Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constructions with Non-Recursive Higher Inductive Types

Higher inductive types (HITs) in homotopy type theory are a powerful generalization of inductive types. Not only can they have ordinary constructors to define elements, but also higher constructors to define equalities (paths). We say that a HIT H is non-recursive if its constructors do not quantify over elements or paths in H. The advantage of non-recursive HITs is that their elimination principles are easier to apply than those of general HITs.It is an open question which classes of HITs can be encoded as non-recursive HITs. One result of this paper is the construction of the propositional truncation via a sequence of approximations, yielding a representation as a non-recursive HIT. Compared to a related construction by van Doorn, ours has the advantage that the connectedness level increases in each step, yielding simplified elimination principles into n-types. As the elimination principle of our sequence has strictly lower requirements, we can then prove a similar result for van Doorn’s construction. We further derive general elimination principles of higher truncations (say, k-truncations) into n-types, generalizing a previous result by Capriotti et al. which considered the case n ≡ k + 1.
Coo-Flow: A Process Technology To Support Cooperative Processes

In this paper we present a process management technology for the coordination of creative and large scale distributed processes. Our approach is the result of usage analysis in domains like Software Development, Architecture/Engineering/Construction, and e-Learning processes. The basic conclusions of these experiments are the following: (1) cooperative processes are described in the same way as production processes, but these descriptions are interpreted in a different way depending on the nature of the process, (2) the interpretation of process description depends mainly on the required flexibility of control flow and of data flow, and on the relationship between them, (3) the management of intermediate results is a central feature for supporting the cooperation inherent to these processes. COO-flow is a process technology that results from these studies. It is based on two complementing contributions: anticipation that allows succeeding activities to cooperate, and COO-transactions that allows parallel activities to cooperate. This paper introduces COO-flow characteristics, gives a (partial) formalization and briefly discusses its Web implementation.
Role of TRPM 5 channel in insulin secretion from rat β-cells

Objectives: Several studies have reported that the Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-like subtype 5 (TRPM5) channel, a Ca activated monovalent cation channel, is involved in the stimulus secretion coupling in the mouse pancreatic β-cells. We have studied the role of the TRPM5 channel in regulating insulin secretion, and cytoplasmic free Ca concentration ([Ca]i) in the rat β-cells by using triphenyl phosphine oxide (TPPO), a selective inhibitor of the channel. Methods: Insulin secretion from islets from Sprague-Dawley rats were measured in batch incubations. [Ca]i was measured from single β-cells by Fura-2 based microfluorometry. Results: TPPO did not alter insulin secretion and [Ca]i response triggered by KCl, or fructose. It inhibited insulin secretion in response to glucose, L-Arginine, and GLP-1. It also inhibited the KATP channel-independent insulin secretion, and [Ca]i increase by glucose. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in the rat islets, TRPM5 is involved in mediating insulin secretion by glucose, L-Arginine, and in potentiating the glucose-induced insulin secretion by GLP-1.
STATISTICAL ESTIMATION AND TESTING VIA THE ORDERED l 1 NORM By Małgorzata

We introduce a novel method for sparse regression and variable selection, which is inspired by modern ideas in multiple testing. Imagine we have observations from the linear model y = Xβ+ z, then we suggest estimating the regression coefficients by means of a new estimator called the ordered lasso, which is the solution to minimize b 1 2‖y −Xb‖ 2 `2 + λ1|b|(1) + λ2|b|(2) + . + λp|b|(p); here, λ1 ≥ λ2 ≥ . ≥ λp and |b|(1) ≥ |b|(2) ≥ . ≥ |b|(p) is the order statistic of the magnitudes of b. In short, the regularizer is an ordered `1 norm which penalizes the regression coefficients according to their rank: the higher the rank—the closer to the top—the larger the penalty. This is similar to the famous Benjamini-Hochberg procedure (BHq) [9], which compares the value of a test statistic taken from a family to a critical threshold that depends on its rank in the family. The ordered lasso is a convex program and we demonstrate an efficient algorithm for computing the solution. We prove that for orthogonal designs with p variables, taking λi = F −1(1− qi) (F is the cumulative distribution function of the errors), qi = iq/(2p), controls the false discovery rate (FDR) for variable selection. This holds under the assumption that the errors are i.i. d. symmetric and continuous random variables. When the design matrix is nonorthogonal there are inherent limitations on the FDR level and the power which can be obtained with model selection methods based on `1-like penalties. However, whenever the columns of the design matrix are not strongly correlated, we demonstrate empirically that it is possible to select the parameters λi as to obtain FDR control at a reasonable level as long as the number of nonzero coefficients is not too large. At the same time, the procedure exhibits increased power over the lasso, which treats all coefficients equally. The paper illustrates further estimation properties of the new selection rule through comprehensive simulation studies.
Attitudes towards foreigners in informal settlements targeted for upgrading in South Africa: A gendered perspective

