Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A systematic development of instructional design for programming languages: A constructivist based instructional design approach

One of the problems in e-learning, as stated in the constructivism theory is to manage the diverse experience levels of students. These varying levels have to be taken into account in designing learning models due to its significant impact on the e-learning system effectiveness. This paper proposed a new instructional design model applied to a website for learning programming language. This model is based on a theoretical foundation of constructivism emphasizing on the learner rather than the instructor. Thus students learn by fitting new information together with what they already had known. The proposed constructivist-based model is composed of five generic processes; it uses a statistical approach to determine the most likely best-suited way to present learning concepts for students with different levels of experience. To overcome out-of-date statistical data, this paper also proposed an adaptive version that can handle students' feedback to adapt accordingly.
Return of postural control to baseline after anaerobic and aerobic exercise protocols.

CONTEXT With regard to sideline concussion testing, the effect of fatigue associated with different types of exercise on postural control is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of fatigue on postural control in healthy college-aged athletes performing anaerobic and aerobic exercise protocols and to establish an immediate recovery time course from each exercise protocol for postural control measures to return to baseline status. DESIGN Counterbalanced, repeated measures. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirty-six collegiate athletes (18 males, 18 females; age = 19.00 +/- 1.01 years, height = 172.44 +/- 10.47 cm, mass = 69.72 +/- 12.84 kg). INTERVENTION(S) Participants completed 2 counterbalanced sessions within 7 days. Each session consisted of 1 exercise protocol followed by postexercise measures of postural control taken at 3-, 8-, 13-, and 18-minute time intervals. Baseline measures were established during the first session, before the specified exertion protocol was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) results, sway velocity, and elliptical sway area. RESULTS We found a decrease in postural control after each exercise protocol for all dependent measures. An interaction was noted between exercise protocol and time for total BESS score (P = .002). For both exercise protocols, all measures of postural control returned to baseline within 13 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Postural control was negatively affected after anaerobic and aerobic exercise protocols as measured by total BESS score, elliptical sway area, and sway velocity. The effect of exertion lasted up to 13 minutes after each exercise was completed. Certified athletic trainers and clinicians should be aware of these effects and their recovery time course when determining an appropriate time to administer sideline assessments of postural control after a suspected mild traumatic brain injury.
The Impact of Body Weight on Occupational Mobility and Career Development

This paper examines the relationship between individuals' weight and their employment decisions over the life cycle. I estimate a dynamic stochastic model of individuals' annual joint decisions of occupation, hours worked, and schooling. The model allows body weight to affect non-monetary costs, switching costs, and distribution of wages for each occupation; and also allows individuals' employment decisions to affect body weight. I use conditional density estimation to formulate the distributions of wages and body weight evolution. I find that heavier individuals face higher switching costs when transitioning into white collar occupations, earn lower returns to experience in white-collar occupations, and earn lower wages in socially intensive jobs. Simulating the model with estimated parameters, decreased occupational mobility accounts for 10 percent of the obesity wage gap. While contemporaneous wage penalties for body weight are small, the cost over the life cycle is substantial. An exogenous increase in initial body mass by 20 percent leads to a 10 percent decrease in wages over the life course.
ANALYTICAL AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ROTATING TURBULENCE

A framework, which combines mathematical analysis, closure theory, and phenomenological treatment, is developed to study the spectral transfer process and reduction of dimensionality in turbulent flows that are subject to rotation. First, we outline a mathematical procedure that is particularly appropriate for problems with two disparate time scales. The approach which is based on the Green''s method leads to the Poinca'' velocity variables and the Poinca'' transformation when applied to rotating turbulence. The effects of the rotation are now reflected in the modifications to the convolution of nonlinear term. The Poinca'' transformed equations are used to obtain a time-dependent analog of the Taylor-Proudman theorem valid in the asymptotic limit when the non-dimensional parameter mu Omega t to infty is the rotation rate and t is the time). The `split'' of the energy transfer in both direct and inverse directions is established. Secondly, we apply the Eddy-Damped-Quasinormal-Markovian (EDQNM) closure to the Poinca'' transformed Euler/Navier--Stokes equations. This closure leads to expressions for the spectral energy transfer. In particular, an unique triple velocity decorrelation time is derived with an explicit dependence on the rotation rate. This provides an important input for applying the phenomenological treatment of Zhou. In order to characterize the relative strength of rotation, another non-dimensional number, a spectral Rossby number, which is defined as the ratio of rotation and turbulence time scales, is introduced. Finally, the energy spectrum and the spectral eddy viscosity are deduced.
On the Importance of Time for GIS View Measures and Their Use in Hedonic Property Models: Does Being Temporally Explicit Matter?

