Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How is Type I procollagen synthesis regulated at the gene level during tissue fibrosis

In response to tissue injury connective tissue synthesis occurs either normally or abnormally, which is mediated by transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and other growth factors. This article will be primarily concerned with the response of injured tissues at the gene level of Type I procollagen synthesis in response to TGF‐β. This leads to provisional repair, which in turn may lead to involution, remodeling, regeneration, and ultimately repair. Alternately, continuation of provisional repair may lead to fibrosis and ultimately scarring. Scarring of internal organs such as the liver and the lung leads to loss of function and ultimately death. In the case of scarring of skin, this is a cosmetic problem and can be rectified by surgery. Type I procollagen is synthesized by two genes, proα1 (Type I) and proα2 (Type I) collagen genes. This article will focus on DNA binding sites on these two genes, which regulate the transcription of the specific gene. This article will also define specific cell signaling pathways for the turning on of the proα1 and proα2 (Type I) collagen genes. This article will address several questions. First, what is the major cytokine acting extracellularly which stimulates the transcription of the proα1 and proα2 (Type I) collagen genes during tissue fibrosis? Secondly, how are the signals transmitted by the extracellular profibrotic cytokine TGF‐β from the cellular membrane to the nucleus for transcription of the proα1 (Type I) and proα2 (Type I) collagen genes? Thirdly, what signaling pathways cross‐talk with the signaling pathways resulting in the expression of the Type I collagen genes? Fourthly, how does TGF‐β affect extracellular matrix homeostasis? Fifthly, what are the nuclear factors corresponding to the DNA elements required for the promotion of the proα1 (Type I) and proα2 (Type I) collagen genes? Finally, how are the proα1 (Type I) and proα2 (Type I) collagen genes coordinately regulated? Strategies will also be presented for reducing fibrosis, which is the result of overexpression of TGF‐β. J. Cell. Biochem. 90: 1–5, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Cytochrome c in Apoptosis: Increased Sensitivity to Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Is Associated with Respiratory Defects but Not with Lack of Cytochrome c Release

ABSTRACT Although the role of cytochrome c in apoptosis is well established, details of its participation in signaling pathways in vivo are not completely understood. The knockout for the somatic isoform of cytochrome c caused embryonic lethality in mice, but derived embryonic fibroblasts were shown to be resistant to apoptosis induced by agents known to trigger the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In contrast, these cells were reported to be hypersensitive to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis, which signals through the extrinsic pathway. Surprisingly, we found that this cell line (CRL 2613) respired at close to normal levels because of an aberrant activation of a testis isoform of cytochrome c, which, albeit expressed at low levels, was able to replace the somatic isoform for respiration and apoptosis. To produce a bona fide cytochrome c knockout, we developed a mouse knockout for both the testis and somatic isoforms of cytochrome c. The mouse was made viable by the introduction of a ubiquitously expressed cytochrome c transgene flanked by loxP sites. Lung fibroblasts in which the transgene was deleted showed no cytochrome c expression, no respiration, and resistance to agents that activate the intrinsic and to a lesser but significant extent also the extrinsic pathways. Comparison of these cells with lines with a defective oxidative phosphorylation system showed that cells with defective respiration have increased sensitivity to TNF-α-induced apoptosis, but this process was still amplified by cytochrome c. These studies underscore the importance of oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosome function to both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways.
Age-related changes in hand and arm movements as nonverbal communication: Some conceptualizations and an empirical exploration.

JANCOVIC, MERRYANN; DEVOE, SHANNON; and WIENER, MORTON. Age-related Changes in Hand and Arm Movements as Nonverbal Communication: Some Conceptualizations and an Empirical Exploration. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1975, 46, 922-928. 2 sets of assumptions about nonverbal communications and their implications for changes in hand and arm gestures over age are considered. The traditional set seems to view all communicative hand and arm movements as primitive precursors to later verbalizations and to imply a decrease in these gestures as age and verbal fluency increase. The second view, based on a model of communication described by Wiener, Devoe, Rubinow, and Geller (1972) and Wiener and Mehrabian (1968), predicts differences in kinds of nonverbal communication behaviors over age rather than a decrease. Some data are generated which show that the use of communicative hand and arm movements by children (4-18 years) changes as predicted by the latter view. The relevance of these data and other implications for the investigation of nonverbal communication patterns over age are also discussed.
Las TIC y las necesidades específicas de apoyo educativo: análisis de las competencias TIC en los docentes

