Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural Risk Minimization over Data-dependent Hierarchies Produced as Part of the Esprit Working Group in Neural and Computational Learning, Neurocolt 8556

The paper introduces some generalizations of Vapnik's method of structural risk minimisation (SRM). As well as making explicit some of the details on SRM, it provides a result that allows one to trade oo errors on the training sample against improved generalization performance. It then considers the more general case when the hierarchy of classes is chosen in response to the data. A result is presented on the generalization performance of classiiers with a \large margin". This theoretically explains the impressive generalization performance of the maximal margin hyperplane algorithm of Vapnik and co-workers (which is the basis for their support vector machines). The paper concludes with a more general result in terms of \luckiness" functions, which provides a quite general way for exploiting serendipitous simplicity in observed data to obtain better prediction accuracy from small training sets. Four examples are given of such functions, including the VC dimension measured on the sample.
Predicting fat-tailed intermittent probability distributions in passive scalar turbulence with imperfect models through empirical information theory

Modelling extreme events is a central issue in climate science and engineering. The capacity of imperfect models to capture intermittent behavior with fat-tailed probability distributions of a passive scalar field advected by turbulent flow systems is investigated here. We consider the effects with complicated flow systems including strong nonlinear and non-Gaussian interactions, and construct much simpler and cheaper imperfect models with model error to capture the crucial statistical features in the stationary tracer field. The Lorenz 96 (L-96) system is utilized as a test model to generate the turbulent advection flow field. Tracer statistics under this L-96 flow field are analyzed both theoretically and numerically, and strong intermittent fat tails can be observed in different dynamical regimes of the flow system with distinct statistical features. The complexity and large computational expense in resolving the true advection flow require the introduction of simpler and more tractable imperfect models which still maintain the ability to capture the key intermittent features in the tracer field. The simplest linear stochastic models containing no positive Lyapunov exponents are proposed here to approximate the tracer advected by the original L-96 system with large degrees of internal instabilities. It is demonstrated that the prediction skill of this imperfect linear model can be greatly improved through fitting the autocorrelation functions by empirical information theory. A systematic framework of measuring the autocorrelation function under spectral representation with the help of empiri∗Corresponding author Email address: qidi@cims.nyu. edu (Di Qi) Preprint submitted to Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena May 20, 2015 cal information theory is developed, and the optimal model parameters under this unbiased information measure can be achieved easily in a training phase before running the predictions. This imperfect model using optimal parameters achieved through the information-theoretic framework is tested in a variety of dynamical regimes of the L-96 system. Uniformly high skill of the optimal model is displayed in accurately capturing the crucial tracer statistical features in a stationary statistical steady state, especially in getting accurate intermittent fat tails in tracer density distributions. This information framework for tuning autocorrelation functions can be further generalized to more complicated turbulent models and should have many applications.
Non-commercial Research and Educational Use including without Limitation Use in Instruction at Your Institution, Sending It to Specific Colleagues That You Know, and Providing a Copy to Your Institution's Administrator. All Other Uses, Reproduction and Distribution, including without Limitation Comm

The problem of oceanographic state estimation, by means of an ocean general circulation model (GCM) and a multitude of observations, is described and contrasted with the meteorological process of data assimilation. In practice, all such methods reduce, on the computer, to forms of least-squares. The global oceanographic problem is at the present time focussed primarily on smoothing, rather than forecasting, and the data types are unlike meteorological ones. As formulated in the consortium Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO), an automatic differentiation tool is used to calculate the so-called adjoint code of the GCM, and the method of Lagrange multipliers used to render the problem one of unconstrained least-squares minimization. Major problems today lie less with the numerical algorithms (least-squares problems can be solved by many means) than with the issues of data and model error. Results of ongoing calculations covering the period of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, and including among other data, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/POSEIDON, Jason-1, ERS-1/2, ENVISAT, and GFO, a global array of profiling floats from the Argo program, and satellite gravity data from the GRACE mission, suggest that the solutions are now useful for scientific purposes. Both methodology and applications are developing in a number of different directions.
The Jujube Genome Provides Insights into Genome Evolution and the Domestication of Sweetness/Acidity Taste in Fruit Trees

