Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Secure Transmission With Artificial Noise Over Fading Channels: Achievable Rate and Optimal Power Allocation

We consider the problem of secure communication with multiantenna transmission in fading channels. The transmitter simultaneously transmits an information-bearing signal to the intended receiver and artificial noise to the eavesdroppers. We obtain an analytical closed-form expression of an achievable secrecy rate and use it as the objective function to optimize the transmit power allocation between the information signal and the artificial noise. Our analytical and numerical results show that equal power allocation is a simple yet near-optimal strategy for the case of noncolluding eavesdroppers. When the number of colluding eavesdroppers increases, more power should be used to generate the artificial noise. We also provide an upper bound on the SNR, above which, the achievable secrecy rate is positive and shows that the bound is tight at low SNR. Furthermore, we consider the impact of imperfect channel state information (CSI) at both the transmitter and the receiver and find that it is wise to create more artificial noise to confuse the eavesdroppers than to increase the signal strength for the intended receiver if the CSI is not accurately obtained.
Montreal Neural Machine Translation Systems for WMT’15

Neural machine translation (NMT) systems have recently achieved results comparable to the state of the art on a few translation tasks, including English→French and English→German. The main purpose of the Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA) submission to WMT’15 is to evaluate this new approach on a greater variety of language pairs. Furthermore, the human evaluation campaign may help us and the research community to better understand the behaviour of our systems. We use the RNNsearch architecture, which adds an attention mechanism to the encoderdecoder. We also leverage some of the recent developments in NMT, including the use of large vocabularies, unknown word replacement and, to a limited degree, the inclusion of monolingual language models.
Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of physical disability in relapse onset multiple sclerosis of long disease duration

Background: Understanding long-term disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is a key goal of research; it is relevant to how we monitor and treat the disease. Objectives: The Magnetic Imaging in MS (MAGNIMS) collaborative group sought to determine the relationship of brain lesion load, and brain and spinal cord atrophy, with physical disability in patients with long-established MS. Methods: Patients had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of their brain and spinal cord, from which we determined brain grey (GMF) and white matter (WMF) fractional volumes, upper cervical spinal cord cross-sectional area (UCCA) and brain T2-lesion volume (T2LV). We assessed patient disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). We analysed associations between EDSS and MRI measures, using two regression models (dividing cohort by EDSS into two and four sub-groups). Results: In the binary model, UCCA (p < 0.01) and T2LV (p = 0.02) were independently associated with the requirement of a walking aid. In the four-category model UCCA (p < 0.01), T2LV (p = 0.02) and GMF (p = 0.04) were independently associated with disability. Conclusions: Long-term physical disability was independently linked with atrophy of the spinal cord and brain T2 lesion load, and less consistently, with brain grey matter atrophy. Combinations of spinal cord and brain MRI measures may be required to capture clinically-relevant information in people with MS of long disease duration.
Equivalence in Finite-Variable Logics is Complete for Polynomial Time

of first-order logic whose formulas contain at most k variables (for some ). We show that for each , equivalence in the logic is complete for polynomial time. Moreover, we show that the same completeness result holds for the powerful extension of with counting quantifiers (for every ). The k-dimensional Weisfeiler–Lehman algorithm is a combinatorial approach to graph isomorphism that generalizes the naive color-refinement method (for ). Cai, Fürer and Immerman [6] proved that two finite graphs are equivalent in the logic if, and only if, they can be distinguished by the k-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman algorithm. Thus a corollary of our main result is that the question of whether two finite graphs can be distinguished by the k-dimensional Weisfeiler–Lehman algorithm is P-complete for each .
Time-variability of the fraction of young water in a small headwater catchment

Abstract. The time precipitation needs to travel through a catchment to its outlet is an important descriptor of a catchment's susceptibility to pollutant contamination, nutrient loss and hydrological functioning. The fast component of total water flow can be estimated by the fraction of young water (Fyw) which is the percentage of streamflow younger than three months. Fyw is calculated by comparing the amplitudes of sine waves fitted to seasonal precipitation and streamflow tracer signals. This is usually done for the complete tracer time series available neglecting annual differences in the amplitudes of longer time series. Considering inter-annual amplitude differences, we here employed a moving time window of one-year length in weekly time steps over a 4.5-years δ18O tracer time series to calculate 189 Fyw results. The results were then tested against the following null hypotheses, defining 2 % difference in Fyw as significant based on results of previous studies: (1) Fyw does not deviate more than ±2% from the mean of all Fyw results indicating long-term invariance. Larger deviations would indicate either flow path changes or a change in the relative contribution of different flow paths; (2) for any four-week window Fyw does not change more than ±2 % indicating short-term invariance. Larger deviations would indicate a high sensitivity of Fyw to a 1–4 weeks shift in the start of a one-year sampling campaign; (3) for a given calendar month Fyw does not change more than ±2 % indicating seasonal invariance of Fyw. In our study, all three null hypotheses were rejected. Thus, the Fyw results were time-variable, showed a high variability in the chosen sampling time and had no pronounced seasonality. Based on high short-term variability of Fyw when the mean adjusted R² was below 0.2 we recommend that a low R2 should be regarded as indicating potentially highly uncertain Fyw results. Furthermore, while investigated individual meteorological factors could not sufficiently explain variations of Fyw, the runoff coefficient showed a moderate negative correlation of r = −0.54 with Fyw. This indicated that when annual runoff exceeded precipitation the catchment received the water deficit from storage which is old water causing a decrease in Fyw. The results of this study suggest that care must be taken when comparing Fyw of catchments that were based on different calculation time periods.
Semantic Variation in Online Communities of Practice

