Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Density gradients of vesicular glutamate‐ and GABA transporter‐immunoreactive boutons in calbindin‐ and μ‐opioid receptor‐defined compartments in the rat striatum

Cortical and subcortical inputs to the striatum are functionally highly organized and they obey to some extent striatal patch‐matrix topography. Whether this organization is reflected in the density of various glutamatergic endings is unknown. We therefore mapped boutons expressing the vesicular glutamate transporters VGluT1 and VGluT2, together with boutons immunoreactive for vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) in patch and matrix throughout the striatum. We used triple‐immunofluorescence staining followed by multichannel, high‐magnification confocal laser scanning and 3D object recognition. Densities of VGluT1 and VGluT2 boutons were on average higher in matrix than in patches in all striatal sectors. The dorsal one‐third of the striatum contained the highest densities of VGluT1 boutons. Subsequent 3D surface plotting revealed patterns of density “valleys” in the dorsomedial striatum coinciding with patch locations in the patch‐matrix mapping. The density of VGluT1 boutons increased along three axes: ventrolateral‐to‐dorsomedial, ventral‐to‐dorsal, and lateral‐to‐medial. In contrast, VGluT2 showed a global increase in density from lateral to medial and a relatively high density in the ventral striatum. VGAT appeared more evenly distributed in the striatal patch‐matrix than the VGluTs, with a tendency of bouton density to increase from medial to lateral. We noted a good correlation between the high VGluT1 bouton density dorsomedially with inputs from dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and related thalamic regions, and the enhanced VGluT2 input ventromedially with input from ventral medial prefrontal cortex and thalamic, amygdaloid, and hippocampal sources. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2123–2142, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Error Detection and Correction Framework for Connectomics

We define and study error detection and correction tasks that are useful for 3D reconstruction of neurons from electron microscopic imagery, and for image segmentation more generally. Both tasks take as input the raw image and a binary mask representing a candidate object. For the error detection task, the desired output is a map of split and merge errors in the object. For the error correction task, the desired output is the true object. We call this object mask pruning, because the candidate object mask is assumed to be a superset of the true object. We train multiscale 3D convolutional networks to perform both tasks. We find that the error-detecting net can achieve high accuracy. The accuracy of the error-correcting net is enhanced if its input object mask is "advice" (union of erroneous objects) from the error-detecting net.
A constrained multinomial Probit route choice model in the metro network: Formulation, estimation and application

Considering that metro network expansion brings us with more alternative routes, it is attractive to integrate the impacts of routes set and the interdependency among alternative routes on route choice probability into route choice modeling. Therefore, the formulation, estimation and application of a constrained multinomial probit (CMNP) route choice model in the metro network are carried out in this paper. The utility function is formulated as three components: the compensatory component is a function of influencing factors; the non-compensatory component measures the impacts of routes set on utility; following a multivariate normal distribution, the covariance of error component is structured into three parts, representing the correlation among routes, the transfer variance of route, and the unobserved variance respectively. Considering multidimensional integrals of the multivariate normal probability density function, the CMNP model is rewritten as Hierarchical Bayes formula and M-H sampling algorithm based Monte Carlo Markov Chain approach is constructed to estimate all parameters. Based on Guangzhou Metro data, reliable estimation results are gained. Furthermore, the proposed CMNP model also shows a good forecasting performance for the route choice probabilities calculation and a good application performance for transfer flow volume prediction.
Semantic Interpretation as Computation in Nonmonotonic Logic: The Real Meaning of the Suppression Task

