Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 (IRF-1) Shapes Both Innate and CD8+ T Cell Immune Responses against West Nile Virus Infection

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is an immunomodulatory transcription factor that functions downstream of pathogen recognition receptor signaling and has been implicated as a regulator of type I interferon (IFN)-αβ expression and the immune response to virus infections. However, this role for IRF-1 remains controversial because altered type I IFN responses have not been systemically observed in IRF-1 -/- mice. To evaluate the relationship of IRF-1 and immune regulation, we assessed West Nile virus (WNV) infectivity and the host response in IRF-1 -/- cells and mice. IRF-1 -/- mice were highly vulnerable to WNV infection with enhanced viral replication in peripheral tissues and rapid dissemination into the central nervous system. Ex vivo analysis revealed a cell-type specific antiviral role as IRF-1 -/- macrophages supported enhanced WNV replication but infection was unaltered in IRF-1 -/- fibroblasts. IRF-1 also had an independent and paradoxical effect on CD8+ T cell expansion. Although markedly fewer CD8+ T cells were observed in naïve animals as described previously, remarkably, IRF-1 -/- mice rapidly expanded their pool of WNV-specific cytolytic CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer and in vitro proliferation experiments established both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic effects of IRF-1 on the expansion of CD8+ T cells. Thus, IRF-1 restricts WNV infection by modulating the expression of innate antiviral effector molecules while shaping the antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response.
Examining Risk Preferences under High Monetary Incentives: Experimental Evidence from the People's Republic of China

Several experimental sessions were conducted to elicit certainty equivalents for a sequence of lotteries involving real monetary outcomes. The opportunity to conduct sessions in the People's Republic of China afforded the ability to offer very large monetary incentives relative to subjects' living costs; in the highest payoff condition, subjects earned three times their normal monthly revenue in the course of a two-hour experiment. Results indicate a statistically significant impact of the level of monetary incentives on revealed risk preferences. However, even under extreme monetary incentives, subjects demanded amounts well in excess of expected value for low-probability gain prospects. Copyright 1992 by American Economic Association.
Taxation and Long-Run Growth

A number of recent papers have investigated the growth effects of tax reforms in the context of neoclassical growth models with human capital. Growth effects were found to be large, but highly sensitive to parameter choices. This paper shows that growth effects are smaller and much less sensitive in models that generate realistic life-cycle behavior, which requires that households are finitely lived (but generations may be altruistically linked) and face diminishing point in time returns in human capital accumulation. Reasonable upper bounds for growth effects in such models are less than one third of some values reported in the literature. Author Keywords: Economic growth; Taxation; Human capital
Logarithmic Sobolev Spaces on R N ; Entropy Numbers, and Some Application 4 Applications 37 Logarithmic Sobolev Spaces on R N ; Entropy Numbers, and Some Application

In 14] and 11] we have studied compact embeddings of weighted function spaces on R n , p 2 (R n), s1 > s2, 1 < p1 p2 < 1, s1 ? n=p1 > s2 ? n=p2, and w(x) of the type w(x) = (1 + jxj) (log(2 + jxj)) , 0, 2 R. We have determined the asymptotic behaviour of the corresponding entropy numbers e k (idH). Now we are interested in the limiting case s1 ? n=p1 = s2 ? n=p2. of the so modiied embedding idH;a in some cases. In 13] we have followed this idea, introducing logarithmic Lebesgue spaces Lp(log L)a(R n) for this purpose. We continue and extend these results now, and study the entropy numbers e k (idH;a). Finally we apply our result to estimate eigenvalues of the compact operator B = b2 b(; D) b1 acting in some Lp space, where b(; D) belongs to some HH ormander class ? { 1;; , { > 0, 0 1, and b1; b2 are in (weighted) logarithmic Lebesgue spaces on R n. This gives some counterpart of 15] in the limiting situation.
Can't Touch This! Similarity And The Willingness to Keep "Dirty Money"

Traditionally, larger than equilibrium allocations by proposers in Dictator Games (gifts) have been explained by aspects of altruism, reciprocity, and fairness. However, this assumes the gift to be mutually desirable to the proposer and responder. Giving may also be driven by a desire of the proposer to rid herself of the gift or to generate obligation on the part of the responder. We examine this by using three sources to generate the endowment in a Dictator Game:(1) undergraduate students, (2) Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, and (3) users of a racially/ethnically charged web forum. This endowment is provided to subjects in a traditional laboratory experiment. We find no significant cant differences in the proposer allocation decisions across the three sources. Rather we find that proposer affect toward the source of the endowment affects the allocation decision. Our results suggest that decision making can be strongly influenced by the provider of income shocks.
Cataloging and Comparing Logging Mechanism Specifications for Electronic Health Record Systems

