Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stability analysis of shallow wake flows

Experimentally observed periodic structures in shallow (i.e. bounded) wake flows are believed to appear as a result of hydrodynamic instability. Previously published studies used linear stability analysis under the rigid-lid assumption to investigate the onset of instability of wakes in shallow water flows. The objectives of this paper are: (i) to provide a preliminary assessment of the accuracy of the rigid-lid assumption; (ii) to investigate the influence of the shape of the base flow profile on the stability characteristics; (iii) to formulate the weakly nonlinear stability problem for shallow wake flows and show that the evolution of the instability is governed by the Ginzburg–Landau equation; and (iv) to establish the connection between weakly nonlinear analysis and the observed flow patterns in shallow wake flows which are reported in the literature. It is found that the relative error in determining the critical value of the shallow wake stability parameter induced by the rigid-lid assumption is below 10% for the practical range of Froude number. In addition, it is shown that the shape of the velocity profile has a large influence on the stability characteristics of shallow wakes. Starting from the rigid-lid shallow-water equations and using the method of multiple scales, an amplitude evolution equation for the most unstable mode is derived. The resulting equation has complex coefficients and is of Ginzburg–Landau type. An example calculation of the complex coefficients of the Ginzburg–Landau equation confirms the existence of a finite equilibrium amplitude, where the unstable mode evolves with time into a limit-cycle oscillation. This is consistent with flow patterns observed by Ingram & Chu (1987), Chen & Jirka (1995), Balachandar et al. (1999), and Balachandar & Tachie (2001). Reasonable agreement is found between the saturation amplitude obtained from the Ginzburg–Landau equation under some simplifying assumptions and the numerical data of Grubĭsić et al. (1995). Such consistency provides further evidence that experimentally observed structures in shallow wake flows may be described by the nonlinear Ginzburg–Landau equation. Previous works have found similar consistency between the Ginzburg–Landau model and experimental data for the case of deep (i.e. unbounded) wake flows. However, it must be emphasized that much more information is required to confirm the appropriateness of the Ginzburg–Landau equation in describing shallow wake flows.
Differential Localization of T-bet and Eomes in CD8 T Cell Memory Populations

In mice, two T-box transcription factors, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) and eomesodermin (Eomes), drive the differentiation of CD8 T cell lineages; however, little is known regarding their role in human CD8 T cell differentiation. In this study, we characterized T-bet and Eomes expression and localization within human CD8 memory T cell populations. We find that T-bet and Eomes are broadly expressed in human memory CD8 T cells, with increasing levels of T-bet and Eomes strongly correlating with differentiation from central memory to effector memory and effector subpopulations. In resting T cells, T-bet levels directly correlate to subcellular localization, with a higher propensity for nuclear expression of T-bet within T-bethi cells and predominantly cytoplasmic expression in T-betlo cells. In addition, Eomes is also localized to either the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Upon TCR stimulation, the percentage of T cells that express T-bet dramatically increases, whereas the percentage of cells expressing Eomes remains largely unchanged across all memory populations. Of interest, T-bet, but not Eomes, relocalizes to the nucleus in the majority of cells across all populations within 24 h post stimulation. These data indicate that T-bet and Eomes are likely regulated at the level of subcellular localization, potentially via different mechanisms. Together, these findings suggest a novel model for CD8 T cell differentiation in humans that is based on the localization of T-bet and Eomes.
Psychological Science of Forgiveness: Implications for Psychotherapy and Education

Forgiveness as an research agenda in psychology was virtually unexplored until about 1985. In this presentation, I discuss the work which my colleagues and I have done on this topic. Four issues are examined. First, we explore what the meaning of the term forgiveness is. Forgiveness is a moral virtue in which an unjustly treated person offers mercy and love toward the one who did wrong. Second, we explore what forgiveness therapy is. A process model of forgiveness is described. Nine empiricallybased studies of the process model are presented. Third, we examine what forgiveness education is. We discuss the preventive nature of forgiveness education, how forgiveness education is implemented in classrooms, and six empirically-based studies of the effectiveness of forgiveness education. Finally, we explore our latest idea in this area, the forgiving community. The features of forgiving communities are described and the potential benefits of preserving forgiveness as a norm within groups and communities are examined.
Culture and Subcultures: An Analysis of Organizational Knowledge

Sonja A. Sackmann Management Zentrum St. Gallen, Switzerland and University of Konstanz, Germany This study investigated the potential existence and formation of subcultures in organizations, using an inductive research methodology to study the extent to which four different types of knowledge were shared by organization members. Fifty-two interviews were conducted in three different divisions of the same firm. These were content-analyzed and compared with data obtained from observations and written documents. A number of cultural subgroupings were found to exist in regard to two kinds of cultural knowledge, while an organization-wide cultural overlay was identified for a different kind of cultural knowledge. The implications for the concept of culture in organizational settings and future research on this topic are discussed. '
Treatment of extraprostatic cancer in clinically organ-confined prostate cancer by permanent interstitial brachytherapy: is extraprostatic seed placement necessary?

