Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Measurement of state work engagement: A multilevel factor analytic study

While diary studies have gained in popularity, the validity of the measures utilized in such studies remains an underresearched issue. This study examines the factor structure of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) on both between-person (trait) and within-person (state) levels. A multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was performed to confirm that the between-level factor structure also operates on the within-level. Data from 271 employees who filled in a state version of the UWES on five consecutive days were used to perform the analysis. Results showed that the UWES can be used to measure both trait and state work engagement. The three-factor multilevel model appeared to best fit the data. Implications for future research on engagement are discussed.
A Community Study of Natural Change Across the Addictions

Investigations of natural change in the addictive behaviours (excessive eating and alcohol, tobacco, drug use) focus on those individuals who alter their use without clinical intervention. The broad findings are consistent across studies. However, it is argued that reports insufficiently differentiate motivation regarding change and techniques or methods for attaining such goals; there is also an emphasis on stages rather than processes of change. Most samples involve those who are highly dependent users and almost all studies look at only one addictive behaviour. The present study utilises a general population sample to investigate the frequency of natural change in a range of dependencies. It also examines individuals' accounts of the processes involved in such change. Both semi-structured interview and questionnaire data are reported. Attempted change in smoking and eating were particularly common in this sample. Although most participants emphasise motivational factors a range of techniques are also o.
On the Sandpile Group of Circulant Graphs

Anna Comito, Jennifer Garcia, Justin Rivera, Natalie Hobson, and Luis David Garcia Puente (Dated: October 9, 2016) Circulant graphs are of interest in many areas of mathematics, particularly geometric group theory, because of the beautiful cyclic symmetries they display. These graphs, denoted Cn(A), can be defined by a set of integer generators, A = {a1, . , am}, on a fixed number of n vertices. The adjacency matrices of circulant graphs are also circulant. It has been shown that the number of spanning trees of circulant graphs with a given set of generators follows a recursive formula. One may ask if this structure is reflected in the corresponding sandpile group as well. Previous results on the sandpile group for Cn(1, 2) seem to infer this may be the case. In this project, we create a database of isomorphism classes and sandpile groups for a large collection of circulant graphs. From our database, we conclude that such nice structure is not always preserved in the sandpile group of circulant graphs and hence the sandpile group is a more elusive graph invariant. We further focus our attention to the case Cn(1, 3) in order to determine the explicit structure of the sandpile group for this family of graphs.
Was There a Hawthorne Effect?

The "Hawthorne effect" has been an enduring legacy of the celebrated studies of workplace behavior conducted in the 1920s and 1930s at Western Electric's Hawthorne Plant. This article examines the empirical evidence for the existence of Hawthorne effects using the original data from the Hawthorne Relay Assembly Tes Room. Allowing for a variety of other factors, the author assesses whether experimental changes, variously defined, had a common effect that could be regarded as a pure result of the experimentation. The main conclusion is that these data show slender or no evidence of a Hawthorne effect.
Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime: Are women really more anxious about crime?

In this article, the authors use survey data to explore relationships between gender, fear of crime and socially desirable responding. The data show that for men, but not women, reported fear levels are inversely related to scores on a so-called 'lie scale', which measures the tendency to provide socially desirable rather than totally candid responses. This pattern holds irrespective of age and suggests that the genders are affected differently by social pressure to downplay fears about crime. Statistical analyses suggest that this tendency is likely to be responsible for the observed inclination for males to report lower levels of crime-related anxieties. In fact, males may actually be more afraid of crime than women when this tendency is quantified and corrected for. The results raise concerns about apparent gender differences in fear of crime, and about the use of fear of crime measures more generally. The present findings may also go some way to resolving the victimization-fear and fear-risk paradoxes which for so long have mystified criminologists. The article ends with some recommendations for research into the fear of crime.
Hausa-English Code-switching in Kanywood Films

This work focuses on Hausa-English code-switching in contemporary Kanywood films. The nature of code-switching in the films, as well as reasons for code-switching are all examined. It is noted that code-switching in Kanywood films is mostly influenced by characters’ emotional situation (love or sadness). Only in few cases the characters use the phenomenon to share an identity with a member of their group. The paper also argues that code-switching in Kanywood films is a conscious behavior as opposed to unconscious one in spontaneous conversation.
Mycobiota and toxigenic Penicillium species on two Spanish dry-cured ham manufacturing plants

