Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insulin delivery and nocturnal glucose control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nocturnal glucose control remains challenging in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes due to highly variable overnight insulin requirements. The issue may be addressed by glucose responsive insulin delivery based on real-time continuous glucose measurements. Areas covered: This review outlines recent developments of glucose responsive insulin delivery systems from a paediatric perspective. We cover threshold-based suspend application, predictive low glucose suspend, and more advanced single hormone and dual-hormone closed-loop systems. Approaches are evaluated in relation to nocturnal glucose control particularly during outpatient randomised controlled trials. Expert opinion: Significant progress translating research from controlled clinical centre settings to free-living unsupervised home studies have been achieved over the past decade. Nocturnal glycaemic control can be improved whilst reducing the risk of hypoglycaemia with closed-loop systems. Following the US regulatory approval of the first hybrid closed-loop system in non-paediatric population, large multinational closed-loop clinical trials and pivotal studies including paediatric populations are underway or in preparation to facilitate the use of closed-loop systems in clinical practice.
Acquired coagulation disorders: revisited using global coagulation/anticoagulation testing

Acquired coagulation defects are characterized by a decrease of both pro‐ and anti‐coagulants. Because of this, we hypothesise that global tests, such as the prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times (PT and APTT), might be unsuitable for their investigation. Indeed, these tests are not good predictors of bleeding in acquired coagulopathies as they are in the congenital ones. This article discusses the possible reasons for this, using cirrhosis and the neonatal period as epitomes of acquired coagulation defects. Both display normal thrombin generation in the presence of thrombomodulin, in spite of prolonged PT and APTT. We surmise that, because of their design, the PT and APTT are responsive to thrombin generated as a function of pro‐coagulants, but much less to thrombin inhibited by the anti‐coagulants, especially protein C, which is activated to a limited extent in the absence of thrombomodulin. In conclusion, the PT and APTT can tell us whether or not a patient is deficient in one or more pro‐coagulants, but not whether this deficiency is counterbalanced by a parallel deficiency of anti‐coagulants. Thrombin generation assays are more suitable than PT and APTT for use in acquired coagulation defects.
Characterization of the autophosphorylation of Era, an essential Escherichia coli GTPase

Era is an essential protein in Escherichia coli which binds both GTP and GDP and has an intrinsic GTPase activity. Studies on the role of GTP/GDP binding and GTPase activity in an attempt to understand its function lead to the observation that Era is autophosphorylated. The autophosphorylated reaction is specific for GTP and cannot use ATP as a phosphoryl group donor. The reaction velocity is of first order with respect to protein concentration, suggesting an intramolecular mechanism. Autophosphorylation occurs at serine and threonine residues. The major phosphorylated tryptic peptide isolated after autophosphorylation has been identified as ISITSR, from residue 33 to 38. The peptide contains the site of phosphorylation and two potential sites for serine and threonine phosphorylation. Subsequently, both the threonine residue at position 36 and the serine residue at position 37 were altered to alanine. The double mutant Era, but not individual single mutants, was unable to functionally complement the growth of an E. coli strain which cannot produce wild‐type Era protein at high temperature. This suggests that either threonine 36 or serine 37 has to exist for the function of Era In vivo. phosphorylation of Era was also examined by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Era has been previously assigned two distinct positions having two different X‐Y co‐ordinates: one of the spots (H032.0) was identified as phosphorylated Era, indicating that a substantial portion of Era in the cell is indeed phosphorylated. Therefore, Era autophosphorylation is likely to play an important physiological role in the cell. The sequence encoding the C‐terminus previously published had a missing C between A900 and GgO1. As a resuit of the frameshift, Era consists of 301 residues, 15 fewer than originaiiy reported.
The Fixation and Saccade P3

Although most instances of object recognition during natural viewing occur in the presence of saccades, the neural correlates of objection recognition have almost exclusively been examined during fixation. Recent studies have indicated that there are post-saccadic modulations of neural activity immediately following eye movement landing; however, whether post-saccadic modulations affect relatively late occurring cognitive components such as the P3 has not been explored. The P3 as conventionally measured at fixation is commonly used in brain computer interfaces, hence characterizing the post-saccadic P3 could aid in the development of improved brain computer interfaces that allow for eye movements. In this study, the P3 observed after saccadic landing was compared to the P3 measured at fixation. No significant differences in P3 start time, temporal persistence, or amplitude were found between fixation and saccade trials. Importantly, sensory neural responses canceled in the target minus distracter comparisons used to identify the P3. Our results indicate that relatively late occurring cognitive neural components such as the P3 are likely less sensitive to post saccadic modulations than sensory neural components and other neural activity occurring shortly after eye movement landing. Furthermore, due to the similarity of the fixation and saccade P3, we conclude that the P3 following saccadic landing could possibly be used as a viable signal in brain computer interfaces allowing for eye movements.
Building AI Applications: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

