Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increased Cortisol and Cortisone Levels in Overweight Children

Background It has been unclear whether relatively high cortisol and cortisone levels are related to overweight in childhood, parental body mass index (BMI), and family dietary habits. The aim of this study was to compare cortisol and cortisone levels in urine and saliva from overweight and normal children, as well as correlations between children’s BMI, parental BMI and family dietary behavior questionnaire score (QS). Material/Methods We analyzed the data from 52 overweight children and 53 age- and sex-matched normal-weight children aged 4–5 years. The concentrations of salivary cortisol (SF), salivary cortisone (SE), urinary cortisol (UF) and urinary cortisone (UE) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The family dietary behavior QS was answered by the parent mainly responsible for the family diet. Results Average cortisol and cortisone levels were significantly higher in overweight children. There was no significant difference in the ratio of cortisol to cortisone (Rcc) and the marker of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) activities. The results displayed correlations among cortisol, cortisone, and Rcc. Positive correlations were weak-to-moderate between BMI and SF, SE, UF, and UE. There were correlations between BMI and maternal BMI (mBMI), and BMI was significantly associated with QS. Conclusions Our results suggest that cortisol and cortisone levels are associated with overweight in children, but the 11β-HSD2 activities showed no significant differences. Unhealthy family diet was associated with higher BMI, UF, and UE, and families with maternal overweight or obesity had a higher prevalence of children’s overweight or obesity.
Quantitative assessment of the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier in mice.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a quantitative assay of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) function in mice and to determine the effect of several purported vasopermeability factors on the BRB. METHODS Adult C57BL/6J mice were treated with three regimens of increasingly extensive retinal cryopexy and subsequently were given an intraperitoneal injection of 1 microCi/g body weight of [(3)H]mannitol. At several time points, the amount of radioactivity per milligram tissue was compared in retina, lung, and kidney. Time points that maximize signal-to-background differential in the retina were identified, and the ratio of counts per minute (CPM) per milligram retina to CPM per milligram lung (retina-to-lung leakage ratio, RLLR) or kidney (retina-to-renal leakage ratio, RRLR) were calculated. This technique was then used to compare the amount of BRB breakdown that occurs after intravitreous injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, prostaglandin (PG) E(1), PGE(2), interleukin (IL)-1beta, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. RESULTS Twenty-four hours after retinal cryopexy, there was a higher level of radioactivity in treated than in control retinas, and the signal-to-background difference was optimal when measurements were obtained 1 hour after injection of [(3)H]mannitol. In untreated mice, the RLLR was 0.30 +/- 0.02 and the RRLR was 0.22 +/- 0.01. Twenty-four hours after one 5-second application of retinal cryopexy, the RLLR was 0.73 +/- 0.20 and the RRLR was 0.71 +/- 0.23. With increasing amounts of cryopexy, there was an increase in the RLLR and RRLR, so that after two 10-second applications, the RLLR was 1.66 +/- 0.31 and the RRLR was 1.47 +/- 0.20. Intravitreous injection of VEGF, IGF-1, PGE(1), PGE(2), IL-1beta, or TNF-alpha each caused significant increases in the RLLR and RRLR, but there were some differences in potency and time course. VEGF caused prominent BRB breakdown at 6 hours that returned to near normal by 24 hours. IL-1beta also caused relatively rapid breakdown of the BRB, but its effect was more prolonged than that caused by VEGF. There was delayed, but substantial breakdown of the BRB after injection of TNF-alpha. IGF-1, PGE(2), and PGE(1) caused less severe, relatively delayed, and more prolonged BRB breakdown. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of the RLLR or RRLR after intraperitoneal injection of [(3)H]mannitol in mice provides a quantitative assessment of BRB function that is normalized and can therefore be compared from assay to assay. Comparison of the extent and duration of BRB breakdown after intravitreous injection of vasoactive substances shows that agents can be grouped by resultant extent and time course of leakage. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this grouping has its basis in shared mechanisms of BRB disruption.
Empatía y delincuencia juvenil: Un meta-análisis sobre la relación

