Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Training with Exploration Improves a Greedy Stack LSTM Parser

We adapt the greedy Stack-LSTM dependency parser of Dyer et al. (2015) to support a training-with-exploration procedure using dynamic oracles(Goldberg and Nivre, 2013) instead of cross-entropy minimization. This form of training, which accounts for model predictions at training time rather than assuming an error-free action history, improves parsing accuracies for both English and Chinese, obtaining very strong results for both languages. We discuss some modifications needed in order to get training with exploration to work well for a probabilistic neural-network.
Development of a Combined Selection and Enrichment PCR Procedure for Clostridium botulinum Types B, E, and F and Its Use To Determine Prevalence in Fecal Samples from Slaughtered Pigs

ABSTRACT A specific and sensitive combined selection and enrichment PCR procedure was developed for the detection of Clostridium botulinum types B, E, and F in fecal samples from slaughtered pigs. Two enrichment PCR assays, using the DNA polymeraserTth, were constructed. One assay was specific for the type B neurotoxin gene, and the other assay was specific for the type E and F neurotoxin genes. Based on examination of 29 strains of C. botulinum, 16 strains of other Clostridium spp. , and 48 non-Clostridium strains, it was concluded that the two PCR assays detect C. botulinum types B, E, and F specifically. Sample preparation prior to the PCR was based on heat treatment of feces homogenate at 70°C for 10 min, enrichment in tryptone-peptone-glucose-yeast extract broth at 30°C for 18 h, and DNA extraction. The detection limits after sample preparation were established as being 10 spores per g of fecal sample for nonproteolytic type B, and 3.0 × 103 spores per g of fecal sample for type E and nonproteolytic type F with a detection probability of 95%. Seventy-eight pig fecal samples collected from slaughter houses were analyzed according to the combined selection and enrichment PCR procedure, and 62% were found to be PCR positive with respect to the type B neurotoxin gene. No samples were positive regarding the type E and F neurotoxin genes, indicating a prevalence of less than 1.3%. Thirty-four (71%) of the positive fecal samples had a spore load of less than 4 spores per g. Statistical analysis showed that both rearing conditions (outdoors and indoors) and seasonal variation (summer and winter) had significant effects on the prevalence of C. botulinum type B, whereas the effects of geographical location (southern and central Sweden) were less significant.
Investigation into Motivation Types and Influences on Motivation: The Case of Chinese Non-English Majors.

Motivation is one of the most important factors affecting students’ performance of English learning, which is widely concerned by foreign language teachers and researchers for a long time. However, how to promote students’ motivation in learning English by knowing their English learning motivation types at the initial stages and the factors that influence their sustaining motivation in the long process of English learning is still in need of exploration in the Chinese context. The paper aims to investigate Chinese non-English majors’ motivation in English learning to facilitate teachers’ understanding of ways to increase it.
Effects of Dynamic Warm-Up With and Without a Weighted Vest on Lower Extremity Power Performance of High School Male Athletes

Reiman, MP, Peintner, AM, Boehner, AL, Cameron, CN, Murphy, JR, and Carter, JW. Effects of dynamic warm-up with and without a weighted vest on lower extremity power performance of high school male athletes. J Strength Cond Res 24(12): 3387-3395, 2010-This study examined lower extremity power performance, using the Margaria-Kalamen Power Test, after a dynamic warm-up with (resisted) and without (nonresisted) a weighted vest. Sixteen (n = 16) high school male football players, ages 14-18 years, participated in 2 randomly ordered testing sessions. One session involved performing the team's standard dynamic warm-up while wearing a vest weighted at 5% of the individual athlete's body weight before performing 3 trials of the Margaria-Kalamen Power Test. The second session involved performing the same dynamic warm-up without wearing a weighted vest before performing 3 trials of the Margaria-Kalamen Power Test. The warm-up performed by the athletes consisted of various lower extremity dynamic movements over a 5-minute period. No significant difference was found in power performance between the resisted and nonresisted dynamic warm-up protocols (p > 0.05). The use of a dynamic warm-up with a vest weighted at 5% of the athlete's body weight was not advantageous for increasing lower extremity power output in this study. The results of this study suggest that resisted dynamic warm-up protocols may not augment the production of power performance in high school football players.
Number Word Use in Toddlerhood Is Associated with Number Recall Performance at Seven Years of Age

