Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of operational constraints in selecting supplementary observations

Adaptive observation strategies in numerical weather prediction aim to improve forecasts by exploiting additional observations at locations that are themselves optimized with respect to the current state of the atmosphere. The role played by an inexact estimate of the current state of the atmosphere (i.e., error in the ‘‘analysis’’) in restricting adaptive observation strategies is investigated; necessary conditions valid across a broad class of modeling strategies are identified for strategies based on linearized model dynamics to be productive. It is demonstrated that the assimilation scheme, or more precisely, the magnitude of the analysis error is crucial in limiting the applicability of dynamically based strategies. In short, strategies based on linearized dynamics require that analysis error is sufficiently small so that the model linearization about the analysis is relevant to linearized dynamics of the full system about the true system state. Inasmuch as the analysis error depends on the assimilation scheme, the level of observational error, the spatial distribution of observations, and model imperfection, so too will the preferred adaptive observation strategy. For analysis errors of sufficiently small magnitude, dynamically based selection schemes will outperform those based only upon uncertainty estimates; it is in this limit that singular vector-based adaptive observation strategies will be productive. A test to evaluate the relevance of this limit is demonstrated.
ULTRA-WIDEBAND CO-LOCATED DIVERSITY ANTENNA FOR ENHANCING CHANNEL CAPACITY

In this paper, we have presented a novel approach of diversity antenna with high isolation which improves the channel capacity in wireless communication application. We have proposed diversity antenna which consists of two billhook shaped patch elements along with rectangular slot inserted in it and a narrow semi-circular shape on the ground plane. Ultra-wideband (UWB) diversity antenna elements are placed orthogonal to each other to obtain high isolation, also achieve the polarization and pattern diversity. We have calculated the patch size of diversity antenna is 33×18mm in compactness condition. In this paper, the diversity antenna is implemented, fabricated and its parameters are evaluated by CST Studio. The proposed technique of UWB MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna achieved larger bandwidth, low mutual coupling and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) over the UWB frequency band. For diversity antenna, we have observed diversity performance factors like diversity gain, capacity loss, and ECC. With the help of these parameters, we have shown improvement in the channel capacity. Through our simulation and experimental results, it is observed that our new proposed technique is better than existing methods.
A comprehensive nationwide study of the incidence rate and lifetime risk for treated mental disorders.

IMPORTANCE Understanding the epidemiologic profile of the life course of mental disorders is fundamental for research and planning for health care. Although previous studies have used population surveys, informative and complementary estimates can be derived from population-based registers. OBJECTIVE To derive comprehensive and precise estimates of the incidence rate of and lifetime risk for any mental disorder and a range of specific mental disorders. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a follow-up study of all Danish residents (5.6 million persons), to whom all treatment is provided by the government health care system without charge to the patient, from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2012 (total follow-up, 59.5 million person-years). During the study period, 320,543 persons received first lifetime treatment in a psychiatric setting for any mental disorder; 489,006 persons were censored owing to death; and 69,987 persons were censored owing to emigration. Specific categories of mental disorders investigated included organic mental disorders, substance abuse disorders, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety, eating disorders, personality disorders, mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorders, and behavioral and emotional disorders. EXPOSURES Age and sex. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Sex- and age-specific incidence rates and cumulative incidences and sex-specific lifetime risks. RESULTS During the course of life, 37.66% of females (95% CI, 37.52%-37.80%) and 32.05% of males (31.91%-32.19%) received their first treatment in a psychiatric setting for any mental disorder. The occurrence of mental disorders varied markedly between diagnostic categories and by sex and age. The sex- and age-specific incidence rates for many mental disorders had a single peak incidence rate during the second and third decades of life. Some disorders had a second peak in the sex- and age-specific incidence rate later in life. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This nationwide study provides a first comprehensive assessment of the lifetime risks for treated mental disorders. Approximately one-third of the Danish population received treatment for mental disorders. The distinct signatures of the different mental disorders with respect to sex and age have important implications for service planning and etiologic research.
New Models for Competitive Contagion

