Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMMUNITY BASED FAMILY SUPPORT SERVICES FOR FAMILIES AT-RISK: SERVICES RENDERED BY CHILD AND FAMILY WELFARE ORGANISATIONS

In accordance with South African policy documents and legislation (Department of Social Development, 2004; Children’s Act 38 of 2005, Section 2(a)White Paper for Social Welfare, 1997) social work service delivery to families where child abuse and neglect occur, must be focused mainly on family preservation through rendering preventative and early intervention services thereby preventing statutory services. Preventative services are, as directed by the ISDM (Department of Social Development, 2006), the primary level of service delivery, by linking families to resources which can limit risky behaviour and to implement a developmental welfare policy. Strong focus is placed on the development of resources in communities to support families and to build capacity, before family crises could develop (Department of Social Development, 2006). Within this context the purpose of this article is to investigate the support (prevention) services available to at-risk families at family welfare organisations to prevent the removal of children and to enhance family preservation.
Assay of topical corticosteroids by suppression of experimental inflammation in humans.

Formulated corticosteroids were assayed on human skin using as a measure of anti-inflammatory activity the suppression of blisters produced by kerosene and pustules provoked by croton oil. Vascoconstriction activity was evaluated at the same time. The rank order of anti-inflammatory efficacy corresponded reasonably well with clinical judgements of comparative effectiveness although the ranking was not always the same for the identical steroid in the two models. With some steroids ointments were superior to creams while the reverse was true for other. Vasoconstriction generally correlated with anti-inflammatory activity but strong exceptions occurred.
Clinicobiochemical investigations of gangrenous mastitis in does: immunological responses and oxidative stress biomarkers

A total of 50 does were used to determine selected hematological and biochemical parameters with special references to oxidative stress markers, acute phase protein profiles, and proinflammatory cytokines in healthy and gangrenous mastitis affected does. Animals were divided into two equal groups represented as clinically healthy (control) and diseased groups, respectively. The bacteriological examination of milk samples from diseased does revealed many types of bacterial infection. The isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (N=23/25), Escherichia coli (N=11/25), and Clostridium perfringens (N=4/25). There was a significant increase in the levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified free fatty acids, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase and a significant reduction in the levels of glucose, cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in does with gangrenous mastitis compared to healthy does. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde and uric acid with a significant decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione, super oxide dismutase, and catalase in does with gangrenous mastitis compared to healthy does. In addition, there was a significant increase in the haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in does with gangrenous mastitis compared to healthy ones. Conclusively, oxidative stress biomarkers, acute phase proteins, and proinflammatory cytokines play an essential task as biomarkers for gangrenous mastitis in does. Mastitis may be considered as one of the ketotic stressors in does after parturition.
Potential Effects of Phytoestrogen Genistein in Modulating Acute Methotrexate Chemotherapy-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Damage in Rats

Chemotherapy-induced bone damage is a frequent side effect which causes diminished bone mineral density and fracture in childhood cancer sufferers and survivors. The intensified use of anti-metabolite methotrexate (MTX) and other cytotoxic drugs has led to the need for a mechanistic understanding of chemotherapy-induced bone loss and for the development of protective treatments. Using a young rat MTX-induced bone loss model, we investigated potential bone protective effects of phytoestrogen genistein. Oral gavages of genistein (20 mg/kg) were administered daily, for seven days before, five days during, and three days after five once-daily injections (sc) of MTX (0.75 mg/kg). MTX treatment reduced body weight gain and tibial metaphyseal trabecular bone volume (p < 0.001), increased osteoclast density on the trabecular bone surface (p < 0.05), and increased the bone marrow adipocyte number in lower metaphyseal bone (p < 0.001). Genistein supplementation preserved body weight gain (p < 0.05) and inhibited ex vivo osteoclast formation of bone marrow cells from MTX-treated rats (p < 0.001). However, MTX-induced changes in bone volume, trabecular architecture, metaphyseal mRNA expression of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines, and marrow adiposity were not significantly affected by the co-administration of genistein. This study suggests that genistein may suppress MTX-induced osteoclastogenesis; however, further studies are required to examine its potential in protecting against MTX chemotherapy-induced bone damage.
Usage of ICT Products and Services for Research in Social Sciences at Aligarh Muslim University

