Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences in Liver Imaging and Reporting Data System Categorization Between MRI and CT.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine whether focal liver observations are categorized differently by CT and MRI using the Liver Imaging and Reporting Data System (LI-RADS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 58 patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent liver protocol CT and MRI within 1 month of each other. Two readers assigned a LI-RADS category for all focal liver observations in consensus. A significant category upgrade was defined as a change from LI-RADS categories 1 and 2 or nonvisualization to LI-RADS categories 3-5, from LI-RADS category 3 to category 4 or 5, from LI-RADS category 4 to category 5, or from any category to LI-RADS category 5V. A significant downgrade was defined as a change from LI-RADS category 5 to categories 1-4, from LI-RADS category 4 to categories 1-3, or from LI-RADS category 3 to categories 1 or 2. RESULTS The LI-RADS category was different between CT and MRI for 77.2% (176/228) of observations. A significant upgrade occurred on MRI for 42.5% (97/228) of observations because of nonvisualization by CT (n = 78), capsule (n = 8), arterial hyperenhancement (n = 4), intratumoral fat (n = 2), larger size (n = 2), tumor in portal vein (n = 2), and wash-out (n = 1). Of these 97 upgraded observations, two were upgraded to LI-RADS category 5V, 15 were upgraded to category 5, and 13 were upgraded to category 4. A significant downgrade occurred on MRI for 8.8% (20/228) of observations because of marked T2 hyperintensity (n = 14), smaller size (n = 2), wedge shape (n = 2), and marked T2 hypointensity (n = 2). CONCLUSION LI-RADS categorization of focal liver observations is dependent on imaging modality. MRI results in both upgraded and downgraded categorization compared with CT in an important proportion of observations.
Implications Of Seemingly Irrelevant Evidence In Audit Judgment

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role that nondiagnostic evidence, which is a priori irrelevant, can have in audit judgment. In a laboratory experiment, auditor-subjects given a mix of diagnostic and nondiagnostic evidence made decisions that were less extreme (more regressive) than those made using only diagnostic evidence. The magnitude of the observed effect was in some cases directly related to the capacity of the nondiagnostic evidence to hold the auditor-subject's attention. This paper adds to the literature that explores how attributes of accounting settings affect decision performance (see Libby [1989]). Audit settings contain a mix of diagnostic and nondiagnostic evidence. But the focus in judgment research is typically on the relation between the importance (or relevance) of evidence in judgment and its predictive value. My results indicate that such a focus is too narrow, as judgments are influenced by evidence devoid of predictive value. The chosen research focus typically influences the types of evidence researchers include in experimental materials; that is, they typically include only the evidence they expect subjects to use.
Does the Sequence of Seasoned Equity Offerings Matter?

We investigate the relation between announcement period returns and the sequence of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) for industrial, financial, and utility firms making multiple offerings. For industrial firms, there is a monotonically positive relation between the returns and the sequence of issues. Further, the stock price reactions to the fourth and subsequent issues by industrial firms are insignificant. For firms that conduct at least two SEOs, there is no difference in returns between industrial firms and utilities or financial institutions. The lower negative returns for later announcements by industrial firms can be explained by reduced adverse selection costs.
US Oil Price Exposure: The Industry Effects

This paper investigates the exposure of industry level portfolios to oil price shocks. Our paper utilizes the Campbell (1991) decomposition of stock returns based on a log-linear approximation to the discounted present value relation while allowing for time varying expected returns. The results from our baseline regressions indicate that there is little sensitivity in industry level portfolios to unexpected movements in oil prices, with the gold, oil & gas and retail industries being the only exception. In contrast, based in the Campbell (1991) decomposition, we identify extensive exposure to oil prices in industry level returns in particular channels. The extent of the exposure is particularly significant for a number of the industries, with positive (negative) permanent implications for gold, and the oil and gas industries (retail and meals, restaurants and hotels).
Don't judge a cell by its cover: heterogeneity within early lymphoid progenitors

B‐cell differentiation is one of the most recognized examples of the progressive lineage commitment that is distinctive for stem cell systems. However, the characteristics of the stage just before a cell becomes restricted to the B‐cell lineage are less understood. Using single‐cell RNA sequencing technology, Rolink and colleagues are able to define the cellular heterogeneity at this step and challenge our understanding of developmental trajectories in early B‐lymphoid development (Alberti‐Servera et al, ).
A Participatory Photonovel as a Linguistic Tool for Educating ESL-Speaking Immigrant Women About Health Information

