Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Supply Constraints on Bank Lending in the Euro Area - Crisis Induced Crunching?

Aggregate loan development typically hinges on a combination of factors that impact simultaneously on the demand and the supply side of bank lending. The financial turmoil starting in mid-2007 had detrimental consequences for banks’ balance-sheets, cost of funds and profitability, thus weighing negatively on their ability to supply new loans. This paper examines the impact of supply constraints on bank lending in the euro area with a special focus on this turmoil period. The empirical evidence presented suggests that banks’ ability and willingness to supply loans affects overall bank lending activity in general and has done so particularly during the financial crisis. Applying a cross-country panel-econometric approach using a unique confidential data set on results from the Eurosystem’s bank lending survey allows us to disentangle loan supply and demand effects. We find that even when controlling for the effects coming from the demand side loan growth is negatively affected by supply-side constraints. This applies both for loans to households for house purchase and for loans to non-financial corporations. We furthermore provide evidence that the impact of supply-side constraints, especially related to disruptions of banks’ access to wholesale funding and their liquidity positions, was reinforced since the eruption of the financial crisis and corresponding adjustments in banks’ loan portfolios seem to have been geared primarily via prices rather than outright quantity restrictions. JEL Classification: C23, E51, E52, G21
Effects of Heavy Metals on the Embryo and Larvae of Zebrafish , Danio rerio ( Cyprinidae )

Toxicity tests using early life stages of fish are of great importance in assessing risks to growth, reproduction and survival in polluted environments and are important tools for good environmental monitoring. The present study deals with the effect of heavy metals (zinc, nickel and chromium) on the embryo and larvae of zebrafish, Danio rerio. Embryo were exposed to Zn (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/l), Ni (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 mg/l) and Cr (7, 12, 17, 22, 27 mg/l) however, larvae were exposed to 4, 9, 14, 19, 24 mg/l Zn, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 mg/l Ni and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 mg/l Cr. The 72-h LC50 value for embryo is 41.08 mg/l for Zn, 69.78 mg/l for Ni and 15.99 mg/l for Cr. The 24 to 96-h LC50 value for the larvae showed a gradual decrease as the exposure time was increased. The 96-h LC50 for larvae is 12.01 mg/l for Zn, 31.13 mg/l for Ni and 6.24 mg/l for Cr. The toxicity was concentration as well as time dependent. Toxicity tests revealed that larvae of zebrafish are more sensitive to heavy metals as compared to the embryos. The probable causes have been discussed.
Oral methylphenidate normalizes cingulate activity in cocaine addiction during a salient cognitive task

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) hypoactivations during cognitive demand are a hallmark deficit in drug addiction. Methylphenidate (MPH) normalizes cortical function, enhancing task salience and improving associated cognitive abilities, in other frontal lobe pathologies; however, in clinical trials, MPH did not improve treatment outcome in cocaine addiction. We hypothesized that oral MPH will attenuate ACC hypoactivations and improve associated performance during a salient cognitive task in individuals with cocaine-use disorders (CUD). In the current functional MRI study, we used a rewarded drug cue-reactivity task previously shown to be associated with hypoactivations in both major ACC subdivisions (implicated in default brain function) in CUD compared with healthy controls. The task was performed by 13 CUD and 14 matched healthy controls on 2 d: after ingesting a single dose of oral MPH (20 mg) or placebo (lactose) in a counterbalanced fashion. Results show that oral MPH increased responses to this salient cognitive task in both major ACC subdivisions (including the caudal-dorsal ACC and rostroventromedial ACC extending to the medial orbitofrontal cortex) in the CUD. These functional MRI results were associated with reduced errors of commission (a common impulsivity measure) and improved task accuracy, especially during the drug (vs. neutral) cue-reactivity condition in all subjects. The clinical application of such MPH-induced brain-behavior enhancements remains to be tested.
Sustainable water resource management under hydrological uncertainty

A proper understanding of the sources and effects of uncertainty is needed to achieve the goals of reliability and sustainability in water resource management and planning. Many studies have focused on uncertainties relating to climate inputs (e.g., precipitation and temperature), as well as those related to supply and demand relationships. In the end‐to‐end projection of the hydrological impacts of climate variability, however, hydrological uncertainties have often been ignored or addressed indirectly. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of hydrological uncertainties for reliable water resources management. We assess the uncertainties associated with hydrological inputs, parameters, and model structural uncertainties using an integrated Bayesian uncertainty estimator framework. Subsequently, these uncertainties are propagated through a simple reservoir management model in order to evaluate how various operational rules impact the characteristics of the downstream uncertainties, such as the width of the uncertainty bounds. By considering different operational rules, we examine how hydrological uncertainties impact reliability, resilience, and vulnerability of the management system. The results of this study suggest that a combination of operational rules (i.e., an adaptive operational approach) is the most reliable and sustainable overall management strategy.
Human Somatosensory Area 2: Observer-Independent Cytoarchitectonic Mapping, Interindividual Variability, and Population Map

