Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis of Nigerian Newspapers coverage and Management of Political conflicts in a Pluralistic Society

This paper considers Nigeria as a pluralistic society and evaluates newspapers' coverage and management of political crises and conflicts during the Obasanjo (Second Term) administration. The paper assesses the role of the Nigerian newspapers in the struggle for political positions, which breeds crisis and conflicts especially in a pluralistic society. It is the position of the paper that the Nigerian newspapers have not fared very well in this type of reporting because of the advocacy position adopted by most of them. It is also observed that editorial influence on the part of publishers may not be unconnected with this trend. Using content analysis as the main instrument of facts generation, this paper submits that the Nigerian newspapers have operated more as active players in political crisis and conflicts than as an impartial judge of such crisis, conflicts, events, analysis and controversies. This has impaired greatly the management of such crisis and conflicts. This paper therefore, cautions against advocacy journalism in the Nigerian media industry and suggests more public participation in the media industry through ownership and better professional and ethical practices. INTRODUCTION Communication is so vital in our lives that no nation has been known to exist without it. It is the exchange of ideas, views, information, experiences and the sharing of meanings between persons, nations, societies and cultures. This necessitates the continuous study in the area of communication and how it affects different societies and people. The understanding of the place of communication becomes more inlperative in the 21st century for obvious reasons. The 21st Century is the age of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) powered by the developments in computer technology. The age of ICfs has taken science and technology to another level. Nations, societies, peoples and even businesses are now run with the help of technology; those that are not technology complaint lose their touch, influence and essence. One sure way of keeping in touch with our contemporary world is through the media. The media (press or newspapers ih this paper) any where in the world are generally referred to as the "Fourth Estate of The Realm" and the "watchdog of the society", meaning that the media exist as an organ of information sourcing and dissemination, educational promotion, entertainment, surveillance and social enlightenment and mobilization. These functions set the media apart as an important arm of government* Ekeanyanwu is a Lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Covenant University, Ota; Ogun State, Nigeria
A twin study of attachment in preschool children.

The degree to which individual differences in child-parent attachment were mediated by genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences was investigated. One hundred and ten preschool-aged twin pairs (N = 220) were assessed in the Strange Situation and coded using conventional four-way classifications and a continuous measure of attachment security. The degree of sibling similarity in attachment was substantial, with an overall concordance rate of 67% at the secure/insecure level. The degree of concordance was equally high in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, 70% and 64%, respectively, suggesting little genetic influence but a moderate degree of discordance. Twin similarity on the continuous measure of attachment security was r(57) = . 48 and r(53) = . 38 for monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, respectively, also consistent with a modest role for genetic influence but a significant effect for shared and nonshared environment. The implications for genetic influences on the environment and for understanding nonshared and shared environmental influences are discussed.
Role of Self-Efficacy and Experiential Training in Classroom Guidance Participation

According to the American School Counseling Association (ASCA) school counselors should be spending 15 to 45 percent of their time engaged in classroom guidance (ASCA, 2005; 2012). Yet there has been little research in the area classroom guidance and understanding what factors impact whether or not school counselors choose to engage in classroom guidance. This study explored whether factors like self-efficacy, experiential training, and a variety of demographic variables including previous teaching training were significantly correlated to the amount of classroom guidance performed. The study was a quantitative in nature and was a cross sectional, correlational, survey design. The ASCA membership was judged to be an ideal population to survey since the organization is focused on school counseling and has members across all 50 states. An invitation to participate in the study was sent to 4985 email addresses of ASCA members and stratified sampling was used to make participation representative across the four geographic regions. Additionally, this study introduced two new instruments, the first was a measure of self-efficacy related to classroom guidance and was based on previous classroom guidance research by Geltner, Cunningham, & Caldwell (2011). The second instrument measured experiential training in classroom guidance. From the 4985 requests sent out this study yielded 239 usable responses. The three significant factors related to the amount of classroom guidance performed were self-efficacy related to classroom guidance, school counseling level worked, and caseload. That self-efficacy related to classroom guidance was significant seems to indicate that when school counselors feel competent working in a classroom, they report actually engaging in more classroom guidance. In the second significant finding, school counselors working at the elementary level performed, on average, twice as much classroom guidance as their peers in the middle and high school levels. This finding is in line with previous school counseling literature that showed elementary school counselors are more likely to be practicing in the way they preferred (Scarbough & Culbreath, 2008; Scarborough & Luke, 2008). Lastly, the results indicated that as school counselors’ caseloads increase, school counselors are performing more classroom guidance. This is encouraging because it aligns with school counselor best practice (ASCA, 2005). While more research is needed to explore the areas of classroom guidance. This study provides a foundation to better understand some of the factors that influence school counselors’ willingness to engage in classroom guidance. This is especially important considering that classroom guidance plays an important role in any comprehensive developmental school counseling program. ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY AND EXPERIENTIAL TRAINING IN CLASSROOM GUIDANCE PARTICIPATION
Social and structural determinants of HIV treatment and care among black women living with HIV infection: a systematic review: 2005–2016

