Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of effective self-care support for children and young people with long-term conditions.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To: (1) Examine children's/young people's, parents' and professionals'/workers' perceptions of the effectiveness of different models of self-care support, (2) identify factors that support and inhibit self-care and (3) explore how different models integrate with self-care support provided by other organisations. BACKGROUND Childhood long-term illness has been largely overlooked in government policy and self-care support under-researched when compared with adults. There is a lack of evidence on which are the most appropriate models and methods to engage young people and their parents in self-care. DESIGN Case study. METHODS Case studies of six different models of self-care support were conducted using multiple methods of data collection in 2009. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 young people, 31 parents and 36 self-care support providers. A sample of self-care support activities was observed and relevant documents reviewed. Data were analysed using the Framework approach. RESULTS The effectiveness of self-care support projects was defined in relation to four dimensions - providing a sense of community, promoting independence and confidence, developing knowledge and skills and engaging children/young people. Self-care support provided by schools appeared to be variable with some participants experiencing barriers to self-management and inclusion. Participants self-referred themselves to self-care support projects, and there was a lack of integration between some projects and other forms self-care support. CONCLUSION This study adds to knowledge by identifying four dimensions that are perceived to be central to effective self-care support and the contextual factors that appear to influence access and experiences of self-care support. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Study findings can inform the development of self-care support programmes to meet the needs of individuals, families and communities. In addition, the findings suggest that healthcare professionals need to support schools if young people with long-term conditions are to have the same educational and social opportunities as their peers.
Regional and Temporal Specificity of Intrinsic Plasticity Mechanisms in Rodent Primary Visual Cortex

Different neocortical regions are functionally specialized, but whether this specialization is reflected in the forms of plasticity present during developmental critical periods (CPs) is largely unknown. In rodent visual cortex, we recently showed that a form of intrinsic plasticity [LTP of intrinsic excitability (LTP-IE)] in the monocular region of the primary visual cortex (V1M) plays an important role in modulating cortical responsiveness following visual deprivation. Here we ask whether LTP-IE is present and similarly regulated by visual experience in the binocular region of the primary visual cortex (V1B), where inputs from the two eyes compete during the CP. In contrast to V1M, where LTP-IE is present throughout the CP, in V1B LTP-IE was only transiently expressed at the onset of the CP. Also distinct from V1M, brief monocular deprivation (MD) was unable to modulate LTP-IE magnitude in V1B, and even binocular deprivation (the equivalent of MD in V1M) could only influence LTP-IE expression during a narrow time window at the peak of the CP. Finally, we asked whether these differences depend on differences in sensory activation of the two areas during development. MD of ipsilateral inputs from before eye opening (to reduce competitive interactions) did not affect the pattern of LTP-IE expression in V1B. Further, the differences in plasticity in the two cortical areas persisted when animals were reared in the dark to remove all patterned visual input. Thus neocortical LTP-IE expression shows dramatic regional and temporal differentiation, and these differences are not driven by differences in sensory experience.
The Ten Commandments for Optimizing Value-at-Risk and Daily Capital Charges

Credit risk is the most important type of risk in terms of monetary value. Another key risk measure is market risk, which is concerned with stocks and bonds, and related financial derivatives, as well as exchange rates and interest rates. This paper is concerned with market risk management and monitoring under the Basel II Accord, and presents Ten Commandments for optimizing Value-at-Risk (VaR) and daily capital charges, based on choosing wisely from: (1) conditional, stochastic and realized volatility; (2) symmetry, asymmetry and leverage; (3) dynamic correlations and dynamic covariances; (4) single index and portfolio models; (5) parametric, semiparametric and nonparametric models; (6) estimation, simulation and calibration of parameters; (7) assumptions, regularity conditions and statistical properties; (8) accuracy in calculating moments and forecasts; (9) optimizing threshold violations and economic benefits; and (10) optimizing private and public benefits of risk management. For practical purposes, it is found that the Basel II Accord would seem to encourage excessive risk taking at the expense of providing accurate measures and forecasts of risk and VaR.
Distribution and Abundance of MAAs in 33 Species of Microalgae across 13 Classes

