previous attempts to integrate data-driven rules into object-oriented languages have typically achieved an uneasy union at best. R++ is a new, closer integration of the rule-based and object-oriented paradigms that extends C++ with a single programming construct, the path-based rule, as a new kind of class member. Path-based rules-data-driven rules that are restricted to following pointers between objects-are like automatic methods that are triggered by changes to the objects they monitor. Path-based rules provide a useful level of abstraction that encourages a more declarative style of programming and are valuable in object-oriented designs as a means of modeling dynamic collections of interdependent objects. Unlike more traditional pattern-matching rules, path-based rules are not at odds with the object-oriented paradigm and offer performance advantages for many natural applications.
Fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of alcohol consumption. Segmental hair analysis of alcoholics, social drinkers, and teetotalers.

BACKGROUND Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are products of nonoxidative ethanol metabolism. After incorporation in hair, they should be suitable long-term markers of alcohol abuse. METHODS Hair samples from 19 alcoholics in a treatment program, 10 fatalities with verified excessive alcohol consumption, 13 moderate social drinkers who consumed up to 20 g ethanol/day, and 5 strict teetotalers were analyzed in 1-12 segments for four FAEEs (ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, and ethyl stearate) by external degreasing with n-heptane, extraction with a dimethyl sulfoxide-n-heptane mixture, headspace solid-phase microextraction of the extracts, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with deuterated internal standards. The n-heptane washings were analyzed in the same way for FAEEs from the hair surface. RESULTS The sum of the four ester concentrations in hair calculated for the proximal 0-6 cm segment was 2.5-13.5 ng/mg (mean, 6.8 ng/mg) for the fatalities, 0.92-11.6 ng/mg (mean, 4.0 ng/mg) for 17 of the alcoholics in treatment, 0.20-0.85 ng/mg (mean, 0.41 ng/mg) for the moderate social drinkers, and 0.06-0.37 ng/mg (mean, 0.16 ng/mg) for the teetotalers. In almost all cases the segmental concentrations increased from proximal to distal. There was no agreement between the self-reported drinking histories of the participants and the FAEE concentrations along the hair length. Ethyl oleate was the dominant ester in all samples. CONCLUSIONS FAEEs are deposited in hair mainly from sebum. Despite large individual differences, FAEE hair concentrations can be used as markers for excessive alcohol consumption with relatively high accuracy.
Detection and perception of generic host volatiles by mosquitoes modulate host preference: context dependence of (R)-1-octen-3-ol

Natural selection favours a restricted host breadth in disease vector mosquitoes, indicating that there is an adaptive value associated with maintaining plasticity in host preference. One mechanism to maintain such plasticity is via the detection of generic cues by conserved peripheral olfactory pathways, which when perceived in different host odour contexts enable the identification of and discrimination among potential host species. Here, we show that the context of an odour cue shapes host perception in mosquitoes, by altering the release rate of the generic host-related volatile (R)-1-octen-3-ol, within its natural range, and in the background odour of known hosts and non-hosts. This result highlights that host recognition is contextual and dependent on quantitative and qualitative differences in odour blends and the olfactory codes evoked. From the perspective of vector management, understanding the perception of odour blends and their context is essential to the process of developing synthetic blends for the optimal attraction of mosquitoes in efforts to control and monitor populations.
1 H MR spectroscopy in histopathological subgroups of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

The aim of the study was to analyze the lateralizing value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H MRS) in histopathologically different subgroups of mesial temporal lobe epilepsies (MTLE) and to correlate results with clinical, MRI and seizure outcome data. A group of 35 patients who underwent resective epilepsy surgery was retrospectively studied. Hippocampal H MR spectra were evaluated. Metabolite concentrations were obtained using LCModel and NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, NAA/ (Cr+Cho), Cho/Cr ratios and coefficients of asymmetry were calculated. MRI correctly lateralized 89% of subjects and H MRS 83%. MRI together with H MRS correctly lateralized 100% of patients. Nineteen subjects had “classical” hippocampal sclerosis (HS), whereas the remaining 16 patients had “mild” HS. Nineteen patients had histopathologically proven malformation of cortical development (MCD) in the temporal pole; 16 subjects had only HS. No difference in H MRS findings was found between patients in different histopathological subgroups of MTLE. Our results support the hypothesis that H MRS abnormalities do not directly reflect histopathological changes in MTLE patients. Subjects with nonlateralized H MRS abnormalities did not have a worse postoperative seizure outcome. We found no significant impact of contralateral H MRS abnormality on post-surgical seizure outcome.
The Far-Infrared Emission Line and Continuum Spectrum of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1068

We report on the analysis of the first complete far-infrared spectrum (43-197 μm) of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 as observed with the Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS) on board the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). In addition to the seven expected ionic fine-structure emission lines, the OH rotational lines at 79, 119, and 163 μm were all detected in emission, which is unique among galaxies with full LWS spectra, where the 119 μm line, when detected, is always in absorption. The observed line intensities were modeled together with ISOShort Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) and optical and ultraviolet line intensities from the literature, considering two independent emission components: the active galactic nucleus (AGN) component and the starburst component in the circumnuclear ring of ~3 kpc in size. Using the UV to mid-IR emission line spectrum to constrain the nuclear ionizing continuum, we have confirmed previous results: a canonical power-law ionizing spectrum is a poorer fit than one with a deep absorption trough, while the presence of a " big blue bump" is ruled out. Based on the instantaneous starburst age of 5 Myr constrained by the Brγ equivalent width in the starburst ring, and starburst synthesis models of the mid- and far-infrared fine-structure line emission, a low-ionization parameter (U = 10-3.5) and low densities (n = 100 cm-3) are derived. Combining the AGN and starburst components, we succeeded in modeling the overall UV to far-IR atomic spectrum of NGC 1068, reproducing the line fluxes to within a factor of 2.0 on average with a standard deviation of 1.3, and the overall continuum as the sum of the contribution of the thermal dust emission in the ionized and neutral components. The OH 119 μm emission indicates that the line is collisionally excited and arises in a warm and dense region. The OH emission has been modeled using spherically symmetric, nonlocal, non-LTE radiative transfer models. The models indicate that the bulk of the emission arises from the nuclear region, although some extended contribution from the starburst is not ruled out. The OH abundance in the nuclear region is expected to be ~10-5, characteristic of X-ray-dominated regions.
Reconceptualising engagement: a relational practice with people experiencing communication disability after stroke

