Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Load Balancing Game With Shadowing Effect for Indoor Hybrid LiFi/RF Networks

Light Fidelity (LiFi) is a recently proposed technology that uses 300 THz visible light spectrum for high speed wireless communications as well as providing illumination. Basically, a LiFi access point (AP) covers only a few square meters, enabling a dense deployment of LiFi APs to improve the network throughput. However, channel blockage and shadowing in conjunction with inter-cell interference compromise the connectivity and system throughput of LiFi networks. In this paper, a network structure that combines LiFi with the conventional radio frequency (RF) system is considered. Users experiencing strong blockages can be switched to the RF system to achieve a higher data rate. In this paper, blockages, random orientation of LiFi receivers, and the user data rate requirement are characterised to model a practical communication scenario. A novel load balancing (LB) scheme based on evolutionary game theory is proposed for hybrid LiFi/RF networks. The performance of the proposed scheme is comprehensively analyzed. Results show that compared to state-of-the-art LB algorithms, the proposed scheme greatly improves user satisfaction levels at reduced computational complexity. Also, an optimal orientation of LiFi receivers and blockage density in hybrid networks would maximize the users quality of service.
Inherited IL-17 RC deficiency in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Exp. Med. 2015 Vol. 212 No. 5 619–631 www.jem. org/cgi/doi/10.1084/jem.20141065 619 In humans, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is characterized by infections of the skin, nail, digestive, and genital mucosae with Candida species, mainly C. albicans, a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy individuals (Puel et al., 2012). CMC is frequent in acquired or inherited disorders involving profound T cell defects (Puel et al., 2010b; Vinh, 2011; Lionakis, 2012). Human IL-17 immunity has recently been shown to be essential for mucocutaneous protection against C. albicans (Puel et al., 2010b, 2012; Cypowyj et al., 2012; Engelhardt and Grimbacher, 2012; Huppler et al., 2012; Ling and Puel, 2014). Indeed, patients with primary immunodeficiencies and syndromic CMC have been shown to display impaired IL-17 immunity (Puel et al., 2010b). Most patients with autosomaldominant (AD) hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) and STAT3 deficiency (de Beaucoudrey et al., 2008; Ma et al., 2008; Milner et al., 2008; Renner et al., 2008; Chandesris et al., 2012) and some patients with invasive fungal infection and autosomal-recessive (AR) CARD9 deficiency CORRESPONDENCE Anne Puel: anne.puel@inserm.fr
Extranodal extension of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma: correlation with biochemical endpoints, nodal persistence, and systemic disease progression.

BACKGROUND The impact of extranodal extension (ENE) of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) on short- and long-term clinical outcomes, including biochemical testing, has not been reported. METHODS This single-institution National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center cohort study included patients with macroscopic metastases and excluded patients with gross residual disease after surgery, distant disease, or poorly differentiated papillary carcinoma. A suppressed or stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) < 1 ng/mL, without suspicious imaging or anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, after radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment was termed an excellent or "complete biochemical response" (CR). RESULTS Of 89 subjects included, 60 previously untreated patients underwent total thyroidectomy and therapeutic neck dissection; 29 additional patients underwent a neck dissection for persistence or recurrence after prior surgery and RAI administration. ENE, identified in 29 patients (33%), was associated with T4 classification (p = 0.02) and involvement of a greater number of nodes (median 11 vs. 5, p = 0.03). ENE was associated with a 20% increased risk of nodal persistence necessitating additional surgery (p = 0.02). In a multivariable analysis, ENE, T4 classification, and recurrence/persistence proved to be independent predictors of systemic disease progression (ENE: hazard ratio [HR] 4.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-15], p = 0.02; T4 classification: HR 4.2 [CI 1.3-14], p = 0.01; recurrent/persistent status: HR 3.6 [CI 1.1-12], p = 0.035). Nodal or systemic disease progression was rare after a biochemical CR; in contrast, in previously untreated patients, stimulated Tg levels (sTg) > 50 ng/mL prior to initial RAI administration, heralded the progression of nodal disease, and also predicted the eventual development of systemic disease (p = 0.0001). Of those with a sTg > 50 ng/mL, over 70% underwent surgery for nodal persistence within five years. The presence of ENE diminished the odds of a biochemical CR (odds ratio 3.5% [CI 1.3-10], p = 0.02), and increased the probability that the sTg levels after surgery will exceed 50 ng/mL (odds ratio 5 [CI 1.2-21], p = 0.03). Following surgery for tumor persistence, 25% of those with ENE were rendered biochemically free of disease. CONCLUSIONS ENE diminishes the probability of a biochemical CR after treatment for regional metastatic PTC, and increases the probability of tumor persistence after initial resection, likely from abundant metastasis. ENE and nodal persistence independently predict eventual systemic disease progression.
Datapath synthesis for overclocking: Online arithmetic for latency-accuracy trade-offs

