Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implications of U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology analysis for the depositional age, provenance, and tectonic setting of continental Mesozoic formations in the East Malaya Terrane, Peninsular Malaysia

Mesozoic strata in the East Malaya Terrane of Peninsular Malaysia record a long but poorly constrained history of basin evolution. In this study, we report LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb geochronology analyses of detrital zircons in the continental Mesozoic sequences from the Bertangga and Gerek formations of Peninsular Malaysia, with the aim to constrain the depositional ages and provenances of the continental Mesozoic strata as well as the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the East Malaya Terrane. The Bertangga Formation yields populations of U–Pb zircon ages of Jurassic (139 to 194 Ma), Permo−Triassic (226 to 274 Ma), Ordovician−Devonian (372 to 459 Ma), Neoproterozoic (631 to 876 Ma), and Mesoproterozoic−Palaeoproterozoic (1,448 to 2,629 Ma). In contrast, the Gerek Formation yields significant Carboniferous grains, but with an approximate zircon age range relative to the Bertangga Formation. The new data indicate a maximum Late Jurassic depositional age for the previously undated Bertangga Formation. Similarly, young zircon grain ages in the Gerek Formation also indicate a maximum Late Jurassic depositional age. Collectively, these results on detrital zircons correlate well with a regional tectonic uplift and erosion to a tectonic stability of the East Malaya Terrane basin during the Mesozoic.
Divergent subcortical activity for distinct executive functions: stopping and shifting in obsessive compulsive disorder

Background There is evidence of executive function impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) that potentially contributes to symptom development and maintenance. Nevertheless, the precise nature of these executive impairments and their neural basis remains to be defined. Method We compared stopping and shifting, two key executive functions previously implicated in OCD, in the same task using functional magnetic resonance imaging, in patients with virtually no co-morbidities and age-, verbal IQ- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. The combined task allowed direct comparison of neural activity in stopping and shifting independent of patient sample characteristics and state variables such as arousal, learning, or current symptom expression. Results Both OCD patients and controls exhibited right inferior frontal cortex activation during stopping, and left inferior parietal cortex activation during shifting. However, widespread under-activation across frontal-parietal areas was found in OCD patients compared to controls for shifting but not stopping. Conservative, whole-brain analyses also indicated marked divergent abnormal activation in OCD in the caudate and thalamus for these two cognitive functions, with stopping-related over-activation contrasting with shift-related under-activation. Conclusions OCD is associated with selective components of executive function, which engage similar common elements of cortico-striatal regions in different abnormal ways. The results implicate altered neural activation of subcortical origin in executive function abnormalities in OCD that are dependent on the precise cognitive and contextual requirements, informing current theories of symptom expression.
Fine‐needle‐aspiration cytology of a proximal type epithelioid sarcoma: A case report

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm, with an as yet unidentified cell of origin. Two subtypes of epithelioid sarcoma, distal/classic and proximal/large cell type, are recognized in the literature; with the proximal‐type having a lower incidence amongst the two. Here, we present a case of proximal‐type epithelioid sarcoma in a previously healthy young man. Fine‐needle‐aspiration of a large axillary mass was performed for diagnosis. The cytologic findings included a dispersed population of large epithelioid to polyhedral cells with abundant cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical staining showed coexpression of keratin and vimentin, as well as loss of INI1 staining, consistent with an epithelioid sarcoma, proximal subtype. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:859–862. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of glass materials by using the line-focus-beam ultrasonic-material-characterization system

