Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The secondary loss of gyrencephaly as an example of evolutionary phenotypical reversal

Gyrencephaly (the folding of the surface of the neocortex) is a mammalian-specific trait present in almost all mammalian orders. Despite the widespread appearance of the trait, little is known about the mechanism of its genesis or its adaptive significance. Still, most of the hypotheses proposed concentrated on the pattern of connectivity of mature neurons as main components of gyri formation. Recent work on embryonic neurogenesis in several species of mammals revealed different progenitor and stem cells and their neurogenic potential as having important roles in the process of gyrification. Studies in the field of comparative neurogenesis revealed that gyrencephaly is an evolutionarily labile trait, and that some species underwent a secondary loss of a convoluted brain surface and thus reverted to a more ancient form, a less folded brain surface (lissencephaly). This phenotypic reversion provides an excellent system for understanding the phenomenon of secondary loss. In this review, we will outline the theory behind secondary loss and, as specific examples, present species that have undergone this transition with respect to neocortical folding. We will also discuss different possible pathways for obtaining (or losing) gyri. Finally, we will explore the potential adaptive consequence of gyrencephaly relative to lissencephaly and vice versa.
Dental implants with versus without peri-implant bone defects treated with guided bone regeneration

Background The guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique is highly successful for the treatment of peri-implant bone defects. The aim was to determine whether or not implants associated with GBR due to peri-implant defects show the same survival and success rates as implants placed in native bone without defects. Material and Methods Patients with a minimum of two submerged dental implants: one suffering a dehiscence or fenestration defect during placement and undergoing simultaneous guided bone regeneration (test group), versus the other entirely surrounded by bone (control group) were treated and monitored annually for three years. Complications with the healing procedure, implant survival, implant success and peri-implant marginal bone loss were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed with non-parametric tests setting an alpha value of 0.05. Results Seventy-two patients and 326 implants were included (142 test, 184 control). One hundred and twenty-five dehiscences (average height 1.92±1.11) and 18 fenestrations (average height 3.34±2.16) were treated. At 3 years post-loading, implant survival rates were 95.7% (test) and 97.3% (control) and implant success rates were 93.6% and 96.2%, respectively. Mean marginal bone loss was 0.54 (SD 0.26 mm) for the test group and 0.43 (SD 0.22 mm) for the control group. No statistically significant differences between both groups were found. Conclusions Within the limits of this study, implants with peri-implant defects treated with guided bone regeneration exhibited similar survival and success rates and peri-implant marginal bone loss to implants without those defects. Large-scale randomized controlled studies with longer follow-ups involving the assessment of esthetic parameters and hard and soft peri-implant tissue stability are needed. Key words:Guided bone regeneration, peri-implant defects, dental implants, marginal bone level, success rate, survival rate.
Temporal Aspect of Perceived Quality in Mobile Video Broadcasting

In this paper we describe a subjective quality assessment experiment conducted to measure the impact of temporal artifacts on video quality and characterize the influence of content motion on perceived quality. We examined the human response to jerkiness and jitter by considering different levels of strength, duration and distribution of the temporal impairments. Using videos with high picture quality, we found that for intermediate and high frame rate values video quality was similar independently from the duration of the frame rate decimation. On the other hand, for very low frame rates, overall video quality decreased as the duration of the impairment increased. The results also show that a reduction of the temporal resolution over the entire video does not necessarily lead to a significant loss of quality. Finally, the results of this study do not confirm the traditional thinking of lower-motion content receiving a higher quality than high-motion content for a given frame rate decimation factor. Using several motion descriptors, we observed that for a given sub-optimum frame rate, perceived quality does not necessarily increase with decreasing motion magnitude. More particularly, we found that perceived quality of head-and-shoulders content is severely affected by frame rate decimation although it is characterized by very low motion. Our results suggest that motion magnitude is not the only factor affecting perception of temporal artifacts.
Expression patterns of microRNAs in the chorioamniotic membranes: a role for microRNAs in human pregnancy and parturition

