Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of hatching egg characteristics, embryo development, yolk absorption, hatch window, and hatchability of Pekin Duck eggs of different weights

&NA; This study was carried out to determine the hatching egg characteristics, embryo development and yolk absorption during incubation, hatch window, and hatchability of Pekin duck eggs of different weights. A total of 960 hatching eggs was obtained from a breeder flock 35 to 36 wk of age. The eggs were classed into 3 weight categories: “light” (L; <75 g), “medium” (M; 76 to 82 g), and “heavy” (H; >83 g). The albumen weight was the highest in the heavy eggs, whereas the yolk weight was higher in the medium and heavy eggs. Egg breaking strength was the highest with a value of 2.5 kg/cm2 in light eggs, whereas the thinnest eggshell (0.3862 mm) was observed in heavy eggs. pH of albumen and yolk was similar and ranged from 8.8 to 8.9 and 5.9 to 6.0, respectively. On d 14 of incubation, yolk sac weight was found higher in the medium and heavy eggs. Additionally, the dry matter of the embryo and yolk sac differed among the egg weight groups during the incubation period. Interestingly, on d 25 of incubation, the embryo weight was higher in the light and heavy eggs (35.2 and 36.3 g, respectively) than in the medium eggs (29.8 g). These findings showed that embryo growth was affected by yolk absorption and dry matter accumulation. The hatchability of total and fertile eggs was lower for the heavy eggs than the light and medium eggs. The chick weight was 42.8, 48.4, and 54.9 g in light, medium, and heavy eggs, respectively. A percentage of 34.2, 36, and 31.6% of chicks from light, medium, and heavy eggs, hatched between 637 and 648 h, 39.6, 36.2, and 32.9% between 649 and 660 h, 26.2, 27.8, and 35.5% between 661 and 672 h of incubation, respectively. In conclusion, hatching egg quality, embryo development and yolk absorption during incubation, hatch window, and hatchability were affected by egg weight in Pekin ducks.
Higher Cortisol Predicts Less Improvement in Verbal Memory Performance after Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Objective. While physical activity can improve verbal memory performance in subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD), there is large variability in response. Elevated cortisol production has been suggested to negatively affect verbal memory performance, yet cortisol concentrations have not been assessed as a predictor of response to exercise intervention in those with CAD. Methods. CAD patients participating in a one-year cardiac rehabilitation program were recruited. Memory was assessed with the California Verbal Learning Test second edition at baseline and one year. Cortisol was measured from a 20 mg, 3.0 cm hair sample collected at baseline. Results. In patients with CAD (n = 56, mean ± SD age = 66 ± 11, 86% male), higher cortisol (hair cortisol concentrations ≥ 153.2 ng/g) significantly predicted less memory improvement (F1,50 = 5.50, P = 0.02) when controlling for age (F1,50 = 0.17, P = 0.68), gender (F1,50 = 2.51, P = 0.12), maximal oxygen uptake (F1,50 = 1.88, P = 0.18), and body mass index (F1,50 = 3.25, P = 0.08). Conclusion. Prolonged hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activation may interfere with exercise-related improvements in memory in CAD.
Values and Behavior: Strength and Structure of Relations

Three studies address unresolved issues in value-behavior relations. Does the full range of different values relate to common, recurrent behaviors? Which values relate more strongly to behavior than others? Do relations among different values and behaviors exhibit a meaningful overall structure? If so, how to explain this? We find that stimulation and tradition values relate strongly to the behaviors that express them; hedonism, power, universalism, and self-direction values relate moderately; and security, conformity, achievement, and benevolence values relate only marginally. Additional findings suggest that these differences in value-behavior relations may stem from normative pressures to perform certain behaviors. Such findings imply that values motivate behavior, but the relation between values and behaviors is partly obscured by norms. Relations among behaviors, among values, and jointly among values and behavior exhibit a similar structure. The motivational conflicts and congruities postulated by the theory of values can account for this shared structure.
Predicting genotype compositions in norovirus seasons in Japan

