Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near- and far-field aerodynamics in insect hovering flight: an integrated computational study

SUMMARY We present the first integrative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of near- and far-field aerodynamics in insect hovering flight using a biology-inspired, dynamic flight simulator. This simulator, which has been built to encompass multiple mechanisms and principles related to insect flight, is capable of `flying' an insect on the basis of realistic wing–body morphologies and kinematics. Our CFD study integrates near- and far-field wake dynamics and shows the detailed three-dimensional (3D) near- and far-field vortex flows: a horseshoe-shaped vortex is generated and wraps around the wing in the early down- and upstroke; subsequently, the horseshoe-shaped vortex grows into a doughnut-shaped vortex ring, with an intense jet-stream present in its core, forming the downwash; and eventually, the doughnut-shaped vortex rings of the wing pair break up into two circular vortex rings in the wake. The computed aerodynamic forces show reasonable agreement with experimental results in terms of both the mean force (vertical, horizontal and sideslip forces) and the time course over one stroke cycle (lift and drag forces). A large amount of lift force (approximately 62% of total lift force generated over a full wingbeat cycle) is generated during the upstroke, most likely due to the presence of intensive and stable, leading-edge vortices (LEVs) and wing tip vortices (TVs); and correspondingly, a much stronger downwash is observed compared to the downstroke. We also estimated hovering energetics based on the computed aerodynamic and inertial torques, and powers.
A Psychometric Study of the Draw-A-Person: A Quantitative Scoring System

The Draw-A-Person: A Quantitative Scoring System was developed by Naglieri (1988) in response to the need for an updated version of human figure drawing tests. Reliability and validity data for a sample of Canadian children are reported. Several significant differences were found between United States norms and the Canadian data.
Postintervention Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Smoking Reduction in Smokers Who Are Unwilling to Quit: Randomized Trial

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the postintervention effect of nicotine replacement therapy on reduction of cigarette consumption 1.5 years after the end of a 6-month treatment. Heavy smokers who had no intention of quitting smoking were recruited from the general population and were randomly assigned to a treatment of nicotine (choice of a 15-mg nicotine patch, a 4-mg nicotine gum, and/or a 10-mg nicotine inhaler, n = 265), matching placebo products (n = 269), or no intervention (n = 389). Products were sent to participants by mail. Education was limited to a booklet. Of 923 participants, 879 (95%) were followed 6 months after randomization and 846 (92%) were followed after 26 months. Mean baseline consumption was 30 cigarettes/day in all groups. After 6 months, cigarette consumption had decreased by a mean of 10.9 cigarettes/day in the nicotine group, 8.7 in the placebo group, and 4.9 among controls (P ≤ 0.02 for all pairwise comparisons). After 26 months, compared with baseline, cigarette consumption had decreased by a mean of 9.8 cigarettes/day in the nicotine group, 7.7 in the placebo group, and 7.7 among controls (nicotine vs. placebo or control: P ≤ 0.03). After 2 years, smoking cessation rates did not differ significantly among groups (nicotine 11.7%, placebo 9.3%, control, 10.0%; P = 0.6). Thus, a slight effect of nicotine replacement therapy on reduction of cigarette consumption was maintained 1.5 years after the end of the 6-month treatment, but the initially observed placebo effect was not maintained. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking reduction had no deleterious impact on smoking cessation.
Volar Fixed-Angle Plating of Distal Radius Fractures: Screws Versus Pegs—A Biomechanical Study in a Cadaveric Model

Objectives: The purpose of this biomechanical study was to determine whether a multidirectional fixed-angle plate with locking screws or with locking pegs in the distal fragment would optimize fixation of Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) type A3 distal radius fractures. Methods: Eight pairs of fresh–frozen human distal radii were used. Extra-articular distal radius fractures were created and stabilized with a multidirectional volar fixed-angle plate. The radii were randomized into 2 matched-paired groups. The distal fragment in Group I was stabilized with 7 locking screws. The distal fragment in Group II was fixed with 7 locking pegs. The proximal fragment in both groups was fixed with 3 screws. The specimens were tested under torsion and axial compression during static and cyclic tests. Finally, load-to-failure tests were performed under torsion. Results: After 1000 cycles, 99% of the median torsional stiffness remained in the group using screws, whereas only 76% of the median stiffness under torsion remained in the group using pegs (P = 0.018). Under axial compression, median stiffness remained at 93% in the group using screws after 1000 cycles compared with a median of 0% in the group using pegs (P = 0.018). Conclusions: This biomechanical study showed a statistically significant difference between the locking screw and locking smooth peg configuration with regard to stiffness of the constructs after 1000 cycles. The use of locking screws as opposed to smooth locking pegs for OTA type A3 extra-articular distal radius fractures optimizes construct stability.
Continuous Attractors with Morphed/Correlated Maps

