Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The First Amendment and the Media in the Court of Public Opinion

The First Amendment and the Media in the Court of Public Opinion. David A. Yalof and Kenneth Dautrich. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 155 pp. $55 hbk. $19 pbk. Readers familiar with the "State of the First Amendment" reports produced by the Freedom Forum's First Amendment Center will experience this book with an immediate feeling of deja vu. The authors, political scientists at the University of Connecticut, worked on the national surveys of public opinion about the First Amendment on which the "State of the First Amendment" reports are based and now draw on data from the 1997 and 1999 surveys to produce their own analysis. They construct the book around a question of undeniable importance: Does abstract public support for the Constitution's free press guarantee suffer when public support for specific, concrete press rights deteriorates? Put another way, if the public is upset about the performance of the press, does that frustration weaken public support for the press clause in general? Yalof and Dautrich find general, "diffuse" support of press freedom to be vital to the legitimacy and stability of the political system, given the central role of the press as an educator, watchdog, facilitator of public debate, and independent source of political expertise. They foresee grave consequences should public support for press freedom deteriorate and harm the press's ability to perform its essential political functions. But difficulty sets in because the First Amendment Center survey data appear inadequate for answering the authors' questions, and the authors seem tempted to offer generalizations open to challenge. For example, they assert that press coverage of the Bill Clinton-Monica Lewinsky scandal led to a decrease in public support for press reporting on the private lives of public figures. But since the First Amendment Center survey did not directly ask any questions about the Clinton scandal, the authors used data from another survey regarding how "interested" respondents were in the story and whether they would have presented more or fewer details had they been the editors. However, it does not appear those respondents were asked about either their more general views on reporting about public figures or about their overall support for press freedom. The authors suggest that what they characterize as media excess in covering the O.J. Simpson case, the Clinton scandal, and the death of Princess Diana led to decreased confidence in the press. They may be correct, but for the most part, this is speculation by the authors based on when these incidents occurred compared to when the survey data were gathered. …
Pride or Embarrassment? Employees’ Emotions and Corporate Social Responsibility

This study explores how the employees of a financial firm use emotional arguments to construct different views of their employer's corporate social responsibility (CSR). It is theoretically based on the recent literature regarding employee perspectives of CSR, and especially on the role of emotions in CSR. Furthermore, the study utilizes rhetorical theory as a framework for data analysis. A qualitative study, based on face-to-face interviews, was conducted among 27 employees in a Finnish financial firm. The study identifies six categories of emotional arguments the employees used to construct views of where their employing organization's CSR is derived from. These categories relate positive emotions to satisfaction with the employing organization's CSR and negative emotions to dissatisfaction. The results show that employees also experience external pressures for CSR, but only implicitly, because they do not wish be embarrassed by their employer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Gastric adenocarcinoma incidence in the province of Messina (Insular Italy): A cancer registry study

The incidence of cancer by age, gender and tumor type at a population-based level is infrequently investigated. The aim of the present study was to describe the burden and outcome of gastric carcinomas (excluding cancers of the esophagogastric junction) experienced by the elderly, particularly for patients aged ≥81 years. A population-based series of 322 patients exhibiting gastric cancer, diagnosed between 2003 and 2005 and from the province of Messina (insular Italy; population, 662,450) was used. The median age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 72 years. The patients were categorized into three age groups according to interquartile range values, <64, 65–80 and >81 years. The cancer-specific survival rate at five years was lowest in the very elderly (P<0.001). Patients aged ≥81 years were less likely to receive surgery than younger patients (44 vs. 55 vs. 22% for the <64, 65–80 and >81 years age groups, respectively; P<0.01). In the resected cases, very elderly patients (age, >81 years) were more likely than younger patients to exhibit advanced stage pathological tumor-node-metastasis (P<0.05). It was concluded that patients aged ≥81 years accounted for 25% of total gastric carcinomas, were less likely to receive surgery and experienced worse outcomes when compared with younger patients.
Reproducibility of motor unit number estimation in individual subjects

Although the reproducibility of motor unit number estimation (MUNE) for groups of subjects has been studied, there is little such data for individuals. Prediction intervals represent a tool to study individual MUNE reproducibility and represent the range of values expected for a future MUNE if the true number of motor units remains unchanged. MUNE was performed using the statistical method on 48 normal individuals. The prediction interval was found to be a function of the intrasubject coefficient of variation. Using a commercial manufacturer's recommended technique and software, prediction intervals were found to be so broad as to be of uncertain value. We found that by averaging two MUNE observations for each determination, and using the method of weighted averages for calculating the size of an average single motor unit potential, the intrasubject coefficient of variation was reduced from 16.48% to 8.77%, and the 90% prediction interval became sufficiently narrow to be clinically useful. False‐negative rates were also lowered substantially using these techniques. Thus, simple modifications of an existing MUNE program improved the clinical utility of this program for the longitudinal study of patients in whom changes in motor unit number over time are of importance, such as those with motor neuron diseases. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 467–473, 2001
Signature cluster model selection for incremental Gaussian mixture cluster modeling in agglomerative hierarchical speaker clustering

