Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Anticipatory Reading Guides to Improve Elementary Students' Comprehension.

students with comprehension strategies that transfer to all content areas. With stable levels of reading achievement over the last two decades in the United States, it is necessary that further research be conducted on methods of increasing students’ comprehension proficiencies. This experimental research study explores the use of an anticipatory reading guide with third grade struggling readers across multiple subject areas. Findings indicate that the experimental treatment group outperformed the control group by a statistically significant rate on both reading and content area measures, indicating that when struggling readers practice and use strategies to explicitly think what will be asked of them after reading the passage they perform at higher levels
How Much to Share with Users during Usability Testing

This study evaluated user behaviors during two different testing environments: no intervention (unfacilitated) versus moderate intervention (facilitated). Nineteen participants evaluated a complex 3-D application with about half in each of the two conditions. All subjects carried out a series of tasks and, for each task, we gathered completion times, ease of use and importance ratings, as well as open-ended comments and suggestions for improvement. At the end of the study, participants made System Usability Scale (SUS) and other ratings and gave overall impressions of the application. There were no differences depending on group (facilitated versus unfacilitated) for any of the quantitative task measures, including: percent success, time to complete the tasks, ease of use ratings, and importance ratings. However, we observed differences in suggestions for improving the application; comments were much richer and more useful for the facilitated group. There were reliable group differences in some of the general measures following task completion, including SUS ratings. These findings are discussed in relation to other observations in the literature and pros and cons of each method are described.
Systematic Review of HIV Transmission between Heterosexual Serodiscordant Couples where the HIV-Positive Partner Is Fully Suppressed on Antiretroviral Therapy

Background The risk of sexual HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples when the HIV-positive partner has full virologic suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is debated. This study aims to systematically review observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), evaluating rates of sexual HIV transmission between heterosexual serodiscordant couples when the HIV-positive partner has full suppression on cART. Methods and Findings We searched major bibliographic databases to November 2012 for relevant observational studies and RCTs without language restrictions. Conference proceedings, key journals and bibliographies were also searched. Studies reporting HIV transmission rates, cART histories and viral loads of the HIV-positive partners were included. Two reviewers extracted methodologic characteristics and outcomes. Of 20,252 citations, 3 studies met all eligibility criteria with confirmed full virologic suppression in the HIV-positive partner. We included 3 additional studies (2 cohort studies, 1 RCT) that did not confirm viral suppression in the HIV-positive partner at transmission in a secondary meta-analysis. Methodologic quality was reasonable. The rate of transmission in the 3 studies confirming virologic suppression was 0 per 100 person-years (95% CI = 0–0.05), with low heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). When we included the 3 studies that did not confirm virologic suppression, the rate of transmission was 0.14 per 100 person-years (95%CI = 0.04–0.31) (I2 = 0%). In a sensitivity analysis including all 6 studies, the rate of transmission was 0 per 100 person-years (95%CI = 0–0.01) after omitting all transmissions with known detectable or unconfirmed viral loads, as full suppression in these cases was unlikely. Limitations included lack of data on same-sex couples, type of sexual intercourse (vaginal vs. anal), direction of HIV transmission, exact viral load at the time of transmission, sexually transmitted infections (STI) rates, and extent of condom use. Conclusions Our findings suggest minimal risk of sexual HIV transmission for heterosexual serodiscordant couples when the HIV-positive partner has full viral suppression on cART with caveats regarding information on sexual intercourse type, STIs, and condom use. These findings have implications when counseling heterosexual serodiscordant couples on sexual and reproductive health. More research is needed to explore HIV transmission risk between same-sex couples.
Extending the Deontic Model of Justice: Moral Self-Regulation in Third-Party Responses to Injustice

The deontic model of justice and ethical behavior proposes that people care about justice simply for the sake of justice. This is an important consideration for business ethics because it implies that justice and ethical behavior are naturally occurring phenomena independent of system controls or individual self-interest. To date, research on the deontic model and third-party reactions to injustice has focused primarily on individuals’ tendency to punish transgressors. This research has revealed that witnesses to injustice will consider sacrificing their own resources if it is the only way to sanction an observed transgressor. In this paper we seek to extend this model by arguing that punishment may not be the only “deontic” reaction, and that in fact, third-party observers of injustice may engage in moral self-regulation that would lead them to conclude that the most ethical response is to do nothing. We provide preliminary evidence for our propositions using voiced cognitions data collected during a resource allocation task. Results indicate that deonance may be more complex than originally thought, and previous tests of the model conservative in nature.
“If Anything is Odd, Inappropriate, Confusing, or Boring, It’s Probably Important”: The Emergence of Inclusive Acedemic Literacy through English Classroom Discussion Practices

