Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Innovation at a County House of Correction and Its Effect upon Patterns of Recidivism

outside the county’s cities, and the population characteristics clearly differ from those of a &dquo;core city&dquo; prison like Deer Island, the local-level facility for the city of Boston. The men NOTE: The research upon which this paper is based was supported by funds from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, administered through the Massachusetts Committee on Criminal Justice. The author and MCCJ are particularly grateful to Sheriff John Buckley and his staff at the Middlesex County House of Correction for both their cooperation and their patience. Pamela English conducted most of the data collection and coding and the preliminary computer analysis for MCCJ, with further assistance of Christy Yaw and John DeMott. Colleagues at MCCJ and at the Center for Criminal Justice provided helpful comments on earlier drafts. Of
Prosodic structure in phonological acquisition

This article discusses the acquisition of the prosodic characteristics of a second language in the light of the development of a target language phonological grammar. Prosodic characteristics are conventionally taken to refer to the intonation and accent patterns in a phonological system. However, nonlinear theories of phonology view the pitch and stress values of a language as defining a separate representation or component in a phonological grammar, i.e. the prosodic structure. A 'metrical' type model of prosodic structure is presented, in which the structural layers of a phonological hierarchy are characterized by the occurrence of particular contrastive (paradigmatic) features and particular phonetic (syntagmatic) effects at each unit-level. The course of acquisition of the prosodic structure of a second language is then shown to be describable in terms of the gradual development of target language values per unit-level of the hierarchy. Data from the L2 English of two L 1 Dutch speakers are examined by way of illustrating some of the claims of the model.
DisCSPs with Privacy Recast as Planning Problems for Self-Interested Agents

Much of the Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problem (DisCSP) solving research has addressed cooperating agents, and privacy was frequently mentioned as a significant motivation of the decentralization. While privacy may have a role for cooperating agents, it is easier understood in the context of self-interested utility-based agents, and this is the situation considered here. With utility-based agents, the DisCSP framework can be extended to model privacy and satisfaction under the concept of utility. We introduce Utilitarian Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problems (UDisCSP), an extension of the DisCSP that exploits the rewards for finding a solution and the costs for losing privacy as guidance for the utility-based agents. A parallel can be drawn between Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) and the problems solved by individual agents for UDisCSPs. Common DisCSP solvers are extended to take into account the utility function. In these extensions we assume that the planning problem is further restricting the set of communication actions to only the ones available in the corresponding solver protocols. The solvers obtained propose the action to be performed in each situation, defining thereby the policy of the agents.
Use of IRF-3 and/or IRF-7 Knockout Mice To Study Viral Pathogenesis: Lessons from a Murine Retrovirus-Induced AIDS Model

ABSTRACT Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) regulation of the type I interferon response has not been extensively explored in murine retroviral infections. IRF-3−/− and select IRF-3/7−/− mice were resistant to LP-BM5-induced pathogenesis. However, further analyses strongly suggested that resistance could be attributed to strain 129-specific contamination of the known retrovirus resistance gene Fv1. Therefore, caution should be taken when interpreting phenotypes observed in these knockout mice, as strain 129-derived genetic polymorphisms may explain observed differences.
Black Dialect Phonology and Work Recognition

AbstractThis study examined the hypothesis that black children can read words that are closer to their black dialect pronunciation better than words that are further away. This hypothesis was tested by examining black children’s reading of homophones in black dialect, e.g,, "cold"- "coal," "dold"-"doal," "missed"-"miss," etc. It was predicted that the second member in each pair would be easier to read than the first member because it is closer to black dialect phonology. Seventy-six 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grade black children read real and nonsense lists of homophones. A multivariate and univariate analysis of variance of the differences between the closer and further homophones failed to support the prediction.
Resonant Raman scattering in cubic and hexagonal boron nitride

We measured first- and second-order Raman scattering in cubic and hexagonal boron nitride using excitation energies in the visible and in the UV. The nonresonant first-order Raman susceptibilities for cubic and hexagonal BN are 1 and $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$, respectively. Raman scattering is thus very powerful in detecting the hexagonal phase in mixed thin boron nitride films. In cubic BN the constant Raman sucseptibility in the visible and the UV is due to its indirect band gap. For hexagonal BN a Raman enhancement is found at $5.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. It is well explained by the energy dependence of the dielectric function of hexagonal BN. The second-order spectrum of cubic boron nitride is in excellent agreement with first-principles calculations of the phonon density of states. In hexagonal BN the overbending of the LO phonon is $\ensuremath{\approx}100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, five times larger than in graphite.
Variation in Citational Practice in a Corpus of Student Biology Papers

