Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Promotion und Karriere - Lohnt es sich zu promovieren? Eine Analyse der Schweizerischen Absolventenstudie

In the 1980s, during the educational expansion, a debate arose in many european countries concerning the rising number of academics and oversaturation of the academic labour market. Whether or not the occupational success of PhD graduates did actually decrease will be analysed on the basis of the Swiss Graduate Study (1983-2001), also regarding gender and faculty differences. Occupational success includes monetarysuccess (income) and prevention of unemployment as well as subjective success variables, namely subjective perceived adequacy of the job regarding income, development opportunities and job requirements. Results show that a doctoral degree leads to a distinctively higher occupational success than graduates with a first universitary degree.
An annotated checklist of bats from Iowa.

Early mention of bats in Iowa is found in publications by Allen (1869), Goding (1883), Osborn (1890, 1892), Van Hyning and Pellet (1910), Cory (1912), and Ruthven and Wood (1912). The occurrence in the state of some species listed in these early accounts evidently was not substantiated by specimens. Scott (1937) in his "Mammals of Iowa" reviewed the status of chiropterans in the state. In this paper, six species (Myotis keenii, Myotis lucifugus, Eptesicus u.rcus, Lasiurus horealis, Lasiurus cinereus, and Tadarida macrotis) were authenticated by actual specimens. Scott (1939) later added Pipistrellus subfiavus to the list of Iowa bats, and also identified as Myotis subulatus the one specimen assigned to M. keenii in 1937. This bat was incorrectly identified by Scott and is discussed in the account of Myotis lucifugus. In the past decade, Muir and Polder (1960) recorded Myotis sodalis from Iowa, Kunz (1966) reported Nycticeius humeralis, and Easterla and Watkins (1967) mentioned the first actual specimens of Lasionycteris noctivagans from the state. The first authentic record of Myotis keenii septentrionalis is reported in this paper. Thus, at this writing, a total of 10 species of bats is known certainly to occur in Iowa. In the past few years there has been increased interest in the study of bats in Iowa. We began investigations independently in the state in 1965 and combined our efforts in 1966. One of us (Kunz) is continuing research on the natural history of several species. In the course of recent work, many bats have been banded and released in an attempt to learn more of movements and longevity. Additionally, workers in adjacent states have banded thousands of bats, some of which already have been recaptured in Iowa. Persons finding banded bats are requested to read the band number carefully, and, if possible, release the bat unharmed. Band numbers should be reported to the Bird and Mammal Laboratories, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560, along with the exact date and place of capture. This paper represents a progress report of our studies and includes specimens obtained by us, those deposited in other institutions, records of
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Change in Health-Related Behaviors

How best to support change in health-related behaviors is an important public health challenge. The role of mindfulness training in this process has received limited attention. We sought to explore whether mindfulness training is associated with changes in health-related behaviors. The Health Behaviors Questionnaire was used to obtain self-reported data on dietary behaviors, drinking, smoking, physical activity, and sleep quality before and after attendance at an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program. T-tests for paired data and χ2 tests were used to compare pre–post intervention means and proportions of relevant variables with P = . 05 as level of significance. Participants (n = 174; mean age 47 years, range 19-68; 61% female) reported significant improvements in dietary behaviors and sleep quality. Partial changes were seen in physical activity but no changes in smoking and drinking habits. In conclusion, mindfulness training promotes favorable changes in selected health-related behaviors deserving further study through randomized controlled trials.
Design of a 300-kW Calorimeter for Electrical Motor Loss Measurement

This paper describes the design of a calorimeter that is suitable for measuring power losses in electrical motors of up to 300 kW (402 hp). Refined from the two previous generations, this calorimeter is of air-cooled open type. Accurate control of the air flow rate and temperature gradients between the inside and outside walls of the calorimeter ensures that a repeatable and durable measurement environment is achieved. During the design stage, attention is focused on heat leakage prevention and reduction in the length of the testing procedures. Heat leakage is mitigated by appropriate insulation and active temperature control over all walls and connection ports. In selecting the materials for the structure, lightweight aluminum and polystyrene are used in sandwich form to reduce the thermal time constant and, thus, the operational time for the calorimeter to reach its equilibrium. After the calorimeter is commissioned, further reduction in the lengthy test procedures is realized by boosting the initial power loss value of the motor under test. That is, some additional resistive heaters are installed inside the calorimeter and operate in conjunction with the test motor. This push-pull technique can guarantee a constant combined power loss during operation, which is assumed to be the final value of motor loss. By predefining a suitable motor loss and a tolerance, it is possible to dynamically control the input power to the dc heaters from the start and to shut down the heaters once the motor loss value enters the tolerance selected. Calibration results confirm the effectiveness and accuracy of the calorimeter.
Shifts of interactive intentions and information-seeking strategies in interactive information retrieval

