Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Restorative justice, communities, and delinquency: whom do we reintegrate?

Research Summary: Communities represent an important facet of restorative justice; yet few studies have empirically evaluated the influence that community characteristics have on reintegrative programs. In this study, I use official juvenile court data from an urban, metropolitan county in Arizona and Census data to examine how individual- and community-level data influence the selection of offenders to a restorative justice program. To examine the effectiveness of the restorative justice program and to determine if program impact varies by community, recidivism is modeled with individual- and community-level data. FINDINGS indicate individual and community characteristics are important predictors of restorative justice program placement. Also, juveniles who successfully completed the restorative justice program were less likely to recidivate than were juveniles in a comparison group. Recidivism results show no variation of program impact across communities. Policy Implications: Study findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating community-level data in studies of restorative justice. Restorative justice programs must be sensitive to local, community characteristics and ensure that reintegration efforts do not exclude offenders in need. The successful reintegration process experienced by juveniles who participated in the restorative justice programs is clearly reflective of program effectiveness. KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice; Language: en
Are per capita CO2 emissions increasing among OECD countries? A test of trends and breaks

We empirically analyse the trend characteristics of per capita CO2 emissions in OECD countries from 1971 to 2009. We use a statistically robust procedure, which is valid regardless of whether per capita CO2 emissions are trend stationary or contain a stochastic trend, to test for the presence of a deterministic trend and a structural break in the trend. Our results suggest that the trend in per capita CO2 emissions shifts downward or is reversed for a number of OECD countries either after the 1970s oil shocks or during the early- to mid-2000s.
Alzheimer's disease‐causing proline substitutions lead to presenilin 1 aggregation and malfunction

Do different neurodegenerative maladies emanate from the failure of a mutual protein folding mechanism? We have addressed this question by comparing mutational patterns that are linked to the manifestation of distinct neurodegenerative disorders and identified similar neurodegeneration‐linked proline substitutions in the prion protein and in presenilin 1 that underlie the development of a prion disorder and of familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD), respectively. These substitutions were found to prevent the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐resident chaperone, cyclophilin B, from assisting presenilin 1 to fold properly, leading to its aggregation, deposition in the ER, reduction of γ‐secretase activity, and impaired mitochondrial distribution and function. Similarly, reduced quantities of the processed, active presenilin 1 were observed in brains of cyclophilin B knockout mice. These discoveries imply that reduced cyclophilin activity contributes to the development of distinct neurodegenerative disorders, propose a novel mechanism for the development of certain fAD cases, and support the emerging theme that this disorder can stem from aberrant presenilin 1 function. This study also points at ER chaperones as targets for the development of counter‐neurodegeneration therapies.
Shadows and Silences: How Women's Positioning and Unspoken Friendship Rules in Organizational Settings Cultivate Difficulties Among Some Women at Work

This study sheds light on the difficulties some women report in their work relationships, what we call the shadow side. We argue that both our findings and speculation about structural issues suggest that women's role performance and individual behavior mix with masculine organizational norms in ways that may create a disjunction between feminine friendship expectations and gender roles and masculine organizational norms, and this disjunction leads to tension between some women in the workplace.
DEFINABLE AND INVARIANT TYPES IN ENRICHMENTS OF NIP THEORIES

Abstract Let T be an NIP ${\cal L}$ -theory and $\mathop T\limits^\~ $ be an enrichment. We give a sufficient condition on $\mathop T\limits^\~$ for the underlying ${\cal L}$ -type of any definable (respectively invariant) type over a model of $\mathop T\limits^\~$ to be definable (respectively invariant). These results are then applied to Scanlon’s model completion of valued differential fields.
The minority population / police strength relationship: exploring past research

The relationship between minority populations and police force strength has been tested on several different levels of analysis, including that of suburb, city, county, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, state and the nation as a whole. Unfortunately, since many of these studies are spread across criminological, sociological and economic journals, the majority of them have never been brought together and compared in a single literature review. The present study responds to this concern and provides an extensive review and critique of studies testing the minority population / police strength relationship. Specifically, this study reviews the measurement of key variables used, as well as the deficiencies that exist in the literature as a whole. This study also serves as a call for new research in this critical area.
Polyphenolic compounds from Salvia species protect cellular DNA from oxidation and stimulate DNA repair in cultured human cells.

