Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating turnover intentions by role overload, job satisfaction and social support moderation.

Gold mining in South Africa has played a significant role in the economic development of the country. However, the current economic, personnel and rationalisation pressures could imply a loss of production in this industry. The focus of this research fell on investigating the role that social support may play in the translation of employees’ role overload and job satisfaction on their intentions to leave the organisation. A cross-sectional survey design with a random sample was used (n = 206). Results indicate that job satisfaction is the most significant predictor of turnover intention, but that collegial support plays an important role in moderating the effects of role overload on turnover intention.
Quality of Life: Concept and Definition

This paper will consider 4 topics: (1) the definition of health-related quality of life, (2) the measurement of health-related quality of life, (3) the relationship between exercise and health-related quality of life in the general population, and (4) the relationship between exercise and health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. The paper presents data from the National Health Interview Survey, the San Diego COPD Rehabilitation Trials, and the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT).
Moving Within the Spiral

To uncover implicit and explicit meanings that are embedded in the experiences of adult survivors of sexual assault, the authors conducted interviews with 12 women survivors. Using Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology, they uncovered three relational themes and one overarching pattern from the data. “Breaking down” describes the violence that survivors experience, “making meaning” expresses the ways in which survivors incorporate the assault into the narratives of their lives, and “going beyond themselves” explicates what survivors do with their story, who they tell, and what they want to happen. Moving within the spiral: the process of surviving, the constitutive pattern, contains emerging themes, lived experiences, and the practices of participants.
Hormonal Responses After Strength Training and Detraining in Prepubertal and Pubertal Boys

Forty-two untrained prepubertal and pubertal boys formed 2 experimental groups, group STG1 (n = 9; 11–13 years old) and group STG2 (n = 13; 14–16 years old) and 2 control groups (groups CG1 and CG2) of the same age ranges and similar pretraining hormonal levels. Informed consent was obtained from the children and their parents. Groups STG1 and STG2 were submitted to a 2-month resistance training program (6 exercises, 3 χ 10 repetition maximum, 3 times a week), followed by a 2-month detraining period. Blood samples were obtained to determine hormonal responses to training and detraining conditions. Their maturation stage was evaluated. Posttraining mean testosterone values of the STG1 and STG2 groups increased by 124 and 32%, respectively (p < 0.001), whereas the free androgen index mean value of the STG1 group increased by 74% (p < 0.005). Significant differences in serum testosterone existed between the experimental groups before and at the end of the training period. At the end of the detraining period, the mean hormonal parameters remained practically unaltered. We conclude that strength training stimulates the anabolic and androgenic activities differently in prepubertal and pubertal untrained boys.
Doubly-lipid-modified protein sequence motifs exhibit long-lived anchorage to lipid bilayer membranes.

To understand better the potential functional importance of the dual-lipid modifications found in a number of intracellular proteins of eukaryotes, we have examined how "tenaciously" various doubly-lipid-modified peptides, with sequences and lipid modifications reflecting those found in intracellular proteins, are anchored to lipid bilayer membranes. Fluorescent-labeled peptides bearing dual-lipid modifications were incorporated into large unilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol vesicles, and the kinetics of spontaneous intervesicle transfer of the lipopeptides were monitored by a fluorescence-dequenching assay. Lipopeptides incorporating the stable "dual-anchor" motif -C(geranylgeranyl)XC(geranylgeranyl)-OMe found in several rab and homologous proteins exhibit very slow rates of interbilayer transfer (t1/2 > 50 h), as do lipopeptides incorporating myristoyl-GC(palmitoyl)X- and -C(palmitoyl)XC(farnesyl)-OMe motifs found in various src-related intracellular tyrosine kinases and G-protein alpha-subunits and in p21H-ras, respectively. Lipopeptides terminating in an unmethylated -C(geranylgeranyl)C(geranylgeranyl)-OH motif show somewhat greater but still very slow rates of spontaneous interbilayer transfer (t1/2 = ca. 10 h). Extrapolating from these results, we estimate that the rate of spontaneous desorption of the corresponding doubly-anchored proteins from membranes should be much slower than that of regulated, protein-mediated release (effected by binding to an "escort" protein or by de-S-acylation). As a result the intracellular distributions of these species (and particularly their targeting to specific intracellular membranes) are likely to be governed (and regulated) primarily by kinetic rather than thermodynamic factors. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Institutionalist View of Public Relations and the Evolution of Public Relations in Transition Economies

