Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Circumspinal Decompression With Dekyphosis Stabilization for Thoracic Myelopathy due to Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Study Design. Circumspinal decompression with dekyphosis stabilization was prospectively performed with thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Neurologic outcome was reviewed. Objective. To evaluate how easily, safely, and completely the thoracic OPLL can be removed or floated by circumspinal decompression with dekyphosis stabilization. Summary of Background Data. Anterior decompression is the best for the spinal cord recovery to treat thoracic myelopathy caused by OPLL on the concave side of the spinal cord. However, anterior approach for removal of OPLL plaque is technically demanding. Methods. This is an operative procedure. Wide laminectomy is performed. Bilateral gutters along the dural tube are made using a diamond drill into the vertebral body covering the extent of the OPLL to be removed anteriorly. Posterior instrumentation is applied for stabilization of the spine and reducing thoracic kyphosis by approximately 5 to 10 degrees (dekyphosis stabilization). Four weeks after the first step, anterior decompression is performed with direct vision with the landmark of gutters using an operative microscope, followed by interbody fusion. Fifteen patients with thoracic myelopathy due to OPLL had the first-step operation, and 11 patients underwent circumspinal decompression (both the first and second operation). Results. Kyphosis in the stabilization area reduced from 30.7 to 24.7 degrees on average in 15 patients. In 2 of the15 patients, the spinal cord was shifted posteriorly and completely decompressed by only the first-step operation in the postoperative myelography or magnetic resonance imaging. The second-step operation was cancelled, and their Japanese Orthopedic Association scores improved from 6 to 10 points and from 4 to 10.5 point, respectively at final follow-up. In other 13 patients, the spinal cord was still compressed by the OPLL plaque. In 2 of the 13 patients, the second-step operation was cancelled because their general condition was impaired. Their preoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association scores were 2.0 and 2.5, and final scores were 5.5 and 5.5 points, respectively. Remaining 11 patients who underwent circumspinal decompression (both the first and second operation) neurologically improved and maintained from 4.0 points to 9.1 points on average at final follow-up. Conclusion. The OPLL plaque in the thoracic spine might be most easily, safely, and completely removed or floated, and the spinal cord is circumferentially decompressed through circumspinal decompression with dekyphosis stabilization.
Simple fMRI Postprocessing Suffices for Normal Clinical Practice

Here, 2 postprocessing methods for fMRI were tested: a simple commercially available one against one commonly used for more advanced research. The authors compared visual concordance, image quality, voxel size, and radiologist preferences and concluded that widely available commercial fMRI software can provide reliable information for therapeutic management, meaning sophisticated, less widely available software is unnecessary in most cases. (See the accompanying commentary by Pillai.) BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Whereas fMRI postprocessing tools used in research are accurate but unwieldy, those used for clinical practice are user-friendly but are less accurate. We aimed to determine whether commercial software for fMRI postprocessing is accurate enough for clinical practice. METHODS: Ten volunteers underwent fMRI while performing motor and language tasks (hand, foot, and orolingual movements; verbal fluency; semantic judgment; and oral comprehension). We compared visual concordance, image quality (noise), voxel size, and radiologist preference for the activation maps obtained by using Neuro3D software (provided with our MR imaging scanner) and by using the SPM program commonly used in research. RESULTS: Maps obtained with the 2 methods were classified as “partially overlapping” for 70% for motor and 72% for language paradigm experiments and as “overlapping” in 30% of motor and in 15% of language paradigm experiments. CONCLUSIONS: fMRI is a helpful and robust tool in clinical practice for planning neurosurgery. Widely available commercial fMRI software can provide reliable information for therapeutic management, so sophisticated, less widely available software is unnecessary in most cases.
Female Disclosure of HIV-Positive Serostatus to Sex Partners: A Two-City Study

