Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
G359.87+0.18: An FR II Radio Galaxy 15 Arcminutes from Sgr A*. Implications for the Scattering Region in the Galactic Center

G359.87+0.18 is an enigmatic object located 15' from Sgr A*. It has been variously classified as an extragalactic source, Galactic jet source, and young supernova remnant. We present new observations of G359.87+0.18 between 0.33 and 15 GHz and use these to argue that this source is an Faranoff-Riley II radio galaxy. We are able to place a crude limit on its redshift of z>0.1. The source has a spectral index \alpha<-1 (S \propto \nu^\alpha), suggestive of a radio galaxy with a redshift z>~ 2. The scattering diameters of Sgr A* and several nearby OH masers (~ 1"at 1 GHz) indicate that a region of enhanced scattering is along the line of sight to the Galactic center. If the region covers the Galactic center uniformly, the implied diameter for a background source is at least 600"at 0.33 GHz, in contrast with the observed 20"diameter of G359.87+0.18. Using the scattering diameter of a nearby OH maser OH 359.762+0.120 and the widths of two, nearby, non-thermal threads, G0.08+0.15 and G359.79+0.17, we show that a uniform scattering region should cover G359.87+0.18. We therefore conclude that the Galactic center scattering region is inhomogeneous on a scale of 5' (~ 10 pc at a distance of 8.5 kpc). This scale is comparable to the size scale of molecular clouds in the Galactic center. The close agreement between these two lengths scales is an indication that the scattering region is linked intimately to the Galactic center molecular clouds.
On Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff of the Interference Channel

In this paper, the tradeoff between diversity and multiplexing gains in the two-user quasi-static Raleigh fading Interference Channel (IC) is derived. Under the short-term average power constraint and for the delay limited communication, we show that only a partial Channel State Information at the Transmitter (CSIT) is enough to achieve the optimum Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff (DMT) at the IC. We develop a coding scheme for the two-user quasi-static Raleigh fading IC. At the low rate region, this results in a one-level Gaussian code independent of the channel condition. At the high rate region, the result can be one-level or two-level Gaussian codes depending on the partial CSIT. The partial state information for each channel gain can be represented by only one bit corresponding to its absolute value. At the high rate region, we assume that the partial state information of all channel gains is available at the two transmit sides. The optimality of the proposed scheme is established by deriving an outer bound, which coincides with the achieved DMT.
The effect of semantic categorization of episodic memory on encoding of subordinate details: An fMRI study

* This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2015-R1A2A2A04006136). †Corresponding author: Sanghoon Han, Department of Psychology, Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Yonsei University 50 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul Korea 03722 Research areas: Episodic memory, Brain cognitive science, E-mail: sanghoon.han@yonsei.ac. kr 인지과학, 제28권 제4호 Korean Journal of Cognitive Science 2017, Vol. 28, No. 4, 193∼221. http://dx.doi. org/10.19066/cogsci.2017. 28.4. 001
Novel Centroid Localization Algorithm for Three-Dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a new localization algorithm which can be effectively used in three-dimensional (3D) wireless sensor networks. This scheme needs no additional hardware support and can be implemented in a distributed way. The proposed method can improve the location accuracy with relatively low communication traffic and computing complexity. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is superior to that of the conventional centroid algorithm.
Following the crowd can lead people who learn only from their own experience to agree with a mistaken majority

People sometimes agree with the beliefs of the majority even when the majority is wrong. This has been attributed to social learning or motivated cognition: people would believe that the majority is likely to be correct because it is more numerous or they would adjust their beliefs to conform to the prevailing norm. In this paper, we propose a novel explanation for the evaluative advantage of popular alternatives. Our explanation does not rely on social learning nor motivated cognition. It emphasizes instead the role of the information sample people use to form their beliefs about the alternatives. We start by noting that people often ‘follow the crowd’: people are often more likely to sample popular alternatives than unpopular alternatives. The main contribution of this paper is to show that this sampling asymmetry in favor of popular alternatives is su cient to explain why popular alternatives tend to be evaluated more positively than unpopular alternatives. Our theory provides a novel, sampling-based, explanation of how public conformity in behavior can lead to private acceptance. As such, it casts a new perspective on phenomena such as majority influence, minority influence, coordination problems, group decision-making, attitude polarization through identity signaling and the persistence of undesirable macro-outcomes.
A Review of High-Redshift Merger Observations

