Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fault slip distribution of the 2014 Iquique, Chile, earthquake estimated from ocean‐wide tsunami waveforms and GPS data

We applied a new method to compute tsunami Green's functions for slip inversion of the 1 April 2014 Iquique earthquake using both near‐field and far‐field tsunami waveforms. Inclusion of the effects of the elastic loading of seafloor, compressibility of seawater, and the geopotential variation in the computed Green's functions reproduced the tsunami traveltime delay relative to long‐wave simulation and allowed us to use far‐field records in tsunami waveform inversion. Multiple time window inversion was applied to tsunami waveforms iteratively until the result resembles the stable moment rate function from teleseismic inversion. We also used GPS data for a joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and coseismic crustal deformation. The major slip region with a size of 100 km × 40 km is located downdip the epicenter at depth ~28 km, regardless of assumed rupture velocities. The total seismic moment estimated from the slip distribution is 1.24 × 1021 N m (Mw 8.0).
Phosphorylation of iRhom2 at the plasma membrane controls mammalian TACE-dependent inflammatory and growth factor signalling

Proteolytic cleavage and release from the cell surface of membrane-tethered ligands is an important mechanism of regulating intercellular signalling. TACE is a major shedding protease, responsible for the liberation of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα and ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor. iRhoms, catalytically inactive members of the rhomboid-like superfamily, have been shown to control the ER-to-Golgi transport and maturation of TACE. Here, we reveal that iRhom2 remains associated with TACE throughout the secretory pathway, and is stabilised at the cell surface by this interaction. At the plasma membrane, ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation and 14-3-3 protein binding of the cytoplasmic amino-terminus of iRhom2 alter its interaction with mature TACE, thereby licensing its proteolytic activity. We show that this molecular mechanism is responsible for triggering inflammatory responses in primary mouse macrophages. Overall, iRhom2 binds to TACE throughout its lifecycle, implying that iRhom2 is a primary regulator of stimulated cytokine and growth factor signalling. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.23968. 001
FOXC1 promotes melanoma by activating MST1R/PI3K/AKT pathway and is associated with poor prognosis in melanoma

FOXC1 is a member of Forkhead box family transcription factors. We showed that FOXC1 level was increased in melanoma cells and tissues and correlated with hypomethylation of the FOXC1 gene. Overexpression of FOXC1 promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, colony formation and growth in 3D Matrigel of melanoma cells. FOXC1 increased MST1R and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway. Also, FOXC1 expression was associated with disease progression and poor prognosis of melanoma. We suggest that FOXC1 is a potential prognostic biomarker for treating melanoma and predicting outcome of patients.
Assessment of psychosocial stressors at work: psychometric properties of the JCQ in Colombian workers

