Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Re-Evaluation of the Middle Miocene Eagle Mountain Formation and Its Significance as a Piercing Point for the Interpretation of Extreme Extension Across the Death Valley Region, California, U.S.A.

Abstract The Death Valley area of eastern California and southern Nevada has been highly influential in the development of ideas about extreme crustal extension. One of the tightest constraints on Death Valley extension is apparently provided by clasts in inferred alluvial-fan deposits of the Eagle Mountain Formation (~ 15–11 Ma) and their source in the Hunter Mountain batholith, now located > 100 km from some of the deposits. Because alluvial fans are usually less than 10–20 km in radius, the remaining separation has been interpreted as tectonic. New research reported here suggests that the Eagle Mountain Formation at its type location was deposited in a fluvial–lacustrine setting, and provides no constraint on either the magnitude or the direction of tectonic transport and/or crustal extension. Confidence in palinspastic reconstruction thus depends on resolving ambiguities in the correlation of pre-extensional markers or on the recognition of demonstrably proximal facies tectonically distributed across the region. The succession at Eagle Mountain comprises (1) diffusely stratified monolithologic carbonate breccia and sandstone (~ 140 m) onlapping Cambrian carbonate rocks at an unconformity with ~ 110–140 m of relief (fluvial or fluvially influenced); (2) ~ 10 m of tabular-bedded siltstone, diamictite, and sandstone (lacustrine); (3) cross-stratified and channelized sandstone and polymict conglomerate bearing Hunter Mountain clasts, with minor siltstone and carbonate (~ 110 m; mostly fluvial); and (4) tabular-bedded sandstone, siltstone, and minor carbonate (~ 140 m; mostly lacustrine). Eight prominent stratigraphic discontinuities mapped within the third interval are characterized by up to 15 m of local erosional relief, and by abrupt upward coarsening from siltstone or carbonate to conglomerate or sandstone. A fluvial interpretation for the same critical part of the succession is based upon the existence of the mapped surfaces; the ubiquitous development of channels, trough cross-stratification, and upward fining trends (particularly between the mapped surfaces); and the abundance of well rounded clasts in conglomerate. Paleocurrents are generally directed between southward and eastward, although with considerable dispersion, and they shift from approximately southward or southeastward in the mostly fluvial deposits to approximately eastward in the upper lacustrine interval. An unusual feature of the Eagle Mountain Formation at Eagle Mountain is the presence of five crosscutting conglomerate bodies, interpreted as vertically infilled fissures of tectonic origin. Numerous normal, reversed normal, and oblique-slip faults with up to 34 m of stratigraphic separation are thought to postdate sedimentation and tilting of the Eagle Mountain Formation after ~ 11 Ma.
A New Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of a Regular Tachycardia With a Wide QRS Complex

BackgroundIn the differential diagnosis of a tachycardia with a wide QRS complex (.0.12 second) diagnostic mistakes are frequent. Therefore, we investigated the reasons for failure of presently available criteria, and we identified new, simpler criteria and incorporated them in a stepwise approach that provides better sensitivity and specificity for making a correct diagnosis. Methods and ResultsA prospective analysis revealed that current criteria had a poor specificity for the differential diagnosis. The value of four new criteria incorporated in a stepwise approach was prospectively analyzed in a total of 554 tachycardias with a widened QRS complex (384 ventricular and 170 supraventricular). The sensitivity of the four consecutive steps was 0.987, and the specificity was 0.965. ConclusionsCurrent criteria for the differential diagnosis between supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction and ventricular tachycardia are frequently absent or suggest the wrong diagnosis. The absence of an RS complex in all precordial leads is easily recognizable and highly specific for the diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia. When an RS complex is present in one or more precordial leads, an RS interval of more than 100 msec is highly specific for ventricular tachycardia. This new stepwise approach may prevent diagnostic mistakes.
Gender differences in computer-related achievement, anxiety and attitude: A meta-analysis in Turkey sample

