Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal Income Taxation in the Presence of Tax Evasion: Expected Utility Versus Prospect Theory

The predictions of expected utility theory (EUT) applied to tax evasion are flawed on two counts: (i) They are quantitatively in error by huge orders of magnitude. (ii) Higher taxation is predicted to lower evasion, which is at variance with the evidence. An emerging literature in behavioral economics, most notably based on prospect theory (PT), has shown that behavioral economics is much better at explaining tax evasion. We extend this literature to incorporate issues of optimal taxation. As a benchmark for a successful theory, we require that it should explain, jointly, the facts on the tax rate, tax gap and the level of government expenditure. We find that when taxpayers use EUT (respectively, PT) and the optimal tax is derived from a social welfare function that also uses EUT (respectively, PT), then, the calibration results are completely at odds with the facts. However, when taxpayers use PT but the social welfare function uses standard EUT, there is a very close match between the predictions and the facts. This has important implications for context dependent preferences but also for the newly emerging literature on liberalism versus paternalism in behavioral economics.
Ethnicity and the aetiology of sudden infant death syndrome.

In spite of current reports of an encouraging decline in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby, in this and other western countries,' it is still the single most important cause of death between 1 and 12 months. Especially highlighted have been its associations with social disadvantage, poor home environment, inadequate antenatal care, smoking, low birth weight, higher winter incidence, and greater male vulnerability.2 3 An anthropological perspective suggests that we investigate the incidence of SIDS from a broader historical and geographical perspective, recognising its continuing rarity in many parts of the world and its association with western patterns of child rearing.
Early admission to stroke unit influences clinical outcome

An improvement in patient arrival time to stroke unit (SU) is recommended, since earlier stroke management seems to improve ‘per se’ functional outcome. The objective of this study was to determine if early admission influences the outcome, reduces disability and mortality at discharge and three months later independent of tlirombolytic treatment.
Optimal interval for routine cytologic screening in the United States.

manuscript: Busey, Soine, Choi, and Shuman. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Busey, Soine, Yager, and Shuman. Statistical analysis: Busey, Soine, Choi, and Shuman. Administrative, technical, and material support: Yager, Choi, and Shuman. Study supervision: Busey, Soine, and Shuman. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Shuman receives clinical research grant funding from GE Healthcare. Previous Presentation: Data from this study were presented at the Radiological Society of North America 97th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting; November 29, 2011; Chicago, Illinois. Online-Only Material: The eFigure is available at http: //www.jamainternalmed. com.
Scale Invariant Disordered Nanotopography Promotes Hippocampal Neuron Development and Maturation with Involvement of Mechanotransductive Pathways

The identification of biomaterials which promote neuronal maturation up to the generation of integrated neural circuits is fundamental for modern neuroscience. The development of neural circuits arises from complex maturative processes regulated by poorly understood signaling events, often guided by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we report that nanostructured zirconia surfaces, produced by supersonic cluster beam deposition of zirconia nanoparticles and characterized by ECM-like nanotopographical features, can direct the maturation of neural networks. Hippocampal neurons cultured on such cluster-assembled surfaces displayed enhanced differentiation paralleled by functional changes. The latter was demonstrated by single-cell electrophysiology showing earlier action potential generation and increased spontaneous postsynaptic currents compared to the neurons grown on the featureless unnaturally flat standard control surfaces. Label-free shotgun proteomics broadly confirmed the functional changes and suggests furthermore a vast impact of the neuron/nanotopography interaction on mechanotransductive machinery components, known to control physiological in vivo ECM-regulated axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. Our results indicate a potential of cluster-assembled zirconia nanotopography exploitable for the creation of efficient neural tissue interfaces and cell culture devices promoting neurogenic events, but also for unveiling mechanotransductive aspects of neuronal development and maturation.
Passive locating algorithm by measuring azimuth and its variation velocity

Based on the measurement of azimuth and its variation velocity, the UKF (Unscented Kalman filter) is used to estimate the target position in the passive locating problem. Algorithm model is proposed and simulation calculation is carried out. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible to solve the passive locating problem.
Molar Absorptivities of Glucose and other Biological Molecules in Aqueous Solutions over the First Overtone and Combination Regions of the Near-Infrared Spectrum

