Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kids Speak

News reports (e.g., Abrams, 2008) and scholarly research (e.g., Wiersma & Fifer, 2005) have indicated increasing concern that parent-spectator behavior at youth sport events may be problematic. Multiple strategies have been used to influence spectator behavior in youth sport contexts (e.g., “Silent Sundays”). However, it is unlikely that interventions aimed at changing parent-spectator behaviors have adequately considered young athletes' perspectives, because little is known about how children want parents to behave during youth sport events. Therefore, children (ages 7–14 years) were asked to describe how parents actually behaved at youth sport events and how they wanted parents to behave. Through grounded theory analysis (Charmaz, 2000), three parent “roles” emerged from the data—supportive parent, demanding coach, and crazed fan.
Rate-Setting Procedures for Preprint Advertising at Nondaily Newspapers

In this study of 117 nondaily newspapers, we found 9 methods used to set preprint advertising rates. The most common method is cost-based pricing. However, nondailies add up only the costs directly involved in distributing the preprint and do not use any other costs in the equation. Rate setting for preprints differed significantly from rate setting for run of the press (ROP) at nondailies in that ROP pricing takes into account all of the costs of producing a newspaper. Circulation, ownership, and competition all affected preprint pricing.
Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Moderating Roles of Attainment Discrepancy and Organization Slack

Manuscript Type: Empirical. Research Question: Is the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and corporate social responsibility (CSR) contingent on satisfaction with firm performance? Research Findings/Insights: Our results suggest that while effective corporate governance discourages both positive (proactive stakeholder relationship management) and negative (violation of regulations and standards) CSR, higher slack and positive attainment discrepancy lead to higher positive and lower negative CSR, respectively. More significantly, we find that the association between effective corporate governance and both positive and negative CSR depends on satisfaction with firm performance as indicated by the levels of slack and attainment discrepancy. Put simply, the impact of corporate governance on positive CSR is more pronounced under low slack/negative attainment discrepancy conditions, and that on negative CSR is more pronounced under high slack/positive attainment discrepancy conditions. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our study provides robust support for the behavioral theory of the firm. Previous research has not adequately considered the role of satisfaction with firm performance in studying the impact of corporate governance on managerial decision-making. We show that the association between corporate governance and CSR dimensions depends on differences in decision-making latitude originating from relative firm performance compared to those of peer firms. Practitioner/Policy Implications: First, to understand how effective corporate governance can constrain positive CSR and more importantly reduce negative CSR. Second, to appreciate that the effectiveness of an organization's governance mechanisms is contingent on slack and performance and the marginal returns from improving governance mechanisms when things are going well may be low.
The cost-effectiveness of an intensive treatment protocol for severe dyslexia in children.

Studies of interventions for dyslexia have focused entirely on outcomes related to literacy. In this study, we considered a broader picture assessing improved quality of life compared with costs. A model served as a tool to compare costs and effects of treatment according to a new protocol and care as usual. Quality of life was measured and valued by proxies using a general quality-of-life instrument (EQ-5D). We considered medical cost and non-medical cost (e.g. remedial teaching). The model computed cost per successful treatment and cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) in time. About 75% of the total costs was related to diagnostic tests to distinguish between children with severe dyslexia and children who have reading difficulties for other reasons. The costs per successful treatment of severe dyslexia were €36 366. Successful treatment showed a quality-of-life gain of about 11%. At primary school, the average cost per QALY for severe dyslexia amounted to €58 647. In the long term, the cost per QALY decreased to €26 386 at secondary school and €17 663 thereafter. The results of this study provide evidence that treatment of severe dyslexia is cost-effective when the investigated protocol is followed.
A Widening Gulf among Britain's Mothers

It had become the norm for mothers in post-war Britain to interrupt employment after child-bearing. The trend to increased female labour-force participation involves a shortening of this break, but continuous careers are becoming more common. Many of the growing disparities. The last two decades qualifications are now maintaining full-time employment in high-level occupations when they become mothers. They take advantage of maternity leave and pay for child care. They diverge from the majority of women taking part-time jobs after periods in the home. This leads to a polarization in women's employment histories and means an uneven spread of women's gains from equal opportunities legislation. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
The role of financial intermediation in economic growth in sub-saharan Africa

