Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Transition to Beverages with Lighter Alcohol Content in Sweden 1950–2001

The aim of this article was to study whether the transition to lighter beverages in Sweden has been associated with a decrease in alcohol-related harm. The analyses were based on Swedish aggregate time-series data on alcohol consumption and different forms of alcohol-related mortality for the period 1950–2001. A descriptive trend comparison revealed that, since the 1970s, the mortality rates per liter for most studied outcomes followed the trend in proportion of spirits fairly well. Time-series model estimations only partially supported this picture: Beverage-specific models revealed that, of all beverages, spirits was significantly related to most different forms of mortality, but in models that included proportion of spirits (controlling for total consumption), the association was only significant for male liver cirrhosis. In conclusion, the findings do not support the idea that the composition of beverages in the total compossition has an independent effect on alcohol-related harm. However, because per capita consumption of spirits was significantly related to more forms of mortality than beer or wine, we cannot rule out alcohol policy measures directed towards the consumption of stronger beverages as being noneffective in terms of reducing alcohol-related harm.
Possible linkage between specific histological structures and aberrant reactivation of the Wnt pathway in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma

This study concerns the significance of nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of beta‐catenin and mutation of the beta‐catenin gene in craniopharyngiomas. Fourteen adamantinomatous type and one squamous papillary type craniopharyngiomas were studied. Histologically, 13 of 14 adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas showed typical features, ie mixtures of ‘palisading cells’, ‘stellate cells’, and ‘ghost cells’. In addition, ‘whorl‐like arrays’ of epithelial cells were frequently observed in the areas of stellate cells. On immunohistochemistry, all typical adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas showed nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of beta‐catenin predominantly in cohesive cells within the whorl‐like arrays and in cells transitional towards ghost cells, where immunoreactivity for Ki‐67 was almost absent. The cohesive cells in the whorl‐like arrays also demonstrated loss of cytokeratin isoform expression. Using direct sequencing of amplified nucleic acids, nine of the 13 typical adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas with nuclear beta‐catenin accumulation showed heterozygous one‐base substitution mutation of the beta‐catenin gene. The other unusual adamantinomatous type and squamous papillary type craniopharyngiomas showed no obvious nuclear/cytoplasmic beta‐catenin immunoreactivity and no mutation of the beta‐catenin gene, suggesting molecular heterogeneity. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of typical adamantinomatous type craniopharyngioma is associated with abnormalities of Wnt signalling that act as a morphogenetic signal towards whorl‐like arrays and ghost cells rather than as simple proliferation stimuli. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Communications Using Double-Differential Modulation over Nakagami-m Channels

In this paper, we propose double-differential (DD) modulation for an amplify-and-forward protocol based on cooperative communication over Nakagami-m fading channels. The proposed scheme is able to achieve performance gain in the presence of random carrier offsets and without channel knowledge at relay or destination. The proposed scheme reflects its utility for the Nakagami-m type flat fading channels with carrier offsets, where the conventional single differential scheme breaks down. In addition, the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional direct transmission double-differential system.
Attitudes toward New Organizational Technology: Network Proximity as a Mechanism for Social Information Processing.

We thank the organizational respondents for their patience and insights and Dr. Lynne Markus for her role in initiating the larger research project. We thank David Krackhardt, Bill Stevenson, Howard Nixon, Jr., Joseph Schmitz, and the anonymous reviewers, Editor John Freeman and Managing Editor Linda Pike for their comments. We also thank Steve Borgatti, Lin Freeman, and Bill Richards for providing network analysis software. The research was conducted while Dr. Aydin was a doctoral student at the University of Southern California. This study explicates and tests three network-based mechanisms whereby individuals' attitudes toward an integrated health information system may be influenced by the attitudes of proximate sources of social information. Estimates of the attitudes of generalized others are not convincingly associated with the actual attitudes of specified others. Overall, specific others' actual attitudes have only a small effect on one's attitude. Social information operates positively through communication and work-unit mechanisms (especially when weighted by importance), and negatively through the mean attitude of one's structurally equivalent position, but not through overall organizational proximity or spatial proximity. Differences in attitudes among occupational groups may have been due to implementation policies. '
Sequence Learning is Preserved in Individuals with Cerebellar Degeneration when the Movements are Directly Cued

