Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypertension in developing economies: a review of population‐based studies carried out from 1980 to 1998

Aim Hypertension is an established major risk factor underlying the epidemic of coronary and cardiovascular diseases in most developed countries, and it has been shown to be a public health problem in many developing countries since the 1970s. This review was carried out to illustrate the current situation with regard to blood pressure levels and the prevalence and management of hypertension in developing countries. Methods A search for papers published in medical journals from 1991 to 1998 was performed using the MEDLINE database. A total of 40 articles were selected according to previously defined criteria. Results Hypertension is a public health problem for most of the developing countries reviewed, and it is frequently associated with low levels of awareness, treatment and control. A positive association between the gross national product per capita and the prevalence of hypertension in developing countries is also evident. Conclusions Differences in methodology between national surveys make international comparisons difficult. Nevertheless, low-cost hypertension control programmes in developing countries are needed, along with development of the primary prevention of hypertension.
The influence of first‐year chemistry students’ learning experiences on their educational choices 1

The research reported here examined factors that influence student tertiary level chemistry enrolment choices. Students enrolled in a first‐year chemistry class were surveyed, using the Chemistry Attitudes and Experiences Questionnaire (CAEQ), three times throughout their academic year: at the start of the year (n=126), the end of the first semester (n=109), and the end of the second semester (n=84). Additionally, 19 students were interviewed using a semistructured interview protocol at the same stages throughout the year. A number of influences on student enrolment intentions are posited based on a modified version of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour: learning experiences, attitude‐toward‐chemistry and chemistry self‐efficacy. The extent to which the students believe they had control over enrolling in chemistry and normative beliefs about enrolling in chemistry, also were investigated. Influential factors include chemistry self‐efficacy (both positive and negative), prior secondary school experiences and the fact that chemistry is compulsory for some programs. Normative beliefs exert indirect effect with students having associates in a science related field more likely to enrol in second‐year chemistry.
New Religious Movements in the United States: a Review

Cet article synthétise la littérature sociologique et psychologi que concernant les nouveaux mouvements religieux aux États- Unis. Il accorde une attention particulière aux études basées sur des enquêtes et ayant fait usage d'une procédure standardisée dans la collecte des données.
Accumulation of Antigen‐Driven Lymphoproliferations in Complement Receptor 2/CD21−/low B Cells From Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome

Patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are prone to develop malignant lymphomas, and a correlation has been established between the lymphoproliferations occurring in these disorders and the presence in patients’ blood of an unusual B cell population that down‐regulates complement receptor 2/CD21. This study was undertaken to identify the B cell compartment from which these lymphoproliferations emerge and determine the mechanisms that promote clonal B cell expansion in patients with SS.
Downregulation in GATA4 and Downstream Structural and Contractile Genes in the db/db Mouse Heart

Reduced expression of GATA4, a transcriptional factor for structural and cardioprotective genes, has been proposed as a factor contributing to the development of cardiomyopathy. We investigated whether the reduction of cardiac GATA4 expression reported in diabetes alters the expression of downstream genes, namely, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic, peptide (BNP), and α- and β-myosin heavy chain (MHC). db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes, with lean littermates serving as controls, were studied. db/db mice exhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, and reduced protein expression of cardiac GLUT4 and IRAP (insulin-regulated aminopeptidase), the structural protein cosecreted with GLUT4. Hearts from db/db mice had reduced protein expression of GATA4 (~35%) with accompanying reductions in mRNA expression of ANP (~40%), BNP (~85%), and α-MHC mRNA (~50%) whereas expression of β-MHC mRNA was increased by ~60%. Low GATA4 was not explained by an increased ligase or atrogin1 expression. CHIP protein content was modestly downregulated (27%) in db/db mice whereas mRNA and protein expression of the CHIP cochaperone HSP70 was significantly decreased in db/db hearts. Our results indicate that low GATA4 in db/db mouse heart is accompanied by reduced expression of GATA4-regulated cardioprotective and structural genes, which may explain the development of cardiomyopathy in diabetes.
Selbstmedikation und Sozialphobie

