Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution and frequency of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taster and non taster alleles in the Nigerian population

There is limited information on population genetics of the Nigerian population as regards taste perception. This study investigated the distribution and frequency of taster (T) and non-taster (t) alleles in the Nigerian population using phenylthiocarbamide [(PTC), % composition = 30 mcg/strip] taste strips. Overall, a total of 6167 (3799 males and 2368 females) Nigerians from all the states of the geopolitical zones were used for this study. The frequency of non tasters was 22.60% and the t allele frequency was 0.48; while the frequency of tasters was observed to be 77.40% and the T allele frequency was 0.52. There were observable but statistically insignificant (p Key words: Gene frequency, phenylthiocarbamide, taste sensitivity, geographical zone, Nigerian population, genetic variation.
Review and Conceptual Analysis of the Employee Turnover Process

Research on employee turnover since the Porter and Steers analysis of the literature reveals that age, tenure, overall satisfaction, job content, intentions to remain on the job, and commitment are consistently and negatively related to turnover. Generally, however, less than 20% of the variance in turnover is explained. Lack of a clear conceptual model, failure to consider available job alternatives, insufficient multivariate research, and infrequent longitudinal studies are identified as factors precluding a better understanding of the psychology of the employee turnover process. A conceptual model is presented that suggests a need to distinguish between satisfaction (present oriented) and attraction/expected utility (future oriented) for both the present role and alternative roles, a need to consider nonwork values and nonwork consequences of turnover behavior as well as contractual constraints, and a potential mechanism for integrating aggregate-level research findings into an individual-le vel model of the turnover process. Employee withdrawal, in the form of turnover, has sustained the interest of personnel researchers, behavioral scientists, and management practitioners. At the macro level, economists and personnel researchers have demonstrated the relationship between turnover rates and the aggregate level of economic activity, employment levels, and vacancy levels (see, e.g., Armknecht & Early, 1972; Forrest, Cummings, & Johnson, 1977; Price, 1977; Woodward, 1975-1976). At the micro level, behavioral research has established a consistent, although generally weak, correlation between job dissatisfaction and turnover (Brayfield & Crockett, 19SS; Locke, 1976; Porter & Steers, 1973; Vroom, 1964; Herzberg, Mausner, Peterson, & Capwell,
Understanding internal, external, and relational attributions for abusive supervision

Summary Despite abundant research on the consequences of perceived abusive supervision, less is known about how employees develop perceptions of supervisory abuse. Across two studies, we integrate classic and recent theoretical work on attributions to understand the causal explanations underlying employee perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision. In the first study, we develop measures of internal, external, and relational attributions for perceived supervisor abuse. In the second study, we demonstrate that internal and external attributions are indirectly related to aggressive and citizenship behaviors through employees’ perceptions of interactional justice. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between male sexual dysfunction and belief in zilbergeld' s myths: An empirical investigation

Abstract This study examined the relationship between belief in the myths described by Zilbergeld and sexual dysfunction in males. A group of men seeking treatment for sexual problems were compared with a group of non-dysfunctional men, with regard to their belief in these myths. As predicted, the results showed significantly greater belief in the myths among the dysfunctional group.
A Review of Second Language Listening Comprehension Research

ing activities in student textbooks and even in methodology texts designed specifically for listening (2; 99; 120; 121). In the past decade, scholars have reviewed the factors that may influence second language (L2) listening comprehension (19; 38; 39; 44; 68; 69; 84; 98; 99), referring, in some cases, to factors isolated for first language (L1) learning (2; 29; 36; 37; 42; 43; 70; 72). Surprisingly few of the myriad of factors listed in these reviews have been researched and, of those that have, even fewer have been subjected to adequate experimental controls. In the main, many factors are cited as relevant either because they are suspected on logical grounds to affect listening or because they are thought to be relevant based on parallels found in reading research. Of those factors that have been researched, most have been the object of only a limited number of research studies, often only on one of the more commonly taught languages. Finally, most of the research results are based on listening comprehension measures that have not been standardized, making it difficult to compare results. There is, however, a small-but growingbody of research on listening comprehension that forms a lively, ongoing dialogue about how learners interact with oral input. How and when do learners rely on top-down factors (background knowledge, semantics) and on bottom-
Functional-oriented articulatory modeling of tones and intonations