Continuous attractor networks are used to model the storage and representation of analog quantities, such as position of a visual stimulus. The storage of multiple continuous attractors in the same network has previously been studied in the context of self-position coding. Several uncorrelated maps of environments are stored in the synaptic connections, and a position in a given environment is represented by a localized pattern of neural activity in the corresponding map, driven by a spatially tuned input. Here we analyze networks storing a pair of correlated maps, or a morph sequence between two uncorrelated maps. We find a novel state in which the network activity is simultaneously localized in both maps. In this state, a fixed cue presented to the network does not determine uniquely the location of the bump, i.e. the response is unreliable, with neurons not always responding when their preferred input is present. When the tuned input varies smoothly in time, the neuronal responses become reliable and selective for the environment: the subset of neurons responsive to a moving input in one map changes almost completely in the other map. This form of remapping is a non-trivial transformation between the tuned input to the network and the resulting tuning curves of the neurons. The new state of the network could be related to the formation of direction selectivity in one-dimensional environments and hippocampal remapping. The applicability of the model is not confined to self-position representations; we show an instance of the network solving a simple delayed discrimination task.
Regulatory T Cells Resist Virus Infection-Induced Apoptosis

ABSTRACT Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important in the maintenance of self-tolerance, and the depletion of Treg cells correlates with autoimmune development. It has been shown that type I interferon (IFN) responses induced early in the infection of mice can drive memory (CD44hi) CD8 and CD4 T cells into apoptosis, and we questioned here whether the apoptosis of CD44-expressing Treg cells might be involved in the infection-associated autoimmune development. Instead, we found that Treg cells were much more resistant to apoptosis than CD44hi CD8 and CD4 T cells at days 2 to 3 after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, when type I IFN levels are high. The infection caused a downregulation of the interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor, needed for survival of conventional T cells, while increasing on Treg cells the expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, needed for STAT5-dependent survival of Treg cells. The stably maintained Treg cells early during infection may explain the relatively low incidence of autoimmune manifestations among infected patients. IMPORTANCE Autoimmune diseases are controlled in part by regulatory T cells (Treg) and are thought to sometimes be initiated by viral infections. We tested the hypothesis that Treg may die off at early stages of infection, when virus-induced factors kill other lymphocyte types. Instead, we found that Treg resisted this cell death, perhaps reducing the tendency of viral infections to cause immune dysfunction and induce autoimmunity.
Kinesin- and Myosin-driven Steps of Vesicle Recruitment for Ca2+-regulated Exocytosis

Kinesin and myosin have been proposed to transport intracellular organelles and vesicles to the cell periphery in several cell systems. However, there has been little direct observation of the role of these motor proteins in the delivery of vesicles during regulated exocytosis in intact cells. Using a confocal microscope, we triggered local bursts of Ca2+-regulated exocytosis by wounding the cell membrane and visualized the resulting individual exocytotic events in real time. Different temporal phases of the exocytosis burst were distinguished by their sensitivities to reagents targeting different motor proteins. The function blocking antikinesin antibody SUK4 as well as the stalk-tail fragment of kinesin heavy chain specifically inhibited a slow phase, while butanedione monoxime, a myosin ATPase inhibitor, inhibited both the slow and fast phases. The blockage of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II with autoinhibitory peptide also inhibited the slow and fast phases, consistent with disruption of a myosin-actin– dependent step of vesicle recruitment. Membrane resealing after wounding was also inhibited by these reagents. Our direct observations provide evidence that in intact living cells, kinesin and myosin motors may mediate two sequential transport steps that recruit vesicles to the release sites of Ca2+-regulated exocytosis, although the identity of the responsible myosin isoform is not yet known. They also indicate the existence of three semistable vesicular pools along this regulated membrane trafficking pathway. In addition, our results provide in vivo evidence for the cargo-binding function of the kinesin heavy chain tail domain.
Bayesian Estimation of Discrete Multivariate Latent Structure Models With Structural Zeros

In multivariate categorical data, models based on conditional independence assumptions, such as latent class models, offer efficient estimation of complex dependencies. However, Bayesian versions of latent structure models for categorical data typically do not appropriately handle impossible combinations of variables, also known as structural zeros. Allowing nonzero probability for impossible combinations results in inaccurate estimates of joint and conditional probabilities, even for feasible combinations. We present an approach for estimating posterior distributions in Bayesian latent structure models with potentially many structural zeros. The basic idea is to treat the observed data as a truncated sample from an augmented dataset, thereby allowing us to exploit the conditional independence assumptions for computational expediency. As part of the approach, we develop an algorithm for collapsing a large set of structural zero combinations into a much smaller set of disjoint marginal conditions, which speeds up computation. We apply the approach to sample from a semiparametric version of the latent class model with structural zeros in the context of a key issue faced by national statistical agencies seeking to disseminate confidential data to the public: estimating the number of records in a sample that are unique in the population on a set of publicly available categorical variables. The latent class model offers remarkably accurate estimates of population uniqueness, even in the presence of a large number of structural zeros.
Biases in estimates from the RNZCGP computer research group.

