Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Serine Protease Inhibitors on Growth and Development and Digestive Serine Proteinases of the Sunn Pest, Eurygaster integriceps

Abstract In the current study the effects of serine proteinase inhibitors (TLCK, TPCK, SBTI, and a combination of SBTI and TPCK) with concentrations of 1% and 4% of dietary protein in artificial diets were tested against growth of the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), development, and its gut serine proteinase targets. Analysis of variance indicated that protease inhibitors affected nymphal development time, adult weight, and survival. Mean development time of third instar nymphs in control, SBTI (1%), TLCK (1%), and TPCK was 7.18, 9.74, 9.97, and 8.52 days, respectively. The highest mortality (100 % mortality) was observed when a combination of TPCK and SBTI, both at 4% of dietary protein, was used followed by TPCK (4%) that produced 95% mortality. There were significant differences in proteinase activity between treatments and controls when BApNA and SAAPFpNA were used as substrates for trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. Reduction of trypsin activity in insects fed with low doses of SBTI (1%), TLCK (1%), and both doses of TPCK (1% and 4%) was 40, 26, 23, and 17%, respectively. Inhibition of chymotrypsin activity was seen in the insects fed on SBTI (1%), TLCK (1%), and TPCK (4%) where inhibition was 14, 9, and 36%, respectively. Maximum inhibition of chymotrypsin activity was observed in the insects fed on diets containing high doses of TPCK (4%). In gel assays, the greatest effects were observed when E. integriceps were fed on high doses of SBTI and TPCK. Therefore, TPCK followed by SBTI proved to be the most effective proteinase inhibitors of E. integriceps.
Living on Lakes: Segregated Communities and Inequality in a Natural Amenity Destination

Scenic beauty and outdoor recreation are drivers of population and economic growth in places with environmental goods that attract people, such as mountains, beaches, rivers, and lakes (natural amenities). Using a case study of the Brainerd, Minnesota lakes area, this article draws on urban political economy theory to investigate place stratification and its role in spreading inequality in the context of natural amenity growth. The research demonstrates how amenity growth can segregate the area population by social class and age into distinct communities of people who share similar interests, and ultimately perpetuate disadvantage among lower-income people and younger adults.
Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare

Historically, pet dogs were trained using mainly negative reinforcement or punishment, but positive reinforcement using rewards has recently become more popular. The methods used may have different impacts on the dogs’ welfare. We distributed a questionnaire to 364 dog owners in order to examine the relative effectiveness of different training methods and their effects upon a pet dog's behaviour. When asked how they trained their dog on seven basic tasks, 66% reported using vocal punishment, 12% used physical punishment, 60% praise (social reward), 51% food rewards and II% play. The owner's ratings for their dog's obedience during eight tasks correlated positively with the number of tasks which they trained using rewards (P< 0.01), but not using punishment (P = 0.5). When asked whether their dog exhibited any of 16 common problematic behaviours, the number of problems reported by the owners correlated with the number of tasks for which their dog was trained using punishment (P< 0.001), but not using rewards (P = 0.17). Exhibition of problematic behaviours may be indicative of compromised welfare, because such behaviours can be caused by— or result in — a state of anxiety and may lead to a dog being relinquished or abandoned. Because punishment was associated with an increased incidence of problematic behaviours, we conclude that it may represent a welfare concern without concurrent benefits in obedience. We suggest that positive training methods may be more useful to the pet-owning community.
Title of Thesis: Shape and Reflectance Recovery from Indoor Image Sequences Shape and Reflectance Recovery from Indoor Image Sequences

Several successful methods for shape reconstruction from image sequences have been developed using a variational formulation. In this work we utilize the same framework, which leads to a Partial Differential Equation (PDE) describing the motion of an initial surface to a refined surface that is a better match to the input images. Motivated by the primary goals of reconstructing the object and the parameters to a reflectance model, we take advantage of known lighting conditions in the error measure. In particular, we assume that there is light variation, due to object rotation relative to the light source, allowing the recovery of shape in both textured and textureless regions. Additionally, we propose a method to filter out specular highlights, which allows the recovery of surfaces having non-Lambertian reflectance. Following recent work using an explicit surface parameterization, we apply the PDE refinement to a deformable mesh. We test our method using images obtained from an easy to use capture setup. The setup is accessible to the average PC user, because the only hardware requirements are a camera, a light source, and a glossy white sphere. The capture setup provides images, camera calibration, light calibration, and silhouette images to be used in the refinement. The visual hull is used as a starting point for the PDE evolution. At the end of the refinement, our method outputs a triangulated mesh and the parameters of a Phong reflectance model represented in texture space. Results on real and synthetic images demonstrate that this method is capable of recovering the geometry of textureless surfaces, and moderately textured surfaces, but is unstable in the recovery of deep concavities. Several examples on real sequences illustrate the applicability of our models in computer graphics applications, where the recovered objects are composed and rendered under novel lighting and view conditions.
Nonsmooth Newton Methods for Set-Valued Saddle Point Problems

