Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The spherical collapse model with shell-crossing

In this work, we study the formation and evolution of dark matter haloes by means of the spherical infalling model with shell-crossing. We present a framework to tackle this effect properly based on the numerical follow-up, with time, of that individual shell of matter that contains always the same fraction of mass with respect to the total mass. In this first step, we do not include angular momentum, velocity dispersion or triaxiality. Within this framework -named as the spherical shell tracker - we investigate the dependence of the evolution of the halo with virial mass, with the adopted mass fraction of the shell, and for different cosmologies. We find that our results are very sensitive to a variation of the halo virial mass or the mass fraction of the shell that we consider. However, we obtain a negligible dependence on cosmology. Furthermore, we show that the effect of shell-crossing plays a crucial role in the way that the halo reaches the stabilization in radius and the virial equilibrium. We find that the values currently adopted in the literature for the actual density contrast at the moment of virialization, δ vir , may not be accurate enough. In this context, we stress the problems related to the definition of a virial mass and a virial radius for the halo. The question of whether the results found here may be obtained by tracking the shells with an analytic approximation remains to be explored.
Efficacy of HBM-Based Dietary Education Intervention on Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior in Medical Students

Background Using various models of behavior change, a number of studies in the area of nutrition education have confirmed that nutrition habits and behaviors can be improved. Objectives This study sought to determine the effects of education on patterns of dietary consumption among medical students at the military university of Tehran, with a view to correcting those patterns. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 242 medical students from the Military University of Tehran were chosen by convenience sampling and then divided into control (n = 107) and intervention groups (n = 135) by block randomization. The self-administered questionnaire involving six categories of item (knowledge, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived threats, self-efficacy and behavior) has been validated (Cronbach alpha > 0.7 for each). Results Following the educational intervention, the mean score of knowledge, health belief model (HBM) structure, and behavior of students in relation to healthy patterns of food intake increased significantly (P < 0.05). The mean pre-intervention knowledge score was 6.76 (1.452), referring to threats to HBM constructs including perceived threat 2.93 (1.147), perceived benefits 7.28 (1.07), perceived barriers 5.44 (1.831), self- efficacy 4.28 (1.479), and behavior 8.84 (2.527). The post-intervention scores all improved as follows: knowledge 8.3 (1.503), perceived threats 3.29 (1.196), perceived benefits 7.71 (0.762), perceived barriers 5.9 (1.719), self- efficacy 4.6 (1.472), and behavior 9.45 (2.324). This difference in mean scores for knowledge, health belief structures and employee behavior before and after educational intervention was significant (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions The significant improvement in the experimental group’s mean knowledge, HBM structures , and behavior scores indicates the positive effect of the intervention.
The Effect of Self-Assessed Job Security on the Demand for Medical Rehab

The interdependence of labor market conditions and the demand for health care has been addressed by several theoretical and empirical analyses. We contribute to the debate by empirically examining the effect of a decrease in self-perceived job security on health care utilization. That is, employees at risk of losing their job might postpone or even try not to use non-acute rehab measures in order to reduce their individual risk of being laid off by avoiding absenteeism and signaling good health. We use individual-level data from the German Socioeconomic Panel for the years 2003, 2004, and 2006. The identification strategy rests on an instrumental variable approach where the county unemployment rate and its relative change compared to the previous year serve as instruments for the employees' self-assessed risk of losing their jobs. Contrary to the hypothesis, we have evidence for job insecurity increasing the demand for medical rehab. This finding is robust to various model variants.
Social Capital and Psychiatry: Review of the Literature

&NA; Social capital is an umbrella term used to describe aspects of social networks, relations, trust, and power, as a function of either the individual or a geographical entity (e.g., a city neighborhood). Increased attention is being paid to the role that social capital can play in determining a variety of physical health outcomes, though less attention has been paid to its role in determining mental health outcomes. This relative inattention continues despite a long historical tradition in psychiatry of exploring the role that socio‐environmental factors can play in the etiology and course of mental illness. In this review, we begin by tracing the historical development of the concept of social capital, describing and analyzing competing definitions. We then proceed to review the published studies that examine the relationship between social capital and mental health—looking first at studies that focus on depression and anxiety, and second at studies that focus on psychoses. After briefly exploring whether social capital can have a detrimental effect on mental health, we discuss how knowledge regarding social capital may aid the clinician and mental health services. We go on to make a number of suggestions relevant to methodological, theoretical, and empirical advancement. These suggestions include refining the definitions of social capital, paying attention to communities without propinquity, and constructing contextual indicators of social capital. We conclude by remarking that social capital may be a promising heuristic for studies in community psychiatry and may even help individual clinicians in designing treatment plans. Despite all this promise, however, there is a lack of strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that social capital protects mental health.
Learning A Deep $\ell_\infty$ Encoder for Hashing.

