Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Predictability and Spatial Coherence of Rainfall Characteristics in the Tropical Setting of Senegal

Abstract This study examines space–time characteristics of seasonal rainfall predictability in a tropical region by analyzing observed data and model simulations over Senegal. Predictability is analyzed in terms of the spatial coherence of observed interannual variability at the station scale, and within-ensemble coherence of general circulation model (GCM) simulations with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) prescribed. Seasonal mean rainfall anomalies are decomposed in terms of daily rainfall frequency and daily mean intensity. The observed spatial coherence is computed from a 13-station network of daily rainfall during the July–September season 1961–98 in terms of (i) interannual variability of a standardized anomaly index (i.e., the average of the normalized anomalies of each station), (ii) the external variance (i.e., the fraction of common variance among stations), and (iii) the number of spatiotemporal degrees of freedom. Spatial coherence of interannual anomalies across stations is found to b.
Gender, Religiosity, Love of Money, and Ethical Perception of Tax Evasion

ABSTRACTThis study aims to examine the effect of gender, religiosity, and love of money on ethical perception of tax evasion. The population of this study consist of undergraduate accounting students of private universities in Semarang,Central Java, Indonesia. Quota sampling method was utilized with total samples of 100 students. The data was collected using questionnaire and distribution period was three months from October-December 2017. Data analysis was performed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) 3.0. The results of analysis showed that gender has no effect on religiosity and love of money. Meanwhile gender, religiosity, and love of money simultaneously affect the ethical perception of tax evasion. The results also unveil that love of money and religiosity cannot mediate the relationship between gender and ethical perception of tax evasion among undergraduate students. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh gender, religiusitas, dan kecintaan terhadap uang pada persepsi etis atas penggelapan pajak. Populasi penelitian ini terdiri dari mahasiswa sarjana akuntansi dari universitas swasta di Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode quota sampling n dengan jumlah sampel 100 siswa. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan periode pengumpulan data adalah tiga bulan dari Oktober-Desember 2017. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan Structural Equation Model (SEM) dan Partial Least Squares (PLS) 3.0. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa gender tidak berpengaruh pada religiusitas dan cinta uang. Sementara itu gender, religiusitas, dan cinta uang secara simultan mempengaruhi persepsi etika atas penggelapan pajak. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa kecintaan terhadap uang dan religiusitas tidak dapat memediasi hubungan antara gender dan persepsi etis penghindaran pajak di kalangan mahasiswa sarjana.
Cytochalasin-Induced Actin Disruption of Polarized Enterocytes Can Augment Internalization of Bacteria

ABSTRACT Cytochalasin-induced actin disruption has often been associated with decreased bacterial internalization by cultured epithelial cells, although polarized enterocytes have not been systematically studied. In assays using confluent polarized HT-29 enterocytes, cytochalasin D appeared to increase internalization of wild-type Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli. HeLa and HEp-2 epithelial cells, as well as HT-29 and Caco-2 enterocytes, were used to clarify this unexpected observation. Resulting data showed that cytochalasin D was associated with increased internalization of S. typhimurium and P. mirabilis by both HT-29 and Caco-2 enterocytes and with increased internalization of E. coli by HT-29 enterocytes; with either HeLa or HEp-2 cells, cytochalasin was associated with no change or a decrease in internalization of these same bacterial strains. Cytochalasin caused decreased internalization ofListeria monocytogenes by HT-29, Caco-2, HeLa, and HEp-2 cells, indicating that cytochalasin did not consistently augment bacterial internalization by polarized enterocytes. Fluorescein-labeled phalloidin confirmed marked disruption of filamentous actin in cytochalasin-treated HT-29, Caco-2, HeLa, and HEp-2 cells. Cytochalasin had no noticeable effect on epithelial viability but caused distorted apical microvilli, cell rounding, and separation of adjacent enterocytes in confluent cultures (with a corresponding decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance). Scanning electron microscopy showed that cytochalasin-induced enhanced bacterial internalization was associated with preferential bacterial adherence on the exposed enterocyte lateral surface. Colchicine, used to disrupt microtubules, had no noticeable effect on bacterial internalization by HT-29 or Caco-2 enterocytes. These data indicated that for HT-29 and Caco-2 enterocytes, cytochalasin-induced disruption of filamentous actin might augment internalization of some bacterial species by a mechanism that appeared to involve exposure of the enterocyte lateral surface.
The effect of gravitational recoil on black holes forming in a hierarchical universe

