Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Features, places, and things: Reflections on Austen Clark's theory of sentience

The central thesis of Austen Clark’s (2000: all Clark page references are to this work unless otherwise noted) deep and highly original treatment of “sentience” is that sensory appearance breaks down into two components, qualitative and spatial. Thus, when one is subject to a sense impression, one has an “appearance of quality Q at region R”. He holds, moreover, that in this appearance, the quality Q is predicated of region R, not merely conjoined to it. Clark’s conception of the form of a sensory state thus contradicts that of the dominant empiricist tradition in twentieth century philosophy. This tradition had no use for the notion that there is anything like predicative structure in sensory states, or even compositionality. Gareth Evans (1982, pp. 101–105), for instance, denies that sensory states have distinct components, and is presumably thus sceptical of the idea that they contain elements that can be reinstantiated in other sensory states, and used in this way to explain the characteristics of these other states. Other empiricists, e.g., Rudolf Carnap (1928), have denied that the totality of sense-experience at a moment can be broken up into distinct states—separable impressions of colours, shapes, sounds, etc. By contrast with these thinkers, Clark thinks that Q in one sentient state can be reinstantiated as a component another, and also that the Q and R must be instantiated in separate sensory states, even if they appear at the same place at the same time. Thus, he posits quality atoms and predicative structure. Clark’s discussion revolves around three themes:
Contributions of upper gut hormones and motility to the energy intake‐suppressant effects of intraduodenal nutrients in healthy, lean men – a pooled‐data analysis

We have previously identified pyloric pressures and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations as independent determinants of energy intake following administration of intraduodenal lipid and intravenous CCK. We evaluated in healthy men whether these parameters also determine energy intake in response to intraduodenal protein, and whether, across the nutrients, any predominant gastrointestinal (GI) factors exist, or many factors make small contributions. Data from nine published studies, in which antropyloroduodenal pressures, GI hormones, and GI /appetite perceptions were measured during intraduodenal lipid or protein infusions, were pooled. In all studies energy intake was quantified immediately after the infusions. Specific variables for inclusion in a mixed‐effects multivariable model for determination of independent predictors of energy intake were chosen following assessment for collinearity, and within‐subject correlations between energy intake and these variables were determined using bivariate analyses adjusted for repeated measures. In models based on all studies, or lipid studies, there were significant effects for amplitude of antral pressure waves, premeal glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and time‐to‐peak GLP‐1 concentrations, GLP‐1 AUC and bloating scores (P < 0.05), and trends for basal pyloric pressure (BPP), amplitude of duodenal pressure waves, peak CCK concentrations, and hunger and nausea scores (0.05 < P ≤ 0.094), to be independent determinants of subsequent energy intake. In the model including the protein studies, only BPP was identified as an independent determinant of energy intake (P < 0.05). No single parameter was identified across all models, and effects of the variables identified were relatively small. Taken together, while GI mechanisms contribute to the regulation of acute energy intake by lipid and protein, their contribution to the latter is much less. Moreover, the effects are likely to reflect small, cumulative contributions from a range of interrelated factors.
Treatment of Necrotic Teeth Using Two Engine-Driven Systems and Patient’s Postoperative Pain: A Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Introduction: One of the most important reasons for postoperative pain is the extrusion of debris from the apical foramen during preparation and shaping of root canals. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the severity of postoperative pain with the use of two different engine-driven NiTi systems. Methods and Materials: Ninety mandibular molars were randomly divided into two groups (n=45), and root canal cleaning and shaping was done using either RaCe or Reciproc instruments. The severity of postoperative pain was determined with visual analogue scale (VAS) at 4-, 12-, 24-, 48- and 72 h and 1-week intervals and postoperative pain was compared between the two groups. The chi-squared test and repeated-measures analysis were used to compare the data between the two groups. Results: Based on the results of the statistical analyses, the two groups were matched regarding the age and gender, with no significant differences. In addition, except for 4- and 24-h and 1-week intervals, postoperative pain was significantly less in the RaCe group compared to the Reciproc group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, use of RaCe files for cleaning and shaping of root canals in necrotic mandibular molars resulted in less severe postoperative pain compared to Reciproc files.
Electoral Incentives and Public Education Spending: Evidence from Brazil

