Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Marking time: some methodological and historical perspectives on the ‘crisis of childhood’

Historical amnesia besets the consensus that Britain faces an unprecedented ‘crisis of childhood’, and of child well-being. Drawing on evidence about changing uses of instruments and measures of well-being over time, this article explores and critiques claims about historical change and trends over time that are central to the imagined crisis of childhood in both diagnostic and therapeutic terms. It argues that diagnostic labels about the state of children’s well-being arising from changing methodologies and measures, and the therapeutic and pedagogical models they create, cannot be isolated from social conditions. This means that claims about a crisis of childhood, and the kinds of interventions that follow, require critical debate and cautious application. In the current climate of crisis, however, such reflection and debate are notable only by their absence.
Youth Perceptions of Life at School: Contextual Correlates of School Connectedness in Adolescence

A growing body of research shows school connectedness to be a powerful predictor of adolescent health and academic outcomes. This study advances a theoretically grounded definition of school connectedness and triangulates qualitative and quantitative methods to assess contextual correlates to school connectedness in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth. A survey examined the relationship between school connectedness and 4 developmental supports: meaningful roles at school, safety, creative engagement, and academic engagement as well as demographic and contextual control variables. Followup focus groups were used to identify other potentially salient contextual correlates. Findings from both methods suggest that school connectedness is strongly affected by opportunities for meaningful input into school policies and the extent to which class material engages student interests. Focus groups highlight the importance of youth-adult exchange in and outside of the classroom. Findings also revealed distinct differences by grade. Implications for school policy and practice as well as for future research in school connectedness are discussed.
Is the optimal level of protein intake for older adults greater than the recommended dietary allowance?

BACKGROUND Protein is a macronutrient essential for growth, muscle function, immunity and overall tissue homeostasis. Suboptimal protein intake can significantly impact physical function and overall health in older adults. METHODS This article reviews the literature on the recommendations for protein intake in older adults in light of the new evidence linking protein intake with sarcopenia and physical function. Challenges and opportunities for optimal protein nutrition in older persons are discussed. RESULTS Recent metabolic and epidemiological studies suggest that the current recommendations of protein intake may not be adequate for maintenance of physical function and optimal health in older adults. Methodological limitations and novel concepts in protein nutrition are also discussed. CONCLUSION We conclude that new research and novel research methodologies are necessary to establish the protein needs and optimal patterns of protein intake for older persons.
Experimental gingivitis in type 1 diabetics: a controlled clinical and microbiological study.

OBJECTIVE To monitor clinical and microbiological changes during experimental gingivitis in type 1 diabetics and non-diabetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine type 1 diabetics with good/moderate metabolic control and nine age-gender matched non-diabetics were recruited. Probing pocket depths in all subjects did not exceed 4 mm and none were affected by attachment loss. According to the original model, an experimental 3-week plaque accumulation resulting in experimental gingivitis development and a subsequent 2-week period of optimal plaque control were staged. Subgingival plaque samples were collected at days 0, 21 and 35 from one site per quadrant, pooled and analysed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS Diabetics (mean age 25.6+/-5.8 standard deviation (SD), range 16-35 years) had a mean HbA1c level of 8.1+/-0.7% (SD), while non-diabetics (mean age 24.8+/-5.7 (SD), range 15-36 years) were metabolically controlled (HbA1c< or =6.5%). Between Days 0, 21 and 35, no statistically significant differences in mean plaque and gingival index scores were observed between diabetics and non-diabetics. At days 7 and 21, however, diabetics showed statistically significantly higher percentages of sites with gingival index scores > or =2 compared with non-diabetics. Mean DNA probe counts of the red and orange complex species increased significantly (p<0.05) between days 0 and 21 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) between days 21 and 35 in both groups. CONCLUSION Both diabetics and non-diabetics react to experimental plaque accumulation with gingival inflammation. Type 1 diabetics, however, develop an earlier and higher inflammatory response to a comparable bacterial challenge.
Design and Fabrication of 4H-SiC RF MOSFETs

