Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Co-Training

Co-training (or more generally, co-regularization) has been a popular algorithm for semi-supervised learning in data with two feature representations (or views), but the fundamental assumptions underlying this type of models are still unclear. In this paper we propose a Bayesian undirected graphical model for co-training, or more generally for semi-supervised multi-view learning. This makes explicit the previously unstated assumptions of a large class of co-training type algorithms, and also clarifies the circumstances under which these assumptions fail. Building upon new insights from this model, we propose an improved method for co-training, which is a novel co-training kernel for Gaussian process classifiers. The resulting approach is convex and avoids local-maxima problems, and it can also automatically estimate how much each view should be trusted to accommodate noisy or unreliable views. The Bayesian co-training approach can also elegantly handle data samples with missing views, that is, some of the views are not available for some data points at learning time. This is further extended to an active sensing framework, in which the missing (sample, view) pairs are actively acquired to improve learning performance. The strength of active sensing model is that one actively sensed (sample, view) pair would improve the joint multi-view classification on all the samples. Experiments on toy data and several real world data sets illustrate the benefits of this approach.
Sodium handling in congenitally hypothyroid neonates

Early observations emphasized the possible development of hyponatraemia in hypothyroid children and adults, but recently this has been questioned. Aim: To investigate whether hyponatraemia develops in hypothyroid status by examining sodium handling in screening‐detected neonates and infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Methods: Serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), sodium (Na), creatinine (Cr), urinary Na, Cr, fractional sodium excretion rate (FENa) and other chemicals were measured before and after L‐thyroxine (LT4) replacement therapy in 32 screening‐detected CH neonates (11M, 21F) and 16 age‐matched control neonates. Results: No cases of hyponatraemia were found in the 32 CH neonates. Their serum Na concentrations (139.1 ± 1.5mmol/L, ranging from 136 to 142mmol/L, median 139mmol/L) were not statistically different from those of 16 control neonates (139.3 ± 1.3 mmol/L, ranging from 137 to 142 mmol/L, median 139 mmol/L,). No correlation was found between serum levels of TSH and FT4 and serum Na or FENa. No significant changes were found in serum Na concentrations in hypothyroid neonates two months after LT4 replacement therapy. The serum Na concentration (139.1 ±0.3 mmol/L, n= 25) before treatment did not change statistically (138.9 ± 0.2 mmol/L, n= 25) two months after LT4 replacement therapy.
Influence of summertime deep convection on formaldehyde in the middle and upper troposphere over Europe

[1] We present HCHO measurements performed during the Upper Tropospheric Ozone: Processes Involving HOx and NOx (UTOPIHAN) II aircraft campaign over central-western Europe and the northwestern Mediterranean region in 2003 and 2004. We compare these with box model and three-dimensional (3-D) chemistry-transport model results for “background” and “convective” conditions. Generally, we obtain good agreement between the model and measurement data, although the 3-D model tends to underestimate HCHO near the tropopause, whereas the box model tends to slightly overestimate HCHO for the background case. Sensitivity simulations indicate that the most important factors determining HCHO concentrations are the abundances of NO, reactive hydrocarbons (e.g., isoprene), CH3OOH, CH3OH, and acetone and also the level of irradiance. In the middle and upper troposphere the most important HCHO production term is the reaction of CH3O2 with NO (68 ± 10%, including a contribution of 38 ± 7% from CH4 oxidation), followed by the destruction of CH3OOH by OH and photolysis (14 ± 2%), and the reaction of CH3OH with OH (14 ± 8%). HCHO loss is dominated by photolysis rather than by the reaction with OH, except in the upper tropospheric convective case, where the loss by OH contributes about 50%. Our measurements furthermore indicate that convective transport of H2O2 can be very efficient.
Development of a SWAT Patch for Better Estimation of Sediment Yield in Steep Sloping Watersheds 1

