Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scaling up diagnostic testing, treatment and surveillance for malaria

Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site Th e designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. Th e mention of specifi c companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Th e responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Th e WHO Global Malaria Programme would like to acknowledge the fi nancial support provided by the United Kingdom Government for the launch of the T3 initiative. WHO/GMP is also grateful to Malaria No More US for their support in developing the T3 concept and associated information products. 3 During the past decade, investments in malaria prevention and control have created unparalleled momentum and saved more than a million lives. Malaria mortality rates have been cut by over a quarter worldwide, and by one third in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. However, malaria transmission still occurs in 99 countries and the disease caused an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010, mainly among children under fi ve years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. 1 It is vital that malaria remains high on the political agenda in both malaria-endemic and donor countries, and that investments are scaled up further to support prevention, control and elimination eff orts. In 2008, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon set the target of achieving universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets and other essential malaria control interventions by …
Phosphorylation of Serine 114 on Atg32 mediates mitophagy

Mitophagy, which selectively degrades mitochondria via autophagy, has a significant role in mitochondrial quality control. When autophagy selects mitochondria as a cargo, Atg32 is bound by Atg11. It is shown that the phosphorylation of Atg32, especially phosphorylation of Ser-114 on Atg32, mediates the Atg11–Atg32 interaction and mitophagy.
Promoting Spillover: How Past Behaviors Increase Environmental Intentions by Cueing Self-Perceptions

Behavioral spillover theory has potential for promoting meaningful behavior change. Spillover occurs when engagement in environmental behaviors affects the adoption of other environmental behaviors. By testing a new experimental model of spillover, this article is the first to concurrently investigate three predicted mechanisms of spillover—self-identity, self-efficacy, and contribution ethic—on different types of environmental behavior. The experimental spillover model examined how triggering self-perceptions (i.e., self-identity, self-efficacy, and contribution ethic) may influence the likelihood of spillover to occur from engagement in household behaviors to intentions for other environmental behaviors. Triggering self-identity was associated with increased private- and public-sphere intentions. Contrary to expectations, contribution ethic was not associated with decreased intentions, and instead was associated with increased public-sphere intentions. Self-efficacy did not uniquely influence intentions. These findings demonstrate that everyday behaviors can provide an “entry point” for other behaviors, strengthening self-perceptions and generating positive spillover.
The dynamics of learning engagement and its relationship with teachers’ classroom practices in primary school

ABSTRACT The current study was part of a larger project which examined teachers’ classroom practices and relationships with students’ learning engagement in primary-school education in Estonia. The focus was the role of autonomy supportive and structured teaching on learning engagement. Two primary-school teachers and their 46 students were selected for this study. The aim of the study was to explore how teachers’ classroom practices influence students’ learning engagement over two years during grade two and grade four of the educational system. Three trained observers rated classroom practices and students self-reported learning engagement. The results highlight primary students’ high-learning engagement, and did not confirm an expectation that low-autonomy-supportive teaching results in low-learning engagement in primary school.
Some no-go theorems for string duals of non-relativistic Lifshitz-like theories

We study possibilities of string theory embeddings of the gravity duals for non-relativistic Lifshitz-like theories with anisotropic scale invariance. We search classical solutions in type IIA and eleven-dimensional supergravities which are expected to be dual to (2+1)-dimensional Lifshitz-like theories. Under reasonable ansatze, we prove that such gravity duals in the supergravities are not possible. We also discuss a possible physical reason behind this.
Dlx5 and Dlx6 Regulate the Development of Parvalbumin-Expressing Cortical Interneurons

Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are expressed in developing and mature cortical interneurons. Simultaneous deletion of Dlx5 and 6 results in exencephaly of the anterior brain; despite this defect, prenatal basal ganglia differentiation appeared largely intact, while tangential migration of Lhx6+ and Mafb+ interneurons to the cortex was reduced and disordered. The migration deficits were associated with reduced CXCR4 expression. Transplantation of mutant immature interneurons into a wild-type brain demonstrated that loss of either Dlx5 or Dlx5&6 preferentially reduced the number of mature parvalbumin+ interneurons; those parvalbumin+ interneurons that were present had increased dendritic branching. Dlx5/6+/− mice, which appear normal histologically, show spontaneous electrographic seizures and reduced power of gamma oscillations. Thus, Dlx5&6 appeared to be required for development and function of somal innervating (parvalbumin+) neocortical interneurons. This contrasts with Dlx1, whose function is required for dendrite innervating (calretinin+, somatostatin+, and neuropeptide Y+) interneurons (Cobos et al., 2005).
Tyrosine hydroxylase cells appearing in the mouse striatum after dopamine denervation are likely to be projection neurones regulated by l‐DOPA

