Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nicotine withdrawal-induced negative affect is a function of nicotine dependence and not liability to depression or anxiety.

INTRODUCTION Individuals who quit smoking frequently experience symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. It is not clear whether these symptoms index liability to negative affect generally or whether such symptoms are a function of nicotine withdrawal and are thus indexed by nicotine dependence (ND). METHODS A population-based sample of twins (N = 4,777 individuals) reported their lifetime history of psychopathology, ND, and symptoms of anxiety and depression experienced after attempts to quit smoking. Co-twin phenotype was used to predict withdrawal-induced symptoms of negative affect and to test whether genetic factors influence liability to these symptoms. RESULTS Co-twin's ND was significantly associated with nicotine withdrawal-induced symptoms of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, monozygotic co-twins more strongly predicted outcome than did dizygotic co-twins, indicating that genetic factors contribute to risk. Co-twins' history of psychopathology did not predict outcome, suggesting that liability to withdrawal-induced negative affect is independent of a liability to negative affect outside the context of nicotine withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that symptoms of anxiety or depression experienced in the context of nicotine withdrawal are best conceptualized as a component of the withdrawal syndrome, with the severity of symptoms indexed by level of ND. Genetic influences underlying ND contribute to the liability to these symptoms. Though psychopathology might be indirectly related to withdrawal-induced symptoms through its correlation with ND, it is not directly predictive of withdrawal symptoms.
Speaking Up and Silencing Out in Face of a Changing Climate of Opinion

This paper relies on panel data from Israel to test the spiral of silence theory's assumptions concerning overt expression of opinion. The research design provides a way to examine the effect of a changing climate of opinion on who speaks up and who silences out over time and changing circumstances. In addition, a multivariate approach is adopted to test the role of climate perceptions relative to other factors, and extend our understanding of public speech. Perceptions of the climate of opinion are found to be related to overt expression of opinion cross-sectionally; however, their impact is not consistent and weaker than other factors. General political involvement is most important, and also various sociodemographic characteristics of people are more powerful than climate perceptions. Over time this relationship does not hold, and the paper focuses on political discontent and value expression considerations.
Navajo perceptions of asthma and asthma medications: clinical implications.

BACKGROUND Despite the large number of asthma patients, relatively little is known about the beliefs of asthmatic children and their parent(s), or the extent to which these beliefs influence management of the disease. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine how medication-taking and the use of health care services were influenced by perceptions of the disease and beliefs about medications among Navajo families. METHODS Ethnographic interviews were used to investigate the disease and medication beliefs of 22 Navajo families with 29 asthmatic children. RESULTS Most respondents perceived asthma as the transient experience of symptoms in someone who was chronically vulnerable to breathing problems. The majority (97%) of these asthmatics reported using bronchodilators, although only 34% reported current use of antiinflammatory medications. Although controller medications were distinguished from rescue medications, they were thought to have the same effect on the lungs. Many families were concerned about becoming dependent on the medicines and attempted to "wean" the asthmatic from the drugs. A large proportion (80%) of children had assumed responsibility for their own medication taking. Parents often referred to previous attacks requiring treatment in the emergency department when deciding whether to initiate medication or seek medical attention, often resulting in a delay of treatment. Nebulized treatments delivered in the emergency department were perceived to be the strongest therapy available. As a result, visits to the emergency department were common (79%), as were hospital admissions (57%). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that, among pediatric Navajo asthma patients, perceptions of asthma and beliefs about the activity of asthma medications influence when and how often asthma medicines are taken, as well as the use of health care services. In addition, excessive reliance on emergency treatments and the high rates of hospital admissions suggest that asthma is undertreated in this group of Navajo patients.
Attitudes toward sex offenders by female undergraduate university students enrolled in a psychology program

A survey of first and third year psychology students was undertaken to investigate whether longer enrolment in a university program would have an impact on attitude formation toward sexual offenders. All students were administered a battery of standardized tests to obtain a personality profile and their attitudes. Overall the third year students had a greater sense of well being, intellectual efficiency, self control, psychological mindedness, were more repressed, and tolerant than first year students. Although third year students had different personality traits than first year students they held similar attitudes regarding sexual offenders. Both student groups believed that sexual offenders should receive incarceration of more than two years for their first offense but should receive parole and indefinite treatment following their release from jail.
Predictors of preinterventional patency of infarct-related artery in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Importance of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and uric acid level.

