Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does postexercise modelled capillary blood flow accurately reflect cardiovascular effects by different exercise intensities?

Blood flow (BF) in exercising muscles is an important factor for exercise capacity. Recently, a non‐invasive method to estimate capillary BF (Qcap) was introduced. Using this method, the Fick principle is re‐arranged by using relative differences in deoxygenated haemoglobin (ΔHHb) as a surrogate for arteriovenous O2 difference and pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) instead of muscular oxygen uptake. The aim of this study was to examine (I) the relationship between Qcap and exercise intensity during and following exercise, and (II) to critically reflect the Qcap approach. Seventeen male subjects completed six bouts of cycling exercise with different exercise intensities (40–90% peak oxygen uptake, VO2peak) in randomized order. VO2 and ΔHHb were monitored continuously during the trail. Qcap was modelled bi‐exponentially, and mean response time (MRT) was calculated during recovery as well as the dissociation of modelled VO2 and Qcap recovery kinetics (MRT/τVO2). End‐exercise Qcap increased continuously with exercise intensity. This also applied to MRT. Postexercise MRT/τVO2 increased from 40 to 60% VO2peak but remained stable thereafter. The results show that Qcap response to exercise is linearly related to exercise intensity. This is presumably due to vasoactive factors like shear‐stress or endothelial‐mediated vasodilation. MRT/τVO2 shows that postexercise Qcap is elevated for a longer period than VO2, which is representative for metabolic demand following exercise ≥70% VO2peak. This is a hint for prolonged local vasodilation. According to previous studies, Qcap could not be modelled properly in some cases, which is a limitation to the method and therefore has to be interpreted with caution.
Quality of Relationships Between Care Recipients and Their Primary Caregivers and Its Effect on Caregivers' Burden and Satisfaction in Israel

Research on the impact of quality of relationships between primary caregivers and their care recipients on burden and satisfaction with caregiving is still rare. The sample included 335 dyads of primary caregivers and care recipients who were cognitively intact. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at the respondents' homes using structured questionnaires. No significant correlation between caregiving burden and caregiving satisfaction was found. Quality of relationship was the most significant variable in explaining both caregiving burden and caregiving satisfaction, yet different sets of additional variables were found to explain each of the outcomes. Interventions should address quality of relationships in order to reduce burden and increase caregiving satisfaction.
In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation of the Influence of Implant Surface on the Formation of Bacterial Biofilm in Mammary Implants

Background: Capsular contracture remains the most common complication following breast augmentation surgery, and evidence suggests that bacterial biofilm on the implant surface is responsible. The authors investigated whether the interaction of bacterial biofilm with implants independently determines progression to capsule formation. They also studied the rate of bacterial growth and adhesion to implants. Methods: Sixteen adult female pigs had 121 breast implants inserted. Sixty-six implants—23 smooth and 43 textured—were inoculated with a human strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis and received no other treatment. After an average period of 19 weeks, Baker grading was performed and implants were retrieved. For the in vitro study, samples underwent both quantitative bacterial analysis and imaging using confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy. Results: At explantation, there was no significant difference (p = 1.0) in the presence of capsular contracture (Baker grade III and IV) between smooth (83 percent) and textured implants (84 percent). Biofilm was confirmed on 60 of the 66 capsules. Capsules from smooth and textured implants had the same number of infecting bacteria (textured: 3.01 × 108 bacteria/g; smooth: 3.00 × 108 bacteria/g). In vitro, the surface of textured implants showed 11-, 43-, and 72-fold more bacteria at 2, 6, and 24 hours, respectively, compared with smooth implants (p < 0.001). These findings were confirmed by imaging analysis. Conclusions: These results show that textured implants develop a significantly higher load of bacterial biofilm in comparison with smooth implants. Furthermore, in vivo, once a threshold of biofilm forms on either smooth or textured implant surfaces, there seems to be an equal propensity to progress to capsular contracture.
Symptom features of postpartum depression: are they distinct?

