Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Poor Convergence of Posterior Samplers due to Multimodality

Computation in Bayesian statistical models is often performed using iterative sampling techniques such as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), in which case the convergence of the sampler to the posterior distribution is assessed using a set of standard diagnostics. We show that this approach may be insucient when the posterior distribution is multimodal‐that lack of convergence due to posterior multimodality can be undetected using the standard convergence diagnostics, including the Gelman-Rubin diagnostic that was introduced for exactly this problem. We show that the poor convergence can be detected using a validation technique that was originally proposed for detecting coding errors in MCMC software (Cook, Gelman and Rubin 2006). The validation method can succeed where convergence diagnostics fail, because it evaluates the convergence of the sampling algorithm for many data sets drawn from the model, rather than for the particular data set under consideration. We show that for several models (including some instances of the popular stochastic search variable selection technique by George and McCulloch 1993) one mode of the posterior distribution has a much smaller “basin of attraction” than another mode. The narrower mode is extremely dicult to detect, both for a Gibbs sampler and for
Examination of race and sex effects on performance ratings

The effects of rater source, rater and ratee race, rater and ratee sex, and job type were investigated on ratings collected for 8,642 first-term Army enlisted personnel. Ratings were made on 10 behaviorally based dimensions developed for evaluating all first-term soldiers. Results of between-subjects analyses similar to those conducted in past research revealed significant main effects and interactions for sex, race, rater source, and job type, but the variance accounted for by these effects was minimal
Failure to Consolidate the Consolidation Theory of Learning for Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks

An influential idea in human motor learning is that there is a consolidation period during which motor memories are transformed from a fragile to a permanent state, no longer susceptible to interference from new learning. The evidence supporting this idea comes from studies showing that the motor memory of a task (A) is lost when an opposing task (B) is experienced soon after, but not if sufficient time is allowed to pass (∼6 hr). We report results from three laboratories challenging this consolidation idea. We used an ABA paradigm in the context of a reaching task to assess the influence of experiencing B after A on the retention of A. In two experiments using visuomotor rotations, we found that B fully interferes with the retention of A even when B is experienced 24 hr after A. Contrary to previous reports, in four experiments on learning force fields, we also observed full interference between A and B when they are separated by 24 hr or even 1 week. This latter result holds for both position-dependent and velocity-dependent force fields. For both the visuomotor and force-field tasks, complete interference is still observed when the possible affects of anterograde interference are controlled through the use of washout trials. Our results fail to support the idea that motor memories become consolidated into a protected state. Rather, they are consistent with recent ideas of memory formation, which propose that memories can shift between active and inactive states.
Elevated Plasma Soluble CD14 and Skewed CD16+ Monocyte Distribution Persist despite Normalisation of Soluble CD163 and CXCL10 by Effective HIV Therapy: A Changing Paradigm for Routine HIV Laboratory Monitoring?

Objective We investigated plasma and flow cytometric biomarkers of monocyte status that have been associated with prognostic utility in HIV infection and other chronic inflammatory diseases, comparing 81 HIV+ individuals with a range of treatment outcomes to a group of 21 healthy control blood donors. Our aim is to develop and optimise monocyte assays that combine biological relevance, clinical utility, and ease of adoption into routine HIV laboratory practice. Design Cross-sectional evaluation of concurrent plasma and whole blood samples. Methods A flow cytometry protocol was developed comprising single-tube CD45, CD14, CD16, CD64, CD163, CD143 analysis with appropriately matched isotype controls. Plasma levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), soluble CD163 (sCD163) and CXCL10 were measured by ELISA. Results HIV status was associated with significantly increased expression of CD64, CD143 and CD163 on CD16+ monocytes, irrespective of the virological response to HIV therapy. Plasma levels of sCD14, sCD163 and CXCL10 were also significantly elevated in association with viremic HIV infection. Plasma sCD163 and CXCL10 levels were restored to healthy control levels by effective antiretroviral therapy while sCD14 levels remained elevated despite virological suppression (p<0.001). Conclusions Flow cytometric and plasma biomarkers of monocyte activation indicate an ongoing systemic inflammatory response to HIV infection, characterised by persistent alterations of CD16+ monocyte expression profiles and elevated sCD14 levels, that are not corrected by antiretroviral therapy and likely to be prognostically significant. In contrast, sCD163 and CXCL10 levels declined on antiretroviral therapy, suggesting multiple activation pathways revealed by these biomarkers. Incorporation of these assays into routine clinical care is feasible and warrants further consideration, particularly in light of emerging therapeutic strategies that specifically target innate immune activation in HIV infection.
A quantitative analysis of high school chemistry textbooks for scientific literacy themes and expository learning aids

