Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Extractant and Temperature on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Spices

Ten spices marketed in Jordan, (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L.,Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were investigated for their phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The influence of different extractants (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at different temperatures (20, 40 and 60&degC) was examined. Results showed at 60&degC using methanol, cloves had the highest level of total phenolics (781.0 mg GAE/100g using acetone). At 40&degC, sumac and cloves had the highest amounts of total phenolics (343.9 mg/100g and 342 mg GAE/100g respectively). At 20&degC, cloves continued to have the highest amount of total phenolics (394.7 mg/100g) using methanol as extactant. Ethanol as extractant, cloves gave the highest level of phenolics (548 mg GAE/100g, 493.4 mg GAE/100g) at 60&degC, while at 20&degC cloves and sumac showed the highest concentrations of phenolics (350.8 mg GAE/100g and 342.8 mg GAE/100g respectively). Acetone as extractant at 60&degC, cloves had the highest levels of phenolics (781 mg GAE/100g) while at 40&degC and at 20&degC, sumac contributed the highest levels of total phenolics (583.2 mg GAE/100g and 754.5 mg GAE/100g). The total phenolics concentration varied significantly among the spices. Their values varied according to the extractant and extracting temperature. IC50 (radical scavenging activity) reflecting the antioxidant activity was presented. Results showed that cloves had the highest antioxidant activity while the cinnamon, turmeric and sumac had a appreciable level of antioxidant activity. Green cardamom and coriander had the lowest antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was positively correlated with total phenolic compounds content of the investigated spices.
Comparison of the clinical presentation of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations (angiographically visualized) and occult vascular malformations.

The authors compared the clinical presentations of angiographically apparent arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and angiographically occult vascular malformations (AOVMs) of the brain in 188 consecutive patients treated when computed tomography and magnetic resonance were available. There were 133 patients (70.7%) with AVMs and 55 patients (29.2%) with AOVMs. AOVMs tended to occur more frequently in male patients and in the posterior fossa and to present earlier clinically than AVMs, but differences were not significant. One distinctive feature was the greater size of AVMs, as compared with AOVMs. Presentation by hemorrhage occurred in 64.3% of the patients with AVMs and in 61.8% of those with AOVMs. Malformations of both types located in the posterior fossa presented with hemorrhage more frequently (84.2% of AVMs and 78.5% of AOVMs) than similar lesions lying above the tentorium (60.8% of AVMs and 56% of AOVMs). Bleeding was more severe in patients with AVMs than in those with AOVMs, as indicated by the higher mortality associated with hemorrhage (7.5 vs. 3.6% of the cases) and the more frequent and marked decrease in the level of consciousness observed at admission (34 vs. 16.2% of drowsy or comatose patients). Brain hematomas caused by AVMs were on average bigger than those caused by AOVMs (58.8 and 20% of large hematomas, respectively), and intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhages were also more common and profuse in patients with AVMs. However, AOVMs bled subsequently more times than AVMs (61.7 vs. 15.6%), before they were diagnosed and treated, leading to a higher nonoperative morbidity (16.3 vs. 13.6%). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Joint Airborne Network Services Suite

In this paper we present an approach for enabling the formation of a Joint Service, heterogeneous Airborne Network. Central to this approach will be the definition of a Joint Airborne Network Services Suite (JANSS). The JANSS will consist of a common set of integrated features and functions that can be implemented on all airborne platforms to enable those platforms to participate in the future IP-based airborne network. The JANSS will include the functionality necessary to enable the exchange of IP-based data using either existing legacy voice/data radios, network-enabled commercial terminals, or emerging network-enabled military radios. Although integrated, the JANSS will be modular in nature, capable of being adapted, expanded, or enhanced, as needed, to support a particular platform's needs. Also, it will allow for implementation using various possible hardware and software solutions. The JANSS will incorporate a set of user application services to include: (I) collaboration tools such as text chat, email, and voice over IP (VoIP); (2) file transfers; (3) video streaming; and (4) Web services. It will also include security and networking services such as: access control, authentication, intrusion detection, routing, quality of service (QoS), and network management. The services provided by the JANSS will be capable of being implemented incrementally and will allow for compatibility with legacy and future military communication systems
MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TERRORIST SHOCKS IN ISRAEL

This paper estimates a structural vector autoregression to assess the empirical effects of terrorism on output and prices in Israel. Long‐run restrictions are used to interpret the effects in terms of aggregate demand and supply curves. The responses indicate that the immediate effects of terrorism are similar to those associated with a negative demand shock. Such a leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve is consistent with the existence of adverse effects on most components of aggregate expenditure documented in previous empirical studies. The long‐term consequences of terrorism are similar to those related to a negative supply shock. Such a leftward shift of the long‐run aggregate supply curve agrees with adverse effects on the determinants of the potential output, such as contractions of physical capital highlighted in earlier work, as well as reductions of technological innovations and slowdowns of net immigrations, which have not been fully analyzed in the existing empirical literature.
Continuity or Change?

