Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of tonal organization in music mirrors symbolic representation of perceptual reality. Part-1: Prehistoric

This paper reveals the way in which musical pitch works as a peculiar form of cognition that reflects upon the organization of the surrounding world as perceived by majority of music users within a socio-cultural formation. The evidence from music theory, ethnography, archeology, organology, anthropology, psychoacoustics, and evolutionary biology is plotted against experimental evidence. Much of the methodology for this investigation comes from studies conducted within the territory of the former USSR. To date, this methodology has remained solely confined to Russian speaking scholars. A brief overview of pitch-set theory demonstrates the need to distinguish between vertical and horizontal harmony, laying out the framework for virtual music space that operates according to the perceptual laws of tonal gravity. Brought to life by bifurcation of music and speech, tonal gravity passed through eleven discrete stages of development until the onset of tonality in the seventeenth century. Each stage presents its own method of integration of separate musical tones into an auditory-cognitive unity. The theory of “melodic intonation” is set forth as a counterpart to harmonic theory of chords. Notions of tonality, modality, key, diatonicity, chromaticism, alteration, and modulation are defined in terms of their perception, and categorized according to the way in which they have developed historically. Tonal organization in music, and perspective organization in fine arts are explained as products of the same underlying mental process. Music seems to act as a unique medium of symbolic representation of reality through the concept of pitch. Tonal organization of pitch reflects the culture of thinking, adopted as a standard within a community of music users. Tonal organization might be a naturally formed system of optimizing individual perception of reality within a social group and its immediate environment, setting conventional standards of intellectual and emotional intelligence.
Time‐varying effects in magnetic mapping: Amphidromes, doldrums, and induction hazard

A magnetic amphidrome is defined as a place where changes of the magnetic field over time, as measured by a total‐field magnetometer, are reduced to the point of being negligible. The reduction is caused by destructive interference between the vertical and horizontal components of the time‐varying field. At an ideal amphidrome, variations with time are suppressed completely and the total‐magnetic‐field magnitude is steady. Such a phenomenon may be expected to depend on the frequency content of the time variations in the vertical and horizontal components. The subject is treated first in terms of the quiet daily variation, Sq, which is studied on a global basis. It is seen that there are magnetic latitude bands, north and south of the equator, where the quiet daily variation is minimal. These zones are called the “diurnal doldrums. ” In addition to this global pattern, the magnetic daily variation is modified by Earth’s conductivity structure locally, and Sq amphidrome behavior may be aided or obstructed lo.
Malignant lymphoma of the stomach associated with systemic sarcoidosis

The case of a patient with gastric malignant lymphoma associated with systemic sarcoidosis is reported. The patient's sarcoidosis was identified by the findings of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and secondary glaucoma. Biopsy of a cervical lymph node showed epithelioid cell granuloma; the sarcoidosis was diagnosed 15 years previously. She had been treated with prednisolone for 5 years until 1979. Proximal gastrectomy, splenectomy, and lymph node dissection were done in 1989. The tumor was diagnosed as malignant lymphoma of the diffuse large cell type according to the Working Formulation. There was no infiltration of lymphoma cell in the 45 dissected lymph nodes, but sarcoid nodules were observed in all nodes. Only three cases of gastric malignant lymphoma complicating sarcoidosis have been reported to the authors' knowledge. Further study should be done in support of the concept of a sarcoidosis‐lymphoma syndrome.
Suppression of inflammation reduces endothelial microparticles in active systemic lupus erythematosus

