Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Timing in chemical reaction networks

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) formally model chemistry in a well-mixed solution. CRNs are widely used to describe information processing occurring in natural cellular regulatory networks, and with upcoming advances in synthetic biology, CRNs are a promising programming language for the design of artificial molecular control circuitry. Due to a formal equivalence between CRNs and a model of distributed computing known as population protocols, results transfer readily between the two models. We show that if a CRN respects finite density (at most O(n) additional molecules can be produced from n initial molecules), then starting from any dense initial configuration (all molecular species initially present have initial count Omega(n), where n is the initial molecular count and volume), then every producible species is produced in constant time with high probability. This implies that no CRN obeying the stated constraints can function as a timer, able to produce a molecule, but doing so only after a time that is an unbounded function of the input size. This has consequences regarding an open question of Angluin, Aspnes, and Eisenstat concerning the ability of population protocols to perform fast, reliable leader election and to simulate arbitrary algorithms from a uniform initial state.
The Relationship between Temperament and Anxiety

This study of 509 (340 female) undergraduate university students in southern Appalachia who completed the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), is the first phase in the development of a model to predict risk for stress-related health problems. Results indicate that high negative affect strongly predicted individuals with above average anxiety (OR = 3.7, 95% CI 2.43, 5.64), while high positive affect, effortful control, and sociability predicted that individuals would be low in reported anxiety (OR = .33 [95% CI .25, .44], .29 [95% CI .19, .45], and .69 [95% CI .56, .86], respectively).
Ju l 2 00 3 Functorial quantization and the Guillemin – Sternberg conjecture

We propose that geometric quantization of symplectic manifolds is the arrow part of a functor, whose object part is deformation quantization of Poisson manifolds. The 'quantiza-tion commutes with reduction' conjecture of Guillemin and Sternberg then becomes a special case of the functoriality of quantization. In fact, our formulation yields almost unlimited generalizations of the Guillemin–Sternberg conjecture, extending it, for example, to arbitrary Lie groups or even Lie groupoids. Technically, this involves symplectic reduction and Wein-stein's dual pairs on the classical side, and Kasparov's bivariant K-theory for C *-algebras (KK-theory) on the quantum side.
Increased glycolytic metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy and congestive failure.

BISHOP, SANFORD P., AND RUTH A. ,~LTSCHULD. hcreased gi’ycdytic metubolism in cardiac hypertrophy and congestive fniluw. Am. J. Physiol. 218(I): 153-159. 1970. -Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes and potential for glycolytic metabolism in vitro were studied in right and left ventricles of 11 dogs with experimental right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and congestive heart failure (CHF), 8 dogs with acquired RVH and CHF due to DiroJilaria immitis, and 13 controls, Disc gel electrophoresis revealed that muscle-type (anaerobic) lactate dehydrogenase (M-LDH) was significantly increased in the hypertrophied right ventricles, and there was a lesser, but significant, increase of M-LDH in the left ventricle. Lactate production was significantly increased after Wmin anaerobic incubation of hypertrophied right ventricular homogenates compared to control right ventricular homogenates. Left ventricular homogenates from the D. z’mmitG group produced more lactate than control group left ventricles, Lactate production by left ventricles from dogs with experimentally produced RVH and CHF was not significantly different from control values. Glucose utilization by anaerobic homogenates was increased for both ventricles in the D. immitis group. These findings are interpreted as evidence for increased potential of the glycolytic pathways for energy production in the hypertrophied failing myocardium.
Early Life Trauma and Attachment: Immediate and Enduring Effects on Neurobehavioral and Stress Axis Development

Over half a century of converging clinical and animal research indicates that early life experiences induce enduring neuroplasticity of the HPA-axis and the developing brain. This experience-induced neuroplasticity is due to alterations in the frequency and intensity of stimulation of pups’ sensory systems (i.e., olfactory, somatosensory, gustatory) embedded in mother–infant interactions. This stimulation provides “hidden regulators” of pups’ behavioral, physiological, and neural responses that have both immediate and enduring consequences, including those involving the stress response. While variation in stimulation can produce individual differences and adaptive behaviors, pathological early life experiences can induce maladaptive behaviors, initiate a pathway to pathology, and increase risk for later-life psychopathologies, such as mood and affective disorders, suggesting that infant-attachment relationships program later-life neurobehavioral function. Recent evidence suggests that the effects of maternal presence or absence during this sensory stimulation provide a major modulatory role in neural and endocrine system responses, which have minimal impact on pups’ immediate neurobehavior but a robust impact on neurobehavioral development. This concept is reviewed here using two complementary rodent models of infant trauma within attachment: infant paired-odor-shock conditioning (mimicking maternal odor attachment learning) and rearing with an abusive mother that converge in producing a similar behavioral phenotype in later-life including depressive-like behavior as well as disrupted HPA-axis and amygdala function. The importance of maternal social presence on pups’ immediate and enduring brain and behavior suggests unique processing of sensory stimuli in early life that could provide insight into the development of novel strategies for prevention and therapeutic interventions for trauma experienced with the abusive caregiver.
The Effect of an Interactive Tutorial on the Prescribing Performance of Senior Medical Students