Digital circuits are currently designed to ensure timing closure. Releasing this constraint by allowing timing violations could lead to significant performance improvements, but conventional forms of computer arithmetic do not fail gracefully when pushed beyond deterministic operation. In this paper we take a fresh look at Online Arithmetic, originally proposed for digit serial operation, and synthesize unrolled digit parallel online operators to allow for graceful degradation. We quantify the impact of timing violation on key arithmetic primitives, and show that substantial performance benefits can be obtained in comparison to binary arithmetic. Since timing errors are caused by long carry chains, these result in errors in least significant digits with online arithmetic, causing less impact than conventional implementations. Using analytical models and empirical FPGA results from an image processing application, we demonstrate an error reduction over 89% and an improvement in SNR of over 20dB for the same clock rate.
AS relationships: inference and validation

Research on performance, robustness, and evolution of the global Internet is fundamentally handicapped without accurate and thorough knowledge of the nature and structure of the contractual relationships between Autonomous Systems (ASs). In this work we introduce novel heuristics for inferring AS relationships. Our heuristics improve upon previous works in several technical aspects, which we outline in detail and demonstrate with several examples. Seeking to increase the value and reliability of our inference results, we then focus on validation of inferred AS relationships. We perform a survey with ASs' network administrators to collect information on the actual connectivity and policies of the surveyed ASs. Based on the survey results, we find that our new AS relationship inference techniques achieve high levels of accuracy: we correctly infer 96.5% customer to provider (c2p), 82.8% peer to peer (p2p), and 90.3% sibling to sibling (s2s) relationships. We then cross-compare the reported AS connectivity with the AS connectivity data contained in BGP tables. We find that BGP tables miss up to 86.2% of the true adjacencies of the surveyed ASs. The majority of the missing links are of the p2p type, which highlights the limitations of present measuring techniques to capture links of this type. Finally, to make our results easily accessible and practically useful for the community, we open an AS relationship repository where we archive, on a weekly basis, and make publicly available the complete Internet AS-level topology annotated with AS relationship information for every pair of AS neighbors.
POISSON BOUNDARIES OVER LOCALLY COMPACT QUANTUM GROUPS

We present versions of several classical results on harmonic functions and Poisson boundaries in the setting of locally compact quantum groups. In particular, the Choquet–Deny theorem holds for compact quantum groups; also, the result of Kaimanovich–Vershik and Rosenblatt, which characterizes group amenability in terms of harmonic functions, admits a noncommutative analogue in the separable case. We also explore the relation between classical and quantum Poisson boundaries by investigating the spectrum of the quantum group. We apply this machinery to find a concrete realization of the Poisson boundaries of the compact quantum group SUq(2) arising from measures on its spectrum.
Defining the molecular blueprint that drives CD8+ T cell differentiation in response to infection

A cardinal feature of adaptive, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunity is the ability of naïve CTLs to undergo a program of differentiation and proliferation upon activation resulting in the acquisition of lineage-specific T cell functions and eventual establishment of immunological memory. In this review, we examine the molecular factors that shape both the acquisition and maintenance of lineage-specific effector function in virus-specific CTL during both the effector and memory phases of immunity.
Kes 73: A Young Supernova Remnant with an X-Ray-bright, Radio-quiet Central Source

We clarify the nature of the small-diameter supernova remnant (SNR) Kes 73 and its central compact source, 1E 1841-045, using X-ray data acquired with ASCA. We introduce a spatiospectral decomposition technique necessary to disentangle the ASCA spectrum of the compact source from the barely resolved shell-type remnant. The source spectrum (1-8 keV) is characterized by an absorbed power law with a photon index α ≃ 3.4 and NH ≃ 3.0 × 1022 cm-2, possibly nonthermal in nature. This bright X-ray source is likely a slowly spinning pulsar, whose detection is reported in our companion paper. The SNR spectrum is characteristic of a thermal plasma, with kT ≃ 0.6 keV and emission lines typical of a young remnant. The element Mg and possibly O and Ne are found to be overabundant, qualitatively suggesting an origin from a massive progenitor. We find that Kes 73 is a young (≲2000 yr) Type II/Ib SNR containing a neutron star pulsar spinning anomalously slowly for its age. Kes 73 is yet another member of a growing class of SNRs containing radio-quiet compact sources with a hard spectral signature.
Mutations in promoter region of thrombomodulin and venous thromboembolic disease.

