Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating Rates of New Root Caries in Older Adults

Although older adults are keeping their teeth longer, no national data are available on new caries in this age group. To characterize the extent of caries among older adults, we systematically reviewed studies on root caries incidence, increment, attack rate, and annual total (root + coronal) caries increment. We used a random-effects model to estimate annual summary measures and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) and tested for heterogeneity. For the 9 studies reporting root caries incidence, the summary measure equaled 23.7% (CI = 17.1–30.2%). For the 9 studies reporting root caries increment, the summary measure was 0.47 surfaces (CI = 0.34–0.61). For the 7 studies reporting total caries increment, the summary measure equaled 1.31 surfaces (95% CI = 1.01–1.61 surfaces). Because of heterogeneity, summary measures should be interpreted with caution. This research suggests, however, that older adults experience high rates of new caries and could benefit from caries-prevention programs.
Robust embedding of VNF/service chains with delay bounds

The efficient and carrier-grade operation of virtualised network infrastructures (Infrastructure as a Service, IaaS) within Cloud Systems requires powerful methods for dynamic resource provisioning, virtual network functions (VNF) placement and interconnection. In the scientific literature, already several contributions related to the virtual network embedding (VNE) problem can be found, see [1] and the references therein as well as our previous contributions [2], [3]. Typically, the physical substrate infrastructure (network nodes with switching, processing and storage resources, and links with defined bandwidth) as well as the traffic demands of the virtual networks are given and the target is to minimise the embedding cost wrt. performance and QoS constraints (e.g. bandwidth guarantees, latency bounds). In this contribution, we propose a novel optimisation model based on the concept of Γ-robustness [4], [5] to deal with uncertainties in the traffic demand and as a consequence in the resource requirements of the VNFs while fulfilling individual average roundtrip delay bounds for each chain of VNFs. The Γ-robust optimisation model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). Moreover, in order to enhance the scalability of the model, a modified MIP-based Variable Neighbourhood Search (VNS) heuristic is proposed. The performance of the novel optimisation model and the heuristic is evaluated for different performance scenarios using a network topology example taken from SNDlib [6].
PERSPECTIVES ON TECHNOLOGY AND WORK ORGANIZATION

▪ Abstract This chapter summarizes and synthesizes some major perspectives on the relationship between technology and the nature of work. Given the complexity of technology and its impacts, the chapter elucidates different perspectives on this topic rather than summaries of detailed findings in a particular area of technology. The central thesis of the chapter is a follows: Technology's impact on work is contingent on a broad set of factors, including the reasons for its introduction, management philosophy, the labor-management contract, the degree of a shared agreement about technology and work organization, and the process of technology development and implementation. How this is viewed varies with different theoretical paradigms. Looking through a variety of paradigms provides a richer view of the phenomenon, though integrating these perspectives remains problematic. Historically, technology was treated as a deterministic causal force with predictable impacts. More recently there is a recognition of th.
Personal and social correlates of alcohol consumption among mid‐adolescents

A prospective, cohort survey of 540 mid-adolescent students was conducted to identify personal, family and social correlates of alcohol use. A structured questionnaire recorded alcohol involvement, other substance use, perceived parental alcohol use and related factors, alcohol-related attitudes and beliefs, psychological well-being, social and peer behaviours, and school conduct problems. Participants drank on 17.5 days in the past 3 months; on a typical drinking day they consumed 4.7 units, with 28.5% reported drinking six or more units. More frequent drinking was independently correlated with being male, perceiving that parents encouraged drinking, drinking without parental knowledge, drinking to alter mood, buying alcoholic beverages, spending more time with friends who drink, perceiving social pressure to drink, and being excluded from school and truanting. Parental discouragement for alcohol was related to more frequent drinking in females and less frequent drinking in males. Drinking more intensively was associated with use of cannabis, parental encouragement to drink, spending more time with friends who drink, school exclusion, and being in trouble with teachers. These results highlight multidimensional correlates of drinking during mid-adolescence and underline the importance of addressing personal, family, peer, and school conduct factors in school-based alcohol education programmes.
Akt inhibition improves long‐term tumour control following radiotherapy by altering the microenvironment

Radiotherapy is an important anti‐cancer treatment, but tumour recurrence remains a significant clinical problem. In an effort to improve outcomes further, targeted anti‐cancer drugs are being tested in combination with radiotherapy. Here, we have studied the effects of Akt inhibition with AZD5363. AZD5363 administered as an adjuvant after radiotherapy to FaDu and PE/CA PJ34 tumours leads to long‐term tumour control, which appears to be secondary to effects on the irradiated tumour microenvironment. AZD5363 reduces the downstream effectors VEGF and HIF‐1α, but has no effect on tumour vascularity or oxygenation, or on tumour control, when administered prior to radiotherapy. In contrast, AZD5363 given after radiotherapy is associated with marked reductions in tumour vascular density, a decrease in the influx of CD11b+ myeloid cells and a failure of tumour regrowth. In addition, AZD5363 is shown to inhibit the proportion of proliferating tumour vascular endothelial cells in vivo, which may contribute to improved tumour control with adjuvant treatment. These new insights provide promise to improve outcomes with the addition of AZD5363 as an adjuvant therapy following radiotherapy.
The Demography of Latin America and the Caribbean since 1950

