Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pricing Information Goods: A Strategic Analysis of the Selling and Pay-Per-Use Mechanisms

We analyze two pricing mechanisms for information goods. These mechanisms are selling, where up-front payment allows unrestricted use, and pay-per-use, where payments are tailored to use. We analytically model a market where consumers differ in use frequency and where use on a pay-per-use basis invokes a psychological cost associated with the well known "ticking meter" effect. We demonstrate that pay-per-use yields higher profits in a monopoly provided the associated psychological cost is low. In a duopoly, one firm uses selling and the other uses pay-per-use. Here, in contrast to the monopoly, selling yields higher profits than pay-per-use. We demonstrate that, surprisingly, the profits of both duopolists can increase as the psychological cost associated with pay-per-use increases. Next, we show that uncertainty in consumer use frequency does not affect pay-per-use in a monopoly, but lowers profits from selling. In a duopoly, both the seller and the pay-per-use provider obtain lower profits when use frequency is uncertain. We also analyze how pricing mechanism performance is affected if the firms cannot commit to prices, if the pay-per-use provider offers a two-part tariff, and if consumers are risk-averse.
Investigating the extent of parallelism in morphological and genomic divergence among lake trout ecotypes in Lake Superior

Understanding the emergence of species through the process of ecological speciation is a central question in evolutionary biology which also has implications for conservation and management. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) is renowned for the occurrence of different ecotypes linked to resource and habitat use throughout North America. We aimed to unravel the fine genetic structure of the four lake trout ecotypes in Lake Superior. A total of 486 individuals from four sites were genotyped at 6822 filtered SNPs using RADseq technology. Our results revealed different extent of morphological and genetic differentiation within the different sites. Overall, genetic differentiation was weak but significant and was on average three times higher between sites (mean FST = 0.016) than between ecotypes within sites (mean FST = 0.005) indicating higher level of gene flow or a more recent shared ancestor between ecotypes within each site than between populations of the same ecotype. Evidence of divergent selection was also found between ecotypes and/or in association with morphological variation. Outlier loci found in genes related to lipid metabolism and visual acuity were of particular interest in this context of ecotypic divergence. However, we did not find clear indication of parallelism at the genomic level, despite the presence of phenotypic parallelism among some ecotypes from different sampling sites. Overall, the occurrence of different levels of both genomic and phenotypic differentiation between ecotypes within each site with several differentiated loci linked to relevant biological functions supports the presence of a continuum of divergence in lake trout.
Management of Side Effects and Drug Interactions of Anti-mycobacterial in Tuberculosis

Background: Tuberculosis is a communicative disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that may cause death if it is left untreated. The incidence of tuberculosis has decreased since the introduction of anti-tubercular drugs. Undesirable side effects and drug-drug interaction of anti-tubercular drugs will results in discontinuation or substitution of other drugs. This may influence patient’s response and compliance. It also may increase the risk of treatment failure. Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to study the side effects and drug interactions of anti-tubercular drugs as well as the way to manage them. Literature Review: Journals related to anti-tubercular agents are referred to accomplish this assignment. Databases such as Science Direct and PubMed are used to search for these journals. Discussion: Patients with tuberculosis are with treated anti-tubercular agents, either in monotherapy or in combination. The anti-tubercular drugs will bring adverse effects to the patients if not managed properly such as hepatotoxici ty and rashes due to hypersensitivity. The anti-tubercular drugs will also interact with other medications such as antiretroviral drugs as well as among themselves. The negative effects from these interactions have to be managed. Conclusion: Tuberculosis treatment will bring positive effects as well as negative effects due to side effects and drug interactions of the anti-tubercular dugs. Therefore, the side effects of as well as the interactions of the anti-tubercular drugs have to be managed to prevent treatment failure or even worse, death in the tuberculosis patient.
Action learning and action research: paradigm, praxis and programs

Action learning and action research are increasingly applied in organisations, academia and the community to help understand, implement and effectively manage change. Explains the relevant concepts, frameworks and processes involved and enhances the theoretical approach with actual case studies from the Asia-Pacific region. The challenges and appropriate responses for business, education, social and cross-cultural contexts are outlined, enabling practical application in real-life situations. A multi-disciplinary resource for managers, consultants and anyone involved in the process of change.
Erythropoietin/haemoglobin relationship in leukaemia and ulcerative colitis

