Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Research Tools for the Measurement of Pain and Nociception

Simple Summary Pain is an integral aspect of many diseases and it is important to be able to measure it in the clinic so that the progression of disease and the animal’s response to treatment can be monitored. When research into pain is undertaken, it is also important to be able to measure the pain, but this time the aim is to provide meaningful results that will further our understanding of the mechanisms of pain or how it can be better treated. This change in emphasis between clinical and research measurement of pain means that the advantages and disadvantages of the many ways in which pain can be measured influence the choice of the most suitable technique and the way in which it is used. It is important to carefully select the most appropriate methodologies so that the data generated are relevant to the hypotheses being tested. Abstract There are many ways in which pain in animals can be measured and these are based on a variety of phenomena that are related to either the perception of pain or alterations in physical or behavioural features of the animal that are caused by that pain. The features of pain that are most useful for assessment in clinical environments are not always the best to use in a research environment. This is because the aims and objectives of the two settings are different and so whilst particular techniques will have the same advantages and disadvantages in clinical and research environments, these considerations may become more or less of a drawback when moving from one environment to the other. For example, a simple descriptive pain scale has a number of advantages and disadvantages. In a clinical setting the advantages are very useful and the disadvantages are less relevant, but in a research environment the advantages are less important and the disadvantages can become more problematic. This paper will focus on pain in the research environment and after a brief revision of the pathophysiological systems involved will attempt to outline the major advantages and disadvantages of the more commonly used measurement techniques that have been used for studies in the area of pain perception and analgesia. This paper is expanded from a conference proceedings paper presented at the International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Conference in San Diego, USA.
Conditional Gradient Algorithmsfor Rank-One Matrix Approximations with a Sparsity Constraint

The sparsity constrained rank-one matrix approximation problem is a difficult mathematical optimization problem which arises in a wide array of useful applications in engineering, machine learning, and statistics, and the design of algorithms for this problem has attracted intensive research activities. We introduce an algorithmic framework, called ConGradU, that unifies a variety of seemingly different algorithms that have been derived from disparate approaches, and that allows for deriving new schemes. Building on the old and well-known conditional gradient algorithm, ConGradU is a simplified version with unit step size that yields a generic algorithm which either is given by an analytic formula or requires a very low computational complexity. Mathematical properties are systematically developed and numerical experiments are given.
Measurement of the Magnetic Reconnection Rate in the Earth's Magnetotail

In the Earth's magnetotail, magnetic reconnection releases stored magnetic energy and drives magnetospheric convection. The rate at which magnetic flux is transferred from the reconnection inflow to outflow regions is determined by the reconnection electric field Er, which is often referred to as the unnormalized reconnection rate. To better quantify the efficiency of reconnection, this electric field Er is often normalized by the characteristic Alfvén speed and the reconnecting magnetic field. This parameter is generally called the normalized or dimensionless reconnection rate R. In this paper, we employ a two‐dimensional fully kinetic simulation to model a magnetotail reconnection event with weak geomagnetic activity (<200 nT of the AE index) observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission on 11 July 2017. We obtain R and Er from direct measurements in the diffusion region and indirect measurements of the rate at the separatrix using a recently proposed remote sensing technique. The measured normalized rate for this MMS event is R ∼0.15–0.2, consistent with theoretical and simulation models of fast collisionless reconnection. This corresponds to an unnormalized rate of Er ∼2–3 mV/m. Based on quantitative consistencies between the simulation and the MMS observations, we conclude that our estimates of the reconnection rates are reasonably accurate. Given that past studies have found Er of the order ∼10 mV/m during strong geomagnetic substorms, these results indicate that the local Er in magnetotail reconnection may be an important parameter controlling the amplitude of geomagnetic disturbances.
Quantitative comparison of three- and two-dimensional PET with human brain studies.

UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to test the quantitation accuracy of three-dimensional PET in brain scanning. METHODS Three-dimensional data from 11 human subjects were tested using 11C-dihydrotetrabenazine, 11C-Schering 23390 and 18F-FDG as tracers. Two-dimensional scans were performed on the same subjects and the distribution volume, distribution volume ratio and local metabolic rate of glucose (LMRGlu) values obtained from these were used as reference. Three-dimensional data were processed as follows: iterative convolution subtraction scatter correction, detector normalization including radial and axial geometric factors, attenuation correction extracted from a two-dimensional transmission scan, Kinahan-Rogers reconstruction and region-of-interest-based sensitivity calibration. RESULTS No major systematic differences between the two methods were found. The agreement between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional data was within 5%. Although statistical analysis generally did not show this difference to be significant, reliability analysis indicated that comparing two-dimensional and three-dimensional data might introduce some inaccuracies. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional PET yields quantitatively valid results for brain scanning.
Response of primary producers to water level fluctuations of Lake Peipsi