Describes the role of class discussion and a teacher’s particular discourse moves in the development of an inclusive learning culture in a high school English literature course with a rigorous academic curriculum. Focuses on how the teacher transformed previously tracked gifted and talented and general students’ understandings of what counted as being a reader while negotiating collaboration.
The Value of Autoethnography for Field Research in Transcultural Settings

Mary Louise Pratt uses the term autoethnography to refer to those instances in which members of colonized groups strive to represent themselves to their colonizers in ways that engage with colonizers' terms while also remaining faithful to their own self-understandings. This paper extends Pratt's conceptualization of autoethnography and describes how it may be used to inform field research in transcultural settings in the formerly colonized world. Drawing from research in a village in northern Pakistan, we argue that approaching fieldwork with an “autoethnographic sensibility” can yield important epistemological, methodological, and political insights into our research practices. The paper concludes by suggesting that these insights extend beyond a postcolonial, or even cross-cultural, research context, to inform more general debates in human geography about how to achieve a critical and reflexive research practice.
Rational—Emotive Therapy to Help Teachers Control Their Emotions and Behavior When Dealing With Disagreeable Students

Students with challenging behaviors are very deft at engaging teachers in power struggles as a way to either feel empowered, obtain attention, or escape an unpleasant task. The more frustrated that teachers permit themselves to get, the less capable they are of responding in a therapeutic, productive fashion to students'challenging behaviors. The purpose of this article is to describe a system, based on principles of rational—emotive therapy, to help teachers stay composed when dealing with disagreeable students. Emotionally controlled teachers have greater access to behaviors in their repertoire for responding effectively to students' challenging behaviors.
Significance of intraepithelial lymphocytosis in small bowel biopsy samples with normal mucosal architecture

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to determine the specificity of increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) with normal villous architecture in small bowel biopsy samples for diagnosis of gluten sensitivity (GS) and its significance in the absence of GS.METHODS:Small bowel biopsy samples from 43 patients with increased IELs and no other pathology were reviewed. Patients with prior diagnosis of GS were excluded. A group of 46 patients with normal duodenal biopsy during the same period served as controls. The clinical records of patients and controls were examined for presenting symptoms, laboratory tests, and final clinicopathological diagnosis. Immunohistochemical characterization of IELs was performed in 13 cases.RESULTS:Four (9.3%) patients had GS based on positive IgA antiendomysial antibodies (n = 3) and favorable response to gluten-free diet (n = 4). One patient (2.2%) had partially treated tropical sprue; six patients (14%) had disorders of immune regulation including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (n = 2) and one case each of Graves’ disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis; and six patients (14%) were on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In contrast, none of the control subjects had GS (p = 0.05), tropical sprue, or immunoregulatory disorders (p = 0.011), and one (2.2%) was on NSAIDs (p = 0.04). Increased IELs were also observed in Crohn's disease, lymphocytic/collagenous colitis, and bacterial overgrowth, but the association did not reach statistical significance. Histological features (number and distribution of IELs, crypt mitoses) and immunophenotypic analysis of IELs did not reliably distinguish GS-related from non–GS-related causes of increased IELs.CONCLUSION:Intraepithelial lymphocytosis in an otherwise normal small bowel biopsy is somewhat nonspecific, but in nearly 10% of cases can be the initial presentation of GS. Therefore all patients with this finding should be investigated for GS. Increased IELs may also be associated with autoimmune disorders and NSAIDs.
Başarı Yönelimleri ile Kararlılık Arasındaki İlişkiler

The present study aims to investigate the associations of achievement goal orientations with grit. Participants were 509 university students who completed The 2X2 Achievement Goal Orientations Scale and Grit Scale. This relationship was investigated using correlation and multiple regression analysis. According to results learning-approach goal orientations positively related to grit. In contrary, learning-avoidance and performance-approach/avoidance goal orientations related negatively to grit. Students who adopt learning-approach goal orientation are more likely to have higher level of grit.
Leptin-dependent co-regulation of bone and energy metabolism

The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin inhibits appetite and bone mass accrual. To fulfill these two functions leptin requires the integrity of hypothalamic neurons but not the expression of its receptor, ObRb on these neurons. These results suggested that leptin acts first elsewhere in the brain to mediate these functions. However, this neuroanatomical site of leptin action in the brain remained elusive. Recent mouse genetic, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies provide evidence that leptin inhibits appetite and bone mass accrual through a two-step pathway: it decreases synthesis and the release by brainstem neurons of serotonin that in turn targets hypothalamic neurons to regulate appetite and bone mass accrual.
Deep Transform: Cocktail Party Source Separation via Complex Convolution in a Deep Neural Network