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression during development. This study was performed to determine gestational age‐dependent changes in miRNA expression in the chorioamniotic membranes and to assess the significance of miRNAs in human pregnancy and parturition. The expression profile of 455 miRNAs was compared between patients at term without labour (TNL: n = 10), in labour (TL: n = 10), and preterm labour (PTL: n = 10) using microarrays. A total of 39 miRNAs were differentially expressed between term and preterm cases, of which 31 (79.5%) were down‐regulated at term. Expression of ten miRNAs, including miR‐338, differentially expressed between PTL and TL groups was decreased at term. Computational analyses using miRBase Targets have identified PLA2G4B, a phospholipase implicated in parturition, as a putative target of miR‐338. Inhibition of endogenous miR‐338 with anti‐miR‐338 increased the mRNA and protein expression of PLA2G4B in decidual cells. Luciferase assay with reporter constructs confirmed that the suppression of PLA2G4B occurs through binding of miR‐338 to the 3′UTR of PLA2G4B. Interestingly, the expression of Dicer, a key miRNA‐processing enzyme, was markedly decreased at term, particularly with labour in the chorioamniotic membranes. Collectively, the novel findings reported herein strongly suggest that post‐transcriptional regulation of genes by miRNAs, coupled with the changes of miRNA processing machinery in the chorioamniotic membranes, plays a role in pregnancy and parturition. Furthermore, the expression level of Dicer in the chorioamniotic membranes dichotomizes pathological preterm labour and physiological spontaneous labour at term. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The MAIN Shirt: A Textile-Integrated Magnetic Induction Sensor Array

A system is presented for long-term monitoring of respiration and pulse. It comprises four non-contact sensors based on magnetic eddy current induction that are textile-integrated into a shirt. The sensors are technically characterized by laboratory experiments that investigate the sensitivity and measuring depth, as well as the mutual interaction between adjacent pairs of sensors. The ability of the device to monitor respiration and pulse is demonstrated by measurements in healthy volunteers. The proposed system (called the MAIN (magnetic induction) Shirt) does not need electrodes or any other skin contact. It is wearable, unobtrusive and can easily be integrated into an individual's daily routine. Therefore, the system appears to be a suitable option for long-term monitoring in a domestic environment or any other unsupervised telemonitoring scenario.
Identification of lithocholic acid and measurement of other bile acids in serum of healthy humans.

Combined gas—liquid chromatography mass-spectroscopy was used to identify lithocholic acid and confirm the presence of other bile acids in serum of a healthy fasting subject. GLC was used to measure deoxycholic (DCA), chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), and cholic (CA) acids in sera. Before analysis, serum bile acids were purified by ( a ) enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates, ( b ) anion-exchange chromatography, ( c ) alumina adsorption chromatography, and (d) GLC of methyl trifluoroacetate derivatives on QF-1. Recovery of bile acids (determined by adding [14C]cholic acid to each sample), after correction for loss during purification, was 63-83%. Fasting values for 28 healthy subjects were: 1.4-46.5 (av 7.1), 1.4-49.6 (12.8), and 1.4-46.0 (16.0) µg/100 ml for DCA, CDCA, and CA, respectively. Traces of lithocholic acid were found in 20% of the cases studied. The smaller ranges we found for serum bile acid concentrations in a healthy fasting population are attributed to the careful health-screening of subjects and improved techniques.
Inner Structure of Cloud Cavity on a Foil Section

Collapsing stage of cloud cavity and resulting violent shock pressure have been investigated by many researchers, because the knowledge of cavitation erosion is of practical importance and the dynamics is one of the most challenging problems in the field of two-phase flow. When a researche Collapsing stage of cloud cavity and resulting violent shock pressure have been investigated by many researchers, because the knowledge of cavitation erosion is of practical importance and the dynamics is one of the most challenging problems in the field of two-phase flow. When a researcher intends to investigate the phenomenon numerically or experimentally, he or she must know the structure of the cloud cavity. The authors investigate cloud cavity, employing an off-axis laser holography system. This paper is a brief report concerning the inner structure of cloud cavity on a foil section.
Modeling hydraulic transport and anaerobic uptake by PAOs and GAOs during wastewater feeding in EBPR granular sludge reactors