Molar absorptivities are measured for water, glucose, alanine, ascorbate, lactate, triacetin, and urea in the near-infrared spectral region at 37 °C. Values are based on the Beer–Lambert law and cover the first overtone (1550–1850 nm; 6450–5400 cm−1) and combination (2000–2500 nm; 4000–5000 cm−1) spectral windows through aqueous media. Accurate calculations demand accounting for the impact of water displacement upon dissolution of solute. In this regard, water displacement coefficients are measured and reported for each solute. First overtone absorptivities range from 2 to 7 × 10−5 mM−1mm−1 for all solutes except urea, for which absorptivity values are below 0.5 × 10−5 mM−1mm−1 across this spectral range. Molar absorptivities over the combination spectral region range from 0.8 to 3.2 × 10−4 mM−1mm−1, which is a factor of four to five greater than the first overtone absorptivities. Accuracy of the measured values is assessed by comparing calculated or modeled spectra with spectra measured from standard solutions. This comparison reveals accurately modeled spectra in terms of magnitude and position of solute absorption bands. Both actual and modeled spectra from glucose solutions reveal positive and negative absorbance values depending on the measurement wavelength. It is shown that the net absorbance of light is controlled by the magnitude of the absorptivity of glucose compared to the product of the absorptivity of water and the water displacement coefficient for glucose.
The Focal Adhesion and Nuclear Targeting Capacity of the LIM-containing Lipoma-preferred Partner (LPP) Protein*

Targeting of proteins to a particular cellular compartment is a critical determinant for proper functioning. LPP (LIM-containing lipoma-preferred partner) is a LIM domain protein that is localized at sites of cell adhesion and transiently in the nucleus. In various benign and malignant tumors, LPP is present in a mutant form, which permanently localizes the LIM domains in the nucleus. Here, we have investigated which regions in LPP target the protein to its subcellular locations. We found that the LIM domains are the main focal adhesion targeting elements and that the proline-rich region of LPP, which harbors binding sites for α-actinin and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), has a weak targeting capacity. All of the LIM domains of LPP cooperate in order to provide robust targeting to focal adhesions, and the linker between LIM domains 1 and 2 plays a pivotal role in this targeting. When overexpressed in the cytoplasm of cells, the LIM domains of LPP can deplete endogenous LPP and vinculin from focal adhesions. The proline-rich region of LPP contains targeting sites for focal adhesions and stress fibers that are distinct from the α-actinin and VASP binding sites, and the LPP LIM domains are dispensable for targeting LPP to the nucleus. Our studies have defined novel functional domains in the LPP protein.
Demographic Differences in Catheter Ablation After Hospital Presentation With Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation

Background Catheter ablation is increasingly used for rhythm control in symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF), but the demographic characteristics of patients undergoing this procedure are unclear. Methods and Results We used data on all admissions at nonfederal acute care hospitals in California, Florida, and New York to identify patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of AF between 2006 and 2011. Our primary outcome was readmission for catheter ablation of AF, identified using validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification procedure codes. Cox regression models were used to assess relationships between demographic characteristics and catheter ablation, adjusting for Elixhauser comorbidities. We identified 397 612 eligible patients. Of these, 16 717 (4.20%, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.43) underwent ablation. These patients were significantly younger, more often male, more often white, and more often privately insured, with higher household incomes and lower rates of medical comorbidity. In Cox regression models, the likelihood of ablation was lower in women than men (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.86) despite higher rates of AF-related rehospitalization (HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.24). Compared to whites, the likelihood of ablation was lower in Hispanics (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.64) and blacks (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.73), even though blacks had only a slightly lower likelihood of AF-related rehospitalization (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99) and a higher likelihood of all-cause hospitalization (HR 1.38; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.39). Essentially the same pattern existed in Hispanics. Conclusions We found differences in use of catheter ablation for symptomatic AF according to sex and race despite adjustment for available data on demographic characteristics and medical comorbidities.
Disturbances of Ligand Potency and Enhanced Degradation of the Human Glycine Receptor at Affected Positions G160 and T162 Originally Identified in Patients Suffering from Hyperekplexia

