Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expectancy or Automatic Facilitation? Separating Sequential Effects in Two-Choice Reaction Time

Two concepts have been proposed to explain sequential effects in serial reaction time, namely, automatic facilitation and subjective expectancy. The present study clarifies the relation between these concepts and specific data patterns obtained in a two-choice task. The proposed repetition-alternation function is particularly suited to distinguish the benefit-only pattern of automatic facilitation from the cost-benefit pattern of expectancy in higher order sequential effects. The data indicate that facilitation and expectancy are independent mechanisms that react in a different way to manipulations of response-stimulus interval, compatibility, and practice. It is suggested that facilitation effects are decaying memory traces related to the structural pathway of the reaction process, whereas expectancy effects are functional and only intervening in the information flow when enough time is available. © 1985 American Psychological Association.
Social Errors in Four Cultures: Evidence about Universal Forms of Social Relations

To test the cross-cultural generality of relational-models theory, four studies examined the social errors of Bengali, Korean, Chinese, and Vai (from Liberia and Sierra Leone) subjects resident in the United States. Few of the subjects understood or spoke English well or participated substantially in American culture. Subjects reported errors in which they called someone they knew by the wrong name, misremembered with whom they had done something, or mistakenly directed an action at an inappropriate person. As predicted in all four cultures, people making these errors tend to substitute someone with whom they have the same basic kind of relationship. This effect of the four relational models is strongest in the least acculturated subjects. This effect is generally independent of tendencies to confuse people of the same age, gender, or ethnicity, or the tendency to confuse people whom subjects encounter in similar situations or refer to by the same role or kin term. These findings support the hypothesis that four universal relational categories underlie everyday social cognition across cultures.
DTI and Myelin Plasticity in Bipolar Disorder: Integrating Neuroimaging and Neuropathological Findings

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major psychiatric illness with a chronic recurrent course, ranked among the worldwide leading disabling diseases. Its pathophysiology is still not completely understood and findings are still inconclusive, though a great interest on the topic has been constantly raised by magnetic resonance imaging, genetic and neuropathological studies. In recent years, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) investigations have prompted interest in the key role of white matter (WM) abnormalities in BD. In this report, we summarize and comment recent findings from DTI studies in BD, reporting fractional anisotropy as putative measure of WM integrity, as well as recent data from neuropathological studies focusing on oligodendrocyte involvement in WM alterations in BD. DTI research indicates that BD is most commonly associated with a WM disruption within the fronto-limbic network, which may be accompanied by other WM changes spread throughout temporal and parietal regions. Neuropathological studies, mainly focused on the fronto-limbic network, have repeatedly shown a loss in cortical and subcortical oligodendrocyte cell count, although an increased subcortical oligodendrocyte density has been also documented suggesting a putative role in remyelination processes for oligodendrocytes in BD. According to our review, a greater integration between DTI and morphological findings is needed in order to elucidate processes affecting WM, either glial loss or myelin plasticity, on the basis of a more targeted research in BD.
Local Government Efforts to Promote the “Three Es” of Sustainable Development

The purpose of this article is to find out the extent to which local governments in the United States are committed to the principles of sustainable development in their planning practices. This study presents the findings from a survey of all medium to large cities carried out in April 2006. The findings indicate that, instead of adopting sustainable development as a development framework, cities are adopting sustainability initiatives in a piecemeal, ad-hoc manner. A broader level commitment to the concept, as evidenced by presence of sustainability plans, indicators project measuring progress toward sustainability goals, or an office and staff devoted to sustainability activities, is exhibited by very few cities. Finally, there is little evidence that cities are connecting sustainability to equity and social justice issues.
Personal Relevance is an Important Dimension for Visceral Reactivity in Emotional Imagery

Individually constructed and standard anxiety and anger scripts were compared to examine the importance of personal relevance in responses to emotional imagery. Forty healthy volunteers were presented with 10 scripts (two standard anxiety; two standard anger; two neutral; two action and one anger and one anxiety, which the subjects constructed themselves). The subjects were not selected for their imaging ability. The scripts contained response imagery and instructions and the subjects reported imagining themselves as participants rather than observers in the scenes. The subjects were most likely to use a visual strategy. The most common themes for the personal scripts were performance anxiety and anger at injustice. The personal scripts were perceived as vivid and controllable and showed the greatest responses on self-rated emotion and psychophysiological measures. These results suggest that pesonal relevance is an important dimension for visceral reactivity in emotional imagery and lend support to apprai.
Applied personality psychology: lessons learned from the IWO field

