Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Primary salivary gland tumors in eastern Nepal tertiary care hospital.

BACKGROUND The knowledge of the distribution and pattern of salivary gland tumors in the tertiary care center can provide overview of the disease pattern in the region. It also helps in planning the strategies to treat the disease and launch the awareness program in the community to this largely curable disease. METHODS A retrospective observational study of all the salivary gland tumors treated in the department of Otolaryngology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences during April 2004 to March 2009 was done. Age, sex, presenting features, radiological findings, histopathological type of the tumor and type of surgery were recorded and descriptive analysis was done to calculate frequencies, percentage and their relations. RESULTS Out of total 51 cases, 81% (n=41) were benign and 19% (n=10) malignant tumors. Male to female ratio was 1:2.1. Mean age for benign and malignant tumors were 32.3 and 46.5 years respectively. Parotid tumor outnumbered all other sites comprising 69%, followed by submandiibular 18% and minor glands 13%. Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest tumor (76%) of all primary salivary gland tumors. Benign to malignant tumor ratio of parotid, submandibular and minor glands were 6:1, 3.5:1 and 1.3:1 respectively. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (40%) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (30%) were commonest malignant tumors. CONCLUSIONS The principal site for salivary gland tumors in eastern Nepal population was the parotid and the pleomorphic adenoma outnumbered all other tumors. Most of the cases in both benign and malignant group presented with painless lump often misleading the gravity of disease.
Impact of client suicide on practitioner posttraumatic growth

of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy IMPACT OF CLIENT SUICIDE ON PRACTITIONER POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH By Joseph Simon Munson May 2009 Chair: Sondra Smith-Adcock Major: Mental Health Counseling Our purpose was to examine posttraumatic growth in clinicians after the suicide death of a client. An experience such as a client suicide could be an opportunity for growth or a danger for the practitioner to become traumatized. Thus, the clinician who works with clients who complete suicide may either suffer or experience a positive change from working with the suicidal client. Posttraumatic growth theory can be used to better understand how a client suicide, as a traumatic event, can affect positive changes in the practitioner. Posttraumatic growth has not been researched in terms of how a suicide might affect change in the practitioner. The goal of this research was to give evidence that practitioners can also prosper after a client suicide. The findings of this study may help mental health clinicians to better understand the factors that contribute to practitioners’ posttraumatic growth after a client’s suicide. Our study added to the current body of literature through significant findings that compassion fatigue, clinical experience, and hours of working with suicidal clients at the time of the last completed client suicide were correlated with posttraumatic growth. Time passed since the practitioner’s last client suicide was relatively influential in explaining variance in posttraumatic growth. Due to the exploratory nature of this research, this subset of factors
Proving Noninterference by a Fully Complete Translation to the Simply Typed Lambda-Calculus

Tse and Zdancewic have formalized the notion of noninterference for Abadi et al.'s DCC in terms of logical relations and given a proof by reduction to parametricity of System F. Unfortunately, their proof contains errors in a key lemma that their translation from DCC to System F preserves the logical relations defined for both calculi. We prove noninterference for a variant of DCC by reduction to the basic lemma of a logical relation for the simply typed λ-calculus, using a fully complete translation to the simply typed λ-calculus. Full completeness plays an important role in showing preservation of the two logical relations through the translation.
Validity of the Ward seven-subtest WAIS-III short form in a neuropsychological population.

An investigation of the Ward 7-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) in a neuropsychological clinic sample finds that the short form retains equivalent psychometric properties to those previously reported for the same short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). The correlations found for the 7-subtest form of the WAIS-III were . 95 for Performance IQ, . 97 for Verbal IQ, and . 98 for Full Scale IQ. The 7-subtest short form of the WAIS-III was also found to perform similarly to its WAIS-R counterpart on other markers of test accuracy. These results support the continued use of the Ward 7-subtest short form of the WAIS-III in a neuropsychological population.
Proposed mechanisms for enzymes as modifiers of ruminal fermentation

Beauchemin and Rode (1996) recently reviewed the use of enzymes in ruminant diets, however, enzymes in the form of crude whole fungal cell preparations have been used to enhance ruminant production for many years. This paper aims to investigate the similarities between the emerging feed enzymes and fungal feed additives, and to use this information to speculate on potential modes of action of dietary added enzymes in the rumen.
COMPARISON OF EFFICACY OF SPINAL ANAESTHESIA AND SUB- FASCIAL LOCAL ANAESTHETIC INGUINAL FIELD BLOCK FOR OPEN INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR-A SINGLE INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCE.