Research has demonstrated that people engage in multiple types of information‐seeking strategies when using information retrieval (IR) systems; unfortunately, current IR systems are designed to support only one type of information‐seeking strategy: specifying queries. The limitation of the existing IR systems calls for the need to investigate how to support users as they shift from one information‐seeking strategy to another in their attempts to achieve their information‐seeking goals. The focus of this study is on the in‐depth investigation of shifts in the micro‐level of user goals—“interactive intention” and information‐seeking strategies that users engage in within an information‐seeking episode. Forty cases of library uses were selected from four different types of libraries for this study. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data identifies four types of shifts of interactive intentions and three types of information‐seeking strategies. The results of the study are discussed to understand the nature of the interactive IR process, and to further suggest their implications for the design of adaptive IR systems.
Features for Culturally Appropriate Avatars for Behavior-Change Promotion in At-Risk Populations

We explore how avatars can be used as social orthotics defined as therapeutic computer-based social companions aimed at promoting healthy behaviors. We review some of the health interventions deployed in helping at-risk populations along with some of the unique advantages that computer-based interventions can add to face-to-face interventions. We posit that artificial intelligence has rendered possible the creation of culturally appropriate dialog-agents for interventions and we identify specific features for social avatars that are important - if not necessary - when applied to the domain of social orthotic systems for health promotion.
Perturbation of lignin biosynthesis pathway in Brassica napus (canola) plants using RNAi

Brassica napus meal contains high levels of lignin, which is one of the most important compositional factors affecting feed utilization by ruminants. We attempted to modify the concentration and composition of lignin in B. napus plants using the RNAi approach. Four genes were targeted for silencing by this approach either independently or in combination; caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H); coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H); ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase (F5H). We successfully developed transgenic B. napus lines expressing CaMV35S:C3H-C4H RNAi, CaMV35S:F5H-COMT RNAi, and Cruciferin:COMT RNAi that contained up to 40% less seed lignin in the transgenic seeds compared to the control. Despite successfully achieving suppression of these lignin biosynthesis genes and reduction in lignin content in B. napus seeds, we observed minor phenotypic effects on the transgenic plants. In lines carrying the cruciferin:COMT RNAi construct we observed a decrease in lignin content (40%) in the see.
Experience-dependent emergence of a grouping bias

Humans share with non-human animals perceptual biases that might form the basis of complex cognitive abilities. One example comes from the principles described by the iambic–trochaic law (ITL). According to the ITL, sequences of sounds varying in duration are grouped as iambs, whereas sequences varying in intensity are grouped as trochees. These grouping biases have gained much attention because they might help pre-lexical infants bootstrap syntactic parameters (such as word order) in their language. Here, we explore how experience triggers the emergence of perceptual grouping biases in a non-human species. We familiarized rats with either long–short or short–long tone pairs. We then trained the animals to discriminate between sequences of alternating and randomly ordered tones. Results showed animals developed a grouping bias coherent with the exposure they had. Together with results observed in human adults and infants, these results suggest that experience modulates perceptual organizing principles that are present across species.
PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN Carli / COGNITIVE RECONSTRUCTION AND HINDSIGHT Cognitive Reconstruction, Hindsight, and Reactions to Victims and Perpetrators

Two studies provide evidence that reconstructive memory contributes to the hindsight bias. In the first study, participants read identical scenarios that either had no ending or ended with a rape. Those receiving the rape ending reconstructed the story to be more stereotypically associated with rape than did those in the no-ending condition. In the second study, participants read an identical scenario that ended in a marriage proposal or a rape. Participants’ memories of the events in the story were reconstructed to be stereotypically consistent with whichever ending they received. The hindsight bias was obtained in both studies; participants rated the ending they received as more likely than participants not receiving that ending. For both studies, regression analyses revealed causal paths in which the ending of the story predicted stereotypical memories, which predicted the hindsight bias. The hindsight bias predicted derogation of the characters in the stories.
Citizenship and enterprise: issues from an investigation of teachers' perceptions in England and Hungary

