Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methodological issues in international comparison of interval breast cancers

International comparisons of interval cancers (IC) are important to better understand the relationship between programmes' performance and screening practices. In this respect, differences in (i) definition, (ii) identification and (iii) quantification of IC have received little attention. To examine these 3 comparability issues and activities involving IC, an assessment was conducted among member countries of the International Breast Cancer Screening Network, and the impact of accuracy of identification and quantification practices was estimated using 1996–98 data from the Dutch breast cancer screening programme. Information was obtained from 19 screening programmes in 18 countries, 16 of which acknowledged the coexistence of opportunistic screening. IC data were collected to evaluate performance of the screening programme (100% of programmes) and the radiologists (89%); 53% of programmes had a designated review process for IC. Most programmes (84%) agreed with the European Guidelines definition of IC, but a case situation exercise evidenced substantial discrepancy in classification of cancers that occurred after a positive screen. Completeness of identification of IC appears to contribute most to international variation, and cannot be easily controlled for in methodologically rigorous comparisons. Statistically significant differences of about 4% were measured between quantification methods for IC. An operational definition of IC is proposed to enhance international comparability. Valid comparisons of IC are possible with careful attention to the definition but true differences in IC frequency across screening programmes should exceed 10% to be possibly indicative of real differences between programmes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Management of Patients with Cataracts and Medically Uncontrolled Glaucoma

Trabeculectomy surgery has been shown to lower intraocular pressure and is the most commonly performed glaucoma procedure worldwide. However, giving a patient a ‘bleb for life’ is not without consequences and the failure of trabeculectomy to control IOP in the long term is well documented. In some instances, such as in patients with exfoliative glaucoma or primary angle closure glaucoma, cataract surgery alone can often lower IOP to acceptable levels. Cataract surgery in these instances can sometimes be combined with procedures such as goniosynechialysis or endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation which may provide additional IOP lowering. Such surgery has the distinct advantage of avoiding conjunctival incisions, so that subsequent trabeculectomy, if required, is more likely to be successful. In any case, it is preferable to perform trabeculectomy in a pseudophakic eye for several reasons. If trabeculectomy is performed in a phakic eye, patients should be warned that subsequent cataract is likely and if cataract surgery is performed it is preferable to wait at least a year or more after the trabeculectomy to reduce the risk of bleb failure. Combined phacotrabeculectomy should be reserved for end-stage glaucoma in most cases, in order to reduce the risk of ‘wipe-out’.
A Balance Theory of Coordination Between Bureaucratic Organizations and Community Primary Groups

This theory is based on the idea that both bureaucratic and community primary groups are essential for achieving most tasks in our society. At the same time they have antithetical atmospheres. Therefore, they are best linked when they are at some midpoint of social distance. If they are too close, there will be conflicts because of their atmospheres. If they are too far, they will not be able to coordinate to solve their mutual problems. The paper suggests eight possible mechanisms of coordination which can link bureaucratic organizations with primary groups. It suggests the theoretical bases for determining which of these mechanisms tends to close social distance and which tends to open distance. It further suggests what kinds of bureaucratic structures can tolerate each type of coordinating mechanism. ' Eugene Litwak is a professor at the School of Social Work, University of Michigan. Henry J. Meyer is professor of social work and sociology at the University of Michigan.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors presenting as gynecological masses: usefulness of multidetector computed tomography

Large extraluminal gastrointestinal tumors (GISTs) may present as pelvic masses and thus mimic gynecological neoplasms in female patients. On clinical examination and pelvic ultrasound, these tumors resemble pedunculated fibroids or ovarian tumors. Multidetector computed tomography (CT), with its ability to perform isotropic multiplanar reconstruction, is useful in differentiating GISTs from true gynecological masses by demonstrating the pedicle sign connecting a pelvic GIST to its organ of origin. This allows a preoperative diagnosis to be made, which may be helpful in guiding therapeutic options and management. We present two cases of GISTs presenting as pelvic masses in which ultrasound findings suggested a gynecological cause, but multidetector CT with multiplanar reconstruction was able to determine their true organ of origin. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaccination of multiple myeloma patients with idiotype‐pulsed dendritic cells: immunological and clinical aspects

