Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
24-month-olds use conceptual similarity to solve new problems after a delay

In this experiment, we used the deferred imitation paradigm to assess 24-month-olds’ ability to use conceptual similarity to solve new problems after a delay. Infants in the experimental condition participated in four sessions that were each separated by 24 h. In Session 1, the experimenter modeled three target actions using one set of stimuli and in Session 2, infants were tested with a novel set of stimuli that could be used to perform the same target actions. To emphasize the functional similarity of the two sets of stimuli, the experimenter provided the same unique verbal label for them during the demonstration (Session 1) and the test (Session 2). In Session 3, the experimenter modeled three new target actions with another new set of stimuli, and in Session 4, infants were tested with a novel set of stimuli that could be used to perform these same target actions. No verbal cues were provided during Sessions 3 and 4. Infants in the experimental condition exhibited excellent imitation during Session 4 even though they were tested with completely different stimuli in the absence of verbal cues. The performance of the control groups illustrated that imitation in Session 4 was not based on prior successful imitation alone or on exposure to multiple stimuli across successive sessions. Instead, we conclude that infants used the conceptual relation between the imitation problems as a basis of knowledge transfer.
Percepção de limitações de atividades comunicativas, resolução temporal e figura-fundo em perda auditiva unilateral

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os comportamentos auditivos de figura-fundo e resolucao temporal, e a auto-percepcao das limitacoes de atividades comunicativas de criancas e adolescentes portadores de perda auditiva unilateral. METODOS: Participaram do estudo 38 individuos, com idades entre 8 e 19 anos, divididos em: grupo estudo (portadores de perda auditiva unilateral) e grupo controle (ouvintes normais), cada um formado por 19 individuos, pareados conforme genero, idade e escolaridade. Todos foram submetidos a anamnese, avaliacao audiologica e aos procedimentos do estudo: questionario de auto-avaliacao das limitacoes de atividades comunicativas, testes de processamento auditivo Gaps-in-Noise e Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test. A analise estatistica foi realizada por meio de testes nao parametricos. RESULTADOS: No grupo estudo, a perda auditiva unilateral na maioria dos participantes foi de grau profundo, com inicio na fase pre-escolar, com etiologias desconhecidas ou identificadas como meningite, traumas, caxumba e sarampo. A maioria dos individuos apresentou queixa de dificuldades de aprendizagem e mostrou limitacoes de atividades comunicativas de grau moderado predominantemente, e principalmente em situacoes ruidosas. No grupo estudo foram observadas as piores respostas tanto para os limiares de deteccao de gap como no teste Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test obtidas na orelha normal. Nao houve correlacao significativa entre os limiares de deteccao de gap na orelha normal e o lado da orelha com perda auditiva. CONCLUSAO: Individuos com perda auditiva unilateral apresentam limitacoes de atividades comunicativas, principalmente em ambientes ruidosos associadas a piores habilidades auditivas de resolucao temporal e de figura-fundo.
Disruption of conditioned drug memories

We first made a brief review on historical development of drug craving theories. A special emphasis was given on the proposal that conditioned drug memories can be a critical psychopathological basis to elicit compulsive drug taking, craving and subsequent relapse. We then discussed the different processes associated with drug learning and memory as well as recent findings pertaining to these processes, specifically using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm as a model for assessing these conditioned drug memories. Over this decade, many factors have been identified to affect the acquisition, consolidation, expression and reconsolidation of such a drug-induced CPP memory in rodents. Since reactivation of the established drug-induced CPP memory and modification of the reactivated memory are two core components for developing potential treatments, a few theoretical and practical considerations in the CPP paradigm are provided and discussed accordingly.
Organizational Change as a Process of Death, Dying, and Rebirth

Bringing about change is difficult in any organization, but especially so in professional bureaucracies such as hospitals and universities in which highly trained and autonomous professionals, rather than administrators, largely control the core processes. Lacking in most models used to bring about change in organizations is understanding of how individuals and groups actually work through their resistance to change, which is key to whether change in a professional bureaucracy actually occurs. Interview data from professors in the physics department of a large, public university revealed that the department's change process closely resembled that of death and dying identified by Kubler-Ross in her study of terminally ill patients. Theories from psychoanalysis and group dynamics are used to explain both individual and group-level change. The article concludes by discussing implications for helping professionals and their organizations undergo change and by suggesting areas for future research.
Evaluating Treatment Efficacy with Searual Offenders: The Insensitivity of Recidivism Studies to Treatment Effects

