Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial failure: Statistical and psychological explanations

Research summary: Entrepreneurial start-ups suffer high rates of business failure. Previous research on entrepreneurial failure has focused on two kinds of explanations: statistical and psychological. Statistical explanations attribute excess entry to random errors made by boundedly rational entrepreneurs attempting to estimate business opportunities in risky markets. Psychological explanations focus on entrepreneurial overconfidence and competition neglect. These explanations emerged independently and have not been tested or compared in the same study. In this experimental study, we distinguish entrepreneurial markets from other types of markets and test statistical and psychological hypotheses for all market types. We find that excess entry is significantly greater in small, risky markets than in other market types, and that confidence levels account for excess entry, over and above the effects of unbiased statistical errors. Managerial summary: How can we explain the fact that most entrepreneurial ventures fail within five years? Market risk, inadequate capital and inexperienced management certainly play a role. However, from an economic point of view, it seems odd that inexperienced, under-funded people continue to engage in risky behavior that is widely known to fail. We conducted experiments that tested two explanations of entrepreneurial failure. The first explanation – the statistical hypothesis – argues that entrepreneurship involves high uncertainty, so random errors are inevitable and can produce excess entry (or under-entry). The second explanation – the psychological hypothesis – says that entrepreneurs' mistakes are not random but skewed heavily toward excess entry; hence, their decisions are distorted by psychological factors such as overconfidence. Our experiments found support for both of these explanations. Random errors under uncertainty explained 60% of the excess entry in our experiments. However, the overconfidence hypothesis correctly predicted that excess entry exceeds under-entry, and our psychological measures of overconfidence found support in the data. We also found that the markets that most often attract entrepreneurial investment – emerging markets with high uncertainty – were the markets most conducive to excess entry, due to a combination of psychological and market factors. Hence, we conclude that potential entrepreneurs should pay less attention to their own abilities and aspirations, and more attention to the external realities of competition in the marketplace. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who really cares : the surprising truth about compassionate conservatism : America's charity divide--who gives, who doesn't, and why it matters

We all know we should give to charity, but who really does? In his controversial study of America's giving habits, Arthur C. Brooks shatters stereotypes about charity in America-including the myth that the political Left is more compassionate than the Right. Brooks, a preeminent public policy expert, spent years researching giving trends in America, and even he was surprised by what he found. In Who Really Cares, he identifies the forces behind American charity: strong families, church attendance, earning one's own income (as opposed to receiving welfare), and the belief that individuals-not government-offer the best solution to social ills. But beyond just showing us who the givers and non-givers in America really are today, Brooks shows that giving is crucial to our economic prosperity, as well as to our happiness, health, and our ability to govern ourselves as a free people.
Altered M1/M2 activation patterns of monocytes in severe relapsing experimental rat model of multiple sclerosis. Amelioration of clinical status by M2 activated monocyte administration

Objectives:We investigated proinflammatory M1 and immunomodulatory M2 activation profiles of circulating monocytes in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis, and tested whether altered M1/M2 equilibrium promotes CNS inflammation. Results:Approaches of MRI macrophage tracking with USPIO nanoparticles and expression patterns of M1/M2 macrophages and microglia in brain and M1/M2 monocytes in blood samples at various disease stages revealed that M1/M2 equilibrium in blood and CNS favors mild EAE, while imbalance towards M1 promotes relapsing EAE. We consequently investigated whether M2 activated monocyte restoration in peripheral blood could cure acute clinical EAE disease. Administration of ex vivo activated M2 monocytes both suppressed ongoing severe EAE and increased immunomodulatory expression pattern in lesions, confirming their role in the induction of recovery. Conclusion:We conclude that imbalance of monocyte activation profiles and impaired M2 expression, are key factors in development of relapses. Our study opens new perspectives for therapeutic applications in MS.
An Enhanced IEEE 1588 Time Synchronization for Asymmetric Communication Link in Packet Transport Network

IEEE 1588 is a standard to synchronize independent clocks running on separate nodes of a distributed measurement and control system. In PTN (Packet Transport Network), it is considered as a key technology for supporting legacy TDM services and synchronizing 3G base stations. However, conventional IEEE 1588 synchronization algorithm assumes symmetrical links, and makes errors for asymmetric links for the calculation of the time difference between the master clock and the slave clock. We proposed an enhanced time synchronization method to calculate the time difference and the proposed method enhances an accuracy of the time synchronization.
A comparison of mtDNA restriction sites vs. control region sequences in phylogeographic assessment of the musk turtle (Sternotherus minor)

