Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychophysical Assessments of Sourness in Citric Acid-Ethanol Mixtures

The effect of ethanol in modulating the intensity and duration of the perceived sourness induced by citric acid was studied. Magnitude Estimation-Converging Limits method was applied to rate the sourness of seven solutions (3–70 mM) of citric acid in aqueous solution presented alone and mixed with 8% V/V or 15% V/V ethanol. Dynamic sourness ratings of 5, 15, and 45 mM citric acid alone and mixed with the same two ethanol levels were assessed by the Time Intensity Method (TI). Results were consistent with both methods. Sourness changed with citric acid concentration and ethanol levels. From TI measurements, a similar interactive pattern was obtained for parameters as duration, area under the curve, peak and average intensity.
A biquadratic reflectance model for radiometric image analysis

Radiometric image analysis methods heavily rely on reflectance models. Due to the complexity of real materials, methods based on simple models such as the Lambertian model often suffer from inaccuracy. On the other hand, more advanced models such as the Cook-Torrance model severely complicate the analysis problem. We tackle this dilemma by focusing on the low-frequency component of the reflectance. We propose a compact biquadratic reflectance model to represent the reflectance of a broad class of materials precisely in the low-frequency domain. We validate our model by fitting to both existing parametric models and non-parametric measured data, and show that our model outperforms existing parametric diffuse models. We show applications of reflectometry using general diffuse surfaces and photometric stereo for general isotropic materials. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our biquadratic model and its usefulness in radiometric image analysis.
Does Absolute Neutrophilia Predict Early Congestive Heart Failure After Acute Myocardial Infarction? A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is usually associated with increased neutrophil count. However, it has not clearly been defined whether neutrophilia can cause myocardial injury. In this study, we hypothesized that absolute neutrophilia can predict the occurrence of congestive heart failure (CHF) after AMI. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 312 patients with a diagnosis of AMI. Patients with a history of chest pain for more than 12 hours before admission, heart failure with Killip class III and IV, history of recent gastrointestinal bleeding, major trauma, infection, malignancy, renal failure and corticosteroid consumption were excluded. A blood sample was drawn for leukocyte count and an echocardiogram was obtained 4 days after admission. Congestive heart failure was defined as an ejection fraction less than 40% on echocardiogram or clinical heart failure according to the Framingham’s criteria for diagnosis of heart failure. Results: After excluding 19 patients, data for 293 patients were analyzed. Among them, 152 (51.9%) patients developed new onset CHF. Two hundred and two patients (68.9%) had neutrophilia (neutrophil count >7500/mic/lit). The risk of developing heart failure was higher in patients with neutrophilia (OR = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.33–4.03, P = 0.000). There was a negative correlation between ejection fraction and neutrophil count (r = −0.191, P = 0.000). After adjustment for age, sex, serum creatinine level, peak enzyme CK-MB level and MI location, the relationship between the absolute neutrophil count and the presence of congestive heart failure remained significant (OR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.19–3.84, P = 0.011). Conclusions: The study shows that the presence of absolute neutrophilia during the first 12 hours after AMI can predict the occurrence of CHF. This association may help identify high-risk individuals, who might benefit from more aggressive interventions.
Oligodendroglioma: Toward Molecular Definitions in Diagnostic Neuro‐Oncology

Oligodendroglial tumors have attracted great interest in both basic and clinical neuro-oncology over the past decade. This interest is mainly due to the clinical observation that anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, in contrast to the vast majority of anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas, frequently respond favorably to chemotherapy. In addition, oligodendroglial tumors are associated with longer survival times than the diffuse astrocytic gliomas. These differences in response to therapy and in prognosis have been associated with distinct genetic aberrations, in particular the frequent loss of alleles on chromosome arms 1p and 19q in oligodendroglial tumors. In addition, other genetic changes have been reported as indicators of poor response to therapy and short survival, including homozygous deletion of the CDKN2A gene at 9p21, mutation of the PTEN gene at 10q23, and amplification of the EGFR gene at 7p12. In this review we summarize the current state of the art concerning the molecular genetics of oligodendroglial tumors. A particular focus is placed on the role of molecular genetic findings in the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of these neoplasms. As a result of the recent advances in the field, we propose that clinical decisions in the management of patients with oligodendroglial tumors should be based on the combined assessment of clinical and neuroimaging features, histological classification and grading, as well as molecular genetic characteristics.
Linking Activation of Microglia and Peripheral Monocytic Cells to the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders

A wide variety of studies have identified microglial activation in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Relatively fewer, but robust, studies have detected activation of peripheral monocytic cells in psychiatric disorders. Considering the origin of microglia, as well as neuropsychoimmune interactions in the context of the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, it is reasonable to speculate that microglia interact with peripheral monocytic cells in relevance with the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders; however, these interactions have drawn little attention. In this review, we summarize findings relevant to activation of microglia and monocytic cells in psychiatric disorders, discuss the potential association between these cell types and disease pathogenesis, and propose perspectives for future research on these processes.
Iron–sulfur bond covalency from electronic structure calculations for classical iron–sulfur clusters

The covalent character of iron–sulfur bonds is a fundamental electronic structural feature for understanding the electronic and magnetic properties and the reactivity of biological and biomimetic iron–sulfur clusters. Conceptually, bond covalency obtained from X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can be directly related to orbital compositions from electronic structure calculations, providing a standard for evaluation of density functional theoretical methods. Typically, a combination of functional and basis set that optimally reproduces experimental bond covalency is chosen, but its dependence on the population analysis method is often neglected, despite its important role in deriving theoretical bond covalency. In this study of iron tetrathiolates, and classical [2Fe2S] and [4Fe4S] clusters with only thiolate ligands, we find that orbital compositions can vary significantly depending on whether they are derived from frontier orbitals, spin densities, or electron sharing indexes from “Átoms in Molecules” (ÁIM) theory. The benefits and limitations of Mulliken, Minimum Basis Set Mulliken, Natural, Coefficients‐Squared, Hirshfeld, and AIM population analyses are described using ab initio wave function‐based (QCISD) and experimental (S K‐edge XAS) bond covalency. We find that the AIM theory coupled with a triple‐ζ basis set and the hybrid functional B(5%HF)P86 gives the most reasonable electronic structure for the studied FeS clusters. 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of transformational learning on individuals, families and communities

This article is based on a larger study (Bennetts 2002) into the Second Chance Trust (SCT) and addresses one major finding from that study, that of transformational learning and its effect on 197 individuals, their close relationships, and their communities. The SCT offers money to those over the age of 30 in South West England to effect change within their lives for the benefit of the wider community. Individuals evaluated transformational learning by the extent of major changes in thinking, feeling, acting, relating and being. Significant transformations fell into the categories of self-transformation, coping with and instigating change in self and others, transformed relationships, increased educational drive, career improvement, and better quality of life. Significant transformations were enabled by giving relatively small grants to individuals within a trusting and supportive relationship. This study supports both Mezirow's (1981) theory of perspective transformation and Boyd and Myers (1988) view of transformative education. Individuals' transitions appear to have been sustained over the years by the knowledge that change is possible, necessary and rewarding. The transitions evolved through a cycle of evaluation of circumstances, assessment of learning need, and adaptation of the present pattern of life required to achieve the new goal. In this context, lifelong learning becomes the norm, a process not a discrete educational event. Sustainability thus becomes the continued ability to learn from change and does not denote a static state.
Parental Responsibilities: Dilemmas of Measurement and Gender Equality

Over the past half-century, enormous changes have occurred in gendered divisions of housework and child care across many countries, with a growing consensus that there is a slow but steady pace of change in gendered divisions of time and tasks but one that is combined with a puzzling persistence of gender differences in parental caregiving responsibilities. Rooted in a 14-year qualitative and ethnographic research program that focuses mainly on breadwinning mothers and fathers who self-identify as stay-at-home or primary caregivers and guided by genealogical and relational sociological approaches, the author argues that the concept of parental responsibility requires greater attention and that its theorization and conceptualization have critical implications for if and how it can be measured, the methodological approaches that might be used to assess it, and the conceptual fit between parental responsibilities and gender equality.
Bushfalling at All Cost: The Economy of Migratory Knowledge in Anglophone Cameroon

Abstract Despite high financial costs, deportations and many frustrated departure attempts, young Anglophone Cameroonians maintain high aspirations for migration. In this article, I lay out the social rationalities of aspiring migrants, as well as the economic, symbolic and informational context of their emigration decisions. On the basis of three case studies, I analyze how information on emigration is controlled, processed, and evaluated. While discourses within migration policy often posit that aspiring migrants are naive and uninformed, I demonstrate how migration choices and strategies are developed under circumstances more complex than can be grasped by the simplistic alternative between being informed or not informed about migratory risks. Rather than to consider flows of information, I argue what matters is whether or not information is trusted and how it is interpreted. By looking at the costs and gains of migration from the standpoint of aspiring migrants, this article shifts the focus towards migration dynamics at the point of departure.
Protest and Political Opportunities

