Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Algorithm for Modifying Neurotransmitter Release Probability Based on Pre- and Postsynaptic Spike Timing

The precise times of occurrence of individual pre- and postsynaptic action potentials are known to play a key role in the modification of synaptic efficacy. Based on stimulation protocols of two synaptically connected neurons, we infer an algorithm that reproduces the experimental data by modifying the probability of vesicle discharge as a function of the relative timing of spikes in the pre- and postsynaptic neurons. The primary feature of this algorithm is an asymmetry with respect to the direction of synaptic modification depending on whether the presynaptic spikes precede or follow the postsynaptic spike. Specifically, if the presynaptic spike occurs up to 50 ms before the postsynaptic spike, the probability of vesicle discharge is upregulated, while the probability of vesicle discharge is downregulated if the presynaptic spike occurs up to 50 ms after the postsynaptic spike. When neurons fire irregularly with Poisson spike trains at constant mean firing rates, the probability of vesicle discharge converges toward a characteristic value determined by the preand postsynaptic firing rates. On the other hand, if the mean rates of the Poisson spike trains slowly change with time, our algorithm predicts modifications in the probability of release that generalize Hebbian and Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro rules. We conclude that the proposed spike- based synaptic learning algorithm provides a general framework for regulating neurotransmitter release probability.
MR Imaging of Subcallosal Artery Infarct Causing Amnesia after Surgery for Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: During surgery to treat an aneurysm in the anterior communicating artery, injury to the subcallosal artery, a perforator of the anterior communicating artery, may lead to infarction that produces basal forebrain amnesia after surgery. Our purpose was to examine whether 3D MR imaging can detect subcallosal artery infarction in patients with amnesia after surgery for an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 3D–T2-weighted MR images obtained a median of 4 months after treatment of anterior communicating artery aneurysm for the presence of infarcted foci in 10 consecutive patients with postoperative amnesia. Because the subcallosal artery and its neighboring perforator, the recurrent artery of Heubner, were considered the most easily affected vessels during that surgery, we focused mainly on 8 regions of the subcallosal artery territory per hemisphere and 5 regions of the recurrent artery of Heubner territory per hemisphere. RESULTS: All 10 patients had infarcts in the territory of the subcallosal artery (median, 9 regions per patient), and most were bilateral (9 of 10 patients). Five patients had additional infarcted foci in the territory of the recurrent artery of Heubner (median, 1 region per patient), all unilateral. Among the regions perfused by the subcallosal artery, the column of the fornix was involved in all patients; the anterior commissure, in 9; and the paraterminal gyrus, in 8 patients. CONCLUSIONS: 3D MR imaging revealed subcallosal artery infarction, the distribution of which was mostly bilateral, presumably owing to the unpairedness of that artery, in patients with postoperative amnesia after anterior communicating artery aneurysm repair.
Emboli in infective endocarditis: the prognostic value of echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether vegetations visualized on two-dimensional echocardiography are an independent risk factor for the development of subsequent emboli in patients with infective endocarditis and to assess the timing of emboli relative to the initiation of antimicrobial therapy. DESIGN Investigator-blinded, retrospective incidence cohort study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Patients with left-sided native valve infective endocarditis who had two-dimensional echocardiography within 72 hours of beginning antimicrobial therapy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The crude incidence rate of first embolic events in patients receiving antimicrobial therapy was 6.2 per 1000 patient-days (95% CI, 4.2 to 9.2). The rates in patients with and without vegetations were 7.1 and 4.9 per 1000 patient-days, respectively (incidence rate ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.6 to 3.3). The relation between vegetations and risk for emboli was microorganism-dependent: Stratified incidence rate ratios were 6.9 (95% CI, 1.1 to 42.5; P less than 0.05) and 1.0 (95% CI, 0.2 to 3.9) for viridans streptococcal and Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, respectively. The rate of first embolic events diminished over time (P less than 0.001), falling from 13 per 1000 patient-days during the first week of therapy to less than 1.2 per 1000 patient-days after completion of the second week of therapy. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the presence of vegetations on echocardiography was not associated with a significantly higher risk for embolus in patients with left-sided native valve infective endocarditis. The relative risk for embolic events associated with echocardiographically visualized vegetations may be microorganism-dependent, with a significantly increased risk seen only in patients with viridans streptococcal infection. The rate of embolic events declines with time after initiation of antimicrobial treatment.
Retention of Information in Relation to Arousal during Continuously-Presented Material1

