Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spreadsheet Error Correction Using an Activity Framework and a Cognitive Fit Perspective

Errors in a spreadsheet constitute a serious reason for concern among organizations as well as academics. There are ongoing efforts toward finding ways to reduce errors, designing and developing visualization tools to support error correction activities being one of them. In this paper, we propose a framework for classifying activities associated with spreadsheet error correction. The purpose of this framework is to help in understanding the activities that are important for correcting different types of spreadsheet errors and how different visualization tools can help in error correction by effectively supporting these activities. An experiment is designed to test the effectiveness of a visualization tool that supports one of the most important activities from the framework – chaining activity. Two groups of subjects, with and without the visualization tool, are required to correct two types of errors. Our hypotheses are derived based on the notion of cognitive fit between problem representation and task, and the results of the experiment support most of the hypotheses. Thus, this study demonstrates the usefulness of the activity-based framework for spreadsheet error correction, and also provides guidelines for designing and developing tools for spreadsheet audit. It also provides empirical evidence to the cognitive fit theory by showing that performance is significantly better when visual support tools result in a match between problem representation and the task in hand, as in the case of correcting link errors with the tool used in this study. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Spectroscopy of the optical Einstein ring 0047 – 2808

We present optical and near-infrared spectroscopic observations of the optical Einstein ring 0047 – 2808. We detect both [O III] lines λλ4959, 5007 near ∼ 2.3 μm, confirming the redshift of the lensed source as z = 3.595. The Lyα line is redshifted relative to the [O III] line by 140 ± 20 km s−1. Similar velocity shifts have been seen in nearby starburst galaxies. The [O III] line is very narrow, 130 km s−1 FWHM. If the ring is the image of the centre of a galaxy, the one-dimensional stellar velocity dispersion σ = 55 km s−1 is considerably smaller than the value predicted by Baugh et al. for the somewhat brighter Lyman-break galaxies. The Lyα line is significantly broader than the [O III] line, probably due to resonant scattering. The stellar central velocity dispersion of the early-type deflector galaxy at z = 0.485 is 250 ± 30 km s−1. This value is in good agreement both with the value predicted from the radius of the Einstein ring (and a singular isothermal sphere model for the deflector), and with the value estimated from the Dn−σ relation.
The Changes They are A-Timed: Metabolism, Endogenous Clocks, and the Timing of Puberty

Childhood obesity has increased dramatically over the last several decades, particularly in industrialized countries, often accompanied by acceleration of pubertal progression and associated reproductive abnormalities (Biro et al., 2006; Rosenfield et al., 2009). The timing of pubertal initiation and progression in mammals is likely influenced by nutritional and metabolic state, leading to the hypothesis that deviations from normal metabolic rate, such as those seen in obesity, may contribute to observed alterations in the rate of pubertal progression. While several recent reviews have addressed the effects of metabolic disorders on reproductive function in general, this review will explore previous and current models of pubertal timing, outlining a potential role of endogenous timing mechanisms such as cellular circadian clocks in the initiation of puberty, and how these clocks might be altered by metabolic factors. Additionally, we will examine recently elucidated neuroendocrine regulators of pubertal progression such as kisspeptin, explore models detailing how the mammalian reproductive axis is silenced during the juvenile period and reactivated at appropriate developmental times, and emphasize how metabolic dysfunction such as childhood obesity may alter timing cues that advance or delay pubertal progression, resulting in diminished reproductive capacity.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Two-Phase Flow in a Packed Bed Reactor

Multiphase catalytic reactions are prominent in chemical engineering; however it is difficult to achieve efficient reactions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software simulates fluid flow so interactions between phases may be analyzed and improved. This project included use of CFD to simulate an experiment on multiphase flow to compare results on flow regime and pressure drop. Results include discussion of the program's capabilities for conducting this analysis and comparison of simulated flow parameters against experimentally determined values.
The Priming Effect of Corruption and Bureaucracy Bashing on Citizens’ Perceptions of an Agency’s Performance

ABSTRACT Priming theories suggest that negative stories or events can affect how citizens feel about public organizations. However, research concerning the priming impact of both corruption and bureaucracy bashing—two relevant topics today—on how citizens perceive the performance of agencies is lacking. To close this lacuna in the literature, an experimental survey was conducted where respondents in the United States were randomly assigned to one of five performance vignettes. The results demonstrate that when participants were assigned to the vignettes containing the corruption and bureaucracy bashing cues, perceptions of performance were lower. This finding is consistent with priming theories. Moreover, differences within the corruption and bureaucracy bashing vignettes as well as between the corruption and bureaucracy bashing vignettes were not found. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in the article.
Quantitative features of synapse formation in the fly's visual system. I. The presynaptic photoreceptor terminal