I review the development of the political opportunity or political process perspective, which has animated a great deal of research on social movements. The essential insight—that the context in which a movement emerges influences its development and potential impact—provides a fruitful analytic orientation for addressing numerous questions about social movements. Reviewing the development of the literature, however, I note that conceptualizations of political opportunity vary greatly, and scholars disagree on basic theories of how political opportunities affect movements. The relatively small number of studies testing political opportunity hypotheses against other explanations have generated mixed results, owing in part to the articulation of the theory and the specifications of variables employed. I examine conflicting specifications of the theory by considering the range of outcomes scholars address. By disaggregating outcomes and actors, I argue, we can reconcile some of the apparent contradictions an.
Mapping the distribution of the telomeric sequence (T(2)AG(3))(n) in rock wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), by fluorescence in situ hybridization. ii. the lateralis complex.

The distribution of the conserved vertebrate telomeric sequence (T(2)AG(3))(n) was examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the six Petrogale (rock wallabies) taxa of the lateralis complex. As expected, the (T(2)AG(3))(n) sequence was located at the termini of all chromosomes in all taxa. However, the sequence was also present at several nontelomeric (viz., interstitial and centromeric) sites. The signals identified were associated with either ancient rearrangements involved with the formation of the 2n = 22 plesiomorphic macropodine karyotype or more recent rearrangements associated with karyotypes derived from the 2n = 22 karyotype. Interstitial (T(2)AG(3))(n) signals identified on chromosomes 3 and 4 in all six species of the lateralis complex and a large centromeric signal identified on chromosome 7 in the five subspecies/races of P. lateralis appear to be related to the more ancient rearrangements. Subsequent chromosome evolution has seen these signals retained, lost, or amplified in different Petrogale lineages. Within the lateralis complex, in two submetacentric chromosome derived by recent centric fusions, the telomeric sequence was identified at or near the centromere, indicating its retention during the fusion process. In the two taxa where chromosome 3 was rearranged via a recent centromeric transposition to become an acrocentric chromosome, the telomeric signal was located interstitially.
Psychopathic traits in adolescence: a review

Currently, and throughout the history of mental healthcare, the literature highlights that there is no agreement on the use of the terms "antisocial personality disorder" and "psychopathic personality". This paper aims to promote a debate over these concepts and their evaluation for both adults and adolescents. With this aim, a systematic review was conducted in the MedLine data base between 1968 and March 2011 using the terms "adolescent", "antisocial personality disorder", and "personality assessment". From the 59 identified articles 29 were selected to further analysis. The discussion of these terms was confirmed, as well as the importance of assessing psychopathic traits during adolescence. An initial tendency to disregard the term psychopathy and its affective implications was evidenced. However, the latest psychological instruments return to the discussion regarding the use of this diagnosis and its implications.
Scales to assess child and adolescent depression: checklists, screens, and nets.

Abstract Child self-report and parent-report measures of depressive symptoms are useful both for preliminary screening and to monitor change in symptomatology. These two aims, however, demand different psychometric properties. Currently available self- and/or parent-reports of depressive symptoms are reviewed in terms of their content validity and criterion validity. There is wide variability in the symptoms covered by the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC), Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS), Children's Depression Scale (CDS), and Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). A review of criterion validity showed that information needed is often unavailable. Suggestions are made for ways to provide information that will enable clinicians and researchers to select measures for their purposes.
Funcionamiento diferencial del ítem en la evaluación internacional PISA. Detección y comprensión.

Este trabajo analiza el funcionamiento diferencial del item (FDI) de la prueba de comprension lectora de la evaluacion PISA2000 entre la muestras del Reino Unido y Espana. Se estudian los items liberados con el fin de aunar las fases de deteccion del FDI con la comprension de sus causas. En la fase de deteccion se comparan los resultados de los procedimientos Mantel-Haenszel, Regresion Logistica y Medias Estandarizadas en sus versiones para items dicotomicos y politomicos. Los resultados muestran que dos items presentan funcionamiento diferencial aunque el estudio post-hoc llevado a cabo sobre su contenido no ha podido precisar sus causas.
Lions and tigers and bears, oh my! children's conceptions of forests and their inhabitants

Forty first-grade children, drawn from urban areas in Nebraska and New Jersey, were asked to produce drawings of forests and were interviewed about forests and the types of living things found in them. Results indicate that the children's concepts of animals and where they live are quite diverse, but highly concrete and unorganized. Although children correctly assigned most forest-dwellers to the forest (deer and squirrels, for example), they also tended to assign almost all other animals (elephants, sharks, etc.) to the forest as well, especially carnivores. A general lack of awareness of plant life, insects, water resources, and other forest features was also observed.
GRAMMATICAL CHANGE IN A DYING DIALECT

