Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary relationships of Drosophila mojavensis geographic host races and their sister species Drosophila arizonae

The cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis species group living in the deserts and dry tropical forests of the southwestern United States and Mexico provides a valuable system for studies in diversification and speciation. Rigorous studies of the relationships between host races of D. mojavensis and the relationships among the members of the species group (D. mojavensis, Drosophila arizona, and Drosophila navojoa) are lacking. We used mitochondrial CO1 sequence data to address the phylogenetics and population genetics of this species group. In this study we have found that the sister species D. mojavensis and D. arizonae share no mitochondrial haplotypes and thus show no evidence for recent introgression. We estimate the divergence time between D. mojavensis and D. arizonae to be between 1.91 and 2.97 million years ago. D. arizonae shows little structure in our population genetic analyses but there is phylogenetic differentiation between southeastern and northern populations of D. arizonae. Drosophila mojavensis shows significant population and phylogenetic structure across the four geographic regions of its distribution. The mitochondrial data support an origin of D. mojavensis on the mainland with early differentiation into the populations now found in the Mojave Desert and the Mainland Sonoran Desert and later colonization of the Baja Peninsula, in contrast to previous models. Also, the sister clade to D. mojavensis/D. arizonae includes D. navojoa and Drosophila huaylasi. By defining the genetic relationships among these populations, we provide a foundation for more sophisticated hypothesis testing regarding the timing of early speciation events and host switches in this species group.
Models of Network Structure

relational pattern translated into relations between actors. This means that all abstract models of social structure are quantitatively linked to observed relations. Models abstracting role-sets among statuses from observed relations among actors are at all times subject to empirical test as descriptions of observed relational patterns. 2. Analysis of network and covariance structures merges in a natural and' useful manner. Actors jointly occupying a status provide inter­ changeable representations of the role-set defining the status and accord­ ingly provide interchangeable indicators of distance to the status. The actor-status epistemic linkage is thus logically isomorphic with the in­ dicator-concept epistemic correlation. As a result of this isomorphism, the well developed statistics of multiple indicator structural equation models (e.g. Bielby & Hauser 1 977) can be used to test hypotheses regarding the status /role-set duality. Used in equations 1 5 and 16 to test structural equivalence as a statistical hypothesis, this isomorphism is also 29In contrast to Lewin's ( 1936) discussion of a psychological topology as interrelated sets of perceptions, a social topology refers to relational patterns in a system. An argument can be made for synthesizing the two via symbolic interaction and ethnomethodology since perceptions are intimately connected to relational patterns (e.g. Burt 1 980b); however, it is difficult to match psychological with social topologies since the latter are stated with considerably more rigor than the former.
Ascidian Actin Genes: Developmental Regulation of Gene Expression and Molecular Evolution

Abstract Actin is a ubiquitous protein in eukaryotic cells and plays an important role in cell structure, cell motility, and the generation of contractile force in both muscle and nonmuscle cells. Multiple genes encoding muscle or nonmuscle actins have been isolated from several species of ascidians and their expression patterns have been investigated. Sequence and expression analyses of muscle actin genes have shown that ascidians have at least two distinct isoforms of muscle actin, the larval muscle and body-wall isoforms. In the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, two clusters of actin genes are expressed in the larval muscle cells. The HrMA2/4 cluster contains at least five actin genes and the HrMA1 cluster contains a pair of actin genes whose expression is regulated by a single bidirectional promoter. cis-Regulatory elements essential for muscle-specific expression of a larval muscle actin gene HrMA4a have been identified. The adult body-wall muscle actin is clearly distinguished from the larval muscle actin by diagnostic amino acids. The adult muscle actin genes may be useful tools to investigate the mechanisms of muscle development in ascidian adults. The evolution of chordate actin genes has been inferred by comparing the organization and sequences of actin genes and performing molecular phylogenetic analysis. The results suggest a close relationship between ascidian and vertebrate actins. The chordate ancestor seems to have evolved the “chordate-type” cytoplasmic and muscle actins before its divergence into vertebrates and urochordates. The phylogenetic analysis also suggests that the vertebrate muscle actin isoforms evolved after the separation of the vertebrates and urochordates. Muscle actin genes have been used to investigate the mechanism of muscle cell regression during the evolution of anural development. The results suggest that the regression of muscle cell differentiation is mediated by changes in the structure of muscle actin genes rather than in the trans-acting regulatory factors required for their expression. Actin genes have provided a unique system to study developmental and evolutionary mechanisms in chordates.
Challenging partnerships in Australian early childhood education

