Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Child L2 English acquisition of subject properties in an immersion bilingual context

Although thoroughly analysed in adult second language acquisition (L2A), the acquisition of subject properties in child L2A has not received so much attention and the majority of studies deal with longitudinal data or only with a single subject property. This study contributes new cross-sectional data from 5-year-old Spanish children acquiring second language (L2) English in an immersion bilingual context with age of onset three and analyses the acquisition of all the subject properties traditionally associated as a cluster in comparison to a monolingual control group of the same age. The data were obtained by means of an orally elicited judgement/correction experimental task and enabled us to explore the children’s awareness of grammaticality contrasts in their L2, the influence of their L1 after two years of exposure and the extent to which the cluster of subject properties traditionally associated and studied together develop similarly in acquisitional terms. Results suggest that 5-year-old children show sensitivity to grammaticality contrasts in their L2 English and indicate that even after two years of exposure and although the age of onset of acquisition was only three, their L2 is influenced by their first language (L1) subject properties, although developmental effects also need to be taken into account when explaining the results.
Career Paths in Occupational Medicine

Objective: To describe career path patterns for occupational medicine (OM) physicians. Methods: A convenience sample of 129 occupational physicians described work activities and locations at several career points up to 20 years ago, first OM position, and 10 years after expectations. Results: Clinical activities were important throughout (eg, 41% and 46% of occupational physicians reported frequently treating patients 20 years ago and currently). Practice locations changed more markedly, with increased multisite clinics and hospital/medical center-based practices. Performing mainly clinical activities in a first job increased from 82% to 97% over the past 20 years. Career transitions between clinical and nonclinical roles were common (40% of participants). Many anticipate transition to nonclinical work over 10 years. Conclusions: Activities have not fundamentally changed, but practice locations have evolved. Both clinical and management activities remain important, and path to managerial positions increasingly begins in clinical practice.
Comparative evaluation of surface topography of tooth prepared using erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser and bur and its clinical implications

Background: Erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser has been successfully used in the ablation of dental hard and soft tissues. It has been reported that this system is also useful for preparing tooth surfaces and etching, but no consensus exist in the literature regarding the advantage of lasers over conventional tooth preparation technique. Materials and Methods: Labial surfaces of 25 extracted human maxillary central incisors were divided into two halves. Right half was prepared with diamond bur and left half with Er, Cr; YSGG laser and a reduction of 0.3-0.5 mm was carried out. Topography of prepared surfaces of five teeth were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The remaining samples were divided into 4 groups of 10 specimens each based on the surface treatment received: One group was acid etched and other was nonetched. Composite resin cylinders were bonded on prepared surfaces and shear bond strength was assessed using a universal testing machine. Results: The SEM observation revealed that the laser prepared surfaces were clean, highly irregular and devoid of a smear layer. Bur prepared surfaces were relatively smooth but covered with smear layer. Highest bond strength was shown by laser prepared acid etched group, followed by bur prepared the acid etched group. The bur prepared nonacid etched group showed least bond strength. Conclusions: Er, Cr: YSGG laser can be used for preparing tooth and bond strength value achieved by laser preparation alone without surface treatment procedure lies in the range of clinical acceptability.
Islam, modernity and education in the Arab States

This paper considers the ways in which Arab education systems have responded to the challenges of modernity alongside framing structures of religion. Focusing mainly on the tertiary education sector, it offers a critical overview of the way in which Arab education authorities have sought, collectively and individually, to address both secular and religious fundamentalist demands. It analyses policy and culture in response to econopolitical change, and to shifting perceptions of the functions of education. Engaging with ideas about the relationship between secularism and modernity, it argues that regional patterns of infrastructural engagement with religion have more to do with politics and power than with ideological foundations of culture and society, and challenges, as others have done, the essentialist association of modernity and secularism.
The steady propagation of an air finger into a rectangular tube

The steady propagation of an air finger into a fluid-filled tube of uniform rectangular cross-section is investigated. This paper is primarily focused on the influence of the aspect ratio, α, on the flow properties, but the effects of a transverse gravitational field are also considered. The three-dimensional interfacial problem is solved numerically using the object-oriented multi-physics finite-element library oomph-lib and the results agree with our previous experimental results (de Lózar et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 99, 2007, article 234501) to within the ±1% experimental error. At a fixed capillary number Ca (ratio of viscous to surface-tension forces) the pressure drops across the finger tip and relative finger widths decrease with increasing α. The dependence of the wet fraction m (the relative quantity of liquid that remains on the tube walls after the propagation of the finger) is more complicated: m decreases with increasing α for low Ca but it increases with α at high Ca. Our results also indicate that the system is approximately quasi-two-dimensional for α ≥ 8, when we obtain quantitative agreement with McLean & Saffman's two-dimensional model for the relative finger width as a function of the governing parameter 1/B = 12α2 Ca. The action of gravity causes an increase in the pressure drops, finger widths and wet fractions at fixed capillary number. In particular, when the Bond number (ratio of gravitational to surface-tension forces) is greater than one the finger lifts off the bottom wall of the tube leading to dramatic increases in the finger width and wet fraction at a given Ca. For α ≥ 3 a previously unobserved flow regime has been identified in which a small recirculation flow is situated in front of the finger tip, shielding it from any contaminants in the flow. In addition, for α ≳ 2 the capillary number, Cac, above which global recirculation flows disappear has been observed to follow the simple empirical law: Cac2/3α = 1.21.
Nutrient transport pathways across the epithelium of the placenta.

