Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The implementation of a learner-centred conversation training programme for spouses of adults with aphasia in a community setting

Background: Conversational training programmes are increasingly being reported for partners of people with aphasia. The approach, formats used and ways in which these programmes have been evaluated vary. The literature to date provides evidence that conversation partner training can be effective, but it remains unclear as to what specific components contribute to successful outcomes. In this regard, the effectiveness of a learner-centred training programme was demonstrated in the author’s previous work with five couples living with chronic aphasia. Results of this programme, which was delivered in a one-to-one format, included improvements in the quality of conversation for the couples who participated. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine whether similar results could be obtained if the programmes’ original format was modified to include a combination of both individual and group sessions. An additional aim was to describe the content and contribution of both the types of sessions. Methods & Procedures: Four couples living with aphasia participated in this study with a case series descriptive design. The training, delivered by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) and communicative disorders assistant (CDA), consisted of an 8-week communication training programme incorporating content and adult learning strategies similar to the original programme. The modified format included four individual and four group sessions. Couples were seen once a week and were encouraged to practice conversation strategies at home. Outcomes & Results: Results were consistent with those previously reported using the one-on-one format and included an increase in spouses’ use of supportive conversation strategies and an increase in the partner with aphasia’s participation in conversation. Couples reported improved ability to discuss more complex topics, increased positive feelings about conversation and perceived the supportive communication strategies as being useful in their interactions at home. Additional positive effects were reported related to the group experience including the reinforcement of communication strategies learned in training sessions as well as mutual aid and peer support. Conclusions: The use of a format incorporating both individual and group learner-centred training sessions demonstrated positive changes in attitudes and communication behaviours for couples in this study. The group process enhanced the value of the programme by promoting mutual aid and the validation of the personal experiences of each couple. These results have implications for SLPs’ work with couples living with aphasia in the community and demonstrate the benefits of using an adult learning approach that includes both individual and group sessions.
Rapid disease progression in HIV-1 subtype C-infected South African women.

BACKGROUND Whereas human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype B-infected individuals generally progress to AIDS within 8-10 years, limited data exist for other clades, especially from Africa. We investigated rates of HIV disease progression of clade C-infected South African women. METHODS Prospective seroincidence cohorts in KwaZulu-Natal were assessed for acute HIV infection monthly (n = 245) or every 3 months (n = 594) for up to 4 years. Rapid disease progression was defined as CD4 decline to <350 cells/µL by 2 years postinfection. Serial clinical and laboratory assessments were compared using survival analysis and logistic regression models. RESULTS Sixty-two women were identified at a median of 42 days postinfection (interquartile range, 34-59), contributing 282 person-years of follow-up. Mean CD4 count dropped by 39.6% at 3 months and 46.7% at 6 months postinfection in women with preinfection measurements. CD4 decline to <350 cells/µL occurred in 31%, 44%, and 55% of women at 1, 2, and 3 years postinfection, respectively, and to <500 cells/µL in 69%, 79%, and 81% at equivalent timepoints. Predictors of rapid progression were CD4 count at 3 months postinfection (hazard ratio [HR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-3.28; P = .002), setpoint viral load (HR, 3.82; 95% CI, 1.51-9.67; P = .005), and hepatitis B coinfection (HR, 4.54; 95% CI, 1.31-15.69; P = .017). Conversely, presence of any of HLAB*1302, B*27, B*57, B*5801, or B*8101 alleles predicted non-rapid progression (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, .05-.74; P = .016). CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of subtype C-infected women progressed to a CD4 count <350 cells/µL within 2 years of infection. Implementing 2013 World Health Organization treatment guidelines (CD4 count <500 cells/µL) would require most individuals to start antiretroviral therapy within 1 year of HIV infection.
Exacerbation of Antigen-Induced Arthritis in IFN-γ-Deficient Mice As a Result of Unrestricted IL-17 Response1

Proinflammatory Th1 responses are believed to be involved in the induction and perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the role of IFN-γ, the major cytokine produced by Th1 cells, is still incompletely defined. In the present study, we investigated the effects of IFN-γ deficiency (IFN-γ−/−) on the course of experimental murine Ag-induced arthritis (AIA). In the acute stage of disease, IFN-γ−/− AIA mice showed significantly increased inflammatory responses compared with wild-type C57BL/6 AIA mice, i.e., exacerbated joint swelling, increased delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and increased histopathological scores of arthritis. Intraarticular administration of exogenous IFN-γ at induction of AIA significantly suppressed these acute aggravation effects. Stimulated cells isolated from lymph nodes and spleen of IFN-γ−/− AIA mice showed increased production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, but most prominently of IL-17. These elevations were paralleled by decreased humoral immune responses, with low serum levels of total and Ag-specific IgG (IgG1, IgG2ab, IgG2b, IgG3). At immunohistology, the knee joints of IFN-γ−/− AIA mice showed massive neutrophil granulocyte infiltration. Treatment with mAbs neutralizing IL-17 diminished the acute inflammation. In vitro, Th cell expansion and production of IL-17 upon restimulation were effectively and dose dependently inhibited by IFN-γ. These results clearly demonstrate that IFN-γ has anti-inflammatory properties during the initial phase of AIA, and indicate that IFN-γ deficiency exerts disease-promoting effects, preferentially via IL-17-modulated pathways.
Like father, like son: Toward a developmental model for the transmission of male deviance across generations

