Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Pedestrian Detection by Directly Optimizing the Partial Area under the ROC Curve

Many typical applications of object detection operate within a prescribed false-positive range. In this situation the performance of a detector should be assessed on the basis of the area under the ROC curve over that range, rather than over the full curve, as the performance outside the range is irrelevant. This measure is labelled as the partial area under the ROC curve (pAUC). Effective cascade-based classification, for example, depends on training node classifiers that achieve the maximal detection rate at a moderate false positive rate, e.g., around 40% to 50%. We propose a novel ensemble learning method which achieves a maximal detection rate at a user-defined range of false positive rates by directly optimizing the partial AUC using structured learning. By optimizing for different ranges of false positive rates, the proposed method can be used to train either a single strong classifier or a node classifier forming part of a cascade classifier. Experimental results on both synthetic and real-world data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, and we show that it is possible to train state-of-the-art pedestrian detectors using the proposed structured ensemble learning method.
Clinician-friendly lower extremity physical performance measures in athletes: a systematic review of measurement properties and correlation with injury, part 1. The tests for knee function including the hop tests

Objective To review the measurement properties of physical performance tests (PPTs) of the knee as each pertain to athletes, and to determine the relationship between PPTs and injury in athletes age 12 years to adult. Methods A search strategy was constructed by combining the terms ‘lower extremity’ and synonyms for ‘performance test’, and names of performance tests with variants of the term ‘athlete’. In this, part 1, we report on findings in the knee. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed and the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to critique the methodological quality of each paper. A second measure was used to analyse the quality of the measurement properties of each test. Results In the final analysis, we found 29 articles pertinent to the knee detailing 19 PPTs, of which six were compiled in a best evidence synthesis. The six tests were: one leg hop for distance (single and triple hop), 6 m timed hop, crossover hop for distance, triple jump and single leg vertical jump. The one leg hop for distance is the most often studied PPT. There is conflicting evidence regarding the validity of the hop and moderate evidence that the hop test is responsive to changes during rehabilitation. No test has established reliability or measurement error as assessed by the minimal important change or smallest detectable change. No test predicts knee injury in athletes. Conclusions Despite numerous published articles addressing PPTs at the knee, there is predominantly limited and conflicting evidence regarding the reliability, agreement, construct validity, criterion validity and responsiveness of commonly used PPTs. There is a great opportunity for further study of these tests and the measurement properties of each in athletes.
Linking government social media usage to public perceptions of government performance: an empirical study from China

Based on an online survey of 1042 Beijing residents, this study links the usage of government social media tools, including WeChat, microblogs, and apps, to public perceptions of the government’s performance. The results indicated that young people are more likely to use government microblogs. In contrast, an inverted U-shaped relationship was found between age and the utilization of government WeChat and apps. The findings also showed that people with high education, high economic status, and a local hukou were more likely to use all three government social media tools. In controlling for the demographic variables, the results showed that the most important predictor of the use of a government social media tool was the use of any other government social media tool. The general use of social media significantly influenced the use of government social media tools, whereas the direction of this influence depended on the homogeneity or heterogeneity of these behaviors. Moreover, the results revealed a linkage between government social media use and public perceptions of government performance. Functional use, especially information acquisition and participation, was a significant predictor of perceived government transparency, responsiveness, and citizen satisfaction, while the public service function significantly increased perceived government responsiveness.
Discourse-level comprehension engages medial frontal Theory of Mind brain regions even for expository texts

ABSTRACT In addition to understanding individual word meanings and processing the syntactic and semantic dependencies among those words within a sentence, language comprehension often requires constructing a higher-order discourse structure based on the relationships among clauses and sentences in the extended context. Prior fMRI studies of discourse-level comprehension have reported greater activation for texts than unconnected sentences in what-appear-to-be regions of the Theory of Mind (ToM) network. However, those studies have generally used narratives rich in mental state content, thus confounding coherence and content. We report an fMRI experiment where ToM regions were defined functionally in each participant, and their responses were examined to texts vs. sentence lists. Critically, we used expository texts to minimise mental state content. Medial frontal but not posterior ToM regions exhibited small but reliable increases in their responses to texts relative to unconnected sentences, suggesting a role for these regions in discourse comprehension independent of content.
High-resolution cyclic spectrum reconstruction from sub-Nyquist samples