Today, we must consider the initial training of teachers with ICT, and continued learning, both of them essential for teachers for the quality of their educational work. In the field of ICT applied to education, technical training and pedagogical training are both necessary. We must accompany the accessibility of these resources with their educational use. ICT opens a new way to access information and offers a great communication bridge for contact and learning. However, for teachers to make use of these tools effectively they must first know the procedure, so they must be one of the main actors involved in the process of teaching and learning. T herefore, they should be updated in the proper use of ICT. To check the level of ICT training of teachers in service, we have used a questionnaire focusing on several dimensions related to ICT in the classroom: knowledge of these resources, teaching methodology, resource selection, evaluation and training received. The study sample consists of 147 teachers from 4 Spanish regions and 9 provinces. The sample used has been a purposive sampling, selecting teachers who have attended a training course on the use of ICT. The results show several differences in understanding the use of ICT in the Spanish territory and a high demand for specific training adapted to the reality of each center.
Children with Autism Social Engagement in Interaction with Nao, an Imitative Robot - A Series of Single Case Experiments

This paper presents a series of 4 single subject experiments aimed to investigate whether children with autism show more social engagement when interacting with the Nao robot, compared to a human partner in a motor imitation task. The Nao robot imitates gross arm movements of the child in real-time. Different behavioral criteria (i.e. eye gaze, gaze shifting, free initiations and prompted initiations of arm movements, and smile/laughter) were analyzed based on the video data of the interaction. The results are mixed and suggest a high variability in reactions to the Nao robot. The results are as follows: For Child2 and Child3, the results indicate no effect of the Nao robot in any of the target variables. Child1 and Child4 showed more eye gaze and smile/laughter in the interaction with the Nao robot compared to the human partner and Child1 showed a higher frequency of motor initiations in the interaction with the Nao robot compared to the baselines, but not with respect to the human-interaction. The robot proved to be a better facilitator of shared attention only for Child1. Keywords:﻿﻿ human-robot interaction; assistive robotics; autism
Motivational Profiles Among Young Table-Tennis Players in Intensive Training Settings: A Latent Profile Transition Analysis

This study aimed to (a) identify motivational profiles among a sample of 141 young table-tennis players involved in intensive training settings; (b) examine the consistency or change of motivational profiles for the same athlete over time; and (c) investigate differences between these profiles on burnout, coping, stress, and recovery. Latent profile transition analysis revealed 2 or 3 distinct profiles that are similar for the 3 measurement occasions: self-determined profile, moderate profile, and low profile. Motivational profiles exhibited both stability and changes over time from an intraindividual perspective. Athletes from the self-determined profile were characterized by the best psychological adjustment.
How leader prototypicality affects followers' status: The role of procedural fairness

Building on theoretical accounts like fairness heuristic theory, we argued that strongly identifying group members view leaders who are prototypical of the group as procedurally fair. Because procedural fairness affects group members' self-perceived status, leader prototypicality should also enhance strongly identifying followers' self-perceived status. Study 1 was an organizational field study. Employees high in organization identification viewed prototypical leaders as procedurally fair and thought higher of their own status in the organization. Moreover, perceptions of the leaders' procedural fairness mediated the effect of leader prototypicality (among high identifiers) on employees' self-perceived status. These results were replicated in Study 2, a scenario experiment, in which leader prototypicality and group identification were manipulated orthogonally. These studies further highlight the role of procedural fairness in the social identity analysis of leadership and more generally, the importance of studying issues of fairness and leadership in their connectedness.
Excess Cost and Length of Stay Associated With Voluntary Patient Safety Event Reports in Hospitals

This study estimates excess cost and length of stay associated with voluntary patient safety event reports at 3 hospitals. Voluntary patient safety event reporting has proliferated in hospitals in recent years, yet little is known about the cost of events captured by this type of system. Events captured in an electronic reporting system at 3 urban community hospitals in Portland, Oregon, are evaluated. Cost and length of stay are assessed by linking event reports to risk-adjusted administrative data. Hospital stays with an event report are 17% more costly and 22% longer than stays without events. Medication and treatment errors are the most expensive and most common events, representing 77% of all event types and 77% of added costs. Ninety percent of events result in no measurable harm. Patient safety events captured by voluntary event reporting reflect significant waste and inefficiency in hospital stays. (Am J Med Qual 2009: 24:53-60)
Developing e-business; a strategic approach

While e‐business is often mixed with electronic commerce (e‐commerce), they are completely different concepts. E‐business encompasses e‐commerce as well as many other applications. There are more benefits to be derived from e‐business than from e‐commerce. Electronic business (e‐business) is revolutionizing the way of communication between internal and external stakeholders within an organization. Connecting numerous information systems and integrating data streams can significantly increase the operational efficiency of the firm. E‐business can lead to competitive advantage as well as profitability.
Who stays unwillingly in a job? A study based on a representative random sample of employees

