Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organization of children's academic self-perceptions: Reanalysis and counter-interpretations of confirmatory factor analysis results.

S. M. Simpson, B. G. Licht, R. K. Wagner, and S. R. Stader (1996) factor analyzed responses to 4 ability-related self-perceptions (perceived ability, near expectancies, distant expectancies, and causal attributions) for each of 3 academic domains (math, reading-English, and school). They interpreted their confirmatory factor analysis as supporting the need to distinguish between these 4 self-perceptions as well as the 3 domains and to extend current academic self-concept theories (e.g., H. W. Marsh, 1990, 1993a) that emphasize the domains. Interpretations based on the authors' reanalysis of Simpson et al.'s data contradicted their major conclusions that apparently reflected idiosyncrasies in their items and their methodology, but supported predictions based on previous theory and research. More generally, the authors demonstrate a construct validity approach that blends theory, data, statistical models, and substantive interpretation to validate and compare competing interpretations.
Depression Among Rural Native American and European American Grandparents Rearing Their Grandchildren

Increasing numbers of grandparents are rearing their grandchildren because of their adult children's inability to parent. Researchers have begun to document the mental health outcomes of grandparent caregivers in general, yet none have examined the mental health of Native American and European American grandparent caregivers residing in rural communities. To shed light on this topic, the current study examined relationships between degree of rurality; economic, community, and social resources; grandparenting experiences; and depression among 55 rural Native American and European American custodial grandparents. Based on hierarchical regression analyses, the best predictors of depression were grand-parental stress, total time providing primary care to grandchildren, household income, and race. Grandparents experiencing more stress, less time in the role of primary grandparent caregiver, and lower household income reported more depressive symptoms. Moreover, Native American grandparent caregivers reported more depressive symptoms than did their European American counterparts. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Relationship Between Psychological Health and Attitude Toward Christianity Among Pupils Aged 11 to 15 Years in England

Advocates of the secularization thesis describe radical decline in the significance of the Christian tradition among young people in England. In this context, a sample of 5,808 pupils age 11 to 15 years provided data about their religious identity and practice and completed the short-form Revised Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (as a measure of psychological health) and the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity (as a measure of their affective commitment to the Christian tradition). The data showed that half of the pupils retained some connection with the Christian tradition and that a positive attitude toward Christianity was associated both with lower psychoticism scores and with higher neuroticism scores. There is evidence, therefore, to link a positive view of Christianity with some indicators of better psychological health (lower psychoticism) and with some indicators of poorer psychological health (higher neuroticism).
Devolution, Discretion, and the Effect of Local Political Values on TANF Sanctioning

One of welfare reform’s most significant consequences is the devolution of policy‐making authority from the federal government and states to local governments and frontline workers. What is perhaps less often appreciated is that devolution of authority to state governments has been accompanied by a significant decentralization of policy‐making authority within states. As a result, prior research has not given sufficient attention to local political context as a factor shaping program implementation. This article examines the effect of local political values on the use of sanctions to penalize welfare recipients. Analyzing administrative data from the Florida Department of Children and Families for over 60,000 welfare clients, we find that there is a statistically significant amount of local variation in sanctioning rates across the state of Florida, even after controlling welfare clients’ characteristics. Local sanctioning patterns are systematically related to selected characteristics of local communities, including their ideological orientations.
A load-balancing semi-matching approach for resource allocation in cognitive radio networks

In this paper, the resource allocation problem is considered in the context of spectrum underlay in cognitive radio (CR) networks. In such a framework, the quality of service (QoS) requirements for both primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs) need to be satisfied. Admission control based on removal algorithms is used jointly with power control such that the QoS requirements of all admitted SUs are satisfied, while no excessive interference is caused to PUs. For the first time in the literature, we introduce the min-weight load-balancing problem based on weighted bipartite graphs, while combining it with power control and user removal. Simulation results show that the combined algorithm achieves improved results when compared with merely using power control and user removal algorithms.
Job insecurity and employees' attitudes: the moderating role of fairness

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between both job insecurity and fairness and employees' attitudes (job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intention). Moreover, of even greater interest, it aims to test whether fairness mitigates the negative correlates associated with job insecurity. Design/methodology/approach - The aproach takes the form of a cross-sectional study based on self-reported data. The sample was composed of 697 employees from a Spanish public organisation. Findings - The findings showed that job insecurity is detrimental to employees' attitudes, whereas fairness is beneficial. Moreover, the results showed the negative correlates of job insecurity to be less strong in the presence of fairness. Research limitations/implications - First, this is a cross-sectional study, and therefore no causal relationships can be assumed. Second, the study is based on self-reported data, which could lead to common variance source and method problems. Practical implications - Job insecurity is a widespread concern in contemporary societies. Thus, research on how to palliate its negative correlates is valued. This study suggests fairness judgements might buffer the negative correlates associated with job insecurity. Originality/value - Previous research has shown job insecurity to be detrimental to both individuals and organisations (e.g. job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intention). Nonetheless, differences observed across studies in the strength of these relationships suggest the presence of moderating factors. The study provides evidence on the moderating role of fairness judgements.
Social Capital at Work: Networks and Employment at a Phone Center

