Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Exchange Rate in the Monetary Transmission Mechanism

The UIP equation estimated for Poland shows that the reaction of the nominal exchange rate of zloty to the expected changes of the future interest rates (appreciation) has been almost twice as high as the exchange rate reaction to disparity changes (depreciation). If the budget deficit and foreign direct investments simultaneously increase and trade balance improves, then, to reverse the appreciation, the fall of the interest rate disparity should be almost threefold higher than the changes in the dynamics of fundamentals. Transmission of the exchange rate changes to the import price seems to be similar in Poland and in the EU countries: pass-through effect is equal to 0.7. But exchange rate pass-through to the producer and consumer prices is higher in Poland than in the EU - is equal to 0.5 and 0.3 respectively.
Community-Based Question Answering via Asymmetric Multi-Faceted Ranking Network Learning

Nowadays the community-based question answering (CQA) sites become the popular Internet-based web service, which have accumulated millions of questions and their posted answers over time. Thus, question answering becomes an essential problem in CQA sites, which ranks the high-quality answers to the given question. Currently, most of the existing works study the problem of question answering based on the deep semantic matching model to rank the answers based on their semantic relevance, while ignoring the authority of answerers to the given question. In this paper, we consider the problem of community-based question answering from the viewpoint of asymmetric multi-faceted ranking network embedding. We propose a novel asymmetric multi-faceted ranking network learning framework for community-based question answering by jointly exploiting the deep semantic relevance between question-answer pairs and the answerers' authority to the given question. We then develop an asymmetric ranking network learning method with deep recurrent neural networks by integrating both answers' relative quality rank to the given question and the answerers' following relations in CQA sites. The extensive experiments on a large-scale dataset from a real world CQA site show that our method achieves better performance than other state-of-the-art solutions to the problem.
Stratport: A Model for the Evaluation and Formulation of Business Portfolio Strategies

A decision support system to evaluate and formulate business portfolio strategies is proposed. Strategies are expressed in terms of market share objectives to be achieved in each of the N business units in the portfolio. STRATPORT evaluates a strategy in terms of the net present value of its after-tax cash flows in the long term as well as its short-term net cash flow implications. Risk considerations are incorporated as per the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The model explicitly considers marketing investment, capacity expenditures, working capital and the impact of "experience" on costs and revenues over a time horizon. The formulation of strategy is accomplished by maximizing long-term profit subject to a short-term net cash flow limit, with the maximization repeated over a range of values for the short-term net cash flow limit. The use of the Generalized Lagrange Multiplier permits the simultaneous optimization of N market shares to be accomplished more efficiently by N univariate maximizations. Although the function that is maximized in the univariate maximization is not unimodal, the newly proposed procedure guarantees that a global maximum will be found. Limitations of the model and some extensions to minimize their impact are discussed.
Business school rankings: content and context

Purpose – This paper sets out to examine the affect of rankings on business schools from the perspective of a business school director.Design/methodology/approach – The paper critiques the methodologies of ranking systems, their statistical validity, the factors used, and the weightings given to them.Findings – Rankings are significant drivers of a school's reputation. Good performance can double inquiries and applications and allow schools to charge prestige premiums. Financial Times top decile MBA programmes charge, on average, just below $80,000 for an MBA. Bottom decile schools charge only $37,000.Originality/value – This paper finds that it is impossible to challenge the criteria set out by a variety of rankings organisations and it is ill‐advised to boycott rankings. Schools are advised to consider which criteria reflect areas needing improvement and to continue “playing the game”.
Perceptions of corporate social responsibility in Kazakhstan

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to understand the attitudes of individuals towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Kazakhstan and identify the benefits that CSR activities may bring to business and its stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach - Theoretical underpinnings for the research are drawn from existent literature on CSR. A total of 120 questionnaires were collected, 68 percent of which were filled in online, the rest were answered manually by the respondents. Findings - The results suggest that environmental friendliness, legal responsibility and stewardship principle are considered to be very important in Kazakhstan. The attitudes towards economic responsibility are significantly affected by age and working experience. The application of Carroll's Pyramid of CSR identified that the hierarchy of responsibilities in Kazakhstan exists in the following order: legal, ethical, economic, and philanthropic. The primary payback of CSR is improved company image and reputation. Research limitations/implications - As the concept of CSR is relatively new in Kazakhstan misunderstanding of CSR principles might have led to wrong perceptions and attitudes and distortion of the research results. The sample is not representative of the population as a whole and cannot be generalized. Practical implications - The paper is a valuable contribution to the development and promotion of CSR principles in Kazakhstan which provides an insight into the current situation in the country. Managers and policy makers may revise their strategies and policies with the expectations of the general public. Originality/value - The paper contributes to the limited scope of literature on the attitudes towards CSR in Kazakhstan.
Equity Issues and Temporal Variation in Information Asymmetry

