Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Super Nested Arrays: Linear Sparse Arrays With Reduced Mutual Coupling—Part II: High-Order Extensions

In array processing, mutual coupling between sensors has an adverse effect on the estimation of parameters (e.g., DOA). Sparse arrays such as nested arrays, coprime arrays, and minimum redundancy arrays (MRA) have reduced mutual coupling compared to uniform linear arrays (ULAs). These arrays also have a difference coarray with O (N2) virtual elements, where N is the number of physical sensors, and can therefore resolve O (N2) uncorrelated source directions. But these well-known sparse arrays have disadvantages: MRAs do not have simple closed-form expressions for the array geometry; coprime arrays have holes in the coarray; and nested arrays contain a dense ULA in the physical array, resulting in significantly higher mutual coupling than coprime arrays and MRAs. In a companion paper, a sparse array configuration called the (second-order) super nested array was introduced, which has many of the advantages of these sparse arrays, while removing most of the disadvantages. Namely, the sensor locations are readily computed for any N (unlike MRAs), and the difference coarray is exactly that of a nested array, and therefore hole-free. At the same time, the mutual coupling is reduced significantly (unlike nested arrays). In this paper, a generalization of super nested arrays is introduced, called the Qth-order super nested array. This has all the properties of the second-order super nested array with the additional advantage that mutual coupling effects are further reduced for Q > 2. Many theoretical properties are proved and simulations are included to demonstrate the superior performance of these arrays.
The Role of Vitamin D in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Possible Genetic and Cell Signaling Mechanisms

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease of the liver of unknown etiology. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with PBC, and many studies have demonstrated the significant effect of calcitriol on liver cell physiology. Vitamin D has antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects on liver fibrosis. Genetic studies have provided an opportunity to determine which proteins link vitamin D to PBC pathology (e.g., the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, the vitamin D receptor, toll-like receptors, apolipoprotein E, Nramp1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4). Vitamin D also exerts its effect on PBC through cell signaling mechanisms, that is, matrix metalloproteinases, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species, and the transforming growth factor betas. In conclusion, vitamin D may have a beneficial role in the treatment of PBC. The best form of vitamin D for use in the PBC is calcitriol because it is the active form of vitamin D3 metabolite, and its receptors are present in the sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells of normal livers, as well as in the biliary cell line.
Ethnography of the Gusii of Western Kenya : a vanishing cultural heritage

Foreword by William R. Ochieng Preface Introduction Part I: The Origin and Evolution of the Gusii 1. Historical Evolution of the Gusii - John S. Akama 2. Surviving Against All Odds: Gusii Movement into Their Current Homeland - John S. Akama 3. Gusii Demographic Trends - John S. Akama 4. Language and Its Usage - Nathan Oyori Ogechi Part II: Social and Political Institutions 5. Social Organization and Administration of Justice - John S. Akama 6. The Indigenous Education System: the Making of a Gusii Man or Woman - John S. Akama 7. Ekegusii Folklore - Emily Bosire-Ogechi 8. Gusii Folk Music - Augustino Osoro Onkware Part III: Initiation and Marriage Ceremonies 9. Circumcision Ceremony - John S. Akama and Solomon Monyenye 10. The Initiates' Seclusion Period - John S. Akama and Solomon Monyenye 11. Customary Marriage - John S. Akama Part IV: Land Tenure System and Usage 12. Evolving Land Tenure and Agricultural Systems - Tom M. Ndege 13. The Socio-economic, Philosophical and Spiritual Value Attached to Land - Michael Mabururu Ntabo 14. Traditional Land Tenure - Masese Rosana Eric 15. Agricultural Systems - Robert Maxon Part V: Other Aspects of Gusii Culture and Ethnology 16. Gusii Traditional Medicine - Isaac Sindiga 17. Gusii Resistance to Colonial Invasion - Robert Maxon 18. Witchcraft Among the Gusii - Masese Rosana Eric 19. Controversy Over the Role of Initiation Ceremonies in a Changing Social Environment - Solomon Monyenye 20. Tourism and the Preservation of Gusii Cultural Heritage - Kennedy Ondimu Ingega 21. Urbanization - Robert Maxon Bibliography Index.
Education for sustainable development : nature, school and democracy

Introduction The History of Humankind - from Hunting for Survival to Hunting for Pleasure The History of Industrialism and Environmentalism Sustainable Development - Sustainable for Who? Environmental Problems from an Ecological Point of View Environmental Problems from an Ethical point of View Environmental Problems from a Political Point of View Environmental Problems from an Economic Point of View Selective Traditions within Environmental Education Environmental Education from a Democratic Perspective Learning of Knowledge and Morals Teaching Sustainable Development Teaching Models within Sustainable Development Conclusion: Competence in Education for Sustainable Development Index.
Youth Criminal Justice Policy in Canada: A Critical Introduction

