Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘What am I Expecting and Why?’ How can Lecturers in Higher Education Begin to Address Writing Development for their Students?

This paper reports on a small-scale study in a post-1992 UK University that set out to explore how lecturers were approaching the challenge of developing first year undergraduates’ writing. It approached lecturers’ everyday writing practices from the perspective of literacy as social practice (Barton 2007, Barton, Hamilton and Ivanic 1999, Gee 1996 and Street 1984). Data collection focussed on the different ways the participating lecturers had tried to support students writing development as well as the extent to which they felt responsible for developing writing as part of their specific subject teaching. This study concludes that it may be beneficial for higher education institutions to provide opportunities for lecturers to develop their own academic writing identities in higher education, as well as supporting them to work more effectively as writing developers within their subject specialisms, or collaboratively with specialist writing development staff.
Reduced cortical responses to noxious heat in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that patients with chronic inflammatory pain develop adaptive cortical responses to noxious stimulation characterised by reduced anterior cingulate responses. METHODS Positron emission tomography was used to measure changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in response to an acute experimental pain stimulus in six patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in comparison to six age and sex matched controls. A standardised and reproducible non-painful and painful phasic heat stimulus was delivered by a thermal probe to the back of the right hand during six two minute periods during which time rCBF measurements were made. The effects of non-painful heat were subtracted from those of painful heat to weight the analysis towards the non-discriminatory or ‘suffering’ components of pain processing. Significance maps of pain processing were generated and compared in each group and contrasted with results obtained in a group of patients with atypical facial pain (AFP) that have been previously published. RESULTS The RA patients showed remarkably damped cortical and subcortical responses to pain compared with the control group. Significant differences between the two groups were observed in the prefrontal (BA 10) and anterior cingulate (BA 24 ) and cingulofrontal transition cortical (BA 32) areas. The reduced anterior cingulate responses to standardised heat pain were compared with the increased cingulate responses seen in patients with psychogenically maintained pain (AFP) who had both lower pain tolerance and mood than the RA group. CONCLUSIONS Major cortical adaptive responses to standardised noxious heat can be measured and contrasted in patients with different types of chronic pain. The different pattern of cingulate and frontal cortical responses in the patients with inflammatory and non-nociceptive pain suggest that different mechanisms are operating, possibly at a thalamocortical level. Implications for treatment strategies for chronic pain are discussed.
The Hippocampal and Parietal Foundations of Spatial Cognition

1. Integrating hippocampal and parietal functions: a spatial point of view PARIETAL CORTEX 2. Spatial frames of reference and somatosensory processing: a neuropsychological perspective 3. Spatial orientation and the representation of space with parietal lobe lesions 4. Egocentric and object-based visual neglect 5. Multimodal integration for the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex 6. Parietal cortex constructions action-oriented spatial representations 7. A new view of hemineglect based on the response properties of parietal neurones THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION 8. Robotic and neuronal simulation of the hippocampus and navigation 9. Dissociation of exteroceptive and ideothetic orientation cues: effect on hippocampal place cells and place navigation 10. Variable place-cell coupling to a continuously viewed stimulus: evidence that the hippocampus acts as a perceptual system 11. Separating hippocampal maps 12. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity: role in spatial learning or the automatic recording of attended experience 13. Right medial temporal-lobe contribution to object-location memory 14. The hippocampus and spatial memory in humans 15. Hierarchical organisation of cognitive memory INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARIETAL AND HIPPOCAMPAL SYSTEMS IN SPACE AND MEMORY 16. Memory reprocessing in coricocortial and hippocampocortical neuronal ensembles 17. The representaiton of space in the primate hippocampus, and its role in memory 18. Amnesia and neglect: beyond the Delay-Brion system and the Hebb synapse 19. Representation of allocentric space in the monkey frontal lobe 20. Parietal and hippocampal contribution to topokinetic and topographic memory 21. Hippocampal involvement in human topographical memory: evidence from functional imaging 22. Parietal cortex and hippocampus: from visual affordances to the world graph 23. Visuospatial processing in a pure case of visual-form agnosia
Research Perspectives on Core French: A Literature Review

Abstract This article reviews the research literature on core French in three main areas: student diversity, delivery models for the core French program, and instructional approaches. These topics are put into context through a discussion of studies on community attitudes to French as a second language (FSL), dissatisfaction with core French outcomes and discontent among core French teachers. A summary of our main findings highlights the need for further research on the design of the program with respect to the entry point for core French and the distribution of instructional time, the inclusion of diverse learners, instructional approaches, and the marginalization of the program and its teachers. Resume Cet article offre une recension des recherches qui ont porte sur trois domaines principaux du programme de francais de base: la diversite des eleves, les modeles de transmission du francais de base et les approches pedagogiques. Ces sujets sont abordes dans le contexte d’etudes realisees sur les attitudes de la communaute vis-a-vis du francais langue seconde (FLS), l’insatisfaction face aux resultats du programme de francais de base et le mecontentement parmi ses enseignants. Un resume de nos principales conclusions met en evidence la necessite de poursuivre des recherches sur la conception du programme de francais de base, notamment quant au point d’entree dans le programme et a la distribution des periodes d’enseignement, l’inclusion des apprenants d’origines diverses, les approches pedagogiques et la marginalisation du programme et de ses enseignants.
Increased sensitivity of human lymphoid lines to natural killer cells after induction of the Epstein-Barr viral cycle by superinfection or sodium butyrate

