Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Share System in Open-Access and Optimally Regulated Fisheries

Although the share system is almost universal in fisheries throughout the world, it has received little treatment in the literature, the exceptions being papers by Zoeteweij (1956), Sutinen (1979), and Griffin, Lacewell, and Nichols (1976). The latter shows that a share system can divide the rent from the fishery between vessel owners and crew members. See Anderson (1982), however. This paper introduces the share system into the traditional static deterministic model of an exploited fishery, as described in Gordon (1954), Christy and Scott (1965), and Anderson (1977). The model will then be used to answer the following questions: (1) How is the share rate determined and how will it affect open-access fishing and the rents earned by boat owners and crew? (2) How will imperfect competition in the determination of the share rate affect open-access fishing and rent distribution? (3) What are the implications of the share system for management, and do they differ depending on how the share rate is determined? The next section will present the basic elements of this new model and use them to derive the results of the traditional model. The third section shows that if fishing effort can be produced using variable proportions and if the crew has some control over the input mix, then the least cost combination of inputs will not be used unless variable costs and revenues are shared at the same rate. The new model will be derived in the fourth section. The next few sections use the model to answer the above questions. A concluding section summarizes the main results and makes several generalizations from the conclusions. While it is generally agreed that a main purpose of the share system is to spread risks between boat owners and crews, the model presented here is deterministic. A stochastic model was not used because it would unnecessarily complicate the analysis without adding much to the essential points to be made.
Even the St. Louis Model Now Believes in Fiscal Policy: A Note

Does fiscal policy matter for aggregate economic activity if it is unaccompanied by changes in the stock of money? This question, which would have attracted quick "yes" answers some years ago, but which has recently been the object of widespread research, came to the forefront of macroeconomic interest at least partly in response to the "no" anster implied in the work of monetarist economists. One key empirical element in the monetarist arsenal has been the result of the reducedform "St. Louis" equation, initially published by Andersen and Jordan [3] and subsequently used as the cornerstone of the St. Louis model by Andersen and Carlson [1] . In particular, the St. Louis 1nding that monetary policy actions have a strong and lasting impact on nominal GNP, whereas the "crowding out" of E1scal policy actions is so rapid as to yield zero cumulative impact within only one year, attracted substantial attention not only among academic economists, but in the business and government communities as well. Many economists have criticized the methodology underlying the St. Louis equation. In addition, it is well known-at least among economists-that the equation's ex post predictive performance beyond the 1953-69 sample period used by Andersen and Carlson [1] has not been impressive (see [6]). Indeed, Andersen and Carlson [2] published the results of reestimating the equation through 1973 and reported a standard error of $5.2 billion, nearly half again greater than the $3.9 billion standard error that they had reported earlier. Nevertheless, the evidence provided by this equation has continued to influence discussions, at many levels, of the effectiveness (or lack thereof) of fiscal policy. What is not well known is that the St. Louis equation, reestimated to incorporate the most recent available data, now indicates that fiscal policy unaccompanied by changes in the stock of money does matter. Furthermore, the indicated f1rst-year cumulative multiplier of government spending on nominal GNP is about one and one-half-a value not surprising intuitively to believers in fiscal policy, and not very dissimilar to the values reported by familiar nonmonetarist models (see, e.g., [7] ). IShe purpose of this brief note is to present the results of reestimating the St. Louis equation and, in so doing, to shift whatever limited credibility one attaches to this simple piece of evidence away from denying fiscal impacts toward, on the contrary, supporting them.
Thermodynamics of Cooperative DNA Recognition at a Replication Origin and Transcription Regulatory Site

Binding cooperativity guides the formation of protein−nucleic acid complexes, in particular those that are highly regulated such as replication origins and transcription sites. Using the DNA binding domain of the origin binding and transcriptional regulator protein E2 from human papillomavirus type 16 as model, and through isothermal titration calorimetry analysis, we determined a positive, entropy-driven cooperativity upon binding of the protein to its cognate tandem double E2 site. This cooperativity is associated with a change in DNA structure, where the overall B conformation is maintained. Two homologous E2 domains, those of HPV18 and HPV11, showed that the enthalpic−entropic components of the reaction and DNA deformation can diverge. Because the DNA binding helix is almost identical in the three domains, the differences must lie dispersed throughout this unique dimeric β-barrel fold. This is in surprising agreement with previous results for this domain, which revealed a strong coupling between global dynamics and DNA recognition.
Driving Simulation: How Low Can You Go?