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Der Fragebogen „Trinken wegen sozialer Angst” (TWSA; Wagner, Stangier, Heidenreich & Schneider, 2004) erfasst das Motiv, Alkohol zur Reduktion sozialer Angst einzusetzen. Das Instrument wurde bisher nur bei Alkoholabhangigen untersucht. Hier sollen Reliabilitat und konvergente Validitat in einer sozialphobischen sowie einer gesunden Stichprobe gepruft werden. Methode: 120 Patienten mit Sozialphobie und 120 Gesunde bearbeiteten den TWSA. Zur Uberprufung der Konstruktvaliditat wurden Mase zur Psychopathologie, die Alkoholwirkungserwartungen und die Hohe des Alkoholkonsums erfasst. Ergebnisse: Der TWSA hat eine gute Reliabilitat (Cronbachs α = .96). Es zeigen sich bedeutsame Korrelationen mit Masen zur sozialen Angst. Ebenfalls ergeben sich Zusammenhange zu Alkoholwirksamkeitserwartungen sowie zur konsumierten Alkoholmenge. Teilnehmer mit Sozialphobie erzielten hohere Werte als Gesunde. Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass der TWSA auch bei Patienten mit Sozialphobie und ges.
A national survey of the citizenship information needs of the general public

This paper reports the results of a survey of information needs and information seeking behaviour of a national sample of the UK population. The survey was the first stage of the Citizenship Information project, funded by the British Library Research and Innovation Centre. In total, 1294 responses were received giving a valid and demographically representative response rate of 45.7 per cent. Major findings include: that the majority of respondents had sought information in the past (59.4 per cent) and that an even greater number predicted a future need for information (78.4 per cent). Over three quarters of respondents said that they would use public libraries and between half and three quarters would approach Citizens Advice Bureaux, Post Offices, Government departments or family and friends. Face‐to‐face communications and reading a book were the most popular means of accessing information, but a wide variety of other preferred options were cited. Only a small proportion expressed a preference for using a computer to seek information, and there was a clear emphasis on public libraries as an appropriate location for accessing electronic information. A highly significant majority (79.2 per cent) believed that access to information was very important for exercising their rights as a citizen.
The Criss‐cross Categorization Effect in intergroup discrimination

The effect of criss-crossing two dichotomous social categorizations on intergroup discrimination is studied. One hundred and thirty-nine 12–13 year old schoolchildren were randomly assigned to five categorization conditions: one simple, division into one ingroup and outgroup; and four crossed, half the ingroup members by one division are outgroup members by a second division and vice versa. Simple subjects rated ingroup and outgroup members; crossed subjects rated members of both ingroups and either simultaneous members of one ingroup and outgroup, or one outgroup and ingroup, or both outgroups, or everybody. Ingroup members were rated more favourably than outgroup members (P < 0.025), this effect varying with experimental condition (P < 0.025). In group bias was found with crossed but not simple categorization and was greatest when members of both ingroups were compared to members of both outgroups. Bias was non-significant when crossed subjects rated everybody. The significance of the data for earlier work and the explanation of social categorization effects in intergroup behaviour is discussed.
A Blueprint for Democratic Policing Anywhere in the World?

This article provides an overview of the police reform process undertaken in Northern Ireland since 1999 as part of a broader program of conflict resolution. It considers the recommendations of the Independent Commission on Policing (ICP), which proposed a number of changes to policing structures and arrangements in Northern Ireland, and it assesses the degree to which these have been operationalized in the 8 years since the ICP published its report. It suggests that although the police reform process in Northern Ireland has been moderately successful and provides a number of international best practice lessons, the overall pace of change has been hindered by difficulties of implementation and, more fundamentally, by developments in the political sphere and civil society.
Critical review of immediate implant loading.

BACKGROUND Implant dentistry has become successful with the discovery of the biological properties of titanium. In the original protocol, studies have advocated a 2-stage surgical protocol for load-free and submerged healing to ensure predictable osseointegration. However, the discomfort, inconvenience, and anxiety associated with waiting period remains a challenge to both patients and clinicians. Hence, loading implant right after placement was attempted and has gained popularity among clinicians. Issues/questions related to this approach remain unanswered. Therefore, it is the purpose of this review article to (1). review and analyze critically the current available literature in the field of immediate implant loading and (2). discuss, based on scientific evidence, factors that may influence this treatment modality. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature published over the past 20 years was selected and reviewed. Findings from these studies were discussed and summarized in the tables. The advantages and disadvantages associated with immediate implant loading were analyzed. Factors that may influence the success of immediate implant loading, including patient selection, type of bone quality, required implant length, micro- and macrostructure of the implant, surgical skill, need for achieving primary stability/control of occlusal force, and prosthesis guidelines, were thoroughly reviewed and discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Various studies have demonstrated the feasibility and predictability of this technique. However, most of these articles are based on retrospective data or uncontrolled cases. Randomized, prospective, parallel-armed longitudinal human trials are primarily based on short-term results and long-term follow-ups are still scarce in this field. Nonetheless, from available literature, it may be concluded that anatomic locations, implant designs, and restricted prosthetic guidelines are key to ensure successful outcomes. Future studies, preferably randomized, prospective longitudinal studies, are certainly needed before this approach can be widely used.
Making Hay While the Sun Shines