ABSTRACT Black/African American (black) women comprised 59% of women living with HIV at the end of 2014 and 61% of HIV diagnoses among women in 2015. Black women living with HIV infection (BWLH) have poorer health outcomes compared with women of other races/ethnicities; social and structural determinants are often cited as barriers and facilitators of care. The objective of this qualitative review was to identify social and structural barriers and facilitators of HIV treatment and care among BWLH. The systematic review was conducted in six-stages using databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar: 1) searched for studies that enrolled BWLH published between January 2005 and December 2016, 2) excluded unpublished reports and commentaries, 3) limited the search to our primary keywords, 4) limited our search to studies that included participants living with HIV infection that were >60% black and 100% female, 5) extracted and summarized the data, and 6) conducted a contextual review to identify common themes. Of 534 studies retrieved, 16 were included in the final review. Studies focused on: ART medication adherence (n = 5), engagement/retention in care (n = 4), HIV care and treatment services (n = 3), viral suppression (n = 1), and addressing multiple HIV care outcomes (n = 3). Main barrier themes included lack of family and/or social support, poor quality HIV services, and HIV-related stigma, particularly from healthcare providers; facilitator themes included resilience, positive relationships between case management and support services, high racial consciousness, and addressing mental health. Interventions that decrease these noted barriers and strengthen facilitators may help improve care outcomes for BWLH. Also, more HIV stigma-reduction training for healthcare providers may be warranted.
Regulation of Motivation: Evaluating an Underemphasized Aspect of Self-Regulated Learning

Self-regulated learning is often described as a function of students' motivation, cognitive strategy use, and metacognition. The purpose of this article is to emphasize regulation of motivation as another important aspect of self-regulated learning. To achieve this goal, a specific conceptual understanding of regulation of motivation is proposed and used to clarify theoretical distinctions between this process and motivation, metacognition, and volition. In addition, the diverse nature of this regulatory activity is established by reviewing evidence showing students' use of several specific strategies for the regulation of motivation. The importance of this process is highlighted by discussing links between these regulatory strategies and indicators of students' motivation, cognitive engagement, and achievement. Finally, a guide for additional research related to the theoretical definition, measurement, development and instruction of strategies for regulating motivation is identified.
Mini‐breaks: the use of escape on a fixed‐time schedule to reduce unauthorized breaks from vocational training sites for individuals with brain injury

This study evaluated mini-breaks with three individuals who were traumatically brain injured and engaged in unauthorized breaks. The vocational instructors reported that the three participants were having problems staying at their scheduled vocational training sites (walking away without permission). Following baseline, participants were placed on mini-breaks; that is, participants were given a ten-minute mini-break every hour. Thus, mini-breaks were given without regard to unauthorized breaks. Unauthorized breaks decreased to zero levels for all three participants when mini-breaks commenced. Following 1 month of the mini-breaks, two of the participants were put back on a regular break schedule (one 15-minute AM break and one 15-minute PM break and a 30-minute lunch break). The third participant was placed in supported work. The effects of the mini-breaks were maintained. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Computer Recognition of Solo Piano Music

We present work towards a computer system for the automatic transcription of piano performances. The system takes audio files containing polyphonic piano music as input, and produces MIDI output, representing the pitch, timing and volume of the musical notes. The aim of this work is not to reduce the performance data to common music notation, but to extract the performance parameters for a quantitative study of musical expression in piano performance. Standard signal processing techniques based on the short time Fourier transform are used to create a time-frequency representation of the signal, and adaptive peak-picking and pattern matching algorithms are employed to find the musical notes. In order to perform large scale testing, the test process is automated by synthesizing audio data from MIDI files using high quality sofware synthesis, and comparing results with the original MIDI data. The test data used is Mozart piano sonatas performed by a concert pianist.
Salvinorin A has antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects in experimental models of colitis in mice mediated by KOR and CB1 receptors*