The industrial, work, and organizational (IWO) psychology domain might corroborate on new insights developed within the fundamental personality area, but also, vice versa, the personality field should also build upon applied research on individual differences. It is our conviction that these two fields developed too independently in the past. A selective number of issues and themes that cross the personality–IWO bridge are discussed that can be addressed in future research or implemented in professional practice, including processes explaining trait–performance relationships, trait assessment in the workplace, variable versus person centred approaches towards personality description, personality of teams and groups, and finally maladaptive personality functioning. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Flp pilus biogenesis-dependent natural transformation

Natural transformation has been described in bacterial species spread through nearly all major taxonomic groups. However, the current understanding of the structural components and the regulation of competence development is derived from only a few model organisms. Although natural transformation was discovered in members of the Actinobacteria (high GC Gram-positive bacteria) more than four decades ago, the structural components or the regulation of the competence system have not been studied in any representative of the entire phylum. In this report we identify a new role for a distinct type of pilus biogenesis genes (tad genes, for tight adherence), which so far have been connected only with biofilm formation, adherence and virulence traits. The tad-like genes found in the genome of Micrococcus luteus were shown to be required for genetic transformation in this actinobacterial species. We generated and analyzed individual knockout mutants for every open reading frame of the two predicted tad gene clusters as well as for a potential prepilin processing peptidase and identified the major component of the putative pili. By expressing a tagged variant of the major prepilin subunit and immunofluorescence microscopy we visualized filamentous structures extending from the cell surface. Our data indicate that the two tad gene islands complementarily contribute to the formation of a functional competence pilus in this organism. It seems likely that the involvement of tad genes in natural transformation is not unique only for M. luteus but may also prove to be the case in other representatives of the Actinobacteria, which contains important medically and biotechnologically relevant species.
The Science and Psychology of Music Performance: Creative Strategies for Teaching and Learning, edited by Richard Parncutt and Gary E. McPherson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. xii + 388 pp, £37.50 hardback

In our age of popular science, interdisciplinarity, global communication, but also professionalisation, the assertion of minorities, everyone being famous for 15 minutes – in an age, in short, when we are always being watched, and ever watchful – it is hardly surprising that ‘practice’ and ‘theory’ nowadays offer no place to hide. The editors and contributors to this volume revel in interaction, and one of the many merits of the result is that its commonality of purpose and method is far more than cosmetic. For example, every one of its 21 chapters is written by two authors, one ‘artistic’ (p. ix), the other a scientist: reading their biographies (pp. 353–62), most of them being already well-established researchers, it is clear that by and large they are themselves ‘interdisciplinary’ individuals, and the breadth of their enthusiasms and knowledge is infectious and stimulating. The chapters are partitioned into three areas, ‘The Developing Musician’, ‘Subskills of Music Performance’, and ‘Instruments and Ensembles’. In the first we find the generic categories that most readers are likely to expect: potential, environment, motivation, anxiety, the brain, and medicine. Perhaps it is easy game to pounce on fields that might have been covered in an integral way. Development, for example, in its clinical and psychological senses, is a possible stand-alone topic, as the literature amply testifies, and as does the index here to some extent (p. 376). And in a book that is partly, overtly psychological, a more sympathetic treatment of psychoanalytical aspects would have been interesting, even if only to flesh out Glenn Wilson and David Roland’s comments in ‘Performance Anxiety’ about ‘notions’ that ‘do not satisfy scientific criteria of evaluation’ (p. 52). The subskills in Part Two cluster around reading music, around practices (improvisation, ‘practice’ itself, memory, intonation), and around communication (‘structural’, ‘emotional’, and ‘body movement’). Part Three is perhaps more introversive for the music educational establishment, with its treatment of voice, choir, piano, strings, wind, and conducting, where again the reader may be tempted to second-guess even such a comprehensive approach and ask about ‘creative strategies’ concerning music technology (which is in the editors’ list of disavowals, pp. x–xi, along with gender, motor control, and percussion, as well as everything outside ‘Western tonal “art music”’).
The Recognition of Melodic Fragments as Components of Tonal Patterns

