Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drug treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: available evidence and perspectives

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease linked to the X-chromosome which affects 1 in 3,600-6,000 newborn males. It is manifested by the absence of the dystrophin protein in muscle fibres, which causes progressive damage leading to death in the third decade of life. The only medication so far shown to be effective in delaying the progression of this illness are corticosteroids, which have been shown to increase muscle strength in randomised controlled studies; long-term studies have demonstrated that they prolong walking time and retard the progression of respiratory dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy and scoliosis. Several potential drugs are now being investigated. Genetic therapy, involving the insertion of a dystrophin gene through a vector, has proven effective in animals but not humans. Currently under clinical study is Ataluren, a molecule that binds with ribosomes and may allow the insertion of an aminoacid in the premature termination codon, and exon-skipping, which binds with RNA and excludes specific sites of RNA splicing, producing a dystrophin that is smaller but functional. There are also studies attempting to modulate other muscular proteins, such as myostatin and utrophin, to reduce symptoms. This paper does not address cardiomyopathy treatment in DMD patients.
Development and Validation of a Gender-Balanced Measure of Aggression-Relevant Social Cognition

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Social–Cognitive Assessment Profile (SCAP), a gender-balanced measure of social information processing (SIP) in a sample of 371 (139 girls, 232 boys) 2nd- to 4th-grade children. The SCAP assesses 4 dimensions of SIP (Inferring Hostile Intent, Constructing Hostile Goals, Generating Aggressive Solutions, and Anticipating Positive Outcomes for Aggression) in the context of peer conflict involving relational and overt provocation. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the 4 latent factors provided a good fit to the data for girls and boys and for African American and non-African American children. Regression analyses in which teacher and peer evaluations of aggression and peer evaluations of social competencies were regressed on each of the 4 SCAP scales supported the test's convergent and discriminant validity. These results suggest that the SCAP is an easily administered and brief measure of SIP that is appropriate for racially diverse populations of elementary boys and girls.
Timing of Examinations Affects School Performance Differently in Early and Late Chronotypes

Circadian clocks of adolescents typically run late—including sleep times—yet adolescents generally are expected at school early in the morning. Due to this mismatch between internal (circadian) and external (social) times, adolescents suffer from chronic sleep deficiency, which, in turn, affects academic performance negatively. This constellation affects students’ future career prospects. Our study correlates chronotype and examination performance. In total, 4734 grades were collected from 741 Dutch high school students (ages 11-18 years) who had completed the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire to estimate their internal time. Overall, the lowest grades were obtained by students who were very late chronotypes (MSFsc > 5.31 h) or slept very short on schooldays (SDw < 7.03 h). The effect of chronotype on examination performance depended on the time of day that examinations were taken. Opposed to late types, early chronotypes obtained significantly higher grades during the early (0815-0945 h) and late (1000-1215 h) morning. This group difference in grades disappeared in the early afternoon (1245-1500 h). Late types also obtained lower grades than early types when tested at the same internal time (hours after MSFsc), which may reflect general attention and learning disadvantages of late chronotypes during the early morning. Our results support delaying high school starting times as well as scheduling examinations in the early afternoon to avoid discrimination of late chronotypes and to give all high school students equal academic opportunities.
Estimating the Prevalence of Juvenile Custody by Race and Gender

This research introduces a new social indicator of the long-term probability that juveniles will be taken into state custody. Estimates of the prevalence of state custody are presented for age, sex, and race subgroups for 36 states. Subgroup comparisons of prevalence estimates reveal dramatically higher rates for minorities. Comparisons of long-term and short-term prevalence estimates are also presented.
Comprehensive comparison study on different ICA/BSS methods in IPPG techniques for obtaining high-quality BVP signal

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has been proven to be appropriate for extracting blood volume pulse(BVP) signal in Imaging Photoplethysmography (IPPG) techniques. However, related researches commonly employed joint approximate diagonalization of eigenmatrices (JADE) algorithm, with seldom further exploration. In this article, we took comprehensive comparison studies on different ICA or blind source separation (BSS) methods in IPPG techniques from aspects of separation effect, waveform of BVP signal, and CPU time. The experimental results indicate that, Second-Order Blind Identification (SOBI) algorithm has a better performance in BVP extraction, compared to JADE and other ICA algorithms. This study might provide a promising IPPG approach for obtaining high-quality BVP signal, which is significant for non-contact physiological measurements.
TEAM MEMBER PERSPECTIVES ON INDIVIDUALISM-COLLECTIVISM: GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES AND THEIR PERCEIVED IMPACT ON TEAMS

