Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Appearance of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat central nervous system after rabies virus infection and during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis but not after peripheral administration of endotoxin

The cellular localization of inducible (iNOS) and constitutive (cNOS) nitric oxide synthase was studied in rats by immunocytochemical techniques involving specific iNOS and cNOS directed antibodies and by NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry. Paraformaldehyde‐fixed vibratome sections of brains and cryostat sections of peripheral lymph nodes were studied of rats treated with endotoxin (2.5 μg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg i.v.), rats infected with rabies virus, and rats exposed to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Endotoxin‐treated animals showed no appearance of immunoreactive iNOS (ir‐iNOS) cells in the brain with the exception of a few microglial cells near the median eminence and some meningeal macrophages. In the same animals however, iNOS‐immunoreactive cells were found in peripheral lymph nodes. Neurons that stain positive for cNOS and for NADPH‐diaphorase could be observed in brains of control as well as of endotoxin‐treated animals with a similar distribution and staining intensity. In contrast, animals that had been infected with rabies virus or subjected to EAE, showed the appearance of ir‐iNOS‐positive cells in several brain areas. These cells are located near blood vessels and lesion sites. The majority of these cells are GSA‐I‐B4 isolectin‐positive and therefore are likely to represent macrophages. Our data suggest that increased production of nitric oxide may play a role in the altered brain functions in rabies‐infected and EAE rats. On the contrary, increased nitric oxide production is probably not involved in the non‐specific symptoms of sickness induced by endotoxin. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DC bus voltage control for a distributed power system

This paper addresses voltage control of distributed DC power systems. DC power systems have been discussed as a result of the introduction of renewable, small-scale power generation units. Also, telecommunication power systems featuring UPS properties might benefit from a broader introduction of DC power systems. Droop control is utilized to distribute the load between the source converters. In order to make the loading of the source converters equal, in per unit, the voltage control algorithm for each converter has to be designed to act similar. The DC side capacitor of each converter, needed for filtering, is also determined as a consequence. The root locus is investigated for varying DC bus impedance. It is found that the risk of entering converter over-modulation is a stronger limitation than stability, at least for reasonable DC bus cable parameters. The stationary and dynamic properties during load variations are also investigated.
A New Method for Determining Small Earthquake Source Parameters Using Short-Period P Waves

We developed a new technique of inverting short-period (0.5–2 Hz) P waveforms for determining small earthquake (M <3.5) focal mechanisms and moments, where magnitude ~4 events with known source mechanisms are used to calibrate the "unmodeled" structural effect. The calibration is based on a waveform cluster analysis, where we show that clustered events of different sizes, for example, M ~4 versus M ~2, display similar signals in the short-period (SP, 0.5–2 Hz) frequency band, implying propagational stability. Since both M ~4 and M ~2 events have corner frequencies higher than 2 Hz, they can be treated as point sources, and the "unmodeled" structural effect on the SP P waves can be derived from the magnitude 4 events with known source mechanisms. Similarly, well-determined magnitude 2’s can provide calibration for studying even smaller events at higher frequencies, for example, 2–8 Hz. In particular, we find that the "unmodeled" structural effect on SP P waves is mainly an amplitude discrepancy between data and 1D synthetics. The simple function of "amplitude amplification factor" (AAF) defined as the amplitude ratio between data and synthetics provides useful calibration, in that the AAFs derived from different clustered events appear consistent, hence stable and mechanism independent. We take a grid-search approach to determine source mechanisms by minimizing the misfit error between corrected data and synthetics of SP P waves. The validation tests with calibration events demonstrate the importance and usefulness of the AAF corrections in recovering reliable results. We introduce the method with the 2003 Big Bear sequence. However, it applies equally well to other source regions in southern California, because we have shown that the mechanism independence and stability of the AAFs for source regions of 10 km by 10 km are typical. By definition, the AAFs contain the effects from the station site, the path, and crustal scattering. Although isolating their contributions proves difficult, the mechanism independence and stability of the AAFs suggest that they are mainly controlled by the near-receiver structure. Moreover, the ratios between the AAFs for the vertical and radial components from various events at different locations appear consistent, suggesting that these AAF(v)/AAF(r) ratios might be simple functions of site conditions. In this study, we obtained the focal mechanisms and moments for 92 Big Bear events with M_L down to 2.0. The focal planes correlate well with the seismicity patterns, while containing abundant finer-scale fault complexity. We find a linear relationship between log(M_0) and M_L, that is, log(M_0) = 1. 12M_L + 17.29, which explains all the data points spanning three orders of magnitude (2.0 < M_L < 5.5).
Cataract surgery and age‐related macular degeneration. An evidence‐based update

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract often coexist in patients and concerns that cataract surgery is associated with an increased risk of incidence or progression of existing AMD has been raised. This systematic review and meta‐analysis is focused on presenting the evidence concerning progression of AMD in patients undergoing cataract surgery.
Understanding and Practicing Participatory Evaluation.

