Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lineage-specific effects of Notch/Numb signaling in post-embryonic development of the Drosophila brain

Numb can antagonize Notch signaling to diversify the fates of sister cells. We report here that paired sister cells acquire different fates in all three Drosophila neuronal lineages that make diverse types of antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs). Only one in each pair of postmitotic neurons survives into the adult stage in both anterodorsal (ad) and ventral (v) PN lineages. Notably, Notch signaling specifies the PN fate in the vPN lineage but promotes programmed cell death in the missing siblings in the adPN lineage. In addition, Notch/Numb-mediated binary sibling fates underlie the production of PNs and local interneurons from common precursors in the lAL lineage. Furthermore, Numb is needed in the lateral but not adPN or vPN lineages to prevent the appearance of ectopic neuroblasts and to ensure proper self-renewal of neural progenitors. These lineage-specific outputs of Notch/Numb signaling show that a universal mechanism of binary fate decision can be utilized to govern diverse neural sibling differentiations.
Time‐ and dose‐dependent analysis of gene expression using microarrays in sulfur mustard‐exposed mice

The chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM) produces blister formation with a severe inflammatory reaction in skin of exposed individuals. The development of efficacious countermeasures against SM vesication requires an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism of SM‐induced tissue injury. This study examined SM‐induced alterations in gene expression using Atlas Mouse 5K DNA microarrays (5002 genes) to identify transcriptional events associated with SM skin injury. Mice (N = 3) were exposed topically to SM (0.04, 0.08, and 0.16 mg; 48.8, 97.5, and 195 mM) on the inner surface of the right ear and skin tissues were harvested at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 h. Genes were selected based on the three mice in the same dose group demonstrating a ≥2‐fold increase or decrease in gene expression for the SM‐exposed tissue when compared to the dichloromethane vehicle control ear at all three doses and four time points. At the 0.04 mg SM dose, the genes observed were primarily involved in inflammation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. Exposure to 0.08 mg SM increased the expression of genes related to inflammation and cell cycle regulation. Exposure to 0.16 mg SM led to a total of six genes that were changed at all observed time periods; however, these genes do not appear to be directly influential in biological mechanisms such as inflammation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation as was observed at the lower SM doses of 0.04 and 0.08 mg. These functional categories have been observed in previous studies utilizing both in vivo and in vitro model systems of SM‐induced dermal injury, suggesting that molecular mechanisms associated with inflammation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation may be appropriate targets for developing prophylactic/therapeutic treatments for SM skin injury. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:300–312, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20047
Quality-of-life before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with intra-oral injection phobia

Abstract Objective. To evaluate quality-of-life (QoL), before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients diagnosed with intra-oral injection phobia according to DSM-IV and to compare with the general population. This study also aimed to evaluate if QoL was associated with self-reported injection anxiety, dental anxiety, time since last dental treatment and oral health. Materials and methods. Subjects were 55 patients (mean age 35.5 ± 12.2, 78.2% women) who participated in a treatment study in which 89% managed an intra-oral injection at 1 year follow-up. The patients completed a set of questionnaires including Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI), Injection Phobia Scale-Anxiety, Dental Anxiety Scale and a single-item question assessing self-perceived oral health. Objective measures of oral health and treatment needs were based on clinical examination. QOLI-scores from a non-clinical sample were used for comparison. Results. Before treatment the general and health specific QoL were lower among intra-oral injection phobics than in the non-clinical sample. At 1 year follow-up the QoL in general had improved significantly and was similar to that of the non-clinical sample. Poor self-reported oral health and long-term avoidance of dental treatment were associated with lower general and health-specific QoL. Self-reported injection anxiety and dental anxiety were not associated with QoL. Conclusions. Patients with intra-oral injection phobia report lower QoL compared with a general population. Phobia treatment seems to increase QoL to normative levels. Self-perceived poor oral health is associated with reduced QoL in these patients.
Tailoring therapies—improving the management of early breast cancer: St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2015

The 14th St Gallen International Breast Cancer Conference (2015) reviewed new evidence on locoregional and systemic therapies for early breast cancer. This manuscript presents news and progress since the 2013 meeting, provides expert opinion on almost 200 questions posed to Consensus Panel members, and summarizes treatment-oriented classification of subgroups and treatment recommendations.
A Psycholinguistically Motivated Version of TAG

