Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of stability analysis to previous work

The stability problem (6.4) can be understood in the context of previous work. Ben-jamin (1957) and Yih (1963) have studied the stability of fluid flowing down an inclined plane with a free surface in two dimensions, and Kao (1965a,b) has extended this by considering the effects of a stratified two-fluid system flowing down an inclined plane, although he did not consider arbitrary density profiles. In addition Yih (1967) has studied the stability of flow with viscous stratification in two dimensions, which although quite different physically, bears many mathematical similarities to the present study. Finally, Sangster (1964) studied the problem of the flow of a two-fluid system down an inclined surface with a rigid lid (no free-surface) in two dimensions, with and without surface tension at the fluid-fluid interface. Therefore, the present study corresponds to the problem studied by Sangster for an inclination of 90 • , zero surface-tension, and the addition that one of the boundaries is towed at a fixed rate. Sangster did not investigate the time-evolution of the thickness of one stream relative to the other, but only considered the stability analysis for a fixed ratio of the bottom fluid thickness to top fluid thickness. Through the use of a long-wave expansion (as used here) in addition to a truncated Frobenius series for the eigenfunction (not used here), Sangster obtained approximations to the real and imaginary components of the eigenvalue c. The analysis of Sangster was limited to the condition that the thickness of the lower stratum be greater than that of the upper, which is exactly the opposite of the situation of primary attention in the current investigation. In the current study, primary attention is given to the situation in which the size of the entrained layer (corresponding to the lower-stratum in Sangster's study) is small, although much of the analysis presented here does not require this condition. Finally, Sangster's calculations are rather laborious and the resulting eigenvalue expressions are not shown to simplify as do the calculations presented here, which result in the comparatively compact expressions (6.10) and (6.11). In the axisymmetric problem, the corresponding expressions do not simplify to such compact expressions. , there were found " hidden neutral modes " which are analogous to the modes found here. These modes are termed hidden since they arise either from the misalignment of the density gradient with gravity (Ben-jamin 1957; Yih 1963; Kao 1965a,b), or from the …
Early Appearance of Activated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice: A Possible Role in Blood—Brain Barrier Dysfunction

During cerebral ischemia blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a critical event leading to vasogenic edema and secondary brain injury. Gelatinases A and B are matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) able to open the BBB. The current study analyzes by zymography the early gelatinases expression and activation during permanent ischemia in mice (n = 15). ProMMP-9 expression was significantly (P < 0.001) increased in ischemic regions compared with corresponding contralateral regions after 2 hours of ischemia (mean 694.7 arbitrary units [AU], SD ± 238.4 versus mean 107.6 AU, SD ± 15.6) and remained elevated until 24 hours (mean 745,7 AU, SD ± 157.4). Moreover, activated MMP-9 was observed 4 hours after the initiation of ischemia. At the same time as the appearance of activated MMP-9, we detected by the Evan's blue extravasation method a clear increase of BBB permeability, Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 was not modified during permanent ischemia at any time. The ProMMP-2 was significantly (P < 0.05) increased only after 24 hours of permanent ischemia (mean 213.2 AU, SD ± 60.6 versus mean 94.6 AU, SD ± 13.3), and no activated form was observed. The appearance of activated MMP-9 after 4 hours of ischemia in correlation with BBB permeability alterations suggests that MMP-9 may play an active role in early vasogenic edema development after stroke.
The Role of IgE-Receptors in IgE-Dependent Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Remodelling

Background In allergic asthma, IgE increases airway remodelling but the mechanism is incompletely understood. Airway remodelling consists of two independent events increased cell numbers and enhanced extracellular matrix deposition, and the mechanism by which IgE up-regulates cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition by human airway smooth muscle cells in asthma is unclear. Objective Characterise the role of the two IgE receptors and associated signalling cascades in airway smooth muscle cell remodelling. Methods Primary human airway smooth muscle cells (8 asthmatics, 8 non-asthmatics) were stimulated with human purified antibody-activated IgE. Proliferation was determined by direct cell counts. Total collagen deposition was determined by Sircol; collagen species deposition by ELISA. IgE receptors were silenced by siRNA and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling was blocked by chemical inhibitors. Results IgE dose-dependently increased extracellular matrix and collagen deposition by airway smooth muscle cells as well as their proliferation. Specifically in cells of asthma patients IgE increased the deposition of collagen-type-I, -III, –VII and fibronectin, but did not affect the deposition of collagens type-IV. IgE stimulated collagen type-I and type-VII deposition through IgE receptor-I and Erk1/2 MAPK. Proliferation and deposition of collagens type-III and fibronectin involved both IgE receptors as well as Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK. Pre-incubation (30 minutes) with Omalizumab prevented all remodelling effects completely. We observed no changes in gelatinase activity or their inhibitors. Conclusion & Clincal Relevance Our study provides the molecular biological mechanism by which IgE increases airway remodelling in asthma through increased airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and deposition of pro-inflammatory collagens and fibronectin. Blocking IgE action prevents several aspects of airway smooth muscle cell remodelling. Our findings may explain the recently described reduction of airway wall thickness in severe asthma patients treated with humanised anti-IgE antibodies.
Dynamic interactions of life and its landscape: feedbacks at the interface of geomorphology and ecology

