Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implant of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Alpha Agonist to the Male Rat Medial Preoptic Area Maintains Mating Behavior

Evidence from knockout studies in male mice and from experiments in male rats, in which expression of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene was inhibited in the medial preoptic area (MPO), suggests that ERα is important in the control of male rat mating behavior. Therefore, in this experiment, we tested the hypothesis that activation of ERα in the MPO is sufficient to maintain mating behavior in castrated male rats receiving subcutaneously (s.c.) dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a non-aromatizable androgen. Accordingly, castrated rats treated with DHT s.c. received MPO implants of either: (i) propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT) (Stauffer, et al 2000; Katzenellenbogen, et al 2000), a selective ERα agonist, (ii) E 2 (positive controls) or (iii) cholesterol (negative controls) and sexual behavior was monitored. PPT was as effective as E 2 at maintaining mating behavior suggesting that, in the MPO, ERα is sufficient to mediate responses to E 2 that underlie male rat mating behavior.
The challenge of being a young manager : The effects of contingent reward and participative leadership on team-level turnover depend on leader age

Summary Effective leadership requires a leader claiming as well as team members granting the leadership position. Contingent reward and participative leadership may both facilitate this mutual process. However, these behaviors differ in the degree to which they require a leader to have status and be prototypical. Their effectiveness might thus depend on the status-related characteristics of the leader. In this respect, we propose that younger leaders, by deviating from the leader prototype in terms of age, lack a natural status cue, which will determine the effectiveness of these two leadership behaviors in shaping turnover. Two pilot studies (N = 113 and 121 individuals) confirm that younger leaders are perceived as less prototypical and to have lower status than older leaders. Examining 83 work teams, we show that leader age differently moderates the effects of contingent reward and participative leadership on time-lagged team turnover. For younger (compared with older) leaders, contingent reward was effective as illustrated by decreased voluntary turnover and increased involuntary turnover, whereas participative leadership, which was associated with increased voluntary turnover and decreased involuntary turnover, was ineffective. These findings point to the importance of incorporating natural status cues of leaders for understanding the effectiveness of different leadership behaviors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addressing inequalities in oral health in India: need for skill mix in the dental workforce

Dentistry has always been an under-resourced profession. There are three main issues that dentistry is facing in the modern era. Firstly, how to rectify the widely acknowledged geographical imbalance in the demand and supply of dental personnel, secondly, how to provide access to primary dental care to maximum number of people, and thirdly, how to achieve both of these aims within the financial restraints imposed by the central and state governments. The trends of oral diseases have changed significantly in the last 20 years. The two of the most common oral diseases that affect a majority of the population worldwide, namely dental caries and periodontitis, have been proved to be entirely preventable. Even for life-threatening oral diseases like oral cancer, the best possible available treatment is prevention. There is a growing consensus that appropriate skill mix can prove very beneficial in providing these preventive dental care services to the public and aid in achieving the goal of universal oral health coverage. Professions complementary to dentistry (PCD) have been found to be effective in reducing inequalities in oral health, improving access and spreading the messages of health promotion across entire spectrum of socio-economic hierarchy in various studies conducted globally. This commentary provides a review of the effectiveness of skill mix in dentistry and a reflection on how this can be beneficial in achieving universal oral health care in India.
Disabilities research in India

The objective of this paper is to review all articles related to psychiatric disability that have been published in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry since its inception till date. We have also added up some more relevant literature in the area of mental disability of Indian psychiatric patients. Finally the article ends up with discussion related to challenges associated with mental disability, persons with Disability Act and future directions in the area of psychiatric disability.
Evidence of Objective Memory Impairments in Deployed Gulf War Veterans With Subjective Memory Complaints.

INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that many veterans returned from the 1991 Gulf War (GW) with complaints of memory difficulties, most neuropsychological studies to date have found little evidence of a correspondence between subjective and objective measures of cognitive function in GW veterans. However, if GW veterans complain about memory problems, it is likely that they experience memory problems in their daily lives. In this respect, it is notable that the past studies that have investigated the relationship between subjective and objective measures of cognitive function in GW veterans used composite measures to quantify subjective complaints and batteries of neuropsychological tests that assessed multiple domains to objectively measure cognitive function. The study's focus on memory was motivated by the suggestive evidence that subjective memory complaint may be a harbinger of further cognitive decline and increased risk for dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study examined the association between subjective memory complaint (probed with single question: "Do you have difficulty remembering things? ") and performance on a single objective test of verbal learning and memory (i.e., California Verbal Learning Test, CVLT-II) in a sample of 428 deployed GW veterans. RESULTS GW veterans who endorsed memory difficulties performed more poorly on CVLT-II measures of total learning, retention, and delayed recall than GW veterans without subjective memory complaints (p < 0.001), even after accounting for demographic (e.g., age, sex, education) and clinical variables (e.g., diagnoses of current post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depressive disorder, and/or anxiety disorder) that could potentially contribute to memory deficits. Among GW veterans who met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for chronic multisymptom illness (N = 272), subjective memory complaint significantly predicted CVLT-II retention scores (β = -0.12, p = 0.04) and marginally predicted CVLT-II delayed recall scores (β = -0.11, p = 0.05) over and above potentially confounding demographic and clinical variables. CONCLUSION This study suggests that deployed GW veterans with subjective memory complaints have objective memory impairments. In light of the evidence linking subjective memory complaint to increased risk for dementia in the elderly, these findings suggest that aging GW veterans with subjective memory complaints should be closely monitored for further cognitive decline.
Evaluation of attenuation correction methodology in the allegro PET system

This paper describes the evaluation of an attenuation correction methodology implemented in the Philips Allegro PET device. This system uses a /sup 137/Cs point source (single photon emitter at 662 keV) to perform postinjection transmission scans for clinical whole body FDG investigations. The aims of our study were: 1) to assess the use of a single scaling factor in the conversion of the attenuation coefficients from the acquired energy of 662 keV to the emission energy of 511 keV, throughout a range of different density materials; 2) to assess the effects of scatter in the accuracy of the measured attenuation maps; and 3) to evaluate the accuracy of postinjection transmission scanning. First, measurements of attenuation coefficients were carried out for different density materials at 662 keV and 511 keV using a narrow beam geometry laboratory setup. The same materials were subsequently scanned using the transmission setup of the PET system. In addition, emission and transmission datasets of the NEMA NU2 phantom, including the three inserts (water, air, and teflon), were obtained using the Allegro PET system. Transmission scans of the NEMA phantom were carried out in the presence and absence of activity in order to assess the accuracy of the postinjection transmission acquisitions. Finally, the transmission maps of patients studies were analyzed. The attenuation coefficients measured with the laboratory benchmark are in good agreement with tabulated data available in the literature. A linear relationship between the attenuation coefficients at 662 and 511 keV, through the range of material densities examined was observed for both the benchmark and the scanner transmission measurements. No differences were observed between the attenuation coefficients in the NEMA phantom in the presence and absence of emission activity. Finally, both phantom and patient studies reveal a bias in areas of low densities, such as in water and lung, most probably as a result of using a single scaling factor for all attenuation coefficients in order to correct for the effects of scattered events in the measured transmission maps.
Well-being and Coping of Student Veterans Readjusting into Academia: A Pilot Survey

ABSTRACT This study explored student veterans coping with transitions to postsecondary education. An instrument using a Tailored Survey Design and an Adult Transitioning Framework was developed to collect coping responses of 13 veterans with deployment experience transitioning to postsecondary education. Results indicated 38% reported difficulty managing finances, 93% utilized military training to manage stressors, and 38% sought environmental supports provided by the university. Findings suggest previous military experiences can be incorporated into occupations supporting individual coping skill development for the transition to postsecondary education. Further research is needed to understand barriers and facilitators of student veteran engagement in university resources.
Aflatoxins contamination and prevention in red chillies (Capsicum annuum L.) in Pakistan

