Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extra Ocular Photic Entrainment in Drosophila Melanogaster

The ability to anticipate the daily changes occurring in the photic environment, by adjusting their physiology and behavior accordingly, should provide living organisms with a selective advantage. Organisms could thus sample the relevant entraining stimuli at early dawn and/or late dusk. At these times of the day the principal spectral components of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface consist of relatively low levels of irradiance in the blue and red parts of the visible spectrum. Biological circadian systems could entrain to twilight conditions by sampling either one or both of these components. Previous studies, based on the characterization of phase response curves, following brief exposures to relatively high intensity light of varying wavelength, demonstrated the particular sensitivity of the Drosophila circadian system to blue light. In this study, we addressed the capacity of the circadian system of Drosophila to respond to long periods of exposure to red light. Thus flies were initially exposed to 12 h : 12 h LD cycles with full spectrum white light. Following a 1–4 h phase shift, the flies were exposed to LD cycles with red light. Our results suggest that, under these experimental conditions, red light of wavelength between 650–700 nm, can function as an entraining stimulus. Furthermore, analysis of the circadian locomotor activity profiles in visually impaired flies, suggests that in wild type flies locomotor activity is triggered by the circadian clock at key times during the day. Once triggered, the whole cycle (i.e. onset, peak and offset) of locomotor activity occurring both at dawn and dusk can proceed autonomously. However, the occurrence of a lights-off signal (typically at dusk) before the autonomous cessation of locomotor activity, leads to a light-driven termination of such activity. In addition, so1 (eye-less) mutant flies show the presence of a single evening locomotor activity peak during the whole circadian day, suggesting that in wild type flies the morning and evening activity peaks may be under separate control.
An Examination of the Factors Effecting Tradeshow Exhibitors’ Decisions

There are several reasons that exhibitors participate in tradeshows. The purpose of this study is to examine the role social value has on the satisfaction level of exhibitors while increasing their willingness to pay and return intentions. This study also aims to examine the effects of company size and prior experience on both exhibitors’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions within the tradeshow context. The findings of this study are important for tradeshow organizers as the results of this study can be used to aid in determining marketing strategies to attract varying types of exhibitors to specific tradeshows.
Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: case-control study.

BACKGROUND Female prisoners are 20 times more likely to die by suicide than women of the same age in the general population. However, risk factors and indicators of vulnerability for suicide in this group are not well-known. AIMS We investigated prevalence of psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who had recently engaged in near-lethal self-harm (cases) and others who had never carried out near-lethal attempts in prison (controls). METHOD We interviewed 60 cases and 60 controls from all closed female prison establishments in England and Wales. In addition to gathering details of sociodemographic, criminological and clinical history, we assessed participants' current and lifetime disorders using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Associations between near-lethal self-harm and psychiatric disorders were adjusted for age, educational qualifications (any v. none) and remand status (sentenced v. unsentenced). RESULTS At the time of their near-lethal self-harm, 53 cases (88%) were on ACCT (Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork), the system for the care of prisoners at risk of suicide and self-harm in England and Wales. Cases had significantly greater levels of psychiatric morbidity than controls, and more comorbidity. The strongest associations with near-lethal self-harm were with current depression (age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 23.7, 95% CI 9.0-62.3), the presence of two or more diagnoses (age-adjusted OR = 18.3, 95% CI 5.9-56.9), a history of psychiatric in-patient treatment (OR = 25.4, 95% CI 5.7-113.5) and previous attempted suicide, especially in prison (OR = 129, 95% CI 27-611). The only tested diagnoses not associated with near-lethal self-harm were antisocial personality disorder, substance use and eating disorders. Adjusting for sociodemographic and criminological variables did not significantly alter any of these findings. CONCLUSIONS This research underlines the importance of psychiatric risk factors for suicide in custody and in particular comorbidity. The finding that a formal care plan was in place for most cases at the time of their near-lethal act is indicative of good risk detection, but also suggests high levels of unmet need. Given the potential complexity of their mental health needs, interventions incorporating pharmacological and psychological treatments should be considered for at-risk prisoners.
Numeric‐to‐verbal translation of probability expressions in SFAS 5

