Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Simulations of Dielectric Wall Accelerator Structures for Electron Beam Acceleration

Dielectric Wall Accelerator (DWA) technology incorporates the energy storage mechanism, the switching mechanism, and the acceleration mechanism for electron beams. Electromagnetic simulations of DWA structures includes these effects and also details of the switch configuration and how that switch time affects the electric field pulse which accelerates the particle beam. DWA structures include both bi-linear and bi-spiral configurations with field gradients on the order of 20MV/m and the simulations include the effects of the beampipe, the beampipe walls, and the DWA High Gradient Insulator (HGI) insulating stack. Design trade-offs include the transmission line impedance (typically a few ohms), equilibration ring optimization, driving switch inductances, and layer-to-layer coupling effects and the associated affect on the acceleration pulse’s peak value.
Individual Differences, Structure, Task, and External Environment and Leader Behavior: A Summary

Abstract : The report summarizes a literature search conducted in the areas of individual differences, task characteristics, organizational structure, and external environment as they relate to leader behavior. The studies reviewed supported the notion that effective leader behavior was conditioned by complex relationships between personal variables and situational variables such as task characteristics. Problems in defining task variables were noted and classification schemes were reviewed providing suggested dimensions along which tasks vary. Research showed that task variables were important for determining effective leadership style. Definitions, problems, and properties of group and organizational structure were reviewed. Finally recent efforts to develop theory and data relating change in the external environment of organizations to leader behavior were summarized.
Comparative phylogeography of short‐tailed bats (Carollia: Phyllostomidae)

This is the first study of comparative phylogeography involving closely related species of Neotropical bats of the family Phyllostomidae. We compared patterns of geographical variation within the five species of fruit‐eating bats currently recognized in the genus Carollia using the complete mitochondrial cytochrome‐b gene. Our results suggest that the combined effect of the uplift of the Andes and the Panamanian land bridge has been as important for bats as for terrestrial mammals in shaping present‐day biodiversity in the New World tropics. Species in this genus can be arranged in two highly supported clades, with a deep subdivision within each that corresponds well to differences across the Andes. We found three congruent phylogeographical patterns across species in this genus. First, the closer relationship between samples from western Ecuador and those from Central America, compared with populations east of the Andes in C. brevicauda, C. castanea and C. perspicillata. Second, the likelihood of a similar timing in South America for the arrival and diversification of C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata from their Central America ancestors. Third, the expansion of C. perspicillata and C. sowelli into northwestern Central America in the relatively recent past. Using a molecular clock, with rates ranging from 2.3 to 5% per 106 years, diversification within Carollia would have occurred over the last 1–4.5 Myr. These estimates agree well with the last rise of the Northern Andes and the Panama isthmus.
Analysis of antigen receptor genes in Hodgkin's disease.

AIM--To analyse the configuration of the antigen receptor genes in Hodgkin's disease. METHODS--DNA extracted from 45 samples of Hodgkin's disease was analysed using Southern blotting and DNA hybridisation, using probes to the joining region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, the constant region of kappa immunoglobulin light chain gene, and the constant region of the beta chain of the T cell receptor gene. RESULTS--A single case of nodular sclerosing disease showed clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, all other samples having germline immunoglobulin genes. The nature of the clonal population in the diseased tissue is uncertain, because the intensity of the rearranged bands did not correlate with the percentage of Reed-Sternberg cells present. The T cell receptor genes were in germline configuration in all the samples. CONCLUSIONS--Antigen receptor gene rearrangement is a rare finding in unselected cases of Hodgkin's disease.
Photoinactivation of Photosystem II in Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus

The marine picocyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus numerically dominate open ocean phytoplankton. Although evolutionarily related they are ecologically distinct, with different strategies to harvest, manage and exploit light. We grew representative strains of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and tracked their susceptibility to photoinactivation of Photosystem II under a range of light levels. As expected blue light provoked more rapid photoinactivation than did an equivalent level of red light. The previous growth light level altered the susceptibility of Synechococcus, but not Prochlorococcus, to this photoinactivation. We resolved a simple linear pattern when we expressed the yield of photoinactivation on the basis of photons delivered to Photosystem II photochemistry, plotted versus excitation pressure upon Photosystem II, the balance between excitation and downstream metabolism. A high excitation pressure increases the generation of reactive oxygen species, and thus increases the yield of photoinactivation of Photosystem II. Blue photons, however, retained a higher baseline photoinactivation across a wide range of excitation pressures. Our experiments thus uncovered the relative influences of the direct photoinactivation of Photosystem II by blue photons which dominates under low to moderate blue light, and photoinactivation as a side effect of reactive oxygen species which dominates under higher excitation pressure. Synechococcus enjoyed a positive metabolic return upon the repair or the synthesis of a Photosystem II, across the range of light levels we tested. In contrast Prochlorococcus only enjoyed a positive return upon synthesis of a Photosystem II up to 400 μmol photons m-2 s-1. These differential cost-benefits probably underlie the distinct photoacclimation strategies of the species.
Context assessment strategies for Ubiquitous Robots

