Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SCIENCE AND NONSCIENCE CONCERNING HUMAN-CAUSED CLIMATE WARMING

The human-caused global warming problem is now the focus of intense international attention in many sectors of society. As we learn more about the science of the problem, the sense of controversy about the state of the science has actually increased, sharply so over the past decade. This essay highlights the fundamental aspects of the science underlying global warming. The vital roles of climate models and of climate data in sharpening scientific understanding are featured. Finally, the roles of controversy in the science and the sociology of this problem are addressed, and new insights are offered on the inevitability of future major conflicts and controversies as society begins to deal with the need to either reduce the use of fossil fuels considerably or adapt to substantial changes in Earth’s climate.
EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK AND COGNITIVE PLAYFULNESS ON PERFORMANCE IN MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE TRAINING

A field experiment of 68 full-time employees studied the effects of performance feedback and cognitive playfulness (that is, cognitive spontaneity in human-computer interactions) on microcomputer training performance. In addition, this research examined the impacts of performance feedback and cognitive playfulness on software efficacy perceptions and on a variety of affective outcomes, including satisfaction with feedback, satisfaction with training, and positive mood. The findings suggest that positive feedback generally results in higher test performance and more positive affective outcomes, than does negative feedback. Similarly, employees higher in cognitive playfulness demonstrated higher test performance and more positive affective outcomes than those lower in cognitive playfulness. Finally, a significant feedback × playfulness interaction on test performance was found. Specifically, employees lower in cognitive playfulness benefited more from the positive feedback than did those higher in cognitive playfulness. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Transcriptional activation of stress genes and cytotoxicity in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) exposed to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, and 2,6‐dinitrotoluene

The CAT‐Tox (L) assay has recently been developed and validated for detecting and quantifying the specific molecular mechanisms that underlie toxicity of various xenobotic chemicals. We performed this assay to measure the transcriptional responses associated with 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2 of its byproducts [2,4 and 2,6–dinitotoluenes (DNTs)] to 13 different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) by creating stable transfectants of mammalian promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fusions. Cytoxicity test with the parental HepG2 cells, using the MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide]‐based assay for cell viability, yielded LC50 values of 105±6 μg/mL for TNT in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and >300 m;g/mL for DNTs, upon 48 h of exposure. TNT appeared to be more toxic than 2,4‐DNT, which also showed a higher toxicity compared to 2,6‐DNT. Of the 13 recombinant constructs evaluated, 8 (CYP 1A1, GST Ya, XRE, HMTIIA, c‐fos, HSP70, GADD153, and GADD45), 5 (c‐fos, HSP70, GADD153, GADD45, and GRP78), and none showed inductions to significant levels (p<0.05), for TNT, 2,4‐DNT, and 2,6‐DNT, respectively. For most constructs, the induction of stress genes was concentration‐dependent. These results show the potential for TNT and 2,4‐DNT to cause protein damage and/or perturbations of protein biosynthesis (HSP70 and GRP78), alterations in DNA sequence or its helical structure (c‐fos, GADD153, GADD45), and the potential involvement of TNT in the biotransformation process (CYP 1A1, GST Ya, XRE), and in the toxicokinetics of metal ions (HMTIIA). Within the range of concentrations tested (0–300 mg TNT or DNT/mL in 1% DMSO), no significant inductions (p>0.05) of NFKBRE, p53RE, CRE, and RARE were found. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 209–216, 2001
Vitamin B12 status and the effects of vitamin B12 supplementation during the first year of life of spring calves from pasture-fed dairy herds

