Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to determine whether the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib prolongs survival in non-small-cell lung cancer after the failure of first-line or second-line chemotherapy. METHODS Patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer, with performance status from 0 to 3, were eligible if they had received one or two prior chemotherapy regimens. The patients were stratified according to center, performance status, response to prior chemotherapy, number of prior regimens, and prior platinum-based therapy and were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive oral erlotinib, at a dose of 150 mg daily, or placebo. RESULTS The median age of the 731 patients who underwent randomization was 61.4 years; 49 percent had received two prior chemotherapy regimens, and 93 percent had received platinum-based chemotherapy. The response rate was 8.9 percent in the erlotinib group and less than 1 percent in the placebo group (P<0.001); the median duration of the response was 7.9 months and 3.7 months, respectively. Progression-free survival was 2.2 months and 1.8 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.61, adjusted for stratification categories; P<0.001). Overall survival was 6.7 months and 4.7 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; P<0.001), in favor of erlotinib. Five percent of patients discontinued erlotinib because of toxic effects. CONCLUSIONS Erlotinib can prolong survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after first-line or second-line chemotherapy.
Long segment ileal transposition leads to early amelioration of glucose control in the diabetic obese Zucker rat

Introduction Fast delivery of food to the terminal ileum is thought to be pathophysiologically responsible for type 2 diabetes remission after obesity surgery. Imitating this effect, ileal transposition (IT) is designed as initiating diabetes remission for non-obese patients. Aim To date, it is not clear which length of the transposed segment achieves the best glucose lowering results. As previous rodent data mostly rely on a 10 cm IT, the current study evaluated a long segment IT (20 cm) in the diabetic obese Zucker rat. Material and methods Twenty male diabetic obese Zucker rats (Crl:ZUC-Leprfa) were randomly assigned to undergo either a long segment (20 cm; ∼ 50% of ileum) IT or sham surgery. Glucose control was determined by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on day −7, 0, 14 and 20. Analysis of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY) and insulin was included in the first and third OGTT. Results Ileal transposition animals showed an early improvement of glucose control after 14 days (area under the curve: IT vs. baseline 314.7 ±229.0 mmol/l × min vs. 564.6 ±268.5 mmol/l × min; p < 0.05). Compared to sham animals, glucose-stimulated GLP-1 and PYY levels were raised (5.75 ±3.73 pmol/l vs. 18.52 ±14.22 pmol/l, p < 0.05; 129.7 ±64.62 pmol/l vs. 164.0 ±62.26 pmol/l, p < 0.05). Body weight gain from postoperative day 5 was greater for sham animals (50.22 ±20.93 γ vs. 16.4 ±25.93 g; p < 0.01). Conclusions Long segment IT shows a rapid rise in GLP-1 and PYY levels, thus leading to early amelioration of glucose control.
On ω-consistency and related properties

1. This paper grew out of an attempt to answer a question raised in [4]. Let a logic L containing “numerals” z1, z2, … and a certain statement N(x) (intended to express the proposition that x is a natural number) be called ω-inconsistent if there is a statement such that ⊦ F(zk) for k = 1, 2, …, and ⊦ ∼(x)·N(x) ⊃ F(x); then it is evident that L cannot have a model in which N(x) is satisfied by the images of the numerals and nothing else if L is ω-inconsistent. Question: If L is ω-consistent, i.e. not ω-inconsistent, must there be such a model? Calling a model of the kind just described a special model, we ask for necessary and sufficient conditions on L to insure the existence of a special model. We give several sets of such conditions, applicable to a certain very inclusive class of logics, in Theorem 1 and Theorems 3 and 4. Theorem 2 shows that a logic may be ω-consistent but still not have a special model. This paper was close to completion when [3] appeared. For systems with only denumerably many symbols our results include Henkin's, for, by adjoining a new predicate N(x) to each of the systems considered in [3] which have only a denumerable number of constant symbols and then adding as an axiom (x)N(x), these systems become special cases of the systems we consider. It is easily seen that Henkin's Theorem 7 essentially proves the equivalence of conditions (2) and (3) in our Theorem 1, and Theorem 3 of [3] corresponds to our Theorem 2. Incidentally, our argument of Theorem 2 could also serve to prove Henkin's Theorem 6.
Is there a benefit of first- or second-line crizotinib in locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer? a meta-analysis

