Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel experimental paradigm for distinguishing between what is said and what is implicated

That there is a theoretical distinction between context-dependent and context-independent aspects of utterance interpretation has become a standard assumption in current theories of meaning; however, how and where to draw this distinction has been the subject of considerable debate. In the current study, we investigate whether speakers can systematically distinguish between what is said and what is implicated (Grice 1989 [1967]) using a novel truth-value judgment paradigm across a wide range of implicature types. We found that, by providing participants with a clear set of judgment criteria, including the adoption of an objective third-person perspective, we were able to enhance their ability to distinguish conversational implicature from truth-conditional meaning. In addition, we found that none of the implicature types we investigated was either consistently incorporated into or consistently excluded from what is said. Instead, our findings revealed considerable variation in frequency of incorporation across implicature types in ways that do not correspond straightforwardly to the various taxonomies of implicature types proposed in the literature.
Collective Mathematical Understanding as Improvisation

This article explores the phenomenon of mathematical understanding, and offers a response to the question raised by Martin (2001) at the Annual Meeting of the Psychology of Mathematics Education Group (North American Chapter) about the possibility for and nature of collective mathematical understanding. In referring to collective mathematical understanding, we point to the kinds of learning and understanding we may see occurring when a group of learners work together on a piece of mathematics. We characterize the growth of collective mathematical understanding as a creative and emergent improvisational process and illustrate how this can be observed in action. In doing this, we demonstrate how a collective perspective on mathematical understanding can more fully explain its growth. We also discuss how considering the growth of mathematical understanding as a collective process has implications for classroom practice and in particular for the setting of mathematical tasks.
Atrial-based pacing has no benefit over ventricular pacing in preventing atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease.

AIMS To determine whether atrial-based pacing prevents atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) compared with ventricular pacing. METHODS AND RESULTS All adult CHD patients from four participating centres with a permanent pacemaker were identified. Patients with permanent atrial arrhythmias at pacemaker implantation and patients who received a pacemaker for treatment of drug-refractory atrial arrhythmias were excluded. The final study population consisted of 211 patients (52% male, 36% complex CHD) who received a first pacemaker for sick sinus dysfunction (n = 82) or atrioventricular block (n = 129) at a median age of 24 years [interquartile range (IQR), 12-34]. A history of atrial arrhythmias at implantation was present in 49 patients (23%). Atrial-based pacing was the initial pacing mode in 139 patients (66%) while the others (34%) received ventricular pacing. During a median follow-up of 13 years (IQR, 7-21), 90 patients (43%) developed an atrial arrhythmia. Multivariate analysis demonstrated no significant effect of atrial-based pacing on subsequent atrial arrhythmias [hazard ratio (HR), 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91-2.56; P = 0.1]. Independent predictors of atrial arrhythmia were history of atrial arrhythmias (HR, 5.55; 95% CI, 3.47-8.89; P< 0.0001), older age (≥18 years) at pacemaker implantation (HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.29-4.04; P = 0.005), and complex CHD (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.01-2.45; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION In contrast to the general population, atrial-based pacing was not associated with a lower incidence of atrial arrhythmia in adults with CHD.
Academic practice in transition: hidden stories of academic identities

Academic work is becoming increasingly restrictive and controlled as tertiary institutions move towards a more corporate managerialistic mode of operating. This paper uses a narrative lens to explore the ways in which academic staff make sense of this new environment. In particular, it compares academic staff's stories of their worklife with the official organisation – representative stories promulgated by the university. The study examines the ways academic staff make sense of their workplace when the corporate stories no longer reflect their views of work, institution or personal values. Data gathered during a world café event depicts two constructions of academic identity and compares these private stories with the public stories provided by the university. The paper concludes by addressing some of the concerns inherent in the loss of plurality that occurs when tertiary institutions move towards an homogenised environment.
Economic values for dairy production traits under different milk payment systems in South Africa

Economic values of milk volume (VOL), fat yield (FYLD), protein yield (PYLD), live weight (LWT), longevity (LON), calving interval (CIV) and somatic cell score (SCS) were derived for Holstein and Jersey cattle, based on milk payment systems of four major milk buyers in South Africa. The economic value of somatic cell score was calculated for only two of the payment systems. A bio-economic model was used to calculate economic values by determining changes in profit arising from an independent unit increase in each trait. Economic values for VOL, FYLD and PYLD varied substantially among the payment systems; particularly PYLD which ranged from ZAR 7.62/kg to ZAR 21.88/kg. Payment systems that do not pay for milk volume resulted in a negative economic value (-ZAR 0.49/l) for VOL. Live weight and CIV had constant economic values across payment systems (-ZAR 6.62/kg and –ZAR 5.75/day for Holstein and –ZAR 7.49/kg and –ZAR 4.19/day for Jersey, respectively, for LWT and CIV). Economic value of LON varied slightly with payment system (ZAR 1.09/day to ZAR 1.23/day in the Jersey and ZAR 3.59/day to ZAR 3.68/day in the Holstein). The economic value of SCS differed substantially between the two payment systems and was higher in the Holstein (-ZAR 949.26/score and –ZAR 1795.57/score) than in the Jersey (-ZAR 433.87/score and –ZAR 912.90/score). Relative emphasis of traits in the breeding objectives for South African dairy cattle should take due cognisance of the diversity in milk payment systems.
Safety and Efficacy of MRI-Based Thrombolysis in Unclear-Onset Stroke

