Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of V-Doped β-In2S3 Thin Films on FTO Substrates

Intermediate band semiconductors have raised interest as materials to both enhance photovoltaics’ efficiency and promote photocatalytic activity driven by visible light. The present work shows the synthesis of In2S3 doped with four different ratios of V using the ILGAR technique. This nebulize-spray based technique allows the deposition of In2(V)S3 thin layers controlling the layer thickness and providing high reliability on sample preparation. The samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, profilometry, UV–vis spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, surface photovoltage spectroscopy, time-resolved microwave conductivity, photoelectrochemical, photoluminescence measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. An optimum of 1.4% V content yielded the highest enhancement of photocurrent density compared to undoped In2S3. The results suggest that the inclusion of V in the In2S3 at 1.4% yields a high amount of in-ga.
Attitudes and support needs of Black Caribbean, south Asian and White British carers of people with dementia in the UK.

BACKGROUND Family carers are the most important source of dementia care, especially among ethnic minority populations, who are less likely to access health or social services. The evidence base on the carer experience in these communities is profoundly limited. AIMS To explore the caregiving attitudes, experiences and needs of family carers of people with dementia from the three largest ethnic groups in the UK. METHOD A qualitative study, using a grounded theory approach. Indepth individual interviews were conducted with 32 carers of people with dementia (10 Black Caribbean, 10 south Asian, 12 White British). RESULTS Carers were identified as holding a 'traditional' or 'non-traditional' caregiver ideology, according to whether they conceptualised caregiving as natural, expected and virtuous. This informed feelings of fulfilment, strain, carers' fears and attitudes towards formal services. The majority of the south Asian, half of the Black Caribbean and a minority of the White British participants were found to possess a traditional ideology. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that specific cultural attitudes towards the caregiving role have important implications for how carers can best be supported.
Fast-responding property of electromagnetically induced transparency in Rydberg atoms

We investigate the transient optical response property of an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a cold Rydberg atomic gas. We show that both the transient behavior and the steady-state EIT spectrum of the system depend strongly on Rydberg interaction. Especially, the response speed of the Rydberg-EIT can be five times faster (and even higher) than the conventional EIT without the Rydberg interaction. For comparison, two different theoretical approaches (i.e., two-atom model and many-atom model) are considered, revealing that Rydberg blockade effect plays a significant role for increasing the response speed of the Rydberg-EIT. The fast-responding Rydberg-EIT by using the strong, tunable Rydberg interaction uncovered here is not only helpful for enhancing the understanding of the many-body dynamics of Rydberg atoms but also useful for practical applications in quantum information processing by using Rydberg atoms.
Machining analysis of natural fibre reinforced composites using fuzzy logic

In this work, a new composite plate with natural jute fibre as the reinforcement fibres and isophthalic polyester as the resin was manufactured and subjected to a series of end milling operation by changing three input factors namely speed, feed rate and depth of cut. During each operation, the output responses namely thrust force and torque were measured. The responses were analyzed using Taguchi method to examine the relation between the input factors and output responses, and also to know the most influencing factors on the responses. The data was also analyzed using fuzzy rule model for prediction of responses for a range of input factors. The results showed that all three factors chosen have significant effect on the responses. The fuzzy model data in comparison with the experimental values shows only a marginal error and hence the prediction was highly satisfactory.
Highly Sensitive and Robust Ultrahigh-Q Nanocavity on a Multiheterostructure Photonic Crystal

An ultrahigh-Q hybrid cavity using a graded multiheterostructure and space modulation is designed in this work. Two high Q resonant modes exist in the cavity and follow separate confinement mechanisms. We have demonstrated an analytical method for designing the desired multiheterostructure. Space modulation was used to create a robust and sensitive nanocavity. The confinement mechanism and resonant characteristics of the resonant modes are studied using the finite difference time domain method. We have shown that the modes of the cavity are highly robust with respect to fabrication error. We have also demonstrated that the nanocavity can act as a highly sensitive refractive index sensor.
Exposed datapath optimizations for loop scheduling