Abstract AIMS: To determine the vitamin B12 status of dairy calves during their first year of life, and to evaluate the benefits of vitamin B12 supplementation. METHODS: In Experiment I, 20 17-day-old heifer calves from the AgResearch Flock House herd were monitored until 198 days old. On Days 0 and 90 of the study, half of the animals received an injection of microencapsulated vitamin B12 at 0.12 mg/kg bodyweight. All received colostrum, milk replacer and calf meal, with ad libitum access to pasture. At regular intervals the calves were weighed and serum collected for vitamin B12 measurement. In Experiment II at Flock House and the adjacent Landcorp Tangimoana station, 80 150-day-old heifer calves were monitored until 342 days old. On Days 0 and 97, half of the animals received vitamin B12 as per Experiment I. At regular intervals samples were collected from 12 calves per group, to determine concentrations of vitamin B12 in serum. RESULTS: Mean concentration of vitamin B12 in milk replacer was 63 (SE 4) µg/kg dry matter (DM). Cobalt concentrations in calf meal were 0.45–1.58 and 0.07–0.28 mg/kg DM in pastures. From 17 to 198 days of age (Experiment I) mean concentrations of vitamin B12 in serum of the control group decreased from 119 (SE 8) to 57 (SE 5) pmol/L. From 150 to 342 days of age (Experiment II), overall mean concentrations of the control groups at Flock House and Tangimoana were 90 (SE 2) and 96 (SE 3) pmol/L, respectively. Vitamin B12 injections increased (p<0.001) serum concentrations for at least 90 days, with peak concentrations of 323 (SE 23) (Experiment I) and 520 (SE 22) (Experiment II) pmol/L reached 28–35 days after each injection. Liveweight gain was not increased by supplementation and there was no difference in final liveweight between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of vitamin B12 in serum of unsupplemented calves prior to weaning indicated their vitamin B12 status was adequate due to the vitamin B12 and Co content of the milk replacer, and calf meal. Concentrations decreased during the transition to a pasture-based diet. Supplementation increased concentrations of vitamin B12 in serum but did not improve liveweight gains. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Under this calf rearing system, vitamin B12 deficiency is unlikely to occur prior to weaning, and vitamin B12 supplementation is unlikely to increase growth rates of grazing calves when concentrations of vitamin B12 in serum are >90 pmol/L.
Small antibody-like proteins with prescribed ligand specificities derived from the lipocalin fold.

We demonstrate that the ligand pocket of a lipocalin from Pieris brassicae, the bilin-binding protein (BBP), can be reshaped by combinatorial protein design such that it recognizes fluorescein, an established immunological hapten. For this purpose 16 residues at the center of the binding site, which is formed by four loops on top of an eight-stranded beta-barrel, were subjected to random mutagenesis. Fluorescein-binding BBP variants were then selected from the mutant library by bacterial phage display. Three variants were identified that complex fluorescein with high affinity, exhibiting dissociation constants as low as 35.2 nM. Notably, one of these variants effects almost complete quenching of the ligand fluorescence, similarly as an anti-fluorescein antibody. Detailed ligand-binding studies and site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated (i) that the molecular recognition of fluorescein is specific and (ii) that charged residues at the center of the pocket are responsible for tight complex formation. Sequence comparison of the BBP variants directed against fluorescein with the wild-type protein and with further variants that were selected against several other ligands revealed that all of the randomized amino acid positions are variable. Hence, a lipocalin can be used for generating molecular pockets with a diversity of shapes. We term this class of engineered proteins "anticalins. " Their one-domain scaffold makes them a promising alternative to antibodies to create a stable receptor protein for a ligand of choice.
Experimental study of carrier velocity overshoot in sub-0.1 /spl mu/m devices-physical limitation of MOS structures

We have experimentally studied the carrier velocity overshoot in sub-0.1 /spl mu/m region for both SOI and bulk MOSFETs and the physical mechanism for the velocity degradation. At low transverse field and low carrier density conditions in SOI, it is possible to realize the carrier velocity overshoot in the sub-0.1 /spl mu/m region. However, it is very difficult in MOS structures to improve the carrier velocity at a high carrier density condition, because of both the phonon/surface roughness scattering and an anomalous scattering. This is the physical limitation of scaled MOS structures to realize higher current drivability.
Diabetes, incretin hormones and cardioprotection