AIM This study aimed to determine whether conclusions drawn in studies using data from the computer research group of the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners (RNZCGP) could be extrapolated to other New Zealand general practices. METHOD Retrospectively collected data on doctor, practice, and consultation variables form the study database. The control group comprised a random sample of 106 New Zealand general practitioners. The study group were 67 general practitioners participating in the RNZCGP computer research group. Comparisons between groups were based on doctor and practice variables, patient demography and morbidity, and number and type of service items observed. RESULTS Study group doctors were more likely to have received post graduate training in general practice (p < 0.01) and saw more patients entitled to government subsidised health care (p < 0.01). The geographical distribution of the study group was skewed with more located in the south of New Zealand. Wide variability on most other study parameters was seen among doctors in both groups although overall patient morbidity was similar for both groups in the 8612 consultations analysed. Computer research group general practitioners reported lower rates of patient referral and laboratory investigations, and higher immunisation rates than the control group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Although the profile of study group general practitioners was different from that of the control group, data collected by both groups provided a similar reflection of the morbidity and services of New Zealand general practice. Adjustments will be needed for extrapolating the results of research from the RNZCGP computer research group where the focus of the investigation is referrals from primary care, investigations, or immunisations.
IMPROVING STUDENT’S SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH SPEAKING BOARD GAMES OF GRADE VIII OF SMP N 13 YOGYAKARTA IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2013/2014

The objective of this study is to improve speaking skills through speaking board games of Grade VIII Students of SMP N 13 Yogyakarta in the academic year of 2013/2014. This study was categorized into Action Research (AR). The subjects of the study were the VIII A students of SMP N 13 Yogyakarta in the academic year of 2013/2014. The main data of this study which are in the form of vignettes – collected by conducting classroom observation and transcripts – collected by conducting interview were analyzed qualitatively and supported by other data such as photographs and videos which were also analyzed qualitatively and students’ scores which were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics. To fulfill the validity of this study the researcher used some types of validity (democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity and dialogic validity), while to fulfill the reliability the researcher used time triangulation and investigator triangulation for the qualitative data and inter-rater reliability for quantitative data. The steps of the study were planning, implementation, observations, and reflections. The actions were conducted during April-May 2014 in two cycles. The finding of this study is that the use of speaking board games to teach speaking improved the students’ speaking skills at SMP N 13 Yogyakarta. The results of the research show that there was improvement of the students’ speaking skills in some aspects, such as pronunciation, vocabulary, accuracy and fluency. By implementing the speaking board games the students became more confident to speak English. It also made the students participated more in the speaking activities and got more chances to speak. They could make conversations using the expressions they learnt during the implementation in joyful way. The improvement was also supported by the students’ average score which increased 2.29 from the average score of pre-test which is 10.11. Temuan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa penggunaan permainan papan untuk berbicara untuk mengajarkan berbicara meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa di SMP N 13 Yogyakarta. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan keterampilan berbicara siswa di beberapa aspek, seperti pelafalan, kosakata, keakuratan dan kelancaran. Dengan mengimplementasikan permainan papan untuk berbicara tersebut siswa menjadi lebih percaya diri untuk berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris. Hal itu juga membuat siswa lebih berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan berbicara dan memperoleh kesempatan lebih untuk berbicara. Mereka juga membuat percakapan menggunakan ekspresi yang mereka pelajari selama pelaksanaan dengan cara yang menyenangkan. Peningkatan tersebut juga didukung oleh nilai rata-rata siswa yang meningkat sebanyak 2,29 dari rata- rata nilai pre-tes yaitu 10,11.
The New Science of Intimate Relationships

About the Authors xv Preface xvi Part One: Introduction 1 1 The Science of Intimate Relationships 3 2 Intimate Relationships in Context: Key Theories, Concepts, and Human Nature 14 Part Two: The Relationship Animal 39 3 The Intimate Relationship Mind 41 4 The Intimate Relationship Body 69 Part Three: Beginning Relationships: Att achment and Mate Selection 97 5 Born to Bond: from Infancy to Adulthood 99 6 Selecting Mates 125 Part Four: Maintaining Relationships:the Psychology of Intimacy 155 7 Love, Sweet Love 157 8 Reading Minds, Partners, and Relationships 184 9 Communication and Interaction 210 10 Sex and Passion 236 11 Relationship Violence 259 Part Five: Ending Relationships: the Causes and Consequences of Relationship Dissolution 285 12 Relationship Dissolution 287 Part Six: Conclusion 313 13 Assembling the Relationship Jigsaw 315 Glossary 327 References 338 Author Index 383 Subject Index 390
Autocorrelation demodulation technique for fiber Bragg grating sensor

