Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ) and Brief Calling Scale (BCS)

Research on work as a calling is limited by measurement concerns. In response, the authors introduce the multidimensional Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ) and the Brief Calling scale (BCS), instruments assessing presence of, and search for, a calling. Study 1 describes CVQ development using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a cross-validated split-sample approach with 456 undergraduates. The CVQ contained six reliable subscales that form CVQ-Presence and CVQ-Search scores, which demonstrated moderate 1-month test–retest reliability, good fit to a six-factor structure, and initial support for construct validity. Study 2 reports a multitrait–multimethod analysis with 134 undergraduates and 365 informants. Self-reported CVQ and BCS scores moderately to strongly correlated with informant reports and scores for both instruments correlated in hypothesized directions with work hope, prosocial work motivation, life meaning, and the search for meaning. CVQ and BCS scores provide psychometrically sound measures of calling, with the CVQ offering the potential for more fine-grained, multidimensional analyses.
Individual Differences in Cognitive Flexibility Predict Performance in Vigilance Tasks

‘Real-world’ vigilance tasks are difficult to perform because they require sustained and divided attention. The present study investigated whether individual differences in a person’s cognitive flexibility, the ability to abandon one cognitive strategy in favor of another, can predict performance on a vigilance task. Sixty-one undergraduate students from California State University, Northridge participated in this study. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task was used to measure participants’ level of cognitive flexibility. Vigilance was examined using a multi-screened Clock Task. Participants then performed either a nine-minute Static or Dynamic Clock task. Two variables of cognitive flexibility were found to predict signal detection. Cognitive flexibility may eventually become a useful individual difference measure that can help provide insight for vigilance training strategies.
The interactive effect of budget emphasis, participation and task difficulty on managerial performance: a cross‐cultural study

Examines the three‐way interaction between budget emphasis, participation and task difficulty affecting managerial performance within the framework suggested by Harrison (1992) with a sample of 197 functional heads from Singaporean and Australian manufacturing companies. The results support a three‐way interaction between budget emphasis, budgetary participation and task difficulty affecting managerial performance and second, cultural differences between Singapore and Australia (pertaining to power distance) which interact neither with budgetary participation nor budget emphasis. The results also suggest that high budgetary participation (regardless of budget emphasis) in high task difficulty situations and high budget emphasis (regardless of budgetary participation) in low task difficulty situations are associated with improved managerial performance in Singapore and Australia.
Adopting Employees' Ideas: Moderators of the Idea Generation–Idea Implementation Link

This study examined the possibility that the relationship between the number of ideas an employee generated and the number of those ideas that were adopted by the organization was moderated by the general radicalness of the employee's ideas (i.e., the extent to which the ideas were breakthrough or groundbreaking), the employee's intention to stay, psychological safety, and coworker support. Ninety-three employees generated one or more ideas and raters evaluated the radicalness and implementation of these ideas. Results showed a positive relationship between the number of ideas generated by an employee and the number adopted when the employee's ideas were generally low in radicalness. However, when an employee's ideas were generally high in radicalness, there was a positive relationship between the numbers generated and implemented only when the employee intended to remain a member of the organization or felt psychologically safe at work. The implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed.
Wolof noun classification: the social setting of divergent change

ABSTRACT Ongoing change in Wolof noun classification is traced by comparing nineteenth-century linguistic evidence with modern sociolinguistic data. On the rural scene, the noun class system today displays competing generalizations, associated with different social groups. Upwardly mobile middle-aged men of high caste tend to reduce the system, whereas other speakers tend to elaborate it. The source of both tendencies can be found in Wolof cultural assumptions relating social rank to norms of verbal conduct. In particular, an idea that linguistic ‘error’ can be appropriate for high-ranking persons underlies the reductionist tendencies of upwardly mobile speakers. Although the two tendencies compete on one level, on another they combine to form a more general systemic trend toward the incorporation of social features into Wolof syntax. (Sociolinguistic change, noun classification, norms for performance, ‘appropriate error’, criteria for inference of change; Wolof language of Senegal.)
The impact of service failure severity on service recovery evaluations andpost‐recovery relationships

Previous research has found that interactional justice and distributive justice are critical factors influencing customer satisfaction after a service recovery. In addition, previous service recovery research has found that satisfaction is an important determinant of key outcome variables such as trust, commitment, and negative word‐of‐mouth. The current study extends previous research by investigating the role of service failure severity within the existing framework of service recovery research. The results indicate that service failure severity has a significant influence on satisfaction, trust, commitment, and negative word‐of‐mouth. The results also provide partial support for a moderating influence of service failure severity. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.
When apes point the finger: Three great ape species fail to use a conspecific’s imperative pointing gesture