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate how accountants interpret verbal uncertainty expressions with a focus on numeric-to-verbal translation. Design/methodology/approach - Accounting for loss contingencies (SFAS 5) were chosen as a setting to study this research question. The approach used was a behavioral experiment where participants choose probability phrases for 11 numeric probabilities for two default conditions. Findings - The results indicate a clear pattern, where thresholds for accrual and disclosure decisions can be easily identified in the numeric-to-verbal translation. Also, the base rate appears to affect the assessment of the uncertainty related to potential default, but does not affect mapping of numeric values to verbal terms. Research limitations/implications - The use of 11 probabilities does not cover all regions of the [0, 1] probability line and may leave regions of the probability interval not mapping to any SFAS 5 phrase. Also, this study uses upper-level undergraduate accounting students, whose judgments are similar to novice auditors but may differ from experienced auditors. Practical implications - The evidence suggests that unlike verbal-to-numeric translation, which is unstable and context dependent, numeric-to-verbal translation is quite consistent among individuals, and is unlikely to be affected by the contextual information. The results complement prior findings in auditors' judgment, and suggest that interpreting uncertainty expressions can be improved if auditors are encouraged to use numeric-to-verbal translation when they apply accounting and auditing standards in forming an opinion on the financial report. Originality/value - This is the first paper to examine the mapping of numeric probabilities to verbal probability terms.
Feelings about Self and Body during Adolescent Pregnancy

The primary objective of this pilot study was to explore the stability of feelings about self and body during adolescent pregnancy. Fourteen pregnant adolescents kept personal diaries for six weeks concerning their perceptions of self and body. Diary entries revealed negative feelings toward self and body. However, negative feelings about body were slightly more stable than were negative feelings about self. Results indicate that practitioners should be sensitive to the pregnant adolescent's changing image of self and body. Additionally, researchers should consider the reliability of self-report data.
DNA barcoding revises a misidentification on musk deer

Abstract As an endangered animal group in China, musk deer (genus Moschus) have attracted the attention of deer biologists and wildlife conservationists. Clarifying the taxonomic status and distribution of musk deer species is important to determine the conservation status for each species and establish appropriate conservation strategies. There remains some uncertainty about the species determination of the musk deer in the Guandi Forest District of Shanxi Province, China. The musk deer in Shanxi would appear to represent an extension of the geographical distribution of either the Forest Musk Deer from the southwest or the Siberian Musk Deer from the northeast, or possibly both. The musk deer population in Shanxi Province provides an interesting and significant case to test the value of applying molecular methods to make a genetic species identification. In order to clarify the species status of the Shanxi musk deer, we sequenced 627 bp of the COI gene and ≈723 bp of the D-loop gene in 12 musk deer samples collected from the Guandi Forest District, and the two reference samples collected from Sichuan. Genetic analyses from the data suggest that all of the samples from the Guandi Forest District are M. berezovskii rather than M. moschiferus. It is most likely that the most previous studies had wrong species identification. And it is the first time we use DNA barcoding to prove that Shanxi is a new distribution of M. berezovskii.
The Driving Factors of Firm Investment: Latin American Evidence

The finance literature has extensively documented the role of debt in influencing corporate investment decisions. This study focuses on testing two well-known hypotheses—on underinvestment and overinvestment—in three emerging countries: Chile, Brazil, and Mexico during the period 1997-2006. Our main findings show that for the average firm there is a strong and inverse relation between investment and long-term leverage. Moreover, for low-growth firms there exists an inverse and statistically significant association between investment and asset maturity. This evidence suggests that the disciplinary role of debt financing, stressed by the overinvestment hypothesis, seems more congruent with the data.
Do Devaluations Improve the Trade Balance? The Evidence Revisited

This paper reexamines the effectiveness of devaluation in trade-balance adjustment. The question is addressed in a framework that improves the previous empirical literature in several respects. The evidence indicates that devaluations have been a successful tool in inducing trade-balance adjustment. In particular, nominal devaluations are found to result in significant real devaluations that last for at least three years, and the real devaluation induces significant trade flows that are distributed over a two- to three-year period. The evidence comes from two different samples, 1953-73 and 1975-84, involving twenty-seven countries and sixty devaluation episodes. Copyright 1989 by Oxford University Press.
Bronchogenic Cancer, Metastases, and Aging

Previously reported large autopsy series have indicated that elderly patients who die of cancer are less likely to have metastatic disease than their younger counterparts. This observation could be explained if survival were shorter in the elderly population and patients died with smaller tumor burdens. The authors analyzed Medical Center Hospital of Vermont (MCHV) Tumor Registry data on primary lung cancer with respect to age. As in the reported autopsy series, at the time of diagnosis elderly patients were less likely to have metastatic disease. Further analysis was undertaken of the patients from this series who died and were autopsied at MCHV. Although the total numbers were small, survival was not shorter in the advanced age groups. The authors suggest that elderly patients have slower tumor growth and less metastatic disease, not because of earlier diagnosis and shorter survival, but because of senescent host factors that impede aggressive tumor growth and spread.
CARICOM Bilateral Trade: A Preliminary Analysis Using the Gravity Model

