Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Food unpredictability drives both generalism and social foraging: a game theoretical model

Resource predictability can influence foraging behavior in many ways. Depending on the predictability of food sources, animals may specialize on a few food types or generalize on many; they may aggressively defend feeding territories or nonaggressively share food with others. However, food defense and diet breadth have generally been studied separately. In this paper, we propose that variation in resource predictability could drive both of them together. We construct a game theoretic model to test whether situations in which resources are unpredictable might favor both generalism (the ability to use multiple food types) and nonaggressive social foraging. Our model predicts that the proportion of social generalists is highest when resources are unpredictable, whereas a predictable resource distribution favors territorial specialists. We discuss our result within the context of animal cognition research, where diet breadth and social foraging are associated with the 2 dominant views of the evolution of cognition: the "ecological" and the "social brain" hypotheses. Our results suggest that social and dietary demands on cognition might be less independent than is often assumed. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Dietary pattern and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study)

Abstract Evidence that diet is associated with breast cancer risk is inconsistent. Most of the studies have focused on risks associated with specific foods and nutrients, rather than overall diet. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in Japanese women. A total of 49 552 Japanese women were followed-up from 1995 to 1998 (5-year follow-up survey) until the end of 2012 for an average of 14·6 years. During 725 534 person-years of follow-up, 718 cases of breast cancer were identified. We identified three dietary patterns (prudent, westernised and traditional Japanese). The westernised dietary pattern was associated with a 32 % increase in breast cancer risk (hazard ratios (HR) 1·32; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·70; P trend=0·04). In particular, subjects with extreme intake of the westernised diet (quintile (Q) Q5_5th) had an 83 % increase in risk of breast cancer in contrast to those in the lowest Q1 (HR 1·83; 95 % CI 1·25, 2·68; P trend=0·01). In analyses stratified by menopausal status, postmenopausal subjects in the highest quintile of the westernised dietary pattern had a 29 % increased risk of breast cancer (HR 1·29; 95 % CI 0·99, 1·76; P trend=0·04). With regard to hormone receptor status, the westernised dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of oestrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-positivetumours (HR 2·49; 95 % CI 1·40, 4·43; P trend<0·01). The other dietary patterns were not associated with the risk of breast cancer in Japanese women. A westernised dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Japanese women.
Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) rs868014 Polymorphism Regulated by miR-1203 Associates with Risk and Short Term Outcome of Ischemic Stroke

Background/Aims: Genetic polymorphisms of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) were associated with ischemic stroke risk. This study analyzed MTHFR polymorphisms at the 3'-untranslated region for association with risk and outcome of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population. Methods: 500 patients and 600 healthy volunteers were enrolled for MTHFR rs868014 genotyping identified bioinformatically. The binding of miR-1203 to MTHFR rs868014 was determined by luciferase assay, MTHFR expression was assessed using qRT-PCR, and plasma homocysteine levels were assayed by ELISA. Results: Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension (all P <0.001), low levels of serum high-density lipoprotein-C (P = 0.01), and high levels of serum low-density lipoprotein-C (P = 0.005) were associated with an increased risk of developing ischemic stroke. BMI and total serum cholesterol concentration was not associated with ischemic stroke. MTHFR rs868014 TC and CC genotypes were significantly associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke compared with the TT genotype (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.01-3.39 for TC genotype, while OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.29-3.88 for CC genotype). Furthermore, the MTHFR rs868014 SNP was associated with a poor short-term ischemic stroke outcome. qRT-PCR confirmed that MTHFR rs868014 TC or CC genotypes could facilitate miR-1203 binding leading to low MTHFR levels in cells. In addition, patients carrying the MTHFR rs868014 TC or CC genotypes were associated with accumulation of serum tHcy and a poor ischemic stroke outcome. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that the newly identified SNP rs868014 was strongly linked with the MTHFR A1298C polymorphism. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the MTHFR rs868014 SNP is associated with increased risk in developing ischemic stroke, miR-1203 binding, low MTHFR levels in cells, and poor shot term outcome of patients.
Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Depressive Symptoms Over the Course of Prolonged Exposure

