Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computer Skills, Destination Language Proficiency and the Earnings of Natives and Immigrants

Using data from the 2001 Census of Population and Housing in Australia, this paper investigates the determinants, and consequences for earnings, of computer use by both the native born and the foreign born. Focussing on the foreign born, the multivariate analyses show that recent arrivals are more likely to use computers than the Australian born. As the level of computer use in Australia is much higher than in most of the countries that Australia's immigrants come from, this evidence suggests a high degree of favorable selection in migration. Study of the links between earnings, computer use and other human capital skills shows that educational attainment and destination language skills are complements to computer use. The use of a computer is shown to be a way the foreign born can increase the international transferability of their pre-immigration skills, a finding that has implications for immigrant settlement policies.
The Autoregulatory Feedback Loop of MicroRNA-21/Programmed Cell Death Protein 4/Activation Protein-1 (MiR-21/PDCD4/AP-1) as a Driving Force for Hepatic Fibrosis Development*

Background: MicroRNA-21 is important in hepatic fibrosis development, but the mechanism is unclear. Results: MicroRNA-21 is predominantly up-regulated in activated hepatic stellate cells and could form a double negative feedback loop that links fibrogenic machinery. Conclusion: The microRNA-21-mediated loop is a main driving force for hepatic fibrosis progression. Significance: It suggests a mechanism for how microRNA-21 contributes to hepatic fibrosis. Sustained activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) leads to hepatic fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive collagen production, and for which there is no available drug clinically. Despite tremendous progress, the cellular activities underlying HSC activation, especially the driving force in the perpetuation stage, are only partially understood. Recently, microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been found to be prevalently up-regulated during fibrogenesis in different tissues, although its detailed role needs to be further elucidated. In the present study, miR-21 expression was examined in human cirrhotic liver samples and in murine fibrotic livers induced by thioacetamide or carbon tetrachloride. A dramatic miR-21 increase was noted in activated HSCs. We further found that miR-21 maintained itself at constant high levels by using a microRNA-21/programmed cell death protein 4/activation protein-1 (miR-21/PDCD4/AP-1) feedback loop. Disrupting this loop with miR-21 antagomir or AP-1 inhibitors significantly suppressed fibrogenic activities in HSCs and ameliorated liver fibrosis. In contrast, reinforcing this loop with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PDCD4 promoted fibrogenesis in HSCs. Further analysis indicated that the up-regulated miR-21 promoted the central transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway underlying HSC activation. In summary, we suggest that the miR-21/PDCD4/AP-1 autoregulatory loop is one of the main driving forces for hepatic fibrosis progression. Targeting this aberrantly activated feedback loop may provide a new therapeutic strategy and facilitate drug discovery against hepatic fibrosis.
The Impact of Soil Conservation and Output Diversification on Farm Income in Central American Hillside Farming

This article analyzes the determinants of farm income among hillside farmers participating in natural resource management projects in El Salvador and Honduras. The farm income function was evaluated using a system of equations in which income is determined simultaneously by the farmer's decision to adopt soil conservation technologies and by the level of diversification (number of agricultural activities) on the farm. The database used comes from surveys administered to 678 beneficiaries of these projects during 2002. The econometric results suggest that all the variables related directly to land use (i.e., output diversification, soil conservation practices and structures, and the adoption of forestry systems) have a positive and statistically significant association with farm income. Also, farmers who own land enjoy higher farm incomes than those who do not. The results indicate that when investing in natural resource management projects, governments and multilateral development agencies should pay close attention to output diversification, land tenure, and human capital formation as effective instruments in increasing farm income. Copyright 2006 International Association of Agricultural Economists.
Linking human resource management practices and customer satisfaction on product quality

Although research has addressed relationships between human resource management (HRM) practices and several firm performances, it remains rare for studies to assess the processes that may underlie such relationships. This study aims to investigate the relationships between HRM practices and product quality by hypothesizing a mediating role of organizational commitment. We design a conceptual model and construct hypotheses that are tested using structural equation modeling on data collected from an international sample. The study contributes to the theoretical and empirical development of a model to explain and open the black box between skill-developing HR practices and quality performance.
The Impact of International and NESB Students on Measured Learning and Standards in Australian Higher Education

