Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rhea—a manually curated resource of biochemical reactions

Rhea (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/rhea) is a comprehensive resource of expert-curated biochemical reactions. Rhea provides a non-redundant set of chemical transformations for use in a broad spectrum of applications, including metabolic network reconstruction and pathway inference. Rhea includes enzyme-catalyzed reactions (covering the IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature list), transport reactions and spontaneously occurring reactions. Rhea reactions are described using chemical species from the Chemical Entities of Biological Interest ontology (ChEBI) and are stoichiometrically balanced for mass and charge. They are extensively manually curated with links to source literature and other public resources on metabolism including enzyme and pathway databases. This cross-referencing facilitates the mapping and reconciliation of common reactions and compounds between distinct resources, which is a common first step in the reconstruction of genome scale metabolic networks and models.
Don¡¯t Stay Out Late! Mom, I¡¯m Twenty-eight: Emerging Adults and Their Parents under One Roof

This qualitative study focuses on Israeli parents of emerging adults who still live at home, and explores their feelings and thoughts of the benefits and difficulties of the situation. Semi-structured open interviews were conducted with 27 Jewish non-religious parents who have one child aged 21-30 living with them, who was the youngest in the family, and the last to leave home. Most participants expressed comfortable feelings toward their young adult child living at home, and also mentioned some difficulties and conflicts. The findings reveal that alongside the good feelings, parents face substantial challenges in living with their emerging adult offspring who are on an extended journey toward adulthood.
RESEARCH SECTION: Between a rock and a hard place: parents' attitudes to the inclusion of children with special educational needs in mainstream and special schools

In this paper, Katherine Runswick-Cole, a researcher at the Research Institute for Health and Social Change at Manchester Metropolitan University, engages with parents' attitudes to the placement of their children with special educational needs in mainstream and special schools. She sets her review of parents' views within the current policy and legislative context. She then moves on to explore parents' attitudes to inclusion by drawing on the social model of disability as an analytical tool and developing a typology of parental school choices. The study reported in this paper involved 24 parents who were contacted through voluntary organisations and interviewed, either in their own homes or on the telephone. The views of seven professionals were also gathered. The findings reveal that parents' attitudes to mainstream and special schooling are influenced by their engagement with models of disability. The parents' experiences suggest that, despite the shifts in policy we have seen since 1997, the process of inclusive education continues to be fragile.
Evaluating a Survivors Group Pilot for Women with Significant Intellectual Disabilities Who Have Been Sexually Abused.

Background Sexual abuse has been associated with trauma, low self-esteem, anger, depression and challenging behaviours. This pilot study builds on a small published literature by evaluating a survivors group (SG) for women with an intellectual disability and an educational support group (ESG) for their carers. Method The SG was delivered weekly over 5 months for 20 sessions and the ESG ran concurrently for their seven carers in a separate room within the same community-based building. Participants were helped to build trust and rapport, provided with education about sexual abuse designed for their level of ability, and helped to reprocess the trauma of their sexual abuse. Results Both the SG and the ESG were evaluated using a repeated-measures design (double baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment and follow up), to see whether there was any improvement in relevant clinical dependent variables associated with the consequences of sexual abuse (i.e. trauma, self-esteem, anger, depression and challenging behaviour). Improvements occurred in sexual knowledge, trauma and depression. Neither self-esteem nor anger improved for most of the SG and challenging behaviour worsened at first before improving. Conclusions The SG seemed to be successful in improving sexual knowledge and in reducing trauma and depression, although challenging behaviours worsened at first before improving. There is a need for more sexual abuse/sexual education groups for men and women with intellectual disabilities.
Proximate Analysis of Five Wild Fruits of Mozambique

Mozambique is rich in wild fruit trees, most of which produce fleshy fruits commonly consumed in rural communities, especially during dry seasons. However, information on their content of macronutrients is scarce. Five wild fruit species (Adansonia digitata, Landolphia kirkii, Sclerocarya birrea, Salacia kraussii, and Vangueria infausta) from different districts in Mozambique were selected for the study. The contents of dry matter, fat, protein, ash, sugars, pH, and titratable acidity were determined in the fruit pulps. Also kernels of A. digitata and S. birrea were included in the study. The protein content in the pulp was below 5 g/100 g of dry matter, but a daily intake of 100 g fresh wild fruits would provide up to 11% of the recommended daily intake for children from 4 to 8 years old. The sugar content varied between 2.3% and 14.4% fresh weight. The pH was below 3, except for Salacia kraussii, for which it was slightly below 7. Kernels of A. digitata contained, on average, 39.2% protein and 38.0% fat, and S. birrea kernels 32.6% protein and 60.7% fat. The collection of nutritional information may serve as a basis for increased consumption and utilization.
Race, Interests, and Beliefs About Affirmative Action