This article argues that a common organizational practice-the hiring of new workers via employee referrals-provides key insights into the notion of social capital. Employers who use such hiring methods are quintessential "social capitalists," viewing workers' social connections as resources in which they can invest in order to gain economic returns in the form of better hiring outcomes. Identified are three ways through which such returns might be realized: the "richer pool," the "better match," and the "social enrichment" mechanisms. Using unique company data on the dollar costs of screening, hiring, and training, this article finds that the firm's investment in the social capital of its employees yields significant economic returns.
Facilitation of picture-naming in anomic subjects: Sound vs mouth shape

Background: Phonological cueing is often applied to assist spoken word retrieval in anomia. Phonological cues usually comprise auditory and visual information. Yet while the auditory channel provides full information about a cued phoneme, the mouth shape only contains information about certain features of a segment, e.g., place of articulation. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effectiveness of visual phonological information in anomic participants, as compared with auditory cueing, in assisting spoken word retrieval. Methods & Procedures: In a group of 16 anomic participants, spoken picture-naming tasks were administered using mouth shapes of initial segments of target words as visual cues, and initial phonemes as auditory cues. Outcomes & Results: Reaction time analyses revealed significant facilitation effects for both the visual and the auditory cues. Single-case analyses revealed selective effects: participants benefited either from auditory or from visual phonological information. Conclusions: Visually based phonetic feature information specifying the initial phoneme of a word can be sufficient to facilitate word retrieval. The cognitive neurolinguistic factors predicting the effectiveness of visual vs auditory-segmental cueing remain unresolved.
A motivational investigation of group effectiveness using social-cognitive theory.

The authors developed a model of group effectiveness that emphasizes 3 group-level representatives of the mediators hypothesized in social-cognitive theory. Group affective evaluations, group goals, and collective efficacy were predicted to mediate the influences of performance feedback and vicarious experience on group effectiveness. Covariance structure analysis of data from 81 groups indicated that performance feedback affected both group affective evaluations and collective efficacy, which in turn related to group effectiveness. Furthermore, group affective evaluations and collective efficacy completely mediated the relationship between performance feedback and group effectiveness, and collective efficacy partially mediated the linkage between vicarious experience and group effectiveness. No support was found for the mediating role of group goals. Recommendations for future research and applications are discussed.
Severe familial left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy due to a novel troponin T (TNNT2) mutation.

AIMS Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is caused by mutations in multiple genes. It is still unclear whether LVNC is the primary determinant of cardiomyopathy or rather a secondary phenomenon with intrinsic cardiomyocyte dysfunction being the actual cause of the disease. Here, we describe a family with LVNC due to a novel missense mutation, pE96K, in the cardiac troponin T gene (TNNT2). METHODS AND RESULTS The novel mutation was identified in the index patient and all affected relatives, but not in 430 healthy control individuals. Mutations in known LVNC-associated genes were excluded. To investigate the pathophysiological implications of the mutation, we generated transgenic mice expressing human wild-type cTNT (hcTNT) or a human troponin T harbouring the pE96K mutation (mut cTNT). Animals were characterized by echocardiography, histology, and gene expression analysis. Mut cTNT mice displayed an impaired left ventricular function and induction of marker genes of heart failure. Remarkably, left ventricular non-compaction was not observed. CONCLUSION Familial co-segregation and the cardiomyopathy phenotype of mut cTNT mice strongly support a causal relationship of the pE96K mutation and disease in our index patient. In addition, our data suggest that a non-compaction phenotype is not required for the development of cardiomyopathy in this specific TNNT2 mutation leading to LVNC.
Character in learning for life: a virtue-ethical rationale for recent research on moral and values education

This article has three broad aims. The first is to draw attention what is probably the largest empirical study of moral, values and character education in the United Kingdom to the present date. The second is to outline – sufficient for present purposes – a plausible conceptual or theoretical case for placing a particular virtue-ethical concept of character at the centre of contemporary scholarship and research into moral and values education. The third is to suggest, in the light of these empirical findings and theoretical considerations, a number of practical ways in which character education might be developed or pursued in formal or informal school curricula or in the wider community.
THE INFLUENCES OF GENDER, RACE AND ETHNICITY ON WORKPLACE EXPERIENCES OF INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIAL ISOLATION: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF UNIVERSITY FACULTY

