Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reasoning about the Ability of Self and Others: A Developmental Study

NICHOLLS, JOHN G. , and MILLER, ARDEN T. Reasoning about the Ability of Self and Others: A Developmental Study. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1984, 55, 1990-1999. Studies of the development of children's reasoning about ability have generally focused on reasoning about filmed or described others. But only inferences about one's own ability are likely to serve a behavioral-regulation function. Accordingly, we compared children's reasoning about the relative ability of themselves and a comparison other (who applied either more or less effort than them) with their reasoning about the relative ability of two others (who differed in effort). Indexes of reasoning were responses to specific questions (e.g, ability judgments) and responses to the whole of a Piagetian-type interview. Structural analysis of responses to the whole interview revealed similar developmental levels of reasoning about two others and about the self and a comparison other. However, conditions involving the self produced more specific judgments of equal ability than did conditions involving two others. Selfconditions also produced more denial of low effort when children themselves had been induced to apply lower effort than when a comparison other applied lower effort. Ability judgments were less mature at the beginning than at the end of the interview. These and other data indicate that specific judgment methods may be more sensitive to situationally induced motivational influences than is the Piagetian method. The latter produces more stable results and may better tap abstract ability-related structures that children apply to themselves as well as to others in achievement situations.
Religious and Non‐Religious Pathways to Stress‐Related Growth in Cancer Survivors

While religiousness and spirituality are important to many cancer survivors, relations of religiousness and spirituality with the stress-related growth commonly reported by survivors have not been well documented. In the present study, we examined the linkages between personal religiousness, religious control appraisals for the cancer, and religious coping with subsequent stress-related growth, and compared them with a parallel secular pathway, hope, self-control appraisals, and active coping. In all, 172 young to middle-aged adult survivors (113 women, 59 men, mean age = 45 years) of a variety of types of cancer who had been diagnosed approximately 2.5 years prior were assessed twice across a 1-year period. A structural equation model indicated that while both pathways predicted stress-related growth, the religious pathway was a much stronger predictor of subsequent stress-related growth than was the secular pathway. We suggest that more attention should be given to the influence of multiple dimensions of religiousness and spirituality on growth to better understand the transformative processes reported by many survivors.
Rumor diffusion purpose analysis from social attribute to social content

Rumor is one of the important issues for social media. Previous works mainly focus on using social attribute features in rumor analysis. However, social attribute features don't indicate the purpose of a rumor which is one of the most important aspects of a rumor. To solve that problem, we focus on not only those social attribute features, but also social content features to find out what kind of features are useful for exploring the purpose of a rumor. Finally, we propose 6 kinds of features, where four of them belong to social attribute features and two of them belong to social content features. To uncover the purpose of rumors from proposed features, we choose Sina weibo, the biggest micro-blog platform in China, and crawl 11,676 rumors for analysis. The analysis results show that the diffusion purpose of rumors can be concluded from social content attributes, and proposed two layers KL divergence approach is useful in diffusion purpose words perception.
Elucidating PID Degradation Mechanisms and In Situ Dark I–V Monitoring for Modeling Degradation Rate in CdTe Thin-Film Modules

A progression of potential-induced degradation (PID) mechanisms is observed in CdTe modules, which are dependent on the stress level and moisture ingress. This includes shunting, junction degradation, and two different manifestations of series resistance. The dark I-V method for in situ characterization of Pmax based on superposition was adapted for the thin-film modules undergoing PID in view of the degradation mechanisms observed. An exponential model based on module temperature and relative humidity (RH) was fit to the PID rate for multiple stress levels in chamber tests and validated by predicting the observed degradation of the module type in the field.
Differences between urban and rural suicides

As part of a nation‐wide psychological autopsy we examined the differences in DSM‐III‐R mental disorders, recent life events and other characteristics between urban (n=143) and rural (n=85) completed suicides in a random sample of 229 cases from the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland for the period 1987‐1988. Psychoactive substance use disorders (48% vs. 34%), cluster B personality disorders (24% vs. 9%) and psychiatric comorbidity (66% vs. 42%) were found more commonly among urban than rural suicides. Urban suicides were also more often reported to be preceded by a recent separation (25% vs. 8%), whereas rural suicide victims tended to have lacked a close companion of the opposite sex (36% vs. 18%) and to have had physical disorders (56% vs. 40%). Overall, urban and rural suicides may vary with regard to the prevalence of some mental disorders, their comorbidity, and physical disorders, as well as the preceding life situation. This variation may also imply the need for differences in strategies for suicide prevention in each setting.
Student major field and text content: interactive effects on reading comprehension in the Test of English as a Foreign Language