We developed experimental procedures to evaluate glass materials using the line-focus-beam ultrasonic-material-characterization (LFB-UMC) system. We prepared 28 specimens of a commercial borosilicate glass from random lots, and measured the velocities of leaky-surface acoustic waves (LSAWs) and leaky-surface-skimming compressional waves (LSSCWs), V/sub LSAW/ and V/sub LSSCW/, using V(z) curve measurements at 225 MHz and 23/spl deg/C. The velocities for V/sub LSAW/ ranged from 3121.83 m/s to 3149.77 m/s, with a maximum deviation of 27.94 m/s. The velocities for V/sub LSSCW/ ranged from 5547.7 m/s to 5585.0 m/s, with a maximum deviation of 37.3 m/s. To investigate these observed variations in V/sub LSAW/ and V/sub LSSCW/ we measured the bulk acoustic wave (BAW) properties, viz., longitudinal and shear velocities, then the densities and the chemical compositions of 8 of the 28 specimens. The LFB-UMC measurements confirmed that decreases in V/sub LSAW/ and V/sub LSSCW/ occur mainly with the B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ dopant concentrations, corresponding to the decrease of shear-wave and longitudinal-wave velocities that are caused by the decrease of the stiffness constants c/sub 44/ and c/sub 11/, respectively, rather than with decreased densities. The sensitivities are -6.36 /spl times/ 10/sup -2/ wt%/(m/s) for V/sub LSAW/ and -4.87 /spl times/ 10/sup -2/ wt%/(m/s) for V/sub LSSCW/. This demonstrates that the LFB-UMC system is effective for evaluating glass materials and controlling production processes, by analyzing variations in chemical composition through the super-accurate velocity measurements of LSAWs and LSSCWs.
Improved A Posteriori Speech Presence Probability Estimation Based on a Likelihood Ratio With Fixed Priors

In this paper, we present an improved estimator for the speech presence probability at each time-frequency point in the short-time Fourier transform domain. In contrast to existing approaches, this estimator does not rely on an adaptively estimated and thus signal-dependent a priori signal-to-noise ratio estimate. It therefore decouples the estimation of the speech presence probability from the estimation of the clean speech spectral coefficients in a speech enhancement task. Using both a fixed a priori signal-to-noise ratio and a fixed prior probability of speech presence, the proposed a posteriori speech presence probability estimator achieves probabilities close to zero for speech absence and probabilities close to one for speech presence. While state-of-the-art speech presence probability estimators use adaptive prior probabilities and signal-to-noise ratio estimates, we argue that these quantities should reflect true a priori information that shall not depend on the observed signal. We present a detection theoretic framework for determining the fixed a priori signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed estimator is conceptually simple and yields a better tradeoff between speech distortion and noise leakage than state-of-the-art estimators.
Effectuation and home-based online business entrepreneurs

This article explores effectual processes within home-based, online businesses. Our empirical evidence provides a number of refinements to the concept of effectuation in this specific domain. First, the ubiquity of non-proprietary online trading platforms encourages the adoption of effectual approaches and removes the importance of forming proprietary strategic alliances and pre-commitments. Second, the notion of affordable loss – a central tenet of effectuation – should be extended beyond the notion of economic to social affordable loss, including loss of status and reputation, and finally, home-based online businesses allow effectuation to be associated with low levels of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and experience.
The Validity of Shapiro's Cyclic Inequality

A cyclic sum SN(X) = E xi/(xi+1 + Xi+2) is formed with N components of a vector x, where in the sum XN+l = xl, XN+2 = X2, and where all denominators are positive and all numerators are nonnegative. It is known that there exist vectors x for which SN(X) 14 and even, and if N > 24. It has been proved that the inequality SN (X) > N/2 holds for N < 13. Although it has been conjectured repeatedly that the inequality also holds for odd N between 15 and 23, this has apparently never been proved. Here we will confirm that the inequality indeed holds for all odd N < 23. This settles the question for all N.
Pre-Impact Fall Detection Based on Wearable Device Using Dynamic Threshold Model

