Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Herbert Simon's Decision-Making Approach: Investigation of Cognitive Processes in Experts

Herbert Simon's research endeavor aimed to understand the processes that participate in human decision making. However, despite his effort to investigate this question, his work did not have the impact in the “decision making” community that it had in other fields. His rejection of the assumption of perfect rationality, made in mainstream economics, led him to develop the concept of bounded rationality. Simon's approach also emphasized the limitations of the cognitive system, the change of processes due to expertise, and the direct empirical study of cognitive processes involved in decision making. In this article, we argue that his subsequent research program in problem solving and expertise offered critical tools for studying decision-making processes that took into account his original notion of bounded rationality. Unfortunately, these tools were ignored by the main research paradigms in decision making, such as Tversky and Kahneman's biased rationality approach (also known as the heuristics and biases approach) and the ecological approach advanced by Gigerenzer and others. We make a proposal of how to integrate Simon's approach with the main current approaches to decision making. We argue that this would lead to better models of decision making that are more generalizable, have higher ecological validity, include specification of cognitive processes, and provide a better understanding of the interaction between the characteristics of the cognitive system and the contingencies of the environment.
Distributional clustering of words for text classification

This paper describes the application of Distributional Clustering [20] to document classi(cid:12)cation. This approach clusters words into groups based on the distribution of class labels associated with each word. Thus, unlike some other unsupervised dimensionality-reduction techniques, such as Latent Semantic Indexing, we are able to compress the feature space much more aggressively, while still maintaining high document clas-si(cid:12)cation accuracy. Experimental results obtained on three real-world data sets show that we can reduce the feature dimensionality by three orders of magnitude and lose only 2% accuracy|signi(cid:12)cantly better than Latent Semantic In-dexing [6], class-based clustering [1], feature selection by mutual information [23], or Markov-blanket-based feature selection [13]. We also show that less aggressive clustering sometimes results in improved classi(cid:12)cation accuracy over classi(cid:12)cation without clustering.
The sociology of mediation and communication

This volume provides an overview of the field of sociology today its underlying theories/methods, key sub-disciplines, and primary debates. In the introduction, the editors reflect on changes in global society that have affected the study of sociology over the last twenty years. The 32 contributions from European and American academics cover such topics as the diversity and insularity of sociological traditions; the sociology of consumption and lifestyle; and the politics of global inequality.
Intermanual Apparent Tactile Motion and Its Extension to 3D Interactions

Information provided by sensory systems is inherently ambiguous as to its source in the physical world. To arrive at a coherent representation, perception deploys heuristic rules and multimodal input, which potentially produce errors such as illusions. The current work uses these effects to create apparent tactile motion and illusory depth motion using sparse vibrotactile stimulation across the hands. Experiment 1 showed the effects of vibrotactile duration and temporal separation between the hands on the quality of perceived illusory linear motion. Experiment 2 indicated a compressed linear relation between the visual and tactile speeds, and established a linear function relating visual size to perceived tactile intensity at three durations. Experiment 3 introduced an “M-filter” algorithm that varies tactile stimulus amplitude by a parabolic function based on visual looming and receding. It demonstrated that the M-filters, accompanied by visual depth cues, can induce tactile motion in depth. Experiment 4 showed the M-filter algorithm is necessary to create tactile perception in depth, as opposed to apparent tactile motion. The current research has value for a basic understanding of haptic perception, as well as haptic applications that digitally generate perceptual representations of the distal world on small-sized devices in the space between the hands.
Understanding the Elusive Black Box of Dynamic Capabilities

A major challenge for managers in turbulent environments is to make sound decisions quickly. Dynamic capabilities have been proposed as a means for addressing turbulent environments by helping managers extend, modify, and reconfigure existing operational capabilities into new ones that better match the environment. However, because dynamic capabilities have been viewed as an elusive black box, it is difficult for managers to make sound decisions in turbulent environments if they cannot effectively measure dynamic capabilities. Therefore, we first seek to propose a measurable model of dynamic capabilities by conceptualizing, operationalizing, and measuring dynamic capabilities. Specifically, drawing upon the dynamic capabilities literature, we identify a set of capabilities — sensing the environment, learning, coordinating, and integrating — that help reconfigure existing operational capabilities into new ones that better match the environment. Second, we propose a structural model where dynamic capabilities influence performance by reconfiguring existing operational capabilities in the context of new product development (NPD). Data from 180 NPD units support both the measurable model of dynamic capabilities and also the structural model by which dynamic capabilities influence performance in NPD by reconfiguring operational capabilities, particularly in higher levels of environmental turbulence. The study’s implications for managerial decision making in turbulent environments by capturing the elusive black box of dynamic capabilities are discussed.
Molecular and cellular basis of the mammary gland susceptibility to carcinogenesis

