Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Educational Stratification in Contemporary Russia: Stability and Change in the Face of Economic and Institutional Crisis

Using data collected in 1998, the author expanded an earlier study of educational stratification in Russia, analyzing cohorts who completed their education during the tumultuous late-Soviet and post-Soviet years, when enrollments contracted. The political chaos and economic crisis that have harmed the Russian educational system increased the magnitude of origin-based inequalities in access to academic secondary schools, while their impact on stratification at the tertiary level was ambiguous. Parental Party affiliation (which was omitted from the earlier study), education, and occupation all independently influenced educational attainments for all post-World War II Russian cohorts. Male enrollments in tertiary institutions have declined sharply in recent cohorts, whereas female enrollments have remained stable. This pattern probably reflects the differential impact of economic changes on different groups in post-Soviet Russia. Language: en
Experimenting with Shared Generation of RSA Keys

We describe an implementation of a distributed algorithm to generate a shared RSA key. At the end of the computation, an RSA modulus N = pq is publicly known. All servers involved in the computation are convinced that N is a product of two large primes, however none of them know the factorization of N . In addition, a public encryption exponent is publicly known and each server holds a share of the private exponent. Such a sharing of an RSA key has many applications and can be used to secure sensitive private keys. Previously, the only known method to generate a shared RSA key was through a trusted dealer. Our implementation demonstrates the e ectiveness of shared RSA key generation, eliminating the need for a trusted dealer.
In the Eye of the Beholder

Peer nominations are used widely in psychological and sociological research to examine intergroup dynamics, even though this assessment tool suffers from thorny methodological problems: Gender, ethnic, age, and trait compositions vary across subsamples, subjects differ in the number of nominations they make, and the issue of sampling without replacement is often ignored. To overcome these problems, the authors have developed a differential index for the peer nominations procedure, with the number of individuals chosen above or below chance as the unit of measure. The index is specifically designed for use with individuals (as opposed to subgroups like classrooms), so that group means, confidence intervals, and standard deviations are readily determined, opening the door to research designs that go beyond null hypothesis testing. Here, we introduce the index and illustrate its unique capabilities in a study examining preference and bias reciprocity among fourth-grade students.
Teacher: students’ interpersonal relationships and students’ academic achievements in social studies

Background: The classroom is a social system in which the teacher and the students interact as organizational members. The quality of classroom relations is dependent on the activities of both the instructor and the students. Several environmental conditions and circumstances often tend to either improve or depress the academic performances of students in defiance of their natural academic endowments. Aim: This study was to identify the relationship between teacher–students’ interpersonal relationships and students’ academic achievements in social studies. Methods: The work used the ex post facto design and a sample of 1954 Junior Secondary School (JSS) III randomly drawn from 50 Government Secondary Schools in Calabar Educational Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. Two instruments were used: The Teacher–Students’ Relationship Questionnaire and a 50-item multiple choice questions in social studies set using the JSS social studies syllabus and validated by test experts. The data were analysed using the Pearson product moment correlation analysis (r). Product moment correlation analysis (r) is used in finding the relationship between two variables X and Y, if these variables are continuous and are obtained from the sample. Outcomes: There was a significant relationship between teacher–students’ interpersonal relationship and students’ academic achievements in social studies. As a researcher, this means much for me. Students themselves are classroom observers. They are aware, to a great extent, of their own academic standing in the classroom as well as those of others. Some examples of the strategies students use to evaluate their own academic standing include the tasks they are given, grouping strategies implemented in the classroom (e.g. ability grouping) teacher feedback and information regarding ability, the responsibilities that teachers provide students with and the quality of teacher–students relationships. Conclusions: The major conclusion forwarded by this research was that there was a significant relationship between the teacher–students’ interpersonal relationship and students’ academic performances in social studies. This has a serious implication for me and others, viz, a good human relationship is one of the lubricants of high productivity. Teachers should therefore galvanize cordial relations between themselves and students. All teachers, including this researcher, should bear in mind that a healthy interpersonal relationship is one indispensable instrument of high productivity and achievement in all fields of human endeavour including the education industry.
Debt-Dependent Effects of Fiscal Expansions

Economists often postulate that fiscal expansions are less stimulative when government debt is high than when it is low. Empirical evidence, however, is ambiguous. Using a nonlinear neoclassical growth model, we show that the difference in government spending effects between high- and low-debt environments depends on the wealth effect on labor supply and on whether the government uses taxes or spending to retire debt. Because of interrelated state variables, structural VAR estimations conditioning on debt alone can fail to isolate debt-dependent effects. Also, uncertainty on when the government will conduct fiscal consolidations generates wide confidence bands for spending multipliers, further complicating efforts to estimate debt-dependent government spending effects.
The spatial dynamics of vertical migration by Microcystis aeruginosa in a eutrophic shallow lake: A case study using high spatial resolution time‐series airborne remote sensing