A total of nearly 800 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA sequence was assayed in each of 52 musk turtles (Sternotherus minor) collected across the species' range in the south‐eastern USA. About one‐half of the sequence information in effect was accessed by conventional recognition‐site assays of the entire mtDNA molecule; the remainder came from direct sequence assays of a normally hypervariable 5′ section of the noncoding control region. The two assay methods produced essentially nonoverlapping sets of variable character states that were compared with respect to magnitudes and phylogeographic patterns of mtDNA variation. The two assay procedures yielded nearly identical outcomes with regard to: (a) total levels of species‐wide mtDNA genetic variation; (b) mean levels of within‐locale variation; (c) extremely high population genetic structure; (d) a phylogenetcally significant separation of samples from the north‐western half of the species' range vs. those in the south‐eastern segment; and (e) considerably lower genetic variability within the north‐western clade. The micro‐ and macro‐phylogeographic mtDNA patterns in the musk turtle are consistent with a low‐dispersal natural history, and with a suspected longer‐term biogeographic history of the species, respectively.
Release of nitric oxide by angiotensin‐(1–7) from porcine coronary endothelium: implications for a novel angiotensin receptor

The angiotensin I (AI) metabolite, A(1–7), elicited a concentration‐dependent dilator response (ED50 ≥ 2 μm) in porcine coronary artery rings which was markedly attenuated by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine, and abolished after removal of the endothelium. This effect of the heptapeptide was not mimicked by AII, AIII or A(3–8) at comparable concentrations. The A(1–7)‐induced relaxation was not affected by AT1 or AT2 receptor blockade or cyclo‐oxygenase inhibition, but was attenuated by the B2 receptor antagonist, Hoe 140, and augmented by the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, quinaprilat. These findings suggest that the relaxation to A(1–7) was mediated by the release of NO from the coronary endothelium through activation of an, as yet unidentified, AT receptor, the occupation of which also seems to stimulate the release of vasoactive kinins. Since A(1–7) accumulates during ACE inhibition, this mechanism may contribute to the coronary dilator effect of ACE inhibitors in vivo.
Evaluation of nerve regeneration in diabetic rats.

PURPOSE To compare sciatic nerve regeneration between non-diabetic (control) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. METHODS Four subgroups were evaluated. CN: Non-diabetic rats submitted to neurorrhaphy (n=9); DN: Diabetic rats submitted to neurorrhaphy (n=9); CG: Non-diabetic rats submitted to nerve grafting (n=10); DG: Diabetic rats submitted to nerve grafting (n=9). The nerve regeneration was evaluated by walking track analysis (sciatic functional index), electrophysiological test, histomorphometric analysis and triceps surae muscle weight. RESULTS At 60 days post-surgery, functional recovery of DN was similar to that of the non-diabetic rats (CN, CG), but DG didn't achieve the same. Evoked potential amplitudes showed no statistically significant differences among subgroups. Triceps surae muscle was heavier in CN. No statistically significant differences were observed between the control and diabetes subgroups with respect to histomorphometric analysis. CONCLUSION After 60 days, DN had a functionally similar recovery to that of the control animals, whereas nerve grafting in diabetic rats didn't allow the same. The muscle atrophy was lower in CN. In the rest of evaluations, as electrophysiological and histomorphometric, diabetic rats were not different from control ones.
Modulation of therapeutic antibody effector functions by glycosylation engineering: Influence of Golgi enzyme localization domain and co‐expression of heterologous β1, 4‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase III and Golgi α‐mannosidase II

The effector functions elicited by IgG antibodies strongly depend on the carbohydrate moiety linked to the Fc region of the protein. Therefore several approaches have been developed to rationally manipulate these glycans and improve the biological functions of the antibody. Overexpression of recombinant β1,4‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT‐III) in production cell lines leads to antibodies enriched in bisected oligosaccharides. Moreover, GnT‐III overexpression leads to increases in non‐fucosylated and hybrid oligosaccharides. Such antibody glycovariants have increased antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). To explore a further variable besides overexpression of GnT‐III, we exchanged the localization domain of GnT‐III with that of other Golgi‐resident enzymes. Our results indicate that chimeric GnT‐III can compete even more efficiently against the endogenous core α1,6‐fucosyltransferase (α1,6‐FucT) and Golgi α‐mannosidase II (ManII) leading to higher proportions of bisected non‐fucosylated hybrid glycans (“Glyco‐1” antibody). The co‐expression of GnT‐III and ManII led to a similar degree of non‐fucosylation as that obtained for Glyco‐1, but the majority of the oligosaccharides linked to this antibody (“Glyco‐2”) are of the complex type. These glycovariants feature strongly increased ADCC activity compared to the unmodified antibody, while Glyco‐1 (hybrid‐rich) features reduced complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) compared to Glyco‐2 or unmodified antibody. We show that apart from GnT‐III overexpression, engineering of GnT‐III localization is a versatile tool to modulate the biological activities of antibodies relevant for their therapeutic application. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LIMIT PRICING AND UNCERTAIN ENTRY

