Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Airborne measurements of HCl from the marine boundary layer to the lower stratosphere over the North Pacific Ocean during INTEX-B

Gas phase HCl was measured from the marine boundary layer (MBL) to the lower stratosphere from the NASA DC-8 during five science flights (41 h) of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B (INTEX-B) field campaign. In the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS, 8? 12 km) HCl was observed to range from a few tens to 100 pptv due to stratospheric influence with a background tropospheric level of less than 2 pptv. In the 8? 12 km altitude range, a simple analysis of the O 3 /HCl correlation shows that pure stratospheric and mixed tropospheric/stratospheric air masses were encountered 30% and 15% of the time, respectively. In the mid troposphere (4? 8 km) HCl levels were usually below 2 pptv except for a few cases of stratospheric influence and were much lower than reported in previous work. These data indicate that background levels of HCl in the mid and upper troposphere are very low and confirm its use in these regions as a tracer of stratospheric ozone. However, a case study suggests that HCl may be produced in the mid troposphere by the dechlorination of dust aerosols. In the remote marine boundary layer HCl levels were consistently above 20 pptv (up to 140 pptv) and strongly correlated with HNO 3 . Cl atom levels were estimated from the background level of HCl in the MBL. This analysis suggests a Cl concentration of ~3×10 3 atoms cm ? 3 , which corresponds to the lower range of previous studies. Finally, the observed HCl levels are compared to predictions by the Real-time Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) to assess its ability to characterize the impact of stratospheric transport on the upper troposphere.
Expression of the Homeobox‐containing Gene En‐2 During the Development of the Chick Central Nervous System

The expression of the homeobox‐containing gene En‐2 was analysed with the monoclonal antibody 4D9 in the chick central nervous system throughout embryogenesis. Confirming previous studies, early expression of the En‐2 protein [beginning at stage 9 of Hamburger and Hamilton (HH9)] is restricted to a portion of the neural tube containing the primordia of the cerebellum, the isthmic region and the mesencephalic grisea, and forms a double gradient decreasing both caudally and rostrally from a high point located around the midbrain‐hindbrain constriction. This mes‐isthmo‐cerebellar region contains all the En‐2‐positive germinative cells and the great majority of the En‐2‐positive postmitotic neurons throughout embryogenesis. Nevertheless, as the postmitotic neurons appear, En‐2 expression also occurs outside this region: in two columns of non‐motoneuron cells in rhombomeres two to four (between HH20 and HH30) and, from HH24 onwards, throughout the grey matter of the lumbar and thoracic spinal cord, with the exception of the ventral motoneuron columns. Here, a detailed description of En‐2 expression is provided for the mes‐isthmo‐cerebellar region at stages HH30–32 [embryonic day (E) 71, HH37 (E11) and HH46 (E21, hatching). This allows the visualization of cellular groups with heterogeneous patterns of En‐2 expression, which are specific for each group in the intensity of En‐2 expression, the distribution of the labelled cells and the temporal regulation of the gene. The use of tyrosine hydroxylase antiserum shows coexpression of the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme and En‐2 protein in the caudal part of the nuclei tegmenti pedunculo‐pontinus, the area ventralis of Tsai and the substantia grisea centralis, but not in the locus coeruleus. In the cerebellum, the first expression, which is located in the deep nuclei and parasagittal bands of Purkinje cells, is down‐regulated when the molecular layer interneurons and the granular cells begin to express the gene, at the end of embryogenesis. Finally, at hatching, En‐2 expression permits the visualization in the cerebellum of a population of small En‐2‐negative cells located around the Purkinje cells that may correspond to those described in chick/quail chimaeras as having an origin different from that of the bulk of granular neurons.
Effects of clinical decision-support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: a synthesis of high-quality systematic review findings

OBJECTIVE To synthesize the literature on clinical decision-support systems' (CDSS) impact on healthcare practitioner performance and patient outcomes. DESIGN Literature search on Medline, Embase, Inspec, Cinahl, Cochrane/Dare and analysis of high-quality systematic reviews (SRs) on CDSS in hospital settings. Two-stage inclusion procedure: (1) selection of publications on predefined inclusion criteria; (2) independent methodological assessment of preincluded SRs by the 11-item measurement tool, AMSTAR. Inclusion of SRs with AMSTAR score 9 or above. SRs were thereafter rated on level of evidence. Each stage was performed by two independent reviewers. RESULTS 17 out of 35 preincluded SRs were of high methodological quality and further analyzed. Evidence that CDSS significantly impacted practitioner performance was found in 52 out of 91 unique studies of the 16 SRs examining this effect (57%). Only 25 out of 82 unique studies of the 16 SRs reported evidence that CDSS positively impacted patient outcomes (30%). CONCLUSIONS Few studies have found any benefits on patient outcomes, though many of these have been too small in sample size or too short in time to reveal clinically important effects. There is significant evidence that CDSS can positively impact healthcare providers' performance with drug ordering and preventive care reminder systems as most clear examples. These outcomes may be explained by the fact that these types of CDSS require a minimum of patient data that are largely available before the advice is (to be) generated: at the time clinicians make the decisions.
Colorectal Cancer in Jordan: Survival Rate and Its Related Factors

