Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fragrance effect on beta band oscillations of primary visual and prefrontal cortices for reading tasks

Medio Dorsal Thalamic nucleus (MDT), popularly known as `Olfactory thalamus', is being studied extensively for its role in olfactory perception. Prefrontal cortex is the prominent cortical structure to which the MDT is connected. Measuring stress, attention and drowsiness levels and developing proper courses of action to improve the performance and productivity is greatly facilitated by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Electroencephalography (EEG). Reading is one of the principal information acquisition methods for human brain. Cortical mapping plays a very important role in strengthening the memory circuit connections in the brain. While reading, if words are capable of evoking corresponding visuals, it will cause to the creation of long term memory. This is how mnemonics work excellently in enriching one's vocabulary. High Alpha and Beta band powers of EEG signals are responsible for scaling up relaxation and attention levels of an individual respectively. In this paper major focus is placed on how an olfactory stimulus alters the strength of beta band oscillations of the prefrontal cortex. Along with that we discuss the way fragrance nature of environment, incense burning and synthetic perfume, affects the relaxation levels (Alpha band power) and the attention levels (Beta band power) of a subject by collecting EEG signals from primary visual cortex during a reading task of four minutes. Alpha and Beta band powers are drastically low in case of synthetic perfume fragrance compared to incense burning ambience.
Inventory Writedowns , Sales Growth , and Ordering Policy : An Empirical Investigation

If the market value of inventory declines below its original cost, for reasons such as damage or obsolescence, under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles a company should write it down to the new market value and recognize a loss. This paper uses publicly available data to conduct an empirical investigation of 290 firms, which experienced a first-time inventory writedown of more than 1% of average total assets between the years 2002 and 2004. The average inventory write-down in our sample is $13.2 million, which represents 3.7% of a firm’s average total assets. We show that these write-downs are associated with a severe negative impact on firms’ operating performance: The mean firm in our sample experiences a -15.4% return on assets in the year of an inventory write-down and a -21.6% market-adjusted return. We also examine the relationships between sales growth, purchasing policies, and inventory writedowns. Empirical evidence suggests that extreme sales growth firms are significantly more likely to experience a future inventory write-down than moderately growing firms. We find that, on average, all growing firms purchase more inventory than they sell, i.e., responding to growth, they tend to build up stock. The extreme sales growth firms, however, purchase less inventory than their moderately growing counterparts, indicating that these firms may be aware of the heightened risk of write-downs, which thus far has not been explicitly considered in the inventory literature. In addition, we find that extreme sales growth firms with write-downs build up more stock than extreme sales growth firms without write-downs. However, we do not find evidence of exuberant inventory purchases among these firms: In fact, inventory policy of an average extreme growth firm with write-downs is statistically indistinguishable from that of a firm experiencing only moderate or no sales growth. Future research may explore whether inventory policies used by moderately growing firms are inappropriate for extreme growth firms. This may lead to useful heuristics that would function well in a non-stationary demand environment with stochastic holding cost.
The brain‐specific protein MLC1 implicated in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts is expressed in glial cells in the murine brain

The human MLC1 gene (also known as KIAA0027 and WKL1) and its murine orthologue (Mlc1) encode a putative transmembrane protein expressed primarily in brain. Recessive mutations within human MLC1 cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), whereas a missense mutation resulting in a methionine substitution within a transmembrane leucine string of MLC has been implicated in catatonic schizophrenia in a large pedigree. To gain insight into the function of the MLC protein and to elucidate the pathophysiology of these severe neurodegenerative disorders, information on the cellular and regional distribution of the murine Mlc1, as well as the developmental pattern of Mlc1 expression in brain, is required. Using in situ hybridization (ISH), Mlc1 mRNA was exclusively detected in glial cells of the adult murine brain, such as astrocytes, Bergmann glia, and ependymal cells. ISH, Northern blot analysis, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that Mlc1 mRNA is broadly distributed in the adult mouse brain, with highest concentrations of expression in the cerebellum and olfactory bulb. Furthermore, differential expression patterns during brain development were revealed. Overall brain Mlc1 mRNA concentrations exhibited a substantial increase in the perinatal period reaching adult concentrations at postnatal day 5. At the cellular level, highest Mlc1 expression was found during the pre‐ and perinatal period in multipotential neural precursor cells, especially in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, whereas in adulthood highest Mlc1 mRNA concentrations were revealed in Bergmann glia cells. Because the temproal expression profile of Mlc1 indicates that, in contrast to developing and mature astrocytes, oligodendrocytes are devoid of Mlc1 expression, white matter tract abnormalities observed in these disorders may result from a primary astrocytic defect. Detailed information on Mlc1 expression in brain is likely to lead to a better understanding of Mlc1 involvement in the pathogenesis of both MLC and catatonic schizophrenia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
THE LOCAL SPACE DENSITY OF Sb-Sdm GALAXIES AS FUNCTION OF THEIR SCALE SIZE, SURFACE BRIGHTNESS, AND LUMINOSITY

