Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education Career Development and Gender, Race, and Class

Many theories of career development are derived from theories of personality (Sharf 1997). They attempt to illuminate the interrelationship of individual personality and behavior with work and careers. However, some prevailing career development theories were based solely on research on white males from middle-and upper-middle-class backgrounds, so their applicability to women, people of color, and other socioeconomic groups has been called into question. In addition, the focus on individual psychological or personality characteristics does not take into account the wider environmental context in which people make career decisions, thus failing to recognize the constraints faced by some groups. This Digest investigates broader perspectives on career development that are being built on emerging research focused on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class. The implications of this information for career and vocational educators and counselors are discussed. Some types of career development theories include trait and factor, lifespan , and social cognitive (Sharf 1997). This section looks at some of the issues surrounding the applicability of these theories in regard to gender, race, and class. Trait and Factor Theories. The basis of trait and factor theories is the assumption that there are unique traits that can be reliably measured and that it is possible to match individual traits to occupational requirements. Holland identified six types of occupations theorized that people seek work environments and occupations that match their preferred traits. However, some people question the accuracy of the instruments used to measure these traits for groups other than white males. Do they reflect understanding of diverse life experiences? Are the requirements for success in an occupation the same for people of color as for whites? For women as for men? (Leong 1995). Research has demonstrated real differences in the abilities of different gender, racial, and socioeconomic groups, but what factors brought about these differences? According to Helms and Piper (in " Special Issue " 1994), there is " no valid reason for explaining or anticipating consistent between-group differences on the basis of race per se " (p. 125); such differences may result from shared cultural socialization experiences. Likewise, " differences in abilities, achievements, personality, interests, and values between men and women do exist, [but] they are often rather small " (ibid., p. 54). LifeSpan Theories. Trait and factor theories tend to deal with career issues at one point in time, whereas lifespan theories take a long-term, developmental perspective (ibid.). The most widely …
AUC: a misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models

The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, known as the AUC, is currently considered to be the standard method to assess the accuracy of predictive distribution models. It avoids the supposed subjectivity in the threshold selection process, when continuous probability derived scores are converted to a binary presence‐absence variable, by summarizing overall model performance over all possible thresholds. In this manuscript we review some of the features of this measure and bring into question its reliability as a comparative measure of accuracy between model results. We do not recommend using AUC for five reasons: (1) it ignores the predicted probability values and the goodness-of-fit of the model; (2) it summarises the test performance over regions of the ROC space in which one would rarely operate; (3) it weights omission and commission errors equally; (4) it does not give information about the spatial distribution of model errors; and, most importantly, (5) the total extent to which models are carried out highly influences the rate of well-predicted absences and the AUC scores.
Feeling Equal to Others Predicts Life Satisfaction: Implications for Adlerian Neuro-Counselors

Abstract: To explore predictors of life satisfaction as defined by the U.S. Religion, Aging, and Health Survey (Krause, 2004), a logistic regression was conducted that significantly correlated with life satisfaction. Survey variables were feeling of worth or at least of equal value to others (eB = 5.0), I always look on the bright side of things (eB = 2.3), and I am optimistic about my future (eB = 3.1). All were found to predict life satisfaction at significant levels. Outcomes align with Adlerian philosophy and researchers who have shown the neuroplastic impacts of the need to belong (an important component of social interest), being able to shift one’s perspective, and imagining the future.
HUGO CHAVEZ’S POLARIZING LEGACY: CHAVISMO, MEDIA, AND PUBLIC OPINION IN ARGENTINA’S DOMESTIC POLITICS

Since Hugo Chavez Frias assumed the Venezuelan presidency in 1999, Venezuela has strengthened ties with most of its Latin American neighbors, particularly those where sympathetic leftist administrations also managed to assume power, including Argentina. With our analysis we show: 1) that Argentine media, divided between pro- and anti-government positions, presents a polarized view of chavismo; and 2) that Argentine public opinion regarding Chavez is not necessarily divided on the basis of ideological affiliations (left-right), but rather by the rejection or support of the former Argentine government. With these findings, we argue that in such a polarized information environment, chavismo is a polarizing issue and a tool that can be exploited in the domestic realm.
Comparing OMI-TOMS and OMI-DOAS total ozone column data