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by a clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow secreting a monoclonal immunoglobulin (paraprotein) with specific antigenic determinants, the idiotype (Id), which can be regarded as a tumour‐associated antigen (TAA). In order to analyse the impact of a dendritic cell (DC)‐based vaccine, 11 patients with advanced MM were treated with CD34 stem cell‐derived dendritic cells that were pulsed with Id peptides. Subsequently, the patients received three boost immunizations every other week with a combination of Id and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) (nine patients) or with Id peptide‐pulsed dendritic cells again (two patients). The treatment was well tolerated with no side‐effects. The present clinical study was a proof of concept analysis of dendritic cell‐based vaccines in MM. The capacity of the dendritic cells to activate idiotype‐specific T cells was verified by in vitro stimulation experiments before the vaccination therapy. Immunological effects of the Id vaccination were analysed by monitoring changes in anti‐idiotype antibody titres and idiotype‐specific T‐cell activity. After vaccination, three out of 10 analysed patients showed increased anti‐idiotype antibody serum titres, indicating the induction of an idiotype‐specific humoral immune response. The idiotype‐specific T‐cell response analysed by ELISpot was increased in four out of 10 analysed patients after vaccination, and one patient had a decreased plasma cell infiltration in the bone marrow. In conclusion, five out of 11 patients showed a biological response after vaccination. Thus, our data indicate that immunotherapy with Id‐pulsed DCs in MM patients is feasible and safe. DC generated from CD34+ progenitor cells can serve as a natural adjuvant for the induction of clinically relevant humoral and cellular idiotype‐specific immune responses in patients suffering from advanced MM.
Clinicoetiological Profile , Need for Lumbar Puncture and Prevalence of Meningitis in Children with First Febrile Seizures

The primary objective of the present retrospective hospital based study is is to determine the clinicoetiological profile, need for lumbar puncture (LP) in children with febrile seizures and Our secondary objective is to assess the prevalence of meningitis in such children. Our study population consisted of 505 children aged between 6 months to 24 months with first episode of febrile seizures, out of which LP was performed in 322 children. Simple febrile seizures accounted for 63% (n=203) out of which none of them had CSF findings suggestive of meningitis, and complex febrile seizures accounted for remaining 37% (n=119) out of which 5(4.2%) children had CSF findings suggestive of meningitis which was statistically significant(p<0.05). Upper respiratory tract infection was the commonest underlying cause for febrile seizures (69.9%).
Body weight perception among Bahraini adolescents.

BACKGROUND This study examines the relationship between actual weight status and perceptions of body weight in Bahraini adolescents. The study also investigates the adolescents' perceptions of parents' and peers' opinions of weight. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 447 Bahraini male and female adolescents aged 12-17 years was conducted. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A short questionnaire was used to obtain their attitudes towards their weight status, as well as the attitudes of their parents and friends. The nine figure silhouettes illustration was used to measure perception of ideal body image and how it compares with their current body weight. RESULTS The results revealed a significant discrepancy between adolescents' perception of body weight and actual BMI. There was a tendency for teenagers to underestimate their weight status, which was especially noteworthy among the overweight and obese. More than half of the girls and about one-third of the boys expressed discontent with their current body weight. One-third (33.5%) and 26.6% of the adolescents thought that their parents and their peers, respectively, would consider them to be overweight or obese. The percentage of adolescents who reported parental or peer underestimation was higher among those classified as overweight or obese than it was among those who were of normal weight. CONCLUSION The study shows the existence of a distorted body image as reflected by failure of many overweight or obese adolescents to perceive themselves as such. Among Bahraini adolescents weight-related beliefs and attitudes exist at two ends of the spectrum: a tolerance of obesity at one end and an exaggerated concern for its occurrence at the other.
Effect of Maternal Body Mass Index on Serum Magnesium Levels Given for Seizure Prophylaxis

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on magnesium levels for eclampsia prophylaxis. METHODS: This is a retrospective study from 2004 to 2011, examining magnesium levels in women receiving seizure prophylaxis. Women received 6 g and then 2 g/h. Women had 4-hour and 12-hour levels drawn. Levels were considered subtherapeutic at less than 4.9 mg/dL, therapeutic from 4.9 to 8.4 mg/dL, and supratherapeutic at 8.5 mg/dL or more. If the 4-hour value was not therapeutic, the dose was adjusted and a 12-hour level was drawn. Levels at 4 and 12 hours were compared among the women with different BMI classifications and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: During the study period,106,265 women delivered, and 7,799 (7.4%) had preeclampsia diagnosed and received magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis. A total of 5,304 (68%) of these women had a recorded BMI. At 4 hours, 2,698 (51%) were subtherapeutic. These women were more likely to be older, parous, undergo cesarean delivery, have a higher systolic blood pressure, and have central nervous system manifestations. At 12 hours, 2,342 (90%) of therapeutic women remained therapeutic, and 5% became subtherapeutic (n=118) or supratherapeutic (n=140). Using logistic regression, we were able to predict being subtherapeutic in women with greater BMI and to predict being supratherapeutic if women had labor longer than 12 hours and worsening severity of preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: Women receiving seizure prophylaxis with a BMI of more than 30 may benefit from routine serum magnesium evaluation 4 hours after the loading dose. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III
Unexpected role of the oblique muscles in the human vertical fusional reflex.

