Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impaired Gastric Acid Secretion in Mice with a Targeted Disruption of the NHE4 Na+/H+ Exchanger*

The NHE4 Na+/H+ exchanger is abundantly expressed on the basolateral membrane of gastric parietal cells. To test the hypothesis that it is required for normal acid secretion, NHE4-null mutant (NHE4–/–) mice were prepared by targeted disruption of the NHE4 (Slc9a4) gene. NHE4–/– mice survived and appeared outwardly normal. Analysis of stomach contents revealed that NHE4–/– mice were hypochlorhydric. The reduction in acid secretion was similar in 18-day-old, 9-week-old, and 6-month-old mice, indicating that the hypochlorhydria phenotype did not progress over time, as was observed in mice lacking the NHE2 Na+/H+ exchanger. Histological abnormalities were observed in the gastric mucosa of 9-week-old NHE4–/– mice, including sharply reduced numbers of parietal cells, a loss of mature chief cells, increased numbers of mucous and undifferentiated cells, and an increase in the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells. NHE4–/– parietal cells exhibited limited development of canalicular membranes and a virtual absence of tubulovesicles, and some of the microvilli had centrally bundled actin. We conclude that NHE4, which may normally be coupled with the AE2 \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{Cl}^{-}{/}\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\) \end{document} exchanger, is important for normal levels of gastric acid secretion, gastric epithelial cell differentiation, and development of secretory canalicular and tubulovesicular membranes.
Creating an oasis: some insights into the practice and theory of a successful academic writing group

Academic writing groups are acknowledged as a successful approach to increasing research publication output and quality. However, the possible links between the formation and ongoing utilisation of writing groups and improvements in scholarly written research outputs remain relatively undertheorised. In this article, we draw on academic writing group literature, structuration theory and an analysis of the literature on characteristics of effective teams to explore the experiences of one successful academic writing group. By referring to these areas of literature and theory, we provide insights and tentative lessons that may be relevant to other academics in similar organisational contexts.
God's Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics

essays show, the role of religion in public life is complex and contradictory, undergirding the best features of global civil society and simultaneously aimed at destroying them. They present a view of the world as a tangle of sacred visions of its possibilities, with all the hope and danger that these contradictory images hold. Yet despite their help in providing ways of understanding this diversity, this reader would like to bring all of the authors back to drawing board for one more time, and point to 2011 and ask, ‘well then, now what? ’
Philosophy of Education for the Public Good: Five challenges and an agenda

In his 1917 essay ‘The Need for a Recovery of Philosophy’ John Dewey wrote that ‘(p)hilosophy recovers itself when it ceases to be a device for dealing with the problems of philosophers and becomes a method, cultivated by philosophers, for dealing with the problems of men’ (Dewey 1978/1917; MW10:42). This, so I believe, is as much true for philosophy as it is for philosophy of education. Philosophy of education that wants to be philosophy for education rather than just philosophy about education cannot be too self-absorbed or self-referential but needs to engage with educational matters and things that matter educationally, rather than just philosophically. There is, therefore, a distinctive responsibility for philosophy of education to contribute to the public good that education is—or perhaps we should say, in a time in which education is constantly being pushed towards the private good and the economic good: the public good that education ought to be. Philosophy of education can, of course, not do everything. It has a distinctive contribution to make, one that makes use of the ‘tools’ of philosophy to engage with issues that are distinctively educational. I don’t think of philosophy of education, therefore, as a form of applied philosophy, one that raises philosophical questions about education, but as a ‘device’ cultivated by engagement with philosophy and philosophising for dealing with the problems of education as educational rather than as philosophical problems. In this article I want to outline five educational issues to which I think philosophy of education has a contribution to make. My aim is partly to identify these issues—which is why I refer to them as ‘challenges’—and partly to give an indication of the kind of philosophical ‘work’ that might be done and needs to be done in relation to these challenges—which, in a sense, constitutes the ‘agenda’ for further work that I am referring to in the title of this article. I will refer to these five challenges as ‘basic questions’—not because they are basic in the sense of being fundamental or constant, but in order to indicate that this is not an arbitrary selection of issues where work might be needed, but that these are issues that go to the very heart of what I think education is about and ought to be about. In this sense the issues I will discuss in this article also serve as a reminder of something that we—we as philosophers of education, we as educationbs_bs_banner
Right answer to the wrong question: A reply to Jung and Haier

Abstract Jung & Haier (J&H) have done an admirable job of solving the wrong problem. Their article does not show “where in the brain is intelligence,” because intelligence resides not in the brain but, rather, in the interaction of brain and environment. I describe four reasons why the article does not adequately localize intelligence in the brain.
Links between self-reported and laboratory behavioral impulsivity.

