Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Residents’ perceptions on the social impacts of an international sport event: Applying panel data design and a moderating variable

ABSTRACT This study extends prior research by examining residents’ perception of an international sport event using panel data design, comparing pre- and post-event perceptions among demographic categories, and applying a moderating variable that influences the relationship between socio-demographic variables and perceived social impacts of the event. We administered 2,000 mail-in questionnaire surveys to randomly selected residents at the 2013 Tour de France Saitama Criterium in Japan. The results suggest that the residents overestimated the sporting event's impacts. The moderating variable “interest in the event” is significant; further several social impacts are significant factors in the sustainability of the event.
Internet and Computer-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Youth: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Outcome Trials

Background Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents are undertreated. Computer- and Internet-based cognitive behavioral treatments (cCBT) may be an attractive treatment alternative to regular face-to-face treatment.This meta-analysis aims to evaluate whether cCBT is effective for treating symptoms of anxiety and depression in youth. Methods and Findings We conducted systematic searches in bibliographical databases (Pubmed, Cochrane controlled trial register, PsychInfo) up to December 4, 2013. Only randomized controlled trials in which a computer-, Internet- or mobile-based cognitive behavioral intervention targeting either depression, anxiety or both in children or adolescents up to the age of 25 were compared to a control condition were selected. We employed a random-effects pooling model in overall effect analyses and a mixed effect model for sub-group analyses. Searches resulted in identifying 13 randomized trials, including 796 children and adolescents that met inclusion criteria. Seven studies were directed at treating anxiety, four studies at depression, and two were of a transdiagnostic nature, targeting both anxiety and depression. The overall mean effect size (Hedges’ g) of cCBT on symptoms of anxiety or depression at post-test was g=0.72 (95% CI:0.55-0.90, numbers needed to be treated (NNT)=2.56). Heterogeneity was low (I²=20.14%, 95% CI: 0-58%). The superiority of cCBT over controls was evident for interventions targeting anxiety (g=0.68; 95% CI: 0.45-0.92; p < .001; NNT=2.70) and for interventions targeting depression (g=0.76; 95% CI: 0.41-0.12; p < .001; NNT=2.44) as well as for transdiagnostic interventions (g=0.94; 95% CI: 0.23-2.66; p < .001; NNT=2.60). Conclusions Results provide evidence for the efficacy of cCBT in the treatment of anxiety and depressive symptoms in youth. Hence, such interventions may be a promising treatment alternative when evidence based face-to-face treatment is not feasible. Future studies should examine long-term effects of treatments and should focus on obtaining patient-level data from existing studies, to perform an individual patient data meta-analysis.
INVARIANT CHARACTERISTICS OF GAIT INITIATION

Studies were undertaken first to describe the invariant characteristics of gait initiation and second to better understand the function of each limb in the process of gait initiation. Analysis of variance indicated significant main effects for speed for time to onset of EMG activity and force plate recordings, time to swing toeoff and heel-strike and stance toe-off. However, when the dependent variables were expressed as a percentage of the initiation cycle, no significant main effects were noted. For the second study, two force plates were utilized, and reflective markers were placed on the sacrum and anterior superior iliac spines. The timing of heel-strike of the swing limb and toe-off of the stance limb showed a high degree of coordination in both experiments (r=0.95 and 0.98). It was concluded that the relative invariance of selected parameters indicates that gait initiation is centrally programmed. It also appears that the swing limb, although forces were very small, is responsible for the initial weight shift to the stance limb and that the stance limb is then primarily responsible for the generation of momentum.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Mild Heart Failure: Impact of the Mode of Exercise on Established Prognostic Predictors

