Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic Analysis of Ultrasound and Carcass Measurement Traits in a Regional Hanwoo Steer Population

Ultrasound measurements of backfat thickness (UBF), longissimus muscle area (ULMA) and marbling score (UMS) and carcass measurements of carcass weight (CW), backfat thickness (BF), longissimus muscle area (LMA), and marbling score (MS) on 7,044 Hanwoo steers were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters. Data from Hanwoo steers that were raised, finished in Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon-do (province) and shipped to slaughter houses during the period from October 2010 to April 2013 were evaluated. Ultrasound measurements were taken at approximately three months before slaughter by an experienced operator using a B-mode real-time ultrasound device (HS-2000, FHK Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with a 3.5 MHz linear probe. Ultrasound scanning was on the left side between 13th rib and the first lumbar vertebrae. All slaughtering processes and carcass evaluations were performed in accordance with the guidelines of beef grading system of Korea. To estimate genetic parameters, multiple trait animal models were applied. Fixed effects included in the models were: the effects of farm, contemporary group effects (year-season at the time of ultrasound scanning in the models for UBF, ULMA, and UMS, and year-season at slaughter in the models for CW, BF, LMA, and MS), the effects of ultrasound technicians as class variables and the effects of the age in days at ultrasound scanning or at slaughtering as linear covariates, respectively for ultrasound and carcass measures. Heritability estimates obtained from our analyses were 0.37 for UBF, 0.13 for ULMA, 0.27 for UMS, 0.44 for CW, 0.33 for BF, 0.36 for LMA and 0.54 MS, respectively. Genetic correlations were strongly positive between corresponding traits of ultrasound and carcass measures. Genetic correlation coefficient between UBF and BF estimate was 0.938, between ULMA and LMA was 0.767 and between UMS and MS was 0.925. These results suggest that ultrasound measurement traits are genetically similar to carcass measurement traits.
Everybody Needs Somebody: The Influence of Team Network Structure on Information Technology Use

Team network structure has been shown to be an important determinant of both team and individual performance outcomes, yet few studies have investigated the relationship between team network structure and technology usage behaviors. Drawing from social network and technology use literature, we examine how the structure of a team's advice-seeking network affects individual use of a newly implemented information technology. We develop cross-level hypotheses related to the effects of the structure of mutually interconnected ties within the team (i.e., internal closure) as well as the structure of nonredundant ties outside the team boundaries (i.e., external bridging). The hypotheses are tested in a field study of 265 employees working in 44 teams in a large financial services institution. Results show that internal closure has a U-shaped effect on individual use such that individual usage of the system is higher when the number of internal advice-seeking ties within the team is low or high, suggesting that medium levels of internal closure are the least desirable network configurations because in such instances teams neither realize the benefits of high closure information sharing nor are they able to avoid in-group biases associated with low closure conditions. Our results also reveal that in addition to having a direct positive effect on individual use, external bridging interacts with internal closure in a complex manner. The U-shaped effect of closure is dominant when bridging is high but assumes an inverted U-shaped pattern when bridging is low. Several implications for managers follow from these findings. First, in order to increase usage of technology, in teams characterized by low internal closure, managers should encourage the development of ties across team boundaries. Second, managers should maximize within-team interconnections in order to facilitate the circulation of external knowledge within team boundaries. Finally, managers should be aware that maximizing internal closure by facilitating interconnections among team members could be dangerous if not accompanied by mechanisms for external bridging.
The Compositional Nature of Productivity and Innovation Slowdown

A growing number of studies identify a generalized slowdown in labor productivity growth. The very existence of the slowdown ignited a series of academic debates suggesting that secular stagnation or 'mismeasurement' problems are at the root of the observed trends. We posit that the composition of aggregate productivity matters. In a nutshell, we make the analysis of productivity growth slowdown more fine-grained by shifting the focus to the industry level, considering that the downward trend identified at the macroeconomic level emerges from the aggregation of diverse industry-level productivity trends. We perform an analysis of the structural dynamics of labor productivity by conducting a non-parametric dynamic decomposition exercise that separates within (improvement) and between (structural change) effects for 10 OECD countries. By pooling industries in groups identified according to two different taxonomies - one related to R&D intensities rankings, and the other built upon the Pavitt taxonomy of sources of technological change -, this study assess the industry-level contributions to the slowdown and the trends over time of the within and between components. We interpret our findings highlighting common patterns and suggest two related technological explanations for the productivity slowdown: one based on a Baumol-disease-like effect driven by structural change and another based on implementation lags and/or on an exhaustion of technological opportunities - that is, on decreasing returns in innovative activities. To investigate that, we complement our productivity analysis with evidence on innovation slowdown trends, looking at aggregate and compositional trends. We explore the innovation slowdown using an array of indicators based on the notion of 'idea- TFP' and show that there is a generalized evidence for its occurrence. Eventually, we relate productivity and innovation slowdowns deriving tables of trends co-movements, weighted by input-output matrices coefficients, and clustered by Pavitt industry group. We interpret these relationships and highlight patterns and clusters of significant correlations.
Layer-speci fi c blood-fl ow MRI of retinitis pigmentosa in RCS rats q

