Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Density fluctuations in an electrolyte from generalized Debye-Hückel theory.

Near-critical thermodynamics in the hard-sphere (1, 1) electrolyte is well described, at a classical level, by Debye-H\"uckel (DH) theory with $(+,\ensuremath{-})$ ion pairing and dipolar-pair-ionic-fluid coupling. But DH-based theories do not address density fluctuations. Here density correlations are obtained by functional differentiation of DH theory generalized to nonuniform densities of various species. The correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}$ diverges universally at low density $\ensuremath{\rho}$ as $(T\ensuremath{\rho}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1/4}$ (correcting the generalized mean-spherical approximation). When $\ensuremath{\rho}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$ one has $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\simeq}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}^{+}{/t}^{1/2}$ as $t\ensuremath{\equiv}({T\ensuremath{-}T}_{c}){/T}_{c}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0+$, where the amplitudes ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}^{+}$ compare informatively with experimental data.
Anesthesia and Surgery Impair Blood–Brain Barrier and Cognitive Function in Mice

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, e.g., increase in BBB permeability, has been reported to contribute to cognitive impairment. However, the effects of anesthesia and surgery on BBB permeability, the underlying mechanisms, and associated cognitive function remain largely to be determined. Here, we assessed the effects of surgery (laparotomy) under 1.4% isoflurane anesthesia (anesthesia/surgery) for 2 h on BBB permeability, levels of junction proteins and cognitive function in both 9- and 18-month-old wild-type mice and 9-month-old interleukin (IL)-6 knockout mice. BBB permeability was determined by dextran tracer (immunohistochemistry imaging and spectrophotometric quantification), and protein levels were measured by Western blot and cognitive function was assessed by using both Morris water maze and Barnes maze. We found that the anesthesia/surgery increased mouse BBB permeability to 10-kDa dextran, but not to 70-kDa dextran, in an IL-6-dependent and age-associated manner. In addition, the anesthesia/surgery induced an age-associated increase in blood IL-6 level. Cognitive impairment was detected in 18-month-old, but not 9-month-old, mice after the anesthesia/surgery. Finally, the anesthesia/surgery decreased the levels of β-catenin and tight junction protein claudin, occludin and ZO-1, but not adherent junction protein VE-cadherin, E-cadherin, and p120-catenin. These data demonstrate that we have established a system to study the effects of perioperative factors, including anesthesia and surgery, on BBB and cognitive function. The results suggest that the anesthesia/surgery might induce an age-associated BBB dysfunction and cognitive impairment in mice. These findings would promote mechanistic studies of postoperative cognitive impairment, including postoperative delirium.
Characteristics of patients with HIV and biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with HIV infection and biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis (AIN). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Pathology reports were reviewed for patients who had HIV infection and underwent renal biopsy at Johns Hopkins Hospital from January 1, 1995, through January 1, 2008. Patients who received a diagnosis of AIN without evidence of HIV-associated nephropathy were identified, and their clinical course was reviewed up to 18 months after biopsy. RESULTS Of 262 biopsies, 29 (11%) patients who had AIN without evidence of HIV-associated nephropathy were identified. The mean age at the time of biopsy was 47.5 years (range 28 to 71 years), 17 (59%) were men, and 23 (79%) were black. The majority (62%) of patients were on antiretroviral therapy, 59% were current or former intravenous drug users, and 62% had hepatitis C co-infection. Drugs were identified as the cause of AIN in the majority (72%) of cases. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were most commonly implicated, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Antiretroviral therapy was identified as the cause in only three cases. None of the patients presented with the classic triad of fever, rash, and pyuria, and only seven (24%) patients presented with <1 g/d proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS In our series, AIN was prevalent (11%) and was often drug induced. AIN should not be excluded from the differential diagnosis on the basis of absence of the classic clinical triad of fever, rash, and pyuria.
Teaching Expressive Writing to Students with Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis

We present results of a meta-analysis on writing interventions for students with learning disabilities and draw implications for practice. 13 studies designed to teach students with learning disabilities to write better expository or narrative text were analyzed. Results indicated that the interventions used in the research studies consistently produced strong effects on the quality of students' writing as well as students' sense of efficacy and understanding of the writing process. Findings suggested that 3 components should be part of any comprehensive instructional program. Explicit teaching of (a) the steps of the writing process and (b) the critical dimensions of different writing genres should be provided, as well as (c) structures for giving extensive feedback to students on the quality of their writing from either teachers or peers.
Sources of Bias in the Recall of Self-Generated Data: The Role of Anchoring

