Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Steep tilting of metavolcanic rocks by multiple mechanisms, central Sierra Nevada, California

For ∼200 km along the eastern Sierra Nevada continental magmatic arc, Mesozoic metavolcanogenic rocks dip steeply to the southwest (∼80°), a feature that must reflect fundamental processes in magmatic-arc construction. Although tight folds can account for such steep bedding tilts, folds in the metavolcanogenic sections are sparse and small scale. We propose that the high bedding tilts were produced by a combination of thrusting, downward displacement, and ductile deformation of the beds. The last two processes accompanied emplacement of the Sierra Nevada batholith. The Ritter Range pendant lies within this ∼200 km belt and provides a relatively large and well exposed Mesozoic volcanic section ranging in age from Late Triassic to mid–Cretaceous. Detailed mapping and ages from U-Pb zircon dates and fossils within the volcanic section reveal five structural blocks (I–V) that are separated by bedding-parallel thrusts, some of which are cryptic. To explain the present difference in bedding orientations between blocks III and IV, we suggest that the thrusting may have had a duplex geometry, which produced a maximum bedding dip of ∼45° in some blocks. Downward displacement of wall rock and ductile strain account for the remaining ∼35° of the observed average bedding dip (∼80°SW). The exact time of thrusting and duplex formation of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic rocks in blocks I–IV is uncertain, but these structures developed either (1) between 105 and 164 Ma, well before the other rotational processes were active, or (2) mostly around 105 Ma, and closer to the time when other rotational processes were active. Much of the subsequent (ca. 91–76 Ma) bedding tilting is related to downward displacement of beds associated with the emplacement of voluminous Late Cretaceous plutons, and to regional ductile deformation of the wall rocks during that period: the majority of the tilting probably took place between ca. 91 and 86 Ma. Bedding tilts of early to mid-Cretaceous rocks in blocks IV and V is bracketed between ca. 98 and ca. 90 Ma. Comparisons with metavolcanic sections to the northwest near Tioga Pass and to the southeast in the Mount Morrison, Mount Goddard and Oak Creek pendants, suggest that bedding rotation by thrusting(? ), downward displacement and ductile strain of wall rock may explain the steep dips along this entire ∼200 km segment of the continental arc. Similar mechanisms may operate at midcrustal levels in other continental arcs.
Health Literacy and Health Information Technology Adoption: The Potential for a New Digital Divide

Background Approximately one-half of American adults exhibit low health literacy and thus struggle to find and use health information. Low health literacy is associated with negative outcomes including overall poorer health. Health information technology (HIT) makes health information available directly to patients through electronic tools including patient portals, wearable technology, and mobile apps. The direct availability of this information to patients, however, may be complicated by misunderstanding of HIT privacy and information sharing. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether health literacy is associated with patients’ use of four types of HIT tools: fitness and nutrition apps, activity trackers, and patient portals. Additionally, we sought to explore whether health literacy is associated with patients’ perceived ease of use and usefulness of these HIT tools, as well as patients’ perceptions of privacy offered by HIT tools and trust in government, media, technology companies, and health care. This study is the first wide-scale investigation of these interrelated concepts. Methods Participants were 4974 American adults (n=2102, 42.26% male, n=3146, 63.25% white, average age 43.5, SD 16.7 years). Participants completed the Newest Vital Sign measure of health literacy and indicated their actual use of HIT tools, as well as the perceived ease of use and usefulness of these applications. Participants also answered questions regarding information privacy and institutional trust, as well as demographic items. Results Cross-tabulation analysis indicated that adequate versus less than adequate health literacy was significantly associated with use of fitness apps (P=.02), nutrition apps (P<.001), activity trackers (P<.001), and patient portals (P<.001). Additionally, greater health literacy was significantly associated with greater perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness across all HIT tools after controlling for demographics. Regarding privacy perceptions of HIT and institutional trust, patients with greater health literacy often demonstrated decreased privacy perceptions for HIT tools including fitness apps (P<.001) and nutrition apps (P<.001). Health literacy was negatively associated with trust in government (P<.001), media (P<.001), and technology companies (P<.001). Interestingly, health literacy score was positively associated with trust in health care (P=.03). Conclusions Patients with low health literacy were less likely to use HIT tools or perceive them as easy or useful, but they perceived information on HIT as private. Given the fast-paced evolution of technology, there is a pressing need to further the understanding of how health literacy is related to HIT app adoption and usage. This will ensure that all users receive the full health benefits from these technological advances, in a manner that protects health information privacy, and that users engage with organizations and providers they trust.
Suppression of the blowfly
 Lucilia sericata
 using odour‐baited triflumuron‐impregnated targets

