Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Questioning the Research on Early Career Teacher Attrition and Retention

In this paper, we consider scholarly work on early career teacher attrition, and retention, from 1999 to 2010. Much of the literature has framed attrition as either a problem associated with individual factors (e.g., burnout), or a problem associated with contextual factors (e.g., support and salary). Some recent conceptualizations consider early career teacher attrition as an identity- making process that involves a complex negotiation between individual and contextual factors. On the basis of our review, we suggest the need to shift the conversation from one focused only on retaining teachers, toward a conversation about sustaining teachers. This shift offers the possibility of new insights about teacher education and about the kinds of spaces needed on school landscapes to sustain and retain beginning teachers. Cet article porte sur les travaux académiques évoquant l'attrition et la rétention des enseignants en début de carrière entre 1999 et 2010. Une part importante de la littérature présente l'attrition comme un problème associé à des facteurs individuels (par ex. épuisement professionnel) ou bien à des facteurs contextuels (par ex. appui et salaire). Selon certaines conceptualisations récentes, l'attrition d'enseignants en début de carrière serait un processus de formation identitaire impliquant des négociations complexes entre l'individu et des facteurs contextuels. À partir de notre analyse, nous évoquons le besoin de s'éloigner des conversations portant exclusivement sur le besoin de retenir les enseignants pour discuter plutôt de soutien aux enseignants. D'un tel changement peuvent découler de nouvelles idées sur la formation des enseignants et le type de milieux scolaires nécessaires pour appuyer et retenir les enseignants en début de carrière.
A paradox of privacy : unravelling the reasoning behind online location sharing

With the emergence of web applications that enabled user-generated content and social interactions, the Web became a place where people can engage in a number of new activities. With the success of smart enabled devices people now actively share their location data through various applications. However, as this thesis reveals, location plays a primal role in linking and inferring new information about people, often without their knowledge or consent. Due to this inferential power of location data new privacy concerns arise, as the actual affordances of their data are far greater than people are even aware of. Regardless of the numerous controversies around privacy, people keep on sharing their data on the Web. However, privacy systems themselves (and the ways in which individuals express their preferences) have changed very little. This thesis argues that understanding the mechanisms that people employ in their privacy decisions can provide fundamental insight for the design of privacy systems. The main focus of this thesis is to understand the underlying reasons why people share their location and whether their disclosure behaviour is paradoxical when compared with their stated attitudes towards location sharing. The first part of this thesis involves a study comprising of an online survey that addresses these two issues. The findings provide supporting evidence that people's location sharing decisions are indeed paradoxical in comparison with their stated attitudes and that privacy decision-making can be seen as a process of structuration, in the sense that people's decisions are tempered by contextual factors (external structures). The second part comprises of a series of focus groups that act as a follow-up study and aim to explore in more detail the underlying reasons behind people's sharing decisions. The findings show that people's decisions are influenced by a number of different contextual factors, grouped together into three main categories; social capital, trust in the application and functionality. Based on the outcomes of the two studies, a conceptual model was developed, called the Isorropic Model, that points out the prominent role of context in privacy decision-making and stresses the need for more dynamic privacy systems.
Characteristic Liquidity, Systematic Liquidity and Expected Returns

We investigate whether the effect of liquidity on equity returns can be attributed to the liquidity level, as a stock characteristic, or a market wide systematic liquidity risk. We develop a CAPM liquidity-augmented risk model and test the characteristic hypothesis against the systematic risk hypothesis for the liquidity effect. We find that the two-factor systematic risk model explains the liquidity premium and the null hypothesis that the liquidity characteristic is compensated irrespective of liquidity risk loadings is rejected. This result is robust over 1931–2008 data and sub-samples of pre-1963 and post-1963 data both in the time-series and the cross-sectional analysis. Our findings provide clear guidance on the impact of liquidity on expected returns and can have practical implications in portfolio construction and investment strategies.
Fluid compensation following threats to self-concept clarity

Abstract We examined defensive responses to self-clarity threats, finding that self-uncertain participants gave larger rewards to a social hero, but larger punishments to a social transgressor, than self-certain participants (Study 1). To examine whether there are individual differences in defensiveness to meaning threats, we included moderators, showing that high self-esteem individuals (HSE) thinking about self-inconsistencies gave more polarized evaluations of someone criticizing vs. complimenting their ingroup than self-consistent HSEs (Study 2). We found similar responses to a relational self-clarity threat, among individuals for whom relationships are self-defining (Study 3). Results held controlling for the impact of the self-clarity manipulations on self-esteem. This research is compatible with the meaning maintenance model, which stipulates that various meaning threats elicit fluid compensatory efforts designed to restore general feelings of meaningfulness. We discuss limitations and future directions.
Comparison of differences in the hemodynamic response to passive postural stress in healthy subjects greater than 70 years and less than 30 years of age.

