Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physicians specializing in psychiatry of Mexico: An update 2018

Introduction. In 2016, there were 4,393 psychiatrists in Mexico, with an estimated rate of 3.68 per 100,000 inhabitants. It is essential to keep this information updated in order to achieve the overall objectives of mental health care. Objective. Estimate the total number of psychiatrists and paidopsychiatrists in Mexico in 2018; identify their geographical distribution, and compare the results with those obtained in 2011 and 2016. Method. Comparative, longitudinal study. Various sources were consulted to update the number of psychiatrists and paidopsychiatrists in 2018 and to determine their sociodemographic characteristics. These characteristics were compared with those found in 2011 and 2016. Results. A total of 4,999 specialists in psychiatry practiced their specialty in Mexico in 2018, 365 of whom are child and adolescent psychiatrists. A rate of 3.71 psychiatrists per 100,000 inhabitants was obtained for a population of 124,737,789. Regarding pedopsychiatric specialists, if we consider a population of 37,714,991 inhabitants under 16, the corresponding rate is . 96 child and adolescent psychiatrists per 100,000 minors. These specialists are unevenly distributed throughout the country. Approximately 60% of all psychiatrists and child and adolescent psychiatrists practice in the three largest cities in Mexico. Discussion and conclusion. Although the national rate of psychiatrists was increased in comparison with 2016, it is still lower than that recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The geographical distribution of psychiatrists is uneven due to centralization and economic factors as happens in many countries in the world.
THE MÖBIUS FUNCTION IN SHORT INTERVALS

In this article we consider M(x), the summatory function of the Mobius function, in short intervals. More precisely, we give an argument which suggests that M(x + h)−M(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ N is approximately normal with mean ∼ 0 and variance ∼ 6h π2 where h and N satisfy appropriate conditions. This argument is conditional on the assumption of a version of the HardyLittlewood prime k-tuples conjecture adapted to the case of the Mobius function.
Effect of the addition of malate on in vitro rumen fermentation of cereal grains

Batch cultures of mixed rumen micro-organisms were used to study the effects of different concentrations of malate (Rumalato®; Norel & Nature S.A., Barcelona, Spain; composed of disodium malate–calcium malate (0·16:0·84, w/w)) on the fermentation of four cereal grains (maize, barley, wheat and sorghum). Rumen contents were collected from four Merino sheep fed lucerne hay ad libitum and supplemented with 300 g concentrate/d. Rumalato® was added to the incubation bottles to achieve final concentrations of 0, 4, 7 and 10 mM-MALATE. Gas production was measured at regular intervals up to 120 h. Malate increased (P<0·01) the average fermentation rate of all substrates, and the lag time decreased (P<0·05) linearly with increasing concentrations of malate for all substrates, with the exception of sorghum. in 17 h incubations, the final pH and total volatile fatty acid production increased (P<0·001) linearly for all substrates as malate concentration increased from 0 TO 10 mM. Propionate and butyrate production increased (P<0·05), while the value of the acetate: propionate ratio and L-lactate concentrations decreased (P<0·05) linearly with increasing doses of malate. Malate treatment increased (P<0·05) the CO2 production and decreased the production of CH4, although this effect was not significant (P>0·05) for maize. Malate at 4 and 7 mm increased (P<0·05) optical density of the cultures measured at 600 nm for maize, with no differences for the other substrates. The results indicate that malate may be used as a feed additive for ruminant animals fed high proportions of cereal grains, because it increased pH and propionate production and decreased CH4 production and L-lactate concentrations; however, in general, no beneficial effects of 10 compared with 7 mM-malate were observed.
Banking and Currency Crises: How Common are the Twins?

The coincidence of having both banking and currency crises associated with the Asian financial crisis has drawn renewed attention to causal and common factors linking the two phenomena. In this paper, we analyse the incidence and underlying causes of banking and currency crises in 90 industrial and developing countries over the 1975-97 period. We measure the individual and joint ("twin") occurrence of bank and currency crises and assess the extent to which each type of crisis provides information about the likelihood of the other. We find that the twin crisis phenomenon is most common in financially liberalised emerging markets. The strong contemporaneous correlation between currency and bank crises in emerging markets is robust, even after factoring in a host of macroeconomic and financial structure variables and possible simultaneity bias. We also find that the occurrence of banking crises provides a good leading indicator of currency crises in emerging markets. The converse does not hold true, however, as currency crises are not a useful leading indicator of the onset of future banking crises. We conjecture that the openness of emerging markets to international capital flows, combined with a liberalised financial structure, make them particularly vulnerable to twin crises.
Sparse adaptive Taylor approximation algorithms for parametric and stochastic elliptic PDEs