In this paper, we introduce and examine two new models for competitive contagion in networks, a game-theoretic generalization of the viral marketing problem. In our setting, firms compete to maximize their market share in a network of consumers whose adoption decisions are stochastically determined by the choices of their neighbors. Building on the switching-selecting framework introduced by Goyal and Kearns, we first introduce a new model in which the payoff to firms comprises not only the number of vertices who adopt their (competing) technologies, but also the network connectivity among those nodes. For a general class of stochastic dynamics driving the local adoption process, we derive upper bounds on (1) the (pure strategy) Price of Anarchy (PoA), which measures the inefficiency of resource use at equilibrium, and (2) the Budget Multiplier, which captures the extent to which the network amplifies the imbalances in the firms' initial budgets. These bounds depend on the firm budgets and the maximum degree of the network, but no other structural properties. In addition, we give general conditions under which the PoA and the Budget Multiplier can be unbounded. We also introduce a model in which budgeting decisions are endogenous, rather than externally given as is typical in the viral marketing problem. In this setting, the firms are allowed to choose the number of seeds to initially infect (at a fixed cost per seed), as well as which nodes to select as seeds. In sharp contrast to the results of Goyal and Kearns, we show that for almost any local adoption dynamics, there exists a family of graphs for which the PoA and Budget Multiplier are unbounded.
The Use of the Regression Discontinuity Design in Tiered Intervention Research: A Pilot Study Exploring Vocabulary Instruction for At–Risk Kindergarteners

The purpose of this article was twofold: (1) to explore the feasibility of the regression discontinuity design (RDD) in response–to–intervention implementation research and (2) to expand upon the limited research on vocabulary instruction for kindergarten students who are at risk for reading failure due to limited vocabularies. This pilot study employed an abbreviated, prototypical tiered instructional model to deliver vocabulary instruction to both at–risk kindergarten students and students not at risk for reading failure. The study was designed using RDD and the data were analyzed using a regression–based analytic model. The pros and cons of this research design, specifically in regards to learning disabilities research, is examined.
Lower sex hormone-binding globulin is more strongly associated with metabolic syndrome than lower total testosterone in older men: the Health in Men Study.

BACKGROUND Reduced circulating testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) are implicated as risk factors for metabolic syndrome. As SHBG increases with age while testosterone declines, we examined the relative contributions of SHBG and testosterone to the risk of metabolic syndrome in older men. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2502 community-dwelling men aged > or = 70 years without known diabetes. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATPIII) criteria. Early morning fasting sera were assayed for total testosterone, SHBG and LH. Free testosterone was calculated using mass action equations. RESULTS There were 602 men with metabolic syndrome (24.1%). The risk of metabolic syndrome increased for total testosterone < 20 nmol/l, SHBG < 50 nmol/l and free testosterone < 300 pmol/l. In univariate analyses SHBG was associated with all five components of metabolic syndrome, total testosterone was associated with all except hypertension, and free testosterone was associated only with waist circumference and triglycerides. In multivariate analysis, both total testosterone and especially SHBG remained associated with metabolic syndrome, with odds ratios of 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18-1.52) and 1.77 (95% CI: 1.53-2.06) respectively. Men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (total testosterone < 8 nmol/l, LH < or = 12 IU/l) had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (53%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lower SHBG is more strongly associated with metabolic syndrome than lower total testosterone in community-dwelling older men. SHBG may be the primary driver of these relationships, possibly reflecting its relationship with insulin sensitivity. Further studies should examine whether measures that raise SHBG protect against the development of metabolic syndrome in older men.
Strong Impossibility Results for Sparse Signal Processing

This letter derives strong impossibility results for several sparse signal processing problems. It is shown that regardless of the allowed error probability in identifying the salient support set (as long as this probability is below one), the required number of measurements is almost the same as that required for the error probability to be arbitrarily small. Our proof technique involves the use of the blowing-up lemma and can be applied to diverse problems from noisy group testing to graphical model selection as long as the observations are discrete.
Telling ’em How It Will Be

Implementers need to decide the degree to which to preview the challenges and possible downsides of a change process. Scant research has explored the announcement of planned change—especially regarding the previewing of potential painful or stressful effects of the process. This study uses a pen-and-paper experimental method with a sample of 218 working adults to examine the extent to which acknowledging potentially negative aspects of change in announcements heightens perceptions of honesty and trustworthiness of implementers. Also, we sought to explore the effects of these negative previews on initial favorability toward changes and on stakeholders’ subsequent communication targets and purposes for communication. We found that previews of possible negatives did not increase initial favorability or judgments of credibility of implementers. We found high-risk change creates a challenging context. Future research needs to consider whether refutational messages are necessary for high-risk change announcements.
Changes in Posed Facial Expression of Emotion Across the Adult Life Span

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the facial expression of emotion across the adult life span. Two positive and two negative emotional expressions were posed by 30 young (21 to 39 years), 30 middle-aged (40 to 59 years), and 30 older (60 to 81 years) healthy, right-handed women. Photographs of the four emotional expressions were rated by independent judges for intensity, accuracy, and confidence. Special features of this study were the use of a neutral face as a nonemotional control, as well as careful cognitive and affective screening procedures for posers and judges. Overall, the expressions of older posers were rated as significantly less accurate and with significantly less confidence than those of younger posers. Although the neutral faces of older posers were rated as significantly more intense than those of younger posers, there were no significant age-related intensity differences for positive and negative emotions. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical models of aging.
Microbial nitrogen production, nitrogen balance and excretion of urinary purine derivatives in Corriedale ewes under water deprivation

