Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Medical Versus Surgical Management for Emphysematous Pancreatic Necrosis: Is Gas Within Pancreatic Necrosis an Absolute Indication for Surgery?

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pancreatic necrosis with presence of gas is an absolute indication for surgery or if there is a possibility for the medical management of this pathology. Methods This study is a retrospective study including 56 patients with diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis and gas on computed tomography from April 2003 to March 2011. We recorded all the factors related to each group of treatment, including APACHE II score, C-reactive protein level, Tomographic Severity Index, organ and multiorgan failure, and infected necrosis after fine-needle puncture, to evaluate the differences between surgical and medical treatment. Results Thirty-six (64%) of these patients were submitted to surgery, whereas 20 (36%) were managed conservatively. Twenty-eight patients (78%) who underwent surgery had infected necrosis. Thirty-five percent of the patients (7 patients) in the medical group had organ failure versus 83% of the patients in the surgical group. Conclusions Pancreatic necrosis with gas on computed tomography is a relative indication for surgery. Medical management is a feasible and safe possibility for this pathology in selected cases. The presence of organ failure and infected necrosis often precludes a surgical treatment.
The Study on Predictors of Addictive Personality in Adolescents

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of addictive personality in adolescents. Methods: The participants were 521 adolescents. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, which were constructed to include personal-familial variables and psychosocial variables. Data were analyzed with the PASW 18.0 programs. Results: The significant predictors of addictive personality in adolescents were school type, parental violent behavior, gender, self-control, impulsivity, and sensation seeking behavior. These personalfamilial variables and psychological variables explained 64.1% of the variance in addictive personality. Conclusion: These results suggest that addictive personality in adolescents can be changed positively by reducing impulsivity and sensation seeking behavior and increasing self-control.
Simulating heat transport of harmonic temperature signals in the Earth's shallow subsurface: Lower‐boundary sensitivities

We assess the sensitivity of a subsurface thermodynamic model to the depth of its lower‐boundary condition. Analytic solutions to the one‐dimensional thermal diffusion equation demonstrate that boundary conditions imposed at shallow depths (2–20 m) corrupt the amplitudes and phases of propagating temperature signals. The presented solutions are for: 1) a homogeneous infinite half‐space driven by a harmonic surface‐temperature boundary condition, and 2) a homogeneous slab with a harmonic surface‐temperature boundary condition and zero‐flux lower‐boundary condition. Differences between the amplitudes and phases of the two solutions range from 0 to almost 100%, depending on depth, frequency and subsurface thermophysical properties. The implications of our results are straightforward: the corruption of subsurface temperatures can affect model assessments of soil microbial activity, vegetation changes, freeze‐thaw cycles, and hydrologic dynamics. It is uncertain, however, whether the reported effects will have large enough impacts on land‐atmosphere fluxes of water and energy to affect atmospheric simulations.
The role of dust in active and passive low-metallicity star formation

We investigate the role of dust in star formation activity of extremely metal-poor blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs). Observations suggest that star formation in BCDs occurs in two different regimes: "active" and "passive". The "active" BCDs host super star clusters (SSCs), and are characterised by compact size, rich H2 content, large dust optical depth, and high dust temperature; the "passive" BCDs are more diffuse with cooler dust, and lack SSCs and large amounts of H2. By treating physical processes concerning formation of stars and dust, we are able to simultaneously reproduce all the above properties of both modes of star formation (active and passive). We find that the difference between the two regimes can be understood through the variation of the "compactness" of the star-forming region: an "active" mode emerges if the region is compact (with radius 500 cm −3 ). The dust, supplied from Type II supernovae in a compact star-forming region, effectively reprocesses the heating photons into the infrared and induces a rapid H2 formation over a period of several Myr. This explains the high infrared luminosity, high dust temperature, and large H2 content of active BCDs. Moreover, the gas in "active" galaxies cools ( 100 pc and gas number density <100 cm −3 ). We finally discuss primordial star formation in high-redshift galaxies in the context of the "active" and "passive" star formation scenario.
Strategies for teaching religion in colleges of education

