Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arterial Reconstruction after Mangled Extremity: Injury Severity Scoring Systems Are Not Predictive of Limb Salvage

The Vascular Unit at Suez Canal University Hospital in Egypt covers a wide area with high rates of severe injuries. This is a prospective study of mangled extremities to identify risk factors associated with limb loss in these patients. Between December 2000 and August 2003, a prospective study on all patients with arterial injuries in mangled extremities was undertaken. All patients were scored using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) and the Mangled Extremity Severity Index (MESI). During this period, arterial reconstruction was performed in 62 patients. Primary patency, secondary patency, and limb salvage rates were 81%, 85.5%, and 93.5%, respectively. The only factor affecting limb salvage (statistical trend) was the site of trauma (upper limb 100% vs lower limb 89%; p = .08%). There was no significant effect related to the mechanism of trauma (blunt 90% vs stab 100%; p = .125), MESS (< 7, 100% vs > 7, 91%; p = .22), and MESI (< 20, 100% vs > 20, 90.5%; p = .154). Upper limb injuries were the least likely to lead to amputation. We recommend that all injuries, whatever their score, should be surgically explored before treatment decisions are made.
Transnational dimensions of the digital divide among Salvadoran immigrants in the Washington DC metropolitan area

In this article I explore some dimensions of digital divide among Salvadoran immigrants in the Washington DC metropolitan area. Three main issues are addressed: the configuration of social networks, local axes of inequality and the transnational forms of appropriation and usage of the Internet and other Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Based on a media ethnography approach, the analysis combines structuration theory with diasporic media studies. It includes an examination of Internet communications, Salvadoran diasporic websites, the use of mobile phones and teleconferencing, and the transnational dimensions of the digital divide. The study's findings include the limited accessibility to the Internet and ICTs among Salvadoran immigrants, the importance of understanding the transnational dimensions of the digital divide (particularly in terms of generation) and the need to design and implement communication and technology policies in the Salvadoran transnational society.
Relation between understanding and agreeing in response to one-sentence assertion*

abstract Three quasi-experimental studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between the evaluative (i.e., agree/true) and the meta-cognitive (i.e., understand) response, and to determine which type of response people are more likely to provide when responding to one-sentence assertive statements. In Studies 1 and 2, participants performed two separate tasks in which they were asked to indicate the levels of: (i) understanding and (ii) agreement / perceived truthfulness of 126 one-sentence statements. The results indicated that participants were likely to provide a negative evaluative response (i.e., disagree/false) to a statement that they did not understand. In Study 3, participants were asked to evaluate the same 126 statements and choose between four response options: agree, disagree, understand, do not understand. The results indicated that people are more likely provide an evaluative response regardless of the understandability of a statement. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to (i) pragmatic perspective of how people infer speakers’ meaning, and (ii) cognitive processes underlying evaluative and meta-cognitive response.
Magiclock: Scalable Detection of Potential Deadlocks in Large-Scale Multithreaded Programs

We present Magiclock, a novel potential deadlock detection technique by analyzing execution traces (containing no deadlock occurrence) of large-scale multithreaded programs. Magiclock iteratively eliminates removable lock dependencies before potential deadlock localization. It divides lock dependencies into thread specific partitions, consolidates equivalent lock dependencies, and searches over the set of lock dependency chains without the need to examine any duplicated permutations of the same lock dependency chains. We validate Magiclock through a suite of real-world, large-scale multithreaded programs. The experimental results show that Magiclock is significantly more scalable and efficient than existing dynamic detectors in analyzing and detecting potential deadlocks in execution traces of large-scale multithreaded programs.
Sounds of Silence: Narrative research with inarticulate subjects

This article addresses the challenge of using narrative methods with people who have learning difficulties. Such informants present four particular interview problems: inarticulateness; unresponsiveness; a concrete frame of reference; and difficulties with the concept of time. The authors focus on the first two of these problems and argue that neither of them constitutes an insuperable barrier to people telling their story. Drawing on detailed interview material from an informant with learning difficulties, the authors set out to show in practical terms how these problems might be tackled, emphasising in particular the importance of being attentive to what goes unsaid. They conclude that researchers should put more emphasis on overcoming the barriers that impede the involvement of inarticulate subjects in narrative research instead of dwelling on their limitations as informants.
The Overlapping Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides and Complement in Recruitment and Activation of Tumor-Associated Inflammatory Cells