INTRODUCTION 184 ORGANIC NUTRIENTS 185 Monosaccharides 185 Amino Acids 186 Monocarboxylates and Dicarboxylates 189 Lipids and Related Compounds 190 Water-Soluble Vitamins 190 Lipid-Soluble Vitamins 192 Nucleosides 193 INORGANIC UTRIENTS 193 Macro Minerals and Ions 193 Micro Minerals and Ions 199 CONCLUSIONS 199
Do those who benefit the most need it the least? A four-year experiment in enquiry-based feedback

The aim of this paper is to report on an ongoing experiment in an enquiry-based approach to feedback. Over the course of four years, almost 1800 students have studied a final-year undergraduate module involving a mid-term assignment and end of module examination. Feedback on the assignment is delivered through a process which involves the provision of feedback resources and action planning rather than any individualised comments on the piece of work. The results of the experiment to date suggests that this approach to feedback can have a positive effect on student performance as they make the transition from formative assignment to summative examination but that the main beneficiaries of that performance improvement are students who did well in the assignment rather that students who had average or poor performance.
Gaussia Luciferase for Bioluminescence Tumor Monitoring in Comparison with Firefly Luciferase

Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) is a secreted reporter, and its expression in living animals can be assessed by in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) or blood assays. We characterized Gluc as an in vivo reporter in comparison with firefly luciferase (Fluc). Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with tumor cells expressing both Fluc and Gluc and underwent Flue BLI, Gluc BLI, blood assays of Glue activity, and caliper measurement. In Gluc BLI, the signal from the tumor peaked immediately and then decreased rapidly. In the longitudinal monitoring, all measures indicated an increase in tumor burden early after cell inoculation. However, the increase reached plateaus in Gluc BLI and Fluc BLI despite a continuous increase in the caliper measurement and Gluc blood assay. Significant correlations were found between the measures, and the correlation between the blood signal and caliper volume was especially high. Gluc allows tumor monitoring in mice and should be applicable to dual-reporter assessment in combination with Fluc. The Gluc blood assay appears to provide a reliable indicator of viable tumor burden, and the combination of a blood assay and in vivo BLI using Glue should be promising for quantifying and localizing the tumors.
Defibrotide reduces infarct size in a rabbit model of experimental myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion

1 Defibrotide, a single‐stranded polydeoxyribonuncleotide obtained from bovine lungs, has significant anti‐thrombotic, pro‐fibrinolytic and prostacyclin‐stimulating properties. 2 The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of defibrotide on infarct size and regional myocardial blood flow in a rabbit model of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. 3 Defibrotide (32 mg kg−1 bolus + 32 mg kg−1 h−1, i.v.) either with or without co‐administration of indomethacin (5 mg kg−1 × 2, i.v.) was administered 5 min after occlusion of the left anterior‐lateral coronary artery and continued during the 60 min occlusion and subsequent 3 h reperfusion periods. 4 Defibrotide significantly attenuated the ischaemia‐induced ST‐segment elevation and abolished the reperfusion‐related changes (R‐wave reduction and Q‐wave development) in the electrocardiogram. In addition, defibrotide significantly improved myocardial blood flow in normal and in ischaemic, but not in infarcted sections of the heart. The improvement in blood flow in normal perfused myocardium, but not in the ischaemic area was prevented by indomethacin. 5 Although the area at risk was similar in all animal groups studied, defibrotide treatment resulted in a 51% reduction of infarct size. Indomethacin treatment abolished the reduction of infarct size seen with defibrotide alone. 6 The data demonstrate a considerable cardioprotective effect of defibrotide in the reperfused ischaemic rabbit myocardium. This effect may be related, at least in part, to a stimulation of endogenous prostaglandin formation. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.
The social organization of juvenile justice

