Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of particle size and origin of calcium carbonate on performance and ossification characteristics in broiler chicks.

The following physico-chemical characteristics of various calcium sources, differing in origin and particle size were determined: mineral composition, sieve and image analysis, apparent solubility (AS), surface area (SA), porous volume, specific gravity, and compressibility (C). The AS, SA, and C values were related more to the calcium particle size than to its origin and were higher in ground calcium sources. Calcium retention of seashells treated with phosphoric acid, oyster shells, and limestone using two particle sizes, ground or particulate, was assayed in 98 broiler chicks. Particulate marble was also tested in this experiment. Calcium retention expressed as a percentage of calcium ingestion was decreased when coarse particles of calcium were supplied in lieu of pulverized sources (40 versus 49%). An experiment with a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments were tested using 576 broiler chicks. Treatments included three calcium sources (phosphorus-treated shell, oyster shell, and marble), three particle sizes [ground (less than .15 mm), medium (.6 to 1.18 mm) and coarse (greater than 1.18 mm)] and three levels of calcium (.5,.7, and .9%) with ground limestone as a reference. Performance, tibial morphometry, breaking strength variables, and ash content were measured at 4 wk of age. Weight gain and feed conversion were ameliorated with ground particles of calcium. Cortical thickness, length of the tibia, stiffness, stress, and tibia ash were diminished when coarse particles of calcium were incorporated in the diets. Conversely, the origin of the calcium source hardly affected these criteria. Additionally, the incorporation of phosphorus-treated shells was assayed in 112 broiler chicks. Coarse particles decreased calcium retention. Consequently, ultimate stress, the modulus of elasticity, and stress were impaired. It is concluded that differences in utilization of calcium carbonate sources by the broiler chick is primarily a result of particle size rather than origin. Ground particles of calcium (pan to .15 mm) significantly improves performance and tibial ossification characteristics in broiler chicks.
Neutron-rich Nucleosynthesis in Carbon Deflagration Supernovae

Accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarfs approaching the Chandrasekhar mass may provide a substantial fraction of Type Ia supernovae. The hydrodynamics of nuclear burning in these models remains uncertain, but all current models are characterized by an initial period of slow, nearly laminar flame propagation at a well-known conductive speed. For cold white dwarfs and slow accretion, the density at the center of the white dwarf at ignition may be quite high, extending perhaps beyond the highest value allowed before accretion-induced collapse occurs, ~9 × 109 g cm-3. The nucleosynthesis that occurs in stars slightly below this critical value, specifically ρc = 2-8 × 109 g cm-3, is explored here using a large nuclear reaction network that allows the resulting abundances of neutron-rich nuclei in the mass range 12-90 to be determined accurately for realistic models of the explosion. It is found that these explosions are responsible for producing the solar abundances of 48Ca,50Ti,54Cr, and 70Zn, with appreciable contributions to 58Fe,64Ni,66Zn,76Ge,82Se, and the gamma-astronomy candidate,60Fe. Provided a prompt detonation does not occur, these results are insensitive to the physics of flame propagation after the first few hundredths of a solar mass has burned. They are, however, mildly sensitive to the ignition density and uncertain weak interaction rates below Ye ≈ 0.42. Since these nuclei, especially 48Ca, cannot be produced anywhere else in nature, the results show that Chandrasekhar mass explosions must occasionally occur (an event rate about 2% of the observed Type Ia supernova rate is estimated for these higher density explosions); however, most Type Ia supernovae must ignite at an appreciably lower density, 2 × 109 g cm-3. Implications for gamma-ray astronomy and meteorite anomalies are briefly discussed.
Déjà Vu: An Illusion of Prediction

