Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Childhood poverty : multidisciplinary approaches

Introduction J.Boyden & M. Bourdillon PART I: METHODOLOGY Doing Longitudinal Research: Opportunities and Challenges in a Study of Childhood K.Brock & C.Knowles The Ethics of Social Research with Children and Families in Young Lives: Practical Experiences V.Morrow Uncovering the Consequences of Pre-school Malnutrition J.Hoddinott Understanding Child Poverty in Developing Countries: Measurement and Analysis S.Dercon PART II: DYNAMICS OF CHILDHOOD POVERTY 'Pro-Poor' Growth and Children in Developing Countries: The Case of Vietnam P.Glewwe Evidence on Early Childhood Development (ECD) Investment Returns J.R. Behrman Do Economic Shocks Have a Sustained Effect on the Height of 5-year-old Children? Evidence from Rural and Urban Ethiopia T.Woldehanna PART III: CHILDREN'S EXPERIENCES OF POVERTY Poverty and Developmental Potential P.Engle Poverty, Child Risk, and Resilience in Developing Countries T.D. Wachs Political Economy, Perception, and Social Change as Mediators of Childhood Risk in Andhra Pradesh J.Boyden & G.Crivello On Being Despised: Growing up a Congolese Refugee in Dar es Salaam G.Mann 'Pen, Book, Soap, Good Food, and Encouragement': Understandings of a Good Life for Children Among Parents and Children in Three Ethiopian Communities L.Camfield 'Ridiculed For Not Having Anything': Children's Views on Poverty and Inequality in Rural India G.Crivello, U.Vennam & A.Komanduri Pathways through Early Childhood Education in Ethiopia, India, and Peru: Rights, Equity and Diversity M.Woodhead Explaining and Overcoming Marginalization in Education: Ethnic/Language Minorities in Peru S.Cueto, G.Guerrero, J.Leon, E.Seguin & I.Munoz Child Agricultural Work in South Africa: A Contested Space A.Dawes, J.Streak, S.Levine & D.Ewing Are Work and Schooling Complementary or Competitive for Children in Rural Ethiopia? A Mixed-methods Study K.Orkin
EBL Overlapping Aware Stencil Planning for MCC System

Electron beam lithography (EBL) is a promising, maskless solution for the technology beyond 14nm logic nodes. To overcome its throughput limitation, industry has proposed character projection (CP) technique, where some complex shapes (characters) can be printed in one shot. Recently, the traditional EBL system was extended into a multi-column cell (MCC) system to further improve the throughput. In an MCC system, several independent CPs are used to further speed-up the writing process. Because of the area constraint of stencil, the MCC system needs to be packed/planned carefully to take advantage of the characters. In this article, we prove that the overlapping aware stencil planning (OSP) problem is NP-hard. Then we propose E-BLOW, a tool to solve the MCC system OSP problem. E-BLOW involves several novel speedup techniques, such as successive relaxation and dynamic programming. Experimental results show that, compared with previous works, E-BLOW demonstrates better performance for both the conventional EBL system and the MCC system.
Subspace based disparity estimation for plenoptic cameras

We present a subspace based disparity estimation technique for plenoptic 2.0 lightfield cameras. The raw lightfield image contains a micro-image for every lens in the micro-lens array. The disparity of a scene point is typically estimated using multi-baseline approach. The multi-baseline approach necessitates that a focussed copy of a patch is present in at least one of the neighboring micro-images. This requirement limits the range over which the disparity can be reliably estimated. We propose a subspace based technique for disparity estimation wherein a subspace for every disparity is learnt separately, and the learnt subspaces are subsequently used for estimating the disparity of any micro-image. We estimate the disparities for the images captured using Raytrix R11 camera and compare the results with (a) estimates obtained from the multi-baseline approach, and (b) manufacturer provided disparity maps. Comparisons show that the disparity maps estimated by the proposed technique are superior. In addition, the proposed technique allows for extending the range over which the disparity can be estimated.
The Serpins Are an Expanding Superfamily of Structurally Similar but Functionally Diverse Proteins

