Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Altimeter estimates of anomalous transports into the northern California Current during 2000–2002

Surface transports into the California Current are calculated from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter surface height slopes during the 9.5 year period from October 1992–May 2002. These quantify the anomalous onshore and southward displacements of the water column during the 2000–2002 period, which had been hypothesized by others based on anomalous water properties observed in mid‐2002 off Oregon. Anomalous eastward transport into the boundary between 52°–54°N occurred first (mid‐2000 to mid‐2001) followed by eastward transport into the boundary between 50°–52°N in 2001. Equatorward transports during 2001 and 2002 resulted in approximately 800 km of anomalous southward displacements during the 1.5 years prior to the anomalous observations off Oregon. This sequence suggests that both onshore and southward displacement anomalies off British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest contributed to the subarctic characteristics of the water observed off Oregon.
Role of near work in myopia: findings in a sample of Australian school children.

PURPOSE To examine the association of time spent in near work and reading with spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in a population-based sample of 12-year-old Australian schoolchildren. METHODS Data on the time spent in near-work or outdoor activities per week and estimates for the duration of continuous reading and reading distances, were collected in questionnaires (2353 participants, 75.3% response) in the Sydney Myopia Study between 2004 and 2005; 2339 children underwent a comprehensive eye examination, including cycloplegia. RESULTS Longer time spent on reading for pleasure and reports of close reading distance (< 30 cm) were associated with a more myopic refraction after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, and school type (P(trend) = 0.02 and P = 0.0003, respectively). Time spent in individual near-work activities, however, correlated poorly with SER (all r < or = 0.2) and was not significant in multivariate analyses for myopia (SER < or = -0.50 D), with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, parental myopia, school type, and outdoor activity. Children of European Caucasian ethnicity reported spending marginally less time in near work than children of East Asian ethnicity (26.0 h/wk vs. 32.5 h/wk, P < 0.0001). East Asian ethnicity, however, was associated with substantially greater odds of having myopia (odds ratio [OR], 11.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.0-17.4). Near work such as close reading distance (< 30 cm) and continuous reading (> 30 minutes) independently increased the odds of having myopia in this sample of children. CONCLUSIONS Although myopia was not significantly associated with time spent in near work after adjustment for other factors, there were significant independent associations with close reading distance and continuous reading. These associations may indicate that the intensity rather than the total duration of near work is an important factor.
The effects of personality and spirituality on workplace incivility perceptions

The relationships between negative affectivity (NA), locus of control, agreeableness, and workplace spirituality were tested with workplace incivility perceptions. Hundred and two part-time and full-time college students, 90 of whom were aged 25 and older, completed measures of the previous variables; measures of remaining Five Factor Model traits, civility, and social desirability were administered for supplemental purposes. Significant relationships were found between NA and incivility, agreeableness and incivility, and workplace spirituality and incivility. Workplace spirituality provided a unique contribution in the prediction of incivility perceptions. The spirituality measure was factor analyzed to test factors’ relationships with incivility when controlling for the related construct of civility. Spirituality components of meaning and spiritual blocks were found to predict incivility perceptions independently of civility scores. Results suggest that spirituality levels affect incivility perceptions above and beyond that of traditional personality variables.
Human monocytes downregulate innate response receptors following exposure to the microbial metabolite n‐butyrate

Hyporesponsiveness of human lamina propria immune cells to microbial and nutritional antigens represents one important feature of intestinal homeostasis. It is at least partially mediated by low expression of the innate response receptors CD11b, CD14, CD16 as well as the cystine‐glutamate transporter xCT on these cells. Milieu‐specific mechanisms leading to the down‐regulation of these receptors on circulating monocytes, the precursor cells of resident macrophages, are mostly unknown.
A novel combination regimen for the treatment of refractory bacteremia due to multidrug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a liver transplant recipient

H. ‐Y. Sun, R.K. Shields, T.V. Cacciarelli, R.R. Muder, N. Singh. A novel combination regimen for the treatment of refractory bacteremia due to multidrug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a liver transplant recipient Transpl Infect Dis 2010: 12: 555–560. All rights reserved
Productivity Shocks and Consumption Smoothing in the International Economy