To test the hypothesis that age-related increases in arterial pressure alter the cardiovascular response to physiologic stress, 9 healthy elderly volunteers (74 +/- 2 years) and 7 young subjects (27 +/- 3 years) were subjected to a standard 60 degrees upright tilt. Cardiac volumes were measured with patients in the supine position and 5 minutes after they assumed an upright posture using radionuclide ventriculography, while heart rate, blood pressure and forearm cutaneous flow were recorded continuously and simultaneously. Only the expected age-related increase in mean arterial pressure (young subjects, 79 +/- 1 mm Hg; elderly subjects, 99 +/- 3 mm Hg; p less than 0.001) distinguished the 2 groups at baseline. However, during upright tilt, elderly subjects had significant decreases in stroke volume (supine [108 +/- 9 ml] vs upright [78 +/- 9 ml]; p less than 0.01) and cardiac index (supine [3.4 +/- 0.2 liters/min/m2] vs upright [2.8 +/- 0.2 liters/min/m2]; p less than 0.05) because of an inability to reduce end-systolic volume (supine, 44 +/- 6 ml; upright, 51 +/- 7 ml); however, mean arterial pressure was maintained through an increase in peripheral resistance. In contrast, the young relied solely on cardiac adaptations to postural stress by decreasing end-systolic volume (supine, 62 +/- 5 ml; upright, 39 +/- 5 ml; p less than 0.01) and increasing heart rate (57 +/- 2 min-1 to 71 +/- 3 min-1, p less than 0.01), whereby cardiac output and mean arterial pressure were maintained during tilt. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assessment of Students' Attitudes toward Breastfeeding

A self-administered survey questionnaire was distributed to 346 high school and 244 college students in Alabama to explore their perceptions of breastfeeding. Only 135 acknowledged having been breastfed. Embarrassment was perceived as a major barrier to breastfeeding; less than half thought breastfeeding should be done publicly. However, respondents had generally positive attitudes about breastfeeding. They intended to support breastfeeding of their own child; thought that breastfeeding was more healthful than bottle-feeding and more convenient; and that breastfeeding is not obscene nor does it make a woman less attractive. Over half received breastfeeding information from home, school, and television. Further, both high school and college students supported breastfeeding education in schools. These findings suggest that although fears of embarrassment is a major barrier to breastfeeding, the students showed overall positive attitudes about breastfeeding despite the region's low breastfeeding rate. Breastfeeding promotional programs should address the stigma of embarrassment associated with breastfeeding.
Text Messaging May Engage and Benefit Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Regardless of Health Literacy Status

Background: Technology-delivered interventions have the potential to improve diabetes self-care and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, patients who do not engage with interventions may not reap benefits, and there is little evidence on how engagement with mobile health interventions varies by health literacy status. Objective: This study explored how patients with limited health literacy engaged with and experienced Rapid Education/Encouragement and Communications for Health (REACH), a text messaging intervention designed to support the self-care adherence of disadvantaged patients with T2D. We recruited adults with T2D from federally qualified health centers and used mixed methods to examine (1) associations between users' health literacy status and their prior mobile phone use and their engagement with REACH and (2) similarities and differences in users' self-reported benefits by health literacy status. Methods: Participants (N = 55) completed a survey, including measures of health literacy and prior mobile phone use. For 2 weeks, participants experienced REACH, which included daily text messages promoting self-care and asking about medication adherence, and weekly text messages providing medication adherence feedback. After 2 weeks, participants completed a semi-structured telephone interview about their experiences. Key Results: Participants with limited health literacy were less likely to have used cell phones to access the Internet (48% vs. 90%, p = .001) or email (36% vs. 87%, p < .001), but equally as likely to have used text messaging and to respond to REACH text messages (p = .12 and p = .40, respectively) compared to participants with adequate health literacy. Participants responded to 93% of text messages on average and reported benefits of the intervention, including reminders and accountability, convenience and accessibility, and information and motivation. Participants with limited health literacy described a unique benefit of receiving social support from the intervention. Conclusions: Text messaging interventions may engage and benefit patients with T2D, regardless of health literacy status. Text messaging may have the potential to reduce T2D health disparities related to limited health literacy. [Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2017;1(4):e192–e202. ] Plain Language Summary: Limited health literacy is associated with less engagement with health information technology, but there is little evidence on how engagement with text messaging interventions varies by health literacy status. This intervention engaged and benefited adults with type 2 diabetes in safety-net clinics, regardless of health literacy status. Participants with limited health literacy described a unique intervention benefit of social support.
Managing outsourcing to develop business: Goal interdependence for sharing effective business practices in China

