Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Root Resorption and Root Shape by Periapical and Panoramic Radiographs: A Comparative Study.

INTRODUCTION One of the common findings encountered by the clinician at the end of orthodontic treatment is the apical root resorption. Root resorption occurs to various degrees. A severe form of root resorption is characterized by shortening of root for more than 4 mm or more than one-third of the total tooth length. A low incidence rate of resorption is observed based on radiographic findings for the diagnosis of root resorption, panoramic radiography, and periapical radiography. Hence, we evaluated the accuracy of panoramic radiographic films for assessing the root resorption in comparison with the periapical films. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included the assessment of all the cases in which pre- and post-treatment radiographs were available for analysis of the assessment of the amount of root resorption. Complete records of 80 patients were analyzed. Examination of a total of 900 teeth was done. Mean age of the patients in this study was 21 years ranging from 11 to 38 years. The majority of the patients in the present study were females. All the treatments were carried out by registered experienced orthodontists having minimum experience of more than 10 years. All the cases were divided into two study groups. Group I comprised panoramic radiographic findings, while group II consisted of periapical radiographic findings. For the measurement of crown portion, root portion, and the complete root length, magnification loops of over 100 powers with parallax correction with inbuilt grids were used. Assessment of the tooth length and the crown length was done by the same observers. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 6.0. RESULTS Maximum amount of root resorption was observed in case of maxillary central incisors and canines among group I and II cases respectively. However, nonsignificant difference was obtained while comparing the mean root resorption in relation to maxillary incisors and canines among the two study groups. While comparing the overall value of root resorption among the two study groups, a significant difference was obtained. The maximum value of tooth length in both the groups was observed in cases of maxillary canines. Significant differences were observed while comparing the tooth length of various teeth among the two study groups. Among the deviated forms of root shape, dilacera-tion was the most common form of root shape detected in both the study groups. CONCLUSION Periapical radiographs are more efficient in the assessment of the shape and resorption of the root. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Thorough evaluation of periapical radiographs is necessary for detection of even minute levels of root resorption.
The Red Queen and King in finite populations

Significance When two populations interact, when does it pay to evolve rapidly, and can it ever be an advantage to evolve slowly? We address these questions using evolutionary game theory. In antagonistic interactions (e.g., host–parasite), we find that faster evolution by any means is beneficial—the “Red Queen” effect. In certain mutualisms, slower evolution is favored in the long run. This “Red King” effect is driven by differences in how efficiently natural selection acts in the two populations, rather than by differences in their generation times or mutation rates. Our results clarify the role of evolutionary rate in symbiont evolution. In antagonistic symbioses, such as host–parasite interactions, one population’s success is the other’s loss. In mutualistic symbioses, such as division of labor, both parties can gain, but they might have different preferences over the possible mutualistic arrangements. The rates of evolution of the two populations in a symbiosis are important determinants of which population will be more successful: Faster evolution is thought to be favored in antagonistic symbioses (the “Red Queen effect”), but disfavored in certain mutualistic symbioses (the “Red King effect”). However, it remains unclear which biological parameters drive these effects. Here, we analyze the effects of the various determinants of evolutionary rate: generation time, mutation rate, population size, and the intensity of natural selection. Our main results hold for the case where mutation is infrequent. Slower evolution causes a long-term advantage in an important class of mutualistic interactions. Surprisingly, less intense selection is the strongest driver of this Red King effect, whereas relative mutation rates and generation times have little effect. In antagonistic interactions, faster evolution by any means is beneficial. Our results provide insight into the demographic evolution of symbionts.
Efficacy, safety and tolerability of tocilizumab in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA), a subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, is characterized by systemic features, such as spiking fever, salmon-colored macular rash, serositis, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and joint inflammation. It is also often complicated with growth retardation, osteoporosis, and sometimes macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) develops, a potentially fatal disease. Pathogenesis of SJIA and MAS is not yet fully understood, but activation of the innate immune system, which causes phagocytosis by dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and IL-18, is thought to be a primary abnormality associated with SJIA. Dysregulated production of IL-6 plays a major role in the development of systemic clinical features. The blockade of IL-6 might thus represent a novel strategy for the treatment of SJIA. Several phase II and III clinical trials of a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, proved its outstanding efficacy and tolerable safety profile for SJIA refractory to conventional treatment regimens. This resulted in the approval of tocilizumab for the treatment of SJIA in Japan, India, the EU and the USA.
Evaluation of a Community-Based Diabetes Prevention Program in Thailand: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives: Lifestyle interventions have been shown to effectively reduce the incidence of diabetes, but evidence from middle-income countries is scarce. We evaluated the effectiveness of a lifestyle program to prevent diabetes in primary-care settings in Thailand. Methods: A matched-pair cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in 68 primary care units in 8 provinces. The primary care units were randomly assigned to intervention or control arms. Individuals aged 30 to 65 years with impaired oral glucose tolerance were recruited and followed up for 2 years. The intervention included periodic group-based activities on healthy lifestyle behaviors; the control group received a one-time education program. The primary outcome was the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes at 24 months after the intervention. Results: A total of 1903 individuals participated (873 in the control group and 1030 in the intervention group). At baseline, participants’ characteristics did not differ between groups. After 24 months, the incidence rates (per 100 person-year) of diabetes was 12.1% (95% CI 10.7% to 13.8%) in the intervention group, and 16.6% (95% CI 14.6 to 18.8%) in the control group (P < .001). Overall, the adjusted hazard ratio for diabetes incidence was 0.72 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.86). A mean body weight reduction of 1.5 kg was observed in the intervention group, whereas, an increase of 0.4 kg was observed in the control group (P < .001). Conclusion: A community-based lifestyle modification through participatory group activities can prevent or delay the incidence of diabetes among Thai populations with impaired glucose tolerance.
Disoccupazione, Disuguaglianza E Politica Dell’Europa: 1984-2000 (Unemployment, Inquality and the Policy of Europe: 1984-2000)