New‐generation bioprocesses using granular sludge aim for a high‐rate removal of nutrients from wastewater with low footprint. Achieving enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) relies on the design of sludge beds and wastewater feeding conditions to optimally load the biomass and to select for polyphosphate‐ (PAOs) over glycogen‐accumulating organisms (GAOs) and over other heterotrophs. A hydraulic–metabolic mathematical model was developed to elucidate the impact of hydraulic transport patterns and environmental conditions on the PAO/GAO competition during up‐flow feeding through an EBPR granular sludge bed. Tracer experiments highlighted plug‐flow regimes with dispersion under both rapid (9 m h−1, Rebed = 1.6, Pez = 7.2, Pet = 4.6) and slow (0.9 m h−1, Rebed = 0.2, Pez = 21.3, Pet = 3.4) feeding. Non‐turbulent regimes (Rebed << 103) promote a safe implementation of simultaneous fill/draw. Feeding time, pH, and temperature significantly impacted bacterial competition for carbon uptake under anaerobic slow feeding. Feeding duration should be designed to avoid full depletion of intracellular storage polymers within static granules. PAOs bear twice longer feeding than GAOs by using both polyphosphate and glycogen hydrolysis to sustain anaerobic C‐uptake. Alkaline conditions (pH 7.25–8.0) by, e.g., dosing lime in the feed select for PAOs independently of temperature (10−30°C). A twice higher bed is required for full anaerobic conversions at 10 rather than 20°C. Biosystem responses for anaerobic C‐uptake can be anticipated using the model toward designing robust anaerobic selectors to manage the microbial resource in EBPR granular sludge. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1688–1702. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cranberry Reduces the Risk of Urinary Tract Infection Recurrence in Otherwise Healthy Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.) has been advocated for treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI); however, its efficacy is controversial. Women have a 50% risk of UTI over their lifetime, and ∼20-30% experience a subsequent UTI recurrence.Objective: We conducted this meta-analysis to assess the effect of cranberry on the risk of UTI recurrence in otherwise healthy women.Methods: Literature published before January 2011 was obtained from 2 published systematic reviews, and we conducted updated searches in EMBASE and MEDLINE (through July 2017). We included randomized controlled trials that were conducted in generally healthy nonpregnant women aged ≥18 y with a history of UTI, compared cranberry intervention to a placebo or control, and reported the outcome as the number of participants experiencing a UTI. Two researchers conducted abstract and full-text screenings, data extractions, and risk of bias assessments independently, and discrepancies were resolved by group consensus. Meta-analyses were performed by using Stata SE software (version 13). We employed a fixed-effect model using the Mantel-Haenszel method to estimate the summary risk if the heterogeneity was low to moderate (I2 < 50%). Otherwise, we applied a random-effects model using the DerSimonian-Laird method.Results: We identified 7 randomized controlled trials conducted in healthy women at risk of UTI (n = 1498 participants). Results of the meta-analysis showed that cranberry reduced the risk of UTI by 26% (pooled risk ratio: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.98; I2 = 54%). Risk of bias indicated that 2 studies had high loss to follow-up or selective outcome reporting. Overall, the studies were relatively small, with only 2 having >300 participants.Conclusion: These results suggest that cranberry may be effective in preventing UTI recurrence in generally healthy women; however, larger high-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings. This trial was registered at crd.york. ac.uk/prospero as CRD42015024439.
Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy Associated With Myotonic Dystrophy: A Report of 2 Cases.

We would like to thank Drs. Cabrerizo and Alberti for their interest. We similarly aim for an 80% air fill with a thin encircling fluid meniscus and dilate after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, but these precautions have not prevented full air/gas fills. Poorly dilating pupils, hyphema at the iridotomy, and occult or delayed wound leaks are likely risk factors. We agree that the small volume of residual fluid that distinguishes a generous intracameral air/gas fill from a full or complete fill can be difficult to appreciate clinically at the slit lamp without gonioscopy or, as they suggest, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). As shown in our Figure 2B, we also agree that “immediately after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, there is likely always a fluid meniscus,” until there has been pupil block in conjunction with either the absence of a patent peripheral iridotomy or the presence of a leak.1 We routinely use intraoperative OCT and postoperative anterior segment OCT to evaluate endothelial graft attachment and agree that there may be a role for OCT in our proposed pupil block algorithm (Fig. 1) as Drs. Cabrerizo and Alberti suggest, particularly if future studies demonstrate that OCT can predict those air fills, which will not spontaneously resolve and would benefit from prompt intervention. We hypothesize that the timing of OCT evaluation will determine its predictive value and clinical usefulness. For example, intraoperative OCT should confirm that there is an adequate fluid meniscus at conclusion of a case, while a full fill requires time to develop, during which said fluid has either leaked out or filtered through the trabecular meshwork. By that time, most patients develop symptoms of pupil block including eye pain, headache, nausea, or emesis. We look forward to examining suspected full fills with anterior segment OCT prospectively. When paracentesis of air/gas is indicated, we prefer to perform it with the patient supine under a minor procedural microscope, rather than at the slit lamp. Financial disclosures/conflicts of interest: F. W. Price consults for Haag-Streit. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Vicarious Interaction: A Learning Theory for Computer-Mediated Communications