We present a new class of iterative schemes for large scale set-valued saddle point problems as arising, e.g., from optimization problems in the presence of linear and inequality constraints. Our algorithms can be regarded either as nonsmooth Newton-type methods for the nonlinear Schur complement or as Uzawa-type iterations with active set preconditioners. Numerical experiments with a control constrained optimal control problem and a discretized Cahn-Hilliard equation with obstacle potential illustrate the reliability and efficiency of the new approach.
A Compact Model of Subthreshold Current With Source/Drain Depletion Effect for the Short-Channel Junctionless Cylindrical Surrounding-Gate MOSFETs

In this paper, an analytical potential-based model in the subthreshold regime for short-channel junctionless cylindrical surrounding-gate MOSFETs is proposed as the source/drain depletion effect considered. The threshold voltage (Vth), subthreshold slope, and drain-induced barrier lowering are also correspondingly derived, which give explicit explanations of the short-channel effects on junctionless MOSFETs in the subthreshold regime. The compact model is verified by the numerical simulation, and the results match well.
A pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 clone causing most associated diarrhea cases in the Pacific Northwest coast of Mexico

Between September and October of 2004, more than 1230 cases of gastroenteritis due to pandemic O3:K6 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) were reported in the relatively small geographical area of Southern Sinaloa, a state located in Northwest Mexico. Since then, V. parahaemolyticus-associated gastroenteritis cases have gradually increased in prevalence spreading from south to north. The present study conducted an epidemiological surveillance of V. parahaemolyticus strains in both environmental and clinical samples along the Pacific coast of Sinaloa from 2011 to 2013. The genetic relatedness, serotype dominance and antibiotic resistance of isolates were investigated. A total of 46 strains were isolated from environmental samples (e.g., sediment, seawater and shrimp), whereas 249 strains were obtained from stools of patients with gastroenteritis. Nine different O serogroups and 16 serovars were identified. Serovars O3:K6 and O6:K46 were identified in both environmental and clinical strains. Whereas most environmental isolates carried the tdh gene (71.74%, 33/46), only three (6.52%) belonged to pandemic clones (O3:K6, O3:KUT and OUT:KUT). In contrast, 81.1% (202/249) of clinical isolates belonged to pandemic serotypes, with O3:K6 (tdh, toxRS/new, and/or orf8) representing the predominant serovar (97%, 196/202). This prevalence of pathogenic (tdh and/or trh positive) and O3:K6 pandemic V. parahaemolyticus isolates in this study were similar to those found from 2004 to 2010. As investigated by REP-PCR, genetic lineages of selected O3:K6 strains isolated in this study and some isolated earlier were nearly identical. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that most strains (93.8%) were resistant to ampicillin but sensitive to chloramphenicol (98.8%). Multidrug resistance significantly increased from 8.6% (2004–2010) to 22.93% (2011–2013; p < 0.05). Our data indicate that pandemic O3:K6 clone has endemically established in the Pacific Coast of Mexico.
First report on fatal myocarditis associated with adenovirus infection in Cuba

Myocarditis is caused frequently by viral infections of the myocardium. In the past, enteroviruses (EV) were considered the most common cause of myocarditis in all age groups. Other viruses that cause myocarditis are adenovirus and influenza viruses. Parvovirus B19 infection is associated sometimes with myocarditis. Members of the Herpesviridae family, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) have been associated occasionally with myocarditis. During an atypical outbreak of acute febrile syndrome, eight children, with ages from 5 months to 15 years, died in cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis in July–August 2005, in the city of Havana, Cuba. Nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and nested reverse transcription‐PCR (nRT‐PCR) were carried out on fresh heart muscle and lung tissue to analyze the genomic sequences of adenovirus, CMV, HHV‐6, herpes simplex virus, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), varizella zoster virus, influenza virus A, B, C, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses, coronavirus, flaviruses and enteroviruses. Evidence was for the presence of the adenovirus genome in 6 (75%) of the children. Phylogenetic analyses of a conserved hexon gene fragment in four cases showed serotype 5 as the causal agent. No others viruses were detected. Histological examination was undertaken to detect myocardial inflammation. After exclusion of other possible causes of death, the results indicated that viral myocarditis was the cause of death in patients with adenovirus infection. J. Med. Virol. 80:1756–1761, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distributive Justice in the Household