During 2006–2011, 331 red chilli samples (226 whole, 69 powdered and 36 crushed) were collected from all over Pakistan for the estimation of total aflatoxins (AFs = AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) contamination by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Mean AFs levels in whole, powdered and crushed chillies were 11.7, 27.8 and 31.2 µg kg−1, respectively. AFs levels in 62.4% of whole, 26.1% of powdered and 19.4% of crushed chillies were found lower than the maximum limit (ML = 10 µg kg−1) as assigned by the European Union. Furthermore, whole (27.9%), powdered (28%) and crushed (27.8%) chillies showed AFs contamination which ranged between 10 and 20 µg kg−1. However, 9.7% of whole, 46% of powdered and 52.8% of crushed chillies showed AFs levels beyond the ML of 20 µg kg−1 as assigned by the USDA. It was concluded that AFs contamination in chillies requires further investigation, monitoring and routine analysis. Furthermore, proper harvesting, drying, handling, storage and transport conditions need to be employed.
Effect of a Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Estimates of Egocentric Distance

The goal was to explore the effect of a moderate-intensity exercise on egocentric distance estimates (the distance between the participant and an object in space) in physically trained and untrained participants (N = 54), divided into three groups of 18 national-level soccer players, 18 sedentary people, and 18 controls. Participants engaged in a distance estimation task at rest, and also while pedalling on an ergocycle for 10 min. at 60% of the maximal aerobic intensity. Estimates were recorded during pre-exercise, stability Phase 1 (between the 1st and the 2nd min. of exercise), Phase 2 (5th to 6th min.), Phase 3, (9th to 10th min.), and immediately after the exercise. Estimates of egocentric distance were more accurate in trained than untrained participants. Perception improved during and after the exercise in comparison with pre-exercise. In addition, the group x exercise interaction indicated estimation improved during and after exercise, with more accuracy in the trained than untrained participants. Fitness and moderate aerobic exercise improve the egocentric distance estimation in humans.
Mutation of SHOC2 promotes aberrant protein N-myristoylation and causes Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair

Viviana Cordeddu1, Elia Di Schiavi2, Len A Pennacchio3,4, Avi Ma’ayan5, Anna Sarkozy6, Valentina Fodale1,7, Serena Cecchetti8, Alessio Cardinale9, Joel Martin4, Wendy Schackwitz4, Anna Lipzen4, Giuseppe Zampino10, Laura Mazzanti11, Maria C Digilio12, Simone Martinelli1, Elisabetta Flex1, Francesca Lepri6, Deborah Bartholdi13, Kerstin Kutsche14, Giovanni B Ferrero15, Cecilia Anichini16, Angelo Selicorni17, Cesare Rossi18, Romano Tenconi19, Martin Zenker20, Daniela Merlo8,9, Bruno Dallapiccola6,7, Ravi Iyengar5, Paolo Bazzicalupo2, Bruce D Gelb21,22 & Marco Tartaglia1,22
Prevalence of intramammary infection in Dutch dairy herds

