Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do People’s Desires to Change Their Personality Traits Vary With Age? An Examination of Trait Change Goals Across Adulthood

Research suggests most people want to change their personality traits. Existing studies have, however, almost exclusively examined college-aged samples. Thus, it remains unclear whether older adults also wish to change their personalities. In the present study, the authors sampled 6,800 adults, aged 18 to 70, and examined the associations between age and change goals. Results indicated change goals were slightly less prevalent among older adults. Moreover, older adults expressed desires for slightly smaller increases in each trait. Nevertheless, these effects were small, and a minimum of 78% of people of any age wanted to increase in each big five dimension. These findings have implications for understanding people’s attempts to change their traits—and personality development more broadly—across adulthood.
Some Results on Tape-Bounded Turing Machines

Classes of tape-bounded Turing machines similar to the on-line and off-line Turing machines, but without the restrictions that each machine halt and be deterministic, are studied. It is shown that the lower bounds on tape complexity of [1] depend on neither the halting assumption nor determinism. The existence of a dense hierarchy of complexity classes likewise does not depend on the halting assumption, and it is shown that below log n tape complexity there exists a dense hierarchy of complexity classes for two-way nondeterministic devices. It is also shown that the complexity classes of one-way, nondeterministic machines below linear large complexity are not closed under complementation and are larger that the corresponding deterministic complexity class.
Corporate Disclosure Policy and the Informativeness of Stock Prices

We examine the association between voluntary corporate disclosure and the informativeness of stock prices. We measure corporate disclosure using the AIMR-FAF annual corporate disclosure ratings. We define price informativeness by the association between current stock returns and future earnings changes: more informative stock price changes contain more information about future earnings changes. To measure this association, we regress current returns against (current and) future earnings changes. The aggregated coefficient on the future earnings changes, which we refer to as the future ERC, is our measure of informativeness (association). We hypothesize and find that greater disclosure is associated with stock prices that are more informative about future earnings (i.e., higher future ERC). These results provide empirical support for the widely held, but heretofore empirically undocumented, belief that greater disclosure provides information benefits to investors.
Hypothesis based vehicle detection for increased simplicity in multi-sensor ACC

Systems for adaptive cruise control (ACC) become increasingly complex in case multiple sensors are used. The search space, detection error and run-time may increase substantially due to combinatory explosion of methods and data. This paper presents a method that simplifies fusion between range and vision devices using corresponding sets of hypotheses. A system is proposed that combines three modules: one uses output of a 24 GHz radar device, one uses single images from a monocular camera system; and one uses the image sequence data of the same system. The radar detection module uses condensation tracking. The vehicle detection module uses scaled symmetry detection. The three modules are fused by sharing sets of hypotheses for detection of vehicles. Results show 96% error reduction with respect to range sensing only and 63% detection increase due to tracking.
Downstream Competition, Bargaining, and Welfare

I analyze the effects of downstream competition when there is bargaining between downstream firms and upstream agents (firms or unions). When bargaining is over a uniform input price, a decrease in the intensity of competition (or a merger) between downstream firms may raise consumer surplus and overall welfare. When bargaining is over a two-part tariff, a decrease in the intensity of competition reduces downstream profits and upstream utility and raises consumer surplus and overall welfare. Standard welfare results of oligopoly theory can be reversed: less competition can be unprofitable for firms and/or beneficial for consumers and society as a whole.
Goal-Driven Context-Aware Data Filtering in IoT-Based Systems

One of the crucial research issues in an IoT-based system is how to manage the huge amount of data transmitted by the potentially large number of sensors that form the system. Prior research has focused on centralized cloud-based "Big Data" architectures for collecting, collating and analyzing the data. However, most of these scenarios accumulate thousands of petabytes in a short period of time, increasing the demand for more storage, and also slowing down speed of data analysis. Hence for real-time scenarios, e.g., agricultural crop tracking, traffic management, etc., such an approach would be impractical. Moreover, depending on the context in which the data is generated and is to be used, only a fraction of the data would be needed for analysis. Therefore, the challenges are to determine which data to keep and which to discard for both short term and long term usage, and define the contextual parameters along which this filtering is to be done. Hence one key problem addressed in this paper is how to define what data the user needs so that filtering algorithms can be defined to extract the data needed. To that end, in this paper, we present a goal driven, context-aware data filtering, transforming and integration approach for IoT-based systems. We propose a data warehouse-based data model for specifying the data needed at particular levels of granularity and frequency, that drive data storage and representation (aligned with the Semantic Sensor Network ontology). Throughout our paper, we illustrate our ideas via a realistic running example in the smart city domain, with emphasis on traffic management, and also present a proof of concept prototype.
Reflections on how to study and uderstand the human being

