Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fiscal illusion, fiscal consolidation and government expenditure composition in the OECD: a dynamic panel data approach

Following the present atmosphere of budgetary cuts in the OECD countries we analyze the effects of fiscal consolidation in the composition of government expenditures by functions. We modify a standard median voter demand model to incorporate a form of fiscal illusion based on the idea that voters-taxpayers may not be fully aware of the true composition of government expenditures because all types of expenditures are not equally visible. Then we exploit the panel structure of the dataset - 26 OECD countries over the period 1970-1997- by GMM estimation of a dynamic model taking into account unobserved country effects and possible endogeinity of the explanatory variables. Under the assumption that governments know the relative visibility of each type of expenditure, the pattern of the last three decades indicates that defense and the non-productive economic services are the less visible expenditures. On the other hand, education and housing seem to be the more visible expenditures.
An efficient method to determine strain profiles on FBGs by using differential evolution and GPU

This paper shows the application of the Differential Evolution algorithm to the recovery of the deformation profile applied to a fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBG). The method uses only the sensor reflectivity, without the need of phase information, and has been shown to be highly parallelizable. The method was specially implemented to run the complex computations required by the fitness function using a Graphical Processing Unit (GPU). This provided an enhancement of 3 orders of magnitude in the computation time when compared to similar methods shown in literature. Three experiments were performed to evaluate the computational performance of the DE algorithm, and its convergence of the solution to the target deformation profile. Overall, the method is very promising and it can be applied to problems that require a fast response, such as the online monitoring of FBG sensors.
A Deep Learning Framework for Character Motion Synthesis and Editing

We present a framework to synthesize character movements based on high level parameters, such that the produced movements respect the manifold of human motion, trained on a large motion capture dataset. The learned motion manifold, which is represented by the hidden units of a convolutional autoencoder, represents motion data in sparse components which can be combined to produce a wide range of complex movements. To map from high level parameters to the motion manifold, we stack a deep feedforward neural network on top of the trained autoencoder. This network is trained to produce realistic motion sequences from parameters such as a curve over the terrain that the character should follow, or a target location for punching and kicking. The feedforward control network and the motion manifold are trained independently, allowing the user to easily switch between feedforward networks according to the desired interface, without re-training the motion manifold. Once motion is generated it can be edited by performing optimization in the space of the motion manifold. This allows for imposing kinematic constraints, or transforming the style of the motion, while ensuring the edited motion remains natural. As a result, the system can produce smooth, high quality motion sequences without any manual pre-processing of the training data.
The Properties of Microjansky Radio Sources in the Hubble Deep Field-North, SSA 13, and SSA 22 Fields

We present multiwavelength observations for a large sample of microjansky radio sources detected in ultradeep 1.4 GHz maps centered on the Hubble Deep Field-North (HDF-N) and the Hawaii Survey Fields SSA 13 and SSA 22. Our spectroscopic redshifts for 169 radio sources reveal a flat median redshift distribution, and these sources are hosted by similarly luminous optical L* galaxies, regardless of redshift. We suggest that the absence of low optical luminosity galaxies at low redshifts, where there are no selection effects, is due to small galaxies not being efficient at retaining the cosmic rays necessary to host microjansky radio sources. From our submillimeter measurements for 278 radio sources, we find error-weighted mean 850 μm fluxes of 1.72 ± 0.09 mJy for the total sample, 2.37 ± 0.13 mJy for the optically faint (I > 23.5) subsample, and 1.04 ± 0.13 mJy for the optically bright (I < 23.5) subsample. We significantly (>3 σ) detect in the submillimeter 50 of the radio sources, 38 with I > 23.5. Spectroscopic redshifts for three of the I < 23.5 submillimeter-detected radio sources are in the range z = 1.0-3.4, and all show active galactic nucleus (AGN) signatures. Using only the submillimeter-mapped regions, we find that 69% ± 9% of the submillimeter-detected radio population are at I > 23.5. We also find that 66% ± 7% of the S850 μm > 5 mJy (>4 σ) sources are radio-identified. We use our spectroscopic sample to determine the evolution with redshift of the radio power, and hence the far-infrared (FIR) luminosity (through the local FIR-radio correlation). We find that millimetric redshift estimates at low redshifts are best made with an FIR template intermediate between a Milky Way-type galaxy and a starburst galaxy, and those at high redshifts with an Arp 220 template.
Innovation and jobs: evidence from manufacturing firms

