Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is Social Capital Really Capital

Social capital has emerged as a paradigm capable of bridging across various social science disciplines. However, its adoption by social scientists from different disciplines has led to multiple and often conflicting definitions. Besides conflicting definitions, some social scientists have argued that social capital lacks the properties of capital and should be called something other than capital. This paper resolves many of the problems created by conflicting definitions by pointing out that the differences have arisen primarily because scientists have included in the definition expressions of its possible uses, where it resides, and how its service capacity can be changed. This paper argues that these applications of social capital should not be included in its definition. This paper also defends the social capital paradigm against the claim that it lacks capital-like properties by pointing out that social capital, when defined as sympathy, has many important capital-like properties including transformation capacity, durability, flexibility, substitutability, opportunities for decay (maintenance), reliability, ability to create other capital forms, and investment (disinvestment) opportunities. Finally, this paper compares social capital to other forms of capital including cultural capital and human capital.
Self-determination of women with disabilities

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of self-determination among women with disabilities in Jordan. Participants of the study were 141 women with disabilities such as intellectual, hearing, visual, and physical impairments. They were purposefully selected from seven major vocational rehabilitation centres in Jordan. A scale was developed depending on Wehmeyer previous work; it consisted of 60 items divided among four domains; psychological empowerment, autonomy, self-regulation and self-realisation. Validity and reliability of the scale was achieved using many methods. Frequencies and one-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the level of self-determination in addition to any differences according to the type of disability. Results showed average levels of self-determination across the four domains; furthermore, significant differences were found between the three sensory disabilities (hearing, visual and physical) and women with intellectual disabilities. Findings are discussed and further recommendations are provided for future investigation.
ATTACHMENT STYLES IN GIFTED CHILDREN CAN CREATIVITY BE CORRELATED

In this research, intelligence factor was used as a separative element and the relationship between the attachment styles and the creative skills was examined. In addition, the effects of some demographic variables concerning gender and family profile on creativity and attachment styles were tested. The subjects were 368 first grade high school students (199 girls and 169 boys), and “Relationship Scales Questionnaire”, “Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking”, “General Ability Test”, and “Personal Information Form” were used as measurements. Results showed that there was no relationship between attachment styles and verbal creativity scores for both gifted and non-gifted groups. Gender factor had created a meaningful difference for the benefit of the girls for secure attachment and flexibility points in the gifted group. In terms of mothers’ education, there were meaningful differences for gifted students in attachment styles, and for nongifted students in verbal creativity. Having brothers/sisters also lead to differences on originality and fluency scores for gifted group. Keywords: Attachment styles, creativity, gifted and talented
Neurohumoral mechanisms in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt hypertension in rats

This brief review describes the role of neural and non‐neural mechanisms during different phases of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt hypertension. There are contradictory data for and against a role of the sympathetic nervous system and neurohumoral agents, including endothelin and vasopressin. Elucidating the factors responsible for DOCA–salt hypertension will be helpful in understanding the causes of hypertension resulting from hypervolaemia, hyperaldosteronism and high salt intake.
The Role of Teacher Questions and the Socratic Method In EFL Classrooms in Kuwait

The present study sheds light on teaching English through two ways of questioning (Socratic & Traditional) methods in Kuwaiti elementary public schools. Data were collected through a qualitative observational method. The study engaged 15 female participants, seven of whom were newly graduate English language teachers with experience in how Socratic questioning works, while the other eight teachers had >10 years experience in teaching English as a foreign language. The study revealed that some new and experienced teachers encouraged their students to go further and explore beyond the topic of today’s lesson. However, others used the deductive approach by stating questions and expecting certain answers because they did not comprehend or had lack of time. The present study implication is that English language teachers should be provided with more training on Socratic method of questioning to facilitate students’ thinking for themselves and develop the students’ mind by encouraging their natural curiosity.
Selective load sharing for handover admission in overlapping coverage

With a microcell or low earth orbit (LEO) satellite multi-beam strategy, high reuse efficiency is achieved. However, microcells and/or LEO multi-beams may give rise to a great number of handovers. Each handover requires network resources to reroute the corresponding call to a new base station, it is preferred to have as few handovers as possible to decrease the processing burden. New call attempts generated near cell boundaries usually request handovers very soon. This phenomenon may cause unnecessary handover processing burden and too much bandwidth reservation. We suggest a selective admission control scheme in order to resolve the drawback of the phenomenon. Performance analysis shows that our scheme improves handover performance without sacrificing new call blocking performance.
Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation: current trends and future directions

