Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glycogen- and PP1c-targeting Subunit GM Is Phosphorylated at Ser48 by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum-bound Ca2+-Calmodulin Protein Kinase in Rabbit Fast Twitch Skeletal Muscle*

Multifunctional Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase uniformly distributed within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle. In fast twitch muscle, no specific substrates of CaMKII have yet been identified in nonjunctional SR. Previous electron microscopy data showed that glycogen particles containing glycogen synthase (GS) associate with SR at the I band level. Furthermore, recent evidence implicates CaMKII in regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that the glycogen- and protein phosphatase 1-targeting subunit, also known as GM, selectively localizes to the SR membranes of rabbit skeletal muscle and that GM and GS co-localize at the level of the I band. We further show that GM, GS, and PP1c assemble in a structural complex that selectively localizes to nonjunctional SR and that GM is phosphorylated by SR-bound CaMKII and dephosphorylated by PP1c. On the other hand, no evidence for a structural interaction between GM and CaMKII was obtained. Using His-tagged GM recombinant fragments and site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate that the target of CaMKII is Ser48. Taken together, these data suggest that SR-bound CaMKII participates in the regulation of GS activity through changes in the phosphorylation state of GM. Based on these findings, we propose that SR-bound CaMKII participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, under physiological conditions involving repetitive raises elevations of [Ca2+]i.
Board Effectiveness and the Voluntary Disclosure of Climate Change Information

This paper examines the relationship between board of directors' effectiveness and voluntary climate change disclosures. Since risk management and reporting fall under the board's responsibility, we relate board effectiveness to the firm's decision to voluntarily respond to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) annual questionnaire as well as the quality of disclosures about climate-change-related risks and strategies to mitigate them. Our results show a positive association between board effectiveness and the firm's decision to answer the CDP questionnaire as well as its carbon disclosure quality. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the determinants of voluntary climate change disclosures. Our findings highlight the importance of the board of directors' role in enhancing the transparency and relevance of voluntary disclosures of climate change business impacts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Filter Rules and Stock-Market Trading

IN THE recent literature there has been a considerable interest in the theory of random walks in stock-market prices. The basic hypothesis of the theory is that successive price changes in individual securities are independent random variables. Independence implies, of course, that the past history of a series of changes cannot be used to predict future changes in any "meaningful" way. What constitutes a "meaningful" prediction depends, of course, on the purpose for which the data are being examined. For example, the investor wants to know whether the history of prices can be used to increase expected gains. In a random-walk market, with either zero or positive drift, no mechanical trading rule applied to an individual security would consistently outperform a policy of simply buying and holding the security. Thus, the investor who must choose between the random-walk model and a more complicated model which assumes the existence of an excessive degree of either persistence (positive dependence) or reaction (negative dependence) in successive price changes, should accept the theory of random walks as the better model if the actual degree of dependence cannot be used to produce greater expected profits than a buy-and-hold policy. ' On the other hand, the statistician has different though equally pragmatic notions of what constitutes an important violation of the independence assumption of the random-walk model. He will
Somatic mutation‐mediated evolution of herbicide resistance in the nonindigenous invasive plant hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royle) was introduced to the surface water of Florida in the 1950s and is today one of the most serious aquatic weed problems in the USA. As a result of concerns associated with the applications of pesticides to aquatic systems, fluridone is the only USEPA‐approved chemical that provides systemic control of hydrilla. After a decrease in fluridone's efficacy at controlling hydrilla, 200 Florida water bodies were sampled to determine the extent of the problem and the biological basis for the reduced efficacy. Our studies revealed that hydrilla phenotypes with two‐ to six‐fold higher fluridone resistance were present in 20 water bodies. Since fluridone is an inhibitor of the enzyme phytoene desaturase (PDS), the gene for PDS (pds) was cloned from herbicide‐susceptible and ‐resistant hydrilla plants. We report for the first time in higher plants three independent herbicide‐resistant hydrilla biotypes arising from the selection of somatic mutations at the arginine 304 codon of pds. The three PDS variants had specific activities similar to the wild‐type enzyme but were two to five times less sensitive to fluridone. In vitro activity levels of the enzymes correlated with in vivo resistance of the corresponding biotypes. As hydrilla spread rapidly to lakes across the southern United States in the past, the expansion of resistant biotypes is likely to pose significant environmental challenges in the future.
A POP‐1 repressor complex restricts inappropriate cell type‐specific gene transcription during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis

In Caenorhabditis elegans, histone acetyltransferase CBP‐1 counteracts the repressive activity of the histone deacetylase HDA‐1 to allow endoderm differentiation, which is specified by the E cell. In the sister MS cell, the endoderm fate is prevented by the action of an HMG box‐containing protein, POP‐1, through an unknown mechanism. In this study, we show that CBP‐1, HDA‐1 and POP‐1 converge on end‐1, an initial endoderm‐determining gene. In the E lineage, an essential function of CBP‐1 appears to be the activation of end‐1 transcription. We further identify a molecular mechanism for the endoderm‐suppressive effect of POP‐1 in the MS lineage by demonstrating that POP‐1 functions as a transcriptional repressor that inhibits inappropriate end‐1 transcription. We provide evidence that POP‐1 represses transcription via the recruitment of HDA‐1 and UNC‐37, the C.elegans homolog of the co‐repressor Groucho. These findings demonstrate the importance of the interplay between acetyltransferases and deacetylases in the regulation of a critical cell fate‐determining gene during development. Furthermore, they identify a strategy by which concerted actions of histone deacetylases and other co‐repressors ensure maximal repression of inappropriate cell type‐specific gene transcription.
Stereochemical Integrity of Oxazolone Ring‐Containing Jadomycins

The jadomycins are a series of natural products produced by Streptomyces venzuelae ISP5230 in response to ethanol shock. A unique structural feature of these angucyclines is the oxazolone ring, the formation of which is catalyzed by condensation of a biosynthetic aldehyde intermediate and an amino acid. The feeding of enantiomeric forms of α‐amino acids indicates that the amino acid is incorporated by S. venezuelae ISP5230 without isomerization at the α‐carbon. The characterization of the first two six‐membered E‐ring‐containing jadomycins is reported. These precursor‐directed biosynthesis studies indicate flexibility in the acceptor substrate specificity of the glycosyltransferase, JadS. Analysis of cytotoxicity data against two human breast cancer cell lines indicates that the nature of the substitution at the α‐carbon, rather than the stereochemistry, influences biological activity.
How Might Adults Learn About New Science and Technology? The Case of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

The nature of nanoscience and nanotechnology (collectively, nano) are discussed as important examples of the modern sciences and technologies that are having an increasing impact on all aspects of life. In this Position paper, general proposals are made for the levels of understanding of nano that might be attained by whole populations. The ideas that should be addressed in those levels of understanding are reviewed. The scope and limitations of formal and informal avenues to the attainment of such understanding are outlined. Proposals are made for the aspects of nano that are best conveyed by the different media available for informal provision and illustrated from the scant documentation of contemporary practice. Last, some substantial issues for further research and development are identified.
What influences the Changes in REIT CEO Compensation?: Evidence from Panel Data

This study examines what influences the changes in REIT CEO compensation using the following performance measures: average three-year total returns to shareholders, market value added, Tobin's q, and change in funds from operations. In addition, we examine the impact of managerial power on the change in compensation. Unbalanced panel data is employed to capture both the time-series and cross-sectional effects. The empirical evidence indicates that firm performance and size do not influence the change in CEO salary, while risk, tenure, title, ownership, and age have significant impacts. Contrary to previous findings and a priori expectations, bonuses are not influenced by risk, size, or CEO power; however, they are influenced by performance. Option awards are affected by performance and CEO power.
Functional Genomic Analysis of Type II IL-1β Decoy Receptor: Potential for Gene Therapy in Human Arthritis and Inflammation1

Gene expression arrays show that human epithelial cells and human arthritis-affected cartilage lack detectable amounts of mRNA for IL-1 antagonizing molecules: IL-1Ra and IL-1RII, but constitutively express IL-1. Functional genomic analysis was performed by reconstituting human IL-1RII expression in various IL-1RII-deficient cell types to examine its antagonist role using gene therapy approaches. Adenovirus-expressing IL-1RII when transduced into human and bovine chondrocytes, human and rabbit synovial cells, human epithelial cells, and rodent fibroblasts expressed membrane IL-1RII and spontaneously released functional soluble IL-1RII. The IL-1RII+ (but not IL-1RII−) cells were resistant to IL-1β-induced, NO, PGE2, IL-6, and IL-8 production or decreased proteoglycan synthesis. IL-1RII inhibited the function of IL-1 in chondrocytes and IL-1- and TNF-α-induced inflammatory mediators in human synovial and epithelial cells. IL-1RII+ chondrocytes were more resistant to induction of NO and PGE2 by IL-1β compared with IL-1RII− cells incubated with a 10-fold (weight) excess of soluble type II IL-1R (sIL-1RII) protein. In cocultures, IL-1RII+ synovial cells released sIL-1RII, which in a paracrine fashion protected chondrocytes from the effects of IL-1β. Furthermore, IL-1RII+ (but not IL-1RII−) chondrocytes when transplanted onto human osteoarthritis-affected cartilage in vitro, which showed spontaneous release of sIL-1RII for 20 days, inhibited the spontaneous production of NO and PGE2 in cartilage in ex vivo. In summary, reconstitution of IL-1RII in IL-1RII− cells using gene therapy approaches significantly protects cells against the autocrine and paracrine effects of IL-1 at the signaling and transcriptional levels.
Regenerative Medicine and New Labour life science policy: rhetorics of success, narratives of sustainability and survival

