Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geochemical variations and element transfer during shear-zone development and related episyenites at middle crust depths: insights from the Mont Blanc granite (French — Italian Alps)

Abstract This paper highlights the relationships between the formation of shear zones, associated quartz-rich veins and their quartz-depleted alteration haloes (‘episyenites’) that have formed in the Mont Blanc Massif during the Alpine orogeny. The shear zones are steeply dipping and formed late (18–13 Ma) during collisional orogeny, at mid-crustal depths (5 ± 1 kbar, 400 ± 50 °C) during uplift of the Mont Blanc Massif. Between the shear zones, nearly undeformed granite contains widely dispersed, subhorizontal veins with a quartz-dominant quartz + albite + chlorite + adularia assemblage. They do not intersect the shear zones and are surrounded by quartz-depleted alteration haloes up to several metres wide. The compositions of the shear zones and the vein-alteration haloes (episyenites) show substantial departures from the bulk composition of the host rock. Shear zones are characterized by greenschist facies assemblages (epidote-, chlorite- or K-white-micabearing assemblages). Each shear zone type is featured by a specific chemical change: depletions in K2O, and enrichments in Fe2O3 and CaO (epidote-); with depletions in CaO, Na2O, K2O and slight SiO2 enrichments (white mica-chlorite-); with depletions in SiO2, CaO, Na2O, K2O and enrichments in MgO (phlogopite-chlorite shear zones). Episyenites are characterized by chemically induced porosity enhancement due to dissolution of magmatic quartz and biotite, with subsequent partial infilling of pore spaces by quartz, chlorite, albite and adularia. The vein arrays have accommodated minor vertical stretching in the Mont Blanc Massif, probably at the same time as the adjacent shear zones were accommodating more substantial vertical stretching in the massif. Coupled quartz dissolution in the wallrock alteration haloes and quartz precipitation in veins could be interpreted to reflect local mass transfer between wallrock and veins during essentially closed-system behaviour in the relatively underformed granite domains between shear zones. In contrast, shear zones probably develop in opened systems due to their kilometric length.
Measurements of the NO x ‐O3 photostationary state at Niwot Ridge, Colorado

The photostationary state (PSS) involving NO, NO2, and O3 has been studied at a site located in the Colorado mountains. During the daytime in summer the concentration of NO2 relative to the concentration of NO is greater than expected from the PSS. These results indicate that an additional oxidant OX other than O3 is converting NO to NO2. The level of OX depends on season, NOx (NO + NO2) concentration, and solar UV intensity. The maximum OX levels occur for an NOx mixing ratio of about 0.4 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). For NOx mixing ratios below 0.1 ppbv, no substantial imbalance in the PSS is observed. For NOx concentrations between 0.25 and 1.0 ppbv, the OX level depends linearly on solar UV intensity. In the winter the level of OX is much lower than in the summer for all NOx concentrations and solar UV intensities. The nature of OX, as indicated from the NOx-catalyzed formation of O3, is examined.
On the tropospheric origin of Mesosphere Lower Thermosphere region intraseasonal wind variability

[1] Continuous medium frequency radar observations of mesosphere lower thermosphere (MLT) region winds during February 2004–May 2005 (486 days) over Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E) revealed intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) in the 82- to 94-km height region. Two distinct oscillations with periods 50–70 and 20–40 days are noticed predominantly in zonal winds. As it is well established that these oscillations are nonstationary and localized in time, wavelet analysis has been employed to study the time evolution of these oscillations. The analysis showed that 50- to 70-day oscillation peaks during June-October and 20- to 40-day oscillation peaks during January-March in the MLT region. To trace back the origin of these oscillations, the tropospheric ISO has been studied for the same period using outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) observations. The OLR, which is the proxy for convective activity in the lower atmosphere, around the radar site 5–10°N, 70–80°E is used for the present analysis. The wavelet analysis of OLR showed the 50- to 70-day oscillation peaking at the same time as in the MLT region. The shorter period oscillation (20–40 days), which showed its peak during January-March in the MLT region, is not observed in the OLR data during these months. However, the analysis of water vapor, which is the prime candidate for excitation of tides, showed the 20- to 40-day oscillation during the same time as in the MLT region. In the present study, the lower atmospheric convective activity through gravity wave excitation and water vapor through tidal forcing are accounted for the observed ISO in the MLT region. The significance of present results lies in showing the highly coherent oscillations in OLR and MLT region zonal winds. The coupling between the lower and middle atmospheric ISO is extensively discussed in the light of existing mechanisms.
Effect of Affective Temperaments Assessed by the TEMPS-A on the Relationship between Work-Related Stressors and Depressive Symptoms among Workers in Their Twenties to Forties in Japan

