Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Facial Expressions in Hollywood's Portrayal of Emotion

Much theory and research on emotion are based on the facial expressions of amateurs asked to pose for still photographs. The theory of facial affect programs (FAPs; P. Ekman, 1972) was proposed to account for the resulting expressions, most of which are patterns consisting of distinguishab le parts. In the present study, 4 Hollywood films noted for fine acting and realism were examined for the facial expressions that accompany a basic emotion. In keeping with the theory of FAPs, professional actors judged as happy were found smiling in 97% (Duchenne smiling in 74%) of cases. In contrast, actors judged as surprised, afraid, angry, disgusted, or sad rarely showed the predicted pattern (found in 0 to 31% of cases). Typically, they used one or two parts from the full pattern. If these films represent real life, these findings favor a theory that assumes separable parts (e.g., components theory) over the older theory of FAPs.
Rapid detection of extended‐spectrum‐&bgr;‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae in blood cultures using the ESBL NDP test in Cotonou, Benin

Purpose. Rapid and inexpensive tests for detecting extended‐spectrum‐&bgr;‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Enterobacteriaceae are needed, particularly in low‐resource countries where infections with these bacteria constitute a major public health issue. The recently described ESBL NDP test performed well in developed countries. This study was designed to assess performance, cost and feasibility of this test in positive blood cultures, in Cotonou, Benin (West Africa). Methodology. The test was performed on 175 positive Bactec broth blood cultures containing Enterobacteriaceae, and blindly compared with the double‐disc synergy test (DDST) for the phenotypic detection of ESBL producers. Results. There was a complete agreement between the ESBL NDP test and the DDST. On average, the time to give results was 37 min for a sample and the cost was US$ 7.3. Conclusion. The ESBL NDP test is rapid, relatively affordable and performed well in our setting.
Oxygen Ebullition From Lakes

The exchange of oxygen between lakes and the atmosphere is assumed to be driven by diffusion. Here we show that lakes can emit significant amounts of O2 by emerging gas bubbles—a process called ebullition. We found very high proportions of 17 ± 10% O2 (maximum 34%) in emerging gas bubbles in two shallow eutrophic reservoirs. In the studied reservoirs, O2 emission by ebullition was of similar magnitude as diffusive O2 fluxes. By reanalyzing previous studies, we show that the process is ubiquitous and probably quantitatively relevant in many places. We present evidence that O2 in bubbles originates both from photosynthetic oxygen production and hence bubble formation in the oxic water and from stripping by emerging methane bubbles. Ebullition can turn lakes undersaturated in respect to the atmosphere into a net O2 source. Neglecting O2 ebullition leads to an overestimation of lake internal respiration.
Improvement of Antitumor Therapies Based on Vaccines and Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors by Counteracting Tumor-Immunostimulation

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors and antitumor vaccines may produce both tumor-inhibitory and tumor-stimulatory effects on growing tumors depending on the stage of tumor growth at which treatment is initiated. These paradoxical results are not necessarily incompatible with current tumor immunology but they might better be explained assuming the involvement of the phenomenon of tumor immunostimulation. This phenomenon was originally postulated on the basis that the immune response (IR) evoked in Winn tests by strong chemical murine tumors was not linear but biphasic, with strong IR producing inhibition and weak IR inducing stimulation of tumor growth. Herein, we extended those former observations to weak spontaneous murine tumors growing in pre-immunized, immune-competent and immune-depressed mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the interaction of specifical T cells and target tumor cells at low stimulatory ratios enhanced the production of chemokines aimed to recruit macrophages at the tumor site, which, upon activation of toll-like receptor 4 and p38 signaling pathways, would recruit and activate more macrophages and other inflammatory cells which would produce growth-stimulating signals leading to an accelerated tumor growth. On this basis, the paradoxical effects achieved by immunological therapies on growing tumors could be explained depending upon where the therapy-induced IR stands on the biphasic IR curve at each stage of tumor growth. At stages where tumor growth was enhanced (medium and large-sized tumors), counteraction of the tumor-immunostimulatory effect with anti-inflammatory strategies or, more efficiently, with selective inhibitors of p38 signaling pathways enabled the otherwise tumor-promoting immunological strategies to produce significant inhibition of tumor growth.
Credibly Identifying Social Effects: Accounting for Network Formation and Measurement Error

