Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Anomaly Detection Based on Sketch and PCA

Using traffic random projections (sketches) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for Internet traffic anomaly detection has become popular topics in the anomaly detection fields, but few studies have been undertaken on the subjective and quantitative comparison of multiple methods using the data traces open to the community. In this paper, we propose a new method that combines sketches and PCA to detect and identify the source IP addresses associated with the traffic anomalies in the backbone traces measured at a single link. We compare the results with those of a method incorporating sketches and multi-resolution gamma modeling using the trans-Pacific link traces. The comparison indicates that each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Our method is good at detecting worm activities with many packets, whereas the gamma method is good at detecting scan activities for peer hosts with only a few packets, but it reports many false positives for traces of worm outbreaks. Therefore, their use in combination would be effective. We also examined the impact of adaptive decision making on a parameter (the number of normal subspaces in PCA) on the basis of the cumulative proportion of each sketched traffic and conclude that it performs at a higher level than the previous method deciding only on one specific value of the parameter for every divided traffics.
Improved prediction of MHC class I and class II epitopes using a novel Gibbs sampling approach

MOTIVATION Prediction of which peptides will bind a specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) constitutes an important step in identifying potential T-cell epitopes suitable as vaccine candidates. MHC class II binding peptides have a broad length distribution complicating such predictions. Thus, identifying the correct alignment is a crucial part of identifying the core of an MHC class II binding motif. In this context, we wish to describe a novel Gibbs motif sampler method ideally suited for recognizing such weak sequence motifs. The method is based on the Gibbs sampling method, and it incorporates novel features optimized for the task of recognizing the binding motif of MHC classes I and II. The method locates the binding motif in a set of sequences and characterizes the motif in terms of a weight-matrix. Subsequently, the weight-matrix can be applied to identifying effectively potential MHC binding peptides and to guiding the process of rational vaccine design. RESULTS We apply the motif sampler method to the complex problem of MHC class II binding. The input to the method is amino acid peptide sequences extracted from the public databases of SYFPEITHI and MHCPEP and known to bind to the MHC class II complex HLA-DR4(B1*0401). Prior identification of information-rich (anchor) positions in the binding motif is shown to improve the predictive performance of the Gibbs sampler. Similarly, a consensus solution obtained from an ensemble average over suboptimal solutions is shown to outperform the use of a single optimal solution. In a large-scale benchmark calculation, the performance is quantified using relative operating characteristics curve (ROC) plots and we make a detailed comparison of the performance with that of both the TEPITOPE method and a weight-matrix derived using the conventional alignment algorithm of ClustalW. The calculation demonstrates that the predictive performance of the Gibbs sampler is higher than that of ClustalW and in most cases also higher than that of the TEPITOPE method.
Building the Leaders of Tomorrow

The now widely recognized core construct of psychological capital (PsyCap) consists of the state-like positive psychological resources of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. PsyCap has been empirically shown in the research literature to be related to various employee attitudinal, behavioral, and performance outcomes and open to development and change. Most recently, PsyCap has also been shown to be significantly related to business student academic performance. Using a pretest, posttest control group design, the present study tested whether the PsyCap of business students can be developed through a micro-training intervention. Results from this quasi-experimental study provide initial support that the Academic PsyCap of business students can be positively affected by a short training intervention.
Motivations and the Intent to Study Abroad Among U.S., French, and Chinese Students

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between students' motivations and their intention to participate in study abroad programs using a model based on expectancy theory.We surveyed U.S., Chinese and French business students who studied in their home countries. Results suggest that certain motivations are common among students from the three countries. We found that the direction of the relationship between motivations and the intent to study abroad varied among the three countries, that nationality moderates all of the relationships, and that different levels of the barriers moderate the relationship between motivations and the intention to study abroad.
Rate my data: quantifying the value of ecological data for the development of models of the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Primarily driven by concern about rising levels of atmospheric CO2, ecologists and earth system scientists are collecting vast amounts of data related to the carbon cycle. These measurements are generally time consuming and expensive to make, and, unfortunately, we live in an era where research funding is increasingly hard to come by. Thus, important questions are: "Which data streams provide the most valuable information? " and "How much data do we need? " These questions are relevant not only for model developers, who need observational data to improve, constrain, and test their models, but also for experimentalists and those designing ecological observation networks. Here we address these questions using a model-data fusion approach. We constrain a process-oriented, forest ecosystem C cycle model with 17 different data streams from the Harvard Forest (Massachusetts, USA). We iteratively rank each data source according to its contribution to reducing model uncertainty. Results show the importance of some measurements commonly unavailable to carbon-cycle modelers, such as estimates of turnover times from different carbon pools. Surprisingly, many data sources are relatively redundant in the presence of others and do not lead to a significant improvement in model performance. A few select data sources lead to the largest reduction in parameter-based model uncertainty. Projections of future carbon cycling were poorly constrained when only hourly net-ecosystem-exchange measurements were used to inform the model. They were well constrained, however, with only 5 of the 17 data streams, even though many individual parameters are not constrained. The approach taken here should stimulate further cooperation between modelers and measurement teams and may be useful in the context of setting research priorities and allocating research funds.
Improved 3D quantitative mapping of blood volume and endothelial permeability in brain tumors