Objectives. To estimate the survival rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) and determine its predictors among Jordanian patients who were diagnosed in the period of 2005–2010. Methods. This study was based on Jordan cancer registry. All CRC cases that were registered in cancer registry during 2005–2010 were analyzed using the survival analysis. The last date for follow-up was 1st Oct 2016. Results. A total of 3005 patients with CRC were registered during 2005–2010. The overall 5-year and 10-year survival rates for patients with CRC were 58.2% and 51.8%, respectively. The 5-year survival rate decreased significantly from 60.4% for the age <50 years to 49.3% for the age ≥70 years (p < 0.005). The 5-year survival rate was 72.1% for the localized stage, 53.8% for the regional stage, and 22.6% for the distant metastasis. In the multivariate analysis, the only factors that were significantly associated with survival were age, grade, stage, and location of tumor. Conclusions. The overall 5-year and ten-year survival rates for CRC were 58.2% and 51.8%, respectively. Increased age, poor differentiation, advanced cancer stage, and right-sided cancers were associated with lower survival rates. Screening strategies are needed for early detection of colon adenomas and colorectal cancer in Jordan.
Evaluating the discriminant accuracy of a grammatical measure with Spanish-speaking children.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discriminant accuracy of a grammatical measure for the identification of language impairment in Latino Spanish-speaking children. The authors hypothesized that if exposure to and use of English as a second language have an effect on the first language, bilingual children might exhibit lower rates of grammatical accuracy than their peers and be more likely to be misclassified. METHOD Eighty children with typical language development and 80 with language impairment were sampled from 4 different geographical regions and compared using linear discriminant function analysis. RESULTS Results indicated fair-to-good sensitivity from 4;0 to 5;1 years, good sensitivity from 5;2 to 5;11 years, and poor sensitivity above age 6 years. The discriminant functions derived from the exploratory studies were able to predict group membership in confirmatory analyses with fair-to-excellent sensitivity up to age 6 years. Children who were bilingual did not show lower scores and were not more likely to be misclassified compared with their Spanish-only peers. CONCLUSIONS The measure seems to be appropriate for identifying language impairment in either Spanish-dominant or Spanish-only speakers between 4 and 6 years of age. However, for older children, supplemental testing is necessary.
Service User Perspectives of a Psychoeducation Group for Individuals With a Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder: A Qualitative Study

Group psychoeducation, incorporating cognitive-behavioral techniques, is increasingly used as part of the treatment package for bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to explore service-users’ perspectives of a psychoeducation group which was run in the context of a community mental health service. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 participants who had completed a psychoeducation group for individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The verbatim transcripts of those interviews were analyzed using IPA. Three superordinate themes emerged from the data, including the treatment of bipolar disorder, perception of others, and learning from the group. From the perspectives of the service-users, positive working alliances with mental health professionals and the need for a treatment strategy that matches the individual's own approach to their illness were highlighted as benefits of participation in the group.
A Detailed Phylogenetic Analysis of FIV in the United States

Background Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus associated with AIDS-like illnesses in cats and has been used as a model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A feature of HIV and FIV infection is the continually increasing divergence among viral isolates between different individuals, as well as within the same individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings The goal of this study was to determine the phylogenetic patterns of viral isolates obtained within the United States (U.S.) by focusing on the variable, V3-V4, region of the FIV envelope gene. Conclusions/Significance Data indicate that FIV, from within the U.S., localize to four viral clades, A, B, C, and F. Also shown is the geographic isolation of strains where clade A and clade B are found predominately on the west coast; however, clade B is also found throughout the U.S. and represents the predominant clade. This study presents a complete and conclusive analysis of FIV isolates from within the U.S. and may be used as the essential basis for the development of an effective multi-clade vaccine.
The Time Course of the Loss and Recovery of Contracture Ability in Frog Striated Muscle Following Exposure to Ca-Free Solutions

Using area under the contracture curve to quantitate contractures, the diffusion coefficient of calcium ions within the frog toe muscle during washout in a calcium-free solution and subsequent recovery after reintroduction of calcium to the bathing solution was calculated to be about 2 x 10-6 cm2/sec. The diffusion coefficient measured during washout was found to be independent of temperature or initial calcium ion concentration. During recovery it was found to decrease if the temperature was lowered. This was likely due to the repolarization occurring after the depolarizing effect of the calcium-free solution. The relation between contracture area and [Ca]o was found to be useful over a wider range than that between maximum tension and [Ca]o. The normalized contracture areas were larger at lower calcium concentrations if the contractures were produced with cold potassium solutions or if NO3 replaced Cl in the bathing solutions. Decreasing the potassium concentration of the contracture solution to 50 mM from 115 mM did not change the relation between [Ca]o and the normalized area. If the K concentration of the bathing solution was increased, the areas were decreased at lower concentrations of Ca.
Decreasing pH of mammary gland secretions is associated with parturition and is correlated with electrolyte concentrations in prefoaling mares

