Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Informatics Perspectives on Decision Taking

A decision is an act or event of decision taking. Decision making always includes decision taking, the latter not involving significant exchanges with non-deciding agents. A decision outcome is a piece of storable information constituting the result of a decision. Decision outcomes are typed, for instance: plan, command, assertion, or boolean reply to a question. A decision effect is any consequence of putting a decision outcome into effect. Decision outcomes must be expected by the decider to lead to certain decision effects, by way of their being put into effect. The availability of a model or of a theory of the causal chain leading from a decision outcome to one or more decision effects is assumed for the decision taker, otherwise the decision outcome is merely an utterance. Decision effectiveness measures the decision effects against objectives meant to be served with the decision. Decision taking is positioned amidst many similar notions including: decision making, decision process, decision making process, decision process making, decision engineering, decision progression, and decision progression production. Decision making is operationally defined as an informatics related activity consisting of the production of progressions from threads, thus casting decision making competence as an informatics competence. Short-circuit logic underlies the production of decision making progressions from instruction sequences that codify prepared decision making processes. Decision taking can constitute the primary task of dedicated agents. Human agents in such roles are professional decision takers. Multi-threading is essential for the professional decision taker.
On the within-family Kullback-Leibler risk in Gaussian Predictive models

We consider estimating the predictive density under Kullback-Leibler loss in a high-dimensional Gaussian model. Decision theoretic properties of the within-family prediction error -- the minimal risk among estimates in the class $\mathcal{G}$ of all Gaussian densities are discussed. We show that in sparse models, the class $\mathcal{G}$ is minimax sub-optimal. We produce asymptotically sharp upper and lower bounds on the within-family prediction errors for various subfamilies of $\mathcal{G}$. Under mild regularity conditions, in the sub-family where the covariance structure is represented by a single data dependent parameter $\Shat=\dhat \cdot I$, the Kullback-Leiber risk has a tractable decomposition which can be subsequently minimized to yield optimally flattened predictive density estimates. The optimal predictive risk can be explicitly expressed in terms of the corresponding mean square error of the location estimate, and so, the role of shrinkage in the predictive regime can be determined based on point estimation theory results. Our results demonstrate that some of the decision theoretic parallels between predictive density estimation and point estimation regimes can be explained by second moment based concentration properties of the quadratic loss.
EYE GAZE BEHAVIOR AND THE CONSPICUITY OF FLUORESCENT COLORED HIGHWAY SIGNS: DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN BOTTOM-UP VERSUS TOP-DOWN MECHANISMS OF ATTENTION IN VISUAL SEARCH

Eye gaze behavior utilizing an eye-tracking device was used to directly examine the bottom-up attentional conspicuity of fluorescent colored road signs. Many researchers have suggested that fluorescent colored road signs reliably capture the attention of otherwise unsuspecting drivers. This has been a widely held assumption which, until now, had not been adequately demonstrated experimentally. Twenty-four participants aged 18-35 were observed. A flashing LED sign was used to provide a ground truth reference known to attract visual attention. It was suggested that this would attract greater priority eye gaze fixations than a fluorescent yellow-green stimulus. Current research suggests this is not the case and that fluorescent colored materials have the potential to attract visual attention using bottom-up mechanisms.
Lymph nodes metastasis of gastric cancer

AbstractThe aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the ability of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) oblique multiplanar reformation (MPR) for differentiating metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) in patients with gastric cancer.Seventy-nine patients with gastric cancer underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT). One-to-one correlation of LN was made between CT oblique multiplanar reformation and histopathologic slides. Long diameters, short diameters, and short-to-long axis ratios of LNs were evaluated to differentiate metastasis.Short diameters of nodes performed better for diagnosing metastasis than long diameters and short-to-long ratios. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of short diameter were 57.8%, 74.7%, 68.2%, and 0.713, respectively. With different thresholds of short diameters of nodes (No. 8 group >6 mm and other groups >4 mm), total sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy can reach 57.2%, 79.0%, and 70.3%, respectively.MDCT oblique MPR images have certain reference value to distinguish metastasis of LNs in gastric cancer. The diagnostic power for LN metastasis of gastric cancer can be improved by using different threshold for No. 8 group LNs and other groups.
Responses of Vascular Endothelial Cells to Photoembossed Topographies on Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Films