The numerical approximation of parametric partial differential equations is a computational challenge, in particular when the number of involved parameter is large. This paper considers a model class of second order, linear, parametric, elliptic PDEs on a bounded domain D with diffusion coefficients depending on the parameters in an affine manner. For such models, it was shown in (9, 10) that under very weak assumptions on the diffusion coefficients, the entire family of solutions to such equations can be simultaneously approximated in the Hilbert space V = H 1 0 (D) by multivariate sparse polynomials in the parameter vector y with a controlled number N of terms. The convergence rate in terms of N does not depend on the number of parameters in V , which may be arbitrarily large or countably infinite, thereby breaking the curse of dimensionality. However, these approximation results do not describe the concrete construction of these polynomial expansions, and should therefore rather be viewed as benchmark for the convergence analysis of numerical methods. The present paper presents an adaptive numerical algorithm for constructing a sequence of sparse polynomials that is proved to converge toward the solution with the optimal benchmark rate. Numerical experiments are presented in large parameter dimension, which confirm the effectiveness of the adaptive approach. Mathematics Subject Classification. 65N35, 65L10, 35J25.
Effect of the sympathetic nervous system co-transmitters ATP and norepinephrine on thermoregulatory response to cooling

The existence of co-transmitters of the sympathetic nervous system norepinephrine (NE) and ATP implies variations in the neuromodulator mechanisms of physiological processes. The role of ATP, as a transmitter of the peripheral part of sympathetic nervous system in the formation of thermoregulatory response is not clear. Whether ATP modulates any parameters of thermoregulatory response to cold; if yes, whether co-transmitters of sympathetic nervous system ATP and NE differently modulate thermoregulatory response and on which parameters of cold-defense response the influence of ATP is more pronounced. Experiments were carried out on rats. ATP (10−6), NE (10−3), and their mixture introduced iontophoretically into skin. Their effects on thermoregulatory parameters (temperature parameters, total oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide release, muscle activity, respiratory coefficient) were studied in thermoneutral conditions (without cold load) and under the cooling. In thermoneutral conditions both ATP and NE enhance total metabolism through increase in metabolic rate of lipids, NE effect being more expressed. It was shown that ATP and NE influence predominantly on the different components of the metabolic response to cold. ATP affects to the greatest extent on cold muscular thermogenesis by increasing shivering almost twofold and lowering its initiation temperature thresholds, whereas NE mainly promotes increase in non-shivering thermogenesis. When introducing the mixture of these biological substances the effect of NE is more expressed and the ATP effect is weakened. The obtained results allow to suggest that in vivo the NE effects can be more expressed when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by cold. Thus, NE and ATP being co-transmitters and predominantly acting on the different processes of cold thermogenesis (ATP on shivering and NE on non-shivering) may organize the certain sequence of cold defense responses.
The platelet derived growth factor-B polymorphism is associated with risk of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Chinese individuals

Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel bunyavirus named SFTS virus (SFTSV). We hypothesize that host genetic variations may contribute to susceptibility to SFTS. Results Compared with the rs1800818 AA genotype, AG + GG genotypes were significantly associated with increased susceptibility to SFTS (odds ratio, 1.66, 95% confidence interval = 1.28-2.16; P < 0.001). By using the ELISA assay, we observed that PDGF-BB concentration was significantly reduced in acute phase of patients than in the controls (P < 0.001) and recovered patients at 6 month (P = 0.007) and 12 month (P = 0.003). A persistently reduced PDGF-BB was also revealed from the SFTSV-infected C57BL/6J mice (P < 0.001). The rs1800818 G allele was associated with decreased serum PDGF-BB levels in SFTS patients at their early infection (P = 0.015). In accordance, the relative mRNA levels of the at-risk G allele of 1800818 were lower than those of the A allele in heterozygous cell from acute phase of SFTS patients. PDGF-B rs1800818 conferred no susceptibility to severe or fatal outcome in SFTS patients. Materials and Methods An initially small-scale case-control association study guided the selection of platelet derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) rs1800818 in 1020 SFTS patients and 1353 controls. Functional analyses were conducted to verify the biological significance of rs1800818 polymorphism. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the PDGF-B rs1800818 polymorphism might play a role in mediating the susceptibility to SFTS.
Replacement of hair cells after laser microbeam irradiation in cultured organs of corti from embryonic and neonatal mice