We provide a direct comparison of the distribution and abundance of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in a diverse range of microalgal cultures (33 species across 13 classes) grown without supplementary ultraviolet radiation (UV). We compare the MAAs in cultures with those present in characterised natural phytoplankton populations from the English Channel. We detected 25 UV absorbing compounds including at least two with multiple absorption maxima. We used LC-MS to provide chemical characterisation of the six most commonly occurring MAAs, namely, palythene, palythine, mycosporine-glycine, palythenic acid, porphyra-334 and shinorine. MAAs were abundant (up to 7 pg MAA cell−1) in 10 species, with more minor and often unknown MAAs in a further 11 cultures. Shinorine was the most frequently occurring and abundant MAA (up to 6.5 pg cell−1) and was present in all but two of the MAA-containing species. The study provides further insight into the diversity and abundance of MAAs important from an ecological perspective and as potential source of natural alternatives to synthetic sunscreens.
Action Recognition using Visual Attention

We propose a soft attention based model for the task of action recognition in videos. We use multi-layered Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) units which are deep both spatially and temporally. Our model learns to focus selectively on parts of the video frames and classifies videos after taking a few glimpses. The model essentially learns which parts in the frames are relevant for the task at hand and attaches higher importance to them. We evaluate the model on UCF-11 (YouTube Action), HMDB-51 and Hollywood2 datasets and analyze how the model focuses its attention depending on the scene and the action being performed.
Dormant tumor cells expressing LOXL2 acquire a stem-like phenotype mediating their transition to proliferative growth

Recurrence of breast cancer disease years after treatment appears to arise from disseminated dormant tumor cells (DTC). The mechanisms underlying the outgrowth of DTC remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that dormant MCF-7 cells expressing LOXL2 acquire a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotype, mediating their outgrowth in the 3D BME system that models tumor dormancy and outgrowth. Similarly, MCF-7-LOXL2 cells colonizing the lung transitioned from dormancy to metastatic outgrowth whereas MCF-7 cells remained dormant. Notably, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MCF-7-LOXL2 cells was required for their CSC-like properties and their transition to metastatic outgrowth. These findings were further supported by clinical data demonstrating that increase in LOXL2 mRNA levels correlates with increase in the mRNA levels of EMT and stem cells markers, and is also associated with decrease in relapse free survival of breast cancer patients. Notably, conditional hypoxia induced expression of endogenous LOXL2 in MCF-7 cells promoted EMT and the acquisition of a CSC-like phenotype, while knockdown of LOXL2 inhibited this transition. Overall, our results demonstrate that expression of LOXL2 endowed DTC with CSC-like phenotype driving their transition to metastatic outgrowth and this stem-like phenotype is dependent on EMT that can be driven by the tumor microenvironment.
Saturation of the response to stochastic forcing in two-dimensional backward-facing step flow: A self-consistent approximation

Selective noise amplifiers are characterized by large linear amplification to external perturbations in a particular frequency range despite their global linear stability. Applying a stochastic forcing with increasing amplitude, the response undergoes a strong nonlinear saturation when compared to the linear estimation. Building upon our previous work, we introduce a predictive model that describes this nonlinear dynamics, and we apply it to a canonical example of selective noise amplifiers: the backward-facing step flow. Rewriting conveniently the stochastic forcing and response in the frequency domain, the model consists in a mean flow equation coupled to the linear response to forcing at each frequency. This coupling is attained by the Reynolds stress, which is constructed by the integral in frequency of the independent responses. We generalize the model for a response to a white noise forcing d-correlated in space and time restricting the flow dynamics to its most energetic patterns calculated from the optimal harmonic forcing and response of the flow. The model estimates accurately the response saturation when compared to direct numerical simulations, and it correctly approximates the structure of the response and the mean flow modification. It also shows that the response undergoes a selective process governed by the nonlinear gain, which promotes a response structure with an approximately single frequency and wavelength in the whole domain. These results suggest that the mean flow modification by the Reynolds stress is the key nonlinearity in the saturation process of the response to white noise.
Computational Prediction and Experimental Verification of New MAP Kinase Docking Sites and Substrates Including Gli Transcription Factors

