Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impairment of error monitoring following sleep deprivation.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To verify if error monitoring, involving detection and remedial actions, is affected by sleep deprivation. DESIGN Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and electroencephalogram spectrum during performance of Flanker task were obtained in a within-subject, counter-balanced, repeated-measures design. SETTING Sleep deprivation and data collection were conducted in a laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen young healthy adults (7 women, 18-23 years old) INTERVENTIONS Performance and electroencephalogram data were collected after normal sleep and sleep deprivation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Compared to normal sleep, 1 night of sleep deprivation resulted in slower and more varied reaction times, more response errors and omissions, and impaired posterror adjustments to response accuracy. Concomitantly, 2 error-related ERPs, error-related negativity and Pe, showed reduced amplitude measurements after sleep deprivation. Conversely, conflict monitoring as expressed behaviorally and by the N2 component of the ERP was not attenuated by sleep deprivation. Ten of the sixteen participants maintained similar accuracy levels under both sleep conditions, although they still showed reduced error-related negativity and error positivity amplitude measurements and impaired error remedial actions for accuracy. Electroencephalogram spectral activity at beta and theta frequency bands was related to response correctness on subsequent trials but not related to that of preceding trials under both sleep conditions. CONCLUSIONS One night of sleep deprivation impaired both the error detection and error remedial actions and highlighted the inability to avoid making errors again after erroneous responses were already made. The results showed that a vicious cycle occurred between performance deterioration and impairment of error-remedial mechanisms that inevitably led to making more successive errors.
High-Level Expression of Chromosomally Encoded SHV-1 β-Lactamase and an Outer Membrane Protein Change Confer Resistance to Ceftazidime and Piperacillin- Tazobactam in a Clinical Isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae

ABSTRACT We describe Klebsiella pneumoniae 15571, a clinical isolate resistant to ceftazidime MIC = 32 μg/ml) and piperacillin-tazobactam (MICs = 1,024 and 128 μg/ml). K. pneumoniae 15571 expresses a single β-lactamase with a pI of 7.6. However, when cloned in a high-copy-number vector inEscherichia coli, this blaSHV-1gene did not confer resistance to ceftazidime, a spectrum consistent with the nucleotide sequence, which was nearly identical to those of previously described blaSHV-1 genes. Outer membrane protein (OMP) analysis of K. pneumoniae 15571 revealed a decrease in the quantity of a minor 45-kDa OMP in comparison to that in K. pneumoniae 44NR, a low-level ampicillin-resistant strain that also expresses a chromosomally determined blaSHV-1. Crude β-lactamase enzyme extracts from K. pneumoniae 15571 produced roughly 200-fold more β-lactamase activity than K. pneumoniae 44NR. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that this difference was explainable by quantifiable differences in transcription of theblaSHV-1 gene in the two strains. Primer extension analysis of blaSHV-1 mRNA fromK. pneumoniae 15571 and 44NR indicated that the transcriptional start sites were identical in the two strains. DNA sequencing of the promoter regions upstream of the ofblaSHV-1 open reading frames in the twoK. pneumoniae strains revealed an A→C change in the second position of the −10 region in K. pneumoniae 44NR compared to that in 15571. Site-directed mutagenesis of the clonedK. pneumoniae 15571 blaSHV-1, in which the A in the second position of the 15571 −10 region was changed to a C, resulted in a substantial lowering of the MIC of ampicillin. When the levels of β-lactamase enzyme expression inE. coli were compared, the blaSHV-1downstream of the altered −10 region produced 17-fold less β-lactamase enzyme. These results indicate that elevated levels of ceftazidime resistance can result from a combination of increased enzyme production and minor OMP changes and that levels of chromosomally encoded SHV-1 β-lactamase production can vary substantially with a single-base-pair change in promoter sequence.
Fair co-existence of Licensed Assisted Access LTE (LAA-LTE) and Wi-Fi in unlicensed spectrum

