Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Randomness vs. time: de-randomization under a uniform assumption

We prove that if BPP/spl ne/EXP, then every problem in BPP can be solved deterministically in subexponential time on almost every input (on every samplable ensemble for infinitely many input sizes). This is the first derandomization result for BPP based on uniform, noncryptographic hardness assumptions. It implies the following gap in the average-instance complexities of problems in BPP: either these complexities are always sub-exponential or they contain arbitrarily large exponential functions. We use a construction of a small "pseudorandom" set of strings from a "hard function" in EXP which is identical to that used in the analogous non-uniform results described previously. However, previous proofs of correctness assume the "hard function" is not in P/poly. They give a non-constructive argument that a circuit distinguishing the pseudo-random strings from truly random strings implies that a similarly-sized circuit exists computing the "hard function". Our main technical contribution is to show that, if the "hard function" has certain properties, then this argument can be made constructive. We then show that, assuming ESP/spl sube/P/poly, there are EXP-complete functions with these properties.
Dental anxiety, oral health‐related quality of life, and general well‐being: A self‐determination theory perspective

Recent research indicated that patients’ perception of controlling dental treatment contexts, patients’ need frustration in treatment, and their dental anxiety were strongly positively associated (Halvari, Halvari, & Deci, 2017). Dependent on population, 10–20% of adults in Western societies suffer from dental anxiety (Buunk-Werkhoven, Dijkstra, & van der Schans, 2009; Johnsen et al., 2003). Both patients’ perception of controlling oral health care professionals and their fear of dental treatment or certain aspects of it (ter Horst & de Wit,1993) are related to low dental attendance and poor oral health and functioning (Hägglin, Berggren, Hakeberg, & Ahlqwist, 1996; Halvari et al., 2017). According to the model tested in the present study (see Figure 1), it would be important to answer questions including whether patients’ perception of controlling dental treatment contexts and patients’ need frustration in treatment are indirectly positively associated with poor oral health through dental anxiety; whether high dental anxiety along with the patients’ high dysregulation of dental anxiety would make patients’ perception of practitioners even more controlling through a feedback loop, which, in turn, would be associated with poor oral health through the patients’ need frustration and dental anxiety. These research questions have not been tested in the dental field before, although the potential practical implications of reducing contextual controllingness might reduce dental anxiety and improve both oral health and general well-being. Received: 7 February 2018 | Revised: 27 October 2018 | Accepted: 28 January 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12583
TEACHER PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN TURKEY: AN ALTERNATE MODEL

The research is trying to answer the question of what should be the multi-stakeholder performance system sensitive to the Turkish education system in line with the attitudes and opinions of the teacher, school principal and teacher candidates towards the multi-stakeholder teacher performance evaluation system. A total of 304 teachers, principals, teacher candidates, trainee teachers, and contracted teachers were participated in the study. A mixed methods research was used in this study. Content analysis, factor analysis, frequency analysis and non-parametric analysis methods were used to analyze the data. According to the findings, the majority of the participants stated that teacher performance evaluation could be done through class observation. The findings also revealed that the majority of the participants did not feel discomfort from the involvement of school administrators, parents and students in the teacher performance evaluation. Article visualizations:
Rk1, a Ginsenoside, Is a New Blocker of Vascular Leakage Acting through Actin Structure Remodeling

Endothelial barrier integrity is essential for vascular homeostasis and increased vascular permeability and has been implicated in many pathological processes, including diabetic retinopathy. Here, we investigated the effect of Rk1, a ginsenoside extracted from sun ginseng, on regulation of endothelial barrier function. In human retinal endothelial cells, Rk1 strongly inhibited permeability induced by VEGF, advanced glycation end-product, thrombin, or histamine. Furthermore, Rk1 significantly reduced the vessel leakiness of retina in a diabetic mouse model. This anti-permeability activity of Rk1 is correlated with enhanced stability and positioning of tight junction proteins at the boundary between cells. Signaling experiments revealed that Rk1 induces phosphorylation of myosin light chain and cortactin, which are critical regulators for the formation of the cortical actin ring structure and endothelial barrier. These findings raise the possibility that ginsenoside Rk1 could be exploited as a novel prototype compound for the prevention of human diseases that are characterized by vascular leakage.
Developing emerging leaders in the library profession : program content, self-efficacy and leadership

This thesis used experimental and qualitative methods to determine that a typical, formal library leadership development intervention significantly enhanced the leadership self-efficacy of participants. The investigation also ascertained what program content and attributes affected leadership self-efficacy and how these elements either deterred or enhanced leadership self-efficacy development. Self-efficacy is critical to leadership emergence and effectiveness. Leadership succession has been identified as an issue in the library profession and society as a whole. The research confirmed that leadership development interventions with appropriate structure and content can be an effective mechanism to foster the emergence of leaders.
Earnings Announcement Premia and the Limits to Arbitrage

