Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of sanctioning approaches for security breaches

Though data breaches causing heavy monetary losses to customers could be reduced by investing more in security, service providers holding customers' personal data often do not feel enough pressure to heighten their security level. A sanctioning approach, holding the service provider liable for monetary losses resulting from data breaches, may provide the spur to increase security investments. In this paper, we review and compare two approaches to determine sanctions for the service providers, where the sanction is proportional respectively to the expected damage suffered by the customer and to the product of that damage and the service providers' revenues. The comparison is conducted by examining the game modelling the interaction between the customer and the service provider. In a typical scenario, the approach based on the service provider's revenues leads to larger security investments (for any degree of exposure of the customer) and to a stronger reduction of the data breach probability.
Driving collaborative improvement processes

Continuous improvement is a consolidated concept in theory and practice, mainly in the context of stand-alone companies. However, the battlefield of competition is increasingly moving from the level of individual firms to that of organizational settings based on loose company boundaries and collaborative relations among different units, such as the extended manufacturing enterprises (EMEs). The concept of continuous improvement has hardly been applied in inter-organizational settings. The purpose of this paper is to propose preliminary theory on collaborative improvement (CoI), i.e. continuous improvement at the EME level. Based on a literature study on supply networks and continuous improvement, evidence from an in-depth case study of a large Dutch system integrator in the automotive industry and three of its suppliers, a model of CoI is proposed, explaining how collaborative improvement takes place within the EME context.
Postoperative Complications and Short-Term Outcome Following Single-Session Bilateral Corrective Surgery for Medial Patellar Luxation in Dogs Weighing <15 kg: 50 Cases (2009-2014).

OBJECTIVE To assess complication rates and short-term outcome in small dogs with bilateral medial patellar luxation (MPL) undergoing single-session bilateral corrective surgery. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Dogs weighing <15 kg with congenital bilateral MPL that underwent single-session bilateral corrective surgery (n = 50). METHODS Surgical procedures for MPL correction included trochlear wedge recession (TWR), crest transposition, lateral imbrication, and medial fascial release. Complication rates were correlated with number of surgical procedures, weight, whether or not a bandage was applied postoperatively, and surgeon experience (ACVS Diplomate vs resident). Results were compared with the most recent study evaluating single-session bilateral corrective surgery for MPL. RESULTS Overall complication rate was 22% (11 of 50 dogs). Implant failure occurred in 2 dogs (3 stifles) requiring revision. Grade 1 patella reluxation was the most common minor complication at 10% (5/50). Overall complication and reluxation rates were similar to previous studies. There were no intraoperative complications after performing TWR in small dogs. CONCLUSION Single-session bilateral corrective surgery for MPL is well tolerated in small dogs with complication rates historically similar to dogs undergoing unilateral or staged bilateral surgery. With individual case assessment, single-session surgery could be offered to owners, allowing one anesthetic episode and potentially lowering the chance for morbidity. Further studies, ideally prospective studies, are needed to assess long-term outcome following single-session bilateral corrective surgery for MPL.
Regulating prostitution and same-sex marriage in Italy and Spain: the interplay of political and societal veto players in two catholic societies

This contribution adds to the scholarship on morality politics. It addresses the conditions of morality policy change by comparing the decision-making dynamics in the regulation of prostitution and same-sex partnerships in Italy and Spain over two decades. We seek to explain why and under what circumstances some political actors are successful in reforming morality policies. For this purpose, we develop a four-fold typology of morality policy change. Our findings highlight that the different regulatory dynamics in both Catholic nation-states depend on the balance of power among the change and blocking coalitions and their degree of congruence. We show that governments succeed in realizing their morality policy goals only if they are able to form a coalition with the relevant political and societal actors. Furthermore, the Catholic Church, not least owing to its historical ties with both nation-states (Italy and Spain), plays a particular but context-specific role.
The Effects of Competition Policy on Development – Cross-Country Evidence Using Four New Indicators

Abstract Over the last two decades, many developing countries have introduced competition policies. This paper introduces four new indicators on various aspects of competition laws and competition agencies to make competition policies comparable. These indicators are used to estimate the effects of competition policies and all four contribute at least marginally to explaining differences in total factor productivity. This is also true if developing countries are analysed separately. In addition to the direct effects of competition policy on total factor productivity, an indirect effect is identified: countries scoring high with regard to competition policy suffer less from corruption.
Outside director compensation and firm performance

