Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Helicoverpa zea and Bt cotton in the United States.

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), the bollworm or corn earworm, is the most important lepidopteran pest of Bt cotton in the United States. Corn is the preferred host, but the insect feeds on most flowering crops and wild host plants. As a cotton pest, bollworm has been closely linked to the insecticide-resistance prone Heliothis virescens (F.), tobacco budworm. Immature stages of the two species are difficult to separate in field environments. Tobacco budworm is very susceptible to most Bt toxins, and Bt cotton is considered to be "high dose. " Bollworm is less susceptible to Bt toxins, and Bt cotton is not "high dose" for this pest. Bt cotton is routinely sprayed with traditional insecticides for bollworm control. Assays of bollworm field populations for susceptibility to Bt toxins expressed in Bt cotton have produced variable results since pre-deployment of Bt cottons in 1988 and 1992. Analyses of assay response trends have been used by others to suggest that field resistance has evolved to Bt toxins in bollworm, but disagreement exists on definitions of field resistance and confidence of variable assay results to project changes in susceptibility of field populations. Given historical variability in bollworm response to Bt toxins, erratic field control requiring supplemental insecticides since early field testing of Bt cottons, and dramatic increases in corn acreage in cotton growing areas of the Southern US, continued vigilance and concern for resistance evolution are warranted.
Evaluation of toxicological implications of inhalation exposure to kerosene fumes and petrol fumes in rats

Toxicological implications of exposure to ungraded concentrations of kerosene and petrol fumes in albino Wistar rats were investigated after two weeks of 4 hours daily inhalation. Serum aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total choles- terol (Chol), triglyceride (TG) levels and histological analysis of the liver tissues were used as diagnostic markers to assess liver dysfunction. The mean levels of these markers determined for the group of rats exposed to kerosene and petrol fumes (test groups), as compared with the levels for the control group were significantly (p < 0.05) higher. ALT, AST and ALP levels of the kerosene exposed group were raised by 191%, 161% and 204% while serum total cholesterol and TG levels increased by 129% and 118%, respectively. The increases in the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, Chol, TG in the petrol exposed group were 177%, 140%, 191%, 100% and 97%, respectively, when compared with the controls. Histological analysis of the liver tissues of the experimental test groups indicated degenerative changes in the ultrastructural integrity of the hepatic cells. These results showed that frequent exposure to kerosene and petrol fumes may be highly deleterious to the liver cells. Acta Biol Szeged 49(3-4):19-22 (2005) KEY WORDS kerosene petrol fumes liver enzymes histopathology serum lipids
Active surveillance for adverse events among patients who underwent renal transplantation: A prospective observational study

Aim: Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease patients. Renal transplant recipients, however, have to be on lifelong therapy with immunosuppressants, which are associated with a number of adverse events (AEs). The safety profile of these immunosuppressants is not clear with respect to the Indian population. This study was conducted to find the frequency and pattern of all AEs experienced by Indian renal transplant recipients during the initial 3 months posttransplantation. Methods: Adults undergoing their first renal transplantation were enrolled in the study. All enrolled subjects were followed up for a maximum period of 3 months. All AEs were graded for severity and classified according to the Common Terminology Criteria for AEs criteria. Results: Ninety-eight renal transplant recipients enrolled in the study. There was a loss of follow-up of 7%. Five subjects died during the study. Subjects experienced on an average 9 AEs during the study. There was no difference in frequency of AEs between those on tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Most commonly observed AEs belonged to “Investigational” and “Metabolism and Nutrition” system organ classes. The most common AE was hypokalemia. New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) developed in 28% of subjects. There were 27 episodes of acute nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: The incidence of NODAT in the Indian population is substantially higher than that observed in the Western population. The incidence of nephrotoxicity may indicate higher sensitivity of the Indian population to calcineurin inhibitors.
Introducing the Four-Phase Model of Hostage Negotiation

The following article introduces a model of the communication process as it occurs in a hostage negotiation. Unlike previous negotiation models, this model focuses on the communication of the negotiator rather than focusing on the communication or psychological state of the hostage taker. The model provides a framework of successful negotiation by analyzing and specifying the structure of previously successful negotiations. The resulting model consists of four phases, which are called Establishing Initial Dialogue, Building Rapport, Influencing, and Surrender. Theoretical basis and comparison to other existing negotiation models are discussed.
Ego Depletion: A Resource Model of Volition, Self-Regulation, and Controlled Processing