Abstract: The watershed scale Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model divides watersheds into smaller subwatersheds for simulation of rainfall‐runoff and sediment loading at the field level and routing through stream networks. Typically, the SWAT model first needs to be calibrated and validated for accurate estimation through adjustment of sensitive input parameters (i.e., Curve Number values, USLE P, slope and slope‐length, and so on). However, in some instances, SWAT‐simulated results are greatly affected by the watershed delineation and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) cell size. In this study, the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II was developed for steep sloping watersheds, and its performance was evaluated for various threshold values and DEM cell size scenarios when delineating subwatersheds using the SWAT model. The SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II was developed using the ArcView GIS Avenue program and Spatial Analyst libraries. The SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II improves upon the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch I because it reflects the topographic factor in calculating the field slope‐length of Hydrologic Response Units in the SWAT model. The simulated sediment value for 321 subwatersheds (watershed delineation threshold value of 25 ha) is greater than that for 43 subwatersheds (watershed delineation threshold value of 200 ha) by 201% without applying the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II. However, when the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II was applied, the difference in simulated sediment yield decreases for the same scenario (i.e., difference in simulated sediment with 321 subwatersheds and 43 subwatersheds) was 12%. The simulated sediment value for DEM cell size of 50 m is greater than that for DEM cell size of 10 m by 19.8% without the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II. However, the difference becomes smaller (3.4% difference) between 50 and 10 m with the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II for the DEM scenarios. As shown in this study, the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II can reduce differences in simulated sediment values for various watershed delineation and DEM cell size scenarios. Without the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II, variations in the SWAT‐simulated results using various watershed delineation and DEM cell size scenarios could be greater than those from input parameter calibration. Thus, the results obtained in this study show that the SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II should be used when simulating hydrology and sediment yield for steep sloping watersheds (especially if average slope of the subwatershed is >25%) for more accurate simulation of hydrology and sediment using the SWAT model. The SWAT ArcView GIS Patch II is available at http://www.EnvSys. co.kr/~swat for free download.
Sutures, thrusts and nappes in the Variscan Arc of western Europe: plate tectonic implications

Summary The Variscan Arc of western Europe, convex to the W, links the Iberian and the middle European Variscides. It is characterized by nappes and thrusts with converging vergences towards the inner part of the arc. This is illustrated by two cross-sections, one roughly E-W in northwestern Spain, the other N-S in the French Massif Central. This segment of the Variscan belt appears to be a typical collision belt whose plate tectonic evolution may be explained in the following stages: (i) consumption of a Lower Palaeozoic ocean by an intraoceanic subduction towards the NW, (ii) choking of subduction by underthrusting of continental crust beneath the oceanic lithosphere (obduction), (iii) intracontinental deformation during which the arcuate form results from the progressive impingement of a southern continental promontory (part of Africa? ) into the northern Laurasian continent.
Mutational Analysis of the Flagellar Rotor Protein FliN: Identification of Surfaces Important for Flagellar Assembly and Switching

ABSTRACT FliN is a component of the flagellar switch complex in many bacterial species. The crystal structure is known for most of FliN, and a targeted cross-linking study (K. Paul and D. F. Blair, J. Bacteriol. 188:2502-2511, 2006) showed that it is organized in ring-shaped tetramers at the bottom of the basal body C ring. FliN is essential for flagellar assembly and direction switching, but its precise functions have not been defined. Here, we identify functionally important regions on FliN by systematic mutagenesis. Nonconservative mutations were made at positions sampling the surface of the protein, and the effects on flagellar assembly and function were measured. Flagellar assembly was disrupted by mutations in a conserved hydrophobic patch centered on the dimer twofold axis or by mutations on the surface that forms the dimer-dimer interface in the tetramer. The assembly defect in hydrophobic-patch mutants was partially rescued by overexpression of the flagellar export proteins FliH and FliI, and coprecipitation assays demonstrated a binding interaction between FliN and FliH that was weakened by mutations in the hydrophobic patch. Thus, FliN might contribute to export by providing binding sites for FliH or FliH-containing complexes. The region around the hydrophobic patch is also important for switching; certain mutations in or near the patch caused a smooth-swimming chemotaxis defect that in most cases could be partially rescued by overexpression of the clockwise-signaling protein CheY. The results indicate that FliN is more closely involved in switching than has been supposed, possibly contributing to the binding site for CheY on the switch.
A Randomized Clinical Trial Testing the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Preemptive Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Human Liver Transplantation