Déjà vu is beginning to be scientifically understood as a memory phenomenon. Despite recent scientific advances, a remaining puzzle is the purported association between déjà vu and feelings of premonition. Building on research showing that déjà vu can be driven by an unrecalled memory of a past experience that relates to the current situation, we sought evidence of memory-based predictive ability during déjà vu states. Déjà vu did not lead to above-chance ability to predict the next turn in a navigational path resembling a previously experienced but unrecalled path (although such resemblance increased reports of déjà vu). However, déjà vu states were accompanied by increased feelings of knowing the direction of the next turn. The results suggest that feelings of premonition during déjà vu occur and can be illusory. Metacognitive bias brought on by the state itself may explain the peculiar association between déjà vu and the feeling of premonition.
Anxiety-Mediated Facilitation of Behavioral Inhibition: Threat Processing and Defensive Reactivity During a Go/No-Go Task

Anxiety can be broken down into multiple facets including behavioral components, such as defensive reactivity, and cognitive components, such as distracting anxious thoughts. In a previous study, we showed that anticipation of unpredictable shocks facilitated response inhibition to infrequent no-go trials during a go/no-go task. The present study extends this work to examine the distinct contribution of defensive reactivity, measures with fear-potentiated startle, and anxious thought, assessed with thought probes, on go and no-go performance. Consistent with our prior findings, shock anticipation facilitated response inhibition (i.e., reduced errors of commission) on the no-go trials. Regression analyses showed that (a) no-go accuracy was positively associated with fear-potentiated startle and negatively associated with threat-related/task-unrelated thoughts and (b) go accuracy correlated negatively with fear-potentiated startle. Thus, while the present findings confirm the influence of anxiety on response inhibition, they also show that such influence reflects the balance between the positive effect of defensive reactivity and the negative effect of distracting anxious thoughts.
Roles for Coincidence Detection in Coding Amplitude-Modulated Sounds

Many sensory neurons encode temporal information by detecting coincident arrivals of synaptic inputs. In the mammalian auditory brainstem, binaural neurons of the medial superior olive (MSO) are known to act as coincidence detectors, whereas in the lateral superior olive (LSO) roles of coincidence detection have remained unclear. LSO neurons receive excitatory and inhibitory inputs driven by ipsilateral and contralateral acoustic stimuli, respectively, and vary their output spike rates according to interaural level differences. In addition, LSO neurons are also sensitive to binaural phase differences of low-frequency tones and envelopes of amplitude-modulated (AM) sounds. Previous physiological recordings in vivo found considerable variations in monaural AM-tuning across neurons. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the observed temporal tuning properties of LSO and their sources of variability, we used a simple coincidence counting model and examined how specific parameters of coincidence detection affect monaural and binaural AM coding. Spike rates and phase-locking of evoked excitatory and spontaneous inhibitory inputs had only minor effects on LSO output to monaural AM inputs. In contrast, the coincidence threshold of the model neuron affected both the overall spike rates and the half-peak positions of the AM-tuning curve, whereas the width of the coincidence window merely influenced the output spike rates. The duration of the refractory period affected only the low-frequency portion of the monaural AM-tuning curve. Unlike monaural AM coding, temporal factors, such as the coincidence window and the effective duration of inhibition, played a major role in determining the trough positions of simulated binaural phase-response curves. In addition, empirically-observed level-dependence of binaural phase-coding was reproduced in the framework of our minimalistic coincidence counting model. These modeling results suggest that coincidence detection of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs is essential for LSO neurons to encode both monaural and binaural AM sounds.
The Correlation Between Breastfeeding Success in the Early Postpartum Period and the Perception of Self-Efficacy in Breastfeeding and Breast Problems in the Late Postpartum.

