Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taste, A New Incentive to Switch to (R)-Praziquantel in Schistosomiasis Treatment

Background Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug compound of choice in the control and treatment of schistosomiasis. PZQ is administered as a racemate, i. e. 1∶1 mixture of enantiomers. The schistosomicidal activity arises from one PZQ-enantiomer, whereas the other enantiomer does not contribute to the activity. The WHO's Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) has assigned the low-cost preparation of pure schistosomicidal (−)-PZQ a key priority for future R&D on PZQ, but so far this transition has not happened. PZQ has two major administration drawbacks, the first being the high dose needed, and its well documented bitter and disgusting taste. Attempts of taste-masking by low-cost means have not been successful. We hypothesized that the non-schistosomicidal component in PZQ would be the main contributor to the unpleasant taste of the drug. If the hypothesis was confirmed, the two major administration drawbacks of PZQ, the high dose needed and its bitter taste, could be addressed in one go by removing the component contributing to the bitter taste. Methods and Findings PZQ was separated into its schistosomicidal and the non-schistosomicidal component, the absolute stereochemical configuration of (−)-PZQ was determined to be (R)-PZQ by X-ray crystallography, and the extent of bitterness was determined for regular racemic PZQ and the schistosomicidal component in a taste study in humans. Finding: The schistosomicidal component alone is significantly less bitter than regular, racemic PZQ. Conclusion Our hypothesis is confirmed. We propose to use only the pure schistosomicidal component of PZQ, offering the advantage of halving the dose and expectedly improving the compliance due to the removal of the bitter taste. Therefore, (R)-PZQ should be specifically suitable for the treatment of school-age children against schistosomiasis. With this finding, we would like to offer an additional incentive to the TDR's recommendation to switch to the pure schistosomicidal (R)-PZQ.
Iranian Women's Increasing Access to Higher Education but Limited Participation in the Job Market

Since the 1990s, there has been a significant increase in Iranian women’s participation in higher education. The objective of this article is to investigate whether and how this increased participation and access to education has created employment possibilities for women. This paper is part of a larger research project that examines the participation of women in higher education in Iran. It draws on interview data, secondary sources and government documents to explore more specifically whether there is a relationship between higher education and female labor force participation.
The Promises of Collaborative Research

The editors and the publishers are concerned about the backlog between receipt and publication of papers and we are taking a number of steps to overcome the problem. Over the next two years we will increase the size of Environment and Planning A by the equivalent of an extra issue. We are spreading the increase to keep the inevitable price rise to a reasonable level. We are also going to make more use of our website. Completed papers will be put on the web when they are ready, in advance of final web and paper publication, in a new `̀ forthcoming papers'' section. Only subscribers will be able to view the full paper, but all visitors to the site will be able to read the abstract. Look out for further details over the next few months.
Parental perspectives on the financial impact of caring for a child with CKD.

BACKGROUND The economic consequences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are severe for adult patients and their households, but the out-of-pocket expenses and economic burden of CKD and how this affects the caregivers of children with kidney disease are unclear. This study aims to describe parental perspectives on the financial impact of caring for a child with CKD. STUDY DESIGN Face-to-face semistructured interviews. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Parents of children with CKD from 3 pediatric nephrology centers in Australia. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Transcripts were analyzed thematically. RESULTS 27 parents of 26 children participated. We identified 5 themes: loss of freedom and control (prioritizing care, limiting occupational opportunities, and appreciating socioeconomic advantage), burden of sole responsibility (inability to rely on others, lack of respite, increased separation of family roles, and self-reliance), adapting for survival (vigilant budgeting, redefining normality and expectations, rechanneling resources to basic needs, and negotiating work flexibility), instability of circumstances (depleted capacity to work, unpredictability of child's health, burden of travel-related costs, imposition of debt, and domestic upheaval), and struggle in seeking support ("falling through the cracks" and unmet information needs). LIMITATIONS Few participants were fathers (n=5), and results may not be transferable to non-English-speaking caregivers because these participants were excluded. CONCLUSIONS Parents focused their resources and attention on meeting the complex needs of their child. Inability to sustain employment due to focus on their child's care and both medical and nonmedical expenses were major contributors to the financial impact, with financial stress compounded by difficulties accessing government support. As a result, parents experienced profound financial and social instability and physical and psychological fatigue and exercised extreme financial vigilance. Increased access to respite and domestic support and financial and psychosocial interventions are suggested to minimize the financial impact of caring for a child with CKD, which in turn may lead to better care, quality of life, and health outcomes for children with CKD and their families.
Characterizing human–macaque interactions in Singapore