The clinical features of postpartum depression and depression occurring outside of the postpartum period have rarely been compared. The 16‐item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology‐Self‐Report (QIDS‐SR16) provides a means to assess core depressive symptoms. Item response theory and classical test theory analyses were conducted to examine differences between postpartum (n=95) and nonpostpartum (n=50) women using the QIDS‐SR16. The two groups of females were matched on the basis of age. All met DSM‐IV criteria for nonpsychotic major depressive disorder. Low energy level and restlessness/agitation were major characteristics of depression in both groups. The nonpostpartum group reported more sad mood, more suicidal ideation, and more reduced interest. In contrast, for postpartum depression sad mood was less prominent, while psychomotor symptoms (restlessness/agitation) and impaired concentration/decision‐making were most prominent. These symptomatic differences between postpartum and other depressives suggest the need to include agitation/restlessness and impaired concentration/decision‐making among screening questions for postpartum depression. Depression and Anxiety 0:1–7, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ff ects of mesoscale eddies on global ocean distributions of CFC-11 , CO 2 and ∆ 14

Global-scale tracer simulations are typically made at coarse resolution without explicitly modeling eddies. Here we ask what role do eddies play in ocean uptake, storage, and meridional transport of transient tracers. We made global anthropogenic transient-tracer simulations in non-eddying (2 • cos ϕ×2 • , ORCA2) and eddying (1 2 • cos ϕ× 1 2 • , 5 ORCA05) versions of the ocean general circulation model OPA9. We focus on the Southern Ocean where tracer air-sea fluxes are largest. Eddies have little effect on global and regional bomb ∆ 14 C uptake and storage. Yet for anthropogenic CO 2 and CFC-11, increased eddy activity reduces southern extratropical uptake by 28% and 25% respectively. There is a similar decrease in corresponding inventories, which pro-10 vides better agreement with observations. With higher resolution, eddies strengthen upper ocean vertical stratification and reduce excessive ventilation of intermediate waters by 20% between 60 • S and 40 • S. By weakening the Residual Circulation, i.e., the sum of Eulerian mean flow and the opposed eddy-induced flow, eddies reduce the supply of tracer-impoverished deep waters to the surface near the Antarctic divergence, 15 thus reducing the air-sea tracer flux. Consequently, inventories for both CFC-11 and anthropogenic CO 2 decrease because their mixed layer concentrations in that region equilibrate with the atmosphere on relatively short time scales (15 days and 6 months, respectively); conversely, the slow air-sea equilibration of bomb ∆ 14 C of 6 years, gives surface waters little time to exchange with the atmosphere before they are subducted.
IMPACT OF ANESTHESIA, ANALGESIA, AND EUTHANASIA TECHNIQUE ON THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PROFILE IN A RODENT MODEL OF SEVERE BURN INJURY

ABSTRACT Anesthetics used in burn and trauma animal models may be influencing results by modulating inflammatory and acute-phase responses. Accordingly, we determined the effects of various anesthetics, analgesia, and euthanasia techniques in a rodent burn model. Isoflurane (ISO), ketamine-xylazine (KX), or pentobarbital (PEN) with or without buprenorphine were administered before scald-burn in 72 rats that were euthanized without anesthesia by decapitation after 24 h and compared with unburned shams. In a second experiment, 120 rats underwent the same scald-burn injury using KX, and 24 h later were euthanized under anesthesia or carbon dioxide (CO2). In addition, we compared euthanasia by exsanguination with that of decapitation. Serum cytokine levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the first experiment, ISO was associated with elevation of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2 (CINC-2) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and KX and PEN was associated with elevation of CINC-1, CINC-2, IL-6, and MCP-1. Pentobarbital also decreased IL-1&bgr;. IL-6 increased significantly when ISO or PEN were combined with buprenorphine. In the second experiment, euthanasia performed by exsanguination under ISO was associated with reduced levels of IL-1&bgr;, CINC-1, CINC-2, and MCP-1, whereas KX reduced CINC-2 and increased IL-6 levels. Meanwhile, PEN reduced levels of IL-1&bgr; and MCP-1, and CO2 reduced CINC-2 and MCP-1. In addition, decapitation after KX, PEN, or CO2 decreased IL-1&bgr; and MCP-1, although we found no significant difference between ISO and controls. Euthanasia by exsanguination compared with decapitation using the same agent also led to modulation of several cytokines. Differential expression of inflammatory markers with the use of anesthetics and analgesics should be considered when designing animal studies and interpreting results because these seem to have a significant modulating impact. Our findings indicate that brief anesthesia with ISO immediately before euthanasia by decapitation exerted the least dampening effect on the cytokines measured. Conversely, KX with buprenorphine may offer a better balance during longer procedures to avoid significant modulation. Standardization across all experiments that are compared and awareness of these findings are essential for those investigating the pathophysiology of inflammation in animal models.
Transport of Vitamin B12 in Escherichia coli: Common Receptor Sites for Vitamin B12 and the E Colicins on the Outer Membrane of the Cell Envelope

