Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Concern for Others in the First Year of Life: Theory, Evidence, and Avenues for Research

Concern for others has been thought to emerge in the 2nd year of life (Hoffman, , 1984, 2000). Three related ideas underlying this view assume that younger infants cannot distinguish between self and other, cannot experience concern for others, and show self-distress because they misinterpret others' distress as their own. In this article, we review evidence contradicting these assumptions and propose an alternative view of early empathy development. Specifically, we argue that empathic concern does not depend on self-reflective abilities and exists during the 1st year of life, manifesting young infants' fundamental social nature. We also touch on avenues for research.
Analysis of the Gender Variable in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised Scales Using Differential Item Functioning Techniques

Studies in the field of personality have systematically found gender differences in two of the three dimensions of the Eysenck model: neuroticism and psychoticism. This study aims to analyze these differences in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire—Revised (EPQ-R) scales using differential item functioning (DIF) techniques to determine whether these differences are the result of a differential functioning of the items between males and females or if, on the contrary, they may be reflecting true differences in the assessed dimensions. To this end, 794 participants within a wide age range were evaluated using the EPQ-R test. The following detection methods were used in order to examine DIF: standardization, the simultaneous item bias test, logistic regression, Lord's χ2 test, and the differential functioning of items and tests framework. According to the results, the gender differences observed do not seem to be the result of any flaw of the measuring instrument used.
Glyceryl Trinitrate Induces Attacks of Migraine Without Aura in Sufferers of Migraine with Aura

Migraine with aura and migraine without aura have the same pain phase, thus indicating that migraine with aura and migraine without aura share a common pathway of nociception. In recent years, increasing evidence has suggested that the messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) is involved in pain mechanisms of migraine without aura. In order to clarify whether the same is true for migraine with aura, in the present study we examined the headache response to intravenous infusion of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) (0.5 μg/kg/min for 20 min) in 12 sufferers of migraine with aura. The specific aim was to elucidate whether an aura and/or an attack of migraine without aura could be induced. Fourteen healthy subjects served as controls. Aura symptoms were not elicited in any subject. Headache was more severe in migraineurs than in the controls during and immediately after GTN infusion (p=0.037) as well as during the following 11 h (p=0.008). In the controls, the GTN-induced headache gradually disappeared, whereas in migraineurs peak headache intensity occurred at a mean time of 240 min post-infusion. At this time the induced headache in 6 of 12 migraineurs fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for migraine without aura of the International Headache Society. The results therefore suggest that NO is involved in the pain mechanisms of migraine with aura. Since cortical spreading depression has been shown to liberate NO in animals, this finding may help our understanding of the coupling between cortical spreading depression and headache in migraine with aura.
Emotions: From neuropsychology to functional imaging

Recent developments in functional imaging techniques, such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), allow us to characterize more precisely the functional neuroanatomy mediating emotional responding. This corpus of studies has led to the development of affective neuroscience. First, we present a summary of the studies aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms of the emotional response, which were conducted prior to the use of the brain imaging techniques. Then, this paper reviews the studies investigating the neural substrates implicated in the processing of facial expressions and those implicated in the production of experimentally induced emotional responses. This review of the literature includes a meta-analysis of eight studies using PET and one fMRI study reporting the neural correlates of experimentally induced emotions in healthy individuals. The methods and results of these studies are described through figures drawn from the reported Talairach.
The Focused Organization of Social Ties

Sociologists since Simmel have been interseted in social circles as essential features of friendship networks. Although network analysis has been increasingly used to uncover patterns among social relationships, theoretical explanations of these patterns have been inadequate. This paper presents a theory of the social organization of friendship ties. The approach is based upon Homans's concepts of activities, interactions, and sentiments and upon the concept of extra-network foci organizing social activities and interaction. The theory is contrasted with Heider's balance theory. Implications for transitivity, network bridges, and density of personal networks are discussed and presented as propositions. The focus theory is whosn to help explain patterns of friendships in the 1965-66 Detroit Area Study. This paper is intended as a step toward the development of integrated theory to explain interrelationships between networks and other aspects of social structure. Inplications for data analysis are discussed.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of gene flow and hybrid fitness between the M and S forms of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae

Significance Populations of the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, are structured into M and S forms. All current work assumes the two rarely hybridize. Here we show this assumption is false. We demonstrate (i) significant exchange of genes between the two forms, even though (ii) hybrids have reduced fitness and (iii) the gene exchange process is spatially and temporally dynamic. For malaria, it is important to determine if genes for traits like insecticide resistance are shared between forms. For evolutionary biologists, this work confirms that this mosquito is a good model for studying if and how species may evolve in cases where there is ongoing gene flow. The M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae have been the focus of intense study by malaria researchers and evolutionary biologists interested in ecological speciation. Divergence occurs at three discrete islands in genomes that are otherwise nearly identical. An “islands of speciation” model proposes that diverged regions contain genes that are maintained by selection in the face of gene flow. An alternative “incidental island” model maintains that gene flow between M and S is effectively zero and that divergence islands are unrelated to speciation. A “divergence island SNP” assay was used to explore the spatial and temporal distributions of hybrid genotypes. Results revealed that hybrid individuals occur at frequencies ranging between 5% and 97% in every population examined. A temporal analysis revealed that assortative mating is unstable and periodically breaks down, resulting in extensive hybridization. Results suggest that hybrids suffer a fitness disadvantage, but at least some hybrid genotypes are viable. Stable introgression of the 2L speciation island occurred at one site following a hybridization event.
Nitrite‐driven nitrous oxide production under aerobic soil conditions: kinetics and biochemical controls

Nitrite (NO2−) can accumulate during nitrification in soil following fertilizer application. While the role of NO2− as a substrate regulating nitrous oxide (N2O) production is recognized, kinetic data are not available that allow for estimating N2O production or soil‐to‐atmosphere fluxes as a function of NO2− levels under aerobic conditions. The current study investigated these kinetics as influenced by soil physical and biochemical factors in soils from cultivated and uncultivated fields in Minnesota, USA. A linear response of N2O production rate () to NO2− was observed at concentrations below 60 μg N g−1 soil in both nonsterile and sterilized soils. Rate coefficients (Kp) relating to NO2− varied over two orders of magnitude and were correlated with pH, total nitrogen, and soluble and total carbon (C). Total C explained 84% of the variance in Kp across all samples. Abiotic processes accounted for 31–75% of total N2O production. Biological reduction of NO2− was enhanced as oxygen (O2) levels were decreased from above ambient to 5%, consistent with nitrifier denitrification. In contrast, nitrate (NO3−)‐reduction, and the reduction of N2O itself, were only stimulated at O2 levels below 5%. Greater temperature sensitivity was observed for biological compared with chemical N2O production. Steady‐state model simulations predict that NO2− levels often found after fertilizer applications have the potential to generate substantial N2O fluxes even at ambient O2. This potential derives in part from the production of N2O under conditions not favorable for N2O reduction, in contrast to N2O generated from NO3− reduction. These results have implications with regard to improved management to minimize agricultural N2O emissions and improved emissions assessments.
PERFORMANCE OF WEANER RABBITS FED PANICUM MAXIMUM, CENTROSEMA PUBESCENS AND SIDA ACUTA SUPPLEMENTED WITH POULTRY GROWERS MASH