The objectives of this study were to determine pH of the mammary gland secretions and the corresponding electrolyte concentrations in prefoaling mares. Pregnant mares (seven primiparous and seven multiparous) were monitored daily from 310–320 days of gestation until parturition. Prefoaling mammary gland secretions were collected, and pH was immediately determined with a pH meter and pH strip test. An aliquot of prefoaling mammary secretions was frozen and stored until further analyses. After parturition, samples from day −4 to 0 (day of foaling) were thawed and electrolyte concentrations (ie, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and Cl−) were determined with an automated analyser. Data were analysed via a mixed model with the mare as a random effect. Correlations were determined between pH and electrolyte concentrations by the Pearson product-moment for each pair. There was significant reduction in pH of mammary secretions on the day of foaling (P<0.0001), and most mares (11/14) with a pH ≤7 foaled within 24 hours. There was high correlation between the two pH methods (r=0.93). Additionally, there were significant (P<0.05) increases in Ca2+ and K+ concentrations, and significant decreases in Na+ and Cl− concentrations from one day before to the day of foaling. The pH of mammary secretions was highly and significantly (P<0.001) correlated with Na+ (r=0.87), Cl− (r=0.85), Ca2+ (r=−0.88); and K+(r=−0.80) concentrations, and moderately correlated with Mg2+ (r=−0.58). Daily evening pH measure of the mammary gland secretions can predict foaling in most mares.
Teaching Core Content Embedded in a Functional Activity to Students with Moderate Intellectual Disability Using a Simultaneous Prompting Procedure.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a simultaneous prompting procedure in teaching four secondary students with moderate intellectual disability to acquire and generalize core content embedded in a functional activity. Data gathered within the context of a multiple probe design revealed that all participants learned the following core content during a cooking activity: (a) reading - reading and defining age appropriate content, (b) math - computing percentages in an applied problem, and (c) science - applications of force. Practical implications are discussed for teaching academic core content within meaningful and functional activities for students with moderate intellectual disability.
Impact of nutritional index on the association between phosphorus concentrations and mortality in haemodialysis patients: a cohort study from dialysis outcomes and practice pattern study in Japan

Objectives While maintenance of both phosphorus concentration and nutritional status is a major concern in managing haemodialysis patients, the interaction between these parameters is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess whether or not nutritional index influences the association between phosphorus concentration and all-cause mortality. Design A cohort study. Setting The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Pattern Study, which included 99 representative dialysis facilities in Japan between 1997 and 2010. Participants A total of 6230 adult haemodialysis patients who had spent at least 6 months on haemodialysis. Main predictors Six categories based on time-averaged factors of the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI; the lowest two and highest tertiles) and phosphorus concentration (<3.5, 3.5 to <6 and ≥6 mg/dL). Primary outcome measure All-cause mortality rate. Analysis Time-dependent Cox regression adjusting for potential confounders. Results During the follow-up period (12 294 person-years), we noted 561 deaths (4.6 per 100 person-years), and both high phosphorus concentrations and low-middle GNRI were separately associated with all-cause mortality. The harmful effect of high phosphorus concentrations on all-cause mortality was stronger in patients with high GNRI than in those with low-middle GNRI. On the other hand, the harmful effect of low phosphorus concentrations was stronger in those with low-middle GNRI than in those with high GNRI. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) between high phosphorus concentrations and low-middle GNRI was −0.57, indicating an antagonistic interaction. We also observed a significant statistical multiplicative interaction between phosphorus concentrations and GNRI (p=0.05 by likelihood ratio test). Conclusions The association between time-averaged serum phosphorus concentration and all-cause mortality differs across the nutritional index. Accordingly, nutritional index should be considered when the impact of phosphorus concentration on mortality in haemodialysis patients is evaluated.
Metabolic fingerprinting of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions

In the post-genomic era much effort has been put on the discovery of gene function using functional genomics. Despite the advances achieved by these technologies in the understanding of gene function at the genomic and proteomic level, there is still a big genotype-phenotype gap. Metabolic profiling has been used to analyze organisms that have already been characterized genetically. However, there is a small number of studies comparing the metabolic profile of different tissues of distinct accessions. Here, we report the detection of over 14,000 and 17,000 features in inflorescences and leaves, respectively, in two widely used Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. A predictive Random Forest Model was developed, which was able to reliably classify tissue type and accession of samples based on LC-MS profile. Thereby we demonstrate that the morphological differences among A. thaliana accessions are reflected also as distinct metabolic phenotypes within leaves and inflorescences.
Aven and Bcl‐xL enhance protection against apoptosis for mammalian cells exposed to various culture conditions

