Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiologic Validation of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography during Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery

Eleven patients underwent subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. DTI and high-resolution T1- and T2-weighted MRI were performed at 3T. The electrode positions and current amplitudes that elicited corticospinal tract effects during the operation were studied to determine relative corticospinal tract distance. The mean intraoperative electrophysiologic corticospinal tract distance was 3.0 mm +/- 0.6 mm; the mean image-derived corticospinal tract distance (DTI fiber tractography) was 3.0 mm +/- 1.3 mm. DTI fiber tractography depicted the medial corticospinal border in concordance with electrophysiology under 2 different conditions and modeling approaches. Under both conditions, the electrophysiologic measurements were clearly related to the DTI fiber tractography. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion tensor imaging fiber tractography–assisted planning of deep brain stimulation is an emerging technology. We investigated its accuracy by using electrophysiology under clinical conditions. We hypothesized that a level of concordance between electrophysiology and DTI fiber tractography can be reached, comparable with published modeling approaches for deep brain stimulation surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients underwent subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. DTI scans and high-resolution T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging was performed at 3T. Corticospinal tracts were traced. We studied electrode positions and current amplitudes that elicited corticospinal tract effects during the operation to determine relative corticospinal tract distance. Postoperatively, 3D deep brain stimulation electrode contact locations and stimulation patterns were applied for the same corticospinal tract distance estimation. RESULTS: Intraoperative electrophysiologic (n = 40) clinical effects in 11 patients were detected. The mean intraoperative electrophysiologic corticospinal tract distance was 3.0 ± 0.6 mm; the mean image-derived corticospinal tract distance (DTI fiber tractography) was 3.0 ± 1.3 mm. The 95% limits of agreement were ±2.4 mm. Postoperative electrophysiology (n = 44) corticospinal tract activation effects were encountered in 9 patients; 39 were further evaluated. Mean electrophysiologic corticospinal tract distance was 3.7 ± 0.7 mm; for DTI fiber tractography, it was 3.2 ± 1.9 mm. The 95% limits of agreement were ±2.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: DTI fiber tractography depicted the medial corticospinal tract border with proved concordance. Although the overall range of measurements was relatively small and variance was high, we believe that further use of DTI fiber tractography to assist deep brain stimulation procedures is advisable if inherent limitations are respected. These results confirm our previously published electric field simulation studies.
Endothelin-1-induced oxidative stress in DOCA-salt hypertension involves NADPH-oxidase-independent mechanisms.

We have demonstrated recently [Callera, Touyz, Teixeira, Muscara, Carvalho, Fortes, Schiffrin and Tostes (2003) Hypertension 42, 811-817] that increased vascular oxidative stress in DOCA (deoxycorticosterone acetate)-salt rats is associated with activation of the ET (endothelin) system via ETA receptors. The exact source of ET-1-mediated oxidative stress remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ET-1 increases generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in DOCA-salt hypertension through NADPH-oxidase-dependent mechanisms. Xanthine oxidase, eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2) were also examined as potential ET-1 sources of ROS as well as mitochondrial respiration. DOCA-salt and control UniNX (uninephrectomized) rats were treated with the ETA antagonist BMS182874 (40 mg.day(-1). kg(-1) of body weight) or vehicle. Plasma TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances) were increased in DOCA-salt compared with UniNX rats. Activity of NADPH and xanthine oxidases in aorta, mesenteric arteries and heart was increased in DOCA-salt rats. BMS182874 decreased plasma TBARS levels without influencing NADPH and xanthine oxidase activities in DOCA-salt rats. Increased p22(phox) protein expression and increased p47(phox) membrane translocation in arteries from DOCA-salt by rats were not affected by BMS182874 treatment. Increased eNOS and COX-2 expression, also observed in aortas from DOCA-salt rats, was unaltered by BMS182874. Increased mitochondrial generation of ROS in DOCA-salt rats was normalized by BMS182874. ETA antagonism also increased the expression of mitochondrial MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) in DOCA-salt rats. In conclusion, activation of NADPH oxidase does not seem to be the major source of oxidative stress induced by ET-1/ETA in DOCA-salt hypertension, which also appears to be independent of increased activation of xanthine oxidase or eNOS/COX-2 overexpression. Mitochondria may play a role in ET-1-driven oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased mitochondrial-derived ROS in this model of hypertension.
Towards the Development of an Unconditionally Stable Time-Domain Meshless Method

In this paper, an unconditionally stable mesheless method is proposed with the implementation of the leapfrog alternating-direction-implicit scheme in the 3-D radial point interpolation meshless method. The unconditional stability of the proposed method is analytically proven and numerically verified. The accuracy and efficiency of the method are assessed through experiments. Compared with the conventional radial interpolation method, the computational cost can be saved by 85% with little sacrifice of accuracy. The principle presented in this paper can be extended to other existing meshless methods in developing other types of the unconditionally stable meshless methods.
Improving Semantic Parsing via Answer Type Inference

