Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An investigation of highly skilled Bangladeshi migration in the UK: a micro study of Edinburgh and London.

Migration is a spatial phenomenon and is the movement of the people one of state/country administrative unit to another, alone or together with others, for a short visit or a long period of time, for the purpose of permanent and temporary residence or employment. This research focuses on highly skilled and professional immigrants to the UK from Bangladesh. Britain and Bangladesh have a historical relationship; the connection goes back over 400 years, right to the beginnings of British involvement in India. Today at least 350,000 Bengalis live in Britain and most originate from Bangladesh. The migrants’ especially skilled and professional migrants maintain connection to Bangladesh and by sending remittances and knowledge try to improve the situation of Bangladesh. The purpose of this research is to find out more about the views of highly skilled Bangladeshi migrants in the UK. To obtain data a series of interviews were conducted, 19 in England / London and 22 in Scotland / Edinburgh. These interviews were in two parts, one structured and one an unstructured discussion. The first analysed by conventional statistical methods. The second used a qualitative approach using thematic analysis, with the aid of NVIVO9. There are four purposes of the investigation. Firstly to understand motivations for migrating, secondly to assess the degree to which expectations were met, thirdly to understand connections with “home”, especially how support is given to families and communities in Bangladesh, fourthly to assess the level of integration in to UK society and finally to understand the story of their migration. Living in UK, expatriates directly and indirectly help those in Bangladesh by often providing–financial, technical political and cultural support. Professional and skilled migrants play a role as an ambassador for their country. Using both methods qualitative and quantitative approaches the results show very little difference between the sample areas. Most of the expatriates were found to be in better position after the migration, having achieved their dreams and they are happy and frequently communicate the home country. Part of the saving money send for the family member and some time invest in the large amount for the long run. They think, if living in the home country were not do like that all aspects and most of them are living UK with full satisfactions. The findings from this research will inform policy makers both in the UK attempting to control migration and in Bangladesh who promote the emigration of highly skilled migrants in order to obtain remittances to Bangladesh.
Gelifluction in the alpine periglacial environment of the Tianshan Mountains, China

Gelifluction in the periglacial zone of the Tianshan Mountains occurs at 2500-3600 m above sea level on north-facing slopes. Abundant groundwater, fine grained sediments and slopes 10°-30° favour gelifluction. Most gelifluction forms are lobate, a few are tongue-shaped. The mean surface rate of movement is 11.14cm/a; the front advancing rate is 1.86cm/a. The moving rate in the middle part is greater than at the sides of gelifluction lobes, the mean rates being 3.1 cm/a and 0.86cm/a, respectively. La gelifluxion dans la zone periglaciaire des montagnes de Tianshan se produit a 2500 m au dessus du niveau de la mer sur les pentes exposees au N. L'abondance d'eau dans le sol, des sediments de granulometrie fine ainsi que des pentes de 10 a 30° favorisent ce processus. La majorite des formes de gelifluxion sont des lobes mais il existe aussi des langues. La vitesse moyenne du deplacement est de 11,4cm par an; la vitesse d'avancee du front etant de 1,86 cm par an. La vitesse est plus grande dans la partie centrale des lobes et moindre a proximite des cǒtes, les vitesses moyennes etant respectivement en ces deux endroits de 3,1cm par an et de 0,86cm par an.
Holocene scraper reduction, technological organization and landuse at Ingaladdi Rockshelter, Northern Australia

This paper proposes a reduction sequence for scrapers found at Ingaladdi rockshelter, Northern Territory. The sequence is based on the proposal that distinctive types represent stages in a continuum and hence may be transformed from one to another as retouching continues. Examining changes in scraper reduction along with raw material selection and core reduction at Ingaladdi through time allows for identification of apparent major changes in land-use and mobility throughout the Holocene.
Beliefs and Delusions of West Indian Immigrants to London

Psychiatrists have for long paid attention to mental illness in different communities and cultures. In Java, Kraepelin noted that melancholia and mania were rare and that depressive reactions rarely contained elements of sinfulness (9). Later, Bleuler commented upon differences between English and Irish patients and between Bavarian and Saxon patients (2). Others have described various “culture-bound” syndromes such as amok, the windigo psychosis of the Cree, Salteaux and Ojibwa, latah and Arctic hysteria (23, 5, 8, 11, 26). More recently Tooth has described a special category of “delusional” states in West Africans while Carothers has reported on “ill-defined” states and “primitive” psychoses among the West Africans (22, 4). Other workers have stressed the significance of cultural factors in the distribution of mental illness. Seligman noted in 1929 that confusional states were more common than systematized insanities among the Papuans of New Guinea and could not find any cases of manic depressive illness (17). Berne noted that toxic confusional psychoses rather than the schizophrenias were the predominant illness among hospitalized Malay (1). Carothers related Westernization to an increase in manifest paranoid behaviour among patients in Kenya (4). Similarly Spiro noted that the Ifaluk in the Carolines had violent paranoid outbursts only after Japanese occupation and Slotkin emphasized the paranoid schizophrenia phenomena among acculturated Menomini (20, 19). Opler found that lower class Filipinos had a high proportion of affective disorders and catatonic confusional states among the Hawaiian hospitalized, while Carothers and Tooth in Africa both found statistically low incidences of depression and suicidal states with relatively high rates of confusional states among African natives (13, 4, 22).
The long‐lived monsoon depressions of 2006 and their linkage with the Indian Ocean Dipole

