Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Video gaming in adolescence: factors associated with leisure time use

The geographies of the current generation of young people are markedly distinct from previous generations by virtue of their access to a virtual playground. The vast majority of young people now engage in video gaming as a leisure activity. Drawing on findings from the 2009/2010 WHO Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study this paper set out to investigate the factors that might be associated with higher levels of video gaming. Information was collected from 4404 school students aged 11, 13 and 15 years, using anonymised self-completed questionnaires. Higher usage was defined as game play exceeding two hours a day. Separate analyses were conducted for boys and girls. For both genders higher levels of game playing was associated with early adolescence, opposite sex friends and minimal parental mediation. Bullying and going to bed hungry were associated with higher usage for boys only, while life satisfaction and family activities were linked to girls’ game playing only. Parents were identified as effective mediators of young people’s video game usage. The study identified gendered motivations for higher levels of game play, suggesting different interventions for boys and girls may be required in order for young people to create a balanced approach to video gaming.
Modelling cognitive affective biases in major depressive disorder using rodents

Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects more than 10% of the population, although our understanding of the underlying aetiology of the disease and how antidepressant drugs act to remediate symptoms is limited. Major obstacles include the lack of availability of good animal models that replicate aspects of the phenotype and tests to assay depression‐like behaviour in non‐human species. To date, research in rodents has been dominated by two types of assays designed to test for depression‐like behaviour: behavioural despair tests, such as the forced swim test, and measures of anhedonia, such as the sucrose preference test. These tests have shown relatively good predictive validity in terms of antidepressant efficacy, but have limited translational validity. Recent developments in clinical research have revealed that cognitive affective biases (CABs) are a key feature of MDD. Through the development of neuropsychological tests to provide objective measures of CAB in humans, we have the opportunity to use ‘reverse translation’ to develop and evaluate whether similar methods are suitable for research into MDD using animals. The first example of this approach was reported in 2004 where rodents in a putative negative affective state were shown to exhibit pessimistic choices in a judgement bias task. Subsequent work in both judgement bias tests and a novel affective bias task suggest that these types of assay may provide translational methods for studying MDD using animals. This review considers recent work in this area and the pharmacological and translational validity of these new animal models of CABs.
Detecting Falls with Wearable Sensors Using Machine Learning Techniques

Falls are a serious public health problem and possibly life threatening for people in fall risk groups. We develop an automated fall detection system with wearable motion sensor units fitted to the subjects' body at six different positions. Each unit comprises three tri-axial devices (accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer/compass). Fourteen volunteers perform a standardized set of movements including 20 voluntary falls and 16 activities of daily living (ADLs), resulting in a large dataset with 2520 trials. To reduce the computational complexity of training and testing the classifiers, we focus on the raw data for each sensor in a 4 s time window around the point of peak total acceleration of the waist sensor, and then perform feature extraction and reduction. Most earlier studies on fall detection employ rule-based approaches that rely on simple thresholding of the sensor outputs. We successfully distinguish falls from ADLs using six machine learning techniques (classifiers): the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier, least squares method (LSM), support vector machines (SVM), Bayesian decision making (BDM), dynamic time warping (DTW), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). We compare the performance and the computational complexity of the classifiers and achieve the best results with the k-NN classifier and LSM, with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy all above 99%. These classifiers also have acceptable computational requirements for training and testing. Our approach would be applicable in real-world scenarios where data records of indeterminate length, containing multiple activities in sequence, are recorded.
Neighborhood Disorder, Social Support, and Self–Esteem: Evidence from a Sample of Low–income Women Living in Three Cities