Galactic bulges are known to harbour central black holes whose mass is tightly correlated with the stellar mass and velocity dispersion of the bulge. In a hierarchical universe, galaxies are built up through successive mergers of subgalactic units, a process that is accompanied by the amalgamation of bulges and the likely coalescence of galactocentric black holes. In these mergers, the beaming of gravitational radiation during the plunge phase of the black hole collision can impart a linear momentum kick or “gravitational recoil” to the remnant. If large enough, this kick will eject the remnant from the galaxy entirely and populate intergalactic space with wandering black holes. Using a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, we investigate the effect of black hole ejections on the scatter of the relation between black hole and bulge mass. We find that while not the dominant source of the measured scatter, they do provide a significant contribution and may be used to set a constraint, vkick < � 500kms 1 , on the typical kick velocity, in agreement with values found from general relativistic calculations. Even for the more modest kick velocities implied by these calculations, we find that a substantial number of central black holes are ejected from the progenitors of present day galaxies, giving rise to a population of wandering intrahalo and intergalactic black holes whose distribution we investigate in high-resolution N-body simulations of Milk-Way mass halos. We find that intergalactic black holes make up only � 2 3% of the total galactic black hole mass but, within a halo, wandering black holes can contribute up to about half of the total black hole mass orbiting the central galaxy. Intrahalo black holes offer a natural explanation for the compact X-ray sources often seen near the centres of galaxies and for the hyperluminous non-central X-ray source in M82.
Approach to dizziness in the emergency department

Acute dizziness/vertigo is among the most common causes for visiting the emergency department. The traditional approach to dizziness starts with categorizing dizziness into four types: vertigo, presyncope, disequilibrium, and nonspecific dizziness. However, a recently proposed approach begins with classifying dizziness/vertigo as acute prolonged spontaneous dizziness/vertigo, recurrent spontaneous dizziness/vertigo, recurrent positional vertigo, or chronic persistent dizziness and imbalance. Vestibular neuritis and stroke are key disorders causing acute prolonged spontaneous dizziness/vertigo, but the diagnosis of isolated vascular vertigo has increased by virtue of developments in clinical neurotology and neuroimaging. However, a well-organized bedside examination appears more sensitive than brain imaging in diagnosing strokes presenting with acute dizziness/vertigo. A detailed history is vital to diagnose recurrent spontaneous dizziness/vertigo since confirmatory diagnostic tests are usually unavailable. Isolated positional vertigo is usually caused by benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, which can be treated at the bedside. In recent years, marked progress has occurred in the evaluation/management of acute dizziness/vertigo. However, even with developments in imaging technology, the diagnosis of acute dizziness/vertigo largely relies on bedside examination.
FTSE4Good: exploring its implications for corporate conduct

