Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of Common and Less Frequent EGFR Mutations in Cytological Samples of Lung Cancer

Objective: Lung cancer represents the leading cause of cancer death. EGFR mutations, detected in 10-40% of lung adenocarcinomas, are an essential key to therapeutic management. EGFR-activated mutations comprise mainly deletions in exon 19 and point mutations in exon 21. Although histology is the traditional method of detection, we investigated the role of cytology in EGFR mutations. Study Design: A total of 774 lung cancers were studied for EGFR mutations (676 histological and 98 cytological samples), including 424 adenocarcinomas, 326 non-small cell lung carcinomas not otherwise specified, and 24 squamous cell carcinomas. Results: We had a total of 164 (21.2%) cases of mutations. Common mutations were short in-frame deletions in exon 19 (53.7%) and single-nucleotide substitutions in exon 21 (34.1%); less frequent mutations included single-nucleotide substitutions in exon 18 (3.7%) and in-frame insertions/deletions in exon 20 (8.5%). Histologically, EGFR mutations in exons 19 and 21 occurred in 19.4% and in exons 18 and 20 in 2.2%, while the rates cytologically were 13.3% for exons 19 and 21 and 5.1% for exons 18 and 20. Conclusions: The sensitivity for the detection of EGFR mutations in cytological samples overlaps histology, so the use of cytological material constitutes an adequate approach for treatment selection in patients with locally advanced or metastatic lung cancer.
Teacher-correction, Peer-correction and Self- correction: Their Impacts on Iranian Students' IELTS Essay Writing Performance

This study investigated the impact of Teacher-correction, Peer-correction, and Self-correction on the performance of Iranian advanced students on IELTS writing test. The participants of the study were 54 students who were chosen from among 75 IELTS candidates, and then divided into three groups of 18. All of the students took writing pre-test at the beginning of the term and, then the 8-week treatment in which they received different types of feedback started. One-way ANOVA results of the post-test revealed that there was a significant difference among the performance of the three groups. The results of the Scheffe Test showed that there was a significant difference between Teachercorrection and Self-correction groups, between Teacher-correction and Peer-correction groups, and between Self-correction and Peer-correction groups. The findings suggested that Peer-correction and Self-correction were much more effective than the traditional Teacher-correction, and Peer-correction was shown to be the best method of giving feedback.
Grown Unschoolers’ Evaluations of Their Unschooling Experiences: Report I on a Survey of 75 Unschooled Adults

Seventy-five adults, who had been unschooled for at least the years that would have been their last two years of high school, responded to a survey about their experiences. Their responses indicated that their parents generally played supportive, not directive roles in their education and played bigger supportive roles for those who started their unschooling early than for those who started later. The great majority of respondents reported that they were very happy with their unschooling. Nearly all of them valued the freedom it gave them to pursue their own interests in their own ways, and many reported that unschooling promoted their capacities for self-motivation, self-direction, personal responsibility and continued learning. A minority said they experienced a learning deficit as a result of unschooling, and most of those said they easily made up that deficit when they needed to. Most said they had satisfying social lives as unschoolers, and many commented on the special value of having friends of a wide range of ages. Only three respondents said they were unhappy with their unschooling, and those three all said that they were socially isolated, in dysfunctional families with mothers who were psychologically depressed and fathers who were uninvolved.
Assessing Risk for Recidivism in Individuals Convicted of Stalking Offenses

This study examined the internal validity and predictive accuracy of the Guidelines for Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM), a structured professional judgment risk assessment tool for stalking. Interviewers rated 89 stalking offenders on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) and SAM Nature (N) and Perpetrator (P) subscales. Researchers obtained stalking and violence outcomes prospectively from several sources, for an average follow-up period of 2.5 years. Cox Proportional Hazard analyses including SAM and PCL:SV scores demonstrated a significant positive relationship between SAM total and subscale scores in predicting stalking recidivism, whereas PCL:SV scores were negatively associated with recidivism. However, the SAM clinical risk ratings did not significantly predict stalking reoffending. There were also no significant associations between SAM scores and violent outcomes. These findings provide mixed support for the use of the SAM as a risk assessment tool for stalking offenders.
Childhood Cross-Gender Behavior and Adult Homosexuality

SUMMARY It is difficult to identify an example of a pattern of childhood behaviors that is as predictive of an essential adulthood behavioral phenomenon as is early cross-gender behaviors with later homosexual orientation. Bases of this powerful association are complex, controversial and enigmatic. Research findings and speculations are presented to outline the issues engaged and stake out where we think we are in our understanding.
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene carcinogenesis with purified diets varying in content of cysteine, cystine, liver extract, protein, riboflavin, and other factors.

