Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONSTRUCTING CHEMICAL CONCEPTS IN THE CLASSROOM?: USING RESEARCH TO INFORM PRACTICE

There is now a considerable literature on the ideas that learners bring to classes, showing that pupils and students hold a wide range of ‘alternative conceptions’ about aspects of chemistry. This body of research is potentially of great interest to practising teachers in schools, colleges and universities. Yet is has been suggested that this research does not have the effect on actual teaching practice that would seem justified. Indeed it has been argued that there tends to be a discontinuity between the work of the educational researchers uncovering ‘misconceptions’, and those charged with developing the curriculum and actually teaching the learners. This paper discusses a project established by the Royal Society of Chemistry (in the UK) to attempt to bridge the gap between research and classroom, in order to encourage teaching practice informed by current chemical education research. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. Eur. : 2001, 2, 43-51]
Endothelin-1 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Development

In the postnatal brain, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) arise from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and migrate into the developing white matter, where they differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. The mechanisms regulating OPC migration and differentiation are not fully defined. The present study demonstrates that endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an astrocyte-derived signal that regulates OPC migration and differentiation. OPCs in vivo and in culture express functional ETA and ETB receptors, which mediate ET-1-induced ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) phosphorylation. ET-1 exerts both chemotactic and chemokinetic effects on OPCs to enhance cell migration; it also prevents lineage progression from the O4+ to the O1+ stage without affecting cell proliferation. Astrocyte-conditioned medium stimulates OPC migration in culture through ET receptor activation, whereas multiphoton time-lapse imaging shows that selective ET receptor antagonists or anti-ET-1 antibodies inhibit OPC migration from the SVZ. Inhibition of ET receptor activity also derepresses OPC differentiation in the corpus callosum in slice cultures. Our findings indicate that ET-1 is a soluble astrocyte-derived signal that regulates OPC migration and differentiation during development.
Cognitive and Behavioural Development of Israeli Males with Fragile X and Down Syndrome

Hebrew translations of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC) and the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS) were administered to 17 Israeli males with fragile X and 17 with Down syndrome matched for chronological and mental ages. When differences in the initial baselines were considered, the pattern of findings was generally consistent with previous reports. On the K-ABC, the males with fragile X scored higher on some subtests of the Simultaneous Domain but not on any of those of the Sequential Domain. On the VABS, superior scores of the males with fragile X on the Daily Living Skills and Communication domains is consistent with prior evidence of their relative strength on the former and the specific weakness of persons with Down syndrome on the latter. These differences between the males with fragile X and Down syndrome with regard to functioning on various domains and subdomains highlight the need to carefully examine the profiles of aetiologically homogeneous groups of persons.
pH regulatory Na/H exchange by Amphiuma red blood cells

In Amphiuma red blood cells, the Na/H exchanger has been shown to play a central role in the regulation of cell volume following cell shrinkage (Cala, P. M. 1980. Journal of General Physiology. 76:683- 708.) The present study was designed to evaluate the existence of pH regulatory Na/H exchange in the Amphiuma red blood cell. The data illustrate that when the intracellular pHi was decreased below the normal value of 7.00, Na/H exchange was activated in proportion to the degree of acidification. Once activated, net Na/H exchange flux persisted until normal intracellular pH (6.9-7.0) was restored, with a half time of approximately 5 min. These observations established a pHi set point of 7.00 for the pH-activated Na/H exchange of Amphiuma red blood cell. This is in contrast to the behavior of osmotically shrunken Amphiuma red blood cells in which no pHi set point could be demonstrated. That is, when activated by cell shrinkage the Na/H exchange mediated net Na flux persisted until normal volume was restored regardless of pHi. In contrast, when activated by cell acidification, the Na/H exchanger functioned until pHi was restored to normal and cell volume appeared to have no effect on pH-activated Na/H exchange. Studies evaluating the kinetic and inferentially, the molecular equivalence of the volume and pHi-induced Amphiuma erythrocyte Na/H exchanger(s), indicated that the apparent Na affinity of the pH activated cells is four times greater than that of shrunken cells. The apparent Vmax is also higher (two times) in the pH activated cells, suggesting the involvement of two distinct populations of the transporter in pH and volume regulation. However, when analyzed in terms of a bisubstrate model, the same data are consistent with the conclusion that both pH and volume regulatory functions are mediated by the same transport protein. Taken together, these data support the conclusion that volume and pH are regulated by the same effector (Na/H exchanger) under the control of as yet unidentified, distinct and cross inhibitory volume and pH sensing mechanisms.
In-Depth Method for the Characterization of Glycosylation in Manufactured Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Drugs