This paper provides evidence against the argument that the rich prevent the poor from obtaining public education in unequal developing democracies. In Brazilian municipalities with low median incomes, voters are significantly less likely to reelect incumbent candidates from parties that increased the number of local public primary schools during their terms. This is not true for municipalities with high median incomes. A new survey asking subjects directly whether improving public education or increasing cash transfers is more important for the government to achieve shows that the poor prefer cash transfers significantly more than do higher-income individuals. We introduce randomized information shocks in the same survey to respondents on how their local government allocated resources in previous years. One of the information shocks reports increases in public education spending accompanied by decreases in public expenditures associated with cash transfers. That shock significantly worsens the assessment of the current government for respondents with low incomes, while it significantly improves it for those with high incomes. These findings suggest that many democratic developing countries with high levels of income inequality might have low levels of public education spending because the poor prefer the government to spend resources elsewhere.
Evidence for enhanced telomerase activity in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND Dysplasia and adenocarcinoma developing in Barrett's esophagus (BE) are not always endoscopically identifiable. Molecular markers are needed for early recognition of these focal lesions and to identify patients at increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma. The aim of the current study was to correlate increased telomerase activity (TA) with dysplasia and adenocarcinoma occurring in the setting of BE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Esophageal mucosal biopsies were obtained from patients (N=62) who had pathologically verified BE at esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Mucosal biopsies were also obtained from the gastric fundus as controls. Based on histopathology, patients were divided into three groups: 1) BE without dysplasia (n=24); 2) BE with dysplasia (both high grade and low grade, n=13); and 3) BE with adenocarcinoma (n=25). TA was measured by a PCR-based assay (TRAPeze® ELISA Telomerase Detection Kit). Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni testing. RESULTS TA was significantly higher in biopsies of BE with dyplasia and BE with adenocarcinoma than in BE without dysplasia. Subgroup analyses did not reveal any significant correlations between TA and patient age, length of BE, or presence of gastritis. CONCLUSIONS Telomerase activity in esophageal mucosal biopsies of BE may constitute a useful biomarker for the early detection of esophageal dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.
Biochemical and immunobiological properties of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bacteroides gingivalis and comparison with LPS from Escherichia coli

Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were isolated from Bacteroides gingivalis and Escherichia coli by the phenol-water and butanol-water procedures. The phenol-water-extracted LPS from B. gingivalis 381 was composed of 46% carbohydrate, 23% hexosamine, 18% fatty acid, and 5% protein. The major component sugars of this preparation were glucose, glucosamine, rhamnose, galactose, galactosamine, and mannose, and their molecular ratio was 1:0.9:0.7:0.6:0.6:0.4, respectively. Neither heptose nor 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate was detected. The butanol-water-extracted LPS from this strain was composed of 76% glucose, 7% fatty acid, and 13% protein, and it was associated with a number of polypeptides (13 to 56 kilodaltons). The main fatty acid of both LPS preparations was palmitic acid. It was found that biological activities of LPS from B. gingivalis were comparable to those of LPS from E. coli in terms of activation of the clotting enzyme of Limulus amebocyte lysate, mitogenicity, polyclonal B cell activation, and stimulation of interleukin 1 production in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, LPS-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ spleen cells were found to yield good mitogenic responses to both phenol-water-extracted LPS and butanol-water-extracted LPS from B. gingivalis or butanol-water-extracted LPS from E. coli. On the other hand, spleen cells from LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice responded well to all these LPS preparations.
Do They Feel the Same Way About Math?

This article summarizes the key finding of a study that (a) tests the measurement invariance (MI) of the popular Students’ Approaches to Learning instrument (Programme for International Student Assessment [PISA]) across ethnic/cultural groups within a country and (b) discusses implications for research focusing on the role of affective measures in immigrant and minority education. The Students’ Approaches to Learning instrument captures some of the most prominent constructs in educational psychology. Results indicate significant variation in MI across various affective scales and across cultural groups. This study demonstrates that even if MI for specific scales is established across countries, it is still necessary to test MI across cultural groups within a country. We then discuss implications of MI across immigrant groups and highlight the relevance of MI testing for all research studying the affective conditions of educational achievement among immigrant students or the educational motivation of minority students.
Enacting critical care and transformative leadership in schools highly impacted by poverty: an African-American principal’s counter narrative

