Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Modified Location Aware Routing Algorithm for MANET

there are many routing protocol used in MANET. In which LAR protocol used to find location of mobile node. The Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol is an on-demand scheme. It utilizes location information to limit the route query flooding area. The prerequisite is that every host knows its own location and the global time, which can be provided by a Global Positioning System (GPS). Two scheme are used in LAR protocol i.e. Request zone and Expected zone. This paper has proposed an algorithm for expected zone. Expected zone is divided into four segments and easily finds out destination location. The proposed approach is suitable for both high and low density network. The aims of this paper are easily find the position of node and also find the direction of node using probability distribution function (PDF). Location Aided routing protocol reduce overhead the network so that it needs less calculation to find the location of destination. To implement the Location Aided Routing Protocol (normal), Location Aided Routing Protocol (using PDF) and Dynamic Source Routing protocols (DSR) certain simulation scenario is run. Results show that proposed algorithm increases the throughput in MANET and WLAN. Besides calculating the throughput, proposed approach also enhance data dropped rate, load, and retransmission attempts in ad hoc network.
How crossover helps in pseudo-boolean optimization

Understanding the impact of crossover on performance is a major problem in the theory of genetic algorithms (GAs). We present new insight on working principles of crossover by analyzing the performance of crossover-based GAs on the simple functions OneMax and Jump. First, we assess the potential speedup by crossover when combined with a fitness-invariant bit shuffling operator that simulates a lineage of independent evolution on a function of unitation. Theoretical and empirical results show drastic speedups for both functions. Second, we consider a simple GA without shuffling and investigate the interplay of mutation and crossover on Jump. If the crossover probability is small, subsequent mutations create sufficient diversity, even for very small populations. Contrarily, with high crossover probabilities crossover tends to lose diversity more quickly than mutation can create it. This has a drastic impact on the performance on Jump. We complement our theoretical findings by Monte Carlo simulations on the population diversity.
Identification of the binding interfaces on CheY for two of its targets, the phosphatase CheZ and the flagellar switch protein fliM.

CheY is the response regulator protein serving as a phosphorylation-dependent switch in the bacterial chemotaxis signal transduction pathway. CheY has a number of proteins with which it interacts during the course of the signal transduction pathway. In the phosphorylated state, it interacts strongly with the phosphatase CheZ, and also the components of the flagellar motor switch complex, specifically with FliM. Previous work has characterized peptides consisting of small regions of CheZ and FliM which interact specifically with CheY. We have quantitatively measured the binding of these peptides to both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated CheY using fluorescence spectroscopy. There is a significant enhancement of the binding of these peptides to the phosphorylated form of CheY, suggesting that these peptides share much of the binding specificity of the intact targets of the phosphorylated form of CheY. We also have used modern nuclear magnetic resonance methods to characterize the sites of interaction of these peptides on CheY. We have found that the binding sites are overlapping and primarily consist of residues in the C-terminal portion of CheY. Both peptides affect the resonances of residues at the active site, indicating that the peptides may either bind directly at the active site or exert conformational influences that reach to the active site. The binding sites for the CheZ and FliM peptides also overlap with the previously characterized CheA binding interface. These results suggest that interaction with these three proteins of the signal transduction pathway are mutually exclusive. In addition, since these three proteins are sensitive to the phosphorylation state of CheY, it may be that the C-terminal region of CheY is most sensitive for the conformational changes occurring upon phosphorylation.
Developing paediatric eye care teams in India

We confess that the word ‘adult’, in the strictest sense does not deserve to be part of the title. Although not deliberate, we have used it in the sense of ‘visually mature’ patients being enrolled in this study. Even though it escaped the review process, the fault if any is entirely ours. Interestingly, there exist other articles using the word ‘adult’ which have included patients with a minimum age of 15 years! [4,5]
The Price Effect of Hospital Closures

This paper analyzes the anti-competitive effect of hospital closures between 1993 and 1998. Using a modified rival analysis with difference-in-differences (DD) and difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) identification strategies, this study finds that competitors located nearest to closed hospitals were best able to improve their bargaining position. Moreover, rivals that experienced multiple neighborhood closures, that faced large closures relative to their own sizes, and that were located in more concentrated markets were all able to raise prices even more. The overall estimate suggests a 4%, one-time, permanent price increase due to closure, a strong price effect that has been overlooked in the literature.
Influence of Facebook game players' behavior on flow and purchase intention

