Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Roles of family cohesiveness, marital adjustment, and child temperament in predicting child behavior with mothers and fathers

The current study explored how family characteristics (i.e., family cohesiveness and marital adjustment) and child characteristics (i.e., temperament) assessed when the child was 13 months old predicted child behavior with mothers and fathers at 36 months. Mother–father–child interaction was observed to assess family cohesiveness at 13 months. Mothers and fathers also completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of marital adjustment and their child’s temperament at 13 months. Based on dyadic parent–child interactions at 36 months, under-controlled behavior and positive engagement were examined as outcome variables. Results indicated that observed family cohesiveness predicted positive engagement with both parents. Moreover, in families with high cohesiveness at 13 months, child behavior was significantly consistent across mother–child and father–child interactions, whereas in families with low cohesiveness, consistency of child behavior was not observed. Results also revealed that fathers’ perceptions of marital adjustment directly predicted child behavior with fathers, while the combination of low family cohesiveness/low marital adjustment and difficult temperament predicted child behavior with mothers.
Views of adolescents in separated families

In particular, the 2006 changes to the Family Law Act 1975 were intended to bring the views, feelings and experiences of children into sharper focus. The present study explores the experience of parental separation for 623 adolescent children aged 12–18 years, whose parents separated after the introduction of the family law reforms in July 2006. The Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department (AGD) and Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA) commissioned the study. With the backdrop of the family law reforms, the aim of the study was to describe how adolescent children view their experiences of parental separation. It is through the voices of these young people that we learn of their experiences of the process of parental separation and their own involvement in the decisions parents made about them following separation. Moreover, the findings in this study shed light on what adolescents wanted in their care-time arrangements, how they expressed their views, who they turned to for support, their relationships with parents and other family members, and their understanding of issues concerning parental conflict.
Dietary and Lifestyle Advice for Pregnant Women Who Are Overweight or Obese: The LIMIT Randomized Trial

Overweight and obesity during pregnancy are common and are associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes for both the mother and the infant. However, robust evidence about the effect of antenatal dietary and lifestyle interventions on health outcomes is lacking. We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial, recruiting 2,212 women (from 3 public maternity hospitals across South Australia) with a singleton pregnancy between 10+0 and 20+0 weeks' gestation and a BMI ≥25. The women were randomized to lifestyle advice (n = 1,108) or standard care (n = 1,104). Women randomized to lifestyle advice participated in a comprehensive dietary and lifestyle intervention over the course of their pregnancy (delivered by research staff), while women randomized to standard care received pregnancy care according to local guidelines, which did not include such information. Provision of the lifestyle intervention was associated with a significant 18% relative risk reduction in the chance of infants being born with a birth weight above 4 kg. No other significant differences were identified in maternal pregnancy and birth outcomes between the two treatment groups. Observational studies highlight the association between a high infant birth weight and the subsequent risk of childhood and adulthood obesity. Antenatal interventions that are effective in reducing high infant birth weights therefore represent a significant strategy to tackle obesity from a population health perspective, while ongoing interrogation of the biospecimens and measurements, including ongoing childhood follow-up, will provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the mechanistic pathways of maternal-to-infant/childhood obesity.
Friendship Maintenance: An Analysis of Individual and Dyad Behaviors

Abstract In three studies, friendship maintenance behaviors were investigated. In the first study, a psychometrically valid measure of friendship maintenance behaviors was developed via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Friendship maintenance behaviors of positivity, supportiveness, openness, and interaction were identified as key factors. Furthermore, maintenance behaviors differed by friendship status (best, close, or casual friends) and gender. Best friends engaged in more maintenance behaviors than close or casual friends. Gender differences in maintenance behaviors were found, such that female same-sex friendships reported using more supportiveness, openness, and interaction than male same-sex friendships. In the second study, a confirmatory factor analysis revalidated the four-factor scale structure. In the third study, the interdependence of maintenance behaviors among friendship dyads was examined. Results indicated that friendships are equitable, display self-other agreement, and perc.
Measuring Situational Interest in Academic Domains

