Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On proving lower bounds for circuit size

A.A. Razborov's (1989) generalized approximation method, which has the potential of giving tight lower bounds for circuit size, is considered. The method is described in a more intuitive fashion, and its analogy with the ultraproduct construction in model theory is made explicit. The method is extended so that it can be used to lower bound nondeterministic circuit size. Using the proposed framework, a new proof for the exponential monotone size lower bound for the clique function is presented. <<ETX>>
Identity Development Theories in Student Affairs: Origins, Current Status, and New Approaches

Enhancing the development of students has long been a primary role of student affairs practitioners. Identity development theories help practitioners to understand how students go about discovering their “abilities, aptitude and objectives” while assisting them to achieve their “maximum effectiveness” (American Council on Education, 1937, p. 69). The tasks involved in discovering abilities, goals, and effectiveness are part of creating a sense of identity that allows the student to enter adult life. Identity is shaped by how one organizes experiences within the environment (context) that revolves around oneself (Erikson, 1959/1994). Across academic disciplines, the view of how individuals organize experiences takes on varying definitions. Within the student affairs literature, identity is commonly understood as one’s personally held beliefs about the self in relation to social groups (e.g., race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation) and the ways one expresses that relationship. Identity is also commonly understood to be socially constructed; that is, one’s sense of self and beliefs about one’s own social group as well others are constructed through interactions with the broader social context in which dominant values dictate norms and expectations (see Gergen, 1991; McEwen, 2003). Examples of these broader social contexts include both institutions such as education and work, as well as systems of power and inequality such as race, social class, and gender (Anderson & Collins, 2007). Social construction of identity occurs in different contexts on campus such as in how student organizations are created and which students are drawn to them, or in the social identities among those in leadership positions and those not, as well as in issues of institutional fit within access and retention. One of the components of identity development that arises quickly on most campuses is the process of students learning how to balance their needs with those of others (Kegan, 1982, 1994; Kroger, 2004). In working to create community and mutual respect on campus, student affairs professionals help students to understand this balance between self and others as well as expose students to the varied nature of what is encompassed in the “other. ” A common program used to illustrate this process revolves around diversity issues. These programs often focus on exposure to other social groups and an understanding of how history supports society’s view of these groups. This influence of the other contributes to the social construction of identity; in other words, the context and interactions with others—including other people, societal norms, and/or expectations that evolve from culture—influence how one constructs one’s identity (Jones, 1997; McEwen, 2003; Torres, 2003; Weber, 1998). In addition, several researchers embrace a developmental approach to describe the shift that occurs when students
Purinergic cotransmission

ATP is a cotransmitter with classical transmitters in most nerves in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, although the proportions vary between species and tissues and in different developmental, physiological and pathophysiological conditions. ATP is released together with noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y from sympathetic nerves. It is released as a cotransmitter with acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves supplying the bladder, developing skeletal neuromuscular junctions and some neurons in the brain. It is also released with nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from non-adrenergic inhibitory enteric nerves, with glutamate from primary afferent sensory nerves and in the hypothalamus, and with dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine from some neurons in the central nervous system. Cotransmission offers subtle, local variations in neurotransmission and neuromodulation mechanisms.
Perception of e-mail personality at zero-acquaintance: Extraversion takes care of itself; Neuroticism is a worry

We investigate the impact of computer-mediated interaction on person perception. In particular, we study how traits important for socialisation and collaboration|Extraversion and Neuroticism|can be detected from the text of an e-mail communication. We have previously shown how Extraversion in uences people’s language production in electronic communication, in broadly intuitive ways. Here, we brie y outline the ways in which Neuroticism is expressed more through the high-level properties of a text. By their nature, these properties are less accessible to intuition. In subjective ratings of the texts for personality, we demonstrate that author Extraversion can be accurately perceived, given the limited cues, and that judges also exhibit relatively high agreement with each other for this trait. Neuroticism, however, appears more di cult. This result is consistent with previous ndings, but suggests that e-mail exacerbates this discrepancy.
Identifying Controversial Wikipedia Articles Using Editor Collaboration Networks