We develop a two-country, dynamic general equilibrium model that links cross-country differences in net foreign asset and consumption dynamics to differences in discount factors and steady-state levels of productivity. We compare the results of the model to those of VARs for the G3 economies. We identify country-specific productivity shocks by assuming that productivity does not respond contemporaneously to other variables in these VARs. We identify global productivity shocks by estimating the VARs in common trend representation after testing for and imposing model-based, long-run cointegration restrictions. We then compare the model's predictions for net foreign asset and consumption dynamics in response to productivity shocks with the estimated VAR impulse responses. We find that the two sources of heterogeneity we consider go some way toward reconciling the consumption smoothing hypothesis with the data and explaining variations in net foreign asset and consumption dynamics across countries.
Maternal Fish Consumption, Mercury Levels, and Risk of Preterm Delivery

Background Pregnant women receive mixed messages about fish consumption in pregnancy because unsaturated fatty acids and protein in fish are thought to be beneficial, but contaminants such as methylmercury may pose a hazard. Methods In the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health (POUCH) study, women were enrolled in the 15th to 27th week of pregnancy from 52 prenatal clinics in five Michigan communities. At enrollment, information was gathered on amount and category of fish consumed during the current pregnancy, and a hair sample was obtained. A segment of hair closest to the scalp, approximating exposure during pregnancy, was assessed for total mercury levels (70–90% methylmercury) in 1,024 POUCH cohort women. Results Mercury levels ranged from 0.01 to 2.50 μg/g (mean = 0.29 μg/g; median = 0.23 μg/g). Total fish consumption and consumption of canned fish, bought fish, and sport-caught fish were positively associated with mercury levels in hair. The greatest fish source for mercury exposure appeared to be canned fish. Compared with women delivering at term, women who delivered before 35 weeks’ gestation were more likely to have hair mercury levels at or above the 90th percentile (≥ 0.55 μg/g), even after adjusting for maternal characteristics and fish consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–6.7). Conclusion This is the first large, community-based study to examine risk of very preterm birth in relation to mercury levels among women with low to moderate exposure. Additional studies are needed to see whether these findings will be replicated in other settings.
Variations in zebra finch song copying: An examination of the relationship with tutor song quality and pupil behaviour

Summary In this study we explore whether individual differences in zebra e nch ( Taeniopygia guttata ) song copying covary with differences in tutor song characteristics and pupil behaviour. To this end, we combined data from two earlier studies, in which forty young males were tapetutored. We found no clear evidence that the eight different tutor songs, each of which was used to tutor e ve pupils, varied in degree in which they were copied by the pupils. Degree of song copying was not related to the characteristics of the tutor songs’ phrase structure or elements, although the most frequent elements were copied most. However, we did e nd a relationship between song copying and the pupil’s response to the tutor song: the pupils that approached the tutor song most frequently, and that were more silent after playback, also were the best copiers. These results e t the emerging notion that song learning in zebra e nches may be a process in which many different aspects contribute to the eventual result.
Molecular Signatures of Immunity and Immunogenicity in Infection and Vaccination

Vaccinology aims to understand what factors drive vaccine-induced immunity and protection. For many vaccines, however, the mechanisms underlying immunity and protection remain incompletely characterized at best, and except for neutralizing antibodies induced by viral vaccines, few correlates of protection exist. Recent omics and systems biology big data platforms have yielded valuable insights in these areas, particularly for viral vaccines, but in the case of more complex vaccines against bacterial infectious diseases, understanding is fragmented and limited. To fill this gap, the EC supported ADITEC project (http://www.aditecproject.eu/; http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/128/128cm4.full) featured a work package on “Molecular signatures of immunity and immunogenicity,” aimed to identify key molecular mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity during effector and memory stages of immune responses following vaccination. Specifically, technologies were developed to assess the human immune response to vaccination and infection at the level of the transcriptomic and proteomic response, T-cell and B-cell memory formation, cellular trafficking, and key molecular pathways of innate immunity, with emphasis on underlying mechanisms of protective immunity. This work intersected with other efforts in the ADITEC project. This review summarizes the main achievements of the work package.
The shrine of remembrance Melbourne: a short study of visitors' experiences

The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia opened in 1934 to articulate the social memory of the Great War of 1914–1918. The site has developed to incorporate other memorials and a Visitor Centre. An exploratory study of visitors indicated that the traditional and new memorials continue to evoke a number of responses to war. People expressed a sense of sadness and gratitude for sacrifices made by all those who have fought in war. Many people had poor knowledge of the battles which had initiated the creation of the Shrine. The study indicates the Shrine's complexity which now commemorates multiple conflicts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect Of Gender Difference On Visual Reaction Time : A Study On Medical Students Of Bhavnagar Region