This paper investigates the determinants of intra-CARICOM bilateral trade and the CARICOM member's trade with the North American and European countries using the gravity model. Seventeen annual cross-sections are estimated for the period 1980 through 1996. Overall, the empirical results indicate that the gravity model has considerable potential to explain intra-CARICOM bilateral trade as well as trade between CARICOM members and non-members. The evidence suggests that both the importer's GDP per capita and the exporter's GDP per capita exert strong positive effects on CARICOM trade levels. Since these effects are found to be statistically the same, we conclude that the gravity model is symmetric with respect to GDP per capita. Further, sharing a common language, colonial ties, or membership in the CARICOM all significantly contribute to larger volumes of bilateral trade, while geographic distance has the opposite effect. Both the exporting and the importing countries' populations have a positive effect on trade levels, indicating that larger economies have a wider production base and thus export and import more than would smaller economies.
An Ethic of Excellence: Building a Culture of Craftsmanship with Students

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. An ethic of excellence : building a culture of craftsmanship with students / Ron Berger. p. cm.time classroom teacher in a public school. In order to make ends meet for my family, I've worked during the summers, vacations, and sometimes weekends, as a carpenter. In the classroom or on the building site my passion is the same: If you're going to do something , I believe, you should do it well. You should sweat over it and make sure it's strong and accurate and beautiful and you should be proud of it. In carpentry there is no higher compliment builders give to each other than this: That guy is a craftsman. This one word says it all. It connotes someone who has integrity and knowledge, who is dedicated to his work and who is proud of what he does and who he is. Someone who thinks carefully and does things well. I want a classroom full of craftsmen. I want students whose work is strong and accurate and beautiful. Students who are proud of what they do, proud of how they respect both themselves and others. When building a complex roof frame, some carpenters are adept at trigonometry and use calculators to figure rafter angles. Others never paid attention during high-school math and rely on a tape measure, spatial intelligence, and an experienced eye. In the end, as long as time and budget are reasonable, these differences don't matter. What matters is clear: a well-built house. In my classroom I have students who come from homes full of books and students whose families own almost no books at all. I  Ethic of Excellence pgs. 6/24/03 2:02 PM Page 1 have students for whom reading, writing, and math come easily and students whose brains can't follow a line of text without reversing words and letters, students who can't line up numbers correctly on a page. I have students whose lives are generally easy and students with physical disabilities, and health or family problems that make life a struggle. I want them all to be craftsmen. Some may take a little longer to produce things, …
Federal Government Debt and Interest Rates

Does government debt affect interest rates? Despite a substantial body of empirical analysis, the answer based on the past two decades of research is mixed. While many studies suggest, at most, a single-digit rise in the interest rate when government debt increases by 1% of gross domestic product (GDP), others estimate either much larger effects or find no effect. Comparing results across studies is complicated by differences in economic models, definitions of government debt and interest rates, econometric approaches, and sources of data. Using a standard set of data and a simple analytical framework, we reconsider and add to empirical evidence about the effect of federal government debt and interest rates. We begin by deriving analytically the effect of government debt on the real interest rate and find that an increase in government debt equivalent to 1% of GDP would be predicted to increase the real interest rate by about two to three basis points. While some existing studies estimate effects in this range, others find larger effects. In almost all cases, these larger estimates come from specifications relating federal deficits (as opposed to debt) and the level of interest rates or from specifications not controlling adequately for macroeconomic influences on interest rates that might be correlated with deficits. We present our own empirical analysis in two parts. First, we examine a variety of conventional reduced-form specifications linking interest rates and government debt and other variables. In particular, we provide estimates for three types of specifications to permit comparisons among different approaches taken in previous research; we estimate the effect of an expected, or projected, measure of federal government debt on a forward-looking measure of the real interest rate; an expected, or projected, measure of federal government debt on a current measure of the real interest rate; and a current measure of federal government debt on a current measure of the real interest rate. Most of the statistically significant estimated effects are consistent with the prediction of the simple analytical calculation. Second, we provide evidence using vector autoregression analysis. In general, these results are similar to those found in our reduced-form econometric analysis and are consistent with the analytical calculations. Taken together, the bulk of our empirical results suggests that an increase in federal government debt equivalent to 1% of GDP, all else being equal, would be expected to increase the long-term real rate of interest by about three basis points (though one specification suggests a larger impact), while some estimates are not statistically significantly different from zero. By presenting a range of results with the same data, we illustrate the dependence of estimation on specification and definition differences.
Job Tenure and Asset Holdings

