Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling and Testing Ricardian Equivalence: A Survey

A central proposition regarding effects of different mechanisms of financing public expenditures is that, under specific circumstances, it makes no difference to the level of aggregate demand if the government finances its outlays by debt or taxation. This so-called Ricardian equivalence states that, for a given expenditure path, substitution of debt for taxes does not affect private sector wealth and consumption. This paper provides a model illustrating the implications of Ricardian equivalence, surveys the literature, considers effects of relaxing the basic assumptions, provides a framework to study implications of various extensions, and critically reviews recent empirical work on Ricardian equivalence.
Continuity and change; management accounting during processes of transition

Abstract This study examines how the interpretation of (new) concepts and ideas affects management accounting in a Hungarian, previously government-owned company. Through a case study it is analysed how the concepts `market' and `market economy' are brought into the company and affect priorities and the logic related to management accounting just as they change the relations between economy and production. There is especially focus on how `economic matters' and management accounting are constituted between `cargoes-of-thoughts' and a new `reality of everyday life'. With Berger and Luckmann (1966) as the primary frame of reference the article will focus on institutionalization and practices in selected parts of management accounting in the case company. It is shown that calculation practice (surprisingly) technically is almost unchanged in the new `reality of everyday life' despite a new purpose, whereas cash management is a quite new discipline; the market economy appears as an alternation but with recognizable inscriptions. In conclusion, the analyses will reveal that post-rationalizations and alternations have attributed to rationality—in a struggle against former `cargoes-of-thoughts'.
Increased middle cerebral artery blood flow impedance in fetal subdural hematoma

This case describes the prenatal diagnosis at 30 weeks' gestation of a posterior fossa subdural hematoma. Doppler velocimetry studies of the middle cerebral artery at that time showed an abnormally high resistance pattern with reverse end‐diastolic flow. Ultrasonic assessment of the fetus indicated that there was associated quadriplegia. No cause for the lesion was demonstrated. A fetal blood sample, obtained by cordocentesis, revealed a normal karyotype. Fetal blood gas analysis was also normal. The pregnancy was terminated at the parents' request. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
China's informal urbanisation: conceptualisation, dimensions and implications

This article deals with the meaning and dimensions of informal urbanisation in post-socialist China, which has been undertaking reforms to its centrally planned economy while continuing the Lewis dual-economy transition since the late 1970s. It first combines the literature on economic transition of the urban labour market with Chinese experience of systemic transformation to contribute to a conceptual understanding of informal urbanisation. It demonstrates that it is both the legacy and new configurations of the Chinese reformed socialist system that have created the ‘exclusive’ and therefore informal feature of urbanisation under the economic and systemic transitions. On that basis, the article explores the extent of China's informal urbanisation, which is decomposed into demographic, employment and habitat dimensions. This shows that informality represents a constituent part of urbanisation in China. By systematically exploring the special features of China's informal urbanisation, the article also contributes to the growing body of research that emphasises the Chinese urbanisation as a unique process in studying space-economy.
A Call to Action: Embracing the Cultural Voice or Taming the Wild Tongue

Nosotros los Chicanos straddle the borderlands. On one side of us, we are constantly exposed to the Spanish of the Mexicans, on the other side we hear the Anglos’ incessant clamoring so that we forget our language. Among ourselves we don’t say nosotros los americanos, o nosotros los españoles, o nosotros los hispanos. We say nosotros los mexicanos (by mexicanos we do not mean citizens of Mexico; we do not mean national identity but a racial one). We distiguish between mexicanos del otro lado and mexicanos de este lado. Deep in our hearts we believe that being Mexican has nothing to do with which country one lives in. Being Mexican is a state of the soul–not one of mind, not one of citizenship. Neither eagle nor serpent, but both. And like the ocean, neither animal respects borders. (84)
Publishing: Art or Science? Reflections from an Editorial Perspective

This essay conveys insights into the ‘journal process’ gained through my experiences serving in an editorial capacity. Here, three basic messages emerge. First, if a study is to be successful, it must address an interesting and important topic and then investigate it in a rigorous, scientific and robust manner. Second, the study must be communicated in a sufficiently transparent and accessible fashion so that the gatekeepers can critically evaluate the work, and ultimately so that it influences the readers of the journal. Finally, authors are strongly advised to subject their work to external scrutiny before submitting it for peer review, by exposing it to colleagues and/or by presenting it in public forum such as conferences or workshop seminars.
Argentine Great Depression: 1975-1990

