Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A theory of mixin modules: basic and derived operators

Mixins are modules in which some components are deferred, that is, their definition has to be provided by another module. Moreover, in contrast to parameterized modules (like ML functors), mixin modules can be mutually dependent and their composition supports the redefinition of components (overriding). In this paper, we present a formal model of mixins and their basic composition operators. These operators can be viewed as a kernel language with clean semantics in which one can express more complex operators of existing modular languages, including variants of inheritance in object-oriented programming. Our formal model is given in an ‘institution independent’ way, that is, it is parameterized by the semantic framework modelling the underlying core language.
CNS germinomas are characterized by global demethylation, chromosomal instability and mutational activation of the Kit-, Ras/Raf/Erk- and Akt-pathways

CNS germinomas represent a unique germ cell tumor entity characterized by undifferentiated tumor cells and a high response rate to current treatment protocols. Limited information is available on their underlying genomic, epigenetic and biological alterations. We performed a genome-wide analysis of genomic copy number alterations in 49 CNS germinomas by molecular inversion profiling. In addition, CpG dinucleotide methylation was studied by immunohistochemistry for methylated cytosine residues. Mutational analysis was performed by resequencing of candidate genes including KIT and RAS family members. Ras/Erk and Akt pathway activation was analyzed by immunostaining with antibodies against phospho-Erk, phosho-Akt, phospho-mTOR and phospho-S6. All germinomas coexpressed Oct4 and Kit but showed an extensive global DNA demethylation compared to other tumors and normal tissues. Molecular inversion profiling showed predominant genomic instability in all tumors with a high frequency of regional gains and losses including high level gene amplifications. Activating mutations of KIT exons 11, 13, and 17 as well as a case with genomic KIT amplification and activating mutations or amplifications of RAS gene family members including KRAS, NRAS and RRAS2 indicated mutational activation of crucial signaling pathways. Co-activation of Ras/Erk and Akt pathways was present in 83% of germinomas. These data suggest that CNS germinoma cells display a demethylated nuclear DNA similar to primordial germ cells in early development. This finding has a striking coincidence with extensive genomic instability. In addition, mutational activation of Kit-, Ras/Raf/Erk- and Akt- pathways indicate the biological importance of these pathways and their components as potential targets for therapy.
A toolset for GUI testing of Android applications

This paper presents a toolset for GUI testing of Android applications. The toolset is centered on a GUI ripper that systematically explores the GUI structure of an application under test with the aim of firing sequences of user events and exposing failures of the application. The toolset supports the execution of a testing procedure that automatically performs crash testing of subject applications and provides test results made of several artifacts. The paper illustrates some examples of using the toolset for testing real Android applications.
The impact of credit supply on sales growth: Swedish evidence

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of credit supply on sales growth among small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach – The three-stage least square (3SLS) method was used to analyse a cross-sectional panel data set covering 13,548 Swedish SMEs across four industry sectors from 2009 to 2012. Findings – The study provides empirical evidence that trade credit in terms of accounts receivable significantly and positively affects sales growth, indicating that SMEs investing more in accounts receivable are more likely to achieve growth. Furthermore, lagged sales growth and firm size are positively, while firm age is negatively, related to growth. Practical implications – Managers can increase firm growth by efficiently managing the supply of credit to their customers, especially liquidity-constrained firms, thereby increasing sales growth. Originality/value – To the authors’ best knowledge, this is one of the first empirical studies of the im.
Innovation and Climate Action Planning

