Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal processes related to movement of fluid from plastic into brittle rock in the magmatic-epithermal environment

Repeated intrusions of magma to depths of 2 to 6 km beneath a volcanic complex result in a large body of surrounding rock attaining temperatures sufficiently hot (>400 degrees C) for crustal rocks to behave in a plastic manner at normal strain rates, [asymp]10 (super -14) sec (super -1) . Where the least principal stress is the lithostatic load, hypersaline brine and gas exsolved from crystallizing magma accumulate at lithostatic pressure within this plastic rock in horizontal lenses. A narrow, self-sealed zone of relatively impermeable material separates the lithostatically pressured region from a region where meteoric-derived hydrothermal fluids circulate through brittle rock at hydrostatic pressure. Episodically, major breaches of the self-sealed zone occur, and several different mechanisms may play a role in triggering such a breach. A particularly likely mechanism is an upward surge in magma that temporarily increases the local strain rate to such a degree that previously plastic material undergoes shear failure in response to a very small stress difference. This allows hypersaline brine and gas to be expelled quickly from the normally plastic region into the brittle, lower pressure and lower temperature domain, where epithermal veins are deposited as a result of decompression and cooling of the magmatic fluid. The resulting increase in fluid pressure and temperature within the brittle domain leads to faulting and brecciation that increase permeability and allow an increase in the rate of discharge of hydrothermal fluid. The enthalpy of the relatively dilute supercritical fluid that separates from boiling brine as a result of decompression greatly influences the type of mineralization that occurs when that fluid moves upward through cooler, brittle rock. Repeated cycles of breaching of the self-sealed zone, healing by mineral deposition and plastic flow, and rebreaching result in banded epithermal veins extending long distances into brittle rock. Eventually, intrusive activity stops or declines and the 400 degrees C isotherm moves downward, accompanied by hydrostatically pressured hydrothermal activity dominated by meteoric water.
Fertigation and Conventional Potassium Application to Field Grown Potato in Lebanon: Perspective to Enhance Efficiency

In Lebanon, potato occupies a surface of 14,800 ha corresponding to 17% of the irrigated land. The Bekaa valley is the largest production area in the country, with more than 67% of total potato production located on prime land. This crop is generally fertilized by soil application and irrigated by sprinklers with rare implementation of drip systems. Spring and summer potatoes depend entirely on irrigation, with an average yield of 20-25 t/ha of fresh tubers. In general, potato is cropped within a rotation consisting of wheat-potato-vegetable or legume rotation. For adequate growth, potato requires large amounts of potassium and nitrogen. In clay soils rich in active minerals, K is subject to fixation, which requires improved application methods to reduce K loss. Instead of traditional broadcasting, increasing fertilizer use efficiency is achieved through improved application with side banding method or fertigation with soluble forms of fertilizers. Literature from the region indicated no response to added K fertilizers on clay soils containing 200 mg K/kg soil. This study aims at reviewing the results of research works conducted in Lebanon with K-fertilization of potato with different rates, application methods and irrigation techniques in two main agro climatic zones of the country. The review will compare between the use of potassium sulfate as banding in the soil and in the irrigation water by fertigation. In the first winter trial, the splitting into two application dozes gave the higher fresh tuber yield (16 t/ha) despite the absence of significant difference between treatments. Yet, significantly higher elite tubers were found in early K application treatment, indicating the beneficial use from accessible potassium if timed to the plant needs. Also, very late K application towards the physiological maturity stage had a little impact. Despite the low mobility of K in comparison with N, the split application was advantageous also in comparison with a large single application of potassium to initially K deficient soil. Indeed, the ratio of available potassium (exchangeable + dissolved in the solution) to the sum of bivalent Ca and Mg showed a clear dynamic increase with the splitting of potassium. In the second spring trial, a significant yield increase was observed in the K treatments in comparison with the control, despite the initial K level in the clay soil testing 280 mg/kg soil. Tuber yield increase was associated with significant tuber size improvement (up to 50%) of elite tubers as compared to the control. Monitoring of plant water status revealed an immediate stomato response in the K treated plots to
Further evidence for DYX1C1 as a susceptibility factor for dyslexia