Previous studies have noted substantial human–macaque interactions involving physical contact in Bali, Indonesia; Gibraltar; and Mt. Emei, China [Fuentes, American Journal of Primatology 68:880–896, 2006; Zhao, Tibetan macaques, visitors, and local people at Mt. Emei: problems and countermeasures. In: Paterson and Wallis, editor. Commensalism and conflict: the human–primate interface. Norman, OK: American Society of Primatologists. p 376–399, 2005]. The aim of this study was to conduct preliminary observations in order to begin to characterize interaction patterns between humans and long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Singapore. Unlike Bali, Gibraltar, and Mt. Emei, Singapore occasionally enforces fines and penalties and engages in an education campaign in an effort to minimize physical contact between humans and macaques. Observers stationed at two sites in Singapore conducted 92 5 hr of observation that included 730 human–macaque interactions over 16 days. Data recorded include interaction characteristics, demographic and behavioral variables, presence of feeding by humans, and presence of automobiles. Although feeding by humans was relatively infrequent overall, it generally occurred most often by individuals in cars and when human children were present. Data analysis suggests that interactions involving physical contact between macaques and humans are rare in Singapore, in contrast to the findings from Bali, Gibraltar, and Mt. Emei. This low level of physical contact suggests a low risk of macaque–human pathogen transmission in Singapore. Am. J. Primatol. 70:879–883, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Relationship Between Educational and Demographic Variables and Supervisor's Multicultural Counseling Competencies

Abstract A survey to investigate the level of multicultural counseling competencies of 250 randomly selected supervisors yielded a 34% response rate. The level of multicultural counseling competencies was collected using the Multicultural Counseling Inventory (MCI) and a form requesting demographic and educational information. Some of the findings were: (a) there was a moderate significant relationship between single course training (College Semester Courses and < 4-Hour Workshops) and the MCI score, (b) single course training (2-Day Workshops and 4-Hour Workshops) had a moderate significant relationship with multicultural awareness, and (c) infusion courses (Courses Integrated into the Curriculum) had a moderate significant relationship on counseling skills.
Analysis of the Potent Prognostic Factors in Luminal-Type Breast Cancer

Purpose Luminal-type breast cancer has a good prognosis compared to other types, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and triple negative types. Luminal-type breast cancer is classified into luminal A and B, according to the proliferation index. We investigated the clinicopathological factors that affect the prognosis of the luminal-type subgroups. Methods We reviewed the medical records and the pathologic reports of 159 luminal-type breast cancer patients who were treated between February 2005 and November 2007. We divided luminal-type breast cancer into luminal A and B, according to Ki-67 (cutoff value, 14%) and analyzed the clinicopathologic factors, such as age at diagnosis, intensity score of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, histologic grade, and Bcl-2. Moreover, we compared the disease-free survival (DFS) of each group. Results In the univariate analysis, age (p=0.004), tumor size (p=0.010), lymph node metastasis (p=0.001), and Bcl-2 (p=0.002) were statistically significant factors in luminal-type breast cancer. In the multivariate analysis, lymph node (p=0.049) and Bcl-2 (p=0.034) were significant relevant factors in luminal-type breast cancer. In the subgroup analysis, the increased Bcl-2 (cutoff value, 33%) was related with a longer DFS in the luminal B group (p=0.004). Conclusion In our study, luminal A breast cancer showed a longer DFS than luminal B breast cancer, further, Bcl-2 may be a potent prognostic factor in luminal-type breast cancer.
The Poverty of Écriture and the Craft of Writing: Towards a Reappraisal of the Prodromic Poems

It is the purpose of this paper to challenge some traditional assumptions about authorship and style in twelfth-century Byzantium, and to present a new, if tentative, interpretation of the fourth Prodromic Poem, which may have important implications for an understanding of literary perceptions of every-day life in twelfth-century Constantinople, as well as for the ways in which texts can be read.
Sentence comprehension in specific language impairment: a task designed to distinguish between cognitive capacity and syntactic complexity.

PURPOSE This study examined sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment (SLI) in a manner designed to separate the contribution of cognitive capacity from the effects of syntactic structure. METHOD Nineteen children with SLI, 19 typically developing children matched for age (TD-A), and 19 younger typically developing children (TD-Y) matched according to sentence comprehension test scores responded to sentence comprehension items that varied in either length or their demands on cognitive capacity, based on the nature of the foils competing with the target picture. RESULTS The TD-A children were accurate across all item types. The SLI and TD-Y groups were less accurate than the TD-A group on items with greater length and, especially, on items with the greatest demands on cognitive capacity. The types of errors were consistent with failure to retain details of the sentence apart from syntactic structure. CONCLUSIONS The difficulty in the more demanding conditions seemed attributable to interference. Specifically, the children with SLI and the TD-Y children appeared to have difficulty retaining details of the target sentence when the information reflected in the foils closely resembled the information in the target sentence.
Making Sense of Phrasal Verbs: A Cognitive Linguistic Account of L2 Learning.