The aims of this article are (1) to describe the prevalence of disclosure of HIV serostatus to sex partners among a racially/ethnically diverse sample of HIV-positive women living in Hawai'i and Seattle, Washington; and (2) to examine factors related to disclosure and condom use with those sex partners. HIV-positive women have difficulties consistently disclosing serostatus to sex partners and using condoms. Little is known about the disclosure practices of women from Hawai'i or Seattle. A cross-sectional design with convenience and snowball sampling was used, and up to three recent sex partner experiences were assessed among the HIV-positive participants (N = 84). A total of 133 recent sex partners were reported, with disclosure and condom use frequencies of 75.2 and 59.9%, respectively. Women who knew when it was safe to disclose were more likely to disclose. Women who disclosed to recent sex partners were less likely to use condoms, while those in casual/anonymous partnerships were more likely to use condoms. Hawaiian/part Hawaiian women had the lowest proportion of condom use. Health care personnel should routinely discuss disclosure and sexual transmission risk behaviors with seropositive women and offer strategies to enhance condom use, especially among those in committed partnerships. Culturally tailored interventions focused on strengthening efficacy beliefs for disclosure and condom use in Native Hawaiians are needed.
Lesbian Self-Development in Context: Cohort Analysis at Two Points in History

In this research, we investigated essentialist and social constructionist perspectives on lesbian self-development and integrated them through the use of the life course developmental model. We combined 2 participant samples, 1 collected in 1979 and 1 in 2003 to 2004, to ascertain history, age, and cohort effects for 10 milestones concerning lesbian self-development. The results support a model of lesbian self-development that is based on person–environment interaction.
Bir Üniversite Hastanesinin Kulak Burun Boğaz Kliniğinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Öfke ve Öfke İfadesi

ÖZET Amaç: İliş ki len di ri ci ke sit sel tür de plan la nan bu araş tır ma, ku lak bu run bo ğaz (KBB) kli ni ğin de ça lı şan hem şi re le rin öf ke ve öf ke tar zı eği lim le ri ni sap ta mak ve di ğer kli nik ler de ça lı şan hem şi re le rin öf ke ve öf ke tar zı eği lim le rin den fark lı olup ol ma dı ğı nı be lir le mek ama cı ile ya pıl dı. Ge reç ve Yön tem ler: Araş tır ma nın ev re ni, bir üni ver si te has ta ne sin de ça lı şan hem şi re ler den oluş tu. Ör nek lem gru bu; KBB kli ni ğin de ça lı şan 23, di ğer kli nik ler de ça lı şan 357 hem şi re den mey da na gel di. Bu ça lış ma nın ve ri le ri, araş tır ma cı lar ta ra fın dan ge liş ti ri len ve hem şi re le rin bi rey sel ve mes le ki özel lik le ri ni içe ren an ket for mu, Sü rek li Öf ke-Öf ke Tarz Öl çe ği kul la nı la rak el de edil di. El de edi len ve ri ler SPSS prog ra mın da ana liz edil di. Bul gu lar: KBB kli ni ğin de ça lı şan hem şi re le rin sü rek li öf ke dü ze yi pu an or ta la ma sı 23.00 (SS= 4.75) ola rak sap tan dı. Ay rı ca, öf ke tar zı öl çe ği nin öf ke iç te alt bo yu tu nun pu an or ta la ma sı nın 16.91 (SS= 3.52), öf ke dı şa alt bo yu tu nun pu an or ta la ma sı nın 17.35 (SS= 3.43), öf ke kon trol alt bo yu tu nun pu an or ta la ma sı nın 21.43 (SS= 4.82) ol du ğu gö rül dü. Di ğer kli nik ler de ça lı şan hem şi re ler de bu de ğer le rin; sü rek li öf ke alt bo yu tun da 20.41 (SS= 4.36) pu an, öf ke iç te alt bo yu tun da 16.22 (SS= 3.46) pu an, öf ke dı şa alt bo yu tun da 15.25 (SS= 3.04) pu an, öf ke kon trol alt bo yu tun da 22.89 (SS= 4.23) pu an ol du ğu be lir len di. So nuç: KBB ve di ğer kli nik ler de ça lı şan hem şi re le rin sü rek li öf ke ve öf ke dı şa dü zey le ri ara sın da is ta tis tik sel ola rak an lam lı fark be lir len di. KBB hem şi re le ri nin sü rek li öf ke ve öf ke dı şa dü zey le ri, di ğer kli nik hem şi re le rin den yük sek bu lun du.
Taste and Objectivity: The Emergence of the Concept of the Aesthetic

