Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scapular Position and Orientation in Throwing Athletes

Background Despite the recognized importance of proper 3-dimensional motion of the scapula in throwers, minimal research has quantified scapular position and orientation in throwing athletes. Hypothesis Throwing athletes exhibit scapular position and orientation differences when compared to nonthrowing control subjects. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Scapular position and orientation during scapular plane humeral elevation were assessed with electromagnetic tracking in a group of 21 throwing athletes and 21 control subjects. Scapular upward/downward rotation, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior tipping, elevation/depression, and protraction/retraction were assessed. Results The throwing athletes demonstrated significantly increased upward rotation, internal rotation, and retraction of the scapula during humeral elevation. No differences in anterior/posterior tipping and elevation/depression were present. Conclusions The results indicate that throwing athletes have scapular position and orientation differences compared to nonthrowing athletes. This suggests that throwers develop chronic adaptation for more efficient performance of the throwing motion. Clinical Relevance Clinicians evaluate scapular position, orientation, and movement in throwing athletes as part of the evaluation of shoulder injuries associated with the throwing motion. The current study provides clinicians with an understanding of the types of adaptations that may be observed in normal, healthy throwing athletes.
Unintended behavioral consequences due to repeated measurement

This dissertation deals with the various ways how retrieving information from respondents in surveys may affect their future reporting behavior and/or actual behavior. Such effects, called respondent conditioning, can take various forms. For example, respondents of a panel survey may recall having answered the same questions before and report differently in future waves of the same survey. Similarly, responding to questions about certain behaviors may work as a stimulus that encourages some respondents to change their behavior. I provide a framework for the analysis of such conditioning effects and study their various forms in several social science surveys.
Transferring Face Verification Nets To Pain and Expression Regression

Limited labeled data are available for the research of estimating facial expression intensities. For instance, the ability to train deep networks for automated pain assessment is limited by small datasets with labels of patient-reported pain intensities. Fortunately, fine-tuning from a data-extensive pre-trained domain, such as face verification, can alleviate this problem. In this paper, we propose a network that fine-tunes a state-of-the-art face verification network using a regularized regression loss and additional data with expression labels. In this way, the expression intensity regression task can benefit from the rich feature representations trained on a huge amount of data for face verification. The proposed regularized deep regressor is applied to estimate the pain expression intensity and verified on the widely-used UNBC-McMaster Shoulder-Pain dataset, achieving the state-of-the-art performance. A weighted evaluation metric is also proposed to address the imbalance issue of different pain intensities.
T lymphocytes in patients with primary vasculitis: expansion of CD8+ T cells with the propensity to activate polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

OBJECTIVES To gain insight into the immune pathogenesis of primary ANCA-associated vasculitides, the prevalence of circulating T lymphocytes expressing CD11b as a marker for activation was analysed in patients with WG or microscopic polyangiitis. METHODS; Receptor expression and IFNgamma synthesis were measured in T cells of patients with active disease by cytofluorometry and compared with expression in patients in remission and in healthy donors. RESULTS During active disease, a small but conspicuous population of CD8+CD28+CD11b+ was found which produced IFNgamma. In healthy donors and in patients in remission or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, CD11b was exclusively associated with CD8+CD28- cells, the latter being more frequent in patients with long-lasting or severe disease. In vitro experiments confirmed that CD11b is up-regulated when T cells are activated. After multiple rounds of restimulation, the CD11b expression persists whereas CD28 expression is lost, compatible with the notion that CD8+CD28+CD11b+ represents a transient phenotype in the course of T-cell activation. The IFNgamma-producing T cells activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to express MHC class II, thus generating the same PMN phenotype as in patients with active ANCA-associated vasculitis. A similar PMN phenotype could be generated by cultivation with supernatants of activated T cells or by IFNgamma alone, but not by antibodies to proteinase 3. CONCLUSIONS In active primary vasculitis, a small population of CD8+ T cells, identified by the expression of CD11b, expands, producing IFNgamma. These T cells could activate PMN, thus generating a long-living and potentially destructive PMN phenotype.
Magnesium Decreases Alcohol-induced Brain Damage and PreventsExperimentally-induced Strokes: Roles of Ceramides and PlateletActivating Factor and Potential Implications for Human Subjects withAlcohol-induced Dementia