Recent studies (Kleinsmith and Kaplan, 1963, 1964; Kleinsmith, Kaplan, and Tarte, 1963; Walker, 1962) at the University of Michigan indicate a substantial relation between arousal during learning and subsequent retention of the learned information. The relation is such that low arousal results in forgetting (better short-term retention than long-term), whereas high arousal results in reminiscence (better longterm retention than short-term). The phenomenon emerged whether data analysis was betweensubjects (Kleinsmith, Kaplan, and Tarte, 1963) or within-subject (Kleinsmith and Kaplan, 1963, 1964), whether arousal was manipulated experimentally (Kleinsmith and Kaplan, 1963) or not (Kleinsmith and Kaplan, 1964; Kleinsmith, Kaplan, and Tarte, 1963), or whether the stimulus material was meaningful (Kleinsmith and Kaplan, 1963; Kleinsmith, Kaplan, and Tarte, 1963) or meaningless (Kleinsmith and Kaplan, 1964). In these studies arousal was measured by the galvanic skin response (GSR), and retention was measured by recall. The study described below (Kleinsmith and Kaplan, 1963) is typical, and involved 48 undergraduate students run individually. Two sessions were employed: a learning session and a recall session. During the learning session, the subject was presented a list of eight word-digit pairs. The subject first saw the stimulus word alone for four seconds, then the stimulus word and response digit (2-9) together for the next four seconds, and then a series of colors for the next eight seconds, after which the second pair was presented in the same manner. The color-naming task was interposed in order to separate the arousal effects of one pair from the next. The subject was instructed to concentrate carefully on the word-digit pairs and the colors as he called
Sex-Specific Temporal Trends in In-Hospital Mortality After Stroke Among Middle-Age Individuals in the United States

Background and Purpose— Recent studies have revealed an increase in stroke prevalence among middle-aged women in the United States. To determine whether this is due to improved survival, we assessed temporal trends in sex-specific in-hospital mortality after stroke. Methods— Individuals aged 35 to 64 years hospitalized in 1997 to 2006 with a primary discharge diagnosis of stroke (N=2 537 097) in the United States were identified by the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Temporal trends in sex-specific mortality after stroke and sex differences in mortality were assessed, before and after controlling for covariates. Results— From 1997 to 2006, poststroke mortality decreased in both men (6.06% to 5.15%) and women (6.02% to 4.88%) aged 35 to 64 years. Unadjusted analysis revealed that women aged 35 to 44 years (odds ratio=0.89; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.95) and 45 to 54 years (odds ratio=0.93; 95% CI, 0.89 to 0.97) had lower mortality compared with men, whereas women aged 55 to 64 years had similar mortality compared with men. After adjustment for covariates, stroke type accounted for the better survival in women aged 35 to 44 years. After adjustment for covariates, women aged 45 to 54 years persistently had better survival than did men. Women aged 55 to 64 years had better survival than did men, once race and insurance type were accounted for. Conclusions— This study revealed a decline in stroke mortality rates from 1997 to 2006 among individuals aged 35 to 64 years. Better survival among women compared with men aged 35 to 54 years may partially explain the sex disparity in stroke prevalence.
From ‘Entering into a Firm’ to ‘Entering into a Profession’: An Anthropological Approach to Changing Personhood in Japan

Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, the article uses discourse analysis to examine the social dynamics involved in the construction of personhood in Japan. While the gap between powerful discourse and lived reality is a well-documented phenomenon, there is little systematic empirical research on how to integrate individual and social levels of analysis in this process. By contrasting discourse from above and from below, the article illuminates power asymmetry and the resulting tension between discursive freedom and social exclusion among disadvantaged groups.
Maxing and Ranking with Few Assumptions

PAC maximum selection (maxing) and ranking of $n$ elements via random pairwise comparisons have diverse applications and have been studied under many models and assumptions. With just one simple natural assumption: strong stochastic transitivity, we show that maxing can be performed with linearly many comparisons yet ranking requires quadratically many. With no assumptions at all, we show that for the Borda-score metric, maximum selection can be performed with linearly many comparisons and ranking can be performed with $\mathcal{O}(n\log n)$ comparisons.
The Balance of Give and Take: Toward a Social Exchange Model of Burnout

Donner et recevoir : une question d’equilibre. Vers un modele du burnout fonde sur l’echange socialA partir de l’idee d’un desequilibre entre donner et recevoir, un programme de recherche sur le lien entre echange social et burnout a ete initie il y a une dizaine d’annees. Une vingtaine d’etudes longitudinales ont ete menees. Elles portent sur plus de huit mille professionnels tels que des enseignants, des medecins, des infirmieres, des policiers, des gardiens de prison, des travailleurs sociaux et des personnes travaillant aupres de handicapes mentaux. Cet article rassemble les resultats obtenus au cours de ce programme de recherche et inclut ceux produits ailleurs par d’autres chercheurs. En se basant sur les resultats empiriques, un modele integrateur, comprehensif, de l’echange social est propose. Il integre 3 niveaux de l’echange social : avec les recipiendaires, avec les collegues et avec l’organisation dans son ensemble. Il apparait que la dimension centrale du burnout – l’epuisement professionnel – est liee au manque de reciprocite aux trois niveaux de l’echange social. De plus, les professionnels qui se sentent desavantages a un niveau particulier de l’echange tendent a se retirer de cette relation specifique. Par ailleurs, les resultats indiquent que les mesures simples et directes de la reciprocite doivent etre preferees aux mesures plus sophistiquees. Plus precisement : 1) les mesures intra-personnelles de la reciprocite qui referent exclusivement a ses propres standards sont superieures aux mesures interpersonnelles plus complexes qui incluent des comparaisons avec autrui ; 2) les auto-evaluations de la reciprocite basees sur un item sont superieures aux scores calcules a partir du rapport entre les gains et les couts.
Correlations in Social Neuroscience Aren't Voodoo: Commentary on Vul et al. (2009)

Vul, Harris, Winkielman, and Pashler (2009), (this issue) claim that many brain—personality correlations in fMRI studies are “likely … spurious” (p. 274), and “should not be believed” (p. 285). Several of their conclusions are incorrect. First, they incorrectly claim that whole-brain regressions use an invalid and “nonindependent” two-step inferential procedure, a determination based on a survey sent to researchers that only included nondiagnostic questions about the descriptive process of plotting one's data. We explain how whole-brain regressions are a valid single-step method of identifying brain regions that have reliable correlations with individual difference measures. Second, they claim that large correlations from whole-brain regression analyses may be the result of noise alone. We provide a simulation to demonstrate that typical fMRI sample sizes will only rarely produce large correlations in the absence of any true effect. Third, they claim that the reported correlations are inflated to the point of being “implausibly high. ” Though biased post hoc correlation estimates are a well-known consequence of conducting multiple tests, Vul et al. make inaccurate assumptions when estimating the theoretical ceiling of such correlations. Moreover, their own “meta-analysis suggests that the magnitude of the bias is approximately . 12—a rather modest bias.
Humor, coping with stress, self-concept, and psychological well-being

