Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence That Ceriporiopsis subvermispora Degrades Nonphenolic Lignin Structures by a One-Electron-Oxidation Mechanism

The white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is able to degrade nonphenolic lignin structures but appears to lack lignin peroxidase (LiP), which is generally thought to be responsible for these reactions. It is well established that LiP-producing fungi such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium degrade nonphenolic lignin via one-electron oxidation of its aromatic moieties, but little is known about ligninolytic mechanisms in apparent nonproducers of LiP such as C. subvermispora. To address this question, C. subvermispora and P. chrysosporium were grown on cellulose blocks and given two high-molecular-weight, polyethylene glycol-linked model compounds that represent the major nonphenolic arylglycerol-(beta)-aryl ether structure of lignin. The model compounds were designed so that their cleavage via one-electron oxidation would leave diagnostic fragments attached to the polyethylene glycol. One model compound was labeled with (sup13)C at C(inf(alpha)) of its propyl side chain and carried ring alkoxyl substituents that favor C(inf(alpha))-C(inf(beta)) cleavage after one-electron oxidation. The other model compound was labeled with (sup13)C at C(inf(beta)) of its propyl side chain and carried ring alkoxyl substituents that favor C(inf(beta))-O-aryl cleavage after one-electron oxidation. To assess fungal degradation of the models, the high-molecular-weight metabolites derived from them were recovered from the cultures and analyzed by (sup13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The results showed that both C. subvermispora and P. chrysosporium degraded the models by routes indicative of one-electron oxidation. Therefore, the ligninolytic mechanisms of these two fungi are similar. C. subvermispora might use a cryptic LiP to catalyze these C(inf(alpha))-C(inf(beta)) and C(inf(beta))-O-aryl cleavage reactions, but the data are also consistent with the involvement of some other one-electron oxidant.
The Definition of Obesity

The World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Western Pacific Region has suggested body mass index (BMI) standards that differ from those used in Europe and North America: normal, 18.5–22.9 kg/m; overweight, 23–24.9 kg/m; moderate obesity, 25–29.9 kg/m; and severe obesity, ≥30 kg/ m. The Korean Society for the Study of Obesity has adopted this definition. Recently, there has been controversy over the definition of obesity, as some medical professionals feel that this standard is too low. In the present issue, Yu et al. evaluated the association between BMI and mortality according to sex in a communitydwelling elderly population. The authors obtained the data from “Living Profiles of Older People Surveys,” which comprised 10,613 community-dwelling South Korean men and women aged 65 years or older. The authors found that the highest survival rates were observed in men with a BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/m; a similar trend was observed in women, but this was not statistically significant. These results are similar to findings from previous research, which reported that in cohorts of East Asians, including Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans, the lowest risk of death was seen among persons with a BMI of 22.6 to 27.5 kg/m. The cut-offs used for the definition of obesity are based on excess morbidity and mortality associated with increasing BMI. There is a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension among those with a BMI of 23 to 24.9, as compared to those within the normal range. In a prospective cohort study of Koreans, the death rate from any cause had a J-shaped association with the BMI. Therefore, the definition of obesity in Koreans may be different, depending on whether the definition is based on mortality rate or morbidity rate, and it may be the cause of controversy. The WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Region also pointed out that the recommendations were provisional and must be revised in the light of further validation studies and clinical experience. This study should cause rethinking of the definition of obesity in Korea, and there should be a serious discussion based on these results.
A Study of Lung Epithelial Atypia in Regard to the Effect of Smoking and Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Sudan

Background: Lung cancer risk in association with smoking was well established, but its association with traffic- related air pollution still unclear. To determine the relationship between exposure to smoking and air pollutants and lung epithelial atypia, we assessed using cytological method; cytological changes in sputum specimens. Methods: Sputum specimens were obtained from 300 apparently healthy volunteers, living in the city of Khartoum. Of the 300 study subjects, 150 were Traffic policemen (they were exposed to traffic-related air pollution (ascertained as Cases)) and 150 were non-exposed (ascertained as Controls). Results: Dysplasia was detected in nine individuals, of whom seven were cases and two were controls. All the nine individuals with dysplasia were smokers. Consequently, the risk of dysplasia associated with smoking was found to be statistically significant (P<0.02). Notably, there were 84 individuals with metaplasia, of whom, 58(69%) were identified among cases and the remaining 26(31%) were among controls. As a result, the risk of metaplasia associated with smoking and traffic-related air pollution was found to be statistically significant (P<0.001). In respect to the duration of exposure to traffic-related-air pollution among cases, metaplasia increases with the increasing of exposure (P<0001). Conclusion: Exposure to traffic was also associated with borderline elevated risks for developing dysplasia and high risks of development of metaplasia. Sputum cytology may provide a useful method in the assessment of lung atypical changes.
Empirical analysis and statistical modeling of attack processes based on honeypots

