Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1): a review of growth, characterization, transfer doping and hydrogen intercalation

Graphene, a monoatomic layer of graphite, hosts a two-dimensional electron gas system with large electron mobilities which makes it a prospective candidate for future carbon nanodevices. Grown epitaxially on silicon carbide (SiC) wafers, large area graphene samples appear feasible and integration in existing device technology can be envisioned. This paper reviews the controlled growth of epitaxial graphene layers on SiC(0 0 0 1) and the manipulation of their electronic structure. We show that epitaxial graphene on SiC grows on top of a carbon interface layer that—although it has a graphite-like atomic structure—does not display the linear π-bands typical for graphene due to a strong covalent bonding to the substrate. Only the second carbon layer on top of this interface acts like monolayer graphene. With a further carbon layer, a graphene bilayer system develops. During the growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) the number of graphene layers can be precisely controlled by monitoring the π-band structure. Experimental fingerprints for in situ growth control could be established. However, due to the influence of the interface layer, epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) is intrinsically n-doped and the layers have a long-range corrugation in their density of states. As a result, the Dirac point energy where the π-bands cross is shifted away from the Fermi energy, so that the ambipolar properties of graphene cannot be exploited. We demonstrate methods to compensate and eliminate this structural and electronic influence of the interface. We show that the band structure of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) can be precisely tailored by functionalizing the graphene surface with tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) molecules. Charge neutrality can be achieved for mono- and bilayer graphene. On epitaxial bilayer graphene, where a band gap opens due to the asymmetric electric field across the layers imposed by the interface, the magnitude of this band gap can be increased up to more than double its initial value. The hole doping allows the Fermi level to shift into the energy band gap. The impact of the interface layer can be completely eliminated by decoupling the graphene from the SiC substrate by a hydrogen intercalation technique. We demonstrate that hydrogen can migrate under the interface layer and passivate the underlying SiC substrate. The interface layer alone transforms into a quasi-free standing monolayer. Epitaxial monolayer graphene turns into a decoupled bilayer. In combination with atmospheric pressure graphitization, the intercalation process allows the production of quasi-free standing epitaxial graphene on large SiC wafers and represents a highly promising route towards epitaxial graphene based nanoelectronics.
Financialization in Developing and Emerging Countries

This article attempts to summarize the growing literature on "financialization" in developing and emerging countries. This includes the different theoretical and empirical works that have explicitly referred to the increasing role of finance in such countries as financialization, as well as the recent developments in non-conventional approaches to finance and development. The article covers the main theoretical approaches that have been used to explain the phenomenon, trying to set out what the specific characteristics of the role of finance are in such countries. It then presents an overview of the key empirical facts associated with Financialization that have come out of such literatures with respect to both the changing role of the domestic financial sector and the impact of external factors, with particular reference to capital account openness.
High-rate full-diversity multiuser Space-frequency codes

In this paper, the authors have proposed a multiuser Space frequency (SF) code with high symbol rate and full-diversity. This SF code is constructed from a threaded algebraic layering concept. It combines the space-frequency layering concept with algebraic component codes where each component code is assigned to a “thread” and interleaved over space and frequency. It is proved that the proposed multiuser SF codes for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) frequency selective fading multiple access channel (MAC) achieve high symbol rate (rate>1) and full-diversity. The proposed SF code ensures the high data rate as it does not require zero-padding.
Identification and Characterization of Calcium Sparks in Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Introduction Ca2+ spark constitutes the elementary units of cardiac excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling in mature cardiomyocytes. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes are known to have electrophysiological properties similar to mature adult cardiomyocytes. However, it is unclear if they share similar calcium handling property. We hypothesized that Ca2+ sparks in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs)-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) may display unique structural and functional properties than mature adult cardiomyocytes. Methods and results Ca2+ sparks in hiPSC-CMs were recorded with Ca2+ imaging assay with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Those sparks were stochastic with a tendency of repetitive occurrence at the same site. Nevertheless, the spatial-temporal properties of Ca2+ spark were analogous to that of adult CMs. Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels by nifedipine caused a 61% reduction in calcium spark frequency without affecting amplitude of those sparks and magnitude of caffeine releasable sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content. In contrast, high extracellular Ca2+ and ryanodine increased the frequency, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and full duration at half maximum (FDHM) of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks. Conclusions For the first time, spontaneous Ca2+ sparks were detected in hiPSC-CMs. The Ca2+ sparks are predominately triggered by L-type Ca2+ channels mediated Ca2+ influx, which is comparable to sparks detected in adult ventricular myocytes in which cardiac E-C coupling was governed by a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) mechanism. However, focal repetitive sparks originated from the same intracellular organelle could reflect an immature status of the hiPSC-CMs.
The effectiveness of school-wide anti bullying programs on teachers' efficacy in dealing with students' bullying behavior