The purpose of this study was to examine the content of seven high school chemistry textbooks for curriculum balance and emphasis on the following aspects of scientific literacy: (a) science as a body of knowledge, (b) science as a way of investigating, (c) science as a way of thinking, and (d) the interaction among science, technology, and society. In addition, the number of textbook pages, vocabulary terms, pictures, questions, and problems at the end of the chapter were determined. The textbook is an important teaching aid in high school chemistry courses, which conveys some of the information that students receive and influences how students perceive this subject. The majority of chemistry textbooks we analyzed stress science as a body of knowledge, place some emphasis on science as a way of investigating, have practically eliminated science as a way of thinking, and devote very little text to the interaction among science, technology, and society. Furthermore, these are voluminous books that range in length from 466 to 729 pages, with as many as 60 questions per chapter.
Bilateral Occipital Lobe Hemorrhages Presenting as Denial of Blindness in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome– A Rare Combination of Anton Syndrome and Encephalopathy

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) or reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy (RPL) is an acute neurological syndrome characterized by the development of radiological abnormalities on brain imaging along with clinical manifestations, such as a headache, seizures, encephalopathy, etc. We report the case of a middle-aged male who presented to the emergency department after he woke up with complete blindness and was found to have hemorrhagic PRES. Intracranial hemorrhages were seen in around 15% of patients who presented with this condition. In this article, we review the different types of hemorrhages seen in the setting of PRES and their associations.
Does This Patient Have Clubbing

Context The association between digital clubbing and a host of diseases has been recognized since the time of Hippocrates. Although the features of advanced clubbing are familiar to most clinicians, the presence of early clubbing is often a source of debate. Objective To perform a systematic review of the literature for information on the precision and accuracy of clinical examination for clubbing. Data Sources The MEDLINE database from January 1966 to April 1999 was searched for English-language articles related to clubbing. Bibliographies of all retrieved articles and of standard textbooks of physical diagnosis were also searched. Study Selection Studies selected for data extraction were those in which quantitative or qualitative assessment for clubbing was described in a series of patients. Sixteen studies met these criteria and were included in the final analysis. Data Extraction Data were extracted by both authors, who independently reviewed and appraised the quality of each article. Data extracted included quantitative indices for distinguishing clubbed from normal digits, precision of clinical examination for clubbing, and accuracy of clubbing as a marker of selected diseases. Data Synthesis The profile angle, hyponychial angle, and phalangeal depth ratio can be used as quantitative indices to assist in identifying clubbing. In individuals without clubbing, values for these indices do not exceed 176°, 192°, and 1.0, respectively. When clinicians make a global assessment of clubbing at the bedside, interobserver agreement is variable, with κ values ranging between 0.39 and 0.90. Because of the lack of an objective diagnostic criterion standard, accuracy of physical examination for clubbing is difficult to determine. The accuracy of clubbing as a marker of specific underlying disease has been determined for lung cancer (likelihood ratio, 3.9 with phalangeal depth ratio in excess of 1.0) and for inflammatory bowel disease (likelihood ratio, 2.8 and 3.7 for active Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, respectively, if clubbing is present). Conclusions We recommend use of the profile angle and phalangeal depth ratio as quantitative indices in identifying clubbing. Clinical judgment must be exercised in determining the extent of further evaluation for underlying disease when these values exceed 180° and 1.0, respectively.
Being and becoming: Writing children into planning theory

This paper offers a framework to redress the neglect of children in planning theory. Noting that children are viewed as both human beings and human becomings, attention is drawn to the role of planning in regulating both aspects of children’s lives through a construction of childhood that emerged in conjunction with planning’s modernist roots. A recovered history of childhood challenges adult-centric accounts that render children invisible or assume their dependence and helplessness. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, the constitutive elements of this recovered history are examined and contrasted with the spatial segregation and regulation of childhood that is the profession’s current normative framework. The paper concludes by identifying ways that planning theory can be further enhanced by a focus on children and childhood.
Recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor prevents thrombosis in a venous tuck model

Microvascular free tissue transfer has become a mainstay of reconstruction after resections for head and neck cancer. With current techniques, free flap failure is typically low; however, failure rates have been reported as high as 10%. Most thrombotic failures occur within the first few days postoperatively and tend to involve the venous anastomoses. We evaluated the efficacy of recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor (rhTFPI), an anticoagulant that directly inhibits the extrinsic coagulation pathway, using a rat model of microvenous thrombosis.
Unequal Opportunities