Previous studies have shown that verbal working memory and vocabulary acquisition are linked in early childhood. However, it is unclear whether acquisition of a narrow range of words during toddlerhood may be particularly related to recall of the same words later in life. Here we asked whether vocabulary acquisition of number words, location and quantifier terms over the first three years of life are associated with verbal and visuospatial working memory at seven years. Our results demonstrate that children who produced more number words between 20–26 months and started to produce the number words 1–10 earlier showed greater number recall at 7 years of age. This link was specific to numbers and neither extended to quantifier and location terms nor verbal and visuospatial working memory performance with other stimuli. These findings suggest a category-specific link between the mental lexicon of number words and working memory for numbers at an early age.
Personality, Threat, and Cognitive and Emotional Reactions to Stressful Intercultural Situations

The present study examined individual differences in appraisal of and affective reactions to intercultural situations. A sample of 160 students filled out the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and participated in an experiment in which they received a description of an intercultural situation that was either high or low in potential stressfulness. Individuals with high scores on the intercultural dimensions appraised the potentially stressful situation more positively and showed more positive and less negative reactions to the situation than did individuals with low scores on the MPQ. Interestingly, following a Terror Management Intervention (TMI), individual differences in emotional reactions to intercultural situations disappeared. The results could only partially be replicated using a general personality questionnaire, suggesting that these findings have at least some specificity to intercultural personality dimensions.
Efficient regression testing based on test history: An industrial evaluation

Due to changes in the development practices at Axis Communications, towards continuous integration, faster regression testing feedback is needed. The current automated regression test suite takes approximately seven hours to run which prevents developers from integrating code changes several times a day as preferred. Therefore we want to implement a highly selective yet accurate regression testing strategy. Traditional code coverage based techniques are not applicable due to the size and complexity of the software under test. Instead we decided to select tests based on regression test history. We developed a tool, the Difference Engine, which parses and analyzes results from previous test runs and outputs regression test recommendations. The Difference Engine correlates code and test cases at package level and recommends test cases that are strongly correlated to recently changed packages. We evaluated the technique with respect to correctness, precision, recall and efficiency. Our results are promising. On average the tool manages to identify 80% of the relevant tests while recommending only 4% of the test cases in the full regression test suite.
Indicators of quality teaching in intensive behavioral intervention: a survey of parents and professionals

Intensive Behavioral Intervention (IBI) is being used extensively with children with autism. It is widely accepted that a large quantity of IBI is necessary to maximize children's outcomes, but outcomes remain variable and one reason for this is likely related to the quality of intervention children are receiving. There is little empirical evidence regarding the nature and measurement of quality IBI. This paper presents results of a survey examining the views of parents and professionals about quality IBI and how it should be measured. Parents rated the importance of 11 IBI characteristics and professionals indicated whether these characteristics should be measured objectively or subjectively. All respondents selected three characteristics they thought most important and answered open-ended questions about: additional quality indicators and IBI programming issues for which empirical evidence is needed. Parental ratings supported the importance of virtually all the suggested characteristics. Professional results emphasized the importance of objective measurement. The most frequently selected indicators of high quality teaching across groups were: creating generalization opportunities, administering reinforcers of the appropriate type, and using effective/appropriate behavior management strategies. There were interesting differences across groups and many valuable suggestions about additional indicators of quality and empirical questions of interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of the Brain-Dead Organ Donor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background The shortage of organs is a limitation for transplantation, making the care of potential organ donors an important issue. The present systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to assess the efficacy of interventions to stabilize hemodynamics in brain-dead donors or to improve organ function and outcomes of transplantation. Methods Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched. Of 5096 articles retrieved, 39 randomized controlled trials were selected. Twenty were included in a qualitative synthesis, providing data on 1277 patients. The main interventions described were desmopressin use, triiodothyronine and methylprednisolone replacement, fluid management, vasopressor therapy, mechanical ventilation strategies, and surgical techniques. Results Three meta-analyses were conducted: the first included two studies and showed that desmopressin administered to brain-dead patients was not advantageous with respect to early organ function in kidney recipients (relative risk, 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85–1.10; I2=0%; P=0.809). The second included four studies and showed that triiodothyronine did not add hemodynamic benefits versus standard management (weighted mean difference, 0.15; 95% CI, −0.13 to 0.42; I2=17.4%; P=0.304). The third meta-analysis (two studies) showed that ischemic liver preconditioning during harvesting procedures did not benefit survival (relative risk, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.93–1.08; I2=0%; P=0.459). Conclusion The present results suggest limited efficacy of interventions focusing on the management of brain-dead donors.
Edema surrounding calcified intracranial cysticerci: clinical manifestations, natural history, and treatment