Participation is viewed generally as a positive activity, certainly in the context of democratic societies. Although still contested in some quarters, the idea of stakeholder participation in evaluation is now widely accepted within the evaluation community. Yet the meanings, even the purposes, of stakeholder participation in evaluation remain diverse, multiple, and thus clouded in many contexts. This volume presents participatory evaluation (PE) as a viable and creative addition to the contemporary repertoire of evaluation approaches. The authors address three basic questions: what is participatory evaluation, in what contexts is it most useful, and how does one actually do it in practice. The two primary themes in the volume are what we identify as the the principal streams in PE: practical participatory evaluation (P-PE), which is pragmatic and has as its central function the fostering of evaluation use; and transformative participatory evaluation (T-PE), which is based in emancipation and social-justice activism and focuses on the empowerment of oppressed groups. In addition to discussing these two streams, historically and philosophically, the volume examines the practical challenges of PE, by presenting it as a process of engagement and by illustrating PE through diverse case examples. Critical reflection on both practice and theory offers valuable insights into and lessons about participation and evaluation. This is the 80th issue of the quarterly journal "New Directions for Evaluation. "
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Mechanical Properties Enhancement by Adhesion Improvement

Glass fibers (GF) are the reinforcement agent most used in polypropylene (PP) based composites, as they have good balance between properties and costs. However, their final properties are mainly determined by the strength and stability of the polymer-fiber interphase. Fibers do not act as an effective reinforcing material when the adhesion is weak. Also, the adhesion between phases can be easily degraded in aggressive environmental conditions such as high temperatures and/or elevated moisture, and by the stress fields to which the material may be exposed. Many efforts have been done to improve polymer-glass fiber adhesion by compatibility enhancement. The most used techniques include modifications in glass surface, polymer matrix and/or both. However, the results obtained do not show a good costs/properties improvement relationship. The aim of this work is to perform an accurate analysis regarding methods for GF/PP adhesion improvement and to propose a new route based on PP in-situ polymerization onto fibers. This route involves the modification of fibers with an aluminum alkyl and hydroxy-α-olefin and from there to enable the growth of the PP chains using direct metallocenic copolymerization. The adhesion improvements were further proved by fragmentation test, as well as by mechanical properties measurements. The strength and toughness increases three times and the interfacial strength duplicates in PP/GF composites prepared with in-situ polymerized fibers.
Effects of Multipart Media Framing on Consumer Attitudes Toward Biotechnology

This study explores whether and how people with a negative biotechnology-related perception can change their attitudes when they are exposed to a positive message in two different frames. The two frames differ in terms of the medium, the language used, and the general tone. A frame is thus conceptualized as unified symbolic entities, rather than just words or positioning in terms of valence (positive/negative). An exploratory stage was conducted through in-depth interviews, which resulted in three audience categories. Results of the experimental study indicated that it is, in fact, possible to turn negative attitudes into positive attitudes for people with intuitive perceptions. People with analytical and ideological perceptions change their attitudes only when the frame is scientific.
Five-Factor Model Personality Measures and Sex-Based Differential Prediction of Performance

Despite mean differences between sexes, virtually no research has investigated sex-based differential prediction of personality tests in civilian employment samples. The present study investigated the degree to which personality test scores differentially predicted job performance ratings in two managerial samples. In both samples, participants completed a Five-Factor Model personality test and the participants' supervisors, peers, and subordinates provided ratings of participants' task and contextual performance. The current study found sex-based differential prediction in 6.7 per cent of differential prediction analyses in Sample 1, but found no sex-based differential prediction in Sample 2. Across the two samples sex-based differential prediction of performance only occurred 3.3 per cent of the time, which is less than would be expected by chance alone, given alpha = . 05. Thus, based on the present study and the extant literature to date, no sex-based differential prediction studies have identified evidence of personality test bias.
Rhythm and Noise: The City, Memory and the Archive

Henri Lefebvre's Rhythmanalysis, while typically loose and underdeveloped as a work, offers a highly suggestive way of thinking about mobility and pattern within spatiality, and also alerts our attention to the importance of temporal rhythms. This paper is concerned with the rhythms of history within the city, notably how heritage gets made, remade and unmade within the city as a form of archive. Comparing Lefebvre's concept of rhythm to that of noise in Michel Serres (notably in his book Genesis), I explore the meaning of urban heritage – in which the past is made present – analysing how the past can interrupt the present within the city and how that opens up possibilities for critical reception and potential alternative urban futures.
Tools for Printing Indexes

