Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiperspectival designs and processes in interpretative phenomenological analysis research

ABSTRACT Researchers using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) within applied research typically use homogenous samples exploring shared perspectives on a single phenomenon of interest. This article explores the challenges and opportunities involved with developing rigorous and epistemologically coherent research designs for capturing more complex and systemic experiential phenomena, through the use of multiple perspectives to explore the same phenomenon. We outline a series of multiple perspective designs and analytic procedures that can be adapted and used across many diverse settings and populations. Whilst building upon existing approaches within qualitative methods and IPA, these designs and procedures are intended to scaffold clear routes to practical application, psychological intervention, the design of behaviour change interventions, and other recommendations for policy and practice. We discuss a variety of conceptual antecedents which situate these designs within phenomenology, pluralistic idiography, qualitative psychology, and wider debates within psychology and other social and behavioural sciences.
Iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: National Consultant for Gastroenterology Working Group Recommendations

Anaemia is a common complication associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). It substantially impairs quality of life, makes therapy more complicated, and increases costs of treatment. It seems that anaemia therapy is suboptimal in this group of patients in the Polish population. The recommendations presented below provide iron deficiency anaemia management clues in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
An Evaluation of Users' Anti-Phishing Knowledge Retention

Phishing scams have become a problem for online banking and e-commerce users. There are different proposed anti-Phishing approaches that make users aware of Phishing emails and websites. This paper evaluates the anti-Phishing knowledge retention for users. It compares the retention of the users' of a novel anti-Phishing approach previously proposed with the retention of the users of the approach of sending anti-Phishing tips by email. Two phases of user experiments were carried out to evaluate the research hypotheses on the retention of the anti-Phishing knowledge.
Weak lower bounds on resource-bounded compression imply strong separations of complexity classes

The Minimum Circuit Size Problem (MCSP) asks to determine the minimum size of a circuit computing a given truth table. MCSP is a natural and powerful string compression problem using bounded-size circuits. Recently, Oliveira and Santhanam [FOCS 2018] and Oliveira, Pich, and Santhanam [ECCC 2018] demonstrated a “hardness magnification” phenomenon for MCSP in restricted settings. Letting MCSP[s(n)] be the problem of deciding if a truth table of length 2n has circuit complexity at most s(n), they proved that small (fixed-polynomial) average case circuit/formula lower bounds for MCSP[2√n], or lower bounds for approximating MCSP[2o(n)], would imply major separations such as NP ⊄BPP and NP ⊄P/poly. We strengthen their results in several directions, obtaining magnification results from worst-case lower bounds on exactly computing the search version of generalizations of MCSP[s(n)], which also extend to time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity. In particular, we show that search-MCSP[s(n)] (where we must output a s(n)-size circuit when it exists) admits extremely efficient AC0 circuits and streaming algorithms using Σ3 SAT oracle gates of small fan-in (related to the size s(n) we want to test). For A : {0,1}⋆ → {0,1}, let search-oracleMCSPA[s(n)] be the problem: Given a truth table T of size N=2n, output a Boolean circuit for T of size at most s(n) with AND, OR, NOT, and A-oracle gates (or report that no such circuit exists). Some consequences of our results are: (1) For reasonable s(n) ≥ n and A ∈ PH, if search-MCSPA[s(n)] does not have a 1-pass deterministic poly(s(n))-space streaming algorithm with poly(s(n)) update time, then P ≠ NP. For example, proving that it is impossible to synthesize SAT-oracle circuits of size 2n/log⋆ n with a streaming algorithm on truth tables of length N=2n using Nε update time and Nε space on length-N inputs (for some ε > 0) would already separate P and NP. Note that some extremely simple functions, such as EQUALITY of two strings, already satisfy such lower bounds. (2) If search-MCSP[nc] lacks Õ(N)-size, Õ(1)-depth circuits for a c ≥ 1, then NP ⊄P/poly. (3) If search-MCSP[s(n)] does not have N · poly(s(n))-size, O(logN)-depth circuits, then NP ⊄NC1. Note it is known that MCSP[2√n] does not have formulas of N1.99 size [Hirahara and Santhanam, CCC 2017]. (4) If there is an ε > 0 such that for all c ≥ 1, search-MCSP[2n/c] does not have N1+ε-size O(1/ε)-depth ACC0 circuits, then NP ⊄ACC0. Thus the amplification results of Allender and Koucký [JACM 2010] can extend to problems in NP and beyond. Furthermore, if we substitute ⊕ P, PP, PSPACE, or EXP-complete problems for the oracle A, we obtain separations for those corresponding complexity classes instead of NP. Analogues of the above results hold for time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity as well.
The Determinants of Earnings: Skills, Preferences, and Schooling