Honeypots are more and more used to collect data on malicious activities on the Internet and to better understand the strategies and techniques used by attackers to compromise target systems. Analysis and modeling methodologies are needed to support the characterization of attack processes based on the data collected from the honeypots. This paper presents some empirical analyses based on the data collected from the Leurre.com honeypot platforms deployed on the Internet and presents some preliminary modeling studies aimed at fulfilling such objectives.
Obiltoxaximab Prevents Disseminated Bacillus anthracis Infection and Improves Survival during Pre- and Postexposure Prophylaxis in Animal Models of Inhalational Anthrax

ABSTRACT The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend adjunctive antitoxins when systemic anthrax is suspected. Obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against protective antigen (PA), is approved for treatment of inhalational anthrax in combination with antibiotics and for prophylaxis when alternative therapies are not available. The impact of toxin neutralization with obiltoxaximab during pre- and postexposure prophylaxis was explored, and efficacy results that supported the prophylaxis indication are presented here. New Zealand White rabbits and cynomolgus macaques received obiltoxaximab as a single intramuscular or intravenous dose of 2 to 16 mg/kg of body weight at various times relative to Bacillus anthracis aerosol spore challenge. The primary endpoint was survival, and effect of treatment timing was explored. In rabbits, obiltoxaximab administration 9 h postchallenge singly or combined with a 5-day levofloxacin regimen protected 89% to 100% of animals compared to 33% with levofloxacin monotherapy. In cynomolgus macaques, a single intramuscular dose of 16 mg/kg obiltoxaximab led to 100% survival when given 1 to 3 days preexposure and 83% to 100% survival when given 18 to 24 h postexposure and prior to systemic bacteremia onset. Obiltoxaximab administration after bacteremia onset resulted in lower (25% to 50%) survival rates reflective of treatment setting. Prophylactic administration of obiltoxaximab before spore challenge or to spore-challenged animals before systemic bacterial dissemination is efficacious in promoting survival, ameliorating toxemia, and inhibiting bacterial spread to the periphery.
Clinical Correlates and Reference Intervals for Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure Among Echocardiographically Normal Subjects

Background—Data in normal human subjects on the factors affecting pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) are limited. We determined the correlates of and established a reference range for PASP as determined by Doppler transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) from a clinical echocardiographic database of 102 818 patients, of whom 15 596 (15%) had a normal Doppler TTE study. Methods and Results—A normal TTE was based on normal cardiac structure and function during complete Doppler TTE studies. The PASP was calculated by use of the modified Bernoulli equation, with right atrial pressure assumed to be 10 mm Hg. Among TTE normal subjects, 3790 subjects (2432 women, 1358 men) from 1 to 89 years old had a measured PASP. The mean PASP was 28.3±4.9 mm Hg (range 15 to 57 mm Hg). PASP was independently associated with age, body mass index (BMI), male sex, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and left ventricular ejection fraction (P <0.001). The estimated upper 95% limit for PASP among lower-risk subjects was 37.2 mm Hg. A PASP >40 mm Hg was found in 6% of those >50 years old and 5% of those with a BMI >30 kg/m2. Conclusions—Among 3790 echocardiographically normal subjects, PASP was associated with age, BMI, sex, wall thickness, and ejection fraction. Of these subjects, 28% had a PASP >30 mm Hg, and the expected upper limit of PASP may include 40 mm Hg in older or obese subjects. These findings support the use of age- and BMI-corrected values in establishing the expected normal range for PASP.
Expression of apoptosis-related markers and clinical outcome in patients with advanced colorectal cancer

The clinical relevance of bax and bcl-2 protein expression has been investigated in 84 patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer submitted to a chemotherapy regimen including methotrexate and fluorouracil/leucovorin. Cytoplasmic immunostaining of bax and bcl-2 was present in 65.5% and 38%, respectively, of the tumours. No association was found between bax and bcl-2 or between p53 and bax or bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, the biomarkers were unrelated to patient and tumour characteristics known to affect the clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients. In general, the apoptosis-related markers did not appear indicative of short- and long-term clinical response nor of prognosis. Bcl-2-negative lesions were more frequent among patients who reached an objective clinical response, which is in agreement with previously reported data regarding other tumour types. When the interrelationship between p53 and bax expression was examined, a better response rate (40%) was found for patients whose tumours did not express p53 and bax, and a better prognosis (2-year probability of overall survival 75%) for patients with p53-positive and bax-negative tumours. In the present series of patients with advanced colorectal cancer submitted to systemic chemotherapy we did not find a clear association between expression of apoptosis-related markers and clinical outcome, even in the subset of patients in which the apoptotic index as determined by the TUNEL approach was investigated. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign
Comparison between IEEE and CIGRE Thermal Behaviour Standards and Measured Temperature on a 132-kV Overhead Power Line

