Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Internal Globus Pallidus Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia

Background GPi (Internal globus pallidus) DBS (deep brain stimulation) is recognized as a safe, reliable, reversible and adjustable treatment in patients with medically refractory dystonia. Objectives This report describes the long-term clinical outcome of 36 patients implanted with GPi DBS at the Neurosurgery Department of Seoul National University Hospital. Methods Nine patients with a known genetic cause, 12 patients with acquired dystonia, and 15 patients with isolated dystonia without a known genetic cause were included. When categorized by phenomenology, 29 patients had generalized, 5 patients had segmental, and 2 patients had multifocal dystonia. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at defined follow-up examinations postoperatively, using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia rating scale (BFMDRS) for movement and functional disability assessment. The mean follow-up duration was 47 months (range, 12–84) Results The mean movement scores significantly decreased from 44.88 points preoperatively to 26.45 points at 60-month follow up (N = 19, P = 0.006). The mean disability score was also decreased over time, from 11.54 points preoperatively to 8.26 points at 60-month follow up, despite no statistical significance (N = 19, P = 0.073). When analyzed the movement and disability improvement rates at 12-month follow up point, no significant difference was noted according to etiology, disease duration, age at surgery, age of onset, and phenomenology. However, the patients with DYT-1 dystonia and isolated dystonia without a known genetic cause showed marked improvement. Conclusions GPi DBS is a safe and efficient therapeutic method for treatment of dystonia patients to improve both movement and disability. However, this study has some limitations caused by the retrospective design with small sample size in a single-center.
Tetanus Toxin Enhances Protein Kinase C Activity Translocation and Increases Polyphosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Rat Cerebral Cortex Preparations

Abstract: Tetanus toxin (TeTx) has been recently demonstrated to be a Zn2+‐dependent endopeptidase that cleaves synaptobrevin, a protein in part responsible for neurotransmitter release. Nevertheless, certain aspects of TeTx action, for example, the causal relationship between TeTx and protein kinase C (PKC; EC 2.7.1.37) activity cannot be explained by this cleavage alone. In the present study, primary neurons from fetal rat brain, synaptosomes, and whole slices have been used to examine this issue. Low doses of TeTx (≤ 10−8M) caused PKC activity translocation in a manner similar to that produced by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA). TPA (≤ 10−7M) caused sustained PKC activity translocation, whereas TeTx produced translocation followed by relocation, depending on the dose and time of exposure. Immunoidentification with a monoclonal antibody recognizing both α and β isoforms revealed that TeTx induced moderate losses of PKC in the cytosolic fraction, without a comparable increase in the particulate fraction. Although moderate losses of activity were also noticed in the cytosolic fraction, the inconsistency with respect to activity translocation may be explained by translocation of additional PKC isoforms that are not identified by the antibody. Comparable levels of water‐soluble inositol phosphate‐labeled intermediates were obtained after treatment of cerebral cells and/or cortical brain slices with TeTx. Significant increases of 19 and 114% in the water‐soluble myo‐[2‐3H]inositol‐labeled inositol phosphate metabolites were found in cerebral cell culture and brain slices, respectively, after treatment with 10−8M TeTx. TeTx (10−8M) increased to the same degree the water‐soluble inositol phosphate levels as did serotonin (10−5M) or carbachol (10−6M). It is suggested that part of the signaling cascade of TeTx consists of a component involving inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, which is associated with PKC activity translocation.
Grounding language in bodily states: The case for emotion

It has become increasingly clear over the past few years that the symbols used by language become meaningful through grounding. For example, Glenberg and Kaschak (2002) demonstrated that some linguistic constructions are grounded in literal action, and Pecher, Zeelenberg, and Barsalou (2003), as well as Stanfield and Zwaan (2001), showed how language is grounded in perceptual and imaginal states, respectively. In this chapter, we report initial results demonstrating how language may also be grounded in the bodily states that comprise emotions. We begin by discussing the logical and theoretical reasons for supposing that language is grounded in bodily states, and then we move to a brief review of the recent work demonstrating grounding in action and perceptual states. This introductory material is followed by the report of two experiments consistent with the claim that language about emotional states is more completely understood when those states are literally embodied during comprehension. WHY LANGUAGE MUST BE GROUNDED OUTSIDE THE LINGUISTIC SYSTEM To ask how a symbol is grounded is to ask how it becomes meaningful by mapping it onto something else that is already meaningful. One hypothesis is that linguistic symbols (e.g., words and syntactic constructions) become meaningful only when they are mapped to nonlinguistic experiences such as actions and perceptions. A second hypothesis is that linguistic symbols can be grounded in other linguistic symbols. For example, words are often defined in terms of other words: That is exactly how most dictionaries work.
Evaluation and treatment of sporadic nontoxic goiter--some answers and more questions.

