Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Late Middle Age: Critical Period, Accumulation, and Social Mobility Life Course Perspectives

Objective: This study investigated patterns of depressive symptoms and whether socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course affects these trajectories using the critical period, accumulation, and social mobility models. Method: This study uses data from 8,532 adults, age 51 to 64, collected over 12 years from the Health and Retirement Study (observations = 25,887). A latent class analysis was performed to examine distinct depressive symptom trajectories; life course models were studied with multinomial logistic regression. Results: Four heterogeneous latent classes were identified for depression: Declining, Low, Increasing, and High and Increasing. The High and Increasing group was associated with a disadvantaged childhood SES, accumulated exposure to socioeconomic risks, and persistent SES disadvantage supporting the three life course models. Discussion: There was evidence of distinct profiles of depressive symptoms in late middle age and of interrelated life course mechanisms underlying the influences of childhood SES on later life depression.
A Cognitive Basis for Cardinal Utility

This paper suggests a cognitive basis for the isomorphism of a utility function and a distribution function. With only a minimal set of cognitive tools ordinal comparison and frequency processing an object can be evaluated by its relative position in a reference set. This cognitive evaluation, coupled with “more is better” preferences, is consistent with possession of a cardinal utility function, which is determined by one’s environment, and thus adapts to changes in the environment. The effects of cognitive imperfections are considered. The model provides a framework which may accommodate a number of developments both in psychology and economics. Journal of Economic Literature classification numbers: D11, D62
Verbal Ability and the Processing of Scientific Text With Seductive Detail Sentences

We examined the influence of seductive detail sentences (i.e., highly interesting, yet unimportant sentences) on reading time and recall for readers with higher and lower verbal ability. College students (n = 81) read a 967-word text that included seductive detail sentences. Participants with higher and lower verbal ability displayed similar reading time and recall patterns across different sentence types: they spent more time reading seductive details than base sentences and more time reading base sentences that followed seductive details than the other base sentences. Further, they recalled seductive details better than base segments. Results supported the noncompensation hypothesis, which states that seductive detail sentences disrupt text processing regardless of verbal ability. The relative interest and importance of sentences should be considered when deciding whether to add information for the purpose of increasing reader interest or cognitive engagement.
An American Construction of European Education Space

The construction of the European education space has typically been attributed to European education policy makers, institutions, and networks. Rarely do scholars consider the role of outside, non-European actors in shaping the terrain of European education thought and practice. This article considers the construction of the European education space as a borderless project with multidirectional flows of ideas, policies, and academics. While this project has created an intellectual space for the emergence of new theoretical insights and policy instruments within Europe, it has also had inevitable consequences for the study of comparative education outside Europe. This article explores how American scholars have attempted to influence the development of comparative education as a field in the United States by purposefully constructing specific notions of European education during the cold war (1969–85). Drawing on content analysis of comparative education scholarship in Western European Education — a journal published in the United States — this article discusses the role of journal editors in the construction of European education spaces in order to advance not only a marginalized geographical area of study within the expanding American field of comparative education, but also a methodological vision for the future of comparative education, one free of positivist techniques, quantitative methodologies, and modernization ideologies.
DETERMINANTS OF DIVORCE OVER THE MARITAL LIFE COURSE

Using data from the young and mature women samples of the National Longitudinal Survey, this paper examines how the determinants of divorce (and separation) vary by the duration of marriage. In general, we find little evidence that the strength of previously identified predictors of divorce varies by marital duration. Variables such as race, wife's labor force participation, husband's employment, and urban residence seem to influence the probability of divorce, irrespective of the stage in the marital life course. The principal exception to this finding is the effect of wife's education, which appears to decrease the probability of divorce at early marital durations but to increase it at later durations. There is also suggestive evidence that the effects of home ownership and age at marriage may vary by marital duration. Demographic trends frequently shape research interests, and current trends are no exception. Increased attention from both demographers and sociologists is being focused on aging, the life course, and divorce. The source of interest in divorce is clearcut, since recent projections suggest that close to half of recent marriages will end in divorce (Preston and McDonald, 1979; Cherlin, 1981). Interests in aging and the life course probably stem at least in part from the aging of the population, with projections of up to 18 percent over age 65 by the year 2030 (Soldo, 1980). This concern may also be due to the aging of the baby boom generation, which has captured public attention, and which is now beginning to experience mid-life crises (Preston, 1984). While both areas of research are expanding at a prodigious rate, they have done so for the most part independently. Of course, demographers have long studied age/time-related determinants of divorce, such as age at marriage, marital duration, and life-cycle characteristics such as presence of children. Recent research (Morgan and Rindfuss, 1985; Thornton and Rodgers, 1984) has attempted to sort out the effects of these highly related variables. However, these analyses have focused almost solely on the age variables, and have not addressed the larger picture of how the divorce process may vary over the life course.
Frame and Blame: An Analysis of How National and Local Newspapers Framed the Jena Six Controversy