We present simulations, fabrication and analysis of 4H-SiC RF power MOSFETs. We obtain an extrinsic transition frequency of 11.2 GHz and an /max = 11.9 GHz, a breakdown voltage above 200 V and an output power of 1.9 W/mm at 3 GHz. The measured devices are double fingered, source-gate-drain-gate-source with 2times0.4 mm total gate width and the nominal channel length of the devices is 0.5 mum. To the authors knowledge, this is the highest transition frequency and output power density ever reported for SiC RF MOSFETs. The antipunch through is introduced as a way to take advantage of the SiC's material properties. A detailed description of the device processing is also given.
On Extremal Self-Dual Codes of Length 96

Let <i>C</i> be a binary extremal self-dual code of length 96. We prove that an automorphism of <i>C</i> of order 3 has 6 or no fixed points and an automorphism of order 5 has 6 fixed points. Moreover, if all automorphisms of order 3 are fixed point free then Aut(<i>C</i>) is solvable and its order divides 2<sup>5</sup>3 or 2<sup>5</sup>5 or Aut(<i>C</i>) is the alternating group A<sub>5</sub> which is the only possible group of order 60. Furthermore, |Aut(<i>C</i>)| = 20 or 40 cannot occur.
Multipath diversity and coding gains of cyclic-prefixed single carrier systems

The multipath diversity and coding gain metrics for cyclic-prefixed single-carrier (SC-CP) systems, which characterize the bit error rate (BER) at high SNR, have not been carefully studied in the literature. We first show that, unlike OFDM, the diversity and coding gains for SC-CP are data-realization-dependent. Then, we show that there is a signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) threshold beyond which the dominant diversity order starts deviating from the maximum diversity order to eventually reduce to one at higher SNRs. Using the averaged pairwise probability, we derive an analytical expression for this SNR threshold. The latter is shown to increase with the block length and to be unrealistically high for moderate/high block lengths. Comparisons of SC-CP with rotated constellations and zero-padded SC systems are also provided.
Initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients in Africa: an evaluation of the provisional WHO/UNAIDS recommendations

ObjectiveTo evaluate the proposed WHO/UNAIDS criteria for initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in adult HIV-infected patients in Africa [WHO clinical stages 2–4 or CD4 count < 500 × 106 /l or total lymphocyte count (TLC) equivalent]. DesignObservational cohort study of 5-year follow-up. SettingAdult HIV clinics, University of Cape Town, South Africa. MethodsEffect of prophylactic low dose co-trimoxazole (480 mg per day or 960 mg three times per week) on survival and morbidity was assessed in patients stratified by WHO clinical stage, CD4 T-lymphocyte count or TLC. Patients receiving antiretroviral therapy were excluded. ResultsCo-trimoxazole reduced mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR), 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.33–0.85;P > 0.001] and the incidence of severe HIV-related illnesses (AHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.38–0.68;P < 0.001) in patients with evidence of advanced immune suppression on clinical (WHO stages 3 and 4) or laboratory assessment (TLC < 1250 × 106/l or CD4 count < 200 × 106/l). No significant evidence of efficacy was found in patients with WHO stage 2 or CD4 count 200–500 × 106/l/TLC 1250–2000 × 106/l. If we had applied the WHO/UNAIDS recommendations 88.3% of our patients would have received co-trimoxazole prophylaxis at their initial clinic visit. ConclusionCo-trimoxazole in HIV-infected adults from an area in which Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is uncommon demonstrated a survival benefit consistent with previous randomized trials. Further studies are needed to assess the optimal time of commencement of prophylaxis, as widespread co-trimoxazole use will lead to increasing antimicrobial resistance to other major pathogens in Africa.
An ultrastructural study of primordial germ cells, oogonia and early oocytes in Xenopus laevis.