The aim of this study is to analyze the gender differences on computer-related achievement, anxiety and attitude in Turkey sample. With an aim to combine the results obtained from the independent studies conducted on computer achievement, computer anxiety and computer-related attitude; three different meta-analysis studies were conducted. Various criteria were used in order to determine which studies were going to be included in meta-analysis. Within this context, both Turkish and English studies conducted during 2000-2014 were analyzed; 16 studies on achievement, 17 studies on anxiety and 30 studies on attitude from Turkey sample containing sample size, standard deviation and average values were included in the research. The studies containing the relevant data were analyzed with random effects model. As result of the study, effect size of gender differences for computer achievement, computer anxiety and computer-related attitude were found as 0.012, 0.237 and 0.114 respectively. The values obtained were evaluated according to the classification made by Thalheimer and Cook (2002); it was detected that effect sizes regarding gender differences for computer achievement and computer-related attitude were negligible but effect sizes regarding gender differences for computer anxiety were small in favor of male individuals. Consequently, it was determined that there was no difference in computer achievement and computer-related attitude of male and female individuals and the anxiety levels of females are higher than the anxiety levels of males. Keywords: computer achievement, computer anxiety, computer-related attitude, gender differences, meta-analysis
TrueSkill Through Time: Revisiting the History of Chess

We extend the Bayesian skill rating system TrueSkill to infer entire time series of skills of players by smoothing through time instead of filtering. The skill of each participating player, say, every year is represented by a latent skill variable which is affected by the relevant game outcomes that year, and coupled with the skill variables of the previous and subsequent year. Inference in the resulting factor graph is carried out by approximate message passing (EP) along the time series of skills. As before the system tracks the uncertainty about player skills, explicitly models draws, can deal with any number of competing entities and can infer individual skills from team results. We extend the system to estimate player-specific draw margins. Based on these models we present an analysis of the skill curves of important players in the history of chess over the past 150 years. Results include plots of players' lifetime skill development as well as the ability to compare the skills of different players across time. Our results indicate that the overall playing strength has increased over the past 150 years, and that modelling a player's ability to force a draw provides significantly better predictive power.
Opportunities for academic language and literacy development for emergent bilingual students during group work

ABSTRACT The present paper argues for a shift in teacher knowledge and beliefs about the role of group work in the teaching and learning of emergent bilingual students. Using case study data from an eighth grade classroom, the authors analyze the role of collaboration in the interaction with grade-level text of emergent bilingual students. The analysis demonstrates that the quality of collaboration mediates in significant ways the opportunities available to emergent bilinguals for both content and language learning. The authors suggest that expanding students’ repertoires of practice to include collaborative learning should be a worthwhile instructional goal in mainstream classrooms. The analysis problematizes the currently dominant view of group work as an instructional strategy, and supports the positioning of collaboration as a key disciplinary practice in the new college and career readiness standards. The article offers a conceptual framework for contrasting different types of collaboration that is based on Engeström's (1993. “Developmental Studies on Work as a Testbench of Activity Theory.” In Understanding Practice: Perspectives on Activity and Context, edited by S. Chaiklin and J. Lave, 64–103. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) activity theory.
Stuck-at tuple-detection: a fault model based on stuck-at faults for improved defect coverage

N-detection stuck-at test sets were shown to be effective in achieving high defect coverages for benchmark circuits. However, the definition of n-detection rest sets allows the same set of faults to be detected by several different tests, thus potentially detecting the same defects. We propose an extension of the n-detection model that alleviates this problem by considering m-tuples of faults and requiring that different tests would detect different m-tuples. We present experimental results to support this model.
V-Measure: A Conditional Entropy-Based External Cluster Evaluation Measure