Ligand-binding of Cys-loop receptors is determined by N-terminal extracellular loop structures from the plus as well as from the minus side of two adjacent subunits in the pentameric receptor complex. An aromatic residue in loop B of the glycine receptor (GlyR) undergoes direct interaction with the incoming ligand via a cation-π interaction. Recently, we showed that mutated residues in loop B identified from human patients suffering from hyperekplexia disturb ligand-binding. Here, we exchanged the affected human residues by amino acids found in related members of the Cys-loop receptor family to determine the effects of side chain volume for ion channel properties. GlyR variants were characterized in vitro following transfection into cell lines in order to analyze protein expression, trafficking, degradation and ion channel function. GlyR α1 G160 mutations significantly decrease glycine potency arguing for a positional effect on neighboring aromatic residues and consequently glycine-binding within the ligand-binding pocket. Disturbed glycinergic inhibition due to T162 α1 mutations is an additive effect of affected biogenesis and structural changes within the ligand-binding site. Protein trafficking from the ER toward the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, the secretory Golgi pathways and finally the cell surface is largely diminished, but still sufficient to deliver ion channels that are functional at least at high glycine concentrations. The majority of T162 mutant protein accumulates in the ER and is delivered to ER-associated proteasomal degradation. Hence, G160 is an important determinant during glycine binding. In contrast, T162 affects primarily receptor biogenesis whereas exchanges in functionality are secondary effects thereof.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Is Associated with Hypolipidemia at the Presymptomatic Stage in Mice

Objective To demonstrate that hypolipidemia is a typical feature of the mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to assess the association between hypolipidemia and disease stage, dietary intake, and sex. Methods We compared daily dietary intake, body weight, and serumlipid and glucose levels in ALS mice and wild-type controls at different stages of the disease. Findings Total cholesterol low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio were significantly lower in ALS mice compared with controls. Subgroup analysis revealed that the incidence of hypolipidemia was significantly greater in male, but not female, ALS mice compared with control mice and that hypolipidemia was present at the presymptomatic stage of the disease. This hypolipidemia can be found without a decrease in the serum levels of other energy sources, such as glucose, in the presymptomatic stage. Conclusions Hypolipidemia is present at the presymptomatic stage of the ALS mouse model in the absence of malnutrition, significant neuromuscular degeneration or regeneration, and respiratory difficulty. Our findings suggest that hypolipidemia might be associated with the pathomechanism of ALS and/or lipid-specific metabolism rather than simply an epiphenomenon of neuromuscular degeneration or energy imbalance.
Optimal Primary-User Mobility Aware Spectrum Sensing Design for Cognitive Radio Networks

A key issue of the spectrum sensing functionality in Cognitive Radio (CR) networks is the ability of tuning the sensing time parameters, i.e., the sensing time and the transmission time, according to the Primary User (PU) network dynamics. In fact, these parameters influence both the spectrum sensing efficiency and the PU interference avoidance. This issue becomes even more challenging in presence of PU mobility. In this paper, an optimal spectrum sensing design for mobile PU scenarios is proposed with the aim to achieve the following important features: i) to determine the optimal mobility-aware transmission time, i.e., the transmission time value that jointly maximizes the spectrum sensing efficiency and satisfies the PU interference constraint; ii) to determine the optimal mobility-aware sensing time threshold, i.e., the maximum sensing time value assuring efficient spectrum sensing. First, closed-form expressions of both the optimal transmission time and the optimal sensing time threshold are analytically derived for a general PU mobility model. Then, the derived expressions are specialized for two widely adopted mobility models, i.e., the Random Walk mobility Model with reflection and the Random Way-Point mobility Model. Practical rules for the sensing parameter tuning are provided with reference to the considered mobility models. The analytical results are finally validated through simulations.
Neuropsychological strategies for detecting early dementia

As new and more effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) emerge, the development of efficient screening strategies in educationally and racially diverse primary care settings has increased in importance. A set of candidate screening tests and an independent diagnostic assessment were administered to a sample of 318 patients treated at a geriatric primary care center. Fifty-six subjects met criteria for dementia. Exploratory analysis led to the development of three two-stage screening strategies that differed in the composition of the first stage or Rapid Dementia Screen, which is applied to all patients over the age of 65. The second stage, applied to those patients who screen positively for dementia, is accomplished with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test to detect memory impairment. Using clinical diagnosis as a gold standard, the strategies had high sensitivity and specificity for identifying dementia and performed better for identifying AD than non-AD dementias. Sensitivity and specificity did not differ by race or education. The strategies provide an efficient approach to screening for early dementia. (JINS, 2008, 14, 130–142.)
Selective expansion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate pools and modulation of 5-fluorouracil antitumor activity by leucovorin in vivo.

