Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Slow-Wave Activity Saturation and Thalamocortical Isolation During Propofol Anesthesia in Humans

In subjects treated with an anesthetic, saturation of slow-wave activity in the EEG indicates the onset of thalamocortical isolation from the external world. Can You Hear Me Now? What actually happens in your brain when you lose awareness of what is going on around you? Clinicians would like to know so they can monitor awareness in the operating room without requiring the person to respond to a sound or a touch. Ní Mhuircheartaigh and colleagues have found a signal in the EEG (electrical brain waves recorded from outside the head) that may reflect this transition. The authors gave the drug propofol to 16 individuals and monitored their EEGs. In each patient, as the drug concentrations in their system rose, the amplitude of electrical waves of a certain frequency (slow-wave activity) grew. Eventually, the slow-wave amplitude reached a plateau and, even though drug concentrations continued to increase, the amplitude stayed at this plateau value. To test whether the transition to the plateau represented the point at which the subjects lost awareness, they performed simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and sensory stimulation. The beginning of the plateau coincided with the point at which sensory signals no longer reached the thalamocortical portion of the brain, rendering it an “island” of activity. Unexpectedly, other brain regions still responded to stimuli, including posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices. Although more studies of slow-wave activity and its relation to perceptual awareness are needed, the transition of slow-wave activity to saturation is a potential individualized index of sensory isolation that may prove useful in the operating room. The altered state of consciousness produced by general anesthetics is associated with a variety of changes in the brain’s electrical activity. Under hyperpolarizing influences such as anesthetic drugs, cortical neurons oscillate at ~1 Hz, which is measurable as slow waves in the electroencephalogram (EEG). We have administered propofol anesthesia to 16 subjects and found that, after they had lost behavioral responsiveness (response to standard sensory stimuli), each individual’s EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) rose to saturation and then remained constant despite increasing drug concentrations. We then simultaneously collected functional magnetic resonance imaging and EEG data in 12 of these subjects during propofol administration and sensory stimulation. During the transition to SWA saturation, the thalamocortical system became isolated from sensory stimuli, whereas internal thalamocortical exchange persisted. Rather, an alternative and more fundamental cortical network (which includes the precuneus) responded to all sensory stimulation. We conclude that SWA saturation is a potential individualized indicator of perception loss that could prove useful for monitoring depth of anesthesia and studying altered states of consciousness.
NO INBREEDING DEPRESSION FOR LOW TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENTAL ACCLIMATION ACROSS MULTIPLE DROSOPHILA SPECIES

Populations are from time to time exposed to stressful temperatures. Their thermal resistance levels are determined by inherent and plastic mechanisms, which are both likely to be under selection in natural populations. Previous studies on Drosophila species have shown that inherent resistance is highly species specific, and differs among ecotypes (e.g., tropical and widespread species). Apart from being exposed to thermal stress many small and fragmented populations face genetic challenges due to, for example, inbreeding. Inbreeding has been shown to reduce inherent resistance levels toward stressful temperatures, but whether adaptation to thermal stress through plastic responses also is affected by inbreeding is so far not clear. In this study, we test inherent cold resistance and the ability to respond plastically to temperature changes through developmental cold acclimation in inbred and outbred lines of five tropical and five widespread Drosophila species. Our results confirm that tropical species have lower cold resistance compared to widespread species, and show that (1) inbreeding reduces inherent cold resistance in both tropical and widespread species, (2) inbreeding does not affect the ability to respond adaptively to temperature acclimation, and (3) tropical species with low basal resistance show stronger adaptive plastic responses to developmental acclimation compared to widespread species.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based correlates of prefrontal cortical dynamics during a cognitive-motor executive adaptation task

This study investigated changes in brain hemodynamics, as measured by functional near infrared spectroscopy, during performance of a cognitive-motor adaptation task. The adaptation task involved the learning of a novel visuomotor transformation (a 60° counterclockwise screen-cursor rotation), which required inhibition of a prepotent visuomotor response. A control group experienced a familiar transformation and thus, did not face any executive challenge. Analysis of the experimental group hemodynamic responses revealed that the performance enhancement was associated with a monotonic reduction in the oxygenation level in the prefrontal cortex. This finding confirms and extends functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography studies of visuomotor adaptation and learning. The changes in prefrontal brain activation suggest an initial recruitment of frontal executive functioning to inhibit prepotent visuomotor mappings followed by a progressive de-recruitment of the same prefrontal regions. The prefrontal hemodynamic changes observed in the experimental group translated into enhanced motor performance revealed by a reduction in movement time, movement extent, root mean square error and the directional error. These kinematic adaptations are consistent with the acquisition of an internal model of the novel visuomotor transformation. No comparable change was observed in the control group for either the hemodynamics or for the kinematics. This study (1) extends our understanding of the frontal executive processes from the cognitive to the cognitive-motor domain and (2) suggests that optical brain imaging can be employed to provide hemodynamic based-biomarkers to assess and monitor the level of adaptive cognitive-motor performance.
Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids improve responsiveness to clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism.