The paper is a finding of a study of the social sciences researchersi use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU). A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The study shows that researchers use a variety of ICT products and services for their research work as these products prove very helpful in finding needed information quickly and easily and also help the researchers to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate information more easily. The study also identifies lack of training and technical knowledge to use ICTs as the major hindrances faced by the researchers in AMU. The paper recommends proper training and guidance for use of ICT-based technologies for the optimum utilisation of these services by the researchers.
Global macroevolution and macroecology of passerine song

Studying the macroevolution of the songs of Passeriformes (perching birds) has proved challenging. The complexity of the task stems not just from the macroevolutionary and macroecological challenge of modeling so many species, but also from the difficulty in collecting and quantifying birdsong itself. Using machine learning techniques, we extracted songs from a large citizen science dataset, and then analyzed the evolution, and biotic and abiotic predictors of variation in birdsong across 578 passerine species. Contrary to expectations, we found few links between life‐history traits (monogamy and sexual dimorphism) and the evolution of song pitch (peak frequency) or song complexity (standard deviation of frequency). However, we found significant support for morphological constraints on birdsong, as reflected in a negative correlation between bird size and song pitch. We also found that broad‐scale biogeographical and climate factors such as net primary productivity, temperature, and regional species richness were significantly associated with both the evolution and present‐day distribution of bird song features. Our analysis integrates comparative and spatial modeling with newly developed data cleaning and curation tools, and suggests that evolutionary history, morphology, and present‐day ecological processes shape the distribution of song diversity in these charismatic and important birds.
Love of life as a new construct in the well-being domain

Love of life is defined as a generally positive attitude towards one's own life, a liking for it, and pleasurable attachment to it. The Love of Life Scale (LLS) was constructed by the author. It consists of 16 short statements with high internal consistency ( α = .91) and temporal reliability (.81). Factor analysis yielded three high-loaded factors labeled Positive attitude towards life, Happy consequences of love of life, and Meaningfulness of life, with moderate interfactor correlations. The LLS had significant and positive correlations with the Oxford Happiness Inventory (Argyle, Martin, and Lu, 1995), optimism, self-esteem, hope, satisfaction with life, and extraversion. Therefore, the LLS received strong concurrent validational support in terms of these correlations. A factor analysis of the total scores on the LLS and the six other questionnaires yielded a general factor of well-being onto which the LLS loaded . 78. The simultaneous multiple regression revealed that the best predictors of love of life were tapped by happiness, optimism, self-esteem, and hope. It was found that there was no gender difference on the LLS.
Helping people to sort it out: The role of social support in the Job Strain Model

This paper reports three studies of occupational stress investigating the role of social support as an intervening variable in the Job Strain Model (Karasek, 1979). A computer simulated mail-sorting work environment was used to assess the effect of demands, control and social support on measures of strain, satisfaction, and perceived and actual task performance. The first experiment ( N =60) tests the basic Job Strain Model by manipulating levels of task demand and control. The second experiment ( N =120) compares high and low levels of two types of social support (informational support and emotional support) to determine whether and how they interact with extreme conditions of the Job Strain Model (high strain and low strain). The final experiment ( N =90) investigates positive and negative forms of social support (praise and criticism) in relation to extreme job strain conditions. Results show that the job strain model is consistent with the stress and performance data, although stress showed no Demand 2 Control interaction. Social supports increased arousal, satisfaction and perceived performance, but did not affect stress or task performance. Moreover, contrary to buffer theories, social supports did not interact with the job strain variables. Congruence between preferred and experienced emotional support levels also predicted performance.
Conocimiento y utilización de los métodos anticonceptivos y su relación con la prevención de enfermedades de transmisión sexual en jóvenes

The objective of the present investigation is to describe the frequency and distribution of behaviors, attitudes and knowledge about the contraceptive methods and its relationship with behaviors of risk of transmission of illnesses. For it was evaluated it a sample constituted by 483 youths of different escolarizacion levels, with ages understood between 14 and 20 years, to those that a questionnaire was administered that it picks up information about its level of knowledge it has more than enough contraception, its attitudes toward the use of these methods and possible behaviors of risk. The results show the necessity to carry out a more rigorous formative action in all the age levels with the purpose of counteracting the distorted information or incomplete that they receive it of the most immediate environment.
FINDING INFORMATION ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB: EXPLORING OLDER ADULTS' EXPLORATION

