Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinct Role for Microglia in Rotenone-Induced Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons

Increasing evidence has suggested an important role for environmental factors such as exposure to pesticides in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In experimental animals the exposure to a common herbicide, rotenone, induces features of parkinsonism; mechanistically, rotenone-induced destruction of dopaminergic neurons has been attributed to its inhibition of the activity of neuronal mitochondrial complex I. However, the role of microglia, the resident brain immune cells in rotenone-induced neurodegeneration, has not been reported. Using primary neuron-enriched and neuron/glia cultures from the rat mesencephalon, we discovered an extraordinary feature for rotenone-induced degeneration of cultured dopaminergic neurons. Although little neurotoxicity was detected in neuron-enriched cultures after treatment for 8 d with up to 20 nm rotenone, significant and selective dopaminergic neurodegeneration was observed in neuron/glia cultures 2 d after treatment with 20 nm rotenone or 8 d after treatment with 1 nm rotenone. The greatly enhanced neurodegenerative ability of rotenone was attributed to the presence of glia, especially microglia, because the addition of microglia to neuron-enriched cultures markedly increased their susceptibility to rotenone. Mechanistically, rotenone stimulated the release of superoxide from microglia that was attenuated by inhibitors of NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, inhibition of NADPH oxidase or scavenging of superoxide significantly reduced the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. This is the first report demonstrating that microglia play a pivotal role in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The results of this study should advance our understanding of the mechanism of action for pesticides in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
THE USEFULNESS OF TISSUE CULTURE CELL LINES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASCITES TUMORS FROM A TRANSPLANTABLE SQUAMOUS CELL MOUSE CARCINOMA.

Ascites tumors were successfully produced by using tissue culture Cell Line 70, obtained from a transplantable squamous cell carcinoma of the mouse. The derived tissue culture cell lines with described tumorigenic properties were also developed from ascitic and solid tumors resulting from the inoculation of mice with Cell Line 70. The use of cell lines for the production of ascites tumors from squamous cell carcinoma is valuable for the comparative study of tumor differentiation under in vivo and in vitro conditions.
Effective computation of Maass cusp forms

Author please provide the abstract. Please provide the abstract of this paper that should not exceed 150 words (including spaces) and citation free. 1 Preliminary The aim of this paper is to address theoretical and practical aspects of high-precision computation of Maass forms. Namely, we compute to over 1000 decimal places the Laplacian and Hecke eigenvalues for the first few Maass forms on PSL(2, Z)\H, and certify the Laplacian eigenvalues correct to 100 places. We then use these computations to test certain algebraicity properties of the coefficients. The outline of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we discuss Hejhal’s algorithm for computation of Maass forms on cofinite Fuchsian groups with cusps, and the details necessary to implement it in high precision. This algorithm is heuristic and does not prove the existence of cusp forms. In Section 3 we turn to the question of rigorously verifying that a proposed eigenvalue, together with a proposed set of Fourier coefficients, indeed correspond to a true Maass cusp form. We will use standard methods to show that the putative eigenfunction has almost all of its spectral support concentrated near the proposed eigenvalue. It is a more subtle point to show that it is close to a cusp form
Efficacy and connectivity of intracolumnar pairs of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in the barrel cortex of juvenile rats

Synaptically coupled layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurones located above the same layer 4 barrel (‘barrel‐related’) were investigated using dual whole‐cell voltage recordings in acute slices of rat somatosensory cortex. Recordings were followed by reconstructions of biocytin‐filled neurones. The onset latency of unitary EPSPs was 1.1 ± 0.4 ms, the 20–80% rise time was 0.7 ± 0.2 ms, the average amplitude was 1.0 ± 0.7 mV and the decay time constant was 15.7 ± 4.5 ms. The coefficient of variation (c.v.) of unitary EPSP amplitudes decreased with increasing EPSP peak and was 0.33 ± 0.18. Bursts of APs in the presynaptic pyramidal cell resulted in EPSPs that, over a wide range of frequencies (5–100 Hz), displayed amplitude depression. Anatomically the barrel‐related pyramidal cells in the lower half of layer 2/3 have a long apical dendrite with a small terminal tuft, while pyramidal cells in the upper half of layer 2/3 have shorter and often more ‘irregularly’ shaped apical dendrites that branch profusely in layer 1. The number of putative excitatory synaptic contacts established by the axonal collaterals of a L2/3 pyramidal cell with a postsynaptic pyramidal cell in the same column varied between 2 and 4, with an average of 2.8 ± 0.7 (n= 8 pairs). Synaptic contacts were established predominantly on the basal dendrites at a mean geometric distance of 91 ± 47 μm from the pyramidal cell soma. L2/3‐to‐L2/3 connections formed a blob‐like innervation domain containing 2.8 mm of the presynaptic axon collaterals with a bouton density of 0.3 boutons per μm axon. Within the supragranular layers of its home column a single L2/3 pyramidal cell established about 900 boutons suggesting that 270 pyramidal cells in layer 2/3 are innervated by an individual pyramidal cell. In turn, a single pyramidal cell received synaptic inputs from 270 other L2/3 pyramidal cells. The innervation domain of L2/3‐to‐L2/3 connections superimposes almost exactly with that of L4‐to‐L2/3 connections. This suggests that synchronous feed‐forward excitation of L2/3 pyramidal cells arriving from layer 4 could be potentially amplified in layer 2/3 by feedback excitation within a column and then relayed to the neighbouring columns.
Player localization using multiple static cameras for sports visualization