This study examined the potential for hair cell regeneration in embryonic and neonatal mouse organs of Corti maintained in vitro. Small numbers of hair cells were killed by laser microbeam irradiation and the subsequent recovery processes were monitored by differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy combined with continuous time- lapse video recordings. Replacement hair cells were observed to develop in lesion sites in embryonic cochleae and on rare occasions in neonatal cochleae. In embryonic cochleae, replacement hair cells did not arise through renewed proliferation, but instead developed from preexisting cells that changed from their normal developmental fates in response to the loss of adjacent hair cells. In cochleae established from neonates, lost hair cells usually were not replaced, but 11 apparently regenerated hair cells and a single hair cell labeled by 3H-thymidine were observed as rare responses to the creation of hair cell lesions in these organs. The results indicate that the organ of Corti can replace lost hair cells during embryonic and on rare occasions during early neonatal development. The ability of preexisting cells to change their developmental fates in response to hair cell death is consistent with the hypothesis that during embryonic development hair cells may inhibit neighboring cells from specializing as hair cells. In neonatal cultures, the rare occurrence of apparently regenerated hair cells indicates that some cells in the postembryonic organ of Corti retain response mechanisms that can lead to self-repair.
Anatomical Correlates of Sentence Comprehension and Verbal Working Memory in Neurodegenerative Disease

This study investigates whether sentence comprehension and nonsyntactic verbal working memory (vWM) are sustained by the same or by different neural systems. Scores in a sentence–picture matching task and in digits backward (DB) were correlated with magnetic resonance imaging voxelwise gray matter volumes using voxel-based morphometry in 58 patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Results showed that overall sentence comprehension scores, regardless of grammatical structure, correlated with gray matter volumes in the left temporoparietal region, whereas DB scores correlated with dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal volumes. Comprehension of multiclausal relative sentences (type 3) significantly correlated with voxels in the dorsal portion of the left inferior and middle frontal gyri. When DB and multiclausal relative sentences were directly compared, they showed overlapping neural substrates in the dorsolateral left frontal region, supporting a single source of vWM for syntactic and nonsyntactic tasks. Within this large area of common involvement, a small portion of pars triangularis showed an independent effect of multiclausal sentences, whereas a region in the middle frontal gyrus showed greater correlation with DB. This study reconciles two opposing views, which hold that sentence comprehension and vWM rely on either the same or different anatomical resources.
Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data

Empirical reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature in the past millennium based on multiproxy records depict small-amplitude variations followed by a clear warming trend in the past two centuries. We use a coupled atmosphere-ocean model simulation of the past 1000 years as a surrogate climate to test the skill of these methods, particularly at multidecadal and centennial time scales. Idealized proxy records are represented by simulated grid-point temperature, degraded with statistical noise. The centennial variability of the NH temperature is underestimated by the regression-based methods applied here, suggesting that past variations may have been at least a factor of 2 larger than indicated by empirical reconstructions.
The efficient mCBE algorithm and quantization numbers for multiplierless and low complexity DCT/IDCT Image Compression Architecture

This paper presents a multiplierless and low complexity of DCT/IDCT Image Compression Architecture by using two approaches. First, we propose multiplication decomposition by using our algorithm. This algorithm minimizes shifter-adder components to substitute multiplier efficiently. We named it as multiplication from Common Binary Expression (mCBE) Algorithm. Second, we propose alternative quantization numbers which can be simply implemented as shifter in digital hardware. These numbers can also retain good quality of compressed image compared to JPEG recommendation numbers. We named them as FathQuantz Numbers. Those improvements lead our proposed architecture becomes multiplierless and low complexity. The result states that our proposed 8-points 1D-DCT design has only 6 stages and 8-points 1D-IDCT design has only 7 stages. Here, we define 1 stage is equal to shifter or 2-inputs adder delay. So, by pipelining method, we can achieve high speed architecture with latency as trade off consideration. This design has been synthesized and it can speed up to 1.41ns crithical path delay (709.22MHz).
Kinematics and Modeling of Leech Crawling: Evidence for an Oscillatory Behavior Produced by Propagating Waves of Excitation

Many well characterized central pattern generators (CPGs) underlie behaviors (e.g., swimming, flight, heartbeat) that require regular rhythmicity and strict phase relationships. Here, we examine the organization of a CPG for leech crawling, a behavior whose success depends more on its flexibility than on its precise coordination. We examined the organization of this CPG by first characterizing the kinematics of crawling steps in normal and surgically manipulated animals, then by exploring its features in a simple neuronal model. The behavioral observations revealed the following. (1) Intersegmental coordination varied considerably with step duration, whereas the rates of elongation and contraction within individual segments were relatively constant. (2) Steps were generated in the absence of both head and tail brains, implying that midbody ganglia contain a CPG for step production. (3) Removal of sensory feedback did not affect step coordination or timing. (4) Imposed stretch greatly lengthened transitions between elongation and contraction, indicating that sensory pathways feed back onto the CPG. A simple model reproduced essential features of the observed kinematics. This model consisted of an oscillator that initiates propagating segmental waves of activity in excitatory neuronal chains, along with a parallel descending projection; together, these pathways could produce the observed intersegmental lags, coordination between phases, and step duration. We suggest that the proposed model is well suited to be modified on a step-by-step basis and that crawling may differ substantially from other described CPGs, such as that for swimming in segmented animals, where individual segments produce oscillations that are strongly phase-locked to one another.
Negotiating Competence: The Impact on Teaching Practice of the Certificate of General Education for Adults (CGEA). Adult Literacy Research Network.