Problem: Cities play a fundamental role in the production of greenhouse gases and, as a result, are places where proactive mitigation and adaptation can occur. While increasing numbers of municipalities have revised or developed climate action plans (CAPs), our understanding of the impetus to plan for the climate challenge, processes for creating climate plans, and their resultant form remains limited. Purpose: We analyzed municipal CAPs to understand both their processes and their products, including the extent to which they represent innovation in planning. We ask the following questions: 1) Why do localities decide to undertake climate action planning, and what are the plans’ chief drivers and obstacles? 2) How have localities structured their climate action planning processes? 3) How frequently are particular types of actions included in local CAPs, and how do localities determine which to adopt? Methods: We read and evaluated the content of 20 CAPs from municipalities of a range of sizes and locations using a scoring matrix, reconciling coding differences. We also interviewed 16 individuals associated with 15 of the plans and coded notes from these interviews to identify themes relevant to the processes of plan development. Results and conclusions: There is great diversity in what constitutes a CAP. Some plans are motivational documents, while others are extremely detailed implementation plans with concrete goals, clear objectives, and well-reasoned methods. The decision to prepare a CAP reflects the existence of local political will and leadership, which also influences the planning processes used, the form of the resultant plan, and the actions it identifies. We found CAPs to rely heavily on well-known land use and transportation solutions to the climate challenge such as enhanced transit, compact community design, and green building codes, to be implemented both by local government and the broader community. Informants reported that their CAPs favored actions that were highly visible (e.g., tree planting) or produced immediate results (e.g., energy or cost savings from weatherization). Takeaway for practice: The CAPs we studied were special-purpose plans, and planning departments and planning commissions were not central to plan development in the majority of cases reviewed here. We advise professional planners to involve themselves more in CAP processes. Research support: We obtained funding for this project through a faculty enhancement grant from Portland State University.
Acquisition of Turkish by heritage speakers : a processability approach

This study presents the findings of cross-sectional psycholinguistic research investigating the first-language acquisition of Turkish among heritage speakers in Germany. Studies in heritage language acquisition in the last decades have provided increasing evidence that heritage speakers do not always converge on the grammars of native speakers, which is predominantly explained in relation to estimates of reduced input and output conditions. Nonetheless, Montrul (2010) underlines the fact that estimates of input cannot be used as measurements and addresses the need for a well-established theoretical framework that will account for the development of heritage speakers’ linguistic system to explain why heritage speakers succeed or fail in language acquisition in the ways that they do. This study aims to fill this gap by looking at the phenomena from a developmental perspective within the formalisms of Processability Theory (Pienemann, 1998, 2005), a well-established crosslinguistic approach to acquisition based on the architecture of the human language processor, but which has not previously been applied to Turkish. This study investigated the grammatical competence of twenty-four young heritage speakers of Turkish in Germany by testing their online processing of various Turkish grammatical structures, focusing on passives and subject relative clauses. The results demonstrate that the language acquisition of Turkish heritage speakers is developmentally constrained by availability of processing mechanisms. The participants displayed a clear hierarchy in their development, with competence in the processing of basic grammatical structures that are canonically mapped, but with gaps in the processing of complex structures such as passives and subject relative clauses that are non-canonically mapped and involve long-distance dependencies. This study thus contributes important insights both to theoretical accounts of acquisition of Turkish, and to the wider study of heritage language acquisition.
Analysis of Kπ-scattering phase shift and existence of κ ( 900 )-particle

Recently we have shown an evidence for existence of σ-particle in the previous works; where the ππ S-wave phase shift is reanalyzed, by introducing a repulsive background suggested by the chiral symmetry, and by applying a new method of Interfering Breit-Wigner Amplitudes. In this work we also show, reanalyzing the Kπ S-wave phase shift from a similar standpoint, an evidence for existence of κ(900), possibly to be a member of σ-nonet.
R-D analysis of adaptive edge representations

This paper presents a rate-distortion analysis for a simple horizon edge image model. A quadtree with anisotropy and rotation is performed on this kind of image, giving a toy model for a non-linear adaptive coding technique, and its rate-distortion behavior is studied. The effect of refining the quadtree decomposition is also analyzed.
Commodity futures prices: some evidence on forecast power