In the past ten years, much has changed in terms of youth justice policies in Canada as well as in the way Canadian society has evolved. Canada has a new Act governing youth crime, and there are indications that the Act will be revised again to make it "tougher" on youth in conflict with the law, a development reflecting what many scholars are calling the "punitive turn" in youth justice policies in Canada and elsewhere. At the same time, Canadian child poverty rates (which are strongly correlated with criminality) have remained high, despite a commitment, made by governments in 1989 to eradicate the problem by the year 2000. Immigration patterns have changed, and unemployment rates for young Canadians remain almost twice as high as those for adults. In this volume, Youth Criminal Justice Policy in Canada: A Critical Introduction, the author addresses these and other developments in relation to youth crime in Canada from a critical criminological perspective.
Does WTO Accession Matter for the Dynamics of Foreign Direct Investment and Trade?

The aim of this article is to study the impacts of World Trade Organization accession on the dynamics of foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade in Vietnam. In order to do this, we employ an augmented gravity model and use a panel data set covering bilateral trade and FDI between Vietnam and its 17 most important partner countries, over the period 1990-2008. Firstly, we find that WTO accession has a significantly positive effect both on Vietnams imports and on inward FDI. Secondly, even though we find no evidence to demonstrate convincingly that WTO accession influences Vietnams exports, this accession seems to indirectly encourage Vietnams exports through the FDI channel due to a strong connection between these two.
Interference management for multiple device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks

We study the problem of interference management for device-to-device (D2D) communications where multiple D2D users may coexist with one cellular user. The problem is to optimize the transmit power levels of D2D users to maximize the cell throughput while preserving the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SINR) performance for the cellular user. This is the so-called multi rate power control problem. We investigate the problem under two assumptions, the availability of the instantaneous or average channel state information (CSI) at the base station. In the first case, D2D transmit power levels adapt to fast fading, whereas in the second case, they only adapt to slow fading. In the latter assumption, the cellular user has a maximum outage probability requirement. With numerical results, we study the trade-off between the signaling overhead, that is frequent CSI feedbacks, and the overall system performance, that is the maximum achievable cell capacity, for D2D communications underlying cellular networks.
Power Dissipation Bounds for High-Speed Nyquist Analog-to-Digital Converters

A very important limitation of high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is their power dissipation. ADC power dissipation has been examined several times, mostly empirically. In this paper, we present an attempt to estimate a lower bound for the power of ADCs, based on first principles and using pipeline and flash architectures as examples. We find that power dissipation of high-resolution ADCs is bound by noise, whereas technology is the limiting factor for low-resolution devices. Our model assumes the use of digital error correction, but we also study an example on the power penalty due to matching requirements. A comparison with published experimental data indicates that the best ADCs use about 50 times the estimated minimum power. Two published ADCs are used for a more detailed comparison between the minimum bound and today's designs.
Marketing one-toone and its dependence on knowledge discovery in databases

One-to-one marketing was developed by practitioners concerned with the difficulty of competing in an increasingly global market. Academics assert that most industries are monopolistic and therefore most competition strives to achieve differentiation as the basis for success. Thus, consumer marketers stress brand position. They create brand images like, “The Night Time Cough Medicine”, “The King of Beers”, and “The Super Star of Rent-aCar”. Global competition and developments in production technology have accelerated such differentiation and at the same time have undermined it.
Dealing with Stigma: Experiences of Persons Affected by Disabilities and Leprosy

Persons affected by leprosy or by disabilities face forms of stigma that have an impact on their lives. This study seeks to establish whether their experiences of stigma are similar, with a view to enabling the two groups of people to learn from each other. Accounts of experiences of the impact of stigma were obtained using in-depth interviews and focus group discussion with people affected by leprosy and by disabilities not related to leprosy. The analysis shows that there are a lot of similarities in impact of stigma in terms of emotions, thoughts, behaviour, and relationships between the two groups. The main difference is that those affected by leprosy tended to frame their situation in medical terms, while those living with disabilities described their situation from a more social perspective. In conclusion, the similarities offer opportunities for interventions and the positive attitudes and behaviours can be modelled in the sense that both groups can learn and benefit. Research that tackles different aspects of stigmatization faced by both groups could lead to inclusive initiatives that help individuals to come to terms with the stigma and to advocate against exclusion and discrimination.
Happy but not so approachable: the social judgments of individuals with generalized social phobia