We investigate the intertemporal relation between information asymmetry and equity issues, and particularly focus on which firms drive this relation. We find that when information asymmetry for a particular firm is low compared to the recent past, the firm is more likely to issue equity as opposed to debt. Importantly, this intertemporal association is driven by firms with high levels of information asymmetry. These firms are more prone to adverse selection costs and thus have more to gain by issuing equity after a narrowing of the information gap between managers and investors. Our findings are robust to various firm-specific proxies for information asymmetry.
HIV‐1 drug resistance‐associated mutations among antiretroviral‐naive thai patients with chronic HIV‐1 infection

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased in resource‐limited settings. This study determined the prevalence of HIV‐1 drug resistance‐associated mutations (DRAMs) among patients with chronic HIV‐1 infections and compare DRAMs between CRF01_AE and B subtypes. ART‐naive Thai patients who had ART initiation between 2010 and 2011 were enrolled prospectively. Genotypic assays were performed on viral reverse transcriptase and protease genes within 4 weeks before starting ART. DRAMs were assessed using the International AIDS Society‐USA 2011 list. A total of 330 patients were included. HIV‐1 subtypes included CRF01_AE (73%), B (23.9%), and others (3.1%). Median (IQR) CD4+ was 66 (23–172) cells/mm3 and median (IQR) HIV‐1 RNA was 5.2 (4.6–5.8) log copies/ml. The prevalence of patients with ≥1 DRAMs for any antiretroviral agents was 17.6%. DRAM prevalence was 17% for non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 0.6% for NRTIs, and 0.6% for protease inhibitors (PIs). DRAMs to NNRTIs were V106I (7%), V179D (4.2%), V179T (1.8%), E138A (1.5%), V90I (1.2%), K103N (0.9%), Y181C (0.9%), and P225H (0.3%). DRAMs to NRTIs were M184V (0.3%) and T215S (0.3%). The only major DRAM for PIs was M46L (0.6%). Minor DRAMs to PIs including I13V, M36I, H69K, and L89M were observed more frequently in CRF_01 AE. By multivariate analysis, the factors “HIV‐1 subtype B” and “low pretreated CD4+ cell count” were associated with a higher rate of DRAMs. HIV‐1 DRAMs, especially to NNRTIs, are emerging in a middle‐income country after widespread use of NNRTI‐based ART. HIV genotypic assays before ART initiation in patients with chronic HIV‐1 infection should be considered. J. Med. Virol. 85:194–199, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why do managers avoid EPS dilution? Evidence from debt–equity choice

Survey evidence reveals that managers prefer to avoid dilution of earnings per share (EPS), though financial theory suggests it is irrelevant in firm valuation. We explore contracting and behavioral explanations for this apparent paradox using a large sample of debt–equity issuers. We first provide evidence that firms with greater agency conflicts between managers and shareholders are more likely to use EPS as a performance measure in bonus contracts. After controlling for possible endogeneity related to compensation contract design, we find that managers are more likely to avoid earnings dilution when their bonus compensation explicitly depends upon EPS performance. This effect is increasing in the magnitude of bonus compensation for this subset of firms; we document no such associations for the firms that do not use EPS in setting bonus pay. Additional tests of firms’ speed of adjustment to target leverage ratios and firms’ debt conservatism levels indicate that explicitly rewarding executives on EPS performance helps to resolve underleveraging problems. We also find that clientele effects are associated with managers’ aversion to earnings dilution. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the factors that underlie the use of accounting performance in compensation contracts and new evidence on the implications of the contracting role of accounting in firm decision-making.
Generalization From a Commons-Dilemma Game

(Dawes, 1980; Edney, 1980, Edney and Harper, 1978; Linder, 1982) show that considerable progress has been made in understanding the variables that control cooperation and defection in the laboratory. While these simulations are a marked improvement over the two-person Prisoner’s Dilemma game for studying conflict resolution in resource management problems, they vary in ways that hinder comparisons between studies. In some
Minimum Alveolar Concentration of 1–653 and Isoflurane in Pigs: Definition of a Supramaximal Stimulus

We determined the anesthetic potencies of a new fluorinated anesthetic, 1–653, and isoflurane in pigs as a preliminary to a study of the relative cardiovascular and electroencephalographic effects of these agents. Clamps were sequentially applied to the dew claw and/or tail of each animal to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) that suppressed movement in response to each of these stimuli. MAC obtained by clamping the tail (8.28 ± 1.34% [mean ± standard deviation] for 1–653 and 1.653 ± 0.36% for isoflurane) was more variable and lower than MAC obtained by clamping the dew claw (10.00 ± 0.94% for 1–653 and 2.04 ± 0.19% for isoflurane). We conclude that the type of stimulus applied affects the MAC value obtained for 1–653 and isoflurane. Clamping the tail is not a supramaximal stimulus in pigs; a greater stimulus is provided by clamping the dew claw.
Experience with gemcitabine and cisplatin in the therapy of inoperable and metastatic cholangiocarcinoma.