Wikipedia is probably the most commonly used knowledge reference nowadays, and the high quality of its articles is widely acknowledged. Nevertheless, disagreement among editors often causes some articles to become controversial over time. These articles span thousands of popular topics, including religion, history, and politics, to name a few, and are manually tagged as controversial by the editors, which is clearly suboptimal. Moreover, disagreement, bias, and conflict are expressed quite differently in Wikipedia compared to other social media, rendering previous approaches ineffective. On the other hand, the social process of editing Wikipedia is partially captured in the edit history of the articles, opening the door for novel approaches. This article describes a novel controversy model that builds on the interaction history of the editors and not only predicts controversy but also sheds light on the process that leads to controversy. The model considers the collaboration history of pairs of editors to predict their attitude toward one another. This is done in a supervised way, where the votes of Wikipedia administrator elections are used as labels indicating agreement (i.e., support vote) or disagreement (i.e., oppose vote). From each article, a collaboration network is built, capturing the pairwise attitude among editors, allowing the accurate detection of controversy. Extensive experimental results establish the superiority of this approach compared to previous work and very competitive baselines on a wide range of settings.
miR-223 and Stathmin-1 Expression in Non-tumor Liver Tissue of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

AIM Overexpression of stathmin (STMN1) has been reported for several tumor entities. STMN1 expression correlated with the detection of mutant p53, also suggesting loss-of-function-dependent mechanisms for its accumulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. On the other hand, miR-223 has been identified as one of the most down-regulated miRNAs in HCC, and its expression was shown to be negatively correlated with STMN1 expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of STMN1 and miRNA-223 expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-six consecutive patients with HCC who underwent curative hepatectomy as initial treatment were enrolled. They were divided into two groups based on the STMN1 expression level: high (n=36) and low (n=20) gene-expression groups. We compared the clinicopathological factors between the groups with high and low expression in non-tumor tissues. Thirty out of 56 patients were also divided into groups with high (n=15) and low (n=15) miR-223 expression and compared the clinicopathological factors between the two groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences in patient background between high and low STMN1 expression groups. The incidence of multicentric (MC) recurrence in the high-expression group was significantly higher than in the low-expression group and high STMN1 expression was shown to be an independent risk factor for MC recurrence. There were also no significant differences in patient background between high and low miR-223 expression groups; however, the disease-free survival rate in the group with low expression was significantly worse. Furthermore, MC-related miRNAs identified by miRNA microarray clearly clustered patients into MC recurrence and non-recurrence groups. CONCLUSION Both gene and miRNA expression profiles in non-tumor liver tissues could predict the risk for MC recurrence. Such molecular information may be useful in enabling better decision making for patients with HCC.
The meaning of color terms: semantics, culture, and cognition

This paper argues t hat color concepts are anchored in certain "universals of human experience", and that these universals can be identified, roughly speaking, äs day andnight, fire, the sun, Vegetation, the sky, and the ground. Alihough our color sensations occur in our brains, not in the world outside, and their nature is probably determined to a large extent by our human biology (which links ust in some measure, with other primates) t to be able to communicate about these sensations, we project them onto something in our shared environment. Kay and McDaniel (1978: 621) have claimed that the semantics ofbasic color terms in all languages directly reflects the existence of pan-human neural response categories. But how can language be "directly" linked to neural responses? Language reflects conceptualizations, not the "neural r epresentation of color . in the pathways between the eye and brain" (Kay and McDaniel 1978: 617). The link between the neural representation of color and the linguistic representation of color can only be indirect. The way leads via concepts. Sense data are "private" (even ifthey are rooted in pan-human neural responses), whereas concepts can be shared. To be able to talk with others about one's private sense data one must be able to translate them first int o communicable concepts. This paper argues, then, against the current accounts of color semantics such äs those proposed by Kay and McDaniel (1978) or by Rösch (1972); and it proposes a new Interpretation ofthe evolutionary sequence discovered by Berlin and Kay (1969).
Conceptualizing the Role and Influence of Student-Teacher Relationships on Children's Social and Cognitive Development