We investigate the $\ell_\infty$-constrained representation which demonstrates robustness to quantization errors, utilizing the tool of deep learning. Based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), we formulate the original convex minimization problem as a feed-forward neural network, named \textit{Deep $\ell_\infty$ Encoder}, by introducing the novel Bounded Linear Unit (BLU) neuron and modeling the Lagrange multipliers as network biases. Such a structural prior acts as an effective network regularization, and facilitates the model initialization. We then investigate the effective use of the proposed model in the application of hashing, by coupling the proposed encoders under a supervised pairwise loss, to develop a \textit{Deep Siamese $\ell_\infty$ Network}, which can be optimized from end to end. Extensive experiments demonstrate the impressive performances of the proposed model. We also provide an in-depth analysis of its behaviors against the competitors.
Chiral bosons on Bargmann space associated with Ar statistics

We consider a large collection of particles obeying Ar statistics. The system behaves like a quantum droplet characterized by a constant Husimi distribution. We show that the excitations of this system live on the boundary of the droplet and they are described by an effective chiral boson action generalizing the Wess–Zumino–Witten theory in two dimension. Our analysis is based on the Fock–Bargmann analytical representations associated with Ar statistics. The quantization of the theory describing the dynamics on the edge is achieved. As a by product, we prove that the edge excitations are given by a tensorial product of r abelian bosonic fields.
Fungal Parasites of the Cereal Cyst Nematode Heterodera avenae in Southern Sweden.

Fungal parasites of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae were isolated from four sites in southern Sweden. In all, 15 different fungi were isolated from different stages of the nematode life cycle. Among the egg parasites, Verticillium chlamydosporium was common in young cysts on roots, whereas an unidentified species of Verticillium (Verticillium sp. 1) was the dominating species in cysts from soil, especially if the soll had been stored for 8-12 months. V. chlamydosporium was frequently isolated from eggs in cysts from soil, when analyzed shortly after sampling. Verticillium sp. 1 is distinct from V. chlamydosporium because it does not produce dichtyo-chlamydospores in the aerial mycelium and because it grows at 6 C where V. chlamydosporium fails to grow. Paecilomyces lilacinus, Microdochium bolleyi, Cylindrocarpon sp. , and several nonsporulating fungi were also isolated from eggs in cysts from soil. Between 10 and 20% of the eggs in cysts collected in the field were infected with fungi. In a pot test between < 1 and 29%, with a mean of 13%, of females on roots became infected, always by Nematophthora gynophila. Resting spores of N. gynophila extracted directly from field soil, collected at the four sites, varied from 3 to 49 spores/gram of air dried soil.
Brain Activities in a Skilled versus a Novice Artist: An fMRI Study

Functional Magnetic Reso-nance Imaging (fMRI) scans of a skilled portrait artist and of a non-artist were made as each drew a series of faces. There was a dis-cernible increase in blood flow in the right-posterior parietal region of the brain for both the artist and non-artist during the task, a site normally associated with facial per-ception and processing. However, the level of activation appeared lower in the expert than in the nov-ice, suggesting that a skilled artist may process facial information more efficiently. In addition, the skilled artist showed greater acti-vation in the right frontal area of the brain than did the novice, which the author posits indicates that such an artist uses higher-or-der cognitive functions, such as the formation of associations and planning motor movements, when viewing and drawing a face.
Distally Directed Dendrotoxicity Induced by Kainic Acid in Hippocampal Interneurons of Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Transgenic Mice

Excitotoxicity, resulting from the excessive release of glutamate, is thought to contribute to a variety of neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Excitotoxic damage to dendrites, i.e., dendrotoxicity, is often characterized by the formation of large dendritic swellings, or “beads. ” Here, we show that hippocampal interneurons that express the neuropeptide somatostatin are highly vulnerable to the excitotoxic effects of the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist kainate. Brief, focal iontophoretic application of kainate rapidly induced bead formation in dendrites of somatostatinergic interneurons that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) from mice of the transgenic line GIN (GFP-expressing inhibitory neurons). Surprisingly, beads often did not form at the site of kainate application or even in the dendritic segment to which kainate was applied; instead, dendritic beading occurred more distally, often encompassing all branches distal to the application site. We have termed this phenomena, “distally directed dendrotoxicity. ” Distally directed beading was induced regardless of the branch order of the site of application and was found to be dependent on activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Subsequent to induction, distally directed beading would reverse in most cells; in other cells, however, beading irreversibly invaded proximal dendritic segments and gradually encompassed the entire dendritic tree. These results demonstrate that distal dendritic segments are highly vulnerable to excitotoxic injury and imply that excessive excitatory activity originating in one synaptic pathway can impact synapses at more distal dendritic segments of the same neuron. The discovery of this phenomenon will likely be important in understanding interneuronal dysfunction following excitotoxic injury.
Disrupted Reproduction, Estrous Cycle, and Circadian Rhythms in Female Mice Deficient in Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