Although several studies show that self–esteem varies according to neighborhood context, few have directly examined potential mediators of this association. In this paper, we use longitudinal survey data from the Welfare, Children, and Families project (1999, 2001) to examine the association between perceived neighborhood disorder and self–esteem among low–income urban women with children in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, testing for city heterogeneity. Building on social disorganization theory and previous research, we examine the mediating influence of social support. Our longitudinal models show that higher levels of disorder at baseline are associated with lower levels of social support and self–esteem. We also observe that increases in disorder over the study period are associated with concurrent losses in social support and self–esteem. Our mediation analyses suggest that perceived neighborhood disorder may undermine self–esteem by limiting opportunities for social support. Reducing signs and perceptions of disorder by improving the social and physical landscapes of neighborhoods may uniquely contribute to self–worth of low–income urban women with children. Desorden, Apoyo Social y Auto–Estima en Barrios: Evidencia de una Muestra de Mujeres de Bajos Ingresos en Tres Ciudades Resumen Aunque varios estudios muestran que la auto–estima varía de acuerdo al contexto del barrio, pocos han examinado directamente los mecanismos o variables mediadoras potenciales en esta asociación. En este artículo usamos una encuesta longitudinal del proyecto Welfare, Children and Families (1999, 2001) para examinar la asociación entre la percepción de desorden en el barrio y la auto–estima en mujeres y niños de bajos ingresos en Boston, Chicago y San Antonio, tomando en cuenta la heterogeneidad de la ciudad. A partir de la teoría de la desorganización social y de investigación previa, examinamos el efecto mediador del apoyo social. Nuestros modelos longitudinales muestran que los niveles más altos de desorden en la línea de base están asociados con menores niveles de apoyo social y de auto–estima. También observamos que aumentos en desorden durante el periodo de estudio están asociados simultáneamente con reducción del apoyo social y de la auto–estima. Nuestro estudio de la mediación sugiere que la percepción de desorden en el barrio podría disminuir la auto–estima al limitar las oportunidades de apoyo social. La reducción de las señales y percepciones de desorden a través de la mejora del medio físico y social de los barrios podrían contribuir de manera importante a la mejora de la auto–estima de mujeres y niños de bajos ingresos en ciudades.
Christian Marriage, Money Scams, and Melanesian Social Imaginaries

In this paper, we draw on fieldwork with middle-class investors in ‘fast money schemes’ (Ponzi scams) to consider how Neo-Pentecostal Christianity may be mediating social and economic change in Papua New Guinea, particularly in relation to gender equality. Ideas of companionate marriage and the cultivation of an affective self imply masculinities that are more sensitive and less domineering. As these images of fulfilled modernity flow out from Pentecostal churches into broader Papua New Guinean society, they corroborate Taylor's theory of how change occurs within the modern social imaginary.
Kruppel-like Factor 4 Protein Regulates Isoproterenol-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Modulating Myocardin Expression and Activity*

Background: The identification of novel molecular mechanisms for cardiac hypertrophy is of considerable interest. Results: Cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of KLF4 enhanced β-adrenoreceptor agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophy by modulating myocardin expression and activity. Conclusion: KLF4 is a novel regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. Significance: Control of KLF4 is a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy. Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) plays an important role in vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and vascular injury. Although KLF4 is expressed in the heart in addition to vascular cells, the role of KLF4 in cardiac disease has not been fully determined. The goals of this study were to investigate the role of KLF4 in cardiac hypertrophy and to determine the underlying mechanisms. Cardiomyocyte-specific Klf4 knockout (CM Klf4 KO) mice were generated by the Cre/LoxP technique. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by chronic infusion of the β-adrenoreceptor agonist isoproterenol (ISO). Results showed that ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy was enhanced in CM Klf4 KO mice compared with control mice. Accelerated cardiac hypertrophy in CM Klf4 KO mice was accompanied by the augmented cellular enlargement of cardiomyocytes as well as the exaggerated expression of fetal cardiac genes, including atrial natriuretic factor (Nppa). Additionally, induction of myocardin, a transcriptional cofactor regulating fetal cardiac genes, was enhanced in CM Klf4 KO mice. Interestingly, KLF4 regulated Nppa expression by modulating the expression and activity of myocardin, providing a mechanical basis for accelerated cardiac hypertrophy in CM Klf4 KO mice. Moreover, we showed that KLF4 mediated the antihypertrophic effect of trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, because ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy in CM Klf4 KO mice was attenuated by olmesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 antagonist, but not by trichostatin A. These results provide novel evidence that KLF4 is a regulator of cardiac hypertrophy by modulating the expression and the activity of myocardin.
HIV infection and the gynaecologist

As women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will soon account for 1 in 500 gynecological patients in Great Britain, gynecologists have an obligation to become informed about the transmission, clinical manifestations, and management of HIV. Women with HIV infection are at increased risk of lower genital tract neoplasia with extensive cervical, vaginal, and vulvar lesions. There is also a strong association between HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases involving genital ulcerations. In fact, herpes, warts, and candidiasis may be the initial clinical presentation of HIV infection. Estradiol levels may fall in seropositive women, but, in general, menstruation and ovulation are maintained. Latex condoms remain the only contraceptive choice for HIV-infected women. Sufficient data have not been accumulated on the effectiveness of the female condom, but it has the potential of giving women in developing countries in particular greater control over HIV prevention. Condom use is essential even if both partners are HIV-positive since the acquisition of different HIV strains can accelerate disease progression. Given their higher risk of percutaneous in injury compared to other surgeons, gynecologists should use double gloving and blunt tipped needles and staples.
The roles of seeing and doing in communicativedevelopment: new insights into attention and movementfrom microanalytic and microgenetic methods