1. If a weak vertically oriented prism is inserted before one eye, binocular single vision is restored by vertically divergent eye movements (one eye turning upward, the other downward); and it is usually assumed that the vertical rectus muscles mediate that fusional reflex. 2. When vertically divergent eye movements occur, both eyes also systematically rotate in parallel around their lines of sight (conjugate cyclotorsion). The direction of these unexpected eye movements demonstrates that they must be due to the oblique muscles, not the vertical recti. 3. The magnitude of these conjugate torsional movements is large enough to imply that the oblique muscles, in producing such torsion, would simultaneously effect all the divergent vertical re‐orientation of the eyes required by the targets. 4. The cyclotorsion is accompanied by systematic translation of the eye along a nasal‐temporal axis; the direction and extent of that non‐rotational displacement indicate that the eye movements of the fusional reflex may well be mediated exclusively by the superior oblique muscles, acting against fixed tone in the inferior oblique muscles. 5. This revised understanding of the oculomotor co‐ordination involved in the vertical fusional reflex has significant implications for both neurophysiology and oculomotor surgery.
Towards Portable Metrics-based Models for Software Maintenance Problems

The usage of software metrics for various purposes has become a hot research topic in academia and industry (e.g. detecting design patterns and bad smells, studying change-proneness, quality and maintainability, predicting faults). Most of these topics have one thing in common: they are all using some kind of metrics-based models to achieve their goal. Unfortunately, only few researchers have tested these models on unknown software systems so far. This paper tackles the question, which metrics are suitable for preparing portable models (which can be efficiently applied to unknown software systems). We have assessed several metrics on four large software systems and we found that the well-known RFC and WMC metrics differentiate the analyzed systems fairly well. Consequently, these metrics cannot be used to build portable models, while the CBO, LCOM and LOC metrics behave similarly on all systems, so they seem to be suitable for this purpose
Communication Among Grandmothers, Mothers and Adult Daughters

their role as parents. Each chapter provides "real-life" examples of how individuals have put these principles into practice. The stories are inspirational and often humorous, and the quotes from gandchildren will make readers laugh out loud. While intended for grandparents, this book will also be relevant to others, such as aunts and uncles, who play significant roles in children's lives. Intentional Grandparenting is a must read for all grandparents who want to enrich their relationships with both their grandchildren and adult children.
Liquidity Backstop, Corporate Borrowings, and Real Effects

This research investigates the real effects of public liquidity provision. Using the Commercial Paper Funding Facility’s (CPFF) eligibility criteria for non-financial commercial paper issuers as the identification strategy, we show that firms with access to the CPFF were able to mitigate the financing disruptions caused by the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy and the ensuing dysfunctional credit market. CPFF directly reduces risk of eligible firms, which in turn improved their financing and short-term profitability. We find liquidity spillover effects from CPFF-eligible firms to their customers through the increased use of trade credit, which propagates the real effects throughout the economy.
Security after Risk: Security Strategies for Governing Extreme Uncertainty

Abstract After 9/11, a series of revitalised strategies and techniques were promoted that were intended to govern the highly uncertain conditions and threats that risk techniques seemed no longer able to prevent. Precaution, preparedness and speculative pre-emption have been particularly prominent. But all establish a negative and defensive framework of ‘freedom from’. In the past decade, programs of resilience, and particularly resiliency training, have been developed with the aim of creating subjects able to thrive and prosper under conditions of extreme uncertainty. Reflecting many of the assumptions and goals of neo-liberal politics, resiliency has already emerged as a principal technology for military and business, and may be the answer to the neoliberal dream of a society of extreme entrepreneurs.
Relationship of acidosis to other feedlot ailments.

Laminitis often follows lactic acidosis and is accompanied by increased blood and rumen histamine. However, since histamine is poorly absorbed and absorbed histamine is rapidly metabolized, and since high levels of oral histamine have not produced laminitis, it is unlikely that ruminal histamine causes laminitis. Lactic acidosis leads to rumenitis, which, in turn, leads to liver abscesses because the causative microorganism can now cross the rumen wall into portal circulation. In cattle, hair ingested during grooming may penetrate the rumen wall and aid in this passage. Immunizing cattle against liver abscesses may be possible. Polioencephalomalacia occurs because an enzyme, thiaminase, develops in the rumen, catalyzing the production of a thiamin antagonist. Lactic acidosis may set up ruminal condit ions that encourage this chain of events. (
The R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor GhMYB109 Is Required for Cotton Fiber Development

