Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning and expectations in macroeconomics

A crucial challenge for economists is figuring out how people interpret the world and form expectations that will likely influence their economic activity. Inflation, asset prices, exchange rates, investment, and consumption are just some of the economic variables that are largely explained by expectations. Here George Evans and Seppo Honkapohja bring new explanatory power to a variety of expectation formation models by focusing on the learning factor. Whereas the rational expectations paradigm offers the prevailing method to determining expectations, it assumes very theoretical knowledge on the part of economic actors. Evans and Honkapohja contribute to a growing body of research positing that households and firms learn by making forecasts using observed data, updating their forecast rules over time in response to errors. This book is the first systematic development of the new statistical learning approach. Depending on the particular economic structure, the economy may converge to a standard rational-expectations or a "rational bubble" solution, or exhibit persistent learning dynamics. The learning approach also provides tools to assess the importance of new models with expectational indeterminacy, in which expectations are an independent cause of macroeconomic fluctuations. Moreover, learning dynamics provide a theory for the evolution of expectations and selection between alternative equilibria, with implications for business cycles, asset price volatility, and policy. This book provides an authoritative treatment of this emerging field, developing the analytical techniques in detail and using them to synthesize and extend existing research.
MAP 1A and MAP 1B are structurally related microtubule associated proteins with distinct developmental patterns in the CNS

Five high-molecular-weight microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were identified in brain tissue in previous work from this laboratory (Bloom et al., 1984). These proteins were termed MAP 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, and 2B. The MAP 1's differed from the MAP 2's, and showed little evidence of interrelationship on the basis of immunological and biochemical comparison. We report here that MAP 1A and MAP 1B are, in fact, related at the level of subunit composition. Immunoprecipitation of the individual MAPs showed that both contained low-molecular-weight subunits of Mr 30,000 and Mr 19,000 (light chains 1 and 3). An additional subunit, light chain 2 (Mr 28,000), was primarily found in preparations of MAP 1A. The light chains co-sedimented with microtubules after chymotryptic digestion of the MAPs. This suggested an association of the light chains with the microtubule binding domains of the MAPs, which are identified here as distinct fragments of Mr 60,000 for MAP 1A and 120,000 for MAP 1B. A panel of monoclonal anti- MAP 1A and anti-MAP 1B antibodies, including one that reacts with a common phosphorylated epitope, was used to examine the distribution of these proteins in the developing rat brain and spinal cord. MAP 1B was found to be abundant in the newborn brain and to decrease with development, in contrast to MAP 1A which increased with development. By immunohistochemistry MAP 1B was found to be highly concentrated in developing axonal processes in the cerebellar molecular layer, the corticospinal tract, the mossy fibers in the hippocampus, and the olfactory nerve. Of particular interest, the mossy fiber and olfactory nerve staining persisted in the adult, indicating continued outgrowth of the mossy fibers as well as olfactory nerve axons. MAP 1A staining was, in contrast, weak or absent in developing axonal fibers but moderate in mature axons and intense in developing and mature dendritic processes. Our results indicate that MAP 1A and MAP 1B are structurally related components of the neuronal cytoskeleton with complementary patterns of expression.
Trade Liberalization and Trade Adjustment Assistance

We explore the relationship between trade adjustment subsidies and successful reciprocal trade liberalization. We consider economies that are faced with a periodic need to move resources out of a declining import-competing sector, and that are attempting to sustain cooperative but self-enforcing trade agreements in the face of these adjustment needs. If the limitations associated with enforcement of international trade agreements are sufficiently severe, trade adjustment assistance can facilitate reciprocal trade liberalization. We argue that this suggests a possible efficiency rationale for adjustment policies that treat resources differently when traded sectors are involved.
An Externalist’s Guide to Inner Experience

