Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Analysis of Social, Economic and Environmental Factors Against Mental Retardation Events

Background: mental Retardation or RM is a serious problem for the nation. Estimation of the case RM weighing about 0.3% of the entire population and almost 3% had an IQ below 70. The prevalence of disabilities RM as a whole is not yet known for sure, but the number estimated at 1 to 3% of the entire human population (Bi et al., 2016). Other researchers in the Netherlands reported that based on the population of meta analysis revealed the prevalence of RM – 1% with Division of 85% of all cases is mild, RM RM RM 10% and Moderate heavy very heavy/5% (Iqbal and Bokhoven, 2014). The purpose of the study to find out the relationship between the social, economic and environmental factors against mental retardation incident. Subjects and method: this type of research is the study of analytic observational research with approach case control. Implementation time in October-December 2016 in district of Pare Regency Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. Variables in research is the socio-economic, environmental factors and mental retardation. The sample is selected by fixed disease sampling, by comparison to 1:2 the subject of cases and controls, a number of 105 subject. Engineering data collection using the questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Logistic regression analysis using SPSS program version 21. Results: there are social relations of economic families (OR = 0.31; CI = 0.13-0.76; p = 0.009) and environment (OR = 0.36; CI = 0.14-0.75; p = 0.008) and status of mental retardation. Conclusion: there is a relationship of socioeconomic status and family environment with mental retardation.
Families Communicating About Health: Conceptualization and Validation of the Family Health Communication Quotient Scale

FAMILIES COMMUNICATING ABOUT HEALTH: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND VALIDATION OF THE FAMILY HEALTH COMMUNICATION QUOTIENT SCALE Erin E. Gafner Old Dominion University, 2018 Director: Dr. Thomas J. Socha Research on family health communication is based in part on the assumption that families actually communicate about a wide variety of topics pertaining to their health and wellness (or lack thereof). However, whether they do communicate about health and wellness, and exactly what they communicate about concerning health and wellness as well as how often, remains undocumented. To begin to address this problem of documenting the extent to which families talk about health and wellness, this study adapted Warren and Neer’s (1986) Family Sex Communication Quotient to create and report the preliminary validation of a new measurement instrument called the Family Health Communication Quotient (FHCQ). The new measurement assesses an individual’s reported levels of comfort, perception, and value regarding health and wellness communication within their family. To assess the new measurement’s convergent validity, the Revised Family Communication Patterns Instrument (Ritchie & Fitzpatrick, 1990) as well as a new Family Health Evaluation questionnaire were used. Results confirm the concurrent validity of the FHCQ instrument and found that families with high FHCQ scores were also high in conversation-orientation, more likely to talk about health and wellness topics, have a working relationship with a physician, a positive outlook on diet, and exercise regularly.
PROBING THE “30 μm” FEATURE: LESSONS FROM EXTREME CARBON STARS

Some carbon-rich evolved stars exhibit a very prominent spectral feature at ∼“30 μm. ” The C-rich nature of these objects suggests that the carrier is a sulfide, carbide, or other substance apt to form in a reducing environment. However, the carrier of this spectral feature remains disputed, with magnesium sulfide (MgS) as the most favored candidate. In order to investigate the carrier of the “30 μm” feature further, we have taken a dual approach, studying both laboratory and observational data. In order to obtain a homogeneous sample, we studied the “30 μm” feature observed in the spectra of galactic extreme carbon stars that exhibit the 11 μm SiC absorption feature. Thus, we avoid potential differences in the target objects that could contribute to the observed differences in the shape, position, and strength of the “30 μm” feature. In addition, we analyzed the shape and position of the “30 μm” features for a range of sulfide minerals for which laboratory data exist. Our study of observed astronomical features shows a range of shapes and positions for the “30 μm” feature despite similarities in the source objects. The nature of our sample argues against grain processing or temperature differences due to hardening of the stellar radiation field with evolution. While there are very few correlations between spectral parameters for our sample, the peak positions of the ∼11 μm absorption and 30 μm emission features do correlate, and these peak positions correlate with the modeled optical depth. These correlations suggest that the carriers of the observable spectral features are closely related to one another and to the density/pressure in the dust formation zone. Furthermore, we suggest that the blue-broadening of the 11 μm feature cannot be attributed to SiS2 based on existing laboratory spectra, but further lab work is needed to investigate the effect of increasing oxidation.
Altered posterior cingulate cortical cyctoarchitecture, but normal density of neurons and interneurons in the posterior cingulate cortex and fusiform gyrus in autism