This study examined two competing developmental models for social mechanisms linking father – son deviance in two-parent families. Assessment of family management, father antisocial behaviour, and sons' antisocial behaviour at age nine used multiple measurement methods. At age 13 – 14, boys were observed interacting with friends on videotape; at age 23 – 24, they were followed and assessed, looking at arrest records, self-reported delinquency, and substance use. SEM was used to test competing models of the influence of fathers on sons' antisocial behaviour in young adulthood. Analyses supported a model linking fathers' childhood antisocial behaviour directly to sons' observed early adolescent deviant friendship interactions, and indirectly to young-adult problem behaviour. Although early parenting practices correlated with fathers' antisocial behaviour and boys' antisocial behaviour in childhood, they were not predictive of late association with deviant peers, once controlling for fathers' antisocial behaviour. Findings are discussed relative to possible biological and social mechanisms of cross-generation transmission of antisocial behaviour, as well as to prevention theory.
Competence and morality dimensions of national and ethnic stereotypes: a study in six eastern‐European countries

AbstractTo investigate the role of competence and morality in stereotypes, a cross-nationalresearch was set up in six eastern-European countries. Study 1 measured theperceived desirability of stereotype attributes in ingroup versus outgroup members.Across countries, biopolar Competence and Morality components emerged. It wasfound that the perceived desirability of ingroup attributes was primarily competence-based, while desirability perceptions of outgroup attributes were mostly morality-based. In Study 2, participants in the six countries rated the occurrence ofcompetence- and morality-related stereotype attributes among 10 national and ethnictarget groups. Study 2 also assessed general evaluative attitudes and perceptions ofpower and conflict in inter-nation relations. Competence and morality dimensionsfully explained the evaluative structure of national and ethnic stereotypes, generatinga four-fold typology of sinful–loser, sinful–winner, virtuous–loser and virtuous–winnerstereotypes. This typology was strongly related to perceptions of power and conflictbetween national groups. # 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 27: 703–723 (1997)No. of Figures: 3 No. of Tables: 2 No. of References: 41CCC 0046–2772/97/060703–21$17.50 Received 4 July 1996#1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 4 November 1996European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 703–723 (1997)
Endogenous Expansion of Regulatory T Cells Leads to Long‐Term Islet Graft Survival in Diabetic NOD Mice

Donor pancreatic lymph node cells (PLNC) protect islet transplants in Non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We hypothesized that induced FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were required for long‐term islet engraftment. NOD or NOD.NON mice were treated with ALS (antilymphocyte serum) and transplanted with NOR islets +/–PLNC (5 × 107). In vivo proliferation and expansion of FoxP3+ Tregs was monitored in spleen and PLN from ALS‐ and ALS/PLNC‐treated recipient mice. Anti‐CD25 depletion was used to determine the necessity of Tregs for tolerance. FoxP3+ numbers significantly increased in ALS/PLNC‐treated recipients compared to ALS‐treated mice. In ALS/PLNC‐treated mice, recipient‐derived Tregs localized to the transplanted islets, and this was associated with intact, insulin‐producing β cells. Proliferation and expansion of FoxP3+ Tregs was markedly increased in PLNC‐treated mice with accepted islet grafts, but not in diabetic mice not receiving PLNC. Deletion of Tregs with anti‐CD25 antibodies prevented islet graft tolerance and resulted in rejection. Adoptive transfer of Tregs to secondary NOD.scid recipients inhibited autoimmunity by cotransferred NOD effector T cells. Treg expansion induced by ALS/PLNC‐treatment promoted long term islet graft survival. Strategies leading to Treg proliferation and localization to the transplant site represent a therapeutic approach to controlling recurrent autoimmunity.
Meeting the Educational Needs of At-Risk Students: A Cost Analysis of Three Models