Purpose of reviewImportant trends are being observed in pancreas transplantation in the USA. We will describe recent trends in simultaneous pancreas kidney (SPK) transplantation related to immunosuppression, treatment of rejection, and transplantation for patients of advanced age and C-peptide positive diabetes. Recent findingsRates of pancreas transplantation have declined, despite improved pancreatic graft outcomes. Regarding immunosuppression, trends in SPK transplantation include T-cell depletion induction therapy, waning mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor use and steroid use in greater than 50% of pancreas transplant recipients with few patients undergoing late steroid weaning. Rejection of the pancreas may be discordant with the kidney after SPK and there is a greater appreciation of antibody-mediated rejection of the pancreas allograft. De-novo donor-specific antibody without graft dysfunction remains an active area of study, and the treatment for this condition is unclear. SPKs are being performed with greater frequency in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and in patients of advanced age, with exemplary results. SummaryThe current state of the art in SPK transplantation is yielding superb and improving results.
Mental Health and Desired Social Support: A Four-Wave Panel Study

The first aim of this study was to determine whether dissatisfaction with close (attachment) and less close (social integration) relationships was primarily reflected in desiring less or more social support. The second aim was to explore the temporal order of this association using latent variable LISREL analysis. Mental health was assessed by the-30-item General Health Questionnaire and desire for social support by the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction. These variables were measured at four consecutive waves each 4 months apart in a representative sample of 225 adult residents in Canberra. Psychological distress was associated with desiring more rather than less support. The LISREL analyses suggested that while mental health and desired level of attachment were unrelated, poorer previous mental health appeared to subsequently increase desired level of social integration.
Self‐Esteem, Self‐Efficacy, and the Balance of Peer Support Among Persons With Chronic Mental Health Problems

Despite several suggestions that peer support is empowering for persons with mental health problems because of its mutual nature, few studies have empirically studied the role of its reciprocity and the effects on subjective well-being of clients from mainstream mental health care settings. Using data of 628 users of vocational and psychiatric rehabilitation centers (N = 51) in Flanders, the effects of the reciprocity of peer support on self-esteem and self-efficacy are explored by testing hypotheses derived from the theories of exchange, social capital, equity, and self-esteem enhancement. Results show that providing peer support is more beneficial than receiving it. One conclusion is that the net beneficial effects of receiving support from peers are overestimated. The beneficial effects of social support are generally accepted (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Kessler, Price, & Wortman, 1985; Lin & Peek, 1999; Thoits, 1995; Turner & Turner, 1999). Nevertheless, several studies have suggested that receiving support is not always helpful. For instance, when it elicits feelings of dependence, failure, and powerlessness in the support receiver, it is often associated with increased distress (for a review, see Barrera, 1986). Other research has shown that the benefits of social support are sometimes associatedwithgivinginsteadofreceivingsupport(Brown,Nesse,Vinokur,& Smith,2003;Robertset al.,1999). Helpingothersincreaseshelpers’feelingsof competence and social usefulness (Riessman, 1965; Skovholt, 1974) and makes them feel important to someone else (Taylor & Turner, 2001). Finally, providing support can be harmful, too. Caring for someone can wear the caregiver out and can lead to negative emotions, such as feeling used or frustrated. Together, these findings suggest that beneficial support relationships consist of a healthy mix of receiving and providing support. In the realm of mental health services working from a rehabilitation perspective (Anthony, Cohen, & Farkas, 1990; Pickett, Cook, & Razzano,
Factors associated with infant death after apparent life-threatening event (ALTE).

OBJECTIVE To detect factors associated with greater risk of death in infants after an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). METHODS This cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and analytic study evaluated infants younger than 12 months who had a sudden event of cyanosis, pallor, hypotonia or apnea and were seen in the emergency department of a tertiary university hospital. Forward stepwise logistic regression (Wald) was used to calculate and adjust odds ratios to evaluate associations. RESULTS Mean age of the 145 patients included in the study was 105 days (median = 65 days). Eleven (7.6%) died, and their mean age was 189 days (median = 218 days). Mean age of survivors was 98 days (median = 62 days) (p = 0.003). Activity before the event, prematurity and number of events were not associated with death. A significant association was found with pallor. Of the 11 infants, 3 had spontaneous resolution of ALTE, whereas 8 patients [27.6%; p < 0.001; OR = 14.3 (95%CI 3.51-58.3)] did not. The associations with respiratory or cardiovascular disease were also significant. In multivariate analysis, immediate spontaneous resolution [p = 0.015; OR = 6.06 (95%CI 1.02-35.94)] and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease [p = 0.047; OR = 164.27 (95%CI 7.34-3.673.78)] remained statistically significant. CONCLUSION Infants who experienced an ALTE had a higher risk of subsequent death when their age was greater than 6 months and the event had a long duration, particularly when ALTE was associated with cardiovascular disease.
Re-Forming Capitalism

