Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survey of Research on Software Clones

Summary. This report summarizes my overview talk on software clone detection research. It first discusses the notion of software redundancy, cloning, duplication, and similarity. Then, it describes various categorizations of clone types, empirical studies on the root causes for cloning, current opinions and wisdom of consequences of cloning, empirical studies on the evolution of clones, ways to remove, to avoid, and to detect them, empirical evaluations of existing automatic clone detector performance (such as recall, precision, time and space consumption) and their fitness for a particular purpose, benchmarks for clone detector evaluations, presentation issues, and last but not least application of clone detection in other related fields. After each summary of a subarea, I am listing open research questions.
Investigation of Cigarette Smoking among Male Schizophrenia Patients

Male schizophrenia patients are known to have a heavier smoking pattern compared with the general population. However, the mechanism for this association is not known, though hypothesis that smoking could alleviate symptomatology of schizophrenia and reduce side effects of antipsychotics has been suggested. The aims of this study were to validate the heavier smoking pattern among male schizophrenia patients and to investigate the possible mechanisms for the association. To enhance the reliability of the study, we recruited two large independent samples with 604 and 535 male Chinese schizophrenia patients, and compared their smoking pattern with that of 535 healthy male controls recruited from general population. Validated multiple indicators and multiple causes structure equation model and regression models were used to investigate the association of smoking with factors of schizophrenia symptomatology and with the usage of antipsychotics and their extra-pyramidal side effects (EPS). Schizophrenia patients had significantly heavier smoking pattern compared with healthy controls in our sample (42.4% vs. 16.8%, p<0.001 for current smoking prevalence; 23.5% vs. 43.3%, p<0.001 for smoking cessation rate; 24.5% vs. 3.0%, p<0.001 for heavy smoker proportion). Their smoking status was also found to be consistently and significantly associated with reduced negative factor scores for schizophrenia symptomatology (β = −0.123, p = 0.051 for sample-A; β = −0.103, p = 0.035 for sample-B; β = −0.082, p = 0.017 for the combined sample). However, no significant association was found between smoking and antipsychotics usage or risk of EPS. These results support that smoking is associated with improved negative symptoms, which could account for the heavier smoking pattern among schizophrenia patients.
Dynamo coefficients from local simulations of the turbulent ISM

Observations in polarized emission reveal the existence of large-scale coherent magnetic fields in a wide range of spiral galaxies. Radio-polarization data show that these fields are strongly inclined towards the radial direction, with pitch angles up to $35\degr$ and thus cannot be explained by differential rotation alone. Global dynamo models describe the generation of the radial magnetic field from the underlying turbulence via the so called $\alpha$-effect. However, these global models still rely on crude assumptions about the small-scale turbulence. To overcome these restrictions we perform fully dynamical MHD simulations of interstellar turbulence driven by supernova explosions. From our simulations we extract profiles of the contributing diagonal elements of the dynamo $\alpha$-tensor as functions of galactic height. We also measure the coefficients describing vertical pumping and find that the ratio $\hat{\gamma}$ between these two effects has been overestimated in earlier analytical work, where dynamo action seemed impossible. In contradiction to these models based on isolated remnants we always find the pumping to be directed inward. In addition we observe that $\hat{\gamma}$ depends on whether clustering in terms of super-bubbles is taken into account. Finally, we apply a test field method to derive a quantitative measure of the turbulent magnetic diffusivity which we determine to be ~ 2 kpc kms.
Isoflurane and Propofol Contribute to Increasing the Antioxidant Status of Patients During Minor Elective Surgery

Abstract Isoflurane is a volatile halogenated anesthetic used especially for anesthesia maintenance whereas propofol is a venous anesthetic utilized for anesthesia induction and maintenance, and reportedly an antioxidant. However, there are still controversies related to isoflurane-induced oxidative stress and it remains unanswered whether the antioxidant effects occur in patients under propofol anesthesia. Taking into account the importance of better understanding the role of anesthetics on oxidative stress in anesthetized patients, the present study was designed to evaluate general anesthesia maintained with isoflurane or propofol on antioxidant status in patients who underwent minimally invasive surgeries. We conducted a prospective randomized trial in 30 adult patients without comorbidities who underwent elective minor surgery (septoplasty) lasting at least 2 h admitted to a Brazilian tertiary hospital. The patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups, according to anesthesia maintenance (isoflurane, n = 15 or propofol, n = 15). Peripheral blood samples were drawn before anesthesia (baseline) and 2-h after anesthesia induction. The primary outcomes were to investigate the effect of either isoflurane or propofol anesthesia on aqueous plasma oxidizability and total antioxidant performance (TAP) by fluorometry as well as several individual antioxidants by high-performance liquid chromatography. As secondary outcome, oxidized genetic damage (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine, known as 8-oxo-Gua) was investigated by the comet assay. Both anesthesia techniques (isoflurane or propofol) for a 2-h period resulted in a significant decrease of plasma &agr;-tocopherol, but not other antioxidants including uric acid, carotenoids, and retinol (P > 0.05). Propofol, in contrast to isoflurane anesthesia, significantly increased (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory/antioxidant plasma &ggr;-tocopherol concentration in patients. Both anesthesia types significantly enhanced hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and TAP, with no significant difference between them, and 8-oxo-Gua remained unchanged during anesthesia in both groups. In addition, both anesthetics showed antioxidant capacity in vitro. This study shows that anesthesia maintained with either propofol or isoflurane increase both hydrophilic and total antioxidant capacity in plasma, but only propofol anesthesia increases plasma &ggr;-tocopherol concentration. Additionally, both types of anesthetics do not lead to oxidative DNA damage in patients without comorbidities undergoing minimally invasive surgery.
The inverted curriculum in practice