This is a corpus-based study of a key aspect of academic writing in one discipline (biology) by final-year undergraduates and first-, second-, and third-year graduate students. The papers come from the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers, a freely available electronic database. The principal aim of the study is to examine the extent of variation in citation practice in the biology subcorpus. To that end, it explores citation practices from a number of perspectives, including the distribution of integral versus parenthetical citations, the choice of reporting verbs, the effect of citing system, and the occurrence of selected features such as the use of citees’ first names. Results show little difference between the undergraduate and graduate papers, some effect of the citing system, and a somewhat richer intertextuality in the “evolutionary” as opposed to the “molecular” biology papers. Overall, this is an impressive body of student work from the viewpoint of textual variation in citation practice, but it should be remembered that the corpus consists of only “A” papers from a flagship research university.
ADHD symptoms and peer relations of children in a community sample: Examining associated problems, self-perceptions, and gender differences

This study examined children's peer relations in relation to gender, symptoms of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), associated behaviour problems, prosociality, and self-perceptions, in a community sample. Six hundred and thirty-five 12-year-old children (314 girls) provided peer nominations and rated feelings of loneliness and self-perceptions regarding global self-worth and behavioural conduct. We obtained teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms, conduct and internalising problems, and prosociality. ADHD symptoms, conduct problems, internalising problems, and low levels of prosociality were all related to higher levels of peer dislike. Despite ADHD symptoms being related to more peer dislike, children with high levels of ADHD symptoms did not report more feelings of loneliness. The self-perceptions of children with high levels of ADHD were not related to peer dislike. Although high levels of ADHD symptoms were not related to peer dislike in girls, peers tolerated higher levels of ADHD symptoms among boys than among girls, providing support for the “gender appropriateness hypothesis” regarding the impact and influence of ADHD symptomatology upon the peer relations of children within a community sample.
SOLpro: accurate sequence-based prediction of protein solubility

MOTIVATION Protein insolubility is a major obstacle for many experimental studies. A sequence-based prediction method able to accurately predict the propensity of a protein to be soluble on overexpression could be used, for instance, to prioritize targets in large-scale proteomics projects and to identify mutations likely to increase the solubility of insoluble proteins. RESULTS Here, we first curate a large, non-redundant and balanced training set of more than 17 000 proteins. Next, we extract and study 23 groups of features computed directly or predicted (e.g. secondary structure) from the primary sequence. The data and the features are used to train a two-stage support vector machine (SVM) architecture. The resulting predictor, SOLpro, is compared directly with existing methods and shows significant improvement according to standard evaluation metrics, with an overall accuracy of over 74% estimated using multiple runs of 10-fold cross-validation.
Changes in the Immunolocalization of Steroidogenic Enzymes and the Androgen Receptor in Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Testes in Association with the Seasons and Spermatogenesis

The raccoon is a seasonal breeder with a mating season in the winter. In a previous study, adult male raccoons exhibited active spermatogenesis with high plasma testosterone concentrations, in the winter mating season. Maintenance of spermatogenesis generally requires high testosterone, which is produced by steroidogenic enzymes. However, even in the summer non-mating season, some males produce spermatozoa actively despite low plasma testosterone concentrations. To identify the factors that regulate testosterone production and contribute to differences in spermatogenetic activity in the summer non-mating season, morphological, histological and endocrinological changes in the testes of wild male raccoons should be known. In this study, to assess changes in the biosynthesis, metabolism and reactivity of testosterone, the localization and immunohistochemical staining intensity of four steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc, P450c17, 3βHSD, P450arom) and the androgen receptor (AR) were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. P450scc and P450c17 were detected in testicular tissue throughout the year. Seasonal changes in testosterone concentration were correlated with 3βHSD expression, suggesting that 3βHSD may be important in regulating the seasonality of testosterone production in raccoon testes. Immunostaining of P450arom and AR was detected in testicular tissues that exhibited active spermatogenesis in the summer, while staining was scarce in aspermatogenic testes. This suggests that spermatogenesis in the raccoon testis might be maintained by some mechanism that regulates P450arom expression in synthesizing estradiol and AR expression in controlling reactivity to testosterone.
Impact of violent video games on the social behaviors of adolescents: The mediating role of emotional competence

