Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compression and truncation revisited

This paper investigates the in(cid:3)uence of varying segmental struc-tures on the realizations of utterance-(cid:2)nal rising and falling intonation contours. Following Grabe’s study on adjustment strategies in German, i.e. truncation and compression, a similar experiment was carried out, using materials with decreasing stretches of voicing in questions, lists, and statements. How-ever, the results presented in the present paper could not con(cid:2)rm the idea of such common adjustment strategies. Instead, consid-erable variation was found as to how the phrase-(cid:2)nal intonation contours were adjusted to the respective amounts of voicing: the strategies varied strongly across different word groups.
Remote‐sensing image mining: detecting agents of land‐use change in tropical forest areas

Land remote‐sensing images are the primary means of assessing land change. There have been major land changes in the planet in the last decades, especially in tropical forest areas. Identifying the agents of deforestation is important for establishing public policies that can help preserve the environment. This paper proposes a method for detecting the agents of land change in remote‐sensing image databases. We associate each land‐change pattern, detected in a remote‐sensing image, to one of the agents of change. The proposed method uses a decision‐tree classifier to describe shapes found in land‐use maps extracted from remote‐sensing images and then associates these shape descriptions to the different types of social agents involved in land‐use change. We support our proposal with two case studies for detecting land‐change agents in Amazonia, using the remote‐sensing image database of the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE).
Slow to Anger and Fast to Forgive: Cooperation in an Uncertain World

We study the experimental play of the repeated prisoner's dilemma when intended actions are implemented with noise. In treatments where cooperation is an equilibrium, subjects cooperate substantially more than in treatments without cooperative equilibria. In all settings there was considerable strategic diversity, indicating that subjects had not fully learned the distribution of play. Furthermore, cooperative strategies yielded higher payoffs than uncooperative strategies in the treatments with cooperative equilibria. In these treatments successful strategies were "lenient" in not retaliating for the first defection, and many were "forgiving" in trying to return to cooperation after inflicting a punishment. (JEL C72, C73, D81)
A Theory of Cabinet-Making : The Politics of Inclusion , Exclusion , and Information

I describe a model of strategic communication within groups in policy-making situations with decentralized policy-making authority. I show that, in a cheap-talk environment, inclusion and exclusion of agents can affect the credibility of signaling between agents and, accordingly, both the quality of individual policy decisions and social welfare. Somewhat surprisingly, the inclusion of agents can aid information aggregation and social welfare even when the added agents do not themselves communicate truthfully. Analogously, the results suggest an informational, social-welfare-based rationale for excluding agents not only from observing policyrelevant communication but also from observing the product of the communication precisely because the excluded agents possess decision-making authority. The results are applied to institutional questions regarding voluntary association among decision-makers and the propriety of allowing policy-makers to choose their own advisors. ∗Department of Political Science and Center for New Institutional Social Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis. Email: jpatty@wustl.edu. This research has benefited from the comments and suggestions of Justin Fox, Sean Gailmard, Francesco Squintani, and audience members at the NYU-LSE conference on political economy. In addition, I especially thank Maggie Penn for multiple incredibly helpful discussions and pointing out an error in an earlier draft. Of course, I am solely responsible for any and all remaining errors.
Andreev reflection and spin polarization measurement of Co/YBCO junction

We report temperature dependent Andreev reflection measurements of Co/ Y$_{1}$Ba$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-\delta}$ (YBCO) heterostructure samples with junction areas of 1 $\mu$m diameter. Modelling of the 5-70 K conductivity data according to a modified Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk theory yields a spin polarization in Co film amounting to 34% which is almost constant up to 70 K. The YBCO films have been grown by pulsed laser deposition on sapphire substrates. The Co films are deposited by thermal evaporation on YBCO. The film is characterized by powder X-ray diffraction measurements which shows YBCO is grown in (001) direction.The critical current density, 5 x 10$^{6}$ A/cm$^{2}$, in YBCO remains nearly constant after deposition of Co at zero field and 77 K.
Parent-child communication during adolescence

