Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Koineization and accommodation.

Several chapters in this volume [those by Gordon, Bailey, Klemola and Britain] deal with language change, from a number of perspectives. In this chapter, we discuss koineization, a contact-induced process that leads to quite rapid, and occasionally dramatic, change. Through koineization, new varieties of a language are brought about as a result of contact between speakers of mutually intelligible varieties of that language. Koineization is a particular case of what Trudgill, in his 1986 work, calls ‘dialect contact’; typically, it occurs in new settlements to which people, for whatever reason, have migrated from different parts of a single language area. Examples of koines (the outcomes of koineization) include the Hindi/Bhojpuri varieties spoken in Fiji and South Africa, and the speech of ‘new towns’ such as Hoyanger in Norway and Milton Keynes in England. Dialect contact, and with it koineization, is one of the main external causes of language change – ‘external’ here referring to social factors, in this case migration, which can reasonably be expected to promote change. Contrasted with this are ‘internal’ factors, which have to do with aspects of the structure of a particular language (its phonology and its grammar) which, perhaps because of structural imbalances, are predisposed to change.
Preliminary evaluation of Biolog, a carbon source utilization method for bacterial identification

The Biolog Identification System (Biolog, Inc., Hayward, Calif.) is a new bacterial identification method that establishes an identification based on the exchange of electrons generated during respiration, leading to a subsequent tetrazolium-based color change. This system tests the ability of a microorganism to oxidize a panel of 95 different carbon sources. We report on a preliminary investigation of the ability of the instrument to identify, using its computer-driven enzyme immunoassay reader, a diverse group of clinically relevant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and gram-negative non-Enterobacteriaceae. The Biolog reported identifications (correct or incorrect) for 266 of 352 organisms tested (75.6%). Of the 266 identifications reported, 87.3% were correct at the genus level and 75.6% were correct at the species level at 24 h. In the total study of 352 strains, 46.6% were correct to the species level at 4 h and 57.1% were correct to the species level at 24 h. The error rate was 10.4% after 4 h and 9.6% after 24 h. The Biolog performed well with many genera, but problems were encountered with some strains of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia. We found the system to be versatile and easy to use.
High prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization among patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases and corticosteroid therapy

Background: Patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases (AID) account for 13–36% of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) cases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients. Up to 88% of PCP cases in HIV-negative patients are associated with prior steroid treatment. Pulmonary colonization with Pneumocystis in HIV-negative patients is associated with corticosteroid therapy in up to 75% of cases. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary colonization with Pneumocystis jirovecii in patients with AID receiving corticosteroid therapy in comparison with healthy control persons. Methods: We investigated induced sputa of 102 patients with AID on current corticosteroid treatment and of 117 healthy controls for the presence of P. jirovecii using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Twenty-nine patients (28.5%) with AID were colonized with P. jirovecii compared to three healthy controls (2.6%) [p < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) 15.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.43–51.38]. In patients with AID, age over 60 years was significantly associated with colonization (p = 0.015, OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.27–7.94). Multivariate analysis showed age to be independently associated with the colonization of P. jirovecii (95% CI 1.002–1.092). Neither duration nor dose of corticosteroid therapy nor immunosuppressive co-medication had a significant influence on P. jirovecii colonization. Conclusion: Patients with AID, especially those over 60 years of age, display a high prevalence of colonization with P. jirovecii. Clinicians should be aware of this and ensure that they consider the possibility of PCP when pulmonary symptoms arise in these patients.
Market Demand: Theory and Empirical Evidence

This monograph presents a new theory of market demand, the principal aim of which is to identify the conditions under which the Law of Demand holds true. The author argues that the Law of Demand is due mainly to the "heterogeneity" of the population of households. In his view, "rationality" of individual behaviour plays only a minor role. While the traditional approach to the theory of market demand is to analyze the question: to what extent are the postulated properties of individual behaviour preserved by going from individual to market demand? , this book asks the question: which properties of the market demand function are created by the aggregation process? Two hypotheses on the population of households play a key role in Hildenbrand's thinking. The first is the "increasing dispersion" and the second the "increasing spread" of households' demand. For a positive theory of market demand, according to Hildenbrand, it is more important that the hypotheses are well supported by empirical evidence. His claims are based on a nonparametric statistical data analysis of the UK Family Expenditure Survey and the French Enquete Budget de Famille.
Primate home range and GRIN2A, a receptor gene involved in neuronal plasticity: implications for the evolution of spatial memory

