Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fetal malnutrition and postnatal immunocompetence.

The resemblance between fetal growth retardation (FGR) and malnutrition acquired postnatally is striking. The similarities include suboptimal physical development (including retarded bone age), loss of subcutaneous fat, dry skin with reduced turgor, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, frequent and severe infections, and high mortality. In addition, restriction of growth during fetal life is. associated with perinatal asphyxia, minimal postnatal weight loss, polycythemia and elevated levels of erythropoietin, and increased incidence of congenital malformations. Increased frequency of infection in such infants is an established clinical observation. Failure or impairment of immune defense mechanisms of infants with FGR is, therefore, suspected as a basis for the susceptibility of such infants to infection. Heretofore, there have been no comprehensive systematic analyses of the effect of fetal malnutrition on postnatal immunocompetence, unlike undernutrition acquired after birth for which considerable data are now available. 1-4 The following is a summary of our recent studies relevant to this problem.
A Pedagogy of Force: Faculty Perspectives of Critical Thinking Capacity in Undergraduate Students

Interviews at a liberal arts university explored faculty perspectives of undergraduate critical thinking capacity. Questions focused on definitions of critical thinking, how they influence pedagogy, and the role of institutional culture. Constant comparative analysis revealed four predominant themes: pedagogical experimentation, the content connection, pedagogy of force, and the resistance factor.
An In Vivo High-Throughput Screening Approach Targeting the Type IV Secretion System Component VirB8 Identified Inhibitors of Brucella abortus 2308 Proliferation

ABSTRACT As bacterial pathogens develop resistance against most currently used antibiotics, novel alternatives for treatment of microbial infectious diseases are urgently needed. Targeting bacterial virulence functions in order to disarm pathogens represents a promising alternative to classical antibiotic therapy. Type IV secretion systems, which are multiprotein complexes in the cell envelope that translocate effectors into host cells, are critical bacterial virulence factors in many pathogens and excellent targets for such “antivirulence” drugs. The VirB8 protein from the mammalian pathogen Brucella was chosen as a specific target, since it is an essential type IV secretion system component, it participates in multiple protein-protein interactions, and it is essential for the assembly of this translocation machinery. The bacterial two-hybrid system was adapted to assay VirB8 interactions, and a high-throughput screen identified specific small-molecule inhibitors. VirB8 interaction inhibitors also reduced the levels of VirB8 and of other VirB proteins, and many of them inhibited virB gene transcription in Brucella abortus 2308, suggesting that targeting of the secretion system has complex regulatory effects in vivo. One compound strongly inhibited the intracellular proliferation of B. abortus 2308 in a J774 macrophage infection model. The results presented here show that in vivo screens with the bacterial two-hybrid assay are suited to the identification of inhibitors of Brucella type IV secretion system function.
Working with autistic children and young people: sense, experience and the challenges for services, policies and practices

This paper aims to create narratives of autistic experience that are not restricted by a primary consideration of impairments or deficits but rather related to ideas about ‘assets’ as a means of developing professional practice. It is argued that children's rights legislation (UN Convention on Children's Rights, 1989, and in the UK, the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act, 2001) can encourage professionals working with autistic young people to search imaginatively for ways of conceptualising and accessing not only those assets but also the thoughts and feelings of their clients. Examples are taken from the author's own casework as well as from autistic ‘insider’ accounts which, it is argued, are providing insights into the inherently social contexts for the development of human feelings, thinking and meaning. While primarily directed at professionals, the intention is to encourage theories and the development of practices which are responsive to the wishes and views of disabled people and as such assist in their ‘fight for full equality and social inclusion’.
Effects of Flavonoids on Prostaglandin E2 Production and on COX-2 and mPGES-1 Expressions in Activated Macrophages

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has a central role in inflammation and both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E synthases are critical enzymes in its synthesis. In inflammation, bacterial products and cytokines enhance the expression of COX-2 and inducible microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) which are functionally coupled to result in increased PGE2 formation in macrophages and tissue cells. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of 26 naturally occurring flavonoids on PGE2 production and on COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in activated macrophages. Twelve flavonoids, i.e., flavone, luteolin-7-glucoside, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, morin, quercetin, naringenin, taxifolin, pelargonidin, daidzein, genistein, and genistin effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PGE2 production. Four flavonoids (flavone, isorhamnetin, daidzein, and genistein) inhibited significantly LPS-induced COX-2 expression, while mPGES-1 expression was downregulated by kaempferol and isorhamnetin. The present study characterizes the effects of flavonoids on PGE2 production and on COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in activated macrophages. The results add to our knowledge of the anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids and introduce kaempferol and isorhamnetin as compounds capable of downregulating the expression of mPGES-1.
The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Strategies in Substance Dependency