Sixteen Crossbred Weaner rabbits aged eight weeks made up of 8 males and 8 females with initial average weight of 650 ± 21.76 g were subjected to four dietary treatments namely Panicum maximum plus Poultry growers mash (T 1 ), Centrosema pubescens plus Poultry growers mash (T 2 ) Sida acuta plus Poultry growers mash (T 3 ) and Poultry growers mash alone (T 4 ) which served as Control. The experiment, which lasted for nine weeks, was aimed at comparing the performance of the rabbits fed different forages. The results indicated that there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in weight gain among the treatment groups. However the group fed Centrosema pubescens recorded the highest numerical weight gain compared with the other groups. Total feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the rabbits fed Panicum maximum, Centrosema pubescens and Sida acuta were similar but significantly (P > 0.01) higher than for rabbits fed poultry growers mash alone. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the total feed intake, total dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio and cost of feed per kg live weight gain among rabbits fed different forages. In conclusion, the results of the experiment indicated that all the forages could be used for the feeding of rabbits and that a better performance will be obtained if forages are supplemented with poultry growers mash .
Measurement of atmospheric nitrous acid at Bodgett Forest during BEARPEX 2007

Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important precursor of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the lower troposphere. Understanding HONO chemistry, particularly its sources and contribution to HOx (=OH+HO2) production, is very important for understanding atmospheric oxidation processes. A highly sensitive instrument for detecting atmospheric HONO based on wet chemistry followed by liquid waveguide long path absorption photometry was deployed in the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX) at Blodgett Forest, California in late summer 2007. The median diurnal variation shows minimum HONO levels of about 20– 30 pptv during the day and maximum levels of about 60– 70 pptv at night, a diurnal pattern quite different from the results at various other forested sites. Measured HONO/NO 2 ratios for a 24-h period ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 with a mean ratio of 0.07. Speciation of reactive nitrogen compounds (NOy) indicates that HONO accounted for only ∼3% of total NOy. However, due to the fast HONO loss through phoCorrespondence to: X. Ren (xren@rsmas.miami.edu) tolysis, a strong HONO source (1.59 ppbv day −1) existed in this environment in order to sustain the observed HONO levels, indicating the significant role of HONO in NO y cycling. The wet chemistry HONO measurements were compared to the HONO measurements made with a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) over a three-day period. Good agreement was obtained between the measurements from the two different techniques. Using the expansive suite of photochemical and meteorological measurements, the contribution of HONO photolysis to HOx budget was calculated to be relatively small (6%) compared to results from other forested sites. The lower HONO mixing ratio and thus its smaller contribution to HOx production are attributed to the unique meteorological conditions and low acid precipitation at Blodgett Forest. Further studies of HONO in this kind of environment are needed to test this hypothesis and to improve our understanding of atmospheric oxidation and nitrogen budget. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 6284 X. Ren et al.: Measurement of atmospheric nitrous acid at Bodgett Forest
PERSONALITY TRAITS AND PERSONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL INDUCEMENTS: ANTECEDENTS OF WORKAHOLISM

Personality has been shown to be a valid predictor of behavior in work settings, but few studies have tested the causality of relationships between personality and workaholism. Extending the propositions of Ng, Sorenson, and Feldman (2007), in this article personality traits were treated as multidimensional and causal relationships were proposed between personality traits and workaholism. We also investigated the interactions among antecedents of workaholism using the definition of Ng et al. as the construct of workaholism, and deduced its antecedents from dimensions that underlie workaholism. Our model identified the following antecedents as being potentially linked to workaholism: personality traits, personal inducements, and organizational inducements. Obsessive compulsion, achievement orientation, perfectionism, and conscientiousness are key personality traits leading to workaholism. Intrinsic work values and vicarious learning in the family are two components of personal inducements, while putting work ahead of family commitments, peer competition, and vicarious learning at the workplace constitute three organizational inducements.
Family Violence and Juvenile Sex Offending