Agglomerative hierarchical speaker clustering (AHSC) has been widely used for classifying speech data by speaker characteristics. Its bottom-up, one-way structure of merging the closest cluster pair at every recursion step, however, makes it difficult to recover from incorrect merging. Hence, making AHSC robust to incorrect merging is an important issue. In this paper we address this problem in the framework of AHSC based on incremental Gaussian mixture models, which we previously introduced for better representing variable cluster size. Specifically, to minimize contamination in cluster models by heterogeneous data, we select and keep updating a representative (or signature) model for each cluster during AHSC. Experiments on meeting speech excerpts (4 hours total) verify that the proposed approach improves average speaker clustering performance by approximately 20% (relative). Index Terms: agglomerative hierarchical speaker clustering, incremental Gaussian mixture model, signature cluster model selection
The cost of reducing utility S02 emissions : not as low as you might think

2 SUMMARY A common assertion in public policy discussions is that the cost of achieving the SO 2 emissions reductions under the acid rain provisions of the Clean Air Act (" Title IV ") has been only one-tenth or less of what Title IV was originally expected to cost. Initial cost estimates are cited in the range of $1000 to $2000 per ton of SO 2 reduction and contrasted to SO 2 allowance prices of about $100 per ton. Unfortunately, these are " apples-to-oranges " comparisons, leading to erroneous conclusions that greatly overstate the true divergence of actual costs from initial cost estimates. When the facts are viewed in a conceptually appropriate, " apples-to-apples " context, one finds that actual costs for SO 2 reductions have been and are likely to remain near the low end of the initial range of estimates. We all must learn to recognize conceptual pitfalls in these assessments of the SO 2 program, to avoid unrealistic expectations of major new regulatory initiatives. For example, many regulatory advocates are now using the erroneous characterization of Title IV costs being one-tenth or less of their originally projected levels to argue that the new market-based regulatory approaches render ex ante cost estimates meaningless or at least much too high. This fundamentally incorrect line of reasoning already has been used to dismiss concern over cost estimates for new regulations, such as the PM 2.5 and ozone air quality standards. These and other major policy initiatives deserve to be debated in light of appropriate and realistic assessments of their likely costs. This requires correcting the current misunderstandings about the actual costs of the Title IV SO 2 emissions allowance market. The following paper leads the reader through an interpretation of the facts regarding the estimated and actual costs of the SO 2 program. Some of the key points include: (1) Initial cost estimates for the Title IV SO 2 program were not over $1000 per ton. (2) Initial cost estimates for a fully-implemented Phase II cap ranged from $225-500 per ton, and costs were projected to be lower than this until the Phase II cap would be fully achieved, about ten years from now. (3) Much confusion has arisen from comparing different cost and price concepts that become important in an allowance trading system, such as average and marginal cost, and the price of an allowance. (4) When a market …
Psychopathological disorders of childhood

Classification (H. Quay). Conduct Disorders (H. Quay). Disoders of Anxiety, Withdrawal, and Dysphoria (H. Quay & A. LaGreca). Attention Deficit Disorder (Hyperactivity) (J. Werry & S. Campbell). Autism, Schizophrenia and Allied Disorders (formerly Childhood Psychoses) (J. S. Werry & M. Prior). Organic and Substance Use Disorders (J. Werry). Physical Illness, Symptoms and Allied Disorders (J. Werry). Biological Factors (J. Werry). Family Factors and Psychopathology in Children (E. Hetherington & B. Martin). The Sociocultural Context of Childhood Disorders (D. Farrington). Assessment and Assessment of Change (K. O'Leary & S. Johnson). Psychopharmacotherapy (R. Gittelman & A. Kanner). The Traditional Psychotherapies (M. Kovacs & S. Paulauskas). Behavioral Approaches to Treatment (J. Devany & R. Nelson). Residential Treatment (H. Quay). Educational Intervention (D. MacMillan & K. Kavale). Community Intervention and Prevention (L. Peterson & M. Roberts). Index.
OX40 (CD134) Blockade Inhibits the Co-stimulatory Cascade and Promotes Heart Allograft Survival

