Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE OF THE HUMAN FEMALE: VAGINAL LUBRICATION *

During the past five years, the anatomical and physiological responses of the human female to effective sexual stimulation have been under evaluation by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine. Problems of origin, local physiological influence and, ultimately, biochemical definition of the phenomenon of vaginal lubrication become obvious immediate by-products of any primary anatomical investigation. The techniques of colored motion-picture photography have provided definitive analysis of the normal intravaginal anatomical reaction to various phases of the female’s sexual response cycle. In addition, over one hundred complete orgasmic cycles have been carried to successful conclusion with the vagina exposed by speculum placement. Direct observation of vaginal lubrication as it develops has been one of the most interesting by-products of the original anatomical investigation. The influence of sexually stimulated vaginal lubrication upon existing base-line vaginal physiology is of present concern to the Sex Research Project that is being conducted at the Washington University School of Medicine. Any discussion of the lubrication phenomenon necessitates fundamental knowledge of vaginal reaction to effective sexual stimulation, and a description of basic terminology. The human female’s sexual response cycle has been arbitrarily divided into 4 individual phases. These phases (FIGURE 1) are, in order, (1) excitement, (2) plateau, ( 3 ) orgasm, and (4) resolution. The initial and major production of vaginal lubrication is primarily confined to the first phase (excitement) of the complete cycle of sexual response. Detailed reference to the original gross-anatomy paper16 has been employed in an effort to provide continuity of anatomical description. The first vaginal anatomical evidence of an excitement-phase response appears on the walls of the vagina within ten to thirty seconds after initiation of either physical or psychic sexual stimulation. This initial and almost immediate response to sexual stimulation is the phenomenon of vaginal lubrication. In the past, there have been innumerable efforts to describe sources of the vaginal lubrication that the human female develops as the result of mounting sex tension. Over the years, many authors have regarded the cervix as the main source of vaginal lubrication. ’, 3 f 6 , ’3 9 t la17, 19, 28, 30 , 32, 33 Bartholin’s glands6, 12, lS, 24 , 29* 33, 36 have also been allotted a major role in the production of vaginal lubrication. Actually, neither the healthy cervix nor Bartholin’s glands make any essential contribution to the development of vaginal lubrication. As physiological response to mounting sexual tension develops, a sweating reaction may be observed on the mucosal surface of the vaginal walls. In* The work reported in this paper was supported in part by Research Grant RG-5998, Division of General Medical Sciences, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.
Meniscal Tears and Discoid Meniscus in Children: Diagnosis and Treatment

&NA; The incidence of traumatic meniscal tears in children is on the rise, likely because of increased sports participation and more accurate diagnostic modalities. The increased vascularity of the developing meniscus is believed to enable greater healing potential. Meniscal tears in children are often amenable to repair, and excellent clinical results have been reported. Knee size must be considered when determining the optimal method of repair. Discoid menisci represent a spectrum of morphologic abnormalities and instability of the lateral meniscus. Highly unstable variants often present with the classic “snapping knee syndrome,” whereas stable variants may remain asymptomatic until a tear develops. Asymptomatic discoid menisci should be observed, whereas symptomatic discoid menisci are best treated with saucerization and repair. Early to midterm reports on saucerization and repair of discoid lateral meniscus in children are promising.
Effects of unilateral electromyostimulation superimposed on voluntary training on strength and cross‐sectional area

In this study we investigate the effects of unilateral voluntary contraction (VC) and electromyostimulation superimposed on VC (EV) training on maximal voluntary (MVC) force and cross‐sectional area (CSA), as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging of knee extensors. Thirty young men were randomly assigned to either a control group (CG), VC group (VG), or EV group (EVG). The VG and EVG trained the right leg isometrically three sessions per week for 6 weeks. After training, MVC increased in the right leg in the VG and in both legs in the EVG, and EVG was significantly different from CG (all P < 0.01). Increased CSA was found only in the right leg in the VG and EVG (P < 0.01), and correlated with improvements of MVC (r = 0.49, P = 0.01). It appeared that the EV training was equally effective as VC at increasing MVC and CSA, while having a greater cross‐education effect. Increased strength without muscle hypertrophy in the unexercised leg of the EVG indicated that neural adaptation was responsible for the cross‐education effect. Muscle Nerve 40: 430–437, 2009
Focused, not lost: the mediating role of Temporal Dissociation and Focused Immersion on Problematic Internet Use

