Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associations Among Teacher–Child Interactions, Teacher Curriculum Emphases, and Reading Skills in Grade 1

ABSTRACT Research Findings: The purpose of the present study was to examine the extent to which the quality of teacher–child interactions and teachers’ self-reported curriculum emphases are related to children’s reading skill development during their 1st school year. To accomplish this, we assessed the reading skills of 1,029 Finnish children (M age = 85.77 months) twice during Grade 1, and the children’s teachers (n = 91) completed questionnaires concerning their literacy-related curriculum emphases. In addition, teacher–child interactions in terms of emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support were observed in 29 classrooms. The results of multilevel modeling showed that a high global quality of teacher–child interactions was positively associated with improved children’s reading skills at the end of Grade 1. In addition, a teacher emphasis on comprehension and production skills was related to better reading skills via teacher–child interactions. Domain-specific analyses revealed that emotional support and classroom organization in particular were related to better reading skills. Practice or Policy: The present study adds to previous research by showing that children had better reading skills at the end of their 1st school year in classrooms in which the teachers were warm, responsive, and sensitive to children’s needs and provided well-planned activities, clear rules, and expectations for behavior.
RECIPROCITY IN VIOLENT CONFLICT: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ON BENEFICIARIES OF PRESIDENTIAL AMNESTY PROGRAMME IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA.

Violent conflict is reciprocated by the people of the Niger Delta region, Nigeria to the perceived injustice of the Federal Government and environmental threats posed by the multinational oil companies. Based on reciprocal determinism, this study examined the influence of personal factors comprising self-efficacy and outcome expectancy, situational factors comprising corporate social responsibility and perceived government support on violent conflict. A total of 200 participants were selected using convenient sampling technique from among beneficiaries of the government amnesty programme. Standardized psychological scales and supplemented semi-structured interview were adopted to collect data. Result of the hierarchical regression analysis shows that personal factors jointly accounted for 23% variation in violent conflict. The inclusion of situational factors resulted in 5% change in variance in violent conflict. In conclusion both personal factors and situational factors predicted violent conflict. Most of the beneficiaries experience violent conflict, positive perception of the Amnesty Programme and post-amnesty peace in the Niger Delta. Implication of findings is discussed in line with conflict management style and conflict management resolution.
Interleukin 4 Reduces Expression of Inhibitory Receptors on B Cells and Abolishes CD22 and FcγRII-mediated B Cell Suppression

Inhibitory receptors CD22, FcγRII (CD32), CD72, and paired immunoglobulin-like receptor (PIR)-B are critically involved in negatively regulating the B cell immune response and in preventing autoimmunity. Here we show that interleukin 4 (IL-4) reduces expression of all four on activated B cells at the level of messenger RNA and protein. This reduced expression is dependent on continuous exposure to IL-4 and is mediated through Stat6. Coligation of FcγRII to the B cell receptor (BCR) via intact IgG increases the B cell activation threshold and suppresses antigen presentation. IL-4 completely abolishes these negative regulatory effects of FcγRII. CD22 coligation with the BCR also suppresses activation — this suppression too is abolished by IL-4. Thus, IL-4 is likely to enhance the B cell immune response by releasing B cells from inhibitory receptor suppression. By this coordinate reduction in expression of inhibitory receptors, and release from CD22 and FcγRII-mediated inhibition, IL-4 is likely to play a role in T cell help of B cells and the development of T helper cell type 2 responses. Conversely, B cell activation in the absence of IL-4 would be more difficult to achieve, contributing to the maintenance of B cell tolerance in the absence of T cell help.
Pregnancy outcome following transfer of human blastocysts vitrified on electron microscopy grids after induced collapse of the blastocoele.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on blastocyst survival and subsequent pregnancy rate of 'artificial shrinkage' (i.e. induced collapse of the blastocoele) before vitrification of human blastocysts. METHODS After embryo transfer in IVF cycles, surplus embryos that developed to the expanded blastocyst stage were cryopreserved. Before vitrification on electron microscopy (EM) grids, artificial shrinkage was induced in expanded blastocysts using a 29-gauge needle. After thawing, transfers were performed on 25 couples. Post-thaw survival rates and clinical outcome after the transfer of vitrified blastocysts were examined. RESULTS Of 90 expanded blastocysts vitrified from 25 patients, 81 survived (90.0%) and 40 of them were hatched (49.4%) at the time of transfer. The implantation rate was 29.0% (20/69), and the pregnancy rate was 48.0% (12/25). Nine patients delivered 15 infants, two pregnancies are ongoing and one ended in miscarriage. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that artificial shrinkage is a useful technique for vitrification of expanded blastocysts on EM grids.
Data driven decision-making in the era of accountability: Fostering faculty data cultures for learning