Background Crizotinib show a promising efficacy in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, differences in efficacy for first- and second-line crizotinib are unclear. Results The pooled overall response rate and progression-free survival were 65% and 9.38 months, respectively. In the subgroup analysis, first-line crizotinib showed a higher trend of overall response rate and longer trend of progression-free survival although there was no statistical difference between first-line and second-line crizotinib (74%, 11.28 months vs. 65%, 8.12 months, respectively; fixed effects model). Moreover, overall response rate between Asians and Caucasians were similar (67% and 66%, respectively; fixed effects model). Materials and Methods A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE and the COCHRANE databases from their inception to February 2016 was performed to identify clinical trials in English-language journals. Pooled overall response rate, progression-free survival and differences between first- and second-line crizotinib were estimated. Moreover, overall response rate between Asians and Caucasians were also estimated. Conclusions First-line crizotinib may more effective than second-line crizotinib for patients with locally advanced or metastatic ALK-positive NSCLC.
Establishing a Cohort at High Risk of HIV Infection in South Africa: Challenges and Experiences of the CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection Study

Objectives To describe the baseline demographic data, clinical characteristics and HIV-incidence rates of a cohort at high risk for HIV infection in South Africa as well as the challenges experienced in establishing and maintaining the cohort. Methodology/Principle Findings Between August 2004 and May 2005 a cohort of HIV-uninfected women was established for the CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection Study, a natural history study of HIV-1 subtype C infection. Volunteers were identified through peer-outreach. The cohort was followed monthly to determine HIV infection rates and clinical presentation of early HIV infection. Risk reduction counselling and male and female condoms were provided. After screening 775 individuals, a cohort of 245 uninfected high-risk women was established. HIV-prevalence at screening was 59.6% (95% CI: 55.9% to 62.8%) posing a challenge in accruing HIV-uninfected women. The majority of women (78.8%) were self-identified as sex-workers with a median of 2 clients per day. Most women (95%) reported more than one casual sexual partner in the previous 3 months (excluding clients) and 58.8% reported condom use in their last sexual encounter. Based on laboratory testing, 62.0% had a sexually transmitted infection at baseline. During 390 person-years of follow-up, 28 infections occurred yielding seroincidence rate of 7.2 (95% CI: 4.5 to 9.8) per 100 person-years. Despite the high mobility of this sex worker cohort retention rate after 2 years was 86.1%. High co-morbidity created challenges for ancillary care provision, both in terms of human and financial resources. Conclusions/Significance Challenges experienced were high baseline HIV-prevalence, lower than anticipated HIV-incidence and difficulties retaining participants. Despite challenges, we have successfully accrued this cohort of HIV-uninfected women with favourable retention, enabling us to study the natural history of HIV-1 during acute HIV-infection. Our experiences provide lessons for others establishing similar cohorts, which will be key for advancing the vaccine and prevention research agenda in resource-constrained settings.
Problem , Failure and Safety Analysis of Ammonia Plant : a Review

Ammonia is produced on large scale mainly for production of fertilizers using steam reforming of natural gas. Capacity of single stream has gone upto 4000 tpd. Large release of ammonia due to accident and vessel failure etc. has decreased considerably in the last three decades. But problems and failures do occurs frequently in the ammonia plant even after following the inherently safer design philosophy and risk assessment. Major areas of failures are reforming and synthesis loop. This paper presents the information on various kinds of failures taken place in ammonia plant in the last three decades. It also includes large releases of ammonia from the storage vessel as well as important information which are generally applicable to chemical industries with focus on ammonia plant. The collected information has been critically reviewed and conclusions drawn. Copyright © 2010 Praise Worthy Prize S.r. l. All rights reserved.
Unsupervised Multilingual Sentence Boundary Detection