Purpose - The purpose of the paper is to critically evaluate membership of the FTSE4Good “socially responsible investment” indices (membership of which is based on ethical criteria), which were launched in the UK in July 2001 as a means of increased accountability and change. Design/methodology/approach - The paper adopts an interpretive and critical approach when examining the perceptions of company representatives. The empirical findings are based on a small number of interviews and a postal questionnaire. Some descriptive and inferential statistics are used to summarise and help interpret the questionnaire results. Findings - Respondents indicated that inclusion in the indices had a significant effect on their firms' reputation, and on relationships with specific stakeholder groups. All interviewees emphasised that peer group pressure encouraged top management to maintain their membership of the indices. Questionnaire respondents indicated an even balance of views regarding tightening the admission criteria for the indices. The influence of FTSE4Good on corporate conduct was found to be limited and mainly confined to reporting activity, though policy and management systems were amongst other areas where some impacts were noted. A small proportion of respondents felt that membership of the indices had had some significant influences on their companies. Originality/value - The investigation of the influence of a “mass market” ethical investment index on constituent companies is where the main originality of this paper lies. In particular the interviews with constituent firm representatives and the questionnaire results are novel for ascertaining perceptions about the impact of inclusion in the indices on constituent companies.
Controls on shallow landslide size

Most distributed slope-stability models for shallow landslide prediction neglect the forces acting on the sidewalls of landslide scars. Back-calculations and field observations, however, show that lateral root strength is a primary control on size and location of shallow landslides in soil mantled hillslopes. Here we report a theory that estimates landslide width, assuming that root strength acts primarily through a perimeter boundary. The model predicts that landslide width increases with increasing root strength and decreasing slope, as larger masses of soil are needed to overcome resisting forces. Perhaps surprisingly, the drier the soil, the larger the landslide mass (and width), whereas the water table rise reduces the size needed for failure. The comparison of the model results with field data suggests that landslide size is controlled by the local patchiness of soil thickness, root strength and topographically-driven relative saturation.
Class I–restricted Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Self-Antigens Leads to Deletion of Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells

In this report, we show that cross-presentation of self-antigens can lead to the peripheral deletion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. We had previously shown that transfer of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8+ T cells (OT-I cells) into rat insulin promoter–membrane-bound form of OVA transgenic mice, which express the model autoantigen OVA in the proximal tubular cells of the kidneys, the β cells of the pancreas, the thymus, and the testis of male mice, led to the activation of OT-I cells in the draining lymph nodes. This was due to class I–restricted cross-presentation of exogenous OVA on a bone marrow–derived antigen presenting cell (APC) population. Here, we show that adoptively transferred or thymically derived OT-I cells activated by cross-presentation are deleted from the peripheral pool of recirculating lymphocytes. Such deletion only required antigen recognition on a bone marrow–derived population, suggesting that cells of the professional APC class may be tolerogenic under these circumstances. Our results provide a mechanism by which the immune system can induce CD8+ T cell tolerance to autoantigens that are expressed outside the recirculation pathway of naive T cells.
eGFP Expression under UCHL1 Promoter Genetically Labels Corticospinal Motor Neurons and a Subpopulation of Degeneration-Resistant Spinal Motor Neurons in an ALS Mouse Model

Understanding mechanisms that lead to selective motor neuron degeneration requires visualization and cellular identification of vulnerable neurons. Here we report generation and characterization of UCHL1-eGFP and hSOD1G93A-UeGFP mice, novel reporter lines for cortical and spinal motor neurons. Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) and a subset of spinal motor neurons (SMN) are genetically labeled in UCHL1-eGFP mice, which express eGFP under the UCHL1 promoter. eGFP expression is stable and continues through P800 in vivo. Retrograde labeling, molecular marker expression, electrophysiological analysis, and cortical circuit mapping confirmed CSMN identity of eGFP+ neurons in the motor cortex. Anatomy, molecular marker expression, and electrophysiological analysis revealed that the eGFP expression is restricted to a subset of small-size SMN that are slow-twitch α and γ motor neurons. Crossbreeding of UCHL1-eGFP and hSOD1G93A lines generated hSOD1G93A-UeGFP mice, which displayed the disease phenotype observed in a hSOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. eGFP+ SMN showed resistance to degeneration in hSOD1G93A-UeGFP mice, and their slow-twitch α and γ motor neuron identity was confirmed. In contrast, eGFP+ neurons in the motor cortex of hSOD1G93A-UeGFP mice recapitulated previously reported progressive CSMN loss and apical dendrite degeneration. Our findings using these two novel reporter lines revealed accumulation of autophagosomes along the apical dendrites of vulnerable CSMN at P60, early symptomatic stage, suggesting autophagy as a potential intrinsic mechanism for CSMN apical dendrite degeneration.
The earlier, the better? Diagnostic experiences of parents in a community-based early intervention system for preschool children with autism

