Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
State Formation and Governance in Botswana

Our analysis begins with the puzzle: how did Botswana develop a legal-rational state? We suggest that three key interlinked factors were important. First, during the pre-colonial period the Tswana developed local states with relatively limited kingship or chiefship and with a political structure that was able to integrate people of other ethnic groups such as Kalanga. Second, facing the onslaught first of the Boers, next of the British South Africa Company, and finally of the Union of South Africa, Tswana political elites attempted to maintain a good measure of independence by defensively modernizing. Finally, the political elites in both local states before independence and the national state at independence heavily invested in the country's most important economic activity, ranching. This gave them a strong incentive to promote rational state institutions and private property. Moreover, the integrative nature of traditional Tswana political institutions reduced the likelihood that alternative groups would aggressively contest the power of the new unitary state. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
The Representation of S-Cone Signals in Primary Visual Cortex

Recent studies of middle-wavelength-sensitive and long-wavelength-sensitive cone responses in primate primary visual cortex (V1) have challenged the view that color and form are represented by distinct neuronal populations. Individual V1 neurons exhibit hallmarks of both color and form processing (cone opponency and orientation selectivity), and many display cone interactions that do not fit classic chromatic/achromatic classifications. Comparable analysis of short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cone responses has yet to be achieved and is of considerable interest because S-cones are the basis for the primordial mammalian chromatic pathway. Using intrinsic and two-photon imaging techniques in the tree shrew, we assessed the properties of V1 layer 2/3 neurons responsive to S-cone stimulation. These responses were orientation selective, exhibited distinct spatiotemporal properties, and reflected integration of S-cone inputs via opponent, summing, and intermediate configurations. Our observations support a common framework for the representation of cone signals in V1, one that endows orientation-selective neurons with a range of chromatic, achromatic, and mixed response properties.
Can we combine structural functionality and landscape services assessments in order to estimate the impact of landscape structure on landscape services?

Abstract This paper investigates two methods of assessing structural functionality and landscape services, and the potential of their joint application in order to estimate the impact of landscape structure in terms of structural functionality on landscape capacity to provide various services. The methods were tested in three different landscape types of the Czech Republic. The results showed that linking these two methods might help in estimating the impact of landscape structure on some landscape services in landscape types with a prevalent valuable matrix, but are dependent on landscape metrics defining individual functionality groups Shrnutí Tento článek zkoumá dvě metody hodnotící funkčnost struktury krajiny a služby krajiny a potenciál jejich propojení pro odhad dopadu struktury krajiny z hlediska její funkčnosti na kapacitu krajiny poskytovat různé služby. Metody byly testovány ve třech různých typech krajiny České republiky. Výsledky ukázaly, že propojení těchto dvou metod by mohlo pomoci k odhadu dopadu struktury krajiny na její některé služby v typech krajiny s převládajícím cenným prostředím, ale že tyto výsledky jsou závislé na krajinných metrikách, které definují jednotlivé funkční skupiny
Fathers Do Matter: Evidence From an Asian School-Based Aggressive Sample

The impact of children's perception of a father's and mother's support on children's quality of relationship with their classroom teacher was examined in a sample of 51 third and fourth grade Asian children rated by their teachers as aggressive. Children's perception of a father's support predicted teacher-ratings in all three areas of the teacher-student relationship (instrumental help, satisfaction, and conflict) but children's perception of a mother's support did not. This adds to a gradually expanding research base documenting the benefits of fatherly support across selected and unselected samples in various cross-cultural settings. Implications of the findings for child and family therapy are discussed.
Recent mouse and rat methods for the study of experimental oral candidiasis

The Candida genus expresses virulence factors that, when combined with immunosuppression and other risk factors, can cause different manifestations of oral candidiasis. The treatment of mucosal infections caused by Candida and the elucidation of the disease process have proven challenging. Therefore, the study of experimentally induced oral candidiasis in rats and mice is useful to clarify the etiopathology of this condition, improve diagnosis, and search for new therapeutic options because the disease process in these animals is similar to that of human candidiasis lesions. Here, we describe and discuss new studies involving rat and mouse models of oral candidiasis with respect to methods for inducing experimental infection, methods for evaluating the development of experimental candidiasis, and new treatment strategies for oral candidiasis.
Hypertrophy Dependent Doubling of L-Cells in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operated Rats