Enhancing individuals’ capacity to succeed in the labor market is a major objective of both families and policy makers, one which in recent years has assumed special urgency with respect to those with low earnings. But we know little about the determinants of labor market success, and as we will see, some common beliefs about the earnings-generation process receive little support from available data. Increased schooling is indeed a powerful means of raising individual earnings, but the economic returns to schooling remain something of a black box. Without knowing how schooling raises earnings, educators, parents, and students have little guidance in improving the economic contribution of education. However, recent developments in labor econometrics and the microeconomics of labor markets provide the basis for a reconsideration and perhaps even a new model of the determinants of individual earnings. We here survey what is known about the determinants of individual earnings and, drawing on a number of recent contributions, propose a general interpretive framework for understanding labor market success that is capable of addressing the following puzzles in a parsimonious and non-ad hoc manner. ∗We would like to thank Roland Benabou, Anne Case, Angus Deaton, William Dickens, John Dinardo, Greg Duncan, Steven Durlauf, Paula England, Henry Farber, Daniel Hamermesh, James Heckman, Karla Hoff, Min-Hsiung Huang, Melvin Kohn, Michael Kremer, Alan Krueger, Charles Manski, Casey Mulligan, Richard Murnane, William Nordhaus, Mark Rosenzweig, Cecilia Rouse, Alan Krueger and Eric Olin Wright for providing unpublished estimates, comments and other assistance, participants at seminars atYale University, MIT, and the University of Wisconsin for comments on an earlier draft, Bridget Longridge for research assistance, and the MacArthur Foundation for financial support.
An Alternative Approach to Control Measurements of Crane Rails

Horizontal and vertical positions of points for the control assessment of crane rails are classically determined separately. The procedure is time consuming and causes non-homogenous accuracy of the horizontal and vertical position of control points. The proposed alternative approach is based on polar measurements using a high accuracy total station instrument and a special platform with two precise surveying prisms fixed on it. Measurements are carried out from a single station thus ensuring a common coordinate system and homogenous accuracy. The position of the characteristic point of a rail is derived from the measured positions of both prisms with known geometry of the platform. The influence of platform non-horizontality is defined, along with its elimination procedure. Accuracy assessment is ensured with redundant measurements. Result of the proposed procedure is a numerical and graphical presentation of characteristic points. The control parameters required in international Eurocode standards are easily determined from them.
Adaptive multimodal biometric fusion algorithm using particle swarm

This paper introduces a new algorithm called “Adaptive Multimodal Biometric Fusion Algorithm”(AMBF), which is a combination of Bayesian decision fusion and particle swarm optimization. A Bayesian framework is implemented to fuse decisions received from multiple biometric sensors. The system’s accuracy improves for a subset of decision fusion rules. The optimal rule is a function of the error cost and a priori probability of an intruder. This Bayesian framework formalizes the design of a system that can adaptively increase or reduce the security level. Particle swarm optimization searches the decision and sensor operating points (i.e. thresholds) space to achieve the desired security level. The optimization function aims to minimize the error in a Bayesian decision fusion. The particle swarm optimization algorithm results in the fusion rule and the operating points of sensors at which the system can work. This algorithm is important to systems designed with varying security needs and user access requirements. The adaptive algorithm is found to achieve desired security level and switch between different rules and sensor operating points for varying needs.
Bridge Vector Engine Manager Vector Engine Manager Vector Engine Manager Vector Engine Vector Engine Vector Engine Vector Engine

