Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Interpretation of Giving in Dictator Games

The dictator game represents a workhorse within experimental economics, frequently used to test theory and to provide insights into the prevalence of social preferences. This study explores more closely the dictator game and the literature’s preferred interpretation of its meaning by collecting data from nearly 200 dictators across treatments that varied the action set and the origin of endowment. The action set variation includes choices in which the dictator can “take” money from the other player. Empirical results question the received interpretation of dictator game giving: many fewer agents are willing to transfer money when the action set includes taking. Yet, a result that holds regardless of action set composition is that agents do not ubiquitously choose the most selfish outcome. The results have implications for theoretical models of social preferences, highlight that “institutions” matter a great deal, and point to useful avenues for future research using simple dictator games and relevant manipulations.
Mapping cognitive structures and processes through verbal content: the thought-listing technique.

Open-ended cognitive assessment techniques have helped illuminate the cognitive structures and processes underlying various clinical problems. The authors review a specific open-ended protocol analysis for assessing cognitive structures and processes--the thought-listing technique. They begin with a brief description of this technique and its validity, limitations, and potential clinical use. They then review representative research using the thought-listing technique in studies of psychopathology and psychotherapy. They conclude with a discussion of new and potentially useful methods (e.g., adjusted ratio of clustering scores, multidimensional scaling, implicit memory measures) for mapping cognitive representations and coping processes on the basis of data from thought listings in clinical and counseling psychology.
Short-Term Left Ventricular Remodeling After Revascularization in Subacute Total and Subtotal Occlusion With the Infarct-Related Left Anterior Descending Artery

Background Large randomized studies revealed that percutaneous coronary intervention has no clinical benefit in patients with total occlusion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate left ventricular remodelling after PCI for total and subtotal infarct-related left anterior desending artery in stable patients who have not received trombolytic theraphy. Methods Sixty stable patients with subacute anterior myocardial infarction who have total or subtotal occlusion in the infarct-related left anterior descending artery were enrolled the study (20 patient in the total-medical group, 20 patient in the total-PCI group and 20 patient in the subtotal-PCI group). All patients’ left ventricular diameters, volumes and ejection fractions measured at admission and after a month. Results The necrotic segment number in scintigraphy were similar in three groups. In the total-PCI group, there were significant increases in left ventricular diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic volume and left ventricular end-systolic volume at first month. A borderline significant increase was observed in LVEDV in the total-medical group at first month. No significant difference was seen in all echocardiographic parameters in the subtotal-PCI group at a month after discharge. The percentage of increase in LVEDV was significantly higher and the percentage of increase in LVESV was borderline significantly higher in the total-PCI group than the other groups. Conclusions In stable patients, PCI for total occlusion in the subacute phase of anterior MI causes an increase in LV remodeling. Nevertheless PCI for subtotal occlusion in the subacute phase of anterior MI may prevent LV remodeling.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐transduced fibroblasts: Production of BDNF and effects of grafting to the adult rat brain

Local delivery of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by genetically modified cells provides the unique opportunity to examine the effects of BDNF on adult dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons in vivo. Primary rat fibroblasts were genetically engineered to produce BDNF. Conditioned media from BDNF‐transduced fibroblasts supported embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion neurons as well as rat fetal mesencephalic neurons. BDNF‐transduced fibroblasts grafted to the rat brain survived and showed continued mRNA production for at least 2 weeks. The effects of BDNF‐transduced fibroblast grafts on the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems were then assessed. BDNF‐transduced fibroblasts grafted into the normal intact substantia nigra induced sprouting of tyrosine hydroxylase‐ and neurofilamentimmunoreactive fibers into the graft. Fibroblast grafts implanted into the normal intact striatum and midbrain as well as the 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned brain did not induce sprouting of dopaminergic fibers; neither did they affect drug‐induced rotational behavior. BDNF‐transduced fibroblasts did, however, significantly increase the homovanillic acid/dopamine ratio when grafted into the normal midbrain. Following transection of the fimbriafornix, BDNF‐transduced fibroblasts grafted into the septum were unable to rescue the septal cholinergic population, as did nerve growth factor‐producing fibroblast grafts. Genetically modified fibroblast grafts may provide an effective, localized method of BDNF delivery in vivo to test biological effects of this factor on the central nervous system. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiation search operations using scene understanding with autonomous UAV and UGV

