Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Specialization Effect and Its Influence on Memory and Problem Solving in Expert Chess Players

Expert chess players, specialized in different openings, recalled positions and solved problems within and outside their area of specialization. While their general expertise was at a similar level, players performed better with stimuli from their area of specialization. The effect of specialization on both recall and problem solving was strong enough to override general expertise-players remembering positions and solving problems from their area of specialization performed at around the level of players 1 standard deviation (SD) above them in general skill. Their problem-solving strategy also changed depending on whether the problem was within their area of specialization. When it was, they searched more in depth and less in breadth; with problems outside their area of specialization, the reverse. The knowledge that comes from familiarity with a problem area is more important than general purpose strategies in determining how an expert will tackle it. These results demonstrate the link in experts between problem solving and memory of specific experiences and indicate that the search for context-independent general purpose problem-solving strategies to teach to future experts is unlikely to be successful.
Inducing Sadness and Anxiousness through Visual Media: Measurement Techniques and Persistence

The persistence of negative moods (sadness and anxiousness) induced by three visual Mood Induction Procedures (MIP) was investigated. The evolution of the mood after the MIP was monitored for a period of 8 min with the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM; every 2 min) and with recordings of skin conductance level (SCL) and electrocardiography (ECG). The SAM pleasure ratings showed that short and longer film fragments were effective in inducing a longer lasting negative mood, whereas the negative mood induced by the IAPS slideshow was short lived. The induced arousal during the anxious MIPs diminished quickly after the mood induction; nevertheless, the SCL data suggest longer lasting arousal effects for both movies. The decay of the induced mood follows a logarithmic function; diminishing quickly in the first minutes, thereafter returning slowly back to baseline. These results reveal that caution is needed when investigating the effects of the induced mood on a task or the effect of interventions on induced moods, because the induced mood diminishes quickly after the mood induction.
Spatial Microsimulation Modelling: a Review of Applications and Methodological Choices

Spatial microsimulation modelling has developed for over a half century and is now a mainstream analytical tool within the microsimulation community accounting for a very significant proportion of papers at conferences and within the journal. There have been a number of recent surveys of Â“mainstreamÂ” spatial microsimulation models and associated methodologies. The contribution of this paper relates mainly in extending these surveys by considering other micro based simulation models that incorporate a spatial or geographic dimension. We feel this is important as in many areas of microsimulation modelling, there are parallel literatures that have developed that apply simulation techniques to micro units that are not labelled microsimulation or in the case of the papers reviewed in this paper not labelled spatial microsimulation. The paper reviews a number of different application areas of spatially focused microsimulation models, including demography, welfare, health, regional development, transport planning, agri-environmental analysis, crisis planning, land use and planning. We also review a number of the methodological choices made by modellers including scope, and spatial disaggregation, data sources, data creation methodology, validation and calibration and simulating change
Benchmarking and Incentive Regulation of Quality of Service : an Application to the UK Electricity Distribution Utilities

Quality of service has emerged as an important issue in post-re f rm regulation of electricity distribution networks. Regulators have empl oyed partial incentive schemes to promote cost saving, investment effi ciency, and service quality. This paper presents a quality-incorporated benchma rking study of the electricity distribution utilities in the UK betwe en 1991/92 and 1998/99. We calculate technical efficiency of the utilities using Data Envelopment Analysis technique and productivity change over time using quality-incorporated Malmquist indices. We find that cost efficient firms do not necessarily exhibit high service quality and that efficiency s ores of cost-only models do not show high correlation with those of quality-base d models. The results also show that improvements in service quality ha ve made a significant contribution to the sector’s total productivity cha nge. In addition, we show that integrating quality of service in regulatory benchmarking is preferable to cost-only approaches.
Initial Testing Of The Continuous Employee Development Model: Outcome Expectations And Work-related Implicit Theory

Understanding and promoting lifelong learning in employees is important for employees’ future marketability (Robinson & Rousseau, 1994) and for creating learning organizations (Senge, 1990). To further this understanding, components of a model of the motivation to engage in continuous employee development (Garofano & Salas, 2005) were tested. New scales were created for work-related implicit theory and outcome expectations and the validity of these scales and these variables in the model were investigated. Alternate models were also contrasted with the Garofano and Salas model (2005). The study used self-report surveys administered to staff and faculty recruited from training classes in higher learning institutions in a three month longitudinal investigation. The results suggest that work-related implicit theory is a valid contributor in this model but that modifications to the model may be beneficial, including a more complex central motivational component. Implications of these results for organizational practice are discussed along with study limitations and future research implications
Polyhedral Voronoi Diagrams of Polyhedra in Three Dimensions