abstract Using intersectionality as the organising theoretical framework, this article argues that the attitudes of informal settlement residents towards foreigners are complex, varied and moulded by a multiplicity of factors. Gender intersects in complex ways with social class, space (urban/rural) and political/ideological leanings, among other variables, to shape attitudes. The socially constructed characterisation results in inclusion or exclusion. Indeed, the attitudes held by individuals and groups depend on social and economic positioning as well as the spaces they occupy within the urban/rural/class divides. This serves to explain reticence, denialism and/or justification of violence by different groups in informal settlements, and the distinctions between males and females, and between employers and workers. Therefore, the argument put forward by this article is that attitudes of informal settlement dwellers (as distinct from slum dwellers) in South Africa towards foreigners, and the resulting unequal outcomes, are explicable from multiple forms of oppression, advantage and disadvantage, and hegemonic power structures. These attitudes are dynamic over time. They are fashioned by interconnections and kinship ties between citizens and foreigners. In addition, contestations over resources and opportunity, as well as notions of identity and citizenship, play a part in how the former view the latter. Crucially, gender intersects with social class and region to form the attitudes that are displayed by citizens towards foreigners in South Africa.
Observation of tropical rain forest trees by airborne high-resolution interferometric radar

The Indonesian Radar Experiment (INDREX) Campaign was executed in Indonesia to study the potential of high-resolution interferometric airborne radar in support of sustainable tropical forest management. Severe cloud cover limits the use of aerial photography, which is currently applied on a routine basis to extract information at the tree level. Interferometric radar images may be a viable alternative once radar imaging at the tree level is sufficiently understood. It is shown that interferometric height images can contain large height and displacement errors for individual trees but that this problem can be solved to a large extent using models for the vertical distribution of backscatter intensity and an extension of the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem. The predicted loss of coherence in lay-over regions of emergent trees is shown to be in good agreement with the loss of coherence as observed in the high resolution radar data (Pierson correlation coefficient=0.94). Several correction methods for height and displacement errors are proposed. It is shown that a simple approach already gives a good correction. Semi-empirical correction models, which can be calibrated for forest structure, perform even better.
Identifying spatial structure of travel modes through community detection method

Identifying the spatial structure of travel activities could help better understand the urban structure, as the structure of a city is heavily shaped by its transportation system. Today the emerging traffic big data contributes a lot to delineate daily travel activity of individuals. In this paper, multi sources of travel data are utilized to give a full description for the spatial structure of travel modes in a city. Firstly, the massive intra-city travel flow data are constructed as connection embedded networks. Then, using the community detection method and the network analysis method, the latent spatial connection structure of travel modes and corresponding properties of sub-networks are investigated. Finally, a case study of Guangzhou is conducted using travel data of three travel modes. Results imply that revealed structures correlate with the land use and the geographical distance. The taxi flow network shares similar characteristics with the bus flow network, but the mass transit railway system is more independent.
Transcriptional Regulation of VEGFA by the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Transducer OASIS in ARPE-19 Cells

Background Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) is the main mediator of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis plays important roles not only in many physiological processes, but also in the pathophysiology of many diseases. VEGFA is one of the therapeutic targets of treatment for ocular diseases with neovascularization. Therefore, elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms for VEGFA expression is important for the development of pharmaceutical drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated that the unfolded protein response is involved in the transcriptional regulation of VEGFA. However, the precise regulation of VEGFA in the human retina is not fully understood. Principal Findings When human retinal pigment epithelial cells, ARPE-19, were exposed to endoplasmic reticulum stressors, VEGFA mRNA was significantly upregulated. The unfolded protein response-related transcription factors XBP1, ATF4, ATF6, and OASIS were expressed in ARPE-19 cells. To determine which transcription factors preferentially contribute to the induction of VEGFA expression after endoplasmic reticulum stress, we carried out reporter assays using an approximately 6-kbp 5′-upstream region of the human VEGFA gene. Among these transcription factors, OASIS acted most effectively on the VEGFA promoter in ARPE-19 cells. Based on data obtained for certain deleted and mutated reporter constructs, we determined that OASIS promoted VEGFA expression by acting on a cyclic AMP-responsive element-like site located at around –500 bp relative to the VEGFA transcription start site. Furthermore, we confirmed that OASIS directly bound to the promoter region containing this site by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Conclusions and Significance We have demonstrated a novel regulatory mechanism for VEGFA transcription by OASIS in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Chemical compounds that regulate the binding of OASIS to the promoter region of the VEGFA gene may have potential as therapeutic agents for ocular diseases with neovascularization.
Image analysis for cosmology: results from the GREAT10 Galaxy Challenge