The present study was designed to analyze the thrombomodulin proximal promoter region spanning nucleotides -293 to -12 to search for polymorphisms that could modify thrombomodulin gene expression in patients with venous thromboembolic disease. The study population comprised 205 patients and 394 healthy subjects of similar age and sex distribution. No polymorphisms and only 1 point mutation (G-33A) were found. The G-33A mutation was present at the heterozygous state in 2 patients and in 1 control. Being more frequent in the patients (0.97%) than in the controls (0.25%), the G-33A mutation might be a risk factor for venous thrombosis. To investigate the effect of this mutation on the thrombomodulin promoter activity, the proximal promoter region of the gene (bearing or not bearing the G-33A mutation) was inserted into a promotorless expression vector, upstream of the firefly luciferase gene, and transiently transfected into EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Under the conditions of the assay, the G-33A mutation mildly decreased the promoter activity. This study confirms that abnormalities of the thrombomodulin proximal promoter are not frequent in patients with venous thromboembolism.
Multilocus Sequence Typing of Staphylococcus aureus with DNA Array Technology

ABSTRACT A newly developed oligonucleotide array suited for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Staphylococcus aureus strains was analyzed with two strain collections in a two-center study. MLST allele identification for the first strain collection fully agreed with conventional strain typing. Analysis of strains from the second collection revealed that chip-defined MLST was concordant with conventional MLST. Array-mediated MLST data were reproducible, exchangeable, and epidemiologically concordant.
Translational Compensation of a Frameshift Mutation Affecting Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Is Sufficient To Permit Reactivation from Latency

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase is important for reactivation of virus from its latent state and is a target for the antiviral drug acyclovir. Most acyclovir-resistant isolates have mutations in the thymidine kinase gene; however, how these mutations confer clinically relevant resistance is unclear. Reactivation from explanted mouse ganglia was previously observed with a patient-derived drug-resistant isolate carrying a single guanine insertion within a run of guanines in the thymidine kinase gene. Despite this mutation, low levels of active enzyme were synthesized following an unusual ribosomal frameshift. Here we report that a virus, generated from a pretherapy isolate from the same patient, engineered to lack thymidine kinase activity, was competent for reactivation. This suggested that the clinical isolate contains alleles of other genes that permit reactivation in the absence of thymidine kinase. Therefore, to establish whether thymidine kinase synthesized via a ribosomal frameshift was sufficient for reactivation under conditions where reactivation requires this enzyme, we introduced the mutation into the well-characterized strain KOS. This mutant virus reactivated from latency, albeit less efficiently than KOS. Plaque autoradiography revealed three phenotypes of reactivating viruses: uniformly low thymidine kinase activity, mixed high and low activity, and uniformly high activity. We generated a recombinant thymidine kinase-null virus from a reactivating virus expressing uniformly low activity. This virus did not reactivate, confirming that mutations in other genes that would influence reactivation had not arisen. Therefore, in strains that require thymidine kinase for reactivation from latency, low levels of enzyme synthesized via a ribosomal frameshift can suffice.
Using Reaction Time to Assess Patients With Unilateral Neglect and Extinction

Brain damage often results in visual defects and/or higher order visuo-spatial disorders including the syndromes of unilateral neglect and extinction. These syndromes and their associated behavioral sequelae are described along with several standard assessments and methods for behaviorally quantifying such deficits. In particular, the advantages of the reaction time measures commonly used by cognitive neuroscientists are surveyed. In order to illustrate how reaction time measures can be used to examine the subtleties of visuo-spatial deficits, several reaction time studies that have been conducted in patients with neglect and/or extinction are discussed. These studies stand as an example of how reaction time measures can contribute to both clinical and experimental neuropsychology.
Noncycloplegic Photorefractive Screening in Pre-School Children with the “PowerRefractor” in a Pediatric Practice