Three studies were conducted to develop and validate scores on a new measure appropriate for assessing adolescents’ situational interest (SI) across various academic settings. In Study 1 (n = 858), a self-report questionnaire was administered to undergraduates in introductory psychology. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) supported a three-factor model that differentiated between interest generated by (a) the presentation of course material that grabbed students’ attention (triggered-SI), (b) the extent to which the material itself was enjoyable and engaging (maintained-SI-feeling), and (c) whether the material was viewed as important and valuable (maintained-SI-value). CFA analyses in Study 2 (n = 284) and Study 3 (n = 246) also supported the three-factor situational interest model for middle and high school students in mathematics. Moreover, situational interest was shown to be distinct from individual interest and was a statistically significant predictor of change in individual interest across the school year.
Portrayal of Stepparents in Movie Plot Summaries

55 summaries of movie plots that mentioned a stepparent by name were examined. 58.2% of these 55 plot summaries portrayed the stepparent in negative terms. The remaining 41.8% of the plot summaries contained no evaluative comments. None of the plot summaries presented the stepparents in a specifically positive manner. It was concluded that the negative perception of stepparents in our society may be associated, at least in part, with the unsavoury way in which stepparents are portrayed in the movies.
A Constrained Sequence-to-Sequence Neural Model for Sentence Simplification

Sentence simplification reduces semantic complexity to benefit people with language impairments. Previous simplification studies on the sentence level and word level have achieved promising results but also meet great challenges. For sentence-level studies, sentences after simplification are fluent but sometimes are not really simplified. For word-level studies, words are simplified but also have potential grammar errors due to different usages of words before and after simplification. In this paper, we propose a two-step simplification framework by combining both the word-level and the sentence-level simplifications, making use of their corresponding advantages. Based on the two-step framework, we implement a novel constrained neural generation model to simplify sentences given simplified words. The final results on Wikipedia and Simple Wikipedia aligned datasets indicate that our method yields better performance than various baselines.
Disappearing Hyperdense Middle Cerebral Artery Sign Is Associated with Striatocapsular Infarcts on Follow-Up CT in Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis

Background: A striatocapsular infarct (SCI) is a subcortical infarct in the territory of the lenticulostriate arteries, most likely due to transient occlusion of the main stem of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Presence of the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) is a reliable marker of occlusion of the MCA. We hypothesized that SCIs are related to HMCAS at baseline, which subsequently disappears (HMCAS-D) on follow-up CT in stroke patients treated with intravenous rtPA. Methods: Baseline and 24-hour follow-up CTs were evaluated for HMCAS in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous rtPA and follow-up scans were also reviewed for the presence of isolated cortical (CIn), SCI, cortical and striatocapsular (CI-SCI) or lacunar infarct. We determined the incidence of SCI and the association between SCI and HMCAS on baseline and follow-up CT. Results: Of the 247 patients, 43 had an SCI (17.4%; 95% CI: 13.1–22.5). The presence of HMCAS at baseline was related to the occurrence of infarction with involvement of the striatocapsular region (SCI or CI-SCI) on follow-up CT (OR: 11.6; 95% CI: 5.9–22.8). HMCAS-D on follow-up scans was significantly related to SCI on follow-up CT compared to CI-SCI (OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 3.7–6.1). Conclusions: Occurrence of SCI and CI-SCI is associated with the presence of HMCAS on CT before thrombolysis, whereas HMCAS-D on follow-up CT is strongly related to the occurrence of SCI. Our findings support the causative role of transient occlusion of the MCA main stem in the pathogenesis of SCI.
Null vs. cognate objects and language contact: Evidence from Hellenistic Greek

Both “pleonastic” clitics instead of referential null objects and cognate objects in the Septuagint and the New Testament have been analyzed as resulting from contact between Greek and Hebrew. We examine the hypothesis of Hebrew interference and argue that the syntactic characteristics of Hebrew of referential overt objects and activity/event noun cognate objects are not transferred directly to Greek. We propose a second hypothesis according to which language contact (between Biblical Hebrew and Greek) results in semantic changes and these semantic changes affect transitivity. The semantic changes related to language contact concern the aspectual features of Greek: the development of the verbal aspect in Greek from expression of situation-type oppositions to expression of viewpoint (+/ − perfective) aspect oppositions can explain the changes observed in transitivity in Hellenistic Greek.
Coerced drug treatment in the criminal justice system

A striking phenomenon in many western countries is the increasing use of the criminal justice system as a means of channelling and coercing drug users into treatment. Despite somewhat equivocal research evidence about its effectiveness, this approach has continued to expand, including in Britain. This article takes a step back and explores some of the critical background issues that have been largely overlooked to date. Some conceptual, ethical and criminological aspects of coerced treatment in the criminal justice system are considered. It is argued that coerced treatment is a central issue for both contemporary criminology and criminal justice policy.
DIVIDED ATTENTION AND DRIVING: THE EFFECTS OF AGING AND BRAIN INJURY

