Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Designing RNS and QRNS full adder based converters

A systematic graph-based methodology for designing optimal VLSI RNS (Residue Number System) converters from binary system to RNS to quadratic RNS (QRNS) and conversely, using full adders as the basic building block is introduced. The design methodology derives array architectures starting from the algorithm level and ending up with the bit level design. This methodology can be considered as a unified methodology, since all fundamental steps can be applied to all types of the proposed converters. Finally, the derived architectures can be used as the processing element of a regular array architecture. The derived architectures are implemented into two-dimensional regular array processors and characterized by small hardware and area-time complexity, and throughput rate, compared with existing implementations.
The Product Market and the Market for 'Ideas': Commercialization Strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs

This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment - the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an "idea" into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a "market for ideas. " By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.
Breath Hydrogen as a Biomarker for Glucose Malabsorption after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

Objective. Abdominal symptoms are common after bariatric surgery, and these individuals commonly have upper gut bacterial overgrowth, a known cause of malabsorption. Breath hydrogen determination after oral glucose is a safe and inexpensive test for malabsorption. This study is designed to investigate breath hydrogen levels after oral glucose in symptomatic individuals who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Methods. This is a retrospective study of individuals (n = 63; 60 females; 3 males; mean age 49 years) who had gastric bypass surgery and then glucose breath testing to evaluate abdominal symptoms. Results. Among 63 postoperative individuals, 51 (81%) had a late rise (≥45 minutes) in breath hydrogen or methane, supporting glucose malabsorption; 46 (90%) of these 51 subjects also had an early rise (≤30 minutes) in breath hydrogen or methane supporting upper gut bacterial overgrowth. Glucose malabsorption was more frequent in subjects with upper gut bacterial overgrowth compared to subjects with no evidence for bacterial overgrowth (P < 0.001). Conclusion. These data support the presence of intestinal glucose malabsorption associated with upper gut bacterial overgrowth in individuals with abdominal symptoms after gastric bypass surgery. Breath hydrogen testing after oral glucose should be considered to evaluate potential malabsorption in symptomatic, postoperative individuals.
SPECTACULAR X-RAY TAILS, INTRACLUSTER STAR FORMATION, AND ULXs IN A3627

We present the discovery of spectacular double X-ray tails associated with ESO 137-001 and a possibly heated X-ray tail associated with ESO 137-002, both late-type galaxies in the closest rich cluster Abell 3627. A deep Chandra observation of ESO 137-001 allows us for the first time to examine the spatial and spectral properties of such X-ray tails in detail. Besides the known bright tail that extends to ∼80 kpc from ESO 137-001, a fainter and narrower secondary tail with a similar length was surprisingly revealed, as well as some intriguing substructures in the main tail. There is little temperature variation along both tails. The widths of the secondary tail and the greater part of the main tail also remain nearly constant with the distance from the galaxy. All these results challenge the current simulations. The Chandra data also reveal 19 X-ray point sources around the X-ray tails. We identified six X-ray point sources as candidates of intracluster ultra-luminous X-ray sources with L0.3–10 keV of up to 2.5 × 1040 erg s−1. Gemini spectra of intracluster H ii regions downstream of ESO 137-001 are also presented, as well as the velocity map of these H ii regions that shows the imprint of ESO 137-001's disk rotation. For the first time, we unambiguously know that active star formation can happen in the cold interstellar medium (ISM) stripped by intracluster medium (ICM) ram pressure, and it may contribute a significant amount of the intracluster light. We also report the discovery of a 40 kpc X-ray tail of another late-type galaxy in A3627, ESO 137-002. Its X-ray tail seems hot, ∼2 keV (compared to ∼0.8 keV for ESO 137-001's tails). The Hα data for ESO 137-002 are also presented. We conclude that the high-pressure environment around these two galaxies is important for their bright X-ray tails and the intracluster star formation. The soft X-ray tails can reveal a great deal of the thermal history of the stripped cold ISM in mixing with the hot ICM, which is discussed along with intracluster star formation.
N-3 Fatty Acid Rich Triglyceride Emulsions Are Neuroprotective after Cerebral Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Mice