We propose a psycholinguistically motivated version of TAG which is designed to model key properties of human sentence processing, viz., incrementality, connectedness, and prediction. We use findings from human experiments to motivate an incremental grammar formalism that makes it possible to build fully connected structures on a word-by-word basis. A key idea of the approach is to explicitly model the prediction of upcoming material and the subsequent verification and integration processes. We also propose a linking theory that links the predictions of our formalism to experimental data such as reading times, and illustrate how it can capture psycholinguistic results on the processing of either . or structures and relative clauses.
Vestibular Activation Habituates the Vasovagal Response in the Rat

Vasovagal syncope is a significant medical problem without effective therapy, postulated to be related to a collapse of baroreflex function. While some studies have shown that repeated static tilts can block vasovagal syncope, this was not found in other studies. Using anesthetized, male Long–Evans rats that were highly susceptible to generation of vasovagal responses, we found that repeated activation of the vestibulosympathetic reflex (VSR) with ±2 and ±3 mA, 0.025 Hz sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) caused incremental changes in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) that blocked further generation of vasovagal responses. Initially, BP and HR fell ≈20–50 mmHg and ≈20–50 beats/min (bpm) into a vasovagal response when stimulated with Sgv\S in susceptible rats. As the rats were continually stimulated, HR initially rose to counteract the fall in BP; then the increase in HR became more substantial and long lasting, effectively opposing the fall in BP. Finally, the vestibular stimuli simply caused an increase in BP, the normal sequence following activation of the VSR. Concurrently, habituation caused disappearance of the low-frequency (0.025 and 0.05 Hz) oscillations in BP and HR that must be present when vasovagal responses are induced. Habituation also produced significant increases in baroreflex sensitivity (p < 0.001). Thus, repeated low-frequency activation of the VSR resulted in a reduction and loss of susceptibility to development of vasovagal responses in rats that were previously highly susceptible. We posit that reactivation of the baroreflex, which is depressed by anesthesia and the disappearance of low-frequency oscillations in BP and HR are likely to be critically involved in producing resistance to the development of vasovagal responses. SGVS has been widely used to activate muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans and is safe and well tolerated. Potentially, it could be used to produce similar habituation of vasovagal syncope in humans.
Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs

Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends in early adulthood. Most commonly, adolescence is divided into three developmental periods: early adolescence (10–14 years of age), late adolescence (15–19 years of age), and young adulthood (20–24 years of age). Adolescence is marked by physical and sexual maturation, social and economic independence, development of identity, acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. Adolescence is characterized by a rapid pace of growth that is second only to that of infancy. Nutrition and the adolescent transition are closely intertwined, since eating patterns and behaviors are influenced by many factors, including peer influences, parental modeling, food availability, food preferences, cost, convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image. Here, we describe the physiology, metabolism, and nutritional requirements for adolescents and pregnant adolescents, as well as nutrition‐related behavior and current trends in adolescent nutrition. We conclude with thoughts on the implications for nutrition interventions and priority areas that would require further investigation.
Desires in Human Mating

Abstract: This chapter traces theoretical and empirical progress in the study of human mating over the past few decades. Early pre‐evolutionary formulations proposed that men and women were identical in their mating motivations. Most were simplistic, typically postulating a single motive for mating: the search for similarity, equity, or complementarity. Given the large sex differences in human reproductive biology, notably women bearing the burdens of internal fertilization and a greater obligatory parental investment, it would be extraordinarily unlikely that evolution by selection would fail to forge sex‐differentiated mating strategies. Empirical research over the past 15 years has robustly confirmed evolutionary predictions in the domains of desire for sexual variety, the importance of fertility cues, and the importance of resource‐provisioning. Recent work has revealed a hidden side of women's sexuality‐a desire for extra‐pair partners and the conditions under which this desire is expressed. We now have the theoretical and empirical outlines of an evolutionary formulation of human mating strategies.
334 MALONE What makes things fun to learn ?