In the period 1974-1990 Argentina’s income per capita fell by 25%. A Solow growth decomposition shows that at most one quarter of this fall can be explained by a reduction in the capital/labor ratio. A study of labor reallocation shows that between 1973 and 1993 employment expanded the most in sectors with a declining output per worker and this reallocation of labor explains 44% of the fall in output per worker. We argue that policies that increase the cost of capital may explain these observations. Consider a two sector model where capital/labor substitution is low in the tradable goods sector and high in the non-traded goods one. If the steady state capital stocks falls, labor . ows from the tradable goods sector to the non-traded goods one, leading to a reduction in income per capita, productivity and wages. Thus, policies that increase the cost of capital have a direct e.ect on output through the fall in the capital stock and an indirect e.ect that operates through a reallocation of labor induced by the fall in investment.
Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Africa: An Empirical Analysis

This book sheds light on the characteristics of formal and informal manufacturing firms in Africa by comparing these firms with firms in other regions. Drawing on two data sources, the authors find that there is a very low share of manufacturing in GDP in Africa and in African exports. Most African manufacturing firms are informal. These firms are also smaller than firms in other regions and few export. Labor productivity is low in Africa relative to other regions, but this may be because of the more challenging environment - with the lack of physical infrastructure, the heavy burden of business regulation, and other issues. However, after accounting for these differences, the authors find that firms in Sub-Saharan Africa appear more, not less, productive than firms elsewhere. This analysis suggests that improving the business environment might allow firms to enhance their performance. However, given the pervasive distortions in the business environment and the limited resources at the disposal of most African countries, Africa cannot and should not wait until the business environment becomes healthier before growing a more viable manufacturing sector. The book shows that binding constraints vary by country, by sector, and by firm size. Therefore, countries should identify the constraints in the most promising sectors and adopt policies designed specifically to remove these constraints. The evidence in this book overwhelmingly dispels the false notion of Africa's inability to compete globally in manufacturing goods.
Age‐related pattern of body density and body composition of Japanese men and women 18–59 years of age

Age‐related patterns of body size and composition were studied in a cross‐sectional sample of Japanese adults 18–59 years of age. Height, weight, the body mass index (BMI), body density (BD), percentage body fat (%Fat), fat mass (FM), fat‐free mass (FFM), and the sum of seven skinfold thicknesses (SF) of 288 men and 552 women were considered. Body density was measured by underwater weighing densitometry. Mean values of height, weight, BMI, BD, %Fat, FM, FFM, and SF of males were 169.0 cm, 65.3 kg, 22.8 kg/m2, 1.0600 g/ml, 17.0%, 11.4 kg, 53.9 kg, and 95.0 mm, respectively, while corresponding values for females were 157.4 cm, 52.9 kg, 21.4 kg/m2, 1.0420 g/ml, 24.4%, 13.1 kg, 39.7 kg, and 128.2 mm, respectively. Height, BD, and FFM correlated negatively with age in both sexes, while weight, BMI, %Fat, FM, and SF correlated positively with age. The highest BD and the lowest %Fat were observed in males ages 20 to <25 years (G20) and in females 25 to <30 years (G25). The lowest BD and highest %Fat were observed in G50 in both sexes. Correlations among parameters of body size and composition were stable with age in each sex. Height correlated negatively with BMI and %Fat in females, but not in males. In males, FM started to increase between G20 and G25 and continued to increase until G50, while SF and BMI remained stable during this period. In females, FM accumulation started around 30 years of age and continued until G50 and was accompanied by increases in SF and BMI. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:743–752, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mendelevium: Divalency and Other Chemical Properties

Mendelevium (element 101) is the first actinide element found to give a divalent ion stable in solution. Reduction from the 3+ oxidation state was accomplished with Zn dust, Zn-Hg amalgam, Cr2+, Eu2+, and V2+; additionally, measurements of the equilibrium with V2+ provided an estimate of +0.2 volt for the couple, Md2+ = Md3+ + e-. The chemical behavior of Md3+ is similar to that of the other trivalent actinides and lanthanides. Oxidation from the trivalent to higher valence states with sodium bismuthate was not detected.
Managing Change towards Lean Enterprises

Encouraging experiences from a case study show that when lean manufacturing is implemented as an innovation process, and social stimulation games are applied, the resulting new systems are both economic and organizational successes. The lead time of change is short and resistance to change is avoided. The lean principles can spill over to other business processes, which ultimately creates a “lean” enterprise. To guide this development, top‐down change management should be replaced by “lean” visions and guidelines. Under this umbrella, the individual development projects should unfold as consciously managed innovation processes that encourage bottom‐up creativity and learning.
The prevalence and types of androgenetic alopecia in Korean men and women