Juvenile sex offenders were compared to other juvenile offenders in the degree of violence against women they witnessed in their families of origin. Poor impulse control, a callous and unemotional interpersonal style, and sexist attitudes toward women were tested as potential mediators of this relation. Participants were 70 incarcerated juvenile males, ages 13 to 18, from three offender categories: 23 sex offenders, 17 violent offenders, and 30 noncontact offenders. Results indicated that the witnessing of severe domestic violence was related not only to juvenile sex offending but to contact offending in general. There were no group differences on measures of poor impulse control or sexist attitudes toward women. However, sex offenders were found to have more callous and unemotional traits than other offenders. Therefore, although these traits do not mediate the effects of witnessing family violence, they do seem to be important in distinguishing juvenile sex offenders from other juvenile offenders.
Two‐stage analysis for gene‐environment interaction utilizing both case‐only and family‐based analysis

The case‐only study and family‐based study are two popular study designs for detecting gene‐environment interactions. It is well known that the case‐only analysis is efficient, but its validity relies crucially on the assumption of gene‐environment independence in the study population. In contrast, the family‐based analysis is robust to the violation of such an assumption, but is less efficient. We propose a two‐stage study design for detecting gene‐environment interactions, where a case‐only study is performed at the first stage, and a case‐parent/case‐sibling study is performed at the second stage on a random subsample of the first‐stage case sample as well as their parents/unaffected siblings. Statistical inference procedures are developed for the proposed two‐stage study designs, which not only preserve the robustness property of the family‐based analysis, but also utilize information from the case‐only analysis to enhance estimation efficiency and testing power. Simulation results reveal both the robustness and efficiency of the proposed strategies. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Relationship Between Identity and Intimacy in Early Adulthood

Abstract This investigation examined the relationship between identity and intimacy in young adults and determined whether prior measures of identity and intimacy status would be useful with subjects in this age range. Fifty 22- to 35-year-old men and women participated in structured interviews designed to assess identity and intimacy status. They also completed the Identity Status Incomplete Sentences Blank for Adults and several other paper-and-pencil inventories: the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the Inventory of Psychosocial Development, the Jourard Self-Disclosure Questionnaire, and the Yufit Intimacy-Isolation Scale. Results suggest that there is a relationship between identity status and intimacy in adults, that the interviews and the Identity Status Incomplete Sentences Blank for Adults are more closely related to each other than to other measures of theoretically similar constructs, and that these measures of identity and intimacy are useful with adults. In supplementary analyses few sex .
Familial cerebellar ataxia with cerebrovascular amyloid

We report a rare association of familial cerebellar ataxia (without dementia) and cerebrovascular amyloid. Postmortem neuropathological examination of one member of the family showed amyloid angiopathy of the central nervous system with heavy infiltration of capillaries in the hippocampus and cerebellum.
Thicker host tissues moderate light stress in a cnidarian endosymbiont

SUMMARY The susceptibility of algal–cnidarian holobionts to environmental stress is dependent on attributes of both host and symbiont, but the role of the host is often unclear. We examined the influence of the host on symbiont light stress, comparing the photophysiology of the chlorophyte symbiont Elliptochloris marina in two species of sea anemones in the genus Anthopleura. After 3 months of acclimation in outdoor tanks, polyp photoprotective contraction behavior was similar between the two host species, but photochemical efficiency was 1.5 times higher in A. xanthogrammica than in A. elegantissima. Maximum relative electron transport rates, derived from rapid light curves, were 1.5 times higher in A. xanthogrammica than in A. elegantissima when symbionts were inside intact tissues, but were not significantly different between host species upon removal of outer (epidermis and mesoglea) tissue layers from symbiont-containing gastrodermal cells. Tissues of A. xanthogrammica were 1.8 times thicker than those of A. elegantissima, with outer tissue layers attenuating 1.6 times more light. We found no significant differences in light absorption properties per unit volume of tissue, confirming the direct effect of tissue thickness on light attenuation. The thicker tissues of A. xanthogrammica thus provide a favorable environment for E. marina – a relatively stress-susceptible symbiont – and may explain its higher prevalence and expanded range in A. xanthogrammica along the Pacific coast of North America. Our findings also support a photoprotective role for thicker host tissues in reef corals that has long been thought to influence variability in bleaching susceptibility among coral taxa.
Induction of E-cadherin+ human amniotic fluid cell differentiation into oocyte-like cells via culture in medium supplemented with follicular fluid