We describe a new method to allow simultaneous mapping of endothelial permeability and blood volume in intracranial lesions. The technique is based on a tumor leakage profile during the first pass (fp) of contrast bolus calculated from the time‐dependent plasma‐contrast concentration function (PCCF) in three‐dimensional (3D) T1‐weighted dynamic studies. The performance of the method has been evaluated by comparing results with those obtained from more conventional methods in patients with primary brain neoplasms. The new permeability maps (kfp) are visually compatible with those calculated using a conventional multicompartment model (ktran). Quantitatively, the new maps are free from overestimation of ktran due to first‐pass effects. The new blood volume maps, which segment out the contamination of contrast leakage, agree closely with maps derived from susceptibility studies. The new method is fast, robust, and easy to perform. The method is suitable for use in clinical environments and is likely to be of benefit where longitudinal assessment of treatment response is required. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:347–357. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
My date can call me sweet but my colleague can't: Meta-stereotypic behavior as a function of context and liking of the outgroup

In two experiments we examined the influence of meta-stereotypes (beliefs regarding stereotypes that the outgroup has about one's ingroup) in different contexts. In Study 1, we demonstrated that women have the same meta-stereotype about men in dating and work contexts, but experience the meta-stereotype as more positive when dating men, rather than when working together with men. In Study 2, we showed that women intended to behave meta-stereotypically when they liked the man they were going to meet and when the meta-stereotype was experienced as positive (i.e., when women were on a date, rather than at work). Meta-stereotyping mediated this effect, such that liking led to more meta-stereotyping, which in the date context, but not in the work context, increased meta-stereotypic behavioral intentions. Together, these findings show that the valence of a meta-stereotype varies across contexts, which elicits different behavioral intentions as a function of liking of the outgroup.
Review on Ipv6 Security Vulnerability Issues and Mitigation Methods

One of the main purposes of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) developments was to solve the IP address depletion concern due to the burgeoning growth of the Internet users. The new Internet protocol provides end-to-end communication, enhanced security and extensibility apart from the other features such as address auto-configuration or plug-and-play and faster packet processing in the routers. However, as a new technology, it is also reported that the protocol introduces some security vulnerabilities both in the header format and in the other protocols associated to it. This paper reviews IPv6 security vulnerabilities that have large potential exploitation in terms of denial of service attacks. The IPv6 security vulnerabilities are classified under three categories that include the IPv6 main header field, IPv6 extension header and Neighbour Discovery Protocol (NDP). This paper also summarizes the current mitigation methods proposed by researchers and practitioners to secure from these IPv6 security vulnerabilities.
The Turks and ‘Europe’: The Argument from History

On 2 November 2002 Valerie Giscard D'Estaing made his now famous statement to Le Monde about the Turks' historical and cultural unsuitability for membership in the EU; he said it would be 'the end of the Union', as Turkey was 'a country that is close to Europe but not a European country'. ' Inadvertently, Giscard D'Estaing did the Europhobes in Turkey and the Turcophobes in Europe a great service. By provoking the 'argument from history', he was merely voicing a feeling that many people in Europe and some in Turkey actually share. A British historian recently wrote: 'When in 1544 Francis I of France allowed the Turkish fleet to winter at Toulon, he was not merely giving assistance to the enemies of Christ (and more to the point, of Emperor Charles V). He was dissolving a centuries old antagonism. He was allowing Asia into Europe'. 2 This certainly puts Giscard D'Estaing's statement into perspective. It looks as if 'Asia' advances into Europe in the shape of the Ottoman armies or navies. We have thus a sort of 'transportable Asia'. In a similar vein, when in 1791 the British Prime Minister William Pitt, during the OttomanRussian war of 1791, proposed sending British troops to help the Sultan against the Czar, he was reprimanded by Edmund Burke, who demanded: 'What have these worse than savages to do with the powers of Europe, but to spread war, devastation and pestilence among them? '3 Yet in the Crimean War the 'spreaders of pestilence' were to be supported in the very same theatre against the 'European' Russians. This article is an attempt to do two things. First, to put the Turkish/Ottoman relationship with Europe in a historical perspective, in a sense to respond to Giscard D'Estaing's argument from history; second to make some speculative remarks on how these might tie in with Turkey's present relations with the EU.
IFN-g Is Required for IL-12 Responsiveness in Mice with Candida albicansInfection