A highlight of the 2006 boreal summer monsoon season was the enhanced activity of long‐lived monsoon depressions and low‐pressure systems (LPS) over the Indian region. Another important phenomenon during this period was the evolution of a positive Indian Ocean Dipole (PIOD) event. Although previous studies have investigated the impact of PIOD on the large‐scale monsoon response, their influence on monsoon LPS activity is not well understood. Based on detailed diagnostic analyses of monsoon LPS during 2006, as well as those associated with other PIOD events during 1958–2007, the present work addresses two specific issues concerning the roles of (a) PIOD‐induced large‐scale circulation changes and (b) internal feedbacks between latent heating and dynamics, in sustaining the monsoon LPS activity. The results show that PIOD conditions generally favour increased propensity of long‐lived (>5 days) LPS with long westward tracks extending into northwest India. The average contribution of long‐lived monsoon LPS to the total is found to be approximately 12% higher during PIOD episodes as compared to non‐PIOD. The PIOD events showed two important large‐scale elements conducive for enhancement of LPS activity: (a) strengthening of cross‐equatorial moisture transport from south‐eastern tropical Indian Ocean into the Bay of Bengal and (b) enrichment of barotropic instability of monsoon flow. Estimates of latent‐heating profiles from TRMM‐satellite products during the 2006 LPS showed heating in the mesoscale updrafts above 600 hPa with maximum approximately 400 hPa; while cooling prevailed in lower levels. Stratiform precipitation covered approximately 70–85% of rain area during the prolonged LPS; and the large‐scale monsoon Hadley‐type circulation was found to be intensified with strong mid‐level inflows entering the stratiform rain region. The overall findings suggest that the PIOD‐induced background circulation together with internal feedbacks between mesoscale convective systems and large‐scale circulation can effectively enhance the longevity of monsoon LPS. These results should serve as important inputs for numerical weather forecasting of extreme rainfall events associated with the regional monsoon phenomenon. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial and Temporal Variability in Colloid Dispersion as a Function of Groundwater Injection Rate within Atlantic Coastal Plain Sediments

A subsurface injection experiment was conducted on the USDOE's Savannah River Site (SRS) to determine the influence of pump‐and‐treat remediation activities on the generation and transport of groundwater colloids. The impact of colloid generation on formation permeability at injection rates ranging from 19 to 132 L min−1 was monitored using a set of six sampling wells radially spaced at approximate distances of 2.0, 3.0, and 4.5 m from a central injection well. Each sampling well was further divided into three discrete sampling depths that were pumped continuously at a rate of ∼0.1 L min−1 throughout the course of the injection experiment. Discrete samples were collected for turbidity and chemical analysis. Turbidity varied greatly between sampling wells and zones within a given well, ranging from <1 to 740 NTU. The two sampling wells closest to the injection well displayed the greatest response in terms of turbidity to increases in injection rate. Transient spikes in turbidity generally corresponded to incremental increases in the injection rate that were followed by a decrease in turbidity to a stable injection rate–dependent level. Mineralogical analysis of the resulting suspensions confirmed the presence of kaolinite, goethite, and to a much lesser degree, quartz and illite, with many of the particles too large (>1 μm) to be readily mobile within the formation. Turbidity measurements taken during this study indicate that colloid mobilization induced by water injection was both spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Furthermore, colloid release did not follow simple predictions based on shear force, presumably due to the complexities encountered in real heterogeneous systems. These findings have important implications to our understanding of how colloids and the co‐contaminants are mobilized in the subsurface environment, as well as for the development of monitoring practices that minimize the creation of colloidal artifacts. Technical and logistical obstacles encountered in conducting such an extensive field experiment are also discussed.
Approaching the Delay-Limited OFDM Broadcast Capacity with OFDMA