Treatment programs for sexual offenders have been implemented in prison settings with the objective of reducing recidivism among released offenders. Reviews of the literature evaluating the efficacy of treatment have not found convincing evidence that institutional treatment reduces recidivism. However, these reviews have been most concerned with the possibility of a Type I error in hypothesis testing: specifically, that we might reject the null hypothesis when it is true, concluding that recidivism among treated offenders has been reduced compared with that of untreated offenders and concluding that treatment is effective when it is not. The present paper explores the risks of Type II error by examining the sensitivity of recidivism studies to treatment effects and the power of statistical tests of treatment hypotheses in recidivism studies. Using a series of "what if" analyses and power calculations, the sensitivity of statistical hypothesis testing was explored in recidivism studies under a variety of N's, base rates, and treatment effects. The size of treatment effects required for significance at the p < . 05 level at various N's and base rates was calculated and the N required to obtain significance at the p < . 05 level in the "average" recidivism study was estimated. This paper examines the sensitivity of statistical hypothesis testing in three of the most oft-cited recidivism studies of institutional sexual offender treatment. Recidivism studies were found to be quite insensitive to the effects of treatment and these findings are discussed with respect to the likelihood of a Type II error. Alternative methods of assessing sexual offender treatment efficacy are described and recommended
Effects of icariin combined with Panax notoginseng saponins on ischemia reperfusion‐induced cognitive impairments related with oxidative stress and CA1 of hippocampal neurons in rat

Previous studies suggest that treatment with icariin (ICA) combined with Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) improved behavior and cholinergic system disorders followed by amyloid β‐peptide25−35 lateral ventricle injection in rats. The present study investigated whether administration of ICA + PNS had preventive and therapeutic effects on bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA) occlusion‐induced cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided randomly as follows: sham‐operated, i.g. vehicle, ICA (5 mg/kg), PNS (40 mg/kg), ICA + PNS (2.5 + 20, 5 + 40 or 10 + 80 mg/kg), and ergoloid mesylate as a positive control (0.45 mg/kg) in model rats. Treatment was performed once a day for 7 days prior to ischemia. The rats were subjected to transient global IR induced by CCA occlusion in combination with intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitroprusside (2.0 mg/kg), then treated with ICA + PNS for another 14 days continuously. ICA + PNS significantly improved the rat passive avoidance task in step‐down paradigms, and spatial cognition in the eight‐arm radial maze, concomitant with an improvement of blood viscosity. Increased lipid peroxidation in brain after IR injury was observed, MDA being 0.56 ± 0.10 nmol/mg prot vs 0.48 ± 0.06 nmol/mg prot in the vehicle control (p < 0.05). Treatment with ICA + PNS 2.5 + 10, 5 + 40, 10 + 80 mg/kg produced a marked reduction in the MDA level to 0.46 ± 0.06, 0.42 ± 0.09 and 0.45 ± 0.08 nmol/mg prot, respectively vs 0.56 ± 0.10 nmol/mg prot in IR injury only control (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). A decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was observed in the brain of IR rats (the SOD activity being 72.75 ± 4.62 U/mg prot vs 80.97 ± 6.06 U/mg prot in control, p < 0.05). ICA + PNS 5 + 40 mg/kg prevented the IR injury mediated fall in superoxide dismutase activity being 78.90 ± 6.61 U/mg prot versus 72.75 ± 4.62 U/mg prot (p < 0.05). ICA + PNS tended to attenuate apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Either ICA or PNS treatment alone did not obviously improve cognitive impairment (except that lipid peroxidation was reduced by PNS‐treatment). The results indicated that ICA + PNS may ameliorate learning and memory deficit and blood viscosity by protecting neurons from oxidative stress in ischemic brain. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Use and Effectiveness of a Targeted Math Intervention for Third Graders

Students who fail to develop proficiency in math skills in the primary grades are more likely to experience difficulties in the math curriculum later on. These students may be in need of a more targeted intervention, or Tier 2 supports, in mathematic instruction. Although the instructional principles of an effective math intervention are becoming better understood, the practice of designing and implementing an effective Tier 2 math intervention system challenges many schools. This article documents a case study of one school’s experience in designing a Tier 2 math intervention system for 10 third graders to provide a model of effective Tier 2 systems.
Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges

The contributions and shortcomings of past entrepreneurship research can be viewed within the context of six research design specifications: purpose, theoretical perspective, focus, level of analysis, time frame and methodology. The authors suggest a unifying definition of the field of entrepreneurship. The recent trend toward theory driven research that is contextual and process oriented is encouraging. It is time for entrepreneurship researchers to pursue causality more aggressively. Exploratory studies that are not theory driven should be discouraged unless the topic is highly original. Implications for practicing entrepreneurs are discussed.
Losses , Gains , and Hyperbolic Discounting : An Experimental Approach to Information Security Attitudes and Behavior