The glycosylation in recombinant monoclonal antibody (rMab) drugs is a major concern in the biopharmaceutical industry as it impacts the drugs’ many attributes. Characterization is important but complicated by the intricate structures, microheterogeneity, and the limitations of current tools for structural analysis. In this study, we developed a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) N-glycan library based on eight commercial rMab drugs. A library of over 70 structures was developed for the rapid characterization of rMab. N-Glycans were separated on a porous graphitized carbon (PGC) column incorporated on a chip and then analyzed by an electrospray ionization hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) MS. The retention time and accurate mass for each N-glycan were recorded in the library. The complete structures were obtained through exoglycosidase sequencing. The results showed that most of the N-glycans between different antibodies are nearly the same with different abundances. The utility of this library enables one to identify structures in a rapid manner by matching LC retention times and accurate masses.
Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy

Slavery is illegal throughout the world, yet more than twenty-seven million people are still trapped in one of history's oldest social institutions. Kevin Bales' disturbing story of slavery today reaches from brick kilns in Pakistan and brothels in Thailand to the offices of multinational corporations. His investigation of conditions in Mauritania, Brazil, Thailand, Pakistan, and India reveals the tragic emergence of a "new slavery," one intricately linked to the global economy. The new slaves are not a long-term investment as was true with older forms of slavery, explains Bales. Instead, they are cheap, require little care, and are disposable. Three interrelated factors have helped create the new slavery. The enormous population explosion over the past three decades has flooded the world's labor markets with millions of impoverished, desperate people.The revolution of economic globalization and modernized agriculture has dispossessed poor farmers, making them and their families ready targets for enslavement. And rapid economic change in developing countries has bred corruption and violence, destroying social rules that might once have protected the most vulnerable individuals. Bales' vivid case studies present actual slaves, slaveholders, and public officials in well-drawn historical, geographical, and cultural contexts. He observes the complex economic relationships of modern slavery and is aware that liberation is a bitter victory for a child prostitute or a bondaged miner if the result is starvation. Bales offers suggestions for combating the new slavery and provides examples of very positive results from organizations such as Anti-Slavery International, the Pastoral Land Commission in Brazil, and the Human Rights Commission in Pakistan.He also calls for researchers to follow the flow of raw materials and products from slave to marketplace in order to effectively target campaigns of "naming and shaming" corporations linked to slavery. "Disposable People" is the first book to point the way to abolishing slavery in today's global economy.
Cultivation in the Newer Media Environment

The cultivation perspective holds that heavy exposure to television's consistent messages leads viewers to be more fearful and mistrustful of others. The widespread adoption and use of new television technologies, however, may alter how television viewing cultivates social reality beliefs by allowing for greater programming diversity and greater viewer control. Two random-digit-dialed telephone surveys of adults in two U.S. cities were conducted to test the impact of cable, VCRs, and remote control devices on fear of crime and interpersonal mistrust. It was found that whereas interpersonal mistrust was linked to greater exposure to cable's broadcast-type channels, both fear of crime and mistrust were negatively related to increased exposure to more specialized and diverse cable channels. Fear of crime was also linked negatively to VCR ownership. The discussion suggests that mass communication researchers continue to explore the impact of new television technologies on traditional media effects.
Generalized GCD Modules

In recent work we called a ring R a GGCD ring if the semigroup of finitely generated faithful multiplication ideals of R is closed under intersection. In this paper we introduce the concept of generalized GCD modules. An R-module M is a GGCD module if M is multiplication and the set of finitely generated faithful multiplication submodules of M is closed under intersection. We show that a ring R is a GGCD ring if and only if some R-module M is a GGCD module. Glaz defined a p.p. ring to be a GGCD ring if the semigroup of finitely generated projective (flat) ideals of R is closed under intersection. As a generalization of a Glaz GGCD ring we say that an R-module M is a Glaz GGCD module if M is finitely generated faithful multiplication, every cyclic submodule of M is projective, and the set of finitely generated projective (flat) submodules of M is closed under intersection. Various properties and characterizations of GGCD modules and Glaz GGCD modules are considered.
The Application of Multivariate Geostatistical Techniques for the Study of Natural Attenuation Processes of Chlorinated Compounds