Recently, in a companion paper we introduced the delay-limited capacity (DLC) region of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) broadcast channel (BC). The DLC region is of utmost interest, since it e.g. provides an ultimate performance limit for all minimum sum power algorithms with given rate requirements. In this work we use the principle of rate water-filling to derive bounds on the OFDM DLC based on order statistics. We enhance these results to develop analytical lower bounds on the OFDM BC DLC region. The bounds are based on frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and ordinal channel state information (CSI), suggesting suboptimal but simple resource allocation schemes. Finally, these schemes are compared to a new algorithm using full CSI. Every practical sum power minimization algorithm using FDMA has to compete with these lower and upper bounds
An updated climatology of thermospheric neutral winds and F region ion drifts above Millstone Hill

Incoherent scatter radar data from 63 experiments during the period 1984–1997 have been used to update earlier published climatologies of ion drifts and neutral thermospheric winds at Millstone Hill. Data are binned according to season, solar activity, geomagnetic activity, and local solar time. The derived ion drift patterns are similar to those previously published, but we now find that the main effect of the increased magnetic activity is an enhancement of the usual nighttime west-ward ion drift. A tidal decomposition of the winds from geomagnetically quiet conditions is carried out for each season/solar activity level to extract diurnal means, diurnal amplitudes and phases, and semidiurnal components. These winds are compared with previous results at Millstone Hill and the HWM-93 model. Using our expanded wind database, statistically significant semidiurnal components are now found in both summer and winter, at both solar maximum and solar minimum. Our bin-averaged results confirm earlier published findings that at all seasons the diurnal mean winds are more strongly equatorward and the diurnal amplitudes are stronger at solar cycle minimum than at solar cycle maximum. Diurnal amplitudes derived in the present work are larger than those found previously because we now use a smaller value for the O+, O collision frequency. Differences in the diurnal mean and diurnal amplitude between recent solar minimum data (1993–1997) and data from the previous solar minimum (1984–1986) are attributed to a difference in the EUV flux as inferred from Millstone Hill electron density data which one would not expect from the F10.7 index. This affects the ion drag and apparently also the relative importance of the EUV and high latitude heat sources.
The Use of Treatment Wetlands for Petroleum Industry Effluents

Although the use of treatment wetlands is well established for wastewater categories such as municipal waste, stormwater, and acid mine drainage water, their use in treating a variety of industrial and agricultural wastewaters is less well developed. Several large-scale wetland projects currently exist at oil refineries, and numerous pilot studies of constructed treatment wetlands have been conducted at terminals, gas and oil extraction and pumping stations, and refineries. This paper reviews treatment wetland performance for chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, trace organics, metals, toxicity, total suspended solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus. All of these contaminants can be reliably removed from wastewater by treatment wetlands. Pollutant removal is highly dependent on hydraulic loading and influent concentration and to a lesser extent on internal plant communities, water depth, and hydraulic efficiency. In most cases, data from petroleum industry wetland studies indicate that treatment w.
Hyperfluidization-coupled membrane microdomain reorganization is linked to activation of the heat shock response in a murine melanoma cell line

Targeting of the Hsp function in tumor cells is currently being assessed as potential anticancer therapy. An improved understanding of the molecular signals that trigger or attenuate the stress protein response is essential for advances to be made in this field. The present study provides evidence that the membrane fluidizer benzyl alcohol (BA), a documented nondenaturant, acts as a chaperone inducer in B16(F10) melanoma cells. It is demonstrated that this effect relies basically on heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) activation. Under the conditions tested, the BA-induced Hsp response involves the up-regulation of a subset of hsp genes. It is shown that the same level of membrane fluidization (estimated in the core membrane region) attained with the closely analogous phenethyl alcohol (PhA) does not generate a stress protein signal. BA, at a concentration that activates heat shock genes, exerts a profound effect on the melting of raft-like cholesterol-sphingomyelin domains in vitro, whereas PhA, at a concentration equipotent with BA in membrane fluidization, has no such effect. Furthermore, through the in vivo labeling of melanoma cells with a fluorescein labeled probe that inserts into the cholesterol-rich membrane domains [fluorescein ester of polyethylene glycol-derivatized cholesterol (fPEG-Chol)], we found that, similarly to heat stress per se, BA, but not PhA, initiates profound alterations in the plasma membrane microdomain structure. We suggest that, apart from membrane hyperfluidization in the deep hydrophobic region, a distinct reorganization of cholesterol-rich microdomains may also be required for the generation and transmission of stress signals to activate hsp genes.
Theoretical problems in global seismology and geodynamics

