Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural history of genital warts: analysis of the placebo arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine.

BACKGROUND The placebo arm of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine trials helps define the natural history of genital warts (GW). METHODS Women enrolled in the placebo arm (n = 8800) of 2 randomized trials of a quadrivalent vaccine were examined for the presence of GW for up to 9 visits over approximately 4 years. A comprehensive examination of the perianal area, vulva, and vagina prompted biopsy. Biopsy samples were analyzed by a blinded panel of up to 4 histopathologists and tested for 14 HPV genotypes (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59) by use of a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Risk factors for the development of GW were assessed. RESULTS Women were followed up for an average of 3.6 years (range, 0-4.9 years). Overall, 298 (3.4%) of 8800 participants developed GW related to HPV-6 or HPV-11 (incidence rate, 0.87 cases per 100 person-years-at-risk). In total, 520 distinct lesions were diagnosed as GW. HPV DNA was detected in 472 (90.8%) lesions, with HPV-6 and HPV-11 detected in 447 (86.0%) of these lesions (94.7% of 472 HPV DNA-positive lesions). We found high-risk HPV types in 161 (31.0%) of 520 lesions. Risk factors for HPV-6- and HPV-11-related GW included infection at baseline, acquisition of new sex partners, a higher number of sex partners, and DNA positivity at baseline for a high-risk HPV type. CONCLUSIONS We confirm the major role played by HPV-6 and HPV-11 in GW, as well as associated risk factors. A vaccine that includes these types of HPV could substantially reduce the overall burden of HPV disease.
“Using a Spoon to Claw Your Way Out of a Steel Cage”: A Candidate Works with the Frustration and Defeatism of a College Student with Inattentive ADHD and Depression

ABSTRACT Mark, a college student with attention deficit disorder, depression, and a language-based learning disability, was seen in psychoanalysis. The analytic work included defense interpretation, elucidation of unconscious themes, and construction of a life narrative. The treatment was multimodal, as is common in working with adolescents and emerging adults with learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder. The analyst prescribed stimulants and antidepressants, and referred the patient for psychological testing, tutoring, and educational accommodations. Understanding the shame associated with learning difficulties was crucial to the patient’s progress. This case report describes the beginning phase of a psychoanalytic treatment. Early transference, in the sense of reviving old objects, included feelings of mistrust and projection of harsh self-judgment. Gradually, the patient developed a reciprocal and collaborative partnership with the analyst that represented features of the real relationship, wherein Mark could internalize aspects of her that were more caring and compassionate than his own attitude toward himself (Abrams, Neubauer, and Solnit 1999). The patient developed the ability to observe himself, to recognize unconscious determinants of his behavior and to make use of the experience of transference.
Safety of sperm washing and ART outcome in 741 HIV-1-serodiscordant couples.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the safety of sperm washing and assisted reproduction technique (ART) outcome offered to serodiscordant couples with a human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-positive male. METHODS Sperm washing was performed and checked by RT-PCR on each semen sample before its fresh usage. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) or IFV/ICSI was offered according to fertility profile of each couple. Non-infected women underwent HIV testing 2 weeks before each procedure and for up to 6 months after. RESULTS Seven hundred and forty-one couples entered the study of a possible 2011 serodiscordant couples counselled over 4 years. Superovulation and IUI were performed in 581 couples, where the pregnancy rate per cycle and pregnancy rate per couple were 19 and 78%, respectively, with multiple pregnancy rate being 4%. One hundred and sixty couples were treated by IVF/ICSI, where pregnancy rate per cycle and per couple were 22 and 41%, respectively, with multiple pregnancy rate being 10%. All female partners were still HIV-1 negative at follow-up. CONCLUSION Sperm washing within a programme of reproductive counselling was proved to be safe in this large series of serodiscordant couples. The overall pregnancy rate (70.3%), independent of the procedure used (IUI or IVF/ICSI), justifies the effort of the medical team in setting up and implementing dedicated centres and of the individual patient in seeking a safe pregnancy.
Specific and generic subjects in the Italian of German-Italian simultaneous bilinguals and L2 learners

This study investigates definite articles in specific and generic subject nominals in Italian spoken by adult simultaneous bilinguals (2L1ers) and second language learners (L2ers). The study focuses on plural and mass DPs, in which German and Italian differ. The aims are to (i) compare acquisition outcomes between the weaker and the stronger language in 2L1 acquisition, (ii) see in a comparison with L2ers whether the phenomenon under investigation, which is typically acquired late (after age 6;0), lacks age of onset effects, and (iii) discuss predictions for the directionality of cross-linguistic influence. Twenty German–Italian 2L1ers and 15 advanced L2ers of Italian with German as their native language were tested in an acceptability judgment task and a truth value judgment task. The results show clear differences between Italian as the weaker and as the stronger language in 2L1 acquisition, and similarities between Italian as L2 and as the weaker language in 2L1 acquisition.
Variation in temporal [ 14 C]plankton photosynthesis among warm monomictic lakes of coastal British Columbia