Background There are racial differences in the prevalence and types of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). There have been several reports on the prevalence and types of AGA in the general population of caucasians, but few studies on Koreans with samples of sufficient numbers have been reported.Objectives To obtain a more precise estimate of the prevalence and types of AGA in Korean men and women and to compare the results with those in caucasians.Methods The prevalence and types of AGA were analysed in 10,132 Koreans (5531 men and 4601 women) who had visited the Health Examination Centre at Kyung Hee University Hospital for regular health examinations between December 1997 and July 1999. To classify the degree of hair loss for each subject, the Norwood classification was used in men and the Ludwig classification in women. For AGA in men, ‘female pattern’ was added to the Norwood classification.Results In Korean men, the prevalence of AGA (Norwood III or above) at all ages was 14·1%. It increased steadily with advancing age, but was lower than that of caucasians: 2·3% in the third decade, 4·0% in the fourth decade, 10·8% in the fifth decade, 24·5% in the sixth decade, 34·3% in the seventh decade and 46·9% over 70 years. Type III vertex involvement was the most common type in the third decade to the seventh decade; over 70 years, type VI was most common. A ‘female pattern’ was observed in 11·1% of cases. In Korean women, the prevalence of AGA (Ludwig I or above) at all ages was 5·6%. It also increased steadily with advancing age: 0·2% in the third decade, 2·3% in the fourth decade, 3·8% in the fifth decade, 7·4% in the sixth decade, 11·7% in the seventh decade and 24·7% over 70 years. Grade I was the most common type up to the sixth decade; over 60 years, grade I and II were similar in prevalence. Grade III (total baldness) was not observed. A family history of baldness was present in 48·5% of men and 45·2% of women with AGA.Conclusions The prevalence of AGA in Korean men and women was lower than that in caucasians, as recorded in the literature. Korean men tend to have more frontal hairline preservation and show a more ‘female pattern’ of hair thinning than caucasians. Therefore, ‘female pattern’ should be added to the classification of AGA.
Linkage disequilibrium between the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and bipolar disorder: Extending the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) to examine genetic heterogeneity

Since its introduction into the statistical genetics literature, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) has seen widespread use in analyses of linkage and association due not only to its simplicity but also to its desirable properties relative to other within‐family analytic methods. In this paper, we describe an extension to the TDT useful for examining genetic heterogeneity. This extension uses contingency table analyses such as log‐linear analysis to test for differences in linkage disequilibrium across levels of one or more moderator variables. We applied these analyses to test for linkage disequilibrium between the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and bipolar disorder, as well as for genetic heterogeneity due to sex, diagnostic breadth, and study site. Using data from two studies (the UCSD/UBC and Cardiff data sets), we found evidence suggesting linkage disequilibrium between DAT1 and bipolar disorder, as well as heterogeneity due to diagnostic breadth and study site. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Household Reaction to Changes in Housing Wealth

It is widely claimed that housing wealth, as well as stock prices, have an impact on consumption and hence on aggregate economic activity. This paper presents a broad overview of the issues that arise in evaluating this claim in the context of recent research in behavioral economics. Particular attention is paid to a model of the response of consumption to wealth components produced by Christopher Carroll [2004].
Justice in Health Research: What is the Role of Evidence-Based Medicine?

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) aims to facilitate access to up-to-date, accurate information about the effectiveness of medical interventions, in order to improve human health. The quality of the research results available for EBM processes of synthesis and meta-analysis is critical to this process. If there are distortions or corruptions in the research process, EBM becomes a false prophet, collecting and propagating unreliable results. This article examines flaws in the current processes of research production and the implications of these for justice and for vulnerable patients, and explores possible solutions.
Cognitive Sequelae of Tardive Dyskinesia

Severity and location of tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptoms and diagnosis were related to neurocognitive dysfunction as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Memory Scale using schizophrenic and affective patients. Diagnosis, severity, and location of TD symptoms were related to cognitive dysfunction. Total symptom severity correlated significantly negatively with 10 of 14 WAIS scores and with four of seven Wechsler Memory scores in the total group with combined schizophrenic and affective patients. The magnitude of the relationships between TD symptom severity and cognitive deficit was strongly affected by the location of the symptoms and the diagnosis of the patient. In the total group, severity of facial TD symptoms correlated significantly negatively with 11 of 14 WAIS scores and with all eight memory scores. TD symptoms in the extremities correlated significantly negatively with only two WAIS and two memory scores, whereas truncal TD symptoms did not correlate significantly negatively with any WAIS or memory scores. Patients diagnosed as schizophrenic showed significant negative correlations of total TD symptom severity with 12 of 14 WAIS scores and with seven of eight Wechsler Memory Scale scores. Patients diagnosed as having affective disorder showed only one significant correlation between total TD symptom severity and WAIS or memory scores. Length of institutionalization has been found to be related to TD symptoms in schizophrenic but not affective patients. In the present study, institutionalization was negatively correlated with severity of facial TD symptoms but not with severity of TD symptoms of the trunk or extremities. Both facial TD symptoms and the connection between TD symptom severity and cognitive deficit appeared related to institutionalization. Correlating total lifetime neuroleptic intake and both severity of facial symptoms and the presence of cognitive deficit with TD symptoms was suggested.
Cost sharing in production situations and network exploitation