Introduction: Bullying in schools is a complex phenomenon. Teachers' ability to manage bullying behavior is closely related to the occurrence and continuation of bullying in classes.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of School-Wide Anti Bullying Programs (SWABP) on classroom behavior management strategies and teachers' perceived self-efficacy in classroom behavior management. Â Materials and Methods: The statistical community of this clinical trial consis all of women teachers in elementary schools in Ahar city (western part of Iran) during 2014-2013. The sample included 40 teachers that were chosen through random sampling and divided into two equal experimental and control groups. In order to measure the research variables, the classroom behavior management strategies scale and perceived self-efficacy of teachers were used. The program was designed to recognize and dealing with students' bullying was performed for experimental group during the six 90 minute's sessions. Data analyzed by ANCOVA and SPSS software version 15. Â Results: The results indicated that the treatment was able to create significant changes in the choice of advocate assertion strategies (P=0.005), avoidance (P=0.00), parents involvement (P=0.001) and in teacher's efficiency in classroom behavior management compared to the control group. Â Conclusion: It seems that anti-bullying program could be effective on bullying behavior management strategies and teachers perceived effectiveness in classroom management so it emphasizes the need to implement programs to prepare and promote the professional skills of teachers and school counselors to deal effectively with behavioral problems of students.
Terrestrial Coherent Free-Space Optical Communication Systems

In the past three decades, the demand for high-speed communications has increased dramatically, while fiber optical communications has been applied in the majority of data transmission networks. Optical fiber has advantages over existing copper wire in long distance and high demand applications. The ever increasing need for higher bandwidth and higher speed optical data and communications transmission is driving the development of 100 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) communication links. However, infrastructure development within cities is relatively difficult and time-consuming, and fiber-optic systems are complex and expensive. Due to these difficulties, fiber-optic communication systems have primarily been installed in long-distance applications, where they can be used to their full transmission capacity, offsetting the increased cost.
Seamless vertical handoff in heterogeneous networks using IMS technology

In the fast changing field of wireless communication new technologies emerges regularly to satisfy the ongoing demand for faster data rates and larger coverage area. Therefore it is important for the user to make the best possible use of the available heterogeneous network for connection support. For movement of mobile between heterogeneous networks vertical handoff is necessary. IP Multimedia Subsystem is an emerging architecture framework for interworking heterogeneous networks. In this paper we used WLAN/WiMAX heterogeneous networks and three coupling architectures such as tight coupling, loose coupling and hybrid coupling are considered. The parameters such as vertical handoff delay, Mobile scanning interval activity, neighbouring advertisement received are obtained. From the simulation it is inferred that tight coupling is performing better from handover point of view.
Airborne observations of aerosol microphysical properties and particle ageing processes in the troposphere above Europe

Abstract. In-situ measurements of aerosol microphysical properties were performed in May 2008 during the EUCAARI-LONGREX campaign. Two aircraft, the FAAM BAe-146 and DLR Falcon 20, operated from Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. A comprehensive data set was obtained comprising the wider region of Europe north of the Alps throughout the whole tropospheric column. Prevailing stable synoptic conditions enabled measurements of accumulating emissions inside the continental boundary layer reaching a maximum total number concentration of 19 000 particles cm−3 stp. Ultra-fine particles as indicators for nucleation events were observed within the boundary layer during high pressure conditions and after updraft of emissions induced by frontal passages above 8 km altitude in the upper free troposphere. Aerosol ageing processes during air mass transport are analysed using trajectory analysis. The ratio of particles containing a non-volatile core (250 °C) to the total aerosol number concentration was observed to increase within the first 12 to 48 h from the particle source from 50 to 85% due to coagulation. Aged aerosol also features an increased fraction of accumulation mode particles of approximately 40% of the total number concentration. The presented analysis provides an extensive data set of tropospheric aerosol microphysical properties on a continental scale which can be used for atmospheric aerosol models and comparisons of satellite retrievals.
Public procurement vs private purchasing: Is there any foundation for comparing and learning across the sectors?