Teaching introductory programming today presents considerable challenges, which traditional techniques do not properly address. Students start with a wide variety of backgrounds and prior computing experience; to retain their attention it is useful to provide graphical interfaces at the level set by video games; and with the ever-increasing presence of computing in society the stakes are higher, requiring a computing curriculum to introduce students early to the issues of large systems. We address these challenges through an "outside-in" approach, or "inverted curriculum", which emphasizes the reuse of existing components in an example domain involving graphics and multimedia, a gentle introduction to formal reasoning thanks to Design by Contract techniques, and an object-oriented method throughout. The new course has now been taught twice, with considerable gathering of student data and feedback; we report on this experience and its continuation.
Multi-view human action recognition under occlusion based on Fuzzy distances and neural networks

While action recognition methods exploiting information coming from multiple viewing angles have been proposed in order to overcome the known viewing angle assumption of single-view methods, they set the assumption that the person under consideration is visible from all the cameras forming the adopted camera setup. However, this assumption is not usually met in real applications and, thus, their applicability is limited. In this paper we propose a novel action recognition method that overcomes this assumption. The method exploits information coming from an arbitrary number of viewing angles. The classification procedure involves Fuzzy Vector Quantization and Artificial Neural Networks. Experiments on two publicly available action recognition databases evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed action recognition approach.
Succolarity: Defining a method to calculate this fractal measure

Three aspects of texture are distinguished by fractal geometry: fractal dimension (FD), lacunarity and succolarity. Although, FD has been well studied and lacunarity has been more and more used, succolarity, until now, has not been considered. This work presents a method to compute succolarity. It considers its applicability and relations (differences and similarities) with of each other fractal measure, as well. The proposed method for this computation is based on the FD box counting approach adapted to the notions of succolarity. A simple example is shown step by step to easily explain how to compute the succolarity for binary images. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed method is able to correctly distinguish social aspects of cities on satellite images. The main idea is the use of succolarity as a new feature in the pattern recognition process mainly for identification of natural textures. Succolarity works very well when the input images have direction and/or flow information associated with it.
Influence of Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin on the fusion of myoblasts in vitro

Although muscle cell fusion was shown to be an energy-requiring process, release of myoblasts from an EGTA fusion block could be accomplished with Earle's balanced salt solution (containing 1.8 mM Ca++) free of glucose or any other energy-produced metabolite. The effect of concanavalin A, abrin, and the lectins from wheat germ, soybean, and Lens culinaris on myoblast fusion was examined with synchronized myoblast cultures upon release from fusion block. At a concentration of 15 mug/ml, these lectins were found to inhibit the fusion process to the extent of 62%, 41%, 32%, 8%, and 19%, respectively. Concanavalin A inhibition could be prevented by alpha- methyl-D-mannoside. The inhibitory effect of all the lectins except abrin could be reversed by changing to the normal, serum-containing medium. The number of binding sites was 3.4 X 10(7), 6.1 X 10(7), and 1.7 X 10(6), respectively. Although myoblasts were found to have about twice as many binding sites for wheat germ agglutinin as for concanavalin A, concanavalin A was determined to be twice as effective as wheat germ agglutinin as an inhibitor of myoblast fusion. These findngs raise the possibility that specific cell surface glycoproteins may be an important factor in this process.
Size, Age & Firm Growth: The Computer Industry in India

In this paper we have analyzed the growth trends in the Indian Computer Industry for the period 1991-2002. We have looked espacially at significance of size and age on firm's growth - whether the law of diminishing returns to learning} holds for a high tech industry like computer or not. The striking difference between computer software and hardware industry has also been taken into account: Software is more of a service oriented industry mainly targeting exports whereas hardware is a goods oriented industry, targeting home market. Hence we have analysed hardware and software industry seprately. We find that the law of diminishing returns to learning doesn't hold for software industry but does hold for hardware industry. Current size negatively affects firm growth. More diversified hardware firms are more sucessful in the Indian scenario.
Splittings of Cyclic Groups and Perfect Shift Codes