Interpretation is the process whereby a hearer reasons to an interpretation of a speaker's discourse. The hearer normally adopts a credulous attitude to the discourse, at least for the purposes of interpreting it. That is to say the hearer tries to accommodate the truth of all the speaker's utterances in deriving an intended model. We present a nonmonotonic logical model of this process which defines unique minimal preferred models and efficiently simulates a kind of closed-world reasoning of particular interest for human cognition. Byrne's "suppression" data (Byrne, 1989) are used to illustrate how variants on this logic can capture and motivate subtly different interpretative stances which different subjects adopt, thus indicating where more fine-grained empirical data are required to understand what subjects are doing in this task. We then show that this logical competence model can be implemented in spreading activation network models. A one pass process interprets the textual input by constructing a network which then computes minimal preferred models for (3-valued) valuations of the set of propositions of the text. The neural implementation distinguishes easy forward reasoning from more complex backward reasoning in a way that may be useful in explaining directionality in human reasoning.
Prostaglandin D2 and sleep – a molecular genetic approach

Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is the major prostanoid in the mammalian brain, and is the endogenous sleep‐promoting substance in mice, rats, and monkeys, and probably in humans as well. When PGD synthase (PGDS), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of PGD2 in the brain, was inhibited in vivo by its selective inhibitors, tetravalent selenium compounds, both slow‐wave sleep and rapid‐eye‐movement sleep were reduced almost completely but reversibly, indicating that PGDS is a key enzyme in sleep regulation. Experiments with transgenic mice also support this contention. Insitu hybridization, immunoperoxidase staining, and direct enzyme assay of tissue samples revealed that PGDS is mainly, if not exclusively, localized in the arachnoid membrane and choroid plexus, from which it is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid to become β‐trace protein. PGD2 exerts its somnogenic activity by binding with PGD2 receptors, exclusively localized at the ventro‐rostral surface of the basal forebrain. CGS21680, an adenosine A2a agonist, mimicked the somnogenic activity of PGD2 when applied to the PGD2‐sensitive zone. This effect was dose‐dependently and selectively abolished by the prior i.p. application of the adenosine A2a antagonist KF 17837. Furthermore, the somnogenic activity of PGD2 was also dose‐dependently and selectively attenuated by KF17837, indicating the possibility that the sleep induction by PGD2 may be mediated by adenosine through A2a receptors under these conditions. When PGD2 was infused into the subarachnoid space below the rostral basal forebrain, concurrent with sleep induction, striking expression of Fos immunoreactivity was observed in the ventro‐lateral preoptic area. Fos expression in the ventrolateral preoptic area was positively correlated with the preceding amount of sleep and negatively correlated with Fos expression in the tuberomammillary nucleus. PGD2 also increased Fos IR in the basal leptomeninges and several regions implicated in autonomic regulation. These observations suggest that PGD2 may induce sleep via leptomeningeal PGD2 receptors with subsequent activation of the ventrolateral preoptic area neurons.
Results of the GREAT08 Challenge?: an image analysis competition for cosmological lensing: Results o

We present the results of the Gravitational LEnsing Accuracy Testing 2008 (GREAT08) Challenge, a blind analysis challenge to infer weak gravitational lensing shear distortions from images. The primary goal was to stimulate new ideas by presenting the problem to researchers outside the shear measurement community. Six GREAT08 Team methods were presented at the launch of the Challenge and five additional groups submitted results during the 6-month competition. Participants analyzed 30 million simulated galaxies with a range in signal-to-noise ratio, point spread function ellipticity, galaxy size and galaxy type. The large quantity of simulations allowed shear measurement methods to be assessed at a level of accuracy suitable for currently planned future cosmic shear observations for the first time. Different methods perform well in different parts of simulation parameter space and come close to the target level of accuracy in several of these. A number of fresh ideas have emerged as a result of the Challenge including a re-examination of the process of combining information from different galaxies, which reduces the dependence on realistic galaxy modelling. The image simulations will become increasingly sophisticated in future GREAT Challenges, meanwhile the GREAT08 simulations remain as a benchmark for additional developments in shear measurement algorithms.
Endogeneity in the Relation between Poverty, Wealth and Life Satisfaction