Speculations sur l'avenir de nos connaissances scientifiques concernant l'etre humain, compris du point de vue de son organisme biologique, de son evolution generique, de ses fonctions particulieres dans son milieu physique et social. L'A. souligne les differents aspects (artistique, epistemique, societal, technologique) de notre condition que ni la psychologie, ni les sciences sociales, ne parviennent a expliciter
North-South Trade and the Dynamics of Renewable Resources

This paper studies a general equilibrium North-South economy consisting of two countries which produce and trade two goods using two inputs of production. lt extends the North-South trade model of Chichilnisky (1981. 1986) by assuming that one input of production is a renewable resource which follows its own physical dynamics. From these dynamics and from optimal extraction behavior we derive explicitly the supply of environmental inputs as a function of their market prices. Therefore this paper fully derives the price dependence of inputs which is postulated exogenously in the original North-South model. All markets for goods and for inputs are free and competitive throughout. We establish that different property regimes lead to different supply functions for environmental resources. When property rights are well defined (as in the North) the supply of environmental inputs is less price responsive than it is when property rights are ill defined (as in the South). Ill defined property rights lead to an apparent `abundance' of environmental resources in the south. We establish that the difference in property rights in two otherwise identical regions (the same technologies. preferences. and endowments) is itself sufficient to explain why the two regions trade. The region with ill defined property rights exports the environmentally intensive good. This leads to overuse of the environment worldwide and to lower market prices of environmentally intensive goods. The difference in property rights of the two regions determines an apparent 'comparative advantage' in the export of environmentally intensive goods in the South, even when the two countries are identical and therefore there is no real comparative advantages. The difference in property rights also gives rise to 'apparent' gains from trade, even when there are no real gains from trade.
Characteristics of the Galaxy according to Cepheids

ABSTRACT Classical and Type II Cepheids are used to reinvestigate speciﬁc properties of theGalaxy.A new TypeII reddening-freeCepheid distance parameterizationis formulatedfrom LMC Cepheids (OGLE), with uncertainties typically no larger than 5–15%. Adistance to the Galactic centre of R 0 = 7.8 ± 0.6 kpc is derived from the mediandistance to Type II Cepheids in the bulge (OGLE), R 0 = 7.7±0.7 kpc from a distanceto the near side of the bulge combined with an estimated bulge radius of 1.3 ± 0.3kpc derived from planetary nebulae. The distance of the Sun from the Galactic planeinferred from classical Cepheid variables is Z⊙ = 26 ± 3 pc, a result dependent onthe sample’s distance and direction because of the complicating eﬀects of Gould’sBelt and warping in the Galactic disk. Classical Cepheids and young open clustersdelineate consistent and obvious spiral features, although their characteristics do notmatchconventionalpictures ofthe Galaxy’sspiralpattern.The Sagittarius-Carinaarmis conﬁrmed as a major spiral arm that appears to originate from a diﬀerent Galacticregion than suggested previously. Furthermore, a major feature is observed to emanatefrom Cygnus-Vulpecula and may continue locally near the Sun. Signiﬁcant concernsrelated to the eﬀects of metallicity on the VI-based reddening-free Cepheid distancerelations used here are allayed by demonstrating that the computed distances to theGalactic centre, and to several globular clusters (M54, NGC 6441, M15, and M5) andgalaxies (NGC 5128 and NGC 3198) which likely host Type II Cepheids: agree withliterature results to within the uncertainties. An additional empirical test is proposedto constrain any putative metallicity dependence of Cepheid distance determinationsthrough forced matches of distance estimates to a particular galaxy using both TypeII and classical Cepheids.Key words: stars: variables: Cepheids—Galaxy: fundamental parameters—Galaxy:structure.
Document de travail 2010-01 “ Income distributions and decomposable divergence measures ”

Inequality indices (i) evaluate the divergence between the income distribution and the hypothetical situation where all individuals have the mean income and (ii) are unambiguously reduced by a Pigou-Dalton progressive transfer. This paper proposes a new approach to evaluate the divergence between any two income distributions, where the second one can be a reference distribution for the first. In the case where the reference distribution is perfectly egalitarian – and uniquely in this case – we assume (i) that any progressive transfer reduces the divergence and (ii) that the divergence can be additively separated between inequality and efficiency loss. We characterize the unique class of decomposable divergence measures consistent with these views, and we derive the associated relative (resp. absolute) subclasses, which express constant relative (resp. absolute) inequality aversion. This approach extends the generalized entropy studied in inequality measurement. JEL Classification Numbers: D31, D63.
Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Women Compared With Men: A Pooled Analysis of 2.3 Million People Comprising More Than 100,000 Cases of Dementia

OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes confers a greater excess risk of cardiovascular disease in women than in men. Diabetes is also a risk factor for dementia, but whether the association is similar in women and men remains unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of unpublished data to estimate the sex-specific relationship between women and men with diabetes with incident dementia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic search identified studies published prior to November 2014 that had reported on the prospective association between diabetes and dementia. Study authors contributed unpublished sex-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs on the association between diabetes and all dementia and its subtypes. Sex-specific RRs and the women-to-men ratio of RRs (RRRs) were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Study-level data from 14 studies, 2,310,330 individuals, and 102,174 dementia case patients were included. In multiple-adjusted analyses, diabetes was associated with a 60% increased risk of any dementia in both sexes (women: pooled RR 1.62 [95% CI 1.45–1.80]; men: pooled RR 1.58 [95% CI 1.38–1.81]). The diabetes-associated RRs for vascular dementia were 2.34 (95% CI 1.86–2.94) in women and 1.73 (95% CI 1.61–1.85) in men, and for nonvascular dementia, the RRs were 1.53 (95% CI 1.35–1.73) in women and 1.49 (95% CI 1.31–1.69) in men. Overall, women with diabetes had a 19% greater risk for the development of vascular dementia than men (multiple-adjusted RRR 1.19 [95% CI 1.08–1.30]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with type 2 diabetes are at ∼60% greater risk for the development of dementia compared with those without diabetes. For vascular dementia, but not for nonvascular dementia, the additional risk is greater in women.
Assessing the Accuracy of Masses and Spatial Correlations of Galaxy Groups

Two algorithms for the identification of galaxy groups from redshift surveys are tested by application to simulated data derived from N-body simulation. The accuracy of the membership assignments by these algorithms is studied in a companion to this paper (Frederic 1994). Here we evaluate the accuracy of group mass estimates and the group-group correlation function. We find a strong bias to low values in the virial mass estimates of groups identified using the algorithm of Nolthenius \& White (1987). The Huchra \& Geller (1982) algorithm gives virial mass estimates which are correct on average. These two algorithms result in group catalogs with similar two-point correlations. We find that groups in a CDM model have excessively large mass to light ratios even when the group richness distribution agrees with observations. We also find that our CDM groups are more strongly correlated than individual halos (galaxies), unlike the groups in the CfA redshift survey extension.
Implicit Learning

Implicit learning is nonepisodic learning of complex information in an incidental manner, without awareness of what has been learned. Implicit learning experiments use 3 different stimulus structures (visual, sequence, and function) and 3 different dependent measures or response modalities (conceptual fluency, efficiency, and prediction and control). Implicit learning may require a certain minimal amount of attention and may depend on attentional and working memory mechanisms. The result of implicit learning is implicit knowledge in the form of abstract (but possibly instantiated) representations rather than verbatim or aggregate representations. Implicit learning shows biases and dissociations in learning different stimulus structures. The dependence of implicit learning on particular brain areas is discussed, some conclusions are drawn for modeling implicit learning, and the interaction of implicit and explicit learning is considered. Implicit learning as a field of study in cognitive psychology began with A. S. Rebel's (1967, 1969) work on artificial grammar learning in the late 1960s. However, interest in implicit learning has exploded in the last decade, beginning with the work of Broadbent and colleagues in dynamic systems research in the early 1980s (Berry & Broadbent, 1984) and continuing with serial reaction time task research (Nissen & Bullemer, 1987) and contingent reaction time task research (Lewicki, Czyzewska, & Hoffman, 1987). The burst of interest in implicit learning (learning complex information without complete ver-balizable knowledge of what is learned) comes at least partly as a parallel development to the recent identification and exploration of implicit memory (predominantly, but not solely, unconscious priming effects of previously presented stimuli) in both normal and amnesic patients (Schacter, 1987). It also parallels increased interest in unconscious cognition in general Implicit learning has been proposed as an evolutionary ancestor of explicit thought (A. S. Reber, 1992) and, as such, is considered to have a foundational role in cognition and to be closely related to learning in related animal species (Mishkin, Malamut, & Bachevalier, 1984). Implicit learning may play an important role in the development of procedural knowledge of how complex real-world systems function (Senge & Sterman, 1992). Also, it may be involved in cognitive development (Gelman, 1991) and in social information processing I would like to thank the following for useful comments on and discussions concerning earlier versions of this article: Research on implicit learning has generally been concerned with establishing the existence of implicit learning and exploring how implicit and explicit learning may or may not interact. …
Contribution of Doñana Wetlands to Carbon Sequestration

