Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Stigma Complex.

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, research on stigma has continued. Building on conceptual and empirical work, the recent period clarifies new types of stigmas, expansion of measures, identification of new directions, and increasingly complex levels. Standard beliefs have been challenged, the relationship between stigma research and public debates reconsidered, and new scientific foundations for policy and programs suggested. We begin with a summary of the most recent Annual Review articles on stigma, which reminded sociologists of conceptual tools, informed them of developments from academic neighbors, and claimed findings from the early period of "resurgence. " Continued (even accelerated) progress has also revealed a central problem. Terms and measures are often used interchangeably, leading to confusion and decreasing accumulated knowledge. Drawing from this work but focusing on the past 14 years of stigma research (including mental illness, sexual orientation, HIV/AIDS, and race/ethnicity), we provide a theoretical architecture of concepts (e.g., prejudice, experienced/received discrimination), drawn together through a stigma process (i.e., stigmatization), based on four theoretical premises. Many characteristics of the mark (e.g., discredited, concealable) and variants (i.e., stigma types and targets) become the focus of increasingly specific and multidimensional definitions. Drawing from complex and systems science, we propose a stigma complex, a system of interrelated, heterogeneous parts bringing together insights across disciplines to provide a more realistic and complicated sense of the challenge facing research and change efforts. The Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS) offers a multilevel approach that can be tailored to stigmatized statuses. Finally, we outline challenges for the next phase of stigma research, with the goal of continuing scientific activity that enhances our understanding of stigma and builds the scientific foundation for efforts to reduce intolerance.
Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus infection among heroin injectors in the central region of Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To calculate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among inpatient heroin users, and to study the relationships between these infections and patient demographics. Methods: In this retrospective study, heroin users’ inpatient records from the Alamal Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were reviewed for HIV, HBV, and HCV screening results, age, number of admissions, education, and marital and occupational status. The study took place between January 2006 and November 2012. The prevalences of HIV, HBV, and HCV and their associations to demographics were evaluated. Results: A sample of 357 inpatients Saudi male heroin users (all injectors) aged 40 (±8.6) years with lifetime admissions averaged 5.8 (±5) times were studied. Screening results revealed that 20.1% of subjects were infection-free, 56.6% had a single infection, 13.2% were infected by 2 viruses, and 1.1% were infected by 3 viruses. Prevalence of HBV surface antigen was 7.7%, antibodies for HCV 77.8%, and HIV 9.8%. A significant association was found between positive HCV and positive HIV tests. Furthermore, HCV was more common among patients aged 20-29 years, those who were unemployed, and who had primary, secondary, or postsecondary education. Finally, HBV was associated in patients aged 30-39 years and those with secondary educations. Conclusion: Contracting serious contagious viral infections is very common among Saudi heroin injectors at rates similar to those seen among injectors in Western countries. Infection control, education, and harm reduction programs are of paramount importance.
“Leave Your Footprints in My Words”—A Georeferenced Word-Cloud Approach

The use of georeferenced qualitative data has received increasing attention in recent health and behavior research, as well as participatory planning and environmental management (Forrester et al., 2015; Mennis et al., 2013). Although locally specific narratives have gained importance due to their utility in the creation of new knowledge, current techniques for visualizing and synthesizing location-specific qualitative data are limited (Dunkel, 2015). The narrative activity space data approach, in particular, has emerged as means of incorporating the relevant spatial context in human–environment relationship research. Global positioning system (GPS) tracking, combined with narrative discourse, allows for a comprehensive examination of the environmental exposure that is associated with health and behavioral outcomes (Kwan, 2012). However, little research has been conducted on techniques for analyzing and displaying georeferenced activity space data (Mennis et al., 2013). As a result, there is a critical need within the environment and planning community to develop techniques to better convey georeferenced qualitative data. As part of a larger project examining adolescents’ environmental exposure and psychological health, we collected GPS trajectory and activity diary data from 155 adolescents between 13 and 19 years of age from four Illinois cities. Data from two cities, Champaign-Urbana and Springfield (91 participants in total), were used in this visualization. Participants wore a Garmin Foretrex 301 receiver with a time resolution of every 15 seconds over a four-day period from Saturday to Tuesday. They also kept a detailed activity diary, including an open-ended narrative of how they felt as they engaged in each activity. In total, we received 498,571 and 276,828 GPS points, as well as 1457 and 639 valid narrative records for Champaign-Urbana and Springfield, respectively. Using these data, we developed an approach of generating georeferenced word-clouds to visualize the pattern of the qualitative narratives. We first used the openNLP package to process each narrative entry, calculated the sentiment score, and extracted the content words from each sentence. We then matched the narrative data with the outdoor GPS locations using the timestamps. Next, we generated
Trade, Technology Adoption and Wage Inequalities: Theory and Evidence