Published, JBC Papers in Press, July 2, 2001, DOI 10.1074/jbc.R100016200 Gary A. Silverman, Phillip I. Bird, Robin W. Carrell, Frank C. Church, Paul B. Coughlin, Peter G. W. Gettins, James A Irving, David A. Lomas, Cliff J. Luke, Richard W. Moyer, Philip A. Pemberton, Eileen Remold-O’Donnell, Guy S. Salvesen, James Travis, and James C. Whisstock From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia, Departments of Haematology and Medicine, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom, Division of Hematology-Oncology/Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Department of Medicine, Box Hill Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3128, Australia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, Arriva Pharmaceuticals, Alameda, California 94501, Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Burnham Institute, San Diego, California 92037, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
Grey Matter Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract The aim of our study is to evaluate the extent and distribution of grey matter demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS), addressing also neuronal loss and synaptic loss. Whole coronal sections of 6 MS brains and 6 control brains were selected. Immunohistochemistry was performed for myelin basic protein, neurofilaments, synaptophysin, ubiquitin, and activated caspase-3. Neuronal density and optical density of synaptophysin staining were estimated in cortical lesions and compared with those observed in corresponding areas of normal (i.e. nondemyelinated) cortex in the same section. Demyelinating lesions were observed in the cerebral cortex, in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and in the hippocampus. The percentage of demyelinated cortex was remarkable in 2 cases of secondary progressive MS (48% and 25.5%, respectively). Neuronal density was significantly reduced in cortical lesions (18-23% reduction), if compared with adjacent normal cortex, in the 2 cases showing the higher extent of cortical demyelination; in the same cases, very rare apoptotic neurons expressing caspase-3 were observed in cortical lesions and not in adjacent normal cortex. No significant decrease in optical density of synaptophysin staining was observed in cortical lesions. Grey matter demyelination and neuronal loss could contribute to disability and cognitive dysfunctions in MS.
Intelligent Creativity Support

We present an argument for the advancement of Intelligent Creativity Support (ICS) systems as an integrating framework for Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Affective Computing, and Creativity Support Tools, in a manner that closely aligns each of these technologies and research agendas with the componential model of creativity, i.e. domain relevant expertise, intrinsic motivation, and creative thinking style, respectively. We will also present strategies for the development and evaluation for student models for the just-in-time assessment of creativity. Author
Integrating Universal Design into a Global Approach for Managing Very Large Web Sites

Very Large Web Sites are a particular category of web sites where the potential of traditional evaluation process for ensuring usability is significantly contracted by the size of the web site. Since this kind of web site is authored, designed, evaluated, and maintained by a wide variety of people who have specific information demands over a huge set of web pages, we believe that Universal Design principles should be integrated into the current approach for managing such web sites. We propose to support Universal Design principles by integrating related guideli nes into a global approach for managing Very Large Web Sites. This approach is supported by Extended Bobby, an extension of the Bobby tool that provides (i) evaluation on demand ; (ii) a repair tool that proposes to authors of web pages new HTML code fixing usability problems that Extended Bobby itself has merely identified and explained ; (iii) a usability site tracker that keeps track of usability problems of the web sites, automatically sends e-mails to authors with the repair proposal, and helps site managers and webmasters to manage the pages evolving in time.
The Role of Correlations in Direction and Contrast Coding in the Primary Visual Cortex

The spiking activity of nearby cortical neurons is not independent. Numerous studies have explored the importance of this correlated responsivity for visual coding and perception, often by comparing the information conveyed by pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons with the sum of information provided by the respective individual cells. Pairwise responses typically provide slightly more information so that encoding is weakly synergistic. The simple comparison between pairwise and summed individual responses conflates several forms of correlation, however, making it impossible to judge the relative importance of synchronous spiking, basic tuning properties, and stimulus-independent and stimulus-dependent correlation. We have applied an information theoretic approach to this question, using the responses of pairs of neurons to drifting sinusoidal gratings of different directions and contrasts that have been recorded in the primary visual cortex of anesthetized macaque monkeys. Our approach allows us to break down the information provided by pairs of neurons into a number of components. This analysis reveals that, although synchrony is prevalent and informative, the additional information it provides frequently is offset by the redundancy arising from the similar tuning properties of the two cells. Thus coding is approximately independent with weak synergy or redundancy arising, depending on the similarity in tuning and the temporal precision of the analysis. We suggest that this would allow cortical circuits to enjoy the stability provided by having similarly tuned neurons without suffering the penalty of redundancy, because the associated information transmission deficit is compensated for by stimulus-dependent synchrony.
The End of One Long Deflation: An Empirical Investigation

Did "Quantitative and Qualitative Monetary Easing (QQE),'' which has been conducted by the Bank of Japan from April 2013, end the long deflation of the Japanese economy? Answering the question, we constructed a linear projection model to estimate Ex-Ante Real interest Rates (EARRs) and Inflation Expectations (IEs) based on Japanese macroeconomic data. In our empirical study, we obtain two major results. The first result shows that we can observe a sharp decline of an EARR and the sudden increase of an IE after March, 2013, which is consistent with the actual core inflation. Second, estimating dummy variables in the model, we find that a structural break occurred in April, 2013. A regime change (regime shift) of Japanese monetary policy occurred in March or April, 2013. They also present that QQE has a strong effect on the Japanese economy and realized the sharp recovery in 2013. We conclude that the regime change of monetary policy end the Japanese long deflation in 2013.
Real estate security and other investment assets: A comparison of investment characteristics in the Nigerian stock markets

