Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lightweight Monocular Obstacle Avoidance by Salient Feature Fusion

We present a monocular obstacle avoidance method based on a novel image feature map built by fusing robust saliency features, to be used in embedded systems on lightweight autonomous vehicles. The fused salient features are a textural-directional Harris based feature map and a relative focus feature map. We present the generation of the fused salient map, along with its application for obstacle avoidance. Evaluations are performed from a saliency point of view, and for the assessment of the method's applicability for obstacle avoidance in simulated environments. The presented results support the usability of the method in embedded systems on lightweight unmanned vehicles.
A new DSM clustering algorithm for linkage groups identification

Linkage learning has been considered as an influential factor in success of genetic and evolutionary algorithms for solving difficult optimization problems. In this paper, a deterministic model named Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) is used for explicitly decomposing the problem. DSM captures pair-wise dependencies of the problem that must be turned into higher order interactions while solving complex problems. One way to obtain these higher order interactions (linkage groups) is clustering the DSM. A new DSM clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper which is able to identify all the linkage groups from a less accurate DSM leading to a reduction in the number of fitness calls required for identifying the linkage groups. The proposed technique is tested on several benchmark problems and it is shown that it can accurately identify all the linkage groups by O(n1.7) fitness evaluations, where n is problem size.
Structural organization of parallel information processing within the tectofugal visual system of the pigeon

Visual information processing within the ascending tectofugal pathway to the forebrain undergoes essential rearrangements between the mesencephalic tectum opticum and the diencephalic nucleus rotundus of birds. The outer tectal layers constitute a two‐dimensional map of the visual surrounding, whereas nucleus rotundus is characterized by functional domains in which different visual features such as movement, color, or luminance are processed in parallel. Morphologic correlates of this reorganization were investigated by means of focal injections of the neuronal tracer choleratoxin subunit B into different regions of the nuclei rotundus and triangularis of the pigeon. Dependent on the thalamic injection site, variations in the retrograde labeling pattern of ascending tectal efferents were observed. All rotundal projecting neurons were located within the deep tectal layer 13. Five different cell populations were distinguished that could be differentiated according to their dendritic ramifications within different retinorecipient laminae and their axons projecting to different subcomponents of the nucleus rotundus. Because retinorecipient tectal layers differ in their input from distinct classes of retinal ganglion cells, each tectorotundal cell type probably processes different aspects of the visual surrounding. Therefore, the differential input/output connections of the five tectorotundal cell groups might constitute the structural basis for spatially segregated parallel information processing of different stimulus aspects within the tectofugal visual system. Because two of five rotundal projecting cell groups additionally exhibited quantitative shifts along the dorsoventral extension of the tectum, data also indicate visual field–dependent alterations in information processing for particular visual features. J. Comp. Neurol. 429:94–112, 2001. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microwave Crystallization of Lithium Aluminum Germanium Phosphate Solid-State Electrolyte

Lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP) glass-ceramics are considered as promising solid-state electrolytes for Li-ion batteries. LAGP glass was prepared via the regular conventional melt-quenching method. Thermal, chemical analyses and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to characterize the prepared glass. The crystallization of the prepared LAGP glass was done using conventional heating and high frequency microwave (MW) processing. Thirty GHz microwave (MW) processing setup were used to convert the prepared LAGP glass into glass-ceramics and compared with the conventionally crystallized LAGP glass-ceramics that were heat-treated in an electric conventional furnace. The ionic conductivities of the LAGP samples obtained from the two different routes were measured using impedance spectroscopy. These samples were also characterized using XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microwave processing was successfully used to crystallize LAGP glass into glass-ceramic without the aid of susceptors. The MW treated sample showed higher total, grains and grain boundary ionic conductivities values, lower activation energy and relatively larger-grained microstructure with less porosity compared to the corresponding conventionally treated sample at the same optimized heat-treatment conditions. The enhanced total, grains and grain boundary ionic conductivities values along with the reduced activation energy that were observed in the MW treated sample was considered as an experimental evidence for the existence of the microwave effect in LAGP crystallization process. MW processing is a promising candidate technology for the production of solid-state electrolytes for Li-ion battery.
New method for lifetime evaluation of gate oxide damaged by plasma processing