Understanding whether and how connections between agents (networks) such as declared friendships in classrooms, transactions between firms, and extended family connections, influence their socio-economic outcomes has been a growing area of research within economics. Early methods developed to identify these social effects assumed that networks had formed exogenously, and were perfectly observed, both of which are unlikely to hold in practice. A more recent literature, both within economics and in other disciplines, develops methods that relax these assumptions. This paper reviews that literature. It starts by providing a general econometric framework for linear models of social effects, and illustrates how network endogeneity and missing data on the network complicate identification of social effects. Thereafter, it discusses methods for overcoming the problems caused by endogenous formation of networks. Finally, it outlines the stark consequences of missing data on measures of the network, and regression parameters, before describing potential solutions.
Aquaporin 5 Polymorphisms and Rate of Lung Function Decline in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Rationale Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) can cause mucus overproduction and lower lung function. Genetic variants in the AQP5 gene might be associated with rate of lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AQP5 were genotyped in 429 European American individuals with COPD randomly selected from the NHLBI Lung Health Study. Mean annual decline in FEV1 % predicted, assessed over five years, was calculated as a linear regression slope, adjusting for potential covariates and stratified by smoking status. Constructs containing the wildtype allele and risk allele of the coding SNP N228K were generated using site-directed mutagenesis, and transfected into HBE-16 (human bronchial epithelial cell line). AQP5 abundance and localization were assessed by immunoblots and confocal immunofluoresence under control, shear stress and cigarette smoke extract (CSE 10%) exposed conditions to test for differential expression or localization. Results Among continuous smokers, three of the five SNPs tested showed significant associations (0.02>P>0.004) with rate of lung function decline; no associations were observed among the group of intermittent or former smokers. Haplotype tests revealed multiple association signals (0.012>P>0.0008) consistent with the single-SNP results. In HBE16 cells, shear stress and CSE led to a decrease in AQP5 abundance in the wild-type, but not in the N228K AQP5 plasmid. Conclusions Polymorphisms in AQP5 were associated with rate of lung function decline in continuous smokers with COPD. A missense mutation modulates AQP-5 expression in response to cigarette smoke extract and shear stress. These results suggest that AQP5 may be an important candidate gene for COPD.
3SUM, 3XOR, Triangles