There appears to be no single axis of causality between life and its landscape, but rather, each exerts a simultaneous influence on the other over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. These influences occur through feedbacks of differing strength and importance with co‐evolution representing the tightest coupling between biological and geomorphological systems. The ongoing failure to incorporate these dynamic bio‐physical interactions with human activity in landscape studies limits our ability to predict the response of landscapes to human disturbance and climate change. This limitation is a direct result of the poor communication between the ecological and geomorphological communities and consequent paucity of interdisciplinary research. Recognition of this failure led to the organization of the Meeting of Young Researchers in Earth Science (MYRES) III, titled ‘Dynamic Interactions of Life and its Landscape’. This paper synthesizes and expands upon key issues and findings from that meeting, to help chart a course for future collaboration among Earth surface scientists and ecologists: it represents the consensus view of a competitively selected group of 77 early‐career researchers. Two broad themes that serve to focus and motivate future research are identified: (1) co‐evolution of landforms and biological communities; and (2) humans as modifiers of the landscape (through direct and indirect actions). Also outlined are the state of the art in analytical, experimental and modelling techniques in ecological and geomorphological research, and novel new research avenues that combine these techniques are suggested. It is hoped that this paper will serve as an interdisciplinary reference for geomorphologists and ecologists looking to learn more about the other field. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrieving topical sentiments from online document collections

Retrieving document sby subject matter is the general goal of information retrieval and othe rcontent access systems. There are aspects of textual content, however, which form equally valid election critiria. One such aspect is that of sentiment or polarity - indicating the author's opinion or emotional relationship with some topic. Recent work in this are has treated polarity effectively as a discrete aspect of text. In this paper we present a lightweight but robust approach to combining topic and polarity thus enabling content access systems to select content based on a certain opinion about a certain topic.
Iterative Channel Estimation in LTE Systems

In this paper, we discuss iterative channel estimation for the Long Term Evolution (LTE) downlink. The LTE standard utilizes coherent detection and therefore to achieve a high data rate over mobile radio channels, it is essential to obtain high accurate channel state information at the receiver side. For channel estimation purposes, the LTE standard provides training data known as pilot symbols. The open question is whether the accuracy of channel estimation based on pilot symbols is sufficient to achieve such high data rate transmission. The quality of the channel estimates can be further enhanced if soft or hard information bits, which are available after the decoding stage, are utilized by the channel estimator to re-estimate the channel. In order to quantify the gain provided by the iterative channel estimation, several scenarios have been considered in this work.
An enhanced distributed certificate authority scheme for authentication in mobile ad-hoc networks

In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), it is easy to launch wormhole, man-in-the-middle and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, or to impersonate another node. Our previous work established a network consisting confidentiality and authentication of packets in both routing and link layers. As an extension to our previous work, in this paper, we propose to develop an enhanced distributed certificate authority scheme to provide data integrity, thus making the network more secure from both inside and outside attacks. The proposed scheme makes use of Shamir's secret sharing scheme along with a redundancy technique to support certificate renewal and revocation. The malicious nodes are detected by the trusting mechanism by monitoring the behavior hop by hop. By simulation results, we show that the proposed scheme achieves more packet delivery ratio while attaining less delay and overhead, compared with the previous existing scheme .
miR-205 and miR-200c: Predictive Micro RNAs for Lymph Node Metastasis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Purpose We examined expression profiles of 16 micro RNAs (miRNAs) in triple negative breast cancers to identify their potential as biomarkers for lymph node metastasis. Methods The expression profiles of miR-9, miR-21, miR-30a, miR-30d, miR-31, miR-34a, miR-34c, miR-100, miR-122, miR-125b, miR-146a, miR-146b, miR-155, miR-181a, miR-200c, and miR-205 were examined by using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in tumor samples and corresponding benign breast tissues. Their associations with histopathological features and prognostic parameters were assessed. Results When compared with the expression in benign breast tissues, seven of the miRNAs (miR-31, miR-205, miR-34a, miR-146a, miR-125b, miR-34c, and miR-181a) were downregulated more than 1.5-fold in tumor tissues, whereas, only miR-21 was found to be upregulated more than 1.5-fold in tumor tissues. Although miR-200c levels were decreased only 1.12-fold in tumor tissues, the reduced expressions of miR-200c and miR-205 were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.021 and p=0.016, respectively). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that miR-205 and miR-200c expression levels may be useful in predicting lymph node metastasis in triple negative breast cancer patients.
The IEEE 802.11e MAC for Quality of Service in Wireless LANs