Issues such as the linguistic and informational barriers to health care must be addressed if immigrant women are to achieve optimum health status for themselves and their families. This study used a participatory photonovel as a tool to educate ESL-speaking immigrant women about health information. This research illustrates five ESL-speaking immigrant women’s responses to the use of a participatory photonovel as a health literacy tool. The findings reveal the women’s perspectives on the use of culturally relevant visuals and simplified English in the photonovel as being conducive to their understanding of health information.
Angiomyolipoma of the kidney. Immunoreactivity with HMB‐45. Light‐ and electron‐microscopic findings

Immunoreactivity with HMB‐45 has recently been described in renal angiomyolipoma, a tumour of smooth muscle cells. HMB‐45 is a monoclonal antibody that reacts specifically with melanosomes. In order to determine whether the tumour cells contain melanosomes and synthesize melanin, seven tumours were studied by light microscopy and immunohistochemically with the antibodies HMB‐45, KP1 (CD68), PG‐M1 (CD68), Ki‐M1P, anti‐lysozyme, anti‐smooth‐muscle actin, anti‐vimentin, anti‐S100 protein and KL1 (anti‐keratin). Two tumours were also studied by electronmicroscopy and one by immuno‐electronmicroscopy. Histochemical investigation for dopa oxidase was performed on cryostat sections. The tumours contained varying numbers of HMB‐45‐positive muscle cells. Reactivity was noted in lysosomal granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Typical premelanosomes were found in the tumour cells by electronmicroscopy. Groups of tumour cells stained for dopa oxidase. The tumour cells were not reactive for lysozyme, but reacted with KP1, PG‐M1 and Ki‐M1P. Immuno‐electronmicrosopy showed that reactivity for KP1 was located within lysosomal granules. The findings show that the tumour cells of renal angiomyolipoma contain premelanosomes and that they are able to synthesize melanin, because they contain dopa oxidase. Immunoreactivity with KP1, PG‐M1 and Ki‐M1P can be attributed, in the absence of staining for lysozyme, to the large number of lysosomal granules. The tumour cells were not found to be related to macrophages or myeloid cells.
Market Failure and Control of Labour Power: Towards an Explanation of 'Structure' and Change in Indian Agriculture: Part 1

(1) Although existing approaches do, on occasion, shed light on certain specific aspects of Indian agriculture, in general they run into problems of methodology or content or (more frequently) both. In particular, it is misleading to treat Indian agri culture in 'peasant economy' (no markets) or neoclassical (perfect market) terms, and problematic to view it as 'semi-feudal' (markets subordinate to 'extra-economic' factors). (2) Analysis of the relationships between farm size, land productivity, sharecropping and mechanisation suggest the need for an integrated model which emphasises both the unemployment and poverty of poor peasants and the problems of supervision and control of wage labour and tenants. (3) Proper appreciation of the interlinked role of these factors can help to explain the system's inability to combine the abundant labour of the poor with resources owned largely by the rich. It can also go on to explain institutional responses like sharecropping (as partial solutions to the problem of intensifying labour use) and technological ones such as mechanisation (as a means of delinking large farm growth from the need to intensify labour use). (4) The tensions and choices between these responses underlie both the problem of stagnation and the phenomenon of switches from sharecropping to mechanisation. (5) For associated reasons, more rapid growth in Indian agriculture is unlikely without major institutional changes to create much new employment and is likely to be more capital intensive than is usually assumed.
Influence of Dietary Fat Composition on Development of Insulin Resistance in Rats: Relationship to Muscle Triglyceride and ω-3 Fatty Acids in Muscle Phospholipid

High levels of some but not all dietary fats lead to insulin resistance in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the important determinants underlying this observation. Insulin action was assessed with the euglycemic clamp. Diets high in saturated, monounsaturated (ω-9), or polyunsaturated (ω-6) fatty acids led to severe insulin resistance; glucose infusion rates [GIR] to maintain euglycemia at ∼1000 pM insulin were 6.2 ± 0.9, 8.9 ± 0.9, and 9.7 ± 0.4 mg · kg−1 · min−1, respectively, versus 16.1 ± 1.0 mg · kg−1 · min−1 in chow-fed controls. Substituting 11% of fatty acids in the polyunsaturated fat diet with long-chain ω-3 fatty acids from fish oils normalized insulin action (GIR 15.0 ± 1.3 mg · kg−1 · min−1). Similar replacement with short-chain ω-3 (α-linolenic acid, 18:3ω3) was ineffective in the polyunsaturated diet (GIR 9.9 ± 0.5 mg · kg−1 · min−1) but completely prevented the insulin resistance induced by a saturated-fat diet (GIR 16.0 ± 1.5 mg · kg−1 · min−1) and did so in both the liver and peripheral tissues. Insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle was inversely correlated with mean muscle triglyceride accumulation (r = 0.95 and 0.86 for soleus and red quadriceps, respectively; both P = 0.01). Furthermore, percentage of long-chain ω-3 fatty acid in phospholipid measured in red quadriceps correlated highly with insulin action in that muscle (r = 0.97). We conclude that 1) the particular fatty acids and the lipid environment in which they are presented in high-fat diets determine insulin sensitivity in rats; 2) impaired insulin action in skeletal muscle relates to triglyceride accumulation, suggesting intracellular glucose–fatty acid cycle involvement; and 3) long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in phospholipid of skeletal muscle may be important for efficient insulin action.
Direct Observation of Students during Clerkship Rotations: A Multiyear Descriptive Study

