Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A ventral prefrontal-amygdala neural system in bipolar disorder: a view from neuroimaging research

In the past decade, neuroimaging research has identified key components in the neural system that underlies bipolar disorder (BD). The ventral prefrontal cortex (VPFC) and amygdala are highly interconnected structures that jointly play a central role in emotional regulation. Numerous research groups have reported prominent structural and functional abnormalities within the VPFC and amygdala supporting their essential role in a neural system underlying the emotional dysregulation that is a core feature of BD. Findings in BD also include those in brain regions interconnected with the VPFC and amygdala, including the ventral striatum, hippocampus and the cerebellum. Abnormalities in these regions may contribute to symptoms that reflect disruption in functions sub-served by these structures, including motivational, mnemonic and psychomotor functions. This article will first review leads from behavioural neurology that implicated these neural system abnormalities in BD. It will then review findings from structural and functional imaging studies to support the presence of abnormalities within these neural system components in BD. It will also review new findings from studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) that provide increasing evidence of abnormalities in the connections between these neural system components in BD. Emerging data supporting differences in this neural system during adolescence, as well as potential beneficial effects of treatment on structure and function will also be presented. Finally, the article will discuss the implications for future investigations, including those for early identification and treatment of BD.
Severe osteoporosis before and after lung transplantation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis and/or fractures have been reported as a complication of kidney, heart, liver, bone marrow, and, most recently, lung transplantation (LTx). We measured bone mineral density (BMD) before and after LTx to determine the frequency and severity of preoperative and postoperative osteoporosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of BMD in 100 patients with various diagnoses before (n = 55) and after (n = 45) LTx. RESULTS Age-matched mean spine and femoral BMDs were severely depressed before and after LTx placing 45% of the pre-LTx and 73% of the post-LTx patients at or below the fracture threshold (2 SDs below the mean). As expected, patients with cystic fibrosis had lower (p < 0.05) mean spine and femoral BMD than patients with COPD or other lung diseases both before and after LTx. Nevertheless, considerable osteoporosis was present in the patients with COPD and other lung diseases before and after LTx. The best predictors of pre- and post-LTxZ scores were body mass index (r = 0.56 to 0.59, p < 0.001) and cumulative steroid dose/per kilogram (r = 0.49-0.51, p < 0.001), respectively. Osteoporosis has resulted in 3 symptomatic fractures before and 12 after LTx. CONCLUSIONS Osteoporosis appears to be widespread in patients with end-stage respiratory failure before LTx and LTx, while often life-saving, has an adverse impact on BMD. As patients live longer after LTx, osteoporosis-related fractures may compromise quality of life by causing pain and debilitation.
Integrative and Translational Physiology : Integrative Aspects of Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Diseases Indirect calorimetry in laboratory mice and rats : principles , practical considerations , interpretation and perspectives

Even PC, Nadkarni NA. Indirect calorimetry in laboratory mice and rats: principles, practical considerations, interpretation and perspectives. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 303: R459–R476, 2012. First published June 20, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00137. 2012. —In this article, we review some fundamentals of indirect calorimetry in mice and rats, and open the discussion on several debated aspects of the configuration and tuning of indirect calorimeters. On the particularly contested issue of adjustment of energy expenditure values for body size and body composition, we discuss several of the most used methods and their results when tested on a previously published set of data. We conclude that neither body weight (BW), exponents of BW, nor lean body mass (LBM) are sufficient. The best method involves fitting both LBM and fat mass (FM) as independent variables; for low sample sizes, the model LBM 0.2 FM can be very effective. We also question the common calorimetry design that consists of measuring respiratory exchanges under free-feeding conditions in several cages simultaneously. This imposes large intervals between measures, and generally limits data analysis to mean 24 h or day-night values of energy expenditure. These are then generally compared with energy intake. However, we consider that, among other limitations, the measurements of V̇O2, V̇CO2, and food intake are not precise enough to allow calculation of energy balance in the small 2–5% range that can induce significant long-term alterations of energy balance. In contrast, we suggest that it is necessary to work under conditions in which temperature is set at thermoneutrality, food intake totally controlled, activity precisely measured, and data acquisition performed at very high frequency to give access to the part of the respiratory exchanges that are due to activity. In these conditions, it is possible to quantify basal energy expenditure, energy expenditure associated with muscular work, and response to feeding or to any other metabolic challenge. This reveals defects in the control of energy metabolism that cannot be observed from measurements of total energy expenditure in free feeding individuals.
The Risk-based Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Risk evaluation and prognostic stratification based upon clinical and radiological findings and new cardiac biomarkers, such as natriuretic peptides (NP) and troponins, represent key points in modern management of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Literature evidence shows that normotensive PE with right heart dysfunction (RHD), defined as submassive PE, has poorer prognosis when compared to normotensive PE without RHD, defined as non-massive PE; thus whether submassive PE should be managed more aggressively and with closer monitoring represents the crucial question about acute PE treatment. Although the answer is yet unclear, the most recent guidelines address to thrombolysis as treatment choice in selected high risk patients with submassive PE. Guidelines also clarify the indications for unfractioned and low molecular weight heparins and fondaparinux. Therefore, in the present article, the authors focus on modern risk-based therapeutic guidelines of acute PE. Keywords Pulmonary embolism; Treatment; Prognosis; Biomarkers; Chocardiography; Hemodynamic; Guidelines
Exploring the Activation of Semantic and Phonological Codes during Speech Planning with Event-Related Brain Potentials

