Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The imbalance of new and export production in the western Antarctic Peninsula, a potentially “leaky” ecosystem

To quantify the balance between new production and vertical nitrogen export of sinking particles, we measured nitrate uptake, net nitrate drawdown, ΔO2/Ar‐based net community production, sediment trap flux, and 234Th export at a coastal site near Palmer Station, Antarctica, during the phytoplankton growing season from October 2012 to March 2013. We also measured nitrate uptake and 234Th export throughout the northern western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region on a cruise in January 2013. We used a nonsteady state 234Th equation with temporally varying upwelling rates and an irradiance‐based phytoplankton production model to correct our export and new production estimates in the complex coastal site near Palmer Station. Results unequivocally showed that nitrate uptake and net community production were significantly greater than the sinking particle export on region‐wide spatial scales and season‐long temporal scales. At our coastal site, new production (105 ± 17.4 mg N m−2 d−1, mean ± standard error) was 5.3 times greater than vertical nitrogen export (20.4 ± 2.4 mg N m−2 d−1). On the January cruise in the northern WAP, new production (47.9 ± 14.4 mg N m−2 d−1) was 2.4 times greater than export (19.9 ± 1.4 mg N m−2 d−1). Much of this imbalance can be attributed to diffusive losses of particulate nitrogen from the surface ocean due to diapycnal mixing, indicative of a “leaky” WAP ecosystem. If these diffusive losses are common in other systems where new production exceeds export, it may be necessary to revise current estimates of the ocean's biological pump.
Coding schemes for discrete memoryless multicast networks with and without feedback

Coding scheme for discrete memoryless multicast networks with rate-limited feedback from the receivers and relays to the transmitter is proposed. The coding scheme is based on block-Markov coding, joint backward decoding and hybrid relaying strategy. In each block, the relays use partial decode-forward strategy to decode part of the source message. Meanwhile, the receivers and relays use compress-forward strategy to compress their channel outputs and send the compression indices to the transmitter through the feedback links. In the next block, after obtaining the compression indices, the transmitter sends them together with the source message. Each receiver uses backward decoding to jointly decode the source message and all compression indices. It is shown that our coding scheme generalizes Gabbai and Bross's results for the single relay channel with partial feedback, where they proposed coding schemes based on restricted decoding and deterministic partitioning. For the single relay channel with relay-transmitter feedback, our coding scheme can strictly improve on noisy network coding, distributed decode-forward coding and all known lower bounds on the achievable rate in the absence of feedback. Furthermore, motivated by the feedback coding scheme, we propose a new coding scheme for discrete memoryless multicast networks without feedback, which also improves noisy network coding and distributed decode-forward coding.
Psychotic-Like Symptoms and the Temporal Lobe in Trauma-Related Disorders: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Assessment of Potential Malingering

Objective To overview the phenomenology, etiology, assessment, and treatment of psychotic-like symptoms in trauma-related disorders focusing on the proposed role of temporal lobe dysfunction. Method We describe the literature pertaining to (i) psychotic-like symptoms and temporal lobe dysfunction in trauma-related disorders and (ii) psychological testing profiles in trauma-related disorders. We define trauma-related disorders as borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the dissociative disorders. Our search terms were dissociative disorders, temporal lobe, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, psychosis, and malingering. Results Trauma-related psychotic-like symptoms are common and can differ in phenomenology from primary psychotic symptoms. Hallucinations consist of auditory and nonauditory content that may or may not relate to traumatic content. Child voices are highly suggestive of complex dissociative disorders. Critically, not only do these symptoms resemble those seen in temporal lobe epilepsy, but the temporal lobe is implicated in trauma-related disorders, thus providing a plausible neurobiological explanation. Despite such evidence, these symptoms are frequently considered atypical and misdiagnosed. Indeed, common structured psychological assessment tools categorize these symptoms as possible indicators of invalid testing profiles. Conclusion Psychotic-like symptoms are common in trauma-related disorders, may be related to temporal lobe dysfunction, and are frequently misinterpreted. This may lead to ineffective treatment and inappropriate determinations of malingering in the forensic system.
Autophagy fosters myofibroblast differentiation through MTORC2 activation and downstream upregulation of CTGF

