Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Public Opinion and Foreign Policy

tT is with some diffidence that I enter upon a discussion of this subject | before an audience of trained sociologists, for my understallding of public Xopinion, such as it is, is of the hit-or-miss variety, whose inadequacy is one of the main reasons why sociologists have thought it worth while to attempt a more systematic approach. I presume that I owe my presence here to the fact that, in addition to my service in the House of Commons for nearly ten years, I spent a period of 20 months between the General Elections of I950 and Ig5I as a Minister in the Foreign Office. Twenty months, you will agree, is too short a period to forrn the basis of convincing generalizations about the interaction of foreign policy and public opinion. I will however do my best to link my own brief experience when in office with what I have been able to learn from others operating in the same field. So far as public opinion is concerned, foreign policy presents a wholly different problem from domestic policy. The issues are usually remoter from ordinary people and this probably accounts for the fact that control of foreign policy has tended to remain somewhat oligarchic longer than control of domestic policy. When I moved from the Home Office to the Foreign Office the difference in the relationship of the two Ministnes with the public and the character of the deputations they received struck me very strongly. When I first cast my mind back upon my own experience, I was somewhat shocked to find that I could not immediately recollect any occasion when I or my superiors had been greatly affected by public opinion in reaching important decisions. The issues most relevant to our discussion which arose during that tirne were, I think, the divergence of British and American policies over Communist China (Britain had recognized the People's Government six weeks before I arrived in the Foreign Office); the expanded Western
Socio-Economic Class and Area as Correlates of Illegal Behavior Among Juveniles

Until recently almost all efforts to discover characteristics that differentiate juveniles who violate legal norms from those who do not have compared institutional and non-institutional populations. Though many researchers still employ a "delinquent" or "criminal" sample from institutions there is a growing awareness that the process through which boys and girls are selected to populate our "correctional" institutions may cause such comparison studies to distort seriously the true picture of illegal behavior in our society. Therefore, conclusions based upon such studies are subject to considerable criticism2 if generalized beyond the type of population of the particular institution at the time of the study. Although the study of adjudicated offenders is important, less encumbered studies of the violation of legal norms hold more promise for those interested in the more general concept of deviant behavior. Though it, too, has methodological limitations, the anonymous-questionnaire procedure has been utilized to obtain results reflecting the rates and patterns of illegal behavior among juveniles from different social classes, ages, sexes, and ethnic groups in the general population.3 The results of these studies have offered
Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis and Pulmonary Infiltrates: An Update

Sixty years after its initial description, right-sided infective endocarditis (RSIE) still poses a challenge to all medical practitioners. Epidemiological data reveal a rising incidence attributable to the global surge in the number of intravenous drug users and the increased use of central vascular catheters and implantable cardiac devices. RSIE differs from left-sided infective endocarditis in more than just the location of the involved cardiac valve. They have different clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, and prognoses; hence, they require different management strategies. Cardiac murmurs and systemic emboli are usually absent in RSIE, whereas pulmonary embolism and its related complications dominate the clinical picture. Diagnostic delay of RSIE is secondary to the similarity in its initial presentation to other entities. Complications may ensue as a result of this delay. Diagnosis can be initially confirmed by using transthoracic echocardiography, except in patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillator, where a transesophageal echocardiogram is necessary. Various factors may increase mortality and morbidity in RSIE such as tricuspid valve vegetation size, fungal etiology, and low CD4 cell count in HIV patients. Oxacillin and vancomycin had been the traditionally used agents for the treatment of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. More recently, daptomycin has shown promising results, which has led to its Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of S. aureus bacteremia and associated RSIE. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive update on RSIE including epidemiology, pathogenesis, microbiology, diagnosis, management, and prognosis.
Ambiguity without a state space

Many decisions involve both imprecise probabilities and intractable states of the world. Objective expected utility assumes unambiguous probabilities; subjective expected utility assumes a completely specified state space. This paper analyses a third domain of preference: sets of consequential lotteries. Using this domain, we develop a theory of objective ambiguity without explicit reference to any state space. We characterize a representation that integrates a non-linear transformation of first-order expected utility with respect to a second-order measure. The concavity of the transformation and the weighting of the measure capture ambiguity aversion. We propose a definition for comparative ambiguity aversion. Copyright 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
The measurement of reticular basement membrane and submucosal collagen in the asthmatic airway

Background An increase in types III and V collagen below the bronchial epilhelium of the airway is known to be responsible for apparent thickening of the reticular basement membrane (RBM) and is recognized as a characteristic feature of asthma. Wide variations exist in reported ranges of the thickness of the RBM in both asthmatic and control airways. The description of collagen deposition has been confined to the RBM with no previous reports of increased collagen deeper within the bronchial wall (i.e. submucosa), although inflammation is known to extend to deeper levels.
The relationship between leadership behavior and organizational commitment: A