The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat is an established animal model of retinitis pigmentosa, a family of inherited retinal diseases which starts with loss of peripheral vision and progresses to eventual blindness. Blood flow (BF), an important physiological parameter, is intricately coupled to metabolic function under normal physiological conditions and is perturbed in many neurological and retinal diseases. This study reports non-invasive high-resolution MRI (44 44 600 mm) to image quantitative retinal and choroidal BF and layer-specific retinal thicknesses in RCS rat retinas at different stages of retinal degeneration compared with age-matched controls. The unique ability to separate retinal and choroidal BF was made possible by the depth-resolved MRI technique. RBF decreased with progressive retinal degeneration, but ChBF did not change in RCS rats up to post-natal day 90. We concluded that choroidal and retinal circulations have different susceptibility to progressive retinal degeneration in RCS rats. Layer-specific retinal thickness became progressively thinner and was corroborated by histological analysis in the same animals. MRI can detect progressive anatomical and BF changes during retinal degeneration with laminar resolution. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Primary Dysmenorrhea among Indian Adolescent Girls-An Observational Study

Dysmenorrhea is a term used to describe pain associated with menstruation. In primary dysmenorrhea the pain is felt in the lower abdomen and the sacral region in the first hours of menstruation. There exists no structural abnormality or pathology. Pain decreases with increase in blood loss Objectives: To establish the prevalence and explore the factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea in the adolescent age group (13-19years). Secondary Objectives: 1) To establish a relationship between the Body Mass Index with the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents. 2) To find out the quality and severity of pain experienced by young women. 3) To find out the various treatment methods used for relieving pain/ discomfort. 4) To find out the risk factors associated with dysmenorrhea. 5) To establish the relationship between level of stress and dysmenorrhea. 6) To establish a relation between socioeconomic status and dysmenorrhea. Method: 100 adolescent girls were included in the study. A questionnaire was distributed which included questions regarding menstrual history, pain assessment, family history, associated symptoms, management, functional impairments, nutritional habits, risk factors, stress andsocio-economic status. The BMI of each student was also calculated. Result and Conclusion: It has been established that there is a very high prevalence of dysmenorrhea among the adolescent girls in rural Maharashtra, India. The severity of pain experienced and the techniques used to alleviate the pain is varied amongst the population. The most common predisposing factors are found to be early age at menarche, family history, consumption of tea / coffee, exercising habits, stress and lifestyle. It is found that having a low BMI is one of the strongest predictor of dysmenorrhea.
Universal Sequence Replication, Reversible Polymerization and Early Functional Biopolymers: A Model for the Initiation of Prebiotic Sequence Evolution

Many models for the origin of life have focused on understanding how evolution can drive the refinement of a preexisting enzyme, such as the evolution of efficient replicase activity. Here we present a model for what was, arguably, an even earlier stage of chemical evolution, when polymer sequence diversity was generated and sustained before, and during, the onset of functional selection. The model includes regular environmental cycles (e.g. hydration-dehydration cycles) that drive polymers between times of replication and functional activity, which coincide with times of different monomer and polymer diffusivity. Template-directed replication of informational polymers, which takes place during the dehydration stage of each cycle, is considered to be sequence-independent. New sequences are generated by spontaneous polymer formation, and all sequences compete for a finite monomer resource that is recycled via reversible polymerization. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that this proposed prebiotic scenario provides a robust mechanism for the exploration of sequence space. Introduction of a polymer sequence with monomer synthetase activity illustrates that functional sequences can become established in a preexisting pool of otherwise non-functional sequences. Functional selection does not dominate system dynamics and sequence diversity remains high, permitting the emergence and spread of more than one functional sequence. It is also observed that polymers spontaneously form clusters in simulations where polymers diffuse more slowly than monomers, a feature that is reminiscent of a previous proposal that the earliest stages of life could have been defined by the collective evolution of a system-wide cooperation of polymer aggregates. Overall, the results presented demonstrate the merits of considering plausible prebiotic polymer chemistries and environments that would have allowed for the rapid turnover of monomer resources and for regularly varying monomer/polymer diffusivities.
MOTIVES FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES Assist

