Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive success: instrumental justifications of normative systems of reasoning

In the first part of the paper (sec. 1–4), I argue that Elqayam and Evan's (2011) distinction between normative and instrumental conceptions of cognitive rationality corresponds to deontological vs. teleological accounts in meta-ethics. I suggest that Elqayam and Evans' distinction be replaced by the distinction between a-priori intuition-based vs. a-posteriori success-based accounts of cognitive rationality. The value of cognitive success lies in its instrumental rationality for almost-all practical purposes. In the second part (sec. 5–7), I point out that the Elqayam and Evans's distinction between normative and instrumental rationality is coupled with a second distinction: between logically general vs. locally adaptive accounts of rationality. I argue that these are two independent distinctions that should be treated as independent dimensions. I also demonstrate that logically general systems of reasoning can be instrumentally justified. However, such systems can only be cognitively successful if they are paired with successful inductive reasoning, which is the area where the program of adaptive (ecological) rationality emerged, because there are no generally optimal inductive reasoning methods. I argue that the practical necessity of reasoning under changing environments constitutes a dilemma for ecological rationality, which I attempt to solve within a dual account of rationality.
Higher Cord Blood Levels of Mannose-Binding Lectin-Associated Serine Protease-2 in Infants With Necrotising Enterocolitis

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants. The role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of NEC remains unclear. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) recognizes microorganisms and activates the complement system via MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2). The aim of this study was to investigate whether MBL and MASP-2 are associated with NEC. This observational case-control study included 32 infants with radiologically confirmed NEC and 64 controls. MBL and MASP-2 were measured in cord blood using ELISA. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. Of the 32 NEC cases (median gestational age, 30.5 wk), 13 (41%) were operated and 5 (16%) died. MASP-2 cord blood concentration ranged from undetectable (<10 ng/mL) to 277 ng/mL. Eighteen of 32 (56%) NEC cases had higher MASP-2 levels (≥30 ng/mL) compared with 22 of 64 (34%) controls (univariate OR 2.46; 95% CI 1.03–5.85; p = 0.043). Higher cord blood MASP-2 levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of NEC in multivariate analysis (OR 3.00; 95% CI 1.17–7.93; p = 0.027). MBL levels were not associated with NEC (p = 0.64). In conclusion, infants later developing NEC had significantly higher MASP-2 cord blood levels compared with controls. Higher MASP-2 may favor complement-mediated inflammation and could thereby predispose to NEC.
Primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with falls and significant fall related injury.

BACKGROUND Osteoporosis and autonomic dysfunction are prevalent in the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Postural hypotension is one consequence of autonomic dysfunction and is a recognized risk factor for falls, which, alongside osteoporosis could lead to significant injury and fractures. AIM To determine the prevalence and sequelae of falls in PBC and to identify modifiable risk factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional, geographical, population census of PBC and two control groups: primary sclerosing cholangitis and a community dwelling population. Multidisciplinary falls assessment of a representative group of PBC. METHODS Symptom assessment tools, completed by the three cohorts, determined the prevalence of falls, injuries and associated symptoms. Multidisciplinary assessments, adhering to NICE guidelines, identified modifiable fall associations. RESULTS Significantly more of the PBC population had fallen (72% P < 0.001) than both control groups. Fifty-five percent had fallen in the last year (P < 0.001), and 22% more than once in the last year (P < 0.01). Seventy percent of PBC fallers were injured, 27% fractured a bone and 19% were admitted to hospital, all significantly more common than controls. Postural dizziness was significantly worse in fallers (P < 0.001), as were balance (P < 0.001) and lower limb strength (P = 0.002). Lower limb strength was independently associated with number of falls in previous year (beta = 0.184, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Falls and resultant injury are prevalent in PBC and more common than previously recognized. Addressing postural dizziness, poor balance and lower limb weakness using a multidisciplinary approach has the potential to reduce falls, morbidity and mortality and as a result improve quality of life.
Capillary Supply During Development of Individual Regenerating Muscle Fibers

