Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overlapping multivoxel patterns for two levels of visual expectation

According to predictive accounts of perception, visual cortical regions encode sensory expectations about the external world, and the violation of those expectations by inputs (surprise). Here, using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we asked whether expectations and surprise activate the same pattern of voxels, in face-sensitive regions of the extra-striate visual cortex (the fusiform face area or FFA). Participants viewed pairs of repeating or alternating faces, with high or low probability of repetitions. As in previous studies, we found that repetition suppression (the attenuated BOLD response to repeated stimuli) in the FFA was more pronounced for probable repetitions, consistent with it reflecting reduced surprise to anticipated inputs. Secondly, we observed that repetition suppression and repetition enhancement responses were both consistent across scanner runs, suggesting that both have functional significance, with repetition enhancement possibly indicating the build up of sensory expectation. Critically, we also report that multi-voxels patterns associated with probability and repetition effects were significantly correlated within the left FFA. We argue that repetition enhancement responses and repetition probability effects can be seen as two types of expectation signals, occurring simultaneously, although at different processing levels (lower vs. higher), and different time scales (immediate vs. long term).
The English Rhythm Rule as an accent deletion rule

In order to account for the accentual and rhythmical structure of English, a binary-branching prosodic constituent structur is assumed, in which minimally the syllable and the foot must be headed. Feet are potentially marked as accented. This representation makes it possible to describe the prominence patterns of word groups as resulting from three accent deletion rules, the Compound Rule, the Initial Accent Deletion Rule and the Rhythm Rule. It was shown that the structural change effected by Initial Accent Deletion cannot be expressed in theories which represent stress as a relative concept. Moreover, this rule, which like the Compound rule is a lexical rule, provided evidence for the existence of a stratum in the lexical phonology of English in which compounding and so-called ClassII derivation take place. The Rhythm Rule is a postlexical rule, which was shown to apply to the output of the other two rules. Without the aid of any conditions or constraints, it accounted effortlessly for the stress-shift data presented in the recent literature. It could moreover be shown that apparent cases of stress shift in unaccented speech (in which the Rhythm Rule does not apply) should not in fact be viewed as the output of any stress-shift rule at all, but should be explained as the effect of preboundary lengthening as applying to the different constituents in the prosodic hierarchy. It was argued that an analysis of sentence accentuation whereby focused constituents have to be assigned accents can run into problems that do not exist in a ‘deaccenting’ analysis, in which nonfocused constituents are deprived of their accents. Finally, it was argued that English, unlike Dutch, lacks phonological rules that refer to primary word stress, and that, at best, primary stress may reveal itself in low-level timing distinctions.
Understanding Men's Passages: Discovering the New Map of Men's Lives

13.86 MB Free download Understanding Men's Passages: Discovering the New Map of Men's Lives book PDF, FB2, EPUB and MOBI. Read online Understanding Men's Passages: Discovering the New Map of Men's Lives which classified as Other that has 336 pages that contain constructive material with lovely reading experience. Reading online Understanding Men's Passages: Discovering the New Map of Men's Lives book will be provide using wonderful book reader and it's might gives you some access to identifying the book content before you download the book.
Flexural mode metal cap transducer design for specific frequency air coupled ultrasound generation

Flexural transducers are effective ultrasonic generators in fluid media, where standard piezoelectric transducers suffer a significant performance loss due to a large impedance mismatch. The flexural modes of piezoelectrically actuated metal caps are routinely used to make low frequency (typically 40 kHz) air coupled transducers for simple distance measurements. Such transducer types offer many intrinsic advantages including an integrated metal buffer for environmental shielding, good fluid coupling for generation and detection of ultrasound, and large amplitude signals for a low driving voltage. In this work, we investigate the design of arbitrary and specifically higher frequency (> 100 kHz) flexural metal cap probes. The analytical theory of vibrating plates was used to determine how the geometry of the cap affects the frequencies of its normal modes. Finite element modelling (FEM) was used to simulate a more realistic system. A first set of prototype transducers was built and investigated. The prototype behaviour is in general agreement with the theoretical and FEM models, but with shifted modal frequencies. The prototype transducers have a strong mode at 140 kHz, which can be used to generate ultrasound in air.
A Subaru/High Dispersion Spectrograph Study of Lead (Pb) Abundances in Eight s-Process Element-rich, Metal-poor Stars