Objectives: In patients with heart failure (HF), peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), the relationship between minute ventilation and carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2 slope) and heart rate recovery (HRR) are established prognostic predictors. However, treadmill exercise has been shown to elicit higher peak VO2 values than bicycle exercise. We sought to assess whether the VE/VCO2 slope and HRR in HF also depend on the exercise mode. Methods: Twenty-one patients with mild HF on chronic β-blocker therapy underwent treadmill and bicycle cardiopulmonary exercise testing for measurement of peak VO2 and the VE/VCO2 slope. In patients with sinus rhythm (n = 16), HRR at 1 (HRR-1) and 2 min (HRR-2) after exercise termination was assessed. Results: Peak VO2 was higher during treadmill as compared with bicycle testing (21.7 ± 4.6 vs. 19.6 ± 3.4 ml/kg/min; p = 0.006). HRR-1 tended to be slower (15 bpm, interquartile range 8–19, vs. 18 bpm, interquartile range 11–22; p = 0.16), and HRR-2 was significantly slower after treadmill exercise (26 bpm, interquartile range 20–39, vs. 31 bpm, interquartile range 22–41; p = 0.04). In contrast, VE/VCO2 slope values did not differ between the test modes (32.9 ± 5.5 vs. 32.3 ± 5.0; p = 0.56). Conclusions: In contrast to peak VO2 and HRR, the VE/VCO2 slope is not affected by the exercise mode in patients with mild HF.
Ethics and experiments : problems and solutions for social scientists and policy professionals

1. Introduction Scott Desposato Part 2:Contextual Challenges for Experimentalists 2. The Ethics of Exclusion When Experimenting in Impoverished Settings Kim Yi Dionne, Augustine Harawa, and Hastings Honde 3. Ethics for Experimental Manipulation of Religion Richard A. Nielsen 4. Religion, Experiments, and Ethical Concerns Rebecca Morton and Jonathan Rogers 5. Prison States and Games of Chicken Jesse Driscoll Part 3: Local Ethical Review when Conducting Experiments Internationally 6. The Value and Challenges of Using Local Ethical Review in Comparative Politics Experiments Jennifer L. Merolla and Raul Madrid Jr. 7. Ethical Challenges in Comparative Politics Experiments in China Xiaobo Lu 8. Local Review: Confronting the Brazilian Black Box Saul Cunow and Scott Desposato 9. Ethical Perspectives in Countries without an Institutional Review Board: The Case of Mexico Rosario Aguilar Part 3: The Ethical Challenges of Field Experiments 10. Obligated to Deceive? Aliases, Confederates, and the Common Rule in International Field Experiments Michael Findley and Daniel Nielson 11. Considering the Political Consequences of Comparative Politics Experiments Joshua R. Gubler and Joel S. Selway 12. Information and Power: Ethical Considerations of Political Information Experiments Brigitte Zimmerman 13. Conducting Research with NGOs: Relevant Counterfactuals from the Perspective of Subjects David W. Nickerson and Susan D. Hyde 14. Manipulating Elites Edmund J. Malesky 15. Field Experiments on Elected and Public Officials: Ethical Obligations and Requirements Christian R. Grose Part 4: Strategies for Moving Forward 16. Human Subjects Protection and Large-N Research: When Exempt is Non-Exempt and Research is Non-Research Mitchell A. Seligson 17. Ethics and Research in Political Science: The Responsibilities of the Researcher and the Profession Elizabeth J. Zechmeister 18. Journal Editors as Ethics Sheriffs Rick K. Wilson, William Mishler, and John Ishiyama 19. Conclusion and Recommendations Scott Desposato
Prospective study of use of perioperative antimicrobial therapy in general surgery.

BACKGROUND Perioperative antimicrobial therapy has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the rate of surgical site infections in clinical trials. With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, the risk of reaction, and the inevitable financial repercussions, use of prophylactic antibiotics is not a panacea, and their misuse may have considerable implications. The aim of this study was to assess the use of antibiotics in the perioperative period in both general and vascular surgery procedures. METHODS A prospective study was undertaken of 131 patients with a mean age of 43 years (range one month-88 years), of whom 68 (51%) were male, who underwent twenty-seven different general or vascular surgery procedures over a four-week period. Each patient was evaluated from the time of antibiotic commencement through their operative procedure until the treatment was discontinued. RESULTS A total of 73 patients (54%) received ten antibiotics, with 71 (97%) of these uses being prophylactic. Of the 15 appendectomies performed for uncomplicated appendicitis, the mean number of prophylactic antibiotic doses was 5.3 (range 1-12). Where they were documented, written postoperative directives were not adhered to in 18/27 prescriptions (66%). CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated a lack of adherence to guidelines in the perioperative administration of antimicrobial agents. In addition, it calls attention to the economic implications of unnecessary prophylaxis.
The Influence of Trends and Reversals in Earnings Surprises on Stock Return Predictability ∗

