Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feynman's solution of the quintessential problem in solid state physics

Two of the most influential ideas developed by Richard Feynman are the Feynman diagram technique and his variational approach. The former provides a powerful tool to construct a systematic expansion for a generic interacting system, while the latter allows optimization of a perturbation theory using a variational principle. Here we show that combining a variational approach with a new diagrammatic quantum Monte Carlo method, both based on the Feynman's original ideas, results in a powerful and accurate solver to the generic solid state problem, in which a macroscopic number of electrons interact by the long range Coulomb repulsion. We apply the solver to the quintessential problem of solid state, the uniform electron gas (UEG), which is at the heart of the density functional theory (DFT) success in describing real materials, yet it has not been adequately solved for over 90 years. While some wave-function properties, like the ground state energy, have been very accurately calculated by the diffusion Monte Carlo method (DMC), the static and dynamic response functions, which are directly accessed by the experiment, and are crucial for development of non-local and non-adiabatic density functionals, remain poorly understood. Our method allows us to calculate the momentum-frequency resolved spin response functions for the first time, and to improve on the precision of the charge response function. The accuracy of both response functions is sufficiently high, so as to uncover previously missed fine structure in these responses. This method can be straightforwardly applied to a large number of moderately interacting electron systems in the thermodynamic limit, including realistic models of metallic and semiconducting solids.
SOLAR: Deep Structured Representations for Model-Based Reinforcement Learning

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) has proven to be a data efficient approach for learning control tasks but is difficult to utilize in domains with complex observations such as images. In this paper, we present a method for learning representations that are suitable for iterative model-based policy improvement, even when the underlying dynamical system has complex dynamics and image observations, in that these representations are optimized for inferring simple dynamics and cost models given data from the current policy. This enables a model-based RL method based on the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) to be used for systems with image observations. We evaluate our approach on a range of robotics tasks, including manipulation with a real-world robotic arm directly from images. We find that our method produces substantially better final performance than other model-based RL methods while being significantly more efficient than model-free RL.
Probing the Assembly of Dwarf Galaxies through Cosmic Time with Damped Lyα Absorption Spectroscopy

We investigate the absorption features associated with a gas-rich dwarf galaxy, using cosmological hydrodynamics simulations. Our goal is to explore whether the progenitors of the lowest-mass dwarf galaxies known to harbor neutral hydrogen today ( , ) could possibly be detected as Damped Lyα Absorbers (DLAs) over cosmic time. We trace the evolution of a single dwarf galaxy, preselected to contain DLAs, from the era of the first metal-free, so-called Population III (Pop III) stars, down to z = 0, thus allowing us to study the metal enrichment history of DLAs associated with the simulated galaxy. We find that the progenitors of the simulated dwarf are expected to be seen for most of their evolution as DLAs that are contaminated by normal, Population II stars. The time period during which DLAs are only metal-enriched by Pop III stars, on the other hand, is likely very brief, confined to high redshifts, z ≳ 6. The susceptibility of the dwarfs to the external UV radiation background allows them to preserve neutral gas only at the center (a few ∼100 pc). This results in a small probability that the simulated dwarf would be observed as a DLA. This study suggests that DLAs are unlikely to be hosted in the lowest-mass dwarfs that can harbor neutral gas ( ), below which neutral gas is unlikely to exist. However, this study does illustrate that, when detected, absorption lines provide a powerful method for probing ISM conditions inside the smallest dwarf galaxies at intermediate to high redshifts.
The Name of the Game: Predictive Power of Reputations versus Situational Labels in Determining Prisoner’s Dilemma Game Moves

Two experiments, one conducted with American college students and one with Israeli pilots and their instructors, explored the predictive power of reputation-based assessments versus the stated “name of the game” (Wall Street Game vs. Community Game) in determining players’ responses in an N-move Prisoner’s Dilemma. The results of these studies showed that the relevant labeling manipulations exerted far greater impact on the players’ choice to cooperate versus defect—both in the first round and overall—than anticipated by the individuals who had predicted their behavior. Reputation-based prediction, by contrast, failed to discriminate cooperators from defectors. A supplementary questionnaire study showed the generality of the relevant short-coming in naïve psychology. The implications of these findings, and the potential contribution of the present methodology to the classic pedagogical strategy of the demonstration experiment, are discussed.
Nurse ethical sensitivity: An integrative review

