Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Thread in Time Saves Tabling Time

The use of tabling in logic programming has been recognized as a powerful evaluation technique. Currently available tabling systems are mostly based on variant checks and hence are limited in their ability to recognize reusable subcomputations. Tabling systems based on call subsumption can yield superior performance by recognizing a larger set of reusable computations. However, a straightforward adaptation of the mechanisms used in variant-based systems to reuse these computations can in fact result in considerable performance degradation. In this paper we propose a novel organization of tables using Dynamic Threaded Sequential Automata (DTSA) which permits eecient reuse of previously computed results in a subsumptive system. We describe an implementation of the tables using DTSA and the associated access mechanisms. We also report experimental results which show that a subsumptive tabling system implemented by extending the XSB logic programmingsystem with our table access techniques can perform signiicantly better than the original variant-based system.
Behavior of Delayed Current under Voltage Clamp in the Supramedullary Neurons of Puffer

Depolarizations applied to voltage-clamped cells bathed in the normal solution disclose an initial inward current followed by a delayed outward current. The maximum slope conductance for the peak initial current is about 30 times the leak conductance, but the maximum slope conductance for the delayed current is only about 10 times the leak conductance. During depolarizations for as long as 30 sec, the outward current does not maintain a steady level, but declines first exponentially with a time constant of about 6 msec; it then tends to increase for the next few seconds; finally, it declines slowly with a half-time of about 5 sec. Concomitant with the changes of the outward current, the membrane conductance changes, although virtually no change in electromotive force occurs. Thus, the changes in the membrane conductance represent two phases of K inactivation, one rapidly developing, the other slowly occurring, and a phase of K reactivation, which is interposed between the two inactivations. In isosmotic KCl solution after a conditioning hyperpolarization there occurs an increase in K permeability upon depolarization. When the depolarizations are maintained, the increase of K permeability undergoes changes similar to those observed in the normal medium. The significance of the K inactivation is discussed in relation to the after-potential of the nerve cells.
Lyotard on Wittgenstein: the differend, language games, and education

This essay is concerned with a major theme of work in education influenced by poststructuralism, namely, a hostility toward the ideals of consensus and understanding. Perhaps the foremost critic in education of these aims of communication is Elizabeth Ellsworth (1989, 1997), who argues that these norms express a rational desire to bridge gulfs of culture and experience which, under most educational circumstances, cannot be bridged. The very attempt to do so, Ellsworth argues, disrespects these differences and puts those different from dominant cultures and values at an asymmetrical risk in these situations. She is far from alone in expressing such views; many writers on multiculturalism and feminism have similarly emphasized the insurmountable barriers of difference.
Real vs virtual physics experiments: comparison of learning outcomes among fifth grade primary school students. A case on the concept of frictional force

ABSTRACT This paper compares students’ conceptual understanding of a standard physics law, i.e. frictional force, following the execution of real vs virtual experiments. The research sample was made up of 110 fifth grade students attending a primary school in the city of Ioannina, Northwestern Greece who were randomly assigned to either the control group (55 students) or the experimental group (55 students). The control group carried out experiments with real world objects, while the experimental group used Interactive Physics simulation software. Data was collected by administering to both groups identical pre and post tests, before and after the experiments respectively and which contained six questions each. The SOLO taxonomy model was used to evaluate student answers and the findings reveal that both experimentation methods are equally effective in the conceptual understanding of frictional force.
On Inferring Browsing Activity on Smartphones via USB Power Analysis Side-Channel

In this paper, we show that public USB charging stations pose a significant privacy risk to smartphone users even when no data communication is possible between the station and the user’s mobile device. We present a side-channel attack that allows a charging station to identify which Webpages are loaded while the smartphone is charging. To evaluate this side-channel, we collected power traces of Alexa top 50 Websites on multiple smartphones under several conditions, including battery charging level, browser cache enabled/disabled, taps on the screen, Wi-Fi/LTE, TLS encryption enabled/disabled, time elapsed between collection of training and testing data, and location of the Website. The results of our evaluation show that the attack is highly successful: in many settings, we were able to achieve over 90% Webpage identification accuracy. On the other hand, our experiments also show that this side-channel is sensitive to some of the aforementioned conditions. For instance, when training and testing traces were collected 70 days apart, accuracies were as low as 2.2%. Although there are studies that show that power-based side-channels can predict browsing activity on laptops, this paper is unique, because it is the first to study this side-channel on smartphones, under smartphone-specific constraints. Further, we demonstrate that Websites can be correctly identified within a short time span of $2\times6$ seconds, which is in contrast with prior work, which uses 15-s traces. This is important, because users typically spend less than 15 s on a Webpage.
Multiple forms and fragments of cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors from human leukemic cells and normal lymphocytes.