Cerebellar pathology is associated with impairments on a range of motor learning tasks including sequence learning. However, various lines of evidence are at odds with the idea that the cerebellum plays a central role in the associative processes underlying sequence learning. Behavioral studies indicate that sequence learning, at least with short periods of practice, involves the establishment of effector-independent, abstract spatial associations, a form of representation not associated with cerebellar function. Moreover, neuroimaging studies have failed to identify learning-related changes within the cerebellum. We hypothesize that the cerebellar contribution to sequence learning may be indirect, related to the maintenance of stimulus–response associations in working memory, rather than through processes directly involved in the formation of sequential predictions. Consistent with this hypothesis, individuals with cerebellar pathology were impaired in learning movement sequences when the task involved a demanding stimulus–response translation. When this translation process was eliminated by having the stimuli directly indicate the response location, the cerebellar ataxia group demonstrated normal sequence learning. This dissociation provides an important constraint on the functional domain of the cerebellum in motor learning.
Changes in the black-white gap in achievement test scores

Two questions of scholarly and public policy interest concerning the well-documented racial difference in scores on achievement tests are : How much of the racial difference (gap) can be attributed to social-class differences between blacks and whites? and How much has the racial gap changed over the past 30 years? To address these questions, the AA. analyzed evidence from seven probability samples of national populations of adolescents from 1965 to 1996 and found that black-white differences in achievement are large and are decreasing slowly over time. About a third of the gap in test scores Is accounted for by racial differences in social class, and although this gap appears to have narrowed since 1965, the rate at which it is narrowing seems to have decreased since 1972. The two groups are becoming more equal at the bottom of the test-score distribution, but at the top, blacks are hugely underrepresented and are approaching parity with whites slowly, if at all
Oral Reading Achievement of Scottish and American Children

Scottish children are usually introduced to reading at the age of five plus (1, 2) while American children are generally introduced to reading instruction at the age of six plus (2, 3). Scottish schools give more attention to phonics in beginning reading than most American schools do (1, 4). For example, Scottish primers include more special provisions for the application of phonics to reading than comparable American basal readers do (5). Also, Scottish teachers are more likely to separate the phonics instruction from the regular reading instruction and to reserve a special period for phonics exclusively than American teachers are (3, 4). This investigation is timely because of the movement in the USA to advance the age of beginning reading and because of the trend in American schools to place greater emphasis on phonics in beginning reading. It was felt that the comparisons made in this study would shed light on the issues raised by these developments.
Mixed Effects Modeling Using Stochastic Differential Equations: Illustrated by Pharmacokinetic Data of Nicotinic Acid in Obese Zucker Rats

Inclusion of stochastic differential equations in mixed effects models provides means to quantify and distinguish three sources of variability in data. In addition to the two commonly encountered sources, measurement error and interindividual variability, we also consider uncertainty in the dynamical model itself. To this end, we extend the ordinary differential equation setting used in nonlinear mixed effects models to include stochastic differential equations. The approximate population likelihood is derived using the first-order conditional estimation with interaction method and extended Kalman filtering. To illustrate the application of the stochastic differential mixed effects model, two pharmacokinetic models are considered. First, we use a stochastic one-compartmental model with first-order input and nonlinear elimination to generate synthetic data in a simulated study. We show that by using the proposed method, the three sources of variability can be successfully separated. If the stochastic part is neglected, the parameter estimates become biased, and the measurement error variance is significantly overestimated. Second, we consider an extension to a stochastic pharmacokinetic model in a preclinical study of nicotinic acid kinetics in obese Zucker rats. The parameter estimates are compared between a deterministic and a stochastic NiAc disposition model, respectively. Discrepancies between model predictions and observations, previously described as measurement noise only, are now separated into a comparatively lower level of measurement noise and a significant uncertainty in model dynamics. These examples demonstrate that stochastic differential mixed effects models are useful tools for identifying incomplete or inaccurate model dynamics and for reducing potential bias in parameter estimates due to such model deficiencies.
Individual Differences and Sales Performance: A Distal-Proximal Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion

Hiring individuals with the traits to succeed as professional salespeople is critical for the success of selling organizations. Better understanding the roles of individual traits (e.g., conscientiousness, extroversion, and self-efficacy) in explaining sales performance can lead to better hiring decisions. Based on the distal-proximal theoretical framework of motivation, we predict that conscientiousness and extroversion, as distal traits, have a mediated effect on sales performance through the proximal motivational factor of self-efficacy. Using data consisting of 980 responses from salespeople working for one of the largest insurance companies in South Korea, we find strong support for our hypotheses, and our results lend support for the distal-proximal theory. Conclusions, implications for managers and researchers, and directions for future research are discussed.
Aluminum effect on slow axonal transport: a novel impairment of neurofilament transport