This paper describes how older and cognitively impaired drivers perform worse in driving simulators as cognitive function declines. How realistic must driving simulations be to discriminate different categories of impaired drivers? High-end, high-fidelity, immersive simulators are expensive and unsuited for general use, whereas standardized neuropsychological (i.e. paper and pencil) tests have had mixed success in predicting driver fitness. Consequently, the authors designed a low-cost, PC-based, abstract virtual environment (VE) for assessing cognitively impaired drivers. Instead of striving for visual realism, the VE provides abstract representations of necessary visual cues in a single screen. The VE captures key elements of real-time driving in driving-like scenarios generated with flexible, usable, and cost effective PC software. This software comprises a suite of tools for testing cognitive functions engaged by driving tasks, such Go No-Go decision making and the ability to ignore irrelevant driving distracters mudsplashes. Pilot studies in several dozen subjects show that the VE tools discriminate between drivers with neurocognitive disorders (e.g, Alzheimer's disease, executive dysfunction from frontal lobe lesions) and older comparison drivers without cognitive impairment. Moreover, no drivers showed simulator adaptation syndrome or dropped out of pilot studies due to discomfort. The authors are comparing VE task performances with real world driving outcomes.
Understanding Post-Soviet Transitions: Corruption, Collusion and Clientelism

Wooden, Amanda E. and Christoph H. Stefes (Hrsg.) The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus. London, New York: Routledge, 2009, 288 S. Stefes, Christoph H. Understanding Post-Soviet Transitions: Corruption, Collusion and Clientelism. Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 224 S. Barrios, Harald and Christoph H. Stefes (Hrsg.) Einführung in die Comparative Politics. München, Wien: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2006, 285 S.
Unconventional Insights for Managing Stakeholder Trust

Initiatives to build and maintain trust with various stakeholders — customers, employees, suppliers and investors — have risen to the top of the executive agenda at many organizations. We continually hear about “transparency” initiatives, open-door policies and 360-degree evaluations, customer-retention programs, voluntary product recalls, initiatives for corporate social responsibility, rethinking of “customers as partners” and other trust-building moves. But the problem is that most companies don’t really understand how to manage stakeholder trust effectively. In fact, our research suggests that many of the trust-building initiatives and approaches that organizations invest in may be of questionable value. Others might actually destroy trust.
Structural results for two-user interactive communication

In this paper we consider an interactive communication system with two users, who sequentially observe two correlated sources, and send the quantized observation symbol to each other. The sources are functions of a random variable, which the users wish to estimate. The transmission is costly and the fidelity of reconstruction is measured by a distortion function. We model this problem using dynamic team theory. The two users are viewed as two decision makers that have access to different information but need to coordinate their actions to minimize a common objective. Through a series of simplifications, we identify time-homogeneous information states (sufficient statistics) for the encoding and decoding strategies and a dynamic programming decomposition to compute the optimal strategies.
Low Temperature Geomicrobiology Follows Host Rock Composition Along a Geochemical Gradient in Lau Basin

The East Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) comprise a ridge segment in the southwest Pacific Ocean where rapid transitions in the underlying mantle chemistry manifest themselves as gradients in seafloor rock geochemistry. We studied the geology and microbial diversity of three silicate rock samples and three inactive sulfide chimney samples collected, from north to south, at the vent fields Kilo Moana, ABE, Tui Malila, and Mariner. This is the first study of microbial populations on basaltic andesite, which was sampled at Mariner vent field. Silicate rock geochemistry exhibits clear latitudinal trends that are mirrored by changes in bacterial community composition. α-proteobacteria, ε-proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes are most common on a silicate collected from Kilo Moana and their proportions decrease linearly on silicates collected further south. Conversely, a silicate from Mariner vent field hosts high proportions of a unique lineage of Chloroflexi unrelated (<90% sequence similarity) to previously recovered environmental clones or isolates, which decrease at ABE and are absent at Kilo Moana. The exteriors of inactive sulfide structures are dominated by lineages of sulfur oxidizing α-proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria, and ε-proteobacteria, while the interior of one chimney is dominated by putative sulfur-reducing δ-proteobacteria. A comparison of bacterial communities on inactive sulfides from this and previous studies reveals the presence of a clade of uncultured Bacteroidetes exclusive to sulfidic environments, and a high degree of heterogeneity in bacterial community composition from one sulfide structure to another. In light of the heterogeneous nature of bacterial communities observed here and in previous studies of both active and inactive hydrothermal sulfide structures, the presence of numerous niches may be detected on these structures in the future by finer scale sampling and analysis.
SETS: Scalable and Efficient Tree Search in Dependency Graphs

We present a syntactic analysis query toolkit geared specifically towards massive dependency parsebanks and morphologically rich languages. The query language allows arbitrary tree queries, including negated branches, and is suitable for querying analyses with rich morphological annotation. Treebanks of over a million words can be comfortably queried on a low-end netbook, and a parsebank with over 100M words on a single consumer-grade server. We also introduce a web-based interface for interactive querying. All contributions are available under open licenses.
Parametric Estimation of Hazard Functions with Stochastic Covariate Processes