We investigate the dependence of the local space density of spiral galaxies on luminosity, scale size, and surface brightness. We derive bivariate space density distributions in these quantities from a sample of about 1000 Sb-Sdm spiral galaxies, corrected for selection e(cid:134)ects in luminosity and surface brightness. The structural parameters of the galaxies were corrected for internal extinction using a description depending on galaxy surface brightness. We —nd that the bivariate space density distribution of spiral galaxies in the (luminosity, scale size)-plane is well described by a Schechter luminosity function in the luminosity dimension and a log-normal scale-size distribution at a given luminosity. This parameterization of the scale-size distribution was motivated by a simple model for the formation of disks within dark matter halos, with halos acquiring their angular momenta through tidal torques from neighboring objects and the disk speci—c angular momentum being proportional to that of the parent halo. However, the fractional width of the scale-size distribution at a given luminosity is narrower than what one would expect from using the distribution of angular momenta of halos measured in N -body simulations of hierarchical clustering. We present several possible explanations for the narrowness of the observed distribution. Using our bivariate distribution, we —nd that determinations of the local luminosity function of spiral galaxies should not be strongly a(cid:134)ected by the bias against low surface brightness galaxies, even when the galaxies are selected from photographic plates. This may not be true for studies at high redshift, where (1 ] z ) 4 surface brightness dimming would cause a signi—cant selection bias against lower surface brightness galaxies, if the galaxy population did not evolve with redshift.
Revolution or Evolution: A Comparison of Object-Oriented and Structured Systems Development Methods

This paper examines the changes engendered when moving from a structured to an object-oriented systems development approach and reconciles the differing views concerning whether this represents an evolutionary or revolutionary change. Author co-citation analysis is used to elucidate the ideational and conceptual relationships between the two approaches. The difference in conceptual distance at the analysis and design level compared to that at the programming level is explained using Henderson's framework for organizational change. The conceptual shift during analysis and design is considered architectural, whereas for programming it is deemed merely incremental. The managerial implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for improving the likelihood of success in the adoption of object-oriented systems development methods are provided.
Social Class Differences in Temperament Ratings by Mothers of Preschool Children.

Social class differences in mothers' ratings of temperament in preschool children were assessed by comparing mothers from the upper and from the lower quar tile of the social class distribution in the Australian Temperament Project. Al though children from the lower SES group were rated as more "difficult," moth ers of these children reported themselves as less bothered by difficult behaviors than did the upper SES group. Further, they did not perceive their children as more difficult on a global rating scale. Possible relationships between reported child-rearing practices and child temperament were explored to account for the social class differences. Findings suggested that the upper SES mothers were more responsive to their children's characteristics, giving further support for claims that child temperament ratings are not independent of maternal charac teristics.
Evaluating digital poetry: Insights from the CAT

We test the Consensual Assessment Technique on recent digital poetry, using graduate students in Experimental Digital Media as judges. Our judges display good interrater agreement for the best and worst poems, but disagree on others. The CAT by itself may not be suitable for use on digital poetry; however, the behavior of quasi-expert judges when attempting this task gives us clues towards evidence-based, domain-speciﬁc evaluation. We discuss the role of product-base evaluation in digital poetry, and produce a set of desiderata based on our judges’ written responses: Reaction, Meaning, Novelty, and Craft.
The evolutionary status of the low-metallicity blue compact dwarf galaxy SBS 0940+544.

We present the results of spectrophotometry andV;R;I ,H CCD photometry of the blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxy SBS 0940+544. Broad-band images taken with the 2.1 m KPNO ? and 1.23 m Calar Alto ? telescopes reveal a compact high-surface-brightness H ii region with ongoing star formation, located at the northwestern tip of the elongated low surface brightness (LSB) main body of the BCD. Very faint, patchy emission along the main body is seen in the H image. High signal-to-noise 4.5 m Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) ? and 10 m Keck II telescope y long-slit spectroscopy of SBS 0940+544 is used to derive element abundances of the ionized gas in the brightest H ii region and to study the stellar population in the host galaxy. The oxygen abundance in the brightest region with strong emission lines is 12 + log(O/H) = 7.46{7.50, or 1/29{1/26 solar, in agreement with earlier determinations and among the lowest for BCDs. H and H emission lines and H and H absorption lines are detected in a large part of the main body. Three methods are used to put constraints on the age of the stellar population at dierent positions along the major axis. They are based on (a) the equivalent widths of the emission lines, (b) the equivalent widths of the absorption lines and (c) the spectral energy distributions (SED). Several scenarios of star formation have been considered. We nd that models with single instantaneous bursts cannot reproduce the observed SEDs, implying that star formation in the main body of SBS 0940+544 was continuous. The observed properties in the main body can be reproduced by a continuous star formation process which started not earlier than 100 Myr ago, if a small extinction is assumed. However, the observations can be reproduced equally well by a stellar population forming continuously since 10 Gyr, if the star formation rate has increased during last 100 Myr in the main body of SBS 0940+544 by at least a factor of ve. We also investigate the age of the reddest southern region of the main body, where no absorption and emission lines are detected. On the assumption of zero extinction in this faint region, the observed spectrum can be tted by a theoretical SED of a stellar population continuously formed with a constant star formation rate between 100 Myr and 10 Gyr ago. If, however, a small extinction of C(H) 0.1 is present in this region then the observed spectrum can be tted by a theoretical SED of a stellar population continuously formed between 100 Myr and 1 Gyr ago with a constant star formation rate. However, the poor signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum and large photometric errors preclude reliable determination of the age of the southern region. In summary, we nd no compelling evidence which favors either a young or an old age of SBS 0940+544.
EPISODIC RANDOM ACCRETION AND THE COSMOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE SPINS

