Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in the use of opioids for cancer pain

Opioids are the mainstay of treatment for moderate to severe cancer pain. In recent years there have been many advances in the use of opioids for cancer pain. Availability and consumption of opioids have increased and opioids other than morphine (including methadone, fentanyl, oxycodone) have become more widely used. Inter-individual variation in response to opioids has been identified as a significant challenge in the management of cancer pain. Many studies have been published demonstrating the benefits of opioid switching as a clinical maneuver to improve tolerability. Constipation has been recognized as a significant burden in cancer patients on opioids. Peripherally restricted opioid antagonists have been developed for the prevention and management of opioid induced constipation. The phenomenon of breakthrough pain has been characterized and novel modes of opioid administration (transmucosal, intranasal, sublingual) have been explored to facilitate improved management of breakthrough cancer pain. Advances have also been made in the realm of molecular biology. Pharmacogenetic studies have explored associations between clinical response to opioids and genetic variation at a DNA level. To date these studies have been small but future research may facilitate prospective prediction of response to individual drugs.
Ten questions about terminology for children with unexplained language problems

Background In domains other than language, there is fairly consistent diagnostic terminology to refer to children's developmental difficulties. For instance, the terms ‘dyslexia’, ‘attention deficit hyperactivity disorder’ and ‘autistic spectrum disorder’ are used for difficulties with reading, attention or social cognition, respectively. There is no agreed label, however, for children with unexplained language problems. Aims To consider whether we need labels for unexplained language problems in children, and if so, what terminology is appropriate. Main Contribution There are both advantages and disadvantages to labels, but they are important to ensure children receive services, and to increase our knowledge of the nature and causes of such problems. A survey of labels in current use found 132 different terms, 33 of which had 600 or more returns on Google Scholar between 1994 and 2013. Many of these labels were too general to be useful. Of the remainder, the term ‘specific language impairment’ was the most commonly used. Conclusions The current mayhem in diagnostic labels is unsustainable; it causes confusion and impedes research progress and access to appropriate services. We need to achieve consensus on diagnostic criteria and terminology. The DSM-5 term ‘language disorder’ is problematic because it identifies too wide a range of conditions on an internet search. One solution is to retain specific language impairment, with the understanding that ‘specific’ means idiopathic (i.e., of unknown origin) rather than implying there are no other problems beyond language. Other options are the terms ‘primary language impairment’, ‘developmental language disorder’ or ‘language learning impairment’.
Soft-Output MIMO Detectors with Channel Estimation Error

New expressions for the soft decision bit log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of a MIMO system using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) taking into account channel estimation error (CEE). The bit LLR for the maximum likelihood (ML) and the linear minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receivers are derived, showing in both receivers explicit scaling of the LLR that is a function of the QAM symbol and the CEE variance. These new expressions for the LLRs are used to show that only modest improvements in the link performance are achieved relative to the LLRs that do not take into account the CEE. This indicates that separating the detector design from channel estimation does not significantly impact the system performance, which leads to simplifications in the overall receiver implementation.
Simulating the Formation and Dynamics of the Implicit Attitude; a Social Cognition Study

The current study aimed to define some factors contributing to implicit attitude formation mainly in the social interaction context. An agent-based computer simulation of a society including autonomous agents and an attitude object was used to track the implicit attitude progress towards the object. The society could simulate the autonomic behaviors. We provided a complex adaptive system and observed an emergent phenomenon as the formation and dynamics of implicit attitude in the society. Our results suggested that population size and the number of high-impact individuals are important for the formation of implicit attitude in a society. Moreover, when the number of factors affecting agents’ relationships increases, the dynamics of society tended to unpredictability. Our experience showed that diverse autonomous components of a society with implemented simple rules lead to emergent and seemingly organized system behavior, and the pattern of behavior can be affected by communication and environmental stress. Our study attempted to offer some key implications since few theories within the cognitive psychology and sociology have been stated in precise and unambiguous terms.
Examination of Social Studies Curriculum and Course Books in the Context of Global Citizenship