Because the two main models and instruments used to evaluate psychosocial factors at work were developed and applied primarily in developed countries, there are still questions about their properties in less economically developed countries. In this study, a Spanish version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) was tested in Colombia. Cross-sectional studies, with self-administered surveys, were performed among 294 nurses, 281 bus drivers, and one mixed occupational group with 661 participants. Means and standard deviations among Colombian workers were compared against each other and with averages from studies in other countries. The internal consistency was analyzed through the Cronbach alpha coefficient; the factorial validity through exploratory factorial analysis; concurrent validity of the instrument was calculated using correlations with the effort/reward ratio of the ERI Questionnaire; the predictive validity was tested using correlations with one indicator of health. Differences between samples were generally small, but some interesting tendencies could be observed. The Cronbach�s alpha coefficients were generally acceptable. Difficulties with three items (JCQ 2, 6 and 14) were found. The factor analyses indicate that the best factorial solution has seven factors. The most problematic factor seems to be �decision latitude�. Some items have inconsistent loadings and reliability problems. Most of the JCQ scales were correlated with the health indicators in the expected direction. Finally, the �job strain� indicator and the effort/reward ratio were positively correlated. It was concluded that the Spanish version of the JCQ is an acceptable instrument to assess psychosocial risk factors among workers in Colombia.
GLP‐1 Receptor Activation Inhibits Palmitate‐Induced Apoptosis via Ceramide in Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Context: Increased apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in response to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) can lead to myocardial damage and dysfunction. Ceramides mediate lipotoxicity‐induced apoptosis. Glucagonlike peptide‐1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists exert beneficial effects on cardiac cells in experimental models. Objective: To investigate the protective effects of GLP1R activation on SFA‐mediated apoptotic death of human CPCs. Design: Human CPCs were isolated from cardiac appendages of nondiabetic donors and then exposed to palmitate with or without pretreatment with the GLP1R agonist exendin‐4. Ceramide accumulation was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Expression of key enzymes in de novo ceramide biosynthesis was studied by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Apoptosis was evaluated by measuring release of oligonucleosomes, caspase‐3 cleavage, caspase activity, and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Results: Exposure of the CPCs to palmitate resulted in 2.3‐ and 1.9‐fold higher expression of ceramide synthase 5 (CERS5) and ceramide desaturase‐1, respectively (P < 0.05). This was associated with intracellular accumulation of ceramide and activation of c‐Jun NH2‐terminal protein kinase (JNK) signaling and apoptosis (P < 0.05). Both coincubation with fumonisin B1, a specific ceramide synthase inhibitor, and CERS5 knockdown prevented ceramide accumulation, JNK activation, and apoptosis in response to palmitate (P < 0.05). Exendin‐4 also prevented the activation of the ceramide biosynthesis and JNK in response to palmitate, inhibiting apoptosis (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Excess palmitate results in activation of ceramide biosynthesis, JNK signaling, and apoptosis in human CPCs. GLP1R activation counteracts this lipotoxic damage via inhibition of ceramide generation, and this may represent a cardioprotective mechanism.
Apprenticeship Training and Commitment to Training Provision

Why do apprenticeship schemes work well in some countries, like Germany and Austria, but less so in others, like the UK? This paper argues that a necessary prerequisite for apprenticeship schemes to be successful is the enforceability of the apprenticeship contract, most notably the firm's ability to commit to training provision. We hypothesize that, by linking into an existing regulatory framework, firms in Germany are able to commit, while this may not be the case in countries that run apprenticeship schemes less successfully. To test our hypothesis, we develop a model where firms have an incentive to finance training because of wage compression due to firm-specificity and asymmetric information, and analyse it under both commitment and no commitment to training provision. Drawing on the model, we provide evidence that the German apprenticeship system is indeed characterised by commitment to training provision. We then simulate our model for values of firm-specificity and asymmetric information estimated from survey and administrative data. We find that training would be substantially lower under no commitment, at most 8 % of that under commitment. This is in line with our hypothesis.
Clarifying the preferential occupation of Ga3+ ions in YAG:Ce,Ga nanocrystals with various Ga3+-doping concentrations by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

As candidates for display and lighting optical materials, yttrium aluminum garnet nanophosphors co-doped with Ce3+ and Ga3+ ions (YAG:Ce,Ga) were successfully synthesized via a facile sol–gel method. We used multiple characterization techniques to study the local crystal structure of Ce3+ activators and examine the preferential position of Ga3+ ions in YAG:Ce,Ga nanophosphors. For the first time, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to confirm that Ga3+ ions preferentially replaced the octahedral Al3+ ions in a wide Ga3+ concentration range. The replacement caused the expansion of the lattice constant and decreased the local crystal field strength surrounding Ce3+ activators that located in the dodecahedral sites, which were beneficial to the luminescence emission of Ce3+ ions. The YAG:Ce,Ga nanophosphors with excellent photoluminescence properties were obtained by optimizing the calcination temperature (930 °C) and Ga3+-doping concentration (18 at%). The optimized nanophosphors displayed stronger luminescence emission with a desirable blue shift than classic YAG:Ce phosphors, and presented a short fluorescence lifetime of ∼24 ns and a long fluorescence lifetime of ∼85 ns.
Comparison of curing compounds to reduce volume change from differential drying in concrete pavement