We examine the factors underlying the presence of earnings announcement premia. We find that the premia persist beyond the sample period examined in prior studies (ending in 1988), although they decline in magnitude after 1988. Further, premia are lower on the expected than the actual earnings announcement dates. We document that increases in voluntary disclosures result in lower premia, despite the increase in return volatility over time. Finally, our evidence suggests that the premia are not completely eliminated because of the costs of arbitrage.
Non-functional requirements as qualities, with a spice of ontology

We propose a modeling language for non-functional requirements (NFRs) that views NFRs as requirements over qualities, mapping a software-related domain to a quality space. The language is compositional in that it allows (recursively) complex NFRs to be constructed in several ways. Importantly, the language allows the definition of requirements about the quality of fulfillment of other requirements, thus capturing, among others, the essence of probabilistic and fuzzy goals as proposed in the literature. We also offer a methodology for systematically refining informal NFRs elicited from stakeholders, resulting in unambiguous, de-idealized, and measurable requirements. The proposal is evaluated with a requirements dataset that includes 370 NFRs crossing 15 projects. The results suggest that our framework can adequately handle and clarify NFRs generated in practice.
The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on the nutritional status of COPD patients

Background COPD patients are susceptible to anorexia, reduction of caloric intake, weight loss, and malnutrition. One of the possible mechanisms is the increase of inflammatory markers such as interleukin 1β (IL1β), is highly correlated with anorexia. Considering the anti-inflammatory role of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), this study aimed to investigate the effect of CLA supplementation on the nutritional status of COPD patients. Patients and methods In a double-blind clinical trial, 93 COPD patients who volunteered to participate in the study and who filled out a written consent form, were randomly assigned to control or supplementation groups. The patients in the supplementation group received 3.2 g of CLA on a daily basis for 6 weeks, while those in the control group received placebo on a daily basis for 6 weeks. For IL1β assessment, the patients’ anthropometric indices and appetite score were checked and their blood samples were collected both before and after the treatment. Moreover, in order to investigate the changes in the caloric intake trend during the study, their dietary intake levels were assessed using 24-hour dietary recall, 3 days a week at the onset, in the 4th week, and at the end of the study. Eventually, 90 patients completed the study. Results The results demonstrated a significant increase in appetite score (P=0.001), average caloric intake (P=0.01), and macronutrient intake (P<0.05), while a significant decrease was observed in the serum level of IL1β among the patients of the supplementation group (P=0.008). Meanwhile, although the supplementation group’s body mass index was also higher on completion, compared to their own initial state as well as to that in the control group, the differences were not significant (P=0.13). Conclusion The findings of this research indicate that the consumption of CLA supplementation can be effective in regulating the appetite and improving the nutritional status of patients suffering from COPD through adjusting the serum level of IL1β.
Docosahexaenoic acid changes lipid composition and interleukin-2 receptor signaling in membrane rafts Published, JLR Papers in Press, June 1, 2005. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M500033-JLR200

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), modulate immune responses and exert beneficial immunosuppressive effects, but the molecular mechanisms inhibiting T-cell activation are not yet elucidated. Lipid rafts have been shown to play an important role in the compartmentalization and modulation of cell signaling. We investigated the role of DHA in modulating the lipid composition in lipid rafts and membrane subdomain distribution of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor signaling molecules. We found that DHA altered lipid components of rafts and modified the IL-2-induced Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway by partially displacing IL-2 receptors from lipid rafts. We fractionated plasma membrane subcellular compartments and discovered that certain amounts of STAT5a and STAT5b existed in detergent-resistant plasma membrane fractions of T-cells. After DHA treatment, STAT5a and STAT5b were not detected in lipid raft fractions and were located in detergent-soluble fractions. These data demonstrate for the first time that DHA alters the lipid composition of membrane microdomains and suppresses IL-2 receptor signaling in T-cells. Thus, our data provide evidence for a functional modification in lipid rafts by DHA treatment and explain PUFA-mediated immunosuppressive effects.
Tax evasion, information reporting, and the regressive bias prediction

A robust, but untested, prediction from the tax evasion literature is that optimal auditing induces a regressive bias in eective average tax rates compared to statutory rates, reducing the degree of redistribution in the tax system. Using Danish administrative data, we show that a calibrated structural model of rational tax evasion and tax enforcement can convincingly replicate the moments and correlations of tax evasion and probabilities of audit once we account for the presence of information reporting in the tax compliance game. We nd that both reduced-form evidence and simulations are in accordance with the prediction of regressive bias when conditioning on information reporting. However, information reporting counteracts the regressive bias generated by optimal evasion and auditing behavior and, as a consequence, the bias vanishes when considering the degree of redistribution in the overall economy.
The role of knowledge in conceptual retrieval: a study in the domain of clinical medicine