We show that if one can solve 3SUM on a set of size n in time n^{1+\e} then one can list t triangles in a graph with m edges in time O(m^{1+\e}t^{1/3-\e/3}). This is a reversal of Patrascu's reduction from 3SUM to listing triangles (STOC '10). Our result builds on and extends works by the Paghs (PODS '06) and by Vassilevska and Williams (FOCS '10). We make our reductions deterministic using tools from pseudorandomness. We then re-execute both Patrascu's reduction and our reversal for the variant 3XOR of 3SUM where integer summation is replaced by bit-wise xor. As a corollary we obtain that if 3XOR is solvable in linear time but 3SUM requires quadratic randomized time, or vice versa, then the randomized time complexity of listing m triangles in a graph with $m$ edges is m^{4/3} up to a factor m^\alpha for any \alpha > 0.
Shotgun Proteomics Identifies Serum Fibronectin as a Candidate Diagnostic Biomarker for Inclusion in Future Multiplex Tests for Ectopic Pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is difficult to diagnose early and accurately. Women often present at emergency departments in early pregnancy with a ‘pregnancy of unknown location’ (PUL), and diagnosis and exclusion of EP is challenging due to a lack of reliable biomarkers. The objective of this study was to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers for EP. Shotgun proteomics, incorporating combinatorial-ligand library pre-fractionation, was used to interrogate pooled sera (n = 40) from women undergoing surgery for EP, termination of viable intrauterine pregnancy and management of non-viable intrauterine pregnancy. Western blot was used to validate results in individual sera. ELISAs were developed to interrogate sera from women with PUL (n = 120). Sera were collected at time of first symptomatic presentation and categorized according to pregnancy outcome. The main outcome measures were differences between groups and area under the receiver operating curve (ROC). Proteomics identified six biomarker candidates. Western blot detected significant differences in levels of two of these candidates. ELISA of sera from second cohort revealed that these differences were only significant for one of these candidates, fibronectin. ROC analysis of ability of fibronectin to discriminate EP from other pregnancy outcomes suggested that fibronectin has diagnostic potential (ROC 0.6439; 95% CI 0.5090 to 0.7788; P>0.05), becoming significant when ‘ambiguous’ medically managed PUL excluded from analysis (ROC 0.6538; 95% CI 0.5158 to 0.7918; P<0.05). Fibronectin may make a useful adjunct to future multiplex EP diagnostic tests.
The quality and accessibility of Australian depression sites on the World Wide Web

The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: 0025-729X 20 May 2002 176 10 Suppl 97-101 ©The Medical Journal of Australia 2002 www.mja. com.au Depression and the Community IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED that 6.4 million Australian adults — almost half the adult population — accessed the Internet during 2000.1 Reportedly, more Internet users search the Web for information on depression than any other health condition.2 This is not surprising given the high level of disability a s ciated with depression in the community3 and the fact that the Web provides a convenient, anonymous means of obtaining information about the problem. However, much of the depression information on the Web is of low quality4-6 and originates in the United States. If Australian consumers are to benefit from Web-based media, they need to know which sites are of high quality and appropriate to local needs. Because consumers are more likely to trust information on a website that is recommended by their doctor,7 general practitioners are uniquely placed to advise people about which depression websites to visit.7 However, there are currently no systematic guides to Australian depression websites on which GPs can base their advice. Another way that consumers or non-specialist healthcare providers might judge the quality of sites is by indirect indicators that do not rely on specialist knowledge. Although many such indicators have been proposed, their validity as markers of content quality has not been established.4,8 Recently, the DISCERN scale9 has generated considerable interest as a potential indicator of website quality. In particular, the scale is intended to assist people without content expertise assess the quality of written health treatment information by systematically rating a number of attributes of a publication, such as the extent to which it describes treatment alternatives and their risks and benefits; the degree to which the information appears balanced and unbiased; and whether the publication documents areas of uncertainty. To our knowledge, there have been no studies of the validity of DISCERN as an indicator of the content accuracy of Web-based or other written health material. Here we intend to: ■ provide information for consumers and healthcare providers about Australian depression sites and the quality (accuracy and comprehensiveness) of their content; ■ explore the validity of the DISCERN system as an indicator of the quality of treatment content; and ■ determine the accessibility of Australian depression websites. Methods
Comparison between past and future extreme precipitations simulated by global and regional climate models over the Tibetan Plateau

Past studies on regional climate change over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have mainly looked at changes in the mean climate. This study focuses on past and future extreme precipitations, simulated by global and regional climate models over the TP. To assess the influence of large‐scale forcing on dynamic downscaling using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, downscaling results for the historical period (1980–2005) with ERA‐Interim reanalysis and CCSM4 as forcings are evaluated against a gridded observational data set. These are inter‐compared before future projections for the period 2005–2100 under two scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The followings are obtained: (1) the reanalysis greatly overestimates not only the mean, but also extreme precipitation. The overestimation in CCSM4 is even larger than that of the reanalysis. (2) The two downscalings outperform their forcings, reflected by reduced overestimation for extreme precipitation frequency, increased spatial pattern correlations and more accurate linear trends, especially for the downscaling driven by CCSM. This demonstrates the constraining power of the fine‐scale modelling and the importance of more realistic representations of surface forcing and related processes in the TP. (3) CCSM4 projects a general wetting across the whole TP with increases of heavy precipitation as well as the wetting intensification with warming. WRF also projects an overall wetting, but the wetting is less sensitive to the warming and there is more of an increase in light precipitation frequency. More importantly, a diverse pattern with wetting in the north and drying in the south is found in the dynamical downscaling in contrast to the uniform wetting in its forcing.
MCGraph: multi-criterion representation for scene understanding