Do international students and/or students from non-English language speaking backgrounds (NESB students) perform worse than other students in Australian undergraduate classrooms? What happens to other students' marks when these students are added to classrooms? I provide new empirical evidence on these questions using very recent administrative panel data from the business faculties of two Australian Technology Network universities. Results show that both international students and NESB students perform significantly worse than other students, even controlling for selection into courses. Both effects are large and do not disappear after the first semester, but non-English speaking background predicts substantially more of a reduction in marks than international student status. Adding international NESB students to a tutorial leads to a reduction in the marks of English-speaking students in that tutorial, whereas the marks of all students benefit from the addition of domestic NESB students to tutorials.Finally, evidence of an upward buoying effect on marks is found from adding international NESB students to courses, which is likely due to the presence of grading on a curve at the course level, but this effect is only felt by international NESB students themselves. Logic suggests that this rise is unlikely to be due to a true learning effect, implying that on average, international NESB students' already low marks are inflated in courses with large fractions of such students.
Post‐recovery customer relationships and customer partnerships in a restaurant setting

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to develop and test an integrative model that explores the structural relationships among perceived justice, service recovery satisfaction, post‐recovery customer relationships, and post‐recovery customer partnerships.Design/methodology/approach – The self‐administered survey was distributed to restaurant customers who had experienced service recovery in the previous six months. Path analysis was performed to estimate the research model and to test the research hypotheses.Findings – The study findings advance the understanding of the beneficial effects of effective service recovery on long‐term relationships and on partnership building with the customers.Research limitations/implications – This study examines post‐recovery customer relationships and post‐recovery customer partnerships as outcome variables of service recovery satisfaction. Future research should be followed to deepen the understanding of the two consequence variables in different contexts of the hospi.
Dispersion of analysts' expectations and the cross-section of stock returns

Empirical evidence is presented to show that the dispersion in analysts' forecasts can explain part of the differences in cross-sectional stock returns. Generally, high dispersion stocks show relatively lower future returns than low dispersion stocks, and the difference in performance is statistically significant. Furthermore, the negative relation between stock returns and dispersions continues to hold even after controlling for size, book-to-market ratio and earnings-price ratio. This empirical fact is consistent with the earlier model of Harrison and Kreps, and demonstrates that investors are exploiting their awareness of heterogeneity in expectations in order to pursue resale gains
The decline of a regional fishing nation: The case of Ghana and West Africa

Inadequate trade policies, globalization of the fishing industry, dominance of Europe’s distant water fleets, declarations of exclusive economic zones (EEZs) by neighbouring West African nations, overfishing and a lack of good governance contributed to the decline of Ghana as a regional fishing nation, a position it had held since the 18 th century. The prohibitive cost of access arrangements limited Ghana’s access to distant waters. The country’s marine environments have been impacted by overexploitation of stocks and the use of destructive methods. Subsistence fishing has become the sole means of survival for many fishers. The decline of the fishing sector has limited the country’s ability to meet domestic demand and threatened the economic and food security of many Ghanaians. The article traces the early history of Ghana’s fisheries, their gradual decline during the last four decades, and outlines recommendations for policy changes to address the situation and steer the nation on a course towards sustainable fisheries.
The pulmonary diffusing capacity; a comparison of methods of measurement and a study of the effect of body position

Two separate techniques have resulted from the recent re-introduction of methods, originally described by the Kroghs in 1910 (Krogh & Krogh, 1910), for the measurement of the pulmonary diffusing capacity. Both of the methods used by the Kroghs have been modified in recent years. The first, hereafter called the 'breath-holding technique', was first fully described by Marie Krogh in 1915, and was recently modified by Forster, Fowler, Bates & van Lingen (1954b), by incorporating helium in the inspired gas mixture. The second involves the study of the rate of uptake of carbon monoxide during continuous breathing. In this method, the mean alveolar CO concentration may be calculated either from the measured arterial CO2 tension, as in the technique described by Filley, MacIntosh & Wright (1954), or by the direct measurement of the end tidal concentration of carbon monoxide (Bates, Boucot & Dormer, 1955). To date, only one attempt has been made to compare the results obtained with any of these techniques, and in this study by Forster, Cohn, Briscoe, Blakemore & Riley (1955), two carbon monoxide techniques were compared with the oxygen method of Riley. Their results showed, in general, poor agreement between the two CO methods. The final figures for the resting Dco were within 2 ml. /min/mm Hg in two subjects only; within 10 ml. /min/mm Hg in three subjects, and in the remaining two subjects there was gross discrepancy. The repeated estimations, using the Krogh method, showed good consistency. In the majority of the subjects, the Dco determined by the Krogh method was considerably lower than that found by the steady state method. The present experiments were planned with two purposes in view. First, to compare the diffusing capacity obtained by the breath-holding and steadystate techniques using, in the latter, end tidal sampling, under conditions that might produce a change in the diffusing capacity; and secondly, to measure
Supervision, Working Conditions, and the Employer Size‐Wage Effect