This study examines two issues. First, we assess the reliability of employment data self-generated by respondents using a survey panel of 280 firms surveyed in 1999 and again in 2002. Our results show that there is a close correlation between self-generated and archival secondary data. Second, we test for bias in the recall of previous years' employment levels and the sources of such bias. We assess three reasons for recall bias: respondent-level factors; firm-level factors; and anchoring. Our regression results indicate that: owners and new respondents; those in firms that changed legal status and/or location; those in smaller firms; and those in growing or declining firms were biased in their recall of prior employment. In addition, growing firms tended to underestimate their growth, which points to anchoring as an explanation for these biases. These biases imply that we have to be careful in delineating performance measures and cautious about how we interpret self-generated managerial information.
Significance, Effect Sizes, Stepwise Methods, and Other Issues: Strong Arguments Move the Field

Abstract The author asserts that editors should publicly declare their expectations and expose the rationales for editorial policies to public scrutiny. He argues that editorial policies ought to require effect size reporting, as those at 17 journals now do. He also argues (a) that score reliabilities should be reported; (b) that stepwise methods should not be used; (c) that structure coefficients should be interpreted; and (d) that if used wisely, confidence intervals differ from hypothesis tests in important ways. The use of noncentral t and F distributions to create confidence intervals about effect sizes also is appealing.
Ocean acidification increases the toxicity of contaminated sediments

Ocean acidification (OA) may alter the behaviour of sediment‐bound metals, modifying their bioavailability and thus toxicity. We provide the first experimental test of this hypothesis with the amphipod Corophium volutator. Amphipods were exposed to two test sediments, one with relatively high metals concentrations (Σmetals 239 mg kg−1) and a reference sediment with lower contamination (Σmetals 82 mg kg−1) under conditions that mimic current and projected conditions of OA (390–1140 μatm pCO2). Survival and DNA damage was measured in the amphipods, whereas the flux of labile metals was measured in the sediment and water column (WC) using Diffusive Gradients in Thin‐films. The contaminated sediments became more acutely toxic to C. volutator under elevated pCO2 (1140 μatm). There was also a 2.7‐fold increase in DNA damage in amphipods exposed to the contaminated sediment at 750 μatm pCO2, as well as increased DNA damage in organisms exposed to the reference sediment, but only at 1140 μatm pCO2. The projected pCO2 concentrations increased the flux of nickel and zinc to labile states in the WC and pore water. However, the increase in metal flux at elevated pCO2 was equal between the reference and contaminated sediments or, occasionally, greater from reference sediments. Hence, the toxicological interaction between OA and contaminants could not be explained by e ffects of pH on metal speciation. We propose that the additive physiological effects of OA and contaminants will be more important than changes in metal speciation in determining the responses of benthos to contaminated sediments under OA. Our data demonstrate clear potential for near‐future OA to increase the susceptibility of benthic ecosystems to contaminants. Environmental policy should consider contaminants within the context of changing environmental conditions. Specifically, sediment metals guidelines may need to be reevaluated to afford appropriate environmental protection under future conditions of OA.
The Effects of Preschool Integration on the Development of Nonhandicapped Children

Nine research studies that reported child change data for nonhandicapped children participating in integrated preschool settings were analyzed in terms of methodology and specific program variables. The findings indicate that the methodological weaknesses in studies of the effectiveness of integration are the same that plague early intervention efficacy studies in general. Analysis of specific program variables indicates that studies of the outcomes of integration have typically viewed integration as a single treatment variable rather than as a process having many possible variations. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Relational agency and pre-service trainee teachers: using student voice to frame teacher education pedagogy

This article explores the nature of the reflective learning undertaken by pre-service trainee teachers training to teach in the lifelong learning sector in the UK. The argument made is that reflecting on the student voice can support novice teacher’s boundary-crossing and legitimate peripheral participation (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Heggen, 2008). This article frames student voice practices as essential within teacher education pedagogy. As a counterpoint to post-Fordist and post-modern challenges to education in late capitalism, student voice practice is used to demonstrate to novice teachers the pedagogic and democratic value that ‘listening to learners’ brings. While recognising the highly contested nature of voice, value is held in both listening to trainee teachers and their anxieties and concerns and providing a reflective and reflexive context through which these can be expressed; and the value to be had for (new) teachers to listen to their own learners. Student voice practice is held to have significance for teachers’ iterative identity (Giddens, 1991), and is seen to provide pedagogic opportunities for the framing of relational agency (Edwards, 2005).
The Effects of Prison Crowding upon Infraction Rates

During the 1970s the prison populations grew at an alarming rate and researchers became interested in the effects of crowding on inmate behavior. Paulus, McCain, and Cox (1975; 1978) and D'Atri and Ostfeld (1975)found empirical evidence physiological changes occurring in crowded prison populations. Other researchers have also uncovered deleterious effects due to crowded prison conditions. Unfortunately, the work in crowding has lagged behind other areas in corrections and there are few accepted paradigms.This research attempts to expand the current studies and, in doing so, examine the effects of crowding upon several groups ofcriminal offenders. The research is based upon a sample of 21,500 inmates, plus a subsample of 1,300 teenage prisoners. Ananalysis of variance and covariancefound no crowding effectsfor the prison population as a whole. However, strong crowdingeffects were found among young black violent offenders. For this group, crowding was a stronger predictor of infraction ratesthan any of our control variables (age, time served, home county population density, race, or type of crime). We interpret theseresults as artifacts placing high-risk inmates in the largest, most crowded prisons.
Predictors and Consequences of Achievement Goals in the College Classroom: Maintaining Interest and Making the Grade