Abstract The paper provides an institutionalist view of public relations as a refined mechanism for maintaining corporate power. The institutionalist theory of the firm, based on Galbraithian and Marxist tradition, offers a convenient framework for including public relations into economics. The authors present the role of public relations managers, the creation and management of issues as well as methods of financing the public relations activities. The institutionalist approach bears also relevant aspects for the analysis of the developments of public relations in transition economies, which is shown in a tentative periodisation of the evolution of public relations. During the past twenty years the public relations practices in transition economies have evolved through several stages. After having “successfully” assisted in neutralising the turbulent social consequences of transitional processes in the initial phases of transition, the public relations departments of transitional firms now tend to apply the proactive public relations strategies in order to enhance corporate power.
Opportunism in Inter-firm Exchanges in Emerging Markets[1]

Abstract This article develops a theoretical model of opportunism in inter-organizational exchanges in emerging markets. I decompose opportunism into ‘strong form’ (contractual norm violation) and ‘weak form’ (relational norm violation), and suggest that strong form tends to be more observable, measurable and remediable than weak form and its adverse effect on cooperation tends to be stronger but less enduring than weak form. I address how external uncertainty, a multidimensional concept that includes market volatility, legal unprotectability, information unverifiability and regulatory variability, along with internal uncertainty that reflects dyadic tensions such as goal disparity, resource misfit, cultural dissimilarity and bargaining asymmetry, together affect exchange members' opportunism. This is followed by further discussions on conditions under which firms will opt for strong form or weak form opportunism in the face of such external and internal uncertainties. I suggest that suppressing forces against opportunism necessitates not only economic ordering, such as contractual mechanisms and structural mechanisms, but also social ordering, such as relational mechanisms and justice mechanisms. I expect that economic ordering is more effective in resisting strong form opportunism while social ordering is more forceful in curtailing weak form opportunism. 摘要 本文提出了新兴市场中企业间交换的机会主义理论模型。 作者将机会主义分类成重型(违反合同规范）和轻型（违反关系规范）。 作者认为重型机会主义比轻型机会主义更易观察， 度量及弥补；其对双方合作的负面影响虽较轻型机会主义更强伹持续时间更短。 本文讨论了新兴市场中企业外部和内部不确定因素对交换双方机会主义行为的影响。 外部的不确定因素包括市场波动性，法律欠保护性，信息不确定性以及政策易变性。 内部的不确定因素反映了交换双方间的紧张关系，包括双方的目标不容性、资源错配、文化差异性以及影响力不对称性。 本文进一步讨论了企业在面对这些外部及内部不确定因素时，选择重型或轻型机会主义行为的前提条件。 最后，本文提出抑制机会主义行为不仅需要内部经济机制，而且需要内部社会机制。 其中，经济手段，如合约机制及结构性机制，对抑制重型机会主义行为会更有效； 而社会手段，如关系机制及公平机制，对抑制轻型机会主义行为更有效。
Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of Cathepsin S Blocks Colorectal Tumor Invasion and Angiogenesis

