Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Competition and the structure of bird communities.

Professor Cody's monograph emphasizes the role of competition at levels above single species populations, and describes how competition, by way of the niche concept, determines the structure of communities. Communities may be understood in terms of resource gradients, or niche dimensions, along which species become segregated through competitive interactions. Most communities appear to exist in three or four such dimensions. The first three chapters describe the resource gradients (habitat types, foraging sites, food types), show what factors restrict species to certain parts of the resource gradients and so determine niche breadths, and illustrate the important role of resource predictability in niche overlap between species for resources they share. Most examples are drawn from eleven North and South American bird communities, although the concepts and methodology are far more general. Next, the optimality of community structure is tested through parallel and convergent evolution on different continents with similar climates and habitats, and the direct influence of competitors on resource use is investigated by comparisons of species--poor island communities to species-rich mainland ones. Finally, the author discusses those sorts of environments in which the evolution of one species--one resource set is not achieved, and where alternative schemes of resource allocation, often involving several species that act ecologically as one, must be followed.
The Politics of Regulation: From New Institutionalism to New Governance

The study of the politics of regulation has followed two distinct paths in recent years. “New institutionalism” research has focused primarily on the policy-making process, particularly the interplay between regulators (who implement policy) and their political principals (who attempt to control regulators' activity). In contrast, “new governance” scholarship has focused on strategies other than traditional “command-and-control” regulation that can encourage compliance with socially valued norms of behavior. Although these two lines of research approach highly distinct facets of regulation and have developed largely independently of each other, they exhibit a generally unacknowledged and extensive overlap in their theoretical structure and associated results. In this article, we compare these two approaches to regulatory politics. For each, we discuss how the interactions of key actors are conceptualized, consider the types of regulatory mechanisms used to manage behavior, and examine the breadth of outco.
Using Narratives to Think About Environmental Attitude and Behavior: An Exploratory Study

This article develops an exploratory technique for assessing environmental concern using narratives. The technique is compared to traditional techniques for assessing concern, such as measures related to the new environmental paradigm (NEP). A national survey asked respondents to rate outcomes of a story with environmental consequences as negative or positive. Responses tapped distinct dimensions of concern from the NEP. Narrative responses also added significantly to models predicting variance in environmental activism.
Sociolinguistic implications of academic writing

ABSTRACT The language of academic journals tends to become so technical that only specialists are able to understand the unnecessarily complex features of vocabulary, syntax, discourse, and format. This seems particularly unfortunate at a time when the results of present-day scholarship in linguistic and cultural anthropology need to be as widely accessible as possible. An examination of problems in two articles in Language and one in the American Anthropologist points out the nature of the difficulties and some of the solutions. (Sociolinguistics, academic dialects, writing, jargons, English)
Communications of the Association for Information Systems How Does Enterprise Architecture Add Value to Organisations? How Does Enterprise Architecture Add Value to Organisations? How Does Enterprise Architecture Add Value to Organisations? How Does Enterprise Architecture Add Value to Organisations

This material is brought to you by the Journals at AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). It has been accepted for inclusion in Communications of the Association for Information Systems by an authorized administrator of AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). For more information, please contact elibrary@aisnet.org. Enterprise architecture (EA) is the definition and representation of a high-level view of an enterprise's business processes and IT systems, their interrelationships, and the extent to which these processes and systems are shared by different parts of the enterprise. EA aims to define a suitable operating platform to support an organisation's future goals and the roadmap for moving towards this vision. Despite significant practitioner interest in the domain, understanding the value of EA remains a challenge. Although many studies make EA benefit claims, the explanations of why and how EA leads to these benefits are fragmented, incomplete, and not grounded in theory. This article aims to address this knowledge gap by focusing on the question: How does EA lead to organisational benefits? Through a careful review of EA literature, the paper consolidates the fragmented knowledge on EA benefits and presents the EA Benefits Model (EABM). The EABM proposes that EA leads to organisational benefits through its impact on four benefit enablers: Organisational Alignment, Information Availability, Resource Portfolio Optimisation, and Resource Complementarity. The article concludes with a discussion of a number of potential avenues for future research, which could build on the findings of this study.
Language processing in bilingual children: Translation skill and metalinguistic awareness in bilinguals