Abstract.Field trials were carried out in 1995 and 1996 on farms in the south‐west of England to assess the extent to which odour‐baited targets could be used to suppress populations of the ectoparasitic blowfly, Lucilia sericata, in sheep pastures. Targets were constructed from 41 × 41 cm squares of aluminium sheet, covered by white cloth which had been dipped in a mixture of sucrose solution (50% w/v) and the chitin synthesis inhibitor triflumuron (10% suspension concentrate). Each target was baited with ≈ 300 g of liver and sodium sulphide solution (10%). Three matched sheep farms were used in the trials. In 1995, triflumuron‐impregnated targets were placed around the periphery of sheep pastures at one of the farms in late June, at approximately one target per hectare. In 1996, triflumuron‐impregnated targets were placed around the periphery of sheep pastures of a second of the farms in early May, at approximately five targets per hectare. Each year, five sticky targets, used to monitor the L. sericata populations, were also placed in fields at the experimental and the other two farms, which acted as controls. In 1995, the results provided some, although inconclusive, evidence that the triflumuron‐impregnated targets had reduced the numbers of L. sericata relative to the populations on the two control farms. In 1996, however, the density of L. sericata on the experimental farm was reduced to almost zero and remained significantly lower than on two control farms throughout the period during which the triflumuron‐impregnated targets remained in the field. The results are discussed in relation to the use of triflumuron‐treated targets as a practical means of controlling L. sericata and sheep blowfly strike.
A Word-Scale Probabilistic Latent Variable Model for Detecting Human Values

This paper describes a probabilistic latent variable model that is designed to detect human values such as justice or freedom that a writer has sought to reflect or appeal to when participating in a public debate. The proposed model treats the words in a sentence as having been chosen based on specific values; values reflected by each sentence are then estimated by aggregating values associated with each word. The model can determine the human values for the word in light of the influence of the previous word. This design choice was motivated by syntactic structures such as noun+noun, adjective+noun, and verb+adjective. The classifier based on the model was evaluated on a test collection containing 102 manually annotated documents focusing on one contentious political issue — Net neutrality, achieving the highest reported classification effectiveness for this task. We also compared our proposed classifier with human second annotator. As a result, the proposed classifier effectiveness is statistically comparable with human annotators.
Relics of the Mozambique Ocean in the central East African Orogen: evidence from the Vohibory Block of southern Madagascar

The Vohibory Block of south‐western Madagascar is part of the East African Orogen, the formation of which is related to the assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent. It is dominated by metabasic rocks, which have chemical compositions similar to those of recent basalts from a mid‐ocean ridge, back‐arc setting and island‐arc setting. The age of formation of protolith basalts has been dated at 850–700 Ma by U–Pb SHRIMP analysis of magmatic cores in zircon, pointing to an origin related to the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Ocean. The metabasic rocks are interpreted as representing components of an island arc with an associated back‐arc basin. In the early stage of the Pan‐African orogeny, these rocks experienced high‐pressure amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism (9–12 kbar, 750–880 °C), dated at 612 ± 5 Ma from metamorphic rims in zircon. The metamorphism was most likely related to accretion of the arc terrane to the margin of the Azania microcontinent (Proto‐Madagascar) and closure of the back‐arc basin. The main metamorphism is significantly older than high‐temperature metamorphism in other tectonic units of southern Madagascar, indicating a distinct tectono‐metamorphic history.
Source (or Part of the following Source): Type Article Title Divisive Normalization and Neuronal Oscillations in a Single Hierarchical Framework of Selective Visual Attention Author(s) Neural Circuits Review Article Divisive Normalization and Neuronal Oscillations in a Single Hierarchical Framework 