Transport Triggered Architecture (TTA) processors allow unique low level compiler optimizations such as software bypassing and operand sharing. Previously, these optimizations have mostly been performed inside single basic blocks, leaving much of their potential unused. In this work, software bypassing and operand sharing are integrated with loop scheduling, allowing optimizations over loop iteration boundaries. This considerably further reduces register file accesses and immediate value transfers on tight loops — in some cases even eliminating all register file accesses from the loop body. In the benchmarked 12 small loops, compared to traditional VLIW-style processors, on average 63% of register file reads and 77% of register file writes could be eliminated. Compared to a compiler which performs these optimizations only inside a basic block, on average 58% of register file reads, 28% of register file writes could be eliminated. The additional register access reductions allow both direct energy savings from fewer register accesses and indirect energy savings by allowing the use of simpler register files with less read and write ports and a simpler interconnect network with less transport buses.
Influence of structured counseling on women’s selection of hormonal contraception in Israel: results of the CHOICE study

Background The multinational CHOICE (Contraceptive Health Research Of Informed Choice Experience) study evaluated the effects of structured counseling on women’s contraceptive decisions, their reasons for making those decisions, and their perceptions of combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) methods in eleven countries. The aim of this paper to present data from the 1,802 women participating in Israel’s CHOICE program. Methods Women (aged 17–40 years) who consulted their health care providers about contraception and who would consider a CHC method qualified to participate. After indicating their intended CHC method, the women received counseling about the daily pill, weekly patch, and monthly vaginal ring. After counseling, the women completed a questionnaire about their contraceptive decisions. Results Before counseling, 67%, 6%, and 5% of women (mean age 27 years) intended to use the pill, patch, or ring, respectively. Counseling significantly influenced the women’s CHC choice, with 56%, 12%, and 23% of women selecting the pill, patch, or ring (P<0.0001 for all contraceptive methods versus before counseling). Logistic regression analysis suggested that age significantly increased the probability of switching from the pill to the ring. Conclusion Although the pill was the most popular choice overall, counseling appeared to influence Israeli women’s contraceptive decisions, with significantly more women selecting the patch. More than four times as many women selected the ring after counseling than before counseling.
Modulation of p 27 Kip 1 levels by the cyclin encoded by Kaposi ’ s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

DNA tumour viruses have evolved a number of mechanisms by which they deregulate normal cellular growth control. We have recently described the properties of a cyclin encoded by human herpesvirus 8 (also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) which is able to resist the actions of p16Ink4a, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 cdk inhibitors. Here we investigate the mechanism involved in the subversion of a G1 blockade imposed by overexpression of p27Kip1. We demonstrate that binding of K cyclin to cdk6 expands the substrate repertoire of this cdk to include a number of substrates phosphorylated by cyclin–cdk2 complexes but not cyclin D1–cdk6. Included amongst these substrates is p27Kip1 which is phosphorylated on Thr187. Expression of K cyclin in mammalian cells leads to p27Kip1 downregulation, this being consistent with previous studies indicating that phosphorylation of p27Kip1 on Thr187 triggers its downregulation. K cyclin expression is not able to prevent a G1 arrest imposed by p27Kip1 in which Thr187 is mutated to non-phosphorylatable Ala. These results imply that K cyclin is able to bypass a p27Kip1-imposed G1 arrest by facilitating phosphorylation and downregulation of p27Kip1 to enable activation of endogenous cyclin–cdk2 complexes. The extension of the substrate repertoire of cdk6 by K cyclin is likely to contribute to the deregulation of cellular growth by this herpesvirusencoded cyclin.
A review of current knowledge concerning PM 2. 5 chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

