Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Topography of the intertidal zone along the shoreline of Chittagong (Bangladesh) using PROBA-V imagery

ABSTRACT Across the oceans shorelines, monitoring the topography of the intertidal zone is generally challenging. The present study is motivated by the recognized role of the intertidal topography in the near-shore hydrodynamics. We consider the region of Chittagong (northern Bay of Bengal) because of its propensity to powerful cyclone surges and associated inundation hazard. So as to curb the lack of in situ knowledge of intertidal topography, we present an original procedure relying on spaceborne optical imagery. Our method essentially amounts to a water line detection performed at various tidal levels. We apply our procedure to the recent PROBA-V (Project for On-Board Autonomy-Vegetation) multi-spectral imagery mission. The first step of our procedure concerns the shoreline extraction. PROBA-V imagery consists of four bands (Red, Blue, near-infrared – NIR, short-wave infrared – SWIR), which are then combined to generate an artificial red-green-blue (RGB) image. This RGB image is then converted into the hue-saturation-value (HSV) colour space. A simple thresholding is applied to hue and value channels to separate water masses from land masses. This process is applied to several images taken at different water levels (i.e. different parts of the tidal cycle) and the corresponding water lines are inferred. To estimate the altitude level of the water lines, we rely on tidal observations from two gauges located at Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar. We operate an ad-hoc extrapolation of the point-wise gauge data to generate a synthetic tidal water level record all along the shoreline. These synthetic tidal heights are then combined with the shorelines to generate the final digital elevation model (DEM). The DEM we generated covers a 40-km long stretch of shoreline around Chittagong city. We assessed this DEM by comparison with two independent data sets based on in situ surveys as well as on Pléiades spaceborne stereoscopy. We conclude that our DEM is accurate within 1 m to 2 m, which is within the error bar of these validation data sets. Our procedure being essentially objective, it is easy to automate, for processing of other imagery satellite, including at high resolution and/or in real time.
Application of Virtual Environments to Assessment of Human Motor Learning During Reaching Movements

This paper studies learning of reaching movements in a dynamically variable virtual environment specially designed for this purpose. Learning of reaching movements in the physical world has been extensively studied by several researchers. In most of those studies, the subjects are asked to exercise reaching movements while being exposed to real force fields exerted through a robotic manipulandum. Those studies have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms used by the human cognitive system to learn reaching movements in the physical world. The question that remains to be answered is how the learning mechanism in the physical world relates to its counterpart in the virtual world where the real force fields are replaced by virtual force fields. A limited number of studies have already addressed this question and have shown that there are, actually, quite a number of relationships between the learning mechanisms in these two different environments. In this study, we are focused on gaining a more in-depth understanding of these relationships. In our experiments, the subjects are asked to guide a virtual object to a desired target on a computer screen using a mouse. The movement of the virtual object is affected by a viscous virtual force field that is sensed by the examinees through their visual system. Three groups of examinees are used for the experiments. All the examinees are first trained in the null-field condition. Then, the viscous force field is introduced either suddenly (for the two first groups) or gradually (for the last group). While the first and third groups of the examinees used their dominant arm to guide the virtual object in the second step, the second group used their nondominant arm. Generalization of the learning from the dominant to the nondominant arm and vice versa was studied in the third phase of the experiments. Finally, the force field was removed and the examinees were asked to repeat the reaching task to study the so-called aftereffects phenomenon. The results of the experiments are compared with the studies performed in the physical world. It is shown that the trends of learning and generalization are similar to what is observed in the physical world for a sudden application of the virtual force field. However, the generalization behavior of the examinees is somewhat different from the physical world if the force field is gradually applied.
Incorporating User Perspectives in the Design of an Online Intervention Tool for People with Visible Differences: Face IT

Background: Individuals with visible differences can experience social anxiety in relation to their appearance. Social skills-based psychosocial interventions have to date shown only limited effectiveness at addressing their concerns. Aims: To incorporate user perspectives in the development of an online psychosocial intervention, known as Face IT. Method and Results: Study one consisted of a needs assessment with 12 individuals with a visible difference and six health professionals in order to identify the difficulties experienced by those with visible difference and obtain feedback on the proposed content of Face IT. The findings demonstrated support for the social skills model and the use of an online intervention. Study two consisted of an empirical usability evaluation of Face IT with 14 potential users and 14 health professionals. Based on feedback from the participants, changes were made to the graphics and navigation of the programme. The clinical content has been made more acceptable. Conclusions: The findings indicate support for the importance of social skills-based psychosocial interventions for addressing the needs of those with a visible difference, and have allowed modifications to be made to Face IT ahead of a randomized controlled trial of effectiveness.
On the internal evaluation of unsupervised outlier detection