Intergenerational conflict between Baby Boomers and Generation Xers is increasingly being described by business leaders, workers, educators and trainers, and the popular press as a significant problem in the workplace. Negative perceptions fuel this discord, as workers experience members of the other cohort, or generational group, as different from themselves. Of particular concern is the performance of work teams composed of age-diverse members due to their increasing importance in successfully implementing innovative, integrative approaches to address the challenges of the global business environment. Quantitative research exploring differences in personal perspective regarding individualism-collectivism has demonstrated significant differences, with Boomers being more collectivistic, and Xers being more individualistic. However, the link between these differences on intergenerational teams and intra-team conflict, team performance, and personal satisfaction for team members has been largely unexplored. This qualitative research study enlisted the support, through personal interviews, of four Boomers and four Xers who have served on work teams in examining the impact of these differences. The primary differences were described as seeing the big picture (Boomers) versus more of a personal focus; seeking more external praise (Xers) versus personal gratification; a propensity for meetings (Boomers) versus independent work; a willingness to work above and beyond expectations (Boomers) or not, and differing communication skills and styles. Coaching, modeling, and public recognition of teamwork skills for the more individualistic members were identified as successful strategies to reduce conflict. Three participants specifically mentioned the value of individualistic team members being motivated by their personal gains on teams. Many had seen these strategies used by skillful team leaders or managers. Although no one had training that focused on generational diversity, several had been exposed to the idea of age diversity in the workforce. Previous research on these topics fully supported these findings. Interestingly, the interviewees seemed more comfortable attributing these differences directly to preferences for individualism or collectivism, recognizing that these preferences can differ in team members from any generational group. There was also full support for team members remaining individualistic, and keeping their diverse perspective, while learning the rules and the skills to behave more collectivistically.
The Meaning of Home for Runaway Girls.

This naturalistic qualitative study examines the concept of “home” for runaway girls. Through the “home story” of girls who run away from home, the authors hoped to understand the many facets of home, as well as broaden the existing knowledge-base about the phenomenon of adolescent runaway girls. Data consisted of in-depth interviews with 15 girls aged 13 to 21. The findings attest to the complex perception of home by participants as both existing and not existing. In essence, the meanings of home for them were related to its absence. The discussion centers on the psychological understanding of the meaning of home as a mental construct that is a part of the personality and on the shaping of the meaning of home by social norms and structures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implementation of Non-Pipelined and Pipelined Data Encryption Standard (DES) Using Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA Technology

Data encryption process can easily be quite complicated and usually requires significant computation time and power despite significant simplifications. This paper discusses about pipelined and non-pipelined implementation of one of the most commonly used symmetric encryption algorithm, Data Encryption Standard (DES). The platform used for this matter is, Xilinx new high performance silicon foundation, Virtex-6 Field Programmable Gate Array technology. Finite state machine is used only in non-pipelined implementation, and it is not implemented for the pipelined approach. The testing of the implemented design shows that it is possible to generate data in 16 clock cycles when non-pipelined approach is employed. When pipelined approach is employed on the other hand, 17 clock signals are required for the initial phase only, and one clock signal is sufficient afterwards for each data generation cycle. The Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is used to program the design.
The Performance Consequences of Ambidexterity in Strategic Alliance Formations: Empirical Investigation and Computational Theorizing

Although alliance studies have generally favored an ambidextrous approach between exploration and exploitation, they tend to overlook a firm's characteristics, its industry constraints, or the dynamic network in which the firm is embedded. This study examines the ambidexterity hypothesis and its boundary conditions with a unique research method. We not only analyze empirical data from five U.S. industries spanning eight years, but also expand theoretical insights to the network level by building a computer simulation model. Both our empirical and simulation results reveal the contingencies of the ambidexterity hypothesis in alliance formation. Our findings show that although an ambidextrous formation of alliances benefits large firms, a focused formation of either exploratory or exploitative alliances benefits small firms. In an uncertain environment an ambidextrous formation enhances firm performance but so does a focused formation in a stable environment. Finally, the simulation model demonstrates that a firm's centrality and structural hole positions in network relations can moderate the relationships between alliance formation choices and firm performance, and that the ambidexterity hypothesis may be limited to the earlier stage of the network. Our study provides critical evidence into the viability of adopting a dynamic network perspective in understanding the ambidexterity hypothesis and advancing strategic alliance research beyond static and dyadic levels.
Entrepreneurial processes and the social construction of opportunity

