Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Meta-Analysis of Shared Leadership: Antecedents, Consequences, and Moderators

Many organizations are encouraging a shared leadership approach that meets the increased complexity of today’s working environment. It is therefore imperative for researchers to clearly comprehend the mechanism of shared leadership in teams. Contributing to the burgeoning research in the field of shared leadership, this study aims to advance our understanding along the many dimensions of the shared leadership phenomenon: its antecedents, moderators, and consequences. In this article, we provide a critical and comprehensive analysis of the extant literature and generate an integrated framework that presents seven hypotheses and five research questions. We then empirically test this framework via a systematic meta-analysis from 40 studies (team n = 3,019). Significantly, our findings reveal that the internal team environment and team heterogeneity are positively related to the emergence of shared leadership in teams. Moreover, we confirm the positive relationship between shared leadership and team outcomes. Our analysis also highlights how intragroup trust and task interdependence significantly moderate the shared leadership–team outcomes relations, with higher correlations observed in greater levels of intragroup trust, as well as larger levels of task interdependence. We also find the moderating effect of shared leadership measurement methods in such relations. Specifically, there is a stronger relationship when shared leadership is measured with social network analysis, rather than aggregating approaches. Overall, our study brings valuable insights into the shared leadership area and provides clear directions for future research.
A gauge-invariant discrete analog of the Yang-Mills equations on a double complex

An intrinsically defined gauge-invariant discrete model of the Yang-Mills equations on a combinatorial analog of $\Bbb{R}^4$ is constructed. We develop several algebraic structures on the matrix-valued cochains (discrete forms) that are analogs of objects in differential geometry. We define a combinatorial Hodge star operator based on the use of a double complex construction. Difference self-dual and anti-self-dual equations will be given. In the last section we discus the question of generalizing our constructions to the case of a 4-dimensional combinatorial sphere
The near-infrared extinction law in regions of high AV

We present a spectroscopic study of the shape of the dust-extinction law between 1.0 and 2. 2µm towards a set of nine ultracompact H ii regions with AV � 15 mag. We find some evidence that the reddening curve may tend to flatten at higher extinctions, but just over half of the sample has extinction consistent with or close to the average for the interstellar medium. There is no evidence of extinction curves significantly steeper than the standard law, even where water ice is present. Comparing the results to the predictions of a simple extinction model, we suggest that a standard extinction law implies a robust upper limit to the grain-size distribution at around 0.1 0. 3µm. Flatter curves are most likely due to changes in this upper limit, although the effects of flattening due to unresolved clumpy extinction cannot be ruled out.
T-Cell Hyporesponsiveness Induced by Activated Macrophages through Nitric Oxide Production in Mice Infected withMycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT In active tuberculosis, T-cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to be reduced. In the course ofMycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice, we observed that T-cell proliferation in response to M. tuberculosispurified protein derivative (PPD) reached the maximum level on day 7, then declined to the minimal level on day 14, and persisted at a low level through day 28 postinfection. The frequency of PPD-specific CD4 T cells in the spleen on day 28 decreased to one-sixth on day 7. To further investigate the mechanism of this T-cell hyporesponsiveness, we next analyzed the suppressive activity of spleen macrophages on T-cell function. The nonspecific proliferative response of naive T cells and the PPD-specific proliferative response of T cells were suppressed by day 28 macrophages, but not by day 7 macrophages or naive macrophages. This reduction of proliferative response was restored by addition of nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, NG-monoethyl-l-arginine monoacetate, but not by monoclonal antibody against interleukin 10 or transforming growth factor β. These data indicate that the macrophages from mice chronically infected with M. tuberculosis suppress T-cell response through production of nitric oxide, suggesting that nitric oxide-induced elimination mediated by activated macrophages may reduce the T-cell response and the number of mycobacterium-specific CD4 T cells in vivo.
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive cells in the tunica muscularis of human colon

An obstacle to understanding motor pathologies of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is that the physiology of some of the cellular components of the gut wall is not understood. Morphologists identified fibroblast‐like cells in the tunica muscularis many years ago, but little is known about these interstitial cells because of inadequate techniques to identify these cells. Recent findings have shown that fibroblast‐like cells express platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) in mice and that antibodies for these receptors can be used to label the cells. We used immunohistochemical techniques to study the phenotype and intercellular relationships of fibroblast‐like cells in the human colon. Fibroblast‐like cells are labelled specifically with antibodies to PDGFRα and widely distributed through the tunica muscularis of human colon. These cells form discrete networks in the region of the myenteric plexus and within the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α+ cells are distinct from c‐Kit+ interstitial cells of Cajal and closely associated with varicose processes of neurons expressing substance P (excitatory motor neurons) or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) (inhibitory motor neurons). Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α+ cells express small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (SK3), which are likely to mediate purinergic neural regulation of colonic muscles. Our data suggest that PDGFRα+ cells may have an important role in transducing inputs from enteric motor neurons. This study identifies reagents and techniques that will allow investigation of this class of interstitial cells and help develop an understanding of the role of PDGFRα+ cells in the human GI tract in health and disease.
Re-making ‘quality’ within the social sciences: The debate over rigour and relevance in the modern business school