BACKGROUND Antiplatelet properties of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been demonstrated in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). It is unknown whether omega-3 PUFA can enhance platelet inhibition on standard aspirin and clopidogrel treatment in the setting of CYP2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism. AIM To investigate whether omega-3 PUFA are able to modify platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel therapy in patients with CYP2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS 63 patients with stable CAD undergoing PCI (48 males, mean age 63.2 ± 9.6 years) were enrolled into an investigator- initiated, prospective, single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study. Patients on standard dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin 75 mg daily and clopidogrel 600 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg daily) were assigned to receive the addition of 1 g of omega-3 ethyl esters (n = 33) or placebo (n = 30) for 1 month. Platelet function was measured serially by light transmittance aggregometry in response to 5 and 20 μmol/L ADP at baseline, 12 h, 3-5 days and 30 days after randomisation. CYP2C19*2 was genotyped at baseline. RESULTS No significant differences were found in baseline variables, including the frequency of CYP2C19 genetic variants. At least one loss-of-function variant of CYP2C19*2 was found in 19 (30.2%) patients. In patients with CYP2C19*1/*2 and *2/*2 variants, maximal platelet aggregation induced by 5 and 20 μmol/L ADP was reduced by 21.4% (p = 0.006) and 14.3% (p = 0.041), respectively, after 1 month of treatment with omega-3 PUFA as compared to placebo. The beneficial effect of omega-3 PUFA was demonstrated in carriers of CYP2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism, whereas no differences in platelet aggregation between the omega-3 PUFA and placebo groups were found in patients with the 1*/1* variant. CONCLUSIONS The addition of omega-3 ethyl esters significantly potentiates platelet response to clopidogrel after PCI mostly in patients with CYP2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism.
A gradient-based randomised heuristic for the maximum cut problem

In this paper we present a randomised heuristic for the maximum cut problem. It consists in finding an approximate solution of a formulation of the maximum cut problem as an unconstrained non-convex optimisation problem. Computational studies are reported. They indicate that the proposed method is competitive with the best known procedures present in the literature.
Trust relations in the construction industry

Purpose – The paper aims to report on a thesis completed in 2005 that had relevance to the project management community. The thesis dealt with trust relations in the construction industry in respect of strategy formulation and to provide a hierarchy model to explain the concept of general trust of the individual and the industry, situational trust, a value‐based trust, inter‐personal and inter‐firm trust via quantitative and qualitative study.Design/methodology/approach – A pilot study with structured questionnaires and a case study approach are adopted to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from ten projects operating with partnering and non‐partnering approach.Findings – The findings help to explain trust relations with three issues: a group perspective of value‐based trust; the perception of trust by clients and contractors in the construction industry; and the hierarchy of a trust model based on the moral, social and work dimensions of trust.Research limitations/implications – The paper ind.
Individual Intentions Towards Entrepreneurship vs Intrapreneurship

The formation of entrepreneurial intentions should be expected to depend upon the nature of the entrepreneurial behaviour contemplated. Self-employed entrepreneurship and corporate employment as an intrapreneur should be expected to differ in terms of potential incomes, decision-making autonomy, degree of ownership and risk exposure. Accordingly, we should expect the choice between these alternative career paths to be related to differences in the individual's attitudes to these issues. We hypothesize and find empirically that there are significant differences in the attitudinal variables that determine entrepreneurial intentions as compared to intrapreneurial intentions.
Variable Screening in High-dimensional Feature Space

Variable selection in high-dimensional space characterizes many contemporary problems in scientific discovery and decision making. Fan and Lv [8] introduced the concept of sure screening to reduce the dimensionality. This article first reviews the part of their ideas and results and then extends them to the likelihood based models. The techniques are then applied to disease classifications in computational biology and portfolio selection in finance.
A Multicomponent Measure of Writing Motivation With Basic College Writers

