Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinct Source Water Chemistry Shapes Contrasting Concentration‐Discharge Patterns

Understanding concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships are essential for predicting chemical weathering and biogeochemical cycling under changing climate and anthropogenic conditions. Contrasting C‐Q relationships have been observed widely, yet a mechanistic framework that can interpret diverse patterns remains elusive. This work hypothesizes that seemingly disparate C‐Q patterns are driven by switching dominance of end‐member source waters and their chemical contrasts arising from subsurface biogeochemical heterogeneity. We use data from Coal Creek, a high‐elevation mountainous catchment in Colorado, and a recently developed watershed reactive transport model (BioRT‐Flux‐PIHM). Sensitivity analysis and Monte‐Carlo simulations (500 cases) show that reaction kinetics and thermodynamics and distribution of source materials across depths govern the chemistry gradients of shallow soil water and deeper groundwater entering the stream. The alternating dominance of organic‐poor yet geo‐solute‐rich groundwater under dry conditions and organic‐rich yet geo‐solute‐poor soil water during spring melt leads to the flushing pattern of dissolved organic carbon and the dilution pattern of geogenic solutes (e.g., Na, Ca, and Mg). In addition, the extent of concentration contrasts regulates the power law slopes (b) of C‐Q patterns via a general equation b=δbCratioCratio,1/2+Cratio+bmin . At low ratios of soil water versus groundwater concentrations (Cratio = Csw/Cgw < 0.6), dilution occurs; at high ratios (Cratio > 1.8), flushing arises; chemostasis occurs in between. This equation quantitatively interprets b values of 11 solutes (dissolved organic carbon, dissolved P, NO3−, K, Si, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Mn, and Fe) from three catchments (Coal Creek, Shale Hills, and Plynlimon) of differing climate, geologic, and land cover conditions. This indicates potentially broad regulation of subsurface biogeochemical heterogeneity in determining C‐Q patterns and wide applications of this equation in quantifying b values, which can have broad implications for predicting chemical weathering and biogeochemical transformation at the watershed scale.
State of the art review: Multimodal ﬁssion

: We describe the tasks that may be performed by the ﬁssion module in a system that generates multimodal output. Broadly speaking, these tasks fall into three categories: content selection and structuring , modality selection and output coordination . We summarise the requirements of each of these tasks, and the approaches taken to them by a number of existing multimodal presentation systems. We also give an overview of two of the speciﬁc output techniques that will be used in COMIC: speech synthesis and embodied conversational agents. We describe several languages that have been used used to specify the content of multimodal presentations or that have been proposed as standards for this purpose. Finally, we analyse the existing work in the context of COMIC and make some recommendations.
Party-building on the Heels of War: El Salvador, Bosnia, Kosovo and Mozambique

To succeed, democracy building in post-conflict situations requires political parties to be both competent and committed to the democratic rules of the game. Former belligerents tend to dominate. This article investigates how contextual factors and more particularly the institutional framework in which a party operates affect internal organizational dynamics, and how these in turn affect the challenges that adaptation to democratic politics pose to party leaders. It examines the nested games played by party leaders as they struggle to retain control of their parties and compete with other parties for political power. The analysis focuses on cases drawn from El Salvador, Bosnia, Kosovo and Mozambique, and shows how inter-party competition shapes the identities, priorities, tactics and strategies, which in turn affect the prospects for democratization. The role of international actors in influencing both processes and outcomes in these situations must also be taken into account, especially where democratization is viewed as a means to the end of establishing peace and not simply as goal in its own right.
IT-enabled Business Change: An Approach to Understanding and Managing Risk

IT projects aimed at enabling business change have become larger and more critical in recent years. But despite improved technical functionality and reliability there are persistent project overruns, delays and downright failure. A recent summary estimated that 30 to 70% of IT projects aimed at process improvement do not live up to expectations. This echoes early research on IT project implementation. With major IT-enabled process changes, involved in ERP, CRM, and SCM projects, major delays and overruns can result in missing revenue and profit targets for firms. Over the years the stakes have grown but business still has problems in managing IT-enabled projects. This paper addresses why and what can be done. It is argued that the problem stems from senior and project management failing to take three steps: (1) assessing the risks of the change up front (the most serious are the changes needed in the business, not the changes in the technology; (2) mitigating the causes of highest risk at the front end and as the project progresses; and (3) adjusting the method of project management to minimize the remaining risks. This assess-mitigate-adjust approach aims to minimize the risks over a project's lifecycle and thereby increase the changes of success.
Basolateral amygdala regulation of cellular and chemical signals within the nucleus accumbens during conditioned reward-seeking