This study profiles the qualifications and preparation of special educators from the 2003–2004 Schools and Staffing Survey and investigates their relationship with teaching in a high-poverty school. Based on Berne and Stiefel’s (1984) equal opportunity standard, students with disabilities in high-poverty schools are not provided an equitable education. The results echo state accountability reports that document a shortage of special education teachers meeting the highly qualified teacher standards in high-poverty schools and other research studies on the uneven distribution of teachers. Policies such as alternative certification programs, economic incentives, and induction programs aimed at recruiting and retaining qualified, prepared special educators are considered along with ideas for future research.
The Authentic Worker's Well-Being and Performance: The Relationship Between Authenticity at Work, Well-Being, and Work Outcomes

ABSTRACT Previous research on authenticity has mainly focused on trait conceptualizations of authenticity (e.g., Wood et al., 2008), whereas in specific environments (e.g., at work) state conceptualizations of authenticity (cf. Van den Bosch & Taris, 2013) are at least as relevant. For example, working conditions are subject to change, and this could well have consequences for employees’ perceived level of authenticity at work. The current study employs a work-specific, state-like conceptualization of authenticity to investigate the relations between authenticity at work, well-being, and work outcomes. A series of ten separate hierarchical regression analyses using data from 685 participants indicated that after controlling for selected work characteristics and demographic variables, authenticity at work accounted for on average 11% of the variance of various wellbeing and work outcomes. Of the three subscales of authenticity at work (i.e., authentic living, self-alienation, and accepting influence), self-alienation was the strongest predictor of outcomes, followed by authentic living and accepting external influence, respectively. These findings are discussed in the light of their practical and theoretical implications.
Is maternal depression related to side of infant holding?

Studies show that 65–85% of mothers hold their infants on the left side of their own body and that this left-bias may be reduced or reversed when mothers have symptoms similar to depression or dysphoria (de Château, Holmberg, & Winberg, 1978). No studies, however, have used diagnostic criteria to assess the mother’s psychological state. The current study examined the relationship between maternal report of depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory and holding-side bias in a high-risk sample of 177 mothers participating with their infants in a larger longitudinal study of mother–infant relationships and domestic violence. Mothers classified as nondepressed showed a significant left-bias; those classified as depressed showed a nonsignificant right-bias; mothers who reported experiencing domestic violence also showed a reduced left-bias. The results are interpreted in terms of current theory and research on lateralised hemispheric activation and depression.
Ceruloplasmin/Transferrin System Is Related to Clinical Status in Acute Stroke

Background and Purpose— In acute stroke, Iron (Fe) may amplify reperfusion injury by catalyzing the conversion of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide into highly reactive radicals. Transferrin (Tf) is the main protein regulating Fe homeostasis, whereas Ceruplasmin (CP) is a circulating ferroxidase enzyme able to oxidize ferrous ions to less toxic ferric forms. This study aims at investigating whether CP, Copper (Cu), Tf, and Fe play a role in the pathophysiology of acute stroke. Methods— We enrolled 35 acute stroke patients and 44 controls. All patients underwent: neurological examination assessed by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), ultrasound evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis, brain MRI to quantify ischemic lesion volume and measurement of serum levels of CP, Cu, Tf, Fe, hydro-peroxides, and Total plasmatic antioxidant capacity. Results— In patients, NIHSS scores were associated with Tf (r=−0.48, P=0.004), hydro-peroxides (r=0.34, P=0.046), CP (r=0.43, P=0.012), and lesion volume (r=0.50, P=0.004). Lesion volume was inversely associated with Tf (r=−0.44, P=0.012). CP and hydro-peroxides were also largely related (r=0.81, P<0.001). The model multiple R was 0.57, resulting in a 32.5% of explained NIHSS variance with Tf accounting for 23.4% and CP for 9.1%. Conclusions— CP and Tf levels are representative of clinical status in acute stroke patients. Our findings suggest a protective role of Tf in acute stroke and a possible ambivalent role of CP.
Is participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs associated with better quality of life and return to work after coronary artery bypass operations? The Israeli CABG Study.

