Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Backward stochastic differential equations and integral-partial differential equations

We consider a backward stochastic differential equation, whose data (the final condition and the coefficient) are given functions of a jump-diffusion process. We prove that under mild conditions the solution of the BSDE provides a viscosity solution of a system of parabolic integral-partial differential equations. Under an additional assumption, that system of equations is proved to have a unique solution, in a given class of continuous functions
Preperiodic points of polynomials over global fields

Abstract Given a global field K and a polynomial defined over K of degree at least two, Morton and Silverman conjectured in 1994 that the number of K-rational pre-periodic points of is bounded in terms of only the degree of K and the degree of . In 1997, for quadratic polynomials over K = ℚ, Call and Goldstine proved a bound which was exponential in s, the number of primes of bad reduction of . By careful analysis of the filled Julia sets at each prime, we present an improved bound on the order of s log s. Our bound applies to polynomials of any degree (at least two) over any global field K.
Out of the Margins: Re-Theorizing the Role of the Informal Economy in Ukraine

The recognition that many inhabitants across the world rely on the informal economy for their livelihood has led to a refutation that this sphere is a leftover from pre-capitalism and the advent of a range of competing theorizations of the informal economy as either reinforcing the disparities produced by the formal economy, a chosen alternative to the formal economy or an involuntary survival practice for those decanted from the formal economy. To evaluate critically these rival theories, a study of the informal sector in four localities in Ukraine is reported. Finding that this is an involuntary survival practice but one that is ubiquitous, rather than confined to the marginalized, and is just as commonly used as the formal sector as a coping practice, the outcome is a call to bring the informal economy out of the margins and more centre-stage in future analyses of East-Central European economies.
A High Intrinsic Peculiarity Rate among Type Ia Supernovae

We have compiled a sample of 45 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) and the Beijing Astronomical Observatory Supernova Survey (BAOSS), and determined the rate of spectroscopically peculiar SNe Ia (i.e., SN 1986G-like, SN 1991bg-like, and SN 1991T-like objects) and the luminosity function of SNe Ia. Because of the nature of the two surveys (distance-limited with small baselines and deep limiting magnitudes), nearly all SNe Ia have been discovered in the sample galaxies of LOSS and BAOSS; thus, the observed peculiarity rate and luminosity function of SNe Ia are intrinsic. We find that 36% ± 9% of nearby SNe Ia are peculiar; specifically, the luminosity function of SNe Ia consists of 20% SN 1991T-like, 64% normal, and 16% SN 1991bg-like objects. We have compared our results to those found by earlier studies, and to those found at high redshift. The apparent dearth of SN 1991T-like objects at high redshift may be due to extinction, and especially to the difficulty of recognizing them from spectra obtained past maximum brightness or from spectra with low signal-to-noise ratios. Implications of the high peculiarity rate for the progenitor systems of SNe Ia are also briefly discussed.
Storm H: What should the researchers do when they are not able to reproduce their own findings?

larger face mask to rule out reduced contact with the cheeks—is an interesting one. We would like to see a demonstration of the effectiveness of this proposed technique in reducing air leaks. Why not share our interest in this topic by conducting a multicenter trial? We also thank Roth for his comments. Based on his experience, he reports that, in some patients, lower lip face mask placement with the cephalad end of the mask on the eyes may cause ocular damage. Roth recommends using the head straps to improve contact between the mask and cheeks. In our own experience, we have found that the head straps themselves may promote ocular damage and, therefore, should be used with caution. Also, we are convinced that the problem of air leak at the cheeks is best solved by moving the contact points rather than increasing pressure. However, as airway obstruction contributes to air leak, we fully agree with Roth that the use of an oral airway is one of the keys to improving face mask ventilation in edentulous patients. Why not conduct a formal comparison among headstrap–adjusted face masks, larger face masks, and lower lip positioning of masks in edentulous patients?
Destabilization of the Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex without Functional Deficits in α-Dystrobrevin Null Muscle

α-Dystrobrevin is a component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) and is thought to have both structural and signaling roles in skeletal muscle. Mice deficient for α-dystrobrevin (adbn−/−) exhibit extensive myofiber degeneration and neuromuscular junction abnormalities. However, the biochemical stability of the DGC and the functional performance of adbn−/− muscle have not been characterized. Here we show that the biochemical association between dystrophin and β-dystroglycan is compromised in adbn−/− skeletal muscle, suggesting that α-dystrobrevin plays a structural role in stabilizing the DGC. However, despite muscle cell death and DGC destabilization, costamere organization and physiological performance is normal in adbn−/− skeletal muscle. Our results demonstrate that myofiber degeneration alone does not cause functional deficits and suggests that more complex pathological factors contribute to the development of muscle weakness in muscular dystrophy.
Fractional Spline Matching Pursuit: a Quantitative Tool For Seismic Stratigraphy