In this paper we introduce Bohrium, a runtimesystem for mapping array-operations onto a number of different hardware platforms, from multi-core systems to clusters and GPU enabled systems. As a result, the Bohrium runtime system enables NumPy code to utilize CPU, GPU, and Clusters. Bohrium integrates seamlessly into NumPy through the implicit data parallelization of array operations, which are called Universal Functions in NumPy. Bohrium requires no annotations or other code modifications besides changing the original NumPy import statement to: “import bohrium as numpy”. We evaluate the presented design through a setup that targets a multi-core CPU, an eight-node Cluster, and a GPU, all implemented as preliminary prototypes. The evaluation includes three well-known benchmark applications, Black Sholes, Shallow Water, and N-body, implemented in Python/NumPy.
Conservation Priority Species Progress of the UK Ruddy Duck eradication programme

On a global scale, invasive non-native species are second only to habitat loss as a cause of extinctions (Lowe et al. 2000). This can result from competition, habitat degradation or hybridisation. The Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis is a native of the Americas, where it has a stable population of around 500,000 birds (Wetlands International 2006), but is an introduced species in Europe. The UK population originates from four males and three females imported to the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, in 1948. A captive-breeding programme started in 1949 but, following a series of escapes in the mid to late 1950s and the deliberate release of three immature females in 1961 (Hudson 1976), a small feral population became established in southwest England. Breeding in the wild appears to have first occurred in 1960, at Chew
Venture capital investments by IPO underwriters : Certification or conflict of interest ?

We study IPO pricing when underwriters are venture capital investors in issuers and evaluate whether this creates a serious conflict of interest with IPO investors or reduces the conflict of interest with IPO issuers. Theoretically, prior underwriter venture investment has several effects. First, it can improve underwriter access to IPO issuer information, thereby enhancing the credibility of due diligence investigations, which raises investor demand and IPO offer prices. Second, it can increase an underwriter’s conflict of interest with IPO investors, which decreases the credibility of its due diligence investigation, lowering investor demand and IPO offer prices when prices are set competitively. Third, it improves the alignment of interest of underwriters and IPO issuers, which results in higher IPO offer prices, if underwriters have some pricing power and capture rents from allocating underpriced issues. Empirically, venture capital investments by lead underwriters significantly reduce IPO underpricing, while venture investments by other syndicate underwriters have no effect. This lead underwriter certification effect is stronger when investors have greater uncertainty about IPO valuation. The certification effect weakens as lead underwriter shareholdings rise to 10% or above, which is consistent with a more serious moral hazard problem for IPO investors under these circumstances. Controlling for endogeneity effects does not change our conclusions. Lead underwriter venture investment in IPO issuers also reduces underwriting fees. This evidence is consistent with a certification effect and greater alignment of interests between lead underwriters and IPO issuers, which lead to higher offer prices and lower underwriter spreads.
The Determinants of TFP Growth in the Portuguese Service Sector

As services today are of great complexity and usually a bundle of different individual inputs, it is sometimes hard to identify characteristics for the overall service sector. As such, empirical research on productivity is less common in this sector. Given the connection between Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and economic growth, and the importance of services for overall economic activity, it is crucial to study, at the firm level, which factors may drive TFP growth in this particular sector. Our empirical assessment is based on a firm-level panel dataset covering Portuguese service firms, between 2010 and 2016. We first estimate TFP through the Levinsohn-Petrin (LP) algorithm and compare results amongst different traditional estimating methods. Secondly, we conclude our econometric framework with a fixed-effects estimation, hence, trying to shed further light on the determinants of TFP growth in the Portuguese service sector. We found evidence for a positive correlation between financial health, innovation, wage premium, and TFP growth, whereas capital intensity, training, and age show a non-linear relationship with TFP growth.
Aid Allocation and Targeted Development in an Increasingly Connected World