Administration of aluminum (Al) produces accumulation of neurofilaments (NF), called neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), in neuronal cell bodies and proximal axonal segments. This study was undertaken to investigate whether these changes are associated with impairment of the slow axonal transport. Local administration of AlCl3 induced the formation of NFT in 90 to 100% of the rabbit hypoglossal neurons. [35S]Methionine was then administered to the hypoglossal nerve nuclei. The hypoglossal nerves were processed 18 or 28 days later for one- and two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Labeled NF polypeptides and a polypeptide of 57 kilodaltons (Kd) were not detectable beyond the proximal 9-mm segment of the hypoglossal nerve in Al-treated rabbits 18 days after labeling, whereas they were present up to 27 mm from the medulla in controls. Tubulin and polypeptides migrating with slow component b were not significantly affected. In rabbits sacrificed 28 days after labeling, accumulation of NF subunits within the proximal 9 mm of hypoglossal nerve was less dramatic, and labeled NF were present up to 30 mm from the medulla whereas they were detectable up to 45 mm in controls. Morphological studies demonstrated the presence of enlarged axons filled with NF in the proximal 9 mm of the hypoglossal nerve. In nerve segments immediately distal, axons were markedly reduced in size and contained no NF but an apparently normal number of microtubules and other organelles. Transport of NF and of a 57-Kd polypeptide is markedly but reversibly slowed down or blocked within the proximal 9-mm segments of the hypoglossal nerve following Al administration to the hypoglossal nucleus. It is suggested that NF transport is maintained distally, resulting in lack of NF in axonal segments immediately distal to the block. Local Al intoxication provides a novel model of impairment of NF transport.
Pharmacology of the lower urinary tract

Pharmacology of the lower urinary tract provides the basis for medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Therapy of LUTS addresses obstructive symptoms (frequently explained by increased prostate smooth muscle tone and prostate enlargement) in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and storage symptoms in patients with overactive bladder (OAB). Targets for medical treatment include G protein-coupled receptors (α1-adrenoceptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, β3-adrenoceptors) or intracellular enzymes (5α-reductase; phosphodiesterase-5, PDE5). Established therapies of obstructive symptoms aim to induce prostate smooth muscle relaxation by α1-blockers or PDE5 inhibitors, or to reduce prostate growth and volume with 5α-reductase inhibitors. Available options for treatment of OAB comprise anitmuscarinics, β3-adrenoceptor agonists, and botulinum toxin A, which improve storage symptoms by inhibition of bladder smooth muscle contraction. With the recent approval of β3-antagonists, PDE inhibitors, and silodosin for therapy of LUTS, progress from basic research of lower urinary tract pharmacology was translated into new clinical applications. Further targets are in preclinical stages of examination, including modulators of the endocannabinoid system and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels.
‘Playing’ Doctors and Nurses? Competing Discourses of Gender, Power and Identity in the British National Health Service

This paper adopts a feminist poststructuralist approach to demonstrate the ambiguities and complexities which exist in the relationship between work and subject. Recent studies in organizational sociology have argued that the discourses of work, and changing working cultures, have had a powerful effect on the production of subjectivities. New forms of working behaviour have been constructed as desirable, which often draw on personal qualities such as gender. This paper draws on research conducted with doctors and nurses in the British National Health Service to reveal the ambiguities which exist in the ways in which individuals position themselves in relation to these discourses. The discourses of work and organization are constantly mediated through, and destabilised by, the intertextuality that exists with competing discourses such as those of professionalism, gender, home and performance. Although organizational discourses are clearly powerful in the construction and performance of subjectivities, the interplay between discourses means that these are constantly destabilised and undermined.
Multicentre phase II study of the CyclOBEAP regimen for patients with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma with analysis of biomarkers

Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) has a poorer prognosis than diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We administered the CyclOBEAP regimen (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, prednisolone) to patients with DLBCL, and reported its safety and efficacy. Here, we report the results of a multicentre phase II study of the CyclOBEAP regimen in patients with PTCL. In addition, NME1 remained a prognostic factor for survival, as shown in patients who were treated with CyclOBEAP. There were 84 eligible patients and the median age was 54 years. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 72% and progression‐free survival (PFS) rate was 61%. The 5‐year OS was 93% among the anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma cases, 74% among the angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma cases, and 63% among the cases of PTCL‐not otherwise specified. When the patients were divided according to the International Prognostic Index or Prognostic Index for PTCL, the 5‐year OS and PFS rates did not significantly differ among the risk groups. Positivity for NME1 was found to be a significant independent prognostic factor. Grade 4 neutropenia was observed in 80 patients and thrombocytopenia in nine patients. Our results suggest that the CyclOBEAP therapy is safe and effective for PTCLs. Furthermore, the NME1 protein may be an important prognostic factor in PTCL.
Combining latent factor model with location features for event-based group recommendation