The first step in the transport of cyanocobalamin (CN-B12) by cells of Escherichia coli was shown previously to consist of binding of the B12 to specific receptor sites located on the outer membrane of the cell envelope. In this paper, evidence is presented that these B12 receptor sites also function as the receptors for the E colicins, and that there is competition between B12 and the E colicins for occupancy of these sites. The cell strains used were E. coli KBT001, a methionine/B12 auxotroph, and B12 transport mutants derived from strain KBT001. Colicins E1 and E3 inhibited binding of B12 to the outer membrane B12 receptor sites, and CN-B12 protected cells against these colicins. Half-maximal protection was given by CN-B12 concentrations in the range of 1 to 6 nM, depending upon the colicin concentration used. Colicin E1 competitively inhibited the binding of 57Co-labeled CN-B12 to isolated outer membrane particles. Functional colicin E receptor sites were found in cell envelopes from cells of only those strains that possessed intact B12 receptors. Colicin K did not inhibit the binding of B12 to the outer membrane receptor sites, and no evidence was found for any identity between the B12 and colicin K receptors. However, both colicin K and colicin E1 inhibited the secondary phase of B12 transport, which is believed to consist of the energy-coupled movement of B12 across the inner membrane.
Lamin A/C gene mutation associated with dilated cardiomyopathy with variable skeletal muscle involvement.

BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy is a form of heart muscle disease characterized by impaired systolic function and ventricular dilation. Familial transmission of the disease is frequently observed, and genetic heterogeneity is indicated by clinical and morphological variability in the disease phenotype. In the family MDDC1 reported here, the disease phenotype is severe and characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of transmission. In addition, the majority of affected family members show signs of mild skeletal muscle involvement. METHODS AND RESULTS On the basis of the clinical observation of both cardiac and skeletal muscle abnormalities in the MDDC1 family, the lamin A/C gene was examined in this kindred. Coding regions were polymerase chain reaction-amplified from genomic DNA and sequenced. A single nucleotide deletion was identified within exon 6, and all affected individuals were found to be heterozygous for this deletion. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygosity for a single nucleotide deletion in exon 6 of lamin A/C segregates with both the cardiac and skeletal abnormalities observed in the MDDC1 family.
Benign and Malignant Thyroid Incidentalomas Are Rare in Routine Clinical Practice: A Review of 97,908 Imaging Studies