Background. CD134 (OX40) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is expressed as a late event in T-cell activation and contributes to the generation of immunologic memory. CD134 blockade effectively ameliorates inflammation in models of autoimmune disease, but its role in transplantation has been less well studied. Methods. The authors used an OX40-immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein to examine the contribution of this co-stimulatory molecule to the in vitro alloimmune response and studied the ability of CD134 blockade to prevent cardiac allograft rejection in mouse models of heart transplantation using strains representing both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (BALB/c to CBA/Ca) and minor histocompatibility complex (mHC) (B10.BR to CBA/Ca) antigen mismatches. Results. CD134 upregulation on in vitro alloactivated T cells was delayed compared with CD69 and CD25, and inhibition of T-cell proliferation was critically dependent on the timing of OX40-Ig administration. Heart allograft survival in a fully allogeneic, MHC-mismatched strain combination was not influenced by CD134 blockade alone, but OX40-Ig treatment in the mHC-mismatched model resulted in long-term graft survival (median survival time extended from 14 days to >100 days). Early mononuclear cell infiltration of the graft was similar in both rejecting and long-surviving heart grafts, but OX40-Ig treatment appeared to delay cellular infiltration. Conclusions. These results show that CD134-CD134L interaction plays an important role in the co-stimulatory cascade and that blockade of this molecular interaction may be of therapeutic value in helping to prevent allograft rejection.
Application of lamina replantation with ARCH plate fixation in thoracic and lumbar intraspinal tumors

The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical effects of lamina replantation with ARCH plate fixation on patients with thoracic and lumbar intraspinal tumors, following laminectomy. Thirteen patients with thoracic and lumbar intraspinal tumors underwent total lamina replantation with ARCH plate fixation and repair of the supraspinous ligaments, following laminectomy and tumor enucleation. To investigate the clinical effect of lamina replantation with ARCH plate fixation, pre- and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were determined, and pre- and postoperative X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were conducted. Computed tomography (CT) examinations were also included in the follow-up. No complications were observed pre- or postoperatively. The VAS and ODI results 2 weeks following surgery and at the final follow-up examination demonstrated a significant improvement compared with the corresponding preoperative results. The X-ray examination results indicated a satisfactory internal fixation location, without any characteristics of a fracture, lumbar scoliosis, kyphosis or instability. Following the surgery, the CT and MRI examination results demonstrated that healing of the lamina bone and repair of the supraspinous ligament had occurred without tumor recurrence or spinal epidural scar recompression. Two of the 13 cases were lost to follow-up. The results indicated that in patients with thoracic and lumbar intraspinal tumors, lamina replantation with ARCH plate fixation following total laminectomy is effective and provides thoracolumbar stability. Furthermore, this has been identified to be an effective technique for preventing intraspinal scar proliferation.
Endogenous RGS14 is a cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling protein that localizes to juxtanuclear membranes and chromatin-rich regions of the nucleus

Regulator of G protein signaling 14 (RGS14) is a multifunctional scaffolding protein that integrates G protein and H-Ras/MAPkinase signaling pathways to regulate synaptic plasticity important for hippocampal learning and memory. However, to date, little is known about the subcellular distribution and roles of endogenous RGS14 in a neuronal cell line. Most of what is known about RGS14 cellular behavior is based on studies of tagged, recombinant RGS14 ectopically overexpressed in unnatural host cells. Here, we report for the first time a comprehensive assessment of the subcellular distribution and dynamic localization of endogenous RGS14 in rat B35 neuroblastoma cells. Using confocal imaging and 3D-structured illumination microscopy, we find that endogenous RGS14 localizes to subcellular compartments not previously recognized in studies of recombinant RGS14. RGS14 localization was observed most notably at juxtanuclear membranes encircling the nucleus, at nuclear pore complexes (NPC) on both sides of the nuclear envelope and within intranuclear membrane channels, and within both chromatin-poor and chromatin-rich regions of the nucleus in a cell cycle-dependent manner. In addition, a subset of nuclear RGS14 localized adjacent to active RNA polymerase II. Endogenous RGS14 was absent from the plasma membrane in resting cells; however, the protein could be trafficked to the plasma membrane from juxtanuclear membranes in endosomes derived from ER/Golgi, following constitutive activation of endogenous RGS14 G protein binding partners using AlF4¯. Finally, our findings show that endogenous RGS14 behaves as a cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling protein confirming what has been shown previously for recombinant RGS14. Taken together, the findings highlight possible cellular roles for RGS14 not previously recognized that are distinct from the regulation of conventional GPCR-G protein signaling, in particular undefined roles for RGS14 in the nucleus.
Running head : BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING 1 The Benefits of Breastfeeding

It is important to educate women of childbearing age, their families, and society of the benefits that breastfeeding has over bottle-feeding and formula-feeding. The benefits of breastfeeding are in three main categories. First, the developmental, physical, emotional, and spiritual benefits of the baby will be discussed. Then the physical, emotional, and spiritual benefits for the mother will be talked about along with possible contraindications or difficulties. Finally, the financial benefits of breastfeeding over feeding an infant from the bottle will be discussed as it relates to the family and government. The goal is to persuade that breastfeeding is a superior nutritional resource and has numerous physiological, psychological and financial benefits for all members of society. BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING 4
Allocentric spatial judgements by re-mapping egocentric coordinates: a fMRI study.