In this letter, we describe a very accurate and simple demodulation technique for fiber Bragg grating sensors. The technique is suitable for both single and twin Bragg gratings. A twin grating is composed of two identical gratings located at different positions in the same single-mode fiber. Our demodulation technique evaluates the wavelength position of the reflection spectrum with respect to the spectrum of an undisturbed sensor. To calculate the spectrum shift, it computes the autocorrelation product between the two reflection spectra. The demodulation method, which is very fast, has been tested experimentally with temperature sensors. It gives absolute measurements and provides high accuracy compared to a conventional temperature probe.
Characterization of Mental Retardation in Children's and Adolescent Literature.

To determine how mental retardation and related issues are portrayed in juvenile literature, sixty-eight children's and adolescent books that included characters with mental retardation were analyzed. The majority of the characters were considered supportive (n = 47, 61%), rather than the main character of the book. In addition, most of the characters were static (n = 42, 54 %), meaning the character was believable, but did not change throughout the course of the story. Few of the books were written from the perspective of the character with mental retardation (n = 9, 13%). In addition to analysis of the character with mental retardation, themes relating to the relationship among characters with and without mental retardation and character changes within the individuals with mental retardation were examined. The books were also evaluated in terms of topics in the field of mental retardation (e.g., schooling, employment, residence) included as part of the story. Classical literature often identifies characters Troxel, 1985; Favazza & Odom, 1997; Lewis & with disabilities as evil, pitiful, or overly virtu- Johnson, 1982; Salend & Moe, 1983). ous. The literary characters, Tiny Tim, Cap Several authors have suggested criteria for tain Hook, Longjohn Silver, and Quasimodo, selecting appropriate portrayals of individuals for example, conjure up images of disabilities with disabilities in literature. Prater (1998), in well-known literature. These particular for example, combined and adapted criteria characterizations have continued over time from others (Heim, 1994; Moore, 1984; Myles, and generally reflect past society's images of Ormsbee, Downing, Walker, & Hudson, disabilities. Given recent improved access and 1992), and presented the following seven visibility of individuals with disabilities in guidelines: (a) characters with disabilities schools and communities, one would expect should be described in nondiscriminatory more recent literature portrayals to view char- terms; (b) characters with disabilities should acters with disabilities, including those with be depicted in integrated activities with those mental retardation, more positively. without disabilities; (c) characters with disabil Contemporary portrayals of disabilities in ities should be coping realistically with their children's and adolescent literature are of par- disability; (d) characters with and without dis ticular concern given that the use of fictional abilities should interact in a reciprocal man literature to teach children and youth about neL (e) differences between characters with disabling conditions has been advocated in and without disabilities should be emphasized the field (e.g., Andrews, 1998; Blaska & Lynch, only if necessary; (f) characters with disabili 1998; Dobo, 1982; Hopkins, 1980). Some evi- ties should not merely be "used" as a vehicle
Making Out and Making Do: How Employees Resist and Make Organisational Change Work Through Consent in a UK Bank

This article draws on fieldwork conducted in the back-office of a major retail UK bank and explores how, when introducing change, management drew on contradictory normative and rational discourses. Its primary concern is to explore how, in this context, employees engaged in contradictory acts that combined elements of both resistance (‘making out’) and consent (‘making do’) that are difficult to disentangle. It is argued that although both are moves within the game, they can be distinguished from each other because the former works against the grain of corporate intentions, whereas the latter works with them.
The Stress of Stigma: Exploring the Effect of Weight Stigma on Cortisol Reactivity

Objective To determine the physiological impact of exposure to weight stigma by examining alterations in salivary cortisol among lean and overweight women. Methods Participants were 123 lean and overweight adult women (mean body mass index = 26.99 [7.91] kg/m2). Participants’ salivary cortisol was assessed both before and after either a weight stigmatizing or a neutral video. Participants completed self-report measures of mood and reactions to the video. Height and weight were obtained at the conclusion of the study. Results Participants in the stigmatizing condition exhibited significantly greater cortisol reactivity when compared with those in the neutral condition, irrespective of weight status (Pillai trace = 0.077; F(1,85) = 7.22, p = . 009). Lean and overweight women in the stigmatizing condition were equally likely to find the video upsetting and were equally likely to report that they would rather not see obese individuals depicted in a stigmatizing manner in the media. Conclusions Exposure to weight-stigmatizing stimuli was associated with greater cortisol reactivity among lean and overweight women. These findings highlight the potentially harmful physiological consequences of exposure to weight stigma.