Background: Standard selection criteria for thrombolysis typically exclude patients with acute ischemic stroke with unclear onset. Multimodal MRI screening may be able to identify those with a favorable benefit-risk ratio for thrombolysis. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MRI-based thrombolysis in unclear-onset stroke (UnCLOS). Methods: We reviewed the thrombolysis database registries from 3 medical centers in Korea. Subjects received thrombolysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or combined intravenous tPA and intra-arterial urokinase within 3 h, or intra-arterial urokinase within 6 h from symptom detection. For patients with UnCLOS, MRI-specific eligibility criteria (i.e. positive perfusion-diffusion mismatch and absence of well-developed fluid-attenuated inversion recovery changes of acute diffusion lesions) were applied. Rates of immediate and 5-day recanalization, early neurological improvement and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) within 48 h after treatment and 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were compared between patients with UnCLOS and those with clear-onset stroke (CLOS). Results: 32 patients with UnCLOS and 223 patients with CLOS were included. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups, except that the proportion of MRI screening was higher, and detection-to-door time and door-to-needle time were longer in the UnCLOS group (p < 0.01). Rates of recanalization (immediate, 81.3 vs. 63.1%; delayed, 80.6 vs. 69.1%), early neurological improvement (on day 1, 46.9 vs. 35.9%; on day 7, 50.0 vs. 49.3%), symptomatic ICH (6.3 vs. 5.8%) and 3-month outcome (mRS 0–1, 37.5 vs. 35.0%; mRS 0–2, 50.0 vs. 49.3%) did not differ between the UnCLOS and CLOS groups. Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that thrombolysis based on MRI criteria may safely be applied to acute stroke patients with unclear onset.
Adolescent health brief Does Excessive Alcohol Use in Teenagers Affect Their Everyday Prospective Memory

This study explored everyday prospective memory deficits associated with excessive alcohol use in teenagers aged 16-19 years. Excessive and low-dose alcohol users completed the Prospective Memory Questionnaire, which measures self-reported everyday memory errors. After controlling for other drug use, excessive users reported significantly more everyday memory errors than low-dose controls. © 2006 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
Representing HIV/AIDS in Africa: pluralist photography and local empowerment

This essay explores the nature and political consequences of representing HIV/AIDS in Africa, where the disease has taken its greatest toll. We examine how different methods of photography embody different ideologies through which we give meaning to political phenomena. We distinguish three photographic methods of representing HIV/AIDS: naturalist, humanist, and pluralist. Naturalist approaches portray photographs as neutral and value free. Humanist photography, by contrast, hinges on the assumption that images of suffering can invoke compassion in viewers, and that this compassion can become a catalyst for positive change. By examining a widely circulated iconic photograph of a Ugandan woman and her child affected by AIDS-related illnesses, we show that such representations can nevertheless feed into stereotypical portrayals of African people as nameless and passive victims, removed from the everyday realities of the western world. We contrast these practices with pluralist photography. To do so we examine a project in Addis Ababa, which used a methodology that placed cameras into the hands of children affected by HIV/AIDS, giving them the opportunity to actively represent what it means to live with the disease. The result is a form of dialog that opens up spaces for individuals and communities to work more effectively in overcoming problematic stigmas and finding ways of stemming the spread of the disease.
Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands

The genetic impact associated to the Neolithic spread in Europe has been widely debated over the last 20 years. Within this context, ancient DNA studies have provided a more reliable picture by directly analyzing the protagonist populations at different regions in Europe. However, the lack of available data from the original Near Eastern farmers has limited the achieved conclusions, preventing the formulation of continental models of Neolithic expansion. Here we address this issue by presenting mitochondrial DNA data of the original Near-Eastern Neolithic communities with the aim of providing the adequate background for the interpretation of Neolithic genetic data from European samples. Sixty-three skeletons from the Pre Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) sites of Tell Halula, Tell Ramad and Dja'de El Mughara dating between 8,700–6,600 cal. B.C. were analyzed, and 15 validated mitochondrial DNA profiles were recovered. In order to estimate the demographic contribution of the first farmers to both Central European and Western Mediterranean Neolithic cultures, haplotype and haplogroup diversities in the PPNB sample were compared using phylogeographic and population genetic analyses to available ancient DNA data from human remains belonging to the Linearbandkeramik-Alföldi Vonaldiszes Kerámia and Cardial/Epicardial cultures. We also searched for possible signatures of the original Neolithic expansion over the modern Near Eastern and South European genetic pools, and tried to infer possible routes of expansion by comparing the obtained results to a database of 60 modern populations from both regions. Comparisons performed among the 3 ancient datasets allowed us to identify K and N-derived mitochondrial DNA haplogroups as potential markers of the Neolithic expansion, whose genetic signature would have reached both the Iberian coasts and the Central European plain. Moreover, the observed genetic affinities between the PPNB samples and the modern populations of Cyprus and Crete seem to suggest that the Neolithic was first introduced into Europe through pioneer seafaring colonization.
Learning from Levi–Strauss’ Legacy: Art, Craft, Engineering, Bricolage, and Brokerage in Entrepreneurship

Given the increasing attention to traditionally less “rational” entrepreneurial behaviors, such as bricolage, we used grounded theory techniques to study 23 diverse entrepreneurs. From this, we developed a five–category typology of entrepreneurial behavior that includes art, craft, engineering, bricolage, and brokerage. Themes such as self–perceived identity, organization of space, integration of materials, sense of personal limits, and responsiveness to changing market conditions were observed along categorical lines. We discuss the significance of the typology and each category's associations with venture longevity and financial performance for practitioners and for the study of entrepreneurship.
The opinions of Finnish physicians on social security system

Purpose – Opinions towards social security reflect the interests and ideologies that individuals have. The earlier population‐based opinion studies of the welfare state can be utilised when we are creating a theoretical background for examining the physicians' opinions but also physician‐specific indicators are needed. The purpose of this paper is to analyse physicians' opinions on social security. Opinions are compared to those of citizen‐level groups.Design/methodology/approach – The 2,000 working age physicians' random survey sample was picked from the register of the Finnish Medical Association (n = 1,092, response rate 54.6 percent). The data were analysed using frequencies and multinomial logistic regression analysis.Findings – Compared to all other citizen‐level groups, the physicians think that the level of social security is too high. Physicians want to target cuts somewhere else than social or health services. Female physicians support higher social security. Young doctors and specialists think .
Racial bias in police use of lethal force in Brazil

This research attempts to test the existence of racial bias in the use of lethal force by police in Brazil. Data from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo reveal that the proportion of blacks and mulattos among lethal victims of police intervention is higher than their respective share in the population. The paper further analyses the ratio of individuals killed vs. those wounded by police in Rio and shows that the likelihood of being killed is higher for blacks than for whites. Overall findings support the hypothesis of racial bias in police use of lethal force.
Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem and Their Impact on Academic Performance

This study investigated relationships between self-efficacy, self-esteem, previous performance accomplishments, and academic performance among a sample of 205 postgraduate students. Participants completed measures of past performance accomplishments, self-esteem, and self-efficacy at the start of a 15-week course. Each student's average grade from modules studied was used as the performance measure. Correlation results indicated significant relationships between self-efficacy and self-esteem. Multiple regression results indicated that self-efficacy mediated the relationship between performance accomplishments and academic performance. Findings lend support to the predictive effectiveness of self-efficacy measures in academic settings.
The mental health of newly graduated doctors in Malta.

BACKGROUND Several studies have shown high rates of psychiatric morbidity in young doctors at various stages of their training (Paice, et al. 2002, Levine et al. 2006). Migration is also known to have an impact on emotional wellbeing (Bhugra 2004). Foreign doctors in Malta now make up over 30% of the junior doctor cohort. This is a new situation for trainers here.This study was carried out in part fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of Specialist Training in Psychiatry in Malta. This article focuses on the first part of the study: the quantitative analysis aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the rates of mental health problems amongst recently qualified doctors? 2. What are the factors associated with the increased rates of mental distress? SUBJECTS AND METHODS A quantitative cross-sectional analysis was carried out by means of self-report questionnaire including demographic details and the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) (Goldberg 1972). This study was approved by the Health Ethics Committee (HEC23/12). RESULTS 117 (78.5%) of junior doctors participated in this study. 70.9% were Maltese. 49.4% were found to have GHQ-28 scores of more than 6, indicating significant psychological distress. Further analyses revealed that lack of leisure time (p<0.001), uncertainty (p=0.009), migration (p=0.03) and being female (p=0.04) were significantly related to caseness. CONCLUSION As trainers and supervisors in medical education, it is important to be aware of the difficulties that young doctors face. These may include psychological distress, significant enough to reach caseness. Lack of leisure time seems to be an important factor which is possibly an area that can be easily tackled.
Republished: Interleukin 13 and its role in gut defence and inflammation