We present a new technique for studying the activation of semantic and phonological codes in speech planning using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that extend a well-established behavioral procedure from speech production research. It combines a delayed picture-naming task with a priming procedure. While participants prepared the production of a depicted object's name, they heard an auditory target word. If the prepared picture name and the target word were semantically or phonologically related, the ERP waveform to the target word tended less towards the negative when compared to an unrelated control. These effects were widely distributed. By contrast, if participants performed a nonlinguistic task on the depicted object (natural size judgment), the semantic effect was still obtained while the phonological effect disappeared. This suggests that the former effect indexes semantic activation involved in object processing while the latter effect indexes word-form activation specific to lexical processing. The data are discussed in the context of models of lexical access in speech production.
Proposal for Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes

Preface The Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) herewith presents a proposal for an International Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes (ICE). This proposal is to be presented for a vote by the General Assembly of the ILAE in Hamburg, F.R. G. , on September9, 1985. On December 28, 1981, Dr. Mogens Dam, the President of ILAE, charged the Commission to develop a classification of the epilepsies, get it approved by the active chapters of the ILAE and other pertinent international societies, develop a current dictionary of the epilepsies, and promote its use throughout the world. The purpose of the ICE is to supplement the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures, the revised form of which was accepted by the General Assembly of the ILAE in September, 1981. The Commission began by examining the Proposal for International Classification of Epilepsies first propounded in 1970 (Merlis). It rapidly became apparent that the problems for the ICE were different from those of the seizure classification and would not be solved in the same objective manner, namely, by excluding everything on which no video documentation existed. In the past, a major obstacle for the creation of an ICE had been the apparently irreconcilable opinions of different schools about syndromic classifications and terminology. Merlis graphically described this problem, which at that time was solved by the publication of the minimum statement on which consensus could be reached. The present Commission realized that no international classification would be acceptable if it canonized one point of view. Because science is essentially pluralistic, a scientifically valid classification would have to reflect this pluralism. The Commission therefore repeatedly
THE RISE AND FAULTS OF THE INTERNALIST PERSPECTIVE IN EXTREME RIGHT STUDIES

In contemporary political science, the extreme right phenomenon continues to attract considerable academic attention. Among major political developments in established Western-style democracies, few have provoked as much interest as the revival of different forms of right-wing radicalism and extremism in recent years (Betz 2003, 74). The number of studies focused on the subject, the number of scholars active in the field and the range of theoretical approaches have all expanded enormously (Mudde 2000, 6). In short, there has been an ‘explosive growth of the literature’ (Ignazi 2002, 22). 1. Despite renewed interest in the ‘dark side of Europe’ (Harris 1994), it should not be overlooked that there exists a rich tradition of research focused upon various aspects of extreme right-wing politics. As pointed out by Norris (2005), social psychology, political psychology, political sociology and political science have all devoted significant efforts to investigating the social bases of support for a variety of manifestations commonly labelled ‘extreme right’, whether fascism and Nazism (e.g. Adorno et al. 1950), Poujadisme in France (Hoffman 1956), American phenomena such as McCarthyism and the John Birch Society (Bell 1963; Lipset and Raab 1970), or more recent developments in Western Europe (e.g. Betz 1994; Cheles et al. 1995; Kitschelt and McGann 1995; Merkl and Weinberg 1997; Ignazi 2003; Carter 2005). What differentiates previous instances of extreme right success from more recent examples is that the former, for example the Poujadists in 1956 or the German Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) in the 1960s, experienced only ‘flash’ success, while contemporary extreme right parties (ERPs) have exerted an appreciable impact upon a number of party systems over the course of a number of electoral cycles. As observed by Schain et al. (2002, 16), ‘there seems to be little question that the radical right has become an important political force in Western Europe’. The principal aim of this review article is to examine the scholarly response to the extreme right phenomenon and, to this end, is composed in the following manner: first, it outlines how a preoccupation with ‘demand-side’ or ‘externalist’ explanations led researchers away from examining extreme right parties (ERPs) and towards assessing the impact of socio-economic developments on levels of ERP electoral support. Second, although contributors have in recent years attempted to redress this imbalance by focusing increasingly upon party-centric factors, to date ‘internalist’ perspectives have suffered from a glaring lack of empirical analysis. The review concludes by suggesting that researchers might gain a richer insight into internalist dimensions and the nature of contemporary ERPs through examining the political actors at the heart of this phenomenon.
Wolf in sheep's clothing: Model misspecification undermines tests of the neutral theory for life histories

