Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Sex Differences in TNFR2-Mediated Cardioprotection

Background— TNFR1/TNFR2 signaling may mediate different cellular and molecular responses (injury versus protection) and the balance may be affected by sex hormones. Previous studies have shown that females have improved myocardial functional recovery, TNFR1 signaling resistance, and increased SOCS3 expression after acute ischemia/reperfusion when compared with males. However, it is unknown whether the TNFR2 pathway protects the myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion injury, and if so, whether sex differences exist in TNFR2-mediated cardioprotection. Therefore, we hypothesized that (1) TNFR2 mediates myocardial protection from ischemia/reperfusion through STAT3, SOCS3, and vascular endothelial growth factor in both sexes; and (2) TNFR2 elicits greater protective signaling in females compared with males. Methods and Results— Isolated male and female mouse hearts from TNFR2 knockout, TNFR1/2 knockout, and wild-type (C57BL/6J or B6129SF2/J; n=5 to 6/group) were subjected to 20 minutes ischemia followed by 60 minutes reperfusion. TNFR2 deficiency decreased postischemic myocardial recovery in both sexes but had a greater effect on females. The deleterious effects of TNFR2 ablation were associated with a decrease in mRNA and protein levels of SOCS3, STAT3, and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as an increase in myocardial interleukin-1-beta production in female hearts. However, a significant increase in JNK activation and interleukin-1-beta protein levels was noted in male TNFR2KO hearts after ischemia/reperfusion. Additionally, TNFR1/2 knockout decreased myocardial function in female hearts but not males. This observation was associated with a decrease in mRNA levels of SOCS3, STAT3, and vascular endothelial growth factor and an increase in myocardial p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in females. Conclusions— Sex differences in the mechanisms of TNFR2-mediated cardioprotection occur by increasing STAT3, SOCS3, and vascular endothelial growth factor in females and by decreasing JNK in males.
Homesteading the Noosphere

After observing a contradiction between the 'official' ideology defined by open-source licenses and the actual behavior of hackers, we examine the actual customs which regulate the ownership and control of open-source software. We discover that they imply an underlying theory of property rights homologous to the Lockean theory of land tenure. We relate that to an analysis of the hacker culture as a 'gift culture' in which participants compete for prestige by giving time, energy, and creativity away. We then examine the implications of this analysis for conflict resolution in the culture, and develop some prescriptive implications.
Outpatient management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a prospective study

We prospectively assessed the safety and cost saving of a small-bore drain based procedure for outpatient management of first episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Patients were managed by observation alone or insertion of an 8.5-F “pig-tail” drain connected to a one-way valve, according to size and clinical tolerance of the pneumothorax. All patients were reassessed after 4 h, on the first working day after discharge and on day 7. Patients still exhibiting air leak on day 4 underwent thoracoscopy. The primary end-point was complete lung re-expansion at day 7. 60 consecutive patients entered the study. 48 (80%) met the definition of large pneumothorax. The success rate was 83%. The 1-year recurrence rate was 17%. 36 (60%) patients were discharged after 4 h and 50% had full outpatient management. No severe complication was observed. The mean±sd length of hospitalisation was 2.3±3.1 days. This policy resulted in about a 40% reduction in hospital stay-related costs. The present study supports the use of a single system combined with a well-defined management algorithm including safe discharge criteria, as an alternative to manual aspiration or chest tube drainage. This approach participates in healthcare cost-savings. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax can be managed outside the hospital, subject to strict pre-discharge safety criteria http://ow.ly/qVxcd
Computing the Lie Algebra of the Differential Galois Group of a Linear Differential System

We consider a linear differential system [A] : y'=A, y}, where A has with coefficients in C(x). The differential Galois group G of [A] is a linear algebraic group which measures the algebraic relations among solutions. Although there exist general algorithms to compute $G$, none of them is either practical or implemented. This paper proposes an algorithm to compute the Lie algebra g of G when [A] is absolutely irreducible. The algorithm is implemented in Maple.
Red flags for multiple system atrophy