In 2012 an estimated 371 million people had diabetes and of those about a half were undiagnosed. That number is set to expand to 552 million by 2030. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) constitutes 85–95% of all diabetes in high income nations and may account for an even greater proportion in their low and middle income counterparts (figure 1). As a global pandemic, diabetes claimed the lives of 4.8 million people in 2012, half of whom were below the age of 60 years.w1 The predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes is cardiovascular disease, with at least a twofold excess risk of developing a multitude of vascular pathologies including ischaemic heart disease, different stroke subtypes, peripheral arterial disease, and heart failure.w2 w3 Indeed, as many as 80% of T2DM patients will develop and possibly die from macrovascular complications.w3 Such stark findings have led many to regard diabetes as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, to a level at which non-diabetic individuals with a previous history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) would reside. Figure 1 The International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Update 2012. Diabetes has become a truly global pandemic. Urbanisation, changes in lifestyle, and improvements in healthcare systems combine to increase an individual's risk of acquiring the condition. Reproduced with permission from the International Diabetes Foundation. For many years this enhanced cardiovascular risk was thought to be a solely atherosclerosis driven process characterised by endothelial cell dysfunction, oxidative stress, vessel remodelling, impaired vasodilatation, and subendothelial plaque formation. Latterly the concept of the vulnerable patient emerged to highlight the complex interplay between a constellation of deleterious processes spearheaded not only by the vulnerable vessel/plaque but also by vulnerable blood constituents and a vulnerable myocardium; together these processes shift an individual towards a greater susceptibility to developing cardiovascular complications.w4 w5 It …
Cultural Context in Career Theory and Practice: Role Salience and Values

Career theory and practice have long emphasized person variables (e.g., abilities, needs, interests) and have only recently begun focusing on environmental variables in addressing cultural context issues. Contemporary emphasis on contextual variables reflects notable movement toward attaining cultural relevance in career theory and practice. Role salience and values, which are central to developmental perspectives on career and have been considered in other approaches, are key contextual variables that can be examined to make additional progress toward this goal. The author argues that examining the cultural dimensions of social roles and values can enrich theory and enhance practice regarding life-career development.
Reassessing the Fear of Crime

A large body of empirical research exploring emotional responses to crime in Europe, North America and elsewhere suggests that substantial proportions of the public worry about victimization. The British Crime Survey (BCS) has asked questions exploring English and Welsh respondents' worry about crime since 1982, and in the 2003—4 sweep of the BCS new questions were inserted into a subsection to explore the frequency and intensity of such fearful events. As well as illustrating the rationale of the new measurement strategy, this research note reports the results of the new questions in direct relation to the `old' methods. The findings show that few people experience specific events of worry on a frequent basis and that `old'-style questions magnify the everyday experience of fear. We propose that `worry about crime' is often best seen as a diffuse anxiety about risk rather than any pattern of everyday concerns over personal safety.
Two cases of intraocular lymphoma diagnosed by analyses of vitreous and infusion fluid

Purpose Intraocular lymphomas are rare, and they have poor prognosis. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are needed. A definitive diagnosis of a lymphoma is based on cytological analysis of the intraocular fluids or tissues. We report two cases of intraocular lymphoma diagnosed by the analyses of vitreous and infusion fluid. Patients Case 1 was a 66-year-old woman who complained of eye floaters and was found to have diffuse vitreous opacification bilaterally. She received corticosteroid therapy, however the vitreous opacification was not resolved, and her visual acuity (VA) remained reduced. She underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and vitreous and infusion fluid were collected to determine the cause of the reduced VA. The undiluted vitreous obtained from core PPV was submitted for cytokine analysis, and infusion fluid was obtained from the machine cassette after full PPV and used for cytological analysis. Case 2 was a 62-year-old man referred with low vision and was found to have diffuse vitreous opacification in the right eye and dot hemorrhages in both eyes. Four years earlier, he had been diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses and was in remission after chemotherapy. Because metastasis of the lymphoma was suspected, he underwent PPV, and intraocular samples were collected as in Case 1. Results Atypical lymphoid cells were detected from the infusion fluid in both cases. The ratio of interleukin (IL)-10 to IL-6 was greater than 1.0 in both cases. These results allowed us to make a diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma: primary intraocular lymphoma in Case 1 and metastatic intraocular lymphoma in Case 2. Conclusion Vitreous and infusion fluid collected during PPV can be used for diagnosing an intraocular lymphoma.
Elevated frequency and allelic heterogeneity of congenital nephrotic syndrome, Finnish type, in the old order Mennonites.

