Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
History Index of Correct Computation for Fault-Tolerant Nano-Computing

Future nanoscale devices are expected to be more fragile and sensitive to external influences than conventional CMOS-based devices. Researchers predict that it will no longer be possible to test a device and then throw it away if it is found to be defective, as every circuit is expected to have multiple hard and soft defects. Fundamentally new fault-tolerant architectures are required to produce reliable systems that will survive with manufacturing defects and transient faults. This paper introduces the History Index of Correct Computation (HICC) as a run-time reconfiguration technique for fault-tolerant nano-computing. This approach identifies reliable blocks on-the-fly by monitoring the correctness of their outputs and forwarding only good results, ignoring the results from unreliable blocks. Simulation results show that history-based TMR modules offer a better response to fault tolerance at the module level than do conventional fault-tolerant approaches when the faults are nonuniformly distributed among redundant units. A correct computation rate of 99% is achieved despite a 13% average injected fault rate, when one of the redundant units and the decision unit are fault-free as well as when both have a low injected fault rate of 0.1%. A correct computation rate of 89% is achieved when faults are nonuniformly distributed at an average fault rate of 11% and fault rate in the decision unit is 0.5%. The robustness of the history-based mechanism is shown to be better than both majority voting and a Hamming detection and correction code.
Adolescent personality, problem behaviour and the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship

The relationship between adolescent personality and problem behaviour has been well established. However, relatively little attention has been given to the role of the social environment in the association between adolescent personality and problem behaviour. We tested the mediating and moderating role of the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship in the associations between adolescents' personality traits and problem behaviour. The sample consisted of 140 adolescents (11 to 18 years of age) and both their parents. Results supported a mediating role of the father/mother–adolescent relationship in the associations between Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness and externalizing problem behaviour. The father/mother–adolescent relationships did not mediate the associations between personality traits and internalizing problem behaviour. We also found support for a moderating role of the father/mother–adolescent relationships in the association between Emotional Stability and both externalizing and internalizing problem behaviours. Other moderated effects were specific for parent, personality trait and type of problem behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total knee arthroplasty for severe valgus knee deformity

Background Primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in severe valgus knees may prove challenging, and choice of implant depends on the severity of the valgus deformity and the extent of soft‐tissue release. The purpose of this study was to review 8 to 11 years (mean, 10 years) follow‐up results of primary TKA for varient‐III valgus knee deformity with use of different type implants. Methods Between January 2002 and January 2005, 20 women and 12 men, aged 47 to 63 (mean, 57.19±6.08) years old, with varient‐III valgus knees underwent primary TKA. Of the 32 patients, 37 knees had varient‐III deformities. Pie crusting was carefully performed with small, multiple inside‐out incisions, bone resection balanced the knee in lieu of soft tissue releases that were not used in the series. Cruciate‐retaining knees (Gemini MKII, Link Company, Germany) were used in 13 knees, Genesis II (Simth & Nephew Company, USA) in 14 knees, and hinged knee (Endo‐Model Company, Germany) in 10 knees. In five patients with bilateral variant‐III TKAs, three patients underwent 1‐stage bilateral procedures, and two underwent 2‐stage procedures. All implants were cemented and the patella was not resurfaced. The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score was assessed. Patients were followed up from 8 to 11 years. Results The mean HSS knee score were improved from 50.33±11.60 to 90.06±3.07 (P <0.001). The mean tibiofemoral alignment were improved from valgus 32.72°±9.68° pre‐operation to 4.89°±0.90° post‐operation (P <0.001). The mean range of motion were improved from 93.72°±23.69° pre‐operation to 116.61±16.29° post‐operation (P <0.001). No patients underwent revision. One patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation using femoral condylar plates for supracondylar femoral fractures secondary to a fall at three years. Three patients developed transient peroneal nerve palsies, which resolved within nine months. Two patients developed symptomatic deep vein thrombosis that was managed with rivaroxaban and thrombo‐embolic deterrent stockings. There was no incidence of pulmonary embolism. Postoperative patient satisfaction was 80.7±10.4 points in the groups. Prosthetic survival rate was 100% at mean 10 years postoperative. Conclusions Not only hinged implants can be successfully used in variant‐III valgus knees. As our results show, if proper ligament balancing techniques are used and proper ligament balance is attained, the knee may not require the use of a more constrained components. Our results also present alternative implant choices for severe knee deformities.
Observations on growth rate of breast carcinomas and its possible implications for lead time