Copyright It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content licence (like Creative Commons). UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) Divisive normalization models of covert attention commonly use spike rate modulations as indicators of the effect of top-down attention. In addition, an increasing number of studies have shown that top-down attention increases the synchronization of neuronal oscillations as well, particularly in gamma-band frequencies (25–100 Hz). Although modulations of spike rate and synchronous oscillations are not mutually exclusive as mechanisms of attention, there has thus far been little effort to integrate these concepts into a single framework of attention. Here, we aim to provide such a unified framework by expanding the normalization model of attention with a multi-level hierarchical structure and a time dimension; allowing the simulation of a recently reported backward progression of attentional effects along the visual cortical hierarchy. A simple cascade of normalization models simulating different cortical areas is shown to cause signal degradation and a loss of stimulus discriminability over time.To negate this degradation and ensure stable neuronal stimulus representations, we incorporate a kind of oscillatory phase entrainment into our model that has previously been proposed as the " communication-through-coherence " (CTC) hypothesis. Our analysis shows that divisive normalization and oscillation models can complement each other in a unified account of the neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. The resulting hierarchical normalization and oscillation (HNO) model reproduces several additional spatial and temporal aspects of attentional modulation and predicts a latency effect on neuronal responses as a result of cued attention.
Dependence of Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungi on Their Plant Host for Palmitic Acid Synthesis

ABSTRACT Lipids are the major form of carbon storage in arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. We studied fatty acid synthesis by Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora rosea. [14C]Acetate and [14C]sucrose were incorporated into a synthetic culture medium to test fatty acid synthetic ability in germinating spores (G. intraradices and G. rosea), mycorrhized carrot roots, and extraradical fungal mycelium (G. intraradices). Germinating spores and extraradical hyphae could not synthesize 16-carbon fatty acids but could elongate and desaturate fatty acids already present. The growth stimulation of germinating spores by root exudates did not stimulate fatty acid synthesis. 16-Carbon fatty acids (16:0 and 16:1) were synthesized only by the fungi in the mycorrhized roots. Our data strongly suggest that the fatty acid synthase activity of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi is expressed exclusively in the intraradical mycelium and indicate that fatty acid metabolism may play a major role in the obligate biotrophism of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi.
No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa

"No Condition Is Permanent", a popular West African slogan, expresses Sara Berry's theme: the obstacles to African agrarian development never stay the same. Her book explores the complex way African economy and society are tied to issues of land and labour, offering a comparative study of agrarian change in four rural economies in sub-Saharan Africa. These include two that experienced long periods of expanding peasant production for export (southern Ghana and southwestern Nigeria ), a settler economy (central Kenya), and a rural labour reserve (northeastern Zambia). The resources available to African farmers have changed dramatically over the course of the 20th century. Berry asserts that the various ways resources are acquired and used are shaped not only by the incorporation of a rural area into colonial (later national) and global political economies, but also by conflicts over culture, power, and property within and beyond rural communities. By tracing the various debates over rights to resources and their effects on agricultural production and farmers' uses of income. Berry presents agrarian change as a series of on-going processes rather than a set of discrete "successes" and "failures". "No Condition Is Permanent" aims to show how multi-disciplinary studies of focal agrarian history can constructively contribute to development policy. The book is designed to be a contribution both to African agrarian history and to debates over the role of agriculture in Africa's recent economic crises.
Understanding Information Diffusion under Interactions