Abstract Curing compounds are used to retain moisture which promotes hydration to develop a tight microstructure. Because of the large surface-to-volume ratio of these structures, differential moisture loss can cause unwanted deflections, reduction in ride quality, and cracking. This paper quantitatively compares the effectiveness of different curing methods with an emphasis on curing compounds to resist moisture loss and subsequent volume changes caused by differential shrinkage. This work provides a quantitative comparison between different curing compounds, wet, sealed and no curing not made in previous publications. A performance-based cost analysis over the different curing compounds is also included. The result shows that the poly-alphamethylstyrene curing compound causes the lowest mass loss and subsequent deflections compared to the water–resin and water–wax-based curing compounds at equal coverage rates at equal costs. The work also shows that a double application of curing compound shows greater benefit than a single layer with the same volume for water–wax-based curing compounds. The results show that if adequate amounts of curing compounds are used then they are a useful curing method for members sensitive to differential drying such as concrete pavements.
Heroin seeking becomes dependent on dorsal striatal dopaminergic mechanisms and can be decreased by N‐acetylcysteine

The alarming increase in heroin overdoses in the USA is a reminder of the need for efficacious and novel treatments for opiate addiction. This may reflect the relatively poor understanding of the neural basis of heroin, as compared to cocaine, seeking behaviour. While cocaine reinforcement depends on the mesolimbic system, well‐established cocaine seeking is dependent on dorsolateral striatum (aDLS) dopamine‐dependent mechanisms which are disrupted by N‐acetylcysteine, through normalisation of corticostriatal glutamate homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether a functional recruitment of aDLS dopamine‐dependent control over instrumental responding also occurs for heroin seeking, even though heroin reinforcement does not depend on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Lister Hooded rats acquired heroin self‐administration and were subsequently trained to seek heroin daily over prolonged periods of time under the control of drug‐paired cues, as measured under a second‐order schedule of reinforcement. At different stages of training, that is, early on and when heroin seeking behaviour was well established, we measured the sensitivity of drug‐seeking responses to either bilateral aDLS infusions of the dopamine receptor antagonist α‐flupenthixol (5, 10 and 15 μg/side) or systemic administration of N‐acetylcysteine (30, 60 and 90 mg/kg). The results demonstrate that control over heroin seeking behaviour devolves to aDLS dopamine‐dependent mechanisms after extended training. Further aDLS‐dependent well‐established, cue‐controlled heroin seeking was disrupted by N‐acetylcysteine. Comparison with previous data on cocaine suggests that the development of drug seeking habits and the alteration of corticostriatal glutamate homeostasis, which is restored by N‐acetylcysteine, are quantitatively similar between heroin and cocaine.
Thermal Stress Analysis of DC Motor using Finite Element Method

The rating of electrical devices such as machines and transformers is often determined by Mechanical and thermal considerations. For example the maximum winding current is typically determined by the maximum temperature, which the insulation can withstand without damage as excessive loss of life. Similarly the maximum speed of a motor or generator is typically determined by mechanical considerations related to the structural integrity of the rotor or performance of the bearings. In converting from electrical to mechanical energy, the wastage of energy is inevitable, some of energy being degraded into heat. In dynamo electrical machinery, loss of energy occurs in electrical circuits and those portions of magnetic circuits that are subjected to varying magnetization. The temperature rise resulting across the sections named as rotor and stator is therefore a major factor in the rating of an electric motor. In order to keep the operating temperature within the limits, the electric motor should dissipate the heat at the same rate as it was produced. As long as the temperature rise does not exceed a specified value, the actual thermal condition of the motor mainly influence how long the motor will lost, because the life of the motor highly depends on the life of the insulation. A sustained 10c increase temperature reduces the insulation life approximately 50%. After detailed analysis, insulation thickness of 0.22mm is predicted to provide best temperature distribution for rotor. A part of the motor is to be simulated with reasonable assumption. The analysis is carried for two cases those are with varying insulation thickness and varying heat transfer coefficients. In the present work thermal as well as structural analysis was carried out for a fan cooled D.C. motor and also to show how a commercially available software ANSYS can be used for such analysis, because the temperature distribution inside the motor is essentially a diffusion process and it is very difficult to analyze it precisely because of three dimensional effect and imponderable parameters such as the thermal contact resistance between the materials. The average temperature rise and various losses of different parts of a D.C. Motor has been provided by Integrated electrical company, Bangalore.
Penetrative trace fossils from the late Ediacaran of Mongolia: early onset of the agronomic revolution