The aim of this thesis is to extend the understanding of early communication development through the design and implementation of methods, which enable close examination of developmental change as it happens. I pose that meaningful distinctions of infant’s attentional abilities, and preferences, in the early period of infancy are necessary and valuable for understanding the ontogeny of communication. Chapter 2 describes the First Steps longitudinal study, where the work of this thesis took place. Chapter 3 describes an adaptation to a coding scheme that allows for new advances in understanding of early infant’s attention abilities and preferences for social and non-social stimuli. Results show that by 2-months infants demonstrate group levels of engagement, as well as notable individual differences in time spent attending to mother’s faces and hand actions. Chapter 4 further demonstrates the value of the methodological adaptation described in Chapter 3, by assessing the predictive power individual differences shown in attention at 2-months hold for the emergence of social attention at 5-months. Results show that individual differences in infant attention to the social stimuli of faces and hands, demonstrated at 2 months with the adapted engagement coding scheme, differentially predict the social attention skills of attention following. Chapter 5 further extends the relations found in Chapter 4, by examining the relation between point following at the end of the first year and the proclivity to attend to hands, during interactions, at 18- months. Results show infants’ point following performance at 12-months predicts later durations of attention to hands, while playing with mothers at 18- months. In this thesis I argue that infant communication development cannot be understood from examining one domain, as infant’s employ multiple domains in the journey to communication. Secondly I argue that detailed observations following a multi-domain approach, offer significant potential for understanding communicative development. Chapter 6 details the design, application and assessment of the continuous unified electronic (CUE) diary method. Results show that the CUE diary method is reliable and valid method for the study of infant development. Chapter 7 utilizes the CUE diary method to examine whether the emergence of independent walking predicts later productive vocabulary. Results show that walking is a unique gross motor predictor of later vocabulary. Further, when entered into a predictive model for language, walking and pointing deliver independent predictive power, with walking demonstrating as strong an association as pointing. Taken together, these observational, experimental, parent-report and electronic diary methods demonstrate the advances in understanding communicative development that can be made when sensitive methods are applied across periods and domains of developmental change.
Modification of Postprandial Hyperglycemia With Insulin Lispro Improves Glucose Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting analog of human insulin that can be used to target the postprandial rise in plasma glucose. We designed an open-label randomized crossover study of type 2 diabetic patients with secondary failure of sulfonylurea therapy to determine whether improvement of postprandial hyperglycemia would affect total daily glucose control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-five type 2 diabetic patients who were poorly controlled on a maximum dose of sulfonylureas were studied in a university hospital clinical research center. In one arm of the study, patients continued therapy with maximum-dose sulfonylureas. In the other arm, patients used a combination therapy with insulin lispro before meals and sulfonylureas. After 4 months, patients were crossed over to the opposite arm. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 1- and 2-h postprandial glucose (after a standardized meal), HbA1c, total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured at the end of each arm of the study. RESULTS Insulin lispro in combination with sulfonylurea therapy significantly reduced 2-h postprandial glucose concentrations compared with sulfonylureas alone, from 18.6 to 14.2 mmol/l (P < 0.0001), and incremental postprandial glucose area from 617.8 to 472.9 mmol · min · 1−1 (P < 0.0007). FPG levels were decreased from 10.9 to 8.5 mmol/l (P < 0.0001), and HbA1c values were reduced form 9.0 to 7.1% (P < 0.0001). Total cholesterol was significantly decreased in the lispro arm from 5.44 to 5.10 mmol/l (P < 0.02). HDL cholesterol concentrations were increased in the lispro arm from 0.88 to 0.96 mmol/l (P < 0.01). The patients weighed significantly more after lispro therapy than after sulfonylureas alone, but the difference was small in absolute terms (sulfonylurea therapy alone, 90.6 kg; lispro therapy, 93.8 kg; P < 0.0001). Two episodes of hypoglycemia (glucose concentrations, < 2.8 mmol/l) were reported by the patients while using lispro. CONCLUSIONS Previously, it has not been possible to address the effect of treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia specifically. We have now shown that the treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia with insulin lispro markedly improves overall glucose control and some lipid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Is It Really Love? A Comparative Investigation of the Emotional Nature of Brand and Interpersonal Love