This paper reconsiders the problem of unemployment in Europe at multiple geographic levels and through time from 1984to 2000. We employ a panel structure that permits us to separate regional, national and continental influences on European unemployment. Important local effects include the economic growth rate, relative wealth or poverty, and the proportion of young people in the labor force. As part of this analysis, we assess the relationship between pay inequality and unemployment in Europe, following the insight of Harris and Todaro (1970) that pay inequalities influence job search. With our own panel of inequality measures derived from Eurostat's REGIO data set, we find that higher pay inequality in Europe is associated with more, not less, unemployment, and the effect is stronger for women and young workers. There are modest country fixed effects for the UK and Spain, but large effects are found only for small countries. These are all negative, a fact that may be due partly to large past emigration in some cases, and partly to strategic wage bargaining in others. Apart from this, distinctive effects at the national level are few, perhaps indicating that national labor market institutions are not the decisive factor in the determination of European unemployment. Changes in the European macro-environment are picked up by time fixed effects, and these show a striking pan-European rise in unemployment immediately following the introduction of the Maastricht Treaty, though with some encouraging recovery late in the decade. JEL Codes: E24, J31, J64 Keywords: Pay, Unemployment
Learning by Heart

Foreword xi Deborah Meier Acknowledgments xv The Author xvii Introduction xix 1. Thinking Otherwise 1 2. Culture in Question 7 3. A Community of Learners 21 4. Information Rich and Experience Poor 31 5. Exploration 41 6. Craft Knowledge 53 7. Reflection 65 8. Teacher Leadership 75 9. Impediments and Opportunities 87 10. Teachers and Principals 105 11. On Becoming a Principal 119 12. Conditions for Learning 143 13. Some Questions 167 14. Risk 183 15. Coming to a Vision 193 Epilogue 209 Appendix A: A Letter to Parents 215 Appendix B: Some Thoughts on "Conditions for Learning" 221 Notes 233 Index 239
Short-term associations between disease and milk yield of dairy cows

SUMMARY Short-term associations between disease and milk yield were studied in 1594 lactations occurring between 1977 and 1982 in 732 Friesian, Ayrshire and Holstein crossbred cows. Statistically significant differences in milk yield between one week before and one week after clinical diagnosis were observed for ketosis (5·l kg/d), hypomagnesaemia (4·1 kg/d), mastitis occurring after peak yield (2·1 kg/d) and lameness (1·1 kg/d). Milk yield declined for as much as 2–4 weeks before diagnosis of disease, and total losses in milk yield associated with ketosis or hypomagnesaemia were estimated to be 60–70 kg. No significant differences were found for endometritis or for mastitis when it occurred before peak yield. Milk yield was suppressed for about 4 weeks after calvings with retained placenta, but there were no corresponding effects of dystocia or hypocalcaemia on milk yield. It is suggested that if automatic daily milk recording is available it may be possible to detect deviations from normal, and hence detect subclinical disease 2 or more weeks before its clinical appearance.
Estimating Long-Run Relationships between Observed Integrated Variables by Unobserved Component Methods