Against the background of previous discussions over the state of academic institutions and the specific operation of research evaluation and measurement systems, this article focuses on the relationship between academic quality and larger societal value within social scientific research. Adopting a perspective from Science and Technology Studies (STS), it specifically explores what has become known as the ‘rigour–relevance’ debate within business and management research and considers its larger implications. On the one hand, it is important to consider how terms such as ‘rigour’ and ‘relevance’ are specifically constructed and performed. On the other, this debate should be seen in the context of the modern business school as an ‘overloaded assemblage’ responsible to multiple audiences and for multiple purposes. In conclusion, it is argued that frameworks of ‘rigour’ and ‘relevance’ should be considered in terms not only of what they include but also omit – with notions of responsibility, public value, cognitive justice and public engagement providing alternative, but characteristically neglected, means of (re-)framing quality in this context.
Clinical relevance of parvovirus B19 as a cause of anemia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Parvovirus B19 (B19) DNA was detected by dot blot hybridization in sera from 5 (17%) of 30 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with hematocrits (HCT) of < or =24 and 4 (31%) of 13 HRV-infected patients with HCT of < or =20, suggesting that B19 is a reasonably common cause of severe anemia in HIV infection. The anemia promptly remitted after immunoglobulin therapy in 3 of 4 treated patients. The presence of IgM to B19, the clinical circumstance in which anemia developed, and the marrow morphology were poor predictors of chronic B19 infection. DNA hybridization studies of sera from 191 HIV-infected and 117 HIV-seronegative homosexual males attending a clinic in the Seattle area revealed that 1 (0.5%) and 2 (2%) samples, respectively, from the 2 groups contained B19. However, when assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 5% of the serum samples from HIV-infected persons and 9% from uninfected persons contained B19, although each had an HCT of > or =40. The data argue that anemia results from chronic high-titer B19 infection. Although a negative PCR assay excludes this diagnosis, DNA hybridization may be the more specific serum test.
The Bivariate Luminosity-Color Distribution of IRAS Galaxies and Implications for the High-Redshift Universe

We present a characterization of the local luminosity-color bivariate distribution of IRAS galaxies from the 1.2 Jy sample, selected at 60 μm. The R(60, 100) infrared (IR) color is used as the best single-parameter description of the IR spectral energy distribution of galaxies. We derive an analytical form of the distribution and use it to constrain the effect of the IR color distribution on evolution models for high-redshift, far-infrared (FIR)-luminous galaxies. Our adopted evolution retains the locally observed correlation between luminosity and color, such that the larger characteristic luminosities at higher redshift have a warmer characteristic color. The width of the color distribution at a given luminosity remains constant for all redshifts. We demonstrate that there is the potential for both hotter and colder sources to be missed in cosmological surveys. An evolving bivariate luminosity function coupled with the cold-source bias of submillimeter-selected surveys suggests the existence of a large population of cold sources appearing in such surveys. Likewise, a hot-source bias for most SIRTF wave bands together with a bivariate model suggests an excess of hot sources being selected. We test the evolutionary form against available data for higher redshift, FIR galaxies. The data do not reveal evidence for any strong evolution in the characteristic luminosity-color distribution as a function of redshift over 0 < z < 1. However, there is marginal evidence for a broadening of the color distribution at higher redshifts, consistent with our locally characterized trend of a broadening in the IR color distribution at the highest luminosities.
Using physiological measures in conjunction with other UX approaches for better understanding of the player's gameplay experiences

The goal of video games is to challenge and entertain the players. Successful video games deliver experience that impact players on a level of arousal. Therefore undertaking a user experience (UX) study is crucial to ensure that a game achieves both critical and financial success. However, traditional usability methods (observation, subjective reporting, questionnaire, and interview) have a number of limitations on game user research. In this study we capture player's physiological measures during a gameplay session, to indicate micro-events that have caused changes in their body signals. At the post-gameplay interviews we ask participants to comment and describe their feelings on the selected events. The aim of this study is not to over-interpret physiological measures, but on using blips in measures to help identify key points in a game, which we then use to investigate further with the participant. This approach provides a method that can identify not only the negative user experience and usability issues but also the events which have a positive impact on player's experience.
The Economics of Severance Pay