Evolution in the merger rate as a function of redshift is in principle the key observable testing hierarchical models for the formation and evolution of galaxies. However, in practice, direct measurement of this quantity has proven difficult. In this opening review I outline the current best estimates for the merger rate as a function of cosmic epoch, focusing mostly upon recent advances made possible by deep ground-based redshift surveys and morphological studies undertaken with HST. I argue that a marriage of these techniques, in an attempt to determine the space density of mergers amongst the abundant morphologically peculiar population at high redshifts, is probably the most promising currently-available avenue for determining the prevalence of mergers at high redshifts. However, resolved kinematical studies, which seem set to become available in the next few years, are probably the best hope for a definitive determination of the space density of mergers at high redshifts.
An epigenetic auto-feedback loop regulates TGF-β type II receptor expression and function in NSCLC

The downregulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) type II receptor (TβRII) expression and function plays a pivotal role in the loss of the TGF-β-induced tumor suppressor function that contributes to lung cancer progression. The aberrant expression of miRNAs has been shown to be involved in the regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Our current study involving miRNA microarray, northern blot and QRT-PCR analysis shows an inverse correlation between miR-20a and TβRII expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cell lines. Stable expression of miR-20a downregulates TβRII in lung epithelial cells which results in an inhibition of TGF-β signaling and attenuation of TGF-β-induced cell growth suppression and apoptosis. Stable knock down of miR-20a increases TβRII expression and inhibits tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells in vivo. Oncogene c-Myc promotes miR-20a expression by activating its promoter leading to downregulation of TβRII expression and TGF-Δ signaling. MiR-145, which is upregulated by TGF-β, inhibits miR-20a expression by targeting c-Myc and upregulates TβRII expression. These correlations among miRNAs and cellular proteins are supported by TCGA public database using NSCLC specimens. These results suggest a novel mechanism for the loss of TβRII expression and TGF-β-induced tumor suppressor functions in lung cancer through a complex auto-feedback loop TGF-β/miR-145/c-Myc/miR-20a/TβRII.
Atmosphere‐to‐snow‐to‐firn transfer studies of HCHO at Summit, Greenland

Formaldehyde (HCHO) measurements in snow, firn, atmosphere, and air in the open pore space of the firn (firn air) at Summit, Greenland, in June 1996 show that the top snow layers are a HCHO source. HCHO concentrations in fresh snow are higher than those in equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations, resulting in HCHO degassing in the days to weeks following snowfall. Maximum HCHO concentrations in firn air were 1.5–2.2 ppbv, while the mean atmospheric HCHO concentration 1 m above the surface was 0.23 ppbv. Apparent HCHO fluxes out of the snow are a plausible explanation for the discrepancy between the 0.1 ppbv atmospheric concentration predicted by photochemical modeling and the measurements. HCHO in deeper firn is near equilibrium with the lower tropospheric HCHO concentration at the annual average temperature. Thus HCHO in ice may in fact be linearly related to multi‐year average atmospheric concentrations through a temperature dependent partition coefficient.
4.5kV press pack IGBT designed for ruggedness and reliability

A novel press pack IGBT (PPI) with a rating of up to 4500 V and 2000 A is presented. During the development of this new component, special emphasis was placed on the ease of use by system manufacturers. The mechanical design is optimized in order to facilitate the clamping of the PPI in long stacks. Even if the clamping in the stack has severe pressure nonuniformities, the PPI remains fully functional due to its unique design with individual press-pins for each chip. Furthermore, the choice of materials is optimized to achieve high reliability in the field. The trade-off between power-cycling capability and operation under shorted conditions was a major thrust of the development. The IGBT as well as the diode chip are based on SPT (soft punch through) technology. Together with an advanced planar cell design of the IGBT and the sophisticated lifetime engineering of the diode, this chip set offers an unprecedented safe operating area (SOA). This greatly facilitates system design by making clamps or snubbers obsolete.
A STATE-SPACE APPROACH TO MODELLING BRAIN DYNAMICS

We propose a state-space approach for studying the dynamic relation- ship between multiple brain regions. Our approach decomposes the observed mul- tiple time series into measurement error and the BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) signals. The proposed model consists of the activation and connectiv- ity equations. In the activation equation, we model the observed signals at each brain region as a function of the BOLD signal. One special feature of our model for capturing the complexities of the dynamic processes in the brain is that the region-specic time-varying coecien ts in the activation equation are subsequently modelled, in the connectivity equation, as a function of the BOLD signals at other brain regions. Because our model has a state-space representation, the parame- ters are readily estimated by maximum likelihood via a routine application of the Kalman lter and smoother. In this paper, we apply our model to a functional magnetic resonance imaging data set to investigate the attentional control network in the brain. Over the last two decades, there has been a dramatic advancement in technol- ogy that allows neuroscientists to detect brain signals for studying the complex activities in human brain. In the neuroscience community, there is a growing interest in investigations that target possible interactions between dieren t brain regions. In this paper, we propose a state-space approach for studying the dy- namic relationship between multiple brain regions. Our model consists of the activation and connectivity equations which correspond to the observation and state equations in the state-space model framework. In the activation equation, we model the observed signals at each brain region as a function of the BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) signal. In the connectivity equation, we model the region-specic time-varying coecien ts in the activation equation as a function of the BOLD signal at the other regions. Through a system of two equa- tions, complexities of the dynamic processes in the brain are modelled. Moreover,
Examining the Relationship Between Media Consumption, Fear of Crime, and Support for Controversial Criminal Justice Policies Using a Nationally Representative Sample