The field of scene understanding endeavours to extract a broad range of information from 3D scenes. Current approaches exploit one or at most a few different criteria (e.g., spatial, semantic, functional information) simultaneously for analysis. We argue that to take scene understanding to the next level of performance, we need to take into account many different, and possibly previously unconsidered types of knowledge simultaneously. A unified representation for this type of processing is as of yet missing. In this work we propose MCGraph: a unified multi-criterion data representation for understanding and processing of large-scale 3D scenes. Scene abstraction and prior knowledge are kept separated, but highly connected. For this purpose, primitives (i.e., proxies) and their relationships (e.g., contact, support, hierarchical) are stored in an abstraction graph, while the different categories of prior knowledge necessary for processing are stored separately in a knowledge graph. These graphs complement each other bidirectionally, and are processed concurrently. We illustrate our approach by expressing previous techniques using our formulation, and present promising avenues of research opened up by using such a representation. We also distribute a set of MCGraph annotations for a small number of NYU2 scenes, to be used as ground truth multi-criterion abstractions.
On unitary unipotent representations of $p$-adic groups and affine Hecke algebras with unequal parameters

We determine the unitary dual of the geometric graded Hecke algebras with {unequal} parameters which appear in Lusztig's classification of unipotent representations for {exceptional} $p$-adic groups. The largest such algebra is of type $F_4. $ Via the Barbasch-Moy correspondence of unitarity applied to this setting, this is equivalent to the identification of the corresponding unitary unipotent representations with real central character of the $p$-adic groups. In order for this correspondence to be applicable here, we show (following Lusztig's geometric classification, and Barbasch and Moy's original argument) that the set of tempered modules with real central character for a geometric graded Hecke algebra is linearly independent when restricted to the Weyl group.
Hippocampal Neuroligin-2 Overexpression Leads to Reduced Aggression and Inhibited Novelty Reactivity in Rats

Disturbances of the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in the brain were recently suggested as potential factors underlying disorders like autism and schizophrenia resulting in associated behavioral alterations including changes in social and emotional behavior as well as abnormal aggression. Neuronal cell adhesion molecules (nCAMs) and mutations in these genes were found to be strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Neuroligin2 (nlgn2) is a postsynaptic cell adhesion molecule, which is predominantly expressed at inhibitory synapses and required for synapse specification and stabilization. Changes in the expression of nlgn2 were shown to result in alterations of social behavior as well as altered inhibitory synaptic transmission, hence modifying the E/I balance. In our study, we focused on the role of nlgn2 in the dorsal hippocampus in the regulation of emotional and social behaviors. To this purpose, we injected an AAV construct overexpressing nlgn2 in the hippocampus of rats and investigated the effects on behavior and on markers for the E/I ratio. We could show an increase in GAD65, a GABA-synthesizing protein in neuronal terminals, and furthermore, reduced exploration of novel stimuli and less offensive behavior. Our data suggest nlgn2 in the hippocampus to be strongly implicated in maintaining the E/I balance in the brain and thereby modulating social and emotional behavior.
mTORC1-Dependent Metabolic Reprogramming Is a Prerequisite for NK Cell Effector Function