Of all drugs, alcohol (i.e. ethanol) is the most abused drug and is responsible for countless deaths and hospitalizations worldwide each year. In the USA, alone, excessive alcohol drinking accounts for about 10,000 deaths per year. Alcohol drinking is a major risk factor for irreversible brain damage and strokes. Excessive drinking over years results, in a high-degree of dementia in human subjects. Alcoholic-induced dementia is very similar to Alzheimer’s disease. It results in poor-judgment, confusion, decreased cognitive abilities, and memory loss. One of the major effects of heavy alcohol drinking and alcohol-induced dementia is development of what has been termed, the “Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome”. In this syndrome, the patient presents with “Korsakoff psychoses”, causing hallucinations, thought by some to be a consequence of thiamine deficiency. But, this cause is disputed by many investigators. Of the many minerals in the body that is most affected by alcohol drinking, it is magnesium (Mg). Although numerous drugs can deplete the body’s tissues and cells of Mg, ethanol is the greatest depletory of Mg [1-6]. It also is the number-one drug which can reduce intracellular levels of free , ionized Mg (Mg2+) in minutes, particularly in cerebral brain cells (e.g. astrocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells , and all types of neurons studied to date) [4-15]. Alcohol abuse leads to primary malnutrition that is a deficient utilization of nutrients. Alcoholic beverages provide what is termed “empty” calories because ethanol does not contain significant amounts of proteins, vitamins, or minerals. An individual who consumes 5 to 30 ounces of 86-proof (43% v/v ethanol) beverage will ingest from 375 to 2,250 empty calories. In other terms, this represents from as little as 15% of the normal daily caloric requirements to 100%. The end result of such intake is a decreased intake of other foods and results in an imbalance of daily nutrient ingestion. Serum hypomagnesaemia occurs in from 30 to 60% of the alcoholic population [16]. Nearly 90% of patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal are hypomagnesemic and at high-risk for strokes and hallucinations. Overall, looking at many clinical studies, there is a clear relationship between heavy alcohol ingestion (i.e., 3-5 drinks/day), sudden –cardiac death (SCD), and dementia [16-19]. However, very few of these alcoholinduced deaths are ever autopsied, so it is impossible to determine how many of these subjects had severe brain damage and underwent strokes or stroke-like events. Less than 5% of all deaths in the USA ever result in a complete autopsy. From the available data, it is also apparent there is a clear relationship between “binge drinking “and SCD. Again, since autopsies are seldom done, how many of
The Online Institution: Psychiatric Power as an Explanatory Model for the Normalisation of Radicalisation and Terrorism

While the use of the internet and social media as a tool for extremists and terrorists has been well documented, understanding the mechanisms at work has been much more elusive. This paper begins with a grounded theory approach guided by Foucault's analytic framework on psychiatric power that utilizes both terrorism cases and extremist social media groups to develop an explanatory model of radicalization. Preliminary hypotheses are developed, explored and refined in order to develop a comprehensive model which is then presented. This model utilizes and applies concepts from Foucault's psychiatric power including the use of discourse and networked power relations in order to normalize and modify thoughts and behaviors. The internet is conceptualized as an institution in which this framework of power operates and seeks to recruit and radicalize. Overall, findings suggest that psychiatric power is a well suited, yet partial model of explaining the process of online radicalization.
Mild cold effects on hunger, food intake, satiety and skin temperature in humans

Background Mild cold exposure increases energy expenditure and can influence energy balance, but at the same time it does not increase appetite and energy intake. Objective To quantify dermal insulative cold response, we assessed thermal comfort and skin temperatures changes by infrared thermography. Methods We exposed healthy volunteers to either a single episode of environmental mild cold or thermoneutrality. We measured hunger sensation and actual free food intake. After a thermoneutral overnight stay, five males and five females were exposed to either 18°C (mild cold) or 24°C (thermoneutrality) for 2.5 h. Metabolic rate, vital signs, skin temperature, blood biochemistry, cold and hunger scores were measured at baseline and for every 30 min during the temperature intervention. This was followed by an ad libitum meal to obtain the actual desired energy intake after cold exposure. Results We could replicate the cold-induced increase in REE. But no differences were detected in hunger, food intake, or satiety after mild cold exposure compared with thermoneutrality. After long-term cold exposure, high cold sensation scores were reported, which were negatively correlated with thermogenesis. Skin temperature in the sternal area was tightly correlated with the increase in energy expenditure. Conclusions It is concluded that short-term mild cold exposure increases energy expenditure without changes in food intake. Mild cold exposure resulted in significant thermal discomfort, which was negatively correlated with the increase in energy expenditure. Moreover, there is a great between-subject variability in cold response. These data provide further insights on cold exposure as an anti-obesity measure.
K-band versus I-band surface brightness fluctuations as distance indicators

