Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial Ecology of the Critically Endangered Fijian Crested Iguana, Brachylophus vitiensis, in an Extremely Dense Population: Implications for Conservation

The Critically Endangered Fijian crested iguana, Brachylophus vitiensis, occurs at extreme density at only one location, with estimates of >10,000 iguanas living on the 70 hectare island of Yadua Taba in Fiji. We conducted a mark and recapture study over two wet seasons, investigating the spatial ecology and intraspecific interactions of the strictly arboreal Fijian crested iguana. This species exhibits moderate male-biased sexual size dimorphism, which has been linked in other lizard species to territoriality, aggression and larger male home ranges. We found that male Fijian crested iguanas exhibit high injury levels, indicative of frequent aggressive interactions. We did not find support for larger home range size in adult males relative to adult females, however male and female residents were larger than roaming individuals. Males with established home ranges also had larger femoral pores relative to body size than roaming males. Home range areas were small in comparison to those of other iguana species, and we speculate that the extreme population density impacts considerably on the spatial ecology of this population. There was extensive home range overlap within and between sexes. Intersexual overlap was greater than intrasexual overlap for both sexes, and continuing male-female pairings were observed among residents. Our results suggest that the extreme population density necessitates extensive home range overlap even though the underlying predictors of territoriality, such as male biased sexual size dimorphism and high aggression levels, remain. Our findings should be factored in to conservation management efforts for this species, particularly in captive breeding and translocation programs.
Microzooplankton Growth Rates Examined across a Temperature Gradient in the Barents Sea

Growth rates (µ) of abundant microzooplankton species were examined in field experiments conducted at ambient sea temperatures (−1.8–9.0°C) in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters (70–78.5°N). The maximum species-specific µ of ciliates and athecate dinoflagellates (0.33–1.67 d−1 and 0.52–1.14 d−1, respectively) occurred at temperatures below 5°C and exceeded the µmax predicted by previously published, laboratory culture-derived equations. The opposite trend was found for thecate dinoflagellates, which grew faster in the warmer Atlantic Ocean water. Mixotrophic ciliates and dinoflagellates grew faster than their heterotrophic counterparts. At sub-zero temperatures, microzooplankton µmax matched those predicted for phytoplankton by temperature-dependent growth equations. These results indicate that microzooplankton protists may be as adapted to extreme Arctic conditions as their algal prey.
Physico-chemical and Instrumental Colour Properties of Emu Meat

The present study was conducted to analyze the physico-chemical and colour properties of emu meat. The leg, back and breast portion along with a uniform mix of these three cuts were taken for evaluation of emu meat quality in respect to various physico-chemical parameters. The pH of breast meat was found significantly (P<0.05) lower than meat from leg and back portion. Water holding capacity of leg meat was significantly (P<0.05) higher than back and breast meat. The breast meat had significantly (P<0.05) higher shear press value (98.99 N) than other portions meat. Myoglobin and metmyoglobin were found from 7.02 to 8.95 mg/g and 28.39 to 45.70 % respectively. The lightness value of breast meat was higher than leg and back meat. Thus, results showed the good acceptability of emu meat in category of red meat and can be an alternative to other meat.
"Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells" (1997), by Ian Wilmut et al.

