Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Renal Doppler and Novel Biomarkers to Assess Acute Kidney Injury in a Swine Model of Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest

Background:Majority of the research on cardiac arrest (CA) have focused on post-CA brain injury and myocardial dysfunction, the renal dysfunction and acute kidney injury (AKI) in other critical illnesses after CA have not been well described. This study was designed to assess AKI with renal Doppler and novel AKI biomarkers in a swine model of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest (VFCA). Methods:Thirty healthy piglets were divided into VFCA group (n = 22) and Sham group (n = 8) in a blinded manner. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output were recorded continuously. Cardiac arrest (CA) was induced by programmed electric stimulation in the VFCA group, and then cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed. Twenty piglets returned of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and received intensive care. Blood and urine samples were collected for AKI biomarkers testing, and Color Doppler flow imaging was performed at baseline, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h, respectively after ROSC. At ROSC 24 h, the animals were sacrificed and a semi-quantitative evaluation of pathologic kidney injury was performed. Results:In the VFCA group, corrected resistive index (cRI) increased from 0.47 ± 0.03 to 0.64 ± 0.06, and pulsatility index (PI) decreased from 0.82 ± 0.03 to 0.68 ± 0.04 after ROSC. Cystatin C (CysC) in both serum and urine samples increased at ROSC 6 h, but neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in serum increased to 5.34 ± 1.68 ng/ml at ROSC 6 h, and then decreased to 3.16 ± 0.69 ng/ml at ROSC 24 h while CysC increasing constantly. According to the renal histopathology, 18 of 20 animals suffered from kidney injury. The grade of renal injury was highly correlated with RI, cRI, NGAL, and CysC. Linear regression equation was established: Grade of renal injury = 0.002 × serum CysC + 6.489 × PI + 4.544 × cRI – 8.358 (r2 = 0.698, F = 18.506, P < 0.001). Conclusions:AKI is common in post-CA syndrome. Renal Doppler and novel AKI biomarkers in serum and urine are of significant importance as early predictors of post-CA AKI.
Real-Time Screen-Camera Communication Behind Any Scene

We present HiLight, a new form of real-time screen-camera communication without showing any coded images (e.g., barcodes) for off-the-shelf smart devices. HiLight encodes data into pixel translucency change atop any screen content, so that camera-equipped devices can fetch the data by turning their cameras to the screen. HiLight leverages the alpha channel, a well-known concept in computer graphics, to encode bits into the pixel translucency change. By removing the need to directly modify pixel RGB values, HiLight overcomes the key bottleneck of existing designs and enables real-time unobtrusive communication while supporting any screen content. We build a HiLight prototype using off-the-shelf smart devices and demonstrate its efficacy and robustness in practical settings. By offering an unobtrusive, flexible, and lightweight communication channel between screens and cameras, HiLight opens up opportunities for new HCI and context-aware applications, e.g., smart glasses communicating with screens to realize augmented reality.
Downlink capacity and base station density in cellular networks

There have been a bulk of analytic results about the performance of cellular networks where base stations are regularly located on a hexagonal or square lattice. This regular model cannot reflect the reality, and tends to overestimate the network performance. Moreover, tractable analysis can be performed only for a fixed location user (e.g., cell center or edge user). In this paper, we use the stochastic geometry approach, where base stations can be modeled as a homogeneous Poisson point process. We also consider the user density, and derive the user outage probability that an arbitrary user is under outage owing to low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio or high congestion by multiple users. Using the result, we calculate the density of success transmissions in the downlink cellular network. An interesting observation is that the success transmission density increases with the base station density, but the increasing rate diminishes. This means that the number of base stations installed should be more than n-times to increase the network capacity by a factor of n. Our results will provide a framework for performance analysis of the wireless infrastructure with a high density of access points, which will significantly reduce the burden of network-level simulations.
An Adaptive Manipulator Controller Based on Force and Parameter Estimation

Consideration of manipulator dynamics and external disturbances in robot control system design can enhance the stability and performance properties of the whole system. In this paper, we present an approach to solve the control problem when the inertia parameters of robot are unknown, and at the same time robot is subjected to external force disturbances. This approach is based on simultaneous estimation of force signal and inertia parameters and utilizing them in the control law. The update laws and the control law are derived based on a single time-varying Lyapunov function, so that the global convergence of the tracking error is ensured. A theorem with a detailed proof is presented to guarantee the global uniform asymptotic stability of the whole system. Some simulations are made for a number of external forces to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Sex Differences in Managerial Style: From Individual Leadership to Organisational Labour Relationships