A matching pursuit algorithm is used to obtain quantitative information on the litho-stratigraphical content of seismic data. The method is based on a greedy non-linear algorithm decomposing the data into atoms drawn from a redundant dictionary defined by fractional splines. The atom’s parametrization provides localized scale, order and direction attributes which carry information on the stratigraphy and the type of geological boundary, e.g. fining/coarsening upwards or symmetric lobe sequences. Besides a localized facies characterization the atomic decomposition also allows for an accurate reconstrution of the data from a small number of atoms.
Micronutrient Status in 153 Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

Micronutrient status in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) has been poorly documented and previous data are often contradictory. We aimed to assess micronutrient status in a large population of AN patients. The relationships between micronutrient status and body composition were also determined. Anthropometric, biochemical parameters and body composition data were collected at referral in 153 patients with AN (28.5 ± 11 years). At least one trace element deficit was observed in almost half of patients; the most frequent was selenium deficit (40% of patients). At least one vitamin deficit was observed in 45.7% of patients, mostly vitamin A and B9. Albumin, transthyretin and CRP were within normal range in most patients. No correlations were found between body composition and micronutrient status. Our study suggests that micronutrient status is often altered in AN patients, which may contribute to neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Monitoring of micronutrients and correction of deficits should be included in the routine care of AN patients.
Symbolic Nonblocking Computation of Timed Discrete Event Systems

In this paper, we symbolically compute a minimally restrictive nonblocking supervisor for timed discrete event systems (TDESs), in the supervisory control theory context. The method is based on Timed Extended Finite Automata, which is an augmentation of extended finite automata (EFAs) by incorporating discrete time in the model. EFAs are ordinary automaton extended with discrete variables, guard expressions and updating functions. The main feature of this approach is that it is not based on ”tick” models that have been commonly used in this area, leading to better performance in many cases. In addition, to tackle large problems all computations are based on binary decision diagrams. As a case study, we effectively computed the minimally restrictive nonblocking supervisor for a well-known production cell.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ZRP AND GPSR ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN

S.KODIMALAR, S.R. NEVETHA, S.SUGANYA M.E (P.G Scholar), M.E (P.G Scholar) M.E (P.G Scholar), Department of Computer Science and Engineering St. Peter’s College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai – 600054, India --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AbstractMobile ad hoc network is a self configuring infrastructure-less network of nodes connected through wireless link. Every node in the network can act as host or router to find paths to exchange information. Many routing protocols have been developed to find paths for mobile ad hoc networks. This paper presents the performance analysis of Zone Routing Protocol and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing based on metrics such us delay, packet delivery, packet loss ratio, signal strength, throughput. KeywordsMANET, GPSR, ZRP, Metrics. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vertical Foreclosure in Experimental Markets

We report the results of experiments designed to test recent theories of vertical foreclosure. Consistent with the theory, vertical integration improves the upstream firm's ability to commit to restricting output to the monopoly level, as does the use of public contracts. Public contracts are not a perfect substitute for vertical integration, however: integration allows more surplus to be extracted from the unintegrated downstream firm, a bargaining effect that has been underemphasized in the recent foreclosure literature. Motivated by some observations that are difficult to reconcile with existing theory, we extend the theory to allow downstream firms to have heterogeneous (rather than purely passive or symmetric) out-of-equilibrium beliefs. Copyright 2001 by the RAND Corporation.
Are African manufacturing firms really inefficient? Evidence from firm-level panel data

Three dimensions of the performance of firms in Ghana’s manufacturing sector are investigated in this paper: their technology and the importance of technical and allocative efficiency. We show that the diversity of factor choices is not due to a non-homothetic technology. Observable skills are not quantitatively important as determinants of productivity. Technical inefficiency is not lower in firms with foreign ownership or older firms and its dispersion across firms is similar to that found in other economies. Large firms face far higher relative labour costs than small firms. If these factor market distortions could be removed substantial gains thorough improvements in allocative efficiency would be possible.
Hypnosis and the Relationship between Trance, Suggestion, Expectancy and Depth: Some Semantic and Conceptual Issues