AI applications have been deployed and used for industrial, government, and consumer purposes for many years. The experiences have been documented in IAAI conference proceedings since 1989. Over the years, the breadth of applications has expanded many times over and AI systems have become more commonplace. Indeed, AI has recently become a focal point in the industrial and consumer consciousness. This article focuses on changes in the world of computing over the last three decades that made building AI applications more feasible. We then examine lessons learned during this time and distill these lessons into succinct advice for future application builders.
Testing domains of danger in the selfish herd: sparrowhawks target widely spaced redshanks in flocks

The main tenet of Hamilton's ‘selfish herd theory’ for the evolution of group living is that individual risk of being killed upon attack by a predator is greater when relatively far from conspecifics. Here we examine the role of spacing using video analysis of encounters between redshanks, Tringa totanus, in flocks on saltmarsh, and sparrowhawks, Accipiter nisus, surprise hunting from adjacent woodland. Targeted redshanks were 35% (approx. 5 body lengths) more widely spaced than their nearest non-targeted neighbours, controlling for proximity to the hawk. Although targeted redshanks were also twice as slow to escape, the effect dropped out of a model containing spacing, which alone accounted for twice as much variation as escape delay. Redshanks were more tightly spaced on the riskiest side of the flock, suggesting they attempted to compensate for the greater risk, while birds on the edges of flocks were more widely spaced than those in the centre. Our analysis controls for most of the confounding effects associated with the edge–centre comparisons that are normally used in similar studies and provides strong support for spacing-dependent differential predation risk in the wild. In general, we suggest that positive selection for tight spacing when prey are stationary is largely due to domains of danger, but that this also leads to positive selection when prey are mobile because of predator confusion.
Febrile Seizures

Febrile seizures are the most common form of childhood seizures, occurring in 2 to 5% of children in the United States. Most febrile seizures are considered simple, although those with focal onset, prolonged duration, or that occur more than once within the same febrile illness are considered complex. Risk factors for a first febrile seizure, recurrence of febrile seizures, and development of future epilepsy are identifiable and varied. Children with febrile seizures encounter little risk of mortality and morbidity and have no association with any detectable brain damage. Recurrence is possible, but only a small minority will go on to develop epilepsy. Although antiepileptic drugs can prevent recurrent febrile seizures, they do not alter the risk of subsequent epilepsy. This has led to a changing view of how we approach the treatment of these common and largely benign seizures. This chapter will review the current understanding of the prognosis and management of febrile seizures. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:S44—S52).
Genome-wide identification and transcriptional expression analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD) family in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a family of key antioxidant enzymes that play a crucial role in plant growth and development. Previously, this gene family has been investigated in Arabidopsis and rice. In the present study, a genome-wide analysis of the SOD gene family in wheat were performed. Twenty-six SOD genes were identified from the whole genome of wheat, including 17 Cu/Zn-SODs, six Fe-SODs, and three Mn-SODs. The chromosomal location mapping analysis indicated that these three types of SOD genes were only distributed on 2, 4, and 7 chromosomes, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of wheat SODs and several other species revealed that these SOD proteins can be assigned to two major categories. SOD1 mainly comprises of Cu/Zn-SODs, and SOD2 mainly comprises of Fe-SODs and Mn-SODs. Gene structure and motif analyses indicated that most of the SOD genes showed a relatively conserved exon/intron arrangement and motif composition. Analyses of transcriptional data indicated that most of the wheat SOD genes were expressed in almost all of the examined tissues and had important functions in abiotic stress resistance. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to reveal the regulating roles of wheat SOD gene family in response to NaCl, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol stresses. qRT-PCR showed that eight randomly selected genes with relatively high expression levels responded to all three stresses based on released transcriptome data. However, their degree of response and response patterns were different. Interestingly, among these genes, TaSOD1.7, TaSOD1.9, TaSOD2.1, and TaSOD2.3 feature research value owing to their remarkable expression-fold change in leaves or roots under different stresses. Overall, our results provide a basis of further functional research on the SOD gene family in wheat and facilitate their potential use for applications in the genetic improvement on wheat in drought and salt stress environments.
Citation for Published Item: Publisher's Copyright Statement: This Chapter Appears in 'interactive Whiteboards for Education : Theory, Research and Practice' Edited by Michael Use Policy Interactive Whiteboards for Education: Theory, Research and Practice Information Science Reference Library of Con