Consacree a l’Amerique latine et les Caraibes (un peu plus de cinquante Etats et territoires, 564 millions d’habitants), cette chronique propose a la fois une synthese des grands changements socio-demographiques et sanitaires depuis les annees 1950, et un bilan statistique rassemblant les donnees des recensements et des grandes enquetes sur chaque pays. Y sont notamment examines les effectifs et les structures de la population, la fecondite, la nuptialite, la mortalite, les migrations, l’urbanisation et l’education. L’Amerique latine et les Caraibes connaissent depuis plusieurs decennies un processus de transition demographique rapide, imputable a une baisse de la fecondite a partir du debut des annees 1970 et a un recul de la mortalite qui a conduit a une hausse moyenne de l’esperance de vie de 20 ans entre 1950 et 2000, pour atteindre 68 ans chez les hommes et 75 ans chez les femmes. Le rythme de croissance naturelle a fortement diminue (1,4% en 2000-2005), tandis que le solde migratoire est affecte par une plus forte emigration vers des destinations extra-regionales. Dans un contexte de baisse generalisee de la fecondite (2,6 enfant par femmes en 2000-2005), les modeles d’entree precoce dans la vie familiale persistent. Parmi les regions dites en developpement, L’Amerique latine et les Caraibes presentent le taux d’urbanisation le plus eleve du monde en developpement (EVA). Une autre specificite des pays de cette region du monde est que leur structure d’âge commence a etre marquee par les effets du vieillissement, qui en revanche sont encore peu apparents dans les pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne et du monde arabe et du Moyen Orient decrits dans les precedentes chroniques (Population, 5, 2004 et 5-6, 2005).
Short-Term Price Forecasting Models Based on Artificial Neural Networks for Intraday Sessions in the Iberian Electricity Market

This paper presents novel intraday session models for price forecasts (ISMPF models) for hourly price forecasting in the six intraday sessions of the Iberian electricity market (MIBEL) and the analysis of mean absolute percentage errors ( MAPEs ) obtained with suitable combinations of their input variables in order to find the best ISMPF models. Comparisons of errors from different ISMPF models identified the most important variables for forecasting purposes. Similar analyses were applied to determine the best daily session models for price forecasts (DSMPF models) for the day-ahead price forecasting in the daily session of the MIBEL, considering as input variables extensive hourly time series records of recent prices, power demands and power generations in the previous day, forecasts of demand, wind power generation and weather for the day-ahead, and chronological variables. ISMPF models include the input variables of DSMPF models as well as the daily session prices and prices of preceding intraday sessions. The best ISMPF models achieved lower MAPEs for most of the intraday sessions compared to the error of the best DSMPF model; furthermore, such DSMPF error was very close to the lowest limit error for the daily session. The best ISMPF models can be useful for MIBEL agents of the electricity intraday market and the electric energy industry.
The changing face of inequality : urbanization, industrial development, and immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920

Originally published in 1983, "The Changing Face of Inequality" is the first systematic social history of a major American city undergoing industrialization. Zunz examines Detroit's evolution between 1880 and 1920 and discovers the ways in which ethnic and class relations profoundly altered its urban scene. Stunning in scope, this work makes a major contribution to our understanding of twentieth-century cities.
Negative Effects of Praise on Skilled Performance

A series of experiments explored the possibility that praise can impair subsequent performance. Three models were proposed: praise leads to reduced effort, it implies a pressured demand for good performance (which impairs performance), and it generates self-attention which impairs the automaticity of skilled execution. The reduced effort model was contradicted by the finding that praise improved subsequent performance on a pure effort task. The performance-demand model received partial support, but it had difficulty accounting for the finding that task-irrelevant praise impaired performance. The self-attention model seems best able to encompass all findings. In conclusion, praise appears to increase effort, but it may impair skilled performance.
Population Genomics of Inversion Polymorphisms in Drosophila melanogaster