The aim of John M. Hinton’s Experiences: An Inquiry into Some Ambiguities is set out in its introduction as follows: Someone who has more sympathy with traditional empiricism than with much of present-day philosophy may ask himself, ‘How do my experiences give rise to my beliefs about an external world, and to what extent do they justify them? ’ He wants to refer, among other things, to unremarkable experiences, of a sort which he cannot help believing to be so extremely common that it would be ridiculous to call them common experiences. Drawing a breath of fresh air is still a very common experience in many parts of the globe, but he does not mean that kind of an experience. Like the common experience of doing a monotonous job of work amid exhausting noise, it would be too much of an event in what he calls the external world. He mainly has in mind sense-experiences, and he thinks of them in a particular way. His way of thinking of them, roughly speaking as something ‘inner,’ is one on which recent logico-linguistic philosophy has thrown a good deal of light. I still hope to throw a little more, mainly or wholly refl ected, light on it, . where the visual case is concerned. (Hinton 1973, 1) 6
Effects of Coronary Ischemia-Reperfusion in a Rat Model of Early Overnutrition. Role of Angiotensin Receptors

Background Obesity during childhood has dramatically increased worldwide in the last decades. Environmental factors acting early in life, including nutrition, play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Aims To analyze the effects of early overfeeding on the heart and coronary circulation, the effect of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and the role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) were studied in isolated hearts from control and overfed rats during lactation. Methods and Results On the day of birth litters were adjusted to twelve pups per mother (control) or to three pups per mother (overfed). At weaning (21 days) the rats were killed and the heart perfused in a Langendorff system and subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 15 min of reperfusion. The contractility (left developed intraventricular pressure) was lower in the hearts from overfed rats, and was reduced by I/R in hearts from control but not from overfed rats. I/R also reduced the coronary vasoconstriction to angiotensin II more in hearts from control than from overfed rats, and the vasodilatation to bradykinin similarly in both experimental groups. The expression of both angiotensin AGTRa and AGTR2 receptors was increased in the myocardium of overfed rats, and I/R increased the expression of both receptors in control rats but reduced it in overfed rats. The expression of apoptotic and antiapoptotic markers was increased in hearts of overfed rats compared with control, and further increased by I/R. Conclusions These results suggest that both overfeeding and I/R impair cardiac and coronary function due, at least in part, to activation of the angiotensin pathway. However, overfeeding may reduce the impairment of ventricular contractility by I/R.
Revitalizing Entrepreneurship: How Visual Symbols are Used in Entrepreneurial Performances

To gain and sustain support for novel ventures, entrepreneurs must use symbolic means to signal to resource providers that their venture is feasible and legitimate. Previous research has generally focused on how entrepreneurs use language to symbolically represent their ventures as compatible with more widely established sets of activities. This paper suggests that entrepreneurs' use of visual symbols also plays a direct role in achieving support for a venture. Based upon a visual ethnographic study of three entrepreneurs, this paper demonstrates how entrepreneurs use visual symbols to: present an appropriate scene to stakeholders; create professional identity and emphasize control; and regulate emotions. The types of visual symbols used by the entrepreneurs are: setting, props, dress, and expressiveness. Overall, the results suggest that more experienced entrepreneurs are more effective at using a wider range of visual symbols during interactions.
Parties without partisans : political change in advanced industrial democracies