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunoreactive (ir) neurones are detected in the striatum of animals after dopamine depletion and also in human parkinsonian patients. Although there is extensive evidence for TH‐ir neurones in the lesioned rodent striatum, there are few details regarding the molecular phenotype of these neurones, regulation of their TH expression after l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) treatment and their function. In the present study, we examined the time‐course of appearance of TH‐ir neurones in the mouse striatum after 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesion and determined their molecular phenotype. We found that TH‐ir neurones appeared in the striatum as early as 3 days after a 6‐OHDA lesion. By 1 week after the lesion, the number of TH‐ir neurones started to decrease and this decrease progressed significantly over time. Treatment with L‐DOPA increased both the number of TH‐ir neurones and the intensity of their immunolabelling. The TH‐ir neurones that appear after the 6‐OHDA lesion in the striatum are not newly generated cells as they did not incorporate 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine. We found that the vast majority of TH‐ir neurones colocalized with dynorphin and enkephalin, suggesting that they are projection neurones of the direct and indirect striatal output pathways. TH‐ir neurones did not express the dopamine transporter but half of them expressed amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme required for dopamine synthesis. Finally, striatal TH‐ir neurones are functionally active, expressing the neuronal activation marker FosB in response to L‐DOPA treatment. Promotion of these striatal TH‐ir neurones may be beneficial in Parkinson's disease, particularly in the early stages when dopamine denervation is incomplete.
Understanding academic reading behavior of Arab postgraduate students

The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a study to investigate academic reading behavior among a group of Arab postgraduate students in social science disciplines. The paper also explores the difference between reading strategies used with Arabic and English text. The study deployed a qualitative research approach. A sample of 33 participants was interviewed to elucidate the reading behavior of the Arabic language speakers. The analysis of the interviews revealed that the participants use various reading strategies to familiarize themselves with the Arabic and the English scholarly content. The data showed that there is a need to train Arab postgraduates on academic reading skills. The results also indicate that reading the English text represents a challenge for the social sciences and humanities Arab postgraduates. This study was conducted on social science and humanities postgraduates. The reading behavior of science disciplines may differ as the teaching language is mainly in English. This study contributes to the field by expanding our understanding of how non-English language speakers read and comprehend the academic text. The value of the current study lies in being the first study that explores Arab postgraduate students’ reading behavior.
Optimal Online Algorithms for Multidimensional Packing Problems

We solve an open problem in the literature by providing an online algorithm for multidimensional bin packing that uses only bounded space. To achieve this, we introduce a new technique for classifying the items to be packed. We show that our algorithm is optimal among bounded space algorithms for any dimension $d>1$. Its asymptotic performance ratio is $(\Pi_{\infty})^d$, where $\Pi_{\infty}\approx1.691$ is the asymptotic performance ratio of the one-dimensional algorithm \harm. A modified version of this algorithm for the case where all items are hypercubes is also shown to be optimal. Its asymptotic performance ratio is sublinear in $d$. Furthermore, we extend the techniques used in these algorithms to give optimal algorithms for online bounded space variable-sized packing and resource augmented packing.
An RNA-Seq Screen of the Drosophila Antenna Identifies a Transporter Necessary for Ammonia Detection

Many insect vectors of disease detect their hosts through olfactory cues, and thus it is of great interest to understand better how odors are encoded. However, little is known about the molecular underpinnings that support the unique function of coeloconic sensilla, an ancient and conserved class of sensilla that detect amines and acids, including components of human odor that are cues for many insect vectors. Here, we generate antennal transcriptome databases both for wild type Drosophila and for a mutant that lacks coeloconic sensilla. We use these resources to identify genes whose expression is highly enriched in coeloconic sensilla, including many genes not previously implicated in olfaction. Among them, we identify an ammonium transporter gene that is essential for ammonia responses in a class of coeloconic olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), but is not required for responses to other odorants. Surprisingly, the transporter is not expressed in ORNs, but rather in neighboring auxiliary cells. Thus, our data reveal an unexpected non-cell autonomous role for a component that is essential to the olfactory response to ammonia. The defective response observed in a Drosophila mutant of this gene is rescued by its Anopheles ortholog, and orthologs are found in virtually all insect species examined, suggesting that its role is conserved. Taken together, our results provide a quantitative analysis of gene expression in the primary olfactory organ of Drosophila, identify molecular components of an ancient class of olfactory sensilla, and reveal that auxiliary cells, and not simply ORNs, play an essential role in the coding of an odor that is a critical host cue for many insect vectors of human disease.
Optimizing experimental procedures for quantitative evaluation of crop plant performance in high throughput phenotyping systems