In this paper we report results of applying the quantitative target approximation model (qTA) [7] to simulate functionspecific F0 contours in Mandarin. The qTA model is based on a set of assumptions about the biophysical and neural control mechanisms of pitch production. To simulate F0 contours for tone and focus, we extracted qTA parameters that are tonespecific and adjustment parameters that are focus-specific. The accuracy and effectiveness of this approach were tested through a series of synthesis experiments. In the baseline case, the results were fair with just tonal specifications. Further experiments showed additional improvements when the parameters became more functions-specific.
The eye response test alone is sufficient to predict stroke outcome—reintroduction of Japan Coma Scale: a cohort study

Objectives Prompt assessment of consciousness levels is vitally important during the emergency care of stroke patients. The Japan Coma Scale (JCS) is a one-axis coma scale published in 1974 with outstanding simplicity. The hypothesis is that JCS is sufficient to predict stroke outcome. The aim of the study was to verify the predictability of JCS, which should help JCS attain international recognition. Design A cohort study. Setting A prefectural stroke registry. Participants We analysed 13 788 stroke patients identified from January 1999 to December 2009 inclusive in the entire Kyoto prefecture and registered in the Kyoto Stroke Registry (KSR). Main outcome measures We investigated the relationship between consciousness levels, based on JCS at stroke onset and activities of daily living (ADL) at 30 days or deaths within 30 days in a large population-based stroke registry. We calculated Spearman's coefficient for the correlation between JCS and the ADL scale, generated estimated survival curves by the Kaplan-Meier method and finally compared HRs for death within 30 days after onset, comparing patients with different conscious levels based on JCS. Results A total of 13 406 (97.2%) patients were graded based on JCS. JCS correlated to the ADL scale with Spearman's correlation coefficient of 0.61. HRs for death within 30 days were 1 (reference) (95% CIs), 5.55 (4.19 to 7.37), 9.54 (7.16 to 12.71) and 35.21 (26.10 to 44.83) in those scored as JCS0, JCS1, JCS2 and JCS3, respectively. Conclusions Using a single test of eye response, JCS has outstanding merits as a coma scale, that is, simplicity and applicability. The present study adds predictability for early outcome in stroke patients. JCS is valuable, especially in an emergency setting, when a prompt assessment of consciousness levels is needed.
Care research and disability studies: Nothing in common?

Disability researchers have voiced the criticism that the concept of care, together with research based on it, consists of the view that disabled people are dependent non-autonomous second-class citizens. The perspectives of disability studies and care research certainly are different from each other. Disability studies analyse the oppression and exclusion of disabled people and emphasize that disabled people need human rights and control over their own lives. Care research focuses rather on care relationships, informal and formal care, care-giving work and `an ethics of care'. Nevertheless, it is suggested here that the two perspectives are not mutually exclusive and that the two groups could learn from each other's approaches. For example, the relationship between disabled people and their personal assistants has much the same characteristics as the care relationship and requires a balancing of the needs and interests of the two parties. On the other hand, access to adequate care could be perceived as a basic civil and human right.
The Automaton Self: Defensive organisation, psychodynamics and treatment approaches

In this article, I discuss certain traits of a personality structure, termed the Automaton Self,1 that appear to emerge in order to defend the individual from awareness of particular thoughts, feelings and emotions. It is suggested that such defences are deployed following the absence of a basic human need having been met, namely relationships with others, principally the primary caregivers, built on mutual reciprocity, that subsequently facilitate the internalisation of symbolising capacities. Previously, I had discussed these defensive organisations, termed automata states, in relation to individuals who appeared to exhibit borderline personalities (Sweet, A.D. (2010). Automata states and their relation to primitive mechanisms of defence. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 24(2), 101–114). I did this from the perspectives of both object relations and attachment based theoretical modalities. The intra and inter-psychic manifestations of projective identification, indicative of the automaton defensive repertoire based on splitting, were linked to gross environmental impingements that these patients appeared to suffer, during their formative developmental years. In this article, a fuller exploration of the personality structure, termed the Automaton Self, is presented. Attention is given to the defensive functions of the self structure, the meta-psychological foundations of this particular personality organisation and the implications and practicalities for the psychotherapeutic treatment of individuals who appear to display this personality type.
Social Influences on the Development of Planning in Advance and During Action