Electronic health record (EHR) systems must log all transactions with protected health information (PHI) to deter unauthorized behavior and prevent users from denying that they created, read, updated, or deleted PHI. However, a plethora of standardization and governing organizations publish documentation (such as standards, suggestions, and requirements) to outline transactions that should be logged and the data that should be captured for each log entry. The objective of this research is to guide the design of electronic health record systems by cataloging suggested information that should be captured by logging mechanisms from both healthcare and non-healthcare documentation. In this paper, we focus on three types of information: data transactions, security events, and log entry content. We collect a set of ten healthcare-related and six non - healthcare related documents that contain specifications for logging mechanisms. From these 16 sources, we catalog 11 data transactions, 77 security events, and 22 data elements for log entry content. Overall, we identify 14 security events and 2 data elements for log entry content that are not explicitly addressed by healthcare documents. We found that developers must consider 13 of the 16 documents to extract 100% of the security events and log entry content cataloged.
Evaluating an Associative Browsing Model by Simulation

In our previous work [5], we proposed an associative browsing model of personal information in which users can navigate through the space of personal items. In another recent work [8], we evaluated the model based on user study. In this paper, we evaluate the associative browsing model we proposed in the context of known-item finding task. We built a model of user which is parameterized to simulate various aspect of user, and performed experiments to evaluate the associative browsing model under various conditions. We find that user’s level of knowledge and other characteristics affect their known-item finding behavior. The results also confirmed our earlier user-based evaluation, showing that the associative browsing model can play a complementary role in known-item finding.
CT-Guided Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation for Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia After Microvascular Decompression

AbstractThis article evaluates the long-term outcomes of computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation (PRT) for patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia (TN) after microvascular decompression (MVD). This is a retrospective study of 41 patients with intractable TN who after MVD underwent CT-guided PRT procedures between 2002 and 2012.The mean length of follow-up after PRT was 44.4 months. Immediate pain relief was in 37 patients (90.2%); the percentage of patients who remained in “excellent” or “good” pain relief condition after CT-guided PRT procedure was 85% at 1 year, 80% at 2 years, 51% at 5 years, and 41% at 10 years. Six patients received the second PRT and all achieved “excellent” or “good” pain relief. In total, 34 of these patients (82.9%) received multi-PRT procedure and remained satisfied with their pain relief during the follow-up period. Postoperative complications included facial numbness in 36 patients, limited eyes opening in 1 patient, ear paresthesia in 1 patient, no tears in 1 patient, and taste hypesthesia in 1 patient; these symptoms were all improved in the process of follow-up and their life had not severely affected. No mortality was observed during and after CT-guided PRT procedures.CT-guided PRT should be considered as an alternative treatment for patients with recurrent TN after MVD.
Distributed call admission control for ad hoc networks

This paper introduces a distributed call admission controller for ad hod networks. The call admission controller is based on service curve provisioning. Service curve reflects the status of network and depends on the number of active nodes, their activity index, and the back-off procedure used for contention resolution. The service curve along with the aggregated traffic function can be used to calculate maximum delay and maximum backlog. We assume that the call requests are granted if the service curve is bounded below by some non-decreasing deterministic function which is called the universal service curve. The universal service curve is independent of the number of nodes and traffic fluctuation and acts as a worst-case reference curve. All users willing to establish a new connection should compare the performance of network to the universal service curve. A call request is accepted if the true service curve stays above the universal service curve.
The beautiful game? : an econometric study of audiences, gambling and efficiency in English football

Football is the world's most watched sport. This thesis investigates three related aspects of football in England using econometric techniques. An investigation of the reasons why people watch football, both live and televised matches is undertaken. Particular attention is paid to outcome uncertainty, both match and seasonal. Two equations are developed to explain match attendance and BSkyB television audiences for the 1993/94 English Premier League season. In the match attendance equation capacity constraints are accounted for by use of the Tobit model. It is found that quality factors, outcome uncertainty and supporter loyalty are all important determinants of football attendances but that televising a match on BSkyB does not significantly affect audiences. The second study focuses on the efficiency of the fixed odds betting market for football in England. It is the efficiency of how market participants utilise available information that is tested. A model of bookmaker behaviour is presented in which the bookmaker maximises their expected share of the total amount bet. It is found that an expected profit maximising bookmaker could set market inefficient odds. Several empirical tests using the ordered probit model with data on prices, publicly available information and experts' predictions are carried out. Evidence of market inefficiency is identified offering profitable betting opportunities. Productive efficiency of football clubs is the focus of the third study. It investigates how efficiently clubs utilise their inputs to produce playing success. Unlike most previous sports productive efficiency studies, true inputs (i.e. playing ability proxied by wages) and not intermediate outputs (e.g. goals scored) are used in the efficiency estimations. Two techniques, econometrics and Data Envelopment Analysis are used, allowing a useful comparison of their relative benefits. Efficient clubs are identified and the features which make them efficient discussed.
Cognitive-Communication Rehabilitation for Combat-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