We present a novel approach for robust localization of multiple people observed using multiple cameras. We use this location information to generate sports visualizations, which include displaying a virtual offside line in soccer games, and showing players' positions and motion patterns. Our main contribution is the modeling and analysis for the problem of fusing corresponding players' positional information as finding minimum weight K-length cycles in complete K-partite graphs. To this end, we use a dynamic programming based approach that varies over a continuum of being maximally to minimally greedy in terms of the number of paths explored at each iteration. We present an end-to-end sports visualization framework that employs our proposed algorithm-class. We demonstrate the robustness of our framework by testing it on 60,000 frames of soccer footage captured over 5 different illumination conditions, play types, and team attire.
Stock prices and GDP in the long run

Previous studies have documented long run equilibrium relationshipsÂ between either stock prices and labour income or dividends andÂ consumption. In a general equilibrium stochastic growth model, theseÂ variables are related in the long run because they are all driven byÂ the same stochastic trend - the fundamental development of productivity. Â We show that national stock price indices are cointegrated withÂ domestic and foreign GDP in the G7 countries. Higher domestic productivityÂ increase both domestic GDP and domestic stock prices. InÂ the panel, countries with favorable GDP developments also have higherÂ stock prices. The relationship between relative GDP and relative stockÂ prices is stronger for countries with markedly different GDP growthÂ compared to their trading partners.JEL classification numbers: E44; G12Keywords: Stock prices; Long Run Risks; Cointegration
The impact of childcare enrollment on women’s selection into self-employment

Women carry on to provide substantially more work in the household compared to men despite increasing female labor force participation. This inequality in household production can be considered an informal institution that may affect occupational choices of women. This paper argues that such informal institutional arrangements cause adverse selection into selfemployment among women since the promise of flexibly combining household production and labor force participation offered by self-employment is more appealing to women than men. However, formal institutions like childcare arrangements outside the household may reduce such adverse selection. We hypothesize that childcare availability influences the selection of females into self-employment conditional on the frequency of young children in households. Our empirical evidence suggests that better childcare availability causes fewer women to enter self-employment but those that enter tend to have higher levels of formal education and hire more often employees.
Resonant vibrational-excitation cross sections and rate constants for low-energy electron scattering by molecular oxygen

Resonant vibrational-excitation cross sections and rate constants for electron scattering by molecular oxygen are presented. Transitions between all 42 vibrational levels of are considered. Molecular rotations are parametrized by the rotational quantum number J, which is considered in the range 1–151. The lowest four resonant states of , 2Πg, 2Πu, and are taken into account. The calculations are performed using the fixed-nuclei R-matrix approach to determine the resonance positions and widths, and the boomerang model to characterize the nuclei motion. Two energy regions below and above 4 eV are investigated: the first one is characterized by sharp structures in the cross section and the second by a broad resonance peaked at 10 eV. The computed cross sections are compared with theoretical and experimental results available in the literature for both energy regions, and are made available for use by modelers. The effect of including rotational motion is found to be non-negligible.
The structure of the cuticular plate, an in vivo actin gel

The cuticular plate is a network of actin filaments found in hair cells of the cochlea. In the alligator lizard, it consists of rootlets, emanating from the stereocilia, and of cross-connecting actin filaments that anchor these rootlets. In thin sections, this network displays striking patches of 650 +/- 110-A striae. By quantitative analyses of the images, the mystery of the striae can be explained. They are due in part to the rootlets which are sets of flat ribbons of actin filaments. The ribbons in each set are separated by approximately 650 A. Numerous whiskers 30 A in diameter extend from each ribbon's face, interconnecting adjacent ribbons. The nonrootlet filaments, except at the margins of the cell, occur primarily as single filaments. Like the ribbons, they are bristling with whiskers. The patches of striae are explained by ribbons and filaments held at a 650-A separation by the whiskers that project from them. A simple model for regions of bewhiskered filaments is a box crammed full of randomly oriented test- tube brushes. A thin slice through the box will show regions of dark lines or striae due to the wire backbones of the brushes separated from one another by the bristle length. Using the computer instead of test- tube brushes, we have been able to model quantitatively the filament distribution and pattern of striae seen in the cuticular plate of the lizard. The organization of actin filaments we have deduced from our simulations differs from that found in macrophages or in the terminal web of intestinal epithelial cells.
The Effects of Income Transparency on Well-Being: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

