Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parental Choice and Schooling: some factors influencing Muslim mothers’ decisions about the education of their daughters

Abstract In recent years parental choice in education has become an important focus of political debate. Muslim demands for the state funding of Islamic schools have attracted a significant amount of media attention, with opposition sometimes coming from those who argue that such schools are likely to offer limited opportunities to pupils, particularly girls. This article reports on a small‐scale research project which examined the attitudes and values of Muslim women in the UK to their daughters’ education, particularly the basis on which they had selected either a private Islamic school or state primary school. It considers whether the concept of parental choice is a valid one for these women
Evaluation of safety and efficacy of a Polyherbal formulation Liv.52 DS in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): An open clinical study

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a clinicopathological entity characterized by histological features resembling alcoholic liver disease that occurs in persons who consume little or no alcohol. NASH is a part of the spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is defined by of the presence of ballooning (zone 3) hepatocellular injury and inflammation in addition to steatosis. NASH is typically associated with obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidaemia and the metabolic syndrome. Fifty eligible patients of with NASH were included in the present clinical study. All the subjects were instructed regarding the study procedure and the monthly follow up visits and information regarding the contact person during emergency. All the patients were explained regarding the investigations that will be carried out during the period of the study. The subjects who have qualified the screening and willing to participate in the study were called for the study. They were instructed to take Liv.52 DS tablets 2 tablets twice daily for a period of 3 months. The predefined primary endpoints were improvement in steatohepatitis after the administration of Liv.52 DS Tablets. The efficacy parameters were improvements in clinical as well as liver function tests, ultrasonographic examination and a non-invasive NAFLD score which evaluates the severity of fatty liver fibrosis. The predefined secondary endpoints were incidences of adverse events and overall compliance to the drug therapy. There were no clinically significant adverse reactions; either reported or observed during the entire study period. The overall compliance to the treatment was good and no treatment discontinuations were reported.The results of the studies showed that Liv.52 DS is effective and safe in management of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.
Immunohistochemical detection of intermediate filament nestin.

Using Rat-401 monoclonal antibody and peroxidase immunohistochemistry we have detected IF nestin in developing and adult rat tissues. Although epitope recognized by Rat-401 antibody is relatively resistant to aldehyde fixation and paraffin embedding, the embedding of tissue samples into polyester wax and microwave antigen retrieval of histological sections enabled us to enhance sensitivity of immunohistochemical detection and to identify cells expressing low levels of nestin. Our findings confirm that nestin is predominantly distributed in developing neural, myogenic and mesenchymal cells, i.e. cell types that have been previously described to express this intermediate filament. Furthermore, we made original findings on identification of nestin expression in additional cell types, e.g. newly formed endothelial cells of extra- and intraembryonic blood vessels, epithelial cells of the developing lens, and cells apposed to to hair follicles.
Influenza Virus Infection Induces the Nuclear Relocalization of the Hsp90 Co-Chaperone p23 and Inhibits the Glucocorticoid Receptor Response

The genomic RNAs of influenza A viruses are associated with the viral polymerase subunits (PB1, PB2, PA) and nucleoprotein (NP), forming ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). Transcription/replication of the viral genome occurs in the nucleus of infected cells. A role for Hsp90 in nuclear import and assembly of newly synthetized RNA-polymerase subunits has been proposed. Here we report that the p23 cochaperone of Hsp90, which plays a major role in glucocorticoid receptor folding and function, associates with influenza virus polymerase. We show that p23 is not essential for viral multiplication in cultured cells but relocalizes to the nucleus in influenza virus-infected cells, which may alter some functions of p23 and Hsp90. Moreover, we show that influenza virus infection inhibits glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transactivation, and that this negative effect can occur through a p23-independent pathway. Viral-induced inhibition of the glucocorticoid receptor response might be of significant importance regarding the physiopathology of influenza infections in vivo.
Utility of global positioning system to measure active transport in urban areas.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability of global positioning system (GPS) units for measuring distance traveled when walking and cycling (AT), and to determine whether GPS unit placement influences accuracy. METHODS Participants (N = 19) completed two walking and cycling trials at self-selected speeds on a measured 1489-m course wearing two Garmin GPS units, worn in lanyard and waistband placements. GPS estimates of travel distance were compared with actual distance, and test-retest reliability was examined. Data-cleaning protocols were developed to remove signal noise. Results are presented for both raw and cleaned data. RESULTS For both raw and cleaned data, no significant differences were observed between trials (trial 1 vs trial 2), unit placement (lanyard vs waistband), or AT mode (walk vs cycle) (P >or= 0.05). Both lanyard and waistband units significantly overestimated distance traveled during walking trials (P <or= 0.05), but not cycling trials (P >or= 0.05). The relative technical error of measurement (TEM) of the raw data ranged from 3.74 to 15.51%, and average absolute errors ranged from 5.03 to 8.53% for all trials. A significant position by AT mode interaction was observed for clean data (P < 0.05). Relative TEM for the clean data ranged from 1.42 to 1.98%, and average absolute errors ranged from 0.32 to 1.97%. Intraclass correlations (ICC) were poor to fair for all trials using raw and cleaned data. CONCLUSION Signal noise during unit initialization may adversely affect unit performance; however, application of data-cleaning procedures to remove data associated with signal noise improves unit ability to measure distance. Results suggest that the lanyard position is the optimal placement for units during data collection.
Local Delocalization across Borders: The Case of the Garment Quasi-Cluster in the Balkans

