Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Name-Based Analysis of Equally Typed Method Arguments

When calling a method that requires multiple arguments, programmers must pass the arguments in the expected order. For statically typed languages, the compiler helps programmers by checking that the type of each argument matches the type of the formal parameter. Unfortunately, types are futile for methods with multiple parameters of the same type. How can a programmer check that equally typed arguments are passed in the correct order? This paper presents two simple, yet effective, static program analyses that detect problems related to the order of equally typed arguments. The key idea is to leverage identifier names to infer the semantics of arguments and their intended positions. The analyses reveal problems that affect the correctness, understandability, and maintainability of a program, such as accidentally reversed arguments and misleading parameter names. Most parts of the analyses are language-agnostic. We evaluate the approach with 24 real-world programs written in Java and C. Our results show the analyses to be effective and efficient. One analysis reveals anomalies in the order of equally typed arguments; it finds 54 relevant problems with a precision of 82 percent. The other analysis warns about misleading parameter names and finds 31 naming bugs with a precision of 39 percent.
Analysis and Design of a High-Frequency DC/DC Converter Based on a Resonant Rectifier

In high-frequency dc/dc converters, the resonant rectifier is an important stage that guarantees high efficiency and optimal operating characteristics. However, the existing design approaches are based on trial methods and cannot achieve optimal results. A systematic and effective design method for a current-driven class E circuit is proposed in this paper, which consists of the detailed theoretical analysis and numerical derivation. Furthermore, with the optimal design method, the input impedance of the resonant rectifier can maintain quasi-resistive characteristics. Demonstration of this approach is provided through the experimental results of a 20 MHz dc/dc prototype. The system efficiency can be as high as 81.5% based on the optimal design method of the rectifier.
The Effects of Dietary Supplementation of L-Carnitine and Humic Substances on Performance, Egg Traits and Blood Parameters in Laying Hens

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of supplementation of L-carnitine and humic substances alone or in combination in laying hen diets on performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 180 IGH type brown laying hens aged 22 weeks were employed in a completely randomized block design with one control group and three treatment groups. Each group was divided into five replicates as subgroups, each comprising 9 hens. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 0.1 g/kg L-carnitine, 1.5 g/kg humic substances (Farmagulator ® Dry Plus) and 0.1 g/kg L-carnitine+1.5 g/kg humic substances, respectively. The experimental period lasted 18 weeks. Feeding supplemental carnitine, humic substances or carnitine+humic substances resulted in increases in body weight gain (p<0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect daily feed intake, daily metabolizable energy intake, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, mortality, egg shape index, egg breaking strength, egg shell thickness, egg albumen index, egg yolk index, egg Haugh unit and the percentages of egg shell, albumen and yolk. Supplementation of humic substances reduced egg yolk cholesterol as mg per g yolk and mg per yolk (p<0.05). Blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of carnitine, humic substances or carnitine+humic substances. The results in this study demonstrated that humic substances supplementation reduced egg cholesterol without adverse effects on performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens. It was concluded that the usage of L-carnitine alone or in combination with humic substances in diets had no beneficial effects in laying hens. (Key Words : L-carnitine, Humic Substances, Laying Hen, Performance, Egg Traits, Blood Parameters)
Prion protein with an E200K mutation displays properties similar to those of the cellular isoform PrPC

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in Libyan Jews, linked to the E200K mutation in PRNP (E200KCJD), is the most prevalent of the inherited prion diseases. As other prion diseases, E200KCJD is characterized by the brain accumulation of PrPSc, a pathologic conformational isoform of a normal glycoprotein denominated PrPC. To investigate whether the E200K mutation is enough to de novo confer PrPSc properties to mutant PrP, as suggested by experiments in Chinese hamster ovary cells, we examined the biochemical behavior of E200KPrP in brains and fibroblasts from sporadic as well as homozygous and heterozygous E200KCJD patients, asymptomatic transgenic mice carrying the E200K mutation, as well as in normal and scrapie‐infected mouse neuroblastoma cells expressing E200KPrP. E200KPrP was examined for protease sensitivity, solubility in detergents, releasibility by phosphoinositol phospholypase‐C and localization in cholesterol enriched membrane microdomains (rafts). In all tissues except in brains of CJD patients and ScN2a cells, E200KPrP displayed properties similar to those of PrPC. Our results indicate that the E200K mutation does not automatically convey the properties of PrPSc to new PrP molecules. A conversion process occurs mainly in the prion disease affected brain, suggesting the presence of a tissue‐specific or age‐dependent factor, in accord with the late onset nature of inherited CJD.
NCLB: Is There Life beyond Testing?.