Background: We examined social approachability judgments in a psychiatric population that frequently experiences interpersonal difficulties and reduced social satisfaction, individuals with generalized social phobia (gSP). Methods: Our objective was to broaden the understanding of the social cognitive tendencies of individuals with gSP by systematically investigating their interpretation of positive facial expressions. We hypothesized that approachability ratings would be lower for positive as well as negative emotional faces in the gSP group compared to the healthy comparison group. Each participant evaluated 24 emotional faces presented on a computer screen. Participants first labeled the faces as either happy, disgust, or angry in emotional expression, and then they rated each face's approachability. Analysis of variance and post hoc analyses were used to identify group, emotion, and group by emotion rating differences. Results: Happy face approachability ratings were higher than disgust and anger in both groups. The central finding was that individuals with gSP rated happy faces as less approachable than the healthy participants and that degree of social anxiety was associated with lower approachability ratings within the gSP sample. Explicit approachability judgments of negative faces did not differ as predicted. Conclusions: Consistent with earlier indirect evidence of interpretation biases of positive social emotional information, this study reveals that individuals with gSP demonstrate explicit, subjective social interpretation biases of overtly positive social feedback. The therapeutic relevance of these results is discussed. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Entity Disambiguation by Knowledge and Text Jointly Embedding

For most entity disambiguation systems, the secret recipes are feature representations for mentions and entities, most of which are based on Bag-of-Words (BoW) representations. Commonly, BoW has several drawbacks: (1) It ignores the intrinsic meaning of words/entities; (2) It often results in high-dimension vector spaces and expensive computation; (3) For different applications, methods of designing handcrafted representations may be quite different, lacking of a general guideline. In this paper, we propose a different approach named EDKate. We ﬁrst learn low-dimensional continuous vector representations for entities and words by jointly embedding knowledge base and text in the same vector space. Then we utilize these embeddings to design simple but effective features and build a two-layer disam-biguation model. Extensive experiments on real-world data sets show that (1) The embedding-based features are very effective. Even a single one embedding-based feature can beat the combination of several BoW-based features. (2) The superiority is even more promising in a difﬁcult set where the mention-entity prior cannot work well. (3) The proposed embedding method is much better than trivial implementations
Determination of the Scaled Optical Thickness of Clouds from Reflected Solar Radiation Measurements

Abstract A method is presented for determining the scaled optical thickness of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. The procedure compares measurements of the reflection function with asymptotic expressions for the reflection function of optically thick layers. Analytic formulas are derived which explicitly show the dependence of the reflection and transmission functions of nonabsorbing atmospheres, on cloud optical thickness (τc), ground albedo (Ag) and asymmetry factor (g). For nonconservative atmospheres, the dependence of the reflection function on single scattering albedo (ω0) and asymmetry factor are contained implicitly in the asymptotic functions and constants. These asymptotic expressions for both conservative and nonconservative atmosphere are shown to be valid when the scaled optical thickness (1−g)τc≥? 1.45, corresponding to clouds of optical thickness τc≥? 9. By utilizing the asymptotic expression for the reflection function of an optically thick, conservatively scattering atmo.
A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics

We take a structural approach to assessing innovation. We develop a comprehensive set of measures to assess an innovation's locus, type, and characteristics. We find that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enhancing are composed of two distinct constructs that, although correlated, separately characterize an innovation: new competence acquisition and competence enhancement/destruction. We develop scales to measure these constructs and show that new competence acquisition and competence enhancing/destroying are different from other innovation characteristics including core/peripheral and incremental/radical, as well as architectural and generational innovation types. We show that innovations can be evaluated distinctively on these various dimensions with generally small correlations between them. We estimate the impact these different innovation characteristics and types have on time to introduction and perceived commercial success. Our results indicate the importance of taking a structural approach to describing innovations and to the differential importance of innovation locus, type, and characteristics on innovation outcomes. Our results also raise intriguing questions regarding the locus of competence acquisition (internal vs. external) and both innovation outcomes.
Hypersensitive Ethylene Signaling and ZMdPG1 Expression Lead to Fruit Softening and Dehiscence

‘Taishanzaoxia’ fruit rapid softening and dehiscence during ripening stage and this process is very sensitive to endogenous ethylene. In this study, we cloned five ethylene signal transcription factors (ZMdEIL1, ZMdEIL2, ZMdEIL3, ZMdERF1 and ZMdERF2) and one functional gene, ZMdPG1, encoding polygalacturonase that could loose the cell connection which associated with fruit firmness decrease and fruit dehiscence to illustrate the reasons for this specific fruit phenotypic and physiological changes. Expression analysis showed that ZMdERF1 and ZMdEIL2 transcription were more abundant in ‘Taishanzaoxia’ softening fruit and dehiscent fruit and their expression was inhibited by an ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene. Therefore, ZMdERF1 and ZMdEIL2 expression were responses to endogenous ethylene and associated with fruit softening and dehiscence. ZMdPG1 expression was induced when fruit softening and dehiscence but this induction can be blocked by 1-MCP, indicating that ZMdPG1 was essential for fruit softening and dehiscence and its expression was mediated by the endogenously occurred ethylene. ZMdPG1 overexpression in Arabidopsis led to silique early dehiscence while suppressing ZMdPG1 expression by antisense ZMdPG1 prevented silique naturally opening. The result also suggested that ZMdPG1 related with the connection between cells that contributed to fruit softening and dehiscence. ZMdERF1 was more closely related with ethylene signaling but it was not directly regulated the ZMdPG1, which might be regulated by the synergic pattern of ethylene transcription factors because of both the ZMdERF1 and ZMdERF2 could interact with ZMdEIL2.
Protective Effects of Liposomal N-Acetylcysteine against Paraquat-Induced Cytotoxicity and Gene Expression