Time‐series airborne remote sensing was used to monitor diurnal changes in the spatial distribution of a bloom of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in the shallow eutrophic waters of Barton Broad, United Kingdom. High spatial resolution images from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI‐2) were acquired over Barton Broad on 29 August 2005 at 09:30 h, 12:00 h, and 16:00 h Greenwich mean time. Semiempirical water‐leaving radiance algorithms were derived for the quantification of chlorophyll a (R2 = 0.96) and C‐phycocyanin (R2 = 0.95) and applied to the CASI‐2 imagery to generate dynamic, spatially resolving maps of the M. aeruginosa bloom. The development of the bloom may have been fostered by a combination of the recent improvements in the ambient light environment of Barton Broad, allied to the acute depletion of bioavailable nutrient pools, and stable hydrodynamic conditions. The vertical distribution of M. aeruginosa was highly transient; buoyant colonies formed early morning and late afternoon near‐surface aggregations across the lake during periods of nonturbulent mixing (wind speed <4 m s‐1). However, the extent of these near‐surface aggregations was highly spatially variable, and nearshore morphometry appeared to be crucial in creating localized regions of nonturbulent water in which pronounced and persistent near‐surface aggregations were observed. The formation of these near‐surface scums would have been vital in alleviating light starvation in the turbid waters of Barton Broad. The calm water refuges in which persistent near‐surface accumulations occurred may have been an important factor in determining the persistence of the bloom.
Facilitation of Saccadic Eye Movements by Postsaccadic Electrical Stimulation in the Primate Caudate

Sensorimotor experience followed by positive feedback leads to motor learning. Although the striatum, an input channel of the basal ganglia, has been implicated to play a key role in motor learning, little is known about how reward information modulates the neuronal processes in the striatum that causes behavioral changes. Here, we report that direct manipulation of the neuronal signal in the primate caudate yields behavioral changes comparable with those induced by natural reward. Electrical stimulation in the oculomotor region of the caudate immediately after saccades to a fixed direction led to selective facilitation of saccades in that direction. The facilitation remained even after stimulation was stopped, indicating a plastic change. These effects were observed when stimulation was applied after, not before, saccades. We propose that the caudate plays a causal role in behavioral changes by integrating selective sensorimotor and reward information in a temporally specific manner.
Unusual DaTscan results

I have read with interest the article by Ravina et al on the prognostic value of DaTscan in early Parkinson’s disease (PD). In my view, the analysis, results, and conclusions are somewhat confusing. Briefly, the authors divided the study sample (n 5 491) into 4 quartiles according to striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) binding at baseline. Q1 was the quartile with the lowest binding values (the most severely affected group), Q4 was the quartile with the highest binding values (the less severely affected group), and Q2 and Q3 were quartiles with intermediate binding values. Of note, all subjects included in the analysis were considered to have an abnormal DaTscan at baseline. As expected, a follow-up scan performed 22 months later showed binding decline in Q1, Q2, and Q3 patients. In contrast, DAT binding increased (improved) in the Q4 group, quite dramatically in some cases (annual rate of improvement: mean, 3.58%; in some cases, >10%). Parallel clinical improvements presumably occurred, but the authors did not provide any specific clinical data. Q4 (the reference group) was simply coded 1 for dichotomous outcomes and 0 for continuous outcomes. Naturally, these DaTscan results likely explain why Q4 patients fared substantially better than the other groups in terms of motor and cognitive function and also raise the possibility of neuroprotection (neurorestoration). In fact, the sample used in this study came from a previous trial on the efficacy of the mixed-lineage kinase inhibitor CEP1347. Unfortunately, striatal DAT binding was found to decline more among patients assigned to active CEP-1347 compared with placebo, suggesting that CEP-1347 may indeed have a harmful effect. Nonetheless, a specific neuroprotective effect in patients with very mild PD (Q4 group) is still possible, and I would encourage the authors to test this hypothesis. In any case, the unusual characteristics of Q4 patients (again, the reference group) seriously compromise the validity of the analysis presented by Ravina et al in relation to the potential prognostic value of DaTscan.
Backcountry llama packing: Visitor perceptions of acceptability and conflict

Abstract There is little research on visitors’ reactions to encountering nontraditional backcountry recreational activities. This paper concerns potential conflicts between llama packers and traditional backcountry visitors. Both on‐site and mail questionnaires were completed by 337 visitors at trailheads in the Bechler Meadow region of Yellowstone National Park and the Jedediah Smith Wilderness on the Targhee National Forest. Respondents were asked about past encounters with llamas, perceptions of conflicts and problems resulting from llama use, and attitudes toward five dimensions of social acceptability of llamas: social conflict, safety, physical impacts, managerial equity, and philosophical ‘ ‘appropriateness. ” About 30% of the respondents at both areas encountered llamas during the trip, and half had encountered llamas during backcountry trips during the past 5 years. Conflicts and problems related to llama use were low in both study areas, though horseback riders were more likely to have concerns t.
TREATMENT FOR BARBITURATE POISONING WITH OR WITHOUT ANALEPTICS