In this work, we show the possibility of inferring the answer type before solving a factoid question and leveraging the type information to improve semantic parsing. By replacing the topic entity in a question with its type, we are able to generate an abstract form of the question, whose answer corresponds to the answer type of the original question. A bidirectional LSTM model is built to train over the abstract form of questions and infer their answer types. It is also observed that if we convert a question into a statement form, our LSTM model achieves better accuracy. Using the predicted type information to rerank the logical forms returned by AgendaIL, one of the leading semantic parsers, we are able to improve the F1-score from 49.7% to 52.6% on the WE-BQUESTIONS data.
Optimized Stochastic Policies for Task Allocation in Swarms of Robots

We present a scalable approach to dynamically allocating a swarm of homogeneous robots to multiple tasks, which are to be performed in parallel, following a desired distribution. We employ a decentralized strategy that requires no communication among robots. It is based on the development of a continuous abstraction of the swarm obtained by modeling population fractions and defining the task allocation problem as the selection of rates of robot ingress and egress to and from each task. These rates are used to determine probabilities that define stochastic control policies for individual robots, which, in turn, produce the desired collective behavior. We address the problem of computing rates to achieve fast redistribution of the swarm subject to constraint(s) on switching between tasks at equilibrium. We present several formulations of this optimization problem that vary in the precedence constraints between tasks and in their dependence on the initial robot distribution. We use each formulation to optimize the rates for a scenario with four tasks and compare the resulting control policies using a simulation in which 250 robots redistribute themselves among four buildings to survey the perimeters.
Virtual Ownership and Managerial Distance: The Governance of Industrial Foundations

Industrial foundations are nonprofit foundations that own business companies. These entities are not uncommon in Northern Europe and many successful international companies are owned in thus way. Because of their good performance and unusual combination of nonprofit and for-profit entities, they present interesting challenges to theories of the firm. In this paper, we present the first study of the manner in which the foundations govern the companies that they own. We work with a rich data set comprising 121 foundation-owned Danish companies over the period 2003-2008, We focus in particular on a composite structural factor that we term "managerial distance. " We interpret this as a measure of the clarity and objectivity with which a foundation-owned company's top managers are induced to focus on the company's profitability. More particularly, managerial distance seems best interpreted as a factor, or aggregate of component factors, that put the foundation board in the position of "virtual owners," in the sense that the information and decisions facing the managers are framed for them in roughly the way they would be framed for profit-seeking outside owners of the company. Our empirical analysis shows a positive, significant, and robust association between managerial distance and company economic performance. The findings appear to illuminate not just foundation governance, but corporate governance more generally. 3
The 'digital natives' debate: A critical review of the evidence

The idea that a new generation of students is entering the education system has excited recent attention among educators and education commentators. Termed ‘digital natives’ or the ‘Net generation’, these young people are said to have been immersed in technology all their lives, imbuing them with sophisticated technical skills and learning preferences for which traditional education is unprepared. Grand claims are being made about the nature of this generational change and about the urgent necessity for educational reform in response. A sense of impending crisis pervades this debate. However, the actual situation is far from clear. In this paper, the authors draw on the fields of education and sociology to analyse the digital natives debate. The paper presents and questions the main claims made about digital natives and analyses the nature of the debate itself. We argue that rather than being empirically and theoretically informed, the debate can be likened to an academic form of a ‘moral panic’. We propose that a more measured and disinterested approach is now required to investigate ‘digital natives’ and their implications for education.
Psychometric properties of the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA) in a Chilean population

The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA) is an instrument designed to assess interoceptive awareness. The aim of this study was to adapt the original MAIA scale to Spanish and to analyze its psychometric properties in a Chilean population. The MAIA was administered to 470 adults, aged 18–70 years, 76.6% women and 23.4% men, residents of the provinces of Valparaíso and Concepción, Chile. Exploratory factor analysis reduced the scale from 32 to 30 items. Confirmatory factor analysis supports a structure of eight interrelated factors (Noticing, Not-Distracting, Not-Worrying, Attention Regulation, Emotional Awareness, Self- Regulation, Body Listening, and Trusting), similar to the original scale (χ2(371) = 659.78, p = 0.0001; CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.056 and SRMR = 0.059). The Spanish version showed appropriate indicators of construct validity and reliability, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.90 for the total scale, and values between 0.40 and 0.86 for the different subscales. Similar to previous studies, low reliability was observed in two of the eight scales (Not-Distracting and Not-Worrying), thus further revision of these subscales is suggested. The Spanish version of MAIA proved to be a valid and reliable tool to investigate interoceptive awareness in the Chilean population.
The Influence of Multivesicular Release and Postsynaptic Receptor Saturation on Transmission at Granule Cell to Purkinje Cell Synapses