A quantitative model is proposed, clarifying the relationship between the charge-to-breakdown with constant current injection (Q/sub bd/) and the time-to-breakdown with constant-voltage stress (t/sub bd/) for gate oxides damaged by plasma processing. By including the dependence of Q/sub bd/ on the stress current density, one can predict the t/sub bd/ by means of counting the fraction of the lifetime expenditure; J/spl Delta/t/Q/sub bd/(J), where J is the current density at each period (/spl Delta/t) under constant-voltage stressing, until the sum of the ratio is unity. The results show good agreement for the oxides of MOS capacitors with different gate areas. This method is useful for projection of the oxide lifetime. <<ETX>>
Ca(2+) transients and Ca(2+) waves in purkinje cells : role in action potential initiation.

Purkinje cells contain sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) directly under the surface membrane, are devoid of t-tubuli, and are packed with myofibrils surrounded by central SR. Several studies have reported that electrical excitation induces a biphasic Ca(2+) transient in Purkinje fiber bundles. We determined the nature of the biphasic Ca(2+) transient in aggregates of Purkinje cells. Aggregates (n=12) were dispersed from the subendocardial Purkinje fiber network of normal canine left ventricle, loaded with Fluo-3/AM, and studied in normal Tyrode's solution (24 degrees C). Membrane action potentials were recorded with fine-tipped microelectrodes, and spatial and temporal changes in [Ca(2+)](i) were obtained from fluorescent images with an epifluorescent microscope (x20; Nikon). Electrical stimulation elicited an action potential as well as a sudden increase in fluorescence (L(0)) compared with resting levels. This was followed by a further increase in fluorescence (L(1)) along the edges of the cells. Fluorescence then progressed toward the Purkinje cell core (velocity of propagation 180 to 313 microm/s). In 62% of the aggregates, initial fluorescent changes of L(0) were followed by focally arising Ca(2+) waves (L(2)), which propagated at 158+/-14 microm/s (n=13). Spontaneous Ca(2+) waves (L(2)*) propagated like L(2) (164+/-10 microm/s) occurred between stimuli and caused slow membrane depolarization; 28% of L(2)* elicited action potentials. Both spontaneous Ca(2+) wave propagation and resulting membrane depolarization were thapsigargin sensitive. Early afterdepolarizations were not accompanied by Ca(2+) waves. Action potentials in Purkinje aggregates induced a rapid rise of Ca(2+) through I(CaL) and release from a subsarcolemmal compartment (L(0)). Ca(2+) release during L(0) either induced further Ca(2+) release, which propagated toward the cell core (L(1)), or initiated Ca(2+) release from small regions and caused L(2) Ca(2+) waves, which propagated throughout the aggregate. Spontaneous Ca(2+) waves (L(2)*) induce action potentials.
Transrectal Ultrasonographic Examination of the Urinary System in Holstein Cows

In this study, it was aimed to examine the urinary system and to determine normal ultrasonographic appearance by rectal ultrasonography in Holstein cows. The study material consisted of 20 bladders, 20 urethras, and 20 right and 20 left kidneys, in 20 Holstein cows. A portable ultrasonograph combined with a 6 MHz linear rectal probe (transducer) was used for the examination. Bladder lumen was determined as an anechoic structure in the ventral aspect of the rectum and its wall was hyperechoic. By moving the probe caudally, the anechoic structure of the urethra was monitored. Right and left kidneys were examined after moving the probe cranio-dorsally. The lobular structure of the kidneys was determined in all cows. Cortex, medulla, renal parenchyma, renal sinus and medullar pyramids of kidneys were identified having different echogenic structures. It was concluded that rectal ultrasonographical examination can reliably be used to diagnose urinary system diseases in cows.
Reading but Not Understanding.

