Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Discovery of a Microarcsecond Quasar: J1819+3845

We report on the discovery of a source that exhibits over 300% amplitude changes in radio flux density on the period of hours. This source, J1819+3845, is the most extremely variable extragalactic source known in the radio sky. We believe these properties are due to interstellar scintillation and show that the source must emit at least 55% of its flux density within a radius of fewer than 16 μas at 5 GHz. The apparent brightness temperature is greater than 5 × 1012 K, and the source may be explained by a relativistically moving source with a Doppler factor of ∼15. The scattering occurs predominantly in material only a few tens of parsecs from the Earth, which explains its unusually rapid variability. If the source PKS 0405-385 is similarly affected by local scattering material, Doppler factors of ∼1000 are not required to explain this source. The discovery of a second source whose properties are well modeled by interstellar scintillation strengthens the argument for this as the cause for much of the variation seen in intraday variables.
Effects of Nocturnal Light on (Clock) Gene Expression in Peripheral Organs: A Role for the Autonomic Innervation of the Liver

Background The biological clock, located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), controls the daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. Early studies demonstrated that light exposure not only affects the phase of the SCN but also the functional activity of peripheral organs. More recently it was shown that the same light stimulus induces immediate changes in clock gene expression in the pineal and adrenal, suggesting a role of peripheral clocks in the organ-specific output. In the present study, we further investigated the immediate effect of nocturnal light exposure on clock genes and metabolism-related genes in different organs of the rat. In addition, we investigated the role of the autonomic nervous system as a possible output pathway of the SCN to modify the activity of the liver after light exposure. Methodology and Principal Findings First, we demonstrated that light, applied at different circadian times, affects clock gene expression in a different manner, depending on the time of day and the organ. However, the changes in clock gene expression did not correlate in a consistent manner with those of the output genes (i.e., genes involved in the functional output of an organ). Then, by selectively removing the autonomic innervation to the liver, we demonstrated that light affects liver gene expression not only via the hormonal pathway but also via the autonomic input. Conclusion Nocturnal light immediately affects peripheral clock gene expression but without a clear correlation with organ-specific output genes, raising the question whether the peripheral clock plays a “decisive” role in the immediate (functional) response of an organ to nocturnal light exposure. Interestingly, the autonomic innervation of the liver is essential to transmit the light information from the SCN, indicating that the autonomic nervous system is an important gateway for the SCN to cause an immediate resetting of peripheral physiology after phase-shift inducing light exposures.
Sexual selection, speciation and constraints on geographical range overlap in birds.

The role of sexual selection as a driver of speciation remains unresolved, not least because we lack a clear empirical understanding of its influence on different phases of the speciation process. Here, using data from 1306 recent avian speciation events, we show that plumage dichromatism (a proxy for sexual selection) does not predict diversification rates, but instead explains the rate at which young lineages achieve geographical range overlap. Importantly, this effect is only significant when range overlap is narrow (< 20%). These findings are consistent with a 'differential fusion' model wherein sexual selection reduces rates of fusion among lineages undergoing secondary contact, facilitating parapatry or limited co-existence, whereas more extensive sympatry is contingent on additional factors such as ecological differentiation. Our results provide a more mechanistic explanation for why sexual selection appears to drive early stages of speciation while playing a seemingly limited role in determining broad-scale patterns of diversification.
Melatonin modulates the action of near infrared radiation on cell adhesion

Abstract: The adhesion of human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells to a glass matrix is evaluated following their irradiation in a suspension with a pulsed near‐infrared (IR) light‐emitting diode (wavelength 820 nm, pulse repetition frequency 10 Hz, irradiation dose 16–120 J/m2) when melatonin (4 × 10−11 to 4 × 10−5 m) is added to cell suspension immediately before or after the irradiation. Also, the dependence of visible‐to‐near‐IR radiation (600–840 nm, 52 J/m2) on cell adhesion (action spectrum) is recorded in absence and presence of melatonin (4 × 10−6 m). It is found that melatonin in pharmacological concentrations (but not in physiological range) inhibited cell adherence. Irradiation of cells before or after melatonin treatment normalizes cell adhesion to control level. Melatonin in pharmacological concentrations eliminates stimulation of cell attachment induced by irradiation. Pre‐treatment (but not post‐treatment) with melatonin in the physiological concentration eliminates cell adhesion stimulation induced by irradiation. Melatonin modifies the light action spectrum significantly in near IR region (760–840 nm only). Thus, the peak at 820–830 nm characteristic for the light action spectrum is fully reduced.
Certain Subclasses of Analytic p-valent Functions with Negative Coefficients