In this thesis, divided attention was investigated in four groups of subjects: closed head injury (CHI) patients, young control and healthy older subjects, and older subjects with cognitive impairments. It was studied how diffuse brain injury and normal and abnormal aging affect cognitive processes involved in divided attention tasks. Furthermore, it was investigated how deficits in divided attention relate to performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), with an emphasis on car driving. Zie: Summary
Resource Slack and Propensity to Discount Delayed Investments of Time Versus Money

The authors demonstrate that people discount delayed outcomes as a result of perceived changes over time in supplies of slack. Slack is the perceived surplus of a given resource available to complete a focal task. The present research shows that, in general, people expect slack for time to be greater in the future than in the present. Typically, this expectation of growth of slack in the future is more pronounced for time than for money. In 7 experiments, the authors demonstrate that systematic temporal shifts of perceived slack determine the extent and the pattern of delay discounting, including hyperbolic discounting. They use this framework to explain differential propensity to delay investments and receipts of time and money.
Gene expression in somatic cell hybrids derived from embryonic mice transgenic for human globin genes

Somatic cell hybrids have been used previously to investigate the developmental regulation of globin gene expression. When a chromosome containing an active human fetal γ gene is transferred to mouse erythroleukaemia (MEL) cells by cell fusion, there is persistent expression of this gene through multiple hybrid‐cell divisions despite the ‘adult’trans‐acting factor environment of the MEL cell. We analysed hybrids formed between embryonic erythroblasts and MEL cells to determine whether the embryonic globin genes would be similarly regulated. Surprisingly, there was no detectable expression of either the endogenous (ε, βh1) or the transgenic (human ε) embryonic β‐like genes in a large number of hybrid pools and clones, even though these genes were expressed in the donor cells at the time of fusion. In contrast, the human γ gene, which is also expressed as an embryonic gene in transgenic mice, continued to be expressed in these hybrids. This lack of embryonic gene expression in hybrids also applied to the α gene cluster; no mouse or human ζ mRNA was detectable in embryonic cell hybrids from mice transgenic for the human α globin genes. Hybrids generated from embryonic non‐erythroid cells resulted in expression that was largely restricted to the adult β gene. It has previously been suggested that epigenetic modifications to the β‐globin gene cluster during normal development are responsible for the perpetuation of γ and β gene expression in this hybrid cell system. The results presented here suggest that no such stable modifications occur around the embryonic genes and therefore that the regulatory mechanisms determining embryonic globin gene transcription differ from those responsible for the expression of γ and β genes in this system.
Life at 85 and 92: A Qualitative Longitudinal Study of How the Oldest Old Experience and Adjust to the Increasing Uncertainty of Existence

This qualitative longitudinal study investigated how life was experienced by the participants at the ages of eighty-five (n = 129) and by those who survived to become ninety-two (n = 41) seven years later. In-depth interviews were used and seven patterns of adjustment emerged from the analysis at the age of eighty-five ranging from Self-realization to Withdrawal. This heterogeneity remained at the age of ninety-two but the increased weakening of the body and the shortened time perspective that all participants now experienced had somewhat changed the characteristics of the categories. These challenges also led to greater use of cognitive strategies of adjustment at ninety-two like taking one day at a time, substitution, losing interest in that which one could not do any longer, and an increase of the dialectical balancing of good and bad life events to reach a synthesis one could accept.
Preinstructional Strategies: The Role of Pretests, Behavioral Objectives, Overviews and Advance Organizers

Organization, it has been argued, is the hallmark of good teaching. The sequencing and arrangement of subject material appears to influence not only what students learn, but also their attitudes towards the usefulness and importance of what has to be achieved. For this reason, any procedure which makes this arrangement or organization more obvious and striking is likely to facilitate the learning of meaningful material. Nowhere is this more important than in the preliminary phases of teaching and instruction. A well-organized "bird's-eye-view" of the task supplies the student with a useful perspective of what lies ahead. It also serves as a framework on which subsequent learning can be
A Profile of Teaching Techniques Used in the University Classroom

Our purpose was to develop a profile of the frequency and duration with which different teaching techniques are used in the university classroom. Student observers recorded the time spent in different teaching activities in 58 separate classes across a variety of disciplines. Teaching activities were placed into one of eight categories. Instructors also provided estimates of time spent in each category. Results showed that lecture continues to be the primary method of instruction, that males lectured more than females, and that time spent lecturing was positively related to class size. A significant portion of class time involved no learning and the profile determined by student observations was generally similar to that determined by instructor estimates. This study provides both a methodology and a profile upon which to build further research.
Self-gain and self-loss among African American and white caregivers.