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine microbial N production, and urinary excretion of PDs in Corriedale ewes under water deprivation. Nine Corriedale ewes (average BW=45±4.5 kg) were individually fed diets based on maintenance requirements in metabolic crates. Ewes were assigned to three treatment groups according to a 3×3 Latin square design for 3 periods of 21 days duration. The treatments were free access to water (FAW ), 2h water deprivation (2hWD), and 3h water deprivation (3hWD) following feeding. Daily water intake decreased linearly as water deprivation time following feeding increased. Feed intake and fecal excretion were not different among the treatment groups. Urine weight and volume were higher in FAW than water deprived groups. Nitrogen balance including urinary N, retained N, urinary N/intake N, and retained N/intake N were lower in FAW group than other treatment groups, whereas no differences were observed in intake N, fecal N, digestible N, and fecal N/intake N among the treatment groups. Allantoin concentration tended to be higher in FAW group than 2hWD and 3hWD groups while no differences were observed in uric acid, xanthine+hypoxanthine and creatinine concentrations. Microbial N production per DOMR was higher in 2hWD and 3hWD groups than FAW group whereas no differences were observed between 2hWD and 3hWD groups. Index of PDC decreased linearly with water deprivation. It is concluded that water deprivation following feeding, especially 2 h water deprivation in ewes improved microbial N production.
omplexity of Coronary Vasculature Predicts utcome of Surgery for Left Main Disease

Background. The SYNTAX score, a comprehensive aniographic scoring system, was recently developed as a tool or risk stratification during the SYNTAX trial (randomized rial comparing coronary artery bypass grafting with percuaneous coronary intervention). We applied the SYNTAX core in patients with left main coronary artery disease who nderwent coronary artery bypass grafting to examine its ole in predicting incidences of major adverse cardiac and erebrovascular events (MACCE) within 30 days and 1 year. Methods. One hundred forty-eight patients were studied. heir angiograms were scored according to the SYNTAX core. The MACCE-free survival curves were estimated by he Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate nalyses determined risk factors for MACCE. Performance f the SYNTAX score was studied with respect to discrimnation by receiver-operating characteristic curves with heir area under the curve (c-index). Classification and egression tree analysis was performed to identify the best utcome predictors and develop a risk stratification model. Results. Overall SYNTAX score ranged from 11 to 53
Queer Ethics; or, The Challenge of Bisexuality to Lesbian Ethics

Due to its problematic political and social position between two opposed sexual cultures, bisexuality has often been ignored by feminist and lesbian theorists both as a concept and a realm of experiences. The essay argues that bisexuality, precisely because it transgresses bipolar notions of fixed gendered and sexed identities, is usefully explored by lesbian and feminist theorists, enhancing our effort to devise an ethics of difference and to develop nonoppressive ways of responding to alterity.
Magnetars: structure and evolution from p-star models

P-stars are compact stars made of up-and-down quarks in β -equilibrium with electrons in a chromomagnetic condensate. We discuss p-stars endowed with super strong dipolar magnetic field that, following consolidated tradition in literature, are referred to as magnetars. We show that soft gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars can be understood within our theory. We find a well-defined criterion to distinguish rotation-powered pulsars from magnetic-powered pulsars. We show that glitches, which in our magnetars are triggered by magnetic dissipative effects in the inner core, explain both the quiescent emission and bursts in soft gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars. We account for the braking glitch from SGR 1900+14 and the normal glitch from AXP 1E 2259+586 following a giant burst. We discuss and explain the observed anti correlation between hardness ratio and intensity. Within our magnetar theory we are able to quantitatively account for light curves for both gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars. In particular we explain the puzzling light curve after the June 18, 2002 giant burst from AXP 1E 2259+586.
Reversal of taxol resistance by cisplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by upregulating thromspondin-1 expression