Progress in GIScience has advanced the ability to represent and analyze view characteristics. GIS‐derived view measures requiring digital elevation surface models are used in hedonic property models to quantify the amenity value of view for parcel sales transactions. Ideally models should represent surface elevations that are temporally synchronized with parcel sale dates. Temporal synchronization for studies spanning multiple years may require significant effort. Few studies have undertaken this effort, leading us to investigate in this research the need to be temporally explicit. We evaluate two competing surface model approaches based on: (1) a single year 2000 LiDAR surface product; and (2) annual‐specific surface products for 1995–2002. Two competing view measures based on the different surface approaches are constructed for 561 parcel transactions during 1995–2002 in a coastal North Carolina county and are input into hedonic regression models. Results showed that being temporally explicit did matter in terms of finding significantly different view measures but did not matter in terms of finding significantly different effects of view on parcel sales prices. Despite mixed results for our case study, we advise that future research involving GIS‐based view measurement should consider the spatial and temporal contexts of study area development patterns when evaluating the need to be temporally explicit.
Diets of top predators indicate pelagic juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) abundance in the California Current System

Diets of top predators may be useful indicators to the availability of forage fish in marine ecosystems. Juvenile rockfish (young-of-the-year Sebastes spp.) compose a significant part of the diet for many predators in the central California Current, including chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and several species of marine birds and mammals. Herein, we develop annual indices of juvenile rockfish relative abundance by collating time series data sets on: (i) the proportion of rockfish in the diet of three species of seabirds breeding on Southeast Farallon Island (1975‐ 2002); (ii) the number of rockfish in chinook salmon stomachs (1980‐99); and (iii) the abundance of rockfish captured in scientific mid-water trawl net surveys (1983‐2002). We used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to combine indices, and refer to these as ‘Multivariate Rockfish Indices’ (MRI). Combining time series verifies the patterns shown by each alone and provides a synoptic perspective on juvenile rockfish relative abundance. The diets of predators with the largest foraging ranges (Common Murre, Uria aalge) and chinook salmon co-varied strongly with the net samples, and appear to be the best indicators. The salmon also sampled species of Sebastes not caught in the nets. The MRI reveals interannual variability in juvenile rockfish abundance, a substantial decline in abundance in the 1990s, and a partial recovery in the early 2000s. Predator-based sampling is a cost-effective enhancement of scientific net sampling.
What are trees for – An Ethnographic Study of Local Firewood Practices in Uganda in the context of Deforestation and Climate Change Discourses

Interventions and schemes are being introduced all over the world to stop deforestation and reduce climate change. These interventions, on all levels of scale, follow a dominant global discourse based on a human-environment dichotomy and neo-Malthusian logic, and are driven by narratives of degradation by the local population and linear environmental change. Uganda is a country in which these discourses and narratives can be found, and this has had a considerable impact on the village of Teamon. The main intervention in Teamon is a pine and eucalyptus plantation bordering the village that is owned by a Norwegian company. It is a afforestation project under the Kyoto protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism, from which Sweden buys greenhouse gas emissions. Other activities include the introduction of energysaving stoves, seedling distribution and education. Ethnographic fieldwork undertaken in May and June 2015 showed that the reality in Teamon is not how the body of environmental actors would portray it. Practices around tree resource usage in general, and firewood in particular, is actually dynamic and does not follow a simple linear pattern of consumption and population variations. It follows political, social and personal processes as well as natural changes. Moreover, sustainability is embedded in the firewood practices of Teamon women, following logics of reducing their workload and concern for the future. There is a discrepancy between the perceptions of nature in dominant environmental discourses and at a local level. Different levels of scale are key to how nature is perceived. While agendas on a global scale are concerned with general tree coverage, the women of Teamon care about their direct proximity. From a global perspective, the value of trees lies in their function as a CO2 sink, while in Teamon itself their value lies in their local usefulness. However, these differences in perceptions of trees and nature are not neutral. As the study shows, the global perspective and agenda dominate the activities taking place in Teamon, affecting the lives of the local woman. Local women can benefit from the discourses on deforestation and climate change, as in the case of energy saving stoves and seedlings, but the plantation does not inherently serve local people. Instead it serves the agendas of the global perspective, indeed even conflicting with women’s firewood needs. Good and bad ways of using nature are defined from a global perspective based on ideas about the purpose of trees. Often in contrast with what trees are for, for local people.
GVD and PMD Compensation Using a Linear Adjustable Filter Prototype in a 40 Gb/s OSSB System