The use of interpersonal love theories is standard in brand love research. Yet no empirical evidence exists to confirm the equivalence of the emotional nature of these forms of love, which is required to justify the transfer of theories and measures from interpersonal to brand love settings. Building on dimensional emotional theories, this study compared the emotional nature of brand love against interpersonal love, interpersonal liking, and brand liking, using a mixed-method approach. Qualitative Study 1 revealed emotional differences and similarities between the two love constructs; in particular, unlike interpersonal love, brand love was driven by rational benefits, such as product quality. Study 2 combined physiological and pictographic measures to show that brand love was less arousing than interpersonal love, though loved brands can be as arousing as close friends and induce more positive valence than this interpersonal relationship. According to dimensional emotional theories, interpersonal love and brand love thus differ, and researchers require prudence before transferring interpersonal love theories and scales directly to brand love research, without accounting for differences in the emotional nature of brand love and interpersonal love.
Equivalence in Translation Theories: A Critical Evaluation

The concept of equivalence can be said to hold a central position in translation studies. Nevertheless, it has been a rather controversial one, causing many heated debates among translators as to its nature, definition and applicability. The aim of the present paper is to provide a critical evaluation of the most influential equivalence theories that have been proposed by scholars in the field, such as Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Jakobson (1959), Nida and Taber (1969), Catford (1965), House (1997), Koller (1979), Newmark (1981), Baker (1992), and finally, Pym (2010). These theories are presented so as to provide a better understanding of how the concept evolved. It is concluded that the usefulness or not of the concept of equivalence to the translation process varies according to the stance of the translators concerned on what they regard are the virtues of equivalence itself. Index Terms—equivalence, translation theories, source-language, target-language
Mechanisms of death in the CABG Patch trial: a randomized trial of implantable cardiac defibrillator prophylaxis in patients at high risk of death after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

BACKGROUND The CABG Patch trial compared prophylactic implantable cardiac-defibrillator (ICD) implantation with no antiarrhythmic therapy in coronary bypass surgery patients who had a left ventricular ejection fraction <0.36 and an abnormal signal-averaged ECG. There were 102 deaths among the 446 ICD group patients and 96 deaths among the 454 control group patients, a hazard ratio of 1.07 (P=0.63). The mechanisms of death were classified, and hypotheses were tested about the effects of ICD therapy on arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic cardiac deaths in the CABG Patch Trial and the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT). METHODS AND RESULTS The 198 deaths in the trial were reviewed by an independent Events Committee and classified by the method of Hinkle and Thaler. Only 54 deaths (27%) occurred out of hospital; 145 deaths (73%) were witnessed. Seventy-nine (82%) of the 96 deaths in the control group and 76 (75%) of the 102 deaths in the ICD group were due to cardiac causes. Cumulative arrhythmic mortality at 42 months was 6.9% in the control group and 4.0% in the ICD group (P=0. 057). Cumulative nonarrhythmic cardiac mortality at 42 months was 12. 4% in the control group and 13.0% in the ICD group (P=0.275). Death due to pump failure was significantly associated with death >1 hour from the onset of symptoms, dyspnea within 7 days of death, and overt heart failure within 7 days of death. CONCLUSIONS In the CABG Patch Trial, ICD therapy reduced arrhythmic death 45% without significant effect on nonarrhythmic deaths. Because 71% of the deaths were nonarrhythmic, total mortality was not significantly reduced.
Mitochondria Shape Hormonally Induced Cytoplasmic Calcium Oscillations and Modulate Exocytosis*

Pituitary gonadotropes transduce hormonal input into cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) oscillations that drive rhythmic exocytosis of gonadotropins. Using Calcium Green-1 and rhod-2 as optical measures of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial free Ca2+, we show that mitochondria sequester Ca2+ and tune the frequency of [Ca2+]cyt oscillations in rat gonadotropes. Mitochondria accumulated Ca2+ rapidly and in phase with elevations of [Ca2+]cyt after GnRH stimulation or membrane depolarization. Inhibiting mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by the protonophore CCCP reduced the frequency of GnRH-induced [Ca2+]cyt oscillations or, occasionally, stopped them. Much of the Ca2+ that entered mitochondria is bound by intramitochondrial Ca2+ buffering systems. The mitochondrial Ca2+ binding ratio may be dynamic because [Ca2+]mit appeared to reach a plateau as mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation continued. Entry of Ca2+ into mitochondria was associated with a small drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Ca2+ was extruded from mitochondria more slowly than it entered, and much of this efflux could be blocked by CGP-37157, a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchange. Plasma membrane capacitance changes in response to depolarizing voltage trains were increased when CCCP was added, showing that mitochondria lower the local [Ca2+]cyt near sites that trigger exocytosis. Thus, we demonstrate a central role for mitochondria in a significant physiological response.