Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals from the Cylinder Head of a Diesel Engine for Fault Detection

There are many acoustic emission (AE) sources in a diesel engine. During an engine cycle, fuel injection, onset of combustion, valve impacts and piston slaps all produce AE effects. Because these events happen around the top dead centre, it is difficult to separate them for the purpose of combustion monitoring. This study focuses on characterising AE signals measured on the cylinder head of a diesel engine for injection fault diagnosis. Firstly, AE signals are analysed to understand AE signals in association with engine operating conditions and sensor placement. Then, faulty injectors are tested to evaluate AE based injection fault detection. The results from joint angular and frequency analysis has shown that AE can clearly monitor the changes in the combustion process due to its high signal to noise ratio in the high frequency range from 10kHz to 45kHz where other vibro-acoustic sources have little influence.
The Correlation between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) Serum Levels and Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis

Background: Considering the increasing incidence of coronary artery stenosis as well as its related complications, the importance of its etiology, and inconsistent reports, we aimed to determine the relationship between High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) serum levels and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the patients who referred to Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran and met the inclusion criteria in 2011. Regarding the severity of the disease, the angiographic findings were categorized to mild (< 10), moderate (10 - 50), and severe (> 50) using the Gensini score classification. 1 mL blood sample was taken from each patient and transferred to the laboratory after clotting. After centrifugation, the serum hsCRP level was measured and classified in 3 levels of 1, 1 to 3, and more than 3 mg / L. The relationship between hsCRP serum levels and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was analyzed using Chi-square test (N = 85, P value < 0.010). Results: This study was performed on 85 patients with the mean age of 55.7 ± 7.06 years. Besides, 64.7% of the participants were male. According to the results, 34.1%, 37.7%, and 28.2% of the patients experienced mild, moderate, and severe disease intensity, respectively. Moreover, the serum hsCRP levels were < 1, between1 and 3, and > 3 mg / L in 28.2%, 27.1%, and 44.7% of the patients, respectively. The hsCRP serum levels were significantly higher in the patients with moderate and severe artery stenosis compared to those with mild stenosis (P < 0.010). Conclusions: The hsCRP serum levels were significantly related to the severity of coronary atherosclerosis.
Cooperative Strategy Training and Oral Interaction: Enhancing Small Group Communication in the Language Classroom

This study focused on the effect of a cooperative strategy training program on the patterns of interaction that arose as small groups of students participated in an oral discussion task. The underlying assumption was that students could be taught to engage with each other and with the task in a way that would foster the creation and exploitation of learning opportunities. Intact classes were randomly assigned to the experimental or control condition, and triads from within each group were videotaped at the beginning and end of the experimental intervention. Data taken from the videotapes were analyzed in order to measure changes in overall participation, strategic participation, and the use of the individual strategies included in the program. The pretest showed that prior to strategy training, interaction patterns frequently did not reflect those interactions deemed important for language acquisition as identified within both traditional second language acquisition (SLA) and sociocultural research. The posttest revealed, however, that the strategy training program was largely successful in encouraging students to engage in these types of interactional sequences.
A Thing of This World: A History of Continental Anti-Realism (review)

On the basis of this reconstruction, Wempe surveys the reception of Green’s view of positive freedom through 1950 and argues that it is more than a persuasive definition of freedom. He then replies to Isaiah Berlin’s criticism of Green in “Two Concepts of Liberty” by arguing that Green’s aim was not, as Berlin thought, to define an acceptable notion of freedom, but to articulate a new social ideal and to redefine freedom in accordance with it. Wempe further defends Green on this point by arguing that, in regard to definitions of its normative terms, political theory is more like aesthetics than like other factual subjects. Aside from this last claim, which raises very large questions about political theory, Wempe has made a convincing case for his reconstruction of Green’s theory of positive freedom. His book is a welcome addition to a small but growing number of serious studies of the moral and political philosophy of T. H. Green. J a m e s W . A l l a r d Montana State University
Transmission of the First Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Pandemic Wave in Australia Was Driven by Undetected Infections: Pandemic Response Implications

Background During the first wave of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Victoria, Australia the rapid increase in notified cases and the high proportion with relatively mild symptoms suggested that community transmission was established before cases were identified. This lead to the hypothesis that those with low-level infections were the main drivers of the pandemic. Methods A deterministic susceptible-infected-recovered model was constructed to describe the first pandemic wave in a population structured by disease severity levels of asymptomatic, low-level symptoms, moderate symptoms and severe symptoms requiring hospitalisation. The model incorporated mixing, infectivity and duration of infectiousness parameters to calculate subgroup-specific reproduction numbers for each severity level. Results With stratum-specific effective reproduction numbers of 1.82 and 1.32 respectively, those with low-level symptoms, and those with asymptomatic infections were responsible for most of the transmission. The effective reproduction numbers for infections resulting in moderate symptoms and hospitalisation were less than one. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the importance of parameters relating to asymptomatic individuals and those with low-level symptoms. Conclusions Transmission of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was largely driven by those invisible to the health system. This has implications for control measures–such as distribution of antivirals to cases and contacts and quarantine/isolation–that rely on detection of infected cases. Pandemic plans need to incorporate milder scenarios, with a graded approach to implementation of control measures.
Model Students? Teachers' Perceptions and Expectations of Their Asian and White Students.