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers are single highly elongated cells derived from the outer epidermis of ovules. A large number of genes are required for fiber differentiation and development, but so far, little is known about how these genes control and regulate the process of fiber development. Here we examine the role of the cotton-fiber-specific R2R3 MYB gene GhMYB109 in cotton fiber development. Transgenic reporter gene analysis revealed that a 2-kb GhMYB109 promoter was sufficient to confirm its fiber-specific expression. Antisense-mediated suppression of GhMYB109 led to a substantial reduction in fiber length. Consistently, several genes related to cotton fiber growth were found to be significantly reduced in the transgenic cotton. Our results showed that GhMYB109 is required for cotton fiber development and reveal a largely conserved mechanism of the R2R3 MYB transcription factor in cell fate determination in plants.
DESCOMPOSING THE MAP : USING HEAD-UP DISPLAY FOR VEHICLE NAVIGATION

The mobility of people is ever increasing, with a sense of being able to travel to any destination they wish. Utilising the GPS and computer technology created for the use within vehicles for guidance purposes allows people to do this, without the thought of Where am I? or Where do I go now? These systems warrant the need to look at the display for excessive periods of time, causing drivers to remove their vision from the road. A possible solution could be the introduction of military aviation technology, specifically Head-Up Display (HUD), to compliment the current system, by presenting modified navigational information on the windscreen. This paper looks at background theory associated with the technology being investigated and its proposed implementation. It then provides an overview of the information obtained to date. Problems that may occur with such an implementation are discussed and further research to be undertaken outlined.
Nt-Probnp versus Echocardiography in the Etiologic Diagnosis of Acute Severe Dyspnea

Introduction Acute dyspnea is a common presenting complaint to the emergency department (ED) [1,2]. Often, it is caused by decompensated congestive left-heart failure (CHF); which requires rapid diagnosis for prompt and appropriate treatment. However, this is often difficult in the context of emergency, especially in elderly [3] or obese patients [4] or those with underlying chronic lung disease [5]. The symptoms may be nonspecific, and physical findings are not sensitive enough to make the diagnosis which can have detrimental effects for the patient with the corresponding risks for underand overtreatment [6-8]. N terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NtproBNP) has been described as an important biomarker able to assess diagnosis and severity of heart failure (HF) as well as predict outcome and potentially guide therapy even in the emergency setting [9]. It has been recommended in international guidelines for the diagnosis and management of HF [10].
Mapping is a Key for Sustainable Development of Coastal Waters: Examples of Seagrass Beds and Aquaculture Facilities in Japan with Use of ALOS Images

Sound coastal ecosystems provide important ecological services such as food supply, nutrient cycling, and stabilizing effects of environments (Costanza et al., 1997). They are indispensable for sustainable development of coastal areas. However, human impacts such as fisheries or reclamation destroy coastal environments and ecosystems (e.g. Huitric et al., 2002). To conserve or restore sound coastal ecosystems, it is necessary to know present situation of coastal areas including coastal ecosystems such as seagrass beds, seaweed beds, coral reefs and tidal flats, and also human activities such as fisheries related facilities and reclamation. Diving and observation from the boat are usually used for checking bottom habitats. However, these methods are laborious and time consuming (Komatsu et al., 2002a). If a boat is employed to survey a broad area with many aquaculture facilities, it requires a long time to survey it due to obstruction of rafts against navigation. The survey with the boat is unsuccessful to localize many aquaculture facilities with GPS in the cases that the boat can’t easily approach to the aquaculture facilities due to ropes and rafts. Thus, it is desired to develop efficient mapping and monitoring systems of coastal areas.
Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycolytic pathway mutants

Yeast strains carrying recessive mutations representing four different loci that cause defects in pyruvate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, and 3-phosphoglycerate mutase were isolated and partially characterized. Cells carrying these mutations were unable to use glucose as a carbon source as measured in turbidimetric growth experiments. Tetrad analysis indicated that these mutations were not linked to each other; one of the mutations, that affecting phosphoglycerate kinase, was located on chromosome III.
Haploinsufficiency of mTR results in defects in telomere elongation

Telomeres are usually maintained about an equilibrium length, and the set point for this equilibrium differs between species and between strains of a given species. To examine the requirement for telomerase in mediating establishment of a new telomere length equilibrium, we generated interspecies crosses with telomerase mTR knockout mice. In crosses between C57BL/6J (B6) and either of two unrelated mouse species, CAST/Ei and SPRET/Ei, telomerase mediated establishment of a new telomere length equilibrium in wild-type mTR+/+ mice. This new equilibrium was characterized by elongation of the short telomeres of CAST/Ei or SPRET/Ei origin. In contrast, mTR−/− offspring of interspecies crosses failed to elongate telomeres. Unexpectedly, haploinsufficiency was observed in mTR+/− heterozygous interspecies mice, which had an impaired ability to elongate short SPRET/Ei or CAST/Ei telomeres to the new equilibrium set point that was achieved in wild-type mTR+/+ mice. These results demonstrate that elongation of telomeres to a new telomere set point requires telomerase and indicate that telomerase RNA may be limiting in vivo.