Advances in stem cell science and tissue engineering are being turned into applications and products through a novel medical paradigm known as regenerative medicine. This paper begins by examining the vulnerabilities and risks encountered by the regenerative medicine industry during a pivotal moment in its scientific infancy: the 2000s. Under the auspices of New Labour, British medical scientists and life science innovation firms associated with regenerative medicine, received demonstrative rhetorical pledges of support, aligned with the publication of a number of government initiated reports presaged by Bioscience 2015: Improving National Health, Increasing National Wealth. The Department of Health and the Department of Trade and Industry (and its successors) held industry consultations to determine the best means by which innovative bioscience cultures might be promoted and sustained in Britain. Bioscience 2015 encapsulates the first chapter of this sustainability narrative. By 2009, the tone of this storyline had changed to one of survivability. In the second part of the paper, we explore the ministerial interpretation of the ‘bioscience discussion cycle’ that embodies this narrative of expectation, using a computer-aided content analysis programme. Our analysis notes that the ministerial interpretation of these reports has continued to place key emphasis upon the distinctive and exceptional characteristics of the life science industries, such as their ability to perpetuate innovations in regenerative medicine and the optimism this portends – even though many of the economic expectations associated with this industry have remained unfulfilled.
Reaching a climate agreement: compensating for energy market effects of climate policy

Because of large economic and environmental asymmetries among world regions and the incentive to free ride, an international climate regime with broad participation is hard to reach. Most of the proposed regimes are based on an allocation of emissions rights that is perceived as fair. Yet, there are also arguments to focus more on the actual welfare implications of different regimes and to focus on a ‘fair’ distribution of resulting costs. In this article, the computable general equilibrium model DART is used to analyse the driving forces of welfare implications in different scenarios in line with the 2 °C target. These include two regimes that are often presumed to be ‘fair’, namely a harmonized international carbon tax and a cap and trade system based on the convergence of per capita emissions rights, and also an ‘equal loss’ scenario where welfare losses relative to a business-as-usual scenario are equal for all major world regions. The main finding is that indirect energy market effects are a major driver of welfare effects and that the ‘equal loss’ scenario would thus require large transfer payments to energy exporters to compensate for welfare losses from lower world energy demand and prices. Policy relevance A successful future climate regime requires ‘fair’ burden sharing. Many proposed regimes start from ethical considerations to derive an allocation of emissions reduction requirements or emissions allowances within an international emissions trading scheme. Yet, countries also consider the expected economic costs of a regime that are also driven by other factors besides allowance allocation. Indeed, in simplified lab experiments, successful groups are characterized by sharing costs proportional to wealth. This article shows that the major drivers of welfare effects are reduced demand for fossil energy and reduced fossil fuel prices, which implies that (1) what is often presumed to be a fair allocation of emissions allowances within an international emissions trading scheme leads to a very uneven distribution of economic costs and (2) aiming for equal relative losses for all regions requires large compensation to fossil fuel exporters, as argued, for example, by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
Body Image, Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptomatology in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION In the current study we aimed to determine body image, self-esteem and depressive symptomatology in women with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compare with healthy controls. METHOD This study was conducted among the patients with untreated PCOS who admitted to the Outpatient Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Faculty of Medicine of Selçuk University. A total 83 consecutive women with PCOS met the criteria of present study were included in the study. Age matched healthy controls (n=64) were recruited from employees at Selçuk University Hospital. PCOS was defined according to Rotterdam criteria. After socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were recorded, Body Image Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were completed by the participants. RESULTS Patients with PCOS and healthy controls did not differ in some sociodemographic variables, including age, education and economic status (p>.05). Previous psychiatric history was more prevalent among the PCOS group (p<. 05). Body mass index (BMI) was ≤25 kg/m2 in both groups. BMI values in the PCOS group were significantly higher than in the controls (p<.05). BDI scores were significantly higher in the PCOS group compared to that in the healthy controls (p<.05). There was no significant difference between the PCOS group and healthy controls in BIS and RSES scores (p>.05). CONCLUSION The present study suggests that PCOS seems to be associated with depressive symptomatology. Furthermore, rising BMI values of these women may be an indicator for the onset of PCOS. However, these results should be confirmed by prospective studies.
Economic and Systemic Explanations of Ownership Concentration among Europe's Largest Companies