Background: Ethical sensitivity has been identified as a foundational component of ethical action. Diminished or absent ethical sensitivity can result in ethically incongruent care, which is inconsistent with the professional obligations of nursing. As such, assessing ethical sensitivity is imperative in order to design interventions to facilitate ethical practice and to ensure nurses recognize the nature and extent of professional ethical obligations. Aim: To review and critique the state of the science of nurse ethical sensitivity and to synthesize findings across studies. Research design: Whittemore and Knafl’s revised framework for integrative reviews guided the analysis. Research context and data sources: A comprehensive, computer-assisted search of literature published in Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PubMed was performed. A systematic approach was used to extract, reduce, and synthesize the data. Findings: Four major conceptualizations of ethical sensitivity emerged from the literature. A sample of 25 reports met inclusion criteria, including 17 empirical reports and 8 theoretical reports. Discussion: Despite the existence of a concept analysis and a validated tool, ethical sensitivity remains a highly theoretical concept with multiple, and at times competing, conceptualizations. Ethical sensitivity has been assessed extensively in the context of ethical dilemmas; however, little attention has been paid to the way the concept operates in day-to-day practice. Conclusion: Future research should focus on better ways to operationalize and assess the concept, with particular attention to nurse awareness of the ethical content of everyday practice.
The Hadamard product in a crossed product C*-algebra

We show that for a C*-algebra A and a discrete group G with an action of G on A, the reduced crossed product C*-algebra possesses a natural generalization of the convolution product, which we suggest should be named the Hadamard product. We show that this product has a natural Stinespring representation and we lift some known results on block Schur products to this setting, but we also show that the block Schur product is a special case of the Hadamard product in a crossed product algebra.
BERT with History Answer Embedding for Conversational Question Answering

Conversational search is an emerging topic in the information retrieval community. One of the major challenges to multi-turn conversational search is to model the conversation history to answer the current question. Existing methods either prepend history turns to the current question or use complicated attention mechanisms to model the history. We propose a conceptually simple yet highly effective approach referred to as history answer embedding. It enables seamless integration of conversation history into a conversational question answering (ConvQA) model built on BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers). We first explain our view that ConvQA is a simplified but concrete setting of conversational search, and then we provide a general framework to solve ConvQA. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach under this framework. Finally, we analyze the impact of different numbers of history turns under different settings to provide new insights into conversation history modeling in ConvQA.
Protected superconductivity at the boundaries of charge-density-wave domains

Solid 4He may acquire superfluid characteristics due to the frustration of the solid phase at grain boundaries. Here, introducing a negative-U generalized Hubbard model and a coarse-grained semiclassical pseudospin model, we show that an analogous effect occurs in systems with competition among charge-density-waves (CDW) and superconductivity in the presence of disorder, as cuprate or dichalcogenide superconductors. The CDW breaks apart in domains with topologically protected filamentary superconductivity at the interfaces. Our transport measurements, carried out in underdoped La2−xSrxCuO4, with the magnetic field acting as a control parameter, are shown to be in excellent agreement with our theoretical prediction. Assuming superconductivity and CDW phases have similar energies, at intermediate temperatures, the magnetic field drives the system from a fluctuating superconductor to a CDW as expected in the clean limit. Lowering the temperature, the expected clean quantum critical point is avoided and a filamentary phase appears, analogous to ‘glassy’ supersolid phenomena in 4He. The transition line ends at a second quantum critical point at high-fields. Within our scenario, the filamentary superconducting phase is parasitic with CDW and bulk superconducting phases playing the role of primary competing order parameters.
Low Complexity Algorithms for Robust Multigroup Multicast Beamforming

Existing methods for robust multigroup multicast beamforming obtain feasible points using semidefinite relaxation (SDR) and Gaussian randomization and have high computational complexity. In this letter, we consider the robust multigroup multicast beamforming design to minimize the sum power (SP) or per-antenna power (PAP) under the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraints and to maximize the worst-case SINR under the SP constraint or PAP constraints, respectively. The resulting optimization problems are challenging non-convex problems with infinitely many constraints. For each problem, using the majorization–minimization (MM) approach, we propose an iterative algorithm to obtain a feasible solution which is shown to be a stationary point under certain conditions. We also show that the proposed algorithms have much lower computational complexity than the existing SDR-based algorithms.
Assessment of nutritional status using abridged scored patient-generated subjective global assessment in cancer patient

Context: Malnutrition is a common problem among cancer patients, usually occurs due to poor appetite, low food intake, and changes in body metabolism. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in patients receiving chemotherapy on an outpatient basis. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study conducted on 300 cancer patients referred to hospital. Subjects and Methods: The prevalence of malnutrition among patients was assessed using the abridged scored patient-generated subjective global assessment (abPG-SGA) standard questionnaire. Moreover, patient's weight and 24 h dietary recall were measured. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics were used to present characteristics of patients and dietary recalls. For revealing the correlation, Spearman correlation was used. Results: The average abPG-SGA score was 7.6 (standard deviation [SD] = 5.4) and 60.7% of patients were malnourished and required nutritional intervention. Patients mean age and mean duration of illness were 54.2 (SD = 14.7(years, 25 months, respectively. The most common complaint of patients included fatigue (51.3%), anorexia (43.3%), and dry mouth (41%). Reduction in food intake in past month was reported by 41.7% of patients. Conclusion: According to the high prevalence of cancers and increasing growth of them in recent years with regard to outpatient treatment development for cancer patients, using the abPG-SGA standard questionnaire by nutritionist or nurses can be effective to detect malnourished patients and reduce complications caused by disease.
Improved Identification of Yeast Species Directly from Positive Blood Culture Media by Combining Sepsityper Specimen Processing and Microflex Analysis with the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Biotyper System

