Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A pr 2 00 7 Hopf algebras in dynamical systems theory

The theory of exact and of approximate solutions for non-autonomous linear differential equations forms a wide field with strong ties to physics and applied problems. This paper is meant as a stepping stone for an exploration of this long-established theme, through the tinted glasses of a (Hopf and Rota–Baxter) algebraic point of view. By reviewing, reformulating and strengthening known results, we give evidence for the claim that the use of Hopf algebra allows for a refined analysis of differential equations. We revisit the renowned Campbell–Baker–Hausdorff–Dynkin formula by the modern approach involving Lie idempotents. Approximate solutions to differential equations involve, on the one hand, series of iterated integrals solving the corresponding integral equations; on the other hand, exponential solutions. Equating those solutions yields identities among products of iterated Riemann integrals. Now, the Riemann integral satisfies the integration-by-parts rule with the Leibniz rule for derivations as its partner; and skewderivations generalize derivations. Thus we seek an algebraic theory of integration, with the Rota–Baxter relation replacing the classical rule. The methods to deal with noncommutativity are especially highlighted. We find new identities, allowing for an extensive embedding of Dyson–Chen series of timeor path-ordered products (of generalized integration operators); of the corresponding Magnus expansion; and of their relations, into the unified algebraic setting of Rota–Baxter maps and their inverse skewderivations. This picture clarifies the approximate solutions to generalized integral equations corresponding to non-autonomous linear (skew)differential equations.
Climate of the Past Quantifying the roles of ocean circulation and biogeochemistry in governing ocean carbon-13 and atmospheric carbon dioxide at the last glacial maximum

We use a state-of-the-art ocean general circulation and biogeochemistry model to examine the impact of changes in ocean circulation and biogeochemistry in governing the change in ocean carbon-13 and atmospheric CO 2 at the last glacial maximum (LGM). We examine 5 different realisations of the ocean’s overturning circulation produced by a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean model under LGM forcing and suggested changes in the atmospheric deposition of iron and phytoplankton physiology at the LGM. Measured changes in carbon-13 and carbon-14, as well as a qualitative reconstruction of the change in ocean carbon export are used to evaluate the results. Overall, we find that while a reduction in ocean ventilation at the LGM is necessary to reproduce carbon-13 and carbon-14 observations, this circulation results in a low net sink for atmospheric CO 2. In contrast, while biogeochemical processes contribute little to carbon isotopes, we propose that most of the change in atmospheric CO2 was due to such factors. However, the lesser role for circulation means that when all plausible factors are accounted for, most of the necessary CO 2 change remains to be explained. This presents a serious challenge to our understanding of the mechanisms behind changes in the global carbon cycle during the geologic past. Correspondence to: A. Tagliabue (alessandro.tagliabue@lsce.ipsl.fr)
Multiple facets of HIV-associated renal disease

HIV infection has a broad spectrum of renal manifestations. This study examined the clinical and histological manifestations of HIV-associated renal disease, and predictors of renal outcomes. Sixty-one (64% male, mean age 45 years) HIV patients were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical presentation and renal histopathology were assessed, as well as CD4 T-cell count and viral load. The predictive value of histological lesion, baseline CD4 cell count and viral load for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death were determined using the Cox regression model. The outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESRD or death were evaluated by baseline CD4 cell count. The percent distribution at initial clinical presentation was non-nephrotic proteinuria (54%), acute kidney injury (28%), nephrotic syndrome (23%), and chronic kidney disease (22%). Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (28%), mainly the collapsing form (HIVAN), acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) (26%), and immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN) (25%) were the predominant renal histology. Baseline CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm3 was a protective factor against CKD (hazard ratio=0.997; 95%CI=0.994-0.999; P=0.012). At last follow-up, 64% of patients with baseline CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 had eGFR >60 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 compared to the other 35% of patients who presented with CD4 <200 cells/mm3 (log rank=9.043, P=0.003). In conclusion, the main histological lesion of HIV-associated renal disease was HIVAN, followed by AIN and ICGN. These findings reinforce the need to biopsy HIV patients with kidney impairment and/or proteinuria. Baseline CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm3 was associated with better renal function after 2 years of follow-up.
Five Themes Impacting Collaboration in a Joint Interagency Multinational Public Operational Context (Les cinq Facteurs Influencant la Collaboration en Contexte Operationnel Interarmees, Interorganisationnel, Multinational et Public)