This paper analyzes local delocalization of Greek manufacturing firms, which have created a garment quasi-cluster, participating in Global Production Networks (GPNs) since the 1960s. The process of delocalization has led the shift of the cluster from Northern Greece to the north, since the mid-1990s, crossing the borders of the countries to currently include Southern Bulgaria, and parts of Southern Albania and Southern FYROM as well. This spatial transformation could be partially attributed to the pressures for more “competitive” prices for Greek firms to continue to be part of the GPNs. Thus, they were led to accept a reduction in their profit margin as well as to reduce their costs, which was mainly achieved through second- and third- tier subcontracting, first within the cities, second in rural areas, and third on the other side of the borders. Evidence from fieldwork conducted in the region produced interesting insights regarding the spatial form of delocalization these tiers have followed, while it highlights the role of “intra-firm” relations and “non-firm actors” of the GPN (e.g. the state) from the suppliers' point of view.
Individual variation and longitudinal pattern of genome-wide DNA methylation from birth to the first two years of life

Prenatal development and early childhood are critical periods for establishing the tissue-specific epigenome, and may have a profound impact on health and disease in later life. However, epigenomic profiles at birth and in early childhood remain largely unexplored. The focus of this report is to examine the individual variation and longitudinal pattern of genome-wide DNA methylation levels from birth through the first two years of life in 105 Black children (59 males and 46 females) enrolled at the Boston Medical Center. We performed epigenomic mapping of cord blood at birth and venous blood samples from the same set of children within the first two years of life using Illumina Infinium Humanmethylation27 BeadChip. We observed a wide range of inter-individual variations in genome-wide methylation at each time point including lower levels at CpG islands, TSS200, 5′UTR and 1st Exon locations, but significantly higher levels in CpG shores, shelves, TSS1500, gene body and 3′UTR. We identified CpG sites with significant intra-individual longitudinal changes in the first two years of life throughout the genome. Specifically, we identified 159 CpG sites in males and 149 CpG sites in females with significant longitudinal changes defined by both statistical significance and magnitude of changes. These significant CpG sites appeared to be located within genes with important biological functions including immunity and inflammation. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings, including analysis by specific cell types, and link those individual variations and longitudinal changes with specific health outcomes in early childhood and later life.
WELFARE REFORM AND THE LONG-TERM CARE WORKFORCE

The research reported in this paper examined the role of welfare reform in increasing the availability of entry-level workers to meet the rising demand for long-term care employees. Findings from national and statewide evaluations of welfare programs show mixed results in the extent to which beneficiaries could be shifted from welfare caseloads to the ranks of the paraprofessional labor force. Analysis of a welfare-to-work program in Rhode Island demonstrates the potential for recruiting welfare recipients to long-term care employment. It also shows the need for resources, supportive services, case management, and enhanced training to counteract the “work-first” philosophy of welfare reform.
Attachment Style, Marital Satisfaction, Commitment, and Communal Strength Effects on Relational Repair Message Interpretation among Remarrieds

This article examines the influence of attachment style and several relational variables on the interpretation of relational repair messages. Participants were 191 remarried individuals who completed questionnaires that measured marital satisfaction, attachment style, commitment, communal strength, and interpretations of hypothetical repair messages from their spouses with varying levels of equivocation. Interpretations were measured along the dimensions of honesty, competence, and politeness using Likert-type scales developed and successfully employed in previous research. Results of regression and MANOVA analyses found that, as predicted, each of the relational variables positively influenced repair message interpretation, and that attachment styles also influenced these interpretations. Results are discussed in terms of the need for relational repair research that makes use of broader predictive models and deals with both production and interpretation of repair messages.
Chapter V: Motivation in Human Learning

