Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two distinct deleted regions on the short arm of chromosome I in neuroblastoma

The short arm of chromosome Ip is the most frequently altered chromosome segment in neuroblastoma. The alterations, mainly deletions, are thought to be indicative of the presence of a tumor suppressor gene. To further refine the chromosome localization of this gene, we have studied paired constitutional and tumor DNA from a series of 60 patients with neuroblastoma at 2 minisatellite and 23 microsatellite loci dispersed along the short arm of chromosome I. Twenty‐two cases (37%) demonstrated loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at one or more loci on 1p. Surprisingly, the pattern of LOH enabled the identification of two distinct consensus regions of deletions. In agreement with previous reports, one region mapped to the distal short arm of chromosome 1. The other region was localized more proximally on 1p. Deletions observed in tumors involve either one or both of these regions. We show that the correlation between NMYC amplification and 1p deletion is limited to the deletions which involve the proximal region either alone or together with the distal region. These results suggest that two tumor suppressor genes on lp might be involved in the development of neuroblastoma. Finally, we show that somatic mutations at microsatellite loci, frequently observed in other types of cancer, are rare events in neuroblastoma. Genes Chromosom Cancer 10:275–281 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Role of Organizational Social Capital in Performance Management

ABSTRACT This article introduces the concept of organizational social capital and connects it to research on performance management, providing a conceptual definition and discussing related measurement issues. The article theorizes that structural (“social interaction”), relational (“trust”), and cognitive (“common goals”) organizational social capital foster the use of performance information and thereby relates social capital to an outcome variable that has recently received much attention in research on performance management reforms. The article bridges performance management studies to the broader organizational science literature, pointing out a gap in prior work and setting the stage for further research.
HrzicN, a new Zic family gene of ascidians, plays essential roles in the neural tube and notochord development

Two axial structures, a neural tube and a notochord, are key structures in the chordate body plan and in understanding the origin of chordates. To expand our knowledge on mechanisms of development of the neural tube in lower chordates, we have undertaken isolation and characterization of HrzicN, a new member of the Zic family gene of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. HrzicN expression was detected by whole-mount in situ hybridization in all neural tube precursors, all notochord precursors, anterior mesenchyme precursors and a part of the primary muscle precursors. Expression of HrzicN in a- and b-line neural tube precursors was detected from early gastrula stage to the neural plate stage, while expression in other lineages was observed between the 32-cell and the 110-cell stages. HrzicN function was investigated by disturbing translation using a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide. Embryos injected with HrzicN morpholino (`HrzicN knockdown embryos') exhibited failure of neurulation and tail elongation, and developed into larvae without a neural tube and notochord. Analysis of neural marker gene expression in HrzicN knockdown embryos revealed that HrzicN plays critical roles in distinct steps of neural tube formation in the a-line- and A-line precursors. In particular HrzicN is required for early specification of the neural tube fate in A-line precursors. Involvement of HrzicN in the neural tube development was also suggested by an overexpression experiment. However, analysis of mesodermal marker gene expression in HrzicN knockdown embryos revealed unexpected roles of this gene in the development of mesodermal tissues. HrzicN knockdown led to loss of HrBra (Halocynthia roretzi Brachyury) expression in all of the notochord precursors, which may be the cause for notochord deficiency. Hrsna (Halocynthia roretzi snail) expression was also lost from all the notochord and anterior mesenchyme precurosrs. By contrast, expression of Hrsna and the actin gene was unchanged in the primary muscle precursors. These results suggest that HrzicN is responsible for specification of the notochord and anterior mesenchyme. Finally, regulation of HrzicN expression by FGF-like signaling was investigated, which has been shown to be involved in induction of the a- and b-line neural tube, the notochord and the mesenchyme cells in Halocynthia embryos. Using an inhibitor of FGF-like signaling, we showed that HrzicN expression in the a- and b-line neural tube, but not in the A-line lineage and mesodermal lineage, depends on FGF-like signaling. Based on these data, we discussed roles of HrzicN as a key gene in the development of the neural tube and the notochord.
An Empirical Study of Political Bias in Legal Scholarship

Law professors routinely accuse each other of making politically biased arguments in their scholarship. They have also helped produce a large empirical literature on judicial behavior that finds that judicial opinions sometimes reflect the ideological biases of the judges who join them. Yet no one has used statistical methods to test the parallel hypothesis that legal scholarship reflects the political biases of law professors. This paper provides the results of such a test. We find that, at a statistically significant level, law professors at elite law schools who make donations to Democratic political candidates write liberal scholarship and law professors who make donations to Republican political candidates write conservative scholarship. These findings raise questions about standards of objectivity in legal scholarship.
The recollection of affect

SYNOPSIS A group of psychiatric in-patients significantly over-estimated the intensity of their depression when asked to recollect how depressed they had been one week earlier. The initial level of depression affected the accuracy of recall. Unexpectedly, patients who were more depressed initially had more accurate recall, particularly for biological and symptomatically negative items of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.
Left atrial appendage closure to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a call for the heart team approach.

