Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRADE REMEDIES AND WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: WHY ARE SO FEW CHALLENGED?

Antidumping and related trade remedies are the most popular policy instruments that many of the largest importing countries in the WTO system use to restrict international trade. While such trade remedies are also frequent targets of dispute settlement activity under the WTO, given that Panel and Appellate Body rulings have almost invariably found that some aspect of each reviewed remedy was inconsistent with WTO obligations, an open research question is why aren’t more remedies targeted by dispute settlement? This paper provides a first empirical investigation of the trade remedy and WTO dispute settlement interaction by focusing on determinants of WTO members’ decisions of whether to formally challenge U.S. trade remedies imposed between 1992 and 2003. We provide evidence that it is not only the size of the economic market at stake and the capacity to retaliate under potential DSU-authorized sanctions that influences the litigation decision of whether to formally challenge a measure at the WTO. We also find that if the negatively affected foreign industry has the capacity to directly retaliate through a reciprocal antidumping investigation and measure of its own, its government is less likely to pursue the case on its behalf at the WTO. This is consistent with the theory that potential complainants may be avoiding WTO litigation in favor of pursuing reciprocal antidumping and hence “vigilante justice. ”
The development and analysis of intrusion detection algorithms

This thesis presents three new low-complexity intrusion detection algorithms tested on sniffing data from 80,000 real Internet sessions. A Password Guessing Detector scans telnet connections containing only failed logins and identifies password guessing attacks based on the number of connection between each host pair and the usernames and passwords tried. By extracting the plaintext password, this algorithm is able to run much faster than conventional cracking programs, which must encrypt each guess. A neural network based keyword weighting system substantially improves the performance of a baseline intrusion detection system. It uses counts of forty keywords, also found in the sniffing data, to identify attacks in telnet connections. Finally, a real-time Shell Tracker monitors BSM audit data and finds users who illegally become root and start a command shell regardless of the attack or back door used. Two intrusion prevention algorithms, a Banner Finder and a Password Checker, were also developed. The Banner Finder uses a binary decision tree and five keyword counts to identify the presence of a valid warning banner in telnet sessions. The Password Checker extracts usernames and passwords from network sniffing data and scores the passwords based on how succeptable they would be to a password guessing attack. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Richard P. Lippmann Title: Senior Staff MIT Lincoln Laboratory
A Solution for Illumination Challenged Face Recognition using Exemplar-based Synthesis Technique

This paper addresses the problem of illumination variations affecting the performance of real world face recognition systems. We propose an exemplar (or appearance)-based technique to compute the canonical representation of the human face. The canonical image is equivalent to the reflectance field of the face that is invariant to illumination. We subsequently use the canonical face to perform the following two tasks: (1) Extract the series of independent lighting model which interacts with the canonical face to form the novel faces. (2) Synthesize novel face appearances using these lighting models. We demonstrate the ability of the approach to generate novel views of the face and show how they help improve the performance of illumination challenged face recognition problem
H-NS Facilitates Sequence Diversification of Horizontally Transferred DNAs during Their Integration in Host Chromosomes

Bacteria can acquire new traits through horizontal gene transfer. Inappropriate expression of transferred genes, however, can disrupt the physiology of the host bacteria. To reduce this risk, Escherichia coli expresses the nucleoid-associated protein, H-NS, which preferentially binds to horizontally transferred genes to control their expression. Once expression is optimized, the horizontally transferred genes may actually contribute to E. coli survival in new habitats. Therefore, we investigated whether and how H-NS contributes to this optimization process. A comparison of H-NS binding profiles on common chromosomal segments of three E. coli strains belonging to different phylogenetic groups indicated that the positions of H-NS-bound regions have been conserved in E. coli strains. The sequences of the H-NS-bound regions appear to have diverged more so than H-NS-unbound regions only when H-NS-bound regions are located upstream or in coding regions of genes. Because these regions generally contain regulatory elements for gene expression, sequence divergence in these regions may be associated with alteration of gene expression. Indeed, nucleotide substitutions in H-NS-bound regions of the ybdO promoter and coding regions have diversified the potential for H-NS-independent negative regulation among E. coli strains. The ybdO expression in these strains was still negatively regulated by H-NS, which reduced the effect of H-NS-independent regulation under normal growth conditions. Hence, we propose that, during E. coli evolution, the conservation of H-NS binding sites resulted in the diversification of the regulation of horizontally transferred genes, which may have facilitated E. coli adaptation to new ecological niches.
On the moment problem of closed semi-algebraic sets