Relatively recently in Japan, immature-type depression, frequently classified in the bipolar II spectrum, has increased among workers in their twenties to forties. This study explored whether affective temperaments moderate the relationship between work-related stressors and depressive symptoms among this age group. In July 2004, self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all employees of a Japanese company. Eight hundred seventy-four employees (63%) returned the questionnaires, with 728 completed. Questionnaires included the 12-item General Health Questionnaire for assessing depressive symptoms, the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire version for assessing affective temperaments, the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire to assess work-related stressors and overcommitment, and questions regarding individual attributes and employment characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that affective temperaments moderated the relationship between work-related stressors and depressive symptoms. Effort (OR = 1.078), which represents job demands and/or obligations imposed on employees, and the upper tertile of overcommitment (OR = 1.589), which represents hyperadaptation to the workplace, were risk factors for depressive symptoms. Additionally, the results for cyclothymic (OR = 11.404) and anxious temperaments (OR = 1.589) suggested that depressive symptoms among this age group may be related to immature-type depression.
A review of recent climate variability and climate change in southeastern Australia

Southeastern Australia (SEA) has suffered from 10 years of low rainfall from 1997 to 2006. A protracted dry spell of this severity has been recorded once before during the 20th century, but current drought conditions are exacerbated by increasing temperatures. Impacts of this dry decade are wide‐ranging, so a major research effort is being directed to better understand the region's recent climate, its variability and climate change. This review summarizes the conditions of these 10 years and the main mechanisms that affect the climate.
Gap prepulse inhibition and auditory brainstem-evoked potentials as objective measures for tinnitus in guinea pigs

Tinnitus or ringing of the ears is a subjective phantom sensation necessitating behavioral models that objectively demonstrate the existence and quality of the tinnitus sensation. The gap detection test uses the acoustic startle response elicited by loud noise pulses and its gating or suppression by preceding sub-startling prepulses. Gaps in noise bands serve as prepulses, assuming that ongoing tinnitus masks the gap and results in impaired gap detection. This test has shown its reliability in rats, mice, and gerbils. No data exists for the guinea pig so far, although gap detection is similar across mammals and the acoustic startle response is a well-established tool in guinea pig studies of psychiatric disorders and in pharmacological studies. Here we investigated the startle behavior and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the guinea pig and showed that guinea pigs have a reliable startle response that can be suppressed by 15 ms gaps embedded in narrow noise bands preceding the startle noise pulse. After recovery of auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds from a unilateral noise over-exposure centered at 7 kHz, guinea pigs showed diminished gap-induced reduction of the startle response in frequency bands between 8 and 18 kHz. This suggests the development of tinnitus in frequency regions that showed a temporary threshold shift (TTS) after noise over-exposure. Changes in discharge rate and synchrony, two neuronal correlates of tinnitus, should be reflected in altered ABR waveforms, which would be useful to objectively detect tinnitus and its localization to auditory brainstem structures. Therefore, we analyzed latencies and amplitudes of the first five ABR waves at suprathreshold sound intensities and correlated ABR abnormalities with the results of the behavioral tinnitus testing. Early ABR wave amplitudes up to N3 were increased for animals with tinnitus possibly stemming from hyperactivity and hypersynchrony underlying the tinnitus percept. Animals that did not develop tinnitus after noise exposure showed the opposite effect, a decrease in wave amplitudes for the later waves P4–P5. Changes in latencies were only observed in tinnitus animals, which showed increased latencies. Thus, tinnitus-induced changes in the discharge activity of the auditory nerve and central auditory nuclei are represented in the ABR.
Visualizing redox orbitals and their potentials in advanced lithium-ion battery materials using high-resolution x-ray Compton scattering