Convolutional deep neural networks (DNN) are state of the art in many engineering problems but have not yet addressed the issue of how to deal with complex spectrograms. Here, we use circular statistics to provide a convenient probabilistic estimate of spectrogram phase in a complex convolutional DNN. In a typical cocktail party source separation scenario, we trained a convolutional DNN to re-synthesize the complex spectrograms of two source speech signals given a complex spectrogram of the monaural mixture - a discriminative deep transform (DT). We then used this complex convolutional DT to obtain probabilistic estimates of the magnitude and phase components of the source spectrograms. Our separation results are on a par with equivalent binary-mask based non-complex separation approaches.
The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance the Determinants of Commercial Banking Profitability in Low-, Middle-, and High-income Countries

Keywords: Banking profitability Macroeconomic impact on banking profitability Financial crisis Country income level GMM estimation a b s t r a c t Using a broad bank-level dataset and the GMM estimator technique described by Arellano and Bover (1995), this paper analyses how bank-specific characteristics, macroeconomic variables, and industry-specific factors affect the profitability of 10,165 commercial banks across 118 countries over the period from 1998 to 2012. Grouping the countries according to three income levels, we show that the determinants of bank profitability included in our model can explain existing profitability differences among commercial banks in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. The profitability determinants vary quite widely across the different levels of income in terms of significance, sign and size of the effect. The level of income has thus an important impact on the determinants of bank profitability.
Do objects in working memory compete with objects in perception?

It is generally assumed that “perceptual object” is the basic unit for processing visual information and that only a small number of objects can be either perceptually selected or encoded in working memory (WM) at one time. This raises the question whether the same resource is used when objects are selected and tracked as when they are held in WM. In two experiments, we measured dual-task interference between a memory task and a Multiple Object Tracking task. The WM tasks involve explicit, implicit, or no spatial processing. Our results suggest there is no resource competition between working memory and perceptual selection except when the WM task requires encoding spatial properties.
Glomerulus-Specific, Long-Latency Activity in the Olfactory Bulb Granule Cell Network

Reliable, stimulus-specific temporal patterns of action potentials have been proposed to encode information in many brain areas, perhaps most notably in the olfactory system. Analysis of such temporal coding has focused almost exclusively on excitatory neurons. Thus, the role of networks of inhibitory interneurons in establishing and maintaining this reliability is unclear. Here we use imaging of population activity in vitro to investigate the mechanisms of temporal pattern generation in mouse olfactory bulb inhibitory interneurons. We show that activity of these interneurons evolves slowly in time but that individual neurons fire at reliable times, with a timescale similar to the slow changes in the patterns of odor-evoked activity and to odor discrimination. Most strikingly, the latency of a single granule cell is highly reliable from trial to trial during repeated stimulation of the same glomerulus, whereas this same cell will have a markedly different latency when a different glomerulus is activated. These data suggest that the timing of granule cell-mediated inhibition in the olfactory bulb is tightly regulated by the source of input and that inhibition may contribute to the generation of reliable temporal patterns of mitral cell activity.
What Counts as "Theory" in Qualitative Management and Accounting Research? Introducing Five Levels of Theorizing

The value of qualitative empirical research in the management and accounting disciplines lies in its “conceptual framing” of organizational actions, events, processes, and structures. Argues that the possibilities for conceptual framing extend beyond the highly abstract schema generally considered as “theories” by academics. In support of this argument, distinguishes five different forms of theorization. Explores the relationship between these theoretical “levels” and the different issues that empirical research explores, arguing that, as the “level” of theorizing “rises”, issues of agency give way to a focus on practice and, in turn, to a concern with structure. As this happens, research aims directed towards abstraction and explanation supersede those for contextualization and understanding. Concludes that views on “what counts as theory” are, currently, too narrow to conceptualize agency, emergence and change adequately in organizational life and, hence, the full range of significant empirical phenomena that characterize the management and accounting areas are not being researched.
EVOLVING TO TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE WITH SHORT DELAY TIMES

The single-degenerate model is currently a favorable progenitor model for Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). Recent investigations on the white dwarf (WD) + He star channel of the single-degenerate model imply that this channel is noteworthy for producing SNe Ia. In this paper, we studied SN Ia birthrates and delay times of this channel via a detailed binary population synthesis approach. We found that the Galactic SN Ia birthrate from the WD + He star channel is ∼0.3 × 10−3 yr−1 according to our standard model, and that this channel can explain SNe Ia with short delay times (∼4.5 × 107–1.4 × 108 yr). Meanwhile, these WD + He star systems may be related to the young supersoft X-ray sources prior to SN Ia explosions.
Nucleus-localized Antisense Small RNAs with 5′-Polyphosphate Termini Regulate Long Term Transcriptional Gene Silencing in Entamoeba histolytica G3 Strain*