T h i r t y y e a r s a f t e r the initiatives of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher signaled the beginning of a neo-liberal era that would usher in widespread enthusiasm for competitive markets, the world is experiencing a global recession precipitated by financial crises rooted in the excesses of unbridled competition. As a result, the neoliberal era is at an inflection point, if not a close. Many people are reconsidering what markets can deliver and looking again to states for more assertive efforts to regulate and distribute resources. After several decades of irrational exuberance about what markets could accomplish, scholars are looking at capitalism with more sober eyes. In this context, Wolfgang Streeck, the most brilliant analyst of the contemporary German political economy, has produced an indispensable work. It is three books in one – a discerning account of recent changes in the German economic model, a wide-ranging critique of institutionalist analysis, and a powerful interpretation of how capitalism works. Written from a profoundly sociological perspective, it offers a corrective to rationalist analyses that will be of interest, not only to scholars of Germany, but to anyone trying to understand institutional change in capitalist economies. Drawing on research carried out under his direction at the MaxPlanck Institute for the Study of Societies in Cologne, Streeck charts the unraveling over the past twenty years of the ‘‘organized capitalism’’ that once underpinned Modell Deutschland. Five short, sharp chapters trace developments in collective bargaining, intermediary organizations, corporate governance, social policy and public finance. In the decade after 1992, net trade union membership in Germany fell from 30 percent of the workforce to about 20 percent. The average tenure of chief executive officers dropped from ten years to eight and a half and, in the largest fifty firms, barely 9 percent of CEOs now have professional experience in the public sector, compared with 25 percent in 1990. From an Anglo-American perspective, many aspects of economic relations in Germany still seem relatively ‘‘organized’’. Although only 57 percent of employees were covered by an industry-wide collective agreement in 2006, down from 72 percent in 1995, those figures are still high by international standards, and the wave of hostile takeovers
Efficacy of 2‐Week, Second‐Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy Using Rabeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Metronidazole for the Japanese Population

Background: Following the failure of first‐line Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy using a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin, second‐line therapy is conducted for 1 week using metronidazole instead of clarithromycin in Japan. Recent studies indicate that metronidazole‐containing therapy has a higher eradication rate with prolonged treatment duration, even with metronidazole resistance. The aim of this study was to reveal the efficacy of 2‐week metronidazole‐containing second‐line therapy.
Dose build-up behind air cavities for Co-60, 4, 6 and 8 MV. Measurements and Monte Carlo simulations

It has been shown in several studies that the build-up in photon beams behind air cavities (such as in the head and neck) increases with energy. In this study this effect is investigated over a broad range of energies that have been used for treating head and neck tumours. The study addresses the question of whether an energy lower than 6 MV is desirable and is based on measurements and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. In a PMMA phantom containing an air cavity (3 × 16 × 3 cm3 at 3 cm depth) an ionization chamber (Capintec PS-033) was used to measure the dose build-up behind the cavity for 4, 6 and 8 MV beam qualities for different field sizes (from 3 × 6 cm2 to 8 × 8 cm2). MC simulations were made using the EGSnrc code for the same geometry and energies as well as for Co-60. Measurements and MC simulations agree well when the fixed-separation plane-parallel chamber measurements have been corrected for the expected over-response in the build-up region. This work demonstrates that the build-up effect of 6 MV is ‘closer’ to the build-up effect of 8 MV than to that of 4 MV. This suggests that if the build-up effect is of concern when the target volume is in the vicinity of air cavities, 4 MV should be preferred over both 6 MV and 8 MV. This work also shows that the build-up effect for Co-60 is significantly smaller than that of 4 MV. Moreover, the build-up effect increases as the field size decreases. With the increasing use of IMRT (and radiosurgery), small fields are used more frequently making these issues even more relevant. This should be taken into consideration when choosing the accelerator energies for a radiotherapy department.
Endogenous modulation of low frequency oscillations by temporal expectations

Recent studies have associated increasing temporal expectations with synchronization of higher frequency oscillations and suppression of lower frequencies. In this experiment, we explore a proposal that low-frequency oscillations provide a mechanism for regulating temporal expectations. We used a speeded Go/No-go task and manipulated temporal expectations by changing the probability of target presentation after certain intervals. Across two conditions, the temporal conditional probability of target events differed substantially at the first of three possible intervals. We found that reactions times differed significantly at this first interval across conditions, decreasing with higher temporal expectations. Interestingly, the power of theta activity (4–8 Hz), distributed over central midline sites, also differed significantly across conditions at this first interval. Furthermore, we found a transient coupling between theta phase and beta power after the first interval in the condition with high temporal expectation for targets at this time point. Our results suggest that the adjustments in theta power and the phase-power coupling between theta and beta contribute to a central mechanism for controlling neural excitability according to temporal expectations.
Quantifying the predictive accuracy of time‐to‐event models in the presence of competing risks