Abstract We show that the complexity of the Voronoi diagram of a collection of disjoint polyhedra in general position in 3-space that have n vertices overall, under a convex distance function induced by a polyhedron with O(1) facets, is O(n2+ε), for any ε > 0. We also show that when the sites are n segments in 3-space, this complexity is O(n2 α(n) log n). This generalizes previous results by Chew et al. and by Aronov and Sharir, and solves an open problem put forward by Agarwal and Sharir. Specific distance functions for which our results hold are the L1 and L\infty metrics. These results imply that we can preprocess a collection of polyhedra as above into a near-quadratic data structure that can answer δ-approximate Euclidean nearest-neighbor queries amidst the polyhedra in time O(log (n/δ) ), for an arbitrarily small δ > 0.
Unrestricted Coreference: Identifying Entities and Events in OntoNotes

Most research in the field of anaphora or coreference detection has been limited to noun phrase coreference, usually on a restricted set of entities, such as ACE entities. In part, this has been due to the lack of corpus resources tagged with general anaphoric coreference. The OntoNotes project is creating a large-scale, accurate corpus for general anaphoric coreference that covers entities and events not limited to noun phrases or a limited set of entity types. The coreference layer in OntoNotes constitutes one part of a multi-layer, integrated annotation of shallow semantic structure in text. This paper presents an initial model for unrestricted coreference based on this data that uses a machine learning architecture with state-of-the-art features. Significant improvements can be expected from using such cross-layer information for training predictive models. This paper describes the coreference annotation in OntoNotes, presents the baseline model, and provides an analysis of the contribution of this new resource in the context of recent MUC and ACE results.
Imprints of Environment on Cluster and Field Late-Type Galaxies at z ∼ 1

We present a comparison of late-type galaxies (Sa and later) in intermediate-redshift clusters and in the field using images from the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. Cluster and field galaxies are selected by matching photometric and spectroscopic catalogs of four cluster fields: Cl 0152-1357, Cl 1056-0337 (MS 1054), Cl 1604+4304, and Cl 1604+4321. Concentration, asymmetry, and clumpiness parameters are calculated for each galaxy in blue (F606W or F625W) and red (F775W or F814W) filters. Galaxy half-light radii, disk scale lengths, color gradients, and overall color are compared. We find marginally significant differences in the asymmetry distributions of spiral and irregular galaxies in the X-ray-luminous and X-ray-faint clusters. The massive clusters contain fewer galaxies with large asymmetries. The physical sizes of the cluster and field populations are similar; no significant differences are found in half-light radii or disk scale lengths. The most significant difference is in rest-frame U - B color. Late-type cluster galaxies are significantly redder, ∼0.3 mag at rest-frame U - B, than their field counterparts. Moreover, the intermediate-redshift cluster galaxies tend to have blue inward color gradients, in contrast to the field galaxies but similar to late-type galaxies in low-redshift clusters. These blue inward color gradients are likely to be the result of enhanced nuclear star formation rates relative to the outer disk. Based on the significant rest-frame color difference, we conclude that late-type cluster members at z ∼ 0.9 are not a pristine infalling field population; some difference in past and/or current star formation history is already present. This points to high-redshift "groups," or filaments with densities similar to present-day groups, as the sites where the first major effects of environment are imprinted.
The Role of Normative Beliefs About Aggression in the Relationship Between Empathy and Cyberbullying

The present study examined the relationship between empathy (affective and cognitive) and cyberbullying in a sample of 396 (male = 173, female = 219, and four did not report information on gender) school-going adolescents from Singapore (age ranging from 12 to 18 years). Both types of empathy were negatively associated with cyberbullying as expected, with affective empathy having a stronger association with cyberbullying. We also investigated the mediating and moderating role of normative beliefs about aggression in two pathways—the relationship between affective empathy and cyberbullying and the relationship between cognitive empathy and cyberbullying. Findings suggested that normative beliefs about aggression was a partial mediator and moderator in the affective empathy-beliefs-cyberbullying pathway but normative beliefs about aggression was neither a mediator nor moderator in the cognitive empathy-beliefs-cyberbullying pathway. Normative beliefs about aggression served as the mechanism partially accounting for the relationship between affective empathy and cyberbullying. Furthermore, the relation between affective empathy and cyberbullying was found to be stronger for those with higher levels of normative beliefs of aggression. Collectively, together with other studies, this research contributes to an increasing number of studies demonstrating a stronger association between low empathy (in particular, low affective empathy) and bullying, whether traditional bullying or cyberbullying in adolescents.
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY, STABLE ISOTOPES, AND HUMAN EVOLUTION: A MODEL OF CONSILIENCE