Background and Aims Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to a rapid remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the underlying mode of action remains incompletely understood. L-cell derived gut hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are thought to play a central role in the anti-diabetic effects of RYGB; therefore, an improved understanding of intestinal endocrine L-cell adaptability is considered pivotal. Methods The full rostrocaudal extension of the gut was analyzed in rats after RYGB and in sham-operated controls ad libitum fed or food restricted to match the body weight of RYGB rats. Total number of L-cells, as well as regional numbers, densities and mucosa volumes were quantified using stereological methods. Preproglucagon and PYY mRNA transcripts were quantified by qPCR to reflect the total and relative hormone production capacity of the L-cells. Results RYGB surgery induced hypertrophy of the gut mucosa in the food exposed regions of the small intestine coupled with a doubling in the total number of L-cells. No changes in L-cell density were observed in any region regardless of surgery or food restriction. The total gene expression capacity of the entire gut revealed a near 200% increase in both PYY and preproglucagon mRNA levels in RYGB rats associated with both increased L-cell number as well as region-specific increased transcription per cell. Conclusions Collectively, these findings indicate that RYGB in rats is associated with gut hypertrophy, an increase in L-cell number, but not density, and increased PYY and preproglucagon gene expression. This could explain the enhanced gut hormone dynamics seen after RYGB.
The technological paradox of health inequality, and a probe with a practical tool

Many have learned from Professor Jeremy Morris, either directly or from his publications. Many others across the world have sometimes unknowingly followed his path. In July this year all had cause to celebrate his 90th birthday and honour him as an inspiration and founder of a broad gauged modern epidemiology. In this issue of the journal,1 writing with colleagues, he demonstrates his characteristic lifelong ingenuity and directness in the study of important public health problems. Not least among these is the search for keys to health across all sections of society. For many years and over the past 20 years especially, he has sharpened our insight into the iniquities of inequity. This new paper looks to answer a practical question posed by the emergent understanding of inequalities. More of this below. Meanwhile, I turn to the context that gives the new paper broader meaning. Among the many accompaniments of social inequality, we can say with confidence that material differences and resources are an important element in creating health disparities. The Black Report of 1980, coauthored by Jerry Morris with Douglas Black, Cyril Smith, and Peter Townsend,2 stimulated much research devoted to demonstrating and explaining such disparities. This was so especially but not only in Britain, with little of the work welcomed by authorities faced with the ensuing political problem. The link between poverty and disease has long been known. Johann Peter Frank in late 18th century Germany called poverty “the mother of disease”. Quantitative epidemiological study begins some decades later with Villerme. In 1826, he demonstrated across Parisian districts a gradient in mortality in close accord with the percentage of rents too low to tax; in 1840, in a six year study of the textile town of Mulhouse, he found striking gradients by occupation.3 What is remarkable …
Stochastic tomography and its applications in 3D imaging of mixing fluids

We present a novel approach for highly detailed 3D imaging of turbulent fluid mixing behaviors. The method is based on visible light computed tomography, and is made possible by a new stochastic tomographic reconstruction algorithm based on random walks. We show that this new stochastic algorithm is competitive with specialized tomography solvers such as SART, but can also easily include arbitrary convex regularizers that make it possible to obtain high-quality reconstructions with a very small number of views. Finally, we demonstrate that the same stochastic tomography approach can also be used to directly re-render arbitrary 2D projections without the need to ever store a 3D volume grid.
Middle and High School Students' Perceptions on Being Friends with Peers with Severe Disabilities

A survey on friendships with peers with severe disabilities of 1,137 middle and high school students was conducted across three states. Students indicated that they should try to make friends with peers with severe disabilities and that friendships are most likely to develop when students with disabilities are educated in general education classes, for all or part of the school day. Students perceived themselves, special education teachers, and youth organizations as primarily responsible for facilitating these friendships, and that effective strategies involve learning situations in which students work together, teachers present information on disabilities, and teachers and parents arrange social events for all students.
The Fya, Fy6 and Fy3 epitopes of the Duffy blood group system recognized by new monoclonal antibodies: identification of a linear Fy3 epitope

Four new anti‐Duffy murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): two anti‐Fy6 (MIMA‐107 and MIMA‐108), one anti‐Fya (MIMA‐19) and one anti‐Fy3 (MIMA‐29) were characterized. Identification of epitopes by means of synthetic peptides (Pepscan) showed that the anti‐Fy6 reacted most strongly with peptides containing the sequence 19QLDFEDV25 of the Duffy glycoprotein, and less strongly with peptides containing LDFEDV (MIMA‐107) or LDF only (MIMA‐108). The anti‐Fya recognized epitope 38DGDYGA43 containing the Gly42 residue, which defines the Fya blood group antigen. MIMA‐29 is the first anti‐Fy3 reactive with a linear epitope 281ALDLL285 located in the fourth extracellular domain (ECD4, loop 3) of the Duffy glycoprotein. The four new antibodies extend the list of six anti‐Fy MAbs formerly characterized by Pepscan analysis that allow some general conclusions. Fine specificities of various anti‐Fya, or anti‐Fy6 are not identical, but all of them recognize linear epitopes located around, respectively, Gly42 or between two potential N‐glycosylation sites at Asn16 and Asn27. Anti‐Fy3 recognize either a linear epitope located in ECD4, or a conformational epitope that includes amino acid residues of ECD4 and of other ECDs.
Developers' perspectives on iteration in game development