AIM To study the activity of gemcitabine and cisplatin in a cohort of patients with inoperable or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS Chemotherapy-naive patients with pathologically proven cholangiocarcinoma, receiving treatment that consisted of gemcitabine at 1250 mg/m(2) in a 30-min infusion on d 1 and 8, and cisplatin at 75 mg/m(2) at every 21-d cycle, were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS From June 2003 to December 2005, 42 patients were evaluated. Twelve patients (28%) had unresectable disease and 30 (72%) had metastatic disease. There were 28 males and 14 females with a median age of 51 years (range 33-67) and median ECOG PS of 1 (range 0-2). A total of 171 cycles were given with a median number of cycles of 4 (range 1-6). There were 0 CR, 9 PR, 11 SD and 13 PD (response rate 21%). Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicities were: anemia in 33%, neutropenia in 22% and thrombocytopenia in 5%. Non-hematologic toxicity was generally mild. No cases of febrile neutropenia or treatment-related death were noted. The median survival was 10.8 mo (range 8.4-13 mo) and progression free survival was 8.5 mo. One-year survival rate was 40%. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin had consistent efficacy in patients with unresectable or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Electricity industry reform: a case analysis in Australia

Deregulation in the electricity supply industry (ESI) is taking place globally and this paper analyses a case of reform in Australia. The focus is on change management rather than the technical aspects of power generation, transmission and retail supply. Change theory has moved on from static models to dynamic models of strategic choice and it is against this background that the case is viewed. A contextualist approach is employed in which the substance, context and politics of change are used to analyse unfolding events. Management implications of the case are discussed.
Managing heritage attractions: marketing challenges at sensitive historical sites

Historical sites now feature strongly as sites of visitation. However, such sites are often connected with historical events, which are sensitive to visitors and thus highly contentious when utilised in the development of tourism. The paper, from the perspective of the visitor, examines some of the critical issues that generally determine the nature of visitation at sensitive historical sites. The issues identified are the visitor's emotional state at the site, prior expectations of the site and what is to be learnt and perception of site presentation and interpretation. They also include the primary visitor objective to learn about the site, the ease with which access to the site can be obtained and the existence of social experiences between relevant visitor groups that may be extended to the site. The issues identified place significant challenges on how marketers communicate with potential visitors and other stakeholders of the site and require the marketing function to take cognisance of the different emotional states of visitors. Similarly, the nature of the packaging of the site, the channels of visitor access to be encouraged and how pricing is to be used as a marketing tool in a way that it is appropriate for the different groups of visitors to the site, all present unique marketing challenges. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple measures of convergence in per capita GDP: a note on some further international evidence

We apply simple measures of convergence in per capita GDP, namely, the trends in the coefficient of variation (σ-convergence) and rank concordance (γ-convergence), for the period 1960-92 to a wide group of countries which are classified using the World Bank typology. The findings indicate sigma-convergence, albeit at a slow rate, for 'High Income' and 'Upper Middle Income' countries, very slow to negligible convergence for 'Lower Middle Income' countries and divergence for 'Low Income' countries. Our results also suggest several periods for all country categories when σ-convergence is constant. However, since we do not find γ-convergence during these episodes, we conclude that β-convergence is not demonstrated. The rank concordance measure emerges as significant only from about the late 1980s, save in the case of 'Low Income' countries where 'leap frogging' is observed from about 1981. The implications of these results for the neoclassical growth model are discussed.
Modern Apprenticeships in English Professional Football.

Purpose – This paper will examine the two year modern apprenticeship undertaken by trainees in the English professional football industry.Design/methodology/approach – Representatives of seven clubs were interviewed in the summer of 2005; all of them were responsible for youth development in their club. These interviews were the first of what will be three rounds of a longitudinal study, tracking the progress of some 126 apprentices.Findings – The results of this empirical investigation fall under four headings; the rationale for youth development; the scale of the youth development operation; an analysis of the off‐the‐job training provided and the use of internal labour markets in football.Practical implications – This paper argues that trainees will typically leave the industry having finished their apprenticeship, with heavily constrained options in the general labour market because the off‐the‐job training that is given to them is not, for the most part, appropriateOriginality/value – Although a numb.
Measurement of Glomerular FiltrationRate by the 99m< /sup>Tc-DTPA Renogram Is Less Precise than Measured and Predicted Creatinine Clearance