Compensation given to outside directors has come under increasing scrutiny. However, little empirical work exists which examines outside director compensation. A study of more than 225 major corporations over a five-year period indicates that the number of board meetings and the size of the company are major factors in outside director compensation levels, while organization performance and Chief Executive Officer remuneration do not appear to be significantly related. These findings suggest that market-driven compensation systems are the dominant form used by large organizations to pay outside directors, with a major goal being the attraction and retention of these directors.
Comparing Children and Adolescents Engaged in Cyberbullying to Matched Peers

Although characteristics of traditional bullying participants have been identified and studied for years, research on cyberbullying is limited. The purpose of this study is to expand the literature on cyberbullying with a particular focus on the relationships among cyberbullying characteristics, typical social activities, and more traditional forms of bullying. The typical activities and experiences with traditional bullying and cyberbullying of 52 children ages 11 to 17 were compared to those of 52 matched controls. Children exposed to cyberbullying, whether as a cyberbully, cybervictim, or both (bully/victim), spent more time on computer-based social activities. Nearly two thirds of cyberbully/victims were also traditional bully/victims. While preliminary, results suggest that efforts to prevent cyberbullying may need to focus on patterns of Internet use, amount and type of social activities, and exposure to traditional bullying as risk factors for engaging in cyberbullying.
Governance in Spanish Family Business

This explorative research paper illuminates the governance systems in Spanish family businesses, and evaluates the extent to which they pursue good governance practise both in the business and family areas. Empirical evidence is drawn from a database of 112 sizeable Spanish firms, and the results show the absolute dominance of the leading family in the ownership, control and management of sample firms. Approximately half of the members of the board tend to be insiders and more than two‐thirds are family members. It emerges that generational firms (with third generation and beyond owner‐managers) exhibit greater similarity in their governance structures to first generation firms than second generation ones; this might be due to the so‐called “pruning” which is used as a survival mechanism. Overall, it emerges that family firms have a very low degree of board regulation by formal rules and family governance systems are hardly developed.
Delineating Foreign Market Potential: A Tool for International Market Selection

International expansion is becoming more imperative in today's marketplace. However, determining which markets best suit a specific company is not a straightforward task. This study tackles the question of how managers should go about identifying, evaluating, and selecting foreign markets. For this purpose, we propose a practical, flexible, and forward-looking three-stage template for assessing foreign market opportunities and identifying the most promising international markets. The three stages include determining country responsiveness for a specific industry, estimating future industry growth, and incorporating an industry-relevant aggregate measure. The study illustrates the tool for three companies from various industries and discusses the implications. The proposed tool offers insights on crucial dimensions for the industry-specific market potential, and assists managers in identifying favorable foreign markets. This study also addresses the gap in the international market selection literature by developing a new empirical tool for foreign market analysis and selection using longitudinal secondary data. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneous Preferences for Winter Nature-Based Tours in Sub-Frigid Climate Zones: A Latent Class Approach

This study investigates off-season tours by examining people's heterogeneous preferences for nature-based tours in sub-frigid climate zones. To explore heterogeneous preferences for winter nature-based tours in Shiretoko, Japan, the authors conducted a discrete choice experiment with a latent class model. Even though the visitors' preferences were different, it was possible to segment them into three groups based on the results. The first segment clearly preferred a wildlife observation tour and considered the possibility of finding rare eagles and detailed interpretation highly important. At the other extreme, the second segment preferred an adventure-based drift ice tour and were not interested in eagles or detailed interpretation. The final segment comprised those visitors whose preferences were between these two extremes. The findings show that, for satisfactory and profitable tours, tourist agents should provide specific recreation experiences to cater to these heterogeneous preferences rather than experiences thought to be acceptable to all visitors.
Prospective evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) in patients with primary locoregional breast cancer.

BACKGROUND The utility of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) as prognostic factors in primary breast cancer is unclear. METHODS We prospectively studied CEA and CA 15.3 in the sera of 2062 patients with untreated primary breast cancer diagnosed between 1984 and 2008. RESULTS Increased CEA (>5 microg/L) and CA 15.3 (>30 kU/L) concentrations were found in 12.7% and 19.6% of the patients, respectively, and 1 or both tumor markers were increased in 28% (570 of 2062). Increases in each tumor marker correlated with larger tumor sizes and nodal involvement. Tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER), and CEA were independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis in the total group [disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS)] as well as in node-positive (NP) and node-negative (NN) patients. Nodal involvement and histological grade were independent prognostic factors in the total group as well as in NP patients. By contrast, adjuvant treatment and CA 15.3 were independent prognostic factors only in NN patients (DFS and OS). All patients with CEA >7.5 microg/L had recurrence during follow-up. Use of both tumor markers allowed discrimination of the groups of risk in T1 NN patients: 56.3% of recurrences were seen when 1 or both tumor markers were increased, whereas only 9.4% of recurrences were seen in T1 NN patients without increases of either marker. CONCLUSIONS CEA and CA 15.3 are useful prognostic factors in NP and NN breast cancer patients. CEA >7.5 microg/L is associated with a high probability of subclinical metastases.
Simultaneous determination of UK analyst following and institutional ownership