Abstract Aid donors pursue a strategy of targeted development with regard to recipient states. The determinants of aid allocation have shifted significantly. Industrialized states are increasingly unable to insulate themselves from spillovers caused by underdevelopment abroad. Donors attempt to use aid to decrease these spillovers, targeting developing countries where the effects on the donor are anticipated to be large. Once a recipient is chosen, concern for recipient government capacity guides the composition of aid. Empirical analysis of aid allocation from 1973 to 2012 demonstrates that, while explanations based on security and economic ties to the donor explain allocation well in the Cold War, the post-2001 period is best understood by incorporating a role for targeted development. This framework helps synthesize various findings in the aid allocation literature and has important implications for studying aid effectiveness.
Contractile Reserve and Calcium Regulation Are Depressed in Myocytes From Chronically Unloaded Hearts

Background—Chronic cardiac unloading of the normal heart results in the reduction of left ventricular (LV) mass, but effects on myocyte contractile function are not known. Methods and Results—Cardiac unloading and reduction in LV mass were induced by heterotopic heart transplantation to the abdominal aorta in isogenic rats. Contractility and [Ca2+]i regulation in LV myocytes were studied at both 2 and 5 weeks after transplantation. Native in situ hearts from recipient animals were used as the controls for all experiments. Contractile function indices in myocytes from 2-week unloaded and native (control) hearts were similar under baseline conditions (0.5 Hz, 1.2 mmol/L [Ca2+]o, and 36°C) and in response to stimulation with high [Ca2+]o (range 2.5 to 4.0 mmol/L). In myocytes from 5-week unloaded hearts, there were no differences in fractional cell shortening and peak-systolic [Ca2+]i at baseline; however, time to 50% relengthening and time to 50% decline in [Ca2+]i were prolonged compared with controls. Severe defects in fractional cell shortening and peak-systolic [Ca2+]i were elicited in myocytes from 5-week unloaded hearts in response to high [Ca2+]o. However, there were no differences in the contractile response to isoproterenol between myocytes from unloaded and native hearts. In 5-week unloaded hearts, but not in 2-week unloaded hearts, LV protein levels of phospholamban were increased (345% of native heart values). Protein levels of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger were not changed. Conclusions—Chronic unloading of the normal heart caused a time-dependent depression of myocyte contractile function, suggesting the potential for impaired performance in states associated with prolonged cardiac atrophy.
Alterations in Coagulation Induced by Hypothermia and Acidosis in Swine

Abstract : Although clinical coagulopathy is associated with acidosis and hypothermia, the underlying mechanisms by which these factors alter the coagulation process remains unclear. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the contributory effects of acidosis and hypothermia to the development of coagulopathy. Twenty-four pigs were randomly divided into control (pH 7.4, 39 deg C), acidotic (pH 7.1, 39 deg C), hypothermic (pH 7.4, 32 deg C), and combined acidotic-hypothermic (pH 7.1, 32 deg C) groups (n=6/group). Acidosis and hypothermia were introduced by infusion of 0.2M HCl and using a blanket with circulating cold water (4 deg C), respectively. Measurements were compared before (pre) and 10 min after the induction of acidosis and hypothermia (post). Development of coagulopathy was defined as a significant increase in splenic bleeding time in vivo. Coagulopathy developed shortly after the induction of acidosis and/or hypothermia. Splenic bleeding time was prolonged by 41%, 57%, and 72% in acidotic, hypothermic, and the combined groups (p<0.05, pre vs post in each group), respectively. Hypothermia caused a delay in the onset of thrombin generation, whereas acidosis caused both a delay in the onset of thrombin generation and an impairment in thrombin generation rate. The reaction time (latency time for initial clot formation) of the thrombo-elastogram (TEG) was prolonged in the hypothermia and the combined groups, but not in the acidotic group. The alpha-angle (the rapidity of fibrin build up and cross linking) of the TEG was reduced in the acidosis and combined groups, but not in the hypothermia group. We conclude that acidosis and hypothermia cause coagulopathy via different mechanisms.
Experience with various 3-dimensional navigation systems in head and neck surgery.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the benefits and difficulties encountered when using various 3-dimensional (3-D) navigation systems in head and neck procedures. DESIGN Five different navigation systems were used for preoperative planning and intraoperative 3-D navigation in procedures at the paranasal sinuses, the frontal and lateral skull bases, and the petrous bone. INTERVENTION Intraoperative 3-D localizing systems (position-sensitive mechanical arms, infrared cameras, etc) demand reliable patient fixation on the operating table. We achieved this by developing a noninvasive head holder. Other systems allow patient movements by using magnetic digitizing technology (ARTMA System) and sophisticated programming. RESULT Having surpassed an initial learning curve, we now achieve an accuracy of 1 to 2 mm regularly. Especially in paranasal and frontal basal surgery, all navigation systems used provide valuable positioning information during surgery. In particular for revision or tumor surgery, decisive benefits resulted from use of these systems: shorter overall operation time; safer manipulation near delicate structures; and reliable identification of the skull base even in patients with bleeding, scarring, or missing anatomical landmarks. CONCLUSIONS We performed approximately 250 operations with different systems and introduced navigation at the lateral skull base and the petrous bone with mechanical, optic, and magnetic digitizers. In these anatomical areas, navigation was used successfully; the technical challenge is greatest at the lateral skull base, however.
Cosmology as relativistic particle mechanics: from big crunch to big bang

