Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurocardiogenic Syncope and Related Disorders of Orthostatic Intolerance

Received September 14, 2004; revision received January 31, 2005; accepted March 9, 2005. “We shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time” — —T.S. Eliot, Four Quartets Syncope, defined as transient loss of consciousness and postural tone with spontaneous recovery, has both challenged and perplexed physicians since the dawn of recorded time. The earliest written accounts come from Hippocrates, and the word syncope itself is derived from an old Greek term meaning “to cut short” or “interrupt. ” Recurrent episodes of syncope may result from a large number of different disorders, all of which cause a transitory reduction in cerebral blood flow sufficient to disturb the normal functions of the brain. Over the last 2 decades, considerable attention has been given to types of syncope that occur due to a centrally mediated (or “reflex”) fall in systemic blood pressure, a condition that has been referred to as vasovagal (and later neurocardiogenic) syncope. However, research into the nature of this disorder revealed that it is but one aspect of a broad and varied group of disturbances in the normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), each of which may result in orthostatic intolerance, hypotension, and ultimately syncope. Continued investigations into the nature of these similar yet different disorders has led to the development of a system of classification that attempts to more accurately reflect our understanding of these conditions and their interrelationships.1 The present system of classification has proven both functional and clinically relevant and includes a group of disorders that most investigators have thought to be principally autonomic in nature. Because both the cardiologist and the cardiac electrophysiologist frequently are expected to both diagnose and treat these conditions, the following …
Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin Prevents a Progressive Glomerulopathy of Aging

ABSTRACT Apoliprotein J (apoJ)/clusterin has attracted considerable interest based on its inducibility in multiple injury processes and accumulation at sites of remodeling, regression, and degeneration. We therefore sought to investigate apoJ/clusterin's role in kidney aging, as this may reveal the accumulated effects of diminished protection. Aging mice deficient in apoJ/clusterin developed a progressive glomerulopathy characterized by the deposition of immune complexes in the mesangium. Up to 75% of glomeruli in apoJ/clusterin-deficient mice exhibited moderate to severe mesangial lesions by 21 months of age. Wild-type and hemizygous mice exhibited little or no glomerular pathology. In the apoJ/clusterin-deficient mice, immune complexes of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, and in some cases C1q, C3, and C9 were detectable as early as 4 weeks of age. Electron microscopy revealed the accumulation of electron-dense material in the mesangial matrix and age-dependent formation of intramesangial tubulo-fibrillary structures. Even the most extensively damaged glomeruli showed no evidence of inflammation or necrosis. In young apoJ/clusterin-deficient animals, the development of immune complex lesions was accelerated by unilateral nephrectomy-induced hyperfiltration. Injected immune complexes localized to the mesangium of apoJ/clusterin-deficient but not wild-type mice. These results establish a protective role of apoJ/clusterin against chronic glomerular kidney disease and support the hypothesis that apoJ/clusterin modifies immune complex metabolism and disposal.
Learning With $\ell ^{1}$-Graph for Image Analysis

The graph construction procedure essentially determines the potentials of those graph-oriented learning algorithms for image analysis. In this paper, we propose a process to build the so-called directed ¿1-graph, in which the vertices involve all the samples and the ingoing edge weights to each vertex describe its ¿1-norm driven reconstruction from the remaining samples and the noise. Then, a series of new algorithms for various machine learning tasks, e.g., data clustering, subspace learning, and semi-supervised learning, are derived upon the ¿1-graphs. Compared with the conventional k -nearest-neighbor graph and ¿-ball graph, the ¿1-graph possesses the advantages: (1) greater robustness to data noise, (2) automatic sparsity, and (3) adaptive neighborhood for individual datum. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets show the consistent superiority of ¿1-graph over those classic graphs in data clustering, subspace learning, and semi-supervised learning tasks.
Spatial Frequency Multiplexing of Fiber-Optic Interferometric Refractive Index Sensors Based on Graded-Index Multimode Fibers

Fiber-optic interferometric sensors based on graded-index multimode fibers have very high refractive-index sensitivity, as we previously demonstrated. In this paper, spatial-frequency multiplexing of this type of fiber-optic refractive index sensors is investigated. It is estimated that multiplexing of more than 10 such sensors is possible. In the multiplexing scheme, one of the sensors is used to investigate the refractive index and temperature responses. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the combined reflective spectra is analyzed. The intensity of the FFT spectra is linearly related with the refractive index and is not sensitive to the temperature.
Peak Power, Force, and Velocity During Jump Squats in Professional Rugby Players