a researching cloning [4] and genetic manipulation for livestock. Their experiments resulted in several sheep [5] being born in July 1996, one of which was a sheep [5] named Dolly born 5 July 1996. Dolly was the first sheep [5] cloned and developed from the nuclei of fully differentiated adult cells, rather than from the nuclei of early embryonic cells. They published their results in "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells" (abbreviated Viable Offspring) on 27 February 1997. In 1993, Wilmut, Campbell, and collaborators experimented on cow [6] embryos at the Roslin Institute. These experiments helped develop the theory that differentiated cells in an appropriate environment could develop similar to embryonic cells. For the process of cloning [4] organisms without defects, the cow [6] embryo experiments revealed the optimal cell cycle stage and the need to avoid chromosomal damage when transferring nuclei. Further information came from experiments described in the 1996 article titled "Sheep Cloned by Nuclear Transfer from a Cultured Cell Line. " Campbell, McWhir, Ritchie, and Wilmut conducted experiments in which they cloned sheep [5] from an established embryonic cell line experiments that produced the sheep [5] named Megan and Morag. The scientists developed techniques and concepts from the sheep [5] experiments, including how transferring nuclei during the resting state in the cell cycle called quiescence improves success rates. In the experiments, the scientist removed the nucleus [7] from an egg [8] cell and inserted a donor egg [8] cell to replace the removed nucleus [7] , a modified version of the technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer [9] .
Cross‐talk between clinical and host‐response parameters of periodontitis in smokers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontal diseases are a major public health concern leading to tooth loss and have also been shown to be associated with several chronic systemic diseases. Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of numerous systemic diseases, as well as periodontitis. While it is clear that smokers have a significantly enhanced risk for developing periodontitis leading to tooth loss, the population varies regarding susceptibility to disease associated with smoking. This investigation focused on identifying differences in four broad sets of variables, consisting of: (i) host-response molecules; (ii) periodontal clinical parameters; (iii) antibody responses to periodontal pathogens and oral commensal bacteria; and (iv) other variables of interest, in a population of smokers with (n = 171) and without (n = 117) periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bayesian network structured learning (BNSL) techniques were used to investigate potential associations and cross-talk between the four broad sets of variables. RESULTS BNSL revealed two broad communities with markedly different topology between the populations of smokers, with and without periodontitis. Confidence of the edges in the resulting network also showed marked variations within and between the periodontitis and nonperiodontitis groups. CONCLUSION The results presented validated known associations and discovered new ones with minimal precedence that may warrant further investigation and novel hypothesis generation. Cross-talk between the clinical variables and antibody profiles of bacteria were especially pronounced in the case of periodontitis and were mediated by the antibody response profile to Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Field Emission And Optical Properties Of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Nanostructures

The work presented in this thesis establishes scientific understanding of the vapor liquid solid (VLS) mode of growth for the synthesis of wide band gap semiconductor nanostructures.The focus of the thesis was to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for rates of the growth and self doping as functions of catalyst’s surface tension and liquid solid interface.The effect of different droplet densities and radii of metal catalysts were studied on the ultimate morphologies of ZnS nanostructures. Different metal catalysts have different accommodation coefficients, diffusion coefficients and different bonding energies with the host lattice.These directly affected the growth rate and the site of dopant, i.e., either in the bulk or on the surface.This concept was employed to demonstrate the growth rate for Sn, Au and Mn catalyzed ZnS nanostructures.It has also been justified theoretically and experimentally that suitable choice of the catalyst was very important for the growth of nanostructures towards device fabrication. The optical properties of the doped nanomaterials make them an interesting category of material for optoelectronic applications.Optical properties of self doped Au, Mn and Sn catalyzed ZnS nanostructures grown with varied thicknesses of catalysts were studied. Photoluminescence spectroscopy results of ZnS nanostructures showed the activation of all major types of defects and their dependence on catalysts, i.e., Zn and S vacancies and interstitials, catalyst related defects.Surface optical phonons were observed in Raman spectra were due to symmetry breaking at the surface. Raman spectra for each type of catalysts showed variation in the surface potential modulation created as a result of self doping of the catalyst on the surface.Dielectric continuum (DC) model was used to calculate the wavelength of surface potential modulations.The calculated modulation wavelength for symmetry breaking for the tapered nanobelts was in good agreement with the experimentally observed in TEM analysis. Morphology plays a crucial role in the physical properties of materials, e.g., optical, electrical, field emission (FE) and sensing.Different approaches were used to synthesize ZnS tapered and In2O3 pyramidal beaded nanowires. Possible growth mechanism for the beaded nanowires was discussed in detail and explained with the help of visualization of electrical and structural analysis (VESTA) software.Finally, the FE measurements of the tapered ZnS nanostructures and beaded In2O3 nanowires were undertaken.These FE results were compared with other published FE results by different groups and found comparably good FE properties.
Immediate Removal From Activity After Sport-Related Concussion Is Associated With Shorter Clinical Recovery and Less Severe Symptoms in Collegiate Student-Athletes