Two hypotheses for the employer size-wage effect are explored using data from the 1980 Survey of Job Characteristics. We found that there is a strong establishment size effect in both medium-size and large companies and that employee-reported frequency of supervision has a negative relationship to pay but makes no difference in the effect. While 26 working conditions reduce the establishment size effect by one-third, it remains strong and significant.
Inhibition of ocular dominance column formation by infusion of NT-4/5 or BDNF

During the development of the visual system of higher mammals, axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) become segregated into eye-specific patches (the ocular dominance columns) within their target, layer 4 of the primary visual cortex. This occurs as a consequence of activity-dependent synaptic competition between axons representing the two eyes. The possibility that this competition could be mediated through neurotrophin-receptor interactions was tested. Infusion of neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) into cat primary visual cortex inhibited column formation within the immediate vicinity of the infusion site but not elsewhere in the visual cortex. Infusion of nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), or vehicle solution did not affect column formation. These observations implicate TrkB, the common receptor for BDNF and NT-4/5, in the segregation of LGN axons into ocular dominance columns in layer 4. Moreover, they suggest that in addition to their better known roles in the prevention of cell death, neurotrophins may also mediate the activity-dependent control of axonal branching during development of the central nervous system.
Instrument Choice: The Demand for Mortgages in Canada

Abstract This paper is directed at understanding the factors which caused mortgage demand to fluctuate to the degree witnessed in the 1980s. We model the mortgage choice decision as involving simultaneous options on both the term and the amortization choice, by cost minimizing risk averse borrowers. The model is estimated using a bivariate ordered probit methodology. An extensive database containing details on the financial and demographic characteristics of households is used. We find that, contrary to the dominant model of mortgage demand, borrowers react to market conditions in a risk averse and cost minimizing manner.
Environmental Benefits from Mode Substitution: Comparison of the Environmental Impact from Aircraft and High-Speed Train Operations

ABSTRACT Many studies consider substitution of aircraft services with high-speed train (HST) services on short-haul routes desirable for environmental reasons. This paper empirically examined this perception by evaluating local air pollution (LAP) and climate change impacts from a flight and an HST service between London and Paris. Comparing the emissions, the impact, and the cost of damage from the aircraft journey with the HST journey, it was found that substituting an aircraft seat with an HST seat is beneficial. These benefits are likely to occur on all routes on which aircraft and HST substitution is likely to take place. Despite the many limitations in the evaluation of environmental impact, the analysis suggests that such an evaluation is valuable and provides important information.
Corporate sustainability in action

Recent developments in management have highlighted the need for research on corporate sustainability strategies at the value chain level and in particular in the context of franchising. Although franchising is a widespread phenomenon, there is little empirical evidence of how companies approach the issue. By employing a multi-method research approach, this study explores the importance that franchisors assign to sustainability and the way they deal with it. Our findings show that franchisors adopt three main different sustainability strategies, with an increasing relevance of social sustainability as an enabler of environmental sustainability. The study sheds some light also on the interplay between the franchisor–franchisee relationship features and the company's approach toward sustainability. Preliminary propositions are presented as a starting point for further research in this area.
Tackling Neglect and Mental Health Reform in a Devolved System of Welfare Governance

Abstract A system of devolved welfare governance, it is argued, increases participation in welfare services. However, limited empirical evidence has been reported on how it influences welfare reform. This paper draws upon evidence from the mental health system in Spain, where health care is devolved to the regional states (autonomous communities), to examine whether policy reform of neglected policy areas may be triggered through heightened policy awareness and better participation of interested stakeholders. We find that regional devolution has helped to scale up mental health in some of Spain's autonomous regions relative to support for other services. Evidence suggests that whilst fragmentation and certain historical legacies remain path dependent, regional devolution has indeed enhanced experimentation, reform and policy innovation in mental health care. However, the expansion of mental health care coverage has been constrained by the lack of a clear definition of public coverage, as well as the need to meet the demands of evidence-based policy in an era of cost-containment. Inequalities in access to mental health care remain; they are compounded by the stigma and discrimination experienced by people with mental health problems, which is a common challenge for all health systems in Europe.
Do Marketing Campaigns Produce Multichannel Buying and More Profitable Customers? A Field Experiment

