Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soldiers Lead Themselves to More Success: A Self-Leadership Intervention Study

Neck and Manz (1999) elaborated in their article “In Search of the Self-Lead Soldier” on the need for continuous improvement of personnel qualities such as increase in self-efficacy, increase of performance, and decrease of perceived strain. Self-leadership is a tool that fosters exactly these personal resources. This study examines self-leadership training effects on soldiers participating in a military training course over 14 weeks. It is the first self-leadership training study to evaluate performance improvement using objective criteria (examination marks, physical tests) in intervention and control group consisting of soldiers of the Austrian army. Its design features a large sample (N = 130), duration of self-leadership training over 10 weeks, and evaluation over 4 time points. The intervention group accomplished significantly higher educational achievements in examinations and physical tests. Also levels of self-efficacy were significantly higher and levels of strain were marginally to significantly lower.
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Development of the Motivational System during Adolescence, and Its Sensitivity to Disruption by Nicotine

The brain continues to develop during adolescence, and exposure to exogenous substances such as nicotine can exert long-lasting adaptations during this vulnerable period. In order to fully understand how nicotine affects the adolescent brain it is important to understand normal adolescent brain development. This review summarizes human and animal data on brain development, with emphasis on the prefrontal cortex, for its important function in executive control over behavior. Moreover, we discuss how nicotine exposure during adolescence can disrupt brain development bearing long-term consequences on executive cognitive function in adulthood.
Evaluation of Hemoglobin Concentration in Pregnancy and Correlation with Different Altitude: A Study from Balochistan Plateau of Pakistan

Background: Anemia refers to a condition having low hemoglobin concentration. Anemia is considered a major risk factor for unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. This is the first study describing the pattern of hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy and its relationship to areas of high and low altitudes in Balochistan (the largest of Pakistan’s four provinces). The main objective of this study was to observe hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia among pregnant women living in the high or low altitude areas of Balochistan. Methods: A randomized survey was conducted and blood samples were collected from 132 healthy full term pregnant women subjects and 110 unmarried females. The subjects of the current study were selected from two different areas of Balochistan (Quetta and Uthal). Hemoglobin levels of the subjects were analyzed on Microlab 300 by Merck kit. Dietary status of the subjects was assessed based on simplified associated food frequency questionnaire. The factors effecting hemoglobin in full term pregnancy at different altitudes were multi gravidity/parity (increased number of pregnancies/children), age, socio-economic and educational status. Results: Anemia was highly prevalent in low-altitude region (68.33%). We found statistically significant difference in mean hemoglobin level at high-altitude region (11.81 ± 1.02) and low-altitude region (10.20 ± 1.28) in pregnant females of Balochistan plateau (P < 0.001). Higher maternal age (> 35 years) has shown significantly higher anemic frequency at both high (57.89%; p < 0.002) and low (41.46%; p = 0.067) altitudes. A balanced-diet that is rich in meat products has also shown significant correlation with reduced incidences of anemia among pregnant women at both altitudes. Conclusion: Hemoglobin concentration increases in the body with elevated altitudes and, thus, anemia was less frequent at high-altitude region. Factors affecting hemoglobin concentration in full term pregnancy at different altitudes included old maternal age, low body-mass index, education and diet.
Exploration of Optimal Agricultural Practices and Seedling Types for Establishing Poplar Plantations

Controlling competing vegetation during early growth is one of the most important practices for the successful establishment of poplar plantations. Today, most poplar plantations in temperate regions are established on abandoned marginal agricultural land where competing vegetation is usually present during the first years after planting. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine how the growth of two kinds of poplar planting materials, un-rooted cuttings and bare-rooted seedlings was influenced by different vegetation control and soil preparation practices. Across treatments, un-rooted cuttings grew more rapidly than the bare-rooted seedlings. Our results also show that mulching with a degradable carpet or permanent polyethylene plastic increased seedling growth to a similar extent and more strongly in the cases of no treatment (in control plots). In addition, the results suggest that soil preparation in the mulched area favored seedling growth, but this effect was restricted to the first year after planting. These findings indicate that optimal practices for establishing poplar plantations on former agricultural land include planting un-rooted cuttings in prepared soil and mulching.
THE IMPACT OF THE BUILDING OCCUPANT ON ENERGY MODELING SIMULATIONS