Asian students have been considered "model students" by their teachers. This study examines the various components of the "model student, " in particular the teachers perceptions of the behavioral and emotional characteristics of their Asian students via-a-vis white students at both the elementary and secondary level. Significant differences were noted for the general categories of emotonal stabity and academic competence. Multiple classification analysis was conducted to ascertain the effects of ethnicity, father's socioeconomic status, academic competence, emotional stability, and sociability with the teacher's educational expectations of his/her students. It is concluded that there were ethnic differences which favor Asian students in the teacher's educational expectations; that these ethnic differences were actually greater due to the lower socioeconomic status of Asians relative to whites; and that these differences were largely explained by the intervening variable teacher's perceived academic competence of their students.
Learning Oceanography from a Computer Simulation Compared with Direct Experience at Sea.

Considerable research has compared how students learn science from computer simulations with how they learn from “traditional” classes. Little research has compared how students learn science from computer simulations with how they learn from direct experience in the real environment on which the simulations are based. This study compared two college classes studying introductory oceanography. One class learned using an interactive computer simulation based on a dynamic, three-dimensional model of physical oceanography. The other class learned by spending a day on a research ship using scientific tools and instruments to measure physical properties of the ocean directly. In classes preceding and following the simulation or field experience, students performed the same exercises regarding currents and salinity, had the same instructor presentations, and did the same homework. The study found that the field experience helped contextualize learning for students with little prior experience of the ocean while the simulation made it easier for students to connect what they learned from it to other content they learned in class. These and other findings shed light on what computer simulations can and cannot help students learn, and what concepts are best learned in the real environment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 25–42, 2006
Stem‐completion tasks (indirect, direct inclusion and exclusion) are differently affected by equipotent doses of lorazepam and flunitrazepam

This study was designed to explore the effects on performance in stem‐completion tasks of two benzodiazepines (BZ) in equipotent doses: lorazepam, a drug that atypically disrupts perceptual priming, and flunitrazepam, a compound with standard BZ effects. The study followed a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel‐group design. Thirty‐six young and healthy subjects carried out three completion tasks at theoretical peak‐plasma concentrations of drugs: (a) indirect tasks, in which the subjects were instructed to complete stems with the first word that came to mind; (b) direct inclusion tasks/cued recall, in which the participants had to try to use words seen at study as completions; and (c) direct exclusion tasks, in which words seen at study were to be avoided. The PDP was applied to the results in the inclusion and exclusion tasks, to obtain indices of explicit/controlled (C) and implicit/automatic (A) memory. The C index was lowered by both BZs and A was equivalent in all treatments, confirming the general amnestic action of BZs. However, lorazepam led to decreases in completions in the indirect and inclusion tasks, while flunitrazepam impaired performance in the exclusion task. The qualitative differences between the drugs in their effects on performance suggest that these BZs may lead to differences in response bias. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tolerated Tokenism, or the Injustice in Justice: Black Teacher Associations and Their Forgotten Struggle for Educational Justice, 1921–1954

This article provides a thematic overview of the ways in which black educators, through their professional associations, advocated to create equality of schooling for black children in the pre-Brown era. In the struggle for socially just education, Black educators are historically depicted as reluctant participants or employees worried about their future career positions. Conversely, black educators used their professional networks and local connections to support national efforts to provide more equitable education. Using primary and secondary documentation, the author highlights the myriad forms of advocacy black educators used to seek justice for black children, and challenges negative portrayals of black educators in the pre-Brown era.
RESULTS OF THE TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC MYCOSES.