Studies of public opinion on affirmative action have focused heavily on the views of White Americans. Two contending schools of thought tend to concur that Whites generally oppose affirmative action, but sharply disagree over whether the hostility to affirmative action rests on cherished American values of individualism or on anti-Black racism. This article questions both perspectives and the assumptions about public opinion that they share. It is important to examine the views of Whites and of racial minority group members and to recognize that group interests play an important part in the politics affirmative action. The analysis focuses on beliefs about the effects of affirmative action. The results point to real but far from irreconcilable race-based differences in opinion, a clear dependence of Whites' views on perceived threats from Blacks, and no influence of individualism on Whites' beliefs about the effects of affirmative action. The research suggests ways of moving beyond the political stalemate of opposing claims to moral virtue in the debate over affirmative action.
Further assessments of Bass's (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership.

B. M. Bass ( 1985 ) proposed that the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire consists of 5 factors: 2 facets of transactional leadership (Contingent Reward and Management-by-Exception) and 3 facets of transformational leadership (Charismatic Leadership, Individualized Consideration, and Intellectual Stimulation). A confirmatory factor analysis involving hospital nurses revealed some support for this 5-factor representation, but a 2-factor Active-Passive model was also tenable, because the transformational components and Contingent Reward were all highly correlated. Alternatively, differential relationships to a series of outcomes, including intent to leave and J. P. Meyer and N. J. Allen's (1991) facets of organizational commitment, were observed as a function of the leader behaviors involved.
Antitumoral action of the neurokinin-1-receptor antagonist L-733,060 and mitogenic action of substance P on human retinoblastoma cell lines.

PURPOSE Activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor is known to induce proliferation in tumor cells, but it is as yet unknown whether this applies to retinoblastoma. This was an in vitro study of the growth inhibitory capacity of the potent and long-acting neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist L-733,060, at concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 20 microM, against the human retinoblastoma line WERI-Rb-1 and from 10 to 25 microM against the human retinoblastoma line Y-79. The ability of substance P (an neurokinin-1 stimulator) to activate the cell growth of these retinoblastoma cell lines was also determined. METHODS A cell counter was used to determine the number of viable cells, followed by application of the tetrazolium compound WST-8 [2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4 nitrophenyl))-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt, colorimetric method to evaluate cell viability in this cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS Nanomolar concentrations of substance P increased the growth of both cell lines and micromolar concentrations of L-733,060 inhibited the growth of the two cell lines studied, with and without previous administration of substance P. L-733,060 inhibited the growth of the WERI-Rb-1 and Y-79 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 was 12.15 microM for 49 hours for WERI-Rb1 and 17.38 microM for 40 hours for Y-79. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that substance P is a mitogen and also indicate that the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist L-733,060 acts on both human retinoblastoma cell lines as an antitumoral agent.
Potential Use of Phenolic Acids as Anti-Candida Agents: A Review

There has been a sharp rise in the occurrence of Candida infections and associated mortality over the last few years, due to the growing body of immunocompromised population. Limited number of currently available antifungal agents, undesirable side effects and toxicity, as well as emergence of resistant strains pose a considerable clinical challenge for the treatment of candidiasis. Therefore, molecules that derived from natural sources exhibiting considerable antifungal properties are a promising source for the development of novel anti-candidal therapy. Phenolic compounds isolated from natural sources possess antifungal properties of interest. Particularly, phenolic acids have shown promising in vitro and in vivo activity against Candida species. However, studies on their mechanism of action alone or in synergism with known antifungals are still scarce. This review attempts to discuss the potential use, proposed mechanisms of action and limitations of the phenolic acids in anti-candidal therapy.
Antibiotic prescribing knowledge of National Health Service general dental practitioners in England and Scotland.