Purpose – Compared with the private sector, the public sector's procurement process differs in several respects. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possibility for mutual learning and the value between the public and private sectors and also to identify both drivers and barriers for benchmarks between the two sectors.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on in‐depth literature reviews of comparisons between private and public procurements. The paper is, furthermore, derived from two case studies: one in a chain perspective and another that concerns public‐private innovation.Findings – Extant literature contains limited contributions that compare public procurement practice with private purchasing practice. Using tendering to regulate procurement is troublesome and may hamper the possibility to learn and gain value measured on a broader scale. Wider collaboration may provide more possibilities to learn and gain value.Research limitations/implications – The empirical part of the paper re.
Using a Camera to Capture and Correct Spatial Photometric Variation in Multi-Projector Displays

Photometric variation in multi-projector displays is arguably the most vexing problem that needs to be addressed to achieve seamless tiled multi-projector displays. In this paper, we present a scalable real-time solution to correct the spatial photometric variation in multi-projector displays. A digital camera is used to capture the intensity variation across the display in a scalable fashion. This information is then used to generate a per-pixel attenuation and offset map for each projector. The former achieves intensity scaling while the later compensates for differing black levels at different regions of the display. These maps are then used to modify the input to the projectors to correct the photometric variation. The contributions of our photometric capture and the correction method are the follwing. First, despite the limited resolution of the digital camera, this method is scalable to very high resolution displays. Second, unlike previous methods, this does not require an explicit knowledge of the location of the boundaries of the projectors for generating the attenuation and offset maps. Third, this compensates for the varying black level of the display. Finally, the correction is implemented in real time for OpenGL applications using the distributed rendering framework of Chromium.
Planetary Companions around Three Intermediate-Mass G and K Giants: 18 Delphini, ξ Aquilae, and HD 81688

We report on the detection of 3 new extrasolar planets from a precise Doppler survey of G and K giants at Okayama Astrophysical Observatory. The host stars, 18 Del (G6 III), � Aql (K0 III) and HD 81688 (K0 III–IV), are located in the clump region on the HR diagram with estimated masses of 2.1–2. 3Mˇ . 1 8 Del b has a minimum mass of 10:3MJ and resides in a nearly circular orbit with period of 993 d, which is the longest one around evolved stars. � Aq lb and HD 81688 b have minimum masses of 2.8 and 2.7MJ ,a nd reside in nearly circular orbits with periods of 137 and 184 d, respectively, which are the shortest ones around evolved stars. All of the substellar companions ever discovered around intermediate-mass (1.7–3.9Mˇ )c lump giants have semimajor axes larger than 0.68 AU, suggesting a lack of short-period planets. Our numerical calculations suggest that Jupiter-mass planets within about
Intangible Investment in Japan: New Estimates and Contribution to Economic Growth

The purpose of this paper is to measure intangible assets, to construct the capital stock of intangible assets, and to examine the contribution of intangible capital to economic growth in Japan. We follow the approach of Corrado, Hulten, and Sichel (2005, 2006) to measure intangible investment using the 2008 version of the Japan Industrial Productivity (JIP) Database. We find that the ratio of intangible investment to GDP in Japan has risen during the past 20 years and now stands at 11.6%, which is lower than the ratio estimated for the United States in the early 2000s. The ratio of intangible to tangible investment in Japan is also lower than equivalent values estimated for the United States. In addition, we find that, in stark contrast with the United States, where intangible capital grew rapidly in the late 1990s, the growth rate of intangible capital in Japan declined from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. In order to examine the robustness of our results, we also conducted a sensitivity analysis and found that the slowdown of the contribution of intangible capital deepening to economic growth and the recovery in Multi-Factor Productivity (MFP) growth from the second half of the 1990s observed in our base case remain unchanged even if we take on-the-job training and Japanese data with respect to investment in firm-specific resources into account.
Influence maximization through adaptive seeding

In this monograph we survey the adaptive seeding methodology for influence maximization. Influence maximization is the challenge of spreading information effectively through influential users in a social network. In many applications, one is restricted to select influencers from a set of users who engaged with the topic being promoted, and due to the structure of social networks, these users often rank low in terms of their influence potential. An alternative approach one can consider is an adaptive method which selects users in a manner which targets their influential neighbors. The advantage of such an approach is that it leverages the friendship paradox in social networks: while users are often not influential themselves, they know someone who is. Adaptive seeding is a two-stage stochastic optimization framework, designed to leverage the friendship paradox to seed high influential nodes. This framework encompasses a rich set of algorithmic challenges at the intersection of stochastic optimization and submodular optimization. We discuss this method here, along with algorithmic approaches, the friendship paradox in random graph models, and experiments on adaptive seeding.
An epigenetic induction of a right‐shift in hippocampal asymmetry: Selectivity for short‐ and long‐term potentiation but not post‐tetanic potentiation

