Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes Henderson, and Ama Thrasher for Their Help with Task Construction and Data Collection

Studies of emotion regulation typically contrast two or more strategies (e.g., reappraisal vs. suppression) and ignore variation within each strategy. To address such variation, we focused on cognitive reappraisal and considered the effects of goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) and tactics (i.e., what people actually do) on outcomes (i.e., how affective responses change). To examine goals, we randomly assigned participants to either increase positive emotion or decrease negative emotion to a negative stimulus. To examine tactics, we categorized participants' reports of how they reappraised. To examine reappraisal outcomes, we measured experience and electrodermal responding. Findings indicated that (a) the goal of increasing positive emotion led to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance than the goal of decreasing negative emotion, and (b) use of the reality challenge tactic was associated with smaller increases in positive affect during reappraisal. These findings suggest that reappraisal can be implemented in the service of different emotion goals, using different tactics. Such differences are associated with different outcomes, and they should be considered in future research and applied attempts to maximize reappraisal success. Researchers have identified many types of emotion regulation strategies (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression; Gross & Thompson, 2007). Contrasting these strategies has led to important insights about differences among emotion regulatory but has deemphasized the variability that exists within any given strategy, such as those occasioned by differing goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) or tactics (i.e., what people actually do). One promising target for examining within-strategy variation is cognitive reappraisal, which refers to altering emotions by changing the way one thinks. Successful reappraisal influences many aspects of emotional responding, including self-reported negative has been notable variation in reappraisal success across studies. For example, reappraisal may be impaired in those with depression Zaldivar, 2009). Variability in these findings may be due to the relative freedom that participants are given to enact reappraisal. Two potentially important sources of variation are (a) the emotion goals pursued during reappraisal and (b) the specific tactics used to reappraise. Studies of unrestricted reappraisal indicate that there may be two different emotion goals that lead to successfully regulated negative emotion (McRae et al. One route may involve the up-regulation of positive emotion (implicated neurally by activation in the ventral striatum), and the other may involve the down regulation of negative emotion (implicated by decreased activation in the amygdala and …
Functional Characterization of a Central Core Disease RyR1 Mutation (p.Y4864H) Associated with Quantitative Defect in RyR1 Protein

Background: Central Core Disease (CCD) is a congenital myopathy often resulting from a mutation in RYR1 gene. Mutations in RyR1 can increase or decrease channel activity, or induce a reduction in the amount of protein. The consequences of a single mutation are sometimes multiple and the analysis of the functional effects is complex. Objective: The consequences of the p.Y4864H mutation identified in a CCD patient have been studied regarding both RyR1 function and amount. Methods: The amount of RyR1 in human and mouse muscles was evaluated using qRT-PCR and quantitative Western blot, and calcium release was studied using calcium imaging on primary cultures. The results were compared between human and mouse. Results: The p.Y4864H mutation induced an alteration of calcium release, and in addition was associated to a reduction in the amount of RyR1 in the patient’s muscle. This suggests two possible pathophysiological mechanisms: the alteration of calcium release could result from a modification of the channel properties of RyR1 or from a RyR1 reduction. In order to discriminate between the two hypotheses, we used the heterozygous RyR1 knockout (RyR1+/–) mouse model showing a comparable RyR1 protein reduction. No reduction in calcium release was observed in primary muscle culture from these mice, and no muscle weakness was measured. Conclusions: Because the reduction in the amount of RyR1 protein has no functional consequences in the murine model, the muscle weakness observed in the patient is most likely the result of a modification of the calcium channel function of RyR1 due to the p.Y4864H mutation.
The naturalistic follow-up of pervasive developmental disorders–not otherwise specified cases