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a group of small (6–100 amino acids), biologically active molecules, which are produced by plants, mammals, and microorganisms (1). An important element of the innate immune response, AMP, possesses potent antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Furthermore, AMP may be involved in a number of other processes such as angiogenesis and modulation of the immune response such as stimulation of chemokines and chemotaxis of leukocytes. AMPs have been proposed as alternative therapies for infectious diseases. AMP may also exert cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Further understanding of the biological function of these peptides during tumor development and progression may aid in the development of novel anti-tumor therapies with refined application of innate molecules. AMP and complement have distinct roles to play in shaping the microenvironment (Table 1). Components of the complement system are integral contributors in responding to infection and sterile inflammation. Moreover, complement plays a role in the trafficking of cells in the tumor microenvironment, and thereby possibly in the immune response to cancer. This article will try to outline characteristics of AMP and complement in mobilization and recruitment of cells in tumor microenvironment.
NMR studies of the incommensurate helical antiferromagnet EuCo 2 P 2 : Determination of antiferromagnetic propagation vector

Recently, Q. -P. Ding et al. [Phys. Rev. B 95, 184404 (2017)] reported that their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study on ${\mathrm{EuCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ successfully characterized the antiferromagnetic (AFM) propagation vector of the incommensurate helix AFM state, showing that NMR is a unique tool for determination of the spin structures in incommensurate helical AFMs. Motivated by this work, we have carried out $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{31}\mathrm{P}$, and $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ NMR measurements on the helical antiferromagnet ${\mathrm{EuCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ with an AFM ordering temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=66.5$ K. An incommensurate helical AFM structure was clearly confirmed by $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$ and $^{31}\mathrm{P}$ NMR spectra on single-crystalline ${\mathrm{EuCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ in zero magnetic field at 1.6 K and its external magnetic field dependence. Furthermore, based on $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ NMR data in both the paramagnetic and incommensurate AFM states, we have determined the model-independent value of the AFM propagation vector $\mathbf{k}=(0,0,0.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09)2\ensuremath{\pi}/c$, where $c$ is the $c$-axis lattice parameter. The temperature dependence of k is also discussed.
Increasing Validity with Forced-Choice Criterion Measurement Formats

The relative validities of forced-choice (ipsative) and Likert rating-scale item formats as criterion measures are examined. While there has been much debate about the relative technical and psychometric merits and demerits of ipsative instruments, the present research focused on the crucial question of whether the use of this format has any practical benefit – in terms of improved validity. An analysis is reported from a meta-analysis data set. This demonstrates that higher operational validity coefficients (prediction of line-manager ratings of competencies) are associated with the use of forced-choice (r=.38) rather than rating scale (r=.25) item formats for the criterion measurement instrument when performance is rated by the same line managers on both formats and where the predictor is held constant. Thus the apparent criterion-related validity of a predictor can increase by 50% simply by changing the format of the criterion measurement instrument. The implications of this for practice are discussed.
Persuasion: Empirical Evidence

We provide a selective survey of empirical evidence on the effects as well as the drivers of persuasive communication. We consider persuasion directed at consumers, voters, donors, and investors. We organize our review around four questions. First, to what extent does persuasion affect the behavior of each of these groups? Second, what models best capture the response to persuasive communication? In particular, we distinguish information-based models from preference-based models. Third, what are persuaders' incentives and what limits their ability to distort communications? Finally, what evidence exists on the equilibrium outcomes of persuasion in economics and politics?
Case Studies as Natural Experiments

The paper poses organizational case studies as a provocative way of addressing a long-standing controversy within the social sciences between the subjectivist and objectivist schools of thought. Whereas organizational case studies are customarily conducted as a form of subjectivist research, they may, in addition, be conducted so as to fit the conceptions of objectivist research as well. The paper explains how to achieve this result by conducting case studies as a form of natural experiment. The paper uses organizational case studies in this way to reveal the intersection which exists between the subjectivist and objectivist schools of thought. Organizational case studies which fall in the intersection constitute, in themselves, refutations to the alleged incompatibility between the two schools of thought, and exemplify how a rapprochement can be forged between them. The paper uses an actual organizational case study, Kanter's Men and Women of the Corporation, to illustrate these points.
A PCR-Based Method for Monitoring Legionella pneumophila in Water Samples Detects Viable but Noncultivable Legionellae That Can Recover Their Cultivability

ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. This bacterium is ubiquitous in aqueous environments and uses amoebae as an intracellular replicative niche. Real-time PCR has been developed for rapid detection of Legionella DNA in water samples. In addition to culturable bacteria, this method may also detect dead and viable but noncultivable (VBNC) legionellae. In order to understand the significance of positive PCR results in this setting, we prepared water samples containing known concentrations of L. pneumophila and analyzed them comparatively by means of conventional culture, real-time PCR, viability labeling, and immunodetection (solid-phase cytometry). We also examined the influence of chlorination on the results of the four methods. The different techniques yielded similar results for nonchlorinated water samples but not for chlorinated samples. After treatment for 24 h with 0.5 and 1 ppm chlorine, all cultures were negative, PCR and immunodetection showed about 106 genome units and bacteria/ml, and total-viable-count (TVC) labeling detected 105 and 102 metabolically active bacteria/ml, respectively. Thus, PCR also detected bacteria that were VBNC. The recoverability of VBNC forms was confirmed by 5 days of coculture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Therefore, some TVC-positive bacteria were potentially infective. These data show that L. pneumophila PCR detects not only culturable bacteria but also VBNC forms and dead bacterial DNA at low chlorine concentrations.
Traffickers and Trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe

This paper describes patterns of trafficking from and within South-Eastern Europe, with particular attention to traffickers and their activities. This helps to determine the most effective methods of tackling these grave crimes through the strategic use of the criminal justice system. To date, attention has primarily been paid to victims of trafficking — who they are and what makes them vulnerable — in an effort to develop counter-trafficking interventions. To complement these studies of victims, studies of traffickers and their operations are also required. There is a need to address traffickers' behaviour through more effective law enforcement and through legal, social and economic reforms that will cause them to reassess the economic benefits of pursuing this strategy.
NMDA receptor expression in the mouse cerebellar cortex

A detailed, light microscopic study on the distribution of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunit 1(NMDAR1) was carried out with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization on the cerebellar cortex of the mouse. With a monoclonal antibody, labeling of Purkinje cell bodies varied from intense to negative, while heavy dendritic staining was limited to the proximal dendrites (unlike the rat, which also had heavily stained distal dendrites). In the granular layer, the cell bodies and the dendritic shafts of Golgi II cells were only moderately stained, but very intense labeling was associated with granule cell bodies, and with their dendrites and dendritic endings in the glomeruli. The mossy and climbing fibers were negative. In situ hybridization with a cRNA probe showed levels and spatial distributions of NMDAR1 mRNA consistent with the immunolabeling pattern, in that signals were strongest in the granular and Purkinje cell layers and relatively low or absent in the molecular layer and white matter. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that NMDAR1 may be especially well concentrated at the synaptic target sites of the mossy and climbing fibers. In the mouse, NMDAR1 at the parallel fiber sites associated with Purkinje cell spiny branchlets may differ from the rat in its level of expression or in its molecular configuration. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why Don't Test Takers Prepare for the Pre-Professional Skills Tests?

This study investigated the extent and nature of preparation for the Pre-Professional Skills Tests (PPST), and the reasons for preparing or not preparing. The PPST, a high-stakes test with a high failure rate, is used for admission to teacher education programs and for teacher licensing. Recent test takers were surveyed. Preparation was limited and mainly involved activities that were free or inexpensive, such as taking a sample test. The reported reasons for not preparing and the empirical correlates of measures of preparation were primarily attitudinal.
Laminar Localization, Morphology, and Physiological Properties of Pyramidal Neurons that Have the Low-Threshold Calcium Current in the Guinea-Pig Medial Frontal Cortex

One of the several types of ionic currents present in central neurons is the low-threshold, or T-type calcium current (LTCC). This current is responsible for the firing of low-threshold calcium spikes (LTS) and participates in the generation of rhythmic activity and bursts of action potentials in several brain nuclei. We have studied the distribution and properties of pyramidal neurons recorded from the guinea-pig medial frontal cortex that have this calcium current. Pyramidal neurons were recorded in an in vitro slice preparation using either current clamp or single-electrode voltage-clamp recording. Pyramidal neurons that generated LTS or had the LTCC were found only between 500 mm from the pial surface and the white matter (approximately layers V/VI) and were absent in more superficial layers. All pyramidal neurons that fired LTS or had the LTCC were characterized as regular spiking and had some important morphological and physiological differences from the rest of the pyramidal neurons studied. This group of neurons had shorter and less complex apical dendritic arbors, fired action potentials of lower amplitude and longer duration, and were the only type of pyramidal neurons able to generate bursts of action potentials. In addition, the inhibitory synaptic potentials elicited by stimulation of layer I were more powerful in this group of neurons. This research provides new evidence for the presence of the LTCC in subsets of cortical pyramidal neurons, which have specific and well defined morphological and physiological properties.
N332-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Use Diverse Modes of HIV-1 Recognition: Inferences from Heavy-Light Chain Complementation of Function

