Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identi…cation and Estimation of Network Formation Games

Social and economic networks play an important role in shaping individual behaviors. In this paper, we aim to identify and estimate network formation games using observed data on network structure, i.e., who is linked with whom. We use pairwise stability, introduced by Jackson and Wolinsky (1996), as the equilibrium condition to map observed networks to model primitives. Because the fraction of unique equilibria is close to zero, the model is generally not identi…ed. We leave the equilibrium selection completely unrestricted and resort to partial identi…cation. Following Ciliberto and Tamer (2009), we derive from the pairwise stability condition bounds on the probability of observing a network. The moment inequalities obtained from these bounds, however, are computationally infeasible if networks are large. To proceed, we propose a novel approach based on subnetworks. A subnetwork is the restriction of a network to a subset of the individuals. We derive bounds on the probability of observing a subnetwork, considering only the pairwise stability of the subnetwork. Under a local externality assumption about the utility function, these new bounds yield moment inequalities that are computationally feasible provided that we only use small subnetworks. We de…ne the identi…ed set based on the feasible moment inequalities and discuss how to consistently estimate the identi…ed set and construct a con…dence region. When estimating the distribution of subnetworks, we use graph isomorphism to group the subnetworks into equivalence classes to avoid the labeling problem and to resolve the indeterminacy in picking the subnetworks from a network. The bounds are computed by simulation if they do not have closed forms.
Logarithmic differential forms on p-adic symmetric spaces

We give an explicit description in terms of logarithmic differential forms of the isomorphism of P. Schneider and U. Stuhler relating de Rham cohomology of p-adic symmetric spaces to boundary distributions. As an application we prove a Hodgetype decomposition for the de Rham cohomology of varieties over p-adic fields which admit a uniformization by a p-adic symmetric space.
Hepatitis B virus genotypes and spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in Taiwanese hepatitis B carriers

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified into eight genotypes (A–H), and genotype C is associated with more aggressive liver disease compared to genotype B. However, the mechanisms responsible for the clinical differences remain unclear. To test whether genotype C patients had with lower rates of spontaneous hepatitis B ge antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion than genotype B patients, stored serum samples from 146 Taiwanese adult HBeAg‐positive hepatitis B carriers followed‐up for a mean of 52 months (range, 12–120 months) were tested for HBV genotype by a molecular method. Genotype C patients were significantly older than genotype B patients (mean age, 37 ± 12 vs. 29 ± 10 years, P < 0.001). During the follow‐up period, genotype C patients had a significantly lower rate of spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion than genotype B patients (27 vs. 47%, P < 0.025). Spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion occurred one decade later in genotype C patients compared with genotype B patients. Multivariate analyses identified age ≤35 years (odds ratio: 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–4.0; P < 0.05), high baseline serum alanine aminotransferase level (odds ratio: 2.34; 95%CI, 1.39–4.09; P < 0.005), and HBV genotype B (odds ratio: 1.94; 95%CI, 1.03–3.63; P < 0.05) as independent factors associated with spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion. In conclusion, genotype C patients, compared to genotype B patients, have a delayed HBeAg seroconversion in the immune clearance phase of chronic HBV infection, which may contribute to a more progressive liver disease and more refractory to antiviral therapy. J. Med. Virol. 72:363–369, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reheating from Tachyon Condensation

We argue that it may be possible to reheat the universe after inflation driven by D-brane annihilation, due to the coupling of massless fields to the time-dependent tachyon condensate which describes the annihilation process. This mechanism can work if the original branes annihilate to a stable brane containing the standard model. Given reasonable assumptions about the shape of the tachyon background configuration and the size of the relevant extra dimension, the reheating can be efficient enough to overcome the problem of the universe being perpetually dominated by cold dark tachyon matter. In particular, reheating is most efficient when the final brane codimension is large, and when the derivatives of the tachyon background are large.
Smoking in the home after childbirth: prevalence and determinants in an English cohort

