Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of Positive Behavior Support to Address the Challenging Behavior of Young Children Within a Community Early Childhood Program

This study examined the effects yielded from the implementation of assessment-based behavior support plans on the engagement and problem behavior of three young children with behavioral challenges in a community early childhood program. A concurrent multiple-baseline design across children with generalization probes was used with data collected during targeted and nontargeted routines, in phases with different staff members, and in new classroom settings. The results indicated that implementation of the individualized behavior support plan by teaching staff resulted in higher levels of engagement and a reduction in challenging behavior. Teachers generalized the use of intervention strategies to nontrained routines resulting in improvements in the children’s target behaviors within those routines. Follow-up probes for two of the children indicated that changes in behavior were maintained in new classroom settings. These findings support the efficacy of the implementation of behavior support plans that are assessment based by early educators within a community-based preschool program.
Power-Law Inter-Spike Interval Distributions Infer a Conditional Maximization of Entropy in Cortical Neurons

The brain is considered to use a relatively small amount of energy for its efficient information processing. Under a severe restriction on the energy consumption, the maximization of mutual information (MMI), which is adequate for designing artificial processing machines, may not suit for the brain. The MMI attempts to send information as accurate as possible and this usually requires a sufficient energy supply for establishing clearly discretized communication bands. Here, we derive an alternative hypothesis for neural code from the neuronal activities recorded juxtacellularly in the sensorimotor cortex of behaving rats. Our hypothesis states that in vivo cortical neurons maximize the entropy of neuronal firing under two constraints, one limiting the energy consumption (as assumed previously) and one restricting the uncertainty in output spike sequences at given firing rate. Thus, the conditional maximization of firing-rate entropy (CMFE) solves a tradeoff between the energy cost and noise in neuronal response. In short, the CMFE sends a rich variety of information through broader communication bands (i.e., widely distributed firing rates) at the cost of accuracy. We demonstrate that the CMFE is reflected in the long-tailed, typically power law, distributions of inter-spike intervals obtained for the majority of recorded neurons. In other words, the power-law tails are more consistent with the CMFE rather than the MMI. Thus, we propose the mathematical principle by which cortical neurons may represent information about synaptic input into their output spike trains.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE PURKINJE CELL

This paper describes the fine structure of the Purkinje cell of the rat cerebellum after fixation by perfusion with 1 per cent buffered osmium tetroxide. Structures described include a large Golgi apparatus, abundant Nissl substance, mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, osmiophilic granules, axodendritic and axosomatic synapses, the nucleus, the nucleolus, and the nucleolar body. A new and possibly unique relationship between mitochondria and subsurface cisterns is described. Possible functional correlations are discussed.
Primitive Macrophages Drive Coronary Development.

Macrophages populate most tissues of the body. They perform many important functions that are required to maintain tissue homeostasis and fight infection, including the uptake and degradation of dead cells, debris, and foreign invaders. Macrophage ontogeny has been debated since the late 1960s when van Furth and Cohn1 postulated that macrophages are derived exclusively from bone marrow monocytes. However, the use of sophisticated in vivo fate-mapping approaches has recently shown that many tissue macrophages arise during embryogenesis in the yolk sac and fetal liver before the onset of definitive hematopoiesis.2–5 Two distinct developmental programs have been identified: early yolk sac–derived erythromyeloid progenitors that give rise to macrophages without monocyte intermediates and fetal liver monocytes that are derived from late c-Myb+ erythromyeloid progenitors generated in the yolk sac. In some circumstances, bone marrow–derived monocytes are also capable of colonizing developing tissues, especially during the perinatal period.6–9 The contributions of early and late erythromyeloid progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells to macrophage development vary considerably across different tissues.10 Article, see p 1498 In this issue of Circulation Research , Leid et al11 define macrophage ontogeny in the developing heart. At least 2 distinct populations of embryonic heart macrophages are identified based on the cell surface expression of the C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), which encodes the receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The authors previously demonstrated that CCR2 expression distinguished cardiac macrophages of adult monocyte versus embryonic origin.12 In the current study, genetic lineage tagging experiments using Csf1r MeriCreMer× Rosa26 Tomato mice administered tamoxifen at E7.5 (the approximate timing of yolk sac hematopoiesis) confirmed that primitive embryonic CCR2− heart macrophages are derived from the yolk sac. Complementary approaches using Rag1 Cre and Flt3 Cre mice further demonstrated that embryonic CCR2 …
CDPort: A Framework of Data Portability in Cloud Platforms