The female reproductive cycle is gated by the circadian timing system and may be vulnerable to disruptions in the circadian system. Prior work suggests that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are one pathway by which the circadian clock can influence the estrous cycle, but the impact of the loss of this peptide on reproduction has not been assessed. In the present study, we first examine the impact of the genetic loss of the neuropeptide VIP on the reproductive success of female mice. Significantly, mutant females produce about half the offspring of their wild-type sisters even when mated to the same males. We also find that VIP-deficient females exhibit a disrupted estrous cycle; that is, ovulation occurs less frequently and results in the release of fewer oocytes compared with controls. Circadian rhythms of wheel-running activity are disrupted in the female mutant mice, as is the spontaneous electrical activity of dorsal SCN neurons. On a molecular level, the VIP-deficient SCN tissue exhibits lower amplitude oscillations with altered phase relationships between the SCN and peripheral oscillators as measured by PER2-driven bioluminescence. The simplest explanation of our data is that the loss of VIP results in a weakened SCN oscillator, which reduces the synchronization of the female circadian system. These results clarify one of the mechanisms by which disruption of the circadian system reduces female reproductive success.
Agent-based modeling for holonic manufacturing systems with fuzzy control

Agent-based systems technologies are of emerging interest in the specification and implementation of complex systems. This article introduces the CASA agent development system which seamlessly combines the BDI (belief desire intention) approach with the FIPA agent communication language standard and an integrated specification of fuzzy controllers. The behavior of agents is defined by strategies which basically correspond to extended guarded Horn clauses with priorities. The presented concepts are introduced by an example from computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). The example gives the specification of a fuzzy controller for a manufacturing station in the context of a holonic manufacturing system (HMS).
Tumor necrosis factor gene complex in COPD and disseminated bronchiectasis.

BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine with increased levels in the sputum of COPD subjects. Two biallelic TNF gene complex polymorphisms have been described: LtalphaNcoI, in the first intron of the lymphotoxin alpha (previously referred to as TNF-beta) gene, and TNF-308, in the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene. Higher levels of TNF production are associated with allele 1 of LtalphaNcoI (LtalphaNcoI*1) and with allele 2 of TNF-308 (TNF-308*2). STUDY OBJECTIVES To study the frequencies of the two TNF gene complex polymorphisms in patients with COPD and bronchiectasis. DESIGN Association study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied the frequencies of these polymorphisms in 66 subjects with COPD and in 23 subjects with disseminated bronchiectasis and compared them to the frequencies in 98 healthy control subjects and 45 subjects with nonobstructive pulmonary disease. Genomic DNA samples were extracted, and TNF-alpha and LtalphaNcoI polymorphisms were detected after polymerase chain reaction by restriction digestion. RESULTS We found the following frequencies: the TNF-308*2 allele was detected in 11% of COPD individuals, 15% of bronchiectasis patients, 10% of healthy control subjects, and 18% of subjects with nonobstructive pulmonary disease. The LtalphaNcoI*1 allele was detected in 28% of COPD individuals, 30% of bronchiectasis patients, 29% of healthy control subjects, and 29% of subjects with nonobstructive pulmonary disease. We found evidence of linkage disequilibrium between the two loci (Delta = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the TNF gene complex, at least in Caucasoid individuals and for the considered polymorphisms, does not seem to play a major role as genetic risk factor in COPD and bronchiectasis.
On the Calculation of the Prevalence of Transsexualism