Objectives Children's exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is causally linked to childhood morbidity and mortality. Over 38% of English children (aged 4–15) whose parents are smokers are exposed to SHS in the home. Little is known about the prevalence of SHS exposure in the homes of young infants (≤3 months). This study aimed to estimate maternal self-reported prevalence of SHS exposure among infants of women who smoked just before or during pregnancy, and identify factors associated with exposure. Setting Primary Care, Nottingham, England. Participants Current and recent ex-smoking pregnant women (n=850) were recruited in Nottingham, England. Women completed questionnaires at 8–26 weeks gestation and 3 months after childbirth. Data on smoking in the home 3 months after childbirth was available for 471 households. Primary and secondary outcome measures Maternal-reported smoking in the home 3 months after childbirth. Results The prevalence of smoking in the home 3 months after childbirth was 16.3% (95% CI 13.2% to 19.8%) and after multiple imputation controlling for non-response 18.2% (95% CI 14.0% to 22.5%). 59% of mothers were current smokers; of these, 24% reported that smoking occurred in their home compared to 4.7% of non-smokers. In multivariable logistic regression, mothers smoking ≥11 cigarettes per day were 8.2 times (95% CI 3.4 to 19.6) more likely to report smoking in the home. Younger age, being of non-white ethnicity, increased deprivation and less negative attitudes towards SHS were also associated with smoking in the home. Conclusions This survey of smoking in the home 3 months after childbirth found a lower prevalence than has been reported in older children. Interventions to support smoking mothers to quit, or to help them restrict smoking in the home, should target attitudinal change and address inequality relating to social disadvantage, younger age and non-white ethnic groups.
Observed reductions of surface solar radiation at sites in the United States and worldwide from 1961 to 1990

Surface solar radiation revealed an estimated 7 W/m2 or 4% decline at sites worldwide from 1961 to 1990. Here I find that the strongest declines occurred in the United States sites with 19 W/m2 or 10%. The clear sky optical thickness effect accounts for −8 W/m2 and the cloud optical thickness effect for −18 W/m2 in three decades. If the observed increases in cloud cover frequencies are added to the clear sky and cloud optical thickness effect, the higher all sky reduction in solar radiation in the United States can be explained. It is shown that solar radiation declined below cloud‐free sky because of the reduction of the cloud‐free fraction of the sky itself and because of the reduction of clear sky optical thickness. Solar radiation exhibits no significant changes below cloud‐covered sky because reduced cloud optical thickness is compensated by increased frequencies of hours with overcast skies.
Title Thermal conductivity of highly-ordered mesoporous titania thin films from 30 to 320 K Permalink

This paper reports the cross-plane thermal conductivity of highly-ordered amorphous and crystalline templated mesoporous titania thin films measured by the 3ω method from 30 to 320 K. Both sol-gel and nanocrystal-based films were synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly, with average porosity of 30% and 35%, respectively. The pore diameter ranged from 14 to 25 nm. The size of crystalline domains in polycrystalline mesoporous films was 12 to 13 nm while the nanocrystals in the nanocrystal-based film were 9 nm in diameter. At high temperatures, the thermal conductivity of amorphous dense and mesoporous films showed similar trends with respect to temperature. This was attributed to the fact that the presence of pores had a purely geometrical effect by reducing the cross-sectional area through which heat can diffuse. By contrast, the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline dense and mesoporous films behave differently with temperature due to phonon scattering by pores and crystalline nanosize domains. In addition, at low temperatures, the presence of pores caused the thermal conductivity of mesoporous films to be less temperature dependent than their dense counterparts. Despite its crystallinity, the thermal conductivity of the nanocrystal-based film was about 40% less than that of ∗Address all correspondence to this author. the polycrystalline mesoporous films. This was mainly attributed to its larger porosity, smaller crystal size, and strong phonon scattering at the poorly interconnected nanocrystal boundaries. These results suggest various ways to control the thermal conductivity of mesoporous materials for various applications.
Extensive colonization of the porcine colonic epithelium by a spirochete similar to Treponema innocens

Specimens of colonic mucosa from two pigs with diarrhea were examined by light and electron microscopy. The epithelial surfaces of both pigs were extensively colonized by large spirochetes morphologically compatible with Treponema hyodysenteriae or Treponema innocens. The microorganisms were intimately attached end-on to the luminal cells. A weakly beta-hemolytic spirochete similar to T. innocens was isolated from the colon of one of the pigs.
INAUGURAL ARTICLE by a Recently Elected Academy Member:Recent progress in understanding hydrophobic interactions

