Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Petrography of Snap Lake Kimberlite Dyke (Northwest Territories, Canada) and its Interaction with Country Rock Granitoids

Carbonate-rich intrusions in contact with felsic rocks theoretically should show the effects of interaction between the two rock types, due to their contrasting compositions. In reality, though, such interaction is rarely reported at kimberlite contacts. We present the first documented case of lithological and mineralogical zonation at the margin of a kimberlite, the Snap Lake dyke, in contact with the wall-rock granitoid. Our detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study shows that the fresh hypabyssal kimberlite consists of olivine macrocrysts and microcrysts, and phlogopite macrocrysts set in a groundmass of serpentinized monticellite, phlogopite, spinel, perovskite and apatite, with interstitial lizardite and calcite. This typical Group I kimberlite mineralogy does not match the bulk-rock composition, which resembles a Group II micaceous kimberlite. The mismatch between the chemical and mineralogical properties is ascribed to contamination by granitoid xenoliths and metasomatic reactions with the felsic country rocks, the Snap Lake kimberlite has extremely low bulk-Ca compared to other documented Group I kimberlites. Reaction with deuteric H2O and CO2 has led to Ca removal, serpentinization of olivine, replacement of calcite by dolomite, alteration of perovskite and decomposition of apatite. Adjacent to the contact with the host granitoid and in haloes around granitoid clasts, poikilitic phlogopite and lizardite are replaced by subsolidus phlogopite and a multiphase phyllosilicate composed of phlogopiteþ lizarditeþ chloriteþ talc. A modified isocon analysis accounts for felsic xenolith assimilation and isolates metasomatic changes. Enrichment of altered kimberlites in Si owes solely to xenolith incorporation. The metasomatic ingress of granitoid-derived Al for a limited distance inside the dyke was counteracted by a flux of Mg and Fe to the granitoid. Metasomatic changes in K and Ca tend to be positive in all lithologies of kimberlite and in the granitoids implying distal transport. The combination of xenolith digestion with metasomatic element transport is expected in hybrid zones where kimberlite magmas interact with felsic wall-rocks.
Microchemical analysis of selenium in otoliths of two West Virginia fishes captured near mountaintop removal coal mining operations

Otoliths, calcified inner ear structures, were collected from creek chubs (Semotilus atromaculatus) and green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) living in mountaintop mining‐impacted and reference streams and analyzed for selenium (Se) content using laser ablation–inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Significant differences in otolith Se were found between the 2 fish species. Results from the present study suggest that a retrospective reconstruction of Se concentrations in muscle can be derived from Se concentrations in otoliths in creek chub but not green sunfish, exemplifying the importance of species differences when determining partitioning of Se among specific tissues. Green sunfish otoliths from all sites contained background (<1 μg/g) or low (1–4 μg/g) average concentrations of whole‐otolith Se. In contrast, creek chub otoliths from the historically mined site contained much higher (≥5 μg/g) concentrations of Se than for the same species in the unmined site or for the green sunfish. These data suggest that body burdens of Se in fish can vary considerably over time and that both the timing of sampling and species choice could heavily influence Se assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1039–1044. © 2015 SETAC
Aerosol Optical Depth Over India

Tropospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) over India was simulated by Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)‐Chem, a global 3‐D chemical‐transport model, using SMOG (Speciated Multi‐pOllutant Generator from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay) and GEOS‐Chem (GC) (current inventories used in the GEOS‐Chem model) inventories for 2012. The simulated AODs were ~80% (SMOG) and 60% (GC) of those measured by the satellites (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer). There is no strong seasonal variation in AOD over India. The peak AOD values are observed/simulated during summer. The simulated AOD using SMOG inventory has particulate black and organic carbon AOD higher by a factor ~5 and 3, respectively, compared to GC inventory. The model underpredicted coarse‐mode AOD but agreed for fine‐mode AOD with Aerosol Robotic Network data. It captured dust only over Western India, which is a desert, and not elsewhere, probably due to inaccurate dust transport and/or noninclusion of other dust sources. The calculated AOD, after dust correction, showed the general features in its observed spatial variation. Highest AOD values were observed over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain followed by Central and Southern India with lowest values in Northern India. Transport of aerosols from Indo‐Gangetic Plain and Central India into Eastern India, where emissions are low, is significant. The major contributors to total AOD over India are inorganic aerosol (41–64%), organic carbon (14–26%), and dust (7–32%). AOD over most regions of India is a factor of 5 or higher than over the United States.
Gyro Drift Correction for An Indirect Kalman Filter Based Sensor Fusion Driver