Our aim was to investigate how older and younger adults find information using the World Wide Web (Web) in a naturalistic setting. After brief training in using a Web browser, 29 older (M=70.6 years) and 30 younger (M=21.8 years) adults conducted Web searches to answer two questions. Age was related to search performance on difficult problems; older adults were somewhat less efficient on the first search and were somewhat less likely to find a correct answer on the second. Age differences in computer attitudes were small; the effects of the training and search experience on attitudes were positive, large, and similar for young and old. With brief but well-designed training, novice older adults were successful in their Web searches and they had very positive reactions to the Web experience.
A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION OF BLACK MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ EXPERIENCES OF THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN LEARNING AND ACHIEVEMENT

This study involved a qualitative investigation of Black middle school students’ experiences of teacher characteristics that they saw as influential in their learning and achievement. The sample consisted of 8 students selected from a public middle school in central Virginia. Data collection involved both in-depth individual interviews and classroom observations. Interviews focused on the participants’ early educational experiences, middle school experiences with teachers, and experiences of the role that teachers play in learning and achievement. Classroom observations provided additional insight into the classroom setting, participants’ actions, and participants’ interactions with teachers and other students and were conducted to minimize their influence on classroom activities. A whole-text analysis of the interview transcripts and field notes generated 5 major categories: elementary school experiences, instructional environment, student motivation, student trust, and racism. For each category, subcategories were also developed. Participants were motivated by teacher trust, encouragement, and expectations. They emphasized the need for equity in the classroom as a prerequisite to academic achievement. They were also motivated to learn by teachers who shared instructional and personal time, spoke positively to them about their future, shared their own educational experiences, and demonstrated a caring attitude toward them. Participants described how they were not motivated to learn by teachers who were viewed as racist, yelled at them, refused to spend time assisting them, or displayed an attitude of apathy. They also expressed how they were sometimes denied bathroom privileges, were separated from White students during class, were treated as if they were “invisible,” or were treated like secondclass citizens. They also experienced racism as prevalent in teachers’ grading practices. Significant findings include the following: (a) the Black middle school student participants’ educational experiences influenced their learning and the classroom environment, (b) duration of
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation

Background: Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) involves the use of a periosteal patch (ACI-P) as a cover for transplanted chondrocytes. Theoretically, this periosteal patch provides mesenchymal stem cells and growth factors that encourage chondrocyte development/differentiation. However, there is a significant rate of graft hypertrophy with the use of periosteum compared with using a type I/III collagen patch (ACI-C). This type I/III collagen patch, although not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for ACI, has been used extensively in Europe and in an “off-label” nature in the United States as a cover during ACI. Purpose: To examine the cost effectiveness of ACI and determine whether ACI-C is more cost effective than ACI-P. Study Design: Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Outcome data and complication rates from patients undergoing ACI (ACI-P and ACI-C) were derived from the best evidence in the literature. Costs were determined by examining the typical patient charges undergoing ACI at a local orthopaedic hospital. The costs, results, and complication rates were used to develop a decision analysis model comparing ACI-P to ACI-C. Results: The cost of ACI-P was $66,752 and for ACI-C was $66,939.50 ($187.50 difference). The cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) for ACI-P was $9466 compared with $9243 for ACI-C. Sensitivity analysis was performed regarding the additional cost of the type I/III collagen patch ($780) in ACI-C as well as the rate of graft hypertrophy after ACI-P (25%). This analysis revealed that the cost of the type I/III collagen patch would have to reach $1721, or the rate of graft hypertrophy after ACI-P reduced to almost 11%, before ACI-P became more cost effective than ACI-C. Conclusion: This cost-effectiveness analysis reveals that, while both ACI-P and ACI-C are cost effective, ACI-C is slightly more cost effective than ACI-P. This is likely secondary to the significant rate of patch-related complications associated with ACI-P, which is significantly reduced with ACI-C. Although the model is very sensitive to differences in outcomes between ACI-P and ACI-C, there is no high-quality evidence to suggest that there is a significant difference between the two. Thus, ACI-P becomes more cost effective if the cost of the type I/III collagen membrane is significantly increased or if the rate of graft hypertrophy after ACI-P were to be markedly reduced.
Of ‘Normal Sex’ and ‘Real Rape’: Exploring The Use of Socio-Sexual Scripts in (Mock) Jury Deliberation

