Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Donor Milk: What's in It and What's Not

Breastfeeding and human milk are widely recognized as optimal for human infants. However, if donor milk is used when mother's own milk is not available, some questions arise concerning the effects of storage, handling, and heat processing on the unique components of human milk. Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 minutes) of banked human milk is the method of choice to eliminate potential viral contaminants such as human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphoma virus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as tuberculosis and other bacterial contaminants, while maintaining the greatest possible complement of its unique bioactive factors. This article reviews some of the critical components of human milk and what is currently known about the effects of Holder pasteurization on their biological activity.
A sociolinguistic study of language contact, shift, and change

Bilingllal speech communilies provide Iinguis/s wilh a/ovarite laboralOry to study the effects of lunguage contact on Iinguistic structure. Witlwut denying the in/ereSl or importance ofthis tradi/lonal contraslive approach /0 the problem ofbilingualism, allention is allracted ta the often concomitant problem of language shift and ta the Iinguistic consequences of the resultant restriction in suhardinule language use: grammatical simplification and sty/istic reductiolt. These infernal developments. bul also externat Dnes due ta language contact, are examined through the multiple variants of a prepositional variable in Ontarian French, a contacl variely of Conodion French whose speakers evidence varying degrees of knowledge of and shift ta English. It is shawn that even a high level of retention of French is not a safeguard against grammatical influence from English. any more than maintenance of French on u par with Eng/ish is a guarantee againsl simplification. This suggesfs fhal in a situation of UNSTABLE hilinguulism, speakers may be unable ta preserve 1he structural 'integrity' of the subordinate language,
Structure of an Enteric Pathogen, Bovine Parvovirus

ABSTRACT Bovine parvovirus (BPV), the causative agent of respiratory and gastrointestinal disease in cows, is the type member of the Bocaparvovirus genus of the Parvoviridae family. Toward efforts to obtain a template for the development of vaccines and small-molecule inhibitors for this pathogen, the structure of the BPV capsid, assembled from the major capsid viral protein 2 (VP2), was determined using X-ray crystallography as well as cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction (cryo-reconstruction) to 3.2- and 8.8-Å resolutions, respectively. The VP2 region ordered in the crystal structure, from residues 39 to 536, conserves the parvoviral eight-stranded jellyroll motif and an αA helix. The BPV capsid displays common parvovirus features: a channel at and depressions surrounding the 5-fold axes and protrusions surrounding the 3-fold axes. However, rather than a depression centered at the 2-fold axes, a raised surface loop divides this feature in BPV. Additional observed density in the capsid interior in the cryo-reconstructed map, compared to the crystal structure, is interpreted as 10 additional N-terminal residues, residues 29 to 38, that radially extend the channel under the 5-fold axis, as observed for human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1). Surface loops of various lengths and conformations extend from the core jellyroll motif of VP2. These loops confer the unique surface topology of the BPV capsid, making it strikingly different from HBoV1 as well as the type members of other Parvovirinae genera for which structures have been determined. For the type members, regions structurally analogous to those decorating the BPV capsid surface serve as determinants of receptor recognition, tissue and host tropism, pathogenicity, and antigenicity. IMPORTANCE Bovine parvovirus (BPV), identified in the 1960s in diarrheic calves, is the type member of the Bocaparvovirus genus of the nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) Parvoviridae family. The recent isolation of human bocaparvoviruses from children with severe respiratory and gastrointestinal infections has generated interest in understanding the life cycle and pathogenesis of these emerging viruses. We have determined the high-resolution structure of the BPV capsid assembled from its predominant capsid protein VP2, known to be involved in a myriad of functions during host cell entry, pathogenesis, and antigenicity for other members of the Parvovirinae. Our results show the conservation of the core secondary structural elements and the location of the N-terminal residues for the known bocaparvovirus capsid structures. However, surface loops with high variability in sequence and conformation give BPV a unique capsid surface topology. Similar analogous regions in other Parvovirinae type members are important as determinants of receptor recognition, tissue and host tropism, pathogenicity, and antigenicity.
Contemporary Russian conservatism

This article analyzes contemporary Russian conservatism through the prism of ideational and positionist ideological perspectives. The author argues that Russian conservatism proposes a distinct value package through its anthropocentric nature, its plans for modernization of Russia, and its future outlook that must rest on the best elements of tradition. The author compares these trends with the Western conservative tradition, making distinct parallels between the two strands of conservative thought. The author also explores the attitude of Russian conservatism toward the post-modern world. This is intrinsically linked to the discussion of Russia's attempts to develop a political and ideational alternative to the West, introduce a distinct model for the architecture of international relations, and find Russia's position in the global world.
Caffeic acid, naringenin and quercetin enhance glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and glucose sensitivity in INS‐1E cells