The moment problem for compact semi-algebraic sets has been solved in [S1] (see [PD], Section 6.4, for a refinement of the result). In the terminology explained below, this means that each defining sequence f of a compact semialgebraic set Kf has property (SMP ). On the other hand, for many noncompact semi-algebraic sets (for instance, sets containing a cone of dimension two [KM], [PS]) the moment problem is not solvable. Only very few noncompact semi-algebraic sets (classes of real algebraic curves [So], [KM], [PS] and cylinder sets [Mc]) are known to have a positive solution of the moment problem. In this paper we study semi-algebraic setsKf such that there exist polynomials h1, . , hn which are bounded on the set Kf . Our main result (Theorem 1) reduces the moment problem for the set Kf to the moment problem for the “fiber sets” Kf ∩Cλ, where Cλ is real algebraic variety {x ∈ R : h1(x) = λ1, . , hn(x) = λn}. From this theorem new classes of non-compact closed semi-algebraic sets are obtained for which the moment problem has an affirmative solution. Combined with a result of V. Powers and C. Scheiderer [PS], it follows that tube sets around certain real algebraic curves have property (SMP ) (see Theorem 9). Let f = (f1, . . ., fk) be a finite set of polynomials fj ∈ R[x] ≡ R[x1, . , xd] and let K ≡ Kf be the associated closed semi-algebraic subset defined by
A brief survey of the study of power series and analytic functions on the Levi-Civita fields

In this survey paper, we will review the convergence and analytical properties of power series on the Levi-Civita field R (resp. C := R⊕iR) as well as the properties of the so-called R-analytic functions on an interval [a, b] of R. In particular, we will show that these have the same smoothness properties as real (resp. complex) power series and real analytic functions on an interval of R, respectively.
Reducing Multicore Bandwidth Requirements for Combinatorial Multigrid

Memory bandwidth is a major limiting factor in the scalability of parallel algorithms. In this paper, we introduce hierarchical diagonal blocking, a sparse matrix representation which we believe captures most of optimization techniques in a common representation. It can take advantage of symmetry while still being easy to parallelize. It takes advantage of, or actually requires, reordering. It also allows for simple compression of column indices. As applications, we show how to use this highperformance SpMV kernel, together with precision reduction techniques, in a combinatorial multigrid solver to lower the bandwidth consumption without sacrificing the final solution’s quality. We provide extensive empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of the approach on a variety of benchmark matrices, demonstrating substantial speedups on all matrices considered.
Dorsal Stream Contributions to Perceptual Asymmetries

Abstract Neurologically normal individuals show a bias toward the left side of space, referred to as pseudoneglect due to its similarity to clinical hemispatial neglect. The left bias appears to be stronger in the lower visual field during free-viewing, which could result from preferential dorsal stream processing. The current experiments used modified greyscales tasks, incorporating motion and isoluminant color, to explore whether targeting dorsal or ventral stream processing influenced the strength of the left bias. It was expected that the left bias would be stronger on the motion task than on a task incorporating isoluminant color. In Study 1, similar left biases were observed during prolonged viewing for luminance, motion and red, but not green color. The unexpected finding of a leftward bias for red under prolonged viewing was replicated in Study 2. A leftward bias for motion was also evident during 150 ms viewing in Study 2. In Study 3, the left bias was not apparent when using a blue/yellow condition, suggesting the left bias for red under prolonged viewing was likely unique to red. Furthermore, the leftward bias for red disappeared under brief viewing conditions. It is suggested that dorsal stream processing likely underlies visual field differences in pseudoneglect. (JINS, 2012, 18, 251–259)
Variation of Perimeter Measure in sub-Riemannian geometry

