Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anomalous scaling of a randomly advected passive scalar.

Solenoidal advection in d dimensions may induce inertial-range behavior 〈\ensuremath{\Vert}T(x,t)-T(x+r,t)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathit{n}}$〉\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{r}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}\mathit{n}(\mathit{T})}$ of a passive scalar field T(x,t). If the velocity field changes very rapidly in time, the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}_{\mathit{n}}$(T) are determined by the two-particle eddy-diffusion coefficient \ensuremath{\eta}(r)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{r}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}})}$. An approximation to the molecular-diffusion terms yields ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}_{\mathit{n}}$(T)=1/2 \ensuremath{\surd}2nd[2-\ensuremath{\zeta}(\ensuremath{\eta})]+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}^{2}$ -1/2\ensuremath{\alpha} where \ensuremath{\alpha}=d+\ensuremath{\zeta}(\ensuremath{\eta})-2. As n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}_{\mathit{n}}$(T)\ensuremath{\propto} \ensuremath{\surd}nd .
Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Purpose of Review: This article presents current knowledge on stroke epidemiology. It covers recent data on the global burden of stroke, disparities, silent stroke, traditional and novel risk factors, and stroke triggers as well as the clinical implications of these findings. Recent Findings: Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of chronic disability in the United States, and the burden of stroke worldwide is even greater. Large international and US case-control and prospective cohort studies have demonstrated disparities in stroke mortality and incidence. They have also shed light on the relative importance of several well-established, modifiable risk factors for ischemic stroke, such as hypertension, atrial fibrillation, other cardiac diseases, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, abdominal obesity, diet, and TIA. Research on other putative stroke risk factors (including inflammation, infection, renal disease, depression, stress, and others) is ongoing. Identifying stroke triggers may be another way to minimize stroke incidence if high-risk time windows can be determined. Summary: Stroke is a major global health burden. While many of the risk factors for stroke are well known and have been studied for decades, recent studies continue to shed light on the distribution and severity of these problems.
The problem list beyond meaningful use. Part I: The problems with problem lists.

LAST MONTH THE federal government launched its meaningful use program, based around a set of standards designed to ensure that healthcare providers adopt electronic health records (EHRs) that can produce better health outcomes. One criterion focuses specifically on the problem list and requires eligible providers and hospitals place all patients on a common dictionary through coding. A common dictionary will help facilitate future decision support tools and prepare the problem list for upcoming health information exchange. While a coded platform will be a step in the right direction, it unfortunately will not be enough to create problem lists that fully support the needs of modern medicine. Currently, the content and use of today's problem lists varies widely from practitioner to practitioner, and this diversity can compromise patient care. The future of the problem list needs to move beyond coding to standardization of content and utilization. The problem list was originally created by Lawrence Weed in the 1960s as part of his recommendation for a problem-oriented medical record. 1 A simple idea, the problem list soon became a commonly accepted part of the medical record and is used in most EHRs today. At a high level the problem list states the most important health problems facing a patient. While the basic structure of the problem list varies widely by healthcare organization, at its core, the problem list includes a patient's nontransitive diseases. The problem list offers four major benefits to patient care. In the office, the problem list helps practitioners identify the most important health factors for each patient, allowing for custom-ized care. Beyond the patient visit, the problem list can be used to identify disease-specific populations. It is easy to run data analysis and find all patients with a common illness through coded problems in an EHR. This application can be particularly useful for quality improvement programs. For instance, health centers conducting quality improvement efforts can rely on problem lists to identify their disease-specific patient populations , provide follow-up care, and ensure all patients are receiving care that meets best practices in treatment. The problem list also can be the basis for determining standard measures or report cards in healthcare for both individual practitioners and healthcare institutions. Practitioners and healthcare organizations are often judged by treatment statistics that involve a certain percentage of patients receiving recommended tests and treatments. The problem list can provide the denominator for these statistics. Finally, …
Reading Chinese Script : A Cognitive Analysis