Photoreceptors of the adult fly's compound eye each form a population of stereotyped output synapses distributed over the surface of their terminal. The formation of this class of afferent synapses during development has been followed from serial electron microscopy of the same eye region in four pupal and several adult stages, all of female Musca domestica. These synapses, or tetrads, have an invariant postsynaptic composition of four members and so may provide a model for multiple-contact synapses in general. In the adult fly the four postsynaptic elements of each synapse are contributed by two interneurons, L1 and L2, and, usually, two alpha processes of an amacrine cell. These postsynaptic elements assemble at individual developing synapses by selective sequential addition. Assembly starts with L1 or L2, subsequent elements of the final tetrad adding in all conceivable permutations, at least as fast as one per 7 hr. They rarely (only once) incorporate incorrect or supernumerary elements, however. The synaptic population as a whole was also sampled during development to analyze the possible factors determining the normal precision of the size of the adult population. The number of synapses per terminal increases gradually until 74% pupal development. Thereafter it decreases so that the final number of synapses in each receptor's population is the consequence of a net loss. Synapses enlarge with age, chiefly by incorporating new elements, but the loss of synaptic sites is only partially offset by the increase in size of those that remain. Throughout all stages examined in pupal and adult life, total synaptic area is linearly proportional to the surface area of the axon terminal. Thus, from the 74% pupal development stage onward, a population of many small synapses closely spaced, on average, over the terminal's surface transforms into one characteristic of the adult with progressively fewer, larger, more widely spaced synapses.
Perfiles de desempeño académico: la importancia de las expectativas familiares

This study explored some of the factors that explain school performance. To attain this, Chilean students’ profiles of eighth year of primary school were identified and characterized (13.65 year old mean/ds 0.74). This was done according to their academic performance in the History, Ge­ography and Social Sciences test, and the context variables. The database was provided by the Sistema de Medicion de la Calidad de la Educacion de Chile (simce). The study was conducted by means of a predictive correlational quantitative design, using a classification and regression tree (cart). Parents’ high educational expectations are the most important distinguishing factor in school performance. The results are discussed in relation to previous research about these topics.
Serum Micronutrient Status of Haart-Naïve, HIV Infected Children in South Western Nigeria: A Case Controlled Study

Background. Though micronutrients are vital in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection, most studies have been conducted in adults. Knowledge of the status of key micronutrients in HIV infected African children will indicate if supplementation may be beneficial to these children living in this resource-poor region. Objectives. We sought to determine the micronutrient status and associated factors of HAART-naïve HIV infected children and compare them with those of the HIV negative controls. Methods. We enrolled 70 apparently stable HAART naïve HIV infected children. Seventy age and sex matched HIV negative children were equally enrolled as the controls. Their social class, anthropometry, clinical stage, CD4 counts, serum zinc, selenium, and vitamin C were determined. Results. The prevalence of zinc, selenium, and vitamin C deficiency in HIV infected subjects was 77.1%, 71.4%, and 70.0%, respectively, as compared to 44.3%, 18.6%, and 15.7% in HIV negative controls. Among the HIV infected subjects, 58.6% were deficient in the three micronutrients. Micronutrient status was related to the weight, clinical, and immunological stages but not BMI or social class. Conclusion. Deficiency of these key micronutrients is widely prevalent in HAART naïve HIV infected children irrespective of social class. This suggests that supplementation trial studies may be indicated in this population.
Assessing Defect Detection Methods for Software Requirements Inspections Through External Replication

This paper presents the external replication of a controlled experiment which compared three defect detection techniques (Ad Hoc, Checklist, and Defect-based Scenario) for software requirements inspections, and evaluated the benefits of collection meetings after individual reviews. The results of our replication were partially different from those of the original experiment. Unlike the original experiment, we did not find any empirical evidence of better performance when using scenarios. To explain these negative findings we provide a list of hypotheses. On the other hand, the replication confirmed one result of the original experiment: the defect detection rate is not improved by the collection meetings. The external replication was made possible by the existence of an experimental kit provided by the original investigators. We discuss what difficulties we encountered in applying the package to our environment, having different cultures and skills. We also discovered some critical problems in the original experiment which can be considered threats to its internal validity. Using our results, experience and suggestions, other researchers will be able to improve the original experimental design before attempting further replications.
The Robustness of "Connecting Characters Together" CAPTCHAs

