Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can't stop on a dime: The roles of matching and momentum in persistence of commitment.

Abstract Two laboratory experiments are described that explore the roles of matching and behavioral momentum in persistence of commitment. These experiments were conducted using a variation of the A & S Decision Case in which business students played the role of a financial manager making repeated allocation decisions. In Experiment 1, subjects who initially received intermittent large positive outcomes for their allocations to research and development invested more than those who had received intermittent small positive outcomes. These differences were found both when the intermittent positive outcomes occurred (training), and later, during continuous negative outcomes (extinction). In Experiment 2, subjects were provided with two investment alternatives. They allocated significantly more, both during training and extinction, to the investment alternative that had provided more frequently occurring positive outcomes during training. In addition, allocations were higher during extinction for subjects rece.
Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organizations: strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees

Employee voice has been largely examined as a universal concept in unionized and non-unionized settings, with insufficient attention to diversity of workers (Rank, 2009). As invisible minorities, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) employees provide a valuable focal point from which to examine employee voice mechanisms. Positing that GLBT employees are often silenced by what is perceived as “normal” in work organizations, this paper identifies some of the negative consequences of this silencing and proposes ways in which the voices of GLBT employees and other invisible minorities can be heard. With its relevance to policies and practices in other organizations, the “Don't ask; don't tell” policy of the U.S. military is used as a lens through which to analyze voice, silence, and GLBT employees in other organizations. Heterosexist environments can foster organizational climates of silence, where the feeling that speaking up is futile or dangerous is widespread among employees. Specific recommendations are provided for HR managers to facilitate the expression of voice for GLBT employees in today's increasingly diverse organizations.
Human Cystic Echinococcosis with Special Reference to India – An Overview

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus is a significant public health problem in India, evident from widely distributed case reports and hospital based studies. The epidemiological reports are limited and the current prevalence/incidence is difficult to interpret. The prevalent age group reported depends upon the time of acquisition of symptoms rather than the period of actual transmission of infection, which is difficult to determine. The clinical manifestations may appear year’s later following infection and thus the age group preponderance may not be truly interpreted. The gender prevalence varies across different regions, probably attributable to differences in socioeconomic and cultural factors in these regions. The clinical features are variable, depending mainly upon organ involved and mimic many other diseases. Thus, the diagnosis of CE is complex and necessitates the use of clinical, radiological and immunological techniques. The conventional serodiagnostic techniques using crude specific antigens yield low specificity. The identification of diagnostic antigenic fractions aid in more accurate diagnosis, however, variable specific immunoreactive fractions have been reported from different geographical areas worldwide, which may be due to variations in the strain and source of cyst used for antigen preparation. Surgery is the choice of treatment while for inoperable cases medical treatment is advised. Molecular epidemiology studies have revealed presence of G1, G2, G3, G5 and G6 E.granulosus genotypes in north Indian patients. Intersectoral collaboration of medical, veterinary and agricultural sciences, along with integration of CE control program with other control programs is desired. This may reduce costs, improve participation and facilitate implementation of the program. Research thrusts to develop effective molecular and immunological methods for early diagnosis, identification of newer drugs with higher efficacy and develop an efficient vaccine for dogs and sheep have been suggested to provide a solid platform for effective control programs.
Subthreshold psychiatric symptoms in a primary care group practice.

BACKGROUND The authors define 6 groups of subthreshold psychiatric symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a DSM-IV Axis I disorder and examine the clinical significance of these symptoms in an outpatient primary care sample. METHODS The subjects were 1001 adult primary care patients in a large health maintenance organization. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and functional impairment, including scores on the Sheehan Disability Scale, were collected at the time of the medical visit, and a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV disorders was completed by telephone within 4 days of the visit. Subthreshold symptoms were defined for depressive, anxiety, panic, obsessive-compulsive, drug, and alcohol symptoms. RESULTS Subthreshold symptoms were as or more common than their respective Axis I disorders: panic (10.5% vs 4.8%), depression (9.1% vs 7.3%), anxiety (6.6% vs 3.7%), obsessive-compulsive (5.8% vs 1.4%), and alcohol (5.3% vs 5.2%) and other drug (3.7% vs 2.4%) cases. Patients with each of the subthreshold symptoms had significantly higher Sheehan Disability Scale scores (greater impairment) than did patients with no psychiatric symptoms. Many patients (22.6%-53.4%) with subthreshold symptoms also met the full criteria for other Axis I disorders. After adjusting for the confounding effects of other Axis I disorders, other subthreshold symptoms, age, sex, race, marital status, and perceived physical health status, only depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, and, to a lesser extent, panic symptoms were significantly correlated with the impairment measures. CONCLUSIONS In these primary care patients, the morbidity of subthreshold symptoms was often explained by confounding mental, physical, or demographic factors. However, depressive symptoms and, to a lesser extent, panic symptoms were disabling even after controlling for these factors. Primary care clinicians who detect subthreshold psychiatric symptoms should consider a broad psychiatric assessment.
Small shifts in diurnal rhythms are associated with an increase in suicide: The effect of daylight saving