Surveys and experiments have uncovered a dichotomy between stated attitudes and actual behavior of individuals facing decisions aﬀecting their privacy and their personal information security. Surveys report that most individuals are concerned about the security of their personal information and are willing to act to protect it. Experiments reveal that very few individuals actually take any action to protect their personal information, even when doing so involves limited costs. In this paper we analyze the causes of this dichotomy. We discuss which economic considerations are likely to aﬀect individual choice and we advance testable hypotheses about why individuals’ information security attitudes seem inconsistent with their behavior. We then outline an experimental design to test our hypotheses. The experiment is designed to compare individuals’ characteristics as market agents to their information security attitudes and behavior.
Tunable Growth Factor Delivery from Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

Current sustained delivery strategies of protein therapeutics are limited by the fragility of the protein, resulting in minimal quantities of bioactive protein delivered. In order to achieve prolonged release of bioactive protein, an affinity-based approach was designed which exploits the specific binding of the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain with short proline-rich peptides. Specifically, methyl cellulose was modified with SH3-binding peptides (MC-peptide) with either a weak affinity or strong affinity for SH3. The release profile of SH3-rhFGF2 fusion protein from hyaluronan MC-SH3 peptide (HAMC-peptide) hydrogels was investigated and compared to unmodified controls. SH3-rhFGF2 release from HAMC-peptide was extended to 10 days using peptides with different binding affinities compared to the 48 h release from unmodified HAMC. This system is capable of delivering additional proteins with tunable rates of release, while maintaining bioactivity, and thus is broadly applicable.
Teaching Approaches of Beginning Teachers for Jewish Studies in Israeli Mamlachti Schools: A Case Study of a Jewish Education Teachers’ Training Program for Outstanding Students

This article presents findings from a longitudinal qualitative study that examined teaching approaches of neophyte teachers in Israel during their 4-year exclusive teachers’ training program for teaching Jewish subjects and first two years of teaching. The program wanted to promote change in secular pupils’ attitudes toward Jewish subjects. We found a high incidence of teaching using positivistic approaches of knowledge transmission and the teachers adopted a particular teaching approach early into their training program that they continue to employ. Can teaching oriented in the transmission of central cultural value knowledge, with pupils as passive receptacles, create a meaningful encounter?
Climate migration as an adaption strategy: de-securitizing climate-induced migration or making the unruly governable?

In the past, the debate on climate-induced migration (CM) was absorbed by the discussion for or against the figure of ‘climate refugees’. Alarmist tones often drawing on a security lexicon were prevalent in media and policy circuits, although fiercely contested by critical scholars. Recently, a mundane register characterized by milder tones has become prevalent. The focus on forced migration (as for climate refugees) has given way to the idea that migration can also represent an adaptation strategy. The security lexicon has been replaced by human security, resilience and adaptation. After detailing this profound shift, this article warns against the idea that it marks a ‘democratization’ of the debate. A closer look at the role of human security, resilience and adaptation reveals how the new register (similarly to the old one) is functional to imprinting biopolitical subjectivities onto the concerned populations and to inscribe their life into existing neoliberal relations. While the old register individuated and pathologized the sources of bad circulation (climate refugees), the new register aims at fostering individuals able to sustain good circulation and economic development (resilient migrant). I conclude that the shift of register does not imply an opening for more democratic approaches to CM.
Histochemistry, content and chemical composition of essential oil in different organs of Alpinia zerumbet

Alpinia zerumbet is a medicinal plant from Asian origin used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension, which effect is attributed to terpinen-4-ol, the major component of the essential oil. The objective of this work was to identify the essential oil secretory structures in the leaf, flower, root and rhizome of this plant, and analyze the content and the chemical composition of the oil in the different organs of the plant. Sections were subjected to histochemical test with Nadi reagent for in situ localization of secretion. The essential oil extraction was performed by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and the compounds were identified in CG-EM/FID. The histochemical test was positive for terpenoids, confirming the presence of essential oil stored in secretory structures named oils cells present in all analyzed organs. The higher essential oil content was found on the leaf (0.30%), while the petal and the rhizome presented content of 0.10% and 0.06%, respectively. It was not possible to determine essential oil content of the root due to the low amount of biomass produced. There were qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition of the essential oil in the different plant organs, but the major constituent in all of them was the terpinen-4-ol, followed by 1,8 cineol in the leaf and by the α-terpineol in the flower and rhizome.
News, Trust in the European Parliament, and EP Election Voting