The dying East Sutherland dialect of Scottish Gaelic shows grammatical change currently in progress in two syntactic environments, the passive and the case system. The rate of change has been rapid enough to show clear differences between the usage of the oldest and the youngest fluent speakers available, a span of just over 40 years. This permits the consideration of questions about the direction of change, the processes of change, and the rate of change, and of the utility of terminal speakers for systematic language description and historical reconstruction.
A situative metaphor for teacher learning: the case of university tutors learning to grade student coursework

In the continuing concern about academic standards in the higher education sector a great deal of emphasis has been placed on quality assurance procedures rather than on considering how university tutors learn to grade the quality of work produced by students. As part of a larger research project focused on how tutors grade student coursework this paper contributes by offering a new metaphor for such tutor learning based on a socio-cultural perspective. The research project used think aloud protocols recorded as university tutors graded student coursework and this was followed by semi-structured interviews. The voluntary participants consisted of twenty five lecturers in four contrasting domains, humanities, art & design, medicine and teacher education, in two teaching-led and one research intensive universities. Analysis of the interview data helped to develop and evaluate a metaphorical framework that helps to understand the work and learning of the lecturers. Grading, writing feedback, second marking and moderation are important situated professional learning opportunities for tutors to debate and reach agreement on the academic standard demonstrated by student coursework. The metaphor positions learning to grade student coursework as a complex interplay between the vertical domain of public knowledge and the horizontal domain of tutors’ practical wisdom. The metaphor developed in this paper is proposed for critical consideration and wider use by academics, teachers, academic developers and teacher educators as an aid to better understanding of teacher’ professional learning.
A Study on the Positive Effects of Forest Activities for Children from Economically Underprivileged Households on Their Emotional State, Life Satisfaction, and Ego-resilience

This study aimed to verify the positive effects of forest activities for children from economically underprivileged households in local children's centers and the effect of such activities on the protective factors of their development. One hundred and eighty five children participated in the Forest Activities Program, which conducted over a total 8 sessions. Pre-post tests of the subjective well-being scale, DAS, multiple life satisfaction scale, ego-resilience scale were conducted and the children then made picture stories during the program itself. The results of the analysis of differences between pre-post tests were as follows: first, the negative emotions of participating children decreased significantly. Second, the school-satisfaction and self-satisfaction levels of the participating children increased. Third the participating children's positive perceptions of self and interpersonal relationships also increased through the forest activities. Finally, there were differences of the change types of picture stories that children created while they were participating in the program; and these divergences were related to the effectiveness of the program. These forest activities had positive effects upon the economically disadvantaged children who participated in this study. However, in order to increase the effects of such forest activities qualitatively, greater support for the active involvement of children is required. Korean J. of Child Studies Vol. 35, No. 4, 223-247, August 2014 DOI:dx.org/10.5723/KJCS.2014. 35.4. 223 www.childkorea. or.kr pISSN1226-1688 eISSN2234-408X 2 Korean J. of Child Studies Vol. 35, No. 4, 2014 224
On the Validity of Self-Reported Rates of Interpersonal Violence

Investigators of spousal and intersex violence write as though estimates of prevalence and incidence are valid and can be extrapolated or interpolated to different time frames. The present studies showed that high school students gave absolute estimates of nonphysical, physical, and sexual aggression during the past 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months that were not significantly different from one another. Students' estimates were sensitive to item severity, sex of perpetrator, and sex of victim but were insensitive to the time period over which they were asked to estimate. The present results mean that people's reports of their experience with interpersonal violence must be strongly affected by other factors in addition to the number of times the events have actually occurred.
The Holding Hands Project: effectiveness in promoting positive parent–child interactions

It is now generally accepted that training parents can be effective in supporting children with behaviour difficulties and given the current climate of decreasing resources there is a strong case for evaluating effectiveness. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a significantly modified version of the standard clinic-based Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (S-PCIT) programme, referred to as the Holding Hands Project. Thirty parents and their children were assessed at pre- and post-intervention, and of these a total of 25 parents were also assessed at two month follow-up. A significant trend towards a positive development in all of the areas explored was found. Furthermore, an overall significant change in observed children’s behaviour was found between pre-intervention to follow-up. This study adds to the growing evidence that a well-established clinical programme such as S-PCIT can produce positive outcomes even when it has been significantly modified and “transported” to a UK community setting.