This paper is aimed at structurally assessing the employment effects of the innovative activities of firms. We estimate firm level displacement and compensation effects in a model in which the stock of knowledge capital raises firm relative efficiency through process innovations and firm demand through product innovations. Displacement is estimated from the elasticity of employment with respect to innovation in the (conditional or Hicksian) demand for labour. Compensation effects are estimated from a firm-specific demand relationship. We also assess the enlargement and weakening of these effects due to firm agents’ behaviour aimed at appropriating innovation rents. We find that the potential employment compensation effect of process innovations surpasses the displacement effect, both in the short and long run (when competitors react), and that product innovation doubles the expanding impact by unit of expenditure, but also that agents’ behaviour can seriously reduce these effects. The actual elasticity of employment to knowledge capital is estimated, however, not far from unity, while “passive” productivity growth is suggested to have null or negative employment effects.
Resonance varieties and Dwyer-Fried invariants

The Dwyer-Fried invariants of a finite cell complex X are the subsets \Omega^i_r(X) of the Grassmannian of r-planes in H^1(X,\Q) which parametrize the regular \Z^r-covers of X having finite Betti numbers up to degree i. In previous work, we showed that each \Omega-invariant is contained in the complement of a union of Schubert varieties associated to a certain subspace arrangement in H^1(X,\Q). Here, we identify a class of spaces for which this inclusion holds as equality. For such "straight" spaces X, all the data required to compute the \Omega-invariants can be extracted from the resonance varieties associated to the cohomology ring H^*(X,\Q). In general, though, translated components in the characteristic varieties affect the answer.
Is Marriage Poisonous? Are Relationships Taxing? An Analysis of the Male Marital Wage Differential in Denmark

The word for 'married' in Danish is the same as the word for 'poison'. The word for 'sweetheart' in Danish is the same as the word for 'tax'. In this paper we expand upon the literature documenting a significant marital wage premium for men in the United States to see if a similar differential exists for married men in Denmark - or if the homonyms have perhaps less of a double meaning. Unlike most other research in this area, our study is based on a large panel sample with complete relationship histories, consisting of about 35,000 young Danish men observed before and after their first marriage or cohabitation during the years 1984-2001. Since the majority of young Danes cohabit before they marry, if they ever marry, cohabitation is allowed for as a separate state. Pooled OLS estimates indicate a marital wage premium of 4-5%, which drops to 2% after controlling for selectivity. The cohabitation premium is found to be of the same size as the marital wage premium. Our results indicate that a part of the marriage or cohabitation premium is not due to marriage or cohabitation itself, but to fatherhood. When information on becoming a father and years spent in fatherhood is added to the empirical model, the results show that fathers receive a 'fatherhood' premium during their first few years as fathers and that the initial marital wage premium is reduced.
Higher Education and Adult Motivation towards Lifelong Learning: An Empirical Analysis of University Post-Graduates Perspectives.

SUMMARY The increasing role of higher education (HE) in lifelong learning processes seems to be a trend in the global context of the knowledge society. As in many other European countries, the rapid expansion of HE in Portugal in the last decades has resulted from democratisation of access and increase of participation at the tertiary level of education. The Portuguese post-graduate offer at universities has also increased and diversified in recent years, proving that there is a need for post-initial education across the lifespan of individuals. In this article, we intend to discuss some of the results obtained through a survey centred on the educational and professional trajectories of post-graduates from a group of Portuguese universities. We try to understand adult perspectives about learning and discuss the adult motivational dynamics towards their future learning.
Perceived Food Hypersensitivity Relates to Poor Asthma Control and Quality of Life in Young Non-Atopic Asthmatics

