Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Estrogen Receptor β in Lung Cancer: Expression and Survival Differences by Sex

Purpose: A role for estrogens in determining lung cancer risk and prognosis is suggested by reported sex differences in susceptibility and survival. Archival lung tissue was evaluated for the presence of nuclear estrogen receptor (ER)-α and ER-β and the relationship between ER status, subject characteristics, and survival. Experimental Design: Paraffin-embedded lung tumor samples were obtained from 214 women and 64 men from two population-based, case-control studies as were 10 normal lung autopsy samples from patients without cancer. Nuclear ER-α and ER-β expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with ER positivity and Cox proportional hazards models were used to measure survival differences by ER status. Results: Neither tumor (0 of 94) nor normal (0 of 10) lung tissue stained positive for ER-α. Nuclear ER-β positivity was present in 61% of tumor tissue samples (170 of 278; 70.3% in men and 58.3% in women) and 20% of normal tissue samples (2 of 10; P = 0.01). In multivariate analyses, females were 46% less likely to have ER-β–positive tumors than males (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-1.08). This relationship was stronger and statistically significant in adenocarcinomas (odds ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.89). Women with ER-β–positive tumors had a nonsignificant 73% (P = 0.1) increase in mortality, whereas men with ER-β–positive tumors had a significant 55% (P = 0.04) reduction in mortality compared with those with ER-β–negative tumors. Conclusions: This study suggests differential expression by sex and influence on survival in men of nuclear ER-β in lung cancer, particularly in adenocarcinomas.
Part-time employment in Hong Kong: a gendered phenomenon?

In recent years, part-time employment in Hong Kong has grown considerably. Unlike Western industrialized countries where women play an overwhelming role in this form of employment, in Hong Kong a large proportion (44 per cent) of part-time workers are male. This study addresses the extent, patterns and trends in part-time employment in Hong Kong. In addition, it examines gender differences (such as age pattern, marital status, sectoral and occupational distribution) in this form of employment. Statistical analysis of survey data reveals that certain socio-demographic variables have differential effects on participation in part-time work for men and women. Finally, practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
When is a Coinsurance-Type Insurance Policy Inferior or Even Giffen?

This article derives the necessary and sufficient conditions for a coinsurance-type insurance policy covering a particular risk to be inferior and to be Giffen. Mossin's decreasing absolute risk aversion assumption for insurance to be inferior is avoided. The result generalizes Hoy and Robson and Briys, Dionne, and Eeckhoudt's results to the case with a continuum of states and relaxes their assumption of constant relative risk aversion. It is shown that knowledge about the distribution of risk can be used to relax assumptions on an utility function for a coinsurance-type insurance policy to be inferior and to be Giffen.
New Evidence on the Excess Smoothness of Consumption

The purpose of this paper is to revisit the evidence on the excess smoothness of consumption within the perma- nent income model, by using recently available monthly data. Two formulations of the univariate process of personal dis- posable income are adopted: in the levels and in the log-levels. More than one sample is studied. Three different impacts are defined and measured. In theory, the three of them should be equal. The conclusion that is strongly supported is that these three impacts are significantly different from each other, implying that excess smoothness is still a feature of the data. However a weak version of the permanent income hypothesis is endorsed which is that consumption changes by the annuity value of revised expectations of future income. In other terms, permanent income innovations have a significant, although relatively small, effect on consumption.
What Affects Innovation More: Policy or Policy Uncertainty?

Motivated by a theoretical model, we examine for 43 countries whether it is policy or policy uncertainty that affects technological innovation more. Innovation activities, measured by patent-based proxies, are not, on average, affected by which policy is in place. Innovation activities, however, drop significantly during times of policy uncertainty measured by national elections. The drop is greater for more influential innovations (citations in the right tail, exploratory rather than exploitative innovations) and for innovation-intensive industries. We use close presidential elections and ethnic fractionalization to address endogeneity concerns. We uncover the mechanism underlying the main result by showing that the number of patenting inventors decreases with policy uncertainty. Political compromise, we conclude, encourages innovation.
VLF radio signal anomalies associated with strong earthquakes

The VLF (Very Low Frequency) radio signal receiving network of Russian Alpha radio navigation system has been established in China since 2010. We applied a quartile-based method to study the variations of VLF signal propagation before the M≥6.0 shallow earthquakes in the network. Results found that possible anomalies occurred around the two strong earthquakes, 2010 M7.1 Yushu and 2013 M7.0 Lushan earthquake, respectively. For earthquakes with magnitude 5.0≥M≥7.0, such anomalies are not detected. Preliminary statistical analysis with Dst and Kp indices show that there exists a good correlation between geomagnetic storms and VLF propagation anomaly.
A Voice for Children and Young People in the City