In humans, it is well established that major psychological functions are asymmetrically represented between the left and right cerebral cortices. The developmental origin of such functional lateralization remains unknown. Using the rat as a model system, we examined whether exposing neonates briefly to a novel environment can differentially affect synaptic plasticity in the left and right hippocampi during adulthood. During the first 3 weeks of life, one half of the pups from a litter spent 3 min daily away from their familiar home environment (Novel) while their littermates remained in that familiar environment (Home). At adulthood (7‐months old), post‐tetanic potentiation (PTP) of excitatory post‐synaptic potentials (EPSPs), a very short‐lasting form of plasticity, was greater among the Novel than the Home rats in both left and right hippocampi. In contrast, the novelty‐induced increases in short‐ and long‐term potentiation (STP, LTP), two relatively longer‐lasting forms of plasticity, were found only in the right hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that a phase‐selective asymmetry in hippocampal synaptic plasticity can be induced epigenetically by seemingly small systematic differences in early life environment. The selectivity of this asymmetry for the longer‐lasting forms of synaptic plasticity suggests that the observed asymmetry in plasticity may contribute specifically to an asymmetric learning process which, in turn, may contribute to a functional asymmetry in the neocortex. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Neuronal Activation at Different Levels of Cognitive Load

The aim of this study was to investigate how alcohol intoxication at two blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) affected neuronal activation during increasing levels of cognitive load. For this purpose we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) together with a working memory n-back paradigm with three levels of difficulty. Twenty-five healthy male participants were scanned twice on two separate days. Participants in the control group (N=13) were scanned after drinking a soft-drink at both scanning sessions, while participants in the alcohol group (N=12) were scanned once after drinking an alcoholic beverage resulting in a BAC of 0.02%, and once after drinking an alcoholic beverage resulting in a BAC of 0.08%. A decrease in neuronal activation was seen in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and in the cerebellum in the alcohol group at the BAC of 0.08% when the participants performed the most demanding task. The dACC is important in cognitive control, working memory, response inhibition, decision making and in error monitoring. The results have revealed that the effect of alcohol intoxication on brain activity is dependent on BAC and of cognitive load.
Does the Use of Money Affect Results in Experimental Games? Comparing Cash and Betel Nut in Dictator and Ultimatum Games on New Ireland

Karl Franklin began working in Papua New Guinea in 1958 at a time when cash was a relatively new medium of exchange in the Highlands of the then-Territory of Papua New Guinea. Contemporary cross-cultural work in experimental economics relies on the use of cash, although there has been little effort to determine whether the use of an introduced medium such as cash produces results that are more a function of cash than of decisionmaking modules and strategies. This chapter is an account of su ch an effort. I administered two experimental games—Dictator and Ultimatum—among Sursurunga speakers of the province of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, using both cash and betel nut. The results suggest that cash, at least on New Ireland, can be used in experimental games such as Dictator and Ultimatum—which, by their nature, ar e intended to illuminate deeply-rooted exchange strategies—without significantly affecting the outcomes.
Garcinol Regulates EMT and Wnt Signaling Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo, Leading to Anticancer Activity against Breast Cancer Cells

Anticancer properties of Garcinia indica–derived garcinol are just beginning to be elucidated. We have earlier reported its cancer cell–specific induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells, which was mediated through the downregulation of NF-κB signaling pathway. To gain further mechanistic insight, here, we show for the first time that garcinol effectively reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), that is, it induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in aggressive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 breast cancer cells. This was associated with upregulation of epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulation of mesenchymal markers vimentin, ZEB-1, and ZEB-2. We also found that garcinol upregulates the expression of miR-200 and let-7 family microRNAs (miRNAs), which provides a molecular mechanism for the observed reversal of EMT to MET. Transfection of cells with NF-κB p65 subunit attenuated the effect of garcinol on apoptosis induction through reversal of MET to EMT. Forced transfection of p65 and anti–miR-200s could also reverse the inhibitory effect of garcinol on breast cancer cell invasion. Moreover, treatment with garcinol resulted in increased phosphorylation of β-catenin concomitant with its reduced nuclear localization. The results were also validated in vivo in a xenograft mouse model where garcinol was found to inhibit NF-κB, miRNAs, vimentin, and nuclear β-catenin. These novel findings suggest that the anticancer activity of garcinol against aggressive breast cancer cells is, in part, due to reversal of EMT phenotype, which is mechanistically linked with the deregulation of miR-200s, let-7s, NF-κB, and Wnt signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(10); 2193–201. ©2012 AACR.