This study describes the capillary supply of individual regenerating muscle fiber during three stages of its development. Regeneration was induced by the injection of mepivacaine in the anterior tibial muscle of rats. Muscle fiber capillarization during regeneration was analysed in semithin sections, employing the following parameters: the number of capillaries around a fiber and the number of capillaries per fiber cross‐sectional area. The results revealed that during development of regenerating fibers, the fiber cross‐sectional area increased, the number of capillaries around each fiber increased and the number of capillaries per fiber cross‐sectional area decreased. These data indicated a greater capillary supply of the individual regenerating muscle fiber during its early stage of maturation.
Somatic mutations in breast and serous ovarian cancer young patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE our aim was to evaluate whether somatic mutations in five genes were associated with an early age at presentation of breast cancer (BC) or serous ovarian cancer (SOC). METHODS COSMIC database was searched for the five most frequent somatic mutations in BC and SOC. A systematic review of PubMed was performed. Young age for BC and SOC patients was set at ≤ 35 and ≤ 40 years, respectively. Age groups were also classified in < 30 years and every 10 years thereafter. RESULTS twenty six (1,980 patients, 111 younger) and 16 studies (598, 41 younger), were analyzed for BC and SOC, respectively. In BC, PIK3CA wild type tumor was associated with early onset, not confirmed in binary regression with estrogen receptor (ER) status. In HER2-negative tumors, there was increased frequency of PIK3CA somatic mutation in older age groups; in ER-positive tumors, there was a trend towards an increased frequency of PIK3CA somatic mutation in older age groups. TP53 somatic mutation was described in 20% of tumors from both younger and older patients; PTEN, CDH1 and GATA3 somatic mutation was investigated only in 16 patients and PTEN mutation was detected in one of them. In SOC, TP53 somatic mutation was rather common, detected in more than 50% of tumors, however, more frequently in older patients. CONCLUSION frequency of somatic mutations in specific genes was not associated with early-onset breast cancer. Although very common in patients with serous ovarian cancer diagnosed at all ages, TP53 mutation was more frequently detected in older women.
Minority Stress and HERoic Coping Among Ethnoracial Sexual Minority Girls: Intersections of Resilience

This study used a focus group methodology to explore the experiences of stress and coping among 40 Hispanic, Caribbean Black, Haitian, and African American cisgender sexual minority girls living in the southeastern United States. An analysis of the data using grounded theory strategies revealed that participants were part of a cultural context in which few boundaries existed between family, religion, and culture, and that they tended to believe that they were betraying family and culture because of their sexual minority identities. Participants described (a) real or perceived transgressions of gender expectations and roles, (b) violating religious doctrine, and (c) emotional exclusion and taunting by family members. In the same context, the theme of HERoic Coping described participants’ resilience that manifested as (a) serving as the family educator, (b) being “out” in the open with family, and (c) creating safety. This study found that the negotiation of complex family, religious, and community environments is critical to understanding resilience in ethnoracial sexual minority girls.
Heavy Cosmic Ray Nuclei from Extragalactic Sources above 'The Ankle'

A recent observation by the Auger Observatory group presents evidence for cosmic rays above 5.6� 10 19 eV -(56 EeV) being 'predominantly protons' coming from Active Galactic Nuclei. If, as would be expected, the particles above the ankle at about 2 EeV are almost all of Extragalactic origin then it follows that the characteristics of the nuclear interac- tions of such particles would need to be very different from conventional expectation - a result that follows from the measured positions of 'shower maximum' at somewhat lower energies where mass measurements using conventional nu- clear interaction models indicate (ln A)≃ 2.5. Such a claim is rather dramatic. In our own analysis we study to what extent the Auger results could, indeed, give such a mean value for (ln A)rather than a much smaller one. We conclude that they can, and the need for a dramatic change in the nuclear physics disappears.
How well can Charge Transfer Inefficiency be corrected? A parameter sensitivity study for iterative correction

Radiation damage to space-based Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) detectors creates defects which result in an increasing Charge Transfer Inefficiency (CTI) that causes spurious image trailing. Most of the trailing can be corrected during post-processing, by modelling the charge trapping and moving electrons back to where they belong. However, such correction is not perfect – and damage is continuing to accumulate in orbit. To aid future development, we quantify the limitations of current approaches, and determine where imperfect knowledge of model parameters most degrade measurements of photometry and morphology. As a concrete application, we simulate 1.5×109 “worst case” galaxy and 1.5×108 star images to test the performance of the Euclid visual instrument detectors. There are two separable challenges: If the model used to correct CTI is perfectly the same as that used to add CTI, 99.68 % of spurious ellipticity is corrected in our setup. This is because readout noise is not subject to CTI, but gets over-corrected during correction. Second, if we assume the first issue to be solved, knowledge of the charge trap density within ∆ρ/ρ= (0.0272±0.0005)%, and the characteristic release time of the dominant species to be known within ∆τ /τ = (0.0400 ± 0.0004)% will be required. This work presents the next level of definition of in-orbit CTI calibration procedures for Euclid.
Differential effects of rapamycin and retinoic acid on expansion , stability and suppressive qualities of human CD 4 + CD 25 + FOXP 3 + Treg subpopulations

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Luminous blue variables and the fates of very massive stars