We explore the perceptions of teachers concerning citizenship and enterprise in Hungary and England. Contextual matters are described and research methods outlined prior to a discussion of emerging issues. We argue that citizenship in both countries is understood broadly in terms of what it means to be human. The English teachers emphasized community issues and being socially active more often than those in Hungary. Hungarian teachers were less positive about state and civil society and more patriotic about their country. In both countries those in provincial towns (rather than those in capital cities) suggested a belief in the need for a greater adherence to rules. There was greater enthusiasm for citizenship education in primary rather than secondary schools in both countries. All teachers seemed wary about a form of enterprise education that relates directly to the economy and this was especially true for the Hungarian sample. Teachers in both countries, while recognizing the current emphasis on competition between and within schools, tended to characterize citizenship education as a constructive social enterprise (rather than an economic enterprise), in which young people are encouraged to explore problems and develop their initiative and capacity for action. All teachers favoured a collaborative and broad‐based pedagogical approach in which young people are allowed to explore social and political issues through dilemmas.
Oral nutritional interventions in malnourished patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND International guidelines on the nutritional management of patients with cancer recommend intervention with dietary advice and/or oral nutritional supplements in patients who are malnourished or those judged to be at nutritional risk, but the evidence base for these recommendations is lacking. We examined the effect of oral nutritional interventions in this population on nutritional and clinical outcomes and quality of life (QOL). METHODS Electronic searches of several databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL (from the first record to February 2010) were searched to identify randomized controlled trials of patients with cancer who were malnourished or considered to be at risk of malnutrition and receiving oral nutritional support compared with routine care. We performed a meta-analysis using a fixed effect model, or random effects models when statistically significant heterogeneity was present, to calculate relative risk (mortality) or mean difference (weight, energy intake, and QOL) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was determined by using the χ(2) test and the I(2) statistic. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Thirteen studies were identified and included 1414 participants. The quality of the studies varied, and there was considerable clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Nutritional intervention was associated with statistically significant improvements in weight and energy intake compared with routine care (mean difference in weight = 1.86 kg, 95% CI = 0.25 to 3.47, P = .02; and mean difference in energy intake = 432 kcal/d, 95% CI = 172 to 693, P = .001). However, after removing the main sources of heterogeneity, there was no statistically significant difference in weight gain or energy intake. Nutritional intervention had a beneficial effect on some aspects of QOL (emotional functioning, dyspnea, loss of appetite, and global QOL) but had no effect on mortality (relative risk = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.22, P = .43; I(2) = 0%; P(heterogeneity) = . 56). CONCLUSION Oral nutritional interventions are effective at increasing nutritional intake and improving some aspects of QOL in patients with cancer who are malnourished or are at nutritional risk but do not appear to improve mortality.
Argumentative writing in pre-adolescents: The role of verbal reasoning

Argumentative writing is a challenging communication task that calls upon sophisticated cognitive and linguistic abilities. Pre-adolescents (n = 80; mean age = 11;10; range = 10;6—13:5) were asked to write an argumentative essay on the controversial topic of training animals to perform in circuses. Additionally, they were asked to solve a set of verbal reasoning problems. Children whose essays reflected a more flexible attitude toward the controversy (Conditional subgroup) outperformed their peers whose attitude was more rigid (Absolute subgroup) on all key measures: Verbal Analogical Reasoning, Total Number of Reasons, and Mean Length of Utterance in Words. Implications for instruction and intervention with pre-adolescents are discussed.
“Marriage Is More Than Being Together”: The Meaning of Marriage for Young Adults

Based on 424 qualitative interviews with a racially, ethnically, and socio-economically diverse population of young people ranging in age from 21 to 38, the authors ponder the paradox of the evolving role for contemporary marriage within the developmental perspective of the transition to adulthood. The authors identify two groups: marriage naturalists and marriage planners. Naturalists comprise one fifth of the sample, are largely from rural America, and follow the fast-track into marriage that defined the mid-twentieth century. Planners comprise the remainder of the sample, are based in metropolitan areas, and follow an elongated transition to adulthood. The authors examine the views of each group on commitment and the nature of relationships, and apply their findings to the debates about whether marriage is resilient, in decline, or becoming deinstitutionalized.
The Asymmetrical Perception of Men and Women

This study examines the individuation versus categorization of men and women. Several researchers have argued for structural status differences between men and women - men occupy societal positions of high status, and women positions of low status. This line of research predicts that male participants will individuate other men, but categorize women. Conversely, female participants will individuate men as well as women. In the present study, male and female participants were presented with eight stimulus persons, four men and four women, each described by four attributes. In addition, stimulus-category fit was manipulated such that the attributes were either stereotypical of the gender group they described or gender neutral. Information clustering in free recall and name-matching were main dependent measures. The results support the hypotheses and are discussed in terms of status differentials and contemporary theories of person perception.
Determinations of Temperature and Density for Solar-like Stars Using Si XI Soft X-Ray Emission Lines