Next-generation Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), originally developed as an extension of the wired-LANs, are expected to become a widespread technology for the deployment of multimedia services over hot-spots and home-networking environments. To this extent, modifications of the current IEEE 802.11 MAC layer are required, in order to support real-time services as well as best-effort Web browsing and data transfer applications. The IEEE 802.11 Task Group E is working on a draft proposal for a QoS-aware MAC protocol that considers several service differentiation mechanisms, whose effectiveness is still under investigation. In this work, we have implemented a system simulator for an 802.11 WLAN, with 802.11a PHY and 802.11e MAC, while considering in great detail the specifications given in the draft, in order to evaluate the capability of the various 802.11e QoS mechanisms to support voice, video and data applications in specific hot-spot and home-networking scenarios.
Differential involvement of the cerebellum in biological and coherent motion perception

Perception of biological motion (BM) is a fundamental property of the human visual system. It is as yet unclear which role the cerebellum plays with respect to the perceptual analysis of BM represented as point‐light displays. Imaging studies investigating BM perception revealed inconsistent results concerning cerebellar contribution. The present study aimed to explore the role of the cerebellum in the perception of BM by testing the performance of BM perception in patients suffering from circumscribed cerebellar lesions and comparing their performance with an age‐matched control group. Perceptual performance was investigated in an experimental task testing the threshold to detect BM masked by scrambled motion and a control task testing the detection of motion direction of coherent motion masked by random noise. Results show clear evidence for a differential contribution of the cerebellum to the perceptual analysis of coherent motion compared with BM. Whereas the ability to detect BM masked by scrambled motion was unaffected in the patient group, their ability to discriminate the direction of coherent motion in random noise was substantially affected. We conclude that intact cerebellar function is not a prerequisite for a preserved ability to detect BM. Because the dorsal motion pathway as well as the ventral form pathway contribute to the visual perception of BM, the question of whether cerebellar dysfunction affecting the dorsal pathway is compensated for by the unaffected ventral pathway or whether perceptual analysis of BM is performed completely without cerebellar contribution remains to be determined.
Cultural Differences in the Emotional Indicators of the Two-People Drawing Test

The study aims to identify differences in the emotional indicators attributable to cultural variables in the Two Human Figures Test (T2F) of Maganto and Garaigordobil (2009) and to obtain standards of the test for the Indian Yaqui children (Mexico). A representative sample of 654 children aged 5–11 years was used. We conducted a validation study of the emotional items for this sample that met the three criteria established by the authors: (1) they distinguish between clinical and nonclinical groups, (2) they are not developmental, and (3) they have a low frequency (less than 10%). The results show large differences in the presence of emotional indicators between this sample and the original Spanish group used to construct the T2F. Only six of the 35 emotional indicators found in the Spanish sample are valid for this representative sample of Yaqui children. Possible causes of this discrepancy are discussed.
Comparison of Discharge Measurement by Current Meter and Acoustic Scintillation Methods at Rocher-de- Grand-Mère

Rocher-de-Grand-Mere is a typical modern design of a low head power plant. It has a very short converging intake that makes the discharge measurement very difficult to perform with high accuracy. According to the IEC 41 test code, while no existing standard deals with short intakes of low-head plants, clauses in ISO 3354 may be used as a guide for the Current Meter (CM) method. A fairly new method called the Acoustic Scintillation Flow Measurement (ASFM) has been used and compared to the CM method. The initial results showed an overall mean difference between the two methods that was very low. However, large deviations were evident in the discharges measured in the individual bays by the two instruments, which also varied with the discharge. Possible causes for these differences include the effect of the approach angle of the flow in the forebay and asymmetry in the velocity and turbulence profiles which can cause flow angle calculation errors in the acoustic scintillation data. An improved flow angle algorithm recently introduced for the scintillation method and some revised filtering and other analysis techniques have been used to re-analyze the data from Rocher-deGrand-Mere and have improved the agreement between the two methods. The major cause of the deviations was the effect of interference in the acoustic signal from the current meters mounted in close proximity on the frame.
Effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness in dogs with hip osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness among overweight dogs with clinical and radiographic signs of hip osteoarthritis. DESIGN Nonblinded prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS 9 client-owned dogs with radiographic signs of hip osteoarthritis that weighed 11 to 12% greater than their ideal body weight and were examined because of hind limb lameness. PROCEDURE Dogs were weighed, and baseline body condition, hind limb lameness, and hip function scores were assigned. Severity of lameness was scored using a numerical rating scale and a visual analogue scale. Dogs were fed a restricted-calorie diet, with amount of diet fed calculated to provide 60% of the calories needed to maintain the dogs' current weights. Evaluations were repeated midway through and at the end of the weight-loss period. RESULTS Dogs lost between 11 and 18% of initial body weight. Body weight, body condition score, and severity of hind limb lameness were all significantly decreased at the end of the weight-loss period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that in overweight dogs with hind limb lameness secondary to hip osteoarthritis, weight reduction alone may result in a substantial improvement in clinical lameness.
The Southern SHARC catalogue: a ROSAT survey for distant galaxy clusters

