Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abduction Compared with Negation by Failure

Horn clause logic programming can be extended to include abduction with integrity constraints. In the resulting extension of logic programming, negation by failure can be simulated by making negative conditions abducible and by imposing appropriate denials and disjunctions as integrity constraints. This gives an alternative semantics for negation by failure, which generalises the stable model semantics of negation by failure. The abductive extension of logic programming extends negation by failure in three ways: (1) computation can be perfonned in alternative minimal models, (2) positive as well as negative conditions can be made abducible, and (3) other integrity constraints can also be accommodated. * This paper was written while the first author was at Imperial College. 235 Introduction The tenn "abduction" was introduced by the philosopher Charles Peirce [1931] to refer to a particular kind of hypothetical reasoning. In the simplest case, it has the fonn: From A and A fB infer B as a possible "explanation" of A. Abduction has been given prominence in Charniak and McDennot's [1985] "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence", where it has been applied to expert systems and story comprehension. Independently, several authors have developed deductive techniques to drive the generation of abductive hypotheses. Cox and Pietrzykowski [1986] construct hypotheses from the "dead ends" of linear resolution proofs. Finger and Genesereth [1985] generate "deductive solutions to design problems" using the "residue" left behind in resolution proofs. Poole, Goebel and Aleliunas [1987] also use linear resolution to generate hypotheses. All impose the restriction that hypotheses should be consistent with the "knowledge base". Abduction is a fonn of non-monotonic reasoning, because hypotheses which are consistent with one state of a knowledge base may become inconSistent when new knowledge is added. Poole [1988] argues that abduction is preferable to noh-monotonic logics for default reasoning. In this view, defaults are hypotheses fonnulated within classical logic rather than conclusions derived withln some fonn of non-monotonic logic. The similarity between abduction and default reasoning was also pointed out in [Kowalski, 1979]. In this paper we show how abduction can be integrated with logic programming, and we concentrate on the use of abduction to generalise negation by failure. Conditional Answers Compared with Abduction In the simplest case, a logic program consists of a set of Horn Clauses, which are used backward to_reduce goals to sub goals. The initial goal is solved when there are no subgollls left;
The effect of exposure time and development time on photoresist thin film in Micro/Nano structure formation

Precise transfer of pattern means guarantee in high repeatability and reliability, high throughput and low cost of ownership. By improving this resolution and alignment precision the minimum size can be further reduced to 1nm and beyond. The other important aspect of achieving minimum precised size is the photo resist must be very sensitive to the exposure light to achieve reasonable throughput. However, if the sensitivity is too high, other photoresist characteristics can be affected, including the resolution. Thus, the paper present a preliminary study on fundamentals of resist exposure and development mechanisms for fabrication of Micro- Nanowire formation, We demonstrated significance of considering process parameters such as quality of resist, soft bake, exposure time and intensity, and development time.
Job Interview Communication Behaviors of Graduating Seniors

This study investigated job interview communication behaviors of graduating seniors. For the first time ever, it is possible to have four generations of people working together (Thompson, 2011). Previous research needs to be updated with these generational gaps taken into consideration. Information was gathered qualitatively from recruiters regarding appropriate communication behaviors. Perceptions of the workforce are provided by socialization sources. This study attempted to reveal if these socialization sources provided accurate or inaccurate information about the workforce. Analysis and data revealed that expectancy violations are related to graduating senior’s behaviors being deemed as inappropriate and thus the candidate is not hired. These results support the usefulness of expectancy violations theory as an explanation for hiring other generations more often. Multigenerational issues are also present in the study as a possible reason for candidates’ behaviors being deemed as inappropriate.
Mindfulness: A Long-Term Solution for Mindless Eating by College Students

The authors draw from psychology, neuroscience, and consumer behavior to explain how mindfulness as a trait and practice affects people's cognitive processing and behavior. An exploratory study examines how mindfulness practices could be applied to the marketing and public policy issue of mindless eating habits of college students. The authors present a mindfulness scale adapted from clinical psychology and use it to measure levels of students' mindfulness traits and their relationship both to mindless eating habits and to self-reported levels of stress. They repeat the same study with a group of students who had been practicing mindfulness. The findings show that mindfulness is negatively related to overeating and skipping meals. Furthermore, incidence of engaging in poor eating habits is lower for students who practice mindfulness. The authors outline a direction for future scholarship that incorporates mindfulness to address marketing and public policy issues in the domain of eating behaviors.
Acute Stress and Chronic Stress Change Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Tyrosine Kinase-Coupled Receptor (TrkB) Expression in Both Young and Aged Rat Hippocampus