Phrasal verbs (PVs) have recently been the object of interest by linguists given their status as phraseological units whose meaning is non-compositional and opaque. They constitute a perfect case for theories of language processing and language acquisition to be tested. Cognitive linguists have participated in this debate and shown a certain interest for PVs, although their research on this topic stems in most of the cases from their central interest on prepositions and the language of spatiality. In this paper, I aim to make a comprehensive and critical summary of the cognitive linguistics (CL) literature on PVs with particular attention to its connection with usage-based approaches, especially in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), and to the concept of (meaning) motivation, which has proven to be useful in teaching. I will also present a CL analysis of the out-PVs (i.e., those containing the particle out) used by 3 groups of non-native speakers of English whose L1 respectively belongs to a Germanic satellite-framed (S-) language (Swedish and Dutch), a non-Germanic S-language (Russian and Bulgarian) and a verb-framed (V-) language (Spanish and Italian). The results obtained from this analysis show: (1) that both Germanic and Non-Germanic S-language learners use a greater number of out-PVs than V-language learners, not only when these verbs have a motional meaning but also when they express other meanings; and (2) that S-language learners also use a greater elaboration of path (Slobin 1996) when non-motional out-PV meanings are involved. These findings suggest that ‘the thinking for speaking hypothesis’ (Slobin 1996, 1997; Cadierno 2004), which has been shown to work for the domain of manner and path of motion, may in part be extended to the acquisition of PVs by L2 learners.
Does rejection lead to disidentification? The role of internal motivation and avoidance strategies

Getting rejected can either push newcomers out of the group or make them try harder to become accepted. It is suggested that newcomers' internal motivation to become a group member and their strategies determine the outcomes of rejection. It was expected that in rejected newcomers, avoidance strategies (but not approach strategies) lead to stronger disidentification. Moreover, the disidentification effect of avoidance strategies is predicted to be buffered by the internal motivation to become a group member. Two studies supported these predictions. Study 1 manipulated the group's feedback (rejection vs. acceptance) and assessed internal motivation and strategies. Study 2 measured feedback and replicated the findings in the field. Thus, by the adoption of the right motivational approach, newcomers can prepare themselves not to be driven out of a new group by the almost unavoidable experiences of rejection. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of exercise-induced ocular hypotension.

PURPOSE Although acute dynamic exercise reduces intraocular pressure (IOP), the factors that provoke this response remain ill-defined. To determine whether changes in colloid osmotic pressure (COP) cause the IOP changes during exercise, standardized exercise was performed after dehydration and hydration with isosmotic fluid. METHODS Progressive cycle ergometer exercise to volitional exhaustion was performed after 4 hours' dehydration, and after hydration with 946 ml isosmotic liquid (345 mOsM). In each experiment, venous blood taken before and immediately after exercise was analyzed for hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, total plasma osmolality, and plasma COP. RESULTS Exercise in both experiments significantly reduced IOP and elevated COP (each P < 0.01). Dehydration, compared with hydration, also significantly reduced IOP and elevated COP, when measured before and after exercise (P < 0.05). The correlation of mean IOP with mean COP, over the entire range created by varying exercise and hydration statuses, was statistically significant (r = -0.99; P < 0.001). In contrast, other indexes of hydration status, including hematocrit, total plasma osmolality, and plasma protein concentration, failed to change as IOP changed and failed to correlate with IOP, on either a group or individual basis, in conditions of varying levels of exercise and hydration. CONCLUSIONS Acute dynamic exercise and isosmotic fluid ingestion each seem to change IOP through changes in COP.
Exploring the Effects of Removing “Too Fast” Responses and Respondents from Web Surveys

This paper addresses speeding, that is, “too fast” responses, in web surveys. Relying on the response process model, we argue that very short response times indicate low data quality, stemming from a lack of attention on the part of respondents. To identify speeding, prior research employed case-wise procedures. Using data from nine online surveys, we demonstrate that response behavior of individual respondents varies considerably during a survey. Thus, we use case- and page-wise procedures to capture speeding behavior that taps different, although related, phenomena. Moreover, page-specific speeding measures capture aspects of data quality that traditional quality measures do not cover. Employing both page-specific and case-wise speeding measures, we examine whether removing speeders makes a difference in substantive findings. The evidence indicates that removing “too fast” responses does not alter marginal distributions, irrespective of which speeder-correction technique is employed. Moreover, explanatory models yield, by and large, negligible coefficient differences (on average about one standard error). Only in exceptional cases differences exceed two standard errors. Our findings suggest that speeding primarily adds some random noise to the data and attenuate correlations, if it makes a difference at all. The paper concludes by discussing implications and limitations.
Egyptian Moslem Mothers and their Leisure Patterns