SUMMARY Electron-microscope observations on the differentiation of germ cells in Xenopus laevis have revealed that the Balbiani body, cytoplasmic nucleolus-like bodies and groups of mitochondria associated with granular material previously reported only in older amphibian oocytes, are also present in the primordial germ cells, oogonia and early meiotic (prediplotene) oocytes of this species. Although there is considerable morphological reorganization of the gonad as a whole at the time of sex determination, little visible change in the ultrastructure of the primordial germ cells appears to take place during their transition to oogonia. Both primordial germ cells and oogonia have highly lobed nuclei and their cytoplasm contains a conspicuous, juxtanuclear organelle aggregate (consisting for the most part of mitochondria), which is considered to represent the precursor of the Balbiani body. In marked contrast, the transition from oogonium to oocyte in Xenopus is characterized by a distinctive change in nuclear shape (from lobed to round) associated with the onset of meiosis. During leptotene the oocyte chromatin becomes visibly organized into electron-dense axial elements (representing the single unpaired chromosomes) which are surrounded by a fibrillar network. Towards the end of leptotene, these axial elements become attached to the inner surface of the nuclear membrane in a localized region adjacent to the juxtanuclear mitochondrial aggregate. Zygotene is marked by the initiation of axial element pairing over short regions, resulting in the typical synaptonemal complex configuration of paired homologous chromosomes. The polarization of these tripartite ribbons within the nucleus becomes more pronounced in late zygotene, producing the familiar Bouquet arrangement. The synaptonemal complexes are more extensive as synapsis reaches a climax during pachytene, whereas the polarization is to some extent lost. The fine structure of synaptonemal complexes in the Xenopus oocyte is essentially the same as that described in numerous other plant and animal meiocytes. It is not until the beginning of the extended diplotene phase that any appreciable increase in cell diameter takes place. During early diplotene (oocyte diameter approximately 50 /*m), the compact Balbiani body characteristic of the pre-vitellogenic anuran oocyte is formed by condensation of the juxtanuclear mitochondrial aggregate. Electron-dense, granular material appears to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm via nuclear pores in all stages of Xenopus germ cell differentiation studied. There is a distinct similarity in electron density and granular content between this 'nuage material' associated with the nuclear pores and the cytoplasmic aggregates of granular material in association with mitochondria or in the form of nucleolus-like bodies.
Marijuana and lifestyle: Exploring tolerable deviance

Recreational marijuana use has, in the past four decades, evolved from a practice that was prevalent only within certain marginalized groups, or subcultures, to one that is now broadly established throughout society. With this diffusion, particularly among the middle classes, use of the drug has become increasingly tolerated by law enforcers and general public alike. Despite continuing prohibition, significant numbers of otherwise conventional adults persist in using marijuana on a regular basis. On the basis of in‐depth interviews with 30 middle‐class adult users, I explore the patterns of use that evolved from their former group‐oriented experiences. As tolerable deviance, marijuana use has become a rather more personal aspect of lifestyle that is commonly found outside of the subcultural groups with which it was once associated. Accordingly the concern here is with marijuana's perceived practical uses for work and for leisure—those factors seen as warranting its inclusion as a routine component of peop.
Some design guidelines for practical argumentation systems

We give some design guidelines for argumentation systems. These guidelines are meant to indicate essential features of argumentation when used to support “practical reasoning”. We express the guidelines in terms of postulates. We use a notion of redundancy to provide a formal counterpart of these postulates. We study the satisfaction of these postulates in two existing argumentation frameworks: assumption-based argumentation and argumentation in classical logic.
Technology Standards for School Administrators: An Analysis of Practicing and Aspiring Administrators' Perceived Ability to Perform the Standards

This study investigated practicing and aspiring school administrators' perceived level of proficiency related to the Technology Standards for School Administrators adopted by the International Society for Technology in Education. Based on the mentor-mentee relationship, the study found there were no significant differences between mentors and mentees in their perceived ability to meet any of the Technology Standards for School Administrators. However, there was a significant difference between mentors and mentees on the social, legal, and ethical issues standard, with mentees showing a greater desire to pursue professional development in this standard area.
Radiological reasoning: imaging characterization of bilateral adnexal masses.