Abstract Understanding the processes behind change in reproductive state along life‐history trajectories is a salient research program in evolutionary ecology. Two processes, state dependence and heterogeneity, can drive the dynamics of change among states. Both processes can operate simultaneously, begging the difficult question of how to tease them apart in practice. The Neutral Theory for Life Histories (NTLH) holds that the bulk of variations in life‐history trajectories is due to state dependence and is hence neutral: Once previous (breeding) state is taken into account, variations are mostly random. Lifetime reproductive success (LRS), the number of descendants produced over an individual's reproductive life span, has been used to infer support for NTLH in natura. Support stemmed from accurate prediction of the population‐level distribution of LRS with parameters estimated from a state dependence model. We show with Monte Carlo simulations that the current reliance of NTLH on LRS prediction in a null hypothesis framework easily leads to selecting a misspecified model, biased estimates and flawed inferences. Support for the NTLH can be spurious because of a systematic positive bias in estimated state dependence when heterogeneity is present in the data but ignored in the analysis. This bias can lead to spurious positive covariance between fitness components when there is in fact an underlying trade‐off. Furthermore, neutrality implied by NTLH needs a clarification because of a probable disjunction between its common understanding by evolutionary ecologists and its translation into statistical models of life‐history trajectories. Irrespective of what neutrality entails, testing hypotheses about the dynamics of change among states in life histories requires a multimodel framework because state dependence and heterogeneity can easily be mistaken for each other.
A 460 MHz at 397 mV, 2.6 GHz at 1.3 V, 32 bits VLIW DSP Embedding F MAX Tracking

Wide voltage range operation for DSPs brings more versatility to achieve high energy efficiency in mobile applications. This paper describes a 32 bits DSP fabricated in 28 nm Ultra Thin Body and Box FDSOI technology. Body Biasing Voltage (VBB) scaling from 0 V up to ±2 V decreases the core VDDMIN to 397 mV and increases clock frequency by +400%@500 mV and +114%@1.3 V. The DSP frequency measurements show 2.6 GHz@1.3 V(VDD)@2 V(VBB) and 460 MHz@397 mV(VDD)@2 V(VBB). The lowest peak energy efficiency is measured at 62 pJ/op at 0.53 V. In addition to technological gains, maximum frequency tracking design techniques are proposed for wide voltage range operation. On silicon, at 0.6 V, those techniques allow high energy gain of 40.6% w.r. t. a worst case corner approach.
Attitudes of Children from a Deprived Environment toward Achievement-Related Concepts

THE ACADEMIC achievement of children I from deprived environments has aroused in creasing concern and interest in recent years. Lower-class children as a group fall below na tional norms in achievement and it is widely believed that they have negative attitudes toward academic learning. However, there has been rela tively little attention given to the variability within the lower-class group itself. In academic achievement there is a wide range, with some children achieving success despite economic and cultural handicaps. Is there a corresponding range in the feelings and meanings attached to concepts that are related to school achievement? The purposes of this study were, first, to inves| tigate the attitudes of a group of Negro children from a severely deprived environment toward a number of concepts presumed to be important for school learning, and second, to determine whether there were variations in attitudes asso ciated with differences in school achievement and with sex.1
From grapheme to word in reading acquisition in Spanish

ABSTRACT The relationship between written words and their pronunciation varies considerably among different orthographic systems, and these variations have repercussions on learning to read. Children whose languages have deep orthographies must learn to pronounce larger units, such as rhymes, morphemes, or whole words, to achieve the correct pronunciation of some words. However, children whose languages have transparent orthographies need only learn to pronounce graphemes to be able to read any word. In this study, the reading evolution of Spanish-speaking children was investigated for the purpose of discovering when and for what types of stimuli lexical information is used in Spanish. Five- to 10-year-old children were presented with lists of stimuli in which lexicality, frequency, and length were manipulated. The results in terms of reading accuracy and speed showed that the influence of stimulus length is great in the early grades and later diminishes, and just the opposite is the case for lexicality and frequency. These data suggest that reading acquisition in Spanish constitutes a continuum that ranges from phonological recoding to the use of lexical strategies, and that this transition is made at a very early stage, at least for the most frequent words.
Introduction: Who's at the bottom? Examining claims about racial hierarchy