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication impairments, and the presence of restricted interests and stereotyped behaviours. The issue of diagnostic stability, course, and prognosis of PDDs is an increasing focus of research studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the individuals who were previously diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorders–not otherwise specified (PDD–NOS) (one of the sub-diagnoses of PDDs) under age six years with respect to their current diagnoses. METHODS: The participants were selected among the patients who were diagnosed with PDD–NOS under six years of age in our outpatient clinic. We obtained 208 patients’ file records. We were able to reach 92 patients’ parent by telephone and 58 parents accepted to voluntarily participate. After the excluded cases, finally 51 patients were evaluated in this cross-sectional naturalistic follow-up study. Children Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) were administered to participants; Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) was completed by their parents. RESULTS: There were 44 (86.3%) male and 7 (13.7%) female participants in the study. The current mean age was 8.62 years (SD = 2.25). The mean age at the time of first diagnosis was 3.56 years (SD = 1.22). The mean duration of the follow-up period was 5.05 years (SD = 2.27). Forty-five (88.2%) of 51 patients remained to have one of the PDDs (23 autistic disorder, 22 PDD–NOS) according to DSM-IV-TR. Six patients (11.8%) did not meet the diagnostic criteria of any PDDs. Two of these six patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and one with mild-level intellectual disability. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that 11.8% patients who diagnosed as PDD–NOS less than six years old were found to be off the PDD spectrum. PDD–NOS diagnosis stability was found 43.1% and 45.1% of the patients moved to another PDD diagnosis. These findings should be supported with further studies in Turkey, by increasing sample size, and follow-up duration for understanding the course.
The Dynamics of Control: Exploring Sense of Control, Illusion of Control, and Gambling Self-efficacy among Frequent Gamblers

Purpose: This study examines how three types of control – sense of control, illusion of control, and gambling self-efficacy – clarify the relationsh ip between frequent gambling and gamblingrelated harm. Its objectives are to examine 1) how the three types of control are understood and experienced by the individual, 2) how the types of control link with each other, and 3) how the types of control help explain differences in gambli ng-related problems. Rationale : Central to this research is the argument that mental health and beh avioural addiction theory should be integrated in order to offer a more complete understanding of health and illness. This research bridges the divide by creating and evaluating a new theoretical model. The Dynamics of Control Model incorporates types of control and relationships fro m the Stress Process Model of mental health and the Integrated Pathways Model of problem gambli ng. This study focuses on control because it is a central concept in both addiction research nd the sociological study of mental health. Methods: Mixed methods are used in this research. Thirty i n-depth interviews were conducted with frequent gamblers from Simcoe County, Ontario who play games of skill or chance once a week or more. These data are supplemented with seco ndary analysis of the 2002 Canadian Community Health Survey, a large nationally represe ntative survey on mental health. Results : Sense of control and gambling self-efficacy help ex lain the relationship between gambling iii frequency and problem gambling severity. Frequent g ambling is accompanied by little harm when the individual has high sense of control and h igh gambling self-efficacy. Illusion of control does not play a role in explaining problem gambling severity but is best predicted by type of game. All three types of control are more complex t han described in the literature, with internal variations, thresholds of effectiveness, and concep tual limitations. Implications : This study’s findings stimulate discussion on low-risk gambling behaviours and the use of categorical diagnoses. The results support future collaboration s between mental health and behavioural addictions research, and increased use of the socio logical perspective to examine problem gambling. The study concludes by suggesting ways of improving the conceptualization, measurement, and study of control.
Inverse Problems, Regularization and Applications

Inverse problems arise in a wide spectrum of applications in fields ranging from engineering to scientific computation. Connected with the rise of interest in inverse problems is the development and analysis of regularization methods, such as truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD), Tikhonov regularization or iterative regularization methods (like Landerweb), which are a necessity in most inverse problems due to their ill-posedness. In this thesis we propose a new iterative regularization technique to solve inverse problems, without any dependence on external parameters and thus avoiding all the difficulties associated with their involvement. To boost the convergence rate of the iterative method different descent directions are provided, depending on the source conditions, which are based on some specific a-priori knowledge about the solution. We show that this method is very robust to the presence of (extreme) errors in the data. In addition, we also provide a very efficient (heuristic) stopping strategy, which is very essential for an iterative regularization, (even) in the absence of noise information. This is very crucial since most of the regularization methods depends critically on the noise information (error norm) to determine the stopping rule, but for a real life data it is usually unknown. To illustrate the effectiveness and the computational efficiency of this method we apply this technique to numerically solve some classical integral inverse problems, like Fredholm or Volterra type integral equations (in particular, numerical differentiation), and compare the results with certain standard regularization methods, like Tikhonov and TSVD regularization methods.
Secondary Level Achievement: Non-Intellective Factors Implicated in the Process and Product of Performance