Failures of vascular grafts are normally caused by the lack of a durable and adherent endothelium covering the graft which leads to thrombus and neointima formation. A promising approach to overcome these issues is to create a functional, quiescent monolayer of endothelial cells on the surface of implants. The present study reports for the first time on the use of photoembossing as a technique to create polymer films with different topographical features for improved cell interaction in biomedical applications. For this, a photopolymer is created by mixing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate (TPETA) at a 1:1 ratio. This photopolymer demonstrated an improvement in biocompatibility over PMMA which is already known to be biocompatible and has been extensively used in the biomedical field. Additionally, photoembossed films showed significantly improved cell attachment and proliferation compared to their non-embossed counterparts. Surface texturing consisted of grooves of different pitches (6, 10, and 20 µm) and heights (1 µm and 2.5 µm). The 20 µm pitch photoembossed films significantly accelerated cell migration in a wound-healing assay, while films with a 6 µm pitch inhibited cells from detaching. Additionally, the relief structure obtained by photoembossing also changed the surface wettability of the substrates. Photoembossed PMMA-TPETA systems benefited from this change as it improved their water contact angle to around 70°, making it well suited for cell adhesion.
Bridging strategy versus buffering strategy: enhancing crisis management capability in public management for relational and reputational improvement, and conflict avoidance

ABSTRACT This study seeks to understand the effectiveness of an organization’s communication strategy in enhancing its crisis management capability in public management. The relationships between two types of communication strategies (bridging and buffering), crisis management capability in public management, relational improvement, reputational improvement, and conflict avoidance have been tested to suggest how an organization’s overall strategic orientation may help its ability to weather a crisis. A survey of communication managers was conducted in South Korea with 105 responses, representing 105 organizations. Results revealed that organizations which are predisposed toward adopting the bridging strategy as their main communication strategy also report better crisis management capability in public management, and as a result, experience positive relational and reputational outcomes.
Structural insights into cis element recognition of non-polyadenylated RNAs by the Nab3-RRM

Transcription termination of non-polyadenylated RNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs through the action of the Nrd1–Nab3–Sen1 complex. Part of the decision to terminate via this pathway occurs via direct recognition of sequences within the nascent transcript by RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) within Nrd1 and Nab3. Here we present the 1.6 Å structure of Nab3-RRM bound to its UCUU recognition sequence. The crystal structure reveals clear density for a UCU trinucleotide and a fourth putative U binding site. Nab3-RRM establishes a clear preference for the central cytidine of the UCUU motif, which forms pseudo-base pairing interactions primarily through hydrogen bonds to main chain atoms and one serine hydroxyl group. Specificity for the flanking uridines is less defined; however, binding experiments confirm that these residues are also important for high affinity binding. Comparison of the Nab3-RRM to other structures of RRMs bound to polypyrimidine RNAs showed that this mode of recognition is similar to what is observed for the polypyrimidine-tract binding RRMs, and that the serine residue involved in pseudo-base pairing is only found in RRMs that bind to polypyrimidine RNAs that contain a cytosine base, suggesting a possible mechanism for discriminating between cytosine and uracil bases in RRMs that bind to polypyrimidine-containing RNA.
Performance Limitation and Autotuning of Inverse Optimal PID Controller for Lagrangian Systems

The PID trajectory tracking controller for Lagrangian systems shows performance limitation imposed by inverse dynamics according to desired trajectory. Since the equilibrium point cannot be defined for the control system involving performance limitation, we define newly the quasiequilibrium region as an alternative for equilibrium point. This analysis result of performance limitation can guide us the autotuning method for PID controller. The quasiequilibrium region is used as the target performance of autotuning PID trajectory tracking controller. The autotuning law is derived from the direct adaptive control scheme, based on the extended disturbance input-to-state stability and the characteristics of performance limitation. Finally, experimental results show that the target performance can be achieved by the proposed automatic tuning method.
Addressing SMT Data Sparseness when Translating into Morphologically-Rich Languages

The phrase-based translation approach has overcome several drawbacks of the word-based translation methods and proved to significantly improve the quality of translated output. However, they show less improvement on translating between languages with very different syntax and morphology, especially when the translation direction is from a language with limited word order and morphological variations to a highly inflected language. We describe an experiment that uses morpho-syntactic descriptions to translate and generate morphological information in factored machine translation. We show that from English to a morphologically rich language this setting has better performance than the baseline phrase-based system, when only a small parallel corpus is available. Also, we show that it scales well to a large parallel corpus when additional target monolingual corpus is available.
Neural Generation of Regular Expressions from Natural Language with Minimal Domain Knowledge

This paper explores the task of translating natural language queries into regular expressions which embody their meaning. In contrast to prior work, the proposed neural model does not utilize domain-specific crafting, learning to translate directly from a parallel corpus. To fully explore the potential of neural models, we propose a methodology for collecting a large corpus of regular expression, natural language pairs. Our resulting model achieves a performance gain of 19.6% over previous state-of-the-art models.
Screened field enhancement factor for the floating sphere model of a carbon nanotube array