Recently, research studies and media have reported on the detrimental effects violent video games have on the social behaviors of adolescents. For example, previous studies have found that playing video games is positively associated with aggressive behaviors and negatively associated with prosocial behaviors. However, very few studies have examined the mediating effects of personal characteristics between students playing video games and their social behaviors. Thus, using a sample of 1,242 seventh, eighth, and ninth grade Korean students, the authors aimed to determine how playing video games is related to aggressive and prosocial behaviors and whether the emotional competencies of adolescents, such as empathy, emotional regulation, and behavioral self-control, mediate this relationship. The results indicated that violent video games have a significant direct effect on aggressive behaviors, and a significant indirect effect on prosocial behaviors. Specifically, empathy and behavioral self-control were found to mediate the relation between playing violent video games and prosocial behaviors. These results suggest different prevention and intervention approaches to reduce aggressive behaviors and increase prosocial behaviors in students exposed to violent video games. The limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of Community, School, and Student Factors on School-Based Weapon Carrying

Extant research has theorized that community conditions affect the level of student violence in and around schools, yet few studies have tested this proposition directly. This research does so by assessing whether social conditions in a school's attendance area affect the likelihood of students bringing weapons to school. Current results indicate that the level of economic disadvantage, residential mobility, and violent crime in a school's attendance area are unrelated to student-level weapon carrying. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Assessing the impact of a wildlife education program on Japanese attitudes and behavioral intentions

Human–wildlife conflicts are common in agricultural communities and mountainous villages in Japan. Tochigi prefecture has one of the highest amounts of agricultural damage caused by wildlife in the country. To reduce conflicts, the Nature Preservation Division of Tochigi Prefecture launched a wildlife damage prevention program. We evaluated the effects of this program on residents’ attitudes and behavioral intentions by comparing a model district receiving the treatment program to a nearby control district. We conducted a survey of all households registered either in the residential organization or telephone book in each district (n = 423), with a 46% response rate. The model district did not differ from the control except for greater perceived behavioral control regarding wildlife damage among residents in the model district (F = 3.83, df = 1, p = 0.05). An unanticipated outcome was the development of a community-based wildlife group in the model district. In both model and control districts, subjective norm (perceived social pressure to engage or not to engage in a behavior) was the strongest predictor of behavioral intentions, unlike results of studies conducted in the US.
Predictors of Cigarette Smoking among Young Adults in Mangalore, India.

BACKGROUND The tobacco epidemic is a heralding health menace, particularly among college students. Tobacco usage among young can have an especially devastating effect as they can be exposed for longer periods. Data to estimate the prevalence of tobacco use in young adults will be a valuable addition to the existing resources. MATERIALS AND METHODS An analytical cross-sectional study was therefore carried out in Mangalore city using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire adapted from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) with a representative sample of 720 students aged 18-20 years selected from degree colleges by multi-stage random sampling. RESULTS Prevalence of 'ever users' and 'current users' of smoking were 20.4% and 11.4%, respectively. The mean age at initiation of cigarette smoking was 16 years and the majority (31 %) smoked in public places. Interestingly, 84% of them knew about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking. About one half of smokers had some or most of their friends smoking. Multivariate analysis revealed gender (OR=8.585: CI-3.26-22.5), pocket money (OR=4.165; CI=1.76-9.82) and peer's smoking habit (OR= 5.15; CI-2.21-11.9) have higher odds as correlates of tobacco usage among college students. CONCLUSIONS It is of prime importance to highlight the role of prevention of smoking initiation rather than subsequently trying to stop the habit. Comprehensive interventions embracing family, friends and social milieu are needed to reduce tobacco use among students in India.
Support for the death penalty: Chinese and American college students compared

While a substantial number of studies have examined public opinion on the death penalty in the USA, very little research effort has been devoted to assessing Chinese attitudes toward the death penalty in general or comparing Chinese and American attitudes in particular. Using survey data collected from college students in several universities, this study compares and contrasts Chinese and American attitudes toward the death penalty and identifies factors that have similar or distinctive effects on such attitudes. The results indicate that Chinese students display a higher level of support for capital punishment than their US counterparts. Gender, victimization, and criminal justice-oriented concerns significantly shape both Chinese and American students’ attitudes toward the death penalty. Country differences are also identified, with fear of crime influencing Chinese but not American students’ support for the death penalty and crime control orientation affecting American but not Chinese support for the ultimate punishment. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Ordering of information in conditional reasoning

