Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coexistence of adenosine deaminase, histidine decarboxylase, and glutamate decarboxylase in hypothalamic neurons of the rat

Neurons immunoreactive for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the posterior basal hypothalamus of the rat have a distribution pattern similar to those immunoreactive for histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and are particularly numerous in the tuberal (TM), caudal (CM) and postmammillary caudal (PCM) hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei which harbor neurons containing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). The extent to which these enzymes coexist within neurons of these hypothalamic regions was examined using either serial sections or simultaneous immunostaining for ADA and HDC or GAD in the same section. Analysis of serial sections revealed neuronal coexistence of ADA with HDC or GAD in both TM and CM. In addition some neurons in CM, the only area examined for triple coexistence, were found to contain all three enzymes. In sections processed for ADA simultaneously with HDC or GAD, nearly all ADA-immunoreactive neurons in TM, CM, and PCM as well as those scattered between these nuclei were found to contain HDC, and nearly all contained GAD. Exceptions to this, however, were small cells located lateral to the posterior arcuate nucleus, which appeared to contain ADA but not HDC, and large neurons located at the anterior extreme of TM, which appeared to contain ADA but not GAD. The relatively few ADA- compared with GAD-containing neural systems in brain, together with the presence of ADA in GAD-containing hypothalamic magnocellular neurons, which appear to have widespread projections throughout the brain, indicate that ADA may be a convenient immunohistochemical marker for anatomical investigations of these projections. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Case Study Using Visualization Interaction Logs and Insight Metrics to Understand How Analysts Arrive at Insights

We present results from an experiment aimed at using logs of interactions with a visual analytics application to better understand how interactions lead to insight generation. We performed an insight-based user study of a visual analytics application and ran post hoc quantitative analyses of participants' measured insight metrics and interaction logs. The quantitative analyses identified features of interaction that were correlated with insight characteristics, and we confirmed these findings using a qualitative analysis of video captured during the user study. Results of the experiment include design guidelines for the visual analytics application aimed at supporting insight generation. Furthermore, we demonstrated an analysis method using interaction logs that identified which interaction patterns led to insights, going beyond insight-based evaluations that only quantify insight characteristics. We also discuss choices and pitfalls encountered when applying this analysis method, such as the benefits and costs of applying an abstraction framework to application-specific actions before further analysis. Our method can be applied to evaluations of other visualization tools to inform the design of insight-promoting interactions and to better understand analyst behaviors.
A multi-sensor (SMOS, AMSR-E and ASCAT) satellite-based soil moisture products inter-comparison

Soil Moisture (SM), being one of the main variables within the system that controls the hydrological interactions among soil, vegetation and atmosphere, plays a key role in the water cycle. Satellite systems, both active and passive, have already demonstrated their capability to provide reliable SM measurements. The European Space Agency (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, launched in November 2009, was the first specific SM satellite mission. In this work we assessed the capability of SMOS data to accurately capture SM dynamics over a long time period by comparing them with in situ observations. To better assess the performance of such results, they were also compared with those obtained with alternative satellite-based SM products, considering in particular those generated by Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer (AMSR-E) and Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) data.
Pro-government international military intervention during genocide and politicide

Abstract Why do states intervene militarily to support regimes that are committing genocide or politicide? Previous literature examines why states intervene to stop such atrocities, but overlooks why some states support murderous regimes. I argue that states support lethal regimes when such support is militarily and strategically beneficial. In particular, I posit that third-parties are likely to support their allies in time of civil war, despite murderous policies. Statistical analysis of all genocides and politicides between 1955 and 2005 supports this argument. Importantly, I also find that third-parties are no less likely to support lethal regimes in the post-Cold War era. These findings question whether normative change in the international environment is influencing state decision-making on important military calculations.
Thin-plate spline approximation for image registration

The point-based registration technique of F.L. Bookstein (1989) can be seen as an interpolation problem. With this technique an elastic transformation based on thin-plate splines is determined which maps the source and target landmarks exactly to each other. However, in real applications the positions of the landmarks can only be determined approximately. Therefore, in this case an interpolation scheme is inadequate and should be substituted by an approximation scheme to take into account the localization errors. In this paper, the authors describe an approach for extending Bookstein's method in this direction.
Stratospheric temperature trends: our evolving understanding