Abstract We analyze the theoretical basis on which wives and husbands evaluate the fairness of the division of household labor. Using distributive justice theory, we argue that evaluations are based on beliefs about equality and equity rules and social comparisons. We developed a number of formal models to account for evaluations of housework fairness and compare these with data from the 1987 National Survey of Families and Households. We find that husbands' evaluations of fairness of the division of household labor are based on more traditional gender-based division of labor as their comparisons tend to be based on comparisons to other men's participation in housework. In contrast, wives' evaluations are based on both gender role norms and the justice principle of marital equality, as they tend to be based on comparisons between their spouse and themselves.
Regulatory T Cells and Pro-inflammatory Responses Predominate in Children with Tuberculosis

Background Following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), children are more susceptible to develop disease particularly extrapulmonary disease than adults. The exact mechanisms required for containment of M.tb are not known, but would be important to identify correlates of protection. Objective To comprehensively analyze key immune responses to mycobacteria between HIV-negative children with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) compared to children with pulmonary TB (PTB) or healthy controls. Methods Whole blood was stimulated in vitro with mycobacteria for 24 h or 6 days to induce effector and memory responses. CD4, CD8, γδ, regulatory T cells, and their related cytokines were measured. Samples of children with tuberculosis (TB) disease were analyzed both at time of diagnosis and at the end of TB treatment to determine if any differences were due to TB disease or an underlying host phenotype. Results Seventy-six children with TB disease (48 with PTB and 28 with EPTB) and 83 healthy controls were recruited to the study. The frequency of CD4+CD25+CD39+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and secreted IL10 were significantly higher in children with TB compared to healthy controls. IFNγ-, IL17-, and IL22-producing γδ T cells, IL22-producing CD4+ T cells and secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL1β, and TNFα) were significantly lower in children with TB disease compared to healthy controls. IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells and Ki67+-proliferating CD4+ T cells, however, were present in equal numbers in both groups. Following treatment, these immune parameters recovered to “healthy” levels or greater in children with PTB, but not those with extrapulmonary TB. Conclusion In children with TB disease, a predominantly immune regulatory state is present. These immune findings do not distinguish between children with PTB and EPTB at the time of diagnosis. Following treatment, these inflammatory responses recover in PTB, suggesting that the effect is disease specific rather than due to an underlying host defect.
Gifted Asian American Women

This article presents an analysis of personal, socialization, and structural factors affecting the life-span achievement of 15 Asian American women identified as gifted through a national retrospective study of highly achieving women from African American, Asian American, Latina, and White backgrounds. Interpreted within a cultural-ecological framework, findings support earlier research suggesting that Asian American parents' experiences of discrimination in this country encourage an intense focus on educational achievement and hard work as a way to ensure success. Teachers and schools, which similarly value hard work, reinforce this behavior. However, parents' and teachers' support of these women's academic achievement alone does not fully prepare them for the workplace, where they will need to consider career options, think critically about social issues, and respond effectively to institutional barriers. As adults in the workplace, gifted Asian American women find that hard work alone does not ensure advancement because of personal (e.g., self-doubt) and structural (e.g., stereotyping) obstacles. Nevertheless, gifted Asian American women find the workplace highly satisfying, stimulating, and challenging. Implications for educators are offered.
Eastern Cape educators' perceptions of the causes and the scope of school violence

Crime and violence have far-reaching consequences for education. These negatives may precipitate the collapse of a learning culture, and cause physical, emotional and psychological problems in both educators and learners. To establish a safe school environment, "a place where students can learn and teachers can teach in a warm and welcoming environment, free of intimidation and fear of violence", it is important to be informed of the nature and the scope of school violence, to be able to identify potential aggressors, and to become familiar with the most important causes of this type of violence. Against this background, an empirical investigation was conducted to determine a group of Eastern Cape educators' perceptions of school safety, and to record their experiences as victims of violent crime in school context. Moreover, an attempt was made to determine their perceptions of the causes of learner violence. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire. The population of subjects consisted of educators, attached to schools located in the Eastern Cape. A sample of 250 educators was selected in terms of the principle of convenience. Of the 250 questionnaires that were handed out, 215 were suitable for processing. From the investigation, it seems as if Eastern Cape schools are relatively safe. Some potential problem areas have been identified, namely the school grounds, empty classrooms, parking areas, and learner bathrooms. It seems that bullying, learner assault and robbery were the most general violent crimes committed against learners. Educators are, albeit to a lesser extent, the victims of robbers, (learner) bullies and learner assault. More than half the respondents held the view that violent acts at their respective schools had to be attributed to learners in general, and boys in particular. According to the respondents factors which often fall outside the control of the school, among others, poverty, unemployment, the disintegration of family life, the inability or unwillingness of the government to deal with violent criminals, and the availability of drugs and alcohol are seen as some of the most important causes of learner violence in Eastern Cape schools that are located in black townships and villages. To overcome learner violence and to establish a safe school environment therefore require the co-operation of leaders in education, the government, law enforcement agencies and community leaders.
Qualitative Aspects of Mother-and Father-I nfant Attachments