Caffeic acid, naringenin and quercetin are naturally occurring phenolic compounds (PCs) present in many plants as secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate their effect on glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in INS‐1E cells and to explore their effect on expression of genes involved in β‐cell survival and function under normoglycaemic and glucotoxic conditions.
Effects of water stress on photosystem II photochemistry and its thermostability in wheat plants

Modulated chlorophyll fluorescence, rapid fluorescence induction kinetics and the polyphasic fluorescence transients (OJIP) were used to evaluate PSII photochemistry in wheat plants exposed to water stress and/or heat stress (25-45°C). Water stress showed no effects on the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F v /F m ), the rapid fluorescence induction kinetics, and the polyphasic fluorescence transients in dark-adapted leaves, indicating that water stress had no effects on the primary photochemistry of PSII. However, in light-adapted leaves, water stress reduced the efficiency of excitation energycapture by open PSII reaction centres (F' v /F' m ) and the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Φ PSII ), increased the non-photochemical quenching (q N ) and showed no effects on the photochemical quenching (q P ). This suggests that water stress modified the PSII photochemistry in the light-adapted leaves and such modifications may be a mechanism to down-regulate the photosynthetic electron transport to match a decreased CO 2 assimilation. In addition, water stress also modified the responses of PSII to heat stress. When temperature was above 35 °C, thermostability of PSII was strongly enhanced in water-stressed leaves, which was reflected in a less decrease in F v /F m , q P , F' v /F' m , and Φ PSII in water-stressed leaves than in well-watered leaves. There were no significant variations in the above fluorescence parameters between moderately and severely water-stressed plants, indicating that the moderate water stress treatment caused the same effects on thermostability of PSII as the severe treatment. It was found that increased thermostability of PSII may be associated with an improvement of resistance of the O 2 -evolving complex and the reaction centres in water-stressed plants to high temperature.
A probabilistic approach to the intermittent measurements problem

We present some preliminary results of a research on the state estimation problem for a linear stochastic system under the hypothesis that observations may be lost randomly. This scenario is becoming more and more relevant, and it is currently investigated by many authors, because of many applications where sensors are connected to the controller through networked or wireless links. In such links measurements may be lost or delayed, so that they cannot be used for feedback control. We investigate the potential divergence of the estimator using a probabilistic approach, which may hopefully give a deeper insight on the problem, and also compare our scenario with the case of periodic observations, for which it is well known that divergence never occurs, even in the case of rare observations.
Cardiac Responses to Sympathetic Stimulation

The cardiac responses to stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart were studied both in thoracotomized and in intact unanesthetized dogs. The changes in heart rate, left ventricular pressure, right and left ventricular dimensions and systemic arterial pressures were recorded. The powerful effects of sympathetic stimulation resemble cardiac responses to exercise more than those following administration of catecholamines. It is inferred that neural mechanisms may be more important for cardiac control during spontaneous activities than the circulating hormones.
The Glutamate Dehydrogenase Pathway and Its Roles in Cell and Tissue Biology in Health and Disease

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a hexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H. It is found in all living organisms serving both catabolic and anabolic reactions. In mammalian tissues, oxidative deamination of glutamate via GDH generates α-ketoglutarate, which is metabolized by the Krebs cycle, leading to the synthesis of ATP. In addition, the GDH pathway is linked to diverse cellular processes, including ammonia metabolism, acid-base equilibrium, redox homeostasis (via formation of fumarate), lipid biosynthesis (via oxidative generation of citrate), and lactate production. While most mammals possess a single GDH1 protein (hGDH1 in the human) that is highly expressed in the liver, humans and other primates have acquired, via duplication, an hGDH2 isoenzyme with distinct functional properties and tissue expression profile. The novel hGDH2 underwent rapid evolutionary adaptation, acquiring unique properties that enable enhanced enzyme function under conditions inhibitory to its ancestor hGDH1. These are thought to provide a biological advantage to humans with hGDH2 evolution occurring concomitantly with human brain development. hGDH2 is co-expressed with hGDH1 in human brain, kidney, testis and steroidogenic organs, but not in the liver. In human cerebral cortex, hGDH1 and hGDH2 are expressed in astrocytes, the cells responsible for removing and metabolizing transmitter glutamate, and for supplying neurons with glutamine and lactate. In human testis, hGDH2 (but not hGDH1) is densely expressed in the Sertoli cells, known to provide the spermatids with lactate and other nutrients. In steroid producing cells, hGDH1/2 is thought to generate reducing equivalents (NADPH) in the mitochondria for the biosynthesis of steroidal hormones. Lastly, up-regulation of hGDH1/2 expression occurs in cancer, permitting neoplastic cells to utilize glutamine/glutamate for their growth. In addition, deregulation of hGDH1/2 is implicated in the pathogenesis of several human disorders.
The 2006–2007 Kuril Islands great earthquake sequence