OBJECTIVE A 46-year-old woman presented with bilateral adnexal masses on pelvic sonography, a complex cystic mass on the right, and a homogeneously hypoechoic, solid-appearing mass on the left. Pelvic MRI showed a T1 hypointense, T2 hyperintense, nonenhancing mass in the right ovary and a homogeneously T1 hyperintense lesion with mixed T2 signal in the left ovary. Fat-saturated T1-weighted sequences showed the left ovarian lesion to be an endometrioma containing a high concentration of hemoglobin breakdown products and revealed other endometriotic implants in the right ovary, broad ligament, and cul-de-sac. Follow-up pelvic sonography 9 weeks later showed resolution of the right complex cystic ovarian mass, indicating that it was a physiologic hemorrhagic cyst. CONCLUSION Imaging features of benign and malignant ovarian masses overlap. If imaging is inconclusive in characterizing an adnexal mass as benign, the mass will be resected rather than followed up because of the concern for a rapidly growing ovarian cancer. Thus, the goal of imaging is to identify unequivocally the benign lesions that can be left untreated. Pelvic MRI provides a powerful adjunct to pelvic sonography in characterizing adnexal masses as benign.
The Formation of Stellar Clusters: Gaussian Cloud Conditions. I.

The isothermal dynamical evolution of a clumpy molecular cloud region and its fragmentation into a protostellar cluster is investigated numerically. The initial density distributions are generated from different realizations of a Gaussian random field with power spectrum P(k) ∝ k-2. During the evolution of the system, the one-point probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the gas density and of the line-of-sight velocity centroids develop considerable distortions away from the initial Gaussian behavior. The density PDF can be best described by power-law distributions, whereas the velocity PDF exhibits extended tails. As a result of the interplay between gas pressure and gravitational forces, a quasi-equilibrium clump mass spectrum emerges with a power-law distribution dN/dM ∝ M-1.5. Being part of a complex network of filaments, individual clumps are elongated, centrally condensed objects with 2 : 1 to 4 : 1 axis ratios with outer r-2 density distributions. Dense, Jeans-unstable gas clumps collapse and form protostellar cores that evolve through competitive accretion and N-body interactions with other cores. In contrast to the clumps, the core mass spectrum is best described by a lognormal distribution that peaks approximately at the average Jeans mass of the system. Scaled to physical conditions typical for star-forming molecular clouds, the mass function is in good agreement with the initial mass function (IMF) of multiple stellar systems. The final dynamical state of the newly formed stellar cluster closely resembles observed young stellar clusters. It has a core/halo structure, which is typical for collision dominated N-body systems. The two-point correlation function of the spatial stellar distribution can be described by two power laws with a break in the slope at the transition point from the binary to the large-scale clustering regime. The protostellar cluster is marginally bound and would be easily disrupted if the conversion of cores into stars were inefficient.
The effect of user features on churn in social networks

Social sites and services rely on the continuing activity, good will and behaviour of the contributors to remain viable. There has been little empirical study of the mechanisms by which social sites maintain a viable user base. Such studies would provide a scientific understanding of the patterns that lead to user churn (i.e. users leaving the community) and the community dynamics that are associated with reduction of community members -- primary threats to the sustainability of any service. In this paper, we explore the relation between a user's value within a community - constituted from various user features - and the probability of a user churning.
Wechsler Profiles of Mathematically Gifted Adolescents