BACKGROUND The use of local anaesthetic for open inguinal hernia surgery has long been restricted to specialist centres. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of spinal anaesthesia and sub-fascial local anaesthetic (LA) for performing open hernia repair and at the same time provide better post op pain relief and early mobilization. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 62 male patients aged 16-72 were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A received mixture of 20 ml 0.5% bupivacain,20ml 2% lignocaine with adrenaline, 20m normal saline (N/S), 3 ml NaHCO3 sub-fascially for Local-anaesthetic (LA) inguinal field. block, while Group B received Spinal Anaesthesia (SA) with 0.5% Bupivacaine. Comparison was made in terms of Visual Analogue Score (VAS) recorded intra-operatively at 0 and 30 minutes and post operatively at 2, 4 and 12 hours at rest and on movement. Need for rescue analgesia and total analgesic consumption in both groups were calculated. Interval to pain free ambulation as well as procedural and anaesthesia related complications were compared. Results: Mean VAS in the intraoperative period were significantly high in Group A (p-value 0.011) at the start of operation and at 30 minutes (p-value <0.001). However, it did not correlate with patient satisfaction as 90% of patients in Group A successfully underwent the procedure without need for supplemental analgesia. VAS scores at rest and on movement/cough were comparable in the post op period at 2, 4 and 12 hours in both groups. Interval to pain free ambulation was significantly low in Group A (p-value 0.0012). CONCLUSION Sub facial LA inguinal field block provides effective anaesthesia with optimum post op analgesia, prompt recovery and fewer systemic side effects compared to SA and can safely be used for routine open inguinal hernia surgery.
Sexual conflict and the function of genitalic claws in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Poeciliid fish, freshwater fish with internal fertilization, are known for the diversity of structures on the male intromittent organ, the gonopodium. Prominent among these, in some species, is a pair of claws at its tip. We conducted a manipulative study of these claws in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, to determine if these aid in transferring sperm to resistant females. We compared the sperm transfer rates of clawed versus surgically declawed males attempting to mate with either receptive or unreceptive (i.e. resistant) females. Our analyses demonstrate that the gonopodial claws function to increase sperm transfer to unreceptive females during uncooperative matings but not during receptive matings. Up to threefold more sperm were transferred to unreceptive females by clawed than declawed males. These data suggest that the claw is a sexually antagonistic trait, functioning to aid in transferring sperm to resistant females, and implicate sexual conflict as a selective force in the diversification of the gonopodium in the Poeciliidae.
How to do a good systematic review of effects in international development: a tool kit

We provide a ‘how to’ guide to undertake systematic reviews of effects in international development, by which we mean, synthesis of literature relating to the effectiveness of particular development interventions. Our remit includes determining the review's questions and scope, literature search, critical appraisal, methods of synthesis including meta-analysis, and assessing the extent to which generalisable conclusions can be drawn using a theory-based approach. Our work draws on the experiences of the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation's (3ie's) systematic reviews programme.
Formulation of anastrozole microparticles as biodegradable anticancer drug carriers

The purpose of this study was to develop poly(d,1-lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA)-based anastrozole microparticles for treatment of breast cancer. An emulsion/extraction method was used to prepare anastrozole sustained-release PLGA-based biodegradable microspheres. Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy detection was used for the quantitation of the drug throughout the studies. Microparticles were formulated and characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, surface morphology, and drug release profile. Preparative variables such as concentrations of stabilizer, drug-polymer ratio polymer viscosity, stirring rate, and ratio of internal to external phases were found to be important factors for the preparation of anastrozole-loaded PLGA microparticles. Fourier transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to determine any interactions between drug and polymer. An attempt was made to fit the data to various dissolution kinetics models for multiparticulate systems, including the zero order, first order, square root of time kinetics, and biphasic models. The FTIR-ATR studies revealed no chemical interaction between the drug and the polymer. DSC results indicated that the anastrozole trapped in the microspheres existed in an amorphous or disordered-crystalline status in the polymer matrix. The highest correlation coefficients were obtained for the Higuchi model, suggesting a diffusion mechanism for the drug release. The results demonstrated that anastrozole microparticles with PLGA could be an alternative delivery method for the long-term treatment of breast cancer.
Changes in motor conduction velocity induced by exercise and diathermy.

^ The conduction rates of the right peroneal nerve was studied in ten male subjects before and after exercise and after short-wave diathermy applica­ tion to determine the effects of temperature change on motor nerve function. A statistically significant increase in conduction velocity was obtained when the body was actively heated by exercise. \
THE CYTOPHAGA GROUP: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF MYXOBACTERIA.