Sporadic nontoxic goiter (SNG) is defined as a benign enlargement of the thyroid gland in a euthyroid subject living in an iodine-sufficient area. Such goiters can be diffuse, uninodular, or multinodular and can vary greatly in size at presentation, growth rate, and symptomatology. The causes of SNG are incompletely understood, but include autoimmune, genetic, and extrinsic factors. SNG is a common entity in clinical practice, because patients often present with a small, diffuse goiter or a solitary palpable nodule. In addition, recent studies using high resolution ultrasound report that ;50% of people with a solitary palpable nodule or a diffusely enlarged gland actually have multiple nodules (1– 4). In addition, up to 50% of the general population have thyroid nodules by ultrasound, even when the gland is normal to palpation. Although SNG is common, there are a number of unresolved issues regarding its natural history, recommended evaluation, and optimal treatment that will be summarized here.
Differentiating allocation of resources and conflict detection within attentional control processing

Increasing demands for conflict detection and for allocation of attentional resources increase the need for attentional control. While prior evidence suggests that different cortical regions are preferentially engaged by these two attentional processes, the effect of increasing demand for conflict detection and/or allocation of attentional resources has been relatively unexplored. We designed a novel task (the ‘variable attentional control’– VAC – task) that varies the demand for attentional control by increasing conflict detection and allocation of attentional resources within the same stimuli. We studied 34 subjects who underwent event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the VAC task. Increasing demand for attentional control, as reflected by longer reaction time and reduced accuracy, was associated with greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex and dorsal cingulate. Furthermore, an increase in conflict detection was associated with greater dorsal cingulate activity, whereas an increase in demand for allocation of attentional resources implied greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. In essence, in addition to allowing the exploration of the overall effects of increasing demand for attentional control, our novel task also allowed parsing of the neural components of attentional control into those related to allocation of attentional resources and those related to conflict detection.
Sperm plasma membrane integrity measurement: a combined method

Summary. Sperm plasma membrane characteristics were measured by a combined method consisting of the hypo‐osmotic swelling test and staining with either the eosine Y (HOS‐eosine test) or propidium iodide dye (HOS‐propidium test). Sperm samples were washed and resuspended in BWW medium (fraction I). Aliquots of the washed spermatozoa were treated by a swim‐up technique to select motile spermatozoa (fraction II). After separation of motile cells, residual sperm pellets were treated separately (fraction III). These three fractions were subjected to the hypo‐osmotic swelling test, lipid peroxidation measurement, and the HOS‐eosine and HOS‐propidium tests. The HOS‐eosine test makes it possible to distinguish 4 types of spermatozoa: type 1: HOS+/eosine ‐; type 2: HOS ‐/ eosine ‐; type 3: HOS ‐/eosine + and type 4: HOS+/eosine+ (Fig. 1). HOS‐propidium test shows equal results as HOS‐eosine test. Fraction I spermatozoa showed 55.2 ± 3.6% type 1; 12.6±1.0 type 2; 28.0±2.9 type 3; and 4.2±0.6 type 4 cells. Fraction II spermatozoa were characterized by high percentages of type 1 cells, low percentages of types 3 and 4, and very low values of lipid peroxidation (5 times smaller than fraction I). Fraction III showed a low percentage of type 1, a high percentages of the other types, and an enhanced value of lipid peroxidation (2 times higher than fraction I). The prognostic value of the HOS‐eosine test was evaluated in an IVF programme. Preliminary results show that a high incidence of types 2 and 4 spermatozoa is often associated with fertilization failure.
Progress Toward Containment of Poliovirus Type 2 — Worldwide, 2017

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) continues to make progress toward the eradication target. Only one of the three serotypes, wild poliovirus (WPV) type 1 (WPV1), is still circulating, and the numbers of cases and countries with endemic transmission are at record lows. With the certification of wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) eradication in 2015 and the global replacement of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) containing Sabin poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 with bivalent OPV containing only Sabin poliovirus types 1 and 3 during April-May 2016, poliovirus type 2 (PV2) is now an eradicated pathogen. However, in eight countries (Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Syria), monovalent type 2 OPV (mOPV2) was authorized for large-scale outbreak control after tOPV withdrawal (1). Poliovirus containment, an evolving area of work that affects every country, aims to ensure that all PV2 specimens are safely contained to minimize the risk for reintroducing the virus into communities. This report summarizes the current status of poliovirus containment and progress since the last report (2), and outlines remaining challenges. Within 30 countries, 86 facilities have been designated by the relevant national authorities (usually the Ministry of Health) to become poliovirus-essential facilities for the continued storage or handling of PV2 materials; each country is responsible for ensuring that these facilities meet all biorisk management requirements.
The Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Egg-Type Male Growing Chicken and White-Mini Broiler in Comparison with Commercial Broiler (Ross 308)