We find that trends and reversals in past earnings surprises predict future stock returns. These earnings surprise sequences produce a 9.88% risk-adjusted annual return which cannot be attributed to momentum nor post-earnings announcement drift. Our empirical methodology captures the market’s beliefs regarding future returns by estimating the probability associated with different possible return realizations. This probability is able to detect whether the market conditions on past earnings surprises when forming its expected return, and measures the return predictability induced by this conditioning. JEL Classifications: G11, G12, G14 ∗We thank Anthony Bernardo, Michael Brennan, Kalok Chan, Karl Diether, Bruce Grundy, Jeffrey Hales, Bing Han, David Hirshleifer, Dong Hong, Harrison Hong, Andrew Karolyi, Terrance Odean, Scott Richardson, René Stulz, Avanidhar Subrahmanyam, Rossen Valkanov, Scott Weisbenner, and Ingrid Werner for their helpful comments and suggestions, as well as seminar participants at Ohio State University and Singapore Management University. Mitch Warachka is grateful for financial support from the SMU-Wharton Research Center, Singapore Management University. †Ohio State University and Singapore Management University; Address: 606 Fisher Hall, 2100 Neil Ave, Columbus OH, 43210, USA; Email: loh 26@cob.osu. edu. ‡Singapore Management University; Address: #4055 L.K. C. School of Business, 50 Stamford Road, 178899, Singapore; Email: mitchell@smu.edu. sg, Phone: (65) 6828 0249, Fax: (65) 6828 0427. (Corresponding Author).
Membrane Potential Oscillations in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons: Role in Normal Electrogenesis and Neuropathic Pain

Abnormal afferent discharge originating at ectopic sites in injured primary sensory neurons is thought to be an important generator of paraesthesias, dysaesthesias, and chronic neuropathic pain. We report here that the ability of these neurons to sustain repetitive discharge depends on intrinsic resonant properties of the cell membrane and that the prevalence of this characteristic increases after nerve injury. Recording from primary sensory neurons in excised rat dorsal root ganglia, we found that some cells show subthreshold oscillations in their membrane potential. The amplitude, frequency, and coherence of these oscillations were voltage sensitive. Oscillations gave rise to action potentials when they reached threshold. Indeed, the presence of oscillations proved to be a necessary condition for sustained spiking both at resting membrane potential and on depolarization; neurons without them were incapable of sustained discharge even on deep depolarization. Previous nerve injury increased the proportion of neurons sampled that had subthreshold oscillations, and hence the proportion that generated ectopic spike discharge. Oscillatory behavior and ectopic spiking were eliminated by [Na+]o substitution or bath application of lidocaine or tetrodotoxin (TTX), under conditions that preserved axonal spike propagation. This suggests that a TTX-sensitive Na+ conductance contributes to the oscillations. Selective pharmacological suppression of subthreshold oscillations may offer a means of controlling neuropathic paraesthesias and pain without blocking afferent nerve conduction.
Discovery of (S)-2-Cyclopentyl-N-((1-isopropylpyrrolidin2-yl)-9-methyl-1-oxo-2,9-dihydro-1H-pyrrido[3,4-b]indole-4-carboxamide (VU0453379): A Novel, CNS Penetrant Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor (GLP-1R) Positive Allosteric Modulator (PAM)