We review the scientific literature since the 1960s to examine the evolution of modeling tools and observations that have advanced understanding of global stratospheric temperature changes. Observations show overall cooling of the stratosphere during the period for which they are available (since the late 1950s and late 1970s from radiosondes and satellites, respectively), interrupted by episodes of warming associated with volcanic eruptions, and superimposed on variations associated with the solar cycle. There has been little global mean temperature change since about 1995. The temporal and vertical structure of these variations are reasonably well explained by models that include changes in greenhouse gases, ozone, volcanic aerosols, and solar output, although there are significant uncertainties in the temperature observations and regarding the nature and influence of past changes in stratospheric water vapor. As a companion to a recent WIREs review of tropospheric temperature trends, this article identifies areas of commonality and contrast between the tropospheric and stratospheric trend literature. For example, the increased attention over time to radiosonde and satellite data quality has contributed to better characterization of uncertainty in observed trends both in the troposphere and in the lower stratosphere, and has highlighted the relative deficiency of attention to observations in the middle and upper stratosphere. In contrast to the relatively unchanging expectations of surface and tropospheric warming primarily induced by greenhouse gas increases, stratospheric temperature change expectations have arisen from experiments with a wider variety of model types, showing more complex trend patterns associated with a greater diversity of forcing agents. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 592–616 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.125
Second Language Processing Shows Increased Native-Like Neural Responses after Months of No Exposure

Although learning a second language (L2) as an adult is notoriously difficult, research has shown that adults can indeed attain native language-like brain processing and high proficiency levels. However, it is important to then retain what has been attained, even in the absence of continued exposure to the L2—particularly since periods of minimal or no L2 exposure are common. This event-related potential (ERP) study of an artificial language tested performance and neural processing following a substantial period of no exposure. Adults learned to speak and comprehend the artificial language to high proficiency with either explicit, classroom-like, or implicit, immersion-like training, and then underwent several months of no exposure to the language. Surprisingly, proficiency did not decrease during this delay. Instead, it remained unchanged, and there was an increase in native-like neural processing of syntax, as evidenced by several ERP changes—including earlier, more reliable, and more left-lateralized anterior negativities, and more robust P600s, in response to word-order violations. Moreover, both the explicitly and implicitly trained groups showed increased native-like ERP patterns over the delay, indicating that such changes can hold independently of L2 training type. The results demonstrate that substantial periods with no L2 exposure are not necessarily detrimental. Rather, benefits may ensue from such periods of time even when there is no L2 exposure. Interestingly, both before and after the delay the implicitly trained group showed more native-like processing than the explicitly trained group, indicating that type of training also affects the attainment of native-like processing in the brain. Overall, the findings may be largely explained by a combination of forgetting and consolidation in declarative and procedural memory, on which L2 grammar learning appears to depend. The study has a range of implications, and suggests a research program with potentially important consequences for second language acquisition and related fields.
Medical Student Interpretation of Visual Art: Who's Got Empathy?

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Introduction: Physician empathy is a highly desired characteristic in clinical practice with benefits for both patients and doctors. Increasingly, medical educators have acknowledged the importance of empathy and sought effective ways of inculcating and strengthening this quality in medical students. However, empathy remains difficult to measure because of differing definitions and theoretical dimensions. Our goal was to develop a de novo visual Art scale, devised to evaluate empathetic response in medical students as well as a de novo Biosocial scale to measure medical student socioeconomic and experiential stress during childhood and adolescence; and to compare these exploratory measures to the reliable and well-validated Jefferson Scale of Empathy JSE). Methods: We constructed a survey incorporating a visual Art empathy measure, a Biosocial scale, and the JSE, which we sent to approximately 200 allopathic preclinical medical students at our home institution. We received 71 complete responses. Results: Cronbach’s alpha testing found that the items in both new scales had adequate reliability. Multivariate regression analysis found a significant, positive association between both the visual art and biosocial scores and the JSE. Discussion: These results support the idea that response to visual stimuli, as well as life stressors, may be factors in medical students’ capacity to formulate an empathetic response to patients.
Further Investigation of the Time Delay, Magnification Ratios, and Variability in the Gravitational Lens 0218+357