The properties of a synapse are crucially dependent on whether an action potential can trigger the release of multiple vesicles at an individual release site [multivesicular release (MVR)] and whether fusion of a single vesicle leads to receptor saturation. MVR and receptor saturation both occur at some high p synapses, but it is not known whether they also occur at low p synapses. Here we examine this issue at the low p synapse between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells using the low-affinity antagonist DGG (γ-d-glutamylglycine) to relieve AMPA receptor saturation. We find that the presence of MVR and receptor saturation at this synapse alters the calcium dependence of synaptic transmission and reduces the extent of facilitation. These findings establish that MVR and postsynaptic receptor saturation can influence transmission even at synapses with a low initial probability of release and suggest that these properties may be common at synapses in the mammalian brain.
Severe water intoxication and secondary depressive syndrome in relation to delusional infestation

This study presents a case of severe water intoxication in a female patient with delusional infestation. Self-induced excessive water ingestion is a rare medical condition, which has not been reported in patients with delusional infestation yet. The patient in this case study was a 60-year-old Chinese woman, who was admitted to our hospital because of a feeling of skin infestation. She suffered from loss of consciousness and generalized tonic–clonic seizure after drinking 12 L of water during bowel cleansing before colonoscopy. Sufficient laboratory and imaging examinations were performed to exclude other possible causes of severe hyponatremia, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes insipidus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Besides, the cystic lesion in the posterior pituitary revealed by cranial magnetic resonance imaging was not accountable for her delusional symptoms as well as excessive drinking behavior. Her delusional symptoms were in complete remission with a combination of risperidone and aripiprazole. However, nearly 3 months after discharge, this patient suffered from depressed mood and was diagnosed with depressive syndrome, and even attempted suicide. This case highlights the possibility of self-induced water intoxication in patients with delusional infestation, inevitably adding to the complexity of the disease, and indicates the necessity of precautions for secondary psychotic or mood problems after symptomatological remission.
The Sociological Use and Functions of Graffiti

This study is a theoretical discussion of the sociological use and functions of graffiti. I developed a framework and formulated hypotheses so that sociologists and educationalists can interpret these phenomena for the insights they reveal about individuals who engage in this activity. I divided the topic (graffiti} into two: social graffiti which I discussed in chapter 1 (social graffiti included all graffiti except sexual) and sexual graffiti which I discussed in chapter 2. I developed the hypothesis that graffiti were an indicator of various types of deprivation (e.g. resources such as adequate housing, knowledge, ideological freedom and acceptance). I considered that this deprivation resulted in conflict which was also expressed in graffiti as a direct protest and challenge or as undirected vandalism. Consequently I developed a division of graffiti into two major types. (i) realistic conflict graffiti: where the graffitist addressed the source of his/her deprivation (be it a government policy, or a social value or norm), (ii) non-realistic conflict graffiti where the graffitist did not address the causal source of his/her deprivation but selected either: {a) a surrogate target (e.g. a particular racial or religious group), or (b) the graffiti were undirected (e.g. a name, an undirected statement, e.g. 'I WOZ ERE', or an
A study of the prevalence of adverse events in primary healthcare in Spain.

BACKGROUND Healthcare practices involve risks for patients, but there has been little research to date on the occurrence of adverse events (AE) in primary care (PC). The frequency of AE in PC in Spain, the factors that contribute to their occurrence, their severity and their preventability, were analysed. METHODS Observational cross-sectional study was carried out in 48 PC centres in 16 regions of Spain. PC professionals were asked to assess whether the AE was caused by the healthcare or if it was an expectable consequence of the patient's underlying condition. A total of 452 healthcare professionals who attended 96 047 consultations were involved. RESULTS A total of 773 AE were identified, so that the point prevalence of AE was 0.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-0.85]. A majority of AE (64.3%) were considered preventable and only 5.9% were severe, usually related to medication [odds ratio (OR) = 4.6; 95% CI 2.1-10.3]. The most frequent causal factor of the AE was associated with medication (adverse drug reactions and medication errors), but problems in communication and management were at the root of many of the AE. Nurses reported more preventable AE (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.8). CONCLUSION In spite of an AE being less damaging in PC, large numbers of patients and professionals suffer their consequences each year. An awareness of the magnitude and impact of AE is the first step on the road to the cultural change necessary for achieving safer healthcare.
Leisure Activities and Need Satisfaction