Detailed and standardized protocols for plant cultivation in environmentally controlled conditions are an essential prerequisite to conduct reproducible experiments with precisely defined treatments. Setting up appropriate and well defined experimental procedures is thus crucial for the generation of solid evidence and indispensable for successful plant research. Non-invasive and high throughput (HT) phenotyping technologies offer the opportunity to monitor and quantify performance dynamics of several hundreds of plants at a time. Compared to small scale plant cultivations, HT systems have much higher demands, from a conceptual and a logistic point of view, on experimental design, as well as the actual plant cultivation conditions, and the image analysis and statistical methods for data evaluation. Furthermore, cultivation conditions need to be designed that elicit plant performance characteristics corresponding to those under natural conditions. This manuscript describes critical steps in the optimization of procedures for HT plant phenotyping systems. Starting with the model plant Arabidopsis, HT-compatible methods were tested, and optimized with regard to growth substrate, soil coverage, watering regime, experimental design (considering environmental inhomogeneities) in automated plant cultivation and imaging systems. As revealed by metabolite profiling, plant movement did not affect the plants' physiological status. Based on these results, procedures for maize HT cultivation and monitoring were established. Variation of maize vegetative growth in the HT phenotyping system did match well with that observed in the field. The presented results outline important issues to be considered in the design of HT phenotyping experiments for model and crop plants. It thereby provides guidelines for the setup of HT experimental procedures, which are required for the generation of reliable and reproducible data of phenotypic variation for a broad range of applications.
Line-of-Sight Obstruction Analysis for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Network Simulations in a Two-Lane Highway Scenario

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) the impact of vehicles as obstacles has largely been neglected in the past. Recent studies have reported that the vehicles that obstruct the line-of-sight (LOS) path may introduce 10–20 dB additional loss, and as a result reduce the communication range. Most of the traffic mobility models (TMMs) today do not treat other vehicles as obstacles and thus cannot model the impact of LOS obstruction in VANET simulations. In this paper the LOS obstruction caused by other vehicles is studied in a highway scenario. First a car-following model is used to characterize the motion of the vehicles driving in the same direction on a two-lane highway. Vehicles are allowed to change lanes when necessary. The position of each vehicle is updated by using the car-following rules together with the lane-changing rules for the forward motion. Based on the simulated traffic a simple TMM is proposed for VANET simulations, which is capable to identify the vehicles that are in the shadow region of other vehicles. The presented traffic mobility model together with the shadow fading path-loss model can take into account the impact of LOS obstruction on the total received power in the multiple-lane highway scenarios.
THE VOID PHENOMENON EXPLAINED

We use high-resolution N-body simulations, combined with a halo occupation model of galaxy bias, to investigate voids in the galaxy distribution. Our goal is to address the “void phenomenon” of Peebles, which presents the observed dearth of faint galaxies in voids as a challenge to current cosmology. In our model, galaxy luminosity is determined only as a function of dark matter halo mass. With this simple assumption, we demonstrate that large, empty voids of ∼15 h−1 Mpc in diameter are expected even for galaxies seven magnitudes fainter than L*. The predictions of our model are in excellent agreement with several statistical measures: (i) the luminosity function of galaxies in underdense regions, (ii) nearest-neighbor statistics of dwarf galaxies, and (iii) the void probability function of faint galaxies. In the transition between filaments and voids in the dark matter, the halo mass function changes abruptly, causing the maximum galaxy luminosity to decrease by ∼5 magnitudes over a range of ∼ 1 h−1 Mpc. Thus, the boundary between filaments and voids in the galaxy distribution is nearly as sharp for dwarfs as for ∼L* objects. These results support a picture in which galaxy formation is driven predominantly by the mass of the host dark matter halo, and is nearly independent of the larger-scale halo environment. Further, they demonstrate that ΛCDM, combined with a straightforward bias model, naturally predicts the existence of the void phenomenon.
How Complementary Ar Prudential Regulation and Monetary Policy ?