A splitting (M,S) of an additive Abelian group G consists of a set of integers M and a subset S/spl sub/G such that every nonzero element g/spl isin/G can be uniquely written as m/spl middot/h for some m/spl isin/M and h/spl isin/S. Splittings M={/spl plusmn/1,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/,/spl plusmn/k} correspond to perfect k-shift codes used in the analysis of run-length-limited codes correcting single peak shifts. We shall determine the set S for splittings of cyclic groups Z/sub p/, p prime, by M={1,a,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/,a/sup r/,b,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/,b/sup s/} and M={/spl plusmn/1,/spl plusmn/a,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/,/spl plusmn/a/sup r/,/spl plusmn/b,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/,/spl plusmn/b/sup s/}. This yields new conditions on the existence of perfect 3- and 4-shift codes. Further, it can be shown that splittings of Z/sub p/ by {/spl plusmn/1,/spl plusmn/2,/spl plusmn/3} exist exactly if Z/sub p/ is also split by {1,2,3}.
Pluribus Unum : Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century The 2006

Ethnic diversity is increasing in most advanced countries, driven mostly by sharp increases in immigration. In the long run immigration and diversity are likely to have important cultural, economic, fiscal, and developmental benefits. In the short run, however, immigration and ethnic diversity tend to reduce social solidarity and social capital. New evidence from the US suggests that in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods residents of all races tend to ‘hunker down’. Trust (even of one’s own race) is lower, altruism and community cooperation rarer, friends fewer. In the long run, however, successful immigrant societies have overcome such fragmentation by creating new, cross-cutting forms of social solidarity and more encompassing identities. Illustra-tions of becoming comfortable with diversity are drawn from the US military, religious institu- tions, and earlier waves of American immigration.
Starburst: A hybrid algorithm for video-based eye tracking combining feature-based and model-based approaches

Knowing the user’s point of gaze has significant potential to enhance current human-computer interfaces, given that eye movements can be used as an indicator of the attentional state of a user. The primary obstacle of integrating eye movements into today’s interfaces is the availability of a reliable, low-cost open-source eye-tracking system. Towards making such a system available to interface designers, we have developed a hybrid eye-tracking algorithm that integrates feature-based and model-based approaches and made it available in an open-source package. We refer to this algorithm as "starburst" because of the novel way in which pupil features are detected. This starburst algorithm is more accurate than pure feature-based approaches yet is signi? cantly less time consuming than pure modelbased approaches. The current implementation is tailored to tracking eye movements in infrared video obtained from an inexpensive head-mounted eye-tracking system. A validation study was conducted and showed that the technique can reliably estimate eye position with an accuracy of approximately one degree of visual angle.
Release of Intracoronary Microparticles during Stent Implantation into Stable Atherosclerotic Lesions under Protection with an Aspiration Device

Objective Stent implantation into atherosclerotic coronary vessels impacts on downstream microvascular function and induces the release of particulate debris and soluble substances, which differs qualitatively and quantitatively between native right coronary arteries (RCAs) and saphenous vein grafts on right coronary arteries (SVG-RCAs). We have now quantified the release of microparticles (MPs) during stent implantation into stable atherosclerotic lesions and compared the release between RCAs and SVG-RCAs. Methods In symptomatic, male patients with stable angina and a stenosis in their RCA or SVG-RCA, respectively (n = 14/14), plaque volume and composition were analyzed using intravascular ultrasound before stent implantation. Coronary aspirate was retrieved during stent implantation with a distal occlusion/aspiration device and divided into particulate debris and plasma. Particulate debris was weighed. Platelet-derived MPs (PMPs) were distinguished by flow cytometry as CD41+, endothelium-derived MPs (EMPs) as CD144+, CD62E+ and CD31+/CD41-, leukocyte-derived MPs as CD45+, and erythrocyte-derived MPs as CD235+. Results In patients with comparable plaque volume and composition in RCAs and SVG-RCAs, intracoronary PMPs and EMPs were increased after stent implantation into their RCAs and SVG-RCAs (CD41+: 2729.6±645.6 vs. 4208.7±679.4 and 2355.9±503.9 vs. 3285.8±733.2 nr/µL; CD144+: 451.5±87.9 vs. 861.7±147.0 and 444.6±74.8 vs. 726.5±136.4 nr/µL; CD62E+: 1404.1±247.7 vs. 1844.3±378.6 and 1084.6±211.0 vs. 1783.8±384.3 nr/µL, P<0.05), but not different between RCAs and SVG-RCAs. Conclusion Stenting in stable atherosclerotic lesions is associated with a substantial release not only of PMPs, but also of EMPs in RCAs and SVG-RCAs. Their release does not differ between RCAs and SVG-RCAs. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01430884
Evaluation of Pressure Pain Threshold as a Measure of Perceived Stress and High Job Strain