The document review method, which is a qualitative research method, was used in this study that aims to examine the social studies curriculum and course books in terms of attainments, teaching-learning process and measurement-evaluation process in the context of global citizenship. Furthermore, opinions of social studies teachers on the curriculum and course books in the context of global citizenship were determined by taking their written statements. Social studies course books and curricula at fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh grade levels were examined in the study. Also, opinions of nine social studies teachers were analyzed. As a result of the study, it can be said that in general, the dimensions of global citizenship are included within the scope of attainments, content, teaching-learning process, measurement-assessment elements regarding social studies course. It was determined that awareness of diversity and multiculturalism, political and economic processes and interdependence, human rights, environmental responsibility and sustainable development among the dimensions of global citizenship are addressed at most, while the dimensions of social justice and contemporary peace and conflict are covered quite slightly. Furthermore, according to teachers' opinions, it can be said that social studies curriculum and course books have deficiencies in the context of global citizenship.
The Role of 1.5 Tesla MRI and Anesthetic Regimen Concerning Cardiac Analysis in Mice with Cardiomyopathy

Accurate assessment of left ventricular function in rodent models is essential for the evaluation of new therapeutic approaches for cardiac diseases. In our study, we provide new insights regarding the role of a 1.5 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device and different anesthetic regimens on data validity. As dedicated small animal MRI and echocardiographic devices are not broadly available, we evaluated whether monitoring cardiac function in small rodents with a clinical 1.5 T MRI device is feasible. On a clinical electrocardiogram (ECG) synchronized 1.5 T MRI scanner we therefore studied cardiac function parameters of mice with chronic virus-induced cardiomyopathy. Thus, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) could be verified compared to healthy controls. However, our results showed a high variability. First, anesthesia with medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl (MMF) led to depressed cardiac function parameters and more variability than isoflurane gas inhalation anesthesia, especially at high concentrations. Furthermore, calculation of an average ejection fraction value from sequenced scans significantly reduced the variance of the results. To sum up, we introduce the clinical 1.5 T MRI device as a new tool for effective analysis of left ventricular function in mice with cardiomyopathy. Besides, we suggest isoflurane gas inhalation anesthesia at high concentrations for variance reduction and recommend calculation of an average ejection fraction value from multiple sequenced MRI scans to provide valid data and a solid basis for further clinical testing.
Cyclin B1 Expression Regulated by Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein in Astrocytes

Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the brain, playing vital roles in neuronal survival, growth, and function. Understanding the mechanism(s) regulating astrocyte proliferation will have important implications in brain development, response to injury, and tumorigenesis. Cyclin B1 is well known to be a critical regulator of mitotic entry via its interaction with cyclin-dependent kinase 1. In rat astrocytes, we now show that the mRNA binding protein cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1 (CPEB1) is associated with cyclin B1 mRNA and that this interaction is enriched at the centrosome. In addition, if growth-arrested astrocytes are stimulated to divide, CPEB1 is phosphorylated and cyclin B1 mRNA is polyadenylated, both hallmarks of CPEB1 activation, resulting in an increase in cyclin B1 protein. CPEB1 binding to mRNA initially inhibits translation; therefore, removing CPEB1 from mRNA should result in an increase in translation due to derepression. Indeed, when we either knocked down CPEB1 protein with siRNA or sequestered it from endogenous mRNA by expressing RNA containing multiple CPEB1 binding sites, cyclin B1 protein was increased and cell proliferation was stimulated. Our data suggest a mechanism wherein CPEB1 is bound and represses cyclin B1 mRNA translation until a signal to proliferate phosphorylates CPEB1, resulting in an increase in cyclin B1 protein and progression into mitosis. Our results demonstrate for the first time a role for CPEB1 in regulating cell proliferation in the brain.
Subunit assembly modulates the activities of the Type III restriction–modification enzyme PstII in vitro

We demonstrate that, like other Type III restriction endonuclease, PstII does not turnover such that a DNA substrate is only fully cleaved at a Res2Mod2-to-site ratio of ∼1:1. However, unlike other Type III enzymes, the cleavage rate profiles varied with protein concentration: using 5 nM DNA and 25 nM PstII, approximately half of the DNA was cut at a fast rate while the remainder was cut 24 times more slowly; in comparison, with 100 nM PstII cleavage occurs at a single fast rate. The inclusion of the methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine does not alter the rates with 100 nM PstII but with 25 nM PstII the reaction stopped after completion of the initial fast cleavage phase owing to methylation. Concentration-dependent rates were also observed in methylation assays: at 100 nM PstII, a single slow rate was measured while at lower PstII concentrations both fast and slow rates were measured. We propose a model in which the intact Res2Mod2 complex favoured at high PstII concentrations is a fast endonuclease/slow methyltransferase while the various subassemblies which coexist at lower concentrations are fast methyltransferases. A potential role for disassembly in control of restriction activity in vivo is discussed.
Identifying the default‐mode component in spatial IC analyses of patients with disorders of consciousness