Purpose: Thyroid nodules incidentally identified on imaging are thought to contribute to the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer. We aim to determine the true rate of incidental thyroid nodule reporting, malignancy rates of these nodules, and to compare these findings with rates of detection by dedicated radiology review. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was done to determine the prevalence of thyroid nodules in radiologist reports by analyzing all reports for CT, PET, and MRI scans of the head, neck, and chest as well as neck ultrasounds performed at a tertiary care center from 2007 to 2012. Retrospective chart review was performed on patients with a reported thyroid nodule to determine clinical outcomes of these nodules. Radiology reports were compared with dedicated radiology review of 500 randomly selected CT scans from the study group to determine the difference between clinical reporting and actual prevalence of thyroid nodules. Results: 97,908 imaging studies met inclusion criteria, and 387 (0.4%) thyroid incidentalomas were identified on radiology report. One hundred and sixty three (42.1%) of these nodules were worked up with fine-needle aspiration, diagnosing 27 thyroid cancers (0.03% of all studies, 7.0% of reported incidentalomas). The prevalence of incidentalomas clinically reported was 142/100,000 CT scans, 638/100,000 MRIs, 358/100,000 PET scans, and 6,594/100,000 ultrasounds. In contrast, review of CT scans screening for thyroid nodules had a prevalence of 10%. Conclusion: Routine clinical reporting of incidental thyroid nodules is far less common than on dedicated review. Impact: These data contradict the notion that incidentalomas contribute significantly to rising thyroid cancer rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(9); 1327–31. ©2015 AACR.
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma Presenting as a Solitary Mass in the Intracranial Posterior Fossa

A patient with a 3-month history of headache refractory to pain medication was admitted. The CT scan and MRI showed evidence of a posterior fossa mass. This was pathologically confirmed as an extra medullary plasmacytoma (EMP). He had a pathologic fracture of the left humerus 7 years ago while the radiologist was unaware at the time of diagnosis. A solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP) was the cause of the pathologic fracture. This report includes the first description of MRI findings in a patient with a rare-incidence intracranial solitary extra medullary plasmacytoma (SEP) in Iran. There is a striking similarity between the features of intracranial SEP and meningiomas. Intracranial SEP, although rare, should be included in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors in areas where meningiomas commonly arise. The MRI findings and differential diagnosis of plasmacytoma are reviewed. Before this case report, only few cases have been reported in the literature. Nonetheless, this is the first report of posterior fossa EMP from Iran.
Assessing the Driver’s Current Level of Working Memory Load with High Density Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy: A Realistic Driving Simulator Study

Cognitive overload or underload results in a decrease in human performance which may result in fatal incidents while driving. We envision that driver assistive systems which adapt their functionality to the driver’s cognitive state could be a promising approach to reduce road accidents due to human errors. This research attempts to predict variations of cognitive working memory load levels in a natural driving scenario with multiple parallel tasks and to reveal predictive brain areas. We used a modified version of the n-back task to induce five different working memory load levels (from 0-back up to 4-back) forcing the participants to continuously update, memorize, and recall the previous ‘n’ speed sequences and adjust their speed accordingly while they drove for approximately 60 min on a highway with concurrent traffic in a virtual reality driving simulator. We measured brain activation using multichannel whole head, high density functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and predicted working memory load level from the fNIRS data by combining multivariate lasso regression and cross-validation. This allowed us to predict variations in working memory load in a continuous time-resolved manner with mean Pearson correlations between induced and predicted working memory load over 15 participants of 0.61 [standard error (SE) 0.04] and a maximum of 0.8. Restricting the analysis to prefrontal sensors placed over the forehead reduced the mean correlation to 0.38 (SE 0.04), indicating additional information gained through whole head coverage. Moreover, working memory load predictions derived from peripheral heart rate parameters achieved much lower correlations (mean 0.21, SE 0.1). Importantly, whole head fNIRS sampling revealed increasing brain activation in bilateral inferior frontal and bilateral temporo-occipital brain areas with increasing working memory load levels suggesting that these areas are specifically involved in workload-related processing.
Consistently Stable or Decreased Body Mass Index in Young Adulthood and Longitudinal Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Components: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