In many real-life situations where individuals work together in a joint project, joint costs (or profits) occur which have to be shared. The central problem of cost sharing is the allocation of costs in a 'just' way among the participants. Examples are numerous and range from setting fees for the use of a common facility such as (tele)communication networks, water supply systems, power plants, airports and transit systems, to the allocation of joint overhead costs of a firm among its divisions. It is the central issue of this monograph to address the problem of sharing the cost of a particular technology by a group of agents with equal access rights and unequal demands, in the presence of variable returns. Inspired by ideas from game theory and the (axiomatic) literature on distributive justice, this thesis considers solution concepts for homogeneous and heterogeneous cost sharing problems. The first part of the thesis discusses (continuous) cooperative production problems, whereas the second part is devoted to (discrete) cost sharing problems involved with network exploitation.
Completing the Monetary Union of Europe as Mid-Term Solution of the Euro Crisis

This research note discusses the Euro crisis in Greece in light of the referendum of July the 5th. It lays out the social and political costs of a GREXIT, but also of a continuing austerity policy. It proposes a reform policy fostering growth in Greece and discusses the role of conditionality. Finally, the important role of mid-left parties is highlighted.
Overnight or fresh buffy coat–derived platelet concentrates prepared with various platelet pooling systems

BACKGROUND: For logistic reasons, possibilities to produce both platelet (PLT) concentrates prepared from fresh or overnight‐stored whole blood (fresh and o/n PCs, respectively) are convenient. The consequences of both possibilities are not well described. The PLT pooling system used might also influence the condition of PCs. Our aim was to compare fresh and o/n PCs with different PLT pooling systems.
Vertical structure of the upper ocean during the Marine Light-Mixed Layers experiment

The Marine Light-Mixed Layers (MLML) experiments took place in the subarctic North Atlantic Ocean, approximately 275 miles south of Reykjavik, Iceland, during 1989 and 1991. The 1991 field program took place from April 30 to September 6 and included a central surface mooring to document the temporal evolution of physical, biological, and optical properties. In this paper we describe the physical variability observed at the 1991 mooring site, concentrating on the vertical structure of temperature and velocity in the upper 300 m of the water column and their changes in response to heat and momentum fluxes at the sea surface. The deployment period included the spring transition, when upper ocean re stratification was initiated after deep winter mixing, and the fall transition, when mixed layer deepening began again. The dominant signal in temperature was seasonal variation, with a 6°C increase observed at the sea surface from May to August. Prior to development of the seasonal stratification, a period dominated by near-surface temperature variability was observed in association with a 15-day mean flux of only 20 W m−2 into the ocean. Pronounced day/night oscillations of heat flux during this period resulted in alternating development and destruction of stratification and intense diurnal cycling of the mixed layer depth. A qualitative comparison of the observed temperature structure to the prediction of a one-dimensional mixed layer model showed that local processes dominated during the initiation of restratification and during most of the summer warming period. Nonlocal processes were important after the fall transition.
Term-time employment and academic attainment: evidence from a large-scale survey of undergraduates at Northumbria University

This study examines the growth in term-time employment and its impact upon academic attainment among full-time undergraduates at Northumbria University. The study utilises data from three large-scale surveys carried out in each Spring Term between 1999 and 2001. The growth in term-time employment coincides with change in the funding arrangements for students in higher education. This study shows that students in employment are drawn disproportionately from less well-off backgrounds. Many students see employment in term time as a means of keeping borrowing down; they also indicate employment as having a negative impact on their studies. The study investigates the impact on the attainment of students by broad subject group. For three of the seven subject groups investigated (including the largest) the adverse impact of employment on attainment was found to be substantial and statistically significant (the difference in performance between employed and non-employed students in the three groups most affected was more than three percentage points). In contemplating new funding arrangements for students in higher education, the Government should be concerned about the efficiency (loss of attainment) as well as the equity/fairness consequences of the arrangements
A resolution of the forward discount puzzle

We argue that the forward discount puzzle is primarily a statistical phenomenon and that statistical rejections of Uncovered Interest Parity do not necessarily constitute valid rejections of market efficiency. We find by using a Taylor expansion a theoretical negative bias in existing regressions of UIP. We propose two alternative tests for market efficiency, one of which is designed to measure the degree of market inefficiency. Our results from these tests indicate that for all four of the bilateral dollar parities studied the foreign exchange market is efficient despite decisive clear rejections of UIP using the conventional regression approach. JEL Code: F31