Drawing on data generated from interviews with employers, managers and workers the article examines the reasons for the limited impact of the recently introduced National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the UK hospitality industry. Managerial control over the terms of the wage-work bargain, together with the significant influence of product and labour market pressures, has allowed the NMW to be introduced with little disruption. Contrary to expectations of a regulatory or labour market `shock', the introduction of the NMW appears to have reinforced, rather than challenged, existing employment relations arrangements in hospitality.
Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Advanced Adjuncts in Preoperative Planning for Central Region Tumors

BACKGROUND:Tumor resection in the vicinity of the motor cortex poses a challenge to all neurosurgeons. For preoperative assessment of eloquent cortical areas, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used, whereas intraoperatively, direct cortical stimulation (DCS) is performed. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is comparable to DCS in activating cortical pyramidal neurons. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the reliability of nTMS compared with fMRI and DCS for preoperative resection planning of centrally located tumors. METHODS:In a prospective series, 11 patients (ages, 20-63 years; mean, 41.9 ± 14.9 years, 2 women) with tumors located in or adjacent to the motor cortex were evaluated for surgery. fMRI and nTMS were applied for preoperative assessment of the extent of tumor resection. A 3-dimensional anatomic data set with superimposed fMRI data was integrated in the eXimia Navigated Brain Stimulation station for ensuing motor cortex mapping by nTMS. Responses from nTMS were evaluated by electromyographic response. During surgery, the coordinates of each DCS site were unambiguously defined and integrated into neuronavigation. A post hoc comparison of the coordinates of nTMS, fMRI, and DCS was performed. RESULTS:Distances from nTMS to DCS (10.5 ± 5.67 mm) were significantly smaller than those from fMRI to DCS (15.0 ± 7.6 mm). CONCLUSION:nTMS anticipates information usually only enabled by DCS and therefore allows surgical planning in eloquent cortex surgery.
What is Happening to Earnings Inequality and Youth Wages in the 1990s?

The increase in earnings inequality among men in particular in Canada has been well documented. This paper adds to our knowledge of inequality trends by addressing three issues. First, what has happened to earnings inequality among the employed population in the 1990s? We find that earnings inequality and polarization increased little in the population of all workers (men and women combined) between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. The second question relates to the impact of the changing propensity of Canadians to hold a job on earnings inequality. Put another way, if we focus on the entire population of working age Canadians (those with and without paid employment), what are the inequality trends. We find that earnings inequality among the working age population changed little over the 1980s and 1990s. This analysis incorporates both the influence of the changing employment/population ratio and inequality trends among employed workers on overall earnings inequality among the working age population. But this relative stability in overall earnings inequality since the mid-1980s masks a number of offsetting underlying trends. Some groups of workers are making earnings gains (notably older workers, and women) while others are losing (notably younger workers and men). This paper focuses in particular on the earnings trends among younger workers, and finds that the decline in annual earnings of younger male workers in particular is associated with a decline in real hourly wages.
Ownership structure, monitoring, and market value of companies: evidence from an unusual privatization mode

This study analyses the impact of ownership structure and market liquidity on company value. We investigate different aspects of ownership: the risk of political interference, private investors vs. the state acting as influential blockholders, and preferential political treatment of companies. Using a unique dataset of Polish partial privatizations initiated by shares transfers to entities under limited government influence, we find that government divestments can enhance company value, due to reduction in risk of political interference. A potential increase in the liquidity of trades in transferred companies’ shares also boosts their market value. On the other hand, an increased likelihood of the emergence of private blockholders able to expropriate minority shareholders reduces the firm’s market value. Our results support the political view of privatization: governments have objectives different to profit maximization, which leads to suboptimal investment from this point of view and lower market value of companies. We also develop a model to empirically distinguish between different aspects of ownership on company value.
Do German Welfare-to-Work Programmes Reduce Welfare Dependency and Increase Employment?