We analyzed the topographical variability of human somatosensory area 2 in 10 postmortem brains. The brains were serially sectioned at 20 microm, and sections were stained for cell bodies. Area 2 was delineated with an observer-independent technique based on significant differences in the laminar densities of cell bodies. The sections were corrected with an MR scan of the same brain obtained before histological processing. Each brain's histological volume and representation of area 2 was subsequently reconstructed in 3-D. We found that the borders of area 2 are topographically variable. The rostral border lies between the convexity of the postcentral gyrus and some millimeters deep in the rostral wall of the postcentral sulcus. The caudal border lies between the fundus of the postcentral sulcus and some millimeters above it in the rostral wall. In contrast to Brodmann's map, area 2 does not extend onto the mesial cortical surface or into the intraparietal sulcus. When the postcentral sulcus is interrupted by a gyral bridge, area 2 crosses this bridge and is not separated into two segments. After cytoarchitectonic analysis, the histological volumes were warped to the reference brain of a computerized atlas and superimposed. A population map was generated in 3-D space, which describes how many brains have a representation of area 2 in a particular voxel. This microstructurally defined population map can be used to demonstrate activations of area 2 in functional imaging studies and therefore help to further understand the role of area 2 in somatosensory processing.
Factors limiting immunization coverage in urban Dili, Timor-Leste

Simple access to immunization services does not necessarily translate into uptake of services. In Timor-Leste, key determinants of the success of vaccination efforts are health workers' attitudes, the manner in which patients are treated, aspects of service organization, adequate supply of vaccines, and caregivers' basic knowledge about immunization. Simple access to immunization services does not necessarily translate into uptake of services. In Timor-Leste, key determinants of the success of vaccination efforts are health workers' attitudes, the manner in which patients are treated, aspects of service organization, adequate supply of vaccines, and caregivers' basic knowledge about immunization. ABSTRACT Background: Timor-Leste's immunization coverage is among the poorest in Asia. The 2009/2010 Demographic and Health Survey found that complete vaccination coverage in urban areas, at 47.7%, was lower than in rural areas, at 54.1%. The city of Dili, the capital of Timor-Leste, had even lower coverage (43.4%) than the national urban average. Objective: To better understand the service- and user-related factors that account for low vaccination coverage in urban Dili, despite high literacy rates and relatively good access to immunization services and communication media. Methods: A mixed-methods (mainly qualitative) study, conducted in 5 urban sub-districts of Dili, involved in-depth interviews with18 Ministry of Health staff and 6 community leaders, 83 observations of immunization encounters, 37 exit interviews with infants' caregivers at 11 vaccination sites, and 11 focus group discussions with 70 caregivers of vaccination-eligible children ages 6 to 23 months. Results: The main reasons for low vaccination rates in urban Dili included caregivers' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions as well as barriers at immunization service sites. Other important factors were access to services and information, particularly in the city periphery, health workers' attitudes and practices, caregivers' fears of side effects, conflicting priorities, large family size, lack of support from husbands and paternal grandmothers, and seasonal migration. Conclusion: Good access to health facilities or health services does not necessarily translate into uptake of immunization services. The reasons are complex and multifaceted but in general relate to the health services' insufficient understanding of and attention to their clients' needs. Almost all families in Dili would be motivated to have their children immunized if services were convenient, reliable, friendly, and informative.
Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia.

To the Editor: Although artemisinins are potent and rapidly acting antimalarial drugs, their widespread use for treating patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria raises the question of emerging drug resistance.1,2 Artemisinin monotherapy should not be used in areas where malaria is endemic; it requires an extended administration period and may lead to treatment failure, most frequently because of problems with compliance. Recent reports of high failure rates associated with artemisinin-based combination therapy, as well as in vitro drug-susceptibility data, suggest the possibility of clinical artemisinin resistance along the Thai–Cambodian border.3,4 We studied the potential emergence of artemisinin resistance using .
A multi-centre student survey on weighing disciplines in medical curricula – a pilot study