A balance between proliferation and cell death is critical for achieving desirable high cell densities in mammalian cell culture. In this study, we evaluate a recently discovered anti‐apoptotic gene, aven, and examine its effectiveness alone and in combination with a member of the Bcl‐2 family, bcl‐xL. The commercially popular cell line, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), was genetically modified to constitutively express aven, bcl‐xL, and the two genes in combination. Cells were exposed to several model insults that simulate severe bioreactor environments, including serum deprivation, spent medium, and Sindbis virus infection, as well as staurosporine, a known chemical inducer of apoptosis. CHO cells exhibited DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis, after exposure to these model insults. After exposure to serum deprivation, 4‐ and 5‐day spent medium, and staurosporine, cells expressing Aven provided limited protection against cell death when compared with the protection afforded by cells expressing Bcl‐xL alone. However, the highest survival levels for all insults were achieved when Aven was expressed in combination with Bcl‐xL. In fact, Aven appeared to act synergistically to enhance the protective function of Bcl‐xL for several insults, because the protective function of the two genes expressed together in one cell line often exceeded the additive protective levels of each anti‐apoptosis gene expressed alone. Surprisingly, Aven expression provided a mildly pro‐apoptotic response in CHO isolates infected with Sindbis virus. However, CHO cells expressing both Bcl‐xL and Aven showed protection against Sindbis virus infection due to the inhibitory properties of the bcl‐xL anti‐apoptosis gene. This study shows that combinatorial anti‐apoptosis cell engineering strategies may be the most effective mechanisms for providing extended protection against cell death in mammalian cell culture. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards Joint Morphological Analysis and Dependency Parsing of Turkish

Turkish is an agglutinative language with rich morphology-syntax interactions. As an extension of this property, the Turkish Treebank is designed to represent sublexical dependencies, which brings extra challenges to parsing raw text. In this work, we use a joint POS tagging and parsing approach to parse Turkish raw text, and we show it outperforms a pipeline approach. Then we experiment with incorporating morphological feature prediction into the joint system. Our results show statistically significant improvements with the joint systems and achieve the state-ofthe-art accuracy for Turkish dependency parsing.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Mutant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastatic to the Brain

Brain metastases are a common and devastating consequence of disease progression in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib have shown efficacy in patients with NSCLC and brain metastases. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exposure to these drugs is a small fraction of the plasma levels achieved with standard doses, but disruption of the blood–brain barrier in the presence of central nervous system metastases is likely to lead to locally increased drug concentration, and dose escalation to boost CSF exposure has documented clinical efficacy. The use of gefitinib and erlotinib in this setting is reviewed here, including evidence from case reports, case series, and single-arm phase II trials. High response rates in the brain are seen in patients with EGFR mutation, or in populations in which this genotype is expected. By contrast, activity in the context of documented wild-type EGFR in disease metastatic to the brain is not common. These drugs may potentiate the effectiveness of radiotherapy to the brain, and their use may also delay development of disease within the brain. Clin Cancer Res; 18(4); 938–44. ©2011 AACR.
Experimental Test of Spatial Updating Models for Monkey Eye-Head Gaze Shifts

How the brain maintains an accurate and stable representation of visual target locations despite the occurrence of saccadic gaze shifts is a classical problem in oculomotor research. Here we test and dissociate the predictions of different conceptual models for head-unrestrained gaze-localization behavior of macaque monkeys. We adopted the double-step paradigm with rapid eye-head gaze shifts to measure localization accuracy in response to flashed visual stimuli in darkness. We presented the second target flash either before (static), or during (dynamic) the first gaze displacement. In the dynamic case the brief visual flash induced a small retinal streak of up to about 20 deg at an unpredictable moment and retinal location during the eye-head gaze shift, which provides serious challenges for the gaze-control system. However, for both stimulus conditions, monkeys localized the flashed targets with accurate gaze shifts, which rules out several models of visuomotor control. First, these findings exclude the possibility that gaze-shift programming relies on retinal inputs only. Instead, they support the notion that accurate eye-head motor feedback updates the gaze-saccade coordinates. Second, in dynamic trials the visuomotor system cannot rely on the coordinates of the planned first eye-head saccade either, which rules out remapping on the basis of a predictive corollary gaze-displacement signal. Finally, because gaze-related head movements were also goal-directed, requiring continuous access to eye-in-head position, we propose that our results best support a dynamic feedback scheme for spatial updating in which visuomotor control incorporates accurate signals about instantaneous eye- and head positions rather than relative eye- and head displacements.