We evaluate the method of optical and infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations (SBF) as a distance indicator and its application on 8{m class telescopes, such as the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The novelty of our approach resides in the development of Monte Carlo simulations of SBF observations incorporating realistic ellipti- cal galaxy stellar population models, the eects induced by globular clusters and background galaxies, instrumen- tal noise, sky background and PSF blurring. We discuss, for each band and in dierent observational conditions, the errors on distance measurements arising from stellar population eects, data treatment and observational constraints. With 8{m class telescopes, one can extend I{band SBF measurements out to 6000{10 000 km s 1 . Integration times in the K{band are too expensive from the ground, due to the high infrared background for large-scale distance determination projects. Nevertheless ground{based K{band measurements are necessary to understand stellar population eects on the SBF calibration, and to prepare future space{based observations, where this band is more ecient.
Collisional heating as the origin of filament emission in galaxy clusters

It has long been known that photoionization, whether by starlight or other sources, has difficulty in accounting for the observed spectra of the optical filaments that often surround central galaxies in large clusters. This paper builds on the first of this series in which we examined whether heating by energetic particles or dissipative magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave can account for the observations. The first paper focused on the molecular regions which produce strong H2 and CO lines. Here we extend the calculations to include atomic and low-ionization regions. Two major improvements to the previous calculations have been made. The model of the hydrogen atom, along with all elements of the H-like iso-electronic sequence, is now fully nl-resolved. This allows us to predict the hydrogen emission-line spectrum including excitation by suprathermal secondary electrons and thermal electrons or nuclei. We show how the predicted H i spectrum differs from the pure-recombination case. The second update is to the rates for H0–H2 inelastic collisions. We now use the values computed by Wrathmall et al. The rates are often much larger and allow the ro–vibrational H2 level populations to achieve a thermal distribution at substantially lower densities than previously thought. We calculate the chemistry, ionization, temperature, gas pressure and emission-line spectrum for a wide range of gas densities and collisional heating rates. We assume that the filaments are magnetically confined. The gas is free to move along field lines so that the gas pressure is equal to that of the surrounding hot gas. A mix of clouds, some being dense and cold and others hot and tenuous, can exist. The observed spectrum will be the integrated emission from clouds with different densities and temperatures but the same pressure P/k=nT. We assume that the gas filling factor is given by a power law in density. The power-law index, the only free parameter in this theory, is set by matching the observed intensities of infrared H2 lines relative to optical H i lines. We conclude that the filaments are heated by ionizing particles, either conducted in from surrounding regions or produced in situ by processes related to MHD waves.
Evaluating L2 readers' vocabulary strategies and dictionary use

A review of the relevant literature concerning second language dictionary use while reading suggests that selective dictionary use may lead to improved comprehension and efficient vocabulary development. This study aims to examine the dictionary use of Japanese university students to determine just how selective they are when reading nonfiction English texts for general comprehension. The findings suggest that highintermediate and advanced learners are often selective when considering whether to look up a word. However, a third of the participants in this study were judged to have used the dictionary excessively. In addition, a quarter of the words looked up in the study were neither essential to the articles’ main points nor frequent or useful words, according to corpus research. It is concluded that some learners might benefit from training in selective dictionary use.
Police abuse of sex workers in Nigeria: evidence from a qualitative study

ABSTRACT Scant public attention has so far been paid to police abuse of sex workers in Nigeria, in spite of the overwhelming evidences of incessant abuse of authority by the Nigeria Police which has led to sexual assault of women and girls during patrol, arrest and detention. Hence, this paper presents an empirical exposition of human rights abuses of street-based sex workers by officers of the Nigeria Police and its inherent public health implications. Qualitative data were collected for the study from 56 street-working commercial sex workers in the red light district of major roads within the city of Ibadan. Police abuse of street-based sex workers was found to be rampant and comes in the form of economic extortion, verbal intimidation, sexual assault, and physical manhandling. The negative condom use habits of officers during sexual assault of the sex workers was identified as having grave public health consequence. The paper ends with the suggestion that the Nigerian authorities, judicial and legal officials, civil society groups and the international community should initiate and support reforms of policy, law and practice in Nigeria that seeks to protect women and girls from rape and other forms of violence perpetrated by state actors.
Overview of the NTCIR-11 SpokenQuery&Doc Task