A regression including integrated variables yields spurious results if the residuals contain a unit root. Although the obtained estimates are unreliable, this does not automatically imply that there is no long-run relation between the included variables as the unit root in the residuals may be induced by omitted or unobserved integrated variables. This paper uses an unobserved component model to estimate the partial long-run relation between observed integrated variables. This provides an alternative to standard cointegration analysis. The proposed methodology is described using a Monte Carlo simulation and applied to investigate purchasing-power parity.
Role of Transcription in Plasmid Maintenance in the hpr1Δ Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABSTRACT The Saccharomyces cerevisiae hyperrecombination mutation hpr1Δ results in instability of sequences between direct repeats that is dependent on transcription of the repeat. Here it is shown that the HPR1 gene also functions in plasmid stability in the presence of destabilizing transcription elongation. In the hpr1Δ mutant, plasmid instability results from unchecked transcription elongation, which can be suppressed by a strong transcription terminator. The plasmid system has been used to examine in vivo aspects of transcription in the absence of Hpr1p. Nuclear run-on studies suggest that there is an increased RNA polymerase II density in the hpr1Δ mutant strain, but this is not accompanied by an increase in accumulation of cytoplasmic mRNA. Suppression of plasmid instability in hpr1Δ can also be achieved by high-copy expression of the RNA splicing factor SUB2, which has recently been proposed to function in mRNA export, in addition to its role in pre-mRNA splicing. High-copy-number SUB2 expression is accompanied by an increase in message accumulation from the plasmid, suggesting that the mechanism of suppression by Sub2p involves the formation of mature mRNA. Models for the role of Hpr1p in mature mRNA formation and the cause of plasmid instability in the absence of the Hpr1 protein are discussed.
Use of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry organic aerosol monitor for in-field detection of fine particulate organic compounds in source apportionment

ABSTRACT A study was conducted on the Brigham Young University campus during January and February 2015 to identify winter-time sources of fine particulate material in Utah Valley, Utah. Fine particulate mass and components and related gas-phase species were all measured on an hourly averaged basis. Light scattering was also measured during the study. Included in the sampling was the first-time source apportionment application of a new monitoring instrument for the measurement of fine particulate organic marker compounds on an hourly averaged basis. Organic marker compounds measured included levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid, stearic acid, pyrene, and anthracene. A total of 248 hourly averaged data sets were available for a positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of sources of both primary and secondary fine particulate material. A total of nine factors were identified. The presence of wood smoke emissions was associated with levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid, and pyrene markers. Fine particulate secondary nitrate, secondary organic material, and wood smoke accounted for 90% of the fine particulate material. Fine particle light scattering was dominated by sources associated with wood smoke and secondary ammonium nitrate with associated modeled fine particulate water. Implications: The identification of sources and secondary formation pathways leading to observed levels of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynmaic diameter <2.5 μm) is important in making regulatory decisions on pollution control. The use of organic marker compounds in this assessment has proven useful; however, data obtained on a daily, or longer, sampling schedule limit the value of the information because diurnal changes associated with emissions and secondary aerosol formation cannot be identified. A new instrument, the gas chromtography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) organic aerosol monitor, allows for the determination on these compounds on an hourly averaged basis. The demonstrated potential value of hourly averaged data in a source apportionment analysis indicates that significant improvement in the data used for making regulatory decisions is possible.
Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: A Theoretical Perspective

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are increasingly seen as a threat to communities around the world. They are a visible threat as a recognizable symbol of deviance and violence. This book discusses the social context within which Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and groups have emerged and the implication of labelling these groups as deviant and outlaw. There is no doubt that members of these clubs have been involved in serious criminal activity and this book explores whether gang and organised crime theory can effectively explain their criminal activities. Importantly, the book also assesses policing and political responses to the clubs' activities. It argues that there is an increasing need for national and international cooperation on the part of law enforcement agencies with various levels of government as well as the private sector. Importantly, the book offers suggestions for the best responses to the crimes committed by members of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs.
Health-related quality of life in Indian children: A community-based cross-sectional survey