In this paper, the problem of reconstruction of Spectral Correlation Function (SCF) from sub-Nyquist samples is studied. We will first propose a novel formulation for the problem and then employ two two-dimensional greedy like sparse signal recovery algorithms, namely Compressive Sampling Matching Pursuit (CoSaMP) and Iterative Hard Thresholding (IHT), for the recovery of the sparse SCF. The achievable resolution of the proposed methods is shown to be significantly higher than the existing methods and therefore the methods can be applied to signals with fine frequency components. Comprehensive simulation results shows that the method can efficiently reconstruct the SCF of a signature-embedded OFDM signal, which has applications in cognitive radio systems.
Many-to-Many Communication: A New Approach for Collaboration in MANETs

We introduce a collaboration-driven approach to the sharing of the available bandwidth in wireless ad hoc networks, which we call many-to-many cooperation, that allows concurrent many-to-many communication. This scheme is based on the integration of multi-user detection and position-location information with frequency and code division in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Transmissions are divided in frequency and codes according to nodal locations, and successive interference cancellation (SIC) is used at receivers to allow them to decode and use all transmissions from strong interfering sources. Consequently, the interference is divided into constructive interference (COI) and destructive interference (DEI). We show that, if each node is allowed to expand its bandwidth, both the link's Shannon capacity and the per source-destination throughput scale like O(nalpha/2 ) (upper-bound) and Omega[f(n)] (lower-bound), for n nodes in the network, a path loss parameter alpha > 2, and 1 les f(n) < nalpha/2. Many-to-many cooperation allows multi-copy relaying of the same packet, which reduces the packet delivery delay compared to single-copy relaying without any penalty in capacity.
Composite Refactoring for Decoupling Multiple Classes

An architecture level change of existing software requires tedious, error-prone and time-consuming tasks. However, current Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) do not support such high-level refactorings. In this paper, we present a scalable but simple composite refactoring for decoupling multiple classes. In addition, we introduce several primitive refactorings as components of the composite refactoring. The details of the results of applying our composite refactoring to an actual architectural change are also reported in this paper.
Direct observational test rules out small Mg ii absorbers

Recent observations suggest that the incidence of strong intervening Mg ii absorption systems along the line of sight to gamma-ray burst afterglows is significantly higher than expected from analogous quasar sightlines. One possible explanation is a geometric effect, arising because Mg ii absorbers only partially cover the quasar continuum regions, in which case Mg ii absorbers must be considerably smaller than previous estimates. We investigate the production of abnormal absorption profiles by partial coverage and conclude that the lack of any known anomalous profiles in observed systems, whilst constraining, cannot on its own rule out patchy Mg ii absorbers. In a separate test, we look for differences in the distribution function of Mg ii equivalent widths over quasar continuum regions and C iii emission lines. We show that these anomalies should be observable in any scenario where Mg ii absorbers are very small, but they are not present in the data. We conclude that models invoking small Mg ii absorbers to explain the excess of absorbers seen towards gamma-ray bursts are ruled out.
Game-theoretic models of web credibility

Research on Web credibility assessment can significantly benefit from new models that are better suited for evaluation and study of adversary strategies. Currently employed models lack several important aspects, such as the explicit modeling of Web content properties (e.g. presentation quality), the user economic incentives and assessment capabilities. In this paper, we introduce a new, game-theoretic model of credibility, referred to as the Credibility Game. We perform equilibrium and stability analysis of a simple variant of the game and then study it as a signaling game against naïve and expert information consumers. By a generic economic model of the player payoffs, we study, via simulation experiments, more complex variants of the Credibility Game and demonstrate the effect of consumer expertise and of the signal for credibility evaluation on the evolutionary stable strategies of the information producers and consumers.
Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems: Upper Limits to the Gas Mass in Disks around Sun-like Stars

We have carried out a sensitive search for gas emission lines at IR and millimeter wavelengths for a sample of 15 young Sun-like stars selected from our dust disk survey with Spitzer. We have used mid-IR lines to trace the warm (300-100 K) gas in the inner disk and millimeter transitions of 12CO to probe the cold (~20 K) outer disk. We report no gas line detections from our sample. Line flux upper limits are first converted to warm and cold gas mass limits using simple approximations allowing a direct comparison with values from the literature. We also present results from more sophisticated models following Gorti & Hollenbach that confirm and extend our simple analysis. These models show that the [S I] 25.23 μm line can set constraining limits on the gas surface density at the disk inner radius and traces disk regions up to a few AU. We find that none of the 15 systems have more than 0.04MJ of gas within a few AU from the disk inner radius for disk radii from 1 to ~40 AU. These gas mass upper limits even in the eight systems younger than ~30 Myr suggest that most of the gas is dispersed early. The gas mass upper limits in the 10-40 AU region, which is mainly traced by our CO data, are <2 M⊕. If these systems are analogs of the solar system, they either have already formed Uranus- and Neptune-like planets or will not form them beyond 100 Myr. Finally, the gas surface density upper limits at 1 AU are smaller than 0.01% of the minimum mass solar nebula for most of the sources. If terrestrial planets form frequently and their orbits are circularized by gas, then circularization occurs early.
Forecasting Crashes at the Planning Level: Simultaneous Negative Binomial Crash Model Applied in Tucson, Arizona