It was hypothesized that a student's academic discipline would interact with the text content in determining performance on the reading passages of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). To test this hypothesis, the present study examined performance on the reading passages in TOEFL forms used in four operational test administrations. The results supported the hypothesis, as students in the two key major-field groups, the humanities/social sciences and the biological/physical sciences, performed better on passages related to their own groups than on other passages. The effect was significant for three of the four test forms. The effect was relatively small in each case, however, as expressed in terms of points on the TOEFL scale, perhaps because TOEFL reading passages are drawn from general readings rather than specialized text books. Thus, it is important to distinguish between the statistical significance and the practical significance of the effect.
Maori Occupational Segregation

There are many schemata of occupational classification. One of the more satisfactory is the Smith scheme which classified white-collar occupations into six groups. This schema was adapted by Hill and Brosnan to include blue-collar occupations and used to compare the occupational distribution of New Zealand's major ethnic groups as at the 1981 census. This article uses that revised schema to examine and compare changes in the Maori and non-Maori occupational distributions over 1956-1981. Males and females are treated separately. The article also presents median incomes for each group of the Smith data and draws the implications for policy of the uneven distribution of Maoris and non-Maoris between the occupation groups.
Evidence for an Intramedullary Prostaglandin-Dependent Mechanism in the Activation of Stress-Related Neuroendocrine Circuitry by Intravenous Interleukin-1

We have provided evidence that the stimulatory effects of intravenous interleukin-1 (IL-1) on neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) that express corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) depend specifically on the integrity of catecholaminergic projections originating in caudal medulla. Here we report on experiments designed to test alternative means by which circulating IL-1 might access medullary aminergic neurons, including mechanisms involving sensory components of the vagus, the area postrema, or perivascular cells bearing IL-1 receptors. Neither abdominal vagotomy nor area postrema lesions reliably altered Fos expression induced in the medulla or PVH in response to a moderately suprathreshold dose of IL-1β. Cytokine-stimulated increases in CRF mRNA in the PVH were also unaffected by either ablation. By contrast, systemic administration of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin resulted in parallel dose-related attenuations of IL-1 effects in hypothalamus and medulla. Microinjections of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; ≥10 ng) in rostral ventrolateral medulla, the principal seat of IL-1-sensitive neurons that project to the PVH, provoked discrete patterns of cellular activation in hypothalamus and medulla that mimicked those seen in response to intravenous IL-1. We interpret these findings as supporting the hypothesis that paracrine effects of PGE2 released from perivascular cells in the medulla as a consequence of IL-1 stimulation and, acting through prostanoid receptors on or near local aminergic neurons that project to the PVH, contribute to the stimulatory effects of increased circulating IL-1 on neurons constituting the central limb of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis.
Cerebral edema following photodynamic therapy using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers in normal brain

Failure of treatment for high‐grade gliomas is usually due to local recurrence at the site of surgical resection indicating that a more aggressive form of local therapy such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be of benefit. The increase in brain edema following PDT using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers was compared in terms of animal survival, MR imaging, and histopathological changes in normal brain.
[Use of complementary and alternative medicine among the patients in primary health care].

OBJECTIVE Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widespread in western countries despite its unconfirmed effectiveness. The aim of the study was to show the use of CAM by patients in primary health care. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional method was used in a sample of 941 patients attending fourteen primary care practices from six Croatian cities who visited their family physician for whatever reason and filled in an anonymous questionnaire. On data analysis, distribution of frequencies and chi2-test were used. A probability value of p (two-tailed) indicated a statistically significant difference. RESULTS The response rate was 70%. At least once in their lifetime CAM was utilized by 46% and in previous year by 32% of patients. Most frequent users were persons in the 46-55 age group years and those with higher education. A statistically significant difference was established between CAM utilization and age, education, employment and relaxation/stress reducing techniques. The most frequently used methods were herbalism (38%), homeopathy (15.6%) and acupuncture (13.1%). In 53.5% of subjects CAM was used together with conventional medicine. CAM was most often used for musculoskeletal diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and for prevention. Chiropractic was most commonly used for musculoskeletal disorders, and herbalism and homeopathy for respiratory disorders. Supplements, natural healing products and homeopathic medicines were used by 80.1% of study subjects. Patients decide on the use of CAM because they believe it will help them (27%), conventional medicine failed to alleviate their complaints (19.7%) and they were afraid of side effects of drugs (13.3%). Satisfaction with CAM treatment was reported by 45.5% of study subjects. More than half of the patients notified their physician on the use of CAM (59.6%) and the majority (81.7%) of all subjects would like to discuss the use of CAM in their treatment with their family physician. DISCUSSION In this study, the use of CAM was consistent with literature data. Frequent use of herbal method may lead to potential risks due to possible herb-drug interactions. The reason for the use of CAM is rarely dissatisfaction with their physician but often dissatisfaction with the results and side effects of conventional treatment. Doctors will require additional education on CAM methods, their effectiveness, safety, indications and contraindications in order to be well informed and able to discuss CAM use with their patients. CONCLUSION The use of CAM is common among patients attending primary health care. Sociodemographic factors are important predictors of its use. Doctors should openly ask their patients about the use of CAM and receive proper education to be able to discuss the potential benefits versus possible risks of its use in individual cases.
An Exploratory Study of Religiosity and Same-Sex Couple Relationships