This paper reports on a study of the development of children's planning skills with particular attention to the development of planning in advance of action as contrasted with planning during the course of action as adults and children plan together. The nature and extent of maternal assistance and child involvement during dyadic planning involving 40 mothers and their 4 or 8-year-old children, and the influence of the process of joint planning on the child's later individual planning were examined using a route planning task. In addition to planning in advance and planning-in-action, adult and child concern with the rules and organisational aspects of the task versus more strategic concerns were compared in the two ages to examine how microgenetic processes are responsive to ontogenetic development. Older children displayed more planfulness than younger children during interaction with an adult and later on their own, with the important difference being that the older children planned more during the course of action, a strategy that was related to the development of more effective plans during joint planning and to greater planfulness when children planned on their own. Mothers planning with older children were more concerned with strategy and mothers planning with younger children were more concerned with task procedures and rules, indicating that adults structure their guidance in relation to cognitive developmental needs.
Attracting and Retaining Teachers

Attracting and retaining competent teachers is a key concern when it comes to managing the supply and demand for teachers. This article examines the motivation that prompts people to enter or leave the teaching profession with the aim of identifying a decision framework for defining teacher policies. The results are based on the teacher workforce planning system put in place by the Education Department of the Swiss Canton of Geneva. Having identified the most influential factors affecting teacher motivation, we rated these with regard to their responsiveness to policy measures in a bid to identify levers for deriving effective teacher policies. This decision framework highlights three main issues to serve as a focus for policy measures—the characteristics of the job activities, working conditions and professional image. Finally, priority policy measures have been derived from motivational inducement systems, which include task, leadership, reward, professional development and social systems.
T cell adhesion.

Antigen recognition by the T cell receptor cannot ensure by its own T cell activation. Other membranes molecules are required in order to achieve transient but strong adhesion of the T cell to the antigen presenting cell. Two main molecular adhesion pathways have been characterized involving the CD2 molecule binding the LFA-3 molecule and the LFA-1 molecule binding the ICAM-1 or ICAM-2 molecule. These results have been provided by the use of the three approaches, i-e inhibition of T cell activation and adhesion by monoclonal antibodies, the study of the adhesion of lymphocytes that do not express one or several adhesion molecules and finally the demonstration that the transfection of gene(s) coding for adhesion molecules into fibroblasts cotransfected with HLA molecules make the latter cells able to present antigen(s). The importance of the concept of antigen-independent T cell adhesion has been further underlined by in vivo use of monoclonal antibodies specific for adhesion molecule(s): LFA-1. Such antibody can efficiently block rejection of HLA non identical bone marrow in children. This opens further prospect of immunosuppression through blocking of T cell adhesion.
Metastatic neoplasms in the thyroid gland. Pathological and clinical findings

liott and Frantzl0 recently revicwed 311 cases of metastatic thyroid tumors, drawn from the literature and their own material; 253 represented incidental autopsy findings and 58, clinical thyroid tumors treated surgically. The appearance of a nodule in the thyroid of a patient with a history of cancer presents a difficult diagnostic problem. Such a lesion could be benign, could represent a metastasis from the original neoplasm and constitute evidence of disseminated disease, or could be a new primary cancer requiring thyroidectomy. Such situations arise occasionally in a large population of patients with cancer. I t seemed worthwhile, therefore, to compare the frequency of primary and secondary neoplasms ol the thyroid in such a population and to review the behavior of metastatic thyroid tumors. dying with CanCer.1. 11, 1% 19, 2% 25, 31, 32. 35 El-
Testing three models for the sleeper effect

For forty years scholars have disagreed about the long term effect a low credible source has on the attitude change of message recipients (the “sleeper” effect). Some have suggested that in the long term a low credible source may actually attain greater attitude change in message recipients than a high credible source (Watts and Holt, 1979; Watts and McGuire, 1975). This review uses meta‐analysis to test three models that have been suggested by researchers. Our analysis concludes that the sleeper effect does exist. The review offers suggestions for practitioners and theorists.
Alterations in Adenosine Metabolism and Signaling in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Background Adenosine is generated in response to cellular stress and damage and is elevated in the lungs of patients with chronic lung disease. Adenosine signaling through its cell surface receptors serves as an amplifier of chronic lung disorders, suggesting adenosine-based therapeutics may be beneficial in the treatment of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Previous studies in mouse models of chronic lung disease demonstrate that the key components of adenosine metabolism and signaling are altered. Changes include an up-regulation of CD73, the major enzyme of adenosine production and down-regulation of adenosine deaminase (ADA), the major enzyme for adenosine metabolism. In addition, adenosine receptors are elevated. Methodology/Principal Findings The focus of this study was to utilize tissues from patients with COPD or IPF to examine whether changes in purinergic metabolism and signaling occur in human disease. Results demonstrate that the levels of CD73 and A2BR are elevated in surgical lung biopsies from severe COPD and IPF patients. Immunolocalization assays revealed abundant expression of CD73 and the A2BR in alternatively activated macrophages in both COPD and IPF samples. In addition, mediators that are regulated by the A2BR, such as IL-6, IL-8 and osteopontin were elevated in these samples and activation of the A2BR on cells isolated from the airways of COPD and IPF patients was shown to directly induce the production of these mediators. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that components of adenosine metabolism and signaling are altered in a manner that promotes adenosine production and signaling in the lungs of patients with COPD and IPF, and provide proof of concept information that these disorders may benefit from adenosine-based therapeutics. Furthermore, this study provides the first evidence that A2BR signaling can promote the production of inflammatory and fibrotic mediators in patients with these disorders.
Phonological sequence learning and short-term store capacity determine second language vocabulary acquisition