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a cytokine of increasing interest to gastroenterologists because of its developing role in ulcerative colitis, eosinophilic oesophagitis (EO) and fibrosis. Recent data show that IL-13 may play an important role in a novel innate immune response since it can be released by signals from an injured or inflamed epithelium, of particular relevance to the gut. Animal models of IL-13-driven inflammation (from asthma to colitis and EO) are being translated to human disease and providing insight into potential strategies for new therapies. In fact, multiple clinical trials using anti-IL-13 drugs are underway in asthma and are being extended to gastrointestinal diseases. This review presents the current knowledge on IL-13 production and function in the gut, including the cells and receptor signalling pathways involved in mediating IL-13 effects, the proposed mechanisms of IL-13 induced gut disease and the many drugs currently being tested that target IL-13 related pathways.
The selection of a method for the culture of cells from amniotic fluid.

There are many cells in amniotic fluid but the majority of them are dead squames from the foetal epithelium. The viable cells may come from various tissues-epithelial cells from the urinary tract or the respiratory tract, amniotic cells, or fibroblasts. At 12 weeks of pregnancy there is between 8 and 85 ml of amniotic fluid (Wagner and Fuchs, 1962). At 17 weeks the average amount of fluid is 225 ml. The fluid consists of 98 to 99% water with 1 to 2% solids, of which the inorganic part resembles those of extracellular fluid. The remaining solids are half protein and half other organic compounds. Specimens of amniotic fluid with which to practise culture techniques are not easy to obtain. Fluid can be obtained at term in large amounts but this is contaminated with vernix and pieces of amnion. The ideal specimen is from a pregnancy of 15 weeks' duration, when a clinical specimenwouldbeaspirated. Specimens taken at this period have been obtained from two sources: (1) when fluid was needed for the estimation of Rh antibodies and (2) when a late termination of pregnancy was done, either by hysterotomy or by the introduction of an abortifacient substance into the uterine cavity. The amount of fluid to spare from the former source is usually small but in the latter case up to 20 ml was usually easily obtained. Specimens vary greatly in the number of cells present. On average, more cells were present at 15 to 16 weeks of pregnancy than at 12-13 weeks. Some fluid contained fresh blood. A small amount of blood seemed to improve the growth potential. Two specimens were dark brown and contained altered blood from a previous haemorrhage. This did not affect the growth of the cells.
Endogenous arrivals in batch queues with constant or variable capacity

We study batch queueing systems with continuous time, finite commuter populations, single server, and endogenously determined arrival times. Symmetric equilibrium solutions in mixed strategies are constructed and subsequently tested in two experiments that examine two different batch queueing systems, one with a fixed server capacity, and the other with a variable server capacity. With experience in playing the stage queueing game repeatedly, experimental results from groups of twenty subjects support equilibrium play on the aggregate level when the server capacity is fixed and commonly known. When it is known to be variable, randomly changing from round to round, subjects diverge from equilibrium play and increase their individual payoffs substantially by significantly shortening their waiting time.
Clinical Utility of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in Morphologically Ambiguous Gliomas with Hybrid Oligodendroglial/Astrocytic Features

Gliomas with hybrid oligodendroglial/astrocytic features are diagnostically problematic, and our ability to predict tumor behavior is limited. Some likely represent intermingled mixed oligoastrocytomas (MOAs), though precise diagnostic criteria and specific markers for this lesion are lacking. From the files at Washington University (1987–2000), 155 “ambiguous” glioma/intermingled MOA candidates were independently classified and graded by 5 neuropathologists, with consensus-derived pure oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas excluded from further study. The 90 remaining cases (grades II = 29, III = 44, IV = 17) were analyzed by FISH on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Detectable deletions included combined 1p/19q (9%), solitary 19q (22%), PTEN/DMBT1 (26%), and p16 (32%). EGFR amplification was found in 11%. Patients were followed until death (47%) or a median of 3.3 years. Similar to prior glioma series, patient age (p < 0.0001) and tumor grade (p < 0.0001) were strongly associated with survival times. EGFR amplification (p = 0.0007) and deletions of PTEN/DMBT1 (p = 0.016) or p16 (p = 0.014), either individually or as a group (p = 0.04), portended a shorter median survival compared with tumors lacking these alterations. We conclude that 1) distinct genetic subsets are identifiable by FISH in morphologically ambiguous gliomas, and 2) both histological grading and molecular analysis yield prognostically useful information.