Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Many Roads to Synchrony: Natural Time Scales and Their Algorithms

We consider two important time scales-the Markov and cryptic orders-that monitor how an observer synchronizes to a finitary stochastic process. We show how to compute these orders exactly and that they are most efficiently calculated from the ε-machine, a process's minimal unifilar model. Surprisingly, though the Markov order is a basic concept from stochastic process theory, it is not a probabilistic property of a process. Rather, it is a topological property and, moreover, it is not computable from any finite-state model other than the ε-machine. Via an exhaustive survey, we close by demonstrating that infinite Markov and infinite cryptic orders are a dominant feature in the space of finite-memory processes. We draw out the roles played in statistical mechanical spin systems by these two complementary length scales.
Intonation and Attitude in Nigerian English

Intonation is an important phenomenon in language believed to have strong effect on communication. It is often said in reference to the primacy of intonation meaning over lexical content that "It's not what you said, it's how you said it! ”. To this effect, a number of scholars have argued that intonation conveys different attitudes in English and is principally responsible for misunderstandings between native and non-native English speakers. This paper, therefore, attempts to ascertain the extent to which Nigerian speakers of English use English intonation tunes to express attitude as it is in Standard British English. Twenty-two subjects comprising television reporters using English for their professional assignments and confirmed to have been exposed to basic training in English intonation during their academic studies and/or in the course of their professional training were made to read five utterance items designed to test their knowledge of attitudinal function of intonation. The analysis shows that the respondents were deficient in the use of English intonation tunes to express attitude as they only scored 15.5% overall appropriate production of intonation tunes in the utterance items. It was concluded that the subjects demonstrated a restricted use of intonation in communication, as intonation was rarely used to express attitude. This confirms earlier claims that Nigerian English users make restricted use of the complex intonation tunes of English especially those tunes assigned to reflect the speaker’s attitude to the listener or what is being said.
International education in Australian universities: Concepts and definitions

This paper grew out of the research study "Mapping the Internationalization of Higher Education," a 1998-2000 Australian Research Council-funded project. The project's objectives included: documenting the practices of international education in Australian universities; analyzing the cultural, political, and economic assumptions on which they are based, and the discursive-practical relations between these disciplinary "vectors"; exploring the ways in which the concept of internationalization is articulated in Australian universities, and evaluating the arguments put forward to justify its importance and implement its strategies; investigating the manner in which the practices of international education reflect and contribute to contemporary changes in the organizational culture of Australian universities; and theorizing the ways in which organizational practices of international education in Australian universities, and the global positioning of universities, both express and are responsive to the broader processes of globalization. The main empirical research consists of case studies of individual Australian universities, using interviews and the analysis of documents to explore factors influencing policy assumptions, organizational practices, and the intersection between the organizational and educational domains in international education. The paper identifies three discursive domains in relation to the terms "globalization" and "internationalization" in international education: hegemonic ideology, academic critique, and lived experience in universities. Addresses strategic-political implications arising from the contrasting definitions of "internationalization" and "globalization" among the three domains. Contains 18 references. (BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Conference of the Comparative and International Education Society San Antonio, Texas, 7-12 March 2000 9 am, Saturday 11 March International education in Australian universities: concepts and definitions Fiona Clyne, Simon Marginson and Roger Woock PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Stimoek. (\Ica l vt4ot2 TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 Monash Centre for Research in International Education Monash University, Clayton Vic 3168 AUSTRALIA 61-3-99059194 (phone) 61-3-99059197 (fax) simon.marginson@education.monash. edu.au 2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy.
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Resembling Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Surgical patient who presented with chronic inflammation of the colon, and initially also the terminal ileum, accompanied by marked diarrhea, is described. Repeated high-dose steroid therapy was only temporarily successful, and symptoms recurred upon dose reduction. During the further course of the disease, a marked elevation of alkaline phosphatase and transaminases, as well as soft tissues swelling occurred. Clinically, the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease with primary sclerosing cholangitis was made. Irregularities in the walls of the common bile duct and the intrahepatic ducts seen at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were consistent with the latter diagnosis. However, extreme eosinophilia of peripheral blood, bone marrow and bowel mucosa was present, and liver histology showed eosinophilic cholangiohepatitis. Under the diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome with involvement of bowel, liver and biliary system, therapy with hydroxyurea was initiated. The patient's condition improved promptly. Eosinophil count and liver enzymes have remained normal under long-term medication with 1.0 g per day of this drug.
Automatic test data generation for path testing using a new stochastic algorithm