Can there be a philosophy of taste? This paper opens by raising some metaphilosophical questions about the study of taste – what it consists of and what method we should adopt in pursuing it. It is suggested that the best starting point for philosophising about taste is against the background of 18th-century epistemology and philosophy of mind, and the conceptual tools this new philosophical paradigm entails. The notion of aesthetic taste in particular, which emerges from a growing sense of dissatisfaction with an undifferentiated category of taste, comes to be set apart from gustatory taste on account of its normativity and aspirations to objectivity. The paradox of taste, as found in Hume and Kant, is examined, and shown to be highly relevant to contemporary metaphysical debate within aesthetics. Specifically, this paper argues that both Realists and Anti-Realists rely more heavily than assumed on the idea of taste.
Kız ve Erkek Öğretmen Adaylarının “Eğitim” Kavramına İliskin Metaforik Algıları

Bu arastirmanin amaci, ogretmen adaylarinin “egitim kavrami” hakkindaki dusuncelerini metaforlar araciligiyla nasil kavramsallastirdiklarini ortaya koymaktir. Arastirmanin calisma grubunu, 2009-2010 egitim ogretim doneminde bir vakif universitesinde okuyan toplam 165 ogretmen adayi olusturmaktadir. Katilimcilar “Egitim Bilimine Giris” dersine katilan birinci sinif lisans ogrencileri ile yine ayni dersi alan tezsiz yuksek lisans ogrencileridir. Bu arastirma nitel arastirma yontemlerinden biri olan olgubilim yaklasimi ile desenlenmistir. Arastirmaya katilan ogrenciler kolay ulasilabilir orneklem yontemiyle secilmistir. Katilimcilarin gorusleri nitel bir arastirma yontemi olan icerik yontem ile analiz edilmistir. Katilimcilarin gorusleri arastirmacilar tarafindan gelistirilmis acik uclu sorudan olusan bir gorusme formu ile toplanmistir. Arastirmanin bulgularina gore; kiz ogretmen adayi ogrencilerin somut metaforlardan su, fidan, bebek, cocuk ve yemek yeme olmak uzere bes kavramsal temayi kullandiklari; erkek ogretmen adayi ogrencilerin ise meyve agaci kavramini kullandiklari gorulmektedir. Ogrencilerin egitime yonelik soyut metafor kavramlar bulmada sinirli kaldiklari tespit edilmistir. Kiz ogretmen adayi ogrencilerin egitime iliskin kullandiklari metaforlari secme nedenleri egitimin bireyi sekillendirmesi/ bicimlendirmesi, kaliteli yasam sunmasi, surekli gelisim saglamasi, bireysel gelisimi desteklemesi, degisim yaratmasi, bir urun ortaya cikarmasi ve temel gereksinim olmasi olarak siralanabilir. Erkek ogretmen adayi ogrencilerin egitime iliskin kullandiklari metaforlari secme nedenleri ise egitimin degisim yaratmasi, bir urun olmasi ve varligini surdurmeyi saglamasidir.
Do Investors Value Dividend-Smoothing Stocks Differently?

It is widely documented that managers strive to maintain smooth dividends. Yet, it is not clear if this behavior reflects investors' preferences. In this paper, we study whether investors indeed value dividend-smoothing stocks differently by exploring the implications of dividend smoothing for firms' investor clientele, stock prices, and cost of capital. We find that retail investors are less likely to hold dividend-smoothing stocks, while institutional investors, and especially mutual funds, are more likely. However, this preference does not result in any detectable relation between the smoothness of a firm's dividends and the expected return, or market value, of its stock. Together, the evidence suggests that firms adjust the supply of smoothed dividends to match investors' demand. Dividend smoothing affects the composition of a firm's shareholders but has little impact on its stock price. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
Naming Gifted Children: An Example of Unintended “Reproduction”