Autonomously searching for hazardous radiation sources requires the ability of the aerial and ground systems to understand the scene they are scouting. In this paper, we present systems, algorithms, and experiments to perform radiation search using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) by employing semantic scene segmentation. The aerial data are used to identify radiological points of interest, generate an orthophoto along with a digital elevation model (DEM) of the scene, and perform semantic segmentation to assign a category (e.g., road, grass) to each pixel in the orthophoto. We perform semantic segmentation by training a model on a dataset of images we collected and annotated, using the model to perform inference on images of the test area unseen to the model, and then refining the results with the DEM to better reason about category predictions at each pixel. We then use all of these outputs to plan a path for a UGV carrying a LiDAR to map the environment and avoid obstacles not present during the flight, and a radiation detector to collect more precise radiation measurements from the ground. Results of the analysis for each scenario tested favorably. We also note that our approach is general and has the potential to work for a variety of different sensing tasks.
Entrepreneurial intentions subsequent to firm exit

While a large literature has emerged focusing on nascent entrepreneurship, the propensity for exentrepreneurs to consider re-entering into entrepreneurship, or what we term here as renascent entrepreneurship, has been generally overlooked. This paper suggests a different view of learning, where the entrepreneur can utilize her capacity to absorb and learn from the initial entrepreneurial experience, thereby augmenting her initial endowment of entrepreneurial skills.
Land Titles, Credit Markets and Wealth Distributions

Does the existence of formal title to land and real estate matter for the distribution of wealth? This paper reviews the empirical literature on the economic impact of land and real estate administration systems across countries. This paper argues that a functioning credit market for secured credit is necessary to realize the full benefits of legal title to private real estate. This paper also reviews quantitative economic theory on wealth distribution to assess the likely impact of different land registration systems on wealth inequality. The implication of current theory is that poor land administration systems may sometimes lead to lower levels of wealth inequality than better land registration systems.
Model reliability for 3D electrical resistivity tomography: Application of the volume of investigation index to a time-lapse monitoring experiment

Solution appraisal is difficult for large 3D, nonlinear inverse problems such as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). We construct the volume of investigation index (VOI) as the sensitivity of the inversion result to a variable-reference model. This limited exploration of the model space provides an efficient and pragmatic method of appraisal for a particular data set and a 3D model domain. We present a synthetic example to demonstrate the applicability of the VOI as a tool for characterizing model reliability for 3D ERT and as a method of survey design. We show how the VOI provides a measure of model resolution and how insight gained from VOI analysis cannot be gained through similar examination of the average sensitivity distributions. In the context of ERT monitoring of an injection/withdrawal experiment, we utilize the VOI for judging the degree of reliability of hydrogeological interpretations that stem from features observed in the estimated electrical-conductivity models. We employ the VOI for the experimental data as a comparative measure of survey performance. For this experiment, the VOI shows that a larger, more artifact-free region of reliability is achieved using a circulating vertical dipole-dipole survey geometry, as opposed to a horizontal dipole-dipole survey geometry. The experimental VOI distributions exhibit dependence on the borehole infrastructure and the actual earth model.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones Are Involved in the Morphogenesis of Rotavirus Infectious Particles

ABSTRACT The final assembly of rotavirus particles takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this work, we evaluated by RNA interference the relevance to rotavirus assembly and infectivity of grp78, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), grp94, calnexin, calreticulin, and ERp57, members of the two ER folding systems described herein. Silencing the expression of grp94 and Erp57 had no effect on rotavirus infectivity, while knocking down the expression of any of the other four chaperons caused a reduction in the yield of infectious virus of about 50%. In grp78-silenced cells, the maturation of the oligosaccharide chains of NSP4 was retarded. In cells with reduced levels of calnexin, the oxidative folding of VP7 was impaired and the trimming of NSP4 was accelerated, and in calreticulin-silenced cells, the formation of disulfide bonds of VP7 was also accelerated. The knockdown of PDI impaired the formation and/or rearrangement of the VP7 disulfide bonds. All these conditions also affected the correct assembly of virus particles, since compared with virions from control cells, they showed an altered susceptibility to EGTA and heat treatments, a decreased specific infectivity, and a diminished reactivity to VP7 with monoclonal antibody M60, which recognizes only this protein when its disulfide bonds have been correctly formed. In the case of grp78-silenced cells, the virus produced bound less efficiently to MA104 cells than virus obtained from control cells. All these results suggest that these chaperones are involved in the quality control of rotavirus morphogenesis. The complexity of the steps of rotavirus assembly that occur in the ER provide a useful model for studying the organization and operation of the complex network of chaperones involved in maintaining the quality control of this organelle.
Ensembles of Neural Networks through crossover based pattern generation