This article examines the role of news exposure and political trust in the decision to vote in European Parliament (EP) elections in established (EU-15) and new member states of the 2004/2007 enlargement. News coverage of EP elections tends to differ among established and new member states. News in new members contains more coverage of EP elections and the European Union (EU) and tends to also be more positive than in established members. The difference in coverage may play a role in how European institutions are trusted, and ultimately, in election participation. A moderated mediation model is proposed to test whether trust in the EP mediates the relationship between news exposure and voting in EP elections, and whether the relationship between news exposure and trust is stronger among new member states. Using two methods, an experiment conducted in four EU states and a structural equation model of 2004 European Election Studies survey data, support is found for the model. The results also suggest that while European-level considerations account for some of the variance in voting, they cannot be a substitute for national-level considerations.
The relationship of the renal excretion of adrenal corticoids to variations in renal hemodynamics.

Measurements of urinary adrenal corticoid excretions have been widely used for the evaluation of adrenal hormone production and degradation. The possibility that renal dysfunction may alter the urinary excretion of these substances is generally ignored. The present study was done in experimental animals in which controlled acute unilateral alterations of renal hemodynamics were produced during periods of hormone administration. The results indicate that alterations in renal hemodynamics are associated with definite changes in urinary corticoid excretion.
Communication of individual emotions by spontaneous facial expressions

Examined whether spontaneous facial expressions provide observers with sufficient information to distinguish accurately which of 7 affective states (6 emotional and 1 neutral) is being experienced by another person. Six undergraduate senders' facial expressions were covertly videotaped as they watched emotionally loaded slides. After each slide, senders nominated the emotions term that best described their affective reaction and also rated the pleasantness and strength of that reaction. Similar nominations of emotion terms and ratings were later made by 53 undergraduate receivers who viewed the senders' videotaped facial expression. The central measure of communication accuracy was the match between senders' and receivers' emotion nominations. Overall accuracy was significantly greater than chance, although it was not impressive in absolute terms. Only happy, angry, and disgusted expressions were recognized at above-chance rates, whereas surprised expressions were recognized at rates that were significantly worse than chance. Female Ss were significantly better senders than were male Ss. Although neither sex was found to be better at receiving facial expressions, female Ss were better receivers of female senders' expressions than of male senders' expressions. Female senders' neutral and surprised expressions were more accurately recognized than were those of male senders. The only sex difference found for decoding emotions was a tendency for male Ss to be more accurate at recognizing anger. (25 ref)
Non-invasive in vivo measurement of the tear film using spatial autocorrelation in a live mammal model

Tear film stability and its interaction with the corneal surface play an important role in maintaining ocular surface integrity and quality of vision. We present a non-invasive technique to quantify the pre-corneal tear film thickness. A cMOS camera is used to record the interference pattern produced by the reflections from multiple layers of the tear film Principles of spatial autocorrelation are applied to extract the frequency of the periodic patterns in the images. A mathematical model is developed to obtain the thickness of the tear film from the spatial autocorrelation image. The technique is validated using micro-fabricated thin parylene films. We obtained repeatable and precise measurement on a live rabbit model (N = 6). We obtained an average value of 10. 2µm and standard deviation of, SD = 0.3 (N = 4). We measured one rabbit infected with HSV-1 virus that had a baseline tear film thickness of 4. 7µm.
The microRNA expression profile in porcine skeletal muscle is changed by constant heat stress.

Heat stress has profound effects on animal performance and muscle function, and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in muscle development and stress responses. To characterize the changes in miRNAs in skeletal muscle responding to heat stress, the miRNA expression profiles of longissimus dorsi muscles of pigs raised under constant heat stress (30 °C; n = 8) or control temperature (22 °C; n = 8) for 21 days were analyzed by Illumina deep sequencing. A total of 58 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified with 30 down-regulated and 28 up-regulated, and 63 differentially expressed target genes were predicted by miRNA-mRNA joint analysis. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the genes regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched in glucose metabolism, cytoskeletal structure and function and stress response. Real-time PCR showed that the mRNA levels of PDK4, HSP90 and DES were significantly increased, whereas those of SCD and LDHA significantly decreased by heat exposure. The protein levels of CALM1, DES and HIF1α were also significantly increased by constant heat. These results demonstrated that the change in miRNA expression in porcine longissimus dorsi muscle underlies the changes in muscle structure and metabolism in porcine skeletal muscle affected by constant heat stress.