First, a number of previous theories of intrinsic motivation are reviewed. Then, several studies of highly motivating computer games are described. These studies focus on what makes the games fun, not on what makes them educational. Finally, with this background, a rudimentary theory of intrin-sically motivating instruction is developed, based on three categories: challenge, fantasy, and curiosity. Challenge is hypothesized to depend on goals with uncertain outcomes. Several ways of making outcomes uncertain are discussed, including variable difficulty level, multiple level goals, hidden information, and randomness. Fantasy is claimed to have both cognitive and emotional advantages in designing instructional environments. A distinction is made between extrinsic fantasies that depend only weakly on the skill used in a game, and intrinsic fantasies that are intimately related to the use of the skill. Curiosity is separated into sensory and cognitive components, and it is suggested that cognitive curiosity can be aroused by making learners believe their knOwledge structures are incomplete, inconsistent, or unparsimonious. "'No compulsory learning can remain in the soul.ln teaching children, train them by a kind of game, and you will be able to see more clearly the natural bent of each. "" the other members of his reading committee for their extremely helpful suggestions and continued encouragement. for helpful suggestions at various stages of this project, Chris Rodriguez for help in performing the experiment in section 3, and the teachers and administrators who gave permission to interview and observe students in their schools.
PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism (rs1799768) contributes to tumor susceptibility: Evidence from meta-analysis

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), belonging to the urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system, is involved in cancer development and progression. The PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism was shown to contribute to genetic susceptibility to cancer, although the results were inconsistent. To assess this relationship more precisely, a meta-analysis was performed. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched; data were extracted and analyzed independently by two reviewers. Ultimately, 21 eligible case-control studies with a total of 8,415 cancer cases and 9,208 controls were included. The overall odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) showed a statistically significant association between the PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism and cancer risk (4G/4G vs. 5G/5G: OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.07–1.47, Pheterogeneity=0.001; 4G/4G vs. 4G/5G+5G/5G: OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.03–1.17, Pheterogeneity=0.194; 4G/4G+4G/5G vs. 5G/5G: OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.01–1.35, Pheterogeneity=0.041). In further subgroup analyses, the increased risk of cancer was observed in a subgroup of Caucasians with regards to endometrial cancer. Our meta-analysis suggests that the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism most likely contributes to susceptibility to cancer, particularly in Caucasians. Furthermore, the 4G allele may be associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer.
Squamous cell carcinoma of base of tongue in a patient with Fanconi's anemia treated with radiation therapy: Case report and review of literature

Fanconi's anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by congenital anomalies, progressive aplastic anemia, and a predisposition for malignancies. Solid tumors in the head and neck region, especially in the tongue, are rarely observed. Management of these patients is a challenge because of hematological complications and increased toxicities.
Determination of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in barley and canola meal for pigs with the direct, difference, and regression methods.

Three methods were evaluated for the determination of apparent ileal digestibility values of amino acids in feedstuffs with a low protein (barley, 10.2% CP) and a high protein content (canola meal, 38.2% CP). Five barrows, average initial BW 40 kg, were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and fed five diets according to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Diet 1 contained 42.7% canola meal providing the sole source of dietary amino acids. Diets 2, 3, and 4 contained three graded levels of barley (22.5, 45.0, and 67.5%, respectively) and three graded levels of canola meal (36.6, 30.5, and 24.4%, respectively). Diet 5 contained 90.0% barley, which provided the sole source of dietary amino acids. With the exception of diet 5, the diets were formulated to contain 16% CP. Chromic oxide (.4%) was included as the digestibility marker. The pigs were fed twice daily, equal amounts, at 0800 and 2000. The dietary allowance was 1,800 g/d. Each experimental period comprised 8 d. Ileal digesta were collected for a total of 24 h during d 7 and 8 at 2-h intervals. Apparent ileal digestibility values of amino acids in barley were determined with the direct method from diet 5, with the difference method from diets 2, 3, and 4, and with the regression method from diets 1, 2, 3, and 4. Digestibility values of amino acids in canola meal were determined with the direct method from diet 1, with the difference method from diets 2, 3, and 4, and with the regression method from diets 1, 2, 3, and 4. There were no differences (P < .05) in the digestibility values in barley between the difference method when barley was included at 67.5% in the diet and the regression method. However, the digestibility values were lower (P < .05 or < .10) when these were determined with the direct method. There were no differences (P > .05) in the digestibility values of canola meal when these were determined with the direct method, the difference method, when canola meal was included at 36.6% in the diet, and the regression method. In conclusion, amino acid digestibility values in feedstuffs with a low protein content should be determined with the difference or regression methods rather than with the direct method. Amino acid digestibility values in feedstuffs with a high protein content can be determined with either method.
The Effects of Double Gloving on Microsurgical Skills