Decreases in endothelial nitric oxide synthase derived nitric oxide (NO) production during liver transplantation promotes injury. We hypothesized that preemptive inhaled NO (iNO) would improve allograft function (primary) and reduce complications post-transplantation (secondary). Patients at two university centers (Center A and B) were randomized to receive placebo (n = 20/center) or iNO (80 ppm, n = 20/center) during the operative phase of liver transplantation. Data were analyzed at set intervals for up to 9-months post-transplantation and compared between groups. Patient characteristics and outcomes were examined with the Mann-Whitney U test, Student t-test, logistic regression, repeated measures ANOVA, and Cox proportional hazards models. Combined and site stratified analyses were performed. MELD scores were significantly higher at Center B (22.5 vs. 19.5, p<0.0001), surgical times were greater at Center B (7.7 vs. 4.5 hrs, p<0.001) and warm ischemia times were greater at Center B (95.4 vs. 69.7 min, p<0.0001). No adverse metabolic or hematologic effects from iNO occurred. iNO enhanced allograft function indexed by liver function tests (Center B, p<0.05; and p<0.03 for ALT with center data combined) and reduced complications at 9-months (Center A and B, p = 0.0062, OR = 0.15, 95% CI (0.04, 0.59)). ICU (p = 0.47) and hospital length of stay (p = 0.49) were not decreased. iNO increased concentrations of nitrate (p<0.001), nitrite (p<0.001) and nitrosylhemoglobin (p<0.001), with nitrite being postulated as a protective mechanism. Mean costs of iNO were $1,020 per transplant. iNO was safe and improved allograft function at one center and trended toward improving allograft function at the other. ClinicalTrials.gov with registry number 00582010 and the following URL:http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00582010.
Estimation for globally exponentially attractive set of a hyperchaotic Lorenz-type systems and its application

The ultimate boundedness of a chaotic system is very important for the study of the qualitative behavior of a chaotic system. At present, explicit ultimate bound sets can be analytically obtained only for some special chaotic systems, and few results are known for hyperchaotic ones. In this paper, we investigate the ultimate boundedness for the new hyperchaotic Lorenz system by mathematical proof, and derive estimation of globally exponentially attractive set and positively invariant set. Using the estimation of the ultimate boundedness, we design a simple feedback controller to globally exponentially synchronize two hyperchaotic Lorenz systems, and present the results of numerical simulation.
An extension of the Lovász local lemma, and its applications to integer programming

The Lovasz Local Lemma due to Erdős and Lovasz (in Infinite and Finite Sets, Colloq. Math. Soc. J. Bolyai 11, 1975, pp. 609–627) is a powerful tool in proving the existence of rare events. We present an extension of this lemma, which works well when the event to be shown to exist is a conjunction of individual events, each of which asserts that a random variable does not deviate much from its mean. As applications, we consider two classes of NP-hard integer programs: minimax and covering integer programs. A key technique, randomized rounding of linear relaxations, was developed by Raghavan & Thompson (Combinatorica, 7 (1987), pp. 365–374 ) to derive good approximation algorithms for such problems. We use our extension of the Local Lemma to prove that randomized rounding produces, with non-zero probability, much better feasible solutions than known before, if the constraint matrices of these integer programs are column-sparse (e.g., routing using short paths, problems on hypergraphs with small dimension/degree). This complements certain well-known results from discrepancy theory. We also generalize the method of pessimistic estimators due to Raghavan (J. Computer and System Sciences, 37 (1988), pp. 130–143 ), to obtain constructive (algorithmic) versions of our results for covering integer programs.
The vapor diffusion coefficient for snow

The coefficients of diffusion for water vapor in snow and other porous media are fundamental parameters of great importance. While they are generally thought to be greater than the coefficient for air, there is much uncertainty about what value to use. Attempts to determine the diffusion coefficient in snow experimentally have led to contradictory results, but Yosida's experiments seem to give reasonable results. Yosida's idea of hand-to-hand diffusion is quantified here in a particle-to-particle model which shows that the diffusion coefficient depends on the mean pore size and that the coefficient in snow is four to seven times greater than in air.
An Attempt to Detect the Effects of a Steelworks on Precipitation Amounts in Central Hungary