We study the temperature and density sensitivities of the ratios of Si XI soft X-ray emission lines in the wavelength range of 43-54 Å. The typical temperature of formation of the analyzed lines is around 1.6 MK, which makes this analysis complementary to the analysis of He-like triplets, which are sensitive to hotter plasma. We present theoretical calculations and compare them with ratios obtained from high-resolution X-ray spectra of five solar-like stars: Procyon, α Cen A, α Cen B, ϵ Eri, and Capella. We find that our results are in good agreement with results obtained by other authors through different diagnostics, namely, the analysis of density- and temperature-sensitive He-like triplet lines. We further estimate the coronal pressure and filling factors from Si XI lines in this study.
The Nature and Stability of Ethnic Identity in Chinese Youth

This study explored the ethnic identity of first- and second-generation Chinese-Australian and Chinese-American adolescents. Ethnic identity was assessed by: ethnic identification, the extent to which individuals engaged in culturally expected behaviors and their knowledge of the culture, the importance of maintaining these behaviors, and the value ascribed to their ethnic origins. Responses of Chinese-Australians and Chinese-Americans were remarkably similar. There was erosion over time of ethnic identification and behaviors/knowledge but not of the importance and evaluative components of ethnic identity. No change over time occurred in individualism-collectivism, nor did this measure relate substantially to the ethnic identity measures. Correlations between ethnic identity measures were low to moderate, suggesting that these facets of ethnic identity overlap but are not identical. The importance of analyzing separately distinctive components of ethnic identity was confirmed. Despite some attrition over time of the most external aspects of that identity, those that are more internal are more resistant to change.
Can magnesium sulfate reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants?

OBJECTIVES To investigate whether in utero exposure to magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was associated with a lower prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) in infants born weighing < 1500 g. DESIGN Singleton infants weighing < 1500 g at birth (very low birthweight, VLBW) and surviving to 3 years with moderate or severe congenital CP were identified among 155,636 children born 1983 through 1985 in four California counties. VLBW children with CP were compared with randomly selected VLBW control survivors with respect to whether their mothers received MgSO4 to prevent convulsions in preeclampsia or as a tocolytic agent, and other information abstracted from labor and delivery records. RESULTS During the admission for delivery, 7.1% of the 42 VLBW infants with later CP and 36% of the 75 VLBW controls were exposed to MgSO4 (odds ratio (OR) . 14, 95% confidence interval (CI) . 05, . 51). The overall association of MgSO4 with reduced risk of CP was also observed in the subgroup of infants born to women who were not preeclamptic (OR .25, CI .08, .97). Infants with CP were less often exposed antenatally to MgSO4 whether or not there was cotreatment with non-MgSO4 tocolytics (other tocolytics administered, OR for MgSO4 exposure .23, CI .06, 1.2; other tocolytics not administered, OR for MgSO4 .08, CI .02, .68), or antenatal corticosteroids (steroids given, OR for MgSO4 exposure .24, CI .06, 1.3; steroids not given, OR for MgSO4, .08, CI .02, .72). Apparent benefit of magnesium was observed in the presence or absence of a variety of characteristics of pregnancies, births, and infants. CONCLUSION In this observational study, in utero exposure to MgSO4 was more frequent in controls than in children with CP, suggesting a protective effect of MgSO4 against CP in these VLBW infants.
Effects of host diet and thermal state on feeding performance of the flea Xenopsylla ramesis

SUMMARY We examined feeding performance of the flea Xenopsylla ramesis on three different hosts: its natural, granivorous, rodent host, Sundevall’s jird (Meriones crassus); the frugivorous Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus); and an insectivorous bat, Kuhl’s pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii). Because these fleas are not known to occur on bats, we hypothesized that the fleas’ feeding performance (i.e. feeding and digestion rates) would be higher when feeding on their natural host than on either of the bats that they do not naturally parasitize. We found that mass-specific blood-meal size of both male and female fleas was significantly lower when feeding on Kuhl’s pipistrelles than on the other two species, but was not different in female fleas feeding on fruit bats or on jirds at all stages of digestion. However, more male fleas achieved higher levels of engorgement if they fed on Sundevall’s jirds than if they fed on Egyptian fruit bats. The fleas digested blood of fruit bats and jirds significantly faster than blood of Kuhl’s pipistrelle. In addition, after a single blood meal, the survival time of fleas fed on normothermic Kuhl’s pipistrelles was significantly shorter than that of fleas fed on Sundevall’s jirds and even lower when male fleas fed on Egyptian fruit bats. Thus, our prediction was partially supported: normothermic Kuhl’s pipistrelles were inferior hosts for fleas compared with Sandevall’s jirds and Egyptian fruit bats. Interestingly, the proportion of engorged fleas that fed on torpid Kuhl’s pipistrelles was significantly higher than the proportion of the fleas that fed on normothermic individuals, indicating that becoming torpid might be a liability, rather than an effective defense against parasites.