Uncertainties regarding behavior of building occupants limit the ability of energy models to accurately predict actual building performance. Initial results show that predicted energy consumption changes by more than 150% using all high or all low values for what experts believe reasonably represents occupant behavior. Although numerous sources of modeling inaccuracies and over-simplifications exist, more research is needed to fully evaluate the sensitivity of energy modeling results to variability in occupant behavior. This study analyzes existing energy programs and identifies schedule and load parameters currently used to characterize building occupancy. It then performs a crude sensitivity analysis that shows the impact of the uncertainty with respect to changes of individual values for these parameters. It identifies the most significant individual contributors to variability in results and identifies directions for future research. The eventual goal of this work is to increase the accuracy of energy modeling simulations through improvements to the model of building occupancy.
“You too, Second Screeners?” Second Screeners’ Echo Chambers During the 2016 U.S. Elections Primaries

This article examines second screeners’ conversations during the 2016 U.S. election primaries. Over a 2-week period, we collected Twitter mentions of 3 top cable news shows (N = 49,568) posted while these shows were broadcast. Using social network analysis, we reconstructed the social network of second screeners (N = 27,811) and found that the network exhibits ideological homophily with few cross-camp interactions. Our findings strongly indicate the existence of echo chambers in the second screen realm, with more confined echo chambers identified in networks of Twitter followers in comparison to second screeners. The study provides one of the most comprehensive mappings of the second screening phenomenon during an election campaign to date.
The differential effect of moral judgment and internal and external incentives on cheating behavior

The present research fol lows upon an ea r l i e r study conducted during 1977-78. A methodological consideration was raised from the study and, thus, a second study was conducted during the 1980-81 school yearThe purpose of t h i s study was to elucidate the re la t ionship between moral judgment, incentives and cheating behavior. The effectiveness of four incent ives, two internal and two externa l , were pre-tested against a control group using 143 subjects divided evenly among the f i ve groups. A l l incent ives, except for one of the internal incent ives, were found t o be s i gn i f i can t l y e f fec t ive in producing the desired behavior when compared against the control group ( p < .05). The most e f fec t ive of the two external incentives was chosen along with the e f fec t ive internal incentive fo r the experimental tes t ing session. Using Rest's Defining Issues Test, 296 male, secondary school students were c lass i f i ed according to t h e i r predominant stage of moral judgment. Stage 3, 4 and 5 subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental groups which received an internal or external incent ive or no incentive (control ) on the assigned task. A contrived addit ion tes t consist ing of f i ve t r i a l s of f i f t e e n problems per t r i a l was administered to each of the three groups with incorrect answers being given for one-half of the problems allowing opportunit ies to f a l s i f y the wr i t ten se l f repor t of tes t resu l t s . I t was hypothesized that stage 3 subjects would respond wi th increased cheating behavior to the external incentive of an of fer of a \/ery valuable
The influence of selected hypotensive drugs on the bioavailability of minerals from buckwheat groats in vitro enzymatic digestion.

BACKGROUND The mineral status in hypertensive patients may be affected by hypotensive drugs. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of hypotensive drugs (angiotensine converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), β-blockers, Ca-antagonists, diuretics) on the potential bioavailability of magnesium, iron, zinc and copper from buckwheat groats in vitro enzymatic digestion. MATERIAL AND METHODS The degree of release of magnesium, iron, zinc and copper from buckwheat groats was determined with and without (the control sample) an addition of hypotensive drugs. Four antihypertensive drugs in one dose (one tablet per sample) were analysed: metocard (a β-blocker), cardilopin (a Ca-antagonist), apo-perindox (ACE-I) and indapen (a diuretic). The samples were subjected to enzymatic digestion under in vitro conditions. The content of minerals in buckwheat groats before and after enzymatic digestion was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). RESULTS It was found that cardilopin (amlodipine) and indapen (indapamide) significantly increased the release of zinc from groats. The degree of release of magnesium was higher and the release of iron was lower in samples with apo-perindox (perindopril) than in the control group. The release of copper was significantly decreased by indapen (indapamid). CONCLUSIONS Amlodipine, perindopril and indapamide affected the release of magnesium, iron, zinc and copper from buckwheat groats in vitro enzymatic digestion.
Efficient Evaluation of Well-designed Pattern Trees (Extended Abstract)

Conjunctive queries (CQs) constitute the core of the query languages for relational databases and also the most intensively studied querying mechanism in the database theory community. But CQs suffer from a serious drawback when dealing with incomplete information: If it is not possible to match the complete query with the data, they return no answer at all. The semantic web therefore provides a formalism known as well-designed pattern trees (WDPTs) that tackles this problem. In particular, WDPTs allow us to match patterns over the data if available, but do not fail to give an answer otherwise. Here, we abstract away the specifics of semantic web applications and study WDPTs over arbitrary relational schemas. Since our language properly subsumes the class of CQs, the evaluation problem associated with it is intractable. In this paper we identify natural structural properties of WDPTs that lead to tractability of various variants of the evaluation problem.
Firms' innovation capability‐building paths and the nature of changes in learning mechanisms : multiple case-study evidence from an emerging economy

