Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Makes Them Click: Empirical Analysis of Consumer Demand for Search Advertising

We study users' response to sponsored-search advertising using data from Microsoft's Live AdCenter distributed in the "Beyond Search" initiative. We estimate a structural model of utility maximizing users, which quantifies "user experience" based on their "revealed preferences," and predicts user responses to counterfactual ad placements. In the model, each user chooses clicks sequentially to maximize his expected utility under incomplete information about the relevance of ads. We estimate the substitutability of ads in users' utility function, the fixed effects of different ads and positions, user uncertainty about ads' relevance, and user heterogeneity. We find substantial substitability of ads, which generates large negative externalities: 50% more clicks would occur in a hypothetical world in which each ad faces no competition. As for counterfactual ad placements, our simulations indicate that CTR-optimal matching increases CTR by 15% while user-optimal matching increases user welfare by 25% (and neither coincides with assortative matching). Moreover, targeting ad placement to specific users could raise user welfare by 60%. Finally, user welfare could be raised nearly 15% if they had full information about the relevance of ads to them.
Quetiapine for the treatment of delirium.

BACKGROUND Delirium is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized medically ill patients. Haloperidol has historically been the agent of choice for the treatment of delirium, but recent studies have explored the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics such as quetiapine. The unique pharmacology of quetiapine may allow it to treat delirium and provide sedation without causing significant extrapyramidal side effects. PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of quetiapine for the treatment of delirium. DATA SOURCES A search was conducted in MEDLINE and Embase (January 1960-December 2012) using keywords "quetiapine," "second-generation antipsychotic," "atypical antipsychotic," "delirium," and "agitation. " STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION The search was limited to English-language articles and trials with treatment of delirium as the primary end point. Eight trials met this inclusion criterion. DATA SYNTHESIS Two randomized controlled trials, 5 open-label studies, and 1 retrospective cohort study evaluating quetiapine for the treatment of delirium were reviewed. One randomized controlled trial showed no differences in total mean delirium scores, but found the rate of delirium improvement was significantly shorter with quetiapine. The second randomized controlled trial showed the time to first resolution of delirium was shorter with quetiapine compared to placebo. Results of the open-label and retrospective cohort trials have also shown significant resolution of delirium from baseline and equal efficacy with quetiapine compared to amisulpride and haloperidol. CONCLUSIONS Quetiapine appears to be an effective and safe agent for the treatment of delirium in both general medicine and intensive care unit patients. The trials summarized suggest that quetiapine resolves symptoms of delirium more quickly than placebo and has equal efficacy compared to haloperidol and the atypical antipsychotic amisulpride. Further study is needed.
X‐linkage and genetic heterogeneity in bipolar‐related major affective illness: reanalysis of linkage data

It has been suggested that an X‐linked dominant allele operates in the genetic transmission of bipolar (manic‐depressive) illness. Linkage studies with X‐chromosome markers have remained inconclusive, showing both positive and negative results. Some of the ambiguity may be attributed to imprecise analytic methods and genetic heterogeneity. In this report, recently published pedigree series are reanalysed for linkage using a systematic method of pedigree analysis (Liped 3) with an accurate age‐of‐onset correction. Linkage heterogeneity is assessed through a two‐recombination fraction heterogeneity test suggested by Smith (1963). The results are as follows: (1) Close linkage of bipolar illness to colourblindness (deutan and protan) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency appears to be present in some pedigrees, with estimated recombination fractions of θ= 0.05 and 0.00, respectively; (2) Linkage with the Xg blood group cannot be supported. These results are consistent with known linkages on the X chromosome.
PbSe-Based Colloidal Core/Shell Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Applications