In our experience, amphotericin B has been a satisfactory antibiotic for the treatment of 24 patients with histoplasmosis, 16 patients with cryptococcosis, 9 patients with candidemia, 15 patients with North American blastomycosis, and 5 patients with sporotrichosis. We have treated 20 patients with North American blastomycosis with either hydroxystilbamidine isethionate or stilbamidine isethionate with satisfactory results. Hydroxystilbamidine is less toxic than stilbamidine. Excellent results were achieved in the treatment of 20 patients with actinomycosis by means of penicillin or penicillin combined with sulfonamides. Our results in the treatment of eight patients with nocardiosis and six patients with coccidioidomycosis were unsatisfactory.
Physiological and morphological diversity of immunocytochemically defined parvalbumin‐ and cholecystokinin‐positive interneurones in CA1 of the adult rat hippocampus

To investigate the electrophysiological properties, synaptic connections, and anatomy of individual parvalbumin‐immunoreactive (PV‐IR) and cholecystokinin‐immunoreactive (CCK‐IR) interneurones in CA1, dual intracellular recordings using biocytin‐filled microelectrodes in slices of adult rat hippocampus were combined with fluorescence labelling of PV‐ and CCK‐containing cells. Of 36 PV‐IR cells, 29 were basket cells, with most of their axonal arbours in the stratum pyramidale (SP). Six were bistratified cells with axons ramifying throughout stratum oriens (SO) and stratum radiatum (SR). One was a putative axo‐axonic cell with an axonal arbour confined to half of the SP and a narrow adjacent region of the SO. Of 27 CCK‐IR neurones, 13 were basket cells, with most of their axonal arbours in the SP, and included basket cells with somata in the SP (6), SO (3), and SR (2) and at the border between the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare (SLM) and the SR (2). In addition, several dendrite‐targeting cell classes expressed CCK‐IR: 4 of 9 bistratified cells with axons ramifying in the SO and SR; all five Schaffer‐associated cells whose axons ramified extensively in the SR; both cells classified as quadrilaminar because their axons ramified in the SO, SP, SR, and SLM; one SO‐SO cell whose dendritic and axonal arbours were contained within the SO; and one perforant path‐associated cell with axonal and dendritic arbours within the distal SR and SLM. The majority (31 of 36) of PV‐IR neurones recorded were fast‐spiking, and most fast‐spiking cells tested (25 of 29 basket, 1 axo‐axonic, and 5 of 6 bistratified cells) were PV‐IR. However, 1 of 6 regular‐spiking basket, 1 of 4 regular‐spiking bistratified, and 3 of 5 burst‐firing basket cells were also PV‐IR. In contrast, the majority (17 of 27) of the CCK‐IR neurones recorded were regular‐spiking, 3 were burst‐firing, and 7 were fast‐spiking. These data confirm that the majority of PV‐IR and CCK‐IR axon terminals innervate proximal portions of CA1 pyramidal cells. Most PV‐IR cells are fast‐spiking, whereas most CCK‐IR cells are regular‐spiking. In both neurochemical classes basket cells predominate, but both groups included subpopulations of dendrite‐targeting cells. Despite these similarities, the two populations exhibited very different somatic distributions, and each contained cellular morphologies not represented in the other. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:346–367, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benefits of Augmented Reality in Educational Environments - A Systematic Literature Review

By augmenting the real world with virtual information, Augmented Reality (AR) provides new possibilities for education. Although AR is frequent- ly applied in educational environments, the value of AR applications in these environments is not yet investigated in its entirety. Additionally, educators face different directions of AR applications, which may differ regarding their poten- tial benefits. To help overcome these challenges, we conduct a systematic litera- ture review to synthesize a set of 25 publications. We identify 14 different ben- efits and cluster these into six different groups. We use the Five Directions of AR in educational environments by Yuen et al. (1) to further detail possible benefits for different directions of AR applications. Our findings indicate that specific directions of AR applications are more likely to lead to certain benefits such as increased motivation. Future research is needed to investigate the cau- sality between benefits and directions of AR in more detail.
The Migration of Older People

Throught the use of company personnel records this study attempted to determine whether sufficient data would be available to indicate differential factors distinguishing 34 retired migrants from 189 retired nonmigrants previously employed by a large metropolitan department store. From nineteen items consistently contained in the records, the following five factors were found to favor migration: (1) preretirement suburban residence; (2) preretirement income of $70 a week or more; (3) pay mobility index, 10-29; (4) company retirement benefits of $40 or more per month; (5) more frequent changes of address after retirement.
Polyamine Effects on Antibiotic Susceptibility in Bacteria