Continued growth in wireless data demands has driven the need for more spectrum. Both licensed and unlicensed spectrum solutions are being deployed and viewed as complementary in dealing with the wireless traffic explosion. For example, Wi-Fi is being used successfully to assist in offloading the more spectrally constrained licensed band systems. At the heart of Wi-Fi's success is the premise of fair co-existence so that multiple Wi-Fi system owners can deploy Wi-Fi access points in the same unlicensed spectrum in an unmanaged fashion. Given Wi-Fi's success, the idea of leveraging unlicensed spectrum with LTE is being proposed through a feature called Licensed Assisted Access (LAA-LTE). This paper reports our findings in designing LBT mechanisms for LAA-LTE to ensure that it operates at least as fairly as Wi-Fi in unlicensed spectrum. These findings are based on our simulation results of co-existence performance between LAA-LTE and Wi-Fi for different candidate LBT schemes as reported in this paper. It concludes that for fair co-existence LBT is essential for LAA-LTE, but also that the choice of LBT scheme and settings of that scheme matter, with those proposed in current European regulations likely to result in Wi-Fi being disadvantaged.
Degree of Hybridization in Seed Stands of Pinus engelmannii Carr. In the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico

Hybridization is an important evolutionary force, because interspecific gene transfer can introduce more new genetic material than is directly generated by mutations. Pinus engelmannii Carr. is one of the nine most common pine species in the pine-oak forest ecoregion in the state of Durango, Mexico. This species is widely harvested for lumber and is also used in reforestation programmes. Interspecific hybrids between P.engelmannii and Pinus arizonica Engelm. have been detected by morphological analysis. The presence of hybrids in P. engelmannii seed stands may affect seed quality and reforestation success. Therefore, the goals of this research were to identify introgressive hybridization between P. engelmannii and other pine species in eight seed stands of this species in Durango, Mexico, and to examine how hybrid proportion is related to mean genetic dissimilarity between trees in these stands, using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers and morphological traits. Differences in the average current annual increment of putative hybrids and pure trees were also tested for statistical significance. Morphological and genetic analyses of 280 adult trees were carried out. Putative hybrids were found in all the seed stands studied. The hybrids did not differ from the pure trees in vigour or robustness. All stands with putative P. engelmannii hybrids detected by both AFLPs and morphological traits showed the highest average values of the Tanimoto distance, which indicates: i) more heterogeneous genetic material, ii) higher genetic variation and therefore iii) the higher evolutionary potential of these stands, and iv) that the morphological differentiation (hybrid/not hybrid) is strongly associated with the Tanimoto distance per stand. We conclude that natural pairwise hybrids are very common in the studied stands. Both morphological and molecular approaches are necessary to confirm the genetic identity of forest reproductive material.
Testing a Theory-Based Model of Suicidality in a Community Sample

The aim of the present study is to test a theory-based model of suicide in a low-risk nonclinical sample. A community sample of convenience of 200 adults, 102 men and 98 women, responded to the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, the Center for the Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale, the Psychache Scale, the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, and the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire Revised. The hypothesized structural equation model, including trait dimensions of self-criticism and neediness, and state dimensions of depression, psychache, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness, fit the observed data well and significantly explained 49% of the variance of suicidality.
Invariant Polytopes of Sets of Matrices with Application to Regularity of Wavelets and Subdivisions

We generalize the recent invariant polytope algorithm for computing the joint spectral radius and extend it to a wider class of matrix sets. This, in particular, makes the algorithm applicable to sets of matrices that have finitely many spectrum maximizing products. A criterion of convergence of the algorithm is proved. As an application we solve two challenging computational open problems. First we find the regularity of the Butterfly subdivision scheme for various parameters $\omega$. In the “most regular” case $\omega = \frac{1}{16}$, we prove that the limit function has Holder exponent 2 and its derivative is “almost Lipschitz” with logarithmic factor 2. Second we compute the Holder exponent of Daubechies wavelets of high order.
Nonoxynol-9 100 mg gel: multi-site safety study from sub-Saharan Africa