Critical notions of care and transformative educational leadership are much aligned, yet they are rarely simultaneously addressed in research. This article highlights the benefits of transformative educational leadership that enacts critical care. Critical care involves embracing and exhibiting values, dispositions and behaviours related to empathy, compassion, advocacy, systemic critique, perseverance and calculated risk-taking for the sake of justly servfing students and improving schools. Data discussed stem from the in-depth interviews of an African-American principal who implemented such practices and consequently helped boost the academic performance of a school highly impacted by poverty. The principal’s accounts of her practice comprise a counter narrative reflective of critical race methodology. Findings from the study speak to the importance of educators better understanding the reality of poverty given racialized conditions and other oppressive contexts so they can better prepare marginalized youth to achieve and succeed.
Time delay in valence-shell photoionization of noble-gas atoms

We use the nonrelativistic random-phase approximation with exchange to perform calculations of valence-shell photoionization of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe from their respective thresholds to photon energy of 200 eV. The energy derivative of the complex phase of the photoionization matrix elements is converted to the photoelectron group delay that can be measured in attosecond streaking or two-photon sideband interference experiments. Comparison with reported time-delay measurements in Ne and Ar at a few selected photon energies is made. Systematic mapping of time delay across a wide range of photon energies in several atomic targets allows to highlight important aspects of fundamental atomic physics that can be probed by attosecond-time-delay measurements.
Parent Psychopathology and Neurocognitive Functioning in Children With ADHD

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between parent mental health (ADHD and depression) and offspring performance on neurocognitive tasks in children with ADHD. Method: The clinical sample consisted of 570 children (85% males, mean age: 10.77 years) with ADHD who completed neurocognitive tasks measuring working memory, attention set-shifting, and motivational deficits. Questionnaire measures were used to assess ADHD and depression symptom presence in parents. Results: Controlling for ADHD severity, children of parents with ADHD had poorer working memory (B = −0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.45, −0.07], p = .01) and increased errors on the extra dimensional shift stage of the set-shifting task (B = 0.26 95% CI [0.02, 0.50], p = .04). Parent depression was not associated with offspring performance on any of the assessed neurocognitive tasks. Conclusion: Children with ADHD who have a parent with ADHD symptom presence are a subgroup of children who may have additional neurocognitive impairments that have potential implications when implementing interventions that target cognition and learning.
Is offender profiling possible? Testing the predicted homology of crime scene actions and background characteristics in a sample of rapists

Purpose. Conventional approaches to offender profiling assume a homology of the characteristics of offenders with their crime scene actions: the more similar two offenders are with respect to background characteristics, the higher the resemblance in their crime scene behaviour. This implicit working hypothesis is tested empirically. Methods. The study is based on a sample of 100 British male stranger rapists. These individuals were indexed with respect to the similarity in their crime scene actions as derived from witness statements. They were then compared with respect to their socio-demographic features and criminal histories as derived from police records. In a correlational analysis, we tested whether increased similarity in one domain (offence behaviour) coincided with higher resemblance in the other domains (socio-demographic features and previous convictions). Results. There is no positive linear relationship for any of the comparisons, i.e. rapists who offend in a similar fashion are not more similar with respect to age, socio-demographic features (such as employment situation and ethnicity) or their criminal records. Conclusions. These findings indicate no evidence for the assumption of a homology between crime scene actions and background characteristics for the rapists in the sample. We argue that this result suggests that the homology assumption is too simplistic to provide a basis for offender profiling. Implications for future research include the search for a suitable framework for offender profiling that is grounded in personality psychology. Further, methodological considerations are discussed, such as the potential application of probabilistic scales.
Measurement and nonmeasurement processes with negative affectivity and employee attitudes

The partial-correlation approach to investigating negative affectivity (NA) is discussed, and 2 alternative latent-variable techniques are presented. The results of these 3 analytic techniques were compared using a data set consisting of NA, job satisfaction, affective commitment, role stressors, leader-member exchange, and job complexity. The findings using the partial-correlation technique supported a biasing effect of NA on relationships between the substantive variables. Alternatively, although 2 latent-variable approaches provided evidence consistent with the measurement contamination and substantive influences of NA, relationships between the predictors and outcomes were not biased by NA. Both the measurement and substantive relationships effects of NA found in this study and implications for future research on self-reports are discussed.
Exploring the competencies of information professionals for knowledge management in the information institutions of Bangladesh