DNA damage can lead to carcinogenesis if replication proceeds without proper repair. This study evaluated the effects of the water extracts of three Salvia sp. , Salvia officinalis (SO), Salvia fruticosa (SF), and Salvia lavandulifolia (SL), and of the major phenolic constituents, rosmarinic acid (RA) and luteolin-7-glucoside (L-7-G), on DNA protection in Caco-2 and HeLa cells exposed to oxidative agents and on DNA repair in Caco-2 cells. The comet assay was used to measure DNA damage and repair capacity. The final concentration of each sage extract was 50 microg/mL, and concentrations of RA and L-7-G were 50 and 20 microM, respectively. After a short incubation (2 h), L-7-G protected DNA in Caco-2 cells from damage induced by H(2)O(2) (75 microM); also, after a long incubation (24 h), SF, RA, and L-7-G had protective effects in Caco-2 cells. In HeLa cells, SO, SF, and RA protected against damage induced by H(2)O(2) after 24 h of incubation. Assays of DNA repair show that SO, SF, and L-7-G increased the rate of DNA repair (rejoining of strand breaks) in Caco-2 cells treated with H(2)O(2). The incision activity of a Caco-2 cell extract on a DNA substrate containing specific damage (8-oxoGua) was also measured to evaluate effects on base excision repair (BER) activity. Preincubation for 24 h with SO and L-7-G had a BER inductive effect, increasing incision activity in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, SO, SF, and the isolated compounds (RA and L-7-G) demonstrated chemopreventive activity by protecting cells against oxidative DNA damage and stimulating DNA repair (SO, SF, and L-7-G).
Cosmographic Evaluation of the Deceleration Parameter Using Type Ia Supernova Data

The apparent magnitude-redshift data of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) call for modifications in the standard model energy densities. Under the circumstance that this modification cannot be limited to the addition of a mere cosmological constant, a serious situation has emerged in cosmology in which the energy densities in the universe have become largely speculative. In this situation, an equation of state of the form p = wρ itself is not well motivated. In this paper, we argue that the reasonable remaining option is to make a model-independent analysis of SNe data without reference to the energy densities. In this basically kinematic approach, we limit ourselves to the observationally justifiable assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy, i.e., to the assumption that the universe has a Robertson-Walker metric. This cosmographic approach is historically the original one in cosmology. We perform the analysis by expanding the scale factor into a fifth-order polynomial, an assumption that can be further generalized to any order. The present expansion rates h, q0, r0, etc., are evaluated by computing the marginal likelihoods for these parameters. These values are relevant since any cosmological solution would ultimately need to explain them.
Convergent and Discriminant Behavioral Aspects of Interpersonal Trust

Rotter's construct of interpersonal trust and its relationship to overt behavioral trust and to self-disclosure were examined. Without employing a deceptive or competitive task, a behavioral measure of trust was devised and defined as the speed with which S initiated and completed a backward fall into the hands of a readied assistant. While scores on Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale were uncorrelated with those on Jourard's Self-disclosure Scale, high trusters had shorter latencies on the behavioral task. These data represent evidence of the discriminant and convergent validity of the construct and measurement of interpersonal trust. High disclosers were more apt to volunteer for the behavioral task.
A Framework for the Automatic Generation of Software Tutoring

Interactive Systems present an ever increasing complexity both to their users as well as to their designers. These systems may require a great effort to be mastered by a new user. Therefore, some kind of tutoring for these applications must be provided, in such a way that it does not represent duplicating the work of the designer. This paper describes an approach for automatically generating a tutoring system for the tasks defined in an application, using some particular information on tutoring that these tasks may have. At the same time an editor of these tasks is provided to the designer. The kind of tutoring automatically generated has a variable degree of flexibility in face of user actions, according to the designer's criteria, and it is performed using the real application, not a simulation. This means that the final user can actually work while he is learning how to perform a task. The ideas here presented have been implemented in two small prototypes, Teach me While I Work (TWIW) and Task Models Editor (TME).
Speculative Betas ∗ Harrison Hong †

We provide a model for why high beta assets are more prone to speculative overpricing than low beta ones. When investors disagree about the common factor of cash-flows, high beta assets are more sensitive to this macro-disagreement and experience a greater divergence-of-opinion about their payoffs. Short-sales constraints for some investors such as retail mutual funds result in high beta assets being over-priced. When aggregate disagreement is low, expected return increases with beta due to risk-sharing. But when it is large, expected return initially increases but then decreases with beta. High beta assets have greater shorting from unconstrained arbitrageurs and more share turnover. Using measures of disagreement about stock earnings and economic uncertainty, we verify these predictions. A calibration exercise yields reasonable parameter values. ∗Hong acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through grant SES-0850404. Sraer gratefully acknowledges support from the European Research Council (Grant No. FP7/2007-2013 249429) as well as the hospitality of the Toulouse School of Economics. For insightful comments, we thank Jianfeng Yu, Harjoat Bhamra, Andrea Frazzini, Augustin Landier, Ailsa Roell and seminar participants at MIT Sloan, the Toulouse School of Economics, Norges Bank-Stavanger Microstructure Conference, Norges Bank, Brazilian Finance Society Meetings, Indiana University, Arizona State University, the 2 Miami behavioral finance conference and CNMV Securities Market Conference, University of Bocconi, University of Lugano, University of Colorado, Brandeis University, Temple University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Duisenberg School Behavioral Finance Conference, Western Finance Association, and China International Finance Conference. †Princeton University and NBER (e-mail: hhong@princeton.edu) ‡Princeton University and NBER and CEPR (e-mail: dsraer@princeton.edu)
Creativity in Higher Education: The use of Creative Cognition in Studying