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 UNTHINKABLE DEMOCRACY: POLITICAL CHANGE IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACIES PART I PARTIES IN THE ELECTORATE CHAPTER 2 THE DECLINE OF PARTY IDENTIFICATIONS CHAPTER 3 THE CONSEQUENCES OF PARTISAN DEALIGNMENT CHAPTER 4 THE DECLINE OF PARTY MOBILIZATION PART II PARTIES AS POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS CHAPTER 5 PARTIES WITHOUT MEMBERS? PARTY ORGANIZATION IN A CHANGING ELECTORAL ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER 6 POLITICAL PARTIES AS CAMPAIGN ORGANIZATIONS CHAPTER 7 FROM SOCIAL INTEGRATION TO ELECTORAL CONTESTATION: THE CHANGING DISTRIBUTION OF POWER WITHIN POLITICAL PARTIES PART III PARTIES IN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 8 PARTIES IN LEGISLATURE: TWO COMPETING EXPLANATIONS CHAPTER 9 PARTIES AT THE CORE OF GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 10 FROM PLATFORM DECLARATIONS TO POLICY OUTCOMES: CHANGING PARTY PROFILES AND PARTISAN INFLUENCE OVER POLICY CHAPTER 11 ON THE PRIMACY OF PARTY IN GOVERNMENT: WHY LEGISLATIVE PARTIES CAN SURVIVE PARTY DECLINE IN THE ELECTORATE CONCLUSION CHAPTER 12 PARTISAN CHANGE AND THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS
Fuzzy decentralized control for a class of networked control systems with time delays and missing measurements

This paper is concerned with the stochastic stability of a class of discrete-time networked control systems (NCS) with uncertain network-induced time delays and missing measurements by using a fuzzy decentralized control approach. We model nonlinear systems in Takagi-Sugetno (T-S) form and then develop fuzzy decentralized state feedback controllers with missing measurements. A sufficient condition on stochastic stability in the mean-square sense for the NCS is obtained by using Lyapunov function method. The constructive design of the controllers is expressed as the linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, a numerical simulation is provided to illustrate the result of this paper.
A Double-blind, Randomized, Multicenter Clinical Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Esomeprazole Single Therapy Versus Mosapride and Esomeprazole Combined Therapy in Patients with Esophageal Reflux Disease

Background/Aims We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy in erosive reflux disease (ERD) patients by comparing endoscopic healing rates according to the Los Angeles classification for esomeprazole alone, and esomeprazole plus mosapride. Methods A total of 116 ERD patients were randomized to receive esomeprazole 40 mg once daily plus mosapride 5 mg 3 times daily (E+M group), or esomeprazole plus placebo (E only group) for 8 weeks. Patients recorded gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptom questionnaire at weeks 4 and 8. The primary endpoint was the endoscopic healing rate of ERD after 8 weeks of treatment. Results Endoscopic healing rates according to the Los Angeles classification was 32 (66.7%) in the E+M group and 26 (60.5%) in the E only group, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Only at 4 weeks, the total GERD symptom score changes relative to the baseline significantly improved in the E+M group than that of the E only group (−13.4 ± 14.7 vs −8.0 ± 12.3, P = 0.041), and upper abdominal pain and belching score changes showed significantly improved in the E+M group than that of the E only group (P = 0.018 and P = 0.013, respectively). Conclusions The combination of a proton pump inhibitor with mosapride shows a tendency for upper abdominal pain, belching, and total GERD symptoms scores to improve more rapidly. This suggests that combination therapy with esomeprazole and mosapride will be useful for rapid improvement of specific GERD symptoms, such as upper abdominal pain and belching in ERD patients.
Neural regulation of the kidney function in rats with cisplatin induced renal failure

Aim: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often associated with a disturbed cardiovascular homeostasis. This investigation explored the role of the renal innervation in mediating deranged baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and renal excretory function in cisplatin-induced renal failure. Methods: Rats were either intact or bilaterally renally denervated 4 days prior to receiving cisplatin (5 mg/kg i.p.) and entered a chronic metabolic study for 8 days. At day 8, other groups of rats were prepared for acute measurement of RSNA or renal function with either intact or denervated kidneys. Results: Following the cisplatin challenge, creatinine clearance was 50% lower while fractional sodium excretion and renal cortical and medullary TGF-β1 concentrations were 3–4 fold higher in both intact and renally denervated rats compared to control rats. In cisplatin-treated rats, the maximal gain of the high-pressure baroreflex curve was only 20% that of control rats, but following renal denervation not different from that of renally denervated control rats. Volume expansion reduced RSNA by 50% in control and in cisplatin-treated rats but only following bilateral renal denervation. The volume expansion mediated natriuresis/diuresis was absent in the cisplatin-treated rats but was normalized following renal denervation. Conclusions: Cisplatin-induced renal injury impaired renal function and caused a sympatho-excitation with blunting of high and low pressure baroreflex regulation of RSNA, which was dependent on the renal innervation. It is suggested that in man with CKD there is a dysregulation of the neural control of the kidney mediated by its sensory innervation.
Audit service quality in compulsory audit tendering: Preparer perceptions and satisfaction