PURPOSE Successful treatment with ultrasound-guided transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy (TIPPB) relies on effective radiation coverage of intraprostatic and clinically occult extraprostatic cancer. This study examines prostatectomy findings as they relate to treatment of extraprostatic extension (EPE) of cancer and TIPPB techniques and dosimetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 313 prostatectomy specimens from patients with clinical tumor classification T1-T2b adenocarcinomas, serum prostate-specific antigen <20 ng/mL, and Gleason score <8 were whole mounted and evaluated for intraprostatic cancer volume and extraprostatic radial distance, area of perforation, and cancer density. From these data, extraprostatic cancer volume is calculated and used to estimate extraprostatic tumor control probabilities using the linear quadratic radiobiological model and Poisson statistics. TIPPB dose-gradient characteristics at the prostate periphery are examined. RESULTS Intraprostatic cancer volume ranges from 0 to 38 cc, whereas extraprostatic cancer volume ranges from 0 to 4.6 cc (mean 0.06 cc). The radial distance of EPE ranges from 0 to 4.4 mm (mean 0.18 mm). The ratio of extraprostatic to intraprostatic cancer volume ranges from 0% to 18% (mean 0.4%). CONCLUSIONS Only small amounts of clinically occult extraprostatic cancer were identified in the majority of specimens with EPE. Tumor control probability calculations suggest that this volume of cancer may be treated effectively with TIPPB. Treatment of this cancer possibly is achieved with an intraprostatic implant, but treatment of all cancers identified in this study suggests that some extraprostatic seed placement is desirable.
The Return of the Family? Welfare State Retrenchment and Client Autonomy in Long-Term Care

Abstract European welfare states are cutting back their responsibilities for long-term care, emphasising ‘self-reliance’ and replacing care as an entitlement of citizenship with targeted services. But we do not know how former long-term care recipients cope with retrenchment and if they are able to negotiate support from their family and friends. Through an analysis of 500 telephone interviews and thirty face-to-face interviews with long-term care recipients facing reduced care rights in the Netherlands, we found that disabled and elderly persons resist increased dependence on their personal networks. Most clients who face reduced access to public long-term care do not seek alternative help despite their perceived need for it, and feel trapped between the policy definition of self-reliance and their own ideals of autonomy.
Weighted tradeoff between effective capacity and energy efficiency

This paper proposes a new power allocation technique to jointly optimize link-layer energy efficiency (EE) and effective capacity (EC) of a Rayleigh flat-fading channel with delay-outage probability constraints. Specifically, EE is formulated as the ratio of EC to the sum of transmission power and rate-independent circuit power consumption. A multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) to jointly maximize EE and EC is then formulated. By introducing importance weight into the MOP, we can flexibly change the priority level of EE and EC, and convert the MOP into a single-objective optimization problem (SOP) which can be solved using fractional programming. At first, for a given importance weight and a target delay-outage probability, the optimum average transmission power level to maximize the SOP is found. Then, the optimal power allocation strategy is derived based on the obtained average input power level. Simulation results confirm the analytical derivations and further show the effects of circuit power, importance weight, and transmission power constraint limit on the achievable tradeoff performance.
Morphological signs of a direct effect of experimental cryptorchidism on the Sertoli cells in rats irradiated as fetuses.

The present study investigated the morphological effects of experimental cryptorchidism on testes lacking germinal cells. For this purpose male fetuses were irradiated in utero with a dose of 150 rad. This procedure damages the gonocytes and results in testes almost devoid of germinal cells. At birth, distal unilateral gubernaculotomy was performed to induce unilateral cryptorchidism. The testes of 20-day-old rats (just after testicular descent) and 30-day-old rats were fixed by arterial perfusion, and testicular morphology was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Differences between abdominal and scrotal testes were quantified using morphometric methods. At 20 days of age an accumulation of lipid droplets was noticed in the Sertoli cellsin abdominal testes. Apart from this no morphological differences were noticed between abdominal and scrotal testes. At 30 days of age the total Sertoli cell mass per testis and the average Sertoli cell size were reduced in abdominal testes, but the total number of Sertoli cells per testis was unaffected. A lumen was noticed in 72% of the tubular cross sections in abdominal testes and in 32% of the scrotal ones. The cytoplasm of Sertoli cells in abdominal testes contained considerably more empty looking vacuoles and lipid droplets than did Sertoli cells in scrotal testes. Leydig cell morphology was also similar in scrotal and abdominal testes at this age. The results indicate that there is a direct and early effect of experimental cryptorchidism on Sertoli cell structure. Accepted September 26, 1980. Received February 29, 1980. ‘Reprint requests: Dr. Anders Bergh, Department of Anatomy, University of UmeS, S-901 87 Ume Sweden. BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 24, 145-1 52 (1981)
‘Doing’ risk, ‘doing’ difference: towards an understanding of the intersections of risk, morality and taste