Foraging is constrained by the energy within resources and the mechanics of acquisition and assimilation. Thick molar enamel, a character trait differentiating hominins from African apes, is predicted to mitigate the mechanical costs of chewing obdurate foods. The classic expression of hyperthick enamel together with relatively massive molars, termed megadontia, is most evident in Paranthropus, a lineage of hominins that lived about 2.7–1.2 million years ago. Among contemporary primates, thicker molar enamel corresponds with the consumption of stiffer, deformation‐resistant foods, possibly because thicker enamel can better resist cracking under high compressive loads. Accordingly, plant underground storage organs (USOs) are thought to be a central food resource for hominins such as Paranthropus due to their abundance, isotopic composition, and mechanical properties. Here, we present a process‐based model to investigate foraging constraints as a function of energetic demands and enamel wear among human ancestors. Our framework allows us to determine the fitness benefits of megadontia, and to explore under what conditions stiff foods such as USOs are predicted to be chosen as fallback, rather than preferred, resources. Our model predictions bring consilience to the noted disparity between functional interpretations of megadontia and microwear evidence, particularly with respect to Paranthropus boisei.
Corporate Governance and the Value of Cash Holdings

In this paper, we investigate how corporate governance impacts firm value by examining both the value and the use of cash holdings in poorly and well governed firms. Cash represents a large and growing fraction of corporate assets and generally is at the discretion of management. We use several measures of corporate governance and show that governance has a substantial impact on firm value through its impact on cash: $1.00 of cash in a poorly governed firm is valued by the market at only $0.42 to $0.88, depending on the measure of governance. Good governance approximately doubles this value of cash. Furthermore, governance has a significant impact on how firms use cash. We show that firms with poor corporate governance dissipate cash quickly and in ways that significantly reduce operating performance. This negative impact of large cash holdings on future operating performance is cancelled out if the firm is well governed. All of our results hold after controlling for the level of acquisitions undertaken by cash rich firms, indicating that acquisitions are not solely responsible for the value destruction in poorly governed, cash rich firms. The findings presented in this paper provide direct evidence of how governance can improve or destroy firm value and insight into the importance of governance in determining corporate cash policy.
Messages from the Brain Connectivity Regarding Neural Correlates of Consciousness

Consciousness has become a legitimate theme of neuroscientific discourse over the last two decades. Neuroscientific investigation seeking neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) has ranged from the neuronal level to the system level. Regarding system level studies, there is a large body of evidence supporting the idea that functional connectivity studies can help in examining NCC. Functional connectivity studies have suggested the involvement of the thalamo-cortical, frontoparietal, and other cortico-cortical connectivity under anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and in disorders of consciousness. Likewise, effective connectivity has been used to investigate the causal interactions among elements of functional connectivity in various consciousness states, and provided a deeper understanding of NCC. Moreover, as an extended version of connectivity studies, complex network methods have also been used for studies on NCC. In this review, we focused on the aspect of the brain system level of NCC including functional and effective connectivity networks from methodological perspectives. In addition, as for states of consciousness, anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and disorders of consciousness are the main subjects. This review discusses what we have learned from recent studies about the exploration of human brain connectivity on consciousness and its neural correlates.
Language practices and attitudes of Australian children of Indian descent in a primary education setting

ABSTRACT This paper investigated linguistic practices and choices of Australian children of Indian descent, an under-researched group, who are studying Hindi in primary education. Data was collected using a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with sixty participants across 3 primary schools in the Sydney area. The findings revealed, as expected, that being born in Australia was associated with greater use of English, and that it was the India-born students who saw a purpose in speaking their ‘mother tongue’. Of those children born in Australia, who had maintained their heritage language in the home, certain cultural groups-Nepalese and Punjabi- had stronger religious loyalties and favourable attitudes towards these languages. Furthermore, it was the grand-parents and non-working mothers who were driving the language maintenance process in the home environment. The conclusion highlights education as a driver for social mobility and raises questions about language and cultural shift as children from Indian backgrounds grow up and are educated in an Australian context.
Mind Wandering Differences Between Younger and Older Adults: A New Neurocognitive Framework

Despite age-related executive functioning declines, older adults report mind wandering less than younger adults. This thesis behaviourally tested a new neurocognitive framework for the mechanisms behind this discrepancy. The framework focuses on age-related changes in the dorsal attention network, default mode network, and fronto-parietal control network. Younger and older adults performed the sustained attention to response task in an MRI scanner. Mind wandering was inferred from commission errors and response time (RT) patterns. RT patterns were analyzed with an ex-Gaussian model, producing three ex-Gaussian parameters (mu, sigma, tau), and by examining pre-error speeding and post-error slowing. Younger adults demonstrated greater tau values and pre-error speeding than older adults, suggesting more frequent mind wandering. Only younger adults demonstrated a positive relationship between tau and commission errors, suggesting that mind wandering drove more commission errors in younger adults. Similarly, a positive correlation between mu and sigma was only found in younger adults.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa selective adherence to and entry into human endothelial cells

The pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa disseminated infections depends on bacterial interaction with blood vessels. We have hypothesized that in order to traverse the endothelial barrier, bacteria would have to adhere to and damage endothelial cells. To test this hypothesis, we studied the adherence to human endothelial cells in primary culture of the piliated P. aeruginosa strain PAK and of two isogenic nonpiliated strains: PAK/p-, which carries a mutation in the pilin structural gene, and PAK-N1, a mutant defective in the regulatory rpoN gene. PAK adhered significantly more than did the pilus-lacking strains. P. aeruginosa was also taken up by endothelial cells, as determined by quantitative bacteriologic assays and by transmission electron microscopy. This internalization of P. aeruginosa seems to be a selective process, since the piliated strain was taken up significantly more than the nonpiliated bacteria and the avirulent Escherichia coli DH5 alpha, even following bacterial centrifugation onto the cell monolayers. A significant fraction of the internalized P. aeruginosa PAK was recovered in a viable form after 6 h of residence within endothelial cells. Progressive endothelial cell damage resulted from PAK intracellular harboring, as indicated by the release of lactate dehydrogenase. An increasing concentration of PAK cells was recovered from the extracellular medium with time, suggesting that ingested bacteria were released from endothelial cells and multiplied freely. We speculate that in vivo the ability of some P. aeruginosa strains to resist intracellular residence would afford protection from host defenses and antibiotics and that the release of viable bacteria into bloodstream may represent a central feature of the pathogenesis of bacteremia in compromised patients.
CREB in the Mouse SCN: A Molecular Interface Coding the Phase-Adjusting Stimuli Light, Glutamate, PACAP, and Melatonin for Clockwork Access

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a central pacemaker in mammals, driving many endogenous circadian rhythms. An important pacemaker target is the regulation of a hormonal message for darkness, the circadian rhythm in melatonin synthesis. The endogenous clock within the SCN is synchronized to environmental light/dark cycles by photic information conveyed via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and by the nocturnal melatonin signal that acts within a feedback loop. We investigated how melatonin intersects with the temporally gated resetting actions of two RHT transmitters, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and glutamate. We analyzed immunocytochemically the inducible phosphorylation of the transcription factor Ca2+/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the SCN of a melatonin-proficient (C3H) and a melatonin-deficient (C57BL) mouse strain. In vivo, light-induced phase shifts in locomotor activity were consistently accompanied by CREB phosphorylation in the SCN of both strains. However, in the middle of subjective nighttime, light induced larger phase delays in C57BL than in C3H mice. In vitro, PACAP and glutamate induced CREB phosphorylation in the SCN of both mouse strains, with PACAP being more effective during late subjective daytime and glutamate being more effective during subjective nighttime. Melatonin suppressed PACAP- but not glutamate-induced phosphorylation of CREB. The distinct temporal domains during which glutamate and PACAP induce CREB phosphorylation imply that during the light/dark transition the SCN switches sensitivity between these two RHT transmitters. Because these temporal domains are not different between C3H and C57BL mice, the sensitivity windows are set independently of the rhythmic melatonin signal.
Common cues to emotion in the dynamic facial expressions of speech and song

Speech and song are universal forms of vocalization that may share aspects of emotional expression. Research has focused on parallels in acoustic features, overlooking facial cues to emotion. In three experiments, we compared moving facial expressions in speech and song. In Experiment 1, vocalists spoke and sang statements each with five emotions. Vocalists exhibited emotion-dependent movements of the eyebrows and lip corners that transcended speech–song differences. Vocalists’ jaw movements were coupled to their acoustic intensity, exhibiting differences across emotion and speech–song. Vocalists’ emotional movements extended beyond vocal sound to include large sustained expressions, suggesting a communicative function. In Experiment 2, viewers judged silent videos of vocalists’ facial expressions prior to, during, and following vocalization. Emotional intentions were identified accurately for movements during and after vocalization, suggesting that these movements support the acoustic message. Experiment 3 compared emotional identification in voice-only, face-only, and face-and-voice recordings. Emotion judgements for voice-only singing were poorly identified, yet were accurate for all other conditions, confirming that facial expressions conveyed emotion more accurately than the voice in song, yet were equivalent in speech. Collectively, these findings highlight broad commonalities in the facial cues to emotion in speech and song, yet highlight differences in perception and acoustic-motor production.