Despite its intuitive appeal, the hypothesis that retrieval at the level of "concepts" should outperform purely term-based approaches remains unverified empirically. In addition, the use of "knowledge" has not consistently resulted in performance gains. After identifying possible reasons for previous negative results, we present a novel framework for "conceptual retrieval" that articulates the types of knowledge that are important for information seeking. We instantiate this general framework in the domain of clinical medicine based on the principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Experiments show that an EBM-based scoring algorithm dramatically outperforms a state-of-the-art baseline that employs only term statistics. Ablation studies further yield a better understanding of the performance contributions of different components. Finally, we discuss how other domains can benefit from knowledge-based approaches.
Subjective Weil-Being: Three Decades of Progress

W. Wilson's (1967) review of the area of subjective well-being (SWB) advanced several conclusions regarding those who report high levels of "happiness. " A number of his conclusions have been overturned: youth and modest aspirations no longer are seen as prerequisites of SWB. E. Diener's (1984) review placed greater emphasis on theories that stressed psychological factors. In the current article, the authors review current evidence for Wilson's conclusions and discuss modern theories of SWB that stress dispositional influences, adaptation, goals, and coping strategies. The next steps in the evolution of the field are to comprehend the interaction of psychological factors with life circumstances in producing SWB, to understand the causal pathways leading to happiness, understand the processes underlying adaptation to events, and develop theories that explain why certain variables differentially influence the different components of SWB (life satisfaction, pleasant affect, and unpleasant affect).
The School Leader Communication Model: An Emerging Method for Bridging School Leader Preparation and Practice

School leaders make countless decisions but do not receive adequate preparation for communicating their decisions to parents, students, and teachers. Building on the need to prepare school leaders for a variety of complex professional situations, this article introduces the medical education pedagogy of standardized patients to the field of school leader preparation, outlining how simulated interactions serve as a pedagogical bridge between school leader preparation and practice.
Novel harmine derivatives for tumor targeted therapy

Harmine is a beta-carboline alkaloid found in medicinal plant PeganumHarmala, which has served as a folk anticancer medicine. However, clinical applications of harmine were limited by its low pharmacological effects and noticeable neurotoxicity. In this study, we modified harmine to increase the therapeutic efficacy and to decrease the systemic toxicity. Specifically, two tumor targeting harmine derivatives 2DG-Har-01 and MET-Har-02 were synthesized by modifying substituent in position-2, -7 and -9 of harmine ring with two different targeting group2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and Methionine (Met), respectively. Their therapeutic efficacy and toxicity were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Results suggested that the two newharmine derivatives displayed much higher therapeutic effects than non-modified harmine. In particular, MET-Har-02 was more potent than 2DG-Har-01 with promising potential for targeted cancer therapy.
The “Coagulation Box” and a New Hemoglobin-Driven Algorithm for Bleeding Control in Patients with Severe Multiple Traumas

Background Extensive hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in the first few hours following multiple traumas. Therefore, early and aggressive treatment of clotting disorders could reduce mortality. Unfortunately, the availability of results from commonly performed blood coagulation studies are often delayed whereas hemoglobin (Hb) levels are quickly available. Objectives In this study, we evaluated the use of initial hemoglobin (Hb) levels as a guide line for the initial treatment of clotting disorders in multiple trauma patients. Patients and Methods We have developed an Hb-driven algorithm to initiate the initial clotting therapy. The algorithm contains three different steps for aggressive clotting therapy depending on the first Hb value measured in the shock trauma room, (SR) and utilizes fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), factor VIIa, tranexamic acid and desmopressin. The above-mentioned drugs were stored in a special “coagulation box” in the hospital pharmacy, and this box could be immediately brought to the SR or operating room (OR) upon request. Despite the use of clotting factors, transfusions using red blood cells (RBC) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) were performed at an RBC-to-FFP ratio of 2:1 to 1:1. Results Over a 12-month investigation period, 123 severe multiple trauma patients needing intensive care therapy were admitted to our trauma center (mean age 48 years, mean ISS (injury severity score) 30). Fourteen (11%) patients died; 25 (mean age 51.5 years, mean ISS 53) of the 123 patients were treated using the “coagulation box,” and 17 patients required massive transfusions. Patients treated with the “coagulation box” required an average dose of 16.3 RBC and 12.9 FFP, whereas 17 of the 25 patients required an average dose of 3.6 platelet packs. According to the algorithm, 25 patients received fibrinogen (average dose of 8.25 g), 24 (96%) received PCC (3000 IU.), 14 (56%) received desmopressin (36.6 µg), 13 (52%) received tranexamic acid (2.88 g), and 11 (44%) received factor VIIa (3.7 mg). The clotting parameters markedly improved between SR admission and ICU admission. Of the 25 patients, 16 (64%) survived. The revised injury severity classification (RISC) predicted a survival rate of 41%, which corresponds to a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 0.62, which implies a higher survival rate than predicted. Conclusions An Hb-driven algorithm, in combination with the “coagulation box” and the early use of clotting factors, could be a simple and effective tool for improving coagulopathy in multiple trauma patients.
Coupling of heterotrophic bacteria to phytoplankton bloom development at different pCO 2 levels: a mesocosm study