BACKGROUND Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and a patent infarct-related artery (IRA) experience lower mortality and better clinical outcome, but little is known about the predictors of IRA patency before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of STEMI. OBJECTIVE To assess possible predictors of patency of IRA before primary PCI in patients with STEMI. METHODS A total of 880 patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI were prospectively included (646 male, 234 female; mean [± SD] age 58.5±12.4 years). Blood samples were obtained on admission to investigate biochemical markers. Preinterventional thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow was assessed in all patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to the pre-PCI TIMI flow as impaired flow group (TIMI flow 0, 1 and 2) and normal flow group (TIMI flow 3). Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in all patients. RESULTS Eighty-three (9.43%) patients had pre-PCI TIMI 3 flow in IRA. Uric acid levels and neutrophil to lymphocyte (N to L) ratio in the normal flow group were lower than in the impaired flow group (P<0.001 for both). However, ejection fraction (EF) was higher in the normal flow group than in the impaired flow group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that IRA patency was independently associated with serum uric acid level (β 0.673 [95% CI 0.548 to 0.826]; P<0.001), N to L ratio (β 0.783 [95% CI 0.683 to 0.897]; P<0.001) and EF (β 1.033 [95% CI 1.006 to 1.061]; P=0.016). CONCLUSION Serum uric acid level, N to L ratio and EF are independent predictors of the pre-PCI patency of IRA in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.
Development of interaction and attachment: Traditional and non-traditional approaches

The major founder of the attachment paradigm, John Bowlby, has claimed that his early views were traditional and that he subsequently did not substantially change his views. The present chapter attempts to assess what value should be attached to these statements. On the basis of a reading of the early writings of Bowlby and those of his contemporaries it is concluded that his views were both orthodox and revolutionary depending on the reference group one chooses. It is also shown that there is a surprising constancy in the themes (e.g., love deprivation as the source of maladjusted behavior) that Bowlby addressed throughout his career, but that this constancy doesn't exclude subtle changes in his treatment of these issues. It is argued that historical research into the origin and growth of attachment theory is badly needed.
The mechanics of laryngeal function.

Mechanics of the internal movement of the larynx are based mainly on laryngeal articulations, muscles and their nervous control. A review of the present concept of mechanics of the crico-arytenoid and the crico-thyroid joints suggests a re-evaluation of the action of various laryngeal muscles, internal and external. Percutaneous electromyographic study of various laryngeal muscles invites a modification of the concept of the action of the different functional groups of internal laryngeal muscles. The influence of the external laryngeal muscles on the size and configurations of the laryngeal chink is also stressed. A review is given of the different considerations of the mechanism of action of the external laryngeal muscles on the vocal folds' position and tension. A short survey of the motor control and afferent outflow of the larynx is presented. This demonstrates the complexity of the nervous control of the larynx and the uncertainties concerning the details of its function.
Object-Based Integration of Photogrammetric and LiDAR Data for Automated Generation of Complex Polyhedral Building Models

This research is concerned with a methodology for automated generation of polyhedral building models for complex structures, whose rooftops are bounded by straight lines. The process starts by utilizing LiDAR data for building hypothesis generation and derivation of individual planar patches constituting building rooftops. Initial boundaries of these patches are then refined through the integration of LiDAR and photogrammetric data and hierarchical processing of the planar patches. Building models for complex structures are finally produced using the refined boundaries. The performance of the developed methodology is evaluated through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the generated building models from real data.
Foot Movement and Tendon Excursion: An In Vitro Study

The purpose of this study was to determine tendon excursions resulting from selected foot movement and to derive moment arms with respect to the eversion-inversion and flexion-extension axes of the foot. A lower legholding device with 6 degrees of freedom was used for the in vitro investigation of 15 fresh foot-leg specimens. Although high variation among the subjects existed, there was a pronounced uniformity of tendon excursion throughout a given foot eversion-inversion or flexion-extension range of motion. With reference to the tibialis posterior (1.00), average inverter moment arms with respect to the foot eversion-inversion axis were found to be as follows: flexor digitorum longus, 0.75; flexor hallucis longus, 0.62; tibialis anterior, 0.59; soleus, 0.24; extensor hallucis longus, 0.22; extensor digitorum longus, −0.26; peroneus longus, −0.82; and peroneus brevis, −0.85. A trend toward decreasing evertor/invertor moment arms was observed during the ranges of foot eversion, as well as when the foot was in flexion. Flexor and extensor moment arms were found to be substantially dependent on foot flexion-extension angle. Increasing flexor moment arms were observed when rotating the foot throughout the range from extension to flexion. The obtained results may have significant implications in foot surgery, muscle function analysis, and general considerations of foot function.
American Indian Stereotyping, Resource Competition, and Status-Based Prejudice.