Sensor fusion techniques have made a significant contribution to the success of the recently emerging mobile applications era because a variety of mobile applications operate based on multi-sensing information from the surrounding environment, such as navigation systems, fitness trackers, interactive virtual reality games, etc. For these applications, the accuracy of sensing information plays an important role to improve the user experience (UX) quality, especially with gyroscopes and accelerometers. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a novel mechanism to resolve the gyro drift problem, which negatively affects the accuracy of orientation computations in the indirect Kalman filter based sensor fusion. Our mechanism focuses on addressing the issues of external feedback loops and non-gyro error elements contained in the state vectors of an indirect Kalman filter. Moreover, the mechanism is implemented in the device-driver layer, providing lower process latency and transparency capabilities for the upper applications. These advances are relevant to millions of legacy applications since utilizing our mechanism does not require the existing applications to be re-programmed. The experimental results show that the root mean square errors (RMSE) before and after applying our mechanism are significantly reduced from 6.3×10-1 to 5.3×10-7, respectively.
Ibots: Learning Real Team Solutions

This paper presents \Ibots" (Integrating roBOTS), a computer experiment in team robotics designed on an arti cial mission. Our aim is to understand how to use reinforcement learning to program automatically a team of robots with a shared mission. Moreover, we are interested in learning real team solutions. These are programs whose form strongly depends on the number of robots composing the team, on their individual skills and limitations, and on any other mission boundary condition which makes it worth to prefer \at a team level" certain solutions to others. The Ibots mission is speci ed implicitly by means of a single reinforcement signal which measures the team performance as a whole. This form of payo leads to real team solutions. Bene ts and drawbacks of using team reinforcement as opposed to individual robot reinforcement are discussed.
Depolarization inactivation of dopamine neurons: an artifact?

A widely accepted theory postulates that, in rats, chronic treatment with neuroleptics causes the depolarization inactivation of the majority of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. The present study was aimed to verify whether general anesthesia and/or other factors might contribute to the depolarization inactivation of A9 and A10 DA neurons. To investigate on the possible role played by DA receptor subtypes, three representatives DA antagonists were used: haloperidol (a mixed D1/D2), (-)-sulpiride (a selective D2) and SCH 23390 (a selective D1). In agreement with previous studies, where neuronal sampling was carried out in animals under chloral hydrate anesthesia, chronic treatment with haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg daily for 21–28 d) produced a profound reduction (about 80%) in the number of spontaneously active A9 DA neurons. However, when neuronal sampling was performed in unanesthetized rats, the single administration of haloperidol, (-)-sulpiride, or SCH 23390 (0.5, 25, and 0.3 mg/kg respectively 2–3 hr beforehand) increased the number of spontaneously active A9 and A10 DA neurons and their firing rate, whereas the chronic administration of these drugs (daily for 21– 28 d) failed to reduce the number of spontaneously active A9 and A10 DA neurons. The inhibitory effect of apomorphine on the firing rate of A9 and A10 DA neurons was prevented 3–4 hr after the acute or last injection of chronic haloperidol or (-)-sulpiride. However, the inhibitory effect was potentiated 24 hr after the last administration of the chronic regimen with these neuroleptics, but it was not influenced by either acute or chronic treatment with SCH 23390. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Periodic-pattern-selective cells in monkey visual cortex