Background The relationship between perceived food hypersensitivity in asthmatics, food allergen sensitization, asthma control and asthma-related quality of life has not been studied. Objective Our aim was to study the prevalence of perceived food hypersensitivity in a cohort of young asthmatics, its relation to food allergen sensitization, and any correlation to asthma control and asthma-related quality of life. Methods Perceived food hypersensitivity, as well as IgE sensitization to common food allergens, levels of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and blood eosinophil counts (B-Eos) were assessed in 408 subjects (211 women) with asthma, aged (mean ± SEM) 20.4 ± 0.3 years. Subjects filled out the Asthma Control Test (ACT) and the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (Mini-AQLQ). Inflammation was assessed by means of FeNO and B-Eos. Results Fifty-three per cent of subjects reported food hypersensitivity. A corresponding food allergen sensitization was found in 68% of these subjects. Non-atopic subjects with perceived food hypersensitivity (n = 31) had lower ACT (19 (15 - 22) vs. 21 (20 - 23), p < 0.001) and Mini-AQLQ -scores (5.3 (4.3 - 6.1) vs. 6.1 (5.5 - 6.5), p < 0.001) than subjects with no food hypersensitivity (n = 190), despite lower levels of FeNO and B-Eos (p < 0.05). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Food hypersensitivity was commonly reported among young asthmatics. In a majority of cases, a corresponding food allergen sensitization was found. A novel and clinically important finding was that non-atopic subjects with perceived food hypersensitivity were characterized by poorer asthma control and asthma-related quality of life.
Monopole Antenna Loaded with Dielectric Resonator as EMI Sensor

This paper highlights the performance of a hybrid antenna, consisting of an annular dielectric resonator antenna combined with a quarter-wave monopole as electromagnetic interference (EMI) sensor. The complex antenna factor of this hybrid antenna for the desired frequency range is presented here. The dielectric loading appreciably increases the operating bandwidth of a simple monopole antenna when used as EMI sensor.
Baryonically Closed Galaxy Groups

Elliptical galaxies and their groups having the largest LX/LB lie close to the locus LX = 4.3 × 1043(LB/1011 LB, ☉)1.75 expected for closed systems having baryon fractions equal to the cosmic mean value, fb ≈ 0.16. The estimated baryon fractions for several of these galaxies/groups are also close to fb = 0.16 when the gas density is extrapolated to the virial radius. Evidently they are the least massive baryonically closed systems. Gas retention in these groups implies that nongravitational heating cannot exceed about 1 keV per particle, consistent with the heating required to produce the deviation of groups from the LX-T correlation for more massive clusters. Isolated galaxies/groups with X-ray luminosities significantly lower than baryonically closed groups may have undermassive dark halos, overactive central AGNs, or higher star formation efficiencies. The virial mass and hot gas temperatures of nearly or completely closed groups correlate with the group X-ray luminosities and the optical luminosities of the group-centered elliptical galaxy, i.e., Mvir ∝ L, an expected consequence of their merging history. The ratio of halo mass to the mass of the central galaxy for X-ray-luminous galaxies/groups is Mvir/M* ~ 80.
Iterative Exhaustive Pattern Generation for Logic Testing

Exhaustive pattern logic testing schemes provide all possible input patterns with respect to an output in the set of test patterns. This paper is concerned with the problem that arises when this is to be done simultaneously with respect to a number of outputs, using a single test set. More specifically, in this paper we describe an iterative procedure for generating a test set consisting of n- dimensional vectors which exhaustively covers all k-subspaces simultaneously, i.e., the projections of n-dimensional vectors in the test set onto any input subset of a specified size k contain all possible patterns of k-tuples. For any given k, we first find an appropriate N (N > k) and generate an efficient N-dimensional test set for exhaustive coverage of all k-subspaces. We next develop a constructive procedure to expand the corresponding test matrix (formed by taking test vectors as its rows) such that a test set of N2-dimensional vectors exhaustively covering the same k-subspaces is obtained. This procedure may be repeated to cover arbitrarily large n (n = N2i after i iterations), while keeping the same k. It is shown that the size of the test set obtained this way grows in size which becomes proportional to (log n) raised to the power of [log (q + 1)], where q is a function of k only, and is approximated (bounded closely below) by k2/4 in binary cases. This approach applies to nonbinary cases as well except that the value of q in an r-ary case is approximated by a number lying between k2/4 and k2/2.
Why Do Central Banks Smooth Interest Rates