CAPTCHA is now commonly used as standard security technology to tell computers and humans apart. The most widely deployed CAPTCHAs are text-based schemes. In this paper, we document how we have broken such a text-based scheme which uses the ”connecting characters together (CCT)” principle. CAPTCHAs of this type can be classified into three types: CAPTCHA with overlap but no noise arcs; CAPTCHA with noise arcs but no overlap; and CAPTCHA without noise arcs and overlap. Yahoo! , Baidu CAPTCHA and reCAPTCHA were selected as representatives of the three types. The CCT CAPTCHA is effectively resistant to segmentation and recognition in the early attacks. In contrast to early works that recognized the text after segmentation, we combined recognition with segmentation to break the CCT CAPTCHA. Our method segments the text by extracting the recognized characters. The experiments show that our extraction and segmentation attack on Yahoo! CAPTCHA achieved a success rate of 78% and an overall (individual character recognition with OCR) success rate of 55%. The segmentation and recognition success rate of Baidu CAPTCHA was 34%. On reCAPTCHA we achieved 34% success rate.
Supporting Online Material Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S3 Table S1 References Blue or Red? Exploring the Effect of Color on Cognitive Task Performances

evokes this emotion in addition to others such as anger: Whereas anger is associated with approach motivation (29), disgust may motivate vigorous withdrawal (8). Thus, unfair offers may be received like a plate of spoiled food. This turning away or rejection of unfair actions may also extend to later avoidance of transgressors. The ability to detect and avoid toxins appears to be very ancient: Sea anemones, which evolved about 500 million years ago, evert their gastrovascular cavities in response to being fed a bitter substance (30). That a system with the ancient and critical adaptive function of rejecting toxic foods should be brought to bear in the moral sphere speaks to the vital importance of regulating social behavior for human beings. Although the stimulus triggers for this rejection mechanism may have shifted far from their chemical sensory origins to the moral domain, the basic behavioral program of oral rejection appears to have been conserved. Thus, the metaphorical " bad taste " left by moral transgressions may genuinely have its origins in oral distaste. Existing research reports inconsistent findings with regard to the effect of color on cognitive task performances. Some research suggests that blue or green leads to better performances than red; other studies record the opposite. Current work reconciles this discrepancy. We demonstrate that red (versus blue) color induces primarily an avoidance (versus approach) motivation (study 1, n = 69) and that red enhances performance on a detail-oriented task, whereas blue enhances performance on a creative task (studies 2 and 3, n = 208 and 118). Further, we replicate these results in the domains of product design (study 4, n = 42) and persuasive message evaluation (study 5, n = 161) and show that these effects occur outside of individuals' consciousness (study 6, n = 68). We also provide process evidence suggesting that the activation of alternative motivations mediates the effect of color on cognitive task performances. C olor is a fundamental aspect of human perception, and its effects on cognition and behavior have intrigued generations of researchers. Although a large amount of research has been done in this domain, the psychological processes through which color operates have not been explored fully. As a result, the field has observed certain conflicting results. One inconsistency , which is the focus of this report, concerns the effect of color on cognitive task performance. Most research examining this topic has focused on …
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3a (eIF3a) Promotes Cell Proliferation and Motility in Pancreatic Cancer

Identifying a target molecule that is crucially involved in pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis is necessary in developing an effective treatment. The study aimed to investigate the role of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3a (eIF3a) in the cell proliferation and motility in pancreatic cancer. Our data showed that the expression of eIF3a was upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma as compared with its expression in normal pancreatic tissues. Knockdown of eIF3a by a specific shRNA caused significant decreases in cell proliferation and clonogenic abilities in pancreatic cancer SW1990 and Capan-1 cells. Consistently, the pancreatic cancer cell growth rates were also impaired in xenotransplanted mice. Moreover, wound-healing assay showed that depletion of eIF3a significantly slowed down the wound recovery processes in SW1990 and Capan-1 cells. Transwell migration and invasion assays further showed that cell migration and invasion abilities were significantly inhibited by knockdown of eIF3a in SW1990 and Capan-1 cells. Statistical analysis of eIF3a expression in 140 cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma samples revealed that eIF3a expression was significantly associated with tumor metastasis and TNM staging. These analyses suggest that eIF3a contributes to cell proliferation and motility in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Online Recognition of Music Is Influenced by Relative and Absolute Pitch Information