Partnerships that form to advance early childhood education are influenced by history and purpose. They are enacted in diverse social, cultural, economic, geographic and educational contexts. Using the theme of ‘strong and equal partnership’ between family and school, and taking a theoretical standpoint that values social cohesion and the agency of the child, this paper investigates ways in which partnership developed in three different Australian contexts. Particular early childhood programs in Queensland and Western Australia, and a literacy support program in New South Wales fostered education partnerships between parents and teachers, and among professionals, as a key component of effective curriculum. The prevailing management approaches and conceptions of power in the contexts enabled partnerships to be enacted in different ways. Reflection on the program management of curriculum work may be valuable in settings where players are working to achieve a cohesive approach to early education, especially an approach that foregrounds the agency of the child.
‘We eat meat every day’: ecology and economy of dietary change among Oaxacan migrants from Mexico to New Jersey

Abstract In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the USA has experienced large-scale and continuing immigration from around the world, especially Latin America and, within Latin America, from Mexico. One dimension of these transnational processes is dietary change. In this paper, we qualitatively assess the effects of migration from Oaxaca, Mexico to central New Jersey on the ecology and economy of dietary patterns. We explore multiple factors at the micro and macro levels. Data come from focus groups held among Mexican migrants in New Jersey, and in Oaxaca among people from their sending communities. Economic constraints and lack of culturally appropriate foods are larger barriers to healthy eating than lack of knowledge about appropriate diets. We end with recommendations for nutrition education and interventions.
Societal reintegration following cadaveric orthotopic liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND Studies on patients' societal reintegration following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are scarce. METHODS Between September 2006 and January 2008, all adults who were alive after 3 years post OLT were included in this prospective cohort study. Validated questionnaires were administered to all candidates with the primary aim of investigating the rate of their social re-integration following OLT and potential barriers they might have encountered. RESULTS Among 157 eligible patients 110 (70%) participated. Mean participants' age was 57 years (SD 11.4) and 43% were females. Prior to OLT, 75% of patients were married and 6% were divorced. Following OLT there was no significant difference in marital status. Employment rate fell from 72% to 30% post-OLT. Patients who had been employed in either low-skill or advanced-skill jobs were less likely to return to work. After OLT, personal income fell an average of 4,363 Canadian dollars (CAN$) (SD 20,733) (P=0.03) but the majority of recipients (80%) reported high levels of satisfaction for their role in society. CONCLUSIONS Although patients' satisfaction post-OLT is high, employment status is likely to be negatively affected for individuals who are not self-employed. Strategies to assist recipients in returning to their pre-OLT jobs should be developed to improve patients' economical status and societal ability to recoup resources committed for OLT.
Throughput Performance Optimization of Super Dense Wireless Networks With the Renewal Access Protocol

As a promising solution for handling super dense wireless networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs) have been intensively considered due to their wide availability. However, the contention-based MAC protocol in WLANs should be modified because of its inefficiency. To this end, we consider a recently proposed novel MAC protocol called the renewal access protocol (RAP). With the RAP, we analyze two strategies for resolving collisions efficiently and achieving optimal throughput performance in super dense WLANs: strategies without and with grouping. First, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the RAP itself (i.e., without grouping) as the number of terminals goes to infinity. We show that the RAP can achieve optimal throughput even in super dense WLANs and the relevant optimal access probability can be derived in a closed form. Second, we propose a grouping strategy in the RAP called the grouped RAP (G-RAP). While a grouping strategy in the IEEE 802.11ah standard is based on time division, our G-RAP is based on transmission attempts. So the G-RAP does not waste channel resources. We show that the G-RAP achieves the optimal network throughput for any group structure if terminals use the optimal access probability that we derive. Our analytical results are validated by simulation.
Use of Fe(III) as an Electron Acceptor To Recover Previously Uncultured Hyperthermophiles: Isolation and Characterization of Geothermobacterium ferrireducens gen. nov., sp. nov