In this article, we present a language-independent, unsupervised approach to sentence boundary detection. It is based on the assumption that a large number of ambiguities in the determination of sentence boundaries can be eliminated once abbreviations have been identified. Instead of relying on orthographic clues, the proposed system is able to detect abbreviations with high accuracy using three criteria that only require information about the candidate type itself and are independent of context: Abbreviations can be defined as a very tight collocation consisting of a truncated word and a final period, abbreviations are usually short, and abbreviations sometimes contain internal periods. We also show the potential of collocational evidence for two other important subtasks of sentence boundary disambiguation, namely, the detection of initials and ordinal numbers. The proposed system has been tested extensively on eleven different languages and on different text genres. It achieves good results without any further amendments or language-specific resources. We evaluate its performance against three different baselines and compare it to other systems for sentence boundary detection proposed in the literature.
Characterization of Squamous Cell Cancers of the Vulvar Anterior Fourchette by Human Papillomavirus, p16INK4a, and p53

Objective The incidence of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas located between the clitoris and urethra in young women is rising in distinct geographic regions, but characteristics of the tumors indicating certain carcinogenic mechanisms are unknown. The present study aimed at characterizing these vulvar cancers for their human papillomavirus (HPV), p16INK4a, and p53 status, revealing potential pathways of carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods Squamous cell vulvar cancers of the anterior fourchette were retrospectively collected from 8 German hospitals, with additional squamous cell cancers located at other sites of the vulva from 2 of the hospitals. All tumors were analyzed for HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction and for p16INK4a and p53 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results Potentially HPV-associated tumors (HPV and p16INK4a positive, 21.4% [27/126] of the anterior fourchette and 27.7% [13/47] from other locations), p53-overexpressing tumors (35.7% [45/126] and 29.8% [14/47]), and a third group (HPV/p16 negative/p53 not overexpressed, 42.9% [54/126] and 42.6% [20/47]) were observed among tumors from the anterior fourchette as well as among vulvar cancers from other locations. Women with vulvar cancers of the anterior fourchette were of young age irrespective of the HPV/p16INK4a/p53 status. Conclusions Different types of vulvar cancers can be found in squamous cell tumors of the anterior fourchette, similar to the finding in vulvar cancers from other locations and to what has previously been reported for vulvar squamous cell carcinomas in general.
ON MEAN MERIDIONAL CIRCULATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

The purpose of the study is t o make a detailed investigation of mean meridional circulations forced by given eddy transports of heat and momentum and t o describe the vertical variation of the energy conversions for the zonally averaged flow. A nonhomogeneous second-order partial differential equation for the vertical p-velocity, a, is obtained from the quasi-geostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations. The method of separation of variables is used t o solve the zonally averaged form of this equation such that zonally averaged vertical p-velocity, w. , is expressed as a series of Legendre polynomials. The boundary conditions used are that W , is zero at the top of the atmosphere and tha t at the surface i t is equal to that value of as which is produced by the topography of the earth. After the solution for w z is obtained, the mean meridional velocity is determined from the zonally averaged continuity equation. The diabatic heating in the meridional plane is estimated from the zonally averaged steady-state thermodynamic equation. Computations of the zonal available potential energy and the conversion from zonal available potential energy t o zonal kinetic energy are made using the distributions of diabatic heating, the vertical p-velocity and the temperature in the meridional plane. The general conclusions which can be drawn on the basis of the calculations are: (1) Three-cell meridional circulations are produced by thc eddy transport processes in the atmosphere. (2) The eddy transport of momentum is twiec as effective as the eddy transport of heat in forcing thc meridional circulations. (3) The influence of the planetary scale motion on the circulation is predominant during winter whereas t h a t of the baroclinically unstable waves dominates the forcing mechanism during the other seasons. (4) The seasonal variation of the meridional circulations shows that the circulation cells move toward the pole and undergo a decrease in their intensity from winter t o summer. , (5) The net diabatic heating in the meridional plane is positive south of 40" N. and negative north of tha t latitude during winter months. In the upper troposphere, the heating decreases gradually with height in the region of net heating whereas the cooling decreases sharply in the region of net cooling. (6) The generation of zonal available potential energy is maximum in the lower troposphere, decreases sharply with height, and becomes negative in the lower stratosphere. (7) The conversion from zonal available potential energy to zonal kinetic energy is positive in the lower troposphere and negative in the upper troposphere.
SPINK1 Promoter Variants Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Predisposing Alterations in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients.