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) belongs to the Rhamnaceae family and is a popular fruit tree species with immense economic and nutritional value. Here, we report a draft genome of the dry jujube cultivar ‘Junzao’ and the genome resequencing of 31 geographically diverse accessions of cultivated and wild jujubes (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa). Comparative analysis revealed that the genome of ‘Dongzao’, a fresh jujube, was ~86.5 Mb larger than that of the ‘Junzao’, partially due to the recent insertions of transposable elements in the ‘Dongzao’ genome. We constructed eight proto-chromosomes of the common ancestor of Rhamnaceae and Rosaceae, two sister families in the order Rosales, and elucidated the evolutionary processes that have shaped the genome structures of modern jujubes. Population structure analysis revealed the complex genetic background of jujubes resulting from extensive hybridizations between jujube and its wild relatives. Notably, several key genes that control fruit organic acid metabolism and sugar content were identified in the selective sweep regions. We also identified S-locus genes controlling gametophytic self-incompatibility and investigated haplotype patterns of the S locus in the jujube genomes, which would provide a guideline for parent selection for jujube crossbreeding. This study provides valuable genomic resources for jujube improvement, and offers insights into jujube genome evolution and its population structure and domestication.
Principles and Ethics in Scientific Communication in Biomedicine

Introduction and aim: To present the basic principles and standards of scientific communication and writing a paper, to indicate the importance of honesty and ethical approach to research and publication of results in scientific journals, as well as the need for continuing education in the principles and ethics in science and publication in biomedicine. Methods: An analysis of relevant materials and documents, sources from the internet and published literature and personal experience and observations of the author. Results: In the past more than 20 years there is an increasingly emphasized importance of respecting fundamental principles and standards of scientific communication and ethical approach to research and publication of results in peer review journals. Advances in the scientific community is based on honesty and equity of researchers in conducting and publishing the results of research and to develop guidelines and policies for prevention and punishment of publishing misconduct. Today scientific communication standards and definitions of fraud in science and publishing are generally consistent, but vary considerably policies and approach to ethics education in science, prevention and penal policies for misconduct in research and publication of results in scientific journals. Conclusion: It is necessary to further strengthen the capacity for education and research, and raising awareness about the importance and need for education about the principles of scientific communication, ethics of research and publication of results. The use of various forms of education of the scientific community, in undergraduate teaching and postgraduate master and doctoral studies, in order to create an ethical environment, is one of the most effective ways to prevent the emergence of scientific and publication dishonesty and fraud.
Hostile Takeovers in the 1980s: The Return to Corporate Specialization

HOSTILE TAKEOVERS invite strong reactions, both positive and negative, from academics as well as the general public. Yet fairly little is known about what drives these takeovers, which characteristically involve significant wealth gains to target firms' shareholders. The question is where these wealth gains come from. We examine the sample of all 62 hostile takeover contests between 1984 and 1986 that involved a purchase price of $50 million or more. In these contests, 50 targets were acquired and 12 remained independent. We use a sample of hostile takeovers exclusively to avoid using evidence from friendly acquisitions to judge hostile ones, as many studies have done. We examine such post-takeover operational changes as divestitures, layoffs, tax savings, and investment cuts to understand how the bidding firm could justify paying the takeover premium. We also examine the possibility of wealth losses by bidding firms' stockholders as the explanation for target shareholder gains. The analysis of post-takeover changes is complicated because once the target and the bidding firms are merged, it becomes impossible to attribute to the target the changes recorded in joint accounting data. As a consequence, we do not use such data, but rather focus on discussion in annual reports, 1OK forms, newspapers, magazines, Moody's and
Measuring the Galaxy Power Spectrum with Multiresolution Decomposition. IV. Redshift Distortion

In this paper, we develop a theory of redshift distortion of the galaxy power spectrum in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) representation. Because the DWT power spectrum is dependent on both the scale and shape (configuration) of the decomposition modes, it is sensitive to distortion of the shape of the field. On the other hand, the redshift distortion causes a shape distortion of distributions in real space with respect to redshift space. Therefore, the shape-dependent DWT power spectrum is useful for detecting the effect of redshift distortion. We first established the mapping between the DWT power spectra in redshift and real space. The mapping depended on the redshift-distortion effects of (1) bulk velocity, (2) selection function, and (3) pairwise peculiar velocity. We then proposed β estimators using the DWT off-diagonal power spectra. These β estimators are model-free, even when the nonlinear redshift-distortion effect is not negligible. Moreover, these estimators do not rely on the assumption of whether the pairwise velocity dispersion is scale dependent. Tests with N-body simulation samples show that the proposed β estimators can yield reliable measurements of β with about 20% uncertainty for all popular dark matter models. We also develop an algorithm for reconstruction of the power spectrum in real space from the redshift-distorted power spectrum. Numerical tests also show that the real power spectrum can be well recovered from the redshift-distorted power spectrum.
Emerging biomarkers in pulmonary metastasectomy

Pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) with curative intent is a routinely performed surgical procedure in a variety of end-stage malignant diseases with secondary spreading to the lungs. Current selection criteria for PM are solely based on few clinical factors without regarding the biology and behavior of the underlying malignant disease. Hence, great variation in outcome and recurrence patterns after PM is reported in the literature. In a variety of therapeutic options, prognostic and predictive biomarkers have become an integral part in planning targeted therapies. However, data on biomarkers in PM is sparse. This review summarizes recently reported tissue-based and circulating molecular markers in patients receiving PM.
Spectral variation in the X-ray pulsar GX 1+4 during a low-flux episode

The X-ray pulsar GX 1+4 was observed with the RXTE satellite for a total of 51 ks between 1996 July 19 and 21. During this period the flux decreased smoothly from an initial mean level of ≈6×1036 erg s−1 to a minimum of ≈4×1035 erg s−1 (2–60 keV, assuming a source distance of 10 kpc) before partially recovering towards the initial level at the end of the observation. BATSE pulse timing measurements indicate that a torque reversal took place approximately 10 d after this observation. Both the mean pulse profile and the photon spectrum varied significantly. The observed variation in the source may provide important clues as to the mechanism of torque reversals. The single best-fitting spectral model was based on a component originating from thermal photons with kT0≈1 keV Comptonized by a plasma of temperature kT≈7 keV. Both the flux modulation with phase during the brightest interval and the evolution of the mean spectra over the course of the observation are consistent with variations in this model component; with, in addition, a doubling of the column density nH contributing to the mean spectral change. A strong flare of duration ≲50 s was observed during the interval of minimum flux, with the peak flux ≈20 times the mean level. Although beaming effects are likely to mask the true variation in M˙ thought to give rise to the flare, the timing of a modest increase in flux prior to the flare is consistent with dual episodes of accretion resulting from successive orbits of a locally dense patch of matter in the accretion disc.
Ethnic-minority climbers: evaluating “minority cultures of mobility” as a lens to study Dutch minority student organizations

ABSTRACT The increasing discomfort with ethnic diversity in many countries is paralleled by the emergence of middle classes consisting of second-generation immigrants who articulate their minority identities. This calls for an enhanced understanding of the experiences and identifications of social climbers with minority backgrounds. In this article, I explore the relevance of the idea of a “minority culture of mobility” (MCM) as a lens to look at these processes of integration, using the case of Dutch student organizations with ethnic-minority signatures. Based on parallels with the literature, I conclude that the MCM is a useful framework, also for contexts outside the United States. At the same time, observed variations between ethnic groups and changes over time within the Dutch context lay down a research agenda in order to further refine the model.
Measuring Frame Relatedness

In this paper we introduce the notion of "frame relatedness", i.e. relatedness among prototypical situations as represented in the FrameNet database. We first demonstrate the cognitive plausibility of that notion through an annotation experiment, and then propose different types of computational measures to automatically assess relatedness. Results show that our measures provide good performance on the task of ranking pairs of frames.
ADAPTIVE METHODS FOR INDIVIDUAL TREE DETECTION ON AIRBORNE LASER BASED CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL

One problem of individual tree detection on aerial images or on raster canopy height models is handling of tree crowns of different sizes. On laser scanner data one size attribute, height, is directly available. This gives possibilities to develop processing methods that adapt to the object size. In this study, three adaptive methods were developed and tested for individual tree detection on canopy height model (CHM). The CHM of 0.5 m pixel size was computed from dense first-pulse point data that was acquired with a smallfootprint airborne laser scanner. The field data consisted of 10 tree mapped field plots in Kalkkinen, southern Finland. The plots were mainly on mature, heavily stocked forest stands, many of which had multi-layered canopy structure. In the first method, the CHM was smoothed with canopy height based selection of degree of smoothing and local maxima on the smoothed CHM were considered as tree locations. In the second and third methods, we utilised crown diameter predicted from tree height. The second method used elimination of candidate tree locations based on the predicted crown diameter and distance and valley depth between two locations studied. The third method was modified from scale-space method used for blob detection. Instead of automatic scale selection of the scale-space method, the scale for Laplacian filtering, used in blob detection, was determined according to the predicted crown diameter. The presented three methods are compared based on the accuracy of individual tree detection. Differences of the proposed methods considering tree crown delineation by segmentation methods are discussed.
On Unexpectedness in Recommender Systems