The clinical diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is fraught with difficulty and there are no pathognomonic features to discriminate the parkinsonian variant (MSA‐P) from Parkinson's disease (PD). Besides the poor response to levodopa, and the additional presence of pyramidal or cerebellar signs (ataxia) or autonomic failure as major diagnostic criteria, certain other clinical features known as “red flags” or warning signs may raise the clinical suspicion of MSA. To study the diagnostic role of these features in MSA‐P versus PD patients, a standardized red flag check list (RFCL) developed by the European MSA Study Group (EMSA‐SG) was administered to 57 patients with probable MSA‐P and 116 patients with probable PD diagnosed according to established criteria. Those red flags with a specifity over 95% were selected for further analysis. Factor analysis was applied to reduce the number of red flags. The resulting set was then applied to 17 patients with possible MSA‐P who on follow‐up fulfilled criteria of probable MSA‐P. Red flags were grouped into related categories. With two or more of six red flag categories present specificity was 98.3% and sensitivity was 84.2% in our cohort. When applying these criteria to patients with possible MSA‐P, 76.5% of them would have been correctly diagnosed as probable MSA‐P 15.9 (±7.0) months earlier than with the Consensus criteria alone. We propose a combination of two out of six red flag categories as additional diagnostic criteria for probable MSA‐P. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society.
Dynamic, rhythmic facial expressions and the superior temporal sulcus of macaque monkeys: implications for the evolution of audiovisual speech

Audiovisual speech has a stereotypical rhythm that is between 2 and 7 Hz, and deviations from this frequency range in either modality reduce intelligibility. Understanding how audiovisual speech evolved requires investigating the origins of this rhythmic structure. One hypothesis is that the rhythm of speech evolved through the modification of some pre‐existing cyclical jaw movements in a primate ancestor. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the temporal structure of lipsmacks and teeth‐grinds of macaque monkeys and the neural responses to these facial gestures in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region implicated in the processing of audiovisual communication signals in both humans and monkeys. We found that both lipsmacks and teeth‐grinds have consistent but distinct peak frequencies and that both fall well within the 2–7 Hz range of mouth movements associated with audiovisual speech. Single neurons and local field potentials of the STS of monkeys readily responded to such facial rhythms, but also responded just as robustly to yawns, a nonrhythmic but dynamic facial expression. All expressions elicited enhanced power in the delta (0–3Hz), theta (3–8Hz), alpha (8–14Hz) and gamma (> 60 Hz) frequency ranges, and suppressed power in the beta (20–40Hz) range. Thus, STS is sensitive to, but not selective for, rhythmic facial gestures. Taken together, these data provide support for the idea that that audiovisual speech evolved (at least in part) from the rhythmic facial gestures of an ancestral primate and that the STS was sensitive to and thus ‘prepared’ for the advent of rhythmic audiovisual communication.
Pluripotency and differentiation in embryos and stem cells.

Each year many scientific meetings are held on stem cells to appraise the state of knowledge on their potency, differentiation and applications. So why did we hold another meeting? Because we thought one aspect was not adequately addressed in the others. When thinking of how our body is derived from a single fertilized egg, it is self-evident that the embryo is the ‘mother’ of all stem cells. This fact is probably overlooked because it is so remote (decades back in our lives! ) and because embryonic stem cells do not exist as such in the embryo. However, this also tends to be ignored on purpose in many stem cell meetings because working on (human) embryos brings up substantial ethical concerns that bear on the scientific undertaking like nothing else. The origin of stem cells has become even more of a sensitive issue since the discovery in 2006 that embryonic stem (ES) cell-like cells can be generated in a petri dish straight from somatic cells by retrovirus-mediated transfer of selected genes. These new cells have been named ‘induced pluripotent stem‘ (iPS) cells and have been obtained without any egg or embryo consumption (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). This leads to the first topic of our meeting: natural and induced pluripotency.
Growth model for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

