Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological evidences on overdiagnosis of prostate and kidney cancers in Korean

OBJECTIVES: The prostate specific antigen test is widely used as the main method of screening prostate cancer in Korea. Additionally, the use of ultrasound sonography may lead to overdiagnosis of kidney cancer as well as thyroid cancer. This study aimed to highlight epidemiological evidences regarding overdiagnosis of prostate and kidney cancers in Korean. METHODS: The annual trends of national incidence and mortality of prostate and kidney cancers provided by the Korean Statistical Information Service were evaluated. RESULTS: The rate of increase in the incidence of prostate and kidney cancer was 6 and 5 times higher than that of mortality between 2000 and 2011, respectively. Additionally, the age group showing the highest incidence in prostate cancer shifted from 85 years and older to 75-79 years. CONCLUSIONS: This evidence suggests that prostate and kidney cancers are overdiagnosed in Korea. Further research in this area, using national cancer registry databases, should be encouraged to prevent overdiagnosis.
On the origin of microparticles: From “platelet dust” to mediators of intercellular communication

Microparticles are submicron vesicles shed from a variety of cells. Peter Wolf first identified microparticles in the midst of ongoing blood coagulation research in 1967 as a product of platelets. He termed them platelet dust. Although initially thought to be useless cellular trash, decades of research focused on the tiny vesicles have defined their roles as participators in coagulation, cellular signaling, vascular injury, and homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the science leading up to the discovery of microparticles, feature discoveries made by key contributors to the field of microparticle research, and discuss their positive and negative impact on the pulmonary circulation.
Pathways to Adult Court: Does the Road Traveled Impact the Final Destination?

The current study examines whether the process by which a juvenile reaches adult court influences later sentencing outcomes. Previous research has found that juveniles who were judicially waived to adult court faced a penalty at sentencing and suggested that this bias may be due to either 1) increased assessments of risk based on the offender's young age, or 2) a stigmatization of the offender by the transfer process itself. By examining a population of 16- and 17-year-old felony defendants in a state that automatically defines such youth as adults, this research directly tested these notions. Findings revealed that in this state, 16- and 17-year-old defendants actually received more lenient sentences than a matched sample of 18- and 19-year-old offenders, which is contrary to what would be expected if the previously found juvenile penalty was related to assessments of risk based on age. Moreover, in a second analysis comparing judicially waived youth (ages 13 to 15) in this same state to the 16- and 17-year-old defendants, it was found that the waived youth received significantly more severe sentences. The results are interpreted as support for the stigmatization hypothesis, suggesting that the process by which a youth reaches adult court does have significant meaning for later court outcomes.
Going to the dogs: A quasi-experimental assessment of animal assisted therapy for children who have experienced abuse

ABSTRACT Experience of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a risk factor for the development of maladaptive outcomes across the lifespan. CSA victims have been found to have a significantly higher risk of developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) than children who experience non-CSA trauma. While cognitive behavioral therapy approaches have been found to effectively treat PTSD, reviews suggest that children who have experienced CSA commonly disengage from this type of therapy. Engaging children who have been sexually abused may therefore require both innovation and creativity. One approach that is gaining recognition as effectively addressing barriers associated with engagement and retention is animal assisted therapy (AAT). The current article presents a quasi-experimental assessment of an AAT program working with children who present with clinical symptoms of PTSD following CSA. The efficacy of the program is discussed along with implications of the rising interest in AAT initiatives.
Repo: An Interpreted Language for Exploratory Programming of Highly Interactive, Distributed Applications

In this paper we present Repo, an interpreted language for exploratory programming of distributed interactive applications. Repo is based on Obliq, a distributed language that supports client-server distribution semantics of all data items (objects, arrays and variables). Repo extends Obliq’s type system uniformly so that all its data items can also be distributed with unsynchronized or synchronized replication semantics, both of which are needed by highly interactive applications. Since all of Repo’s data items can take on any distribution semantic and be mixed in arbitrary ways, a wide range of interesting data structures can be developed in Repo in a straightforward manner. Since Repo allows distributed applications to be developed in a few lines of interpreted code, it turns out to be an excellent language for exploratory programming of distributed interactive applications. We discuss the design and implementation of Repo, and provide illustrative examples taken from prototypes build using it.
Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior: Representation and Transformation Frames in Israeli and Palestinian Media Coverage of the 1993 Rabin–Arafat Handshake