We derive a formula for the first variation of horizontal perimeter measure for $C^2$ hypersurfaces of completely general sub-Riemannian manifolds, allowing for the existence of characteristic points. For $C^2$ hypersurfaces in vertically rigid sub-Riemannian manifolds we also produce a second variation formula for variations supported away from the characteristic locus. This variation formula is used to show the bubble sets in \hn{2} are stable under volume preserving variations.
Genetic correlations among selected traits in Canadian Holsteins

Abstract: In the Canadian dairy industry, there are currently over 80 traits routinely evaluated, and more are considered for potential selection. Particularly, in the last few years, recording has commenced for several new phenotypes required to introduce novel traits with high economic importance into the selection program. However, without a systematic estimation of the genetic correlations that exist among traits, the potential results of indirect selection are unknown. Therefore, 29 traits representative of the trait diversity for first lactation Canadian animals were selected. Their two-by-two genetic correlations were estimated from a dataset of 62 498 first lactation Holstein cows, using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Gibbs sampling approach. The general tendencies among the groups of traits confirm that production traits are negatively correlated with fertility traits and that functional traits are positively correlated with one another. The association of udder depth with fertility and disease resistance has also been highlighted. This contribution offers a comprehensive overview of current estimates across traits and includes correlations with novel traits that constitute an original addition to the literature. These new estimates can be used for newly developed genomic evaluation models and possibly lead to more accurate estimations of the dairy cows’ overall genetic merit.
Two case studies from a virtual reality intervention for delusions: feasibility and preliminary evidence

Abstract The use of virtual reality (VR) interventions for psychosis is on the rise. As information-processing biases such as overconfidence in memory are likely to be involved in the formation and maintenance of delusions, VR could also be used to correct cognitive distortions and in turn ameliorate delusions. The present study illustrates two case studies in which a VR intervention was employed to reduce delusions by means of correcting experiences. Participants navigated four virtual environments via a head-mounted display (HMD) and computer and were asked to recollect previously seen faces and objects and to rate their response confidence. The scenarios were created to elicit false memories. Immediately after each response, they received feedback to correct possible overconfidence in false memories. We present two case studies to illustrate individual differences. Both participants benefited from the intervention: delusions were reduced from pre- to post-assessment (after 3 weeks) as measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Psychotic Symptom Scale. This was corroborated by results on the Paranoia Checklist and the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences collected immediately after the session. Immediate effects also showed a reduction in delusion conviction rate. The present study provides preliminary evidence that delusions may be ameliorated by a VR paradigm designed to correct memory overconfidence. Cybersickness emerged as a problem in one of the patients.
Challenges Posed by Tick-Borne Rickettsiae: Eco-Epidemiology and Public Health Implications

Rickettsiae are obligately intracellular bacteria that are transmitted to vertebrates by a variety of arthropod vectors, primarily by fleas and ticks. Once transmitted or experimentally inoculated into susceptible mammals, some rickettsiae may cause febrile illness of different morbidity and mortality, and which can manifest with different types of exhanthems in humans. However, most rickettsiae circulate in diverse sylvatic or peridomestic reservoirs without having obvious impacts on their vertebrate hosts or affecting humans. We have analyzed the key features of tick-borne maintenance of rickettsiae, which may provide a deeper basis for understanding those complex invertebrate interactions and strategies that have permitted survival and circulation of divergent rickettsiae in nature. Rickettsiae are found in association with a wide range of hard and soft ticks, which feed on very different species of large and small animals. Maintenance of rickettsiae in these vector systems is driven by both vertical and horizontal transmission strategies, but some species of Rickettsia are also known to cause detrimental effects on their arthropod vectors. Contrary to common belief, the role of vertebrate animal hosts in maintenance of rickettsiae is very incompletely understood. Some clearly play only the essential role of providing a blood meal to the tick while other hosts may supply crucial supplemental functions for effective agent transmission by the vectors. This review summarizes the importance of some recent findings with known and new vectors that afford an improved understanding of the eco-epidemiology of rickettsiae; the public health implications of that information for rickettsial diseases are also described. Special attention is paid to the co-circulation of different species and genotypes of rickettsiae within the same endemic areas and how these observations may influence, correctly or incorrectly, trends, and conclusions drawn from the surveillance of rickettsial diseases in humans.
Mindfulness-Based Intervention Program on Stress Reduction during Pregnancy