A spectroscopic descriptor of the link between lattice distortion and voltage in Li battery materials. Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions are the key processes that underlie the batteries powering smartphones, laptops, and electric cars. A redox process involves transfer of electrons between two species. For example, in a lithium-ion battery, current is generated when conduction electrons from the lithium anode are transferred to the redox orbitals of the cathode material. The ability to visualize or image the redox orbitals and how these orbitals evolve under lithiation and delithiation processes is thus of great fundamental and practical interest for understanding the workings of battery materials. We show that inelastic scattering spectroscopy using high-energy x-ray photons (Compton scattering) can yield faithful momentum space images of the redox orbitals by considering lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as an exemplar cathode battery material. Our analysis reveals a new link between voltage and the localization of transition metal 3d orbitals and provides insight into the puzzling mechanism of potential shift and how it is connected to the modification of the bond between the transition metal and oxygen atoms. Our study thus opens a novel spectroscopic pathway for improving the performance of battery materials.
Comparison of 2 D and 3 D Modeling of Hysteresis Motor with HTS Element in the Rotor

This paper presents 2D and 3D modeling of hysteresis motor using high temperature superconducting element Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) in the rotor. These hysteresis motors aim to improve the performance in comparison with that of conventional hysteresis motors. Various performance parameters of high temperature superconducting hysteresis motor are computed from the proposed 2D and 3D modeling. The hysteresis loop thus obtained is used to find torque and ac losses for variable applied current. The measured parameters are compared with the experimental data and both are found to be in good agreement. All the simulations are performed using MATLAB 7.5 and FEM based COMSOL Multiphysics software.
How well does the ERA‐Interim reanalysis replicate trends in extremes of surface temperature across Europe?

Trends in extremes of daily maximum and minimum temperature across Europe derived from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐Interim reanalysis are compared against observed data. The period 1980–2011 is considered and both station series and the gridded E‐OBS data are used to determine the success of the reanalysis, with indices of the numbers of days above or respectively below the 90th and 10th percentiles of daily maximum and minimum temperature used as metrics. It is shown in this paper that the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data are generally very good at replicating both the seasonally and spatially varying trends in the indices across Europe. At the station level, the reanalysis data are also able to depict the observed trends remarkably well. However, the success of the reanalysis data depends on the season and the particular index considered. The reanalysis is least successful in replicating trends in the number of days exceeding the 90th percentile of maximum temperature, particularly during the summer season. The success of the reanalysis is also somewhat dependent on the time step of the reanalysis data used. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures calculated from the 3‐hourly time step reanalysis data tend to be more reliable than those derived from the 12‐hourly data.
First Calibration Results for the SARAL/AltiKa Altimetric Mission Using the Gavdos Permanent Facilities