One of the main advantages of the cloud computing paradigm is that it simplifies the time-consuming processes of hardware provisioning, hardware procurement and software deployment. Currently, we are witnessing a proliferation in the number of cloud-hosted applications. However, one of the important challenges of the cloud computing paradigm that may hurt the growth of this technology is the interoperability and portability between cloud platforms. The developers and cloud users may lock-in to the first cloud they choose, or face difficulties when they have to move their data or software from one cloud platform to another. In this paper, we focus on the challenge of data portability between different cloud-based data storage services. In particular, we propose a common data model and a standardized API for the new generation of cloud-based NoSQL databases. The initial implementation of our framework covers three of the most popular NoSQL systems, namely, Google Datastore, Amazon SimpleDB and MongoDB. However, our framework is designed in a flexible way that it can be easily extended to support other NoSQL systems. Furthermore, our framework is equipped with tools that support the conversion, transformation and exchange of the data which is stored on the supported NoSQL databases of the framework. Finally, we describe the design and the proof-of-concept implementation of our framework using a case study.
Relationships Among Music Sight-Reading and Technical Proficiency, Spatial Visualization, and Aural Discrimination

The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of music sight-reading ability. The authors hypothesized that speed and accuracy of music sight-reading would be predicted by a combination of aural pattern discrimination, spatial-temporal reasoning, and technical proficiency. Participants (N = 70) were wind players in concert bands at a medium-sized university in the Midwest. In a regression analysis with music sight-reading as the criterion variable, aural-spatial patterning and technical proficiency explained 51% of the variance, F = 37.34, p < . 0001. These results support previous research that suggested that auditory, visual, spatial, and kinesthetic activations occur in coordination when wind players sight-read music notation. The results of the regression analysis suggested that although aural-spatial skills and technical proficiency skills were orthogonal, or separate, they both were essential to the complex task of sight-reading.
The role of angiotensin II in stress urinary incontinence: A rat model

Pharmacological treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is limited to the use of non‐selective alpha‐agonists, which are often ineffective. Non‐adrenergic mechanisms have also been implicated in urethral closure, including angiotensin II (Ang‐II), which has been demonstrated throughout the urinary tract. We investigate the role of Ang‐II in urethral tone in a rat model of SUI.
Study to Evaluate Dentofacial Factors Governing an Esthetic Smile

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of an esthetic smile. Materials and methods: Smiles of 60 subjects (males & females) were analyzed, considering criteria such as smile type (high, average or low), parallelism of upper incisal curvature to the lower lip, contact of upper incisal curvature with lower lip and number of teeth displayed in the smile. Results: The result showed 41.6% (25 subjects) showed average smile type and average smile type showed a statistically significant occurrence in females (z = 2.44). 63.3% (38 subjects) showed parallelism of incisal curvature with lower lip and this was significantly higher in females (z = 5.02) while reverse curvature was highly significant in males. The upper incisor curvature touched the lower lip in 41.66% (25 subjects). Females showed more of touching type of incisal curvature (z = 5.85) while males showed more of an incisal curvature that was not touching the lower lip (z = 2.81). Six anteriors & first premolars were exposed in 55% (33) cases. Differences in males & females in this group were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The result showed that the characters of an esthetic smile are an average smile line, therefore only part of interdental gingiva seen, incisal curvature of maxillary anterior teeth parallel to the lower lip curvature, upper incisal curvature slightly touching the lower lip, first or second premolars also seen in smile and a harmonious midline. All the above criteria were found more in females than males.
Taxonomy and structure of Hungarian personality traits

This study reports on the application of the principles of the lexical approach to a non‐Indo‐European language, namely Hungarian. This language is a Uralic island surrounded on all sides by Indo‐European languages. In addition, the Hungarians are, in terms of cultural features, Europeans. These conditions provide a great opportunity for a crucial test case of the lexical approach to personality. Study 1 reports on the different phases of the selection of the trait terms from the Hungarian lexicon, a categorization into kinds of personality‐relevant terms, a comparison of the category findings with those of other languages, and on indices of relevance of the personality terms. Of the total number of 8738 personality‐relevant terms, 3914 adjectives were used for Study 2. In that study, personality descriptiveness ratings were obtained from a group of judges (N = 5). On the basis of these ratings, a manageable set of 624 adjectives was selected for a rating task. Four hundred subjects provided self‐ratings on the 624 adjectives. On the basis of the means and standard deviations of the ratings, the set of 624 was further reduced to 561 adjectives. On ipsatized data, principal components analyses were performed. Both a four‐factor solution and a five‐factor solution, which were Varimax‐rotated, are presented. The correspondence of these factors to the traditional Big Five factors is discussed.
Sequential analysis of DNA damage and repair during the development of carcinogen-induced rat liver hyperplastic lesions.