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of small group tutorials in teaching senior medical students the requirements of prescription writing. Design: Random allocation to interactive tutorial or didactic lecture with blinded evaluation. Subjects: All 1999 6th year medical students, the University of Adelaide. Results: The Tutorial Attenders (mean 13.3, SD 2.6) performed significantly better than the Lecture Group (mean12.2, SD 3.0) p=0.041 and the Non-attenders (mean10.7, SD 3.1) p=0.041 and the Non-attenders (mean10.7, SD 3.1) p= 0.001. The 13 individual OSCE items formed four logical subgroups, and the Tutorial Attenders performed significantly better in Prescription Writing in all comparisons. Conclusion: A single, one-hour interactive tutorial is likely to be the minimum amount of intervention that will be effective in improving prescribing skills.
Rough Sets, Coverings and Incomplete Information

Rough sets are often induced by descriptions of objects based on the precise observations of an insufficient number of attributes. In this paper, we study generalizations of rough sets to incomplete information systems, involving imprecise observations of attributes. The precise role of covering-based approximations of sets that extend the standard rough sets in the presence of incomplete information about attribute values is described. In this setting, a covering encodes a set of possible partitions of the set of objects. A natural semantics of two possible generalisations of rough sets to the case of a covering (or a non transitive tolerance relation) is laid bare. It is shown that uncertainty due to granularity of the description of sets by attributes and uncertainty due to incomplete information are superposed, whereby upper and lower approximations themselves (in Pawlak's sense) become ill-known, each being bracketed by two nested sets. The notion of measure of accuracy is extended to the incomplete information setting, and the generalization of this construct to fuzzy attribute mappings is outlined.
A canonical process for estimation of convex functions: the "invelope" of integrated Brownian motion + t4.

A process associated with integrated Brownian motion is introduced that characterizes the limit behavior of nonparametric least squares and maximum likelihood estimators of convex functions and convex densities, respectively. We call this process “the invelope” and show that it is an almost surely uniquely defined function of integrated Brownian motion. Its role is comparable to the role of the greatest convex minorant of Brownian motion plus a parabolic drift in the problem of estimating monotone functions. An iterative cubic spline algorithm is introduced that solves the constrained least squares problem in the limit situation and some results, obtained by applying this algorithm, are shown to illustrate the theory.
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 1013 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.
ISOS: Space Overlapping Based on Iteration Access Patterns for Dynamic Scratch-pad Memory Management in Embedded Systems

Scratch-pad memory (SPM), a small fast software-managed on-chip SRAM (static random access memory), is widely used in embedded systems. With the ever-widening performance gap between processors and main memory, it is very important to reduce the serious off-chip memory access overheads caused by transferring data between SPM and off-chip memory. In this paper, we propose a novel compiler-assisted iteration-access-pattern-based space overlapping technique for dynamic SPM management (ISOS) with DMA (direct memory access). In ISOS, we combine both SPM and DMA for performance optimization by exploiting the chance to overlap SPM space so as to further utilize the limited SPM space and reduce the number of DMA operations. We implement our technique based on IMPACT and conduct experiments using a set of benchmarks form DSPstone and Mediabench on the cycle-accurate VLIW simulator of Trimaran. The experimental results show that our technique achieves significant run-time performance improvement compared with the previous work.
Microsatellite DNA as shared genetic markers among conifer species

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs for 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in Pinus strobus L, and 6 in Pinus radiata D. Don were evaluated to determine whether SSR marker amplification could be achieved in 1O other conifer species. Eighty percent of SSR primer pairs for (AC) loci that were polymorphic in P. strobus also amplified SSR loci in two other soft pines of the subgenus Strobus but not in seven hard pines of the subgenus Pinus nor in Picea glauca (Moencb) Voss or Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. The six P. strobus SSR primer pairs that did amplify loci from conifers other than soft pines were those that were specific to loci monomorphic within P. strobus. These six loci were also monomorphic within seven other species tested, but four of the loci were polymorphic among species. A comparison of allelic variation among the three soft pine species found only 25 shared alleles among a total of 122 alleles at eight loci. Primer pairs tbr dinucleotide SSR loci that were polymorphic in Pinus radiata also specifically amplified loci from various other hard pines but not from the soft pines or from the other conifers tested.
Using long fragments to reconstruct RNA backbones