Objective Dyslexia-susceptibility-1-candidate-1 (DYX1C1) was the first gene associated with dyslexia. Since the original report of 2003, eight replication attempts have been published reporting discordant results. As the dyslexia community still considers the role of DYX1C1 unsettled, we explored the contribution of this gene in a sample of 366 trios of German descent. Methods To the common four markers used in previous studies, we added two new single nucleotide polymorphisms found by resequencing both the putative regulatory and coding region of the gene in randomly selected cases and controls. As linkage disequilibrium blocks of the region were not easy to define, we approached the association problem by running a transmission disequilibrium test over sliding windows of dimension 1 to 6 on consecutive markers. The significance of this test was calculated generating the empirical distribution of the global P value by simulating the data. As our study sample had a large female proband content, we also stratified our analysis by sex. Results We found statistically significant association with global corrected P value of 0.036. The three-marker haplotype G/G/G spanning rs3743205/rs3743204/rs600753 was most associated with a P value of 0.006 and odds ratio 3.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.4–9.6) in female probands. A detailed haplotype–phenotype analysis revealed that the dyslexia subphenotype short-term memory contributed mainly to the observed findings. This is in accordance with a recent short-term memory–DYX1C1 association in an independent sample of dyslexia. Conclusion As significant association was proved in our sample, we could also conclude that denser maps, sex information, and well-defined subphenotypes are crucial to correctly determine the contribution of DYX1C1 to dyslexia.
Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Relevant Knowledge of Adolescent Girls in Rural Bangladesh

This study estimated the levels and differentials in nutritional status and dietary intake and relevant knowledge of adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh using data from the Baseline Survey 2004 of the National Nutrition Programme. A stratified two-stage random cluster-sampling was used for selecting 4,993 unmarried adolescent girls aged 13–18 years in 708 rural clusters. Female interviewers visited girls at home to record their education, occupation, dietary knowledge, seven-day food-frequency, intake of iron and folic acid, morbidity, weight, and height. They inquired mothers about age of their daughters and possessions of durable assets to divide households into asset quintiles. Results revealed that 26% of the girls were thin, with body mass index (BMI)-for-age <15th percentile), 0.3% obese (BMI-for-age >95th percentile), and 32% stunted (height-for-age ≤2SD). Risks of being thin and stunted were higher if girls had general morbidity in the last fortnight and foul-smelling vaginal discharge than their peers. Consumptions of non-staple good-quality food items in the last week were less frequent and correlated well positively with the household asset quintile. Girls of the highest asset quintile ate fish/meat 2.1 (55%) days more and egg/milk two (91%) days more than the girls in the lowest asset quintile. The overall dietary knowledge was low. More than half could not name the main food sources of energy and protein, and 36% were not aware of the importance of taking extra nutrients during adolescence for growth spurt. The use of iron supplement was 21% in nutrition-intervention areas compared to 8% in non-intervention areas. Factors associated with the increased use of iron supplements were related to awareness of the girls about extra nutrients and their access to mass media and education. Community-based adolescent-friendly health and nutrition education and services and economic development may improve the overall health and nutritional knowledge and status of adolescents.
EBLAST: efficient high-compression image transformation: I. Background and theory

In this paper, the first of a two-part series, a high- compression image transformation (called EBLAST for Enhanced Blurring, Local Averaging, and Thresholding) is presented that facilitates image transmission along low-bandwidth channels such as acoustic modems, and exhibits low mean- squared error with spatially uniform reconstruction error. Although initially applied to tactical communication problems, this innovative transform Blurring, Local Averaging, and Thresholding), can be used in commercial applications such as videotelephony. EBLAST's compression ratio (CR), which usually ranges from 100:1 to as high as 250:1 on underwater imagery, can in some cases be increased by follow-on Huffman encoding to yield CR approximating 300:1 with no additional information loss. Additionally, in previous work the authors showed that restriction of the source image to typical targets of interest, followed by compression, could increase CR to 20,000:1 or greater. In such cases, background information is characterized, then discarded prior to compression. In the decompression step, the background is approximately reconstructed from statistical parameters, which can provide verisimilitude for human target cueing applications.
Assessment of the Torsion Effect in Asymmetric Buildings under Seismic Loading

According to the recent earthquakes, the asymmetric buildings suffer from severe damages caused by increased torsional response. The new seismic codes try to take into account this effect and during the modeling it is difficult to assess all the parameters that have an influence on the behavior of this kind of structures. In this work, a study on the influence of the effects of torsion on the behavior of structure is done. The proposed structures consist of an irregular 3-storey reinforced concrete frame with infinitely rigid slabs. The uncertainties of input parameters, such as seismic Arias intensity, peak ground acceleration, predominant period and output ones such as, inter-story Drift, and dynamic eccentricity upon the torsion is investigated. Using a finite element code, dynamic linear and non linear time analysis and pushover analysis have been performed, based on 116 seismic records with a magnitude varying between 6.2 and 7.7.
Notes on the wall vegetation of the Lake Garda surroundings (North Italy) and its consequences to the syntaxonomy of Tortulo–Cymbalarietalia Segal 1969