Although much has been written about organizational-level learning, there is a dearth of empirical studies that explore the role of changes in the nature of firm-centred learning mechanisms in affecting inter-firm differences and similarities in the accumulation of innovation capabilities, especially among firms from emerging economies, known as latecomers. By examining the relationships between these issues based on fieldwork evidence from 13 natural resource-processing firms in Brazil (1950-2000s), this study found that: (1) firms that combined the use of external and internal learning mechanisms with increased intensity and quality achieved higher innovation capability levels than firms that used these learning mechanisms with limited frequency and unchanged quality over time; (2) the relative importance of both external and internal learning mechanisms changed as firms' capabilities approached world-leading levels; (3) some combinations of external and internal learning mechanisms were associated with the attainment of particular innovation capability levels. Therefore, if latecomer firms expend limited efforts in using and deliberately changing the intensity and, mainly, the quality of both external and internal learning mechanisms over time, they will deepen their innovation capabilities slowly and will remain innovation 'followers' rather than becoming world-leading innovators. Using a novel approach that explores the relationship between latecomer firms' innovation capability-building and the extent of changes in the underlying learning mechanisms, this paper furthers our understanding of the nature and dynamics of learning and its role as a primary source of firms' international innovation performance. It also challenges recent approaches that seem to over emphasize open learning processes and post-Chandlerian forms of learning as the leading sources of firms' innovation capabilities.
Administration of Cholera Toxin Maturation of Gut Dendritic Cells after Oral In Vivo Adjuvant-Induced Mobilization and

Holmgren, Carlos Ardavin and Cecil CzerkinskyRousseau, Catherine Hervouet, Genevieve Milon, Jan Fabienne Anjuere, Carmelo Luci, Michael Lebens, Deborahhttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/8/5103J Immunol€2004; 173:5103-5111; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/8/5103.full#ref-list-1This article cites 34 articles, 16 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai. org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
Increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of soluble Fas (CD95/Apo-1) in hydrocephalus

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ventricular enlargement observed in children with chronically raised intracranial pressure (ICP) causes a secondary loss of brain tissue. In animal studies of hydrocephalus, programmed cell death (apoptosis) has been found as a major mechanism of neuronal injury. One of the regulators of the apoptotic cell death programme is the receptor mediated Fas/Fas ligand interaction. METHODS The apoptosis regulating cytokines soluble Fas (sFas) and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 31 hydrocephalic children undergoing shunt surgery for symptomatic hydrocephalus and 18 controls. RESULTS High concentrations of sFas were observed in children with hydrocephalus (median 252 ng/ml); in controls sFas was below the detection limit (0.5 ng/ml). sFasL was undetectable in all but one sample. CONCLUSION High concentrations of sFas in the CSF of children with hydrocephalus suggest intrinsic sFas production, potentially antagonising pressure mediated Fas activation.
Insulin Sensitivity Is an Important Determinant of Renal Health in Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and is a major cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity is an important determinant of renal health in adults with type 2 diabetes, but limited data exist in adolescents. We hypothesized that measured insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate [GIR]) would be associated with early markers of DN reflected by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Type 2 diabetic (n = 46), obese (n = 29), and lean (n = 19) adolescents (15.1 ± 2.2 years) had GIR measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. ACR was measured and GFR was estimated by the Bouvet equation (combined creatinine and cystatin C). RESULTS Adolescents with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower GIR, and higher eGFR and ACR than obese or lean adolescents. Moreover, 34% of type 2 diabetic adolescents had albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g), and 24% had hyperfiltration (≥135 mL/min/1.73 m2). Stratifying ACR and eGFR into tertiles, adolescents with type 2 diabetes in the highest tertiles of ACR and eGFR had respectively lower GIR than those in the mid and low tertiles, after adjusting for age, sex, Tanner stage, BMI, and HbA1c (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04). GIR, but not HbA1c, LDL, or systolic blood pressure, was also associated with eGFR after adjusting for sex and Tanner stage (β ± SE: −2.23 ± 0.87; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of adolescents with type 2 diabetes showed evidence of early DN, and insulin sensitivity, rather than HbA1c, blood pressure, or lipid control, was the strongest determinant of renal health.
Clarifying the Associations between Psychopathy and Attachment in Adult Non-Institutionalised Samples