With great interest we read the EHRA/EAPCI expert consensus statement on catheter-based left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion.1 It is important to emphasize that the seminal efforts to address the LAA originate from open-heart surgery, specifically Madden's seminal report on surgical LAA amputation in 1949, which has driven innovation and the development of less invasive catheter-based approaches to achieve LAA closure. Current data have led to early clinical adoption of this seemingly attractive therapy. In this regard, the incorporation of surgically applied epicardial closure devices may offer …
On Social Psychology and Conflict

Much of the substance of conflict falls under the domain of social psychology, and previous research has made great progress in understanding the processes that underlie intergroup relations. Several high-status researchers have argued for the necessity of social psychological research to augment and inform other theories of violent conflict, mainly those used by political scientists and International Relations analysts (see, for example, Kelman, 2008). However, these interdisciplinary approaches are in their infancy. Moreover, social psychological contributions to the understanding of war and other forms of violent conflict lack integration with political theories of conflict resolution, and as such are often marginalized, ensuring social psychology’s inability to inform and augment policy formation in this area. There are several reasons for this. Traditional research paradigms, and the majority of contemporary endeavours, focus on a laboratory based approach to understanding intergroup relations. This research typically involves instrumental control of independent and dependent variables to find correlations between them. It is assumed from understanding such processes at this level, a big picture of what is actually occurring during interethnic, intrastate or international conflicts can be extrapolated. Certainly laboratory work has been, and will continually be, invaluable in understanding how individuals and groups act before, during and after conflict. However, I suggest the emphasis on these approaches, which are removed from violent conflict between real social groups, has limited the potential impact of social psychology in understanding conflict and creating ideas to resolve it. The distance between laboratory studies and the realities of actual conflict needs to be reduced, through theoretical integration and a refocus on the level at which research is conducted, in order to generate and inform ideas and policies to reduce its prevalence. It is necessary to take a step back, and look at the ‘big picture’. The world that we inhabit is constructed by people. We form political, religious and cultural systems that are regulated and enforced by laws, beliefs, power-structures and histories. Within these constructs, people live their lives; experiencing and generating an amazing range of phenomena: from love to loss, youth to old age, security to injustice, peace to war, and remembering to forgetting, to name just a few. Within this contextualized mix of peoples, academia is borne out, with social psychologists given the responsibility to understand and explain such phenomena. In general, such motivated researchers are taught to study human interaction in a laboratory setting and somewhere between research, theory and policy, the influence of these
Sight or Scent: Lemur Sensory Reliance in Detecting Food Quality Varies with Feeding Ecology

Visual and olfactory cues provide important information to foragers, yet we know little about species differences in sensory reliance during food selection. In a series of experimental foraging studies, we examined the relative reliance on vision versus olfaction in three diurnal, primate species with diverse feeding ecologies, including folivorous Coquerel's sifakas (Propithecus coquereli), frugivorous ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata spp), and generalist ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). We used animals with known color-vision status and foods for which different maturation stages (and hence quality) produce distinct visual and olfactory cues (the latter determined chemically). We first showed that lemurs preferentially selected high-quality foods over low-quality foods when visual and olfactory cues were simultaneously available for both food types. Next, using a novel apparatus in a series of discrimination trials, we either manipulated food quality (while holding sensory cues constant) or manipulated sensory cues (while holding food quality constant). Among our study subjects that showed relatively strong preferences for high-quality foods, folivores required both sensory cues combined to reliably identify their preferred foods, whereas generalists could identify their preferred foods using either cue alone, and frugivores could identify their preferred foods using olfactory, but not visual, cues alone. Moreover, when only high-quality foods were available, folivores and generalists used visual rather than olfactory cues to select food, whereas frugivores used both cue types equally. Lastly, individuals in all three of the study species predominantly relied on sight when choosing between low-quality foods, but species differed in the strength of their sensory biases. Our results generally emphasize visual over olfactory reliance in foraging lemurs, but we suggest that the relative sensory reliance of animals may vary with their feeding ecology.
Reliability and Validity of a Scale to Measure Prejudice toward Old Order Amish