All OECD countries have either legally mandated severance pay or compensations imposed by industry-level bargaining in case of employer initiated job separations. According to the extensive literature on Employment Protection Legislation such transfers are either ineffective or highly distortionary. In this paper we show that mandatory severance is optimal in presence of wage deferrals when there is moral hazard of employers and workers, notably when employers cannot commit not to fire a non-shirker and shirkers can also get away with it. Our model also accounts for two neglected features of EPL. The first is that dismissal costs depend not only on whether the dismissal is deemed fair or unfair, but also on the nature, economic vs. disciplinary, of the layoff. The second feature is that compensation for unfair dismissal or severance is generally increasing with tenure.
Second-order statistics of maximal-ratio and equal-gain combining in Hoyt fading

Exact expressions for the level crossing rate and average fade duration of M-branch equal-gain and maximal-ratio combining systems in a Hoyt fading environment are presented. The expressions apply to unbalanced, nonidentical, independent diversity channels and have been validated by specializing the general results to some particular cases whose solutions are known and, more generally, by means of simulation.
RAGE Expression and ROS Generation in Neurons: Differentiation versus Damage

RAGE is a multiligand receptor able to bind advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), amphoterin, calgranulins, and amyloid-beta peptides, identified in many tissues and cells, including neurons. RAGE stimulation induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly through the activity of NADPH oxidases. In neuronal cells, RAGE-induced ROS generation is able to favor cell survival and differentiation or to induce death through the imbalance of redox state. The dual nature of RAGE signaling in neurons depends not only on the intensity of RAGE activation but also on the ability of RAGE-bearing cells to adapt to ROS generation. In this review we highlight these aspects of RAGE signaling regulation in neuronal cells.
Mindful Emotion Regulation: Exploring the Neurocognitive Mechanisms behind Mindfulness

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the psychological and neural mechanisms behind mindfulness practice in order to explore the unique factors that account for its positive impact on emotional regulation and health. After reviewing the mechanisms of mindfulness and its effects on clinical populations we will consider how the practice of mindfulness contributes to the regulation of emotions. We argue that mindfulness has achieved effective outcomes in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and other psychopathologies through the contribution of mindfulness to emotional regulation. We consider the unique factors that mindfulness meditation brings to the process of emotion regulation that may account for its effectiveness. We review experimental evidence that points towards the unique effects of mindfulness specifically operating over and above the regulatory effects of cognitive reappraisal mechanisms. A neuroanatomical circuit that leads to mindful emotion regulation is also suggested. This paper thereby aims to contribute to proposed models of mindfulness for research and theory building by proposing a specific model for the unique psychological and neural processes involved in mindful detachment that account for the effects of mindfulness over and above the effects accounted for by other well-established emotional regulation processes such as cognitive reappraisal.
Why STEM? Factors that Influence Gifted Students’ Choice of College Majors

The purpose of this study was to examine talented/gifted students’ choices of college majors and what factors most likely affected their decision. By utilizing a data collecting technique called Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) or data mining, we identified and collected data pertaining to 109 talented/gifted students with perfect SAT and/or ACT scores in Nebraska, USA between 2011 and 2016. The results showed that STEM majors were the most common choice of gifted students when they entered colleges (71%). It appears that only gender had a significant difference in terms of STEM major choices. These findings may be helpful to higher education institutions in their recruitment efforts, especially if they are targeting students with interest in potential STEM majors. In addition, when supporting students on their path to major selection, it is important to ask them about what factors are influencing them to select a certain area.
Single-cell time-lapse imaging of the dynamic control of NF-κB signalling

The transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) regulates critical cellular processes including the inflammatory response, apoptosis and the cell cycle. Over the past 20 years many of the components of the NF-κB signalling pathway have been elucidated along with their functions. Recent research in this field has focused on the dynamic regulation and network control of this system. With key roles in so many important cellular processes, it is critical that NF-κB signalling is tightly regulated. Recently, single-cell imaging and mathematical modelling have identified that the timing of cellular responses may play an important role in the regulation of this pathway. p65/RelA (RelA) has been shown to translocate between the nucleus and cytoplasm with varying oscillatory patterns in different cell lines leading to differences in transcriptional outputs from NF-κB-regulated genes. Variations in the timing or persistence of these movements may control the maintenance and differential expression of NF-κB-regulated genes.
Implementation and Innovation in the NSDL

This essay is a personal reflection on how early decisions shaped the National Science Digital Library (NSDL) and how the program has evolved over the past decade. It draws heavily on observations from the planning studies in 1997 and 1998, and my experience as principal investigator of the Cornell University's part of the Core Integration team until 2005. The thoughts expressed here are purely my own.
Cardioprotective effect of erythropoietin on sepsis-induced myocardial injury in rats.