Background: Timely removal from activity after concussion symptoms remains problematic despite heightened awareness. Previous studies indicated potential adverse effects of continuing to participate in physical activity immediately after sustaining a concussion. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to determine the effect of timing of removal from play after concussion on clinical outcomes. It was hypothesized that immediate removal from activity after sport-related concussion (SRC) would be associated with less time missed from sport, a shorter symptomatic period, and better outcomes on acute clinical measures. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Data were reported from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Department of Defense Grand Alliance: Concussion Awareness, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium. Participants with 506 diagnosed SRCs from 18 sports and 25 institutions and military service academies were analyzed and classified as either immediate removal from activity (I-RFA) or delayed removal from activity (D-RFA). Outcomes of interest included time missed from sport attributed to their SRC, symptom duration, and clinical assessment scores. Results: There were 322 participants (63.6%) characterized as D-RFA. I-RFA status was associated with significantly less time missed from sport (R2 change = .022-.024, P < .001 to P = .001) and shorter symptom duration (R2 change = .044-.046, P < .001 [all imputations]) while controlling for other SRC recovery modifiers. These athletes missed approximately 3 fewer days from sport participation. I-RFA athletes had significantly less severe acute SRC symptoms and were at lower risk of recovery taking ≥14 days (relative risk = .614, P < .001, small-medium effect size) and ≥21 days (relative risk = .534, P = .010, small effect size). Conclusion: I-RFA is a protective factor associated with less severe acute symptoms and shorter recovery after SRC. Conveying this message to athletes, coaches, and others involved in the care of athletes may promote timely injury reporting.
Manufacturing textured surfaces: State of art and recent developments

Surface texturing and its influence on tribological systems performances represent one of the main research topics nowadays. Textures functionality is initially ensured by correct optimization of its geometrical parameters, but the influence of textures quality is not to be neglected. Therefore, a proper selection of fabrication methods appropriate for each individual application is imperative. The process of selection is somehow exhaustive due to abundance of parameters and selection criterions. Hence, this paper proposes a general classification of texture manufacturing techniques, used nowadays within industrial manufacturing and research platforms, with pertinent description of each process including key advantages and drawbacks concerning their application within mechanical systems.
Evidence of Niche Partitioning under Ontogenetic Influences among Three Morphologically Similar Siluriformes in Small Subtropical Streams

Ontogenetic influences in patterns of niche breadth and feeding overlap were investigated in three species of Siluriformes (Heptapterus sp., Rhamdia quelen and Trichomycterus poikilos) aiming at understanding the species coexistence. Samplings were conducted bimonthly by electrofishing technique from June/2012 to June/2013 in ten streams of the northwestern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The stomach contents of 1,948 individuals were analyzed by volumetric method, with 59 food items identified. In general Heptapterus sp. consumed a high proportion of Aegla sp. , terrestrial plant remains and Megaloptera; R. quelen consumed fish, and Oligochaeta, followed by Aegla sp. ; while the diet of T. poikilos was based on Simuliidae, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Specie segregation was observed in the NMDS. Through PERMANOVA analysis feeding differences among species, and between a combination of species plus size classes were observed. IndVal showed which items were indicators of these differences. Niche breadth values were high for all species. The niche breadth values were low only for the larger size of R. quelen and Heptapterus sp. while T. poikilos values were more similar. Overall the species were a low feeding overlap values. The higher frequency of high feeding overlap was observed for interaction between Heptapterus sp. and T. poikilos. The null model confirmed the niche partitioning between the species. The higher frequency of high and intermediate feeding overlap values were reported to smaller size classes. The null model showed resource sharing between the species/size class. Therefore, overall species showed a resource partitioning because of the use of occasional items. However, these species share resources mainly in the early ontogenetic stages until the emphasized change of morphological characteristics leading to trophic niche expansion and the apparent segregation observed.
Nonlocal Shell Model for Predicting Axisymmetric Vibration of Spherical Shell-Like Nanostructures