In June 1994, at the 'Evaluation as Research' seminar organised by the Adult Literacy Research Network Node for Victoria (ALRNNV), adult literacy and basic education (ALBE) teachers debated on a number of pedagogical issues related to the competency-based Certificates of General Education for Adults (CGEA) which had been introduced in Victoria that year. Following the seminar, an evaluation project, 'Impact on teaching practice of the CGEA', was launched to evaluate the CGEA, focusing on its impact on teachers' practice during the implementation phase. This report is the outcome of the project. It documents the teachers' responses and their experiences of the benefits of, and problems associated with, implementing the CGEA. The findings are discussed under the following headings: Institutional and environmental issues; Impact of the CGEA on teaching generally; Assessment; Reading and writing stream; Oral communication stream; Numeracy stream; General curriculum option stream; Moderation; Implementation. Findings include: CGEA brings ALBE in from the margins; it offers access to credentials and recognition for students; there is inadequate funding for moderation and professional development; funding by outcomes encourages 'creaming'; there is contradiction between the demands placed on teachers and the conditions of sessional staff; CGEA is not well understood by providers of industrial and vocational training; it is an aid to developing 'good practice'; there is inadequate guidance in terms of how to develop the curriculum itself; participants experienced increased levels of pressures in implementing the CGEA; it was not compatible with part-time courses; there was a perception that assessment was over-riding other considerations; and there were difficulties in devising adequate assessment tasks. The report concludes with the following recommendations: a review and revision of the Victorian Adult English Language, Literacy and Numeracy Accreditation Framework (VAELLNAF) and the CGEA; the revision to be properly resourced and undertaken by practitioners who participated in the implementation of the CGEA in 1994; a central unit to be established to oversee and co-ordinate the processes of implementation, moderation and revision of the document and the co-ordination of support projects; and the Adult Literacy Research Network Node (ALRNN) to co-ordinate with the Adult, Community and Further Education Board (ACFEB) to seek funding to support a range of further research projects suggested by the findings in this report.
High-resolution simulations of clump-clump collisions using SPH with Particle Splitting

We investigate, by means of numerical simulations, the phenomenology of star formation triggered by low-velocity collisions between low-mass molecular clumps. The simulations are performed using an SPH code which satisﬁes the Jeans condition by invoking On-the-Fly Particle Splitting. Clumps are modelled as stable truncated (non-singular) isothermal, i.e. Bonnor-Ebert, spheres. Collisions are characterised by M 0 (clump mass), b (oﬀset parameter, i.e. ratio of impact parameter to clump radius), and M (Mach Number, i.e. ratio of collision velocity to eﬀective post-shock sound speed). The gas subscribes to a barotropic equation of state, which is intended to capture (i) the scaling of pre-collision internal velocity dispersion with clump mass, (ii) post-shock radiative cooling, and (iii) adiabatic heating in optically thick protostellar fragments. The eﬃciency of star formation is found to vary between 10% and 30% in the diﬀerent collisions studied and it appears to increase with decreasing M 0 , and/or decreasing b , and/or increasing M . For b < 0 . 5 collisions produce shock compressed layers which fragment into ﬁlaments. Protostellar objects then condense out of the ﬁlaments and accrete from them. The resulting accretion rates are high, 1 to 5 × 10 − 5 M ⊙ yr − 1 , for the ﬁrst 1 to 3 × 10 4 yrs. The densities in the ﬁlaments, n H 2 & 5 × 10 5 cm − 3 , are suﬃcient that they could be mapped in NH 3 or CS line radiation, in nearby star formation regions.
Methods for Computing State Similarity in Markov Decision Processes

A popular approach to solving large probabilistic systems relies on aggregating states based on a measure of similarity. Many approaches in the literature are heuristic. A number of recent methods rely instead on metrics based on the notion of bisimulation, or behavioral equivalence between states (Givan et al, 2001, 2003; Ferns et al, 2004). An integral component of such metrics is the Kantorovich metric between probability distributions. However, while this metric enables many satisfying theoretical properties, it is costly to compute in practice. In this paper, we use techniques from network optimization and statistical sampling to overcome this problem. We obtain in this manner a variety of distance functions for MDP state aggregation, which differ in the tradeoff between time and space complexity, as well as the quality of the aggregation. We provide an empirical evaluation of these trade-offs.