If you asked a roomful of educators which word or phrase best sums up No Child Left Behind (NCLB), some educators would say accountability. Others might propose student achievement, proficiency, or raised expectations. But perhaps the most accurate word to encapsulate the United States' most ambitious federal education law—which proposes to close achievement gaps and aims for 100 percent student proficiency by 2014—is testing. Certainly, the focus on holding schools accountable for student achievement on standardized assessments sets NCLB apart from previous versions of the law. November 2006 Page 1 of 7 ASCD
Electrical detection of the temperature induced melting transition of a DNA hairpin covalently attached to gold interdigitated microelectrodes

The temperature induced melting transition of a self-complementary DNA strand covalently attached at the 5′ end to the surface of a gold interdigitated microelectrode (GIME) was monitored in a novel, label-free, manner. The structural state of the hairpin was assessed by measuring four different electronic properties of the GIME (capacitance, impedance, dissipation factor and phase angle) as a function of temperature from 25°C to 80°C. Consistent changes in all four electronic properties of the GIME were observed over this temperature range, and attributed to the transition of the attached single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) from an intramolecular, folded hairpin structure to a melted ssDNA. The melting curve of the self-complementary single strand was also measured in solution using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV absorbance spectroscopy. Temperature dependent electronic measurements on the surface and absorbance versus temperature values measured in solution experiments were analyzed assuming a two-state process. The model analysis provided estimates of the thermodynamic transition parameters of the hairpin on the surface. Two-state analyses of optical melting data and DSC measurements provided evaluations of the thermodynamic transition parameters of the hairpin in solution. Comparison of surface and solution measurements provided quantitative evaluation of the effect of the surface on the thermodynamics of the melting transition of the DNA hairpin.
Towards quicker discovery and selection of web services considering required degree of match through indexing and decomposition of non-functional constraints

An approach is proposed for identifying best services for composition based on functional and non-functional characteristics of services with a special focus on computational optimisation of functional discovery and non-functional selection. Discovery is optimised using a unique indexing consists of two indices, one for outputs of services and the other for inputs of services. In either index, each key is mapped to its semantically related service categories. The fine split of semantic relations into eight categories assists in handling disparate similarity demands of service clients efficiently. Also, indexing eliminates semantic reasoning entirely during querying. Non-functional selection is optimised using local selection method in multithreaded fashion with a new method of decomposing non-functional constraints. Further, indexing is used to expedite the searching of finding best services during selection. Experimentation results are presented. The minimum time consumption of the method makes it more applicable to dynamic composition needs.
Structure–Function Relationships Underlying the Capacity of Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase Toxin to Disarm Host Phagocytes

Bordetellae, pathogenic to mammals, produce an immunomodulatory adenylate cyclase toxin–hemolysin (CyaA, ACT or AC-Hly) that enables them to overcome the innate immune defense of the host. CyaA subverts host phagocytic cells by an orchestrated action of its functional domains, where an extremely catalytically active adenylyl cyclase enzyme is delivered into phagocyte cytosol by a pore-forming repeat-in-toxin (RTX) cytolysin moiety. By targeting sentinel cells expressing the complement receptor 3, known as the CD11b/CD18 (αMβ2) integrin, CyaA compromises the bactericidal functions of host phagocytes and supports infection of host airways by Bordetellae. Here, we review the state of knowledge on structural and functional aspects of CyaA toxin action, placing particular emphasis on signaling mechanisms by which the toxin-produced 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) subverts the physiology of phagocytic cells.
Stability of nucleoside triphosphate levels in the red cells of the snake

Nucleated red cells in the nonpregnant garter snake (Thamnophis elegans) contain relatively high concentrations of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP), largely in the form of ATP, which is found at concentrations of approximately 10 mmol l-1 relative to cell volume and 15 mmol l-1 relative to cell water. During pregnancy, levels of NTP in adult red cells rise by approximately 50 % concomitant with an increase in blood progesterone level. The stability of the NTP pool within these red cells was assessed by maintaining cells in vitro at 20 °C, without exogenous nutrients, and in the presence and absence of the metabolic inhibitors iodoacetate and/or cyanide. After 96 h, NTP levels in adult red cells not exposed to the inhibitors had decreased by only approximately 10 %, while in the presence of both inhibitors NTP levels had fallen by less than 50 %. Red cell NTP levels were not affected by acute exposure to high concentrations of progesterone either in vivo or in vitro. NTP levels were much more labile when the cells were maintained in vitro at either low or high pH. Maintenance of red cells at pH 6.0 for 24 h resulted in a decrease in NTP levels of approximately 50 % and at pH 10.0 the levels fell by approximately 80 %, while buffers containing only ATP caused no detectable degradation. Incubation at low or high pH promoted some cell swelling; however, the magnitude of the decreases in intracellular NTP concentration prompted by these pH levels could not be mimicked by incubation of red cells in hypotonic buffer. Total nonspecific ATPase activity at pH 6.0 was approximately 55 % greater than that at pH 7.4, while at pH 10.0 it was approximately 6 % of that at pH 7.4. The pH-dependent decrease in intracellular NTP levels cannot, therefore, be due to stimulation of ATPase activity, at least not at high pH. Overall, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that an appreciable portion of the NTP within these cells is compartmentalized in a stable, but pH-sensitive, pool sequestered from intracellular ATP-hydrolyzing processes.
Volatile dilution during magma injections and implications for volcano explosivity

