Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ALERTNESS, ORIENTATION, AND DETECTION

This paper critically examines Tomlin and Villa's (1994) fine-grained analysis of attention and Leow's (1998) attempt to operationalize their model. Our position is that whereas Tomlin and Villa have moved the attention research forward by describing the nature of attentional processes and by pointing out that detection is a critical function of SLA, their claim that alertness and orientation are not necessary for detection to occur is currently unsupportable and does not reflect the complex nature of SLA. We argue that Leow's efforts to provide empirical support for this model fall short of that goal. Additionally, we cast doubt on Tomlin and Villa's position that awareness is not required for the detection of L2 data by arguing that the issue of awareness as well as the role of attentional functions must be viewed from a more interactive perspective in terms of the nature of the task, the nature of the linguistic item, and individual learner differences. We conclude by proposing research orientations that may help advance the discussion on this topic.
A review of current evidence for vilazodone in major depressive disorder

Abstract Objectives. This review is to inform clinicians of currently available data on vilazodone for treating patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), focusing on its differential action mechanism and extended clinical utility. Methods. A data search was conducted in June 2012 using the PubMed/ MEDLINE/relevant clinical trial databases with the key terms “vilazodone” or “Viibryd. ” Results. The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of vilazodone have been demonstrated in two pivotal 8-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies. Certain pharmacological characteristics of vilazodone were observed, including early onset of action, fewer sexual side effects, the absence of known cardiac toxicity, and minimal effect on weight gain, that may provide potential clinical advantages compared with currently available antidepressants. However, such possibilities should be replicated and confirmed in more well-designed and adequately powered clinical trials. Vilazodone requires dose titration up to 2 weeks to reach a target dose of 40 mg/d due to high rate of gastrointestinal side effects. No direct comparative studies with other antidepressants are currently available to confirm the aforementioned potential clinical utility. Conclusion. Vilazodone is a newer antidepressant possessing different action mechanisms compared to currently available antidepressants but whether it has superiority to other class of antidepressants in terms of efficacy and safety should still warrant further evaluation through more well-controlled and direct comparison clinical trials.
The trade-off between growth rate and locomotor performance varies with perceived time until breeding

SUMMARY Environmental circumstances can cause changes in early growth patterns that subsequently affect the adult phenotype. Here we investigated how different growth trajectories affected subsequent locomotor performance, and how such effects were influenced by the perceived time until the key life-history event of reproduction. Using juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, we show that a brief period of manipulated temperature in early life (independent of food supply) caused effects on skeletal growth trajectory not only during the manipulation itself, but also during a subsequent compensatory phase. The outcome of these changes was that fish in all treatment groups reached the same average size by sexual maturity, despite having different growth patterns. However, their growth trajectory had impacts on both pre-breeding swimming endurance and its decline over the course of the breeding season, such that swimming ability was negatively correlated with skeletal growth rate during the compensation period. We also show for the first time that ‘negative compensation’ (i.e. a decelerating growth trajectory) led to an improved swimming performance compared with steadily growing controls. Replicate experiments and photoperiod manipulations, moreover, revealed that the effects of growth rate on subsequent swimming performance were greater when the perceived time until the breeding season was shorter. These results show that the costs of accelerated or decelerated growth can last well beyond the time over which growth rates differ, and are affected by the time available until an approaching life history event such as reproduction, possibly because of the time available to repair the damage.
LLR Reliability Improvement for Multilayer Signals

The limitations and rigidness of current use of spectrum resources have fostered the design of new power multiplexing techniques to improve frequency efficiency and flexibility. These techniques are based on the simultaneous transmission of different services on the same channel with different power distribution. At the receiver side Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) probability density functions have been so far optimized for single layer systems, so the reception quality of multilayer signals with the existing LLR algorithms is degraded. This paper proposes a new LLR probability density function, including corrections for the multilayer influence, in order to improve reception performance. Simulation results are also included to test the performance improvement in terms of the receiving SNR threshold.
Implementation of a National Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Program in Uganda

Summary Uganda was among the first countries to implement the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) approach on a national scale, beginning in 1995. The program benefited from strong child health structures in the Ministry of Health, and generous support of donors. This enabled the training of over 8000 health workers in IMCI methods and to begin pre-service training and training for private practitioners. Training was decentralized to district level in 2000, and a short training course was developed in 2002. When the results of the national program were examined in 10 districts, the presence of IMCI-trained health workers in health centers was patchy. Supervisors observed health workers using their IMCI skills at only about half of visits. However, turnover of health staff following IMCI training was generally low. Low utilization of health facilities has reduced the potential benefit of the IMCI program. The pressure for rapid implementation of IMCI resulted in neglecting development of strong monitoring methods, a consistent supervisions system, and methods to assess the quality of IMCI training. The need for a hospital referral component was not appreciated until well into implementation. Although the need for community IMCI was recognized early in Uganda, development of the core components and the implementation process required much longer than anticipated.
A tensor—vector—scalar framework for modified dynamics and cosmic dark matter