Purpose: Cathepsin S is a cysteine protease that promotes the invasion of tumor and endothelial cells during cancer progression. Here we investigated the potential to target cathepsin S using an antagonistic antibody, Fsn0503, to block these tumorigenic effects. Experimental Design: A panel of monoclonal antibodies was raised to human cathepsin S. The effects of a selected antibody were subsequently determined using invasion and proteolysis assays. Endothelial cell tube formation and aorta sprouting assays were done to examine antiangiogenic effects. In vivo effects were also evaluated using HCT116 xenograft studies. Results: A selected cathepsin S antibody, Fsn0503, significantly blocked invasion of a range of tumor cell lines, most significantly HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells, through inhibition of extracellular cathepsin S–mediated proteolysis. We subsequently found enhanced expression of cathepsin S in colorectal adenocarcinoma biopsies when compared with normal colon tissue. Moreover, Fsn0503 blocked endothelial cell capillary tube formation and aortic microvascular sprouting. We further showed that administration of Fsn0503 resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and neovascularization of HCT116 xenograft tumors. Conclusions: These results show that blocking the invasive and proangiogenic effects of cathepsin S with antibody inhibitors may have therapeutic utility upon further preclinical and clinical evaluation. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(19):6042–51)
Model-oriented naming therapy in semantic dementia: A single-case fMRI study

Background: Studies on anomia treatment in semantic dementia demonstrate that re-learning is possible, but maintenance and generalisation of improvements are limited. Changes in cortical activation associated with anomia treatment have already been demonstrated in aphasic patients after stroke. Recovery of brain functions under the impact of deficit-specific treatment in semantic dementia has not been explored yet. Nevertheless, recent activation studies using language tasks in patients with neurodegenerative diseases report altered activation patterns, involving diverse brain regions ipsi- or contralateral to the primarily affected left hemisphere. Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate if phonological and semantic cueing hierarchies established for naming therapy in aphasia were also effective in a patient with semantic dementia. Moreover, we aimed to examine changes of brain activity associated with anomia treatment. Methods & Procedures: One individual with semantic dementia participated in the present study. Over a period of 4 weeks the participant received an intensive model-oriented treatment with phonological and semantic cueing hierarchies. Two pre-tests and two post-tests (one immediately after training and one 2 months later) were administered. The second pre-test and both follow-ups were registered inside the scanner. Outcomes & Results: Behaviourally, both treatments resulted in specific training effects, which subsequently decreased over time. Concerning functional magnetic resonance imaging data, improved naming following therapy was mirrored by changes in cortical activity, predominantly located in right superior and inferior temporal gyrus. Conclusions: Cueing hierarchies were successful, resulting in specific and immediate treatment effects, corroborating previous treatment studies in semantic dementia. Treatment-induced changes in cortical activity were mainly concentrated in right temporal cortex. Since right-sided modulation of cortical activity was associated with training-induced improvements in task performance, it may reflect right hemispheric compensatory mechanisms in this participant.
Examination of the Utility of Various Measures of Mathematics Proficiency

This article investigates the utility of various estimates of mathematics proficiency. The participants were 432 students in Grades 2 through 5. The delayed alternate form reliability of multiskill probes, retention probes, slopes of student growth, and trials to criterion were computed. The fluency probes were found to be both sufficiently reliable and significantly predicted proficiency on a group-administered accountability test. However, the trials to criterion and slope data were neither reliable nor significantly predictive. Finally, a receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to determine cut scores on the fluency probes for proficiency. Results found that 17 digits correct per minute for second- and third-grade students and 29 digits correct per minute for fourth and fifth graders demonstrated proficiency. These data resulted in overall correct classification estimates of . 65 (second and third grades) and . 73 (fourth and fifth grades).
Functional organization of the ventral lateral geniculate complex of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri): I. Nuclear subdivisions and retinal projections