This paper develops a trade model with heterogeneous firms introducing a fixed technology cost and different types of skilled labor. The main contribution is to explain the effects of trade integration on the extensive margin of technology adoption and its impact on wage inequalities. The originality of this paper is to combine skilled-biased technological change with international trade theory based on heterogeneous firms in a general equilibrium model. Moreover, it provides empirical evidence supporting the main assumption and predictions of the model using plant level panel data of Chilean's manufacturing sector for the period 1990-1999. The theoretical framework offers a possible explanation of the puzzle concerning the increase in the skill premium in developing countries. The H-O-S model predicts a reduction of inequalities after trade reforms in developing countries, while there is widespread empirical evidence of an increase in the skill premium in these countries. In our model the key mechanism is related to the effects of trade policy on the number of new firms upgrading technology and on the skill intensity. Trade liberalization increases export revenues raising the probability that the most productive exporters will upgrade technology. These firms will increase their relative demand of skilled labor, thereby enhancing the inequalities.
Two-Strain Ecoepidemic Systems: The Obligated Mutualism Case

We present a model for obligated mutualistic associations, in which two transmissible diseases are allowed to infect just one population. As the general model proves too hard to be fully analytically investigated, some special cases are analy sed. Among our findings, the coexistence of the two strains does not appe ar possible, under the model assumptions. Furthermore, in particularly unfavorable circumstances the ecosystem may disappear. In this respect, an accurate computation of the basin of attrac tion of the origin is provided using novel techniques. For this obligated mutualistic system the presence of the diseases appears to be les s relevant than in many other circumstances in ecoepidemiology, including also the case of facultative symbiotic associations.
HOW MUCH DO HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK PRACTICES MATTER? A META-ANALYSIS OF THEIR EFFECTS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Although there is growing evidence that high performance work practices (HPWPs) affect organizational performance, varying sample characteristics, research designs, practices examined, and organizational performance measures used has led extant findings to vary dramatically, making the size of the overall effect difficult to estimate. We use meta-analysis to estimate the effect size and test whether effects are larger for (a) HPWP systems versus individual practices, (b) operational versus financial performance measures, and (c) manufacturing versus service organizations. Statistical aggregation of 92 studies reveals an overall correlation that we estimate at . 20. Also, the relationship is stronger when researchers examine systems of HPWPs and among manufacturers, but it appears invariant across performance measures. We use our findings as a basis to offer 4 suggestions intended to shape research practices such that future meta-analyses might answer today's emerging questions.
Regionale varianten des Schweizerhochdeutschen. Zur Aussprache des Schweizerhochdeutschen in Bern, Zürich und St. Gallen

Cet article etudie l'allemand standard parle en Suisse, tout particulierement dans la terminologie bancaire et informatique. L'A. a tente de savoir dans quelle mesure les differences phonetiques des divers dialectes influent sur la prononciation de l'allemand standard. Une enquete a ete effectuee aupres de locuteurs de Berne, Zurich et St Gall
Financing Major Investments: Information About Capital Structure Decisions

We study how 1,455 firms paid for 2,027 very large investments during the period 1989-2005. Compustat Flow of Funds data indicate that major investments are mostly externally financed. An initial reliance on heavy debt financing is reversed following the event year, as firms adjust toward target leverage ratios. Small firms issue a surprisingly large amount of equity in this process. Pecking order and market timing effects appear during the event year, but weaken in the course of completing the financing process.
Modelling and developing the information to manage an Internet Data Centre

Modelling and developing the information to manage an Internet Data Centre Jorge E. Lopez·de·Vergara, Julio Guijarro, Patrick Goldsack Dept. Ingenieria de Sistemas Telematicos Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Av. Complutense, s/n E 28040 Madrid. Spain jlopez@dit.upm. es Internet Systems and Storage Laboratory Hewlett-Packard Laboratories Filton Road. Stoke Gifford Bristol, BS34 8QZ. United Kingdom {julio_guijarro, patrick_goldsack}@ hp.com
Suspensory Materials for Surgery of Blepharoptosis: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Background Frontalis suspension surgery is considered the procedure of choice in cases of blepharoptosis. Among all the materials used in this type of surgery, ophthalmic and plastic surgeons prefer to use autologous Fascia Lata. However, during years, other autogenous and exogenous materials have been introduced. Objectives The aim of this study was therefore that of systematically reviewing the functional results and the rate of complications of different synthetic materials, as compared to autogenous Fascia Lata. The primary objective was to determine the rates of Successful Surgeries (SSs) of these materials. The secondary objective was to assess the onset of complications. The following materials were investigated: Fascia Lata, Mersilene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Silicon. Data Source and Methods Following the Prisma procedure, on January 30th, 2016 we used the following electronic databases to select the studies: MEDLINE and Scopus. Results The search strategy retrieved 48 publications that met the eligibility criteria of the systematic review. All studies were non-comparative. PTFE (n = 5) showed the best rate of SSs among the materials compared (statistically significant). Surgeries performed with autogenous Fascia Lata (n = 19) had a 87% rate of success those performed with Mersilene (n = 12)had 92% and those performed with Silicon (n = 17)88%. PTFE had the best outcome, with 99% success rate. As for complications, surgeries performed with PTFE had a higher rate of suture infections (1.9%) as compared to Fascia Lata, but lower incidence for all other complications. Conclusions Although most studies were good quality cohort studies, the overall quality of this evidence should be regarded as low due to their non-comparative design. Our data suggest that PTFE seems to be the most valid alternative material for frontalis suspension surgery, with low recurrence rates and good cosmetic and functional results.
Resin cement thickness in oval-shaped canals: oval vs. circular fiber posts in combination with different tips/drills for post space preparation.