This paper presents the steady and dynamic thermal balances of an overhead power line proposed by CIGRE (Technical Brochure 601, 2014) and IEEE (Std.738, 2012) standards. The estimated temperatures calculated by the standards are compared with the averaged conductor temperature obtained every 8 min during a year. The conductor is a LA 280 Hawk type, used in a 132-kV overhead line. The steady and dynamic state comparison shows that the number of cases with deviations to conductor temperatures higher than 5 ∘ C decreases from around 20% to 15% when the dynamic analysis is used. As some of the most critical variables are magnitude and direction of the wind speed, ambient temperature and solar radiation, their influence on the conductor temperature is studied. Both standards give similar results with slight differences due to the different way to calculate the solar radiation and convection. Considering the wind, both standards provide better results for the estimated conductor temperature as the wind speed increases and the angle with the line is closer to 90 ∘ . In addition, if the theoretical radiation is replaced by that measured with the pyranometer, the number of samples with deviations higher than 5 ∘ C is reduced from around 15% to 5%.
Imaging of Herpesvirus Infections of the CNS.

OBJECTIVE Herpesviridae are a family of DNA viruses remarkable for their ability to both promote acute infection and enter a latent phase with potential of reactivation. Herpes infections are ubiquitous throughout the human life span, regardless of the degree of immunocompetence. CONCLUSION We review the virology and clinical manifestations of each herpesvirus, with emphasis on recent advances in knowledge and characteristic neuroimaging findings important for diagnosis and appropriate clinical management.
Geographical categories: an ontological investigation

This paper reports the results of a series of experiments designed to establish how non-expert subjects conceptualize geospatial phenomena. Subjects were asked to give examples of geographical categories in response to a series of differently phrased elicitations. The results yield an ontology of geographical categories-a catalogue of the prime geospatial concepts and categories shared in common by human subjects independently of their exposure to scientific geography. When combined with nouns such as feature and object, the adjective geographic elicited almost exclusively elements of the physical environment of geographical scale or size, such as mountain, lake, and river. The phrase things that could be portrayed on a map, on the other hand, produced many geographical scale artefacts (roads, cities, etc.) and fiat objects (states, countries, etc.), as well as some physical feature types. These data reveal considerable mismatch as between the meanings assigned to the terms 'geography' and 'geographic' by scientific geographers and by ordinary subjects, so that scientific geographers are not in fact studying geographical phenomena as such phenomena are conceptualized by na ve subjects. The data suggest, rather, a special role in determining the subject-matter of scientific geography for the concept of what can be portrayed on a map. This work has implications for work on usability and interoperability in geographical information science, and it throws light also on subtle and hitherto unexplored ways in which ontological terms such as 'object', 'entity', and 'feature' interact with geographical concepts.
Distributed massive MIMO full duplex relay network over Rician fading channels

In this paper, we study on the achievable rate of a distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) full duplex relay network where multiple sources communicate with multiple destinations via the cooperation of a set of relay stations (RSs). The channels are modeled as Rician fading with a deterministic line-of-sight (LOS) component. We first derive the closed-form expression of the achievable rate for maximum-ratio combining/matched-filter (MRC/MF) processing. The closed-form expression is very tight, especially in the large-antenna limit. Then based on the closed-form expression, we evaluate the power efficiency performance of the relay network. In particular, we show that both the loop interference and the cross-talk interference can be suppressed using the scaled down transmit power of the RSs. Numerical results are presented to corroborate our analytical results.
Enhancement of immunogenicity of HPV16 E7 oncogene by fusion with E. coli β‐glucuronidase

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 is an unstable oncoprotein with low immunogenicity. In previous work, we prepared the E7GGG gene containing point mutations resulting in substitution of three amino acids in the pRb‐binding site of the HPV16 E7 protein.
Inter-relationship among Economic Growth, Savings and Inflation in Pakistan