ABSTRACT Biogenic polyamines (e.g., spermidine and spermine) are a group of essential polycationic compounds found in all living cells. The effects of spermine and spermidine on antibiotic susceptibility were examined with gram-negative Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteria and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and with gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Exogenous spermine exerted a dose-dependent inhibition effect on the growth of E. coli, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and S. aureus but not P. aeruginosa, as depicted by MIC and growth curve measurements. While the MICs of polymyxin and ciprofloxacin were in general increased by exogenous spermine and spermidine in P. aeruginosa, this adverse effect was not observed in enteric bacteria and S. aureus. It was found that spermine and spermidine can decrease the MICs of β-lactam antibiotics in all strains as well as other types of antibiotics in a strain-dependent manner. Significantly, the MICs of oxacillin for MRSA Mu50 and N315 were decreased more than 200-fold in the presence of spermine, and this effect of spermine was retained when assessed in the presence of divalent ions (magnesium or calcium; 3 mM) or sodium chloride (150 mM). The effect of spermine on the sensitization of P. aeruginosa and MRSA to antibiotics was further demonstrated by population analysis and time-killing assays. The results of checkerboard assays with E. coli and S. aureus indicated a strong synergistic effect of spermine in combination with β-lactams and chloramphenicol. The decreased MICs of β-lactams implied that the possible blockage of outer membrane porins by exogenous spermine or spermidine did not play a crucial role in most cases. In contrast, only the MIC of imipenem against P. aeruginosa was increased by exogenous spermine and spermidine, and this resistance effect was abolished in a mutant strain devoid of the outer membrane porin OprD. In E. coli, the MICs of carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were decreased in two acrA mutants devoid of a major efflux pump, AcrAB. However, retention of the spermine effect on antibiotic susceptibility in two acrA mutants of E. coli suggested that the AcrAB efflux pump was not the target for a synergistic effect by spermine and antibiotics and ruled out the hypothesis of spermine serving as an efflux pump inhibitor in this organism. In summary, this interesting finding of the effect of spermine on antibiotic susceptibility provides the basis for a new potential approach against drug-resistant pathogens by use of existing β-lactam antibiotics.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of robot-assisted versus laparoscopically assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Background: Robotic-assisted gastrectomy (RAG) has been used for gastric cancer since 2002. This meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate whether RAG is safer and more effective than conventional laparoscopically assisted gastrectomy (LAG) for gastric cancer. Methods: We performed a manual search for these 2 types of operations (RAG and LAG) in the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases up to April 30, 2016. Twelve nonrandomized controlled trials that reported on RAG and LAG for gastric cancer were included. Outcomes evaluated included operation time, number of retrieved lymph nodes, blood loss, length of the resection margin, complications, and postoperative hospital stay. Results: A total of 3744 patients in 12 studies were included (1134 patients in the RAG group and 2610 patients in the LAG group). The operation time was significantly shorter in the LAG group [weighted mean difference (WMD) 42.0 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 28.11–55.89) minutes; P < . 00001], while the loss of blood volume was lower in the RAG group (P = .01). The number of retrieved lymph nodes, duration of postoperative stay, length of the proximal resection margin, length of the distal resection margin, and postoperative complications were similar between groups. Conclusion: We conclude that RAG is a safe and appropriate treatment for gastric cancer patients in comparison to LAG. Nevertheless, RAG is not superior to LAG. Future research on RAG should focus on comparing the differences in retrieved lymph nodes in different tiers, evaluating the postoperative recovery and reducing the cost of the treatment.
A Constructive Debate With the CDC on the Empirical Case Definition of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have dramatically increased over the past 20 years, from 0.002% to 2.54%. Once considered a rare disorder, CFS is now characterized as a more common chronic health condition, with prevalence numbers suggesting that more than 4 million people in the United States have it. The authors’ research group proposes that selection criteria for CFS cases have broadened and provides data indicating 38% of those with a Major Depressive Disorder were misclassified as having CFS under the new CDC empirical case definition. The authors respond to concerns cited in Reeves, Gurbaxani, Lin, and Unger (2009). Given the importance of standardizing procedures for identifying CFS, more research is needed using different criteria on samples of patients with CFS and other illnesses. The erroneous inclusion of people with primary psychiatric conditions in CFS samples has detrimental consequences for interpreting epidemiologic and etiological findings.
Expression of UGA-Containing MycoplasmaGenes in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT We used Bacillus subtilis to express UGA-containingMycoplasma genes encoding the P30 adhesin (one UGA) ofMycoplasma pneumoniae and methionine sulfoxide reductase (two UGAs) of Mycoplasma genitalium. Due to natural UGA suppression, these Mycoplasma genes were expressed as full-length protein products, but at relatively low efficiency, in recombinant wild-type Bacillus. The B. subtilis-expressed Mycoplasma proteins appeared as single bands and not as multiple bands compared to expression in recombinant Escherichia coli. Bacillus mutants carrying mutations in the structural gene (prfB) for release factor 2 markedly enhanced the level of readthrough of UGA-containingMycoplasma genes.