Purpose To determine how often students report that they are observed while performing physical examinations and taking histories during clerkship rotations. Method From 1999–2001, 397 students at the University of Virginia School of Medicine were asked at the end of their third year to report the number of times they had been observed by a resident or faculty member while taking histories and performing physical examinations on six rotations. Results Three hundred and forty-five students (87%) returned the survey instrument; of these, 322 (81%) returned instruments with complete information. On average, the majority reported that they had never been observed by a faculty member while taking a history (51%), performing a focused physical examination (54%), or a complete physical examination (81%). The majority (60%) reported that they had never been observed by a resident while performing a complete physical examination. Faculty observations occurred most frequently during the four-week family medicine rotation and least frequently during the 12-week surgery rotation. The length of the clerkship rotation was inversely related to the number of reported observations, χ2 (5, n = 295) = 127.85, p < . 000. Conclusions Although alternative assessments of clinical skills are becoming more common in medical education, faculty ratings based on direct observation are still prominent. The data in this study reflect that these observations may actually be occurring quite infrequently, if at all. Decreasing the evaluative weight of faculty and resident ratings during the clerkship rotation may be necessary. Otherwise, efforts should be made to increase the validity of these ratings.
Cities in the developing world

Rapid urbanisation is a major feature of developing countries. Some 2 billion more people are likely to become city residents in the next 30 years, yet urbanisation has received little attention in the modern development economics literature. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical work on the determinants and effects of urbanisation. This suggests that there are substantial productivity benefits from cities, although unregulated outcomes may well lead to excessive primacy as externalities and coordination failures inhibit decentralisation of economic activity. Policy should operate both by identifying and addressing these market failures, and by seeking to remove institutional obstacles to decentralisation.
Evaluation of crestal bone loss and stability of immediate functional loading versus immediate non-functional loading of single-mandibular posterior implants: A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the crestal bone loss and stability of single mandibular posterior dental implants placed in immediate functional loading (IFL) and immediate nonfunctional loading (INFL) during 6 months after placement. Materials and Methods: Forty single piece root form titanium implants were placed in 20 patients using IFL and INFL techniques. The change in the level of crestal bone was measured on standardized digital periapical radiographs using SOPRO imaging software and stability of implants using resonance frequency analyser taken at the baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months. The measurements were statistically analyzed using the independent and paired t-test (P < 0.05, statistically significant). Results: The mean change in the crestal bone level from baseline to 6 months was significant in both techniques. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) values at first and third months were lower than those at the baseline for both the groups. However, the ISQ values at the sixth month were similar to baseline for both the groups. The crestal bone changes and the ISQ values when compared between the groups showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: IFL of dental implants have equivalent results and success rate as that of immediately provisionalized implants within the limitations of this study.
Monoclonal anti-I-A antibody reverses chronic paralysis and demyelination in Theiler's virus-infected mice: critical importance of timing of treatment

Susceptibility to demyelination caused by the WW isolate of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses is linked to class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex. SJL/J (H-2s) mice, expressing only I-As class II gene products of the major histocompatibility complex, are highly susceptible to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection with the WW virus isolate, with chronic paralysis and severe inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. The effect of in vivo administration of anti-I-As monoclonal antibodies on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection was observed. SJL/J mice were treated in various protocols pre- or postinfection. Anti-I-As monoclonal antibody reversed chronic paralysis and reduced inflammation and demyelination when given after the establishment of persistent infection. The effect was long lasting, but clinical signs, inflammation, and demyelination recurred 2 months after treatment ceased. Anti-I-As antibodies had no effect on viral titers within the central nervous system. The timing of the administration of monoclonal antibodies was critical. Administration of anti-I-As before the establishment of the persistent infection resulted in fatal encephalitis.
Human tumour‐associated macrophages differentiate into osteoclastic bone‐resorbing cells