Expansion of CH2THF pools in tissues of BALB/c mice bearing s.c. -implanted EMT6 mammary adenocarcinomas was measured after leucovorin administration. Twenty-four mice were treated with leucovorin at doses of 0, 45, 90, or 180 mg/kg/injection x 8 injections spaced over 48 h. Tumor and bone marrow cytosols were assayed for CH2THF by forming ternary complexes with thymidylate synthase and [3H]FdUMP. Tumor CH2THF pools were expanded significantly at the two higher doses. Marrow levels were not different from controls. Groups of tumor bearing mice were treated with saline, leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluourouracil plus leucovorin on an optimal dosage schedule. Measured plus leucovorin on an optimal dosage schedule. Measured from the last day of treatment, these tumors grew to 10 mm root-mean-square diameters in 3.5 +/- 1.4, 5.0 +/- 1.2, 6.5 +/- 1.5, and 9.3 +/- 1.2 days, respectively. Growth rates were significantly different from controls only in the latter two groups.
Magnetized orbifold models

We study (4+2n)-dimensional N=1 super Yang-Mills theory on the orbifold background with non-vanishing magnetic fluxes. In particular, we study zero-modes of spinor fields. The flavor structure of our models is different from one in magnetized torus models, and would be interesting in realistic model building.
Significance of DNA Polymerase Delta Catalytic Subunit p125 Induced by Mutant p53 in the Invasive Potential of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Objective: To clarify the role of DNA polymerase delta in tumor progression, we examined the expression of its main catalytic subunit p125 encoded by POLD1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and human HCC cell lines. Methods: We examined the expression of p53 and p125 in HCC by using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Characteristic changes observed in human HCC cell lines after transfection were examined. Results: Immunohistochemical examination revealed positive staining of p125 in HCC cell nuclei, but few positively stained cells were observed in noncancerous tissues (p < 0.0001). p125 expression in specimens significantly correlated with cellular differentiation (p = 0.0048) and the degree of vascular invasion (p = 0.0401). It also significantly correlated with abnormal p53 expression. In vivo studies showed that p125 was upregulated in mutant p53-transfected HepG2 cells, which had more invasive potential than did control cells. Furthermore, the expression and invasive potential were reduced by the silencer sequence for POLD1. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit p125 induced by mutant type p53 plays an important role in tumor invasion, which leads to a poorer prognosis in HCC.
Creatine Supplementation and Its Effect on Musculotendinous Stiffness and Performance

Anecdotal reports suggesting that creatine (Cr) supplementation may cause side effects, such as an increased incidence of muscle strains or tears, require scientific examination. In this study, it was hypothesized that the rapid fluid retention and “dry matter growth” evident after Cr supplementation may cause an increase in musculotendinous stiffness. Intuitively, an increase in musculotendinous stiffness would increase the chance of injury during exercise. Twenty men were randomly allocated to a control or an experimental group and were examined for musculotendinous stiffness of the triceps surae and for numerous performance indices before and after Cr ingestion. The Cr group achieved a significant increase in body mass (79.7 ± 10.8 kg vs. 80.9 ± 10.7 kg), counter movement jump height (40.2 ± 4.8 cm vs. 42.7 ± 5.9 cm), and 20-cm drop jump height (32.3 ± 3.3 cm vs. 35.1 ± 4.8 cm) after supplementation. No increase was found for musculotendinous stiffness at any assessment load. There were no significant changes in any variables within the control group. These findings have both performance- and injury-related implications. Primarily, anecdotal evidence suggesting that Cr supplementation causes muscular strain injuries is not supported by this study. In addition, the increase in jump performance is indicative of performance enhancement in activities requiring maximal power output.
Rhodopsins from three frog and toad species: sequences and functional comparisons.

The frequency of thermal 'dark events' in the membrane current of rhodopsin rods of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is considerably lower than observed in rods of two toad species, even though all three rhodopsins have approximately the same absorbance characteristics. In order to map amino acid substitutions possibly associated with thermal stability in the genus Rana, the cDNA's coding for the rhodopsins of Bufo bufo, B. marinus and R. temporaria were sequenced and the conceptually translated protein sequences aligned to the previously sequenced rhodopsins of R. catesbeiana, R. pipiens and Xenopus laevis. Across the six anuran species studied, there are sixteen non-conserved substitutions and six changes that include gain or loss of a hydroxyl group. Serine or threonine at position 220 is unique to the three Rana species, phenylalanine at position 270 is unique to all three Ranas and to X. laevis, and phenylalanine at position 274 is unique to both species of the genus Bufo. This investigation produces a list of substitutions that are candidates for future studies of thermal stability. In addition, a number of amino acids are identified that apparently do not influence absorbance characteristics, at least not cumulatively.