Three experiments explored online recognition in a nonspeech domain, using a novel experimental paradigm. Adults learned to associate abstract shapes with particular melodies, and at test they identified a played melody's associated shape. To implicitly measure recognition, visual fixations to the associated shape versus a distractor shape were measured as the melody played. Degree of similarity between associated melodies was varied to assess what types of pitch information adults use in recognition. Fixation and error data suggest that adults naturally recognize music, like language, incrementally, computing matches to representations before melody offset, despite the fact that music, unlike language, provides no pressure to execute recognition rapidly. Further, adults use both absolute and relative pitch information in recognition. The implicit nature of the dependent measure should permit use with a range of populations to evaluate postulated developmental and evolutionary changes in pitch encoding.
Functional renormalization group for three-dimensional quantum magnetism

We formulate a pseudofermion functional renormalization group (PFFRG) scheme to address frustrated quantum magnetism in three dimensions. In a scenario where many numerical approaches fail due to sign problem or small system size, three-dimensional (3D) PFFRG allows for a quantitative investigation of the quantum spin problem and its observables. We illustrate 3D PFFRG for the simple cubic ${J}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{3}$ quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet, and benchmark it against other approaches, if available.
Ramp loss linear programming support vector machine

The ramp loss is a robust but non-convex loss for classification. Compared with other non-convex losses, a local minimum of the ramp loss can be effectively found. The effectiveness of local search comes from the piecewise linearity of the ramp loss. Motivated by the fact that the l1-penalty is piecewise linear as well, the l1-penalty is applied for the ramp loss, resulting in a ramp loss linear programming support vector machine (ramp-LPSVM). The proposed ramp-LPSVM is a piecewise linear minimization problem and the related optimization techniques are applicable. Moreover, the l1-penalty can enhance the sparsity. In this paper, the corresponding misclassification error and convergence behavior are discussed. Generally, the ramp loss is a truncated hinge loss. Therefore ramp-LPSVM possesses some similar properties as hinge loss SVMs. A local minimization algorithm and a global search strategy are discussed. The good optimization capability of the proposed algorithms makes ramp-LPSVM perform well in numerical experiments: the result of ramp-LPSVM is more robust than that of hinge SVMs and is sparser than that of ramp-SVM, which consists of the || ċ || k-penalty and the ramp loss.
The Representation of Biological Classes in the Human Brain

Evidence of category specificity from neuroimaging in the human visual system is generally limited to a few relatively coarse categorical distinctions—e.g., faces versus bodies, or animals versus artifacts—leaving unknown the neural underpinnings of fine-grained category structure within these large domains. Here we use fMRI to explore brain activity for a set of categories within the animate domain, including six animal species—two each from three very different biological classes: primates, birds, and insects. Patterns of activity throughout ventral object vision cortex reflected the biological classes of the stimuli. Specifically, the abstract representational space—measured as dissimilarity matrices defined between species-specific multivariate patterns of brain activity—correlated strongly with behavioral judgments of biological similarity of the same stimuli. This biological class structure was uncorrelated with structure measured in retinotopic visual cortex, which correlated instead with a dissimilarity matrix defined by a model of V1 cortex for the same stimuli. Additionally, analysis of the shape of the similarity space in ventral regions provides evidence for a continuum in the abstract representational space—with primates at one end and insects at the other. Further investigation into the cortical topography of activity that contributes to this category structure reveals the partial engagement of brain systems active normally for inanimate objects in addition to animate regions.
Parental Sex Selection and Gender Balance

We consider a society where parents prefer boys to girls, but also value grandchildren. Parental sex selection results in a biased sex ratio that is socially inefficient, due to a congestion externality in the marriage market. Improvements in selection techniques aggravate the inefficiency. These results are robust to allowing prices in the marriage market, if the market is subject to frictions. We extend the model to consider gender preferences which depend upon family composition, allowing us to examine the possible sex ratio effects of China's one-child policy, and the implications of choice in societies where family balancing considerations are paramount.