The ability to process information regarding reward-predictive cues involves a diverse network of neural substrates. Given the importance of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in associative reward processes, recent research has examined the functional importance of BLA-NAc interactions. Here, multi-neuron extracellular recordings of NAc neurons coupled to microinfusion of GABAA and GABAB agonists into the BLA was employed to determine the functional contribution of the BLA to phasic neural activity across the NAc core and shell during a cued-instrumental task. Similar to previous reports, NAc neural response profiles prior to BLA inactivation exhibited largely indistinguishable activity across the core and shell. However, for NAc neurons that displayed increased firing rates relative to the cue during the task, BLA inactivation significantly reduced this activity selectively in the core (not shell). Additionally, phasic increases in firing rate in the core (not shell) immediately following the lever press response were also significantly reduced following BLA manipulation. Concurrent with these neural changes, BLA inactivation caused a significant increase in latency to respond and decrease in the percentage of trials in which animals made a conditioned approach to the cue. Together, these results suggest that an excitatory projection from the BLA provides a selective
Disease environments and subnational patterns of under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.

This study examined the subregional spatial distribution of child mortality risk (CMR) in sub-Saharan Africa. Data for maps were obtained from Demographic and Health Surveys in the 1980s and 1990s for 95 provinces. Two distinct regions are identified: West Africa and a belt of countries spanning East to Southern Africa. Some countries are missing from the analysis. CMR was higher in West Africa. East/Southern Africa had the following patterns: low mortality in Central/South and North/West provinces of Namibia, Botswana, and all of Zimbabwe, except Manicaland and Mashonaland Central provinces (adjoining areas with moderately low mortality); low mortality in the Kenya/Tanzania highlands, with the Rift Valley, Central, Eastern, Nairobi, and northern highlands of Tanzania (adjacent provinces with moderately low or moderate mortality); high mortality in northern Zambia and Malawi (adjacent provinces with moderately high mortality); and moderate or moderately high mortality in the Lake Victoria basin and western provinces. West Africa had south/north or coastal/interior patterns. Coastal and southern provinces had low or moderately low mortality, while interior provinces had high mortality. Regression models indicate that the spatial patterns in West Africa were due to socioeconomic differences. In East/Southern Africa, mortality differences were due to differences in intensity of malaria transmission.
Impact of icing severity on corona performance of glaze ice-covered conductor

This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments carried out on an ac-energized stranded conductor subjected to simulated glaze icing, which were conducted in a corona cage located in an artificial climate chamber. With the increase of icing duration, the grow of icing severity of conductors lead to the corona onset voltage fell from 54.8 to 41.9 kV, correspondingly, the surface irregularity of stranded conductor decreased from 0.41 to 0.31. Through the ultraviolet photon frame and ultraviolet photon curve, corona development process of glaze ice-covered conductor were divided into three stages, that is, burst corona mode, comprehensive corona mode and glow mode. The impact of icing severity on the corona loss and audible noise was investigated. With regard to corona loss, it is in proportion to icing severity at a given surface gradient, whereas no obvious impact was observed with audible noise could be established. In addition, corona performance in comparison with rain condition was also studied, the corona loss of glaze ice-covered conductor was higher than that of rain, instead the audible noise of glaze ice-covered conductor was lower than that of rain after a certain surface gradient. The presented results could provide references to the design of ac overhead transmission lines crossing cold regions.
Yielding dynamics of a Herschel–Bulkley fluid: a critical-like fluidization behaviour

The shear-induced fluidization of a carbopol microgel is investigated during long start-up experiments using combined rheology and velocimetry in Couette cells of varying gap widths and boundary conditions. As already described in [Divoux et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2010, 104, 208301], we show that the fluidization process of this simple yield stress fluid involves a transient shear-banding regime whose duration τf decreases as a power law of the applied shear rate . Here we go one step further by an exhaustive investigation of the influence of the shearing geometry through the gap width e and the boundary conditions. While slip conditions at the walls seem to have a negligible influence on the fluidization time τf, different fluidization processes are observed depending on and e: the shear band remains almost stationary for several hours at low shear rates or small gap widths before strong fluctuations lead to a homogeneous flow, whereas at larger values of or e, the transient shear band is seen to invade the whole gap in a much smoother way. Still, the power-law behaviour appears to be very robust and hints to critical-like dynamics. To further discuss these results, we propose (i) a qualitative scenario to explain the induction-like period that precedes full fluidization and (ii) an analogy with critical phenomena that naturally leads to the observed power laws if one assumes that the yield point is the critical point of an underlying out-of-equilibrium phase transition.
Cloning, Expression, and Up-regulation of Inducible Rat Prostaglandin E Synthase during Lipopolysaccharide-induced Pyresis and Adjuvant-induced Arthritis*