According to cultivation theory, higher levels of crime-based media consumption result in an increased fear of crime. This study extends cultivation theory’s basic assertion by (a) creating a robust measure of media consumption based on three different factors and 38 original questions, (b) examining the direct and indirect effects of media consumption and fear of crime on support of criminal justice policies, and (c) using a nationwide sample. Using a sample of 1,311 participants, a combination of principal components analysis and structural equation modeling was used to examine these relationships. The results support the usefulness of a four-factor measure of media consumption in relationship to fear of crime. Results also reveal that fear of crime amplifies the effect of media consumption in creating support for three-strikes, death penalty, stand your ground, and open carry laws.
On the relationships between logistics service deliverables, customer satisfaction and loyalty in industrial supply chains

This study aims at identifying the main dimensions of logistics service quality (LSQ) and analysing their effects on satisfaction and loyalty in B2B settings. For this purpose an integrative structural model of logistics service performance impact on satisfaction and loyalty is proposed and tested in a self-built logistics setting. On evidence drawn, through a dedicated research instrument, from 213 companies in Greece, the effects of outcome and process elements of LSQ on satisfaction and loyalty are assessed. Results show that customers’ perception about their suppliers’ LSQ level is shaped by both outcome and process elements while outcome quality is further affected by process quality. Both dimensions impact satisfaction with outcome quality being the main driver. LSQ dimensions and satisfaction directly affect loyalty. Satisfaction’s hypothesised enhancing role on the association between LSQ dimensions and loyalty is confirmed. Finally, several implications of the findings are discussed and further r.
The HELLAS2XMM survey: XI. Unveiling the nature of X-ray Bright Optically Normal Galaxies ⋆

Aims. X-ray bright optically normal galaxies (XBONGs) constitute a small but significant fraction of hard X-ray selected sources in recent Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys. Even though several possibilities were proposed to explain why a relatively luminous hard X-ray source does not leave any significant signature of its presence in terms of optical emission lines, the nature of XBONGs is still subject of debate. We aim to better understand their nature by means of a multiwavelength and morphological analysis of a small sample of these sources. Methods. Good-quality photometric near-infrared data (ISAAC/VLT) of four low-redshift (z = 0.1−0.3) XBONGs, selected from the HELLAS2XMM survey, have been used to search for the presence of the putative nucleus, applying the surface-brightness decomposition technique through the least-squares fitting program GALFIT. Results. The surface brightness decomposition allows us to reveal a nuclear point-like source, likely to be responsible for the X-ray emission, in two out of the four sources. The results indicate that moderate amounts of gas and dust, covering a large solid angle (possibly 4π) at the nuclear source, combined with the low nuclear activity, may explain the lack of optical emission lines. The third XBONG is associated with an X-ray extended source and no nuclear excess is detected in the near infrared at the limits of our observations. The last source is associated to a close (d ≤ 1 arcsec) double system and the fitting procedure cannot achieve a firm conclusion.
Generalized comparative modeling (GENECOMP): A combination of sequence comparison, threading, and lattice modeling for protein structure prediction and refinement

An improved generalized comparative modeling method, GENECOMP, for the refinement of threading models is developed and validated on the Fischer database of 68 probe–template pairs, a standard benchmark used to evaluate threading approaches. The basic idea is to perform ab initio folding using a lattice protein model, SICHO, near the template provided by the new threading algorithm PROSPECTOR. PROSPECTOR also provides predicted contacts and secondary structure for the template‐aligned regions, and possibly for the unaligned regions by garnering additional information from other top‐scoring threaded structures. Since the lowest‐energy structure generated by the simulations is not necessarily the best structure, we employed two structure‐selection protocols: distance geometry and clustering. In general, clustering is found to generate somewhat better quality structures in 38 of 68 cases. When applied to the Fischer database, the protocol does no harm and in a significant number of cases improves upon the initial threading model, sometimes dramatically. The procedure is readily automated and can be implemented on a genomic scale. Proteins 2001;44:133–149. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High Expression of hTERT and Stemness Genes in BORIS/CTCFL Positive Cells Isolated from Embryonic Cancer Cells