In contrast to apes’ seemingly sophisticated skill at producing pointing gestures referentially, the comprehension of other individual’s pointing gestures as a source of indexical information seems to be less pronounced.One reason for apes’ difficulty at comprehending pointing gestures might be that in former studies they were mainly confronted with human declarative pointing gestures, whereas apes have largely been shown to point imperatively and towards humans. In the present study bonobos, chimpanzees and orangutans were confronted with a conspecific’s imperative pointing gesture in a competitive context, therefore mirroring former studies that have investigated apes’ skills at producing these gestures.However, apes in the present study did not use their conspecific’s pointing gestures. Apes have been shown to use indexical information when provided noncommunicatively and to interpret other individuals’ actions in terms of motives. Thus, it is discussed whether apes treat a pointing gesture as intentional act of indexical reference.
Dissociation between skin conductance orienting and secondary task reaction time: Time course with a visual discrimination task

A dissociation between two putative measures of resource allocation, skin conductance responding, and secondary task reaction time (RT), has been observed during auditory discrimination tasks. Four experiments investigated the time course of the dissociation effect with a visual discrimination task. Participants were presented with circles and ellipses and instructed to count the number of longer-than-usual presentations of one shape (task-relevant) and to ignore presentations of the other shape (task-irrelevant). Concurrent with this task, participants made a speeded motor response to an auditory probe. Experiment 1 showed that skin conductance responses were larger during task-relevant stimuli than during task-irrelevant stimuli, whereas RT to probes presented at 150 ms following shape onset was slower during task-irrelevant stimuli. Experiments 2 to 4 found slower RT during task-irrelevant stimuli at probes presented at 300 ms before shape onset until 150 ms following shape onset. At probes presented 3,000 and 4,000 ms following shape onset probe RT was slower during task-relevant stimuli. The similarities between the observed time course and the so-called psychological refractory period (PRP) effect are discussed.
Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learning

As machine learning systems become ubiquitous, there has been a surge of interest in interpretable machine learning: systems that provide explanation for their outputs. These explanations are often used to qualitatively assess other criteria such as safety or non-discrimination. However, despite the interest in interpretability, there is very little consensus on what interpretable machine learning is and how it should be measured. In this position paper, we first define interpretability and describe when interpretability is needed (and when it is not). Next, we suggest a taxonomy for rigorous evaluation and expose open questions towards a more rigorous science of interpretable machine learning.
Newly discovered Wolf-Rayet and weak emission-line central stars of planetary nebulae

We present the spectra of 32 previously unpublished confirmed and candidate Wolf‐Rayet ([WR]) and weak emission-line (WELS) central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPNe). 18 stars have been discovered in the Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg Hα(MASH) PN survey sample, and we have also uncovered 14 confirmed and candidate [WR]s and WELS among the CSPNe of previously known PNe. Spectral classifications have been undertaken using both Acker & Neiner and Crowther, De Marco & Barlow schemes. 22 members in this sample are identified as probable [WR]s; the remaining 10 appear to be WELS. Observations undertaken as part of the MASH spectroscopic survey have now increased the number of known [WR]s by∼30per cent. This will permit a better analysis of [WR] subclass distribution, metallicity effects and evolutionary sequences in these uncommon objects.
Open Enrolment and Student Sorting in Public Schools: Evidence from Los Angeles County

I examine the relationship between student mobility associated with open enrolment and student sorting in public schools in Los Angeles County and find that open enrolment provides Latino students who attend outside their neighbourhoods access to higher quality, more integrated, schools than those who remain enroled in their neighbourhood schools. However, attendance at majority-white schools continues to be highly segregated. Therefore, while open enrolment may provide some minority students with the opportunity to avoid attending a majority-minority school, it does not undo the mechanisms through which white students remain socially and spatially segregated from their minority counterparts. The lack of meaningful interracial and cross-cultural exchange during the school-age years is a worrying trend that could lead to increased polarization and social exclusion in Los Angeles and other multiethnic cities and communities.
Exchange rate exposure under liquidity constraints