We have cloned and expressed the inducible form of prostaglandin (PG) E synthase from rat and characterized its regulation of expression in several tissues after in vivolipopoylsaccharide (LPS) challenge. The rat PGE synthase is 80% identical to the human enzyme at the amino acid level and catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGE2 when overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells. PGE synthase activity was measured using [3H]PGH2 as substrate and stannous chloride to terminate the reaction and convert all unreacted unstable PGH2 to PGF2α before high pressure liquid chromatography analysis. We assessed the induction of PGE synthase in tissues from Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats after LPS-induced pyresis in vivo. Rat PGE synthase was up-regulated at the mRNA level in lung, colon, brain, heart, testis, spleen, and seminal vesicles. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and interleukin 1β were also up-regulated in these tissues, although to different extents than PGE synthase. PGE synthase and COX-2 were also up-regulated to the greatest extent in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. The RNA induction of PGE synthase in lung and the adjuvant-treated paw correlated with a 3.8- and 16-fold induction of protein seen in these tissues by immunoblot analysis. Because PGE synthase is a member of the membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism (MAPEG) family, of which leukotriene (LT) C4 synthase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein are also members, we tested the effect of LTC4 and the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor MK-886 on PGE synthase activity. LTC4 and MK-886 were found to inhibit the activity with IC50 values of 1.2 and 3.2 μm, respectively. The results demonstrate that PGE synthase is up-regulatedin vivo after LPS or adjuvant administration and suggest that this is a key enzyme involved in the formation of PGE2in COX-2-mediated inflammatory and pyretic responses.
Co-potentiation of antigen recognition: A mechanism to boost weak T cell responses and provide immunotherapy in vivo

Fab binding to CD3 couples with weak antigen recognition to enhance T cell responses and immunotherapy. Adaptive immunity is mediated by antigen receptors that can induce weak or strong immune responses depending on the nature of the antigen that is bound. In T lymphocytes, antigen recognition triggers signal transduction by clustering T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 multiprotein complexes. In addition, it hypothesized that biophysical changes induced in TCR/CD3 that accompany receptor engagement may contribute to signal intensity. Nonclustering monovalent TCR/CD3 engagement is functionally inert despite the fact that it may induce changes in conformational arrangement or in the flexibility of receptor subunits. We report that the intrinsically inert monovalent engagement of TCR/CD3 can specifically enhance physiologic T cell responses to weak antigens in vitro and in vivo without stimulating antigen-unengaged T cells and without interrupting T cell responses to strong antigens, an effect that we term as “co-potentiation. ” We identified Mono-7D6-Fab, which biophysically altered TCR/CD3 when bound and functionally enhanced immune reactivity to several weak antigens in vitro, including a gp100-derived peptide associated with melanoma. In vivo, Mono-7D6-Fab induced T cell antigen–dependent therapeutic responses against melanoma lung metastases, an effect that synergized with other anti-melanoma immunotherapies to significantly improve outcome and survival. We conclude that Mono-7D6-Fab directly co-potentiated TCR/CD3 engagement by weak antigens and that such concept can be translated into an immunotherapeutic design. The co-potentiation principle may be applicable to other receptors that could be regulated by otherwise inert compounds whose latent potency is only invoked in concert with specific physiologic ligands.
Feature Selection Inspired Classifier Ensemble Reduction

Classifier ensembles constitute one of the main research directions in machine learning and data mining. The use of multiple classifiers generally allows better predictive performance than that achievable with a single model. Several approaches exist in the literature that provide means to construct and aggregate such ensembles. However, these ensemble systems contain redundant members that, if removed, may further increase group diversity and produce better results. Smaller ensembles also relax the memory and storage requirements, reducing system's run-time overhead while improving overall efficiency. This paper extends the ideas developed for feature selection problems to support classifier ensemble reduction, by transforming ensemble predictions into training samples, and treating classifiers as features. Also, the global heuristic harmony search is used to select a reduced subset of such artificial features, while attempting to maximize the feature subset evaluation. The resulting technique is systematically evaluated using high dimensional and large sized benchmark datasets, showing a superior classification performance against both original, unreduced ensembles, and randomly formed subsets.
Responding to Social Signals for Response Inhibition

Angry facial expressions are thought to serve as signals of social correction, indicating that one person disapproves of another’s behavior and wants them to desist. If individuals respond to such signals by inhibiting disapproved-of behaviors, they should effectively reduce the prevalence of angry and aggressive encounters in their lives. Two studies tested this idea by incorporating angry and neutral expressions within a task which measures behavioral-inhibition processes. Consistent with predictions, trait anger was related to response-inhibition processes for angry but not neutral expressions; such that low trait anger individuals exhibited faster response-inhibition processes in the angry context. This effect occurred when participants were explicitly instructed to inhibit behavior in response to facial expressions (Study 1) and when expressions were presented incidentally (Study 2). The findings could not be explained in terms of more general tendencies toward aggression or impulsivity or through perceptual processes.
Pediatric obesity: Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment

Pediatric or childhood obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents worldwide. Approximately 43 million individuals are obese, 21–24% children and adolescents are overweight, and 16–18% of individuals have abdominal obesity. The prevalence of obesity is highest among specific ethnic groups. Obesity increases the risk of heart diseases in children and adults. Childhood obesity predisposes the individual to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver and kidney diseases and causes reproductive dysfunction in adults. Obesity in children is a major health concern of the developed world. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey has reported that the prevalence of obesity is on the increase in all the pediatric age groups, in males and females, and in various ethnic and racial groups. Factors, such as eating habits, genetics, environment, metabolism, and lifestyle play an important role in the development of obesity. Over 90% of obesity cases are idiopathic and less than 10% are associated with genetic and hormonal causes. Obesity occurs when the body consumes more calories than it burns, through overeating and underexercising. The symptoms of obesity include breathing disorders, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, certain types of cancer such as prostate, bowel, breast and uterine, coronary heart disease, diabetes (type 2 in children), depression, liver and gallbladder problems, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, and joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, pain in knees and lower back. Environmental, behavioral such as consumption of convenience foods, genetic, and family factors contribute to pediatric obesity. Obesity can be countered through lower calorie consumption, weight loss and diet programs, as well as increased physical activity. A number of endogenous molecules including leptin, hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptor, and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, are known to affect body weight. These molecules serve as potential targets for the pharmacological manipulation of obesity. Sibutramine and orlistat are primariliy used for the treatment of adult obesity, which produces modest weight loss, of 3–8% compared to placebo. For children and obese adolescents, metformin is used in the case of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Octreotide is used for hypothalamic obesity. Bariatric surgery is performed for the treatment of severe childhood obesity. The causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity are described in the present review.
Nuclear Partition Functions at Temperatures Exceeding 1010 K

Nuclear partition functions were calculated for a grid of temperatures from 1.2 × 1010 to 2.75 × 1011 K (1 MeV ≤ kT ≤ 24 MeV) within a Fermi-gas approach, including all nuclides from the proton-dripline to the neutron-dripline with proton number 9 ≤ Z ≤ 85. The calculation is based on a nuclear level density description published elsewhere, thus extending the previous tables of partition functions beyond 1010 K. Additional high-temperature corrections had to be applied.
Effect of Transformational Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment

The study was conducted to examine the effect of organizational commitment and transformational leadership. Pre-determined structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 126 employees working in banking sector of district Peshawar. Transformational leadership was measured using 24 items scale. Job Satisfaction was measured using 6 items scale and Organizational commitment was also measured using 6 items scale. Results of simple linear regression analysis showed that transformational leadership has significant effect on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Implications for practice and future research have also been put forward.
Learning to Interview in the Social Sciences

A large proportion of social science investigations rely on interview data, yet few researchers received formal training in interviewing. The authors investigated how novice researchers developed their interview skills, reporting on postgraduate students' experiences and reflections during an intensive 15-day interview course. Data analyzed for the article include audiotapes and transcripts of in-depth interviews and students' written critiques and journal reflections. Challenges faced by novice interviewers conducting in-depth interviews included unexpected participant behaviors, dealing with the consequences of the interviewers' own actions and subjectivities, constructing and delivering questions, and handling sensitive research topics. The authors also discuss the transcription of audio-recorded talk and include their own and students' reflections concerning the learning and teaching of interviewing. Finally, the authors provide recommendations for teaching interview skills for the purpose of doing social science research. This study informs teachers of qualitative research and researchers who seek to develop their interview skills.
Di-μ-thiocyanato-κ4 N:N-bis({5-methoxy-2-[3-(methylamino)propyliminomethyl]phenolato-κ3 O 1,N,N′}copper(II))

The title thiocyanate-bridged dinuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu2(C12H17N2O2)2(NCS)2], possesses crystallographic inversion symmetry. Each CuII atom is five-coordinated by one imine N, one amine N and one phenolate O atom of the Schiff base ligand, and by two N atoms from two bridging thiocyanate ligands, forming a square-pyramidal geometry. Beside the two thiocyanate bridges, there are two intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which further link the two Cu(C12H17N2O2)(NCS) units. The Cu⋯Cu separation is 3.261 (2) Å. Parts of the methylaminopropylimino segment are disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.669(9) and 0.331(9).