In contrast to structurally-determinist and cognitive/agency-oriented views of opportunity recognition, it is argued that opportunity formation is relationally and communally constituted — an insight that is not recognized in descriptive or linear process models of opportunity recognition. To arrive at this claim, use is made of social constructionist ideas. These ideas have been frequently applied in entrepreneurship studies but less attention has been given to the relational aspects of social constructionist thinking particularly with regard to opportunity formation processes. To aid this line of enquiry an analysis is undertaken of a sibling-autobiographical account of a high-profile business venture, Coffee Republic. This account has been crafted by the sibling partnership with a particular audience in mind (the would-be entrepreneur) with guidelines and principles on how ‘anyone can do it’. However, it is not utilized here as a good specimen of business venturing to be probed for particular (hidden) meanings. Instead, the account is evaluated in order to illustrate how individualistic statements about opportunity discovery can be reconceptualized as relationally and communally constituted – an emphasis which is important for widening our theoretical understanding of the activities that we label entrepreneurship.
The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism

The swift development of the Internet has inspired two sorts of claims that large-scale transformations in the structure of political influence in the U.S. are under way: the populist claim that the Internet will erode the influence of organized groups and political elites, and the community-building claim that the Internet will cause a restructuring of the nature of community and the foundations of social order. These claims are significant because they address not only the currently fashionable subject of the Internet but also fundamental questions about the causal role of communication in public life. A close evaluation of both claims suggests that the assumptions underlying them are improbable at best. I suggest an alternative model of "accelerated pluralism" in which the Internet contributes to the on-going fragmentation of the present system of interest-based group politics and a shift toward a more fluid, issue-based group politics with less institutional coherence.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Evaluation of complex inheritance involving the most common Bardet-Biedl syndrome locus ( BBS 1 )

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IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, AND THE NATION-STATE IN FRANCE AND GERMANY: A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

Massive post-war migrations have posed a fundamental challenge to the nation-states of North-Western Europe. Constructing an ideal-typical model of nation-state membership, this paper begins by specifying the multiply anomalous character of the membership status of immigrants. Next, it seeks to explain the striking and persisting difference in the citizenship status and chances of immigrants in France and Germany. While birth and residence in France automatically transform second-generation immigrants into citizens, birth and residence in Germany have no bearing on citizenship. Vis-à-vis immigrants, the French citizenry is defined expansively, as a territorial community, the German citizenry restrictively, as a community of descent. These diverging definitions of the citizenry embody and express distinctive understandings of nationhood, statecentred and assimilationist in France, ethnocultural and `differentialist' in Germany. Focusing on pivotal moments in the shaping and reshaping of citizenship law - the 1880s in France, the Wilhelmine era in Germany - this paper argues that the politics of citizenship vis-à-vis immigrants has been informed by distinctive national self-under-standings, deeply rooted in political and cultural geography and powerfully reinforced at particular historical conjunctures.
All in the Family

A range of Gene × Environment interactions is associated with antisocial phenotypes, and the evidence is clear that the etiology of antisocial behavior is strongly heritable and that environmental liabilities are important. However, the precise ways that genetic and environmental pathogens interact to predict antisocial behavior are underspecified. The present study shows that the interaction between a polymorphism in a dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and a criminal father predicts five antisocial phenotypes among African American females (n = 232) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Genetic risk (as measured by the A1 allele) and a criminal father interacted to predict serious and violent delinquency at Wave 1, serious and violent delinquency at Wave 2, and number of police contacts. The current investigation represents the first study to show Gene × Environment interactions in the prediction of antisocial phenotypes using criminal justice system status as an environmental pathogen.
Protective Factors as Barriers to Depression in Gifted and Nongifted Adolescents