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-relationship among economic growth, savings and inflation and to estimate the threshold level of inflation for the economy of Pakistan. Annually time series data from 1973 to 2010 were used. Simultaneous equation model was used in the study. Three equations were used. 2SLS technique was applied for findings the results. OLS model was used for investigating the suitable rate of inflation for the economic growth. Inflation, economic growth and savings were endogenous variables while unemployment, foreign direct investment, depreciation rate, real interest rate, total debt servicing, indirect taxes, dependency ratio and total investment were exogenous variables. The results of 2SLS showed that inflation and real interest rate negatively and significantly affect the economic growth, whereas depreciation rate positively affect the economic growth. Economic growth, unemployment and real interest rate were negatively affecting the inflation rate, while indirect taxes had positive impact on inflation. The results also showed that economic growth, dependency ratio (% of working age population) and foreign direct investment were beneficial for enhancing the savings of a country, while depreciation rate is harmful for savings. It was also observed that there is no significant relationship between inflation and savings. The findings of OLS indicated that 9% rate of inflation was to leralable for the economic growth of Pakistan.
A heparin-binding domain in the amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease is involved in the regulation of neurite outgrowth

The amyloid protein precursor (APP) of Alzheimer's disease is synthesized as an integral transmembrane protein that is released from cells in culture following proteolytic cleavage. The function of released APP is not known, although there is evidence that the protein may bind to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present study, substratum-bound APP stimulated neurite outgrowth in cultures of chick sympathetic and mouse hippocampal neurons. This effect was dependent upon the presence of substratum-bound heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). The effect of APP on neurite outgrowth was comparable to that of laminin. A 14 K N-terminal fragment of APP was found to bind heparin and a region close to the N-terminus of APP (residues 96–110) identified as a potential heparin-binding domain based on secondary structure predictions and molecular modeling. Mutagenesis of three basic residues (lysine-99, arginine-100, and arginine-102) resulted in a recombinant protein (APPhep) with decreased heparin-binding capacity. A peptide homologous to the heparin-binding domain was synthesized and found to bind strongly to heparin and to inhibit binding of 125I-labeled APP to heparin (IC50 approximately 10(- 7) M). The peptide blocked the effect of APP on neurite outgrowth (IC50 approximately 10(-7) M), whereas two other peptides homologous to other domains in APP had no effect. The results indicate that the binding of APP to HSPG in the ECM may stimulate the effects of APP on neurite outgrowth.
Performance Assessment of Tailored Split-Window Coefficients for the Retrieval of Lake Surface Water Temperature from AVHRR Satellite Data

Although lake surface water temperature (LSWT) is defined as an essential climate variable (ECV) within the global climate observing system (GCOS), current satellite-based retrieval techniques do not fulfill the GCOS accuracy requirements. The split-window (SW) retrieval method is well-established, and the split-window coefficients (SWC) are the key elements of its accuracy. Performances of SW depends on the degree of SWC customization with respect to its application, where accuracy increases when SWC is tailored for specific situations. In the literature, different SWC customization approaches have been investigated, however, no direct comparisons have been conducted among them. This paper presents the results of a sensitivity analysis to address this gap. We show that the performance of SWC is most sensitive to customizations for specific time-windows (Sensitivity Index SI of 0.85) or spatial extents (SI 0.27). Surprisingly, the study highlights that the use of separated SWC for daytime and night-time situations has limited impact (SI 0.10). The final validation with AVHRR satellite data showed that the subtle differences among different SWC customizations were not traceable to the final uncertainty of the LSWT product. Nevertheless, this study provides a basis to critically evaluate current assumptions regarding SWC generation by directly comparing the performance of multiple customization approaches for the first time.
Wnt signaling targets ETO coactivation domain of TAF4/TFIID in vivo

Understanding the diverse activities of the multisubunit core promoter recognition complex TFIID in vivo requires knowledge of how individual subunits contribute to overall functions of this TATA box-binding protein (TBP)/TBP-associated factor (TAF) complex. By generating altered holo-TFIID complexes in Drosophila we identify the ETO domain of TAF4 as a coactivator domain likely targeted by Pygopus, a protein that is required for Wingless-induced transcription of naked cuticle. These results establish a coactivator function of TAF4 and provide a strategy to dissect mechanisms of TFIID function in vivo.
An interaction based collaborative filtering approach for personal learning environment

E-learning has become very famous in recent years. This is the modern era of internet and technology and a lot of information is available on the internet. E-learning helps the learner in accessing the best information available for learning purpose. In this bundle of endless information, not every material is useful for every learner. So, in order to filter the available contents, a process called recommendation is defined which help users in recommending the most appropriate material for learning. One of the main issues with recommender systems is called the new-user cold-start problem. When a new user enters in a system, there is very little information present about the user and this causes inaccuracy in recommendation for the user. In this paper, we have proposed an approach which increases the recommendation accuracy for new-user cold-start problem. The evaluation of the proposed approach shows the improvement by 6% from the existing approach.