This research was carried out with the intention of examining the relationship between leadership behaviour and organizational commitment in co-operative societies. Various past literatures supported the relationship between leadership and commitment where leaderâ€™s style do have influence on employeeâ€™s commitment. 360 samples were collected from various co-operatives located in Peninsular Malaysia. Walk in was done in selective co-operatives to have some guidelines and discussions with employees and leaders. Apart from Autocratic and Participative Leaderâ€™s behaviour, this paper is also intended to examine if nurturant task leadership developed by Sinha (1980) can be applied in cooperative societies. The nurturant â€“ task has been found suitable for Indian organizations (Ansari, 1986, 1990; Sinha, 1980, 1994) and due to the similarities between Indian and Malaysian organization, the nurturant task can be applied in Malaysia. The dependent variables of employees commitment was examined using Meyer and Allenâ€™s (1997) Three Component Model of employee commitment (affective, normative and continuance). Factor analysis was carried out prior to the analysis to suit the Malaysia setting. Respondents have similar understanding of Nurturant Task and Participative where these two variables are later merged in the analysis part to become one. These variables were name as Nurturant Task + Participative (NTP). Regression analysis was analyzed that showed mixed results of leadership style. NTP has inverse relation with Affective Commitment, while autocratic leaders showed no significant relationship. However, NTP and Autocratic leaders both showed positive significant results with normative and continuance commitment of employees. Tenure was found to be high among new and experienced employees if the leaders adopted high level of NTP behaviour. Experienced employees possessed more stable high commitment regardless of leaders behaviour, however new employees commitment are totally dependent on the leaderâ€™s NTP behaviour. Overall findings from this study suggest, autocratic and NTP do play important roles in determining the levels of employeeâ€™s commitment. Leaders should consider in matching both leadership styles based on the situation of their subordinate. NTP was also found to be significant in promoting new employees commitment. Since no similar research has been done in co-operatives, this finding may contribute to the understanding and improvement of employeeâ€™s commitment in co-operative societies in Malaysia.
History of International Psychology in the Unmaking: Abstracting Nonenglish Periodical Literature in the Usa

Policy of the American Psychological Association, announced in September 1987, calls for the elimination of nonEnglish material from Psychological Abstracts beginning in 1988, but with continuing coverage in the two electronic formats, PsychINFO and PsychLIT. APA's electronic information media indicate that nonEnglish material published from 1983 to 1986 accounted for 12 6% of the total number of the abstracts. For material published in 1987 (and processed for the most part in 1988) the percentage dropped dramatically to 1.4%. It remained at this level (1.6%) during the next period available for analysis at this time.
Appropriateness, Reasons and Independent Predictors of Consultations in the Emergency Department (ED) of a Dutch Tertiary Care Center: A Prospective Cohort Study

Objective Consultations occur frequently in the emergency department (ED) of tertiary care centres and pose a threat for patient safety as they contribute to ED lengths of stay (LOS) and overcrowding. The aim of this study was to investigate reasons and appropriateness of consultations, and the relative impact of specialty and patient characteristics on the probability of a consultation, because this could help to improve efficiency of ED patient care. Methods This prospective cohort study included ED patients presenting to a Dutch tertiary care centre in a setting where ED physicians mostly treat self-referred and undifferentiated patients and other specialists treat referred patients. Consultations were defined as appropriate if the reason of consultation corresponded with the final advice, conclusion or policy of the consulted specialty. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relative contribution of specialty and patient characteristics on consultation. Results In the 344 (24% (95% CI 22 to 26%)) of the 1434 inclusions another specialty was consulted, resulting in a 55% increase of ED LOS. ED physicians more often consulted another specialty with a corrected odds ratio (OR) of 5.6 (4.0 to 7.8), mostly because consultations were mandatory in case of hospitalization or outpatient follow-up. Limited expertise of ED physicians was the reason for consultation in 7% (5 to 9%). The appropriateness of consultations was 84% (81 to 88%), similar between ED physicians and other specialists (P = 0.949). The patient characteristics age, comorbidity, and triage category and complaint predicted consultation. Conclusion In a Dutch tertiary care centre another specialty was consulted in 24% of the patients, mostly for an appropriate reason, and rarely because of lack of expertise. The impact of consultations on ED LOS could be reduced if mandatory consultations are abolished and predictors of a consultation are used to facilitate timely consultation.
Sensitivity of TP53‐Mutated Cancer Cells to the Phytoestrogen Genistein Is Associated With Direct Inhibition of Plk1 Activity