This paper presents an architecture for context-aware Ubiquitous Robotics applications, where mobile robots cooperate with intelligent environments to fulfill their tasks. Specifically, the work is focused on distributed knowledge representation issues and context assessment strategies, and introduces a technique for on-line context recognition in highly dynamic environments. Experimental validation, performed in a civillian hospital building, is described and discussed.
Generating implications for design through design research

A central tenet of HCI is that technology should be user-centric, with designs being based around social science findings about users. Nevertheless a repeated but critical challenge in design is translating empirical findings into actionable ideas that inform design, or generating implications for design. Despite various design methods aiming to bridge this gap, knowledge informing design is still seen as problematic. However there has been little empirical exploration into what design researchers understand by such design knowledge, the functions and principles behind their creation. We report on interviews with twelve expert HCI design researchers probing the roles and types of design implications, and the process of generating and evaluating them. We synthesize different types of design implications into a framework to guide their generation. Our findings identify a broader range than previously described, additional sources and heuristics supporting their development as well some important evaluation criteria. We discuss the value of these findings for interaction design research.
A New Conception of the Relationship Between Psychological Coping Mechanisms and Biological Stress Buffering Systems

Coping strategies to adapt to environmental and psychological contingencies have been well studied in the human subject. The typical individual is known to have response patterns that permit automatic, and often unconscious adjustment to changing conditions. Psychological (defence) mechanisms facilitate adaptation to new situations or interactions, and when successful, no additional coping mechanisms need to be invoked. However, situations may arise when such mechanisms are insufficient: this may result from developmental failure, personality factors, inordinate levels of stress, or combinations thereof.
Old document image segmentation using the autocorrelation function and multiresolution analysis

Recent progress in the digitization of heterogeneous collections of ancient documents has rekindled new challenges in information retrieval in digital libraries and document layout analysis. Therefore, in order to control the quality of historical document image digitization and to meet the need of a characterization of their content using intermediate level metadata (between image and document structure), we propose a fast automatic layout segmentation of old document images based on five descriptors. Those descriptors, based on the autocorrelation function, are obtained by multiresolution analysis and used afterwards in a specific clustering method. The method proposed in this article has the advantage that it is performed without any hypothesis on the document structure, either about the document model (physical structure), or the typographical parameters (logical structure). It is also parameter-free since it automatically adapts to the image content. In this paper, firstly, we detail our proposal to characterize the content of old documents by extracting the autocorrelation features in the different areas of a page and at several resolutions. Then, we show that is possible to automatically find the homogeneous regions defined by similar indices of autocorrelation without knowledge about the number of clusters using adapted hierarchical ascendant classification and consensus clustering approaches. To assess our method, we apply our algorithm on 316 old document images, which encompass six centuries (1200-1900) of French history, in order to demonstrate the performance of our proposal in terms of segmentation and characterization of heterogeneous corpus content. Moreover, we define a new evaluation metric, the homogeneity measure, which aims at evaluating the segmentation and characterization accuracy of our methodology. We find a 85% of mean homogeneity accuracy. Those results help to represent a document by a hierarchy of layout structure and content, and to define one or more signatures for each page, on the basis of a hierarchical representation of homogeneous blocks and their topology.
Characterization of the Xenopus Hox 2.4 gene and identification of control elements in its intron

