Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HIV sexual risk behaviors in youth 15-24 years of age in Cali, Colombia: Do differences exist among neighborhoods?

Introduction: HIV/AIDS is a global health priority. About 40% of new infections occur among heterosexual youth by means of sexual contact. In Cali, district 13, 15 and 20 account for 11.5% of the prevalent cases and 18.0% of incident cases. Objective: To establish differences in risk behaviors for HIV among young people 15-24 yrs of age from two areas of Cali, Colombia. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study among young people between 15 and 24 yrs of age in these districts. The selection was done with a two-stage probability sampling. We estimated the prevalence of sexual relationships without condom usage, sex with multiple partners, and sex under the effects of alcohol and through logistical regression we identified the related factors. Results: In district 13, 15 and 20, the prevalence of unprotected sexual relationships in the last 12 months and the prevalence of sex with two or more partners was 70%; and 38% of young people had sex under the effects of alcohol. In both areas, the intention was positively related to the risk behaviors. We found socio-demographic factors, intentions, and beliefs that increase the opportunity to display these behaviors. The effect of these factors differs by district. Conclusions: We observed a high prevalence of risk behaviors for HIV related to socio-demographic factors, intentions and beliefs that warrant interventions appropriate for local realities.
Expert Judgement in Cost Estimating: Modelling the Reasoning Process

Expert Judgement (EJ) is used extensively during the generation of cost estimates. Cost estimators have to make numerous assumptions and judgements about what they think a new product will cost. However, the use of EJ is often frowned upon, not well accepted or understood by non-cost estimators within a concurrent engineering environment. Computerised cost models, in many ways, have reduced the need for EJ but by no means have they, or can they, replace it. The cost estimates produced from both algorithmic and non-algorithmic cost models can be widely inaccurate; and, as the work of this paper highlights, require extensive use of judgement in order to produce a meaningful result. Very little research tackles the issues of capturing and integrating EJ and rationale into the cost estimating process. Therefore, this paper presents a case with respect to the wide use of EJ within cost estimating. EJ is examined in terms of what thought processes are used when a judgement is made. This paper highlights that most judgements are based on the results of referring to historical costs data, and then adjusting up or down accordingly in order to predict the cost of a new project. This is often referred to as analogy. The reasoning processes of EJ are identified and an inference structure has been developed, which represents an abstraction of the reasoning steps used by an expert as they generate an estimate. This model has been validated through both literature and interviews with cost estimating experts across various industry sectors. Furthermore, the key inferences of the experts are identified. These inferences are considered as those where many of the assumptions and expert judgements are made. The thesis of this paper is that through modelling the reasoning processes of EJ, it becomes possible to capture, structure, and integrate EJ and rationale into the cost estimating process as estimates are being generated. Consequently, the rationale capture will both improve the understanding of estimates throughout a product life cycle, and improve management decisions based upon these cost estimates.
Sexually Abused and Abusing Children in Substitute Care

Background and Research Issues Research Methods and Design The Case File Sample: A Comparison of the Sexually Abused and Abusing Children with the Non-Abused Children The Case File Sample: Comparisons within the Group of Sexually Abused and Abusing Children The Characteristics of the Young People in the Follow-up Sample, their Caregivers and Social Workers Placement Decision and Preparation Sexual Behaviour Inside and Outside Placement The Psycho-Social Problems of the Sexually Abused and Abusing Young People The Context for Safety: Openness about Sexuality and House Rules The Management of Sexual Behaviour within Placements The Management of Sexual Behaviour outside Placements The Impact of the Young People on Each Other: The Processes and Management of Mix Talking About the Abuse The Supports Provided for the Caregivers Day to Day Care in the Placements The Placement and Management Patterns of the Young People The Outcomes for Young People.
Lessons from Chimpanzee-based Research on Human Disease: The Implications of Genetic Differences