One of the defining characteristics of current U.S. educational policy at all levels is a focus on using evidence, or data, to inform decisions about institutional and educator quality, budgetary decisions, and what and how to teach students. This approach is often viewed as a corrective to the way that teachers have made decisions in the past—on the basis of less reliable information sources such as anecdote or intuition—and is seen by advocates as a core feature of successful educational reform (Mandinach, 2012). Underlying
Dynamic Insecticide Susceptibility Changes in Florida Populations of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

ABSTRACT Five field populations of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama from various regions of Florida were evaluated in 2011 for resistance to commonly used insecticides. Three diagnostic doses (LD50, LD75, and LD95), developed in 2009 using a laboratory susceptible population, were used to measure changes in susceptibility levels of field-collected populations as compared with a susceptible laboratory population. Further reductions in the susceptibility levels of D. citri to chlorpyriphos and fenpropathrin were determined, compared with results obtained in 2010. Mean percent mortality obtained from all five locations was significantly lower than observed with the laboratory susceptible population for all insecticides tested. Previously, expression of five CYP4 genes was implicated in contributing to insecticide metabolism in D. citri. In the current study, we compared the relative expression of these five CYP4 genes and their associated levels of protein expression among field-collected and laboratory susceptible populations. Expression of all CYP4 genes investigated was higher in field-collected populations when normalized against the laboratory susceptible population. There was an increased signal of a band corresponding to a 45 kDa protein in four of the five field populations as measured by the Western blot assay, which suggests increased production of cytochrome P450 enzymes. The current results indicate that insecticide resistance continues to increase in Florida populations of D. citri, particularly to chlorpyriphos and fenpropathrin. However, there was no further decrease in susceptibility of Florida populations of D. citri to neonicotinoid insecticides in 2011 as compared with previous years.
An efficient Born normal mode method to compute sensitivity kernels and synthetic seismograms in the Earth

S U M M A R Y We present an alternative to the classical mode coupling method scheme often used in global seismology to compute synthetic seismograms in laterally heterogeneous earth model and Frechet derivatives for tomographic inverse problem with the normal modes first-order Born approximation. We start from the first-order Born solution in the frequency domain and we use a numerical scheme for the volume integration, which means that we have to compute the effect of a finite number of scattering points and sum them with the appropriate integration weight. For each scattering point, ‘source to scattering point’ and ‘scattering point to receivers’ expressions are separated before applying a Fourier transform to return to the time domain. Doing so, the perturbed displacement is obtained, for each scattering point, as the convolution of a forward wavefield from the source to the scattering point with a backward wavefield from the scattering integration point to the receiver. For one scattering point and for a given number of time steps, the numerical cost of such a scheme grows as (number of receivers + the number of sources) × (corner frequency)2 to be compared to (number of receivers × the number of sources) × (corner frequency)4 when the classical normal mode coupling algorithm is used. Another interesting point is, when used for Frechet kernel, the computing cost is (almost) independent of the number of parameters used for the inversion. This algorithm is similar to the one obtained when solving the adjoint problem. Validation tests with respect to the spectral element method solution both in the Frechet derivative case and as a synthetic seismogram tool shows a good agreement. In the latter case, we show that non-linearity can be significant even at long periods and when using existing smooth global tomographic models.
Early Onset of Laying and Bumblefoot Favor Keel Bone Fractures

Simple Summary Numerous studies have documented a high prevalence of keel bone fractures in laying hens. In this longitudinal study, 80 white and brown laying hens were regularly checked for keel bone deviations and fractures while egg production was individually monitored. About 62% of the hens had broken keel bones at depopulation. More new fractures occurred during the time when laying rates were highest. Hens with broken keel bones at depopulation had laid their first egg earlier than hens with intact keel bones. All birds with bumblefoot on both feet had a fracture at depopulation. Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated influences of hybrid, feed, and housing on prevalence of keel bone fractures, but influences of behavior and production on an individual level are less known. In this longitudinal study, 80 white and brown laying hens were regularly checked for keel bone deviations and fractures while egg production was individually monitored using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) from production until depopulation at 65 weeks of age. These focal birds were kept in eight pens with 20 hens per pen in total. About 62% of the hens had broken keel bones at depopulation. The occurrence of new fractures was temporally linked to egg laying: more new fractures occurred during the time when laying rates were highest. Hens with fractured keel bones at depopulation had laid their first egg earlier than hens with intact keel bones. However, the total number of eggs was neither correlated with the onset of egg laying nor with keel bone fractures. All birds with bumblefoot on both feet had a fracture at depopulation. Hens stayed in the nest for a longer time during egg laying during the ten days after the fracture than during the ten days before the fracture. In conclusion, a relationship between laying rates and keel bone fractures seems likely.
TRENDS IN ULTRACOOL DWARF MAGNETISM. II. THE INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN X-RAY ACTIVITY AND ROTATION AS EVIDENCE FOR A BIMODAL DYNAMO