Purpose - The paper aims to analyse audit service quality attributes that were perceived to be important in compulsory audit tendering (CAT) in local councils in New South Wales (NSW). It focuses principally on whether CAT leads to an impairment of auditor independence and audit quality. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire survey was conducted of 235 NSW local council finance professionals and 35 local council internal auditors in May 2006. Findings - The most important attributes in evaluating audit service quality were industry expertise, audit firm experience with a council, technical competence, independence, ethical standards and due care. The least important attributes were scepticism, freshness of perspective, audit firm size, and non-audit services. There is considerable consistency in the findings with those in non-CAT contexts. Research limitations/implications - The paper is subject to the general limitations of the survey questionnaire method. A further limitation is that audit quality was assessed using perceptions of audit service quality by preparers of local council financial statements, rather than by users of those statements. Practical implications - Audit firms will be better able to understand the audit service quality attributes valued by local council clients, to differentiate their promotional and service-provision strategies, improve their audit quality, and better satisfy local council clients. Concerns that CAT may impair audit independence and audit quality do not appear to be founded. Originality/value - Because the results are generally consistent with findings in non-CAT contexts, there can be more confidence in CAT as a regulatory form of audit procurement.
Tax Composition and Growth: A Broad Cross-Country Perspective

We investigate the relation between changes in tax composition and long-run economic growth using a new dataset covering a broad cross-section of countries with different income levels. We specifically consider 69 countries with at least 20 years of observations on total tax revenue during the period 1970-2009—21 high-income, 23 middle-income and 25 low-income countries. To our knowledge this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date dataset on tax composition and growth. We find that increasing income taxes while reducing consumption and property taxes is associated with slower growth over the long run. We also find that: (1) among income taxes, social security contributions and personal income taxes have a stronger negative association with growth than corporate income taxes; (2) a shift from income taxes to property taxes has a strong positive association with growth; and (3) a reduction in income taxes while increasing value added and sales taxes is also associated with faster growth.
Measuring children's perceptions of their use of the Internet: A rasch analysis

Measuring children’s use of emerging technologies is prerequisite to determining the effect of such use on children’s health, development and learning. The Ecological Techno-Microsystem provides a theoretical foundation upon which to select test items appropriate to the measurement of children’s self-reported use of the internet across home, school and community contexts. A 15 item rating scale was developed which included five items across the three environments, for example: 1) I use the internet at home; 2) I use email at school; 3) I instant message at home; 4) At home, I use the internet to play games; 5) I visit websites when I am at somebody else’s house. Ninety children rated each of the 15 items on a four-category response scale. Individual item fit statistics confirmed that data from all 15 items fitted the model well. Differential Item Functioning, consistent with empirical evidence, suggested gender differences in patterns of internet use during childhood. Rasch analysis (i.e., Item Map) confirmed that children with the highest self-reported internet use scores on the 15 item rating scale affirmed the most difficult items, that is, the items to which the that fewest children responded in the affirmative.
Acoustic Transmitters Impact Rainbow Trout Growth in a Competitive Environment