Background In a prospective observational study, we investigated whether patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had higher indices of endothelial damage and dysfunction than healthy controls and whether improved disease control was associated with improvement in these indices. Methods Twenty-seven patients with active SLE (four or more American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria) and 22 age-matched controls were assessed. Endothelial microparticles (EMPs; CD31+/annexin V+/CD42b−) were quantified using flow cytometry. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured using automated edge-tracking software. Twenty-two patients had a second assessment at a median (IQR) of 20 (16, 22) weeks after initiating new immunosuppressive therapy. Results SLE patients had a median (IQR) baseline global British Isles Lupus Assessment Group Disease Activity Index (BILAG-2004) score of 14 (12, 22). CD31+/annexin V+/CD42b− EMPs were higher (157 548/ml (59 906, 272 643) vs 41 025(30 179, 98 082); p=0.003) and endothelial-dependent FMD was lower (1.63% (−1.22, 5.32) vs 5.40% (3.02, 8.57); p=0.05) in SLE patients than controls. CD31+/annexin V+/CD42b− EMPs correlated inversely with FMD (%) (r2 −0.40; p=0.006). At follow-up, the median (IQR) change in global BILAG-2004 score was −11 (−18, −3). CD31+/annexin V+/CD42b− EMP levels were reduced (166 982/ml (59 906, 278 775 vs 55 655(29 475, 188 659; p=0.02) and FMD had improved (0.33% (−2.31, 4.1) vs 3.19% (0.98, 5.09); p=0.1) at the second visit. Conclusions Active SLE is associated with evidence of increased endothelial damage and endothelial dysfunction, which improved with suppression of inflammation. Better control of active inflammatory disease may contribute to improved cardiovascular risk in patients with SLE.
Host Cell Contact Induces Fur‐dependent Expression of Virulence Factors CagA and VacA in Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori, a gram negative bacterium, colonizes the stomach in a majority of the world population. The two major virulence factors of H. pylori VacA and CagA, thought to be associated with chronic inflammation and disease, have been extensively studied, but the regulation of the expression of these virulence genes in H. pylori remains poorly understood.
The influence of transactional, transformational leadership on leader-follower value congruence and leadership success

Effective leadership drives an organisation’s members to achieve a common purpose. Leaders must influence followers to work together to achieve one vision. Successful leaders understand their own values and the values of their followers, in order to guide and direct behaviour. Shared values allow organisations to work together and act as one entity. Successful leaders instil a set of commonly held core values to ensure that followers are working towards the same goals. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of organisational leadership on leader-follower value congruence and leadership success. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between transactional and transformational leadership, leader-follower value congruence and leadership success. Engelbrecht’s (2002) model was used as a theoretical framework. A literature study of leadership and leadership success, as well as values and value congruence in organisations was conducted. The relationship between these constructs was also analysed in the literature study. The sample comprised of employees of a large petroleum company in the Western Cape. The sample consisted of 162 leaders and subordinates. The sample comprised of two subordinates for every leader. Each of the respondents completed Bass and Avolio’s Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and Langley’s Values Scale (VS). Both the MLQ and VS were found reliable for the purpose of the study. The statistical analysis was conducted through correlation analyses. The results revealed that transactional and transformational leadership have a direct and positive influence on leadership success. Some support was found for the influence of transactional leadership and transformational leadership on leader-follower value congruence. The results also indicated some support for the influence of leaderfollower value congruence on leadership success. Some support was found for the
Resource Unpredictability, Mistrust, and War

The results of this cross-cultural study suggest that war may be caused mostly by a fear of nature and a partially resultant fear of others. A history of unpredictable natural disasters strongly predicts more war, as does socialization for mistrust (but less strongly). It seems that people, particularly in nonstate societies, may try to protect themselves against future disasters by going to war to take resources from enemies.
TiO2-coated CoCrMo: improving the osteogenic differentiation and adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.