This paper deals with sex differences in managerial behaviour, by testing the extent to which such differences match those expected from gender stereotypes. Unlike previous research on the topic, always based on opinions about individual managers, this investigation uses firm-level evidence from the British 1998 Workplace Employment Relationship Survey (WERS 98). This means that some problems usually present in individual-level studies, including answer stereotyping and selection of female managers into specific responsibilities, are avoided in the research presented here. The results show that workplaces where the presence of women at management is higher are driven in a more democratic fashion, with more interpersonal and interactive relationships between managers and subordinates, and with more employee-mentoring responsibilities undertaken by managers. No sex differences were found for more structural policies, such as the degree of delegation on supervisors or the extension of payment by results.
Cohort Wage Profiles in an Internal Labour Market

This paper investigates the movement of cohort wages in an internal labour market of a large British financial institution. The main objective of the analysis is to establish whether movements of cohort wages over time in this particular institution are consistent with the theoretical notion of an internal labour market as defined in the literature. The paper follows closely the analysis of aggregate mean cohort wages as outlined in Baker, Gibbs and Holmstrom (1994b). We find some evidence of the existence of an internal labour market in that employees are shielded from external market conditions.
The Capability Approach and Disability

The definition of disability is of interest to disability policymakers and analysts because it has fundamental implications for eligibility for public programs, for the scope of legislation, and for the way disability prevalence is measured. The purpose of this article is to assess how an approach developed in economics to analyze issues related to the standard of living, the so-called capability approach, may help us understand disability at the conceptual level. The article first summarizes different theoretical models of disability (the medical model, the social model, the Nagi model, and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health of the World Health Organization) and then presents the main components of the capability approach. The capability approach allows researchers to analyze (a) disability at the capability level; (b) potential disability; and, at the functioning level, (c) actual disability. This framework also helps explain how disability may result from three types of factors: the individual's personal characteristics (e.g., impairment, age, race, gender), the individual's resources, and the individual's environment (physical, social, economic, political). The article explores some implications of the capability approach for analyzing the employment and the standard of living of persons with disabilities.
'Client choice' : how some CBT therapists construct collaboration : implications for CBT and counselling psychology practice

Collaboration between therapist and client has been put forward as a core element of successful therapeutic encounters. There has been debate as to the nature of collaboration in cognitive behavioural therapy. In the UK this debate has intensified since the introduction of Increasing Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) in 2008 as CBT is the favoured therapeutic modality within IAPT. Collaboration in CBT has been conceptualised in dichotomous ways. From one perspective it is constructed in positivistic terms, in which the therapist implements manualised protocols with little consideration for the therapeutic relationship; from the other perspective collaboration is constructed in dialogic terms, in which therapist and client use CBT interventions to consider new meanings that the client deems to be relevant. The current study used a discourse analytic methodology to investigate how CBT therapists construct collaboration in their therapeutic practices. The aim was to explicate interpretive repertories that participants used in the construction of collaboration. Semi-structured interviews were used with 8 CBT therapists. Questions related to the arguments for and against the nature of collaboration in CBT. A client choice interpretive repertoire was used by all participants. It was constructed in various ways in line with either positivistic or dialogic perspectives or elements of both. Individual participants constructed client choice from both perspectives suggesting that the dichotomy in perspectives on collaboration in CBT may not be clear-cut. There is an implication for counselling psychology practitioners to reflect on their use of dichotomous perspectives to conceptualise their professional identities.
The Adoption of Information Security Management Standards: A Literature Review

This chapter introduces major information security management methods and standards, and particularly ISO/IEC 27001 and 27002 standards. A literature review was conducted in order to understand the reasons for the low level of adoption of information security standards by companies, and to identify the drivers and the success factors in implementation of these standards. Based on the findings of the literature review, we provide recommendations on how to successfully implement and stimulate diffusion of information security standards in the dynamic business market environment, where companies vary in their size and organizational culture. The chapter concludes with an identification of future trends and areas for further research.
Rock image classification using color features in Gabor space

In image classification, the common texture-based meth- ods are based on image gray levels. However, the use of color information improves the classification accuracy of the colored tex- tures. In this paper, we extract texture features from the natural rock images that are used in bedrock investigations. A Gaussian band- pass filtering is applied to the color channels of the images in RGB and HSI color spaces using different scales. The obtained feature vectors are low dimensional, which make the methods computation- ally effective. The results show that using combinations of different color channels, the classification accuracy can be significantly
Main morbidities recorded in the women's international study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women

