Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal and structural factors in the study of mental hospitals.

HE YOUNGEST BRANCH of organizational theory is the study of mental hosT pitals. Twenty years ago, when Rowland pioneered in the field, the major sources of information on the mental hospital were books m-ritten by former patients. ' Todzy there are a number of escellent studies of the organizational structure of the i ~ e n t a l hospital. The new studies follow in the steps of organizational research in other areas,3 especially in the area of industrial relation^. ^ Such a transfer of ideas, concepts, and perspectives from one area of study to another benefits both the new studies and the theory of organization i t ~ e l f. ~ But there is a constant dar,ger that the a::~log,. y will be overdrau-n. Moreover, in this particular instance organizational ':ud'es had certain childhood diseases that tended to be contagious when the earlier models were applied to the new areas of research. This paper nil1 discuss the coiise-r. ltiices c~i transferring one set of ideas-the human-relations approach-from industrial relztions theory, and appiying those ideas to analysis of the struct'clre of the x n t a i hospital, without fully considering the implications of other aspects of the theory.
HIV-1 and HIV-2 Differentially Mature Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells into IFN-Producing Cells or APCs

HIV-1 causes a progressive impairment of immune function. HIV-2 is a naturally attenuated form of HIV, and HIV-2 patients display a slow-progressing disease. The leading hypothesis for the difference in disease phenotype between HIV-1 and HIV-2 is that more efficient T cell–mediated immunity allows for immune-mediated control of HIV-2 infection, similar to that observed in the minority of HIV-1–infected long-term nonprogressors. Understanding how HIV-1 and HIV-2 differentially influence the immune function may highlight critical mechanisms determining disease outcome. We investigated the effects of exposing primary human peripheral blood cells to HIV-1 or HIV-2 in vitro. HIV-2 induced a gene expression profile distinct from HIV-1, characterized by reduced type I IFN, despite similar upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes and viral restriction factors. HIV-2 favored plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) differentiation into cells with an APC phenotype rather than IFN-α–producing cells. HIV-2, but not HIV-1, inhibited IFN-α production in response to CpG-A. The balance between pDC maturation into IFN-α–producing cells or development of an APC phenotype differentiates the early response against HIV-1 and HIV-2. We propose that divergent paths of pDC differentiation driven by HIV-1 and HIV-2 cause the observed differences in pathogenicity between the two viruses.
Inspiring change: humanities and social science insights into the experience and management of breathlessness

Purpose of reviewBreathlessness can be debilitating for those with chronic conditions, requiring continual management. Yet, the meaning of breathlessness for those who live with it is poorly understood in respect of its subjective, cultural, and experiential significance. This article discusses a number of current issues in understanding the experience of breathlessness. Recent findingsEffective communication concerning the experience of breathlessness is crucial for diagnosis, to identify appropriate treatment, and to provide patients with the capacity to self-manage their condition. However, there is an evident disconnect between the way breathlessness is understood between clinical and lay perspectives, in terms of awareness of breathlessness, the way symptoms are expressed, and acknowledgement of how it affects the daily lives of patients. SummaryThe review highlights the need for integrated multidisciplinary work on breathlessness, and suggests that effective understanding and management of breathlessness considers its wider subjective and social significance.
Freeway ramp-metering control based on Reinforcement learning

Random occurrences of traffic congestion on freeways lead to system degradation over time. If no smart control measures are applied, this degradation can lead to accumulated congestion which can severely affect other parts of the traffic network. Consequently, the need for an optimal and reliable traffic control has become more critical. The aim of this research is to control the amount of vehicles entering the mainstream freeway from the ramp merging area, i.e., balance the demand and the capacity of the freeway . This keeps the freeway density below the critical density. Consequently, this leads to maximum utilization of the freeway without entering in congestion while maintaining the optimal freeway operation. The Reinforcement learning based density control agent (RLCA) is designed based on Markovion modeling with an associated Q-learning algorithm in order to address the stochastic nature of the traffic situation. Extensive analysis is conducted in order to assess the proposed definition of the (state, action) pairs, as well as the reward function. We experiment with two case studies with two different network structures and demands. The first case study, which is the benchmark network used in literature, is the network with dense demand. Whereas the other one is the network with light demand. RLCA shows a superior response with respect to a predetermined reference points especially in terms of freeway density, flow rate, and total travel time.
Cohort Profile update: The 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort follow-up visits in adolescence