The situation in which a seller is aware that his pricing policy will affect the probability of entry of competing suppliers is studied. The seller's optimal price policy is developed under the assumption that the entry probability is a non-decreasing function of product price and that the objective is present value maximization. It is shown that the optimal pre-entry price tends to fall as the discount rate drops, the market growth rate rises, the post-entry profit possibilities decline, or certain non-price barriers to entry fall. ECONOMISTS HAVE LONG known that maximizing immediate profits is often not the optimal strategy for a firm to pursue if its planning horizon extends beyond the present. A policy for achieving the highest overall reward may dictate the sacrifice of some current gain. This point has played a central role in the development of the theory of a "limit price. " The theory deals with determination of the entrypreventing price by a supplier of a market when potential entrants exist. The supplier in question may be a firm or a group of (tacitly) cooperating firms. The high short term profits associated with the pursuit of monopoly pricing must be balanced against the loss of long term profits upon entry of additional suppliers attracted by the high price. In an early paper formalizing the problem, Bain [2] defined the "limit price" as the highest price that the established sellers can set without inducing entry. Modigliani [9] developed a graphical derivation of the limit price and analyzed a number of its determinants. Fisher [6] related these results to Cournot's duopoly model. Recent contributors include Pashigian [10] and Dewey [5]. On the other side of the Atlantic, Harrod [7], in an attack on the "doctrine of excess capacity," argued that a long-run profit maximizing firm would set price to preclude entry. According to Hicks' [8] formalization of Harrod's argument, the firm seeks maximization of a weighted sum of short-run and long-run profits, with the relative weights reflecting the firm's attitudes regarding these periods. It follows from this that the firm may not set price at its entry preventing level. Explicit criticism of the limit price concept has not been lacking. Williamson [13], while extending the concept of a limit price to a limit price-selling cost frontier, suggested that the deterministic framework be modified to a probabilistic one. In proposing a stochastic approach, he noted that the limit price theory is highly rigid, with a single point or curve dividing certain entry from no entry. Williamson also observed that the assumed optimality of the limit price implied that the firm would be willing to prevent entry at any cost. Stigler [12, p. 227] has pointed out that the attractiveness of entry will depend not only upon the current rate of return to the industry, but also upon the anticipated rate of growth of industry demand. If the latter is large, then the present value of future profits may be sufficiently large
The Impact of Tax Knowledge on the Perceptions of Tax Fairness and Attitudes Towards Compliance

Positive attitudes towards factors such as the perceived fairness of the tax system are considered to play an important role in the level of tax compliance within a country (Strumpel, 1968). The tax literature indicates that not only knowledge but an understanding of the tax system may have an effect on taxpayers' perceptions of fairness and attitudes towards compliance. This study examines the linkages between an increase in tax knowledge on perceptions of fairness and tax compliance attitudes by using students enrolled in an introductory taxation course in a New Zealand tertiary institution. Contrary to prior research, the results indicated that an increase in tax knowledge did not have a significant impact on perceptions of fairness and tax compliance attitudes.
The Timing Effect of Bullying in Childhood and Adolescence on Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behaviors

This longitudinal study investigated the timing effect of bullying on developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviors from middle childhood to adolescence. We focused on the relation of (a) only an early experience of bullying (i.e., desisters) to subsequent externalizing behaviors in adolescence and (b) only a late experience of bullying (i.e., late-onsetters) to the concurrent externalizing behaviors in adolescence. Their trajectories of externalizing behaviors were compared with the persisters and to the non-experience group. Individual growth curve modeling was conducted using 440 child–mother dyads from the Springfield Child Development Project, a community-representative, longitudinal study over a 6-year period that included four time interviews. We modeled the changes in child aggression and delinquency from 7 to 19 years of age as a function of bully status group. Results indicated that the levels of aggression and delinquency for the desisters decreased over time (with the cessation of bullying in adolescence) and were significantly lower than those of the persisters and similar to those of the non-involved group at the end of the trajectory (cessation effect). For the late-onsetters, the level of delinquency increased over time (with the onset of bullying behaviors in adolescence) and were significantly higher than those of the non-involved group and similar to those of the persisters at the end of the trajectory (onset effect). The aggression for the late-onsetters, however, did not support the onset effect. This study implies that we need to pay more attention to intervening for late-onset.
Small Businesses Competitiveness Model for Strategic Sectors