We questioned if acute administration of n-3 fatty acids (FA) carried in n-3 rich triglyceride (TG) emulsions provides neuroprotection in neonatal mice subjected to hypoxic-ischemic (H/I) brain injury. We examined specificity of FA, optimal doses, and therapeutic windows for neuroprotection after H/I. H/I insult was induced in C57BL/6J 10-day-old mice by right carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% O2 for 15 minutes at 37°C. Intraperitoneal injection with n-3-rich TG emulsions, n-6 rich TG emulsions or saline for control was administered at different time points before and/or after H/I. In separate experiments, dose responses were determined with TG containing only docosahexaenoic acid (Tri-DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (Tri-EPA) with a range of 0.1–0.375 g n-3 TG/kg, administered immediately after H/I insult. Infarct volume and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured. Treatment with n-3 TG emulsions both before- and after- H/I significantly reduced total infarct volume by a mean of 43% when administered 90 min prior to H/I and by 47% when administered immediately after H/I. In post-H/I experiments Tri-DHA, but not Tri-EPA exhibited neuroprotective effects with both low and high doses (p<0.05). Moreover, delayed post-H/I treatment with Tri-DHA significantly decreased total infarct volume by a mean of 51% when administered at 0 hr, by 46% at 1 hr, and by 51% at 2 hr after H/I insult. No protective effect occurred with Tri-DHA injection at 4 hr after H/I. There were no n-3 TG related differences in CBF. A significant reduction in brain tissue death was maintained after Tri-DHA injection at 8 wk after the initial brain injury. Thus, n-3 TG, specifically containing DHA, is protective against H/I induced brain infarction when administered up to 2 hr after H/I injury. Acute administration of TG-rich DHA may prove effective for treatment of stroke in humans.
Estimating and analyzing the efficiency and productivity of bank branches: Evidence from Greece

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the efficiency and productivity of a Greek bank's branches.Design/methodology/approach – The sample consists of 458 branches of a Greek commercial bank, operating in 13 regions of Greece over the period 2002‐2005, a total of 1,795 observations. Data envelopment analysis was used to explore the efficiency and productivity of the branches. Then, fixed and random effects models were used to determine the impact of internal and external factors on the efficiency and productivity scores.Findings – The results indicate that the branches in the sample could have achieved improved overall performance during 2002‐2005. Also, that the inclusion of loan loss provisions as an input variable increases the efficiency score, but for the total factor productivity (TFP) change, the results are mixed. The second stage regressions indicate that both the logarithm of personnel and the logarithm of income per capita in the local market have a significant impact on efficiency, .
A Tractable Model of Large Dynamic Auction Markets PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE-DO NOT

We provide a model of a decentralized, two-sided, dynamic auction market (inspired by the eBay market platform) in which a large number of buyers and sellers participate in simultaneous auctions each period. Our model accounts for endogenous entry of agents, the evolution of market aggregates over time, and the impact of intertemporal optimization on bids and reservation prices. Solving our model with a finite number of bidders is computationally intractable due to the curse of dimensionality, so we provide a nonatomic approximation employing a continuum of agents. We characterize the equilibrium entry decisions and the bid and reservation price functions in both the finite model and the limit approximation and prove that a stationary equilibrium with trade exists in the nonatomic limit model. Finally, we show that exact equilibria of the nonatomic model are approximate equilibria of the finite model and that exact equilibria of the finite model are approximate equilibria of the nonatomic model. We use our model to analyze the optimal fee structure for a provider of a two-sided dynamic auction platform and argue that revenue maximizing fees can increase the social surplus produced from trade. ∗I would like to thank C. Lanier Benkard, Eric Budish, Ramesh Johari, Ichiro Obara, Parag Pathak, and Gabriel Weintraub for invaluable discussions regarding this topic. In additional, valuable comments were received during seminars at Stanford, the Stanford Graduate School of Business, UC San Diego, Cornell University, and the 2010 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, the 2011 INFORMS Annual Meeting, and the 2012 ASSA meetings. E-mail: acreed@cornell.edu.
Fight or Flight? Portfolio Rebalancing by Individual Investors

This paper investigates the dynamics of individual portfolios in a unique data set containing the disaggregated wealth of all households in Sweden. Between 1999 and 2002, we observe little aggregate rebalancing in the financial portfolio of participants. These patterns conceal strong household-level evidence of active rebalancing, which on average offsets about one-half of idiosyncratic passive variations in the risky asset share. Wealthy, educated investors with better diversified portfolios tend to rebalance more actively. We find some evidence that households rebalance toward a greater risky share as they become richer. We also study the decisions to trade individual assets. Households are more likely to fully sell directly held stocks if those stocks have performed well, and more likely to exit direct stockholding if their stock portfolios have performed well; but these relationships are much weaker for mutual funds, a pattern that is consistent with previous research on the disposition effect among direct stockholders and performance sensitivity among mutual fund investors. When households continue to hold individual assets, however, they rebalance both stocks and mutual funds to offset about one-sixth of the passive variations in individual asset shares. Households rebalance primarily by adjusting purchases of risky assets if their risky portfolios have performed poorly, and by adjusting both fund purchases and full sales of stocks if their risky portfolios have performed well. Finally, the tendency for households to fully sell winning stocks is weaker for wealthy investors with diversified portfolios of individual stocks.
Common Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants in LSP1 and RAD51L1 Are Associated with Mammographic Density Measures that Predict Breast Cancer Risk