Prior research has identified four kinds of interaction that affect the learning process in distance education (D. Hillman, D. Willis, and C. Gunawardena, 1994; M. Moore, 1989). This paper defines, characterizes, and describes a fifth form of interaction of particular importance to certain learners, especially within the context of computer-mediated communication (CMC). This newly defined concept is referred to as "vicarious interaction. " During a pilot study, students were identified as "direct interactors," "vicarious interactors," "actors," or "non-actors" (Sutton, 1999). Vicarious interactors are students who actively process the interactions of others. Within this framework the learning psychology associated with the process of vicarious interaction is comparatively analyzed. It is generally accepted that participatory interaction by students directly affects educational success; however, social and psychological characteristics of individual students often combine to inhibit their direct interaction. This paper presents the principle that direct interaction is not necessary for all students, and that those who observe and actively process interactions between others will benefit through the process of vicarious interaction. (Contains 46 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Running head: VICARIOUS INTERACTION Vicarious Interaction: A Learning Theory For Computer-Mediated Communications Leah A. Sutton Arizona State University Address correspondences to: Leah A. Sutton Educational Technology Department Arizona State University
A multimodal investigation of dynamic face perception using functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography

Motion is an important aspect of face perception that has been largely neglected to date. Many of the established findings are based on studies that use static facial images, which do not reflect the unique temporal dynamics available from seeing a moving face. In the present thesis a set of naturalistic dynamic facial emotional expressions was purposely created and used to investigate the neural structures involved in the perception of dynamic facial expressions of emotion, with both functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG). Through fMRI and connectivity analysis, a dynamic face perception network was identified, which is demonstrated to extend the distributed neural system for face perception (Haxby et al.,2000). Measures of effective connectivity between these regions revealed that dynamic facial stimuli were associated with specific increases in connectivity between early visual regions, such as inferior occipital gyri and superior temporal sulci, along with coupling between superior temporal sulci and amygdalae, as well as with inferior frontal gyri. MEG and Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry (SAM) were used to examine the spatiotemporal profile of neurophysiological activity within this dynamic face perception network. SAM analysis revealed a number of regions showing differential activation to dynamic versus static faces in the distributed face network, characterised by decreases in cortical oscillatory power in the beta band, which were spatially coincident with those regions that were previously identified with fMRI. These findings support the presence of a distributed network of cortical regions that mediate the perception of dynamic facial expressions, with the fMRI data providing information on the spatial co-ordinates paralleled by the MEG data, which indicate the temporal dynamics within this network. This integrated multimodal approach offers both excellent spatial and temporal resolution, thereby providing an opportunity to explore dynamic brain activity and connectivity during face processing.
ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTION OF JIVE IN A HETEROSKEDASTIC IV REGRESSION WITH MANY INSTRUMENTS

This paper derives the limiting distributions of alternative jackknife instrumental variables (JIV) estimators and gives formulas for accompanying consistent standard errors in the presence of heteroskedasticity and many instruments. The asymptotic framework includes the many instrument sequence of Bekker (1994, Econometrica 62, 657–681) and the many weak instrument sequence of Chao and Swanson (2005, Econometrica 73, 1673–1691). We show that JIV estimators are asymptotically normal and that standard errors are consistent provided that $\root \of {K_n } /r_n \to 0$ as n→∞, where Kn and rn denote, respectively, the number of instruments and the concentration parameter. This is in contrast to the asymptotic behavior of such classical instrumental variables estimators as limited information maximum likelihood, bias-corrected two-stage least squares, and two-stage least squares, all of which are inconsistent in the presence of heteroskedasticity, unless Kn/rn→0. We also show that the rate of convergence and the form of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the JIV estimators will in general depend on the strength of the instruments as measured by the relative orders of magnitude of rn and Kn.
Student Success Courses in the Community College

This study examines student success courses in two urban community colleges. Through analysis of student interview data, we find that such courses are an essential resource for students, in large part because the various benefits reinforce one another and magnify their influence. These benefits include learning about the college, classes, and study skills. In addition, students build important relationships with professors and peers.
A Patient-Specific Airway Branching Model for Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Background. Respiratory mechanics models have the potential to guide mechanical ventilation. Airway branching models (ABMs) were developed from classical fluid mechanics models but do not provide accurate models of in vivo behaviour. Hence, the ABM was improved to include patient-specific parameters and better model observed behaviour (ABMps). Methods. The airway pressure drop of the ABMps was compared with the well-accepted dynostatic algorithm (DSA) in patients diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A scaling factor (α) was used to equate the area under the pressure curve (AUC) from the ABMps to the AUC of the DSA and was linked to patient state. Results. The ABMps recorded a median α value of 0.58 (IQR: 0.54–0.63; range: 0.45–0.66) for these ARDS patients. Significantly lower α values were found for individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < 0.001). Conclusion. The ABMps model allows the estimation of airway pressure drop at each bronchial generation with patient-specific physiological measurements and can be generated from data measured at the bedside. The distribution of patient-specific α values indicates that the overall ABM can be readily improved to better match observed data and capture patient condition.