Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SATURNIID MOTHS AS MIMICS: AN ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION OF ATTEMPTS TO DEMONSTRATE MIMETIC ADVANTAGE IN NATURE

We propose two arguments in this paper: first, that the day-flying males of three species of attacine saturniid moths are Batesian mimics of Battus phizlenor (L.) and/or B. polydamas (L.), the two aristolochia swallowtails which occur in America north of Mexico; second, we suggest an alternative interpretation of the results of experiments designed by L. P. Brower and his associates (Brower et al., 1964; Brower et al., 1967; Cook et al., 1969) to measure the selective advantage of Batesian mimicry in the field. Brower et al. (1964) conceived the brilliant experimental strategy of using the day-flying males of Callosamia promethea (Drury), a North American saturniid palatable to birds, to test the efficacy of Batesian mimicry on Trinidad. Some males were painted to resemble unpalatable' butterflies which occur on Trinidad, while others, the controls, were marked with black paint which did not greatly alter their appearance. All were released, and many were recaptured in traps baited with pheromone-releasing, female C. promethea. It was justifiably assumed that differential recapture would be the result of differential predation. The Brower group concluded that they had not made a convincing demonstration of mimetic advantage. Cook et al. (1969) stated, "Taking all the evidence over the four years there is no significant advantage to either mimic or control moths . and no heterogeneity between years or between new and old sites, and perhaps it should be concluded that under wild conditions no
Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Terrestrial biodiversity is dominated by plants and the herbivores that consume them, and they are one of the major conduits of energy flow up to higher trophic levels. Here, we address the processes that have generated the spectacular diversity of flowering plants (>300,000 species) and insect herbivores (likely >1 million species). Long-standing macroevolutionary hypotheses have postulated that reciprocal evolution of adaptations and subsequent bursts of speciation have given rise to much of this biodiversity. We critically evaluate various predictions based on this coevolutionary theory. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral states has revealed evidence for escalation in the potency or variety of plant lineages' chemical defenses; however, escalation of defense has been moderated by tradeoffs and alternative strategies (e.g., tolerance or defense by biotic agents). There is still surprisingly scant evidence that novel defense traits reduce herbivory and that such evolutionary novelty spurs diversification. Consistent with the coevolutionary hypothesis, there is some evidence that diversification of herbivores has lagged behind, but has nevertheless been temporally correlated with that of their host-plant clades, indicating colonization and radiation of insects on diversifying plants. However, there is still limited support for the role of host-plant shifts in insect diversification. Finally, a frontier area of research, and a general conclusion of our review, is that community ecology and the long-term evolutionary history of plant and insect diversification are inexorably intertwined.
Effects of Expectations on the Performance of Hand Grip after Viewing Selected Hues

Green, et al. (1982) found that grip strength was higher after subjects viewed red than either blue or pink when these hues were projected onto a wall for 30 sec. The present study hypothesized that this finding might be the result of the demand characteristics (Sheehan & Orne, 1968) in that experiment rather than to any arousal from viewing the hues per se. To test this 48 volunteers were tested for strength of grip as measured by a dynamometer. The subjects ranged in age from about 17 to about 40 years. There were 29 men and 19 women. Thirty-one were white, 13 were black and 4 were other. All subjects stated they were not color blind. Recruitment was by word-ofmouth, mostly in the college library on weekends. The hues were presented in different random orders to subjects, randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group:I was told the study was to determine the effects of viewing colors on gross motor tasks. Each subject viewed a hue on a Pana-Vue Automatic Lighted 2 x 2 Slide Viewer using a No. 245 screw type bulb for 30 sec. , squeezed the dynamometer, and then rested for 1 min. The procedure was repeated for the other two colors. Group I1 was told that the study was to assess the effect of color and physical exertion on memory. Each one was given a list of nonsense syllables to study for 30 sec. Next a subject viewed the colored light for 30 sec. , after which grip strength was measured. Finally, a test over the nonsense syllables was given. The procedure was repeated for the remaining two colors. I t was expected chat the subjects in Group I would have a stronger grip after viewing red, as the Green, et al. study had shown, but that the effect would not appear in Group 11 who were given a different expectation. Mean grip for subjects in Group I was after blue 35.1 kg. (SD = 11.1), after pink 36.2 kg. (SD = 12.4), and after red 34.9 kg. (SD = 11.7). Mean grip for subjects in Group I1 was after blue 39.2 kg. (SD = 15.4), after pink 39.4 kg. (SD = 12.4), and after red 39.6 kg. (SD = 15.6). Analysis of variance for a two-factor mixed design showed no significant mean differences. W e were not able to replicate the original findings, that is, we did not find subjects showed greater strength of grip after they had viewed the red hue.
Reproductive biology (histological & ultrastructure) and biochemical studies in ovaries of Mugil cephalus from Mediterranean water