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic change of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA, protein, and tyrosine kinase-coupled receptor (TrkB) mRNA of the rat hippocampus under different stress conditions and to explore the influence of senescence on the productions expression. Materials and Methods By using forced-swimming in 4℃ cold ice water and 25℃ warm water, young and aged male rats were randomly divided into acute stress (AS) and chronic mild repeated stress (CMRS) subgroups, respectively. BDNF productions and TrkB mRNA in the hippocampus were detected by using Western-blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), separately, at 15, 30, 60, 180, and 720 min after the last stress session. Results The short AS induced a significant increase in BDNF mRNA and protein in both age groups, but the changes in the young group were substantially greater than those of the aged group (p < 0.005). The CMRS resulted in a decrease in BDNF mRNA and protein, but a significant increase in TrkB mRNA in both young and age groups. The expression of BDNF mRNA and protein in the AS groups were higher than in the CMRS groups at 15, 30, and 60 min after stress. Conclusion The results indicated that the up/down-regulation of BDNF and TrkB were affected by aging and the stimulus paradigm, which might reflect important mechanisms by which the hippocampus copes with stressful stimuli.
SECTOR-LEVEL DYNAMICS AND COLLECTIVE ACTION IN THE

*To explain varying levels of collective action by social movement organizations in the United States operating during the height of the 1960s protest cycle, this article examines social movement sector-level dynamics alongside indicators of resources and political opportunities. Drawing on hypotheses from neoinstitutional, organizational ecology, and embeddedness perspectives, the paper emphasizes the importance of understanding the sector-level dynamics of legitimacy, competition, and embeddedness when explaining levels of collective action. Results show strong support for neoinstitutional, organizational ecology, and embeddedness theories, but more mixed support for arguments about how political opportunities and resources affect levels of collective action by social movement organizations. Most scholars of social movements would agree that, until recently, questions about the emergence of, and fluctuation in, movement activity have dominated the field of empirical inquiry since at least the 1970s (Wilson 1973; Marx and McAdam 1994; McCarthy, McAdam, and Zald 1996). Much of the recent work in this area focuses on developing and testing hypotheses associated with two leading perspectives: political opportunity structure (POS) and resource mobilization (RM). From this important body of research, we have learned that, in most cases, social movement organizations (SMOs) require resources to mobilize collective action. While there are quibbles about the relative impact of various types of resources on SMO activity, most scholars agree that without some base level of resources, movement mobilization will be limited. Moreover, while the empirical findings have been more mixed, we know that external political conditions embodied in the POS concept can also affect levels of social movement activity. As many have noted, social movement research that has yielded these important insights has been dominated by case studies of one (or a small number of) movement. We believe that this focus on particular movement issues (such as civil rights, nationalism, the environment, and peace) has led scholars to largely neglect dynamics that transcend the boundaries of social movements. Of those who have attempted to better understand intermovement dynamics (Meyer and Whittier 1994; Minkoff 1995, 1997, 1999), there is a tendency to examine only a limited number of social movements. Our interest in intermovement dynamics led us to revisit McCarthy and Zald’s (1977) conceptualization of the social movement sector (SMS), which is defined as all active social movement organizations associated with all social movements in a particular location and time period. Rather than drawing the analytical boundary around some issue or movement, the SMS is bounded by action forms; that is, all organizations in the SMS—be they churches,
Use of test score and interview data in a comparative case study of the influence of donated English language books upon reading fluency and comprehension scores for Tanzanian secondary school students.

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. August 2009. Major: Education, Work/Community/Family Education. Advisors: Richard Joerger and Roland Peterson. 1 computer file (PDF); xii, 197 pages, appendices A-N + 2 computer files (JPG); 2 charts, filenames Boxes and languageproficiency.
Entrepreneurial strategies in leveraging food as a tourist resource: a cross-regional analysis in Italy

When local food is resourced by restaurants that establish good relationships with other local stakeholders, this can enhance local food production, shape the place identity and image of a destination. While some of these aspects are beginning to receive scholarly attention, there is still too little research that examines the attitude of restaurants toward using and marketing local food as a way of promoting local identity and reinforcing the competitiveness of a destination. This is particularly the case in Italy where, to our best knowledge, there have been no studies published on this topic. This study aims at investigating to what extent restaurant managers are leveraging on local and typical food and what are the main barriers or constraints that, in their view, do not allow them to exploit fully local/typical food products as a positive means of attracting tourists or indeed make the most of opportunities to network with other local stakeholders. To achieve this, the present study draws on quantitative research carried out on a sample of restaurants selected in two Italian regions (Molise and Sardinia). Findings identify key variables in the relationship between local gastronomy, restaurants and the competitiveness of the destination.
M-invariance: towards privacy preserving re-publication of dynamic datasets