The paper examines causes and effects of ownership concentration among the largest companies in 12 European countries. As a reference point the paper takes a seminal empirical study on US data and examines to what extent the model is applicable in European countries. The findings indicate that both general economic effects and system effects are significant. Ownership concentration is found to decrease with firm size and to increase with earnings volatility. But in support of the system theories advocated nationality is also found to have a significant effect which is partly attributable to institutional differences between nations such as stock market size and the frequency of large banks. Finally ownership concentration is found to have an insignificant effect on accounting profitability (return on equity)
Implementing public information systems in developing countries: Learning from a success story

Public information system (IS) implementations in developing countries have had to confront many serious challenges, and generally have had a poor record of success. In this paper, we report on a series of successful projects implemented in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. We analyze the context and processes involved and consider implications for the success of IS projects in general in developing countries. The lessons can be summarized as: detailed effort and attention to the involvement of multiple groups, innovative organizational structures, a people-orientation in project selection; and persistence over time, backed by committed and knowledgeable leadership. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fairness and the power of competition

One of the most basic questions in economics concerns the effects of competition on market prices. We show that the neglect of fairness concerns prevents a satisfactory understanding of how the intensity of competition affects prices. We conduct experiments that demonstrate that introducing even a very small amount of competition to a bilateral exchange situation – by adding just one competitor – induces large behavioral changes among buyers and sellers, causing dramatic changes in market prices. Models that assume that all people are selfinterested fail to provide a satisfactory explanation of these changes. In contrast, models taking into account heterogeneous fairness concerns predict the qualitative and quantitative effects of changes in competition correctly. By combining the fairness approach with models of noisy best reply behavior we can predict the entire distribution of prices in many different competitive situations remarkably well. *Institute for Empirical Research in Economics University of Zurich Blumlisalpstrasse 10 CH-8006 Zurich Email: fiba@iew.unizh. ch; efehr@iew.unizh. ch **Department of Social and Decision Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Email: fong2@andrew.cmu. edu
"La suerte no existe" "Luck does not exist" Youth, Risk and Leisure in Cali, Colombia

Este documento es el informe academico de una investigacion doctoral en Sociologia sobre el riesgo voluntario que toma como objeto de estudio a la juventud, dentro de contextos de ocio y de recreacion, usando un acercamiento cualitativo mediante un estudio de caso en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. El estudio fue conducido entre octubre de 2001 y abril de 2005. El financiamiento y la ayuda academica fueron proporcionados por la Facultad de legal y de Estudios sociales y educativos de la universidad de Queen de Belfast- Irlanda, y tambien por su escuela de sociologia y de politica social. Los resultados principales se pueden resumir a lo largo de dos lineas teoricas: (1) la naturaleza, elementos y modernidad del riesgo en la vida de la juventud, especialmente en lo referente a la nocion del fatalismo, y (2) la posibilidad de entender el riesgo en tanto se lo toma como herramienta positiva para socializar e incorporarse en la vida de adulto, dentro de contextos sociales especificos. En la primera linea, este estudio discute que el riesgo tiene diversos elementos constitutivos: (a) un proceso causal con los elementos del racionalismo, al darsele prioridad a la toma de decisiones y al calculo del riesgo; (b) un gravamen del tiempo; (c) una vision negativa del riesgo; y (d) el control como eje central de la gerencia de riesgo. El estudio tambien identifico y busco entretejer el riesgo con los elementos del fatalismo de clases sociales. La segunda linea analitica desarrolla tres ideas: (1) que ademas de la asociacion general con resultados negativos, la juventud percibe ventajas en asumir riesgos voluntarios relacionadas con (a) la mejoria de si mismo (b) contrato emocional, (c) construccion de la familia y de la identidad socio-cultural, y (d) ganando la aprobacion del grupo y un sentido de pertenecer; (2) que, mediado por la clase social y el genero, arriesgue los juegos un papel central en el acortamiento o el alargamiento de la moratoria, el periodo de la transicion entre la juventud y la edad adulta, y que este proceso esta relacionado directamente con el nivel de la integracion socioeconomica de la juventud; y (3) que las motivaciones, los significados y las consecuencias de asumir los riesgos tienen que ser dimensionados en el contexto social en el cual ocurren.
On the Approximation of Nash Equilibria in Sparse Win-Lose Games

We show that the problem of finding an approximate Nash equilibrium with a polynomial precision is PPAD-hard even for two-player sparse win-lose games (i.e., games with {0,1}-entries such that each row and column of the two n×n payoff matrices have at most O(log n) many ones). The proof is mainly based on a new class of prototype games called Chasing Games, which we think is of independent interest in understanding the complexity of Nash equilibrium.