We present V-measure, an external entropybased cluster evaluation measure. Vmeasure provides an elegant solution to many problems that affect previously defined cluster evaluation measures including 1) dependence on clustering algorithm or data set, 2) the “problem of matching”, where the clustering of only a portion of data points are evaluated and 3) accurate evaluation and combination of two desirable aspects of clustering, homogeneity and completeness. We compare V-measure to a number of popular cluster evaluation measures and demonstrate that it satisfies several desirable properties of clustering solutions, using simulated clustering results. Finally, we use V-measure to evaluate two clustering tasks: document clustering and pitch accent type clustering.
Relics of Subluminous Supernovae in Metal-poor Stars

The unique elemental abundance pattern of the carbon-rich stars CS 29498-043 and CS 22949-037 is characterized by a large excess of magnesium and silicon in comparison with iron. This excess is investigated in the context of a supernova-induced star formation scenario, and it is concluded that these stars were born from the matter swept up by supernova remnants containing little iron and that such supernovae are similar to the least luminous supernovae ever observed, SNe 1997D and 1999br. Comparison of the observed abundance pattern in iron group elements of subluminous supernovae with those of other supernovae leads to intriguing implications for explosion, nucleosynthesis, and mixing in supernovae. The observed invariance of these ratios cannot be accounted for by a spherically symmetric supernova model.
An Efficient Algorithm for Unweighted Spectral Graph Sparsification

Spectral graph sparsification has emerged as a powerful tool in the analysis of large-scale networks by reducing the overall number of edges, while maintaining a comparable graph Laplacian matrix. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm for the construction of a new type of spectral sparsifier, the unweighted spectral sparsifier. Given a general undirected and unweighted graph $G = (V, E)$ and an integer $\ell < |E|$ (the number of edges in $E$), we compute an unweighted graph $H = (V, F)$ with $F \subset E$ and $|F| = \ell$ such that for every $x \in \mathbb{R}^{V}$ \[ {\displaystyle \frac{x^T L_G x}{\kappa} \leq x^T L_H x \leq x^T L_G x,} \] where $L_G$ and $L_H$ are the Laplacian matrices for $G$ and $H$, respectively, and $\kappa \geq 1$ is a slowly-varying function of $|V|, |E|$ and $\ell$. This work addresses the open question of the existence of unweighted graph sparsifiers for unweighted graphs. Additionally, our algorithm can efficiently compute unweighted graph sparsifiers for weighted graphs, leading to sparsified graphs that retain the weights of the original graphs.
Abnormal body perception and neural activity in the insula in depression: An fMRI study of the depressed “material me”

Abstract Objectives. In addition to affective-cognitive symptoms, patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) suffer from somato-vegetative symptoms, suggesting abnormal interoceptive awareness of their “material me”. While recent imaging studies have extensively investigated affective-cognitive symptoms in MDD, the neural correlates of somato-vegetative symptoms and abnormal interoception remain unclear. Since the “material me” has been especially associated with the anterior insula in healthy subjects, we hypothesized abnormalities in this region during interoceptive awareness in MDD. Methods. We therefore investigated behavioural and neural correlates of interoception in healthy and depressed subjects using the Body Perception Questionnaire (BPQ) and a well established heartbeat perception task in fMRI. Results. MDD patients showed significantly higher scores in the BPQ and reduced neural activity during rest periods, particularly in the bilateral anterior insula. In contrast to healthy subjects, BPQ scores no longer correlated with activity during rest periods in the anterior insula. Both BPQ scores and left anterior insula signal changes correlated with depression severity. Conclusions. We demonstrate for the first time abnormal body perception and altered activity in the insula during rest in MDD. Our results suggest that these behavioural and neural abnormalities are closely related to these patients’ somato-vegetative abnormalities and their abnormal “material me”.
Loss of Miro1-directed mitochondrial movement results in a novel murine model for neuron disease