espanolEl objetivo principal de esta investigacion es estudiar la relacion ente empatia y delincuencia oficialmente registrada durante la adolescencia. Se llevo a cabo mediante una revision sistematica de todos aquellos estudios obtenidos a traves de diversas estrategias de busqueda. Ademas, se ha incorporado una distincion clave en el campo, a menudo olvidada, diferenciando entre empatia afectiva y cognitiva. Entre los criterios de inclusion se encuentra uno que resulta clave: la presencia de delincuencia registrada como tal por la ley, excluyendo todos aquellos comportamientos vandalicos o de naturaleza antisocial. Como resultado, se obtuvo una muestra de k = 39 estudios primarios para la empatia cognitiva y k = 52 estudios para la afectiva, abarcando mas de 30 anos de investigacion. Los resultados revelan una asociacion moderada entre delincuencia y la dimension cognitiva (r = -.220) y algo mas leve con la dimension afectiva (r = -.140). Se realizo un analisis de moderadores observando que determinadas caracteristicas (tanto sociodemograficas como metodologicas) modulan la intensidad de la asociacion entre empatia y delincuencia. Se discuten las implicaciones para futuras investigaciones asi como su importancia para el desarrollo sociopsicologico de esta poblacion en especifico. EnglishThe primay aim of this review was to study existing knowledge on the relationship between empathy and juvenile official delinquency. We conducted a meta-analytic review taking into account the differences between cognitive empathy and affective empathy. Only those studies based on official delinquency records in the applicable country were included. Therefore, all studies focusing on antisocial behaviors, traits such as aggressiveness and/or behavioral problems were excluded. As a result, we retrieved a total of 39 studies about the relationship between cognitive empathy and delinquency, and 52 studies about the affective empathy. The results found a moderated effect size (r = -.220) in the case of cognitive empathy and quite lower effect size for the affective empathy (r = -.140). We also analyzed a set of moderating variables such as methodologic and sociodemographic variables. These variables have a potential moderating effect. Its importance on future researches as well as on the sociopsychological development of this population are disscussed.
Using event related potentials to investigate visual aesthetic perception of product appearance

Visual aesthetic directly affects the user's purchase decision and results from the user's analysis and judgment after perceiving product appearance. Therefore, understanding the neural mechanisms of visual experience is critical for product design. This study combined subjective evaluation with ERPs (event‐related potentials) to investigate the user's aesthetic experience as evoked by smartphones. A visual aesthetic scale was constructed, and the results from the questionnaire were used to verify the reliability of the aesthetic scale. Before the ERPs experiment was constructed, smartphones were divided into higher visual aesthetic and lower visual aesthetic based on subjective evaluation according to the aesthetic scale. An amended oddball paradigm was then used in the ERPs experiment. Landscapes were presented as rare targets, while smartphone pictures were presented as frequent nontarget stimuli. The ERPs were then averaged separately for each aesthetic type. Two negative components were recorded and compared with respect to two aesthetic types on the participants’ prefrontal, frontal, and central sites. The smartphone pictures with lower scores of visual aesthetic elicited larger amplitudes of N100/N200 than those with higher scores according to the within‐subjects, repeated‐measures analysis of variance. The exploring of neural responses correlated with visual aesthetic can provide an accurate method of measuring the user's perception and can help marketers know which product gives the user a higher visual aesthetic experience. The difference of ERPs may be taken as an evaluating indicator of product design.
The Role of Teneurin C-terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP)-1 in the Regulation of Stress-related Behaviours

The teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAPs) are a newly-elucidated family of four bioactive peptides that were found during a screen for novel corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like peptide families. The predicted peptide sequences have the characteristics of a bioactive peptide and are 40 or 41 amino acid residues long. One of the peptides in the family, TCAP-1, has numerous in vitro effects, where it modulates cAMP accumulation, neuronal proliferation, neurite outgrowth, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and possesses neuroprotective effects under alkalotic or hypoxic conditions. However, little is known about TCAP-1‟s in vivo effects. Given the structural similarity of TCAP-1 to the CRF family, it is expected that these peptide systems may interact in vivo. The aims of this research were to 1) investigate the role of TCAP-1 on CRFand stress-induced behaviours in rats, and determine if intracerebral TCAP-1 could modulate stress-induced anxiety-like behaviours; 2) determine the areas of the brain where TCAP-1 is taken up and is active; and 3) investigate the role of TCAP1‟s cytoskeletal modulation on stress-sensitive areas of the brain so as to determine a mechanism for long-term behavioural changes in the brain. I have established that TCAP-1 modulates anxiety-like behaviour in exploratory tests of anxiety, and that TCAP-1 is particularly active in the limbic system, including the hippocampus, amygdala, septum, and medial prefrontal cortex, iii and that TCAP-1 increases the dendritic spine density in the hippocampus, a brain area important for anxiety, learning, and memory. These studies have confirmed that TCAP-1 indeed plays a role in stress-like behaviours and modulates stress-related processes in the brain.
Gaze Aversion During Children's Transient Knowledge and Learning