A duplexed, functional multiaddition high throughput screen and subsequent iterative parallel synthesis effort identified the first highly selective and CNS penetrant glucagon-like peptide-1R (GLP-1R) positive allosteric modulator (PAM). PAM (S)-9b potentiated low-dose exenatide to augment insulin secretion in primary mouse pancreatic islets, and (S)-9b alone was effective in potentiating endogenous GLP-1R to reverse haloperidol-induced catalepsy.
Role of Ghrelin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 in the Development of Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background A high prevalence of bone loss is observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 have been suggested to interfere in the bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these peptides in the development of osteoporosis in IBD. Methods One hundred and eighteen consecutive IBD patients were included. All patients underwent bone densitometry by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at the femoral neck and lumbar spine levels. Serum samples were collected from all patients and analyzed for concentrations of the aforementioned peptides by radioimmunoassay. Results Forty (33.9%) patients were normal, 55 (46.6%) were osteopenic, and 23 (19.5%) were osteoporotic. Positive statistically significant correlations were found between body mass index (BMI), leptin, IGFBP-3 levels, and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Moreover, an inverse statistically significant correlation was found between BMD of the femoral neck and the lumbar spine, and age, duration of the disease, and ghrelin levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that the most significant factors associated with the BMD were age and BMI. A weak but statistically significant correlation was found between IGFBP-3 and femoral neck BMD (P=0.045) and between ghrelin and spine BMD (P=0.039). No correlation was observed between leptin and BMD. Conclusions Low BMI is the most important independent risk factor for osteoporosis in IBD patients. There is no independent influence of leptin but ghrelin and IGFBP-3 may play a role in the bone metabolism in the IBD.
Error bounds for polynomial spline interpolation

New upper and lower bounds for the L2 and L- norms of derivatives of the error in polynomial spline interpolation are derived. These results improve corresponding results of Ahlberg, Nilson, and Walsh, cf. (1), and Schultz and Varga, cf. (5). 1. Introduction. In this paper, we derive new bounds for the L2 and LX norms of derivatives of the error in polynomial spline interpolation. These bounds improve and generalize the known error bounds, cf. (1) and (5), in the following important ways: (1) these bounds can be explicitly calculated and are not merely asymptotic error bounds such as those given in (1) and (5); (2) explicit lower bounds are given for the error for a class of functions; (3) the degree of regularity required of the func- tion, f, being interpolated is extended, i.e., in L1) and (5) we demand that the mth or 2mth derivative of f be in L2, if we are interpolating by splines of degree 2m - 1, while here we demand only that some pth derivative of f, where m ? p ? 2m, be in L2; and (4) bounds are given for high-order derivatives of the interpolation errors. 2. Notations. Let - o < a < b < o and for each positive integer, m, let Km(a, b) denote the collection of all real-valued functions u(x) defined on (a, b) such that u E Cm'-(a, b) and such that Dm-lu is absolutely continuous, with Dmu E L2 (a, b), where Du _ du/dx denotes the derivative of u. For each nonnegative integer, M,
Color-Redshift Relations and Photometric Redshift Estimations of Quasars in Large Sky Surveys

With a recently constructed composite quasar spectrum and the ? 2 minimization technique, we describe a general method for estimating the photometric redshifts of a large sample of quasars by deriving theoretical color-redshift relations and comparing the theoretical colors with the observed ones. We estimated the photometric redshifts from the 5-band SDSS photometric data of 18678 quasars in the first major data release of SDSS and compared them with their spectroscopic redshifts. The difference is less than 0.1 for 47 % of the quasars and less than 0.2 for 68 %. Based on the calculation of the theoretical color-color diagrams of stars, galaxies and quasars both on the SDSS system and on the BATC system, we expect that we would be able to select candidates of high redshift quasars more efficaciously with the latter than with the former, provided the BATC survey can detect objects with magnitudes fainter than 21.
The influence of friendship and communication network density on individual innovative behaviours: a multilevel study

The present study examines whether teams’ friendship and communication network density are related to individual innovative behaviours (IIBs: idea generation, suggestion making, idea promotion and idea implementation). The study sample was composed of 28 teams comprising 101 members. The results obtained by means of multilevel structural equations modelling showed that friendship network density had an indirect positive relationship with the four IIBs through the density of team communication networks.
Parturition Signaling by Visual Cues in Female Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