Objective: Prior studies of prolonged exposure therapy (PE) suggested that reduction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) precedes reduction in depression, yet no research has collapsed data across multiple studies to examine whether the directionality of reduction remains consistent in larger and diagnostically diverse samples. Thus, the objective of this study is to conduct an evaluation of bidirectional associations between PTSD and depression in PE. Method: Participants (n = 216) from three randomized controlled trials of PE alone, PE + alcohol use disorder treatment, and PE + nicotine use disorder treatment completed weekly PTSD and depression severity measures. First, we analyzed the directional relationship between PTSD and depression over time in 2 single models to separately examine the effects of PTSD on depression and vice versa. Second, we analyzed a combined model to examine the simultaneous effects of reduction in PTSD on reduction in depression over and above the effects of reduction in depression on reduction in PTSD, and vice versa. Results: Two single models suggested that reductions in PTSD lead to reductions in depression and vice versa. The combined models suggested that both directions of change are important and reciprocal. The strength of predictive power from PTSD to depression, and vice versa, is approximately equal. Most significant prediction of PTSD from depression and vice versa occurred early in treatment. Conclusion: The relationship between reductions in PTSD and depression during PE is transactional. Regardless of whether PTSD or depression decreases first, reduction in the other symptom cluster is likely to follow.
Ecological response to collapse of the biological pump following the mass extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

Abstract. It is commonly accepted that the mass extinction associated with the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary (∼ 66 Ma) is related to the environmental effects of a large extraterrestrial impact. The biological and oceanographic consequences of the mass extinction are, however, still poorly understood. According to the Living Ocean model, the biological crisis at the K–Pg boundary resulted in a long-term reduction of export productivity in the early Paleocene. Here, we combine organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) and benthic foraminiferal analyses to provide new insights into changes in the coupling of pelagic and benthic ecosystems. To this end, we perform dinocyst and benthic foraminiferal analyses on the recently discovered Tethyan K–Pg boundary section at Okcular, Turkey, and compare the results with other K–Pg boundary sites in the Tethys. The post-impact dominance of epibenthic morphotypes and an increase of inferred heterotrophic dinocysts in the early Paleocene at Okcular are consistent with published records from other western Tethyan sites. Together, these records indicate that during the early Paleocene more nutrients remained available for the Tethyan planktonic community, whereas benthic communities were deprived of food. Hence, in the post-impact phase the reduction of export productivity likely resulted in enhanced recycling of nutrients in the upper part of the water column, all along the western Tethyan margins.
A 9.5–10.5GHz 60W AlGaN/GaN HEMT for X-band high power application

In this paper, we report our result of a 60W AlGaN/GaN HEMT with the operating frequency in X-band. The device technology is extension of well-established Eudyna commercial L-/S-band AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology. The device shows output power of over 60W and a high linear gain of 9.6dB in wide frequency range of 9.5-10.5GHz, operating at 40 V drain bias voltage with the pulsed conditions at a duty of 10% with a pulse width of 100 musec. The results show the developed 60W AlGaN/GaN HEMT has high power capability covering practical frequency range for X-band high power applications with proven device technology.
Knockdown of CIP2A sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND CIP2A is a recently characterized oncoprotein which involves in the progression of several human malignancies. CIP2A is overexpressed in human ovarian cancer and regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study was performed to investigate the role of CIP2A in ovarian cancer (OC) chemoresistance. METHODS Using DDP-resistant SKOV3 cells (SKOV3(DDP)), we first determined the effect of CIP2A silencing by siRNA-mediated knockdown of CIP2A on chemosensitivity in vitro; we then determined the effect of pCDNA3.1-mediated overexpression of CIP2A on chemosensitivity in SKOV3 cells in vitro. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying CIP2A-mediated chemoresistance, the activities of AKT signaling molecules associated with CIP2A were analyzed. RESULTS Knockdown of endogenous CIP2A in SKOV3(DDP) cells resulted in the reduction in cell growth and increase in the chemosensitivity of SKOV3(DDP) cells to DDP in vitro, which may be caused by CIP2A-induced AKT activity inhibition. Notably, CIP2A overexpression could significantly decrease the sensitivities of SKOV3 cells to cisplatin, which might be ascribed to CIP2A-induced activation of the AKT pathway. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggest that CIP2A contributes to cisplatin resistance in OC. Thus, CIP2A is a potential therapeutic target for OC.
Chapter 1 Canine Parvovirus Type 2

Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is characterized by intestinal hemorrhage with severe bloody diarrhea. The causative agent, CPV‐2, was first identified in the late 1970s. CPV is a nonenveloped, linear, single‐stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 5 kb, and it belongs to the genus Parvovirus, together with feline panleukopenia virus, mink enteritis virus, raccoon parvovirus, and porcine parvovirus. An antigenic variant, CPV‐2a, identified within a few years after the emergence of CPV‐2, and another variant, CPV‐2b, began appearing in the canine population in 1984. In 2000, a novel antigenic variant, CPV‐2c, was first detected in Italy. This chapter focuses on the history, viral evo‐ lution, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, vaccination, and prevention of CPV‐2.
Organizational career management and its effects on employees' behavior: An empirical study on Chinese enterprises

On the basis of the in depth interview with the faculty related to HRM department and the open questionnaire to the employees in different kinds of enterprises, the primacy questionnaire on organizational career management was created. Pilot study was completed by 177 managers, technicians, or MBA students. The results indicated that the items of pilot questionnaire were acceptable after item analysis. From then on, another 410 managers or technicians from 12 companies were accepted the questionnaire, the results indicate that the questionnaire is consisted of four components, which are justice, training, self recognition ,and communication of job information using exporatory factor analysis with the method of principal component extraction and varimax rotation.The organizational career management has significant effects on the organizational commitment , job involvement, job performance, and career satisfaction using confirmatory factor analysis.
Fertility Management of Patients with Reduced Ovarian Reserve

Reduced ovarian reserve is a condition characterized by a reduced competence of the ovary to produce oocyte due to advanced age or congenital, medical surgical and idiopathic causes. Age is considered to be the principal factor in determining the reduction of ovarian reserve, especially in woman over 40 years of age, but it’s well known that a premature reduction of ovarian reserve can also occur in young patients. Management of patients with diminished ovarian reserve is challenging for fertility experts and frequently the only option to conceive is represented by assisted reproduction technologies. Here we review the aetiology, presentation and diagnosis of reduced ovarian reserve both in advanced and in young age and we discuss recent advances in the management of infertility of these women.
Immune epitope database analysis resource (IEDB-AR)

We present a new release of the immune epitope database analysis resource (IEDB-AR, http://tools.immuneepitope.org), a repository of web-based tools for the prediction and analysis of immune epitopes. New functionalities have been added to most of the previously implemented tools, and a total of eight new tools were added, including two B-cell epitope prediction tools, four T-cell epitope prediction tools and two analysis tools.
Detection, Validation, and Application of Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing Based Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Upland Cotton

The presence of two closely related subgenomes in the allotetraploid Upland cotton, combined with a narrow genetic base of the cultivated varieties, has hindered the identification of polymorphic genetic markers and their use in improving this important crop. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) is a rapid way to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers; however, these SNPs may be specific to the sequenced cotton lines. Our objective was to obtain a large set of polymorphic SNPs with broad applicability to the cultivated cotton germplasm. We selected 11 diverse cultivars and their random‐mated recombinant inbred progeny for SNP marker development via GBS. Two different GBS methodologies were used by Data2Bio (D2B) and the Institute for Genome Diversity (IGD) to identify 4441 and 1176 polymorphic SNPs with minor allele frequency of ≥0.1, respectively. We further filtered the SNPs and aligned their sequences to the diploid Gossypium raimondii reference genome. We were able to use homeologous SNPs to assign 1071 SNP loci to the At subgenome and 1223 to the Dt subgenome. These filtered SNPs were located in genic regions about twice as frequently as expected by chance. We tested 111 of the SNPs in 154 diverse Upland cotton lines, which confirmed the utility of the SNP markers developed in such approach. Not only were the SNPs identified in the 11 cultivars present in the 154 cotton lines, no two cultivars had identical SNP genotypes. We conclude that GBS can be easily used to discover SNPs in Upland cotton, which can be converted to functional genotypic assays for use in breeding and genetic studies.
European barn swallows use melanin pigments to color their feathers brown

Kevin J. McGraw, Rebecca J. Safran, Matthew R. Evans, and Kazumasa Wakamatsu Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Tremough Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR5 0XT, UK, and Fujita Health University, School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
Subionospheric propagation and peak currents of preliminary breakdown pulses before negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges

We analyze broadband electromagnetic measurements of pulse sequences occurring prior to first return strokes of negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes. Signals generated by lightning discharges were recorded close to the thunderstorm by a magnetic field receiver and traveled up to 600 km to three distant electric field receivers. We found that amplitudes of observed preliminary breakdown pulses, as well as amplitudes of the corresponding return strokes, are attenuated approximately by 2 dB/100 km when propagating in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide over mountainous terrain. Propagation simulations show that there is a significant contribution of the sky wave signals in the waveforms observed beyond 500 km from their source. The estimated peak currents of the largest preliminary breakdown pulses reach over 60 kA. Such current pulses propagating through in‐cloud lightning leader channels in a strong electric field may be able to initiate terrestrial gamma ray flashes.
Effects of global climate change on agriculture: an interpretative review

Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity. Concern over the poten- tial effects of long-term climatic change on agriculture has motivated a substantial body of research over the past decade. This body of research addresses possible physical effects of climatic change on agriculture, such as changes in crop and livestock yields, as well as the economic consequences of these potential yield changes. This paper reviews the extant literature on these physical and economic effects and interprets this research in terms of common themes or findings. Of particular interest are findings concerning the role of human adaptations in responding to climate change, possible regional impacts to agricultural systems and potential changes in patterns of food production and prices. Limi- tations and sensitivities of these findings are discussed and key areas of uncertainty are highlighted. Finally, some speculations regarding issues of potential importance in interpreting and using informa- tion on climate change and agriculture are presented.
Starch Analysis of Betula populifolia and Populus spp. in an Abandoned Urban Brownfield

In order to cope with a variety of environmental stresses, trees use starch storage as a buffering system to compensate for energy needs. Starch allocation into different tissues throughout the year can determine the health of deciduous trees. Natural environmental stresses including seasonal changes, water and nitrogen availability and defoliation are known to have direct effects on starch storage. Anthropogenic stresses such as heavy metal and other toxic contaminants in soils have not been investigated as factors that alter the normal starch trends in the different tissues of trees. This study assesses how starch storage in different tissues in B. populifolia and Populus spp. roots, twigs and leaves may have been altered by heavy metal contamination in trees growing in an urban brownfield over the course of a year. A heavy metal polluted site was used where varying levels of toxic metals including Zn, Pb, As, Cu and Cr were previously identified. Starch concentrations between the two species was significantly different (p=0.03) with Populus spp. having almost twice as high a starch concentration as B. populifolia when all tissue data for the year are considered. The level of metal contamination in the soil had some significant interaction effects on starch concentration in all of the tissues sampled between the two investigated species. Root and twig tissues of Populus spp. showed an increase in starch content with increasing metal load while B. populifolia showed no significant change in starch concentration at the different metal load sites. The difference in starch between the two species across the metal load sites indicates different responses to metal stress of the two species, which may in turn account for variations in species dominance where there is more or less metal pollution in the soil.
BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA DISEASES AND THEIR CAREGIVERS

The purpose of the thesis was to elucidate demented monolingual patients' communicative behaviour as described by their caregivers, and demented bilingual patients' communication, interaction, and relationship with caregivers who could/could not Finnish. The first part of the thesis includes two time-studies and interviews with caregivers in the geriatric care of monolingual patients (I, II). The caregivers spent less time caring for the demented patients than for the non-demented patients with the same degree of dependence. The problems to communicate with the demented patients caused ethical problems and jeopardized the caregivers’ commitment. In the second part of the thesis the preconditions for communication were studied by means of medical, neuropsychological, and linguistic examination of demented Finnish immigrants. Patients' relatives were interviewed and patients' interaction with caregivers was observed in standardised situations (III). The communication, interaction, and relationship between bilingual demented patients and mono/bilingual caregivers were studied during video-recorded morning care sessions by the E.H. and J. Erikson theory of 'eight stages of man'. Phenomenological-hermeneutic (IV), and factor analysis (V) was performed. Also phenomenological (VI) analysis of the morning care sessions was used. The patients functioned on a higher level of ability together with the bilingual caregivers. These caregivers promoted the patients' integrity in a more comprehensive way than monolingual caregivers, and the patients exhibited more trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity. Their interaction with bilingual caregivers was more multidimensional and the progression of their interaction was more positive than that with monolingual caregivers. The bilingual caregivers' relationship with the demented immigrants was characterised by communion; disclosure of virtues such as patience, honesty, and humility; respect for the person; will; and joy. The findings of the study are discussed within a hermeneutic-humanistic perspective stressing the patient's dependence, vulnerability and need for support. The conclusion is that verbal communication in the patients’ native language makes it easier for caregivers to promote patients' integrity, which in turn enables patients to disclose more of their latent capacity.