Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Russian Approaches to Perebor (Brute-Force Searches) Algorithms

Concerns about computational problems requiring brute-force or exhaustive search methods have gained particular attention in recent years because of the widespread research on the "P = NP? " question. The Russian word for "brute-force search" is "perebor. " It has been an active research area in the Soviet Union for several decades. Disputes about approaches to perebor had a certain influence on the development, and developers, of complexity theory in the Soviet Union. This paper is a personal account of some events, ideas, and academic controversies that surrounded this topic and to which the author was a witness and-to some extent-a participant. It covers a period that started in the 1950s and culminated with the discovery and investigation of non-deterministic polynomial (NP)-complete problems independently by S. Cook and R. Karp in the United States and L. Levin in the Soviet Union.
Neurobiology of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a common chronic and disabling brain disease of unknown etiology, pathogenesis, and mechanism. Whether schizophrenia represents a single disorder of markedly variable expression or a family of clinically related disorders is unclear. Genetic factors, most likely multiple genes of modest effect, play a major role in its etiology, but an environmental “second hit” may be necessary for clinical expression. The inherited biological susceptibility to schizophrenia is probably expressed clinically as nonpsychotic abnormal personality traits, plus numerous biological markers (cognitive, anatomical, and psychophysiological) that are all found significantly more commonly in the population than is schizophrenia. Neuropathological studies suggest that schizophrenia may be a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by reduced neuropil, with no evidence for ongoing cell death. A hypothesized mechanism for these changes involves cell migrational abnormalities occurring in the fetal brain. Schizophrenia is also distinguished by biochemical abnormalities involving the dopamine, GABA, and glutamate systems, and NMDA and nicotinic receptors. Structural and functional brain imaging studies suggest both global and regional abnormalities as well as “disconnections” of specific cerebral circuits. Despite the lack of knowledge regarding pathophysiology, there are reasonably effective treatments for schizophrenia. As the neurobiology of the disorder is unraveled, more effective, targeted treatments will become available. Ann Neurol 2000;48:556–566
Identification of antigenic proteins from Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) recognized by mouse immunoglobulins M, A and G using an immunoproteomic approach

Antigenic proteins of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) against mouse IgM, IgA, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a were investigated by immunoproteomics. Excretory/secretory products (ESP) of E. caproni separated by two‐dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with the different mouse immunoglobulin classes. A total of four proteins (enolase, 70 kDa heat‐shock protein (HSP‐70), actin and aldolase) were accurately identified. Enolase was recognized in eight different spots of which seven of them were detected in the expected molecular weight and were recognized by IgA, IgG or IgG and IgG1. Another spot identified as enolase at 72 kDa was only recognized by IgM. Digestion with N‐glycosidase F of the 72 kDa band rendered a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight similar to that expected for enolase recognized by Western immunoblotting using anti‐enolase antibodies. This suggests that glycosylated forms of enolase may be involved in the early thymus‐independent responses against E. caproni. Early IgM responses were also generated by actin and the HSP‐70 which suggests that these proteins are exposed early to the host and may be of importance in the parasite establishment. The IgA responses also appear to be mediated by the HSP‐70 and aldolase which could be related with the close contact of these proteins with the host mucosal surface after secretion.
Inherent Security of Routing Protocols in Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks

Many of the routing protocols that have been designed for wireless ad-hoc networks focus on energy-efficiency and guaranteeing high throughput in a non-adversarial setting. However, given that ad-hoc and sensor networks are deployed and left unattended for long periods of time, it is crucial to design secure routing protocols for these networks. Over the past few years, attacks on the routing protocols have been studied and a number of secure routing protocols have been designed for wireless sensor networks. However, there has not been a comprehensive study of how these protocols compare in terms of achieving security goals and maintaining high throughput. In this paper, we focus on the problem of analyzing the inherent security of routing protocols with respect to two categories: multi-path and single-path routing. Within each category, we focus on deterministic vs. probabilistic mechanisms for setting up the routes. We consider the scenario in which an adversary has subverted a subset of the nodes, and as a result, the paths going through these nodes are compromised. We present our findings through simulation results.
Constrained Cramér–Rao Bound on Robust Principal Component Analysis

We investigate the behavior of the mean-square error (MSE) of low-rank and sparse matrix decomposition, in particular the special case of the robust principal component analysis (RPCA), and its generalization matrix completion and correction (MCC). We derive a constrained Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) for any locally unbiased estimator of the low-rank matrix and of the sparse matrix. We analyze the typical behavior of the constrained CRB for MCC where a subset of entries of the underlying matrix are randomly observed, some of which are grossly corrupted. We obtain approximated constrained CRBs by using a concentration of measure argument. We design an alternating minimization procedure to compute the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) for the low-rank matrix and the sparse matrix, assuming knowledge of the rank and the sparsity level. For relatively small rank and sparsity level, we demonstrate numerically that the performance of the MLE approaches the constrained CRB when the signal-to-noise-ratio is high. We discuss the implications of these bounds and compare them with the empirical performance of the accelerated proximal gradient algorithm as well as other existing bounds in the literature.
Circulating Tumor DNA Reflects Tumor Metabolism Rather Than Tumor Burden in Chemotherapy-Naive Patients with Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: 18F-FDG PET/CT Study