Recent evidence suggests that autophagy may favor fibrosis through enhanced differentiation of fibroblasts in myofibroblasts. Here, we sought to characterize the mediators and signaling pathways implicated in autophagy-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Fibroblasts, serum starved for up to 4 d, showed increased LC3-II/-I ratios and decreased SQSTM1/p62 levels. Autophagy was associated with acquisition of markers of myofibroblast differentiation including increased protein levels of ACTA2/αSMA (actin, α 2, smooth muscle, aorta), enhanced gene and protein levels of COL1A1 (collagen, type I, α 1) and COL3A1, and the formation of stress fibers. Inhibiting autophagy with 3 different class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) inhibitors or through ATG7 silencing prevented myofibroblast differentiation. Autophagic fibroblasts showed increased expression and secretion of CTGF (connective tissue growth factor), and CTGF silencing prevented myofibroblast differentiation. Phosphorylation of the MTORC1 target RPS6KB1/p70S6K kinase was abolished in starved fibroblasts. Phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473, a MTORC2 target, was reduced after initiation of starvation but was followed by spontaneous rephosphorylation after 2 d of starvation, suggesting the reactivation of MTORC2 with sustained autophagy. Inhibiting MTORC2 activation with long-term exposure to rapamycin or by silencing RICTOR, a central component of the MTORC2 complex abolished AKT rephosphorylation. Both RICTOR silencing and rapamycin treatment prevented CTGF and ACTA2 upregulation, demonstrating the central role of MTORC2 activation in CTGF induction and myofibroblast differentiation. Finally, inhibition of autophagy with PtdIns3K inhibitors or ATG7 silencing blocked AKT rephosphorylation. Collectively, these results identify autophagy as a novel activator of MTORC2 signaling leading to CTGF induction and myofibroblast differentiation.
Anthropocentrism, the other face of patriarchy: an investigation into patriarchal attitudes and perceptions of non-human nature

Attitudes about gender and ethnicity are a critical dimension for understanding how human behaviors impact the climate. Plumwood (1997) argued that conceptually humans relate to the environment is ideologically connected to the way dominant and oppressed groups interact. Past research has found that exposure to nature decreased negative body image and other mental health issues that are connected to oppressive ideologies (Gidlow et al., 2016; Goldenberg & Soule, 2015; Holloway et al., 2014). The current study explicitly tested the link between patriarchal attitudes and connectedness to nature among a student group. It was found that higher levels of patriarchal attitudes predicted lower levels of connection to nature. Additionally, environmental and financial factors were found to have a moderating affect. Although this study found support for the relationship between patriarchal attitudes and connection to nature, more work needs to be done in diverse populations in order to control for systematic differences that may also be important. This study was able to account for a portion of variance in attitudes but it is clear that many other variables need to be examined.
A novel nonlocal MRI reconstruction algorithm with patch-based low rank regularization

Compressive Sensing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CSMRI) exploits sparsity of medical images to reconstruct them accurately from undersampled k-space data. In this paper, we propose a novel patch-based nonlocal MRI reconstruction algorithm with low-rank regularization to exploit the structural sparsity of the observed data. In the proposed algorithm, the low-rank regularization is transformed into the nuclear norm minimization problem then the problem is solved by the Singular Value Thresholding (SVT) method with adaptive thresholds estimation and the Alternative Direction Multiplier Method(ADMM). Experimental results show the proposed MRI reconstruction method outperforms many existing algorithms in CSMRI.
Weak endogenous Ca2+ buffering supports sustained synaptic transmission by distinct mechanisms in rod and cone photoreceptors in salamander retina