BACKGROUND/AIM Several studies reported that patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) experienced a 10% increased incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) after the first 5 years of diagnosis. We investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) and the increased risk of BPH and PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS We genotyped three SNPs in a cases-control study, including BPH and PCa cases. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to analyze clinical and genotypic data. RESULTS We found an inverse association between SNP rs10035432 and BPH under the log-additive (p=0.007) model. No association was found between these SNPs and PCa risk. However, we observed a possible association between rs1432982 and lower-grade PCa (p=0.05) under the recessive model. CONCLUSION SPINK1 promoter variants are likely to be associated with the risk of BPH.
Integrated Low-Loss CMOS Active Rectifier for Wirelessly Powered Devices

A low-loss CMOS full-wave active rectifier is presented. It consists of two dynamically biased and symmetrically matched active diodes each realized by an nMOS switch driven by a 2-ns voltage comparator with reverse-current control. With a load of 1.8-kOmega, the rectified dc voltage is 3.22 V and 1.2 V for a 13.56 MHz ac sinusoidal input voltage of 3.5 V and 1.5 V respectively. It is fabricated in a 0.35-mum CMOS process with an active area of 0.0055 mm 2, with no low-threshold devices and on-chip passive components
SESSION 1: GENE DISCOVERY AND ENGINEERING RESISTANCE

Using transcript-profi ling studies, we identifi ed two cytochrome P450 (CYP) transcripts (CYP1724 and CYP840) up-regulated in wheat spikelets as an early response to DON treatment (5 mg ml-1; 4 h posttreatment). This toxin-induced accumulation was found to be associated with the DON tolerance of cultivar CM82036 contributed by the quantitative trait locus (QTL) Fhb1 (chromosome 3BS). Using real time RT-PCR analysis, the temporal accumulation (1 – 4 h) of these transcripts in roots of DON-treated (20 mg ml-1) wheat seedlings (cultivar CM82036) was determined. In roots of DON treated seedlings, the CYPs were induced within 1 h and their levels reached a maximum at 3.5 h post-DON treatment. In seedlings of cultivar CM82036, both the CYP transcripts were induced 1.7 fold in salicylic acid-treated roots, while only CYP840 transcripts were 3.2 times more abundant in jasmonic acid-treated roots at 4 h post-treatment as compared to control roots (P < 0.001). The CYPs expression in coleoptiles of seedlings of cultivar CM82036 (DON resistant) and cultivar Remus (DON susceptible) whose roots were treated with 20 μg ml-1 of DON for 24 h in light and dark conditions was analyzed. Although no detectable levels of CYP 840 transcripts were found in coleoptiles of both cultivars, CYP1724 transcripts were induced in coleoptiles both by DON and light in both genotypes. While CYP1724 expression levels did not differ among genotypes under dark, its expression levels were 2.37 times higher in coleoptiles of DON-treated seedlings of cultivar CM82036 than of cultivar Remus when incubated in light, suggesting a light dependant DON tolerance in wheat. Further characterization of the CYPs is being carried out using heterologous expression systems.
Topology Control for Wireless Sensor Networks