In this paper we update the profile of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study, with emphasis on a shift of priority from maternal and child health research topics to four main categories of outcome variables, collected throughout adolescence: (i) mental health; (ii) body composition; (iii) risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs); (iv) human capital. We were able to trace 81.3% (n = 4106) of the original cohort at 18 years of age. For the first time, the 18-years visit took place entirely on the university premises, in a clinic equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for the assessment of body composition. We welcome requests for data analyses from outside scientists. For more information, refer to our website (http://www.epidemio-ufpel.org.projetos_de_pesquisas/estudos/coorte_1993) or e-mail the corresponding author.
The Iceberg Nature of Fibromyalgia Burden: The Clinical and Economic Aspects

This review has focused on important but less visible aspects of fibromyalgia (FM) with respect to the high impact of this disorder on patients and societies. FM is a common but challengeable illness. It is characterized by chronic widespread pain, which can be accompanied by other symptoms including fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety and depressive episodes. While our understanding of this debilitating disorder is limited, diagnosis and treatment of this condition is very difficult, even in the hands of experts. Due to the nature of disease, where patients experience invalidation by medical services, their families and societies regarding the recognition and management of disease, direct, indirect and immeasurable costs are considerable. These clinical and economic costs are comparable with other common diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension and osteoarthritis, but the latter usually receives much more attention from healthcare and non-healthcare resources. Present alarming data shows the grave and "iceberg-like" burden of FM despite the benign appearance of this disorder and highlights the urgent need both for greater awareness of the disease among medical services and societies, as well as for more research focused on easily used diagnostic methods and target specific treatment.
The obesity epidemic and rising diabetes incidence in a low-income racially diverse southern US cohort

Background Obesity is known to be a major risk factor for diabetes, but the magnitude of risk and variation between blacks and whites are less well documented in populations heavily affected by obesity. Herein we assess rates and risks of incident diabetes in a diverse southern population where obesity is common. Methods A total of 24,000 black and 14,064 white adults aged 40–79 in the Southern Community Cohort Study with no self-reported diabetes at study enrollment during 2002–2009 was followed for up to 10 (median 4.5) years. Incidence rates, odds ratios (OR) and accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CI) for medication-treated incident diabetes were determined according to body mass index (BMI) and other characteristics, including tobacco and alcohol consumption, healthy eating and physical activity indices, and socioeconomic status (SES). Results Risk of incident diabetes rose monotonically with increasing BMI, but the trends differed between blacks and whites (pinteraction < .0001). Adjusted ORs (CIs) for diabetes among those with BMI≥40 vs 20–25 kg/m2 were 11.9 (8.4–16.8) for whites and 4.0 (3.3–4.8) for blacks. Diabetes incidence was more than twice as high among blacks than whites of normal BMI, but the racial difference became attenuated as BMI rose, with estimated 5-year probabilities of developing diabetes approaching 20% for both blacks and whites with BMI≥40 kg/m2. Diabetes risk was also associated with low SES, significantly (pinteraction≤.02) more so for whites, current cigarette smoking, and lower healthy eating and physical activity indices, although high BMI remained the predominant risk factor among both blacks and whites. From baseline prevalence and 20-year projections of the incidence trends, we estimate that the large majority of surviving cohort participants with BMI≥40 kg/m2 will be diagnosed with diabetes. Conclusions Even using conservative criteria to ascertain diabetes incidence (i.e., requiring diabetes medication use and ignoring undiagnosed cases), rates of obesity-associated diabetes were exceptionally high in this low-income adult population. The findings indicate that effective strategies to halt the rising prevalence of obesity are needed to avoid substantial increases in diabetes in coming years.
Recruitment of a Distinct but Related Set of VH Sequences into the Murine CD21hi/CD23− Marginal Zone B Cell Repertoire to That Seen in the Class-Switched Antibody Response

Development and maintenance of cells in the murine follicular and marginal zone compartments is thought to involve differing levels of stimulation of the BCR, although it is still not clear which BCR ligands mediate these events. How the delineation between naive and Ag experienced B cell populations relates to cell phenotype and how precise or blurred this delineation is, is also not well understood. In this study, using PCR to analyze the Ab response to phenyl-oxazolone in the mouse, we show that the Ab repertoire of CD21hi/CD23− marginal zone B cells shows persistent increase in levels of particular IgM after immunization with foreign Ag. Further, we show that these IgMs have different but related VH/CDR3 sequences from those seen in the class-switched response to oxazolone that we have also analyzed. We also detect an effect of Ag on the follicular B cell repertoire that is less persisting. These results provide evidence consistent with the signal-strength model of mature B cell development being extended to include stimulation by foreign Ag, and also further the known zone of influence of foreign Ag on the B cell compartment.
Traveling Waves of Excitation in Neural Field Models: Equivalence of Rate Descriptions and Integrate-and-Fire Dynamics