Following the heralding of the scatter pattern of the Wechsler-Bellvue Intelligence Test as a diagnostic tool by Wechsler ( 1944) and Rapaporc ( 1945) , the literature swelled with reports of studies attempcing to substantiate this technique. Rabin and Guerrin ( 195 1 ) published a review of the work accomplished to date and closed wich a warning to researchers that the findings were inconclusive and the concinued "clogging" of the literature with testaments based on poorly conducted research would hardly be beneficial. Guertin, Frank, and Rabin (1956) reviewed this area of the literacure again five years later and arrived at essentially the same conclusions, stating that, although the quality of the research had improved, "nothing new had been added" in the area of scatter and pattern analysis: the results were still inconclusive. This then was essentially the state of research when che W A I S was published. Invescjgators then began to take a closer look at the test itself from a statistical point of view. Jones (1956) took issue with the statement in the W A I S manual to the effect chat subtest scaled-score differences of three points were common but differences as large as five poincs were noteworthy. Jones demonstrated chat differences of this magnitude could be expected to occur from four co five cimes in any one record. McNemar (1957) reported an analysis, ucilizing Wechsler's published data on 300 Ss aged 25 to 34. H e found that the standard deviations ranged from 1.8 to 3.6 scaled-score points, while the standard errors of the mean ranged from 1.1 to 2.6 scaled-score poincs, which indicated a "sizeable portion of a given difference-score variance is attributable to errors of measurement. " O n this basis he suggested that it would not be unreasonable to insist that any obtained difference exceed two and a half times the SEM before accepting it as significant. The reliabilities ranged from . 25 to . 84, wich a median of . GO. Only 10 of the possible 55 pairings exceeded . 70. McNemar felt that chis explained the large SEM relative to che SDs. H e reported that from 4% [to as many as 30% of "normals" would yield a "significant difference" as judged by error of measurement. McNemar concluded that there is no basis for expecting scaled-score differences of five or even more scaled-score poincs to have diagnostic significance. For the past four years the staff of the Human Development Clinic at
Photo2Trip: generating travel routes from geo-tagged photos for trip planning

Travel route planning is an important step for a tourist to prepare his/her trip. As a common scenario, a tourist usually asks the following questions when he/she is planning his/her trip in an unfamiliar place: 1) Are there any travel route suggestions for a one-day or three-day trip in Beijing? 2) What is the most popular travel path within the Forbidden City? To facilitate a tourist's trip planning, in this paper, we target at solving the problem of automatic travel route planning. We propose to leverage existing travel clues recovered from 20 million geo-tagged photos collected from www.panoramio. com to suggest customized travel route plans according to users' preferences. As the footprints of tourists at memorable destinations, the geo-tagged photos could be naturally used to discover the travel paths within a destination (attractions/landmarks) and travel routes between destinations. Based on the information discovered from geo-tagged photos, we can provide a customized trip plan for a tourist, i.e., the popular destinations to visit, the visiting order of destinations, the time arrangement in each destination, and the typical travel path within each destination. Users are also enabled to specify personal preference such as visiting location, visiting time/season, travel duration, and destination style in an interactive manner to guide the system. Owning to 20 million geo-tagged photos and 200,000 travelogues, an online system has been developed to help users plan travel routes for over 30,000 attractions/landmarks in more than 100 countries and territories. Experimental results show the intelligence and effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Magnitude of Enterococcal Bacteremia in Trauma Patients Admitted for Intensive Trauma Care: A Tertiary Care Experience from South Asian Country

Background: Bloodstream infection (BSI) and bacteremias due to Enterococcus spp. are increasing worldwide with the current need to understand its causes among hospitalized trauma patients. Hence, the study was conducted. Methodology: A 3-year retrospective laboratory cum clinical based study was performed at a level I trauma center in India. Patients with health care associated enterococcal bacteremia were identified using the hospital database, their episodes of BSI/bacteremia calculated and their clinical records and treatment were noted. Results: A total of 104 nonrepetitive Enterococcus spp. was isolated of which Enterococcus faecium was the most common (52%). High-level resistance to gentamicin high-level aminoglycoside resistance was seen in all the Enterococcus spp. causing bacteremia, whereas a low resistance to vancomycin and teichoplanin was observed. Overall mortality was more in patients infected with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (5/11, 46%) compared to those with vancomycin sensitive Enterococcus (9/93, 10%); though no significant association of mortality with Enterococcus spp. bacteremia ( P > 0.05) was seen. The rate of bacteremia due to Enterococcus spp. was 25.4 episodes/1,000 admissions (104/4,094) during the study period. Conclusion: Enterococcal bacteremia is much prevalent in trauma care facilities. Here, a microbiologist can act as a sentinel and help in preventing such infections.