N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors play crucial roles in neuronal synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. However, as to whether different NMDA subunits are implicated in specific forms of memory is unclear. Moreover, nothing is known about the interspecific genetic variability of the GRIN2A subunit and how this variation can potentially explain evolutionary changes in behavioral phenotypes. Here, we used 28 primate GRIN2A sequences and various proxies of memory across primates to investigate the role of GRIN2A. Codon‐specific sequence analysis on these sequences showed that GRIN2A in primates coevolved with a likely ecological proxy of spatial memory (relative home‐range size) but not with other indices of non‐spatial learning and memory such as social memory and social learning. Models based on gene averages failed to detect positive selection in primate branches with major changes in relative home‐range size. This implies that accelerated evolution is concentrated in specific parts of the protein expressed by GRIN2A. Overall, our molecular evolution study, the first on GRIN2A, supports the notion that different NMDA subunits may play a role in specific forms of memory and that phenotypic diversity along with genetic evolution can be used to investigate the link between genes and behavior across evolutionary time.
Exogenous cytokine modulation or neutralization of interleukin‐10 enhance survival in lipopolysaccharide‐hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice with Klebsiella infection

Klebsiella pneumoniae has been isolated from liver abscesses in patients with leukaemia or diabetes. The resistance of Klebsiella infection in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐hyporesponsive mice is unclear. Female C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice, 6–8 weeks old, were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with K. pneumoniae. The results showed that C3H/HeJ mice were 24 times more susceptible [lethal dose 50% (LD50) 250 colony‐forming units] than C3H/HeN mice to K. pneumoniae infection. C3H/HeJ mice, uninfected or infected with K. pneumoniae, had higher liver interleukin (IL)‐10 levels and IL‐10 mRNA levels than C3H/HeN mice. Previously, pretreatment with IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) protected C3H/HeJ mice from lethal bacterial infection. Therefore the effects of pretreatment with IL‐1β and TNF‐α or antimurine IL‐10 antibody i.p. 1 hr before this infection in both strains of C3H mice were examined. Pretreatment with TNF‐α or anti‐IL‐10 antibody enhanced the survival of both strains of mice. TNF‐α, in combination with IL‐1β, enhanced the survival and bacterial clearance better than single pretreatment in C3H/HeJ mice. Anti‐IL‐10 antibody increased bacterial clearance and significantly reduced liver cytokine mRNA levels in C3H/HeJ mice more than it did in the controls during infection. These results indicate that exogenous cytokine modulation or neutralization of IL‐10 enhance the resistance of LD50 infection in C3H/HeJ mice.
Backing into the future: pharmacological approaches to the management of resistant depression

Pragmatic studies indicate that a substantial number of depressed patients do not remit with current first-line antidepressant treatments and after two failed treatment steps the chance of remission with subsequent therapies is around 15%. This paper focuses on current evidence for pharmacological treatments in resistant depression as well as possible future developments. For patients who have failed to respond to two antidepressant trials, augmentation with atypical antipsychotic drugs, specifically quetiapine and aripiprazole, has the best evidence for efficacy, though older treatments such as lithium and triiodothyronine still have utility. The striking antidepressant effect of ketamine in resistant depression has stimulated research into glutamatergic compounds; however, capturing the efficacy of ketamine with drugs suitable for continuous use has proved challenging. Growing knowledge of the pathophysiological role of inflammation in depression offers great opportunities for future treatment in terms of repurposing anti-inflammatory agents from general medicine and pre-treatment stratification of those depressed patients in whom such interventions are likely to be beneficial. Finally an older drug, the dopamine receptor agonist pramipexole, if used carefully may well improve the prospects of depressed patients who are refractory to current approaches.
Long-Term On-board Prediction of People in Traffic Scenes Under Uncertainty

Progress towards advanced systems for assisted and autonomous driving is leveraging recent advances in recognition and segmentation methods. Yet, we are still facing challenges in bringing reliable driving to inner cities, as those are composed of highly dynamic scenes observed from a moving platform at considerable speeds. Anticipation becomes a key element in order to react timely and prevent accidents. In this paper we argue that it is necessary to predict at least 1 second and we thus propose a new model that jointly predicts ego motion and people trajectories over such large time horizons. We pay particular attention to modeling the uncertainty of our estimates arising from the non-deterministic nature of natural traffic scenes. Our experimental results show that it is indeed possible to predict people trajectories at the desired time horizons and that our uncertainty estimates are informative of the prediction error. We also show that both sequence modeling of trajectories as well as our novel method of long term odometry prediction are essential for best performance.
Success Factors and Development Barriers Perceived by the Polish Born Global Companies. Empirical Study Results