Abstract The paper discusses the differentiation of the wall plant communities occurring in the vicinity of Lake Garda (North Italy), between the cities of Lazise and Torbole. Three associations have been recorded: Linario cymbalariae-Parietarietum ramiflorae Pignatti 1952, Linario-Erigeronetum mucronati Segal 1969, Oxalido-Parietarietum judaicae (Br.-Bl. 1952) Segal 1969, and community with domination of Asplenium ceterach. The results can indicate that some of the associations distinguished by Brullo & Guarino (1998) in their pan-European synthesis do not exist as separable units.
Comparative analysis of direct (core) and indirect (borehole imaging tools) collection of fracture data in the Hot Dry Rock Soultz reservoir (France)

Attributes of several thousand fractures were collected in three boreholes of 2.2, 3.6, and 3.8 km depth, penetrating the Soultz Hot Dry Rock reservoir (France). The fractures were sampled from cores and from several high-resolution imaging techniques such as borehole televiewer (BHTV), ultrasonic borehole imager (UBI), formation microscanner (FMS), formation microimager (FMI), and azimuthal resistivity imaging (ARI). A comparison was made between the data collected on cores and those provided by different imaging techniques. The comparison clearly establishes that the different wall-images are not as exhaustive as the core data and cannot provide a complete characterization of the fracture network. Discrete fractures thinner than 1 mm are not properly detected. This is also the case for discrete fractures closer than 5 mm, which appear only as single traces. The imaging techniques are, nevertheless, very powerful for characterizing altered fracture clusters. Whatever the technique used, the fracture strikes were correctly sampled with the different systems. This comparison allowed us to calibrate the fracture population data obtained from the imaging system in order to correct for the filtering effect introduced by the technique itself and by the alteration of the rock mass.
Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management

A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector is causing a range of environmental problems on local, regional and global scales. Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents an accessible overview of environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner. The book describes the physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure and microbial processes, featuring detailed examples and case studies showing how this knowledge can be used in practice. Readers are introduced to the sustainable use of animal manure for crop fertilisation and soil amelioration. Environmentally friendly technologies for reducing emissions of ammonia, odour and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane are presented, and reduction of plant nutrient losses using separation technologies is introduced. Finally and most importantly, the book describes methods to commercialise and transfer knowledge about innovations to end-users.
Efficient Evolution of Machine Code for CISC Architectures using Blocks and Homologous Crossover

This chapter describes recent advances in genetic programming of machine code. Evolutionary program induction of binary machine code is one of the fastest GP methods and the most well studied linear approach. The technique has previously been known as Compiling Genetic Programming System (CGPS) but to avoid confusion with methods using an actual compiler and to separate the system from the method, the name has been changed to Automatic Induction of Machine Code with Genetic Programming (AIM-GP). AIM-GP stores individuals as a linear string of native binary machine code, which is directly executed by the processor. The absence of an interpreter and complex memory handling allows increased speed of several orders of magnitudes. AIM-GP has so far been applied to processors with a fixed instruction length (RISC) using integer arithmetics. This chapter describes several new advances to the AIM-GP method which are important for the applicability of the technique. Such advances include enabling the induction of code for CISC processors such as the most widespread computer architecture INTEL x86 as well as JAVA and many embedded processors. The new technique also makes AIM-GP more portable in general and simplifies the adaptation to any processor architecture. Other additions include the use of floating point instructions, control flow instructions, ADFs and new genetic operators e.g. aligned homologous crossover. We also discuss the benefits and drawbacks of register machine GP versus tree-based GP. This chapter is meant to be a directed towards the practitioner, who wants to extend AIM-GP to new architectures and application domains.
Why Consumers Go to Online Grocery: Comparing Vegetables with Grains

This study investigates factors affecting the adoption of online grocery shopping and online grocery purchase amount based on the theories of innovation classification scheme, food related lifestyle, and product heterogeneity. Using real purchase data from 732 consumer households, logit regression and linear regression with Box-Cox transformation were conducted to accomplish the goals of this study. This study found that the effect of convenience variables and food related lifestyle variables varies across the context (adoption vs. post-adoption) and product categories. Interestingly, the time requirement to access offline grocery markets, one of the convenience variables, had no effect on the adoption of online grocery shopping. However, it did affect the online grocery purchase amount. Theoretical and managerial implications are also derived from the findings of this study.
On the bifurcation structure of axisymmetric vortex breakdown in a constricted pipe

