Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trials: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial

Objectives: We evaluated the hypothesis that cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor use might have counteracted a beneficial effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy, and account for the absence of cardioprotection in the Women's Health Initiative hormone trials. Estrogen increases COX expression, and inhibitors of COX such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents appear to increase coronary risk, raising the possibility of a clinically important interaction in the trials. Design: The hormone trials were randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was assessed at baseline and at years 1, 3, and 6. Setting: The Women's Health Initiative hormone trials were conducted at 40 clinical sites in the United States. Participants: The trials enrolled 27,347 postmenopausal women, aged 50–79 y. Interventions: We randomized 16,608 women with intact uterus to conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg with medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg daily or to placebo, and 10,739 women with prior hysterectomy to conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg daily or placebo. Outcome Measures: Myocardial infarction, coronary death, and coronary revascularization were ascertained during 5.6 y of follow-up in the estrogen plus progestin trial and 6.8 y of follow-up in the estrogen alone trial. Results: Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated from Cox proportional hazard models stratified by COX inhibitor use. The hazard ratio for myocardial infarction/coronary death with estrogen plus progestin was 1.13 (95% confidence interval 0.68–1.89) among non-users of COX inhibitors, and 1.35 (95% confidence interval 0.86–2.10) among continuous users. The hazard ratio with estrogen alone was 0.92 (95% confidence interval 0.57–1.48) among non-users of COX inhibitors, and 1.08 (95% confidence interval 0.69–1.70) among continuous users. In a second analytic approach, hazard ratios were calculated from Cox models that included hormone trial assignment as well as a time-dependent covariate for medication use, and an interaction term. No significant interaction was identified. Conclusions: Use of COX inhibitors did not significantly affect the Women's Health Initiative hormone trial results.
Cost–effectiveness of community-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition in children

Severe acute malnutrition affects 20 million children aged under 5 years old worldwide. Medical complications and death are common, but nutritional and medical treatment can result in good outcomes. Randomized trials of treatment after in-patient stabilization have shown community-based treatment to have similar outcomes to hospital-based treatment, at lower cost. Community-based ambulatory treatment, with in-patient care reserved for the most severe cases, is increasingly being implemented in Africa but has not been evaluated in randomized trials. Community-based treatment programs have shown favorable outcomes. Economic evaluations of community-based treatment have included cost analyses, cost and consequence analyses and decision analyses. Treatment costs have been consistently lower than for institution-based treatment. Costs of ambulatory community-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition have ranged between US$46 to $453 per child, depending on the type of care provided and the costing methods used. Recent studies have reported on costs and outcomes of similar large-scale African programs covering geographically defined populations, with ambulatory care for most children, and initial in-patient stabilization for the minority with most severe disease. In these studies the costs ranged from US$129 to $201 per child, and mortality rates ranged from 1.2 to 9.2%, depending on length of follow-up. A decision tree model based on such a program in Zambia estimated that community-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition in primary-care centers, with hospital access, cost US$203 per case treated, US$1760 per life saved, and US$53 per disability-adjusted life year gained, compared with no treatment. This latter cost per disability-adjusted life year gained suggests that community-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition is cost effective compared with other priority health interventions in low-income countries, and compared with such countries’ national incomes.
Osteoradionecrosis of mandible: Case report with review of literature

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaws, particularly of the mandible, is a long-term and serious complication of therapeutic radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. The mandible is affected more commonly than any other bones of the head and neck region. The incidence of ORN of mandible is reported to be between 2% and 22%. With the older radiation techniques, the rate of ORN was reported to be between 5% and 15%, whereas with newer techniques such as 3D conformal therapy and intensity modulated radiotherapy the rate of ORN has decreased to 6% or less. We here report a case of mandibular ORN and the literature review discusses the clinical features, pathogenesis, preventive measures, and management of ORN.
Retrieval of analogs from long-term memory: Explaining the divergence between experimental and naturalistic studies

Abstract In contrast to the experimental tradition in the study of analogical retrieval, naturalistic studies in which participants have to retrieve their own source analogs suggest that retrieval does not require superficial similarities. However, two important limitations of naturalistic studies concern the unknown availabilities of close vs. distant matches in long-term memory and the use of retrieval measures vulnerable to report bias. In the present study we complemented the procedure followed in naturalistic studies with two additional controls: (1) a survey of naturally encoded sources available in Long-Term Memory prior to the experimental session, and (2) a measure of analogical retrieval less vulnerable to report bias. A comparison between the number of natural analogs that were available in memory and those that were retrieved during an analogy generation task demonstrated that retrieval of naturally encoded source analogs—just as retrieval of experimentally learned situations—is strongly constrained by superficial similarity.
WHO 1st Consultation on the Development of a Global Biodosimetry Laboratories Network for Radiation Emergencies (BioDoseNet)