ABSTRACT Current methods for identification of yeast from blood cultures may take several days after these microorganisms have been observed by Gram stain smears from positive blood cultures. We explored the use of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) Biotyper system in combination with Sepsityper specimen processing and Microflex analysis for improved detection and identification of yeast species directly from positive blood culture specimens demonstrating yeast-like organisms by Gram stain. The limit of detection of yeast species in blood culture medium was determined to be 5.9 × 105 CFU, with intra- and interstrain coefficients of variation of 1.8 to 3.6% and 2.9%, respectively. A total of 42 yeast-containing positive blood culture specimens were processed, and the identification results were compared to those obtained by routinely used phenotypic methods. Specimens with discrepant results between the Biotyper and phenotypic methods were identified on the basis of internal transcribed spacer region sequencing. The MALDI Biotyper system correctly identified the 42 specimens to species level, including 28 (66.7%) Candida albicans, 8 (19.0%) Candida parapsilosis, and 5 (11.9%) Candida tropicalis isolates and 1 (2.4%) Cryptococcus neoformans isolate. The entire procedure, from specimen extraction to final result reporting, can be completed within 1 h. Our data indicated that the Sepsityper specimen processing and Microflex analysis by the MALDI Biotyper system provide a rapid and reliable tool for yeast species identification directly from positive blood culture media.
Conditions for (no) eternal inflation

We construct analytic and numerical solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation that arises in the context of stochastic inflation. We use these solutions to derive necessary conditions for eternal inflation on the higher derivatives of the scalar field potential and examine the prospects for eternal inflation in a variety of popular models. We note similarities between the conditions needed to avoid eternal inflation and several recently-proposed Swampland criteria, which leads us to speculate on the possibility that the de Sitter Swampland conjectures should be viewed as approximate consequences of a No Eternal Inflation principle.
Standing in the shadow of dark gas: ALMA observations of absorption from dark CO in the molecular dark neutral medium of Chamaeleon

Context. We previously detected 89.2 GHz J = 1−0 HCO+ absorption in 12 directions lacking detected CO emission in the outskirts of the Chamaeleon cloud complex and toward one sightline with integrated CO emission WCO = 2.4 K km s−1. Eight sightlines had a much larger mean column density of dark neutral medium (DNM) – gas not represented in HI or CO emission – and were found to have much higher mean molecular column density. The five other sightlines had little or no DNM and were found to have much smaller but still detectable N(HCO+). Aims. To determine the CO column density along previously observed Chamaeleon sightlines and to determine why CO emission was not detected in directions where molecular gas is present. Methods. We took 12CO J = 1−0 absorption profiles toward five sightlines having higher DNM and HCO+ column densities and one sightline with smaller N(DNM) and N(HCO+). We converted the integrated HCO+ optical depths to N(H2) in the weak-excitation limit using N(HCO+)/N(H2) = 3 × 10−9 and converted the integrated CO optical depths ϒCO to CO column density using the relationship N(CO) = 1.861 × 1015 cm−2 ϒCO1. 131 found along comparable lines of sight that were previously studied in J = 1−0 and J = 2−1 CO absorption and emission. Results. CO absorption was detected along the five sightlines in the higher-DNM group, with CO column densities 4 × 1013 cm−2≲ N(CO) ≲1015 cm−2 that are generally below the detectability limit of CO emission surveys. Conclusions. In the outskirts of the Chamaeleon complex, the presence of molecular DNM resulted primarily from small CO column densities at the onset of CO formation around the HI/H2 transition in diffuse molecular gas. CO relative abundances N(CO)/H2 ≲2 × 10−6 in the outskirts of Chamaeleon are comparable to those seen in UV absorption toward early-type stars, including in Chamaeleon.
Women Want to Learn Tech: Lessons from the Czechitas Education Project

While it is understood by women that tech fluency might act as a powerful career accelerator or even a new career direction towards software engineering, this awakening often comes after graduation from a different field, when it is difficult for the women to make the shift towards tech and computing. In this paper, we report on our experience with running a successful education non-profit called Czechitas, which shows that women in their 20s and 30s are (maybe surprisingly) highly interested in learning tech, they just need a helping hand and tailored assistance, encouragement and guidance.
Entanglement entropies from entanglement contour: annuli and spherical shells