We examine two models of commodity futures prices. The theory of storage explains the difference between contemporaneous futures and spot prices (the basis) in terms of interest changes, warehousing costs, and convenience yields. We find evidence of variation in the basis in response to both interest rates and seasonals in convenience yields. The second model splits a futures price into an expected premium and a forecast of the maturity spot price. We find evidence of forecast power for 10 of 21 commodities and time-varying expected premiums for five commodities.
A Multi-Agent Planning Support-System for Assessing Externalities of Urban Form Scenarios: Results of Case Studies

The relationship between various planning-ideas and sustainability is described, using a dedicated multi-agent model and demonstrated by a case study. The analysis supports planning based on preferences and behavior of a target population. Two objectives are addressed: (1) Examine the effect of different planning ideas-scenarios on the development of the built-environment and, in particular, how different planning scenarios can contribute to a sustainable built environment, and (2) Demonstrate the relevancy of the multi-agent model as a tool for planning and evaluating planning alternatives. Four planning scenarios are included and three performance indicators measuring aspects of sustainability (accessibility, mobility, and viability) are employed in the analysis.
Inhibition Underlies the Effect of High Need for Closure on Cultural Closed-Mindedness under Mortality Salience

The hypothesis that people respond to reminders of mortality with closed-minded, ethnocentric attitudes has received extensive empirical support, largely from research in the Terror Management Theory (TMT) tradition. However, the basic motivational and neural processes that underlie this effect remain largely hypothetical. According to recent neuropsychological theorizing, mortality salience (MS) effects on cultural closed-mindedness may be mediated by activity in the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), which leads to passive avoidance and decreased approach motivation. This should be especially true for people motivated to avoid unfamiliar and potentially threatening stimuli as reflected in a high need for closure (NFC). In two studies involving moderated mediation analyses, people high on trait NFC responded to MS with increased BIS activity (as indicated by EEG and the line bisection task), which is characteristic of inhibited approach motivation. BIS activity, in turn, predicted a reluctance to explore foreign cultures (Study 1) and generalized ethnocentric attitudes (Study 2). In a third study, inhibition was induced directly and caused an increase in ethnocentrism for people high on NFC. Moreover, the effect of the inhibition manipulation × NFC interaction on ethnocentrism was explained by increases in BIS-related affect (i.e., anxious inhibition) at high NFC. To our knowledge, this research is the first to establish an empirical link between very basic, neurally-instantiated inhibitory processes and rather complex, higher-order manifestations of intergroup negativity in response to MS. Our findings contribute to a fuller understanding of the cultural worldview defense phenomenon by illuminating the motivational underpinnings of cultural closed-mindedness in the wake of existential threat.
SSC radiation in BL Lacertae sources, the end of the tether

Context. The synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) radiation process is widely held to provide a close representation of the double peaked spectral energy distributions from BL Lac Objects (BL Lacs). This subclass of Active Galactic Nuclei is marked by non-thermal beamed radiations, highly variable on timescales of days or less. Their outbursts in the γ rays relative to the optical/X rays might be surmised to be enhanced in BL Lacs as these photons are upscattered via the inverse Compton (IC) process. Aims. From the observed correlations among the spectral parameters (peak frequencies, fluxes and curvature) during optical/X-ray variations we aim at predicting corresponding correlations in the γ-ray band, and the actual relations between the γ-ray and the X-ray variability consistent with the SSC emission process. Methods. We start from the homogeneous single-zone SSC source model, with log-parabolic energies distributions of emitting electron as required by the X-ray data of many sources. We find relations among spectral parameters of the IC radiation in both the Thomson (for Low energy BL Lacs) and the Klein-Nishina regimes (mainly for High energy BL Lacs); whence we compute how variability is driven by a smooth increase of key source parameters, primarily the root mean square electron energy. Results. In the Klein-Nishina regime the model predicts for HBLs lower inverse Compton fluxes relative to synchrotron, and milder γ-ray relative to X-ray variations. Stronger γ-ray flares observed in some HBLs like Mrk 501 are understood in terms of additional, smooth increases also of the emitting electron density. However, episodes of rapid flares as recently reported at TeV energies are beyond the reach of the single component SSC model with one dominant varying parameter. Furthermore, spectral correlations at variance with our predictions, as well as TeV emissions in LBL objects (like BL Lacertae itself) cannot be explained in terms of the simple HSZ SSC model, and in these cases the source may require additional electron populations in more elaborate structures like decelerated relativistic outflows or sub-jet scenarios. Conclusions. We provide a comprehensive benchmark to straightforwardly gauge the capabilities and effectiveness of the SSC radiation process. The single component SSC source model in the Thomson regime turns out to be adequate for many LBL sources. In the mild Klein-Nishina regime it covers HBL sources undergoing variations driven by smooth increase of a number of source parameters. However, the simple model meets its limits with the fast/strong flares recently reported for a few sources in the TeV range; these clearly require sudden accelerations of emitting electrons in a second source component.
Partial Oblique Projection Learning for Optimal Generalization