Abstract A major challenge for researchers and urban planning practitioners is how to obtain meaningful and influential contributions on urban and environmental planning activities from children and young people within the constraints of adult policy and practice. The key elements of this challenge concern traditional methods of communication between ‘experts’ and children and young people in rationalist planning settings, versus emerging research in relation to children's and young people's views and agency around civic participation. This article will address the work of a number of researchers and practitioners who have grappled with the inherent tenions of making planning practice and urban design more inclusionary, while facilitating and respecting children and young people's civic participation. This article also advocates the advantages and strengths of their participation in planning and urban design processes.With a focus on two exploratory programs developed by the authors in the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria, this article will demonstrate how the sharing of knowledge and skills between planning and design professionals and children and young people can lead to more meaningful and influential contributions from them. The programs examined were informed by leading practice both in Australia and internationally, and have assisted to develop children and young people's sense of spatial competence, and their confidence and efficacy in their local environment, contributing ultimately to their wellbeing. They have also supported the establishment of youth leadership groups with the confidence and skills to contribute to ongoing local government urban and environmental planning activities.
Volatility spillovers in commodity markets

This article investigates volatility spillovers in commodity markets by following the methodology pioneered in Diebold and Yilmaz (2012). By using a broad data set during 1995–2012, we address three key research questions: are there volatility spillovers within commodities? between standard assets and commodities? between commodities and commodity currencies? The main results indicate first that commodities exhibit weaker than other asset classes volatility spillovers. These spillovers have, however, been increasing over the period. Second, agricultural commodities are the commodities exhibiting the lowest spillovers, whereas precious metals and energy are the biggest net contributors. In a diversified portfolio, including commodities – and especially agricultural products – helps decreasing the total spillover index. This stylized fact has, however, been less and less valid over the years. Third, some currencies are more responsive than others to commodity volatility spillovers.
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST? AN ANALYSIS OF SELF- EMPLOYMENT DURATION IN BRITAIN*

This paper uses data from the British Household Panel Survey to investigate the duration of self-employment spells in Britain. The results suggest that 40 percent of self-employment ventures started since 1991 have not survived their first year in business. Evidence is produced showing that a substantial proportion of self-employment spells are not terminated through bankruptcy but through moves to alternative employment. The fittest, in terms of self-employment survival, are those with no previous unemployment experience but with some work experience, who quit their previous job, and who entered self-employment with some initial capital.
Measuring Transaction Costs for Pastoralists in Multiple Land Use Situations: Reindeer Husbandry in Northern Sweden

Analysis of transaction costs in multiple land use situations is helpful in policymaking and land use management, especially in natural resource management situations where interdependence prevails. By using reindeer herding–forestry land use management as an example, the aim of this study is to analyze transaction costs among stakeholders in a comanagement situation. The results demonstrate that a key variable driving transaction costs is the presence of a “land use plan for reindeer husbandry,” which is an interesting paradox as reindeer herders pursue the development of these land use plans even though this drives their transaction costs. (JEL D7, Q23)
Extended Games Played by Managerial Firms

The issue of timing is addressed in a game between managerial firms. The choice over timing can be taken either by managers or by entrepreneurs. It is shown that (i) delegation drastically modifies the owners' preferences concerning the distribution of roles, as compared to the setting where firms act as pure profitmaximizers; and (ii) the ability of moving first in the market game entails that, at least observationally, the owner of the leading firm prefers not to delegate. I show that the choice of the timing by managers entails the same profit owners would achieve by specifying the timing in the delegation contract.
Understanding Equity Option Prices

Principal component analysis of equity options on Dow-Jones …rms reveals a strong factor structure. The …rst principal component explains 66% of the variation in equity volatility level, 65% of the variation in the equity option skew and 61% of the implied volatility term structure across equities. Furthermore, the …rst principal component has an 88% correlation with S&P500 index option volatility, an 83% correlation with the index option skew, and a 66% correlation with the index option term structure. Based on these …ndings we develop an equity option valuation model that captures the cross-sectional market factor structure as well as stochastic volatility through time. The model assumes a Heston (1993) style stochastic volatility model for the market return but additionally allows for stochastic idiosyncratic volatility for each …rm. The model delivers theoretical predictions consistent with the empirical …ndings in Duan and Wei (2009). We provide a tractable approach for estimating the model on index and equity option data. The model provides a good …t to a large panel of options on stocks in the Dow-Jones index.
Durable Goods Monopoly with Quality Improvements and a Continuum of Consumer Types