Background: Salvinorin A (SA) has a potent inhibitory action on mouse gastrointestinal (GI) motility and ion transport, mediated primarily by kappa‐opioid receptors (KOR). The aim of the present study was to characterize possible antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of SA in the GI tract of mice. Methods: Colonic damage scores and myeloperoxidase activity were determined after intraperitoneal (i.p.), intracolonic (i.c.), and oral (p.o.) administration of SA using the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) models of colitis in mice. Additionally, KOR, cannabinoid (CB)1, and CB2 western blot analysis of colon samples was performed. The antinociceptive effect of SA was examined based on the number of behavioral responses to i.c. instillation of mustard oil (MO). Results: The i.p. (3 mg/kg, twice daily) and p.o. (10 mg/kg, twice daily) administration of SA significantly attenuated TNBS and DSS colitis in mice. The effect of SA was blocked by KOR antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Western blot analysis showed no influence of SA on KOR, CB1, or CB2 levels. SA (3 mg/kg, i.p. and 10 mg/kg, i.c.) significantly decreased the number of pain responses after i.c. instillation of MO in the vehicle‐ and TNBS‐treated mice. The antinociceptive action of SA was blocked by KOR and CB1 antagonists. The analgesic effect of i.c. SA was more potent in TNBS‐treated mice compared to controls. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the drugs based on the structure of SA have the potential to become valuable antiinflammatory or analgesic therapeutics for the treatment of GI diseases. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;)
Theory–practice dichotomy: Prospective teachers' evaluations about teaching English to young learners

This study aims at examining the prospective teachers‟ evaluations about the implementation of the primary ELT curriculum. Also it is aimed to inquire the possible problems and difficulties in teaching English to children. The study is based on qualitative case study design. Qualitative data were collected using participant journaling method from 31 preservice teachers who kept reflective journals throughout their observations of five mentor teachers. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method by coding and creating categories/themes. Results showed that actual practices do not adequately meet the curricular and theoretical requirements in terms of objectives, content, learning-teaching experiences and evaluation. This theory-practice dichotomy about teaching English to children mainly includes the problems such as non-communicative objectives, failure to appeal students emotionally, overdominance of coursebooks and grammar content over communicative content, use of restricted methodology, ineffective use of technology and materials, insecure (coercive, aggressive, and discriminative) classroom atmosphere, lack of or inproper use of game activities, lack of group or pair work, failure to consider individual differences, lack or inappropriate integration of language skills, improper process evaluation, inadequate feedback, and traditional evaluation practices.
Physical activity level of female and male adult cats before and after running wheel habituation

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether access to a running wheel increases voluntary physical activity in adult female and male domestic cats. Eight neutered domestic shorthair male cats (mean age 8·6 (sd 0·05) years) and eleven intact domestic shorthair female cats (mean age 3·3 (sd 0·14) years) were group housed for 22 h daily and individually housed during the feeding period. Voluntary physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Experimental design consisted of 1 week of baseline physical activity measurement, followed by 3 weeks of wheel habituation, and 1 week of physical activity measurement post-wheel habituation. Female cat voluntary physical activity levels increased (P < 0·05) post-habituation during the dark period, resulting in an altered (P < 0·05) light:dark activity ratio, whereas male cat voluntary physical activity levels remained unchanged post-habituation. Food anticipatory activity did not differ pre- and post-habituation. However, it corresponded to a numerically greater proportion of daily physical activity for males (17·5 %) v. females (12 %). In general, female cats were more active than male cats. Habituation to a running wheel appears to be an effective method to increase voluntary physical activity of younger female cats. Thus, running wheels might be a potential strategy in the prevention or management of feline obesity.
Retail Niche Domination Among African American, Jewish, and Korean Entrepreneurs