Abstract. To obtain a thorough knowledge of PM2. 5 chemical composition and its impact on aerosol optical properties across China, existing field studies conducted after the year 2000 are reviewed and summarized in terms of geographical, interannual and seasonal distributions. Annual PM2. 5 was up to 6 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in some megacities in northern China. Annual PM2. 5 was higher in northern than southern cities, and higher in inland than coastal cities. In a few cities with data longer than a decade, PM2. 5 showed a slight decrease only in the second half of the past decade, while carbonaceous aerosols decreased, sulfate (SO42−) and ammonium (NH4+) remained at high levels, and nitrate (NO3−) increased. The highest seasonal averages of PM2. 5 and its major chemical components were typically observed in the cold seasons. Annual average contributions of secondary inorganic aerosols to PM2. 5 ranged from 25 to 48 %, and those of carbonaceous aerosols ranged from 23 to 47 %, both with higher contributions in southern regions due to the frequent dust events in northern China. Source apportionment analysis identified secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion and traffic emission as the top three source factors contributing to PM2. 5 mass in most Chinese cities, and the sum of these three source factors explained 44 to 82 % of PM2. 5 mass on annual average across China. Biomass emission in most cities, industrial emission in industrial cities, dust emission in northern cities and ship emission in coastal cities are other major source factors, each of which contributed 7–27 % to PM2. 5 mass in applicable cities. The geographical pattern of scattering coefficient (bsp) was similar to that of PM2. 5, and that of aerosol absorption coefficient (bap) was determined by elemental carbon (EC) mass concentration and its coating. bsp in ambient condition of relative humidity (RH) = 80 % can be amplified by about 1.8 times that under dry conditions. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 60 % of aerosol extinction coefficient (bext) at RH greater than 70 %. The mass scattering efficiency (MSE) of PM2. 5 ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 m2 g−1 for aerosols produced from anthropogenic emissions and from 0.7 to 1.0 m2 g−1 for natural dust aerosols. The mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of EC ranged from 6.5 to 12.4 m2 g−1 in urban environments, but the MAE of water-soluble organic carbon was only 0.05 to 0.11 m2 g−1. Historical emission control policies in China and their effectiveness were discussed based on available chemically resolved PM2. 5 data, which provides the much needed knowledge for guiding future studies and emissions policies.
The influence of deep convection on HCHO and H 2 O 2 in the upper troposphere over Europe

Abstract. Deep convection is an efficient mechanism for vertical trace gas transport from Earth's surface to the upper troposphere (UT). The convective redistribution of short-lived trace gases emitted at the surface typically results in a C-shaped profile. This redistribution mechanism can impact photochemical processes, e.g. ozone and radical production in the UT on a large scale due to the generally longer lifetimes of species like formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are important HOx precursors (HOx = OH + HO2 radicals). Due to the solubility of HCHO and H2O2 their transport may be suppressed as they are efficiently removed by wet deposition. Here we present a case study of deep convection over Germany in the summer of 2007 within the framework of the HOOVER II project. Airborne in situ measurements within the in- and outflow regions of an isolated thunderstorm provide a unique data set to study the influence of deep convection on the transport efficiency of soluble and insoluble trace gases. Comparing the in- and outflow indicates an almost undiluted transport of insoluble trace gases from the boundary layer to the UT. The ratios of out : inflow of CO and CH4 are 0.94 ± 0.04 and 0.99 ± 0.01, respectively. For the soluble species HCHO and H2O2 these ratios are 0.55 ± 0.09 and 0.61 ± 0.08, respectively, indicating partial scavenging and washout. Chemical box model simulations show that post-convection secondary formation of HCHO and H2O2 cannot explain their enhancement in the UT. A plausible explanation, in particular for the enhancement of the highly soluble H2O2, is degassing from cloud droplets during freezing, which reduces the retention coefficient.
Development of Method to Determine the Concentration of Alkali-Soluble Lignin using Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250