ABSTRACT It has recently been recognized that the ability to use Fe(III) as a terminal electron acceptor is a highly conserved characteristic in hyperthermophilic microorganisms. This suggests that it may be possible to recover as-yet-uncultured hyperthermophiles in pure culture if Fe(III) is used as an electron acceptor. As part of a study of the microbial diversity of the Obsidian Pool area in Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. , hot sediment samples were used as the inoculum for enrichment cultures in media containing hydrogen as the sole electron donor and poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor. A pure culture was recovered on solidified, Fe(III) oxide medium. The isolate, designated FW-1a, is a hyperthermophilic anaerobe that grows exclusively by coupling hydrogen oxidation to the reduction of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide. Organic carbon is not required for growth. Magnetite is the end product of Fe(III) oxide reduction under the culture conditions evaluated. The cells are rod shaped, about 0.5 μm by 1.0 to 1.2 μm, and motile and have a single flagellum. Strain FW-1a grows at circumneutral pH, at freshwater salinities, and at temperatures of between 65 and 100°C with an optimum of 85 to 90°C. To our knowledge this is the highest temperature optimum of any organism in the Bacteria. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence of strain FW-1a places it within the Bacteria, most closely related to abundant but uncultured microorganisms whose 16S rDNA sequences have been previously recovered from Obsidian Pool and a terrestrial hot spring in Iceland. While previous studies inferred that the uncultured microorganisms with these 16S rDNA sequences were sulfate-reducing organisms, the physiology of the strain FW-1a, which does not reduce sulfate, indicates that these organisms are just as likely to be Fe(III) reducers. These results further demonstrate that Fe(III) may be helpful for recovering as-yet-uncultured microorganisms from hydrothermal environments and illustrate that caution must be used in inferring the physiological characteristics of at least some thermophilic microorganisms solely from 16S rDNA sequences. Based on both its 16S rDNA sequence and physiological characteristics, strain FW-1a represents a new genus among the Bacteria. The name Geothermobacterium ferrireducens gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed (ATCC BAA-426).
[Smoking cessation in Galician [Spain] smokers during pregnancy and breast feeding, 1954-2004].

OBJECTIVE To determine how many women living in Galicia (Spain) quit smoking during pregnancy and in the first 6 months of breast feeding. A second objective was to identify possible temporal changes in smoking cessation. METHOD Data retrospectively provided by smokers and ex-smokers living in Galicia were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 31.9% (26.9-37.0) of Galician smokers did not quit smoking during pregnancy or in the 6 first months of breast feeding. No statistically significant differences were found in the percentage of women who stopped smoking in relation to the period when they became pregnant. A tendency towards lower cessation rates was found. CONCLUSIONS A high percentage of pregnant women do not quit smoking during pregnancy or in the first 6 months of breast feeding. These data indicate that health policies on smoking during pregnancy and breast feeding should be improved.
Three Es for teachers: economics, enterprise and entrepreneurship

Schools in Scotland have recently received a resources boost, from high‐profile entrepreneurs working with the Scottish Executive Education Department, to raise the priority of enterprise education in both primary and secondary schools. At the same time, current policy documentation is clear about intentions to develop more entrepreneurs from the present generation of school pupils. Policy writers justify this as attempts to improve Scotland’s economic position, nationally and internationally. In primary and early secondary schooling, knowledge and skills in economic awareness, enterprise and entrepreneurship are found across curricular areas rather than as separate subjects. To support this approach effectively teachers require having knowledge and skills in the contexts involved as well as the teaching ability to include them appropriately. This paper identifies some of the contextual aspects of economic awareness, enterprise and entrepreneurship with which teachers should be familiar, and have reflected upon critically, before considering how to approach their inclusion in pupils’ learning.
Thinking for speaking about motion: L1 and L2 speech and gesture

Abstract It has been claimed that speakers of Spanish and English have different patterns of thinking for speaking about motion both linguistically and gesturally (Stam 1998; McNeill and Duncan 2000; McNeill 2000; Kellerman and van Hoof 2003; Neguerela et al. 2004). For example, Spanish speakers' path gestures tend to occur with path verbs, while English speakers tend to occur with satellites (adverbs or prepositions) and verbs + satellites. What happens when Spanish speakers learn English, where do their gestures occur? Also, what do their gestures tell us that their speech alone does not? To investigate these questions, this study examines the use of ‘path’ gestures in motion event narrations of a group of native Spanish speakers, a group of native English speakers, and two groups of Spanish learners of English (intermediate and advanced). L2 learners' gestures revealed L1 thinking for speaking patterns with grammatically correct and fluent L2 speech.
A Modified Measure of Need for Cognition

A study was conducted to evaluate a shorter version of Cacioppo and Petty's 34-item measure of an individual's need for cognition. Based on factor loadings from the original scale, 16 items were selected and administered via a mail questionnaire to 94 patients of four physicians. Principal components factor analysis of the 16-item scale yielded one factor which accounted for 38.8% of the variance; coefficient alpha was . 88. As hypothesized, scores on the need for cognition scale also were correlated significantly with scores on a health care involvement measure. The shortened version of the need for cognition scale appears to show reasonable reliability and validity, representing a useful tool for researchers concerned with cognition processing. Replication is desirable.
Pre‐outcome regret: Widespread and overlooked