Superinfection of latently Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-carrying Raji cells with the P3HR-1 substrain EBV, known to induce the entry of a substantial fraction of cells into an abortively lytic cycle, increased the susceptibility of the cells to natural killer (NK) effect of human blood lymphocytes. Reciprocal cold-target competition tests with known NK-cell sensitive and -resistant lymphoid cell ines showed that the increased susceptibility is a result of the appearance of an NK- sensitive target, rather than to a general increase in membrane fragility. Lymphocytes of EBV-seropositive and -negative donors were equally effective killers against P3HR-1 virus-superinfected targets. EBV-induced NK sensitivity increased with time. It was a result of some event associated with the intracellular viral cycle, and not to the adherence of viral particles to the cell surface. Induction of EBV- carrying P3HR-1 cells to entry into the viral cycle with n-butyrate also increased their NK sensitivity. A transforming, noncytopathic prototype strain of EBV, B95-8, failed to increase the susceptibility of theRaji cells to NK-lysis, although it had some effect on the Daudi line. Because NK cells can kill virus-producing cells at an early stage of the cycle, before the virus particles are assembled, they may restrict, in vivo, the spread of the virus from latently infected cells.
Extinguishing Extinction: Hemispheric Differences in the Modulation of TMS-induced Visual Extinction by Directing Covert Spatial Attention

The topic of spatial attention is of great relevance for researchers in various fields, including neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience, and cognitive psychology, as well as for clinical practice. Deficits of spatial attentional arising from parietal brain damage remain largely confined to the left visual field. The mechanisms underlying this hemispheric asymmetry are still elusive. We mimicked the neuropsychological syndrome of contralesional extinction by temporarily inducing a spatial attentional bias in healthy volunteers with TMS. We investigated whether directing covert spatial attention could enhance or, more importantly, counteract the resulting behavioral deficits. Although both the left and right parietal TMS induced contralateral extinction, only left hemifield extinction following right parietal TMS was severely aggravated by a competing stimulus in the ipsilesional (right) hemifield. We put forward the hypothesis that an asymmetry with respect to the ability of detaching attention from a distractor is contributing to the right hemispheric lateralization with regard to extinction. On a broader level, we suggest that “virtual patients” might be used for evaluating neuropsychological treatment in an early stage of development, reducing the burden on actual patients.
Structural Basis of Regiospecificity of a Mononuclear Iron Enzyme in Antibiotic Fosfomycin Biosynthesis

Hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase (HppE) is an unusual mononuclear iron enzyme that uses dioxygen to catalyze the oxidative epoxidation of (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic fosfomycin. Additionally, the enzyme converts the R-enantiomer of the substrate (R-HPP) to 2-oxo-propylphosphonic acid. To probe the mechanism of HppE regiospecificity, we determined three X-ray structures: R-HPP with inert cobalt-containing enzyme (Co(II)–HppE) at 2.1 Å resolution; R-HPP with active iron-containing enzyme (Fe(II)–HppE) at 3.0 Å resolution; and S-HPP–Fe(II)–HppE in complex with dioxygen mimic NO at 2.9 Å resolution. These structures, along with previously determined structures of S-HPP–HppE, identify the dioxygen binding site on iron and elegantly illustrate how HppE is able to recognize both substrate enantiomers to catalyze two completely distinct reactions.
Assessment of a new strategy, based on Aedes aegypti (L.) pupal productivity, for the surveillance and control of dengue transmission in Thailand