The current gold standard material for orthopedic applications is titanium (Ti), however, other materials such as cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) are often preferred due to their wear resistance and mechanical strength. This study investigates if the bioactivity of CoCrMo can be enhanced by coating the surface with titanium oxide (TiO2 ) by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thereby replicating the surface oxide layer found on Ti. CoCrMo, TiO2-coated CoCrMo (CCMT) and Ti substrates were used for this study. Cellular f-actin distribution was shown to be noticeably different between cells on CCMT and CoCrMo after 24 h in osteogenic culture, with cells on CCMT exhibiting greater spread with developed protrusions. Osteogenic differentiation was shown to be enhanced on CCMT compared to CoCrMo, with increased calcium ion content per cell (p < 0.05), greater hydroxyapatite nodule formation (p < 0.05) and reduced type I collagen deposition per cell (p < 0.05). The expression of the focal adhesion protein vinculin was shown to be marginally greater on CCMT compared to CoCrMo, whereas AFM results indicated that CCMT required more force to remove a single cell from the substrate surface compared to CoCrMo (p < 0.0001). These data suggest that CVD TiO2 coatings may have the potential to increase the biocompatibility of CoCrMo implantable devices.
Interactive skills of infants with their high-risk mothers

In this pilot study, the interactive skills of infants with their high-risk, substance-dependent mothers were explored in residential treatment from pregnancy until the infant was 6 months of age. Fourteen mother–infant pairs were videotaped in feeding and free play situations at 6 months after birth. A comparison, low-risk group consisted of 12 ordinary Finnish mother–infant pairs with minimal clinical risks. The findings show significantly higher levels of dyadic interactive deficiencies among the high-risk mother–infant pairs compared to the low-risk pairs, displayed especially in the feeding situation as lack of mutuality and flat, empty, constricted affective tone of interaction. Also, more interactive deficiencies were found among the high-risk infants compared to the low-risk infants, but the differences were not significant. In this study, this finding might reflect the reduced amount of somatic complications and the benefits of treatment, the impacts of which were not explored. The differences between the high- and low-risk infants were displayed as more withdrawal, depressed mood and avoiding behavior and as less alertness and attentional abilities, robustness and focus on parent's emotional state among the high-risk group.
Beta-adrenergic, angiotensin II, and bradykinin receptors enhance neurotransmission in human kidney.

The aim of this study was to investigate angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor-, bradykinin receptor-, and beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated modulation of norepinephrine release from human renal sympathetic nerves and to characterize the respective receptor subtypes involved. Human cortical kidney slices were incubated with [3H]norepinephrine, placed in superfusion chambers between two platinum electrodes, and superfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. The sympathetic nerves were stimulated electrically at 2.5 Hz for 1 minute, and the stimulation-induced outflow of radioactivity was taken as an index of endogenous norepinephrine release. Ang II and its precursor Ang I (both 0.01 to 1 mumol/L) enhanced stimulation-induced outflow of radioactivity in a concentration-dependent manner, with EC50 values of 0.03 and 0.05 mumol/L, respectively. The enhancement by Ang I but not that by Ang II was inhibited by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (3 mumol/L). The concentration-response curves of Ang I and Ang II were shifted to the right by EXP 3174 (0.01 mumol), the in vitro active form of the Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan, with affinity estimates of 8.72 and 9.30, respectively. A higher concentration of EXP 3174 (0.1 mumol/L) abolished the facilitatory effects of Ang I and Ang II. The Ang II type 2 receptor antagonist PD 123319 (10 mumol/L) did not alter the facilitation by Ang II. In the absence of other drugs, bradykinin (0.01 to 1 mumol/L) failed to modulate stimulation-induced outflow of radioactivity but in the presence of captopril (3 mumol/L) enhanced it in a concentration-dependent manner, with an EC50 of 0.1 mumol/L. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Fabrication of Labor: Germany and Britain, 1640–1914 . By Richard Biernacki. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1995. Pp. 569. £48.00. ISBN 0-520-08491-8.

a practice of syncretism and adaptation rather than by simply suppressing their own previous views. At times, Dixon seems almost too willing to adopt all theories as applicable to his evidence. He insists that the confessionalization model is useful even if the process did not produce the effects that it is supposed to have, and that acculturation took place even if it looks very different from what its authors originally proposed. As he himself acknowledges, his detailed results from Brandenburg-Ansbach fit well with those from across the empire and Europe; it is a pity, therefore, that he was not more willing to use his analysis to reject or modify, as well as apply certain current paradigms. Because the theories involved are well developed and ripe for critical reevaluation, we thus get a book less challenging than it might have been, but this takes nothing from its precise and detailed analysis of a well-chosen case.
Vitex agnus-castus Extracts for Female Reproductive Disorders: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