Fish implanted with acoustic transmitters are assumed to behave and grow after stocking similar to untagged fish. In this study, three groups (tagged, sham, and control) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [mean (SD) initial length = 277 (24) mm] range were maintained together in three raceways for 90 days, with each raceway containing 10 tagged, 10 sham, and 10 control fish. The fish in the tagged group were anesthetized and had an inert transmitter inserted via a ventral incision. Fish in the sham group were anesthetized and had an incision without transmitter implantation, while the control group was anesthetized only. In each raceway, trout with the inert transmitters were significantly lighter and shorter than fish from the other two groups at the end of the experiment. However, the reduction in weight, length, and specific growth rate occurred primarily during the first 38 days posttagging, with tagged fish growing at similar rates to the other two groups for the final 52 days of the experiment. Mortality data indicated a survival threshold of 280 mm length in the tagged fish, with 100% survival of the Rainbow Trout greater than 280 mm and only 59.1% survival of trout less than 280 mm. Based on the results of this study, rainbow trout implanted with 9 x 24 mm, 3.6 g acoustic transmitters should be held prior to release for a minimum of 38 days to ensure similar growth rates as untagged conspecifics, and only trout with an initial length greater than 280 mm should be used to maximize survival.
Visual Adjacency Lists for Dynamic Graphs

We present a visual representation for dynamic, weighted graphs based on the concept of adjacency lists. Two orthogonal axes are used: one for all nodes of the displayed graph, the other for the corresponding links. Colors and labels are employed to identify the nodes. The usage of color allows us to scale the visualization to single pixel level for large graphs. In contrast to other techniques, we employ an asymmetric mapping that results in an aligned and compact representation of links. Our approach is independent of the specific properties of the graph to be visualized, but certain graphs and tasks benefit from the asymmetry. As we show in our results, the strength of our technique is the visualization of dynamic graphs. In particular, sparse graphs benefit from the compact representation. Furthermore, our approach uses visual encoding by size to represent weights and therefore allows easy quantification and comparison. We evaluate our approach in a quantitative user study that confirms the suitability for dynamic and weighted graphs. Finally, we demonstrate our approach for two examples of dynamic graphs.
Overcoming the Hole in the Bucket: Public-Key Cryptography Resilient to Continual Memory Leakage

In recent years, there has been a major effort to design cryptographic schemes that remain secure even when arbitrary information about the secret key is leaked (e.g., via side-channel attacks). We explore the possibility of achieving security under \emph{continual} leakage from the \emph{entire} secret key by designing schemes in which the secret key is updated over time. In this model, we construct public-key encryption schemes, digital signatures, and identity-based encryption schemes that remain secure even if an attacker can leak a constant fraction of the secret memory (including the secret key) in each time period between key updates. We also consider attackers who may probe the secret memory during the updates themselves. We stress that we allow unrestricted leakage, without the assumption that ``only computation leaks information''. Prior to this work, constructions of public-key encryption schemes secure under continual leakage were not known even under this assumption.
On cohomological decomposition of almost-complex manifolds and deformations

While small deformations of K\"ahler manifolds are K\"ahler too, we prove that the cohomological property to be $\mathcal{C}^\infty$-pure-and-full is not a stable condition under small deformations. This property, that has been recently introduced and studied by T. -J. Li and W. Zhang in [Comparing tamed and compatible symplectic cones and cohomological properties of almost complex manifolds, Comm. Anal. Geom. ] and T. Dr\v{a}ghici, T. -J. Li, and W. Zhang in [Symplectic forms and cohomology decomposition of almost complex four-manifolds, Int. Math. Res. Not. ], [On the J-anti-invariant cohomology of almost complex 4-manifolds, to appear in Q. J. Math.], is weaker than the K\"ahler one and characterizes the almost-complex structures that induce a decomposition in cohomology. We also study the stability of this property along curves of almost-complex structures constructed starting from the harmonic representatives in special cohomology classes.
Modeling gate oxide short defects in CMOS minimum transistors

In this paper a new model is proposed for gate oxide short defects based on a non-split MOS transistor. Because the MOS is not split, this model allows us to simulate minimum transistors in realistic digital circuits. The construction of the model is presented in detail using a comprehensive and didactic approach. It is demonstrated that the electrical behavior of the proposed model matches in a satisfactory way the defective transistor behavior.