In 2001, Norwegian tax records became easily accessible online, allowing everyone in the country to observe the incomes of everyone else. According to the income comparisons model, this change in transparency can widen the gap in well-being between richer and poorer individuals. Using survey data from 1985–2013 and multiple identification strategies, we show that the higher transparency increased the gap in happiness between richer and poorer individuals by 29 percent, and it increased the life satisfaction gap by 21 percent. We provide back-of-the-envelope estimates of the importance of income comparisons, and discuss implications for the ongoing debate on transparency policies. (JEL D31, H24, I31, K34)
What Determines Real Exchange Rates? The Long and Short of it

This paper presents a reduced-form model of the real exchange rate. Using multilateral cointegration methods, the model is implemented for the real effective exchange rates of the dollar, the mark, and the yen, over the period 1974-1993. In contrast to much other research using real exchange rates, there is evidence of significant and sensible long-run relationships for a simplified version as well as for the full version of the model. The estimated long-run relationships are used to produce dynamic equations, which outperform a random walk and produce sensible dynamic patterns in the context of an impulse response analysis.
Inference for subvectors and other functions of partially identified parameters in moment inequality models

This paper introduces a bootstrap-based inference method for functions of the parameter vector in a moment (in)equality model. These functions are restricted to be linear for two-sided testing problems, but may be nonlinear for one-sided testing problems. In the most common case, this function selects a subvector of the parameter, such as a single component. The new inference method we propose controls asymptotic size uniformly over a large class of data distributions and improves upon the two existing methods that deliver uniform size control for this type of problem: projection-based and subsampling inference. Relative to projection-based procedures, our method presents three advantages: (i) it weakly dominates in terms of finite sample power, (ii) it strictly dominates in terms of asymptotic power, and (iii) it is typically less computationally demanding. Relative to subsampling, our method presents two advantages: (i) it strictly dominates in terms of asymptotic power (for reasonable choices of subsample size), and (ii) it appears to be less sensitive to the choice of its tuning parameter than subsampling is to the choice of subsample size.
Sales Promotion and Purchasing Intention: Applying the Technology Acceptance Model in Consumer-to-Consumer Marketplaces

This paper studies the impact of sales promotion on consumers’ intention to purchase online in the setting of a consumer-to-consumer (C2C) marketplace. The research is grounded in the theory of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). We test a number of hypotheses empirically about the relationship between online sales promotion, TAM and C2C online purchasing intention. The finding of this study suggests that, by increasing consumers’ perception of ease of use and by decreasing consumer’s perceived risk, online sales promotion has a significant impact on their purchasing intention.
MTC: A Fast and Robust Graph-Based Transductive Learning Method

Despite the great success of graph-based transductive learning methods, most of them have serious problems in scalability and robustness. In this paper, we propose an efficient and robust graph-based transductive classification method, called minimum tree cut (MTC), which is suitable for large-scale data. Motivated from the sparse representation of graph, we approximate a graph by a spanning tree. Exploiting the simple structure, we develop a linear-time algorithm to label the tree such that the cut size of the tree is minimized. This significantly improves graph-based methods, which typically have a polynomial time complexity. Moreover, we theoretically and empirically show that the performance of MTC is robust to the graph construction, overcoming another big problem of traditional graph-based methods. Extensive experiments on public data sets and applications on web-spam detection and interactive image segmentation demonstrate our method's advantages in aspect of accuracy, speed, and robustness.
COLT: continuous on-line tuning