The present study reports the natural mycobiota occurring in dry-cured hams, and in particular on the incidence of mycotoxin-producing fungi. A total of 338 fungal colonies were isolated from three stages of production, these being the post-salting, ripening and aging stages in two manufacturing plants. The results show that fungi were more frequently isolated from the aging stage and that the predominant filamentous fungal genus isolated was Penicillium. Seventy-four of the 338 fungal strains were selected for identification at the species level by using morphological criteria and internal transcribed spacers sequencing. Of the 74 fungal strains, 59 were Penicillium strains. Sixteen Penicillium species were identified, with P. commune (24 strains) and P. chrysogenum (13 strains) being the most abundant. The potential ability to produce cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was studied by isolating the culture followed by HPLC analysis of these mycotoxins in the culture extracts. The results indicated that 25 (33.7%) of the 74 fungal strains produced CPA. Worth noting is the high percentage of CPA-producing strains of P. commune (66.6%) of which some strains were highly toxigenic. P. polonicum strains were also highly toxigenic. With respect to OTA-producing fungi, a low percentage of fungal strains (9.5%) were able to produce OTA at moderate levels. OTA-producing fungi belonged to different Penicillium species including P. chrysogenum, P. commune, P. polonicum and P. verrucosum. These results indicate that there is a possible risk factor posed by CPA and OTA contamination of dry-cured hams.
SURFACE BRIGHTNESS PROFILES OF COMPOSITE IMAGES OF COMPACT GALAXIES AT z ≃ 4–6 IN THE HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD

The Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) contains a significant number of B-, V-, and i′-band dropout objects, many of which were recently confirmed to be young star-forming galaxies at z ≃ 4–6. These galaxies are too faint individually to accurately measure their radial surface-brightness profiles. Their average light profiles are potentially of great interest, since they may contain clues to the time since the onset of significant galaxy assembly. We separately co-add V-, i′-, and z′-band HUDF images of sets of z ≃ 4, 5, and 6 objects, pre-selected to have nearly identical compact sizes and the roundest shapes. From these stacked images, we are able to study the average(d) radial structure of these objects at much higher signal-to-noise ratio than possible for an individual faint object. Here, we explore the reliability and usefulness of a stacking technique of compact objects at z ≃ 4–6 in the HUDF. Our results are: (1) image stacking provides reliable and reproducible average surface-brightness profiles; (2) the shape of the average surface-brightness profile shows that even the faintest z ≃ 4–6 objects are resolved; and (3) if late-type galaxies dominate the population of galaxies at z ≃ 4–6, as previous Hubble Space Telescope studies have shown for z ≲ 4, then limits to dynamical age estimates for these galaxies from their profile shapes are comparable with the spectral energy distribution ages obtained from the broadband colors. We also present accurate measurements of the sky background in the HUDF and its associated 1σ uncertainties.
The Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Zoster Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Before Starting Tofacitinib: A Randomized Phase II Trial

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of herpes zoster, and vaccination is recommended for patients ages 50 years and older, prior to starting treatment with biologic agents or tofacitinib. Tofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor for the treatment of RA. We evaluated its effect on the immune response and safety of live zoster vaccine (LZV).
Behaviors, Trust, and Goal Achievement in a Win-Win Negotiating Role Play

The study investigated whether negotiators' behaviors were related to changes in their opponents' initial trust, and whether trust and behaviors were related to their own goal achievement. Hypotheses were derived from a synthesis of two well-known models of mistrust and conflict. Participants were 296 management students, most of whom had supervisory experience. They performed a negotiating task with a fully integrative (win-win) solution, and provided data on their interactions and goal achievements. Increases in opponents' trust during negotiation were associated with information sharing and pursuit of the opponents' interests, but not with the pursuit of the negotiators' own interests. The achievement of negotiators' own goals was related to pursuing their own interests, but not to information sharing nor to pursuing their opponents' interests. Implications for negotiators and some apparently dysfunctional consequences of experience are discussed.
On the new notion of input-to-state safety