Consistent with calls by O’Sullivan (1999) and Rogers (1999), we use mass communication theory to help understand what are often thought to be largely interpersonal communication processes. Specifically, we contend that investigating media frames found within metapragmatic discourse of nonverbal events can help organize and reveal more specific meanings that can be given to the cues. To provide evidence for our argument, we analyzed Israeli and Palestinian media coverage of the 1993 handshake between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat on the White House lawn. Our analysis, across 187 texts, helped us identify two primary frames for reporting about the handshake and media‐indicated related behaviors (e.g., co‐occurring facial expressions or subsequent actions). We labeled these frames representations and transformations. Within these two frames, we also identified an array of more specific meanings given to the cues. These frames, and the meanings embedded within them, help reflect the diversity and structure of interpretations that can occur for nonverbal cues.
p21WAF1/CIP1 Selectively Controls the Transcriptional Activity of Estrogen Receptor α

ABSTRACT Estrogen receptors (ER) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate growth, differentiation, and maintenance of cellular functions in a wide variety of tissues. We report here that p21 WAF1/CIP1 , a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor, cooperates with CBP to regulate the ERα-mediated transcription of endogenous target genes in a promoter-specific manner. The estrogen-induced expression of the progesterone receptor and WISP-2 mRNA transcripts in MCF-7 cells was enhanced by p21 WAF1/CIP1 , whereas that of the cyclin D1 mRNA was reduced and the pS2 mRNA was not affected. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that p21 WAF1/CIP1 was recruited simultaneously with ERα and CBP to the endogenous progesterone receptor gene promoter in an estrogen-dependent manner. Experiments in which the p21 WAF1/CIP1 protein was knocked down by RNA interference showed that the induction of the expression of the gene encoding the progesterone receptor required p21 WAF1/CIP1 , in contrast with that of the cyclin D1 and pS2 genes. p21 WAF1/CIP1 induced not only cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells but also milk fat globule protein and lipid droplets, indicators of the differentiated phenotype, as well as cell flattening and increase of the volume of the cytoplasm. These results indicate that p21 WAF1/CIP1 , in addition to its Cdk-regulatory role, behaves as a transcriptional coactivator in a gene-specific manner implicated in cell differentiation.
Characterization, Tissue Expression, and Imprinting Analysis of the Porcine CDKN1C and NAP1L4 Genes

CDKN1C and NAP1L4 in human CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1 imprinted domain are two key candidate genes responsible for BWS (Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome) and cancer. In order to increase understanding of these genes in pigs, their cDNAs are characterized in this paper. By the IMpRH panel, porcine CDKN1C and NAP1L4 genes were assigned to porcine chromosome 2, closely linked with IMpRH06175 and with LOD of 15.78 and 17.94, respectively. By real-time quantitative RT-PCR and polymorphism-based method, tissue and allelic expression of both genes were determined using F1 pigs of Rongchang and Landrace reciprocal crosses. The transcription levels of porcine CDKN1C and NAP1L4 were significantly higher in placenta than in other neonatal tissues (P < 0.01) although both genes showed the highest expression levels in the lung and kidney of one-month pigs (P < 0.01). Imprinting analysis demonstrated that in pigs, CDKN1C was maternally expressed in neonatal heart, tongue, bladder, ovary, spleen, liver, skeletal muscle, stomach, small intestine, and placenta and biallelically expressed in lung and kidney, while NAP1L4 was biallelically expressed in the 12 neonatal tissues examined. It is concluded that imprinting of CDKN1C is conservative in mammals but has tissue specificity in pigs, and imprinting of NAP1L4 is controversial in mammalian species.
Proforma-based reporting in rectal cancer

Abstract The improvements in outcomes associate with the use of preoperative therapy rather than postoperative treatment means that clinical teams are increasingly reliant on imaging to identify high-risk features of disease to determine treatment plans. For many solid tumours, including rectal cancer, validated techniques have emerged in identifying prognostic factors pre-operatively. In the MERCURY study, a standardised scanning technique and the use of reporting proformas enabled consistently accurate assessment and documentation of the prognostic factors. This is now an essential tool to enable our clinical colleagues to make treatment decisions. In this review, we describe the proforma-based reporting tool that enables a systematic approach to the interpretation of the magnetic resonance images, thereby enabling all the clinically relevant features to be adequately assessed.
Keeping a watchful eye : the politics of congressional oversight

Congressional oversight activity has increased dramatically since the early 1970s. Congressional committees now spend more of their time holding hearings to review the activities of federal agencies, and committee staff members are busy collecting information about what goes on during program implementation. This book examines the reasons behind the surprising growth of congressional oversight. Using original data collected for this project, Joel D. Aberbach documents the increase in oversight activity and links it to changes in the political environment. He explores the political purposes served by oversight, the techniques Congress uses to uncover information about the activities of the federal bureaucracy, and the reasons why topics get on the oversight agenda. He concludes that even though the U.S. government system was not designed with a large administrative sector in mind, its ability to expose bureaucratic behavior to public scrutiny is impressive, and the Congress plays a vital role in this endeavor.
Regulation of Ion Transport in Eel Intestine by the Homologous Guanylin Family of Peptides