Background— Data are sparse regarding the association of stable body mass index (BMI) over the long term with metabolic syndrome components in young adults. Methods and Results— Participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, including white and black adults 18 to 30 years of age at the initial examination in 1985 to 1986, were stratified into groups by baseline BMI and change in BMI (stable/decreased, increased >2 kg/m2, or fluctuating) across all 6 examinations between years 0 and 15 of the study. Changes in metabolic syndrome components were compared between groups. Among 1358 men and 1321 women, 16.3% maintained a stable BMI, 73.9% had an increased BMI, and 9.8% had a fluctuating BMI. Over 15 years, participants with stable BMI had essentially unchanged levels of metabolic syndrome components, regardless of baseline BMI, whereas those with increased BMI had progressively worsening levels. For example, men with a baseline BMI of 20.0 to 24.9 kg/m2 and stable BMI during follow-up had a mean increase of only 15 mg/dL in fasting triglycerides over 15 years compared with 65 mg/dL (P<0.001) in those whose BMI increased. Incidence of metabolic syndrome at year 15 was lower in the stable BMI group (2.2%) compared with the increased BMI group (18.8%; P<0.001). Conclusions— Adverse progression of metabolic syndrome components with advancing age may not be inevitable. Young adults who maintained stable BMI over time had minimal progression of risk factors and lower incidence of metabolic syndrome regardless of baseline BMI. Greater public health efforts should be aimed at long-term weight stabilization.
Regulation of androgen and estrogen receptors in male excurrent ducts of the goat: An immunohistochemical study

Since androgens and/or estrogens must bind with specific receptors in order to elicit a response at the target organ(s), it is important to understand factors that regulate expression of androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER). Hence, the objective of the study is to determine the relative significance between circulating androgen (CA) and luminal androgen (LA) in maintaining normal expression of AR and ER in male excurrent ducts.
How much and what type: Analysis of the first year of the acute care surgery operative case log

BACKGROUND A case log was created by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Acute Care Surgery (ACS) committee to track trainee operative experiences, allowing them to enter their cases in the form of Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. We hypothesized that the number of cases an ACS trainee performed would be similar to the expectations of a fifth-year general surgery resident and that the current list of essential and desired cases (E/D list) would accurately reflect cases done by ACS trainees. METHODS The database was queried from July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2012. Trainees were classified as those in American Association for the Surgery of Trauma–accredited fellowships (ACC) and those in ACS fellowships not accredited (non-ACC). CPT codes were mapped to the E/D list. Cases entered manually were individually reviewed and assigned a CPT code if possible or listed as “noncodable. ” To compensate for nonoperative rotations and noncompliance, case numbers were analyzed both annually and monthly to estimate average case numbers for all trainees. In addition, case logs of trainees were compared with the E/D list to assess how well it reflected actual trainee experience. RESULTS Eighteen ACC ACS and 11 non-ACC ACS trainees performed 16.4 (12.6) cases per month compared with 15.7 (14.2) cases for non-ACC ACS fellows (p = 0.71). When annualized, trainees performed, on average, 195 cases per year. Annual analysis led to similar results. The E/D list captured only approximately 50% of the trainees’ operative experience. Only 77 cases were categorized as pediatric. CONCLUSION ACS trainees have substantial operative experience averaging nearly 200 major cases during their ACS year. However, high variability exists in the number of essential or desirable cases being performed with approximately 50% of the fellows’ operative experience falling outside the E/D list of cases. Modification of the fellows’ operative experience and/or the rotation requirements seems to be needed to provide experience in E/D cases.
Combining linguistic and statistical analysis to extract relations from web documents

The World Wide Web provides a nearly endless source of knowledge, which is mostly given in natural language. A first step towards exploiting this data automatically could be to extract pairs of a given semantic relation from text documents - for example all pairs of a person and her birthdate. One strategy for this task is to find text patterns that express the semantic relation, to generalize these patterns, and to apply them to a corpus to find new pairs. In this paper, we show that this approach profits significantly when deep linguistic structures are used instead of surface text patterns. We demonstrate how linguistic structures can be represented for machine learning, and we provide a theoretical analysis of the pattern matching approach. We show the benefits of our approach by extensive experiments with our prototype system LEILA.