Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phantom cell realization in LTE and its performance analysis

In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the cellular traffic due to the availability of wide range of devices: smart phones, net-books, tablets, etc. The existing cellular networks will be unable to cater to the increasing demands in near future, thus we need technological enhancements in the cellular infrastructure to meet the ever increasing user requirements. Various approaches have been suggested to increase the existing cellular capacity and provide higher data rates, some of which include deployment of small cells under the coverage area of Macro cells, where a cell denotes the region covered by a particular base station (BS). However, since these small cells cover small regions there exists a significant handover signalling overhead. We suggest an approach where small cells, called Phantom cells, are deployed within the Macro cell coverage area, and the existing Macro BS functions as the centralized controller for all the Phantom BSs deployed within its range. Phantom BSs act as a supplement to the existing Radio Access Network in the LTE infrastructure where it handles the data plane (D-plane) and Macro BSs handle the control plane (C-plane). This paper proposes the definitions of Copiane and D-plane, the modifications in the user equipment (UE) protocol stack which enable the concurrent operation with dual BSs (Phantom and Macro). Mechanisms are developed for the communication of a Phantom BS with a Macro BS over the new interface (X3 interface). NS-3 simulations were performed incorporating the designed architecture for Phantom based HetNets and a significant improvement in UE throughput is observed in comparision with legacy networks comprising of Macro BS.
Intervention as a social practice: knowledge formation and transfer in the everyday of police missions

ABSTRACT The problematic nature of biased knowledge held by professionalized experts and aid workers in statebuilding is already recognized. Yet we still lack understanding on knowledge formation and transfer in the everyday of statebuilding operations. I argue that the actors on the ground gain their knowledge in powerful and self-referential socialization processes. The aim of this article is to reconstruct via an interactionist theoretical framework, how German police officers, deployed for a maximum of 12 months, perceive and interpret other actors and their mission in Kosovo, how they gain this knowledge and how it relates to their work. I draw two conclusions: first, the police officers, both experienced and newcomers, share mostly negative attitudes towards local actors and the mission. Second, the most important mode of knowledge formation and transfer behind these similar attitudes is the informal interaction with experienced interveners and local actors, not official trainings or information. These informal modes of knowledge transfer have a limiting effect on the practice of statebuilding. New knowledge is difficult to gain in short-term deployment, instead stereotypes are reaffirmed. Interveners are not independent units and the social practice of an operation cannot simply be planned; it develops on the ground in specific forms.
The Origin of the Magellanic Stream and Its Leading Arm

We explore the Magellanic Stream (MS) using a Gaussian decomposition of the H I velocity profiles in the Leiden-Argentine-Bonn (LAB) all-sky H I survey. This decomposition reveals the MS to be composed of two filaments distinct both spatially (as first pointed out by Putman et al.) and in velocity. Using the velocity coherence of the filaments, one can be traced back to its origin in what we identify as the southeast H I overdensity (SEHO) of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), which includes 30 Doradus. Parts of the Leading Arm (LA) can also be traced back to the SEHO in velocity and position. Therefore, at least one-half of the trailing Stream and most of the LA originates in the LMC, contrary to previous assertions that both the MS and the LA originate in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and/or in the Magellanic Bridge. The two MS filaments show strong periodic, undulating spatial and velocity patterns that we speculate are an imprint of the LMC rotation curve. If true, then the drift rate of the Stream gas away from the Magellanic Clouds is ~49 km s−1 and the age of the MS is ~1.74 Gyr. The Staveley-Smith et al. high-resolution H I data of the LMC show gas outflows from supergiant shells in the SEHO that seem to be creating the LA and LMC filament of the MS. Blowout of LMC gas is an effect not previously accounted for but one that probably plays an important role in creating the MS and LA.
The provision of weekend home delivered meals by state and a pilot study indicating the need for weekend home delivered meals.

A survey of state units on aging revealed that 43 states and the District of Columbia provide some weekend home delivered meals. In most states meals were provided in only a few areas. There is no national system for reporting weekend delivery. Very few states have data on the extent of weekend meal service. A pilot study to determine the need for home delivered meals indicated that persons receiving home delivered meals 5 days a week were more likely to have an insufficient dietary intake of protein, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, iron, and phosphorus on weekends than weekdays.
A large population of recently quenched red-sequence dwarf galaxies in the outskirts of the Coma cluster