The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate a measure of motivation for use with basic college writers that would measure self-efficacy, achievement goals, beliefs, and affect. As part of a design research project on curriculum for community college developmental writing classes, 133 students in 11 classes completed the motivation scales at the beginning and end of the semester along with measures of writing quality. Single factors were found for self-efficacy and affect. For goal orientation, factors were found for mastery, performance, and avoidance goals. For beliefs, factors were found for beliefs related to the content of writing and to conventions. Anticipated patterns of correlations among the factors were found. The validity of the scales was further supported by significant differences in the anticipated direction between higher and lower level classes on five of seven factors. In addition, significant changes were noted from pretest to posttest in the anticipated direction on six of seven factors.
Epidemiology of ankle and foot overuse injuries in sports: A systematic review

Studies regarding ankle and foot overuse injuries are quite diverse in research methodology, data reporting, and outcomes. The aims of this systematic review were to analyze the methodology of published studies regarding ankle and foot overuse injuries in different sports disciplines and to summarize epidemiological data of ankle and foot overuse injuries. Four electronic databases, PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus® were systematically searched up to June 2011. A total of 89 articles on 23 sports disciplines were included in this review. Soccer, running, and gymnastics were the most frequently studied sports. Achilles tendinopathy, plantar fasciitis, and stress fracture were the most frequently studied injuries. Study design and reporting methods were heterogeneous. Most studies suffered from a weak methodology and poor reporting. The most common weaknesses were lack of a clear case definition, describing assessment procedures and reporting sample characteristics. Due to methodological heterogeneity of studies, inter‐sports and intra‐sports comparisons and meta‐analysis were not possible. Methodology of most studies on incidence and prevalence of ankle and foot overuse injuries is insufficient. Based on the results, we recommend authors to clearly define cases, describe assessment procedures and report sample characteristics adequately.
Perceptions and Metaperceptions of Leadership: Components, Accuracy, and Dispositional Correlates

This research examined the components of leadership perceptions and metaperceptions in mixed-sex, problem-solving groups. A social relations analysis indicated that leadership perceptions were highly consensual. Perceivers similarly differentiated targets' leadership using similar behavioral cues and observable characteristics. Approximately 91% of the variance in perceivers' consensual judgments of targets' leadership was explained by quantity of targets' speech, quality of ideas, and friendliness. Leadership perceptions correlated reliably with targets'selfperceptions on leadership and revealed target accuracy. Also, targets knew how perceivers, in general, judged their leadership, yielding evidence of accurate metaperception. Perceptions and metaperceptions were correlated zLith target gender and endorsement of stereotypic masculine andfeminine traits. These data were consistent with a social role model which assumes that differential gnder expectancies affect behavior, perceivers'judgments of targets, and targets' metaperceptions. The advantages of the componential approach to research on leadership perception were discussed.
A Follow-up Report on the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study

The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study was founded in 1935 with the double purpose of preventing delin quency and providing research in the area of delinquency pre vention. 325 boys were selected to receive preventive treat ment, and a carefully matched group of 325 boys were provided as a control group. The treatment program utilized many of the practices prevalent in welfare work: family guidance, medical and academic assistance, co-ordination of community agencies, and supplementary entertainment for the boys. This article traces into adulthood the lives of 253 of the "treat ment" boys and their 253 matched mates in the control group. Although the boys were counseled for an average of five years, whatever benefits they may have received were not reflected in their criminal rates: As many treated boys as control boys had been convicted of crimes; they had com mitted approximately equal numbers of crimes and did not differ significantly in the ages when such crimes were com mitted. Nevertheless, evidence gleaned from this program suggests that early treatment and intensive contact with the boy may be an effective means toward crime prevention.
An absorption origin for the X-ray spectral variability of MCG-6-30-15

Context. The Seyfert I galaxy MCG–6-30-15 shows one of the best examples of a broad “red wing” of emission in its X-ray spectrum at energies 2 20 keV. Methods. We compiled all the available long-exposure, high-quality data for MCG–6-30-15: 522 ks of Chandra hetgs, 282 ks of XMM-Newton pn/rgs and 253 ks of Suzaku xis/pin data. This is the first analysis of this full dataset. We investigated the spectral variability on timescales >20 ks using principal components analysis and fitted spectral models to “flux state” and mean spectra over the energy range 0.5−45 keV (depending on detector). The absorber model was based on the zones previously identified in the highresolution grating data. Joint fits were carried out to any data that were simultaneous. Results. Multiple absorbing zones covering a wide range of ionisation are required by the grating data, including a highly ionised outflowing zone. A variable partial-covering zone plus absorbed low-ionisation reflection, distant from the source, provides a complete description of the variable X-ray spectrum. A single model fits all the data. We conclude that these zones are responsible for the red wing, its apparent lack of variability, the absorption structure around the Fe Kα line, the soft-band “excess” and the high flux seen in the hard X-ray band. A relativistically-blurred Fe line is not required in this model. We suggest the partial covering zone is a clumpy wind from the accretion disk.
From learning to labour to learning for marginality: school segregation and marginalization in Swedish suburbs