The previous literature of privacy preserving data publication has focused on performing "one-time" releases. Specifically, none of the existing solutions supports re-publication of the microdata, after it has been updated with insertions and deletions. This is a serious drawback, because currently a publisher cannot provide researchers with the most recent dataset continuously. This paper remedies the drawback. First, we reveal the characteristics of the re-publication problem that invalidate the conventional approaches leveraging k-anonymity and l-diversity. Based on rigorous theoretical analysis, we develop a new generalization principle m-invariance that effectively limits the risk of privacy disclosure in re-publication. We accompany the principle with an algorithm, which computes privacy-guarded relations that permit retrieval of accurate aggregate information about the original microdata. Our theoretical results are confirmed by extensive experiments with real data.
Rethinking Reliability after Students Evaluate a Facebook page about Health Care in Singapore

0 0 1 155 890 Indiana University 7 2 1043 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;} This article considers what happened when a group of secondary level Social Studies students in Singapore evaluated the reliability of an opposition politician’s Facebook page on affordable healthcare. The students in the study found the politician’s Facebook page to be unreliable because of its purpose, motive, or agenda. Findings suggest that even though students were aware of certain factors used to determine source reliability – provenance, purpose, source content, cross-referencing – they seemed unsure about how these factors might be weighed and used together to determine the extent to which the source was reliable. This study illustrates the need for a more comprehensive conceptual understanding of reliability, especially when working with complex sources (e.g., Facebook pages) and complex topics, such as healthcare. The authors outline what this conceptual understanding entails and offer suggestions for promoting discussion among students and teachers in order to help cultivate a conceptual understanding of reliability.
Endothelial Function and Insulin Resistance in Early Postmenopausal Women with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Importance of ESR1 and NOS3 Polymorphisms

Cardiovascular benefits from estradiol activation of nitric oxide endothelial production may depend on vascular wall and on estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) polymorphisms. We have evaluated the microcirculation in vivo through nailfold videocapillaroscopy, before and after acute nasal estradiol administration at baseline and after increased sheer stress (postocclusive reactive hyperemia response) in 100 postmenopausal women, being 70 controls (healthy) and 30 simultaneously hypertensive and diabetic (HD), correlating their responses to PvuII and XbaI ESR1 polymorphisms and to VNTR, T-786C and G894T NOS3 variants. In HD women, C variant allele of ESR1 Pvull was associated to higher vasodilatation after estradiol (1.72 vs 1.64 mm/s, p = 0.01 compared to TT homozygotes) while G894T and T-786C NOS3 polymorphisms were connected to lower increment after shear stress (15% among wild type and 10% among variant alleles, p = 0.02 and 0.04). The G variant allele of ESR1 XbaI polymorphism was associated to higher HOMA-IR (3.54 vs. 1.64, p = 0.01) in HD and higher glucose levels in healthy women (91.8 vs. 87.1 mg/dl, p = 0.01), in which increased waist and HOMA-IR were also related to the G allele in NOS3 G894T (waist 93.5 vs 88.2 cm, p = 0.02; HOMA-IR 2.89 vs 1.48, p = 0.05). ESR1 Pvull, NOS3 G894T and T-786C polymorphism analysis may be considered in HD postmenopausal women for endothelial response prediction following estrogen therapy but were not discriminatory for endothelial response in healthy women. ESR1 XbaI and G894T NOS3 polymorphisms may be useful in accessing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risks in all women, even before menopause and occurrence of metabolic disease.
Short paper: PEPSI---privacy-enhanced participatory sensing infrastructure

Participatory Sensing combines the ubiquity of mobile phones with the sensing capabilities of Wireless Sensor Networks. It targets the pervasive collection of information, e.g., temperature, traffic conditions, or medical data. Users produce measurements from their mobile devices, thus, a number of privacy concerns -- due to the personal information conveyed by reports -- may hinder the large-scale deployment of participatory sensing applications. Prior work has attempted to protect privacy in participatory sensing, but it relied on unrealistic assumptions and achieved no provably-secure guarantees. In this paper, we introduce PEPSI: Privacy-Enhanced Participatory Sensing Infrastructure. We explore realistic architectural assumptions and a minimal set of formal requirements aiming at protecting privacy of both data producers and consumers. We also present an instantiation that attains privacy guarantees with provable security at very low additional computational cost and almost no extra communication overhead. Finally, we highlight some problems that call for further research in this developing area.
Formation of the LuxR protein in the Vibrio fischeri lux system is controlled by HtpR through the GroESL proteins