We aimed to evaluate the relationships between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or plasma cell–free DNA (cfDNA) on one side and a comprehensive range of 18F-FDG PET/CT–derived parameters on the other side in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: From a group of 79 patients included in a trial evaluating the role of pretreatment circulating tumor markers as predictors of prognosis in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced NSCLC, we recruited all those who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT for clinical reasons at our institution before inclusion in the trial (and thus just before chemotherapy). For each patient, a peripheral blood sample was collected at baseline for the evaluation of CTCs and cfDNA. CTCs were isolated by size using a filtration-based device and then morphologically identified and enumerated; cfDNA was isolated from plasma and quantified by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction using human telomerase reverse transcriptase. The following 18F-FDG PET/CT–derived parameters were computed: maximum diameter of the primary lesion (T), of the largest lymph node (N), and of the largest metastatic lesion (M); SUVmax; SUVmean; size-incorporated SUVmax; metabolic tumor volume; and total lesion glycolysis. All parameters were independently measured for T, N, and M. The associations among CTCs, cfDNA, and 18F-FDG PET/CT–derived parameters were evaluated by multivariate-analysis. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence of either limited metastatic involvement (M1a or M1b due to extrathoracic lymph nodes only) or disseminated metastatic disease. The presence or absence of metabolically active bone lesions was also recorded for each patient, and patient subgroups were compared. Results: Thirty-seven patients recruited in the trial matched our PET-based criteria (24 men; age, 64.5 ± 8.1 y). SUVmax for the largest metastatic lesion was the only variable independently associated with baseline cfDNA levels (P = 0.016). Higher levels of cfDNA were detected in the subgroup of patients with metabolically active bone lesions (P = 0.02), but no difference was highlighted when patients with more limited metastatic disease were compared with patients with disseminated metastatic disease. Conclusion: The correlation of cfDNA levels with tumor metabolism, but not with metabolic tumor volume at regional or distant levels, suggests that cfDNA may better reflect tumor biologic behavior or aggressiveness rather than tumor burden in metastatic NSCLC.
The impact of the warm outflow in the young (GPS) radio source and ULIRG PKS 1345+12 (4C 12.50)

We present new deep Very Large Telescope (VLT)/FORS optical spectra with intermediate resolution and large wavelength coverage of the compact radio source and ultra-luminous IR galaxy (ULIRG) PKS 1345+12 (4C 12.50; z = 0.122), taken with the aim of investigating the impact of the nuclear activity on the circumnuclear interstellar medium (ISM). PKS 1345+12 is a powerful quasar [L(H beta)(NLR) similar to 1042 erg s-1] and is also the best studied case of an emission line outflow in a ULIRG. Using the density-sensitive transauroral emission lines [S ii]4068,4076 and [O ii]7318,7319,7330,7331, we pilot a new technique to accurately model the electron density for cases in which it is not possible to use the traditional diagnostic [S ii]6716/6731, namely sources with highly broadened complex emission line profiles and/or high (N-e greater than or similar to 104 cm-3) electron densities. We measure electron densities of N-e = (2.94+0.71(-1.03)) x 103 cm-3, N-e = (1.47+0.60(-0.47)) x 104 cm-3 and N-e = (3.16+1.66(-1.01)) x 105 cm-3 for the regions emitting the narrow, broad and very broad components, respectively. We therefore calculate a total mass outflow rate of M-circle dot yr-1, similar to the range estimated for another compact radio source, PKS 1549-79. We estimate the total mass in the warm gas outflow is M-total = (8+3(-3)) x 105 M-circle dot with filling factors of epsilon = (4.4+1.8(-1.5)) x 10-4 and epsilon = (1.6+0.7(-0.5)) x 10-7 for the regions emitting the broad and very broad components, respectively. The total kinetic power in the warm outflow is erg s-1. Taking the black hole properties published by Dasyra et al., we find that only a small fraction [] of the available accretion power is driving the warm outflow in PKS 1345+12, which is significantly less than that currently required by the majority of quasar feedback models (similar to 5-10 per cent of L-bol), but similar to the recent suggestion of Hopkins & Elvis if a two-stage feedback model is implemented (similar to 0.5 per cent of L-bol). The models also predict that active galactic nuclei (AGN)-driven outflows will eventually remove the gas from the bulge of the host galaxy. Our observations show that the visible warm outflow in PKS 1345+12 is not currently capable of doing so. However, it is entirely possible that much of the outflow is either obscured by a dense and dusty natal cocoon and/or in cooler or hotter phases of the ISM. This result is important not just for studies of young Gigahertz-Peaked Spectrum/Compact Steep Spectrum radio sources, but for AGN in general.
REAL-TIME MYOELECTRIC CONTROL IN A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT TO RELATE USABILITY VS. ACCURACY