Abstract Blakely, W. F. , Carr, Z. , Chu, M. C-M. , Dayal-Drager, R. , Fujimoto, K. , Hopmeir, M. , Kulka, U. , Lillis-Hearne, P., Livingston, G. K. , Lloyd, D. C. , Maznyk, N. , Perez, M. D. R. , Romm, H. , Takashima, Y. , Voisin, P., Wilkins, R. C. and Yoshida, M. A. WHO 1st Consultation on the Development of a Global Biodosimetry Laboratories Network for Radiation Emergencies (BioDoseNet). Radiat. Res. 171, 127–139 (2009). The World Health Organization (WHO) held a consultation meeting at WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, December 17–18, 2007, to develop the framework for a global biodosimetry network. The WHO network is envisioned to enable dose assessment using multiple methods [cytogenetics, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), radionuclide bioassays, etc.]; however, the initial discussion focused on the cytogenetic bioassay (i.e., metaphase-spread dicentric assay). Few regional cytogenetic biodosimetry networks have been established so far. The roles and resources available from United Nations (UN) agencies that provide international cooperation in biological dosimetry after radiological emergencies were reviewed. In addition, extensive reliance on the use of the relevant International Standards Organization (ISO) standards was emphasized. The results of a WHO survey of global cytogenetic biological dosimetry capability were reported, and while the survey indicates robust global capability, there was also a clear lack of global leadership and coordination. The expert group, which had a concentrated focus on cytogenetic biodosimetry, formulated the general scope and concept of operations for the development of a WHO global biodosimetry laboratory network for radiation emergencies (BioDoseNet). Follow-on meetings are planned to further develop technical details for this network.
Prenatal development of murine gonads with special reference to germ cell differentiation: a morphological and immunohistochemical study

The prenatal differentiation of male and female gonads of the mouse was investigated both morphologically and immunohistochemically. Sexual dimorphism could be detected as early as 12 days post‐coitum (dpc) by the appearance of the primary elements of the tunica albuginea and positive immunoreactivity for anti‐Muellerian hormone in the Sertoli cells of the male gonad. Male germ cells passed two waves of mitotic activity, a first wave between 12 and 14 dpc, which is followed by apoptosis of the old germ cell generation, and a second wave between 17 and 20 dpc. Oct‐4 was expressed as a juxtanuclear ring in the cytoplasm of germ cells up to 17 dpc. Subsequently, it was down‐regulated and completely disappeared in 20 dpc full‐term fetuses. By contrast, M2A antigen revealed only a weak immunoreaction in some germ cells of 14 dpc gonads, but exhibited strong signals in all germ cells of 20 dpc full‐term fetuses. Therefore, we postulate that, in the mouse, prenatal germ cells represent two populations: the first is immunopositive for Oct‐4 and disappeared in full‐term fetuses, whereas the second appeared in 14 dpc and is immunopositive for M2A antigen.
Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV-4) Inoculation to Rabbits by Intranasal and Oral Routes Results in Subacute and/or Persistent Infection Dissimilar to Human Disease

Objective: We report the infection of New Zealand white rabbits with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Methods: EBV prepared in B95-8 (producer) cells was inoculated to rabbits by combined intranasal and oral routes. Blood and white blood cell (WBC) samples were taken before infection, then on days 8, 28 and 98 post-infection (p.i.). Results: Administration of either 3 × 108 (group A, 11 rabbits) or 1 × 109 (group B, 10 rabbits) EBV DNA copies per animal induced subacute and/or persistent infection. The IgG antibodies in plasma were detected by ELISA as well as by immunoblot (IB). The IB bands showed mainly antibodies to the BZRF1/Zta transactivation polypeptide (69.2%), the p54 early protein (53.4%) and to the p23 capsid protein (35.8%). No anti-EBNA1 antibody was detected throughout. Viral DNA could be detected by PCR in WBCs and/or spleen of 7 out of 21 infected rabbits (30%), while 60-80% of them showed serologic response. The transiently present EBV DNA was accompanied by LMP1 antigen. Conclusions: Rabbits developed persistent EBV infection in the absence of EBNA1 antibodies and by the lack of typical infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome. The absence of EBNA1 antibody may reflect the lack of EBNA1 in B cells of EBV-inoculated rabbits.
Regulation of the Hsp104 Middle Domain Activity Is Critical for Yeast Prion Propagation