In order to quantify the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to plant phosphorus nutrition, the development and extent of the external fungal mycelium and its nutrient uptake capacity are of particular importance. We develop and analyse a model of the growth of AM fungi associated with plant roots, suitable for describing mechanistically the effects of the fungi on solute uptake by plants. The model describes the development and distribution of the fungal mycelium in soil in terms of the creation and death of hyphae, tip–tip and tip–hypha anastomosis, and the nature of the root–fungus interface. It is calibrated and corroborated using published experimental data for hyphal length densities at different distances away from root surfaces. A good agreement between measured and simulated values was found for three fungal species with different morphologies: Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders; Glomus sp. ; and Acaulospora laevis Gerdemann & Trappe associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. The model and findings are expected to contribute to the quantification of the role of AM fungi in plant mineral nutrition and the interpretation of different foraging strategies among fungal species.
Cost Effectiveness of Cryptococcal Antigen Screening as a Strategy to Prevent HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis in South Africa

Objectives Cryptococcal meningitis (CM)-related mortality may be prevented by screening patients for sub-clinical cryptococcal antigenaemia (CRAG) at antiretroviral-therapy (ART) initiation and pre-emptively treating those testing positive. Prior to programmatic implementation in South Africa we performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative preventive strategies for CM. Design Cost-effectiveness analysis. Methods Using South African data we modelled the cost-effectiveness of four strategies for patients with CD4 cell-counts <100 cells/µl starting ART 1) no screening or prophylaxis (standard of care), 2) universal primary fluconazole prophylaxis, 3) CRAG screening with fluconazole treatment if antigen-positive, 4) CRAG screening with lumbar puncture if antigen-positive and either amphotericin-B for those with CNS disease or fluconazole for those without. Analysis was limited to the first year of ART. Results The least costly strategy was CRAG screening followed by high-dose fluconazole treatment of all CRAG-positive individuals. This strategy dominated the standard of care at CRAG prevalence ≥0.6%. Although CRAG screening followed by lumbar puncture in all antigen-positive individuals was the most effective strategy clinically, the incremental benefit of LPs and amphotericin therapy for those with CNS disease was small and additional costs were large (US$158 versus US$51per person year; incremental cost effectiveness ratio(ICER) US$889,267 per life year gained). Both CRAG screening strategies are less costly and more clinically effective than current practice. Primary prophylaxis is more effective than current practice, but relatively cost-ineffective (ICER US$20,495). Conclusions CRAG screening would be a cost-effective strategy to prevent CM-related mortality among patients initiating ART in South Africa. These findings provide further justification for programmatic implementation of CRAG screening.
Effects of working memory capacity in processing wh‐extractions: eye‐movement evidence from Chinese–English bilinguals

By using the eye-tracking method, the present study explores whether working memory capacity assessed via the second language (L2) reading span (L2WMC) as well as the operational span task (OSPAN) affects the processing of subject-extraction and object-extraction in Chinese–English bilinguals. Results showed that L2WMC has no effects on the grammatical judgement accuracies, the first fixation duration, gaze duration, go-past times and total fixation duration of the critical regions in wh-extractions. In contrast, OSPAN influences the first fixation duration and go-past times of the critical regions in wh-extractions. Specifically, in region 1, (e.g., Who do you think loved the comedian [region 1] with [region 2] all his heart [subject-extraction]? versus Who do you think the comedian loved [region 1] with [region 2] all his heart? [object-extraction]), participants with high OSPAN were much slower than those with low OSPAN in their first fixation duration in reading subject-extractions, whereas there were no differences between participants with different OSPANs in reading object-extractions. In region 2, participants with high OSPAN were much faster than those with low OSPAN in their go-past times of object-extractions. These results indicated that individual differences in OSPAN rather than in L2WMC more strongly affect processing of wh-extractions. Thus, OSPAN results to be more suitable to explore the influences of working memory while processing L2 sentences with complex syntax, at least for intermediate proficient bilinguals. Results of the study also provide further support for the Capacity Theory of Comprehension.
Towards a Psychological Construct of Being Moved