I describe a tensor-vector-scalar theory that reconciles the galaxy-scale success of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) with the cosmological scale evidence for cold dark matter (CDM). The theory provides a cosmological basis for MOND in the sense that the predicted phenomenology only arises in a cosmological background. The theory contains an evolving effective potential, and scalar field oscillations in this potential comprise the CDM; the de Broglie wavelength of these soft bosons, however, is sufficiently large that they cannot accumulate in galaxies. The theory predicts, inevitably, a constant anomalous acceleration in the outer Solar system, which, depending upon the choice of parameters, can be consistent with that detected by the Pioneer spacecrafts.
Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System

We address the problem of locating users inside buildings using a radio-frequency (RF) wireless LAN. A previous paper presented the basic design and a limited evaluation of a user-location system we have developed. In this paper, we analyze shortcomings of the basic system, and develop and evaluate solutions to address these shortcomings. Additionally, we describe several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations. Using extensive data collected from our deployment, we evaluate our system’s performance over multiple wireless LAN technologies and in different buildings on our campus. We also discuss significant practical issues that arise in implementing such a system. Our techniques are implemented purely in software and are easily deployable over a standard wireless LAN.
Clinico-pathological Correlation of Digital Rectal Examination Findings Amongst Nigerian Men with Prostatic Diseases: A Prospective Study of 236 Cases

Aims and Objective: This study aims at correlating different digital rectal examination (DRE) abnormalities with histopathological results in patients with prostatic diseases. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 236 patients who underwent prostate needle biopsy (PNB). Inclusion criteria were presence of abnormal DRE findings or elevated prostate specific antigen above 4 ng/ml or both. They all had 10-core extended transrectal biopsy and specimens were sent for histopathological examination. Correlations were made between DRE findings and histopathology results. Two separate multivariate logistic regression models were created; the first evaluated the relationship of predictors (DRE findings) to the likelihood of detecting cancer and the second explored predictors of high-grade cancer on PNB. Results: Two hundred and thirty-six patients were enrolled with a mean age of 66.9 years and range of 43-90 years. Histopathology results were malignant in 102 (43.2%) and benign in 134 (56.8%). Ninety-one (38.6%) and 145 (61.4%) had normal DRE and abnormal DRE findings with cancer detection rates of 23.1% and 55.8% respectively. Nodular prostate is the most common abnormality in 63.4% patients with abnormal DRE. Each sign of DRE had different predictive value with enhanced positive predictive value when combinations of abnormalities are present. Abnormal DRE is an independent predictor of high-grade tumor. Mean Gleason scores were 4.7 and 7.1 in patients with normal and abnormal DRE respectively. Conclusion: DRE is a useful and important tool in assessing patients with suspected prostate diseases who need prostate biopsy. An abnormal DRE correlated well with prostate cancer and independently predicted high-grade disease in these men.
Peer Capitalism: Parallel Relationships in the U.S. Economy1

We gain insight into the reasons why capitalists maintain social relationships with one another by analyzing a largely unexamined type of relationship—that which links “parallel peers” or noncompeting enterprises in the same industry—and an institution—the industry peer network or IPN—that is specifically designed for supporting small, exclusive groups of parallel peers. A wide array of qualitative and quantitative data show parallel relationships in general, and IPNs in particular, to be surprisingly prevalent, especially in light of the focus of past research on horizontal and vertical relationships and institutions. In addition, analysis of parallel relationships and the institutions that cultivate them sheds light on key mechanisms by which capitalist enterprises learn from one another and motivate one another to achieve higher performance.
Searching for the Ethical Journalist: An Exploratory Study of the Moral Development of News Workers

This study gathered preliminary baseline data on the moral development of journalists using the Defining Issues Test (DIT), an instrument based on Kohlberg's (1969) 6 stages. Results show that a sample of journalists scored 4th highest among professionals tested using the DIT. The journalists ranked behind seminarians/philosophers, medical students, and physicians but above dental students, nurses, graduate students, undergraduate college students, veterinary students, and adults in general. No significant differences were found between various groups of journalists, including men and women, and broadcast and print journalists. The journalists in the study scored significantly higher on the 3 journalism-specific dilemmas than on 3 nonjournalism dilemmas.
Beyond Job Attitudes: A Personality and Social Psychology Perspective on the Causes of Organizational Citizenship Behavior