Abstract Daily precipitation amounts from a 20-station network within 50 km of a major steelworks at Dunaujvaros have been analysed in two ways for a decade preceding construction of the works in the late 1950's and a decade immediately following. The “classical” method is by examination of isohyets of precipitation totals. The second method employs statistical testing of stratified inter-decadal differences at each station using Student's t test. Stratifications are by season (June and December) and by synoptic weather types [five precipitation-producing types chosen from a catalog of 13 published by Peczely (1957) in Hungary]. Post-industrial maps showing isohyets of mean monthly totals for June and for December both exhibit relative maxima to the northeast and the southeast of the steelworks at distances between 40 and 55 km. Aggregation of interdecadal differences across synoptic types and seasons exhibits greater numbers of “large” values of t, both positive and negative, than would be expected by ch.
Computational and dynamical languages for autonomous agents

Mat chapters in this baak foars on sone aspect ol spuifcally |dnnan costtilion. Raruly Ben, by conbast, here takes as his imnediLle taryet the behapiors of sinple' a*ifcidl, ircectlike creatufts. 'Yet the issues nised and the ltsights gained go ditectly to the hea* of what it is to r derctanl krma cogtlitiott itself The latto parL of this chaptet contai s a discttssion af detailai nadelins Hele Beet stuAies the behaoior of hDo ki ds af creature, one tha! perfatms chanotaris (orientins to u so'rc af chenical stin! \atia , such as t'ood) and anothu siLlessed nilkifls crcal re. Both crentwes haue "bnirc" that are netral netwa* rlynamical systens uhose panmeters were obtai ed bv at1 atlilicial eooLttionarv process Bul shaws in detail hou to deploy the tools and cancepts af d4anics in nderstlndllls these crcat res as dynannal svstens conptised of ltn agent coupled uilh its erci nntwnL Thk disctqsian 15 an elesnnt case study in how compler behaaiors can be 'nddslood Avnannallv, and will be useful to anyone uonlning how dynanical approaches might be bro sht ta beat in thinkihg abo t asPects of h1lna11 casnitian. I'1 a bider percpectioe, Beer's wark can be sem as rculting fron his sLanis on hDa deep theafttical issues; these ate dkcussed in the earliel sectia s. The lirst iss'e is whethd tust utqrress is to be made fu stuAying the kind of hish lexel, "dismbodied" nsnitipe processes on uhich a*ilicial intellisence (AI) has tnditio ally focvsed at ntheL a tononolre, enbodied asents irt actioe participrtian with s t*l enoinn' nent. The second iss e is wheLher comp ttttionalin al dv ltm cs prooids Lhe best genual frameworL within which Lo underctand cos"itire prccesses. Bet i5 especiaLlv conemed Lo enphasize that canpstaLiaflalism the ckin that cosnilipe systans arc isterull! dganized as conp httiotul svstems is an emPincal hwothesis thzt is subject to scientifc eunlulitian ard possible rcfuIlttian. Beer charfu situs ulth Lhe stuAv of autonolnous asents and with dywltlics as the prefuable fnneuark. Now, kmans ate autanamo s agmh, but arc nrrently much too conpler ta be scientifcltlly destibable as such in thei en neL! Fot thts rezson, Beer foc'f,es on simplet aftilcial svste"E t'ot uhich it is posslble to detelop detailed and lisarous scientilic theaties. These svstens and rhe uhdeEtandins they prcmole constit te sLeppinssto es in the racess af understanding how huma s neSotiite lheir oun, lrtsllv morc compLer enonantnents.
Activation/deactivation of renal Na+,K+‐ATPase: a final common pathway for regulation of natriuresis