It is commonly observed that central banks respond gradually to economic shocks, moving the interest rate in small discrete steps in the same direction over an extended period of time. This paper examines the empirical evidence regarding central banks' smoothing of interest rates, paying particular attention to the case of Canada. It then reviews the alternative explanations of the stylized facts that have recently emerged in the literature.
Cell Surface Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Her-2 with Nuclear Expression of Her-4 in Primary Osteosarcoma

There is controversy over the role of Her-2 in osteosarcoma, with some investigators reporting association between expression and adverse outcome, whereas others point to the lack of gene amplification and membranous expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) as inconsistent with biological significance. Her-2 normally requires pairing with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Her-3, or Her-4, but these have been less well studied in osteosarcoma. We evaluated the expression of each of these receptors in osteosarcoma and their potential to contribute to pathogenesis by examining a panel of low-passage primary osteosarcoma cell lines, comparing these with archival tumor specimens. Her-2 immunoreactivity was seen frequently in the diffuse staining pattern described previously. We observed EGFR in all samples by IHC. Her-3 expression was not observed. Her-4 expression was nuclear in distribution in all tumor samples and many cell line samples, consistent with activation and cleavage of the receptor. Quantified expression of Her-2 and EGFR mRNA by quantitative, real-time PCR in cell lines correlated with IHC for Her-2 but not for EGFR. Western blot identified full-length receptors for EGFR and Her-2 in all expected cell lines and showed Her-4 to be predominantly in the p80 form. Flow cytometry identified cell surface Her-2 and EGFR in all lines with receptor expression by IHC. We conclude that the cell surface expression of Her-2 and EGFR and the nuclear localization of the activated p80 fragment of Her-4 suggest that all three may be contributing to osteosarcoma pathogenesis. Therapy directed against this family of receptors may be beneficial for patients with osteosarcoma.
Scalable video compression using longer motion compensated temporal filters

Three-dimensional (3-D) subband/wavelet coding using a motion compensated temporal filter (MCTF) is emerging as a very effective structure for highly scalable video coding. Most previous work has used two-tap Haar filters for the temporal analysis/synthesis. To make better use of the temporal redundancies, we are proposing an MCTF scheme based on longer biorthogonal filters. We show a lifting based coder capable of subpixel accurate motion compensation. If we retain the fixed size GOP structure of the Haar filter MCTFs, we need to use symmetric extensions at both ends of the GOP. This gives rise to loss of coding efficiency at the GOP boundaries resulting in significant PSNR drops there. This performance can be considerably improved by using a 'sliding window,' in place of the GOP block. We employ the 5/3 filter and its non-orthogonality causes PSNR variation, which can be reduced by employing filter-based weighting coefficients. Overall the longer filters have a higher coding gain than the Haar filters and show significant improvement in average PSNR at high bit rates. However, a doubling in the number of motion vectors to be transmitted, translates to a drop in PSNR at the lower video bit rates.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OVER DIMPLE ARRAYS PERTINENT TO INTERNAL COOLING OF TURBINE BLADES

Due to the dimple’s unique characteristics of comparatively low pressure loss penalty and good heat transfer enhancement performance, dimple provides a very desirable alternative internal cooling technique for gas turbine blades. In the present study, an experimental investigation was conducted to quantify the flow characteristics over staggered dimple arrays and to examine the vortex structures inside the dimples. In addition to the surface pressure measurements, a high-resolution digital Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was also utilized to achieve detailed flow field measurements to quantify the characteristics of the turbulent channel flow over the dimple arrays in terms of the ensemble-averaged velocity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) distributions. The experimental measurement results show that the friction factor of the dimpled surface is much higher than that of a flat surface. The measured pressure distribution within a dimple reveals clearly that flow separation and attachment would occur inside each dimple. In comparison with those of a conventional channel flow with flat surface, the channel flow over the dimpled arrays was found to have much stronger Reynolds stress and higher TKE level. Such unique flow characteristics are believed to be the reasons why a dimpled surface would have a better heat transfer enhancement performance for internal cooling of turbine blades as reported in those previous studies.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A mobile high-field magnetic resonance system for neurosurgery.