Abstract Turner, AP, Unholz, CN, Potts, N, and Coleman, SGS. Peak power, force, and velocity during jump squats in professional rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 26(6): 1594–1600, 2012—Training at the optimal load for peak power output (PPO) has been proposed as a method for enhancing power output, although others argue that the force, velocity, and PPO are of interest across the full range of loads. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of load on PPO, peak barbell velocity (BV), and peak vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) during the jump squat (JS) in a group of professional rugby players. Eleven male professional rugby players (age, 26 ± 3 years; height, 1.83 ± 6.12 m; mass, 97.3 ± 11.6 kg) performed loaded JS at loads of 20–100% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) JS. A force plate and linear position transducer, with a mechanical braking unit, were used to measure PPO, VGRF, and BV. Load had very large significant effects on PPO (p < 0.001, partial &eegr;2 = 0.915); peak VGRF (p < 0.001, partial &eegr;2 = 0.854); and peak BV (p < 0.001, partial &eegr;2= 0.973). The PPO and peak BV were the highest at 20% 1RM, though PPO was not significantly greater than that at 30% 1RM. The peak VGRF was significantly greater at 1RM than all other loads, with no significant difference between 20 and 60% 1RM. In resistance trained professional rugby players, the optimal load for eliciting PPO during the loaded JS in the range measured occurs at 20% 1RM JS, with decreases in PPO and BV, and increases in VGRF, as the load is increased, although greater PPO likely occurs without any additional load.
The Effect of Elastic Bandages on Human Knee Proprioception in the Uninjured Population

Elastic bandages are often used to treat musculoskel etal disorders, even though there is little scientific evi dence currently to support this generalized practice. We tested the hypothesis that elastic bandages improve proprioception of the bandaged joint during their use, and that this benefit was more than temporary. The un injured human knee was used as a model. Fifty-four volunteers (54 knees), aged 22 to 40 years, were asked to identify a prior set joint angle as their knee was pas sively extended. Each knee was tested without the elas tic bandage, immediately after bandage application, after 1 hour of bandage wear, and finally after removal of the bandage. Results showed that elastic bandages significantly improved knee joint proprioception in the uninjured knee during the entire interval of their use (mean decrease in inaccuracy of 1.0°, equivalent to 25% improvement, P < 0.05), and that this benefit was lost when the bandage was removed. The magnitude of the improvement, or the potential beneficial effect of the bandage, was inversely related to the participant's in herent knee proprioceptive ability, which was demon strated in the test group before the initial application of the bandage.
Emotions Revealed : Understanding Faces and Feelings

Whatever culture we come from, emotions play a huge role in our lives and in every relationship within them. Whether anger, joy, fear or sorrow, they can be incredibly powerful things - but can be equally hard to understand or control. In "Emotions Revealed", Paul Ekman draws on a lifetime's study to take the reader on a complete tour of the emotional self. Against a background of specially commissioned photographs and forceful news images from around the world, he examines and explains how, when and why we become emotional and how far we can change what we get emotional about; why we sometimes get emotional when others don't; how to recognise and understand the subtlest signs of emotion both in ourselves and other people; and much more. This stunning volume contains a test to find out how good you are at spotting emotions, exercises to improve your awareness of the bodily sensations involved in each emotion and an explanation of how to apply all this information to enhance your daily life.
Environmental hit on a genetic basis in polycystic kidney disease.

For many years, efforts have been made to determine the pathogenetic mechanism of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The most remarkable breakthrough is the discovery of PKD1 , mutations of which are associated with 85% of ADPKD cases. PKD1 is a large gene spanning 46 exons to
An end-to-end learning solution for assessing the quality of Wikipedia articles

Wikipedia is considered as the largest knowledge repository in the history of humanity and plays a crucial role in modern daily life. Assigning the correct quality class to Wikipedia articles is an important task in order to provide guidance for both authors and readers of Wikipedia. The manual review cannot cope with the editing speed of Wikipedia. An automatic classification is required to classify the quality of Wikipedia articles. Most existing approaches rely on traditional machine learning with manual feature engineering, which requires a lot of expertise and effort. Furthermore, it is known that there is no general perfect feature set because information leak always occurs in feature extraction phase. Also, for each language of Wikipedia, a new feature set is required. In this paper, we present an approach relying on deep learning for quality classification of Wikipedia articles. Our solution relies on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) which is an end-to-end learning technique that eliminates disadvantages of feature engineering. Our approach learns directly from raw data without human intervention and is language-neutral. Experimental results on English, French and Russian Wikipedia datasets show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art solutions.
Darwin Energy Paradoxes

and that the (interaction) electromagnetic field energy of the system is also given by eq. (5). A systematic approximation to electromagnetic fields and energies when the velocities of all charges are small compared to c, and when effects of radiation can be ignored, was given by Darwin in 1920 [3]. This approximation is reviewed in sec. 65 of [1], where it is implied that the Darwin Hamiltonian (energy) can be obtained from the Darwin Lagrangian, L =∑
Induction of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6 mRNA by low doses of ionizing radiation in macrophages