Abstract. The object of the present paper is to study certain subclasses J∗ p (a, b, σ) and Cp(a, b, σ) of analytic p-valent functions, and obtain coefficient bounds and distortion properties for functions belonging to these subclasses. Further results include distortion inequalities and radii of close-toconvexity, starlikeness and convexity for these classes of functions.
High-Power Low Vertical Beam Divergence 800-nm-Band Double-Barrier-SCH GaAsP&#8211;(AlGa)As Laser Diodes

High-power double-barrier separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) GaAsP-AlGaAs-GaAs laser diodes designed for low vertical beam divergence emission at 800-nm band are presented. Insertion of thin wide-gap (low refractive index) barrier layers at the interfaces between the waveguide and cladding layers of an initial SCH causes an optical confinement weakening. As a result, the vertical divergences down to 16deg and 13deg have been obtained, depending on the design version. Similar threshold current densities, higher characteristic temperatures T0 compared to the high-power large optical cavity (LOC) lasers of comparable beam divergences and promising high-power performance make this design an alternative to LOC solution
Cognitive Control Functions of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Macaque Monkeys Performing a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Analog

Monkeys were trained to select one of three targets by matching in color or matching in shape to a sample. Because the matching rule frequently changed and there were no cues for the currently relevant rule, monkeys had to maintain the relevant rule in working memory to select the correct target. We found that monkeys' error commission was not limited to the period after the rule change and occasionally occurred even after several consecutive correct trials, indicating that the task was cognitively demanding. In trials immediately after such error trials, monkeys' speed of selecting targets was slower. Additionally, in trials following consecutive correct trials, the monkeys' target selections for erroneous responses were slower than those for correct responses. We further found evidence for the involvement of the cortex in the anterior cingulate sulcus (ACCs) in these error-related behavioral modulations. First, ACCs cell activity differed between after-error and after-correct trials. In another group of ACCs cells, the activity differed depending on whether the monkeys were making a correct or erroneous decision in target selection. Second, bilateral ACCs lesions significantly abolished the response slowing both in after-error trials and in error trials. The error likelihood in after-error trials could be inferred by the error feedback in the previous trial, whereas the likelihood of erroneous responses after consecutive correct trials could be monitored only internally. These results suggest that ACCs represent both context-dependent and internally detected error likelihoods and promote modes of response selections in situations that involve these two types of error likelihood.
In Vivo Assessment of Arsenic Bioavailability in Rice and Its Significance for Human Health Risk Assessment

Background Millions of people worldwide consume arsenic-contaminated rice; however, little is known about the uptake and bioavailability of arsenic species after arsenic-contaminated rice ingestion. Objectives In this study, we assessed arsenic speciation in greenhouse-grown and supermarket-bought rice, and determined arsenic bioavailability in cooked rice using an in vivo swine model. Results In supermarket-bought rice, arsenic was present entirely in the inorganic form compared to greenhouse-grown rice (using irrigation water contaminated with sodium arsenate), where most (~ 86%) arsenic was present as dimethylarsinic acid (organic arsenic). Because of the low absolute bioavailability of dimethylarsinic acid and the high proportion of dimethylarsinic acid in greenhouse-grown rice, only 33 ± 3% (mean ± SD) of the total rice-bound arsenic was bioavailable. Conversely, in supermarket-bought rice cooked in water contaminated with sodium arsenate, arsenic was present entirely in the inorganic form, and bioavailability was high (89 ± 9%). Conclusions These results indicate that arsenic bioavailability in rice is highly dependent on arsenic speciation, which in turn can vary depending on rice cultivar, arsenic in irrigation water, and the presence and nature of arsenic speciation in cooking water. Arsenic speciation and bioavailability are therefore critical parameters for reducing uncertainties when estimating exposure from the consumption of rice grown and cooked using arsenic-contaminated water.
On train-track splitting sequences

We present a structure theorem for the subsurface projections of train-track splitting sequences. For the proof we introduce induced tracks, efficient position, and wide curves. As a consequence of the structure theorem, we prove that train-track sliding and splitting sequences give quasi-geodesics in the train-track graph; this generalizes a result of Hamenstadt.
Width of the Normal Uterine Cavity in Premenopausal Women and Effect of Parity