This article examines the antecedents of intentions to quit, job search and actual job switches during a follow-up period. The authors use a representative random sample of all Finnish employees. The data set both contains information on intentions to quit and on-the-job search from a cross-sectional survey and records employees’ actual job switches from longitudinal register data that can be linked to the survey. The authors study the contribution of adverse working conditions (harms, hazards, uncertainty and physically and mentally heavy work), work organization (promotion prospects, discrimination and supervisor support) and ease-of-movement factors (mental health, wage level). Adverse working conditions, poor promotion prospects, discrimination and mental health symptoms are positively related to unwillingly staying in a job, since these variables increase the probability of turnover intentions or job search but not actual job switches. These variables include both factors that push employees to job search and factors that make them less employable.
Is Kurdish Endangered in Turkey? A Comparison between the Politics of Linguicide in Ireland and Turkey

This article examines the historical process of the demise of Gaelic in Ireland due to the policies developed by England, and compares this to the process Kurdish is currently undergoing in Turkey. This comparison accentuates the threat that Kurdish is facing and demonstrates that the language is in danger of being eradicated. Through highlighting the similarities in the policies used by both England and Turkey to eradicate ethnic threats through assimilation, and the speed in which this process is happening in Turkey, this article determines that Kurdish has reached an important stage and that the actions over the next few decades will decide its future.
Downregulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene expression by cyclic AMP in cultured Schwann cells

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) plays a key role in the availability of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where the first step of steroidogenesis, its conversion to pregnenolone, takes place. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the StAR gene is also expressed in the rat sciatic nerve and in cultured Schwann cells. The addition to the culture medium of the cAMP‐elevating agent forskolin or of the cAMP analogue 8Br‐cAMP produced a time‐course extinction of StAR gene expression. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between StAR gene expression and the intracellular cAMP content. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of the activities of Schwann cell adenylyl cyclase or of phosphodiesterase IV resulted in modifications of StAR gene expression. Since StAR gene expression is stimulated by cAMP in classical steroidogenic cells, our work is the first demonstration of a negative regulation of StAR gene by cAMP. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation and modeling of the behavior of conditional scalar moments in turbulent spray combustion

A series of direct numerical simulations (DNS) have been conducted to examine the mixing and reaction statistics of spray combustion in forced isotropic turbulence. Particular attention has been given to statistics conditioned on mixture fraction to determine the modications required for mixture-fraction based gas-phase combustion models. The goal is to apply these models in the presence of evaporating fuel droplets.
Competing Neural Responses for Auditory and Visual Decisions

Why is it hard to divide attention between dissimilar activities, such as reading and listening to a conversation? We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study interference between simple auditory and visual decisions, independently of motor competition. Overlapping activity for auditory and visual tasks performed in isolation was found in lateral prefrontal regions, middle temporal cortex and parietal cortex. When the visual stimulus occurred during the processing of the tone, its activation in prefrontal and middle temporal cortex was suppressed. Additionally, reduced activity was seen in modality-specific visual cortex. These results paralleled impaired awareness of the visual event. Even without competing motor responses, a simple auditory decision interferes with visual processing on different neural levels, including prefrontal cortex, middle temporal cortex and visual regions.
In and out of context: Influences of facial expression and context information on emotion attributions

Studies intended to evaluate the relative importance of person information (facial expression) and context information (situation evoking an emotion) in determining emotion attributions of observers have so far, with a few exceptions, used static stimulus presentation (photographs and/or verbal descriptions). Here an attempt is made to study emotion inference processes by using dynamic presentation of stimuli (video). Sixty judges were confronted with 60 video clips depicting an emotional situation followed by an emotional facial expression of an actor/actress in reaction to this situation. These clips were selected from films and TV shows. Three groups of 20 judges each watched (i) only the first takes of the clips depicting an emotion-arousing situation, or (ii) only the second takes of the clips presenting the emotional facial expressions, or (iii) combinations of both takes depicting the emotion-arousing situation followed by the facial expression. Their task was to judge the emotion(s) expressed by the person in the given situation. Results indicate that context information dominated person information in determining emotion attributions. Furthermore, differences were found with respect to the relative discrepancy or consonance of clips (situation information was more important to judges in discrepant compared with consonant clips) and differences due to gender of the actors (when watching actresses, person information dominated judgements; when watching actors, situation information was dominant). Results are discussed with respect to possible differences between static and dynamic stimulus presentation and with respect to the general process of inferring emotions.
The involvement of physician assistants in inpatient care in hospitals in the Netherlands: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Objective To investigate the cost-effectiveness of substitution of inpatient care from medical doctors (MDs) to physician assistants (PAs). Design Cost-effectiveness analysis embedded within a multicentre, matched-controlled study. The traditional model in which only MDs are employed for inpatient care (MD model) was compared with a mixed model in which, besides MDs, PAs are also employed (PA/MD model). Setting 34 hospital wards across the Netherlands. Participants 2292 patients were followed from admission until 1 month after discharge. Patients receiving daycare, terminally ill patients and children were excluded. Primary and secondary outcome measures All direct healthcare costs from day of admission until 1 month after discharge. Health outcome concerned quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which was measured with the EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D). Results We found no significant difference for QALY gain (+0.02, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.05) when comparing the PA/MD model with the MD model. Total costs per patient did not significantly differ between the groups (+€568, 95% CI −€254 to €1391, p=0.175). Regarding the costs per item, a difference of €309 per patient (95% CI €29 to €588, p=0.030) was found in favour of the MD model regarding length of stay. Personnel costs per patient for the provider who is primarily responsible for medical care on the ward were lower on the wards in the PA/MD model (−€11, 95% CI −€16 to −€6, p<0.01). Conclusions This study suggests that the cost-effectiveness on wards managed by PAs, in collaboration with MDs, is similar to the care on wards with traditional house staffing. The involvement of PAs may reduce personnel costs, but not overall healthcare costs. Trial registration number NCT01835444.
PROFOUND HYPOMAGNESEMIA AND RENAL MAGNESIUM WASTING ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF CYCLOSPORINE FOR MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