The emotional state of being moved, though frequently referred to in both classical rhetoric and current language use, is far from established as a well-defined psychological construct. In a series of three studies, we investigated eliciting scenarios, emotional ingredients, appraisal patterns, feeling qualities, and the affective signature of being moved and related emotional states. The great majority of the eliciting scenarios can be assigned to significant relationship and critical life events (especially death, birth, marriage, separation, and reunion). Sadness and joy turned out to be the two preeminent emotions involved in episodes of being moved. Both the sad and the joyful variants of being moved showed a coactivation of positive and negative affect and can thus be ranked among the mixed emotions. Moreover, being moved, while featuring only low-to-mid arousal levels, was experienced as an emotional state of high intensity; this applied to responses to fictional artworks no less than to own-life and other real, but media-represented, events. The most distinctive findings regarding cognitive appraisal dimensions were very low ratings for causation of the event by oneself and for having the power to change its outcome, along with very high ratings for appraisals of compatibility with social norms and self-ideals. Putting together the characteristics identified and discussed throughout the three studies, the paper ends with a sketch of a psychological construct of being moved.
Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Scenarios: A Literature Review

Although Industrie 4.0 is currently a top priority for many companies, research centers, and universities, a generally accepted definition of the term does not exist. As a result, discussing the topic on an academic level is difficult, and so is implementing Industrie 4.0 scenarios. Based on a literature review, the paper provides a definition of Industrie 4.0 and identifies six design principles for its implementation: interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capability, service orientation, and modularity. Taking into account these principles, academics may be enabled to further investigate on the topic, while practitioners may find assistance in implementing appropriate scenarios.
A Critical Study of Selected Classification Algorithms for Liver Disease Diagnosis

with Liver disease have been continuously increasing because of excessive consumption of alcohol, inhale of harmful gases, intake of contaminated food, pickles and drugs. Automatic classification tools may reduce burden on doctors. This paper evaluates the selected classification algorithms for the classification of some liver patient datasets. The classification algorithms considered here are Naive Bayes classifier, C4.5, Back propagation Neural Network algorithm, and Support Vector Machines. These algorithms are evaluated based on four criteria: Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity and Specificity.
Pulmonary MALT Lymphoma in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome

To describe clinical features and outcomes of seven patients with pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in the setting of underlying primary Sjögren’s syndrome from a single center, we reviewed medical records of consecutive patients with pulmonary MALT lymphoma evaluated at our facility from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2015 for clinical features, laboratory, pathologic and radiographic findings, management, and outcomes. Out of 13 patients with pulmonary MALT lymphoma, 7 (54 %) met the criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome. The mean age at lymphoma diagnosis was 66 years; male–female ratio was 1:6. One-third of patients were asymptomatic at the time lymphoma was discovered. When symptomatic, patients reported nonspecific pulmonary complaints such as cough and dyspnea. All patients had positive antinuclear antibody and anti-SSA/Ro antibody. Rheumatoid factor was positive in six cases. A monoclonal gammopathy was present in three patients; the remaining four had polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. The radiologic, morphologic, and immunohistochemical features of primary Sjögren’s syndrome-associated pulmonary MALT lymphomas did not differ significantly from pulmonary MALT lymphoma cases in general. All treatment modalities used resulted in complete and sustained response. One patient died 11 years after initial diagnosis with no lymphoma but of another cause. The remaining six patients are still alive and disease-free to date. The present series confirms the favorable course of pulmonary MALT lymphoma in Sjögren’s patients. The overall imaging and pathologic features are in accordance with pulmonary MALT lymphoma not associated with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Further studies should be carried out in order to better understand pulmonary MALT lymphomagenesis, treatment, and outcomes in Sjögren’s patients.
Structural Data De-Anonymization: Theory and Practice

