Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants and Consequences of “Tone at the Top”

This paper aims to provide insights into the meaning, relevance and current academic debate around the concept of “tone at the top”. Our paper is motivated by the desire to shed light on the complexities around this term with roots in the accounting field, especially by means of a review including some of the most important theoretical and empirical papers on this topic, and other connected streams of research relevant for our investigation. Tone at the top is analysed from three different, but highly interrelated perspectives in an organizational context – internal controls, ethical values, culture and behaviour. After that, we have looked into whether academic findings find support or contradiction in real case situations, In this respect, the paper follows its lead to an analysis of three relevant case studies in which the “tone” set at the top of the company is thought to have had a great impact on the overall organization. The main conclusion emerging from the paper encompasses the idea that the concept of tone at the top may not be so important in itself -as a theoretical construct – but its great added value and importance come from the practical implications which derive from the way the top propagates within an organization the right tone. Thus, tone at the top becomes one of the most important elements that contribute to a company’s long term success. When the top of the companies portrayed as negative examples in our paper failed to set the “right tone”, huge scandals have occurred or even demise of the whole organization. Keywords: Ethical values, Integrity, Internal controls, Moral reasoning, Organizational behaviour, Tone at the top.
CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA OF INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS WITH DISSEMINATED METASTASES IN AN AFRICAN LION (PANTHERA LEO)

Abstract: A cholangiocarcinoma is reported in an 18-yr-old, female African lion (Panthera leo). The primary tumor consisted of multifocal to coalescing, hepatic, white–yellow masses distributed throughout the liver lobes. Metastases were present in regional lymph nodes, peritoneal surface, and lungs. Histologically, the tumor was characterized by a tubular pattern with alcian- and periodic acid–Schiff–positive secretory material in cystic spaces. The neoplastic cells were positive to broad-spectrum cytokeratins. Histochemical and immunohistochemical stains were consistent with bile duct carcinoma. Biliary tumors arising from the gallbladder have been reported in lions. However, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma reported in an African lion.
Antecedents and Consequences of Toxic Leadership in the U. S. Army: A Two Year Review and Recommended Solutions

Abstract : This report supplements the main survey findings CAL Technical Report 2011-1, and provides in-depth analysis on the issue of toxic leadership. This research is the first that is based on a representative sample and highlights the prevalence, severity, and correlates/consequences of toxic leadership in the U.S. Army. This report provides a common framework, explains the importance of the subject, presents potential solutions and highlights 2 years of CASAL data and other recently collected data in both the Army and open literature. Estimates from the data suggest that about 1 in 5 subordinates view their leader negatively, and most believe that they have interacted with toxic leaders, and that the problem is severe. Toxic behaviors include: micromanaging, being mean-spirited/aggressive, rigidity and poor decision-making, and having a poor attitude and setting a bad example. Toxic leadership was associated weakly with unit wasting time on unproductive tasks, expected unit performance, mission accomplishment, and career intention; moderately with penalizing honest mistakes, lack of frank discussions, unwillingness to implement good ideas from subordinates, discouraging creativity, solving problems at the surface level, and individual and unit morale; and strongly with lack of ethics, putting own needs ahead of unit, and lack of subordinate confidence to follow in life-or-death situations.
Beta-carotene, retinol and alpha-tocopherol status in calves fed the first colostrum at 0-2, 6-7, 12-13 or 24-25 hours after birth.

Effects on beta-carotene, retinol and alpha-tocopherol status of feeding 1st colostrum at 0-2, 6-7, 12-13 and 24-25 h after birth were studied in calves. beta-carotene, retinol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations decreased in colostrum during the first 2.5 d of lactation. Plasma beta-carotene, retinol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations in newborn calves were very low. Plasma beta-carotene concentrations increased up to d 3 after the 1st meal and during the 1st month were higher in calves fed 1st colostrum at < 6-7 h than at > 12-13 h after birth. Plasma retinol concentrations increased up to d 5 after the 1st meal and were higher during the 1st month in calves fed 1st colostrum at < 12-13 h than at > 24-25 h after birth, whereas hepatic concentrations increased up to d 5 independent of time of 1st colostrum feeding. Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations increased after the 1st meal except in calves fed 1st colostrum at 24-25 h after birth and were higher during the 1st month in calves fed the 1st colostrum at 6-7 h than at 24-25 h after birth. In conclusion, delaying 1st colostrum intake by more than 12-13 h after birth impaired the plasma beta-carotene, retinol and alpha-tocopherol status during the 1st month of life, but did not negatively influence hepatic retinol concentrations.
Improving the DGK comparison protocol