Making choices, responding actively instead of passively, restraining impulses, and other acts of self-control and volition all draw on a common resource that is limited and renewable, akin to strength or energy. After an act of choice or self-control, the self's resources have been expended, producing the condition of ego depletion. In this state, the self is less able to function effectively, such as by regulating itself or exerting volition. Effects of ego depletion appear to reflect an effort to conserve remaining resources rather than full exhaustion, although in principle full exhaustion is possible. This versatile but limited resource is crucial to the self's optimal functioning, and the pervasive need to conserve it may result in the commonly heavy reliance on habit, routine, and automatic processes.
Critical importance of early diagnosis and treatment of intra-abdominal infection.

• The overall mortality in 77 cases of intra-abdominal infection (IAI) was 39%. A striking correlation was observed between delay in definitive medical or surgical treatment, the number of medical and surgical complications, and mortality. Only one of 29 patients who showed a rapid clinical response to appropriate antibiotic treatment and/or an exploratory operation died, compared with 29 of 48 who did not, justifying a vigorous diagnostic approach with repeated exploratory surgery when necessary. Results of abdominal ultrasound and gallium scanning altered management in a meaningful fashion far less frequently than might be inferred from earlier reports. Factors contributing to delays in instituting definitive therapy included failure to recognize the presence of IAI, prolonged observation in the absence of noticeable response to medical therapy, the desire for confirmation by ancillary studies, and the argument that the patient was "too sick" to undergo surgery. ( Arch Surg 1982;117:328-333)
Are wellbeing and illusory perceptions linked? The answer may be yes, but …

The relationship between wellbeing and “positive illusions” has not been satisfactorily explained. Two studies investigated this issue through self-report data. Study 1 examined the relationship between wellbeing and positive illusion using happiness scores divided into three groups. Positive illusion in the form of self-enhancing bias was measured with trait ratings of the self and average others. The prediction that self-enhancing bias would be lower at high than at moderate happiness was not supported. However, self-enhancing bias was greater at moderate than at low happiness, through increasingly positive self-ratings. Similar results were obtained in Study 2 with a life satisfaction measure. The results suggest that positive illusions are related especially to moderate wellbeing, whereas positive self-views predict higher wellbeing levels.
Identification of novel CD8+ T cell epitopes in human herpesvirus 6B U11 and U90

Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV6B) infects over 90% of the population, and normally establishes a latent infection, where episodes of reactivation are asymptomatic. However, in immunocompromised patients HHV6B reactivation is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Cellular immunotherapy has been utilised against other herpesvirus in immunocompromised settings. However, limited information on the immune response against HHV6B has hampered the development of immunotherapy for HHV6B‐driven disease. In this study, we have analysed the cellular immune response against four HHV6B antigens in a panel of 30 healthy donors. We show that the base‐line level of T cell reactivity in peripheral blood is very low to undetectable. A short‐term reactivation step enabled expansion of T cell responses, and all donors responded to at least 1 antigen, but more commonly 3 or 4. A hierarchy of immunogenicity was determined with antigens U90 and U54 being co‐dominant, followed by U11 and U39. Putative CD8+ T cell epitopes were mapped to U90 and U11, predicted to be presented in the context of HLA‐A1, A29, B39 and C6. T cells reactive against these novel epitopes were able to recognise virus‐infected cells. Our data is supportive of the application and on‐going development of T cell immunotherapy against HHVB‐driven disease in the immunocompromised host.
Cutting Edge: Virus Selectively Primes Human Langerhans Cells for CD70 Expression Promoting CD8+ T Cell Responses

The two outermost compartments of skin are populated by different Ag-presenting dendritic cell types. Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are evolutionarily adapted to the continuous presence of harmless skin commensals by the selective lack of cell surface TLRs that sense bacteria. In this article, we analyze the ability of LCs and dermal dendritic cells (DDCs) to respond to virus infection. Live virus and intracellular TLR3-agonist dsRNA commit LCs more effectively than DDCs to stimulate naive CD8+ T cell expansion and their differentiation into effector cells. This potent CD8+ T cell-promoting capacity of LCs is causally related to high levels of virus-induced CD70 expression but not to IL-12 production. These data suggest a remarkable specialization of LCs in the induction of pathogen class-specific adaptive immunity. Whereas LCs ignore bacteria, they are superior to DDCs to initiate effective CD70-mediated CD8+ T cells in response to virus stimulation.
Optimizing top-k selection queries over multimedia repositories

