Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prolonged percutaneous SNM testing does not cause infection‐related explanation

The authors are to be commended for their unique investigation of an extended stage 1 SNM test period. To our knowledge, no other series has included a minimum 4-week duration and microbiologic testing. Optimal duration for the test phase has not been elucidated and initial responses are likely compounded by a short-term placebo effect that may dissipate after time. Knowledge of when maximal improvement occurs would define a population of true responders and reduce implant failure rates. This series shows the feasibility of an extended test phase in a small cohort, but does not identify the optimal length of time for testing.
Hva skjer i naturfagklasserommet? – resultater fra en videobasert klasseromsstudie; PISA+

The aim of the PISA+ project is to pursue problematic findings in the international PISA survey. Through in-depth studies of classroom processes we wish to gain insight in how to understand and interpret the Norwegian results. The PISA+ project is a qualitative video study using observations and interviews. It includes six ninth grade classes followed for three weeks each in math, Norwegian and science. This paper focuses on the science lessons, and seeks to scrutinize which learning activities the students are offered, how the students can influence the lessons and to which extent they can learn science through own experience and talking science. We conclude that science teachers are quite open to student initiatives, and that the dominating learning activity is going through new subject matter in dialogue with the students. However, we saw very little inquiry science where students used practical experiments as a basis to actively talk science.
Nutrition of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed Human Milk with or without Supplemental Trace Elements: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) have high nutritional needs. Deficiencies of minerals, trace elements (especially zinc) may develop as a result of rapid growth, low body stores and low content of these substances in human milk We hypothesized that fortification of human milk might prevent deficiencies. Methods: Prospective, randomized trial to evaluate mineral, trace element, thyroid status and growth of infants fed human milk fortified with different amounts of calcium, phosphorus and protein, with (BMF) or without (FM 85) trace elements. Sixty-two infants, 1000 to 1499 g birth weight, were randomized. Minerals and trace elements in serum, red blood cells and human milk and alkaline phosphatase activity, TSH, T4 and FT4 in serum were measured once until the fifth day and at 3 and 6 weeks of life. Clinical course and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Results: Intake of zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was higher in the BMF group (P < 0.001). Serum zinc concentrations <0.49 mg/L occurred in 12% of the FM 85 group and 7% of the BMF group at 6 weeks (not significant). Median alkaline phosphatase activity was 436/379 IU/L in the FM 85/BMF group at 6 weeks (P < 0.01). The FM 85 group showed a higher weight gain (P < 0.05), possibly because of higher caloric (P < 0.01) and protein intake (P < 0.05) at 3 weeks. Conclusions: Zinc deficiency was rare. Elevated intake of calcium, phosphorus and zinc was associated with lower serum alkaline phosphatase activity but did not influence serum zinc concentration.
Expert and Novice Recognition of Similar Situations

Situation assessment is crucial for making schema-driven decisions in naturalistic settings. Recognizing that some situations are similar to a specific category of scenarios underscores the classification aspect. To test hypotheses regarding expert and novice differences in recognizing similar scenarios, 28 senior naval officers and 52 junior naval officers classified tactical situations, each of which appeared on a note card, labeled every created cluster to convey a category description, and signified their criteria for sorting scenarios. Principal-components and discriminant analyses, and associated statistics, established that when categorizing situations, experts and novices used surface features and deep structures as criteria for recognizing similarity; experts are significantly more context-dependent than are novices; experts and novices do not differ significantly in the number of schemata and scenarios per schema formed or in the access avenues ascribed for these schemata; experts do not process scenarios at significantly deeper levels of analysis than do novices; and experts do not assign significantly more importance to conceptual aspects or less importance to perceptual properties than do novices.
Learning in Earth and space science: a review of conceptual change instructional approaches

ABSTRACT In response to calls for research into effective instruction in the Earth and space sciences, and to identify directions for future research, this systematic review of the literature explores research into instructional approaches designed to facilitate conceptual change. In total, 52 studies were identified and analyzed. Analysis focused on the general characteristics of the research, the conceptual change instructional approaches that were used, and the methods employed to evaluate the effectiveness of these approaches. The findings of this review support four assertions about the existing research: (1) astronomical phenomena have received greater attention than geological phenomena; (2) most studies have viewed conceptual change from a cognitive perspective only; (3) data about conceptual change were generated pre- and post-intervention only; and (4) the interventions reviewed presented limited opportunities to involve students in the construction and manipulation of multiple representations of the phenomenon being investigated. Based upon these assertions, the authors recommend that new research in the Earth and space science disciplines challenges traditional notions of conceptual change by exploring the role of affective variables on learning, focuses on the learning of geological phenomena through the construction of multiple representations, and employs qualitative data collection throughout the implementation of an instructional approach.
Mitochondrial D-loop mutations as clonal markers in multicentric hepatocellular carcinoma and plasma.

PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor prone to multicentric occurrence. Differentiation between a true relapse of HCC and a second primary tumor is of clinical importance. We sought to identify mitochondrial mutations in HCC and test their use as clonal markers in this disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary HCC tissue samples were obtained from 19 patients and analyzed for mutations within the mitochondrial displacement loop (D-loop). The discovered mutations were used to determine tumor clonality and provided the basis for detection of tumor DNA in corresponding plasma samples. RESULTS Thirteen of 19 HCC cases (68%) were identified as having D-loop mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in at least one tumor. In 3 of these 13 cases, the same mutation was observed in multiple tumors, indicating monoclonal origin. Remarkably, in 8 of 13 mutated cases, we detected deletion/insertion mutations in the C-tract, a recently reported hotspot and potential replication start site of the closed, circular mitochondrial genome. In addition, we detected mutant mtDNA in 8 of 10 tested paired plasma DNA samples using a highly sensitivity molecular assay. CONCLUSIONS mtDNA mutations within the D-loop control region are a frequent event in HCC, providing a molecular tool for the determination of clonality. In addition, detection of tumor-specific mtDNA mutations in plasma DNA needs to be explored further for monitoring patients with primary HCC.
A Novel Learning Rule for Long-Term Plasticity of Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity Enhances Temporal Processing

It is well established that short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) of neocortical synapses is itself plastic – e.g., the induction of LTP and LTD tend to shift STP towards short-term depression and facilitation, respectively. What has not been addressed theoretically or experimentally is whether STP is “learned”; that is, is STP regulated by specific learning rules that are in place to optimize the computations performed at synapses, or, are changes in STP essentially an epiphenomenon of long-term plasticity? Here we propose that STP is governed by specific learning rules that operate independently and in parallel of the associative learning rules governing baseline synaptic strength. We describe a learning rule for STP and, using simulations, demonstrate that it significantly enhances the discrimination of spatiotemporal stimuli. Additionally we generate a set of experimental predictions aimed at testing our hypothesis.
Factor Structure of the Assessment of Qualitative and Structural Dimensions of Object Representations (AOR) Scale

The Assessment of Qualitative and Structural Dimensions of Object Representations assessment instrument (AOR; Blatt, Chevron, Quinlan, Schaffer, & Wein, 1992) is one measure of parental representations used in the literature that assesses nonconscious processes while minimizing self-presentation biases. However, only 2 studies have considered the latent factor structure, with mixed findings reported that raise questions about the constructs being assessed. This study used archival data from 4 previous studies containing clinical and nonclinical samples, totaling 722 participants. Individuals were divided into 2 groups in which an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results of both the EFA and CFA suggested that a 3-factor solution was best, with factors that were labeled Agency, Communion, and Punitive based on previous research. The implications of these findings are explored, particularly with regard to the punitive aspect of maternal representations, as well as a possible revision to the scoring rubric.
Micro-Level Affect Dynamics in Psychopathology Viewed From Complex Dynamical System Theory

This article discusses the role of moment-to-moment affect dynamics in mental disorder and aims to integrate recent literature on this topic in the context of complex dynamical system theory. First, we will review the relevance of temporal and contextual aspects of affect dynamics in relation to psychopathology. Related to this, we will discuss recent insights resulting from a network view on affect dynamics in psychopathology. Next, we explore how we can reconcile literature findings from a perspective of complex dynamical system theory. Finally, future directions with regard to personalized assessment of risk and diagnostic use are discussed.
Inhibitor Binding Studies Interdomain Linker in DnaK Revealed by Allosteric Coupling between the Lid and

-sandwich. Our structural analysis revealed anallosteric coupling between the movements of the lid and the interdomain linker, identifying a previouslyunknown mechanism of the lid-mediated regulation of the chaperone cycle.DnaK is the bacterial molecular chaperone from the Hsp70(70-kDa heat shock protein) family that assists many cellularprocesses involving proteins in their nonnative conformations,such as folding of newly synthesized proteins, protein transloca-tion across membranes, refolding of misfolded and aggregatedproteins, degradation of unstable proteins, and regulation of theheat shock response (for reviews, see references 10, 28, and 42). The chaperone function of DnaK is based on its ability to tran-siently bind to exposed stretches of hydrophobic residues in par-tially or fully unfolded proteins in an ATP-controlled fashion,thereby preventing aggregation and misfolding. DnaK recognizesshort peptide sequences containing up to ﬁve consecutive hydro-phobic residues (with leucine found frequently in the middle),ﬂanked preferentially by basic residues (42, 43). The molecular-chaperone activity is functionally linked with ATP hydrolysis; thesubstrate-binding and release cycle is driven by the switchingbetween the ATP-bound state, with low afﬁnity and a high ex-change rate for substrates, and the ADP-bound state, with highafﬁnity and a low exchange rate for substrates.In vivo, DnaK activity is supported by two cochaperones,GrpE, which facilitates the ADP/ATP exchange, and DnaJ,which stimulates ATP hydrolysis and thus aids the peptidecapture (10, 25, 28, 38, 54). DnaJ itself also recognizes exposedstretches of hydrophobic residues in partially unfolded or de-natured proteins, with speciﬁcity overlapping with that ofDnaK (44). It is therefore thought that DnaJ serves as a scan-ning factor for DnaK by binding speciﬁc unfolded substratesand presenting them to the ATP-bound form of DnaK.
Activated microglia in a rat stroke model express NG2 proteoglycan in peri‐infarct tissue through the involvement of TGF‐β1