When processing signals in the encrypted domain, homomorphic encryption can be used to enable linear operations on encrypted data. Comparison of encrypted data however requires an additional protocol between the parties and will be relatively expensive. A well-known and frequently used comparison protocol is by Damgard, Geisler and Kroigaard. We present two ways of improving this comparison protocol. Firstly, we reduce the computational effort of one party by roughly 50%. Secondly, we show how to achieve perfect security towards the other party without additional costs, whereas the original version with encrypted inputs only achieved statistical security. An additional advantage is that larger inputs are allowed.
A COMPARISON OF HOME RANGES OF TWO SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUS USING TRAPPING AND RADIOTELEMETRY DATA

Abstract We investigated differences between sizes of home ranges using trapping and radiotelemetry data for syntopic Peromyscus boylii and P. truei. Sizes of home ranges were calculated from the minimum convex polygon of trap locations and radiotelemetry locations and compared between individuals. The 2 estimates of home-range size were significantly correlated, although on an average trapping home ranges were significantly smaller than sizes of radiotelemetry home ranges. Home-range sizes from radiotelemetry were inversely correlated with conspecific density, but home-range sizes from trapping were not. Thus, at low density, radiotelemetry home ranges were significantly larger than trapping home ranges, but at high density there was no difference between radiotelemetry and trapping home ranges. These results indicate that radiotelemetry results in larger estimates of home-range size, particularly at lower densities of conspecifics. The largest size estimates of home ranges were from a combination of radiotelemetry and trapping data.
Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria: Research Challenges, Opportunities, and Public Health Implications

Artemisinin-based combination therapies are the most effective drugs to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Reduced sensitivity to artemisinin monotherapy, coupled with the emergence of parasite resistance to all partner drugs, threaten to place millions of patients at risk of inadequate treatment of malaria. Recognizing the significance and immediacy of this possibility, the Fogarty International Center and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the U.S. National Institutes of Health convened a conference in November 2010 to bring together the diverse array of stakeholders responding to the growing threat of artemisinin resistance, including scientists from malarious countries in peril. This conference encouraged and enabled experts to share their recent unpublished data from studies that may improve our understanding of artemisinin resistance. Conference sessions addressed research priorities to forestall artemisinin resistance and fostered collaborations between field- and laboratory-based researchers and international programs, with the aim of translating new scientific evidence into public health solutions. Inspired by this conference, this review summarizes novel findings and perspectives on artemisinin resistance, approaches for translating research data into relevant public health information, and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration to combat artemisinin resistance.
Detecting Dissonance in Clinical and Research Workflow for Translational Psychiatric Registries

Background The interplay between the workflow for clinical tasks and research data collection is often overlooked, ultimately making it ineffective. Questions/purposes To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have developed standards that allow for the comparison of workflow models derived from clinical and research tasks toward the improvement of data collection processes Methods In this study we used the term dissonance for the occurrences where there was a discord between clinical and research workflows. We developed workflow models for a translational research study in psychiatry and the clinic where its data collection was carried out. After identifying points of dissonance between clinical and research models we derived a corresponding classification system that ultimately enabled us to re-engineer the data collection workflow. We considered (1) the number of patients approached for enrollment and (2) the number of patients enrolled in the study as indicators of efficiency in research workflow. We also recorded the number of dissonances before and after the workflow modification. Results We identified 22 episodes of dissonance across 6 dissonance categories: actor, communication, information, artifact, time, and space. We were able to eliminate 18 episodes of dissonance and increase the number of patients approached and enrolled in research study trough workflow modification. Conclusion The classification developed in this study is useful for guiding the identification of dissonances and reveal modifications required to align the workflow of data collection and the clinical setting. The methodology described in this study can be used by researchers to standardize data collection process.
Development of an Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of Ganglioside GM1 Mimicry in Campylobacter jejuniStrains

ABSTRACT Mimicry of peripheral nerve gangliosides by Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) has been proposed to induce cross-reacting antiganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Because current methods for LPS characterization are labor-intensive and inhibit the screening of large numbers of strains, a rapid GM1 epitope screening assay was developed. Biomass from two agar plates of confluent growth yielded sufficient LPS using a novel phenol-water and ether extraction procedure. Extracts of LPS were reacted with cholera toxin (GM1 ligand), peanut agglutinin (Galβ1→3GalNAc ligand), and anti-GM1 antibodies. After the assay was validated, 12 of 59 (20%) C. jejuni serostrains, including four serotypes that have not previously been associated with GBS, reacted with two or more anti-GM1 ganglioside reagents. Subsequently, LPS extracts from 5 of 7 (71%) C. jejuniisolates and 2 of 3 (67%) C. jejuni culture collection strains bore GM1 structures. Overall, the assay system was reliable, efficient, and reproducible and may be adapted for large-scale epidemiological studies.
A Bicycle Can Be Self-Stable Without Gyroscopic or Caster Effects