One of the most widely used means in achieving firms’ growth and development are mergers and acquisitions (M&As). However, numerous empirical studies have questioned the success of M&As in increasing the firms’ value for their owners. Even though varying in methodology, sample size and structure, monitored time and geographical spread, the majority of research indicate that many M&As fail in accomplishing described criteria, i.e. that they do not increase the firm’s business success. This opens questions about the popularity of M&As since it is well known that there is a high rate of M&As failures in creating value. Organizational theory provides understanding three groups of motives for M&As: strategic (or market) motives, synergetic motives and managerial motives. The analyses of the motives show that the firm’s goals for engaging in M&As could sometimes be reached even when financial analyses show failure. However, most attention, regarding M&A success, is focused on publicly listed firms, even though the majority of firms are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Due to their smaller degree of organizational complexity, limited reach to market and financial opportunities and higher resource dependency, it could be expected that their motives and goals in M&A processes are somewhat different than those of larger firms. In addressing these issues, we have tried to analyze the motives leading SMEs to engage in M&As. We conducted a questionnaire among SMEs in Croatia’s Primorsko-goranska County which allowed us to determine the share of firms interested in future M&A involvement. For those that showed interest, we have then analyzed their motives. Although the achieved results are partially inconclusive and require further research, they allow us to the conclude that the motives for SME interest in future M&As are primarily strategic and that they mostly do not expect significant cost savings through organizational synergies.
Optimistic Programming of Touch Interaction

Touch-sensitive surfaces have become a predominant input medium for computing devices. In particular, multitouch capability of these devices has given rise to developing rich interaction vocabularies for “real” direct manipulation of user interfaces. However, the richness and flexibility of touch interaction often comes with significant complexity for programming these behaviors. Particularly, finger touches, though intuitive, are imprecise and lead to ambiguity. Touch input often involves coordinated movements of multiple fingers as opposed to the single pointer of a traditional WIMP interface. It is challenging in not only detecting the intended motion carried out by these fingers but also in determining the target objects being manipulated due to multiple focus points. Currently, developers often need to build touch behaviors by dealing with raw touch events that is effort consuming and error-prone. In this article, we present Touch, a tool that allows developers to easily specify their desired touch behaviors by demonstrating them live on a touch-sensitive device or selecting them from a list of common behaviors. Developers can then integrate these touch behaviors into their application as resources and via an API exposed by our runtime framework. The integrated tool support enables developers to think and program optimistically about how these touch interactions should behave, without worrying about underlying complexity and technical details in detecting target behaviors and invoking application logic. We discuss the design of several novel inference algorithms that underlie these tool supports and evaluate them against a multitouch dataset that we collected from end users. We also demonstrate the usefulness of our system via an example application.
DETERMINANTS OF TRUST IN THE INDONESIAN POTATO INDUSTRY: A COMPARISON AMONG GROUPS OF POTATO FARMERS

Indonesia’s potato industry is undergoing a rapid transformation, presenting producers with new and profitable opportunities to participate in sales to the modern channels. However, few farmers are involved in the new channels. This study offers an analysis of three groups of potato farmers’ perceptions of trust in their buyers. The aim is to understand the many different ways producers can enter modern chains and how different channels suit the individual characteristics of different producers. We surveyed 50 farmer field schools (FFS) producers, 60 Indofood suppliers, and 192 general potato farmers (GPF) in the largest potato producing area in Indonesia, West Java. Using MANOVA and linear regression methods, the study reveals that flexibility and dependence are determinate factors of trust in the three groups. Particularly among the FFS producers, relative price and firm size are factors identified to increase the farmers’ trust. Farmers contracting with Indofood establish the relationship with the firm in terms of reputation and flexibility. On the other hand, the GPF has more concerns about buyers offering price transparency and joint problem solving. This article provides a conceptual model and an empirical analysis of the buyer-seller relationship in the potato industry in Indonesia.
You Only Propagate Once: Painless Adversarial Training Using Maximal Principle