Objective To determine whether double gloving would negatively affect participants’ ability to perform a simulated microsurgical task. Study Design Randomized single-blinded controlled crossover trial. Setting Temporal bone laboratory of an academic otolaryngology department. Subjects and Methods This study involved the simulated insertion of a stapes prosthesis into a model of the ossicular chain under microscopy. Forty-one participants were recruited from our medical and dental school and randomized into 2 groups. All groups began by performing the task without gloves, acting as their own control arm. The first group (A) then performed the task with a single pair of gloves while the second group (B) next performed the task with 2 pairs of gloves. The groups then switched gloving methods. The total time taken to perform the task was recorded for each participant and the results subjected to a series of statistical measures. Results This study found a statistically significant difference in the average time taken to complete the task between the “no-glove” arm of the study and both experimental groups but no difference between the 2 experimental groups. Likewise, no significant difference was found between the 2 experimental groups when comparing the rate at which they improved at performing the task. Conclusion These data suggest that wearing 2 pairs of surgical gloves does not negatively affect the speed at which a microsurgical procedure may be performed, lending support to the practice of double gloving, even in the setting of microsurgical fine motor tasks.
Neuroactive steroids and anxiety disorders.

The classic mechanism of action of steroid hormones involves binding to their respective intracellular receptors, which act as transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression. The ensuing effects, described as the genomic effects of steroids, are relatively slow. Evidence that some steroids, through interaction with certain neurotransmitter receptors, can alter neuronal excitability at the cell surface has led to the description of the rapid membrane effects of steroids. The term “neuroactive steroid” (NAS) has been coined for steroids with these particular properties.1 Diverse mechanisms for rapid steroid effects have now been described, and the nongenomic effects of NASs may involve γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, glutamate receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, sigma receptors, 5-HT3 receptors, or voltage- or non-voltage-gated calcium channels. These various mechanisms are reportedly involved in functions as diverse as sleep, anxiety, seizure activity, aggressive behaviour, response to stress, and neuronal regeneration and protection, as well as in learning and memory.2
Combining sparse NMF with deep neural network: A new classification-based approach for speech enhancement

In this work, we consider enhancing a target speech from a single-channel noisy observation corrupted by non-stationary noises at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). We take a classification-based approach, where the objective is to estimate an Ideal Binary Mask (IBM) that classifies each time-frequency (T-F) unit of the noisy observation into one of the two categories: speech-dominant unit or noise-dominant unit. The estimated mask is used to binary weight the noisy mixture to obtain the enhanced speech. In the proposed system, the sparse non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is used to extract features from the noisy observation, followed by a Deep Neural Network (DNN) for classification. Compared with several existing classification-based systems, the proposed system uses minimal speech-specific domain knowledge, but is able to achieve better performance in certain low SNR regions. Moreover, the proposed system outperforms the traditional statistical method, especially in terms of improving the intelligibility.
Sweet Sorghum: Agronomic Evaluation and Potential Application for Australian Agro-Industry

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Anxiolytic premedication reduces preoperative anxiety and pain during oocyte retrieval. A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND The role of anxiolytic premedication remains unclear and significant postoperative side-effects may result from routine use. METHODS In this double-blinded study, 100 infertile patients were randomized on the day of ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval (TUGOR) by a computer-generated randomization list in sealed envelopes to receive either (i) 50 mg pethidine and 25 mg promethazine (premedication group) or (ii) normal saline (placebo group) i.m. 30 min prior to TUGOR. Anxiety level, pain levels and severity of postoperative side-effects were recorded. RESULTS No differences were seen in demographic data, TUGOR duration, number of follicles punctured and clinical outcome. Preoperative anxiety level was significantly higher than the basal anxiety level in the placebo group only. The vaginal and abdominal pain levels during TUGOR and 4 h after TUGOR were significantly higher in the placebo group than the premedication group. Significantly more patients complained of drowsiness after TUGOR in the premedication group than the placebo group and other side-effects were comparable in both groups. CONCLUSION Routine use of anxiolytic premedication prevented an increase of preoperative anxiety level, reduced pain levels during oocyte retrieval but was associated with a higher percentage of moderate/severe drowsiness in the postoperative period.