Axisymmetric vibration of spherical shell-like nanostructures is investigated based on nonlocal elastic theory. The size effect is taken into consideration using the Eringen's nonlocal constitutive equations. A new prediction formula for the axisymmetric vibration of nano-spherical membrane shell, including small scale effect, is presented by employing Legendre and associated Legendre polynomials. The suggested model is justified by good agreement between the results given by the present method and available experimental and numerical results. This model is used to predict the axisymmetric vibration of two types of the spherical shell-like nanostructures. They include spherical fullerenes and empty spherical viruses.
Unique developmental trajectories and genetic regulation of ventricular and outflow tract progenitors in the zebrafish second heart field

During mammalian embryogenesis, cardiac progenitor cells constituting the second heart field (SHF) give rise to the right ventricle and primitive outflow tract (OFT). In zebrafish, previous lineage-tracing and mutant analyses suggested that SHF ventricular and OFT progenitors co-migrate to the arterial pole of the zebrafish heart tube soon after their specification in the nkx2.5+ field of anterior lateral plate mesoderm (ALPM). Using additional prospective lineage tracing, we demonstrate that while SHF ventricular progenitors migrate directly to the arterial pole, OFT progenitors become temporarily sequestered in the mesodermal cores of pharyngeal arch 2 (PA2), where they downregulate nkx2.5 expression. While there, they intermingle with precursors for PA2-derived head muscles (HMs) and hypobranchial artery endothelium, which we demonstrate are co-specified with SHF progenitors in the nkx2.5+ ALPM. Soon after their sequestration in PA2, OFT progenitors migrate to the arterial pole of the heart and differentiate into OFT lineages. Lastly, we demonstrate that SHF ventricular and OFT progenitors exhibit unique sensitivities to a mutation in fgf8a. Our data highlight novel aspects of SHF, OFT and HM development in zebrafish that will inform mechanistic interpretations of cardiopharyngeal phenotypes in zebrafish models of human congenital disorders. Summary: This study uncovers novel aspects of head muscle and heart development in zebrafish, information that will be crucial for deciphering the cellular mechanisms underlying zebrafish models of human congenital disorders.
Experimental and analytical study of composite steel plate shear walls connected to frame beams only

The experimental results of composite steel plate shear walls and steel plate shear walls connected to frame beams only were presented.The influences of concrete panels and height-to-thickness ratio of steel plate were studied.Meanwhile,the finite element software ANSYS was applied to develop the model.The behavior of composite steel plate shear walls was analyzed.The experimental results show that both steel plate shear walls and composite shear walls have good ductility.In composite steel plate shear walls,the concrete panels resist its out-of-plane deformation and make the steel plate shear wall work in plane.Thus the bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity increase evidently.When the concrete panel thickness is over a special value,the out-of-plane deformation of steel plate can be fully restrained.The bearing capacity of composite steel plate shear wall mainly relies on the span-to-height ratio of steel plate.
A Critical View on Teacher Guidebooks as an Agent in Teacher Deskilling Process.