I N T R O D U C T I O N The experiments to be described in this paper were begun with a number of objectives in view: first, to study tumor production by p-dimethylaminoazobenzene in rats upon diets h.avlng a well-defined composition from a nutritional standpoint; secondly, to determine under such well-defined nutritional conditions the effects of riboflavin and of liver extract, which had been previously reported to reduce tumor incidence when given as supplements to a polished rice diet; and thirdly, to follow tumor development throughout the entire life span of a population rather than to limit the observations, as had been usually done, to determination of tumor incidence at the expiration of some arbitrarily chosen period of time. As the experiments proceeded, tests of the effects of substances other than riboflavin and liver extract upon tumor development were carried out; the effects of cystelne, cystine,/,-aminobenzoic acid, pantothenlc acid, choline, inositol, lipocaic, and succinic acid will be reported in this paper. The effects of biotin and egg albumin will be reported in subsequent communications. Since these experiments were begun in January, 1941, reports upon the effects of a number of these agents have appeared from other laboratories. In spite of a certain degree of overlapping with such previously published data, the present experiments are presented in some detail because they give a complete record of tumor development with each combination of agents used. M E T H O D S The rats used in these experiments were obtained from a local breeder and were descendants of the Wistar strain. The i r weights at the beginning of treatment ranged from 75 to 120 gm. but few animals of less
Unconjugated bilirubin activates and damages microglia

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and are the principal source of cytokines produced during central nervous system inflammation. We have previously shown that increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), which can be detrimental to the central nervous system during neonatal life, induce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and glutamate by astrocytes. Nevertheless, the effect of UCB on microglia has never been investigated. Hence, the main goal of the present study was to evaluate whether UCB leads to microglial activation and to the release of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐6. Additionally, we investigated the effects of UCB on glutamate efflux and cell death. The results showed that UCB induces morphological changes characteristic of activated microglia and the release of high levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 in a concentration‐dependent manner. In addition, UCB triggered extracellular accumulation of glutamate and an increased cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that UCB is toxic to microglial cells and point to microglia as an important target of UCB in the central nervous system. Moreover, they suggest that UCB‐induced cytokine production, by mediating cell injury, can further contribute to exacerbate neurototoxicity. Interestingly, microglia cells are much more responsive to UCB than astrocytes. Collectively, these data indicate that microglia may play an important role in the pathogenesis of encephalopathy during severe hyperbilirubinemia. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dysexecutive Syndromes in Neurologic Disease

Damage to the frontal structures may lead to a diverse set of changes in cognitive, behavioral, or emotional domains. While lesion studies have demonstrated distinct impairments related to pathology in different frontal regions, it is clear that the frontal lobe syndrome is not restricted to damage to frontal regions. Therefore, the broad range of impairments in executive functioning evident in neurologic disease is often referred to as the dysexecutive syndrome. This review provides an overview of how executive functioning has been traditionally defined and measured. The components of executive function such as planning, cognitive flexibility and set-shifting, initiation and self-generation, response inhibition, serial ordering and sequencing, are discussed with respect to traditional measures and neural substrates. This is followed by profiles of frontal-executive dysfunction in aging, traumatic brain injury, frontotemporal dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Since no one specific neurologic disorder has a predilection to damage isolated to the frontal lobes, profiles of the dysexecutive syndrome are related to damage to several regions in addition to the frontal lobes. Finally, there is a discussion of ecological validity and the impact of executive deficits on everyday functioning. The recent development of executive tests with greater ecological validity is reviewed and discussed, and suggestions for future directions for research are provided.
MR imaging evaluation of knee collateral ligaments and related injuries: Comparison of T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted, and fat‐saturated T2‐weighted sequences—correlation with clinical findings

The objectives of this study were to compare the ability of T1‐weighted (T1W), proton density/T2‐weighted (PD/T2W), and fat saturation (FS) PD/T2W magnetic resonance (MR) sequences for depiction of the knee collateral ligaments and related injuries, and to compare MR findings with clinical findings. Ten subjects with normal knee ligaments and 64 patients with suspected collateral ligament injuries underwent coronal T1W, PD/T2W, and FS PD/T2W imaging. Abnormalities ranged from edema surrounding the collateral ligaments (grade I) to complete disruption of ligamentous fibers (grade III). FS PD/T2W images improved definition of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) compared with other sequences in 78% and 81% of patients, respectively. While the apparent grade of collateral ligament injury was similar with all pulse sequences in most patients, depiction of such injury was usually most conspicuous on FS PD/T2W images (MCL, 92% of patients; LCL, 38% of patients). In no patients were clinically diagnosed collateral ligament injuries undetected or understaged with MR imaging. MR findings indicated higher‐grade MCL and LCL injuries than did clinical examination in 24 and 15 patients, respectively.
miRNA Signature of Mouse Helper T Cell Hyper-Proliferation