Abstract Since the gene expression of guanylin peptides and their receptors, guanylyl cyclase Cs, is enhanced in the intestine of seawater (SW)-adapted eels compared with fresh water (FW)-adapted fish, the guanylin family may play an important role in SW adaptation in eels. The present study analyzed the effect of three homologous guanylin peptides, guanylin, uroguanylin and renoguanylin, on ion movement through the eel intestine, and examined the target of guanylin action using Ussing chambers. The middle and posterior parts of the intestine, where water and ion absorption occurs actively in SW eels, exhibited serosa-negative transepithelial potential, while the anterior intestine was serosa-positive. Mucosal application of each guanylin in the middle or posterior intestine reduced the short-circuit current (Isc) dose dependently and reversed it at high doses, and reduced electric tissue resistance. The effects were greater in the middle intestine than in the posterior intestine. All three guanylins showed similar potency in the middle segment, but guanylin was more potent in the posterior segment. 8-bromo cGMP mimicked the effect of guanylins. The intestinal response to guanylin was smaller in FW eels. The mucosal presence of NPPB utilized as a CFTR blocker, but not of other inhibitors of the channels/transporters localized on the luminal surface in SW fish intestine, inhibited the guanylin-induced decrease in Isc. In eels, therefore, the guanylin family may be involved in osmoregulation by the intestine by binding to the receptors and activating CFTR-like channels on the mucosal side through cGMP production, perhaps resulting in Cl− and HCO3− secretion into the lumen.
Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distances. II. Zero-Point Calibration

The luminosity of the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) provides an excellent measure of galaxy distances and is easily determined in the resolved images of nearby galaxies observed with Hubble Space Telescope. There is now a large amount of archival data that are relevant to the TRGB methodology and offer comparisons with other distance estimators. Zero-point issues related to the TRGB distance scale are reviewed in this paper. Consideration is given to the metallicity dependence of the TRGB, the transformations between HST flight systems and Johnson-Cousins photometry, the absolute magnitude scale based on horizontal branch measurements, and the effects of reddening. The zero point of the TRGB is established with a statistical accuracy of 1%, modulo the uncertainty in the magnitude of the horizontal branch, with a typical rms uncertainty of 3% in individual galaxy distances at high Galactic latitude. The zero point is consistent with the Cepheid period-luminosity relation scale but invites reconsideration of the claimed metallicity dependence with that method. The maser distance to NGC 4258 is consistent with TRGB but presently has lower accuracy.
Recognizing creativity in the music classroom

This study examined trainee music teachers’ judgements of the musical creativity of secondary age students. Nine pieces of music composed by Year 8 students (13 years of age) were evaluated by 17 postgraduate, trainee teachers. These musical pieces were sorted into a diamond-shaped formation according to how creative they were perceived to be with the most creative pieces placed at the top and the least creative ones placed at the bottom of the diamond. This approach helped the trainee teachers achieve some agreement in their evaluation of the students’ creativity. As well as a practical approach to recognizing musical creativity, the analysis of the trainees’ responses led to the identification of some attributes, such as representing the stimulus idea well and making imaginative use of musical elements and musical devices, which can help teachers to recognize, evaluate and promote children’s creative responses in music.
Ten years of neonatal autopsies in tertiary referral centre: retrospective study

Abstract Objectives: To measure the neonatal autopsy rate at a tertiary referral centre and identify trends over the past decade. To identify factors that may influence the likelihood of consent being given for autopsy. To examine any discordance between diagnoses before death and at autopsy. Design: Retrospective review of patients' records. Setting: Tertiary neonatal referral centre affiliated to university. Outcome measures: Sex, gestational age, birth weight, type of delivery, and length of stay in neonatal unit for baby. Maternal age, marital status, history of previous pregnancies, and details of who requested permission for autopsy. Concordance between diagnoses before death and at autopsy. Results: An autopsy was performed in 209/314 (67%) cases. New information was obtained in 50 (26%) autopsies. In six (3%) cases this information was crucial for future counselling. In 145 (74%) there was complete concordance between the clinical cause of death and the findings at autopsy. From 1994 onwards the autopsy rate in the neonatal unit fell. The only significant factor associated with consent for autopsy was increased gestational age. Conclusions: Important extra information can be gained at neonatal autopsies. This should help parents to make an informed decision when they are asked to give permission for their baby to have an autopsy. These findings are of particular relevance in view of the recent negative publicity surrounding neonatal autopsies and the general decline in the neonatal autopsy rate over the decade studied. What is already known on this topic The neonatal autopsy rate dropped in Illinois during the 10 years from 1984 to 1993 Over recent years there has been a large amount of negative publicity surrounding neonatal autopsies in the United Kingdom What this study adds Over a quarter of neonatal autopsies yielded new information; in 3% of cases this information was crucial This finding is likely to be of use to bereaved parents who are asked to give permission for autopsy and provides a more positive perspective on the utility of neonatal autopsies
G72 and its association with major depression and neuroticism in large population-based groups from Germany.