Field models provide an elegant mathematical framework to analyze large-scale patterns of neural activity. On the microscopic level, these models are usually based on either a firing-rate picture or integrate-andfire dynamics. This article shows that in spite of the large conceptual differences between the two types of dynamics, both generate closely related plane-wave solutions. Furthermore, for a large group of models, estimates about the network connectivity derived from the speed of these plane waves only marginally depend on the assumed class of microscopic dynamics. We derive quantitative results about this phenomenon and discuss consequences for the interpretation of experimental data.
Reply: Array comparative genomic hybridization for the detection of submicroscopic copy number variations of the X chromosome in women with premature ovarian failure

(Shelling, 2000). Of interest is the lower copy number detection rate in our study (4%) compared with the detection rate of 48% in the recent publication by Quilter et al. (2010). Quilter et al. report that one of the 15 women with a CNV had primary amenorrhea. Possibilities to explain the differences in detection rate compared with this study may be differences in the age of onset of POF, or the presence of a positive family history of POF. Quilter et al. (2010) does not provide these demographic details. Further studies in larger numbers of POF patients clinically characterized by age of onset and the presence of a positive family history would help clarify the association between X chromosome CNV and POF.
What is the Real Story for Interest Rate Volatility?

Abstract What is the source of interest rate volatility? Why do low interest rates precede business cycle booms? Most observers tend to assume that monetary policy is largely responsible for it. Indeed, a standard real business cycle model delivers rather small fluctuations in real interest rates. Here, however, we present two models of the real business cycle variety, in which the fluctuations of real rates are of similar magnitude as in the data, while simultaneously matching salient business cycle facts. The second model also replicates the cyclical behavior of real interest rates. The models build on recent work by Danthine and Donaldson, Jermann, and Boldrin, Christiano and Fisher. We assume that there are workers and capital owners. The first model posits habit formation and adjustment costs to the stock of capital. The second model assumes that it takes time to plan investment and time to build capital.
RRP1B Targets PP1 to Mammalian Cell Nucleoli and Is Associated with Pre-60S Ribosomal Subunits

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) accumulates within the nucleolus, which plays a central role in regulation of cell growth and proliferation. Using a powerful combination of imaging and quantitative proteomics, we identify RRP1B as a nucleolar PP1 targeting subunit that sits at the hub of the pre-60S ribosomal subunit processing complex.
Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis.

CONTEXT Egger's regression test is often used to help detect publication bias in meta-analyses. However, the performance of this test and the usual funnel plot have been challenged particularly when the summary estimate is the natural log of the odds ratio (lnOR). OBJECTIVE To compare the performance of Egger's regression test with a regression test based on sample size (a modification of Macaskill's test) with lnOR as the summary estimate. DESIGN Simulation of meta-analyses under a number of scenarios in the presence and absence of publication bias and between-study heterogeneity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Type I error rates (the proportion of false-positive results) for each regression test and their power to detect publication bias when it is present (the proportion of true-positive results). RESULTS Type I error rates for Egger's regression test are higher than those for the alternative regression test. The alternative regression test has the appropriate type I error rates regardless of the size of the underlying OR, the number of primary studies in the meta-analysis, and the level of between-study heterogeneity. The alternative regression test has comparable power to Egger's regression test to detect publication bias under conditions of low between-study heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Because of appropriate type I error rates and reduction in the correlation between the lnOR and its variance, the alternative regression test can be used in place of Egger's regression test when the summary estimates are lnORs.
Can Speaker Gaze Modulate Syntactic Structuring and Thematic Role Assignment during Spoken Sentence Comprehension?

During comprehension, a listener can rapidly follow a frontally seated speaker’s gaze to an object before its mention, a behavior which can shorten latencies in speeded sentence verification. However, the robustness of gaze-following, its interaction with core comprehension processes such as syntactic structuring, and the persistence of its effects are unclear. In two “visual-world” eye-tracking experiments participants watched a video of a speaker, seated at an angle, describing transitive (non-depicted) actions between two of three Second Life characters on a computer screen. Sentences were in German and had either subjectNP1-verb-objectNP2 or objectNP1-verb-subjectNP2 structure; the speaker either shifted gaze to the NP2 character or was obscured. Several seconds later, participants verified either the sentence referents or their role relations. When participants had seen the speaker’s gaze shift, they anticipated the NP2 character before its mention and earlier than when the speaker was obscured. This effect was more pronounced for SVO than OVS sentences in both tasks. Interactions of speaker gaze and sentence structure were more pervasive in role-relations verification: participants verified the role relations faster for SVO than OVS sentences, and faster when they had seen the speaker shift gaze than when the speaker was obscured. When sentence and template role-relations matched, gaze-following even eliminated the SVO-OVS response-time differences. Thus, gaze-following is robust even when the speaker is seated at an angle to the listener; it varies depending on the syntactic structure and thematic role relations conveyed by a sentence; and its effects can extend to delayed post-sentence comprehension processes. These results suggest that speaker gaze effects contribute pervasively to visual attention and comprehension processes and should thus be accommodated by accounts of situated language comprehension.
DNA-PK is a DNA sensor for IRF-3-dependent innate immunity