Abstract : This literature review was conducted in support of two Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Toronto applied research projects examining civil-military relations. In current operations (e.g., Afghanistan and Haiti), the Canadian Forces (CF) are expected to work closely with a number of diverse organizations, including Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), International Organizations (IOs), Other Governmental Departments (OGDs), local populations, and the media. However, the CF's history of working with these diverse organizations has been limited and may pose challenges to collaboration (Leslie, Gizewski, & Rostek, 2008). Previous exploratory research conducted for DRDC Toronto revealed a number of organizational, social and psychological issues impacting on civil-military collaboration in operations (Thomson, Adams, Hall, & Flear, 2010). Five broad themes helped categorize these challenges, including negotiation, power, identity, stereotypes and prejudice, and trust. The purpose of this paper was to further elaborate the themes by reviewing the most pertinent academic and scientific literature to provide a greater understanding of the process of collaboration.
Reverse Stock Splits, Institutional Holdings, and Share Value

type="main"> We show that both the number of institutional investors and the percentage of shares that are held by institutional investors increase significantly after reverse splits with a presplit price lower than $5 and a target price higher than $5. This effect is larger than for other comparable reverse splits. These results suggest institutional holdings are affected by the prudent-person rule and reverse splits are used by firms to alleviate this constraint. We also show that an increase in institutional holdings that results from reverse splits is associated with an increase in share price.
Opportunity development process in sustainability entrepreneurship

The concept of sustainability has become of major relevance in management literature and business education. It has crossed the boundaries of corporate social responsibility towards new perspectives that stress the necessity of a more holistic approach to entrepreneurial value creation. Although the field of sustainability entrepreneurship has advanced in proving a definition and description of its phenomenon, current literature has so far been unable to capture and explain, both conceptually and empirically, how and why particular individuals decide to pursue opportunities with social and environmental components concurrent with pursuing economic viability. This study tackles this challenge by examining the complex set of conditions that produce the different components of this particular opportunity development process, comprising the development of venture ideas, the organization of entrepreneurial actions and the formation of exchange relationships. Based on an inductive Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the opportunity process of 45 sustainable ventures, this study explores 13 different potential conditions for the above outcomes, upon which it identifies necessary conditions and sufficient configurations of conditions that lead to the integration of sustainability in the different stages of the opportunity process. The study provides refined knowledge and theoretical language on complex causation that facilitate the explanation of how this process unfolds based on the logic of necessity and sufficiency. It makes a broader contribution to both theorizing and research design in the study of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes by presenting a systematic and configurational view of entrepreneurial efforts and offering a basis for understanding the integration of sustainability in the development of venture opportunities.
Dbx1 precursor cells are a source of inspiratory XII premotoneurons

All behaviors require coordinated activation of motoneurons from central command and premotor networks. The genetic identities of premotoneurons providing behaviorally relevant excitation to any pool of respiratory motoneurons remain unknown. Recently, we established in vitro that Dbx1-derived pre-Bötzinger complex neurons are critical for rhythm generation and that a subpopulation serves a premotor function (Wang et al., 2014). Here, we further show that a subpopulation of Dbx1-derived intermediate reticular (IRt) neurons are rhythmically active during inspiration and project to the hypoglossal (XII) nucleus that contains motoneurons important for maintaining airway patency. Laser ablation of Dbx1 IRt neurons, 57% of which are glutamatergic, decreased ipsilateral inspiratory motor output without affecting frequency. We conclude that a subset of Dbx1 IRt neurons is a source of premotor excitatory drive, contributing to the inspiratory behavior of XII motoneurons, as well as a key component of the airway control network whose dysfunction contributes to sleep apnea. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.12301. 001
Wound Morphology and Topography in the Diabetic Foot: Hurdles in Implementing Angiosome-Guided Revascularization

Purpose. Angiosome-guided revascularization is an approach that improves wound healing but requires a surgeon to determine which angiosomes are ischemic. This process can be more difficult than anticipated because diabetic foot (DF) wounds vary greatly in quantity, morphology, and topography. This paper explores to what extent the heterogeneous presentation of DF wounds impedes development of a proper revascularization strategy. Methods. Data was retrieved from a registry of patients scheduled for below-the-knee (BTK) revascularization. Photographs of the foot and historic benchmark diagrams were used to assign wounds to their respective angiosomes. Results. In 185 limbs we detected 345 wounds. Toe wounds (53.9%) could not be designated to a specific angiosome due to dual blood supply. Ambiguity in wound stratification into angiosomes was highest at the heel, achilles tendon, and lateral/medial side of the foot and lowest for malleolar wounds. In 18.4% of the DF, at least some wounds could not confidently be categorized. Proximal wounds (coinciding with toe wounds) further steered revascularization strategy in 63.6%. Multiple wounds required multiple BTK revascularization in 8.6%. Conclusion. The heterogeneous presentation in diabetic foot wounds hampers unambiguous identification of ischemic angiosomes, and as such diminishes the capacity of the angiosome model to optimize revascularization strategy.
Is there a low-risk anomaly across countries?