In order to fully understand protein kinase networks, new methods are needed to identify regulators and substrates of kinases, especially for weakly expressed proteins. Here we have developed a hybrid computational search algorithm that combines machine learning and expert knowledge to identify kinase docking sites, and used this algorithm to search the human genome for novel MAP kinase substrates and regulators focused on the JNK family of MAP kinases. Predictions were tested by peptide array followed by rigorous biochemical verification with in vitro binding and kinase assays on wild-type and mutant proteins. Using this procedure, we found new ‘D-site’ class docking sites in previously known JNK substrates (hnRNP-K, PPM1J/PP2Czeta), as well as new JNK-interacting proteins (MLL4, NEIL1). Finally, we identified new D-site-dependent MAPK substrates, including the hedgehog-regulated transcription factors Gli1 and Gli3, suggesting that a direct connection between MAP kinase and hedgehog signaling may occur at the level of these key regulators. These results demonstrate that a genome-wide search for MAP kinase docking sites can be used to find new docking sites and substrates.
Studies of Metallic and Trace Minerals of the Tiegelongnan Cu‐Au Deposit, Central Tibet, China

Electron probe micro‐analysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) have been used to investigate the principal ore minerals and coexisting metallic mineral inclusions in polished thin sections from the Tiegelongnan deposit, which consists of a high‐sulfidation epithermal system (HSES) and a porphyry system (PS). Molybdenite, chalcopyrite, bornite, tennantite, enargite, digenite, anilite, covellite, and tetrahedrite have been identified by EPMA. Intergrowth, cross‐cutting and replacement relationships between the metallic minerals suggest that molybdenite formed first (stage 1), followed by chalcopyrite ± bornite ± hematite (stage 2), then bornite ± Cu‐sulfides ± Cu‐Fe‐sulfoarsenides (stage 3), and lastly Cu‐Fe‐ sulfoarsenides ± Cu‐ sulfides (stage 4). Pyrite is developed throughout all the stages. Droplet‐like inclusions of Au‐Te minerals commonly occur in tennantite but not in the other major sulfides (molybdenite, chalcopyrite and bornite), implying that tennantite is the most important Au telluride carrier. The pervasive binary equilibrium phases of calaverite and altaite constrain fTe2 in the range from ∼−6.5 to ∼−8 and fS2 < −11. The intergrowth of bornite and chalcopyrite and the conversion from bornite to digenite suggest fluctuated and relatively low precipitation temperature conditions in the HSES relative to the PS. Contrastingly, the dominance of chalcopyrite in the PS, with minor bornite, suggests relatively high temperature conditions. These new results are important for further understanding the mineral formation processes superimposed by HSES and PS systems.
Groundwater recharge estimation in Southern Africa

A review is presented of groundwater recharge estimation in arid and semi-arid Southern Africa based on three decades of recharge investigations in the region. Principles of methods currently in use are described and references from the Southern African region are given when possible. The methods are reviewed in terms of limitations, applicability at different fluxes, temporal and spatial scales and are rated on accuracy, ease of application and costs. Promising methods for recharge estimation are the Chloride Mass Balance (CMB), Cumulative Rainfall Departure (CRD), Extended model for Aquifer Recharge and moisture Transport through unsaturated Hardrock (EARTH), Water Table Fluctuation (WTF), Groundwater Modelling (GM) and Saturated Volume Fluctuation (SVF) methods. Particularly those methods that are based on relationships between rainfall, abstraction and water level fluctuations such as the CRD and EARTH have the potential to forecast groundwater recharge. The CMB, CRD and GM methods are discussed in more detail.
Response to the Comments on "Fundamental Limits of Reconstruction-Based Superresolution Algorithms under Local Translation'