The southwestern half of a ∼500 km long seismic gap in the central Kuril Island arc subduction zone experienced two great earthquakes with extensive preshock and aftershock sequences in late 2006 to early 2007. The nature of seismic coupling in the gap had been uncertain due to the limited historical record of prior large events and the presence of distinctive upper plate, trench and outer rise structures relative to adjacent regions along the arc that have experienced repeated great interplate earthquakes in the last few centuries. The intraplate region seaward of the seismic gap had several shallow compressional events during the preceding decades (notably an M_S 7.2 event on 16 March 1963), leading to speculation that the interplate fault was seismically coupled. This issue was partly resolved by failure of the shallow portion of the interplate megathrust in an M_W = 8.3 thrust event on 15 November 2006. This event ruptured ∼250 km along the seismic gap, just northeast of the great 1963 Kuril Island (M_w = 8.5) earthquake rupture zone. Within minutes of the thrust event, intense earthquake activity commenced beneath the outer wall of the trench seaward of the interplate rupture, with the larger events having normal-faulting mechanisms. An unusual double band of interplate and intraplate aftershocks developed. On 13 January 2007, an M_W = 8.1 extensional earthquake ruptured within the Pacific plate beneath the seaward edge of the Kuril trench. This event is the third largest normal-faulting earthquake seaward of a subduction zone on record, and its rupture zone extended to at least 33 km depth and paralleled most of the length of the 2006 rupture. The 13 January 2007 event produced stronger shaking in Japan than the larger thrust event, as a consequence of higher short-period energy radiation from the source. The great event aftershock sequences were dominated by the expected faulting geometries; thrust faulting for the 2006 rupture zone, and normal faulting for the 2007 rupture zone. A large intraplate compressional event occurred on 15 January 2009 (M_w = 7.4) near 45 km depth, below the rupture zone of the 2007 event and in the vicinity of the 16 March 1963 compressional event. The fault geometry, rupture process and slip distributions of the two great events are estimated using very broadband teleseismic body and surface wave observations. The occurrence of the thrust event in the shallowest portion of the interplate fault in a region with a paucity of large thrust events at greater depths suggests that the event removed most of the slip deficit on this portion of the interplate fault. This great earthquake doublet demonstrates the heightened seismic hazard posed by induced intraplate faulting following large interplate thrust events. Future seismic failure of the remainder of the seismic gap appears viable, with the northeastern region that has also experienced compressional activity seaward of the megathrust warranting particular attention.
Free-breathing 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence with radial data sampling in abdominal MRI: preliminary observations.

OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of a free-breathing 3D gradient-recalled echo sequence with radial data sampling (radial 3D GRE) in abdominal MRI compared with a standard 3D GRE volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence for imaging of cooperative patients and to perform a preliminary assessment in imaging of noncooperative patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five consecutively registered patients who underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced abdominal MRI with the free-breathing radial 3D GRE technique constituted the study population. Two readers independently and blindly evaluated the images. RESULTS Overall image quality with the contrast-enhanced radial 3D GRE sequence was lower than but rated at least nearly as good as that with the 3D GRE VIBE sequence (p < 0.0001). Higher scores were recorded for 3D GRE VIBE images with respect to pixel graininess, streaking artifact, and sharpness (p = 0.0009 to p < 0.0001). Except for sharpness of vessels on unenhanced images, results for the radial 3D GRE sequence did not differ significantly in the comparison of cooperative and noncooperative patients (p = 0.004). For imaging of noncooperative patients, radial 3D GRE images of children had higher ratings for shading (unenhanced, p = 0.0004; contrast-enhanced, p < 0.0001) and streaking artifacts on contrast-enhanced images (p = 0.0017) than did those of adults. Overall image quality was higher for pediatric patients. In lesion analysis, use of the 3D GRE VIBE sequence was associated with significantly greater detectability, confidence, and conspicuity than was use of the radial 3D GRE sequence (p = 0.00026-0.011). CONCLUSION A free-breathing radial 3D GRE sequence is feasible for abdominal MRI and may find application in imaging of patients who are unable to suspend respiration, especially children.
Photodynamic Action of Benzo[a]pyrene in K562 Cells