Inland and transitional aquatic systems play an important role in global carbon (C) cycling. Yet, the C dynamics of wetlands and floodplains are poorly defined and field data is scarce. Air-water fluxes in the wetlands of Doñana Natural Area (SW Spain) were examined by measuring alkalinity, pH and other physiochemical parameters in a range of water bodies during 2010–2011. Areal fluxes were calculated and, using remote sensing, an estimate of the contribution of aquatic habitats to gaseous transport was derived. Semi-permanent ponds adjacent to the large Guadalquivir estuary acted as mild sinks, whilst temporal wetlands were strong sources of (−0.8 and 36.3 ). Fluxes in semi-permanent streams and ponds changed seasonally; acting as sources in spring-winter and mild sinks in autumn (16.7 and −1.2 ). Overall, Doñana's water bodies were a net annual source of (5.2 ). Up–scaling clarified the overwhelming contribution of seasonal flooding and allochthonous organic matter inputs in determining regional air-water gaseous transport (13.1 ). Nevertheless, this estimate is about 6 times < local marsh net primary production, suggesting the system acts as an annual net sink. Initial indications suggest longer hydroperiods may favour autochthonous C capture by phytoplankton. Direct anthropogenic impacts have reduced the hydroperiod in Doñana and this maybe exacerbated by climate change (less rainfall and more evaporation), suggesting potential for the modification of C sequestration.
The star cluster population of NGC 5253

We present a detailed analysis of the star cluster population in the starburst galaxy NGC 5253. Our work is based on HST optical and VLT Ks images. We detect more than 300 clusters, and for all of them we derive the photometry in the V, I and Ks bands and built a color-color V − I/V − Ks diagram. After correction for star contamination, we matched 115 sources in all the three bands V, I and Ks. Comparison of the data points with models shows that most of the sources are affected by a red excess. The ages of the younger clusters are obtained from an HST Hα image which makes it possible to partially remove the degeneracy between age and extinction and to calculate the screen optical depth toward the clusters. The V and Ks luminosity functions show a marked turnover at MV = −7. 3a ndMK = −10.2, with a shape roughly similar to the Gaussian distribution of old globular clusters. We convert the luminosity function into a mass function, and find that the clusters younger than 10 Myr show a power law distribution with slope −1.6, while the distribution of the older clusters has a maximum at about 4 × 10 4 M� .
Public and parental perceptions of and concerns with advertising to preschool children

Despite the increasing attention paid by advertisers to preschool children as consumers, little academic attention has been paid to its implications or its consequences. To address this, the following article reports on two independent New Zealand studies of public and parental concerns about the nature and extent of television advertising to preschool children. Results show high levels of concern with the effects of advertising on preschool children and considerable support for its regulation. Importantly, the findings also reveal a fundamental concern with the normalisation of consumption values and promotion of material culture as consequences of advertising exposure not previously identified in the literature. The findings provide useful evidence to inform public policy recommendations and suggestions for future research.
Athletic Maturity and Preferred Leadership

The purpose of the study was to determine if preferences of athletes for training and instruction (task-oriented) behavior and social support (relationship-oriented) behavior would vary with athletic maturity (operationalized in terms of level of competition). Basketball players from high school midget (n = 67), junior (n = 63), and senior (n = 63) divisions and university (n = 69) completed the “preferred leader behavior” version of the Leadership Scale for Sports. Trend analyses revealed the presence of a quadratic trend in preference for training and instruction which progressively decreased from high school midget, through junior to senior levels and increased at the university level; however, the direction of this trend was opposite to that predicted. A linear trend was obtained for social support which progressively increased from the high school midget level to the university level but, again, it was in a direction opposite than that predicted. It was noted that future research should incorporate b.
Decentralized detection in sensor networks using range information

We consider the problem of binary distributed detection in the context of large-scale, dense sensor networks. We propose to model the probability of detection in each sensor, p/sub d/, as a function of the distance between the sensor and the source or target to be detected. We derive the Bayesian fusion rule under that model. We also derive, using the asymptotic Gaussianity of the log-likelihood ratio, the Neyman-Pearson fusion rule. The performance of both tests is analyzed using large deviation bounds on the error probability and a parametric approximation to p/sub d/. The main conclusions of the analysis of these bounds are that, for designing efficient tests in terms of energy consumption, (1) the sensors must be grouped in areas of the order of the range of the local detectors, and, (2) the sensor must be configured to achieve the best local discrimination between hypothesis, independently of the configuration of the network.