Many clinically available, upper-extremity prosthetic limbs provide myoelectric control of a single device, such as a hand, elbow, or wrist. Most commonly, these systems yield control information from myoelectric signal (MES) amplitude [1] or rate of change of MES [2]. Such systems have been beneficial; however, prosthetic users would no doubt find enhanced functionality and usability if they could reliably control more than a single function (or device). Seeking to address this issue, extensive work has gone into developing schemes that provide multifunction myoelectric classification with very high accuracy [3]. However, for all continuous multifunction MES classifiers, no matter how accurate and repeatable, there exists no defined threshold (classification accuracy) of acceptability. This is due, in large part, to the limited availability of prosthetic devices housing multiple electromechanical functions. Described in this paper is a recently developed MES control software tool that incorporates state-of-the-art multifunction control and a multifunction, real-time virtual limb. Twelve subjects have performed a virtual clothes pin functional test [4] yielding results that relate classification accuracy and multifunction device usability. Preliminary results indicate no strong relationship between accuracy and usability scores as determined by this tool.
Invasive Bacterial Pathogens and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia

Background Presence of microorganisms in the circulating blood whether continuously or intermittently is a threat to every organ in the body. Approximately 200,000 cases of bacteraemia occur annually with mortality rates ranging from 20–50%. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these infections can make the difference between life and death. The aim of the present study was to determine the bacterial flora of the blood stream infections and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on 260 adult febrile patients in Jimma University Specialized Hospital from 27 October 2009 to 26 March 2010. The positive blood cultures were examined and the organisms were identified as per standard procedures. Antimicrobial testing was performed for all isolates by disk diffusion techniques, according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guide lines. The data was analyzed using SPSS for windows version 16 and Microsoft Office Excel. Results From the total of two hundred sixty blood specimens only 23(8.8%) were positive to seven different types of bacteria. The isolated bacteria were: Coagulase negative staphylococci 6(26.1%), S. aureus 5 (21.7%), S. pyogens 3 (13.0%), E. coli 4(17.4%), K. pneumoniae 3(13.0%), Salmonella spp. 1(4.3%), and Citrobacter spp. 1(4.3%). The isolates showed high rates of resistance to most antibiotics tested. The range of resistance for gram positive bacteria were 0% to 85.7%, and for gram negative from 0% to 100%. None of the isolates were resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Conclusion Our study result showed the presence of invasive bacterial pathogens with high rate of resistance to most commonly used antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. Therefore, timely investigation of bacterial flora of the blood stream infections and monitoring of their antibiotic resistance pattern plays an important role in reduction of the incidence of blood stream infections.
A Single Institution Experience With Pediatric Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: High Incidence of Toxicity Associated With Platinum-based Chemotherapy Plus IMRT

Background Chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) have decreased treatment-related complications in adult patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Our aim was to evaluate the toxicity profile of IMRT plus chemotherapy in pediatric NPC patients. Observations Five patients were treated with chemotherapy and IMRT. All patients experienced grade 3-4 acute toxicities. With a median follow-up of 6.3 years, all patients experienced ≥3 long-term toxicities. The most common toxicities were hypothyroidism, xerostomia, hearing loss, and dental disease. Conclusions We did not observe a significant decrease in long-term toxicities with IMRT plus chemotherapy in our small cohort of pediatric NPC patients.
Functional Polymorphism of the Mu-Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) Influences Reinforcement Learning in Humans

Previous reports on the functional effects (i.e., gain or loss of function), and phenotypic outcomes (e.g., changes in addiction vulnerability and stress response) of a commonly occurring functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1 A118G) have been inconsistent. Here we examine the effect of this polymorphism on implicit reward learning. We used a probabilistic signal detection task to determine whether this polymorphism impacts response bias to monetary reward in 63 healthy adult subjects: 51 AA homozygotes and 12 G allele carriers. OPRM1 AA homozygotes exhibited typical responding to the rewarded response—that is, their bias to the rewarded stimulus increased over time. However, OPRM1 G allele carriers exhibited a decline in response to the rewarded stimulus compared to the AA homozygotes. These results extend previous reports on the heritability of performance on this task by implicating a specific polymorphism. Through comparison with other studies using this task, we suggest a possible mechanism by which the OPRM1 polymorphism may confer reduced response to natural reward through a dopamine-mediated decrease during positive reinforcement learning.
The Effect of Acute Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Neutral Endopeptidase 24.11 Inhibition on Plasma Extravasation in the Rat