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is ubiquitously distributed in the environment, being considered the most phototoxic element among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs). In presence of oxygen, PAHs can act as a photosensitizer by means of promoting photo‐oxidation of biological molecules (photodynamic action, PDA). Thus, the present study analyzed the photodynamic action of BaP under UVA irradiation (BaP + UVA) and its oxidative effects on K562 cells. The evaluation of BaP kinetics showed that the highest intracellular concentration occurred after 18 h of incubation. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage (breaks and DNA–protein cross‐link [DNAPC]) were assessed after exposure to BaP, UVA and BaP plus UVA irradiation (BaP + UVA). Cell viability was decreased just after exposure to BaP + UVA. Lipid peroxidation and DNA breaks increased after BaP + UVA exposure, while the DNAPC increased after BaP, UVA and BaP + UVA exposure, suggesting that BaP + UVA effects were a consequence of both type II (producing mainly singlet oxygen) and type I (producing others ROS) mechanisms of PDA.
Alcohol-Induced Cell Death in the Embryo

Exposure to alcohol during gestation can have profound consequences, but not all cells within the embryo are affected equally. Recent advances in molecular embryology have allowed an exploration of this variation. Much of this research has focused on the embryo’s vulnerability to the facial malformations characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome. Studies using mice and chicks show that alcohol exposure at specific stages of early embryo development results in significant death among the cells destined to give rise to facial structures (i.e., cranial neural crest cells). This type of cell death is through activation of the cell’s own “self-destruct” machinery (i.e., apoptosis). Researchers have advanced several theories to explain how alcohol triggers apoptosis in the neural crest cells. These theories include deficiency in a type of vitamin A compound, retinoic acid; reduced levels of antioxidant compounds (i.e., free radical scavengers) that protect against damage from toxic oxygen molecules (i.e., free radicals); and interference with the cell’s normal internal communication pathways.
Contrasting the Dorsal and Ventral Visual Systems: Guidance of Movement versus Decision Making

It is widely accepted that the ventral visual pathways are involved in the identification of objects and the dorsal visual pathways in the visual guidance of reaching and grasping movements. But there are also situations, such as in a choice reaction time task, in which the subjects must select between actions on the basis of visual cues. This paper uses brain imaging to explore the pathways that are involved. Studies using PET and fMRI show that when subjects learn which actions are appropriate given the visual context, there are learning-related increases in the inferotemporal cortex and the ventral prefrontal cortex to which it projects. An event-related fMRI study shows that the activity in the inferotemporal cortex is time-locked to the presentation of the visual cue and the activity in the ventral prefrontal cortex to the response. Finally two PET studies directly compare the dorsal and ventral systems. In the second of these the subjects either move their finger on a moving target or identify the direction of movement and press one of two buttons to report the direction. When the subjects report the direction there is activity in the middle temporal gyrus and ventral prefrontal cortex. It is suggested that, when subjects must consciously identify the context and decide on the appropriate action, ventral pathways are involved.
Reputation enhancing goals: Integrating reputation enhancement and goal setting theory as an explanation of delinquent involvement

There are a number of conditions to which youths are exposed that predispose them to involvement in delinquent activities. Not all adolescents who are exposed to adverse conditions, however, necessarily engage in delinquency. This article provides an alternative explanation of delinquency via a model entitled Reputation Enhancing Goals (REG) which integrates reputation enhancement theory and goal setting theory. An overview of the theories of reputation enhancement and goal setting is presented with discussion of how the two theories are integrated. Elaboration of the elements of the integrated model with empirical support for their inclusion is provided. The integrated model is based on the premise that delinquency is a relatively common alternative chosen by adolescents because it serves to provide critical feedback about their own self-image and status and it assists them to interpret the image and status of others. The model comprises four major facets (individual's resources, personal goals, peer influence, and reputation management) and four self-regulating mechanisms (presence of audience, feedback, commitment, and challenge). Implications for prevention and intervention with at-risk adolescents are discussed.
Internal medicine residents’ perceptions of the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise

Background: The mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) is a 30 minute observed clinical encounter which allows assessment of a resident's clinical competence with feedback on their performance. Aims: To assess residents’ perceptions of the mini-CEX using qualitative methods. Methods: After introducing the mini-CEX into the University of British Columbia's Internal Medicine Residency Program, a one hour semi-structured focus group with voluntary first and second year residents was undertaken. The focus groups were conducted by an independent moderator, audio-taped, and transcribed verbatim. Using a phenomenological approach, the comments made by the focus group participants were read independently by the three authors and organized into major themes. Results: The major themes included Education, Assessment and Exam Preparation. Residents described a conflict between the mini-CEX's role as a method of assessment and its utility as an educational tool. During initial mini-CEX encounters, they perceived the assessment format as anxiety-provoking. Over time, they felt that the mini-CEX provided insight into their clinical competence. Participants believed that the mini-CEX experience would benefit them in preparation and successful completion of their national specialty exam. Conclusions: Residents’ perceptions of the mini-CEX reflected a tension between the tool's dual roles of assessment and education.