Chromosomal inversions have been an enduring interest of population geneticists since their discovery in Drosophila melanogaster. Numerous lines of evidence suggest powerful selective pressures govern the distributions of polymorphic inversions, and these observations have spurred the development of many explanatory models. However, due to a paucity of nucleotide data, little progress has been made towards investigating selective hypotheses or towards inferring the genealogical histories of inversions, which can inform models of inversion evolution and suggest selective mechanisms. Here, we utilize population genomic data to address persisting gaps in our knowledge of D. melanogaster's inversions. We develop a method, termed Reference-Assisted Reassembly, to assemble unbiased, highly accurate sequences near inversion breakpoints, which we use to estimate the age and the geographic origins of polymorphic inversions. We find that inversions are young, and most are African in origin, which is consistent with the demography of the species. The data suggest that inversions interact with polymorphism not only in breakpoint regions but also chromosome-wide. Inversions remain differentiated at low levels from standard haplotypes even in regions that are distant from breakpoints. Although genetic exchange appears fairly extensive, we identify numerous regions that are qualitatively consistent with selective hypotheses. Finally, we show that In(1)Be, which we estimate to be ∼60 years old (95% CI 5.9 to 372.8 years), has likely achieved high frequency via sex-ratio segregation distortion in males. With deeper sampling, it will be possible to build on our inferences of inversion histories to rigorously test selective models—particularly those that postulate that inversions achieve a selective advantage through the maintenance of co-adapted allele complexes.
The Decision to Attack Iraq

This article attempts to explain the decision to use force against Iraq using a noncompensatory theory of decision making. Rather than choosing an alternative that maximizes utility on the basis of a holistic comparison process as suggested by the expected utility model, or selecting an alternative that “satisfices” a certain criterion as predicted by the cybernetic model, the noncompensatory theory suggests that decisions on the use of force are often made based on the rejection of undesirable alternatives on the basis of one, or at most a few, criteria.
Preparing Teachers for Culturally Diverse Schools

This article reviews data-based research studies on preservice teacher preparation for multicultural schools, particularly schools that serve historically underserved communities. In this article, the author reviews 80 studies of effects of various preservice teacher education strategies, including recruiting and selecting students, cross-cultural immersion experiences, multicultural education coursework, and program restructuring. Although there is a large quantity of research, very little of it actually examines which strategies prepare strong teachers. Most of the research focuses on addressing the attitudes and lack of knowledge of White preservice students. This review argues that although this is a very important problem that does need to be addressed, it is not the same as figuring out how to populate the teaching profession with excellent multicultural and culturally responsive teachers.
Islam in the Service of Colonialism ? Portuguese Strategy during the Armed Liberation Struggle in Mozambique

Apres des siecles d'une propagande et d'une action anti-musulmane vigoureuse, le regime colonial portugais prit, pendant la lutte armee de liberation au Mozambique, la decision strategique de recruter l'elite musulmane du Nord du Mozambique en tant que force conservatrice opposee au nationalisme laique et revolutionnaire du Front de liberation du Mozambique (Frelimo). L'un des resultats inattendus de cette tactique, en fin de compte inefficace, aura ete de fournir une information detaillee et de qualite sur la structure organisationnelle des turuq Qadiriyya et Shadhiliyya (confreries soufies) au Mozambique. Fonde sur les sources conservees a l'Arquivo Historico de Mocambique, la presente etude explore les ramifications de cette campagne antinationaliste et ses consequences sur l'histoire post-coloniale de l'Islam au Mozambique septentrional, tout en replacant les jeux respectifs du colonisateur et de l'elite soufie dans un contexte africain plus large.
Development of a Measure of Stereotypical Attitudes towards Older Workers

Prolonging the working life of older adults has been suggested by various researchers and policymakers as a strategy to alleviate challenges posed by the inevitable ageing of the population. It is thus important to have measures with which to assess and monitor factors relevant to older adults' employment. Research indicates that negative attitudes towards older workers are at the heart of employment discrimination; hence, the current research developed and assessed a new measure of attitudes towards older workers. A questionnaire asking about older workers was prepared in three versions (male, female, and gender neutral). Each version of the Attitudes towards Older Workers Scale (AOWS) was pilot tested, refined, and field tested with random samples totalling 246 hiring decision‐makers and 219 undergraduate students. Internal consistency ranged between . 89 and . 95 across the samples and questionnaire versions. Test–retest reliability correlations for male, female, and gender‐neutral versions were . 83, . 78, and . 90, respectively. The AOWS will be a valuable tool for research, development of interventions, and for informing policy formulation in the areas of ageing, retirement, and employment.
Managing Courtesy Stigma: The Case of Alzheimer’s Disease

This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study which examines the experience of courtesy stigma among family members of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The results indicate that both primary caregivers and other family members experience stigma; however, a good number of the family members interviewed claimed not to have experienced stigma and did not appear to be concerned about trying to avoid it. Factors or conditions that influenced experience of stigma are outlined.
Diagnosis of pneumothorax in critically ill adults