The study was developed in the context of Personality and Social Cognitive Theory with constructs that encapsulate non-intellective processes of academic achievement. The goal was to explore the role of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality in academic performance and to use this model as a reference point to test the incremental validity of two measures of Self-efficacy (Academic and Emotional) and an indicator of Absenteeism. Participants (N = 120) were comprised of 17-year-old male (n = 47) and female (n = 73) opportunistically sampled secondary level college students. A cross-sectional design was used to examine the relationship between the independent variables (FFM, Academic Self-efficacy, Emotional Self-efficacy, and Absenteeism) and the outcome variable, Grade Points Average (GPA). Correlation analysis found that four FFM factors and the two Self-efficacy measures were associated with GPA. In a hierarchical regression analysis, the FFM explained 22% variance on performance and the two Self-efficacy measures added 9% incremental variance followed by 3% for Absenteeism. Overall, the non-intellective constructs explain a substantial 34% variance on achievement and provide focal points for theoretical, empirical, and pedagogical evaluation. Moreover, they are suggestive of the pathways and processes that support learning, augment ability, and enhance achievement.
Costs of refugee admission and the ethics of extraterritorial protection

Many affluent states seek to discharge their responsibilities to refugees through extraterritorial policies, which limit the number of refugees that they admit whilst contributing to protection in a third country. Is this morally permissible? I argue that under non-ideal circumstances, where states’ non-compliance with their duties to refugees are persistent, such policies can be permissible. However, extraterritorial protection must satisfy two conditions. First, it must come about through bilateral or multilateral agreements. Second, the protection provided must allow for full integration in a new society. I argue that the lower the costs a state bears for admitting refugees to its territory, the higher its contribution to extraterritorial protection must be. This notion of costs is illustrated by exemplifying how refugee admission may impose costs to the self-determination and equality of the hosting state.
Domácí násilí v kontextu názorů příslušníků Policie Českérepubliky.

Policie CR je neodmyslitelným prvkem systemu preventivniho působeni proti domacimu nasili, zpravidla se jako prvni setkava s oběti nasili a jeho pachatelem. Přispěvek se věnuje ochraně před domacim nasilim v zakoně o Policii CR a je doplněn o demonstrativni výcet nejfrekventovanějsich pochybeni přislusniků Policie CR při řeseni připadů v dane oblasti. Soucasti textu je výzkumna sonda mapujici nazory přislusniků Policie CR výkonných utvarů na problematiku domaciho nasili.
The Use and Abuse of Graphs in Annual Reports: Theoretical Framework and Empirical Study

This study investigates the use and abuse of graphs in external financial reporting. From an analysis of the annual reports of 240 large UK companies for the year ended 1989 we document the nature and extent of graph usage. The average number of graphs per annual report is 5.9, with 65% of companies graphing at least one key financial variable. Drawing on modern theories of graphical perception we identify selectivity in the use of graphs, and non-compliance with the principles of graph construction, as potential distortions in the communication process. We find that companies with ‘good’ performance are significantly more likely to use financial graphs. Material measurement distortions occur in 30% of these graphs, with the underlying numerical data being exaggerated by an average of 10.7%. We conclude that auditors' and directors' responsibilities in this area should be made more explicit.
Implementing rapid, robust, cost-effective, patient-centred, routine genetic testing in ovarian cancer patients

Advances in DNA sequencing have made genetic testing fast and affordable, but limitations of testing processes are impeding realisation of patient benefits. Ovarian cancer exemplifies the potential value of genetic testing and the shortcomings of current pathways to access testing. Approximately 15% of ovarian cancer patients have a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation which has substantial implications for their personal management and that of their relatives. Unfortunately, in most countries, routine implementation of BRCA testing for ovarian cancer patients has been inconsistent and largely unsuccessful. We developed a rapid, robust, mainstream genetic testing pathway in which testing is undertaken by the trained cancer team with cascade testing to relatives performed by the genetics team. 207 women with ovarian cancer were offered testing through the mainstream pathway. All accepted. 33 (16%) had a BRCA mutation. The result informed management of 79% (121/154) women with active disease. Patient and clinician feedback was very positive. The pathway offers a 4-fold reduction in time and 13-fold reduction in resource requirement compared to the conventional testing pathway. The mainstream genetic testing pathway we present is effective, efficient and patient-centred. It can deliver rapid, robust, large-scale, cost-effective genetic testing of BRCA1 and BRCA2 and may serve as an exemplar for other genes and other diseases.
Validation of longitudinal peak systolic strain by speckle tracking echocardiography with visual assessment and myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients with regional asynergy.