The inappropriate use of antibiotics has contributed to the worldwide problem of antimicrobial resistance. Information on the knowledge, understanding and training of dental practitioners in the use of antibiotics in clinical practice is scarce. This study assessed the level of knowledge of general dental practitioners and the need for educational initiatives. An anonymous postal questionnaire was sent to National Health Service dental practitioners working in 10 Health Authorities in England (1544) and four Health Boards in Scotland (672). Each correct answer to the questionnaire was given a score of one mark; there were 84 questions. The scores for each section of the questionnaire were compared. Responses were received from 1338 (60.4%) of practitioners, of whom 22.1% had attended postgraduate courses in the previous 2 years on antibiotic prescribing. Practitioners who had attended courses had a significantly greater knowledge of antibiotic use (P < 0.05) than those who had not. There was no significant difference in knowledge between all age groups under 60 years of age. There were significant differences in knowledge between dentists practising in English Health Authorities and Scottish Health Boards (P < 0.01). Knowledge was good for clinical signs that are indicators for prescribing antibiotics and for a number of non-clinical factors, e.g. patient expectation. Knowledge of therapeutic prescribing for commonly presenting clinical conditions and prophylactic prescribing for medically compromised patients, however, was generally poor. This study has shown that an urgent review of dental undergraduate and postgraduate education in antibiotic prescribing is required. Provision of prescribing guidelines may improve knowledge and encourage the appropriate use of antibiotics in clinical dental practice.
A study of electromigration in 3-D flip Chip Solder joint using numerical Simulation of heat flux and current density

This paper applies an analogy between heat flow and current flow to examine the current density distribution in a solder interconnect, which has a direct relationship with the atomic flux movement. From a three-dimensional heat conduction analysis, we discover that the heat flux distribution in the solder bump is a strong function of the direction of heat flow. If the heat flow turns 90/spl deg/ when it leaves the solder bump, the high heat flux region will also turn 90/spl deg/. From a cross-sectional view of the mean heat flux, the high heat flux (or current flux) region in the solder moves from the top of the under-bump-metallurgy region to the lower right corner, and the right side of the solder has the highest flux density. This result correlates well with the experimental data where the measured atomic flux in the left side of the solder is less than in the right side. Two other cases with 0 and 180/spl deg/ heat flows also illustrate the difference in heat flux distribution. This suggests that the current density distribution in the solder changes as the direction of the current flow changes.
A Self-Evaluation of Classroom Language Used When Teaching Grammar.

In the attempt to evaluate the quality of teacher talk, recent communicative approaches have suggested that the modification of teacher classroom speech and the functional distribution of teacher talk in terms of pedagogical goals should be considered (Seedhouse: 1996). This study investigates the relationship between language use and pedagogic purpose from an analysis of a lesson transcript of a grammar lesson, and evaluates the quality of the teacher talk based on the Self-Evaluation of Teacher Talk (SETT) Grid. The purpose is to examine whether the teacher talk is appropriate in the classroom context or mode and to bring about a more conscious and effective use of teacher talk in her teaching profession in the future.
Marx, Marxism and the cooperative movement

This paper has a dual aim: first, to draw attention to a number of passages in which Marx explicitly extolled the cooperative movement and thereby confute the wrong but widely held assumption that Marx was inimical to the market and rejected cooperation as a production mode even for the transition period; second, to argue that the continuing neglect of Marxists both of the cooperative movement and of the passages from Marx (and Engels) that present a system of producer cooperatives as a new production mode can be traced back in part to the late emergence of an economic theory of producer cooperatives.
Impoliteness, preference organization and conducivity

Abstract Traditional approaches to politeness (e. g. Brown and Levinson 1987) and impoliteness (e. g. Culpeper 1996 and Lachenicht 1980), rarely consider the effects of their face-oriented strategies outside of the context of a single turn. While Culpeper, Bousfield and Wichmann (2003) do consider both how impoliteness pans out in extended discourse and the role of prosody in conveying impoliteness, what's not considered are the effects that manipulating or exploiting interactant expectations through the exploitation of specific turn-taking mechanisms can have in the production of impolite face damaging utterances. The broad aim of this paper is to explore the role in impoliteness production of one such mechanism, Preference Organization (see Sacks 1992), which, when coupled with the concept of Conducivity in questions (see Quirk et al. 1985), can give rise to extremely powerful face damaging acts and act sequences. More specifically, the paper will consider and discuss the dynamic verbal interplay between individuals using preference organization and conducivity pragmatically for impolite purposes within such confrontational discourses as car-parking disputes, military training programmes and within restaurant kitchens. The conclusions drawn here with impoliteness will have important implications for politeness theories in particular and for discourse and conflict resolution studies in general.
Stereotypes and social judgements

The study reported here was a conceptual replication of Bodenhausen & Wyer (1985) using different stereotypical categories and improved dependent measures. It considered the effects of stereotypes on (a) causal judgements concerning a criminal trangression, (b) sanctioning judgements and (c) recall of the incident details. A generally similar pattern of results to Bodenhausen & Wyer was obtained with behaviours typical of a given occupation being attributed internally and preferentially recalled.
IRRATIONAL EXUBERANCE?