Purpose: This research paper proposes a Model of Competitiveness for Small Businesses in the State of Aguascalientes. The purpose of this study is to identify those factors that make a business less competitive in order to focus on variables that may have a key impact on a company’s performance. The survey contains 159 items in 59 grouped questions. With the data obtained, we developed descriptive analysis and charting. Subsequently, for the inferential analysis, a comparison was made between the foods sector and the behavior of all sectors (including foods sector itself) to determine a pattern of behavior in the analyzed sector and general tendencies. The factors analysis shows that aspects of marketing (price, product quality, place, and promotion) represent almost half the weight percentage of the whole mode. Therefore, a specific foods sector is highly influenced by these aspects. With the information provided, the owners of foods businesses need to perform internal and comparative analyses on the variables listed to be able to predict improvements in performance and commercial viability or anticipate negative scenarios.
How I Treat How I treat patients with indolent and smoldering mastocytosis ( rare conditions but dif fi cult to manage )

Indolent systemic mastocytosis (SM) patients have a varied clinical presentation, ranging from predominantly cutaneous symptoms to recurrent systemic symptoms (eg, flushing, palpitations, dyspepsia, diarrhea, bone pain) that can be severe and potentially life threatening (anaphylaxis). Mastocytosis patients without skin involvement pose a diagnostic challenge; a high index of suspicion is needed in those with mast cell– degranulation symptoms, including anaphylaxis following Hymenoptera stings or other triggers. Modern-era molecular and flow-cytometric diagnostic methods are very sensitive and can detect minimal involvement of bone marrow with atypical/ clonal mast cells; in some cases, full diagnostic criteria for SM are not fulfilled. An important aspect of treatment is avoidance of known symptom triggers; other treatment principles include a stepwise escalation of antimediator therapies and consideration of cytoreductive therapies for those with treatmentrefractory symptoms. The perioperative management of mastocytosis patients is nontrivial; a multidisciplinary preoperative assessment, adequate premedications, and close intraand postoperative monitoring are critical. Smoldering mastocytosis is a variant with high systemic mast cell burden. While its clinical course can be variable, there is greater potential need for cytoreductive therapies (eg, interferonalpha, cladribine) in this setting. A systematic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of indolent SM using a casebased approach of representative clinical scenarios is presented here. (Blood. 2013;121(16):3085-3094)
Cortical Regions Associated with Perceiving, Naming, and Knowing about Colors

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to investigate whether retrieving information about a specific object attribute requires reactivation of brain areas that mediate perception of that attribute. During separate PET scans, subjects passively viewed colored and equiluminant gray-scale Mondrians, named colored and achromatic objects, named the color of colored objects, and generated color names associated with achromatic objects. Color perception was associated with activations in the lingual and fusiform gyri of the occipital lobes, consistent with previous neuroimaging and human lesion studies. Retrieving information about object color (generating color names for achromatic objects relative to naming achromatic objects) activated the left inferior temporal, left frontal, and left posterior parietal cortices, replicating previous findings from this laboratory. When subjects generated color names for achromatic objects relative to the low-level baseline of viewing gray-scale Mondrians, additional activations in the left fusi-form/lateral occipital region were detected. However, these activations were lateral to the occipital regions associated with color perception and identical to occipital regions activated when subjects simply named achromatic objects relative to the same low-level baseline. This suggests that the occipital activa-tions associated with retrieving color information were due to the perception of object form rather than to the top-down influence of brain areas that mediate color perception. Taken together, these results indicate that retrieving previously acquired information about an object's typical color does not require reactivation of brain regions that subserve color perception.
Real Earnings Management and Accrual-based Earnings Management in Family Firms

Abstract We examine the effects of family firms on real earnings management (REM) and accrual-based earnings management (ABEM). Using socioemotional wealth as a theoretical framework and considering the different implications of REM and ABEM on family firms' transgenerational sustainability, we hypothesise and find for a sample of 402 German listed family firms during 1998–2008 that family firms engage less in REM and exhibit more earnings-decreasing ABEM policies as compared to a sample of 436 non-family firms. We further provide evidence that family firms as compared to non-family firms treat REM and ABEM as substitute rather than complementary tools for earnings management. Overall, our findings suggest that family firms use earnings management activities strategically, avoiding those that inhibit the firm's long-term value (i.e. REM) and engaging in those that help families retain transgenerational control (i.e. ABEM).
Who let the dogs out? The effect of parliamentary scrutiny on compliance with EU law

ABSTRACT Recently, it has been argued that the scrutiny of European law proposal by national parliaments contributes to speeding up the implementation of EU law. To test this argument, we study the effect of parliamentary scrutiny on Germany's compliance with all directives adopted between 1999 and 2012. The results are mixed: on the one hand, parliamentary scrutiny successfully transfers necessary deliberations from the implementation stage to the policy-making stage. As a consequence, we observe faster implementation of complex and controversial policies. On the other hand, parliamentary scrutiny carries the risk of triggering conflict and of forcing early commitments by actors who might otherwise have remained passive observers. As a consequence, parliamentary scrutiny may even delay implementation of EU law by waking the proverbial ‘sleeping dogs'.