Mammary carcinomas induced by the administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) to young virgin rats arise from undifferentiated terminal ductal structures called terminal end buds (TEBs). TEBs that normally differentiate into alveolar buds (ABs) and lobules under the influence of DMBA develop intraductal proliferations which progress to carcinoma. The high susceptibility of the young virgin rat TEBs to neoplastic transformation is due to its large proliferative compartment, with cells cycling every 10 hr, and to a higher 3H-DMBA uptake. Progressive differentiation of TEBs into ABs and lobules or their regression to terminal ducts (TDs) is seen with aging. Complete differentiation of the gland is attained only through pregnancy and lactation. The greater differentiation of the gland is manifested as permanent structural changes, consisting in the disappearance of TEBs and in a diminution of the number of TDs due to their differentiation into ABs and lobules. This greater differentiation results in a diminished or total refractoriness of the gland to the carcinogen because ABs and lobules have a lower proliferative compartment and a longer cell cycle than TEBs and TDs. Cells of parous rats have both in vivo and in vitro a lower DMBA-DNA binding capacity, a lower DNA synthesis and a greater ability to repair DMBA damaged DNA than cells of young virgin rats. The more efficient DNA repair capacity of the parous rat mammary gland is demonstrated by the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis and a removal of DMBA-DNA adducts.
Occupational lifting is associated with hip osteoarthritis: a Japanese case-control study.

OBJECTIVE Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is a frequent cause of pain and disability in Western countries, but the disorder is less common in Japan. A case-control study in Britain found obesity, hip injury, and occupational lifting to be associated with hip OA among men and women. However, there are few epidemiological studies concerning factors associated with hip OA in Japan. We performed a comparable case-control study of the disorder in Japan, and contrasted the findings with those from Britain. METHODS The study was carried out in 2 health districts in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Cases were men and women aged > or = 45 years listed for total hip arthroplasty due to OA over one year, and who did not have an established cause of secondary OA (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis). For each case, a control was selected randomly from the general population and was individually matched to the case for age, sex, and district of residence. Cases and controls were interviewed with a structured questionnaire about medical history, physical activity, socioeconomic factors, and occupation. Measurements were made of height and weight. RESULTS One hundred fourteen cases (103 women, 11 men) were compared with 114 controls. We found no relationship between obesity and hip OA (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.5-1.9; highest vs lowest thirds of distribution of body mass index). There was, however, a statistically significant association between occupational lifting and hip OA, such that regular lifting of 25 kg in the individual's first job (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.3-9.7) or of 50 kg in their main job (OR = 4.0, 95% CI 1.1-14.2) was associated with increased risk of hip OA. These associations remained after adjustment for potential confounding variables. In contrast, those subjects who spent > 2 h each day sitting during their first job were significantly less likely to have the disorder (crude OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9). This association also remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential risk factors. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that occupational physical activity, particularly the lifting of very heavy loads in the workplace at regular intervals, predisposes to hip OA in both Britain and Japan. The lack of association between obesity or hand involvement and hip OA in Japan suggests that the contribution of constitutional and mechanical risk factors to this disorder might differ in different populations. However, attention to manual handling in the workplace would appear an important aspect of preventive strategies against hip OA in Western and Oriental populations.
Effects of testosterone on the orchidectomized rats

The aim of this study was to determine the changes of body weight, organ weight, hematological values and biochemical parameters by testosterone (Testos) on the orchidectomized (Orch) rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Intact group (n=10) received no treatment and operation. Sham group (n=10) received only sham operation and no treatment. Orch group received operation and no treatment. Orch+Testos received operation and testosterone. The body weights of each group increased, but that of Orch+Testos group was significantly lower in Orch+Testos group than in all the other groups. There were significant differences (P
Preclinical and Clinical Investigations of Mood Stabilizers for Huntington's Disease: What Have We Learned?