Seasonal patterns of [ 14 C]phytoplankton photosynthesis (PP) were examined in six warm monomictic lakes of coastal British Columbia. Four of our study lakes followed typical lake patterns with maximum PP occurring in the spring and minimal rates occurring during the winter. However, the spring maximum occurred several weeks earlier than lakes in other climatic regions. In addition, maximum rates of daily photosynthesis were observed to occur during the winter months in Maxwell Lake, rather than during the standard growing season. All study lakes except Maxwell Lake had large Daphnia in the plankton community. Maxwell was dominated by small crustacean zooplankton implying the importance of trophic structure in mediating seasonal patterns of productivity. The four oligotrophic lakes in our study also exhibited P-deﬁciency during winter, as indicated by P-debt bioassays and rapid 32 PO 43– turnover rates. Our data suggest that these coastal oligotrophic lakes were co-limited by nutrients and light during winter. The importance of winter (November–March) photosynthetic production to the total annual carbon budget in the six lakes studied here is greater than that typically reported for other temperate zone lakes. If plankton community respiration decreases more than photosynthetic production with wintertime temperatures, then >50% of annual net pelagic carbon ﬁxation could occur in winter in some coastal lakes.
The Design of Optimal Insurance Decisions in the Presence of Catastrophic Risks

This paper deals with the development of decision making tools for managing catastrophic (low probability - high consequences) risks. Catastrophes produce rare and highly correlated claims, which depend on various decision variables, i.e., coverages at different locations, mitigation measures and reinsurance agreements. Joint probability distributions of these claims depicting their complex spatial and temporal interactions and effects of decision variables are analytically intractable. Spatial stochastic models of catastrophes can bypass these difficulties. Catastrophic models combine the simulation of realistic and geographically explicit catastrophic events with the differentiation of property values and insurance coverages in different locations of the region. Catastrophic models can be combined with stochastic optimization techniques to aid decision making on the spatial diversification of contracts, insurance premiums, reinsurance requirements, effects of mitigation measures, and the use of other financial mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to extend a two-stage spatial catastrophic model to dynamic cases reflecting dependencies of risk accumulation processes in time. This extension is important since it can be used for the analysis of decisions under changing frequencies of events and values of properties. It is also possible to incorporate catastrophes caused by the clustering in time of such events as rains and droughts due to persistence in climate. The model can be used by individual insurers, pools of insurers or regulatory authorities.
Organizational Learning: From Experience to Knowledge

Organizational learning has been an important topic for the journal Organization Science and for the field. We provide a theoretical framework for analyzing organizational learning. According to the framework, organizational experience interacts with the context to create knowledge. The context is conceived as having both a latent component and an active component through which learning occurs. We also discuss current and emerging research themes related to components of our framework. Promising future research directions are identified. We hope that our perspective will stimulate future work on organizational learning and knowledge.
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from MIPAS in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere 2002-2012

Abstract. Vertically resolved distributions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with global coverage in the height region from the upper troposphere to ~20 km altitude have been derived from observations by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat for the period July 2002 to April 2012. Retrieved volume mixing ratio profiles representing single measurements are characterized by typical errors in the range of 70–100 pptv and by a vertical resolution ranging from 3 to 5 km. Comparison with observations by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) revealed a slightly varying bias with altitude of −20 to 50 pptv for the MIPAS data set in case of volcanically enhanced concentrations. For background concentrations the comparison showed a systematic difference between the two major MIPAS observation periods. After debiasing, the difference could be reduced to biases within −10 to 20 pptv in the altitude range of 10–20 km with respect to ACE-FTS. Further comparisons of the debiased MIPAS data set with in situ measurements from various aircraft campaigns showed no obvious inconsistencies within a range of around ±50 pptv. The SO2 emissions of more than 30 volcanic eruptions could be identified in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Emitted SO2 masses and lifetimes within different altitude ranges in the UTLS have been derived for a large part of these eruptions. Masses are in most cases within estimations derived from other instruments. From three of the major eruptions within the MIPAS measurement period – Kasatochi in August 2008, Sarychev in June 2009 and Nabro in June 2011 – derived lifetimes of SO2 for the altitude ranges 10–14, 14–18 and 18–22 km are 13.3 ± 2.1, 23.6 ± 1.2 and 32.3 ± 5.5 days respectively. By omitting periods with obvious volcanic influence we have derived background mixing ratio distributions of SO2. At 10 km altitude these indicate an annual cycle at northern mid- and high latitudes with maximum values in summer and an amplitude of about 30 pptv. At higher altitudes of about 16–18 km, enhanced mixing ratios of SO2 can be found in the regions of the Asian and the North American monsoons in summer – a possible connection to an aerosol layer discovered by Vernier et al. (2011b) in that region.
Inclusive Education and Distributed Leadership: A Qualitative Research Study of Primary Schools in New South Wales (Australia) and Slovakia