The revised norms and standards for teacher education requires an understanding of the beliefs, values and practices of the main religions of South Africa. However, many preservice teachers have emerged from backgrounds of monoreligious education, or from schools where Religious education was discarded from the curriculum. This situation implies that pre-service teachers may lack the knowledge and skills to cope within a religiously pluralist school environment. This study argues therefore that the attitudes and perceptions of pre-service teachers towards Religious education in particular and religions in general will be positively influenced by means of a programme of intervention. The main aim of this study is to examine strategies for teaching religion to pre-service teachers to equip them for the religious and cultural diversity of South African classrooms. F euerstein' s theory of Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) is examined as a vehicle for initiating new and creative ways of thinking about religions. Ten criteria for MLE are implemented within a context of co-operative small group learning on the grounds that learning about religions should take place in a constructivist paradigm. The potential influence of a tutor/mediator on the perceptions and attitudes of pre-service teachers towards religions other than their own is therefore a significant theme in this study. The influence of a programme of intervention on student attitudes towards religion and Religious education was determined within an action-enquiry research model. The empirical research indicates that active participation in the learning process not only enhanced student participants' knowledge and understanding of religious concepts, but also fostered the value of an unbiased, positive approach to the study of religions. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
Breaking Post-War Ice: Open Fun Football Schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In recent years, many scholars have examined how sports in general, and football in particular, influence identity and social relations in different parts of the world. A complicated picture emerges: in some situations sport contributes to social harmony, and in others it feeds conflict. In spite of this ambiguity, many still have strong faith in sport’s potential for mending social cleavages. This faith is not a new one. For centuries governments and leaders have used sport as a tool to overcome old divisions and mould new identities; the idea that sport can foster peace between nations has been enshrined in the Olympic concept. What is new is how the international community is recasting the strategy to fit current problems, identifying sport as an important element of civil society and adopting it as a tool within international peacebuilding strategies. A growing number of programmes are designed to use sport to strengthen links between polarized communities, and are funded by international organizations. Making ideals fit reality is often quite a challenge. Peace can be a complicated matter, and the tools of sport are not always user-friendly. A survey of initiatives to foster peace through sport produces a number of examples of good intentions gone awry. For those responsible in planning, implementing, or funding programmes that are intended to help integrate divided communities, or to promote peace in other ways, these failures raise important questions: How do you know whether a ‘peace-building through sport’ programme is really building peace? Which strategies work, under what conditions? How do you prevent peace-building through sport initiatives from being derailed and actually contributing to inter-group tension? What are the warning signs, and how might these be effectively challenged? In short, exactly what are the best usages of the tools that sport can offer, if one wants to foster the peaceful co-existence of hostile groups? While much has been written on a theoretical level about different aspects of the intersection of sport
Processing of emotional adjectives: Evidence from startle EMG and ERPs.

Affective startle modulation in the electromyographic (EMG), auditory startle evoked potentials, and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were assessed while subjects evaluated pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral adjectives. Acoustic startle probes were presented at random time points 2.5-4.0 s after word onset. The visual P2 and P3 potentials were generally larger during processing of emotional than of neutral adjectives. In contrast, the late positive component was enhanced and was correlated with larger EMG startle responses and auditory startle evoked potential P3 amplitudes for pleasant words only. During internal cognitive activity, the startle reflex represents a measure of "processing interrupt. " Thus the startle tone interrupted processing of particularly pleasant adjectives and caused re-alerting to environmental stimuli. Specific effects for pleasant material may arise from a "positivity offset," favoring responses to pleasant material at lower arousal levels.
Multicultural organizations: Common language and group cohesiveness

There is growing evidence that the use and management of language have important implications in international organizations. However, still only few empirical studies have been conducted in this theoretical field. Especially there has been a lack of quantitative insights into how language affects group processes and group performance in multicultural organizations. This paper outlines the results from a questionnaire directed electronically towards members of academic multicultural departments in Denmark. Results showed that consistency in English management communication was the dominating factor with strong relationships with all of the three investigated group cohesiveness variables: group involvement, group conflict and group trust. Communication frequency and English personal communication had an association with some of the group cohesiveness variables but not with all of them. The number of languages spoken did not have a relationship with any of the group cohesiveness variables. Since there are no similar large-scale studies on international language management, the findings may be of considerable theoretical and practical importance. Implications of these findings are discussed in detail. Organisations multiculturelles : langage commun et cohésion de groupe Jakob Lauring & Jan Selmer Il y a de plus en plus de preuves comme quoi l’utilisation et la gestion du langage ont des implications importantes pour les organisations internationales. Cependant, seules quelques études empiriques ont été menées sur ce champ théorique. Plus particulièrement, il y a un manque de points de vue quantitatifs sur les façons dont le langage a des effets sur la performance de groupe dans des organisations multiculturelles. Cet article dresse les conclusions d’un questionnaire électronique adressé aux membres de départements universitaires multiculturels au Danemark. Les résultats montrent que la constance de la communication en anglais, lorsqu’il s’agit de management, est le facteur dominant et qu’il y a des relations fortes entre les trois variables de cohésion de groupe sujettes de l’étude : implication du groupe, conflit au sein du groupe, confiance au sein du groupe. La fréquence de la communication personnelle en anglais est associée à certaines des variables de cohésion de groupe, mais pas toutes. Le nombre de langues parlées n’a aucune relation avec ces variables. Etant donné qu’il n’y a aucune étude à grande échelle sur la gestion du langage dans un contexte international, ces conclusions peuvent revêtir une importance considérable, tant du point de vue de la théorie que de la pratique. Les implications de ces conclusions sont étudiées dans le détail.
Promoting well‐being by changing behaviour: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the effectiveness of whole secondary school behavioural interventions