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the development of the financial sector has been accompanied by economic growth in a sample of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and to further investigate whether some causal pattern emerges which might lend support to the view that financial intermediation plays a central role in economic development. Several measures of financial intermediation are considered and the study concludes that, with respect to at least one of these measures, there exists, in the early stages of development, a definitive link from financial intermediation to economic growth.
Over-exploitation of groundwater resources and their environmental and socio-economic implications: the case of Jordan

Jordan is overusing its groundwater resources stocks. The present impacts on the groundwater itself are manifested in the drop in groundwater levels, reduction in or ceasing of spring discharges, saltwater intrusions and deteriorating water quality. The socio-economic impacts are results of reduced water quality and quantity. The negative impacts, both on the groundwater resources as such, and on socio-economics are expected to intensify with the passage of time. Rethinking in the management of the water sector has become very essential and radical changes towards a balanced resources/demand equation have become inevitable for a continual yield of water resources to guarantee future generations equity in these resources.
Cause-specific mortality and the contribution of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the first 3 years after antiretroviral therapy initiation in an urban African cohort.

BACKGROUND Although many studies have reported high early mortality among patients enrolled in antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs in sub-Saharan Africa-particularly among those individuals with advanced immunodeficiency-few studies have reported the most common causes of these early deaths. METHODS We determined cause-specific mortality and the contribution of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in a well-characterized patient cohort in Kampala, Uganda, over a 36-month period of ART. RESULTS In a cohort of patients who initiated antiretroviral therapy in Uganda, we observed a high early mortality rate among patients with advanced disease. The most common causes of death were tuberculosis and cryptococcal meningitis. The contribution of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome to mortality was limited. CONCLUSIONS We show a significant early mortality in our ART cohort in resource-limited settings that is driven by advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease and characterized by low CD4 cell counts. In our experience, the contribution of IRIS to this observed early mortality is limited.
Community Reinvestment Legislation and Access to Housing Finance in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Using legislation as one of its main tools, the apartheid government provided white South Africans with abundant resources and economic opportunities. Correlated with the opportunities provided to whites was the systematic denial of opportunity to members of other groups. Since 1994, the African National Congress- (ANC-) led government has worked to remedy the effects of apartheid through legislative means. South Africa's Department of Housing has attempted to use community reinvestment legislation as part of this effort. This paper assesses the various political and economic factors that led to the failure of South Africa's reinvestment legislation process. These fall into two categories: extra-legislative factors and factors internal to the process itself that, even should other inhibitions not have existed, might still have undermined South Africa's reinvestment legislation process. The paper relies largely on analysis of interviews conducted with South African bankers, government officials, community representatives, and housing and lending specialists.
Economic policies, macroeconomic environment and entrepreneurs' expectations: Evidence from Brazil

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of macroeconomic variables and economic policies on expectations and confidence of entrepreneurs. It provides an econometric analysis of the expectation transmission channel under inflation targeting in Brazil, emphasizing the effect of inflation targeting credibility on the business confidence of industrial entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – Based on ordinary least square (OLS), generalized method of moments (GMM) and vector autoregression (VAR), the paper provides empirical evidence about the influence of inflation targeting credibility and macroeconomic policies on expectations and confidence of entrepreneurs and, as a consequence, on industrial production. Findings – The evidence for the Brazilian economy suggest that monetary and fiscal policies as well as the credibility of the monetary regime affect economic activity by their impact on expectations of entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implication – Development of macroeconomic stability is important to the expectations formed by entrepreneurs and, therefore, for industrial production. In particular, inflation targeting credibility stimulates industrial production, since it increases the confidence of entrepreneurs about the functioning of the economy and their businesses. Originality/value – The results suggest new insights about the influence of economic policies on the real side of the economy, pointing out that the conduct of economic policies in emerging countries with inflation targets are likely to affect the expectations of entrepreneurs and therefore their production decisions.
The Role of Tumor Stroma in Cancer Progression and Prognosis: Emphasis on Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Maintenance of both normal epithelial tissues and their malignant counterparts is supported by the host tissue stroma. The tumor stroma mainly consists of the basement membrane, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, immune cells, and vasculature. Although most host cells in the stroma possess certain tumor-suppressing abilities, the stroma will change during malignancy and eventually promote growth, invasion, and metastasis. Stromal changes at the invasion front include the appearance of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs constitute a major portion of the reactive tumor stroma and play a crucial role in tumor progression. The main precursors of CAFs are normal fibroblasts, and the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to CAFs is driven to a great extent by cancer-derived cytokines such as transforming growth factor-&bgr;. During recent years, the crosstalk between the cancer cells and the tumor stroma, highly responsible for the progression of tumors and their metastasis, has been increasingly unveiled. A better understanding of the host stroma contribution to cancer progression will increase our knowledge about the growth promoting signaling pathways and hopefully lead to novel therapeutic interventions targeting the tumor stroma. This review reports novel data on the essential crosstalk between cancer cells and cells of the tumor stroma, with an emphasis on the role played by CAFs. Furthermore, it presents recent literature on relevant tumor stroma- and CAF-related research in non-small cell lung cancer.
An Empirical Analysis of the Reincorporation Decision