A major problem in the research considering impulsivity is the lack of mutual understanding on how to measure and define impulsivity. Our study examined the relationship between self-reported impulsivity, behavioral excitatory and inhibitory processes and time perception. Impulsivity--fast, premature, thoughtless or disinhibited behavior--was assessed in 58 normal, healthy participants (30 men, mean age 21.9 years). Self-reported impulsivity as measured by Adaptive and Maladaptive Impulsivity Scale (AMIS) and behavioral excitatory and inhibitory processes as measured by Stop Signal Task were not directly related. Time perception, measured by the retrospective Time Estimation Task, was related to both. The length of the perceived time interval was positively correlated to AMIS Disinhibition subscale and negatively to several Stop Signal Task parameters. The longer subjects perceived the duration to last, the higher was their score on Disinhibition scale and the faster were their reactive responses in the Stop Signal Task. In summary our findings support the idea of cognitive tempo as a possible mechanism underlying impulsive behavior.
DPP4 inhibition attenuates filtration barrier injury and oxidant stress in the Zucker obese rat

Obesity‐related glomerulopathy is characterized initially by glomerular hyperfiltration with hypertrophy and then development of proteinuria. Putative mechanisms include endothelial dysfunction and filtration barrier injury due to oxidant stress and immune activation. There has been recent interest in targeting dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) enzyme due to increasing role in non‐enzymatic cellular processes.
NMDA Receptor Antagonists for Treatment of Depression

Depression is a psychiatric disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Individuals battling this disorder commonly experience high rates of relapse, persistent residual symptoms, functional impairment, and diminished well-being. Medications have important utility in stabilizing moods and daily functions of many individuals. However, only one third of patients had considerable improvement with a standard antidepressant after 2 months and all patients had to deal with numerous side effects. The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor family has received special attention because of its critical role in psychiatric disorders. Direct targeting of the NMDA receptor could result in more rapid antidepressant effects. Antidepressant-like effects of NMDA receptor antagonists have been demonstrated in different animal models. MK-801 (a use-dependent channel blocker), and CGP 37849 (an NMDA receptor antagonist) have shown antidepressant properties in preclinical studies, either alone or combined with traditional antidepressants. A recent development is use of ketamine clinically for refractory depression. The purpose of this review is to examine and analyze current literature on the role of NMDA receptor antagonists for treatment of depression and whether this is a feasible route in drug discovery.
Spatial and temporal patterns of parthenogenesis and parasitism in the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata

The Red Queen hypothesis predicts that sex should be more common in populations heavily infested with parasites, than in those without. This hypothesis was investigated in the aquatic snail Melanoides tuberculata, in which both sexual and parthenogenetic individuals exist in natural populations, and some populations are heavily infested by trematodes. The presence of fertile males and the higher genetic diversity of bisexual populations are indicative of sexual reproduction. We compared sites in 1990, 1999, and 2001, and we looked for a positive correlation between male and parasite frequencies. Male frequency was not correlated with the frequency of individuals infected by trematodes. This lack of correlation was reconfirmed in a retrospective power analysis. In a period of 9 years, male frequencies decreased but infection levels increased. These results do not support the Red Queen hypothesis. In samples with high male frequency the number of embryos was low, perhaps indicating that males may have a negative effect on embryo numbers. This effect of males on fitness could perhaps suggest that the cost of sex is fewer embryos. The reduction in embryo numbers may also represent a trade‐off between mating and egg production costs.
Out of hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation outcome in North India - CARO study.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) in India and factors influencing the outcome. METHODS The outcome and related factors like demographics, aspects of the OHCA event, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to discharge, among the 80 adult patients presenting to emergency department experiencing OHCA considered for resuscitation between January 2014 to April 2015, were analyzed, according to the guidelines of the Utstein consensus conference. RESULTS The survival rate to hospital admission was 32.5%, the survival rate to hospital discharge was 8.8% and with good cerebral performance category (CPC1) neurological status was 3.8%. Majority of OHCA was seen in elderly individuals between 51 to 60 years, predominately in males. Majority of OHCA were witnessed arrests (56.5%) with 1.3% bystander CPR rate, 92.5% arrests occurred at home, 96% presented with initial non-shockable rhythm and 92.5% with presumed cardiac etiology but survival was better in those who experienced OHCA at public place, in witnessed arrests, in patients who had shockable presenting rhythm and in those where CPR duration was ≤20 minutes. CONCLUSION Witnessed arrests, early initiation of CPR by bystanders, CPR duration ≤20 minutes, initial presenting shockable rhythm, OHCA with non-cardiac etiology are associated with a good outcome. To improve the outcome of CPR and the low survival rates after an OHCA event in India, focused strategies should be designed to set up an emergency medical system (EMS), to boost the rates of bystander CPR and education of the lay public in basic CPR.
Emotion understanding in preschool children