This is the first of two papers describing the organization and connections of the ventral lateral geniculate complex (GLv) in the tree shrew. Using a combination of Nissl, Golgi, histochemical, and immunocytochemical methods, we have identified two major divisions (lateral and medial) of GLv, both of which can be further subdivided. The lateral division contains three subdivisions, external, internal and intergeniculate leaflet. The medial division contains two subdivisions, medio‐rostral and medio‐caudal. All three lateral subdivisions receive input from the retina, the densest terminations being in the external subdivision and intergeniculate leaflet. These projections originate primarily from small retinal ganglion cells, although a feẁ large retinal ganglion cells also project to GLv by way of collateral branches. Each subdivision of GLv has a distinct cytoarchitectonic and immunocytochemical make‐up. In general, the level of immunoreactive endings for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), leuenkephalin (ENK), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) parallels the distribution of retinal projections. Thus, all three markers are particularly dense in the external subdivision and the intergeniculate leaflet. Cell bodies immunoreactive for ENK are restricted to the external and intergeniculate leaflet subdivisions. The medial subdivisions stain relatively poorly for GAD, ENK, and ChAT, although each has other cytological features that differentiate them from the lateral subdivisions and the adjacent thalamic reticular nucleus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: Overcoming Treatment Resistance through Novel Treatment Approaches

The current standard of care for metastatic urothelial carcinoma is cisplatin-based chemotherapy but treatment is generally not curative. Mechanisms of resistance to conventional cytotoxic regimens include tumor cell drug efflux pumps, intracellular anti-oxidants, and enhanced anti-apoptotic signaling. Blockade of signaling pathways with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors has produced dramatic responses in subsets of other cancers. Multiple potential signaling pathway targets are altered in Urothelial carcinoma (UC). Blockade of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may prove efficacious because 21% have activating PI3K mutations and another 30% have PTEN inactivation (which leads to activation of this pathway). The fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 protein may be overactive in 50–60% and agents which block this pathway are under development. Blockade of multiple other pathways including HER2 and aurora kinase also have potential efficacy. Anti-angiogenic and immunotherapy strategies are also under development in UC and are discussed in this review. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed in UC. We review the various strategies under investigation and discuss how best to evaluate and optimize their efficacy.
Assessment of the toxic potential of engineered metal oxide nanomaterials using an acellular model: citrated rat blood plasma

Abstract Citrated Sprague–Dawley rat blood plasma was used as a biologically relevant exposure medium to assess the acellular toxic potential of two metal oxide engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), zinc oxide (nZnO), and cerium oxide (nCeO2). Plasma was incubated at 37 °C for up to 48 h with ENM concentrations ranging between 0 and 200 mg/L. The degree of ENM-induced oxidation was assessed by assaying for reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels using dichlorofluorescein (DCF), pH, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), lipase activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyls (PC). Whereas previous in vitro studies showed linear-positive correlations between ENM concentration and oxidative damage, our results suggested that low concentrations were generally pro-oxidant and higher concentrations appeared antioxidant or protective, as indicated by DCF fluorescence trends. nZnO and nCeO2 also affected pH in a manner dependent on concentration and elemental composition; higher nZnO concentrations maintained a more alkaline pH, while nCeO2 tended to decrease pH. No other biomarkers of oxidative damage (FRAP, MDA, PC, lipase activity) showed changes at any ENM concentration or time-point tested. Differential dissolution of the two ENMs was also observed, where as much as ∼31.3% of nZnO was instantaneously dissolved to Zn2+ and only negligible nCeO2 was degraded. The results suggest that the direct oxidative potential of nZnO and nCeO2 in citrated rat blood plasma is low, and that a physiological or immune response is needed to generate appreciable damage biomarkers. The data also highlight the need for careful consideration when selecting a model for assessing ENM toxicity.
The Simplest Double Slit: Interference and Entanglement in Double Photoionization of H2

The wave nature of particles is rarely observed, in part because of their very short de Broglie wavelengths in most situations. However, even with wavelengths close to the size of their surroundings, the particles couple to their environment (for example, by gravity, Coulomb interaction, or thermal radiation). These couplings shift the wave phases, often in an uncontrolled way, and the resulting decoherence, or loss of phase integrity, is thought to be a main cause of the transition from quantum to classical behavior. How much interaction is needed to induce this transition? Here we show that a photoelectron and two protons form a minimum particle/slit system and that a single additional electron constitutes a minimum environment. Interference fringes observed in the angular distribution of a single electron are lost through its Coulomb interaction with a second electron, though the correlated momenta of the entangled electron pair continue to exhibit quantum interference.
Increase in nitric oxide bioavailability improves endothelial function in endothelin-1 transgenic mice.