It is a well-established fact that job attitudes and organizational variables are causally related to organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), but it is unlikely that they are the only causes of this important organizational behavior. This article concerns some other possible causes of OCB. On the basis of prior research on OCB and a conceptually related phenomenon-volunteerism-we propose that two kinds of dispositional variables may play significant roles in OCB. The first of these is an individual's motives for engaging in OCB. It is argued that because OCB may serve different needs or motives for different individuals, the measurement of these motives will improve the prediction of OCB. The other dispositional variable is a personality trait-the prosocial personality orientation. Because OCB is a prosocial action and this personality trait involves prosocial thoughts, feelings, and actions, it may predict OCB better than more general personality traits. Data are presented to support the argument that.
Two New Mobile Touchscreen Text Entry Techniques

This article introduces two new mobile touchscreen text entry techniques. One is timeout-based and the other is pressure-based. Also, this work examines the effects of tactile feedback on text entry techniques. Empirical comparisons between conventional and proposed techniques show that the new techniques, as well as tactile feedback, enhance overall text entry performance.
The effects of Internet use on adolescents’ first romantic and sexual relationships in Taiwan

Internet use and digital networking are increasingly an integral part of adolescents’ social lives. This study examines the influences of Internet use in Taiwan on two important adolescent social behaviors: first romantic relationship and sexual debut. Using data from the Taiwan Youth Project (TYP), 2000–2009, the results of event history analyses suggest that adolescents’ Internet use for educational purposes reduces the rates of having a first romantic relationship and a sexual debut in adolescence, whereas using the Internet for social networking, visiting internet cafés, and surfing pornographic websites increase the rates. There are gender differences in the effects of these Internet activities on adolescents’ intimate experiences. Logistic analyses further show that Internet activities also affect the likelihood of whether adolescents have a sexual debut before a first romantic relationship. The implications of these findings are discussed in the conclusion.
Evolution of Artificial Neural Network Architecture: Prediction of Depression after Mania

Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are compared to standard statistical methods for outcome prediction in biomedical problems. A general method for using genetic algorithms to "evolve" ANN architecture (EANN) is presented. Accuracy of logistic regression, a fully interconnected ANN, and an EANN for predicting depression after mania are examined. All methods showed very good agreement (training set accuracy, chi-square all p <0.01). However, significant differences were found for stability (test set accuracy); logistic regression being the most unstable and EANN being significantly more stable than a fully interconnected ANN (McNemar p <0.01). We conclude that the EANN method enhances ANN stability. This approach may have particular relevance for biomedical prediction problems, such as predicting depression after mania.
Fast 4-way parallel radix sorting on GPUs

Efficient sorting is a key requirement for many computer science algorithms. Acceleration of existing techniques as well as developing new sorting approaches is crucial for many realtime graphics scenarios, database systems, and numerical simulations to name just a few. It is one of the most fundamental operations to organize and filter the ever growing massive amounts of data gathered on a daily basis. While optimal sorting models for serial execution on a single processor exist, efficient parallel sorting remains a challenge. In this paper we present a hardware-optimized parallel implementation of the radix sort algorithm that results in a significant speed up over existing sorting implementations. We outperform all known GPU based sorting systems by about a factor of two and eliminate restrictions on the sorting key space. This makes our algorithm not only the fastest, but also the first general GPU sorting solution.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Gynecologic Cancers. Immunohistochemical Localization and Serum Levels

The presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-dependent fluorescence was observed in almost 89% of female genital tract cancers irrespective of their histologic type. Anti-CEA serum was free of antibody to normal cross-reacting antigen. The high percentage of positive fluorescence tests did not correlate with the preoperative serum CEA levels. Double immunodiffusion tests showed different content of CEA and normal cross-reacting antigen in individual specimens of genital tract cancers.
Cultural Misunderstandings: The French-American Experience

Raymonde Carroll presents an intriguing and thoughtful analysis of the many ways in which French and Americans - and indeed any members of different cultures - can misinterpret each other, even when ostensibly speaking the same language. Cultural misunderstandings, Carroll points out, can arise even where we least expect them - in our closest relationships. The revealing vignettes that Carroll relates, and her perceptive comments, bring to light some fundamental differences in French and American presuppositions about love, friendship, and raising children, as well as such everyday activities as using the telephone or asking for information.
Using Knowledge in Management Studies