The measurement of visual reaction time has been used to evaluate the processing speed of Central Nervous System and the co-ordination between the sensory and motor systems. Reaction time is influenced by different factors. Effect of gender difference on visual reaction time has been observed in this study. Present study was carried out on 100 medical students of Bhavnagar medical college between the age of 17-20. Out of them 50 were boys and 50 were girls. Study was done under three module. In first module detail medical history of subject were taken, in second module visual reaction time of subjects was measured using reaction time instrument and in third module statical analysis was done by unpaired ‘t’ test. From study it was concluded that reaction time is less in boys than girls.
Molecular basis for passive immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease

Amyloid aggregates of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide are implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been shown to reduce amyloid plaques in vitro and in animal studies. Consequently, passive immunization is being considered for treating Alzheimer's, and anti-Aβ mAbs are now in phase II trials. We report the isolation of two mAbs (PFA1 and PFA2) that recognize Aβ monomers, protofibrils, and fibrils and the structures of their antigen binding fragments (Fabs) in complex with the Aβ(1–8) peptide DAEFRHDS. The immunodominant EFRHD sequence forms salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic contacts, including interactions with a striking WWDDD motif of the antigen binding fragments. We also show that a similar sequence (AKFRHD) derived from the human protein GRIP1 is able to cross-react with both PFA1 and PFA2 and, when cocrystallized with PFA1, binds in an identical conformation to Aβ(1–8). Because such cross-reactivity has implications for potential side effects of immunotherapy, our structures provide a template for designing derivative mAbs that target Aβ with improved specificity and higher affinity.
Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics

“To have mastered ‘theory’ and ‘method’ is to have become a conscious thinker, a man at work and aware of the assumptions and implications of whatever he is about. To be mastered by ‘method’ or ‘theory’ is simply to be kept from working. ” The sentence applies nicely to the present plight of political science. The profession as a whole oscillates between two unsound extremes. At the one end a large majority of political scientists qualify as pure and simple unconscious thinkers. At the other end a sophisticated minority qualify as overconscious thinkers, in the sense that their standards of method and theory are drawn from the physical, “paradigmatic” sciences. The wide gap between the unconscious and the overconscious thinker is concealed by the growing sophistication of statistical and research techniques. Most of the literature introduced by the title “Methods” (in the social, behavioral or political sciences) actually deals with survey techniques and social statistics, and has little if anything to share with the crucial concern of “methodology,” which is a concern with the logical structure and procedure of scientific enquiry. In a very crucial sense there is no methodology without logos, without thinking about thinking. And if a firm distinction is drawn—as it should be—between methodology and technique, the latter is no substitute for the former. One may be a wonderful researcher and manipulator of data, and yet remain an unconscious thinker.
The Distortion of Information during Decisions

During a decision might a preexisting preference lead to the distortion of new information in favor of the preferred alternative? An experiment that furnished one alternative with a prior preference found such predecisional distortion. It was also found that in the absence of any initial preference, a developing preference for one alternative led to the distortion of new information so as to favor that leading alternative. The distortion from both sources, preexisting and developing preferences, exceeded the postdecisional distortion from cognitive dissonance reduction.
Hypertension, use of antihypertensive medications, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer

Few studies have examined the associations of hypertension and antihypertensive medications with ovarian cancer. In particular, beta‐blockers, one of the most commonly prescribed medications to treat hypertension, may reduce ovarian cancer risk by inhibiting beta‐adrenergic signaling. We prospectively followed 90,384 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) between 1988–2012 and 113,121 NHSII participants between 1989–2011. Hypertension and use of antihypertensive medications were self‐reported biennially. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We documented 948 ovarian cancer cases during follow‐up. Similar results were observed in the two cohorts. While hypertension was not associated with ovarian cancer risk (Pooled HR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.88, 1.16), current use of any antihypertensive medication was associated with slightly increased risk compared to never users (Pooled HR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.37). This increased risk was primarily due to use of thiazide diuretics (Pooled HR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.68). No associations were observed for beta‐blockers or angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) were associated with suggestively reduced risk (NHS HR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.53, 1.01), after adjusting for all antihypertensive medications. Associations were similar among hypertensive women and stronger for longer use of thiazide diuretics and CCBs. In conclusion, our results provided no evidence that beta‐blockers were associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk. In contrast, we observed an increased risk for use of thiazide diuretics that should be confirmed in other studies.
The Social Facilitation of a Simple Task

The present two studies were conducted to examine various aspects of social facilitation in a field setting. Joggers were timed as they ran along a predetermined section of an indoor track. Results of the first study indicated that the presence of an attentive spectator, but not an inattentive spectator, produced faster running relative to a no-spectator group. Neither the sex of the spectator nor the presence of other joggers on the track affected performance. The second study examined the underlying process involved in the attentive spectator effect by asking runners for self-perceptions. Results indicated that runners who reported more distraction also ran faster, but only when observed by an attentive spectator. Distraction was also related to increased nervousness consistent with the distraction-conflict explanation for social facilitation.
The Justification of Organizational Performance.