Observations of magnetic activity indicators in solar-type stars exhibit a relationship with rotation with an increase until a “saturation” level and a moderate decrease in activity in the very fastest rotators (“supersaturation”). While X-ray data have suggested that this relationship is strongly violated in ultracool dwarfs (UCDs; spectral type ≳M7), the limited number of X-ray detections has prevented firm conclusions. In this paper, we analyze the X-ray activity–rotation relation in 38 UCDs. Our sample represents the largest catalog of X-ray active UCDs to date, including seven new and four previously unpublished Chandra observations presented in a companion paper. We identify a substantial number of rapidly rotating UCDs with X-ray activity extending two orders of magnitude below the expected saturation level and measure a “supersaturation”-type anticorrelation between rotation and X-ray activity. The scatter in UCD X-ray activity at a fixed rotation is ∼3 times larger than that in earlier-type stars. We discuss several mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the data, including centrifugal stripping of the corona, and find them to be inconsistent with the observed trends. Instead, we suggest that an additional parameter correlated with both X-ray activity and rotation is responsible for the observed effects. Building on the results of Zeeman–Doppler imaging of UCD magnetic fields and our companion study of radio/X-ray flux ratios, we argue that this parameter is the magnetic field topology, and that the large scatter in UCD X-ray fluxes reflects the presence of two dynamo modes that produce distinct topologies.
Trust in Adaptive Automation : The Role of Etiquette in Tuning Trust via Analogic and Affective Methods

In this paper, we begin by discussing a definition of trust and settle on one provided by Lee and See (2004). This definition emphasizes the nature of trust as an attitude toward the uncertain future actions of an agent. Some important implications of this definition for adaptive automation systems are discussed including (a) trust is not synonymous with user acceptance; in fact, trust should be tuned to result in accurate usage decisions by operators, (b) trust becomes more important with complex, adaptive automation precisely because it becomes less plausible for a human operator to fully understand what and how the automation will operate in all contents, and (c) as an attitude, trust is produced and affected by methods other than rational cognition. In fact, Lee and See provide a model with three methods of tuning trust—analytic, analogic and affective—with special emphasis on their roles trust for adaptive automation. Of these, we argue that the latter two will be more important in human interaction with adaptive automation than they are with traditional automation. We define and discuss a method of tuning analogic and affective trust: the “etiquette” of human interaction with automation. We provide examples from two recent projects, one involving a laboratory experiment and the other involving human interaction with automation in a realistic full mission simulation, which illustrate trust effects from etiquette-based design and system behavior manipulations.
A Comprehensive Review of Distributed Coding Algorithms for Visual Sensor Network (VSN)

Since the invention of low cost camera, it has been widely incorporated into the sensor node in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to form the Visual Sensor Network (VSN). However, the use of camera is bringing with it a set of new challenges, because all the sensor nodes are powered by batteries. Hence, energy consumption is one of the most critical issues that have to be taken into consideration. In addition to this, the use of batteries has also limited the resources (memory, processor) that can be incorporated into the sensor node. The life time of a VSN decreases quickly as the image is transferred to the destination. One of the solutions to the aforementioned problem is to reduce the data to be transferred in the network by using image compression. In this paper, a comprehensive survey and analysis of distributed coding algorithms that can be used to encode images in VSN is provided. This also includes an overview of these algorithms, together with their advantages and deficiencies when implemented in VSN. These algorithms are then compared at the end to determine the algorithm that is more suitable for VSN.
Abiotic and Microbial Interactions during Anaerobic Transformations of Fe(II) and NOX-