The term motivation has no uniform meaning. English and English (1958) provided three basic definitions of the word but then proceeded to list 34 other words which designated various aspects or classes of motivation. The term learning is only in somewhat better position with respect to the problem of definition. In this case, English and English listed two major definitions of learning. The study of the research literature, however, reveals that there are at least four easily differentiate ways in which learning is defined. These include memory, psychomotor tasks, problem solving, and achievement. The confusion which exists in the field of motivation and that which exists in the field of learning is compounded by some unknown but significant factor when attempts to study the role of motivation in learning are made. As a consequence of the existing state of affairs, a reviewer of the present topic is thrust back on the expediency of utilizing a fairly simplistic and theoretically inadequate approach in presenting materials relevant to the topic. This approach, which consists in searching the rather voluminous amount of material relevant to the topic and then making arbitrary decisions with respect to what the major categories of research have been within the assigned period, tends to perpetuate an already unsatisfactory situation. The studies that can be reviewed in the space available represent only a fraction of those which have been done, and it is necessary to leave out not only those studies which are inadequate from the point of view of design and execution, but also a number of studies which are perfectly respectable from all points of view. The research reviewed in this chapter is divided into two main categories. The first includes motivational factors which are ordinarily assumed to be personal or intrinsic to the individual, and the second category includes those motivational factors which are usually assumed to be determined by the situational context in which learning takes place. Research in motivation as it relates to learning appears to be approximately equally divided between these two broad areas.
Pharmakokinetik und relative Bioverfügbarkeit von Opipramol aus einem INSIDON®-Dragée

Zusammenfassung: In einer Cross-over-Studie an 12 gesunden Freiwilligen wurden unter Berücksichtigung einer Applikationspause von zumindest einer Woche In einem Versuch ein INStOOW-Dragee und im anderen Versuch eine wäßrige lösung ijeweils 50 mg Oplpramol-Dlhydrochlorid als Wirkstoff) eingesetzt. Blutabnahmen erfolgten vor Applikation und bis 48 Stunden danach. Die Bestimmung der Plasmakonzentrationen von Opipramol und seines inaktiven Deshydroxyethylmetaboliten erfolgten via HPlC-Methode.
Marketing blackness

Marketing blackness, or black cultural identity, involves promotional strategies reliant on persons and other symbolic and material representations socially and historically constructed as black (e.g. speech and phonetic conventions, folklore, style, fashion, music, usage of the body, and the black physical form). This research presents a framework that assesses the strategic role blackness representations play in US advertising. The framework addresses the fundamental question of how advertisers use blackness representations to deliver promises about their products' benefits, a necessary first step in ultimately understanding their effectiveness and their impact on blackness itself. The framework orders blackness representations along two dimensions of meaning based on the central claims made in advertisements: (1) claims about the product/brand as a cultural resource, and (2) claims about the viewer that emphasize themes of similarity or difference. The framework also specifies a range of advertising strategies reliant on blackness representations located along the two dimensions. I suggest that the time has come to change the focus of research on blackness representations from numeric representation and role status to understanding their role in promotional strategy more broadly, particularly in branding.
Maintaining Hedonic Balance: Reply to Commentaries

The many commentaries on my target articles were thoughtful, constructive, and helpful in drawing out and broadening the meaning of several challenging topics and themes in this new area affect regulation. I am impressed with the degree of convergence on some issues (e.g., the nature of hedonism) as well as the unique extensions of many ideas that were implicit in the target articles (e.g., affect as infornation, the nature and regulation of positive affect). I thank my colleagues for their stimulating comments and the effort they put into crafting their reactions into engaging analyses of the target articles. In my reply to the commentaries, I discuss several of the major themes raised by my colleagues. The reply fornat allows me to clear up misperceptions of my model by expanding on certain themes that were only implicit in my target article. In addition, in my reply I also amplify novel ideas that arose in the commentaries. I'll begin by clarifying one important misperception.
Validation of SMOS Brightness Temperatures During the HOBE Airborne Campaign, Western Denmark