We investigated activated microglia in ischemic brain lesions from rats that had been subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Activated microglia expressing NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (NG2) were found only in the narrow zone (demarcation zone) that demarcated the peri‐infarct tissue and ischemic core. NG2− activated microglia were abundantly distributed in the peri‐infarct tissue outside the demarcation zone. NG2+ microglia but not NG2− microglia expressed both CD68 and a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM‐2), suggesting that NG2+ microglia eliminated apoptotic neurons. In fact, NG2+ microglia often attached to degenerating neurons and sometimes internalized NeuN+ or neurofilament protein+ material. Kinetic studies using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR revealed that expression of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) was most evident in the ischemic core; with this marker produced mainly by macrophages located in this region. TGF‐β receptor mRNA expression peaked at 3 days post reperfusion (dpr) in the peri‐infarct tissue, including the demarcation zone. Primary cultured rat microglia also expressed the receptor mRNA. In response to TGF‐β1, primary microglia enhanced the expression of NG2 protein and TREM‐2 mRNA as well as migratory activity. A TGF‐β1 inhibitor, SB525334, abolished these effects. The present results suggest that TGF‐β1 produced in the ischemic core diffused toward the peri‐infarct tissue, driving activated microglial cells to eliminate degenerating neurons. Appropriate control of NG2+ microglia in the demarcation zone might be a novel target for the suppression of secondary neurodegeneration in the peri‐infarct tissue. GLIA 2014;62:185–198
Employee Engagement From a Self-Determination Theory Perspective

JOHN P. MEYERThe University of Western OntarioMARYLE`NE GAGNE´Concordia UniversityMaceyandSchneider(2008)drawonnumer-ous theories to explain what engagement isand how it is similar to and different fromrelated constructs in the organizationalbehavior literature. As a result, we now havea better understanding of some of the key‘‘components’’ofengagement.Whatappearsto be missing, however, is a strong unifyingtheory to guide research and practice. Webelieve that such a theory exists in the formof self-determination theory (SDT; Deci R Ryan & Deci, 2000) and its var-ious corollaries, self-concordance theory(SCT; Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), hierarchicaltheory (Vallerand, 1997), and passion theory(Vallerandetal.,2003). AlthoughMaceyandSchneider acknowledged the relevance ofSDT and SCT, we believe that much greateruseof thesetheoriescouldbe madetojustifyand extend their conceptual model.Self-Determination TheorySDT(Deci&Ryan,1985)proposestwoover-arching forms of motivation. Intrinsic moti-vation refers to doing an activity for its ownsake out of enjoyment and interest. Extrinsicmotivation refers to doing an activity forinstrumental reasons. Although extrinsicmotivation is arguably predominant in aworkcontext, ittoo can takedifferent forms.According to SDT, extrinsic motivation canreflectadesiretogainrewardsoravoidpun-ishment (external regulation), boost one’sego or avoid feelings of guilt (introjection),attainavaluedpersonalgoal(identification),or express one’s sense of self (integration). Identification and integration involve a highlevel of volition and, along with intrinsicmotivation, are considered forms of autono-mous regulation. External regulation andintrojectioninvolvemore external influenceand less authenticity and are consideredforms of controlledregulation. Autonomousregulation, which is also at the heart ofSheldon’s concept of self-concordance andVallerand’s characterization of harmoniouspassion, has been demonstrated to lead tohigher levels of performance, persistence,initiative,andcreativity(Ryan&Deci,2000). The concept of autonomous regulationoverlaps considerably with Macey andSchneider’s conceptualization of state en-gagement.Moreover,thebehavioraloutcomesfoundtobeassociatedwithautonomousreg-ulationcorrespondwith what they describedas behavioral engagement.Incontrastto
Public Policy and the Social Construction of Deservedness