We report on the Xenopus homolog of the Hox 2.4 gene. This gene occupies the next to 5′‐most position in the Xenopus Hox 2 complex. Hox 2.4 RNA is first detected at the early neurula stage, reaching a peak at the early tailbud stage, and is localized in the middle and posterior portions of the embryos Antibodies raised against a fusion protein show expression of Hox 2.4 protein in Xenopus embryos in a band located in the mid spinal cord. Thus, the protein is expressed in a narrower domain than that of Hox 2.4 mRNA. The Xenopus Hox 2.4 antibody cross‐reacts readily with mouse embryonic tissue, where the protein is detected in migrating neural crest cells, the dorsal portion of the spinal cord, somites, lateral plate mesoderm, and in the forelimb bud. The Xenopus Hox 2.4 intron shares considerable sequence identity with the intron in the mouse homolog. A reporter gene containing an element from this intron which can bind homeodomain proteins is activated following microinjection into Xenopus embryos. The short distance between the end of the Hox 2.4 cDNA and the start site of the neighboring gene in the complex raises the possibility that this transcriptional element might be shared by two Hox genes. © 1993 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use your illusion: the flash-lag effect as a tool for psychophysics

The flash-lag effect is an illusion in which a moving object is perceived advanced beyond an aligned flash. The majority of research into the effect has been directed at specifying its source, though a small body of literature simply makes use of flash-lag to answer diverse questions about perception – without necessarily arbitrating between competing accounts of its nature. The current thesis expands on this little-explored potential of the flash-lag effect with the presentation of three papers reporting programmes of research that exploit the phenomenon to address issues unrelated to its cause. In the first paper it is shown that, like in visual flash-lag, a similar motion direction based anisotropy is evident in the motor version of the effect, in which one’s unseen limb is perceived ahead of a flash. Specifically, the effect is greater for motion towards, rather than away from fixation. Furthermore, Paper I also demonstrates for the first time a motor flash-drag effect, in which one’s unseen moving hand ‘drags’ the perceived position of a nearby flash. It is argued that both of these findings are evidence of parallels between vision and action systems. Paper II takes advantage of the explicitly perceptual nature of the flash-lag effect to investigate whether the visuospatial perception of threatening objects is different to that of non-threatening objects. It is ultimately shown that when a moving stimulus is threatening, the flash-lag effect is greater, regardless of its direction of motion. Paper III shows that gamma movement (the apparent contraction of disappearing stimuli) adds to and subtracts from the forward displacement of contracting and expanding stimuli, respectively. Prior to these papers, however, an overview chapter reviews the flash-lag literature, and argues that the effect can be a useful tool for psychophysics, even without a consensus on its origin.
Music genre recognition with risk and rejection

We explore risk and rejection for music genre recognition (MGR) within the minimum risk framework of Bayesian classification. In this way, we attempt to give an MGR system knowledge that some misclassifications are worse than others, and that deferring classification to an expert may be a better option than forcing a label under high uncertainty. Our experiments show this approach to have some success with respect to reducing false positives and negatives.
PeerWise: A useful learning tool for sociology?

Peer learning is said to enhance the learning outcomes of university students. This article argues, however, that adopting PeerWise, an online learning tool asking students to create and respond to multi-choice questions, produced rather mixed outcomes in a first-year sociology course. Data regarding student feedback and engagement, the quality of the questions created and feedback offered by students, grade results and Maori and Pasifika participation and outcomes suggest that the desired learning outcomes anticipated from PeerWise were hindered by the first-year students' lack of familiarity with both peer learning and creating multi-choice questions. More fundamentally, this online tool's focus on multi-choice questions may have limited its learning potential in a discipline like sociology, which is characterised by complexity and nuance, particularly in an institutional context where assessing the content of the student questions was not feasible.
Surgery for Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract The modern therapeutic approach to most psychiatric diseases involves a combination of well-supervised psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy. Patients who fail to adequately respond to these modern treatment methods and remain severely disabled may be considered for surgical intervention. Cingulotomy, capsulotomy, subcaudate tractotomy, and limbic leucotomy are the most common psychosurgical procedures performed today, with response rates in the 35% to 65% range. Modern stereotactic techniques have reduced complication rates, but controversy remains regarding the optimal surgical procedure. The major psychiatric diagnostic categories that might respond to surgery include treatment-refractory major affective disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and chronic anxiety states. Surgery should be considered as one part of an entire treatment plan and must be followed by an appropriate psychiatric rehabilitation program. It should only be carried out by an expert multidisciplinary team consisting of a neurologist a neurosurgeon, and a psychiatrist with experience in these disorders. Surgical intervention remains a reasonable therapeutic option for select patients with a disabling psychiatric disease and may be underutilized.
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF NORMAL 7S γ-GLOBULIN