The growth of supermassive black holes (BHs) located at the centers of their host galaxies comes mainly from the accretion of gas, but how to fuel them remains an outstanding unsolved problem in quasar evolution. This issue can be elucidated by quantifying the radiative efficiency parameter (η) as a function of redshift, which also provides constraints on the average spin of the BHs and its possible evolution with time. We derive a formalism to link η with the luminosity density, BH mass density, and duty cycle of quasars, quantities we can estimate from existing quasars, and galaxy survey data. We find that η has a strong cosmological evolution: at z ≈ 2, η ≈ 0.3, and by z ≈ 0 it has decreased by an order of magnitude, to η ≈ 0.03. We interpret this trend as evolution in BH spin, and we appeal to episodic, random accretion as the mechanism for reducing the spin. The observation that the fraction of radio-loud quasars decreases with increasing redshift is inconsistent with the popular notion that BH spin is a critical factor for generating strong radio jets. In agreement with previous studies, we show that the derived history of BH accretion closely follows the cosmic history of star formation, consistent with other evidence that BHs and their host galaxies co-evolve.
Lossless intra coding in HEVC with integer-to-integer DST

It is desirable to support efficient lossless coding within video coding standards, which are primarily designed for lossy coding, with as little modification as possible. A simple approach is to skip transform and quantization, and directly entropy code the prediction residual, but this is inefficient for compression. A more efficient and popular approach is to process the residual block with DPCM prior to entropy coding. This paper explores an alternative approach based on processing the residual block with integer-to-integer (i2i) transforms. I2i transforms map integers to integers, however, unlike the integer transforms used in HEVC for lossy coding, they do not increase the dynamic range at the output and can be used in lossless coding. We focus on lossless intra coding and use both an i2i DCT from the literature and a novel i2i approximation of the odd type-3 DST. Experiments with the HEVC reference software show improved results.
Advances in View-Invariant Human Motion Analysis: A Review

As viewpoint issue is becoming a bottleneck for human motion analysis and its application, in recent years, researchers have been devoted to view-invariant human motion analysis and have achieved inspiring progress. The challenge here is to find a methodology that can recognize human motion patterns to reach increasingly sophisticated levels of human behavior description. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of this significant research with the emphasis on view-invariant representation, and recognition of poses and actions. In order to help readers understand the integrated process of visual analysis of human motion, this paper presents recent development in three major issues involved in a general human motion analysis system, namely, human detection, view-invariant pose representation and estimation, and behavior understanding. Public available standard datasets are recommended. The concluding discussion assesses the progress so far, and outlines some research challenges and future directions, and solution to what is essential to achieve the goals of human motion analysis.
Process of transfer and reception of Bologna Process ideas in the Cameroon higher education system

The Bologna Process (BP), which created the European Higher Education Area, has had a profound impact on educational systems in Europe and beyond, as far as Cameroon. Through thematic analysis of interviews and text documents, this article examines the adoption of BP ideas in Cameroon with a focus on the transfer and local reception to the adoption. This article shows that the adoption in Cameroon is found to continue a process that began with the adoption of the BP at the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) by the CEMAC heads of state, leading to its subsequent imposition on universities in Cameroon. The present findings show that, although imposed on the universities, the adoption of the BP found some support in Cameroon because of its potential to resolve the country’s higher education challenges. However, because of Cameroon’s dual French and Anglo-Saxon education system, some interviewees expressed scepticism about the adopted approaches, primarily because they appeared French driven. The article highlights some of the complexities and tensions associated with introducing a borrowed model to a dual system of education such as that in Cameroon.
Cultural Modifications in an Adolescent Earth-Oven Interment from Fiji: Sorting out Mortuary Practice