This investigation was aimed at studying the relations between executive functions (EFs) and categorical emotion understanding while controlling for preschoolers’ IQ, language ability and theory of mind (ToM). Specifically, we wanted to analyse the association between emotion understanding and set shifting, due to the lack of studies with this EF. Data of 75 children aged 4½ years (52% boys) was collected in two laboratory visits. Emotion understanding was assessed using the Emotion Recognition Questionnaire, inhibitory control using the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task and set shifting using a version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort task. IQ was evaluated using the WPPSI-R, language using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revised; and ToM using six standardized tasks. Set shifting, but not inhibitory control, predicted emotion understanding, over and above mothers’ age, and children’s IQ, language ability, and ToM. Mothers’ age and children’s language ability were also significant predictors in the final regression model. Results suggest that the capacity to shift mental sets is linked with inter-individual differences in children’s understanding of situational causes of emotion. Therefore studying EFs as correlates of emotion understanding is an important focus of future research.
Impact of posterior cerebral artery involvement on long-term clinical and social outcome of pediatric moyamoya disease.

OBJECT In the study of pediatric moyamoya disease, information on long-term social outcomes and risk factors for unfavorable social outcomes remains insufficient. The authors analyzed the long-term results of surgical revascularization for pediatric patients with moyamoya disease to determine whether the involvement of a stenoocclusive lesion in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), relatively common in pediatric moyamoya disease, represents an underlying predictor for unfavorable social outcomes. METHODS Prospectively collected data on 61 consecutive patients with moyamoya disease who had undergone combined bypass surgery were analyzed. Neuroradiological features and other baseline clinical factors were incorporated into univariate and multivariate analyses to determine any association with an unfavorable social outcome, defined as difficulty attending regular school or obtaining regular employment. RESULTS Posterior cerebral artery involvement detected by angiography on admission was noted in 22 (36.1%) of the 61 patients. Follow-up data were acquired in 56 patients (91.8%), and the mean follow-up period was 15.8 years. While transient ischemic attacks were eliminated in 52 (92.9%) of these 56 patients after surgery, and late-onset ischemic stroke was observed in only 1 patient during the follow-up period, 10 (17.9%) experienced an unfavorable social outcome. Although younger age at onset, longer duration between onset and surgery, infarction present on preoperative neuroradiological images, and PCA involvement had been identified as risk factors for an unfavorable social outcome in univariate analysis, only infarction present on preoperative images and PCA involvement remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Posterior cerebral artery involvement can be considered one of the underlying risk factors for unfavorable social outcome and should be studied further to improve social outcome in pediatric moyamoya disease.
Disentangling Antecedents of Audience Exposure Levels: Extending Expectancy-Value Analyses of Gratifications Sought from Television News.

This work extends previous applications of expectancy‐value theory to gratifications research in a study of student exposure to television news. It offers several conceptual refinements, a more complete account of the system of forces in which the central constructs operate, and illustrates methods of analysis more suited to emerging theory. The present findings suggest that expectancy‐value and gratification‐seeking orientations are highly related but distinctly different judgments. In the context of television news viewing, the former influence intentions and exposure levels through their impact on attitude, whereas the latter appear to have more direct effects on both intention and exposure levels. The report concludes with a brief discussion of issues in research on emotion‐cognition and problems in attitude scaling as they relate to the present findings and possible future extensions.
HEp-2 Cell Image Classification With Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Efficient Human Epithelial-2 cell image classification can facilitate the diagnosis of many autoimmune diseases. This paper proposes an automatic framework for this classification task, by utilizing the deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) which have recently attracted intensive attention in visual recognition. In addition to describing the proposed classification framework, this paper elaborates several interesting observations and findings obtained by our investigation. They include the important factors that impact network design and training, the role of rotation-based data augmentation for cell images, the effectiveness of cell image masks for classification, and the adaptability of the CNN-based classification system across different datasets. Extensive experimental study is conducted to verify the above findings and compares the proposed framework with the well-established image classification models in the literature. The results on benchmark datasets demonstrate that 1) the proposed framework can effectively outperform existing models by properly applying data augmentation, 2) our CNN-based framework has excellent adaptability across different datasets, which is highly desirable for cell image classification under varying laboratory settings. Our system is ranked high in the cell image classification competition hosted by ICPR 2014.
Educational technology: a presupposition of equality?