The aim of this paper is to examine the parallels between the country-level and the stock-level low-risk anomalies. The inter-market variation in returns do not follow the intra-market patterns. Country-level returns are positively related to standard deviation, value at risk, and idiosyncratic volatility, although the effect is largely explained by cross-national value, size and momentum effects. The risk-return relationship seems to be stronger in the cases idiosyncratic risk and is almost non-existent in the case of systematic risk (market beta). Furthermore, additional sorting on value at risk may markedly improve the performance of size and value strategies at the country level. The investigations are based on the cross-section analysis of 78 national stock markets for the period 1999–2014.
The Income of Nations: Measurement with (What?) Theory

Extensive activity is underway to revise the construction and measurement of national income statistics. However, the underlying definitions of income are not settled. At the broadest level, there is a conflict between income as an economic concept (consumption-related, inter-temporal) and an accounting concept (output-related, atemporal). More specifically, the distinction between ex ante income (maintainable consumption) and ex post income (actual consumption plus capital accumulation) is often blurred, for example. This raises the issue of the rationale for including capital in measures of income, and the possible interpretations of such measures as returns to wealth I identify two distinct rationales for adding capital to consumption in an economically meaningful measure future consumption postponed versus current consumption foregone, which differ due to the effect of diminishing returns in production and argue that they lead to two distinct interpretations of income: the stationary- equivalent of future consumption interpretation versus the stationary-state- equivalent interpretation. I argue that the choice of one or other of these interpretations has implications for a raft of national accounting issues, such as the treatment of capital gains, the pricing of investment goods, and the treatment of technological change.
ENGINEERING DESIGN OF AN ADAPTIVE LEG PROSTHESIS USING BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

The biomimetic design process is explored through a design case: An adaptive leg prosthesis. The aim is to investigate if the biomimetic design process can be carried out with a minimum of biological knowledge and without using advanced design methods. In the design case biomimetic design was successfully carried out using library search resulting in 14 biological analogies for the design problem ‘shape adaption’. It is proposed that search results are handled using special cards describing the biological phenomena and the functional principles.
Managing Media Rich Geo-spatial Annotations for a Map-Based Mobile Application Using Clustering

With the prevalence of mobile devices that are equipped with wireless Internet capabilities and Global Positioning System (GPS) functionality, the creation and access of user-generated content are extended to users on the go. Such content are tied to real world objects, in the form of geospatial annotations, and it is only natural that these annotations are visualized using a map-based approach. However, viewing maps that are filled with annotations could hinder the serendipitous discovery of data, especially on the small screens of mobile devices. This calls for a need to manage the annotations. In this paper, we introduce a mobile application, MobiTOP, which enable users to create multimedia geospatial annotations and employs a map-based visualization for users to explore the annotations. We propose the adoption of clustering approaches to manage the volume annotations on the map. Two approaches of clustering techniques, namely incremental clustering and DBScan (Density based spatial clustering applications with noise), are proposed and compared with a baseline approach in our evaluation. Implications of our findings are discussed.
Economic Growth and the Unemployment Rate

Excerpt] Despite the resumption of economic (output) growth in June 2009, the unemployment rate remains at an historically high level more than two years into the recovery from the 11th recession of the postwar period. The unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed persons divided by the number of persons in the labor force, has settled at about 9.0% during the first three quarters of 2011. The stalled rebound of the labor market through September 2011 has prompted speculation about a doubledip recession and renewed calls for measures to stimulate the economy beyond those Congress has previously enacted. From a public policy perspective, the main driver of the unemployment rate is the pace of output growth. This report first examines the long-run relationship between the two economic variables and then narrows its focus to the periods of recovery from the postwar recessions.
Spectral Efficiency of Full-Duplex Multi-user System: Beamforming Design, User Grouping, and Time Allocation

Full-duplex (FD) systems have emerged as an essential enabling technology to further increase the data rate of wireless communication systems. The key idea of FD is to serve multiple users over the same bandwidth with a base station (BS) that can simultaneously transmit and receive the signals. The most challenging issue in designing an FD system is to address both the harmful effects of residual self-interference caused by the transmit-to-receive antennas at the BS as well as the co-channel interference from an uplink user (ULU) to a downlink user (DLU). An efficient solution to these problems is to assign the ULUs/DLUs in different groups/slots, with each user served in multiple groups. Hence, this paper studies the joint design of transmit beamformers, ULUs/DLUs group assignment, and time allocation for each group. The specific aim is to maximize the sum rate under the ULU/DLU minimum throughput constraints. The utility function of interest is a difficult nonconcave problem, and the involved constraints are also nonconvex, and so this is a computationally troublesome problem. To solve this optimization problem, we propose a new path-following algorithm for computational solutions to arrive at least the local optima. Each iteration involves only a simple convex quadratic program. We prove that the proposed algorithm iteratively improves the objective while guaranteeing convergence. Simulation results confirm the fast convergence of the proposed algorithm with substantial performance improvements over existing approaches.
Challenges posed to the maternal circulation by pregnancy