The physical schema of a database plays a critical role in performance. Self-tuning is a cost-effective and elegant solution to optimize the physical configuration for the characteristics of the query load. Existing techniques operate in an off-line fashion, by choosing a fixed configuration that is tailored to a subset of the query load. The generated configurations therefore ignore any temporal patterns that may exist in the actual load submitted to the system.This demonstration introduces COLT (Continuous On-Line Tuning), a novel self-tuning framework that continuously monitors the incoming queries and adjusts the system configuration in order to maximize query performance. The key idea behind COLT is to gather performance statistics at different levels of detail and to carefully allocate profiling resources to the most promising candidate configurations. Moreover, COLT uses effective heuristics to regulate its own performance, lowering its overhead when the system is well-tuned, and being more aggressive when the workload shifts and it becomes necessary to re-tune the system. We present a specialization of COLT to the important problem of selecting an effective set of relational indices for the current query load. Our demonstration will use an implementation of our proposed framework in the PostgreSQL database system, showing the internal operation of COLT and the adaptive selection of indices as we vary the query load of the server.
The Role of Factor Strength and Pricing Errors for Estimation and Inference in Asset Pricing Models

This paper is the first one to show the effects of services regulations on downstream firms in the goods and services sectors in a multiple-country setting using firm-level data. The study selected a group of countries that are economically relatively services-oriented and show varying degrees of services regulations over time, namely the European Union. The paper employs four alternative firm-level measures of total factor productivity that have recently been developed in the economics literature and provide robust conclusions. Overall, the results suggest that regulatory barriers in services have diverse effects on downstream manufacturing performance, depending on the type of regulatory measure in question. The policy variables are split into pure entry barriers and those that relate to the anti-competitive policies on the operations of the firm, which the paper calls conduct regulations. The latter appear to play the most important role in explaining downstream performance across services and goods firms. Furthermore, the results show that regulations matter significantly more in the cases when a country is institutionally weak, an industry is considered as relatively close to the technology frontier, or a firm is foreign owned.
Mitochondria : a multimodal hub of hypoxia tolerance 1

Decreased oxygen availability impairs cellular energy production and, without a coordinated and matched decrease in energy consumption, cellular and whole organism death rapidly ensues. Of particular interest are mechanisms that protect brain from low oxygen injury, as this organ is not only the most sensitive to hypoxia, but must also remain active and functional during low oxygen stress. As a result of natural selective pressures, some species have evolved molecular and physiological mechanisms to tolerate prolonged hypoxia with no apparent detriment. Among these mechanisms are a handful of responses that are essential for hypoxia tolerance, including (i) sensors that detect changes in oxygen availability and initiate protective responses; (ii) mechanisms of energy conservation; (iii) maintenance of basic brain function; and (iv) avoidance of catastrophic cell death cascades. As the study of hypoxia-tolerant brain progresses, it is becoming increasingly apparent that mitochondria play a central role in regulating all of these critical mechanisms. Furthermore, modulation of mitochondrial function to mimic endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms found in hypoxia-tolerant species confers protection against otherwise lethal hypoxic stresses in hypoxia-intolerant organs and organisms. Therefore, lessons gleaned from the investigation of endogenous mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance in hypoxia-tolerant organisms may provide insight into clinical pathologies related to low oxygen
Fine-grain scalable audio coding based on envelope restoration and the SPIHT algorithm

We present strategies for perceptual improvements of embedded audio coding based on psychoacoustic weighting and spectral envelope restoration. The encoding schemes exhibit fine-grain bitrate scalability via the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm. Weighting factors and envelope parameters are transmitted under careful consideration of the amount of side information. For low bitrates, where the number of actually transmitted waveform coefficients is low, missing coefficients are shaped w.r. t. the spectral envelope. In our approach, the envelope information is transmitted in form of band-wise values of the l1-norm. Sets of standardized audio files as well as various audio data of contemporary music are encoded and the results are analyzed with objective measures of perceptual quality. The proposed coding scheme competes in perceptual quality with existing state-of-the-art fixed bitrate coders such as MPEG-2/4 AAC. For low bitrates, the proposed embedded coding envelope restoration (ECER) improves the perceptual audio quality notably.
Evaluation of method and time of fertilizer application for yield and optimum P-efficiency in wheat

Alam, S.M. , Shah, S.A. and Iqbal, M.M. Evaluation of method and time of fertilizer application for yield and optimum P-efficiency in wheat Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. , 2005, 27(3) : 457-463 Most of the Pakistani soils are alkaline and calcareous and the efficiency of P-uptake by wheat is low. To improve the efficiency, post emergence application of P in split dose was evaluated against the recommended broadcast and incorporation method of fertilizer application at seeding. Three field experiments were laid-out during 2001-2003 on wheat following randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that P applied through fertigation or top-dressing methods in split dose at first and second irrigation were equally effective for production of wheat grain and straw. However, application of full P dose at first irrigation and split application of N at first and second irrigation times by fertigation was superior to top-dressing. Fertigation applied N and P fertilizer increased wheat grain yield by 16%, P-uptake by 13%, P-fertilizer efficiency by 74%, and agronomic efficiency by 240% over top-dressed N and P at the same times.