Prognostic models for time‐to‐event data play a prominent role in therapy assignment, risk stratification and inter‐hospital quality assurance. The assessment of their prognostic value is vital not only for responsible resource allocation, but also for their widespread acceptance. The additional presence of competing risks to the event of interest requires proper handling not only on the model building side, but also during assessment. Research into methods for the evaluation of the prognostic potential of models accounting for competing risks is still needed, as most proposed methods measure either their discrimination or calibration, but do not examine both simultaneously. We adapt the prediction error proposal of Graf et al. (Statistics in Medicine 1999, 18, 2529–2545) and Gerds and Schumacher (Biometrical Journal 2006, 48, 1029–1040) to handle models with competing risks, i.e. more than one possible event type, and introduce a consistent estimator. A simulation study investigating the behaviour of the estimator in small sample size situations and for different levels of censoring together with a real data application follows.
Protective actions of a leukotriene B4 antagonist in splanchnic ischemia and reperfusion in rats.

Pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were subjected to occlusion of both the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h. All seven rats given only the vehicle died within 2 h of reperfusion, whereas rats treated with LY-255283 (3 or 10 mg/kg iv), a leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor antagonist given 10 min before reperfusion, exhibited significantly higher survival rates of 57% (4 out of 7) and 75% (6 out of 8), respectively, 2 h after reperfusion. Rats given 1 mg/kg of LY-255283 showed no significant improvement in survival. Splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO)-shock rats treated with LY-255283 (3 or 10 mg/kg) exhibited significantly attenuated accumulation of plasma free amino-nitrogenous compounds and of a myocardial depressant factor. Treatment with LY-255283 (10 mg/kg) markedly (P less than 0.01) ameliorated the deficits of endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated superior mesenteric artery (SMA) rings in untreated SAO-shock rats. LY-255283 at 10 mg/kg significantly attenuated the increased myeloperoxidase activity in the intestinal tissue of SAO-shock rats. Moreover, LY-189444, a closely related compound having no LTB4 antagonist activity, did not protect rats in SAO shock, whereas a lipoxygenase inhibitor confirmed protection in SAO shock. These results suggest that LTB4 plays a pivotal role in endothelial dysfunction occurring in SAO-shock rats by chemoattraction and activation of neutrophils on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, LY-255283 but not LY-189444 inhibited the adherence of rat neutrophils to isolated SMA endothelium. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Communicative Openness About Adoption and Interest in Contact in a Sample of Domestic and Intercountry Adolescent Adoptees

ABSTRACT Adolescent intercountry (n = 122) and domestic (n = 40) adoptees and their adoptive parents were asked about their views on communicative openness. The adoptees were also asked for their thoughts on birth parents and contact. A modest association between communicative openness and feelings about adoptive status and self-esteem was found. Girls were more interested in many aspects of their adoptions than boys. Compared with the situation at 11 years of age, there was greater parent-child agreement on whether the child had difficulties talking about adoption. Nevertheless, at age 15, children were still nearly twice as likely to report difficulties talking about adoption issues than their adoptive parents realized. At the age of 15, the majority of the adoptees expressed a desire for contact with birth relatives, but this was a reduction from the numbers at age 11. They also reported finding it easier to talk about adoption issues than they did at the age of 11. The implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Conservation of Plastid Sequences in the Plant Nuclear Genome for Millions of Years Facilitates Endosymbiotic Evolution1[W][OA]

The nuclear genome of eukaryotes contains large amounts of cytoplasmic organelle DNA (nuclear integrants of organelle DNA [norgs]). The recent sequencing of many mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes has enabled investigation of the potential role of norgs in endosymbiotic evolution. In this article, we describe a new polymerase chain reaction-based method that allows the identification and evolutionary study of recent and older norgs in a range of eukaryotes. We tested this method in the genus Nicotiana and obtained sequences from seven nuclear integrants of plastid DNA (nupts) totaling 25 kb in length. These nupts were estimated to have been transferred 0.033 to 5.81 million years ago. The spectrum of mutations present in the potential protein-coding sequences compared with the noncoding sequences of each nupt revealed that nupts evolve in a nuclear-specific manner and are under neutral evolution. Indels were more frequent in noncoding regions than in potential coding sequences of former chloroplastic DNA, most probably due to the presence of a higher number of homopolymeric sequences. Unexpectedly, some potential protein-coding sequences within the nupts still contained intact open reading frames for up to 5.81 million years. These results suggest that chloroplast genes transferred to the nucleus have in some cases several millions of years to acquire nuclear regulatory elements and become functional. The different factors influencing this time frame and the potential role of nupts in endosymbiotic gene transfer are discussed.