This publication concentrates on the complex interplay between poverty, wealth and life satisfaction. Main areas of life are quantified in a multidimensional approach of poverty and wealth: Individual income, current health, occupational autonomy or employment status and also the mentioned life satisfaction. Data used in this publication were made available by the German Socio Economic Panel Study (SOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Berlin. A period from 1998-2009 is examined. This study has two main goals: (1) To contribute to the interconnection between poverty, wealth and life satisfaction. (2) Besides, the endogeneity research regarding life satisfaction should be expanded. Reduced form vector-autoregressions (with first differences) were used to answer the questions. Therefore, granger-causality can be supposed. Major findings: An initial rise in life satisfaction can improve income and health, but not job autonomy. However, even the probability of returning from unemployment to employment can increase. Gender-specific differences are discussed.
Propionic and butyric acids, formed in the caecum of rats fed highly fermentable dietary fibre, are reflected in portal and aortic serum

SCFA are important end products formed during colonic fermentation of dietary fibre (DF). It has been suggested that propionic and butyric acids affect metabolic parameters, low-grade systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the various SCFA profiles observed after fermentation in the caecum of rats fed pectin, guar gum and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) were also represented in hepatic portal and aortic serum. The SCFA in serum were extracted using hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane extraction before GLC analysis. The concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in caecal content correlated well with those in portal serum (P< 0·001) for all the three diets. A weaker correlation was found for propionic and butyric acids between the caecal content and aortic serum (P< 0·05). Butyric acid concentration in caecal content was also reflected in the aortic serum (P= 0·019) of rats fed FOS. FOS gave rather low amounts of the SCFA, especially butyric acid, but caecal tissue weight was higher with FOS than with the other two diets. This may be explained by rapid fermentation and quick utilisation/absorption of the SCFA. The present study also showed that propionic acid was metabolised/utilised to a higher extent than butyric acid by colonocytes before reaching the liver. We conclude that the formation of propionic and butyric acids in the caecum is reflected by increased concentrations in the aortic blood. This approach may therefore simplify the evaluation and study of SCFA from DF in human subjects.
Chagas' disease as endemic to the Brazilian Amazon: risk or hypothesis?

DOENCA DE CHAGAS COMO ENDEMIA NA AMAZONIA BRASILEIRA:RISCO OU HIPOTESE? Dois entre os maiores problemas da Amazonia - as migracoes de populacoes humanas de outras regioes e o desmatamento desordenados - constituem tambem os principais riscos de instalacao da doenca de Chagas como endemia naquela regiao.Desde longa data se conhece a presenca de reservatorios de
Movement of Labeled Cholesterol Between Plasma Lipoprotein and Normal Arterial Wall across the Intimal Surface

Normal rat aortas were incubated with their intimal surfaces in contact with a lipoprotein solution containing isotopically labeled free cholesterol. Uptake of cholesterol by the tissue increased with increasing concentration toward a plateau level. Maximum uptake of free cholesterol was estimated to be 13 μg/cm2 per 24 hours, and uptake at physiological cholesterol concentration was 7.9 μg/cm2 per 24 hours. Aortas containing labeled cholesterol were prepared by intragastric administration of cholesterol-7α-3H to normal rats. Experiments in vitro with these aortas demonstrated that efflux across the intimal surface was dependent upon presence of lipoprotein in the medium. This efflux was not retarded by prior boiling of the tissue. These results support suggestions that movement of labeled free cholesterol from plasma into the arterial wall may be largely the result of a physicochemical exchange between lipoprotein and endothelium.
Specific binding of substance P aminoterminal heptapeptide [SP(1-7)] to mouse brain and spinal cord membranes