In primates, adequate growth of the fetus depends on the development of the uteroplacental unit. On the fetal side, this is achieved by the creation of the vascular network of the placenta. On the maternal side, the transformation of the spiral arteries into saccular nonreactive vessels by the trophoblast provides high blood flow to the intervillous space. Apart from the changes in the uterine arteries, the mother expands her plasma volume – at the expense of stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system – and her cardiac output. In the maintaining of normotension in the face of an increased cardiac output and plasma volume, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system requires an enhanced vasodilator synthesis. Finally, in the late stages of pregnancy, a normal endothelial function is required to provide an ample margin to the activation provoked by deportation of syncytiotrophoblast fragments/factors to the maternal circulation. These four adaptative processes require various interrelated vasodilator systems. Deficient adaptations cause isolated or proteinuric arterial hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and stillbirths, among others. Moreover, a normal or a defective adaptation to pregnancy influences maternal cardiovascular health in later life, as evidenced by various studies, most of them epidemiological; thus, pregnancy is now considered a stress test to the maternal cardiovascular system. Because of this, women planning to become pregnant should be screened for clinical and biochemical cardiovascular risks. Inversely, women presenting with hypertension in pregnancy should be thoroughly studied to detect and correct cardiovascular risks. The incorporation of the predictive value of a hypertensive pregnancy should help reduce cardiovascular disease in women.
Low density lipoprotein receptor and cation-independent mannose 6- phosphate receptor are transported from the cell surface to the Golgi apparatus at equal rates in PC12 cells

Efficient transport of cell surface glycoproteins to the Golgi apparatus has been previously demonstrated for a limited number of proteins, and has been proposed to require selective sorting in the endocytic pathway after internalization. We have studied the endocytic fate of several glycoproteins that accumulate in different organelles in a variant clone of PC12, a regulated secretory cell line. The cation- independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and the low density lipoprotein receptor, both rapidly internalized from the cell surface, and the synaptic vesicle membrane protein synaptophysin, were transported to the Golgi apparatus with equivalent, nonlinear kinetics. Transport to the Golgi apparatus (t1/2 = 2.5-3.0 h) was several times faster than turnover of these proteins (t1/2 greater than or equal to 20 h), indicating that transport of these proteins to the Golgi apparatus occurred on average several times for each protein. In contrast, Thy-1, a protein anchored in the membrane by a glycosylphosphoinositide group, was internalized and transported to the Golgi apparatus more slowly than the three transmembrane proteins. Since each of the transmembrane proteins studied showed the same t1/2 for transport to the Golgi apparatus, we conclude that transport of these proteins from the cell surface to the Golgi apparatus does not require sorting information specific to any one of these proteins. These results suggest that one of the functions of late endosomes is constitutive recycling of cell surface receptors through the Golgi apparatus if they fail to recycle to the cell surface directly from early endosomes, and that the late endosome recycling pathway is followed frequently by many rapidly internalized proteins.
A new method for voice activity detection based on sparse representation

This paper presents a novel approach for Voice Activity Detection (VAD), based on the sparse representation of an input noisy speech over a learned dictionary. For this purpose, we first generate sparse representations of the input noisy speech by Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) sparse decomposition method with an over-complete speech dictionary learned from clean speech using K-SVD. We then propose a criterion to recognize the speech frames from non-speech frames. Experimental results demonstrate that our VAD approach has a good performance in low SNR conditions and outperforms than current VAD methods.
Overexpression of a Soybean Ariadne-Like Ubiquitin Ligase Gene GmARI1 Enhances Aluminum Tolerance in Arabidopsis

Ariadne (ARI) subfamily of RBR (Ring Between Ring fingers) proteins have been found as a group of putative E3 ubiquitin ligases containing RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger domains in fruitfly, mouse, human and Arabidopsis. Recent studies showed several RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in plant response to abiotic stresses, but the function of ARI in plants is largely unknown. In this study, an ariadne-like E3 ubiquitin ligase gene was isolated from soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. , and designated as GmARI1. It encodes a predicted protein of 586 amino acids with a RBR supra-domain. Subcellular localization studies using Arabidopsis protoplast cells indicated GmARI protein was located in nucleus. The expression of GmARI1 in soybean roots was induced as early as 2–4 h after simulated stress treatments such as aluminum, which coincided with the fact of aluminum toxicity firstly and mainly acting on plant roots. In vitro ubiquitination assay showed GmARI1 protein has E3 ligase activity. Overexpression of GmARI1 significantly enhanced the aluminum tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that GmARI1 encodes a RBR type E3 ligase, which may play important roles in plant tolerance to aluminum stress.