We report the abundances of neutron-capture elements in eight carbon-rich, metal-poor (-2.7 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ -1.9) stars observed with the Subaru Telescope High Dispersion Spectrograph. The derived abundance patterns indicate that the neutron-capture elements in these objects primarily originated from s-process nucleosynthesis, although the [Ba/Eu] abundance ratios in some objects are lower than that of the solar system s-process component. The present analysis has yielded the Pb abundances for seven objects as well as an upper limit for one object from use of the Pb I λ4057 and λ3683 lines. The values of [Pb/Ba] in these objects cover a wide range, between -0.3 and 1.2. Theoretical studies of s-process nucleosynthesis at low metallicity are required to explain this large dispersion of the [Pb/Ba] values. Variations in radial velocity have been found for two of the eight objects, suggesting that, at least in these instances, the observed excess of s-process elements is due to the transfer of material across a binary system including an AGB star. Comparisons with predictions of AGB nucleosynthesis models are discussed.
S-Bacillithiolation Protects Against Hypochlorite Stress in Bacillus subtilis as Revealed by Transcriptomics and Redox Proteomics*

Protein S-thiolation is a post-translational thiol-modification that controls redox-sensing transcription factors and protects active site cysteine residues against irreversible oxidation. In Bacillus subtilis the MarR-type repressor OhrR was shown to sense organic hydroperoxides via formation of mixed disulfides with the redox buffer bacillithiol (Cys-GlcN-Malate, BSH), termed as S-bacillithiolation. Here we have studied changes in the transcriptome and redox proteome caused by the strong oxidant hypochloric acid in B. subtilis. The expression profile of NaOCl stress is indicative of disulfide stress as shown by the induction of the thiol- and oxidative stress-specific Spx, CtsR, and PerR regulons. Thiol redox proteomics identified only few cytoplasmic proteins with reversible thiol-oxidations in response to NaOCl stress that include GapA and MetE. Shotgun-liquid chromatography-tandem MS analyses revealed that GapA, Spx, and PerR are oxidized to intramolecular disulfides by NaOCl stress. Furthermore, we identified six S-bacillithiolated proteins in NaOCl-treated cells, including the OhrR repressor, two methionine synthases MetE and YxjG, the inorganic pyrophosphatase PpaC, the 3-d-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase SerA, and the putative bacilliredoxin YphP. S-bacillithiolation of the OhrR repressor leads to up-regulation of the OhrA peroxiredoxin that confers together with BSH specific protection against NaOCl. S-bacillithiolation of MetE, YxjG, PpaC and SerA causes hypochlorite-induced methionine starvation as supported by the induction of the S-box regulon. The mechanism of S-glutathionylation of MetE has been described in Escherichia coli also leading to enzyme inactivation and methionine auxotrophy. In summary, our studies discover an important role of the bacillithiol redox buffer in protection against hypochloric acid by S-bacillithiolation of the redox-sensing regulator OhrR and of four enzymes of the methionine biosynthesis pathway.
Postnatal Depression: Facing the Paradox of Loss, Happiness and Motherhood