Background & objectives: There are limited data on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) related to Indian children. The objective of this study was to construct a generic HRQOL reference for children aged 2-18 yr from a community setting. Methods: The study was a community-based cross-sectional survey. A total of 719 children/adolescents in the age group of 2-18 yr were enrolled using stratified random cluster sampling. A total of 40 clusters (cluster size 18) were selected for the study. The data contained child self-report and parent proxy report from healthy children and their parents/caretakers. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 (PedsQL4.0) Generic Core Scale was used to collect HRQOL data. Questionnaires were self-administered for parents and children aged 8-18 yr. In the age group of five to seven years, parents assisted the children in filling questionnaires. Results: The mean HRQOL total scores from child self-report and parent proxy report were 87.50±11.10 and 90.10±9.50 respectively, for children aged 2-18 yr. Social functioning had the highest scores and emotional functioning had the lowest scores for the entire sample and subgroups. The mean values for HRQOL in the current study were significantly different from the reference study for both child (87.39 vs. 83.91, P<0.001) and parent proxy reports (90.03 vs. 82.29, P<0.001) when compared between children aged 2-16 yr. Interpretation & conclusions: The study provided reference values for HRQOL in healthy children and adolescents from Kerala, India, that appeared to be different from existing international reference. Similar studies need to be done in different parts of India to generate a country-specific HRQOL reference for Indian children.
Prolonged Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Is Common During 12 Months of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To characterize the amount of nocturnal hypoglycemia and evaluate factors associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adults and children with type 1 diabetes who participated in the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation CGM randomized clinical trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included 36,467 nights with ≥4 h of CGM glucose readings between 12 midnight and 6:00 a.m. from 176 subjects assigned to the CGM group of the trial. The percentage of nights in which hypoglycemia occurred (two consecutive CGM readings ≤60 mg/dl in 20 min) was computed for each subject. Associations with baseline characteristics and clinical factors were evaluated using a multivariate regression model. RESULTS Hypoglycemic events occurred during 8.5% of nights, with the median percentage of nights with hypoglycemia per subject being 7.4% (interquartile range 3.7–12.1%). The duration of hypoglycemia was ≥2 h on 23% of nights with hypoglycemia. In a multivariate model, a higher incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia was associated with 1) lower baseline A1C levels (P < 0.001) and 2) the occurrence of hypoglycemia on one or more nights during baseline blinded CGM (P < 0.001). The hypoglycemia frequency was not associated with age or with insulin modality (pump versus multiple daily injections). CONCLUSIONS Nocturnal hypoglycemia is frequent and often prolonged in adults and children with type 1 diabetes. Patients with low A1C levels are at an increased risk for its occurrence. One week of blinded CGM can identify patients who are at greater risk for nocturnal hypoglycemia.
The health benefits of vitamin D greatly outweigh the health risks

Starting in the 1980s, largely observational evidence mounted that solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance and vitamin D reduce the risk of many types of cancer. Based on observational studies, it is estimated that 1500 and 3600 International Units (IU) of vitamin D3 are required daily for a 50% reduction in risk of colorectal and breast cancer, respectively. A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that studied post-menopausal women in Nebraska found a 77% reduction in all-cancer incidence between the ends of the first and fourth years, adding strong support to the observational studies.
Determinants of the Cost of Health Services Used by Veterans With HIV

BackgroundThe effect of adherence, treatment failure, and comorbidities on the cost of HIV care is not well understood. ObjectiveTo characterize the cost of HIV care including combination antiretroviral treatment (ART). Research DesignObservational study of administrative data. SubjectsTotal 1896 randomly selected HIV-infected patients and 288 trial participants with multidrug-resistant HIV seen at the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA). MeasuresComorbidities, cost, pharmacy, and laboratory data. ResultsMany HIV-infected patients (24.5%) of the random sample did not receive ART. Outpatient pharmacy accounted for 62.8% of the costs of patients highly adherent with ART, 32.2% of the cost of those with lower adherence, and 6.2% of the cost of those not receiving ART. Compared with patients not receiving ART, high adherence was associated with lower hospital cost, but no greater total cost. Individuals with a low CD4 count (<50 cells/mm3) incurred 1.9 times the cost of patients with counts >500. Most patients had medical, psychiatric, or substance abuse comorbidities. These conditions were associated with greater cost. Trial participants were less likely to have psychiatric and substance abuse comorbidities than the random sample of VHA patients with HIV. ConclusionsPatients receiving combination ART had higher medication costs but lower acute hospital cost. Poor control of HIV was associated with higher cost. The cost of psychiatric, substance abuse, rehabilitation, and long-term care and medications other than ART, often overlooked in HIV studies, was substantial.