Topology control is one of the most fundamental problems in wireless sensor networks. It is of great importance for prolonging network lifetime, reducing radio interference, increasing the efficiency of MAC (media access control) protocols and routing protocols, among other things. This paper makes a full-scale introduction to the advancement of research on topology control. Firstly, the topology control problem and the design objectives are clearly presented. Secondly, an introduction is made to representative research efforts, along with analyses and comparisons, in two aspects, power control and sleep scheduling, respectively. At the same time, the defects of those efforts are clearly pointed out. Finally, existing problems, open issues and research trends are analyzed and summarized.
Algebraic Linear Orderings

An algebraic linear ordering is a component of the initial solution of a first-order recursion scheme over the continuous categorical algebra of countable linear orderings equipped with the sum operation and the constant 1. Due to a general Mezei-Wright type result, algebraic linear orderings are exactly those isomorphic to the linear ordering of the leaves of an algebraic tree. Using Courcelle's characterization of algebraic trees, we obtain the fact that a linear ordering is algebraic if and only if it can be represented as the lexicographic ordering of a deterministic context-free language. When the algebraic linear ordering is a well-ordering, its order type is an algebraic ordinal. We prove that the Hausdorff rank of any scattered algebraic linear ordering is less than ωω. It follows that the algebraic ordinals are exactly those less than ωωω.
Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene–wood powder composites

The preparation and characterization of modified and unmodified polypropylene (PP)–wood powder (WP) composites were done under fixed processing conditions. Different techniques were used to study the effect of both WP size and content, as well as compatibilizer content, on the properties of the composites. The results point to the fact that, WP settles in the amorphous part of the matrix and creates new crystalline phases or zones. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs show a relatively even distribution of WP in the PP matrix, which contributes to improvements observed in the properties of the material. Hg-porosimetry results indicate that the PP matrix, which has a low pore volume, filled the pores in the WP particles. This reduced the total volume of pores in the PP–WP composites. This observation was also supported by a general decrease in gas permeability of the material. Thermal analysis results indicate that the presence of both WP and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) leads to an increase in enthalpy (crystallinity) values, but to a decrease in lamellar thickness in the composites. The thermal stability of the composites improves somewhat compared to that of PP. There were distinctive differences between the results for composites containing different WP particle sizes, as well as for composites prepared in the presence and absence of MAPP. It is clear from the results that the presence of MAPP generally improves the tensile properties of the composites. Larger WP particles gave rise to better tensile properties, in the presence and absence of MAPP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4173–4180, 2006
Larvicidal Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Tobacco ( Nicotianatabacum ) On the Third Instar Larvae of Musca domestica L .

Tobacco leaf that was grounded and mixed in distilled water was used to test for its larvicidal effect on house fly (Musca domestica). Only the 3 instar larvae of house fly were exposed to the aqueous plant extract in the Green house at a temperature of 26.5 and 77.5% relative humidity. All larvae were collected from Goat liver that were exposed to house flies. Five different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts of tobacco 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 milligram per litre was tested on the aforementioned house fly larvae and the control [0] was not treated with the aqueous tobacco extract. Mortality observed using 1mg/l at 24hours showed that 42larvae died out of 380 larvae [11.05%], using 2mg/l, 291 larvae died out of 380 larvae[72.6%], using 3mg/l, 372 larvae died out of 380 larvae[97.8%]. Mortality observed for 4 and 5 mg/l hourly showed that at 2hours interval immediately after exposure were significantly different and higher than those of the other concentrations. Tobacco leaf extract effect on the house fly larvae was concentration dependent.
Managing HCV Infection in Pediatric Age Group: Suggested Recommendations

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children is different from the adult infection in many ways, like natural course of the disease; duration, therapeutic response and side effects profile of the drug therapy; and prognosis. Special considerations include consideration on what could be the appropriate time to investigate a suspected child, when to institute drug therapy and how to prevent vertical transmission. Although over the past one decade many landmark studies have greatly increased our insight on this subject, yet we are far from developing a consensus statement. In this article, a concise yet comprehensive review of HCV infection in children – diagnosis and treatment – is given, followed by suggested recommendations at the end. It is hoped that these recommendations will help develop local guidelines on this subject.