study of 12 year olds suggests a tie to general language /eve/. U^M There is an age-old concern that young people in school are not reading for meaning. This concern may stem from earlier teaching practices. As early as 1831, at the Sessional School in Edinburgh, the emphasis in reading instruction was on pronouncing words with accuracy and fluency. Whether the young reader understood what was read was not important. Understanding, it was felt, would come later. In short, the goal of the teacher was to ensure the young reader became a proficient decoder. Usually skill in decoding and skill in comprehension go hand in hand, but this is not always the case. There are a number of children and teenagers who decode quite well yet have comprehension difficulties. There is no obvious reason why some good decoders have trouble comprehending. However, research by Watson and Clay (1975) has shown that the problem is not caused by children being given material that is too difficult. Nor is the problem due to teachers asking unanswerable questions. Instead these readers fail to comprehend material with which other good decoders have no problem. According to Goodman (1973) some readers are so obsessed with reading for accuracy that they forget to read for meaning. Goodman states, "remedial reading classes are filled with youngsters in late elementary and secondary school who can sound out words but get little meaning from their reading" (p. 491). The child who is sounding out words but getting little meaning is sometimes said to be "word calling," or even "barking at print. " This stereotype of the word caller suggests that an overemphasis on decoding is the cause of poor comprehension. Smith (1978) also holds this view. As he puts it, "overconcern with accuracy has the effect of directing too much attention to individual
Clinical Significance of Substaging and HER2 Expression in Papillary Nonmuscle Invasive Urothelial Cancers of the Urinary Bladder

The study aimed to verify the prognostic utility, therapeutic application and clinical benefits of tumor substaging and HER2 status in papillary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Select NMIBC transurethral resection specimens from 141 patients were used to construct tissue microarrays for assessing the substaging, HER2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (HER2-IHC) and gene amplification by dual-color silver in situ hybridization (HER2-SISH). Substages were identified by the differing depth of tumor invasion (pTa / pT1a / pT1b / pT1c). HER2 protein expression was semiquantitatively analyzed and grouped into negative (score 0, 1+) and positive (score 2+, 3+). Other clinicopathological variables were also investigated. For NMIBC, HER2-IHC and HER2-SISH showed positive results in 6/141 (4.3%) and 4/141 (2.8%) respectively, which correlated well with tumor substaging. In multivariate analysis, substaging, HER2-IHC, and HER2-SISH were found to be independent predictors of progression-free survival (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.031). HER2-IHC was the sole independent predictor of recurrent free survival in NMIBC (P = 0.017). It is suggested that tumor substaging and HER2 status are independent predictive markers for tumor progression or recurrence, and thus could be included in diagnostic and therapeutic management for NMIBC. Graphical Abstract
Postsynaptic Density Protein-95 Regulates NMDA Channel Gating and Surface Expression

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) colocalize with postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), a multivalent synaptic scaffolding protein and core component of the postsynaptic density, at excitatory synapses. Although much is known about the identity and properties of scaffolding proteins, little is known about their actions on NMDAR function. Here we show that association of PSD-95 with NMDARs modulates channel gating and surface expression. PSD-95 increases the number of functional channels at the cell surface and channel opening rate of NMDARs, with little or no change in conductance, reversal potential, or mean open time. We show further that PSD-95 increases NMDAR surface expression by increasing the rate of channel insertion and decreasing the rate of channel internalization. The PDZ (PSD-95, discs large, zona occludens-1) binding motif at the distal end of the NR2 C-terminal tail is critical to the actions of PSD-95 on NMDAR function and surface expression. Given that activity bi-directionally modifies synaptic levels of PSD-95, our findings suggest a novel mechanism for activity-dependent regulation of NMDARs at central synapses.
On the Role of the First Transmembrane Domain in Cation Permeability and Flux of the ATP-gated P2X2 Receptor*