Large disruptions of chronobiological rhythms are documented as destabilizing individuals with bipolar disorder; however, the impact of small phase altering events is unclear. Australian suicide data from 1971 to 2001 were assessed to determine the impact on the number of suicides of a 1-h time shift due to daylight saving. The results confirm that male suicide rates rise in the weeks following the commencement of daylight saving, compared to the weeks following the return to eastern standard time and for the rest of the year. After adjusting for the season, prior to 1986 suicide rates in the weeks following the end of daylight saving remained significantly increased compared to the rest of autumn. This study suggests that small changes in chronobiological rhythms are potentially destabilizing in vulnerable individuals.
Suppression of neutrophil recruitment in mice by geranium essential oil.

BACKGROUND: In aromatherapy, essential oils are used as anti-inflammatory remedies, but experimental studies on their action mechanisms are very limited. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To assess their anti-inflammatory activities, the effects of essential oils on neutrophil recruitment in mice were examined in vivo. METHOD: The effect of essential oils on leukocyte and neutrophil recruitment induced 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of casein in mice was examined. RESULTS: Leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity in mice was suppressed by intraperitoneal injections of geranium, lemongrass and spearmint oils at the dose of 5 microl/mouse, but was not by tea tree oil. This recruitment was inhibited dose-dependently by geranium oil. The suppression of leukocyte recruitment resulted from inhibition of neutrophil accumulation. CONCLUSION: Some essential oils used as anti-inflammatory remedies suppress neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity in mice.
A prospective longitudinal controlled assessment of pain experience and oral health-related quality of life in adolescents undergoing fixed appliance treatment.

OBJECTIVE To compare subjective pain experience and oral health-related quality of life (OH-QoL) in treated and untreated subjects over the first 3 months of fixed appliance therapy. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION The Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine and Dentistry. One hundred and twenty-four subjects aged between 11 and 14 years either commencing or awaiting fixed appliance treatment. MATERIAL & METHODS A prospective controlled longitudinal study design was applied to subjects, over a 3-month observation period, following the placement of fixed appliances. Socio-economic status, OH-QoL, pain experience and analgesic consumption were recorded on questionnaires at baseline (T0), 6 weeks (T1) and 3 months (T2). RESULTS Oral symptoms and functional limitation domains of OH-QoL were found to worsen, during the follow-up period, in the test group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). In the treated group, pain intensity declined significantly on days 3 and 2 at T1 and T2, respectively (p < 0.001). Analgesia was required during both periods in a total of 13 participants (24.5%) undergoing orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSION Based on this prospective controlled study, the initial stages of fixed appliance treatment results in subjective pain experience, with subsequent reduction, and a significant impact on oral symptoms and functional limitation domains of OH-QoL.
The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): is the "prevention paradox" applicable to alcohol problems across Hispanic national groups?

BACKGROUND The "prevention paradox," a notion that most alcohol-related problems are generated by nonheavy drinkers, has significant relevance to public health policy and prevention efforts. The extent of the paradox has driven debate over the type of balance that should be struck between alcohol policies targeting a select group of high-risk drinkers versus more global approaches that target the population at-large. This paper examines the notion that most alcohol problems among 4 Hispanic national groups in the United States are attributable to moderate drinkers. METHODS A general population survey employing a multistage cluster sample design, with face-to-face interviews in respondents' homes was conducted in 5 metropolitan areas of the United States. Study participants included a total of 2,773 current drinkers 18 years and older. Alcohol consumed in the past year (bottom 90% vs. top 10%), binge drinking (binge vs. no binge), and a 4-way grouping defined by volume and binge criteria were used. Alcohol-related harms included 14 social and dependence problems. RESULTS Drinkers at the bottom 90% of the distribution are responsible for 56 to 73% of all social problems, and for 55 to 73% of all dependence-related problems reported, depending on Hispanic national group. Binge drinkers are responsible for the majority of the social problems (53 to 75%) and dependence-related problems (59 to 73%), also depending on Hispanic national group. Binge drinkers at the bottom 90% of the distribution are responsible for a larger proportion of all social and dependence-related problems reported than those at the top 10% of the volume distribution. Cuban Americans are an exception. CONCLUSIONS The prevention paradox holds when using volume-based risk groupings and disappears when using a binge-drinking risk grouping. Binge drinkers who drink moderately on an average account for more harms than those who drink heavily across all groups, with exception of Cuban Americans.
Facilitated tucking on pain in pre-term newborns during neonatal intensive care: a single blinded randomized controlled cross-over pilot trial.