Differences in synaptic transmission between rod and cone photoreceptors contribute to different response kinetics in rod‐ versus cone‐dominated visual pathways. We examined Ca2+ dynamics in synaptic terminals of tiger salamander photoreceptors under conditions that mimicked endogenous buffering to determine the influence on kinetically and mechanistically distinct components of synaptic transmission. Measurements of ICl(Ca) confirmed that endogenous Ca2+ buffering is equivalent to ~0.05 mmol/L EGTA in rod and cone terminals. Confocal imaging showed that with such buffering, depolarization stimulated large, spatially unconstrained [Ca2+] increases that spread throughout photoreceptor terminals. We calculated immediately releasable pool (IRP) size and release efficiency in rods by deconvolving excitatory postsynaptic currents and presynaptic Ca2+ currents. Peak efficiency of ~0.2 vesicles/channel was similar to that of cones (~0.3 vesicles/channel). Efficiency in both cell types was not significantly affected by using weak endogenous Ca2+ buffering. However, weak Ca2+ buffering speeded Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)‐dependent replenishment of vesicles to ribbons in both rods and cones, thereby enhancing sustained release. In rods, weak Ca2+ buffering also amplified sustained release by enhancing CICR and CICR‐stimulated release of vesicles at nonribbon sites. By contrast, elevating [Ca2+] at nonribbon sites in cones with weak Ca2+ buffering and by inhibiting Ca2+ extrusion did not trigger additional release, consistent with the notion that exocytosis from cones occurs exclusively at ribbons. The presence of weak endogenous Ca2+ buffering in rods and cones facilitates slow, sustained exocytosis by enhancing Ca2+/CaM‐dependent replenishment of ribbons in both rods and cones and by stimulating nonribbon release triggered by CICR in rods.
High-pressure polymeric phases of carbon dioxide

Understanding the structural transformations of solid CO2 from a molecular solid characterized by weak intermolecular bonding to a 3-dimensional network solid at high pressure has challenged researchers for the past decade. We employ the recently developed metadynamics method combined with ab initio calculations to provide fundamental insight into recent experimental reports on carbon dioxide in the 60–80 GPa pressure region. Pressure-induced polymeric phases and their transformation mechanisms are found. Metadynamics simulations starting from the CO2-II (P42/mnm) at 60 GPa and 600 K proceed via an intermediate, partially polymerized phase, and finally yield a fully tetrahedral, layered structure (P-4m2). Based on the agreement between calculated and experimental Raman and X-ray patterns, the recently identified phase VI [Iota V, et al. (2007) Sixfold coordinated carbon dioxide VI. Nature Mat 6:34–38], assumed to be disordered stishovite-like, is instead interpreted as the result of an incomplete transformation of the molecular phase into a final layered structure. In addition, an α-cristobalite-like structure (P41212), is predicted to be formed from CO2-III (Cmca) via an intermediate Pbca structure at 80 GPa and low temperatures (<300 K). Defects in the crystals are frequently observed in the calculations at 300 K whereas at 500 to 700 K, CO2-III transforms to an amorphous form, consistent with experiment [Santoro M, et al. (2006) Amorphous silica-like carbon dioxide. Nature 441:857–860], but the simulation yields additional structural details for this disordered solid.
Dynamic Spatial Coding within the Dorsal Frontoparietal Network during a Visual Search Task

To what extent are the left and right visual hemifields spatially coded in the dorsal frontoparietal attention network? In many experiments with neglect patients, the left hemisphere shows a contralateral hemifield preference, whereas the right hemisphere represents both hemifields. This pattern of spatial coding is often used to explain the right-hemispheric dominance of lesions causing hemispatial neglect. However, pathophysiological mechanisms of hemispatial neglect are controversial because recent experiments on healthy subjects produced conflicting results regarding the spatial coding of visual hemifields. We used an fMRI paradigm that allowed us to distinguish two attentional subprocesses during a visual search task. Either within the left or right hemifield subjects first attended to stationary locations (spatial orienting) and then shifted their attentional focus to search for a target line. Dynamic changes in spatial coding of the left and right hemifields were observed within subregions of the dorsal front-parietal network: During stationary spatial orienting, we found the well-known spatial pattern described above, with a bilateral hemifield representation in the right hemisphere and a contralateral preference in the left hemisphere. However, during search, the right hemisphere had a contralateral preference and the left hemisphere equally represented both hemifields. This finding leads to novel perspectives regarding models of visuospatial attention and hemispatial neglect.
The Effect of Mental Practice on Melodic Jazz Improvisation Achievement