Two experiments are reported in which participants are asked to evaluate computer-presented conditional syllogisms consisting of a major premise (conditional rule), a minor premise and a conclusion. As an example the modus tollens inference with an affirmative conditional has the form if p then q, not-q therefore not-p. In these experiments, participants were asked to judge the validity of four types of conditional syllogisms with four types of conditional rule in which the presence and absence of negated components was varied. In Expt 1, half of the participants received problems with the conclusion presented prior to the premises, and half in the usual order. Experiment 2 combined this variable with a second: standard or reversed order of major and minor premises. Both manipulations substantially reduced the effects of the negative conclusion bias which is typically observed in this paradigm. The findings are discussed with respect to the debate between mental models and mental logic accounts of conditional inference.
A Diverse Employee in a Changing Workplace

This paper attempts to identify some of the key variables that can impinge on employee interaction adjustment in a diverse workforce. For the sake of convenience, these variables are categorized as primary, secondary and mediat ing variables. Primary variables are the major characteristics of an employee that distinguish him/her from other members of the organization. They pertain to characteristics which cannot be easily changed or manipulated (e.g. disabil ity, culture, race, gender). Secondary variables encompass other aspects of an employee's background that can also help in defining his/her 'identity' in the eyes of the members of the organization (e.g. intonation) and his/her psycholo gical disposition (e.g. cognition, personality). The effect of primary and sec ondary variables on a diverse employee's interaction adjustment is mediated by situational factors (e.g. the intensity and frequency of the dominant group's attitudes), interaction strategies and organizational factors (e.g. policy on diversity).
The expression of the HSP90 gene in response to winter and summer diapauses and thermal‐stress in the onion maggot, Delia antiqua

The full‐length Hsp90 cDNA in Delia antiqua was cloned and sequenced. The deduced polypeptide comprised 717 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass of 82 140 Da. Summer‐ and winter‐diapauses both elevated HSP90 transcript levels in D. antiqua pupae. Levels gradually increased with time in summer diapausing pupae whereas levels fluctuated in winter diapausing pupae. Cold‐ and heat‐stressing summer‐ and winter‐diapausing individuals further elevated HSP90 expression. mRNA levels gradually increased with time in summer diapausing pupae whereas levels decreased with time after an initial increase in winter diapausing pupae. HSP90 expression was also up‐regulated following cold‐ and heat‐stresses in non‐diapausing pupae. Heat‐stress gradually increased the mRNA level with time whereas cold‐stress gradually decreased levels after an initial increase. These results suggest that the development and physiology of summer‐ and winter‐diapauses, as monitored via variation in HSP90 transcript levels, can be substantial different.
Coping With Identity Threat: The Role of Religious Orientation and Implications for Emotions and Action Intentions

Religiosity is typically related to positive outcomes following distress, yet it remains unclear how religiosity may alter responses when one’s religious identity itself is challenged. The present investigation examined the role of appraisal-coping processes in the relations between religious orientations, emotions, and action intentions following identity threat. Study 1 (N 63) assessed associations with religious orientations (intrinsic and extrinsic) following a threat targeting one’s religion. Although both orientations evoked a broad array of responses, those related to an intrinsic orientation were stronger and included more negative reactions (e.g., sadness, confrontation). Study 2 (N 59) evaluated the impact of a nonreligious identity threat, which elicited only adaptive responses (i.e., problemfocused coping, support seeking) that were associated with an intrinsic orientation. Appraisal-coping processes mediated relations between religiosity and responses to an identity threat in both studies but were most evident following religious threat. Taken together, these findings suggest that whereas an extrinsic religious orientation may function as a social identity in response to religious threats, the positive effects of an intrinsic religious orientation appear to be undermined by threats targeting the social group and belief system therein.
Impact of displacement on the psychological well-being of refugee children

The war-related stress had a negative impact on the psychological well-being of all children in Croatia, but displaced and refugee children were especially affected. Although refugee children showed impressive resilience, particular attention should be devoted to children who had traumatic experiences immediately prior to displacement. These children either lived without their parents or with parents who had poor coping abilities while displaced; lived in families that had accumulated several stressful experiences; or were housed in large collective refugee centers. The children that had poorer coping capacities and lacked a supportive family environment displayed high levels of stress-related symptomatology throughout the entire refugee period, being at special risk for the development of further psychological difficulties. The findings reported in this study are the result of a five-year follow-up of the same group of refugee children. Data about children's coping abilities with displacement were obtain.