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the width of the normal uterine cavity at the fundus and evaluate its relationship to parity, gravidity, prior cesarean delivery, uterine volume, and patient age. METHODS: From September 1, 2009, to November 10, 2009, all premenopausal patients aged 50 years or younger who had a normal uterus by ultrasonography were included in the study. Standard measurements of the outer aspect of the uterus as well as two three-dimensional volumes of the uterus (one transverse and the other longitudinal) were done at the time of the scan. These volumes were manipulated retrospectively to obtain the coronal view of the uterine cavity. Using electronic calipers on the picture archiving and communication system, a network with a server that stores electronic images in an ultrasonography or imaging practice, the width of the uterine cavity was measured on each volume. The width of the uterine cavity was then correlated with patient gravidity, parity, previous cesarean delivery, calculated uterine volume, endometrial echo, and age. RESULTS: The width of the uterine cavity enlarges significantly with increasing gravidity or parity. The width of the uterine cavity ranged from a mean of 27 mm in nulliparous women to 32 mm in those with more than one pregnancy. There was a strong correlation between the width of the uterine cavity and the overall uterine volume as well as width of the endometrial echo (P<.001). There was no appreciable relationship between prior cesarean delivery and width of the uterine cavity nor between patient age and the width of the uterine cavity in patients who were never pregnant. In the absence of other variables, the patients on oral contraceptives had smaller uterine cavities compared with those not on hormones (P=.016). CONCLUSION: We have produced a standard for the measurement of the normal uterine cavity width and have shown that this width varies with gravidity and parity. The mean width of the uterine cavity of nulliparous women (27 mm) is narrower than the width of a standard intrauterine device (32 mm), suggesting that physicians should consider ultrasonography to measure the uterine cavity before inserting an intrauterine device. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III
Tropospheric ozone trend over Beijing from 2002–2010: ozonesonde measurements and modeling analysis

Using a combination of ozonesonde data and nu- merical simulations of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), the trend of tropospheric ozone (O3) during 2002-2010 over Beijing was investigated. Tro- pospheric ozone over Beijing shows a winter minimum and a broad summer maximum with a clear positive trend in the maximum summer ozone concentration over the last decade. The observed significant trend of tropospheric column ozone is mainly caused by photochemical production (3.1 % yr 1 for a mean level of 52 DU). This trend is close to the sig- nificant trend of partial column ozone in the lower tropo- sphere (0-3 km) resulting from the enhanced photochemi- cal production during summer (3.0 % yr 1 for a mean level of 23 DU). Analysis of the CLaMS simulation shows that transport rather than chemistry drives most of the season- ality of tropospheric ozone. However, dynamical processes alone cannot explain the trend of tropospheric ozone in the observational data. Clearly enhanced ozone values and a neg- ative vertical ozone gradient in the lower troposphere in the observational data emphasize the importance of photochem- istry within the troposphere during spring and summer, and suggest that the photochemistry within the troposphere sig- nificantly contributes to the tropospheric ozone trend over Beijing during the last decade.
Detection of membrane puncture with haptic feedback using a tip-force sensing needle

This paper presents calibration and user test results of a 3-D tip-force sensing needle with haptic feedback. The needle is a modified MRI-compatible biopsy needle with embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for strain detection. After calibration, the needle is interrogated at 2 kHz, and dynamic forces are displayed remotely with a voice coil actuator. The needle is tested in a single-axis master/slave system, with the voice coil haptic display at the master, and the needle at the slave end. Tissue phantoms with embedded membranes were used to determine the ability of the tip-force sensors to provide real-time haptic feedback as compared to external sensors at the needle base during needle insertion via the master/slave system. Subjects were able to determine the position of the embedded membranes with significantly better accuracy using FBG tip feedback than with base feedback using a commercial force/torque sensor (p = 0.045) or with no added haptic feedback (p = 0.0024).
Foamy Virus Envelope Protein Is a Substrate for Signal Peptide Peptidase-like 3 (SPPL3)*

Background: SPPL proteases are intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl proteases of the GxGD type. Results: Under certain circumstances, SPPL3 cleaves FVenv independent of prior shedding, generating substrates for subsequent intramembrane proteolysis. Conclusion: Unlike other known GxGD proteases, SPPL3 can act as a sheddase and an intramembrane protease within the regulated intramembrane proteolysis cascade. Significance: This initial biochemical characterization of SPPL3 will help to address its physiological role in later studies. Signal peptide peptidase (SPP), its homologs, the SPP-like proteases SPPL2a/b/c and SPPL3, as well as presenilin, the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex, are intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl proteases of the GxGD type. In this study, we identified the 18-kDa leader peptide (LP18) of the foamy virus envelope protein (FVenv) as a new substrate for intramembrane proteolysis by human SPPL3 and SPPL2a/b. In contrast to SPPL2a/b and γ-secretase, which require substrates with an ectodomain shorter than 60 amino acids for efficient intramembrane proteolysis, SPPL3 cleaves mutant FVenv lacking the proprotein convertase cleavage site necessary for the prior shedding. Moreover, the cleavage product of FVenv generated by SPPL3 serves as a new substrate for consecutive intramembrane cleavage by SPPL2a/b. Thus, human SPPL3 is the first GxGD-type aspartyl protease shown to be capable of acting like a sheddase, similar to members of the rhomboid family, which belong to the class of intramembrane-cleaving serine proteases.
Production of Growth Factor Activity for Fibroblasts by Human Monocyte‐Derived Macrophages