When do parties take over the media’s issue attention in parliament? Scholarly work has shown that the mass media’s influence over the political agenda is conditional, yet only recently scholars started to consider the active role of parties and their strategic incentives in responding to the media. This article argues that parties only respond to media attention if the issue is framed in the party’s terms, as the right framing helps the party attain its policy goals. This argument is supported by pooled time-series analyses of the issue of European integration and the issue of immigration in Sweden and the Netherlands over the period 1995 to 2010. Altogether, the study contributes to our understanding of the strategic incentives and options parties have in responding to the media, as well as to our knowledge of the role of framing in political competition.
Preparedness of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents for Fellowship Training.

I applaud the Editorial Board for drawing attention to the training of those in our profession. The publication of Guntupalli et al as well as Dr. Chescheir’s Connect the Dots piece on Guntupalli et al in September’s Green Journal builds on Dr. Weinstein’s article from this past April. This past month I had to beg our program director to allow either a third-year or fourth-year resident to miss didactic lectures to scrub in on a known previa with an accreta and then, the next week, a rapidly growing 18-cm immature teratoma in a 19-yearold patient. Why has our profession responded reactively to external forces without the scientific data to support its decisions? Most data demonstrate that the work hour rules that resulted from the unfortunate Libby Zion case have actually caused more handoff-related harm than benefit from supposedly better-rested residents. The failure to adequately follow postoperative patients reported by fellowship directors in the Guntupalli et al study is also directly related to this. Our profession has created a teach-to-the-test mentality that has equally never been scientifically proven to improve patient care but has resulted in clinicians being less available to teach surgical skills or attend scholarly meetings (personal communication with leadership of the 69th Annual Obstetrical and Gynecological Assembly of Southern California, March 24, 2014). We are at a crossroads in our profession—do we want to educate our residents and medical students to spend most of their days typing into electronic medical records or filling in dots on standardized tests, or is it better for society for them to feel comfortable doing a cesarean hysterectomy or staging laparotomy? Likewise, we should abandon the uselessness of standardized testing for maintenance of certification and instead give continuing medical education credit for our clinicians attending American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists–sponsored scholarly meetings, volunteering to teach our residents surgical and technical skills, and performing pro bono women’s health care in communities that are still in desperate need of obstetrician–gynecologists.
Isolating First Order Equivalent Mutants via Second Order Mutation

In this paper, a technique named I-EQM, able to dynamically isolate first order equivalent mutants, is proposed. I-EQM works by employing a novel dynamic execution scheme that integrates both first and second order mutation. The proposed approach combines the "impact" on the program execution of the first order mutants with the "impact" on the output of second order ones, to isolate likely to be first order equivalent mutants. Experimental results on a benchmark set of manually classified mutants, selected from real word programs, reveals that I-EQM achieves to classify equivalent mutants with a 71% and 82% classification precision and recall respectively. These results improve the previously proposed approaches by selecting (retrieving) a considerably higher number of killable mutants with only a limited loss on the classification precision.
Use of Online Social Network Sites for Personal Purposes at Work: Does it Impair Self-Reported Performance?1

Abstract Online social network sites are often used for personal purposes during working hours. Whether or not such use interferes with and impairs work performance is obviously of organizational and economical interest. This impairment hypothesis was empirically tested by the current study. A total of 11,018 (5,656 male) employees participated in a web-based cross-sectional survey distributed in the online edition of several Norwegian newspapers. To investigate the relationship between the use of online social network sites for personal purposes during working hours and self-reported work performance, these measures were included with additional questions about demography (age, sex, education, relationship status, professional position) and personality (Mini-IPIP; Extroversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Intellect/Imagination). The data was analyzed by hierarchical regression analyses, where absolute (usual performance) and relative (usual performance compared to one's judgment of the.
Refusals: Who, Where and Why