This article presents a simple model in which exporting firms are heterogeneous, both in terms of productivity and liquidity, with the latter being affected by exchange rate changes. This configuration is used to analyze the profits sensitivity to exchange rate changes. The originality of the article lies in the assumption that exchange rate shocks can either boost or depress liquidity, thus allowing one to study exposure in different scenarios. The model predicts that the sensitivity of a firm’s profits to exchange rate changes depends on its financial condition: an increase in the cost of external funds makes profits less sensitive to exchange rate shocks when a firm’s liquidity decreases following a depreciation of the domestic currency. The predictions of the model are tested using a large data set of French exporting firms: results confirm that for firms whose liquidity is negatively correlated with exchange rate movements, an increase in financial costs lowers exposure.
Suicidal and death ideation in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, disabling illness affecting primarily the elderly and is associated with a high prevalence of depression. Although these are known risk factors for suicidal and death ideation, little is known about the prevalence and correlates of such ideation in PD. A convenience sample of 116 outpatients with idiopathic PD at two movement disorders centers were administered a modified Paykel Scale for suicidal and death ideation, as well as an extensive psychiatric, neuropsychological, and neurological battery. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the correlates of suicidal or death ideation. Current death ideation (28%) or suicide ideation (11%) were present in 30% of the sample, and 4% had a lifetime suicide attempt. On univariate logistic regression analysis, increasing severity of depression (odds ratio = 2.92, 95% CI 2.01–4.24, P < 0.001), impulse control disorder (ICD) behaviors sometime during PD (odds ratio = 6.08, 95% CI 1.90–19.49, P = 0.002), and psychosis (odds ratio = 2.45, 95% CI 1.05–5.69, P = 0.04) were associated with either ideation. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, only increasing severity of depressive symptoms (odds ratio = 2.76, 95% CI 1.88–4.07, P < 0.001) predicted suicidal or death ideation. In conclusion, active suicidal or death ideation occurs in up to one‐third of PD patients. Comorbid psychiatric disorders, more than PD‐related disease variables, are associated with this ideation, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach to the clinical care of PD patients. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Boundary integral formulation for the electrical response of a nerve to an extracellular stimulation

We present a two-dimensional boundary integral formulation of nerve impulse propagation. A nerve impulse is a potential difference across the cellular membrane that propagates along the nerve fiber. The traveling transmembrane potential is produced by the transfer of ionic species between the intra- and extra-cellular mediums. This current flux across the membrane-composed of conduction, diffusion and capacitive terms- is regulated by passive and active mechanisms that are highly complicated to describe mathematically from a microscopic point of view. Based on the Hodgkin and Huxley axon model, we propose a well-posed integral formulation based on a quasi-static approximation amenable to time-stepping schemes and discuss first results.
A Study on Late Closure in Spanish: Principle-grounded vs. Frequency-based Accounts of Attachment Preferences

A much-debated issue in current research on sentence parsing concerns the resolution of attachment ambiguities. Parsing theories differ on the procedures used to guide on-line attachment decisions: principle-grounded theories (e.g. garden-path/ construal) propose universal principles that minimize processing load; frequency-based accounts (such as linguistic tuning) claim that attachment decisions are shaped by readers’ previous experience with their particular language; lexically based models, in turn, assert that attachment choices are determined by the properties of individual lexical items in the sentence. This paper reports six studies on late closure in the resolution of attachment ambiguities in Spanish: a questionnaire study on attachment preferences and three self-paced reading experiments where ambiguous PPs could be attached as arguments of two VP-hosts in NP-VP1-NPVP2-PP structures. The results show a clear preference towards low attachment (late closure), thus supporting principle-grounded theories. In addition, two corpus studies were carried out to obtain records of relative frequencies of the attachment choices involved in the experiments. A coarse-grained measure revealed that, in accordance with linguistic tuning, low-attachment structures are more common in Spanish NP-VP1-NP-VP2-PP sentences. However, a fine-grained count showed that low-attachment preferences cannot be explained by arguing that the specific verbs positioned lower on the tree (VP2) are more likely to take an extra argument than those located at a higher position (VP1), as lexical models would assume.
Oncocytic Carcinoma of the Submandibular Gland

Oncocytic carcinoma (OC) of the submandibular gland is extremely rare. A 76-year-old man complained of a painless tumor of the right neck. Ultrasonography demonstrated swelling in the lymph nodes of the neck, and fine-needle aspiration cytology of a node showed metastatic carcinoma with oncocytic features. Radical surgery revealed infiltrating carcinoma of the right submandibular gland with lymph node metastases (19/23). Tumor cells showed less atypia and had abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, which stained deep blue with phosphotungstic acid–hematoxylin stain. The cells were immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin 7 but negative for p63 and SOX10. We diagnosed the tumor as OC. Chemoradiotherapy was performed after surgery. The patient showed no sign of recurrence until 42 months after the operation, when lymph node swelling was detected in the mediastinum by computed tomography scanning. With no further treatment, the patient is alive with lymph node swellings in the mediastinum and pulmonary hilum 80 months after surgery.
Implicit Theories and Evaluative Processes in Person Cognition