To study the visual processing of periodic and aperiodic patterns, we have analyzed neuronal responses in areas V1 and V2 of the visual cortex of alert monkeys during behaviorally induced fixation of gaze. Receptive field eccentricities ranged between 0.5 degrees and 4 degrees. We found cells that responded vigorously to gratings, but weakly or not all to bars and edges. In some cells the aperiodic stimuli even reduced the activity below the spontaneous level. The distribution of a bar-grating response index indicated a discrete population of “grating cells” characterized by more than 10-fold superiority of gratings. We estimated that these cells have a frequency of 4% in V1 and 1.6% in V2, and that about 4 million grafting cells of V1 subserve the central 4 degrees of vision. The converse, cells that responded to isolated bars but not to gratings of any periodicity, was also observed. The grating cells of V1 were mostly (23 of 26) found in layers 2, 3, and 4B. They preferred spatial frequencies between 2.6 and 19 cycles/degree (median, 9.3), with tuning widths at half-amplitude between 0.4 and 1.4 octaves (median, 1.0). Their tunings were narrower, and their preferred frequencies higher, than those of other cells on average. Grating cells were also narrowly tuned for orientation. Those of V2 were similarly selective. The responses of grating cells depended critically on the number of cycles of the gratings. With square waves of optimum periodicity responses required a minimum of 2–6 grating cycles and leveled off at 4–14 (median, 7.5). The corresponding receptive field widths were 0.34–2.4 degrees (median, 0.78 degrees) for V1 and 0.72–2.4 degrees (median, 1.4 degrees) for V2. Grating cells typically gave unmodulated responses to drifting gratings, were unselective for direction of motion, and were strongly activated also by stationary gratings. Half of those of V1 were monocular, the others binocular, some showing strong binocular facilitation and disparity sensitivity. Length summation was usually monotonic, but strong end- inhibition was also observed. In contrast to other cells, grating cells were not activated by harmonic components. Spatial-frequency response curves for sine-wave, square-wave, and line gratings were similar. Square-wave gratings of one-third the preferred frequency failed to excite the cells, while the isolated 3f component (f = the fundamental of the square wave) of these gratings evoked strong responses. In spite of the nonlinear features, grating cells had low contrast thresholds. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
De Qi: Chinese Acupuncture Patients' Experiences and Beliefs regarding Acupuncture Needling Sensation – An Exploratory Survey

Introduction While de qi, the acupuncture needling sensation, has been considered as an important component of acupuncture, little is known of the acupuncture patient's experience and beliefs about de qi in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to describe Chinese acupuncture patients’ perceived sensations of, and beliefs about, acupuncture needling. Methods We developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey study at two time periods among 200 subjects at six outpatient acupuncture clinics in Beijing, China. Results Respondents were 55% female and had a mean age of 41 years. The most common types of needling sensations reported by subjects were the terms ‘distended’(94%), ‘sore’(81%), ‘electric’(81%) and ‘numb’ (78%). Eighty-nine percent of subjects reported that the needling sensation travelled away from the puncturing points or travelled among the needling points. Eighty-two percent of subjects believed that the needling sensation was very important for acupuncture treatment, and 68% further indicated that the stronger the needling sensation, the more effective the therapy. Eighty-one percent of subjects found the acupuncture process to be very comfortable and relaxing. Conclusion Chinese acupuncture patients described the common characteristics of de qi and its migratory nature. The sensations were believed to be important in producing clinical efficacy by most patients. Measuring the sensations described as de qi in future prospective studies will help us understand the degree to which this phenomenon has an effect on the physiological outcome and clinical response to acupuncture. There appears to be a limit to the number of sensations that can be discriminated by each individual patient, and further development of the questionnaire is planned.
Towards Neural Network-based Reasoning

We propose Neural Reasoner, a framework for neural network-based reasoning over natural language sentences. Given a question, Neural Reasoner can infer over multiple supporting facts and find an answer to the question in specific forms. Neural Reasoner has 1) a specific interaction-pooling mechanism, allowing it to examine multiple facts, and 2) a deep architecture, allowing it to model the complicated logical relations in reasoning tasks. Assuming no particular structure exists in the question and facts, Neural Reasoner is able to accommodate different types of reasoning and different forms of language expressions. Despite the model complexity, Neural Reasoner can still be trained effectively in an end-to-end manner. Our empirical studies show that Neural Reasoner can outperform existing neural reasoning systems with remarkable margins on two difficult artificial tasks (Positional Reasoning and Path Finding) proposed in [8]. For example, it improves the accuracy on Path Finding(10K) from 33.4% [6] to over 98%.
Cyclic AMP Prevents an Increase in GAP-43 but Promotes Neurite Growth in Cultured Adult Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