We know little about the impact of prior scholarly work. Focusing on citation frequency, studies have overlooked the question of how prior work is used. The authors argue for the development of a richer empirical foundation on which to base discussions of impact; its creation requires a situated and relational methodological approach incorporating an assumption of citation heterogeneity and comparative analyses of citation content in context with that of the referenced focal article. Conceiving focal articles as architectures of knowledge claims, the authors examine how knowledge from three award-winning articles is subsequently used during a 6-year period in 489 citations. Analyses generate a typology of prior knowledge use in citing and also disclose differences in prior knowledge use in each focal article. This situated and relational examination provides a more nuanced understanding of how prior work shapes ongoing knowledge development.
Higher human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) provirus load is associated with HTLV-I versus HTLV-II, with HTLV-II subtype A versus B, and with male sex and a history of blood transfusion.

BACKGROUND High human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I provirus load (VL) has been associated with an increased risk of HTLV-associated myelopathy, but little is known about variation in HTLV-I or -II VLs by demographic characteristics and risk behaviors. METHODS We measured HTLV-I and HTLV-II VLs in a large cohort of 127 HTLV-I-seropositive and 328 HTLV-II-seropositive former blood donors, by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction using tax primers. Multivariable linear regression was used to control for confounding by relevant covariates. RESULTS The mean VLs were 3.28 log(10) copies/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (range, 0.5-5.3 log(10) copies/10(6) PBMCs) for HTLV-I and 2.60 log(10) copies/10(6) PBMCs (range, 0.05-5.95 log(10) copies/10(6) PBMCs) for HTLV-II (P<.0001). HTLV-II VLs were higher in those subjects with subtype A infection (mean, 2.82 log(10) copies/10(6) PBMCs) than in those with subtype B infection (mean, 2.29 log(10) copies/10(6) PBMCs) (P=.005). Higher HTLV-I VL was associated with previous receipt of a blood transfusion (P=.04), and lower HTLV-II VL was associated with female sex (P=.007). These associations persisted in virus-specific multivariate linear regression models controlling for potential confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS VL was significantly higher in HTLV-I than in HTLV-II infection and was higher in HTLV-II subtype A than in HTLV-II subtype B infection. Chronic HTLV VLs may be related to the infectious dose acquired at the time of infection, with higher VLs following acquisition by blood transfusion and lower VLs following sexual acquisition.
Role of Transmembrane Domain and Cytoplasmic Tail Amino Acid Sequences of Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase in Raft Association and Virus Budding

ABSTRACT Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA), a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, possesses receptor-destroying activity and thereby facilitates virus release from the cell surface. Among the influenza A viruses, both the cytoplasmic tail (CT) and transmembrane domain (TMD) amino acid sequences of NA are highly conserved, yet their function(s) in virus biology remains unknown. To investigate the role of amino acid sequences of the CT and TMD on the virus life cycle, we systematically mutagenized the entire CT and TMD of NA by converting two to five contiguous amino acids to alanine. In addition, we also made two chimeric NA by replacing the CT proximal one-third amino acids of the NA TMD [NA(1T2N)NA] and the entire NA TMD (NATRNA) with that of human transferrin receptor (TR) (a type II transmembrane glycoprotein). We rescued transfectant mutant viruses by reverse genetics and examined their phenotypes. Our results show that all mutated and chimeric NAs could be rescued into transfectant viruses. Different mutants showed pleiotropic effects on virus growth and replication. Some mutants (NA2A5, NA3A7, and NA4A10) had little effect on virus growth while others (NA3A2, NA5A27, and NA5A31) produced about 50- to 100-fold-less infectious virus and still some others (NA5A14, NA4A19, and NA4A23) exhibited an intermediate phenotype. In general, mutations towards the ectodomain-proximal sequences of TMD progressively caused reduction in NA enzyme activity, affected lipid raft association, and attenuated virus growth. Electron microscopic analysis showed that these mutant viruses remained aggregated and bound to infected cell surfaces and could be released from the infected cells by bacterial NA treatment. Moreover, viruses containing mutations in the extreme N terminus of the CT (NA3A2) as well as chimeric NA containing the TMD replaced partially [NA(1T2N)NA] or fully (NATRNA) with TR TMD caused reduction in virus growth and exhibited the morphological phenotype of elongated particles. These results show that although the sequences of NA CT and TMD per se are not absolutely essential for the virus life cycle, specific amino acid sequences play a critical role in providing structural stability, enzyme activity, and lipid raft association of NA. In addition, aberrant morphogenesis including elongated particle formation of some mutant viruses indicates the involvement of NA in virus morphogenesis and budding.