Resultats d'une enquete effectuee aupres d'etudiants de trois universites, de trois Etats differents des Etats-Unis (Dakota du Nord, Wisconsin, Texas) visant a evaluer la representation qu'ils se faisaient des Indiens. Mise en evidence de l'influence negative des conflits interethniques relatifs en general au droit de peche ou au droit territorial sur ces stereotypes ethniques
Dietary antioxidants and other dietary factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease

It has been suggested that dietary antioxidants reduce Parkinson's disease (PD) risk by neutralizing free radicals, thus preventing injury to neurons in the substantia nigra. This case‐control study examined the possible role of long‐term dietary antioxidant intake in PD etiology. Cases (n = 57) were males 45–79 years old with at least two cardinal signs of PD and no evidence of other forms of parkinsonism or dementia. Age‐matched friend controls (n = 50) were chosen from lists provided by the cases. Usual dietary intake 20 years ago, including vitamins E and C and carotenoids, was assessed by a 102‐item food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Antioxidant intake, adjusted for age, education, smoking, rural living, and total energy intake, was not associated with reduced PD risk. Trends toward greater PD risk were associated with higher intakes of vitamin C and carotenoids, especially xanthophylls, reflecting higher intakes by PD cases of fruit and certain vegetables. Intakes of sweet foods, including fruit, were associated with higher PD risk, suggesting that the observed trends may be due to a preference for sweet foods. This study does not provide support for a protective effect of long‐term dietary antioxidant intake on PD risk.
Effects of diet and exercise on insulin, sex hormone-binding globulin, and prostate-specific antigen.

A diet high in fat has been linked to prostate cancer, possibly through an influence on hormones. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) binds androgens and is regulated in part by insulin. Diet and exercise can modify insulin levels, potentially affecting SHBG and the biologically available levels of androgens. To determine the effects of a low-fat (< 10% of calories), high-fiber diet plus daily exercise on insulin, SHBG, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and serum lipids, we measured the levels of these factors in the serum of 27 obese men undergoing a three-week diet-and-exercise program. Insulin decreased from 222 +/- 30 to 126 +/- 21 pmol/l (p < 0.01), and SHBG increased from 18 +/- 2 to 25 +/- 3 nmol/l (p < 0.01). Body mass index decreased from 35 +/- 1.9 to 33.4 +/- 1.8 kg/m2 (p < 0.01). PSA levels were normal and did not change significantly, although in a small subset of men (n = 3) with slightly elevated PSA levels (> 2.5 ng/ml) all showed a decrease. The three-week diet-and-exercise intervention decreased insulin and lipid levels while increasing SHBG. The increase in SHBG would result in more testosterone being bound and, therefore, less of the androgen available to act on the prostate. The decrease in insulin might also decrease mitogenic activity in the prostate. The diet-and-exercise regimen did not have a significant impact on normal PSA levels. Although modest, these changes may be protective against the development of prostate cancer.
Variational Inequalities for Set-Valued Vector Fields on Riemannian Manifolds: Convexity of the Solution Set and the Proximal Point Algorithm

We consider variational inequality problems for set-valued vector fields on general Riemannian manifolds. The existence results of the solution, convexity of the solution set, and the convergence property of the proximal point algorithm for the variational inequality problems for set-valued mappings on Riemannian manifolds are established. Applications to convex optimization problems on Riemannian manifolds are provided.
Group therapy with bulimic women: A self‐psychological approach

Long-term psychodynamic group therapy is an important tool in the process of engaging bulimic women in treatment and in helping them work through both the symptom and the underlying characterological problems of the disorder. The authors utilize concepts from self-psychology, particularly “selfobject” needs and the therapist's empathic stance, to explain some of the dynamics of bulimia and the ways in which group therapy addresses them. An example from one of the authors' groups demonstrates this. The multiple selfobject transferences that develop in a group, coupled with the therapist's empathic interpretations, fostered the development of internal structure that explains the bulimic's gradual ability to dispense with her symptoms. The authors believe that groups provide a setting in which that structure can be developed.
Laissez-faire Leadership versus Empowering Leadership in New Product Developing

Successful research and development in high-tech units will require change in order to make progress in innovation and quality effectiveness. Empowering leadership, where leadership-power are deliberately and consciously delegated, organizational empowerment for the overall acceptance of this vision is produced. A deep understanding of work and personal experiences are central issues in these leadership practices. Laissez-faire Leadership however, is a common, but unrealistic and immature way to encounter rapidly growing quality, innovation and effectiveness demands. Those leaders are inclined to delegate responsibility and authority, not in order to empower but to escape their own responsibility. This abdication from leadership is disempowering, effecting leadership behavior of change, relation and production negatively.
In search of the active ingredient of respect: a closer look at the role of acceptance