OBJECT The authors' goal was to place a mobile, 1.5-tesla magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system into a neurosurgical operating room without adversely affecting established neurosurgical management. The system would help to plan accurate surgical corridors, confirm the accomplishment of operative objectives, and detect acute complications such as hemorrhage or ischemia. METHODS The authors used an actively shielded 1.5-tesla magnet, together with 15 mtesla/m gradients, MR console computers, gradient amplifiers, a titanium, hydraulic-controlled operating table, and a radiofrequency coil that can be disassembled. The magnet is moved to and from the surgical field by using overhead crane technology. To date, the system has provided unfettered access in 46 neurosurgical patients. In all patients, high-definition T1- and/or T2-weighted images were rapidly and reproducibly acquired at various stages of the surgical procedures. Eleven patients underwent craniotomy that was optimized after preincision imaging. In four patients who harbored subtotally resected tumor, intraoperative MR imaging aided the surgeon in removing the remaining tumor. Interestingly, the intraoperative administration of gadolinium demonstrated a dynamic expansion of enhancement beyond the preoperative contrast contour in patients with malignant glioma. These zones of new enhancement proved, on examination of biopsy samples, to be tumor. CONCLUSIONS The authors have demonstrated that high-quality MR images can be obtained in the operating room within reasonable time constraints. Procedures can be conducted without compromising or altering traditional neurosurgical, nursing, or anesthetic techniques. It is feasible that within the next decade intraoperative MR imaging may become the standard of care in neurosurgery.
Signatures of Black Holes : Spectral and Temporal Features of XTE J 1550-564

The theoretical predictions of the converging inflow, or Bulk-Motion Comptonization model are discussed and some predictions are compared to Xand gamma-ray observations of the high-soft state of Galactic black hole candidate XTE J1550+564. The ,-102-Hz QPO phenomenon tends to be detected in the high-state at times when the bolometric luminosity surges and the hard-powerlaw spectral component is dominant. Furthermore, the power in these features increases with energy. We offer interpretation of this phenomenon, as oscillations of the innermost part of the accretion disk, which in turn supplies the seed photons for the converging inflow where the hard power-law is formed through Bulk Motion Comptonization (BMC). We further argue that the noted lack of coherence between intensity variations of the high-soft-state low and high energy bands is a natural consequence of our model, and that a natural explanation for the observed hard and soft lag phenomenon is offered. In addition, we address some criticisms of the BMC model supporting our claims with observational results.
Myoblast cytonemes mediate Wg signaling from the wing imaginal disc and Delta-Notch signaling to the air sac primordium

The flight muscles, dorsal air sacs, wing blades, and thoracic cuticle of the Drosophila adult function in concert, and their progenitor cells develop together in the wing imaginal disc. The wing disc orchestrates dorsal air sac development by producing decapentaplegic and fibroblast growth factor that travel via specific cytonemes in order to signal to the air sac primordium (ASP). Here, we report that cytonemes also link flight muscle progenitors (myoblasts) to disc cells and to the ASP, enabling myoblasts to relay signaling between the disc and the ASP. Frizzled (Fz)-containing myoblast cytonemes take up Wingless (Wg) from the disc, and Delta (Dl)-containing myoblast cytonemes contribute to Notch activation in the ASP. Wg signaling negatively regulates Dl expression in the myoblasts. These results reveal an essential role for cytonemes in Wg and Notch signaling and for a signal relay system in the myoblasts. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.06114. 001