Paraquat (PQ) is a herbicide that preferentially accumulates in the lung and exerts its cytotoxicity via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is no specific treatment for paraquat poisoning. Attempts have been made to increase the antioxidant status in the lung using antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase, vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine) but the outcome from such treatments is limited. Encapsulation of antioxidants in liposomes improves their therapeutic potential against oxidant-induced lung damage because liposomes facilitate intracellular delivery and prolong the retention of entrapped agents inside the cell. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of conventional N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and liposomal-NAC (L-NAC) against PQ-induced cytotoxicity and examined the mechanism(s) by which these antioxidant formulations conferred cytoprotection. The effects of NAC or L-NAC against PQ-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells were assessed by measuring cellular PQ uptake, intracellular glutathione content, ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular gene expression, inflammatory cytokine release and cell viability. Pretreatment of cells with L-NAC was significantly more effective than pretreatment with the conventional drug in reducing PQ-induced cytotoxicity, as indicated by the biomarkers used in this study. Our results suggested that the delivery of NAC as a liposomal formulation improves its effectiveness in counteracting PQ-induced cytotoxicity.
How Factors of Arizona's Rural Districts Impact the Implementation of Models of Professional Development Required by No Child Left Behind

Federal legislation, No Child Left Behind (NCLB, 2001), has brought the call for high quality and excellence into every aspect of education, including professional development. The links between teacher learning and student learning are well documented. teacher skill is one aspect influencing student growth; hence, professional development provides a path to the goal of NCLB increased student achievement. However, it is a long way from policy decisions to implementation in local districts; hence, the professional development requirements of NCLB face challenges to implementation. One of the factors affecting NCLB policy implementation at all levels is the capacity of schools and districts to implement policies as they are intended (Cooper, Fusarelli, & Randall, 2004; Heck, 2004; Odden, 1991). Especially in rural districts, factors of isolation, poverty, and size may restrict the implementation of policy requirements (Jimerson, 2004; Reeves, 2003). This policy impact study used qualitative methods to look at the question, “How Do Factors of Arizona’s Rural Districts Impact the Implementation of Models of Professional Development Required by NCLB? ” Information was gathered through the use of document analysis, site-visits, and semistructured interviews.
Benefit of Acclimatization to Moderate Altitude on Arterial Oxygen Saturation Following Rapid Ascent to 4300 M

'U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineThermal and Mountain Medicine DivisionKansas St.Natick, MA 01760, USAand'U.S. Air Force AcademyHuman Performance Laboratory and Human-Environmental Research CenterUSAFA, CO 80840, USAIntroductionDuring long-term exposures (days-to-weeks) to high altitudes, humans compensate for the decreasedinspired oxygen partial pressure (PIO
PENGARUH PEMAHAMAN PERATURAN PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK DENGAN MODERATING PREFERENSI RISIKO

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menguji pemahaman tentang peraturan perpajakan dengan kepatuhan wajib pajak, serta menguji pengaruh preferensi risiko yang berperan sebagai variabel moderating pada hubungan antara pemahaman tentang peraturan perpajakan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh wajib pajak orang pribadi di wilayah Semarang Barat dan jumlah sampel sebanyak 100 wajib pajak. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan Convenience Sampling . Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis selisih nilai mutlak karena terdapat variabel moderating. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman tentang peraturan perpajakan berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Preferensi risiko sebagai variabel moderating tidak berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Preferensi risiko terhadap hubungan antara pemahaman tentang peraturan perpajakan dengan kepatuhan wajib pajak tidak berpengaruh dan tidak dapat memoderasi hubungan antara kedua variabel tersebut The purpose of this study was test the understanding of the tax laws to tax compliance, and aims to examine the effect of risk preferences which acts as a moderating variable on the relationship between the understanding of the tax rules on tax compliance. The research’s population was all individual taxpayers in West Semarang and the sample was 100 individual taxpayers. The method of data collection was conducted using Convenience Sampling. The Method analyzed using the absolute value of the difference because there is a moderating variable. The results showed that the effect of an understanding of tax laws, significant effect on tax compliance. Risk preferences as a variable is not significant moderating effect on tax compliance preferences influence the relationship between the understanding of the tax laws affect tax compliance is not significant and cannot moderate the relationship between the two variables.