Huntington's disease (HD) is a lethal, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansions at exon 1 of the huntingtin (Htt) gene, which encodes for a mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt). Prominent symptoms of HD include motor dysfunction, characterized by chorea; psychiatric disturbances such as mood and personality changes; and cognitive decline that may lead to dementia. Pathologically multiple complex processes and pathways are involved in the development of HD, including selective loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, dysregulation of cellular autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased neurotrophic and growth factor levels, and aberrant regulation of gene expression and epigenetic patterns. No cure for HD presently exists, nor are there drugs that can halt the progression of this devastating disease. Therefore, the need to discover neuroprotective modalities to combat HD is critical. In basic and preclinical studies using cellular and animal HD models, the mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid (VPA) have shown multiple beneficial effects, including behavioral and motor improvement, enhanced neuroprotection, and lifespan extension. Recent studies in transgenic HD mice support the notion that combined lithium/VPA treatment is more effective than treatment with either drug alone. In humans, several clinical studies of HD patients found that lithium treatment improved mood, and that VPA treatment both stabilized mood and moderately reduced chorea. In contrast, other studies observed that the hallmark features of HD were unaffected by treatment with either lithium or VPA. The current review discusses preclinical and clinical investigations of the beneficial effects of lithium and VPA on HD pathophysiology.
Towards Intrusion Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

—In this work we study the problem of Intrusion Detection is sensor networks and we propose a lightweight scheme that can be applied to such networks. Its basic characteristic is that nodes monitor their neighborhood and collaborate with their nearest neighbors to bring the network back to its normal operational condition. We emphasize in a distributed approach in which, even though nodes don’t have a global view, they can still detect an intrusion and produce an alert. We apply our design principles for the blackhole and selective forwarding attacks by deﬁning appropriate rules that characterize malicious behavior. We also experimentally evaluate our scheme to demonstrate its effectiveness in detecting the afore-mentioned attacks.
High-efficiency incorporation of functional influenza virus glycoproteins into recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses

We derived recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing either influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins from extra genes inserted in the viral genome. The HA protein was expressed from a site downstream of the VSV glycoprotein (G) gene, while NA protein was expressed from a site upstream of the VSV G gene. The HA protein was expressed at lower levels than the VSV G protein, while the NA protein was expressed at higher levels, as expected from the gradient of VSV transcription that follows the gene order. The HA and NA proteins were transported to the cell surface and were functional as demonstrated by hemadsorption, hemolysis, and NA assays. Biochemical analysis showed that both HA and NA proteins were incorporated into VSV particles at high levels, although there was a preference for incorporation of the VSV G protein over either of the influenza virus proteins. Immunoelectron microscopy of the recombinants showed that the particles derived from the recombinants were mosaics carrying both the VSV G protein and the influenza virus membrane glycoproteins. These results extend earlier studies showing incorporation of the cellular glycoprotein CD4 and two other viral glycoproteins into VSV particles. Our results indicate that there is significant space in the VSV membrane that can accommodate foreign membrane proteins and that the foreign protein can represent as much as 35% of the total protein in the viral envelope. Incorporation of foreign proteins into VSV virions can, in many cases, occur passively in the absence of specific incorporation signals.
Impact of Glycemic Control on Risk of Infections in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Infections are a major clinical challenge for type 2 diabetes patients, but little is known about the impact of glycemic control. We used Cox regression analyses to examine the association between baseline and time-varying hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values and development of community antiinfective-agent-treated and hospital-treated infections in 69,318 patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 in Northern Denmark. Incidence rates were 394/1,000 patient-years for community-treated infections and 63/1,000 patient-years for hospital-treated infections. The adjusted hazard ratios for community-treated infection at an HbA1c level of ≥10.50%, as compared with 5.50%-<6.49%, were 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94, 1.00) for HbA1c measured at early baseline, 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.14) for updated mean HbA1c, 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.19) for updated time-weighted mean HbA1c, and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.26) for the latest updated HbA1c. Corresponding estimates for hospital-treated infections were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.14) for early baseline HbA1c, 1.55 (95% CI: 1.42, 1.71) for updated mean HbA1c, 1.58 (95% CI: 1.44, 1.72) for updated time-weighted mean HbA1c, and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.51, 1.79) for the latest updated HbA1c. Our findings provide evidence for an association between current hyperglycemia and infection risk in type 2 diabetes patients.
The Roots of Metacognition: An Historical Review.