Objective To assess the long term risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy (combined hormone therapy versus placebo, and oestrogen alone versus combined hormone therapy). Design Multicentre, randomised, placebo controlled, double blind trial. Setting General practices in UK (384), Australia (91), and New Zealand (24). Participants Postmenopausal women aged 50-69 years at randomisation. At early closure of the trial, 56 583 had been screened, 8980 entered run-in, and 5692 (26% of target of 22 300) started treatment. Interventions Oestrogen only therapy (conjugated equine oestrogens 0.625 mg orally daily) or combined hormone therapy (conjugated equine oestrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5/5.0 mg orally daily). Ten years of treatment planned. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes: major cardiovascular disease, osteoporotic fractures, and breast cancer. Secondary outcomes: other cancers, death from all causes, venous thromboembolism, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, and quality of life. Results The trial was prematurely closed during recruitment, after a median follow-up of 11.9 months (interquartile range 7.1-19.6, total 6498 women years) in those enrolled, after the publication of early results from the women's health initiative study. The mean age of randomised women was 62.8 (SD 4.8) years. When combined hormone therapy (n=2196) was compared with placebo (n=2189), there was a significant increase in the number of major cardiovascular events (7 v 0, P=0.016) and venous thromboembolisms (22 v 3, hazard ratio 7.36 (95% CI 2.20 to 24.60)). There were no statistically significant differences in numbers of breast or other cancers (22 v 25, hazard ratio 0.88 (0.49 to 1.56)), cerebrovascular events (14 v 19, 0.73 (0.37 to 1.46)), fractures (40 v 58, 0.69 (0.46 to 1.03)), and overall deaths (8 v 5, 1.60 (0.52 to 4.89)). Comparison of combined hormone therapy (n=815) versus oestrogen therapy (n=826) outcomes revealed no significant differences. Conclusions Hormone replacement therapy increases cardiovascular and thromboembolic risk when started many years after the menopause. The results are consistent with the findings of the women's health initiative study and secondary prevention studies. Research is needed to assess the long term risks and benefits of starting hormone replacement therapy near the menopause, when the effect may be different. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN 63718836
Efficacy and safety of intravenous nimodipine administration for treatment of hypertension in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage

Background Nicardipine (NC) is the most commonly used antihypertensive drug in neurological patients with hypertension. Although nimodipine (NM) is widely used to treat cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, trials exploring its antihypertensive effect after intravenous administration in subjects with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are scarce. Methods A retrospective study was carried out to compare the safety and efficacy of NC and NM administered intravenously in patients with ICH. Therapeutic responses were assessed by achievement of goal blood pressure (BP); use of additional medications for BP control; proportion of time spent within goal; variability in BP; time to goal BP; number of dose adjustments; variability in ICH volume, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and intracranial pressure; and drug-related complications. Results A total of 87 patients were eligible for analysis (n=46 [NC]; n=41 [NM]), and baseline characteristics between groups were similar. Both agents were effective in achieving goal BP during infusion, with 93.5% and 87.8% patients in the NC and NM groups achieving goal, respectively. Fewer additional medications were needed to control BP in the NC group. BP variability was similar and no differences were observed in the mean time to goal BP and mean numbers of dose adjustments between both groups. Interestingly, intracranial pressure declined (P=0.048) during NC administration but increased (P=0.066) after NM treatment. Finally, the incidences of hematoma expansion, neurological deterioration, and adverse drug events were similar in both groups. Conclusion NM is effective and safe for BP control in patients with ICH.
FINDING SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES

Scientists are interested in how gene expression levels may vary under different treatments. They want to know which genes are expressed differently under treatment conditions and control conditions. Gene expression microarray data are modeled to find significant changes in gene expression levels between a control and treatment tissue co-hybridized on one slide. The model used is the Bayesian hierarchical model proposed by Newton et al. (2001). This Gamma-Gamma-Bernoulli model leads to a criterion for classifying genes as significantly differentially expressed based on the posterior odds of any real differential expression. It also generates an estimate of the proportion of genes in the sample that are differentially expressed. Several data sets of open frames from E. coli bacteria are examined. The variability and accuracy of Newton et al.’s classification method are explored through simulation from the posterior predictive distributions of the model. The specificity of the model for this data is examined over a range of possible true expression levels. Also, a whole data set is simulated to compare Newton et al.’s method for determining significant differential expression with the currently popular method. 1. OVERVIEW OF THE NEWTON
Analyzing Zero Returns to Education in Germany: Heterogeneous Effects and Skill Formation