Numerous studies have examined prejudice in regard to race, age, sexual orientation, and gender, among others. However, there remains a paucity of research on prejudice toward Christian religious groups. In particular, prejudice towards one of America’s fastest growing religious groups, the Old Order Amish, is rarely examined. Using social categorization theory and based on McConahay’s modern and old-fashioned racism scale, an “Attitude Toward Amish” scale is developed and tested. Factor analysis revealed one dominant component and high internal reliability. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for future research of this rapidly growing population.
Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and cat: II. Afferents from the hypothalamus and the basal telencephalon

The projections from the basal telencephalon and hypothalamus to each nucleus of the amygdaloid complex of the rat, and to the central amygdala of the cat, were investigated by the use of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The enzyme was injected stereotaxically by microiontophoresis, using three different approaches.
Expression Profiling of CYP1B1 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Counterintuitive Downregulation in Tumors

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) has a very flagitious treatment regime. A prodrug approach is thought to aid in targeting chemotherapy. CYP1B1, a member of cytochrome P450 family, has been implicated in chemical carcinogenesis. There exists a general accordance that this protein is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, making it an ideal candidate for a prodrug therapy. The activation of the prodrug facilitated by CYP1B1 would enable the targeting of chemotherapy to tumor tissues in which CYP1B1 is specifically overexpressed as a result reducing the non-specific side effects that the current chemotherapy elicits. This study was aimed at validating the use of CYP1B1 as a target for the prodrug therapy in OSCC. The expression profile of CYP1B1 was analysed in a panel of 51 OSCC tumors, their corresponding normal tissues, an epithelial dysplasia lesion and its matched normal tissue by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. CYP1B1 was found to be downregulated in 77.78% (28/36) tumor tissues in comparison to their corresponding normal tissues as well as in the epithelial dysplasia lesion compared to its matched normal tissue at the transcriptional level, and in 92.86% (26/28) of tumor tissues at the protein level. This report therefore clearly demonstrates the downregulation of CYP1B1 at the transcriptional and translational levels in tumor tissues in comparison to their corresponding normal tissues. These observations indicate that caution should be observed as this therapy may not be applicable universally to all cancers and also suggest the possibility of a prophylactic therapy for oral cancer.
Next Generation Sequencing Improves the Accuracy of KRAS Mutation Analysis in Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine Needle Aspiration Pancreatic Lesions

The use of endoscopic ultrasonography has allowed for improved detection and pathologic analysis of fine needle aspirate material for pancreatic lesion diagnosis. The molecular analysis of KRAS has further improved the clinical sensitivity of preoperative analysis. For this reason, the use of highly analytical sensitive and specific molecular tests in the analysis of material from fine needle aspirate specimens has become of great importance. In the present study, 60 specimens from endoscopic ultrasonography fine needle aspirate were analyzed for KRAS exon 2 and exon 3 mutations, using three different techniques: Sanger sequencing, allele specific locked nucleic acid PCR and Next Generation sequencing (454 GS-Junior, Roche). Moreover, KRAS was also tested in wild-type samples, starting from DNA obtained from cytological smears after pathological evaluation. Sanger sequencing showed a clinical sensitivity for the detection of the KRAS mutation of 42.1%, allele specific locked nucleic acid of 52.8% and Next Generation of 73.7%. In two wild-type cases the re-sequencing starting from selected material allowed to detect a KRAS mutation, increasing the clinical sensitivity of next generation sequencing to 78.95%. The present study demonstrated that the performance of molecular analysis could be improved by using highly analytical sensitive techniques. The Next Generation Sequencing allowed to increase the clinical sensitivity of the test without decreasing the specificity of the analysis. Moreover we observed that it could be useful to repeat the analysis starting from selectable material, such as cytological smears to avoid false negative results.
Factors Influencing Outcome and Length of Stay in a Stroke Rehabilitation Unit Part 1. Analysis of 248 Unscreened Patients ‐Medical and Functional Prognostic Indicators