Abstract This article focuses on the relationship between Egyptian Moslem mothers' perceived social position (gender, religion and social class) and their leisure activities. It discusses these women's experiences of leisure constraints and their negotiation strategies to overcome these obstacles. The study is based on semi-structured qualitative interviews with 20 Moslem mothers who were stratified into upper, middle and lower social classes. It will be argued that (a) mothers' social class determines their access to leisure resources and their ability to negotiate some constraints (b) gender position influences their perception of constraints and negotiation strategy (c) religious position shapes the way they spend their leisure time and negotiate gender-related constraints. It also became apparent that the mothers' social, gender and religious position were highly dynamic and interdependent.
A Unified Framework for Consistent 2-D/3-D Foreground Object Detection

This paper addresses 2-D and 3-D active entity detection in video scenes. Active entities are the foreground parts in a stationary background scene and they typically correspond to the regions of interest in many applications such as video surveillance, object and person tracking, and suspicious object detection, among others. We present a novel framework that permits obtaining 2-D and 3-D active entities as an inter-dependent probabilistic procedure. In the process of creating this framework, a study has been conducted to explore ways to generalize existing activity detection techniques to a Bayesian form. A new Bayesian 3-D activity detection technique has been developed. The Bayesian framework gives a unified manner to interact between the planar and the volumetric detection tasks and helps to prevent the propagation of noisy pixel observations to the 3-D space. However, when large systematic errors occur in the 2-D detection level, a different approach has to be taken to correct them. We use a new 3-D foreground detection scheme that is able to correct errors in 2-D planar detections by checking the consistency between 3-D foreground detections and the set of corresponding 2-D foreground regions.
Caveolin-1 Can Regulate Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Fate by Switching Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Signaling From a Proliferative to an Apoptotic Pathway

Background—Caveolin-1 is a regulator of signaling events originating from plasma membrane microdomains termed caveolae. This study was performed to determine the regulatory role of caveolin-1 on the proliferative events induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Methods and Results—Treatment of VSMCs with PDGF for 24 hours resulted in a loss of caveolin-1 protein expression and plasma membrane–associated caveolae, despite a 3-fold increase in caveolin-1 mRNA. Pretreatment of VSMCs with chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal function, inhibited the PDGF-induced loss of caveolin-1. These studies demonstrated that caveolin-1 was a target of PDGF signaling events. Adenoviral overexpression of caveolin-1 was associated with a switch in PDGF-induced signaling events from a proliferative response to an apoptotic response. This overexpression inhibited PDGF-induced expression of cyclin D1 in the presence of unaffected mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Conclusions—Taken together, these studies suggest that caveolin-1 is an inhibitor of PDGF proliferative responses and might be capable of transforming PDGF-induced proliferative signals into death signals.
Power of Revisit Monitoring Designs to Detect Forestwide Declines in Trout Populations

Abstract Managers are often required to monitor networks of sites to make inferences about trends in fish populations over large geographic areas. We evaluated the statistical power of four revisit monitoring designs (always revisit design; two types of augmented serially alternating design; and serially alternating design) to detect declines in trout population biomass over a 30-year time horizon. The Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming, was used as a case study, and the designs were based on sampling 20 or 30 sites every other year but varied in the total number of sites (20–40 or 30–60) and the timing and frequency with which sites were monitored. The always revisit design, in which the same 20 or 30 sites were sampled during every monitoring period, often had slightly higher power than the other designs. However, any differences in power quickly diminished due to the rapid increase in power over time for all four designs. The similar levels of statistical power to detect population declines among th.
Applying Learner-Centered Principles to Middle School Education

This article draws on a goal perspective of motivation to examine the use of the Learned-Centered Psychological Principles (LCPs) for improving the academic engagement and learning of middle school students. Using survey data from 2,200 middle school students from diverse communities across the United States, the findings indicate many important motivational benefits of learner-centered practices for young adolescents. Specifically, students reported more positive forms of motivation and greater academic engagement when they perceived their teachers were using learner-centered practices that involve caring, establishing higher order thinking, honoring student voices, and adapting instruction to individual needs. Suggestions for creating a learner-centered middle school classroom are highlighted.
Primitive erythropoiesis in infantile haemangioma

Background Infantile haemangioma (IH) is a tumour of the microvasculature composed predominantly of proliferating endothelial cells. It expresses markers associated with endothelial, haematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages. We have previously shown that the cells forming the capillary endothelium of proliferating IH express cell surface markers and transcriptions factors consistent with it being a haemogenic endothelium.