Since time immemorial, human societies have constructed differences between people like themselves and the unfamiliar “others,” who often are viewed with distrust, dislike, and even hatred. Primitive tribes all over the world have considered themselves people chosen by God(s), while others are not so privileged and, perhaps, are not really human beings. In First American languages, a number of indigenous peoples before the European conquest chose names for themselves meaning the people, implying that others were less than people. Similarly, although the roles were reversed, missionaries who accompanied the conquistadors in their mastery of the New World debated whether or not the Indians had souls. A fundamental notion of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution is that all citizens are equal, albeit with citizenship closely circumscribed. Nevertheless, the notion of privileged classes was viewed with disdain, an outmoded custom of Great Britain and Continental Europe that the new nation forever intended to reject. America would have no aristocracy, no nobility, and no ruling class.There would be no standing army, with associated ranks affording civilian or military privileges, and there would be no overbearing bureaucracy, with officials trained for lifelong public service with public salaries.Viewed from a contemporary vantage point, the first constitution fell far short of its radically democratic ideals in that it restricted voting to white, male property owners, tolerated the inhumanity of human slavery, and engraved into law the idea that persons of African descent were to be counted as three-fifths of a white person. In spite of the many shortcomings of the early constitution, the principle of equality remained deeply ingrained in the American consciousness. Great progress was made in the nineteenth century in ending slavery, providing equal protection of the law as a constitutional right, and granting equal opportunity to some of the previously disadvantaged persons through policies such as the
Multisensor data fusion for enhanced respiratory rate estimation in thermal videos

Scientific studies have demonstrated that an atypical respiratory rate (RR) is frequently one of the earliest and major indicators of physiological distress. However, it is also described in the literature as “the neglected vital parameter”, mainly due to shortcomings of clinical available monitoring techniques, which require attachment of sensors to the patient's body. The current paper introduces a novel approach that uses multisensor data fusion for an enhanced RR estimation in thermal videos. It considers not only the temperature variation around nostrils and mouth, but the upward and downward movement of both shoulders. In order to analyze the performance of our approach, two experiments were carried out on five healthy candidates. While during phase A, the subjects breathed normally, during phase B they simulated different breathing patterns. Thoracic effort was the gold standard elected to validate our algorithm. Our results show an excellent agreement between infrared thermography (IRT) and ground truth. While in phase A a mean correlation of 0.983 and a root-mean-square error of 0.240 bpm (breaths per minute) was obtained, in phase B they hovered around 0.995 and 0.890 bpm, respectively. In sum, IRT may be a promising clinical alternative to conventional sensors. Additionally, multisensor data fusion contributes to an enhancement of RR estimation and robustness.
Activation of Intrinsic Afferent Pathways in Submucosal Ganglia of the Guinea Pig Small Intestine

The enteric nervous system contains intrinsic primary afferent neurons that allow mucosal stimulation to initiate reflexes without CNS input. We tested the hypothesis that submucosal primary afferent neurons are activated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) released from the stimulated mucosa. Fast and/or slow EPSPs were recorded in submucosal neurons after the delivery of exogenous 5-HT, WAY100325 (a 5-HT1P agonist), mechanical, or electrical stimuli to the mucosa of myenteric plexus-free preparations (± extrinsic denervation). These events were responses of second-order cells to transmitters released by excited primary afferent neurons. After all stimuli, fast and slow EPSPs were abolished by a 5-HT1Pantagonist,N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptophyl-5-hydroxytryptophan amide, and by 1.0 μm tropisetron, but not by 5-HT4-selective antagonists (SB204070 and GR113808A) or 5-HT3-selective antagonists (ondansetron and 0.3 μm tropisetron). Fast EPSPs in second-order neurons were blocked by hexamethonium, and most slow EPSPs were blocked by an antagonist of human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP8–37). hCGRP8–37 also inhibited the spread of excitation in the submucosal plexus, assessed by measuring the uptake of FM2-10 and induction of c-fos. In summary, data are consistent with the hypothesis that 5-HT from enterochromaffin cells in response to mucosal stimuli initiates reflexes by stimulating 5-HT1P receptors on submucosal primary afferent neurons. Second-order neurons respond to these cholinergic/CGRP-containing cells with nicotinic fast EPSPs and/or CGRP-mediated slow EPSPs. Slow EPSPs are necessary for excitation to spread within the submucosal plexus. Because some second-order neurons contain also CGRP, primary afferent neurons may be multifunctional and also serve as interneurons.
Do childcare services provide foods in line with the 2013 Australian Dietary guidelines? A cross‐sectional study

In light of the updated guidelines, and to identify the need for intervention to support their implementation, this study aimed to describe foods being provided by childcare services in a region in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, against the current recommendations and assess whether differences exist by socioeconomic status and locality.The study employed a cross-sectional design. All long day care services in the Hunter New England region were eligible to participate in the study if they provided all meals to children in care and were open for more than eight hours a day. Childcare service managers were sent an information sheet and contacted by a research assistant to assess study eligibility and invite participation in a computer assisted telephone interview. The