A survey was carried out in 2003 in 49 dairy herds to determine the overall and pathogen-specific prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI) in Dutch dairy herds, and to compare the distribution with four studies performed from 1973 to 1985 in The Netherlands. Herds were randomly selected stratified over the 12 Dutch provinces, had at least 40 lactating cows and participated in the Dutch milk recording system. Quarter milk samples were collected from all 408 cows with a somatic cell count (SCC) ⩾250 000 cells/ml and 145 heifers with SCC ⩾150 000 cells/ml at the last milk test before the farm visit. Additionally, samples were collected from 519 (approximately 25%) of the remaining low-SCC cows and heifers with a SCC at the last milk test before the farm visit of <250 000 and <150 000 cells/ml, respectively. Bacterial growth occurred in 37·3% of milk samples of high-SCC cows and in 21·1% of low-SCC cows. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most frequently isolated group of bacteria (10·8% of quarters) and were found in all herds. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus IMI was lower in 2003 than in 1973, respectively 1·8% and 6·2% of quarters. Prevalence of Streptococcus uberis and Str. dysgalactiae IMI was almost the same in the five samplings during the 30-year period, at 1·1–1·7 and 0·9–1·5%, respectively. Str. agalactiae was not found in this study. Prevalence of CNS IMI was higher in lactating heifers, while prevalence of Str. uberis, Str. dysgalactiae and penicillin-resistant Staph. aureus IMI was higher in older cows. Because distribution of pathogens changes over time, herd-level samples for bacteriological culturing must be taken regularly to monitor udder health. Additionally, national mastitis prevalence studies give important information through monitoring the national udder health status.
Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings.

Numerous viruses, including influenza virus, measles virus, Hantavirus, adenovirus, herpesviruses, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus, can cause lower respiratory tract infection in adults. Viral pneumonia in adults can be classified into two clinical groups: so-called atypical pneumonia in otherwise healthy hosts and viral pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Influenza virus types A and B cause most cases of viral pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Immunocompromised hosts are susceptible to pneumonias caused by cytomegalovirus, herpesviruses, measles virus, and adenovirus. The radiographic findings, which consist mainly of patchy or diffuse ground-glass opacity with or without consolidation and reticular areas of increased opacity, are variable and overlapping. Computed tomographic findings, which are also overlapping, consist of poorly defined centrilobular nodules, ground-glass attenuation with a lobular distribution, segmental consolidation, or diffuse ground-glass attenuation with thickened interlobular septa. The radiologic findings reflect the variable extents of the histopathologic features: diffuse alveolar damage (intraalveolar edema, fibrin, and variable cellular infiltrates with a hyaline membrane), intraalveolar hemorrhage, and interstitial (intrapulmonary or airway) inflammatory cell infiltration. Clinical information such as patient age, immune status, community outbreaks, symptom onset and duration, and presence of a rash remain important aids in diagnosis of viral causes.
Late‐onset persistent epithelial ingrowth following uncomplicated clear corneal incision cataract surgery

and has been described in cases of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Our patient had known hereditary protein C deficiency, which along with his underlying inflammatory bowel disease and the new onset of essential thrombocytosis (as indicated by a platelet count >600 ¥ 10/L that persisted in the absence of systemic inflammation and required hydroxyurea for control), resulted in an unusually aggressive pro-coagulant state. He suffered both aseptic sagittal sinus thrombosis and bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis despite only very brief interruption of his anticoagulant therapy. This then precipitated the development of bilateral orbital compartment syndrome; the first case, to our knowledge, to involve such complicated coagulopathies. Orbital compartment syndrome is a rare ophthalmic emergency which requires urgent surgical decompression. Our patient underwent decompression 3.5 and 1.5 h after onset of symptoms in the right and left eyes, respectively. Vision recovered in the left eye to 6/24, whereas the right eye failed to improve beyond hand movements. This is in keeping with the literature, which suggests that delaying decompression more than 2 h results in significantly diminished visual recovery. This case serves to illustrate that patients with cavernous sinus thrombosis, as a result of a hypercoagulable state, may rarely develop orbital compartment syndrome necessitating urgent decompression via a canthotomy and cantholysis.
The Influence of Internet Use on Interpersonal Interaction among Chinese Urban Residents: The Mediating Effect of Social Identification