Although the broad social and business success of recommender systems has been achieved across several domains, there is still a long way to go in terms of user satisfaction. One of the key dimensions for significant improvement is the concept of unexpectedness. In this article, we propose a method to improve user satisfaction by generating unexpected recommendations based on the utility theory of economics. In particular, we propose a new concept of unexpectedness as recommending to users those items that depart from what they would expect from the system - the consideration set of each user. We define and formalize the concept of unexpectedness and discuss how it differs from the related notions of novelty, serendipity, and diversity. In addition, we suggest several mechanisms for specifying the users’ expectations and propose specific performance metrics to measure the unexpectedness of recommendation lists. We also take into consideration the quality of recommendations using certain utility functions and present an algorithm for providing users with unexpected recommendations of high quality that are hard to discover but fairly match their interests. Finally, we conduct several experiments on “real-world” datasets and compare our recommendation results with other methods. The proposed approach outperforms these baseline methods in terms of unexpectedness and other important metrics, such as coverage, aggregate diversity and dispersion, while avoiding any accuracy loss.
Latitudinal variation in cold hardiness in introduced Tamarix and native Populus

To investigate the evolution of clinal variation in an invasive plant, we compared cold hardiness in the introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix chinensis, and hybrids) and the native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera). In a shadehouse in Colorado (41°N), we grew plants collected along a latitudinal gradient in the central United States (29–48°N). On 17 occasions between September 2005 and June 2006, we determined killing temperatures using freeze‐induced electrolyte leakage and direct observation. In midwinter, cottonwood survived cooling to −70°C, while saltcedar was killed at −33 to −47°C. Frost sensitivity, therefore, may limit northward expansion of saltcedar in North America. Both species demonstrated inherited latitudinal variation in cold hardiness. For example, from September through January killing temperatures for saltcedar from 29.18°N were 5–21°C higher than those for saltcedar from 47.60°N, and on September 26 and October 11, killing temperatures for cottonwood from 33.06°N were >43°C higher than those for cottonwood from 47.60°N. Analysis of nine microsatellite loci showed that southern saltcedars are more closely related to T. chinensis while northern plants are more closely related to T. ramosissima. Hybridization may have introduced the genetic variability necessary for rapid evolution of the cline in saltcedar cold hardiness.
Mentoring supports and mentoring across difference: insights from mentees

ABSTRACT Mentoring relationships in higher education are recognized as a critical factor in preparing and socializing doctoral students and junior faculty for academic roles. We examined the practices of 12 educational leadership professors who were recipients of the Jay D. Scribner Mentoring Award, from the perspectives of 103 mentees who submitted letters in support of their nominations. The process-based relational mentoring framework was adopted for thematic analysis and two core interpretative dimensions formed: effective mentoring practices that were universally acknowledged as effective and considerations for mentoring across difference. Mentees reported effective mentor traits and practices, including being approachable and accessible, demonstrating humility and genuine care for others, and tailoring the experience to mentees’ individualized needs. Findings also included insights related to mentoring across difference, in which mentors and mentees differed by gender and race/ethnicity.
Hamiltonian 2-forms in Kähler geometry, II Global Classification

We present a classification of compact Kahler manifolds admitting a hamiltonian 2-form (which were classified locally in part I of this work). This involves two components of independent interest. The first is the notion of a rigid hamiltonian torus action. This natural condition, for torus actions on a Kahler manifold, was introduced locally in part I, but such actions turn out to be remarkably well behaved globally, leading to a fairly explicit classification: up to a blow-up, compact Kahler manifolds with a rigid hamiltonian torus action are bundles of toric Kahler manifolds. The second idea is a special case of toric geometry, which we call orthotoric. We prove that orthotoric Kahler manifolds are diffeomorphic to complex projective space, but we extend our analysis to orthotoric orbifolds, where the geometry is much richer. We thus obtain new examples of Kahler–Einstein 4-orbifolds. Combining these two themes, we prove that compact Kahler manifolds with hamiltonian 2-forms are covered by blow-downs of projective bundles over Kahler products, and we describe explicitly how the Kahler metrics with a hamiltonian 2-form are parameterized. We explain how this provides a context for constructing new examples of extremal Kahler metrics—in particular a subclass of such metrics which we call weakly Bochner-flat. We also provide a self-contained treatment of the theory of compact toric Kahler manifolds, since we need it and find the existing literature incomplete.