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the early maladaptive schemas and coping strategies of substance dependents. We hypothesized that substance dependents would have more maladaptive unhealthy schemas and would use less adaptive coping strategies than healthy controls. Methods: Thirty-two patients diagnosed with substance dependency and 31 control subjects without any psychiatric disorders were evaluated via Young Schema Questionnaire-SF, COPE, and SCID-I. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. The study was approved by the local ethical committee. Results: The substance dependents scored significantly higher than the control group in nine out of fourteen early maladaptive schemas. In terms of coping strategies, the substance dependents scored significantly lower than the control group in Positive Reinterpretation and Growth, Seeking Social Support for Instrumental Reasons, Active Coping, and Seeking Social Support for Emotional Reasons, and significantly higher in Behavioral Disengagement and Alcohol-drug Disengagement subscales. Moreover, Alcohol-drug disengagement type of coping style was significantly predicted by schemas of Emotional deprivation, Emotional inhibition, Enmeshment/dependence, Entitlement/ insufficient self-control, Abandonment/instability, Punitiveness, Defectiveness/shame, Vulnerability to harm or illness, and Unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness. Discussion: Current study showed that the substance dependents had more maladaptive unhealthy core beliefs and ineffective coping strategies than a non-clinical control group. These findings support the importance of early maladaptive schemas which might be the underlying factor for the dependency problem, and might prevent the person to deal with the problem with more active and problem focused coping strategies.
Genetic identification of the central nucleus and other components of the central extended amygdala in chicken during development

In mammals, the central extended amygdala shows a highly complex organization, and is essential for animal survival due to its implication in fear responses. However, many aspects of its evolution are still unknown, and this structure is especially poorly understood in birds. The aim of this study was to define the central extended amygdala in chicken, by means of a battery of region-specific transcription factors (Pax6, Islet1, Nkx2.1) and phenotypic markers that characterize these different subdivisions in mammals. Our results allowed the identification of at least six distinct subdivisions in the lateral part of the avian central extended amygdala: (1) capsular central subdivision; (2) a group of intercalated-like cell patches; (3) oval central nucleus; (4) peri-intrapeduncular (peri-INP) island field; (5) perioval zone; and (6) a rostral part of the subpallial extended amygdala. In addition, we identified three subdivisions of the laterodorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTLd) belonging to the medial region of the chicken central extended amygdala complex. Based on their genetic profile, cellular composition and apparent embryonic origin of the cells, we discuss the similarity of these different subdivisions of chicken with different parts of the mouse central amygdala and surrounding cell masses, including the intercalated amygdalar masses and the sublenticular part of the central extended amygdala. Most of the subdivisions include various subpopulations of cells that apparently originate in the dorsal striatal, ventral striatal, pallidal, and preoptic embryonic domains, reaching their final location by either radial or tangential migrations. Similarly to mammals, the central amygdala and BSTLd of chicken project to the hypothalamus, and include different neurons expressing proenkephalin, corticotropin-releasing factor, somatostatin or tyrosine hydroxylase, which may be involved in the control of different aspects of fear/anxiety-related behavior.
The 3D structure of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus LANA C-terminal domain bound to DNA

Significance KSHV is the etiological agent of Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and the plasma cell variant of multicentric Castleman disease. During latency, this dsDNA tumor virus expresses only a small subset of its more than 90 ORFs. Among these is ORF73/latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), which acts as the origin binding protein and chromatin anchor of the extrachromosomal viral genome. This work provides detailed structural insights into the DNA-binding characteristics of LANA. We also report a previously unrecognized, third LANA binding site within the minimal replicator of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus. In addition to its mechanistic implications for latent viral persistence, the X-ray crystal structure of LANA bound to LANA binding site 1 DNA may assist in the tailored development of therapeutic LANA inhibitors. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) persists as a latent nuclear episome in dividing host cells. This episome is tethered to host chromatin to ensure proper segregation during mitosis. For duplication of the latent genome, the cellular replication machinery is recruited. Both of these functions rely on the constitutively expressed latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of the virus. Here, we report the crystal structure of the KSHV LANA DNA-binding domain (DBD) in complex with its high-affinity viral target DNA, LANA binding site 1 (LBS1), at 2.9 Å resolution. In contrast to homologous proteins such as Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) of the related γ-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus, specific DNA recognition by LANA is highly asymmetric. In addition to solving the crystal structure, we found that apart from the two known LANA binding sites, LBS1 and LBS2, LANA also binds to a novel site, denoted LBS3. All three sites are located in a region of the KSHV terminal repeat subunit previously recognized as a minimal replicator. Moreover, we show that the LANA DBD can coat DNA of arbitrary sequence by virtue of a characteristic lysine patch, which is absent in EBNA-1 of the Epstein-Barr virus. Likely, these higher-order assemblies involve the self-association of LANA into supermolecular spirals. One such spiral assembly was solved as a crystal structure of 3.7 Å resolution in the absence of DNA. On the basis of our data, we propose a model for the controlled nucleation of higher-order LANA oligomers that might contribute to the characteristic subnuclear KSHV microdomains (“LANA speckles”), a hallmark of KSHV latency.
Increasing Minority Representation in Academic Libraries: The Minority Librarian Intern Program at The Ohio State University