Helper T cells from a mutant mouse model, LAT Y136F, hyper-proliferate and cause a severe lymphoproliferative disease that kills the mice by six months of age. LAT Y136F mice carry a tyrosine to phenylalanine mutation in the Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT) gene. This mutation leads to a number of changes in T cells that result in altered cytokine production including increased IL-4 production, increased proliferation, and decreased apoptosis. Hyper-proliferation of the mutant T cells contributes to lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and multi-organ T cell infiltration. miRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that regulate expression of cohorts of genes. This study investigates which miRNAs are expressed in LAT Y136F T cells and compares these to miRNAs expressed in wild type T cells that are undergoing proliferation in two other settings. The first setting is homeostatic proliferation, which was modeled by adoptive transfer of wild type T cells into T cell-deficient mice. The second setting is proliferation in response to infection, which was modeled by infection of wild type mice with the nematode H. polygyrus. By comparing miRNA expression in these three proliferative states (LAT Y136F hyper-proliferation, homeostatic proliferation and proliferation in response to H. polygyrus infection) to expression in wild type naïve CD4+ T cells, we found miRNAs that were highly regulated in all three proliferative states (miR-21 and miR-146a) and some that were more specific to individual settings of proliferation such as those more specific for LAT Y136F lymphoproliferative disease (miR-669f, miR-155 and miR-466a/b). Future experiments that modulate levels of the miRNAs identified in this study may reveal the roles of these miRNAs in T cell proliferation and/or lymphoproliferative disease.
Treatment of a multiple sclerosis animal model by a novel nanodrop formulation of a natural antioxidant

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and is associated with demyelination, neurodegeneration, and sensitivity to oxidative stress. In this work, we administered a nanodroplet formulation of pomegranate seed oil (PSO), denominated Nano-PSO, to mice induced for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established model of MS. PSO comprises high levels of punicic acid, a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid considered as one of the strongest natural antioxidants. We show here that while EAE-induced mice treated with natural PSO presented some reduction in disease burden, this beneficial effect increased significantly when EAE mice were treated with Nano-PSO of specific size nanodroplets at much lower concentrations of the oil. Pathological examinations revealed that Nano-PSO administration dramatically reduced demyelination and oxidation of lipids in the brains of the affected animals, which are hallmarks of this severe neurological disease. We propose that novel formulations of natural antioxidants such as Nano-PSO may be considered for the treatment of patients suffering from demyelinating diseases. On the mechanistic side, our results demonstrate that lipid oxidation may be a seminal feature in both demyelination and neurodegeneration.
Local algorithms for independent sets are half-optimal

We show that the largest density of factor of i.i. d. independent sets in the dd-regular tree is asymptotically at most (logd)/d(log⁡d)/d as d→∞d→∞. This matches the lower bound given by previous constructions. It follows that the largest independent sets given by local algorithms on random dd-regular graphs have the same asymptotic density. In contrast, the density of the largest independent sets in these graphs is asymptotically 2(logd)/d2(log⁡d)/d. We prove analogous results for Poisson–Galton–Watson trees, which yield bounds for local algorithms on sparse Erdős–Renyi graphs.
Impact of directness on the perception of trust in intercultural communication in business relationships

This research project examines the impact of a direct communication style on the establishment of trust in intercultural business settings. A qualitative research approach was chosen as it was the aim of this research project to capture and evaluate participants’ perceptions of directness and its impact on trustworthiness, owing to underlying cultural values and beliefs of participants. The focus group method was chosen as a stand-alone method to collect rich and indepth data. The group effect of the focus group method was significant for this research project as cultural differences were under examination. A critical incident approach was employed, and three different scenarios were discussed in each focus group. The three focus groups were culturally specific, and findings were compared across the focus group to identify culturally specific perceptions and patterns. Cultures under examination were the German and Chinese cultures, with New Zealand as a control group. Findings disclose an unexpected preference for a direct communication style in business settings from the Chinese participants, and hence, strongly support the call for more empirical research in this area. A variety of culturally specific factors were identified to impact participants’ willingness to trust another party, and findings indicate that the elements of directness and indirectness impact participants’ perceptions of another person’s trustworthiness.
Perturbation of Orthogonal Polynomials on an Arc of the Unit Circle, II

Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle are fully determined by their reflection coefficients through the Szego? recurrences. Assuming that the reflection coefficients converge to a complex numberawith 0<|a|<1, or, in addition, they form a sequence of bounded variation, we analyze the orthogonal polynomials by comparing them with orthogonal polynomials with constant reflection coefficients which were studied earlier by Ya. L. Geronimus and N. I. Akhiezer. In particular, we present asymptotic relations under certain assumptions on the rate of convergence of the reflection coefficients. Under weaker conditions we still obtain useful information about the orthogonal polynomials and also about the measure of orthogonality.
Communication, risk behavior, and perceptions of threat and efficacy: A test of a reciprocal model

Abstract Despite empirical and anecdotal evidence of the growing problem of alcohol use and abuse on college campuses, there is a high level of uncertainty regarding factors contributing to this particularly risky behavior. Past research has argued persuasively for the role individuals’ level of self‐efficacy and perceptions of threat or susceptibility play in decisions to engage (or not engage) in a variety of behaviors (Witte, 1992). However, factors contributing to the development of these perceptions of self‐efficacy and threat have yet to be completely understood. The present investigation argues that it is through our interactions with others, as well as our personal experiences with risky behaviors, that we develop perceptions of threat and efficacy. Recognizing, however, the complex and reciprocal nature of the attitude‐behavior relationship, this paper explores the intricacies of the relationships among communication, threat, efficacy, and behavior. 239 undergraduates at a medium‐sized northeaste.
Application of Landsat to Evaluate Effects of Irrigation Forbearance

Thirty-meter resolution Landsat data were used to evaluate the effects of irrigation management in the Wood River Valley, Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon. In an effort to reduce water use and leave more of the water resource in-stream, 4,674 ha of previously flood irrigated pasture was managed as dryland pasture. Ground-based measurements over one irrigated and one unirrigated pasture site were used to monitor the difference in evapotranspiration (ET) using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method. These data sets represent point measurements of the response to irrigation, but do not allow for the spatial integration of effects of irrigated versus unirrigated land treatment. Four Landsat scenes of the Wood River Valley during the 2004 growing season were evaluated using reconstructed METRIC algorithms. Comparisons of ET algorithm output with ground-based data for all components of the energy balance, including net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and evapotranspiration, were made for the four scenes. The excellent net radiation estimates, along with reasonable estimates of the other components, are demonstrated along with the capability to integrate results to the basin scale.
Motivational Basis of Body Contact

Evidence suggests that ideas about parenting are often not directly related to parenting behavior, a phenomenon defined as the belief-behavior dilemma. The present study considers both explicit socialization goals but also implicit motives as predictors for parenting behavior emphasizing close body contact between mother and infant. Mothers with 3-month-old infants were recruited in three cultural contexts that represent different cultural models. Socialization goals and implicit motives of power and affiliation were assessed. Finally, mothers were videotaped during an interaction with their infants. The cultural samples meaningfully differed from each other in socialization goals, implicit motives, and parenting behavior. In line with the belief-behavior dilemma, socialization goals did not predict maternal parenting behavior. However, the implicit motive of power predicted mothers’ level of body contact with their infants across and within cultural contexts.
Situational knowledge and emotions

Abstract Knowledge of situations in which various emotions might typically be experienced was investigated. An initial series of experiments collected normative data concerning groupings of emotions, general situational information and specific “scripts” for emotional experiences. A further series of experiments employed primed word recognition (lexical decision, naming) and an image generation task in which subjects were primed with emotion words or situational information. Strong priming effects were observed from situational information to emotion words. These findings suggested that situational information relating to emotions may be organised in a hierarchy in which personal memories of emotional experiences, “scripts” of emotional experiences general emotion situation information, and conceptual knowledge of emotions are closely interrelated. The implications of this hierarchical organisation for the representation of emotional knowledge in memory are discussed.
Fascioliasis: An Ongoing Zoonotic Trematode Infection

Zoonotic trematode infections are an area of the neglected tropical diseases that have become of major interest to global and public health due to their associated morbidity. Human fascioliasis is a trematode zoonosis of interest in public health. It affects approximately 50 million people worldwide and over 180 million are at risk of infection in both developed and underdeveloped countries. The one health paradigm is an area that seeks to address the problem of zoonotic infections through a comprehensive and sustainable approach. This review attempts to address the major challenges in managing human and animal fascioliasis with valuable insights gained from the one health paradigm to global health and multidisciplinary integration.