Deep learning achieves state-of-the-art results in many areas. However recent works have shown that deep networks can be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations which slightly changes the input but leads to incorrect prediction. Adversarial training is an effective way of improving the robustness to the adversarial examples, typically formulated as a robust optimization problem for network training. To solve it, previous works directly run gradient descent on the “adversarial loss”, i.e. replacing the input data with the corresponding adversaries. A major drawback of this approach is the computational overhead of adversary generation, which is much larger than network updating and leads to inconvenience in adversarial defense. To address this issue, we fully exploit structure of deep neural networks and propose a novel strategy to decouple the adversary update with the gradient back propagation. To achieve this goal, we follow the research line considering training deep neural network as an optimal control problem. We formulate the robust optimization as a differential game. This allows us to figure out the necessary conditions for optimality. In the way, we train the neural network via solving the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle (PMP). The adversary is only coupled with the first layer weight in PMP. It inspires us to split the adversary computation from the back propagation gradient computation. As a result, our proposed YOPO (You Only Propagate Once) avoids forward and backward propagating the data too many times in one iteration, and restricts core descent directions computation to the first layer of the network, thus speeding up every iteration significantly. For adversarial example defense, our experiment shows that YOPO can achieve comparable defense accuracy using around 1/5 GPU time of the original projected gradient descent training. 2 ∗Equal Contribution Our codes are available at https://github.com/a1600012888/YOPO-You-Only-Propagate-Once Preprint. Under review. ar X iv :1 90 5. 00 87 7v 1 [ st at . M L ] 2 M ay 2 01 9
Effect of Planting Times and Saline Irrigation of Quinoa Using Drainage Water on Yield and Yield Components under the Mediterranean Environmental Conditions

It is the biggest challenge of next century to meet food and fiber needs of ever increasing world population. Increasing production of cereals is therefore strategically very important to ensure food self sufficiency (Yazar et al. 2006). Food production and water use are inextricably linked. Water is the main factor limiting crop production in much of the world where rainfall is insufficient to meet crop demand. With the increasing competition for finite water resources worldwide and the steadily rising demand for agricultural commodities, the call to improve the efficiency and productivity of water use for crop production, to ensure future food security and address the uncertainties associated with climate change, has never been more urgent. Given current demographic trends and future growth projections, as much as 60% of the global population may suffer water scarcity by the year 2025 (UN-Water 2012). The water-use efficiency techniques used with conventional resources have been improved. However, waterscarce countries will have to rely more on the use of non-conventional water resources to partly alleviate water scarcity. In water-scarce environments, such water resources are accessed through the desalination of seawater and highly brackish groundwater, the harvesting of rainwater, and the use of marginal-quality water resources for irrigation (Qadir and Oster 2004). The marginal-quality waters used for irrigation consist of wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and groundwater containing different types of salts. The salinity and sodicity of drainage water are the main parameters that determine the feasibility of its reuse. A successful adoption of reuse will require an integrated approach requiring new and flexible on-farm skills related to irrigation, crop and soil management within the context of being economically feasible and environmentally ABSTRACT
Realistic event rates for detection of supermassive black hole coalescence by LISA

The gravitational waves generated during supermassive black hole (SMBH) coalescence are prime candidates for detection by the satellite LISA. We use the extended Press-Schechter formalism combined with empirically motivated estimates for the SMBH-dark matter halo mass relation and SMBH occupation fraction to estimate the maximum coalescence rate for major SMBH mergers. Assuming efficient binary coalescence, and guided by the lowest nuclear black hole mass inferred in local galactic bulges and nearby low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (10 5 M ○. ), we predict approximately 15 detections per year at a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 5, in each of the inspiral and ringdown phases. Rare coalescences between SMBHs having masses in excess of 10 7 M ○. will be more readily detected via gravitational waves from the ringdown phase.
Weed Control in Pinto Beans with Imazethapyr Alone or in Combination with Other Herbicides 1

Imazethapyr (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid,) alone and in combination with other herbicides, was applied preplant incorporated, preemergence, and postemergence (PPI, PRE, POST) to pinto beans to determine weed control and selectivity to the crop. All of the herbicides improved pinto bean yield as compared with the unweeded control. Imazethapyr applied PPI and POST provided excellent control of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), kochia (Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad), Russian thistle (Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau), prostrate and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats and Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ) control with imazethapyr ranged from 58 to 96% and increased to 98% or better when imazethapyr was combined with metolachlor (2-chloroN-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide), pendimethalin (N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenenamine), trifluralin (2,6-dinitroN,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benenamine), or EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate). Pinto bean yield was not reduced from any herbicide treatment compared to the hand-weeded control. CONTENTS Materials and methods . 1 Results and discussion . 2 References . 4