Shyness in the context of reduced fear of negative evaluation and self-focus: A mixed methods case study

vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 Statement of Problem . 1 Background . 2 Theoretical Framework . 5 Rationale of Study . 9 Purpose of Study . 11 Research Questions . 12 Quantitative Research Questions . 12 Mixed Methods Research Questions . 12 Research Hypotheses . 13 Educational Significance . 14 Definition of Terms . 16 Limitations of Study . 20 Delimitations of the Study . 26 Organization of Remaining Chapters . 26 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE . 27 Overview . 27 Background . 28 Prevalence of Shyness . 28 Recurrent Themes in the Literature . 28 Traits and Temperaments . 29 State-Trait Anxiety . 30 Environmental, Developmental, and Genetic Influences . 31 Gender Differences . 34 Cultural Differences . 36 Trends in Research Concerning Shyness . 36 Measurement of Shyness . 39 Theoretical Framework . 41 Cognitive Models . 41 Rapee and Heimberg Model . 41 Clark and Wells Cognitive Model . 42 Similarities and Differences between the Two Models . 43 Clark and Wells Cognitive Treatment Model in Depth . 45 Deriving an Idiosyncratic Version of the Model . 45 Manipulation of Self-Focused Attention and Safety Behaviors . 45 ii Video and Audio Feedback.46 Shift of Attention and Interrogation of the Social Environment . 46 Dealing With Anticipatory and Post Event Processing . 47 Dealing with Assumptions . 47 Typical Behaviors of Shy People . 48 Key Environmental Influences . 50 Nine Situations Most Difficult For Shy People . 50 Similarity to Six Activities of Church Life . 51 Two Key Environmental Influences That Maintain Shyness . 53 Fear of Negative Evaluation . 53 Self-Focused Attention . 54 The Social Climate of the Church . 56 Rationale . 59 Summary . 60 CHAPTER 3: METHODS . 64 Selection Eligibility Criteria . 64 Participants . 65 Quantitative Phase . 65 Qualitative Phase . 67 Ethical Considerations . 69 Instruments . 70 Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Straightforward . 70 Questions to be Excluded from Analysis . 79 Qualitative Questions . 79 Procedures . 80 Pragmatist Procedure . 80 Quantitative Procedure . 81 Internal Validity . 84 External Validity . 85 Qualitative Procedure . 86 Mixed Methods Procedures . 89 Threats to Legitimation . 89 Analyses . 92 Quantitative Analyses . 92 Qualitative Analysis . 99 Combined Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis . 101 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS . 104 Introduction . 104 Participants. 104 Research Question 1 . 106 Research Hypothesis 1 . 106 Reliability . 109 Confirmatory Factor Analysis . 110 Model Specification, Input Data, and Model Estimation . 110 One-factor Model, Fit Indices . 112 Parameter Estimates, One-factor Model. 113 Modification Indices for One-factor Model . 115 iii Two-factor Model. 117 Two-factor Model, Measures of Fit. 120 Parameter Estimates, Two-factor Model. 120 Modification Indices for Two-factor Model . 123 Comparisons across All Four Models . 126 Research Question 2 . 128 Research Hypothesis 2 . 128 Research Question 3 . 129 Research Hypothesis 3 . 129 Research Question 4 . 129 Research Hypothesis 4 . 130 Research Question 5 . 130 Research Hypothesis 5 . 130 Research Question 6 .