Noroviruses cause acute gastroenteritis. Since multiple genotypes of norovirus co‐circulate in humans, changing the genotype composition and eluding host immunity, development of a polyvalent vaccine against norovirus in which the genotypes of vaccine strains match the major strains in circulation in the target season is desirable. However, this would require prediction of changes in the genotype composition of circulating strains. A fitness model that predicts the proportion of a strain in the next season from that in the current season has been developed for influenza A virus. Here, such a fitness model that takes into account the fitness effect of herd immunity was used to predict genotype compositions in norovirus seasons in Japan. In the current study, a model that assumes a decline in the magnitude of cross immunity between norovirus strains according to an increase in the divergence of the major antigenic protein VP1 was found to be appropriate for predicting genotype composition. Although it is difficult to predict the proportions of genotypes accurately, the model is effective in predicting the direction of change in the proportions of genotypes. The model predicted that GII.3 and GII.4 may contract, whereas GII.17 may expand and predominate in the 2015–2016 season. The procedure of predicting genotype compositions in norovirus seasons described in the present study has been implemented in the norovirus forecasting system (NOROCAST).
Intonation and dialogue context as constraints for speech recognition

This paper describes a way of using intonation and dialogue context to improve the performance of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. Our experiments were run on the DCIEM Maptask corpus, a corpus of spontaneous task-oriented dialogue speech. This corpus has been tagged according to a dialogue analysis scheme that assigns each utterance to one of 12 “move types”, such as “acknowledge”, “query-yes/no” or “instruct”. Most asr systems use a bigram language model to constrain the possible sequences of words that might be recognised. Here we use a separate bigram language model for each move type. We show that when the “correct” move-speciﬁc language model is used for each utterance in the test set, the word error rate of the recogniser drops. Of course when the recogniser is run on previously unseen data, it cannot know in advance what move type the speaker has just produced. To determine the move type we use an intonation model combined with a dialogue model that puts constraints on possible sequences of move types, as well as the speech recogniser likelihoods for the different move-speciﬁc models. In the full recognition system, the combination of automatic move type recognition with the move speciﬁc language models reduces the overall word error rate by a small but signiﬁcant amount when compared with a baseline system that does not take intonation or dialogue acts into account. Interestingly, the word error improvement is restricted to “initiating” move types, where word recognition is important. In “response” move types, where the important information is conveyed by the move type itself - e.g., positive vs. negative response - there is no word error improvement, but recognition of the response types themselves is good. The paper discusses the intonation model, the language models and the dialogue model in detail and describes the architecture in which they are combined.
Human capital as structural vulnerability of US poverty

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the individualistic and the structural nature of human capital and its relationship with poverty.Design/methodology/approach – An examination was made of the individual and the interaction effects of three dimensions of human capital (education, training, and health), gender, race, and underemployment on poverty status, after controlling for the direct effect of these variables. The sample included working‐age individuals in the USA taken from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Findings – The results show that among the human capital variables, postsecondary education is a particularly important factor associated with poverty among women and minorities. Job training, on the other hand, worsened the economic situation for non‐Whites. For individuals with less than post‐secondary education, the combined effect of training participation and health status significantly reduced the likelihood of being poor. Underemployment c.
Chemistry of the atmosphere: Its impact on global change

This book is a summary of the plenary lectures of the CHEMRAWN VII Conference held in Baltimore, Maryland, 2-7 December 1991. The book draws together some interesting perspectives relating to global change from the atmospheric chemistry community from more of a chemist`s point of view than a meteorologist`s. In fact, Chemical Research Applied to World Needs (CHEMRAWN) illustrates how the international atmospheric chemistry community (the meeting was cosponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the American Chemical Society) has traditionally put forth a considerable effort to understand the global environmental impact of dumping chemicals into the atmosphere. The primary benefit of this book is the concise summary of the research issues confronting the atmospheric science community regarding global change. Being a summary of plenary lectures, the technical depth of the papers is not great. Therefore the book offers a good presentation of material to the nonspecialist who seeks to understand the issues around which the global change research community has focused.
Collateral Consequences and Racial Inequality

Studies of the collateral consequences of felony conviction have generally focused on single restrictions such as disenfranchisement or disqualification for welfare assistance. Although these studies have provided a wealth of valuable information, such an approach only provides a partial picture of the broader social context in which collateral sanctions operate and their implications for social stratification. Even after felons complete their sentences, they often find whole classes of key privileges revoked and opportunities blocked. Furthermore, because they are most likely to experience criminal justice sanctions, Black males are at far greater risk of also facing the social disadvantages that accompany criminal punishment. This article argues that collateral consequence provisions play a role in maintaining and exacerbating racial inequality.
Support for traditional female roles across 32 countries: Female labour market participation, policy models and gender differences