The purpose of this study is to identify the views of teachers on teacher guidebooks and to analyse these views on the basis of the deskilling process. The data were collected from 67 teachers through an open-ended questionnaire, and analysed using content analysis method. Results showed that although most of the teachers considered the guidebooks necessary, they also made a number of criticisms. Among these, there were criticisms indicating that the guidebooks hindered teacher autonomy in various ways. Teachers' views and criticisms in this direction confirm that guidebooks have an important role in the deskilling process of teachers.
Inelastic Displacement Amplification Factor for Ductile Structures with Constant Strength Reduction Factor

Based on elastic-plastic time-history earthquake analysis of the single degree of freedom (SDOF) system, the inelastic displacement amplification factor Cd2 of the elastic-perfectly plastic (EPP) model with the same yield strength reduction was investigated for different normalized periods T/TgR, site types, strength reduction factors R, damping ratios, post yield stiffness ratios and second order (P-Δ) effects. The factor Cd2 can be used to estimate the maximum inelastic response displacement from the elastic displacement under the design seismic conditions. It is found that the probability distribution of Cd2 satisfies the lognormal distribution approximately. The factor Cd2 decreases with decreasing damping (in the medium-long period range) and with increasing post yield stiffness. The existence of the P-Δ effect will increase Cd2 significantly and needs to be considered in future seismic design. Three other hysteretic models: the modified-Clough (MC), shear-slipped (SSP) and bilinear elastic (BIL) models, were analyzed to check the effect of the hysteretic model on Cd2 spectra The results were compared to those of the EPP model and it was found that the Cd2 of the EPP model is the smallest among the four hysteretic models.
Exploring the bonding of large hydrocarbons on noble metals: Diindoperylene on Cu(111), Ag(111), and Au(111)

We present a benchmark study for the adsorption of a large $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated organic molecule on different noble metal surfaces, which is based on x-ray standing wave (XSW) measurements and density functional theory calculations with van der Waals (vdW) interactions. The bonding distances of diindenoperylene on Cu(111), Ag(111), and Au(111) surfaces (2.51, 3.01, and 3.10 \AA{}, respectively) determined with the normal-incidence XSW technique are compared with calculations. Excellent agreement with the experimental data, i.e., deviations less than 0.1 \AA{}, is achieved using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional with vdW interactions that include the collective response of substrate electrons (the $\mathrm{PBE}+{\mathrm{vdW}}^{\mathrm{surf}}$ method). It is noteworthy that the calculations show that the vdW contribution to the adsorption energy increases in the order $\text{Au}(111)l\text{Ag}(111)l\text{Cu}(111)$.
Determination of Human Hepatic CYP2C8 and CYP1A2 Age-Dependent Expression to Support Human Health Risk Assessment for Early Ages

Predicting age-specific metabolism is important for evaluating age-related drug and chemical sensitivity. Multiple cytochrome P450s and carboxylesterase enzymes are responsible for human pyrethroid metabolism. Complete ontogeny data for each enzyme are needed to support in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). This study was designed to determine age-dependent human hepatic CYP2C8 expression, for which only limited ontogeny data are available, and to further define CYP1A2 ontogeny. CYP2C8 and 1A2 protein levels were measured by quantitative Western blotting using liver microsomal samples prepared from 222 subjects with ages ranging from 8 weeks gestation to 18 years after birth. The median CYP2C8 expression was significantly greater among samples from subjects older than 35 postnatal days (n = 122) compared with fetal samples and those from very young infants (fetal to 35 days postnatal, n = 100) (0.00 vs. 13.38 pmol/mg microsomal protein; p < 0.0001). In contrast, the median CYP1A2 expression was significantly greater after 15 months postnatal age (n = 55) than in fetal and younger postnatal samples (fetal to 15 months postnatal, n = 167) (0.0167 vs. 2.354 pmol/mg microsomal protein; p < 0.0001). CYP2C8, but not CYP1A2, protein levels significantly correlated with those of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 (p < 0.001), consistent with CYP2C8 and CYP1A2 ontogeny probably being controlled by different mechanisms. This study provides key data for the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model–based prediction of age-dependent pyrethroid metabolism, which will be used for IVIVE to support pyrethroid risk assessment for early life stages.