Mugil cephalus has a short spawning period extending from early August to late October. All the females over 41 cm in body length are mature. The peak value of gonadosomatic index (GSI) was attained in September and continued to October. The sequence of the egg diameters were divided into two groups (transparent and yolky). Fecundity shows a wide range for a given length, the absolute fecundity has a linear relationship with length groups and gutted weight. The general pattern of the histological development of the ovaries includes six periods: 1-Immaturation period characterized by “small spherical cells”. 2-The maturation period characterized by “appearance of isolated follicular epithelial cells around the oocyte”. 3-Vacuolizatio n period characterized by appearance of “marginal vacuoles; the oocyte wall consists of two layers”. 4- The yolk deposition period characterized by “the presence of yolk granules”. 5- Ripening period characterized by “migration of the nucleus to the animal pole”. 6-Spawning period characterized by presence of “empty follicles, and cytoplasmic growth”. The ultrastructure of the vacuolized and ripe oocyte wall showing the presence of five different layers, (theca, follicular epithelial, zona radiata externa and zona radiata interna, then fifth layer are known as “cortical alveoli". Total lipid and fatty acids content of ripe ovary were discussed. Many differences were recorded in concentration of fatty acids content of
The epidemiology of the dementias: an update

Purpose of review The epidemiology of dementia is one of the priority fields in aging research. This review aims to highlight the most relevant findings over last years concerning occurrence, risk factors, and prevention of dementia and its major subtypes. Recent findings It is estimated that currently around 24 million people have dementia in the world, with the number being projected to double every 20 years, and that 60% of dementia patients live in developing countries, with the proportion being raised to more than 70% by 2040. Current evidence suggests that vascular factors, such as midlife hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular disease, contribute significantly to the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, and that active engagement in mental, physical, and social activities may postpone the onset of dementia by providing cognitive reserve. Summary Dementia represents a major public health challenge as a consequence of rapid increase in the aging population worldwide, especially in developing countries. This challenge can be partly confronted by successful development of preventive strategies. Evidence has emerged that proper control of vascular disorders and maintenance of active lifestyles may prevent or delay the onset and progression of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Intervention trials are warranted to determine, to what extent, such programs are effective against dementia.
A Review of Goniometry Use Within Current Hand Therapy Practice

Assessment of hand joint range-of-movement using goniometry has become a more common practice among hand therapists. Available Literature discusses the reliability of goniometry in assessing the hand joints, but Little is known about how therapists use goniometry within their clinical practice. This paper presents the results of a review of clinical practice within the British Isles. A self-completed questionnaire was distributed to members of the British Association of Hand Therapists (BAHT) to establish current practice of goniometry. The response rate was high (56%). Only 41% of respondents reported implementation of a protocol that standardised their measurement techniques to improve reliability; 73.5% reported working within a team. Over 19 styles and makes of goniometers were identified as being in use and the results highlighted differences in application and reading. The paper concludes that more clinically based research in the use of hand goniometry is required to standardise techniques.
Compressive Sampling Using Annihilating Filter-Based Low-Rank Interpolation

While the recent theory of compressed sensing provides an opportunity to overcome the Nyquist limit in recovering sparse signals, a solution approach usually takes the form of an inverse problem of an unknown signal, which is crucially dependent on specific signal representation. In this paper, we propose a drastically different two-step Fourier compressive sampling framework in a continuous domain that can be implemented via measurement domain interpolation, after which signal reconstruction can be done using classical analytic reconstruction methods. The main idea originates from the fundamental duality between the sparsity in the primary space and the low-rankness of a structured matrix in the spectral domain, showing that a low-rank interpolator in the spectral domain can enjoy all of the benefits of sparse recovery with performance guarantees. Most notably, the proposed low-rank interpolation approach can be regarded as a generalization of recent spectral compressed sensing to recover large classes of finite rate of innovations (FRI) signals at a near-optimal sampling rate. Moreover, for the case of cardinal representation, we can show that the proposed low-rank interpolation scheme will benefit from inherent regularization and an optimal incoherence parameter. Using a powerful dual certificate and the golfing scheme, we show that the new framework still achieves a near-optimal sampling rate for a general class of FRI signal recovery, while the sampling rate can be further reduced for a class of cardinal splines. Numerical results using various types of FRI signals confirm that the proposed low-rank interpolation approach offers significantly better phase transitions than conventional compressive sampling approaches.
Interlaboratory study for coral Sr/Ca and other element/Ca ratio measurements