(2010) 'The impact of interactive whiteboards on classroom interaction and learning in primary schools in the UK. ', in Interactive whiteboards for education : theory, research and practice. Hershey, Pa: IGI Global, pp. 86-101. The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Interactive whiteboards for education : theory, research, and practice / Michael Thomas and Euline Cutrim Schmid, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "This book contributed to the debate about the importance of research-based studies in the field of educational policy making in general and learning technologies, particularly the use of interactive whiteboards for education"-Provided by publisher. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. iNtrODUCtiON The aim of this chapter is to present a critical analysis of the findings from a large-scale research project in the UK where electronic or interactive whiteboards were introduced into over 200 classrooms of the teachers of 9-11 year olds in England (Higgins et al., 2005). The initiative was explicitly designated as a national pilot project with the key goal of raising levels of attainment in the pilot schools in literacy and mathematics, which are the central curriculum focus of the UK Government-funded Primary National Strategy (i.e. strategy for raising standards in primary or elementary schools across England). Some aspects of the project have been published elsewhere, such as the initial literature scoping to identify likely issues with the evaluation ABstrACt The UK Government's Primary National Strategy undertook a pilot programme " Embedding ICT in the Literacy and Numeracy Strategies " where interactive whiteboards were installed in the classrooms of …
Effect of a circular Eshelby inclusion on the non‐elliptical shape of a coated neutral inhomogeneity with internal uniform stresses

Using conformal mapping techniques, we present the design of a coated non‐elliptical neutral inhomogeneity with internal uniform stresses which does not disturb a prescribed uniform anti‐plane stress field in the surrounding matrix when both a circular Eshelby inclusion present in the thick coating and the inhomogeneity itself undergo uniform eigenstrains. An appropriately chosen conformal mapping function maps the doubly connected domain of the thick coating onto an annulus in the image plane. All of the unknown complex constants appearing in the mapping function can be uniquely determined. Detailed numerical results are presented to demonstrate the proposed theory. We also consider a related problem concerning a neutral coated inhomogeneity with internal uniform stresses in the presence of a screw dislocation dipole in the thick coating.
SEXUAL SELECTION ON PLUMAGE AND BEHAVIOR IN AN AVIAN HYBRID ZONE: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF MALE‐MALE INTERACTIONS

Abstract. — In western Panama, an unusual hybrid zone exists between white‐collared manakins, Manacus candei, and golden‐collared manakins, M. vitellinus. Unidirectional introgression of plumage traits from vitellinus into candei has created a region in which all definitively plumaged males have a collar that is lemon‐colored. These males are nearly indistinguishable from white‐collared candei genetically and morphometrically, but strongly resemble golden‐collared vitellinus due to the introgression of secondary sexual plumage traits, particularly the lemon‐colored collar. The introgression could be explained by sexual selection for golden‐collared traits or by a series of mechanisms that do not invoke sexual selection (e.g., neutral diffusion, dominant allele). Sexual selection on male‐male interactions implies behavioral differences among the plumage forms—specifically that golden‐ and lemon‐collared males should be more aggressive than white‐collared males. In contrast, the nonsexual hypotheses predict behavioral similarity between lemon‐ and white‐collared males, based on their nearly identical genetics. We tested the sexual selection hypothesis experimentally, by presenting males with taxidermic mounts of the three forms. As response variables, we monitored vocalizations and attacks on the mounts by replicate subject males. Both golden‐collared and lemon‐collared males were more likely to attack than were white‐collared males, as predicted under sexual selection but not by the nonsexual hypotheses. Lemon‐collared males were more vocally reactive than either parental form, contrary to the prediction of the nonsexual hypotheses. Our study demonstrates that sexual selection on male‐male interactions may play an important role in the dynamics of character evolution and hybrid zones.
Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with acyclovir: diagnosis and long term outcome