In this article, the findings of an interview study on game developers' perspectives on iteration is presented. A two-part interview study conducted in 2010 and 2013--2014 suggests that from the perspective of game developers, iteration is an essential, natural and important part of the game development -- if not even a trivial part of the process. However, there is much to explore on the differences in practice and opinions revealing distinctive details in iterative processes potentially leading towards more elaborate design philosophies and methods on game development.
Reversible shear-induced crystallization above equilibrium freezing temperature in a lyotropic surfactant system

We demonstrate a unique shear-induced crystallization phenomenon above the equilibrium freezing temperature in weakly swollen isotropic and lamellar mesophases with bilayers formed in a cationic-anionic mixed surfactant system. Synchrotron rheological X-ray diffraction study reveals the crystallization transition to be reversible under shear (i.e., on stopping the shear, the nonequilibrium crystalline phase melts back to the equilibrium mesophase). This is different from the shear-driven crystallization below , which is irreversible. Rheological optical observations show that the growth of the crystalline phase occurs through a preordering of the phase to an phase induced by shear flow, before the nucleation of the phase. Shear diagram of the phase constructed in the parameter space of shear rate vs. temperature exhibits and transitions above the equilibrium crystallization temperature , in addition to the irreversible shear-driven nucleation of in the phase below . In addition to revealing a unique class of nonequilibrium phase transition, the present study urges a unique approach toward understanding shear-induced phenomena in concentrated mesophases of mixed amphiphilic systems.
Development and Evaluation of Inhalational Liposomal System of Budesonide for Better Management of Asthma

Budesonide is a corticosteroid used by inhalation in the prophylactic management of asthma. However, frequent dosing and adverse effects (local and systemic) remain a major concern in the use of budesonide. Liposomal systems for sustained pulmonary drug delivery have been particularly attractive because of their compatibility with lung surfactant components. In the present investigation, pulmonary liposomal delivery system of budesonide was prepared by film hydration method and evaluated for sustained release. Various parameters were optimized with respect to entrapment efficiency as well as particle size of budesonide liposomes. For better shelf life of budesonide liposomes, they were freeze dried using trehalose as cryoprotectant. The liposomes were characterized for entrapment efficiency, particle size, and surface topography; in vitro drug release was evaluated out in simulated lung fluid at 37° at pH 7.4. The respirable or fine particle fraction was determined by using twin stage impinger. The stability study of freeze dried as well as aqueous liposomal systems was carried out at 2-8° and at ambient temperature (28±40). The freeze dried liposomes showed better fine particle fraction and drug content over the period of six months at ambient as well as at 2-8° storage condition compared to aqueous dispersion of liposomes.
POSTMODERN ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS: TOWARD A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This article discusses a new approach to organizational analysis — postmodernism. We contrast modern and postmodern forms of explanation and explore a family of terms derived from these two concepts. In so doing, we discuss whether postmodernism is best described as an ‘epoch’or an ‘epistemology’, a distinction which underpins current debates. Through reference to the works of Jean Baudrillard, Jacques Derrida and Jean-Francois Lyotard, we produce an inventory of key concepts for postmodern organizational analysis —‘representation’, ‘reflexivity’, ‘writing’, ‘differance’ and ‘de-centring the subject’. By explicating the main arguments associated with these concepts — and by developing the middle ground between the epoch and epistemology positions — we lay conceptual foundations for a nascent postmodern approach to organization studies.
Citation Patterns of the Faculty of the Anthropology Department at the University of Notre Dame

This study sought to determine the extent to which the Hesburgh Libraries of Notre Dame meet the needs of the anthropology faculty. It did that by focusing on how useful the University Libraries’ collections were in their research and publications. This article describes both the methodology employed and the findings of this citation analysis. The study looked at the following questions: What were the faculty of the anthropology department at the University of Notre Dame citing in their published research? Where were they publishing their research? Did the library own these cited items and the publications in which the faculty were publishing? The study found that the anthropology faculty's citations overall were 47 percent and 45 percent book and journal citations, respectively. In addition, the library owned only 41.48 percent of the items anthropology faculty were citing in their research. This study also found that the library owned 72 percent of the publications in which anthropology faculty published their works. This study indicates a need for additional funding for further development of anthropology collections in the Hesburgh Libraries of Notre Dame to support anthropology faculty at the university in their research and publication endeavors.
Different types of combination effects for the induction of micronuclei in mouse lymphoma cells by binary mixtures of the genotoxic agents MMS, MNU, and genistein.