We have previously reported the antimetastatic effects and augmentation of immune responses, which would be a mechanism of the antimetastatic effects, of 0.1 to 0.2 Gy total body irradiation. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms of the augmentation of immune response, we investigated the effects of low‐dose irradiation on gene expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐6 using mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Absolute mRNA quantification was carried out using competitive polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression of IL‐1β and IL‐6 was increased 1 to 2 hr after 2.0 Gy irradiation and then decreased to below the basal expression level 4 hr after irradiation. Irradiation with 0.1 Gy increased IL‐6 expression 2 hr after irradiation, but it did not affect IL‐1β expression. Downregulation of IL‐1β and IL‐6 observed 4 hr after 2.0 Gy irradiation was not observed with 0.1 Gy irradiation. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H7 and the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) inhibitor wortmannin inhibited induction of IL‐1β and IL‐6 expression, which suggests that radiation‐induced IL‐1β and IL‐6 expression is achieved by PKC‐ and PI3‐kinase‐mediated signaling. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Training Bidirectional Helmholtz Machines

Efficient unsupervised training and inference in deep generative models remains a challenging problem. One basic approach, called Helmholtz machine, involves training a top-down directed generative model together with a bottom-up auxiliary model that is trained to help perform approximate inference. Recent results indicate that better results can be obtained with better approximate inference procedures. Instead of employing more powerful procedures, we here propose to regularize the generative model to stay close to the class of distributions that can be efficiently inverted by the approximate inference model. We achieve this by interpreting both the top-down and the bottom-up directed models as approximate inference distributions and by defining the model distribution to be the geometric mean of these two. We present a lower-bound for the likelihood of this model and we show that optimizing this bound regularizes the model so that the Bhattacharyya distance between the bottom-up and top-down approximate distributions is minimized. We demonstrate that we can use this approach to fit generative models with many layers of hidden binary stochastic variables to complex training distributions and hat this method prefers significantly deeper architectures while it supports orders of magnitude more efficient approximate inference than other approaches.
Attacking and repairing the winZip encryption scheme

WinZip is a popular compression utility for Microsoft Windows computers, the latest version of which is advertised as having "easy-to-use AES encryption to protect your sensitive data. " We exhibit several attacks against WinZip's new encryption method, dubbed "AE-2" or "Advanced Encryption, version two. " We then discuss secure alternatives. Since at a high level the underlying WinZip encryption method appears secure (the core is exactly Encrypt-then-Authenticate using AES-CTR and HMAC-SHA1), and since one of our attacks was made possible because of the way that WinZip Computing, Inc. decided to fix a different security problem with its previous encryption method AE-1, our attacks further underscore the subtlety of designing cryptographically secure software.
Substrate specificity of the rat liver Na 1-bile salt cotransporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in CHO cells

ALICE SCHROEDER,1 UTA ECKHARDT,1 BRUNO STIEGER,1 RONALD TYNES,2 CLAUDIO D. SCHTEINGART,3,4 ALAN F. HOFMANN,3 PETER J. MEIER,1 AND BRUNO HAGENBUCH1 1Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich; 2Drug Metabolism and Pharmakokinetics, Novartis Pharma, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; 3Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0813; and 4Ferring Research, La Jolla, California 92037
The Great American Football Ritual: Reproducing Race, Class, and Gender Inequality

An ethnographic study of one football season in a small South Texas town is presented to explore the extent that community sport is, as various critical theorists have suggested, a potential site for counterhegemonic cultural practices. Football is conceptualized as a major community ritual that socializes future generations of youth. This broad, holistic description of socialization also notes various moments of ethnic resistance engendered by the Chicano civil rights movement. Other moments of class and gender resistance to the football ritual are also noted. Finally, the way players generally resisted attempts to thoroughly rationalize their sport is also described. In spite of these moments of resistance, this study ultimately shows how deeply implicated community sport—in this case high school football—is in the reproduction of class, gender, and racial inequality. The white ruling class and the town’s patriarchal system of gender relations are preserved in spite of concessions to the new ethnic chal.
Attitudes of final year dental students to the use of rubber dam.