In this study we focused on how Facebook games affect players’ behaviors and influence their purchase intention. Participants ( N = 194) completed questionnaires relating to their game playing behaviors on Facebook. We found that 3 factors – interactivity, challenge, and novelty – had a positive influence on players’ flow experience, a concept introduced by Csikszentmihalyi (1975); while a fourth factor – sociality – was found not to affect flow. Furthermore, price perception, i.e., players’ views of value as measured against cost, also influenced their purchase intention. Therefore, we determined that flow and price perception significantly enhance purchase intention. Future game developers could focus on the game attributes that increase players’ flow experience, thereby attracting more players, especially those willing to purchase a game.
Heterogeneous pair approximation for voter models on networks

For models whose evolution takes place on a network it is often necessary to augment the mean-field approach by considering explicitly the degree dependence of average quantities (heterogeneous mean field). Here we introduce the degree dependence in the pair approximation (heterogeneous pair approximation) for analyzing voter models on uncorrelated networks. This approach gives an essentially exact description of the dynamics, correcting some inaccurate results of previous approaches. The heterogeneous pair approximation introduced here can be applied in full generality to many other processes on complex networks.
Bats Swarm Where They Hibernate: Compositional Similarity between Autumn Swarming and Winter Hibernation Assemblages at Five Underground Sites

During autumn in the temperate zone of both the new and old world, bats of many species assemble at underground sites in a behaviour known as swarming. Autumn swarming behaviour is thought to primarily serve as a promiscuous mating system, but may also be related to the localization and assessment of hibernacula. Bats subsequently make use of the same underground sites during winter hibernation, however it is currently unknown if the assemblages that make use of a site are comparable across swarming and hibernation seasons. Our purpose was to characterize the bat assemblages found at five underground sites during both the swarming and the hibernation season and compare the assemblages found during the two seasons both across sites and within species. We found that the relative abundance of individual species per site, as well as the relative proportion of a species that makes use of each site, were both significantly correlated between the swarming and hibernation seasons. These results suggest that swarming may indeed play a role in the localization of suitable hibernation sites. Additionally, these findings have important conservation implications, as this correlation can be used to improve monitoring of underground sites and predict the importance of certain sites for rare and cryptic bat species.
Accounting as social and institutional practice

1. Accounting as social and institutional practice: an introduction Peter Miller 2. Early double-entry bookkeeping and the rhetoric of accounting calculation Grahame Thompson 3. Writing, examining, disciplining: the genesis of accounting's modern power Keith Hoskin and Richard Macve 4. Governing the calculable person Peter Miller and Ted O'Leary 5. Accountancy and the First World War Anne Loft 6. Accounting and labour: integrations and disintegrations Philip Bougen 7. The politics of economic measurement: the rise of the 'productivity problem' in the 1940s Jim Tomlinson 8. Corporate control in large British companies: the intersection of management accounting and industrial relations in postwar Britain Peter Armstrong 9. Value added accounting and national economic policy Anthony Hopwood, Stuart Burchell and Colin Clubb 10. Management by accounting Brendan McSweeny 11. Regulating accountancy in the UK: episodes in a changing relationship between the state and the profession David Cooper, Keith Robson, Tony Puxty and Hugh Wilmott 12. The audit society Michael Power
Childhood asthma in Qatar.

BACKGROUND Asthma is one of the most important causes of morbidity in childhood. Significant differences in the prevalence of asthma have been reported in children from different countries. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the profile of asthmatic children in Qatar and compare it with other countries. METHODS The study consisted of our outpatient asthmatic cases. It consists of detailed clinical questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory evaluations. RESULTS Four hundred fourteen children with asthma were reviewed. The ages of the patients ranged from 7 months to 12 years with a mean of 6.15 years. There were 135 girls (32.6%) and 279 boys (67.4%). Seventy percent of patients had their first episodes within the first 2 years of life. Viral respiratory infections were the most common precipitating factor (95.17%). Fumes were incriminated as a triggering factor in 36% of patients with Bokhour representing 54% of them. The majority of cases were moderate in severity (56.52%), while 27.78% were mild and 15.7% of cases were severe. Fifty percent of patients had been hospitalized at least once. Eighty-six percent had positive family histories of allergic diseases. Absolute eosinophil counts of more than 500 cells/mm3 were found in 36.62%. Total serum IgE was elevated for age in 61.59%. Positive skin tests to significant antigens were noted in 80.4% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Our study describes the characteristic findings of asthma in Qatari children which are similar to reports from other developing countries except that our patients were younger in age of onset and Bokhour (an Arabian Gulf incense) was an important precipitating factor. It will help to improve understanding and management of asthma.
Running head : FACTORS AND PERFORMANCE 1 External Factors and Athletic Performance