This paper presents an overview of the Spoken Query and Spoken Document retrieval (SpokenQuery&Doc) task at the NTCIR-11 Workshop. This task included spoken query driven spoken content retrieval (SQ-SCR) as the main sub-task. With a spoken query driven spoken term detection task (SQSTD) as an additional sub-task. The paper describes details of each sub-task, the data used, the creation of the speech recognition systems used to create the transcripts, the design of the retrieval test collections, the metrics used to evaluate the sub-tasks and a summary of the results of submissions by the task participants.
The Temporal Dynamics of Background Selection in Nonequilibrium Populations

Neutral genetic diversity across the genome is determined by the complex interplay of mutation, demographic history, and natural selection. While the direct action of natural selection is limited to functional loci across the genome, its impact can have effects on nearby neutral loci due to genetic linkage. These effects of selection at linked sites, referred to as genetic hitchhiking and background selection (BGS), are pervasive across natural populations. However, only recently has there been a focus on the joint consequences of demography and selection at linked sites, and some empirical studies have come to apparently contradictory conclusions as to their combined effects. To understand the relationship between demography and selection at linked sites, we conducted an extensive forward simulation study of BGS under a range of demographic models. We found that the relative levels of diversity in BGS and neutral regions vary over time and that the initial dynamics after a population size change are often in the opposite direction of the long-term expected trajectory. Our detailed observations of the temporal dynamics of neutral diversity in the context of selection at linked sites in nonequilibrium populations provide new intuition about why patterns of diversity under BGS vary through time in natural populations and help reconcile previously contradictory observations. Most notably, our results highlight that classical models of BGS are poorly suited for predicting diversity in nonequilibrium populations.
KILL BILBO: metrolingual play in Galician and Basque T-shirts

ABSTRACT This paper draws on a multimodal notion of metrolingualism to discuss playful T-shirt displays of Galician and Basque language, culture and identity. They invite the audience to reflect on notions of Galicianness and Basqueness by mixing localising resources such as minority language and cultural heritage with globalised resources of fluidity, such as the English language, pop-cultural icons, and logos of transnational companies, and by strategically using play and parody. Read against observations of discursive and ideological shifts among other ethnolinguistic minorities, the paper suggests that the metrolingual play in these T-shirts is part of a more general move towards less standardised and homogeneous understandings of smaller and peripheral languages and cultures. A comparison of the sociolinguistic and political situation in Galicia and the Basque Country shows however bigger potential for cross-linguistic and metrolingual play in Galicia than in the Basque Country. The paper concludes by suggesting that increased metrolingualism in public language displays should be seen both as a sign of maturity and as a commercial appropriation and commodification of the minority culture and language. To evaluate the effect of metrolingual play on particular languages and cultures therefore require detailed examinations of local power relations and political economies of language.
THE PROBLEM OF UNOBSERVABLES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

In this paper we argue that unobservable constructs lie at the core of a number of influential theories used in the strategic marmgement literature—including agency theory, transaction cost theory, and the resource-based view of the firm. The debate over how best to deal with the problem of unobservables has raged in the philosophy of science literature for the best part of the current century. On the one hand, there are the positivists, who believe that theories containing unobservable constructs are only useful as tools for making predictions. According to positivists, such theories do not inform us about the deep structure of reality. On the other hand, there are the realists, who believe that our theories can give us knowledge about unobservables. Herein we review this debate, we argue for adopting a realist position, and we draw out the implications for strategic management research.
Family Meal Practices and Well-Being in Hong Kong: The Mediating Effect of Family Communication

The literature has provided substantial evidence for the positive associations between family meals and well-being. The underlying mechanism of this relationship has not been explicitly examined. The Happy Family Kitchen II project was a cluster randomized controlled trial of a community-based family intervention. Using data from this project, this article examined the direct and indirect associations among family meal practices, family communication time and quality, and well-being in Hong Kong. A total of 1,261 participants completed a self-administered questionnaire at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. Cross-sectional and prospective mediation analyses showed that family meal and family meal preparation indirectly influenced family health, happiness and harmony, subjective happiness, and mental and physical quality of life through their effects on family communication quality. In contrast, family communication time was a weaker mediator of these effects. These findings highlight the role of quality rather than quantity of family communication in promoting well-being.
AUTOMATIC LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

This paper presents the language identification (LID) system developed in Speech@FIT. The system consists of two parts: Acoustic LID determines the language directly on the basis of features derived from the speech signal. We have improved existing approaches by adding discriminative training of acoustic models. In phonotactic LID, speech is first transcribed by phoneme recognizer into strings or graphs (lattices) of phonemes. On these, “language” models are trained to capture statistics of sequences of phonemes. We have pioneered the use of so called ”anti-models” for this task. All experimental results are reported on standard NIST 2003 data; comparison with other published results is favorable to our system.