Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hegemonic and emerging concepts of conservation: a critical examination of barriers to incorporating Indigenous perspectives in protected area conservation policies and practice

ABSTRACT The establishment of Canada's protected areas mirrored their development throughout the New World, using an exclusionary model of conservation reflecting the hegemonic nature/culture dichotomy. There has been increasing criticism of the colonial and postcolonial impacts resulting from this exclusionary model: new concepts developed to better link Indigenous peoples and conservation lands (e.g. cultural landscapes, socio-ecological systems, resilience and bio-cultural conservation) have thus been developed. But the existing paradigms and dichotomies that buttress the exclusionary model – including a linear, static view of nature, a deep seated discourse equating human presence with ecosystem destruction, the concept of wilderness, differing concepts of recreation/work and the nature/culture split – have proved more difficult to supplant that anticipated, and have restricted progress in moving these new concepts from theory to practice. This paper reviews these concepts and barriers and buttresses these theoretical critiques with practical insights from a study in a co-managed park in the Yukon Territory, Canada. The existing role of outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in protected areas is a particular focus in examining the barriers to developing new conservation discourses which allow for a more meaningful engagement from Indigenous peoples. A pyramid of potential changes is suggested to encourage future incremental change.
A study of implicit stereotype of power: Base on IAT and GNAT measure.

Objective: To explore whether the stereotype of power exists at an implicit level. Methods: 70 adult partici-pants were measured by an Implicit Association Test in experiment 1; And 66 adult participants were measured by a Go/No-go Association Task in experiment 2. Results: In the IAT,the compatible reaction time was significantly shorter than the in-compatible reaction time,the D value was significantly greater than 0;In the GNAT,the participants' d'under the task of"high power concept + high power attribute"and" low-power concept + low-power attribute"were significantly higher thanthe participants' d'under the task of"high-power concept + low-power attribute"and"low-power concept + high-powerattribute". Conclusion: The stereotype of power exists at the implicit level,people would more likely to link the high-pow-er with high competence and low warmth,and link the low-power with low competence and high warmth.
The language of football: a cultural analysis of selected world cup nations

Abstract This essay aims to describe how actions in the football field relate to the different national teams’ and countries’ cultural understanding of football and how these actions become spoken dialects within a language of football. Inspired by Edgar Schein’s framework of culture, the Brazilian and Italian national team football cultures were examined. The basis of the analysis was both document and video analysis. The documents were mostly research studies and popular books on the national football cultures, while the video analysis included all matches including Italy and Brazil from the World Cup in 2010 and 2014. The cultural analysis showed some coherence between the national football cultures and the national teams, which suggested a national dialect with the language of the game. Each national dialect seemed to be based on different basic assumptions and to some extent specific symbolic actions on the field. The actions were found to be quite dynamic, which questions the cultural stability at the national team level. Furthermore, the analysis also revealed some incoherence between the national teams and the Brazilian and Italian football culture in general. The results question the idea of the national team as a symbol of a particular national football culture.
SMALL INTESTINAL MUCOSAL CELL PROLIFERATION AND BACTERIAL FLORA IN THE CONVENTIONALIZATION OF THE GERMFREE MOUSE

The relationship between intestinal colonization and the small bowel mucosal cellular proliferation rate during conventionalization of the germfree mouse was examined. 16 mice were maintained under standard germfree conditions, and 54 others were conventionalized. Migration of the small bowel epithelial cells was followed by radioautography with administration of tritiated thymidine. Colonization was followed by qualitative and quantitative bacteriological fecal analyses. The percentages of the villi labeled (as determined by cell count) 24, 48, and 72 hr following thymidine administration showed immediate progression in the conventionalized animals from the germfree villus migration time (4 days) toward the conventional villus migration time (2 days). The epithelial migration rate of animals conventionalized for 8 days was comparable to that of conventional animals. After conventionalization, aerobic and anaerobic organisms undergo a period of extensive multiplication; however, 72 hr later the number of these microorganisms cultured in the stool decrease and are similar to those recovered from normal animals. Coliforms and streptococci are recovered in large numbers only in the first days after conventionalization, while the Bacteroides are first recovered in significant numbers on the fifth day of conventionalization. Except for smaller numbers of Bacteroides, the bacterial populations in the stools of the conventionalized animals are qualitatively and quantitatively similar by the eighth day of conventionalization to those of true conventional mice. Adaptive balance between cell proliferation and sloughing, and thus migration rate, begins immediately after conventionalization of germfree animals as bacterial populations establish themselves throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and results in a doubling of the mucosal cell turnover after 8 days. At this time both the small intestinal epithelial cell migration rate and the intestinal microflora are similar to those of conventional animals.
L-745,870 Reduces l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in the 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Lesioned Macaque Model of Parkinson's Disease