Abstract Evaluative processes are often considered to be a cornerstone of social perception. The present study seeks to understand an individual-difference factor that is linked to evaluative processing. Specifically, past studies have shown that individuals who believe that people have fixed traits (“entity theorists”) are more inclined to diagnose traits from person information than are those who believe that people's personality is malleable (“incremental theorists”). Because evaluation is typically an integral part of trait diagnosis, we hypothesized that relative to incremental theorists, entity theorists would process person information in a more evaluative manner. To test this, subjects were presented with the test scores of a fictitious pilot trainee. Later, they were asked to perform on a priming task in which the test scores were used as primes on some trials. As predicted, entity theorists' response times indicated that they attached evaluative meaning to the test scores, but those of incremental theorists did not. In addition, subjects' judgments of the trainee's performance and recall of his test scores suggested different processing strategies among entity theorists than among incremental theorists.
The cognitive ripple of social norms communications

Social norms marketing has become a widely used technique for promoting pro-social behaviors, however, little is known about the cognitive changes produced by these interventions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent and durability of changes in normative beliefs following a one-shot social norms communication. Participants were surveyed immediately following the intervention, one week later, and one month later. Results showed that (1) normative beliefs spilled over to behaviors and referents not specified in the original message; (2) communication and self-knowledge both contributed to participants’ normative belief estimates; and (3) the change in normative beliefs over the one-month period was consistent with Miller and Prentice’s (1996) theory of normative belief construction. Possible explanations for the spillover effect are discussed.
Integrating Social and Personal Theories of Achievement Striving

Empirical research clearly documents that attributions of failure to lack of ability result in less punishment from others than do ascriptions to lack of effort. In addition, personal attributions of failure to lack of ability result in worse subsequent performance than do ascriptions to an absence of effort. This paper provides a conceptual analysis of these empirical findings. The interpretation is guided by a taxonomy of causal thinking and by presuming that emotions mediate between causal thinking and action. In addition, a distinction is drawn between a process versus a functional understanding of achievement strivings.
Exploring Learning Style Preferences of Chinese Postgraduate Students in Australian Transnational Programs

Abstract In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of Chinese international students on Australian university campuses and in offshore programs. Therefore there is a need to seek a better understanding of their learning styles in order to cater to their needs and support their transition to new academic environments. This study explores the learning style preferences reported by two groups of Chinese students enrolled in two Australian offshore Masters courses. Using the pre- and post-questionnaire method, this study examined the students’ self-reported learning style preferences after exposure to Western pedagogical practices. The study revealed limited changes in the students’ self-reported learning style preferences after one intensive teaching week. Comparison of the responses was made between the two groups located in different regions in China. The findings contradict the assumption that Chinese learners from different places have homogeneous approaches to learning. The study also critically examined the widely held view that Chinese learners prefer passive and teacher-directed learning. Australian academics should consider international students’ learning style preferences and adapt their pedagogical practices to students’ needs.
Compensation between warmth and competence: Antecedents and consequences of a negative relation between the two fundamental dimensions of social perception

In the present chapter we first review research that has identified two fundamental dimensions of social perception. Having defined these two dimensions, we then present the results of a research program conducted to explore the relationship between them. In general, using both experimental and correlational data, we find evidence of a compensation effect between the two dimensions when two targets are compared. That is, when one target is judged more positively on one of the two fundamental dimensions, the second is judged more positively on the other dimension. We show that this compensation effect is confined to these two fundamental dimensions rather than something that more broadly characterises comparative judgements on any two judgemental dimensions. We then explore the importance of this compensation effect for the formation, maintenance, confirmation, and communication of mixed stereotypes of social groups.
Introductory Textbooks and Psychology's Core Concepts

Is there a core set of key concepts that defines a common language for introductory psychology? A content analysis of the glossaries of 10 major introductory psychology textbooks identified 2,505 different terms and concepts. Only 64 items (< 3%) were common to all glossaries; approximately half (49%) appeared in only 1 glossary. Ratings of item importance by a national sample of 191 instructors indicated moderate agreement between instructors and authors as to what constitutes a key concept. These results, and those of previous studies, pose a serious dilemma for those who wish to follow the prescription that “less is more” in content coverage in the introductory course. Just what should that “less” be?