This study addresses to what extent RNA backbones consist of long, recurring fragments. A dynamic programming algorithm is presented that finds the smallest set of fragments that are required to reconstruct the backbone of a known macromolecule within a given root mean square bound. This algorithm is guaranteed to find a global minimum. The program has been used for reconstructing the backbones of several known RNA structures, using fragments taken from ribosomal RNA. Each of these target structures could be approximated within a root mean square deviation of 1.0 Aring using fragments with an average length of more than eight nucleotides.
Multinerves and helly numbers of acyclic families

The nerve of a family of sets is a simplicial complex that records the intersection pattern of its subfamilies. Nerves are widely used in computational geometry and topology, because the nerve theorem guarantees that the nerve of a family of geometric objects has the same topology as the union of the objects, if they form a good cover. In this paper, we relax the good cover assumption to the case where each subfamily intersects in a disjoint union of possibly several homology cells, and we prove a generalization of the nerve theorem in this framework, using spectral sequences from algebraic topology. We then deduce a new topological Helly-type theorem that unifies previous results of Amenta, Kalai and Meshulam, and Matousek. This Helly-type theorem is used to (re)prove, in a unified way, bounds on transversal Helly numbers in geometric transversal theory.
Multicast Security (MSEC) Group Key Management Architecture

This document defines the common architecture for Multicast Security (MSEC) key management protocols to support a variety of application, transport, and network layer security protocols. It also defines the group security association (GSA), and describes the key management protocols that help establish a GSA. The framework and guidelines described in this document permit a modular and flexible design of group key management protocols for a variety of different settings that are specialized to applications needs. MSEC key management protocols may be used to facilitate secure one-to-many, many-to-many, or one-to-one communication. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
Human Interindividual Variability in Susceptibility to Airborne Particles

Part of the explanation for the persistent epidemiological findings of associations between mortality and morbidity with relatively modest ambient exposures to airborne particles may be that some people are much more susceptible to particle‐induced responses than others. This study assembled a database of quantitative observations of interindividual variability in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters likely to affect particle response. The pharmacodynamic responses studied included data drawn from epidemiologic studies of doses of methacholine, flour dust, and other agents that induce acute changes in lung function. In general, the amount of interindividual variability in several of these pharmacodynamic response parameters was greater than the variability in pharmacokinetic (breathing rate, deposition, and clearance) parameters. Quantitatively the results indicated that human interindividual variability of breathing rates and major pharmacokinetic parameters—total deposition and tracheobronchial clearance—were in the region of Log(GSD) = 0.1 to 0.2 (corresponding to geometric standard deviations of 10.1 – 10.2 or 1.26 – 1.58). Deposition to the deep lung (alveolar region) appeared to be somewhat more variable: Log(GSD) of about 0.3 (GSD of about 2). Among pharmacodynamic parameters, changes in FEV1 in response to ozone and metabisulfite (an agent that is said to act primarily on neural receptors in the lung) were in the region of Log(GSD) of 0.2 to 0.4. However, similar responses to methacholine, an agent that acts on smooth muscle, seemed to have still more variability (0.4 to somewhat over 1.0, depending on the type of population studied). Similarly high values were suggested for particulate allergens. Central estimates of this kind of variability, and the close correspondence of the data to lognormal distributions, indicate that 99.9th percentile individuals are likely to respond at doses that are 150 to 450‐fold less than would be needed in median individuals. It seems plausible that acute responses with this amount of variability could form part of the mechanistic basis for epidemiological observations of enhanced mortality in relation to ambient exposures to fine particles.
Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Study 1,2

Background: Prospective data relating fruit and vegetable intake to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are sparse, particularly for women. Objective: In a large, prospective cohort of women, we examined the hypothesis that higher fruit and vegetable intake reduces CVD risk. Design: In 1993 we assessed fruit and vegetable intake among 39876 female health professionals with no previous history of CVD or cancer by use of a detailed food-frequency questionnaire. We subsequently followed these women for an average of 5 y for incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft, or death due to CVD. Results: During 195647 person-years of follow-up, we docu-mented 418 incident cases of CVD including 126 MIs. After adjustment for age, randomized treatment status, and smoking, we observed a significant inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and CVD risk. For increasing quintiles of total fruit and vegetable intake (median servings/d: 2.6, 4.1, 5.5, 7.1, and 10.2), the corresponding relative risks (RRs) were 1.0 (reference), 0.78, 0.72, 0.68, and 0.68 (95% CI comparing the 2 extreme quintiles: 0.51, 0.92; P for trend = 0.01). An inverse, though not statistically significant, trend remained after additional adjustment for other known CVD risk factors, with RRs of 1.0, 0.75, 0.83, 0.80, and 0.85 (95% CI for extreme quintiles: 0.61, 1.17). After excluding participants with a self-reported history of diabetes, hypertension, or high cholesterol at baseline, the multivariate-adjusted RR was 0.45 when extreme quintiles were compared (95% CI: 0.22, 0.91; P for trend = 0.09). Higher fruit and vegetable intake was also associated with a lower risk of MI, with an adjusted RR of 0.62 for extreme quintiles (95% CI: 0.37, 1.04; P for trend = 0.07). Conclusion: These data suggest that higher intake of fruit and vegetables may be protective against CVD and support current dietary guidelines to increase fruit and vegetable intake.
Acceleration of vanishing point-based line sampling scheme for people localization and height estimation via 3D line sampling