Objectives: To evaluate the safety of 100 mg nonoxynol-9 (N-9) gel, a vaginal microbicide, on the genital mucosa of women from Malawi and Zimbabwe in preparation for a phase III efficacy study. Methods: HIV-uninfected women (180) were enrolled and randomized to either N-9 or placebo gel and instructed to insert gel into the vagina twice daily for 14 days. Follow up examinations were conducted at 7 and 14 days. Results: The number of adverse events in the N-9 gel group was higher than in the placebo group (40% versus 13%; P < 0.01). Reported number of any genital symptoms was significantly higher in the N-9 group (38% N-9, 13% placebo; P = 0.01). The number of total epithelial disruptions was higher in the N-9 group (20% versus 3%; P < 0.01); however, the number of genital ulcers and abrasions in the N-9 group was low (2% and 3%, respectively) and not different from that in the placebo group (1% and 2%, respectively). Conclusions: N-9 gel 100 mg caused a significant increase in the rate of genital symptoms and epithelial disruptions compared with placebo. The clinical significance of these epithelial disruptions is unknown. Although these findings alone were not sufficient to cancel the planned phase III study, when considered together with the negative results from the COL-1492 effectiveness trial of 52.5 mg N-9 gel, the decision was made to cancel the planned phase III trial of 100 mg N-9 gel.
Lifestyles and cardiovascular risk in individuals with functional psychoses.

PURPOSE This study aims to examine known determinants of cardiovascular risk in Italian patients with functional psychoses. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional study design was used to examine cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviors of 123 individuals with functional psychosis and compare clinically relevant data with those of the general Italian population. FINDINGS A significant proportion of patients manifested frank hypertension (6.9%), hypercholesterolemia (20.5%), diabetes (6.5%), or a body mass index of more than 30 (20.3%). Many also smoked (63.0%) or ingested alcohol every day (26.0%), did not eat fruits or vegetables (8.0%), or did not exercise on a daily basis (34.0%). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Patients with psychosis manifest significant rates of potentially reversible risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Mental health nurses should advocate for and implement well-resourced counseling programs to reduce the prevalence of smoking and metabolic syndrome in mental health populations.
Fraud Detection in Mobile Payments Utilizing Process Behavior Analysis

Generally, fraud risk implies any intentional deception made for financial gain. In this paper, we consider this risk in the field of services which support transactions with electronic money. Specifically, we apply a tool for predictive security analysis at runtime which observes process behavior with respect to transactions within a money transfer service and tries to match it with expected behavior given by a process model. We analyze deviations from the given behavior specification for anomalies that indicate a possible misuse of the service related to money laundering activities. We evaluate the applicability of the proposed approach and provide measurements on computational and recognition performance of the tool - Predictive Security Analyser - produced using real operational and simulated logs. The goal of the experiments is to detect misuse patterns reflecting a given money laundering scheme in synthetic process behavior based on properties captured from real world transaction events.
How many bits per rating?

Most recommender systems assume user ratings accurately represent user preferences. However, prior research shows that user ratings are imperfect and noisy. Moreover, this noise limits the measurable predictive power of any recommender system. We propose an information theoretic framework for quantifying the preference information contained in ratings and predictions. We computationally explore the properties of our model and apply our framework to estimate the efficiency of different rating scales for real world datasets. We then estimate how the amount of information predictions give to users is related to the scale ratings are collected on. Our findings suggest a tradeoff in rating scale granularity: while previous research indicates that coarse scales (such as thumbs up / thumbs down) take less time, we find that ratings with these scales provide less predictive value to users. We introduce a new measure, preference bits per second, to quantitatively reconcile this tradeoff.
Robust efficiency measurement with common set of weights under varying degrees of conservatism and data uncertainty