ABSTRACTThe need-satisfying characteristics of five commonly selected leisure activities (watching television; attending plays, concerts, and lectures; reading books and magazines; bicycling; and drinking and socializing) were investigated. Forty-two of the forty- five need-satisfiers studied significantly differentiated among the five activities. The need-satisfier dimensions showing the greatest discrimination among the activities were sex, catharsis, independence, understanding, getting along with others, and affiliation.
MAPD: A Multi-subject Affective Physiological Database

A multi-subject affective physiological database containing 380 physiological records of 250 subjects is presented in this paper. While the subjects individually watch the amusement, anger, fear, or sadness elicitation film clip, their oxygen saturation (OXY), galvanic skin response (GSR), electrocardiogram (ECG), and front face videos are synchronously recorded. The subjects have reported the duration and category of their emotion experience by means of pressing a button during the experiment and filling out a revised PANAS-X after the experiment, respectively. A statistical analysis of the subjects' emotion experience self-reports is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the emotion elicitation. In order to explore the distinguish ability of the affective physiological changes of the above-mentioned four emotions, 233 affective physiological features commonly used in literature are extracted to represent the 380 affective physiological data samples. A random forests classifier is applied for quaternary classification of amusement, anger, fear, and sadness, and the overall correct rate is 74.8%.
On Surfaces of General Type with p g = q = 1 Isogenous to a Product of Curves

A smooth algebraic surface S is said to be isogenous to a product of unmixed type if there exist two smooth curves C, F and a finite group G, acting faithfully on both C and F and freely on their product, so that S = (C × F)/G. In this article, we classify the surfaces of general type with pg = q = 1 which are isogenous to an unmixed product, assuming that the group G is abelian. It turns out that they belong to four families, that we call surfaces of type I, II, III, IV. The moduli spaces 𝔐I, 𝔐II, 𝔐IV are irreducible, whereas 𝔐III is the disjoint union of two irreducible components. In the last section we start the analysis of the case where G is not abelian, by constructing several examples.
Visual Binaries in the Orion Nebula Cluster

We have carried out a major survey for visual binaries toward the Orion Nebula Cluster, using images obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope through an Hα filter. From 1051 stars more than 60″ from θ1 Ori C, we have selected 781 that fulfill the criteria for membership in the Orion Nebula Cluster. Among these, we find 78 multiple systems (75 binaries and 3 triples), of which 55 are new discoveries, in the range from 0.1″ to 1.5″. We perform a statistical study of the 72 binaries and 3 triples that have separations in the limited range 0.15″ to 1.5″, within which we need no incompleteness correction. An analysis of the stellar density in our images suggests that of these binaries, nine are line-of-sight associations. When corrected for this, we find a binary fraction of 8.8% ± 1.1% within the limited separation range from 67.5 to 675 AU (counting the three triples as six binaries). The field binary fraction in the same range from Duquennoy & Mayor is a factor of 1.5 higher. Within the range 150-675 AU that overlaps the study of binaries in T Tauri associations by Reipurth & Zinnecker, we find that the associations have a factor of 2.2 more binaries than the Orion Nebula Cluster, in approximate agreement with earlier results based on data from the inner Trapezium region with small-number statistics. The binary separation distribution function of the Orion Nebula Cluster shows unusual structure, with a sudden steep decrease in the number of binaries as the separation increases beyond 0.5″, corresponding to 225 AU. We have measured the ratio of binaries wider than 0.5″ to binaries closer than 0.5″ as a function of distance from the Trapezium, and we find that this ratio is significantly depressed in the inner region of the Orion Nebula Cluster. The deficit of binaries with larger separations in the central part of the cluster is likely due to dissolution or orbital change of the wider binaries during their passage through the potential well of the inner cluster region. All of our primaries appear to be T Tauri stars, with the exception of one Herbig Ae/Be star, and there are indications that a substantial number of secondaries could be brown dwarfs.
The Effect of Sexist Humor on Women's Sense of Possible-Selves

Social identity theory encourages the importance of maintaining a positive self-image, and positive view of one’s own group (Tajfel & Turner, 1986). A person’s sense of possible-selves (the imaginations of who they are and who they could be in any given interaction) can become damaged when interacting with an individual who encourages threatening stereotypes (Brown, 1998). The present study aims to extend the understandings of how one’s image can be threatened, via “social identity-threat,” using sexist humor. In this study, participants’ ideations of their “possible-selves” will be measured by how they respond to self-survey questionnaires. Participants will imagine interactions with a graduate Teaching Assistant who engages in humor by telling jokes. The humor will be sexist or neutral in manner. The imagined interaction will contain either a confederate (TA) who offers the jokes, or a different confederate whose behaviors are ambiguous and does not participate in the jokes. I hypothesize that by degrading and diminishing women, sexist humor will derogate and threaten women’s social identities, and break their sense of self-worth, in a way that isn’t limited to contextual factors.