Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reconciling the Metallicity Distributions of Gamma-Ray Burst, Damped Lyα, and Lyman Break Galaxies at z ≈ 3

We test the hypothesis that the host galaxies of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as well as quasar-selected damped Lyα (DLA) systems are drawn from the population of UV-selected star-forming, high-z galaxies (generally referred to as Lyman break galaxies). Specifically, we compare the metallicity distributions of the GRB and DLA populations against simple models where these galaxies are drawn randomly from the distribution of star-forming galaxies according to their star formation rate and H I cross section, respectively. We find that it is possible to match both observational distributions assuming very simple and constrained relations between luminosity, metallicity, and H I sizes. The simple model can be tested by observing the luminosity distribution of GRB host galaxies and by measuring the luminosity and impact parameters of DLA-selected galaxies as a function of metallicity. Our results support the expectation that GRB and DLA samples, in contrast with magnitude-limited surveys, provide an almost complete census of z ≈ 3 star-forming galaxies that are not heavily obscured.
Gain Adaptive Smith Predictor for Congestion Control in Robust Active Queue Management

Active queue management (AQM) policies provide an early indication of incipient congestion to the source. In this paper, in terms of Lyapunov asymptotic stability principle, a robust AQM algorithm based on the gain adaptive Smith predictor and PI controller (GAS-PI algorithm) is designed by using the linearized TCP model with time delays. With the simple structure, good robustness and better performance, the proposed algorithm overcomes the negative impact on the queue stability caused by a large delay. It is illustrated by extensive and propound simulations that: (i) the transient response of GAS-PI outperforms that of the other AQM schemes when the traffic load changes dynamically; (ii) the promising performance of GAS-PI holds up in the case of more realistic network scenarios; (iii) the better dynamic performance of GAS-PI is still maintained in a large-delay condition; (iv) the performance of GAS-PI is less sensitive to changes in system parameters, hence GAS-PI works well for a wide range of system parameters
Fasting for 24 Hours Heightens Reward from Food and Food-Related Cues

Introduction We examined the impact of a 24 hour complete fast (vs. fed state) on two measures of food reward: 1) ‘wanting’, as measured by response to food images and by the relative-reinforcing value of food (RRV), and 2) ‘liking’, as measured by response to food images and the hedonic evaluation of foods consumed. Methods Utilizing a randomized crossover design, 15 subjects (9 male; 6 female) aged 28.6±4.5 yrs with body mass index 25.3±1.4 kg/m2 were randomized and counterbalanced to normal feeding (FED) and 24-hour fast (FASTED) conditions. Trait characteristics were measured with the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. Two computer tasks measured food reward: 1) RRV progressive ratio task, 2) explicit ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, LFPQ). Also measured were ad libitum energy intake (EI; buffet) and food ‘liking’ (visual analogue scale) of personalized stimuli. Results There were no significant anthropometric changes between conditions. Appetite scores, hedonic ratings of ‘liking’, and ad libitum EI all significantly increased under the FASTED condition (p<0.05). Under the FASTED condition there were significant increases in the RRV of snack foods; similarly, explicit ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ significantly increased for all food categories. ‘Liking’ of sweet foods remained high across-meals under FASTED, but savory foods decreased in hedonic saliency. Conclusion Relative to a fed state, we observed an increase in hedonic ratings of food, the rewarding value of food, and food intake after a 24 hr fast. Alliesthesia to food and food cues is suggested by heightened hedonic ratings under the FASTED condition relative to FED.
On the asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear ordinary differential equations

We discuss a number of issues important for the asymptotic integration of ordinary differential equations. After developing the tools required for application of the fixed point theory in the investigation, we present some general results about the long-time behavior of solutions of n-th order nonlinear differential equations with an emphasis on the existence of polynomial-like solutions, the asymptotic representation for the derivatives and the effect of perturbations upon the asymptotic behavior of solutions.
Leadership Personality and Social Dis-integration in Somalia

The study seeks to explore the impact of leadership personalities of previous Somali political leaders on social integration. As Somalia now transit into post conflict reconstruction, there is the need to explore how previous flaws in leadership personalities resulted into social disintegration of the Somali society. To achieve this objective, qualitative interviews were held with 13 respondents across Somali elite in Mogadishu. Using the Big Five personality framework, the results revealed that previous Somali leadership personalities were deeply flawed due to colonial legacy and influence of clannism. In addition, fear of losing and retaining power at all cost instituted clannism as a means on obtaining and retaining political power, thereby compromising unity and social integration. The result also depicted that a significant number of Somali leaders were generally low in conscientiousness as a necessary leadership quality within the Big Five framework. The study maintains that the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction is unlikely to succeed unless leadership personality adapts properly to the prevailing situation of social integration. Moreover, the study recommends that leadership in Somalia should prioritize the restoration of social trust so that Somalia’s reconstruction process can succeed.
Discovery of 101-s Pulsations from AX J0057.4–7325 in the SMC with ASCA