Introduction Being depressed What is depression? - official and unofficial definitions What it feels like to be depressed Who gets it and what causes it? Explaining depression What is postnatal depression? Discovering the paradox Different theories and different kinds of depression The baby blues Postnatal distress and depressed moods Postnatal depression What causes postnatal depression? Why me? Why now? Different approaches to understanding women's postnatal experiences Trauma following birth Factors influencing PTSD Worrying about the baby's health and welfare Getting the best support over the postnatal period Coping with depressed moods Finding social support Not all company is supportive Getting support to prevent PND What has happened to me? Motherhood and the arrival of self-confidence Happiness and loss: the paradox of postnatal depression Introduction The experience of loss The healthy grief reaction Losing sleep Losing time Bodies Feeling too fat Losing your looks Losing your 'mind' Losing my self Being clear about who you really are Finding yourself as a mother Being a 'good' mother: the paradox of sacrifice Introduction What is the truth about the maternal instinct Is maternal instinct a biological drive? Is there a paternal instinct? Is biology destiny? Were you born knowing how to bath a baby? The father's role Is a good woman the same as a good mother? But, what does make a good mother? Negotiating the boundaries bewteeen self and other Voices of the experts Postnatal depression by proxy Introduction The paradoxical burden Women's rage: gender relations or PND by proxy? What do women expect? Penelope's story Wendy's story Isobel's story Understanding PND by proxy Challenging the paradox and getting on with your life Introduction Taking control: when and how Social support Emotions fitness Cognitive-analytic therapy (CAT) Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) Physical fitness Where do we go from here? Conclusions Portraits of the women .
Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibits Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenases: Interaction Between Two Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors

The cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP)-derived metabolites of arachidonic acid the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) both function as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) in the human coronary microcirculation. However, the relative importance of and potential interactions between these 2 vasodilators remain unexplored. We identified a novel inhibitory interaction between CYPs and H2O2 in human coronary arterioles, where EDHF-mediated vasodilatory mechanisms are prominent. Bradykinin induced vascular superoxide and H2O2 production in an endothelium-dependent manner and elicited a concentration-dependent dilation that was reduced by catalase but not by 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid (EEZE), 6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanoic acid, sulfaphenazole, or iberiotoxin. However, in the presence of catalase, an inhibitory effect of these compounds was unmasked. In a tandem-bioassay preparation, application of bradykinin to endothelium-intact donor vessels elicited dilation of downstream endothelium-denuded detectors that was partially inhibited by donor-applied catalase but not by detector-applied EEZE; however, EEZE significantly inhibited dilation in the presence of catalase. EET production by human recombinant CYP 2C9 and 2J2, 2 major epoxygenase isozymes expressed in human coronary arterioles, was directly inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion by H2O2 in vitro, as observed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); however, EETs were not directly sensitive to oxidative modification. H2O2 inhibited dilation to arachidonic acid but not to 11,12-EET. These findings suggest that an inhibitory interaction exists between 2 EDHFs in the human coronary microcirculation. CYP epoxygenases are directly inhibited by H2O2, and this interaction may modulate vascular EET bioavailability.
Multifrequency Current Control With Distortion-Free Saturation

Preventing voltage waveform distortion in multifrequency current control during saturated operation is a difficult problem, which so far has been only partially solved. In this paper, a scheme based on the principle of realizable references is proposed. As the converter enters saturated operation, an algorithm recalculates the converter-current reference such that unsaturated operation returns, i.e., the converter-voltage reference does not exceed the space-vector-modulation hexagon. Distortion is thereby avoided, as is integrator windup.
A Cooperative Learning-Based Clustering Approach to Lip Segmentation Without Knowing Segment Number