This paper reports on a systematic review of the published literature on the effectiveness of whole‐school behavioural interventions, which aim to promote emotional and social well‐being among young people in secondary education. The findings are based on 27 studies of varying designs with some limitations. The results suggest that the literature is not well developed, and has a substantial skew towards interventions conducted in the United States. However, it does suggest that conflict resolution training is successful in promoting pro‐social behaviours in the short term, and that the use of peer mediators may be effective for longer‐term outcomes. The evidence relating to preventing bullying and disruptive behaviour is more varied, with evidence of mixed effectiveness being identified for the roles of the community, teachers, young people, external agencies and parents.
Emotional and antisocial outcomes of bullying and victimization at school: a follow‐up from childhood to adolescence

Purpose – Although school bullying is an important social problem, its long‐term relation to mental health and behavioural outcomes is rarely investigated. The purpose of this paper is to address the relation between bullying in childhood and behavioural and emotional problems in adolescence.Design/methodology/approach – Bullying and victimization were assessed in a sample of 557 German children (mean age 9 years). Nearly five years later anxious, depressive, delinquent, aggressive and other outcomes were assessed via self‐ and mother‐reports. Data analyses contained bivariate correlations and hierarchical regressions in which family and individual risk factors (measured two years before bullying/victimization) were controlled.Findings – It was found that there were mostly small, but highly significant correlations between bullying perpetration and later antisocial behaviour. Among girls, bullying also predicted later symptoms of anxiety, depression and social withdrawal. The same was the case for victimi.
Combinatorial families that are exponentially far from being listable in Gray code sequence

Let S(n) be a collection of subsets of {1, . , n}. In this paper we study numerical obstructions to the existence of orderings of S(n) for which the cardinalities of successive subsets satisfy congruence conditions. Gray code orders provide an example of such orderings. We say that an ordering of S(n) is a Gray code order if successive subsets differ by the adjunction or deletion of a single element of {1, . , n}. The cardinalities of successive subsets in a Gray code order must alternate in parity. It follows that if d(S(n)) is the difference between the number of elements of S(n) having even (resp. odd) cardinality, then |d(S(n))| − 1 is a lower bound for the cardinality of the complement of any subset of S(n) which can be listed in Gray code order. For g ≥ 2, the collection B(n, g) of g-blockfree subsets of {1, . , n} is defined to be the set of all subsets S of {1, . , n} such that |a − b| ≥ g if a, b ∈ S and a 6= b. We will construct a Gray code order for B(n, 2). In contrast, for g > 2 we find the precise (positive) exponential growth rate of d(B(n, g)) with n as n →∞. This implies B(n, g) is far from being listable in Gray code order if n is large. Analogous results for other kinds of orderings of subsets of B(n, g) are proved using generalizations of d(B(n, g)) . However, we will show that for all g, one can order B(n, g) so that successive elements differ by the adjunction and/or deletion of an integer from {1, . , n}. We show that, over an A-letter alphabet, the words of length n which contain no block of k consecutive letters cannot, in general, be listed so that successive words differ by a single letter. However, if k > 2 and A > 2 or if k = 2 and A > 3, such a listing is always possible.
[Effect of combination of docosahexaenoic acid and fluorouracil on human gastric carcinoma cell strain MGC803].