The paper presents a review of literature concerning the success factors and development barriers of the born global companies, followed by results of two empirical studies conducted in Poland in 2012 and 2013. The first was performed with use of the individual interview technique, followed by content analysis of the conversation transcripts. The second was a CATI survey of 256 Polish born global companies, the first such survey in Poland performed on such a wide sample. The research revealed that the Polish born globals perceive product quality and pricing as their main success factors. They face similar managerial and environmental challenges as described in literature concerning companies based in foreign countries.
Investment principles and strategies of faith‐based funds

Purpose –To examine the rationale for the investment principles adopted by faith-based funds from a biblical perspective and to evaluate the performance of faith-based ethical funds. Design/methodology/approach - A multi-factor Carhart model is applied to examine the risk-adjusted financial performance and investment strategies of faith-based ethical funds. Findings - The statistical results indicate that the faith-based funds as a group do not under-perform the market on a risk-adjusted basis. Practical implications - This suggests that investment managers may incorporate moral/ethical components into their investment decisions without unduly shortchanging their clients for whom they have fiduciary duties. Originality/value - This is one of the very few papers which study faith-based funds.
Entrepreneurship and the Division of Ownership in New Ventures

The current study investigates a tripartite incentive contract between an innovator supplying an intellectual asset, a professional assigned to productive tasks, and a consulting firm specializing in matching ideas and professional skills. A rather simple pure tripartite partnership implements the consultant's expected profit maximum and maximizes the project's expected surplus. The liquidity-constrained professional is compensated by receiving a share of one half in the new venture. The consultant's and the innovator's shares reflect the relative value of search. However, the consultant's optimal search effort to find an appropriate production partner is inefficiently low.
Theoretical properties of recursive neural networks with linear neurons

Recursive neural networks are a powerful tool for processing structured data, thus filling the gap between connectionism, which is usually related to poorly organized data, and a great variety of real-world problems, where the information is naturally encoded in the relationships among the basic entities. In this paper, some theoretical results about linear recursive neural networks are presented that allow one to establish conditions on their dynamical properties and their capability to encode and classify structured information. A lot of the limitations of the linear model, intrinsically related to recursive processing, are inherited by the general model, thus establishing their computational capabilities and range of applicability. As a byproduct of our study some connections with the classical linear system theory are given where the processing is extended from sequences to graphs.
Differences in Scapular Upward Rotation between Baseball Pitchers and Position Players

Background Baseball pitchers have been reported to have an increased prevalence of shoulder injury compared with position players such as infielders and outfielders. Furthermore, insufficient scapular upward rotation has been empirically linked with several of these shoulder disorders. However, the difference in scapular upward rotation between pitchers and position players is not known. Hypothesis Pitchers will have decreased scapular upward rotation of their dominant shoulders compared with position players. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Dominant shoulder scapular upward rotation was measured with the arm at rest and at 60°, 90°, and 120° of humeral elevation among 15 professional baseball pitchers and 15 position players with no recent history of upper extremity injury. Results Independent t tests showed pitchers have significantly less scapular upward rotation at 60° (3.9°, P = .011) and 90° (4.4°, P = .009) of humeral elevation compared with position players. Conclusion Baseball pitchers have less scapular upward rotation than do position players, specifically at humeral elevation angles of 60° and 90°. Clinical Relevance This decrease in scapular upward rotation may compromise the integrity of the glenohumeral joint and place pitchers at an increased risk of developing shoulder injuries compared with position players. As such, pitchers may benefit from periscapular stretching and strengthening exercises to assist with increasing scapular upward rotation.
Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs. Measurements of the flow of digesta and pH

1. Thirty-five pigs were fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial. 2. Methods for collecting, sampling and returning digesta were developed. 3. A ‘practical-type’ diet and two purified diets were used, fed twice daily. 4. Flow and pH of digesta were measured hourly in the duodenum and jejunum, and every 6 h in the ileum. 5. In the duodenum and jejunum there were clear flow responses to feeding, while such an effect was not found in the ileum where the flow-rate was much lower and more uniform than in the former sites. 6. In the duodenum and jejunum, and within 6 h periods in the ileum, there was considerable variation in the flow-rate between different pigs within each hour but there was less variation in pH. 7. The pattern of flow in the duodenum and jejunum was similar for each of the diets but the total flow and the average pH in 24 h differed significantly between diets. There were more digesta of a lower pH from the ‘practical-type’ diet than the purified diets. 8. The pH in the duodenum was highest after feeding and decreased with increasing time after feeding. In the jejunum and ileum the pH varied over a much smaller range than in the duodenum. 9. Collections for 6 h periods appeared to be insufficiently long to predict the values obtained in 24 h collections with reasonable accuracy.
Legal Constraint in the US Courts of Appeals