Aim: Initiated by students, this pilot study examines how obtaining medical students’ perspectives via a structured online survey may prove useful for curriculum deliberation. Methods: In 2012, 747 students of 32 medical faculties in Germany assessed disciplines specified in the Medical Licensure Act (AÄpprO) thereby concerning the allocation of teaching time, perceived usefulness regarding preparation for state examination and medical practice, their interest and motivation for studying as well as consideration for future work. Results: Internal medicine, surgery, paediatrics, gynaecology/obstetrics and general medicine rank amongst the upper third regarding allocation of teaching time and perceived usefulness for future medical practice. Concerning both preparation for state examination and medical practice internal medicine ranks second, while surgery only 22nd and 28th of 32, respectively. Some clinical-theoretical disciplines (e.g. pharmacology) are in the top ten regarding perceived preparation for state examination, too. Students who consider choosing internal medicine for future work rate associated disciplines significantly higher regarding usefulness for clinical practice (e.g. pharmacology) or motivation for studying (e.g. microbiology) than other students do. Conclusion: A simple survey reveals interesting data on students’ perceptions and ideas of medical studies. Though the data are plausible, interpretations should be done with caution. Nonetheless, data like these should give rise to further questions and discussions, e.g. as part of curriculum deliberation.
Factors influencing sleep patterns of adolescents.

How I hated her method of waking me. My adolescent sleeps were long, dark and sullen. Never once in all those years did I wake of my own accord. It was Margaret, always, knocking on my door like some rodent trapped behind a wall. This would bring me to a rage of wakefulness and I would stomp into the bathroom, bad-tempered and clearly in the wrong, while Margaret, who had been up and gone to six o'clock Mass, would watch me with a silent and superior reproach. That would increase my fury; it is impossible to feel the equal of someone who's been awake longer than you. Mary Gordon, Final Payments Sleep patterns in humans emerge from a complex interplay of several distinct processes: maturation and development, behavioral phenomena, and intrinsic sleep and circadian regulatory mechanisms. Each factor likely plays an important role during the transition from childhood to adulthood, a time when significant changes in sleep patterns occur. Sleep also affects many facets of waking human life, although a definitive explanation of sleep's function(s) remains undiscovered. Unquestioned, however, is the obligatory nature of sleep and our commonsense intuition that sleep fulfills some vital role in our waking lives, a role that enhances our abilities to think, perform, feel, and interact. The patterns of sleep that unfold during adolescence differ markedly from those of preadolescents. Our sense is that many adolescents in the United States obtain insufficient and ill-timed sleep and that daytime functioning suffers as a consequence.
Responding to the ‘crisis of masculinity’: the perspectives of young Muslim men from Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland

Debates about the so-called crisis of masculinity have tended to focus on the experiences of white working class young men and black young men to the exclusion of other groups of men. This article seeks to redress this omission by exploring young Muslim men's knowledge and understanding of the crisis of masculinity and the ways in which they respond to such discourses. Using qualitative data collected during interviews and focus groups with young Muslim men – mainly of Pakistani heritage – living in Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland, I demonstrate that young Muslim men's responses to the crisis of masculinity debate are informed by a complex range of issues including their own class position, familial and related gendered expectations alongside the young men's interests in sport and leisure activities.
Replicating and Extending Past Personality/Job Satisfaction Meta-Analyses

A meta-analysis summarizing results of 187 studies reporting cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between job satisfaction and personality is described. The Big Five factor of Neuroticism related most strongly and negatively to job satisfaction (−.25), with the other factors ranging from . 16 (Conscientiousness) to −. 02 (Openness to Experience). Job satisfaction was positively related to internal locus of control (LOC), positive affectivity, and Type A (achievement striving). Results showed negative relationships with external LOC, trait anger, Machiavellianism, negative affectivity/trait anxiety, and Type A (global and impatience/irritability). Job satisfaction had a very weak, negative correlation with narcissism that was indistinguishable from zero. These relationships were similar, although the effect sizes were generally not as strong, when examined in a longitudinal context. The distinctiveness of Extraversion and positive affectivity, as well as that of global and composite measures of job satisfaction, are discussed.
The Effects of Body Ideal Profile Pictures and Friends' Comments on Social Network Site Users' Body Image: A SIDE Model Approach