One of the most intriguing and managerially relevant findings in the multichannel customer management literature is the positive association between multichannel purchasing and customer profitability. The question is whether this is an actionable, causal relationship. We design and implement a randomized field experiment to investigate this issue. The field experiment tests four marketing campaigns that vary in the communications message and the provision of financial incentives. We find that the multichannel/profitability relationship indeed is actionable. A properly designed marketing campaign increases the number of multichannel customers and increases average customer profitability. That campaign’s message emphasizes the benefits of multichannel shopping but does not rely on financial incentives. Moreover, we estimate a switching regression to show that, after accounting for self-selection bias, multichannel customers are more profitable than they would be if they were single channel. These results are important because they provide insights on how multichannel shopping leads to higher profit.
Isomorphism and foreign subsidiary staffing policies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore determinants that affect foreign subsidiary staffing policies by employing institutional theory as a theoretical foundation.Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses are developed regarding determinants of the ratio of parent country nationals (PCNs) to foreign subsidiary employees. To examine the hypotheses, Tobit regressions are run using a sample of 1,998 foreign subsidiaries of Japanese manufacturers in 40 countries.Findings – The PCN ratio of foreign subsidiaries is positively associated with the parent firm's taken‐for‐granted PCN ratio and the PCN ratio adopted by other Japanese firms in the same cognitive category. In addition, the positive relationship between the PCN ratio adopted by other Japanese firms in the same cognitive category and the PCN ratio of foreign subsidiaries is moderated by the international experience of the parent firm, such that the positive relationship is weaker as the parent firm accumulates international experience.Origina.
Private Ordering on the Internet: The eBay Community of Traders

eBay provides an online auction venue for remote and anonymous members of its online community to realize gains from trade. As a venue it never sees the items sold, verifies the item listings, handles settlements, or represents the buyer or seller. Despite the associated market imperfections and incentive problems, over five million auctions are active on an average day. Trading is based on trust among members of the eBay community, and trust is supported by a multilateral reputation mechanism based on member feedback. eBay supplements the reputation mechanism with rules and policies that mitigate incentive problems, reduce transactions costs, and support trust among members and between members and the company. Reputations and the rules and policies provide a private ordering of eBay's community. This paper examines this private ordering in the context of the company's strategy and in the shadow of the public order.
Heat stress induces alkaline phosphatase activity and heat shock protein 25 expression in cultured pulp cells.

AIM To investigate the responses of cultured rat pulp cells to heat stress. METHODOLOGY Pulp cells were obtained from rat incisors and cultured at 37 degrees C. The cells were cultured at 42 degrees C for 30 min and then cultured at 37 degrees C again. Morphology, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) were investigated at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days following stimulation. As a control, the cells were maintained at 37 degrees C. RESULTS Although there were few cells of apoptosis immediately after heat stress, there were mitotic cells from day 1 after heat stress. ALP activity in the heat stress group significantly increased at days 7 and 14 compared with the control group (about 1.7-fold, P < 0.01, Friedman test). HSP25 expression increased in both groups, with HSP25 in the heat stress group being expressed earlier than in the control group, and nuclear localization of HSP25 was observed at days 0 and 1 in heat-stressed cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that heat stress not only induces HSP25 but also enhances ALP activity in pulp cells.
Validation Techniques for Sensor Data in Mobile Health Applications

Mobile applications have become a must in every user’s smart device, and many of these applications make use of the device sensors’ to achieve its goal. Nevertheless, it remains fairly unknown to the user to which extent the data the applications use can be relied upon and, therefore, to which extent the output of a given application is trustworthy or not. To help developers and researchers and to provide a common ground of data validation algorithms and techniques, this paper presents a review of the most commonly used data validation algorithms, along with its usage scenarios, and proposes a classification for these algorithms. This paper also discusses the process of achieving statistical significance and trust for the desired output.