Software testing is an important activity of the software development process, and automate test data generation contributes to reduce cost and time efforts. Path testing is a complex problem and metaheuristics have been proposed to deal with it. In this paper, an initial assessment of the efficacy of a recently proposed metaheuristic, the Generalized Extremal Optimization (GEO), in dealing with such kind of problem is made. Results show that it can be very competitive with the frequently used Genetic Algorithm (GA) metaheuristic, while requiring a much lesser effort in parameter setting, making it an alternative to such method in path testing.
Nature, Cause and Effect of Students’ Intuitive Conceptions Regarding Changes in Velocity

Perceptions of observed phenomena play an important role in information processing and are integral to learning. Unfortunately students’ perceptions based on their everyday-life observations often do not correlate with the formal science conceptions and explanations of phenomena. This finding of physics education research was studied in this work in the realm of kinematics and students’ conceptions regarding changes in velocity. The investigation entailed a questionnaire administered to 797 students and a focus group discussion with 5 students, which were followed by an additional questionnaire answered by 208 students. The first questionnaire indicated the complex nature of the intuitive conception called changes-take-time and its relation to other intuitive conceptions. Possible causes for the occurrence of the changes-take-time perception were qualitatively probed in the focus group discussion. In the discussion, some students relied on their visual observations and perceptions, while others used logical reasoning. The results informed the compilation of an additional short questionnaire to determine whether the qualitative findings of the focus group discussion can be used more generally. Limitations in visual perceptions and differences in perceived and real velocities seem to contribute to the existence and persistence of the changes-take-time and other intuitive conceptions related to changes in velocity. The importance of addressing physics students’ misconceptions at root cause level is emphasized.
Motion as a cue for viewpoint invariance

Natural face and head movements were mapped onto a computer rendered three-dimensional average of 100 laser-scanned heads in order to isolate movement information from spatial cues and nonrigid movements from rigid head movements (Hill & Johnston, 2001). Experiment 1 investigated whether subjects could recognize, from a rotated view, facial motion that had previously been presented at a full-face view using a delayed match to sample experimental paradigm. Experiment 2 compared recognition for views that were either between or outside initially presented views. Experiment 3 compared discrimination at full face, three-quarters, and profile after learning at each of these views. A significant face inversion effect in Experiments 1 and 2 indicated subjects were using face-based information rather than more general motion or temporal cues for optimal performance. In each experiment recognition performance only ever declined with a change in viewpoint between sample and test views when rigid motion was present. Nonrigid, face-based motion appears to be encoded in a viewpoint invariant, object-centred manner, whereas rigid head movement is encoded in a more view specific manner.
Diffusion of scientific credits and the ranking of scientists

Recently, the abundance of digital data is enabling the implementation of graph-based ranking algorithms that provide system level analysis for ranking publications and authors. Here, we take advantage of the entire Physical Review publication archive (1893-2006) to construct authors' networks where weighted edges, as measured from opportunely normalized citation counts, define a proxy for the mechanism of scientific credit transfer. On this network, we define a ranking method based on a diffusion algorithm that mimics the spreading of scientific credits on the network. We compare the results obtained with our algorithm with those obtained by local measures such as the citation count and provide a statistical analysis of the assignment of major career awards in the area of physics. A website where the algorithm is made available to perform customized rank analysis can be found at the address http://www.physauthorsrank. org.
AMR-to-text Generation with Synchronous Node Replacement Grammar

This paper addresses the task of AMR-to-text generation by leveraging synchronous node replacement grammar. During training, graph-to-string rules are learned using a heuristic extraction algorithm. At test time, a graph transducer is applied to collapse input AMRs and generate output sentences. Evaluated on a standard benchmark, our method gives the state-of-the-art result.
Maternal personality and parenting cognitions in cross-cultural perspective

A total of 467 mothers of firstborn 20-month-old children from 7 countries (103 Argentine, 61 Belgian, 39 Israeli, 78 Italian, 57 Japanese, 69 Korean, and 60 US American) completed the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI), measures of parenting cognitions (self-perceptions and knowledge), and a social desirability scale. Our first analysis showed that the Five-Factor structure of personality (Openness, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) could be extracted from the JPI scales when cross-cultural data from mothers in the 7 countries were analyzed; it was also replicable and generalizable in mothers from so-called individualist and collectivist cultures. Our second analysis showed that the five personality factors relate differently to diverse parenting cognitions in those individualist versus collectivist cultures. Maternal personality has significance in studies of normative parenting, child development, and family process across cultural contexts.
The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System