The goal of an ensemble construction with several neural networks is to achieve better generalization than that of a single neural network. A Neural Network Ensemble (NNE) performs well when the component networks are diverse, so that failure of one is compensated for by others. Training data variation (i.e., different training sets for different networks) is a good source of diversity because the function that a network approximates is learned from its training data. We introduce a new approach to training data variation and propose the Ensemble based on Crossover based Pattern Generation (ECPG). ECPG generates some new training patterns for a particular network; a pair of pattern is generated interchanging some of input feature values in between a pair of selected original patterns. The effectiveness of ECPG was evaluated using several benchmark classification problems, and ECPG was found to achieve better or competitive performance with respect to related conventional methods. With several benefits over conventional methods, crossover based pattern generation appears to be a good technique for ensemble construction
An Efficient Algorithm for Robot Maze-Solving

This paper presents an efficient IEEE standard robot maze-solving algorithm. According to the actual situation of the robot searching maze, this algorithm improved the flood fill algorithm in maze-solving. Comparing with the results of using flood-fill algorithm directly, experiments show that this algorithm works better and more efficiently, and also, it has the advantage of little searching time and high speed of maze-solving. So it can be used to some areas like robot finding path.
Biomarkers Predicting Clinical Outcome of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Targeted Therapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

The monoclonal antibodies panitumumab and cetuximab that target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have expanded the range of treatment options for metastatic colorectal cancer. Initial evaluation of these agents as monotherapy in patients with EGFR-expressing chemotherapy-refractory tumors yielded response rates of approximately 10%. The realization that detection of positive EGFR expression by immunostaining does not reliably predict clinical outcome of EGFR-targeted treatment has led to an intense search for alternative predictive biomarkers. Oncogenic activation of signaling pathways downstream of the EGFR, such as mutation of KRAS, BRAF, or PIK3CA oncogenes, or inactivation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene is central to the progression of colorectal cancer. Tumor KRAS mutations, which may be present in 35%–45% of patients with colorectal cancer, have emerged as an important predictive marker of resistance to panitumumab or cetuximab treatment. In addition, among colorectal tumors carrying wild-type KRAS, mutation of BRAF or PIK3CA or loss of PTEN expression may be associated with resistance to EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibody treatment, although these additional biomarkers require further validation before incorporation into clinical practice. Additional knowledge of the molecular basis for sensitivity or resistance to EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibodies will allow the development of new treatment algorithms to identify patients who are most likely to respond to treatment and could also provide rationale for combining therapies to overcome primary resistance. The use of KRAS mutations as a selection biomarker for anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (eg, panitumumab or cetuximab) treatment is the first major step toward individualized treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
THE 24H VARIATION OF MOOD DIFFERS BETWEEN MORNING-TYPE AND EVENING-TYPE INDIVIDUALS

Evidence is accumulating in favor of a 24-h variation of mood, driven by an endogenous circadian pacemaker, presumably located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (Moore-Ede, Sulzman, & Fuller, 1982). Subjective mood, as assessed by means of a rating scale, appears to follow a 24-h pattern which closely parallels that of core body temperature. Thus, subjective ratings of mood reach their lowest values near the minimum of the temperature rhythm, and their highest values near the crest of the temperature rhythm (Boivin, et al., 1997; Monk, et al., 1992). Since the phase of the endogenous temperature rhythm of morning-type (M-type) individuals as compared with evening-type (E-type) individuals appears to be advanced (Kerkhof & Van Dongen, 1996), a similar interindividual phase difference may be expected for the 24-h rhythm of mood. A recent publication by Chebat and coworkers (1997) presents some support for this contention. However, additional evidence is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn (see Discussion). To this end, the present study was undertaken.
Stochastic Tension‐Stiffening Approach for the Solution of Serviceability Problems in Reinforced Concrete: Constitutive Modeling

A number of studies have indicated that the tension‐stiffening law is an important input parameter in a numerical analysis of serviceability (deformations and cracking) problems of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The stochastic nature of concrete cracking, which results in a large scatter of experimental results, renders the constitutive modeling a very difficult task. Even data obtained from short‐term tests are to some degree uncertain due to time‐dependent processes occurring in concrete, such as shrinkage and creep relaxation. This article provides statistical analysis tools that can be readily applied to engineering practice. Stochastic principles are applied to modeling of tension‐stiffening for the purpose of predicting not only the average deformation response of RC elements, but also bounds of these predictions that are of vital importance for practical problems. Unlike common practice, shrinkage of concrete is taken into account in the short‐term numerical simulation.
Associative learning and sensory neuroplasticity: how does it happen and what is it good for?