The diagnosis of pneumothorax is established from the patients' history, physical examination and, where possible, by radiological investigations. Adult respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and trauma are important predictors of pneumothorax, as are various practical procedures including mechanical ventilation, central line insertion, and surgical procedures in the thorax, head, and neck and abdomen. Examination should include an inspection of the ventilator observations and chest drainage systems as well as the patient's cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Radiological diagnosis is normally confined to plain frontal radiographs in the critically ill patient, although lateral images and computed tomography are also important. Situations are described where an abnormal lucency or an apparent lung edge may be confused with a pneumothorax. These may arise from outside the thoracic cavity or from lung abnormalities or abdominal viscera inside the chest.
Coding of Border Ownership in Monkey Visual Cortex

Areas V1 and V2 of the visual cortex have traditionally been conceived as stages of local feature representations. We investigated whether neural responses carry information about how local features belong to objects. Single-cell activity was recorded in areas V1, V2, and V4 of awake behaving monkeys. Displays were used in which the same local feature (contrast edge or line) could be presented as part of different figures. For example, the same light–dark edge could be the left side of a dark square or the right side of a light square. Each display was also presented with reversed contrast. We found significant modulation of responses as a function of the side of the figure in >50% of neurons of V2 and V4 and in 18% of neurons of the top layers of V1. Thus, besides the local contrast border information, neurons were found to encode the side to which the border belongs (“border ownership coding”). A majority of these neurons coded border ownership and the local polarity of luminance–chromaticity contrast. The others were insensitive to contrast polarity. Another 20% of the neurons of V2 and V4, and 48% of top layer V1, coded local contrast polarity, but not border ownership. The border ownership-related response differences emerged soon (<25 msec) after the response onset. In V2 and V4, the differences were found to be nearly independent of figure size up to the limit set by the size of our display (21°). Displays that differed only far outside the conventional receptive field could produce markedly different responses. When tested with more complex displays in which figure-ground cues were varied, some neurons produced invariant border ownership signals, others failed to signal border ownership for some of the displays, but neurons that reversed signals were rare. The influence of visual stimulation far from the receptive field center indicates mechanisms of global context integration. The short latencies and incomplete cue invariance suggest that the border-ownership effect is generated within the visual cortex rather than projected down from higher levels.
Enhancement in accessibility to macrophages by modification of mucin‐type carbohydrate chains on a tumor cell line: role of a C‐type lectin of macrophages

We investigated the role of mucin‐type (O‐linked) carbohydrate chains of tumor target cells in the recognition by macrophages through a Gal/GalNAc‐specific calcium‐dependent lectin. Binding of a soluble form of this lectin to P815 mastocytoma cells was increased by treatment with benzyl‐GalNAc, which presumably inhibited the extension of mucin‐type carbohydrate chains. The levels of cell surface expression of GalNAc residues were elevated after benzyl‐GalNAc treatment, as revealed by the binding of Vicia villosa agglutinin B4 and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. Adhesion of treated P815 cells to this lectin immobilized on plastic surfaces also increased. Furthermore, the binding of P815 cells to macrophage‐like RAW 264.7 cells and to peritoneal macrophages also increased after the same treatment. We concluded that elevated levels of cell surface terminal GalNAc in mucin‐type carbohydrate chains increased accessibility of P815 cells to macrophages through Gal/GalNAc‐specific calcium‐dependent lectins. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 407–414; 1995.
Caries prevalence and background factors in Swedish 4-year-old children - a 40-year perspective.

BACKGROUND Periodic and well-controlled studies of caries and background factors are important for organizing dental care and how prevention should be addressed. AIMS The aims of this study were to compare data on caries prevalence and background factors in 4-year-old children from 2007 with data collected periodically between 1967 and 2002 with the same methods and criteria, and to compare immigrant and non-immigrant children concerning caries prevalence and background factors. DESIGN A cross-sectional study in 4-year-old children living in Umeå, northern Sweden (n = 218), was performed. Caries recordings included both cavitated and non-cavitated caries lesion, and bite-wing radiographs were used on indications. Data on oral hygiene, use of fluorides, general health, and medication and sugar consumption were collected using the same questions and questionnaire as in the previous studies. RESULTS In 2007, 38% of the children displayed caries compared to 46% in 2002. The distribution of decayed, missing, or filled surfaces-primary teeth values was statistically significantly different in 2007 compared to 2002 (P < 0.05). The intake frequency of sugary between-meal products was generally lower, and toothbrushing frequency was higher in 2007 compared with data from the 2002 study. In children with immigrant background, the frequency of toothbrushing was statistically significantly lower, and snacking was more common (P < 0.05). Sixteen per cent had immigrant background and 59% had caries compared to 32% in the rest of the cohort (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Important changes in caries prevalence of 4-year-old children have taken place since 2002 concurrently with a decreased intake of sugary between-meal products and increased toothbrushing frequency. Immigrant background had a significant association with caries prevalence in 2007.