We consider a two-period durable-goods monopoly model with a continuum of consumer types. In period two the monopolist launches a higher quality version of the product. We evaluate both closed and open resale markets. When consumers cannot trade their old units, the subgame perfect equilibrium exhibits a rich pattern of transactions and prices as a function of the quality improvement parameter θ. Due to the inability to commit, profits are decreasing in θ for values close to the initial quality. When consumers can trade on a competitive resale market, there is a subtle interaction between the firm’s pricing and the resale price. Profits are typically (but not always) higher with, rather than without, an open resale market. In the resale market the volume of transactions is not monotonic in θ yet the resale price is always falling with the quality of the new good. In contrast with the the literature, a monopolist that can commit to future sales prices will not achieve the renter’s profits.
Pharmacokinetics of Bacampicillin Compared with Those of Ampicillin, Pivampicillin, and Amoxycillin

Bacampicillin, a new oral prodrug which in vivo is rapidly transformed to ampicillin, was compared with ampicillin, pivampicillin, and amoxycillin in a randomized cross-over study on 11 healthy volunteers. All drugs were given in oral doses equimolar to 400 mg of bacampicillin (800 μmol). The mean of the individual peak concentrations in serum was 8.3 μg/ml for bacampicillin, 7.1 μg/ml for pivampicillin, 7.7 μg/ml for amoxycillin, and 3.7 μg/ml for ampicillin. Furthermore, bacampicillin had a higher absorption rate than all the other drugs, although there were statistically significant differences only versus ampicillin. The peak serum levels of the individual subjects were more dispersed with ampicillin and amoxycillin, suggesting a more uniform absorption of bacampicillin and pivampicillin. The relative bioavailability of bacampicillin and pivampicillin was comparable, whereas ampicillin was only 2/3 that of the others.
Eighteen-month results of a randomized prospective study comparing transurethral photoselective vaporization with transvesical open enucleation for prostatic adenomas greater than 80 cc.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST None Take Home Message: This is a prospective randomized study showing that for large prostatic adenomas, photoselective vaporization of the prostate requires less blood transfusions, shorter catheterization time and shorter hospital stay compared to open prostatectomy, while achieving similar functional results at the same time. AIM The effectiveness and the safety of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) was compared to that of open prostatectomy (OP) for the surgical treatment of large prostatic adenomas. METHODS 125 patients with prostate glands>80 ml, were randomly allocated to PVP (n=65) or OP (n=60) and prospectively evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively. International prostate symptom score (IPSS) and peak urinary flow rate (Qmax) were chosen as primary treatment-related endpoints. RESULTS Longer length of operation time, shorter length of catheterization and hospital stay were experienced by patients who underwent PVP. Although patients who underwent OP showed a higher transfusion rate, adverse events in general were minor and of similar profile in both groups. All functional parameters improved significantly compared to baseline values in both groups. There was no difference in IPSS between the two groups at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively. Patients who underwent OP scored better in the IPSS-Quality of life score at 18 months postoperatively. At 18 months there were no significant differences between the two groups in the Qmax, post void residual urine volume and in the International Index for Erectile function-5 questionnaire. At three months prostate volume was significantly lower in the OP group and remained as such throughout follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that for an 18 month period photoselective vaporization of the prostate is a highly acceptable treatment alternative to open prostatectomy.
Yoga as part of a package of care versus standard care for schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND Yoga is an ancient spiritual practice that originated in India and is currently accepted in the Western world as a form of relaxation and exercise. It has been of interest for people with schizophrenia to determine the efficacy of yoga delivered as a package of care versus standard care. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of yoga as a package of care versus standard care. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (latest 30 March 2017) which is based on regular searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, BIOSS, AMED, PsychINFO, and registries of clinical trials. We searched the references of all included studies. There are no language, date, document type, or publication status limitations for inclusion of records in the register. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including people with schizophrenia comparing yoga as a package of care with standard-care control. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The review authors independently selected studies, quality rated these, and extracted data. For binary outcomes, we calculated risk difference (RD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), on an intention-to-treat (ITT) basis. For continuous data, we estimated the mean difference (MD) between groups and its CI. We employed mixed-effect and fixed-effect models for analysis. We examined heterogeneity (I2 technique), assessed risk of bias for included studies, and created a 'Summary of findings' table using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). MAIN RESULTS Three studies are included in this review. All outcomes were short term (less than eight weeks). Useable data were reported for two outcomes only; leaving the study early and quality of life. None of the participants left the studies early and there was some evidence in favour of the yoga package for quality of life endpoint scores (1 RCT, n=80, MD 22.93 CI 19.74 to 26.12, low-quality evidence). Leaving the study early data were equivocal between the treatment groups (3 RCTs, n=193, RD 0.06 CI -0.01 to 0.13, medium-quality evidence, high heterogeneity). Overall, this review has an inordinate number of missing key outcomes, which included mental and global state, social functioning, physical health, adverse effects and costs of care. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS A small number of small studies were included in this review and these lacked many key outcomes. The sparse data means we cannot state with any degree of certainty if yoga delivered as a package of care is beneficial in comparison to standard care.
Picking winners? The effect of birth order and migration on parental human capital investments in pre-modern England