SUMMARY This paper describes a set of programs for processing and printing the index for a book or a manual. The input consists of lines containing index terms and page numbers. The programs collect multiple occurrences of the same terms, compress runs of page numbers, create permutations (e.g., ‘index, book’ from ‘book index’), and sort them into proper alphabetic order. The programs can cope with embedded formatting commands (size and font changes, etc.), with roman numeral page numbers, and with see terms. The programs do not help with the original creation of index terms. The implementation runs on the UNIX ® operating system. It uses a long pipeline of short awk programs rather than a single program in a conventional language. This structure makes the programs easy to adapt or augment to meet special requirements that arise in different indexing styles. The programs were intended to be used with troff , but can be used with a formatter like TEX with minor changes. An appendix contains a complete listing of the programs, which total about 200 lines.
Isolation of mycobacteria from lymph node lesions in deer

A total of 14,842 farmed deer were slaughtered and examined postmortem in Irish abattoirs between January 1993 and September 1996. Lymph node lesions were detected in 119 deer and these were examined histopathologically and cultured. A total of 115 of the lesions were characterised as tuberculous and, on culture, Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 49 of them, M bovis from 41, unclassified mycobacteria from five, and 20 of the tuberculous lesions did not yield any isolate. Tubercles which yielded M avium on culture contained on average more acid-fast bacilli, more epithelioid macrophages and fewer Langhans giant cells than tubercles from which M bovis was isolated. Twelve lesions from feral deer culled from a national park were also examined and M bovis was isolated from nine.
An Experiment on the Ellsberg Paradox

Experimental results on the Ellsberg paradox typically reveal behavior that is commonly interpreted as ambiguity aversion. The experiments reported in the current paper were intended to examine the extent to which such ambiguity aversion can be captured by the Hurwicz criterion. However, contrary to our expectations, Laplace’s principle of insufficient reason performed substantially better than rival theories in our experiment, with ambiguity aversion appearing only as a secondary phenomenon.
Evi1 forms a bridge between the epigenetic machinery and signaling pathways

Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of the leukemia oncogene Evi1 as the regulator of hematopoietic stem cells and marker of poor clinical outcomes in myeloid malignancies. Evi1-mediated leukemogenic activities include a wide array of functions such as the induction of epigenetic modifications, transcriptional control, and regulation of signaling pathways. We have recently succeeded in comprehensively elucidating the oncogenic function of Evi1 in a model of the polycomb-Evi1-PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis. These results may provide us with novel therapeutic approaches to conquer the poor prognosis associated with Evi1-activated leukemia or other solid tumors with high Evi1 expression. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of Evi1 in controlling the development of leukemia and highlight potential modalities for targeting factors involved in Evi1-regulated signaling.
Vibrational Spectroscopy in Body Fluids Analysis

ABSTRACT Vibrational spectroscopy offers a unique opportunity to investigate the composition of unknown substances on a molecular basis. The spectroscopy of molecular vibrations using mid-infrared or Raman techniques has been applied to samples of body fluids. This review presents some applications related to body fluids published in the period 2005–2015.
Characterization of a Nano-Oxide Layer in a Pseudo Spin Valve by Complex Magneto-Impedance Spectroscopy

The ac properties of a pseudo spin valve (PSV) consisting of NOL top/Co/Cu/Co/Ni80Fe20/NOLbottom with a top and bottom nano-oxide layer (NOL) were studied as functions of NOL and thickness, d, by magneto impedance spectroscopy. The NOLs were formed by natural oxidizing the top and bottom ferromagnetic or Ta layers in situ. The increase in the thickness of NOL resulting in the increment of effective capacitance caused the shift of roll-off frequency from low to high. The frequency dependence behavior of this NOLtop/PSV/NOLbottom system can be modeled by equivalent circuit theory. PSV with a different NOL structure can be checked by such a nondestructive analysis method
Comprehensive analysis of long non-coding RNAs in human breast cancer clinical subtypes

Accumulating evidence highlights the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in solid tumors. However, the role of lncRNA expression in human breast cancer biology, prognosis and molecular classification remains unknown. Herein, we established the lncRNA profile of 658 infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We found lncRNA expression to correlate with the gene expression and chromatin landscape of human mammary epithelial cells (non-transformed) and the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Unsupervised consensus clustering of lncRNA revealed four subgroups that displayed different prognoses. Gene set enrichment analysis for cis- and trans-acting lncRNAs showed enrichment for breast cancer signatures driven by master regulators of breast carcinogenesis. Interestingly, the lncRNA HOTAIR was significantly overexpressed in the HER2-enriched subgroup, while the lncRNA HOTAIRM1 was significantly overexpressed in the basal-like subgroup. Estrogen receptor (ESR1) expression was associated with distinct lncRNA networks in lncRNA clusters III and IV. Importantly, almost two thirds of the lncRNAs were marked by enhancer chromatin modifications (i.e., H3K27ac), suggesting that expressed lncRNA in breast cancer drives carcinogenesis through increased activity of neighboring genes. In summary, our study depicts the first lncRNA subtype classification in breast cancer and provides the framework for future studies to assess the interplay between lncRNAs and the breast cancer epigenome.
Tumor Progression Locus 2 Mediates Signal-Induced Increases in Cytoplasmic Calcium and Cell Migration