Innate immunity is the first immunological defence against pathogens. During virus infection detection of nucleic acids is crucial for the inflammatory response. Here we identify DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) as a DNA sensor that activates innate immunity. We show that DNA-PK acts as a pattern recognition receptor, binding cytoplasmic DNA and triggering the transcription of type I interferon (IFN), cytokine and chemokine genes in a manner dependent on IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Both cells and mice lacking DNA-PKcs show attenuated cytokine responses to both DNA and DNA viruses but not to RNA or RNA virus infection. DNA-PK has well-established functions in the DNA repair and V(D)J recombination, hence loss of DNA-PK leads to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). However, we now define a novel anti-microbial function for DNA-PK, a finding with implications for host defence, vaccine development and autoimmunity. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.00047. 001
Different Effects of Intraperitoneal and Subcutaneous Insulin Administration on the GH-IGF-1 Axis in Type 1 Diabetes.

CONTEXT In type 1 diabetes mellitus, low levels of insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and high levels of GH and IGFBP-1 are present, probably due to portal vein insulinopenia. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that continuous ip insulin infusion (CIPII) has a more pronounced effect than sc insulin therapy on regulation of the GH-IGF-1 axis. DESIGN This was a prospective, observational case-control study. Measurements were performed twice at a 26-week interval. SETTING Two secondary care hospitals in the Netherlands participated in the study. PATIENTS There were a total of 184 patients, age- and gender-matched, of which 39 used CIPII and 145 sc insulin therapy for the past 4 years. OUTCOMES Primary endpoint included differences in IGF-1. Secondary outcomes were differences in GH, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3. RESULTS IGF-1 was higher with CIPII as compared to SC insulin therapy: 124 μg/liter (95% confidence interval [CI], 111-138) vs 108 μg/liter (95% CI 102-115) (P = .035). Additionally, IGFBP-3 concentrations were higher and IGFBP-1 and GH concentrations were lower with CIPII as compared to SC insulin therapy: 3.78 mg/liter (95% CI, 3.49-4.10) vs 3.31 mg/liter (95% CI, 3.17-3.47) for IGFBP-3, 50.9 μg/liter (95% CI, 37.9-68.2) vs 102.6 μg/liter (95% CI, 87.8-119.8) for IGFBP-1 and 0.68 μg/liter (95% CI, 0.44-1.06) vs 1.21 μg/liter (95% CI, 0.95-1.54) for GH, respectively. In multivariate analysis, IGF-1 had no significant association with HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS The GH-IGF-1 axis may be affected by the route of insulin administration with CIPII counteracting dysregulation of the GH-IGF1 axis present during sc insulin therapy.
Physicians’ Tacit and Stated Policies for Determining Patient Benefit and Referral to Cardiac Rehabilitation

Background/Purpose. The benefits of prescribing cardiac rehabilitation (CR) for patients following heart surgery is well documented; however, physicians continue to underuse CR programs, and disparities in the referral of women are common. Previous research into the causes of these problems has relied on self-report methods, which presume that physicians have insight into their referral behavior and can describe it accurately. In contrast, the research presented here used clinical judgment analysis (CJA) to discover the tacit judgment and referral policies of individual physicians. The specific aims were to determine 1) what these policies were, 2) the degree of self-insight that individual physicians had into their own policies, 3) the amount of agreement among physicians, and 4) the extent to which judgments were related to attitudes toward CR. Methods. Thirty-six Canadian physicians made judgments and decisions regarding 32 hypothetical cardiac patients, each described on 5 characteristics (gender, age, type of cardiovascular procedure, presence/absence of musculoskeletal pain, and degree of motivation) and then completed the 19 items of the Attitude towards Cardiac Rehabilitation Referral scale. Results. Consistent with previous studies, there was wide variation among physicians in their tacit and stated judgment policies, and self-insight was modest. On the whole, physicians showed evidence of systematic gender bias as they judged women as less likely than men to benefit from CR. Insight data suggest that 1 in 3 physicians were unaware of their own bias. There was greater agreement among physicians in how they described their judgments (stated policies) than in how they actually made them (tacit policies). Correlations between attitude statements and CJA measures were modest. Conclusions. These findings offer some explanation for the slow progress of efforts to improve CR referrals and for gender disparities in referral rates.