A new bicycle design points to the importance of mass distribution for stability. A riderless bicycle can automatically steer itself so as to recover from falls. The common view is that this self-steering is caused by gyroscopic precession of the front wheel, or by the wheel contact trailing like a caster behind the steer axis. We show that neither effect is necessary for self-stability. Using linearized stability calculations as a guide, we built a bicycle with extra counter-rotating wheels (canceling the wheel spin angular momentum) and with its front-wheel ground-contact forward of the steer axis (making the trailing distance negative). When laterally disturbed from rolling straight, this bicycle automatically recovers to upright travel. Our results show that various design variables, like the front mass location and the steer axis tilt, contribute to stability in complex interacting ways.
[S]-AR-R 15896AR-A novel anticonvulsant: acute safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.

A rational, chemical, synthetic effort to identify promising low-affinity uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists for use as antiepileptic drugs led to the discovery of AR-R 15035AR, or [RS]-alpha-phenyl-2-pyridine-ethanamine.2HCl. Chiral separation followed by intensive in vivo screening resulted in the selection of the [S] enantiomer, AR-R 15896AR, as the best compound for further preclinical development. AR-R 15896AR prevented tonic seizures in rodents for up to 6 to 8 h in response to maximal electroshock (MES), 4-aminopyridine, bicuculline, or strychnine, as well as characteristic seizures following injections of N-methyl-DL-aspartic or kainic acids. AR-R 15896AR was ineffective in two kindling models of epilepsy, did not produce tolerance to MES, and was devoid of proconvulsant and phencyclidine-like properties in mice and rats, respectively. Therapeutic indices for AR-R 15896AR were comparable to or exceeded those for standard anticonvulsants. Orally administered AR-R 15896AR rapidly entered the rat brain and was eliminated in parallel from the plasma and plasma-free compartment. A dose-response relationship between plasma and brain levels after p.o. or i.v. administration of AR-R 15896AR and protection against MES was highly correlative. The time course for loss of protection against MES mirrored the elimination of the compound from brain and plasma. The total brain concentration (25 microM) of drug at the ED50 value (approximately 3 mg/kg) for protection against MES seizures was consistent with the reported affinity of AR-R 15896AR at the N-methyl-D- aspartic acid binding site (IC50 value = 1.3 microM). The present findings demonstrated the attractiveness of AR-R 15896AR as a candidate for further development to treat epilepsy.
Clonal analysis of cell fate during gastrulation and early neurulation in the mouse.

The foundation of the germ layers and the extraembryonic mesoderm from the epiblast between 6.5 and 7.5 days post coitum (p.c.) is accompanied by substantial cell proliferation. It is followed during the next 24 hours by the organization of major systems of the embryo such as the central nervous system, somites, heart and vascular system. Injection in situ of a short-term lineage label (horse radish peroxidase) into single epiblast cells at 6.7 days p.c. and analysis of the descendant clones in cultured embryos have been used to trace these processes and led to the following conclusions: (1) There is extensive but not indiscriminate cell mixing at the onset of gastrulation; epiblast cells spread towards the primitive streak and descendants are there progressively incorporated into mesoderm. (2) The fate map of the mouse epiblast at the early primitive streak stage is topologically similar to those of other vertebrates. (3) Germ layers and the extraembryonic mesoderm are not clonally distinct before gastrulation, the region of overlapping boundaries in the fate map being occupied by cells that will have descendants in more than one layer. (4) Cranial neurectoderm is mainly derived from axial epiblast immediately anterior to the primitive streak of the early streak stage embryo, clonal descendants being spread rostrocaudally in the developing neural tube. Contribution to the putative floor plate is made by progenitors some of which also contribute to notochord and mesoderm.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Groundwater Drought and Its Response to Meteorological Drought in Jiangsu Province, China