Autism is a developmental disorder with prenatal origins, currently estimated to affect 1 in 91 children in the United States. Social‐emotional deficits are a hallmark of autism and early neuropathology studies have indicated involvement of the limbic system. Imaging studies demonstrate abnormal activation of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), a component of the limbic system. Abnormal activation has also been noted in the fusiform gyrus (FFG), a region important for facial recognition and a key element in social interaction. A potential imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the cortex may contribute to altered information processing in autism. Furthermore, reduced numbers of GABA receptors have previously been reported in the autistic brain. Thionin‐stained sections were used to qualitatively assess cytoarchitectonic patterning and quantitatively determine the density of neurons and immunohistochemistry was used to determine the densities of a subset of GABAergic interneurons utilizing parvalbumin‐and calbindin‐immunoreactivity. In autism, the PCC displayed altered cytoarchitecture with irregularly distributed neurons, poorly demarcated layers IV and V, and increased presence of white matter neurons. In contrast, no neuropathology was observed in the FFG. There was no significant difference in the density of thionin, parvalbumin, or calbindin interneurons in either region and there was a trend towards a reduced density of calbindin neurons in the PCC. This study highlights the presence of abnormal findings in the PCC, which appear to be developmental in nature and could affect the local processing of social–emotional behaviors as well as functioning of interrelated areas. Autism Res 2011,4:200–211. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deficiency of circadian protein CLOCK reduces lifespan and increases age-related cataract development in mice

Circadian clock is implicated in the regulation of aging. The transcription factor CLOCK, a core component of the circadian system, operates in complex with another circadian clock protein BMAL1. Recently it was demonstrated that BMAL1 deficiency results in premature aging in mice. Here we investigate the aging of mice deficient for CLOCK protein. Deficiency of the CLOCK protein significantly affects longevity: the average lifespan of Clock−/− mice is reduced by 15% compared with wild type mice, while maximum lifespan is reduced by more than 20%. CLOCK deficiency also results in the development of two age-specific pathologies in these mice, cataracts and dermatitis, at a much higher rate than in wild type mice. In contrast to BMAL1 deficient animals, Clock−/− mice do not develop a premature aging phenotype and do not develop the multiple age-associated pathologies characteristic of BMAL1 deficiency. Thus, although CLOCK and BMAL1 form a transcriptional complex, the physiological result of their deficiency is different. Our results suggest that CLOCK plays an important role in aging, specifically; CLOCK activity is critical for the regulation of normal physiology and aging of the lens and skin.
Design, Synthesis and DNA Interaction Study of New Potential DNA Bis-Intercalators Based on Glucuronic Acid

A series of novel potential DNA bis-intercalators were designed and synthesized, in which two glucuronic acids were linked by ethylenediamine, and the glucuronic acid was coupled with various chromophores, including quinoline, acridine, indole and purine, at the C-1 position. The preliminary binding properties of these compounds to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) have been investigated by UV-absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated that all the target compounds can interact with CT-DNA, and the acridine derivative, 3b, showed the highest key selection vector (KSV) value, which suggested that compound 3b binds most strongly to CT-DNA.
Meta‐analysis of genome‐wide linkage scans of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Genetic contribution to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is well established. Seven independent genome‐wide linkage scans have been performed to map loci that increase the risk for ADHD. Although significant linkage signals were identified in some of the studies, there has been limited replications between the various independent datasets. The current study gathered the results from all seven of the ADHD linkage scans and performed a Genome Scan Meta Analysis (GSMA) to identify the genomic region with most consistent linkage evidence across the studies. Genome‐wide significant linkage (PSR = 0.00034, POR = 0.04) was identified on chromosome 16 between 64 and 83 Mb. In addition there are nine other genomic regions from the GSMA showing nominal or suggestive evidence of linkage. All these linkage results may be informative and focus the search for novel ADHD susceptibility genes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntactic and Prosodic Contrastive Focus Marking in K’ichee’1

The present study analyses the syntax and prosody of contrastive focus in K’ichee’ according to the bilingual language dominance of the speakers. Results of a production task reveal that although speakers use all of the syntactic constructions mentioned in the literature, speakers that are less dominant in K’ichee’ use in situ constructions at a higher rate. The results of the acoustic analysis show that, in contrast to work on other Mayan languages, a focused constituent does not need to be moved to the preverbal, left-peripheral position in order to be prosodically prominent in K’ichee’. Furthermore, although all speakers prosodically mark a constituent for contrastive focus regardless of language dominance, the effects of language dominance on prosodic focus marking are gradient: speakers that are less dominant in K’ichee’ are more likely to mark contrastive focus to a greater prosodic degree than those that are more dominant in K’ichee’.
Effects of the “Limited Prosocial Emotions” Specifier for Conduct Disorder on Juror Perceptions of Juvenile Offenders