Let X(t), t A¢ÂÂ¥ 0, be a real or vector valued stochastic process and T arandom killing-time of the process which generally depends on the sample function. In thecontext of survival analysis, T represents the time to a prescribed event (e.g. system failure,time of disease symptom, etc.) and X(t) is a stochastic covariate process, observed up totime T. The conditional distribution of T, given X(t), t A¢ÂÂ¥ 0, is assumed to be of a knownfunctional form with an unknown vector parameter AÂ¸; however, the distributions of X(A¢ÂÂ¢) arenot specified. For an arbitrary fixed AÂ± > 0 the observable data from a single realization of Tand X(A¢ÂÂ¢) is min(T, AÂ±), X(t), 0 A¢ÂÂ¤ t A¢ÂÂ¤ min(T, AÂ±). For n A¢ÂÂ¥ 1 the maximum likelihood estimatorof AÂ¸ is based on n independent copies of the observable data. It is shown that solutions ofthe likelihood equation are consistent and asymptotically normal and efficient under specifiedregularity conditions on the hazard function associated with the conditional distribution of T.The Fisher information matrix is represented in terms of the hazard function. The form of thehazard function is very general, and is not restricted to the commonly considered cases whereit depends on X(A¢ÂÂ¢) only through the present point X(t). Furthermore, the process X(A¢ÂÂ¢) is ageneral, not necessarily Markovian process.
Forecasting US Stock Returns with Halloween Effect in Japanese Candlestick

Japanese candlestick has been widely used in investment practice, however its predicting power has not yet been scrutinized in academic literature. This paper investigates the forecasting power of Japanese candlestick augumented by Halloween effect in stock returns. Empirical studies performed on the S&P500 stock index show that Japanese candlestick if augumented by Halloween effect can deliver signficant in- and out-of-sample forecasts in both statistical and economic sense. Moreover, we find that there is significant Halloween effect in the Japanese candlestick, and that Halloween effect in Japanese candlestick dominates Halloween effect in stock returns in stock return forecasting.
Measuring Contagion Potential Among Sovereigns and Banks Using a Mixed-Cross-Section GVAR

This paper aims to illustrate how a Mixed-Cross-Section Global Vector Autoregressive (MCS-GVAR) model can be set up and solved for the purpose of forecasting and scenario simulation. The application involves two cross-sections: sovereigns and banks for which we model their credit default swap spreads. Our MCS-GVAR comprises 23 sovereigns and 41 international banks from Europe, the US and Japan. The model is used to conduct systematic shock simulations and thereby compute a measure of spill-over potential for within and across the group of sovereigns and banks. The results point to a number of salient facts: i) Spill-over potential in the CDS market was particularly pronounced in 2008 and more recently in 2011-12; ii) while in 2008 contagion primarily went from banks to sovereigns, the direction reversed in 2011-12 in the course of the sovereign debt crisis; iii) the index of spill-over potential suggests that the system of banks and sovereigns has become more densely connected over time. Should large shocks of size similar to those experienced in the early phase of the crisis hit the system in 2011/2012, considerably more pronounced and more synchronized adverse responses across banks and sovereigns would have to be expected. JEL Classification: C33, C53, C61, E17
Estrogen Regulates Vaginal Sensory and Autonomic Nerve Density in the Rat1

Abstract Vaginal function is strongly influenced by reproductive hormone status. Vaginal dysfunction during menopause is generally assumed to occur because of diminished estrogen-mediated trophic support of vaginal target cells. However, peripheral neurons possess estrogen receptors and are potentially responsive to gonadal steroid hormones. In the present study, we investigated whether sensory and autonomic innervation of the vagina varies among rats during the estrus phase of the estrous cycle, following chronic ovariectomy, and after sustained estrogen replacement. Relative to rats in estrus, ovariectomized rats showed a 59% elevation in nerve density, as determined using the panneuronal marker PGP 9.5. This increase persisted even after correcting for differences in vaginal tissue size, indicating true axonal proliferation after ovariectomy rather than changes secondary to altered volume. Increased total innervation after ovariectomy was attributable to increased densities of sympathetic nerves immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (70%), cholinergic parasympathetic nerves immunoreactive for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (93%), and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive sensory nociceptor nerves (84%). Myelinated primary sensory innervation revealed by RT-97 immunoreactivity did not appear to be affected. Sustained 17β-estradiol administration reduced innervation density to an extent comparable to that of estrus, implying that estrogen is the hormone mediating vaginal neuroplasticity. These findings indicate that some aspects of vaginal dysfunction during menopause may be attributable to changes in innervation. Increased sympathetic innervation may augment vasoconstriction and promote vaginal dryness, while sensory nociceptor axon proliferation may contribute to symptoms of pain, burning, and itching associated with menopause and some forms of vulvodynia.
Lamplighters, Diestel–Leader Graphs, Random Walks, and Harmonic Functions