BACKGROUND Automated function imaging (AFI) is a recently developed method of calculating the longitudinal peak systolic strains (LS) of the regional left ventricular (LV) wall using speckle tracking echocardiography and displaying them on a single bull's-eye map. The feasibility of AFI in patients with regional LV wall motion abnormalities caused by myocardial infarction (MI) was evaluated by comparison with visual assessment and myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS AND RESULTS Segmental LS was measured by AFI in 60 patients with MI (67 ± 11 years) and 58 controls (71 ± 9 years). Wall thickening (WT) was measured by SPECT in 20 patients with MI. There was a strong positive linear relationship between the wall motion score index by expert visual assessment and global LS. The receiver-operating characteristic analysis revealed the best cutoff value of 11% < LS to identify hypokinetic segments. The overall accuracy of wall motion scoring by LS in the 2,006 segments was 96.8% (κ = 0.90) compared with visual assessment. The correlation coefficient between LS and WT was R² = 0.65 in the 340 segments. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of LV regional asynergy by AFI showed good agreement with visual and SPECT assessments. AFI is clinically useful for quantitative assessment of LV regional wall motion abnormalities.
Outdoor built environment barriers and facilitators to activity among midlife and older adults with mobility disabilities.

PURPOSE To gain better understanding of how the built environment impacts neighborhood-based physical activity among midlife and older adults with mobility disabilities. DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted in-depth interviews with 35 adults over age 50, which used an assistive device and lived in King County, Washington, U.S. In addition, participants wore global positioning systems (GPS) devices for 3 days prior to the interview. The GPS maps were used as prompts during the interviews. Open coding of the 35 interviews using latent content analysis resulted in key themes and subthemes that achieved consensus between coders. Two investigators independently coded the text of each interview. RESULTS Participants were on average of 67 years of age (range: 50-86) and predominantly used canes (57%), walkers (57%), or wheelchairs (46%). Key themes pertained to curb ramp availability and condition, sidewalk availability and condition, hills, aesthetics, lighting, ramp availability, weather, presence and features of crosswalks, availability of resting places and shelter on streets, paved or smooth walking paths, safety, and traffic on roads. IMPLICATIONS A variety of built environment barriers and facilitators to neighborhood-based activity exist for midlife and older adults with mobility disabilities. Preparing our neighborhood environments for an aging population that uses assistive devices will be important to foster independence and health.
The role of venture capital firms in Silicon Valley's complex innovation network

Abstract We still poorly understand why Silicon Valley has originated so many breakthrough innovations and large companies. The durability of Silicon Valley's innovative competence over the last seventy years also needs more explanation. The failure of several policy-makers around the world to reproduce the Silicon Valley cluster reveals the misunderstanding of the innovative dynamic in Silicon Valley. This study uses complex network theory – CNT (Barabási, Newman & Watts, 2006; Jen, 2006; Thompson, 2004a) to analyse the complex innovative capability of Silicon Valley and to understand the heterogeneity of agents and the multiplexity of ties that support creation and development of high-tech start-ups. As proposed by Barabási (2002, p. 200), we view the economy as a complex network, whose nodes are companies and whose links represent the various economic and financial ties connecting them. Innovation and entrepreneurship are understood as resulting from the interactions of numerous economic agents. In a systemic perspective, by definition, the presence of a specific agent in a network induces specific interactions with other agents that could not take place if this agent were not there. Thus, the diversity of agents influences the dynamics of the system. The presence of venture capital (hereafter VC) firms in an innovative cluster opens potential specific interactions with other agents in the network (universities, large companies, laboratories) that determine a particular dynamic of innovation. In this perspective, what is distinctive about Silicon Valley is its complete and robust complex system of innovation supported by social networks of interdependent economic agents in which the VC firms have a specific function. Our perspective examines five different contributions of VC firms to Silicon Valley: financing, selection, collective learning, embedding and signalling. These five functions are different ways for the VC firms to interact with the other members of the complex network of innovation and to support the robustness of the system.
Semiglobal robust decentralized tracking control for a class of uncertain MIMO nonlinear systems

The robust decentralized tracking control problem for a class of uncertain multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems in block-triangular form is investigated in this paper. A control design method combining backstepping technique and signal compensation method is proposed to deal with the nonlinear uncertainties, external disturbances and strongly coupled interconnections in this kind of systems. It is proved that, under this method, the semiglobal robust stability and semiglobal robust practical tracking property of the closed-loop system are guaranteed, with the tracking error restrained as small as desired with expected convergence rate. The robust controller is linear and time-invariant, and the explosion of terms in the backstepping control law is avoided.