The Sr/Ca ratio of coral aragonite is used to reconstruct past sea surface temperature (SST). Twenty‐one laboratories took part in an interlaboratory study of coral Sr/Ca measurements. Results show interlaboratory bias can be significant, and in the extreme case could result in a range in SST estimates of 7°C. However, most of the data fall within a narrower range and the Porites coral reference material JCp‐1 is now characterized well enough to have a certified Sr/Ca value of 8.838 mmol/mol with an expanded uncertainty of 0.089 mmol/mol following International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG) guidelines. This uncertainty, at the 95% confidence level, equates to 1.5°C for SST estimates using Porites, so is approaching fitness for purpose. The comparable median within laboratory error is <0.5°C. This difference in uncertainties illustrates the interlaboratory bias component that should be reduced through the use of reference materials like the JCp‐1. There are many potential sources contributing to biases in comparative methods but traces of Sr in Ca standards and uncertainties in reference solution composition can account for half of the combined uncertainty. Consensus values that fulfil the requirements to be certified values were also obtained for Mg/Ca in JCp‐1 and for Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in the JCt‐1 giant clam reference material. Reference values with variable fitness for purpose have also been obtained for Li/Ca, B/Ca, Ba/Ca, and U/Ca in both reference materials. In future, studies reporting coral element/Ca data should also report the average value obtained for a reference material such as the JCp‐1.
Deconfounding Microarray Analysis

Summary Objectives: Microarray analysis requires standardized specimens and evaluation procedures to achieve acceptable results. A major limitation of this method is caused by heterogeneity in the cellular composition of tissue specimens, which frequently confounds data analysis. We introduce a linear model to deconfound gene expression data from tissue heterogeneity for genes exclusively expressed by a single cell type. Methods: Gene expression data are deconfounded from tissue heterogeneity effects by analyzing them using an appropriate linear regression model. In our illustrating data set tissue heterogeneity is being measured using flow cytometry. Gene expression data are determined in parallel by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and microarray analyses. Verification of deconfounding is enabled using protein quantification for the respective marker genes. Results: For our illustrating dataset, quantification of cell type proportions for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from tuberculosis patients and controls revealed differences in B cell and monocyte proportions between both study groups, and thus heterogeneity for the tissue under investigation. Gene expression analyses reflected these differences in celltype distribution. Fitting an appropriate linear model allowed us to deconfound measured transcriptome levels from tissue heterogeneity effects. In the case of monocytes, additional differential expression on the single cell level could be proposed. Protein quantification verified these deconfounded results. Conclusions: Deconfounding of transcriptome analyses for cellular heterogeneity greatly improves interpretability, and hence the validity of transcriptome profiling results.
The Early Eighteenth-Century German Confessional Crisis: The Juridification of Religious Conflict in the Reconfessionalized Politics of the Holy Roman Empire

Abstract The success of the treaties of Westphalia in preserving the religious peace in the Holy Roman Empire after 1648 has been a popular scholarly theme. Many historians also realize, however, that confessional tensions and confrontations persisted well into the eighteenth century. Exploring an early eighteenth-century German confessional crisis centered in the Palatinate, this article focuses on the degree to which judicial, political, and diplomatic mechanisms successfully regulated and deescalated confessional strife. In short, it looks at the “juridification” of confessional conflict in the Empire. In so doing, it addresses a number of underresearched themes, such as the reactions of the Catholic princes and the Emperor, the internal dynamics within the Corpus Evangelicorum, as well as the international dimension of European great power politics. This not only provides a multiangle analysis of a crisis that saw the emergence of a new regime in the politics of religion, but also offers greater insight into the relationship between the powerful, militarized Protestant territorial-states of northern Germany and the Habsburg emperorship, specifically with regard to the judicial authority of the latter. Innerhalb der Historikerzunft ist der Erfolg des Westfälischen Friedens hinsichtlich der Sicherung des religiösen Friedens im Heiligen Römischen Reich nach 1648 ein beliebtes Thema. Allerdings wissen viele Historiker auch, dass konfessionelle Spannungen und Konfrontationen bis weit ins 18. Jahrhundert andauerten. Dieser Aufsatz, der eine deutsche, in der Pfalz zentrierte Konfessionskrise während des frühen 18. Jahrhunderts behandelt, beleuchtet das Ausmaß, in dem justizielle, politische und diplomatische Mechanismen konfessionellen Unfrieden erfolgreich regulierten und deeskalierten. Kurz gesagt wird die “Verrechtlichung” von Konfessionskonflikten im Reich betrachtet; dabei werden eine Reihe wenig erforschter Themen wie etwa die Reaktionen der katholischen Prinzen und des Kaisers, die interne Dynamik des Corpus Evangelicorum sowie die internationale Dimension europäischer Großmachtpolitik angesprochen. Dies liefert nicht nur eine weitgefächerte Analyse einer Krise, die zur Herausbildung eines neuen Regimes hinsichtlich der Religionspolitik beitrug, sondern es gibt uns auch tiefere Einblicke in die Beziehung zwischen den mächtigen, militarisierten, protestantischen Territorialstaaten Norddeutschlands und dem Habsburger Kaisertum, ganz besonders im Hinblick auf die Gerichtshoheit des letzteren.
From belonging to technology diffusion: A critical role of perceived organizational support