The aim of the study is to explore the views of information professionals for knowledge management (KM) in the libraries/information institutions of Bangladesh. This paper seeks to address the following research questions: How the information professionals of Bangladesh perceive the views of KM? What are likely to be the skills required by the information professionals of Bangladesh for KM in the libraries of Bangladesh? and what are likely to be the critical success factors for encouraging KM in the information institutions of Bangladesh? The methodology includes a quantitative approach. The study has been conducted through a survey using a pre-structured questionnaire. A short and structured questionnaire was sent to 50 information professionals who had been working in different libraries in Bangladesh through email and/or by postal mail. The respondents were selected from six divisions of Bangladesh (25 respondents from Dhaka division, 5 each in Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barishal and Sylhet divisions). Out of the 50 individuals sent the survey we received 30 responses, for a response rate 60%. The results of the study show that that 93.24% of the respondents first read about KM in the literature, but none had taken any courses on KM. Only 6.76% of the respondents had attended a workshop on KM. Findings also yield most professionals believed that several competencies including those in: communication, facilitation, coaching, mentoring, networking, negotiating, consensus building, and team working were essential for KM in the libraries of Bangladesh. This paper also suggests some critical success factors for encouraging the information professionals to KM in the libraries of Bangladesh. It investigates the original views of the library and information professionals of Bangladesh regarding the skills and competences of information professionals for KM in the libraries of Bangladesh. The department of Information Science and Library Management of Dhaka University and Rajshahi University should introduce KM course(s) either in the graduate level or in the post-graduate level.
Influence of different recombinant systems on the cooperativity exhibited by cytochrome P4503A4

1. The in vitro cooperativity exhibited by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is influenced by the nature of the recombinant system in which the phenomenon is studied. Diclofenac, piroxicam and R-warfarin were used as model substrates, and quinidine was the effector. 2. The 5-, 5′- and 10-hydroxylation of diclofenac, piroxicam and R-warfarin, respectively, were enhanced five- to sevenfold by quinidine in human liver microsomal incubations. Whereas these cooperative drug interactions were apparent in incubations with CYP3A4 expressed in human lymphoblast cells, similar phenomena were not observed with the enzyme expressed in insect cells. 3. Insect cell microsomes were treated with a detergent and CYP3A4 was solubilized into a buffer medium. In incubations with CYP3A4 ‘freed’ from its host membrane, the 5-hydroxylation of diclofenac increased with increasing quinidine concentrations, reaching a maximal eightfold elevation relative to controls. The metabolism of piroxicam and warfarin was similarly enhanced by quinidine. 4. Kinetically, enhancement by quinidine of the 5-hydroxylation of diclofenac in incubations with solubilized CYP3A4 was characterized by increases in the rate of metabolism with little change in the substrate-binding affinity. Conversely, the 3-hydroxylation of quinidine was not affected by diclofenac. 5. The data suggest that certain properties of CYP3A4 are masked by expression of the protein in insect cells and reinforce the concept that the enzyme possesses multiple binding domains. The absence of cooperative drug interactions with quinidine when CYP3A4 was expressed in insect cells might be due to an absence of enzyme conformation changes on quinidine binding, or the inability of quinidine to gain access to a putative effector-binding domain. 6. Caution should be exercised when comparing models for CYP3A4 cooperativity derived from different recombinant preparations of the enzyme.
Islanding detection of distributed generation in presence of fault events

The investiture in Distributed Generations (DGs) technologies have begun to monopolies transmission system's architecture instantaneously after announcing its liberation and deregulation of the energy market to the public. Such movement has propelled vicious competitions among power generation companies to initiate superior innovations in meeting consumers' needs, administering high power quality yet economical. With the integration of DG technologies, power grid operations have dynamically benefited from such commendable services which apprehend power failures from transpiring; securing power quality, accommodating capricious demand curve, fault compensatory applications and other auxiliary services. Subsequently, the presence of DGs have revolutionised power grid management to conceive off-grid and self-sustaining criterion where microgrid/islanding topology adaptations are commonly affiliated. However, employing islanding-mode proposition, potential exposure to unplanned islanded paradox due to ineffectual detection control scheme is tenable. Prolonged accidental islanding-mode operation can afflict undesirable annihilation of utility's resources and deemed economically unprofitable which results in compromising safety and serviceability. Thus, this paper demonstrates contrasting dynamics in adopting either passive or active islanding detection approaches based on selected algorithms; Over/Under Voltage and Frequency detection (Passive) or Active Frequency Drift and Sandia Frequency Shift detection (Active). Comparisons of the proposed methodologies are presented using MATLAB/Simulink to view superiority and applicability in determining the status of the grid's operating mode.