We analyze the effect of education on wages using German Socio-Economic Panel data and regional variation in mandatory years of schooling and the supply of schools. This allows us to estimate more than one local average treatment effect and heterogeneous effects for different groups of compliers. Our results are in line with previous studies that do not find an effect of compulsory schooling on wages in Germany. We go beyond these studies and test a potential reason for it, namely that basic skills are learned earlier in Germany and additional years of schooling are not effective anymore. This is done by also estimating the effect of education on cognitive skills. The results suggest that education after the eighth year does not seem to have a causal effect on cognitive skills in Germany. This is consistent with the explanation for zero effects of schooling on earnings.
The Near and Far Transfer Effects of Multimedia Cognitive Training

The aim of this study was to determine the degree to which “brain games,” such as Lumosity, have an effect on the young adult population and their capabilities of near and far transfer. Previous research on this topic has displayed both positive and negative results, with some research suggesting that training has increased subjects’ cognitive abilities and showed signs of transfer, with other results showing no increase in cognitive ability for training. Participants for this study were 26 undergraduates. The study entailed an experimental group that played Lumosity, an active control group that played Bejeweled, and a passive control group that did not play a game. The participants performed a pre-test and post-test assessment consisting of various measures that evaluated working memory, selective and sustained attention, visual search, and fluid intelligence. It was hypothesized that the results would not show statistically significant increases in far transfer cognitive ability. Results supported this hypothesis with experimental subjects failing to show significantly improved cognitive ability evidencing far transfer in comparison to the other groups and no significant group differences on near transfer measures. The possibility that low observed statistical power from small sample size may partially account for observed results cannot be dismissed. Future research is warranted to address the limitations of this study; including a long-term trial with a larger sample. This would allow researchers to better understand how brain games and cognitive training effects and potentially may improve near and far transfer learning.
Mechanisms of Calcium Influx into Hippocampal Spines: Heterogeneity among Spines, Coincidence Detection by NMDA Receptors, and Optical Quantal Analysis

Dendritic spines receive most excitatory inputs in the vertebrate brain, but their function is still poorly understood. Using two-photon calcium imaging of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slices, we investigated the mechanisms by which calcium enters into individual spines in the stratum radiatum. We find three different pathways for calcium influx: high-threshold voltage-sensitive calcium channels, NMDA receptors, and an APV-resistant influx consistent with calcium-permeable AMPA or kainate receptors. These pathways vary among different populations of spines and are engaged under different stimulation conditions, with peak calcium concentrations reaching >10 μm. Furthermore, as a result of the biophysical properties of the NMDA receptor, the calcium dynamics of spines are exquisitely sensitive to the temporal coincidence of the input and output of the neuron. Our results confirm that individual spines are chemical compartments that can perform coincidence detection. Finally, we demonstrate that functional studies and optical quantal analysis of single, identified synapses is feasible in mammalian CNS neurons in brain slices.
Strength of garden-path effects in native and non-native speakers’ processing of object–subject ambiguities

Aims and objectives: Our study addresses the following research questions: To what extent is L2 comprehenders’ online sensitivity to morphosyntactic disambiguation cues affected by L1 background? Does noticing the error signal trigger successful reanalysis in both L1 and L2 comprehension? Can previous findings suggesting that case is a better reanalysis cue than agreement be replicated and extended to L2 processing when using closely matched materials? Design/methodology/approach: We carried out a self-paced reading study using temporarily ambiguous object-initial sentences in German. These were disambiguated either by number marking on the verb or by nominative case marking on the subject. End-of-trial comprehension questions probed whether or not our participants ultimately succeeded in computing the correct interpretation. Data and analysis: We tested a total of 121 participants (25 Italian, 32 Russian, 32 Korean and 32 native German speakers), measuring their word-by-word reading times and comprehension accuracy. The data were analysed using linear mixed-effects and logistic regression modelling. Findings/conclusions: All three learner groups showed online sensitivity to both case and agreement disambiguation cues. Noticing case disambiguations did not necessarily lead to a correct interpretation, whereas noticing agreement disambiguations did. We conclude that intermediate to advanced learners are sensitive to morphosyntactic interpretation cues during online processing regardless of whether or not corresponding grammatical distinctions exist in their L1. Our results also suggest that case is not generally a better reanalysis cue than agreement. Originality: Our three L2 participant groups’ native languages were carefully chosen so as to create systematic typological contrasts. Our experimental materials and conditions were more closely matched compared to previous studies on German object-initial sentences, and our experimental design allowed us to link participants’ reading profiles to successful comprehension. Significance/implications: L1 influence on L2 processing is more limited than might be expected. Contra previous findings, even intermediate learners show sensitivity to both agreement and case information during processing.