Luminous blue variables (LBVs) had long been considered massive stars in transition to the Wolf–Rayet (WR) phase, so their identification as progenitors of some peculiar supernovae (SNe) was surprising. More recently, environment statistics of LBVs show that most of them cannot be in transition to the WR phase after all, because LBVs are more isolated than allowed in this scenario. Additionally, the high-mass H shells around luminous SNe IIn require that some very massive stars above 40 M⊙ die without shedding their H envelopes, and the precursor outbursts are a challenge for understanding the final burning sequences leading to core collapse. Recent evidence suggests a clear continuum in pre-SN mass loss from super-luminous SNe IIn, to regular SNe IIn, to SNe II-L and II-P, whereas most stripped-envelope SNe seem to arise from a separate channel of lower-mass binary stars rather than massive WR stars. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Bridging the gap: from massive stars to supernovae’.
An audit of colistin use in neonatal sepsis from a tertiary care centre of a resource-limited country

Background & objectives: Sepsis due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens is a challenge for clinicians and microbiologists and has led to use of parenteral colistin. There is a paucity of data regarding safety and efficacy of intravenous colistin use in neonates. The objective of this retrospective analysis was to study the efficacy and safety of intravenous colistin in the treatment of neonatal sepsis. Methods: An audit of the data from neonates, admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital during January 2012 to December 2012, and who received intravenous colistin was carried out. Results: Sixty two neonates received intravenous colistin (52 preterm and 10 term) for the treatment of pneumonia, bloodstream infections and meningitis. The isolated pathogens in decreasing order of frequency were Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of the total 62 neonates, 41 (66.12%) survived and 21 (33.87%) died. Significantly higher mortality was observed in neonates with lower body weights (P < 0.05). A significant association of mortality was found in those with sepsis due to Klebsiella species. Only one of seven with this infection survived as against 15 of the 23 who grew other organisms [P = 0.03; crude odds ratio = 11.25 (1.2, 110.5)]. None of the neonates developed neurotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Interpretation & conclusions: This retrospective study in neonates with sepsis showed that intravenous colistin was safe and effective in the treatment of neonatal sepsis. Further, well–controlled, prospective clinical trials need to be done to corroborate these findings.
Parental involvement in children’s independent music lessons

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to examine types of parental involvement associated with independent music lessons. A self-report survey was designed to explore parent characteristics, parental goals, students’ musical progress, the teacher–student relationship, the practice environment, and parent behaviours during practice sessions. The extent to which the outcomes of enjoyment and progress could be predicted by parenting goals and values, time spent practising, teacher qualities, and student self-regulation was also examined. The survey was distributed through Canada’s Royal Conservatory, yielding 2583 surveys for analysis. Results indicated that parents were deeply invested in their children’s music lessons, as reflected in the years of commitment to music instruction, the thoughtful roles that they took in supporting their children’s evolution as self-regulating musicians, and the respect that they held for their children’s teachers. Evidence suggested that positive teacher–student relationships and parental involvement in practice sessions between lessons predicted student enjoyment of music and musical progress.
Induction of Allergic Responses to Peanut Allergen in Sheep

Peanut allergy is the leading cause of deaths due to food-induced anaphylaxis but despite continued research, there are currently no specific treatments available. Challenge testing is limited in patients due to the high risk of adverse reactions, emphasising the need for an appropriate animal model. In the present study we examine the induction of allergic responses in a sheep model for peanut allergy. Sheep were sensitised with peanut (PN) extract and in separate injections with ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM) extract. Serum PN-specific IgE responses were detected in 40–50% of immunised sheep, while only 10% (1 of 10 sheep) showed detectable OVA-specific IgE. All PN-allergic sheep tested showed an Ara h 1-specific IgE response, while four out of five allergic sheep showed an Ara h 2-specific IgE response. Animals with high serum IgE levels to HDM were also PN IgE-positive. Of the PN-sensitised animals with high PN-specific IgE, 80% also showed an immediate hypersensitivity reaction following an intradermal PN injection. This new large animal model of peanut allergy may provide a useful tool for future investigations of allergen-associated immune mechanisms and specific immunotherapy.
The Initial Factors Analysis of the Chinese Version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionaire

Objective:To evaluate the factor construct of the Chinese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionaire(SDQ)of 6-12-year-olds in primary school.Method:Factor analyses were carried out to examine the factor structure for each of informant separately.Result:The SDQ asked about 25 attributes,with eigenvalues of greater than 1.00,rotated(varimax)five-factor solutions for parent,teacher,and self-report SDQs.Five factors were emotion symptoms,conduct problems,hyperactivity-inattention,peer problems,and prosocial behavior and they were similarily with original factors.Conclusion:The Chinese version of SDQ has satisfactory factor contruct in a pilot study.It can be more studied.
Survival and drug discontinuation analyses in a large cohort of methotrexate treated rheumatoid arthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES--To determine the probability of drug continuation in a large cohort of methotrexate treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, the reasons for discontinuation of methotrexate, the overall survival of the members of this cohort, and the causes of death in these patients. METHODS--Yearly follow up was conducted in methotrexate treated RA patients who formed a cohort between 1981 and 1986 at a tertiary care centre. The probability of drug continuation and the patients' survival were calculated using standard statistical procedures; standardised mortality ratios were calculated using death certificate data and USA general population and mortality tables. RESULTS--The probability of methotrexate continuation at 10 years from the time the first members entered the cohort was 30%. Toxicity (and its severity) was the most frequent cause of discontinuing methotrexate. The cumulative probability of survival was 85% for women and 45% for men. A greater than expected number of deaths from infections was observed, but the number of deaths from cancer and cardiovascular diseases were within the range expected. CONCLUSIONS--Toxicity remains the most common cause for methotrexate discontinuation. Survival was comparable to that of other RA cohorts. Methotrexate may be implicated as an associated factor in the deaths from infections.
L and VHF Band Airborne SAR. System Features and Comparative Image Analysis

To provide an opportunity to perform multichannel low-frequency radar experiments, airborne SAR “Compact” was designed to operate in L and VHF band. Both channels were mounted on board of Mi-8 helicopter without the need of any platform modification. The SAR system gives the possibility to obtain VHF data in VV and HH polarizations. L and VHF band observations were performed simultaneously, under the same conditions, for the several test sites equipped with calibrated corner reflectors. Reflectors were specially calibrated for both L and VHF bands and for VV and HH polarization (in both bands). The comparative analysis of backscattering properties for some natural surfaces was performed using generated SAR images. Backscatter coefficients for surfaces for L and VHF band were calculated. These measurements are in good fit with the results obtained by other SAR under similar observation conditions. Several examples of L and VHF SAR images containing clearly seen frequency- and polarization-dependent differences are demonstrated. The joint use of VHF band VV and HH images seems to be an interesting instrument in SAR image analysis.
Transtornos Mentais Comuns e fatores associados em trabalhadores: uma análise na perspectiva de gênero Common Mental Disorders and associated factors among workers: an analysis from a gender perspective

ResumO O estudo teve por objetivo identificar a prevalencia de Transtornos Mentais Comuns em trabalhadores de empresas e verificar a existencia de associacoes entre variaveis sociodemograficas, laborais e psicossociais entre homens e mulheres. A amostra constituiu-se de 343 trabalhadores pertencentes a empresas de Porto Alegre (RS) em 2009. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Self Reporting Questionnaire, conhecido como SRQ-20, e um questionario composto por questoes acerca de dados demograficos e laborais. Os resultados evidenciaram que as mulheres apresentam maior prevalencia de Transtornos Mentais Comuns (20,5%) em relacao aos homens (10%). Na relacao entre Transtornos Mentais Comuns e variaveis demograficas e laborais, de acordo com o sexo, verifica-se que mulheres cursando ensino superior e que trabalham a menos de 1 ano apresentaram mais Transtornos Mentais Comuns. Homens na faixa de idade de 50 a 62 anos apresentaram maior percentual de Transtornos Mentais Comuns. Os dados foram discutidos a partir da compreensao sobre o mercado de trabalho contemporâneo e sua interface com as relacoes de genero. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de intervencoes diferenciadas nos grupos pesquisados. Palavras-chave: transtornos mentais comuns; fatores de risco; identidade de genero.
Regulation of perforin activation and pre‐synaptic toxicity through C‐terminal glycosylation

Perforin is a highly cytotoxic pore‐forming protein essential for immune surveillance by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Prior to delivery to target cells by exocytosis, perforin is stored in acidic secretory granules where it remains functionally inert. However, how cytotoxic lymphocytes remain protected from their own perforin prior to its export to secretory granules, particularly in the Ca2+‐rich endoplasmic reticulum, remains unknown. Here, we show that N‐linked glycosylation of the perforin C‐terminus at Asn549 within the endoplasmic reticulum inhibits oligomerisation of perforin monomers and thus protects the host cell from premature pore formation. Subsequent removal of this glycan occurs through proteolytic processing of the C‐terminus within secretory granules and is imperative for perforin activation prior to secretion. Despite evolutionary conservation of the C‐terminus, we found that processing is carried out by multiple proteases, which we attribute to the unstructured and exposed nature of the region. In sum, our studies reveal a post‐translational regulatory mechanism essential for maintaining perforin in an inactive state until its secretion from the inhibitory acidic environment of the secretory granule.