Although there is a large and growing literature that tackles the unsupervised outlier detection problem, the unsupervised evaluation of outlier detection results is still virtually untouched in the literature. The so-called internal evaluation, based solely on the data and the assessed solutions themselves, is required if one wants to statistically validate (in absolute terms) or just compare (in relative terms) the solutions provided by different algorithms or by different parameterizations of a given algorithm in the absence of labeled data. However, in contrast to unsupervised cluster analysis, where indexes for internal evaluation and validation of clustering solutions have been conceived and shown to be very useful, in the outlier detection domain this problem has been notably overlooked. Here we discuss this problem and provide a solution for the internal evaluation of top-n (binary) outlier detection results. Specifically, we propose an index called IREOS (Internal, Relative Evaluation of Outlier Solutions) that can evaluate and compare different candidate labelings of a collection of multivariate observations in terms of outliers and inliers. We also statistically adjust IREOS for chance and extensively evaluate it in several experiments involving different collections of synthetic and real data sets.
Mathematics anxiety reduces default mode network deactivation in response to numerical tasks

Mathematics anxiety is negatively related to mathematics performance, thereby threatening the professional success. Preoccupation with the emotional content of the stimuli may consume working memory resources, which may be reflected in decreased deactivation of areas associated with the default mode network (DMN) activated during self-referential and emotional processing. The common problem is that math anxiety is usually associated with poor math performance, so that any group differences are difficult to interpret. Here we compared the BOLD-response of 18 participants with high (HMAs) and 18 participants with low mathematics anxiety (LMAs) matched for their mathematical performance to two numerical tasks (number comparison, number bisection). During both tasks, we found stronger deactivation within the DMN in LMAs compared to HMAs, while BOLD-response in task-related activation areas did not differ between HMAs and LMAs. The difference in DMN deactivation between the HMA and LMA group was more pronounced in stimuli with additional requirement on inhibitory functions, but did not differ between number magnitude processing and arithmetic fact retrieval.
Size-resolved CCN distributions and activation kinetics of aged continental and marine aerosol

Abstract. We present size-segregated measurements of cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity of aged aerosol sampled at Finokalia, Crete, during the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment of summer 2007 (FAME07). From analysis of the data, hygroscopicity and activation kinetics distributions are derived. The CCN are found to be highly hygroscopic, (expressed by a size- and time- averaged hygroscopicity parameter κ ∼ 0.22), with the majority of particles activating at ~0.5–0.6 % supersaturation. Air masses originating from Central-Eastern Europe tend to be associated with higher CCN concentrations and slightly lower hygroscopicity (κ ∼ 0.18) than for other airmass types. The particles were always well mixed, as reflected by the high activation ratios and narrow hygroscopicity distribution widths. Smaller particles (~40 nm) were found to be more hygroscopic (~0.1κ units higher) than the larger ones (~100 nm). The particles with diameters less than 80 nm exhibited a diurnal hygroscopicity cycle (with κ peaking at ~14 h local time), consistent with photochemical aging and volatilization of less hygroscopic material from the aerosol. Use of bulk chemical composition and the aerosol number distribution results in excellent CCN closure when applying Kohler theory in its simplest form. Using asymptotic and threshold droplet growth analysis, the "aged" organics present in the aerosol were found not to suppress or delay the water uptake kinetics of particles in this environment.
ORION 2.0: A fast and accurate NoC power and area model for early-stage design space exploration

As industry moves towards many-core chips, networks-on-chip (NoCs) are emerging as the scalable fabric for interconnecting the cores. With power now the first-order design constraint, early-stage estimation of NoC power has become crucially important. ORION was amongst the first NoC power models released, and has since been fairly widely used for early-stage power estimation of NoCs. However, when validated against recent NoC prototypes - the Intel 80-core Teraflops chip and the Intel scalable communications core (SCC) chip - we saw significant deviation that can lead to erroneous NoC design choices. This prompted our development of ORION 2.0, an extensive enhancement of the original ORION models which includes completely new subcomponent power models, area models, as well as improved and updated technology models. Validation against the two Intel chips confirms a substantial improvement in accuracy over the original ORION. A case study with these power models plugged within the COSI-OCC NoC design space exploration tool confirms the need for, and value of, accurate early-stage NoC power estimation. To ensure the longevity of ORION 2.0, we will be releasing it wrapped within a semi-automated flow that automatically updates its models as new technology files become available.
Size is not everything: rates of genome size evolution, not C-value, correlate with speciation in angiosperms

