Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Exploration of Business Model Development in the Commercialization of Technology Innovations

Research on business model development has focused on the relationships between elements of value conceptualization and organization having a linear sequence in which business models are first designed and then implemented. Another stream of research points to business model development with these elements interacting in a cyclical manner. There is a need to improve our understanding of the connective mechanisms and dynamics involved in business model development, particularly from the challenging perspective of commercializing innovations. The aim of this paper was to explore business model development during the commercialization of innovations through a case‐based qualitative study. This study found from four case studies that specific elements of business model development, representative of the conceptualization of value and organizing for value creation, integrate in a dynamic and cyclical process in the commercialization of technology innovations. The study provides empirical evidence that adds new insights to literature on sequential and more interactive processes of business model development. It also contributes to literature on business model development and particularly how it relates to the commercialization of innovations.
Integrating culture into digital learning environments: studies using cultural educational games

The research presented in this paper focuses on the importance of culture as a design feature in educational learning environments. The significance, benefits and barriers of adopting culturally-oriented approaches are discussed together with recommendations from the literature for overcoming challenges. In this paper, we describe the details of an exploratory study and an experimental study undertaken using culturally-oriented educational games built in accordance with the recommendations for enculturated learning systems. The results and findings of both studies are outlined, and evidence is presented in support of the viability and utility of cultural inclusivity in educational game-based learning environments.
SEARCH: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sorafenib plus erlotinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE To compare the clinical outcomes of sorafenib plus either erlotinib or placebo in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a multicenter, multinational, randomized, phase III trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced HCC and underlying Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis, who were naive to systemic treatment (N = 720), were randomly assigned to sorafenib plus either erlotinib (n = 362) or placebo (n = 358). The primary end point was overall survival (OS). RESULTS Median OS was similar in the sorafenib plus erlotinib and sorafenib plus placebo groups (9.5 v 8.5 months, respectively; hazard ratio [HR], 0.929; P = .408), as was median time to progression (3.2 v 4.0 months, respectively; HR, 1.135; P = .18). In the sorafenib/erlotinib arm versus the sorafenib/placebo arm, the overall response rate trended higher (6.6% v 3.9%, respectively; P = .102), whereas the disease control rate was significantly lower (43.9% v 52.5%, respectively; P = .021). The median durations of treatment with sorafenib were 86 days in the sorafenib/erlotinib arm and 123 days in the sorafenib/placebo arm. In the sorafenib/erlotinib and sorafenib/placebo arms, the rates of treatment-emergent serious AEs (58.0% v 54.6%, respectively) and drug-related serious AEs (21.0% v 22.8%, respectively) were similar. AEs matched the known safety profiles of both agents, but rates of rash/desquamation, anorexia, and diarrhea were higher in the sorafenib/erlotinib arm, whereas rates of alopecia and hand-foot skin reaction were higher in the sorafenib/placebo arm. Withdrawal rates for AEs during cycles 1 to 3 were higher in the sorafenib/erlotinib arm. CONCLUSION Adding erlotinib to sorafenib did not improve survival in patients with advanced HCC.
THE EFFECT OF SEDATION ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY DURING TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY : A COMPARISON OF HYPNOTIC SEDATION WITH MEDICAL SEDATION

Background: There is no ideal sedation technique that can be used during Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) and the data concerning the effects of available sedation techniques on Heart rate variability(HRV) are limited. Our study aimed at comparing the effects of sedation through hypnotherapy with medical sedation achieved by midazolam on HRV. Methods: We recruited 76 patients with an indication of TEE; the age range was 18-83 years. The patients were randomized into 3 groups. In Group Topical(Group T), 26 patients who underwent the procedure under topical pharyngeal anesthesia; in Group Midazolam(Group D), 23 patients received midazolam; and in Group Hypnosis(Group H), 27 patients received hypnosis. All patients had an IV port. Throughout the procedure, heart rate, electrocardiography (ECG) rhythm, and peripheral O2 saturation were monitored with a noninvasive monitor, and blood pressure measurements were taken every 3 minutes. Holter rhythm recordings were obtained from all patients during procedure. Results: When time domain parameters for HRV were compared in all three groups, the hypnosis group demonstrated a significant increase in both the number of pairs of adjacent NN intervals differing by more than 50 ms divided by the total number of all NN intervals (pNN50) (Group H p:0.001, Group T p:0.002) and the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD) compared to Groups D and T (Group H p:0.001, Group T p:0.04). With regard to frequency domain parameters, in the hypnosis group, the low-frequency (LF) was decreased, and although the highfrequency(HF) was Increased, this difference was not at the level of statistical significance (p:0.12, p:0.72, respectively). However, the LF/HF decreases were statistically significant (Groups D p:0.001 and T p:0.001). when compared with the midazolam group. Conclusion: Contrary to sedation with midazolam, when hypnosis is used for sedation in TEE patients, the autonomic cardiac tone is modified to a significant extent. Hypnotic sedation achieves this by increasing the parasympathetic activity, decreasing the sympathetic activity and altering the sympathovagal interaction balance.
Foreign ownership and firm performance: evidence from Japan's electronics industry