It is usually hard to predetermine the true number of segments in lip segmentation. This paper, therefore, presents a clustering-based approach to lip segmentation without knowing the true segment number. The objective function in the proposed approach is a variant of the partition entropy (PE) and features that the coincident cluster centroids in pattern space can be equivalently substituted by one centroid with the function value unchanged. It is shown that the minimum of the proposed objective function can be reached provided that: 1) the number of positions occupied by cluster centroids in pattern space is equal to the true number of clusters and 2) these positions are coincident with the optimal cluster centroids obtained under PE criterion. In implementation, we first randomly initialize the clusters provided that the number of clusters is greater than or equal to the ground truth. Then, an iterative algorithm is utilized to minimize the proposed objective function. For each iterative step, not only is the winner, i.e., the centroid with the maximum membership degree, updated to adapt to the corresponding input data, but also the other centroids are adjusted with a specific cooperation strength, so that they are each close to the winner. Subsequently, the initial overpartition will be gradually faded out with the redundant centroids superposed over the convergence of the algorithm. Based upon the proposed algorithm, we present a lip segmentation scheme. Empirical studies have shown its efficacy in comparison with the existing methods.
Exchange bias and giant magnetoresistance in spin valves with Angstro/spl uml/m-scale antiferromagnetic Layers at 5 K

We have studied the effects on the exchange bias of decreasing the antiferromagnetic layer to the Angstro/spl uml/m-scale regime in order to shed light on the minimum required thickness of the antiferromagnet. We have deposited IrMn layers between 0.2 and 2 nm on spin valves and measured the exchange bias by examining hysteresis loops at 5 K using the giant magnetoresistance of the spin valves. The exchange bias persists for IrMn thicknesses down to 0.4 nm and has a maximum at 1.6 nm. Because the ultra-thin layers create an exchange field, the origin of at least one component of exchange biasing must have a similarly short length scale.
Cluster-Based Resource Allocation for Spectrum-Sharing Femtocell Networks

Femtocells in two-tier femto-macro networks can enhance indoor coverage and improve overall network performance. Macro networks may share spectrum with overlaid femtocells so as to improve spectral efficiency. However, the deployment of femtocells also brings co-tier and cross-tier interferences, which will significantly degrade system performance. In order to solve this problem efficiently, we propose a distributed scheme to manage wireless resources in this heterogeneous networks. The feasible solution can be obtained by dividing the problem into two sub-problems. First, we propose a femtocells clustering scheme, which uses a mathematical modeling idea based on LINGO, an optimization software that can solve the joint clustering problem for the femtocell access points (FAPs). The proposed branch-and-bound algorithm and the simplex algorithm are used jointly to find the optimal solution by LINGO. The optimality of the proposed clustering algorithm is verified both theoretically and through simulations where the comparison with other algorithms is made. Second, a novel algorithm is proposed to allocate sub-channels to the femtocell users (FUEs). Compared with other related schemes, the proposed channel-allocation algorithm can reduce the interference more effectively and achieve higher data-rate fairness among FUEs. Specifically, according to the situation that the FUEs move in the room, the FUE mobility model is proposed to predict the change tendency of path loss values of the FUEs, which can guarantee the mobile service quality and improve system capacity effectively. Finally, the power of the FAPs is adjusted dynamically through setting the interference threshold to further improve the performance of the system.
Predicted Auxiliary Navigation Mechanism of Peritrichously Flagellated Chemotactic Bacteria

Chemotactic movement of Escherichia coli is one of the most thoroughly studied paradigms of simple behavior. Due to significant competitive advantage conferred by chemotaxis and to high evolution rates in bacteria, the chemotaxis system is expected to be strongly optimized. Bacteria follow gradients by performing temporal comparisons of chemoeffector concentrations along their runs, a strategy which is most efficient given their size and swimming speed. Concentration differences are detected by a sensory system and transmitted to modulate rotation of flagellar motors, decreasing the probability of a tumble and reorientation if the perceived concentration change during a run is positive. Such regulation of tumble probability is of itself sufficient to explain chemotactic drift of a population up the gradient, and is commonly assumed to be the only navigation mechanism of chemotactic E. coli. Here we use computer simulations to predict existence of an additional mechanism of gradient navigation in E. coli. Based on the experimentally observed dependence of cell tumbling angle on the number of switching motors, we suggest that not only the tumbling probability but also the degree of reorientation during a tumble depend on the swimming direction along the gradient. Although the difference in mean tumbling angles up and down the gradient predicted by our model is small, it results in a dramatic enhancement of the cellular drift velocity along the gradient. We thus demonstrate a new level of optimization in E. coli chemotaxis, which arises from the switching of several flagellar motors and a resulting fine tuning of tumbling angle. Similar strategy is likely to be used by other peritrichously flagellated bacteria, and indicates yet another level of evolutionary development of bacterial chemotaxis.
Reflectionless Wide-Angle Refracting Metasurfaces