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism and also has fundamental roles in controlling immune responses. Emerging evidence suggests that these two functions of mTORC1 are integrally linked. However, little is known regarding mTORC1 function in controlling the metabolism and function of NK cells, lymphocytes that play key roles in antiviral and antitumor immunity. This study investigated the hypothesis that mTORC1-controlled metabolism underpins normal NK cell proinflammatory function. We demonstrate that mTORC1 is robustly stimulated in NK cells activated in vivo and in vitro. This mTORC1 activity is required for the production of the key NK cell effector molecules IFN-γ, which is important in delivering antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions, and granzyme B, a critical component of NK cell cytotoxic granules. The data reveal that NK cells undergo dramatic metabolic reprogramming upon activation, upregulating rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis, and that mTORC1 activity is essential for attaining this elevated glycolytic state. Directly limiting the rate of glycolysis is sufficient to inhibit IFN-γ production and granzyme B expression. This study provides the highly novel insight that mTORC1-mediated metabolic reprogramming of NK cells is a prerequisite for the acquisition of normal effector functions.
Temperature‐mediated local adaptation alters the symbiotic function in arbuscular mycorrhiza

Variation in the symbiotic function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) has been demonstrated among distinct biotic and abiotic interactions. However, there is little knowledge on how local temperature conditions influence the functional divergence of AM symbionts in alpine ecosystems. Here, we conduct a reciprocal inoculation experiment to explore the three-way interactions among plants, AM fungal inoculum and temperature at sites of contrasting elevation. Evidence of local adaptation of plant growth was found only under low temperature conditions, with no consistent local versus foreign effect found in AM fungal performance. The origin of either the plant or the inoculum relative to the temperature was important in explaining symbiotic function. Specifically, when inoculum and temperature were sympatric but allopatric to the plant, poor adaptation by the plant to the novel environment was clearly found under both temperature conditions. Further analysis found that the symbiotic function was inversely related to fungal diversity under high temperature conditions. These results suggest that local adaptation represents a powerful factor in the establishment of novel combinations of plant, inoculum and temperature, and confirms the importance of taking into account both biotic and abiotic interactions in the prediction of the response of symbionts to global environmental change.
Issues of quality assurance in the management of plagiarism in blended learning environments

Increasing access to and availability of electronic resources presents students with a rich library of opportunities for independent study. But students also find themselves in the confusing territory of how they should best use these resources within their assessment activities. Likewise, teaching institutions are faced with the problems of plagiarism and collusion, and the challenges of educating, deterring, detecting, and dealing with breaches of policy in a fair and consistent way across all disciplines. This paper examines issues of quality assurance in the management of plagiarism by discussing the following questions: – How can effective automated plagiarism detection services be introduced and managed across the institution? – What teaching and assessment practices can be adopted to deter plagiarism? – What part should collusion and plagiarism detection tools play in educating and deterring students? – What are appropriate penalties for plagiarism and collusion and how can these be applied consistently across disciplines? Drawing together three distinct strands of research, in both distance and campus based institutions, the authors discuss how practice and policy have evolved in recent years in an attempt to reduce the incidence of plagiarism and collusion. The paper will illustrate this evolution by reporting on recent developments in assessment strategy, detection tools, and policy within two UK HE Institutions: The UK Open University and Manchester Metropolitan University.
Discrete model combined with mimetic microfluidic chips to study cell growth in porous scaffold under flow conditions

in porous scaffold under flow conditions M. Chabanon, H. Duval, O. Francais, B. Lepioufle, E. Perrin, B. Goyeau and B. David* Ecole Centrale Paris, MSSMat, CNRS, UMR 8579, F-92295 Chatenay-Malabry, France; Ecole Centrale Paris, LGPM, F-92295 Chatenay-Malabry, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, SATIE, CNRS, UMR 8029, F-94235 Cachan, France; Ecole Centrale Paris, EM2C, CNRS, UPR 288, F-92295 Chatenay-Malabry, France