The science behind athletic performance has progressed significantly with the advancement of technology and research of sport. The current review examines further the effects of several external factors on athletic performance. Factors were deemed external if they involved either variables out of the athlete’s control or an athlete’s conscious decision. Addressing playing environment, voluntary consumption of alcohol, sleep, a variety of emotions, and team environment contributes to a better understanding of the wide variety of factors that may influence athletic performance. The conclusions reveal ways in which awareness of external factors may impact overall performance. FACTORS IN PERFORMANCE 4 External Factors and Athletic Performance Humans have participated in sports since the earliest days of existence. Perhaps not as sports are viewed currently, but running during a hunting brigade or jumping over a stream involved motions that are still used today. With the introduction of competitive sports, most notably from the Greeks and Romans, scientists began looking for ways to improve athletic performance and, ultimately, to win. Anatomists and kinesiology professionals have discovered many internal factors that contribute to sports performance such as muscle fiber type, genetics, and VO2 max. In addition to these, external factors such as playing environment, voluntary alcohol usage, sleep, emotions, and the team environment may also influence sports performance. These specific external factors will now be discussed in greater detail.
A Wireless Headstage for Combined Optogenetics and Multichannel Electrophysiological Recording

This paper presents a wireless headstage with real-time spike detection and data compression for combined optogenetics and multichannel electrophysiological recording. The proposed headstage, which is intended to perform both optical stimulation and electrophysiological recordings simultaneously in freely moving transgenic rodents, is entirely built with commercial off-the-shelf components, and includes 32 recording channels and 32 optical stimulation channels. It can detect, compress and transmit full action potential waveforms over 32 channels in parallel and in real time using an embedded digital signal processor based on a low-power field programmable gate array and a Microblaze microprocessor softcore. Such a processor implements a complete digital spike detector featuring a novel adaptive threshold based on a Sigma-delta control loop, and a wavelet data compression module using a new dynamic coefficient re-quantization technique achieving large compression ratios with higher signal quality. Simultaneous optical stimulation and recording have been performed in-vivo using an optrode featuring 8 microelectrodes and 1 implantable fiber coupled to a 465-nm LED, in the somatosensory cortex and the Hippocampus of a transgenic mouse expressing ChannelRhodospin (Thy1::ChR2-YFP line 4) under anesthetized conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed headstage can trigger neuron activity while collecting, detecting and compressing single cell microvolt amplitude activity from multiple channels in parallel while achieving overall compression ratios above 500. This is the first reported high-channel count wireless optogenetic device providing simultaneous optical stimulation and recording. Measured characteristics show that the proposed headstage can achieve up to 100% of true positive detection rate for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) down to 15 dB, while achieving up to 97.28% at SNR as low as 5 dB. The implemented prototype features a lifespan of up to 105 minutes, and uses a lightweight (2.8 g) and compact $(17 \times 18 \times 10\ \text{mm}^{3})$ rigid-flex printed circuit board.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis Reveals Putative Regions of Protein Interaction within the Transmembrane Domains of Connexins

Through cysteine-scanning mutagenesis, the authors have compared sites within the transmembrane domains of two connexins, one from the α-class (Cx50) and one from the β-class (Cx32), where amino acid substitution disrupts the function of gap junction channels. In Cx32, 11 sites resulted in no channel function, or an aberrant voltage gating phenotype referred to as “reverse gating,” whereas in Cx50, 7 such sites were identified. In both connexins, the sites lie along specific faces of transmembrane helices, suggesting that these may be sites of transmembrane domain interactions. In Cx32, one broad face of the M1 transmembrane domain and a narrower, polar face of M3 were identified, including one site that was shown to come into close apposition with M4 in the closed state. In Cx50, the same face of M3 was identified, but sensitive sites in M1 differed from Cx32. Many fewer sites in M1 disrupted channel function in Cx50, and those that did were on a different helical face to the sensitive sites in Cx32. A more in depth study of two sites in M1 and M2 of Cx32 showed that side-chain length or branching are important for maintenance of normal channel behavior, consistent with this being a site of transmembrane domain interaction.
Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in pregnant women and their offspring in a tertiary hospital in Southwestern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND The aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of HCV antibodies among pregnant women and their corresponding offspring in a tertiary medical centre in Southwestern Nigeria. METHOD Anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV antibodies) were analyzed in blood samples from mothers and cord samples from their corresponding offspring using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The results obtained from the study were expressed in simple percentages. RESULTS Out of the 272 consenting pregnant women screened for anti-HCV antibodies, 25 (9.2%) of them were positive. As none of the pregnant women had multiple births, screening the 272 cord sera from their offspring for the same antibodies revealed that 3 (1.10%) of them were also positive. Thus, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in the pregnant women and their offspring were 9.2% and 1.1% respectively. CONCLUSION If vertical transmission of HCV were to be based on the acquisition of anti-HCV antibodies alone, the prevalence of vertical transmission from HCV infected mothers to offspring in the study was 12.0%. Further studies on vertical transmission are suggested to include analysis for HCV-RNA quantification in pregnant mothers and their offspring as well as a long-term follow-up of neonates seropositive for HCV markers. Such studies are necessary to justify any recommendations to be made for the purpose of reducing HCV infection through vertical transmission.
Biological and genetic characterization of a hemagglutinating coronavirus isolated from a diarrhoeic child