Groups play an essential role in many social websites which promote users' interactions and accelerate the diffusion of information. Recommending groups that users are really interested to join is significant for both users and social media. While traditional group recommendation problem has been extensively studied, we focus on a new type of the problem, i.e., event-based group recommendation. Unlike the other forms of groups, users join this type of groups mainly for participating offline events organized by group members or inviting other users to attend events sponsored by them. These characteristics determine that previously proposed approaches for group recommendation cannot be adapted to the new problem easily as they ignore the geographical influence and other explicit features of groups and users. In this paper, we propose a method called Pairwise Tag enhAnced and featuRe-based Matrix factorIzation for Group recommendAtioN (PTARMIGAN), which considers location features, social features, and implicit patterns simultaneously in a unified model. More specifically, we exploit matrix factorization to model interactions between users and groups. Meanwhile, we incorporate their profile information into pairwise enhanced latent factors respectively. We also utilize the linear model to capture explicit features. Due to the reinforcement between explicit features and implicit patterns, our approach can provide better group recommendations. We conducted a comprehensive performance evaluation on real word data sets and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Instructional Adaptation in the Management of Escape-Maintained Behavior in a Classroom

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an instructional adaptation (reduction of task duration) on off-task behavior in a general education classroom. The intervention was chosen following a functional behavioral assessment, which suggested that much of the off-task behavior was escape-maintained, and a curriculum-based assessment, which showed an appropriate curriculum/performance match. An alternating-treatments design was used to assess the impact of the intervention. Results revealed that the reduction of task duration was effective in decreasing the level of escape-maintained off-task behavior during independent work in mathematics. Attention-maintained off-task behavior was not affected. Implications of these findings for both assessment and intervention planning are discussed.
Understanding the Role of Body Movement in Player Engagement

The introduction of full-body controllers has made computer games more accessible and promises to provide a more natural and engaging experience to players. However, the relationship between body movement and game engagement is not yet well understood. In this article, I consider how body movement affects the player's experience during game play. I start by presenting a taxonomy of body movements observed during game play. These are framed in the context of a body of previously published research that is then embedded into a novel model of engagement. This model describes the relationship between the taxonomy of movement and the type of engagement that each class of movement facilitates. I discuss the factors that may inhibit or enhance such relationship. Finally, I conclude by considering how the proposed model could lead to a more systematic and effective use of body movement for enhancing game experience.
Enhancement of clinicians' diagnostic reasoning by computer-based consultation: a multisite study of 2 systems.

CONTEXT Computer-based diagnostic decision support systems (DSSs) were developed to improve health care quality by providing accurate, useful, and timely diagnostic information to clinicians. However, most studies have emphasized the accuracy of the computer system alone, without placing clinicians in the role of direct users. OBJECTIVE To explore the extent to which consultations with DSSs improve clinicians' diagnostic hypotheses in a set of diagnostically challenging cases. DESIGN Partially randomized controlled trial conducted in a laboratory setting, using a prospective balanced experimental design in 1995-1998. SETTING Three academic medical centers, none of which were involved in the development of the DSSs. PARTICIPANTS A total of 216 physicians: 72 at each site, including 24 internal medicine faculty members, 24 senior residents, and 24 fourth-year medical students. One physician's data were lost to analysis. INTERVENTION Two DSSs, ILIAD (version 4.2) and Quick Medical Reference (QMR; version 3.7.1), were used by participants for diagnostic evaluation of a total of 36 cases based on actual patients. After training, each subject evaluated 9 of the 36 cases, first without and then using a DSS, and suggested an ordered list of diagnostic hypotheses after each evaluation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Diagnostic accuracy, measured as the presence of the correct diagnosis on the hypothesis list and also using a derived diagnostic quality score, before and after consultation with the DSSs. RESULTS Correct diagnoses appeared in subjects' hypothesis lists for 39.5% of cases prior to consultation and 45.4% of cases after consultation. Subjects' mean diagnostic quality scores increased from 5.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.5-5.9) to 6.1 (95% CI, 5.9-6.3) (effect size: Cohen d = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.23-0.41; P<.001). Larger increases (P = .048) were observed for students than for residents and faculty. Effect size varied significantly (P<.02) by DSS (Cohen d = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.32 for ILIAD vs Cohen d = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.31-0.59 for QMR). CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the idea that "hands-on" use of diagnostic DSSs can influence diagnostic reasoning of clinicians. The larger effect for students suggests a possible educational role for these systems.