Conventional wisdom regards parent–adolescent communication as an oxymoron. As is often the case with adolescence, however, conventional wisdom can be misleading. Although it is certainly true that communication during the adolescent years is a significant challenge for parents and children, this challenge stems primarily from the changing nature of the relationship, not from an inherent inability of adolescents and parents to engage in meaningful conversation (Collins, Gleason, & Sesma, 1997). As families navigate the transition from childhood into adulthood, the frequency and content of their interactions change. Increasing adolescent autonomy inevitably alters patterns of self-disclosure, commonly shared experiences, and perceptions of privacy and responsibilities. Yet even in the face of these significant alterations, familial emotional bonds are noteworthy for their resilience and continuity. To the extent that there is a generation gap, it is as much a product of incongruent perceptions and expectations as it is of inadequate or insufficient conversation (Steinberg, 2001). Parents and adolescents (relationship insiders) do not necessarily share the same view of the relationship and their ability to communicate, nor are their perspectives typically congruent with those of observers (relationship outsiders). Parents and adolescents pursue different implicit goals and timetables regarding the adolescent’s autonomy, which may give rise to communication difficulties (Collins & Luebker, 1994). But communication problems are not preordained. Families differ widely in the extent to which autonomy has a corrosive effect on parent–child interactions. For some it is a difficult passage, but most families are well equipped to navigate the developmental challenges of adolescence. This chapter describes how patterns of parent–child communication are transformed across the adolescent years in terms of changes in the nature and functions of relationships.
Bimodules and Abelian Surfaces

Introduction In a manuscript on mod representations attached to modular forms [26], the author introduced an exact sequence relating the mod p reduction of certain Shimura curves and the mod q reduction of corresponding classical modular curves. Here p and q are distinct primes. More precisely, fix a maximal order O in a quaternion algebra of discriminant pq over Q. Let M be a positive integer prime to pq. Let C be the Shimura curve which classifies abelian surfaces with an action of O, together with a " Γ o (M)-structure. " Let X be the standard modular curve X o (M pq). These two curves are, by definition, coarse moduli schemes and are most familiar as curves over Q (see, for example, [28], Th. 9.6). However, they exist as schemes over Z: see [4, 6] for C and [5, 13] for X. In particular, the reductions C Fp and X Fq of C and X , in characteristics p and q respectively, are known to be complete curves whose only singular points are ordinary double points. In both cases, the sets of singular points may be calculated in terms of the arithmetic of " the " rational quaternion algebra which is ramified precisely at q and ∞. (There is one such quater-nion algebra up to isomorphism.) In [26], the author observed that these calculations lead to the " same answer " and concluded that there is a 1-1 correspondence between the two sets of singular points. He went on to relate the arithmetic of the Jacobians of the two curves X and C (cf. [14] and [10, 11]). The correspondence of [26] depends on several arbitrary choices. More precisely, [26] used Drinfeld's theorem [6] to view the Shimura curve C over Z p as the quotient of the appropriate " p-adic upper half-plane " by a discrete * Partially supported by the NSF subgroup Γ of PGL 2 (Q p). This group is obtained by choosing: (1) a rational quaternion algebra H of discriminant q, (2) an Eichler order in H of level M , and (3) an isomorphism H ⊗ Q p ≈ M(2, Q p). The conjugacy class of Γ in PGL 2 (Q p) is independent of these choices, but there is no canonical way to move between two different Γ's. This flabbiness makes awkward the verification that the correspondence of [26] is compatible with the …
A Reliable Multicast Protocol for Distributed Mobile Systems: Design and Evaluation

Reliable multicast is a powerful communication primitive for structuring distributed programs in which multiple processes must closely cooperate together. We propose a protocol for supporting reliable multicast in a distributed system that includes mobile hosts and evaluate the performance of our proposal through simulation We consider a scenario in which mobile hosts communicate with a wired infrastructure by means of wireless technology. Our proposal provides several novel features. The sender of each multicast may select among three increasingly strong delivery ordering guarantees: FIFO, causal, total. Movements do not trigger the transmission of any message in the wired network as no notion of hand-off is used. The set of senders and receivers (group) may be dynamic. The size of data structures at mobile hosts, the size of message headers, and the number of messages in the wired network for each multicast are all independent of the number of group members. The wireless network is assumed to provide only incomplete spatial coverage and message losses could occur even within cells. Movements are not negotiated and a mobile host that leaves a cell may enter any other cell, perhaps after a potentially long disconnection. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol has good performance and good scalability properties.
Ankyrin links fodrin to the alpha subunit of Na,K-ATPase in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and in intact renal tubule cells