Aminoterminal fragments of substance P (SP) have been previously shown to produce effects distinct, and often opposite, from those produced by the C-terminal of SP. The present investigation was initiated to determine whether N-terminal fragments interact at binding sites distinct from the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor where the C-terminal sequence of SP binds with high affinity, and distinct from mu-opiate receptors, where we have previously shown the N-terminal sequence of SP to interact. A tritium-labeled aminoterminal heptapeptide of SP, 3H- SP(1-7), was synthesized, purified, and used to characterize the binding of a variety of fragments of SP and opioids in the mouse brain and spinal cord membranes. Using the reduction of SP-induced caudally directed biting and scratching behaviors as an index of biological activity, 3H-SP(1-7) was shown to be equipotent to unlabeled SP(1-7). 3H-SP(1-7) was found to bind reversibly to a saturable population of sites. Scatchard analyses of concentration-dependent saturation of binding in the brain indicated a single population of noninteracting sites with a high affinity (Kd = 2.5 nM) and a low capacity (Bmax = 29.2 fmol/mg protein). Kinetic analyses indicated an apparent dissociation equilibrium constant of 2.1 nM. Two populations of binding sites were observed in the spinal cord, one with a very high affinity (Kd = 0.03 nM) and low capacity (Bmax = 0.87 fmol/mg protein), and the other with lower affinity (Kd = 5.4 nM) and intermediate capacity (Bmax = 19.6 fmol/mg protein). Specific agonists for NK-1, NK-2, and NK-3 and delta opioid receptors, carboxyterminal fragments of SP, and a variety of other peptides did not compete at the 3H-SP(1-7) binding sites, but structurally related N-terminal peptides and (D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol)- enkephalin (DAMGO) were active in displacing the ligand. The binding site for 3H-SP(1-7) appeared to be a membrane-bound complex whose specific binding was dependent on the integrity of both proteins and phospholipids. These studies are the first to characterize the binding sites for the SP N-terminal partial sequence of SP that can be generated by metabolism in vivo. The expanding body of evidence for distinct biological activities of N-terminal metabolites of SP, together with the current characterization of N-terminal binding, strongly support the existence of an N-terminal-directed SP receptor. The characteristics of SP(1-7) binding sites are consistent with those expected for an SP N-terminal receptor.
Why is Shame on the Skin

This was one of the songs sung by women performing a special dance on October 6, 1971 to anticipate and greet the arrival of a hoped-for treasure of cash in the Mount Hagen area of the Western Highlands District, Papua New Guinea. Would the cargo come or not? A large crowd of people who had helped to finance activities in the cult and expected returns for their support soon to materialize had come to watch the men and women of this particular group dance and to see the money revealed. The women sang of their clan leader and of his place, where dozens of red boxes full of money were said to be stored. Because of his claims to have the cargo and to be counting it out, they were dancing now out in the open on the ceremonial ground of the clan, with all eyes upon them, and "shame was on their skins. " The dance performed for the cargo, and the cargo cult itself, were an innovation in the area. The dancers' performance and appearance would be taken as a sign of the cult's success or failure, and if it failed all of the people of the group would be deeply embarrassed and would suffer a loss of standing with the groups around. One of the rival big-men in a neighboring clan was already speaking scornfully of their action in decorating up even the old women of the group with bright face-paint and plumes, and pushing treefruits into their mouths to fill out their gaunt cheeks and make them look young and healthy-a hint on his part that he thought the whole cult a piece of elaborate deception which was destined to failure. It is not surprising, then, that the women should feel shy and embarrassed about the public stage and their performance on it for this occasion. The word "shame" in their song certainly refers to all of this, and in addition it may also refer to the idea that ancestral ghosts were expected to be present, though unseen, at the dance. Such ghosts are thought always to be in the background supporting human dancers at festivals ensuring that they look attractive and that the gifts they give or receive will be sufficient to maintain prestige; and they were crucially involved in the present dance, for it was to them that the people were looking to receive the money-cargo. Before ghosts and other supernatural powers people are expected to feel another kind of "shame,"
South African HIV/AIDS programming overlooks migration, urban livelihoods, and informal workplaces