We prospectively studied 41 marrow transplant patients to evaluate the possible association of hypomagnesemia with cyclosporine immunosuppressive therapy. During the 3 months posttransplant the mean nadir serum magnesium level was 1.06±0.16 mEq/L in 24 patients treated with cyclosporine and 1.33±0.13 in 14 patients treated with methotrexate (P<0.0001). Eleven of 24 patients receiving cyclosporine versus 1 of 14 patients receiving methotrexate had magnesium levels <1 mEq/L, or were begun on replacement therapy for presumed symptomatic hypomagnesemia (P<0.02). Agents known to be associated with hypomagnesemia, aminoglycosides and amphotericin B, were given in both lesser quantity and frequency to cyclosporine-treated patients than to methotrexate-treated patients. Hypomagnesemic patients treated with cyclosporine had inappropriately elevated urine magnesium excretion. Renal magnesium wasting may be added to the spectrum of nephrotoxicity resulting from cyclosporine. Several adverse reactions previously attributed to cyclosporine may be secondary to magnesium deficiency.
Nitrogen hydrides in the cold envelope of IRAS 16293-2422

Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the Universe, yet the gas-phase chemistry of N-bearing species remains poorly understood. Nitrogen hydrides are key molecules of nitrogen chemistry. Their abundance ratios place strong constraints on the production pathways and reaction rates of nitrogen-bearing molecules. We observed the class 0 protostar IRAS 16293-2422 with the heterodyne instrument HIFI, covering most of the frequency range from 0.48 to 1.78 THz at high spectral resolution. The hyperfine structure of the amidogen radical o-NH2 is resolved and seen in absorption against the continuum of the protostar. Several transitions of ammonia from 1.2 to 1.8 THz are also seen in absorption. These lines trace the low-density envelope of the protostar. Column densities and abundances are estimated for each hydride. We find that NH:NH2:NH3 ≈ 5:1:300. Dark clouds chemical models predict steady-state abundances of NH2 and NH3 in reasonable agreement with the present observations, whilst that of NH is underpredicted by more than one order of magnitude, even using updated kinetic rates. Additional modelling of the nitrogen gas-phase chemistry in dark-cloud conditions is necessary before having recourse to heterogen processes. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.Appendices (pages 6, 7) are only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda. org
Word Retrieval Failures in Old Age: The Relationship between Structure and Function

A common complaint of normal aging is the increase in word-finding failures such as tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs). Behavioral research identifies TOTs as phonological retrieval failures, and recent findings [Shafto, M. A. , Burke, D. M. , Stamatakis, E. A. , Tam, P., & Tyler, L. K. On the tip-of-the-tongue: Neural correlates of increased word-finding failures in normal aging. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 2060–2070, 2007] link age-related increases in TOTs to atrophy in left insula, a region implicated in phonological production. Here, younger and older adults performed a picture naming task in the fMRI scanner. During successful naming, left insula activity was not affected by age or gray matter integrity. Age differences only emerged during TOTs, with younger but not older adults generating a “boost” of activity during TOTs compared to successful naming. Older adults also had less activity than younger adults during TOTs compared to “don't know” responses, and across all participants, less TOT activity was affiliated with lower gray matter density. For older adults, lower levels of activity during TOTs accompanied higher TOT rates, supporting the role of an age-related neural mechanism impacting older more than younger adults. Results support a neural account of word retrieval in old age wherein, despite widespread age-related atrophy, word production processes are not universally impacted by age. However, atrophy undermines older adults' ability to modulate neural responses needed to overcome retrieval failures.