This thesis explores how research participants perceive and understand the concepts of inclusive education, distributed leadership and their relationship in practice in two public primary schools: one in New South Wales (Australia) and one in Slovakia. These two schools were identified by external informants as good practice examples of inclusive education. To explore participants’ understanding of these concepts, their relationship and how they manifest in practice in the two schools, the study used qualitative research methods based on interviews and group discussions collected through ethnographic procedures. The thesis scrutinises the research problem of whether practising distributed leadership in any way hinders, assists or is irrelevant to practices of inclusive education in the two schools through two theoretical paradigms: organisational and socio-political. When looking through the prism of the organisational paradigm, the thesis exposes two main understandings of inclusive education, distributed leadership and their relationship, which offer two different answers to the research problem of this thesis. In the first understanding, practising distributed leadership principally neither assists nor hinders achieving goals of inclusive education. The concept of inclusive education is narrowly seen as a set of goals that target students exclusively, and not adult school stakeholders, while distributed leadership is only seen as a set of processes with no specific goal. In the second understanding, distributed leadership is constructed as an indispensable component of inclusive education. This understanding broadens the target group of inclusive education from exclusively students to all school stakeholders, and extends distributed leadership beyond its narrow frame of only including processes to also encompass democratic goals and inclusive values as well. The thesis exposes that both perspectives are held in the
The Influence of Centre-Based Childcare on Preschoolers’ Physical Activity Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study

The childcare environment represents an appropriate avenue to support physical activity among preschoolers. The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to measure the physical activity levels of a sample of preschoolers during childcare hours; and (2) to assess which attributes (e.g., space, equipment, policies) within centre-based childcare environments influenced physical activity. Thirty-one preschoolers from 5 childcare centres across London, Canada participated. Actical accelerometers were worn by participants for one day during childcare hours to assess activity levels using a 15 second epoch length. The Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation instrument was used to conduct a full-day evaluation of the childcare environment. On average, participants engaged in 1.54 min/h of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and 17.42 min/h of total physical activity. Sedentary opportunities, portable and fixed play equipment, and staff behaviour accounted for 49.3% of the variability in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and 14.1% of the variability in total physical activity, with sedentary opportunities, fixed play equipment, and staff behaviours displaying an inverse relationship. Results emphasize the critical role the childcare environment plays in supporting physical activity among preschoolers.
A halo-based galaxy group finder: calibration and application to the 2dFGRS

We use the halo occupation model to calibrate galaxy group finders in magnitude limited redshift surveys. Because, according to the current scenario of structure formation, galaxy groups are associated with cold dark matter (CDM) haloes, we make use of the properties of the halo population in the design of our group finder. The method starts with an assumed mass-to-light ratio to assign a tentative mass to each group. This mass is used to estimate the size and velocity dispersion of the underlying halo that hosts the group, which in turn is used to determine group membership (in redshift space). This procedure is repeated until no further changes occur in group memberships. We find that the final groups selected this way are insensitive to the mass-to-light ratio assumed. We use mock catalogues, constructed using the conditional luminosity function (CLF), to test the performance of our group finder in terms of completeness of true members and contamination by interlopers. Our group finder is more successful than the conventional friends-of-friends (FOF) group finder in assigning galaxies in common dark matter haloes to a single group. We apply our group finder to the 2-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) and compare the resulting group properties with model predictions based on the CLF. For the CDM concordance cosmology, we find a clear discrepancy between the model and data in the sense that the model predicts too many rich groups. In order to match the observational results, we have to either increase the mass-to-light ratios of rich clusters to a level significantly higher than current observational estimates, or to assume sigma(8) similar or equal to 0.7, compared with the concordance value of 0.9.
Language policy, linguistic landscape and residents’ perception in Guangzhou, China: dissents and conflicts