Doubling times were estimated for 15 breast carcinomas in 13 patients, and were found to be between 42 and 397 days with the average at 211 days. The mean lead time at mean growth rate from the average size of 44 preclinical to the average size of 118 clinical tumors was estimated to be 3 years. This period may be considered the probable time gained through screening for mammary carcinomas by the methods used in our studies, particularly single‐view mammography. However, the wide range of observed growth rates and tumor sizes and probable measurement errors decreases the validity of this study.
Overlapping Mental Representations of Self, Ingroup, and Outgroup: Unraveling Self-Stereotyping and Self-Anchoring

Smith and collaborators presented strong response time evidence for overlapping mental representations of the self and relevant ingroups, and they interpreted their findings as reflecting that people define themselves in terms of their ingroups. Besides on inferences from ingroup to self (self-stereotyping) however, self-ingroup overlap could also be based on inferences from the self to the ingroup (self-anchoring). The present research tackled this interpretational ambiguity and empirically distinguished self-anchoring versus self-stereotyping as processes possibly under-lying self-ingroup overlap. Results from three studies revealed stronger evidence for inferences from self to ingroup (selfanchoring) than the other way round (self-stereotyping).
FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF LIVESTOCK INSURANCE BY COMMERCIAL DAIRY FARMERS IN THREE ZOBATAT OF ERITREA

Abstract A sample survey of 74 commercial dairy farmers was conducted between November 2002 and February 2003 in three Zobatat (zones) of Eritrea to identify factors that affect the adoption of livestock insurance. The results of a logit model indicate that formal education of the farmer and the farmer's awareness of livestock insurance increase the probability of insurance adoption, whereas farming experience, poor location and use of alternative risk management strategies, such as off-farm investments and farm enterprise diversification, reduce the probability of livestock insurance adoption. Further insight into the factors influencing farmers' adoption of livestock insurance may assist policy makers and the National Insurance Corporation of Eritrea in their future plans. Results of this study have some policy implications, such as the need for a variable rather than fixed insurance premium, improving the know-how of farmers concerning risk assessment, improving Zobatat' infrastructure and a need of a thorough study to be conducted on the demand for agricultural insurance in Eritrea.
SONAR: Signal De-mixing for Robust Correlation Clustering

Clustering is one of the most fundamental challenges in data mining. We identified three core problems which turn finding a natural grouping of a data set into a difficult task: First, clusters may exist in arbitrarily oriented subspaces of various dimensionality (also known as correlation clusters). Secondly, the cluster structure may be hidden by noise and outliers. Finally, the number, size and density of the clusters is usually unknown which makes the parametrization of existing approaches very difficult. In this paper, we address these three problems by combining ideas from information theory and blind signal source separation. Our algorithm is inspired by the idea of an active sonar that reveals hidden objects by sending echo pings with various frequencies and from different directions. Analogously, our algorithm SONAR very efficiently generates primitive pre-clusters and considers exactly these pre-clusters as echo pings. Each echo of a ping is a mixture of the signals of the true clusters. Independent component analysis (ICA) allows us to decompose the mixed signals into statistically independent response patterns. We combine the idea of signal de-mixing with the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle to allow an outlier-robust and parameter-free detection of the true clusters. Extensive experiments demonstrate the following assets of SONAR: Outlier-robust detection of correlation clusters of various density and subspace orientation, requiring no difficult input parameters, and scalability to large data sets. keywords: correlation clustering, independent component analy-
AN ANTIGENIC BASIS FOR VIRULENCE IN STRAINS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

A study has been made of the antigenic relationships between a virulent and an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis that the susceptibility of the mouse to infection by S. typhimurium is due to an antigenic relationship between host and parasite. The antigen shared between host and parasite, appears to be absent or is masked in the avirulent strain.
Cross-training in birds: cold and exercise training produce similar changes in maximal metabolic output, muscle masses and myostatin expression in house sparrows (Passer domesticus)

ABSTRACT Maximal metabolic outputs for exercise and thermogenesis in birds presumably influence fitness through effects on flight and shivering performance. Because both summit (Msum, maximum thermoregulatory metabolic rate) and maximum (MMR, maximum exercise metabolic rate) metabolic rates are functions of skeletal muscle activity, correlations between these measurements and their mechanistic underpinnings might occur. To examine whether such correlations occur, we measured the effects of experimental cold and exercise training protocols for 3 weeks on body (Mb) and muscle (Mpec) masses, basal metabolic rate (BMR), Msum, MMR, pectoralis mRNA and protein expression for myostatin, and mRNA expression of TLL-1 and TLL-2 (metalloproteinase activators of myostatin) in house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Both training protocols increased Msum, MMR, Mb and Mpec, but BMR increased with cold training and decreased with exercise training. No significant differences occurred for pectoralis myostatin mRNA expression, but cold and exercise increased the expression of TLL-1 and TLL-2. Pectoralis myostatin protein levels were generally reduced for both training groups. These data clearly demonstrate cross-training effects of cold and exercise in birds, and are consistent with a role for myostatin in increasing pectoralis muscle mass and driving organismal increases in metabolic capacities. Summary: Cold and exercise training in house sparrows increases thermogenic and exercise capacities and pectoralis masses and modifies expression of the myostatin system, consistent with a mechanistic role for myostatin down-regulation.
Teaching Preschoolers with Autism to Self-Monitor Their Social Interactions: An Analysis of Results in Home and School Settings