Normal 7S human γ-globulin was found to contain two fundamental antigenic groups of molecules. The group 1 molecules of normal γglobulin correspond antigenically to group 1 multiple myeloma proteins and Bence Jones proteins; and group 2 molecules of normal γ-globulin correspond antigenically to group 2 multiple myeloma proteins and Bence-Jones proteins. Among pooled human Fr II and several individual γ-globulin preparations, approximately 60 per cent of molecules belong to group 1 and approximately 30 per cent of molecules to group 2 in this classification. The possible existence of a third minor antigenic group, constituting about 10 per cent, is discussed. Antisera to Bence Jones proteins of antigenic group 1 and group 2, in conjunction with I-131-labeled 7S γ-globulin proved to be the most useful system for defining the antigenic groups of normal γ-globulin. The group-specific antigenic determinants of normal 7S γ-globulin molecules were located on the S fragments of these proteins.
Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical Networks Using Genetic Algorithms

In this paper we consider the wavelength requirement for all-optical networks based on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Given a static channel demand, the problem of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in such networks has to be solved. Due to the restricted number of wavelengths available on each link it is desirable to get a solution of the RWA problem, in which the needed number of wavelengths is minimized. Unfortunately, this optimization problem belongs to the class of NP-complete problems. Therefore in this paper we present a new powerful method for the approximative solution of the RWA problem. This new approach is based on the combination of a genetic algorithm and a quite simple heuristic. The efficiency of this combined algorithm is demonstrated by the application to some well known benchmark problems.
Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a 21-year birth cohort study

Background Birth cohort studies have shown that individuals who develop non-affective psychoses display subtle deviations in behaviour during childhood and adolescence. We had the opportunity to examine the widely used Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR) to explore the antecedents of non-affective psychosis. Method Based on a birth cohort of 3801 young adults, psychopathology was assessed at years 5 and 14 using the CBCL and/or the YSR. Screen-positive non-affective psychosis (SP-NAP) was assessed at year 21 by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) or a self-report checklist. The association between childhood symptoms and SP-NAP was examined using logistic regression. Results Of the cohort, 60 subjects were classified as SP-NAP. In males, SP-NAP was associated with higher scores: (a) on year 5 CBCL ‘Total’, ‘Aggression’ and ‘Social, Attention and Thought’ scores; (b) on year 14 CBCL ‘Social’, ‘Attention’ and ‘Delinquency’ scores, and (c) YSR ‘Total’ and many YSR subscores. These associations were less clear for females. Hallucinations at year 14 were associated with SP-NAP for both sexes. Boys with high ‘Total’ scores at both years 5 and 14 were at greatest risk of SP-NAP (a 5-fold risk), followed by boys and girls whose ‘Social, Attention and Thought’ scores either increased or remained high from years 5 to 14 (3- to 13-fold risk). Conclusions Individuals who screen positive for non-affective psychosis show increased psychopathology during childhood and adolescence. The psychopathological trajectory of children who go on to develop schizophrenia anticipates the heterogeneity associated with the full clinical syndrome.
Smallpox Vaccination: Comparison of Self-Reported and Electronic Vaccine Records in the Millennium Cohort Study

In December 2002, the US Government implemented policy to immunize health workers, first responders, and military personnel against smallpox in preparation for a possible bioterrorist attack. Self-reported vaccination data are commonly used in epidemiologic research and may be used to determine vaccination status in a public health emergency. To establish a measure of reliability, the agreement between self-reported smallpox vaccination and electronic vaccination records was examined using data from the Millennium Cohort Study. Descriptive measures and a kappa statistic were calculated for data from 54,066 Millennium Cohort Study participants. Multivariable modeling adjusting for potential confounders was used to investigate vaccination agreement status and health metrics, as measured by the Short Form 36-Item Health Survey for Veterans (SF-36V) and hospitalization data. Substantial agreement (κ = 0.62) was found between self-report and electronic recording of smallpox vaccination. Of all participants with an electronic record of smallpox vaccination, 90% self-reported being vaccinated; and of all participants with no electronic record of vaccination, 82% self-reported not receiving a vaccination. There was no significant difference in hospitalization experience prior to questionnaire completion between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants. While overall scores on the SF-36V suggested a healthy population, participants whose self-reported vaccination status did not match electronic records had slightly lower adjusted mean scores for some scales. These results indicate strong reliability in self-reported smallpox vaccination and also suggest that discordant reporting of smallpox vaccination is not associated with substantial differences in health among Millennium Cohort participants.