High-precision VLA flux density measurements for the lensed images of 0218+357 yield a time delay of 10.1 days (95% confidence). This is consistent with independent measurements carried out at the same epoch by Biggs and colleagues in 1999, lending confidence to the robustness of the time delay measurement. However, since both measurements make use of the same features in the light curves, it is possible that the effects of unmodeled processes, such as scintillation or microlensing, are biasing both time delay measurements in the same way. Our time delay estimates result in confidence intervals that are somewhat larger than those of Biggs et al., probably because we adopt a more general model of the source variability, allowing for constant and variable components. When considered in relation to the lens mass model of Biggs et al., our best-fit time delay implies a Hubble constant of H0 = 71 km s-1 Mpc-1 for Ω0 = 1 and λ0 = 0 (95% confidence; filled beam). This confidence interval for H0 does not reflect systematic error, which may be substantial, as a result of uncertainty in the position of the lens galaxy. We also measure the flux ratio of the variable components of 0218+357, a measurement of a small region that should more closely represent the true lens magnification ratio. We find ratios of 3.2 (95% confidence; 8 GHz) and 4.3 (15 GHz). Unlike the reported flux ratios on scales of 0. ″1, these ratios are not significantly different. We investigate the significance of apparent differences in the variability properties of the two images of the background active galactic nucleus. We conclude that the differences are not significant and that time series much longer than our 100 day time series will be required to investigate propagation effects in this way.
Echocardiography as an approach for canine cardiac disease diagnosis.

Aim: The aim of the study was to establish the methods for diagnosis various canine cardiac ailments using echocardiography. Materials and Methods: M-mode, two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler studies were performed on 10 cases. Dogs showing signs of cardiac ailment either clinically, radiographic or via electrocardiographic examination were selected for study. Right parasternal short axis view was used for echocardiographic measurements. Right parasternal long axis and left parasternal apical views were used for Doppler studies. Doppler studies were performed at the level of aortic valve and atrioventricular valves for semi quantitative diagnosis of regurgitation. Results: Dogs were found affected with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n=5), pericardial effusion (PE) (n=1), combined PE and DCM (n=2) and remaining two showed abnormality on radiographic or electrographically evaluation but were found out to be normal echocardiographically (n=2).
Distortion and Rock Guitar Harmony

Research on rock harmony accords with common practice in guitar playing in that power chords (fifth interval) with an indeterminate chord quality as well as major chords are preferred to more complex chords when played with a distorted tone. This study explored the interrelated effects of distortion and harmonic structure on acoustic features and perceived pleasantness of electric guitar chords. Extracting psychoacoustic parameters from guitar tones with Music Information Retrieval technology revealed that the level of distortion and the complexity of interval relations affects sensorial pleasantness. A listening test demonstrated power and major chords being perceived as significantly more pleasant than minor and altered dominant chords when being played with an overdriven or distorted guitar tone. This result accords with musical practice within rock genres. Rather clean rock styles such as blues or classic rock use major chords frequently, whereas subgenres with more distorted guitars such as heavy metal largely prefer power chords. Considering individual differences, electric guitar players rated overdriven and distorted chords as significantly more pleasant. Results were ambiguous in terms of gender but indicated that women perceive distorted guitar tones as less pleasant than men. Rock music listeners were more tolerant of sensorial unpleasant sounds.
Bispectrum and Nonlinear Biasing of Galaxies: Perturbation Analysis, Numerical Simulation, and SDSS Galaxy Clustering

We consider nonlinear biasing models of galaxies with particular attention to a correlation between the linear and quadratic biasing coefficients, b(1) and b(2). We first derive perturbative expressions for b(1) and b(2) in halo and peak biasing models. We then discuss our computations of the power spectra and bispectra of dark matter particles and halos using N-body simulation data and of volume-limited subsamples of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) galaxies, and determine their b(1) and b(2). We find that the values of those coefficients at linear regimes (k < 0.2 h Mpc(-1)) are fairly insensitive to the redshift-space distortion and the survey volume shape. The resulting normalized amplitudes of the bispectra, Q, for equilateral triangles are insensitive to the values of b(1), implying that b(2) indeed correlates with b(1). The present results explain the previous finding of Kayo et al. (2004, PASJ, 56, 415) for the hierarchical relation of three-point correlation functions of SDSS galaxies. While the relations between b(1) and b(2) are quantitatively different for specific biasing models, their approximately similar correlations indicate a fairly generic outcome of the biasing due to the gravity in primordial Gaussian density fields.
Structuring Online Dyads: Explanations Improve Creativity, Chats Lead to Convergence