We asked classroom teachers from two middle schools in a Midwestern community (the teachers were Anglo-American but were teaching a sizable Latino minority) to recommend students for a temporary program for the “gifted. ” Although teachers were given no guidelines for selection, they had no trouble discussing “giftedness” as a concept; nor did they have difficulty identifying “gifted” children. Their language revealed that they used the existing ideals and moralities of the dominant culture as their guide in assessing children's giftedness. Latino children, and those from other minority groups, were passed over. Nowhere in the discussion of “giftedness” did the teachers consider that their criteria for “excellence,” “talent,” and “ability” were culturally determined. Instead, teachers treated “giftedness” as if it were absolute, universally agreed upon, transcontextual and transcultural. These results show that vigorous and creative teacher education is needed to ensure proportionate representation of nonmainstream cultural groups in selective programs, and that teachers, who are often vocally opposed to social and educational inequities, unwittingly support the existing social order.
Initialisation-Free Active Contour Segmentation

We present a region based active contour model which does not require any initialisation and is capable of modelling multi-modal image regions. Its external force is based on statistically learning and grouping of image primitives in multiscale, and its numerical solution is carried out using radial basis function interpolation and time dependent expansion coefficient updating. The initialisation-free property makes it attractive to applications such as detecting unkown number of objects with unkown topologies.
Muscular Adaptations at Extreme Altitude: Metabolic Implications during Exercise

Residence at extreme altitude results in pronounced reductions in muscle mass and the cross-sectional area of the slow and fast twitch fibre types. The reductions in muscle contractile proteins appear not to be accompanied by significant alterations in the proportion of the major fibre types and consequently in the myosin heavy chain isozymes. Acclimatization to extreme altitude is also accompanied by a marked reduction in mitochondrial potential that occurs regardless of activity status. At least during mountaineering expeditions, the maximal activity of cytosolic enzymes involved in anaerobic function appear to be unaffected. In contrast, extreme hypobaric hypoxia with low exercise appears to result in loss of the activities of cytosolic enzymes. The attenuation of glycolysis during exercise accompanying acclimatization does not appear to be due to adaptations in fibre size, capillarization or mitochondrial potential. Rather, evidence from both acclimatization and training at sea level suggests that a depressed blood epinephrine concentration is involved.
The Halogen Bond in the Design of Functional Supramolecular Materials: Recent Advances

Halogen bonding is an emerging noncovalent interaction for constructing supramolecular assemblies. Though similar to the more familiar hydrogen bonding, four primary differences between these two interactions make halogen bonding a unique tool for molecular recognition and the design of functional materials. First, halogen bonds tend to be much more directional than (single) hydrogen bonds. Second, the interaction strength scales with the polarizability of the bond-donor atom, a feature that researchers can tune through single-atom mutation. In addition, halogen bonds are hydrophobic whereas hydrogen bonds are hydrophilic. Lastly, the size of the bond-donor atom (halogen) is significantly larger than hydrogen. As a result, halogen bonding provides supramolecular chemists with design tools that cannot be easily met with other types of noncovalent interactions and opens up unprecedented possibilities in the design of smart functional materials. This Account highlights the recent advances in the design of halogen-bond-based functional materials. Each of the unique features of halogen bonding, directionality, tunable interaction strength, hydrophobicity, and large donor atom size, makes a difference. Taking advantage of the hydrophobicity, researchers have designed small-size ion transporters. The large halogen atom size provided a platform for constructing all-organic light-emitting crystals that efficiently generate triplet electrons and have a high phosphorescence quantum yield. The tunable interaction strengths provide tools for understanding light-induced macroscopic motions in photoresponsive azobenzene-containing polymers, and the directionality renders halogen bonding useful in the design on functional supramolecular liquid crystals and gel-phase materials. Although halogen bond based functional materials design is still in its infancy, we foresee a bright future for this field. We expect that materials designed based on halogen bonding could lead to applications in biomimetics, optics/photonics, functional surfaces, and photoswitchable supramolecules.
Molecular identity, synaptic localization, and physiology of calcium channels in retinal bipolar cells