In this article, we propose a perspective on risk that stresses its moral character and normalising functions. By focusing on the ‘doing’ of risk, we explore the ways that risk discourses are entangled with the ‘doing’ of class and gender, opening up an analysis of the power dimension in risk. Taking the example of food risk as a starting point, we argue that, while previous research has shown that what we eat is a way of positioning ourselves in relation to others, in a time when risk has come to represent different values and beliefs – it as such is a site where power relations are mobilised and enacted. Risk clearly plays an important role in disassociating particular interests from their specific locations, leaving them to all appearances universal and neutral. The challenge, however, is not merely to demystify such processes, but also to find ways of using them to take theory and research methods in challenging directions. We therefore propose an analysis of the performativities of risk, with a focus on the ways that the ‘doing’ and ‘undoing’ of risk may be used as a means of distinction in a symbolic struggle over value and moral worth.
The human ductus venosus between 13 and 17 weeks of gestation: histological and morphometric studies

Doppler studies of the ductus venosus are increasingly being integrated in the assessment of fetal well‐being. Establishing the precise morphology and structure of the ductus venosus would provide a better understanding of Doppler findings during fetal adaptation. There is conflicting evidence from previous studies about the structure of the ductus venosus, especially with regard to the presence of a sphincter at the ductus venosus inlet. The aim of this study was to examine the morphology and histological structure of the ductus venosus wall and surrounding tissues at 13–17 weeks' gestation.
Assimilation of Passive L-band Microwave Brightness Temperatures in the Canadian Land Data Assimilation System: Impacts on Short-Range Warm Season Numerical Weather Prediction

This study examines the impacts of assimilating Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) L-band brightness temperatures (TBs) on warm season short-range numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecasts. Focusing upon the summer 2015 period over North America, offline assimilation cycles are run with the Canadian Land Data Assimilation System (CaLDAS) to compare the impacts of assimilating SMAP TB versus screen-level observations to analyze soil moisture. The analyzed soil moistures are quantitatively compared against a set of in situ sparse soil moisture networks and a set of SMAP core validation sites. These surface analyses are used to initialize a series of 48-h forecasts where near-surface temperature and precipitation are evaluated against in situ observations. Assimilation of SMAP TBs leads to soil moisture that is markedly improved in terms of correlation and standard deviation of the errors (STDE) compared to the use of screen-level observations. NWP forecasts initialized with SMAP-derived soil moistures exhibit a general dry bias in 2-m dewpoint temperatures (TD2m), while displaying a relative warm bias in 2-m temperatures (TT2m), when compared to those forecasts initialized with soil moistures analyzed with screen-level temperature errors. Largest impacts with SMAP are seen for TD2m, where the use of screen-level observations leads to a daytime wet bias that is reduced with SMAP. The overall drier soil moisture leads to improved precipitation bias scores with SMAP. A notable deterioration in TD2m STDE scores was found in the SMAP experiments during the daytime over the Northern Great Plains. A reduction in the daytime TD2m wet bias was found when the observation errors for the screen-level observations were increased.
Social Image and the 50-50 Norm: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Audience Effects

A norm of 50-50 division appears to have considerable force in a wide range of economic environments, both in the real world and in the laboratory. Even in settings where one party unilaterally determines the allocation of a prize (the dictator game), many subjects voluntarily cede exactly half to another individual. The hypothesis that people care about fairness does not by itself account for key experimental patterns. We consider an alternative explanation, which adds the hypothesis that people like to be perceived as fair. The properties of equilibria for the resulting signaling game correspond closely to laboratory observations. The theory has additional testable implications, the validity of which we confirm through new experiments. Copyright 2009 The Econometric Society. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Exercise and Dietary Influences on Arterial Stiffness in Cardiometabolic Disease