In 1988, as part of The Ohio State University's campus wide affirmative action plan, the university libraries' director appointed a committee to develop an internship program for newly graduated minority librarians. A two-year program was established in 1989 to provide practical work experience in a wide variety of library settings during the first year, and the opportunity to select one area of specialization during the second year. The goal of the internship is to assist in attracting more minority librarians to academic libraries. The internship is structured, organized, and evaluated by the Minority Librarian Intern Committee. Members represent several subject areas and diverse ethnic and professional experiences. Committee members also serve as mentors to the intern, providing support, guidance, and encouragement during the program. The internship program is one of approximately seventeen such programs in academic libraries throughout the country. Although the program is not unique, it has represented a notable attempt to increase diversity within the library system, and is part of nationwide efforts to enlist underrepresented minority librarians (i.e., African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans) to the field of academic librarianship. In this article, the authors describe and analyze the program and offer suggestions for strategies to increase minority representation in academic libraries.
Toward clinical trials of islet xenotransplantation

In a recent Commentary in Xenotransplantation, Philip O’Connell outlines the challenges of pigto-human islet transplantation (Tx). His emphasis is on the prevention of the xenogeneic immune reaction [1]. In the present Commentary, we attempt to provide a road map toward clinical pig islet Tx. The success with human islet Tx achieved in Edmonton [2] has stimulated worldwide interest in the Tx of the islets of Langerhans. In view of the scarcity of human tissue, it will not, however, be possible to apply islet Tx on a large scale unless a surrogate insulin-producing tissue is made available. Pig insulin was used for several decades to treat diabetic patients, and the structure of pig insulin is very similar to that of human insulin; thus porcine islets would offer an alternative.
Mind the gap: global quality norms, national policy interpretations and local praxis in Timor-Leste

Increasingly, the imperative for improving educational quality in schooling systems throughout the developing world is harnessed to a particular set of teaching and learning practices, such as child-centred, child-friendly or learner-centred pedagogy (LCP). Such was the case in Timor-Leste where, after independence, LCP was heavily promoted as a panacea for an education system that was perceived to be irrelevant, outmoded and of poor quality. While LCP was readily adopted into policy discourse, less support and attention were given to the substantive incorporation of LCP into teacher practice. When strategically borrowed in such a fashion, the paper suggests little promise remains for LCP to meaningfully improve student learning processes or outcomes in Timorese classrooms.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILANE MODIFIED IRON ( III ) OXIDE NANOPARTICLES REINFORCED CHITOSAN NANOCOMPOSITES

Silane modified iron (III) oxide (SiFe2O3) nanoparticles reinforced chitosan (CS) nanocomposite membranes were prepared by solcast transformation method. The iron (III) oxide nanoparticles and nanocomposite membranes were investigated by UV (Visible) spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and TEM. The size and shape of iron (III) oxide and Si-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were determined by XRD and TEM. The Si-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were reinforced homogeneously within the chitosan matrix which could be assigned due to the hydrogen bonding between CS and Si-Fe2O3. The mechanical properties of nanocomposites were investigated. The results showed that the tensile and elongation properties of the Si-Fe2O3 nanoparticles reinforced chiotsan nanocomposite increases upto 6 wt. % and then declines.
Promoting Subjective Well-Being at Work

Research has clearly shown the relationship between subjective well-being and work performance, even though there is debate over the causality of that relationship (i.e., does subjective well-being cause higher work performance or does greater work performance lead to subjective well-being? ). Regardless, researchers and practitioners would agree that having employees who are productive and have high subjective well-being is valuable. The purpose of this article is to review research in this area and to discuss strategies for promoting well-being at the workplace.
Sepsis: From the Stone Age to Nowadays Without a Precise Definition.