Barry M. Staw, Pamela 1. McKechnie, and Sheila M. Puffer Justification of organizational performance was investigated by testing for self-serving attributions in corporate annual reports. Letters to shareholders were found to show strong evidence of self-serving attributions, and these attributions took both an enhancing and defensive form. Self-serving attributions appeared to be convincing to the investing public, since the use of these attributions was associated with subsequent improvements in stock price. It also appeared that self-serving attributions were a form of impression management rather than a genuine expression of optimism, since enhancement was associated with subsequent selling of stock by corporate officers. Further analyses explored how performance information was communicated in shareholders' letters and examined additional determinants and consequences of self-serving attributions.
Intelligence Scores of Gifted Students on the WISC-R

In order to examine the hypothesis that children identified as "gifted" may have different patterns of scores on the WISC-R than children not identified as "gifted", the present study examined the WISC-R scores of three groups of children: those scoring in the average range, those with high IQ's, and those identified as "gifted. " Factor analysis conducted on a sample of children identified as "gifted" yielded a four-factor solution accounting for approximately 65% of the total variance: Perceptual Organization, Verbal Comprehension, Acquisition of Knowledge, and Spatial Memory. Analyses of groups of children with average and above average intelligence scores revealed two- and three-factor solutions for the average children, but a pattern similar to the gifted child for the high IQ group. Results suggest that gifted children process information in a qualitatively different manner from average children.
Common comparison standards : An approach to improving agreement between self and supervisory performance ratings

This study examined differential comparison standards (i.e., comparative bases for performance evaluation) and their effects on agreement between supervisory raters and selfraters within the context of a performance appraisal system. The purpose of the research was to examine differential comparison standards as an underlying mechanism in the traditionally poor correlation between self and supervisor performance ratings. Supervisor and subordinate rater dyads (N = 106 dyads) evaluated job performance across 3 dimensions, using 5 different comparison standards (ambiguous, internal, absolute, relative, and multiple). Results support the hypotheses, indicating that more explicit and objective comparison standards produced higher levels of interrater agreement. The implications of these findings in terms of comparison standards being adopted in current research and future performance appraisal systems are discussed.
The Changing of the Guard: Turnover and Structural Change in the Top-Management Positions.

The authors are listed in order of age; all three authors made major contributions to this paper. We wish to thank Marshall Meyer, Jeff Pfeffer, and two anonymous ASQ reviewers for comments on an earlier draft. This paper explores the nature and relationship of the positions of CEO and chair of the board of directors through two related analyses, one examining CEO and board chair turnover and the other examining consolidations and separations in these two positions, using transition-rate analysis, in a sample of 671 large American manufacturing firms for the period from 1978 to 1980. Both turnover and structural change in the top positions were found to depend on firm performance and industry structure; turnover also depended on firm size and the structure of the positions, and structural change also depended on board structure, controlling for retirements. The results highlight the power of the CEO, the tendency to consolidate the top positions under the CEO, and the greater accountability of the person in the combined position for firm performance. The paper concludes with some implications of the findings for understanding the CEO and board chair positions, with an emphasis on top-management power, makes recommendations for research on turnover, and provides suggestions for corporate behavior, based on the results of this study. '
Teaching Differently: Creating Opportunities for Learning Mathematics

transformation in the ways students learn and teachers teach mathematics. These changes aim for ways of learning and teaching that result in students knowing a "different" kind of school mathematics. As adults with experience in traditional mathematics pedagogy, it is not easy for us to envision how teaching mathematics could be different. Therefore, I offer a brief excerpt to illustrate what is meant by "teaching differently," but first I give an example of traditional pedagogy (see McNeal, 1991) as a point of contrast. In a third grade class, the teacher (following the directions given in the textbook) has made 45 tally marks on the board and has circled four groups of ten.