This paper uses linked apprenticeship-family reconstitution records to explore the influence of family structure on human capital formation in preindustrial England. We observe a small but significant relationship between birth order, resources and human capital investments. Among the gentry, eldest sons were almost never apprenticed. Outside the gentry, a large number of apprentices were eldest sons, even from farming families. This Implies a relatively large place for a child’s aptitude and interest in shaping their career compared to custom or inheritance practices, making the “middling sorts” behave much more as families do in presentday labour studies than the contemporary elites. We also find a surprisingly high rate of return migration, questioning the emphasis on neo-locality and suggesting that parents could anticipate benefiting directly from positive externalities arising from the training provided to children. This interpretation also fits well with our finding that if parents had died before indenture, apprentices were significantly less likely to return home.
International integration from capital flow and regional trade agreement perspectives

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 7 LIST OF TABLES . 9 LIST OF FIGURES . 10 INTRODUCTION . 11 PART I. GRAVITY, INSTITUTION, TRADE, AND RISK DIVERSIFICATION AS DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL FLOWS . 15
Family Control, International Accounting Standards, and Access to Foreign Banks: Evidence from International Entrepreneurial Firms*

This article aims to understand if a change in accounting standards offers new avenues for helping entrepreneurial firms, especially those family-controlled ones, to obtain debt financing from foreign banks. We find that amid the global wave of adopting International Accounting Standards (IAS), family-controlled firms tend not to voluntarily switch from local generally accepted accounting principles to IAS. After self-selection issues are taken into account, furthermore, entrepreneurial firms adopting IAS experience less difficulty accessing loans from international banks. However, IAS adoption differentially influences private firms, family owned versus nonfamily controlled, in terms of their access to debt capital.
Monthly Moving Averages—An Effective Investment Tool?

Analysts and investment advisors have long searched for investment tools that would either furnish predictive probabilities for future security price movements, or would aid in minimizing losses. One such tool, often recommended by market practitioners, is the Moving Average. This article describes a series of experiments that were performed upon actual market data, using Moving Averages of different lengths and weights, and presents results of the experiments. Conclusions derived from these experiments are suggested.
Post-Merger Integration of R&D

The competitive landscape is changing as the wipe out of less successful companies continues in the wake of the recession. For the audacious, there are opportunities to acquire other companies as a means to further strengthening their position for the next upturn. However, an in-depth study conducted by Arthur D. Little notes that while the potential gain of merging R&D departments is substantial, integration of R&D activities exposes the business to significant risks, is more difficult and takes longer than other areas – all factors that can spoil the affair. The solution is careful tailoring of a full R&D integration approach that deals with the “enablers” early on – such as common organization, governance, processes and performance metrics – and most importantly, persistent focus on the key synergy levers such as common product and technology strategies, common R&D IT systems, and overcoming cultural differences. By being persistent and actively managing the integration, companies can realize stronger synergies faster, while mitigating the risks that are typically triggered by M&A activities.
Dual climate change responsibility: on moral divergences between mitigation and adaptation

In this paper it is argued that climate change adaptation poses different moral questions than mitigation. Proceeding from a ‘hybrid’ model recently advanced by Simon Caney, an analytical framework for determining responsibility, which is based on a distinction between causal and remedial responsibility as well as one between well-off and badly-off agents, is constructed and applied. It is concluded that whether the burdens are envisioned as ones of mitigation or adaptation makes a difference for how responsibility is assigned to various agents within this framework, suggesting that theorists need to be clear about which kind of burden their distributive principles concern. As the analysis is based upon some important substantive assumptions, the paper concludes with a critical discussion of our conclusions and an invitation for additional research into the largely unexamined distinction between adaptation and mitigation.