ABSTRACT Racial and ethnic minorities and women in the professoriate have already achieved a level of career success to overcome obstacles and negotiate the educational process. Still, their experiences differ from their white male counterparts. They lag behind in terms of pay and mobility, and research on other occupations reveals that even “successful” minorities experience the workplace organization differently from white men (Nkomo and Cox 1990; Yoder and Aniakudo, 1997). Our study extends research in this area in two ways. First, we ask, to what extent do women and minorities in the professoriate experience the workplace differently from white men as evidenced in feelings of institutional and social isolation, and intention to turnover? Second, we avoid homogenizing racial and ethnic minority groups into a single “nonwhite” category. Thus, in exploring experiences of isolation, we distinguish among a wider range of racial, ethnic and gender groups. While we had insufficient numbers to look at a large number of minority groups, our findings indicate the importance of examining feelings of different types of isolation and the significance of the gendered and racialized nature of workplace organizations.
Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds: engineering soft tissues

Electrospinning has emerged to be a simple, elegant and scalable technique to fabricate polymeric nanofibers. Pure polymers as well as blends and composites of both natural and synthetics have been successfully electrospun into nanofiber matrices. Physiochemical properties of nanofiber matrices can be controlled by manipulating electrospinning parameters to meet the requirements of a specific application. Such efforts include the fabrication of fiber matrices containing nanofibers, microfibers, combination of nano–microfibers and also different fiber orientation/alignments. Polymeric nanofiber matrices have been extensively investigated for diversified uses such as filtration, barrier fabrics, wipes, personal care, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Recently electrospun nanofiber matrices have gained a lot of attention, and are being explored as scaffolds in tissue engineering due to their properties that can modulate cellular behavior. Electrospun nanofiber matrices show morphological similarities to the natural extra-cellular matrix (ECM), characterized by ultrafine continuous fibers, high surface-to-volume ratio, high porosity and variable pore-size distribution. Efforts have been made to modify nanofiber surfaces with several bioactive molecules to provide cells with the necessary chemical cues and a more in vivo like environment. The current paper provides an overlook on such efforts in designing nanofiber matrices as scaffolds in the regeneration of various soft tissues including skin, blood vessel, tendon/ligament, cardiac patch, nerve and skeletal muscle.
Early Prefrontal Brain Responses to the Hedonic Quality of Emotional Words – A Simultaneous EEG and MEG Study

The hedonic meaning of words affects word recognition, as shown by behavioral, functional imaging, and event-related potential (ERP) studies. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics and cognitive functions behind are elusive, partly due to methodological limitations of previous studies. Here, we account for these difficulties by computing combined electro-magnetoencephalographic (EEG/MEG) source localization techniques. Participants covertly read emotionally high-arousing positive and negative nouns, while EEG and MEG were recorded simultaneously. Combined EEG/MEG current-density reconstructions for the P1 (80–120 ms), P2 (150–190 ms) and EPN component (200–300 ms) were computed using realistic individual head models, with a cortical constraint. Relative to negative words, the P1 to positive words predominantly involved language-related structures (left middle temporal and inferior frontal regions), and posterior structures related to directed attention (occipital and parietal regions). Effects shifted to the right hemisphere in the P2 component. By contrast, negative words received more activation in the P1 time-range only, recruiting prefrontal regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Effects in the EPN were not statistically significant. These findings show that different neuronal networks are active when positive versus negative words are processed. We account for these effects in terms of an “emotional tagging” of word forms during language acquisition. These tags then give rise to different processing strategies, including enhanced lexical processing of positive words and a very fast language-independent alert response to negative words. The valence-specific recruitment of different networks might underlie fast adaptive responses to both approach- and withdrawal-related stimuli, be they acquired or biological.
Salmonella enterica synthesizes 5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazolyl‐(DMB)‐α‐riboside. Why some Firmicutes do not require the canonical DMB activation system to synthesize adenosylcobalamin