Molecular chaperones play a significant role in preventing protein misfolding and aggregation. Indeed, some protein conformational disorders have been linked to changes in the chaperone network. Curiously, in yeast, chaperones also play a role in promoting prion maintenance and propagation. While many amyloidogenic proteins are associated with disease in mammals, yeast prion proteins, and their ability to undergo conformational conversion into a prion state, are proposed to play a functional role in yeast biology. The chaperone Hsp104, a AAA+ ATPase, is essential for yeast prion propagation. Hsp104 fragments large prion aggregates to generate a population of smaller oligomers that can more readily convert soluble monomer and be transmitted to daughter cells. Here, we show that the middle (M) domain of Hsp104, and its mobility, plays an integral part in prion propagation. We generated and characterized mutations in the M-domain of Hsp104 that are predicted to stabilize either a repressed or de-repressed conformation of the M-domain (by analogy to ClpB in bacteria). We show that the predicted stabilization of the repressed conformation inhibits general chaperone activity. Mutation to the de-repressed conformation, however, has differential effects on ATP hydrolysis and disaggregation, suggesting that the M-domain is involved in coupling these two activities. Interestingly, we show that changes in the M-domain differentially affect the propagation of different variants of the [PSI+] and [RNQ+] prions, which indicates that some prion variants are more sensitive to changes in the M-domain mobility than others. Thus, we provide evidence that regulation of the M-domain of Hsp104 is critical for efficient prion propagation. This shows the importance of elucidating the function of the M-domain in order to understand the role of Hsp104 in the propagation of different prions and prion variants.
Construction of non-subadditive measures and discretization of Borel measures

The main result of the paper provides a method for construction of regular non-subadditive measures in compact Hausdorff spaces. This result is followed by several examples. In the last section it is shown that “discretization” of ordinary measures is possible in the following sense. Given a positive regular Borel measure λ, one may construct a sequence of non-subadditive measures μn, each of which only takes a finite set of values, and such that μn converges to λ in the w∗-topology.
Mirror Movements in Essential Tremor: Prevalence and Relationship to Mini-Mental Status Test Scores

Background Mirror movements (MM) are mirror reversals of contralateral, voluntary alternating or repetitive limb movements. MM have been described in age-related neurological diseases, including essential tremor (ET). MM could represent a motor release sign. Cognitive dysfunction (especially executive dysfunction) and dementia have also been reported among ET patients. It is conceivable that MM and cognitive dysfunction in ET arise from the same underlying anatomical or physiological substrate. Hence, the underlying clinical question is whether MM are a simple and easily elicited motor marker for incipient cognitive change or dementia in ET? Identifying such a marker would have value to clinicians, and we are unaware of prior studies that have assessed this issue. Methods The Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam (FMMSE) and the Modified Mini-Mental Status Examination (mMMSE) were administered to 148 ET cases enrolled in a cross-sectional clinical study. Results MM were present in 115 out of 148 (77.7%) ET cases. In analyses that considered age, there were no differences in FMMSE or mMMSE scores between participants with vs. without MMs (all p values >0.05). Discussion These data suggest that MM, while present in a considerable number of ET cases, would not be a useful motor marker for incipient cognitive change in ET cases.
Phonological Concept Learning

Linguistic and non-linguistic pattern learning have been studied separately, but we argue for a comparative approach. Analogous inductive problems arise in phonological and visual pattern learning. Evidence from three experiments shows that human learners can solve them in analogous ways, and that human performance in both cases can be captured by the same models. We test GMECCS (Gradual Maximum Entropy with a Conjunctive Constraint Schema), an implementation of the Configural Cue Model (Gluck & Bower, ) in a Maximum Entropy phonotactic-learning framework (Goldwater & Johnson, ; Hayes & Wilson, ) with a single free parameter, against the alternative hypothesis that learners seek featurally simple algebraic rules ("rule-seeking"). We study the full typology of patterns introduced by Shepard, Hovland, and Jenkins () ("SHJ"), instantiated as both phonotactic patterns and visual analogs, using unsupervised training. Unlike SHJ, Experiments 1 and 2 found that both phonotactic and visual patterns that depended on fewer features could be more difficult than those that depended on more features, as predicted by GMECCS but not by rule-seeking. GMECCS also correctly predicted performance differences between stimulus subclasses within each pattern. A third experiment tried supervised training (which can facilitate rule-seeking in visual learning) to elicit simple rule-seeking phonotactic learning, but cue-based behavior persisted. We conclude that similar cue-based cognitive processes are available for phonological and visual concept learning, and hence that studying either kind of learning can lead to significant insights about the other.
A revised communication model for advertising: Multiple dimensions of the source, the message

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a revised communication model that describes advertising by drawing upon its kinship with crafted text rather than with everyday speech. The model expands the traditional communication triad by inscribing advertisers, promotional text, and consumers as multidimensional participants in a complex interactive process. The paper begins by presenting the rationale for treating commercial messages as written “text” and recategorizing them as more complex than the oral discourse of word-of-mouth conversations. It next summarizes the steps by which the original oral communication model is transformed from speech to literature to advertising. It then discusses the expanded triad, considering multiple aspects of the source, the message, and consumer-recipients. It concludes with suggestions for research using the revised model to investigate gaps in knowledge about source credibility, message/media effects, and the interactive consumer.
Ca(2+)‐dependent and ‐independent components of transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction.