The conventional paradigm in data envelopment analysis (DEA) is to develop an efficiency measurement model that assumes the input and output data are precise and equal to some nominal values. However, this paradigm does not take into consideration the inherent uncertainties in real-life performance measurement problems. As a result of these uncertainties, the input and output data may take non-nominal values and violate the basic assumptions in DEA. This phenomenon has motivated us to design a DEA model that is 'robust' and immune to uncertain data. We present a robust DEA model with a common set of weights (CSWs) under varying degrees of conservatism and data uncertainty. We use goal programming (GP) and compute the relative efficiencies of the decision making units (DMUs) by producing CSWs in one run. The proposed model uses a confidence criterion to produce a ranking of the DMUs and determine a set of efficient DMUs. We present a numerical example and a case study to exhibit the efficacy of the procedures and to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to a performance measurement problem in the banking industry. [Received 13 December 2014; Revised 13 August 2015; Accepted 19 January 2016]
No penalty no tears: Least squares in high-dimensional linear models

Ordinary least squares (OLS) is the default method for fitting linear models, but is not applicable for problems with dimensionality larger than the sample size. For these problems, we advocate the use of a generalized version of OLS motivated by ridge regression, and propose two novel three-step algorithms involving least squares fitting and hard thresholding. The algorithms are methodologically simple to understand intuitively, computationally easy to implement efficiently, and theoretically appealing for choosing models consistently. Numerical exercises comparing our methods with penalization-based approaches in simulations and data analyses illustrate the great potential of the proposed algorithms.
Colocalization of parvalbumin and somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity in the mouse hippocampus: Quantitative analysis with optical disector

The colocalization of parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SS)‐like immunoreactivity was studied quantitatively in the mouse hippocampus, with particular reference to their areal and dorsoventral differences. The optical disector method was applied by using a confocal laser scanning microscope with immunofluorescent double‐labeling. In the present study, we found a particular subpopulation of hippocampal nonprincipal neurons that contained both PV and SS‐like immunoreactivity, i.e., PV‐immunoreactive (IR)/SS‐like immunoreactive (LIR) neurons. In the CA1 region, PV‐IR/SS‐LIR neurons were restricted to the stratum oriens (SO). In the CA3 region, they were scattered in the SO, stratum pyramidale (SP), and stratum radiatum (SR). However, they were rarely seen in the dentate gyrus (DG). The proportion of PV‐IR/SS‐LIR neurons in the PV‐IR neurons or SS‐LIR neurons was about 10% in the CA1 region, 15–30% in the CA3 region, 0–5% in the DG, and 10–20% in total. Laminar analysis revealed that the proportions of PV‐IR/SS‐LIR neurons in the PV‐IR neurons were high in the SO (about 25%) of the CA1 region, and in the SO (about 50%) and SR (30–45%) of the CA3 region. The proportion of PV‐IR/SS‐LIR neurons in the SS‐LIR neurons was low in the SO of the CA1 region (about 10%), but high in the SO (35–65%) and SR (35–45%) of the CA3 region. Morphologically, medium‐sized horizontal fusiform and multipolar PV‐IR/SS‐LIR neurons were frequently observed, and they showed weak immunoreactivity for PV. Large‐sized vertical bitufted and triangular PV‐IR neurons lacked SS‐like immunoreactivity, and most of them showed moderate to intense immunoreactivity for PV. In addition, we provide direct evidence that some PV‐IR/SS‐LIR neurons projected to the medial septum by using retrograde labeling with Fluoro‐Gold injection. These observations indicate that PV‐IR/SS‐LIR neurons constitute a particular subpopulation of hippocampal nonprincipal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 428:377–388, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective Statistical Fault Localization Using Program Slices

Recent techniques for fault localization statistically analyze coverage information of a set of test runs to measure the correlations between program entities and program failures. However, coverage information cannot identify those program entities whose execution affects the output, which weakens the aforementioned correlations. Thus, this paper proposes a novel statistical fault localization approach to address this problem. Our statistical approach utilizes program slices of a set of test runs to capture the influence of a program entity's execution on the output, and uses statistical analysis to measure the suspiciousness of program entities to be faulty. In addition, this paper presents a new slicing approach called approximate dynamic backward slice to balance the size and accuracy of a slice, and applies this slice to our statistical approach. The experimental results on two standard benchmarks show that our statistical approach significantly outperforms eight representative fault localization techniques.
Foramen Changes following Over Instrumentation of Curved Canals with Three Engine-Driven Instruments: An In Vitro Study