Historically, the body's sensory systems have been presumed to provide the brain with raw information about the external environment, which the brain must interpret to select a behavioral response. Consequently, studies of the neurobiology of learning and memory have focused on circuitry that interfaces between sensory inputs and behavioral outputs, such as the amygdala and cerebellum. However, evidence is accumulating that some forms of learning can in fact drive stimulus-specific changes very early in sensory systems, including not only primary sensory cortices but also precortical structures and even the peripheral sensory organs themselves. This review synthesizes evidence across sensory modalities to report emerging themes, including the systems’ flexibility to emphasize different aspects of a sensory stimulus depending on its predictive features and ability of different forms of learning to produce similar plasticity in sensory structures. Potential functions of this learning-induced neuroplasticity are discussed in relation to the challenges faced by sensory systems in changing environments, and evidence for absolute changes in sensory ability is considered. We also emphasize that this plasticity may serve important nonsensory functions, including balancing metabolic load, regulating attentional focus, and facilitating downstream neuroplasticity.
Ribosomes in the balance: structural equilibrium ensures translational fidelity and proper gene expression

At equilibrium, empty ribosomes freely transit between the rotated and un-rotated states. In the cell, the binding of two translation elongation factors to the same general region of the ribosome stabilizes one state over the other. These stabilized states are resolved by expenditure of energy in the form of GTP hydrolysis. A prior study employing mutants of a late assembling peripheral ribosomal protein suggested that ribosome rotational status determines its affinity for elongation factors, and hence translational fidelity and gene expression. Here, mutants of the early assembling integral ribosomal protein uL2 are used to test the generality of this hypothesis. rRNA structure probing analyses reveal that mutations in the uL2 B7b bridge region shift the equilibrium toward the rotated state, propagating rRNA structural changes to all of the functional centers of ribosome. Structural disequilibrium unbalances ribosome biochemically: rotated ribosomes favor binding of the eEF2 translocase and disfavor that of the elongation ternary complex. This manifests as specific translational fidelity defects, impacting the expression of genes involved in telomere maintenance. A model is presented describing how cyclic intersubunit rotation ensures the unidirectionality of translational elongation, and how perturbation of rotational equilibrium affects specific aspects of translational fidelity and cellular gene expression.
The properties and evolution of a K-band selected sample of massive galaxies at z∼ 0.4–2 in the Palomar/DEEP2 survey

We present the results of a study on the properties and evolution of massive (M* > 10 11 M⊙) galaxies at z ∼ 0.4-2 utilizing Keck spectroscopy, near-infrared Palomar imaging, and Hubble, Chandra and Spitzer data covering fields targeted by the DEEP2 galaxy spectroscopic survey. Our sample is K-band selected and stellar mass limited, based on wide-area near-infrared imaging from the Palomar Observatory Wide-Field Infrared Survey, which covers 1.53 deg 2 to a 5σ depth of K s,vega ∼ 20.5. Our primary goal is to obtain a broad census of massive galaxies through measuring how their number and mass densities, morphology, as well as their star formation and active galactic nucleus content evolve from z ∼ 0.4-2. Our major findings include: (i) statistically the mass and number densities of M* > 10 11 M⊙ galaxies show little evolution between z = 0 and 1 and from z ∼ 0 to 2 for M* > 10 11.5 M⊙ galaxies. We however find significant evolution within 1 10 11 M⊙ selected galaxies show a nearly constant elliptical fraction of ∼70-90 per cent at all redshifts. The remaining objects tend to be peculiars possibly undergoing mergers at z > 0.8, while spirals dominate the remainder at lower redshifts. A significant fraction (∼25 per cent) of these early-types contain minor structural anomalies. (iii) We find that only a fraction (∼60 per cent) of massive galaxies with M* > 10 11 M⊙ are on the red sequence at z ∼ 1.4, while nearly 100 per cent evolve on to it by z ∼ 0.4. (iv) By utilizing Spitzer MIPS imaging and [O II] line fluxes we argue that M* > 10 11.5 M⊙ galaxies have a steeply declining star formation rate (SFR) density ∼ (1 + z) 6 . By examining the contribution of star formation to the evolution of the mass function, as well as the merger history through the CAS parameters, we determine that M* > 10 11 M⊙ galaxies undergo on average 0.9 +0.7 -0.5 major mergers at 0.4 10 11 M⊙ galaxies are X-ray emitters. Roughly half of these are morphologically distorted ellipticals or peculiars. Finally, we compare our mass growth with semi-analytical models from the Millennium Simulation, finding relative good agreement at z 10 1.5 M⊙ galaxies are underpredicted by a factor of > 100.