[1] The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) project team uses two total ozone retrieval algorithms in order to maintain the long-term record established with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data as well as to improve the ozone column estimate using the hyperspectral capability of OMI. The purpose of this study is to assess where the algorithms produce comparable results and where the differences are significant. Starting with the same set of Earth reflectance data, the total ozone data used in this study have been derived using OMI-TOMS and OMI–Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithms. OMI-TOMS is based on the TOMS version 8 algorithm that has been used to process TOMS data taken since November 1978. The OMI-DOAS retrieval algorithm was developed specifically for OMI. It takes advantage of the hyperspectral feature of the OMI instrument to reduce errors due to aerosols, clouds, surface, and sulfur dioxide from volcanic eruptions. The OMI-DOAS algorithm also has improved correction for cloud height. The mean differences in the ozone column derived from the two algorithms vary from 0 to 9 DU (0–3%), and their correlation coefficients vary between 0.89 and 0.99 with latitude and season. The largest differences occur in the polar regions and over clouds. Some of the differences are due to stray light, dark current, and other instrumental errors that have been corrected in the new version of the OMI radiance/irradiance data set (collection 3). Other differences are algorithmic. OMI-DOAS algorithmic errors identified through this analysis are also being corrected in collection 3 reprocessing. However, for consistency with the long-term TOMS record, OMI-TOMS collection 3 data will still be based on the TOMS V8 algorithm. Preliminary analysis shows much better agreement in the two total ozone data sets after reprocessing. Reprocessed collection 3 data from both algorithms will be available before the end of 2007. Continuing the TOMS total ozone column data record that dates back to November 1978 is the primary OMI mission goal that is achievable with either OMI total ozone column data product.
Leveraging the error resilience of machine-learning applications for designing highly energy efficient accelerators

In recent years, inexact computing has been increasingly regarded as one of the most promising approaches for reducing energy consumption in many applications that can tolerate a degree of inaccuracy. Driven by the principle of trading tolerable amounts of application accuracy in return for significant resource savings - the energy consumed, the (critical path) delay and the (silicon) area being the resources - this approach has been limited to certain application domains. In this paper, we propose to expand the application scope, error tolerance as well as the energy savings of inexact computing systems through neural network architectures. Such neural networks are fast emerging as popular candidate accelerators for future heterogeneous multi-core platforms, and have flexible error tolerance limits owing to their ability to be trained. Our results based on simulated 65nm technology designs demonstrate that the proposed inexact neural network accelerator could achieve 43.91%-62.49% savings in energy consumption (with corresponding delay and area savings being 18.79% and 31.44% respectively) when compared to existing baseline neural network implementation, at the cost of an accuracy loss (quantified as the Mean Square Error (MSE) which increases from 0.14 to 0.20 on average).
Complementary use of ad hoc and post hoc design rationale for creating and organising process knowledge

Documenting the requirements engineering (RE) process using the ad hoc notation IBIS (Issue Based Information Systems) and analysing the complexity of the requirement model revealed that the process was not smoothly evolutionary, but involved occasional "crisis" points at which the model was reconceptualised, simplified and restructured. The IBIS base provided essential input for the reconceptualisation, simplification and major restructuring of the model. However, the locality of arguments and the lack of context in the IBIS notation led to difficulty in searching and retrieving desirable information from the large IBIS based. In this paper we investigate the supplementary use of the post hoc notation QOC (Question-Option-Criteria).
The Relationship between Processing Speed and Regional White Matter Volume in Healthy Young People

Processing speed is considered a key cognitive resource and it has a crucial role in all types of cognitive performance. Some researchers have hypothesised the importance of white matter integrity in the brain for processing speed; however, the relationship at the whole-brain level between white matter volume (WMV) and processing speed relevant to the modality or problem used in the task has never been clearly evaluated in healthy people. In this study, we used various tests of processing speed and Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analyses, it is involves a voxel-wise comparison of the local volume of gray and white, to assess the relationship between processing speed and regional WMV (rWMV). We examined the association between processing speed and WMV in 887 healthy young adults (504 men and 383 women; mean age, 20.7 years, SD, 1.85). We performed three different multiple regression analyses: we evaluated rWMV associated with individual differences in the simple processing speed task, word–colour and colour–word tasks (processing speed tasks with words) and the simple arithmetic task, after adjusting for age and sex. The results showed a positive relationship at the whole-brain level between rWMV and processing speed performance. In contrast, the processing speed performance did not correlate with rWMV in any of the regions examined. Our results support the idea that WMV is associated globally with processing speed performance regardless of the type of processing speed task.
WHOP: Wormhole attack detection protocol using hound packet