Author’s Note: Correspondence concerning this review should be addressed to Jewel Swanson, Calgary Board of Education, 728-32 Street NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2V9; e-mail: JLSwanson@cbe.ab. ca. Canadian Journal of School Psychology Volume 20 Number 1/2 December 2005 117-128 © 2007 Sage Publications 10.1177/0829573506295469 http://cjs.sagepub. com hosted at http://online.sagepub. com The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System
Establishment of cell line from embryonic tissue of Pipistrellus ceylonicus bat species from India & its susceptibility to different viruses

Background & objectives: Pipistrellus ceylonicus bat species is widely distributed in South Asia, with additional populations recorded in China and Southeast Asia. Bats are the natural reservoir hosts for a number of emerging zoonotic diseases. Attempts to isolate bat-borne viruses in various terrestrial mammalian cell lines have sometimes been unsuccessful. The bat cell lines are useful in isolation and propagation of many of the viruses harboured by bats. New stable bat cell lines are needed to help such investigations and to assist in the study of bat immunology and virus-host interactions. In this study we made an attempt to develop a cell line from P. ceylonicus bats. Methods: An effort was made to establish cell line from embryo of P. ceylonicus species of bat after seeding to Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10 per cent foetal bovine serum; a primary cell line was established and designated as NIV-BtEPC. Mitochondrial DNA profile analysis was done using cyt-b and ND-1 gene sequences from the cell line. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbour-joining algorithm for cyt-b and ND-1 genes with 1000-bootstrap replicates. Results: NIV-BtEPC cell line was susceptible to Chandipura (CHPV) and novel adenovirus (BtAdv-RLM) isolated from Rousettus leschenaulti from India but did not support multiplication of a number of Bunyaviruses, Alphaviruses and Flavivirus. This might be useful for isolation of a range of viruses and investigation of unknown aetiological agents. Interpretation & conclusions: In this study, a new bat cell line was developed from P. ceylonicus. This cell line was successfully tested for the susceptibility to Chandipura and BtAdv-RLM virus isolated from bats. The approach developed and optimised in this study may be applicable to the other species of bats and this established cell line can be used to facilitate virus isolation and basic research into virus-host interaction.
Voltage pulses change neural interface properties and improve unit recordings with chronically implanted microelectrodes

Current neuroprosthetic systems based on electrophysiological recording have an extended, yet finite working lifetime. Some posited lifetime-extension solutions involve improving device biocompatibility or suppressing host immune responses. Our objective was to test an alternative solution comprised of applying a voltage pulse to a microelectrode site, herein termed "rejuvenation. " Previously, investigators have reported preliminary electrophysiological results by utilizing a similar voltage pulse. In this study we sought to further explore this phenomenon via two methods: 1) electrophysiology; 2) an equivalent circuit model applied to impedance spectroscopy data. The experiments were conducted via chronically implanted silicon-substrate iridium microelectrode arrays in the rat cortex. Rejuvenation voltages resulted in increased unit recording signal-to-noise ratios (10%/spl plusmn/2%), with a maximal increase of 195% from 3.74 to 11.02. Rejuvenation also reduced the electrode site impedances at 1 kHz (67%/spl plusmn/2%). Neither the impedance nor recording properties of the electrodes changed on neighboring microelectrode sites that were not rejuvenated. In the equivalent circuit model, we found a transient increase in conductivity, the majority of which corresponded to a decrease in the tissue resistance component (44%/spl plusmn/7%). These findings suggest that rejuvenation may be an intervention strategy to prolong the functional lifetime of chronically implanted microelectrodes.
Leadership as relational work: risks and opportunities

Although fostering trust has been given more emphasis in recent research on school leadership, less research sheds light on the tensions between power and trust and how collective interactions related to leadership evolve in school settings. This paper addresses leadership as relational work, traced in interactions between a principal and a group of teachers operating within the context of a school-improvement project in a Norwegian upper secondary school. The analysis explores how the participants position themselves and others through negotiations in meetings while the participants discuss the conditions of the project. The findings show how leadership positions and power relations are constituted, challenged and changed in interaction amongst the participants over time. Thus, this study provides insight into leadership as an interactive process and the dynamics of power and trust in developing leadership actions. The main argument is that risks and opportunities are significant parts of leadership work, and that relational work affects the ever-changing status of the division of authority.
INJUSTICE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF POWER RESTORATION