Background and aims In many countries, early detection and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder is largely dependent on parents’ initial concern with early symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Previous research on parental perceptions of the autism spectrum disorder diagnostic process indicates that parental satisfaction may be due to either the timing of the diagnostic notification or the provision of post-diagnostic support. The objective of this research is to study the diagnostic notification process and its impact on parents who are informed of their young child’s diagnosis before they notice a problem and whose child undergoes early intervention therapy. Methods Eighty parents of preschool children diagnosed and undergoing early intervention for autism were surveyed to examine their experience of the diagnostic disclosure process. Results Of 68 respondents, 39 (58.2%) approved of the timing of diagnostic notification, while 10 of 13 dissatisfied respondents indicated that the diagnosis was communicated too late. However, there was no correlation between a higher degree of parental satisfaction with the diagnostic notification process and earlier timing of notification. Conclusions Although it is preferable to communicate a diagnosis of childhood autism as soon as possible, findings suggest that a highly individualized approach, allowing a degree of latitude in the timing of notification, may be permissible, depending on the individual case and parental readiness to receive the diagnosis. Implications Findings have clinical implications related to the concept of optimality of diagnostic disclosure as related to the diagnostic notification process, though later notification tends to lead to more dissatisfaction.
Surgical Exposures of the Humerus

&NA; The neurovascular and muscular anatomy about the humerus precludes the use of a truly “safe” fully extensile approach. Working around a spiraling radial nerve at the posterior midshaft requires either a transmuscular dissection or a triceps‐avoiding paramuscular technique. To gain maximal exposure, the radial nerve must be mobilized at the spiral groove. For exposure of only the proximal humeral shaft, many surgeons prefer the anterolateral approach because it uses the internervous plane between the axillary and deltoid nerves proximally and the radial and musculocutaneous nerves distally. Proximally, the deltopectoral approach to the shoulder continues to be the most widely used. However, the lateral deltoid‐splitting approach is a viable, less invasive approach for both rotator cuff repair and fixation of valgus‐impacted proximal humeral fractures. Distally, intra‐articular exposure is dependent on triceps mobilization, either by olecranon osteotomy or triceps release; this exposure can be coupled with either a triceps‐splitting or a paratricipital approach for proximal extension.
Asymmetric Correlation of Stock Returns : Statistical Tests and Economic Evaluation

In this paper, we provide a model-free test for asymmetric correlations which suggest stocks tend to have greater correlations with the market when the market goes down than when it goes up. In addition, we evaluate the economic significance of asymmetric correlations by answering the question that what is the utility gain for an investor who switches from a belief of symmetric correlations into a belief of asymmetric correlations. Applying our methodology to three portfolios grouped by size, Fama and French’s size and book-to-market, and industry, we find that asymmetric correlations show up in sample estimates for all the portfolios, but they are statistically significant only for small size portfolios. Nevertheless, asymmetric correlations are of substantial economic importance, irrespective of the portfolios, for the investor who switches her symmetry belief into asymmetric correlations.
Moral emotions as determinants of third-party punishment: Anger, guilt,
 and the functions of altruistic sanctions

Third-party punishment has recently received attention as an explanation for human altruism. Feelings of anger in response to norm violations are assumed to motivate third-party sanctions, yet there is only sparse and indirect support for this idea. We investigated the impact of both anger and guilt feelings on third-party sanctions. In two studies both emotions were independently manipulated. Results show that anger and guilt independently constitute sufficient but not necessary causes of punishment. Low levels of punishment are observed only when neither emotion is elicited. We discuss the implications of these findings for the functions of altruistic sanctions.
“My cancer is not my deepest concern”: life course disruption influencing patient pathways and health care needs among persons living with colorectal cancer