In this paper, we study the quantification, practice, and implications of structural data de-anonymization, including social data, mobility traces, and so on. First, we answer several open questions in structural data de-anonymization by quantifying perfect and (1 - ε)-perfect structural data de-anonymization, where ε is the error tolerated by a de-anonymization scheme. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on quantifying structural data de-anonymization under a general data model, which closes the gap between the structural data de-anonymization practice and theory. Second, we conduct the first large-scale study on the de-anonymizability of 26 real world structural data sets, including social networks, collaborations networks, communication networks, autonomous systems, peer-to-peer networks, and so on. We also quantitatively show the perfect and (1 - ε)-perfect de-anonymization conditions of the 26 data sets. Third, following our quantification, we present a practical attack [a novel single-phase cold start optimization-based de-anonymization (ODA) algorithm]. An experimental analysis of ODA shows that ~77.7%-83.3% of the users in Gowalla (196 591 users and 950 327 edges) and 86.9%-95.5% of the users in Google+ (4692 671 users and 90751 480 edges) are de-anonymizable in different scenarios, which implies that the structure-based de-anonymization is powerful in practice. Finally, we discuss the implications of our de-anonymization quantification and our ODA attack and provide some general suggestions for future secure data publishing.
Orbital Prefrontal Cortex Is Required for Object-in-Place Scene Memory But Not Performance of a Strategy Implementation Task

The orbital prefrontal cortex is thought to be involved in behavioral flexibility in primates, and human neuroimaging studies have identified orbital prefrontal activation during episodic memory encoding. The goal of the present study was to ascertain whether deficits in strategy implementation and episodic memory that occur after ablation of the entire prefrontal cortex can be ascribed to damage to the orbital prefrontal cortex. Rhesus monkeys were preoperatively trained on two behavioral tasks, the performance of both of which is severely impaired by the disconnection of frontal cortex from inferotemporal cortex. In the strategy implementation task, monkeys were required to learn about two categories of objects, each associated with a different strategy that had to be performed to obtain food reward. The different strategies had to be applied flexibly to optimize the rate of reward delivery. In the scene memory task, monkeys learned 20 new object-in-place discrimination problems in each session. Monkeys were tested on both tasks before and after bilateral ablation of orbital prefrontal cortex. These lesions impaired new scene learning but had no effect on strategy implementation. This finding supports a role for the orbital prefrontal cortex in memory but places limits on the involvement of orbital prefrontal cortex in the representation and implementation of behavioral goals and strategies.
A Rapamycin-Sensitive Signaling Pathway Is Essential for the Full Expression of Persistent Pain States

Translational control through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is critical for synaptic plasticity, cell growth, and axon guidance. Recently, it was also shown that mTOR signaling was essential for the maintenance of the sensitivity of subsets of adult sensory neurons. Here, we show that persistent pain states, but not acute pain behavior, are substantially alleviated by centrally administered rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mTOR pathway. We demonstrate that rapamycin modulates nociception by acting on subsets of primary afferents and superficial dorsal horn neurons to reduce both primary afferent sensitivity and central plasticity. We found that the active form of mTOR is present in a subpopulation of myelinated dorsal root axons, but rarely in unmyelinated C-fibers, and heavily expressed in the dorsal horn by lamina I/III projection neurons that are known to mediate the induction and maintenance of pain states. Intrathecal injections of rapamycin inhibited the activation of downstream targets of mTOR in dorsal horn and dorsal roots and reduced the thermal sensitivity of A-fibers. Moreover, in vitro studies showed that rapamycin increased the electrical activation threshold of Aδ-fibers in dorsal roots. Together, our results imply that central rapamycin reduces neuropathic pain by acting both on an mTOR-positive subset of A-nociceptors and lamina I projection neurons and suggest a new pharmacological route for therapeutic intervention in persistent pain states.