Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: prevalence, risk factors, and validity of Papanicolaou smears. New York Cervical Disease Study.

OBJECTIVE To define the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), the validity of Papanicolaou tests, and the associations between CIN and risk factors for cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 398 HIV-seropositive and 357 HIV-seronegative women from two HIV-AIDS clinics, two sexually transmitted disease clinics, a methadone clinic, and a clinic for participants in an HIV heterosexual transmission study. Each woman was interviewed and underwent a cytologic and colposcopic evaluation, and was tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. RESULTS Eighty (20%) of the 398 HIV-seropositive women compared to 15 (4%) of the 357 seronegative women had colposcopically confirmed CIN (odds ratio 5.7; P < .001). No invasive cancers were found. The sensitivity and specificity of Papanicolaou tests in seropositive women were 81 and 87%, respectively. By multiple logistic regression analysis using a model that included behavioral and biologic risk factors for CIN, CIN was independently associated with HPV infection (odds ratio 9.8), HIV infection (odds ratio 3.5), CD4+ T-lymphocyte count less than 200 cells/microL (odds ratio 2.7), and age greater than 34 years (odds ratio 2.0). CONCLUSIONS Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a common finding in HIV-infected women. However, the results of this study suggest that Papanicolaou tests should be effective for detecting cervical disease in this population.
Minor alloying effects of Ni or Zn on microstructure and microhardness of Pb-free solders

To form reliable Pb-free solder joints, minor alloying additions of Ni or Zn to Sn-rich solders have been recommended recently. Several beneficial effects of Ni or Zn minor alloying additions to Pb-free solders were reported to improve solder joint reliability. But the effects of Ni or Zn minor alloying additions on the bulk properties of solders are not systematically evaluated in light of understanding the electromigration or mechanical reliability of solder joints. Therefore, in this study, the minor alloying effects of Ni or Zn on the microstructure and microhardness in terms of Ni or Zn composition and cooling rate are investigated. The amounts of minor alloying elements investigated are in the range of 0.05–0.15 wt% for Ni, and 0.2–0.6wt% for Zn, which cover the reported composition ranges to enhance solder/UBM joint reliability. Three cooling rates are employed during solidification; 0.02 °C/s (furnace-cooling), about 5 °C/s (air-cooling), and 100 °C/s or higher (quenching). The microstructure of Ni or Zn doped solders is evaluated in terms of composition, undercooling during solidification, and cooling rate. The phase diagram analysis is conducted to explain the microstrctural variations. The microstructures of Ni or Zn doped solders are well correlated to their microhardness data.
Evaluating the magnitude and duration of cold load pick-up on residential distribution using multi-state load models

The increased level of demand that is associated with the restoration of service after an outage, Cold Load Pick-Up (CLPU), can be significantly higher than pre-outage levels, even exceeding the normal distribution feeder peak demand. These high levels of demand can delay restoration efforts and in extreme cases damage equipment. The negative impacts of CLPU can be mitigated with strategies that restore the feeder in sections, minimizing the load current. The challenge for utilities is to manage the current level on critical equipment while minimizing the time to restore service to all customers. Accurately modeling CLPU events is the first step in developing improved restoration strategies that minimize restoration times. This paper presents a new method for evaluating the magnitude of the CLPU peak, and its duration, using multi-state load models. The use of multi-state load models allows for a more accurate representation of the end-use loads that are present on residential distribution feeders.
SOCS-3 Is Tyrosine Phosphorylated in Response to Interleukin-2 and Suppresses STAT5 Phosphorylation and Lymphocyte Proliferation