I affirm that I have written the dissertation myself and have not used any sources and aids other than those indicated. 21/10/2005 ______________________________________________ SUMMARY Spatial locations of objects can be represented in the brain with respect to different classes of reference frames, either relative to or independent of the subject's position. This fMRI study compared brain activation induced by a condition involving spatial judgements with respect to the body mid-sagittal plane (the egocentric task) with that induced by judgements about the spatial relationship between certain objects (allocentric task). Comparing both conditions to an object discrimination task (control condition) revealed a largely overlapping occipito-parietal network in the right hemisphere. Direct comparisons of the two spatial tasks revealed higher activations for the allocentric spatial task in medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures of the right hemisphere and in frontal areas of the brain, including the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC) and medial parts of the prefrontal cortex (MPFC). No brain region exhibited a significant higher activation in the egocentric compared to the allocentric task. Results are interpreted according to a transition approach, in that reflexively performed egocentric localisations are re-mapped into an allocentric code of permanent storage. Here we suggest the involvement of the posterior parietal cortex in managing egocentric spatial representations, with some parts being specialised to convey egocentric information to brain areas responsible for the re-mapping. We propose that two densely interconnected structures (MPFC and MTL) could serve this function, initialised by conflict monitoring of the ACC.
A System for Automated Load Adaptation in Cloud Computing Environments

Nowadays, cloud computing promises to supply a theoretically infinite resource amount, while enabling instance elasticity. However, using extra capacity requires organizational activities and leads to costs. To keep this overhead minimal, adding and releasing resources need to be well-scheduled. Therefore, it is inevitable to prepare an appropriate allocation automatism that considers differences in dynamics and price models of cloud computing. We present the idea for a system that effectively manages varying loads with regard to emerging costs, provisioning time, and customer service level agreements (SLAs). Contrary to existing, threshold-based solutions, our approach considers system observations oft he past, domain-specific load behaviours as well as external knowledge. That way, the system detects load patterns and adapts accordingly.
Effect of Trochlear Dysplasia on Outcomes After Isolated Soft Tissue Stabilization for Patellar Instability

Background: Trochlear dysplasia is a well-described risk factor for patellofemoral instability. Despite its clear association with the incidence of patellar instability, it is unclear whether the presence of high-grade trochlear dysplasia influences clinical outcome after patellofemoral stabilization. Purpose: To determine whether isolated proximal soft tissue stabilization for patellofemoral instability is as successful in patients with high-grade dysplasia compared with low-grade or no dysplasia, as measured by disease-specific quality-of-life and pain scores. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 277 patellofemoral stabilization procedures were performed during the study period. An isolated stabilization was performed in 233 patients, and 203 of these patients (87%) had adequate lateral radiographs and complete Banff Patella Instability Instrument (BPII) scores available for assessment. Of these, 152 patients underwent a medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFL-R) and 51 patients received a medial patellofemoral ligament imbrication (MPFL-I). There were 21 patients with no trochlear dysplasia, 89 patients with low-grade dysplasia (Dejour type A), and 93 patients with high-grade dysplasia (Dejour types B-D). An independent-samples t test was used to determine the difference between the pre- and postoperative BPII scores. A Spearman rho correlation was calculated between 3 trochlear dysplasia groups and the BPII scores at a mean 24 months after patellofemoral stabilization. An independent-samples t test was used to assess the influence of trochlear bump size on outcomes by stratifying data and assessing for a relationship to BPII scores. Results: The independent-samples t test demonstrated statistically significant improvements in pre- to postoperative BPII scores for both groups. The MPFL-R group improved from a mean BPII score of 24.36 to 65.16 (P < .001), and the MPFL-I group improved from a mean of 28.92 to 73.45 (P < .01). For the MPFL-R patient cohort, the Spearman rho correlation demonstrated a significant relationship between postoperative BPII scores and presence of a trochlear bump and degree of dysplasia (P ≤ .05). Overall, a trochlear bump of ≥5 mm was associated with lower postoperative BPII scores (t(193) = 2.65, η2 = 0.04). Conclusion: This research has established a statistically significant correlation between trochlear dysplasia and disease-specific outcomes after MPFL-R surgery. Overall, there was evidence of significant improvement in disease-specific quality-of-life scores after patellofemoral stabilization surgery. This study is the largest cohort reported to date and therefore adds substantially to the evidence that trochlear dysplasia is a significant risk factor for and predictor of outcome among patients with patellofemoral instability.