The screened field enhancement factor for a carbon nanotube (CNT) placed in a CNT array (which is reduced due to the screening effect) is derived based on the “floating sphere” model. We obtain an expression for the field enhancement factor for a CNT in the array as γ=3+2(1+η)/{(2+η)[2πα(2+η)δ2+η]}, where ρ is the radius of sphere, h is the distance from cathode to the center of sphere, and D is the distance between the nearest spheres, η=ρ/h, δ=ρ/D, and α=1 for square or 2/3 for hexagonal lattice made of CNTs. Explicit algebraic formulas for optimizing the distance between tubes, areal density of emitters, and the anode current are also obtained.
Deformed Schrödinger symmetry on noncommutative space

We construct the deformed generators of Schrödinger symmetry consistent with noncommutative space. The examples of the free particle and the harmonic oscillator, both of which admit Schrödinger symmetry, are discussed in detail. The deformed generators are used to discuss the second central extension of the planar Galilei group. for constant θ µν implies, among other things, a breakdown of Lorentz invariance. From an algebraic point of view, the Jacobi identity involving the angular momentum operator and the noncommuting coordinates is violated. Recently it has been found by Wess [1] and collaborators [2, 3, 4] that, by appropriately deforming the classical Poincaré generators, consistency with (1) is achieved while preserving the original Poincaré algebra. In other words, a new representaion of the Poincaré algebra that is compatible with (1) has been obtained. But the coproduct rules are modified. Also, the modified coproduct rules agree with those found [5, 6] from another (quantum-group theoretic) approach based of the application of twist functions [7]. The extension of these ideas to field theory and possible implications for Noether symmetry are discussed in [8, 9]. Very recently, the deformed Poincaré generators for a Lie algebraic θ (rather than a constant θ) have also been analysed [10]. In this letter we consider the invariance of the Schrödinger group [11] (this contains, in addition to the centrally extended Galilei group, two conformal generators, namely dilata-tions and special conformal transformations or expansions) on nonrelativistic noncommu-tative space, x i , x j = i θ ij .
Diversity among African Pygmies

Although dissimilarities in cranial and post-cranial morphology among African pygmies groups have been recognized, comparative studies on skull morphology usually pull all pygmies together assuming that morphological characters are similar among them and different with respect to other populations. The main aim of this study is to compare cranial morphology between African pygmies and non-pygmies populations from Equatorial Africa derived from both the Eastern and the Western regions in order to test if the greatest morphological difference is obtained in the comparison between pygmies and non-pygmies. Thirty three-dimensional (3D) landmarks registered with Microscribe in four cranial samples (Western and Eastern pygmies and non-pygmies) were obtained. Multivariate analysis (generalized Procrustes analysis, Mahalanobis distances, multivariate regression) and complementary dimensions of size were evaluated with ANOVA and post hoc LSD. Results suggest that important cranial shape differentiation does occur between pygmies and non-pygmies but also between Eastern and Western populations and that size changes and allometries do not affect similarly Eastern and Western pygmies. Therefore, our findings raise serious doubt about the fact to consider African pygmies as a homogenous group in studies on skull morphology. Differences in cranial morphology among pygmies would suggest differentiation after divergence. Although not directly related to skull differentiation, the diversity among pygmies would probably suggest that the process responsible for reduced stature occurred after the split of the ancestors of modern Eastern and Western pygmies.
The psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the smoking outcome expectation scale and the anti-smoking self-efficacy scale for early adolescents

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the validity and reliability of the Smoking Outcome Expectation Scale and Anti-Smoking Self-Efficacy Scale for Early Adolescents in Turkey. The sample of the study included a total of 548 students. The data were collected using a demographic data collection form, the Smoking Outcome Expectation Scale, and the Anti-Smoking Self-Efficacy Scale (ASSES) for Early Adolescents. ASSES consists of 15 items, and SOES consists of six items. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the ASSES section and its subscales were . 93, . 94, . 89, and . 75, respectively. These values were found to be.70, . 85, and . 91 in the SOES section and its subscales. Both sections’ test–retest correlation coefficients were found to be higher than . 25 for all items. The factor loads ranged between . 45 and . 76 in the ASSES section and between . 87 and . 95 in the SOES section. The goodness-of-fit indices of both sections were above . 90, and their root mean square error of approximation (RMSA) values was <. 08. These results indicate that the scale is a valid and reliable tool for use with early adolescents in Turkey.
How and Why Students Learn and Its Implications on Academic Achievement