l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia remains an unmet challenge in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigate the potential antidyskinetic efficacy of 3-([4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (l-745,870), a potent and selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist with a good toxicology profile and an excellent safety and tolerability record in phase I/II clinical studies, for non-PD indications. Six macaques were rendered parkinsonian by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine administration. After induction of stable and marked dyskinesia, animals were administered acute challenges of l-745,870 in combination with l-DOPA. To guarantee D4 selectivity at the doses used in the study, we determined the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain levels of l-745,870. Coadministration of l-745,870 (1 mg/kg) and l-DOPA significantly reduced the severity of dyskinesia, by up to 59%, in comparison with l-DOPA alone (P < 0.01). l-745,870 had no effect on the duration of antiparkinsonian benefit (ON-time) (P > 0.05). However, l-745,870 (1 mg/kg) significantly increased the duration of ON-time without disabling dyskinesia (+204%; P < 0.001) and decreased duration of ON-time with disabling dyskinesia compared with l-DOPA alone (−56%; P < 0.01). Brain levels of l-745,870 (∼600 ng/g) were within the range at which l-745,870 provides selective D4 receptor antagonism. Plasma levels were comparable with those demonstrated to be well tolerated in human studies. These data suggest that selective D4 receptor antagonists represent a potential therapeutic approach for l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. It is noteworthy that l-745,870 has already undergone significant clinical development, has an excellent profile for a therapeutic candidate, and could be advanced rapidly to phase IIa clinical studies for dyskinesia in PD.
The impact of students’ self-regulated language learning on their reading achievement: Grade 9 students in focus

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not motivational beliefs and selfregulated learning strategies are significant predictors of high school students' reading performance. The sub-scales for the motivation scale were intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientations, task value, and self-efficacy for students’ reading performance; while the subscales for the cognitive learning strategies were cognitive strategies (memorization, elaboration, and organization) and meta-cognitive self-regulation (planning, monitoring, and evaluating). The study included 107 Grade 9 students at Bahir Dar. Questionnaire, interview and tests were used to gather data. The statistical methods used for analyses were correlation and regression. The data gathered through interview, however, were narrated. The results showed that the students’ use of cognitive strategies was a significant predictor of their reading performance.
Effects of NMDA and AMPA Receptor Antagonists on Corticosterone Facilitation of Long‐term Memory in the Chick

Long‐term memory formation for a weak passive avoidance task in day‐old chicks is facilitated by corticosterone administration. Since (i) glutamatergic systems, through different receptor types, play a key role in learning and memory processes, and (ii) glucocorticoids increase glutamate concentrations in learning‐related regions of the mammalian brain, we reasoned that glutamatergic activation might be a mechanism by which corticosterone facilitates the formation of an enduring memory. To assess this hypothesis, long‐term retention was evaluated in chicks trained on a weak passive avoidance task and intracerebrally injected with NMDA and a‐amino‐3‐hydroxyd‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists (MK‐801 and 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione) with regard to training and corticosterone injection respectively. The results indicated that either of the antagonists prevented the facilitating effect of corticosterone when administered before the training trial, but failed to interfere with the steroid effect when injected before corticosterone administration in the post‐training period, suggesting that their early effectiveness was not related to corticosterone‐induced actions but to training‐triggered mechanisms. In addition, administration of the AMPA antagonist, 5.5 h after training, was also effective in impairing the long‐term memory‐potentiating effect of corticosterone. These results support the view that corticosterone facilitates the formation of an enduring memory in this learning model, through the modulation of late events during the consolidation period, including the activation of the AMPA receptor type.
Leading change in reading for young adolescents: what is happening in New Zealand?

Abstract Effective school leadership in supporting outcomes for all students is critical. This study focuses on six New Zealand principals as they endeavour to make a difference to reading outcomes for 11 to 13 year-old students. In New Zealand, there are approximately 20% of students who are underachieving in reading. Once they reach the final years of primary schooling, this is the final opportunity to rectify this underachievement before these at-risk students enter secondary schooling. Interviews were conducted with the six principals at six case study schools, which represented a range of schools. Findings showed that there was widespread use of standardized testing results in reading to provide accountability for the New Zealand National Standards requirement, and also to inform next teaching steps. However, principals differed in the manner that they led the schools-wide analyses of the data. There was a stark diversity in the implementation of sustained and focused professional development in reading. The use of teacher aides to support our most vulnerable students, low-progress readers and English Speakers of Second Language was widespread, with only two schools providing in-school support and training of these paraprofessionals.
EXPLORING LANGUAGE MODELING ALTERNATIVES WITH GOOG-411