In this research we study support for traditional female roles. We test individual and contextual explanations for differences in support for traditional female roles within and across 32 countries. Higher educated, employed people and those who do not adhere to a religion are least supportive. The higher the female labour market participation, the less traditional the average citizen is: this contextual effect is stronger for women than for men. Governmental child care expenditure does not affect average levels of support for traditional female roles. Yet, we do find a significant drop in traditional attitudes for men, when governments spend more on child care. This shows the importance of including the possibility of differences in contextual effects for men and women.
Mechanisms of Myocyte Cytotoxicity Induced by the Multiple Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib

The anticancer tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib has been shown recently to be cardiotoxic. Using a neonatal rat myocyte model, we investigated various mechanisms that might be responsible for its cardiotoxicity. Sunitinib potently inhibited the enzyme activity of both AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the ribosomal S6 kinase RSK1 at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Heart tissue with its high energy needs might be particularly sensitive to inhibition of AMPK because of its role as an energy sensor regulating ATP levels. As measured by lactate dehydrogenase release, sunitinib treatment of myocytes caused dose-dependent damage at therapeutic levels. Sunitinib treatment also caused a dose-dependent reduction in myocyte protein levels of the phosphorylated α and β isoforms of the AMPK phosphorylation target acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase. However, myocytes were not protected from sunitinib treatment by pretreating them with the AMPK-activating antidiabetic drug metformin. Sunitinib treatment of myocytes also did not affect cellular ATP levels. Together, these last two results do not suggest a major role for inhibition of AMPK in sunitinib-induced myocyte damage. Dexrazoxane, which is a clinically approved doxorubicin cardioprotective agent, also did not protect myocytes from damage, which suggests that sunitinib did not induce oxidative damage. In conclusion, even though sunitinib potently inhibits AMPK and RSK1, given the extreme lack of kinase selectivity that sunitinib exhibits, it is likely that inhibition of other kinases or combinations of kinases are responsible for the cardiotoxic effects of sunitinib.
Commitment to the Organization in Exchange for Support from the Organization

Despite the abundance of studies of organizational commitment, there is a need for explaining this phenomenon with data from non-Western societies. According to exchange theory, there may be reciprocal relationships between an employee’s commitment to the employing organization and support given by the organization. To examine this hypothesis in a non-Western society, data was collected from 927 employees in 8 high-technology companies in Taiwan. It was found that the employee’s organizational commitment and perceived organizational support exhibited strong reciprocal and positive relationships, with control for a number of background characteristics. In addition, significant positive effect of organizational support averaged for the job on the employee’s organizational commitment was found.
Dysgraphia in dementia

Abstract This paper reviews the spelling and writing deficits associated with the major forms of dementia.In dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), the finding of surface dysgraphia is typical, although not universal, and with disease progression non-phonologlcally plausible errors often increase; additional difficulties with handwriting are common. Surface dysgraphia is a predictable feature in semantic dementia, but In contrast to DAT, the mechanics of handwriting are usually preserved. In patients with posterior cortical atrophy [Including some (atypical) DAT patients], spatial dysgraphia is an early symptom. Spelling and writing disorders have been documented, although not thoroughly studied, in other forms of dementia (e.g. vascular, frontal, dementia with Lewy bodies, etc.). Research on dysgraphia in dementias associated with movement disorders (e.g. cortico-basal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington's disease, etc.) has focused mainly on problems with writing, which is often poorly formed, but spelling impairments have also been observed. The precise characteristics and prevalence of spelling disorders in these diseases are, however, unknown as there has been little systematic study. Additional investigations, which assess both central (linguistic) and peripheral aspects of writing, and which include a longitudinal component, will help to elucidate the nature and progression of dysgraphia in different types of dementia.
Load control using sensitivity identification by means of smart transformer

The higher variability introduced by distributed generation leads to fast changes in the aggregate load composition, and thus in the power response during voltage variations. The Smart Transformer, a power electronics-based distribution transformer with advanced control functionalities, can exploit the load dependence on voltage for providing services to the distribution and transmission grids. In this paper two possible applications are proposed: the Smart Transformer overload control by means of voltage control action, and the Soft Load Reduction method, that reduces load consumption avoiding the load disconnection. These services depend on the correct identification of load dependence on voltage, which the Smart Transformer evaluates in real time based on load measurements. The effect of the distributed generation on net load sensitivity has been derived and demonstrated with the Control Hardware In Loop evaluation by means of a Real Time Digital Simulator.
Accuracy of screening mammography interpretation by characteristics of radiologists.