Renal sodium metabolism, a major determinant of blood pressure, is regulated with great precision by a variety of endocrine, autocrine, and neuronal factors. Although these factors arc known to regulate sodium metabolism by affecting the rate of tubular sodium reabsorption, the molecular mechanisms by which they act are poorly understood, Na+,K+‐ATPase plays a pivotal role for sodium reabsorption in all tubular segments. The activity of this enzyme can be dynamically regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, Here we summarize both old and new evidence that several major substances believed to be involved in the regulation of sodium metabolism and blood pressure, i.e., the antidiuretic agents angiotensin II and norepinephrine, and the diuretic agents dopamine and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), may achieve their effects through a common pathway that involves reversible activation/deactivation of renal tubular Na+,K+‐ATPase. Regulation of Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was studied using a preparation of single proximal tubule (PT) segments, dissected from rat kidneys. Na+,K+‐ATPasc activity was stimulated by angiotensin II and the α‐adrenergic agonist, oxymetazoline, at physiological, nonsaturating Na+ concentrations. These stimulatory effects were blocked by dopamine and ANP as well as by their respective second messengers, cAMP and cGMP. They were also blocked by the specific protein phosphatase 2B inhibitor FK306, These results indicate that regulation of sodium excretion by norepinephrine, angiotensin II, dopamine, and ANP can be accounted for by a bidirectionally regulated intracellular protein phosphorylation cascade that modulates the activity of renal tubular Na+,K+‐ATPase. —Aperia, A. , Holtbäck, U. , Syrén, M. ‐L. , Svensson, L. ‐B. , Fryckstedt, J., Greengard, P. Activation deactivation of renal Na+,K+‐ATPase: a final common pathway for regulation of natriuresis. FASEB J. 8: 436‐439; 1994.
Study of the jump fire produced by the interaction of two oblique fire fronts. Part 1. Analytical model and validation with no-slope laboratory experiments

When two fires approach each other, convective and radiative heat transfer processes are greatly enhanced. The interaction between two linear fire fronts making an angle θoi between them is of particular interest as it produces a very rapid advance of their intersection point with intense radiation and convection activity in the space between the fire lines. This fire is designated here as a ‘jump fire’ for when the value of θoi is small, the intersection point of the fire lines can reach unusually high rate of spread values that decrease afterwards in the course of time. A very simple analytical model based on the concept of energy concentration between the fire lines is proposed to explain this behaviour, which in large-scale fires can be of great concern to personnel and property safety. Experimental tests performed at laboratory scale on a horizontal fuel bed confirmed the basic assumptions of the model and provide a framework to extend the present analysis to more general conditions, namely to explain the behaviour of real fires. Given the rapid changes in fire behaviour, ‘jump fires’ can be considered as a form of extreme fire behaviour.
Conodont evolution and stratotype sign of carboniferous Tournaisian-Visean boundary in South China

A stratotype section, boundary point and conodont sign have been recommended for GSSP of the Tournaisian-Visean boundary, based on studies of sectional sedimentology, conodont facies and phylogeneses in South China. Two areas representing margin and inner of the Yangtzi Plate and three sections of different facies were chosen, i.e. the Longdianshan section of the platform facies in Liuzhou of Guangxi, the Yudong section of the ramp facies in Shidian of Yunnan and the Pengchong section of the basin facies in Liuzhou of Guangxi. Stratigraphic frameworks of two areas were set up by systematical studies of carbonate facies and cycles. Conodont facies-distribution and paleoecologic conditions were researched on statistics of fossil variation and richness, and a kind of planktonic conodont, gnathodids that were widespread, is chosen to select the sign-fossil from it. Seven conodont pedigrees were supplemented or erected by studies of statistics and transitional forms. Conodont evolution in the Early Carboniferous could be divided into three stages, i.e. the Siphonodella stage, the Gnathodus typicus stage and the Gnathodus bilineatus stage. The transform-surface between the later two stages could be put as the Tournaisian-Visean boundary. Finally, this paper proposes that the Pengchong section can be the stratotype candidate of the Tournaisian-Visean boundary, the boundary point be put at the bottom of bed 58 and the stratotype sign of conodont be the first occurrence of Gnathodus praebilineatus of the Gnathodus semiglaber branch.