The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice recasts familiar sociological problems of research within a dramatically new and different theoretical and methodological perspective. In seeing law enforcement officers, no less than those accuse of criminal behavior, as locked into the "creation of history," or more precisely, a series of retrospective and prospective interpretations of events both within and disengaged from, the social contexts relevant to what purportedly took place, Aaron Cicourel redefined the fault lines of contemporary criminology. The work makes imaginative use of a wide variety of new techniques of analysis from ethnomethodology to community studies--while at no point ignoring basic hard statistical data--in this study of juvenile justice in two California cities. Cicourel states the purpose of his book with clarity: "The decision-making activities that produce the social problem called delinquency (and the socially organized procedures that provide for judicial outcomes) are important because they highlight fundamental processes of how social order is possible. " This work challenges the conventional view that assumes delinquents are natural social types distributed in some ordered fashion, and produced by a set of abstract internal or external pressures from the social structure. Cicourel views the everyday organizational workings of the police, probation departments, courts, and schools, demonstrating how these agencies contribute to various kinds of transformations of the original events that led to law enforcement contact. This contextual creation of facts in turn leads to improvised, ad hoc interpretations of character structure, family life, and future prospects. In this way, the agencies may generate delinquency by their routine encounters with the young. His new introduction discusses with great detail the methodology behind his research and responses to earlier critiques of his work.
Hazard Rates of Child Mortality in Tanzania: Investigation from THMIS 2007–2008

Tanzania’s child mortality rate—between 103 and 130 deaths per 1000 live births–is well above the world average. The data from the Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2007/08 were used in order. There were 27,511 children included in the analysis. Regression analysis focused on child mortality based on maternal and fertility behaviours. Children belonging to the group of higher birth order faced 0.17 odds of dying. A birth spacing of 24 months or longer was observed in the successive birth interval for 76% of the respondents. Focusing on the study’s findings, encouraging longer breastfeeding practice is one way to help produce a healthy baby.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Radiation-Induced Cell Toxicity in Stem Cells

Radiation therapy is an effective cancer therapy, but damage to normal tissues surrounding the tumor due to radiotherapy causes severe complications. The importance of the therapeutic area between tumor suppression and normal tissue injury has long been highlighted in radiation therapy. Recent advances in stem cell biology have shown that stem cell (SC) responses to genotoxic stresses of ionizing radiation can improve the therapeutic effect of radiation by repairing damaged cells. In contrast, cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subpopulation of cells within tumors, are generally resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and cause tumor recurrence. Although the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood in detail, efforts are still underway to identify SC treatment or CSC resistant pathogenesis of DNA damage agents such as radiation therapy. In response to radiation, CSCs differ from normal SCs in their biological properties due to severe deregulation of the self-renewal ability in CSCs. Differences of cleavage mode, cell cycle characteristics, replication potential, and activation/inactivation of DNA damage treatment and cancer-specific molecular pathways between normal SCs and CSCs confer a malignant phenotype upon CSCs. However, further studies are needed to identify normal SC and CSC-specific targets. In this review, we summarize the current advances in research regarding how normal SCs and CSCs respond to ionizing radiation, with a special emphasis on cell toxicity, radiosensitivity, signaling networks, DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair. In addition, we discuss strategies to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for predicting responses to cancer treatment and overcoming radiation-related toxicity.
Physicians' User Experiences of Mobile Pharmacopoeias and Evidence-Based Medical Guidelines

This article studies physiciansâ€™ mobile user experiences with evidence-based medical guidelines and drug information databases through the concept of webflow. Data was collected among the 352 users of a mobile medical application. The response rate was 66.5% (n=234). The results demonstrate that rather than usefulness and ease of use it is the orientation and navigation within the system in par with perceived challenges, focused attention, and learning that lead to positive user experience. Finding relevant pieces of information becomes essential in system utilization. The results also support the claim that mobile applications are not only beneficial for patient safety but they may also improve the physiciansâ€™ computer and professional skills. Frequent use was noted to improve physiciansâ€™ computer skills, the feeling of being in control of the system, and their perception of the systemâ€™s ease of use. Moreover, learning may play a greater role for knowledge work than often suggested.
RaPro: A Novel 5G Rapid Prototyping System Architecture

We propose a novel fifth-generation (5G) rapid prototyping system architecture by combining FPGA-privileged modules from a software defined radio (or FPGA-coprocessor) and high-level programming language for advanced algorithms from multi-core general purpose processors. The proposed system architecture exhibits excellent flexibility and scalability in the development of a 5G prototyping system. As a proof of concept, a multi-user full-dimension multiple-input and multiple-output system is established based on the proposed architecture. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed architecture in large-scale antenna and wideband communication systems.
Doing things together? Analysis of health education materials to inform hepatitis C prevention among couples