Abstract. The predicted rise in anthropogenic CO2 emissions will increase CO2 concentrations and decrease seawater pH in the upper ocean. Recent studies have revealed effects of pCO2 induced changes in seawater chemistry on a variety of marine life forms, in particular calcifying organisms. To test whether the predicted increase in pCO2 will directly or indirectly (via changes in phytoplankton dynamics) affect abundance, activities, and community composition of heterotrophic bacteria during phytoplankton bloom development, we have aerated mesocosms with CO2 to obtain triplicates with three different partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2): 350 μatm (1×CO2), 700 μatm (2×CO2) and 1050 μatm (3×CO2). The development of a phytoplankton bloom was initiated by the addition of nitrate and phosphate. In accordance to an elevated carbon to nitrogen drawdown at increasing pCO2, bacterial production (BPP) of free-living and attached bacteria as well as cell-specific BPP (csBPP) of attached bacteria were related to the C:N ratio of suspended matter. These relationships significantly differed among treatments. However, bacterial abundance and activities were not statistically different among treatments. Solely community structure of free-living bacteria changed with pCO2 whereas that of attached bacteria seemed to be independent of pCO2 but tightly coupled to phytoplankton bloom development. Our findings imply that changes in pCO2, although reflected by changes in community structure of free-living bacteria, do not directly affect bacterial activity. Furthermore, bacterial activity and dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria, especially of attached bacteria, were tightly correlated to phytoplankton development and, hence, may also potentially depend on changes in pCO2.
Assessment in Programs for Disadvantaged Students: Lessons from Accelerated Schools.

Assessment was studied in two accelerated schools, the Daniel Webster Elementary School in San Francisco (California) and the Fairbanks Elementary School in Springfield (Missouri) from October 1990 to March 1991. The accelerated schools movement for disadvantaged children began in the mid-1980s when researchers at Stanford University (Californ! a) argued that disadvantaged students would be as capable as any other students if their home circumstances had prepared them for schooling, and that schools could make up the gap. In accelerated schools, individual school communities set goals according to the schools' own visions. Various instructional approaches are used, including such vehicles for promoting literacy as Project READ. In these schools, asses ment was one of four phases of overall accountability, with formative evaluations planned every year and a summative evaluation planned for every 3 to 5 years. The implications of school assessment for Chapter 1 programs are discussed. Preliminary results suggest that there is a primary need for external development of tools and strategies to enable school staff to monitor, measure, and report student progress. A questionnaire used in the evaluation study is included. (SLD) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ***********************************************************************
Baculovirus resistance in the noctuid Spodoptera exempta is phenotypically plastic and responds to population density

Parasite resistance mechanisms can be costly to maintain. We would therefore predict that organisms should invest in resistance only when it is likely to be required. Insects that show density–dependent phase polyphenism, developing different phenotypes at high and low population densities, have the opportunity to match their levels of investment in resistance with the likelihood of exposure to pathogens. As high population densities often precipitate disease epidemics, the high–density form should be selected to invest relatively more in resistance. We tested this prediction in larvae of the noctuid Spodoptera exempta. Larvae reared at a high density were found to be considerably more resistant to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus than those reared in isolation. A conspicuous feature of the high–density phase of S. exempta and other phase–polyphenic Lepidoptera is cuticular melanization. As melanization is controlled by the phenoloxidase enzyme system, which is also involved in the immune response, this suggests a possible mechanism for increased resistance at high population densities. We demonstrated that melanized S. exempta larvae were more resistant than non–melanized forms, independent of rearing density. We also found that haemolymph phenoloxidase activity was correlated with cuticular melanization, providing further evidence for a link between melanization and immunity. These results suggest that pathogen resistance in S. exempta is phenotypically plastic, and that the melanized cuticles characteristic of the high–density form may be indicative of a more active immune system.