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the combination of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and fluorouracil (FU) on human gastric carcinoma cell strain MGC803 in vitro. METHODS The influences of DHA and FU alone or in combination on cell proliferation was detected using MTT assay. Dose of median (Dm) of drugs (alone or in combination) and the combination index (CI) were calculated using the combination index equation of Chou-Talalay. Cell cycle were examined using flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis was determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining method. The expression of apoptosis-related protein was detected using Western blot. RESULTS DHA significantly inhibited the growth of MGC803, and low-dose DHA induced the proliferation of human embryonic lung fibroblast (P < 0.05). DHA remarkably strengthened the inhibitive effect of FU on the growth of MGC803, and decreased the Dm of FU by 3.6-2.5 folds (P < 0.05). When the inhibitory ratio reached 30%, the combination of DHA and FU showed synergism (CI < 1) and significant G(0)/G(1) arrest (vs FU, P < 0.05). DHA increased the apoptosis-inducing effect of FU and upregulated the cleaved-caspase-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS DHA can inhibit the growth of MGC803. When combined with FU, DHA has synergetic effect in inhibiting the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and meanwhile decrease the dose of FU.
TOR complex 2 (TORC2) in Dictyostelium suppresses phagocytic nutrient capture independently of TORC1-mediated nutrient sensing

The TOR protein kinase functions in two distinct complexes, TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and 2 (TORC2). TORC1 is required for growth in response to growth factors, nutrients and the cellular energy state; TORC2 regulates AKT signaling, which can modulate cytoskeletal polarization. In its ecological niche, Dictyostelium engulf bacteria and yeast for nutrient capture. Despite the essential role of TORC1 in control of cellular growth, we show that nutrient particle capture (phagocytosis) in Dictyostelium is independent of TORC1-mediated nutrient sensing and growth regulation. However, loss of Dictyostelium TORC2 components Rictor/Pia, SIN1/RIP3 and Lst8 promotes nutrient particle uptake; inactivation of TORC2 leads to increased efficiency and speed of phagocytosis. In contrast to phagocytosis, we show that macropinocytosis, an AKT-dependent process for cellular uptake of fluid phase nutrients, is not regulated by either of the TOR complexes. The integrated and balanced regulation of TORC1 and TORC2 might be crucial in Dictyostelium to coordinate growth and energy needs with other essential TOR-regulated processes.
Mediated Orality: The Role of Popular Music in the Changing Tradition of Children's Musical Play

Children's musical play traditions are frequently perceived to be threatened by the influences of the media and popular music. This article maintains that mediated popular music forms a part of the oral transmission process which characterises children's musical play. Specific reference is made to children's playground singing games in which children's creative manipulation of material derived from popular music forms is discussed. Such uses are seen to empower children and to reinforce play traditions, rather than dissipate them.
Differences in the metabolic and hormonal response to exercise between racing cyclists and untrained individuals.

1. Six well‐trained cyclists and six untrained subjects were studied during and immediately after four successive 7 min periods of exercise at 30, 45, 60 and 75% of their maximal work capacity. 2. Venous blood samples were taken at rest, at the end of each exercise period and 5 min following the end of exercise, for estimation of metabolites in blood and plasma insulin, growth hormone, cortisol and catecholamines. 3. The results showed significant differences in the mobilization and utilization of muscle fuels between the athletically fit cyclists and the untrained group. In the cyclists, glucose, glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations were higher, but lactate, pyruvate and alanine were lower than in the untrained subjects during exercise. 4. Plasma catecholamines rose in both groups during exercise but the rise was significantly less in the racing cyclists. Plasma insulin was depressed to a greater extent in the untrained subjects during exercise and plasma glucagon rose to a greater extent during strenuous exercise and remained elevated after the end of exercise in the untrained group. Plasma human growth hormone rose to a greater extent during exercise and remained elevated after the end of exercise in the untrained group. Plasma cortisol fell at low and moderate exercise rates in both groups, but to a smaller extent in the cyclists. Cortisol values rose at higher workloads and were significantly higher in the cyclists at the end of exercise. 5. It is concluded that there are significant differences in the metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise between athletically trained and untrained individuals, even when the physically fit subjects work at the same percentage of their maximal capacity as the unfit subjects.
New Perspectives on European Marriage in the Nineteenth Century

In recent years, the research inspired by John Hajnal's hypothesis concerning European marriage has been followed by work on the balance between population and resources and on the prevalence of the nuclear family in Europe. These new directions have raised questions about the Hajnal hypothesis and a number of them are dealt with by the articles in the present collection.
Balancing asymmetrical load using a static var compensator

Power electronic controllers are employed in the transmission and distribution levels of the power systems. In transmission level applications, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers, consist of shunt and series static compensators, are applied for power flow control, stability enhancement, voltage regulation and power oscillation damping. A Static Var Compensator (SVC) is a shunt-connected FACTS controller that is able to exchange reactive power with the power system in a controlled way. The SVC can be used for load balancing applications to reduce negative sequence components in the network to an acceptable level. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the dynamic performance of the SVC negative sequence controller. The benefits of the SVC negative sequence controller and characteristics is presented. The simulation illustrates that the SVC allows utilities to balance asymmetrical loads to mitigate the network negative sequence components.