Assertions that the use of chimpanzees to investigate human diseases is valid scientifically are frequently based on a reported 98–99% genetic similarity between the species. Critical analyses of the relevance of chimpanzee studies to human biology, however, indicate that this genetic similarity does not result in sufficient physiological similarity for the chimpanzee to constitute a good model for research, and furthermore, that chimpanzee data do not translate well to progress in clinical practice for humans. Leading examples include the minimal citations of chimpanzee research that is relevant to human medicine, the highly different pathology of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C virus infection in the two species, the lack of correlation in the efficacy of vaccines and treatments between chimpanzees and humans, and the fact that chimpanzees are not useful for research on human cancer. The major molecular differences underlying these inter-species phenotypic disparities have been revealed by comparative genomics and molecular biology — there are key differences in all aspects of gene expression and protein function, from chromosome and chromatin structure to post-translational modification. The collective effects of these differences are striking, extensive and widespread, and they show that the superficial similarity between human and chimpanzee genetic sequences is of little consequence for biomedical research. The extrapolation of biomedical data from the chimpanzee to the human is therefore highly unreliable, and the use of the chimpanzee must be considered of little value, particularly given the breadth and potential of alternative methods of enquiry that are currently available to science.
The Manifold Tangent Classifier

We combine three important ideas present in previous work for building classifiers: the semi-supervised hypothesis (the input distribution contains information about the classifier), the unsupervised manifold hypothesis (data density concentrates near low-dimensional manifolds), and the manifold hypothesis for classification (different classes correspond to disjoint manifolds separated by low density). We exploit a novel algorithm for capturing manifold structure (high-order contractive auto-encoders) and we show how it builds a topological atlas of charts, each chart being characterized by the principal singular vectors of the Jacobian of a representation mapping. This representation learning algorithm can be stacked to yield a deep architecture, and we combine it with a domain knowledge-free version of the TangentProp algorithm to encourage the classifier to be insensitive to local directions changes along the manifold. Record-breaking classification results are obtained.
Les pentecôtismes « indigènes ». La double scène africaine et européenne

L’implantation ou l’emergence d’Eglises pentecotistes africaines sur le sol europeen est un phenomene qui date de plusieurs decennies en depit du fait qu’il est passe relativement inapercu dans la litterature sociologique et anthropologique. La pluralite des types d’Eglises interroge sur les liens entre migration, religion et identite au sein de communautes ou la categorie de nation biblique l’emporte sur celle de citoyennete europeenne. La « politique des langues » est au cœur des tensions qui travaillent ces Eglises d’autant plus que la situation migratoire tend a renforcer le statut imaginaire de la langue maternelle. A defaut d’une evangelisation intensive dans les pays europeens, ces Eglises se trouvent engagees dans une dynamique de scission interne qui contribue a diversifier le paysage religieux europeen. La scene europeenne se presente ainsi comme un reflet en miroir et une amplification des tensions de la scene africaine.
The contributions of Bernstein’s sociology to education development research

Global and national agendas to improve the ‘quality’ of Education For All have brought focus to pedagogic processes in developing country contexts. How can development research pay attention to the social and political significance of pedagogical projects and understand the micro-processes of classroom reform? This paper considers how Basil Bernstein’s sociological theories helped develop a nuanced account of pedagogic reform in a study of Indian primary education. I explore how the analysis encouraged by Bernstein’s concepts of recontextualisation and educational codes may contribute to current thinking on the role and significance of pedagogy in development research and evaluation activities. The paper also raises caution about the selectiveness and limits of efforts to capture, identify, measure or assess pedagogic processes and change. A Bernsteinian research approach is not immune from producing the kinds of reductionist accounts of pedagogy of which the analysis is wary.
A Meta-Analysis of the Association between the hOGG1 Ser326Cys Polymorphism and the Risk of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Genetic polymorphism of human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) Ser326Cys (rs1052133) has been implicated in the risk of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC). However, the published findings are inconsistent. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of the association between the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and ESCC risk. Methodology/Principal Findings A comprehensive search was conducted to identify eligible studies of hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and the risk of the ESCC. Three English and two Chinese databases were used, and ten published case-control studies, including 1987 cases and 2926 controls were identified. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the association in the dominant and recessive model. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and standard error (SE) were used to assess the number of Cys allele and ESCC risk in the additive model. Overall, significant associations between the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and ESCC risk were found in the recessive model: OR = 1.37 (95% CI: 1.06–1.76, p = 0.02). We also observed significant associations in the Caucasian, Chinese language, population based control and tissue subgroups. In the additive model, positive correlation was found between the number of Cys allele and the risk of ESCC in overall studies (PCC = 0.109, SE = 0.046, p = 0.02), Caucasian subgroup and population subgroup. Funnel plot and Egger's test indicate there was no publication bias in this meta-analysis. Conclusion Under the published data, the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism is associated with ESCC risk in the recessive and additive model. Compared with the Ser/Ser and Ser/Cys genotype, Cys/Cys genotype might contribute to increased risk of ESCC. And the risk of ESCC is positively correlated with the number of Cys allele. A better case-control matched study should be designed in order to provide a more precise estimation.
Attenuation of Compulsive-Like Behavior Through Positive Allosteric Modulation of α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Non-Induced Compulsive-Like Mice