This article provides cost comparisons of three comprehensive models aimed at bringing at-risk students to grade level during their elementary school years: Robert Slavin’s Success for All schools, Henry Levin's Accelerated Schools, and James Comer’s School Development Program. Although the models share common goals, they use different approaches that have implications for program costs. The first part of the article examines the major concepts underlying each of these reform models. The second section uses a cost analysis to evaluate the three alternatives. The cost estimates developed show the Slavin model to be the most costly in additional expenditures and the Levin model to be the most costly in additional time requirements placed on existing school staff. Comer's model ranks second in the above categories and leads in additional time requirements for parents. The article concludes with a discussion of policy implications, focusing on the variation of program costs among implementation sites.
A comparison of student and practitioner perspectives of the travel and tourism internship.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the perceptions of internships between college students studying travel and tourism and practitioners in the field. Using a web-based survey of 48 items, the study explored how students and practitioners differed in their view regarding the role of the internship experience; the role of the internship agency, the intern’s abilities; and factors in selecting an internship. Using t-test analyses, the results of the study revealed that students and practitioners were in disagreement on 13 of the 48 items in the survey and had significantly different perceptions regarding intern skills, the role of the intern, responsibilities that interns should be given, and factors to consider in selecting an internship. This study examined these differences and implications for practitioners in travel and tourism.
Outbreak investigation of Dengue fever in Sundia, Chakaiser, Shangla, Pakistan-2008.

BACKGROUND From October 1-6, 2008 media reported increased fever cases along-with some deaths in a village that were found positive for dengue IgM antibody. The provincial health authorities ordered an investigation. Our investigation aimed to determine the magnitude of disease, understand the epidemiological characteristics, and recommend preventive measures. METHODS The study was to investigate an epidemic through a descriptive study followed by a case-control study in the village Sundia from October 14th to Nov 2nd, 2008. A case defined as: "Anyone from the village with fever and any one of the symptoms including bone breaking fever (arthralgia, myalgia), rash, bleeding from nose and gums from 21st Sept 2008 to 2nd Nov 2008. For comparison, controls (n=183) i.e., those who did not fulfil the case definition criteria: Systematic random sampling technique was used and data was collected on a pro forma. Blood samples were also collected from those who had fever for the last 3 days or more. RESULTS A total of 113 (33%) households were surveyed out of 339 among which 156 (46%) cases were selected based on case definition and all the rest (183) were taken as controls. There were 84 (54%) males and 72 (46%) females. Mean age was 30 (range between 1-80 years). Beside fever, other predominant symptoms were joint pains 94 (60%) and headache 91 (58%). Seventy samples were collected and tested for dengue IgM on ELISA method and 12 (17.14%) were found positive. Logistic regression was done and uncovered water containers (p-value <0.05) to (adjusted OR=1.8; p-=0.008), surrounding marshy land (p=0.03) to (adjusted OR=1.75; p=0.02) & tap water (p=0.001) to (adjusted OR=3.2964; p=0.0012) were found to be associated with the fever. CONCLUSIONS Investigation showed presence of different risk factors which also pertain to other countries. The gaps in communication lead to the increased number of fever cases. Dengue prevention and control program, capacity building and a strong surveillance system is crucial.
DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN FASCIOLIASIS BY ELISA COPROANTIGEN DETECTION

This study was performed on 147 faecal samples collected from 17 patients with fascioliasis, 21 patients with clinically suspected fascioliasis, 12 patients with other intestinal parasitic infections and 15 healthy negative controls. Purified poly clonal hyperimmune serum from rabbits irmnunized with crude Fasciola giganfica antigen, was used in ELISA for Fasciola coproantgin detection in saline extracts of faecal samples. Results showed 100% sensitivity and 98% diagnostic accuracy of ELISA coproantigen detection versus 64.7% sensitivity and 88.3 % diagnostic accuacy of egg finding with statistically significant differences (P < 0.001, P < 0.01 respectively). So, ELISA coproantigen detection is a reliable technique for early and sensitive diagnosis of human fascioliasis {Zag. Med. Ass. J., Vol. 8, No 4,
Pharmacology of opioid and nonopioid analgesics in chronic pain states.