Microbial Fe(II) oxidation using NO3- as the terminal electron acceptor [nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation, NDFO] has been studied for over 15 years. Although there are reports of autotrophic isolates and stable enrichments, many of the bacteria capable of NDFO are known organotrophic NO3--reducers that require the presence of an organic, primary substrate, e.g., acetate, for significant amounts of Fe(II) oxidation. Although the thermodynamics of Fe(II) oxidation are favorable when coupled to either NO3- or NO2- reduction, the kinetics of abiotic Fe(II) oxidation by NO3- are relatively slow except under special conditions. NDFO is typically studied in batch cultures containing millimolar concentrations of Fe(II), NO3-, and the primary substrate. In such systems, NO2- is often observed to accumulate in culture media during Fe(II) oxidation. Compared to NO3-, abiotic reactions of biogenic NO2- and Fe(II) are relatively rapid. The kinetics and reaction pathways of Fe(II) oxidation by NO2- are strongly affected by medium composition and pH, reactant concentration, and the presence of Fe(II)-sorptive surfaces, e.g., Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and cellular surfaces. In batch cultures, the combination of abiotic and microbial Fe(II) oxidation can alter product distribution and, more importantly, results in the formation of intracellular precipitates and extracellular Fe(III) oxyhydroxide encrustations that apparently limit further cell growth and Fe(II) oxidation. Unless steps are taken to minimize or account for potential abiotic reactions, results of microbial NDFO studies can be obfuscated by artifacts of the chosen experimental conditions, the use of inappropriate analytical methods, and the resulting uncertainties about the relative importance of abiotic and microbial reactions. In this manuscript, abiotic reactions of NO3- and NO2- with aqueous Fe2+, chelated Fe(II), and solid-phase Fe(II) are reviewed along with factors that can influence overall NDFO reaction rates in microbial systems. In addition, the use of low substrate concentrations, continuous-flow systems, and experimental protocols that minimize experimental artifacts and reduce the potential for under- or overestimation of microbial NDFO rates are discussed.
Phenomenology of attention: I. Color, location, orientation, and spatial frequency.

The effect of attention on the phenomenal appearance of objects was investigated in the domains of color (hue), location, line orientation, and spatial frequency. Observers indicated the appearance of a briefly presented above-threshold stimulus by selecting a matching stimulus along a sensory continuum (e.g., color). Attention was manipulated with a dual task that involved letter identification. Attention had little effect in changing the way objects appeared in terms of observers' mean response. However, in each stimulus domain, attention reduced the variability of responses. It is argued that attention should be viewed in terms of reducing uncertainty.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns and Molecular Epidemiology of Metallo-β-Lactamase Producing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Strains Isolated From Burn Patients

Background: Failure in the treatment of burn patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa could happen as a result of the acquisition of antibiotic resistance, including carbapenems. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from burn patients. Patients and Methods: During a 12 month period, in this cross-sectional study, two hundred seventy strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the burn patients in Ghotbeddin Burn Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Screening for the carbapenem resistance in the isolates was carried out by the E test method. Sensitivity patterns of metallo-β-lactamase (MβLs) producing strains of pseudomonas to eleven antibiotics were determined by the mentioned method. The epidemiological associations of these strains were determined by Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: Of the 270 strains, 60 (22.2%) were resistant to imipenem and meropenem, classified as MβLs producing. MβLs producing strains of pseudomonas were completely resistant to five tested antibiotics while their sensitivities to the three most effective antibiotics including ceftazidime, amikacin and ciprofloxacin were 23.4%, 6.7 % and 1.7%, respectively. In PFGE, 37 patterns from the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were observed. Majority of the strains (43; 71.6%) exhibited more than 80% similarity, based on the drawn dendrogram. Conclusions: According to the results, none of the tested antibiotics is safe to prescribe. As PFGE revealed, a limited number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa types are predominant in the hospitals which infect the burn patients.
A design flow dedicated to multi-mode architectures for DSP applications

This paper addresses the design of multi-mode architectures for digital signal processing applications. We present a dedicated design flow and its associated high-level synthesis tool, named GAUT. Given a unified description of a set of time-wise mutually exclusive tasks and their associated throughput constraints, a single RTL hardware architecture optimized in area is generated. In order to reduce the register, steering logic (multiplexers) and controller (decoding logic) complexities, we propose a joint-scheduling algorithm which maximizes the similarities between control steps and specific binding approaches for both functional units and storage elements which maximize the similarities between the datapaths. We show through a set of test cases that our approach offers significant area saving relative to the state-of-the-art.
Input and Output Cross-Coupled Wideband Bandpass Filter

A new wideband bandpass filter configuration with input-output cross-coupling is investigated. The new filter is based on a transmission line filter with short-circuited stubs. In order to allow the filter to exhibit high selectivity filtering characteristic and to enhance the group delay with only a few resonators, cross-coupling between the input and output feed lines is introduced. As a result, new symmetrical pairs of transmission zeros are generated at the lower and upper stopbands, leading to a quasi-elliptic function response that improves the passband and out-of-band performances. A general circuit model for the proposed filter is presented and a demonstrator with approximately 48% ripple bandwidth at a midband frequency of 3 GHz is developed. The design is successfully realized in theory and verified by full-wave electromagnetic simulation and the experiment, where excellent agreement is obtained.