We compare different language modeling approaches for Google’s telephone-based business finder, GOOG-411. Specifically we explore accuracy tradeoffs between an archi tecture using a single large national LM and one using many small models adapted for particular cities. Experimental e v uations show that both approaches lead to comparable overal l accuracy, with differences in the distributions of errors. These differences suggest a simple combination approach that lea ds to accuracy improvements. Finally to enable a less restrict ive dialog system, we also evaluate variants of the national LM in the context of more open business queries from the web.
The Influence of Adaptation and Standardization of the Marketing Mix on Performance: a Meta-Analysis

This article analyzes the relationship between strategies of standardization and adaptation of the marketing mix and performance in an international context. We carried out a meta-analysis on a sample of 23 studies published between 1992 and 2010. The sample was analyzed based on measures of the effect size (ES) - or the strength of the relation (Wolf, 1986) - between standardization/adaptation and performance. The results suggest the existence of a medium strength (ES ranging from .133 to .209) for the relationship considered. The results support the existence of a positive impact of both marketing mix adaptation and standardization on performance. However, our results suggest that companies should slightly emphasize the marketing mix adaptation (ES mean = .168) instead of standardizing it (ES mean = .134) when entering in a new international market. Results also indicate that, among the adaptation choices, price (ES = .209) should be the first element of the marketing mix to be adapted, followed by promotion (ES = .155), product (ES = .154), and distribution (ES = .141). Finally, we suggest some new research paths, such as the use of quantitative methods to compare degrees of adaptation to be applied to different segments, regions, and sectors, among other suggestions.
The Impacts of Hosting Major Sporting Events: Resident’s Perceptions of the Mediterranean Games 2013 in Mersin

This study investigates the residents’ perceptions of the Mediterranean games (MG) 2013. Data was collected by questionnaire survey of 1700 residents of Mersin by applying quota sampling. A structural model to assess the factors on residents’ perceptions of the impacts of the 2013 MG and how these perceptions affect their support is tested. The findings confirmed the five factor model that is consisted of economic benefits, economic costs, social benefits, social costs and image enhancement and revealed that there is a strong support for 17th MG. Image enhancement and economic benefits are the main factors that determine the residents’ support.
Geoengineering, Scientific Community, and Policymakers

Besides mitigation and adaptation, geoengineering has been emerging as a new approach to deal with the challenges posed by anthropogenic climate change. However, the various definitions and designations for the concept and its clusters, as well as their unclear boundaries with the concepts of mitigation and adaptation, distort and invalidate the existence of a valuable debate in both academic and public contexts. Identifying the current overlaps, and making a comparative analysis with two previous proposals for the categorization of responses to anthropogenic climate change, this article presents a new categorization proposal directed to promote the essential rapprochement between the scientific community and policymakers. This proposal removes the term geoengineering, pointing out the advantages of a debate specifically oriented toward each method in particular. It is also explained how each category should be envisaged, rethinking the importance of international cooperation and stressing the decisive impact that public awareness could play in dealing with this challenge.
Inhibition of FUSCA3 degradation at high temperature is dependent on ABA signaling and is regulated by the ABA/GA ratio

ABSTRACT During seed imbibition at supra-optimal temperature, an increase in the abscisic acid (ABA)/gibberellin (GA) ratio imposes secondary dormancy to prevent germination (thermoinhibition). FUSCA3 (FUS3), a positive regulator of seed dormancy, accumulates in seeds imbibed at high temperature and increases ABA levels to inhibit germination. Recently, we showed that ABA inhibits FUS3 degradation at high temperature, and that ABA and high temperature also inhibit the ubiquitin-proteasome system, by dampening both proteasome activity and protein polyubiquitination. Here, we investigated the role of ABA signaling components and the ABA antagonizing hormone, GA, in the regulation of FUS3 levels. We show that the ABA receptor mutant, pyl1-1, is less sensitive to ABA and thermoinhibition. In this mutant background, FUS3 degradation in vitro is faster. Similarly, GA alleviates thermoinhibition and also increases FUS3 degradation. These results indicate that inhibition of FUS3 degradation at high temperature is dependent on a high ABA/GA ratio and a functional ABA signaling pathway. Thus, FUS3 constitutes an important node in ABA-GA crosstalk during germination at supra-optimal temperature.
Divergent impact of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) on nuclear mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling

The impact of progestins on estrogen-inducible mechanisms of neuroprotection was investigated. Previously, we showed that estrogen and progesterone are neuroprotective against excitotoxicity, whereas the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Provera) is not. Here, we demonstrate that 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) treatment of hippocampal neurons attenuated the excitotoxic glutamate-induced rise in intracellular calcium concentration. Although MPA had no effect alone, MPA completely antagonized E2-induced attenuation of intracellular calcium concentration. Activation of extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) is required for estrogen-induced neuroprotection and calcium regulation. Paradoxically, E2, P4, and MPA all elicited similar rapid and transient activation of ERK, presenting a contradiction between the dependence on ERK for gonadal hormone-induced neuroprotection and the lack of neuroprotection induced by MPA. Subcellular analysis of ERK demonstrated that the phospho-ERK signal is transduced to the nucleus only by E2 and P4, not by MPA. These results indicate that the profile of nuclear translocation of ERK is consistent with the neuroprotective profile. Further, the E2-induced nuclear translocation of ERK was blocked by coadministration of MPA. Results of this study reveal that nuclear ERK induction by ovarian steroids is predictive of the neuroprotective effects of estrogen and progestin treatments, revealing a hitherto unrecognized divergence of progestin signaling through the src/MAPK pathway. These results have much broader implications encompassing the impact of progestins on estrogen-mediated effects in multiple tissues. The recent results from the Women's Health Initiative trial, which used MPA as the progestinal agent, indicate that differences between progestin formulations are crucial to health outcomes in women.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) New insights into photodynamic therapy of the head and neck

The objective quantitative monitoring of light, oxygen, and photosensitizer is challenging in clinical photodynamic therapy settings. We have previously developed fluorescence differential path-length spectroscopy (FDPS), a technique that utilizes reflectance spectroscopy to monitor microvascular oxygen saturation, blood volume fraction, and vessel diameter, and fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor photosensitizer concentration. In this paper the clinical feasibility of the technique is tested on eight healthy volunteers and on three patients undergoing PDT of oral cavity cancers. Model-based analysis of the measured spectra provide quantitative tissue parameters that are corrected for background tissue absorption, autofluorescence, and the transmission of the optical system; this method allows comparison of intraand inter-subject parameters. The FDPS correctly estimated the absence of mTHPC in volunteers and detected photobleaching in the areas receiving treatment light in patients undergoing PDT treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring clinical photodynamic therapy treatments using optical spectroscopy.
Reversible inhibition of Chlamydomonas flagellar surface motility

Chlamydomonas exhibits force transduction in association with its flagellar surface; this can be visualized by the saltatory movements of attached polystyrene microspheres. This flagellar surface motility has been quantitated by determining the percentage of attached microspheres in motion at the time of observation (60% in the case of control cells at 25 degrees C). A number of experimental treatments reversibly inhibit flagellar surface motility. These include an increase in sodium or potassium chloride concentration, a decrease in temperature, or a decrease in the free calcium concentration in the medium. Many of the conditions that result in inhibition of flagellar surface motility also result in an induction of flagellar resorption. Although both flagellar stability and flagellar surface motility are dependent on the availability of calcium, the two processes are separable; under appropriate conditions, flagellar surface motility can occur at normal levels on flagella that are resorbing. Inhibition of protein synthesis results in a gradual loss of both the binding of microspheres to the flagellum and the flagellar surface motility. After resumption of protein synthesis, both binding and movement return to control levels. The effect of the inhibition of protein synthesis is interpreted in terms of selective turnover of certain components within the intact flagellum, one or more of these components being necessary for the binding of the microspheres and their subsequent movement. If this turnover is inhibited by keeping the cells below 5 degrees C, the absence of protein synthesis no longer has an effect on microsphere attachment and motility, when measured immediately after warming the cells to 25 degrees C.
Identity-in-the-work and musicians’ struggles: the production of self-questioning identity work

Identity work is widely regarded as a process through which people strive to establish, maintain or restore a coherent and consistent sense of self. In the face of potential disruptions of, or threats to, their identities, people seek to salvage their sense of self by resolving tensions and restoring consistency. In contrast to the current identity work literature, this research indicates that identity work is not always about seeking resolution and moving on, but sometimes about continuing struggles which do not achieve a secure sense of self. This article seeks to elaborate the understanding of unresolved identity work by exploring three contexts of the everyday practice of indie musicians. An analysis of how they struggle to construct acceptable versions of their selves as songwriter, bandleader and front(wo)man allows us to develop the conceptualization of self-questioning (as opposed to self-affirmative, resolution-oriented) identity work.