Lead-based (IV–VI) colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are of widespread scientific and technological interest owing to their size-tunable band-gap energy in the near-infrared optical region. This article reviews the synthesis of PbSe-based heterostructures and their structural and optical investigations at various temperatures. The review focuses on the structures consisting of a PbSe core coated with a PbSexS1–x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) or CdSe shell. The former-type shells were epitaxially grown on the PbSe core, while the latter-type shells were synthesized using partial cation-exchange. The influence of the QD composition and the ambient conditions, i.e., exposure to oxygen, on the QD optical properties, such as radiative lifetime, Stokes shift, and other temperature-dependent characteristics, was investigated. The study revealed unique properties of core/shell heterostructures of various compositions, which offer the opportunity of fine-tuning the QD electronic structure by changing their architecture. A theoretical model of the QD electronic band structure was developed and correlated with the results of the optical studies. The review also outlines the challenges related to potential applications of colloidal PbSe-based heterostructures.
Problem gambling and the five-factor model of personality: a large population-based study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Knowledge of the personality characteristics of individuals who develop gambling problems is important for designing targeted prevention efforts. Previous studies of the relationship between the five-factor model of personality and gambling problems were based on small samples not representative of the general population. We estimated differences in neuroticism, extroversion, intellect, agreeableness and conscientiousness between non-problem gamblers and individuals with low, moderate and severe gambling problems. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Norway. PARTICIPANTS A total of 10 081 (51.5% female) individuals aged 16-74 years (mean age 46.5 years). MEASURES The Problem Gambling Severity Index, The Mini-International Personality Item Pool and demographic variables. Differences between groups of gamblers were analysed by ordinary least-squares regression models separately for each personality trait adjusting for gender, age, cohabitation, level of education and work status. FINDINGS Gamblers with low, moderate and severe levels of gambling problems differed significantly from non-problem gamblers in neuroticism (b = 0.16, 0.34 and 0.66, respectively, all P < 0.001) and conscientiousness (b = -0.13, -0.28 and -0.44, respectively, all P < 0.001). Moderate and severe problem gamblers differed from non-problem gamblers in agreeableness (b = -0.21, P < 0.001 and b = -0.20, P = 0.028, respectively). In addition, gambling problems were much more prevalent among men than women, and more prevalent among those who live alone, individuals without tertiary education and among those who are unemployed or on disability pension. CONCLUSIONS A higher level of problem gambling severity appears to be associated with higher scores on neuroticism, and with lower scores on conscientiousness and agreeableness in the Mini-International Personality Item Pool.
Depth Perception and Defensive System Activation in a 3-D Environment

To survive, animals must be able to react appropriately (in temporal and behavioral terms) when facing a threat. One of the essential parameters considered by the defensive system is the distance of the threat, the “defensive distance. ” In this study, we investigate the visual depth cues that could be considered as an alarm cue for the activation of the defensive system. For this purpose, we performed an active-escape pain task in a virtual three-dimensional environment. In two experiments, we manipulated the nature and consistency of different depth cues: vergence, linear perspective, and angular size. By measuring skin conductance responses, we characterized the situations that activated the defensive system. We show that the angular size of the predator was sufficient information to trigger responses from the defensive system, but we also demonstrate that vergence, which can delay the emotional response in inconsistent situations, is also a highly reliable cue for the activation of the defensive system.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Domesticated Asian Elephants, Thailand

Four Asian elephants were confirmed to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis by bacterial culture, other diagnostic procedures, and sequencing of 16S–23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, 16S rRNA, and gyrase B gene sequences. Genotyping showed that the infectious agents originated from 4 sources in Thailand. To identify infections, a combination of diagnostic assays is essential.
Comment: Microarrays, Empirical Bayes and the Two-Groups Model

Through his various examples, Professor Efron makes a convincing case that cutting-edge science requires methods for detecting multiple "non-nulls. " These methods must be straightforward to implement, but perhaps more importantly statisticians need to be able to justify them unambiguously. Efron's Empirical Bayes approach is certainly computationally efficient, but we feel the rationale for making each of his steps is unattractively ad hoc. This concern is practical, not philosophical; Efron's criterion for choice of tuning parameters seems to be that they look "believable. " In less expert hands, this approach seems to introduce a lot of leeway for practitioners to simply "tune" away until they get the results they want. In an attempt to address this problem, we will de scribe an approach developed in a fully model-based framework. As with locfdr, the calculations are fast, but our whole analysis derives from clear up-front statements about what the analysis is trying to achieve, and the modeling assumptions made. The results look reassuringly similar to Professor Efron's. We hope this will be helpful for understanding the current paper, and in making a contribution to this general field. We begin by following Efron in placing the local false discovery rate, fdr(z), as the primary focus of the analysis, and exploit the fact that it can offer a neat pa rameterization of the two-part model. If the marginal, "mixture" density for the z-values is
The ammonia monooxygenase structural gene amoA as a functional marker: molecular fine-scale analysis of natural ammonia-oxidizing populations

The naturally occurring genetic heterogeneity of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing populations belonging to the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria was studied by using a newly developed PCR-based assay targeting a partial stretch of the gene which encodes the active-site polypeptide of ammonia monooxygenase (amoA). The PCR yielded a specific 491-bp fragment with all of the nitrifiers tested, but not with the homologous stretch of the particulate methane monooxygenase, a key enzyme of methane-oxidizing bacteria. The assay also specifically detected amoA in DNA extracted from various aquatic and terrestrial environments. The resulting PCR products retrieved from rice roots, activated sludge, a freshwater sample, and an enrichment culture were used for the generation of amoA gene libraries. No false positives were detected in a set of 47 randomly selected clone sequences that were analyzed further. The majority of the environmental sequences retrieved from rice roots and activated sludge grouped within the phylogenetic radiation defined by cultured strains of the genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira. The comparative analysis identified members of both of these genera in activated sludge; however, only Nitrosospira-like sequences with very similar amino acid patterns were found on rice roots. Further differentiation of these molecular isolates was clearly possible on the nucleic acid level due to the accumulation of synonymous mutations, suggesting that several closely related but distinct Nitrosospira-like populations are the main colonizers of the rhizosphere of rice. Each of the amoA gene libraries obtained from the freshwater sample and the enrichment culture was dominated by a novel lineage that shared a branch with the Nitrosospira cluster but could not be assigned to any of the known pure cultures. Our data suggest that amoA represents a very powerful molecular tool for analyzing indigenous ammonia-oxidizing communities due to (i) its specificity, (ii) its fine-scale resolution of closely related populations, and (iii) the fact that a functional trait rather than a phylogenetic trait is detected.
Wt1 directs the lineage specification of sertoli and granulosa cells by repressing Sf1 expression