We analyse the stellar populations of 75 red-sequence dwarf galaxies in the Coma cluster, based on high signal-to-noise ratio spectroscopy from the 6.5-m MMT. The sample covers a luminosity range 3‐4 mag below M � , in the cluster core and in a field centred 1 ◦ to the south-west. We find a strong dependence of the absorption-line strengths with location in the cluster. Galaxies further from the cluster centre have stronger Balmer lines than inner-field galaxies of the same luminosity. The magnesium lines are weaker at large radius, while the iron lines are not correlated with radius. Converting the line strengths into estimates of stellar age, metallicity and abundance ratios, we find the gradients are driven by variations in age (>6σ significance) and in the iron abundance Fe/H (∼2.7σ significance). The light element (Mg, C, N, Ca) abundances are almost independent of radius. At radius of 0. ◦ 4‐1. ◦ 3( ∼0.3‐1.0 times the virial radius), dwarf galaxies have ages ∼3.8 Gyr on average, compared to ∼6 Gyr near the cluster centre. The outer dwarfs are also ∼50 per cent more iron-enriched, at given luminosity. Our results confirm earlier indications that the ages of red-sequence galaxies depend on location within clusters, and in Coma in particular. The very strong trends found here suggest that dwarf galaxies are especially susceptible to environmental ‘quenching’, and/or that the south-west part of Coma is particularly a clear example of recent quenching in an infalling
Phylogenetic Analysis of Borrelia Species Detected in Small Mammals and Ticks in Florida

The infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdorJeri, the etiological agent of Lyme disease, was estimated among small mammals and ticks at two sites in northern Florida using molecular methods. Analysis of the B. burgdorJeri flagellin gene in samples extracted from the ticks and small mammals was used to construct a phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree was used to compare partial flagellin gene sequences of the Borrelia strains from Florida with reference Borrelia strains. The infection prevalences of small mammals at the University of North Florida and Guana River State Park were 90% and 47%, respectively, with 6 of 7 small mammal species testing positive. Forty-two adult Ixodes scapularis ticks were also tested at each site: 20/42 tested positive at UNF (48 %) and 5/42 tested positive at Guana River (12 %). The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree showed that the Florida Borrelia strains were 98-99% genetically similar to reference strains of B. burgdorJeri sensu stricto (confirmed Lyme disease agent) and B. bissettii (pathogenicity undetermined). The findings confirm the presence of specific Borrelia species in northern Florida; however, their relationship to human Lyme disease in Florida is the subject of ongoing studies.
How to measure PhD. students' conceptions of academic writing - and are they related to well-being?

This study investigated PhD students’ conceptions of writing and how they saw themselves as writers. The Writing Process Questionnaire was created to analyse PhD students’ ideas of academic writing. In addition, it was of interest, what the relation between conceptions of writing and the PhD students’ well-being was. The participants were 669 PhD students from a major Finnish university who volunteered to fill in a questionnaire. The present study covered scales for measuring six distinct theoretical constructs that were created by forming sum variables of 26 questions: Blocks, Procrastination, Perfectionism, Innate ability, Knowledge transforming, and Productivity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to verify the six-dimension construct. Exhaustion, stress, anxiety and lack of interest all correlated positively with Blocks, Procrastination, and Perfectionism, and negatively with Productivity. Confirmatory factor analysis conducted by LISREL confirmed the six-factor structure of the writing scale. In conclusion, there is good evidence that the questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool, and it captures some essential aspectsof academic writing process and its emotional dimensions.
Management of enteroatmospheric fistula with negative pressure wound therapy in open abdomen treatment: a multicentre observational study

The management of enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF) in open abdomen (OA) therapy is challenging and associated with a high mortality rate. The introduction of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in open abdomen management significantly improved the healing process and increased spontaneous fistula closure. Retrospectively, we analysed 16 patients with a total of 31 enteroatmospheric fistulas in open abdomen management who were treated using NPWT in four referral centres between 2004 and 2014. EAFs were diagnosed based on clinical examination and confirmed with imaging studies and classified into low (<200 ml/day), moderate (200–500 ml/day) and high (>500 ml/day) output fistulas. The study group consisted of five women and 11 men with the mean age of 52·6 years [standard deviation (SD) 11·9]. Since open abdomen management was implemented, the mean number of re‐surgeries was 3·7 (SD 2·2). There were 24 EAFs located in the small bowel, while four were located in the colon. In three patients, EAF occurred at the anastomotic site. Thirteen fistulas were classified as low output (41·9%), two as moderate (6·5%) and 16 as high output fistulas (51·6%). The overall closure rate was 61·3%, with a mean time of 46·7 days (SD 43·4). In the remaining patients in whom fistula closure was not achieved (n = 12), a protruding mucosa was present. Analysing the cycle of negative pressure therapy, we surprisingly found that the spontaneous closure rate was 70% (7 of 10 EAFs) using intermittent setting of negative pressure, whereas in the group of patients treated with continuous pressure, 57% of EAFs closed spontaneously (12 of 21 EAFs). The mean number of NPWT dressing was 9 (SD 3·3; range 4–16). In two patients, we observed new fistulas that appeared during NPWT. Three patients died during therapy as a result of multi‐organ failure. NPWT is a safe and efficient method characterised by a high spontaneous closure rate. However, in patients with mucosal protrusion of the EAFs, spontaneous closure appears to be impossible to achieve.
Increased arterial stiffness does not respond to renal denervation in an animal model of secondary hypertension