We are very indebted to the members of the numerous families with nephrotic syndrome, for sharing information and donating tissue samples; without these families this work would have been impossible. We gratefully acknowledge the superb assistance of Jennifer Scott, for family studies; Kimberly Bentley, Andrew Wong, and Gilbert Wong, for DNA sequencing and technical assistance; and Carl Kashuk, for informatics. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant HD28088 to A.C.
Development of an Electromyography Detection System for the Control of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Neurological Rehabilitation

VIII ZUSAMMENFASSUNG IN DEUTSCHER SPRACHE . XII TABLE OF CONTENTS . XVI LIST OF FIGURES . XX LIST OF TABLES . XXIV ACRONYMS . XXVI
Acute pyelonephritis in diabetes mellitus: Single center experience

Diabetes mellitus is a common cause of pyelonephritis. Both emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) and non-EPN (NEPN) are associated with poor outcome. This study was aimed at analyzing the clinical features, microbiological profile, prognostic factors, and treatment outcome of pyelonephritis in diabetic patients. A total of 105 diabetic patients with pyelonephritis were admitted from July 2010 to June 2012. Patients were treated with appropriate antibiotics and percutaneous drainage (PCD) as indicated. Nephrectomy was carried out in patients of EPN who were refractory to conservative measures. NEPN and EPN were seen in 79 (75.2%) and 26 (24.7%) patients, respectively. Escherichia coli was the most common organism. Pyelonephritis was associated with renal abscess and papillary necrosis in 13 (12.4%) and 4 (3.8%) patients with EPN and NEPN, respectively. Worsening of renal functions were seen in 92 and 93% of patients with EPN and NEPN, respectively. Class 1 EPN was seen in 2 (7.7%), Class II in 8 (30.7%), IIIa in 7 (27%), IIIb in 5 (19.3), and IV in 4 (15.4%) patients. Antibiotics alone were sufficient in 38.5% of EPN versus 62% in NEPN; additional PCD was required in 42.3% in EPN and 21.4% in NEPN. Nephrectomy was required in 5 (19.2%) EPN patients with Class IIIB or IV. A total of 13 patients (12.4%) expired, 4 (15.4%) in EPN, and 9 (11.4%) in NEPN group. Patients with EPN had a higher incidence of shock (6% vs. 0; P < 0.05) and poorly controlled blood sugar (26% vs. 50%; P < 0.05) compared with NEPN. Presence of shock and altered sensorium were associated with poor outcome in patients with EPN. Diabetics with pyelonephritis have severe disease. Patients of EPN have poorer treatment outcome compared with those with NEPN. However, there is no difference in the mortality, but a greater need of nephrectomy in EPN compared with NEPN patients. Presence of shock and altered sensorium at presentation were poor prognostic factors in EPN.
Chemical-Induced Atrial Thrombosis in NTP Rodent Studies