The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibition on microvascular plasma leakage (extravasation) was evaluated in a rat model. Progressive inhibition of ACE using captopril caused increased extravasation when lung ACE was inhibited by >55%. In contrast, the selective inhibition of renal NEP by >90% using ecadotril did not increase extravasation. In NEP-inhibited rats, extravasation produced by the ACE inhibitors captopril and lisinopril was markedly enhanced. The dual ACE and NEP inhibitor omapatrilat, at oral doses of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg, selectively inhibited lung ACE by 19, 61, and 76%, respectively, and did not cause significant extravasation. Doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg omapatrilat, which produced >90% inhibition of ACE and also inhibited renal NEP by 54 and 78%, respectively, significantly increased extravasation. In this model, bradykinin and substance P produced extravasation that could be abolished by the bradykinin 2 (B2) receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (icatibant) or the neurokinin1 (NK1) antagonist CP99994 [(+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine], respectively. Bradykinin induced extravasation was also partially (∼40%) inhibited by CP99994, indicating that a portion of the response involves B2 receptor-mediated release of substance P. In conclusion, this study is the first to relate the degree of ACE and/or NEP inhibition to extravasation liability in the rat model. Our data clearly demonstrate that ACE inhibitor-induced plasma extravasation is enhanced by concomitant inhibition of NEP. In addition, this study provides further evidence for the role for B2 and NK1 receptors in mediating plasma extravasation in the rat.
UNIX guide: lessons from ten years' development

Development of the Guide hypertext system has been progressing at the University of Kent since 1982. The paper looks back over the mistakes and successes of the last ten years, with a view of drawing some lessons for the future development of hypertext. The reader is not assumed to be a Guide user, and the lessons learned apply to hypertext systems in general.
Efficient Low-Lift Cooling with Radiant Distribution, Thermal Storage, and Variable-Speed Chiller Controls—Part II: Annual Use and Energy Savings

This paper evaluates the cooling efficiency improvements that can be achieved by integrating radiant cooling, cool storage, and variable-speed compressor and transport motor controls. Performance estimates of a baseline system and seven useful combinations of these three efficient low-lift inspired cooling technologies are reported. The technology configurations are simulated in a prototypical office building with three levels of envelope and balance-of-plant performance: standard-, mid- and high-performance, and in five climates. The standard performance level corresponds to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 2004a). From the savings estimates for an office building prototype in five representative climates, estimates of national energy saving technical potential are developed. Component and subsystem models used in the energy simulations are developed in a companion paper.
Differentiation and dynamics of competitiveness impacts from the EU ETS

We summarises the main factors that differentiate impacts of the EU ETS on profitability and market share. By examining sampling a range of sectors, we present some simple metrics and indicators to help judge the nature of potential impacts. We also consider briefly the mitigation response to these impacts by sectors, and how they may evolve over time. The broad conclusion confirms the aggregate findings presented in the existing literature - most participating sectors are likely to profit under the current ETS structure out to 2012 at the cost of a modest loss of market share, but this may not hold for individual companies and regions. The period 2008-12 can assist participating sectors to build experience and financial reserves for longer term technology investments and diversification, providing the continuation and basic principles of the EU ETS post-2012 is quickly defined and incentives are in place for sectors to pursue this.
Evaluation of single-leg standing following anterior cruciate ligament surgery and rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is commonly performed to increase stability of the knee, persistent changes in neuromuscular function have frequently been cited as contributing to disability. This study investigated single-leg standing balance in a sample of patients 10 to 18 months following reconstructive ACL surgery. In addition, the effect of leg dominance on standing balance was analyzed in a sample of subjects without knee injury. The validity and interrater reliability of a clinical method of measuring balance using observation were also determined. SUBJECTS Seventy-eight subjects without knee injury and 17 patients following ACL surgery participated in the study after they had been screened for balance disorders. METHODS Postural sway measurements were recorded during single-leg standing with the subjects' eyes open and closed. Simultaneously, two physical therapists graded each subject's performance using a simple ordinal scale. RESULTS No differences were found between the dominant and nondominant legs of the subjects without knee injury or between the involved and noninvolved legs of the patients who had undergone ACL surgery. The interrater reliability was high, but limited concurrent validity was found. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The findings suggest that single-leg standing balance can be reliably evaluated by physical therapists. The single-leg standing balance test, however, may not provide information that assists clinicians in determining clinical change or functional level for patients following rehabilitation for ACL surgery.