Existing evidence of law constraining judicial behavior is subject to serious endogeneity concerns. Federal circuit courts offer an opportunity to gain leverage on this problem. A precedent is legally binding within its own circuit but only persuasive in other circuits. Legal constraint exists to the extent that use of binding precedents is less influenced by ideology than use of persuasive precedents. Focusing on search and seizure cases, I construct a choice set of published circuit cases from 1953 to 2010 that cite the Fourth Amendment. I model the use of precedent in cases from 1990 to 2010, using matching to ensure that binding and persuasive precedents are otherwise comparable. The less visible decision of which cases to cite shows no evidence of legal constraint, while there is consistent evidence that the more readily observable act of negatively treating a cited precedent is constrained by the legal doctrine of stare decisis.
USING AN OPTIONS APPROACH TO EVALUATE KOREAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

This article presents a practical case application of the real options framework that addresses a multi-stage investment decision in Korean information technology infrastructure. Traditional net present value and Monte Carlo simulation are initially performed to ascertain a range of project values. The investment scenario is then viewed from a growth and compound options perspective in order to explicitly account for the project's irreversible capital expenditures, managerial flexibility, and uncertainty. Appropriate sensitivity analyses and discussion for each real options framework provide guidelines for improved decision-making. In general, it is shown that the real options approach identifies value overlooked by discounted cash flow techniques.
Validation of 24-Hour Flucytosine MIC Determination by Comparison with 48-Hour Determination by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 Broth Microdilution Reference Method

ABSTRACT Flucytosine and itraconazole are the only antifungal agents for which the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute recommendations include MIC breakpoint readings at 48 h only. Here we show good essential and categorical agreement between the flucytosine MIC readings at 48 and 24 h for Candida species.
Nebulized arformoterol: what is its place in the management of COPD?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious global health burden. Comprehensive management of COPD includes both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions aimed at improving disease-related functional capacity, health-related quality of life, and survival. The primary medications used for treatment of COPD are inhaled bronchodilator drugs which are delivered directly to the patient’s airways through a number of different mechanisms. Arformoterol, the (R,R) enantiomer of racemic formoterol, was the first long-acting beta agonist approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for nebulized delivery. We discuss the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety of arformoterol, and provide recommendations for its use during longitudinal management of patients with COPD.
Do Political Institutions Yield Multiple Growth Regimes?

We investigate the effects of political institutions on economic growth. We specifically explore this relationship while controlling for heterogeneity and model uncertainty. We use threshold regression (Hansen (2000)) to search for possible nonlinearities and/or interaction effects with respect to political institutions. We also implement a novel approach to account for theory uncertainty by applying Bayesian model averaging in the threshold regression context. We find that less democratic countries, specifically those with less competitiveness in executive recruitment, follow a different growth process than those with higher competitiveness.
Price Imputation and Other Techniques for Dealing with Missing Observations, Seasonality and Quality Change in Price Indices

Price index compilers frequently face situations where price observations are missing due to seasonal unavailability, supply shortages, or the discontinuation of products. Incorrect treatment of such situations can result in biased price indices. This paper presents statistical imputation techniques that index compilers can use to prevent bias and suggests the extension of these same techniques to assist with adjustments for quality differences. The use of additional procedures for dealing with some of the problems caused by seasonal commodities is also discussed.
Forces driving the growth of the restaurant industry in the USA

Purpose – The primary purpose of this study is to identify the drivers of the annual growth for publicly traded restaurant firms in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – Built on previous research, the study constructs an econometric model to systematically investigate growth drivers of the restaurant industry using data from publicly traded restaurant firms in the USA.Findings – Annual changes in size and market share were found to be positively and significantly related to restaurants' one‐year ahead annual growth. In addition, the annual change of leverage is negatively and significantly related to this growth. However, annual changes in book to market, market risk premium, as well as earnings growth fail to exhibit significance, controlling for franchising, internationalization, and year effects.Research limitations/implications – Results may not be directly generalizable to all restaurant firms at large, considering that the sample is drawn from only publicly traded restaurant firms. In addition, the.
Insurance, Consumption, and Saving: A Dynamic Analysis in Continuous Time

This paper shows how the demand for non-life insurance interacts with consumption and saving. The analysis is set in continuous time, using the maximum principle. When insurance is actuarially fair, the insurance and consumption decisions are separable. With loaded premiums, and alternatively without insurance, optimal consumption is dynamically related to the growth rate of the loss probability, and a growing loss probability generates precautionary saving. With loaded premiums, less than full insurance is demanded at each instant, and optimal cover varies over time, whether or not the loss probability is constant.