We introduce a framework for quantifying semantic variation of common words in Communities of Practice and in sets of topic-related communities. We show that while some meaning shifts are shared across related communities, others are community-specific, and therefore independent from the discussed topic. We propose such findings as evidence in favour of sociolinguistic theories of socially-driven semantic variation. Results are evaluated using an independent language modelling task. Furthermore, we investigate extralinguistic features and show that factors such as prominence and dissemination of words are related to semantic variation.
Effects of extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic field on morphological and biochemical properties of human keratinocytes

We investigated the effects on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) of exposure to a sinusoidal magnetic field of 2 mT (50 Hz). These cells are a good model for studying interaction of nonionising radiation, because they are not shielded from fields in vivo and also because they are resistant to both mechanical and thermal stimuli. We performed scanning microscopy which showed modification in shape and morphology in exposed cells. This modification is related to differential actin distribution as revealed by phalloidin fluorescence analysis. Moreover, the exposed cells show increased clonogenic capacity, as well as increased cellular growth as showed by clonogenicity assays and growth curves. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis using a fluorescent antibody against involucrin and β4 integrin, which are respectively differentiation and adhesion markers, revealed an increase of involucrin expression and segregation of β4 integrin in the cell membrane in cells exposed to 50 Hz; a higher percentage of the exposed cells shows a modified pattern of adhesion and differentiation markers. We also present evidence that exposure of HaCaT cells can interfere with protein kinase activity. Our observations confirm the hypothesis that electromagnetic fields at 50 Hz may modify cell membrane morphology and interfere with initiation of the signal cascade pathway and cellular adhesion. Bioelectromagnetics 23:298–305, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obesity and Prognosis in Chronic Diseases — Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Obesity Paradox

The effects of overweight and obesity on chronic diseases, particularly on cardiovascular disease (CVD), and its impact on increasing CVD risk factors and total CVD are reviewed. However despite the adverse effects of obesity on CVD risk factors and CVD, obesity has a surprising association with prognosis in patients with established diseases, often showing an “obesity,” where overweight (body mass index (BMI), 25 to 29.9 kg·m−2) and obese patients (BMI, ≥30 kg·m−2) with established CVD frequently have a better prognosis than that of their leaner counterparts (BMI, <25 kg·m−2) with the same diseases. Fitness-versus-fatness debate is summarized also, including the critical role that fitness plays to alter the relationship between adiposity and subsequent prognosis.
Discovery of a Solitary Dwarf Galaxy in the APPLES Survey

During the APPLES parallel campaign, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys has resolved a distant stellar system, which appears to be an isolated dwarf galaxy. It is characterized by a circularly symmetric distribution of stars with an integrated magnitude mF775W = 20.13 ± 0.02, a central surface brightness μF775W ≃ 21.33 ± 0.18 mag arcsec-2, and a half-light radius of ≃1. ″8. The ACS and VLT spectra show no evidence of ionized gas and appear to be dominated by a 3 Gyr old stellar population. The OB spectral type derived for two resolved stars in the grism data and the systemic radial velocity (Vhel ≃ 670 km s-1) measured from the VLT data give a fiducial distance of ≃9 ± 2 Mpc. These findings, with the support of the spatial morphology, would classify the system among the dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies. Following IAU rules, we have named this newly discovered galaxy APPLES 1. An intriguing peculiarity of APPLES 1 is that the properties (age and metallicity) of the stellar content so far detected are similar to those of dSph galaxies in the Local Group, where star formation is thought to be driven by galaxy interactions and mergers. Yet, APPLES 1 seems not to be associated with a major group or cluster of galaxies. Therefore, APPLES 1 could be the first example of a field dSph galaxy with self-sustained and regulated star formation, and therefore would make an interesting test case for studies of the formation and evolution of unperturbed dSph galaxies.
Proteasome Inhibitors Reduce Luciferase and β-Galactosidase Activity in Tissue Culture Cells*