The most-cited estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism are based on counts of gender reassignments in European clinics many years ago. Observing that reassignments have been in a start-up transient , we extend those results by recalculating prevalence from the accumulating incidence data, taking into account birth, reassignment and death rates and then, based on age-distributions of reassignment data, we determine the inherent number of persons who at some point in life will undergo reassignment. From this reanalysis of those early reports, we determine lower -bounds on the prevalence of the underlying condition of transsexualism to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000, using those reports own data. We then present more recent incidence data and alternative methods for estimating the prevalence of transsexualism, all of which indicate that the lower bound on the prevalence of transsexualism is at least 1:500, and possibly higher.
Effects of Phytosterols as Food Additives on Adrenal and Reproductive Endocrine Function during Sexual Maturation in Male Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Varying amounts of phytosterols (PS) occur naturally in several foods of plant origin. PS, which are structurally and functionally similar to cholesterol, have been shown to reduce plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Moreover, PS disrupts endocrine function in certain animals. In the present study, we investigated the effects of high doses of PS on adrenal and reproductive endocrine function during sexual maturation in Japanese male quails. Two experiments were conducted; in the first experiment, quail chicks were subjected to long-term chronic feeding of PS (8, 80, and 800 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and the chemicals were gavaged into the crop sac from 7–50 days post-hatching. From the forty-fourth day, half of the animals in each group were subjected to a 6-day adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge for artificial stimulation of the adrenal gland and evaluation of long-term PS effects; in the second experiment, single doses of PS were subcutaneously injected (SC) into adult males (10-weeks-old) to assess the acute direct effect. Results indicated that chronically PS-fed animals showed a better adrenal response to ACTH challenge, and the corticosterone levels were higher (P<0.05) than those of the controls. Moreover, corticosterone levels were also high (P<0.05) 3 h after SC injection of PS. In contrast, testosterone levels and the testes weights were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the groups chronically administered with PS. No differences were observed in the testosterone levels in the acute experiment or luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in either experiment. In conclusion, the differential effects of PS on the adrenal gland and testis might be due to preferential use of different lipoprotein-cholesterol forms for steroid production. In addition, PS might locally perturb testosterone production by its accumulation or delay in testicular maturation.
Distributed Fault-Tolerant Control of Virtually and Physically Interconnected Systems With Application to High-Speed Trains Under Traction/Braking Failures

This paper investigates the tracking control problem of dynamic systems consisting of physically connected subsystems with virtual connections through local communication, where unknown unidentical nonlinearities, time-varying yet undetectable actuation faults, and varying actuation authorities are involved. The local communication nature and the physical uncertain interactions among the subsystems, together with the unpredictable actuation failures and control authority variation, make the underlying problem nontrivial, calling for a control solution that is not only decentralized (distributed) but also adaptive and fault tolerant. In this paper, with the aid of the concepts of generalized parameter estimation error and virtual regrouping, a distributed and fault-tolerant control design approach is presented by using local (neighboring) information exchange only. This method is applied to develop tracking and braking control schemes for high-speed trains subject to traction and braking failures. The proposed distributed control is capable of simultaneously coping with the physical interactions among the subsystems, compensating the uncertain control gains, and accommodating the undetectable actuation faults, as authenticated and verified by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.
Breeding of a Silkworm Variety for Synnemata Production of Isaria tenuipes

This study was conducted out to select a silkworm variety suitable for synnemata production of Isaria tenuipes. Four kinds of the mulberry silkworm varieties, Bombyx mori, were hybridized using a Japanese parental line and a Chinese parental line, and used to test for synemata formation in I. tenuipes. The larval period of normal silkworms was 22 hr longer than the silkworms inoculated with this fungus. Among the silkworm varieties tested, Hachojam had the shortest larval period with 23.02 days. The non-cocooning silkworm had a shorter larval period than the cocoon producing silkworms. The pupation rate of normal silkworms was about 9% higher than that of silkworms sprayed with I. tenuipes. Hachojam had the highest infection rate at 99.8%, but no significant difference was observed for the infection rate by silkworm variety. The production of synnemata was the best in JS171 × CS188 with an incidence rate of 99.3%, followed by Hachojam, and Chugangjam. The synnemata produced from Hachojam were the heaviest and showed white or milky-white in color.
The importance of clinicopathological correlation in the diagnosis of inflammatory conditions of the colon: histological patterns with clinical implications

Histological reaction patterns within the colon are not disease-specific but reflect mechanisms of injury and duration of disease. By correlating these patterns with known causes of colonic inflammation, we provide guidelines to enhance the diagnostic value of colonoscopic samples. Normal histological features are reviewed, and the sequence of inflammation and repair is used as the basis for appreciating pathological deviations. The common histological patterns of acute colitis with and without features of pseudomembranous or ischemic colitis and the morphological features of chronic colitis with and without crypt destruction are collated with clinical and endoscopic features to emphasize the importance of dialogue between the pathologist and gastroenterologist. Less common patterns, including eosinophilic colitis, graft-versus-host disease, chronic mucosal prolapse, portal hypertensive colopathy, and nonspecific or idiopathic ulcer, illustrate variations in the basic reaction patterns. Difficulties in differential diagnosis are underscored, and biopsy strategies are suggested.