Background: The mechanism(s) of G3-based TGS in E. histolytica is largely unknown. Results: 5′-polyphosphate antisense sRNAs are identified; mechanistic insights linking these sRNAs with TGS are provided by IFA, FISH, IP, and ChIP assays. Conclusion: TGS in E. histolytica G3 strain is mediated by an siRNA pathway, which utilizes antisense 5′-polyphosphate sRNAs. Significance: This is the first demonstration of (a) 5′-polyphosphate antisense sRNAs mediating TGS and (b) RNAi-mediated TGS in protozoan parasites. In the deep-branching eukaryotic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of the Amoebapore A gene (ap-a) in the G3 strain has been reported with subsequent development of this parasite strain for gene silencing. However, the mechanisms underlying this gene silencing approach are poorly understood. Here we report that antisense small RNAs (sRNAs) specific to the silenced ap-a gene can be identified in G3 parasites. Furthermore, when additional genes are silenced in the G3 strain, antisense sRNAs to the newly silenced genes can also be detected. Characterization of these sRNAs demonstrates that they are ∼27 nucleotides in size, have 5′-polyphosphate termini, and persist even after removal of the silencing plasmid. Immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) show that both the Argonaute protein EhAGO2-2 and antisense sRNAs to the silenced genes are localized to the parasite nucleus. Furthermore, α-EhAGO2-2 immunoprecipitation confirmed the direct association of the antisense sRNAs with EhAGO2-2. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate that the loci of the silenced genes are enriched for histone H3 and EhAGO2-2, indicating that both chromatin modification and the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex are involved in permanent gene silencing in G3 parasites. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that G3-based gene silencing in E. histolytica is mediated by an siRNA pathway, which utilizes antisense 5′-polyphosphate sRNAs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that 5′- polyphosphate antisense sRNAs can mediate TGS, and it is the first example of RNAi-mediated TGS in protozoan parasites.
The Effect of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Infarct Volume After Reversible Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Conscious Rats

Background and Purpose Previous in vitro and in vivo studies of the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the central nervous system have yielded conflicting results concerning the role of nitric oxide in the events that lead to ischemic injury. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that preischemic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase increases infarct volume after reversible focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride 15 mg/kg IV or an equivalent volume of saline was administered to adult Wistar rats 15 minutes before middle cerebral artery occlusion by the intraluminal suture method. After 2 hours of ischemia, the suture was withdrawn, and rats were allowed to survive for 3 days. Areas of infarction in 10 hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections were measured and used to determine infarct volume. Results Administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride increased hemispheric infarct volume by 137% over control (60.9±30.5 to 144.3±19.6 mm3, P<.05; mean±SEM). Cortical and subcortical infarct volumes were increased by 176% (33.8±21.9 to 93.3±15.2 mm3, P<.05) and 103% (25.1±9.4 to 51.0±5.5 mm3, P<.03), respectively. Conclusions Nitric oxide synthase inhibition increases infarct volume and decreases the variability of the response to middle cerebral artery occlusion in Wistar rats, a strain that is normally resistant to focal cerebral ischemic injury owing to extensive collateralization. The mechanism of the deleterious effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition likely involves a more severe degree of blood flow reduction during and after middle cerebral artery occlusion, primarily by preventing the vasodilatory response of collateral vessels to proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Maintenance of nitric oxide synthase activity during and after focal cerebral ischemia appears to minimize ischemic injury.
Developing an Understanding of Disaster

Disaster is a social product. The propensity for disaster is dependent upon the interplay between humans and their use of the physical and social world. Within this perspective disaster can be seen in broader ecological terms to be an expression of the vulnerability of human society. Vulnerability is contingent upon social pre conditions. This paper focuses on one social pre-condition: the way in which organisational arrangements for counter-disaster operations are dependent upon the prevalent attitudes of what con stitutes a disaster. It is argued that parameters need to be developed for different levels of social crisis periods, and organised counter measures need to be oriented towards these different levels. An attempt has been made to distinguish between accident, emergency, and disaster by employing a set of specific criteria.
The Personal Attribute Inventory: a Measure of Self-Concepts and Personality Profiles

Parish and Eads (1977) and Parish, Eads, and Adams (1977) reported that the Personal Attribute Inventory (PAI) was significantly correlated with two self-concept measures, i.e., the unfavorable and favorable subscales of Gough's (1952) Adjective Check List. As further evidence that the PAI is a self-concept scale, the present study required 265 college students to respond to it and to the 16 PF. As hypothesized, the PAI was significantly related to the self-concept factor (Q 3) on the 16 PF (males: r = -.47; females: r = -.29; both sexes: r = -.37, all p < .001, respectively). In addition, the PAI was found to be significantly correlated with eleven other personality factors on the 16 PF. Thus, the PAI was actually able to provide personality profiles of those deemed to exhibit high or low standing on 12 of 16 PF scales in directions that were judged to be associated with high and low self-concepts.