This paper examines the impact of housing equity and occupational pension scheme membership on job tenure. Using job duration data from the 1985 General Household Survey, appropriate hazard functions are constructed and estimated. Housing equity data is constructed from the General Household Survey, with appropriate adjustment for selection on house movers. Housing equity has a negative impact on male job tenure, which is more pronounced the longer the job lasts. In contrast, pension scheme membership raises average tenure, in accordance with other studies, but the results show variation according to pension scheme characteristics. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society.
How Well Does It Fit? An Organizational Culture Approach to Assessing Technology Use Among Homeless Service Providers

This pilot study examines how organizational culture affects staff members' use of a homeless management information system (HMIS). Organizational culture and sociotechnical theories suggest that the goodness of fit between organizations and technology is critical to successful implementation and use. The sample included seven homeless service providers and 41 individuals. The study tested two hypotheses. First, organizational culture influences staff members' behavior. Second, organizational culture and individual characteristics interact to influence staff members' behavior. Results indicated strong interaction effects between organizational culture and gender. Women in the sample report higher average levels of HMIS use than men, but the difference diminishes as organizations grow more rigid, proficient, or resistant. Further, organizational rigidity, proficiency, and resistance are positively related to HMIS use. The findings of this pilot study suggest diffusing new technologies like the HMIS is a complex, continual process requiring examination of the goodness of fit during implementation.
A qualitative investigation of the identity, attitudes, and motivations of action sport retail business owners

An individual’s occupation is often a salient component to ones life. Numerous traditional career developmental theories have been employed in the hopes of understanding the motivations and attitudes individuals have toward particular types of careers. Research indicates that entrepreneurs are primarily motivated by monetary gain, desires to be their own boss, and career independence. The present study utilized qualitative interviews as a means to gain a greater understanding of action sports retail business owners experiences and how their identity as a surfer/skater/snowboarder influenced their career decisions and their motivations to own an action retail business. The data were analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research methodology (Hill, 2012). Results indicate that the business owners primarily identify as surfers/skaters/snowboarders, opposed to businessmen, and that they were primarily motivated to open their own action sport retail businesses due to their passion for the action sports and interest in remaining apart of the action sport lifestyle. These findings partly contrast previous research regarding the motivations of entrepreneurs’ primary motivation being monetary gain.
Production of human immune interferon (Hu IFN‐γ) studied at the single cell level. Origin, evidence for spontaneous secretion and effect of cyclosporin A

A reverse hemolytic plaque assay has been developed which specifically detects secretion of human immune interferon (Hu IFN‐γ) at the single cell level. Unstimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy adult volunteeers spontaneously secreted IFN‐γ. Stimulation of these cells with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or the UCHT1 monoclonal anti‐human T cell antibody significantly increased the number of IFN‐γ‐secreting cells. The cell producing IFN‐γ, both spontaneously and after UCHT1 antibody stimulation, is an OKT3+, 4+,8−,HLA‐DR− T lymphocyte as determined at the single cell level. Finally, cyclosporin A, a potent and selective immunosuppressive drug for T cells, strongly inhibited the secretion of IFN‐γ as assayed at the cell level. This IFN‐γ reverse hemolytic plaque assay has great potential for the further study of IFN‐γ both in physiological and pathological conditions.
[Small interference RNA targeting vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits rat corneal neovascularization].

OBJECTIVE To test the effects of VEGF-siRNA-transfected corneal epithelium on corneal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS It was an experimental study. Cultured rat corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes were transfected with synthesize VEGF siRNA by lipofectamine 2000. The level of VEGF mRNA was analyzed by real time PCR, and the protein levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CNV was induced by cauterization with 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide in rat corneas. The VEGF-siRNA-transfected-corneal epithelium cells were transplanted to the CNV lesions. Immediately after transplantation, the VEGF-siRNA combined with lipofectamine 2000 were directly transfected rat cornea through injecting into the anterior chamber. After surgery, the surface areas occupied by new vessels were measured, and VEGF protein was localized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The levels of VEGF expression at both mRNA and protein in the VEGF-siRNA transfected corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes were significantly lower than those of control cells. VEGF siRNA could inhibit the expression of VEGF mRNA in corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes to 57% - 85% and 59% - 78%, respectively. The VEGF-siRNA-transfected-corneal epithelium transplantation significantly decreased the surface areas occupied by new vessels. VEGF expression level in interference groups was lower than that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The development of CNV is markedly suppressed by VEGF-siRNA transfection in vivo.