794 www.pccmjournal. org August 2016 • Volume 17 • Number 8 3. Yaghmai BF, Di Gennaro JL, Irby GA, et al: A Pediatric Sedation Protocol for Mechanically Ventilated Patients Requires Sustenance Beyond Implementation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17:721–726 4. Deeter KH, King MA, Ridling D, et al: Successful implementation of a pediatric sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:683–688 5. Kudchadkar SR, Yaster M, Punjabi NM: Sedation, sleep promotion, and delirium screening practices in the care of mechanically ventilated children: A wake-up call for the pediatric critical care community. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:1592–1600 6. Poh YN, Poh PF, Buang SN, et al: Sedation guidelines, protocols, and algorithms in PICUs: A systematic review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15:885–892 7. Curley MA, Wypij D, Watson RS, et al; RESTORE Study Investigators and the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators Network: Protocolized sedation vs usual care in pediatric patients mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313:379–389 8. Keogh SJ, Long DA, Horn DV: Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia management of critically ill children: A pilot study evaluating guideline impact and feasibility in the PICU. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e006428 9. Neunhoeffer F, Kumpf M, Renk H, et al: Nurse-driven pediatric analgesia and sedation protocol reduces withdrawal symptoms in critically ill medical pediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25:786–794 10. Ament SM, de Groot JJ, Maessen JM, et al: Sustainability of professionals’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines in medical care: A systematic review. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008073 11. Carroll C, Patterson M, Wood S, et al: A conceptual framework for implementation fidelity. Implement Sci 2007; 2:40 12. Kavanagh BP, Nurok M: Standardized intensive care. Protocol misalignment and impact misattribution. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:17–22 13. Larson GE, Arnup SJ, Clifford M, et al: How does the introduction of a pain and sedation management guideline in the paediatric intensive care impact on clinical practice? A comparison of audits pre and post guideline introduction. Aust Crit Care 2013; 26:118–123 14. Ista E, de Hoog M, Tibboel D, et al: Implementation of standard sedation management in paediatric intensive care: Effective and feasible? J Clin Nurs 2009; 18:2511–2520 15. Popernack ML, Thomas NJ, Lucking SE: Decreasing unplanned extubations: Utilization of the Penn State Children’s Hospital Sedation Algorithm. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:58–62 16. Alexander E, Carnevale FA, Razack S: Evaluation of a sedation protocol for intubated critically ill children. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2002; 18:292–301
Accounting for the Changing Life-Cycle Profile of Earnings

We document a significant flattening of life-cycle earnings profiles for the successive cohorts of male workers entering the labor market since the late 1960s. Further, we provide evidence on the steepening in the profiles of earnings inequality and an upward shift in the profiles of occupational mobility for more recent cohorts. We develop a theory that relates these developments and study quantitatively what fraction of the change in the life-cycle profiles of earnings and earnings inequality is accounted for by the economic forces that drive the increase in occupational mobility. Preliminary results indicate that the increase in the variability of productivity shocks to occupations coupled with the increase in the rate of idiosyncratic destruction of occupational matches from the 1960s to the 1990s, may account for all these observations. The theory we propose is consistent with other facts characterizing the changes in the labor market, such as a sharp increase in cross-sectional wage inequality and the increase in the transitory variability of earnings. JEL Classification: E20, E24, E25, J24, J31, J62.
The Influence of Delays in Real-Time Causal Learning

The close relation between time and causality is undisputed, but there is a paucity of research on how people use temporal information to inform their causal judgments. Experiment 1 examined the effect of delay variability on causal judgments, and whether participants were sensitive to the presence of a hastener cue that reduced the delay between cause and effect without changing the contingency. The results showed that higher causal ratings were given to cause- effect pairs with less variable delays, but that conditions with an active hastener actually reduced participants' ratings of the causal cues. The latter finding can also be explained in terms of people's sensitivity to variability, because an unde- tected hastener leads to greater variability in experienced delays. Experiment 2 followed up previous research showing that people give higher causal ratings to cause-effect pairs with shorter delays. We examined whether this finding might be due to the greater probability of intervening events rather than the length of delay per se. The results supported the former conjecture: participants' causal ratings were influenced by the probability of intervening events in the cause-effect interval and not the mere length of delay. The findings from both experiments raise questions for current theories of causal learning.
Do different routes to becoming a special educator produce different understandings of the profession and its core concepts?

There are multiple routes to becoming a special educator in Norway. In recent years, bachelor's degree programmes have offered an alternative to the traditional path in which special education coursework is taken as a part of teacher education. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether these different programmes produce different understandings of the special education profession and its core concepts. We surveyed 27 bachelor students and 36 teacher education students using open-ended questions concerning their future goals and expectations and the concepts of ‘inclusion,’ ‘learning disability,’ and ‘special educator’. Teacher education students were more likely to: (a) view inclusion from a broad perspective, emphasizing a sense of belonging and community, (b) define the concept of learning disability from a categorical perspective, and (c) perceive special educators as essentially ‘expert’ teachers for children with special needs. Bachelor’s degree students also emphasized special educators’ role in supporting individuals with special needs, yet were more likely to apply a relational perspective when describing the concept of learning disability.