OBJECTIVES The frequency and characteristics of the long term sequelae of herpes simplex encephalitis were assessed after treatment with acyclovir. METHODS Patients were included if they were treated with acyclovir and the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis was confirmed by culture of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from the brain, an increase in the CSF HSV antibody titre, or detection of HSV deoxyribonucleic acid in the CSF. Each patient’s medical records were reviewed and surviving patients were interviewed and examined. RESULTS A diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis was confirmed in 42 patients. Five patients (12%) died in the first month. Three patients (7%) had severe neurological sequelae and died after a longer interval. All but one of the 34 surviving patients had neurological symptoms, an abnormal neurological examination, or both. Twenty patients (48%) performed everyday activities as well as before herpes simplex encephalitis; nine patients (21%) were living independently, but were functioning at a lower level than before the illness; and five patients (12%) had a severe neurological deficit. Twenty nine of the 34 survivors were assessed six months to 11 years after herpes simplex encephalitis. The most common long term symptoms were memory impairment (69%), personality and behavioural abnormalities (45%), and epilepsy (24%). Short term memory impairment (70%), anosmia (65%), and dysphasia (41%) were the most common signs. CONCLUSIONS Although acyclovir has reduced the mortality of herpes simplex encephalitis, 30% of this group of patients either died or had a severe neurological deficit. The other 70% of the patients regained independence in activities of daily living, but most of these people had persistent neurological symptoms, signs, or both.
Does Innovation Cause Stock Market Runups? Evidence from the Great Crash

This article examines the stock market's changing valuation of corporate patentable assets between 1910 and 1939. It shows that the value of knowledge capital increased significantly during the 1920s compared to the 1910s as investors responded to the quality of technological inventions. Innovation was an important driver of the late 1920s stock market runup, and the Great Crash did not reflect a significant revaluation of knowledge capital relative to physical capital. Although substantial quantities of influential patents were accumulated during the post-crash recovery, high technology firms did not earn significant excess returns over low technology firms for most of the 1930s. (JEL G14, N12, N22, O30)
Deep Convolutional Robust PCA with Application to Ultrasound Imaging

Sparse and low-rank decomposition, also known as robust principle component analysis, has been applied successfully in numerous applications. Typically, this approach leads to a minimization problem which is solved using iterative algorithms. Drawing inspiration from recurrent networks, in recent years deep-learning strategies have been extended to mimic the behavior of iterative algorithms, with reduced complexity. In this work, we propose an extension of these deep architectures to robust principle component analysis in which fully-connected layers are replaced with convolutional ones. This strategy offers spatial invariance and significant reduction in the number of learned parameters. We then apply the proposed method to contrast-enhanced ultrasound, in which low-rank tissue signal needs to be removed in order to visualize blood vessels. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on simulations and in-vivo rat brain scans. The resulting images exhibit improved visual quality and contrast compared with images obtained by commonly practiced methods.
Role of β-Oxidation in Jasmonate Biosynthesis and Systemic Wound Signaling in Tomatow⃞

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a lipid-derived signal that regulates plant defense responses to biotic stress. Here, we report the characterization of a JA-deficient mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) that lacks local and systemic expression of defensive proteinase inhibitors (PIs) in response to wounding. Map-based cloning studies demonstrated that this phenotype results from loss of function of an acyl-CoA oxidase (ACX1A) that catalyzes the first step in the peroxisomal β-oxidation stage of JA biosynthesis. Recombinant ACX1A exhibited a preference for C12 and C14 straight-chain acyl-CoAs and also was active in the metabolism of C18 cyclopentanoid-CoA precursors of JA. The overall growth, development, and reproduction of acx1 plants were similar to wild-type plants. However, the mutant was compromised in its defense against tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) attack. Grafting experiments showed that loss of ACX1A function disrupts the production of the transmissible signal for wound-induced PI expression but does not affect the recognition of this signal in undamaged responding leaves. We conclude that ACX1A is essential for the β-oxidation stage of JA biosynthesis and that JA or its derivatives is required both for antiherbivore resistance and the production of the systemic wound signal. These findings support a role for peroxisomes in the production of lipid-based signaling molecules that promote systemic defense responses.
Partition Regular Inequalities

Anm×nrational matrixAis said to be partition regular if for every finite colouring of N there is a monochromatic vectorxwithAx=0. Given a partition regular matrixA, and a linear inequality such as ? bixi0, when is it true that for every finite colouring of N there is a monochromatic vectorxsatisfyingAx=0 and the additional constraint ? bixi0? This is certainly the case if we can guarantee that ? bixi(or some fixed positive multiple of ? bixi) is not merely positive but is actually the same colour as thexi. Our main aim in this paper is to show that this sufficient condition is also necessary. We give a similar result when there is more than one constraint. As a special case, we determine which matricesBhave the following property: for every finite colouring of N there is a monochromatic vectorxwith all entries ofBxpositive.