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mental practice, physical practice, and mental and physical practice combined on the ability to create melodic jazz solos within chord progressions, possessing relatively simple or complex harmonic characteristics. We also explored whether improvisation achievement varied as a function of general mental imagery ability. Fifty-six jazz studies majors from two large North American universities were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions (physical practice, mental practice, or physical and mental practice combined) and tasked with preparing melodic improvised solos over two sets of chord changes that varied in complexity (i.e., simple vs. complex). The participants’ solos were rated for melodic jazz improvisation achievement by two expert-level professional jazz artists. Participants also completed a self-report questionnaire that captured the degree of the vividness of their visual, aural, cutaneous, kinesthetic, and organic mental imagery. We did not find significant differences in melodic improvisation achievement as a function of practice condition nor did we find that chord progression complexity moderated the effect of practice condition. However, significant differences were detected as a function of chord progression complexity. Theoretical avenues for designing future experiments are discussed in-depth with respect to the typical practice approaches jazz musicians use when developing improvised solos, issues of closed- versus open-class motor skills, cognitive load, and expert memory storage and retrieval.
Active Shape Models-Their Training and Application

, Model-based vision is firmly established as a robust approach to recognizing and locating known rigid objects in the presence of noise, clutter, and occlusion. It is more problematic to apply modelbased methods to images of objects whose appearance can vary, though a number of approaches based on the use of flexible templates have been proposed. The problem with existing methods is that they sacrifice model specificity in order to accommodate variability, thereby compromising robustness during image interpretation. We argue that a model should only be able to deform in ways characteristic of the class of objects it represents. We describe a method for building models by learning patterns of variability from a training set of correctly annotated images. These models can be used for image search in an iterative refinement algorithm analogous to that employed by Active Contour Models (Snakes). The key difference is that our Active Shape Models can only deform to fit the data in ways consistent with the training set. We show several practical examples where we have built such models and used them to locate partially occluded objects in noisy, cluttered images. Q 199s A&& prrss, IN.
Image retargeting based on spring analogy

The goal of image retargeting is to change the resolution and aspect ratio of an image to fit it into different display devices. We achieve it by representing an image as a triangular mesh in 2D space and viewing each triangle edge as a spring. Through deforming the spring system, we can implicitly retarget the image to its new size. To build the spring system, we firstly run a saliency detection algorithm to generate each pixel's saliency. Then we get the triangular mesh after runing a Delaunay triangulation on mesh points distributed over the image according to saliency differences. Our deformation of the spring system involves solving linear equations only once, which is more efficient than existing warp-based image retargeing methods that use iterative solver. Finally, the original image is mapped onto the deformed spring system to get the retargeted image.
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Person–Environment Fit Dimensions and Their Relationships With Work-Related Outcomes

Our aim was to better understand the relationship between person–environment fit (PE fit) and several work-related outcomes, that is, burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. To achieve this goal, direct effects of PE fit on these variables were explored as well as the indirect effects of PE fit on turnover intention through burnout and job satisfaction. The study was conducted on an occupationally heterogenous sample of 571 employees in France. Four types of fit were taken into account (person–job fit [PJ fit], person–organization fit [PO fit], person–group fit [PG fit], and person–supervisor fit [PS fit]). Correlations, regression, and mediation analyses were performed. Results indicated that the four dimensions of PE fit were positively related to job satisfaction and negatively associated with burnout and turnover intention. PJ fit and PO fit were more strongly correlated with these three work-related outcomes than PG fit and PS fit. Mediation analyses indicated that job satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between PJ fit, PO fit, PS fit, and turnover intention, while burnout partially mediated these relationships.
Importance of symplasmic communication in cell differentiation