Angiosperms represent one of the key examples of evolutionary success, and their diversity dwarfs other land plants; this success has been linked, in part, to genome size and phenomena such as whole genome duplication events. However, while angiosperms exhibit a remarkable breadth of genome size, evidence linking overall genome size to diversity is equivocal, at best. Here, we show that the rates of speciation and genome size evolution are tightly correlated across land plants, and angiosperms show the highest rates for both, whereas very slow rates are seen in their comparatively species-poor sister group, the gymnosperms. No evidence is found linking overall genome size and rates of speciation. Within angiosperms, both the monocots and eudicots show the highest rates of speciation and genome size evolution, and these data suggest a potential explanation for the megadiversity of angiosperms. It is difficult to associate high rates of diversification with different types of polyploidy, but it is likely that high rates of evolution correlate with a smaller genome size after genome duplications. The diversity of angiosperms may, in part, be due to an ability to increase evolvability by benefiting from whole genome duplications, transposable elements and general genome plasticity.
The relationship between variability and sensitivity in large-scale longitudinal visual field data.

PURPOSE Evaluation of progressive visual field (VF) damage is often based on pointwise sensitivity data from standard automated perimetry; however, frequency-of seeing and test-retest studies demonstrate that these measurements can be highly variable, especially in areas of damage. The aim of this study was to characterize VF variability by the level of sensitivity using a statistical method to quantify heteroscedasticity. METHODS A total of 14,887 Humphrey 24-2 SITA Standard VFs from 2736 patients (2736 eyes) attending Moorfields Eye Hospital from 1997 to 2009 were studied retrospectively. The VF series of each eye was analyzed using pointwise linear regression of sensitivity over time, with residuals (difference from fitted-value) from each regression pooled according to both observed and fitted sensitivities. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) patient age, follow-up, and series length was 64 (54-71) years, 5.5 (3.9-7.0) years, and 6 (5-7) VFs, respectively. The inferred variability as a function of fitted-sensitivity was in good agreement with previous estimates. Variability was also described as a function of measured sensitivity, which confirmed that variability increased rapidly as the observed sensitivity decreased. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights a new approach for characterizing VF variability by the level of sensitivity. A considerable strength of the method is that inference is based on thousands of clinic patients rather than the tens of subjects in test-retest studies. The results can help distinguish real VF progression from measurement variability and will be used in models for glaucoma progression detection.
Multiprocessor systems synthesis for multiple use-cases of multiple applications on FPGA

Future applications for embedded systems demand chip multiprocessor designs to meet real-time deadlines. The large number of applications in these systems generates an exponential number of use-cases. The key design automation challenges are designing systems for these use-cases and fast exploration of software and hardware implementation alternatives with accurate performance evaluation of these use-cases. These challenges cannot be overcome by current design methodologies which are semiautomated, time consuming, and error prone. In this article, we present a design methodology to generate multiprocessor systems in a systematic and fully automated way for multiple use-cases. Techniques are presented to merge multiple use-cases into one hardware design to minimize cost and design time, making it well suited for fast design-space exploration (DSE) in MPSoC systems. Heuristics to partition use-cases are also presented such that each partition can fit in an FPGA, and all use-cases can be catered for. The proposed methodology is implemented into a tool for Xilinx FPGAs for evaluation. The tool is also made available online for the benefit of the research community and is used to carry out a DSE case study with multiple use-cases of real-life applications: H263 and JPEG decoders. The generation of the entire design takes about 100 ms, and the whole DSE was completed in 45 minutes, including FPGA mapping and synthesis. The heuristics used for use-case partitioning reduce the design-exploration time elevenfold in a case study with mobile-phone applications.
Variations of East Asian summer monsoon since the last deglaciation based on Mg/Ca and oxygen isotope of planktic foraminifera in the northern East China Sea