Modeling spatial variability of environmental parameters through the application of modern techniques of geostatistics has permitted to acquire elements apt to evaluate the possibility of using natural attenuation as a remediation technique for groundwater contaminated by chlorinated compounds. Moreover, a precise delineation of hazardous areas in a polluted site is strongly based on accurate predictions of contaminant concentrations, a task that is complicated by the presence of censored data and highly positively skewed distributions. The present work proposes a geostatistical approach that includes different methods for the study and the control of the ongoing activity of natural attenuation in an abandoned industrial area. The considered variables in this application are the values of concentration in groundwater of some aliphatic chlorinated carcinogenic compounds (PCE and TCE), measured in numerous piezometers, which show highly skewed distributions, characterized by a considerable number of values below the detection limit of the instrument. Indicator Kriging has been applied and the areas with 90% probability of exceeding the detection limit have been considered, inside which the variables were transformed through gaussian anamorphosis. The application of geostatistics has put into evidence the existence of a correlation between them not only from the chemical point of view, but also from the point of view of their spatial distribution: the shared presence of “hot spot” areas might be imputed to the existence of localized hazard sources. In those areas it is possible to detect coherence between the concentrations of the contaminants in study and of the parameters that control the phenomenon, which might be considered a clue that the degrading chemical activity is in progress. In the areas characterized by higher uncertainty for both variables (PCE and TCE), it is possible to presume that the phenomenon of attenuation is in progress, because it is in those areas that the transformations from PCE to TCE may happen in function of the parameters that control the phenomenon. Key-Words: Attenuation, chlorinated compounds, spatial variability, indicator kriging, multivariate geostatistics, confidence interval.
The Normative Dimensions of Teacher/Student Interaction

Abstract The asymmetrical structure of educational attainment has been documented widely. The main unresolved problem in educational research now is to explain the process by which this occurs (i.e. the process of social reproduction). In this research, all students in government secondary colleges in Tasmania were asked to nominate teachers who had been ‘especially helpful or encouraging’. A teaching style questionnaire was issued subsequently to all teachers (n = 505) receiving two or more nominations. Also, the top 25 teachers were interviewed. The results show that the teacher/student relationship is critical in facilitating the ‘educational process’, that this relationship is based on the reciprocal expectations (norms) of students and teachers, and that ‘effective’ teachers use specific techniques in establishing their relationships with students. The research is based on an innovative technique of quantifying the qualitative aspects of these norms or ‘working models’. The results suggest that train.
Sense Making as Motivation in Doing Mathematics: Results from Two Studies.

In this article, we present episodes from two qualitative research studies. The studies focus on students of different ages and populations and their work on different mathematical tasks. We examine the commonalities in environment, tools, and teacher-student interactions that are key influences on the positive dispositions engendered in the students and their interest and engagement in mathematics. In addition, we hypothesize that these positive dispositions in mathematics lead to student reasoning and, thus, mathematical understanding. The resulting framework is supported by other educational research and suggests ways that the standards can be implemented in diverse classrooms in order to achieve optimal student engagement and learning.
Inside Attack Filtering for Robust Sensor Localization

Several solutions have recently been proposed to securely estimate sensor positions even when there is malicious location information which distorts the estimate. Some of those solutions are based on the Minimum Mean Square Estimation (MMSE) methods which efficiently estimate sensor positions. Although such solutions can filter out most of malicious information, if an attacker knows the position of a target sensor, the attacker can significantly alter the position information. In this paper, we introduce such a new attack, called Inside-Attack, and a technique that is able to detect and filter out malicious location information.
Intra‐ and interoperator variability in fetal nasal bone assessment at 11–14 weeks of gestation

Examination of the fetal nasal bones by ultrasound between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation has been proposed as an additional tool in the detection of trisomy 21 in a high‐risk population. However the variability in the identification of fetal nasal bones by ultrasound has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of fetal nasal bone identification by ultrasound between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation.
Person-based reward systems: A theory of organizational reward practices in reform-communist organizations

A type of organizational reward system based on personal power is described and partially tested. The theory, developed from observations of Hungarian organizations, is grounded in theories of procedural justice and learned helplessness. Person-based organizational reward systems are characterized by highly valued rewards combined with personalistic criteria for reward distribution. Such organizational reward systems were hypothesized to lead to employee perceptions of organizational unfairness; negative evaluations of others; anxiety; and perceptions of self, collegial and organizational inefficacy. These hypotheses were supported in tests in a sample of three Hungarian state-owned organizations classified as having person-based systems and five non-person-based organizations (two Hungarian privately-owned companies, one American state-owned and two American privately-owned organizations). In addition, several behavioral effects of person-based reward systems were proposed: they foster bargaining behavior, withholding of information, avoidance of collaborative tasks, ingratiation and noncompliance with rules.
A SIMPLE UNIVARIATE OUTLIER IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE

A simple univariate outlier identification procedure is presented. This procedure is based on the well known boxplot outlier labeling rule. Critical values are easy to obtain for the large sample case for a variety of useful distributions, including the normal, t, gamma, and weibull. Simple adjustment formulas and graphs are provided for handling smaller samples. Basic probability properties are obtained mathematically and through simulation. The proposed procedure is compared with several alternatives. Several large sample data sets are used to illustrate the procedure’s application as a screening tool.
Comparing Social Media and Traditional Surveys around the Boston Marathon Bombing

Sociological surveys have been a key instrument in understanding social phenomena, but do the introduction and popularity of social media threaten to usurp the survey’s place? The signiﬁcant amount of data one can capture from social media sites like Twitter make such sources appealing. Limited work has tried to triangulate these sources pragmatically for research. This paper documents experiences in comparing analyses and results from a panel survey, a survey embedded within an experiment, and social media data surrounding the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombing. Our expe-rience suggests the sources are complementary: social media provides better insight into behavior more rapidly and cheaper than surveys, but surveys can provide higher quality, targeted, and more relevant data.
DNA barcodes affirm that 16 species of apparently generalist tropical parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) are not all generalists

Many species of tachinid flies are viewed as generalist parasitoids because what is apparently a single species of fly has been reared from many species of caterpillars. However, an ongoing inventory of the tachinid flies parasitizing thousands of species of caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, has encountered >400 species of specialist tachinids with only a few generalists. We DNA-barcoded 2,134 flies belonging to what appeared to be the 16 most generalist of the reared tachinid morphospecies and encountered 73 mitochondrial lineages separated by an average of 4% sequence divergence. These lineages are supported by collateral ecological information and, where tested, by independent nuclear markers (28S and ITS1), and we therefore view these lineages as provisional species. Each of the 16 apparently generalist species dissolved into one of four patterns: (i) a single generalist species, (ii) a pair of morphologically cryptic generalist species, (iii) a complex of specialist species plus a generalist, or (iv) a complex of specialists with no remaining generalist. In sum, there remained 9 generalist species among the 73 mitochondrial lineages we analyzed, demonstrating that a generalist lifestyle is possible for a tropical caterpillar parasitoid fly. These results reinforce the emerging suspicion that estimates of global species richness are likely underestimates for parasitoids (which may constitute as much as 20% of all animal life) and that the strategy of being a tropical generalist parasitic fly may be yet more unusual than has been envisioned for tachinids.
Surgical treatment of traumatic lesions of the axillary nerve

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the recovery of muscular strength after surgical intervention in axillary nerve injuries. Surgery was elected when no signs of recovery were noted after three months of conservative treatment. Between 1980 and 1996, 46 traumatic lesions of the axillary nerve were surgically treated. Thirteen patients were excluded from the study for various reasons. Among the remaining 33, 20 with interruption of the nerve trunk were treated with nerve grafts and 13 lesions with the nerve in continuity underwent neurolysis. After a mean follow-up of more than two years, deltoid muscle strength was good or fair in 18 patients and poor in 15 cases. The outcome seemed to be better in isolated lesions than in complex nerve lesions with a favourable outcome in 6/10 patients vs 8/14, in patients younger than 25 years compared to older patients (8/14 vs 8/19), in patients treated with neurolysis (9/13) compared to grafting (9/20), and when graft length was limited (4/4 patients with a graft 6cm or less, 5/8 with a graft over 6cm in length). The outcome was less favourable when associated osteoarticular lesions were present (8/23 versus 8/10) and most convincingly, when surgery was delayed beyond six months (10/22 versus 8/11).
Minority Students and Special Education

This study is part of an investigation into the overrepresentation of minority students in special education. Research in the United States and literature suggest that that there is an overrepresentation of minority students in the U.S. since the introduction of special education programs into the school system. A study by Losen (2002) revealed that minority students were 2.3 times more likely to be identified as requiring special education services. Consequently, this study is an inquiry into the perception of teachers, parents, and community leaders about the overrepresentation of minority students in special education program. The study also explores the factors that influence the overrepresentation of minority students and how best to help minority students succeed in the present education system. This is necessary to better understand the current conditions and how to increase academic successes of minority students. The research questions underlining this study are: 1. If, how, and to what extent do teachers, community leaders, and parents perceive that there is an overrepresentation of minority students in special education? 2. What are teachers, parents, and community leaders’ perceptions of the role that cultural difference influences minority students placement in special education? 3. What factors, if any, do teachers, parents, and community leaders believe contribute or influence the referral of minority students into special education? 4. What measures, if any, do teachers, parents, and community leaders believe can be used or put in place to prevent the over representation of minority students in special education? Funding. The study will be self-funded.