PURPOSE To determine the effect of facilitated tucking (FT) on pain in preterm newborns during heel stick procedure done as a part of neonatal intensive care. METHODS This randomized controlled cross-over pilot study included 20 preterm newborns of both sexes between gestational ages (GA) of 28 and 36 weeks based upon the eligibility criteria. Pain was measured using Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) following both heel stick with FT and without FT. RESULTS The newborns had a lower PIPP score at 30 seconds (Mean, SD: 8.80, 3.82), 60 seconds (Mean, SD: 7.55, 3.28), 90 seconds (Mean, SD: 7.25, 3.06) and 120 seconds (Mean, SD: 6.65, 3.05) when heel stick was done with FT compared to the same procedure done without FT at 30 seconds (Mean, SD: 11.20, 3.44), 60 seconds (Mean, SD: 10.75, 3.24), 90 seconds (Mean, SD: 10.60, 3.22) and 120 seconds (Mean, SD: 10.50, 3.15). A (2 X 4) factorial ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between these two procedures in all the time periods viz., 30 seconds (p=0.044), 60 seconds (p=0.004), 90 seconds (p=0.002) and 120 seconds (p< 0.0001) at 0.05 level in PIPP score and favoring FT. CONCLUSION FT is an effective non-pharmacological pain management in preterm newborns during routine neonatal intensive care.
Pterygium Surgery: Fibrin Glue Versus Vicryl Sutures for Conjunctival Closure

Purpose: To compare the short-term results of conjunctival closure in pterygium surgery using fibrin adhesive versus Vicryl sutures with respect to operative time, postoperative ocular signs and symptoms, and overall patient satisfaction. Methods: A comparative prospective randomized clinical trial was performed in 65 patients (65 eyes) with primary nasal pterygium. Surgery in all patients consisted of the bare sclera technique combined with intraoperative mitomycin C. Patients were randomized to undergo conjunctival closure with a fibrin tissue adhesive (Quixil; n = 39) or 8-0 Vicryl absorbable interrupted sutures (n = 26). Clinical assessment was performed on days 1, 3, 10, and 21 after surgery. Patients completed a questionnaire at each follow-up visit, grading pain, discomfort, and satisfaction with the procedure. The groups were compared for operative time, ocular signs and symptoms, and overall satisfaction. Results: Average operative time was 16 minutes (range, 14-16 minutes) in the fibrin glue group and 20 minutes (range, 20-29 minutes) in the Vicryl suture group (P < 0.05). Significantly less pain, photophobia, foreign body sensation, irritation, epiphora, itching, local hyperemia, conjunctival chemosis, and dry eye were noted in the subjects treated with glue than in controls (P < 0.05). There were no complications during the 3-week follow-up period in the glue-treated patients. One of the patients in the suture group had a medically treatable corneal delle. Conclusion: The use of fibrin glue in pterygium surgery significantly reduces operative time and patient symptoms, pain, and discomfort. A longer follow-up is needed to evaluate the influence of fibrin glue on rate of recurrence and long-term complications.
Gated Feedback Refinement Network for Dense Image Labeling

Effective integration of local and global contextual information is crucial for dense labeling problems. Most existing methods based on an encoder-decoder architecture simply concatenate features from earlier layers to obtain higher-frequency details in the refinement stages. However, there are limits to the quality of refinement possible if ambiguous information is passed forward. In this paper we propose Gated Feedback Refinement Network (G-FRNet), an end-to-end deep learning framework for dense labeling tasks that addresses this limitation of existing methods. Initially, G-FRNet makes a coarse prediction and then it progressively refines the details by efficiently integrating local and global contextual information during the refinement stages. We introduce gate units that control the information passed forward in order to filter out ambiguity. Experiments on three challenging dense labeling datasets (CamVid, PASCAL VOC 2012, and Horse-Cow Parsing) show the effectiveness of our method. Our proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art results on the CamVid and Horse-Cow Parsing datasets, and produces competitive results on the PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset.
Friendly Girls and Mean Girls: Social Constructions of Popularity among Teenage Girls in Shanghai†

Two different research traditions in the West see popularity defined either sociometrically, as being well-liked, or in a peer-perceived way as being publically visible and having social status and influence. Recent Q studies in Australia and England have supported the public prestige conception of popularity but we do not know how teenagers in Asian cultures view popularity. The current study used Q methodology and individual interviews to investigate the social constructions of popularity among 53 (16- to 19-year old) girls from two schools in Shanghai. Q factor analysis revealed one common perspective—popular girls were considered to be friendly and pro-social, while unpopular girls were characterized by relational aggression and self-centeredness. The interview data indicated that among Shanghai girls, the popularity concept was more related to peer acceptance than to social influence. The differences in the features of popular girls in this Shanghai-based study and teenage girls in Western studies are discussed.
En busca del constructivismo perdido: concepciones implícitas sobre el aprendizaje