Nicotinic α4β2 receptors are the most abundant subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in brain regions implicated in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). These receptors are known to modify normal and addictive behaviors by modulating neuronal excitability. Desformylflustrabromine (dFBr) is a novel, positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of high acetylcholine sensitivity (HS) and low acetylcholine sensitivity (LS) α4β2 nAChRs. The present study tested the hypothesis that positive allosteric modulation of α4β2 receptors by dFBr will attenuate compulsive-like behavior in a non-induced compulsive-like mouse model. Male mice (Mus musculus) selected for compulsive-like nesting behavior (NB; 48 animals; 12 per group) received acute (once) and chronic (every day for 32 days) subcutaneous injection of dFBr at 2, 4 and 6 mg/kg doses. Saline was used as a control (0 mg/kg). Compulsive-like NB was assessed after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 h, while compulsive-like marble burying (MB) and anxiety-like open field (OF) behaviors were performed 2 h after dFBr administration. In the acute administration protocol, dFBr dose dependently attenuated NB and MB. Rapid effects (1–2 h after drug administration) of dFBr on MB and NB were observed for the chronic administration which was in congruence with the acute study. Chronic administration also revealed sustained suppression of NB by dFBr following 5 weeks of treatment. In both the acute and chronic regimen dFBr did not modulate OF behaviors. This research demonstrates the novel role of positive allosteric modulation of α4β2 nicotinic receptors by dFBr as a translational potential for OCD.
Living in a maze: Health, well-being and coping in young non-western men in Scandinavia experiencing substance abuse and suicidal behaviour

The aim of the study was to illuminate and interpret the lived experiences of emigration, substance abuse and suicidal behaviour in young non-western men in Scandinavia. The research questions were formulated as: (1) How is meaning constructed in the narratives? (2) What impact do these experiences have on health, well-being and coping? Data were collected using open-ended in-depth interviews. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach, inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur, was used to analyse the data. The naïve reading involved awareness of the participants’ perceived sense of insecurity in life. The structural analysis identified three themes: (1) the meaning of getting in a tight spot, (2) the meaning of being in a fog and (3) the meaning of the burning bed. A comprehensive understanding of the data was formulated as “living in a maze”. Ill health involved having a sense of liminality, which impaired one's possibilities to define and re-define goals. Substance abuse and suicidal behaviour were explicit expressions of not being well, when living in a maze that was perceived as closed. Both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping were used by the participants. These provided the motivation for substance abuse and suicidal behaviour.
Participatory Refinement of Participatory Outcomes: Students Iterating over the Design of an Interactive Mobile Learning Application

Significant research efforts have been put in refining concept/requirements of novel systems innovated by experts or crowds. However, there is scarce evidence of refinement techniques developed for and/or applied to the concept/requirements of novel systems innovated with participatory design. Arguably, general idea assessment and refinement techniques can be applied to participatory innovations. But including expert-centered techniques in a pure participatory project violates the basic philosophy of user-centeredness. In this work, the authors report on conception and application of a participatory refinement technique applied to refine the outcomes of participatory innovation/design. The reported participatory refinement experiment is performed on the design of a case tool—Jeliot Mobile—innovated earlier through participatory workshops. The authors draw several implications from the experiment. First, the need of a refinement technique for participatory innovation/design is established by the observation that a large number of ideas from the original concept are eliminated. Second, the difference of opinion between innovators and refiners show that different end-users from the same population may diverge in creativity differently. Thus, some ideas generated during ideation may be seems suitable to conceiver at that moment, but may not be beneficial to the society at large. Third, the inter-rater consistency of refinement establishes that end-user can refine, contrary to the popular belief that only experts can evaluate and refine due to their previous knowledge.
The Effects of the Home Literacy Environment, Mother's Literacy Beliefs, and Parenting Efficacy on the Interaction between Preschoolers and Mothers in Terms of Reading Picture Books