Contents: Preface. H. Shu, R.C. Anderson, Learning to Read Chinese: The Development of Metalinguistic Awareness. L.B. Fedman, W.W. T. Siok, Semantic Radicals in Phonetic Compounds: Implications for Visual Character Recognition in Chinese. X. Zhou, W. Marslen-Wilson, Sublexical Processing in Reading Chinese. D. Peng, Y. Liu, C. Wang, How Is Access Representation Organized? The Relation of Polymorphemic Words and Their Morphemes in Chinese. M. Taft, Y. Liu, X. Zhu, Morphemic Processing in Reading Chinese. C.A. Perfetti, L.H. Tan, The Constituency Model of Chinese Word Identification. X. Zhou, H. Shu, Y. Bi, D. Shi, Is There Phonologically Mediated Access to Lexical Semantics in Reading Chinese? I-M. Liu, Character and Word Recognition in Chinese. F. Sun, D. Feng, Eye Movements in Reading Chinese and English Text. H-M. Yang, G.W. McConkie, Reading Chinese: Some Basic Eye-Movement Characteristics. A.W. Inhoff, W. Liu, Z. Tang, Use of Prelexical and Lexical Information During Chinese Sentence Reading: Evidence From Eye Movement Studies. J-Y. Chen, Word Recognition During the Reading of Chinese Sentences: Evidence From Studying the Word Superiority Effect. H-C. Chen, How Do Readers of Chinese Process Words During Reading of Comprehension? M. Xiaochun, Sentence Understanding in Chinese.
The Role of S-S* associations in spatial learning

In this thesis I have addressed two questions of particular interest regarding spatial learning. The first question is concerned with the nature of the associations formed during spatial learning; do animals form S-R or S-S* associations? Evidence that animals acquire S-S* associations which can then be used to locate a hidden goal was provided by Experiment one using placement training to produce latent spatial learning. Experiments 2 – 8A produced results consistent with this finding. Experiment 8B provided evidence that animals also use S-R associations. The second question concerned the type of cues that enter into S-S* associations with the goal. Experiments in Chapter 3 provided evidence that animals can use features of the environment to locate the goal, but no evidence of a global representation was found. Chapter 4 explored the role of the hippocampus in the acquisition of S-S* associations, and demonstrated that the hippocampus is required for the learning based on spatial S-S* associations, but not for S-R associations.
Situational Analysis in Practice : Mapping Research with Grounded Theory

Situational Analysis creates analytic maps of social processes and relationships identified using grounded theory. Creator of the method, award-winning sociologist Adele E. Clarke and two co-editors show how the method can be, and has been, used in a variety of critical qualitative studies. The book-Updates the basic concepts and methods of situational analysis, a methodology created by Clarke;-Provides five important case studies of its use in a variety of health and educational settings;-Offers reflections from the original researchers on the studies and their impact;-Includes lists of published articles and available websites focused on situational analysis.
Fast 3D Blind Seismic Deconvolution via Constrained Total Variation and GCV

When improving the Earth's description of seismic data via deconvolution, the spatial coherency of the information that can be extracted may be damaged through suboptimal trace-by-trace processing. Furthermore, the source function is usually not known or is known only approximately. This article presents an efficient multichannel blind deconvolution for addressing these problems and restoring three-dimensional (3D) seismic data based on a variational approach. To overcome the ill-posedness of the deconvolution problem, appropriate regularizers are used for the reflectivity and source. A new sparsity and continuity-promoting regularizer is introduced which is able to promote temporal sparsity and at the same time continuity along 3D singularities in reflectivity space. Sparsity in a wavelet domain is used as source prior. To find a solution for the overall problem, we alternate between two subproblems: 3D reflectivity estimation and updating the source. Each subproblem consists of solving a convex constrai.
Systems development education and methodology adoption

The adoption of systems development methodologies has been a subject for research and a topic for discussion for a number of years. One factor, which is often emphasized, is education and training. However, very little research has been focused on the role of formal university education and the dissemination of systems development methodologies. This is the background for this study. It investigates the extent to which a methodology, as well as its encompassing component methods and techniques, taught at the Copenhagen Business School, has been adopted by students and the organizations they are working for. The main result is that very few examples of direct adoption of the methodology taught have been found, but that the training has in general positive influence on the students' utilization of methodologies. The reasons for adoption and non-adoption are discussed based on a grounded theory analysis.
Treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations with transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with psychotic major depression: One-year follow-up

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in patients with schizophrenia can respond to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We report the therapeutic utility of rTMS in a 48-year-old patient with a 20-year history of severe depression (five suicidal gestures and previous failure of ECT) and internal AVH. First, 20 Hz rTMS to the left prefrontal cortex for 3 weeks significantly improved depression (BDI-II: 89% change, lasting 14 months along with weekly/bi-weekly maintenance treatments), but AVH remained unchanged. The patient also underwent a further course of the left temporo-parietal 1 Hz rTMS and amelioration of AVH severity was achieved (PSYRATS-AH: 53% change) and maintained at 1-year follow-up. AVH respond to rTMS in disorders other than schizophrenia. Furthermore, targeted rTMS to different brain regions can address diverse symptoms in neuropsychiatric conditions.
Gendered pathways to romantic attachment in emerging adults: The role of body image and parental support