We present the results from the first public blind point-spread function (PSF) reconstruction challenge, the GRavitational lEnsing Accuracy Testing 2010 (GREAT10) Star Challenge. Reconstruction of a spatially varying PSF, sparsely sampled by stars, at non-star positions is a critical part in the image analysis for weak lensing where inaccuracies in the modeled ellipticity e and size R^2 can impact the ability to measure the shapes of galaxies. This is of importance because weak lensing is a particularly sensitive probe of dark energy and can be used to map the mass distribution of large scale structure. Participants in the challenge were presented with 27,500 stars over 1300 images subdivided into 26 sets, where in each set a category change was made in the type or spatial variation of the PSF. Thirty submissions were made by nine teams. The best methods reconstructed the PSF with an accuracy of σ(e) ≈ 2.5 × 10^(–4) and σ(R^2)/R^2 ≈ 7.4 × 10^(–4). For a fixed pixel scale, narrower PSFs were found to be more difficult to model than larger PSFs, and the PSF reconstruction was severely degraded with the inclusion of an atmospheric turbulence model (although this result is likely to be a strong function of the amplitude of the turbulence power spectrum).
Plant–pathogen interactions and elevated CO2: morphological changes in favour of pathogens

Crop losses caused by pests and weeds have been estimated at 42% worldwide, with plant pathogens responsible for almost $10 billion worth of damage in the USA in 1994 alone. Elevated carbon dioxide [ECO2] and associated climate change have the potential to accelerate plant pathogen evolution, which may, in turn, affect virulence. Plant–pathogen interactions under increasing CO2 concentrations have the potential to disrupt both agricultural and natural systems severely, yet the lack of experimental data and the subsequent ability to predict future outcomes constitutes a fundamental knowledge gap. Furthermore, nothing is known about the mechanistic bases of increasing pathogen agressiveness. In the absence of information on crop species, it is shown here that plant pathogen (Erysiphe cichoracearum) aggressiveness is increased under ECO2, together with changes in the leaf epidermal characteristics of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. Stomatal density, guard cell length, and trichome numbers on leaves developing post-infection are increased under ECO2 in direct contrast to non-infected responses. As many plant pathogens utilize epidermal features for successful infection, these responses provide a positive feedback mechanism facilitating an enhanced susceptibility of newly developed leaves to further pathogen attack. Furthermore, a screen of resistant and susceptible ecotypes suggest inherent differences in epidermal responses to ECO2.
PENGARUH STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN KELUARGA, KEPEMIMPINAN, DAN PERWAKILAN KELUARGA TERHADAP KINERJA PERUSAHAAN

Abstract This paper examines the impact of family ownership structure, leadership, and family representatives on firm performance that was measured by Tobin’s Q and ROA. This research used leverage, size, sales growth and firm ages of public corporate that was listed in Indonesia StockExchange for period 2009 to 2011 as control variables. Regression’sresult shows that family ownership structure has positive impact to market performance (Tobin’s Q) and financial performance (ROA). Family CEO has negative effect to Tobin’s Q, but a positive effect to ROA. Family member on the board hasa negative effect to Tobin’s Q and ROA.
Mapping global biodiversity connections with DNA barcodes: Lepidoptera of Pakistan