Significance This report probes the physiological roles of mammalian mitochondrial Rho 1 (Miro1), a calcium-binding, membrane-anchored GTPase necessary for mitochondrial motility on microtubules. Using two new mouse models and primary cells, the study demonstrates a specific role for Miro1 in upper motor neuron development and retrograde transport of axonal mitochondria. Unexpectedly, Miro1 is not essential for calcium-regulated mitochondrial movement, mitochondrial-mediated calcium buffering, or maintenance of mitochondrial respiratory activity. Nevertheless, a neuron-specific Miro1 KO mouse model displays physical hallmarks of neurological disease in the brainstem and spinal cord and develops rapidly progressing upper motor neuron disease symptoms culminating in death after approximately 4 wk. These studies demonstrate that defects in mitochondrial motility and distribution alone are sufficient to cause neurological disease. Defective mitochondrial distribution in neurons is proposed to cause ATP depletion and calcium-buffering deficiencies that compromise cell function. However, it is unclear whether aberrant mitochondrial motility and distribution alone are sufficient to cause neurological disease. Calcium-binding mitochondrial Rho (Miro) GTPases attach mitochondria to motor proteins for anterograde and retrograde transport in neurons. Using two new KO mouse models, we demonstrate that Miro1 is essential for development of cranial motor nuclei required for respiratory control and maintenance of upper motor neurons required for ambulation. Neuron-specific loss of Miro1 causes depletion of mitochondria from corticospinal tract axons and progressive neurological deficits mirroring human upper motor neuron disease. Although Miro1-deficient neurons exhibit defects in retrograde axonal mitochondrial transport, mitochondrial respiratory function continues. Moreover, Miro1 is not essential for calcium-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial movement or mitochondrial calcium buffering. Our findings indicate that defects in mitochondrial motility and distribution are sufficient to cause neurological disease.
Optimization of Flood Protection by Semi-Natural Means and Retention in the Catchment Area: A Case Study of Litavka River (Czech Republic)

Abstract Of all natural disasters, floods represent the most serious threat to the territory of the Czech Republic. This is given by the situation of the Czech Republic at the continental as well as the worldwide scale. At present, the design of anti-flood measures is mostly based on technical measures, without considering improvements in the hydromorphological status according to the Framework Directive on Water Management and without considering the natural transformation of flood discharge in the alluvial plains of water courses. This report presents a design for the optimization of anti-flood measures in the pilot catchment of the Litavka River, in which we propose particular measures for the catchment for its entire surface while providing a good hydromorphological status. We also wanted to quantify the proposed measures leading to the increased retention and accumulation capacities of the catchment area. Shrnutí Povodňové situace představují na území České republiky největší hrozby přírodních katastrof. Tato skutečnost je dána polohou České republiky v kontinentálním i celosvětovém měřítku. Návrh protipovodňových opatření v současnosti probíhá především formou technických opatření, bez ohledu na zlepšení hydromorfologického stavu vod dle požadavků Rámcové směrnice o vodách a bez ohledu na přirozenou transformaci povodňových průtoků v nivách vodních toků. Příspěvek seznamuje s optimalizačním návrhem protipovodňových opatření v rámci pilotního povodí, kde byla navržena konkrétní opatření řešící komplexně povodí v celé jeho ploše a zároveň zajišťující dosažení dobrého hydromorfologického stavu vod.
The Reddening of Red Supergiants: When Smoke Gets in Your Eyes