Cosmology can be viewed as geodesic motion in an appropriate metric on an ‘augmented’ target space; here we obtain these geodesics from an effective relativistic particle action. As an application, we find some exact (flat and curved) cosmologies for models with N scalar fields taking values in a hyperbolic target space for which the augmented target space is a Milne universe. The singularities of these cosmologies correspond to points at which the particle trajectory crosses the Milne horizon, suggesting a novel resolution of them, which we explore via the Wheeler–DeWitt equation.
Age-Related Increases in Verbal Knowledge Are Not Associated With Word Finding Problems in the Cam-CAN Cohort: What You Know Won’t Hurt You

Objective: We tested the claim that age-related increases in knowledge interfere with word retrieval, leading to word finding failures. We did this by relating a measure of crystallized intelligence to tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states and picture naming accuracy. Method: Participants were from a large (N = 708), cross-sectional (aged 18–88 years), population-based sample from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience cohort (Cam-CAN; www.cam-can.com). They completed (a) the Spot-the-Word Test (STW), a measure of crystallized intelligence in which participants circled the real word in word/nonword pairs, (b) a TOT-inducing task, and (c) a picture naming task. Results: Age and STW independently predicted TOTs, with higher TOTs for older adults and for participants with lower STW scores. Tests of a moderator model examining interactions between STW and age indicated that STW was a significant negative predictor of TOTs in younger adults, but with increasing age, the effect size gradually approached zero. Results using picture naming accuracy replicated these findings. Discussion: These results do not support the hypothesis that lifelong knowledge acquisition leads to interference that causes an age-related increase in TOTs. Instead, crystallized intelligence supports successful word retrieval, although this relationship weakens across adulthood.
Optical spectroscopy of radio galaxies in the 7C Redshift Survey

We present optical spectroscopy of all 49 radio galaxies in the 7C-I and 7C-II regions of the 7C Redshift Survey (7CRS). The low-frequency (151 MHz) selected 7CRS sample contains all sources with flux-densities S151 > 0.5 Jy in three regions of the sky; 7C-I and 7C-II were chosen to overlap with the 5C 6 and 5C 7 surveys, respectively, and cover a total sky area of 0.013 sr. The sample has been completely identified and spectroscopy of the quasars and broad-lined radio galaxies has been presented previously by Willott et al. Only seven of the radio galaxies do not have redshift determinations from the spectroscopy, giving a redshift completeness for the sample of >90 per cent. The median redshift of the 7CRS is 1.1. We present a composite 0.2 < z < 0.8 7CRS radio galaxy spectrum and investigate the strengths of the 4000- ˚ A breaks in these radio galaxies. We find an anti-correlation between the 4000- ˚ A