Background The concept of “patient pathways” in cancer care is most commonly understood as clinical pathways, operationalized as standardized packages of health care based on guidelines for the condition in question. In this understanding, patient pathways do not address multimorbidity or patient experiences and preferences. This study explored patient pathways understood as the individual and cultural life course, which includes both life and health events. The overall aim was to contribute to supportive and targeted cancer care. Materials and methods Nine Norwegian patients recently diagnosed with rectal cancer Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage I–III participated in qualitative interviews, five times over 1 year. Five patients later participated in a workshop where they made illustrations of and discussed patient pathways. Results Patient pathways including both health and life events were illustrated and described as complex and circular. Stress, anxiety, and depression caused by life events had significant disruptive effects and influenced patient-defined health care needs. The participants experienced the Norwegian public health service as focused on hospital-based standardized cancer care. They expressed unmet health care needs in terms of emotional and practical support in their everyday life with cancer, and some turned to complementary and alternative medicine. Conclusion This study suggests that acknowledging life course disruption before cancer diagnosis may have significant relevance for understanding complex patient pathways and individual health care needs. Approaching patient pathways as individual and socially constructed may contribute important knowledge to support targeted cancer care.
The equity option volatility smile: an implicit finite-difference approach

This paper illustrates how to construct an unconditionally stable finite-difference lattice consistent with the equity option volatility smile. In particular, the paper shows how to extend the method of forward induction on Arrow±Debreu securities to generate local instantaneous volatilities in implicit and semi-implicit (Crank±Nicholson) lattices. The technique developed in the paper provides a highly accurate fit to the entire volatility smile and offers excellent convergence properties and high flexibility of assetand time-space partitioning. Contrary to standard algorithms based on binomial trees, our approach is well suited to price options with discontinuous payouts (e.g. knock-out and barrier options) and does not suffer from problems arising from negative branching probabilities.
CHEN INTEGRALS, GENERALIZED LOOPS AND LOOP CALCULUS

We use Chen iterated line integrals to construct a topological algebra of separating functions on the group of loopsLℳp. has a Hopf algebra structure which allows the construction of a group structure on its spectrum. We call this topological group the group of generalized loops Then we develop a loop calculus, based on the end point and area derivative operators, providing a rigorous mathematical treatment of the early heuristic ideas of Gambini, Trias and also Mandelstam, Makeenko and Migdal. Finally, we define a natural action of the “pointed” diffeomorphism group Diffp(ℳ) on , and consider a variational derivative which allows the construction of homotopy invariants. This formalism is useful for constructing a mathematical theory of loop representation of gauge theories and quantum gravity.
Soft Tissue Swelling Associated with the Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Long Bone Non-unions

Introduction: This report describes two cases of long bone non-union associated with the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and is the first of its kind. The first case describes a 25-year-old male who sustained a left diaphyseal femoral shaft fracture initially treated with operative fixation using an intramedullary nail, which subsequently loosened distally and was treated with exchange nailing and rhBMP-2 application. This patient developed acute local soft tissue inflammation post-operatively. The second case describes a 61-year-old female who sustained a right diaphyseal humeral shaft fracture that was initially treated with intramedullary nail fixation with subsequent distal interlock screw loosening. She underwent nail removal, and compression plating with rhBMP-2 placement, and postoperatively developed severe acute local tissue swelling centered over the rhBMP-2 sponge. Surgeons should be aware that rhBMP-2 may cause local acute tissue swelling and recombinant bone morphogenic proteins such as rhBMP-2 may have a role in the management for atrophic fracture non-unions. The authors recommend careful consideration prior to rhBMP-2 use in long bone non-unions.