We hereby report a solution to the problem of reflections from passive lossless refracting metasurfaces that works even at wide deflection angles. The phenomenon of reflections is due to not accounting for the local wave-impedance mismatch at the source and load faces of the metasurface; this cannot be fully mitigated even with an impedance-equalized Huygens' (IEH) metasurface. The solution is demonstrated to be enabled through the correct application of generalized, instead of canonical, scattering parameters. The canonical and IEH approaches are compared to the generalized scattering parameter approach. It is seen that though the approaches are similar at low-to-moderate levels of refraction, at wide-angle refraction only the generalized S-matrix approach is capable of good matching. This is demonstrated via full-wave simulations, for refraction from normal incidence, using an asymmetric structure comprising three cascaded admittance surfaces.
Reflection removal for in-vehicle black box videos

The in-vehicle black box camera (dashboard camera) has become a popular device in many countries for security monitoring and event capturing. The readability of video content is the most critical matter, however, the content is often degraded due to the windscreen reflection of objects inside. In this paper, we propose a novel method to remove the reflection on the windscreen from in-vehicle black box videos. The method exploits the spatio-temporal coherence of reflection, which states that a vehicle is moving forward while the reflection of the internal objects remains static. The average image prior is proposed by imposing a heavy-tail distribution with a higher peak to remove the reflection. The two-layered scene composed of reflection and background layers is the basis of the separation model. A non-convex cost function is developed based on this property and optimized in a fast way in a half quadratic form. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully separates the reflection layer in several real black box videos.
Viewing Film and Television as Whole Language Instruction

viewing? Without equally developing viewing skills along with reading, writing, and speaking, it seems to me that the notion of whole language is fragmented and incomplete. Without integrating viewing as a companion to these other activities, we are suggesting that developing literate, capable language users is an exclusive, not inclusive process. And if viewing is being avoided or overlooked because it is seen as practice without process, a mindless engagement, then this is exactly the reason it needs to be included as a valued component in whole language instruction. Robert Blake explains that whole language is really not one concept but rather a "constellation of beliefs" (1990, v) which together compose the universe of language literacy instruction. The wholeness of whole language, then, is best understood by the sum-and inter-relatedness-of five key beliefs: beliefs in the whole person, the whole class, the whole process, the whole discipline, the whole curriculum. I would like to suggest activities focusing on viewing which might be thoughtfully integrated in typical secondary English classrooms, and in doing this I am also advocating that developing literate viewers is not only a process which meets a larger literacy goal but meets this goal by addressing each of these whole language beliefs. BELIEF #1: MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE WHOLE PERSON
Phase I Adjuvant Radiation With Docetaxel in High-Risk Head and Neck Cancer

Background:This phase I study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and preliminary efficacy of docetaxel with concurrent radiotherapy (RT), in high-risk squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Patients and Methods:Eligible patients had resected squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, histologically involved lymph nodes, and/or extranodal disease, and/or involved surgical margins and performance status 0 to 1. Treatment included weekly docetaxel with concurrent RT in a dose-finding study; a subsequent small cohort of patients was treated using the MTD of docetaxel. Results:Twenty patients were enrolled. Planned accrual was 25, but the study was closed prematurely because of slow accrual. The MTD was 15 mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicity was oral stomatitis. Therapy was well tolerated. Five patients experienced locoregional relapse at a median follow-up of 32 months. Conclusion:Docetaxel with concurrent RT has acceptable toxicity. This approach warrants further investigation in a phase II trial.