[1] Variations in Mg/Ca-based sea surface temperature and oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) of the surface water in the northern East China Sea (ECS) were reconstructed with high resolution during the last 18 kyr using planktic foraminifera. Millennial-scale variations between warmer, more saline surface water and cooler, less saline surface water were recognized during the early deglacial period and the Holocene, suggesting changes in the mixing ratio between the Kuroshio Water and the Changjiang Diluted Water. Stronger East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) precipitation events in south China are identified at 10.5, 8.8, 7.0, 5.3, 4.7, 2.9, 1.7, and 0.5 ka, based on sea surface salinity (SSS) records of the northern ECS. Weaker EASM precipitation events are also detected at 9.3, 8.3, 7.3, 6.0, 3.3, 2.3, 0.7, and 0.4 ka during the Holocene. These events agree with the maxima in δ18O records of stalagmites from various parts of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River drainage. This agreement supports that our SSS record properly captures the millennial-scale dry (less EASM precipitation) events over the drainage basin of the Changjiang River during the Holocene. These dry events are also in good agreement with North Atlantic ice-rafted events, suggesting a teleconnection between North Atlantic climate and the EASM during the Holocene.
Software maintenance from a service perspective

SUMMARY In this paper we investigate the differences between software maintenance and software development from a service point of view, and the consequences thereof for the maturity of software maintenance organizations. We argue that software maintenance can be seen as providing a service, whereas software development is concerned with the development of products. Differences between products and services affect the way in which customers assess their respective quality. Consequently, customers will judge the quality of software maintenance differently from that of software development. This in turn implies a need for different processes than those used by the average software development organization. We discuss two overall approaches to achieve a high-quality IT service organization which include these service-specific processes: ITIL and the IT Service Capability Maturity Model. ITIL is a set of best practices widely used within the IT service industry. The IT Service CMM is a maturity growth model akin to the Software CMM. © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mouse Phenome Database (MPD)

The Mouse Phenome Project was launched a decade ago to complement mouse genome sequencing efforts by promoting new phenotyping initiatives under standardized conditions and collecting the data in a central public database, the Mouse Phenome Database (MPD; http://phenome.jax.org). MPD houses a wealth of strain characteristics data to facilitate the use of the laboratory mouse in translational research for human health and disease, helping alleviate problems involving experimentation in humans that cannot be done practically or ethically. Data sets are voluntarily contributed by researchers from a variety of institutions and settings, or in some cases, retrieved by MPD staff from public sources. MPD maintains a growing collection of standardized reference data that assists investigators in selecting mouse strains for research applications; houses treatment/control data for drug studies and other interventions; offers a standardized platform for discovering genotype–phenotype relationships; and provides tools for hypothesis testing. MPD improvements and updates since our last NAR report are presented, including the addition of new tools and features to facilitate navigation and data mining as well as the acquisition of new data (phenotypic, genotypic and gene expression).
Projected Loss of a Salamander Diversity Hotspot as a Consequence of Projected Global Climate Change

Background Significant shifts in climate are considered a threat to plants and animals with significant physiological limitations and limited dispersal abilities. The southern Appalachian Mountains are a global hotspot for plethodontid salamander diversity. Plethodontids are lungless ectotherms, so their ecology is strongly governed by temperature and precipitation. Many plethodontid species in southern Appalachia exist in high elevation habitats that may be at or near their thermal maxima, and may also have limited dispersal abilities across warmer valley bottoms. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a maximum-entropy approach (program Maxent) to model the suitable climatic habitat of 41 plethodontid salamander species inhabiting the Appalachian Highlands region (33 individual species and eight species included within two species complexes). We evaluated the relative change in suitable climatic habitat for these species in the Appalachian Highlands from the current climate to the years 2020, 2050, and 2080, using both the HADCM3 and the CGCM3 models, each under low and high CO2 scenarios, and using two-model thresholds levels (relative suitability thresholds for determining suitable/unsuitable range), for a total of 8 scenarios per species. Conclusion/Significance While models differed slightly, every scenario projected significant declines in suitable habitat within the Appalachian Highlands as early as 2020. Species with more southern ranges and with smaller ranges had larger projected habitat loss. Despite significant differences in projected precipitation changes to the region, projections did not differ significantly between global circulation models. CO2 emissions scenario and model threshold had small effects on projected habitat loss by 2020, but did not affect longer-term projections. Results of this study indicate that choice of model threshold and CO2 emissions scenario affect short-term projected shifts in climatic distributions of species; however, these factors and choice of global circulation model have relatively small affects on what is significant projected loss of habitat for many salamander species that currently occupy the Appalachian Highlands.