Wang and Feng (IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 28, no. 5, p 846, May 2006) pointed out that the deduction in (Z. Lin and H. Y. Shum, IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 83-97, Jan. 2004) overlooked the validity of the perturbation theorem used in (Z. Lin and H. Y. Shum, IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 83-97, Jan. 2004). In this paper, we show that, when the perturbation theorem is invalid, the probability of successful superresolution is very low. Therefore, we only have to derive the limits under the condition that validates the perturbation theorem, as done in (Z. Lin and H. Y. Shum, IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 83-97, Jan. 2004).
Effect of cerebroventricular perfusion of bombesin on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity.

The effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) perfusion of bombesin (BBS) on the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) activity was examined in conscious dogs with electrodes implanted on the stomach and small intestine. Cannulas and a catheter were chronically positioned in the lateral and fourth cerebral ventricles, respectively. i.c. v. perfusion of BBS, which failed to increase plasma BBS levels, replaced phase I activity in the stomach and duodenum by intense irregular spike activity and decreased the occurrence rate of MMCs, whereas intravenous infusion of BBS evoked phase II-like activity, mainly in the jejunum and ileum, and suppressed phase III activity. These data suggest that the effect of i.c. v. administration of BBS was mediated by direct activation of central brain structures. During i.c. v. perfusion of BBS, cycling in plasma levels of motilin persisted even when phase III activity was absent and plasma levels of epinephrine rose significantly. Epinephrine infusion, however, did not affect myoelectric gastrointestinal activity except for prolonging phase II. Thus it is unlikely that the central action of BBS is exerted by motilin or epinephrine.
Conformal Killing Tensors and Variable Separation for Hamilton–Jacobi Equations

Every separable coordinate system for the Hamilton–Jacobi equation $g^{ij} W_i W_j = 0$ corresponds to a family of $n - 1$ conformal Killing tensors in involution, but the converse is false. For general n we find a practical characterization of those families of conformal Killing tensors that correspond to variable separation, orthogonal or not.
Abrasive, Silica Phytoliths and the Evolution of Thick Molar Enamel in Primates, with Implications for the Diet of Paranthropus boisei

Background Primates—including fossil species of apes and hominins—show variation in their degree of molar enamel thickness, a trait long thought to reflect a diet of hard or tough foods. The early hominins demonstrated molar enamel thickness of moderate to extreme degrees, which suggested to most researchers that they ate hard foods obtained on or near the ground, such as nuts, seeds, tubers, and roots. We propose an alternative hypothesis—that the amount of phytoliths in foods correlates with the evolution of thick molar enamel in primates, although this effect is constrained by a species' degree of folivory. Methodology/Principal Findings From a combination of dietary data and evidence for the levels of phytoliths in plant families in the literature, we calculated the percentage of plant foods rich in phytoliths in the diets of twelve extant primates with wide variation in their molar enamel thickness. Additional dietary data from the literature provided the percentage of each primate's diet made up of plants and of leaves. A statistical analysis of these variables showed that the amount of abrasive silica phytoliths in the diets of our sample primates correlated positively with the thickness of their molar enamel, constrained by the amount of leaves in their diet (R2 = 0.875; p<.0006). Conclusions/Significance The need to resist abrasion from phytoliths appears to be a key selective force behind the evolution of thick molar enamel in primates. The extreme molar enamel thickness of the teeth of the East African hominin Paranthropus boisei, long thought to suggest a diet comprising predominantly hard objects, instead appears to indicate a diet with plants high in abrasive silica phytoliths.
Astrocytic membrane morphology: Differences between mammalian and amphibian astrocytes after axotomy