This study analyses the impact of body image and perceived parental behaviour (support and negativity) as factors that contribute to romantic attachment in emerging adulthood. In a 11-year longitudinal study on 144 females and 114 males, we assessed body image, body mass index, and perceived father's and mother's support and negativity during adolescence (at ages 14 and 17) and in emerging adulthood (age 21). At the age of 25, romantic attachment was assessed. Results of path analyses revealed that females' positive body image was consistently linked with greater parental support over time and contributed to low avoidance in romance at the age of 25, whereas perceived negativity with fathers mediated by body image contributed to more avoidance in females' later romantic relationships. In contrast, parental support and negativity during adolescence and young adulthood had no impact; only a positive body image resulted in males' low avoidance in later romantic attachment at the age of 25. The findings point to gendered socialization for males and females and highlight the importance of body image for an adaptive romantic outcome in emerging adulthood.
A metabolic profiling approach to human disorders of energy metabolism

The integrated network of biochemical reactions known collectively as metabolism is essential for life, and dysfunction in parts of this network causes human disease both rare, inherited disorders and common diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The study of metabolic disease depends upon quantitative methods which are traditionally custom-tailored to a given compound. Recent advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry now enable the simultaneous measurement of a diverse metabolite collection spanning multiple biological pathways, an approach known as metabolic profiling or metabolomics. This dissertation describes the development of one such metabolic profiling system and its application to the study of two major topics in human energy metabolism: the fasting:feeding transition and mitochondrial disease. In the first study, we profile human plasma in response to glucose ingestion, detecting dozens of metabolite changes and identifying several distinct effects of insulin. Based on these observations, we propose a multivariate view of insulin sensitivity, and show that individuals at risk for developing diabetes mellitus can differ in their insulin response profile, a concept of potential value for estimating disease risk and progression. In the second study, we elucidate a metabolic signature of human mitochondrial disease that reflects substrate oxidation, biosynthesis and energy charge. We demonstrate that the culture media profile of a cellular disease model of mitochondrial dysfunction reflects the plasma profile of human patients, an approach that could be applicable to other diseases as well. In addition, we show that a combination of metabolites distinguishes individuals with mitochondrial disease from healthy individuals better than the currently used diagnostic markers. Our findings provide insight into human disorders of energy metabolism, and demonstrate the utility of a profiling approach for the understanding of metabolic disease. Thesis Supervisor: Vamsi K. Mootha, MD Title: Associate Professor Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School
Agreement between measured and self-reported weight in older women. Results from the British Women's Heart and Health Study.

BACKGROUND previous studies of the accuracy of self-reported weight have been criticised for using inadequate methods and have included only young or middle aged adults. Self-report is more likely to be relied upon in both clinical and research practice in older age groups. The cultural pressures that may cause the tendency among younger women to underestimate their weight, particularly when they are overweight, may operate differently in older women. OBJECTIVE to determine the accuracy of self-reported weight among older women. METHODS national cross sectional survey of women aged 60-79 from 9 towns across England, Scotland and Wales. Self-reported weight from a participant questionnaire was compared to measured weight at examination. RESULTS of 2729 women who were invited, 1636 (60%) returned the questionnaire (of whom 1549 gave a self-reported weight) and 1384 (51%) attended for examination (of whom 1381 were weighed). In total there were 1310 (48% of the total invited sample) with complete self-report and measured weight. Self-reported and measured weight were highly correlated (Pearson's correlation coefficient, 0.982 95% confidence interval, 0.979-0.983) and self-reported weight differed from measured weight by only 1.0 kg (95% confidence interval 0.8 kg, 1.1 kg) on average. However, a difference plot, with limits of agreement at -4.0 kg to +6.0 kg (95% confidence intervals: lower limit -4.3 kg, -3.8 kg; upper limit +5.7 kg, +6.2 kg) revealed poor agreement between methods. Obese individuals, in particular, were more likely to underestimate their weight. CONCLUSIONS though self-report of weight by women in their 60s and 70s is highly correlated, at an individual level differences between self-report and measured weight are frequently large. Obese individuals, in particular, tend to underestimate their weight. Self-report of weight should not be relied upon in prospective epidemiological studies or clinical practice when accuracy at the level of the individual is required.
AMD3100 disrupts the cross-talk between chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and a mesenchymal stromal or nurse-like cell-based microenvironment: pre-clinical evidence for its association with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treatments