INTRODUCTION Over 2 million servicemembers (SMs) have served in two theaters of operation in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]), which ended in December 2011, and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF]). Improvements in body armor and advances in medical care have resulted in the highest survival rate of wounded military personnel compared with any previous conflict in U.S. history [1]. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the most common injuries and has been called the "signature injury" of the Global War on Terror [2-3]. Data based on self-reports indicate that approximately 15 to 22 percent of SMs deployed in OIF/OEF may have sustained mild TBI (mTBI) as a result of exposure to improvised explosive devices [4-7]. The true incidence of mTBI among SMs remains largely unknown, because many SMs either do not seek immediate medical care or receive a diagnosis long after the injury, when the details of the event are more difficult to establish [8]. Studies with non-combat-related mTBI populations suggest that initial symptoms generally resolve within weeks or months following the injury. However, these findings cannot be assumed to generalize to combat veterans who typically sustain repeated injuries in the context of chronic stress and life-threatening situations in the battlefield environment [9]. Effective interventions are needed for the growing number of wounded SMs returning from combat with persistent symptoms and functional limitations associated with mTBI and its comorbidities [8]. In May 2007, the U.S. Army Medical Department and the Office of the Army Surgeon General established the Proponency Office for Rehabilitation and Reintegration (PRR problems participating in social communication; disorganized verbal expression; dysfluent speech; word-retrieval problems; and difficulties with planning, problem solving, judgment, and decision making (Table) [14-17]. SLPs play a major role in the evaluation and management of cognitive-communication disorders following TBI [18]. The SLP CMG is intended to address cognitive-communication rehabilitation for SMs and veterans who (1) are [greater than or equal to] 18 years old, (2) have a history of concussion and/or mTBI, and (3) are [greater than or equal to] 3 months postinjury with persistent cognitive-communication symptoms. It does not address (1) interventions for moderate or severe TBI managed in an inpatient setting or (2) concussion and/or mTBI in the acute phase (
Suppression of Locomotor Activity in Female C57Bl/6J Mice Treated with Interleukin-1β: Investigating a Method for the Study of Fatigue in Laboratory Animals

Fatigue is a disabling symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s Disease, and is also common in patients with traumatic brain injury, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. Little is known about the neurobiology of fatigue, in part due to the lack of an approach to induce fatigue in laboratory animals. Fatigue is a common response to systemic challenge by pathogens, a response in part mediated through action of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). We investigated the behavioral responses of mice to IL-1β. Female C57Bl/6J mice of 3 ages were administered IL-1β at various doses i.p. Interleukin-1β reduced locomotor activity, and sensitivity increased with age. Further experiments were conducted with middle-aged females. Centrally administered IL-1β dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity. Using doses of IL-1β that caused suppression of locomotor activity, we measured minimal signs of sickness, such as hyperthermia, pain or anhedonia (as measured with abdominal temperature probes, pre-treatment with the analgesic buprenorphine and through sucrose preference, respectively), all of which are responses commonly reported with higher doses. We found that middle-aged orexin-/- mice showed equivalent effects of IL-1β on locomotor activity as seen in wild-type controls, suggesting that orexins are not necessary for IL-1β -induced reductions in wheel-running. Given that the availability and success of therapeutic treatments for fatigue is currently limited, we examined the effectiveness of two potential clinical treatments, modafinil and methylphenidate. We found that these treatments were variably successful in restoring locomotor activity after IL-1β administration. This provides one step toward development of a satisfactory animal model of the multidimensional experience of fatigue, a model that could allow us to determine possible pathways through which inflammation induces fatigue, and could lead to novel treatments for reversal of fatigue.
Novel mutations in the TULP1 gene causing autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa.