Two studies examined individual cognitive differences affecting the acquisition of second language word forms. Experiment 1 measured 40 undergraduates' ability to learn phonological sequences, their phonological short-term store capacity as indexed by ability to repeat nonwordlike nonwords, and their learning of novel foreign language vocabulary (German) in an experimental task. Phonological sequence learning predicted receptive vocabulary learning. Phonological sequence learning and phonological store capacity made independent additive contributions to productive vocabulary learning. Experiment 2 determined the interactions of phonological sequence learning ability, phonological store capacity, and second language acquisition during a longitudinal field study of 44 novice undergraduate learners of Spanish during a 10-week course. Students' initial skill in phonological sequence learning predicted their final levels of Spanish receptive language and their eventual ability to repeat Spanish-wordlike nonwords. The results suggest that phonological store capacity and phonological sequence learning ability are initially separable constraints on second language vocabulary acquisition and that sequence learning ability underpins the acquisition of long-term phonological knowledge. Subsequent apprehension and consolidation of a novel word form is a product not only of phonological short-term store capacity but also of this long-term knowledge of the phonological regularities of language.
Purification and characterization of cytidine 5'-triphosphate:cytidine 5'-monophosphate-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase

Cytidine 5'-triphosphate:cytidine 5'-monophosphate-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase (CMP-KDO synthetase) was purified 2,300-fold from frozen Escherichia coli B cells. The enzyme catalyzed the formation of CMP-KDO, a very labile product, from CTP and KDO. No other sugar tested could replace KDO as an alternate substrate. Uridine 5'-triphosphate at pH 9.5 and deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate at pH 8.0 and 9.5 could be used as alternate substrates in place of CTP. CMP-KDO synthetase required Mg2+ at a concentration of 10.0 mM for optimal activity. The pH optimum was determined to be between 9.6 and 9.3 in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-acetate or sodium-glycine buffer. This enzyme had an isoelectric point between pH 4.15 and 4.4 and appeared to be a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 36,000 to 40,000. The apparent Km values for CTP and KDO in the presence of 10.0 mM Mg2+ were determined to be 2.0 X 10(-4) and 2.9 X 10(-4) M, respectively, at pH 9.5. Uridine 5'-triphosphate and deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate had apparent Km values of 8.8 X 10(-4) and 3.4 X 10(-4) M. respectively, at pH 9.5.
Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Certified Animal-Friendly Foods: Can Elements of the Theory of Planned Behavior Improve Choice Experiment Analysis?

Models used in neoclassical economics assume human behaviour to be purely rational. On the other hand, models adopted in social and behavioural psychology are founded on the ‘black box’ of human cognition. In view of these observations, this paper aims at bridging this gap by introducing psychological constructs in the well established microeconomic framework of choice behaviour based on random utility theory. In particular, it combines constructs developed employing Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour with Lancaster’s theory of consumer demand for product characteristics to explain stated preferences over certified animal-friendly foods. To reach this objective a web survey was administered in the largest five EU-25 countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Findings identify some salient cross-cultural differences between northern and southern Europe and suggest that psychological constructs developed using the Ajzen model are useful in explaining heterogeneity of preferences. Implications for policy makers and marketers involved with certified animal-friendly foods are discussed.
Fixed in Mobility: Young Homeless People and the City

This article argues that although the lives of young homeless people are characterized by high levels of mobility, when examined closely movement is also revealed as heavily restricted. While a network of agencies moves the young people around the city, the official borders of borough councils and the non-official territories of young people feed into an experience of London as a series of exclusionary bounded areas. Within the accounts of the young people, mobility is talked of as a resource but also in terms of loss and dislocation. The article argues for going beyond the opposition of mobility/fixity in order to examine how some people become fixed in mobility.