Abstract During the last decade, many Western economies reformed their welfare systems with the aim of activating welfare recipients by increasing welfare-to-work programmes (WTWP) and job-search enforcement. We evaluate the short-term effects of three important German WTWP implemented after a major reform in January 2005 (‘Hartz IV’), namely short training, further training with a planned duration of up to three months and public workfare programmes (‘One-Euro-Jobs’). Our analysis is based on a combination of a large-scale survey and administrative data that is rich with respect to individual, household, agency level and regional information. We use this richness of the data to base the econometric evaluation on a selection-on-observables approach. We find that short-term training programmes, on average, increase their participants’ employment perspectives. There is also considerable effect heterogeneity across different subgroups of participants that could be exploited to improve the allocation of welfare recipients to the specific programmes and thus increase overall programme effectiveness.
Credit Risk and the Demand for Agricultural Loans

This paper uses the lender–borrower relationship to provide insight into the impirical estimation of loan demand/contract curves for agricultural loans. Loan demand is shown to be determined partly by lenders’willingness to provide debt. The implicit solution to the loan contract curve in the lender–borrower relationship is derived from the cumulative probability distribution function of loan losses, which is the same measure used as the dependent variable in credit scoring models. Consequently, empirical estimation of loan demand can be obtained from credit scoring models. This paper presents the theory and then provides loan demand estimates and elasticities using Farm Credit Corporation cross-sectional and time-series data. Empirical estimates indicate the possibility of a backward-bending loan demand curve, which may indicate some credit ationing in agriculture. Au moyen du rapport preteur-emprunteur, les auteurs cherchent aelucider l'estimation empirique des courbes de demande et de contrat de pret dans le cas des prets consentis a des fins agricoles. La demande de pret se revele etre determinee en partie par la disponibilite du preteur a fournir le credit. La solution implicite de la courbe de contrat de credit dans le rapport preteur-emprunteur est erivee a partir de la fonction de repartition des probabilites cumulatives des pertes d'argent prete, laquelle est la meme mesure que celle utilisee comme variable dependante dans les modeles d'evaluation des prets. Par consequent, l'estimation empirique de la demande de prets peut etre deduite de ces modeles d'evaluation. Les auteurs exposent la theorie et ensuite fournissent les valeurs et les elasticites de la demande de prets en se servant des donnees transversales et de series hronologiques colligees par la Societe du credit agricole. Ces valeurs empiriques suggerent l'existence d'une courbe de demande d'emprunt retombant
The role of moral values in contemporary common property enactment

Contemporary rural change in Western Europe presents numerous challenges for historical common property institutions, not least because it suggests changes to the magnitude and diversity of values attached to common land by both rights-holders and wider society. In the case of crofting common grazings in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, such shifting values have generated tensions between different claimants by disturbing previously taken-for-granted assumptions regarding what and whom rural land is for. The discursive mechanisms through which property is enacted have altered so that the boundaries of exclusion and inclusion are not necessarily aligned with the rights as legally constructed. Eight in-depth case studies were used to explore the processes of common property enactment through which claims are sustained, negotiated or contested. It is argued that successfully asserting a moral claim to one's legal right is of prime importance in contemporary common property enactment, given the weakening of regulation enforcement and the difficulty of aligning use and management to the values and interests of an increasingly diverse group of shareholders. Twelve key axes of moral authority are frequently invoked to legitimate or undermine common grazings rights claims, concerning deontological, teleological, and identity-related aspects.
A ‘toothache tree’ alkylamide inhibits Aδ mechanonociceptors to alleviate mechanical pain

• Extracts from the toothache tree (Zanthoxylum) are used to treat inflammatory pain, such as toothache and arthritis. • Hydroxy‐α‐sanshool (sanshool) is a major alkylamide in extracts from Zanthoxylum plants. • Sanshool treatment in mice caused a selective attenuation of mechanical sensitivity under naïve and inflammatory conditions • Sanshool inhibits Aδ mechanonociceptors that mediate both sharp acute pain and inflammatory pain, and inhibits the activity of multiple voltage‐gated sodium channel subtypes, among which Nav1.7 is the most strongly affected. • Our data implicate Nav1.7 as a key mediator of inflammatory mechanical pain in ‘fast pain’ mechanosensory neurons.
Enhancement in the Interface Shear Resistance Achieved by a Novel Geogrid with In-Plane Drainage

The enhancement in the interface shear strength achieved in the short- term by a novel geogrid, which combines both reinforcement and in-plane drainage functions, was studied. Marginal fill material (wet gravelly clay) was standard Proctor compacted to achieve 92% of its maximum dry unit weight and tested in the large shearbox apparatus under consolidated-undrained conditions. Overall, the interface shear resistance (�s-g) values mobilized for the novel geogrid were similar to the undrained shear strength of the test soil itself. In contrast, thes-g values mobilized for a conventional geogrid, which had similar physical and tensile strength properties, were between only 82 and 85% of the undrained shear strength of the test soil. The benefit is that the increase in the interface friction angle (achieved by in-place drainage along the novel geogrid) will facilitate the use of some marginal fills, which may already be readily available onsite, in the construction of earth structures. Earth structures (embankments and slopes) are traditionally constructed using suitable fill material that is placed and compacted to within 95% of its maximum dry unit weight achieved under standard Proctor compaction. Free-draining, high shear strength materials including gravel and sand are acceptable for use under any circumstances. Soils that contain less than 15% fines (percentage by weight passing the 0.063-mm sieve) are generally considered as suitable fill since these materials can be pre-drained if their water contents are too high. The fill material is generally placed and compacted in lifts, between 0.25 and 0.30 m in thickness, with at most 1.0-m depth of fill being placed in any given 24-hour period. There is an economic benefit in using marginal fill (wet cohesive fill) that may already be readily available onsite rather than importing suitable fill material.
SRAM Leakage Reduction by Row/Column Redundancy Under Random Within-Die Delay Variation