PURPOSE To evaluate the cement thickness around oval and circular posts luted in oval post spaces prepared with different drills/tips. METHODS Extracted premolars were endodontically treated and obturated, then randomly divided into three groups (n = 5) according to the tips/drills used for post-space preparation and to the type of fiber post luted: medium grit oval tip + oval posts, fine grit oval tip + oval posts, Mtwo Post File drill + circular posts. The specimens were sectioned in horizontal slices; one slice per canal third was chosen for each post-space, resulting in three slices for each specimen. The distances between the canal wall and the post perimeter were measured on SEM images of each slice. RESULTS The fine grit tip + oval post group obtained statistically significant lower cement thicknesses than the other groups (P < 0.05), in particular in the apical third. The MtwoPF + circular post group showed the highest cement thickness, comparable to that of the medium tip + oval post group. A good post fitting in oval-shaped canals can be obtained using a fine grit oval tip combined with oval posts.
Quantum-Logic Synthesis of Hermitian Gates

In this article, the problem of synthesizing a general Hermitian quantum gate into a set of primary quantum gates is addressed. To this end, an extended version of the Jacobi approach for calculating the eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices in linear algebra is considered as the basis of the proposed synthesis method. The quantum circuit synthesis method derived from the Jacobi approach and its optimization challenges are described. It is shown that the proposed method results in multiple-control rotation gates around the y axis, multiple-control phase shift gates, multiple-control NOT gates, and a middle diagonal Hermitian matrix, which can be synthesized to multiple-control Pauli Z gates. Using the proposed approach, it is shown how multiple-control U gates, where U is a single-qubit Hermitian quantum gate, can be implemented using a linear number of elementary gates in terms of circuit lines with the aid of one auxiliary qubit in an arbitrary state.
Estimating positional accuracy of data layers within a GIS through error propagation

The positional accuracy of a GIS layer can be separated into absolute and relative components. Accepted standards for estimating horizontal accuracy in cartographic data quantify absolute positional accuracy only. However, relative accuracy values that describe variability in spatial relationships of coordinate information - such as variance of area, azimuth, and distance computations - can be valuable to research and decision making. This paper presents a technique for quantifying absolute and relative positional accuracy estimated through error propagation from a covariance matrix for affine transformation parameters. This technique was developed and tested with a spatial data set manually digitized from a simulated 1:24,000-scale map whose errors were restricted to those of the electrostatic plotter. A sequence of transformation tests was performed, using from 4 to 40 control points per test. Estimates for combined error associated with electrostatic plotting and manual point-mode digitizing were inversely related to the number of control points up to about 20. Semi-major axes for point certainty regions at a 39.4 percent confidence level ranged from 1.86 to 5.45 metres (0.0775 to 0.227 mm at map scale).
Comparative lethality kinetic curves and predictive models of F-value for Listeria monocytogenes using different sanitizers

The objective of this work was to evaluate the kinetic of inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes using peracetic acid, chlorhexidine, and organic acids as active agent, determining the respective D-, Z-, and F-values. From our knowledge, these important results from an industrial view point are not available in the current literature, mainly for organic acids, pointing out the main contribution of the present work. Lower D-values were obtained for peracetic acid and chlorhexidine, compared with the organic acids. For the reduction of 6 log10 of L. monocytogenes using peracetic acid, at 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05% are necessary 7.08, 31.08, and 130.44 min of contact, respectively. The mathematical models of F-values showed that at concentrations lower than 0.15% one can verify an exponential increase in F-values, for both de chlorhexidine and peracetic acid. The organic acids presented a linear behavior, showing slight variation in F-values, is even more effective in under dosage. The results obtained are of fundamental importance in terms of industrial strategy for sanitization procedure, permitting to choose the best relation product concentration/exposure time, aiming at reducing costs without compromising the disinfectant efficiency.
Using Human iPSC-Derived Neurons to Model TAU Aggregation

Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia are amongst the most common forms of dementia characterized by the formation and deposition of abnormal TAU in the brain. In order to develop a translational human TAU aggregation model suitable for screening, we transduced TAU harboring the pro-aggregating P301L mutation into control hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells followed by differentiation into cortical neurons. TAU aggregation and phosphorylation was quantified using AlphaLISA technology. Although no spontaneous aggregation was observed upon expressing TAU-P301L in neurons, seeding with preformed aggregates consisting of the TAU-microtubule binding repeat domain triggered robust TAU aggregation and hyperphosphorylation already after 2 weeks, without affecting general cell health. To validate our model, activity of two autophagy inducers was tested. Both rapamycin and trehalose significantly reduced TAU aggregation levels suggesting that iPSC-derived neurons allow for the generation of a biologically relevant human Tauopathy model, highly suitable to screen for compounds that modulate TAU aggregation.
Structural Basis of Cerebellar Microcircuits in the Rat

The topography of the cerebellar cortex is described by at least three different maps, with the basic units of each map termed “microzones,” “patches,” and “bands. ” These are defined, respectively, by different patterns of climbing fiber input, mossy fiber input, and Purkinje cell (PC) phenotype. Based on embryological development, the “one-map” hypothesis proposes that the basic units of each map align in the adult animal and the aim of the present study was to test this possibility. In barbiturate anesthetized adult rats, nanoinjections of bidirectional tracer (Retrobeads and biotinylated dextran amine) were made into somatotopically identified regions within the hindlimb C1 zone in copula pyramidis. Injection sites were mapped relative to PC bands defined by the molecular marker zebrin II and were correlated with the pattern of retrograde cell labeling within the inferior olive and in the basilar pontine nuclei to determine connectivity of microzones and patches, respectively, and also with the distributions of biotinylated dextran amine-labeled PC terminals in the cerebellar nuclei. Zebrin bands were found to be related to both climbing fiber and mossy fiber inputs and also to cortical representation of different parts of the ipsilateral hindpaw, indicating a precise spatial organization within cerebellar microcircuitry. This precise connectivity extends to PC terminal fields in the cerebellar nuclei and olivonuclear projections. These findings strongly support the one-map hypothesis and suggest that, at the microcircuit level of resolution, the cerebellar cortex has a common plan of spatial organization for major inputs, outputs, and PC phenotype.
Putting apes ( body and language ) together again A review article of : Clark , A . Being

Introduction In Apes, Language and Human Mind the achievements of Kanzi, a bonobo chimpanzee, are used to re-evaluate the language abilities of non-human primates. The book's authors, Savage-Rumbaugh, Shanker and Taylor, (S-RST) contend that the language achievements of non-humans are made needlessly difficult to evaluate by the anthropocentrism of traditional views of mind. A major part of S-RST's argument takes the form of a critique of what they see as the obstacles to understanding Kanzi's significance. Andy Clark's (AC) Being there: putting mind, world and body together again is equally opposed to traditional conceptions of mind, but his main thrust is positive. Although also generally opposed to anthropocentrism, Clark is primarily concerned to develop an empirical and theoretical case for the view that cognition is not handled exclusively by brains, but should instead be seen as 'distributed' in a range of ways between brains, bodies and world. Our motivation for discussing the two works together is, in a nutshell, that we think Clark's theoretical approach is a better way of thinking about Kanzi than anything S-RST offer. That is to say that while we share S-RST's view that Kanzi's story is important, we end up disappointed with their proposed interpretation of his achievements. Although Clark makes no mention of nonhuman language in Being There, we think Kanzi's achievements are appropriately understood in terms of distributed cognition. Indeed, not only do they support Clark's view of how mind, bodies and brains interact, but they also count as good evidence that human language is an example of distributed cognition. Both works, as we see them, have a common critical foil in the view that cognitive capacities, including those relevant to language, are entirely dependent on localised or specialised capabilities of the brain. Commitment to this type of 'cognitive internalism', we argue, hampers empirical understanding of how minded beings deal with world. Similarly, it hinders thinking about how apes exploit human language. Thus, by defending the view that cognition is distributed, we aim to promote new understanding of language, including ape language. Clark's distributed view was anticipated in phenomenology, and has come to be important across behavioural ecology, neurophysiology, robotics, psychology, and cognitive anthropology. To our knowledge, as yet, it has made no significant impression in the language sciences. In seeking to alter this state of affairs, we argue that it is precisely because linguistic cognition is distributed that Kanzi is able to …