ABSTRACT Members of the recently discovered SOCS/CIS/SSI family have been proposed as regulators of cytokine signaling, and while targets and mechanisms have been suggested for some family members, the precise role of these proteins remains to be defined. To date no SOCS proteins have been specifically implicated in interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling in T cells. Here we report SOCS-3 expression in response to IL-2 in both T-cell lines and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. SOCS-3 protein was detectable as early as 30 min following IL-2 stimulation, while CIS was seen only at low levels after 2 h. Unlike CIS, SOCS-3 was rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in response to IL-2. Tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS-3 was observed upon coexpression with Jak1 and Jak2 but only weakly with Jak3. In these experiments, SOCS-3 associated with Jak1 and inhibited Jak1 phosphorylation, and this inhibition was markedly enhanced by the presence of IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rβ). Moreover, following IL-2 stimulation of T cells, SOCS-3 was able to interact with the IL-2 receptor complex, and in particular tyrosine phosphorylated Jak1 and IL-2Rβ. Additionally, in lymphocytes expressing SOCS-3 but not CIS, IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5b was markedly reduced, while there was only a weak effect on IL-3-mediated STAT5b tyrosine phosphorylation. Finally, proliferation induced by both IL-2- and IL-3 was significantly inhibited in the presence of SOCS-3. The findings suggest that when SOCS-3 is rapidly induced by IL-2 in T cells, it acts to inhibit IL-2 responses in a classical negative feedback loop.
An Atlas of Robust, Stable, High-Dimensional Limit Cycles

We present a method for constructing dynamical systems with robust, stable limit cycles in arbitrary dimensions. Our approach is based on a correspondence between dynamics in a class of differential equations and directed graphs on the n-dimensional hypercube (n-cube). When the directed graph contains a certain type of cycle, called a cyclic attractor, then a stable limit cycle solution of the differential equations exists. A novel method for constructing regulatory systems that we call minimal regulatory networks from directed graphs facilitates investigation of limit cycles in arbitrarily high dimensions. We identify two families of cyclic attractors that are present for all dimensions n ≥ 3: cyclic negative feedback and sequential disinhibition. For each, we obtain explicit representations for the differential equations in arbitrary dimension. We also provide a complete listing of minimal regulatory networks, a representative differential equation, and a bifurcation analysis for each cyclic attractor in dimensions 3–5. This work joins discrete concepts of symmetry and classification with analysis of differential equations useful for understanding dynamics in complex biological control networks.
Unlocking the Unconscious: Selected Papers of Habib Davanloo, MD

INTENSIVE SHORT-TERM PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH HIGHLY RESISTANT PATIENTS: I: Handling Resistance II The Course of an Interview After the Initial Breakthrough INTENSIVE SHORT-TERM DYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH HIGHLY RESISTANT DEPRESSED PATIENTS: Part I: Restructuring Ego's Regressive Defenses Part II: Royal Road to the Dynamic Unconscious THE TECHNIQUE OF UNLOCKING THE UNCONSCIOUS: Part I Part II: Partial Unlocking of the Unconscious CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SUPEREGO PATHOLOGY: Part I Part II: The Resistance of the Superego and the Liberation of the Paralyzed Ego THE CENTRAL DYNAMIC SEQUENCE OF THE UNLOCKING OF THE UNCONSCIOUS AND COMPREHENSIVE TRIAL THERAPY: Part I: Major Unlocking Part II: The Course of Trial Therapy after the Initial Breakthrough THE TECHNIQUE OF UNLOCKING THE UNCONSCIOUS IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS Part I: Restructuring Ego's Defenses Part II: Direct View of the Dynamic Unconscious.
Inequality and Specialization: The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs in the United States

After a decade in which wages and employment fell precipitously in low-skill occupations and expanded in high-skill occupations, the shape of U.S. earnings and job growth sharply polarized in the 1990s. Employment shares and relative earnings rose in both low and high-skill jobs, leading to a distinct U-shaped relationship between skill levels and employment and wage growth. This paper analyzes the sources of the changing shape of the lower-tail of the U.S. wage and employment distributions. A first contribution is to document a hitherto unknown fact: the twisting of the lower tail is substantially accounted for by a single proximate cause − rising employment and wages in low-education, in-person service occupations. We study the determinants of this rise at the level of local labor markets over the period of 1950 through 2005. Our approach is rooted in a model of changing task specialization in which "routine" clerical and production tasks are displaced by automation. We find that in labor markets that were initially specialized in routine-intensive occupations, employment and wages polarized after 1980, with growing employment and earnings in both high-skill occupations and low-skill service jobs.
Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer in Italy