Therapy with glucocorticoids is generally more effective in acute lymphoblastic leukemia than in other types of human leukemia. Previous studies, however, have not revealed any consistent relationship between clinical responsiveness and the cellular or cytosolic concentration of glucocorticoid-binding sites. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are intrinsic structural differences among the glucocorticoid receptors in various types of leukemic cells and normal lymphocytes and to investigate the role of endogenous peptidases in receptor degradation. Cytosols were prepared from fresh or rapidly frozen leukocytes from 6 healthy adults and 35 high-risk leukemia patients (median white blood cell count, 150,000 cells/microliter; median age, 13 years). Receptors were labeled with [3H]triamcinolone acetonide and quantitated by charcoal-dextran treatment or Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Mean and median cytosolic receptor concentrations in 12 acute lymphoblastic leukemia specimens lacking the standard B-cell or T-cell markers ("null cells") were approximately 4-fold higher than in 23 other leukemic cell specimens. No other consistent differences in receptor content were observed. Agarose filtration and ultracentrifugation in hypotonic buffers containing 20 mM Na2MoO4 revealed complexes of similar size and shape in all clinical specimens tested and two established leukemic cell lines. They had Stokes radii (Rs) of 8.1 +/- 0.5 (S.D.) nm (n = 50), sedimentation coefficients of 9.5 +/- 0.3S (n = 40), molecular weights of approximately 330,000, and axial ratios (a/b) of approximately 12. In hypertonic, molybdate-free buffer, these oligomeric complexes were dissociated into subunits with Rs of 5.9 +/- 0.3 nm (n = 12) and a/b of 11 to 12, as observed previously for other receptors. Fragmentation of the oligomer and the subunit was evident in some cytosols. High activities of peptidases of various specificities were detected in leukemic cell cytosols, as in other cytosols, by fluorometric assays with derivatives of 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. Receptor cleavage by these and other endogenous enzymes may account for previous observations of "abnormal" receptors in cytosols from some leukemic specimens. We conclude that intrinsic structural defects in the receptors are unlikely explanations for the unresponsiveness of some types of leukemia to steroid therapy.
Items in Context: Assessing the Dimensionality of Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices

The problem of dimensionality with respect to Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) specifically and, more generally, g or fluid intelligence, has been a long-standing issue. The present article reports two studies examining the dimensionality of both the original Set II of the APM (n = 506) and a short form (n = 644), using principal component analysis and Rasch analysis. Although the results from the principal component analysis were equivocal, results from the Rasch analyses more strongly suggested that both forms of the test are best described as being multidimensional. Furthermore, comparison of items common to both forms indicated a context effect, thus making adaptive testing versions of this test difficult.
Engaging Pregnant Women in Kenya with a Hybrid Computer-Human SMS Communication System

A growing body of HCI4D research studies the use of SMS communication to deliver health and information services to underserved populations. This paper contributes a novel dimension to this field of study by examining if a hybrid computer-human SMS system can engage pregnant women in Kenya in health-related communication. Our approach leverages the different strengths of both the computer and the human. The computer automates the bulk-sending of personalized messages to patients, allowing the human to read patients' replies and respond to those in need of attention. Findings from a 12-month deployment with 100 women show that our approach is capable of engaging the majority of participants in health-related conversations. We show that receiving messages from the system triggers participant communication and the amount of communication increases as participants approach their expected due date. In addition, analysis of participants' messages shows that they often contain sensitive health information conveyed through a complex mixture of languages and 'txting' abbreviations, all of which highlight the benefits of including a human in the workflow. Our findings are relevant for HCI researchers and practitioners interested in understanding or engaging underserved populations.
Robotic Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Tumors Larger than 4 cm: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background With the establishment of minimally invasive surgery in society, the robot has been increasingly widely used in the urologic field, including in partial nephrectomy. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the currently available evidence on the feasibility and safety of robotic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors of >4 cm. Method and Findings An electronic database search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis was based on all relevant studies that assessed robotic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors of >4 cm. Five studies were included. The meta-analysis involved 3 studies from 11 institutions including 154 patients, while the narrative review involved the remaining 2 studies from 5 institutions including 64 patients. In the meta-analysis, the mean ischemic time, operation time, and console time was 28, 319, and 189 minutes, respectively. The estimated blood loss and length of stay was 317 ml and 3.8 days, respectively. The rates of conversion, positive margins, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, hilar clamping, and collecting system repair were 7.0%, 3.5%, 7.0%, 9.8%, 93.9%, and 47.5%, respectively. The narrative review showed results similar to those of the meta-analysis. Conclusions Robotic partial nephrectomy is feasible and safe for renal tumors of >4 cm with an acceptable warm ischemic time, positive margin rate, conversion rate, complication rate, operation time, estimated blood loss, and length of stay.
A general power equation for predicting bed load transport rates in gravel bed rivers