Abstract The literature suggests two competing explanations for reincorporations: efforts at managerial entrenchment and attempts to improve contractual efficiency. The empirical evidence to date is inconclusive. To seek further evidence, we examine a large sample of firms that changed their state of incorporation over the period 1980–1992. We find that shareholder wealth is decreased by reincorporations that erect takeover defenses, but is increased by reincorporations that establish limits on director liability. Firms that claim they reincorporate to limit the personal liability of their board members and thereby attract better qualified outside directors do, in fact, expand the outside representation on their boards, whereas firms citing other motives do not.
A PARTITION OF VARIANCE IN DENTAL TRAITS OF THE HOUSE MOUSE.

A partition of variance of three molar widths in the house mouse is obtained by comparison and analysis of a series of wild, random-bred, inbred and hybrid populations. The hereditary categories include additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and sex. The environmental component is subdivided into wild, maternal, individual, inter-side and measurement categories.
Cultural Adjustment of International Graduate Students in American Hospitality and Tourism Programs

Cultural adjustment of international graduate students from three graduate programs in hospitality and tourism administration was examined. Students reported that most information about the program was provided by friends. They also noted that the programs had not provided adequate orientation to the university or the program Itself. Language differences were identified as a major problem in fulfillment of academic requirements and relationships with faculty, fellow students, and program administration. In preparation for expanding international enrollments, American hospitality and tourism programs must develop formal orientation processes to ease the adaptation of international students.
Trademark Law: An Economic Perspective

THAT the law of intellectual property, including trademark law, can be analyzed in economic terms is no longer an insight with any power to astonish or even to offend.1 What the literature thus far has lacked, however, and this article seeks to supply, is an analysis that formalizes the economics of trademarks, relates trademarks to other forms of property, brings to bear the nascent economics of language and communication, and discusses and interrelates the principal doctrines of trademark law.2 This is an essay in positive rather than normative "law and economics. " We use economics to try to explain the structure of trademark law rather than to change that law. Our overall conclusion is that trademark law, like tort law in general (trademark law is part of the branch of tort law
DEMONSTRATION OF AN ACTIVITY-BASED MODEL FOR PORTLAND

We report the first operational implementation of an activity-based travel demand model system proposed in 1995 by Ben-Akiva, Bowman and Gopinath. Integrated disaggregate discrete choice models represent an individuals demand for activity and travel as an activity pattern and a set of tours. The system explicitly represents total daily demand, trip chaining, inter-tour and at-home vs on-tour trade-offs, as well as timing, mode and destination choices. Preliminary application results demonstrate the models ability to capture activity substitution, time of day shifts and increased leisure travel demand in response to a congestion pricing theory.
Pension Reform, Ownership Structure, and Corporate Governance: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Sweden offers a unique natural experiment to analyze the microeconomic effects of institutionalized saving on ownership structure, corporate governance and performance of listed companies. First, the Swedish pension reform increased the participation of pension funds in the domestic stock market and caused a significant reshuffling in the ownership of the existing pension funds. Second, the availability of detailed data on firm ownership allows us to document the effects of the pension reform. We show that the effects of institutional investment on firm performance depend on the industry structure of pension funds. In particular, we find that firm performance improves if large independent private pension funds and public pension funds increase their equity stakes in the firm, but not if smaller pension funds and pension funds related to financial institutions and industrial groups increase their shareholdings. Additionally, controlling shareholders appear reluctant to relinquish control and the control premium increases if public pension funds acquire shares.
Education, Mobility and Employers' Monopsony Power: A Search-Theoretic Analysis

We analyse the efficiency of schooling choices in a wage-posting search equilibrium model with on-the-job search. The workers have multidimensional skills and the search market is segmented by technology. Education determines the scope - or - of individual skills. Individuals obtain schooling to leave unemployment more quickly and to climb the wage ladder rapidly through job-to-job mobility - that is, to speed up job shopping. Education reduces firms' monopsony power in the wage determination by improving workers' mobility. As a result, the wage distribution shifts rightward with aggregate schooling. However, the ratio of vacant jobs to job seekers also falls in each sector. Either one or the other externality may dominate, implying, respectively, under- or over-education. A combination of minimum wage and schooling fee can decentralize the efficient allocation.
Expression of bcl-2 and the progression of human and rodent prostatic cancers.