The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission delivers global surface soil moisture fields at high temporal resolution which is of major relevance for water management and climate predictions. Between April 26 and May 9, 2010, an airborne campaign with the L-band radiometer EMIRAD-2 was carried out within one SMOS pixel (44 × 44 km) in the Skjern River Catchment, Denmark. Concurrently, ground sampling was conducted within three 2 × 2 km patches (EMIRAD footprint size) of differing land cover. By means of this data set, the objective of this study is to present the validation of SMOS L1C brightness temperatures TB of the selected node. Data is stepwise compared from point via EMIRAD to SMOS scale. From ground soil moisture samples, TB's are pointwise estimated through the L-band microwave emission of the biosphere model using land cover specific model settings. These TB's are patchwise averaged and compared with EMIRAD TB's. A simple uncertainty assessment by means of a set of model runs with the most influencing parameters varied within a most likely interval results in a considerable spread of TB's (5-20 K). However, for each land cover class, a combination of parameters could be selected to bring modeled and EMIRAD data in good agreement. Thereby, replacing the Dobson dielectric mixing model with the Mironov model decreases the overall RMSE from 11.5 K to 3.8 K. Similarly, EMIRAD data averaged at SMOS scale and corresponding SMOS TB 's show good accordance on the single day where comparison is not prevented by strong radio-frequency interference (RFI) (May 2, avg. RMSE = 9.7 K). While the advantages of solid data sets of high spatial coverage and density throughout spatial scales for SMOS validation could be clearly demonstrated, small temporal variability in soil moisture conditions and RFI contamination throughout the campaign limited the extent of the validation work. Further attempts over longer time frames are planned by means of soil moisture network data as well as studies on the impacts of organic layers under natural vegetation and higher open water fractions at surrounding grid nodes.
Cholera Toxin Induces a Shift from Inactive to Active Cyclooxygenase 2 in Alveolar Macrophages Activated by Mycobacterium bovis BCG

ABSTRACT Intranasal vaccination stimulates formation of cyclooxygenases (COX) and release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by lung cells, including alveolar macrophages. PGE2 plays complex pro- or anti-inflammatory roles in facilitating mucosal immune responses, but the relative contributions of COX-1 and COX-2 remain unclear. Previously, we found that Mycobacterium bovis BCG, a human tuberculosis vaccine, stimulated increased release of PGE2 by macrophages activated in vitro; in contrast, intranasal BCG activated no PGE2 release in the lungs, because COX-1 and COX-2 in alveolar macrophages were subcellularly dissociated from the nuclear envelope (NE) and catalytically inactive. This study tested the hypothesis that intranasal administration of BCG with cholera toxin (CT), a mucosal vaccine component, would shift the inactive, NE-dissociated COX-1/COX-2 to active, NE-associated forms. The results showed increased PGE2 release in the lungs and NE-associated COX-2 in the majority of COX-2+ macrophages. These COX-2+ macrophages were the primary source of PGE2 release in the lungs, since there was only slight enhancement of NE-associated COX-1 and there was no change in COX-1/COX-2 levels in alveolar epithelial cells following treatment with CT and/or BCG. To further understand the effect of CT, we investigated the timing of BCG versus CT administration for in vivo and in vitro macrophage activations. When CT followed BCG treatment, macrophages in vitro had elevated COX-2-mediated PGE2 release, but macrophages in vivo exhibited less activation of NE-associated COX-2. Our results indicate that inclusion of CT in the intranasal BCG vaccination enhances COX-2-mediated PGE2 release by alveolar macrophages and further suggest that the effect of CT in vivo is mediated by other lung cells.
The Disciplinary Role of Earnings Information *

Managers have incentives to voluntarily disclose good news early and delay bad news disclosure, and we propose that earnings announcements offset these asymmetric incentives by assuming a proportionately greater role in the disclosure of bad news relative to good news. We find that when news measured by quarterly market-adjusted returns is negative, the proportion of news variation concentrated around quarterly earnings announcements is significantly greater than the corresponding proportion when the news is positive. In our cross-sectional tests we find that, consistent with our prediction, earnings’ differential role in disclosing bad news relative to good news is more pronounced among firms that suffer from greater information asymmetry between managers and external stakeholders. Finally, we document that there is a significant increase in earnings’ differential role in disclosing bad news after the passage of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. * The paper has benefited greatly from comments given by Derek Johnson, Mozaffar Khan, S.P. Kothari, Konstantin Rozanov, Rodrigo Verdi, Ross Watts, Joe Weber, workshop participants at the University of Minnesota, and the participants at the HBS-MIT and the University of Toronto Conferences. a E52-343B, sugatarc@mit.edu b E52-325C, esletten@mit.edu
Transfer Sparse Coding for Robust Image Representation

Sparse coding learns a set of basis functions such that each input signal can be well approximated by a linear combination of just a few of the bases. It has attracted increasing interest due to its state-of-the-art performance in BoW based image representation. However, when labeled and unlabeled images are sampled from different distributions, they may be quantized into different visual words of the codebook and encoded with different representations, which may severely degrade classification performance. In this paper, we propose a Transfer Sparse Coding (TSC) approach to construct robust sparse representations for classifying cross-distribution images accurately. Specifically, we aim to minimize the distribution divergence between the labeled and unlabeled images, and incorporate this criterion into the objective function of sparse coding to make the new representations robust to the distribution difference. Experiments show that TSC can significantly outperform state-of-the-art methods on three types of computer vision datasets.