A variety of formulae has been developed to predict bed load transport in gravel bed rivers, ranging from simple regressions to complex multiparameter formulations. The ability to test these formulae across numerous field sites has, until recently, been hampered by a paucity of bed load transport data for gravel bed rivers. We use 2104 bed load transport observations in 24 gravel bed rivers in Idaho to assess the performance of eight different formulations of four bed load transport equations. Results show substantial differences in performance but no consistent relationship between formula performance and degree of calibration or complexity. However, formulae containing a transport threshold typically exhibit poor performance. Furthermore, we find that the transport data are best described by a simple power function of discharge. From this we propose a new bed load transport equation and identify channel and watershed characteristics that control the exponent and coefficient of the proposed power function. We find that the exponent is principally a factor of supply‐related channel armoring (transport capacity in excess of sediment supply), whereas the coefficient is related to drainage area (a surrogate for absolute sediment supply). We evaluate the accuracy of the proposed power function at 17 independent test sites.
Occupational mobility and vocational training over the life cycle

This paper examines the inefficiency issues of occupation-specific human capital investments in a model with search frictions and occupational mobility over the life cycle. Firstly, we highlight how the existence of social externalities related to training, not taken into account by employers, cause an under-investment in occupation-specific vocational training compared with what it would be optimal to do. Secondly, we show that this lack of training leads to some occupational mobility inefficiencies. Some untrained workers at equilibrium (but trained at optimum) choose to leave their employer for a more productive one because they can not benefit from the additional output related to training with their current employer. At the opposite, some workers decide, contrary to what optimal policy suggest to do, to stay with their current employer because they don’t have outside training opportunities at equilibrium (whereas they can be trained outside at optimum). Finally, we calibrate the model on the French economy and show that implementing the optimal policy would account for significant increase in employment and productivity, through its impact on vocational training, occupational mobility and search frictions.
A theoretical unifying scheme for gamma-ray bright blazars

ABSTRA C T The phenomenology of g-ray bright blazars can be accounted for by a sequence in the source power and intensity of the diffuse radiation field surrounding the relativistic jet. Correspondingly, the equilibrium particle distribution peaks at different energies. This leads to a trend in the observed properties: an increase of the observed power corresponds to: (i) a decrease in the frequencies of the synchrotron and inverse Compton peaks, and (ii) an increase in the ratio of the powers of the high- and low-energy spectral components. Objects along this sequence would be observationally classified respectively as high-frequency BL Lac objects, lowfrequency BL Lac objects, high-polarization quasars and low-polarization quasars. The proposed scheme is based on the correlations among the physical parameters derived in the present paper by applying to 51 g-ray loud blazars two of the most accepted scenarios for the broad-band emission of blazars, namely the synchrotron self-Compton and external Compton models. This also explains the observational trends presented by Fossati et al., dealing with the spectral energy distributions of all blazars. This gives us confidence that our scheme applies to all blazars as a class.
Recognizing Personal Characteristics of Readers using Eye-Movements and Text Features

In the present work we raise the hypothesis that eye-movements when reading texts reveal task performance, as measured by the level of understanding of the reader. With the objective of testing that hypothesis, we introduce a framework to integrate geometric information of eye-movements and text layout into natural language processing models via image processing techniques. We evidence the patterns in reading behavior between subjects with similar task performance using principal component analysis and quantify the likelihood of our hypothesis using the concept of linear separability. Finally, we point to potential applications that could benefit from these findings.
Neonicotinoids impact bumblebee colony fitness in the field; a reanalysis of the UK’s Food & Environment Research Agency 2012 experiment