We present here a brief review of direct force measurements between hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous solutions. For almost 70 years, researchers have attempted to understand the hydrophobic effect (the low solubility of hydrophobic solutes in water) and the hydrophobic interaction or force (the unusually strong attraction of hydrophobic surfaces and groups in water). After many years of research into how hydrophobic interactions affect the thermodynamic properties of processes such as micelle formation (self-assembly) and protein folding, the results of direct force measurements between macroscopic surfaces began to appear in the 1980s. Reported ranges of the attraction between variously prepared hydrophobic surfaces in water grew from the initially reported value of 80–100 A to values as large as 3,000 A. Recent improved surface preparation techniques and the combination of surface force apparatus measurements with atomic force microscopy imaging have made it possible to explain the long-range part of this interaction (at separations >200 A) that is observed between certain surfaces. We tentatively conclude that only the short-range part of the attraction (<100 A) represents the true hydrophobic interaction, although a quantitative explanation for this interaction will require additional research. Although our force-measuring technique did not allow collection of reliable data at separations <10 A, it is clear that some stronger force must act in this regime if the measured interaction energy curve is to extrapolate to the measured adhesion energy as the surface separation approaches zero (i.e., as the surfaces come into molecular contact).
Effect of Facial Expressions on Feature-Based Landmark Localization in Static Grey Scale Images

The present aim was to examine the effect of facial expressions on the feature-based landmark localization in static grey scale images. In the method, local oriented edges were extracted and edge maps of the image were constructed at two levels of resolution. Regions of connected edges represented landmark candidates and were further verified by matching against the edge orientation model. The method was tested on a large database of expressive faces coded in terms of action units. Action units described single and conjoint facial muscle activations in upper and lower face. As results demonstrated, eye regions were located with high rates in both neutral and expressive datasets. Nose and mouth localization was more attenuated by variations in facial expressions. The present results specified some of the critical facial behaviours that should be taken into consideration while improving automatic landmark detectors which rely on the low-level edge and intensity information.
Wave-particle dualism and complementarity unraveled by a different mode

The precise knowledge of one of two complementary experimental outcomes prevents us from obtaining complete information about the other one. This formulation of Niels Bohr’s principle of complementarity when applied to the paradigm of wave-particle dualism—that is, to Young’s double-slit experiment—implies that the information about the slit through which a quantum particle has passed erases interference. In the present paper we report a double-slit experiment using two photons created by spontaneous parametric down-conversion where we observe interference in the signal photon despite the fact that we have located it in one of the slits due to its entanglement with the idler photon. This surprising aspect of complementarity comes to light by our special choice of the TEM01 pump mode. According to quantum field theory the signal photon is then in a coherent superposition of two distinct wave vectors giving rise to interference fringes analogous to two mechanical slits.
Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot and rearfoot strike, in human running.

The study was undertaken to assess the metabolic and the mechanical aspects of two different foot strike patterns in running, i.e. forefoot and rearfoot striking (FFS and RFS), and to understand whether there is some advantage for a runner to use one or the other of the two landing styles. Eight subjects performed two series of runs (FFS and RFS) on a treadmill at an average speed of 2.50, 2.78, 3.06, 3.33, 3.61, 3.89, 4.17 m s-1. Step frequency, oxygen uptake, mechanical work, and its two components, external and internal, were measured. No differences were found for step frequency, mechanical internal work per unit time and oxygen uptake, while external and total mechanical work per unit time were significantly higher, 7-12%, for FFS. The higher external work was the result of an increase of the work performed against both gravitational and inertial forces. As the energy expenditure was the same it has been speculated that a higher storage and release of energy takes place in the elastic structures of the lower leg with FFS. In a different series of experiments on six subjects contact time, time of deceleration and time of acceleration were measured by means of a video camera while running on the treadmill at 2.50, 3.33 and 4.17 m s-1, both FFS and RFS. Time of deceleration is similar for FFS and RFS, but contact time and time of acceleration are shorter, respectively 12 and 25%, for FFS. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Variable Bandwidth Weighting for Texture Copy Artifact Suppression in Guided Depth Upsampling

In this paper, we mathematically analyze one of the most challenging issues in color image-guided depth upsampling: the texture copy artifacts. The optimal guidance weights denoted by balanced weights are proposed to best suppress texture copy artifacts. To both suppress texture copy artifacts and preserve depth discontinuities, a new general weighting scheme called variable bandwidth weighting is proposed. The variable bandwidth weighting scheme is able to adjust guidance weights according to the local depth smoothness. A new concept called relative smoothness is proposed for measuring the local depth smoothness. Given this quantitative smoothness measurement, the proposed weighting scheme can adaptively adjust the bandwidth for calculating the guidance weights in the existing methods. As we use the computationally efficient balanced weights instead of the guidance weights of a large bandwidth, the proposed method can speed up the upsampling process for about $2\times \sim 5\times $ when compared with the original upsampling methods. Experimental results show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method in suppressing texture copy artifacts, preserving the depth discontinuities and reducing the computational cost at the same time.
Preventing depression and promoting resilience: feasibility study of a school-based cognitive-behavioural intervention