In this study, the temporal and spatial variations of groundwater drought using a Standardized Groundwater Level Index (SGI) were analyzed based on 40 monthly groundwater level observation wells from 1989 to 2012 in Jiangsu Province, China. Meteorological drought, calculated by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), was also included to reveal its propagation and impact on the groundwater drought process. Results showed that the southern region of Jiangsu faced more frequent groundwater droughts and lower intensity, while the northern region faced less frequent groundwater drought with higher intensity. Furthermore, the cross-correlation between the spatial average of SGI and SPI for SPI accumulation periods of q = 1 to 12 was computed. The relationship between SGI and SPI varied in different regions. Detailed analysis of the characteristics of groundwater and meteorological drought for each region showed that meteorological droughts happened more frequently than groundwater drought in Jiangsu Province during the study period, while the mean duration and mean magnitude of groundwater droughts were longer and larger than those of meteorological droughts. It is expected that this study will provide useful information for drought monitoring and mitigation in Jiangsu and similar areas.
An Electroencephalographic Study of Hemispheric Processing Patterns During Karate Performance

Electroencephalographic recordings were taken from eight high-level male karate performers as they performed an easy and a hard karate training task, namely the breaking of one and three inch-thick boards of wood. Examination of activity in the alpha waveband provided only partial support for a differential pattern of engagement between the left and right hemispheres. There was stronger evidence for an overall increase in alpha waveband activity immediately prior to performance that was most noticeable during the hard task. Some alternative explanations for these observations were eliminated by the design and electrode montage used. The results and implications were discussed in light of other sport related studies and work in the field of hemispheric specialization.
Variation in coronary artery bypass grafting, angioplasty, cataract surgery, and hip replacement rates among primary care groups in London: association with population and practice characteristics.

BACKGROUND Operation rates for common surgical procedures are known to vary widely both between areas within the same country and between countries. However, no studies in the United Kingdom have yet examined the variation in the use of important groups of surgical procedures among primary care groups. METHODS Data were obtained from the NHS Executive and the Department of Health on each of the 66 primary care groups in London that existed on 1 April 1999. These were used to estimate indicators for six main groups of variables: population estimates, mortality rates, Census data, benefits data, practice characteristics, and hospital admissions. The data were used to generate a number of population and practice variables describing the characteristics of each primary care group in London. We also obtained information at ward level by age and sex on the number of patients admitted for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and angioplasty (PTCA); cataract surgery; and hip replacement in patients aged 65 years and over during the period 1997-1998. These data were used with population estimates to estimate directly age-standardized annual operation rates for each primary care group for the study period. RESULTS Operation rates for the three groups of procedures examined in this study varied widely between the 66 primary care groups. The directly standardized combined CABG and PtCA rate varied from 28 to 193 per 100,000 (mean 80); cataract surgery rates from 167 to 618 per 100,000 (mean 291); and hip replacement in people aged 65 years and over from 74 to 363 per 100,000 (mean 202). Correlations between operation rates and population and practice variables were relatively weak. Multifactorial models explained 57 per cent of the variation in CABG and PTCA rates, 34 per cent of the variation in cataract surgery rates, and 27 per cent of the variation in hip replacement rates. CONCLUSIONS There are wide variations in the operation rates for important groups of surgical procedures among primary care groups. These variations are poorly explained by differences in the population and practice characteristics of primary care groups. The underlying reasons for variations in operation rates need to be better understood if the ambitious targets for access to elective surgery outlined in the NHS plan are to be met.
MicroRNA Profile of Marek's Disease Virus-Transformed T-Cell Line MSB-1: Predominance of Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs

ABSTRACT Research over the last few years has demonstrated the increasing role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as major regulators of gene expression in diverse cellular processes and diseases. Several viruses, particularly herpesviruses, also use the miRNA pathway of gene regulation by encoding their own miRNAs. Marek's disease (MD) is a widespread lymphomatous neoplastic disease of poultry caused by the highly contagious Marek's disease virus type 1 (MDV-1). Recent studies using virus-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts have identified at least eight miRNAs that map to the RL/RS region of the MDV genome. Since MDV is a lymphotropic virus that induces T-cell lymphomas, analysis of the miRNA profile in T-cell lymphoma would be more relevant for examining their role in oncogenesis. We determined the viral and host miRNAs expressed in MSB-1, a lymphoblastoid cell line established from an MDV-induced lymphoma of the spleen. In this paper, we report the identification of 13 MDV-1-encoded miRNAs (12 by direct cloning and 1 by Northern blotting) from MSB-1 cells. These miRNAs, five of which are novel MDV-1 miRNAs, map to the Meq and latency-associated transcript regions of the MDV genome. Furthermore, we show that miRNAs encoded by MDV-1 and the coinfected MDV-2 accounted for >60% of the 5,099 sequences of the MSB-1 “miRNAome. ” Several chicken miRNAs, some of which are known to be associated with cancer, were also cloned from MSB-1 cells. High levels of expression of MDV-1-encoded miRNAs and potentially oncogenic host miRNAs suggest that miRNAs may have major roles in MDV pathogenesis and neoplastic transformation.