The lamplighter group over $\Z$ is the wreath product $\Z_q \wr \Z$. With respect to a natural generating set, its Cayley graph is the Diestel–Leader graph $\mbox{\sl DL}(q,q)$. We study harmonic functions for the ‘simple’ Laplacian on this graph and, more generally, for a class of random walks on $\mbox{\sl DL}(q,r)$, where $q,r \geq 2$. The $\mbox{\sl DL}$-graphs are horocyclic products of two trees, and we give a full description of all positive harmonic functions in terms of the boundaries of these two trees. In particular, we determine the minimal Martin boundary, that is, the set of minimal positive harmonic functions.
The International Dimension of Confidence Shocks

Building on Beaudry, Nam and Wang (2011) - hereafter BNW -, we use survey data on consumer sentiment in order to identify the causal effects of confidence shocks on real economic activity in a selection of advanced economies. Starting from a set of closed-economy VAR models, we show that these shocks have a significant and persistent impact on domestic consumption and real GDP. In line with BNW, we find that confidence shocks explain a large share of the variance in real economic activity. At the same time, the shocks we identify are significantly correlated across countries. In order to account for common global components in international confidence cycles, we extend the analysis to a FAVAR model. This approach proves effective in removing the correlation in country-specific confidence shocks and in isolating mutually orthogonal idiosyncratic components. As a result, the (domestic and cross-border) impacts of country-specific confidence shocks are smaller and their contribution to business cycle fluctuations is reduced, confirming the global dimension of confidence shocks. Overall, our evidence shows that confidence shocks play some role in business cycle fluctuations. At the same time, we show that confidence shocks have a strong global component, supporting their role in international business cycles.
PENGARUH PRICE TO BOOK VALUE (PBV), PRICE EARNING RATIO (PER) DAN DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO (DER) TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM PADA INDUSTRI REAL ESTATE DAN PROPERTY YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2009-2013

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis pengaruh Price to Book Value (PBV), Price Earning Ratio (PER) dan Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) terhadap Return Saham perusahaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada perusahaan pada industri real estate and property yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2009 sampai 2013. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik Purposive Sampling, yang didasarkan pada perusahaan industri Real Estate and Property yang secara konsisten terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode amatan 2009-2013, menggunakan laporan keuangan yang memiliki tahun buku berakhir tanggal 31 Desember, dan data keuangan yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini diperoleh di laporan keuangan selama kurun waktu penelitian tahun 2009 sampai 2013. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah data sekunder. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda dengan bantuan program SPSS versi 19.00 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Price to Book Value (PBV) tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap return saham, (2) Price Earning Ratio (PER) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap return saham, (3) Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap return saham. Kata Kunci : Price to Book Value (PBV), Price Earning Ratio (PER), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) dan return saham. The study aimed at analyzing the effect of price to book value (PBV), price Earning Ratio (PER) dan Debt to Equity ratio (DER) on the company’s stock Return. The study was conducted on the real estate and property companies listed in the Indonesia stock exchange during the period of 2009-2013. The samples were determined by using purposive sampling technique, which was made based on the companies listed consistently in the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of observation 2009-2013, by using the financial report with the financial year ended on 31 Desember. The financial data in this study obtained from financial report during the period of 2009-2013. There were all in the forms of secondary data collected by using documentation method. The analysis was made by using multiple linear regression supported by SPSS version 19. The results indicated that (1) Price to Book Value (PBV had) no significant effect on the stock returns, (2) Price Earning Ratio (PER) had a significant effect on the stock returns, ( 3) Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) had no significant effect on the stock returns. keyword : Price to Book Value (PBV), Price Earning Ratio (PER), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and returns saham.
Social reform, militarism and other historical influences on the practice of outdoor education in youth work

Some of the shifts in modern society are understood to have placed the individual more centrally in the project of building an identity and choosing courses of action in life. This has led to a modern moral panic concerning “problem” youth and the problems of youth. The roots of informal education outdoors are based in a moral panic of the late Victorian era. A concern for a social decline amongst the working classes, in particular a rise in the values of self-interest and focussed on young men, coupled with a concern for the fitness of the British army, largely made up of these young men, led to several influential „moral entrepreneurs” developing early forms of outdoor education to tackle these issues. I will suggest that informal education is again drawing on these early roots in outdoor education to respond to modern social issues concerning young people. I will argue that the meanings and values attached to the organisations involved in these endeavours, state, private and voluntary, and the structure of the activities that were used as the content of their programmes were specific to that Victorian culture in that time and place. However, I will suggest that the organisations and activities have often persisted in some form and are involved in and used as vehicles for personal development today. Sometimes the meanings and values that they hold persist with them despite the cultural changes in the society within which they operate. Sometimes the meanings and values change but the same activities are practised as tradition. These may hold tacit understandings structured in to them that are not necessarily constructive given their current use.