AIM To investigate the attitudes of final year dental students in Wales and Ireland to the use of rubber dam. METHODS A pre-piloted questionnaire was distributed to final year dental students in Cardiff and Cork Dental Schools in January 2008. Information sought included attitudes to, and the current and anticipated use of, rubber dam for a variety of operative and endodontic treatments. RESULTS Of 93 questionnaires distributed, 87 were completed and returned (response rate = 94%; Cardiff: 89%, n = 51; Cork: 100%, n = 36). Rubber dam was routinely used by 98% of respondents (n = 85) on adult patients, but only 32% of respondents (n = 28) had used rubber dam on child patients (P < 0.05). Rubber dam was never used by 75% of respondents (n = 65) when placing posterior amalgam restorations, and by 21% of respondents (n = 18) when placing anterior composite restorations. Rubber dam was used by 98% of the respondents (n = 85) when performing root canal treatments. Sixty-two per cent of respondents (n = 54) believed their use of rubber dam would decrease once leaving the dental school. CONCLUSION Whilst dental students believe that rubber dam is relevant to clinical dentistry, there are negative perceptions associated with its use amongst dental students. More than half of those questioned predicted their use of rubber dam would decrease once in independent practice. Greater emphasis should be placed on the advantages of using rubber dam in clinical dentistry whilst at dental school.
Heterogeneous firms and cluster productivity: a neglected externality through survival of the weakest

We argue that geographical clustering helps the weakest firms to survive. We model this neglected negative externality by adapting the heterogeneous firms model of Melitz (2003) to include firms that invest in R&D and firms that do not. Separating the chance of post-entry market exit into a system risk that is exogenous to all firms and a firm-specific risk that can be reduced by doing R&D, we find that only the most productive firms will invest in R&D. Incorporating knowledge spillovers to proxy for geographical proximity, the benefits from these R&D investments may spill over to other firms. This occurs either directly by reducing the firm-specific risk for non-R&D firm, or indirectly, by making R&D investments cheaper. The effects on innovation are different for these two cases: direct spillovers reduce innovation while indirect spillovers increase it. However, for both cases it holds that the effect on average productivity within the region is clearly negative.
Calcification in the basal ganglia with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

We report three Japanese children with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) infection and neurologic findings that included symmetric calcifications in the bilateral basal ganglia. This finding, common in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), suggests that EBV could be responsible for calcification in the basal ganglia seen in children with AIDS and in other idiopathic diseases.
Loss-of-Function Mutations in Chitin Responsive Genes Show Increased Susceptibility to the Powdery Mildew Pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum1[w]

Chitin is a major component of fungal walls and insect exoskeletons. Plants produce chitinases upon pathogen attack and chito-oligomers induce defense responses in plants, though the exact mechanism behind this response is unknown. Using the ATH1 Affymetrix microarrays consisting of about 23,000 genes, we examined the response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings to chito-octamers and hydrolyzed chitin after 30 min of treatment. The expression patterns elicited by the chito-octamer and hydrolyzed chitin were similar. Microarray expression profiles for several genes were verified via northern analysis or quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We characterized T-DNA insertion mutants for nine chito-oligomer responsive genes. Three of the mutants were more susceptible to the fungal pathogen, powdery mildew, than wild type as measured by conidiophore production. These three mutants included mutants of genes for two disease resistance-like proteins and a putative E3 ligase. The isolation of loss-of-function mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility provides direct evidence that the chito-octamer is an important oligosaccharide elicitor of plant defenses. Also, this study demonstrates the value of microarray data for identifying new components of uncharacterized signaling pathways.
Endocardial Lead Extraction in the Polish Registry – clinical practice versus current Heart Rhythm Society consensus

Introduction Over the last 10 years, there has been an increasing number of patients with pacemaker (PM) and cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). This study is a retrospective analysis of indications for endocardial pacemaker and ICD lead extractions between 2003 and 2009 based on the experience of three Polish Referral Lead Extraction Centers. Material and methods Since 2003, the authors have consecutively retrospectively collected all cases and entered the information in the database. All patients which had indication for lead extraction according to Heart Rhythm Society Guidelines were included to final analyze. Between 2003 and 2005, the data were analyzed together. Since 2006, data have been collected and analyzed annually. Results In each year, a significant increase in lead extraction was observed. The main indications for LE were infections in 52.4% of patients. Nonfunctioning lead extraction constituted the second group of indications for LE in 29.7% of patients. During the registry period, the percentage of class I indications decreased from 80% in 2006 to only 47% in 2009. On the other hand, increasingly more leads were removed because of class 2, especially class 2b. In 2009, 40% of leads were extracted due to class 2b. Conclusions Polish Registry of Endocardial Lead Extraction 2003-2009, shows an increasing frequency of lead extraction. The main indication for LE is infection: systemic and pocket. An increase in class 2, especially 2b, LE indication in every center during the study period was found.
Information Cascades in the Adoption of New Technology

This work presents a theory of information cascades, based on the work of Bikhchandi, Hirschleifer, and Welch (1992), to explain fad-like behavior in the adoption of new technology. An information cascade occurs when an individual ignores his or her own private signal about the value of a technology and relies, instead, upon the observed actions of others. This can lead to serious problems if the observed actions in question are based on still other observed actions rather than private signals. The present research provides an operational model to assess information cascade theory and empirically tests the model in the context of the adoption of electronic commerce technologies. The results suggest that information cascades play a large role in the adoption of such technologies.