X-ray selection provides a way of creating well-defined samples of distant clusters free from projection effects and with a well-understood selection function. This paper describes the creation of one such catalogue - the Southern Serendipitous High-redshift Archival ROSAT Cluster (SHARC) survey - which covers an area of 17.7 deg 2 and consists of 32 clusters with redshifts between 0.05 and 0.7 and X-ray luminosities between 7 x 10 4 2 and 4 x 10 4 4 erg s - 1 : the high-redshift subsample contains 16 clusters with z ≥ 0.3 and X-ray luminosities greater than 2 x 10 4 3 erg s - 1 (luminosities are quoted for the 0.5-2.0 keV energy band). The catalogue is in good agreement with those of other ROSAT cluster surveys for those fields in common. The high-redshift sample is consistent with there being no evolution in the cluster X-ray luminosity function at luminosities ∼10 4 4 erg s - 1 : the implications of this work have been described elsewhere.
Invariant Recognition of Objects by Vision

Invariance to various transformations is key to object recognition. Image-plane invariances – such as translation, rotation and scaling – can be computed independently of the specific object. On the other hand, both invariance to rotation in depth and invariance to changes in illumination require implicit information about the 3D structure of the object or its material properties and thus more than a single “training” image. Here, we interpret same-different perceptual tasks as classification problems. This perspective allows us to provide a formal definition of the efficiency of invariance, a bias-free summary measure of the trade-off between selectivity and invariance. We believe that this definition is the most natural and should be used in physiology, psychophysics and modeling. We characterized the efficiency of invariance in a class of feedforward architectures for visual recognition that mimic the hierarchical organization of the ventral stream. We show that this class of models achieves perfect translation and scaling invariance for novel images. In this architecture a new image is represented in terms of weights of ”templates” or “basis functions” at each level in the hierarchy. Such a representation inherits the invariance of the templates, which is built in through replications of the corresponding units across positions or scales. Simulations on real images characterize the type and number of templates needed for a representation which is sufficient to support the invariant recognition of novel objects. We conclude that the templates need not be visually similar to the test objects and that using a very small number of them is sufficient for good recognition. This surprising empirical result yields intriguing implications for the learning of invariant recognition during the development of a biological organism, such as a human baby.
Expression of Adipose MicroRNAs Is Sensitive to Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Treatment in Mice

Background Investigation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in obesity, their genetic targets and influence by dietary modulators is of great interest because it may potentially identify novel pathways involved in this complex metabolic disorder and influence future therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to determine whether miRNAs expression may be influenced by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), currently used to induce fat loss. Methodology/Principal Findings We determined retroperitoneal adipose tissue (rWAT) expression of five miRNAs related to adipocyte differentiation (miRNA-143) and lipid metabolism (miRNA-103 and -107) and altered in obesity (miRNA-221 and -222), using the TaqMan®MicroRNA Assay (Applied-Biosystems). In the first experiment, mice were fed with a standard fat diet and orally treated with sunflower oil (control group) and 3 or 10 mg CLA/day for 37 days. In the second experiment, mice were fed with a high fat diet for 65 days. For the first 30 days, mice received the same doses of CLA described above and, from that time onwards, animals received a double dose. Results showed that expression of selected miRNAs was modified in response to CLA treatment and metabolic status. Interestingly, a strong correlation was observed between miR-103 and -107 expression, as well as miR-221 and -222 in both experiments. Moreover, changes in miRNAs expression correlated with several adipocyte gene expressions: miR-103 and -107 correlated with genes involved in fatty acid metabolism whereas miR-221 and miR-222 correlated with the expression of adipocytokines. Regarding the minor changes observed in miR-143 expression, no differences in expression of adipogenic markers were observed. Conclusions/Significance Although elucidating the functional implications of miRNAs is beyond the scope of this study, these findings provide the first evidence that miRNAs expression may be influenced by dietary manipulation, reflecting or even contributing to the new metabolic state originated by CLA treatment.