The frequency of bcl-2 protein expression was evaluated using immunocytochemical staining during the progression of human and rat prostate cancer from an androgen-sensitive nonmetastatic to an androgen-independent metastatic phenotype. Previous studies (A. S. Shabaik et al., J. Urol. Pathol., 3: 17-27, 1995) demonstrated that 0 of 20 high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias and only 3 (7%) of 41 pathologically localized stage B human prostatic cancers had detectable bcl-2 staining. In the present study, 5 (17%) of 30 lymph node metastases from pathologically disseminated D1 disease and 14 (52%) of 27 bone metastases from pathologically disseminated D2 disease expressed detectable bcl-2 protein. These data demonstrate that there is a statistically significant (P < 0.05) association between expression of bcl-2 and the progression of human prostatic cancer cells to a metastatic phenotype. Such bcl-2 expression is not absolutely required, however, for either androgen independence or metastatic ability by human prostatic cancer cells. Likewise, within a series of eight distinct Dunning R3327 rat prostatic cancer sublines, which differ widely in their progressional state, there is also a significant association (P < 0. 05) between bcl-2 expression and progression (four of six androgen-independent rat sublines expressed bcl-2 protein). Again in this rodent system, bcl-2 expression is not an absolute requirement for either androgen independence or metastatic ability. For example, the androgen-independent highly metastatic Dunning AT-3 subline, while expressing bax protein, does not express bcl-2 protein. If such AT-3 cells are genetically engineered to express bcl-2, these expressing cells are now cross-resistant to a variety of mechanistically diverse noxious insults (e.g., viral infection or exposure to antimetabolites, alkylating agents, or agents which elevate the intracellular free Ca2+). The ability of bcl-2 to inhibit the programmed death of AT-3 cells induced by these agents involves a late step in the death process, since the early induction of expression of a series of genes associated with apoptosis is not impaired by bcl-2 expression. These data demonstrate that the development of androgen independence and/or metastatic ability can be associated with the expression of bcl-2 protein but that bcl-2-independent mechanisms also exist for such progression.
Beyond associations: Do implicit beliefs play a role in smoking addiction?

Background and objectives: Influential dual-system models of addiction suggest that an automatic system that is associative and habitual promotes drug use, whereas a controlled system that is propositional and rational inhibits drug use. It is assumed that effects on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) reflect the automatic processes that guide drug seeking. However, results have been inconsistent, challenging: (1) the validity of addiction IATs; and (2) the assumption that the automatic system contains only simple associative information. We aimed to further test the validity of IATs that are used within this field of research using an experimental design. Second, we introduced a new procedure aimed at examining the automatic activation of complex propositional knowledge, the Relational Responding Task (RRT) and examine the validity of RRT effects in the context of smoking. Methods: In two experiments, smokers performed two different tasks: an approach/avoid IAT and a liking IAT in Experiment 1, and a smoking urges RRT and a valence IAT in Experiment 2. Smokers were tested once immediately after smoking and once after 10 hours of nicotine-deprivation. Results: None of the IAT scores were affected by the deprivation manipulation. RRT scores revealed a stronger implicit desire for smoking in the deprivation condition compared to the satiation condition. Conclusions: IATs that are currently used to assess automatic processes in addiction have serious drawbacks. Furthermore, the automatic system may contain not only associations but complex drug-related beliefs as well. The RRT may be a useful and valid tool to examine these beliefs.
Bringing the Future Forward: The Effect of Disclosure on the Returns-Earnings Relation

This paper studies how firm disclosure activity affects the relation between current annual stock returns, contemporaneous annual earnings and future earnings. Our results show that firms with relatively more informative disclosures “bring the future forward” so that current returns reflect more future earnings news. We also find that changes in disclosure activity are positively related to changes in the importance of future earnings news for current returns. These results suggest that a firm’s disclosure activity reveals credible, relevant information not in current earnings, and that this information is incorporated into the current stock price.