This study analyzed local and national news-papers to determine how each framed the Jena Six controversy and to determine if either broke from traditional episodic coverage in framing crime and African Americans. Local papers more frequently put a human face on the issue, while national papers more frequently framed it as a moral wrong. However, unlike previous studies, this analysis found that both local and national papers used more thematic than episodic coverage, suggesting that sometimes the circumstances surrounding a crime can be so egregious that societal factors must be included in coverage.
Executive control in the Simon task: A dual-task examination of response priming and its suppression

Executive control processes are supposed to regulate behaviour and to resolve conflicts in information processing. Recently, Stürmer and colleagues (Stürmer et al., 2002; Stürmer & Leuthold, 2003) reported electrophysiological findings in a Simon task that indicated control over a location-based processing route that mediates response priming. Importantly, when a response conflict occurred on a given trial, a suppression of response priming on the immediately following trial was demonstrated. The present study examines boundary conditions of such control in the Simon paradigm by comparing single-task with dual-task performance. In four experiments a second task, alternating trial-by-trial with the Simon task, was systematically manipulated in its control demands. Whereas reaction time (RT) analysis of single-task conditions revealed the absence of location-based response priming in the Simon task, such priming reappeared when the second task required an overt response. In contrast, working memory load as such did not touch the Simon effect. Therefore, not the response conflict itself but capacity-limited response monitoring processes seem to be critical for executive control in the Simon task and the suppression of response priming.
Marginalization of democratic values: a gendered practice of schooling?

Contemporary Swedish debate is much occupied with young men's attraction to anti-democratic ideals and the fact that they seem to learn less than girls about democratic values in school. Within politics, voices have been raised in favour of putting more effort into the schooling of young people's—especially boys'—social competence and democratic understanding. This paper analyses present school practice and discusses how schools go about handling issues of democracy. This will be done by reference to empirical results from two Swedish studies carried out in the 1990s. The presentation will focus in particular on the marginalization and gendered fostering of democratic values in school. It will also touch upon the implications for the kind of masculinities and femininities reproduced.
Learning Styles of Chinese and Dutch Students Compared within the Context of Dutch Higher Education in Life Sciences

Abstract This study investigated the extent to which the learning styles of Chinese students differ from those of Dutch students. The study was conducted within the context of Englishlanguage Bachelor of Science programmes thatWageningen University offers together with China Agricultural University to Dutch and Chinese students. Sixteen Dutch students and 25 Chinese students completed the Inventory of Learning Styles. The Chinese students have several of the characteristics that reflect a reproduction-directed and an undirected learning style, while the Dutch students as a group do not demonstrate any one particular learning style. It would be useful and desirable to show the Chinese students, by means of specific instructions and exercises, how to use strategies directed towards deep processing and how to regulate their own learning processes more in the direction of deep processing.
Using Current Research To Make "Good" Decisions About Grouping

High-abitity and gifted students tend to benefit most from like-ability grouping, because the strategy provides them with the opportunity to access more advanced knowledge and skills and to practice deeper processing. Most likely, this access can be provided when instructors are not forced to divide their teaching energies and efforts among widely diverse tevels of ability and achievement.
Toward the development of an elementary teacher's science teaching efficacy belief instrument