Polo‐like kinase 1 (Plk1), a conserved Ser/Thr mitotic kinase, has been identified as a promising target for anticancer drug development because its overexpression is correlated with malignancy. Here, we found that genistein, an isoflavone, inhibits Plk1 kinase activity directly. Previously the mitotic disturbance phenomenon induced by treatment with genistein was not fully explained by its inhibitory effect on EGFR. In kinase profiling assays, it showed selectivity relative to a panel of kinases, including EGFR. Treatment with genistein induced cell death in a concentration‐dependent manner in cancer cells from diverse tissue origins, but not in non‐transformed cells such as hTERT‐RPE or MCF10A cells. We also observed that genistein tended to be more selective against cancer cells with mutations in the TP53 gene. TP53‐depeleted LNCaP and NCI‐H460 cells using shRNA targeting human TP53 were more sensitive to cell death by treatment of genistein. Furthermore, genistein induced mitotic arrest by inhibiting Plk1 activity and, consequently, led to mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. These data suggest that genistein may be a promising anticancer drug candidate due to its inhibitory activity against Plk1 as well as EGFR and effectiveness toward cancer cells, especially those with p53‐mutation. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2818–2828, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality in elderly patients with organic brain disorder enrolled on the Salford psychiatric case register

The observed mortality of 397 elderly patients with organic brain disorder, recruited to the Salford Psychiatric Case Register between 1 January 1968 and 31 December 1975 and followed up by record linkage to 31 December 1985, was compared with expected mortality. The overall SMR was 1.91. SMRs were significantly raised for all age groups beyond 65 years, being highest in the younger age‐bands and declining almost linearly with age. SMRs were elevated for both men and women, during all calendar periods, for incident and prevalent cases, and throughout the whole follow‐up period, being highest in the first year. While social class variations may account for up to 9% of the excess deaths, marital status and ethnic differences had little effect. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where GWAS and epidemiology meet: opportunities for the simultaneous study of genetic and environmental risk factors in schizophrenia.

Epidemiologists and geneticists have tended to explore their respective domains independently, and as a consequence, these fields have drifted apart. The aim of this article is to outline how clues from genetics and epidemiology can be combined in order to optimize schizophrenia research. In particular, we will explore how recent developments in statistical genetics might be used to leverage clues from epidemiology. The ultimate goal of this type of research is to help generate better treatments for schizophrenia via the identification of shared pathways1 and to find modifiable risk factors that could lead to the primary prevention of schizophrenia.2
Transcriptional profiling of erythroid progenitors from G-CSF mobilized and nonmobilized peripheral blood.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the gene expression profile of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood (mPB)-derived progenitors, used in transplantation. METHODS We correlated gene expression patterns of highly enriched steady-state peripheral blood (PB)- and mPB-derived CD71+ cells by microarray and ingenuity pathway analyses, to identify the transcriptional program during in vitro erythroid differentiation. RESULTS The gene expression was more than doubled in mPB-derived (4180 genes) compared to PB-derived erythroid progenitors (1667 genes) while PB-and mPB-derived erythroid progenitors shared 1534 common genes. Comparative analysis of transcript levels showed differential expression of 54 genes between cultured erythroid progenitors of PB and mPB origin, where we identified common 13 downregulated and 30 upregulated genes. The most significant genes in mPB-derived erythroid progenitors were P4HB, DDIA3, ARPC2 and ATP5G3. Regarding G-CSF stimulation the G-CSF receptor CSF2RB (1.1-fold) was linked via STAT3 to erythroid-specific ALAS2 (2.9-fold) and GATA2 (1.3-fold) factors, all upregulated in mPB-derived erythroid progenitors, coupled to common upregulated NUDC gene involved in the proliferation of erythroid cells. CONCLUSION This report provides an extensive transcriptional profile of cultured erythroid progenitors and leads to a better understanding of diversity among the progenitor sources.
Garden of Eden Configurations for Cellular Automata on Cayley Graphs of Groups

The tessellation of the plane given by square cells of equal size can be considered the Cayley graph of the free abelian group of rank 2. This group has polynomial growth. The theorems of Moore [Symposium on Applied Mathematics, Vol. XIV, American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 1962, pp. 17–33] and Myhill [Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 14 (1963), pp. 685–686] on the existence of Garden of Eden configurations for an automaton defined on such a graph are extended to Cayley graphs of groups whose growth function is not exponential. Examples are given of Cayley graphs of groups of exponential growth for which these theorems do not hold.
A survey of multicast routing protocols for mobile Ad-Hoc networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is composed of Mobile Nodes (MNs) without any infrastructure. MNs selforganize to form a network over radio links. In this environment, multicast routing protocols are faced with the challenge of producing multi-hop routing under host mobility and bandwidth constraint. Multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols with distinguishing feature have been newly proposed. In order to provide a comprehensive understanding of these multicast routing protocols designed for MANETs and pave the way for the further research, a survey of the multicast routing protocols is discussed in detail in this paper. Qualitatively, based on their primary multicast routing selection principle, we show that all these protocols could be placed under one of two broad routing selection categories: multicast routing based on application independence and multicast routing based on application dependence.
Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia

Nosocomial pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that develops during a patient's hospitalization. It is neither present nor incubating at the time of admission and usually does not become manifest in the first 48-72 hours after admission. Diagnosing pneumonia may be difficult but generally depends on a combination of radiographic and clinical features such as a pulmonary infiltrates, fever, cough, and production of characteristic sputum. ' In this guideline, no distinction is made between pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections, such as purulent bronchitis or lung abscess. Further, isolation techniques used to prevent transmission of microorganisms involved in pneumonia are mentioned only briefly, and prevention of tuberculosis is not discussed. Pneumonia accounts for 10% to 20% of all hospitalassociated infections and is the third most common nosocomial infection after urinary tract and surgical wound infections. In addition, pneumonia is the nosocomial infection most frequently related to death.2 Because of its frequency and high case-fatality rate, up to 50% in some reports,3" nosocomial pneumonia constitutes a major infection control problem.
Performance analysis of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems in dispersive indoor power line channels inflicting asynchronous impulsive noise

Hidden semi-Markov modelling of the asynchronous impulsive noise (IN) encountered in indoor broadband power line communications (PLCs) is investigated by considering the statistical distributions of both the inter-arrival time and the duration of asynchronous IN components. Then, the bit error ratio (BER) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems using Q-ary quadrature amplitude modulation is analysed with the aid of the proposed noise model, when communicating over dispersive indoor power line channels inflicting asynchronous IN in addition to the background noise. The authors’ simulation results confirm the accuracy of the analysis and quantify the impact of various factors on the achievable BER performance. The grave impact of asynchronous IN on indoor broadband PLCs suggests that efficient techniques have to be designed for mitigating its effects
A morphologic comparison of gingival changes influenced by cyclosporin and tacrolimus in rats: an experimental study.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the morphologic changes in the gingiva brought about by the administration of cyclosporin and tacrolimus in rats. METHODS The study was conducted on 30 six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into three groups of 10 rats each, for a period of 4 weeks. Group I rats received cyclosporin (30 mg/kg body weight), and group II rats received tacrolimus (1.5 mg/kg body weight), by means of a gavage. Group III served as control and received olive oil alone. Impressions of the mandibular incisal region were made weekly, and stone casts were prepared for measuring morphologic changes of the gingiva. RESULTS An increase in the measured gingival dimensions was observed in the test groups as early as week 2 after the commencement of drug administration. Intergroup comparison revealed that the increase in the measured dimensions was greater in group I than group II at the end of 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Cyclosporin and tacrolimus were capable of causing gingival enlargement in Sprague-Dawley rats. However, the magnitude of tacrolimus-influenced gingival enlargement seemed to be comparatively less than cyclosporin.
Peripheral inflammatory disease associated with centrally activated IL-1 system in humans and mice

During peripheral immune activation caused by an infection or an inflammatory condition, the innate immune response signals to the brain and causes an up-regulation of central nervous system (CNS) cytokine production. Central actions of proinflammatory cytokines, in particular IL-1β, are pivotal for the induction of fever and fatigue. In the present study, the influence of peripheral chronic joint inflammatory disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on CNS inflammation was investigated. Intrathecal interleukin (IL)-1β concentrations were markedly elevated in RA patients compared with controls or with patients with multiple sclerosis. Conversely, the anti-inflammatory IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-4 were decreased in RA cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Tumor necrosis factor and IL-6 levels in the CSF did not differ between patients and controls. Concerning IL-1β, CSF concentrations in RA patients were higher than in serum, indicating local production in the CNS, and there was a positive correlation between CSF IL-1β and fatigue assessments. Next, spinal inflammation in experimental arthritis was investigated. A marked increase of IL-1β, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor, but not IL-6 mRNA production, in the spinal cord was observed, coinciding with increased arthritis scores in the KBxN serum transfer model. These data provide evidence that peripheral inflammation such as arthritis is associated with an immunological activation in the CNS in both humans and mice, suggesting a possible therapeutic target for centrally affecting conditions as fatigue in chronic inflammatory diseases, for which to date there are no specific treatments.