Objectives:Recent fMRI studies have shown that it is possible to reliably identify the default‐mode network (DMN) in the absence of any task, by resting‐state connectivity analyses in healthy volunteers. We here aimed to identify the DMN in the challenging patient population of disorders of consciousness encountered following coma. Experimental design: A spatial independent component analysis‐based methodology permitted DMN assessment, decomposing connectivity in all its different sources either neuronal or artifactual. Three different selection criteria were introduced assessing anticorrelation‐corrected connectivity with or without an automatic masking procedure and calculating connectivity scores encompassing both spatial and temporal properties. These three methods were validated on 10 healthy controls and applied to an independent group of 8 healthy controls and 11 severely brain‐damaged patients [locked‐in syndrome (n = 2), minimally conscious (n = 1), and vegetative state (n = 8)]. Principal observations: All vegetative patients showed fewer connections in the default‐mode areas, when compared with controls, contrary to locked‐in patients who showed near‐normal connectivity. In the minimally conscious‐state patient, only the two selection criteria considering both spatial and temporal properties were able to identify an intact right lateralized BOLD connectivity pattern, and metabolic PET data suggested its neuronal origin. Conclusions: When assessing resting‐state connectivity in patients with disorders of consciousness, it is important to use a methodology excluding non‐neuronal contributions caused by head motion, respiration, and heart rate artifacts encountered in all studied patients. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Critical Steps in Learning From Incidents: Using Learning Potential in the Process From Reporting an Incident to Accident Prevention

Many incidents have occurred because organisations have failed to learn from lessons of the past. This means that there is room for improvement in the way organisations analyse incidents, generate measures to remedy identified weaknesses and prevent reoccurrence: the learning from incidents process. To improve that process, it is necessary to gain insight into the steps of this process and to identify factors that hinder learning (bottlenecks). This paper presents a model that enables organisations to analyse the steps in a learning from incidents process and to identify the bottlenecks. The study describes how this model is used in a survey and in 3 exploratory case studies in The Netherlands. The results show that there is limited use of learning potential, especially in the evaluation stage. To improve learning, an approach that considers all steps is necessary.
A Reliability Model for Complex Systems

A model of software complexity and reliability is developed. It uses an evolutionary process to transition from one software system to the next, while complexity metrics are used to predict the reliability for each system. Our approach is experimental, using data pertinent to the NASA satellite systems application environment. We do not use sophisticated mathematical models that may have little relevance for the application environment. Rather, we tailor our approach to the software characteristics of the software to yield important defect-related predictors of quality. Systems are tested until the software passes defect presence criteria and is released. Testing criteria are based on defect count, defect density, and testing efficiency predictions exceeding specified thresholds. In addition, another type of testing efficiency -- a directed graph representing the complexity of the software and defects embedded in the code -- is used to evaluate the efficiency of defect detection in NASA satellite system software. Complexity metrics were found to be good predictors of defects and testing efficiency in this evolutionary process.
Relational, Organizational and Individual Antecedents of the Socialization of New Recruits

This article draws on research in socialization, social support and organizational justice to explore the interactions among the relational, organizational and individual determinants of newcomers’ adjustment. More specifically, we examine the interactive effects of perceived supervisor support (PSS), organizational socialization tactics, perceived overall justice and proactive personality on newcomers’ task mastery, role clarity and job satisfaction. The results of a 2-wave longitudinal study on 104 new recruits of a large French bank point out that effective socialization is a result of a synergy between relational, organizational and individual paths. In particular, we found that the socializing effects of PSS are stronger under conditions of institutionalized socialization tactics, high perceived overall justice, and high newcomers’ proactivity. The theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed.
Three Essays of Consumer Inference Making and Metacognitive Experience in Perceived Information Security