This research was designed to investigate listeners' ability to recognise melodic fragments representing two different tonal organisations. One hundred college students listened to 48 items each consisting of a 12-tone sequence having a structure of four three-tone groups, an interfering pattern, and a melodic fragment to be identified. The melodic fragment was extracted from the 12-tone sequence either within a melodic group or from adjacent groups. The interfering stimuli were of three types: melodic pattern, tones in octaves, and spoken number sequence. Results suggest that subjects encode the melody along the melodic structure as evidenced by the fact that recognition was more successful when the melodic fragment conformed with the built-in melodic structure. Recognition was reduced when the fragment was composed from two three-note groups rather than one, and only in this case were differential effects of the distracter stimuli observed. These data indicate that listeners encoded the original material with respect to the three-note groups. The results are consistent with notion of limited processing capacity that is assisted by melodic groupine.
The support of parents in old age by those born during 1945–1954: a European perspective

In 2004 in Europe, more than two-thirds of those born during 1945–54 had a parent or parent-in-law alive, and the rates of co-residence with their ascendants ranged from less than four per cent in Sweden, Denmark and The Netherlands, to between 17 and 24 per cent in Italy, Spain and Greece. The proportions that had provided practical help to their parents during the previous 12 months had a north-south gradient, from approximately one-in-three in the northern countries to 15 per cent or less in the southern countries. In contrast, the proportions of the helpers that provided regular and almost daily help had an inverse pattern, being low in Sweden and Denmark and much higher in the south. Some of these differences may be attributable to variations among the countries in the interpretation of ‘help’. Help to elderly parents tends to be most associated with the gender of givers and receivers, the living arrangements, geographical proximity and needs of the parents, and the availability of adult children who can help. There is little evidence of a specific ‘baby-boomer generation’ effect on the probability of giving help.
We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity

We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity. By Tommie Shelby. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. 336p. $27.95. The intellectual and strategic moorings of contemporary black political solidarity are increasingly unstable. As the political memory of the race-specific Civil Rights movement fades further into history, intraracial differences that have always existed, such as gender, religion, sexuality, multiracial identification, immigration, region, cultural affiliation, political ideology, and generation, are being highlighted by race scholars from a variety of fields as reasons for rethinking race-based political cohesion. Tommie Shelby acknowledges all of these internal pressures, but sees the widening gap between poor and more affluent blacks as the intraracial fissure that most threatens political cohesion among today's African Americans. From this sociological premise, Shelby sets out to articulate a “progressive,” philosophically sound basis for black political organization that appeals both to the class interests of poor and working-class blacks and to those of middle- and upper-class blacks. By “progressive,” Shelby means a recognition that basic social injustices linger, and can and should be corrected through state intervention and/or collective political action. Remedies for current racial inequalities cannot be found in a “conservative” return to a former era of ostensibly better social organization.
Analysis of the Discretization Error at Material Interfaces in Staggered Grids

We address the problem of modeling discontinuities at material interfaces and we propose an intuitive model to discuss the origin of spurious discrete reflections. We restrict ourselves to the 1-D analysis and we consider perfectly matched layers as a case study. The approach, based on an approximation, leads to a closed form expression to quantitatively evaluate the performance of perfectly matched layers. Furthermore, the algorithms are presented in details for reproducibility.
Students’ Perceptions of Language Anxiety in Speaking Classes

Abstract A considerable number of foreign as well as second language learners suffer from language anxiety when they step into the language classroom. What makes language learning environments, particularly English language learning situations, anxiety provoking has been well-established in language anxiety literature and the learners’ perception of language anxiety deserve a special mention as they are one of the parties directly involved in learning process. To this end, this study aims at exploring learners’ perceptions of language anxiety in speaking classes at a north-eastern state university in Turkey. Through a purposive sampling procedure, 30 students from different proficiency levels were interviewed. Findings from the semi-structured interviews are discussed with reference to learners’ perceptions of learning English. Possible sources and manifestations of language anxiety from the learners’ perspectives are examined and their suggested ways to lower language anxiety are discussed.
Transforming Time: A New Tool for Youth Justice