Abstract In the countries where the disease is endemic, control of dengue is mainly based on the elimination or treatment of the water-filled containers where the main vector, Aedes aegypti, breeds, in interventions usually reliant on community participation. Although such control activities must be continuous, since vector eradication appears impossible, it should be possible to reduce the incidence of dengue significantly, in a cost-effective manner, by targeting only those types of containers in which large numbers of Ae. aegypti are produced. This strategy is now recommended by the World Health Organization, although it depends on the most productive types of container being carefully identified, in each endemic region. In Thailand, exhaustive surveys of 3125 wet containers in 240 houses in either an urban area (100–120 houses) or a rural area (120 houses) were conducted during a rainy and a dry season in 2004–2005. Indices based on the numbers of Ae. aegypti pupae observed were found to correlate with the 'classical' entomological indices that are based on all of the immature stages of the vector. Overall, 2.3 and 0.8 Ae. aegypti pupae were observed per person in the rural and urban areas, respectively. Although adult female Ae. aegypti laid eggs in all 10 types of wet container that were identified, large water-storage containers produced the majority of the pupae, especially at the end of the dry season (when such containers accounted for 90% of the pupae detected in the rural area and 60% of those in the urban area). Since these containers are large, easy to reach and account for, <50% of all wet containers, it should be relatively easy and quick to treat them with larvicide or to cover them. If even such targeted treatment is to be sustainable, however, it will have to be integrated, as one of several activities in which the at-risk communities are encouraged to participate.
Speech development of children with cleft palate before and after palatal surgery.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the speech production abilities of children with cleft palate before and after palate repair. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight children participated in the study, 14 with cleft palate and 14 without clefts matched for age, gender, and mothers' educational level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparisons were made between the children with cleft palate before and after surgery for canonical babbling ratios, size of consonant inventories, place and manner characteristics, and early developing sounds [p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, eta]. Also, comparisons were made between the children with cleft palate and their peers without clefts at postsurgery/17 months for the measures described above. RESULTS Paired t tests revealed differences in pre- and postsurgery performance of the children with cleft palate for production of canonical syllables and size of consonant inventories. Although no significant differences were noted for place and manner features, production of oral stops doubled from the time before surgery to that after surgery. Specifically, production of the bilabial stop [b] showed significant change over time. Results of independent t tests indicated no difference between groups for production of canonical syllables and size of consonant inventories at 17 months. However, significant group differences were noted for production of stops, oral stops, nasals, glides, and alveolars. The children without clefts produced more stops, oral stops, and alveolars. In contrast, more nasals and glides were seen in the vocalizations of the children with cleft palate. CONCLUSIONS Children with cleft palate made gains in production of canonical syllables and size of consonant inventories postsurgery; however, they continued to show deficits in production of stops and alveolar place features.
The effect of surprising events in a serious game on learning mathematics

The challenge in serious games is to improve the effectiveness of learning by stimulating relevant cognitive processes. In this paper, we investigate the potential of surprise in two experiments with prevocational students in the domain of proportional reasoning. Surprise involves an emotional reaction, but it also serves a cognitive goal as it directs attention to explain why the surprise occurred and can play a key role in learning. In our experiments, surprises were triggered by a surprising event, ie, a nonplaying character who suddenly appeared and changed characteristics of a problem. In Experiment 1—comparing a surprise condition with a control condition—we found no overall differences, but the results suggested that surprise may be beneficial for higher level students. In Experiment 2, we combined Expectancy strength (Strong vs. Weak) with Surprise (Present vs. Absent) using higher level students. We found a marginal overall effect of surprising events on learning indicating that students who experienced surprises learned more than students who were not exposed to these surprises but we found a stronger effect of surprise when we included existing proportional reasoning skill as factor. These results provide some evidence that a narrative technique as surprise can be used in game-based learning for the purpose of learning.
Old Words, New Meanings: A Study of Trends in Science Librarian Job Ads.

Job ads are supposed to provide careful descriptions of the positions being advertised. Based on this premise, an analysis of job ads over time should reveal emerging trends and changes in a profession. The existing literature on science librarianship emphasizes that there are fluctuations in the demand for subject expertise and technology skills at different periods of time. After gathering job ads from the beginning and end of a ten-year period, a close reading of the ads revealed surprisingly few changes in the requirements for science librarian positions. This suggests that what employers are looking for has not changed in spite of the changes in the profession. This analysis also points to a set of core qualities in the profession, though what the qualities mean could have changed over time. This study explores the data gathered from the collected ads and offers some explanations for the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Lipase and Its Modulator fromPseudomonas sp. Strain KFCC 10818: Proline-to-Glutamine Substitution at Position 112 Induces Formation of Enzymatically Active Lipase in the Absence of the Modulator

ABSTRACT A lipase gene, lipK, and a lipase modulator gene,limK, of Pseudomonas sp. strain KFCC 10818 have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The limK gene is located immediately downstream of the lipK gene. Enzymatically active lipase was produced only in the presence of the limK gene. The effect of the lipase modulator LimK on the expression of active lipase was similar to those of the Pseudomonas subfamily I.1 and I.2 lipase-specific foldases (Lifs). The deduced amino acid sequence of LimK shares low homology (17 to 19%) with the knownPseudomonas Lifs, suggesting thatPseudomonas sp. strain KFCC 10818 is only distantly related to the subfamily I.1 and I.2 Pseudomonasspecies. Surprisingly, a lipase variant that does not require LimK for its correct folding was isolated in the study to investigate the functional interaction between LipK and LimK. When expressed in the absence of LimK, the P112Q variant of LipK formed an active enzyme and displayed 63% of the activity of wild-type LipK expressed in the presence of LimK. These results suggest that the Pro112residue of LipK is involved in a key step of lipase folding. We expect that the novel finding of this study may contribute to future research on efficient expression or refolding of industrially important lipases and on the mechanism of lipase folding.
Significance of Distribution Volume in Dialysis Quantification