Exposing people to concepts created by others can inspire novel combinations of concepts, or conversely, lead people to simply emulate others. But how does the type of exposure affect creative outcomes in online collaboration where dyads interact for short tasks? In this paper, we study the creative outcomes of dyads working together online on a slogan writing task under different types of interactions: providing both the partner's idea and their explanation for that idea, enabling synchronous chat, and only exposing a person to their partner's idea without any explanation. We measure the creative outcome and define text-similarity-based metrics (e.g., mimicry, convergence, and fixation) to disentangle the interactions. The results show that having partners explain their ideas leads to largest improvement in creative outcome. In contrast, participants who chatted were more likely to reach convergence on their final slogans. Our work sheds lights on how different online interactions may create trade-offs in creative collaborations.
Inclusive Education: Perception of Visually Impaired Students, Students Without Disability, and Teachers in Ghana

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perception of visually impaired students, their peers without disabilities, and teachers about inclusive education, focusing on a second cycle educational institution in the Eastern region of Ghana implementing inclusive education for the visually impaired. In this study, we collected data from 23 visually impaired students, 27 students without disabilities, and 19 teachers in the inclusive school. Data were collected through semistructured in-depth interviews. This study followed a phenomenological approach, reporting findings from participants’ own words. The study findings revealed that visually impaired students and some teachers supported inclusion while a number of students without disabilities disliked the practice. Some teachers indicated that the idea of inclusive education is a good way to ensure equal educational opportunities. The study concludes that Ghanaian teachers in inclusive schools should be equipped with training to teach students with disabilities.
Negative trade-off between changes in vegetation water use and infiltration recovery after reforesting degraded pasture land in the Nepalese Lesser Himalaya

This work investigates the trade-off between increases in vegetation water use and rain water infiltration afforded by soil improvement after reforesting severely degraded grassland in the Lesser Himalaya of central Nepal. The hillslope hydrological functioning (surface and subsurface soil hydraulic conductivities and overland flow generation) and the evapotranspiration (rainfall interception and transpiration) of the following contrasting vegetation types were quantified and examined in detail: (i) a nearly undisturbed, natural broadleaved forest; (ii) a 25-year-old, intensively-used pine plantation; and (iii) a highly degraded pasture. Planting pines increased vegetation water use relative to the pasture and natural forest situation by 355 and 55 mm year −1 , respectively. On balance, the limited amount of extra infiltration afforded by the pine plantation relative to the pasture (only 90 mm year −1 due to continued soil degradation associated with regular harvesting of litter and understory vegetation in the plantation) proved insufficient to compensate the higher water use of the pines. As such, observed declines in dry season flows in the study area are thought to mainly reflect the higher water use of the pines although the effect could be moderated by better forest and soil management promoting infiltration. In contrast, a comparison of the water use of the natural forest and degraded pasture suggests that replacing the latter by (mature) broadleaved forest would (ultimately) have a near-neutral effect on dry season flows as the approximate gains in infiltration and evaporative losses were very similar (ca. 300 mm year −1 each). The results of the present study underscore the need for proper forest management for optimum hydrological functioning as well as the importance of protecting the remaining natural forests in the region.
Employing IEEE 802.15.4 for Quality of Service Provisioning in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

A wireless body area sensor network (WBASN) is a wireless networking technology that interconnects tiny nodes with sensing capabilities in, on or around a human body. The vital-sign information collected by these sensors can then be used by care-givers to assess the health of a patient. Therefore, it is necessary to provide reliable communication services to prioritized WBASN data streams with quality of service (QoS) guarantees. However, existing research has not devoted enough attention to this issue. This paper proposes a QoS provisioning framework for WBASN traffic employing the IEEE 802.15. 4 super-frame structure in the beacon-enabled mode. A method of prioritizing WBASN traffic is proposed, along with algorithms for admission control and scheduling. Computer simulations reveal that our scheme is able to guarantee a 100% time constraint compliance ratio for traffic in contention access periods, and a 99.2% to 99.9% constraint compliance ratio for traffic in contention-free periods, while still admitting and accommodating tens of WBASN traffic streams.
The Selfish Models Property: Bounding the Complexity of Query Containment and Entailment Problems

Query containment is the fundamental problem of deciding, given two database queries, if the result of the first query is always contained in the result of the second query. For a number of established query classes, an instance of this problem can be decided by computing a set of models of the first query, and then evaluating the second query on each of the models. We formalize this phenomenon by introducing the selfish models property; this property gives an avenue for establishing both the decidability of and complexity upper bounds for containment problems. Using this property, we show how existing results can be uniformly derived, and we present two significant novel positive results for first-order query containment problems, exhibiting complexity upper bounds for containment problems that were not previously known to be decidable.