Previous studies have shown that astrocytes in some nonmammalian species provide a favorable environment for axonal elongation, whereas mammalian astrocytes are thought to inhibit fiber outgrowth. The present study was performed to determine whether any plasma membrane differences exist between these glial elements which could account for their contrasting effects upon axonal outgrowth. Astrocytic scars were formed in optic nerves of rats, newts, and frogs by enucleation. Subsequently, the astrocytic membranes were examined with the freeze‐fracture technique. Orthogonal arrays of small intramembranous particles (IMPs) are a prominent component of the plasma membranes of normal mammalian astrocytes; these arrays are most numerous in astrocytic membranes that form an interface between the CNS and nonneural tissue. Astrocytic membranes within the normal CNS parenchyma, however, possess much lower densities of arrays. Following axotomy and Wallerian degeneration, the density of arrays increased threefold within the parenchyma of the optic nerve, while remaining constant at the, glia limitans. In striking contrast, only a few aggregates of IMPs that resembled orthogonal arrays could be found in normal and reactive astrocytes of amphibians, although the cytology of these glial cells and density of the scars are otherwise similar to those of their mammalian counterparts. These findings suggest (1) that a proliferation of orthogonal arrays in astrocytic plasma membranes is a prominent feature of gliosis in the mammalian CNS and (2) that differences in the composition of reactive mammalian and amphibian astrocytic membranes may account for variations in axonal‐glial interactions within the injured CNS.
Shifting Liberal and Conservative Attitudes Using Moral Foundations Theory

People’s social and political opinions are grounded in their moral concerns about right and wrong. We examine whether five moral foundations—harm, fairness, ingroup, authority, and purity—can influence political attitudes of liberals and conservatives across a variety of issues. Framing issues using moral foundations may change political attitudes in at least two possible ways: (a) Entrenching: Relevant moral foundations will strengthen existing political attitudes when framing pro-attitudinal issues (e.g., conservatives exposed to a free-market economic stance) and (b) Persuasion: Mere presence of relevant moral foundations may also alter political attitudes in counter-attitudinal directions (e.g., conservatives exposed to an economic regulation stance). Studies 1 and 2 support the entrenching hypothesis. Relevant moral foundation-based frames bolstered political attitudes for conservatives (Study 1) and liberals (Study 2). Only Study 2 partially supports the persuasion hypothesis. Conservative-relevant moral frames of liberal issues increased conservatives’ liberal attitudes.
Evolution of Elastic Wave Velocities and Amplitudes During Triaxial Deformation of Aji Granite Under Dry and Water‐Saturated Conditions

Elastic wave velocities and amplitudes in fine‐grained Aji granite are measured during a series of deformation experiments under both dry and fluid‐saturated conditions, where compressional and shear waves traveled in a direction normal to the compressional axis, and shear wave was polarized normal to the compressional axis. In the early stages of deformation, both VP and VS increase slightly due to closure of preexisting cracks and then decrease due to nucleation and crack growth as the sample approaches failure. During deformation, the different sensitivities of compressional and shear waves to fluid‐filled cracks mean that the ratio VP/VS tends to increase for wet experiments and decrease for dry experiments prior to failure. The relative changes in elastic wave amplitudes are also related to deformation and fluid saturation: amplitude decreases at high differential stresses due to the opening of cracks oriented subparallel to the axis of maximum compression, whereas a relatively minor change in amplitude was observed under fluid‐saturated conditions. Thus, the changes in velocity and amplitude during the deformation experiments are linked to crack development and geometry. However, this sensitivity differs between dry and fluid‐saturated conditions. The monitoring of fluid injection volumes during fluid‐saturated experiments shows that decreasing elastic wave velocities and amplitudes coincide with increasing fluid injection. These systematic relationships among elastic wave velocity, amplitude, crack development, and fluid saturation suggest that understanding changes in seismic wave properties can offer significant insights into the temporal changes in the structure of fracture zones.