Abstract Calcified granulomas are the most common radiological finding in neurocysticercosis (10–20% of endemic populations). A small proportion serves as foci of seizure activity, which results in large numbers of persons with epilepsy. Calcified granulomas are not all the same. Some demonstrate blood–brain barrier dysfunction (magnetic resonance imaging enhancement) most likely due to the presence of inflammation, visualizable scolices, and/or gliosis. About half the patients with a recent history of seizures, positive serology, and only calcified lesions develop perilesional edema at the time of a seizure recurrence. The natural history, treatment, and pathophysiology of this phenomenon are not well studied. Episodes are usually associated with seizures or other neurological manifestations, resolve by 4–6 weeks, sometimes occur repeatedly, and usually involve a subset of the same calcifications. Treatment is supportive. Histopathological examination of one calcification associated with multiple perilesional edema episodes revealed significant inflammation and supports the concept that perilesional edema is inflammatory in nature. This most likely is due to host responses to released or newly recognized parasite antigen and/or upregulation of the host immune response. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents may be useful in prevention and/or treatment of this phenomenon.
Insights into Duffy Binding-like Domains through the Crystal Structure and Function of the Merozoite Surface Protein MSPDBL2 from Plasmodium falciparum*

Background: Plasmodium falciparum invades red blood cells by the binding of specific parasite ligands to host cell receptors. Results: We have solved the three-dimensional structure of the erythrocyte-binding Duffy binding-like domain of an important red blood cell-binding protein. Conclusion: The architecture of this protein is distinct from other related proteins. Significance: This has provided insights into the function of this protein and has enabled us to map a receptor-binding site. Invasion of human red blood cells by Plasmodium falciparum involves interaction of the merozoite form through proteins on the surface coat. The erythrocyte binding-like protein family functions after initial merozoite interaction by binding via the Duffy binding-like (DBL) domain to receptors on the host red blood cell. The merozoite surface proteins DBL1 and -2 (PfMSPDBL1 and PfMSPDBL2) (PF10_0348 and PF10_0355) are extrinsically associated with the merozoite, and both have a DBL domain in each protein. We expressed and refolded recombinant DBL domains for PfMSPDBL1 and -2 and show they are functional. The red cell binding characteristics of these domains were shown to be similar to full-length forms of these proteins isolated from parasite cultures. Futhermore, metal cofactors were found to enhance the binding of both the DBL domains and the parasite-derived full-length proteins to erythrocytes, which has implications for receptor binding of other DBL-containing proteins in Plasmodium spp. We solved the structure of the erythrocyte-binding DBL domain of PfMSPDBL2 to 2.09 Å resolution and modeled that of PfMSPDBL1, revealing a canonical DBL fold consisting of a boomerang shaped α-helical core formed from three subdomains. PfMSPDBL2 is highly polymorphic, and mapping of these mutations shows they are on the surface, predominantly in the first two domains. For both PfMSPDBL proteins, polymorphic variation spares the cleft separating domains 1 and 2 from domain 3, and the groove between the two major helices of domain 3 extends beyond the cleft, indicating these regions are functionally important and are likely to be associated with the binding of a receptor on the red blood cell.
Gender preferences in learning science

Scotland has been conducting national monitoring exercises in science performance at three-yearly intervals since 1987 through the Assessment of Achievement Programme (AAP). The fourth survey in 1996 included a questionnaire designed to elicit pupils' preferences for some common science topics as well as their views on the kinds of learning experiences encountered in school. The responses of a nationally representative sample of pupils at three stages, two primary (P4- 8/9 years and P7- 11/12 years) and one secondary (S2- 13/14 years), were analysed by (st)age and gender. While this element of the survey was intended primarily as a feasibility study, some clear patterns of preference along age and gender lines were identified. Concerns over achievement and attitudes in science have been particularly sharp in the early secondary years, where pupils have not been meeting expectations. The findings from this national survey are intended to add to that debate.
Clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and genetic factors associated with measurable response of high-risk canine mast cell tumours to tyrosine kinase inhibitors

The aim of the present prospective-retrospective study was to evaluate the response of high-risk canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and to correlate this with prognostic factors. A total of 24 dogs presented with macroscopic cutaneous MCTs at disease stage II or III, and therefore, at high-risk of associated mortality, were included in the study and treated with masitinib (n=20) or toceranib (n=4). A total of 12/24 dogs achieved an objective response and the overall survival (OS) for all subjects was 113 days. Dogs responding to treatment had a significant increase in OS compared to non-responders (146.5 days vs. 47 days, P=0.02). Internal tandem duplications in exon 11 of the c-kit gene were identified in 6/24 cases. Ki67, KIT immunolabelling and c-kit mutation did not provide information regarding prognosis or prediction of response to TKIs in this population. Initial response to TKIs appears to be the most reliable prognostic factor for survival duration.
Dropping out of high school and drug involvement.