Psychopathy is a personality construct characterised by a range of destructive and disruptive interpersonal behaviours, however, there is limited information regarding how this construct relates to behaviour within intimate social relationships. One theory which could be useful in understanding not only the interpersonal processes of psychopathy, but potentially its etiology, is attachment theory. While a small literature regarding the association between psychopathy and attachment has been developed in recent years, there have been a number of discrepancies between studies and a number of areas of attachment theory left unexplored. Across a series of studies we investigated the associations between psychopathy and general attachment styles, attachment styles in specific normative relationships (e.g., mother, father, romantic partner and friends), and the actual presence of attachment bonds in large, adult, non-institutionalised samples using self-report measures. In our results, we demonstrated that there are consistent associations between individual differences in attachment styles and psychopathy, which tend to differ depending on the attachment dimension, component of psychopathy or specific attachment relationship under consideration. We also found deficits in the presence of attachment bonds associated with psychopathy, as indicated by reports of less attachment behaviour within one’s intimate social network, smaller intimate social network size and differences in social network composition. While this finding is consistent with theoretical descriptions of psychopathy, the effect sizes were small. Overall, our results are supportive of the application of attachment theory to understand the interpersonal processes of psychopathy and provide preliminary support for further consideration of attachment theory in psychopathy’s etiology. Given that we only found limited deficits regarding the capacity to form an attachment bond, taken together, our results suggest that it may be more important to examine the quality of bonds formed in psychopathic individuals rather than the mere presence or absence of bonds. PSYCHOPATHY AND ATTACHMENT 6 Table of
Fluxplayer: A Successful General Game Player

General Game Playing (GGP) is the art of designing programs that are capable of playing previously unknown games of a wide variety by being told nothing but the rules of the game. This is in contrast to traditional computer game players like Deep Blue, which are designed for a particular game and can't adapt automatically to modifications of the rules, let alone play completely different games. General Game Playing is intended to foster the development of integrated cognitive information processing technology. In this article we present an approach to General Game Playing using a novel way of automatically constructing a position evaluation function from a formal game description. Our system is being tested with a wide range of different games. Most notably, it is the winner of the AAAI GGP Competition 2006.
Isolating along-strike variations in the depth extent of shallow creep and fault locking on the northern Great Sumatran Fault

The Great Sumatran Fault system in Indonesia is a major right-lateral trench-parallel system that can be divided into several segments, most of which have ruptured within the last century. This study focuses on the northern portion of the fault system which contains a 200-km-long segment that has not experienced a major earthquake in at least 170 years. In 2005, we established the Aceh GPS Network for the Sumatran Fault System (AGNeSS) across this segment. AGNeSS observes large displacements which include significant postseismic deformation from recent large megathrust earthquakes as well as interseismic deformation due to continued elastic loading of both the megathrust and the strike slip system. We parameterize the displacements due to afterslip on the megathrust using a model based on a rate- and state-dependent friction formalism. Using this approach, we are able to separate afterslip from other contributions. We remove predicted deformation due to afterslip from the observations, and use these corrected time series to infer the depth of shallow aseismic creep and deeper locked segments for the Great Sumatran Fault. In the northern portion of this fault segment, we infer aseismic creep down to 7.3 ± 4.8 km depth at a rate of 2.0 ± 0.6 cm/year. In the southwestern portion of the segment, we estimate a locking depth of 14.8 ± 3.4 km with a downdip slip rate of 1.6 ± 0.6 cm/year. This portion of the fault is capable of producing a magnitude 7.0 earthquake.
Alveolar macrophages from susceptible mice are more competent than those of resistant mice to control initial Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection

Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the first host cells to interact with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), a primary human pathogen that causes severe pulmonary infections in Latin America. To better understand innate immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, we decided to study the fungicidal and secretory abilities of AM from resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to infection. Untreated, IFN‐γ and IL‐12 primed AM from B10.A and A/J mice were challenged with P. brasiliensis yeasts and cocultured for 72 h. B10.A macrophages presented an efficient fungicidal ability, were easily activated by both cytokines, produced high levels of nitric oxide (NO), IL‐12, and MCP‐1 associated with low amounts of IL‐10 and GM‐CSF. In contrast, A/J AM showed impaired cytokine activation and fungal killing, secreted high levels of IL‐10 and GM‐CSF but low concentrations of NO, IL‐12, and MCP‐1. The fungicidal ability of B10.A but not of A/J macrophages was diminished by aminoguanidine treatment, although only the neutralization of TGF‐β restored the fungicidal activity of A/J cells. This pattern of macrophage activation resulted in high expression of MHC class II antigens by A/J cells, while B10.A macrophages expressed elevated levels of CD40. Unexpectedly, our results demonstrated that susceptibility to a fungal pathogen can be associated with an efficient innate immunity, while a deficient innate response can ultimately favor the development of a resistant pattern to infection. Moreover, our data suggest that different pathogen recognition receptors are used by resistant and susceptible hosts to interact with P. brasiliensis yeasts, resulting in divergent antigen presentation, acquired immunity, and disease outcomes.