Macrophages are commonly found within osteolytic secondary carcinomas in bone, but the manner in which these cells contribute to malignant bone resorption is uncertain. Macrophages isolated from primary breast carcinomas were co‐cultured for up to 21 days with UMR 106 rat osteoblast‐like cells on bone slices and glass coverslips in the presence and absence of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF). Cell cultures were then assessed for the presence of phenotypic markers of macrophage and osteoclast differentiation. Isolated cells were negative for osteoclast markers including tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), vitronectin receptor (VNR), and the ability to carry our lacunar bone resorption, but were positive for CD11b and CD14, macrophage markers which are not present on osteoclasts. In 21‐day co‐cultures of breast carcinoma tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) and UMR 106 cells, incubated in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 and M‐CSF, numerous TRAP‐ and VNR‐positive multinucleated cells capable of extensive lacunar resorption were formed. Contact with UMR 106 cells and the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 and M‐CSF were absolute requirements for differentiation of human breast carcinoma TAMs into mature functional osteoclasts. TAM–osteoclast differentiation may represent an important cellular mechanism of osteolysis in metastatic skeletal carcinomas. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narratives vs Numbers in the Annual Report: Are They Giving the Same Message to the Investors?

The annual report has two parts, financial statements and narrative sections. Commentators have raised doubts about the harmony of the two parts. The financial statements are audited, therefore submitted to a form of control. The narrative sections are free style, open to confusion and manipulation. Users are potentially exposed to contradictory messages producing an effect of dissonance. We do not test the presence of dissonance for the users, but the presence of contradictory information prone to produce dissonant effect. We conduct a content analysis of the president letter and we build an index of the level of optimism contained in it. Then, we compare this index with the change in key numbers or ratios from the financial statements. Our results indicate a moderate level of divergence between the narrative sections and the accounting data. However, this level is sufficient to raise questions about the necessity to regulate the discourse accompanying the financial statements.
Estrogen blocks parathyroid hormone-stimulated osteoclast-like cell formation in modulating differentiation of mouse marrow stromal cells in vitro.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE During skeletal development and bone remodeling, bone marrow stromal cells give rise to osteoblasts and provide a critical microenvironment to support osteoclast formation. Estrogen is important for the maintenance of bone balance in adult animals by either increasing bone mass or inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. This study sought to determine the role that estrogen plays in coordinating osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and the ability of these cells to support osteoclast formation. METHODS A conditionally immortalized mouse bone marrow stromal cell line, MS1, was used to examine the effects of estrogen on stromal cell differentiation and on stromal cell-supported osteoclast formation. RESULTS On treatment of MS1 cells with 17 beta-estradiol (E2) (10(-12)-10(-8) M), alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation were increased in a dose-dependent manner, while the proliferation of MS1 cells was dose-dependently inhibited. 17 beta-E2 (10(-12)-10(-8) M) also caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cell (MNC) formation in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated MS1 and spleen cell cocultures. Furthermore, estrogen pretreatment of MS1 cells also decreased the number of TRAP-positive MNCs in cocultures. Culturing in PTH-treated conditioned media did not rescue the loss of activity supporting osteoclast-like cell formation in MS1 cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that 17 beta-E2-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation of mouse marrow stromal cells results in bone matrix mineralization and a decrease in activity of supporting PTH-induced osteoclast-like cell formation.
Food Insecurity is Associated With Social Capital, Perceived Personal Disparity, and Partnership Status Among Older and Senior Adults in a Largely Rural Area of Central Texas

This study examined the association of compositional measures of collective social functioning, composed of community and familial social capital and perceived personal disparity, with food security among older (aged 50–59 y) and senior (aged ≥ 60 y) adult residents of the largely rural Brazos Valley in Central Texas using data from the 2006 Brazos Valley Community Health Assessment (analytic N = 1059, 74% response rate). Among older adults and seniors, 18.6% reported food insecurity (5.5% often and 13.1% sometimes), defined as running out of food and not having money to buy more. Low community social capital was reported by 22.4% of participants, and 30.8% indicated they were single, widowed, or divorced, an indicator of limited familial social capital. A robust multinomial regression model found the odds of reporting greater food insecurity increased for individuals who were women, African American, residents of a household with a low or poverty-level income, individuals who perceived themselves to be worse off than others within their community, and those who had low social capital. The odds of being food insecure decreased for older respondents, partnered respondents and persons with more education (pseudo r2 = 0.27, p < 0.0000). Compositional level measures of collective social functioning are important associates of food insecurity among older adults and seniors, regardless of severity.