CONTENTS Page Methods: Enrichment cultures; pure culture technique; methods of morphological examination. 145 Morphology and locomotion: The vegetative cells; microcyst formation; motility; swarming; effect of macromolecular orientation in the substrate on movement and arrangement of the vegetative cells. 149 Physiology of the soil cytophagas: Carbon requirements; nitrogen requirements and general conditions of growth; physical and chemical aspects of cellulose decomposition. 161 Physiology of the marine cytophagas. 178 Taxonomy: Evidence concerning the systematic position of the cytophagas; a survey of the higher myxobacteria and their relations to the cytophaga group; detailed taxonomy and descriptions of species. 180 Acknowledgments and bibliography. 194
Flourishing in a group of South African adolescents

The aim of this study was to explore the psychosocial well-being of a group of South African adolescents implementing a mixed methods approach. Participants (N=665, aged 15-17 years) from three high schools completed questionnaires on psychosocial well-being, and structured interviews were conducted with 24 participants selected from various levels of functioning as established quantitatively. Quantitative findings indicate that 60% of the adolescents did not flourish psychologically as measured on the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form. Adolescents experienced flourishing as characterised by purposeful living and meaning; positive relationships; being a role-model; self-regard; constructive coping; positive emotions and gratitude. The absence of mental health was experienced as meaninglessness, impaired relationships, identification with dysfunctional outsiders, self-incompetence, dysfunctional behaviours, negative emotions and helplessness. The deliberate facilitation of adolescents' positive psychological functioning is indicated.
Modifications in call characteristics and sonic apparatus morphology during puberty in Ophidion rochei (actinopterygii: Ophidiidae)

Juveniles, females, and males of Ophidion rochei share similar external morphology, probably because they are mainly active in the dark, which reduces the role of visual cues. Their internal sonic apparatuses, however, are complex: three pairs of sonic muscles, and highly modified vertebrae and ribs are involved in sound production. The sonic apparatus of males differs from juveniles and females in having larger swimbladder plates (modified ribs associate with the swimbladder wall) and sonic muscles, a modified swimbladder shape and a mineralized structure called the “rocker bone” in front of the swimbladder. All of these male traits appear at the onset of sexual maturation. This article investigates the relationship between morphology and sounds in male O. rochei of different sizes. Despite their small size range total length (133–170 mm TL), the five specimens showed pronounced differences in sound‐production apparatus morphology, especially in terms of swimbladder shape and rocker bone development. This observation was reinforced by the positive allometry measured for the rocker bone and the internal tube of the swimbladder. The differences in morphology were related to marked differences in sound characteristics (especially frequency and pulse duration). These results suggest that male calls carry information about the degree of maturity. Deprived of most visual cues, ophidiids probably have invested in other mechanisms to recognize and distinguish among individual conspecifics and between ophidiid species. As a result, their phenotypes are externally similar but internally very different. In these taxa, the great variability of the sound production apparatus means this complex system is a main target of environmental constraints. J. Morphol. 275:650–660, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality of life of adult clients on renal replacement therapies in Nepal.

AIM To compare the influence of demographic and clinical variables on quality of life (QOL) amongst haemodialysis (HD) and renal transplantation clients in Nepal. BACKGROUND Renal replacement therapy in the form of renal transplant is a newer modality in Nepal. In this study, effectiveness of renal transplant and maintenance HD in clients with end-stage renal disease were evaluated in a Nepalese context. METHOD A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the QOL of clients undergoing HD and renal transplantation in two treatment centres in Nepal. Information on QOL was collected by using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument through interviews. RESULT The clients in the transplantation groups were significantly younger, highly educated and employed. The QOL score of clients with renal transplantation was significantly higher in the physical, psychological and social relationship domains. While assessing QOL score in transplantation groups, females scored significantly higher score in the environmental domain compared with males. CONCLUSION The QOL score in renal transplant recipients was significantly better than that of clients on HD in three of the four WHOQOL-BREF domains. The limited resources and facilities for renal transplantation and the post-transplant follow-up service in Nepal might have contributed to a poorer outcome on the environmental domain in this group.
Optimal Control of Aeroacoustic Noise Generated by Cylinder Vortex Interaction

This paper presents an optimal control formulation and solution for an idealized Blade Vortex Interaction (BVI) problem. This problem consists of the interaction of an inviscid vortex pair with a circular cylinder in a steady Mach 0.3 uniform flow with wall-normal velocity used as control on the cylinder surface. This model problem captures the fundamental noise generation process of the BVI phenomena while mitigating many of the complexities of the full rotorcraft problem. The optimal control problem is solved using a gradient based method where gradient information is computed from a continuous adjoint analysis of the governing unsteady Euler equations. The BVI wave packet is targeted by defining an objective function that measures the square amplitude of pressure fluctuations in an observation region over a time interval of interest. When the observation region encloses the entire flow a 6 dB reduction in overall BVI noise is obtained. When the observation region is limited to the region of greatest BVI noise, a 13dB reduction is obtained. The optimal control, unlike most common mitigation methods, does not target the interaction directly — instead, the computed boundary control modulates the potential flow about the cylinder, producing a wave packet of the correct amplitude and phase to approximately cancel the BVI noise in the observation region.
Fluid‐phase marker transport in rat liver: Free‐flow electrophoresis separates distinct endosome subpopulations