Renal denervation is a novel device based therapy promoted to reduce high blood pressure. We examined the impact of renal denervation on systolic blood pressure, renal function, and arterial stiffness in the Lewis Polycystic Kidney disease (LPK) rodent model of kidney disease. Animals were subjected to bilateral renal denervation or sham surgeries at age 6 and 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was monitored by tail-cuff plethysmography and renal function by urinalysis and creatinine clearance. At age 16 weeks, beat-to-beat aortic pulse wave velocity as a functional indicator of arterial stiffness was determined. Renal denervation produced an overall reduction in blood pressure in the LPK [(denervated 164±4 vs. sham-operated 180±6 mmHg, n = 6 per group, P=0.003)] and delayed, but did not prevent, the decline in renal function. Aortic pulse wave velocity was markedly elevated in the LPK compared with Lewis and was not altered by renal denervation in the LPK however a reduction was seen in the control Lewis animals. These results support the hypothesis that renal nerves contribute to secondary hypertension in conditions such as kidney disease.
3-D reconstruction of a surface model of the proximal femur from digital biplanar radiographs

Twenty-two femurs (one plastic bone and twenty-one cadaveric bones) with both nonpathologic and pathologic cases were considered to validate a point distribution model based three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction technique using digital biplanar radiographs. The 3-D reconstruction technique is based on an iterative non-rigid registration of the features extracted from a statistically instantiated 3-D surface model to those identified from the radiographs. The surface models reconstructed from the radiographs were compared to the associated ground truths derived either from a 3-D CT-scan reconstruction method or from a 3-D laser-scan reconstruction method. Our experimental results demonstrated that our biplanar reconstruction technique could accurately reconstruct the surface models of both nonpathologic and pathologic femurs (average error distance = 0.9 mm), even when the point distribution model that we used were constructed from surface models of nonpathologic femurs.
Neuroeconomic Perspectives on the Potent but Inconsistent Motivations Characteristic of Addiction

Clinical definitions of addiction are complex, generally involving cut‐offs based on whether some minimal number of symptoms are present (APA, 2000; WHO, 2004). One implication of this is that individuals with very different symptom profiles can receive the same diagnosis. However, many medical conditions that were once diagnosed on the basis of a complex and heterogeneous symptom presentation came later to be diagnosed on the basis of a singular underlying pathology. Diagnosis (and sometimes misdiagnosis; see Ochola, Vounatsou, Smith, Mabaso, & Newton, 2006) of malaria based on symptom profile was eventually replaced by diagnosis based on the presence of a particular parasite. Could the analog come to pass for addiction neuroscience? Is there something in the brain that marks the transition – a metaphorical flipping switch – between normal motivation and addiction (Leshner, 1997)? We think the answer to the above question is “no.” Even those who meet clinical definitions for addiction remain responsive to other contingencies (Heyman, 2009). In a therapeutic context, a few dollars each day for bio‐assay‐confirmed drug abstinence is an effective intervention for many who meet criteria for addiction Neuroeconomic Perspectives on the Potent but Inconsistent Motivations Characteristic of Addiction A. James Melrose, Eustace Hsu, and John Monterosso 19
Compositional Analysis of Authentication Protocols (Full Version)

A process for forming elongated solder terminals to connect a plurality of pads on a semiconductor device to a corresponding plurality of pads on a supporting substrate by, forming a means to maintain a predetermined vertical spacing between the semiconductor and the supporting substrate outside the area of the pads, forming and fixing solder extenders to each of the solder wettable pads on the substrate or the device to be joined, positioning the semiconductor device provided with solder mounds on the solder mountable pads over the supporting substrate with the solder mound in registry and with the pads on the substrate with the solder extenders positioned therebetween, the means to maintain vertical spacing located between and in abutting relation to the device and substrate, and heating the resulting assembly to reflow the solder mounds and the solder extenders while maintaining a predetermined spacing thus forming a plurality of hour-glass shaped elongated connections.
Current systematic carbon-cycle observations and the need for implementing a policy-relevant carbon observing system