Foreign investors have in recent years increased their ownership of Japanese firms. Has this greater involvement contributed to improve firm performance? We show that the answer depends on the assumptions regarding the unobservable firm effects. If the latter are assumed to be time invariant, as in most existing studies, the influence of foreign investors appears to be positive. However, unobserved firm characteristics are unlikely to be constant in the case of electronics firms. Using dynamic panel data estimation, we show that the effect of foreign ownership on operating profits has been initially insignificant, but is starting to show up strongly in the more recent period. On the other hand, the immediate impact has been to raise expectations about future firm performance.
The Reorganisation of State and Market in Planning

The planning system escaped fundamental reorganisation in the 1980s. Its agendas and emphases were shifted, and its procedures modified. Planning functions in a few areas (Urban Development Corporations) were taken out of local authority control, and the regulatory regime was relaxed in others (via Enterprise and Simplified Planning Zones) . Otherwise the system remained intact . Its objective continued to be to regulate the use and development of land through a system of advisory development plans and regulatory decisions on development applications, governed by administrative discretion rather than legal rule. The power to determine the parameters of that discretion continued to be concentrated in central government and the courts . One reason for this continuity is the peculiar flexibility of the British planning system. Its legislation defines procedures to govern local decision-making, with little specification of policy content . Some interpret the system as a procedural device to be `filled' with whatever content politicians, officials and pressure groups consider important at a particular time . This content has varied over the years . In the early post-war period, a central objective was to organise development and redevelopment activity undertaken primarily by the public sector. By the 1970s, restraining development pressures and promoting environmental quality were key objectives . McAuslan (1980), however, argues that its discretionary form allows an administrative-professional conception to dominate the definition of the `public interest' in land-use regulation and the management of environmental change. Brindley et al. (1989) describe the system in the 1980s as exploring alternative directions . In some places, a strategic planbased approach was being taken, in others the public sector led a process of urban regeneration . Elsewhere, the system was used merely to facilitate market-led development. They predicted that the dominant directions, because most coincident with Thatcherism, were represented in the London Docklands, and in attempts at privatesector-led regeneration of rundown council estates. Both were examples of projectbased market-led initiatives, supported with government subsidy . But by 1990, the impetus had moved away from such models, with the property-development sector in deep recession and questions being raised about the justification for the ongoing scale of subsidy in Docklands if the intention was for the market to bear the costs and risks as well as reap the direct benefits of development activity . Brindley et al. (1989) describe the planning system as a flexible mechanism for mediating conflicting interests in land within which different interests come to dominate at different periods. The present author took a similar view in an analysis of
The effects of diabetes and aminoguanidine treatment on endothelial function in a primate model of type 1 diabetes

Abnormalities of endothelial function have been demonstrated in diabetes and are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The aims of this study were to determine whether aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of glycation, can prevent endothelial and microcirculation abnormalities in a primate model of type 1 diabetes. Male baboons (Papio hamadryas) were assigned to one of the four groups: control, diabetes, control treated with aminoguanidine or diabetes treated with aminoguanidine. Diabetes was induced by streptozocin (60 mg/kg) and treated with once daily injection of insulin. Aminoguanidine was given subcutaneously (10 mg/kg), once a day. Diabetic animals had a mean duration of diabetes of 8.9±3.4 years and HbA1c of 8.9±1.1%. Microvascular function was measured by laser Doppler velocimetry, with examination of endothelium‐dependent increase in skin blood flow (SkBF) following iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and endothelium‐independent increase in SkBF in response to the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Multiple regression analysis identified diabetes (P=0.049) and aminioguanidine treatment (P=0.026) as significant determinants of ACh response. The diabetic baboons treated with aminoguanidine had less Ach‐mediated SkBF response compared with controls (1.39±0.32 vs. 2.26±0.61, F=3.3, P=0.04), but there was no difference between groups in SkBF response to SNP. We conclude that endothelial dysfunction can be demonstrated in this primate model of type 1 diabetes at a stage when overt diabetic complications are not present. This occurred in the absence of insulin resistance or significant hypercholesterolemia. Administration of aminoguanidine from the onset of diabetes was not able to prevent this abnormality and in fact aggravated the endothelial response. Effects of aminoguanidine on NO synthase may contribute to this phenomenon. Am. J. Primatol. 70:796–802, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Gender Earnings Gap in Britain: Including the Workplace