Drug resistance often causes failure of chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Thus, it is of great importance to overcome drug resistance by developing effective reversal therapies. The purposes of this study were to examine whether cisplatin could reverse the taxol-resistant phenotype of NPC cells, and to evaluate the role of the taxol-resistant gene (TXR1)/thrombospondin (TSP1) pathway in the reversal of taxol resistance. A drug (taxol)-resistant cell line, CNE-1/taxol, was established from a human NPC cell line, CNE-1. The sensitivity of both CNE-1 and CNE-1/taxol to cisplatin or paclitaxel was detected using the colony formation assay. Apoptotic death was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of the TXR1 and TSP1 was determined by RT-PCR and western blot. The growth inhibition rate in CNE-1/taxol cells in response to taxol was significantly increased when they were pre-treated with low-dose cisplatin. CNE-1/taxol cells were more sensitive to cisplatin than CNE-1 cells when exposed to 300–1500 nmol/l of cisplatin. An approximate seven-fold increase in TXR1 mRNA expression and an 8.9-fold decrease in TSP1 mRNA expression were observed in taxol-resistant cells compared with their parental cells. An 8.7-fold increase in TSP1 mRNA expression was observed in CNE-1/taxol cells exposed to 590 nmol/l of cisplatin for 24 h. An increase in TSP1 protein expression was obtained in a dose-dependent manner after CNE-1/taxol cells were exposed to cisplatin. However, there was no change in TXR1 mRNA expression after both CNE-1 and CNE-1/taxol cells were exposed to cisplatin. We conclude that cisplatin reverses drug resistance through the upregulation of TSP1 downstream of TXR1.
Attentional control mediates fearful responding to an ecologically valid stressor

Background and Objectives: Attentional control (AC) is defined as the ability to voluntarily shift and disengage attention and is thought to moderate the relationship between preexisting risk factors for fear and the actual experience of fear. Design: This longitudinal study elaborates on current models of AC by examining whether AC moderates or mediates effects of an ecologically valid stressor (a college examination) and also whether AC is predictive of state-like fear over longer timescales than previously reported. Methods: Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that AC would moderate the relationship between trait anxiety and affective distress in response to the examination stressor. We also tested a competing mediational model based on AC theory. These models were tested in two separate samples (sample 1, N = 219; sample 2, N = 129; Total N = 348) at two time points, at the beginning of a college semester in a large undergraduate class and 5 minutes prior to a college examination. Results: Mediation but not moderation of anxiety by AC was supported in both samples using multiple dependent measures. Conclusions: We conclude that AC may be useful in predicting affective distress in naturalistic settings, particularly in cases where anxiety is anticipatory.
Functionally Brain Network Connected to the Retrosplenial Cortex of Rats Revealed by 7T fMRI

Functional networks are regarded as important mechanisms for increasing our understanding of brain function in healthy and diseased states, and increased interest has been focused on extending the study of functional networks to animal models because such models provide a functional understanding of disease progression, therapy and repair. In rodents, the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is an important cortical region because it has a large size and presents transitional patterns of lamination between the neocortex and archicortex. In addition, a number of invasive studies have highlighted the importance of the RSC for many functions. However, the network based on the RSC in rodents remains unclear. Based on the critical importance of the RSC, we defined the bilateral RSCs as two regions of interest and estimated the network based on the RSC. The results showed that the related regions include the parietal association cortex, hippocampus, thalamus nucleus, midbrain structures, and hypothalamic mammillary bodies. Our findings indicate two possible major networks: a sensory-cognitive network that has a hub in the RSCs and processes sensory information, spatial learning, and episodic memory; and a second network that is involved in the regulation of visceral functions and arousal. In addition, functional asymmetry between the bilateral RSCs was observed.
Epilogue: implications of research on English language learners for classroom and clinical practice.

PURPOSE The purpose of the present article is to provide the closing context for this clinical forum that showcases prereading and reading development research with Spanish-speaking English language learning children. METHOD Background information, including legislation, judicial review, and past research, are used to interpret the results of the studies in the clinical forum. IMPLICATIONS Suggestions for practitioners and future research are presented based on the clinical forum and background information.
Visual complexity exerts opposing effects on object categorization and identification

Visual complexity is a quality of objects that can be understood in terms of information richness: The more complex an object is, the more information it contains. Visual complexity is therefore likely to have a considerable impact on visual object processing. Here we demonstrate that visual complexity does indeed affect visual object processing but that it exerts different effects depending on task requirements. In tasks that require little differentiation among objects (superordinate categorization), reaction times decrease linearly as a function of increasing visual complexity. In tasks that require more differentiation (difficult object decision), complexity exerts the opposite effect. We argue that this dynamic interplay between visual complexity and object individuation can be explained by assuming that complexity affects two operations in visual object recognition differentially: When perceptual representations are formed it exerts a negative effect because representations of complex objects are harder to assemble than representations of less complex objects, but once formed, it exerts a positive effect because complex objects—due to their information richness—activate fewer candidate representations in visual long-term memory that need to be differentiated in the recognition process.