New World monkeys have polymorphic color vision, in which all males and some females are dichromats, while most females are trichromats. There is little consensus about which selective pressures fashioned primate color vision, although detection of food, mates and predators has been hypothesized. Behavioral evidence shows that males from different species of Neotropical primates seem to perceive the timing of female conception and gestation, although, no signals fulfilling this function have been identified. Therefore, we used visual models to test the hypothesis that female marmosets show chromatic and/or achromatic cues that may indicate the time of parturition for male and female conspecifics. By recording the reflectance spectra of female marmosets’ (Callithrix jacchus) sexual skin, and running chromatic and achromatic discrimination models, we found that both variables fluctuate during the weeks that precede and succeed parturition, forming “U” and inverted “U” patterns for chromatic and achromatic contrast, respectively. We suggest that variation in skin chroma and luminance might be used by female helpers and dominant females to identify the timing of birth, while achromatic variations may be used as clues by potential fathers to identify pregnancy stage in females and prepare for paternal burdens as well as to detect oestrus in the early post-partum period.
Characterization of N-Glucuronidation of 4-(5-Pyridin-4-yl-1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl) pyridine-2-carbonitrile (FYX-051): A New Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitor

In humans, orally administered 4-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl) pyridine-2-carbonitrile (FYX-051) is excreted mainly as triazole N1- and N2-glucuronides in urine. It is important to determine the enzyme(s) that catalyze the metabolism of a new drug to estimate individual differences and/or drug-drug interactions. Therefore, the characterization and mechanism of these glucuronidations were investigated using human liver microsomes (HLMs), human intestinal microsomes (HIMs), and recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms to determine the UGT isoform(s) responsible for FYX-051 N1- and N2-glucuronidation. FYX-051 was metabolized to its N1- and N2-glucuronide forms by HLMs, and their Km values were 64.1 and 72.7 μM, respectively; however, FYX-051 was scarcely metabolized to its glucuronides by HIMs. Furthermore, among the recombinant human UGT isoforms, UGT1A1, UGT1A7, and UGT1A9 catalyzed the N1- and N2-glucuronidation of FYX-051. To estimate their contribution to FYX-051 glucuronidation, inhibition analysis with pooled HLMs was performed. Mefenamic acid, a UGT1A9 inhibitor, decreased FYX-051 N1- and N2-glucuronosyltransferase activities, whereas bilirubin, a UGT1A1 inhibitor, did not affect these activities. Furthermore, in the experiment using microsomes from eight human livers, the N1- and N2-glucuronidation activity of FYX-051 was found to significantly correlate with the glucuronidation activity of propofol, a specific substrate of UGT1A9 (N1: r2 = 0.868, p < 0.01; N2: r2 = 0.775, p < 0.01). These results strongly suggested that the N1- and N2-glucuronidation of FYX-051 is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A9 in human livers.
Managing the intersection of internal and external accountability: Challenge for urban school leadership in the United States

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to the intersection of external and internal accountability systems within urban schools, and the role of school leadership, especially that of the principal, in managing this intersection. In particular, the paper explores how school leaders are able to strengthen and sustain the school's internal accountability system, in pursuit of school‐defined learning improvement agenda, and at the same time respond productively to external accountability demands. The paper also seeks to identify consequences of these leaders’ efforts to navigate an often problematic set of converging demands.Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on findings from a larger multi‐case study of learning‐focused leadership in 15 schools in four urban school districts in the USA. Schools were chosen to represent those that were “making progress” (by local measures). Data were collected over 18 months, spanning two school years, from Spring 2007 to Fall 2008. Data collec.
Reduced PKC α Activity Induces Senescent Phenotype in Erythrocytes

The molecular mechanism mediating expression of senescent cell antigen-aggregated or cleaved band 3 and externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of aged erythrocytes and their premature expression in certain anemias is not completely elucidated. The erythrocytes with these surface modifications undergo macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. In this study, the role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in the expression of these surface modifications was investigated. Inhibition of PKC α by 30 μM rottlerin (R30) and 2.3 nM Gö 6976 caused expression of both the senescent cell marker-externalized PS measured by FACS analysis and aggregated band 3 detected by western blotting. In contrast to this observation, but in keeping with literature, PKC activation by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) also led to the expression of senescence markers. We explain this antithesis by demonstrating that PMA-treated cells show reduction in the activity of PKC α, thereby simulating inhibition. The reduction in PKC α activity may be attributed to the known downregulation of PMA-activated PKC α, caused by its membrane translocation and proteolysis. We demonstrate membrane translocation of PKC α in PMA-treated cells to substantiate this inference. Thus loss of PKC α activity either by inhibition or downregulation can cause surface modifications which can trigger erythrophagocytosis.