The amplitude of natural fluctuation between annual averages of the water level (WL) of Lake Peipsi (3555 km) is 1.5 m. A study aimed to examine the impact of WL fluctuations on phytoplankton, macrophytes, and their epiphyton was performed annually at littoral stations during 2005–2015. Also the characteristics of pelagic water were collated with the WL. Changes in littoral and pelagial phytoplankton were similar, with the exclusion of massive wind-caused accumulations of cyanobacteria in the littoral. At the lowest WL a significant increase occurred in (a) the biomass of phytoplankton and the share of phytoplankton-derived organic carbon in water and (b) the species richness and biomass of macrophytes, including submerged plants and macroalgae. The abundance of epiphytes did not reveal a clear relation with the WL. The ratios of biomasses in the years with the lowest and the highest average WL were 2.2 for Potamogeton spp. and 2.6 for phytoplankton. The assessment of ecological status at the minimum and the maximum WL differs at least by one quality class. Decisions about ecological status based on phytoplankton and large filamentous green algae at low water may be contrary to decisions based on macrophytes: high biomasses of phytoplankton and macroalgae indicate hypertrophic status, but species-rich macrovegetation and high biomasses of charophytes and elodeids are considered to be characteristic of mesoto eutrophic water bodies.
Significance of Cultural-Historical Theory of Psychological Development of L . S . Vygotsky for the Development of Modern Models of Social Cognition and Psychotherapy

* Alla Borisovna Kholmogorova, Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Head of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Laboratory of FSBI FMRCPN named after V.P. Serbsky of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Head of Counseling and Clinical Psychology Department, Moscow State University of Psychology & Education, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: kholmogorova@ yandex.ru For citation: Kholomogorova A.B. Significance of Cultural-Historical Theory of Psychological Development of L.S. Vygotsky for the Development of Modern Models of Social Cognition and Psychotherapy. Кul’turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-historical psychology, 2016. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 58—92. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.). doi: 10.17759/chp.2016120305 Significance of Cultural-Historical Theory of Psychological Development of L.S. Vygotsky for the Development of Modern Models of Social Cognition and Psychotherapy
The putative glutamate receptors from plants are related to two superfamilies of animal neurotransmitter receptors via distinct evolutionary mechanisms.

Animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGLRs) and members of subfamily C (Kolakowski 1994) or IV (Parmentier et al. 1998) of the G-protein-coupled receptors (subC-GPCRs), which contains the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGLRs) and g-aminobutyric acidB receptors (GABA-BRs), have distinct pharmacological and structural characteristics (Sutcliffe, Wo, and Oswald 1996; Walker, Brooks, and Holden-Dye 1996; Sutcliffe et al. 1998). Likeness among members of the two superfamilies has been noted in the literature. The iGLRs share sequence similarity with regions of the mGLRs (Walker, Brooks, and Holden-Dye 1996), and mGLRs share sequence similarity with GABA-BRs (Kaupmann et al. 1997). In addition, all of the receptors, iGLRs (Wo and Oswald 1995), mGLRs (O’Hara et al. 1993), and GABA-BRs (Galvez et al. 1999), have sequence similarities to portions of the bacterial periplasmic binding proteins. An evolutionary link between the iGLRs and the periplasmic binding proteins has been demonstrated (Chiu et al. 1999) via a newly identified family of genes encoding for putative GLRs in plants (Lam et al. 1998). Despite the noted similarities among the iGLRs and members of subC-GPCRs, namely, the mGLRS or GABA-BRs, there are no data to support an evolutionary link between any member of the two superfamilies, including one between members of the mGLRs and iGLRs (Walker, Brooks, and Holden-Dye 1996). We provide evidence for a link between the iGLRs and members of subC-GPCRs by incongruence length difference, parsimony, and bootstrap analyses. We demonstrate that the N-terminal regions of the putative GLRs from plants are related to members of subCGPCRs and that the C-terminal regions of the putative GLRs from plants are related to iGLRs. From this discordant relationship, we conclude that the ancestors of the plant GLRs may be the evolutionary progenitors of members of both superfamilies of highly specialized animal receptors via distinct evolutionary mechanisms. A
Alcohol elimination and simulator performance of male and female aviators: a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVES In this preliminary study of alcohol effects on aviators' flight simulator performance, we addressed some methodological issues regarding possible gender-related differences in response to alcohol. METHODS Subjects were 11 male and 12 female general aviation pilots, ages 21-40. Subjects received 8 h of training before they were tested with alcohol. On the alcohol test day they were tested before drinking, while intoxicated (target BAC of 0.08%), and 8 h after drinking. RESULTS The average, observed peak BAC readings for men and women were within 0.003% of each other. We observed faster disappearance rates for women such that women reached the FAA cutoff of 0.04% approximately 1 h before men, on average. Compared to predrink performance, there was a significant decrement in simulator performance during acute intoxication, but not 8 h after drinking. There were no significant gender differences in performance before or after drinking alcohol. Slower rates of alcohol elimination were associated with larger performance changes 8 h after drinking. This is the first report to our knowledge suggesting a possible relation between alcohol elimination rate and change in performance after drinking alcohol. CONCLUSIONS A 12.5% dose reduction for women appears to be adequate for achieving comparable peak BAC's for male and female groups. Future studies using measures of circadian rhythmicity in conjunction with pharmacokinetic and performance measures could potentially shed light on differences in subjects' acute and delayed responses to alcohol.
Specific sites in the Beta Interaction Domain of a schistosome Ca2+ channel β subunit are key to its role in sensitivity to the anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel

Praziquantel, the drug of choice against schistosomiasis, disrupts calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis in schistosomes via an unknown mechanism. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are heteromultimeric transmembrane protein complexes that contribute to impulse propagation and also regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels. β subunits modulate the properties of the pore-forming α1 subunit of high voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. Unlike other Ca2+ channel β subunits, which have current stimulatory effects, a β subunit subtype found in S. mansoni (SmβA) and S. japonicum (Sjβ) dramatically reduces current levels when co-expressed with Ca2+ channel α1 subunits in Xenopus oocytes. It also confers praziquantel sensitivity to the mammalian Cav2.3 α1 subunit. The Beta Interaction Domains (BIDs) of SmβA and Sjβ lack 2 conserved serines that each constitute a consensus site for protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation. Here, we use site-directed mutagenesis of schistosome β subunits to show that these unique functional properties are correlated with the absence of these consensus PKC sites in the BID. Furthermore, a second schistosome β subunit subtype contains both serines in the BID, enhances currents through α1 subunits, and does not confer praziquantel sensitivity. Thus, phosphorylation sites in the BID may play important roles in defining the modulatory properties and pharmacological sensitivities of schistosome Ca2+ channel β subunits.
Dynamic Label Graph Matching for Unsupervised Video Re-identification

Label estimation is an important component in an unsupervised person re-identification (re-ID) system. This paper focuses on cross-camera label estimation, which can be subsequently used in feature learning to learn robust re-ID models. Specifically, we propose to construct a graph for samples in each camera, and then graph matching scheme is introduced for cross-camera labeling association. While labels directly output from existing graph matching methods may be noisy and inaccurate due to significant cross-camera variations, this paper propose a dynamic graph matching (DGM) method. DGM iteratively updates the image graph and the label estimation process by learning a better feature space with intermediate estimated labels. DGM is advantageous in two aspects: 1) the accuracy of estimated labels is improved significantly with the iterations; 2) DGM is robust to noisy initial training data. Extensive experiments conducted on three benchmarks including the large-scale MARS dataset show that DGM yields competitive performance to fully supervised baselines, and outperforms competing unsupervised learning methods.1
The effect of fish oil on improvement of first stage bed sore

Background: Bed sore is one of the main problems for people confined to bed for long time and cannot move. According to the fact that prevention is easier and cheaper than therapy, in this study the effect of fish oil ointment on the improvement of first stage bed sore was assessed. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on two groups with 30 patients that had bed sore on shoulders, sacrum or heel. In the intervention group patients’ position was changed every 2-3 hours and the bed sore was washed with water and cotton-wool and fish oil with thickness of 2-3 mm was applied on the place of sore. This method was used for seven days. If they improved, the method was stopped in the first days of procedure. At the end of seven days, again the first day checklist was completed, and it was compared to the questionnaire of the two groups, and analyzed separately according to the daily changes of intervention and control group. Findings: There was statistically significant difference between the average of changes in the size of sore of the study group and control group (p < 0.002). The time average of improvement in the intervention group was less than control group. Conclusions: Local use of fish oil could increase the improvement of first stage bed sore and increase in vessels, blood and oxygen supply of the place of sore.
Techo-economic investigations of a solar driven ORC-sorption system for combined cooling, heating and power