This article introduces the idea of time banks and argues for its relevance to youth justice workers. It outlines the purpose and functions of time banks before considering three practical ways in which they can be put to use in contemporary youth justice practice in England and Wales. The article argues that time banks offer a new possibility for local action by youth justice workers which both improves the immediate circumstances of users and alters the nature of services themselves.
Single point mutations affect fatty acid block of human myocardial sodium channel α subunit Na+ channels

Suppression of cardiac voltage-gated Na+ currents is probably one of the important factors for the cardioprotective effects of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) against lethal arrhythmias. The α subunit of the human cardiac Na+ channel (hH1α) and its mutants were expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293t) cells. The effects of single amino acid point mutations on fatty acid-induced inhibition of the hH1α Na+ current (INa) were assessed. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) significantly reduced INa in HEK293t cells expressing the wild type, Y1767K, and F1760K of hH1α Na+ channels. The inhibition was voltage and concentration-dependent with a significant hyperpolarizing shift of the steady state of INa. In contrast, the mutant N406K was significantly less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of EPA. The values of the shift at 1, 5, and 10 μM EPA were significantly smaller for N406K than for the wild type. Coexpression of the β1 subunit and N406K further decreased the inhibitory effects of EPA on INa in HEK293t cells. In addition, EPA produced a smaller hyperpolarizing shift of the V1/2 of the steady-state inactivation in HEK293t cells coexpressing the β1 subunit and N406K. These results demonstrate that substitution of asparagine with lysine at the site of 406 in the domain-1-segment-6 region (D1-S6) significantly decreased the inhibitory effect of PUFAs on INa, and coexpression with β1 decreased this effect even more. Therefore, asparagine at the 406 site in hH1α may be important for the inhibition by the PUFAs of cardiac voltage-gated Na+ currents, which play a significant role in the antiarrhythmic actions of PUFAs.
A Responsive Approach to Organizational Misconduct: Rehabilitation, Reintegration, and the Reduction of Reoffense

ABSTRACT: In this article, we examine how regulators, prosecutors, and courts might support and encourage the efforts of organizations to not only reintegrate after misconduct but also to improve their conduct in a way that reduces their likelihood of re-offense (rehabilitation). We explore a novel experiment in creative sentencing in Alberta Canada that aimed to try to change the behaviour of an industry by publicly airing the root causes of a failure of one the industry’s leaders. Drawing on this case and prior work, we articulate a model for a responsive and restorative approach to organizational misconduct that balances the punitive role of regulators and courts with new roles in supporting and overseeing rehabilitation.
The Relationship Between Classroom Motivation and Academic Achievement in Elementary‐School‐Aged Children

The relationship between motivation and academic success has been better established with older children and adults than with younger children. As part of a larger project, the purpose of this study was to examine the relation-ship between classroom motivation and academic achievement in young elementary-school-aged children. The participants were 122 first-grade and 129 third-grade children from a mid-sized city in the southern United States. The findings from the current study were consistent with previous research in that higher levels of mastery motivation and judgment motivation were found to be related to higher math and reading grades in third graders. However, higher levels of mastery motivation, not judgment motivation, were related to higher math and reading grades in first graders.
Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice: How Experiences With Downsizing Condition Their Impact On Organizational Commitment

Previous research demonstrates that both procedural justice and distributive justice are important predictors of work attitudes. This research, however, fails to examine conditions that affect the relative importance of each type of justice. Here we argue that prior experiences with regard to downsizing shape individuals' workplace schemas, which in turn affect the relative salience of each type of justice for organizational commitment. We test hypotheses using data from a nationally representative sample of workers. Only distributive justice predicts organizational commitment among victims of downsizing, while procedural justice is the stronger predictor among survivors of downsizing and unaffected workers. Comparisons across models indicate that procedural justice is a more important predictor of organizational commitment for survivors and unaffected workers than for victims, while distributive justice is more important for victims than for either survivors or unaffected workers. We conclude by discussing the theoretical implications of our findings.
Radical Political Economy: A Critique

Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Questions of Method: Abstract Theory, Counterfactuals and Critical Standpoints. 3. Division of Labour and Economic Power: A Reconceptualisation. 4. Markets and Other Modes of Coordination. 5. Markets: Key Theoretical Debates and Evaluations. 6. Ownership and Control. 7. Non-Capitalist Economic Systems Compared. 8. The Critique Applied: Explanations of Uneven Development. 9. Implications. Conclusion.