The metacognitive aspects of reading include knowledge about and regulation of the mental processes involved. The knowledge component includes self-knowledge, which is awareness of personal strengths and weaknesses, and task-knowledge, which is awareness of the characteristics of the task and appropriate strategies for dealing with them. The regulation component refers to the functions of planning, monitoring, and revising. Recent interest in this area has spurred many investigations which use introspection or behavioral changes when text or purpose are controlled as indicators of knowledge or control of cognitive processes. There appears to be some confusion in recent literature as to whether metacognition is a new or old issue in reading education. A review of the literature supports the contention that the knowledge and skills referred to as metacognition have a rich history. These concepts have been investigated and advocated as necessary for effective comprehension throughout this century. Current researchers may gain insight into this area by looking into the past. (Fifty-eight references are attached.) (SR) **************************R******************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the 1 st that can be made * * from the original document. * ***********************************************************************
Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in pathological gamblers attending the UK National Problem Gambling Clinic: a preliminary report

Background Pathological gambling (PG) is a form of behavioural addiction that has been associated with elevated impulsivity and also cognitive distortions in the processing of chance, probability and skill. We sought to assess the relationship between the level of cognitive distortions and state and trait measures of impulsivity in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Method Thirty pathological gamblers attending the National Problem Gambling Clinic, the first National Health Service clinic for gambling problems in the UK, were compared with 30 healthy controls in a case-control design. Cognitive distortions were assessed using the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS). Trait impulsivity was assessed using the UPPS-P, which includes scales of urgency, the tendency to be impulsive in positive or negative mood states. Delay discounting rates were taken as a state measure of impulsive choice. Results Pathological gamblers had elevated impulsivity on several UPPS-P subscales but effect sizes were largest (Cohen's d>1.4) for positive and negative urgency. The pathological gamblers also displayed higher levels of gambling distortions, and elevated preference for immediate rewards, compared to controls. Within the pathological gamblers, there was a strong relationship between the preference for immediate rewards and the level of cognitive distortions (R2=0.41). Conclusions Impulsive choice in the gamblers was correlated with the level of gambling distortions, and we hypothesize that an impulsive decision-making style may increase the acceptance of erroneous beliefs during gambling play.
Room temperature femtosecond X-ray diffraction of photosystem II microcrystals

Most of the dioxygen on earth is generated by the oxidation of water by photosystem II (PS II) using light from the sun. This light-driven, four-photon reaction is catalyzed by the Mn4CaO5 cluster located at the lumenal side of PS II. Various X-ray studies have been carried out at cryogenic temperatures to understand the intermediate steps involved in the water oxidation mechanism. However, the necessity for collecting data at room temperature, especially for studying the transient steps during the O–O bond formation, requires the development of new methodologies. In this paper we report room temperature X-ray diffraction data of PS II microcrystals obtained using ultrashort (< 50 fs) 9 keV X-ray pulses from a hard X-ray free electron laser, namely the Linac Coherent Light Source. The results presented here demonstrate that the ”probe before destroy” approach using an X-ray free electron laser works even for the highly-sensitive Mn4CaO5 cluster in PS II at room temperature. We show that these data are comparable to those obtained in synchrotron radiation studies as seen by the similarities in the overall structure of the helices, the protein subunits and the location of the various cofactors. This work is, therefore, an important step toward future studies for resolving the structure of the Mn4CaO5 cluster without any damage at room temperature, and of the reaction intermediates of PS II during O–O bond formation.
Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Is Localized to Cilia and Contributes to Ciliary Beat Frequency Regulation via Production of cAMP

Ciliated airway epithelial cells are subject to sustained changes in intracellular CO2/HCO3 − during exacerbations of airway diseases, but the role of CO2/HCO3 −-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in ciliary beat regulation is unknown. We now show not only sAC expression in human airway epithelia (by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence) but also its specific localization to the axoneme (Western blotting and immunofluorescence). Real time estimations of [cAMP] changes in ciliated cells, using FRET between fluorescently tagged PKA subunits (expressed under the foxj1 promoter solely in ciliated cells), revealed CO2/HCO3 −-mediated cAMP production. This cAMP production was specifically blocked by sAC inhibitors but not by transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) inhibitors. In addition, this cAMP production stimulated ciliary beat frequency (CBF) independently of intracellular pH because PKA and sAC inhibitors were uniquely able to block CO2/HCO3 −-mediated changes in CBF (while tmAC inhibitors had no effect). Thus, sAC is localized to motile airway cilia and it contributes to the regulation of human airway CBF. In addition, CO2/HCO3 − increases indeed reversibly stimulate intracellular cAMP production by sAC in intact cells.