Purpose - Quite a substantial number of academic papers have examined the performance of both direct and indirect real estate relative to other investment assets. While these studies are valuable in the field of real estate investment performance measurements, a gap still exist in the literature on the comparative performance of investment assets in the various sectors of the stock markets of most emerging economies. This paper aims to fill the gap by providing analysis of the historical performance of real estate and other securities in the Nigerian capital market. Design/methodology/approach - Annual open and closing market prices of shares and dividend of sampled listed companies in addition to data on all share index (ASI), consumer price index (CPI) and yield on 90-days T-Bill were obtained for the period 1999-2005. These were then analysed using descriptive, risk-adjusted measures and regression models. Findings - The empirical evidence suggests that while real estate outperformed the market on a nominal basis, it underperformed the market stock on a risk-adjusted basis over the time period of analysis. Unexpectedly, real estate security did not provide a good protection against inflation and is also uncorrelated with the stock market. Originality/value - This paper provides empirical evidence of the investment characteristic of indirect real estate investment in Nigeria. The results suggest that real estate security does not after all provide a good substitute to direct real estate investment.
Yap- and Cdc42-Dependent Nephrogenesis and Morphogenesis during Mouse Kidney Development

Yap is a transcriptional co-activator that regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis downstream of the Hippo kinase pathway. We investigated Yap function during mouse kidney development using a conditional knockout strategy that specifically inactivated Yap within the nephrogenic lineage. We found that Yap is essential for nephron induction and morphogenesis, surprisingly, in a manner independent of regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. We used microarray analysis to identify a suite of novel Yap-dependent genes that function during nephron formation and have been implicated in morphogenesis. Previous in vitro studies have indicated that Yap can respond to mechanical stresses in cultured cells downstream of the small GTPases RhoA. We find that tissue-specific inactivation of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 causes a severe defect in nephrogenesis that strikingly phenocopies loss of Yap. Ablation of Cdc42 decreases nuclear localization of Yap, leading to a reduction of Yap-dependent gene expression. We propose that Yap responds to Cdc42-dependent signals in nephron progenitor cells to activate a genetic program required to shape the functioning nephron.
Economics of Employment and Unemployment

Preface Poverty, Deprivation and Social Exclusion: The Unemployed and the Working Poor Spanish Unemployment and the Ladder Effect Juvenile Delinquency and its Forensic Considerations Wage and Employment in a Finance-Led Economy Employment, Occupational Disparities, and Wages in India: A Decomposition Analysis Short and Long Run Effects of Productivity Shocks in an Intertemporal Model Unemployment Insurance: Factors Associated with Benefit Receipt Inflation, Unemployment, Labor Force Change in European Countries On the Linkages between Monetary Policy, Inflation, Output and Unemployment in the Euro Zone Inflation, Deflation and Employment: A Macrodynamic Approach Index.
Topography and Dynamics of Associative Long-term Memory Retrieval in Humans

The present study investigated the neurophysiological processes underlying associative long-term memory retrieval of objects and spatial positions by means of a modified fan paradigm with cued recall and two neuroimaging methods (electroencephalogram [EEG] and functional magnetic resonance imaging). In an acquisition phase, either one stimulus or two stimuli became associated with a noun. During retrieval, probe stimuli comprising noun pairs were presented, and participants had to recall the respective associations and decided whether the nouns are linked to each other via a commonly associated stimulus. With this design, the quality and quantity of recalled associations was systematically varied, whereas the triggering stimuli and response requirements were held constant in all experimental conditions. Recall time proved to be directly related to the number of associations fanning out from a retrieval cue. Correspondingly, the hemodynamic response (blood oxygen level-dependent [BOLD] signal) and the amplitude of slow negative EEG potentials increased monotonically with the number of associations in both left anterior and bilateral posterior cortical areas. These effects were consistently observed with content-specific topographies for the two distinct materials. Furthermore, the multimethod approach revealed a close temporal link between response times and event-related slow potential changes on the one side and a close topographical and amplitude correspondence between slow potentials and BOLD signal changes on the other. The integrated results suggest that the neuronal dynamics of associative memory retrieval are equivalent for different types of associations, but that the structural basis is clearly content-specific.
Does Ownership Structure Affect Labor Decisions