Background The limited reach and effectiveness of psychological treatments for adolescent depression have fuelled interest in alternative approaches designed to promote resilience. Schools offer a convenient location for the widespread delivery of depression prevention programmes, although little research has evaluated the feasibility of delivering interventions in this setting. Aims To investigate the feasibility of delivering and evaluating a universal school-based depression prevention programme for children aged 12-16 years. Method A three-arm pilot study was conducted in one UK secondary SChOOl (n = 834). Results Interventions had good reach (96%), with high rates of consent (89%) and reasonable retention (78%). The majority of intervention sessions were delivered as intended, with 85% of students attending seven or more sessions. The programme was acceptable to students and teachers, with the specific content of the active intervention being rated differently from the control programmes. Conclusions Delivering and undertaking methodologically robust evaluations of universal school-based depression programmes is feasible.
Dose enhancement effects of gold nanoparticles specifically targeting RNA in breast cancer cells

Localization microscopy has shown to be capable of systematic investigations on the arrangement and counting of cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles (GNP) with nanometer resolution. In this article, we show that the application of specially modified RNA targeting gold nanoparticles (“SmartFlares”) can result in ring like shaped GNP arrangements around the cell nucleus. Transmission electron microscopy revealed GNP accumulation in vicinity to the intracellular membrane structures including them of the endoplasmatic reticulum. A quantification of the radio therapeutic dose enhancement as a proof of principle was conducted with γH2AX foci analysis: The application of both—SmartFlares and unmodified GNPs—lead to a significant dose enhancement with a factor of up to 1.2 times the dose deposition compared to non-treated breast cancer cells. This enhancement effect was even more pronounced for SmartFlares. Furthermore, it was shown that a magnetic field of 1 Tesla simultaneously applied during irradiation has no detectable influence on neither the structure nor the dose enhancement dealt by gold nanoparticles.
Being a Parent to a Young Adult with Mental Illness in Transition to Adulthood

Parents of young adults with mental illness may face a continued demand for support, even though their children have reached the age of majority. The aim of this study was to explore relatives’ experiences of parenting a young adult with mental illness in transition to adulthood. Individual interviews were conducted and analysed according to Grounded Theory. The results showed that relatives experienced powerlessness and a sense of inescapable duty with limited possibilities to be relieved. With a family nursing approach, relatives can be supported and, when the young adults’ needs of care are met, they can be relieved from their burden of responsibility.
Employees' Behavior towards IS Security Policy Compliance

The literature agrees that the major threat to IS security is constituted by careless employees who do not comply with organizations' IS security policies and procedures. To address this concern, different approaches for ensuring employees' IS security policy compliance have been proposed. Prior research on IS security compliance has criticized these extant IS security awareness approaches as lacking theoretically and empirically grounded principles to ensure that employees comply with IS security policies. To fill this gap, this study proposes a theoretical model that contains the factors that explain employees' IS security policy compliance. Data (N=245) from a Finnish company provides empirical support for the model. The results suggest that information quality has a significant effect on actual IS security policy compliance. Employees' attitude, normative beliefs and habits have significant effect on intention to comply with IS security policy. Threat appraisal and facilitating conditions have significant impact on attitude towards complying, while coping appraisal does not have a significant effect on employees' attitude towards complying. Sanctions have insignificant effect on intention to comply with IS security policy and awards do not have a significant effect on actual compliance with IS security policy
Some observations on the "live" collaborative tagging of audio conferences in the enterprise

This paper describes preliminary findings related to a system for "live" collaborative tagging of enterprise meetings taking place on an audio bridge between distributed participants. Participants can apply tags to different points of the interaction as it is ongoing and can see, in near real-time, the "flow" of tags as they are being contributed. Two novel types of tags are proposed: "deep tags" that apply to a portion of the interaction and "instant tags" that apply to an instant of the interaction. Our system is being used by enterprise users and we analyze a corpus of 737 live-tags collected from 16 conversations that took place over several months. We found that the live-tags for audio have slightly different characteristics from Web 2.0 tags: they are longer and confer affordances on the audio like description and summarization. Some observations on the "cognitive cost" of live-tagging are offered.