Cardiac thrombosis, one of the causes of sudden death throughout the world, plays a principal role in several cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke in humans. Data from studies of induction of chemical thrombosis in rodents help to identify substances in our environment that may contribute to cardiac thrombosis. Results for more than 500 chemicals tested in rodents in 2-year bioassays have been published as Technical Reports of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) 〈http://ntp-server.niehs. nih.gov/index〉. We evaluated atrial thrombosis induced by these chemical exposures and compared it to similarly induced lesions reported in the literature. Spontaneous rates of cardiac thrombosis were determined for control Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice: 0% in rats and mice in 90-day studies and, in 2-year studies, 0.7% in both genders of mice, 4% in male rats, and 1% in female rats. Incidences of atrial thrombosis were increased in high-dosed groups involving 13 compounds (incidence rate: 20–100%): 2-butoxyethanol, C.I. Direct Blue 15, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane, diazoaminobenzene, diethanolamine, 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride, hexachloroethane, isobutene, methyleugenol, oxazepam, C.I. Pigment Red 23, C.I. Acid Red 114, and 4,4′-thiobis(6-t-butyl-m-cresol). The main localization of spontaneously occurring and chemically induced thromboses occurred in the left atrium. The literature survey suggested that chemical-induced atrial thrombosis might be closely related to myocardial injury, endothelial injury, circulatory stasis, hypercoagulability, and impaired atrial mechanical activity, such as atrial fibrillation, which could cause stasis of blood within the left atrial appendage, contributing to left atrial thrombosis. Supplementary data referenced in this paper are not printed in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology. They are available as downloadable files at http:taylorandfrancis.metapress. com/openurl.asp? genre=journal&issn=0192-6233. To access them, click on the issue link for 33(5), then select this article. A download option appears at the bottom of this abstract. In order to access the full article online, you must either have an individual subscription or a member subscription accessed through www.toxpath. org.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin in Patients with Tuberculosis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association with Biochemical and Immunological Parameters

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health issue due to the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which exacerbates the clinical course of TB and increases the risk of poor long-term outcomes. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of rifampin (RIF) and its relationship with biochemical and immunological parameters in patients with TB and T2DM. The biochemical and immunological parameters were assessed on the same day that the pharmacokinetic evaluation of RIF was performed. Factors related to the metabolic syndrome that is characteristic of T2DM patients were not detected in the TB-T2DM group (where predominant malnutrition was present) or in the TB group. Percentages of CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells were diminished in the TB and TB-T2DM patients, who had high tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and low interleukin-17 (IL-17) levels compared to healthy volunteers. Delayed RIF absorption was observed in the TB and TB-T2DM patients; absorption was poor and slower in the latter group due to poor glycemic control. RIF clearance was also slower in the diabetic patients, thereby prolonging the mean residence time of RIF. There was a significant association between glycemic control, increased TNF-α serum concentrations, and RIF pharmacokinetics in the TB-T2DM patients. These altered metabolic and immune conditions may be factors to be considered in anti-TB therapy management when TB and T2DM are concurrently present.
Mutations of the Gene for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Interacting Protein in Pituitary Adenomas

Heterozygous germline mutations in the gene encoding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) were first described in two Finnish families with pituitary adenomas. The gene is involved in about 15% of familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA), in about 50% of cases of familial acromegaly and in a small proportion of acromegalic patients with sporadic presentation. This review describes the genetic and clinical features of published patients with AIP, with either familial or sporadic pituitary tumors. A genotype-phenotype correlation is proposed: patients with AIP mutations resulting in a truncated protein are significantly younger than those bearing a mutation which preserves the structure of the C-terminal end of the protein (22.7 ± 9.6 vs. 29.8 ± 10.9 years). Pituitary tumors linked to AIP mutations are almost exclusively somatotropic (87.5%, n = 56/64) or lactotropic (9.4%, n = 6). Patients with AIP mutations are mostly men (70%, 44 M/19 F), suffer macroadenomas (97%) and are younger at diagnosis (24.4 ± 10.5 years) than unselected patients with pituitary tumors. Thus, AIP is involved in the development of pituitary tumors, especially involving the somatomammotroph lineage. Genetic testing could be discussed for FIPAs and in young acromegalic patients with a sporadic presentation. Functional studies are needed to understand AIP-induced tumorigenesis.