INTRODUCTION The research was conducted to determine the correlation between breastfeeding success in the early postpartum period and the perception of self-efficacy in breastfeeding and breast problems in late postpartum. METHODS This analytic and cross-sectional research was carried out at Aydın Obstetrics and Gynecology and Children's Diseases Hospital. Three hundred twenty-seven primipara mothers who had delivered a single baby of healthy term at 37 or more gestational weeks with no previous experience with breastfeeding and who agreed to cooperate participated in the research. RESULTS The mothers' mean gestational week of delivery was 39.25 ± 1.10 weeks, and it was found that 56.0% had delivered by cesarean section and 57.0% had started to breastfeed immediately after the birth. The mothers' LATCH mean score was 6.55 ± 0.86; their postnatal breastfeeding self-efficacy mean score was found to be 59.10 ± 7.21. Mothers who had high success in breastfeeding at early postpartum were found to experience fewer problems with their breasts (Z = -2.65, p < 0.05), gave birth by vaginal delivery (Z = -2.88, p < 0.05), and had not received anesthesia during the delivery (Z = -2.52, p < 0.05). In the correlation analysis, it was seen that mothers with high success in breastfeeding also had high self-efficacy scores (r = 0.210, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION The results of the research indicated that breastfeeding success in the early postpartum period reduced breast problems and increased the perception of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the late postpartum period.
Using dynamic time warping for sleep and wake discrimination

In previous work, a Linear Discriminant (LD) classifier was used to classify sleep and wake states during single-night polysomnography recordings (PSG) of actigraphy, respiratory effort and electrocardiogram (ECG). In order to improve the sleep-wake discrimination performance and to reduce the number of modalities needed for class discrimination, this study incorporated Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to help discriminate between sleep and wake states based on actigraphy and respiratory effort signal. DTW quantifies signal similarities manifested in the features extracted from the respiratory effort signal. Experiments were conducted on a dataset acquired from nine healthy subjects, using an LD-based classifier. Leave-one-out cross-validation shows that adding this DTW-based feature to the original actigraphy- and respiratory-based feature set results in an epoch-by-epoch Cohen's Kappa agreement coefficient of κ = 0.69 (at an overall accuracy of 95.4%), which represents a significant improvement when compared with the performance obtained without using this feature. Furthermore it is comparable to the result obtained in the previous work which used additional ECG features (κ = 0.70).
Emergency Information Forms for Children With Medical Complexity

Objectives Children with medical complexity (CMC) are at risk for poor outcomes during medical emergencies. Emergency information forms (EIFs) provide essential medical information for CMC during emergencies; however, they are not widely used. We sought to identify factors related to optimal care for CMC to inform development of EIFs for CMC. Methods We interviewed 26 stakeholders, including parents of CMC, healthcare providers, health information technology, and privacy compliance experts. We inquired about barriers and facilitators to emergency care of CMC, as well as the desired content, structure, ownership, and maintenance of an EIF. Audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed inductively for common themes using thematic analysis techniques. Results Providers identified problems with documentation and poor caregiver understanding as major barriers to care. Parents reported poor provider understanding of their child's condition as a barrier. All groups reported that summary documents facilitate quality care. Recommended content included demographic/contact information, medical history, medications, allergies, advance directives, information about the patient's disease, and an action plan for anticipated emergencies. Twenty-three participants indicated a preference for electronic EIFs; 19 preferred a Web-based EIF that syncs with the medical record, with paper or portable electronic copies. Although 13 participants thought that EIFs should be patient owned to ensure availability during emergencies, 19 expected medical providers to create and update EIFs. Conclusions Stakeholders interviewed reported a preference for Web-based, sync-capable EIFs with portable copies. Emergency information forms could be maintained by providers but owned by patients to optimize emergency care and align with the concept of the medical home.
The Effect of Varying Jaw‐elevator Muscle Forces on a Finite Element Model of a Human Cranium