The earnings gap between male and female employees is substantial and lingering. Using linked data for Britain, in this paper we show that an important contribution to this gap is made by the workplace in which the employee works. Evidence for workplace and occupational segregation as partial explanations of the earnings gap is presented. Having allowed also for individual worker characteristics there remains a substantial within-workplace and within-occupation gender gap. The contribution of these factors, as well as the earnings gap itself, differ significantly across sectors of the labour market. The relative unimportance of occupational segregation and the large remaining gender gap suggest that stronger enforcement of equal pay legislation is likely to be the most appropriate policy response. Copyright © 2007 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and The University of Manchester.
Extinction of a Classically Conditioned Response: Red Nucleus and Interpositus

It is well established that the cerebellum and its associated circuitry are essential for classical conditioning of the eyeblink response and other discrete motor responses (e.g., limb flexion, head turn, etc.) learned with an aversive unconditioned stimulus. However, brain mechanisms underlying extinction of these responses are still relatively unclear. Behavioral studies have demonstrated extinction to be an active learning process distinct from acquisition. Accordingly, this current understanding of extinction has guided neural studies that have tried to identify possible brain structures that could support this new learning. However, whether extinction engages the same brain sites necessary for acquisition is not yet clear. This poses an overriding problem for understanding brain mechanisms necessary for extinction because such analysis cannot be done without first identifying brain sites and pathways involved in this phenomenon. Equally elusive is the validity of a behavioral theory of extinction that can account for the properties of extinction. In this study, we looked at the involvement of the interpositus and the red nucleus in extinction. Results show that, although inactivation of both nuclei blocks response expression, only inactivation of the interpositus has a detrimental effect on extinction. Moreover, this detrimental effect was completely removed when inactivation of the interpositus was paired with electrical stimulation of the red nucleus. These findings speak to the important role of cerebellar structures in the extinction of discrete motor responses and provide important insight as to the validity of a particular theory of extinction.
Pathophysiology of benign prostate enlargement and lower urinary tract symptoms: Current concepts

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are highly prevalent in the aging population, particularly in men. Historically, prostate enlargement was thought to be responsible for most cases of male LUTS. Several risk factors for the development of benign prostate enlargement/hyperplasia (BPE/BPH) have been identified, including age, genetics, hormones, growth factors, inflammation, and lifestyle factors. However, as our knowledge continues to evolve, male LUTS are no longer managed entirely in a prostate-centric fashion. In this article, we review current concepts in the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of BPE/BPH and male LUTS.
Does corporate social responsibility affect the participation of minority shareholders in corporate governance

Using a unique minority shareholders voting dataset, we aim to shed light on several important issues on corporate governance and investor protection. Specifically, we first examine the effects of social responsibility ( CSR ) on minority shareholder participation ( MSP ). Then, we investigate whether the mounting attention to CSR due to certain events has marginal effects on MSP , and whether CSR and MSP affect firms' market performances. Collectively, we find that: 1) firms' CSR levels significantly affect MSP and can substitute the governance role of minority shareholders to some extent; 2) exogenous shocks related to CSR can significantly affect MSP ; and 3) firms with higher CSR level and lower MSP enjoy higher market value improvements. In addition, we find limited evidence that institutional investors may face conflict-of-interest pressures and vote against individual investors. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and offer significant policy implications.
Ischiofemoral Impingement: A Retrospective Analysis of Cases in a Specialist Orthopaedic Centre over a Four-Year Period

Background Ischiofemoral impingement is a recently identified cause of chronic hip pain, the pathophysiology and clinical features of which are poorly understood. Aim To determine the clinical significance of MRI findings of ischiofemoral impingement. Materials and Methods Retrospective search for cases of ischiofemoral impingement in the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, over a 4 year period, and review of medical notes to identify correlation between clinical and MRI features. Results Sixteen hips in 13 patients with MRI signs of ischiofemoral impingement were identified. All patients were females with a median age of 36 years (range 17-80 years). In six patients the symptoms corresponded to the side of the quadratus femoris abnormality and narrowed ischiofemoral distance. In two patients the symptoms were on the same side as the abnormality but were more consistent with back pain and sciatica. In five patients the symptoms were not anatomically related to the abnormality. Abnormalities identified; seven patients had muscle oedema (six unilateral, one bilateral) and six had muscle wasting (four unilateral, two bilateral). Of the patients with quadratus femoris oedema, two had gluteus medius enthesopathy and one had hamstring enthesopathy. Two patients presented with a chronic loud clunking of the hip on walking. Conclusions Ischiofemoral impingement on MRI is seen in patients with pain localised to the ipsilateral buttock and in patients with symptoms unrelated to the abnormality. The condition may be associated with wasting or oedema of the quadratus femoris muscle on MRI and may occur secondary to injury in other muscles controlling movement of the hip such as the hamstrings and gluteus medius. Ischiofemoral impingement is a cause of a clunking hip.
Changing topography of the RPE resulting from experimentally induced rapid eye growth