ABSTRACT The incomplete skeletal remains of a young adolescent (10–12 years of age) recovered from the surface of an earth-oven in Qaranicagi Cave, Site Y2–39, Waya Island, Fiji are used to explore mortuary practices in these islands. Mortuary practices in Fiji are documented in explorer and missionary accounts, and a limited number of excavated burials. Additionally, cannibalism is ethnographically and archaeologically known in the region. Cannibalism appears to be temporally and spatially sensitive, and is only one of a variety of perimortem behaviors. Criteria for the determination of cannibalism in human bone assemblages from Fiji are applied to these remains with limited success. The unique interment of the Qaranicagi Cave skeletal remains may represent cannibalism and the first evidence for transportation of human flesh outside of a village context in Fiji, or it may represent a secondary deposit of portions of a cave burial.
HERSCHEL OBSERVATIONS OF FAR-INFRARED COOLING LINES IN INTERMEDIATE REDSHIFT (ULTRA)-LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES

We report the first results from a spectroscopic survey of the [C ii] 158 μm line from a sample of intermediate redshift (0.2 1011.5 L☉), using the Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver–Fourier Transform Spectrometer on board the Herschel Space Observatory. This is the first survey of [C ii] emission, an important tracer of star formation, at a redshift range where the star formation rate density of the universe increases rapidly. We detect strong [C ii] 158 μm line emission from over 80% of the sample. We find that the [C ii] line is luminous, in the range (0.8–4) × 10−3 of the far-infrared continuum luminosity of our sources, and appears to arise from photodissociation regions on the surface of molecular clouds. The L[C ii]/LIR ratio in our intermediate redshift (U)LIRGs is on average ∼10 times larger than that of local ULIRGs. Furthermore, we find that the L[C ii]/LIR and L[C ii]/LCO(1–0) ratios in our sample are similar to those of local normal galaxies and high-z star-forming galaxies. ULIRGs at z ∼ 0.5 show many similarities to the properties of local normal and high-z star-forming galaxies. Our findings strongly suggest that rapid evolution in the properties of the star-forming regions of (U)LIRGs is likely to have occurred in the last 5 billion years.
Meritocracy, policy and pedagogy: culture and the politics of recognition and redistribution in Singapore

ABSTRACT Ideas about merit and the associated notion of a meritocracy have long been drawn upon to frame and understand a range of issues central to education policy. Little attention, however, is given to how in practice and through the workings of policy, meritocracy functions as an ideology that is struggled over by various social groups and pedagogic agents. Focusing on classroom pedagogic practices in Singapore, this article explores the ways in which in an ostensibly meritocratic education system, teachers interpret and negotiate ideas about culture to engage their students in the system’s low-progress tracks. We argue that these teachers are creatively resisting, even challenging official discourses of meritocracy and engaging in what Nancy Fraser calls struggles over recognition and redistribution.
A feature-based method for traffic anomaly detection

The wide spread use of GPS-enabled devices facilitates us to sense the movement of vehicles. Detecting anomalous movement behavior on road segments can benefit both drivers and transportation authorities. An important challenge behind this is how to detect these anomalies effectively and timely under large scale of raw GPS trajectories. In this light, we propose a Feature-Based method for Traffic Anomaly Detection (FBTAD). A key observation is that road segments, where these incidents turns up, tend to have their vehicle flow features changed in a short period of time. For example, a traffic accident may immediately and significantly slow down the travel speed on a road segment. In this paper, we first map-match raw trajectories. Then we calculate the road segments' traffic features in each time slot, e.g., 10 minutes, and introduce an offline spatial-temporal index for speeding up the anomaly detection process. Finally, we retrieve anomaly candidates by checking the road segment's traffic flow acceleration based on the index built above, and examine candidates' density change ratio or moving objects' outflow ratio to further infer traffic anomalies. The effectiveness and efficiency of our approach is validated by extensive experimentation. Our evaluations show that the method proposed in this paper is able to detect traffic anomalies more efficiently as well as earlier than the baseline method.
Conflict resolution styles.

County commissions, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. NDSU does not discriminate in its programs and activities on the basis of age, color, gender expression/identity, genetic information, marital status, national origin, participation in lawful off-campus activity, physical or mental disability, pregnancy, public assistance status, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, spousal relationship to current employee, or veteran status, as applicable. Direct inquiries to Vice Provost for Title IX/ADA Coordinator, Old Main 201, NDSU Main Campus, 701-231-7708, ndsu.eoaa@ndsu.edu. This publication will be made available in alternative formats for people with disabilities upon request, 701-231-7881. Directions: Listen to the scenario. Choose how you would respond from the lettered choices below. Place your letter in the chart and answer the questions for that scenario. Scenario My Response and Letter Why 1. Clean the House 2. Borrowing Friend 3. Gossip About Friend 4. Teacher Grades Unfairly 5. Friend Wants to Copy