Symplasmic communication via plasmodesmata (PD) is part of the system of information exchange between plant cells. Molecules that pass through the PD include ions, some hormones, minerals, amino acids, and sugars but also proteins, transcription factors, and different classes of RNA, and as such PD can participate in the coordination of plant growth and development. This review summarizes the current literature on this subject and the role of PD in signal exchange, the importance of symplasmic communication and symplasmic domains in plant cell differentiation, and highlights the future prospective in the exploration of PD functions in plants. Moreover, this review also describes the potential use of barley root epidermis and non-zygotic embryogenesis in study of symplasmic communication during cell differentiation.
Holistic Representations of Internal and External Face Features are Used to Support Recognition

Face recognition is impaired when changes are made to external face features (e.g., hairstyle), even when all internal features (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth) remain the same. Eye movement monitoring was used to determine the extent to which altered hairstyles affect processing of face features, thereby shedding light on how internal and external features are stored in memory. Participants studied a series of faces, followed by a recognition test in which novel, repeated, and manipulated (altered hairstyle) faces were presented. Recognition was higher for repeated than manipulated faces. Although eye movement patterns distinguished repeated from novel faces, viewing of manipulated faces was similar to that of novel faces. Internal and external features may be stored together as one unit in memory; consequently, changing even a single feature alters processing of the other features and disrupts recognition.
Knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer screening among female students and staff in a tertiary institution in the Niger Delta

Background : Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease. In western countries, the incidence of and mortality associated with cervical cancer has reduced substantially following the introduction of effective cervical screening programmes. This is in contrast to what is obtained in Africa including Nigeria where cervical screening is rudimentary or non- existent. Aim : This study seeks to assess the knowledge, level of perception and the attitude of female staff and students of Niger Delta University, Nigeria, towards cervical cancer screening. Methods : A questionnaire was used for data collection. The questions were made to capture the objectives of the study. Results : Most of the respondents 278 (72%) were aware of cervical cancer, while only 182 (50.6%) were aware of cervical cancer screening. Pap smear was the most popular screening test mentioned by respondents 100 (41.2%), while some respondents (8.5% of staff and 16.3% of students) wrongly believed that blood test is used for cervical cancer screening. There is a significant association between awareness and practice of cervical cancer screening amongst staff and students (X 2 = 29.4, P=0.00). Conclusion : The study shows that awareness of cervical cancer screening was higher amongst students than staff of Niger Delta University. Uptake was low in both staff and students. There was an association between awareness and practice of cervical cancer screening amongst respondents. Overall, a greater proportion of the staff respondents had little or no knowledge of cervical cancer screening. Keywords : Knowledge, attitude, barriers, cervical cancer, screening, Niger Delta.
A Large-Ensemble Model Study of the Wintertime AO–NAO and the Role of Interannual Snow Perturbations

Abstract Numerous studies have hypothesized that surface boundary conditions or other external mechanisms drive the hemispheric mode of atmospheric variability known as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), or its regional counterpart, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, no single external factor has emerged as the dominant forcing mechanism, which has led, in part, to the characterization of the AO–NAO as a fundamental internal mode of the atmospheric system. Nevertheless, surface forcings may play a considerable role in modulating, if not driving, the AO–NAO mode. In this study, a pair of large-ensemble atmospheric GCM experiments (with SST climatology), one with prescribed climatological snow mass and another with freely varying snow mass, is conducted to investigate the degree to which the AO–NAO is modulated by interannual variability of surface snow conditions. Statistical analysis of the results indicates that snow anomalies are not required to produce the AO–NAO mode of variability. Nevertheless.