Abstract The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the quokka wallaby, Setonix brachyurus, grows and changes throughout life. To investigate factors that determine changes in the quokka RPE, we have examined topography of this tissue in experimentally enlarged eyes. Unilateral eyelid suture was conducted at the time of normal eye opening, postnatal day (P) 110, and animals were examined at 1 or 1½ years of age. The numbers and densities of RPE cells and the extent of multinucleation were compared with those in normal animals. Eyelid suture resulted in a 9.8% and 17.4% increase in retinal area at 1 and 1½ years, respectively; a significant degree of myopia was associated with this enlargement. Cell density topography in experimental eyes was not the same as in controls. Cells from central retina were disproportionately larger in the experimental than control eyes. However, the RPE cell topography in sutured eyes was not the same as that of aged retinae of a similar size. Notably, in sutured eyes there was no development of the high or highest cell densities seen in equatorial and temporal central RPE in aged retinae, respectively. Furthermore, the degree of cell enlargement in peripheral regions was slight compared with that observed in similar-sized, aged retinae. There was no increase in RPE cell number; rather, average cell area increased accompanied by no change or a slight decrease in RPE thickness. Consequently, overall volume of cells did not change significantly. The large number of multinucleate cells normally seen in aged animals was not observed in experimentally enlarged eyes, implying that an increase in cell volume may be the trigger for multinucleation.
Marketing Town Centres: Retailing and Town Centre Management

The role of town centre management (TCM) schemes in the UK has expanded to incorporate a more overt and explicit focus on marketing and promotion. This paper considers the marketing/promotional activities of TCM schemes in the UK. TCM schemes operate at the interface of the public and private sectors. The implications of this are discussed, including the need for a consensual approach by a wide range of urban stakeholders, and the actual activities undertaken, influenced by the funding imperative under which such schemes operate (which impacts on the feasibility of certain activities and the efforts made to evaluate them). Comparisons are drawn between specific place marketing practice by TCM schemes and wider place marketing strategies.
Predictors of delirium during in-hospital rehabilitation in elderly patients after hip arthroplasty.

SIR—In their article published recently, Freter et al. [1] assessed the feasibility of incorporating the Delirium Elderly At-Risk (DEAR) instrument into routine nursing care of elective orthopaedic patients and evaluated its usefulness to predict post-operative delirium. We would like to contribute to this topic with personal data. We assessed predictors of delirium during in-hospital rehabilitation in elderly patients who underwent an elective hip arthroplasty. All patients (n= 244) consecutively admitted to our unit for this reason from 1 January 2002 to 28 February 2004 underwent a multidimensional assessment including sociodemographic (age, gender, living condition), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Charlson Index, body mass index and Barthel Index (BI) referring to 1 month before surgical intervention (BI pre-surgery) and to admission (BI admission). Delirium was ascertained on admission and during in-hospital rehabilitation according to the DSM IV criteria using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) [2]. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered within 72 hours of admission or, in the case of delirium, after 3 consecutive days of negative CAM. Appendix 1 (available as supplementary data on the journal’s website, www.ageing.oxfordjournals.org) shows the characteristics of all patients stratified into two groups (delirium and no delirium). In comparison with the others, patients with delirium were significantly older, predominantly male, more impaired in cognitive and functional status, and had a higher comorbidity detected with the Charlson Index. When the effect of all variables that were significantly associated in the univariate model was tested in a multiple logistic regression, male gender (OR= 13.7, 95% CI 2.8–65.5, P= 0.001), greater comorbidity, as measured by a Charlson Index score ≥ 3 (OR= 9.4, 95% CI 1.3–66.9, P= 0.02), a MMSE score <29/30 (OR= 6.6, 95% CI 1.1– 39.6, P= 0.03) and a BI pre-surgery score <100 (OR= 3.8, 95% CI 1.1–15.0, P= 0.05) significantly and independently predicted onset of delirium. Our study only partially supports that of Freter et al. Indeed, although it indirectly confirms that delirium is a common event in post-operative patients and that the identification of those at risk is possible with a routine multidimensional assessment, it also emphasises the need to assess comorbidity, which appears to be difficult for nurses. On the basis of our data we are persuaded that a standardised multidimensional geriatric assessment may be more useful than a specific pre-operative instrument. GIUSEPPE BELLELLI1,2*, SALVATORE SPECIALE1,2, MARCO TRABUCCHI3 1Rehabilitation Department, ‘Ancelle della Carita’, Hospital Cremona, Cremona, Italy 2Geriatric Research Group, Brescia, Italy 3University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy *To whom correspondence should be addressed Fax: (+39) 03725357700 Email: bellelli-giuseppe@poliambulanza.it