The National Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology stressed the importance of elementary school science because it is within the formative years that “substantial exposure to mathematical and scientific concepts and processes” is thought to be “critical to later achievement” (1983, p. 22). Though science is required of all students within the elementary years, strong evidence suggests that elementary teachers do not feel science curriculum is a high priority (Stake and Easley, 1978; Schoeneberger and Russell, 1986). When elementary science is addressed, it is not usually taught in a way that enhances student achievement (Denny, 1978). Researchers have suggested a myriad of possible causes for existing voids in elementary science teaching (Edmunds, 1979; Fitch & Fisher, 1979; Franz & Enochs, 1982; Helgeson, Blosser, & Howe, 1977; and Weiss, 1978). Abundant attention has been devoted to the investigation of teacher attitude toward science and the effects of these attitudes on subsequent teaching (Haney, Neuman, & Clark, 1969; Koballa & Crawley, 1985; Morrisey, 1981; and Munby, 1983). Teacher belief systems, however, have been neglected as a possible contributor to behavior patterns of elementary teachers with regard to science. Investigation of teacher beliefs is vital to a more complete understanding of teacher behavior. Koballa and Crawley (1985) defined belief as “information that a person accepts to be true” (p. 223). This is differentiated from attitude which is a general positive or negative feeling toward something. Attitudes may be formed on the basis of beliefs, and both attitudes and beliefs relate to behavior. An example based upon Koballa and Crawley’s description, can be made to demonstrate the relationship between beliefs, attitudes and behavior with regard to the elementary science teaching situation. An elementary teacher judges his/
Retracted:When different is better: performance following upward comparison

The attainability of upward social comparisons is known to affect self-evaluative responses. The consequences for performance, however, are less well understood. We suggest that demoralizing upward comparisons with unattainable targets may lead to improved performance when the target and performance domains are mismatched. For example, comparison with a target that has been successful in an analytic domain should lead to better performance in a verbal domain. This improvement in performance occurs because increased performance in alternative domains provides an opportunity for self-evaluation maintenance. In three studies, we demonstrate that upward comparisons to targets whose successes are perceived as threatening lead to improved performance when the task and performance domain do not match, but no improvements when the domains match. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Recurrence of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after Treatment for Ruptured Aneurysms: Patient Characteristics and Outcomes

OBJECTIVE:Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who have been successfully treated for all detected aneurysms are at risk for recurrence of SAH. We assessed the characteristics, complications of re-treatment, and outcomes of patients with recurrent SAH as important factors in determining whether to screen patients for new aneurysms. METHODS:We studied patients admitted between 1987 and 2002 to three hospitals in the Netherlands for recurrent SAH. Patients had received treatment previously for all aneurysms identified after initial SAH. We collected data for age, sex, risk factors, site, and number of the aneurysm(s), time between the first and the second SAH, complications of re-treatment, and outcome after recurrent SAH. RESULTS:We identified 30 patients: 27 women and 3 men. Thirty-two aneurysms were documented; 19 were classified as de novo, 8 were classified as regrowth, and 5 had been missed in retrospect. The mean time between the first and the second SAH was 7.8 years (range, 0.25–17 yr for all aneurysms and 2.8–14 yr for de novo aneurysms). Nine patients (30%) had a family history of SAH. No specific complications were reported with reoperation in 21 patients. Ten patients (33%) died, 4 patients (14%) were severely disabled, and 16 patients (53%) had good outcomes. CONCLUSION:Among patients admitted with recurrent SAH, there is a predominance of women and patients with familial SAH. Reoperation is not associated with specific complications. Outcome after recurrent SAH is similar to that after initial SAH.
Reactivity, regulation, and reward responses to infant cues among mothers with and without psychopathology: an fMRI review

Despite important progress in understanding the complex caregiving system, developmental research has only recently begun to focus on the mother's internal affective state and its role in sensitive caregiving behavior. This review will summarize recent findings of functional neuroimaging research to elaborate on the neural components associated with maternal sensitive care or disrupted responsiveness to infant communications. First, maternal emotion reactivity and regulation, as well as maternal reward responsiveness to infant cues, will be reviewed among healthy mothers. Then, emotion and reward-related processes among mothers who display sensitive versus disrupted caregiving will be explored. Finally, these patterns of response will be compared to patterns of response among mothers with psychiatric disorders, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse. The aim of this review is to examine whether differences in emotion reactivity and regulation, as well as in the encoding of infant stimuli as rewarding, are related either to maternal psychopathology or to maternal difficulties in responding promptly and appropriately to their infants. A summary of the challenges facing developmental neuroscience research in furthering our understanding of maternal responses to infants will close this review.
The young adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent antisocial behaviour : an Australian cohort