OBJECTIVE To explore the putative effect of cardiac rehabilitation programs on the 'health-related quality of life' and 'return to work' in pre-retirement patients one year after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS Of the 2,085 patients aged 45-64 who survived one year after CABG and were Israeli residents, 145 (6.9%) had participated in rehabilitation programs. Of these, 124 (83%) who answered QOL questionnaires were individually matched with 248 controls by gender, age within 5 years, and the time the questionnaire was answered. All patients had full clinical follow-up including a pre-operative interview. The Short Form-36 QOL questionnaire as well as a specific questionnaire were mailed to surviving patients one year after surgery. Study outcomes included the scores on eight scales and two summary components of the SF-36, as well as 'return to work' and 'satisfaction with medical services' from the specific questionnaire. Analysis was done for matched samples. RESULTS Cardiac rehabilitation participants had significantly higher SF-36 scores in general health, physical functioning, and social functioning. They had borderline significant higher scores in the physical summary component of the SF-36. The specific questionnaire revealed significantly better overall functioning, higher satisfaction with medical care, and higher rate of return to work. While participants in cardiac rehabilitation and their controls were similar in their socio-demographic and clinical profiles, participating patients tended to be more physically active and more fully employed than their controls. CONCLUSIONS Rehabilitation participants had a self-perception of better HRQOL, most significantly in social functioning. Our findings of more frequent return to work and higher satisfaction with medical care should induce a policy to encourage participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs after CABG.
Transformationale Führung und Veränderungsbereitschaft

Der Zusammenhang zwischen transformationaler Fuhrung und Veranderungsbereitschaft wurde bislang nur selten untersucht. Obwohl die meisten Studien moderate Zusammenhange zeigen, gibt es auch abweichende und inkonsistente Befunde. Eine Erklarung dafur ist, dass neutralisierende bzw. verstarkende Einflusse von Stressoren und Ressourcen bislang unzureichend berucksichtigt wurden. Daher wurden die moderierenden Effekte von Rollenkonflikten, Spannungen zwischen Kollegen und informatorischen Erschwerungen als Stressoren sowie Handlungsspielraum, soziale Unterstutzung und organisationale Gerechtigkeit als Ressourcen in einer Studie mit N = 404 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern einer Organisation untersucht, die sich in einem Veranderungsprozess befand. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Moglichkeit, Veranderungsbereitschaft durch transformationale Fuhrung positiv zu beeinflussen zunimmt, wenn die Mitarbeiter uber mehr Ressourcen verfugen und weniger Stressoren ausgesetzt sind. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf d.
Anomia treatment with contextual priming: A case study

Background : We present a multiple-baseline single-case treatment study on anomia. The present anomia treatment technique originates from several studies whose aim was to test word-production models in a multiple object naming paradigm by eliciting naming responses in normal (Martin, Weisberg, & Saffran, 1989) and aphasic speakers (Laine & Martin, 1996; Martin & Laine, 2000). In addition to evidence in favour of interactive word-production models, the studies of Laine and Martin (1996) and Martin and Laine (2000) have suggested that the procedure, known as contextual priming, might facilitate target naming in anomic patients at least in some naming conditions. Aims : Our aim was to test further the therapeutic potential of the contextual priming technique with the following questions: (1) Does the treatment technique facilitate the naming of target words? (2) Does a particular treatment condition (semantic, phonological, unrelated) show more facilitation than others? (3) Does the treatment technique facilitate the naming of untrained control items? (4) If there is a facilitatory effect, is it enduring? Methods & Procedures : A single anomic person with a long-standing anomia was treated with contextual priming. The technique included repeated cycles of spontaneous naming attempts and repetition of target names after the examiner. In the treatment, the target items were presented in sets of five pictures that were related either semantically or phonologically or were unrelated. The treatment was carried out in a multiple-baseline design consisting of 10 baseline measurements, 27 treatment sessions along with 27 within-training measurements, and 1 post-measurement 1.5 months after the treatment. Outcomes & Results : The anomic patient showed facilitation of the target naming in all contextual conditions. Generalisation to the untrained control items was evident in the semantic context only. The effect of naming facilitation was present up to the last follow-up measurement 1.5 months post-training. Conclusions : The results indicate that the contextual priming technique can provide long-term facilitation of target naming in anomia and induce some generalisation to untreated items.
Complications of Lumboperitoneal Shunts for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

For the past half century, the mainstay of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has been lumboperitoneal (LP) shunt surgery. LP shunts have been associated with higher failure rates compared to ventriculoperitoneal shunts. However, there is no uniformity in the reporting of complication and surgical revision rates. The goals of this study were to understand better the complications and surgical revision rates associated with LP shunt insertion in IIH patients with the objective of providing better information about the different therapeutical option outcomes when counseling for a better informed consent. Twenty-six patients with IHH undergoing lumboperitoneal shunt surgery for the first time by the senior author at an academy tertiary-care institution were retrospectively reviewed. Presence of complications and surgical revisions were the two main outcome variables. Logistic regression analysis was used first to assess if there was a correlation between preoperative patient characteristics and complications and second to evaluate if there was any association between preoperative patient characteristics or postsurgical complications and surgical revision.