Abstract In the first of two recent papers, Pekala, Kumar, Maurer, Elliot-Carter, Moon and Mullen (2010a) review what they consider to be the relationships between trance or altered state effects, suggestibility, and expectancy, and how they relate to the concepts of hypnosis and hypnotism. They also suggest that these concepts can be assessed with an instrument they term the PCI-HAP (Phenomenology of Consciousness: Inventory-Hypnotic Assessment Procedure). In the second paper (Pekala, Kumar, Elliot-Carter, Moon, & Mullen, 2010b), they set out to determine empirically whether these concepts can predict hypnotic depth scores using the PCI-HAP. They conclude that their results support the view that all of these component processes may be involved in ‘hypnotism’ and experiences of hypnotic depth. However, according to their conceptualization, ‘hypnosis’ itself involves, or consists of, only altered state or trance effects. These papers raise a number of fundamental methodological, semantic and conceptual issues that are discussed in this commentary. Topics discussed include distinctions between concepts such as ‘hypnosis’, and ‘hypnotism,’ the role of inductions and suggestion in producing hypnotic phenomena, and the measurement and conceptualization of ‘hypnotic depth. ’ It is concluded that many of the problems relating to the definition and conceptualization of terms associated with hypnosis may be clarified by placing the terms in their historical context, and that difficulties in identifying the origins of the experiences and behaviours associated with hypnosis may stem from insufficient attention to the role of suggestion and expectancies in producing hypnotic phenomena, and an over-reliance on the role of the procedures and mechanics of the induction process.
The development and evaluation of a conflict resolution programme : the school as context.

The research entailed the development, implementation and evaluation of a conflict resolution programme. Using the ecological perspective as the theoretical framework, the study highlighted the school as an appropriate context within which to promote non-violent strategies for conflict resolution. A conflict resolution programme for adolescents was developed by adapting specific modules of existing programmes. The researcher trained a group of social work students in the implementation of the programme. Using the groupwork method, the programme was subsequently implemented with standard five pupils at primary schools in Durban. The researcher supervised four pairs of students who implemented the programme with four groups of pupils at three schools. The thirty-nine pupils who collectively made up these groups, constituted the sample in the study. The pupils ranged in age from eleven to fifteen. The programme was implemented over eight one-hourly sessions, held once weekly, over eight consecutive weeks. Several data collection instruments were developed. The , programme was evaluated in terms of its content, methods of implementation and outcome. The incorporation of qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis enabled the researcher to validate information derived from different sources. The study discusses the processes used in programme development, the training of the facilitators, the selection of the sample, programme implementation and programme evaluation. The study found that the conflict resolution programme was effective in creating awareness of the advantages of adopting non-violent strategies of conflict resolution and in contributing to the development of effective problem-solving skills. The research data and the literature reviewed , reflected the need for school-based conflict resolution programmes. Based on the outcome of the evaluation, recommendations were made with regard to the further adaptation of the programme, the inclusion of conflict resolution programmes into school curricula, appropriate training for programme implementation and the social work role in conflict resolution skills training. Policy recommendations regarding conflict resolution skills training and the need for further research in the area of conflict resolution and programme evaluation, were also provided. Since . Wars begin in the minds of men (and women), it is in the minds of men (and women) that we have to erect the ramparts of peace. Preamble to UNESCO Charter Quoted in Quaker Peace Centre (1992)
Assessment of the Biological Pathways Targeted by Isocyanate Using N-Succinimidyl N-Methylcarbamate in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Isocyanates, a group of low molecular weight aromatic and aliphatic compounds possesses the functional isocyanate group. They are highly toxic in nature hence; we used N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate (NSNM), a surrogate chemical containing a functional isocyanate group to understand the mode of action of this class of compounds. We employed budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to study the pathways targeted by NSNM. Our screening with yeast mutants revealed that it affects chromatin, DNA damage response, protein-ubiquitylation and chaperones, oxidative stress, TOR pathway and DNA repair processes. We also show that NSNM acts as an epigenetic modifier as its treatment causes reduction in global histone acetylation and formation of histone adducts. Cells treated with NSNM exhibited increase in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as intracellular ROS levels and the effects were rescued by addition of reduced glutathione to the medium. We also report that deletion of SOD1 and SOD2, the superoxide dismutase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae displayed hypersensitivity to NSNM. Furthermore, NSNM treatment causes rapid depletion of total glutathione and reduced glutathione. We also demonstrated that NSNM induces degradation of Sml1, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor involved in regulating dNTPs production. In summary, we define the various biological pathways targeted by isocyanates.
ON THE COLLAPSE OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN RESISTANCE FOLLOWING HEMORRHAGE