Despite the association that the “Limited Prosocial Emotions” (LPE) specifier for Conduct Disorder (CD) has with psychopathy, little is known about whether the LPE specifier aggravates juvenile proceedings. The present study of 294 juror-eligible U.S. citizens examined the effects of the LPE specifier on juror perceptions of juvenile offenders. Relative to undiagnosed offenders, those with a CD or CD+LPE diagnosis were perceived as less amenable to treatment and more dangerous, and received a more restrictive sentence. A CD+LPE diagnosis did not incrementally increase negative perceptions relative to a CD diagnosis. Interestingly, participants recommended less restrictive sentences for youth with a CD+LPE diagnosis relative to those showing symptoms of CD+LPE without a diagnostic label. Controlling for diagnostic status, higher levels of perceived callous-unemotional traits in youth predicted negative perceptions and recommendations for more restrictive sentences. Findings are discussed within the context of the probative value of mental health evidence within legal settings.
Co-factors related to the causal relationship between human papillomavirus and invasive cervical cancer in Honduras.

BACKGROUND A case-control study was conducted in Honduras to identify co-factors in the carcinogenic pathway by which human papillomavirus (HPV) causes invasive cervical cancer. METHODS Ninety-nine cases aged 23-65 (median 47) years participated. Two controls were matched to each case by age and clinic where they first presented for cytological screening; controls had no cervical abnormalities. Information on risk factors was obtained by personal interviews in the clinics regarding sociodemographic, reproductive and behavioral characteristics. Human papillomavirus was detected in cervical scrapes by general primer-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequence analysis to identify the different types present. RESULTS All cases had squamous cell tumours and most were FIGO (International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians) class II or higher; HPV was strongly associated with cervical cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 7.66, 95% CI : 3.88-15.1). Among HPV-positive women, dose-response relationships were observed for education, age at first intercourse and exposure to wood smoke that persisted after adjustment for previous screening. Among HPV-negative women, the number of sexual partners and parity were associated with cervical cancer. The protective effect of previous cytological screening operated independently of HPV. CONCLUSIONS Our findings speak for the powerful role that both primary and secondary education plays in fostering a lifestyle that reduces the risk of invasive cervical cancer. The data suggest that important elements of such a lifestyle include later age at first sexual intercourse, a limited number of pregnancies, greater likelihood of undergoing cytological screening and reduced exposure to carcinogens in the household environment.
The discovery of a type-II quasar at z = 1.65 with integral-field spectroscopy ⋆

In this letter we report the serendipitous discovery of a genuine type-II quasar at z = 1.65 using integral-field data from VIMOS on the VLT. This is the first discovery of a type-II quasar at z > 1 from optical data alone. J094531-242831, hereafter J09452428, exhibits strong narrow (v < 1500 km s −1 ) emission lines, has a resolved host galaxy, and is undetected to a radio flux-density limit of S5GHz = 0.15 mJy (3�). All of these lead us to believe that J0945-2428 is a bona fide type-II quasar. The luminosity of the narrow-emission lines in this object suggest that the intrinsic power of the central engine is similar to that found in powerful radio galaxies, indicative of similarly large supermassive black hole of � 3×10 8 M⊙ (assuming that it is accreting at its Eddington limit). However, from near-infrared imaging observations we find that the old stellar population in the host galaxy has a luminosity of � 0.2 L ⋆ , mildly inconsistent with the correlation between black-hole mass and bulge luminosity found locally, although the uncertainty in the black-hole mass estimate is large. This discovery highlights the power that integral-field units have in discovering hidden populations of objects, particularly the sought after type-II quasars which are invoked to explain the hard X-ray background. As such, future large integralfield surveys could open up a new window on the obscured accretion activity in the Universe.
The effects of gain versus loss framing and issue involvement on publics’ responses to nuclear energy messages in South Korea

ABSTRACT This study investigates how the public’s perceptions of nuclear power, one of the modern technologies at the center of public debate on risk issues, are influenced by gain versus loss framing in the volatile context of nuclear energy applications in South Korea. Drawing upon prospect theory as its conceptual framework, this experiment using 566 adult participants found that loss-framed messages (i.e. emphasizing the negative outcomes of not using nuclear power) were more effective in increasing participants’ message credibility perceptions as compared to gain-framed messages (i.e. emphasizing the positive outcomes of using nuclear power). Additionally, the results found issue involvement to be a significant moderator of the framing effect, by demonstrating that the advantage of loss framing was stronger for participants who were highly involved in nuclear energy issue, as compared to those who were less involved in the issue. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
DIFFERENCES IN VISUAL WORD RECOGNITION BETWEEN L1 AND L2 SPEAKERS