Repositories of multimedia objects having multiple types of attributes (e.g., image, text) are becoming increasingly common. A query on these attributes will typically, request not just a set of objects, as in the traditional relational query model (filtering), but also a grade of match associated with each object, which indicates how well the object matches the selection condition (ranking). Furthermore, unlike in the relational model, users may just want the k top-ranked objects for their selection queries for a relatively small k. In addition to the differences in the query model, another peculiarity of multimedia repositories is that they may allow access to the attributes of each object only through indexes. We investigate how to optimize the processing of top-k selection queries over multimedia repositories. The access characteristics of the repositories and the above query model lead to novel issues in query optimization. In particular, the choice of the indexes used to search the repository strongly influences the cost of processing the filtering condition. We define an execution space that is search-minimal, i.e., the set of indexes searched is minimal. Although the general problem of picking an optimal plan in the search-minimal execution space is NP-hard, we present an efficient algorithm that solves the problem optimally with respect to our cost model and execution space when the predicates in the query are independent. We also show that the problem of optimizing top-k selection queries can be viewed, in many cases, as that of evaluating more traditional selection conditions. Thus, both problems can be viewed together as an extended filtering problem to which techniques of query processing and optimization may be adapted.
Decreased concentrations of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Glucose metabolism is depressed in the temporal and parietal regions of the cortex in patients with Alzheimer's disease. We measured the concentrations of two glucose transporters, GLUT1 and GLUT3, in six regions of brains from both control subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease. The concentrations of both transporters were reduced in the cerebral cortex, with larger and highly significant reductions observed for GLUT3, the putative neuronal glucose transporter. The reductions in GLUT3 were greater than the loss of synapses, and should be considered as a potential cause of the deficits in glucose metabolism.
The Homelife Interview from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: Assessment of Parenting and Home Environment for 3- to 15-Year-Olds

Objective. This study reports on the development of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Homelife Interview. Traditional psychometric techniques and approaches based on item response theory were used to construct scales from 136 items assessing parental warmth and responsivity, provision of learning activities, parental supervision and monitoring, parental communication skills, routines, and quality of physical environment. Design. A majority of items were taken from 4 versions of the Home Observation and Measurement of the Environment Inventory (Bradley et al., 2000; Caldwell & Bradley, 1984). Data were drawn from 2,685 households (17% European American, 34% African American, and 45% Latin American), randomly chosen from 80 neighborhoods varying in racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition. Results. A reduced set of 8 scales is proposed-5 scales spanning the entire age range from 3 to 15 years and based on interviewer observation (Parental Warmth, Parental Lack of Hostility, Parental Verbal Skills, Internal Environment, and External Environment), and 3 scales based on parent report, tapping similar constructs for 3- to 6-year-olds and 9- to 15-year-olds but with age-specific items (Developmental Stimulation, Access to Reading Materials, and Outings/Activities). No reliable scales were found for parental monitoring and routines. Conclusions. Results of test reliability functions indicate that a majority of scales function as "risk assessments," distinguishing between families providing lower levels of developmental support and families providing adequate levels of such support.
Conversations about the elections on Twitter: Towards a structural understanding of Twitter’s relation with the political and the media field

This study uses network analysis to examine Twitter’s level of autonomy from external influences, being the political and the media field. The conceptual framework builds upon Bourdieu’s field theory, appropriated on social media as mediated social spaces. The study investigates conversation patterns on Twitter between political, media and citizen agents during election times in Belgium. Through the comparison of conversational practices with the positions users hold as political, media or citizen agents, we understand how the former is related to the latter. The analysis of conversation patterns (based on replies and mentions) shows a decentralized and loosely knit network, in which primarily citizen agents are present. Nonetheless, the prominence of citizens in the debate, mentions or replies to political and media agents are significantly higher, placing them more centrally in the network. In addition, politicians and media actors are closely connected within the network, and reciprocal communication of these established agents is significantly lower compared to citizen agents. We understand different aspects of autonomy related to the presence, positions and practices of the agents on Twitter and their relative positions as politicians, media or citizens. To conclude, we discuss the promises of Bourdieu’s relational sociology and the limitations of our study. The approach proposed here is an attempt to integrate existing work and evolve towards a systematic understanding of the interrelations between political, media and citizen agents in a networked media environment.
Ethnic differences in self-harm, rates, characteristics and service provision: three-city cohort study.