At least two important transportation planning activities rely on planning-level crash prediction models. One is motivated by the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, which requires departments of transportation and metropolitan planning organizations to consider safety explicitly in the transportation planning process. The second could arise from a need for state agencies to establish incentive programs to reduce injuries and save lives. Both applications require a forecast of safety for a future period. Planning-level crash prediction models for the Tucson, Arizona, metropolitan region are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of such models. Data were separated into fatal, injury, and property-damage crashes. To accommodate overdispersion in the data, negative binomial regression models were applied. To accommodate the simultaneity of fatality and injury crash outcomes, simultaneous estimation of the models was conducted. All models produce crash forecasts at the traffic analysis zone level. Statistically significant (p-values < 0.05) and theoretically meaningful variables for the fatal crash model included population density, persons 17 years old or younger as a percentage of the total population, and intersection density. Significant variables for the injury and property-damage crash models were population density, number of employees, intersections density, percentage of miles of principal arterial, percentage of miles of minor arterials, and percentage of miles of urban collectors. Among several conclusions it is suggested that planning-level safety models are feasible and may play a role in future planning activities. However, caution must be exercised with such models.
Tabular: a schema-driven probabilistic programming language

We propose a new kind of probabilistic programming language for machine learning. We write programs simply by annotating existing relational schemas with probabilistic model expressions. We describe a detailed design of our language, Tabular, complete with formal semantics and type system. A rich series of examples illustrates the expressiveness of Tabular. We report an implementation, and show evidence of the succinctness of our notation relative to current best practice. Finally, we describe and verify a transformation of Tabular schemas so as to predict missing values in a concrete database. The ability to query for missing values provides a uniform interface to a wide variety of tasks, including classification, clustering, recommendation, and ranking.
A sort-based DDM matching algorithm for HLA

The High Level Architecture (HLA) is an architecture for reuse and interoperation of simulations. It provides several Data Distribution Management (DDM) services to reduce the transmission and reception of irrelevant data. These services rely on the computation of the intersection between "update" and "subscription" regions. Currently, there are several main DDM filtering algorithms. Since each approach still has some shortcomings, we have focused our research on the design and the evaluation of intersection algorithms for the DDM. In this article, we introduce a new algorithm in which extents are sorted before computing the intersections. Our experiments show that usually the sort-based algorithm has the best performance among all approaches. The improvement of its performance ranges between 30% and 99% over the brute force and hybrid approaches.
The structure and dynamical evolution of dark matter haloes

We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure and dynamical evolution of dark matter halos in clusters of galaxies. Our sample consists of nine massive halos from an Einstein-De Sitter universe with scale free power spectrum and spectral index n = 1. Halos are resolved by 20000 particles each, on average, and have a dynamical resolution of 20-25 kpc, as shown by extensive tests. Large scale tidal fields are included up to a scale L = 150 Mpc using background particles. We find that the halo formation process can be characterized by the alternation of two dynamical configurations: a merging phase and a relaxation phase, defined by their signature on the evolution of the total mass and root mean square (rms) velocity. Halos spend on average one third of their evolution in the merging phase and two thirds in the relaxation phase. Using this definition, we study the density profiles and show how they change during the halo dynamical history. In particular, we find that the average density profiles of our halos are fitted by the Navarro, Frenk & White (1995) analytical model with an rms residual of 17% between the virial radius Rv and 0.01Rv. The Hernquist (1990) analytical density profiles fits the same halos with an rms residual of 26%. The trend with mass of the scale radius of these fits is marginally consistent with that found by Cole & Lacey (1996): compared to their results our halos are more centrally concentrated, and the relation between scale radius and halo mass is slightly steeper. We find a moderately large scatter in this relation, due both to dynamical evolution within halos and to fluctuations in the halo population. We analyze the dynamical equilibrium of our halos using the Jeans’ equation, and find that on average they are approximately in equilibrium within their virial radius. Finally, we find that the projected mass profiles of our simulated halos are in very good agreement with the profiles of three rich galaxy clusters derived from strong and weak gravitational lensing observations.
Phenomenological and recovery models of the subjective experience of psychosis: discrepancies and implications for treatment