Abstract Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree; chasteberry) is a popular herbal treatment, predominantly used for a range of female reproductive conditions in Anglo-American and European practice. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for the efficacy and safety of Vitex extracts from randomised, controlled trials investigating womenʼs health. Eight databases were searched using Latin and common names for Vitex and phytotherapeutic preparations of the herb as a sole agent, together with filters for randomised, controlled trials or clinical trials. Methodological quality was assessed according to the Cochrane risk of bias and Jadad scales, as well as the proposed elaboration of CONSORT for reporting trials on herbal interventions. Thirteen randomised, controlled trials were identified and twelve are included in this review, of which eight investigated premenstrual syndrome, two premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and two latent hyperprolactinaemia. For premenstrual syndrome, seven of eight trials found Vitex extracts to be superior to placebo (5 of 6 studies), pyridoxine (1), and magnesium oxide (1). In premenstrual dysphoric disorder, one study reported Vitex to be equivalent to fluoxetine, while in the other, fluoxetine outperformed Vitex. In latent hyperprolactinaemia, one trial reported it to be superior to placebo for reducing TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion, normalising a shortened luteal phase, increasing mid-luteal progesterone and 17β-oestradiol levels, while the other found Vitex comparable to bromocriptine for reducing serum prolactin levels and ameliorating cyclic mastalgia. Adverse events with Vitex were mild and generally infrequent. The methodological quality of the included studies varied, but was generally moderate-to-high. Limitations include small sample sizes in some studies, heterogeneity of conditions being treated, and a range of reference treatments. Despite some methodological limitations, the results from randomised, controlled trials to date suggest benefits for Vitex extracts in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder and latent hyperprolactinaemia. Further research is recommended, and greater transparency in reporting for future trials.
Pulp Capping with Bioglass® and Autologous Demineralized Dentin in Miniature Swine

The purpose of this study was to compare the responses of mechanically exposed dental pulps which had been capped with three dissimilar materials: a bioactive ceramic (Bioglass®), autologous demineralized dentin matrix (DDM), and a calcium hydroxide product (Life®), with Teflon® discs as controls. Mechanical dental pulp exposures were made after preparation of deep buccal Class V cavities in 48 teeth in four miniature swine. The exposures were capped and the cavity preparations restored with zinc oxide-eugenol (IRM) cement. The animals were killed after 90 days, the coronal 2/3 of the teeth removed, and sections prepared for either histological or microradiographic examination. The pulpal inflammatory reactions and the degree of reparative dentin formation were assessed from demineralized serial sections. A qualitative assessment of the degree of mineralization of the reparative dentin was made from microradiographs of undecalcified sections. The observations suggest that reparative dentin formation occurs under a variety of pulp-capping materials, but the structure of the reparative dentin varies with the material and the condition of the underlying pulp.
Incidence and predictors of recovery from anaemia within an HIV-infected South African Cohort, 2004-2010