Share of leakage in total power consumption of static RAM (SRAM) memories is increasing with technology scaling. Reverse body biasing increases threshold voltage (Vth), which exponentially reduces subthreshold leakage, but it increases SRAM access delay. Traditionally, when all cells of an SRAM block used to have almost the same delay, within-die variations are increasingly widening the delay distribution of cells even within a single SRAM block, and hence, most of these cells are substantially faster than the delay set for the entire block. Consequently, after the reverse body biasing and the resulting delay rise, only a small number of cells violate the original delay of the SRAM block; we propose to replace them with sufficient number of spare rows/columns of SRAM. Our experiments show that the leakage can be reduced by up to 40% in a 90-nm predictive technology by adding less than ten spare columns to an 8-kB SRAM array for a negligible penalty in delay, dynamic power, and area in the presence of 3% uncorrelated random delay variation.
Urban and regional restructuring and spatial transfers of housing wealth

to a growing appreciation of the critical role that location and time play in creating and transferring housing wealth within the property market. The creation and transfer of housing wealth has been approached in three different ways. Initially, as part of the debate about the relationship between housing wealth and class position, sociologists like Saunders (1978) and Thorns (1981) argued that capital gains in owner-occupation tended to mirror the residential desirability, and hence the class structure, of individual suburbs. Notably, the same line of reasoning had been developed in the context of urban rent theory by Evans (1973) to explain the tendency to ’social agglomeration’ in cities. Then as economic restructuring began to exaggerate regional differences in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, David Thorns (1982) postulated a connection between the
Initial clinical experience with a 64-MDCT whole-body scanner in an emergency department: better time management and diagnostic quality?

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess time management and diagnostic quality when using a 64-multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) whole-body scanner to evaluate polytraumatized patients in an emergency department. METHODS Eighty-eight consecutive polytraumatized patients with injury severity score (ISS) > or = 18 (mean ISS = 29) were included in this study. Documented and evaluated data were crash history, trauma mechanism, number and pattern of injuries, injury severity, diagnostics, time flow, and missed diagnoses. Data were stored in our hospital information system. Seven time intervals were evaluated. In particular, attention was paid to the "acquisition interval," the "reformatting and evaluation time" as well as the "CT time" (time from CT start to preliminary diagnosis). A standardized whole-body CT was performed. The acquired CT data together with automatically generated multiplanar reformatted images ("direct MPR") were transferred to a 3D rendering workstation. Diagnostic quality was determined on the basis of missed diagnoses. Head-to-toe scout images were possible because volume coverage was up to 2 m. Experienced radiologists at an affiliated workstation performed radiologic evaluation of the acquired datasets immediately after acquisition. RESULTS The "acquisition interval" was 12 minutes +/- 4.9 minutes, the "reformatting and evaluation interval" 7.0 minutes +/- 2.1 minutes, and the "CT time" 19 minutes +/- 6.1 minutes. Altogether, 7 of 486 lesions were recognized but not communicated in the "reformatting and evaluation interval", and 10 injuries were initially missed and detected during follow-up. CONCLUSION This study indicates that 64-MDCT saves time, especially in the "reformatting and evaluation interval. " Diagnostic quality is high, as reflected by the small number of missed diagnoses.
A Panel Causality Analysis of the Relationship among Research and Development, Innovation, and Economic Growth in High-Income OECD Countries

This study examines possible causal relations among research and development (R&D) expenditures, innovation and economic growth in high income OECD countries. We test for both pairwise and multivariate causal relations by estimating a trivariate panel vector autoregressive (VAR) model through the GMM and panel fixed effects methods. Our bivariate panel causality test results suggest that R&D expenditures Granger cause innovation measured as the number of triadic patents; while technological innovations Granger cause economic growth, as presumed by endogenous growth theory. A reverse causality relation does also exist between economic growth and innovation, that is, the rate of growth of output accelerates the rate of technological change. Our multivariate causality tests further reveal that the market size and the rate of innovation together Granger cause R&D activity; while an increase in national output and R&D intensity jointly Granger-cause technological change. These findings suggest that both the “technology-push” and “demand-pull” models of innovation equally make sense.