This study examined the effects of a self-monitoring intervention on the social interactions of 3 preschool boys with autism. A multiple baseline across both school and home settings was used to examine several experimental conditions. First, each child with autism participated in daily 5-minute play activities with one nondisabled peer or sibling during an initial baseline period. Following their conduct of social skills training, teachers and parents implemented an intervention that encompassed adult prompting, edible reinforcement contingent on children's positive exchanges, and target children's self-monitoring of their own social behaviors. Three primary results were obtained. First, the self-monitoring package increased each target child's interactions with his peers and/or siblings. Second, the school and home procedures produced comparable impacts on some dimensions of children's social behaviors, but other outcomes were affected differentially. Finally, both adult prompts and reinforcement were successfully reduced or faded within the school and home intervention settings.
Influence of multiple dam passage on survival of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Columbia River estuary and coastal ocean

Multiple dam passage during seaward migration is thought to reduce the subsequent survival of Snake River Chinook salmon. This hypothesis developed because juvenile Chinook salmon from the Snake River, the Columbia River’s largest tributary, migrate >700 km through eight hydropower dams and have lower adult return rates than downstream populations that migrate through only 3 or 4 dams. Using a large-scale telemetry array, we tested whether survival of hatchery-reared juvenile Snake River spring Chinook salmon is reduced in the estuary and coastal ocean relative to a downstream, hatchery-reared population from the Yakima River. During the initial 750-km, 1-mo-long migration through the estuary and coastal ocean, we found no evidence of differential survival; therefore, poorer adult returns of Snake River Chinook may develop far from the Columbia River. Thus, hydrosystem mitigation efforts may be ineffective if differential mortality rates develop in the North Pacific Ocean for reasons unrelated to dam passage.
Friendship and politics in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics

Aristotle’s discussion of political friendship points to perfect friendship and the possibility that the good citizen can be the good person. This conclusion is arrived at by reflection on three problems raised in Aristotle’s analysis. First, citizen friendships of utility are the cause of civil strife. Second, there is a tension between citizen friendship in timocracy and justice. Although citizen friendship in a timocracy can aspire to perfect friendship, political justice requires kingship. Third, familial friendship, although natural, is more limited in scope than political friendship. This article concludes with Aristotle’s discussion of conflicting obligations that opens up two grounds of natural friendship: relations to persons through body, and relations to persons who are virtuous. Virtue relations in timocracy allow citizen friendship to resemble perfect friendship.
Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia.

CONTEXT The proportion of paratyphoid fever cases to typhoid fever cases may change due to urbanization and increased dependency on food purchased from street vendors. For containment of paratyphoid a different strategy may be needed than for typhoid, because risk factors for disease may not coincide and current typhoid vaccines do not protect against paratyphoid fever. OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in an endemic area. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Community-based case-control study conducted from June 2001 to February 2003 in hospitals and outpatient health centers in Jatinegara district, Jakarta, Indonesia. Enrolled participants were 1019 consecutive patients with fever lasting 3 or more days, from which 69 blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases, 24 confirmed paratyphoid cases, and 289 control patients with fever but without Salmonella bacteremia were interviewed, plus 378 randomly selected community controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Blood culture-confirmed typhoid or paratyphoid fever; risk factors for both diseases. RESULTS In 1019 fever patients we identified 88 (9%) Salmonella typhi and 26 (3%) Salmonella paratyphi A infections. Paratyphoid fever among cases was independently associated with consumption of food from street vendors (comparison with community controls: odds ratio [OR], 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-7.91; with fever controls: OR, 5.17; 95% CI, 2.12-12.60) and flooding (comparison with community controls: OR, 4.52; 95% CI, 1.90-10.73; with fever controls: OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.31-8.02). By contrast, independent risk factors for typhoid fever using the community control group were mostly related to the household, ie, to recent typhoid fever in the household (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.03-5.48); no use of soap for handwashing (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.06-3.46); sharing food from the same plate (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.10-3.37), and no toilet in the household (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.06-4.55). Also, typhoid fever was associated with young age in years (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.98). In comparison with fever controls, risk factors for typhoid fever were use of ice cubes (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.31-3.93) and female sex (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.04-3.06). Fecal contamination of drinking water was not associated with typhoid or paratyphoid fever. We did not detect fecal carriers among food handlers in the households. CONCLUSIONS In Jakarta, typhoid and paratyphoid fever are associated with distinct routes of transmission, with the risk factors for disease either mainly within the household (typhoid) or outside the household (paratyphoid).
The urban penalty: towns and mortality in nineteenth-century Norway