Scholars and educators have studied the effects of bilingualism on cognitive and linguistic abilities for almost a century. The question has generally focused on how a child with more than one language mentally organizes language, and on the repercussions of bilingualism on cognitive and linguistic development. Both these questions grew out of what might be called the monolingual-norm assumption: the belief that monolingualism is the cognitive-linguistic norm and that the child's cognitive system is fragile and designed to cope with only one language. The monolingual-norm assumption gave rise to the negative myths surrounding bilingualism: bilingualism has been blamed for cognitive, social, and emotional damage to children (see Hakuta, 1986, for review). Recent research, however, does not support the view that simply speaking two languages taxes either the cognitive or the linguistic system. Studies of balanced bilinguals (bilinguals who have roughly equivalent abilities in the two languages) have suggested that bilingualism has a positive effect on cognitive development, especially under certain conditions of additive bilingualism where both languages are supported academically and emotionally by both the community and the society at large. The influence of the environment plays a large role in determining whether the bilingual situation will be additive or subtractive (Lambert, 1975).
Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle‐Branch Block

It is generally accepted that most myocardial infarctions are obscured on the electrocardiogram by left bundle-branch block. The number of published cases in which this could be evaluated, however, is small, and the case reports are scattered. We have studied 30 cases of myocardial infarction with left bundle-branch block in which the location of the infarction could be determined with certainty, by autopsy, or by a previous electrocardiogram with normal intraventricular conduction. Twenty such published cases have also been collected. Electrocardiographic abnormalities have been correlated with infarctions in different locations. The possible specificity of these abnormalities is discussed.
The color and size of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum) influence Hep-G2 cell growth

Abstract Four types of chili (Capsicum annuum) extracts, categorized according to color; green and red, and size; small and large were studied in Hep-G2 cells. Red small (RS) chili had an LC50 value of 0.378 ± 0.029 compared to green big (GB) 1.034 ± 0.061 and green small (GS) 1.070 ± 0.21 mg/mL. Red big (RB) was not cytotoxic. Capsaicin content was highest in RS and produced a greater percentage sub-G1 cells (6.47 ± 1.8%) after 24 h compared to GS (2.96 ± 1.3%) and control (1.29 ± 0.8%) cells. G2/M phase was reduced by GS compared to RS and control cells. RS at the LC50 concentration contained 1.6 times the amount of pure capsaicin LC50 to achieve the same effect of capsaicin alone. GS and GB capsaicin content at the LC50 value was lower (0.2 and 0.66, respectively) compared to the amount of capsaicin to achieve a similar reduction in cell growth.
Isoenzyme biotypes of Candida species

Isoenzyme profiles were obtained following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude extracts of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis. The two species were separated by distinct isoenzyme patterns. Within each species, variations were found for several isoenzymes. This allowed the development of a method for biotyping these fungi. Isoenzyme patterns of the sucrose-negative variants "C. stellatoidea" and "C. paratropicalis Baker, Salkin, Pincus, and D'Amato" were obtained and subjected to cluster analysis. This procedure failed to place the variants into clusters that were clearly distinct from the conventional sucrose-positive strains. All sucrose-negative strains were found to have alpha-glucosidase activity. There was an almost complete lack of heterogeneity in the isoenzyme patterns of 11 C. stellatoidea type I strains.
Prevalence of asymptomatic poliovirus infection in older children and adults in northern India: analysis of contact and enhanced community surveillance, 2009.

BACKGROUND In 2009, enhanced poliovirus surveillance was established in polio-endemic areas of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India, to assess poliovirus infection in older individuals. METHODS In Uttar Pradesh, stool specimens from asymptomatic household and neighborhood contacts of patients with laboratory-confirmed polio were tested for polioviruses. In Bihar, in community-based surveillance, children and adults from 250 randomly selected households in the Kosi River area provided stool and pharyngeal swab samples that were tested for polioviruses. A descriptive analysis of surveillance data was performed. RESULTS In Uttar Pradesh, 89 of 1842 healthy contacts of case patients with polio (4.8%) were shedding wild poliovirus (WPV); 54 of 85 (63.5%) were ≥5 years of age. Shedding was significantly higher in index households than in neighborhood households (P<.05). In Bihar, 11 of 451 healthy persons (2.4%) were shedding WPV in their stool; 6 of 11 (54.5%) were ≥5 years of age. Mean viral titer was similar in older and younger children. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of persons≥5 years of age were asymptomatically shedding polioviruses. These findings provide indirect evidence that older individuals could have contributed to community transmission of WPV in India. Polio vaccination campaigns generally target children<5 years of age. Expanding this target age group in polio-endemic areas could accelerate polio eradication.
Concurrence between subject and proxy ratings of quality of life for people with and without intellectual disabilities