The transcription of the luminescence (lux) system of Vibrio fischeri is regulated by the LuxR protein and an autoinducer. We previously showed that apart from these regulatory elements, the transcription of the lux system is negatively controlled by the LexA protein and positively controlled by the HtpR protein (sigma 32). This study was conducted in order to elucidate the mode of action of the HtpR protein. Using luxR-lacZ fused genes, we showed that the HtpR protein is essential for the maximum expression of beta-galactosidase activity in Escherichia coli lac mutant cells. Using this construct, we also demonstrated that luxR is preferentially expressed toward the end of the logarithmic phase of growth. Starvation and addition of ethanol significantly advanced the appearance of beta-galactosidase activity in htpR+ cells. The luminescence system of E. coli htpR+ cells harboring the pChv1 plasmid with a deletion in the luxI gene is induced in the presence of low and constant concentrations (150 pg/ml) of the inducer only at a late stage of the logarithmic phase of growth. When the cellular LuxR content is reduced, following 23 generations of exponential growth in Luria broth, a mid-log-phase culture does not respond to the inducer (150 pg/ml). On the basis of the above observations we suggest that the HtpR protein controls the formation of V. fischeri LuxR protein. Preliminary findings indicate that the HtpR protein acts through the chaperonins GroESL. E. coli htpR/pChv1 cells retained their full level of in vivo and in vitro luciferase activities in the presence of multiple copies of groESL genes. The possibility that GroESL proteins stabilize the native form of LuxR protein is discussed.
The Role of Cognitive and Affective Conflict in Early Implementation of Activity‐Based Cost Management

Activity‐based cost management (ABCM) can provide improved information for strategic decisions such as product planning and cost management. While ABCM has been increasingly adopted there is evidence that, for some organizations, promised gains have not eventuated. It appears that the main difficulties in adopting ABCM derive from implementation issues rather than the technical design of the systems. This study examines the role of conflict in ABCM implementation. It is argued that attention to ABCM behavioral implementation enhances cognitive conflict that is then associated with successful ABCM applications, specifically the usefulness of ABCM for product planning and cost management. Lack of attention to these factors generates affective conflict that is associated with less successful applications. Results of an empirical study of 56 managers indicated that cognitive conflict intervenes between ABCM behavioral implementation factors and beneficial outcomes. However, while there were significant negati.
Power can increase stereotyping: evidence from managers and subordinates in the hotel industry

Previous research indicates that power increases attention to stereotype-consistent information. The ecological validity of this hypothesis was tested in managers and subordinates in the hotel industry. Participants were presented with stereotype-consistent and stereotype-inconsistent information about an ingroup or outgroup target, and their task was to judge the suitability of the target for a job that was either consistent or inconsistent with the stereotype. Subordinates attended more to individuating information and paid overall more attention to social information than managers. In addition, the managers’ judgments of the suitability of the outgroup target were dependent on the stereotype consistency of the job, whereas the subordinates’ judgments were not. These findings are consistent with experimental research and shed light on the conditions that promote stereotyping and discrimination.
Human Dendritic Cells Are Superior to B Cells at Presenting a Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Restricted Heterologous Antigen Expressed on Recombinant Streptococcus gordonii

ABSTRACT Bacteria are being actively investigated as vaccine carriers for inducing or boosting protective immune responses. In this study, human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and normal B cells were compared for their capacity to present the C fragment of tetanus toxin (TTFC), expressed on the surface of recombinant Streptococcus gordonii, to specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. DCs were more efficient than B cells at presenting soluble TTFC and remarkably more capable of presenting bacterium-associated TTFC both in terms of the amount of antigen required to obtain a given T-cell response and on a per-cell basis. This difference was associated with a much lower capacity of B cells to endocytose soluble TTFC and phagocytose recombinant S. gordonii. In addition, S. gordonii induced the phenotypic maturation of DCs but not of B cells. The results thus indicate that DCs but not B cells play a crucial role in the amplification of class II-restricted immune responses induced by immunization with recombinant gram-positive bacteria.