The results from two ASCA observations of AX J0057.4 7325 = RX J0057.3 7325 are presented. Coherent pulsations with a barycentric period of 101.45±0.07 s were discovered in the second observation. The X-ray spectrum was found to be hard (photon index � 0.9) and unchanged through these observations, except for the flux. The ROSAT archival data show that AX J0057.4 7325 exhibits a flux variation with a factor > � 10. A discussion on a possible optical counterpart is given.
Parametric amplification with weak-link nonlinearity in superconducting microresonators

Nonlinear kinetic inductance in a high Q superconducting coplanar waveguide microresonator can cause a bifurcation of the resonance curve. Near the critical pumping power and frequency for bifurcation, large parametric gain is observed for signals in the frequency band near resonance. We show experimental results on signal and intermodulation gain which are well described by a theory of parametric amplification based on a Kerr nonlinearity. Phase-dependent gain or signal squeezing is verified with a homodyne detection scheme.
Measuring Dislocation Density in aluminum with Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

Dislocations in a material will, when present in enough numbers, change the speed of propagation of elastic waves. Consequently, two material samples, differing only in dislocation density, will have different elastic constants, a quantity that can be measured using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. Measurements of this effect on aluminum samples are reported. They compare well with the predictions of the theory.
The Sponge-associated Bacterium Bacillus licheniformis SAB1: A Source of Antimicrobial Compounds

Several bacterial cultures were isolated from sponge Halichondria sp. , collected from the Gujarat coast of the Indo Pacific region. These bacterial cultures were fermented in the laboratory (100 mL) and the culture filtrate was assayed for antibiotic activity against 16 strains of clinical pathogens. Bacillus sp. (SAB1), the most potent of them and antagonistic to several clinically pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus was chosen for further investigation. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rDNA gene of Bacillus sp. SAB1 showed a strong similarity (100%) with the 16S rDNA gene of Bacillus licheniformis HNL09. The bioactive compounds produced by Bacillus licheniformis SAB1 (GenBank accession number: DQ071568) were identified as indole (1), 3-phenylpropionic acid (2) and a dimer 4,4′-oxybis[3-phenylpropionic acid] (3) on the basis of their Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometer (ESI-MS) data. There is a single reference on the natural occurrence of compound 3 from the leaves of a terrestrial herb Aptenia cordifolia in the literature, so to the best of our knowledge, this is a first report of its natural occurrence from a marine source. The recovery of bacterial strains with antimicrobial activity suggests that marine-invertebrates remain a rich source for the isolation of culturable isolates capable of producing novel bioactive secondary metabolites.
DIURNAL VARIATION OF WIND, PRESSURE, AND TEMPERATURE IN THE TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE OVER ENIWETOK

Abstract The diurnal and semidiurnal variations of wind, pressure, and temperature at 23 levels between 1000 and 10 mb over Eniwetok are obtained by combining two series of 6-hr soundings taken at different times in April–July 1956 and 1958. The prevalence of the semidiurnal pressure wave in the lower layers gradually yields to the first harmonic in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, as a consequence of the predominantly diurnal variation of temperature. The semidiurnal variation of temperature is found to increase slightly with height. Increase of the second harmonic amplitude of the u and v wind components with height is roughly proportional to the decrease of air density, with the phase remaining nearly constant, except for the lower layers. The phase relationship between the semidiurnal variations of pressure, and eastward and northward directed wind components is discussed in terms of a model based on a linearized form of the equations of motion, frictionless flow, and the assumption that the os.
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Angiographically Silent Coronary Atherosclerosis An Intravascular Ultrasound Study

matic and asymptomatic diabetes mellitus (DM) have documented more diffuse coronary artery lesions than in non-diabetic subjects, as well as earlier onset and accelerated progression of coronary artery disease.1,2 Although coronary angiography is the standard modality for assessing coronary artery disease, it identifies only intra-luminal changes and does not provide data about the arterial wall.3 Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has been used to give detailed insight of coronary atherosclerosis.4–6 One study reported that IVUS can more sensitively detect atherosclerosis in angiographically normal coronary artery segments,7 and both pathologic and IVUS studies have revealed that the process of lesion formation in coronary artery disease is complex. In general, adaptive positive remodeling of diseased atherosclerotic arterial segments (an increase in arterial dimensions) compensates for plaque accumulation, and delays lumen compromise until the lesion occupies, on average, more than an estimated 40–50% of the potential area within the external elastic membrane. 8,9 Recent IVUS studies have also indicated that changes in arterial dimensions occur along a bi-directional continuum ranging from adaptive (positive) remodeling to arterial shrinkage (nega-
A UHF variable gain amplifier for direct-conversion DVB-H receivers