In Chapter 2, we consider the hydrostatic equilibrium figure of a rotating earth model with arbitrary radial density profile. We derive an exact non-linear partial differential equation describing the equilibrium figure. Perturbation theory is used to obtain approximate forms of this equation, and we show that the first-order theory is equivalent to Clairaut's equation. In Chapter 3, a method for parametrizing the possible equilibrium stress fields of a laterally heterogeneous earth model is described. In this method a solution of the equilibrium equations is first found that satisfies some desirable physical property. All other solutions can be written as the sum of this equilibrium stress field and a divergence-free stress tensor field whose boundary tractions vanish. In Chapter 4, we consider the minor vector method for the stable numerical solution of systems of linear ordinary differential equations. Results are presented for the application of the method to the calculation of seismic displacement fields in spherically symmetric, self-gravitating earth models. In Chapter 5, we present a new implementation of the direct solution method for calculating normal mode spectra in laterally heterogeneous earth models. Numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of this method for performing large mode coupling calculations. In Chapter 6, we consider the theoretical basis for the viscoelastic normal mode method which is used in studies of seismic wave propagation, post-glacial rebound, and post-seismic deformation. We show how the time-domain solution to the viscoelastodynamic equation can be written as a normal mode sum in a rigorous manner.
Specific and Functional Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria from Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus with Different Virulence

Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most devastating diseases of Pinus spp. The PWN was therefore listed as one of the most dangerous forest pests in China meriting quarantine. Virulence of the PWN is closely linked with the spread of PWD. However, main factors responsible for the virulence of PWNs are still unclear. Recently epiphytic bacteria carried by PWNs have drawn much attention. But little is known about the relationship between endophytic bacteria and virulence of B. xylophilus. In this research, virulence of ten strains of B. xylophilus from different geographical areas in six provinces of China and four pine species were tested with 2-year-old seedlings of Pinus thunbergii. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from PWNs with different virulence to investigate the relationship between the bacteria and PWN virulence. Meanwhile, the carbon metabolism of endophytic bacteria from highly and low virulent B. xylophilus was analyzed using Biolog plates (ECO). The results indicated that ten strains of PWNs showed a wide range of virulence. Simultaneously, endophytic bacteria were isolated from 90% of the B. xylophilus strains. The dominant endophytic bacteria in the nematodes were identified as species of Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter, Ewingella, Leifsonia, Rhizobium, and Pseudomonas using molecular and biochemical methods. Moreover, S. maltophilia, and A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans were the predominant strains. Most of the strains (80%) from P. massoniana contained either S. maltophilia, A. xylosoxidans, or both species. There was a difference between the abilities of the endophytic bacteria to utilize carbon sources. Endophytic bacteria from highly virulent B. xylophilus had a relatively high utilization rate of carbohydrate and carboxylic acids, while bacteria from low virulent B. xylophilus made better use of amino acids. In conclusion, endophytic bacteria widely exist in B. xylophilus from different pines and areas; and B. xylophilus strains with different virulence possessed various endophytic bacteria and diverse carbon metabolism which suggested that the endophytic bacteria species and carbon metabolism might be related with the B. xylophilus virulence.
AN ECOLOGICAL LAND SURVEY FOR FORT GREELY, ALASKA

An ecological land survey (ELS) of Fort Greely land was conducted to map ecosystems at three spatial scales to aid in the management of natural resources. In an ELS, an attempt is made to view landscapes not just as aggregations of separate biological and earth resources, but as ecological systems with functionally related parts that can provide a consistent conceptual framework for ecological applications. Field surveys at 74 sites along 7 toposequences, and at an additional 178 ground-reference locations, were used to identify relationships among physiography, geomorphology, hydrology, permafrost, and vegetation. The association among ecosystem components also revealed effects of fire and geomorphic processes, such as groundwater discharge, floodplain development, permafrost degradation, and paludification. Ecosystems were mapped at three spatial scales. Ecotypes (1:50,000 scale) delineated areas with homogenous topography, terrain, soil, surface-form, hydrology, and vegetation. Ecosections (1:100,000 scale) are homogeneous with respect to geomorphic features and water regime and, thus, have recurring patterns of soils and vegetation. Ecodistricts (1:500,000 scale) are broader areas with similar geology, geomorphology, and physiography. Development of the spatial database within a geographic information system will facilitate numerous management objectives such as wetland protection, integrated-training-area management, permafrost protection, wildlife management, and recreational area management.
Nitrate content in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) from organic and conventional origin: intake assessment

To estimate the actual intake of nitrate by consumption of different lettuce varieties, 52 samples of lettuce of different origins and dandelion from 15 different areas of northeast Slovenia were analysed. For determination of actual nitrate content, a continuous flow method was used. The lowest nitrate content was detected in dandelion, with a mean value of 195 mg kg−1 (ranging 47–487 mg kg−1). Nitrate content in lettuce of different origins ranged 85–3237 mg kg−1, with a mean value of 1196 mg kg−1. The mean nitrate content in organically cultivated lettuce was 890 mg kg−1, which was considerably lower than the nitrate level in conventionally cultivated lettuce (1298 mg kg−1). Consumption of 100 g of dandelion would result in a maximal nitrate intake corresponding to 22% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI), with values up to seven times higher for lettuce.