Magma reservoirs underneath volcanoes grow through episodic emplacement of magma batches. These pulsed magma injections can substantially alter the physical state of the resident magma by changing its temperature, pressure, composition, and volatile content. Here we examine plagioclase phenocrysts in pumice from the 2014 Plinian eruption of Kelud (Indonesia) that record the progressive capture of small melt inclusions within concentric growth zones during crystallization inside a magma reservoir. High-spatial-resolution Raman spectroscopic measurements reveal the concentration of dissolved H 2 O within the melt inclusions, and provide insights into melt-volatile behavior at the single crystal scale. H 2 O contents within melt inclusions range from ∼0.45 to 2.27 wt% and do not correlate with melt inclusion size or distance from the crystal rim, suggesting that minimal H 2 O was lost via diffusion. Instead, inclusion H 2 O contents vary systematically with anorthite content of the host plagioclase (R 2 = 0.51), whereby high anorthite content zones are associated with low H 2 O contents and vice versa. This relationship suggests that injections of hot and H 2 O-poor magma can increase the reservoir temperature, leading to the dilution of melt H 2 O contents. In addition to recording hot and H 2 O-poor conditions after these injections, plagioclase crystals also record relatively cold and H 2 O-rich conditions such as prior to the explosive 2014 eruption. In this case, the elevated H 2 O content and increased viscosity may have contributed to the high explosivity of the eruption. The point at which an eruption occurs within such repeating hot and cool cycles may therefore have important implications for explaining alternating eruptive styles.
Using Cognitive Dissonance Theory to investigate the thoughts and behaviors of individuals who commit romantic infidelity

Romantic infidelity is a behavior that conflicts with how most individuals view the self and therefore may promote cognitive dissonance. Furthermore, individuals who commit infidelity may use strategies such as trivialization and behavior change to diminish negative consequences associated with cognitive dissonance. Consistent with my predictions, I found that prior instances of romantic infidelity promoted discrepancy involving the self-concept and psychological discomfort, particularly in women. Additionally, prior infidelity promoted negative shifts in general affect, suggesting that infidelity causes a combination of cognitive dissonance and negative general affect. Also consistent with my predictions, prior infidelity promoted the use of trivialization and behavior change; the latter from perpetrators who desired consistency amongst their beliefs and behaviors. Perpetrators of infidelity who did trivialize their behaviors experienced significant improvement in terms of self-concept discrepancy and psychological discomfort, but not general affect, suggesting that trivialization directly targets the dissonance associated with infidelity. Finally, participants were more likely to trivialize prior infidelities when they were highly aware of their personal beliefs regarding infidelity, suggesting that a salient discrepancy between beliefs and behavior may lead perpetrators of infidelity to trivialize their behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, and future avenues of research are suggested. INDEX WORDS: Infidelity, Cognitive Dissonance, Discomfort, Discrepancy, Behavior USING COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY TO INVESTIGATE THE THOUGHTS AND BEHAVIORS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO COMMIT ROMANTIC INFIDELITY
technologies Technical Note Scale-Up Effects of CO 2 Capture by Methyldiethanolamine ( MDEA ) Solutions in Terms of Loading Capacity

In the present study, results from three different CO2 capture experimental scales (laboratory, pilot unit, and a larger pilot unit), using aqueous amine solutions of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) 20 wt %, are compared in terms of loading capacity. All three tested scales produced results regarding CO2 absorption using MDEA aqueous solutions, which were largely in accordance with the theoretical loading capacity of the used amine. Nevertheless, the observed differences between the theoretical and actual absorption behaviors of MDEA solutions for the different scales can be justified with the relative weight that process variables exhibit when the process is scaled up. Therefore, in order to achieve a correct scale-up of the process, simulations should be performed in order to define the best set of operational parameters in order to achieve high production yields and therefore more process profitability.
Department of Economics Working Paper Series External Shocks , Structural Change , and Economic Growth in Mexico 1979 – 200 7

This paper finds that shocks to net financial inflows, world oil prices, the U.S. growth rate, and the lagged real exchange rate explain most of the fluctuations in Mexico’s annual growth since 1979. The paper also estimates how the effects of these external constraints have changed since Mexico’s liberalization policies of the late 1980s and the formation of NAFTA in 1994. Estimates of an investment function and other tests show that growth drives investment but not conversely, in the short run. Investment is driven mainly by oil prices and the accelerator effect; foreign direct investment has no significant impact. *REVISED SEPTEMBER 2008 JEL Classifications — O54, O11, E22, F43
rRNA transcription rate in Escherichia coli