In this paper, we study robustness analysis of systems' safety with respect to external input (or disturbance) signals. To this end, we introduce a new notion of input-to-state safety (ISSf) which allows us to quantify the systems' safety robustness, in the same way as the application of input-to-state stability (ISS) notion for analyzing robustness of systems' stability. In particular, ISSf prescribes the relationship between the evolution of state distance to the unsafe set with the initial conditions and the bounded external input signals. Finally, we discuss how to combine this notion with ISS for analyzing the robustness of both systems' stability and safety.
DISCOVERY OF THE ULTRA-BRIGHT TYPE II-L SUPERNOVA 2008es

We report the discovery by the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE-IIIb) telescope of SN 2008es, an overluminous supernova (SN) at z = 0.205 with a peak visual magnitude of −22.2. We present multiwavelength follow-up observations with the Swift satellite and several ground-based optical telescopes. The ROTSE-IIIb observations constrain the time of explosion to be 23 ± 1 rest-frame days before maximum. The linear decay of the optical light curve, and the combination of a symmetric, broad Hα emission line profile with broad P Cygni Hβ and Na i λ5892 profiles, are properties reminiscent of the bright Type II-L SNe 1979C and 1980K, although SN 2008es is greater than 10 times more luminous. The host galaxy is undetected in pre-supernova Sloan Digital Sky Survey images, and similar to Type II-L SN 2005ap (the most luminous SN ever observed), the host is most likely a dwarf galaxy with Mr > − 17. Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope observations in combination with Palomar 60 inch photometry measure the spectral energy distribution of the SN from 200 to 800 nm to be a blackbody that cools from 14000 K at the time of the optical peak to 6400 K 65 days later. The inferred blackbody radius is in good agreement with the radius expected for the expansion speed measured from the broad lines (10000 km s−1). The bolometric luminosity at the optical peak is 2.8 × 1044 erg s−1, with a total energy radiated over the next 65 days of 5.6 × 1050 erg. The exceptional luminosity of SN 2008es requires an efficient conversion of kinetic energy produced from the core-collapse explosion into radiation. We favor a model in which the large peak luminosity is a consequence of the core collapse of a progenitor star with a low-mass extended hydrogen envelope and a stellar wind with a density close to the upper limit on the mass-loss rate measured from the lack of an X-ray detection by the Swift X-Ray Telescope.
Effects of Self-Control, Social Control, and Social Learning on Sexting Behavior Among South Korean Youths

Despite the emerging phenomenon of sexting, scientific investigation with criminological perspectives has been limited. Utilizing data collected from 1,612 randomly selected youth in South Korea, this study begins the investigation into which criminological theory best explains sexting behaviors. Theories considered include self-control, social control, and social learning theories. Some variables of each of those theories were tested. Findings showed that peer pressure was the most important factor for two types of sexting behaviors (sexting own picture/video and sexting others’ picture/video), and that prior delinquency and positive attitude toward sexting were also significantly and positively related to both types of sexting behaviors. But social control was negatively related to only the second type of sexting behavior, and self-control was not related to both types of behaviors. As sexting has only recently begun to be studied, we recommend that future research studies examine the phenomena within the framework of social learning theory.
Theory and external validity

Winer (1999 [this issue]) proposes that external validity concerns require more attention in theoretical research. The author argues that one cannot “enhance” external validity by choosing one method over another. External validity can only be “assessed” by better understanding how the focal variables in one’s theory interact with moderator variables that are seen as irrelevant early in a research stream. Findings from single real-world settings and specific sets of “real” people are no more likely to generalize than are findings from single laboratory settings with student subjects. Both the laboratory and real world vary in background facets of subject characteristics, setting, context, relevant “history,” and time. It is only when these facets vary and we see how they interact that understanding of external validity is enhanced. For this to happen, the observable “background” factors have to be conceptualized in terms of more general constructs and incorporated as moderators into the researcher’s theory. Enriched theory—not method—confers confidence in our understanding of whether effects will be robust or highly contingent. To map this knowledge to some specific substantive system requires an added step of understanding the mapping from observables in that system onto theoretical constructs. The author proposes “friendly amendments” to Winer’s three proposals to pursue a better understanding of external validity through theory.
No necessary tradeoff: Context, life course, and social networks in the identity formation of second-generation Nigerians in the USA