The kinase Tpl2 triggers calcium signaling and cell migration downstream of various receptors implicated in cancer and inflammation. Defining a Migratory Route The serine-threonine kinase Tpl2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, transduces signals from various plasma membrane receptors and has been implicated in pathways contributing to cancer and inflammation. Building on their earlier work showing that Tpl2 promotes cell migration in response to thrombin activation of the G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) PAR1, Hatziapostolou et al. now define the signaling pathways through which this occurs. They found that PAR1 coupled to Gαi2 to activate Tpl2 and implicated the subsequent activation of phospholipase C–β3, production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and cytoplasmic calcium signals in the migratory response. Moreover, they showed that Tpl2 mediated migratory signals through activation of several receptors other than PAR1. Their data contribute to our understanding of the pathways through which GPCRs and other receptors promote cell migration and may be pertinent to the mechanisms whereby Tpl2 contributes to cancer and inflammation. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK or MAP3K) tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is required for the transduction of signals initiated by the thrombin-activated G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), which promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration. Here, we show that Tpl2 is activated through Gαi2-transduced GPCR signals. Activated Tpl2 promoted the phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C–β3 (PLCβ3); consequently, Tpl2 was required for thrombin-dependent production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), IP3-mediated cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca2+) signals, and the activation of classical and novel members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family. A PKC-mediated feedback loop facilitated extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) activation in response to Tpl2 and contributed to the coordinate regulation of the ERK and Ca2+ signaling pathways. Pharmacological and genetic studies revealed that stimulation of cell migration by Tpl2 depends on both of these pathways. Tpl2 also promoted Ca2+ signals and cell migration from sphingosine 1-phosphate–responsive GPCRs, which also couple to Gαi; from Wnt5a; and from the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) receptor, a member of the Toll–IL-1R (TIR) domain family. Our data provide new insights into the role of Tpl2 in GPCR-mediated Ca2+ signaling and cell migration.
Juvenile Crime: Using Education as a Tool for Prevention, Intervention, and Socialization

A paper focusing on the concurrent problems of the juvenile justice system and the education system, and the need for collaboration between officials within each organization. It begins by examining problems with zero-tolerance polices themselves, as well as with the unintended consequences resulting from these policies. It then examines how zero-tolerance policies are exacerbated when juveniles actually enter the system due to inadequate education in juvenile justice facilities.
Adenosine Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Release from Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages via A2A and A2B but Not the A3 Adenosine Receptor

Adenosine is elaborated in injured tissues where it suppresses inflammatory responses of essentially all immune cells, including production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Most of the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine have been attributed to signaling through the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR). Previously, however, it has been shown that the A3AR agonist N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5′-N-methylcarboxamide (IB-MECA) potently inhibited TNF-α release from macrophages obtained from A2AAR “knockout” (A2AKO) mice, suggesting that the A3AR may also regulate cytokine expression. Here, we confirmed that the A2AAR is the primary AR subtype that suppresses TNF-α release from thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by both Toll-like receptor-dependent (TLR) and TLR-independent stimuli, but we determined that the A2BAR rather than the A3AR mediates the non-A2AAR actions of adenosine since 1) the ability of IB-MECA to inhibit TNF-α release was not altered in macrophages isolated from A3KO mice, and 2) the A2BAR antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-[4-[((4-cyanophenyl)carbamoylmethyl)oxy]phenyl]xanthine (MRS 1754) blocked the ability of the nonselective AR agonist adenosine-5′-N-ethylcarboxamide (NECA) to inhibit TNF-α release from macrophages isolated from A2AKO mice. Although A2BARs seem capable of inhibiting TNF-α release, the A2AAR plays a dominant suppressive role since MRS 1754 did not block the ability of NECA to inhibit TNF-α release from macrophages isolated from wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, the potency and efficacy of adenosine to inhibit TNF-α release from WT macrophages were not influenced by blocking A2BARs with MRS 1754. The data indicate that adenosine suppresses TNF-α release from macrophages primarily via A2AARs, although the A2BAR seems to play an underlying inhibitory role that may contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine under select circumstances.