1. When a Ca2+ chelator, bis (O‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N',N'‐tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), was loaded into the presynaptic nerve terminal of the frog neuromuscular junction (NMJ), facilitation, measured as an increase in endplate potential (EPP) amplitudes during a train of ten stimulations at 100 Hz, was greatly decreased within 20 min of BAPTA‐AM (the acetoxymethyl ester of BAPTA) perfusion, and remained at a constant low level thereafter, suggesting that [Ca2+]i at the presynaptic nerve terminal was buffered by BAPTA. 2. Detailed examination of the two components of facilitation of EPP amplitude in the BAPTA‐loaded NMJs showed that the fast component was lost almost completely, while the slow component was unaffected by loaded BAPTA. Augmentation and potentiation were also unaffected by BAPTA. 3. Under external Ca(2+)‐free conditions (with 1 mM‐EGTA), both augmentation and potentiation of miniature endplate potential (MEPP) frequency were clearly observed after tetanic stimulation in the normal NMJ, and were also unaffected by loaded BAPTA. 4. The above findings strongly support the residual Ca2+ hypothesis for the fast component of facilitation, and suggest that the three slower processes (the slow component of facilitation, augmentation and potentiation) occur independently of [Ca2+]i. This Ca2+ independence was supported by the fact that facilitation and potentiation have multiplicative effects on the amount of release. 5. The quantal content of the first EPP in the train remained unchanged throughout the time course of BAPTA loading for most NMJs. This suggests that [Ca2+]i immediately adjacent to Ca2+ channels at the active zone triggers transmitter release and is little affected by loaded BAPTA. 6. MEPP frequency was almost unchanged during BAPTA loading, suggesting that the basal [Ca2+]i remained unchanged close to the dissociation constant of BAPTA for Ca2+ (108 nM). 7. The slow component of facilitation had a multiplicative relationship with augmentation and potentiation, suggesting that the underlying mechanism for the slow component of facilitation differs from that for augmentation and potentiation.
Unicycle Robot Stabilized by the Effect of Gyroscopic Precession and Its Control Realization Based on Centrifugal Force Compensation

This study presents a new control algorithm based on centrifugal force compensation for balancing unicycle robots, as well as for improving the system's robustness. First, the mechanical structure of the unicycle robot based on gyroscopic precession is built. Second, a new control algorithm based on centrifugal force compensation is developed, whose basic method is to adopt centrifugal force to compensate gyroscopic torque for lateral balance. Third, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is further simulated in the automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems environment. Finally, balancing and interference experiments are performed on the prototype machine to demonstrate the high effectiveness of the structure and the new control algorithm. Compared with the traditional control algorithm, the simulation and experimental results have shown that the overshoot of the system and the recovery time after interference are reduced, thereby presenting the validity of the proposed structure and control algorithm based on centrifugal force compensation.
Reflecting optics in the diverticular eye of a deep-sea barreleye fish (Rhynchohyalus natalensis)

We describe the bi-directed eyes of a mesopelagic teleost fish, Rhynchohyalus natalensis, that possesses an extensive lateral diverticulum to each tubular eye. Each diverticulum contains a mirror that focuses light from the ventro-lateral visual field. This species can thereby visualize both downwelling sunlight and bioluminescence over a wide field of view. Modelling shows that the mirror is very likely to be capable of producing a bright, well focused image. After Dolichopteryx longipes, this is only the second description of an eye in a vertebrate having both reflective and refractive optics. Although superficially similar, the optics of the diverticular eyes of these two species of fish differ in some important respects. Firstly, the reflective crystals in the D. longipes mirror are derived from a tapetum within the retinal pigment epithelium, whereas in R. natalensis they develop from the choroidal argentea. Secondly, in D. longipes the angle of the reflective crystals varies depending on their position within the mirror, forming a Fresnel-type reflector, but in R. natalensis the crystals are orientated almost parallel to the mirror's surface and image formation is dependent on the gross morphology of the diverticular mirror. Two remarkably different developmental solutions have thus evolved in these two closely related species of opisthoproctid teleosts to extend the restricted visual field of a tubular eye and provide a well-focused image with reflective optics.