This article explores a series of 27 jury deliberations, undertaken by volunteer members of the public, following their observation of a mini-rape trial reconstruction. While research with ‘real’ jurors is prohibited in England and Wales, previous social attitude and experimental studies have suggested that jurors in sexual assault trials may well be influenced by dubious stereotypes about rape, rapists and rape victims. In this article, the authors explore the relationship between these (mis)conceptions about rape and public expectations regarding socio-sexual conduct more broadly. The authors examine the scripts that were invoked, defended and relied upon by mock jurors in order to distinguish ‘normal’ (hetero)sexual seduction from rape. More specifically, this article explores participants’ expectations (both descriptive and normative) in relation to the communication of consent, the role of male initiative, and the location, timing of and parties to sexual intercourse, as well as the relevance of the use of physical force, the fact of the parties’ drunkenness or the nature of their respective post-coital conduct.
Belief Systems of Families of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders or Down Syndrome

Parents in 16 families of children with autism spectrum disorders or Down syndrome participated in a qualitative study examining family (i.e., all caregivers in the home) belief systems. All families had children who had recently entered elementary school or who were in the early years of high school. As a result of their experiences, families reported becoming more certain about what matters. Families adopted perspectives of optimism, acceptance, and appreciation, and of striving to change the environment or to meet their children's needs as well as possible. These perspectives provided families with a sense of hope, meaning, and control over their situations. The findings indicate the strengths and resilience of families in the face of life's adversities. Implications for families and service providers are discussed.
Effects of leadership consideration and structure on employee perceptions of justice and counterproductive work behavior

In this paper, we examine the effects of leadership consideration and structure on two important organizational behavior outcomes: employee perceptions of organizational justice and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We examine these effects across two studies using multisource data (employees and supervisors in Study 1; employees and coworkers in Study 2). Results reveal that consideration and structure have distinct effects across distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal dimensions of justice. Moreover, results suggest that consideration and structure have multiplicative effects on employee CWB. We find the highest levels of CWB among employees of supervisors who exhibit high structure and low consideration. Interestingly, results also suggest that the effects of structure on CWB may be curvilinear (u-shaped) such that moderate levels of structure are associated with the lowest levels of CWB. We discuss implications for future consideration and structure research as well as managerial practice.
Counseling for Dropout Prevention: Applications from Multicultural Counseling.

Although high school dropout rates have declined over the past several years, rates remain high for many segments of our population. Most of the attention devoted to dropout prevention counseling has focused on group counseling or programmatic issues, whereas individual counseling has largely been ignored. This article draws on commonalities between multicultural counseling and dropout prevention to produce a general framework for individual counseling with students who have potential to drop out of high school.
Exposure to particles, elemental carbon and nitrogen dioxide in workers exposed to motor exhaust.

OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to investigate the personal exposure to diesel and petrol exhaust fumes in occupations when exposure is prevalent and/or high. We also investigated the correlation between the five particle fractions [particles with an aerodynamic diameter <1 microm (PM(1)), particles with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm (PM(2.5)), particles in size 0.1-10 microm, elemental carbon (EC) and total carbon (TC)] and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), in the various occupational environments. METHODS Seventy-one workers were included in the study. They were subdivided into seven groups depending on working area, working indoors, out of doors or in vehicles and type of exposure (diesel or petrol exhaust). Personal measurements were performed during 3 days per worker. We used five indicators of the particle fraction: PM(1), PM(2.5), particle measured with a real-time monitoring instrument for particles in sizes 0.1 and 10 microm (DataRAM), EC and TC. We used NO(2) as an indicator of the gas phase. RESULTS Tunnel construction workers showed the highest levels of exposure for all indicators, followed by diesel-exposed garage workers. For the other five groups, the levels were statistically significantly lower, and the differences between the groups were small. The full-shift geometric average of PM(1) varied between 119 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 11 microg m(-3) (taxi drivers). For PM(2.5), the levels varied between 231 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 16 microg m(-3) (bus and lorry drivers). For the measurements with the real-time monitoring instrument DataRAM, the levels varied between 398 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 14 microg m(-3) (taxi drivers). For EC, the levels varied between 87 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 4 microg m(-3) (other outdoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust), and for TC, the levels varied between 191 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 10 microg m(-3) (taxi drivers). Finally, for NO(2), the levels varied between 350 microg m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 32 microg m(-3) (other outdoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust). For the indoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust fumes only, all the indicators correlated comparatively well and statistically significantly to each other (r(2) = 0.44-0.89). For the other groups, correlations were lower and showed no consistent pattern. CONCLUSIONS The tunnel construction workers had exposure levels for all indicator substances that were considerably and significantly higher than for the other groups. The NO(2) levels were higher for indoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust than for all other groups (except tunnel construction workers). All particle fractions, as well as NO(2) correlated well in occupations with indoor exposure to diesel exhaust.