Why do claims about racial hierarchy matter? The question whether some groups are worse off than others is highly pertinent at a time when there is growing recognition of multiple forms of racisms and racial oppression. It is widely accepted that racial hierarchies are still with us today, and this concept is peppered throughout writings on “race” and racisms, but, what, exactly, are racial hierarchies, how do racial hierarchies continue to matter, and in what ways do they operate? This special issue, which focuses on the USA and Britain, also addresses the following questions: Does the concept of racial hierarchy aid us in illuminating racial inequalities and the differential experiences of groups in Western multi-ethnic societies such as the USA and Britain? What sorts of criteria are used in arguments about the place of groups along racial hierarchies? What are the political implications of claims made about racial hierarchies?
Sexual Harassment Victims: Psycholegal and Family Therapy Considerations.

Abstract This article examines the legal proscriptions and practical definitions of sexual harassment, describes the psychological effects of sexual harassment (e.g., the Sexual Harassment Trauma Syndrome) for the victim-client and the impact on the family system, and offers guidance for family therapy, with reference to the special vulnerability of the victim-client, the reconstruction of the self concept as the primary goal of treatment, clinical versus legal advocacy, and family therapy as the treatment of choice.
Applying a Hybrid Model of Markov Chain and Logistic Regression to Identify Future Urban Sprawl in Abouelreesh, Aswan: A Case Study

Urban sprawl has become a very complex process, because it has many factors affecting its directions and values. The study of relative research shows that the driving forces that lead and redirect future urban sprawl require the application of a statistical method. In our study, logistic regressions were used to analyze and class the driving forces for urban sprawl. Identifying the driving forces, which is the most important step in predicting the future of urban sprawl in 2037, was performed using the cellular automata models. This study takes the Aswan area as a case study in the period from 2001 to 2013 by analyzing the official detailed plan and Google Earth historical imagery. Almost all data was prepared for logistic regression analysis using ArcGIS software and IDRISI® Selva. In our study, a hybrid model of the Markov chain and logistic regression models was applied to identify future urban sprawl in 2037. The findings of this paper simulate the increase in urban area over 24 years from 1.85 to 2.59 km2. These findings highlight the growing risks of urban sprawl and the difficulties opposing the sustainable urban development plans officially proposed for this area.
Sulfate transporters in the plant’s response to drought and salinity: regulation and possible functions

Drought and salinity are two frequently combined abiotic stresses that affect plant growth, development, and crop productivity. Sulfate, and molecules derived from this anion such as glutathione, play important roles in the intrinsic responses of plants to such abiotic stresses. Therefore, understanding how plants facing environmental constraints re-equilibrate the flux of sulfate between and within different tissues might uncover perspectives for improving tolerance against abiotic stresses. In this review, we took advantage of genomics and post-genomics resources available in Arabidopsis thaliana and in the model legume species Medicago truncatula to highlight and compare the regulation of sulfate transporter genes under drought and salt stress. We also discuss their possible function in the plant’s response and adaptation to abiotic stresses and present prospects about the potential benefits of mycorrhizal associations, which by facilitating sulfate uptake may assist plants to cope with abiotic stresses. Several transporters are highlighted in this review that appear promising targets for improving sulfate transport capacities of crops under fluctuating environmental conditions.
Predicting Robust Vocabulary Growth from Measures of Incremental Learning

We report a study of incremental learning of new word meanings over multiple episodes. A new method called MESA (Markov Estimation of Semantic Association) tracked this learning through the automated assessment of learner-generated definitions. The multiple word learning episodes varied in the strength of contextual constraint provided by sentences, in the consistency of this constraint, and in the spacing of sentences provided for each trained word. Effects of reading skill were also examined. Results showed that MESA scores increased with each word learning encounter. MESA growth curves were affected by context constraint, spacing of practice, and reading skill. Most important, the accuracy of participant responses (MESA scores) during learning predicted which words would be retained over a 1-week period. These results support the idea that word learning is incremental and that partial gains in knowledge depend on properties of both the context and the learner. The introduction of MESA presents new opportunities to test word-learning theories and the complex factors that affect growth of word knowledge over time and in different contexts.