This work presents the first calibration results for the SARAL/AltiKa altimetric mission using the Gavdos permanent calibration facilities. The results cover one year of altimetric observations from April 2013 to March 2014 and include 11 calibration values for the altimeter bias. The reference ascending orbit No. 571 of SARAL/AltiKa has been used for this altimeter assessment. This satellite pass is coming from south and nears Gavdos, where it finally passes through its west coastal tip, only 6 km off the main calibration location. The selected calibration regions in the south sea of Gavdos range from about 8 km to 20 km south off the point of closest approach. Several reference surfaces have been chosen for this altimeter evaluation based on gravimetric, but detailed regional geoid, as well as combination of it with other altimetric models. Based on these observations and the gravimetric geoid model, the altimeter bias for the SARAL/AltiKa is determined as mean value of −46mm ±10mm, and a median of −42 mm ±10 mm, using GDR-T data at 40 Hz rate. A preliminary cross-over analysis of the sea surface heights at a location south of Gavdos showed that SARAL/AltiKa measure less than Jason-2 by 4.6 cm. These bias values are consistent with those provided by Corsica, Harvest, and Karavatti Cal/Val sites. The wet troposphere and the ionosphere delay values of satellite altimetric measurements are also compared against in-situ observations (−5 mm difference in wet troposphere and almost the same for the ionosphere) determined by a local array of permanent GNSS receivers, and meteorological sensors.
New age constraints for the maximum extent of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet (NW sector)

This paper presents the first terrestrial age constraints from the outer continental shelf for the maximum extent of the NW sector of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. Cosmogenic 10Be ages from eight glacially transported boulders on the island of North Rona show that the Late Devensian (Late Weichselian) British–Irish Ice Sheet overrode the island at its maximal stage and retreated c. 25 ka BP. These new dates, supported by other geological evidence, indicate that the north‐western part of the ice sheet was most extensive between 27 and 25 ka BP, reaching the outer continental shelf during the global eustatic sea‐level minimum at the Last Glacial Maximum. Copyright © 2012 British Geological Survey/Natural Environment Research Council copyright 2012. Reproduced with the permission of BGS/NERC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural Substrate of the Late Positive Potential in Emotional Processing

The late positive potential (LPP) is a reliable electrophysiological index of emotional perception in humans. Despite years of research, the brain structures that contribute to the generation and modulation of LPP are not well understood. Recording EEG and fMRI simultaneously, and applying a recently proposed single-trial ERP analysis method, we addressed the problem by correlating the single-trial LPP amplitude evoked by affective pictures with the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity. Three results were found. First, relative to neutral pictures, pleasant and unpleasant pictures elicited enhanced LPP, as well as heightened BOLD activity in both visual cortices and emotion-processing structures such as amygdala and prefrontal cortex, consistent with previous findings. Second, the LPP amplitude across three picture categories was significantly correlated with BOLD activity in visual cortices, temporal cortices, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula. Third, within each picture category, LPP–BOLD coupling revealed category-specific differences. For pleasant pictures, the LPP amplitude was coupled with BOLD in occipitotemporal junction, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and precuneus, whereas for unpleasant pictures significant LPP–BOLD correlation was observed in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, and posterior cingulate cortex. These results suggest that LPP is generated and modulated by an extensive brain network composed of both cortical and subcortical structures associated with visual and emotional processing and the degree of contribution by each of these structures to the LPP modulation is valence specific.
Annularly Grooved Diaphragm Pressure Sensor With Embedded Silicon Nanowires for Low Pressure Application

We present a nanoelectromechanical system piezoresistive pressure sensor with annular grooves on the circular diaphragm where silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are embedded as sensing elements around the edge. In comparison with our previous flat diaphragm pressure sensor, this new diaphragm structure enhances the device sensitivity by 2.5 times under pressure range of 0-120 mmHg. By leveraging SiNWs as piezoresistors, this improvement is even remarkable in contrast to other recently reported piezoresistive pressure sensing devices. In addition, with the miniaturized sensing diaphragm (radius of 100 μm) the sensor can be potentially used as implantable device for low-pressure sensing applications.
On secure source coding with side information at the encoder