In this article, using data from ethnographic research, we try to present some glimpses of the way education is described as an experience and possibility ‘from below’, by pupils who grow up and study in schools in the most segregated and territorially stigmatized suburbs on the outskirts of our major cities. What we feel they describe is an experience of schooling for surviving the social and economic consequences of curtailed citizenship in a post‐industrial society rather than one of schooling that offers possibilities of integration and full citizenship or social transformation. Our findings have significant policy implications in this respect. Sweden has historically pursued projects aimed at educational inclusion but has recently taken a significant turn toward neo‐liberalism and educational consumerism, since which time various disadvantaged groups have become increasingly concentrated compared with others in under‐achieving schools in an economically threatened public sector. The article discusses some aspects and possible consequences of this development.
Market Forces and the School Curriculum

One of the promised consequences of market-based reforms of state schooling systems was an increase in the diversity of curricula offered in schools. In this paper we utilise economic analysis to explore the influence of an increase in competitive pressures within a local schooling market on the curriculum offered. We identify market forces which encourage conformity and inhibit a speedy response to quasi-market reforms. Our analysis suggests a staged response to reforms, with the pressure to innovate being greatest for those schools with the least resources to fund curriculum change. We illustrate this outcome by reference to case studies drawn from research on the development of the 16-19 curriculum and the non-compulsory 14-16 curriculum in a local schooling market.
Distribution of alpha 1 adrenoceptors in rat brain revealed by in situ hybridization experiments utilizing subtype-specific probes

The distribution of neurons in the rat CNS that synthesize mRNA for the alpha 1A/D and alpha 1B adrenoceptors was revealed by the in situ hybridization method. Forty-eight-mer DNA probes were synthesized to two different and unique regions of both the alpha 1A/D and alpha 1B mRNAs. Tissue sections from all levels of the CNS and some peripheral ganglia were incubated in a hybridization cocktail containing one of these four probes. The two mRNAs were expressed in a discrete and often complementary manner to each other, and identical hybridization patterns were seen for the probes directed against the same mRNA. The alpha 1A/D probes hybridized heavily with neurons in the internal granular and internal plexiform layers of the olfactory bulb, in layers II-V of most areas of the cerebral cortex, and in the lateral aspect of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, with pyramidal neurons of CA1-CA4 regions, hilar and granular neurons of the dentate gyrus, and neurons in the reticular thalamic nucleus, cranial and spinal motor nuclei, and the inferior olivary nucleus. Light labeling was seen in a variety of other regions in the brain and spinal cord. The alpha 1B probes hybridized heavily with neurons in the mid layers of cerebral cortex and with virtually all neurons in the thalamus, except the reticular and habenular nuclei. In addition, labeling was seen in the lateral and central amygdaloid nuclei, in brainstem and spinal motor nuclei, over most neurons of the dorsal and medullary raphe nuclei and neurons of the intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord. Light labeling was seen in the septal nucleus, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, the paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic nuclei, the pontine and medullary reticular formation, and in most laminae in the spinal cord. The patterns of labeling obtained with the alpha 1B probes resemble the labeling seen in previous autoradiographic ligand binding studies utilizing “general” alpha 1 ligands, while the labeling patterns seen with the alpha 1A/D probes do not correspond to any published alpha 1 receptor distribution pattern, indicating that this mRNA likely encodes for a novel adrenoceptor. The present findings further expand the heterogeneity of adrenoceptor mRNAs presented in two accompanying studies (Nicholas et al., 1993a,b). This differential distribution of adrenoceptors subtypes provides a framework for the functional diversity to the apparently widespread, diffuse, and rather homogeneous noradrenergic innervation of the CNS.
Duloxetine: pharmacoeconomic implications of an antidepressant that alleviates painful physical symptoms

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent, chronic, medical disorder that encompasses a broad constellation of symptoms. The salience of painful physical symptoms in depressive presentations is increasingly appreciated. Duloxetine is a novel, potent, balanced, dual monoamine reuptake-inhibitor antidepressant indicated for the symptomatic relief of MDD. Duloxetine is marketed as an antidepressant that has inherent analgesic properties for depressed patients who present with prominent painful physical symptoms. Taken together, available evidence indicates that duloxetine provides a higher probability of, and shorter time to, remission than some antidepressants (e.g., fluoxetine). Duloxetine also offers symptom relief for painful physical symptoms in depressed patients. Pharmacoeconomic and cost-impact modelling analyses should be reformulated to consider duloxetine’s sym-ptom-alleviating effect on the somatic dimension of depressive illness.