This paper presents experimental results on an electrical adjustable linear filter prototype for compensating impairments due to residual group velocity dispersion (GVD) and first-order static polarization mode dispersion (PMD) on 40 Gb/s systems. Optical single-side band (OSSB) modulation is considered and was verified to be responsible for an increase in system tolerance to GVD and superior performance of the electrical filter. The detrimental effect of packaging on the filter prototype electrical characteristics is analyzed. Simulation and measured results are compared for GVD and first-order static PMD compensation, showing the practical applicability of the developed prototype on 40 Gb/s OSSB systems.
Honest Confidence Intervals for the Error Variance in Stepwise Regression

An honest confidence interval for the error variance in a stepwise regression is a one-sided interval that adjusts for the effects of variable selection. The endpoint of this interval may be many times larger than the usual endpoint. Such adjustments are most important when selecting variables from a large number of available predictors, particularly in situations with more available predictors than observations. An illustration using a regression model of stock market returns illustrates the calculations. Key Phrases: Bonferroni inequality, model selection, selection bias.
A Biological Theory of Law: Natural Law Theory Revisited

Our brain is a fractal structure that can grow thanks to some genes that contain a code, a formula that generates this structure. Complex structures of morality and law mirror the properties of small particles like genes, and we justify the law in the context of reproduction. What we value as good enhances the reproduction of our genes. Therefore, biological mechanisms determine what we consider right and wrong and this new insight will eventually cause a paradigmatic shift in our vision on the foundations of law. The basis of evolutionary sociology is that our brain will prompt behavior that is to the benefit of the spreading of our genes. Although people are unaware of it, they generally behave in ways that optimize the reproduction of their genes. Because they need resources from their environment (in the broadest sense of the word), they will show behavior that is conducive to procuring or securing as many resources as possible. To accomplish this mission, people, being social animals, work together. The older parts of our brain (older in an evolutionary sense) make cooperation possible by means of emotion. The younger parts make it possible to formulate rules that reflect these emotions. In other words, these rules derive from factual, biological mechanisms. People experience these rules as “normative,” and as “ethical,” but even so, these rules are products of evolution. We, that is our brains, formulate them because they help our genes to spread. This, in a nutshell, is the biological theory of law as described in this book. Although philosophers of law and even sociobiologists are reluctant to concur that norms can be justified by biological mechanisms, this is what it takes to make a major step forward in the integration of biology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and law.
Asymmetric Timeliness Estimates of Conditional Conservatism: Separating Accounting from Economics

Using a financial reporting and valuation model, we show that the asymmetric timeliness (AT) coefficient based on Basu’s (1997) regression model varies not only with the degree of conditional conservatism but also with economic factors, such as expected returns, asymmetry in the distribution of cash flow news, and cash flow persistence. Our theoretical analysis predicts that (i) the AT coefficient will be positive even if accounting is entirely symmetric, and (ii) the AT coefficient will vary with the economic factors identified even if the degree of conditional conservatism is held constant. Our empirical analysis shows that AT estimates vary with the economic factors identified and in the direction predicted by our theory. AT estimates increase with expected returns and asymmetry in the distribution of return news, while they decrease with cash flow persistence. When we control for the confounding effects of variation in the economic factors, we find that AT estimates of conditional conservatism become substantially weakened, especially when we remove spurious evidence of asymmetric timeliness due to either the expected component of earnings—as recommended by Ball et al. (2013a)—or the cash flow component of earnings—as recommended by Collins et al. (2014). We introduce and validate asymmetry in the distribution of the accrual component of earnings as an alternative measure of conditional conservatism. Consistent with a key implication of conditional conservatism, we find that the variance of bad news accruals is significantly higher than the variance of good news accruals. Our analysis of “placebo” test variables provides evidence in support of the construct validity of our measure.
Safety, efficacy and immunogenicity evaluation of the SAG2 oral rabies vaccine in Formosan ferret badgers