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the home literacy environment, mother`s literacy belief and parenting efficacy in terms of the interaction which occurs during reading picture books between mothers and preschoolers. Questionnaires from 378 5-year-olds` mothers in Seoul and Kyunggi province were analysed. The findings from the validated structural equation model constructed with these variables were as follows. First, the home literacy environment, the mother`s literacy beliefs and the mother`s general parenting efficacy affected the quantity, and the quality of interaction whilst reading books with preschoolers. Second, the mother`s efficacy in education and communication had a direct impact on the quantity of the interaction during reading books through the mediation of the home literacy environment, and had an indirect effect on the quality of the interaction whilst reading books, respectively. Third, the mother`s efficacy in communication directly accounted for the quality of the interaction which occurs whilst reading books with children.
$C^*$-algebras associated to coverings of $k$-graphs

A covering of k-graphs (in the sense of Pask-Quigg-Raeburn) induces an embedding of universal C*-algebras. We show how to build a (k+1)-graph whose universal algebra encodes this embedding. More generally we show how to realise a direct limit of k-graph algebras under embeddings induced from coverings as the universal algebra of a (k+1)-graph. Our main focus is on computing the K-theory of the (k+1)-graph algebra from that of the component k-graph algebras. Examples of our construction include a realisation of the Kirchberg algebra \mathcal{P}_n whose K-theory is opposite to that of \mathcal{O}_n, and a class of AT-algebras that can naturally be regarded as higher-rank Bunce-Deddens algebras.
Grafting: Fast, Incremental Feature Selection by Gradient Descent in Function Space

We present a novel and flexible approach to the problem of feature selection, called grafting. Rather than considering feature selection as separate from learning, grafting treats the selection of suitable features as an integral part of learning a predictor in a regularized learning framework. To make this regularized learning process sufficiently fast for large scale problems, grafting operates in an incremental iterative fashion, gradually building up a feature set while training a predictor model using gradient descent. At each iteration, a fast gradient-based heuristic is used to quickly assess which feature is most likely to improve the existing model, that feature is then added to the model, and the model is incrementally optimized using gradient descent. The algorithm scales linearly with the number of data points and at most quadratically with the number of features. Grafting can be used with a variety of predictor model classes, both linear and non-linear, and can be used for both classification and regression. Experiments are reported here on a variant of grafting for classification, using both linear and non-linear models, and using a logistic regression-inspired loss function. Results on a variety of synthetic and real world data sets are presented. Finally the relationship between grafting, stagewise additive modelling, and boosting is explored.
Crustal anisotropy across eastern Tibet and surroundings modeled as a depth-dependent tilted hexagonally symmetric medium

Two types of surface wave anisotropy are observed regularly by seismologists but are only rarely interpreted jointly: apparent radial anisotropy, which is the difference in propagation speed between horizontally and vertically polarized waves inferred from Love and Rayleigh waves, and apparent azimuthal anisotropy, which is the directional dependence of surface wave speeds (usually Rayleigh waves). We show that a new data set of Love and Rayleigh wave isotropic phase speeds and Rayleigh wave azimuthal anisotropy observed within and surrounding eastern Tibet can be explained simultaneously by modeling the crust as a depth-dependent tilted hexagonally symmetric (THS) medium. We specify the THS medium with depth-dependent hexagonally symmetric elastic tensors tilted and rotated through dip and strike angles and estimate these quantities using a Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion to produce a 3-D model of the crust and uppermost mantle on a 0.5 ◦ × 0.5 ◦ spatial grid. In the interior of eastern Tibet and in the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, we infer a steeply dipping THS upper crustal medium overlying a shallowly dipping THS medium in the middle-to-lower crust. Such vertical stratiﬁcation of anisotropy may reﬂect a brittle to ductile transition in which shallow fractures and faults control upper crustal anisotropy and the crystal-preferred orientation of anisotropic (perhaps micaceous) minerals governs the anisotropy of the deeper crust. In contrast, near the periphery of the Tibetan Plateau the anisotropic medium is steeply dipping throughout the entire crust, which may be caused by the reorientation of the symmetry axes of deeper crustal anisotropic minerals as crustal ﬂows are rotated near the borders of Tibet.
Gay and Lesbian Speaker Panels: Implementation and Research

Speaker panels are educational interventions in which lesbian women and gay men share their personal stories and respond to questions and comments. The panels are frequently used with college and community groups to reduce homophobic attitudes. Counselors, student development professionals, and other human services professionals are given practical information on effective panel presentations. Then the empirical findings concerning panels are discussed, and recommendations are made to human development professionals for research to expand empirical knowledge about this intervention.