Reporter enzymes are commonly used in cell biology to study transcriptional activity of genes. Recently, reporter enzymes in combination with compounds that inhibit proteasome function have been used to study the effect of blocking transcription factor degradation on gene activation. While investigating the effect of proteasome inhibition on steroid receptor activation of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, we found that treatment with proteasome inhibitors enhanced glucocorticoid activation of the promoter attached to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter, but inhibited activation of MMTV attached to a firefly luciferase or β-galactosidase reporter. MMTV RNA levels under these conditions correlated with the promoter activity observed using the CAT reporter, suggesting that proteasome inhibitor treatment interfered with luciferase or β-galactosidase reporter assays. Washout experiments demonstrated that the majority of luciferase activity was lost if the proteasome inhibitor was added at the same time luciferase was produced, not once the functional protein was made, suggesting that proteasome inhibition interferes with production of luciferase protein. Indeed, we found that proteasome inhibitor treatment dramatically reduced the levels of luciferase and β-galactosidase protein produced, as determined by Western blot. Thus, treatment with proteasome inhibitors interferes with luciferase and β-galactosidase reporter assays, possibly by inhibiting production of a functional reporter protein.
Facing up to the challenges of advancing Craniofacial Research

Craniofacial anomalies are among the most common human birth defects and have considerable functional, aesthetic, and social consequences. The early developmental origin as well as the anatomical complexity of the head and face render these tissues prone to genetic and environmental insult. The establishment of craniofacial clinics offering comprehensive care for craniofacial patients at a single site together with international research networks focused on the origins and treatment of craniofacial disorders has led to tremendous advances in our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of congenital craniofacial anomalies. However, the genetic, environmental, and developmental sources of many craniofacial disorders remain unknown. To overcome this problem and further advance craniofacial research, we must recognize current challenges in the field and establish priority areas for study. We still need (i) a deeper understanding of variation during normal development and within the context of any disorder, (ii) improved genotyping and phenotyping and understanding of the impact of epigenetics, (iii) continued development of animal models and functional analyses of genes and variants, and (iv) integration of patient derived cells and tissues together with 3D printing and quantitative assessment of surgical outcomes for improved practice. Only with fundamental advances in each of these areas will we be able to meet the challenge of translating potential therapeutic and preventative approaches into clinical solutions and reduce the financial and emotional burden of craniofacial anomalies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular Mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients

ABSTRACT Twenty P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from six cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, aged 27 to 33, in 1994 (9 isolates) and 1997 (11 isolates) at the CF Center, Copenhagen, Denmark, and were typed by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) or ribotyping. Five of the patients had isolates with the same PFGE or ribotyping patterns in 1997 as in 1994, and ciprofloxacin had a two- to fourfold higher MIC for the isolates collected in 1997 than those from 1994. Genomic DNA was amplified for gyrA, parC, mexR, and nfxB by PCR and sequenced. Eleven isolates had mutations in gyrA, seven isolates had mutations at codon 83 (Thr to Ile), and four isolates had mutations at codon 87 (Asp to Asn or Tyr). Sixteen isolates had mutations in nfxB at codon 82 (Arg to Leu). Increased amounts of OprN were found in six isolates and OprJ in eight isolates as determined by immunoblotting. No isolates had mutations in parC or mexR. Six isolates had mutations in efflux pumps without gyrA mutations. The average number of mutations was higher in isolates from 1997 than in those from 1994. The results also suggested that efflux resistance mechanisms are more common in isolates from CF patients than in strains from urine and wounds from non-CF patients, in which mutations ingyrA and parC dominate (S. Jalal and B. Wretlind, Microb. Drug Resist. 4:257–261, 1998).
Multi-objective virtual machine placement optimization for cloud computing

Cloud computing enables people to use computing sources (hardware, operating system, software, etc.) over a network. Virtualization technology makes it possible to share hardware resources (CPU, RAM, bandwidth, etc.) for more than one virtual machine (VM), hence virtualization technology is an indispensable part of cloud computing. VMs should be placed over physical machines (PMs) in cloud data centers that employ virtualization technology. While placing VMs, there are some points to be addressed simultaneously such as optimizing CPU, RAM and bandwidth usage while minimizing energy consumption. This is called virtual machine placement (VMP) problem. When more than one objective need to be optimized, multi-objective optimization algorithms are used. In this paper, we tackle the VMP problem by optimizing CPU utilization while minimizing energy consumption. For this purpose, four well-known multi-objective evolutionary algorithms were selected and compared their performance on CloudSim, an open source simulation software. Detailed simulation results for the selected algorithms under different criteria are presented.
Complexin II plays a positive role in Ca2+-triggered exocytosis by facilitating vesicle priming