The patterns of offending behaviour in young people (adolescents and young adults) in Australia are problematic from a number of perspectives. First, young people are over-represented in official statistics. Second, serious offenders in adolescence progress on to adult crime, with a small number explaining a disproportionate number of crimes, which is consistent with international trends. Third, adolescent antisocial behaviour, whether breaking norms or serious assaults, is very common in Australian society. Fourth, antisocial behaviour whether from childhood or across all age groups is a significant economic drain on society. In the light of the extent and seriousness of antisocial behaviour in our community, this report focuses on one domain of the problem, the link between types of childhood and adolescent antisocial behaviour and young adult outcomes. The study examines childhood and adolescent antisocial behaviour and the extent to which the presence of antisocial behaviour in early childhood and adolescence influences a range of outcomes in early adulthood. Data is sourced from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, which is a 21-year longitudinal investigation that began in 1981, during which assessments were conducted when the study children were six months, five years, 14 years, and 21 years old. The results suggest that individuals with persistent or adolescent onset antisocial behaviour have a range of serious problems in young adulthood. In contrast, with some few exceptions, individuals with childhood limited antisocial behaviour do not seem to have many adult problems. The findings imply the need for both early detection and intervention with those cases likely to continue into adolescence. In addition, severe adolescent antisocial behaviour needs vigorous intervention to prevent adult dysfunction. The report summarises a number of proven interventions for both groups and highlights a future research agenda.
Coherence and correspondence in the psychological analysis of numerical predictions: How error-prone heuristics are replaced by ecologically valid heuristics

Numerical predictions are of central interest for both coherence-based approaches to judgment and decisions — the Heuristic and Biases (HB) program in particular — and to correspondence-based approaches — Social Judgment Theory (SJT). In this paper I examine the way these two approaches study numerical predictions by reviewing papers that use Cue Probability Learning (CPL), the central experimental paradigm for studying numerical predictions in the SJT tradition, while attempting to look for heuristics and biases. The theme underlying this review is that both bias-prone heuristics and adaptive heuristics govern subjects’ predictions in CPL. When they have little experience to guide them, subjects fall prey to relying on bias-prone natural heuristics, such as representativeness and anchoring and adjustment, which are the only prediction strategies available to them. But, as they acquire experience with the prediction task, these heuristics are abandoned and replaced by ecologically valid heuristics.
Athletic Participation and the Health Risks of Adolescent Males: A National Study

This study tested whether athletic participation was associated with lower rates of health risk behaviors among a nationwide sample of American male adolescents. Results are based on a secondary analysis of the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a nationally representative survey of public and private high school students in grades nine through 12 (male weighted N = 8,057), developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Logistic regression analysis tested hypothesized relationships between athletic participation and odds of illicit drug use, tobacco use, alcohol use, suicidal ideation and behavior, and vehicular risk. Control variables included age, race/ethnicity, social class, and school location. Athletic participation was associated with reduced risk for illicit drug use, cigarette smoking, and suicide. No overall differences between athletes and nonathletes were found in alcohol use and vehicular risk, though highly active athletes were more likely than nonathletes to report binge drinking and driving under the influence of alcohol. Athletes were also more likely than nonathletes to use chewing and dipping tobacco. The results suggest that high school athletic programs can both positively and negatively influence the health of adolescent males. Researchers and public health policymakers should further assess the real and potential benefits that school and community-based athletic programs can offer boys, their families, and communities.
Anti-inflammatoryactivity of calciumchannel blocker lercanidipine hydrochloride

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the third-generation CCB, lercanidipine. Materials and Methods: The ability of lercanidipine to reduce inflammation in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats was evaluated, using different doses and its anti-inflammatory effect was compared with that of diclofenac sodium. Mast cell degranulation effect of lercanidipine was also carried out. Results: Lercanidipine produced a significant reduction in the inflammatory paw edema at all doses and at all intervals (P < 0.001). The percentage of reduction in edema was found to be proportionate to the doses of lercanidipine. Lercanidipine also significantly reduced the percentage of propranolol-induced mast cell degranulation. Conclusions: It was found that lercanidipine exerts a positive anti-inflammatory effect in a dose-dependent manner and was superior to diclofenac sodium.