Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of one night of sleep deprivation on moral judgments

Recent studies have shown the existence of a relationship between sleep and moral judgment. In this study, we investigated whether one night of sleep deprivation affects the ability to judge the appropriateness of moral dilemmas. Forty-eight students had to judge 30 moral dilemmas at test, after a night of home sleep, and another 30 dilemmas at retest, following one night of continuous wakefulness. The 60 dilemmas (20 moral impersonal, 20 moral personal, and 20 non-moral) were selected from Greene's dilemmas. Both groups judged the appropriateness of personal and impersonal dilemmas in the same way. A close to significant effect of sleep deprivation was observed on the reaction times for impersonal moral dilemmas, to which the deprived subjects responded faster (p = .05) than the control subjects. However, this was not the case for personal ones, for which no difference was significant. This result shows a greater ease/speed in responding to the (impersonal) dilemmas, which induce low emotional engagement after sleep deprivation, although the willingness to accept moral violations is not affected. This suggests that one night of sleep loss selectively influences the response speed only for moral impersonal dilemmas, probably due to disinhibition processes. The quality of moral judgment dilemmas does not seem to be easily influenced by a single night of sleep deprivation, but only by a longer lack of sleep.
Implementing Sponsored Search in Web Search Engines: Computational Evaluation of Alternative Mechanisms

The practice of sponsored search advertising---where advertisers pay a fee to appear alongside particular Web search results---is now one of the largest and fastest growing source of revenue for Web search engines. We model and compare several mechanisms for allocating sponsored slots, including stylized versions of those used by Overture and Google, the two biggest brokers of sponsored search. The performance of these mechanisms depends on the degree of correlation between providers' willingness to pay and their relevance to the search term. Ranking providers based on the product of relevance and bid price performs well and is robust across varying degrees of correlation. Ranking purely based on bid price fares nearly as well when bids and relevance are positively correlated (the expected regime), and is further enhanced by adding an editorial filter. Regardless of the allocation mechanism, sponsored search revenues are lower when users' attention decays quickly at lower ranks, emphasizing the need to develop better user interfaces and control features. The search engine can address initial inscience of relevance scores by modifying rank allocations over time as it observes clickthroughs at each rank. We propose a rank-revision strategy that weights clicks on lower ranked items more than clicks on higher ranked items. This method is shown to converge to the optimal (maximum revenue) ordering faster and more consistently than other methods.
Numerical simulations of protostellar encounters - III. Non-coplanar disc-disc encounters

It is expected that an average protostar will undergo at least one impulsive interaction with a neighbouring protostar whilst a large fraction of its mass is still in a massive, extended disc. If protostars are formed individually within a cluster before falling together and interacting, there should be no preferred orientation for such interactions. As star formation within clusters is believed to be coeval, it is probable that, during interactions, both protostars possess massive, extended discs. We have used an SPH code to carry out a series of simulations of non-coplanar disc-disc interactions. We find that non-coplanar interactions trigger gravitational instabilities in the discs, which may then fragment to form new companions to the existing stars. (This is different from coplanar interactions, in which most of the new companion stars form after material in the discs has been swept up into a shock layer, and this then fragments.) The original stars may also capture each other, leading to the formation of a small-N cluster. If every star undergoes a randomly oriented disc-disc interaction, then the outcome will be the birth of many new stars and substellar objects. Approximately two-thirds of the stars will end up in multiple systems
Evolutionary genomics of Culex pipiens: global and local adaptations associated with climate, life-history traits and anthropogenic factors

We present the first genome-wide study of recent evolution in Culex pipiens species complex focusing on the genomic extent, functional targets and likely causes of global and local adaptations. We resequenced pooled samples of six populations of C. pipiens and two populations of the outgroup Culex torrentium. We used principal component analysis to systematically study differential natural selection across populations and developed a phylogenetic scanning method to analyse admixture without haplotype data. We found evidence for the prominent role of geographical distribution in shaping population structure and specifying patterns of genomic selection. Multiple adaptive events, involving genes implicated with autogeny, diapause and insecticide resistance were limited to specific populations. We estimate that about 5–20% of the genes (including several histone genes) and almost half of the annotated pathways were undergoing selective sweeps in each population. The high occurrence of sweeps in non-genic regions and in chromatin remodelling genes indicated the adaptive importance of gene expression changes. We hypothesize that global adaptive processes in the C. pipiens complex are potentially associated with South to North range expansion, requiring adjustments in chromatin conformation. Strong local signature of adaptation and emergence of hybrid bridge vectors necessitate genomic assessment of populations before specifying control agents.
A junk-food hypothesis for gannets feeding on fishery waste