Outsourcing partners have the potential to learn from each other by discussing effective practices and to use these discussions to improve their business performance. However, there are significant barriers to trusting, open, and integrative communication. Results from 95 largely domestic outsourcing partnerships in China support the hypotheses that cooperative, but not competitive or independent, goals are a foundation upon which partners share their effective practices openly and directly with each other and that this kind of discussion promotes improved business results. Specifically, the structural equation analysis supported the reasoning that cooperative goals foster open discussion of effective practices that, in turn, results in business development. Findings were interpreted as providing support that cooperative interdependence is a foundation for effective interaction and learning between outsourcing partners in China and perhaps in other countries as well.
A Preliminary Exploration of Children's Physiological Arousal Levels in Regular Preschool Settings

LEARNING NEW THINGS IS challenging. In these moments, children are functioning in the upper limits of their acquired capability: in Vygotskian terms, children are functioning in their zone of proximal development (ZPD). Acting in the ZPD is cognitively loading and stress-provoking, thus the ability to function optimally in this state of increased stress has fundamental effects on the development of learning abilities. Physiological measures of arousal have become more common and pave the way to understanding not only how children develop regulation but also the role of the environment (social and physical) in supporting that development. While cortisol has become a popular measure of arousal, it is only one component of the physiobiology of arousal. It is important to develop a more holistic understanding of arousal. Our study aimed to evaluate both cortisol and alpha-amylase responses in preschool-aged children in response to both an unusually challenging task as well as to normal early childhood activities. We have used these to develop a model linking activation of the HPA and SAM systems to children's cognitive performance, including the mediating impact of daily activities.
Log2: A Cost-Aware Logging Mechanism for Performance Diagnosis

Logging has been a common practice for monitoring and diagnosing performance issues. However, logging comes at a cost, especially for large-scale online service systems. First, the overhead incurred by intensive logging is non-negligible. Second, it is costly to diagnose a performance issue if there are a tremendous amount of redundant logs. Therefore, we believe that it is important to limit the overhead incurred by logging, without sacrificing the logging effectiveness. In this paper we propose Log2, a cost-aware logging mechanism. Given a "budget" (defined as the maximum volume of logs allowed to be output in a time interval), Log2 makes the "whether to log" decision through a two-phase filtering mechanism. In the first phase, a large number of irrelevant logs are discarded efficiently. In the second phase, useful logs are cached and output while complying with logging budget. In this way, Log2 keeps the useful logs and discards the less useful ones. We have implemented Log2 and evaluated it on an open source system as well as a real-world online service system from Microsoft. The experimental results show that Log2 can control logging overhead while preserving logging effectiveness.
Structural Equation Models Relating Attitudes About and Achievement in Introductory statistics Courses: A Comparison of Results from the U.S. and Israel

The difficulties that many students, particularly those in the social and behavioral sciences, encounter while taking an introductory statistics course have been widely reported in many parts of the world. Factors that have been purported as relating to performance in introductory statistics include a variety of cognitive and affective variables (Feinberg & Halperin, 1978). Cognitive factors, such as mathematics ability and background, certainly play a major role in performance in an introductory statistics course; however, affective variables are also important. Gal and Ginsburg (1994) reported that "The body of research on students' attitudes, beliefs, and affect related directly to statistics education is very small and problematic. " They further state that concerns for studying non-cognitive aspects of statistics education should not only be motivated by outcome (performance) but also by process considerations. A major issue concerns the influence of attitudes on achievement. McLeod (1992) suggested that neither attitude nor achievement is dependent on the other, but they "interact with each other in complex and unpredictable ways. (p. 582)" The prospect of the reciprocal relationship of attitude and achievement has been proposed by others (Kulm, 1980) and negates the possibility of isolating the cognitive and affective domains. A number of studies have investigated the relationship between attitudes toward statistics and performance in an introductory course using a variety of correlational and regression techniques. Results generally indicate a small to moderate positive relationship. This relationship appears to be fairly consistent regardless of the instrument
Migrating code with statistical machine translation

In the era of mobile computing, developers often need to migrate code written for one platform in a programming language to another language for a different platform, e.g., from Java for Android to C# for Windows Phone. The migration process is often performed manually or semi-automatically, in which developers are required to manually define translation rules and API mappings. This paper presents semSMT, an automatic tool to migrate code written in Java to C#. semSMT utilizes statistical machine translation to automatically infer translation rules from existing migrated code, thus, requires no manual defining of rules. The video demonstration on semSMT can be found on YouTube at http://www.youtube. com/watch? v=aRSnl5-7vNo.
Focused-Ion-Beam Processing for Photonics