Since 2013, rabies cases have been reported among Formosan ferret badgers in Taiwan, and they have been shown to be the major reservoirs for Taiwanese enzootics. To control and eradicate rabies, the authorities plan to implement a vaccination programme. Before distributing live vaccines in the field, this study assessed the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of SAG2 vaccine on ferret badgers by direct oral instillation. After application of 109 TCID50/dose, no virus was excreted into the oral cavity 1–7 days post-application, and safety was also satisfactorily verified over a 266-day period. Moreover, despite the low level of rabies virus neutralising antibodies induced after vaccination of a 108 TCID50/dose, the efficacy assessment revealed a 100% survival rate (15/15) of vaccinees and an 87.5% fatality rate (7/8) in control animals after a challenge on the 198th day post-vaccination. The immunisation and protection rates obtained more than 6 months after a single vaccination dose demonstrated that SAG2 is an ideal vaccine candidate to protect Formosan ferret badgers against rabies in Taiwan.
What do two men kissing and a bucket of maggots have in common? Heterosexual men’s indistinguishable salivary α-amylase responses to photos of two men kissing and disgusting images

ABSTRACT The current study sought to examine how Utah men’s physiological reactions to viewing same-sex public displays of affection (PDA), measured through salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), differ as a function of sexual prejudice, as assessed using the Attitudes Towards Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG) and the Modern Homonegativity Scale. In examining physiological responses to same-sex PDA, the present study hoped to assist in explaining current levels of anti-gay hate crimes despite growing positive public opinion for the LGBTQ community. Participants in the current study viewed six different slide shows depicting same-sex PDA, mixed-sex PDA, everyday items, and disgusting images, while providing saliva samples in the lab. A series of paired-samples t-tests was performed and found that sAA responses to images of same-sex kissing (t(98) = 3.124, p = . 002) and universally disgusting images (t(98) = 2.128, p = . 036) were significantly greater than sAA responses to the slide show depicting everyday items. This result held across the full sample, regardless of individual levels of prejudice. The results of the current study suggest that all individuals, not just highly sexually prejudiced individuals, may experience a physiological response indicative of stress when witnessing a male same-sex couple kissing. The possibility of a socialised disgust response to same-sex PDA is discussed.
On unequal error protection LDPC codes based on Plotkin-type constructions

A family of unequal error-protection (UEP) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, based on Plotkin-type constructions, is introduced. The codes are decoded in multiple stages in such a manner that the order of decoding determines the level of error protection. The level of UEP among the code bits can be further increased by properly combining structured and random-like LDPC component codes with carefully chosen properties, and by using some new reliability features. The proposed scheme also offers a good trade-off between code performance on the one hand and encoding/decoding and storage complexity on the other. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed approach represents the first iterative UEP method with analytically provable properties.
Firm characteristics, alternative factors, and asset-pricing anomalies: evidence from Japan

Based on the errors-in-variables-free approach proposed by Brennan et al. [J. Financial Econ., 1998, 49, 345–373], we investigate the competing explanatory capabilities of alternative multi-factor models when examining various asset-pricing anomalies using Japanese data for the period 1978–2006. We find that turnover and book-to-market (BM) ratio are the two major characteristics that significantly explain the average stock returns. A further sub-period analysis reveals that the turnover effect is significant only before 1990, but cannot be explained by any multifactor models. In contrast, the BM premium is significant only after 1990, and can be explained by the Fama–French three-factor model. Thus, the results suggest that asset-pricing anomalies documented in the literature are not universal, and may be different across different markets.
Lethal and sublethal effects of simvastatin, irgarol, and PBDE-47 on the estuarine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus

This study investigated the effects of simvastatin, a lipid-regulating drug; irgarol, an antifouling biocide; and PBDE-47, a brominated flame retardant, on the estuarine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Sublethal effects (changes in glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPx), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and cholesterol (CHL) levels) and lethal effects (survival) were determined after individual exposure to the three compounds. There were no significant differences in GSH or CHL levels in fish exposed to any of the test compounds. LPx levels significantly decreased with increasing irgarol concentrations. AChE levels were significantly lower in fish exposed to simvastatin at the 1.25 mg/L concentration and significantly higher at the PBDE-47 concentration of 0.0125 mg/L. The LC50 values were 2.68, 3.22, and > 0.1 mg/L for simvastatin, irgarol and PBDE-47, respectively.
An Infrastructure for Large-Scale Human-Robot Interaction

While there is much research in human-robot interaction on the personal, or one-to-one level, there is little on the large scale, or many-to-many. We propose an interaction infrastructure for many human operators to utilize a large number of robots. The infrastructure operates in two phases allowing the tasks and services offered by many robots to be exposed to many users, as well as the personal interaction between a user and a robot. We assume that each robot has some degree of autonomy and that the humans assume a supervisory role. The approach is analyzed in detail on a single robot system with many users to establish it's low level operation and then on a large-scale experiment involving several robot systems offering many tasks and services to many users. In the latter experiment, the infrastructure managed the interaction between hundreds of users and several robot and embedded systems.