ABSTRACT Reductionist models of schizophrenia and psychosis have been criticized for neglecting first person experiences of these conditions. In response, at least two distinct bodies of research have emerged which study first person experience: philosophical phenomenology and approaches linked with the recovery movement. Phenomenological writings have produced a conceptual model of schizophrenia referred to as the ipseity disturbance model, whereas the recovery writings generalize from common and diverse experiences of movements toward well-being. Phenomenological writings focus on how lived experience in psychosis deviates from health whereas recovery writings concentrate on lived experience amid a return to health. These differences make it difficult to see how the two approaches might be integrated to inform treatment. To explore how these views diverge and potentially could converge we carefully examine major tenets in each body of literature and offer future roads which may provide opportunities for reconciliation among each perspective’s important contributions.
Jun Dimerization Protein 2 (JDP2), a Member of the AP-1 Family of Transcription Factor, Mediates Osteoclast Differentiation Induced by RANKL

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that resorb bones, and are derived from hematopoietic cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. The receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL, also called ODF/TRANCE/OPGL) stimulates both osteoclast differentiation from osteoclast progenitors and activation of mature osteoclasts. To identify genes responsible for osteoclast differentiation, we used a molecular indexing technique. Here, we report a clone of one of these genes whose transcription is induced by soluble RANKL (sRANKL) in both the RAW264.7 cells of the mouse macrophage cell line and the mouse primary bone marrow cells. The predicted protein was found to be a mouse homologue of Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2), a member of the AP-1 family of transcription factors, containing a basic region-leucine zipper motif. Transient transfection experiments revealed that overexpression of JDP2 leads to activation of both tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K gene promoters in RAW264.7 cells. Infection of mouse primary bone marrow cells with retroviruses expressing JDP2-facilitated sRANKL-mediated formation of TRAP-positive multinuclear osteoclasts. Importantly, antisense oligonucleotide to JDP2 strongly suppressed sRANKL-induced osteoclast formation of RAW264.7 cells. Our findings suggest that JDP2 may play an important role in the RANK-mediated signal transduction system, especially in osteoclast differentiation.
Supply Chain Management as a Competitive Advantage in the Spanish Grocery Sector

Adversarial relationships have been traditional in business, but Supply Chain Management (SCM) entails a new perspective. SCM requires a movement away from arms‐length relationships toward partnership style relations. In this paper, we studied the Spanish grocery sector to analyze the relationship between internal and external integration processes, their effect on firms' performance and their contribution to the achievement of competitive advantage. Performance improvements are analyzed through costs, stock‐out and lead‐time reductions. The achievement of a better competitive position is measured by comparing the firm's performance with its competitors' performance.
Sonographically guided percutaneous needle lavage in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: short- and long-term results.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effectiveness of sonographically guided percutaneous needle aspiration and lavage in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder and to study the progress of calcifications and symptoms in the first year after treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Symptoms and radiologic findings after percutaneous aspiration of calcific tendinitis were prospectively evaluated in the short and the long term using a shoulder pain and disability index, evaluation of shoulder motion, and a survey of the self-perception by the patients regarding the progress of their disease. RESULTS Sixty-seven consecutive shoulders were treated. A significant improvement was seen in shoulder motion, pain, and disability in the short term and in the long term (p < 0.0001). One year after treatment, 91% of shoulders had substantially or completely improved, 64% had perfect motion, and calcifications on radiography had resolved completely or nearly completely in 89%. A transitory recurrence was observed approximately 15 weeks after treatment in 44.3% of shoulders that improved. CONCLUSION Percutaneous needle aspiration and lavage is effective in the short term and in the long term in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, with results similar to or better than those published for other techniques, and it is only slightly invasive and painful. Progress after treatment may include a transitory period of recurrence of the pain.
Power and Reliability Management of SoCs

Today's embedded systems integrate multiple IP cores for processing, communication, and sensing on a single die as systems-on-chip (SoCs). Aggressive transistor scaling, decreased voltage margins and increased processor power and temperature have made reliability assessment a much more significant issue. Although reliability of devices and interconnect has been broadly studied, in this work, we study a tradeoff between reliability and power consumption for component-based SoC designs. We specifically focus on hard error rates as they cause a device to permanently stop operating. We also present a joint reliability and power management optimization problem whose solution is an optimal management policy. When careful joint policy optimization is performed, we obtain a significant improvement in energy consumption (40%) in tandem with meeting a reliability constraint for all SoC operating temperatures