ABSTRACT The internet has become an irreplaceable instrument for people of the twenty-first century. In light of Activity Theory, it can be considered the technological element in functional organs which augment a person’s ability to carry out activities and achieve specific goals. In its capacity as a tool, the internet can lead to the risk of ‘inverse instrumentality’ – the process by which people lose their sense of self-directedness and experience a passive and uncontrolled approach to technology. Past research has stressed the importance of cognitive involvement in technology for a healthy use of the internet. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether cognitive involvement does indeed protect against the misuse of new media, or whether it is antecedent to it. In this study, two dimensions of the Cognitive Absorption Scale (Focused Immersion (FI) and Temporal Dissociation (TD)) were used as mediators between antecedents of internet misuse (Self-control, Mindfulness and Self-esteem) and Problematic Internet Use. Only TD was found to act as a mediator. Furthermore, the scores on the FI scale were positively predicted by levels of Self-esteem and Self-control. This suggests that certain ways of experiencing cognitive involvement are more risky than others. Implications for professionals and ideas for future research are also discussed.
Coronary Vasoconstriction Induced by Vasopressin: Production of Myocardial Ischemia in Dogs by Constriction of Nondiseased Small Vessels

BackgroundWe studied the effect of intracoronary administration of arginine-8-vasopressin on blood flow in nondiseased coronary arteries and determined whether this vasoconstriction was severe enough to produce ischemia in 30 dogs. Methods and ResultsIn group 1 (n =6), after vasopressin administration coronary blood flow was decreased by 41% (p < 0.002) without changes in heart rate or aortic pressure, and left ventricular ejection fraction measured by radionuclide angiocardiography was decreased by 18% (p < 0.0005). In group 2 (n =6), ischemia was confirmed by measurement of transmural pH changes. Administration of vasopressin decreased subendocardial pH of the infused zone from 7.40 ± 0.03 to 7.31 ± 0.07 (p < 0.01). The subendocardial pH of the zone not infused with vasopressin did not change. To overcome the intrinsic regulation of blood flow, operating primarily in small coronary arteries, we hypothesized that vasopressin must increase resistance primarily in large rather than small coronary arteries. After intracoronary infusion in group 3 (n =6), however, most (94%) of the increase in resistance during vasopressin administration was explained by an increase of resistance in small coronary arteries. In group 4 (n =9), vasopressin decreased coronary blood flow by 50% and decreased local shortening by 901% at a time when systemic hemodynamics were unchanged. Coronary constriction induced by vasopressin, or the recovery from it, also was not altered by cyclooxygenase blockade. ConclusionsThus, vasopressin produces myocardial ischemia by constricting small, nondiseased coronary arteries severely enough to overcome the competition from normal coronary regulation, and this ischemic event is not mediated by prostaglandin products. (Circulation 1991;83:2111—2121)
Compulsive Sexual Behavior: A Review of the Literature

Background and Aims Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is a common disorder featuring repetitive, intrusive and distressing sexual thoughts, urges and behaviors that negatively affect many aspects of an individual’s life. This article reviews the clinical characteristics of CSB, cognitive aspects of the behaviors, and treatment options. Methods We reviewed the literature regarding the clinical aspects of CSB and treatment approaches. Results The literature review of the clinical aspects of CSB demonstrates that there is likely a substantial heterogeneity within the disorder. In addition, the treatment literature lacks sufficient evidence-based approaches to develop a clear treatment algorithm. Conclusions Although discussed in the psychological literature for years, CSB continues to defy easy categorization within mental health. Further research needs to be completed to understand where CSB falls within the psychiatric nosology.
Risk perception and level of knowledge of diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti

ABSTRACT Diseases caused by viruses such as dengue, chikungunya and zika are mosquito-borne diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti. We performed a cross-sectional study of healthcare personnel and the general population using questionnaires to identify the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices, and risk perception for dengue, chikungunya and zika. A total of 248 questionnaires were applied, 63.3% to healthcare personnel and 36.7% to the general population. Of the healthcare personnel, 53% were men, and in the general population 74% were women. Nahuatl and Spanish were spoken by both, healthcare personnel (28%) and the general population (23%). The level of knowledge, attitudes and practices and risk perception of the population and personnel showed significant differences (p<0.05). Among healthcare personnel, nurses and vector operating staff had the lowest level of knowledge. On the other hand, the questions with the lowest scores were 1) symptoms of Zika in both groups, 2) circulating dengue serotypes in healthcare personnel and 3) symptoms of chikungunya in the general population. The results of this work allow us to identify information gaps in which knowledge, attitudes and practices, and risk perception need to be increased.
Differences in Ototoxicity across Species.

OBJECTIVE To illustrate some differences between humans and rodents in the dose-effect relationships for two ototoxic drugs. STUDY DESIGN Controlled animal study using typical research regimens for gentamicin and cisplatin compared with human data from the clinical literature. METHODS Auditory brainstem response testing was carried out over months in two groups of animals exposed to typical dose regimens for ototoxic drugs. In the first group, 30 guinea pigs received either 3 or 6 mg/kg of cisplatin on alternate days for 5 days (total dose 15 or 30 mg/kg). In the second group, 24 C57 mice received saline or 19 daily doses of gentamicin 120 mg/kg. The findings in rodents were contrasted with human toxicity in the literature. RESULTS Cisplatin increased click thresholds (32 +/- 27 dB) in guinea pigs. Doses of 15 mg/kg caused less hearing loss than 30 mg/kg, but the higher dose was associated with greater mortality owing to renal insufficiency. These findings are comparable with expectations of similar doses of cisplatin in humans. In contrast, gentamicin produced less hearing loss in mice, although the dose employed was well above the lethal dose for humans. CONCLUSIONS Ototoxic doses of cisplatin in guinea pigs are similar to those of humans, but C57 mice appear to be highly resistant to gentamicin-induced hearing loss compared to humans. Animal models of ototoxicity need to be considered carefully in translational research.
Parallel processing streams for motor output and sensory prediction during action preparation

Sensory consequences of one's own actions are perceived as less intense than identical, externally generated stimuli. This is generally taken as evidence for sensory prediction of action consequences. Accordingly, recent theoretical models explain this attenuation by an anticipatory modulation of sensory processing prior to stimulus onset (Roussel et al. 2013) or even action execution (Brown et al. 2013). Experimentally, prestimulus changes that occur in anticipation of self-generated sensations are difficult to disentangle from more general effects of stimulus expectation, attention and task load (performing an action). Here, we show that an established manipulation of subjective agency over a stimulus leads to a predictive modulation in sensory cortex that is independent of these factors. We recorded magnetoencephalography while subjects performed a simple action with either hand and judged the loudness of a tone caused by the action. Effector selection was manipulated by subliminal motor priming. Compatible priming is known to enhance a subjective experience of agency over a consequent stimulus (Chambon and Haggard 2012). In line with this effect on subjective agency, we found stronger sensory attenuation when the action that caused the tone was compatibly primed. This perceptual effect was reflected in a transient phase-locked signal in auditory cortex before stimulus onset and motor execution. Interestingly, this sensory signal emerged at a time when the hemispheric lateralization of motor signals in M1 indicated ongoing effector selection. Our findings confirm theoretical predictions of a sensory modulation prior to self-generated sensations and support the idea that a sensory prediction is generated in parallel to motor output (Walsh and Haggard 2010), before an efference copy becomes available.
A User-Level Unix Server for the SPIN Operating System