The purpose of this article is to add to our current understanding of the social contexts of education by synthesizing research on the nature and influence of relationships between students and their teachers. I was guided by 3 questions. First, how have we conceptualized students' relationships with teachers? Second, how have our approaches to studying relationships shaped our understanding of the phenomenon? Third, looking across these different approaches to studying student-teacher relationships, what do we know about the nature and influence of student-teacher relationships developmentally? Specifically, I review in 3 broad themes the multiple conceptions, or approaches, to the study of student-teacher relationships. These include student-teacher relationships from attachment perspectives, from motivation perspectives, and from sociocultural perspectives. I view each approach a posing a critical question needing to be addressed conceptually, methodologically, and developmentally. Looking across approaches, findings reveal 1 limitation of our current understanding of student-teacher relationships is that is most of our knowledge about relationships for a particular population of students (e.g., preschool, elementary school, middle school, or high school) is embedded within knowledge about a particular approach (e.g., attachment, motivation, or sociocultural) as well as within specific methods of studying relationships. Implications for future research and theory development are discussed.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Is a Target for Halogenated Analogs of Bisphenol A

Background: The occurrence of halogenated analogs of the xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA) has been recently demonstrated both in environmental and human samples. These analogs include brominated [e.g., tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)] and chlorinated [e.g., tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA)] bisphenols, which are both flame retardants. Because of their structural homology with BPA, such chemicals are candidate endocrine disruptors. However, their possible target(s) within the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily has remained unknown. Objectives: We investigated whether BPA and its halogenated analogs could be ligands of estrogen receptors (ERs) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs) and act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Methods: We studied the activity of compounds using reporter cell lines expressing ERs and PPARs. We measured the binding affinities to PPARγ by competitive binding assays with [3H]-rosiglitazone and investigated the impact of TBBPA and TCBPA on adipocyte differentiation using NIH3T3-L1 cells. Finally, we determined the binding mode of halogenated BPAs to PPARγ by X-ray crystallography. Results: We observed that TBBPA and TCBPA are human, zebrafish, and Xenopus PPARγ ligands and determined the mechanism by which these chemicals bind to and activate PPARγ. We also found evidence that activation of ERα, ERβ, and PPARγ depends on the degree of halogenation in BPA analogs. We observed that the bulkier brominated BPA analogs, the greater their capability to activate PPARγ and the weaker their estrogenic potential. Conclusions: Our results strongly suggest that polyhalogenated bisphenols could function as obesogens by acting as agonists to disrupt physiological functions regulated by human or animal PPARγ.
Organizational deficits in dyslexia: Possible frontal lobe dysfunction

We examined the organizational skills of normal and dyslexic subjects on a battery of cognitive tasks. Twenty dyslexic and 20 normal readers were administered five language and visuospatial measures and compared on both quantitative performance scores and qualitative problem‐solving strategies. Relative to control subjects, dyslexics were impaired on verbal fluency, recalled fewer words on a verbal learning task and had difficulty solving conceptual problems and completing mazes. In addition, dyslexic subjects had difficulty generating and executing efficient problem‐solving strategies. Even when presented with a goal‐directed, organized approach, dyslexic subjects continued to employ less efficient strategies. It is suggested that the deficient strategy formulation and execution in dyslexic individuals may result from primary frontal lobe dysfunction.
Positive–Negative Asymmetry in Social Discrimination

Minimal group experiments showed that mere categorization of individuals into arbitrary social groups can be sufficient to elicit ingroup favouritism. This effect has been qualified by demonstrating a positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination: categorization into minimal, laboratory groups was sufficient to elicit ingroup favouritism in allocations of positive stimuli, but not in allocations of negative ones. Different explanatory perspectives for this valence-specific asymmetry in intergroup behaviour were tested. An integrative perspective linking normative, cognitive and motivational aspects is proposed. This perspective also implies a critical analysis and re-framing of traditional theorizing on categorization effects in minimal intergroup situations.
A detached fruit study on the post-inoculation activity of lime sulfur against brown rot of peach (Monilinia fructicola)

Fungicides with curative activity are important tools for disease management in stone fruits. Lime sulfur (LS) is the only fungicide registered for organic fruit production with demonstrated curative activity against apple scab, but such activity against Monilinia fructicola is unknown. In this study, the 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection activity of 1.5% lime sulfur (LS) against M. fructicola was investigated on two peach fruit cultivars (early- and mid-season cultivars, Coronet and Contender, respectively) at two maturity stages (commercially mature and immature fruit) in a wound-inoculation detached fruit study. Brown rot incidence, sporulating area, and production of conidia per fruit were higher on commercially mature fruit in all treatments as compared with immature fruit, and LS treatments showed consistent results for both cultivars tested. All three disease measurements were significantly lower (P=0.05) for the 6 and 12 h post-inoculation applications of LS compared with either the untreated or 24 h post-inoculation applications of LS, irrespective of fruit maturity stages or cultivar. Disease incidence was reduced from 98.5–100% in the control treatment to 9–12% in the 6 h post-inoculation application. Both the 6 and 12 h post-inoculation applications reduced sporulating area from 64–72% in the control treatment to 0.0–1.3%. Disease incidence was not significantly (P=0.05) different between the water-treated control and the 24 h post-inoculation treatment with LS, while percent sporulating area and number of conidia per fruit were significantly different (P=0.05). Our results show up to 12 h post-inoculation activity of LS on M. fructicola in controlled environment studies and indicate that LS has potential for post-infection brown rot control in organic stone fruit production. Additional keywords: disease management, organic fruit production, stone fruits.
The digital native - myth and reality