The urea distribution volume is in several ways an important parameter in the treatment of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. It has a major impact on the relative dose of dialysis treatment as measured by Kt/V. It is also important in the assessment of fluid status, which has a direct influence on blood pressure. Nevertheless, urea distribution volume is usually not measured on a regular basis, probably because it has been perceived as a relatively complicated measurement. With the arrival of on‐line monitors for dialysate urea this situation has improved radically. In this article a number of volume determination methods are discussed, including some new methods based on on‐line dialysate urea monitoring, which are shown to perform well in comparison to reference methods.
Incidence and prognostic significance of lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with advanced low rectal cancer

Lateral lymph node metastases occur in some patients with low rectal cancer and may cause local recurrence after total mesorectal excision. The aims of this study were to identify risk factors for lateral node metastases in patients with pathological tumour (pT) stage 3 or pT4 low rectal adenocarcinoma, and to evaluate the prognostic significance of lateral node metastases.
Signals Involved in Arabidopsis Resistance toTrichoplusia ni Caterpillars Induced by Virulent and Avirulent Strains of the Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae 1

Plants have evolved different but interconnected strategies to defend themselves against herbivorous insects and microbial pathogens. We used an Arabidopsis/Pseudomonas syringaepathosystem to investigate the impact of pathogen-induced defense responses on cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) larval feeding. Arabidopsis mutants [npr1,pad4, eds5, andsid2(eds16)] or transgenic plants (nahG) that are more susceptible to microbial pathogens and are compromised in salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense responses exhibited reduced levels of feeding by T. ni compared with wild-type plants. Consistent with these results, Arabidopsis mutants that are more resistant to microbial pathogens and have elevated levels of SA (cpr1 and cpr6) exhibited enhanced levels of T. ni feeding. These experiments suggested an inverse relationship between an active SA defense pathway and insect feeding. In contrast to these results, there was increased resistance toT. ni in wild-type Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia plants that were infected with P. syringae pv.maculicola strain ES4326 (Psm ES4326) expressing the avirulence genes avrRpt2 oravrB, which elicit a hypersensitive response, high levels of SA accumulation, and systemic acquired resistance to bacterial infection. Similar results were obtained with other ecotypes, including Landsberg erecta, Cape Verdi Islands, and Shakdara. When infected with PsmES4326(avrRpt2) or PsmES4326(avrB), nahG transgenic andnpr1 mutant plants (which are more susceptible to virulent and avirulent P. syringae strains) failed to show the increased insect resistance exhibited by wild-type plants. It was surprising that wild-type plants, as well as nahGand npr1 plants, infected with Psm ES4326 not expressing avrRpt2 or avrB, which elicits disease, became more susceptible to T. ni. Our results suggest two potentially novel systemic signaling pathways: a systemic response elicited by HR that leads to enhanced T. ni resistance and overrides the SA-mediated increase in T. ni susceptibility, and a SA-independent systemic response induced by virulent pathogens that leads to enhanced susceptibility to T. ni.
Amyloid Beta Aggregation in the Presence of Temperature-Sensitive Polymers

The formation of amyloid fibrils is considered to be one of the main causes for many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s or Huntington’s disease. Current knowledge suggests that amyloid-aggregation represents a nucleation-dependent aggregation process in vitro, where a sigmoidal growth phase follows an induction period. Here, we studied the fibrillation of amyloid β 1-40 (Aβ40) in the presence of thermoresponsive polymers, expected to alter the Aβ40 fibrillation kinetics due to their lower critical solution behavior. To probe the influence of molecular weight and the end groups of the polymer on its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), also considering its concentration dependence in the presence of buffer-salts needed for the aggregation studies of the amyloids, poly(oxazolines) (POx) with LCSTs ranging from 14.2–49.8 °C and poly(methoxy di(ethylene glycol)acrylates) with LCSTs ranging from 34.4–52.7 °C were synthesized. The two different polymers allowed the comparison of the influence of different molecular structures onto the fibrillation process. Mixtures of Aβ40 with these polymers in varying concentrations were studied via time-dependent measurements of the thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence. The studies revealed that amyloid fibrillation was accelerated in, accompanied by an extension of the lag phase of Aβ40 fibrillation from 18.3 h in the absence to 19.3 h in the presence of the poly(methoxy di(ethylene glycol)acrylate) (3600 g/mol).