Free‐flow electrophoresis (FFE) was used to investigate the intracellular compartments involved in fluid‐phase marker, fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC)‐dextran, transport in the isolated perfused rat liver. One to 2 min after uptake at 37°C, FITC‐dextran was found in endosomes with the same electrophoretic mobility as early sorting endosomes labeled either by the hepatocyte‐specific marker asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) or by transferrin that enters all liver cells. Labeling at low temperature (16°C) blocked transport of ASOR and dextran in early endosomes. With increasing internalization time (3–13 min) at 37°C, FITC‐dextran‐labeled compartments co‐localized with late, ASOR‐containing endosomes. Since localization of FITC‐dextran in late transcytotic compartments was not observed upon FFE separation, it is concluded that the majority of internalized markers is directed to lysosomes. The FITC‐label did not account for the predominant lysosomal targeting of the dextran, since [3H]dextran‐labeled endosomes exhibited an identical FFE pattern. Taken together, these data indicate that the fluid‐phase marker dextran is transported through intracellular compartments with identical characteristics as endosome subcompartments of the receptor‐mediated lysosomal route.
The relative importance of phytoplankton aggregates and zooplankton fecal pellets to carbon export: insights from free-drifting sediment trap deployments in naturally iron-fertilised waters near the Kerguelen Plateau

The first KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study (KEOPS1), conducted in the naturally iron-fertilised Kerguelen bloom, demonstrated that fecal material was the main pathway for exporting carbon to the deep ocean during summer (January–February 2005), suggesting a limited role of direct export via phytodetrital aggregates. The KEOPS2 project reinvestigated this issue during the spring bloom initiation (October–November 2011), when zooplankton communities may exert limited grazing pressure, and further explored the link between carbon flux, export efficiency and dominant sinking particles depending upon surface plankton community structure. Sinking particles were collected in polyacrylamide gel-filled and standard free-drifting sediment traps (PPS3/3), deployed at six stations between 100 and 400 m, to examine flux composition, particle origin and their size distributions. Results revealed an important contribution of phytodetrital aggregates (49 ± 10 and 45 ± 22% of the total number and volume of particles respectively, all stations and depths averaged). This high contribution dropped when converted to carbon content (30 ± 16% of total carbon, all stations and depths averaged), with cylindrical fecal pellets then representing the dominant fraction (56 ± 19%). At 100 and 200 m depth, iron- and biomass-enriched sites exhibited the highest carbon fluxes (maxima of 180 and 84 ± 27 mg C m-2 d-1, based on gel and PPS3/3 trap collection respectively), especially where large fecal pellets dominated over phytodetrital aggregates. Below these depths, carbon fluxes decreased (48 ± 21% decrease on average between 200 and 400 m), and mixed aggregates composed of phytodetritus and fecal matter dominated, suggesting an important role played by physical aggregation in deep carbon export. Export efficiencies determined from gels, PPS3/3 traps and 234Th disequilibria (200 m carbon flux/net primary productivity) were negatively correlated to net primary productivity with observed decreases from ~ 0.2 at low-iron sites to ~ 0.02 at high-iron sites. Varying phytoplankton communities and grazing pressure appear to explain this negative relationship. Our work emphasises the need to consider detailed plankton communities to accurately identify the controls on carbon export efficiency, which appear to include small spatio-temporal variations in ecosystem structure.
On the Guidance of Reversible Logic Synthesis by Dynamic Variable Reordering

This paper proposes a framework that improves reversible logic synthesis by employing a dynamically determined variable order for quantum multiple-valued decision diagrams (QMDD). We demonstrate our approach through augmentation of the Miller-Maslov-Dueck (MMD) algorithm that processes the complete function specification in lexicographical order with our technique. We represent and minimize the complete specification with the QMDD and then synthesize the function specification based on the minimized variable order. The framework produces significantly smaller reversible circuits in many cases. Experimental results also show the effectiveness of using the QMDD size as a measure of the complexity of MVL and binary reversible circuits.
Guidelines for Student Threat Assessment: Field-Test Findings

Abstract A demonstration project was conducted to field-test guidelines for schools to use in responding to student threats of violence. Results from 188 student threats occurring in 35 schools over the course of one school year are described. School-based teams used a decision-tree model to evaluate the seriousness of a threat and take appropriate action to reduce the threat of violence. Using threat assessment guidelines, the majority of cases (70%) were resolved quickly as transient threats. More serious cases, termed substantive threats (30%), required a more extensive evaluation and intervention plan. Follow-up interviews with school principals revealed that almost all students were able to continue in school or return to school after a brief suspension. Only 3 students were expelled, and none of the threatened acts of violence were carried out. These findings indicate that student threat assessment is a feasible, practical approach for schools that merits more extensive study.