26. Walsh, W. F. , Kyle, L. H. , Doolan, P. D. 28. Leonards, J. R. and Sunshine, I. : Reand Jeghers, H. J.: Treatment of barbiturate moval of barbiturates f rom the blood by the poisoning by hemodialysis. Am. J . Med. , 13:104, artificial kidney. F e d e m t i o n P ~ o c . , 12:237, 1952. 1953. 27. Alwall, N. , Lindgren, P. and Lunderquist, A. : On the artificial kidney. 11. Treat29. Meyer, L. : Increased sensitivity for ment of severe phenobarbital poisoning in rabopiates and barbiturates in anoxia. A c t a m e d . bits. Acta mcd. Scandinaw. , 143:299, 1952. Scandinuw. , 142 :256, 1952.
THE EFFECTS OF CAUSAL UNCERTAINTY, CAUSAL IMPORTANCE, AND INITIAL ATTITUDE ON ATTENTION TO CAUSAL PERSUASIVE ARGUMENTS

In two studies, we examined how individual differences in causal uncertainty (CU), causal importance (CI), and initial attitudes affected the processing of a persuasive message that contained causal or non–causal arguments. We predicted that high CU individuals’ doubts about their causal understanding of events would be activated when they were presented with counterattitudinal arguments. When these individuals also placed a high value on causal understanding (high CI), they should scrutinize any available causal explanations. As a result, they should be more persuaded by strong compared to weak causal arguments. In support of these predictions, we found in two studies that high CU/high CI participants were more persuaded by strong compared to weak counterattitudinal causal arguments. Mediational analyses in Study 2 revealed that high CU/high CI participants were more persuaded by strong causal arguments because they were more confident in them. Implications for the CU model and persuasion processes are discussed. Social psychologists long have been interested in how people understand the causes of events in the social world. Early attribution theorists argued that in order to predict and control their social environments, people attribute behavior and events to stable, underlying causes (Heider, 1958). This early work and subsequent research has provided us with a wealth of information about attribution processes (for a review see Gilbert, 1998) and the critical role they play in many different domains.
So Much Promise, So Little Use: What is Stopping Home End-Users from Using Password Manager Applications?

In this paper, we investigate the voluntary use of password management applications in order to address a decades-old and ubiquitous information security problem related to poor password management. In our exploratory analysis, we investigate two related issues: (1) why home end-users chose not to use password management applications and (2) why high behavioral intentions to use password management applications did not always lead to actual usage for certain users. We found that issues related to the technology such as lack of trust or memory limitations, individual issues such as perceived costs and benefits, and a lack of concern about the threat (threat apathy) were the primary inhibitors of lack of use. For those that had high intentions to use a password management application but failed to actually use the software, we found that a variety of individual issues such as lack of immediacy and having insufficient time were the primary inhibitors leading to this breakdown.
Children's Perceived Restoration: Adaptation of the PRCS for Children to a Spanish sample

Abstract Several studies have shown that when children's attention capacity is diminished, they cannot focus, they find it hard to cope with stressful situations and they become more likely to take unnecessary risks. A large number of studies have demonstrated that natural environments boost the restoration of attention capacity more than urban or semi urban environments. Hence, several instruments have been used to measure perceived restoration in adults in different environments; however, little attention has been paid to designing tools to measure children's perceived restoration. In this study, the Perceived Restorative Components Scale for Children (Bagot, Kuo & Allen, 2007) has been adapted to a Spanish sample. It has been used with 832 children aged between 6 and 13 years old. The results show that it is important to include nature in school playgrounds, since playgrounds with a greater amount of nature in them (trees, ground vegetation, etc.) have a higher positive effect on children's perceived restoration.
Young children's attention to "Sesame Street."

CHILD I DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47,806-811. This study analyzed 1-4-year-dld children's attention to television as a J function of age, sex, and the presence or absence of a number of relatively sionpie auditory and visual t characteristics of a TV prt^ram. Children's attention and attributes of the "Sesame Street" program were i rated and stored in a computer so that continuous information about the TV program could be related to J continuous information about attention. There was an increase with age in attention to the TV, and \ attention was elevated in the presence of some attributes and depressed in the presence of others. Many of the attribute eflFects interacted with age, but very few interacted with the sex of the child. While television viewing may have important beneficial as well as harmful effects on the behavior of preschool children (e.g. Ball & Bogatz 1970; Friedrich & Stein 1973), there has been Httle research on the development of attention to television and the factors that influence it (Stevenson 1972). From parental questionnaires, Schramm, Lyle, and Parker (1961) reported that by age 2.8 years M)% of children regularly "use" TV, and Lyle and Hoffinan (1972) found that 76% of 3-year-olds were able to name their "favorite" program. By age 4, parents report that children spend about a third of their waking hours viewing TV (Friedrich & Stein 1973). With the exception of some informal and unpublished formative research done for the children's TV program "Sesame Street" (discussed by Lesser 1972), there have been no studies of the early development of television viewing based on actual observation of children, nor have there been any systematic attempts to analyze preferred TV programs to determine just what distinguishes these from other programs. Tlie present research contains the first formal descriptions of the development of visual attention to television based on direct observations of children. The study also provides a new methodology for examining the relationship of attention to variations in television content. Method
Prospective Correlation Between Serum Relaxin Concentration and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears Among Elite Collegiate Female Athletes