Worldwide fisheries generate large volumes of fishery waste and it is often assumed that this additional food is beneficial to populations of marine top-predators. We challenge this concept via a detailed study of foraging Cape gannets Morus capensis and of their feeding environment in the Benguela upwelling zone. The natural prey of Cape gannets (pelagic fishes) is depleted and birds now feed extensively on fishery wastes. These are beneficial to non-breeding birds, which show reduced feeding effort and high survival. By contrast, breeding gannets double their diving effort in an attempt to provision their chicks predominantly with high-quality, live pelagic fishes. Owing to a scarcity of this resource, they fail and most chicks die. Our study supports the junk-food hypothesis for Cape gannets since it shows that non-breeding birds can survive when complementing their diet with fishery wastes, but that they struggle to reproduce if live prey is scarce. This is due to the negative impact of low-quality fishery wastes on the growth patterns of gannet chicks. Marine management policies should not assume that fishery waste is generally beneficial to scavenging seabirds and that an abundance of this artificial resource will automatically inflate their populations.
Precooling and percooling (cooling during exercise) both improve performance in the heat: a meta-analytical review

Background Exercise increases core body temperature (Tc), which is necessary to optimise physiological processes. However, excessive increase in Tc may impair performance and places participants at risk for the development of heat-related illnesses. Cooling is an effective strategy to attenuate the increase in Tc. This meta-analysis compares the effects of cooling before (precooling) and during exercise (percooling) on performance and physiological outcomes. Methods A computerised literature search, citation tracking and hand search were performed up to May 2013. 28 studies met the inclusion criteria, which were trials that examined the effects of cooling strategies on exercise performance in men, while exercise was performed in the heat (>30°C). 20 studies used precooling, while 8 studies used percooling. Results The overall effect of precooling and percooling interventions on exercise performance was +6.7±0.9% (effect size (ES)=0.43). We found a comparable effect (p=0.82) of precooling (+5.7±1.0% (ES=0.44)) and percooling (+9.9±1.9% (ES=0.40)) to improve exercise performance. A lower finishing Tc was found in precooling (38.9°C) compared with control condition (39.1°C, p=0.03), while Tc was comparable between conditions in percooling studies. No correlation between Tc and performance was found. We found significant differences between cooling strategies, with a combination of multiple techniques being most effective for precooling (p<0.01) and ice vest for percooling (p=0.02). Conclusions Cooling can significantly improve exercise performance in the heat. We found a comparable ES for precooling and percooling on exercise performance, while the type of cooling technique importantly impacts the effects. Precooling lowered the finishing core temperature, while there was no correlation between Tc and performance.
Intrinsic Brain Activity in Altered States of Consciousness

Spontaneous brain activity has recently received increasing interest in the neuroimaging community. However, the value of resting‐state studies to a better understanding of brain–behavior relationships has been challenged. That altered states of consciousness are a privileged way to study the relationships between spontaneous brain activity and behavior is proposed, and common resting‐state brain activity features observed in various states of altered consciousness are reviewed. Early positron emission tomography studies showed that states of extremely low or high brain activity are often associated with unconsciousness. However, this relationship is not absolute, and the precise link between global brain metabolism and awareness remains yet difficult to assert. In contrast, voxel‐based analyses identified a systematic impairment of associative frontoparieto–cingulate areas in altered states of consciousness, such as sleep, anesthesia, coma, vegetative state, epileptic loss of consciousness, and somnambulism. In parallel, recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have identified structured patterns of slow neuronal oscillations in the resting human brain. Similar coherent blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) systemwide patterns can also be found, in particular in the default‐mode network, in several states of unconsciousness, such as coma, anesthesia, and slow‐wave sleep. The latter results suggest that slow coherent spontaneous BOLD fluctuations cannot be exclusively a reflection of conscious mental activity, but may reflect default brain connectivity shaping brain areas of most likely interactions in a way that transcends levels of consciousness, and whose functional significance remains largely in the dark.
Restoration of the glycogen-forming function of hepatocytes in rats with liver cirrhosis is facilitated by a high-carbohydrate diet

Using cytofluorimetric and biochemical methods, the content of glycogen and its labile and stable fractions, as well as activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) and glycogen synthase (EC 2.4.1.11) were determined in the rat liver for 6 months after chronic poisoning of the animals with CCl4 and then at 1, 3, and 6 months after the end of the poisoning. One group of rats was given a standard diet, the other, a high-carbohydrate diet. The 6-month long chronic intoxication with CCl4 was shown to produce development of typical liver cirrhosis characterized by a 2·8-fold increase in the total glycogen content in hepatocytes as compared with normal cells, by a fall in the glycogen labile fraction (from 85 to 53 % of the total glycogen) as well as by decreases in the activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glucose-6-phosphatase by 25 and 82% respectively. The structural rehabilitation occurred faster and more completely at the cellular level than at the tissue level. Functional variables of the cirrhotic liver tissue also recovered, after cessation of poisoning, faster and more completely than the liver structure at the tissue level: glycogen levels in hepatocytes fell dramatically, the labile: stable glycogen fraction ratio recovered completely, and the activity of glycogen phosphorylase rose to the level characteristic of the normal liver. Use of the high-carbohydrate diet promoted a somewhat faster and more complete recovery of hepatic structure and function.
Chaos and time-series analysis