Abstract This study examines analyst following for firms in the UK Top 350 as of January 1998, within a simultaneous equation framework. A major conclusion to be drawn from this investigation is that, contrary to prior UK evidence, analyst following and institutional ownership are positively associated. This relationship is identified once the endogenous nature of variable determination is acknowledged. This study also finds that analyst following is positively associated with firm size. This results from the greater economic incentives and potential rewards for analysts following firms with large market values. Analyst following is negatively associated with total risk, possibly indicating a concern for forecasting reputation. There is also evidence of an industry-sector effect. Where firms operate in sectors which have greater regulation of activities, demand for analysts' services is reduced. Thus, regulation may act as a substitute source of information for investors. The influence of insider ownership on analyst following appears to operate through its impact on institutional ownership. Contrary to the pre-experimental expectation, neither analyst following nor institutional ownership are significantly associated with trading activity. These conclusions appear robust to a number of sensitivity tests.
The Social Organization of the Franchise: A Case of `Controlled Self-Employment'

Over the last decade official surveys have recorded a significant leap in the number of people registered as self-employed. However, relatively little research has focused on the relationships under which the self-employed actually work. Those which do, have chosen the manufacturing sector, and the classic examples of homeworking and subcontracting, as their primary focus. This paper helps to redress this bias by examining the conditions of work of those individuals who operate as franchisees under the self-employed label and who are predominantly located in the service sector. The paper analyses the contractual relationship between franchisor and franchisee with three questions in mind: where does the operational control of the business reside; what are the financial linkages between franchisor and franchisee; and who holds the ownership title to, and control of, the tangible and intangible business assets. On each, franchisees are found to occupy an ambiguous position, thereby giving rise to the notion of their being part of the `controlled self-employed'.
Towards an innovation‐type mapping tool

Purpose – Seeking to distil and integrate a range of previous definitions, models, frameworks and classifications relating to types of innovation, this paper aims to make a contribution to clarity in innovation research and practice through offering insights into the definitions of the different types of innovation, and, specifically, the relationships between them.Design/methodology/approach – This theoretical paper is based on a review of extant models and frameworks of types of innovation, which includes earlier foundation models, and more recent integrative models.Findings – This distillation results in a diagrammatic representation of the key frameworks, which is used as a platform to propose a new framework of types of innovation.Originality/value – This paper draws on all the terminologies used for types of innovation and creates an innovation type‐mapping tool that can be used to clarify the various definitions and terminologies of the innovation type concept.
The Effects of Pulse Configuration on Magnetic Stimulation

Summary A study is presented in which the authors have examined the effects of pulse configuration, stimulation intensity, and coil current direction during magnetic stimulation. Using figure-8 and circular coils, the median nerve was stimulated at the cubital fossa and at the wrist of 10 healthy volunteers, and the response amplitude and site of stimulation were determined. The key findings of this study are in agreement with other researchers’ findings and confirm that biphasic stimulating pulses produce significantly higher M-wave amplitudes than monophasic stimulating pulses for the same stimulus intensity. Mean response amplitudes for biphasic stimuli applied by both coils at the elbow and wrist are consistently higher for the normal current direction. Mean response amplitudes for monophasic pulses are almost always higher for reversed currents. The site for effective stimulation (the position of the virtual cathode) cannot be defined within a fixed distance from the center of the coil (3 to 4 cm), as has been suggested by other researchers, but was found to vary depending on the coil current amplitude and direction as well as the degree of inhomogeneity of the tissues surrounding the nerve. There is a statistically significant relationship between virtual cathode shift and stimulus intensity for biphasic and monophasic pulses. Reversing the coil current direction has no statistically significant effect on the virtual cathode position. Virtual cathode shifts can be measured for biphasic and monophasic stimulations using a figure-8 coil at the wrist and the elbow. However, such a shift is difficult to determine with a circular coil.
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) tool use in the Ngotto Forest, Central African Republic