An operating system that emulates Unix supports a wide range of popular applications. This paper describes the SPIN Unix Server, an implementation of Unix for the SPIN operating system. The SPIN Unix Server is a user-level application program supported by extensions that are dynamically linked into the SPIN kernel. It exports a traditional Unix system interface and provides backwards compatibility to Unix applications. In addition, applications can dynamically customize the Unix interface to optimize the performance of critical services. SPIN and the SPIN Unix Server are implemented on DEC Alpha workstations.
Consensus alignment server for reliable comparative modeling with distant templates

Consensus is a server developed to produce high-quality alignments for comparative modeling, and to identify the alignment regions reliable for copying from a given template. This is accomplished even when target-template sequence identity is as low as 5%. Combining the output from five different alignment methods, the server produces a consensus alignment, with a reliability measure indicated for each position and a prediction of the regions suitable for modeling. Models built using the server predictions are typically within 3 A rms deviations from the crystal structure. Users can upload a target protein sequence and specify a template (PDB code); if no template is given, the server will search for one. The method has been validated on a large set of homologous protein structure pairs. The Consensus server should prove useful for modelers for whom the structural reliability of the model is critical in their applications. It is currently available at http://structure.bu. edu/cgi-bin/consensus/consensus.cgi.
Teaching Intuitive Eating and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Skills Via a Web-Based Intervention: A Pilot Single-Arm Intervention Study

Background Middle-aged women are at risk of weight gain and associated comorbidities. Deliberate restriction of food intake (dieting) produces short-term weight loss but is largely unsuccessful for long-term weight management. Two promising approaches for the prevention of weight gain are intuitive eating (ie, eating in accordance with hunger and satiety signals) and the development of greater psychological flexibility (ie, the aim of acceptance and commitment therapy [ACT]). Objectives This pilot study investigated the usage, acceptability, and feasibility of “Mind, Body, Food,” a Web-based weight gain prevention intervention prototype that teaches intuitive eating and psychological flexibility skills. Methods Participants were 40 overweight women (mean age 44.8 [standard deviation, SD, 3.06] years, mean body mass index [BMI] 32.9 [SD 6.01] kg/m2, mean Intuitive Eating Scale [IES-1] total score 53.4 [SD 7.46], classified as below average) who were recruited from the general population in Dunedin, New Zealand. Module completion and study site metrics were assessed using Google Analytics. Use of an online self-monitoring tool was determined by entries saved to a secure online database. Intervention acceptability was assessed postintervention. BMI, intuitive eating, binge eating, psychological flexibility, and general mental and physical health were assessed pre- and postintervention and 3-months postintervention. Results Of the 40 women enrolled in the study, 12 (30%) completed all 12 modules (median 7.5 [interquartile range, IQR, 2-12] modules) and 4 (10%) used the self-monitoring tool for all 14 weeks of the intervention period (median 3 [IQR 1-9] weeks). Among 26 women who completed postintervention assessments, most women rated “Mind, Body, Food” as useful (20/26, 77%), easy to use (17/25, 68%) and liked the intervention (22/25, 88%). From pre- to postintervention, there were statistically significant within-group increases in intuitive eating (IES-2 total score P<.001; all IES-2 subscale scores: P ≤.01), psychological flexibility (P=.01), and general mental health (P<.001) as well as significant decreases in binge eating (P=.01). At the 3-month follow-up, IES-2 improvements were maintained, and there were further improvements in binge eating (P<.001) and general mental health (P=.03), and a marginal yet nonsignificant tendency for further improvement in psychological flexibility (P=.06). There were no significant within-group changes in BMI from pre- to postintervention and postintervention to 3-month follow-up (P=.46 and P=.93, respectively). Conclusions The “Mind, Body, Food” prototype Web-based intervention is appealing to middle-aged women and may be a useful tool to help women learn intuitive eating and ACT skills, reduce binge eating, and maintain weight over 3 months. Further work to improve the user experience and engagement is required before testing the online intervention in a randomized controlled trial.
Genotype-phenotype correlation for pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis

Background: Since the CFTR gene was cloned, more than 1000 mutations have been identified. To date, a clear relationship has not been established between genotype and the progression of lung damage. A study was undertaken of the relationship between genotype, progression of lung disease, and survival in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: A prospective cohort of adult patients with CF and two CFTR mutations followed up in an adult cystic fibrosis unit was analysed. Patients were classified according to functional effects of classes of CFTR mutations and were grouped based on the CFTR molecular position on the epithelial cell surface (I–II/I–II, I–II/III–V). Spirometric values, progression of lung disease, probability of survival, and clinical characteristics were analysed between groups. Results: Seventy four patients were included in the study. Patients with genotype I–II/I–II had significantly lower current spirometric values (p<0.001), greater loss of pulmonary function (p<0.04), a higher proportion of end-stage lung disease (p<0.001), a higher risk of suffering from moderate to severe lung disease (odds ratio 7.12 (95% CI 1.3 to 40.5)) and a lower probability of survival than patients with genotype I–II/III, I–II/IV and I–II/V (p<0.001). Conclusions: The presence of class I or II mutations on both chromosomes is associated with worse respiratory disease and a lower probability of survival.
Rapid Naming in Brazilian Students with Dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Introduction: The effective development of reading and writing skills requires the concerted action of several abilities, one of which is phonological processing. One of the main components of phonological processing is rapid automatized naming (RAN)—the ability to identify and recognize a given item by the activation and concomitant articulation of its name. Objective: To assess the RAN performance of schoolchildren with dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with their peers. Methods: In total, 70 schoolchildren aged between 8 and 11 years participated in the study. Of these, 16 children had a multiprofessional diagnosis of ADHD while 14 were diagnosed with dyslexia. Matched with these groups, 40 schoolchildren with no history of developmental impairments were also evaluated. The RAN test was administered to assess the length of time required to name a series of familiar visual stimuli. The statistical analysis was conducted using measures of descriptive statistics and the 2-sample t-test at the 5% significance level. Results: The performance of the group with dyslexia was inferior to that of the control group in all tasks and the ADHD group had inferior performance for color and letters-naming tasks. The schoolchildren with dyslexia and those with ADHD showed very similar response times. Age was an important variable to be analyzed separately. As they aged, children with typical language development had fast answers on colors and digits tasks while children with dyslexia or ADHD did not show improvement with age. Conclusions: The schoolchildren with dyslexia took longer to complete all tasks and ADHD took longer to complete digits and objects tasks in comparison to their peers with typical development. This ability tended to improve with age, which was not the case, however, with schoolchildren who had ADHD or dyslexia.
Identification of novel polymorphisms in the pM5 and MRP1 (ABCC1) genes at locus 16p13.1 and exclusion of both genes as responsible for pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited systemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized by progressive calcification of the elastic fibers in the eye, the skin, and the cardiovascular system. The PXE locus has been mapped to chromosome 16p13.1, and was recently further refined to a 500 kb‐region, containing four candidate genes : MRP1 (ABCC1), MRP6 (ABCC6), pM5, and two copies of an unknown gene, the later we subsequently found to be identical to the gene encoding the Nuclear Pore Interacting Protein (NPIP). In a comprehensive mutational screening, we have analysed the entire coding region of the pM5, MRP1, and NPIP genes in 7 patients affected with pseudoxanthoma elasticum, but failed to find evidence of disease‐causing defects in any of these three genes. Five synonymous (G232G, P395P, A862A, G912G, D1106D), and five non synonymous (V404I, N458K, D490N, F1141I, G1195R) polymorphisms were found in the pM5 gene, for which we also corrected errors in the published cDNA sequence. Analysis of the MRP1 transcript lead to the discovery of two polymorphisms (T117M, S1512L). No variant was evidenced during our screening of the NPIP gene. Our data exclude the responsibility of the pM5, MRP1 and NPIP genes in PXE, and strongly suggest that mutations in the last remaining candidate gene, MRP6, which encodes a 1503 amino‐acid ABC membrane transporter, are the genetic defect responsible for PXE. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.