The level of DNA fragmentation, as evaluated by alkaline elution, and of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), as measured by autoradiography, was determined in the parenchymal cells from the entire liver during the development of hyperplastic lesions induced in the rat by the following treatment: diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg i.p.) on Day 0; CCl4 (2 ml/kg intragastrically) on Day 21; dietary administration of 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene during the third and the fourth wk; and of 0.05% phenobarbital from the sixth wk. Both DNA fragmentation and UDS were constantly detected, concomitantly with the presence of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT)-positive hepatocytes, in the primary cultures derived from the liver of rats of this experimental group sacrificed at 4, 5, 6, and 7 wk after DEN injection, their amount being approximately the same at the fourth and at seventh wk. Moreover, evidence of DNA alterations was still present, albeit diminished, 22 wk after the beginning of treatment. In contrast, DNA fragmentation and UDS did not persist past the fifth wk, and gamma-GT-positive hepatocytes were very few or totally absent in hepatocyte primary cultures from control rats treated with DEN alone, 2-acetylaminofluorene alone, or 2-acetylaminofluorene:CCl4. CCl4 alone, and phenobarbital alone caused only a modest, albeit statistically significant, increase in DNA elution rate and UDS, respectively. In a comparison performed on hepatocyte primary cultures obtained from rats of the experimental group sacrificed at the fifth wk after the injection of DEN, the level of UDS was higher in gamma-GT-positive than in gamma-GT-negative hepatocytes. These results indicate that the regimen used to induce the selective proliferation of initiated hepatocytes actually produces extensive DNA lesions which can give rise to additional carcinogenic initiations.
School Success as a Process of Structuration

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to explore the process, routines, and structuration at successful schools leading their students to high achievements. Method: The approach of building a theory from case study research together with process perspective and an organizational routines model were applied to analyzing seven successful Israeli high schools that bring their students to high academic outcomes. Findings: Five processes were found to operate cyclically during the school year: building a vision-oriented senior leadership team, enhancing students’ choice, developing a student-oriented class schedule, organizing an exam system, and mapping each student. Each process comprises several routines that present structuration by the alignment of their ostensive, performative, and artifact aspects. Research Limitations/Implications: The fact that the selected schools demonstrated extreme cases of high achievement limit the generalizability of the findings, but nonetheless it offers a significant contribution to the development of a substantive theory of school success as structuration. Practical Implications: The theoretical model can serve as diagnostic tool for a school wishing to improve academically, as an intervention tool indicating the area needing reinforcement, as an evaluation tool for assessing new resources and their adaptation to the school’s goals, and to infuse a principal training program. Originality/Value: This study bears a substantive theory regarding high achievement as a structuration process supported by processes and routines, and fosters new insights and propositions for further research.
Introduction: Killing the Cotton Canard and getting rid of the Great Game: rewriting the Russian conquest of Central Asia, 1814–1895

Russia’s expansion southwards across the Kazakh steppe into the riverine oases of Turkestan was one of the nineteenth century’s most rapid and dramatic examples of imperial conquest. With its main phases sandwiched between the British annexation of the Indian subcontinent between 1757 and 1849, and the ‘scramble for Africa’ initiated by the British occupation of Egypt in 1881–82, roughly contemporaneous with the French conquest of Algeria, it has never been granted the same degree of historical attention as any of these. In general, as Dominic Lieven has observed (2006 II, 3), studies of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire are few and far between, and those which exist tend to take a rather grand, sweeping view of events rather than examining particular episodes in detail (LeDonne 1997, 2004; Fuller 1998). Whilst there are both classic and recent explorations of the ‘Eastern Question’ and the Russian conquest of the Caucasus (Baddeley 1908; Anderson 1966; Gammer 1994; Bitis 2006), and detailed studies in English of Russian expansion in the Far East (Quested 1968; Bassin 1999; Schimmelpenninck van der Oye 2001), the principal phases of the Russian conquest of Central Asia remain neglected and misunderstood. The only works in western languages which examine the conquest from a Russian perspective are brief and chronologically limited, and make little or no use of archival material. There is no equivalent to the studies that exist of British and French conquests and annexations in Africa or British expansion in India (Robinson and Gallagher 1965; Kanya-Forstner 1969; Fisher 1997; Cooper 2003; Brower 2009), or to recent scholarship on the Qing conquest of the neighbouring regions of Inner Asia in the eighteenth century (Perdue 2005). The closest equivalent to an economic analysis as comprehensive as Cain and Hopkins’s (1990) ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ thesis for the British Empire is the pioneering work of Dietrich Geyer (1977/1987); but unlike the former, which has sparked two decades of intense debate and revision amongst historians of the British empire, Geyer’s arguments have produced little in the way of engagement or response (Darwin 1997). If there is no comprehensive account of the conquest of Central Asia in
Endovascular management of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations presenting in the neonatal period.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neonates with vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs) presenting with cardiac failure have high morbidity and mortality, and outcomes are significantly better in those presenting in later childhood. Neurologic outcomes in survivors are perceived to be uniformly poor, which may lead to the neonate being denied treatment. We assessed outcomes of modern neonatal intensive care and endovascular embolization in a consecutive series of such neonates presenting with cardiac failure. METHODS Between 1996 and 1998, five infants (three male, two female) were diagnosed with symptomatic VGAMs in the first week of life, four of whom had intractable, high-output cardiac failure and underwent initial endovascular treatment. There were 15 endovascular procedures and one neurosurgical clipping in these five patients. Transarterial and transvenous routes were required, using multiple embolic agents. We emphasized the use of sonographically guided, percutaneous transtorcular-venous-access, moveable-core guidewire as an embolic agent; routine MR imaging; and MR angiography. RESULTS Immediate outcomes included control of cardiac failure with normal neurologic function in four (80%) patients and one (20%) death from intractable cardiac failure. On follow-up examination, three (60%) infants showed no evidence of neurologic abnormality or cardiac failure; one (20%) infant showed moderate developmental delay. Two have had no further shunting on angiography, one has minimal flow, and one is awaiting follow-up imaging. CONCLUSION Endovascular therapy with modern neuroanesthetic and neurointensive care can provide good outcomes even in the highest-risk neonates with VGAMs and cardiac failure. If medical management of cardiac failure fails, and there is no evidence of gross cerebral parenchymal damage on imaging, urgent endovascular treatment is feasible and can reduce the almost-100% mortality otherwise expected, without invariably severe morbidity. Use of multiple embolization strategies in multiple stages usually is necessary in these patients, and novel approaches and embolic agents may be necessary.
Self-help Books on Avoiding Time Shortage