Chronic pain represents a mixture of pathophysiologic mechanisms, a complex assortment of spontaneous and elicited pain states, and a somewhat unpredictable response to analgesics. Opioids remain the mainstay of treatment of moderate to severe chronic pain, although there is little systematic examination to guide drug selection. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors play primarily an adjunctive role in chronic pain treatment. Agents with little activity in the treatment of acute pain, such as antidepressants, antiepileptics, and i.v. administered local anesthetics, are initiated in many patients and have significant long-term efficacy in some patients with chronic pain. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine and the alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist clonidine exhibit activity in patients with acute or chronic pain and reduce opioid consumption, but are often poorly tolerated due to side effects. Topical treatment with capsaicin or lidocaine exhibits efficacy in a subset of patients, and invasive intrathecal treatment with opioids as well as clonidine, neostigmine, and adenosine may have advantages in some patients. Several laboratory models have been developed to mimic chronic pain states found in humans. Nerve injury has been induced in rats by a variety of means, resulting in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. A number of arthritic states have also been produced by means of chronic joint inflammation in rats. The pharmacology of these neuropathic and arthritic pain models generally resembles that found in the respective human conditions. Additional models of chronic pain, particularly visceral pain, have been developed; however, the pharmacology of these models is not well established at this time.
Asymmetrical consequences of behavioral change through reward and punishment

Previous research (Greitemeyer & Weiner, 2003) has demonstrated that compliance, because of an anticipated reward is attributed more to the person than compliance because of an anticipated punishment. The present research extended these findings to an educational context. Three studies revealed that parents who ask their children to change inappropriate behaviors are more likely to ascribe their children's improvement to the child, if the child was promised a reward, rather than threatened, to receive a punishment if the child did not improve. Moreover, because a child's improved behavior is more likely to be ascribed to the child given a reward as compared to a punishment, parents expect that rewards (as opposed to punishments) are more likely to sustain improved behavior, when the incentive is no longer offered. Finally, participants report to be more likely to induce behavioral change through reward rather than punishment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research Note, Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in a Northern Irish Sample

This paper examines the drinking habits of a Northern Irish sample during a six-month period in 1998. In addition the study examines the influence of contextual variables on the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. Questionnaires were administered to 600 participants; the response rate was 39.8% (239). An unexpected low abstinence rate was observed that, however, may be due to response bias. The results revealed high frequency (29.7% drink on four or more days a week) and high quantity of alcohol consumption (mean units per week 43.21, SD 40.33). Beer drinkers consumed the largest quantity of alcohol and also had the highest frequency of alcohol consumption. It was observed that 45.8% of all drinking events took place in a public bar and the popularity of the public bar for alcohol consumption was not influenced by age or gender. The present investigation revealed that almost half (45%) of individuals consume more than one type of beverage at one sitting, and there is a trend of consuming alcohol in more than one place during a single drinking session. These results indicate a distinctive drinking pattern within Northern Ireland and have implications for studies investigating the effects of alcohol on the social drinker.
Does Spirituality Mediate the Relationship between Environmental Stressors and Psychological Wellbeing in Distressed Unemployed People?

A sample of 231 unemployed adults was surveyed using scales tapping psychological distress, the latent and manifest benefits of employment, and spirituality (connectedness, universality, prayer fulfillment, attendance at worship). It was hypothesised that the latent and manifest benefits would be associated with wellbeing; spirituality would be associated with wellbeing; spirituality would be associated with the latent and manifest benefits; and spirituality would mediate the relationship between the latent and manifest benefits and psychological distress. The latent and manifest benefits were associated with psychological wellbeing in the expected direction, with the strongest associations existing between wellbeing and financial deprivation; and social support and time structure. One spirituality dimension—prayer fulfilment—was positively associated with wellbeing, and adults reporting higher spirituality also reported greater access to the latent, but not manifest, benefits. Finally, spirituality mediated the relationship between the latent benefits of employment (social support and collective purpose) and wellbeing. Results are discussed in the context of the latent deprivation and agency restriction theories of wellbeing and unemployment. Practical implications are highlighted.
Power and emotion in doctoral supervision: implications for HRD

Purpose – In this paper the authors seek to argue that doctoral supervision is one type of human resource development relationship in higher education (HE), and that this relationship may be close or distanced, and involve technical and social support. The paper aims to highlight the seldom‐discussed aspects of power and emotion within doctoral supervision, with specific focus on the feedback process, suggesting that students and supervisors may not be adequately developed for their roles.Design/methdolology/approach – The authors conducted two small cumulative studies in the UK, involving a small focus group and a national survey of students and supervisors. The focus of the first study is to elucidate potentially influential variables in the supervisory relationship. The second study builds on emergent themes relating to forms of supervision (dimensions, structure and support) with specific focus on manifestations of power and emotion.Findings – The focus group findings exemplify the power and emotion t.
Language and Woman's Place in Earlier English

cusses language and gender research on three topics that have been carried out within the frameworks of historical sociolinguistics and pragmatics: linguistic ste- reotyping, gender roles encoded in language use, and gender variation in discourse styles. The studies compare female and male usage across time and indicate the de- gree to which gender variation can be observed in earlier English. Particular atten- tion is paid to the text corpora that have been designed and compiled over the past ten or fifteen years to facilitate research of this kind.