Although a substantial body of research has explored the effects of exposure to idealized images in traditional media on one's body image, there is relatively little systematic investigation of the body ideal on social network sites (SNSs). In an attempt to further body image research, this study sought to explore the effects of exposure to Facebook body ideal profile pictures and body ideal comments on users' body image. In addition, the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) was used to explore Facebook users' adherence to a body ideal norm, as well as the role of group identification in this process. The SIDE model has been widely used to investigate group communication in CMC contexts, yet had not been used in SNS research prior to this study. To address this issue, a pre-test post-test 2 x 2 X 2 between-group web-based experimental design was used on a mock Facebook status page. The design was comprised of body ideal profile pictures (body ideal vs. no body), body ideal comments (pro-ideal vs. anti-ideal), and group identification (high vs. low). A total of 501 participants completed the web-based experiment and passed all manipulation checks. Participants viewed pictures and comments on the Facebook status page and were able to leave their own comment before moving on to the post-test instrument. Results demonstrated no significant main effects for either profile pictures or comments on participants' body image. However, those with low predispositional body satisfaction displayed significantly lower body satisfaction after viewing body ideal images than those with relatively higher predispositional body satisfaction. In addition, participants' comments were overwhelmingly in line with the body ideal norm. But, in support of the SIDE model, the group norm did significantly affect participants' behavior. Those exposed to anti-ideal comments were almost three times more likely to make anti-ideal comments than those exposed to pro-ideal comments. In contrast to recent SIDE model research, group identification played no role in either participants' adherence to the norm or in the relationship between exposure to body ideal pictures and comments on participants' body image. It was speculated that the CMC context of SNSs may have played a role in the lack of significant effects of group identification. Altogether, the findings from this study demonstrated the importance of continued body image research in SNSs as well as the applicability of the SIDE model in this newer CMC context. In addition, the findings illuminated potential of further research on body image that is guided by the SIDE model. Finally, the successful implantation of a novel web-based experimental design shows promise for similar research in future communication inquiries.
Early-stage memory loss support groups: outcomes from a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES This article describes results of a randomized controlled trial comparing a time-limited early-stage memory loss (ESML) support group program conducted by a local Alzheimer's Association chapter to a wait-list (WL) control condition. METHODS One hundred and forty-two dyads were randomized in blocks to ESML (n = 96) or WL (n = 46). Mean age of participants was 74.9 years, and mean Mini-Mental State Examination was 23.4. The primary outcome was participant's quality of life; secondary outcomes included mood, family communication, and perceived stress. RESULTS On the intent-to-treat (ITT) pre-post analysis, significant differences were seen in participant quality of life (p < .001), depression (p < .01), and family communication (p < .05). Within the care partner groups, there was no significant difference between ESML and WL in the ITT analysis. A post hoc exploratory examination of changes that were associated with improved quality of life in ESML participants revealed significant reductions of depressive symptoms and behavior problems (p < .05), improved family communication (p < .05), self-efficacy (p < .01), Medical Outcomes Study short form (SF-36) role-emotional (p < .05), SF-36 social functioning (p < .05), and SF-36 mental health components (p < .01) in improvers. DISCUSSION These results support the efficacy of ESML support groups for individuals with dementia.
Hysteresis modeling and tracking control of a piezostage for biological cell manipulation

This paper presents a new control scheme to compensate for the amplitude- and rate-dependent hysteresis behavior of a piezo-driven parallel stage developed for the application of biological cell manipulation. A variable phase-delay model with variable gain is established to describe the nonlinear hysteresis of the system. The proposed controller integrates an inverse model-based preview feedforward control and a PID feedback control, which has a simple structure and is ease of real-time implementation. The effectiveness of the preview-based control is demonstrated through experimental studies. Results show that the combined control scheme suppresses the tracking error by more than 11 times compared to the stand-alone PID control. It provides a baseline of practical control of the piezostage system for biological cell manipulation.
Divorcing Diagnosis From Treatment: Contemporary Management of Low-Risk Prostate Cancer

Today, the majority of men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer will present with low-risk features of the disease. Because prostate cancer often takes an insidious course, it is debated whether the majority of these men require radical treatment and the accompanying derangement of quality of life domains imposed by surgery, radiation, and hormonal therapy. Investigators have identified various selection criteria for "insignificant disease," or that which can be monitored for disease progression while safely delaying radical treatment. In addition to the ideal definition of low risk, a lack of randomized trials comparing the various options for treatment in this group of men poses a great challenge for urologists. Early outcomes from active surveillance cohorts support its use in carefully selected men with low-risk disease features, but frequent monitoring is required. Patient selection and disease monitoring methods will require refinement that will likely be accomplished through the increased use of biomarkers and specialized imaging techniques.
N-(3-Nitrophenyl)-N′-pivaloylthiourea

In the title compound, C12H15N3O3S, there is an intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯O, N—H⋯S and C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to the ac plane.
Learning Semantically and Additively Compositional Distributional Representations

This paper connects a vector-based composition model to a formal semantics, the Dependency-based Compositional Semantics (DCS). We show theoretical evidence that the vector compositions in our model conform to the logic of DCS. Experimentally, we show that vector-based composition brings a strong ability to calculate similar phrases as similar vectors, achieving near state-of-the-art on a wide range of phrase similarity tasks and relation classification; meanwhile, DCS can guide building vectors for structured queries that can be directly executed. We evaluate this utility on sentence completion task and report a new state-of-the-art.