The purpose of this investigation was to examine concurrence between subjects' self-reported quality of life (QOL) and assessments of their QOL made by proxies who were either a first degree relative, or were acting in a supportive role similar to that of a family member. Two studies were conducted. The first study, using ComQol-A4 (Cummins, 1993), examined the degree of concurrence between nondisabled subjects' QOL and ratings made on their behalf by proxies who were either a parent or a sibling (N = 78 subject/proxy pairs). The second study utilised ComQol-ID4 (Cummins, 1993), and examined agreement between QOL ratings made by subjects with mild intellectual disability and proxies who were either parents or support workers (N = 24 subject/proxy pairs). In both studies the effects on agreement of variables including subject/proxy living arrangements, gender similarity, and proxy gender and empathy were examined. In contrast to previous research utilising non-standardised approaches to QOL assessment, results from both studies indicated overall a high degree of subject/proxy concurrence. Overestimation or underestimation of ratings by proxies was minimal. These findings endorse the use of standardised approaches such as ComQol for proxy-based measures of QOL. Also, none of the factors investigated directly affected agreement between subject/proxy QOL reports. If standardised approaches to QOL are employed, and if proxies are selected on the basis of close and regular contact, it does not seem to matter if they are male or female, cohabiting family members or non-cohabiting support workers.
The Effects of Physical Activity on Adolescents Long- Term Memory

There is a body of research on the effect of physical activity on cognition in the old adult population. Less research are conducted on adolescents. The aim for this study is to find out if adolescents long-term memory is affected by physical activity. 144 pupils were asked to rate their physical activity each week. Thereafter their long- term memory was tested through tests on episodic- and semantic memory. The results showed that those who are physically active more than 4 hours had a better score on part of the semantic test but no effect was found in the episodic test. This result indicates that physical activity not only affects working memory, as was shown by previous research but also has an effect in parts of the semantic long-term memory.
Deep spectroscopy of z∼ 1 6C radio galaxies - I. The effects of radio power and size on the properties of the emission-line gas

The results of deep long-slit optical spectroscopy for a sample of eight 6C radio galaxies at redshift z∼ 1 are presented. Emission-line ratios are derived for many emission lines with rest-frame wavelengths of 1500–4500 A and the kinematic properties of the emission-line gas are derived from an analysis of the two-dimensional structure of the [O ii] 3727-A emission line at ≈5 A spectral resolution. In general, the 6C spectra display many characteristics similar to those of more powerful 3CR sources at the same redshifts. The emission-line region gas kinematics are more extreme for the smaller radio sources in the sample, which often display distorted velocity profiles. The ionization state of the emission-line region also varies with radio size: the spectra of large radio sources (>120 kpc) are consistent with photoionization by an obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN), whilst smaller (<120 kpc) sources typically exist in a lower ionization state and have spectra that are better explained by additional ionization due to shocks associated with the expanding radio source. The kinematic and ionization properties of the 6C radio galaxies are clearly linked. As for the 3CR sources, smaller radio sources also typically possess more extensive emission-line regions, with enhanced emission-line luminosities. A high-velocity emission-line gas component is observed in 6C 1019+39, similar to that seen in 3C 265. It is clear that the best interpretation of the spectra of radio sources requires a combination of ionization mechanisms. A simple model is developed, combining AGN photoionization with photoionization from the luminous shock associated with the expanding radio source. The relative contributions of ionizing photons from shocks and the central AGN to an emission-line gas cloud vary with radio source size and the position of the cloud. This model provides a good explanation for both the ionization properties of the emission-line regions and the radio size evolution of the emission-line region extents and luminosities.
Sex-Role Pressures and the Socialization of the Male Child

Lawrence K. Frank recently suggested that current changes in women's social roles are likely to lead to feelings of anxiety, inadequacy, and hostility in men because of a lack of synchronization in role-change on their part ( 13 ) . Increasingly, others have noted evidence of socialization and adjustmental difficulties stemming from male role demands at the adult and adolescent levels (3, 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, 38, 39). Differential rates of referral of boys and of girls to child guidance centers have long pointed to markedly greater incidence of failure in social functioning in boys as compared with girls (7, 8, 14, 29, 30, 40). Delinquency rates notoriously have favored young males (36), and recent studies of educational underachievement in the gifted have revealed that underachievement occurs twice as frequently among boys as among girls ( 16). Finally, a current study of the development of concepts of women's social roles, originally focussed on girls, increasingly has been revealing data pointing to the existence of such exigent stress in the boy's implementation of male roles as to call for serious and systematic examination. In this paper we shall attempt a preliminary statement of the problem, based on an integration of theory and research findings in the areas of personality and learning processes, along with illustrative case materials, selected from the protocols of 41 young male Ss (8 and 11 years old) interviewed in the course of our study.2 One definition might be in order at this point. By "social roles" we mean all the personal qualities, behavioral characteristics, interests, attitudes, abilities, and skills which one is expected to have because one occupies a certain status or position; in this case, that of being a male human being. These expectations are usually common to a whole culture and are mediated to the individual child early in life by persons in contact with him-first by his parents and other adults close to him, then by his peers and adults with whom he comes into more 'Adapted from a paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Play Schools Association in October, 1958. The investigation referred to here was supported by a research grant, M 959 (C), from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service. The author wishes to thank Dr. Frank Hardesty for his critical reading of preliminary drafts of this paper and for helpful suggestions during informal discussions. 'Half of the Ss came from professional families and half mainly from the lower middle and working classes. Ss were interviewed individually by one of seven interviewers, whose minimal education was at the master's level. Ss were asked to respond to a variety of pictorial and verbal techniques, which required from six to ten hours to administer. Responses were story endings to unfinished stories, interpretations of pictured situations, and comments as to "sex-type" on a series of pictures depicting common activities. Ss' teachers were also interviewed.
Characteristics of Children with Premature Pubarche in the New York Metropolitan Area