Falling accidents, including slipping, tripping and falling, are the primary reason of injury related to death not only for elderly, but for young people or worker happening at workplace also. If falling accident can be early detected in pre-fall or critical fall phase, called pre-impact fall detection, it will be very useful such as conducting airbag inflation. Furthermore, various detection methods, with an uncomplicated threshold detection method, do maximizing the true positive prediction values but the lead-time, time before subject impacts to the floor, will likely increases the chance of false alarms. Consequently the researcher found that the using of adaptive threshold may reduce false alarms. In this paper, the dynamic threshold method, automatically adjustable threshold for pre-impact fall detection in wearable device, has been proposed and experimented. For our evaluation, 192 instances of several kinds of activity of daily living and falling, were captured. All activities were performed by 6 different young healthy volunteers, 4 males and 2 females, aged between 19 and 21. The several experiments were conducted for performance evaluation including sensitivity, specificity and accuracy measurements. The results of proposed method can detect the pre-impact fall from normal activities of daily living with 99.48% sensitivity, 95.31% specificity and 97.40% accuracy with 365.12 msec of lead time. The results confirm that our proposed method with automatically adjustable threshold based on motion history, is suitable for using in pre-impact fall detection system than fixed threshold based method.
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Intelligence in Healthy Young Adults: The Role of Basal Ganglia Volume

Background In neuropsychiatric diseases with basal ganglia involvement, higher cognitive functions are often impaired. In this exploratory study, we examined healthy young adults to gain detailed insight into the relationship between basal ganglia volume and cognitive abilities under non-pathological conditions. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated 137 healthy adults that were between the ages of 21 and 35 years with similar educational backgrounds. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, and volumes of basal ganglia nuclei in both hemispheres were calculated using FreeSurfer software. The cognitive assessment consisted of verbal, numeric and figural aspects of intelligence for either the fluid or the crystallised intelligence factor using the intelligence test Intelligenz-Struktur-Test (I-S-T 2000 R). Our data revealed significant correlations of the caudate nucleus and pallidum volumes with figural and numeric aspects of intelligence, but not with verbal intelligence. Interestingly, figural intelligence associations were dependent on sex and intelligence factor; in females, the pallidum volumes were correlated with crystallised figural intelligence (r = 0.372, p = 0.01), whereas in males, the caudate volumes were correlated with fluid figural intelligence (r = 0.507, p = 0.01). Numeric intelligence was correlated with right-lateralised caudate nucleus volumes for both females and males, but only for crystallised intelligence (r = 0.306, p = 0.04 and r = 0.459, p = 0.04, respectively). The associations were not mediated by prefrontal cortical subfield volumes when controlling with partial correlation analyses. Conclusions/Significance The findings of our exploratory analysis indicate that figural and numeric intelligence aspects, but not verbal aspects, are strongly associated with basal ganglia volumes. Unlike numeric intelligence, the type of figural intelligence appears to be related to distinct basal ganglia nuclei in a sex-specific manner. Subcortical brain structures thus may contribute substantially to cognitive performance.
Bone Marrow Transplantation Can Attenuate the Progression of Mesangial Sclerosis

Bone marrow (BM) transplantation has been shown to provide beneficial effects in injured organs, including heart, liver, and kidney. We explored the therapeutic potential of BM transplantation (BMT) in Wilms' tumor suppressor 1 (Wt1) heterozygous mice, which represent a model of mesangial sclerosis. After transplantation of wild‐type BM, there is statistically significantly lower urinary albumin and increased survival in Wt1+/− recipients. Control BMT using Wt1+/− donors showed no significant beneficial effects. The long‐term beneficial effect of BMT was dependent on the dose of irradiation applied to the recipients before BMT. At a lethal dose of 1,000 cGy, the decrease in albuminuria and prolongation of lifespan in Wt1+/− mice were transient, with maximal amelioration at 12 weeks and resumption of albuminuria by 24 weeks after BMT. This was, at least in part, due to irradiation and not Wt1 heterozygosity because wild‐type recipients also developed albuminuria within 24 weeks of BMT with 1,000 cGy. In contrast, Wt1+/− mice transplanted after 400 cGy showed long‐term improvement in albuminuria and lifespan. Approximately 0.4% of podocytes were marrow derived, a level that is unlikely to be responsible for the therapeutic effects. In addition, donor BM cells formed rings surrounding the glomeruli, and approximately one third of the cells in these rings were macrophages. In conclusion, transplantation of wild‐type BM attenuates progression of mesangial sclerosis in the Wt1+/− model of renal disease, and the mechanism by which this occurs may involve engraftment of BM‐derived cells in the renal parenchyma.
Resolution of 1-D Bin Packing Problem using Augmented Neural Networks and Minimum Bin Slack