The association of aortic and proximal arterial stiffness with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality is independent of conventional risk factors and strongest in the setting of elevated cardiometabolic risk (including hypertensive, metabolic, atherosclerotic, and renal disease). 1 These associations are consistent with the physiological consequences of proximal arterial stiffening.1 In particular, widening of central (ie, aortic) pulse pressure through elevation in systolic and a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (BP). Higher central systolic BP increases cardiac afterload, whereas lower diastolic BP reduces myocardial perfusion. Elevation in central pressure pulsatility has also been linked to peripheral vascular dysfunction2 and impaired blood flow to the brain, kidneys, and other organs,3,4 which may in turn promote cognitive decline, renal impairment, and other adverse outcomes.4,5 Physical activity and diet habits are well-known determinants of the rate of arterial stiffening in healthy aging.6–12 However, it is controversial whether such lifestyle measures represent clinically useful interventions to modulate arterial biomechanical properties beyond their impact on BP and other conventional risk factors, as may be achieved with some pharmacological therapies.13,14 This review examines the arterial destiffening and central systolic unloading capacity of exercise and dietary interventions in the contexts of healthy aging, elevated cardiometabolic risk, and established disease. The evidence presented integrates our 2006 review11 with a PubMed search for subsequent literature that combined title/abstract terms pertaining to arterial properties1,15–17 with those relevant to physical activity/exercise18 and dietary approaches19,20 and the PubMed dietary supplement subset. Clinical randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) reporting on markers of proximal arterial stiffness were prioritized. A review of this field necessarily encompasses a wide variety of methods to characterize both arterial stiffness (eg, systemic estimates derived from Windkessel models and …
Using Rasch to validate a measure of English language teacher prejudice

The major objective of this study was to construct and validate an English Language Teacher Prejudice Scale (ELTPS). To this end, 180 English language teachers in private language institutes in Mashhad, Iran were asked to participate in this study. Rasch model was employed to substantiate the construct validity of the scale. The results of analyses exhibited that the whole scale was uni-dimensional and only one item misfitted. Rating scale statistics showed that the middle category of ‘No idea’ was redundant and should be removed from the scale. Some suggestions are made to fully validate the scale and use it in language education.
Assessing eye orbits as predictors of Neandertal group size.

OBJECTIVES The objective is to investigate the hypothesis that Neandertal eye orbits can predict group size and social cognition as presented by Pearce et al. (Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280 (2013) 20130168). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a linear regression of known orbital aperture diameter (OAD), neocortex ratio, and group size among 18 extant diurnal primate species. Our data were derived from Kirk (J Hum Evol 51 (2006) 159-170) and Dunbar (J Hum Evol 22 (1992), 469-493; J Hum Evol 28 (1995) 287-296). RESULTS There is a positive correlation between OAD and group size; a positive correlation between neocortex and group size; and a positive correlation between OAD and neocortex size. The strength of the collinearity between OAD and neocortex ratio accounts for any significance of OAD in a model. The model that best accounts for variation in group size is one that includes only neocortex ratio; including OAD does not strengthen the model. OAD accounts for 29 percent of the variation in group size. DISCUSSION Larger orbits are correlated with larger group sizes in primates, although not significantly when controlling for neocortex ratio. Moreover, the amount of variation in group size that can be explained by OAD is negligible. The larger orbits of Neandertals compared to the average modern human population do not permit any interpretation of cognitive ability related to group size.
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation with Second-Price Auctions: When Time is Money

We consider a dynamic spectrum access scenario in which transmission opportunities are allocated to users based on a second price, sealed bid auction. Each user experiences a time-varying channel and submits a bid for transmission right in each time slot. A base station collects bids from all users and allocates the channel to a user with the highest bid, who then pays the price equal the second highest bid. The distinctive feature of our model is that it treats time as money and allows each user to bid and to pay for the transmission rights using his/her own communication time. For each time slot, the value of a bid submitted by each user is equal the amount of time he/she promises to forfeit to the base station for the right to transmit during the remaining of the time slot. That means the base station collects part of each time slot from the winning user for its own usage and allocates the rest to the winning user. Users can vary their bids based on their channel conditions, subject to constraints on average budgets. From the users' point of view, we show that there exists Nash equilibrium bidding strategies in the two-user case. From the base station's point of view, we investigate how average budget constraints should be set to balance between base station's revenue and users' satisfaction.
Use of a DNA toolbox for the characterization of mutation scanning methods. I: Construction of the toolbox and evaluation of heteroduplex analysis

A systematic characterization of the effects of important physical parameters on the sensitivity and specificity of methods in searching for unknown base changes (mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms) over a relatively long DNA segment has not been previously reported. To this end, we have constructed a set of molecules of varying G+C content (40, 50, and 60% GC) having all possible base changes at a particular location — the “DNA toolbox”. Exhaustive confirmatory sequencing demonstrated that there were no other base changes in any of the clones. Using this set of clones as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) templates, amplicons of various lengths with the same base mutated to all other bases were generated. The behavior of these constructs in manual and automated heteroduplex analysis was analyzed as a function of the size and overall base content of the fragment, the nature and location of the base change. Our results show that in heteroduplex analysis, the nature of the mismatched base pair is the overriding determinant for the ability to detect the mutation, regardless of fragment length, GC content, or the location of the mutation.