The proportion of colorectal cancer attributed to dietary habits is high, but several inconsistencies remain, especially with respect to the influence of some food groups. To further elucidate the role of dietary habits, 1,225 subjects with cancer of the colon, 728 with cancer of the rectum and 4,154 controls, hospitalized with acute non‐neoplastic diseases, were interviewed between 1992 and 1996 in 6 different Italian areas. The validated food‐frequency questionnaire included 79 questions on food items and recipes, categorised into 16 food groups. After allowance for non‐dietary confounding factors and total energy intake, significant trends of increasing risk of colorectal cancer with increasing intake emerged for bread and cereal dishes (odds ratio [OR] in highest vs. lowest quintile = 1.7), potatoes (OR = 1.2), cakes and desserts (OR = 1.1), and refined sugar (OR = 1.4). Intakes of fish (OR = 0.7), raw and cooked vegetables (OR = 0.6 for both) and fruit other than citrus fruit (OR = 0.7) showed a negative association with risk. Consumption of eggs and meat (white, red or processed meats) seemed uninfluential. Most findings were similar for colon and rectum, but some negative associations (i.e., coffee and tea, and fish) appeared stronger for colon cancer. Our findings lead us to reconsider the role of starchy foods and refined sugar in light of recent knowledge on the digestive physiology of carbohydrates and the insulin/colon cancer hypothesis. The beneficial role of most vegetables is confirmed, with more than 20% reduction in risk of colorectal cancer from the addition of one daily serving. Int. J. Cancer 72:56–61, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Human Culture in Evolutionary Perspective

Many animal species are “cultural” in the sense that individuals acquire important behaviors and skills from groupmates via social learning. Thus, whales socially learn some foraging techniques from others, capuchin monkeys socially learn some grooming-type behaviors from others, and chimpanzees acquire the use of some tools by observing the tool-use activities of others in their social group (see Laland & Galef, 2009 , for an overview). But human culture is clearly different. The challenge from an evolutionary perspective is to specify the nature of this difference. The proposal here is that nonhuman primate (and other animal) culture is essentially individualistic, or maybe even exploitative. That is to say, when a chimpanzee individual observes another using a tool and then learns something that facilitates her own use, she is simply gathering information that is useful to her — much as she might gather information from the inanimate world. The one being observed may not even know that the observer is gathering information from her actions. In contrast, human culture and cultural transmission are fundamentally cooperative. Synchronically, humans engage in much more cooperative behavior in terms of such things as collaborative problem solving and cooperative (or even conventional) communication. Moreover, human individuals live in a world in which the group expects them to conform to its particular conventions and social norms — or else! The result is a society structured by
Optimal Locations of Railroad Wayside Defect Detection Installations

Abstract: Railroads have been using wayside inspection technologies for many years to improve the safety and efficiency of operations. There has been a recent proliferation of new, more sophisticated, but also more costly inspection systems that are capable of detecting a wide range of subtle defects before a problem has actually occurred. This new class of “predictive” wayside detection systems, as compared with the older “reactive” technologies, requires a different deployment strategy. The higher cost of these new technologies means that it is particularly important for railroads to maximize the benefit they derive from the investment. This article presents a network optimization model that selects cost‐effective installation sites for wayside defect detection systems over a railroad network. The objective is to maximize the total inspection benefits possible under any given investment budget. We develop solution techniques based on Lagrangian relaxation to effectively solve the problem. The article also presents case studies with empirical data to illustrate the technique. The computational results show that the problem can be solved efficiently, and that the model has the capability of being applied to full‐scale railroad networks at regional or national levels. There are a variety of ways that railroads can use this model to help them more efficiently invest in wayside inspection technology so as to maximize the safety and economic benefits of these technologies.
THE EFFECT OF CLIENT SELF-DISCLOSURE ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL OF THE THERAPIST