The internet has served as the virtual world since the beginning of the digital era, and it has provided consumers the valuable source of information and become a fundamental basis of e-commerce by passing the limit of time and distance of offline stores. It is hard to imagine our life without the internet. Because consumers store and access their private and financial information on the internet, information security is even more important than ever. Although many studies demonstrate the importance of information security to consumers, researchers have paid little attention to consumers’ inference processing underlying their perceptions of information security. We investigate how consumers infer and evaluate online information security based on consumer inference making process and metacognitive experience. We argue that consumers’ perceived security could be enhanced by simply increasing complexity, even if that increased complexity is meaningless. It is because consumers have a belief that security is achieved by sacrificing convenience or increasing complexity. We demonstrated that consumers evaluated a website more secure when asked to enter redundant information in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 suggested that disfluency and difficulty of retrieval could increase perceived security because metacognitive experience makes consumers misattribute their feeling of difficulty to technical difficulty. We found that the positive effect of disfluency was held when a product was not security-related. In Chapter 3, we focused on how to improve the accuracy of security judgments. We found that perceived security enhanced by meaningless complexity would be adjusted by asking specific dimensions of security (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability), and the positive impact of a disfluency effect could be debiased by providing participants the true source of their subjective difficulty. Furthermore, we demonstrated that consumers’ interpretation about accessibility experience varied depending on what kind of naïve theory was activated. Through a series of experiments, we demonstrated our arguments were valid and these results provided useful insights and implications about consumers’ inference processing and perception of information security.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Intensities in Cognitive Paradigms

Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become an important experimental tool for exploring the brain's functional anatomy. As TMS interferes with neural activity, the hypothetical function of the stimulated area can thus be tested. One unresolved methodological issue in TMS experiments is the question of how to adequately calibrate stimulation intensities. The motor threshold (MT) is often taken as a reference for individually adapted stimulation intensities in TMS experiments, even if they do not involve the motor system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether it is reasonable to adjust stimulation intensities in each subject to the individual MT if prefrontal regions are stimulated prior to the performance of a cognitive paradigm. Methods and Findings Repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied prior to a working memory task, either at the ‘fixed’ intensity of 40% maximum stimulator output (MSO), or individually adapted at 90% of the subject's MT. Stimulation was applied to a target region in the left posterior middle frontal gyrus (pMFG), as indicated by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) localizer acquired beforehand, or to a control site (vertex). Results show that MT predicted the effect size after stimulating subjects with the fixed intensity (i.e., subjects with a low MT showed a greater behavioral effect). Nevertheless, the individual adaptation of intensities did not lead to stable effects. Conclusion Therefore, we suggest assessing MT and account for it as a measure for general cortical TMS susceptibility, even if TMS is applied outside the motor domain.
Representations of visual proportions in the primate posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices

The primate prefrontal (PFC) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC) have been shown to be cardinal structures in processing abstract absolute magnitudes, such as numerosity or length. The neuronal representation of quantity relations, however, remained largely elusive. Recent functional imaging studies in humans showed that blood flow changes systematically both in the PFC and the PPC as a function of relational distance between proportions. We investigated the response properties of single neurons in the lateral PFC and the inferior parietal lobule (IPL, area 7) in rhesus monkeys performing a lengths‐proportion‐discrimination task. Neurons in both areas shared many characteristics and showed peaked tuning functions with preferred proportions. However, a significantly higher percentage of neurons coding proportions was found in the PFC compared with the IPL. In agreement with human studies, our study shows that proportions are represented in the fronto‐parietal network that has already been implicated for absolute magnitude processing.
Learning Efficacy of Simultaneous Audio and On-Screen Text in Online Lectures

This study investigates the application of voice recognition technology to online lectures focusing on the efficacy of the text component of a multimedia presentation. Specifically, participants were provided with online access to multimedia instructional packages comprising an image of the lecturer with accompanying computer slides, plus simultaneous scrolling text of the words spoken during the lecture. Participants' knowledge was measured before and after the lecture presentation. Contrary to cognitive load theory, the results did not show a negative redundancy effect, that is, there were no differences in learning efficacy between the conditions with and without on-screen text. Further, participants found no difference between text edited for semantic breaks compared to unedited text. The implications for online instructional design are that resources are better spent providing a combination of audio and slides rather than text and slides, and that if text is provided then editing for semantic line breaks is not warranted.
Data Mining for Network Intrusion Detection

This paper gives an overview of our research in building rare class prediction models for identifying known intrusions and their variations and anomaly/outlier detection schemes for detecting novel attacks whose nature is unknown. Experimental results on the KDDCup’99 data set have demonstrated that our rare class predictive models are much more efficient in the detection of intrusive behavior than standard classification techniques. Experimental results on the DARPA 1998 data set, as well as on live network traffic at the University of Minnesota, show that the new techniques show great promise in detecting novel intrusions. In particular, during the past few months our techniques have been successful in automatically identifying several novel intrusions that could not be detected using state-of-the-art tools such as SNORT. In fact, many of these have been on the CERT/CC list of recent advisories and incident notes.