There is consensus among educational researchers from differing theoretical perspectives that creativity is an ability essential to adaptation in a constantly changing work environment. Despite the growing popularity of creativity as a field of study and intervention in business and education in the last decade, Higher Education institutions have made surprisingly little progress in successfully teaching and developing students’ creative ability. The objective of this chapter is to disentangle the various facets of creativity in order to identify those psychological processes underlying creativity that are more amenable to intervention in Higher Education. The first section of this chapter reviews the main theoretical perspectives on creativity – the Big-C and little-c, the four Ps, and the creative process perspectives – and explores their potential for application in Higher Education. The second section reviews the evidence supporting a link between the use of creative cognition in studying, positive affect in studying, and academic performance, and argues that the use of creative cognition as a volitional, context-appropriate habit is the key target variable for interventions aiming at enhancing students’ creative ability.
Hospital Volume, Surgeon Volume, and Patient Costs for Cancer Surgery

Background:Several cancer surgery studies document an association between higher provider volume and lower mortality rates. Less is known about the relative influence of hospital and surgeon volume on patient costs. We evaluate associations between hospital and surgeon volume and inpatient costs for 6 cancer resections. Methods:We analyzed administrative discharge data on patients receiving 1 of 6 cancer resections in Florida, New Jersey, and New York between 1989 and 2000. After dividing hospital and surgeon volumes into tertiles, we examined the relations between the total cost of an inpatient stay and surgeon and hospital volume, adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics. We tested for differences in adjusted volume-cost relationships that persisted throughout the sample period, versus those that lasted for shorter periods. Results:For the entire sample period, relative to low-volume surgeons, high-volume surgeons were 5.5% less costly for pneumonectomy (P = 0.005) and 10.6% less costly for esophagectomy (P < 0.001). For the 4 other procedures, high-volume surgeons were less costly than low-volume surgeons for the periods 1993–1996 and 1997–2000 (all P values < 0.001). The lowest differential was for colectomy (4.4% in 1993–1996, P < 0.001), and the highest differential was for pancreaticoduodenectomy (25.6% in 1993–1996, P < 0.001). High hospital volume was associated with lower costs only for colectomy (P = 0.02). Conclusions:High surgeon volume, rather than high hospital volume is associated with lower inpatient cancer surgery costs, and the relationship has become significant in recent years for each cancer procedures examined. These data suggest that cost savings are best achieved through a surgeon-specific referral program.
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase-2 Is Expressed in Spermatic Germ Cells and Incorporates Arachidonic Acid into Triacylglycerols

Background De novo glycerolipid synthesis begins with the acylation of glycerol-3 phosphate catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT). In mammals, at least four GPAT isoforms have been described, differing in their cell and tissue locations and sensitivity to sulfhydryl reagents. In this work we show that mitochondrial GPAT2 overexpression in CHO-K1 cells increased TAG content and both GPAT and AGPAT activities 2-fold with arachidonoyl-CoA as a substrate, indicating specificity for this fatty acid. Methods and Results Incubation of GPAT2-transfected CHO-K1 cells with [1-14C]arachidonate for 3 h increased incorporation of [14C]arachidonate into TAG by 40%. Consistently, arachidonic acid was present in the TAG fraction of cells that overexpressed GPAT2, but not in control cells, corroborating GPAT2's role in synthesizing TAG that is rich in arachidonic acid. In rat and mouse testis, Gpat2 mRNA was expressed only in primary spermatocytes; the protein was also detected in late stages of spermatogenesis. During rat sexual maturation, both the testicular TAG content and the arachidonic acid content in the TAG fraction peaked at 30 d, matching the highest expression of Gpat2 mRNA and protein. Conclusions These results strongly suggest that GPAT2 expression is linked to arachidonoyl-CoA incorporation into TAG in spermatogenic germ cells.
ALL OFFENDERS ARE EQUAL, BUT SOME ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS: VARIATION IN JOURNEYS TO CRIME BETWEEN OFFENDERS*

The results of this study reveal a major methodological problem with an established body of criminological literature—the journey to crime. The dominant finding of such research is that most crimes occur close to an offender's home. Consequently, journeys to crime typically display a distance-decay function that is assumed to exist between and within offenders. However, most journey-to-crime studies use nested data—individual offenders contributing multiple crime trips—yet employ analytic methods that fail to account for this property, leading to inference and aggregation concerns. In the study outlined in this article, we demonstrated the implications of using nested data for analyzing the journey to crime. We showed that once controlling for nesting, only a few (prolific) offenders display a distance decay pattern. Implications of the findings for theory and future research are discussed.
Why Sportsmanship Programs Fail, and What We Can Do About It