The causes of bee declines remain hotly debated, particularly the contribution of neonicotinoid insecticides. In 2013 the UK’s Food & Environment Research Agency made public a study of the impacts of exposure of bumblebee colonies to neonicotinoids. The study concluded that there was no clear relationship between colony performance and pesticide exposure, and the study was subsequently cited by the UK government in a policy paper in support of their vote against a proposed moratorium on some uses of neonicotinoids. Here I present a simple re-analysis of this data set. It demonstrates that these data in fact do show a negative relationship between both colony growth and queen production and the levels of neonicotinoids in the food stores collected by the bees. Indeed, this is the first study describing substantial negative impacts of neonicotinoids on colony performance of any bee species with free-flying bees in a field realistic situation where pesticide exposure is provided only as part of normal farming practices. It strongly suggests that wild bumblebee colonies in farmland can be expected to be adversely affected by exposure to neonicotinoids.
Towards a game-theoretic framework for text data retrieval

The task of text data retrieval has traditionally been deﬁned as to rank a collection of text documents in response to a query. While this deﬁnition has enabled most research progress so far, it does not model accurately the actual retrieval task in a real search engine application, where users tend to be engaged in an interactive process with multipe queries, and optimizing the overall performance of a search engine system on an entire search session is far more important than its performance on an individual query. This paper presents a new game-theoretic formulation of the text data retrieval problem where the key idea is to model text retrieval as a process of a search engine and a user playing a cooperative game, with a shared goal of satisfying the user’s information need (or more generally helping the user complete a task) while minimizing the user’s effort and the operation cost of the retrieval system. Such a game-theoretic framework naturally optimizes the overall utility of an interactive retrieval system over a whole search session, thus breaking the limitation of the traditional formulation that optimizes ranking of documents for a single query and can optimize the collaboration of a search engine and its users, thus maximizing the “combined intelligence” of a system and users. Although the framework was motivated by text data retrieval, it is actually quite general and potentially applicable to all kinds of information service systems.
A Guide for Study Terminology: Reviewing a Fragmented Domain

Decades of research publications on studying in higher education have resulted in a plethora of similar-sounding study terminology and inconsistent use of study terms. This domain is in need of a study lexicon so that researchers can consistently use terms and definitions across and within studies to more clearly define their research. This review discusses frequently used study terms (e.g., strategies, tactics, behavior), discrepancies in their definitions, and their relations to theoretical frameworks. We propose a hierarchy of study terminology based on a review of the study terms used in prior research and discuss implications for future research. Des décennies de publications de recherche sur l’étude de l’enseignement supérieur ont donné lieu à une pléthore de terminologies d’étude similaires sur le plan phonétique et à l’utilisation irrégulière de termes d’étude. Ce secteur a grandement besoin d’un lexique de termes d’étude afin que les chercheurs puissent utiliser de manière uniforme des termes et définitions entre études et au sein d’une même étude pour mieux définir leur recherche. Cet examen se penche sur les termes d’étude fréquemment utilisés (par exemple, les stratégies, tactiques, comportements), les divergences au niveau de leurs définitions et leurs relations avec les cadres théoriques. Nous proposons une hiérarchie de terminologie d’étude basée sur un examen des termes d’étude utilisés dans des recherches antérieures et discutons des implications sur les recherches à venir.
KDB/sub KD/-tree: a compact KDB-tree structure for indexing multidimensional data

The problem of storing and retrieving high-dimensional data continues to be an important issue. In this paper, we propose an efficient high-dimensional point access method called the KDB/sub KD/-tree. The KDBKD-tree eliminates redundant information in KDB-trees by changing the representation of the index entries in the interior pages. Experimental evidence shows that the KDB/sub KD/-tree outperforms other recent variants of KDB-trees, such as KDB/sub FD/-trees and KDB/sub HD/-trees.
COMPLETENESS , DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTIONS AND THE FORM OF AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

This paper presents the problem of aggregation over individual agents as a basic identification problem inherent to interpreting relationships between averaged economic variables. The concept of a complete aggregation structure is introduced, which embodies the correct condition for identification. Several examples of complete aggregation structures are provided by previous work on the aggregation problem in economics. Examples are also provided by work on complete distribution families in statistics, which in turn provide the correct conceptual framework for developing a theory of parameter estimation and tests of specific aggregation assumptions. The potential lack of correspondence between microeconomic behavior and estimated relations between averaged data is illustrated by distribution families obeying linear probability movement, which induce an extreme failure of the completeness property. Certain topics regarding empirical applications of aggregation results are reviewed.