SNARE-mediated exocytosis is a multistage process central to synaptic transmission and hormone release. Complexins (CPXs) are small proteins that bind very rapidly and with a high affinity to the SNARE core complex, where they have been proposed recently to inhibit exocytosis by clamping the complex and inhibiting membrane fusion. However, several other studies also suggest that CPXs are positive regulators of neurotransmitter release. Thus, whether CPXs are positive or negative regulators of exocytosis is not known, much less the stage in the vesicle life cycle at which they function. Here, we systematically dissect the vesicle stages leading up to exocytosis using a knockout-rescue strategy in a mammalian model system. We show that adrenal chromaffin cells from CPX II knockout mice exhibit markedly diminished releasable vesicle pools (comprising the readily and slowly releasable pools), while showing no change in the kinetics of fusion pore dilation or morphological vesicle docking. Overexpression of WT CPX II—but not of SNARE-binding-deficient mutants—restores the size of the the releasable pools in knockout cells, and in WT cells it markedly enlarges them. Our results show that CPXs regulate the size of the primed vesicle pools and have a positive role in Ca2+-triggered exocytosis.
An Efficient Music Retrieval Using Noise Cancellation

In this paper we present a music retrieval method. The algorithm works in two steps: noise cancellation and music retrieval. In noise cancellation step we apply filtering on psychoacoustic representation of the given music signal to get a clean noise-free signal which can truly represent the music. Each music has a particular and unique beat pattern called main beat. This representative feature from the noise-free signal is extracted which is followed by one matching method at the retrieval stage. Similar types of features are extracted from the music database or training music as well as the test music. For feature extraction, a music signal is primarily segmented into small windows in the time domain. Extracted features from both the training and query music are matched using similarity matching algorithm. 94% retrieval accuracy of our method is quiet satisfactory. Our experimental result shows the feasibility of our approach.
Tabla Gyan: a System for Realtime Tabla Recognition and resynthesis

We describe a realtime system that can listen to performances of tabla and identify the strokes as they are played. The system stores this information along with onset times in a symbolic score that is used as the basis for resynthesis and transformation. We describe playback and transformation possibilities of this system. Finally, we propose that such a system can be generalized with very few modifications to a variety of performance scenarios involving percussion interaction. 1. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION Tabla is the most widely used percussion instrument in Indian music, both as an accompanying and solo instrument. Its two component drums are played with the fingers and hands and produce a wide variety of different timbres, each of which has been named. There are approximately fifteen acoustically distinct strokes that fall in three broad categories: 1) resonant, ringing strokes played on the treble drum, 2) non-resonant, noisy strokes played on either drum, 3) low, resonant strokes played on the bass drum. These named strokes form the basic vocabulary of tabla music and are played in sequence to form typical phrases. Tabla solo is a centuries-old tradition centered around extended structured improvisations. The demands of this format have led to the sophisticated use of timbre and rhythm as a foreground element. In this music, the choice of strokes is precise, each one functioning like a note in a melody; the timbral and rhythmic structures are equally important and carefully integrated into a singing line. To date, little work has been done on percussion timbre recognition for interactive systems. Most of the work in this area has been focused on non-realtime scenarios, and many applications center on areas such as genre classification and music recommendation [11, 12]. There were two primary motivations for creating a realtime system. First, we wanted to be able to incorporate tabla into the context of interactive electronic music. Second, we wished to be able to use the tabla as a musical controller and input device. Without building a specialized hardware interface such as Kapur’s ETabla [7], both of these tasks require identifying tabla strokes and their timing. With this approach, the system we have developed could be generalized to many other percussion instruments with no modifications other than the creation of new training sets (described below in Section 2.2). We also envision that this realtime stream of information may be useful for a variety of other applications including automatic accompaniment.
Redox viscometry of some Fe-bearing silicate melts

The dependence of shear viscosity on the oxidation state of six ferrosilicate melts has been measured using the concentric cylinder method and a gas mixing furnace. The measurements were performed under air, COr, and COr-CO mixtures at I atm and in a temperature range of 1345 to 1470"C. The experimental procedure involved a continuous measurement of viscosity during stepwise reduction of the melts. Melt chemistry was controlled by dip sampling the tiquids at each oxidation state. The resulting glasses were analyzed by electron microprobe, a volumetric FeO titration, and 57Fe Mdssbauer spectroscopy. The electron microprobe data indicate Fe loss for some of the most reduced samples. The wet chemical (+ microprobe) and spectroscopic determinations of these Ferich samples yield oxidation states that are in excellent agreement. The viscosity of all melts investigated herein decreases with melt reduction. The viscosity decrease is, in general, a nonlinear function of oxidation state expressed as Fe2*/