The work was devised to compare measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by technetium-99m-diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) renogram to those by creatinine clearance (measured and predicted by Cockroft and Gault) and by inulin clearance. A total number of 65 individuals were enrolled: 15 healthy controls and 50 patients with renal disease. Compared to inulin clearance used as the gold standard, 99mTc-DTPA overestimated at low and underestimated at high GFRs. 99mTc-DTPA measurements were less precise than creatinine clearance except for individuals with GFR >100 ml/min × 1.73 m2. Measured creatinine clearance had the highest correlation coefficient with inulin clearance, 99mTc-DTPA clearance the lowest. In correlation analyses, 81.5% of the interindividual variability for measured creatinine clearance could be explained by true differences in inulin clearance; this value dropped to 59.1 and 57.4% for predicted creatinine clearance and 99mTc-DTPA, respectively. In patients with GFR <25 ml/min × 1.73 m2, all 99mTc-DTPA measurements were out of the 95% confidence interval for the inulin measurement. It can be inferred that 99mTc-DTPA clearance from the renogram is less precise than measured and predicted creatinine clearance.
The Seller's Side of the Story: Acquisition as Courtship and Governance as Syndicate in Entrepreneurial Firms

In contrast to the prior acquisitions literature, which has emphasized the buyer's perspective, we examine the seller's perspective. This has important implications for understanding both the acquisition process and, more broadly, corporate governance in successful firms. Using a multiple-case, inductive study of 12 technology-based ventures, we find that acquisition occurs when sellers are pushed toward acquisition by difficult, albeit natural strategic hurdles, such as a chief executive search or funding round, and by strong personal motivations for sale, such as past failures and investments by friends. Sellers are also more likely to be pulled toward acquisition by attractive buyers that offer synergistic combination potential and organizational rapport, factors usually associated with the long-term interests of buyers. We reframe acquisition as courtship and corporate governance as a syndicate, indicating joint decision making with some common goals, and explore the generalizability of these views for private versus public firms and other contingencies. Together, courtship and syndicate suggest a behaviorally informed account of organization that belies the rhetoric of price and self-interest.
Migrants in Shanghai's manufacturing companies: employment conditions and policy implications

The abundance of cheap labour associated with mass migration contributes to the global competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing. Yet migrants are concentrated in low-skilled production line work with inferior working conditions. Drawing on data from fieldwork on 21 manufacturing companies in Shanghai in 2005 and 2006, this article compares working conditions of migrants and local workers with reference to statutory labour regulations. Such comparison throws light on inequality in the workplace. Migrants from both the countryside and other urban areas are studied, which enhances our understanding of the similar institutional arrangements confronted by both rural and urban migrants, as well as the differences resulting from the rural and urban dichotomy. Policy recommendations to improve equality are then outlined.
An Extension of Security Price Reactions Around Product Recall Announcements

We examine 269 non-automotive product recall announcements that were published in the Wall Street Journal Index between January 1984 and December 2003. Consistent with previous research, we find statistically significant negative abnormal returns on, and one day prior to, the announcement date. Mean cumulative abnormal returns are not statistically significant over the preand post-announcement periods, however, providing evidence in support of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). These results are robust with respect to the selected index, beta estimation method, and assumption about the behavior of residuals. Moreover, empirical results suggest that important differential industry effects exist and that companies in the drugs/cosmetics industry suffer most from their recall announcements.
The Behavioral Foundations of Strategic Management

1. Introduction. Objectives of Strategic Management Research:. What is an Explanation? Rigor in Strategy Research. Rationality and Bounded Rationality. Summary of the Argument. Outline of the book. 2. Basics of A Behavioral Approach. Basic Views of Decisions. Bounded Rationality. Routines. Aspirations and Search. Aspiration Levels. Search. Alternative Variations. Slack. The Ecological or Selection Argument. Two Criticisms of the Bounded Rationality View. Summary. 3. A Behavioral Critique of Rationality and Equilibrium. The Behavioral Critique of Rationality. Rationality Assumptions are Untestable. Only Optimizers Survive -- Selection. Correctness of Assumptions Doesn't Matter because Optimization Predicts Well. Does Optimization Predict Well? Prediction is the Appropriate Test of a Theory. The Assumptions are Close Enough. Very Weak Form Rationality? Optimization is Best! Logical Problems of Rationality and Equilibrium. Bounded rationality in economics. Game theory. A Lack of Rigor. Uses of Formal Models. Summary. 4. A Behaviorist's Perspective on Current Strategy Approaches. Behavioral Traditions in Strategy. No Rules for Riches? Resource Based View. The RBV versus' Porter's Industry Analysis. Transactions Costs. Agency Theory. Summary. 5. Behavioral Methodology. Importance of Process. Process and Testing. Time Series and Endogeneity. 6. Where do we go from here? Management Strategy and External Strategy. Competition. Prescription. Statistics. Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Concluding Remarks. 7. References