In practice, it is necessary to implement an incremental and active learning for a learning method. In terms of such implementation, this paper shows that the previously discussed S-L projection learning is inappropriate to constructing a family of projection learning, and proposes a new version called partial oblique projection (POP) learning. In POP learning, a function space is decomposed into two complementary subspaces, so that functions belonging to one of the subspaces can be completely estimated in noiseless case; while in noisy case, the dispersions are set to be the smallest. In addition, a general form of POP learning is presented and the results of a simulation are given.
Millimeter-wave Gbps Broadband Evolution towards 5G: Fixed Access and Backhaul

As wireless communication evolves towards 5G, both fixed broadband and mobile broadband will play a crucial part in providing the Gbps infrastructure for a connected society. This paper proposes a Millimeter-wave Gbps Broadband (MGB) system as the solution to two critical problems in this evolution: last-mile access for fixed broadband and small cell backhaul for mobile broadband. The key idea is to use spectrum that is already available in the millimeter wave bands for fixed wireless access with optimized dynamic beamforming and massive MIMO infrastructure to achieve high capacity with wide area coverage. This paper explains the MGB concept and describes potential array architectures for realizing the system. Simulations demonstrate that with 500 MHz of bandwidth (at 39 GHz band) and 28 dBm transmission power (55 dBm EIRP), it is possible to provide more than 11 Gbps backhaul capacity for 96 small cells within 1-km radius.
An Anchoring and Adjustment Model of Purchase Quantity Decisions

How do consumers decide how many units to buy? Whereas prior research on individual consumers’ purchases has focused primarily on purchase incidence and brand choice, the authors focus on the psychological process behind the purchase quantity decision. The authors propose that a simple anchoring and adjustment model describes how consumers make purchase quantity decisions and suggests how point-of-purchase promotions can increase sales. Two field experiments and two lab studies show that anchor-based promotions—presented as multiple-unit prices, purchase quantity limits, and suggestive selling—can increase purchase quantities. The final study shows that consumers who retrieve internal anchors can counter these anchor-based promotions effectively. Firms might receive net benefits from anchor-based promotions depending on whether increases in unit sales reflect increased category consumption, brand switching, variety switching, store switching, or stockpiling.
On the Complexity of Some Geometric Intersection Problems

A classiication of polygons is proposed together with a new class of connected polygons, called ordinary polygons. Ordinary polygons include simple polygons possibly with holes. The determination of the intersection of a line segment and an ordinary polygon with N edges requires (N log N) time in the worst case. A linear-time algorithm is given, however, if a planar subdivision of the polygon in trape-zoids is allowed as a preprocessing. As the minimal trapezoidal subdivision of an ordinary polygon is NP-complete, we propose a subdivision that, although not minimal, has at most 3N vertices and 5N edges, and can be computed in optimal (N log N) time in the worst case. The intersection of an M-edge ordinary polygon with an N-edge ordinary polygon can be obtained in (M log M + MN + N log N) time, which is also worst-case optimal. Applications to worst-case optimal clipping and scan-conversion algorithms and eecient hidden-line and hidden-surface algorithms that use only elementary data structures are demonstrated.
Differential Effect of the Calmodulm Inhibitor Trifluoperazine on Cellular Accumulation, Retention, and Cytotoxicity of Anthracyclines in Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)-resistant P388 Mouse Leukemia Cells1