The 2010 Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) produced a Final Document calling for an extension of the principles of the nonproliferation norm as well as steps toward complete disarmament. This article looks beyond the rhetoric, however, to examine recent decisions by great powers to expand nuclear trade with non-NPT countries and the implications of these decisions on the traditional nonproliferation norm of restraint. This article seeks to contribute to constructivist theory by supplementing existing accounts of norm creation and establishment with a new model of norm change. The article develops a case study of the 2008 US-India nuclear deal to highlight the role of elite agency in key stages of norm change, including redefinition and constructive substitution through contestation. It concludes that the traditional nonproliferation norm may be evolving in new directions that are not well captured by existing theoretical frames.
Attributions about sexual behavior, attractiveness, and health as a function of subjects' and targets' sex and smoking status

This article examines the effects of subjects' sex and smoking status, as well as models' sex and models' smoking status on attributions regarding interpersonal attraction, sexual behavior, and health. Two hundred twenty-nine subjects watched videotapes of men and women smoking or not smoking as part of a study on first impressions. The results indicated that (a) smoking models were perceived as more sexually active than nonsmokers regardless of the subjects' smoking status; (b) smoking female models were seen as less likable, less attractive, and less healthy than nonsmoking female models, whereas no such differences emerged between smoking and nonsmoking male models; and (c) although women reported no differences in their preference to engage in intimate behavior (e.g., petting, kissing) as a function of the male model's smoking status, men preferred to engage in such intimate behaviors more with nonsmoking females than with smoking females. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to curre.
A Chronometric Study of Some Relations between Sentences

An attempt was made to study how people handle syntactic relations among English sentences by measuring the time required to convert one type of sentence into another. Preliminary results based on rate of work in a pencil-and-paper test are briefly summarized. More detailed data are given for an experiment in which subjects controlled the duration of presentation of the sentence they transformed. Presentation times were measured and compared with the presentation times when no transformation was required; the difference between these times was taken as a measure of the additional time required to perform the transformation. In such tasks, an active-passive difference requires more additional time than does an affirmative-negative difference; when both are involved the additional time required is approximately the sum for the two separately. Differences in verb constructions, however, all require about the same amount of time, and no additive relation is apparent. The relation of these results to the distinction between rules of formation and rules of transformation in descriptive linguistics is discussed.
New Insights into the In Silico Prediction of HIV Protease Resistance to Nelfinavir

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 protease enzyme (HIV-1 PR) is one of the most important targets of antiretroviral therapy used in the treatment of AIDS patients. The success of protease-inhibitors (PIs), however, is often limited by the emergence of protease mutations that can confer resistance to a specific drug, or even to multiple PIs. In the present study, we used bioinformatics tools to evaluate the impact of the unusual mutations D30V and V32E over the dynamics of the PR-Nelfinavir complex, considering that codons involved in these mutations were previously related to major drug resistance to Nelfinavir. Both studied mutations presented structural features that indicate resistance to Nelfinavir, each one with a different impact over the interaction with the drug. The D30V mutation triggered a subtle change in the PR structure, which was also observed for the well-known Nelfinavir resistance mutation D30N, while the V32E exchange presented a much more dramatic impact over the PR flap dynamics. Moreover, our in silico approach was also able to describe different binding modes of the drug when bound to different proteases, identifying specific features of HIV-1 subtype B and subtype C proteases.
Parent Satisfaction With Early Intervention Services for Children With Physical Disabilities: Internal Consistency of the European Parent Satisfaction Scale About Early Intervention

Measuring parent satisfaction with services is essential in the evaluation of early intervention programs. However, there is a paucity of satisfaction measures specifically developed for this purpose, and the psychometric properties of existing measures have not been widely examined. The aim of this study was to further investigate the internal consistency of 1 such measure, the European Parent Satisfaction Scale about Early Intervention (EPASSEI). A slightly modified version of the EPASSEI was completed by 112 carers (mainly mothers) of children with physical disabilities receiving early intervention services in Queensland, Australia. Internal consistency of the measure was examined using the Cronbach α. Internal consistency among items was very high (the Cronbach α = .98), with little evidence of item redundancy. Individual subscales were also shown to have a high degree of internal consistency and internal consistency was similar across the 3 service provider organizations participating in this study. The present study examined the internal consistency of an instrument measuring parent satisfaction with early intervention services. While additional examination of the validity of the measure is required, this study lends further support to the use of this measure in evaluating early intervention services for children with physical disabilities.