The partial entanglement entropy $s_{\mathcal{A}}(\mathcal{A}_i)$ captures the contribution from the subset $\mathcal{A}_i$ of the region $\mathcal{A}$ to the total entanglement entropy $S_{\mathcal{A}}$ of $\mathcal{A}$. The partial entanglement entropy proposal \cite{Wen:2018whg,Wen:2019ubu} claims that $s_{\mathcal{A}}(\mathcal{A}_i)$ equals to a linear combination of the entanglement entropies of certain relevant subsets in $\mathcal{A}$. We derive the differential version of this proposal which can directly generate the scheme independent entanglement contour function. Furthermore we derived the sufficient condition to apply the differential version of proposal. On the other way around, the proposal indicates that given the partial entanglement entropy we can calculate the entanglement entropies for the subsets. Following this idea, on the field theory side we analytically calculated the entanglement contour functions and entanglement entropies for annuli and spherical shells in holographic CFTs in arbitrary dimensions. We also comment on the phase transition of the mutual information, which is calculated holographically, across an annulus.
PTH‐enhanced structural allograft healing is associated with decreased angiopoietin‐2–mediated arteriogenesis, mast cell accumulation, and fibrosis

Recombinant parathyroid hormone (rPTH) therapy has been evaluated for skeletal repair in animal studies and clinical trials based on its known anabolic effects, but its effects on angiogenesis and fibrosis remain poorly understood. We examined the effects of rPTH therapy on blood vessel formation and osseous integration in a murine femoral allograft model, which caused a significant increase in small vessel numbers, and decreased large vessel formation (p < 0.05). Histology showed that rPTH also reduced fibrosis around the allografts to similar levels observed in live autografts, and decreased mast cells at the graft‐host junction. Similar effects on vasculogenesis and fibrosis were observed in femoral allografts from Col1caPTHR transgenic mice. Gene expression profiling revealed rPTH‐induced angiopoietin‐1 (8‐fold), while decreasing angiopoietin‐2 (70‐fold) at day 7 of allograft healing. Finally, we show anti‐angiopoietin‐2 peptibody (L1‐10) treatment mimics rPTH effects on angiogenesis and fibrosis. Collectively, these findings show that intermittent rPTH treatment enhances structural allograft healing by two processes: (1) anabolic effects on new bone formation via small vessel angiogenesis, and (2) inhibition of angiopoietin‐2–mediated arteriogenesis. The latter effect may function as a vascular sieve to limit mast cell access to the site of tissue repair, which decreases fibrosis around and between the fractured ends of bone. Thus, rPTH therapy may be generalizable to all forms of tissue repair that suffer from limited biointegration and excessive fibrosis. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Approximation of optimal transport problems with marginal moments constraints

Optimal Transport (OT) problems arise in a wide range of applications, from physics to economics. Getting numerical approximate solution of these problems is a challenging issue of practical importance. In this work, we investigate the relaxation of the OT problem when the marginal constraints are replaced by some moment constraints. Using Tchakaloff's theorem, we show that the Moment Constrained Optimal Transport problem (MCOT) is achieved by a finite discrete measure. Interestingly, for multimarginal OT problems, the number of points weighted by this measure scales linearly with the number of marginal laws, which is encouraging to bypass the curse of dimension. This approximation method is also relevant for Martingale OT problems. We show the convergence of the MCOT problem toward the corresponding OT problem. In some fundamental cases, we obtain rates of convergence in $O(1/n)$ or $O(1/n^2)$ where $n$ is the number of moments, which illustrates the role of the moment functions. Last, we present algorithms exploiting the fact that the MCOT is reached by a finite discrete measure and provide numerical examples of approximations.
Effective Cross-lingual Transfer of Neural Machine Translation Models without Shared Vocabularies

Transfer learning or multilingual model is essential for low-resource neural machine translation (NMT), but the applicability is limited to cognate languages by sharing their vocabularies. This paper shows effective techniques to transfer a pretrained NMT model to a new, unrelated language without shared vocabularies. We relieve the vocabulary mismatch by using cross-lingual word embedding, train a more language-agnostic encoder by injecting artificial noises, and generate synthetic data easily from the pretraining data without back-translation. Our methods do not require restructuring the vocabulary or retraining the model. We improve plain NMT transfer by up to +5.1% BLEU in five low-resource translation tasks, outperforming multilingual joint training by a large margin. We also provide extensive ablation studies on pretrained embedding, synthetic data, vocabulary size, and parameter freezing for a better understanding of NMT transfer.