Over a 7‐month period, stick tools constructed by chimpanzees were collected and measured at the Ngotto Forest site in Central African Republic. The chimpanzees were found to use tools to dip for ants and to probe for honey. The basic descriptions of these tools and the contexts in which they were found are presented. The lengths of two of the tool types were compared with the use of a t‐test for independent groups. It was found that the lengths of the tools differed significantly depending upon their function. The location and habitat type of each tool site were plotted on a map. The tool types were distributed throughout the southern part of the study area, and with one exception all tool sites were found in the same type of habitat. Two tool sites with two other types of tools (honey hammer/club and ant club) were found. The tool types at Ngotto are compared with those found at other chimpanzee field sites, and the implications for diversity in chimpanzee material culture are discussed. Am. J. Primatol. 65:221–237, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain Injury-Related Heterotopic Bone Formation: Treatment Strategy and Results

Melamed E, Robinson D, Halperin N, Wallach N, Keren O, Groswasser Z: Brain injury-related heterotopic bone formation: Treatment strategy and results. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002;81:670–674. Objectives Heterotopic bone formation (HO) is a phenomenon occurring in some neurologically injured patients that can adversely affect their rehabilitation. The current study aimed at evaluating functional results and recurrence rates after recurrence of such lesions. Design The results of 12 excisions of HO in 9 patients were assessed. A single-dose of 750 cGy delivered 24 hr postoperatively was used in seven of nine patients. Results One year postintervention, the arc of motion averaged 92.5 degrees in the hips, 66.6 in the knees, and 60 degrees in the elbow. Despite increased uptake on bone scans in all patients, recurrence did not occur in any patient. Ambulation levels improved in four of eight hips. Ease of personal hygiene was improved in all patients, although some patients still require assistance. Conclusions Excision of symptomatic HO is recommended if limitation of joint motion seems to hinder the patient’s rehabilitation. Some motor control is desirable to achieve significant improvement in the patient’s quality of life. Increased uptake on bone scans is not a contraindication to surgical excision of HO, provided the neurologic status is stabilized.
Do Political Parties and the Press Influence the Public Agenda?

Abstract Mass media are considered to play an important role in influencing the perception of issues in political campaigns in terms of the way they are covered and the relative prominence they are given. Agenda setting has become the standard term for this process. The influence of political parties and public opinion on how the media and the press select issues and determine their relative prominence has received less attention and, so far, research conducted on this aspect of agenda setting has not yielded consistent results. Summaries of the agenda-setting literature and content analysis methods are presented. The empirical study examines the relationships between the national press, the public and the three mainstream political parties in the 2001 UK General Election Campaign, building on a study of press coverage of the 1997 UK General Election and subsequent work. The findings of a content analysis of all news articles that appeared in six national daily newspapers during the UK General Election 2001 campaign, with distinctions made between front page and inside coverage, editorial and straight news reporting, are presented. The relative incidence of issues is identified. A similar content analysis of press releases issued by the Labour, Conservative and Liberal Democrat Parties during the campaign period is carried out. Press releases are used by political parties to get messages into the press agenda and into the public domain. They are a useful source to trace the evolution of the political campaign agenda, as identified by the parties. The press releases are analysed using the same issue categories identified for the press. The results are compared and contrasted with data from two opinion polls conducted at the start and at the end of the campaign. The evidence is used to help establish the role that agenda setting played in the UK General Election Campaign 2001. The differences and relationships between the three agenda groups are shown. The results suggest that public opinion had an impact on those issues selected for priority by the political parties. Public opinion changed little throughout the campaign. There was no significant shift in how the public rated issues between the start and the end of the campaign. In this case the agenda-setting impact of the press on the public, in the short term, appears to have been limited, as was the impact of the parties and public opinion on press coverage. The extent to which these results are a consequence of the specific characteristics of this election is discussed.
Supplier alliance success and failure: a longitudinal dyadic perspective

Many firms have entered into strategic supplier alliances as a means of leveraging technology and as part of their continuous improvement efforts. The advantages and disadvantages from such an approach and the implementation problems are well known. However, knowledge of how these relationships evolve and dissolve over time is weak, hindered in part by cross‐sectional and a one‐perspective approach to empirical research. Presents the results from a survey based study of matched buyer and supplier pairs over time. Examines negative and positive trend relationships for predictive and explanatory causes. Data did not support the theory that the subordinated use of power can help to explain continued success and satisfaction with the relationship nor did negative trend relationships necessarily mean dissatisfaction. However, negative trend relationships appear to be predictable based on overly optimistic expectations that the benefits from such efforts will be forthcoming and reluctance on the part of buying firms to share information.