High expression of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in neurons is correlated with developmental and regenerative axon growth. It has been postulated that during development and after injury, GAP-43 expression is elevated due to the unavailability of a target-derived repressive signal, but that GAP-43 expression then declines upon target contact. Here we examine the cyclic AMP second messenger signaling pathway to determine if it might mediate retrograde transmission of a signal which represses GAP-43 expression and inhibits growth. Cultures of adult rat dorsal root ganglia were chronically exposed to membrane-permeable analogs of cyclic AMP and activators of adenyl cyclase. These treatments caused GAP-43 protein levels to decrease in a dose-dependent manner, although neuronal survival was not affected. GAP-43 mRNA was also decreases by cyclic AMP. GAP-43 protein levels were not repressed by neurotrophins, cytokines, or other agents. Surprisingly, cyclic AMP caused an increase in the rate of neurite outgrowth, even though the neurons were partially depleted of GAP-43. Growth stimulation was quickly inducible and reversible, could occur in the presence of transcription inhibitors, and did not entail alterations in branching pattern. These findings suggest that axon growth involving high levels of GAP-43 is distinct from the growth stimulation which is rapidly induced by cyclic AMP.
Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 Is Necessary for Normal B Cell Development and Recovery of Lymphoid Progenitors after Chemotherapeutic Challenge

B cell development involves rapid cellular proliferation, gene rearrangements, selection, and differentiation, and it provides a powerful model to study DNA repair processes in vivo. Analysis of the contribution of the base excision repair pathway in lymphocyte development has been lacking primarily owing to the essential nature of this repair pathway. However, mice deficient for the base excision repair enzyme, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 2 (APE2) protein develop relatively normally, but they display defects in lymphopoiesis. In this study, we present an extensive analysis of bone marrow hematopoiesis in mice nullizygous for APE2 and find an inhibition of the pro-B to pre-B cell transition. We find that APE2 is not required for V(D)J recombination and that the turnover rate of APE2-deficient progenitor B cells is nearly normal. However, the production rate of pro- and pre-B cells is reduced due to a p53-dependent DNA damage response. FACS-purified progenitors from APE2-deficient mice differentiate normally in response to IL-7 in in vitro stromal cell cocultures, but pro-B cells show defective expansion. Interestingly, APE2-deficient mice show a delay in recovery of B lymphocyte progenitors following bone marrow depletion by 5-fluorouracil, with the pro-B and pre-B cell pools still markedly decreased 2 wk after a single treatment. Our data demonstrate that APE2 has an important role in providing protection from DNA damage during lymphoid development, which is independent from its ubiquitous and essential homolog APE1.
A Simple Innovative Method to Calculate the Magnetic Field Generated by Twisted Three-Phase Power Cables

This paper firstly examines the consolidated analytical methodologies available in literature for the calculation of the magnetic field generated by a twisted three-phase conductor arrangement carrying balanced three-phase currents. Such literature methodologies consist of an exact analytical expression of the RMS magnetic induction given in the form of complicated Bessel-function series and of an approximation of such exact expression where only the first term of the series is considered. Subsequently, a simple innovative approximated formula for the RMS magnetic induction generated by twisted three-phase power cables is obtained by means of an heuristic procedure. This formula results a good approximation of the rigorous analytical one and at the same time is much more accurate than the approximated formula found in literature, as demonstrated by the case of a twisted three-phase power cable used for power distribution at the medium voltage level.
Prognostic Impact of TEL-AML-1 Fusion Gene on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