Abstract An apparent lack of empirical research on religiosity and same-sex couple relationships led to an exploratory examination of the role of religiosity in the relationships of 90 same-sex couples. For most couple participants, religious expression took an internal or private form rather than a public form. Couples tended to be homogamous in their religiosity. Couple homogamy of intrinsic religiosity (but not of affiliation or public/private religious activities) was associated with higher relationship satisfaction. Couples used various strategies to address conflicts between sexual identity and religiosity including abandoning public religiosity in favor of private religious expression or retaining a public expression by integrating or compartmentalizing sexual minority identities. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite anion modulate liver plasma membrane fluidity and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity.

Free radicals attack membranes and frequently alter their fluidity and function. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of nitric oxide (NO) radical and peroxynitrite anion on basolateral liver plasma membrane fluidity and on the activity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Basolateral membranes (BM) were isolated by ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradients and characterized enzymatically. BM were incubated with SNAP (a NO donor) or SIN-1 (a peroxynitrite donor). The release of NO or peroxynitrite was monitored by measuring NO(-)(2) + NO(-)(3). Relative fluidity was measured by polarization of fluorescence. NO increased membrane fluidity while peroxynitrite decreased it in a concentration-dependent manner. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was reduced by NO or peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite anion inhibits ATPase activity in part by decreasing fluidity. However, it is very likely that both compounds inhibit ATPase activity by oxidation of the thiol groups of the enzyme. Our results suggest that NO may exert part of its biological effects by modulating membrane fluidity and function.
Black Legislative Politics in Mississippi

In the words of the old Negro preacher, "We ain't where we ought to be, we ain't where we wanna be, but thank God we ain't where we used to be. " The Voting Rights Act of 1965 dramatically increased the number of Black legislators in the state of Mississippi. Prior to the passage of the Voting Rights Act, African Americans had not served in the Mississippi state legislature since 1896. However, by 1988, 22 African Americans gained seats in the state legislature. In this descriptive analysis, the evolution, nature of the membership, and substantive impact of the Mississippi Legislative Black Caucus are assessed. Minority voting research has been categorized as occurring in four generations (Davidson & Grofman, 1994). According to Davidson and Grofman (1994), first generation research questions evaluate minority enfranchisement. Second generation questions are concerned with vote dilution and the election of minority candidates. Furthermore, the authors introduced third and fourth generation questions that address the substantive gains made by African American elected officials. ' The research at hand places focus on third and fourth generation research questions. The study proceeds with a historical overview of the election of Black legislators in the state of Mississippi. Secondly, a synopsis of the state's legislative process and the evolution of the Mississippi Legislative Black Caucus are given. Thirdly, the social background
Compensatory health beliefs: scale development and psychometric properties

Compensatory Health Beliefs (CHBs) are beliefs that the negative effects of an unhealthy behavior can be compensated for, or “neutralised,” by engaging in a healthy behavior. “I can eat this piece of cake now because I will exercise this evening” is an example of such beliefs. The present research describes a psychometric scale to measure CHBs (Study 1) and provides data on its reliability and validity (Studies 2 and 3). The results show that scores on the scale are uniquely associated with health-related risk behaviors and symptom reports and can be differentiated from a number of related constructs, including irrational health beliefs. Holding CHBs may hinder individuals from acquiring healthier lifestyles, for example lose weight or exercise.
Algorithms for Projection-Pursuit Robust Principal Component Analysis