Many real-life decisions (e.g. promises, plans and agreements) involve a time interval between when the decision is made and the main outcome is revealed. Nearly all regret studies focus on anticipated or experienced post-outcome regret. We argue that regret is also frequently experienced in the pre-outcome period, and that this ‘pre-outcome regret’ has other sources than regret experienced after the outcome is known. Regret experienced in the pre-outcome period has an important function post-outcome regret (usually) cannot have, namely to motivate the decision maker to reconsider the ongoing decision process and reverse the initial decision. Pre-outcome regret should for these reasons be distinguished from post-outcome regret, and studied separately. In two scenario studies, participants were asked to imagine their regret after agreeing to perform an inconvenient task. In both, more regret was reported before than after the event, even when they had imagined a ‘worst case’ outcome. In the third study, participants described a difficult choice from their own life. Again, regret was perceived as higher in the pre-outcome period than afterwards. In a fourth study, participants reported regret ‘online’ during an economic game (a version of the ultimatum game). They regretted their decisions more before than after they knew the outcome. We conclude that experienced pre-outcome regret is often stronger than post-outcome regret, and typically increases during the pre-outcome period. We suspect that the absence of JDM studies of pre-outcome regret is a legacy of the dominant gambling metaphor within decision research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering aspects of ferrate in water and wastewater treatment – a review

There is renewed interest in the tetra-oxy compound of +6 oxidation states of iron, ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42−), commonly called ferrate. Ferrate has the potential in cleaner (“greener”) technologies for water treatment and remediation processes, as it produces potentially less toxic byproducts than other treatment chemicals (e.g., chlorine). Ferrate has strong potential to oxidize a number of contaminants, including sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, estrogens, and antibiotics. This oxidation capability of ferrate combines with its efficient disinfection and coagulation properties as a multi-purpose treatment chemical in a single dose. This review focuses on the engineering aspects of ferrate use at the pilot scale to remove contaminants in and enhance physical treatment of water and wastewater. In most of the pilot-scale studies, in-line and on-line electrochemical ferrate syntheses have been applied. In this ferrate synthesis, ferrate was directly prepared in solution from an iron anode, followed by direct addition to the contaminant stream. Some older studies applied ferrate as a solid. This review presents examples of removing a range of contaminants by adding ferrate solution to the stream. Results showed that ferrate alone and in combination with additional coagulants can reduce total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and organic matter. Ferrate also oxidizes cyanide, sulfide, arsenic, phenols, anilines, and dyes and disinfects a variety of viruses and bacteria. Limitations and drawbacks of the application of ferrate in treating contaminated water on the pilot scale are also presented.
Identification of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Feeding on Humans in Turkey

Background The importance of tick-borne diseases is increasing all over the world, including Turkey. The tick-borne disease outbreaks reported in recent years and the abundance of tick species and the existence of suitable habitats increase the importance of studies related to the epidemiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of and to determine the infection rates of some tick-borne pathogens, including Babesia spp. , Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and spotted fever group rickettsiae in the ticks removed from humans in different parts of Ankara. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 169 ticks belonging to the genus Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus were collected by removing from humans in different parts of Ankara. Ticks were molecularly screened for Babesia spp. , Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and spotted fever group rickettsiae by PCR and sequencing analysis. We detected 4 Babesia spp. ; B. crassa, B. major, B. occultans and B. rossi, one Borrelia spp. ; B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and 3 spotted fever group rickettsiae; R. aeschlimannii, R. slovaca and R. hoogstraalii in the tick specimens analyzed. This is the report showing the presence of B. rossi in a region that is out of Africa and in the host species Ha. parva. In addition, B. crassa, for which limited information is available on its distribution and vector species, and B. occultans, for which no conclusive information is available on its presence in Turkey, were identified in Ha. parva and H. marginatum, respectively. Two human pathogenic rickettsia species (R. aeschlimannii and R. slovaca) were detected with a high prevalence in ticks. Additionally, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto was detected in unusual tick species (H. marginatum, H. excavatum, Hyalomma spp. (nymph) and Ha. parva). Conclusions/Significance This study investigates both the distribution of several tick-borne pathogens affecting humans and animals, and the presence of new tick-borne pathogens in Turkey. More epidemiological studies are warranted for B. rossi, which is very pathogenic for dogs, because the presented results suggest that B. rossi might have a wide distribution in Turkey. Furthermore, we recommend that tick-borne pathogens, especially R. aeschlimannii, R. slovaca, and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, should be taken into consideration in patients who had a tick bite in Turkey.
Memory errors on emotional lures: Is it possible to mistake a positive stimulus for a negative one?

This study examined whether it is possible for people to mistakenly recognise a stimulus of one emotional valence through exposure to stimuli with another emotional valence that share orthographical relatedness. Across three experiments, the recognition error rates for emotionally distinctive lures were lower than for nondistinctive ones. The reduction in memory errors generalises to different types of emotional distinctiveness: emotional lures from neutral words, neutral lures from emotional words, and lures that have opposite valence from the studied ones. However, emotionally distinctive lures were still prone to memory errors. Repeated exposure to orthographically related items resulted in higher recognition error rates than lures without such exposure. Implications for everyday memory are discussed.