A retrospective analysis of 248 patients with stroke (average age 67, range 17-98) admitted to a stroke rehabilitation unit over a sixteen month period showed that 80% of these patients were able to return home after an average length of stay (LOS) of 43 days. At discharge 85% of the group were ambulatory and 56% required no help in daily living activities. Severity of weakness on admission, long onsetadmission intervals, the presence of severe perceptual or cognitive dysfunction or a homonymous hemianopsia in addition to a motor deficit were related to unfavorable outcome and increased LOS. The age of the patient, dysphasia or a hemisensory deficit in addition to weakness, or diabetes, hypertension, or ASHD were unrelated to the patients' functional status on discharge, discharge disposition, or LOS. Many patients with “unfavorable prognostic signs” made significant improvement after admission and were subsequently discharged. Thus, while the above findings may predict which patients can make maximal gains in a short term treatment facility, they also show that most patients, even those with “poor prognostic signs,” can make enough functional improvement to be managed at home after a relatively short hospitalization.
Crosstalk between Inflammation and Coagulation in Acute Pancreatitis

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The effect of cognitive conflict and conceptual change text on students' achievement related to first degree equations with one unknown

The main purpose of the study was to investigatc the effeet of eognitive eonfliet instruetion (CCI) and eoneeplual change text instruction (CCTl) over traditionally designed mathematics instruction (TDI) on achievement of 7th grade students related to first degree equations with one unknown. The subjeets of the study consisted of 79 7th grade students from three different classes of matheıııaties lessons instructcd by the same teacher from a school in Ankara. Mathematics potcntial test (MPT) was utilized at the beginning of the study to detennine students' potential in mathematics. Af ter the treatments, achievement test results were taken. ANOV A was used for testing the hypothesis of the study. The results showed that the students at CCl got significantly higher scores on achievement comparing to CCT!
The direct thrombin inhibitor hirudin

Summary This review discusses the pharmacology and clinical applications of hirudin, a bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). Besides the current major indication for hirudin – anticoagulation of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) – the experience with hirudin in other indications, especially acute coronary syndromes, are briefly presented. Hirudins have been formally studied prior to their regulatory approval; however, important information on their side effects and relevant preventative measures only became available later. Therefore, current recommendations and dosing schedules for hirudin differ considerably from the information given in the package inserts. Drawbacks of hirudin and important precautions for avoiding potential adverse effects are discussed in detail in the third part of this review.
Default risk and income fluctuations in emerging economies

Recent sovereign defaults in emerging countries are accompanied by interest rate spikes and deep recessions. This paper develops a small open economy model to study default risk and its interaction with output, consumption, and foreign debt. Default probabilities and interest rates depend on incentives for repayment. Default occurs in equilibrium because asset markets are incomplete. The model predicts that default incentives and interest rates are higher in recessions, as observed in the data. The reason is that in a recession, a risk averse borrower finds it more costly to repay non-contingent debt and is more likely to default. In a quantitative exercise the model matches various features of the business cycle in Argentina such as: high volatility of interest rates, higher volatility of consumption relative to output, a negative correlation of interest rates and output and a negative correlation of the trade balance and output. The model can also predict the recent default episode in Argentina.
The Unique Contribution of Home Literacy Environment to Differences in Early Literacy Skills 1

The psychometric utility of a home literacy environment measure is evaluated and its unique contribution to predicting literacy skills is examined. The scale is derived from information provided by parents of kindergarten children about the amount of reading materials in the home, and the frequency of library visits, adult literacy‐related behaviors, adult‐child reading, and television viewing. Measures of language, reading, general knowledge and math were collected from 295 children in fall of kindergarten and spring of second grade. The home literacy environment scale predicts unique variance in kindergarten and second grade language‐based, but not number‐based, literacy skills. Hence, the simple and easily administered measure of the home literacy environment proves to be psychometrically strong and uniquely predictive of differences in early literacy skills. †This research was supported by a grant from National Institute of Child Health and Human , Development (HD27176). ∗ Correspondence concerning th.
Communities Of Practice, Foucault And Actor‐Network Therory

The paper discusses some of the main contributions to the theory of communities of practice (COP theory), especially as it relates to organizational learning. The paper does not attempt a full overview but concentrates on the notion of power relations. Early COP theory was formulated as part of situated learning theory, and promised to work on issues of social context and unequal power relations. Foucault’s work and actor-network theory (ANT) is introduced and forms the basis of a constructive critique of COP theory. The paper argues that COP theory and ANT can enrich each other and together make a stronger contribution to our understanding of organizational learning. Specifically, these perspectives question the value in viewing organizations as formal, canonical entities as far as learning and change are concerned.