BACKGROUND Sepsis-induced myocardial injury is one of the major predictors of morbidity and mortality of sepsis. The cytoprotective function of erythropoietin (EPO) has been discovered and extensively studied. However, the cardioprotective effects of EPO on sepsis-induced myocardial injury in the rat sepsis model has not been reported. METHODS The rat models of sepsis were produced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) surgery. Rats were randomly (random number) assigned to one of three groups (n=8 for each group): sham group, CLP group and EPO group (1000 IU/kg erythropoietin). Arterial blood was withdrawn at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after CLP. cTnI, BNP, CK-MB, LDH, AST, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and CRP were tested by the ELISA assay. Changes of hemodynamic parameters were recorded at 3, 6, 12, 24 hours after the surgery. Histological diagnosis was made by hematoxylin and eosin. Flow cytometry was performed to examine cell apoptosis, myocardium mitochondrial inner membrane potential, and NF-κB (p65). Survival rate at 7 days after CLP was recorded. RESULTS In the CLP group, myocardial enzyme index and inflammatory index increased at 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after CLP compared with the sham group, and EPO significantly blocked the increase. Compared with the CLP group, EPO significantly improved LVSP, LV +dp/dt max, LV -dp/dt min, and decreased LVEDP at different time. EPO blocked the reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, suppressed the cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inhibited the activation of NF-κB, and reduced the production of proinflmmatory cytokines. No difference in the survival rate at 7 days was observed between the CLP group and the EPO group. CONCLUSION Exogenous EPO has cardioprotective effects on sepsis-induced myocardial injury.
Development needs for diverse genetic algorithm design

This paper describes the development of an object-oriented parallel programming environment for genetic algorithms. This work, carried out as part of the ESPRIT III initiative PAPAGENA, intends to promote, develop and demonstrate the effectiveness of genetic algorithm (GA) and parallel genetic algorithm (PGA) techniques in a variety of real-world application domains. Central to this task is the development of a general-purpose programming environment for both parallel and sequential genetic algorithms. GAME (Genetic Algorithm Manipulation Environment) will offer extensive tools for the design, configuration and monitoring of GA applications. This paper gives an overview of the design philosophy behind GAME, indicating the types of service and facilities the finished product will offer. Intrinsic to the design is the provision of an extensive multi-levelled GA-specific library, offering GA and PGA applications, algorithms and operators. This will allow application developers the facilities to rapidly customise, configure and test novel GA and PGA designs. To sketch the types of application to be housed in GAME, a description of the applications currently under development within this project is also included. These range from finance through economic modelling, to protein structure prediction. Key design requirements for GAME are versatility, together with flexibility. For this reason GAME has been designed to run within both Sun OS and PC DOS operating system, with or without parallel support. >
Intercomparison of microwave radiative transfer models for precipitating clouds

An intercomparison of microwave multiple scattering radiative transfer codes used in generating databases for satellite rainfall retrieval algorithms has been carried out to ensure that differences obtained from retrieval techniques do not originate from the underlying radiative transfer code employed for the forward modeling. A set of profiles containing liquid water and ice contents of cloud and rain water as well as snow, graupel and pristine ice were distributed to the participants together with a black box routine providing Mie single scattering, atmospheric background absorption and surface emissivity. Simulations were to be carried out for nadir and off-nadir (53.1/spl deg/) observation angles at frequencies between 10 and 85 GHz. Among the radiative transfer models were two-stream, multiple stream and Monte Carlo models. The results showed that there were two major sources of differences between the codes. 1) If surface reflection/emission was considered isotropic, simulated brightness temperatures were significantly higher than for specular reflection and this effect was most pronounced at nadir observation and over ocean-type surfaces. 2) Flux-type models including delta-scaling could partially compensate for the errors introduced by the two-stream approximation. Largest discrepancies occurred at high frequencies where atmospheric scattering is most pronounced and at nadir observation. If the same surface boundary conditions, the same multiple-stream resolution and the same scaling procedures are used, the models were very close to each other with discrepancies below 1 K.
Semi-local total variation for regularization of inverse problems

We propose the discrete semi-local total variation (SLTV) as a new regularization functional for inverse problems in imaging. The SLTV favors piecewise linear images; so the main drawback of the total variation (TV), its clustering effect, is avoided. Recently proposed primal-dual methods allow to solve the corresponding optimization problems as easily and efficiently as with the classical TV.