The lack of centralised infrastructure in ad hoc network makes it vulnerable to various attacks. MANET routing disrupts if participating node do not perform its intended function and start performing malicious activity. A specific attack called Wormmhole attack enables an attacker to record packets at one location in the network, tunnels them to another location, and retransmits them into the network. In this paper, we present a protocol for detecting wormhole attacks without use of any special harware such as directional antenna and precise synchronised clock and the protocol is also independent of physical medium of wireless network. After the route discovery, source node initiates wormhole detection process in the established path which counts hop difference between the neighbours of the one hop away nodes in the route. The destination node detects the wormhole if the hop difference between neighbours of the nodes exceeds the acceptable level. Our simulation results shows that the WHOP is quite excellent in detecting wormhole of large tunnel lengths
Place recognition from disparate views

Visual place recognition methods which use image matching techniques have shown success in recent years, however their reliance on local features restricts their use to images which are visually similar and which overlap in viewpoint. We suggest that a semantic approach to the problem would provide a more meaningful relationship between views of a place and so allow recognition when views are disparate and database coverage is sparse. As initial work towards this goal we present a system which uses detected objects as the basic feature and demonstrate promising ability to recognise places from arbitrary viewpoints. We build a 2D place model of object positions and extract features which characterise a pair of models. We then use distributions learned from training examples to compute the probability that the pair depict the same place and also an estimate of the relative pose of the cameras. Results on a dataset of 40 urban locations show good recognition performance and pose estimation, even for highly disparate views.
Neurogenic and non-neurogenic functions of endogenous neural stem cells

Adult neurogenesis is a lifelong process that occurs in two main neurogenic niches of the brain, namely in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus. In the 1960s, studies on adult neurogenesis have been hampered by the lack of established phenotypic markers. The precise tracing of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) was therefore, not properly feasible. After the (partial) identification of those markers, it was the lack of specific tools that hindered a proper experimental elimination and tracing of those cells to demonstrate their terminal fate and commitment. Nowadays, irradiation, cytotoxic drugs as well as genetic tracing/ablation procedures have moved the field forward and increased our understanding of neurogenesis processes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Newly formed NPC progeny from the SVZ can replace granule cells in the olfactory bulbs of rodents, thus contributing to orchestrate sophisticated odor behavior. SGZ-derived new granule cells, instead, integrate within the DG where they play an essential role in memory functions. Furthermore, converging evidence claim that endogenous NPCs not only exert neurogenic functions, but might also have non-neurogenic homeostatic functions by the release of different types of neuroprotective molecules. Remarkably, these non-neurogenic homeostatic functions seem to be necessary, both in healthy and diseased conditions, for example for preventing or limiting tissue damage. In this review, we will discuss the neurogenic and the non-neurogenic functions of adult NPCs both in physiological and pathological conditions.
Attentional capture: Role of top-down focused spatial attention and the need to search among multiple locations

ABSTRACT Top-down focused spatial attention can counteract bottom-up attentional capture of an irrelevant but salient distractor outside the attentional focus. The present behavioural study differentiates two alternative concepts accounting for the absence of attentional capture under top-down focused attention. In particular, top-down focused attention may counteract attentional capture by altering salience coding outside the focus of attention. Alternatively, spatially focusing on a pre-defined region of potential target locations may omit the need to search among multiple salience signals, thereby eliminating the tendency of unattended stimuli to compete for attentional selection and, hence, to capture attention. Spatial cues explicitly indicating a variable number of potential target locations preceded the additional singleton paradigm to gradually manipulate the need to search for a target (i.e., to select a target from an array of distractors) and to determine its effects on attentional capture. Attentional capture occurred only when a salient distractor was located at potential target locations and never occurred when located outside the attended spotlight. This finding was independent of the parametrical variations related to the need to search for the target, which did not modulate attentional capture either. Accordingly, our data suggest that the presence or absence of salience-based distraction of unattended stimuli is not per se affected by the need to select a target from multiple salience signals.
Exposure to Large-Scale Social and Behavior Change Communication Interventions Is Associated with Improvements in Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in Ethiopia