Finite element analyses simulating masticatory system loading are increasingly undertaken in primates, hominin fossils and modern humans. Simplifications of models and loadcases are often required given the limits of data and technology. One such area of uncertainty concerns the forces applied to cranial models and their sensitivity to variations in these forces. We assessed the effect of varying force magnitudes among jaw‐elevator muscles applied to a finite element model of a human cranium. The model was loaded to simulate incisor and molar bites using different combinations of muscle forces. Symmetric, asymmetric, homogeneous, and heterogeneous muscle activations were simulated by scaling maximal forces. The effects were compared with respect to strain distribution (i.e., modes of deformation) and magnitudes; bite forces and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reaction forces. Predicted modes of deformation, strain magnitudes and bite forces were directly proportional to total applied muscle force and relatively insensitive to the degree of heterogeneity of muscle activation. However, TMJ reaction forces and mandibular fossa strains decrease and increase on the balancing and working sides according to the degree of asymmetry of loading. These results indicate that when modes, rather than magnitudes, of facial deformation are of interest, errors in applied muscle forces have limited effects. However the degree of asymmetric loading does impact on TMJ reaction forces and mandibular fossa strains. These findings are of particular interest in relation to studies of skeletal and fossil material, where muscle data are not available and estimation of muscle forces from skeletal proxies is prone to error. Anat Rec, 299:828–839, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular Reactivity and Absorption Properties of Melanoidin Blue-G1 through Conceptual DFT

This computational study presents the assessment of eleven density functionals that include CAM-B3LYP, LC-wPBE, M11, M11L, MN12L, MN12SX, N12, N12SX, wB97, wB97X and wB97XD related to the Def2TZVP basis sets together with the Solvation Model Density (SMD) solvation model in calculating the molecular properties and structure of the Blue-G1 intermediate melanoidin pigment. The chemical reactivity descriptors for the system are calculated via the conceptual Density Functional Theory (DFT). The choice of the active sites related to the nucleophilic, electrophilic, as well as radical attacks is made by linking them with the Fukui function indices, the electrophilic Parr functions and the condensed dual descriptor Δf(r). The prediction of the maximum absorption wavelength tends to be considerably accurate relative to its experimental value. The study found the MN12SX and N12SX density functionals to be the most appropriate density functionals in predicting the chemical reactivity of the studied molecule.
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF STRENGTHENED RC BEAMS USING DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES

This research work is an experimental study investigates the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with various materials and techniques. The experimental program consists of eight reinforced concrete beams having a rectangular cross-section. One beam was subjected to flexural stresses up to failure to serve as a control beam. The remaining seven reinforced concrete beams were preloaded until cracking and then repaired and strengthened. The strengthened beams were reloaded under two-point loads until failure happened. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets (GFRP), steel plates (SP), or combinations between the previous mentioned materials were used to make the flexural repairing and strengthening for the cracked RC beams. One of the main objectives of this research is to investigate the flexural properties of beams strengthened with both steel plates and fiber reinforced polymers. Generally, strengthening of RC beams resulted in higher values of yield and ultimate loads as well as increases the stiffness of the strengthened beams. However, the ductility of the strengthened beams was decreased.
The use of feed restriction for improving reproductive traits in male-line large white turkey hens. 1. Growth and carcass characteristics.

The influence of feed allowance during rearing was investigated in male-line Large White breeder hens. A flock of 200 poults was reared from 4 to 28 wk of age under four treatments as follows: full-fed controls (FF), low-protein diet (12% CP from 12 to 28 wk; LP), and reduced BW (10 or 20% lower BW than FF; R10 and R20). At photostimulation (28 wk), all birds consumed a commercial breeder diet ad libitum for the remainder of the study (48 wk of age). Body weight differed among treatments during most of rearing. The LP birds were similar in BW to the R10 birds at 28 wk of age. By 40 wk of age, growth curves of all treatments became similar, with the R20 group having lower BW. Feed restriction reduced frame size during rearing. Flock uniformity in the R10 and R20 treatment hens was reduced during rearing, but improved early in the breeder period. Feed restriction reduced breast muscle and abdominal fat pad weight early in lay, except for the LP group. Liver lipid content increased throughout the breeder period. Changes in liver weight followed the pattern of BW changes. Total carcass protein content changes in time reflected breast muscle mass changes. In R20 hens, carcass lipid content was reduced and protein content increased. Sexual maturity was delayed in the R20 hens. Body weight at first egg was negatively correlated with settable egg production (r = -.37, P < or = .0015). The R20 treatment is recommended for male-line turkey breeder hen candidates during rearing.
Gγ identity dictates efficacy of Gβγ signaling and macrophage migration