The Cambrian radiation of complex animals includes a dramatic increase in the depth and intensity of bioturbation in seafloor sediment known as the ‘agronomic revolution’. This bioturbation transition was coupled with a shift in dominant trace fossil style from horizontal surficial traces in the late Precambrian to vertically penetrative trace fossils in the Cambrian. Here we show the existence of the first vertically penetrative trace fossils from the latest Ediacaran: dense occurrences of the U-shaped trace fossil Arenicolites from late Precambrian marine carbonates of Western Mongolia. Their Ediacaran age is established through stable carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and their occurrence stratigraphically below the first appearance of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum. These Arenicolites are large in diameter, penetrate down to at least 4 cm into the sediment, and were presumably formed by the activity of bilaterian animals. They are preserved commonly as paired circular openings on bedding planes with maximum diameters ranging up to almost 1 cm, and as U- and J-shaped tubes in vertical sections of beds. Discovery of these complex penetrative trace fossils demonstrates that the agronomic revolution started earlier than previously considered.
The Contribution of Headwater Streams to Biodiversity in River Networks 1

Abstract: The diversity of life in headwater streams (intermittent, first and second order) contributes to the biodiversity of a river system and its riparian network. Small streams differ widely in physical, chemical, and biotic attributes, thus providing habitats for a range of unique species. Headwater species include permanent residents as well as migrants that travel to headwaters at particular seasons or life stages. Movement by migrants links headwaters with downstream and terrestrial ecosystems, as do exports such as emerging and drifting insects. We review the diversity of taxa dependent on headwaters. Exemplifying this diversity are three unmapped headwaters that support over 290 taxa. Even intermittent streams may support rich and distinctive biological communities, in part because of the predictability of dry periods. The influence of headwaters on downstream systems emerges from their attributes that meet unique habitat requirements of residents and migrants by: offering a refuge from temperature and flow extremes, competitors, predators, and introduced species; serving as a source of colonists; providing spawning sites and rearing areas; being a rich source of food; and creating migration corridors throughout the landscape. Degradation and loss of headwaters and their connectivity to ecosystems downstream threaten the biological integrity of entire river networks.
Work-Family Conflict and Employee Sleep: Evidence from IT Workers in the Work, Family and Health Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Work-family conflict is a threat to healthy sleep behaviors among employees. This study aimed to examine how Work-to-Family Conflict (demands from work that interfere with one's family/personal life; WTFC) and Family-to-Work Conflict (demands from family/personal life that interfere with work; FTWC) are associated with several dimensions of sleep among information technology workers. METHODS Employees at a U.S. IT firm (n = 799) provided self-reports of sleep sufficiency (feeling rested upon waking), sleep quality, and sleep maintenance insomnia symptoms (waking up in the middle of the night or early morning) in the last month. They also provided a week of actigraphy for nighttime sleep duration, napping, sleep timing, and a novel sleep inconsistency measure. Analyses adjusted for work conditions (job demands, decision authority, schedule control, and family-supportive supervisor behavior), and household and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Employees who experienced higher WTFC reported less sleep sufficiency, poorer sleep quality, and more insomnia symptoms. Higher WTFC also predicted shorter nighttime sleep duration, greater likelihood of napping, and longer nap duration. Furthermore, higher WTFC was linked to greater inconsistency of nighttime sleep duration and sleep clock times, whereas higher FTWC was associated with more rigidity of sleep timing mostly driven by wake time. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the unique associations of WTFC/FTWC with employee sleep independent of other work conditions and household and sociodemographic characteristics. Our novel methodological approach demonstrates differential associations of WTFC and FTWC with inconsistency of sleep timing. Given the strong associations between WTFC and poor sleep, future research should focus on reducing WTFC.
CHOPCHOP v2: a web tool for the next generation of CRISPR genome engineering