Self-help books are tokens of our reflexive individualized society. The widespread experience of too high a pace in daily life and too little time for recovery and for social relations have resulted in books focusing on avoiding time shortage. In our analysis of the advice in such books we found time-management categories such as streamlining activities and buying services. Other identified categories focus on life-management strategies such as setting limits to time-consuming aspirations. Questioning personal aspirations in areas such as work and consumption appears to be an adequate way of avoiding time shortage and increasing one’s quality of life but this is also a challenging task due to the importance most people attach to these areas for identity creation and social acceptance.
NFATC1 promotes epicardium-derived cell invasion into myocardium

Epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) contribute to formation of coronary vessels and fibrous matrix of the mature heart. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1) is expressed in cells of the proepicardium (PE), epicardium and EPDCs in mouse and chick embryos. Conditional loss of NFATC1 expression in EPDCs in mice causes embryonic death by E18.5 with reduced coronary vessel and fibrous matrix penetration into myocardium. In osteoclasts, calcineurin-mediated activation of NFATC1 by receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) signaling induces cathepsin K (CTSK) expression for extracellular matrix degradation and cell invasion. RANKL/NFATC1 pathway components also are expressed in EPDCs, and loss of NFATC1 in EPDCs causes loss of CTSK expression in the myocardial interstitium in vivo. Likewise, RANKL treatment induces Ctsk expression in PE-derived cell cultures via a calcineurin-dependent mechanism. In chicken embryo hearts, RANKL treatment increases the distance of EPDC invasion into myocardium, and this response is calcineurin dependent. Together, these data demonstrate a crucial role for the RANKL/NFATC1 signaling pathway in promoting invasion of EPDCs into the myocardium by induction of extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme gene expression.
The Birth of Academic Subalterns

This study analyzes the learning and cultural experiences of Korean graduate students in the United States. Based on 50 qualitative interviews, the study focuses on how global knowledge and the power relations of language determine their education in a transnational system. At a theoretical level, the study criticizes both the functionalist approaches that limit analysis to socialization processes and the pragmatic analyses that seek to solve problems of adaptation. Rejecting these perspectives, this study instead analyzes how a series of power relations based on knowledge and language operate in a global education environment to shape cultural attitudes as well as daily interactions and interprets the result as the daily embodiment of the global hegemony enjoyed by American universities. I explain this mechanism by examining global, national, and local interactions within the global hierarchy of higher education, contradictions within the Korean university system, and students’ transnational learning experiences. During these processes, Korean graduate students, operating as academic subalterns in the global educational system, also contribute to this global hegemony through their active consent to and participation in the assumptions of American research universities. Ultimately, I argue that because the production and consumption of academic capital operates within the power structure of global higher education, we need to pay attention to how various power relations conjoin in transnational learning and teaching, and how they dynamically generate academic domination beyond the functionalist approach.
The line segment match method for extracting road network from high-resolution satellite images

This paper presents an approach, with emphasis on the newly proposed line segment matching method, for extracting urban road networks from high-resolution satellite images. The approach is based on the characteristics of the images, knowledge about road networks, and the related mathematical models. The approach is applied to several images of urban areas and is proved to be effective in both visual effect and positional accuracy.