Information diffusion in online social networks has attracted substantial research effort. Although recent models begin to incorporate interactions among contagions, they still don't consider the comprehensive interactions involving users and contagions as a whole. Moreover, the interactions obtained in previous work are modeled as latent factors and thus are difficult to understand and interpret. In this paper, we investigate the contagion adoption behavior by incorporating various types of interactions into a coherent model, and propose a novel interaction-aware diffusion framework called IAD. IAD exploits the social network structures to distinguish user roles, and uses both structures and texts to categorize contagions. Experiments with large-scale Weibo dataset demonstrate that IAD outperforms the state-of-art baselines in terms of F1-score and accuracy, as well as the runtime for learning. In addition, the interactions obtained through learning reveal interesting findings, e.g., food-related contagions have the strongest capability to suppress other contagions' propagation, while advertisement-related contagions have the weakest capability.
Geometric relationship between the Scrip Nappe and metamorphic isograds in the northern Adams River area, Monashee Mountains, British Columbia

In the northern Adams River area of the Monashee Mountains, British Columbia, the axial trace of the Scrip Nappe, a megascopic southwest-verging recumbent F1 anticline, can be traced upward through all stratigraphic units of the Late Proterozoic Horsethief Creek Group westward to where it is truncated by the Eocene North Thompson Fault. The Scrip Nappe has been coaxially folded by a northeast-verging, isoclinal F2 synform with a southwest-dipping axial surface and an amplitude of about 6 km. A metamorphic culmination, defined by the surface trace of the muscovite-out isograd and consisting of a series of northwest–southeast-striking isogradic antiforms and synforms, postdates Early Cretaceous F2 folding and predates Eocene normal faulting at 51–45 Ma.
Detrital zircon geochronology of Carboniferous–Cretaceous strata in the Lhasa terrane, Southern Tibet

Sedimentary strata in the Lhasa terrane of southern Tibet record a long but poorly constrained history of basin formation and inversion. To investigate these events, we sampled Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in the Lhasa terrane for detrital zircon uranium–lead (U–Pb) analysis. The >700 detrital zircon U–Pb ages reported in this paper provide the first significant detrital zircon data set from the Lhasa terrane and shed new light on the tectonic and depositional history of the region. Collectively, the dominant detrital zircon age populations within these rocks are 100–150, 500–600 and 1000–1400 Ma. Sedimentary strata near Nam Co in central Lhasa are mapped as Lower Cretaceous but detrital zircons with ages younger than 400 Ma are conspicuously absent. The detrital zircon age distribution and other sedimentological evidence suggest that these strata are likely Carboniferous in age, which requires the existence of a previously unrecognized fault or unconformity. Lower Jurassic strata exposed within the Bangong suture between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes contain populations of detrital zircons with ages between 200 and 500 Ma and 1700 and 2000 Ma. These populations differ from the detrital zircon ages of samples collected in the Lhasa terrane and suggest a unique source area. The Upper Cretaceous Takena Formation contains zircon populations with ages between 100 and 160 Ma, 500 and 600 Ma and 1000 and 1400 Ma. Detrital zircon ages from these strata suggest that several distinct fluvial systems occupied the southern portion of the Lhasa terrane during the Late Cretaceous and that deposition in the basin ceased before 70 Ma. Carboniferous strata exposed within the Lhasa terrane likely served as source rocks for sediments deposited during Cretaceous time. Similarities between the lithologies and detrital zircon age‐probability plots of Carboniferous rocks in the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes and Tethyan strata in the Himalaya suggest that these areas were located proximal to one another within Gondwanaland. U–Pb ages of detrital zircons from our samples and differences between the geographic distribution of igneous rocks within the Tibetan plateau suggest that it is possible to discriminate a southern vs. northern provenance signature using detrital zircon age populations.
The properties of the stellar populations in ULIRGs – II. Star formation histories and evolution