This experiment investigated the causal links between injustice and interpersonal conflict. Previous research has suggested two possible explanations. One group of theorists has argued for a pragmatic model, whereby individuals engage in interpersonal conflict in order to maximize personal gain. Justice is, at most, a secondary consideration. Alternatively, others have suggested that perceived unfairness is a crucial element in conflict. The present study tested these two frameworks. As predicted, results were generally consistent with the justice model. However, the expression of conflict only took place when there was no opportunity for power restoration. Results are discussed in terms of the situation's impact on conflict behavior. Limitations of the present research design are noted.
Effect of music on blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate of asymptomatic individuals: A randomized controlled trial

A slight reduction of blood pressure and heart rate can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Maintenance of the respiratory rate within the normal range has also being identified as crucial for a healthy heart. Use of Indian and western music have been considered among many preventive programmes for long time in order to risk reduction associated with cardio vascular diseases. Therefore the aim of this study is to describe the effect of Indian classical music on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate in asymptomatic individuals aged 45 to 65 years. Methodology: A community based randomized intervention study was conducted in 252 asymptomatic individuals. The study group (n = 127) listened to a music based on Indian classical system (entire track of 22 minutes). The control group (n = 125) was kept silent for a similar time period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate of each study participant were monitored before and after the intervention. Results: Statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (8.53 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (5.8 mmHg), pulse rate (5.16 breaths per minute) and respiratory rate (2.55 per minute) were observed in the study group after listening to the music (p 0.05). The reduction was independent of gender, age, education level, practicing a mind relaxation technique and preferred type of music of the participant. Conclusions: Listening to Indian classical music for about 22 minutes significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate of asymptomatic individuals. Hence, music may have a potential benefit in cardio vascular disease preventive programmes.
Reconstitution of ATP-dependent aminophospholipid translocation in proteoliposomes.

In addition to ion-pumping ATPases, most plasma membranes of animal cells contain a Mg2+ ATPase activity, the function of which is unknown. This enzyme, of apparent molecular mass 110 kDa, was purified from human erythrocyte membranes by a series of column chromatographic procedures after solubilization in Triton X-100. When reincorporated into artificial bilayers formed from phosphatidylcholine, it was able to transport a spin-labeled phosphatidylserine analogue from the inner to the outer membrane leaflet provided Mg2+ ATP was present in the incubation mixture. The ATP-dependent transport of the phosphatidylethanolamine analogue required the presence of an anionic phospholipid (e.g., phosphatidylinositol) in the outer membrane leaflet. In contrast the transmembrane distribution of spin-labeled phosphatidylcholine was unaffected in the same experimental conditions. This transmembrane movement of aminophospholipid analogues was inhibited by treatment of the proteoliposomes with a sulfhydryl reagent. We conclude that the Mg2+ ATPase is sufficient for the biochemical expression of the aminophospholipid translocase activity, which is responsible for the inward transport of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine within the erythrocyte membrane. The presence of this transport activity in many animal cell plasma membranes provides a function for the Mg2+ ATPase borne by these membranes.
The role of sports for violence prevention: sport club participation and violent behaviour among adolescents

Youth involvement in conflict and violence is a frequent problem in Germany as well as in many European countries. The European Commission's White Paper on Sport presumes that sport participation might be of help in preventing adolescents from delinquency and violence. It further claims that social norms inherent in the world of sport (e.g. fair play, team spirit) might foster pro-social behaviour patterns and help reduce aggressiveness among juveniles (Commission of the European Communities 2007). This article challenges that assumption by confronting it with German data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). On the theoretical level, the paper explicates different mechanisms of how sport participation might influence violent behaviour patterns. On the empirical level, the article examines the relationship between the involvement in club-organised sport activities and violent behaviour patterns among 15-year-old German adolescents. Overall, the results suggest that sport activities do not automatically prevent violence. Using logistic regression analysis, we found that sex, education, social background, immigrant background, family violence, media violence and peer-group attitudes all had a significant effect on violent behaviour, while sport club membership and participation in volunteer organisations were shown to be non-significant in this model. The concluding remarks of this paper discuss theoretical and policy implications of these findings.