P2X receptors are a family of seven ligand-gated ion channels (P2X1-P2X7) that open in the presence of ATP. We used alanine-scanning mutagenesis and patch clamp photometry to study the role of the first transmembrane domain of the rat P2X2 receptor in cation permeability and flux. Three alanine-substituted mutants did not respond to ATP, and 19 of the 22 functional receptors resembled the wild-type receptor with regard to the fraction of the total ATP-gated current carried by calcium or the permeability of calcium relative to cesium. The remaining three mutants showed modest changes in calcium dynamics. Two of these occurred at sites (Gly30 and Phe44) that are unlikely to interact with permeating cations in a meaningful way. The third was a conserved tyrosine (Tyr43) that may form an inter-pore binding site for calcium. The data suggest that, with the possible exception of Tyr43, the first transmembrane domain contributes little to the permeation properties of the P2X2 receptor.
HBsAg Seroclearance in Chronic Hepatitis B: Implications for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Goals and Background The long-term clinical course, including the development of hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) after hepatic B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance is not established. We discovered that the incidence of HCC and the risk factors for HCC in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients after HBsAg seroclearance. Study During 28 years, 96 CHB patients with HBsAg seroclearance were retrospectively reviewed. These patients continued to undergo HCC surveillance. The median follow-up time from initial visit was 166.5 months (range, 7 to 321 mo). Results The mean age at the initial visit and at the time of seroclearance was 39.2±10.6 years and 46.4±9.9 years, respectively. The mean age at the time of HBsAg seroclearance was significantly lower (P=0.03) in patients with spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance than patients with treatment-associated HBsAg seroclearance. During a median of 56 months (range, 7 to 238 mo) of follow-up after HBsAg seroclearance, 6 (6.5%) patients developed HCC. The mean age at the time of developing HCC was 55.8±10.3 years. On univariate analysis, the evidence of liver cirrhosis from the time of HBsAg seroclearance and age more than 45 years at the time of HBsAg seroclearance were significant risk factors for HCC development. In multivariate analysis, the evidence of liver cirrhosis at HBsAg seroclearance was the only significant risk factor for HCC development. Conclusions HCC can develop after HBsAg seroclearance in patients with known cirrhosis. Patients who achieved HBsAg seroclearance at older age (>45) may have undiagnosed cirrhosis and hence remain at risk for HCC. HCC surveillance should be carried out for both of those patient populations.
CyanoHAB Occurrence and Water Irrigation Cyanotoxin Contamination: Ecological Impacts and Potential Health Risks

The world-wide occurrence of harmful cyanobacteria blooms “CyanoHAB” in fresh and brackish waters creates problems for all life forms. During CyanoHAB events, toxic cyanobacteria produce cyanotoxins at high levels that can cause chronic and sub-chronic toxicities to animals, plants and humans. Cyanotoxicity in eukaryotes has been mainly focused on animals, but during these last years, data, related to cyanotoxin (mainly microcystins, MCs) impact on both aquatic and terrestrials crop plants irrigated by water containing these toxins, have become more and more available. This last cited fact is gaining importance since plants could in a direct or indirect manner contribute to cyanotoxin transfer through the food chain, and thus constitute a potent health risk source. The use of this contaminated irrigation water can also have an economical impact which appears by a reduction of the germination rate of seeds, and alteration of the quality and the productivity of crop plants. The main objective of this work was to discuss the eventual phytotoxicity of cyanotoxins (microcystins) as the major agricultural impacts induced by the use of contaminated water for plant irrigation. These investigations confirm the harmful effects (ecological, eco-physiological, socio-economical and sanitary risk) of dissolved MCs on agricultural plants. Thus, cyanotoxin phytotoxicity strongly suggests a need for the surveillance of CyanoHAB and the monitoring of water irrigation quality as well as for drinking water.
Treewidth-based conditions for exactness of the Sherali-Adams and Lasserre relaxations