BORIS/CTCFL is a member of cancer testis antigen family normally expressed in germ cells. In tumors, it is aberrantly expressed although its functions are not completely well-defined. To better understand the functions of BORIS in cancer, we selected the embryonic cancer cells as a model. Using a molecular beacon, which specifically targets BORIS mRNA, we demonstrated that BORIS positive cells are a small subpopulation of tumor cells (3–5% of total). The BORIS-positive cells isolated using BORIS-molecular beacon, expressed higher telomerase hTERT, stem cell (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2) and cancer stem cell marker genes (CD44 and ALDH1) compared to the BORIS-negative tumor cells. In order to define the functional role of BORIS, stable BORIS-depleted embryonic cancer cells were generated. BORIS silencing strongly down-regulated the expression of hTERT, stem cell and cancer stem cell marker genes. Moreover, the BORIS knockdown increased cellular senescence in embryonic cancer cells, revealing a putative role of BORIS in the senescence biological program. Our data indicate an association of BORIS expressing cells subpopulation with the expression of stemness genes, highlighting the critical role played by BORIS in embryonic neoplastic disease.
Seasonality and long‐term trend of Arctic Ocean surface stress in a model

A numerical ocean sea-ice model is used to demonstrate that Arctic sea ice retreat affects momentum transfer into the ocean. A thinner and thus weaker ice cover is more easily forced by the wind, which increases the momentum flux. In contrast, increasing open water reduces momentum transfer because the ice surface provides greater drag than the open water surface. We introduce the concept of optimal ice concentration: momentum transfer increases with increasing ice concentration up to a point, beyond which frictional losses by floe interaction damp the transfer. For a common ice internal stress formulation, a concentration of 80–90% yields optimal amplification of momentum flux into the ocean. We study the seasonality and long-term evolution of Arctic Ocean surface stress over the years 1979–2012. Spring and fall feature optimal ice conditions for momentum transfer, but only in fall is the wind forcing at its maximum, yielding a peak basin-mean ocean surface stress of ∼0.08 N/m2. Since 1979, the basin-wide annual mean ocean surface stress has been increasing by 0.004 N/m2/decade, and since 2000 by 0.006 N/m2/decade. In contrast, summertime ocean surface stress has been decreasing at −0.002 N/m2/decade. These trends are linked to the weakening of the ice cover in fall, winter and spring, and to an increase in open water fraction in summer, i.e., changes in momentum transfer rather than changes in wind forcing. In most areas, the number of days per year with optimal ice concentration is decreasing.
Climate Change and Increased Irrigation Demands: What Is Left for Hydropower Generation? Results from Two Semi-Arid Basins

In this study, we have modelled the effect of climate change and increased irrigation withdrawals on the available water for hydropower production in two semi-arid river basins, i.e. , Kizilirmak (Turkey) and Devoll (Albania), and the role of the reservoirs. The combined effect of climate change and extended irrigation withdrawals will overall lead to reduced runoff in the rivers, according to our simulations. The changes will be most dramatic at Kizilirmak, reducing the water available for hydropower production. The presence of the reservoirs will lead to extended water use/losses due to the provision of regulated flow, enabling larger irrigation withdrawals and increasing the evaporative losses from the reservoir surfaces. Comparing the water consumption losses at Kizilirmak, the irrigation losses are in the range of 2–4 times larger than the gross evaporation losses from reservoir surfaces. The reservoirs at Devoll will improve water availability for hydropower production during low flow periods, and the upstream irrigation represents presently a low risk to the downstream power producers. As the results are sensitive to specific river basin characteristics and the assumptions made, the results cannot be generalized to other river basins without taking these specifics into consideration.
BLIND DECONVOLUTION AND DEBLURRING IN IMAGE ANALYSIS

Blind deconvolution problems arise in image analysis when both the extent of image blur, and the true image, are unknown. If a model is available for at least one of these quantities then, in theory, the problem is solvable. It is generally not solvable if neither the image nor the point-spread function, which controls the extent of blur, is known parametrically. In this paper we develop methods for solution when a model is known for the point-spread function, but the image is assessed only nonparametrically. We assume that the image includes sharp edges — mathematically speaking, lines of discontinuity of image brightness. However, the locations, shapes and other properties of these lines are not needed for our algorithm. Our technique involves mathematically “focussing” the restored image until the edges are as sharp as possible, with sharpness being measured using a difference-based approach. We pay special attention to the Gaussian point-spread function. Although this context is notorious in statistical deconvolution problems on account of the difficulty of finding a usable solution, it is arguably the central, and the most important, setting for restoring blurred images. Numerical simulation, application to an image, and theoretical analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.