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is very sensitive in presence of outliers. One of the most appealing robust methods for principal component analysis uses the Projection-Pursuit principle. Here, one projects the data on a lower-dimensional space such that a robust measure of variance of the projected data will be maximized. The Projection-Pursuit based method for principal component analysis has recently been introduced in the field of chemometrics, where the number of variables is typically large. In this paper, it is shown that the currently available algorithm for robust Projection-Pursuit PCA performs poor in presence of many variables. A new algorithm is proposed that is more suitable for the analysis of chemical data. Its performance is studied by means of simulation experiments and illustrated on some real datasets.
Estimates of the dollar value of employee output in utility analyses : an empirical test of two theories

This study examined distributions of estimates of the dollar value of performance in studies employing Schmidt, Hunter, McKenzie, and Muldrow's (1979) method for estimating the standard deviation of job performance (SD y ) and found evidence that (a) the mean 50th percentile estimate is biased downward, (b) estimates of SD y appear to be a constant percentage of the 50th percentile estimate, and (c) estimates of SD y as a percentage of the 50th percentile value (SD p ) are quite similar to empirical SD p values based on actual employee output. These findings suggest that the downward bias in the mean estimate of the 50th percentile causes the mean estimate of SD y to be similarly biased downward, but does not bias the estimates of SD p . Finally, an objective method for estimating the value of average employee output is described. We conclude that the product of this value and the mean supervisory estimate of SD p yields an unbiased estimate of SD y
The Budyko and complementary relationships in an idealized model of large-scale land–atmosphere coupling

Two well-known relationships in hydrology and hydrometeorology, the Budyko and complementary relationships, are examined within an idealized prototype representing the physics of large-scale land–atmosphere coupling developed in prior work. These relationships are shown to hold on long (climatologic) timescales because of the tight coupling that exists between precipitation, atmospheric radiation, moisture convergence and advection. The slope of the CR is shown to be dependent on the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship between saturation-specific humidity and temperature, with important implications for the continental hydrologic cycle in a warming climate; e.g., one consequence of this dependence is that the CR may be expected to become more asymmetric with warming, as higher values of the slope imply a larger change in potential evaporation for a given change in evapotranspiration. In addition, the transparent physics of the prototype permits diagnosis of the sensitivity of the Budyko and complementary relationships to various atmospheric and land surface processes. Here, the impacts of anthropogenic influences, including large-scale irrigation and global warming, are assessed.
Adapting The Incredible Years, an evidence‐based parenting programme, for families involved in the child welfare system

Families referred to child welfare for maltreatment and neglect are frequently mandated to attend parenting programmes. Evidence‐based parenting programmes (EBPs) are under‐utilised or not delivered with fidelity for this population. The Incredible Years (IY) parenting programme is an EPB that has been proven to reduce harsh parenting, increase positive discipline and nurturing parenting, reduce conduct problems and improve children's social competence. There is also promising preliminary evidence that IY is an effective intervention for families involved in child welfare and for foster parents. This article describes how the updated IY parenting basic programme is delivered with fidelity to this population.
After Acute Ischemic Stroke : A Systematic Review Noninvasive Cardiac Monitoring for Detecting Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter

After Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review Noninvasive Cardiac Monitoring for Detecting Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter Print ISSN: 0039-2499. Online ISSN: 1524-4628 Copyright © 2007 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Stroke doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.106. 478685 2007;38:2935-2940; originally published online September 27, 2007; Stroke. http://stroke.ahajournals. org/content/38/11/2935 World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the
Rehabilitation Program Evaluation

Despite the fact that focus groups can meet many program assessment needs, this technique has been underused in rehabilitation program evaluation. To underscore its potential utility, this article will highlight a series of focus groups conducted in a vocational training and rehabilita tion setting. A total of 70 clients participated in eight focus groups intended to identify clients' perceptions of program strengths and weaknesses. After a brief summary of results, particular attention will be given to discussing the advantages of using a social science model applied to focus groups and how empowerment of clients can be a central theme in such efforts. Limitations of this technique are also noted.
Employee Creativity in Taiwan: An Application of Role Identity Theory

This study tests a model of creative role identity for a sample of Taiwanese employees. Results showed creative role identity was predicted by perceived coworker creativity expectations, self-views of creative behaviors, and high levels of exposure to U.S. culture. Creativity was highest when a strong creative role identity was paired with perceptions that the employing organization valued creative work. Implications for managers and future creativity research are discussed.