G protein βγ subunit (Gβγ) is a major signal transducer and controls processes ranging from cell migration to gene transcription. Despite having significant subtype heterogeneity and exhibiting diverse cell- and tissue-specific expression levels, Gβγ is often considered a unified signaling entity with a defined functionality. However, the molecular and mechanistic basis of Gβγ's signaling specificity is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Gγ subunits, bearing the sole plasma membrane (PM)–anchoring motif, control the PM affinity of Gβγ and thereby differentially modulate Gβγ effector signaling in a Gγ-specific manner. Both Gβγ signaling activity and the migration rate of macrophages are strongly dependent on the PM affinity of Gγ. We also found that the type of C-terminal prenylation and five to six pre-CaaX motif residues at the PM-interacting region of Gγ control the PM affinity of Gβγ. We further show that the overall PM affinity of the Gβγ pool of a cell type is a strong predictor of its Gβγ signaling–activation efficacy. A kinetic model encompassing multiple Gγ types and parameterized for empirical Gβγ behaviors not only recapitulated experimentally observed signaling of Gβγ, but also suggested a Gγ-dependent, active–inactive conformational switch for the PM-bound Gβγ, regulating effector signaling. Overall, our results unveil crucial aspects of signaling and cell migration regulation by Gγ type–specific PM affinities of Gβγ.
A Comparative Study of Newly Licensed Registered Nurses' Stressors: 2003 and 2015.

BACKGROUND Newly licensed nurses are overwhelmed and feel stressed as they transition from student to professional nurse. Health educators are making strides in improving the work environment, yet these nurses continue to feel stressed. Little has been done to track stress-ors to see whether they have changed over time. METHOD A descriptive qualitative research method was used to identify the stressors of newly licensed nurses. The first focus group interviews were conducted in 2003 with 21 nurses. In 2015, the study was replicated using another group of 22 recently graduated nurses. RESULTS There were fewer stressors noted in the 2015 group compared with the 2003 group. Six major stress-ors were identified in the 2003 group, and only three of these were noted in the 2015 group. CONCLUSION The decline in work-related stressors could be attributed to changes in health care organizations and in state policies. Nurse educators and leaders should refine orientation and educational programs based on ongoing changes in stressors expressed by newly licensed nurses. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2018;49(3):132-140.
Effects of a carbohydrate loading on gastric emptying and fasting discomfort : an ultrasonography study

Background: Intake of clear liquids 2 h preoperatively is recommended by many anesthesiology societies. A novel carbohydrate-rich drink (CHO) has been developed for this purpose; however its effects on gastric empty and fasting discomfort have not yet been elucidated. The present study examined the effects of this CHO on gastric emptying and fasting discomfort in healthy volunteers. Methods: Thirty healthy volunteers received 400 mL CHO or 10% glucose solution after fasting overnight for at least 8 hours. Each participant randomly ingested one drink and one week later took the other drink. Gastric emptying was examined via ultrasonography of cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the gastric antrum. The degrees of hunger, thirst, and mouth dryness were recorded over 180 minutes shortly before and after fluid intake. Results: Gastric CSA immediately increased after the ingestion of the CHO or glucose solution and returned to baseline by 60 min after ingestion (P > 0.05 vs 0 min). There were no differences in gastric CSA when comparing intake of the CHO and glucose solutions. Thirst and hunger were relieved at the time points measured after ingestion of both solutions vs before ingestion (P < 0.01). However, mouth dryness was still relieved 180 minutes after intake of the CHO, whereas the glucose solution had no such effect. Conclusion: Rapid gastric emptying and relief of fasting discomfort occurred with intake of both the glucose and the new CHO solutions. Thus, intake of the new CHO solution 2 hours preoperatively appears to be safe prior to anesthesia.