BACKGROUND Studies of self-harm in Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups have been restricted to single geographical areas, with few studies of Black people. AIMS To calculate age- and gender-specific rates of self-harm by ethnic group in three cities and compare characteristics and outcomes. METHOD A population-based self-harm cohort presenting to five emergency departments in three English cities during 2001 to 2006. RESULTS A total of 20 574 individuals (16-64 years) presented with self-harm; ethnicity data were available for 75%. Rates of self-harm were highest in young Black females (16-34 years) in all three cities. Risk of self-harm in young South Asian people varied between cities. Black and minority ethnic groups were less likely to receive a psychiatric assessment and to re-present with self-harm. CONCLUSIONS Despite the increased risk of self-harm in young Black females fewer receive psychiatric care. Our findings have implications for assessment and appropriate management for some BME groups following self-harm.
Shame: Countertransference identifications in individual psychotherapy.

Shame is a universal experience felt by patients and therapists alike. Yet, the experience of shame, with its profound sense of inadequacy and worthlessness, is anathema to the competent and compassionate self-image of most therapists. In order to help therapists understand their own shame and their countertransference identifications to patient shame, this article first describes the nature of shame, its developmental progression within interpersonal relationships, and the defenses commonly employed to cope with shame. Because the experience of shame involves the activation of devalued and devaluing internal representations, therapists may develop concordant or complementary countertransference identifications. These countertransference identifications are influenced further by the patient's primary reaction to shame, which includes withdrawal, attacks on self, avoidance, and attacks on others. Each of these reflects a habitual reaction to shame that is displayed in the patienttherapist relationship.
The relationship of problem behaviors in dementia patients to the depression and burden of caregiving spouses

This study examined how 70 caregiving spouses of Alzheimer patients varied in their reports of depression and burden, and how these reports were associated with the nature and severity of patient behavior problems, in particular memory-related, depressive, and disruptive behaviors. Depression and burden were found to be overlapping, but separate constructs, with about half of the variance unshared. Caregivers were divided into subgroups according to high and low levels of depression and burden, with the three most common groups being low depression/low burden (46 percent), high depression/high burden (26 percent), and low depression/high burden (23 percent). Only 6 percent of caregivers reported high depression/low burden. The level of patient behavior problems varied significantly among the remaining depression/burden classifications. Caregivers in the high depression/high burden and low depression/high burden categories reported greater numbers of disruptive behaviors and greater reactivity to memory-related and disruptive behavior problems, compared to the low depression/low burden group. The implications of these findings as they pertain to further elaboration of individual differences in caregiving experiences and interventions are discussed
Fear as a factor in the development of childhood psychopathology

The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of JULIA MARMION find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Chair ___________________________________ ___________________________________ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Masha Gartstein for her support in completing this project, as well as her support throughout my graduate training. Furthermore, I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Craig Parks and Dr. Leonard Burns for their support with this project. Chair: Maria Gartstein This study explores the relationship of one specific aspect of infant temperament, namely fear, and its relationship to the development of psychopathology at toddler age. Fear was assessed in the laboratory and via maternal report when infants were 12 months old and related to the development of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems between 18 and 35 months of age. It was found that fear as reported by the mother was significantly correlated with the development of internalizing behavior problems. Furthermore, it was examined whether Effortful Control and Orienting/Regulatory Capacity would mediate the significant relationship between fear and internalizing symptoms. Orienting/Regulatory Capacity was assessed via parental report when the infant was 12 months of age, while Effortful Control was assessed via maternal report at toddler age. Although, it was found that neither variable functioned as a mediator in independent models, results indicated that both variables together partially mediated the relationship between reported fear and internalizing symptoms. Hence, factors related to effortful control explained part of the relationship between fear and the development of later internalizing behavior problems.