With the popularity of vision-based camera surveillance, the research on people localization appeals to much attention. In this paper, we propose an efficient and effective system capable of locating a crowd of dense people in real time, using multiple cameras. For each camera view, sample lines, originated from a vanishing point, of foreground objects are projected on the ground plane. Ground regions containing a high density of projected lines are then used to find people locations. Enhanced from previous works, the people localization approach proposed in this paper needs not project all foreground pixels of all views to multiple reference planes or compute pairwise intersections of projected sample lines at different heights, resulting in significant improvement in computational efficiency. Furthermore, the people heights can also be estimated. Experimental results on real surveillance scenes show that comparable accuracy in people localization can be achieved with five times in computing speed compared with our previous approach.
The 2-center problem with obstacles

Given a set S of n points in the plane and a set O of pairwise disjoint simple polygons with a total of m edges, we wish to find two congruent disks of smallest radius whose union covers S and whose centers lie outside the polygons in O (referred to as locational constraints in facility location theory). We present an algorithm to solve this problem in randomized expected time O(m log2(mn)+mn log2n log(mn)). We also present an efficient approximation scheme that constructs, for a given ? 0, two disks as above of radius at most (1+? )r*, where r* is the optimal radius, in time O(1/? log(1/? )(m log2m+n log2n)) or in randomized expected time O(1/? log(1/? )((m+n log n) log(mn))).
A Critical Appraisal of the Performance, Reporting, and Interpretation of Studies Comparing Carotid Plaque Imaging With Histology

Background and Purpose— Carotid plaque instability is an important determinant of stroke risk. There are now a number of different imaging techniques that provide information on carotid plaque morphology. However, it is unclear how they compare with one another or whether they can reliably assess plaque instability. Studies comparing imaging with pathology have shown highly variable results, even for similar imaging techniques. This may be because of variable pathology techniques rather than differences in imaging. Methods— We performed a systematic review of studies that compared carotid imaging with histology of the excised plaque published between January 1995 and September 2004. We assessed the quality and comparability of these studies. In particular, we determined which histology methods were used and whether observer reproducibility of the histology assessment was reported. Results— Among 73 eligible studies, histological methods were poorly reported and highly variable; 23% reported reproducibility data for imaging and only 12% reported reproducibility data for histology. Of 29 studies that reported quantitative results of blinded comparisons, there were methodological deficiencies and the results were highly variable. No study considered the extent to which the lack of reproducibility influenced the imaging-pathological correlations reported. Conclusions— Pathological correlation in studies of carotid plaque imaging cannot be reliably interpreted or compared because of incomparable and poorly reported histology methods. We make recommendations for the performance, reporting, and interpretation of imaging–pathological correlation studies and highlight the need for consensus guidelines.
WiFiProfiler: cooperative diagnosis in wireless LANs

While 802.11-based wireless hotspots are proliferating, users often have little recourse when the network does not work or performs poorly for them. They are left trying to manually debug the problem, which can be a frustrating and disruptive process. The users' troubles are compounded by the absence of network administrators or an IT department to turn to in many 802.11 hotspot settings (e.g., cafes, airports, conferences). We present WiFiProfiler, a system in which wireless hosts cooperate to diagnose and possibly resolve network problems in an automated manner, without requiring any infrastructural support. The key observation is that even if a host's wireless link to an access point is not working, the host is often within the range of other wireless nodes and is in a position to communicate with them (a little) peer-to-peer. We leverage this ability to create a shared information plane, which enables wireless hosts to exchange a range of information about their network settings and the health of their network connectivity. By aggregating and correlating such information across multiple wireless hosts, we infer the likely cause of the problem. Our implementation on Windows XP shows that WiFiProfiler is effective in diagnosing a range of problems and imposes a low overhead on the participating hosts.