A CMOS fully differential UHF variable gain amplifier for use in a direct-conversion DVB-H receiver is presented employing input devices with variable aspect ratios. High linearity is achieved by reducing the transconductance of the input transistors for lower gain settings. It is shown that this technique has better linearity and noise performance compared to the conventional methods in which the gain reduction is performed at preceding stages. Implemented in TSMC 0.18-µm CMOS process, the inductorless RF VGA covers a voltage gain ranging from 15.5 dB to −6.5 dB with a maximum IIP3 of +24 dBm. The amplifier achieves a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.4 GHz and a minimum noise figure of 5.8 dB while drawing 3.6 mA from a 1.8 V supply.
Copy Number Analysis Identifies Novel Interactions Between Genomic Loci in Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease displaying complex genomic alterations, and consequently, it has been difficult to determine the most relevant copy number alterations with the scale of studies to date. We obtained genome-wide copy number alteration (CNA) data from four different SNP array platforms, with a final data set of 398 ovarian tumours, mostly of the serous histological subtype. Frequent CNA aberrations targeted many thousands of genes. However, high-level amplicons and homozygous deletions enabled filtering of this list to the most relevant. The large data set enabled refinement of minimal regions and identification of rare amplicons such as at 1p34 and 20q11. We performed a novel co-occurrence analysis to assess cooperation and exclusivity of CNAs and analysed their relationship to patient outcome. Positive associations were identified between gains on 19 and 20q, gain of 20q and loss of X, and between several regions of loss, particularly 17q. We found weak correlations of CNA at genomic loci such as 19q12 with clinical outcome. We also assessed genomic instability measures and found a correlation of the number of higher amplitude gains with poorer overall survival. By assembling the largest collection of ovarian copy number data to date, we have been able to identify the most frequent aberrations and their interactions.
Citizens' Communication Habits and Use of ICTs During Crises and Emergencies

In this article, citizens' communication habits and use of information and communication technologies during crises and emergencies are discussed from the perspective of community resilience. The topic is approached qualitatively by exploring citizens' perceptions, and the data were gathered by means of focus groups in storm-prone and flood-prone areas in Finland. The results indicate that citizens consider emergency communication to be mostly unidirectional: from authorities to the public. However, because crises are often complex and fast developing, cooperation among response organizations and citizen groups is needed to coproduce safety and in adapting to changing situations. Organizations wanting citizens to participate proactively in emergency management should raise citizens' awareness of the means and possibilities to contribute, because these informants' expectation that authorities would welcome their input was low. Based on the results, public participation could be supported further by credible actors, such as local volunteer organizations.
Are Preschoolers' Renamings Intentional Category Violations?.

A classification task was devised to determine whether preschoolers' unconventional namings (e.g., calling a streak of skywriting a "scar") reflect intentional category violations (and hence are metaphors) or simply reflect one of several "literal" ways in which preschoolers classify (and hence lack the overriding of boundaries necessary to metaphor). In the classification task, elements could be matched according to conventional category or by a visual similarity that cut across conventional categories. Fifty-four children between 4.0 and 5.0 were given a target stimulus along with three choices from which to select a match for the target. The choices consisted of a conventional match, a visual match that cut across conventional categories, and an unrelated match. Items were presented in three conditions: picture (target and choices both pictured); verbal (target and choices both named); and pictureverbal (target pictured, choices named). In all conditions, conventional classifications outnumbered visual ones, and this difference was significant in the verbal and the picture-verbal conditions. This result demonstrates that preschoolers choose to classify conventionally even in the face of a perceptual similarity that cuts across conventional boundaries. Thus, their predominant mode of classification is conventional. This finding provides strong support for the claim that preschoolers' unconventional namings reflect intentional category violations rather than one of several literal modes of classification.
Inventory Management Practices and Business Performance for Small-Scale Enterprises in Kenya

Small-Scale Enterprises (SSEs) are acknowledged as significant contributors to economic growth through their perceived critical role in providing job opportunities, poverty reduction and their acting as intermediaries in trade. However, the International Labor Organization (2010) estimates that two-thirds of the enterprises generate incomes equal to or below the minimum wage, a sobering finding that must temper one’s enthusiasm for the growth of SSE’s as a solution to the country’s poverty and employment problems. Inventory constitutes much of the working capital held by SSEs and poor working capital management has been identified as one of the major causes of SSE failures. With this backdrop, this study investigated the relationship between inventory management practices and the business performance of SSEs in Kisii Municipality, Kenya. The relationship was probed based on primary data gathered by use of a structured questionnaire from 70 SSEs. The empirical results revealed a positive significant relationship between business performance and effective inventory management practices at 0.05 significance level. Further, they showed that inventory budgeting had the largest effect on business performance with a beta coefficient of 0.329, followed by shelf-space management with a beta coefficient of 0.30. Inventory level management had the least but significant effect with a beta coefficient of 0.297. The study suggests that owners/managers of SSEs embrace effective inventory management practices as a tactic to further their business performance. Keywords: Inventory Management practices, Business Performance, Small Scale Enterprises
Achieving Teaming's Full Potential: A Leadership Challenge