Considerable effort has been expended in developing health education materials and programmes aimed at reducing transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people who inject drugs. Health education is considered more likely to be effective when it is targeted to defined segments of the population and when people actively identify with the messages presented. In this context, it is important to understand the health messages on offer in these materials. This article conducts a discourse analysis of an extensive corpus of Australian heath education literature on HCV to explore the kinds of messages these materials attempt to present. It questions the unexamined assumptions they include and it considers how effectively these materials address the social context of HCV transmission. It focuses on issues of individual and group conduct: in particular, because HCV transmission occurs commonly between sexual partners, on the place of couples who inject together in prevention education. The article concludes by arguing that these materials pay insufficient attention to couples, relying almost without exception, and despite a longstanding critique recommending new approaches, on the individual as the core unit of agency in HCV transmission and in turn prevention.
Molecular cytopathology for thyroid nodules: A review of methodology and test performance

Advances in the molecular characterization of thyroid cancers have fueled the development of genetic and gene expression‐based tests for thyroid fine‐needle aspirations. Collectively, these tests are designed to improve the diagnostic certainty of thyroid cytology. This review summarizes the early published experience with the commercially available versions of these tests: the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier, ThyGenX (formerly miRInform)/ThyraMIR, and ThyroSeq. Key differences in testing approaches and issues regarding test performance and interpretation are also discussed. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2016;124:14–27. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Casual Academic Staff in an Australian University: Marginalised and excluded

Over the past 25 years, the Australian workforce has become more casualised, with approximately one-quarter of the workforce in casual employment today. One of the highest users of casual employees is the higher education sector, where casual academics (referred to as sessional in the Australian context) are estimated to account for 50% of the overall teaching load. The purpose of this article is to investigate the processes associated with the management of sessional academic staff. The study focuses on a single university, utilising a survey questionnaire and interviews with the sessional academics and their managers. The results depict a bifurcated system of maximum labour regulation for full-time academics alongside minimum regulation for sessional staff. The findings stress the urgency for improvement in both the employment conditions and management of sessional academic staff, both for their own benefit and the universities that employ them.
Prospective Clinical Testing of Regulatory Dendritic Cells in Organ Transplantation

Dendritic cells (DC) are rare, professional antigen-presenting cells with ability to induce or regulate alloimmune responses. Regulatory DC (DCreg) with potential to down-modulate acute and chronic inflammatory conditions that occur in organ transplantation can be generated in vitro under a variety of conditions. Here, we provide a rationale for evaluation of DCreg therapy in clinical organ transplantation with the goal of promoting sustained, donor-specific hyporesponsiveness, while lowering the incidence and severity of rejection and reducing patients’ dependence on anti-rejection drugs. Generation of donor- or recipient-derived DCreg that suppress T cell responses and prolong transplant survival in rodents or non-human primates has been well-described. Recently, good manufacturing practice (GMP)-grade DCreg have been produced at our Institution for prospective use in human organ transplantation. We briefly review experience of regulatory immune therapy in organ transplantation and describe our experience generating and characterizing human monocyte-derived DCreg. We propose a phase I/II safety study in which the influence of donor-derived DCreg combined with conventional immunosuppression on subclinical and clinical rejection and host alloimmune responses will be examined in detail.
Knockin' on pollen's door: live cell imaging of early polarization events in germinating Arabidopsis pollen

Pollen tubes are an excellent system for studying the cellular dynamics and complex signaling pathways that coordinate polarized tip growth. Although several signaling mechanisms acting in the tip-growing pollen tube have been described, our knowledge on the subcellular and molecular events during pollen germination and growth site selection at the pollen plasma membrane is rather scarce. To simultaneously track germinating pollen from up to 12 genetically different plants we developed an inexpensive and easy mounting technique, suitable for every standard microscope setup. We performed high magnification live-cell imaging during Arabidopsis pollen activation, germination, and the establishment of pollen tube tip growth by using fluorescent marker lines labeling either the pollen cytoplasm, vesicles, the actin cytoskeleton or the sperm cell nuclei and membranes. Our studies revealed distinctive vesicle and F-actin polarization during pollen activation and characteristic growth kinetics during pollen germination and pollen tube formation. Initially, the germinating Arabidopsis pollen tube grows slowly and forms a uniform roundish bulge, followed by a transition phase with vesicles heavily accumulating at the growth site before switching to rapid tip growth. Furthermore, we found the two sperm cells to be transported into the pollen tube after the phase of rapid tip growth has been initiated. The method presented here is suitable to quantitatively study subcellular events during Arabidopsis pollen germination and growth, and for the detailed analysis of pollen mutants with respect to pollen polarization, bulging, or growth site selection at the pollen plasma membrane.