A globally integrated carbon observation and analysis system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle, to improve our ability to project future changes, and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Building an integrated carbon observation system requires transformational advances from the existing sparse, exploratory framework towards a dense, robust, and sustained system in all components: anthropogenic emissions, the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere. The paper is addressed to scientists, policymakers, and funding agencies who need to have a global picture of the current state of the (diverse) carbon observations. We identify the current state of carbon observations, and the needs and notional requirements for a global integrated carbon observation system that can be built in the next decade. A key conclusion is the substantial expansion of the ground-based observation networks required to reach the high spatial resolution for CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and for carbon stocks for addressing policy-relevant objectives, and attributing flux changes to underlying processes in each region. In order to establish flux and stock diagnostics over areas such as the southern oceans, tropical forests, and the Arctic, in situ observations will have to be complemented with remote-sensing measurements. Remote sensing offers the advantage of dense spatial coverage and frequent revisit. A key challenge is to bring remote-sensing measurements to a level of long-term consistency and accuracy so that they can be efficiently combined in models to reduce uncertainties, in synergy with ground-based data. Bringing tight observational constraints on fossil fuel and land use change emissions will be the biggest challenge for deployment of a policy-relevant integrated carbon observation system. This will require in situ and remotely sensed data at much higher resolution and density than currently achieved for natural fluxes, although over a small land area (cities, industrial sites, power plants), as well as the inclusion of fossil fuel CO2 proxy measurements such as radiocarbon in CO2 and carbon-fuel combustion tracers. Additionally, a policy-relevant carbon monitoring system should also provide mechanisms for reconciling regional top-down (atmosphere-based) and bottom-up (surface-based) flux estimates across the range of spatial and temporal scales relevant to mitigation policies. In addition, uncertainties for each observation data-stream should be assessed. The success of the system will rely on long-term commitments to monitoring, on improved international collaboration to fill gaps in the current observations, on sustained efforts to improve access to the different data streams and make databases interoperable, and on the calibration of each component of the system to agreed-upon international scales.
Leukemia-specific delivery of mutant NOTCH1 targeted therapy

On-target drug delivery remains a challenge in cancer precision medicine; it is difficult to deliver a targeted therapy to cancer cells without incurring toxicity to normal tissues. The SERCA (sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase) inhibitor thapsigargin inhibits mutant NOTCH1 receptors compared with wild type in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), but its administration is predicted to be toxic in humans. Leveraging the addiction of ALL to folic acid, we conjugated folate to an alcohol derivative of thapsigargin via a cleavable ester linkage. JQ-FT is recognized by folate receptors on the plasma membrane and delivered into leukemia cells as a potent antileukemic agent. In mechanistic and translational models of T-ALL, we demonstrate NOTCH1 inhibition in vitro and in vivo. These proof-of-concept studies support the further optimization of this first-in-class NOTCH1 inhibitor with dual selectivity: leukemia over normal cells and NOTCH1 mutants over wild-type receptors. Furthermore, tumor-specific disruption of Notch signaling may overcome legitimate concerns associated with the tumor suppressor function of nontargeted Notch pathway inhibitors.
Report of session on structured programming

The session on structured programming was both interesting and lively, and many aspects of structured programming were discussed. Conspicuous by its absence was a debate on the use of goto's; chairman Bob Freiburghouse requested that this topic be avoided, since it has been thoroughly discussed elsewhere. To provide a common frame of reference for the discussion, Barbara Liskov opened the session with a presentation providing a definition of structured programming. The text of the presentation is given in the next section. The remaining sections contain summaries of the most interesting discussions, organized by topics.
Navigational audio games: an effective approach toward improving spatial contextual learning for blind people

Abstract For people who suffer from a visual impairment, navigating in an unknown environment represents a considerable challenge. To help them develop spatial orientation and mobility skills, researchers have employed audio-based computer games as a practical, interactive and user-centered learning approach. The highly immersive and attractive nature of audio games enables blind people to create a spatial representation of their environment that can be assigned to aid performing real-life navigation tasks. This paper reviews the most notable navigational audio-based games in terms of their conceptual and technological approach, accessibility and user interaction efficiency.
A study on audio watermarking method based on the cochlear delay characteristics

We propose a novel audio watermarking method based on the cochlear delay characteristics. This method consists of two processes: data embedding and data detection. The data embedding process was carried out by applying two types of all-pass (cid:2)lters with the cochlear delays, and then selecting the (cid:2)ltered signal from them according to the watermarks. The data detection process involved by estimating the group delay of the (cid:2)lter from the phase difference between the original and watermarked sounds to detect the embedded data. We designed optimal group delays for the (cid:2)lters. We experimentally evaluated the proposed method by carrying out three objective tests of robustness (against down sampling, amplitude compression, and mp3-compression). Results showed that the proposed method precisely and robustly detected the inaudible embedded data from the watermarked sounds.
“Topological” Charge of U(1) Instantons on Noncommutative R4

Non-singular instantons are shown to exist on noncommutative R 4 even in U(1) gauge theory. Their existence is primarily due to the noncommutativity of the coordinates. The integer instanton number on the noncommutative R 4 can be understood as winding number of the U(1) gauge field as well as dimension of a certain projection operator acting on the representation space of the noncommutative coordinates.