The objective of this work is to compare the Augmented Neural Network (AugNN) metaheuristic to Minimum Bin Slack (MBS) heuristic to solve Combinatorial Optimization Problems, specifically, in this case, the one-dimensional Bin Packing Problem (BPP), a class of Cutting and Packing Problems (CPP). CPPs are easily found among various industry sectors and its proper treatment can improve use of raw material and/or physical space. In order to optimize AugNN parameters a Design of Experiment (DOE) was applied. The tests, developed in many benchmark problems found in the literature, showed that MBS heuristic was, in general superior, both in terms of quality of solution (approximately 70 percent better) as in terms of computational time (about 90 percent less).
A phylogenetic analysis of pollination mode and the evolution of dichogamy in angiosperms

Dichogamy, the temporal separation of male and female function, is widespread among angiosperms, yet its causes and consequences are not well understood. Two forms of dichogamy exist: protandry, in which pollen dispersal precedes stigma receptivity, and protogyny, in which the reverse occurs. Species-level comparative studies show that protandrous species tend to be pollinated by bees or flies, whereas protogynous species tend to be windor beetle-pollinated. This suggests a functional role for pollinators in the evolution of dichogamy. We mapped dichogamy and pollination characters onto a phylogeny of angiosperm species. Using the program Discrete, two models of evolutionary change (one allowing only for independent evolution and the other allowing correlated evolution of the two traits) were fit to the phylogeny to test for correlations. Log-likelihood ratio tests and Monte Carlo simulations support a correlated model for the evolution of the type of dichogamy and the form of pollination, demonstrating that the previously reported correlations are robust to phylogenetic correction. However, pollination mode was not found to affect transitions between protandry and protogyny. Rather, an examination of transition rates revealed that the rate of transitions between biotic and abiotic pollination depends on whether a species is protandrous or protogynous. Additionally, we found more support for a role of pollination in the evolution of protogyny from non-protogyny than in the evolution of protandry from non-protandry. This study calls into question some previous findings regarding the role of pollinators in the evolution of dichogamy.
Excitation of the Venus Night Airglow

The strongest spectral features in the Venus night airglow between 3000 and 8000 angstroms are identified as the Herzberg. II (c1Σ-u - X3Σ-a) bands of molecular oxygen. These bands have been produced in a laboratory afterglow by the recombination of oxygen atoms in the presence of carbon dioxide molecules. It is hypothesized that the same mechanism produces this emission in the upper atmosphere of Venus.
Immunohistochemical Heterogeneity of the Endothelium of Blood and Lymphatic Vessels in the Developing Human Liver and in Adulthood

The endothelium of liver sinusoids in relation to the endothelium of other blood vessels has specific antigen expression similar to the endothelium of lymphatic vessels. Bearing in mind that there is no consensus as to the period or intensity of the expression of certain antigens in the endothelium of blood and lymphatic vessels in the liver, the aim of our study was to immunohistochemically investigate the dynamic patterns of the expression of CD31, CD34, D2-40, and LYVE-1 antigens during liver development and in adulthood on paraffin tissue sections of human livers of 4 embryos, 38 fetuses, 6 neonates, and 6 adults. The results show that, in a histologically immature liver at the end of the embryonic period, CD34 molecules are expressed only on vein endothelium localized in developing portal areas, whereby the difference between portal venous branches and CD34-negative central veins belongs to the collecting venous system. In the fetal period, with aging, expression of CD34 and CD31 molecules on the endothelium of central veins and blood vessels of the portal areas increases. Sinusoidal endothelium shows light and sporadic CD34 immunoreactivity in the late embryonic and fetal periods, and is lost in the neonatal and adult periods, unlike CD31 immunoreactivity, which is poorly expressed in the fetal and neonatal periods but is present in adults. The endothelium of sinusoids and lymphatic vessels express LYVE-1, and the endothelium of lymphatic vessels express LYVE-1 and D2-40 but not CD34. Similarity between the sinusoidal and lymphatic endothelium includes the fact that both types are LYVE-1 positive and CD34 negative.
A Discrete Cell Migration Model 1

Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells is a fundamental process in the development of intimal hyperplasia, a precur sor to development of cardiovascular disease and a potentia l response to injury of an arterial wall. Boyden chamber exper iments are used to quantify the motion of cell populations in response to a chemoattractant gradient (i.e., cell chemota xis). We are developing a mathematical model of cell migration within the Boyden chamber, while simultaneously conducting experiments to obtain parameter values for the migratio n process. In the future, the model and parameters will be used as building blocks for a detailed model of the process that causes intimal hyperplasia. The cell migration model presented in this paper is based on the notion of a cell as a moving sensor that responds to an evolving chemoattractant gra dient. We compare the results of our three-dimensional hybr id model with results from a one-dimensional continuum model. Some preliminary experimental data that is being used to refine the model is also presented.
Population Size, HIV, and Behavior Among MSM in Luanda, Angola: Challenges and Findings in the First Ever HIV and Syphilis Biological and Behavioral Survey

Objectives:To conduct the first population size estimation and biological and behavioral surveillance survey among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Angola. Design:Population size estimation with multiplier method and a cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling. Setting:Luanda Province, Angola. Study was conducted in a large hospital. Participants:Seven hundred ninety-two self-identified MSM accepted a unique object for population size estimation. Three hundred fifty-one MSM were recruited with respondent-driven sampling for biological and behavioral surveillance survey. Methods:Interviews and testing for HIV and syphilis were conducted on-site. Analysis used Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool and STATA 11.0. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses examined factors associated with HIV and unprotected sex. Six imputation strategies were used for missing data for those refusing to test for HIV. Main Outcome:A population size of 6236 MSM was estimated. Twenty-seven of 351 individuals were tested positive. Adjusted HIV prevalence was 3.7% (8.7% crude). With imputation, HIV seroprevalence was estimated between 3.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6 to 6.5] and 10.5% (95% CI: 5.6 to 15.3). Being older than 25 (odds ratio = 10.8, 95% CI: 3.5 to 32.8) and having suffered episodes of homophobia (odds ratio = 12.7, 95% CI: 3.2 to 49.6) significantly increased the chance of HIV seropositivity. Conclusions:Risk behaviors are widely reported, but HIV seroprevalence is lower than expected. The difference between crude and adjusted values was mostly due to treatment of missing values in Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool. Solutions are proposed in this article. Although concerns were raised about feasibility and adverse outcomes for MSM, the study was successfully and rapidly completed with no adverse effects.
Subtyping recursive types

We investigate the interactions of subtyping and recursive types, in a simply typed λ-calculus. The two fundamental questions here are whether two (recursive)types are in the subtype relation and whether a term has a type. To address the first question, we relate various definitions of type equivalence and subtyping that are induced by a model, an ordering on infinite trees, an algorithm, and a set of type rules. We show soundness and completeness among the rules, the algorithm, and the tree semantics. We also prove soundness and a restricted form of completeness for the model. To address the second question, we show that to every pair of types in the subtype relation we can associate a term whose denotation is the uniquely determined coercion map between the two types. Moreover, we derive an algorithm that, when given a term with implicit coercions, can infer its least type whenever possible.
Impacts of land use land cover on temperature trends over the continental United States: assessment using the North American Regional Reanalysis

We investigate the sensitivity of surface temperature trends to land use land cover change (LULC) over the conterminous United States (CONUS) using the observation minus reanalysis (OMR) approach. We estimated the OMR trends for the 1979–2003 period from the US Historical Climate Network (USHCN), and the NCEP‐NCAR North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). We used a new mean square differences (MSDs)‐based assessment for the comparisons between temperature anomalies from observations and interpolated reanalysis data. Trends of monthly mean temperature anomalies show a strong agreement, especially between adjusted USHCN and NARR (r = 0.9 on average) and demonstrate that NARR captures the climate variability at different time scales. OMR trend results suggest that, unlike findings from studies based on the global reanalysis (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis), NARR often has a larger warming trend than adjusted observations (on average, 0.28 and 0.27 °C/decade respectively).