Dozens of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies have been isolated in the last few years from the sera of HIV-1-infected individuals. Only a limited number of regions on the HIV-1 spike, however, are recognized by these antibodies. One of these regions (N332) is characterized by an N-linked glycan at residue 332 on HIV-1 gp120 and is recognized by antibody 2G12 and by the recently reported antibodies PGT121-137, the latter isolated from three donors. To investigate the diversity in mode of antibody recognition at the N332 site, we used functional complementation between antibody heavy and light chains as a means of assessing similarity in mode of recognition. We examined a matrix of 12 PGT-heavy chains with each of 12 PGT-light chains. Expression in 96-well format for the 144 antibodies (132 chimeric and 12 wild-type) was generally consistent (58±10 µg/ml). In contrast, recognition of HIV-1 gp120 was bimodal: when the source of heavy and light chains was from the same donor, recognition was good; when sources of heavy and light chains were from different donors, recognition was poor. Moreover, neutralization of HIV-1 strains SF162.LS and TRO.11 generally followed patterns of gp120 recognition. These results are consistent with published sequence, mutational, and structural findings, all of which indicate that N332-directed neutralizing antibodies from different donors utilize different modes of recognition, and provide support for a correlation between functional complementation of antibody heavy and light chains and similarity in antibody mode of recognition. Overall, our results add to the growing body of evidence that the human immune system is capable of recognizing the N332-region of HIV-1 gp120 in diverse ways.
Habermas: A Very Short Introduction

Jurgen Habermas is the most renowned living German philosopher. This book aims to give a clear and readable overview of his philosophical work. It analyzes both the theoretical underpinnings of Habermas's social theory, and its more concrete applications in the fields of ethics, politics, and law. Finally, it examines how Habermas's social and political theory informs his writing on real, current political and social problems. The author explores Habermas's influence on a wide variety of fields--including philosophy, political and social theory, cultural studies, sociology, and literary studies. He uses a problem-based approach to explain how Habermas's ideas can be applied to actual social and political situations. The book also includes a glossary of technical terms to further acquaint the reader with Habermas's philosophy. Unlike other writing on Habermas, this Introduction is accessibly written and explains his intellectual framework and technical vocabulary, rather than simply adopting it.
Multiculturalism, Latin Americans and ‘Indigeneity’ in Australia

What are the relations between the discourse of ‘multiculturalism’ and that of ‘indigeneity’ in Australia? In problematising these relations this paper explores the affiliations that Latin American migrants and political refugees living in Adelaide have with the notion of indigeneity. For some Latin Americans affiliations with the struggle of Aboriginal people and indigeneity is a product of strong political identification with the political left and the struggle for human rights in their countries of origin. At the same time references to Latin Americans' indigeneity are often evoked within Australian multicultural settings and performances that promote ‘cultural diversity’ and are consumed by White Australians for their exotic otherness and as forms of cultural enrichment. Such representations work to marginalise further the migrants (and the ‘indigenous’) into a cultural sphere which marks them as the tolerated ethnic ‘Other’.
Debt's Dominion: A History of Bankruptcy Law in America

The American approach to personal and corporate bankruptcy is unique in the world, providing the most generous provisions for canceling an individual's debts. Corporate debtors are given more flexibility than anywhere else to renegotiate their obligations and start over. Why did American bankruptcy diverge in almost every conceivable respect from its antecedents in English law and from the current English system? These questions have taken on great importance as other nations increasingly look to the U.S. in reforming their own insolvency and business regulation. This volume draws on the insights of a wide range of disciplines, including political science, economics, law, and history, to explain the remarkable history of U.S. bankruptcy law. The distinctive contours of U.S. bankruptcy law are seen as emerging from the confluence of three political factors: the growth of an organized creditor lobby; the countervailing pressure of pro-debtor ideological currents whose influence is magnified by American federalism; and the emergence of an increasingly powerful bankruptcy bar. These factors explain why, in the 19th century, large-scale corporate reorganization, which began with the railroads, developed in the courts rather than in Congress, and why Congress failed to enact a permanent bankruptcy law until 1898. Political analysis also explains how future Supreme Court Justice William Douglas and his New Deal allies persuaded Congress to usher Wall Street out of large-scale reorganization in the 1930s; and why Douglas's New Deal vision was completely repudiated when Congress overhauled the bankruptcy laws once again in 1978. The same tools are used to demonstrate that a fiercely divided bankruptcy commission and the 1994 Republican takeover of Congress are responsible for the recent, ideologically charged battles over consumer bankruptcy. In summary, this analysis shows that the same political factors have continued to shape America's unique response to financial distress, from the origin of our bankruptcy laws through to the present day.