Although focused ion beam (FIB) processing is a well-developed technology for many applications in electronics and physics, it has found limited application to photonics. Due to its very high spatial resolution in the order of 10 nm, and its ability to mill almost any material, it seems to have a good potential for fabricating or modifying nanophotonic structures such as photonic crystals. The two main issues are FIB-induced optical loss, e.g., due to implantation of gallium ions, and the definition of vertical sidewalls, which is affected by redeposition effects. The severity of the loss problem was found to depend on the base material, silicon being rather sensitive to this effect. The optical loss can be significantly reduced by annealing the processed samples. Changing the scanning strategy for the ion beam can both reduce the impact of gallium implantation and the redeposition effect.
Dissection of the Abdominal Aorta. Current Evidence and Implications for Treatment Strategies: A Review and Meta-Analysis of 92 Patients

Purpose: To report meta-analyses of published clinical experiences with abdominal aortic dissection (AAD), a rare event that is accountable for up to 4% of all aortic dissections. Methods: All English-language articles regarding abdominal aortic dissection were identified using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Central, and EMBASE databases. All identified articles were critically appraised for relevance and validity before data extraction and the meta-analyses were performed. Original data were identified on 92 AAD patients (62 men; mean age 59±16 years). Results: Of all AADs, 73 (79%) were spontaneous, 13 (14%) traumatic, and 6 (7%) iatrogenic; the majority (68, 74%) were acute presentations. The mean dissection length was 59±16 mm. A pre-existing abdominal aortic aneurysm was present in 39 (42%). Hypertension was more frequently present in patients with spontaneous dissections compared to other dissection types (p=0.001). Concurrent aortic aneurysms were more often associated with spontaneous dissections (p==0.002). Aortic rupture occurred in 9 (10%) AADs. Open surgical repair was performed in 46 (50%), endovascular repair in 19 (21%), and conservative medical treatment in 27 (29%). In-hospital mortality was 4% overall [1 (2%) in the open repair group, 0 endovascular, and 2 (8%) conservative treatment]. Major complications occurred in 9% [6 (13%) in the open repair group, 1 (5%) in the endovascular group, and 1 (4%) in the conservative treatment cohort]. Conclusion: AAD is a rare event that appears to be associated with hypertension and preexisting aneurysmal degeneration of the abdominal aorta. AAD patients are at considerable risk of in-hospital mortality and complications. Endovascular therapy appears to be associated with a relatively low risk of mortality or major complications compared to open repair and conservative treatment.
Influence of a Diester Glucocorticoid Spray on the Cortisol Level and the CCR4+ CD4+ Lymphocytes in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis: Open Study

This study investigated the influence of 0.00584% hydrocortisone aceponate spray (HCA; Cortavance Virbac SA, Carros, France) on blood serum cortisol levels and peripheral blood CCR4+ CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Patients were randomly divided into group I (N = 8) and group II (N = 8). The dogs in group I were sprayed with HCA on the affected skin once a day for three weeks. The dogs in group II were treated once a day for 3 days followed by no treatment for 4 days for a total of three weeks. For the dogs in group I and group II the CADESI-03 scores before and after use of HCA showed significant reduction (P < 0.01). The postcortisol level after the use of HCA in group I showed 36.0% decrease and showed significant suppression (P < 0.01). By comparison, the use of HCA on group II did not show decrease in postcortisol levels. There was a tendency of suppression for hypothalamus—pituitary gland—adrenal gland system, but it was not serious influence. In addition, there was no influence on peripheral blood CCR4+ CD4+ lymphocytes percentage in dogs in group I after treatment with HCA.
Transition between different regimes of rf glow discharges.

A self-consistent fluid model of radio-frequency glow discharges has been used to analyze the existence of two different discharge regimes and the transition between them. The existence of these regimes had been previously established by Levitskii [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 2, 887 (1958)]. The self-sustaining and power-deposition mechanisms that characterize each of these regimes are drastically different. In the first regime, termed as the ``wave-riding regime'' corresponding to low discharge power, most of the power deposition is due to bulk plasma electrons heated by the sheath expansions. In the second regime termed as the ``secondary electron regime'' corresponding to higher discharge power, the discharge is sustained mainly by electrons emitted by the electrodes under ion bombardment and avalanching in the sheath regions. The numerical results are in good agreement with previous experimental measurements by Godyak and Kanneh [IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PS-14, 112 (1986)]. The results presented in this paper form the first self-consistent description of these different regimes and of the transition between them. The validity domain of the model is restricted to pressure higher than a fraction of Torr and frequency less than a few tens of MHz. The gas being considered is helium and the discharge power varies between 0 and 700 mW ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. The model is based on solutions of electron and ion fluid equations describing charged particle transport coupled with Poisson's equation for the electric field. A realistic description of the electron kinetics has been obtained by considering separately two electron groups representing, respectively, the tail and the bulk of the electron distribution function. The validity of the two-electron group fluid model has been checked with Monte Carlo simulations.