Background: Mammographic density adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) is a heritable marker of breast cancer susceptibility. Little is known about the biologic mechanisms underlying the association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk. We examined whether common low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility variants contribute to interindividual differences in mammographic density measures. Methods: We established an international consortium (DENSNP) of 19 studies from 10 countries, comprising 16,895 Caucasian women, to conduct a pooled cross-sectional analysis of common breast cancer susceptibility variants in 14 independent loci and mammographic density measures. Dense and nondense areas, and percent density, were measured using interactive-thresholding techniques. Mixed linear models were used to assess the association between genetic variants and the square roots of mammographic density measures adjusted for study, age, case status, BMI, and menopausal status. Results: Consistent with their breast cancer associations, the C-allele of rs3817198 in LSP1 was positively associated with both adjusted dense area (P = 0.00005) and adjusted percent density (P = 0.001), whereas the A-allele of rs10483813 in RAD51L1 was inversely associated with adjusted percent density (P = 0.003), but not with adjusted dense area (P = 0.07). Conclusion: We identified two common breast cancer susceptibility variants associated with mammographic measures of radiodense tissue in the breast gland. Impact: We examined the association of 14 established breast cancer susceptibility loci with mammographic density phenotypes within a large genetic consortium and identified two breast cancer susceptibility variants, LSP1-rs3817198 and RAD51L1-rs10483813, associated with mammographic measures and in the same direction as the breast cancer association. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1156–. ©2012 AACR.
An In-depth Analysis of a Multilocus Phylogeny Identifies leuS As a Reliable Phylogenetic Marker for the Genus Pantoea

Partial sequences of six core genes (fusA, gyrB, leuS, pyrG, rlpB, and rpoB) of 37 strains of Pantoea species were analyzed in order to obtain a comprehensive view regarding the phylogenetic relationships within the Pantoea genus and compare tree topologies to identify gene(s) for reliable species and subspecies differentiation. All genes used in this study were effective at species-level delineation, but the internal nodes represented conflicting common ancestors in fusA- and pyrG-based phylogenies. Concatenated gene phylogeny gave the expected DNA relatedness, underscoring the significance of a multilocus sequence analysis. Pairwise comparison of topological distances and percent similarities indicated a significant differential influence of individual genes on the concatenated tree topology. leuS- and fusA-inferred phylogenies exhibited, respectively, the lowest (4) and highest (52) topological distances to the concatenated tree. These correlated well with high (96.3%) and low (64.4%) percent similarities of leuS- and fusA-inferred tree topologies to the concatenated tree, respectively. We conclude that the concatenated tree topology is strongly influenced by the gene with the highest number of polymorphic and non-synonymous sites in the absence of significant recombination events.
Ju n 20 08 Asymptotic Uncorrelation for Mexican Needlets

Abstract We recall Mexican needlets from [5]. We derive an estimate for certain types of Legendre series, which we apply to the statistical properties of Mexican needlets. More precisely, we shall show that, under isotropy and Gaussianity assumptions, the Mexican needlet coefficients of a random field on the sphere are asymptotically uncorrelated, as the frequency parameter goes to infinity. This property is important in the analysis of cosmic microwave background radiation.
FITNESS EFFECTS OF A SELFISH GENE (THE MUS T COMPLEX) ARE REVEALED IN AN ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT

Abstract In wild house mice, genes linked to the t transmission distortion complex cause meiotic drive by sabotaging wild-type gametes. The t complex is consequently inherited at frequencies higher than 90%. Yet, for unclear reasons, in wild mouse populations this selfish DNA is found at frequencies much lower than expected. Here, we examine selection on the t complex in 10 seminatural populations of wild mice based on data from 234 founders and nearly 2000 progeny. Eight of the 10 populations decreased in t frequency over one generation, and the overall frequency of t haplotypes across all 10 populations was 48.5% below expectations based on transmission distortion and 34.3% below Mendelian (or Hardy-Weinberg) expectations. Behavioral and reproductive data were collected for 10 months for each population, and microsatellite genotyping was performed on seven of the populations to determine parentage. These combined data show t-associated fitness declines in both males and females. This is the first study to show evidence for a reduction in the ability of +/t males to maintain territories. Because females tend to mate with dominant males, impairment of territorial success can explain much of the selection against t observed in our populations. In nature, selection against heterozygote carriers of the t complex helps solve the puzzlingly low t frequencies found in wild populations. This ecological approach for determining fitness consequences of genetic variants has broad application for the discovery of gene function in general.
Natural and artificial enzymes against cocaine. I. Monoclonal antibody 15A10 and the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats.