Macrophages, derived from human monocytes by in vitro culture, released a growth factor for rabbit lung fibroblasts. The release of growth factor was increased following stimulation with both soluble (lipopolysaccharide and phor‐bol myristate acetate) and particulate (opsonized zymosan) substances. Production of the growth factor activity was dependent on the length of time the monocytes were in culture, the presence of serum during the period of monocyte maturation, and macrophage protein synthesis. The inability of serum‐deprived monocytes to produce growth factor could be reversed by adding back serum. Eicosatetraynoic acid and dexamethasone but not indomethacin inhibited the production of growth factor suggesting that arachidonic acid metabolites other than prostaglandins may regulate growth factor production.
Hybrid Parsing: Using Probabilistic Models as Predictors for a Symbolic Parser

In this paper we investigate the benefit of stochastic predictor components for the parsing quality which can be obtained with a rule-based dependency grammar. By including a chunker, a supertagger, a PP attacher, and a fast probabilistic parser we were able to improve upon the baseline by 3.2%, bringing the overall labelled accuracy to 91.1% on the German NEGRA corpus. We attribute the successful integration to the ability of the underlying grammar model to combine uncertain evidence in a soft manner, thus avoiding the problem of error propagation.
The von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Gene Inhibits Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor-Induced Invasion and Branching Morphogenesis in Renal Carcinoma Cells

ABSTRACT Loss of function in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene occurs in familial and most sporadic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). VHL has been linked to the regulation of cell cycle cessation (G0) and to control of expression of various mRNAs such as for vascular endothelial growth factor. RCC cells express the Met receptor tyrosine kinase, and Met mediates invasion and branching morphogenesis in many cell types in response to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). We examined the HGF/SF responsiveness of RCC cells containing endogenous mutated (mut) forms of the VHL protein (VHL-negative RCC) with that of isogenic cells expressing exogenous wild-type (wt) VHL (VHL-positive RCC). We found that VHL-negative 786-0 and UOK-101 RCC cells were highly invasive through growth factor-reduced (GFR) Matrigel-coated filters and exhibited an extensive branching morphogenesis phenotype in response to HGF/SF in the three-dimensional (3D) GFR Matrigel cultures. In contrast, the phenotypes of A498 VHL-negative RCC cells were weaker, and isogenic RCC cells ectopically expressing wt VHL did not respond at all. We found that all VHL-negative RCC cells expressed reduced levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) relative to the wt VHL-positive cells, implicating VHL in the regulation of this molecule. However, consistent with the more invasive phenotype of the 786-0 and UOK-101 VHL-negative RCC cells, the levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were reduced and levels of the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were elevated compared to the noninvasive VHL-positive RCC cells. Moreover, recombinant TIMPs completely blocked HGF/SF-mediated branching morphogenesis, while neutralizing antibodies to the TIMPs stimulated HGF/SF-mediated invasion in vitro. Thus, the loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene is central to changes that control tissue invasiveness, and a more invasive phenotype requires additional genetic changes seen in some but not all RCC lines. These studies also demonstrate a synergy between the loss of VHL function and Met signaling.
Transient response in magnetocaloric regeneration

We report on the first experimental demonstration of the details of the transient response in the four sequential processes of active magnetic regenerative refrigeration: magnetization, warm blow, demagnetization, and cold blow. The experimental results display the details of the gradual temperature divergence due to regeneration. The temperature change of the stationary solid bed is due to the magnetocaloric effect in a periodic field. The theory for the active magnetic regenerative refrigeration is applied to the transient processes in magnetocaloric regeneration. A time and spatial dependent model of temperature profile of the magnetization and demagnetization with thermal wave regenerative processes is developed.
Cortical magnetic stimulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Forty patients with ALS underwent cortical magnetic stimulation. Twelve had marked pseudobulbar signs; in these motor evoked potentials (MEPs) could not be elicited. Mean MEP latencies in the others, who had predominantnantly lower motor neuron signs, measured 23.3±2.1 msec (thenar), 18.7±5.3 msec (EDC), and 13.4±2.9 msec (biceps), respectively. These values were significantly longer (P > 0.001) compared with normal values (n=35), which measured 20.2±1.6, 14.2±1.7, and 9.4±1.7 msec, respectively. MEP amplitude was often markedly reduced (less than 15% of the M wave) compared with a normal mean of 39.5±13.0%. Overall abnormal MEPs (delayed, absent, or reduced in amplitude) approached 100%. It is argued that measuring central motor delay, which was not significantly different in the patients compared with normals, is subject to error in ALS.