OF THESIS THE EFFECT OF CLIENT SELF-DISCLOSURE ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL OF THE THERAPIST This quantitative study investigated the effect of client self-disclosure on the physiological arousal of the therapist and subsequent ratings of the therapeutic alliance, session smoothness, and session depth. Three therapists and 10 clients participated in a 40minute videotaped therapy session while being attached to sensors that measured heart rate and skin conductance. The participants completed self-report questionnaires designed to assess the therapeutic alliance and session smoothness and depth immediately following the therapy session. The videotaped therapy sessions were later transcribed and coded by two independent coders for the occurrence of client self-disclosure. Correlation analyses were utilized to determine whether or not a relationship existed between client self-disclosure and the physiological arousal of the therapist. No significant relationships were found to exist between client self-disclosure and the physiological arousal of the therapist. Positive correlations were found to exist between the occurrence of client self-disclosure and the physiological arousal of the therapist as well as between the occurrence of client selfdisclosure and the therapeutic alliance. The physiological arousal of the therapist was also found to be positively correlated with the strength of the therapeutic alliance.
Functional Properties of a Monoclonal Antibody Inhibiting the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase*

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), represented by nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B), has recently emerged as a promising target for antiviral intervention. Here, we describe the isolation, functional characterization, and molecular cloning of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibiting the HCV RdRp. This mAb, designated 5B-12B7, binds with high affinity to a conformational epitope in the palm subdomain of the HCV RdRp and recognizes native NS5B expressed in the context of the entire HCV polyprotein or subgenomic replicons. Complete inhibition of RdRp activity in vitro was observed at equimolar concentrations of NS5B and mAb 5B-12B7, whereas RdRp activities of classical swine fever virus NS5B and poliovirus 3D polymerase were not affected. mAb 5B-12B7 selectively inhibited NTP binding to HCV NS5B, whereas binding of template RNA was unaffected, thus explaining the mechanism of action at the molecular level. The mAb 5B-12B7 heavy and light chain variable domains were cloned by reverse transcription-PCR, and a single chain Fv fragment was assembled for expression in Escherichia coli and in eukaryotic cells. The mAb 5B-12B7 single chain Fv fragment bound to NS5B both in vitro and in transfected human cell lines and therefore may be potentially useful for intracellular immunization against HCV. More important, detailed knowledge of the mAb 5B-12B7 contact sites on the enzyme may facilitate the development of small molecule RdRp inhibitors as novel antiviral agents.
The SAURON project - XIII. SAURON-GALEX study of early-type galaxies: the ultraviolet colour-magnitude relations and Fundamental Planes

We present Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) far (FUV) and near (NUV) ultraviolet imaging of 34 nearby early-type galaxies from the SAURON representative sample of 48 E/S0 galaxies, all of which have ground-based optical imaging from the MDM Observatory. The surface brightness profiles of nine galaxies (≈ 26 per cent) show regions with blue UV−optical colours sug
Large endolymphatic potentials from low-frequency and infrasonic tones in the guinea pig.

Responses of the ear to low-frequency and infrasonic sounds have not been extensively studied. Understanding how the ear responds to low frequencies is increasingly important as environmental infrasounds are becoming more pervasive from sources such as wind turbines. This study shows endolymphatic potentials in the third cochlear turn from acoustic infrasound (5 Hz) are larger than from tones in the audible range (e.g., 50 and 500 Hz), in some cases with peak-to-peak amplitude greater than 20 mV. These large potentials were suppressed by higher-frequency tones and were rapidly abolished by perilymphatic injection of KCl at the cochlear apex, demonstrating their third-turn origins. Endolymphatic iso-potentials from 5 to 500 Hz were enhanced relative to perilymphatic potentials as frequency was lowered. Probe and infrasonic bias tones were used to study the origin of the enhanced potentials. Potentials were best explained as a saturating response summed with a sinusoidal voltage (Vo), that was phase delayed by an average of 60° relative to the biasing effects of the infrasound. Vo is thought to arise indirectly from hair cell activity, such as from strial potential changes caused by sustained current changes through the hair cells in each half cycle of the infrasound.
Experimental reduction of pain catastrophizing modulates pain report but not spinal nociception as verified by mediation analyses