In nonerythroid cells the distribution of the cortical membrane skeleton composed of fodrin (spectrin), actin, and other proteins varies both temporally with cell development and spatially within the cell and on the membrane. In monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, it has previously been shown that fodrin and Na,K-ATPase are codistributed asymmetrically at the basolateral margins of the cell, and that the distribution of fodrin appears to be regulated posttranslationally when confluence is achieved (Nelson, W. J., and P. I. Veshnock. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 104:1527-1537). The molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are poorly understood. We find that (a) in confluent MDCK cells and intact kidney proximal tubule cells, Na,K-ATPase, fodrin, and analogues of human erythrocyte ankyrin are precisely colocalized in the basolateral domain at the ultrastructural level. (b) This colocalization is only achieved in MDCK cells after confluence is attained. (c) Erythrocyte ankyrin binds saturably to Na,K- ATPase in a molar ratio of approximately 1 ankyrin to 4 Na,K-ATPase's, with a kD of 2.6 microM. (d) The binding of ankyrin to Na,K-ATPase is inhibited by the 43-kD cytoplasmic domain of erythrocyte band 3. (e) 125I-labeled ankyrin binds to the alpha subunit of Na,K-ATPase in vitro. There also appears to be a second minor membrane protein of approximately 240 kD that is associated with both erythrocyte and kidney membranes that binds 125I-labeled ankyrin avidly. The precise identity of this component is unknown. These results identify a molecular mechanism in the renal epithelial cell that may account for the polarized distribution of the fodrin-based cortical cytoskeleton.
Secondary Analysis of the NCI-60 Whole Exome Sequencing Data Indicates Significant Presence of Propionibacterium acnes Genomic Material in Leukemia (RPMI-8226) and Central Nervous System (SF-295, SF-539, and SNB-19) Cell Lines

The NCI-60 human tumor cell line panel has been used in a broad range of cancer research over the last two decades. A landmark 2013 whole exome sequencing study of this panel added an exceptional new resource for cancer biologists. The complementary analysis of the sequencing data produced by this study suggests the presence of Propionibacterium acnes genomic sequences in almost half of the datasets, with the highest abundance in the leukemia (RPMI-8226) and central nervous system (SF-295, SF-539, and SNB-19) cell lines. While the origin of these contaminating bacterial sequences remains to be determined, observed results suggest that computational control for the presence of microbial genomic material is a necessary step in the analysis of the high throughput sequencing (HTS) data.
The metal enrichment of the intracluster medium in hierarchical galaxy formation models

We investigate the metal enrichment of the intracluster medium (ICM) within the framework of hierarchical models of galaxy formation. We calculate the formation and evolution of galaxies and clusters using a semi-analytical model which includes the effects of flows of gas and metals both into and out of galaxies. For the first time in a semi-analytical model, we calculate the production of both α and iron-peak elements based on theoretical models for the lifetimes and ejecta of type Ia and II supernovae (SNe Ia and II). It is essential to include the long lifetimes of the SNIa progenitors in order to correctly model the evolution of the iron-peak elements. We find that if all stars form with an initial mass function (IMF) similar to that found in the solar neighbourhood, then the metallicities of O, Mg, Si and Fe in the ICM are predicted to be two to three times lower than the observed values. In contrast, a model (also favoured on other grounds) in which stars formed in bursts triggered by galaxy mergers have a top-heavy IMF reproduces the observed ICM abundances of O, Mg, Si and Fe. The same model predicts ratios of ICM mass to total stellar luminosity in clusters which agree well with observations. According to our model, the bulk of the metals in clusters are produced by L* and brighter galaxies. We predict only mild evolution of [Fe/H] in the ICM with redshift out to z∼ 1, consistent with the sparse data available on high-z clusters. In contrast, the [O/Fe] ratio is predicted to gradually decrease with time because of the delayed production of iron compared with oxygen. We find that, at a given redshift, the scatter in global metallicity for clusters of a given mass is quite small, even though the formation histories of individual clusters show wide variations. The observed diversity in ICM metallicities may thus result from the range in metallicity gradients induced by the scatter in the assembly histories of clusters of galaxies.
Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Cellular immunophenotypic studies were performed on a cohort of randomly selected IgM(+) B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cases for which Ig V(H) and V(L) gene sequences were available. The cases were categorized based on V gene mutation status and CD38 expression and analyzed for treatment history and survival. The B-CLL cases could be divided into 2 groups. Those patients with unmutated V genes displayed higher percentages of CD38(+) B-CLL cells (>/=30%) than those with mutated V genes that had lower percentages of CD38(+) cells (<30%). Patients in both the unmutated and the >/=30% CD38(+) groups responded poorly to continuous multiregimen chemotherapy (including fludarabine) and had shorter survival. In contrast, the mutated and the <30% CD38(+) groups required minimal or no chemotherapy and had prolonged survival. These observations were true also for those patients who stratified to the Rai intermediate risk category. In the mutated and the <30% CD38(+) groups, males and females were virtually equally distributed, whereas in the unmutated and the >/=30% CD38(+) groups, a marked male predominance was found. Thus, Ig V gene mutation status and the percentages of CD38(+) B-CLL cells appear to be accurate predictors of clinical outcome in B-CLL patients. These parameters, especially CD38 expression that can be analyzed conveniently in most clinical laboratories, should be valuable adjuncts to the present staging systems for predicting the clinical course in individual B-CLL cases. Future evaluations of new therapeutic strategies and drugs should take into account the different natural histories of patients categorized in these manners.
Characterization of national Web domains

