Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A family-centered, community-based system of services for children and youth with special health care needs.

OBJECTIVE To present a conceptual definition of a family-centered system of services for children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN). Previous work by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau to define CYSHCN has had widespread program effects. This article similarly seeks to provide a definition of a system of services. DESIGN Comprehensive literature review of systems of services and consensus panel organized to review and refine the definition. SETTING Policy research group and advisors at multiple sites. PARTICIPANTS Policy researchers, content experts on CYSHCN, family representatives, and state program directors. OUTCOME Definition of a system of services for CYSHCN. RESULTS This article defines a system of services for CYSHCN as a family-centered network of community-based services designed to promote the healthy development and well-being of these children and their families. The definition can guide discussion among policy makers, practitioners, state programs, researchers, and families for implementing the "community-based systems of services" contained in Title V of the Social Security Act. Critical characteristics of a system include coordination of child and family services, effective communication among providers and the family, family partnership in care provision, and flexibility. CONCLUSIONS This definition provides a conceptual model that can help measurement development and assessment of how well systems work and achieve their goals. Currently available performance objectives for the provision of care for CYSHCN and national surveys of child health could be modified to assess systems of services in general.
Uptake of methotrexate, aminopterin, and methasquin and inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and of DNA synthesis in mouse small intestine.

The lethal potencies of aminopterin, methasquin (MQ), and methotrexate (Mtx) in mice given single i.v. injections are in the respective order of 14:5:1. Doses causing (at 1 hr after injection) 50% inhibition of the incorporation of deoxyuridine into DNA of mouse small intestine are in a different order, namely, 2:0.6:1 for 0.06, 0.20, and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively. These minute doses are close to the calculated amount of each drug that would be just sufficient to bind and inhibit all of the folate reductase in the entire animal. Since intestinal degeneration is a probable cause of death in mice given lethal doses of the antifolates, the differing cytotoxic potencies of the agents must be related to factors other than the extent of the initial inhibition of the methylation of deoxyuridylic acid. Duration of action may be the prime factor. The inhibition caused by Mtx is more reversible than that caused by either aminopterin or MQ. For maintenance of 50% inhibition for 18 hr, 30 mg Mtx per kg must be given, whereas aminopterin and MQ would have the same effect at 0.9 and 0.4 mg/kg. Comparisons of the kinetics of uptake of the agents by small intestine are qualitatively similar to those observed previously in L1210 cells in vitro . Thus, aminopterin is more rapidly cumulated than is Mtx, while the uptake of MQ is slow by contrast with both pteridine derivatives. The rate loss of MQ from intestinal tissue is also slower than that of aminopterin or Mtx. Moreover, free MQ circulates in serum for appreciably longer times than either aminopterin or Mtx. The differences in potency and duration of action of MQ and MTX may be related to differences in their respective rates of entry into and egress from susceptible cells; however, the greater potency of aminopterin remains inexplicable.
Boundary layer turbulence and flow structure over a fringing coral reef

Measurements of velocity and rates of turbulence were made across a fringing coral reef in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, to determine the effect that the rough topography has on boundary layer mixing and flow dynamics. Observations were made at two fore‐reef sites and a nearby sandy slope. The friction velocity, u*, and drag coefficient, CD, were determined directly from turbulent Reynolds stresses measured using acoustic Doppler velocimeters. Values of CD for the coral substrates ranged from 0.009 to 0.015, three to five times greater than over the sandy bottom site. The turbulence dissipation rate, ε, was determined by fitting spectra of vertical velocity to the theoretical “5/3” law expected for the inertial subrange of turbulence. There was a local balance between production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, signifying that we could estimate u* from either the mean velocity profile, turbulence, or dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. Estimates from all three measures agreed well with mean u*/Uo ranging from 0.10 ± 0.03 to 0.12 ± 0.03, indicating that existing turbulent boundary layer flow theory can be applied to flows over the rough topography of coral reefs. The bottom topography, by enhancing both reef scale and local drag and mixing levels, allows reef biota to more effectively exchange dissolved and particulate matter with oceanic waters.
A new small captorhinid reptile from the lower Permian of Oklahoma and resource partitioning among small captorhinids in the Richards Spur fauna