Recent reports have indicated the potential usefulness of anticocaine catalytic monoclonal antibodies in reducing cocaine's toxic and reinforcing effects by altering its pharmacokinetics to favor increased metabolism to the systemically inert products ecgonine methylester and benzoic acid. The present study was designed to further these findings by evaluating the hypothesis that administration of the anticocaine catalytic monoclonal antibody mAb 15A10 would dose and time dependently reduce behavior maintained by a range of doses of i.v. cocaine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in daily 8-h sessions to self-administer i.v. cocaine. A within-session multiple-dose protocol was used wherein rats were allowed access to saline or one of six doses of cocaine [0 (saline), 0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0 (saline), 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/kg/injection] each hour in the order stated. After demonstrating stable dose-response curves over 3 consecutive days, rats were given 30-min pretreatments of saline or mAb 15A10, (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg i.v.). Antibody, but not saline, pretreatments significantly altered dose-response curves for cocaine self-administration in a dose- and time-dependent manner, resulting in downward and rightward shifts in rates of responding across the cocaine dose range. These effects were apparently not attributable to general behavioral suppression, because operant behavior for an alternative reinforcer was not likewise affected. The present data extend previous work indicating that pharmacokinetic approaches may be of worth in the search for clinically effective cocaine antagonists.
Structural basis and potential role of heparin/heparan sulfate binding to the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin

Recombinant mouse endostatin produced by mammalian cells was shown to bind to heparin with a Kd of 0.3 μM, suggesting that this interaction may play a role in its anti‐angiogenic activity. Alanine mutagenesis demonstrated that a major site of four clustered arginines (positions 155, 158, 184 and 270) and a second site (R193,R194) are essential for binding. The same epitopes also participate in endostatin binding to heparan sulfate and sulfatides but not in its binding to the extracellular protein ligands fibulin‐1 and fibulin‐2. Analyses with various heparin fragments demonstrated a minimum size (12mer) for efficient binding to endostatin and a crucial role of 2‐O‐ and 6‐O‐sulfation. Furthermore, a substantial proportion (10–50%) of heparan sulfate chains obtained from various tissues showed a distinct binding to endostatin, indicating its potential to interact with extracellular and/or membrane‐bound proteoglycans. Angiogenesis induced by basic fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), but not by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay could be inhibited by endostatin in a dose‐dependent manner. The mutational block of heparin binding decreased endostatin inhibition to low levels but elimination of zinc binding had no effect.
Market Implications of Public Policy Interventions: The Case of Florida's Property Insurance Market

This article asserts that the market for property insurance, particularly homeowners insurance, in the State of Florida is experiencing failures, and that a combination of market problems, externalities, and interventions unique to Florida led to these failures. The authors provide evidence of market failures in the form of undesirable market outcomes, both over time and in comparison to other coastal states. Also, they provide a narrative description of the market events, problems, and policies preceding these adverse market developments and link the narrative to the evidence. Recommendations for a return to risk-based pricing and incentives for appropriate property mitigation are made.
EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN BANK INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE IN NORTH SULAWESI

Employee empowerment is the most promising concept related with human resources condition nowadays that demanded qualified and competent people. By having empowerment strategy, employees in middle level management are given extra responsibility and authority on their own job without pressure from top level management in order to increase their commitment towards organization. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of employee empowerment on organizational commitment in Bank Indonesia Representatives in North Sulawesi. The method used in this research is descriptive with qualitative approach. The sample of this research is employees in middle level management who empower and be empowered as many as 8 informants using purposive sampling technique. The results based on data collection method processed using the In-Depth Interview. In the findings, there is significant impact of employee empowerment on organizational commitment, especially in normative dimension. It is because the implemented empowerment strategy such as training, education, motivation and reward system at Bank Indonesia require employee to increase their sense of self-determination and self-efficacy to be responsible toward assigned task. This research suggests to Bank Indonesia Representatives in North Sulawesi to maintain the empowerment strategy and to increase the affective commitment of employee on institution. Keywords : human resources, empowerment, commitment
Characterizing Alert and Browse Services of Mobile Clients

There is a fair amount of evidence that suggests that Internet access from wirelessly-connected mobile handheld devices is gaining popularity. However, there haven’t been too many studies that have focused solely on analyzing the wireless Internet. In this paper, we study the notification and browse services provided by a large commercial web site designed specifically for users who access it via their cell-phones and PDAs. Unlike previous web studies that have analyzed browse services provided over wired networks, we focus primarily on browse and notification services provided over wireless channels. Specifically, we analyze the notification and browser traces to understand the system load, the type of content accessed, and user behavior. We discuss the implications of our findings for techniques such as multicast, query caching and optimization, and transport protocol design.