The bifurcation structure is presented for an axisymmetric swirling flow in a constricted pipe, using the pipe geometry of Beran and Culick [J. Fluid Mech. 242, 491 (1992)]. The flow considered has been restricted to a two‐dimensional parameter space comprising the Reynolds number Re and the relative swirl V0 of the incoming swirling flow. The bifurcation diagram is constructed by solving the time‐dependent axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations. The stability of the steady results presented by Beran and Culick, obtained from a steady axisymmetric Navier–Stokes code, has been confirmed. Further, the steady solution branch has also been extended to much larger V0 values. At larger V0, a stable unsteady solution branch has been identified. This unsteady branch coexists with the previously found stable steady solution branch and originates via a turning point bifurcation. The bifurcation diagram is of the type described by Benjamin [Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 359, 1 (1978)] as the canonical unfolding of a pit.
The Idea of Magma Mixing: History of a Struggle for Acceptance

In 1851, chemist Robert Bunsen suggested that the mixing of two magmas, one mafic and the other felsic, in various proportions might account for the wide range of chemical compositions of igneous rocks. Based on flaws in several of its secondary provisions, the whole hypothesis was rejected by a succession of influential critics and remained in disrepute for a hundred years. Meanwhile, studies of composite dikes and sills indicated that, indeed, mafic and felsic magmas had coexisted at close quarters and had been emplaced in quick succession. This interpretation was also used by some investigators to explain the intimate association of mafic and felsic rock types in the commonly occurring igneous complexes. Others believed that the mafic components of these complexes were derived from geologically older mafic formations. By the early 1900s it had become apparent that mafic magmas crystallized at higher temperatures than felsic magmas. This knowledge was not immediately applied to the problem of magma mixing, however, due in part to the popularity of the newly validated process of fractional crystallization and to the implication that the diversity of igneous rocks could be accounted for by that process alone. Not until the 1950s was the attention of the geological community drawn to the fact that disparate magmas mix in a special manner: they mingle, the mafic magma being quenched to a fracturable solid upon contact with the cooler felsic magma. This explanation set in motion a series of studies of other igneous complexes, confirming the concept and adding other identifying features of the process.
Learning Optimal Bayesian Networks: A Shortest Path Perspective

In this paper, learning a Bayesian network structure that optimizes a scoring function for a given dataset is viewed as a shortest path problem in an implicit state-space search graph. This perspective highlights the importance of two research issues: the development of search strategies for solving the shortest path problem, and the design of heuristic functions for guiding the search. This paper introduces several techniques for addressing the issues. One is an A* search algorithm that learns an optimal Bayesian network structure by only searching the most promising part of the solution space. The others are mainly two heuristic functions. The first heuristic function represents a simple relaxation of the acyclicity constraint of a Bayesian network. Although admissible and consistent, the heuristic may introduce too much relaxation and result in a loose bound. The second heuristic function reduces the amount of relaxation by avoiding directed cycles within some groups of variables. Empirical results show that these methods constitute a promising approach to learning optimal Bayesian network structures.
Thermal Water Applications in the Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background. Thermal water inhalations and irrigations have a long tradition in the treatment of airway diseases. Currently there exists no systematic review or meta-analysis on the effectiveness of thermal water treatment in upper respiratory tract diseases. Methods. A systematic search in the databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, ISI Web of Science, and MedPilot was accomplished. Results. Eight evaluable outcome parameters from 13 prospective clinical studies were identified for 840 patients. Mucociliary clearance time improves significantly (P < 0.01) for the pooled thermal water subgroup and the sulphurous subgroup after 2 weeks (−6.69/minutes) and after 90 days (−8.33/minutes), not for isotonic sodium chloride solution (ISCS). Nasal resistance improved significantly after 2 weeks (Radon, ISCS, and placebo), after 30 days (sulphur and ISCS), and after 90 days (sulphur). Nasal flow improved significantly with the pooled thermal water, radon alone, and ISCS subgroups. For the IgE parameter only sulphurous thermal water (P < 0.01) and ISCS (P > 0.01) were analyzable. Adverse events of minor character were only reported for sulphurous treatment (19/370). Conclusion. Thermal water applications with radon or sulphur can be recommended as additional nonpharmacological treatment in upper airway diseases. Also in comparison to isotonic saline solution it shows significant improvements and should be investigated further.