Two partial reptile skulls and six dentigerous fragments from the lower Permian Richards Spur locality of Oklahoma represent a new genus and species of small captorhinid reptile. Labidosauriscus richardi gen. et sp. nov. is distinguished from other captorhinids in the reduction of the height of the ridges forming the characteristic net‐like, ridge‐and‐pit cranial sculpturing of captorhinids, and the superimposition of a system of finer pits and furrows over the primary ridge‐and‐pit cranial ornamentation. Labidosauriscus richardi shares with C. laticeps a post‐caniniform tooth morphology characterized by convex mesial and distal carinae that form a distinctly asymmetrical apex in labial aspect. The description of L. richardi brings to six the number of captorhinid species known from the productive Richards Spur fissure‐fill locality. Each of these species exhibits a distinctive post‐caniniform tooth morphology (or multiplication of these teeth), which is consonant with the hypothesis of resource partitioning among the small faunivorous and omnivorous captorhinids at Richards Spur. As an ‘exhumed early Permian hill’, Richards Spur provides a unique window into early reptile diversification in a distinctive upland environment that is rarely preserved in the tetrapod fossil record.
Intravenous Treatment with a Long-Chain Omega-3 Lipid Emulsion Provides Neuroprotection in a Murine Model of Ischemic Stroke – A Pilot Study

Single long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (e.g. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) are known for their neuroprotective properties associated with ischemic stroke. This pilot study aimed to test the effectiveness of an acute treatment with a long-chain omega-3 lipid emulsion (Omegaven 10%®, OGV) that contains fish oil (DHA 18 mg/ml; EPA 21 mg/ml) and α-tocopherol (0.2 mg/ml) in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke in mice. For this purpose, female CD-1 mice were anesthetized and subjected to 90 minutes of MCAO. To reflect a clinically relevant situation for an acute treatment, either after induction of stroke or after reperfusion, a single dose of OGV was injected intravenously into the tail vein (5 ml/kg b.w.). A neurological severity score was used to assess motor function and neurological outcome. Stroke-related parameters were determined 24 hours after MCAO. Microdialysis was used to collect samples from extracellular space of the striatum. Mitochondrial function was determined in isolated mitochondria or dissociated brain cells. Inflammation markers were measured in brain homogenate. According to control experiments, neuroprotective effects could be attributed to the long-chain omega-3 content of the emulsion. Intravenous injection of OGV reduced size and severity of stroke, restored mitochondrial function, and prevented excitotoxic glutamate release. Increases of pro-inflammatory markers (COX-2 and IL-6) were attenuated. Neurological severity scoring and neurochemical data demonstrated that acute OGV treatment shortly after induction of stroke was most efficient and able to improve short-term neurological outcome, reflecting the importance of an acute treatment to improve the outcome. Summarising, acute treatment of stroke with a single intravenous dose of OGV provided strong neuroprotective effects and was most effective when given immediately after onset of ischemia. As OGV is an approved fishoil emulsion for parenteral nutrition in humans, our results may provide first translational data for a possible early management of ischemic stroke with administration of OGV to prevent further brain damage.
Workplace-based assessment: attitudes and perceptions among consultant trainers and comparison with those of trainees

Aims and method To explore attitudes and perceptions towards workplace-based assessment (WPBA) among psychiatric trainers in Wales and to compare them with those of trainees. To identify current problems and report recommendations made by survey respondents to streamline and successfully implement WPBA. An anonymous questionnaire-based cross-sectional online survey was conducted involving consultant psychiatrists in Wales and the results compared with a previous survey of specialty registrars. Results In total, 104 of 164 consultants participated (63%), compared with 81 of 88 trainees (92%). Both surveys highlighted numerous problems and negative attitudes towards WPBA. Compared with widespread dissatisfaction among trainees, trainers appear more diverse in their opinions, although considerable numbers are dissatisfied with the new competency-based system. Clinical implications Negative attitudes harboured by many trainees and trainers constitute a significant hurdle to the effective implementation of WPBA and undermine its efficacy as a tool intended to improve training. Specific measures with the potential to address various shortcomings are discussed, with a view to improving WPBA and rendering it more acceptable to both trainees and trainers – and thus facilitate improvement of training.
An innovative optimal approach to Slotted-ALOHA random access protocol

This work presents an innovative, adaptive and optimal approach for Slotted-ALOHA protocols in Satellite Networks. Most ALOHA random access protocols are based on the assumptions that: i) all the involved stations receive packets with the same rate and ii) the transmission probabilities, computed analytically, are the same for each station. These assumptions are too optimistic, since, in real scenarios, different sources receive traffic with different arrival rates: a classical approach leads therefore to a sub-optimal exploitation of the available resources. The proposed algorithm takes into account the arrival rate of the traffic, considered as generated by different services. The traffic model is then used to compute the (stationary) probabilities of the traffic arrival rate of the stations: each station is characterized by a finite set of arrival rates and each arrival rate is associated to a stationary probability. Then, an optimization problem is defined, aimed at obtaining the transmission probabilities which minimize the channel collisions; the innovation is that the transmission probabilities are associated to the traffic arrival rate and are different depending on the arrival rates themselves. The increased efficiency of the proposed solution with respect to the standard ALOHA approach is proved by means event-based simulations (performed with Matlab simulation tools). The work is partially based on research activities carried out in the framework of the EmerSat project funded by ASI (Italian Space Agency).
Association of hydroxamate siderophore (aerobactin) with Escherichia coli isolated from patients with bacteremia

Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were examined for the presence of hydroxamate siderophore (aerobactin). The incidence of aerobactin-positive strains of E. coli from the blood was greater than the incidence of these strains isolated from other sites. The presence of aerobactin and the virulence of strains of E. coli in urinary tract infection were also examined in mice. The presence of aerobactin in the strains of E. coli correlated with virulence as measured by proportion of deaths but not with renal infection. These results suggest that the presence of aerobactin may be a significant factor in the invasion of the blood stream.
Field and Morphometric Studies of Phyllobotryon Müell.Arg. (Salicaceae) in the Korup Forest Area of Cameroon

ABSTRACT Morphometric analysis of Phyllobotryon Müell. Arg. in the Korup Forest Area of Cameroon recognizes three distinct morphospecies (1–3), which show significant variation in several leaf and fruit characters. In order to clarify the taxonomy of Phyllobotryon, we conducted univariate and multivariate analyses on sixteen quantitative and four qualitative characters scored from 111 fresh samples. Analysis of Variance revealed nine significant quantitative characters from which the first three Principal Components accounted for 74.6 % of the total variation. Results from Discriminant Analysis strongly support the existence of two groups (96.2 % and 100 %) representing Morphospecies 2 and 3, but morphospecies 2 is only weakly supported (88.9 %) as distinct from morphospecies 1. Characters such as petiole length, fruit surface ornamentation, style & calyx persistence, flower and fruit orientation and leaf shape are of taxonomic importance. A comparison of our three morphospecies to literature descriptions and available herbarium specimens matched up our morphospecies 1 to the published Phyllobotryon spathulatum Müell. Arg. , while the two other morphospecies did not correspond to validly published taxa. Based on our results, the analyzed morphological variation suggests three morphological entities and one known species in the genus, and therefore a formal taxonomic status of the species rank should be considered for all three morphospecies. An identification key to taxa of the genus is provided.
Generation of neutrophil priming activity by cell‐containing blood components treated with pathogen reduction technology and stored in platelet additive solutions

BACKGROUND: Storage of cell‐containing blood components such as platelet concentrates (PCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) results in generation of biologically active compounds, many of which may be associated with adverse transfusion events. Priming of the neutrophil oxidase activity is a common characteristic of many of the biologically active compounds found in stored blood. We evaluated the priming activity of pathogen reduction technology (PRT)‐treated PCs stored in plasma or platelet additive solution (PAS) and PRT‐treated RBCs.
Na+-induced structural transition of MotPS for stator assembly of the Bacillus flagellar motor

We visualized the activation process of the MotPS complex of the Bacillus flagellar motor by high-speed atomic force microscopy. The bacterial flagellar motor consists of a rotor and a dozen stator units and regulates the number of active stator units around the rotor in response to changes in the environment. The MotPS complex is a Na+-type stator unit in the Bacillus subtilis flagellar motor and binds to the peptidoglycan layer through the peptidoglycan-binding (PGB) domain of MotS to act as the stator. The MotPS complex is activated in response to an increase in the Na+ concentration in the environment, but the mechanism of this activation has remained unknown. We report that activation occurs by a Na+-induced folding and dimer formation of the PGB domain of MotS, as revealed in real-time imaging by high-speed atomic force microscopy. The MotPS complex showed two distinct ellipsoid domains connected by a flexible linker. A smaller domain, corresponding to the PGB domain, became structured and unstructured in the presence and absence of 150 mM NaCl, respectively. When the amino-terminal portion of the PGB domain adopted a partially stretched conformation in the presence of NaCl, the center-to-center distance between these two domains increased by up to 5 nm, allowing the PGB domain to reach and bind to the peptidoglycan layer. We propose that assembly of the MotPS complex into a motor proceeds by means of Na+-induced structural transitions of its PGB domain.
Evaluation of on-road driving in people with hemianopia and quadrantanopia.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether some drivers with hemianopia or quadrantanopia display safe driving skills on the road compared with drivers with normal visual fields. METHOD An occupational therapist evaluated 22 people with hemianopia, 8 with quadrantanopia, and 30 with normal vision for driving skills during naturalistic driving using six rating scales. RESULTS Of drivers with normal vision, > 90% drove flawlessly or had minor errors. Although drivers with hemianopia were more likely to receive poorer ratings for all skills, 59.1%-81.8% performed with no or minor errors. A skill commonly problematic for them was lane keeping (40.9%). Of 8 drivers with quadrantanopia, 7 (87.5%) exhibited no or minor errors. CONCLUSION This study of people with hemianopia or quadrantanopia with no lateral spatial neglect highlights the need to provide individual opportunities for on-road driving evaluation under natural traffic conditions if a person is motivated to return to driving after brain injury.
The Consistency of MJO Teleconnection Patterns: An Explanation Using Linear Rossby Wave Theory