Distinction between dose addition and response addition for the analysis of the toxicity of mixtures may allow differentiation of the components regarding similar versus independent mode of action. For nonlinear dose responses for the components, curves of dose addition and response addition differ and embrace an "envelope of additivity. " Synergistic or antagonistic interaction may then be postulated only if the mixture effect is outside this surface. This situation was analyzed for the induction of micronuclei in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells by the two methylating agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and the topoisomerase-II inhibitor genistein (GEN). All three chemicals reproducibly generated sublinear (upward convex) dose-response relationships. For the analysis of mixture effects, these genotoxic agents were investigated in the three binary combinations. Statistical testing for dose addition along parallel exponential dose responses was performed by linear regression with interaction based on the logarithm of the number of cells that contain micronuclei. For MMS+MNU, the mixture effect was compatible with dose addition (i.e., significantly larger than calculated for the addition of net responses). For MMS+GEN, the measured effect was larger than for response addition but smaller than for dose addition. For MNU+GEN, the measured effect was below response addition, indicative of true antagonism. In the absence of knowledge on the sublinear dose-response relationships for the individual components, a synergistic effect of MMS on both MNU and GEN would have been postulated erroneously. The observed difference between MMS and MNU when combined with GEN would not have been predicted on the basis of a simplistic interpretation of DNA methylation as the mode of action and may be due to differences in the profile of DNA methylations and/or epigenetic effects. We conclude that knowledge of nonlinearities of the dose-response curves of individual components of a mixture can be crucial to analyze for synergism or antagonism and that an in-depth mechanistic knowledge is useful for a prediction of similarity or independence of action.
Immune response in asymptomatic smokers

Background: It has been demonstrated that cigarette smoking affects the immune system. Impairment of alveolar mononuclear cell function, described previously, may contribute to the higher rate of postoperative respiratory infections. However, increased susceptibility of smokers to infections of other origin (e.g. wound‐related) implies that tobacco effect is not restricted to the respiratory immune competent cells. The present study was designed to investigate the systemic effect of tobacco smoking as it exerted on blood‐derived immune cells. We measured systemic cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, production of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines by blood mononuclear cells and their proliferation in response to mitogens. To minimize the immunosuppressive effect of other smoke‐related factors, the smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were excluded from this study.
Evaluation of three local descriptors on low resolution images for robot navigation

This paper presents an evaluation of the SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform), Colour SIFT, and SURF (Speeded Up Robust Feature) descriptors on very low resolution images. The performance of the three descriptors are compared against each other on the precision and recall measures using ground truth correct matching data. Our experimental results show that both SIFT and Colour SIFT are more robust under changes of viewing angle and viewing distance but SURF is superior under changes of illumination and blurring. In terms of computation time, the SURF descriptors offer themselves as a good alternative to SIFT and CSIFT.
A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Targeting the Acid-Sensitive Region in Chikungunya Virus E2 Protects from Disease

The mosquito-borne alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), has recently reemerged, producing the largest epidemic ever recorded for this virus, with up to 6.5 million cases of acute and chronic rheumatic disease. There are currently no licensed vaccines for CHIKV and current anti-inflammatory drug treatment is often inadequate. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of two human monoclonal antibodies, C9 and E8, from CHIKV infected and recovered individuals. C9 was determined to be a potent virus neutralizing antibody and a biosensor antibody binding study demonstrated it recognized residues on intact CHIKV VLPs. Shotgun mutagenesis alanine scanning of 98 percent of the residues in the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of CHIKV envelope showed that the epitope bound by C9 included amino-acid 162 in the acid-sensitive region (ASR) of the CHIKV E2 glycoprotein. The ASR is critical for the rearrangement of CHIKV E2 during fusion and viral entry into host cells, and we predict that C9 prevents these events from occurring. When used prophylactically in a CHIKV mouse model, C9 completely protected against CHIKV viremia and arthritis. We also observed that when administered therapeutically at 8 or 18 hours post-CHIKV challenge, C9 gave 100% protection in a pathogenic mouse model. Given that targeting this novel neutralizing epitope in E2 can potently protect both in vitro and in vivo, it is likely to be an important region both for future antibody and vaccine-based interventions against CHIKV.