During the last few years, several studies on the characterization of the public Web space of various national domains have been published. The pages of a country are an interesting set for studying the characteristics of the Web because at the same time these are diverse (as they are written by several authors) and yet rather similar (as they share a common geographical, historical and cultural context). This article discusses the methodologies used for presenting the results of Web characterization studies, including the granularity at which different aspects are presented, and a separation of concerns between contents, links, and technologies. Based on this, we present a side-by-side comparison of the results of 12 Web characterization studies, comprising over 120 million pages from 24 countries. The comparison unveils similarities and differences between the collections and sheds light on how certain results of a single Web characterization study on a sample may be valid in the context of the full Web.
Analysis of the Local Material Degradation Near Cutting Edges of Electrical Steel Sheets

Cutting leads to a certain local magnetic material degradation of the electrical steel sheet. Moreover, the material properties near the cutting edge contribute significantly to the global performance. This material degradation mostly occurs in the vicinity of critical parts of electromagnetic devices, such as stator and rotor teeth. Therefore, the need exists to characterize the local magnetic hysteresis properties due to cutting. We couple the non destructive measurements of needle signals, which are dependent on the local variations in magnetic hysteresis properties, with a numerical inverse algorithm. The inverse algorithm interprets the needle signals so that the unknown magnetic hysteresis properties can be reconstructed. The paper mainly deals with the construction of an accurate material model (numerical forward model), the correct solution of the inverse procedure and the validation of the obtained results. We reconstructed local magnetic hysteresis properties of differently cut steel sheets and we observed that it is possible to recover the material characteristics using a material model, which fully characterizes the hysteresis properties.
DNA Damage: A Main Determinant of Vascular Aging

Vascular aging plays a central role in health problems and mortality in older people. Apart from the impact of several classical cardiovascular risk factors on the vasculature, chronological aging remains the single most important determinant of cardiovascular problems. The causative mechanisms by which chronological aging mediates its impact, independently from classical risk factors, remain to be elucidated. In recent years evidence has accumulated that unrepaired DNA damage may play an important role. Observations in animal models and in humans indicate that under conditions during which DNA damage accumulates in an accelerated rate, functional decline of the vasculature takes place in a similar but more rapid or more exaggerated way than occurs in the absence of such conditions. Also epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between DNA maintenance and age-related cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, mouse models of defective DNA repair are means to study the mechanisms involved in biological aging of the vasculature. We here review the evidence of the role of DNA damage in vascular aging, and present mechanisms by which genomic instability interferes with regulation of the vascular tone. In addition, we present potential remedies against vascular aging induced by genomic instability. Central to this review is the role of diverse types of DNA damage (telomeric, non-telomeric and mitochondrial), of cellular changes (apoptosis, senescence, autophagy), mediators of senescence and cell growth (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)/senescence-messaging secretome (SMS), insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling), the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) axis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) vs. endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling, phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1 and 5, transcription factor NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), and diet restriction.
Depth-dependence in stable isotope ratio d 15 N of benthic POM consumers : The role of particle dynamics and organism trophic guild

The stable nitrogen isotope ratio (dN) is an established indicator of trophic hierarchy in marine food-web studies. Most of these studies presume that spatial variation in the primary food source is negligible, although a water-depthrelated increase in dN of particulate organic matter (POM) has been found in many systems. We used the high-Antarctic Weddell Sea shelf and slope ecosystem to test whether such a depth-related change in dN is reflected at higher trophic levels, i.e., benthic consumers of POM. In suspension feeders (SF) we found a significant increase in dN with water depth of up to 9.8%, whereas in deposit feeders (DF) a depth effect was barely detectable. Particle-size preferences of the two feeding guilds combined with particle-size-dependent sinking velocities and biogeochemical reworking of POM are discussed as the major causes of these differences. It is essential to marine food-web studies to take into account the general depth effect on POM dN as well as potential feeding-guild-specific differences in the response of POM consumer tissue dN to avoid serious bias and misinterpretation of stable-isotope-based trophic information. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Four-loop Dyson-schwinger-johnson Anatomy

Dyson-Schwinger equations are used to evaluate the 4-loop anomalous dimensions of quenched QED in terms of finite, scheme-independent, 3-loop integrals. Three of the results serve as strong checks of terms from scheme-dependent 4-loop QCD calculations. The fourth, for the anomalous dimension of ψσμνψ, was previously known only to 2-loop order. The 4-loop beta function has 24 unambiguous terms. Two of the simplest give β4 = 1 3 (22 − 160) = −46. The rational, ζ3 and ζ5 parts of the other 22 miraculously sum to zero. Vertex anomalous dimensions have 40 terms, with no dramatic cancellations. Our methods come from work by the late Kenneth Johnson, done more than 30 years ago. They are entirely free of the subtractions and infrared rearrangements of later methods.