Calmodulin inhibitors enhance cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin (DOX) in DOX-resistant (P388/DOX) P388 mouse leukemia cells by increasing cellular accumulation and retention of drug. In P388/DOX cells treated for 3 hr, cytotoxic effects (based on colony formation in soft agar) of daunorubicin (DAU) in the presence of trifluoperazine (TFP) were DAU concentration-de pendent and enhanced 2- to 100-fold. Additionally, in the pres ence of TFP, on a molar basis, equitoxic doses of DAU were 4-fold lower than DOX for P388/DOX cells. However, in P388/ DOX cells treated for 3 hr with other anthracyclines, except for a slight enhancement in the cytotoxic effects of aclacinomycin A (ACM) with TFP, colony formation in soft agar of cells treated with A/-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD32) and A/-trifluo-roacetyladriamycin were similar in the absence and presence of TFP. In DOX-sensitive (P388/S) P388 mouse leukemia cells treated for 3 hr, some enhancement in the cytotoxic effects due to TFP were observed with DAU and DOX but not with ACM, AD32, or N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin. Although of ACM and AD32 in P388/S and P388/DOX cells was similar and unaffected by TFP, the retention of ACM but not AD32 was enhanced 1.5-fold only in TFP-treated P388/DOX cells. In con trast, DAU accumulation in P388/S cells was 4-fold higher than in similarly treated P388/DOX cells, and the 2- and 4-fold increase due to TFP in the accumulation and retention, respectively, of DAU in P388/DOX cells was not observed in P388/S cells. Results from this study indicate that in P388/DOX cells, the calmodulin inhibitor TFP is more effective with DAU than DOX, significantly less effective with ACM, and ineffective with AD32 and W-trifluoroacetyladriamycin.
An Improved Land-Surface Albedo Algorithm With DEM in Rugged Terrain

The influence of topography on land-surface bidirectional reflectance and albedo should be considered in rugged terrain. However, land-surface albedo algorithms neglect topographic effects, leading to errors in estimating the albedo in rugged terrain. This letter investigates the Angular Bin (AB) algorithm of land-surface albedo and shows that it should be improved when albedo is estimated in rugged terrain. The Terrain AB (TAB), an improved algorithm for albedo estimation with the AB algorithm and digital elevation model (DEM) data set, is presented in this letter. The accuracy and performance of the TAB algorithm was investigated by using the simulated DEM and Bidirectional Reflectance Function as well as the MODIS daily reflectance of the Heihe River Basin. The results show that the TAB algorithm has a better albedo estimation performance in rugged terrain and gives an acceptable accuracy.
The role and potential of information technology in agricultural improvement.

The agro-industrial sector in developing countries is faced with challenges, such as requirement for increase of food production and yield and creation of opportunity for employment of rural and poor population. In addition, the agricultural sector is influenced by global factors and fast changes. These facts indicate that there is great need for information and information technologies (IT), which can be used to cope with the challenges and changes and to improve agricultural production and marketing. However, the potential of IT is not fully utilized in agriculture. Implementation of IT in agricultural sector and rural areas is relatively slow in comparison to the other sectors of the economy where contemporary IT has been implemented at high speed. The aim of the paper is to analyze role, potential and contribution of IT in agribusiness and to explain opportunities for use of IT in many fields of agricultural sector. Our findings are based on economic theory and available literature, and they suggest that IT has great potential for supporting farmers and the other stakeholders in improvement of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of agriculture. However, the stakeholders have to cope with many limitations and problems in IT implementation and use.