Sequences from the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial COI gene are an effective tool for specimen identification and for the discovery of new species. The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) (www.boldsystems.org) currently hosts 4.5 million records from animals which have been assigned to more than 490,000 different Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), which serve as a proxy for species. Because a fourth of these BINs derive from Lepidoptera, BOLD has a strong capability to both identify specimens in this order and to support studies of faunal overlap. DNA barcode sequences were obtained from 4503 moths from 329 sites across Pakistan, specimens that represented 981 BINs from 52 families. Among 379 species with a Linnaean name assignment, all were represented by a single BIN excepting five species that showed a BIN split. Less than half (44%) of the 981 BINs had counterparts in other countries; the remaining BINs were unique to Pakistan. Another 218 BINs of Lepidoptera from Pakistan were coupled with the 981 from this study before being compared with all 116,768 BINs for this order. As expected, faunal overlap was highest with India (21%), Sri Lanka (21%), United Arab Emirates (20%) and with other Asian nations (2.1%), but it was very low with other continents including Africa (0.6%), Europe (1.3%), Australia (0.6%), Oceania (1.0%), North America (0.1%), and South America (0.1%). This study indicates the way in which DNA barcoding facilitates measures of faunal overlap even when taxa have not been assigned to a Linnean species.
The combined use of Brain Computer Interface and Eye-Tracking technology for cognitive assessment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Cognitive deficits are known to be present in some ALS patients. Recently, it has been hypothesized that most ALS patients show cognitive impairments of one sort or the other. In this study we explore the capability of a combined use of Brain Computer Interface and Eye-Tracking technology to assess such deficits and as augmentative and alternative communication tools. In particular, we propose a setup based on both technologies in order to realize a neuropsychological battery for cognitive assessment in ALS.
Teachers' Sense of Efficacy: Examining the Relationship of Teacher Efficacy and Student Achievement

The purpose of this study was to investigate which teachers’ characteristics have an impact on teachers’ sense of efficacy. In addition, the relationship between mathematics and science fifth grade teachers’ sense of efficacy and student achievement was examined. Two characteristics related to teachers were examined: teachers’ years of teaching experience and teachers’ highest degree. Participants included 62 mathematics and science teachers from three school districts in Northwest Arkansas. When comparing fifth grade mathematics and science teachers’ efficacy beliefs based on their highest degree, a significant difference in teachers’ efficacy beliefs was found based on their degrees. Teachers with a Bachelor degree have higher total efficacy than teachers who hold Master’s degrees. Moreover, an investigation to determine if there is a difference in mathematics and science teachers’ efficacy beliefs in the three subscale of teachers’ efficacy (for classroom management, for student engagement, and for instructional strategies) revealed a significant difference in teachers’ efficacy for two of the three constructs. However, when examining teachers’ sense of efficacy based on their teaching experience, no differences in teachers’ efficacy were found. A correlation was conducted and the results indicated that there was no significant relationship between fifth grade teachers’ sense of efficacy and students’ achievement in the benchmark test in mathematics and science. The recommendations from this study should be used to inform other scholars and administrators of the importance of teachers’ sense of efficacy in order to improve students’ achievement gains.
Dynamic networked organizations for software engineering

Current practice in software engineering suggests a radical change in perspective: where once stood fixed teams of people following a development plan, now stand just-in-time Dynamic Networked Organizations (DyNOs), adopting a common flexible strategy for development, rather than a plan. This shift in perspective has gone relatively unnoticed by current software engineering research. This paper offers a glimpse at what processes and instruments lie beyond “current” software engineering research, where studying emergent DyNOs, their creation and steering becomes critical. To understand the underpinnings of this evolution, we explored a simple yet vivid scenario from real-life industrial practice. Using scenario analysis we elicited a number of social and organizational requirements in working with DyNOs. Also, comparing our evidence with literature, we made some key observations. First, managing DyNOs makes organizational requirements a first-class entity for development success. Second, research in software engineering should be invested in understanding and governing the DyNOs behind the software lifecycle.
Function and Pharmacology of Spinally-Projecting Sympathetic Pre-Autonomic Neurones in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus has been described as the "autonomic master controller". It co-ordinates critical physiological responses through control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis, and by modulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the central nervous system. The PVN comprises several anatomical subdivisions, including the parvocellular/ mediocellular subdivision, which contains neurones projecting to the medulla and spinal cord. Consensus indicates that output from spinally-projecting sympathetic pre-autonomic neurones (SPANs) increases blood pressure and heart rate, and dysfunction of these neurones has been directly linked to elevated sympathetic activity during heart failure. The influence of spinally-projecting SPANs on cardiovascular function high-lights their potential as targets for future therapeutic drug development. Recent studies have demonstrated pharmacological control of these spinally-projecting SPANs with glutamate, GABA, nitric oxide, neuroactive steroids and a number of neuropeptides (including angiotensin, substance P, and corticotrophin-releasing factor). The underlying mechanism of control appears to be a state of tonic inhibition by GABA, which is then strengthened or relieved by the action of other modulators. The physiological function of spinally-projecting SPANs has been subject to some debate, and they may be involved in physiological stress responses, blood volume regulation, glucose regulation, thermoregulation and/or circadian rhythms. This review describes the pharmacology of PVN spinally-projecting SPANs and discusses their likely roles in cardiovascular control.