The rapid growth of power systems supplied by sustainable energy sources and the attempt towards the decrease of CO₂ emissions has resulted in the increase of decentralized energy systems over the last decades. Tri-generation systems utilizing an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) can offer a reliable alternative towards that direction. In particular, the solar Organic Rankine Cycle can reduce down to zero the footprint of such systems. In this study, an ORC is designed such so that the rejected heat by its condenser can be used to drive a sorption heat pump. The design process of the hybrid system includes the selection of the heat transfer fluid flowing through the collectors, the working fluid and the design conditions of the ORC as well as the design conditions of the sorption heat pump. The system is evaluated for its performance in the regions of Athens, Greece and Amsterdam, Netherlands. Two configurations have been evaluated in respect with the auxiliary system; one using the existing gas boiler to provide additional heat to the sorption heat pump and one using the conventional air conditioning units to directly provide the excess of the thermal load. Moreover, the investigated scenarios include both residential as well as utility buildings in both regions. The results are compared with the ones from conventional systems, using a gas boiler and air conditioning units. Multi-objective optimization has been conducted towards the maximization of the exergy efficiency and the minimization of the payback period by determining the optimal storage tank’s volume and the solar collector’s area. The results indicated that the proposed system is operating more efficiently in Amsterdam, in which is also achieving a payback period as low as 14 years, when a gas boiler is used as the auxiliary system. The performance of the system is slightly worse in Athens, mainly due to the higher cooling loads, during which the sorption heat pump operates with low COPs. Apart from the solar thermal cooling, a solar electric cooling system is evaluated for all the aforementioned scenarios, utilizing a PV field driving a conventional vapor compression chiller (VCC). According to the results, the PV-VCC system is a better solution in terms of the payback period, reporting payback periods as low as 6 and 9 years for Athens and Amsterdam, respectively, in the case of a residential building. In a similar way to the solar thermal cooling, for the case of utility buildings the performance is slightly worse, resulting in a payback period of approximately 10 years for Athens, while the respective value for Amsterdam is around 21 years, mainly due to the lower availability of solar radiation.
No association between mutations in the human androgen receptor GGN repeat and inter-sex conditions.

The functional role of the GGN repeat in the human androgen receptor gene is unknown, although mutations in this region have been found in patients with inter-sex conditions. We have investigated the prevalence of GGN mutations in the androgen receptor in the Swedish population and their relation to male reproductive function. A physical examination and semen analysis was carried out in 223 men under medical examination before military service and in 94 men referred due to infertility and having sperm concentrations <5 x 10(6)/ml. The GGN and CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene were directly sequenced. Both populations contained two predominant alleles of 23 and 24 GGN repeats, 83.8 and 90.5% respectively. Four mutations, three in the conscripts and one among the infertile men, were found, resulting in three GGC to GGT substitutions and one GGT to GGC substitution. None of the men presented with genital abnormalities, but two conscripts had low ejaculate volumes (0.3 and 0.9 ml). All men carrying a mutation also had GGN lengths >or=24. Three subjects with GGN >24, with no mutations and with normal seminal volumes, were also found. Our findings indicate that point mutations in the GGN repeat are frequently found in the general male population (1.3%; 95% CI: 0.3-3.9%), but are usually not associated with profound changes in the male phenotype.
Worked Examples and Tutored Problem Solving: Redundant or Synergistic Forms of Support?

The current research investigates a combination of two instructional approaches, tutored problem solving and worked examples. Tutored problem solving with automated tutors has proven to be an effective instructional method. Worked-out examples have been shown to be an effective complement to untutored problem solving, but it is largely unknown whether they are an effective complement to tutored problem solving. Further, while computer-based learning environments offer the possibility of adaptively transitioning from examples to problems while tailoring to an individual learner, the effectiveness of such machine-adapted example fading is largely unstudied. To address these research questions, one lab and one classroom experiment were conducted. Both studies compared a standard Cognitive Tutor with two example-enhanced Cognitive Tutors, in which the fading of worked-out examples occurred either in a fixed way or adaptively. Results indicate that the adaptive fading of worked-out examples leads to higher transfer performance on delayed posttests than the other two methods.
A guidance and control strategy for dynamic soaring with a gliding UAV

Soaring is the process of gaining energy from the atmosphere in-flight using an aerodynamic free-flying platform. Dynamic soaring utilizes the energy available in vertical wind gradients and is commonly used by soaring birds. This research aims to develop a guidance and control strategy to utilize dynamic soaring for a fixed-wing gliding UAV. The basic strategies for dynamic soaring in vertical wind shear are explored and a simple piecewise trajectory based controller is developed to identify regions suitable for soaring and attempt traveling energy-neutral trajectories.