Optimal breastfeeding (BF) practices in Ethiopia are far below the government’s targets, and complementary feeding practices are poor. The Alive & Thrive initiative aimed to improve infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices through large-scale implementation of social and behavior change communication interventions in four regions of Ethiopia. The study assessed the effects of the interventions on IYCF practices and anthropometry over time in two regions–Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region and Tigray. A pre- and post-intervention adequacy evaluation design was used; repeated cross-sectional surveys of households with children aged 0–23.9 mo (n = 1481 and n = 1494) and with children aged 24–59.9 mo (n = 1481 and n = 1475) were conducted at baseline (2010) and endline (2014), respectively. Differences in outcomes over time were estimated using regression models, accounting for clustering and covariates. Plausibility analyses included tracing recall of key messages and promoted foods and dose-response analyses. We observed improvements in most WHO-recommended IYCF indicators. Early BF initiation and exclusive BF increased by 13.7 and 9.4 percentage points (pp), respectively. Differences for timely introduction of complementary foods, minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum acceptable diet (MAD), and consumption of iron-rich foods were 22.2, 3.3, 26.2, 3.5, and 2.7 pp, respectively. Timely introduction and intake of foods promoted by the interventions improved significantly, but anthropometric outcomes did not. We also observed a dose-response association between health post visits and early initiation of BF (OR: 1.8); higher numbers of home visits by community volunteers and key messages recalled were associated with 1.8–4.4 times greater odds of achieving MDD, MMF, and MAD, and higher numbers of radio spots heard were associated with 3 times greater odds of achieving MDD and MAD. The interventions were associated with plausible improvements in IYCF practices, but large gaps in improving children’s diets in Ethiopia remain, particularly during complementary feeding.
On the interaction between cosmic rays and dark matter molecular clouds in the Milky Way — II. The age distribution of cosmic ray electrons

We explore further the proposal in Paper I of this series that the confinement time of cosmic ray nuclei in the Milky Way is determined by their interaction with dark matter molecular clouds rather than by their escape from the halo, as is assumed in conventional models of cosmic ray propagation. The same proposal can be made for cosmic ray electrons. This proposal leads to a specific age distribution for the electrons which is in agreement with Tang's observations of the electron spectrum at high energies but not with Nishimura et al.’s earlier data, which lead to a flatter spectrum. However, the simplest leaky box and diffusion models disagree with both sets of data so that our trapping model is supported if Tang's data are correct.
Development of Postural Control During the First 18 Months of Life

The present paper reviews the development of postural adjustments during infancy. In the control of posture, two functional levels can be distinguished. The basic level deals with the generation of direction-specific adjustments meaning that dorsal muscles are primarily activated when the body sways forward, whereas ventral muscles are primarily activated when the body sways backward. The second level is involved in adaptation of the direction-specific adjustments. Postural development starts with a repertoire of direction-specific adjustments suggesting that the basic level of control has an innate origin. At first, during the phase of primary variability, postural activity is largely variable and can be minimally adapted to environmental constraints. At 3 months, postural activity shows a transient period during which few postural muscles participate in postural activity. From 6 months onward, the phase of secondary variability starts, during which the second level of postural control becomes functionally active and infants develop the ability to adapt postural activity to the specifics of the situation. Initially, adaptation can be accomplished in a simple way only, but from 9–10 months onward, it can be performed by the subtle adaptation of the degree of muscle contraction. Around 13–14 months, anticipatory postural adjustments emerge. It is concluded that the development of postural adjustments is characterized by four periods of transition occurring at the ages of 3, 6, 9-10, and 13-14 months. The major transition occurs at 6 months, when infants move from the phase of non-adaptive, primary variability to the phase of adaptive, secondary variability.
Computational Complexity of the Place/Transition-Net Symmetry Reduction Method

Computational complexity of the sub-tasks in the symmetry reduction method for Place/Transition-nets is studied. The task of finding the automorphisms (symmetries) of a net is shown to be polynomial time many-one equivalent to the problem of finding the automorphisms of a graph. Deciding whether two markings are symmetric is shown to be a problem equivalent to the graph isomorphism problem. This remains to be the case even if a generator set for the automorphism group of the net is known. The problem of constructing the lexicographically greatest marking symmetric to a given marking (a canonical representative for the marking) is classified to belong to the lower levels of the polynomial hierarchy, namely to be FP NP(logn) - hard but in FP NP . It is also discussed how the self-symmetries of a marking can be exploited. Calculation of such symmetries is classified to be as hard as computing graph automorphism groups. Furthermore, the coverability version of testing marking symmetricity is shown to be an NP-complete problem. It is proven that canonical representative markings and the symmetric coverability problem cannot be combined in a straightforward way.