Looking away from an interlocutor's face during demanding cognitive activity can help adults and children answer challenging mental arithmetic and verbal-reasoning questions (Glenberg, Schroeder, & Robertson, 1998; Phelps, Doherty-Sneddon, & Warnock, 2006). While such “gaze aversion” (GA) is used far less by 5-year-old school children, its use increases dramatically during the first years of primary education, reaching adult levels by 8 years of age (Doherty-Sneddon, Bruce, Bonner, Longbotham, & Doyle, 2002). Furthermore, GA increases with increasing mental demands, with high levels signalling that an individual finds material being discussed challenging but remains engaged with it (Doherty-Sneddon et al., 2002; Doherty-Sneddon & Phelps, 2005). In the current study we investigate whether patterns of gaze and gaze aversion during children's explanations can predict when they are in states of transient knowledge (Karmiloff-Smith 1992; Goldin-Meadow, Kim, & Singer, 1999). In Study 1, thirty-three 6-year-old children completed a balance beam task (Pine & Messer, 2000). Children who improved the representational level of their explanations (Karmiloff-Smith, 1992) of this task with training used more GA than those who did not. Practical implications for teaching and for recognizing transient knowledge states are discussed. In Study 2, fifty-nine 6-year-olds took part and completed a “Time Task” along with periodic teaching intervention to improve their comprehension of telling the time. Some children improved immediately, whereas others did so more gradually. The gradual improvers showed the highest levels of GA, particularly when they were at an intermediate level of performance.
Evaluating hypotheses of deuterostome phylogeny and chordate evolution with new LSU and SSU ribosomal DNA data.

We investigated evolutionary relationships among deuterostome subgroups by obtaining nearly complete large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA)-gene sequences for 14 deuterostomes and 3 protostomes and complete small-subunit (SSU) rRNA-gene sequences for five of these animals. With the addition of previously published sequences, we compared 28 taxa using three different data sets (LSU only, SSU only, and combined LSU + SSU) under minimum evolution (with LogDet distances), maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony optimality criteria. Additionally, we analyzed the combined LSU + SSU sequences with spectral analysis of LogDet distances, a technique that measures the amount of support and conflict within the data for every possible grouping of taxa. Overall, we found that (1) the LSU genes produced a tree very similar to the SSU gene tree, (2) adding LSU to SSU sequences strengthened the bootstrap support for many groups above the SSU-only values (e.g., hemichordates plus echinoderms as Ambulacraria; lancelets as the sister group to vertebrates), (3) LSU sequences did not support SSU-based hypotheses of pterobranchs evolving from enteropneusts and thaliaceans evolving from ascidians, and (4) the combined LSU + SSU data are ambiguous about the monophyly of chordates. No tree-building algorithm united urochordates conclusively with other chordates, although spectral analysis did so, providing our only evidence for chordate monophyly. With spectral analysis, we also evaluated several major hypotheses of deuterostome phylogeny that were constructed from morphological, embryological, and paleontological evidence. Our rRNA-gene analysis refutes most of these hypotheses and thus advocates a rethinking of chordate and vertebrate origins.
Common Sole Larvae Survive High Levels of Pile-Driving Sound in Controlled Exposure Experiments

In view of the rapid extension of offshore wind farms, there is an urgent need to improve our knowledge on possible adverse effects of underwater sound generated by pile-driving. Mortality and injuries have been observed in fish exposed to loud impulse sounds, but knowledge on the sound levels at which (sub-)lethal effects occur is limited for juvenile and adult fish, and virtually non-existent for fish eggs and larvae. A device was developed in which fish larvae can be exposed to underwater sound. It consists of a rigid-walled cylindrical chamber driven by an electro-dynamical sound projector. Samples of up to 100 larvae can be exposed simultaneously to a homogeneously distributed sound pressure and particle velocity field. Recorded pile-driving sounds could be reproduced accurately in the frequency range between 50 and 1000 Hz, at zero to peak pressure levels up to 210 dB re 1µPa2 (zero to peak pressures up to 32 kPa) and single pulse sound exposure levels up to 186 dB re 1µPa2s. The device was used to examine lethal effects of sound exposure in common sole (Solea solea) larvae. Different developmental stages were exposed to various levels and durations of pile-driving sound. The highest cumulative sound exposure level applied was 206 dB re 1µPa2s, which corresponds to 100 strikes at a distance of 100 m from a typical North Sea pile-driving site. The results showed no statistically significant differences in mortality between exposure and control groups at sound exposure levels which were well above the US interim criteria for non-auditory tissue damage in fish. Although our findings cannot be extrapolated to fish larvae in general, as interspecific differences in vulnerability to sound exposure may occur, they do indicate that previous assumptions and criteria may need to be revised.
A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass

A computational technique for the modelling of laminated safety glass is presented using an explicit finite element solver. Coincident finite elements are used to model the layered set-up of laminated glass: shell elements with brittle failure for the glass components and membrane elements to simulate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the PVB-interlayer. Two different approaches are considered to model laminated glass: a physical model and a smeared model. In the physical model the glass is considered as elastic/brittle and the interlayer as a hyperelastic material. For the hyperelastic description of the interlayer, we give an overview of material models, which are widely used for explicit solvers, i.e. the laws by Blatz–Ko, Mooney–Rivlin and Ogden. The obtained stress–strain curves are fitted to experimental results of the interlayer. The hyperelastic model is applied to a simple impact test demonstrating the numerical robustness. In the smeared model, we use two shell elements of equal thickness with elasto-plastic material properties to obtain an improved bending response after fracture. For validation, experimental investigations have been carried out where a spherical impactor was shot against a windscreen. The acceleration of the impactor has been measured in this test and is compared to the numerical results. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dust filtration at gap edges: Implications for the spectral energy distributions of discs with embedded planets

ABSTRACT The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of some T Tauri stars display a deﬁcit ofnear-IR ﬂux that could be a consequence of an embedded Jupiter-mass planet partiallyclearingan inner hole in the circumstellardisc. Here, weuse two-dimensionalnumericalsimulations of the planet-disc interaction, in concert with simple models for the dustdynamics, to quantify how a planet inﬂuences the dust at diﬀerent radii within thedisc. We show that pressure gradientsat the outer edge of the gap cleared by the planetact as a ﬁlter - letting particles smaller than a critical size through to the inner discwhile holding back larger particles in the outer disc. The critical particle size dependsupon the disc properties, but is typically of the order of 10 microns. This ﬁltrationprocess will lead to discontinuous grain populations across the planet’s orbital radius,with small grains in the inner disc and an outer population of larger grains. We showthat this type of dust population is qualitatively consistent with SED modelling ofsystems that have optically thin inner holes in their circumstellar discs. This processcan also produce a very large gas-to-dust ratio in the inner disc, potentially explainingthose systems with optically thin inner cavities that still have relatively high accretionrates.Keywords: solar system: formation — planets and satellites: formation — planetarysystems: formation
Entrepreneurship of Local Student: Online Shopping Behavior Perspective

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of technology perception and risk perception on online trust and how online trust is related to online shopping satisfaction. The study also examines the impact of online trust in mediating the relationship between perceived technology and online shopping satisfaction. The population in this study are students who study at the University of Lancang Kuning. The sample collection was 372 people by using stratified random sampling method with the criteria of students who had been shopping online, in order to make it easier to get the respondents. Data processing is done by structural equation modeling analysis using Warp PLS 5.0 software. The result of study shows that technology perception and risk perception have an effect on trust and satisfaction of online shopping.
Risky or not ? Characterizing Intuitive Health Risk Perception

4 ABSTRACT Previous research on health risk perception has revealed that people make snap judgments about potential health threats resulting from encounters with unacquainted people. Since HIV is still a dangerous threat in this context, many studies trying to broaden the understanding for the mechanisms underlying these judgments concentrated on this infectious disease. Recent research examined HIV risk perception by measuring neural responses while participants performed evaluations of HIV risk. Results showed that individuals perceived as 'risky' regarding HIV elicit a differential brain response compared to those perceived as 'safe'. Since these brain responses preceded conscious thinking, the results supported the notion that these responses are based on intuitive processes. Although these findings provided elementary insights into the mechanisms underlying health risk perception, they have also raised new and important questions. Therefore, further studies were conducted for the present dissertation in order to establish a broader understanding of these processes. The first study addressed the question of whether previously observed differential ERP responses to unacquainted people being perceived as either 'risky' or 'safe' are specific to infectious, life-threatening diseases, such as HIV, or a general mechanism also triggered by life-threatening but non-infectious diseases. Therefore, dense sensor EEG was recorded while participants evaluated photographs of unacquainted individuals for either HIV or leukemia risk. While the ERP results replicated previous findings by revealing differential brain responses towards individuals perceived as risky in terms of HIV, no such differences could be found for leukemia risk. These findings suggest that intuitive risk judgments are at least in part specific to infectious diseases (e.g. HIV) rather than reflecting a generic response to terminal diseases. The second study addressed possible gender differences in intuitive impressions of HIV risk. Results from studies on evaluations of attractiveness and trustworthiness, a trait closely related to HIV risk ratings, revealed differences in ratings associated with the target's gender as well as the perceiver's gender. However, previous studies on HIV risk impressions only employed opposite-sex paradigms, precluding the investigation of possible gender differences. To address this issue, the second study used a paradigm containing same sex as well as opposite sex evaluations to investigate the effect of perceiver's sex vs. target person's gender. Female and male participants rated perceived HIV risk as well as seven risk-related trait characteristics for 120 photographs of target persons (half female and half male). Results revealed that male targets were perceived as more risky than female …