The purpose of this research is to explore whether the individual's positive attitude toward the organization (i.e., organizational commitment and organizational trust) mediates the relationship between organizational belonging and technology diffusion as well as whether perceived organizational support moderates the relationship between organizational belonging and the individual's positive attitude toward the organization. Our research is based on longitudinal data collected from 107 cabbies in Taiwan's largest taxi fleet using the GPS (Global Positioning System) dispatching technology in Taipei over two time periods. Results of a path analysis using structural equation modeling show that organizational commitment and organizational trust mediate the relationship between organizational belonging and behavior of technology diffusion. The subsequent hierarchical regression analysis confirms that perceived organizational support moderates the relationship between organizational belonging and the individual's positive attitude toward the organization. Perceived organizational support enhances the individual's positive attitude toward the organization, which is reflected in medium to high levels of organizational belonging. This paper concludes with theoretical and practical implications.
A-Factor and Phosphate Depletion Signals Are Transmitted to the Grixazone Biosynthesis Genes via the Pathway-Specific Transcriptional Activator GriR

ABSTRACT Grixazone (GX), which is a diffusible yellow pigment containing a phenoxazinone chromophore, is one of the secondary metabolites under the control of A-factor (2-isocapryloyl-3R-hydroxymethyl-γ-butyrolactone) in Streptomyces griseus. GX production is also induced by phosphate starvation. The whole biosynthesis gene cluster for GX was cloned and characterized. The gene cluster consisting of 13 genes contained six transcriptional units, griT, griSR, griR, griAB, griCDEFG, and griJIH. During cultivation in a phosphate-depleted medium, the six promoters were activated in the order (i) griR, (ii) griC and griJ, and (iii) griT, griS, and griA. Disruption of griR, which encodes a SARP family transcriptional regulator, abolished the transcriptional activation of all other genes in the cluster. In addition, ectopic expression of griR from a constitutively active promoter resulted in GX overproduction even in the absence of AdpA, a key transcriptional activator in the A-factor regulatory cascade, and in the presence of phosphate at a high concentration. GriR monomers bound direct repeat sequences in the griC and griJ promoters in a cooperative manner. Therefore, the early active genes (griCDEFG and griJIH), all of which, except for griG (which encodes a transporter-like protein), encode the GX biosynthesis enzymes, were directly activated by GriR. The transcription of griR was greatly reduced in the presence of phosphate at a high concentration and was hardly detected in the absence of AdpA. These findings showed that both A-factor and phosphate depletion signals were required for griR transcription and both signals were transmitted to the GX biosynthesis genes solely via the griR promoter.
Antibody targeted therapeutics for lymphoma: new focus on the CD22 antigen and RNA

The approval of antibodies for cancer treatment has provoked increased interest in the development of new and improved antibody-mediated therapies. This emerging approach centres on targeting CD22 on human B-cells with a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Anti-CD22 antibodies conjugated to a cytotoxic RNAse elicits potent and specific killing of the lymphoma cells in vitro and in human lymphoma models in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice. RNA damage caused by RNAses could be an important alternative to standard DNA damaging chemotherapeutics. Moreover, targeted RNAses may overcome problems of toxicity and immunogenicity associated with plant- or bacterial toxin-containing immunotoxins.
Territorial User Rights for Fisheries as Ancillary Instruments for Marine Coastal Conservation in Chile

Territorial user rights for fisheries have been advocated as a way to achieve sustainable resource management. However, few researchers have empirically assessed their potential as ancillary marine conservation instruments by comparing them to no‐take marine protected areas. In kelp (Lessonia trabeculata) forests of central Chile, we compared species richness, density, and biomass of macroinvertebrates and reef fishes among territorial‐user‐right areas with low‐level and high‐level enforcement, no‐take marine protected areas, and open‐access areas in 42 100‐m subtidal transects. We also assessed structural complexity of the kelp forest and substratum composition. Multivariate randomized permutation tests indicated macroinvertebrate and reef fish communities associated with the different access regimes differed significantly. Substratum composition and structural complexity of kelp forest did not differ among access regimes. Univariate analyses showed species richness, biomass, and density of macroinvertebrates and reef fishes were greater in highly enforced territorial‐user‐right areas and no‐take marine protected areas than in open‐access areas. Densities of macroinvertebrates and reef fishes of economic importance were not significantly different between highly enforced territorial‐user‐right and no‐take marine protected areas. Densities of economically important macroinvertebrates in areas with low‐level enforcement were significantly lower than those in areas with high‐level enforcement and no‐take marine protected areas but were significantly higher than in areas with open access. Territorial‐user‐right areas could be important ancillary conservation instruments if they are well enforced.