Pluripotent human amniotic fluid cells (HuAFCs) can differentiate into various types of somatic cell in vitro. However, their differentiation into oocyte-like cells has never been described to the best of our knowledge. In the present study, differentiation of E-cadherin+ and E-cadherin− HuAFC sub-populations into oocyte-like cells was induced via culture in medium containing bovine follicular fluid and β-mercaptoethanol. The E-cadherin+ HuAFCs expressed DAZL highly. Post-induction, cells with an oocyte-like phenotype were found among the E-cadherin+ HuAFCs, expressing markers specific to germ cells and oocytes (VASA, ZP3 and GDF9) and meiosis (DMC1 and SCP3). When specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to suppress E-cadherin in the E-cadherin+ HuAFCs, the levels of DAZL expression were reduced. Post-induction, the morphology of the siRNA-E-cadherin HuAFCs was poorer and the expression levels of germ cell-specific markers were lower compared with those of the siRNA-mock HuAFCs. Therefore, E-cadherin+ HuAFCs could be more easily induced to differentiate into oocyte-like cells by bovine follicular fluid and β-mercaptoethanol. In addition, the E-cadherin+ HuAFCs exhibited potential characteristics of DAZL protein expression, and thus it was conjectured that bovine follicular fluid acts on DAZL protein and promotes E-cadherin+ HuAFC differentiation into oocyte-like cells.
A Simplified Wiener-Based SIC ICI Cancellation Scheme for OFDM Systems over Time-Varying Channels

The sub carriers of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems may fail to keep orthogonal to each other under time-varying channels. The loss of orthogonality between the sub carriers will degrade the system performance, and this effect is named inter carrier interference (ICI). A Wiener-based successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme has been proposed to detect the OFDM signals. It provides good ICI cancellation performance, however, it suffers large computation complexity. In this paper, a modified Wiener-based SIC scheme is proposed to reduce the computation complexity. Simulation results show that the performance of the modified Wiener-based SIC scheme has little degradation as compared to Wiener-based SIC scheme, while its computation complexity can be dramatically reduced.
Modeling the Galaxy Three-Point Correlation Function

We present new predictions for the galaxy three-point correlation function (3PCF) using high-resolution dissipationless cosmological simulations of a flat ΛCDM universe which resolve galaxy-size halos and subhalos. We create realistic mock galaxy catalogs by assigning luminosities and colors to dark matter halos and subhalos, and we measure the reduced 3PCF as a function of luminosity and color in both real and redshift space. As galaxy luminosity and color are varied, we find small differences in the amplitude and shape dependence of the reduced 3PCF, at a level qualitatively consistent with recent measurements from the SDSS and 2dFGRS. We confirm that discrepancies between previous 3PCF measurements can be explained in part by differences in binning choices. We explore the degree to which a simple local bias model can fit the simulated 3PCF. The agreement between the model predictions and galaxy 3PCF measurements lends further credence to the straightforward association of galaxies with CDM halos and subhalos.
Derivation of glycine from threonine in Escherichia coli K-12 mutants

Escherichia coli AT2046 has been shown previously to lack the enzyme serine transhydroxymethylase and to require exogenous glycine for growth as a consequence. Strains JEV73 and JEV73R, mutants derived from strain AT2046, are shown here to be serine transhydroxymethylase deficient, but able to derive their glycine from endogenously synthesized threonine. Leucine is shown to be closely involved in the regulation of biosynthesis of glycine, to spare glycine in strain AT2046T, to replace glycine in strain JEV73, and to increase threonine conversion to glycine in a representative prototroph of E. coli. An interpretation of strains JEV73 and JEV73R as regulatory mutants of strain AT2046 is given. A hypothesis as to the role of leucine as a signal for nitrogen scavenging is suggested.