Deriving the physical properties of red supergiants (RSGs) depends on accurate corrections for reddening by dust. We use our recent modeling of the optical spectra of RSGs to address this topic. First, we find that previous broadband studies have underestimated the correction for extinction in the visible, and hence the luminosities (if derived from V); the shift in the effective wavelengths of the standard B and V bandpasses necessitates using an effective value of the ratio R = 4.2 to correct broadband photometry of RSGs if RV = 3.1 for early-type stars viewed through the same dust, where we have assumed the standard reddening law of Cardelli and coauthors. Use of the Fitzpatrick reddening law would lead to R = 3.8, as well as slightly lower values of extinction derived from spectrophotometry, but results in slightly poorer fits. Second, we find that a significant fraction of RSGs in Galactic OB associations and clusters show up to several magnitudes of excess visual extinction compared to OB stars in the same regions; we argue that this is likely due to circumstellar dust around the RSGs. We also show that the RSG dust production rate (as indicated by the 12 μm excess) is well correlated with bolometric luminosity, contrary to what has been found by earlier studies. The stars with the highest amount of extra visual extinction also show significant near-UV (NUV) excesses compared to the stellar models reddened by the standard reddening law. This NUV excess is likely due to scattering of the star's light by the dust and/or a larger average grain size than that typical of grains found in the diffuse interstellar medium. Similar excesses have been attributed to circumstellar dust around R Coronae Borealis stars. Finally, we estimate that the RSGs contribute dust grains at the rate of 3 × 10-8M☉ yr-1 kpc-2 in the solar neighborhood, comparable to what we estimate for late-type WCs, 1 × 10-7M☉ yr-1 kpc-2. In the solar neighborhood this represents only a few percent of the dust production (which is dominated by low-mass AGBs), but we note that in low-metallicity starbursts, dust production by RSGs would likely dominate over other sources.
PicHunter: Bayesian relevance feedback for image retrieval

This paper describes PicHunter, an image retrieval system that implements a novel approach to relevance feedback, such that the entire history of user selections contributes to the system's estimate of the user's goal image. To accomplish this, PicHunter uses Bayesian learning based on a probabilistic model of a user's behavior. The predictions of this model are combined with the selections made during a search to estimate the probability associated with each image. These probabilities are then used to select images for display. Details of our model of a user's behavior were tuned using an off-line leaning algorithm. For clarity, our studies were done with the simplest possible user interface but the algorithm can easily be incorporated into systems which support complex queries, including most previously proposed systems. However, even with this constraint and simple image features, PicHunter is able to locate randomly selected targets in a database of 4522 images after displaying an average of only 55 groups of 4 images which is over 10 times better than chance. We therefore expect that the performance of current image database retrieval systems can be improved by incorporation of the techniques described here.
Lopsidedness in Early-Type Disk Galaxies

We quantify the mean asymmetry of 54 face-on, early-type disk galaxies (S0 to Sab) using the amplitude of the m = 1 azimuthal Fourier component of the R-band surface brightness. We find that the median lopsidedness, ⟨A1/A0⟩, of our sample is 0.11 and that the most lopsided 20% of our galaxies have ⟨A1/A0⟩ ≥ 0.19. Asymmetries in early-type disks appear to be of similar frequency and strength as in late-type disk galaxies. We have observed our early-type disks in a bandpass (R band) in which the light is dominated by stars with ages greater than 109 yr and therefore are seeing azimuthal asymmetries in the stellar mass distribution. The similar degree of lopsidedness seen in disks of very different star formation rates indicates that the lopsidedness in all galactic disks is primarily due to azimuthal mass asymmetries. Hence, 20% of all disk galaxies (regardless of Hubble type) have azimuthal asymmetries, ⟨A1/A0⟩ ≥ 0.19, in their stellar disk mass distribution, confirming lopsidedness as a dynamical phenomenon.
Prediction of Radical Scavenging Activities of Anthocyanins Applying Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) with Quantum Chemical Descriptors

Radical scavenging activity of anthocyanins is well known, but only a few studies have been conducted by quantum chemical approach. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is an effective technique for solving problems with uncertainty. The purpose of this study was to construct and evaluate quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting radical scavenging activities of anthocyanins with good prediction efficiency. ANFIS-applied QSAR models were developed by using quantum chemical descriptors of anthocyanins calculated by semi-empirical PM6 and PM7 methods. Electron affinity (A) and electronegativity (χ) of flavylium cation, and ionization potential (I) of quinoidal base were significantly correlated with radical scavenging activities of anthocyanins. These descriptors were used as independent variables for QSAR models. ANFIS models with two triangular-shaped input fuzzy functions for each independent variable were constructed and optimized by 100 learning epochs. The constructed models using descriptors calculated by both PM6 and PM7 had good prediction efficiency with Q-square of 0.82 and 0.86, respectively.