The coronavirus strain HECV‐4408 was isolated from diarrhea fluid of a 6‐year‐old child with acute diarrhea and propagated in human rectal tumor (HRT‐18) cells. Electron microscopy revealed coronavirus particles in the diarrhea fluid sample and the infected HRT‐18 cell cultures. This virus possessed hemagglutinating and acetylesterase activities and caused cytopathic effects in HRT‐18 cells but not in MDBK, GBK and FE cells. One of four S‐specific monoclonal antibodies reacted in Western blots with HECV‐4408, BCV‐L9 and BCV‐LY138 but not with HCV‐OC43, and two reacted with BCV‐L9 but not with HECV‐4408, BCV‐LY138 and HCV‐OC43. One S‐specific and two N‐specific monoclonal antibodies reacted with all of these strains. cDNA encompassing the 3′ 8.5 kb of the viral RNA genome was isolated by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification had size and restriction endonuclease patterns similar to those of BCV‐L9 and BCV‐LY138. In contrast, the M gene of HCV‐OC43 differed in restriction patterns from HECV‐4408 and BCV. A genomic deletion located between the S and M within the nonstructural genes of HCV‐OC43 was not detected in HECV‐4408. DNA sequence analyses of the S and HE genes revealed more than 99% nucleotide and deduced amino acid homologies between HECV‐4408 and the virulent wild‐type BCV. Forty‐nine nucleotide and 22 amino acid differences were found between the HE genes of HECV‐4408 and HCV‐OC43, while only 16 nucleotide and 3 amino acid differences occurred between the HE genes of HECV‐4408 and BCVLY138. We thus conclude that the strain HECV‐4408 is a hemagglutinating enteric coronavirus that is biologically, antigenically and genomically more closely related to the virulent BCVLY138 than to HCV‐OC43. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Iraq War and the Responsibility to Protect: Uses, Abuses and Consequences for the Future of Humanitarian Intervention

Before the 2003 Iraq war, the political leadership of the United States and United Kingdom had to sell the case for war to their people and the world. This was attempted through a number of speeches that employed rhetorical justifications for the war. Two prominent justifications used during this period involved the employment of security and humanitarian narratives. The security narrative focused on claims regarding Iraq's undermining of international law, possession of weapons of mass destruction and threat to the world. The humanitarian narrative revolved around claims about human suffering in Iraq and the need to liberate its people. While it is widely assumed that security is the dominant casus belli in the post-9/11 world, there is much evidence to suggest that the humanitarian justifications that played a critical role in the military interventions of the 1990s were still important after 9/11. The use of humanitarian justifications for the Iraq war clearly has implications for the ‘responsibility to protect (R2P)’ movement, which has gained prominence since the December 2001 publication of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) report. Based on an extensive content analysis of speeches by the US and UK political leadership before the war, this article will quantify the relative importance of each narrative and analyse what the findings mean for the ongoing debates within the ‘responsibility to protect (R2P)’ movement.
The Role of Customary Institutions in the Conservation of Biodiversity: Sacred Forests in Mozambique

Recently the role of customary local institutions in the conservation of biological diversity has become a topic of widespread interest. In this paper the conservation value of one such institution, traditionally protected forest, is studied with regard to its ecological representativity and institutional persistence. On the basis of a case study from Mozambique the paper concludes that traditionally protected forests do have a practical conservation value, especially as fire refuges and in the preservation of metapopulations of endangered species. However, it is also important to recall their spiritual aspect, which is crucial for their continuing appreciation and upholding. Even though customary institutions are still strong in the study area, they are subject to power struggles at both local and national levels. In the present context of political transition, any outside interventions regarding such local institutions as sacred forests, which have high symbolic value, should be considered carefully.
Retinal vessel diameter in young patients with open‐angle glaucoma: comparison between high‐tension and normal‐tension glaucoma

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