Abstract Pain catastrophizing is associated with enhanced pain; however, the mechanisms by which it modulates pain are poorly understood. Evidence suggests that catastrophizing modulates supraspinal processing of pain but does not modulate spinal nociception (as assessed by nociceptive flexion reflex [NFR]). Unfortunately, most NFR studies have been correlational. To address this, this study experimentally reduced catastrophizing to determine whether it modulates spinal nociception (NFR). Healthy pain-free participants (N = 113) were randomly assigned to a brief 30-minute catastrophizing reduction manipulation or a control group that received pain education. Before and after manipulations, 2 types of painful stimuli were delivered to elicit (1) NFR (single trains of stimuli) and (2) temporal summation of NFR (3 stimulations at 2 Hz). After each set of stimuli, participants were asked to report their pain intensity and unpleasantness, as well as their situation-specific catastrophizing. Manipulation checks verified that catastrophizing was effectively reduced. Furthermore, pain intensity and unpleasantness to both stimulation types were reduced by the catastrophizing manipulation, effects that were mediated by catastrophizing. Although NFRs were not affected by the catastrophizing manipulation, temporal summation of NFR was reduced. However, this effect was not mediated by catastrophizing. These results indicate that reductions in catastrophizing lead to reductions in pain perception but do not modulate spinal nociception and provides further evidence that catastrophizing modulates pain at the supraspinal, not the spinal, level.
The Effects of Teach For America on Students: Findings from a National Evaluation

Students of Teach For America teachers outscored their schoolmates on math achievement tests, and matched their average performance in reading, according to the findings from the first national evaluation of the impact of TFA teachers on student learning. The large-scale random assignment study, which compared the performance of TFA corps members to that of other novice and veteran teachers in the same elementary schools, also found differences in classroom management and teacher backgrounds.
Novel applications of trophic factors, Wnt and WISP for neuronal repair and regeneration in metabolic disease

Diabetes mellitus affects almost 350 million individuals throughout the globe resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Of further concern is the growing population of individuals that remain undiagnosed but are susceptible to the detrimental outcomes of this disorder. Diabetes mellitus leads to multiple complications in the central and peripheral nervous systems that include cognitive impairment, retinal disease, neuropsychiatric disease, cerebral ischemia, and peripheral nerve degeneration. Although multiple strategies are being considered, novel targeting of trophic factors, Wnt signaling, Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1, and stem cell tissue regeneration are considered to be exciting prospects to overcome the cellular mechanisms that lead to neuronal injury in diabetes mellitus involving oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Pathways that involve insulin-like growth factor-1, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and erythropoietin can govern glucose homeostasis and are intimately tied to Wnt signaling that involves Wnt1 and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (CCN4) to foster control over stem cell proliferation, wound repair, cognitive decline,β-cell proliferation, vascular regeneration, and programmed cell death. Ultimately, cellular metabolism through Wnt signaling is driven by primary metabolic pathways of the mechanistic target of rapamycin and AMP activated protein kinase. These pathways offer precise biological control of cellular metabolism, but are exquisitely sensitive to the different components of Wnt signaling. As a result, unexpected clinical outcomes can ensue and therefore demand careful translation of the mechanisms that govern neural repair and regeneration in diabetes mellitus.
Cryo-electron tomography: The challenge of doing structural biology in situ

Electron microscopy played a key role in establishing cell biology as a discipline, by producing fundamental insights into cellular organization and ultrastructure. Many seminal discoveries were made possible by the development of new sample preparation methods and imaging modalities. Recent technical advances include sample vitrification that faithfully preserves molecular structures, three-dimensional imaging by electron tomography, and improved image-processing methods. These new techniques have enabled the extraction of high fidelity structural information and are beginning to reveal the macromolecular organization of unperturbed cellular environments.