Since the beginning of the middle school movement, teaming has been one of its signature structures. It has been endorsed by major middle level professional associations (National Middle School Association, 2003, 2006; National Association of Secondary School Principals, 2006), featured in the literature of middle level education (Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 1989; Jackson & Davis, 2000), supported by research (George & Alexander, 2003; Jackson & Davis, 2000; Valentine, Clark, Hackmann, & Petzko, 2002, 2004), and embraced by practitioners (National Association of Secondary School Principals, 2006; National Middle School Association, 2006; Valentine, Clark, Hackmann, & Petzko, 2002, 2004). By the turn of the 21st century, instructional teams consisting of two or more teachers charged with the instruction of a group of students were found in 79% of America’s middle level schools (Valentine, Clark, Hackmann, & Petzko, 2002). While the high percentage of middle level schools with teams is encouraging, we know that the mere existence of teams is no guarantee that they will have a positive influence on student learning and school improvement (Clark & Clark, 2004a; Erb & Doda, 1989; Felner, Jackson, Kasak, Mulhall, Brand, & Flowers, 1997; Flowers, Mertens, & Mulhall, 2000). Several questions must be asked to bring more clarity to middle school teaming: In what ways do teams affect students and adults? How do team structures influence school reform and improvement? What are the characteristics of effective teams and how should they be organized to reach their full potential? What are the implications for leaders in creating and sustaining highly effective teams? What does it take to get teams to function effectively? It appears that high-quality, knowledgeable, and skilled leadership is essential (Clark & Clark, 2004a, 2002a). According to Erb (2006), getting teams to “function coherently and energetically requires leaders who have a sound understanding of the middle school concept, of how to create and maintain healthy organizations, and how to energize the people who have been recruited to do the work expected in the schools” (p. 2). Jackson and Davis (2000) also placed great emphasis on principal leadership in bringing about teaming success. “Team success,” they suggested, “often depends on the administrator’s leadership skills. A principal must be prepared to be the key source of information within the school on effective teams, always available to serve as a guide, troubleshooter, and relentless supporter” (p. 137). Of great concern is that many middle school principals do not have Achieving Teaming’s Full Potential: A Leadership Challenge
Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes and Proteins Restricting Detergent Protease Action to Surface of Protein Fibres by Chemical Modification

Due to their excellent properties, such as thermostability, activity over a broad range of pH and efficient stain removal, proteases from Bacillus sp. are commonly used in the textile industry including industrial processes and laundry and represent one of the most important groups of enzymes. However, due to the action of proteases, severe damage on natural protein fibres such as silk and wool result after washing with detergents containing proteases. To include the benefits of proteases in a wool fibre friendly detergent formulation, the soluble polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) was covalently attached to a protease from Bacillus licheniformis. In contrast to activation of PEG with cyanuric chloride (50%) activation with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) lead to activity recovery above 90%. With these modified enzymes, hydrolytic attack on wool fibres could be successfully prevented up to 95% compared to the native enzymes. Colour difference (ΔE) measured in the three dimensional colour space showed good stain removal properties for the modified enzymes. Furthermore, half-life of the modified enzymes in buffers and commercial detergents solutions was nearly twice as high as those of the non-modified enzymes with values of up to 63 min. Out of the different modified proteases especially the B. licheniformis protease with the 2.0-kDa polymer attached both retained stain removal properties and did not hydrolyse/damage wool fibres.
Tick Size and Limit Order Execution : An Examination of Stock Splits

We study the effects of tick size on limit order executions by examining the proportion of limit orders executed on NYSE/AMEX listed stocks around stock splits. Like recent changes which allow the major U.S. exchanges to quote prices on sixteenths, stock splits alter the pricing grid available to market makers. We explore whether this change affects market liquidity through its impact on the willingness of traders to submit limit orders. We find that both total trading volume and limit order executions increase subsequent to a stock split. More importantly, the proportion of limit orders increases significantly and substantially. For example, the proportion of share volume identified as limit orders increases by about 45 percent following two-for-one stock splits. The percentage increase in limit order activity is also increasing in trade size the proportion more than doubles for orders over 5,000 shares and suggests that sophisticated traders are more sensitive to differences in pricing structures. As expected, the changes are more pronounced for larger stock splits. Our results are consistent across a range of methodologies – we examine the time-series of mean and median proportions, changes in individual firm proportions, pairs of trading days matched on trading activity and price changes, and the results of a logistic regression analysis.