Despite continued efforts by researchers, a gap still exists in our understanding of the psychological, social, and emotional adjustment of gifted students. Historically, research and education of the gifted has focused on cognitive variables, with less attention given to the social and emotional needs of these students. The current study used data from the full Add Health data set to examine how protective factors moderated depression differently for gifted and nongifted adolescents. Results of the study indicate that gifted students are significantly less depressed than nongifted students, and all of the protective factors moderated depression for both groups. Future research should examine additional indicators of psychosocial well-being provide a more comprehensive framework for understanding the social and emotional development of gifted and nongifted adolescents. Putting the Research to Use: Empirical research examining the unique social and emotional needs of gifted adolescents is at a critical juncture. Both educators and researchers have become increasingly aware that giftedness, in whatever form, has unique influences on the social and emotional development of gifted adolescents. In line with previous findings, results in the current study suggest that for both gifted and nongifted adolescents, social support at home and at school can play an important role in reducing problems (i.e. depression) and at the same time enhancing resiliency. It is time, as Ford (1994) has suggested, for educators and researchers to take substantial steps to strengthen the “family-school-community” link in order to provide adequate social support in the many contexts that both gifted and nongifted adolescents live (Bronfenbrenner, 1977).
Motives for Participation and Importance of Social Support for Athletes With Physical Disabilities

Disability sports organizations could benefit from a better understanding of the factors leading individuals with disabilities to participate in sport. This study explored relationships among four sources of motivation (i.e., escape, self-esteem enhancement, self-improvement, and social interaction) and six forms of social support (i.e., emotional challenge, emotional support, listening support, reality confirmation, task appreciation, and task challenge) among 133 male and 60 female wheelchair athletes, ages 13–34 years. Differences in motivation and social support needs were examined according to athletes’ gender, age, playing level, skill level, years of participation, and future playing intentions. Results indicated that males were more motivated than females were by desire for escape and that long-term participants were more motivated than novices were by self-esteem enhancement. Escape, self-improvement, and social interaction were stronger motivators for high school athletes than for collegiate ath.
Distinguishing among models and goals in personality science: comment on Ashton and Lee (2005)

This comment notes a misrepresentation of work by Caprara and Cervone (2000) contained in a recent contribution to this journal (Ashton & Lee, 2005). This occurrence is taken as an opportunity to highlight a positive development in personality science: investigators' increasing awareness of distinctions among alternative conceptual models that address qualitatively distinct scientific goals that each fall within the confines of the professional field. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in parental preferences over a child’s mate choice: A daughter’s perspective

Although parental influence over mate choice is important to human mating decisions, it is often overlooked within evolutionary psychology. Based on evolutionary theory, we predict that, while both parents likely influence a child’s mate choice, daughters will perceive having a low quality partner (i.e., traits indicating poor parental investment, a lack of creativity, and physical unattractiveness) would be more unacceptable to their mother when compared with the father. However, daughters will perceive having a partner with traits indicating low social status as more unacceptable to their father when compared with the mother. The results supported the hypotheses.
What Do Interlocks Do? An Analysis, Critique, and Assessment of Research on Interlocking Directorates

Research on interlocking directorates has gained increasing prominence within the field of organizations, but it has come under increasing criticism as well. This chapter presents an in-depth examination of the study of interlocking directorates. I focus initially on both the determinants and the consequences of interlocking directorates, reviewing alternative accounts of both phenomena. Special attention is paid to the processual formulations implied by various interlock analyses. I then address the two primary criticisms of interlock research and evaluate the tenability of these criticisms. I conclude with a discussion of future directions for interlock research.
Women's recollections of victimization, psychological problems, and substance use

In this article, we describe types of physical and sexual abuse that women report and some consequences of these experiences in their lives. Research questions focused on types of abuse, the age at which abuse was experienced, and correlations between abuse and other outcomes. Data were collected from 2,729 participants in the Women, Co-Occurring Disorders and Violence Study. Results showed that two thirds of participants described their sexual and/or physical abuse as beginning before age 18. Earlier onset was related to more severe current mental distress on the Brief Symptom Inventory. In general, reported age of onset for sexual and/or physical abuse was before onset of substance use. The implication for treatment of mental health disorders and substance use disorders is that interventions that account for abuse and its correlates may be more successful than interventions that do not assess for or attend to issues of abuse. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 479–493, 2005.