BACKGROUND Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been described as a very potent vasoconstrictor. Nevertheless, transgenic mice overexpressing ET-1 have been shown to exhibit normal blood pressure. We thus hypothesized that vascular ET-1 effects may be antagonized by increased activity of other regulatory systems, such as the increase in bioavailability of the endothelial counterpart of ET-1, nitric oxide (NO). METHODS Endothelium-dependent and -independent vascular function was assessed as relaxation/contraction of isolated preconstricted aortic rings to acetylcholine (10(-10)-10(-4) mol/l), sodium nitroprusside (10(-10)-10(-4) mol/l), ET-1 (10(-10)-10(-7) mol/l) and big ET-1 (10(-10)-10(-7) mol/l), respectively, in ET-1 transgenic mice and corresponding controls. To unmask the impact of the NO system, we furthermore analysed vessel rings incubated in vitro with the NO-synthase inhibitor L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10(-4) mol/l). RESULTS Maximum endothelium-dependent relaxation was enhanced in ET-1 transgenic mice (93+/-3% vs 84+/-4% for wild-type littermates; P<0.05) and was inhibited by preincubation with L-NAME in both ET-transgenic mice and wild-type littermates (11+/-5% vs 9+/-4% maximum relaxation, respectively). Endothelium-independent relaxation was similar among all groups. Maximum vascular contraction to ET-1 and big ET-1 was reduced in ET-1 transgenic mice (P<0.05 vs wild-type littermates). Preincubation with L-NAME reduced this difference, indicating the involvement of augmented NO availability. Correspondingly, urinary nitrate/nitrite excretion was significantly elevated in ET-1 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in transgenic mice overexpressing ET-1, increased NO bioavailability counteracts the contractile potency of elevated ET-1 levels and leads to an improvement of endothelium-dependent relaxation. Thus, in the presence of an activated ET system, up-regulation of NO production may be capable of maintaining vascular tone in a normal range and therefore may prevent the development of hypertension.
The Effects of Prosocial Video Games on Prosocial Behaviors: International Evidence From Correlational, Longitudinal, and Experimental Studies

Although dozens of studies have documented a relationship between violent video games and aggressive behaviors, very little attention has been paid to potential effects of prosocial games. Theoretically, games in which game characters help and support each other in nonviolent ways should increase both short-term and long-term prosocial behaviors. We report three studies conducted in three countries with three age groups to test this hypothesis. In the correlational study, Singaporean middle-school students who played more prosocial games behaved more prosocially. In the two longitudinal samples of Japanese children and adolescents, prosocial game play predicted later increases in prosocial behavior. In the experimental study, U.S. undergraduates randomly assigned to play prosocial games behaved more prosocially toward another student. These similar results across different methodologies, ages, and cultures provide robust evidence of a prosocial game content effect, and they provide support for the General Learning Model.
Centromeric Localization and Adaptive Evolution of an Arabidopsis Histone H3 Variant Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010425.

Centromeric H3-like histones, which replace histone H3 in the centromeric chromatin of animals and fungi, have not been reported in plants. We identified a histone H3 variant from Arabidopsis thaliana that encodes a centromere-identifying protein designated HTR12. By immunological detection, HTR12 localized at centromeres in both mitotic and meiotic cells. HTR12 signal revealed tissue- and stage-specific differences in centromere morphology, including a distended bead-like structure in interphase root tip cells. The anti-HTR12 antibody also detected spherical organelles in meiotic cells. Although the antibody does not label centromeres in the closely related species Arabidopsis arenosa, HTR12 signal was found on all centromeres in allopolyploids of these two species. Comparison of the HTR12 genes of A. thaliana and A. arenosa revealed striking adaptive evolution in the N-terminal tail of the protein, similar to the pattern seen in its counterpart in Drosophila. This finding suggests that the same evolutionary forces shape centromeric chromatin in both animals and plants.