OBJECTIVES This study compared the effects of a traditional ideology of care and role conflict on the intrinsic rewards (self-gain) and consequences (self-loss) of caregiving among African Americans and Whites. METHODS Using a cross-sectional telephone survey of caregivers in North Carolina (n = 481), the authors performed a structural equation groups analysis to assess the equality of an a priori caregiving model for African Americans (n = 257) and Whites (n = 224). RESULTS Despite a stronger preference for family care among African Americans, traditional caregiving ideology was associated with more self-gain among Whites only; there was no relationship between preference for family care and self-loss for either group. Furthermore, role conflict was unrelated to self-gain but was related to more self-loss for both groups. Three additional relationships differed between African Americans and Whites: age and self-gain, gender and self-gain, and care recipient depression and role conflict. However, 12 proposed relationships were statistically significant and equivalent for African Americans and Whites. DISCUSSION The findings suggest that contextual elements that influence preference for family care and role conflict are almost identical for African Americans and Whites. Caregiver demographics are associated with caregiving ideology, whereas care recipient frailty is related to role conflict. However, there are differences between African American and White caregivers, which primarily stem from the role of age, gender, and preference for family care with self-gain.
Adolescents’ ideas about individual and social responsibility in relation to children’s household work: Some international comparisons

Cultural values of individual and social responsibility were investigated through adolescents’ ideas about children’s household work. A total of 4627 adolescents from six countries completed questionnaire items about the age children should begin chores, the value of children’s participation, and the appropriateness of payment. Differences were found between countries for all questions but notably for the question of payment. Adolescents in the USA, Australia, and Sweden were more likely to support a general payment associated with children’s household work, whereas adolescents in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Hungary were more likely to oppose payment. All differences interacted with type of task (self-care and family-care), corresponding to a relative emphasis on individual and social responsibility.
Democratizing Potential of the ‘Arab Spring’: Some Early Observations

An influential approach in the scholarship has stressed the ‘robustness of authoritarianism’ in the Arab world. While this approach has generated a rich research programme yielding valuable insights, it has also contributed to a widespread tendency to downplay the significance of the 2011 uprisings. A perspective that is broader both temporally (going back to the aftermath of the Ottoman Empire’s collapse) and spatially (to include Turkey, another successor state to that same empire which may serve as a useful negative case) can illuminate not only variations between regional states, but also convergences – such as the expansion of political mobilization and participation, or the emergence of Islamism versus secular nationalism as a key axis of ideological conflict – that suggest less pessimistic conclusions about the prospects for democracy in the longer-term future.
Characterization, Genomic Organization, Abundance, and Chromosomal Distribution of Ty1-copia Retrotransposons in Erianthus arundinaceus

Erianthus arundinaceus is an important wild species of the genus Saccharum with many valuable traits. However, the composition and structure of its genome are largely unknown, which have hindered its utilization in sugarcane breeding and evolutionary research. Retrotransposons constitute an appreciable fraction of plant genomes and may have played a significant role in the evolution and sequence organization of genomes. In the current study, we investigate the phylogenetic diversity and genomic abundance of Ty1-copia retrotransposons for the first time and inspect their chromosomal distribution patterns in E. arundinaceus. In total, 70 Ty1-copia reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences with significant levels of heterogeneity were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed these Ty1-copia retrotransposons were classified into four distinct evolutionary lineages (Tork/TAR, Tork/Angela, Retrofit/Ale, and Sire/Maximus). Dot-blot analysis showed estimated the total copy number of Ty1-copia retrotransposons to be about 4.5 × 103 in the E. arundinaceus genome, indicating they were a significant component. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that Ty1-copia retrotransposons from the four lineages had strikingly similar patterns of chromosomal enrichment, being exclusively enriched in the subterminal heterochromatic regions of most E. arundinaceus chromosomes. This is the first clear evidence of the presence of Ty1-copia retrotransposons in the subterminal heterochromatin of E. arundinaceus. Altogether, these results promote the understanding of the diversification of Ty1-copia retrotransposons and shed light on their chromosomal distribution patterns in E. arundinaceus.