Do immigrant entrepreneurs who open businesses in predominantly Black neighborhoods take business opportunities away from African Americans in the community? Given the prevalence of immigrant-owned businesses, one may assume that immigrant groups such as Koreans, Jews, Chinese, and Asian Indians compete with African American entrepreneurs, thereby inhibiting African American small-business development. However, immigrant groups enter and dominate retail niches different from those of African Americans, and because ethnic groups cluster in different industries, competition is more likely to be intra-ethnic. However, competition is more nuanced and manifests in subtle ways. Entrepreneurship is embedded in ethnic networks that act as coethnic advantages for some and blocked opportunities for others. The article examines why African Americans, Jews, and Koreans enter different retail niches and explores the coethnic advantages and disadvantages of niche domination. The article also illustrates how niches remain closed to outsiders, resulting in business disadvantage or exclusion from certain niches.
Influence of Taper of Root Canal Shape on the Intracanal Bacterial Reduction

Objectives: Taper is a factor that determines final root canal dimensions and consequently, the space available for the cleaning action of irrigants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of taper on intracanal bacterial reduction. Methods: Sterilized root canals of 25 mandibular incisors were inoculated with E. faecalis and then divided into two experimental groups and one control group (A= saline, B= NaOCl + EDTA and C= control, not prepared). Groups A and B were prepared to an apical size of #30/0.04, a culture was obtained and then prepared to #30/0.08 and cultured again. Final irrigation sequence was 30 ml of saline for group A and 10 ml of 17% EDTA followed by 10 ml of 2.5% NaOCl and 10 ml of saline for group B. The CFU ml-1 of the pre- and two post-operative samplings were recorded. Values were compared by performing ANOVA and FDR for multiple hypothesis testing. Results: No statistically significant difference between initial CFU ml-1 readings was recorded, whereas significant differences between group A and B at both 4% and 8% tapers were noted. Furthermore, a linear-dependent reduction of CFU ml-1 was recorded in each group from non-instrumented root canals to #30/0.04 and subsequently to #30/0.08. The positive control group shows the expected reduction of bacterial count. Conclusion: Chemomechanical instrumentation was more efficient at reducing E. faecalis when the taper of root canals increased from 4% to 8% and NaOCl plus EDTA led to a greater intracanal bacterial reduction than saline, regardless of the taper achieved.
Bare life as a development/postcolonial problematic.

Development studies and postcolonial studies conceptualize and examine the Third World in different ways, yet works associated with the two fields can usefully be combined to illuminate key issues in our time. This article focuses on postcolonial transitions in parts of Africa where the state actively injures or kills a local citizenry, sometimes in the name of development. Using Zimbabwe and Rwanda as very different examples of such transitions, and drawing on selected development and postcolonial writings – fact and 'fiction'– I argue for framing such cases as examples of the 'bare life', 'camp' biopolitics articulated by Georgio Agamben. These concepts enable us to see the widening spaces of exception to law that a postcolonial state can create in periods of crisis and defend on the grounds of post-coloniality, that is, as states always already injured by colonialism and its biopolitical development project. The terrain such states enter might be termed 'fascism'– a location of political economy that development studies has generally neglected in recent years but that novels depicting postcolonial contexts can make vivid.
Interventions to address the stigma associated with leprosy: A perspective on the issues

Abstract This paper presents a perspective on stigma as an effect of leprosy. It identifies some of the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches to stigma reduction in leprosy and presents a rationale for considering alternative strategies. It is suggested that models used to explain health behavior in developed societies are inappropriate for explaining leprosy stigma or for developing strategies to address it. The author recommends due consideration of the alternative logic that characterizes cultural belief systems in countries where leprosy is a challenge. Criticism of the common practice of information dissemination as a strategy to address leprosy stigma is defended and the merits and limitations of an integrated health service in India is discussed. The author defends the suggestion that the principal objective of stigma interventions should be “normalization”. An example of a Nepalese project based on empowerment theory is given to demonstrate how the transformation of identity from outcast to positive change agent, can effect “normalization”.
Efficient Bayesian Methods for Graph-based Recommendation

Short-length random walks on the bipartite user-item graph have recently been shown to provide accurate and diverse recommendations. Nonetheless, these approaches suffer from severe time and space requirements, which can be alleviated via random walk sampling, at the cost of reduced recommendation quality. In addition, these approaches ignore users' ratings, which further limits their expressiveness. In this paper, we introduce a computationally efficient graph-based approach for collaborative filtering based on short-path enumeration. Moreover, we propose three scoring functions based on the Bayesian paradigm that effectively exploit distributional aspects of the users' ratings. We experiment with seven publicly available datasets against state-of-the-art graph-based and matrix factorization approaches. Our empirical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, with significant improvements in most settings. Furthermore, analytical results demonstrate its efficiency compared to other graph-based approaches.