It is widely recognized that the Brazilian economy is facing considerable competitiveness challenges. After several years of strong expansion, the recent slowdown seems related to supply-side difficulties stemming from a wide range of inefficiencies and rising costs, rather than insufficient aggregate demand. Such inefficiencies and costs have increasingly burdened economic activity and have shown signs of worsening in recent years. This note examines Brazilian export performance over the last 15 years, focusing not only on growth and composition, but also on different performance dimensions, including diversification, sophistication, and firm dynamics. This analysis (Reis and Farole 2012) uses international comparisons to better situate the Brazilian performance and explores different databases, including firm-level data recently published by the World Bank. The objective is to generate hypotheses to identify factors that have been inhibiting exports and industrial production expansion. Brazilian exports of goods and services have grown sharply in recent years, with sales nearly three times higher in 2010 than in 2000. However, Brazil faces considerable competitiveness challenges: its export performance depends mostly on favorable geographical and sector composition effects. Such challenges increased after the recent global economic crisis. A recent slowdown in industrial exports, production, and investments seems related to supply-side difficulties stemming from a wide range of inefficiencies and rising costs, rather than insufficient demand. Although a stronger currency is one of the factors behind the lower competitiveness of Brazil’s manufacturing exports, sluggish productivity performance, lack of dynamism at the firm level, and a real wage uptrend seem to explain a significant part of the overall loss of competitiveness. This diagnostic reinforces the urgency of resuming the agenda of microeconomic reforms, increasing the investment-to–gross domestic product (GDP) ratio, and advancing toward better-skilled human capital.
A NODE-CENTERED PRESSURE-BASED METHOD FOR ALL SPEED FLOWS ON UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS

This article proposes a node-centered pressure-based method for predicti ng flows at all speeds on unstructured grids. The compressible version of the SIMPLE algorithm is extended to unstructured grids. For memory and computing time efficiency of arbitrary cell topologies, a node-centered scheme with edge-based data structure is applied to the segregated unstructur ed-grid algorithm. Convection terms are discretized using the second-order scheme with a deferred-correction approach. Diffusion-term discretization is based on the structured-grid analogy, which can be easily adapted to hybrid unstructured grid solvers. By using the proposed approach, three test cases in the continuum regime are computed. The demonstration of this method is extended to a slip flow problem that has low Reynolds number and compressibility effect. Predictions are compared to other results, which show that the proposed method can improve efficiency in memory usage and computing time without losing any accuracy even in mixed-element grids.
Exploiting Regional Treatment Intensity for the Evaluation of Labor Market Policies

We estimate the effects of active labor market policies (ALMPs) on subsequent employment and earnings by nonparametric instrumental variable estimators. Very informative administrative Swiss data with detailed regional information are combined with exogenous regional variation in program participation probabilities to generate an instrument within well-defined local labor markets. We find that implementation of an ALMP increased individual employment probabilities by about 15% for unemployed that might be considered “marginal” participants.
Testing the efficacy of a virtual reality‐based simulation in enhancing users’ knowledge, attitudes, and empathy relating to psychosis

Abstract Objective The current study examined the efficacy of a virtual reality (VR) education system that simulates the experience of the positive symptomology associated with schizophrenic spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Method The sample comprised of 50 participants from the general public and various psychology undergraduate programs. Participants completed pre‐test measures exploring knowledge of diagnosis, attitudes, and empathetic understanding, before being exposed to an immersive VR simulation of a psychotic episode. Participants then completed the original measures with the addition of a user‐experience scale, which explored sub‐factors understood to share a relationship with VR effectiveness (i.e., fidelity, immersion, presence, and user buy‐in). Results Participants’ scores were significantly enhanced at post‐test across each outcome measure, with significant correlations found between a number of the gain and user‐experience scores. Conclusions The findings suggest that VR‐based simulations of psychopathology may offer a promising platform for delivering a constructionist approach to psychology education.
Bookbuilding and Strategic Allocation

In the bookbuilding procedure, an investment banker solicits bids for shares from institutional investors prior to pricing an equity issue. The banker then prices the issue and allocates shares at his discretion to the investors. We examine the books for 39 international equity issues. We find that the investment banker awards more shares to bidders who provide information in their bids. Regular investors receive favorable allocations, especially when the issue is heavily oversubscribed. The investment banker also favors revised bids and domestic investors. Copyright The American Finance Association 2001.