Abstract Investigating the impact of linguistic characteristics on visual word recognition in children, we studied whether differences in native (L1) and second language (L2) processing already emerge at the beginning of reading development. German elementary school students in grades 2 to 6 completed a battery of standardized tests and a lexical decision task (LDT). Though L1 speakers outperformed L2 speakers on German skills, groups did not differ in their overall performance on the LDT. However, results from mixed-effect models revealed greater effects for word frequency and length in L2 over L1 speakers, indicating qualitative differences in the sensitivity to linguistic information between groups. This distinction persisted across all grades and after controlling for differences in vocabulary size and reading fluency. Findings extend evidence provided for adult L2 processing, suggesting that varying language exposure shapes the development of the word-recognition system already in the early stages of reading development.
Going beyond the Recommended Primary School Curriculum as Determinant of Students' Learning Outcomes at the Junior Secondary School One.

Nigerian educators are concerned about the need to improve learners’ academic achievement in core subject areas (mathematics, English language, science, and social studies). Research, however, appears not to have focused on children who attended private primary schools in which other subjects are taught. This gap is what this study sought to examine by looking at how curriculum contents used by public and private primary schools affect learners’ performance. The study adopted the survey design. The population comprised of Nigerian children in junior secondary school 1 (JS1) who attended private primary school and those who did not. A total of 34 proprietors from 17 public and 17 private primary schools, and 680 students participated. These students were traced to their new schools. Five research instruments were used. Results revealed that private primary schools in Nigeria expose learners to extra subjects which are not recommended by the government. Significant differences exist in scores of learners exposed to extra subjects: mathematics exposed (x̅=75.3154, SD=12.98728) and not exposed (x̅=46.1100, SD=18.1); English language (x̅=74.11, SD=14.57) and not exposed (x̅ =53.15, SD=18.56); integrated science exposed (x̅=59.97, SD=15.1) and not exposed (x̅=44.51, SD=171); and social studies exposed (x̅=64.35, S.D=14.45) and not exposed (x̅=56.53, SD=18.03). The implications of these findings to educational practice in Nigeria were discussed.
Community education on cervical cancer amongst market women in an urban area of Lagos, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is one of the most common forms of carcinoma among women worldwide, accounting for about 12% of all cancers. Tragically, studies have shown generally low awareness levels on its symptoms, risk factors and prevention. This study evaluated the effect of a health education program on knowledge of cervical cancer amongst women at risk in Africa. METHOD This study was conducted in the city of Lagos, Nigeria, using a multistage sampling technique. Two model markets were chosen by simple random sampling method from a total of 10 local governments with model markets. One was designated the intervention/experimental group while the other was the control. Systematic sampling method was used in selecting 350 women comprising of 175 participants from each model market. A baseline survey on cervical cancer awareness and screening practices was carried out in both sample groups with the aid of interviewer-administered, structured and pre-tested questionnaires. Thereafter, respondents in the intervention group received sessions of community-based educational messages on cervical cancer and its prevention. Subsequently, participants in both groups were reassessed to evaluate the effect of the educational program. Data analysis was conducted with Epi-info statistical software. RESULTS Knowledge level was low on cervical cancer at baseline; only about 15% and 6.9% of participants in the intervention and control groups respectively had heard of cervical cancer. The most common sources of information were friends and media prior to the intervention. Significant increase in proportions were found in the intervention/experimental group on awareness of cervical cancer (61.7%), associated symptoms and risk factors such as early sexual debut, promiscuity and smoking. CONCLUSION It is apparent that efforts must be put in place by all stakeholders in reaching women at risk of cervical cancer through well organized educational campaigns using culturally sensitive information, education and communication.
Assessing the emergence and reliability of cognitive decline over the life span in Fisher 344 rats using the spatial water maze

The spatial water maze is routinely used to investigate hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and the biological mechanisms that underlie variability in cognitive decline during aging. The utility of the task for repeated testing in order to examine the trajectory of cognitive decline and to prescreen animals prior to therapeutic interventions maybe limited due to carryover effects of repeated training. The current study examines the role of carryover effects, as well as the reliability of individual differences, in determining age-related impairment on episodic and reference memory versions of the water maze task. Results indicate that impaired acquisition of episodic spatial information emerges in middle-age and the propensity for impairment increases with advancing age. While learning was variable across animals, acquisition deficits for episodic information were reliable across training sessions in middle-age and aged rats. A significant impairment in the 24~h retention of episodic spatial information was observed in aged animals. When animals were trained to the same location (i.e., reference memory), an impairment was limited to the rate of acquisition in aged animals. However, with continued training, all aged animals were able to acquire a reference memory and no age differences were observed in the 24~h retention of a spatial reference memory. Together, the results point to a progressive impairment in episodic spatial memory with advancing age and suggest that tests of episodic spatial memory are reliable and more sensitive than reference memory for detecting cognitive decline.