The rate of in vivo transcription elongation for Escherichia coli rRNA operons was determined by electron microscopy following addition of rifampin to log-phase cultures. Direct observation of RNA polymerase positions along rRNA operons 30, 40, and 70 s after inhibition of transcription initiation yielded a transcription elongation rate of 42 nucleotides per s.
Relationship Banking, State Co-Ordination and Long-Term Debt: Reinterpreting the Big Push

We develop a lending game in which relationship-specific investments by firms benefit banks and vice versa. We show that even if all firms and banks prefer high-tech relationship loans under the first-best, asymmetric information and investment non-contractibility make them choose low-tech transaction loans. However, governments with intermediate risk ratings can use Groves subsidies for a concerted switch to long-term relationship loans. To avoid premature liquidation, they finance the scheme with long-term foreign debt. Thus, we try to explain the positive correlation between subsidies and long-term domestic and foreign debt, which was a salient feature of the East Asian development experience.
U.S. Emissions Trading Markets for SO2 and NOx

The U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 initiated the first large experiment in the use of market-based regulation to control environmental problems with the introduction of an emissions trading program for sulfur dioxide emissions. Later that decade the second large trading program began for control of nitrogen oxide emissions. Although these programs are widely viewed as successful, their development and the emergence of associated environmental markets took various turns that provide lessons for the development of new markets, including markets for greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reviews the history of these programs and provides a glimpse of their future given the introduction of new regulations affecting multiple pollutants and given the expected implementation of climate policy.
An unusual mechanism for EF-Tu activation during tmRNA-mediated ribosome rescue

When ribosomes are stalled on truncated mRNAs in prokaryotes, they are rescued by the tmRNA/SmpB complex. It has been unclear how EF-Tu is activated by this complex. This manuscript analyzes this problem, and the results indicate that the normal EF-Tu GTPase cycle does not appear to apply in this specialized situation.
Resource reallocation does not influence estimates of pollen limitation or reproductive assurance in Clarkia xantiana subsp. parviflora (Onagraceae).

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF STUDY Studies of pollen limitation and the reproductive assurance value of selfing are important for examining the process of floral and mating system evolution in flowering plants. Recent meta-analyses have shown that common methods for measuring pollen limitation may often lead to biased estimates. Specifically, experiments involving single- or few-flower manipulations per plant tend to overestimate pollen limitation compared to those involving manipulations on most or all flowers per plant. Little previous work has explicitly tested for reallocation within individual systems using alternative methods and response variables. • METHODS We performed single-flower and whole-plant pollen supplementation and emasculation of flowers of Clarkia xantiana subsp. parviflora to estimate pollen limitation (PL) and reproductive assurance (RA). We compared levels of PL and RA using the following response variables: fruit set, seeds/flower, and seeds/plant. We also assessed the germination and viability of seeds to evaluate potential variation in pollen quality among treatments. • KEY RESULTS Autonomous selfing in Clarkia xantiana subsp. parviflora eliminates pollen limitation and provides reproductive assurance. Estimates from single-flower manipulations were not biased, closely resembling those from whole-plant manipulations. All three response variables followed the same pattern, but treatments were only significantly different for seeds/flower. Pollen quality, as indicated by seed viability, did not differ among treatments. • CONCLUSIONS Partial plant manipulations provided reliable estimates of pollen limitation and reproductive assurance. These estimates were also unaffected by accounting for pollen quality. Although whole plant manipulations are desirable, this experiment demonstrates that in some systems partial plant manipulations can be used in studies where whole-plant manipulations are not feasible.
Red cell distribution width predicts totally occluded infarct-related artery in NSTEMI

Abstract Objective Since non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients with totally occluded infarct-related artery (TO-IRA) have worse prognosis, it is important to recognize TO-IRA in NSTEMI. Red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) are novel markers of inflammation and oxidative stress and were associated with poor clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndrome. In the present study, association of RDW and MPV with the presence of TO-IRA in NSTEMI was investigated. Methods Data of 201 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography with a diagnosis of NSTEMI were analyzed. Independent predictors of TO-IRA were investigated with logistic regression analysis. Results Sixty-six (32.8%) of the patients had TO-IRA. In patients with TO-IRA, RDW and troponin-T were significantly higher and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was lower. MPV did not differ between groups. Circumflex (CX) IRA was more common in TO-IRA group. The ROC curve analysis showed that the RDW at a cut-point of 13.95% has 76% sensitivity and 66% specificity in detecting TO-IRA. RDW, troponin-T, LVEF and CX-IRA were independent predictors of TO-IRA in NSTEMI, but MPV was not. Conclusion RDW is a cheap and readily available marker that may have a role to predict TO-IRA in NSTEMI.