i Table of contents . iii List of figures . vii List of tables . viii Transcription guide . ix List of abbreviations . x Attestation of authorship . xi Co-authored works . xii Acknowledgements . xiii Ethics approvals . xv Chapter One: Introduction . 1 Background to the research: Positioning the researcher . 1 Engagement in stroke rehabilitation . 3 Research aims . 7 Defining key terms . 9 Structure of the thesis . 12 Chapter Two: A conceptual review of engagement . 15 Conceptual review methodology and methods . 15 Results . 19 Limitations of review . 45 Conclusion . 46 Chapter Three: Literature Review . 47 Patient experiences of healthcare relevant to engagement . 48
Evaluation of CASA and BSS models for cocktail-par ty speech segregation

For speech segregation, a blind separation model (BSS) is tested together with a CASA model which is based on the localisation cue and the evaluation of the time delay of arrival (TDOA). The test database is composed of 332 binary mixture sentences recorded in stereo with a static set-up. These are truncated at 1 second for the simulations. For applying the two models, we cut the frequency domain in a variable number of subbands, which are processed independently. Then, we evaluate the gain, using reference signals recorded in isolation. Without using this reference, a coherence index is also established for the BSS model, which measures the degree of convergence. After a careful analysis, we find gains of about 1-3dB for the two methods, which are smaller than those published for the same task. The variation of the number of subbands allows an optimisation, and we obtain a significant peak at 4 subbands for the CASA model, and a smaller maximum at 2 subbands for the BSS model.
Quantitative Analysis of Variables Affecting Nursing Program Completion at Arizona State University.

This study is designed to understand the patterns of selection, preparation, retention and graduation of undergraduate pre-licensure clinical nursing students in the College of Nursing and Health Innovation at Arizona State University enrolled in 2007 and 2008. The resulting patterns may guide policy decision making regarding future cohorts in this program and in nursing programs at other colleges and universities. Several independent variables were examined including grades earned in prerequisite courses; replacement course frequency; scores earned on the Nurse Entrance Test (NET); the number of prerequisite courses taken at four-year institutions; race/ethnicity; and gender. The dependent variable and definition of success is completion of the Traditional Pre-licensure Clinical Nursing Program in the prescribed four terms. Theories of retention and success in nursing programs at colleges and universities guide the research. Correlational analysis and multiple logistic regression revealed that specific prerequisite courses—Human Nutrition, Clinical Healthcare Ethics, and Human Pathophysiology—as well as race/ethnicity, and gender are predictive of completing this program in the prescribed four terms.
Effects of hydrogen on plasma etching for silicon and silicon nitride

For more precise control of plasma etching processes, a better understanding of interaction of ions and radicals contained in plasmas with Si, SiO2 and SiN surfaces is desirable. In this study, mass-analyzed ion beam experiments were employed to clarify hydrogen effects during plasmas etching process containing hydrogen such as HBr and hydrofulorocarbon. It has been shown that H + ion injection damages Si surfaces and also enhances oxygen radical diffusion in Si if oxygen radicals are simultaneously supplied. As to SiN etching by hydrofluorocarbon ions, it has been found that the presence of hydrogen in the CHxFy + ion beam increases the sputtering yield of SiN, which is consistent with the observation of SiN etching by hydrofluorocarbon plasmas.
Coordination Games and Local Interactions: A Survey of the Game Theoretic Literature

We survey the recent literature on coordination games, where there is a conflictbetween risk dominance and payoff dominance. Our main focus is on models of local interactions, where players only interact with small subsets of the overall population rather than with society as a whole. We use Ellison’s [1] Radius-Coradius Theorem to present prominent results on local interactions. Amongst others, we discuss best reply learning in a global- and in a local- interaction framework and best reply learning in multiple location models and in a network formation context. Further, we discuss imitation learning in a localandin a global- interactions setting.
Cocaine Exposure Shifts the Balance of Associative Encoding from Ventral to Dorsolateral Striatum

Both dorsal and ventral striatum are implicated in the “habitization” of behavior that occurs in addiction. Here we examined the effect of cocaine exposure on associative encoding in these two regions. Neural activity was recorded during go/no-go discrimination learning and reversal. Activity in ventral striatum developed and reversed rapidly, tracking the valence of the predicted outcome, whereas activity in dorsolateral striatum developed and reversed more slowly, tracking discriminative responding. This difference is consistent with the putative roles of these two areas in promoting habit-like behavior. Dorsolateral striatum has been directly implicated in habit or stimulus–response learning, whereas ventral striatum appears to be involved indirectly by allowing cues associated with reward to exert a general motivational influence on responding. Interestingly cocaine exposure did not uniformly enhance processing across both regions. Instead cocaine reduced the degree and flexibility of cue-evoked firing in ventral striatum while marginally enhanced cue-selective firing in dorsolateral striatum. Thus cocaine exposure causes regionally specific effects on neural processing in striatum; these effects may promote the habitization of behavior by shifting control from ventral to dorsolateral regions.