Bipolar cells convey information through the retina via graded changes in their membrane potential and modulate transmitter release through the influx of calcium via L‐type calcium channels. However, the molecular identity of the α1 subunit has not been confirmed. We report the presence of the newly cloned α1F subunit in mouse bipolar cell synaptic terminals. The α1F subunits are localized to hot spots, possibly corresponding to active zones. We also report the physiological properties of two calcium currents present in mouse bipolar cells, a low‐voltage‐activated L‐type current and a low‐voltage‐activated T‐type calcium current. The physiological properties of the T‐type current suggest that it is completely inactivated under physiological conditions. The L‐type current may be mediated by the α1F subunit, and influx of calcium through the α1F channel may control neurotransmitter release from the bipolar cell terminal. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamo: a public interactive surface supporting the cooperative sharing and exchange of media

In this paper we propose a novel way of supporting occasional meetings that take place in unfamiliar public places, which promotes lightweight, visible and fluid collaboration. Our central idea is that the sharing and exchange of information occurs across public surfaces that users can easily access and interact with. To this end, we designed and implemented Dynamo, a communal multi-user interactive surface. The surface supports the cooperative sharing and exchange of a wide range of media that can be brought to the surface by users that are remote from their familiar organizational settings.
Conscious versus Nonconscious Mind and Leisure

Why do we do what we do? This article reviews research on nonconscious and conscious processes and reveals the dominant role of the nonconscious mind in human behavior in general and in leisure behavior in particular. Neural preparation for voluntary action starts well before a conscious intention to act. The nonconscious is the default system, and it seeks to avoid any kind of straining activity. Much of human behavior (e.g., TV watching) is driven by stimulus cues in the environment, and people struggle with choosing demanding cognitive and physical leisure activities. Occasionally, though, the conscious mind intervenes and overrides the default system resulting in engagement in activities that increase neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. The task is difficult, however, as the nonconscious mind operates best in the freedom of leisure where the triggering of explanations and excuses for not doing demanding activities is most likely. The struggle is further compounded when people typically use up their finite self-control resources at work, thus leaving little or nothing of these for resisting participation in less demanding and potentially less beneficial leisure. Ironically, freedom in leisure, which is supposed to be a good thing, poses two major problems: (1) the nonconscious effect, when it facilitates the acceptance of excuses for not doing demanding activities, and (2) the conscious effect, when “should-do” leisure activities (e.g., exercise) stir up reactance and conscious resistance to a possible loss of freedom. As a result, freedom in leisure undermines, consciously and nonconsciously, one's initiative for self-development activities when it, in theory, would be expected to promote involvement in various kinds of self- and health-enhancing activities.
Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Whorf? Crosslinguistic Differences in Temporal Language and Thought

The idea that language shapes the way we think, often associated with Benjamin Whorf, has long been decried as not only wrong but also fundamentally wrong-headed. Yet, experimental evidence has reopened debate about the extent to which language influences nonlinguistic cognition, particularly in the domain of time. In this article, I will first analyze an influential argument against the Whorfian hypothesis and show that its anti-Whorfian conclusion is in part an artifact of conflating two distinct questions: Do we think in language? and Does language shape thought? Next, I will discuss crosslinguistic differences in spatial metaphors for time and describe experiments that demonstrate corresponding differences in nonlinguistic mental representations. Finally, I will sketch a simple learning mechanism by which some linguistic relativity effects appear to arise. Although people may not think in language, speakers of different languages develop distinctive conceptual repertoires as a consequence of ordinary and presumably universal neural and cognitive processes.
Less Stress, More Rewarding: Parenting Children With Down Syndrome

Objective. We argue that, compared to other children with disabilities, parents of children with Down syndrome may experience less stress and more rewards. Design. After reviewing changes in studies examining parenting children with disabilities, we note how specific genetic disorders predispose children to different, etiology-related behaviors, which in turn predispose their parents to particular reactions. We then survey studies of both stress and rewardingness in parents of children with Down syndrome versus children with other disabilities. Results. Parents of children with Down syndrome report less stress and more child-related rewards than parents of children with other disabilities; indeed, parents of children with Down syndrome may feel equally rewarded compared to parents of same-aged typical children. Conclusions. By comparing feelings of parents of children with Down syndrome versus children with other disabilities, we begin to understand which child behaviors bring about which parental reactions. Such information provides both theoretical and practical benefits to professionals interested in parenting.