South Africa has the largest population of people living with HIV globally and is associated with high population mobility. The majority of migrants move in search of improved livelihood opportunities, and many who migrate (both internally and across borders) move into urban areas, often through peripheral informal settlements where HIV prevalence is shown to be double that of urban formal areas. While the relationship between migration and the spread of HIV is acknowledged as complex, the context of migration may place individuals at increased risk for acquiring HIV. Studies have demonstrated the long-wave impact of HIV and AIDS on livelihood activities and, more recently, on patterns of migration. Many migrants engage in livelihood strategies situated within the urban 'informal economy'; these informal workplaces are often overlooked in global and national legislation governing workplace responses to health and HIV and AIDS. This study draws on existing research and limited primary data to explore the implications of HIV/AIDS programming for diverse migrant groups labouring in informal workplaces in Johannesburg, South Africa. We describe three case studies: waste-pickers at a dumpsite in a peripheral urban informal settlement; barmen and cleaners working in inner-city hotels where sex is also sold; and, migrants engaged in informal livelihood activities who are also members of burial societies. Given the importance of varied informal livelihood activities for diverse migrant groups, particularly in urban areas of South Africa, we propose that the national HIV/AIDS response can and should engage with internal and cross-border migrants in informal workplaces — which is in line with the principle of universal access and will strengthen the national response. Especially, we point out the potential for burial societies to provide an entry point for HIV/AIDS programming that targets migrant groups involved in the informal economy of South African cities.
Simulation Modeling of Tablet PCs Selection Using Weighted-Product Algorithm

The combination about innovation arts, technology, marketing, and ideas among mobile (smart) phones and notebook computers, revolutionary has led to the birth of a handheld device called as the Tablet PCs. Where, the Tablet PCs was a product that transforming from the minimization of notebook computer. In other words, it can be said as a handheld device that has an 'almost' similar performance as a notebook computer but has a more compact and smaller size dimension than the notebook computers and has a bigger dimension than the smart-phones also. The problem is there were so many variations of Tablet PCs products on the market. Therefore, the question often arises about the Tablet PCs is, "which one the most-suitable product for my purposes"? In this study modeled a simulation process for Tablet PCs selection using the eight domains of weighting criteria. Which from our perspective these eight domains of weighting criteria are an 'objective' measurement for assessing the Tablet PCs products. As a decision support tool that implementing a method of Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) technique using Weighted-Product (WP) algorithm approach, where 5706 Robertus Nugroho Perwiro Atmojo et al. WP serves a means to give product recommendations to the users about the most-suitable products for them based on priority ranking mechanism.
MID‐TERM PROGNOSIS AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION FOR SUBMUCOSAL COLORECTAL CARCINOMA: SUMMARY OF A MULTICENTER QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY CONDUCTED BY THE COLORECTAL ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION STANDARDIZATION IMPLEMENTATION WORKING GROUP IN JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR CANCER OF THE COLON AND RECTUM

We carried out a retrospective questionnaire survey of 792 submucosal colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cases from 15 institutions affiliated with the Colorectal Endoscopic Resection Standardization Implementation Working Group in Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. In these cases, endoscopic resection (ER) and surveillance was carried out without additional surgical resection. Local recurrence or metastasis was observed in 18 cases. Local submucosal recurrence was observed in 11 cases, and metastatic recurrence was observed in 13 cases. Among the 15 cases in which the depth of submucosal invasion was measured, two cases showed depth less than 1000 µm, which has other risk factors for metastasis. Metastatic recurrence was observed in the lung, liver, lymph node, bone, adrenal glands, and the brain; in some cases, metastatic recurrence was observed in multiple organs. Death due to primary disease was observed in six cases. The average interval between ER and recurrence was 19.7 ± 9.2 months. In 16 cases, recurrence was observed within 3 years after ER. Thus, validity of ER without additional surgical resection for cases with the conditions that the depth of submucosal invasion is less than 1000 µm and the histological grade is well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with no lymphatic and venous involvement was proven.