AML-1 is normally expressed in all hematopoietic lineage and acts to regulate the expression of various genes such as granulocyte–colony stimulating factor, interleukin-3, T-cell receptors, and myeloperoxidase genes (1). Frequent translocation variants result in fusion between intron-5 of TEL and intron-2 of AML-1 (2). The t(12:21) results in the chimeric fusion gene TEL–AML-1. The basis of this selectivity is an important unresolved issue (3), but most likely reflects a selective impact of the chimeric protein on the proliferation and/or survival of B-cell precursor (4). Although the mechanism of leukemogenesis induced by TEL–AML-1 remains obscure, recent data have demonstrated the importance of both TEL and AML-1 for normal hematopoiesis, thus suggesting that the presence of TEL–AML-1 fusion protein leads to disordered hematopoietic development as a critical component (5). ABSTRACT
ABI4 Regulates Primary Seed Dormancy by Regulating the Biogenesis of Abscisic Acid and Gibberellins in Arabidopsis

Seed dormancy is an important economic trait for agricultural production. Abscisic acid (ABA) and Gibberellins (GA) are the primary factors that regulate the transition from dormancy to germination, and they regulate this process antagonistically. The detailed regulatory mechanism involving crosstalk between ABA and GA, which underlies seed dormancy, requires further elucidation. Here, we report that ABI4 positively regulates primary seed dormancy, while negatively regulating cotyledon greening, by mediating the biogenesis of ABA and GA. Seeds of the Arabidopsis abi4 mutant that were subjected to short-term storage (one or two weeks) germinated significantly more quickly than Wild-Type (WT), and abi4 cotyledons greened markedly more quickly than WT, while the rates of germination and greening were comparable when the seeds were subjected to longer-term storage (six months). The ABA content of dry abi4 seeds was remarkably lower than that of WT, but the amounts were comparable after stratification. Consistently, the GA level of abi4 seeds was increased compared to WT. Further analysis showed that abi4 was resistant to treatment with paclobutrazol (PAC), a GA biosynthesis inhibitor, during germination, while OE-ABI4 was sensitive to PAC, and exogenous GA rescued the delayed germination phenotype of OE-ABI4. Analysis by qRT-PCR showed that the expression of genes involved in ABA and GA metabolism in dry and germinating seeds corresponded to hormonal measurements. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation qPCR (ChIP-qPCR) and transient expression analysis showed that ABI4 repressed CYP707A1 and CYP707A2 expression by directly binding to those promoters, and the ABI4 binding elements are essential for this repression. Accordingly, further genetic analysis showed that abi4 recovered the delayed germination phenotype of cyp707a1 and cyp707a2 and further, rescued the non-germinating phenotype of ga1-t. Taken together, this study suggests that ABI4 is a key factor that regulates primary seed dormancy by mediating the balance between ABA and GA biogenesis.
Terroir Studies in Washington and Wisconsin American Viticultural Areas

ii LIST OF FIGURES . viii LIST OF TABLES . xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . xii 1.0 Chapter I: General Introduction . 1 1.1 Terroir Background . 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Significance . 6 2.0 Chapter II: Terroir of Historic Wollersheim Winery, Lake Wisconsin AVA, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin . 8 2.1 Abstract . 8 2.2 Introduction . 9 2.2.1 Overview of The Terroir of Lake Wisconsin AVA . 13 2.2.2 Glacially Influenced Terroir in Other Vine-Growing Regions . 17 2.3 Terroir Characterization of Wollersheim Winery . 20 2.4 Materials, Methods, and Data Acquisition . 21 2.5 Results and Discussion . 23 2.5. 1 Vineyard Soil Properties . 24 2.5. 2 Vineyard Soil Chemistry and Mineralogy . 27 2.5. 3 Vineyard Variability Study at Domaine Reserve and L ot 19 . 37 2.5. 4 Vine Trunk Circumferences . 37 2.5. 5 Geophysical Surveys . 39 2.6 Conclusions . 45 3.0 Insight into Grapevine Source Water Acquisition during Key Phenological Stages Using Stable Isotope Analysis . 47 3.1 Abstract . 47 3.2 Introduction . 48 3.3 Materials and Methods . 52 3.3.1 Study Site . 52 3.3.2 Rain Water, Soil Water, and Root/Stem Water . 53 3.3.3 Cryogenic Vacuum Water Extraction and Isotopic Anal ysis . 55 3.4 Results . 56 3.4. 1 Terroir Overview . 56