A decade ago, in a review of the field Roger Schofield and David Reher observed that ‘the basic demographic parameters of mortality decline are still far from clear’. And in spite of admirable analyses of mortality by authors ranging from Eilert Sundt in 1855 to Julie A. Backer and Michael Drake in the 1960s and Sølvi Sogner and Ståle Dyrvik in the 1970s, this observation also generally applies to Norway. Some of the lack of clarity is due to the limitations of the death data themselves, some to the orientation of researchers. For example, although almost every biography of a Norwegian town has its section on births and deaths, the study of urban mortality as a whole has not attracted much attention, perhaps because the situation seems self-evident. Towns were (and still often are) unhealthier places to live in than the countryside. Referring to the years 1831–1850, Sundt posited the laconic axiom that ‘Dødelighenden i byerne pleier være større end i landdistrikterne. ’ From this starting observation, which was of course true at the time, I want to examine urban mortality in Norway in the context of state-wide mortality trends from the mid- nineteenth century to 1920. Ultimately I intend to study mortality on the individual/family level in the western coastal towns of Bergen and Haugesund during this period, using machine-readable nominative sources, censuses, and parish registers. However, to put these intended microhistorical investigations in perspective, I have delved into published statistics on mortality in Norwegian towns in general and in Kristiania (now Oslo) and Bergen in particular. These data are plentiful and readily available but they are not always in a form suitable for systematic analysis over a long term; they must be collated, organized, and to some extent massaged. In the investigative tradition of exploratory data analysis I am looking for patterns in the data and meanings in the patterns. A number of questions guide the description and analysis. How big was the urban–rural differential and how did it change over time? What were its components; or rather, who paid the ‘urban penalty’? The answers show that urban mortality was an important factor in the mortality transition in late-nineteenth-century Norway.
Immunogenicity and Safety of a Meningococcal Quadrivalent Conjugate Vaccine in Saudi Arabian Adolescents Previously Vaccinated with One Dose of Bivalent and Quadrivalent Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines: a Phase III, Controlled, Randomized, and Modified Blind-Observer Study

ABSTRACT Reduced immune responses to repeated polysaccharide vaccination have been previously reported, but there are limited immunogenicity data on the use of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PSV) followed by meningococcal conjugate vaccine. Saudi Arabian adolescents (aged 16 to 19 years) who had previously been vaccinated with ≥1 dose of bivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and 1 dose of quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide (MPSV4) were enrolled in a controlled, randomized, and modified observer-blind study (collectively termed the PSV-exposed group). The PSV-exposed group was randomized to receive either quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) (n = 145 PSV-exposed/MCV4 group) or MPSV4 (n = 142 PSV-exposed/MPSV4 group), and a PSV-naïve group received MCV4 (n = 163). Serum samples collected prevaccination and 28 days postvaccination were measured by baby rabbit serum bactericidal antibody (rSBA) assay, and vaccine tolerability and safety were also evaluated. For each serogroup, the postvaccination geometric mean titers (GMTs) were significantly higher in the PSV-naïve group than in either group comprised of the PSV-exposed participants. The postvaccination serogroup C rSBA GMT was significantly higher in the PSV-MCV4 group than in the PSV-MPSV4 group after adjusting for prevaccination GMTs. Although not statistically significant, similar differences were observed for serogroups A, Y, and W-135. No worrisome safety signals were detected. This study demonstrated MCV4 to be safe and immunogenic in those who had previously received polysaccharide vaccination, and it suggests that conjugate vaccine can partially compensate for the hyporesponsiveness seen with repeated doses of polysaccharide vaccine.
Clinical Interventions in Aging Dovepress Open Access to Scientific and Medical Research Open Access Full Text Article Memantine: a Review of Studies into Its Safety and Efficacy in Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias

Memantine is an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with moderate affinity. Its mechanism of action is neuroprotective and potentially therapeutic in several neuropsychiatric diseases. It has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) either as a monotherapy or in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors. This review covers key studies of memantine's safety and efficacy in treating moderate to severe AD. It also covers current research into other dementias including but not exclusively mild AD and vascular dementia. Other studies on the efficacy of memantine for other neuropsychiatric diseases are discussed. Memantine is a safe and effective drug that merits further research on several topics. Clinicians should be aware of new studies and potential uses of memantine because of its safety and efficacy.