Resumen El punto de partida de este trabajo ha sido analizar los diferentes significados atribuidos al término constructivismo y las concepciones implícitas subyacentes sobre el aprendizaje y la enseñanza. De la misma manera que existe cierta confusión en la utilización de este término por psicólogos, educadores y otros académicos, también parece haber cierta confusión y una excesiva atribución de características constructivistas a distintas concepciones sobre el aprendizaje y la adquisición de conocimientos. Una manera de analizar las diferencias tanto entre estas teorías científicas como en las personales es analizar los supuestos epistemológicos, ontológicos y causales que subyacen a los distintos tipos de teorías. La búsqueda de las características constructivistas y de los métodos que permitan diferenciar un tipo de teorías de otros nos sirve de guía en este artículo para una revisión de los trabajos sobre concepciones del aprendizaje.
Body image in men : drive for muscularity and social influences, body image evaluation and investment, and psychological well-being

Over the past decade, the study of male body image has increased considerably and substantial levels of body discontent among males have been reported. Accompanying this dissatisfaction is a rise in the documentation of the Drive for Muscularity (DFM), or the desire for increased lean muscle mass, in men. The current study had three objectives. The first was to identify theoretical variables associated with the DFM. The second was to examine body image evaluation and investment in relation to the DFM. The third was to explore the DFM and psychological well-being. Two-hundred fourteen men completed the study and multiple regressions were carried out to examine the various relations. Awareness and internalization of the male body ideal and universalistic social comparison accounted for 35% of the variance in the DFM. Body image investment, but not evaluation, accounted for 26% of the variance in the DFM. Regarding psychological well-being, the DFM accounted for an additional 23% of the variance in muscle pathology after controlling for levels of depression and self-esteem. Other notable findings included mens self-reported intentions to use potentially unhealthy body change strategies to increase size and musculature in the future, and statistically significant associations between the DFM and self-esteem, social physique anxiety, and general worry. These results contribute to the growing literature on male body image and the implications for clinical practice with men presenting with body dissatisfaction are discussed. Body Image in Men iii
Long-Term Effects of Radiation Therapy on Cognitive and Endocrine Function in Children With Leukemia and Brain Tumors

Background:As the number of long-term survivors of childhood cancer has grown, it has become increasingly clear that central nervous system therapy may have serious long-term effects on cognition and endocrine function. These complications have been studied most extensively in children with brain tumors and leukemia. Review Summary:Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia previously treated with cranial irradiation are at risk for cognitive decline. Chemotherapy-only regimens, which rely on high-dose frequently administered methotrexate, are also associated with producing cognitive dysfunction. Children irradiated for brain tumors are even more vulnerable. Risk factors include perioperative morbidity, young age, large-volume high-dose cranial irradiation, supratentorial location of tumor, moyamoya syndrome, and leukoencephalopathy. Cognitive decline is progressive over at least a decade. The most common radiation-induced endocrinopathies are hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency. Treatment effects on growth are multifactorial and include growth hormone deficiency, spinal shortening, precocious puberty, undetected hypothyroidism, and poor nutrition. Fifty percent to 80% of children treated with craniospinal radiation for brain tumors will experience growth failure. In hopes of reducing neurotoxicity, current treatments limit the dose and volume of radiation while adding chemotherapy. Results have not been uniformly positive, however, and may increase toxicity in some cases. Conclusions:The standard of care in 2004 is that children who have been treated for brain tumors and leukemia should be monitored for cognitive and endocrine dysfunction. Until effective nonneurotoxic treatment is identified, long-term effects assessments are essential to maximize the quality of life of survivors of childhood cancer.
Top-Down Control of Human Visual Cortex by Frontal and Parietal Cortex in Anticipatory Visual Spatial Attention

Advance information about an impending stimulus facilitates its subsequent identification and ensuing behavioral responses. This facilitation is thought to be mediated by top-down control signals from frontal and parietal cortex that modulate sensory cortical activity. Here we show, using Granger causality measures on blood oxygen level-dependent time series, that frontal eye field (FEF) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) activity predicts visual occipital activity before an expected visual stimulus. Top-down levels of Granger causality from FEF and IPS to visual occipital cortex were significantly greater than both bottom-up and mean cortex-wide levels in all individual subjects and the group. In the group and most individual subjects, Granger causality was significantly greater from FEF to IPS than from IPS to FEF, and significantly greater from both FEF and IPS to intermediate-tier than lower-tier ventral visual areas. Moreover, top-down Granger causality from right IPS to intermediate-tier areas was predictive of correct behavioral performance. These results suggest that FEF and IPS modulate visual occipital cortex, and FEF modulates IPS, in relation to visual attention. The current approach may prove advantageous for the investigation of interregional directed influences in other human brain functions.