The authors investigated personality predictors of achievement goals in an introductory psychology class, as well as the consequences of these goals for the motivation and performance of 311 undergraduates. Two dimensions of achievement motivation (workmastery and competitive orientations; J. T. Spence & R. L. Helmreich, 1983) predicted the goals endorsed. Individuals high in workmastery were more likely to adopt mastery goals and less likely to adopt work avoidance goals, whereas competitive individuals were more likely to endorse performance and work avoidance goals. Students adopting mastery goals were more interested in the class, but students adopting performance goals achieved higher levels of performance. These results suggest that both mastery and performance goals can lead to important positive outcomes in college classes. Each semester as students decide whether to enroll in a particular class, those of us lurking in the halls hear students asking each other the following questions: "How much will I learn in this class? ," "How did you do in this course? ," and "How much work is required for this course? " These questions illustrate the issues that are important to college students in academic achievement situations and provide insight into the types of goals they might adopt for a particular course. Achievement goals are situationally specific orientations that represent the desire to develop, attain, or demonstrate competence in a particular context (Ames, 1992; Dweck, 1986; Nicholls, 1984, 1989), and they can affect the way that students approach and perform their coursework (Dweck & Leggett, 1988; Maehr & Braskamp, 1986). Although theoretical perspectives and labels differ, there is an emerging consensus that two primary types of achievement goals are important determinants of motivation and performance
Perceived collective continuity: seeing groups as entities that move through time

This paper presents two studies, conducted in two different countries, investigating perceptions of ingroups as enduring, temporally persistent entities, and introduces a new instrument measuring ‘perceived collective continuity’ (PCC). In Study 1 we show that perceptions of ingroup continuity are based on two main dimensions: perceived cultural continuity (perceived continuity of norms and traditions) and perceived historical continuity (perceived interconnection between different historical ages and events). This study also allows the construction of an internally consistent PCC scale including two subscales tapping on these two dimensions. Study 2 replicates findings from the first study; it also reveals that PCC is positively correlated to a set of social identity-related measures (e.g., group identification and collective self-esteem), and that its effects on these measures are mediated by perceived group entitativity. Overall, these two studies confirm that PCC is an important theoretical construct, and that the PCC scale may become an important instrument in future research on group processes and social identity. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to optimize patch testing with diphenylmethane diisocyanate

We have previously shown that patch test preparations of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) are more stable than preparations of diphenylmethane‐4,4’‐diisocyanate (4,4’‐MDI). This study was conducted to (i) investigate whether PMDIs yield as many positive reactions as 4,4’‐MDI, (ii) study concurrent reactions to 4,4’‐MDI and 4,4’‐diaminodiphenylmethane (4,4’‐MDA), and (iii) follow the course of positive reactions during 4 weeks. It was shown that PMDIs detect as many positive reactions as 4,4’‐MDI. Thus, they are better patch test agents being more stable than preparations of 4,4’‐MDI. We recommend that PMDIs with a monomer content of at least 35% is used in 2.0% petrolatum (pet.) (i.e. monomer patch test concentration approximately 0.7%). It was shown that reactions to 4,4’‐MDI and PMDIs appear late and we recommend readings on both day (D) 3/4 and D7. 4,4’‐MDA was shown to be a good marker for 4,4’‐MDI and patch testing with 4,4’‐MDA in 0.25% pet. can be used instead of PMDI. Concomitant reactions to 4,4’‐MDI and 4,4’‐MDA are probably not caused by conversion of 4,4’‐MDI into 4,4’‐MDA by reaction with water. Another explanation is a path of reactions leading to ureas and MDI conjugates with skin constituents, which are hydrolysed into 4,4’‐MDA. This complex process depends upon several factors and might explain why positive MDI reactions appear after D7.
Contractile Proteins Content of Long Term Permanent Denervated Human Muscle after Functional Electrical Stimulation

Severe atrophy of skeletal muscles occurs during long-term permanent denervation (LTPD). We studied 14 human muscle biopsies taken from patients suffering lower motoneuron denervation from 2 to 30 years. Patients were treated with Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for different periods of time (0.5 to 6 years). We describe new gel electrophoresis analyses, which allow to quantify protein markers of damage/degeneration and recovery/regeneration of muscle tissue. Electrical stimulation of denervated muscles increases size of the myofibres, maintains sarcomeres preventing/reversing apoptosis/necrosis and secondary degeneration of the long-term denervated tissue. In this work we quantify myosin content in long-term permanent denervated muscles without and with FES. Results confirm the effectiveness of the FES training.
Efficacy of Static Magnetic Field for Locomotor Activity of Experimental Osteopenia