A new method involving the non-covalent binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (CBBG) to alkali-soluble lignin was developed. The binding of the dye to alkali-soluble lignin caused an increase in visible absorption at the maximum wavelength of 630 nm or 640 nm. A linear correlation of the absorbance at their maximum absorbing peak with alkali-soluble lignin concentration was observed. Lignin estimation in black liquor showed that the result of the new method and the gravimetric methods after acidification were closer to quantitative information than that obtained from UV spectroscopy. The isothermal titration calorimetric experiments, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy comparative analysis of precipitates washed by water, 4% ethanol, and 95% ethanol indicated that CBBG was bound to alkali-soluble lignin, and the binding was non-covalent. This potential method is reproducible, rapid, and cheap, and there is little or no inference from carbohydrate degradation products.
Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide with or without oregano essential oil and hop extract supplementation on the performanc

The effects of some alternative feed additives for antibiotic growth promoters on performance and some slaughter characteristics were examined in broilers fed wheat-soya based basal starter and finisher diets. A total of 2160 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to six groups with six replicate pens per treatment. The treatments were the basal diet (Control), and the basal diet supplemented with an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP); a prebiotic, mannan oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos, MOS); an essential oil of oregano (Herb-Mos Oregano, HMO); a plant extract of hop (Herb-Mos Hops, HMH) or a mixture of Herb-Mos Oregano and Herb-Mos Hops (HMOH). There were significant effects of dietary treatments on body weight and feed conversion ratio in the 0 - 21 d period, and on body weight and feed consumption in the 0 - 42 d period. The addition of all experimental additives to the diet resulted in significantly higher body weights as compared to the control treatment at both 21 and 42 days of age. Feed intakes were significantly different between the treatments at 0 - 21 d and 22 - 42 d periods, but not during the 0 - 42 d period. However, during the 0 - 21 d period the broiler chickens that received diets supplemented with AGP, MOS, HMO, HMH and HMOH had significantly better feed conversion ratios than the control group, but this pattern was not sustained during the finisher period (22 - 42 d). Mortality rate, hot carcass yield and relative weights of the small intestines, pancreas, abdominal fat and bursa of fabricius were not affected by experimental treatments. The HMH supplementation increased relative liver weight. These results showed that AGP, MOS and herbal feed additive (HMO, HMH, HMOH) supplementation to a diet provided significant advantages on broiler growth performance through a 42-d growth period. However, the combined supplementation of HMO and HMH did not exert either synergistic or additive benefits on the live performance of the broilers. These results also proved that MOS, HMO, HMH and HMOH improved broiler live performance as well as an AGP in both the starter and through the grower period. Furthermore, outstanding advantages were evidenced for the HMH treatment in particular. Therefore, the MOS, HMO, HMH and HMOH performance enhancer feed additives of natural origin may be considered as potential substitutes for AGP in broiler diets.
A comparison of classification techniques for the P300 Speller

This study assesses the relative performance characteristics of five established classification techniques on data collected using the P300 Speller paradigm, originally described by Farwell and Donchin (1988 Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 70 510). Four linear methods: Pearson's correlation method (PCM), Fisher's linear discriminant (FLD), stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA) and a linear support vector machine (LSVM); and one nonlinear method: Gaussian kernel support vector machine (GSVM), are compared for classifying offline data from eight users. The relative performance of the classifiers is evaluated, along with the practical concerns regarding the implementation of the respective methods. The results indicate that while all methods attained acceptable performance levels, SWLDA and FLD provide the best overall performance and implementation characteristics for practical classification of P300 Speller data.
Adolescent clinical outcomes for young people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is recognised as a common, disabling condition. Little information is available regarding the long-term outcomes for individuals with ADHD in the UK. Aims To examine the 5-year outcome for a UK cohort of children with diagnosed, treated ADHD and identify whether maternal and social factors predict key outcomes. Method One hundred and twenty-six school-aged children (mean age 9.4 years, s.d. = 1.7) diagnosed with ADHD were reassessed 5 years later during adolescence (mean age 14.5 years, s.d. = 1.7) for ADHD, conduct disorder and other antisocial behaviours. Results Most adolescents (69.8%) continued to meet full criteria for ADHD, were known to specialist services and exhibited high levels of antisocial behaviour, criminal activity and substance use problems. Maternal childhood conduct disorder predicted offspring ADHD continuity; maternal childhood conduct disorder, lower child IQ and social class predicted offspring conduct disorder symptoms. Conclusions The treatment and monitoring of ADHD need to be intensified as outcomes are poor especially in offspring of mothers with childhood conduct disorder symptoms.
Do wild carnivores forage for prey or for nutrients?