The characteristics of a very small group of people who refused to participate in a personal interview panel study are investigated in this article. Comparisons are made between characteristics of respondents and refusers in the initial interview and subsequent interviews. Details of the refusal situation and reasons given by refusers for their noncooperation are also discussed. Theresa J. DeMaio is a survey statistician at the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of her coworkers at the Bureau, in particular Naomi D. Rothwell, who designed and made arrangements for the reports on which this paper is based, and who critically reviewed drafts of it. Public Opinion Quarterly ? 1980 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/80/0044-223/$1.75 This content downloaded from 207.46. 13.157 on Thu, 09 Jun 2016 06:53:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 224 THERESA J. DE MAIO sons are more likely to refuse than their counterparts. On the other hand, he found no substantial difference on the basis of either sex or income in a one-time survey conducted by the University of Michigan. Concern at the Census Bureau about potential nonresponse bias has led to studies of nonrespondent characteristics and the effect of their exclusion on survey results. Unlike previous research, however, these attempts are successful in obtaining information about a national cross-section of nonrespondents. Until now, investigation of the refusal component of nonresponse has been limited to those noncooperative households for which some information has already been obtained-i.e., respondents in panel surveys who refused after having been previously cooperative. This research (Palmer, 1966) showed that, although the characteristics of nonrespondents as a whole biased the survey estimates, there were no differences between the small group of refusers (who had previously cooperated) and cooperative respondents in the Current Population Survey. However, Palmer described her inability to provide information about an appreciable proportion of refusals as a major limitation of the findings. Studies of refusals are important not only to determine what biases exist but also to see whether knowledge about refusers might suggest appeals and procedures to reduce their numbers. Accordingly, a project was undertaken which had two main purposes: to learn about characteristics of refusers in households which have not been interviewed before, and to explore the role of the Privacy Act with regard to refusal rates (which have increased from 1 percent in the 1960s to the present 3 percent in the Current Populafion Survey). The Privacy Act requires explicit notification of potential respondents that participation in the survey is voluntary, and that no penalties are involved in refusal. In order to assess the prominence of the Privacy Act as a factor in refusals, information was collected from refusers about their reasons for noncooperation. To date, little systematic research has been conducted on this important topic.
Small-group, interactive education and the effect on asthma control by children and their families

Background: Effective approaches to education about asthma need to be identified. We evaluated the impact on asthma control by children and their caregivers of an intervention involving small-group, interactive education about asthma. Methods: We randomly assigned children who visited an emergency department for an exacerbation of asthma (n = 398) to either of 2 groups. Children assigned to the control group followed the usual care recommended by their primary care physician. Those assigned to the intervention group participated in a small-group, interactive program of education about asthma. We examined changes in the number of visits to the emergency department during the year after the intervention. Results: During the year after enrolment, children in the intervention group made significantly fewer visits to the emergency department (0.45 visits per child) compared with those in the control group (0.75 visits per child) (p = 0.004). The likelihood of a child in the intervention group requiring emergency care was reduced by 38% (relative risk [RR] 0.62, 95% confidence interval CI 0.48–0.81, p = 0.004). Fewer courses of oral corticosteroids (0.63 per child) were required by children in the intervention group than by those in the control group (0.85 per child) (p = 0.006). We observed significant improvements in the symptom domain of the questionnaire on pediatric asthma quality-of-life (p = 0.03) and the activity domain of the questionnaire on caregivers’ quality of life (p = 0.05). Parents of children in the intervention group missed less work because of their child’s asthma after participating in the educational program (p = 0.04). No impact on hospital admissions was observed. Interpretation: Education about asthma, especially in a small-group, interactive format, improved clinically important outcomes and overall care of children with asthma.
Independent Component Analysis of the Effect of L-dopa on fMRI of Language Processing

L-dopa, which is a precursor for dopamine, acts to amplify strong signals, and dampen weak signals as suggested by previous studies. The effect of L-dopa has been demonstrated in language studies, suggesting restriction of the semantic network. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of L-dopa on language processing with fMRI using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Two types of language tasks (phonological and semantic categorization tasks) were tested under two drug conditions (placebo and L-dopa) in 16 healthy subjects. Probabilistic ICA (PICA), part of FSL, was implemented to generate Independent Components (IC) for each subject for the four conditions and the ICs were classified into task-relevant source groups by a correlation threshold criterion. Our key findings include: (i) The highly task-relevant brain regions including the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (LIFG), Left Fusiform Gyrus (LFUS), Left Parietal lobe (LPAR) and Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) were activated with both L-dopa and placebo for both tasks, and (ii) as compared to placebo, L-dopa was associated with increased activity in posterior regions, including the superior temporal area (BA 22), and decreased activity in the thalamus (pulvinar) and inferior frontal gyrus (BA 11/47) for both tasks. These results raise the possibility that L-dopa may exert an indirect effect on posterior regions mediated by the thalamus (pulvinar).
Social Exclusion, Crime and Drugs

This article explores the relationship between social exclusion, drugs and crime. It begins with a discussion of the social and economic factors which shape the lives of the excluded and the linkages with these and the drugs/crime 'nexus'. The traumatic consequences of these relationships are then explored through discussion of one socially excluded place (a housing estate in the North East of England) where crime and drug abuse thrived, and where the agencies who sought to tackle it felt frustrated and powerless to overcome it.