PURPOSE To assess the contribution of TULP1 to autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP). METHODS Fifteen exons of the gene were screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of 7 (of 49) arRP pedigrees showing cosegregation with TULP1 locus markers. RESULTS In one of the seven families two allelic mutations, IVS4-2delAGA and c.937delC, were found in exons 5 and 10, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Two novel mutations in TULP1 were found to be associated with arRP. That they both compromise the gene product supports their pathogenicity. This gene was present in no more than 2% of a panel of 49 Spanish families affected by arRP.
Market Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis of KSE 100 Index

In an efficient market, the actions of the many competing participants, leads to actual prices already reflecting the effects of current information and the actual price of a security to wander randomly about its intrinsic value. The fact that the market is efficient is important for the public economy when it comes to the distribution of scarce resources as it acts as an intermediary of capital distribution from savers to investors through the mechanism of price. In Pakistan, securities market has a special significance due to its sensitivity to political turmoil, expectations, prospects of stocks and insider's information. With such indicators, it only seems logical to test the efficiency of the stock market in light of the existence of random walk phenomena.In this study, historical stock prices on a monthly and daily basis have been used from a sample period of July 1996 to June 2006 of KSE 100 Index Companies. A time line of 10 years has been chosen to test the efficiency of the Pakistani Stock market. Thus, the total number of observations is 121 for monthly data and 2218 for daily data. Consequently, ANOVA method has been used to quantify the data.The results conclude that the random-walk hypothesis can be accepted for both monthly and daily returns. There is no day of the week effect or the 'month effect'. Thus, the random walk theory is valid for the KSE which can be termed as an efficient market.
Tropospheric OH and Cl levels deduced from non-methane hydrocarbon measurements in a marine site

In situ continuous hourly measurements of C2- C8 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCS) have been per- formed from March to October 2006 at two coastal loca- tions (natural and rural) on the island of Crete, in the East- ern Mediterranean. Well defined diel variations were ob- served for several short lived NMHCS (including ethene, propene, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, 2-methyl-pentane). The daytime concentration of hydroxyl (OH) radicals esti- mated from these experimental data varied from 1.3◊10 6 to 4.0◊10 6 radical cm 3 , in good agreement with box- model simulations. In addition the relative variability of various hydrocarbon pairs (at least 7) was used to derive the tropospheric levels of Cl atoms. The Cl atom concen- tration has been estimated to range between 0.6◊10 4 and 4.7◊10 4 atom cm 3 , in good agreement with gaseous hy- drochloric acid (HCl) observations in the area. Such levels of Cl atoms can be of considerable importance for the oxida- tion capacity of the troposphere on a regional scale.
Does the Internet Promote Better Consumer Decisions? The Case of Name-Your-Own-Price Auctions

The Internet has enabled consumers to make more informed decisions more conveniently with apparently more efficient price-clearing mechanisms than was available before its advent. One such mechanism is the name-your-own-price auction. The authors study the extent to which decisions made in such an auction are rational in relation to an economic model. The results from two independent markets show that a large number of consumers do not exhibit rational decision making.
Examining the Acquisition of Phonological Word Forms with Computational Experiments

It has been hypothesized that known words in the lexicon strengthen newly formed representations of novel words, resulting in words with dense neighborhoods being learned more quickly than words with sparse neighborhoods. Tests of this hypothesis in a connectionist network showed that words with dense neighborhoods were learned better than words with sparse neighborhoods when the network was exposed to the words all at once (Experiment 1), or gradually over time, like human word-learners (Experiment 2). This pattern was also observed despite variation in the availability of processing resources in the networks (Experiment 3). A learning advantage for words with sparse neighborhoods was observed only when the network was initially exposed to words with sparse neighborhoods and exposed to dense neighborhoods later in training (Experiment 4). The benefits of computational experiments for increasing our understanding of language processes and for the treatment of language processing disorders are discussed.
Modeling Development Effort in Object-Oriented Systems Using Design Properties

In the context of software cost estimation, system size is widely taken as a main driver of system development effort. However, other structural design properties, such as coupling, cohesion, and complexity, have been suggested as additional cost factors. Using effort data from an object-oriented development project, we empirically investigate the relationship between class size and the development effort for a class and what additional impact structural properties such as class coupling have on effort. The paper proposes a practical, repeatable, and accurate analysis procedure to investigate relationships between structural properties and development effort. Results indicate that fairly accurate predictions of class effort can be made based on simple measures of the class interface size alone (mean MREs below 30 percent). Effort predictions at the system level are even more accurate as, using Bootstrapping, the estimated 95 percent confidence interval for MREs is 3 to 23 percent. But, more sophisticated coupling and cohesion measures do not help to improve these predictions to a degree that would be practically significant. However, the use of hybrid models combining Poisson regression and CART regression trees clearly improves the accuracy of the models as compared to using Poisson regression alone.