Preface 1. Introduction 2. One-dimensional maps 3. Nonchaotic multidimensional flows 4. Dynamical systems theory 5. Lyapunov exponents 6. Strange attractors 7. Bifurcations 8. Hamiltonian chaos 9. Time-series properties 10. Nonlinear prediction and noise reduction 11. Fractals 12. Calculation of fractal dimension 13. Fractal measure and multifractals 14. Nonchaotic fractal sets 15. Spatiotemporal chaos and complexity A. Common chaotic systems B. Useful mathematical formulas C. Journals with chaos and related papers Bibliography Index
Investimento eleitoral no Brasil: balanço da literatura (2001–2012) e agenda de pesquisa

O artigo trata da literatura sobre investimento eleitoral no Brasil e tem dois objetivos: apresentar o estado-da-arte dessa literatura e propor uma agenda de pesquisas sobre o tema. Para esse fim, realizou-se o levantamento, a leitura critica e a comparacao de dezenas de obras divulgadas entre 2001 e 2012, sob o formato de livros, artigos publicados em revistas ou encontros academicos, teses de doutorado, dissertacoes de mestrado, relatorios de pesquisa e trabalhos de conclusao de curso. O artigo argumenta, em primeiro lugar, que a literatura sobre investimento eleitoral pode ser dividida em tres vertentes: ( i ) a que trata da relacao entre investimento e desempenho eleitoral; ( ii ) a que aborda a relacao entre investimento e concessao de beneficios para os investidores e ( iii ) a que focaliza os determinantes do investimento eleitoral.O artigo reune os principais achados dos trabalhos inseridos em cada uma dessas vertentes. Em segundo lugar, o artigo oferece sugestoes para o desenvolvimento da agenda de pesquisas sobre o tema, seja ao discutir desafios comuns as tres vertentes, seja ao propor novas linhas de investigacao em cada uma delas. As questoes relativas ao investimento eleitoral sao cruciais para o aprimoramento da democracia brasileira. O primeiro passo para enfrentar tais questoes e conhece-las a fundo. O presente trabalho procura contribuir para esse passo.
Circadian Genes, the Stress Axis, and Alcoholism

The body’s internal system to control the daily rhythm of the body’s functions (i.e., the circadian system), the body’s stress response, and the body’s neurobiology are highly interconnected. Thus, the rhythm of the circadian system impacts alcohol use patterns; at the same time, alcohol drinking also can alter circadian functions. The sensitivity of the circadian system to alcohol may result from alcohol’s effects on the expression of several of the clock genes that regulate circadian function. The stress response system involves the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain and the adrenal glands, as well as the hormones they secrete, including corticotrophin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and glucocorticoids. It is controlled by brain-signaling molecules, including endogenous opioids such as β-endorphin. Alcohol consumption influences the activity of this system and vice versa. Finally, interactions exist between the circadian system, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and alcohol consumption. Thus, it seems that certain clock genes may control functions of the stress response system and that these interactions are affected by alcohol.
INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB VERSUS BEVACIZUMAB FOR TREATMENT OF MYOPIC CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION

Purpose: To compare intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) in the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with pathologic myopia. Methods: Fifty-five patients fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized either to IVB or to IVR. After the first injection, re-treatments were performed on a pro re nata basis in monthly examinations over an 18-month follow-up. Primary outcome measures were the change in mean best-corrected visual acuity and the proportion of eyes improving in best-corrected visual acuity by >1 and >3 lines at the 18-month examination. Results: Forty-eight eyes received the treatment and were subsequently included in the analysis. At the 18-month examination, a significant improvement of 1.7 lines and 1.8 lines compared with baseline were noticed in the IVR and IVB subgroups, respectively. The difference in the final mean best-corrected visual acuity between the groups was not significant. A 3-line gain or higher was noted in 30% of eyes in the IVR subgroup and 44% of eyes in the IVB subgroup. Although both groups attained a significant improvement in central macular thickness, the IVR subgroup achieved a faster central macular thickness reduction. A significantly lower number of injections were administered in the IVR subgroup (2.5) compared with the IVB subgroup (4.7; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Intravitreal ranibizumab and IVB are effective in the treatment of subfoveal myopic choroidal neovascularization. Intravitreal ranibizumab achieved greater efficacy than IVB in terms of the mean number of injections administered.
Türkçe Öğretmen Adaylarının Öğretmenlik Mesleğine İlişkin Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi

Bu ogretmen, Ingilizce ogretmen adaylarinin ogretmenlik meslegine acigina gore baglanti yapilmistir. Veriler, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi English Ogretmenligi Bolum'nun son sinifinda okuyan 195 ogrenciden elde edildi. Veri toplama araci olarak Erkus ve arkadaslari (2000) tarafindan “Ogretmenlige liskin Tutum Olcegi” bulunmaktadir. Veriler, ANOVA ve t-testi ile analiz edilmistir. Cinsiyet ve OSS'deki tercih sirasi anlamli degerlerin oldugu gorulmektedir. Mezun olunan lise turu ve ailede ogretmeni bulunup bulunmuyor bulunmama ozlerine gore uygun gruplar arasinda bir deger bulunmamistir
Behavioral and Brain Functions

Background: The orexins (hypocretins) are a family of peptides found primarily in neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Although the orexinergic system is generally thought to be the same across species, the orexins are involved in behaviors which show considerable interspecific variability. There are few direct cross-species comparisons of the distributions of cells and fibers containing these peptides. Here, we addressed the possibility that there might be important species differences by systematically examining and directly comparing the distribution of orexinergic neurons and fibers within the forebrains of species with very different patterns of sleep-wake behavior. Methods: We compared the distribution of orexin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in two nocturnal species (the lab rat, Rattus norvegicus and the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus) and two diurnal species (the Nile grass rat, Arvicanthis niloticus and the degu, Octodon degus). For each species, tissue from the olfactory bulbs through the brainstem was processed for immunoreactivity for orexin A and orexin B (hypocretin-1 and -2). The distribution of orexin-positive cells was noted for each species. Orexin fiber distribution and density was recorded and analyzed using a principal components factor analysis to aid in evaluating potential species differences. Results: Orexin-positive cells were observed in the lateral hypothalamic area of each species, though there were differences with respect to distribution within this region. In addition, cells positive for orexin A but not orexin B were observed in the paraventricular nucleus of the lab rat and grass rat, and in the supraoptic nucleus of the lab rat, grass rat and hamster. Although the overall distributions of orexin A and B fibers were similar in the four species, some striking differences were noted, especially in the lateral mammillary nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and flocculus. Conclusion: The orexin cell and fiber distributions observed in this study were largely consistent with those described in previous studies. However, the present study shows significant species differences in the distribution of orexin cell bodies and in the density of orexin-IR fibers in some regions. Finally, we note previously undescribed populations of orexin-positive neurons outside the lateral hypothalamus in three of the four species examined. Published: 13 June 2007 Behavioral and Brain Functions 2007, 3:28 doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-28 Received: 19 November 2006 Accepted: 13 June 2007 This article is available from: http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions. com/content/3/1/28 © 2007 Nixon and Smale; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Comparison of insulin sensitivity indices calculated from standard 3-sampled and frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test.

OBJECTIVE Three-sampled oral glucose tolerance test is the most frequently used method for evaluation of impairment of glucose homeostasis in daily clinical practice. The aim of this study was to answer the question if insulin sensitivity indices (ISI) calculated from standard 3-sampled oral glucose tolerance test (3SoGTT) provide adequate information compared to the outcome when calculated from frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test (FSoGTT). METHODS A total of 73 subjects (aged 17-59 years, BMI 17.9-41.8 kg/m2) underwent a standard frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test (FSoGTT). Selected indices of insulin sensitivity were calculated using plasma glucose and insulin concentrations from FSoGTT and from samples obtained in 0, 60 and 120 min of the oGTT (3SoGTT). Areas under the peripheral concentration curves of insulin and glucose (AUCi, AUCg) from both approaches were compared. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity calculated from 3SoGTT was significantly higher compared to the sensitivity calculated from FSoGTT expressed as insulin sensitivity indices ISI Cederholm (ISI(Ced)) and ISI Matsuda (ISI(Mat)), p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively. There was a difference in AUCg between values estimated from 3SoGTT and FSoGTT (p<0.05). These differences nearly disappeared when the BMI groups (normal weight and overweight/obese) were evaluated separately. No differences were found in AUCi and the AUCg:AUCi ratio between two approaches. CONCLUSIONS It might be supposed that on using 3SoGTT the ISI(Mat) provides greater objectivity in assessing insulin sensitivity than ISI(Ced). Although insulin sensitivity is overestimated when calculated from 3SoGTT, the approach is still valuable for identifying subjects with insulin resistance.