We consider a secure source coding problem with side informations at the decoder and the eavesdropper. The encoder has a source that it wishes to describe with limited distortion through a rate-limited link to a legitimate decoder. The message sent is also observed by the eavesdropper. The encoder aims to minimize both the distortion incurred by the legitimate decoder; and the information leakage rate at the eavesdropper. When the encoder has access to the side information (S.I.) at the decoder, we characterize the rate-distortion-information leakage rate (R.D.I.) region under a Markov chain assumption and when S.I. at the encoder does not improve the rate-distortion region as compared to the case when S.I. is absent. We then extend our setting to consider the case where the encoder and decoder obtain coded S.I. through a rate-limited helper, and characterize the R.D. I. region for several special cases under logarithmic loss distortion (log-loss). Finally, we consider the case of list or entropy constraints at the decoder and show that the R.D. I. region coincides with R.D. I. region under log-loss.
Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Disorders in Bulimia Nervosa.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bulimia nervosa, is an eating disorder characterized by excessive influence of weight and body shape on the levels of self-esteem, with pervasive feelings of failure and inadequacy. The eating is characterized by the presence of episodes of uncontrolled eating (Binge), during which the person ingests mass wide variety of foods and the feeling of not being able to stop eating. This review focuses on the metabolic and hormonal alterations in the in bulimia nervosa. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the electronic database Medline and PubMed and with additional hand searches through the reference list obtained from the articles found. Journal were searched up to 2015. Inclusion criteria were: 1) full text available in English; 2) published in a peerreviewed journal and using the following keywords: neurotransmitters (AgRP, BDNF, αMSH, NP Y, endocannabinoids, adiponectin, CCK, ghrelin, GLP-1, insulin, leptin, PP, PYY), hormones (FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) and bulimia nervosa, eating disorders. RESULTS All data reported in the present review indicated that changes in the central and peripheral neuroendocrine equilibria may favor the onset and influence the course and prognosis of a DA. However, it is still questionable whether the alterations of the peptides and hormones regulating the mechanisms of eating behavior are the cause or consequence of a compromised diet. CONCLUSION The results of the present review indicate that the altered balance of the various peptides or hormones can be relevant not only for the genesis and / or maintenance of altered dietary behaviors, but also for the development of specific psychopathological aspects in eating disorders.
An implicit formulation for precise contact modeling between flexible solids

This paper presents an implicit deformable model, based on isosurfaces of potential fields generated by skeletons, that provides elegant and unified formulations for both geometric parameters such as shape or deformation and physical properties such as rigidity. The model is especially designed to improve collision and contact processing for non-rigid objects. In particular, it generates and maintains exact contact surfaces during interactions.
An application of nanotechnology in advanced dental materials.

BACKGROUND This article reports the authors' development of nanofillers and a resulting nanocomposite. They measured the nanocomposite's properties in vitro in comparison with those of several existing composites (hybrids, microhybrids and microfill). METHODS The authors developed two types of nanofillers: nanomeric particles and nanoclusters. They used optimal combinations of these nanofillers in a proprietary resin matrix to prepare the nanocomposite system with a wide range of shades and opacities. The properties they studied were compressive, diametral tensile and flexural strengths; in vitro three-body wear; fracture resistance; polish retention; and surface morphology after toothbrush abrasion. They performed statistical analysis using analysis of variance/Tukey-Kramer paired analysis at a 95 percent confidence interval. RESULTS The compressive and diametral strengths and the fracture resistance of the nanocomposite were equivalent to or higher than those of the other commercial composites tested. The three-body wear results of the nanocomposite system were statistically better than those of all other composites tested. The nanocomposite showed better polish retention than the hybrids and microhybrids tested at the extended brushing periods. After extended toothbrush abrasion, the dentin, body and enamel shades showed polish retention equivalent to that of the microfill tested, while translucent shades showed better polish retention than the microfill. CONCLUSIONS The dental nanocomposite system studied showed high translucency, high polish and polish retention similar to those of microfills while maintaining physical properties and wear resistance equivalent to those of several hybrid composites. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The strength and esthetic properties of the resin-based nanocomposite tested should allow the clinician to use it for both anterior and posterior restorations.