Introduction Anaemia is one of the most frequent haematological complications in HIV-infected persons. Understandingfactors associated with recovery from anaemia during ART is vital in improving clinical outcomes since anaemia is a strong predictor of mortality. Methods Cohort study of 12,441 HIV-infected adults initiating ART between 2004-2010 in Johannesburg, South Africa. A further 2,489 patients with prevalent anaemia at ART initiation were examined to determine the incidence and predictors of recovery from anaemia. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to investigate predictors of recovery from anaemia. Results Of the 2,489 patients with prevalent anaemia, most patients (n = 2,225, 89.4%) recovered from anaemia. Median time to anaemia recoverywas 3.9 months (IQR: 3.22-6.20) and incidence rate was 180 per 100person years (95% CI: 172-187). In univariateanalysis, sex, CD4 count, BMI, WHO stage, employment status, smoking status and presence of tuberculosis at initiation ofART were significant predictors of recovery from anaemia. However in multivariateanalysis, predictors of recovery from anaemia were: male sex-HR: 1.43 (95% CI: 1.29-1.59) p< 0.001, advanced WHO stage III/IV - HR: 1.17 (95% CI: 1.07-1.29) p = 0.001). There was no significant association with CD4 count in multivariate analysis. Conclusion A large proportion of HIV infected patients with anaemia at baseline recover early during the course of ART. Females and those with less advanced WHO stage seem to be at higher risk of poor recovery from anaemia. Understanding the predictors for poor recovery from anaemia would allow closer follow-up and more targeted interventions thus reducing excess anaemia and mortality burden.
Coping with Lexical Gaps: Use of Compensatory Strategies by Iranian EFL Students

Learners of English as a non-native language unavoidably confront situations in which insufficiency of their linguistic knowledge presents them with difficulties. There are also cases in which the absence of some native-language lexical items in the target language is the source of problems the learners have to grapple with. This study focused on the phenomenon known as ‘ lexical gap’ . The aim was to identify and examine the use of compensatory strategies employed by Iranian EFL students in coping with lexical gaps.To this end, number of Iranian undergraduate EFL students were selected and then split into two groups of intermediate-level and advanced-level. Both groups were given two written tasks requiring them to introduce eight Farsi words with no English counterparts to a typical native speaker of English. The analysis of data revealed notable points, not least the employment of different compensatory strategies by members of both groups as well as the existence of some surprising differences between the frequencies of strategy use by the two groups.
Genomic regions under selection in crop-wild hybrids of lettuce: implications for crop breeding and environmental risk assessment

Many crops contain domestication genes that are generally considered to lower fitness of crop– wild hybrids in the wild environment. Transgenes placed in close linkage with such genes would be less likely to spread into a wild population. Therefore, for environmental risk assessment of GM crops it is important to know whether genomic regions with such genes exist, and how they affect fitness. We performed QTL analyses on fitness(-related) traits in two different field environments employing recombinant inbred lines from a cross between cultivated Lactuca sativa and its wild relative L. serriola . We identified a region on linkage group 5 where the crop allele consistently conferred a selective advantage (increasing fitness to 212% and 214%), whereas on linkage group 7 a region conferred a selective disadvantage (reducing fitness to 26% and 5%), mainly through delaying flowering. The probability for a putative transgene spreading would therefore depend strongly on the insertion location. Comparison of these field results with greenhouse data from a previous study using the same lines showed considerable differences in QTL patterns. This indicates that care should be taken when extrapolating experiments from the greenhouse, and that the impact of domestication genes has to be assessed under field conditions.
Recovery of human skin impedance in vivo after lontophoresis: Effect of metal ions

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the counter-ion (cation) on the recovery of human skin impedance after iontophoresis in vivo. A series of metal chloride aqueous solutions (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) was investigated: first at the same concentration (133 mmol/L) and then at the same ionic strength as a NaCl solution at 133 mmol/L. The influence of hydration alone was also examined as a control. The recovery of human skin impedance was followed in the frequency range 1–1,000 Hz, over a 30-minute period after iontophoresis during which 3 impedance spectra were recorded. The results revealed that at t=30 minutes post-iontophoresis, skin impedance was approximately 3 times greater than the value immediately after the cessation of current passage. However, the results showed that the nature of the cation had no effect on recovery, regardless of whether the ions were at the same concentration or at an equivalent ionic strength. A simple parallel RC-equivalent circuit model for skin was used to determine the resistive (R) and capacitive (C) contributions to skin impedance. An analysis of variance on the calculated R and C values did not show any differences between the electrolytes used at the 2 different ionic strengths.