“N ice guys finish last. ” This well-worn phrase crops up in sports as frequently as weeds in a garden. It reflects the deeply held belief of many athletes, coaches, fans, and sports media personnel. That it is unsupported by research may be irrelevant. In the sport world, it has truthiness, as comedian Stephen Colbert would say. Most educational institutions and sport leagues have charters or mission statements that proclaim the value of ethics, affirm the building of positive character, and support core values. Many also have formal sportsmanship codes that coaches and athletes are charged to follow. There is no compelling evidence, however, that schools or leagues that have embraced positive-sounding missions and codes have any fewer problems with rule violations or poor sport behavior than those without them. One reason why such well-intentioned efforts may have little long-term effect is because coaches and athletes typically put “sportsmanship” into the same mental basket as being nice, polite, gracious, and courteous. It is about being well-mannered. It is about “showing cordial courtesy to all visiting teams,” as one line reads in the sportsmanship code of the North Atlantic Conference (NAC, n.d.) of the National Collegiate Athletics Association. The NAC goes on to define sportsmanship as including “showing civility toward competitors, coaches and officials” and “being a gracious competitor and accepting both wins and losses with dignity” (NAC). When athletes are told to act like good sports, such exhortations often carry about the same weight as being told to say “please” and “thank you. ” Many wonder, “What does being polite have to do with crushing the opposition? ” We need to redefine people’s understanding of competition, which should be about striving for excellence.
Literacy and Language Teaching in The Gambia

velopment and implementation of literacy and language programs. Such programs are viewed as crucial to survival, both at the individual and national levels. These nations, mainly in Africa and Asia, have been forced to undergo drastic societal changes since receiving independence from European colonial rule. Assuming responsibilities in governmental functions and educational policies was not easy, since most of these countries have a large illiteracy rate and consist of several ethno-linguistic groups, each demanding representation in a new government. During colonial rule, the official language of a given nation was that of the colonial power. Indigenous languages were by and large relegated to a secondary status. Education was conducted in the colonial language. Competency in that language was necessary to hold a governmental position and to advance within the colonial society. After independence, however, these countries had the task of developing policies on language status and instruction, i.e., which language or languages would become the official language(s), and what would be the status of each indigenous language. Ferguson identifies this task as primary: "In the description of the language situation of a given nation two fundamental points must be treated, the number of languages and the relative dominance of languages. "' To this end, national language committees were usually established in each country with the task of formulating and implementing policies regarding language status, the teaching of these languages, and to develop programs of literacy in one or several of the indigenous languages. Bowers, in referring to language problems and literacy asserts, "it is natural that the problem of illiteracy should be most acute in multilingual societies. "2 Further, he states that "literacy teaching . should be an integral part not only of any national education plans but also of plans and projects for development in all sectors of the national life. "3
Interleukin 7-induced expression of specific T cell receptor gamma variable region genes in murine fetal liver cultures

We previously reported that culture of murine fetal liver (FL) cells with interleukin 7 (IL-7) results in expression of high levels of T cell receptor (TCR) gamma transcripts by a population of cells expressing Thy-1 and Pgp-1, suggesting that IL-7 promotes the growth and/or differentiation of pre-T cells. We demonstrate herein that culture of FL cells for 7 d with IL-7 caused the rearrangement and expression of TCR gamma variable (V) region genes V gamma 4 and V gamma 6, but not V gamma 5 or V gamma 7. Since this effect was not blocked by hydroxyurea, it appeared to represent induction of expression of these genes by IL-7 rather than expansion of a preexisting positive population. We also show that IL-7 induced RAG-1 and RAG-2 mRNA expression by FL cells. These data provide evidence that specific TCR gamma/delta V region genes can be rearranged and expressed by T lineage cells before their migration to the thymus, in response to IL-7.
Situated Creative Activity: The Drawings and Private Speech of Young Children

Although attention has been paid to creative individuals, their products, the various creative processes involved in creative activity (such as divergent thinking), and the environments or situations that afford or constrain creative activity, little attention has been paid to how these components converge during creative activity. The primary questions addressed in this study concern the role of self-regulation while children were engaged in drawing pictures of real and make-believe objects. The study questions were addressed by examining the private speech (i.e., spontaneous self-directed talk) and drawings of real and make-believe objects made by 108 children (36 in first grade, 36 in third grade, and 36 in fifth grade). The findings of this study illuminate differences in the use of private speech (overall and by subtype) for self-regulation purposes by participants based on the type of drawing task (real or make-believe), grade, and creative ability level of participants. This study also found a moderate, positive (r =. 28, p <. 005) correlation between the drawing and creative ability of participants. Avenues for future research are discussed.