In order to examine the effectiveness of applying a static magnetic field (SMF) for increasing bone mineral density (BMD), we assessed the degree of osteopenia by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), the metabolism measuring system, and histological examination of bone tissue in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. Thirty-six female Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 160–180 g) were divided into three groups. The rats in the OVX-M group were exposed to SMF for 12 weeks after ovariectomy. The ovariectomized rats in the OVX-D group were not exposed to SMF as a control. The rats in the normal group received neither ovariectomy nor exposure to SMF. Twelve-week exposure to SMF in the OVX-M group inhibited the reduction in BMD that was observed in the OVX-D group. Moreover, in the OVX rats, before exposure to SMF, there was no clear difference in the level of locomotor activity between the active and resting phases, and the pattern of locomotor activity was irregular. After exposure of OVX rats to SMF, the pattern of locomotor activity became diphasic with clear active and resting phases, as was observed in the normal group. In the OVX-M group, the continuity of the trabecular bone was maintained more favorably and bone mass was higher than the respective parameters in the OVX-D group. These results demonstrate that exposure to SMF increased the level of locomotor activity in OVX rats, thereby increasing BMD.
Unpicking the Developmental Relationship Between Oral Language Skills and Reading Comprehension: It's Simple, But Complex.

Listening comprehension and word decoding are the two major determinants of the development of reading comprehension. The relative importance of different language skills for the development of listening and reading comprehension remains unclear. In this 5-year longitudinal study, starting at age 7.5 years (n = 198), it was found that the shared variance between vocabulary, grammar, verbal working memory, and inference skills was a powerful longitudinal predictor of variations in both listening and reading comprehension. In line with the simple view of reading, listening comprehension, and word decoding, together with their interaction and curvilinear effects, explains almost all (96%) variation in early reading comprehension skills. Additionally, listening comprehension was a predictor of both the early and later growth of reading comprehension skills.
Diarrhea Outbreak during U.S. Military Training in El Salvador

Infectious diarrhea remains a major risk to deployed military units worldwide in addition to their impact on travelers and populations living in the developing world. This report describes an outbreak of diarrheal illness in the U.S. military’s 130th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade deployed in San Vicente, El Salvador during a training and humanitarian assistance mission. An outbreak investigation team from U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit – Six conducted an epidemiologic survey and environmental assessment, patient interviews, and collected stool samples for analysis in an at risk population of 287 personnel from May 31st to June 3rd, 2011. Personnel (n = 241) completed an epidemiological survey (87% response rate) and 67 (27%) reported diarrhea and/or vomiting during the past two weeks. The median duration of illness was reported to be 3 days (IQR 2–4 days) and abdominal pain was reported among 30 (49%) individuals. Presentation to the medical aid station was sought by (62%) individuals and 9 (15%) had to stop or significantly reduce work for at least one day. Microscopy and PCR analysis of 14 stool samples collected from previously symptomatic patients, Shigella (7), Cryptosporidium (5), and Cyclospora (4) were the most prevalent pathogens detected. Consumption of food from on-base local vendors (RR = 4.01, 95% CI = 1.53–10.5, p-value <0.001) and arriving on base within the past two weeks (RR = 2.79, 95% confidence [CI] = 1.35–5.76, p-value = 0.001) were associated with increased risk of developing diarrheal disease. The risk of infectious diarrhea is great among reserve military personnel during two week training exercises. The consumption of local food, prepared without proper monitoring, is a risk factor for deployed personnel developing diarrheal illness. Additional information is needed to better understand disease risks to personnel conducting humanitarian assistance activities in the Latin America Region.
Repertoire of Antibody Response in Bone Marrow and the Memory Response Are Differentially Affected in Aging Mice1

The primary burst of Ab and germinal center (GC) formation in response to T-dependent Ag is compromised in aging mice. Here we examine the effects of aging on the post-GC phase of memory B cell differentiation and the late Ab repertoire maturation in bone marrow (BM) in mice immunized with a hapten nitrophenyl coupled to chicken γ-globulin. Specific Ab-forming cells (AFC) with mutated VH genes accumulated preferentially in the BM of aged mice, although the AFC numbers and average number of mutations per VH were lower, and the D gene usage was less restricted compared with those in the young animals. However, the repertoire of AFC after an Ag boost demonstrated the hallmarks of Ag selection, including the recurrent mutations and canonical VD rearrangements, similar to the late primary response in young animals. It is postulated that the Ab repertoire maturation in aged mice is delayed and may be notably improved by repeated immunizations.