The erythropoietin level was measured, by bioassay in polycythaemic mice, in the serum of anaemic patients suffering from different types of leukaemia. Comparative measurements were carried out in patients with ulcerative colitis. Serum erythropoietin was less well‐correlated with the haemoglobin concentration in leukaemia than in ulcerative colitis. While serum erythropoietin did no exceed 200 mU/ml in patients with ulcerative colitis (lowest blood haemoglobin concentration 56 g/l), several of the leukaemic patients had serum erythropoietin levels above 500 mU/ml at comparable degrees of anaemia. Bone marrow biopsy showed that erythropoiesis was severely impaired in the leukaemic patients whose erythropoietin values were relatively high. These findings are in accord with the hypothesis that the plasma level of erythropoietin depends not only on the haemoglobin concentration of the blood but also on the bone marrow responsiveness to the hormone.
Mapping the average AGN accretion rate in the SFR–M* plane for Herschel-selected galaxies at 0 < z ≤ 2.5

We study the relation of AGN accretion, star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass (M_*) using a sample of ≈8600 star-forming galaxies up to z = 2.5 selected with Herschel imaging in the GOODS and COSMOS fields. For each of them we derive SFR and M_*, both corrected, when necessary, for emission from an active galactic nucleus (AGN), through the decomposition of their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). About 10 per cent of the sample are detected individually in Chandra observations of the fields. For the rest of the sample, we stack the X-ray maps to get average X-ray properties. After subtracting the X-ray luminosity expected from star formation and correcting for nuclear obscuration, we derive the average AGN accretion rate for both detected sources and stacks, as a function of M_*, SFR and redshift. The average accretion rate correlates with SFR and with M_*. The dependence on SFR becomes progressively more significant at z > 0.8. This may suggest that SFR is the original driver of these correlations. We find that average AGN accretion and star formation increase in a similar fashion with offset from the star-forming ‘main-sequence’. Our interpretation is that accretion on to the central black hole and star formation broadly trace each other, irrespective of whether the galaxy is evolving steadily on the main-sequence or bursting.
Pharmacology of Novel Heteroaromatic Polycycle Antibacterials

ABSTRACT Heteroaromatic polycycle (HARP) compounds are a novel class of small (Mw, 600 to 650) DNA-binding antibacterials. HARP compounds exhibit a novel mechanism of action by preferentially binding to AT-rich sites commonly found in bacterial promoters and replication origins. Noncovalent binding in the minor groove of DNA results in inhibition of DNA replication and DNA-dependent RNA transcription and subsequent bacterial growth. HARP compounds have previously been shown to have potent in vitro activities against a broad spectrum of gram-positive organisms. The present report describes the extensive profiling of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of HARP antibacterials. The efficacies of representative compounds (GSQ-2287, GSQ-10547, and GSQ-11203), which exhibited good MIC activity, were tested in murine lethal peritonitis and neutropenic thigh infection models following intravenous (i.v.) administration. All compounds were efficacious in vivo, with potencies generally correlating with MICs. GSQ-10547 was the most potent compound in vitro and in vivo, with a 50% effective dose in the murine lethal peritonitis model of 7 mg/kg of body weight against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 13 mg/kg against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In the neutropenic mouse thigh infection model, GSQ-11203 reduced the bacterial load (MRSA and MSSA) 2 log units following administration of a 25-mg/kg i.v. dose. In a murine lung infection model, treatment with GSQ-10547 at a dose of 50 mg/kg resulted in 100% survival. In addition to determination of efficacy in animals, the pharmacokinetic and tissue disposition profiles in animals following administration of an i.v. dose were determined. The compounds were advanced into broad safety screening studies, including screening for safety pharmacology, genotoxicity, and rodent toxicity. The results support further development of this novel class of antibiotics.
Contribution of ductile flow to exhumation of low-temperature, high-pressure metamorphic rocks: San Juan-Cascade nappes, NW Washington State

The San Juan-Cascade (SJC) nappes were subducted to a depth of ∼18 km, metamorphosed under low-temperature, high-pressure conditions, and then exhumed, all within ∼16 m.y. During exhumation, penetrative deformation by solution mass transfer (SMT) resulted in a widespread spaced cleavage. Strain directions were determined for 27 sandstone samples, and absolute strain measurements for a subset of 19 samples. Z directions generally plunge moderately to the NE, and X and Y directions are scattered in the plane perpendicular to Z. SMT deformation is constrictional at the local scale, but the tensor average indicates plane-strain uniaxial shortening at the regional scale, with Sx, Sy, and Sz equaling 1.01, 0.91, and 0.58, respectively. The average flattening plane (XY) dips 30° to the NE, and the average X direction plunges 20° to the north. The large shortening in Z was compensated by a mass-loss volume strain of ∼47%. We present a simple one-dimensional model that illustrates the relationship between finite strain and ductile exhumation for a steady state convergent wedge. Assuming depth-dependent ductile flow and no reversal of principal strain rates with depth, this model indicates that ductile thinning of the SJC nappes accomplished only 13% of the total exhumation, despite a vertical shortening strain of 36%. There is no evidence that normal faulting contributed significantly to exhumation. We conclude that erosion operating at an average rate of ∼1.1 km m.y. −1 was the dominant exhumation process.
Anti-Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves

Bestseller! The eagerly awaited successor to the influential Anti-Bias Curriculum! Become a skilled anti-bias teacher with this volumeAEs practical guidance to confronting and eliminating barriers of prejudice, misinformation, and bias about specific aspects of personal and social identity; most importantly, find tips for helping staff and children respect each other, themselves, and all people. Over the last two decades, educators across the nation and around the world have gained a wealth of knowledge and experience in anti-bias work. The result is a richer and more nuanced articulation of what is important in anti-bias education. Individual chapters focus on culture and language, racial identity, family structures, gender identity, economic class, different abilities, holidays, and more.
Customers and creditors: variations in economic personalism in a nigerian marketing system

Studies of internal marketing systems have indicated the importance of dyadic personalized relationships formed between traders and the people tO whom they sell and from whom they buy (Mintz I959, I96I; Davis I973; Szanton I972; Belshaw I965). Usually referred to by the term "customer relationship," they have been shown "to secure and solidify the channels of trade" (Mintz I96I:57), especially in market situations where formal contracts are weak (Belshaw I965:80). Among the Yoruba of Nigeria, such ties are called onibara; they have been referred to as "the most basic economic alliance" in Yoruba markets (Marshall I 963 :94). Onibara relationships, like pratik in Haiti (Mintz I 96 I ) and suki in the Philippines (Davis I973; Szanton I972), are long-lasting dyadic ties formed between individuals operating in the market place. At a minimum, they imply the existence of regular transactions between the individuals. They may also involve extension of credit, concessions in quantity, reduction in price, and multiplex social ties. The establishment of these dyadic ties has been shown to be an important mechanism for manipulating the competitive situation of the market place (Mintz I 9 5 9, I 96 I; Belshaw I 96 5 :7 9-80) . This paper examines onibara relationships formed by middlemen traders in one Yoruba market place. The existence, form, and social content of the relationships vary considerably, depending on (a) the type of commodity being sold; (b) the level of trade; and (c) the source of supply. In contexts where such relationships exist, their content ranges from little or no social interaction to multiplex ties involving frequent interaction. Further, the granting of credit, often considered a major part of regular customer relationships, is shown to vary independently of
Modeling learning and strategy formation as phase transitions in cortical networks

Learning in the mammalian brain is commonly modeled through changing synaptic connections in cortical networks. Dynamical brain models indicate that learning leads to the formation of limit cycle oscillations across cortical areas and that the oscillatory regimes re-emerge when the learnt input is presented to the system. In this work, learning is modeled using a graph-theoretical model, which captures salient characteristics of the learning process. We introduce a random graph that combines a torus with lattice edges and additional random edges, which have power law length distribution. On this graph, we consider bootstrap percolation with excitatory and inhibitory vertices. Theoretical and numerical studies indicate the presence of various dynamical regimes on these graphs. Here, the transitions between fixed-point and limit cycle attractors are analyzed. We link this transition to changes in cortical networks during category learning, which have been observed in animal experiments using electro-cortiograph (ECoG) arrays over sensory cortices. We discuss how learning leads to categorization and strategy formation, and how the theoretical modeling results can be used for designing learning and adaptation in computationally aware intelligent machines.
Determinants of elevated blood lead during pregnancy in a population surrounding a lead smelter in Kosovo, Yugoslavia

We are prospectively examining the relation between environmental lead exposure and pregnancy outcome in cohorts of women exposed to a wide range of air lead concentrations. Titova Mitrovica, Yugoslavia, is the site of a large lead smelter, refinery, and battery factory. At midpregnancy, 602 women in T. Mitrovica and 900 women in Pristina, a non-lead-exposed control town, were interviewed. Blood was obtained for blood lead (PbB), hemoglobin, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin measurements. Women were seen again at delivery, at which time maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were obtained. While many demographic and social characteristics were similar across the two towns, women in Pristina were more likely to report employment outside the home, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use during pregnancy. As expected, PbB levels were substantially higher in the smelter town. At midpregnancy, PbB geometric means were 17.1 μg/dL in T. Mitrovica and 5.1 μg/dL in Pristina; 86% of the pregnant women in T. Mitrovica, compared to 3.4% of those in Pristina, had PbB levels > 10 μg/dL. Within T. Mitrovica, distance between the home and the smelter was the most important predictor of PbB at mid-pregnancy and delivery. Husband's employment in the lead industry was associated with a significant increase in maternal PbB levels independent of place of residence. Higher maternal serum ferritin concentrations were associated with lower PbB levels, suggesting that dietary iron inhibits lead absorption. Overall, the placenta was a poor barrier to lead; the relationship between maternal PbB and umbilical cord PbB was linear across a wide range of PbB levels.
The Strengths of African American Families: Twenty-Five Years Later