The relationship between dropping out of high school and substance use was explored using the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Adults, a national longitudinal sample of young Americans aged 19-27 in 1984. Cross-sectional data indicated that high school dropouts were more involved with cigarettes and illicit drugs than were graduates and that those who obtained a graduate equivalency diploma were the most intensely involved. Event-history analysis indicates that, controlling for other important risk factors, prior use of cigarettes, marijuana, and other illicit drugs increases the propensity to drop out and that the earlier the initiation into drugs, the greater the probability of premature school leaving. Thus, preventing or at least delaying the initiation of drug use will reduce the incidence of dropping out from our nation's high schools.
On metamodel composition

Computer-based systems (CBS) development integrates various disciplines, such as hardware design, software engineering, and performance modeling, as well as the "base" engineering discipline in which the CBS will operate. As such, use of a "non-native" modeling language is not acceptable when performing CBS design, and rapid specification and development of domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) is necessary. We advocate a UML-based metamodeling technique to DSML specification and generation. A key feature of our approach is the composition of new metamodels from existing metamodels through the use of three newly defined UML operators-equivalence, implementation inheritance, and interface inheritance. The paper describes the development of these new operators, details how they are used in metamodel composition, and presents examples of metamodel composition.
Abusive Supervision in Work Organizations: Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda

A growing literature explores abusive supervision, nonphysical forms of hostility perpetrated by managers against their direct reports. However, researchers have used different terminology to explore phenomena that overlap with abusive supervision, and extant research does not devolve from a unifying theoretical framework. These problems have the potential to undermine the development of knowledge in this important research domain. The author therefore provides a review of the literature that summarizes what is known about the antecedents and consequences of abusive supervision, provides the basis for an emergent model that integrates extant empirical work, and suggests directions for future research.
The Social Stratification of /r/ in New York City

This study, conducted among 169 participants in June 2009, is a methodological replica of Labov’s original study of the social stratification of /r/ in three New York City department stores. Results of the 2009 study are compared with Labov’s original survey and Fowler’s replica. Although the distribution patterns of /r/ remain the same as for the two previous studies in terms of stylistic, social, and phonological variables (word-final vs. preobstruent), there have been significant increases in the overall percentages by some 10 to 20 percent, and there are important differences in terms of the age distribution: the 2009 study suggests that lower-middle-class younger speakers use the [r]-less variant considerably less than older speakers, contrary to Labov’s original survey. In addition, although African American informants use less word-final /r/ than whites, especially in preobstruent position, they nevertheless follow the general pattern of stylistic and social differentiation according to the store, suggesting that African Americans are moving toward greater integration within the New York City speech community.
A Componential Approach to Training Reading Skills

This is the second of two articles that describe the development and evaluation of three component-specific instructional systems for improving critical reading skills. The skill components that were the focus of training have been shown in prior research to represent particular sources of processing difficulty for young adult, poor readers and, based on a model of component interaction, were predicted to have a potentially strong impact on the performance of other component processes. Part 1 presented the evaluation of SPEED, a system designed to develop automaticity in the ability to perceptually encode multiletter units that appear in words. Part 2 describes the evaluation of the RACER and SKI JUMP systems, which focus respectively on developing automaticity in phonological decoding of orthographic information in words and the use of context frames in retrieving and integrating word meanings. In both the RACER and SKI JUMP training studies, all subjects achieved highly accurate and efficient levels of .
Micro and Macro Determinants of Refugee Economic Status

ABSTRACT A the ory-based model of factors in fluencing refugee economic status was tested using nationally representative samples of Soviet/East Eu ro pean (n = 4241), South east Asian (n = 4748), and Cu ban (n= 4707) work ing-age ref u gees re set tied in the United States. Cen sus data on in dividu als and house holds were combined with data onmetro poli tan ar eas to as sess the relative effects of demographiccharacteristics, residency characteristics, acculturation characteristics, and community characteristics upon ref u gees' em ploy ment sta tus, pub lie as sis tance utr lization, and house hold in come. The data were analyzed us ing regression analysiswithhierarchicalentryof blocks. Across the three groups, the model ex plained 26-31% of the vari ance in em ploy ment sta tus, 32-39% of the vari ance in pub lie as sis tance uti li za tion, and 28-35% of the varr ance in house hold in come. De mo graphic char ac ter is tics had the larg est ef feet oneconomicsta tus. Residency character istics, accultur ationchar ac ter is tics, and com mu nity char ac ter is tics all had small and rel a tively equal effects. The most important in dividual determinants of economic sta tus were education, gen der, disability, and house hold composition. Implications for refugee re set tie ment theory, policy, and practice are discussed.