Objective To investigate whether pressure pain threshold (PPT), determined by pressure algometry, can be used as an objective measure of perceived stress and job strain. Methods We used cross-sectional base line data collected during 1994 to 1995 within the Project on Research and Intervention in Monotonous work (PRIM), which included 3123 employees from a variety of Danish companies. Questionnaire data included 18 items on stress symptoms, 23 items from the Karasek scale on job strain, and information on discomfort in specified anatomical regions was also collected. Clinical examinations included pressure pain algometry measurements of PPT on the trapezius and supraspinatus muscles and the tibia. Associations of stress symptoms and job strain with PPT of each site was analyzed for men and women separately with adjustment for age body mass index, and discomfort in the anatomical region closest to the point of pressure algometry using multivariable linear regression. Results We found significant inverse associations between perceived stress and PPT in both genders in models adjusting for age and body mass index: the higher level of perceived stress, the lower the threshold. For job strain, associations were weaker and only present in men. In men all associations were attenuated when adjusting for reported discomfort in regions close to the site of pressure algometry. The distributions of PPT among stressed and non-stressed persons were strongly overlapping. Conclusions Despite significant associations between perceived stress and PPT, the discriminative capability of PPT to distinguish individuals with and without stress is low. PPT measured by pressure algometry seems not applicable as a diagnostic tool of a state of mental stress.
Is Anybody Listening? Evidence That Voters Do Not Respond to European Parties’ Policy Statements During Elections

Although extensive research analyzes the factors that motivate European parties to shift their policy positions, there is little cross-national research that analyzes how voters respond to parties' policy shifts. We report pooled, time-series analyses of election survey data from several European polities, which suggest that voters do not systematically adjust their perceptions of parties' positions in response to shifts in parties' policy statements during election campaigns. We also find no evidence that voters adjust their Left-Right positions or their partisan loyalties in response to shifts in parties' campaign-based policy statements. By contrast, we find that voters do respond to their subjective perceptions of the parties' positions. Our findings have important implications for party policy strategies and for political representation. ©2011, Midwest Political Science Association.
Forty Sixth CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems 2013 A framework for developing portfolios of improvements projects in manufacturing

The outcome of improvement programmes such as Lean Manufacturing or Six Sigma is only partially determined by the success or failure of its individual projects. Also of significance is how well the programme and its projects are projects on their individual merits, rather than with proper reference to their contribution to business strategy. In this manner, it is therefore possible to build portfolios of projects that are at best suboptimal and at worst counter to the company's overall strategic direction. The construction of project portfolios is thus a critical step in effective programme management and this would suggest that organizations would benefit from a framework to assist them with the selection of projects and portfolios that are -down are available to translate the voice of the customer to metrics and goals, practitioners do not have a structured approach to construct and assess portfolios. In this paper we present a framework to assist programme managers to develop portfolios of improvement projects Consideration is given to quantitative and qualitative aspects of strategy and how these may best be related to provide a set of orthogonal and common metrics. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Professor Pedro Filipe do Carmo Cunha
Household Food Insecurity and Children's Behaviour Problems: New Evidence from a Trajectories-Based Study

This study examined the association between household food insecurity (insufficient access to adequate and nutritious food) and trajectories of externalising and internalising behaviour problems in children from kindergarten to fifth grade using longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a nationally representative study in the USA. Household food insecurity was assessed using the eighteen-item standard food security scale, and children's behaviour problems were reported by teachers. Latent growth curve analysis was conducted on 7,348 children in the ECLS-K, separately for boys and girls. Following adjustment for an extensive array of confounding variables, results suggest that food insecurity generally was not associated with developmental change in children's behaviour problems. The impact of food insecurity on behaviour problems may be episodic or interact with certain developmental stages.
Extremal Probabilistic Problems and Hotelling's $T^2$ Test Under a Symmetry Condition

We consider Hotelling's T^2 statistic for an arbitrary d-dimensional sample. If the sampling is not too deterministic or inhomogeneous, then under zero means hypothesis, T^2 tends to \chi^2_d in distribution. We show that a test for the orthant symmetry condition introduced by Efron can be constructed which does not essentially differ from the one based on \chi^2_d and at the same time is applicable not only for large random homogeneous samples but for all multidimensional samples without exceptions. The main assertions have the form of inequalities, not that of limit theorems; these inequalities are exact representing the solutions to certain extremal problems. Let us also mention an auxiliary result which itself may be of interest: \chi_d-(d-1)^{1/2} decreases in distribution in d to its limit N(0,1/2).