To elucidate the role of IFN-g in antifungal CD4 Th-dependent immunity, 129/Sv/Ev mice deficient for IFNg receptor (IFNgR) were assessed for susceptibility to gastrointestinal or systemic Candida albicansinfection and for parameters of innate and adaptive T helper immunity. IFNgR mice failed to mount protective Th1-mediated acquired immunity upon mucosal immunization or in response to a live vaccine strain of the yeast. The impaired Th1-mediated resistance correlated with defective IL-12 responsiveness, but not IL-12 production, and occurred in the presence of an increased innate antifungal resistance. The development of nonprotective Th2 responses was observed in IFNgR mice upon mucosal infection and subsequent reinfection. However, under experimental conditions of Th2 cell activation, the occurrence of Th2 cell responses was similar in IFNgR and in IFNgR mice. These results indicate the complex immunoregulatory role of IFNg in the induction of mucosal and nonmucosal anticandidal Th cell responses; IFNg is not essential for the occurrence of Th2 responses but is required for development of IL-12-dependent protective Th1-dependent immunity. The Journal of Immunology,1998, 161: 3543–3550.
Spindle checkpoint–independent inhibition of mitotic chromosome segregation by Drosophila Mps1

The conserved protein kinase Mps1 is required for the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). It is also involved in correction of erroneous attachments of kinetochores to the mitotic spindle before anaphase onset. Characterization of Drosophila Mps1 reveals yet another function: SAC-independent inhibition of sister chromatid separation.
Relationships of Organizational Justice and Organizational Identification: The Mediating Effects of Perceived Organizational Support in Hong Kong

In this study a model was developed to examine through the mediator of perceived organizational support (POS) how distributive, interpersonal and informational justice affects the extent to which employees identify with an organization. This model was tested on 159 employees of several service organizations. Results indicated that the positive effects of interpersonal justice and informational justice on organizational identification were fully mediated by POS. Unexpectedly, distributive justice was unrelated to POS, but directly linked to organizational identification. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for research on organizational justice, POS and organizational identification.
Cell movements of the deep layer of non-neural ectoderm underlie complete neural tube closure in Xenopus

In developing vertebrates, the neural tube forms from a sheet of neural ectoderm by complex cell movements and morphogenesis. Convergent extension movements and the apical constriction along with apical-basal elongation of cells in the neural ectoderm are thought to be essential for the neural tube closure (NTC) process. In addition, it is known that non-neural ectoderm also plays a crucial role in this process, as the neural tube fails to close in the absence of this tissue in chick and axolotl. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which it functions in NTC are as yet unclear. We demonstrate here that the non-neural superficial epithelium moves in the direction of tensile forces applied along the dorsal-ventral axis during NTC. We found that this force is partly attributable to the deep layer of non-neural ectoderm cells, which moved collectively towards the dorsal midline along with the superficial layer. Moreover, inhibition of this movement by deleting integrin β1 function resulted in incomplete NTC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that other proposed mechanisms, such as oriented cell division, cell rearrangement and cell-shape changes have no or only minor roles in the non-neural movement. This study is the first to demonstrate dorsally oriented deep-cell migration in non-neural ectoderm, and suggests that a global reorganization of embryo tissues is involved in NTC.
Inferencing and Truth Maintenance in RDF Schema

Contrary to earlier reports in literature, exhaustive forward inferencing is a feasible approach for practical RDF. It is sufficiently fast and the increase in necessary storage size is sufficiently small to make it work. Benefits of this approach are low-cost design and implementation, and very cheap query answering, since this task is reduced to simple lookup without inferencing. A potential problem of exhaustive forward inferencing is how to deal with statement deletion (an aspect often ignored thus far): when a statement is removed, some of its consequences may also have to be removed. The naive approach is to simply recalculate the entire deductive closure of the RDF store. A more sophisticated approach is based on truth maintenance: it tracks all deductive dependencies between statements, and uses this to determine which other statements will have to be removed as a consequence of a single deletion. This approach has the additional advantage of having deductive dependencies available for other tasks, such as business logic and change tracking. We give a detailed algorithm for such truth maintenance for RDF(S), and we compare the performance of this algorithm with that of the naive recomputation approach.
Early life stress and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to affect the transcription of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, and the co-chaperone FKBP5, in the adult rat brain