In just 3 years CRISPR genome editing has transformed biology, and its popularity and potency continue to grow. New CRISPR effectors and rules for locating optimum targets continue to be reported, highlighting the need for computational CRISPR targeting tools to compile these rules and facilitate target selection and design. CHOPCHOP is one of the most widely used web tools for CRISPR- and TALEN-based genome editing. Its overarching principle is to provide an intuitive and powerful tool that can serve both novice and experienced users. In this major update we introduce tools for the next generation of CRISPR advances, including Cpf1 and Cas9 nickases. We support a number of new features that improve the targeting power, usability and efficiency of CHOPCHOP. To increase targeting range and specificity we provide support for custom length sgRNAs, and we evaluate the sequence composition of the whole sgRNA and its surrounding region using models compiled from multiple large-scale studies. These and other new features, coupled with an updated interface for increased usability and support for a continually growing list of organisms, maintain CHOPCHOP as one of the leading tools for CRISPR genome editing. CHOPCHOP v2 can be found at http://chopchop.cbu. uib.no
IGFBP2 expression predicts IDH-mutant glioma patient survival

Mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes occur in ~80% of lower-grade (WHO grade II and grade III) gliomas. Mutant IDH produces (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate, which induces DNA hypermethylation and presumably drives tumorigenesis. Interestingly, IDH mutations are associated with improved survival in glioma patients, but the underlying mechanism for the difference in survival remains unclear. Through comparative analyses of 286 cases of IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant lower-grade glioma from a TCGA data set, we report that IDH-mutant gliomas have increased expression of tumor-suppressor genes (NF1, PTEN, and PIK3R1) and decreased expression of oncogenes(AKT2, ARAF, ERBB2, FGFR3, and PDGFRB) and glioma progression genes (FOXM1, IGFBP2, and WWTR1) compared with IDH-wildtype gliomas. Furthermore, each of these genes is prognostic in overall gliomas; however, within the IDH-mutant group, none remains prognostic except IGFBP2 (encodinginsulin-like growth factor binding protein 2). Through validation in an independent cohort, we show that patients with low IGFBP2 expressiondisplay a clear advantage in overall and disease-free survival, whereas those with high IGFBP2 expressionhave worse median survival than IDH-wildtype patients. These observations hold true across different histological and molecular subtypes of lower-grade glioma. We propose therefore that an unexpected biological consequence of IDH mutations in glioma is to ameliorate patient survival by promoting tumor-suppressor signaling while inhibiting that of oncogenes, particularly IGFBP2.
Catch Them Before They Fall

The challenge of mastering reading is universally seen across all populations and languages. A small fraction of students all over the world, however, fail in learning to read proficiently. Early assessments can help children who are likely to get into the vicious circle of failure in mastering word reading, leading to poor academic performance and eventually to low motivation in academics and possible lifelong socioeconomic and mental health consequences. In languages such as English, there are quite a few tests available for early assessment and interventions. In India, a multilingual society, all children going to school learn to read at least in three languages, including English. Dearth of suitable assessment tools in local languages is a major impediment in clinical services and research. Here, we report an attempt at developing a quick and reliable test for assessment of decoding and sight-word reading skills in Kannada language.