Purpose. To provide a framework for typical refractive development, as measured without cycloplegia with a commercial infrared photorefractor. To evaluate the usefulness of the screening for refractive errors, we retrospectively analyzed the data of a large number of unselected children of different ages in a pediatric practice in Tuebingen, Germany. Methods. During the standard regular preventive examinations that are performed in 80% to 90% of the young children in Germany by a pediatrician (the German “U1 to U9” system), 736 children were also measured with the first generation PowerRefractor (made by MCS, Reutlingen, Germany, but no longer available in this version). Of those, 172 were also measured with +3 D spectacles to find out whether this helps detect hyperopia. Children with more than +2 D of hyperopia or astigmatism, more than 1.5 D of anisometropia, or more than 1 D of myopia in the second year of life were referred to an eye care specialist. The actions taken by the eye care specialist were used to evaluate the merits of the screening. Results. The average noncycloplegic spherical refractive errors in the right eyes declined linearly from +0.93 to +0.62 D over the first 6 years (p < 0.001)—between 1.5 and 0.5 D less hyperopic than in published studies with cycloplegic retinoscopy. As expected, +3 D spectacle lenses moved the refractions into the myopic direction, but this shift was not smaller in hyperopic children. The average negative cylinder magnitudes declined from −0.89 to 0.48 D (linear regression: p < 0.001). The J0 components displayed high correlations in both eyes (p < 0.001) but the J45 components did not. The average absolute anisometropias (difference of spheres) declined from 0.37 to 0.23 (linear regression: p < 0.001). Of the 736 children, 85 (11.5%) were referred to an eye care specialist. Of these, 52 received spectacles (61.2%), 14 (16.4%) were identified as “at risk” and remained under observation, and 18 (21.2%) were considered “false-positive. ” Conclusions. Non cycloplegic photorefraction provides considerably less hyperopic readings than retinoscopy under cycloplegia. Additional refractions performed through binocular +3-D lenses did not facilitate detection of hyperopia. With the referral criteria above, 11% of the children were referred to an eye care specialist, but with a 20% false-positive rate. The screening had some power to identify children at risk but the number of false-negatives remained uncertain.
Nutrition education tools used in phenylketonuria: clinician, parent and patient perspectives from three international surveys.

BACKGROUND Three international surveys were developed aiming to identify the current nutrition educational tools used in the management of phenylketonuria (PKU) and the perceived effectiveness of these tools by clinicians, parents and patients. METHODS The first two surveys were distributed through the Metabolic Dietitians ListServe (pno-metabl@listserv.cc.emory.edu), and the third survey was distributed by international clinics and the National PKU Alliance website (www.npkua.org). A total of 888 responses (S1, n = 88; S2, n = 81; S3, n = 719) were collected from all three surveys. The surveys represent participants from 17 countries, in Europe; North America (USA and Canada); Mexico; Argentina; Turkey; Australia; and Africa (Tunisia). RESULTS A consistent decline in 'parents as role models' as an educational tool was observed starting at age 10 years. Patients responded they feel their families are the most effective form of education, whereas handouts were selected as the least effective educational tool by patients. Parents responded they feel the most effective educational tool is one-on-one counselling. Patients and parents show a desirable trend in wanting to attend group clinic, even in centres where this type of educational tool is not offered. CONCLUSIONS There was a discrepancy between clinicians and patient views regarding the perceived effectiveness of the nutrition education tools. Future research is needed surrounding the impact nutrition education may have on improved dietary compliance in patients with PKU.
Mechanics of the single left ventricle: a study in ventricular-ventricular interaction II.

BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) effects on right ventricular (RV) function are well known. Less is understood about the effect of the RV on systemic LV mechanics. To determine this interaction, we compared systemic LVs with and without an RV mechanically coupled to them. METHODS AND RESULTS MR myocardial tagging was used to examine 18 subjects with systemic LVs: 10 with functional single LVs (SLV) and 8 normal subjects (NL). Tracking the systolic motion of the intersecting stripes were used to determine regional twist and radial motion. Finite strain analysis was applied to derive principal strains at the atrioventricular valve (AVV) and apical short-axis levels and in 4 anatomic wall regions. Similar E1 (circumferential shortening) strain and heterogeneity of strain were noted between SLV and NL except in the septal wall. At the septal wall, NL displayed greater absolute strain (AVV=-0.16+/-0.02, apex=-0.17+/-0.02) and less heterogeneity of strain than SLV (AVV= -0.12+/-0.02, apex=-0.13+/-0.02). Similar E2 (wall thickening) strain and heterogeneity of strain were also noted between SLV and NL except again at the septal wall. At the septal wall, SLV displayed greater absolute E2 strain (AVV=0.17+/-0.08, apex=0.19+/-0.09) and less heterogeneity of strain than NL (AVV=0.07+/-0.07, apex=0.05+/-0.05). SLV twisted significantly less counterclockwise than NL in 6 of 8 wall regions and actually twisted clockwise at the AVV lateral wall. Although there was no significant difference between groups in radial wall motion, the septal and inferior walls of SLV demonstrated significantly less radial motion compared with other SLV walls. CONCLUSIONS A major influence of the RV on systemic LV strain and radial motion occurs in the septal wall, whereas absence of the RV causes marked differences in LV twist. These findings may yield clues to the long-term functioning of the SLV and be useful in determining strategies for RV augmentation of LV function.