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) excites strong variations in extratropical atmospheric circulations that have important implications for subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction. A previous study showed that particular MJO phases are characterized by a consistent modulation of geopotential heights in the North Pacific and adjacent regions across different MJO events, and demonstrated that this consistency is beneficial for extended numerical weather forecasts (i.e., lead times of two weeks to one month). In this study, we examine the physical mechanisms that lead some MJO phases to have more consistent teleconnections than others using a linear baroclinic model. The results show that MJO phases 2, 3, 6, and 7 consistently generate Pacific–North American (PNA)-like patterns on S2S time scales while other phases do not. A Rossby wave source analysis is applied and shows that a dipole-like pattern of Rossby wave source on each side of the subtropical jet can increase the pattern consistency of teleconnections due to the constructive interference of similar teleconnection signals. On the other hand, symmetric patterns of Rossby wave source can dramatically reduce the pattern consistency due to destructive interference. A dipole-like Rossby wave source pattern is present most frequently when tropical heating is found in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific warm pool, and a symmetric Rossby wave source is present most frequently when tropical heating is located over the Maritime Continent. Thus, the MJO phase-dependent pattern consistency of teleconnections is a special case of this mechanism.
Missing Texture Reconstruction Method Based on Error Reduction Algorithm Using Fourier Transform Magnitude Estimation Scheme

A missing texture reconstruction method based on an error reduction (ER) algorithm, including a novel estimation scheme of Fourier transform magnitudes is presented in this brief. In our method, Fourier transform magnitude is estimated for a target patch including missing areas, and the missing intensities are estimated by retrieving its phase based on the ER algorithm. Specifically, by monitoring errors converged in the ER algorithm, known patches whose Fourier transform magnitudes are similar to that of the target patch are selected from the target image. In the second approach, the Fourier transform magnitude of the target patch is estimated from those of the selected known patches and their corresponding errors. Consequently, by using the ER algorithm, we can estimate both the Fourier transform magnitudes and phases to reconstruct the missing areas.
Molecular Analysis of the Enteric Protozoa Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children

Pediatric diarrhea is a common cause of death among children under 5 years of age. In the current study, we investigated the frequency of intestinal parasites among 580 pediatric patients with chronic diarrhea. Parasitic protozoa (all species combined) were detected by molecular tools in 22.9% of the children and the most common parasite was Cryptosporidium spp. (15.1%). Blastocystis hominis was detected in 4.7%, Dientamoeba fragilis in 4%, Giardia duodenalis in 1.7%, and Entamoeba histolytica in 0.17%. Protozoan infections were observed among all regional groups, but prevalence was highest among Qatari subjects and during the winter season. Typing of Cryptosporidium spp. revealed a predominance of Cryptosporidium parvum in 92% of cases with mostly the IIdA20G1 subtype. Subtypes IIdA19G2, IIdA18G2, IIdA18G1, IIdA17G1, IIdA16G1, and IIdA14G1 were also detected. For Cryptosporidium hominis, IbA10G2 and IbA9G3 subtypes were identified. This study provides supplementary information for implementing prevention and control strategies to reduce the burden of these pediatric protozoan infections. Further analyses are required to better understand the local epidemiology and transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Qatar.
Effects of methylphenidate on functional magnetic resonance relaxometry of the cerebellar vermis in boys with ADHD.

OBJECTIVE The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the effects of methylphenidate on steady-state blood volume in the midline vermis of the cerebellum in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This region was selected as it has been observed to be significantly smaller in children with ADHD. Also, in preclinical studies, the vermis has been shown to modulate forebrain dopamine systems, to influence locomotor activity, and to contain a significant density of dopamine transporters. METHOD T(2) relaxometry was used to indirectly assess blood volume in the cerebellum (hemispheres and midline vermis) of 10 boys with ADHD who were administered placebo or one of three different doses of methylphenidate continuously for 1 week. T(2) relaxation time values are inversely proportional to local cerebral blood volume. After each week of treatment, and within 1-3 hours of the boys' afternoon dose, testing for drug efficacy was performed by using objective measures of activity. RESULTS Moderate and high doses of methylphenidate increased T(2) relaxation time in a rate-dependent manner-increasing T(2) relaxation time in the most active children with ADHD and reducing T(2) relaxation time in subjects with ADHD who were not objectively hyperactive. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study supports a role for the vermis in ADHD and suggests that further research is needed to clarify the relationship between vermal size, vermal blood flow, stimulant response, and the developmental pathophysiology of ADHD.