Background Interactions with the microenvironment, such as bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells and nurse-like cells, protect chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells from spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis. This protection is partially mediated by the chemokine SDF-1α (CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 (CD184) present on the chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell surface. Design and Methods Here, we investigated the ability of AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, to sensitize chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to chemotherapy in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia/mesenchymal stromal cell based or nurse-like cell based microenvironment co-culture model. Results AMD3100 decreased CXCR4 expression signal (n=15, P=0.0078) and inhibited actin polymerization/migration in response to SDF-1α (n=8, P<0.01) and pseudoemperipolesis (n=10, P=0.0010), suggesting that AMD3100 interferes with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell trafficking. AMD3100 did not have a direct effect on apoptosis when chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells were cultured alone (n=10, P=0.8812). However, when they were cultured with SDF-1α, mesenchymal stromal cells or nurse-like cells (protecting them from apoptosis, P<0.001), chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell pre-treatment with AMD3100 significantly inhibited these protective effects (n=8, P<0.01) and decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins MCL-1 and FLIP. Furthermore, combining AMD3100 with various drugs (fludarabine, cladribine, valproïc acid, bortezomib, flavopiridol, methylprednisolone) in our mesenchymal stromal cell co-culture model enhanced drug-induced apoptosis (n=8, P<0.05) indicating that AMD3100 could mobilize chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells away from their protective microenvironment, making them more accessible to conventional therapies. Conclusions Taken together, these data demonstrate that interfering with the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis by using AMD3100 inhibited chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell trafficking and microenvironment-mediated protective effects. Combining AMD3100 with other drugs may, therefore, represent a promising therapeutic approach to kill chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.
Effects of presenting geographic context on tracking activity between cameras

A common video surveillance task is to keep track of people moving around the space being monitored. It is often difficult to track activity between cameras because locations such as hallways in office buildings can look quite similar and do not indicate the spatial proximity of the cameras. We describe a spatial video player that orients nearby video feeds with the field of view of the main playing video to aid in tracking between cameras. This is compared with the traditional bank of cameras with and without interactive maps for identifying and selecting cameras. We additionally explore the value of static and rotating maps for tracking activity between cameras. The study results show that both the spatial video player and the map improve user performance when compared to the camera-bank interface. Also, subjects change cameras more often with the spatial player than either the camera bank or the map, when available.
Are better students really less overconfident? A preliminary test of different measures

In this work we use data from two sets of midterm exams and question-by-question evaluations of confidence levels and construct different indicators in order to study predictive ability and overconfidence. Our results show that (1) there is a significant evidence of a good ability of self-evaluation on the side of the best students; (2) worse metacognition does not seem to explain overconfidence. This suggests that different methods of investigating overconfidence might lead to results which are at least partially different from the ones discussed in the existing literature
The Informativeness of the Limit Order Book in a Periodic Call Market

Using the intraday data on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE), we address the issue of the informativeness of the limit order book in the periodic call market. We find that the pre-call information variables, i.e., the market order and the radius of the limit order book, have significant impacts on the trade variables, i.e., the trading volume, the post-call bid-ask spread, and the trader surplus. Furthermore, we are able to show that the radius, as well as the market order, contains two differential forces in impacting on these trade variables. JEL classification: G10; G20
Revisiting the Impact of Classification Techniques on the Performance of Defect Prediction Models

Defect prediction models help software quality assurance teams to effectively allocate their limited resources to the most defect-prone software modules. A variety of classification techniques have been used to build defect prediction models ranging from simple (e.g., Logistic regression) to advanced techniques (e.g., Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)). Surprisingly, recent research on the NASA dataset suggests that the performance of a defect prediction model is not significantly impacted by the classification technique that is used to train it. However, the dataset that is used in the prior study is both: (a) noisy, i.e., Contains erroneous entries and (b) biased, i.e., Only contains software developed in one setting. Hence, we set out to replicate this prior study in two experimental settings. First, we apply the replicated procedure to the same (known-to-be noisy) NASA dataset, where we derive similar results to the prior study, i.e., The impact that classification techniques have appear to be minimal. Next, we apply the replicated procedure to two new datasets: (a) the cleaned version of the NASA dataset and (b) the PROMISE dataset, which contains open source software developed in a variety of settings (e.g., Apache, GNU). The results in these new datasets show a clear, statistically distinct separation of groups of techniques, i.e., The choice of classification technique has an impact on the performance of defect prediction models. Indeed, contrary to earlier research, our results suggest that some classification techniques tend to produce defect prediction models that outperform others.