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and promote a realistic understanding of young people and digital technology with a view to supporting information professionals in playing useful and meaningful roles in supporting current generations of young people. In particular the paper aims to offer a critical perspective on popular and political understandings of young people and digital technologies – characterised by notions of “digital natives”, the “net generation” and other commonsense portrayals of expert young technology users. The paper seeks to consider the accuracy of such descriptions in reflecting young people's actual uses of digital technology and digital information.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent published literatures on young people and digital technology in information sciences, education studies and media/communication studies.Findings – The findings show that young people's engagements with digital technologies are varied and.
Reduction of Relapse after Unrelated Donor Stem Cell Transplantation by KIR-Based Graft Selection

Besides donor T cells, natural killer (NK) cells are considered to have a major role in preventing relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). After T-cell-depleted haploidentical HSCT, a strong NK alloreactivity has been described. These effects have been attributed to killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). Abundant reports suggest a major role of KIR not only on outcome after haploidentical HSCT but also in the unrelated donor setting. In this review, we give a brief overview of the mechanism of NK cell activation, nomenclature of KIR haplotypes, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) groups, and distinct models for prediction of NK cell alloreactivity. It can be concluded that KIR-ligand mismatch seems to provoke adverse effects in unrelated donor HSCT with reduced overall survival and increased risk for high-grade acute graft-versus-host disease. The presence of activating KIR, as seen in KIR haplotype B, as well as the patient’s HLA C1/x haplotype might reduce relapse in myeloid malignancies.
Monotonicity results for coherent MIMO Rician channels

The dependence of the Gaussian input information rate on the line-of-sight (LOS) matrix in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) coherent Rician fading channels is explored. It is proved that the outage probability and the mutual information induced by a multivariate circularly symmetric Gaussian input with any covariance matrix are monotonic in the LOS matrix D, or more precisely, monotonic in D/sup /spl dagger//D in the sense of the Loewner partial order. Conversely, it is also demonstrated that this ordering on the LOS matrices is a necessary condition for the uniform monotonicity over all input covariance matrices. This result is subsequently applied to prove the monotonicity of the isotropic Gaussian input information rate and channel capacity in the singular values of the LOS matrix. Extensions to multiple-access channels (MAC) are also provided.
Patterns of working and living conditions: A holistic, multivariate approach to occupational health studies

The objective of the study was to develop a multivariate approach to occupational health studies that is: capable of identifying groups with similar working conditions; relevant for studies of associations between working and living conditions and health; and an appropriate basis for preventive actions. Data at the individual level were obtained through measurements, observations, interviews and questionnaires, and at the organizational level, through interviews with managers. Cluster analyses were applied with the purpose of identifying groups of individuals with small, within-group differences. Eighty work sites and a sample of employees at each site were strategically selected. The study group comprised 203 men and women, and was characterized by large variation. The final analysis produced eight clusters of individuals, denoted according to their best-defining characteristic, i.e. 'decent', 'boundary-less', 'locked', 'exposed', 'heavy and monotonous', 'changed', 'mobile' and 'restrained'. The clusters differed with regard to 'what' characterized working conditions, 'where' on the labour market they were found, and 'who' clustered in these groups. The holistic approach revealed conditions that were important for health and had higher explanatory power in relation to ill-health than applying socio-economic groupings or the demand-control-support model. It showed how psychosocial, ergonomic-physical and occupational hygiene factors combine and interact to create settings with different risks of ill-health. The chosen strategy is recommended for future occupational health studies and is particularly suitable as guidance for preventive actions relevant to specific clusters of working and living conditions.