Based on 25 semi-structured interviews, this article examines the racial, ethnic and national identities of second-generation Nigerian immigrants from the San Francisco Bay Area. I elaborate on the segmented-assimilation literature that considers economic circumstances to be a key determinant in identity formation. I show that participants form highly fluid identities throughout the life cycle, pinpointing factors that often get overlooked or de-emphasized in the second-generation incorporation literature such as youth co-ethnic community access, the college integrative experience and transnational social connections, particularly in adulthood. This article extends the black immigration literature that contends that ethnic identity is primarily used as a means of distancing from ‘downwardly mobile’ African-Americans. My findings highlight that respondents embrace a black racial identity that is neither oppositional nor associated with a downward trajectory, lending empirical support for the ‘minority cultures of mobility’ thesis that the minority middle classes share a culture of upward mobility.
The impact of gendered power relations in HRD

This study examined how gender and power influence the interpersonal relationships among human resource development (HRD) managers. Specifically, the study focused on the workplace experiences of HRD managers and the strategies they used to negotiate their day-to-day interactions. A qualitative approach was used to examine respondents' experiences as well as the social contexts that framed their workplace relationships. Five female and five male HRD managers were interviewed using critical incident techniques to explore specific workplace interactions. Two major conclusions of the study indicated that the experiences of female and male respondents regarding the exercise of power were profoundly different and that the strategies used by respondents generally reflected the gendered contexts of power.
A collaborative demonstration of reverse engineering tools

This paper describes a collaborative structured demonstration of reverse engineering tools that was presented at a working session at WCRE 2001 in Stuttgart, Germany. A structured demonstration is a hybrid tool evaluation technique that combines elements from experiments, case studies, technology demonstrations, and benchmarking. The essence of the technique is to facilitate learning about software engineering tools using a common set of tasks. The collaborative experience discussed at WCRE involved several peer and complementary technologies that were applied in concert to solve a real life reverse engineering problem. For the most part, the tool developers themselves applied their own tools to this problem. Preliminary results have shown to the research community that we still have much to learn about our tools and how they can be applied as part of a reverse engineering and reengineering process. Consequently, the participants agreed to continue participation in this demonstration beyond the WCRE event.
Training of Working Memory in Children with Adhd

Working memory (WM) capacity is the ability to retain and manipulate information during a short period of time. This ability underlies complex reasoning and has generally been regarded as a fixed trait of the individual. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represent one group of subjects with a WM deficit, attributed to an impairment of the frontal lobe. In the present study, we used a new training paradigm with intensive and adaptive training of WM tasks and evaluated the effect of training with a double blind, placebo controlled design. Training significantly enhanced performance on the trained WM tasks. More importantly, the training significantly improved performance on a nontrained visuo-spatial WM task and on Raven's Progressive Matrices, which is a nonverbal complex reasoning task. In addition, motor activity – as measured by the number of head movements during a computerized test – was significantly reduced in the treatment group. A second experiment showed that similar training-induced improvements on cognitive tasks are also possible in young adults without ADHD. These results demonstrate that performance on WM tasks can be significantly improved by training, and that the training effect also generalizes to nontrained tasks requiring WM. Training improved performance on tasks related to prefrontal functioning and had also a significant effect on motor activity in children with ADHD. The results thus suggest that WM training potentially could be of clinical use for ameliorating the symptoms in ADHD. The ability to retain and manipulate information in WM depends on the prefrontal cortex has been regarded as a permanent trait of the individual, closely related to g, a proposed measure of general cognitive ability Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (American Psychiatric Association , 1994). Among the cognitive deficits in this disorder, WM impairment is of central impor-mitted) and has been suggested to be associated with an impaired function of the frontal lobe In the present study we investigated whether WM capacity could be improved by training. Furthermore, if impairment of WM is a core deficit in ADHD, this would imply that improvement of WM would decrease the symptoms in ADHD. Previous attempts to improve WM by training have only achieved moderate success. In experiments where subjects perform repeated
Noise modeling and capacity analysis for NAND flash memories

Flash memories have become a significant storage technology. However, they have various types of error mechanisms, which are drastically different from traditional communication channels. Understanding the error models is necessary for developing better coding schemes in the complex practical settings. This paper endeavors to survey the noise and disturbs in NAND flash memories, and construct channel models for them. The capacity of flash memory under these models is analyzed, particularly regarding capacity degradation with flash operations, the trade-off of sub-thresholds for soft cell-level information, and the importance of dynamic thresholds.