5,6‐Dimethylbenzimidazolyl‐(DMB)‐α‐ribotide [α‐ribazole‐5′‐phosphate (α‐RP)] is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) in many prokaryotes. In such microbes, α‐RP is synthesized by nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN):DMB phosphoribosyltransferases (CobT in Salmonella enterica), in a reaction that is considered to be the canonical step for the activation of the base of the nucleotide present in adenosylcobamides. Some Firmicutes lack CobT‐type enzymes but have a two‐protein system comprised of a transporter (i.e., CblT) and a kinase (i.e., CblS) that can salvage exogenous α‐ribazole (α‐R) from the environment using CblT to take up α‐R, followed by α‐R phosphorylation by CblS. We report that Geobacillus kaustophilus CblT and CblS proteins restore α‐RP synthesis in S. enterica lacking the CobT enzyme. We also show that a S. enterica cobT strain that synthesizes GkCblS ectopically makes only AdoCbl, even under growth conditions where the synthesis of pseudoCbl is favored. Our results indicate that S. enterica synthesizes α‐R, a metabolite that had not been detected in this bacterium and that GkCblS has a strong preference for DMB‐ribose over adenine‐ribose as substrate. We propose that in some Firmicutes DMB is activated to α‐RP via α‐R using an as‐yet‐unknown route to convert DMB to α‐R and CblS to convert α‐R to α‐RP.
Individual and Social Correlates of Efficacious Beliefs: Assessing the Moderating Effects of Parent–Daughter Relationship among Urban African American Female Adolescents

African American adolescents living in inner-city environments have been disproportionately affected by a variety of social ills. Evidence has linked self-efficacy to several positive outcomes in adolescence including ability to negotiate risk, academic achievement, and greater orientation toward the future. This study assesses multiple factors that might influence self-efficacy among female African American youth living in public housing developments. Results show that a youths attitude toward deviance was positively related to self-efficacy. Peer influence was related to efficacious belief. Maternal support was also associated with an increase in self-efficacy. Further, the quality of the mother–daughter relationship was important in predicting efficacious beliefs. Paternal behavior was inversely related to self-efficacy. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management of Law and Order in Eight Communities

The patrolman has the most difficult, complex, and least understood task in the police department. Much less is known of him than of his better publicized colleague, the detective. In this important and timely book, James Q. Wilson describes the patrolman and the problems he faces that arise out of constraints imposed by law, politics, public opinion, and the expectations of superiors. The study considers how the uniformed officer in eight communities deals with such common offenses as assault, theft, drunkenness, vice, traffic, and disorderly conduct. Six of the communities are in New York State: Albany, Amsterdam, Brighton, Nassau County, Newburgh, and Syracuse. The others are Highland Park, Illinois, and Oakland, California. Enforcing laws dealing with common offenses is especially difficult because it raises the question of administrative discretion. Murder, in the eyes of the police, is unambiguously wrong, and murderers are accordingly arrested; but in cases such as street-corner scuffles or speeding motorists, the patrolman must decide whether to intervene (should the scuffle be stopped? shouldthe motorist be pulled over? ) and, if he does, just how to intervene (by arrest? a warning? an interrogation? ). In most large organizations, the lowest-ranking members perform the more routinized tasks and the means of accomplishing these tasks are decided by superiors, but in a police department the lowest-ranking officer--the patrolman--is almost solely responsible for enforcing those laws which are the least precise, the most ambiguous.Three ways or "styles" of policing--the watchman, the legalistic, and the service styles--are analyzed and their relation to local politics is explored. In the final chapter, Mr. Wilson discusses if and how the patrolman's behavior can be changed and examines some current proposals for reorganizing police departments. He observes that the ability of the patrolman to do his job well may determine our success in managing social conflict and our prospects for maintaining a proper balance between liberty and order.
Renal Vascular Resistance in Sickle Cell Painful Crisis

Vaso-occlusive painful crisis is one of the characteristic manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD). We aimed to investigate the state of renal vascular resistance by means of Doppler ultrasonography during vaso-occlusive painful crisis in patients with SCD. The 60 patients with homozygous SCD who entered the study were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 45 patients who were living in steady-state conditions and had no history of transfusions within the 3 months before the initiation of the study. Group 2 consisted of 15 patients with signs of painful vaso-occlusive crisis during evaluation. Group 2 patients had significant reductions in 3 measures of flow velocity in both main renal arteries, compared with group 1 patients (P < .04,P < .001, andP < .01). Mean and end-diastolic velocities in the segmental arteries (P < .01, andP < .001, respectively) and end-diastolic velocities in the interlobar arteries (P < .04) were lower in group 2 patients than in group 1 patients. Analysis of resistive (RI) and pulsatile (PI) indices in the investigated arteries demonstrated that the RI of the renal(P < .001;P < .0001), segmental(P < .002;P < .0001) and interlobar (P < .001;P < .0001) arteries of both kidneys in group 2 patients were significantly higher than the RI in group 1 patients and the control subjects, respectively. Total PI (P < .003;P < .0001) and total RI (P < .0001;P < .0001) for both kidneys were markedly higher in group 2 patients than in group 1 patients and the healthy subjects, respectively. Our preliminary results suggest a reduction of renal blood flow and an increase in renal vascular resistance during painful crisis compared with steady-state SCD.