Unanesthetized immature albino rabbits exposed to 2 hours of severe but reversible hemorrhagic shock induced with aseptic precautions by multiple cardiac bleedings exhibited no increase in susceptibility to single intravenous injections of 200 µg. /kg. E. coli endotoxin administered 4 hours post retransfusion, a quantity of endotoxin that was found to be the largest dose uniformly non-lethal to normal rabbits. Paired and randomly selected rabbits treated identically except for the additional procedure of a femoral arterial cutdown and ligation (without aseptic precautions) exhibited increases in susceptibility to the same endotoxin of several hundredfold. This effect could not be attributed to the femoral cutdown and arterial ligation alone since such trauma when coupled with sham cardiac bleedings failed to increase susceptibility to 200 µg. /kg. of endotoxin. These data appear valid since sham cardiac bleedings produced no detectable impairment of myocardial contractility, while 2 hours of hemorrhagic shock at 50 mm. Hg with the Lamson reservoir technique caused an increase in endotoxin susceptibility comparable to that seen when cardiac bleedings were combined with a non-sterile femoral arterial cutdown and ligation. The mechanisms increasing the susceptibility to E. coli endotoxin were investigated. It was found that (a) rabbit femoral skeletal muscle is normally contaminated with clostridia, (b) the use of aseptic femoral wounding precautions exerted some suggestive protective influence, (c) the use of aseptic wounding precautions combined with immediate topical sulfanilamide and wound closure exerted a significant protective influence, and (d) prophylactic polyvalent gas gangrene antitoxin protected in a manner not demonstrable when diphtheria antitoxin was employed as a control. These observations suggest that clostridial wound infection is one mechanism whereby a femoral arterial cutdown lowers endotoxin resistance of the rabbit following hemorrhagic shock. It is, however, not the only mechanism since the ligation of a femoral artery during hemorrhagic shock led to edema following retransfusion equivalent to a mean of approximately 30 per cent of the original circulating plasma volume. The intensification of shock caused by this transudation presumably intensified reticulo-endothelial injury, and thus further lowered the resistance of the rabbit to an intravenous injection of endotoxin 4 hours following retransfusion.
EE-597 Notes - Quantization

1 Quantization • Given a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude signal x(t), processing and storage by modern digital hardware requires discretization in both time and amplitude, as accomplished by an analogto-digital converter (ADC). • We will typically work with discrete-time quantities x(n) (indexed by “time” variable n) which we assume were sampled ideally and without aliasing. • Here we discuss various ways of discretizing the amplitude of x(n) so that it may be represented by a finite set of numbers. This is generally a lossy operation, and so we analyze the performance of various quantization schemes and design quantizers that are optimal under certain assumptions. A good reference for much of this material is [1].
Quantum cost realization of new reversible functions using ESOP based synthesis

Research in Reversible Logic Synthesis is progressing due to its application in quantum computing, low power applications, DNA computing. Reversible computing is efficient in terms of saving power compared to irreversible computing. The work presented here is an attempt to illustrate the shared cube synthesis proposed by N. M. Nayeem et. al with pseudocode. Stepwise demonstration is illustrated with reversible function not considered in the original work. Pseudocode is verified against benchmark reversible functions. The algorithm is experimented on new reversible functions in order to realize quantum diagram, quantum cost, gate count and garbage outputs.
An application of conventional sovereign debt sustainability analysis to the current debt crises

The developing international debt crisis has unleashed unanticipated fears that governments in some advanced economies may default on their sovereign debt and trigger a global financial tsunami. This article provides a primer on sovereign debt sustainability and interprets the recent experience of advanced economies in the light of a uniform approach that allows an answer to this question: What are the main factors that contribute to make a country’s debt sustainable or unsustainable?
Titration-free massively parallel pyrosequencing using trace amounts of starting material

Continuous efforts have been made to improve next-generation sequencing methods for increased robustness and for applications on low amounts of starting material. We applied double-stranded library protocols for the Roche 454 platform to avoid the yield-reducing steps associated with single-stranded library preparation, and applied a highly sensitive Taqman MGB-probe-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The MGB-probe qPCR, which can detect as low as 100 copies, was used to quantify the amount of effective library, i.e. molecules that form functional clones in emulsion PCR. We also demonstrate that the distribution of library molecules on capture beads follows a Poisson distribution. Combining the qPCR and Poisson statistics, the labour-intensive and costly titration can be eliminated and trace amounts of starting material such as precious clinical samples, transcriptomes of small tissue samples and metagenomics on low biomass environments is applicable.