Thirty-two infants were observed twice in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure, once with their mothers and once with their fathers. Following the emphasis and procedures described by Ainsworth, the analysis focused on the nature of the infants' responses to separation and reunion. Raters then assessed the "security" of the infants' attachments to their mothers and fathers. Sixteen of the infants were "securely attached" to both parents, and seven had insecure relationships to both. Knowledge of the security of either parent-child relationship facilitated prediction (p < .06) of the nature of the other relationship, but there was sufficient variability to indicate that a major determinant of the quality of either relationship might be the earlier interaction between that individual and the infant, rather than one prototypic relationship.
Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective

I. THEORETICAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. 1. The Sociology of Gender: Theoretical Perspectives and Feminist Frameworks. 2. Gender Role Development: Biological and Psychological Perspectives. 3. Gender Role Development: The Socialization Process. 4. Language and Socialization. 5. Western History and the Creation of Gender Roles. 6. Global Perspectives on Gender. II. GENDER ROLES, MARRIAGE, AND THE FAMILY. 7. Love and Marriage in Contemporary Society. 8. Gender and Family Relations. 9. Men and Masculinity. III. GENDER ROLES: FOCUS ON SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 10. Gender and the Workplace, by Sandra Christie and Linda Lindsey. 11. The Impact of Education on Gender Role Persistence and Change. 12. Religion and Patriarchy. 13. The Media. 14. Power, Politics, and the Law. References. Name Index. Subject Index.
A kin selection model for the evolution of virulence

The costs and benefits of parasite virulence are analysed in an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) model. Increased host mortality caused by disease (virulence) reduces a parasite’s fitness by damaging its food supply. The fitness costs of high virulence may be offset by the benefits of increased transmission or ability to withstand the host’s defences. It has been suggested that multiple infections lead to higher virulence because of competition among parasite strains within a host. A quantitative prediction is given for the ESS virulence rate as a function of the coefficient of relatedness among co-infecting strains. The prediction depends on the quantitative relation between the costs of virulence and the benefits of transmission or avoidance of host defences. The particular mechanisms by which parasites can increase their transmission or avoid host defences also have a key role in the evolution of virulence when there are multiple infections.
An investigation into the implementation of Annual Health Checks for people with intellectual disabilities

This project, conducted during 2010 by a researcher working with a self-advocacy group, investigated the implementation of Annual Health Checks (AHCs) for people with intellectual disabilities in Oxfordshire, where only 26.1 percent of AHCs were completed in 2009–10 (national average 41 percent). AHCs were introduced in England in 2008 as a response to findings that people with intellectual disabilities have significantly worse health care than other groups. GP practices are financially incentivized to offer AHCs. This study found that slow progress in implementing AHCs was attributable to: uncertainty over who was eligible; limited awareness in general practices about the legal duty to make ‘reasonable adjustments’ to facilitate access; limited awareness of AHCs and their potential benefits amongst carers and adults with intellectual disabilities; and in some cases scepticism that AHCs were either necessary or beneficial. The article also explores the benefits of undertaking this project in partnership with a self-advocacy group.
A tool for polarity classification of human affect from panel group texts

We introduce an explorative tool for affect analysis from texts. Rather than the full range of emotions, feelings, and sentiment, our system is currently restricted to the positive or negative polarity of phrases and sentences. It analyses the input texts with the aid of a affect lexicon that specifies among others the prior polarity (positive or negative) of words. A chunker is used to determine phrases that are the basis for a compositional treatment of phraselevel polarity assignment. In our current experiments we focus on phrases that are targeted towards persons, be it the writer (I, my, me,.), the social group including the writer (we, our,.) or the reader (you, your,). We evaluate our system with standard data (customer reviews). We also give initial results from a small corpus of 35 texts taken from a panel group called 'I battle depression'.
Are we drawing the right conclusions? The Dangers of Response Sets and Scale Assumptions in Empirical Tourism Research

Empirical tourism research has a long history and empirically based findings represent an important component of theory development and managerial insight. Nevertheless, empirical data of any kind is susceptible to misinterpretation. The aim of this study is to investigate to which extent empirical tourism research accounts for three sources of potential misinterpretation of results: (1) the occurrence of answer format effects, (2) the occurrence of culturally specific response styles, and (3) the selection of data analytic techniques appropriate for the data format. A review of 43 academic publications from 2000 and 2001 suggests that empirical tourism research is strongly guided by standards which have developed within the tourism research community and are not questioned anymore: ordinal answer formats dominate the field, ordinal data is analyzed using techniques requiring metric data and cross-cultural response styles are ignored, which is a particularly concerning finding given the amount of cross-cultural comparisons typically undertaken in tourism research. Recommendations for improvement are made.