Background: Premature pubarche (PP) is defined as the appearance of pubic hair before 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys, without other signs of puberty. In the USA the prevalence of childhood overweight tripled between 1980 and 2000. An association between overweight and PP has been identified. Methods: We conducted a chart review to identify patients with the diagnosis of PP who were evaluated from July 2000 to October 2005. 38 patients, 29 females and 9 males, were studied. 16 were Caucasian, 11 African-American, 10 Hispanic, and 1 Arab. Age range was 4.3–9.8 years. Auxological features were analyzed. Results: Of the 38, 20 (52.6%) had a BMI >85th percentile. Increased weight was more common among females (62%) and Hispanics (80%). The study group was taller than expected Z = 1.11 ± 0.95 (TH Z = 0.34 ± 0.86). Among the 18 children who had bone age advancement >1.5 years, 10 (56%) had a predicted height <1 SD below the TH (p = 0.005). Conclusions: In this study we confirmed the correlation between weight gain and PP. We also found that when the bone age was advanced >1.5 years, the predicted adult height was affected.
Tires as Habitats for Mosquitoes: A Review of Studies Within the Eastern United States

Abstract Discarded vehicle tires are a common habitat for a variety of container mosquito species. I reviewed the literature from the last 50 yr on mosquitoes collected within tires in the eastern United States with four objectives: to examine the historical and contemporary issues of tires as a habitat for mosquitoes, to identify tire-inhabiting species, to summarize findings from studies that focused on biotic and abiotic characteristics of tires, and to offer future directions to aid our understanding of tire-inhabiting mosquitoes. Thirty-two species have been documented, including seven invasives, with the most frequently encountered being Aedes triseriatus, Ae. albopictus, Ae. atropalpus, Culex restuans, Cx. pipiens, Cx. territans, Anopheles punctipennis, and Toxorhynchites rutilus. The proclivity of these species to occupy small containers is one possible explanation for their occurrence in tires. The native species Ae. triseriatus was abundant and the most often collected, particularly in central and northern regions, whereas the invasive Ae. albopictus was most abundant in the south. One half of the studies investigating aspects of the tire environment compared mosquito populations between sunlit and shaded tires, with the general finding that this factor alone led to dramatic differences in larval species composition and abundance patterns. Less frequently investigated factors, e.g., tire orientation, detritus, and proximity to humans, also were found to affect patterns of occupancy by mosquitoes. For the future, I suggest more surveys are needed in understudied areas, as well as quantitative experiments to determine habitat associations and community dynamics in tires, which are especially necessary to assist in understanding invasions. Discarded tires are important for studies of vector dynamics, because of their abundance near human populations and because they expand the habitat range of mosquitoes that vector pathogens.
Practical Parallel Band Triangular System Solvers

We present a new algorithm for the fast solution of hnear recurrence systems, which we discuss in the form of band triangular linear systems. Parallel linear recurrence system solvers have also been discussed by several authors, e.g. [2-7, 11, 12]. The algorithm presented here is well suited to recurrences of low order. When solving such systems on a limited number of processors, the method presented obtains speed improvements of the order of 2 to 4 over previous algorithms. Throughout the paper we assume that any number of processors can be used at any time, but we give bounds on this number. All processors are assumed to perform the same operation on each time step, and each arithmetic operation can be performed in one step. If p is the number of processors used, we denote the computation time by Tp. We also define the speedup of the parallel algorithm by Sp = TI/Tp, where T~ is the minimum time required by the algorithm using only one processor, and we denote the efficiency by Ep = S J p . In Section 2 we present our algorithm and give variations on it which hold for certain special cases of practical interest. These include the computation of only the last few elements of the solution to a recurrence and the case of Toeplitz