Supporting cells (Sertoli and granulosa) and steroidogenic cells (Leydig and theca-interstitium) are two major somatic cell types in mammalian gonads, but the mechanisms that control their differentiation during gonad development remain elusive. In this study, we found that deletion of Wt1 in the ovary after sex determination caused ectopic development of steroidogenic cells at the embryonic stage. Furthermore, differentiation of both Sertoli and granulosa cells was blocked when Wt1 was deleted before sex determination and most genital ridge somatic cells differentiated into steroidogenic cells in both male and female gonads. Further studies revealed that WT1 repressed Sf1 expression by directly binding to the Sf1 promoter region, and the repressive function was completely abolished when WT1 binding sites were mutated. This study demonstrates that Wt1 is required for the lineage specification of both Sertoli and granulosa cells by repressing Sf1 expression. Without Wt1, the expression of Sf1 was upregulated and the somatic cells differentiated into steroidogenic cells instead of supporting cells. Our study uncovers a novel mechanism of somatic cell differentiation during gonad development. Highlighted article: Genital ridge somatic cells have the potential to differentiate into supporting cells or steroidogenic cells depending on Wt1 gene expression.
Avidity of CD1d-ligand-receptor ternary complex contributes to T-helper 1 (Th1) polarization and anticancer efficacy

Invariant natural killer T cell (NKT) cells (iNKT cells) produce both T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 cytokines in response to α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) stimulation and are thought to be the important effectors in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity involved in autoimmune disorders, microbial infections, and cancers. However, the anticancer effects of α-GalCer were limited in early clinical trial. In this study, several analogs of α-GalCer, containing phenyl groups in the lipid tails were found to stimulate murine and human iNKT cells to secrete Th1-skewed cytokines and exhibit greater anticancer efficacy in mice than α-GalCer. We explored the possibility of different Vβ usages of murine Vα14 iNKT or human Vα24 iNKT cells, accounting for differential cytokine responses. However, T-cell receptor Vβ analysis revealed no significant differences in Vβ usages by α-GalCer and these phenyl glycolipid analogs. On the other hand, these phenyl glycolipids showed greater binding avidity and stability for iNKT T-cell receptor when complexed with CD1d. These findings suggest that CD1d–phenyl glycolipid complexes may interact with the same population of iNKT cells but with higher avidity and stability to drive Th1 polarization. Thus, this study provides a key to the rational design of Th1 biased CD1d reactive glycolipids in the future.
Empirical Constraints on Convective Core Overshoot

In stellar evolution calculations, the local pressure scale height is often used to empirically constrain the amount of convective core overshoot. However, this method brings unsatisfactory results for low-mass stars (≤1.1–1.2 M⊙ for Z = Z⊙), which have very small cores or no convective core at all. Following Roxburgh's integral constraint, we implemented an upper limit of overshoot within the conventional method of α parameterization to remove an overly large overshoot effect on low-mass stars. The erroneously large effect of core overshoot due to the failure of α parameterization can be effectively corrected by limiting the amount of overshoot to ≤15% of the core radius; 15% of the core radius would be a proper limit of overshoot, which can be implemented in a stellar evolution code for intermediate- to low-mass stars. The temperature structure of the overshoot region does not play a crucial role in stellar evolution since this transition region is very thin.
Cellular Uptake and Localization of Polymyxins in Renal Tubular Cells Using Rationally Designed Fluorescent Probes