BACKGROUND Radiologists differ in their ability to interpret screening mammograms accurately. We investigated the relationship of radiologist characteristics to actual performance from 1996 to 2001. METHODS Screening mammograms (n = 469,512) interpreted by 124 radiologists were linked to cancer outcome data. The radiologists completed a survey that included questions on demographics, malpractice concerns, years of experience interpreting mammograms, and the number of mammograms read annually. We used receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to analyze variables associated with sensitivity, specificity, and the combination of the two, adjusting for patient variables that affect performance. All P values are two-sided. RESULTS Within 1 year of the mammogram, 2402 breast cancers were identified. Relative to low annual interpretive volume (< or =1000 mammograms), greater interpretive volume was associated with higher sensitivity (P = .001; odds ratio [OR] for moderate volume [1001-2000] = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.39; OR for high volume [>2000] = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.36 to 2.63). Specificity decreased with volume (OR for 1001-2000 = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.83; OR for more than 2000 = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.96), compared with 1000 or less (P = .002). Greater number of years of experience interpreting mammograms was associated with lower sensitivity (P = .001), but higher specificity (P = .003). ROC analysis using the ordinal BI-RADS interpretation showed an association between accuracy and both previous mammographic history (P = .012) and breast density (P<.001). No association was observed between accuracy and years interpreting mammograms (P = .34) or mammography volume (P = .94), after adjusting for variables that affect the threshold for calling a mammogram positive. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that greater volume or experience at interpreting mammograms is associated with better performance. However, they may affect sensitivity and specificity, possibly by determining the threshold for calling a mammogram positive. Increasing volume requirements is unlikely to improve overall mammography performance.
Accompaniment and quality in childcare services: the emergence of a culture of professionalization

This article addresses various educational cultures observed today in a variety of training and professional development contexts in the field of early childhood education. The paper also analyses methods of developing and implementing training or professional ‘accompaniment’. This notion of ‘accompaniment’ has been developed in the context of French-speaking countries, especially in relation to the development of childcare services and the search for quality. From a case study using ‘accompaniment’ as a professional development initiative to consider freedom of movement for children aged birth to three years as a quality criterion in daily educational practice, the article illustrates the importance of considering innovation in the professional development of early years educators, not only as a new initiative in this specific context, but also as a signifier of the wider emergence of a new culture of professionalization where actions, actors and environment undergo change simultaneously.
New Social Media: Modernisation and Democratisation in Russia

Abstract The European Union (EU)–Russia Partnership for Modernisation (P4M) seemingly indicated a shift in the relationship from a basis in a democratising discourse to a modernising one. This article argues that despite Russia's view of modernisation as being about economic growth and innovation, for the EU democratisation remained an important priority. Which vision, however, has been vindicated? To answer this question, the focus is on the use of computer-mediated communication, occasioned by the questions asked since mass public demonstrations began in Russia in late 2011 about whether those protests were evidence of Russia undergoing its own ‘spring’ in the way seen in many parts of the Arab world in 2010. These comparisons were drawn primarily because of the perceived role of new technologies in helping ordinary Russians to mobilise and publicise protest. Looking at modernisation through the prism of social media is revealing of the extent to which Russians use modern technology and of the extent to which Russia is democratising. The article concludes that there is evidence of modernising and democratising effects but that an increasingly repressive government approach looks like creating effective obstacles to the EU and Russian visions of modernisation alike.
Picrate and niflumate block anion modulation of radioligand binding to the gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine receptor complex.

The organic anions picrate (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and niflumate (2-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-amino]-3-pyridinecarboxylate) were examined for their effects on radioligand binding to the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptor complex. Neither organic anion produced the enhancement of [35S] t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding characteristic of anions (such as Cl- and Br-) known to permeate GABA-gated chloride channels. However, both picrate and niflumate potently (IC50 values between 66 and 531 and 30 and 155 microM, respectively) inhibited the effect of 100-200 mM concentrations of anions (I-, Br-, Cl-, SCN-, and F-) to increase the binding of [35S]TBPS to GABA-gated chloride channels. This inhibition resulted from a decrease in both the maximum number of binding sites and the apparent affinity (increased Kd) of [35S]TBPS. Niflumate was consistently more potent than picrate, but both organic anions exhibited the same sequence of relative potencies against smaller anions (I- greater than Br- greater than Cl- greater than SCN- greater than F-). This sequence was similar to that described for the relative permeabilities of these anions through GABA-gated chloride channels. Niflumate and picrate were potent inhibitors of Cl-, but not GABA-modulated radioligand binding to benzodiazepine receptors. These findings suggest that picrate and niflumate bind with high affinity at or near an anion binding site that may regulate the movement of anions through GABA-gated chloride channels and radioligand binding at this "supramolecular complex. "