The short allelic variant of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) has been associated with the etiology of major depression by interaction with early life stress (ELS). A frequently observed endophenotype in depression is the abnormal regulation of levels of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids. It is hypothesized that altered central glucocorticoid influence on stress-related behavior and memory processes could underlie the depressogenic interaction of 5-HTTLPR and ELS. One possible mechanism could be the altered expression of the genes encoding the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR, MR) and their inhibitory regulator FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5) in stress-related forebrain areas. To test this notion, we exposed heterozygous (5-HTT+/−) and homozygous (5-HTT−/−) serotonin transporter knockout rats and their wildtype littermates (5-HTT+/+) to daily 3 h maternal separations from postnatal day 2 to 14. In the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus of the adult male offspring, we found that GR, MR, and FKBP5 mRNA levels were affected by ELS × 5-HTT genotype interaction. Specifically, 5-HTT+/+ rats exposed to ELS showed decreased GR and FKBP5 mRNA in the dorsal and ventral mPFC, respectively. In contrast, 5-HTT+/− rats showed increased MR mRNA levels in the hippocampus and 5-HTT−/− rats showed increased FKBP5 mRNA in the ventral mPFC after ELS exposure. These findings indicate that 5-HTT genotype determines the specific adaptation of GR, MR, and FKBP5 expression in response to early life adversity. Therefore, altered extra-hypothalamic glucocorticoid signaling should be considered to play a role in the depressogenic interaction of ELS and 5-HTTLPR.
Etiology and pathogenesis of Attention‐deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): significance of prematurity and perinatal hypoxic‐haemodynamic encephalopathy

Attention‐deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), defined as a disorder of awareness with impul‐sivity, has lately been characterized as a dysfunction of the striatum (neostriatum = globus pallidus + putamen). This structure is in a unique position for contextual analysis and samples information from almost the entire cortex through its spiny neurons. The etiology is heterogeneous, with genetic as well as lesional factors. Among the latter, pre‐ and perinatal events are prominent. Advances in the understanding of the role of fetal circulatory insufficiency with loss of autoregulation and systemic hypotension have drawn attention to the vulnerability of watershed regions, including the striatum. Not only circulatory facts are important for this selectivity, however. The anatomical characteristics, with convergent glutaminergic afferent synaptic transmission from almost the entire cortex contribute to the vulnerability in ischemia‐induced liberation of glutamate: The striatum becomes the victim of its virtue. Repeated hypoxic‐ischemic events are particularly common in prematurity, a fact which seems to explain the high incidence of ADHD in this patient group. The magnitude of the problem is increasing with the increased survival rate among premature infants.
An apposition‐like compound eye with a layered rhabdom in the small diving beetle Agabus japonicus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)

The fine structure of the compound eyes of the adult diving beetle Agabus japonicus is described with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The eye of A. japonicus is mango‐shaped and consists of about 985 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of a corneal facet lens, an eucone type of crystalline cone, a fused layered rhabdom with a basal rhabdomere, seven retinula cells (including six distal cells and one basal cell), two primary pigment cells and an undetermined number of secondary pigment cells that are restricted to the distalmost region of the eye. A clear‐zone, separating dioptric apparatus from photoreceptive structures, is not developed and the eye thus resembles an apposition eye. The cross‐sectional areas of the rhabdoms are relatively large indicative of enhanced light‐sensitivity. The distal and central region of the rhabdom is layered with interdigitating microvilli suggesting polarization sensitivity. According to the features mentioned above, we suggest that 1) the eye, seemingly of the apposition type, occurs in a taxon for which the clear‐zone (superposition) eye is characteristic; 2) the eye possesses adaptations to function in a dim‐light environment; 3) the eye may be sensitive to underwater polarized light or linearly water‐reflected polarized light. J. Morphol. 275:1273–1283, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are the Traits we Prefer in Potential Mates the Traits they Value in Themselves? An Analysis of Sex Differences in the Self-concept

When evaluating potential mates, men place greater importance on youth and beauty, whereas women place more importance on status and resources. Six studies tested the hypothesis that the self-concepts of men and women reflect the preferences of potential mates. Studies 1–3 showed that traits related to status were an important aspect of men's self-concepts, whereas traits related to physical attractiveness were an important aspect of women's self-concepts. Studies 4–6 found that men were more upset when derogated by rivals on traits related to status, whereas women were more upset when derogated on their physical attractiveness, suggesting that status and attractiveness are integral parts of men's and women's self-concepts respectively. The importance of the self-concept in human mating is discussed.