ABSTRACT This research studies language policy, linguistic landscape and residents’ perception of language use in Guangzhou, China, exploring the extent to which they are convergent with or divergent from one another. With the triad framework encompassing spatial practice, conceived space and lived space [Trumper-Hecht, N. (2010). Linguistic landscape in mixed cities in Israel from the perspective of ‘walkers’. In E. Shohamy (Eds.), Linguistic landscape in the city (pp. 235–251). Bristol: Multilingual Matters], linguistic landscape practice, language policy and residents' perception are conceptualized as three interconnected dimensions of linguistic landscape. Each dimension is examined independently before being compared with and contrasted to the other two dimensions. Results indicate that there are incessant conflicts and dissents in the city space of Guangzhou, especially in relation to the use of English, Cantonese and traditional Chinese characters. By showing the conflicts between multicultural/multilingual society reality and the ‘monoglot linguistic regime’ [Pan, L. (2010). Dissecting multilingual Beijing. Visual Communication, 9(1), 67–90] in the Chinese context, this study argues for the increasing importance of linguistic diversity and harmony. It also demonstrates the agency of linguistic landscape creators and the bidirectional relation in language planning between language planners and recipients.
Inertially Aided GPS Based Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) for General Aviation Aircraft

GPS was used with ultra-short baselines (2-3 carrier wavelengths) in a triple antenna configuration to obtain attitude for General Aviation (GA) aircraft. Through algorithm selection and error source calibration, accuracies of 0.1°, 0.15° and 0.2° rms were obtained for pitch roll and yaw respectively. The accuracy and robustness of the system was enhanced by combining the ultra short-baseline GPS attitude solution with an attitude solution derived using inexpensive automotive grade rate gyros. The solid state gyros allow coasting through temporary GPS outages lasting 2 minutes with attitude errors less than 6 degrees. The combined GPS-inertial system has a 20Hz output sufficient to drive glass cockpit type displays. A prototype system was built and flight tested in a Beechcraft Queen Air. The system installed and flight tested in the Queen Air compares favorably to the performance of the existing vacuum driven instruments. It is currently being used in ongoing research at Stanford with futuristic high resolution displays[1].
Spatial Analysis to Quantify Numerical Model Bias and Dependence

A limited number of complex numerical models that simulate the Earth's atmosphere, ocean, and land processes are the primary tool to study how climate may change over the next century due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. A standard assumption is that these climate models are random samples from a distribution of possible models centered around the true climate. This implies that agreement with observations and the predictive skill of climate models will improve as more models are added to an average of the models. In this article we present a statistical methodology to quantify whether climate models are indeed unbiased and whether and where model biases are correlated across models. We consider the simulated mean state and the simulated trend over the period 1970–1999 for Northern Hemisphere summer and winter temperature. The key to the statistical analysis is a spatial model for the bias of each climate model and the use of kernel smoothing to estimate the correlations of biases across different climate models. The spatial model is particularly important to determine statistical significance of the estimated correlations under the hypothesis of independent climate models. Our results suggest that most of the climate model bias patterns are indeed correlated. In particular, climate models developed by the same institution have highly correlated biases. Also, somewhat surprisingly, we find evidence that the model skills for simulating the mean climate and simulating the warming trends are not strongly related.
Effects of approach and withdrawal motivation on interactive economic decisions

Although recent economic models of human decision making have recognised the role of emotion as an important biasing factor, the impact of incidental emotion on decisions has remained poorly explored. To address this question, we jointly explored the role of emotional valence (i.e., positive vs. negative) and motivational direction (i.e., approach vs. avoidance) on performance in a well-known economic task, the Ultimatum Game. Participants had to either accept or reject monetary offers from other players, offers that vary in their degree of unfairness. A main effect of motivational direction, but not valence, was observed, with withdrawal-based emotion (disgust and serenity) prompting more rejections relative to approach-based emotion (anger and amusement) and a neutral state. These results further confirm that subtle incidental moods can bias decision making, and suggest that motivational state may be a useful framework to study such decisions. Implications with regard to emotion, cognitive neuroscience, and clinical psychology are discussed.
Peak Car and Beyond: The Fourth Era of Travel

There is emerging evidence that personal daily travel, particularly by car, has ceased to grow in the developed economies. This can be attributed to saturation of demand, given high levels of access and choice now widely available, together with constraints on higher speeds. We are therefore at a time of transition from an era of growth of per capita travel to an era of stability, in which the future factors determining the growth of total travel demand are demographic — population growth, increasing longevity, and urbanisation. The peak car phenomenon, which marks this transition, is seen in successful cities that attract a growing population whose travel needs are increasingly met by investment in rail-based transport, the revival of which is a characteristic of the new era.