The experiment (N = 67) tested whether the effectiveness of intragroup respect can be traced back to the symbolic value of intragroup respect as a sign or message of acceptance. In addition to intragroup respect, intragroup acceptance was manipulated as a second independent variable so that the hypothesized acceptance message of intragroup respect was either confirmed or undermined. Collective identification and willingness to engage in group-serving behaviour were the main dependent variables. Mediation tests—based on the experimental manipulations as well as additional measurement of the critical variables—provided no evidence that intragroup acceptance is the active ingredient of intragroup respect. Instead, we replicated the respect effects known from the literature and secured further evidence of their internal validity. We also found an effect of intragroup acceptance similar to that of intragroup respect, but the former was mediated by feelings of being liked which played no role in intragroup respect. Theoretical and methodological implications of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New String Search Tree with Multiple Alignment

String similarity search is a fundamental problem in computer science and can be applied to various fields of information processing. Construction of an efficient indexing structure is an important challenge to improve search performance. In this paper, we propose a new effective tree structure for string similarity search under Levenshtein distance. We present a bottom-up approach to construct the search tree, the internal nodes of which indicate a multiple-sequence alignment of its child leaf nodes, while a leaf node representing a string element. Defining an operation to merge strings and an algorithm for computing distance to merged strings, we present an efficient search strategy with our proposed tree structure. We also demonstrate the search performance with an experimental evaluation, and verify that our method outperforms the sequential search by at most a factor of 15 in terms of the search time.
Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Once‐Daily Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Extended‐Release Capsules

Hydromorphone hydrochloride extended release (HHER) is a multiparticulate melt‐extrusion pellet capsule formulation administered q24h. Study 1 investigated the bioavailability of 24‐mg HHER fed, as well as 24‐mg and 12‐mg HHER and 8‐mg hydromorphone hydrochloride immediate‐release (HHIR) tablets fasting. No clinically significant food effect was observed on hydromorphone Cmax or AUC for the 24‐mg HHER, and dose proportionality (AUC) was demonstrated between 12‐ and 24‐mg HHER. Study 2 demonstrated dose strength proportionality for 3 ± 12‐mg HHER versus 1 ± 32‐mg HHER. Study 3 evaluated 12‐mg HHER q24h versus 3‐mg HHIR q6h at steady state. HHER produced relatively constant steady‐state concentrations over 24 hours. HHER and HHIR were equivalent for AUCss. Cssmax was 26% lower for HHER than HHIR, Cssmin was 43% higher for HHER, and peak‐to‐trough fluctuation was 126% for HHER versus 328% for HHIR, which are ideal attributes of a once‐daily oral extended‐ release dosage form. HHER administration resulted in fewer adverse events than HHIR in study 3.
Mental Models and Causal Explanation: Judgements of Probable Cause and Explanatory Relevance

Good explanations are not only true or probably true, but are also relevant to a causal question. Current models of causal explanation either only address the question of the truth of an explanation, or do not distinguish the probability of an explanation from its relevance. The tasks of scenario construction and conversational explanation are distinguished, which in turn shows how scenarios can interact with conversational principles to determine the truth and relevance of explanations. The proposed model distinguishes causal discounting from causal backgrounding, and makes predictions concerning the differential effects of contextual information about alternative explanations on: (a) the kind of mental models constructed; (b) belief revision about probable cause; and (c) the perceived quality of a focal explanation. Four experiments are reported that test these predictions. The significance of the notion of explanatory relevance for research on causal explanation is then discussed.
Starvation Prevention Scheme for the IEEE 802.11e EDCF Using Dynamic MAC Layer Parameters

In this paper, we propose two novel schemes, which prevent starvation of low priority traffic in the IEEE 802.11e MAC layer protocol, and at the same time ensure proper service differentiation and QoS to high priority traffic. A study of the starvation of low priority traffic in the IEEE 802.11e MAC layer protocol is presented. We also study the effectiveness of dynamic MAC parameters in achieving better performance in the IEEE 802.11e EDCF. The extensive simulation results show that the proposed schemes outperform the IEEE 802.11e EDCF and at the same time prevent starvation of low priority traffic
Comparing Two Types of Social Support: Changes in Alcohol Use Among Drug Court Enrollees

This study explored the influence of 2 different types of social support on alcohol use in the context of drug court. Data from a drug court enrollee pilot study were analyzed using a series of simultaneous regression analyses. Results demonstrated that having a greater number of unconditional support providers was associated with a decrease in alcohol use from prearrest to postarrest. Having a greater number of directive support providers was associated with an increase in alcohol use from prearrest to postarrest. These findings indicated that different types of social support might mitigate or promote problematic alcohol use after arrest.