This is the second of two papers presenting a detailed long-slit spectroscopic study of the stellar populations in a sample of 36 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). In the previous paper, we presented the sample, the data and the spectral synthesis modelling. In this paper, we carry out a more detailed analysis of the modelling results, with the aim of investigating the general properties of the stellar populations (i.e. age, reddening and percentage contribution) and the evolution of the host galaxies, comparing the results with other studies of ULIRGs and star-forming galaxies in the high-z Universe. The characteristic age of the young stellar populations (YSPs) is ≤100 Myr in the nuclei of the overwhelming majority of galaxies, consistent with the characteristic time-scale of the major burst of star formation (SF) associated with the final stages of major galaxy mergers. However, the modelling results clearly reveal that the SF histories of ULIRGs are complex, with at least two epochs of SF activity. Overall, these results are consistent with models that predict an epoch of enhanced SF coinciding with the first peri-centre passage of the merging nuclei, along with a further, more intense, episode of SF occurring as the nuclei finally merge together. It is also found that, although YSPs make a major contribution to the optical emission in most of the extended and nuclear apertures examined, they tend to be younger and more reddened in the nuclear regions of the galaxies. This is in good agreement with the merger simulations, which predict that the bulk of the SF activity in the final stages of mergers will occur in the nuclear regions of the merging galaxies. In addition, our results show that ULIRGs have total stellar masses that are similar to, or smaller than, the break of the galaxy mass function (i.e. ULIRGs are sub-m * or ∼ m * systems), and that the YSPs detected at optical wavelengths dominate the stellar mass contents of the galaxies. Finally, we find no significant differences between the ages of the YSP in ULIRGs with and without optically detected Seyfert nuclei, nor between those with warm and cool mid- to far-IR colours. While these results do not entirely rule out the idea that cool ULIRGs with H II/LINER spectra evolve into warm ULIRGs with Seyfert-like spectra, it is clear that the active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity in local Seyfert-like ULIRGs has not been triggered for a substantial period (> 100 Myr) after the major merger-induced starbursts in the nuclear regions.
Metabolic Stress-Induced Activation of AMPK and Inhibition of Constitutive Phosphoproteins Controlling Smooth Muscle Contraction: Evidence for Smooth Muscle Fatigue?

Metabolic stress diminishes smooth muscle contractile strength by a poorly defined mechanism. To test the hypothesis that metabolic stress activates a compensatory cell signaling program to reversibly downregulate contraction, arterial rings and bladder muscle strips in vitro were deprived of O2 and glucose for 30 and 60 min (“starvation”) to induce metabolic stress, and the phosphorylation status of proteins involved in regulation of contraction and metabolic stress were assessed in tissues under basal and stimulated conditions. A 15–30 min recovery period (O2 and glucose repletion) tested whether changes induced by starvation were reversible. Starvation decreased basal phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MLC-pS19) and of the rho kinase (ROCK) downstream substrates cofilin (cofilin-pS3) and myosin phosphatase targeting subunit MYPT1 (MYPT1-pT696 and MYPT1-pT853), and abolished the ability of contractile stimuli to cause a strong, sustained contraction. Starvation increased basal phosphorylation of AMPK (AMPK-pT172) and 3 downstream AMPK substrates, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC-pS79), rhoA (rhoA-pS188), and phospholamban (PLB-pS16). Increases in rhoA-pS188 and PLB-pS16 would be expected to inhibit contraction. Recovery restored basal AMPK-pT172 and MLC-pS19 to control levels, and restored contraction. In AMPKα2 deficient mice (AMPKα2-/-), the basal level of AMPK-pT172 was reduced by 50%, and MLC-pS19 was elevated by 50%, but AMPKα2-/- did not prevent starvation-induced contraction inhibition nor enhance recovery from starvation. These results indicate that constitutive AMPK activity participates in constitutive regulation of contractile proteins, and suggest that AMPK activation is necessary, but may not be sufficient, to cause smooth muscle contraction inhibition during metabolic stress.