The present study was conducted to compare the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of the egg-type male growing chicken (EM), white-mini broiler (WB), and commercial broiler (Ross 308, CB). A total of 360 1-d-old chicks were reared together using a completely randomized design with 4 replicates for each group under the identical feeding and rearing conditions. The ADG and gain:feed were the highest in CB, intermediate in WB, and the lowest in EM (p<0.05), and the live and carcass weights of CB and EM were significantly higher than those of WB (p<0.05). The pH of breast meat from WB and CB was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that from EM with a similar body weight. The EM had the lowest moisture (p<0.05) and the highest protein content (p<0.05), whereas the fat and ash contents were not different among groups. The mystiric acid (C14:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 ω7), and oleic acid (C18:1 ω9) levels were significantly higher in breast meat from CB (p<0.05). The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content showed the highest (p<0.05) levels in CB. In contrast, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents of breast meat, including linoleic acid (C18:2 ω6) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 ω6), were higher (p<0.05) in EM and WB than in CB. In conclusion, the EM and WB had less growth performances in comparison with CB, but they each had some unique features (taste, flavor, and physiological characteristics) when raised under the identical rearing and feeding conditions.
Bilingualism and Cognition

The topic of bilingualism and its influence on executive control development is an active field of research. Executive controls are high-level processes that affect an individual's ability to concentrate, shift between tasks and successfully complete various goal-directed performances such as those that support academic achievement. This paper discusses the effect of bilingualism on three primary executive controls, namely inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility. With a focus on early bilingualism, this paper reviews several studies on the consequences of early bilingual development on children's executive control. The main findings indicate that early bilingual children outperform monolingual children on tasks such as the Attention Network Task (ANT) and the Dimensional Change Card Sort task (DCCS) as well as other tasks requiring the use of executive control. These studies support the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The hypothesis suggests that bilingual children that have been exposed to two languages from an early age and continued to actively use two languages, develop increased inhibition control and task-switching abilities. Because of conflicting research outcomes in studies on the connection between early bilingual individual's performance on executive control tasks and working memory, this paper focuses mostly on early bilingual's inhibition control and cognitive flexibility. The studies reviewed in this paper presented consistent results regarding bilingual children's performance on tasks involving inhibition control. Inhibition processes, especially the ability to control attention from a distracting stimulus is of focus in this review since it is believed to influence the other two primary executive controls, working memory and cognitive flexibility. The paper examines how the bilingual experience, that is, the maintenance of two languages in the mind and the constant switching from one language to another language influences executive control. The final topic of this paper reviews and discusses how executive control influences individual's goal-directed performances relevant to academic achievement. Table of
Little hooliganz: the inside story of glamorous lads, football hooligans and post-subculturalism.

This essay draws on the final report of a football hooligan memoir research project looking at the connection between deviant football hooligan literature and the history of British football hooligan subcultures. The research is situated at the intersection between socio-legal studies, cultural criminology, subcultural studies and sport journalism. The present essay notes the relevance of the project for the international sub-disciplines of cultural criminology and post-subcultural studies and for what it describes as possible post-subcultural study in socio-legal studies and criminology. The full research project involved a comprehensive collection and reading of myriad football hooligan fan memoirs as well as interviews with participants and the essay showcases this original interview data. The essay claims that, if used carefully, hooligan literature can lead to informed ethnographies of subcultures and a more sustained post-subcultural perspective.
The effect of pre-pregnancy weight on delivery outcome and birth weight in potential diabetic patients with normal screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in Siriraj Hospital.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of pre-pregnancy weight on delivery outcome and birth weight in potential diabetic women with normal glucose tolerance. DESIGN Retrospective Cohort study. MATERIAL AND METHOD The medical records of 660 pregnant women, who attended the antenatal clinic and delivered at Siriraj Hospital between January 2003 and December 2005, were reviewed and analyzed. They all had the known pre-pregnancy weight and were at risk of gestational diabetes with the normal glucose tolerance. Any pregnant women without pre-pregnancy weight recorded were excluded from the present study. They were classified into two groups according to the pre-pregnancy BMI, one was the overweight group (BMI > or = 27 kg/m2) and the other was the normal weight group (BMI 20-25 kg/m2). Information of the complications of pregnancy, the route of delivery, birth weight, and neonatal outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS The risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in overweight women, after adjusting for the confounding factors, were significantly increased, including pre-eclampsia (OR 3.87, 95% CI 2.09-7.25, p < 0.001), cesarean delivery (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.45-3.39, p < 0.001), cephalopelvic disproportion (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.35-3.42, p = 0.001), and macrosomia (OR 7.59, 95% CI 1.98-29.09, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Even though the screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus is normal, the overweight women still have several adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence

Success in the quest for artificial intelligence has the potential to bring unprecedented benefits to humanity, and it is therefore worthwhile to investigate how to maximize these benefits while avoiding potential pitfalls. This article gives numerous examples (which should by no means be construed as an exhaustive list) of such worthwhile research aimed at ensuring that AI remains robust and beneficial.
The University as a Gendered Organization: Effects on Management Type, Climate and Job Satisfaction

As school districts work to utilize instructional time, student behavior is often a huge hindrance to maximizing instruction. In 2001 while at the University of Oregon, Horner and Sugai created Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (PBIS), now utilized in over 7,000 schools throughout the country (Sugai & Horner, 2002). This program is provided to schools throughout Kentucky through a federal grant extended to the Kentucky Center for Instructional Discipline (KYCID).
Incorporating Copying Mechanism in Sequence-to-Sequence Learning

We address an important problem in sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) learning referred to as copying, in which certain segments in the input sequence are selectively replicated in the output sequence. A similar phenomenon is observable in human language communication. For example, humans tend to repeat entity names or even long phrases in conversation. The challenge with regard to copying in Seq2Seq is that new machinery is needed to decide when to perform the operation. In this paper, we incorporate copying into neural network-based Seq2Seq learning and propose a new model called CopyNet with encoder-decoder structure. CopyNet can nicely integrate the regular way of word generation in the decoder with the new copying mechanism which can choose sub-sequences in the input sequence and put them at proper places in the output sequence. Our empirical study on both synthetic data sets and real world data sets demonstrates the efficacy of CopyNet. For example, CopyNet can outperform regular RNN-based model with remarkable margins on text summarization tasks.
Transcranial Doppler Sonography: Collateral Pathways in Internal Carotid Artery Obstructions

Fifty-four patients with stenoses and occlusions of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) demonstrated by intravenous digital subtraction angiogra phy (IVDSA) were studied by extracranial duplex and transcranial Doppler. Two hundred healthy volunteers served as control group. Intracranial collateralization was demonstrated in 32 patients with ICA stenoses >80% and occlusions. Twelve patients with unilateral and 8 patients with bilateral ICA obstructions >80% showed collateral supply via the anterior (ACA) and/or posterior cerebral artery (PCA). In 5 cases of unilateral ICA oc clusion and in 7 patients with bilateral ICA stenoses >80% and occlusions, the ophthalmic artery and ACA and/or PCA served as collateral vessels. Five pa tients with ICA occlusions showed leptomeningeal anastomoses in the region of the postocclusive middle cerebral artery (MCA). All 54 patients showed normal time-mean flow velocity in the postobstruc tive MCA. In unilateral ICA stenoses >80% and occlusions, the pulsatility in dex in the ipsilateral MCA was reduced in comparison with the contralateral side, indicating that this parameter is more sensitive to hemodynamic effects of ICA obstructions than time-mean velocity.
Independent Causal Contributions of Alpha- and Beta-Band Oscillations during Movement Selection

To select a movement, specific neuronal populations controlling particular features of that movement need to be activated, whereas other populations are downregulated. The selective (dis)inhibition of cortical sensorimotor populations is governed by rhythmic neural activity in the alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (15–25 Hz) frequency range. However, it is unclear whether and how these rhythms contribute independently to motor behavior. Building on a recent dissociation of the sensorimotor alpha- and beta-band rhythms, we test the hypothesis that the beta-band rhythm governs the disinhibition of task-relevant neuronal populations, whereas the alpha-band rhythm suppresses neurons that may interfere with task performance. Cortical alpha- and beta-band rhythms were manipulated with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) while human participants selected how to grasp an object. Stimulation was applied at either 10 or 20 Hz and was imposed on the sensorimotor cortex contralaterally or ipsilaterally to the grasping hand. In line with task-induced changes in endogenous spectral power, the effect of the tACS intervention depended on the frequency and site of stimulation. Whereas tACS stimulation generally increased movement selection times, 10 Hz stimulation led to relatively faster selection times when applied to the hemisphere ipsilateral to the grasping hand, compared with other stimulation conditions. These effects occurred selectively when multiple movements were considered. These observations functionally differentiate the causal contribution of alpha- and beta-band oscillations to movement selection. The findings suggest that sensorimotor beta-band rhythms disinhibit task-relevant populations, whereas alpha-band rhythms inhibit neuronal populations that could interfere with movement selection. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study shows dissociable effects of 10 Hz and 20 Hz tACS on the duration of movement selection. These observations have two elements of general relevance. First, the finding that alpha- and beta-band oscillations contribute independently to movement selection provides insight in how oscillations orchestrate motor behavior, which is key to understand movement selection deficits in neurodegenerative disorders. Second, the findings highlight the potential of 10 Hz stimulation as a neurophysiologically grounded intervention to enhance human performance. In particular, this intervention can potentially be exploited to boost rehabilitation after neural damage by targeting the unaffected hemisphere.