This paper provides an overview of our current research program focusing on the relationships between humor, self-concept, coping with stress, and positive affect. This research builds upon past work demonstrating a moderating effect of humor, wherein high humor individuals display less negative affect for adverse life circumstances than low humor individuals. The three studies described here address several limitations ofthis moderator research. These include a need to empirically document the precise relationship between humor and self-concept, a need tofocus on the cognitive appraisals underlying the moderator effect, and a need to specifically examine the enhancing effects of humor by measuring positive mood states in response to various life events. Overall, the findings from these studies indicate that greater levels of humor are associated with (1) a more positive self-concept when considered in terms of actual-ideal discrepancies, self-esteem, and Standards for self-worth evaluation. (2) more positive and self-protective cognitive appraisals in theface of stress, and (3) greater positive affect in response to both positive and negative life events. Tahen together, these findings offer empirical supportfor the proposal that humor, in addition to buffering the effects of stress, may also play an important role in enhancing the enjoyment of positive life experiences. We conclude by briefly describing future research directions in the empirical study of humor. Ever since Norman Cousins (1979) published an account of bis recovery from a serious disease through humor and laughter, much attention has been given in the populär media to the importance of humor for physical and psychological health. Over the years a number of psychological theorists, including Sigmund Freud, Rollo May, Gordon Allport, and Humor 6-1 (1993), 89-104. 0933-1719/93/0006-0089 $2.00
Evaluating Sexual Harassment: Psychological, Social, and Legal Considerations in Forensic Examinations

Evaluating Sexual Harassment provides psychologists with essential information for conducting an evidence-based forensic consultation. The authors acquaint readers with the clinical and social scientific literature on sexual harassment, and apply these findings to issues that psychologists must consider in preparing ethically sound and well-substantiated forensic reports and testimony. This book integrates existing research with current case law on sexual harassment. It offers a method for conducting a comprehensive evaluation of a plaintiff, as well as a science-based approach to the two major issues in sexual harassment disputes: causation and credibility. Of particular interest to readers will be two illustrative case reports and the chapter on alternate dispute resolution. This book will be a valuable resource for the experienced forensic practitioner seeking a comprehensive review of the research. For beginning evaluators who want to initiate practice in this area, this book provides a framework that is grounded in research and sound practice.
The Effect of Working With Women on Male Attitudes Toward Female Firefighters

An important concept that has gained the widespread attention of community mental health practitioners and researchers has been social support networks, and their role in help-seeking behavior and remediating personal distress. Despite the plethora of social support research in the last decade, several questions remain: Who are these natural providers of support and comfort? Where are they met? What is the relationship of network characteristics to the psychological well-being of the helped person? Are there gender and racial differences in answering these questions? To address these questions, randomly selected adults (n = 361) living in one of three suburban communities in southern California provided responses to a standardized measure of psychological distress, and also, named those persons on whom they depended when personal problems arose. Same-sex friends and members of the respondent's immediate family were cited most often as sources of social support. Respondents depended more often on women tha.
Sudden death syndrome - an overview.

Metabolic disorders affect internal body metabolism and development and are the cause of the large proportion of mortality in both commercial and backyard poultry flocks. One of the main factor affecting these diseases is rapid growth rate. Two of the more important types of metabolic disorders are the “Sudden Death Syndrome” and Ascites. Sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a condition in which apparently healthy fast growing broilers chicks die suddenly from no apparent causes. There is usually a short wing beating convulsions prior to death, so that the majority of affected broilers are found dead lying on their backs. As a result, the condition often been referred to as “Flip-Over Disease”. Sudden death syndrome has developed into a major problem to the broiler industry in many parts of the world. Broilers of all ages are affected starting as early as 2 days of age and continuing through to market age. Peak mortality usually occurs between 3 and 4 weeks of age. Males are more affected than the females. Lung edema is a prominent PM lesions.There is no proper treatment and preventive measures for control of SDS, but incidence can be reduced by management techniques. The causes of the Sudden Death Syndrome includes; Managemental factors, Nutritional factors, Diet Composition and Role of Prostaglandins.
Vertical Handoff between 802.11 and 802.16 Wireless Access Networks