chapter 1 Foreword chapter 2 Preface chapter 3 Solutions Framework chapter 4 The African Heritage chapter 5 Class Trends and Concept Misuse chapter 6 Strong Achievement Orientation chapter 7 Strong Work Orientation chapter 8 Flexible Family Roles chapter 9 Strong Kinship Bonds chapter 10 Strong Religious Orientation chapter 11 Summary and Implications chapter 12 Bibliography
Optimal Diagnosis Procedures for k-out-of-n Structures

Diagnosis strategies are investigated for repairable VLSI and WSI structures based on integrated diagnosis and repair. Knowledge of the repair strategy, the probability of each unit being good, and the expected test time of each unit is used by the diagnosis algorithm to select units for testing. The general problem is described, followed by an examination of a specific case. For k-out-of-n structures, a complete proof is given for the optimal diagnosis procedure of Y. Ben-Dov (1981). A compact representation of the optimal diagnosis procedure is described, which requires O(n/sup 2/) space and can be generated in O(n/sup 2/) time. Simulation results are provided to show the improvement in diagnosis time over online repair and offline repair. >
Ethyl acetate extract from marine sponge Hyattella cribriformis exhibit potent anticancer activity by promoting tubulin polymerization as evidenced mitotic arrest and induction of apoptosis

Background: Marine sponges are important sources of bioactive compounds. Objective: This study investigated the anticancer properties of Hyattella cribriformis ethyl acetate (EA) fraction in various cancer and normal cell lines. Materials and Methods: anticancer assay was carried out in 15 cell lines to evaluate the anticancer potential of the EA fraction. Impact on cell cycle distribution was determined using flow cytometry. The fraction was investigated for interfering microtubules assembly in both in vitro and cellular assay. Further studies were conducted to determine the fraction induced cell death (apoptosis) using calcein/propidium iodide dual staining, activated caspase-3 and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 protein at Ser70. DNA fragmentation assay was performed to confirm the apoptosis. Results: EA fraction exhibited potent inhibition of cancer cell growth and resulted in 50% growth inhibition (GI50) of 0.27 μg/mL in A673 cell line. Sarcoma (MG-63, Saos-2) and ovarian (SK-OV-3 and OVCAR-3) cancer cell lines also showed superior anticancer activity GI50 of 1.0 μg/mL. Colon and breast cancer cell lines exhibited moderate GI compare other cancer cell lines and normal human lung fibroblast showed GI50 of 15.6 μg/mL. EA fraction showed potent G2/M phase arrest in A673 cell line and induced apoptosis at 48 h exposure. EA fraction promoted microtubule polymerization in tubulin polymerization assay and increased level of polymerized tubulin in the HeLa cells. Fraction induced the activation of caspase-3 and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein. Fraction induced DNA fragmentation in HeLa cells as evidence of apoptosis. Conclusion: Marine sponge H. cribriformis EA fraction exhibited potent anticancer activity through tubulin polymerization and induction of apoptosis.
The wrist of the formula 1 driver.

OBJECTIVES: During formula 1 driving, repetitive cumulative trauma may provoke nerve disorders such as nerve compression syndrome as well as osteoligament injuries. A study based on interrogatory and clinical examination of 22 drivers was carried out during the 1998 formula 1 World Championship in order to better define the type and frequency of these lesions. METHODS: The questions investigated nervous symptoms, such as paraesthesia and diminishment of sensitivity, and osteoligamentous symptoms, such as pain, specifying the localisation (ulnar side, dorsal aspect of the wrist, snuff box) and the effect of the wrist position on the intensity of the pain. Clinical examination was carried out bilaterally and symmetrically. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 22 drivers reported symptoms. One suffered cramp in his hands at the end of each race and one described a typical forearm effort compartment syndrome. Six drivers had effort "osteoligamentous" symptoms: three scapholunate pain; one medial hypercompression of the wrist; two sequellae of a distal radius fracture. Seven reported nerve disorders: two effort carpal tunnel syndromes; one typical carpal tunnel syndrome; one effort cubital tunnel syndrome; three paraesthesia in all fingers at the end of a race, without any objective signs. CONCLUSIONS: This appears to be the first report of upper extremity disorders in competition drivers. The use of a wrist pad to reduce the effects of vibration may help to prevent trauma to the wrist in formula 1 drivers.