The Sherali-Adams (SA) and Lasserre (LS) approaches are “lift-and-project” methods that generate nested sequences of linear and/or semidefinite relaxations of an arbitrary 0-1 polytope P ⊆ [0, 1]n. Although both procedures are known to terminate with an exact description of P after n steps, there are various open questions associated with characterizing, for particular problem classes, whether exactness is obtained at some step s < n. This paper provides sufficient conditions for exactness of these relaxations based on the hypergraph-theoretic notion of treewidth. More specifically, we relate the combinatorial structure of a given polynomial system to an underlying hypergraph. We prove that the complexity of assessing the global validity of moment sequences, and hence the tightness of the SA and LS relaxations, is determined by the treewidth of this hypergraph. We provide some examples to illustrate this characterization.
Test-Retest Reliability of a Serious Game for Delirium Screening in the Emergency Department

Introduction: Cognitive screening in settings such as emergency departments (ED) is frequently carried out using paper-and-pencil tests that require administration by trained staff. These assessments often compete with other clinical duties and thus may not be routinely administered in these busy settings. Literature has shown that the presence of cognitive impairments such as dementia and delirium are often missed in older ED patients. Failure to recognize delirium can have devastating consequences including increased mortality (Kakuma et al., 2003). Given the demands on emergency staff, an automated cognitive test to screen for delirium onset could be a valuable tool to support delirium prevention and management. In earlier research we examined the concurrent validity of a serious game, and carried out an initial assessment of its potential as a delirium screening tool (Tong et al., 2016). In this paper, we examine the test-retest reliability of the game, as it is an important criterion in a cognitive test for detecting risk of delirium onset. Objective: To demonstrate the test-retest reliability of the screening tool over time in a clinical sample of older emergency patients. A secondary objective is to assess whether there are practice effects that might make game performance unstable over repeated presentations. Materials and Methods: Adults over the age of 70 were recruited from a hospital ED. Each patient played our serious game in an initial session soon after they arrived in the ED, and in follow up sessions conducted at 8-h intervals (for each participant there were up to five follow up sessions, depending on how long the person stayed in the ED). Results: A total of 114 adults (61 females, 53 males) between the ages of 70 and 104 years (M = 81 years, SD = 7) participated in our study after screening out delirious patients. We observed a test-retest reliability of the serious game (as assessed by correlation r-values) between 0.5 and 0.8 across adjacent sessions. Conclusion: The game-based assessment for cognitive screening has relatively strong test-retest reliability and little evidence of practice effects among elderly emergency patients, and may be a useful supplement to existing cognitive assessment methods.
Optimizing voting classification using cluster analysis on medical diagnosis data

Voting ensemble method combines results of single classifiers aiming to offer improved classification performance. However, it is intuitively accepted that the combined classifiers during voting should be both diverse and accurate. In this study, we used the unsupervised method of cluster analysis in four datasets related to medical diagnosis in order to differentiate the single classifiers according to their individual results. Using this information we selected the most accurate among similar classifiers proposing the optimal classifier combination for each dataset. The results show that the estimated combination was actually the best performing during voting training for two of the datasets while in the other two it was one of those that outperformed single classifiers. The proposed methodology is a quick and easy tool for estimating classifier combinations that outperforms the single classifiers during voting.
Microphysical controls on the stratocumulus topped boundary-layer structure during VOCALS-REx

Abstract. Simulations at a range of resolutions are compared to observations from the South-East Pacific taken during VOCALS-REx. It is found that increased horizontal and vertical resolution make only small improvements to the bulk properties of the simulated cloud and drizzle, but the highest resolution simulation is able to realistically represent mesoscale features in the cloud field. We focus on the highest resolution simulation and demonstrate that a poor representation of the cloud microphysics results in excessive drizzle production. This promotes persistent drizzle induced decoupling of the boundary layer, giving a poor representation of the observed diurnal cycle of stratocumulus. Two simple changes to the microphysics scheme are implemented: a modified autoconversion parametrization and a new representation of the rain drop size distribution. This results in a more realistic simulation of boundary-layer diurnal decoupling, and improvements to the cloud liquid water path and surface drizzle rate.