This study examines the relationships how and why students learned and academic achievement for 2646 university students from various faculties. The Learner Awareness Questionnaire (LALQ) a self-report measure of student approaches to learning was administered and academic achievement data was obtained from student CGPA. The results showed significant differences in the approach to learning of male and female students and how and why they learned can influence their achievement and efficacy. High achievers and low achievers have different learning behaviours. High female achievers were more likely to learn for a better future and be persistent in it. The high male achievers were more likely to seek approval from their peers and more confident about graduating on time from their university. The implications individual difference and limitations of the study are discussed.
Discovery of Microsecond Soft Lags in the X-Ray Emission of the Atoll Source 4U 1636–536

Exploiting the presence of kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in the timing power spectrum, we find that the soft X-ray emission of the neutron star X-ray binary and atoll source 4U 1636-536, modulated at the QPO frequency, lags behind that of the hard X-ray emission. Emission in the 3.8-6.4 keV band is delayed by 25.0±3.3 μs relative to the 9.3-69 keV band. The delay increases in magnitude with increasing energy. The soft lag could be produced by Comptonization of hard photons injected into a cooler electron cloud or by intrinsic spectral softening of the emission during each oscillation cycle.
Neointima development in externally stented saphenous vein grafts

Introduction The main limitation of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is rapid neointimal hyperplasia leading to graft failure. Aim To assess plaque formation in saphenous vein grafts (SVG) covered by an external Dacron stent in comparison with the classical technique. Material and methods In the study group vein grafts covered by external stent mesh made of Dacron were implanted. An intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) study was performed in 35 aorto-coronary SVG covered by an external Dacron stent and in 64 normal SVG during the first year after CABG. In each SVG 25 mm of good quality IVUS image, volumes of lumen, plaque (neointima), outer border of the vein graft (external SVG) and adventitia were calculated in three time periods: 0–130 days, 130–260 days and 260–390 days. Results Between the first and second time period, lumen volume (mm3) was reduced from 10.33 ±4.4, to 6.80 ±2.23 in the second period and 5.69 ±1.26 in the third one. This effect was much less marked in normal grafts. The corresponding lumen volume (mm3) was: 10.90 ±3.9, 9.15 ±2.94 and 8.92 ±2.93 in consecutive time periods. Plaque volume (mm3) did not change in control grafts during the course of the study, but it increased very significantly in stented grafts from 0.86 ±1.24 in the first period to 2.70 ±1.58 in the second and 3.29 ±2.66 in the third one. Conclusions The experimental technique of implanting SVG covered with an external elastic Dacron stent seems to be inferior to traditional ones. This is probably due to the more complicated process of vein implantation and higher micro-injury occurrence during the surgery.
A Stability-Based Clustering Technique and Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Clustering is an important technique in mobile ad hoc networks to provide a framework for management and reduce the overhead of route acquisition. Many clustering techniques had been proposed in the literature, but few of them had considered the status of network from the aspect of stability. In this paper, a stability-based clustering (SBC) technique is proposed. SBC only constructs stable enough clusters to reduced maintenance overhead. Therefore, SBC tends to construct more clusters in low-mobility situations and fewer clusters in high-mobility situations. The route finding mechanism combining both unicasting and broadcasting of route request packets is proposed for SBC. Simulation study shows a better performance of SBC than Zone Routing Protocol, Low-est-ID Clustering, and Highest-Connectivity Clustering in terms of maintenance overhead and route finding cost.
Performance Comparison on Repowering of a Steam Power Plant with Gas Turbines and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Repowering is a process for transforming an old power plant for greater capacity and/or higher efficiency. As a consequence, the repowered plant is characterized by higher power output and less specific CO 2 emissions. Usually, repowering is performed by adding one or more gas turbines into an existing steam cycle which was built decades ago. Thus, traditional repowering results in combined cycles (CC). High temperature fuel cells (such as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)) could also be used as a topping cycle, achieving even higher global plant efficiency and even lower specific CO 2 emissions. Decreasing the operating temperature in a SOFC allows the use of less complex materials and construction methods, consequently reducing plant and the electricity costs. A lower working temperature makes it also suitable for topping an existing steam cycle, instead of gas turbines. This is also the target of this study, repowering of an existing power plant with SOFC as well as gas turbines. Different repowering strategies are studied here, repowering with one gas turbine with and without supplementary firing, repowering with two gas turbines with and without supplementary firing and finally repowering using SOFC. Plant performances and CO 2 emissions are compared for the suggested repowered plants.