The instability of social norms on the Internet causes the diversity of social identification. Meanwhile, the anonymity of online social identity and the chaos of the role-playing among the interacting participants cause an ambiguity of identity recognition, which intensifies anxiety about interpersonal interaction. Methods that promote face-to-face interpersonal interaction through the reconstruction of the identification to the social system and intergroup trust is worth further research. Based on a telephone survey of urban residents in thirty-six cities in China (N=1080), the study focuses on the influence of Internet use on interpersonal interaction of urban residents and the mediation effect of social identification. The results show that Internet use has a negative effect on the interpersonal interactions of urban residents, and social identification plays a mediating effect between Internet use and interpersonal interaction. Implications of the results are discussed.
Real-world experience with colorectal cancer chemotherapies: patient web forum analysis

Background In contrast to clinical trials, patient web forums provide a unique opportunity for patients to spontaneously post their experiences and thoughts about diseases and treatments. This study explored the impact of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatments in these forums. Methods This was a systematic cross-sectional qualitative analysis. Two active CRC web forums were identified based on four criteria: active for ≥five years, >12,000 total posts, >20 individuals currently browsing, and ≥10 new posts/day. All relevant threads (set of messages focusing on a topic) relating to treatment posted in July and December 2010 and February to March 2011 were reviewed and coded using MaxQDA software. A content analysis was performed identifying key themes. Results The threads included 1522 posts by 264 individuals. Demographics were identified for 83% of the posters. Of these, 83% were CRC patients and 17% were family members; 76% were females, and the mean patient age was 49 years. The majority had advanced cancer (44% stage IV or metastatic, 40% stage III). The most common themes were side effects (62.3% of posts), treatment response (13%), and impact on personal, social, and work lives, and emotional distress (23.9%). The posters came to the online forums to have an emotional outlet, share experience, and seek advice. The emotional impacts primarily exemplified resilience and positive coping strategies. Formal knowledge regarding the likelihood of treatment response, magnitude of benefit, or side effects was lacking, which lead to uncertainty and anxiety. However, patients expressed appreciation for the availability of treatment options and the hope they provide. Conclusion Online CRC communities provide patients with convenient and valuable emotional support and disease information. CRC and treatments may have profound impacts beyond efficacy and toxicity. Systematic information and decision tools may help to minimise uncertainties and help patients manage expectations and emotional distress.
Roles of N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide and glycine betaine in adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to osmotic stress

The mechanism of osmotic stress adaptation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was investigated. By using natural abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, osmotically stressed cultures were found to accumulate glutamate, trehalose, and N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide, an unusual dipeptide previously reported only in osmotically stressed Rhizobium meliloti and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The intracellular levels of these osmolytes were dependent on the chemical composition and the osmolality of the growth medium. It was also demonstrated that glycine betaine, a powerful osmotic stress protectant, participates in osmoregulation in this organism. When glycine betaine or its precursors, phosphorylcholine or choline, were added to the growth medium, growth rates of cultures in 0.7 M NaCl were increased more than threefold. Furthermore, enhancement of growth could be observed with as little as 10 microM glycine betaine or precursor added to the medium. Finally, the mechanism of osmotic stress adaptation of two clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa was found to be nearly identical to that of the laboratory strain PAO1 in all aspects studied.
An Assessment of the Magnitude of Effect Sizes

This study compiles information from more than 250 meta-analyses conducted over the past 30 years to assess the magnitude of reported effect sizes in the organizational behavior (OB)/human resources (HR) literatures. Our analysis revealed an average uncorrected effect of r = . 227 and an average corrected effect of ρ = . 278 (SDρ = .140). Based on the distribution of effect sizes we report, Cohen’s effect size benchmarks are not appropriate for use in OB/HR research as they overestimate the actual breakpoints between small, medium, and large effects. We also assessed the average statistical power reported in meta-analytic conclusions and found substantial evidence that the majority of primary studies in the management literature are statistically underpowered. Finally, we investigated the impact of the file drawer problem in meta-analyses and our findings indicate that the file drawer problem is not a significant concern for meta-analysts. We conclude by discussing various implications of this study for OB/HR researchers.