Introduction: The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the changes in shape and surface area of the major foramen following shaping of curved canals with three new generation NiTi engine-driven instruments naming ProTaper Next, BT RaCe and WaveOne Gold- with 3 different levels of protrusion beyond the major apical foramen. Methods and Materials: A total of 45 extracted human molars with at least one curved canal were distributed in 3 comparable groups of 15 that were instrumented using either ProTaper Next (PTN), BT RaCe (BTR) or WaveOne Gold (WOG). The canals were instrumented to the major foramen and then over instrumented with the final file 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 1.5 mm beyond the foramen. Standardized pre- and post-instrumentation photographs of the foramen were obtained for all groups using a stereomicroscope. Foramen shape and surface area were evaluated using the AmScope software for measurements and compared between groups and levels of instrumentation applying binary conditional logistic regression and repeated measures ANOVA. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Foramen shape tended to gradually change from circular to oval as the level of instrumentation increased in all groups. The original foramen shape in WOG group remained better than other groups. Foramen surface areas increased in all groups with Group BTR demonstrating significantly greater values than the other 2 groups. Conclusion: Over instrumentation resulted in apical enlargement and ovalization in all 3 groups but with different patterns. These differences can be attributed to the final file size, design characteristics and kinematics of the 3 systems.
Tests of Gene‐Environment Interaction for Case‐Parent Triads with General Environmental Exposures

As knowledge of the human genome continues to grow, more progress is being made towards not only identifying the genes involved in disease susceptibility but also in defining the synergistic role genes play with environmental exposures. The detection of gene‐environment interactions is important as it can offer clinicians a potential means of intervention. The discovery of interactions relies heavily on powerful statistical methods. We present a test, FBAT‐I, that can be used to investigate gene‐environment interaction. The test uses the case‐parent triad design and protects the statistical inference from potential spurious results due to population admixture.
Localized Biphasic Changes in Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate at Sites of Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis requires localized and transient remodeling of actin filaments. Phosphoinositide signaling is believed to play an important role in cytoskeletal organization, but it is unclear whether lipids, which can diffuse along the membrane, can mediate the focal actin assembly required for phagocytosis. We used imaging of fluorescent chimeras of pleckstrin homology and C1 domains in live macrophages to monitor the distribution of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (4,5-PIP2) and diacylglycerol, respectively, during phagocytosis. Our results reveal a sequence of exquisitely localized, coordinated steps in phospholipid metabolism: a focal, rapid accumulation of 4,5-PIP2 accompanied by recruitment of type Iα phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase to the phagosomal cup, followed by disappearance of the phosphoinositide as the phagosome seals. Loss of 4,5-PIP2 correlated with mobilization of phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and with the localized formation of diacylglycerol. The presence of 4,5-PIP2 and active PLCγ at the phagosome was shown to be essential for effective particle ingestion. The temporal sequence of phosphoinositide metabolism suggests that accumulation of 4,5-PIP2 is involved in the initial recruitment of actin to the phagocytic cup, while its degradation contributes to the subsequent cytoskeletal remodeling.
Activity of hexokinase in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos

T h e I40 bp RurriH 1 S d l fragment was excised from pUC 19 : HP, gel purified and extracted from a 7.5% (w/v) acrylamide gel. It was then subcloned into the HurnH I Sull sites o f the polyliker in pUR 278 (Ruther & Muller-Hill, 1983) located at the ('terminus of P-galactosidasc. This resulted in the construct pUR278 : HP. After EcoRl linker addition, the same RurnH 1 -&I1 fragment from p U C 19 : H P was cloned into the ('-terminal EcoRI site o f the P-galactosidase gene t o give the construct pSKG2 : HP.