The work of philosopher Jacques Rancière is used conceptually and methodologically to frame an exploration of the driving interests in educational technology policy and the sanctioning of particular discursive constructions of pedagogy that result. In line with Rancière’s thinking, the starting point for this analysis is that of equality – that people are legally, morally, intellectually, and in their everyday practices discursively equal. The use of Rancière’s concepts, demos, police, and politics, to analyse three educational technology policies internationally shows that teachers are positioned within these policies as discursively unequal, and as intellectually inferior, not only in terms of technology expertise, but crucially as pedagogues. This positioning has important implications for teachers and teacher education. Teachers are capable of recognising and critiquing inequality, and this article makes a case for an act of politics that aims to reconfigure allocated identities and power imbalances in the educational technology order.
A good move? Young people’s comparisons of rural and urban living in Britain

This article analyses young people’s (aged 12–18 years) comparisons of urban and rural living within the context of counterurbanisation in Britain. By exploring the experiences of young people who migrate from urban to rural environments, drawing out gender- and age-based differences when appropriate, we demonstrate that these young people occupy a unique in-between space from which to reflect on their past and current identities, experiences and locales. This article contributes to the growing literature seeking to understand the diversity and complexity of young people’s experiences and understandings of the rural.
Comparing Holistic and Atomistic Evaluation of Evidence

Fact finders in legal trials often need to evaluate a mass of weak, contradictory and ambiguous evidence. There are two general ways to accomplish this task: by holistically forming a coherent mental representation of the case, or by atomistically assessing the probative value of each item of evidence and integrating the values according to an algorithm. Parallel constraint satisfaction (PCS) models of cognitive coherence posit that a coherent mental representation is created by discounting contradicting evidence, inflating supporting evidence and interpreting ambivalent evidence in a way coherent with the emerging decision. This leads to inflated support for whichever hypothesis the fact finder accepts as true. Using a Bayesian network to model the direct dependencies between the evidence, the intermediate hypotheses and the main hypothesis, parameterised with (conditional) subjective probabilities elicited from the subjects, I demonstrate experimentally how an atomistic evaluation of evidence leads to a convergence of the computed posterior degrees of belief in the guilt of the defendant of those who convict and those who acquit. The atomistic evaluation preserves the inherent uncertainty that largely disappears in a holistic evaluation. Since the fact finders’ posterior degree of belief in the guilt of the defendant is the relevant standard of proof in many legal systems, this result implies that using an atomistic evaluation of evidence, the threshold level of posterior belief in guilt required for a conviction may often not be reached.
The Choice of Stock Ownership Structure: Agency Costs, Monitoring, and the Decision to Go Public

From the viewpoint of a company's controlling shareholder, the optimal ownership structure generally involves some measure of dispersion, to avoid excessive monitoring by other shareholders. The optimal dispersion of share ownership can be achieved by going public, but this choice also entails some costs (the cost of listing and the loss of control over the shareholder register). If the controlling shareholder sells shares privately instead, he avoids the costs of going public but must tolerate large external shareholders who may monitor him too closely. Thus, the owner faces a trade-off between the cost of providing a liquid market and overmonitoring. The incentive to go public is stronger, the larger the amount of external funding required. The listing decision is also affected by the strictness of disclosure rules for public relative to private firms, and the legal limits on bribes aimed at dissuading monitoring by shareholders.
The Initial Processing of Pain and Its Descending Control: Spinal and Trigeminal Systems

Introduction to "The Specificity Theory of Pain" primary afferent neurons involved in nociception trigeminal primary afferent receptors organization of the spinal cord spinal terminations of nociceptive primary afferent axons the organization of nociceptive neurons in the spinal grey matter nociceptive neural organization in the trigeminal nuclei descending control of nociception.
The Lives of Michel Foucault

Foucault's work reached beyond the normal boundaries of philosophy; he wrote about madness, prisons, medicine, sex and language. He was many things - academic, political activist, child, lover of men. Opening with an account of Foucault's death in 1985 from AIDS, this biography then returns to the provincial France of his childhood, and follows the transformation of a conservative doctor's son into the foremost radical philosopher of his generation, the force of his work enhanced by his actively homosexual lifestyle. A brief fling with communism left him with an abiding hatred of the Soviet Union. After working on the history of psychiatry through the 1950s and '60s in Sweden, Poland and Tunisia, Foucault returned to France after the violence of May 1968 with a disturbing vision of modern society policed by mechanisms of power and control. He also lived his ideas, agitating for prison reform, homosexual liberation and the rights of mental patients. David Macey's other works include "Lacan in Contexts", a study of the French psychoanalyst.