ABSTRACT: This study examines how the incentives related to ownership structure influence labor cost management decisions in publicly traded and privately held organizations. I document that public banks have more elastic labor cost structures than private banks, which suggests that public bank managers prefer greater flexibility to remove labor resources when desired. Consistent with public banks facing greater financial reporting pressures, I find that they reduce labor costs to avoid earnings declines. However, I also find that the use of labor cost reductions to manage required regulatory capital is more pronounced in private banks. Consistent with the explanation that access to the equity markets allows public firms to sell equity in lieu of cutting costs, I find that the use of labor cost reductions to manage capital requirements is concentrated in the subsample of banks with lower equity issuances. These findings suggest that while public ownership induces financial reporting pressure, it may also .
Interferon-Gamma Release Assay: An Effective Tool to Detect Early Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice

Early diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection before the formation of tissue cysts is vital for treatment, as drugs available for toxoplasmosis cannot kill bradyzoites contained in the cysts. However, current methods, such as antibody-based ELISA, are ineffective for detection of early infection. Here, we developed an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), measuring the IFN-γ released by T lymphocytes stimulated by Toxoplasma antigen peptides in vitro, for the detection of T. gondii infection in mice. Splenocytes isolated from infected mice were stimulated by peptides derived from dense granule proteins GRA4 and GRA6 and rhoptry protein ROP7, and released IFN-γ was measured by ELISA. Results showed that both acute and chronic infection could be detected by IGRA. More importantly, IGRA detected infection as early as the third day post infection; while serum IgM and IgG were detected 9 days and 13 days post infection, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that an IGRA-positive and ELISA-negative sample revealed an early infection, indicating the combination of IGRA and ELISA can be employed for the early diagnosis of T. gondii infection in human beings, cats and livestock.
A Multicomponent Approach to Identify Predictors of Hospital Outcomes in Older In-Patients: A Multicentre, Observational Study

Background The identification of older patients at risk of poor hospital outcomes (e.g. longer hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, and institutionalisation) is important to provide an effective healthcare service. Objective To identify factors related to older patients’ clinical, nutritional, functional and socio-demographic profiles at admission to an acute care ward that can predict poor hospital outcomes. Design and Setting The CRiteria to assess appropriate Medication use among Elderly complex patients project was a multicentre, observational study performed in geriatric and internal medicine acute care wards of seven Italian hospitals. Subjects One thousand one hundred twenty-three consecutively admitted patients aged 65 years or older. Methods Hospital outcomes were length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and institutionalisation. Results Mean age of participants was 81 years, 56% were women. Median length of stay was 10 (7–14) days, 41 patients died during hospital stay and 37 were newly institutionalised. Number of drugs before admission, metastasized cancer, renal failure or dialysis, infection, falls at home during the last year, pain, and walking speed were independent predictors of LoS. Total dependency in activities of daily living and inability to perform grip strength test were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Malnutrition and total dependency in activities of daily living were independent predictors of institutionalisation. Conclusions Our results confirm that not only diseases, but also multifaceted aspects of ageing such as physical function and malnutrition are strong predictors of hospital outcomes and suggest that these variables should be systematically recorded.
Molecular Imaging of Low-density Lipoprotein in Human Coronary Plaques by Color Fluorescent Angioscopy and Microscopy

Objectives Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease. However, its localization in human coronary plaques is not well understood. The present study was performed to visualize LDL in human coronary artery wall. Methods (1) The fluorescence characteristic of LDL was investigated by color fluorescent microscopy (CFM) with excitation at 470-nm and emission at 515-nm using Nile blue dye (NB) as a biomarker. (2) Native LDL in 40 normal segments, 42 white plaques and 35 yellow plaques (20 with necrotic core) of human coronary arteries was investigated by color fluorescent angioscopy (CFA) and CFM. Results (1) NB elicited a brown, golden and red fluorescence characteristic of LDL, apolipoprotein B-100, and lysophosphatidylcholine/triglyceride, respectively. (2) The % incidence of LDL in normal segments, white, and yellow plaques was 25, 38 and 14 by CFA and 42, 42 and 14 by CFM scan of their luminal surface, respectively, indicating lower incidence (p<0.05) of LDL in yellow plaques than white plaques, and no significant differences in detection sensitivity between CFA and CFM. By CFM transected surface scan, LDL deposited more frequently and more diffusely in white plaques and yellow plaques without necrotic core (NC) than normal segments and yellow plaques with NC. LDL was localized to fibrous cap in yellow plaques with NC. Co-deposition of LDL with other lipid components was observed frequently in white plaques and yellow plaques without NC. Conclusions (1) Taken into consideration of the well-known process of coronary plaque growth, the results of the present study suggest that LDL begins to deposit before plaque formation; increasingly deposits with plaque growth, often co-depositing with other lipid components; and disappears after necrotic core formation. (2) CFA is feasible for visualization of LDL in human coronary artery wall.