ABSTRACT Polymyxins are cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics that serve as a last line of defense against Gram-negative bacterial superbugs. However, the extensive accumulation of polymyxins in renal tubular cells can lead to nephrotoxicity, which is the major dose-limiting factor in clinical use. In order to gain further insights into the mechanism of polymyxin-induced nephrotoxicity, we have rationally designed novel fluorescent polymyxin probes to examine the localization of polymyxins in rat renal tubular (NRK-52E) cells. Our design strategy focused on incorporating a dansyl fluorophore at the hydrophobic centers of the polymyxin core structure. To this end, four novel regioselectively labeled monodansylated polymyxin B probes (MIPS-9541, MIPS-9542, MIPS-9543, and MIPS-9544) were designed, synthesized, and screened for their antimicrobial activities and apoptotic effects against rat kidney proximal tubular cells. On the basis of the assessment of antimicrobial activities, cellular uptake, and apoptotic effects on renal tubular cells, incorporation of a dansyl fluorophore at either position 6 or 7 (MIPS-9543 and MIPS-9544, respectively) of the polymyxin core structure appears to be an appropriate strategy for generating representative fluorescent polymyxin probes to be utilized in intracellular imaging and mechanistic studies. Furthermore, confocal imaging experiments utilizing these probes showed evidence of partial colocalization of the polymyxins with both the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in rat renal tubular cells. Our results highlight the value of these new fluorescent polymyxin probes and provide further insights into the mechanism of polymyxin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Names will hurt you: Effect of label on liking and preference

When hedonic contrast causes stimuli to become less good it also redu ces subjects’ preferences between the stimuli (hedonic condensation). Here we investigate whether the reduction in preference is the result of comparing the judged stimuli to the preceding context stimuli or the result of their increased negativity. Two groups smelled and rated their degree of preference between two pairs of cheeses (one group told they were smelling cheeses and the other body odor samples). They then smelled each of the four samples individually and rated the intensity and liking for the samples with the same label. There was no effect of label on intensity ratings. But subjects told that the samples were body odor liked the samples less and showed less of a preference between pairs.
USE OF INTERFERON IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS

Six patients (five male, one female) with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were treated with purifiéd lymphoblastoid interferon, using a combination of intravenous and lumbar intrathecal routes. The first symptoms of the disorder occurred between seven and 16 years of age, and the length of the illness before treatment varied from l'/2 to 12 months. All six patients were in the first clinical stage of the disorder. After a limited period of follow‐up there has been no clinical improvement. Nil or low levels of interferon were found in CSF two hours after intravenous injection, but CSF levels of interferon were maintained for at least 24 hours after intrathecal injections. Side‐effects of interferon included pyrexia! réactions, especially after high‐dose intravenous therapy (six), lethargy (four), a transient rise in blood pressure (two) and a reduction in platelet count (six). Staphylococcus epidermidis was grown from the CSF of one patient.
Stroke and recurrent haemorrhage associated with antithrombotic treatment after gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study

Study question What are the risks of all cause mortality, thromboembolism, major bleeding, and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding associated with restarting antithrombotic treatment after gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation? Methods This Danish cohort study (1996-2012) included all patients with atrial fibrillation discharged from hospital after gastrointestinal bleeding while receiving antithrombotic treatment. Restarted treatment regimens were single or combined antithrombotic drugs with oral anticoagulation and antiplatelets. Follow-up started 90 days after discharge to avoid confounding from use of previously prescribed drugs on discharge. Risks of all cause mortality, thromboembolism, major bleeding, and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding were estimated with competing risks models and time dependent multiple Cox regression models. Study answer and limitations 4602 patients (mean age 78 years) were included. Within two years, 39.9% (95% confidence interval 38.4% to 41.3%, n=1745) of the patients had died, 12.0% (11.0% to 13.0%, n=526) had experienced thromboembolism, 17.7% (16.5% to 18.8%, n=788) major bleeding, and 12.1% (11.1% to 13.1%, n=546) recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. 27.1% (n=924) of patients did not resume antithrombotic treatment. Compared with non-resumption of treatment, a reduced risk of all cause mortality was found in association with restart of oral anticoagulation (hazard ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 0.46), an antiplatelet agent (0.76, 0.68 to 0.86), and oral anticoagulation plus an antiplatelet agent (0.41, 0.32 to 0.52), and a reduced risk of thromboembolism was found in association with restart of oral anticoagulation (0.41, 0.31 to 0.54), an antiplatelet agent (0.76, 0.61 to 0.95), and oral anticoagulation plus an antiplatelet agent (0.54, 0.36 to 0.82). Restarting oral anticoagulation alone was the only regimen with an increased risk of major bleeding (1.37, 1.06 to 1.77) compared with non-resumption of treatment; however, the difference in risk of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding was not significant between patients who restarted an antithrombotic treatment regimen and those who did not resume treatment. What this study adds Among patients with atrial fibrillation who experience gastrointestinal bleeding while receiving antithrombotic treatment; subsequent restart of oral anticoagulation alone was associated with better outcomes for all cause mortality and thromboembolism compared with patients who did not resume treatment. This was despite an increased longitudinal associated risk of bleeding. Funding, competing interests, data sharing This study was supported by a grant from Boehringer-Ingelheim. Competing interests are available in the full paper on bmj.com. The authors have no additional data to share.