Background: The female anterior cruciate ligament may be more susceptible to injury than the male anterior cruciate ligament because of the gender-specific expression of receptors for relaxin, a collagenolytic hormone that promotes remodeling of the anterior cruciate ligament. Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate whether collegiate female athletes with elevated serum relaxin concentrations (SRC) sustain anterior cruciate ligament tears at an increased rate compared with those with lower SRC. Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: From 2005 to 2010, 143 Division I female athletes from 2 universities participating in sports at high risk for anterior cruciate ligament tears (basketball, lacrosse, field hockey, soccer, gymnastics, and volleyball) were recruited to participate. Questionnaires and urine luteinizing hormone (LH) tests were used to determine participants’ anterior cruciate ligament injury and menstrual history and to identify their mid-luteal phase or projected cycle days 21 to 24. Serum samples were obtained for progesterone and relaxin ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) analysis. Participants were monitored for anterior cruciate ligament injury over their 4-year National Collegiate Athletic Association athletic career. Results: A total of 128 participants completed the study and were eligible for data analysis. The cumulative incidence of complete anterior cruciate ligament tear over the 4-year study period was 21.9%, and varied significantly by sport (P < .001). The mean SRC for athletes with anterior cruciate ligament tears (6.0 ± 8.1 pg/mL) was significantly higher than that for those without anterior cruciate ligament tears (1.8 ± 3.4 pg/mL; P = .013). In subgroup analysis of the 46 athletes who had detectable SRC, the cumulative incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tear was 14 of 46 (30.4%); the mean SRC among athletes with anterior cruciate ligament tears (14 of 46) was 12.1 ± 7.7 pg/mL and without anterior cruciate ligament tears (32 of 46), 5.7 ± 3.6 pg/mL (P = .002). When 6.0 pg/mL was set as the SRC cutoff for screening athletes for risk of anterior cruciate ligament tear in the subgroup with detectable relaxin levels, the test had 71% sensitivity, 69% specificity, 52% positive predictive value, 88% negative predictive value, and a relative risk of 4.4. These values were significant by χ2 test (P = .003) and receiver operating characteristic analysis (P = .002). Conclusion: Elite female athletes with anterior cruciate ligament tears have higher SRC than those without tears. Those with an SRC greater than 6.0 pg/mL had over 4 times increased risk for a tear. Clinical Relevance: Females with higher serum relaxin levels may be at increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament tears. Further investigation of the clinical utility of SRC testing is warranted.
MEASURING HAPPINESS IN SURVEYS: A TEST OF THE SUBTRACTION HYPOTHESIS

Responses to an item on general happiness can change when that item follows one on marital happiness. Asking about marital happiness first sometimes reduces reported levels of overall happiness. This reduction may result from a change in the interpretation of the general happiness item. According to this hypothesis, when the general item follows the item on marital happiness, respondents take the item to ask about aspects of their lives other than their marriages-in effect, the respondents subtract their (mostly happy) marriages in answering the general item. The study reported here tests this "subtraction" hypothesis by asking versions of the general happiness item that correspond to the different interpretations. A version of the general item that asked about general happiness "aside from your marriage" yielded responses that were quite similar to those given to the standard item when it followed the item on marital happiness. Another version that asked about general happiness "including your marriage" elicited responses quite similar to those elicited by the standard item when it preceded the marital happiness item. However, reanalysis of the studies that originally demonstrated the impact of the order of the two happiness items casts doubt on the subtraction hypothesis and related models as explanations of the earlier findings. The literature on survey context effects suggests that earlier questions can affect answers to later ones through a number of distinct mechanisms (Schuman and Presser 1981; Smith 1982; Strack and Martin ROGER TOURANGEAU iS Vice President at CODA, Inc. KENNETH RASINSKI is a Survey Director at the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) and NORMAN BRADBURN iS NORC's Director. The authors thank Tom Smith and Howard Schuman, who carried out the reanalyses reported here. Their cooperation-and promptness-are greatly appreciated. The data collection described here was supported by a grant from the NORC