In this paper, we consider an interworking architecture of wireless mesh backbone and propose an effective vertical handoff scheme between 802.11 and 802.16 wireless access networks. The proposed vertical handoff scheme aims at reducing handoff signaling overhead on the wireless backbone and providing a lower handoff delay to mobile nodes. The handoff signaling procedure in different scenarios is discussed. Together with call admission control, the vertical handoff scheme directs a new call request in the 802.11 network to the 802.16 network, if the admission of the new call in the 802.11 network can degrade quality-of-service (QoS) of the existing real-time traffic flows. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the handoff scheme with respect to signaling cost, handoff delay, and QoS support.
The effectiveness of reading comprehension strategies in high school science classrooms

Reading strategies have been shown to increase comprehension for younger learners. As students move to middle and high school, there is little opportunity to learn about, practice, and apply these strategies in classes, particularly in the content domains like science. Nonetheless, there is a growing national consensus that high school content area teachers need to better integrate discipline-specific reading supports throughout the curriculum. We evaluate the effectiveness of an effort to integrate reading comprehension strategies in biology classrooms. Students' independent proficiency with the strategies predicted science achievement, even when controlling for prior reading achievement. These results provide evidence that strategies are effective and practical in intact science classrooms. We discuss the implications of the findings for the design of content-area literacy instruction. Finally, we describe our efforts to refine the design of the strategy supports based on the empirical results.
Experimental evidence for heritable reproductive time in 2 allochronic populations of pine processionary moth

Phenology allows organisms to overcome seasonally variable conditions through life‐cycle adjustment. Changes in phenology can drastically modify the evolutionary trajectory of a population, while a shift in the reproductive time may cause allochronic differentiation. The hypothesis of heritable reproductive time was experimentally tested, by studying a unique population of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) which has a shifted phenology, and however co‐occurs with the typical population following the classical life cycle. When populations of both types were reared under controlled conditions, the reproductive time was maintained asynchronous, as observed in the field. The shifted population was manipulated in the laboratory to reproduce later than usual, yet the offspring emerged in the next year at the expected dates thus “coming back” to the usual cycle. Hybrids from crosses performed between the 2 populations showed an intermediate phenology. From the emergence times of parents and offspring, a high heritability of the reproductive time (h = 0.76) was observed. The offspring obtained from each type of cross was genetically characterized using microsatellite markers. Bayesian clustering analysis confirmed that hybrids can be successfully identified and separated from the parental genetic classes by genotyping. Findings support the hypothesis that, for this particular population, incipient allochronic speciation is due to a heritable shift in the reproductive time that further causes assortative mating and might eventually cause ecological adaptation/maladaptation in response to environmental changes.
Interleukin-7 Links T Lymphocyte and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Homeostasis

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a major survival factor for mature T cells. Therefore, the degree of IL-7 availability determines the size of the peripheral T cell pool and regulates T cell homeostasis. Here we provide evidence that IL-7 also regulates the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), colon function and the composition of the commensal microflora. In the colon of T cell-deficient, lymphopenic mice, IL-7-producing IEC accumulate. IEC hyperplasia can be blocked by IL-7-consuming T cells or the inactivation of the IL-7/IL-7R signaling pathway. However, the blockade of the IL-7/IL-7R signaling pathway renders T cell-deficient mice more sensitive to chemically-induced IEC damage and subsequent colitis. In summary, our data demonstrate that IL-7 promotes IEC hyperplasia under lymphopenic conditions. Under non-lymphopenic conditions, however, T cells consume IL-7 thereby limiting IEC expansion and survival. Hence, the degree of IL-7 availability regulates both, T cell and IEC homeostasis.