OBJECTIVE G72 is among the most frequently replicated vulnerability genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The authors previously found identical haplotypes of markers M23 and M24 to be associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and panic disorder. Given both the well-recognized familial clustering across these disorders and recent linkage findings implicating the region harboring G72 in the etiology of major depression and panic disorder, we can hypothesize that G72 should also be involved in the etiology of major depression. Neuroticism, measuring trait anxiety, may be the endophenotypic link underlying genetic associations with G72 across diagnostic boundaries. The authors tested whether the previously observed risk haplotypes are also associated with major depression and neuroticism. METHOD The authors performed a standard haplotype analysis in a group of 500 major depression patients and 1,030 population-based comparison subjects. The authors also performed an exploratory analysis on 10 additional G72 markers using a novel haplotype-sharing approach. They performed a quantitative trait haplotype analysis in an independent group of 907 individuals phenotyped for neuroticism. RESULTS The previously identified M23-M24 risk haplotype was significantly associated with major depression and high levels of neuroticism. The haplotype-sharing analysis also implicated the same region, whereas more proximal markers showed no association with major depression. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to the authors' knowledge to implicate the G72 locus in the etiology of major depression and neuroticism. The results strengthen the notion of a genetic overlap between diagnoses, commonly conceptualized as distinct entities. Neuroticism may constitute the common underlying endophenotypic link.
Constructing Men as Fathers

Contemporary ideologies of fatherhood reflect the importance of instrumental support of breadwinning men; however, there has been an increased emphasis on the expressive and nurturing aspects of fathers. This content analysis explores popular portrayals of fatherhood as conceptualized in articles (N = 50) from five American parenting magazines. Depictions of fathers fell into categories supportive of hegemonic masculinity that emphasized men’s breadwinning identities over their roles as parents. Men were often cast in ambiguous situations where they struggled to establish their parental legitimacy. Many articles revolved around men’s pathways to fatherhood. Fathers who internalize these portrayals of fatherhood from popular media may not view themselves as true parents if they do not see themselves positively represented in generalist parenting depictions.
Cosmological implications of supersymmetric axion models

We derive general constraints on the supersymmetric extension of axion models, in particular paying careful attention to the cosmological effects of saxion. It is found that, for every mass range of the saxion from keV to TeV, severe constraints on the energy density of the saxion are imposed. Together with constraints from axino we obtain stringent upper bounds on the reheating temperature.
Finding Out on Facebook: a Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents’ Experiences Following a Suicide Cluster

Suicide clusters have been identified in many populations; however, research exploring the role of online communication in the aftermath of a suicide cluster is extremely limited. This study used the Consensual Qualitative Research method to analyze interviews of ten high school students following a suicide cluster in a small suburban school district. Interviewee’s responses were organized into 4 domains: the suicide, impact, perceptions of school environment, and recovery. The role of social networking emerged as a common theme across domains, suggesting broad relevance to adolescents’ experience following the suicide of a peer. Implications for clinical intervention and research are discussed.
Who Shall Govern? CEO/Board Power, Demographic Similarity, and New Director Selection

Both authors contributed equally to the paper. The helpful comments of Joe Baumann, Jerry Davis, Joe Moag, Mark Shanley, Brian Uzzi, Christine Oliver, and three anonymous ASQ reviewers are appreciated. We also thank Linda Pike for her excellent editorial work. An earlier version of the paper received the 1994 Best Paper Award in the Organization and Management Theory Division of the Academy of Management. This study examines CEO influence in the board of director selection process and the theoretical mechanism by which CEO influence is presumed to affect subsequent board decision making on CEO compensation. We address both of these issues by linking political and social psychological perspectives on organizational governance. We propose that powerful CEOs seek to appoint new board members who are demographically similar, and therefore more sympathetic, to them. Using a longitudinal research design and data on 413 Fortune/Forbes 500 companies from 1986 to 1991, we examine whether increased demographic similarity affects board decision making with respect to CEO compensation contracts. The results show that (1) when incumbent CEOs are more powerful than their boards of directors, new directors are likely to be demographically similar to the firm's CEO; (2) when boards are more powerful than their CEOs, new directors resemble the existing board; and (3) greater demographic similarity between the CEO and the board is likely to result in more generous CEO compensation contracts. We discuss the implications of the strong effect of demographic similarity for corporate control issues. '