A widespread perception is that carnivores are limited by the amount of prey that can be captured rather than their nutritional quality, and thus have no need to regulate macronutrient balance. Contrary to this view, recent laboratory studies show macronutrient‐specific food selection by both invertebrate and vertebrate predators, and in some cases also associated performance benefits. The question thus arises of whether wild predators might likewise feed selectively according to the macronutrient content of prey. Here we review laboratory studies demonstrating the regulation of macronutrient intake by invertebrate and vertebrate predators, and address the question of whether this is likely to also occur in the wild. We conclude that it is highly likely that wild predators select prey or selectively feed on body parts according to their macronutrient composition, a possibility that could have significant implications for ecological and foraging theory, as well as applied wildlife conservation and management.
CA1 pyramidal cells have diverse biophysical properties, affected by development, experience, and aging

Neuron types (e.g., pyramidal cells) within one area of the brain are often considered homogeneous, despite variability in their biophysical properties. Here we review literature demonstrating variability in the electrical activity of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells (PCs), including responses to somatic current injection, synaptic stimulation, and spontaneous network-related activity. In addition, we describe how responses of CA1 PCs vary with development, experience, and aging, and some of the underlying ionic currents responsible. Finally, we suggest directions that may be the most impactful in expanding this knowledge, including the use of text and data mining to systematically study cellular heterogeneity in more depth; dynamical systems theory to understand and potentially classify neuron firing patterns; and mathematical modeling to study the interaction between cellular properties and network output. Our goals are to provide a synthesis of the literature for experimentalists studying CA1 PCs, to give theorists an idea of the rich diversity of behaviors models may need to reproduce to accurately represent these cells, and to provide suggestions for future research.
Do Complex Models Increase Prediction of Complex Behaviours? Predicting Driving Ability in People with Brain Disorders

Prediction of complex behavioural tasks via relatively simple modelling techniques, such as logistic regression and discriminant analysis, often has limited success. We hypothesized that to more accurately model complex behaviour, more complex models, such as kernel-based methods, would be needed. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the value of six modelling approaches for predicting driving ability based on performance on computerized sensory–motor and cognitive tests (SMCTests™) in 501 people with brain disorders. The models included three models previously used to predict driving ability (discriminant analysis, DA; binary logistic regression, BLR; and nonlinear causal resource analysis, NCRA) and three kernel methods (support vector machine, SVM; product kernel density, PK; and kernel product density, KP). At the classification level, two kernel methods were substantially more accurate at classifying on-road pass or fail (SVM 99.6%, PK 99.8%) than the other models (DA 76%, BLR 78%, NCRA 74%, KP 81%). However, accuracy decreased substantially for all of the kernel models when cross-validation techniques were used to estimate prediction of on-road pass or fail in an independent referral group (SVM 73–76%, PK 72–73%, KP 71–72%) but decreased only slightly for DA (74–75%) and BLR (75–76%). Cross-validation of NCRA was not possible. In conclusion, while kernel-based models are successful at modelling complex data at a classification level, this is likely to be due to overfitting of the data, which does not lead to an improvement in accuracy in independent data over and above the accuracy of other less complex modelling techniques.