Mindfulness-based Cognitive therapy, theoretical and clinical work to working with mood concerns during pregnancy. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Mindfulness -based intervention Program on Stress Reduction during Pregnancy. Design: A quasi - experimental design was utilized in this study. Setting: The study was conducted in the obstetric outpatient clinics in Kafr El sheikh, University Hospital. Sample: A purposive sample was used for 100 pregnant women, who attained the above mentioned setting. Tools: three tools were used for data collection, interviewing questionnaire for assessing demographic characteristics for pregnant women. 2-perceived Stress Scale, 3 Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Result: there are positive effects of mindfulness intervention program on the stress levels among studied mothers and the difference between stress scale levels pre and post intervention was highly significant (p=0.000). Conclusion this study concluded that women who learn mindfulness during pregnancy are likely to use those skills to mange stressful aspect of pregnancy, childbirth and parenting resulting in reductions in psychological distress and improvement in psychological well-being. Recommendation: Continuing mindfulness program about reduced stressful aspect of pregnancy, and researches are needed to detect the other problems to early management.
Laboratory Measurement of Soil Hydraulic Functions in A Cycle of Drying and Rewetting

The extended evaporation method and the accompanying HYPROP measuring system allow the simultaneous determination of desorption curves for water retention and hydraulic conductivity in the range between saturation and the permanent wilting point. We used this method to test for possible hysteresis effects. Water was added to the surface of the sample to simulate a precipitation event. The measured values were used to determine the sorption curves of the hydraulic properties throughout the measuring range. There was no need for any further use of technology. The test results are presented for samples of sand, loamy sand and soils developed from volcanic ash. It was shown that hysteresis of the water retention function occurred exclusively in the soil water tension range between saturation and approximately 100 hPa. The hydraulic conductivity was not affected by hysteresis for tensions above 100 hPa. No statement can be made for the hydraulic conductivity regarding lower tensions. [3] Keywords—extended evaporation method (EEM), HYPROP, hysteresis, water retention curve, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function.
New LMIs-Based Stability Conditions for Fuzzy Time-Delay Control Systems

In this paper, the stability issue of the T-S fuzzy time-delay control system is investigated, in which the T-S fuzzy time-delay model and the fuzzy controller do not share the same membership functions. New stability conditions in the form of LMIs are proposed by using the Lyapunov function approach. And a numerical example is presented to illustrate the less conservativeness of the new stability conditions.
Patterns of Relapse Risks and Related Factors among Patients with Schizophrenia in Razi Hospital, Iran: A Latent Class Analysis

Objectives: Relapse is very much associated with the management of disorder during the treatment, but also many other factors could trigger it. The aim of this study was to explore classes and patterns of relapse risk in patients with schizophrenia of Razi Hospital. Methods: Using random sampling techniques, we recruited 300 participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in Razi hospital of Tehran (Iran) between January and May 2017 in a cross -sectional survey. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to establish a baseline model of risk profiles and to identify the optimal number of latent classes, and we used ordinal regression to identify factors associated with class membership. Results: Three classes of multiple relapse risk were identified. LCA showed that, overall, 52%, 22% and 26% of participants with schizophrenia were divided into class 1, class 2 and class 3, respectively. Compared to members in the lowest -risk class (reference group), the highest -risk class members had higher odds of being the age of disorder onset under 25 (OR = 1.4; CI: 1.42–2.33). Participants with schizophrenia who were unemployed were more likely to categorize in the highest -risk class than members of the low -risk class (OR = 2.5; CI: 1.44–4.1). Also, female patients were more likely to belong to members of the high -risk class than members of the low -risk class (OR = 2.22; CI: 1.74–7.64). Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of having targeted prevention programs for all domains of Age of onset, female and unemployed related. So, current study suggested that interventions should focus on these risk factors. Furthermore, Increasing the Job opportunities for participants with schizophrenia is warranted so as to prevent of schizophrenia disorder.
Sex differences in baseline neuropsychological function and concussion symptoms of collegiate athletes

Objective: To investigate sex differences in baseline neuropsychological function and concussion symptoms between male and female collegiate athletes. Methods: A post-test only design was used to examine baseline neuropsychological test scores and concussion symptoms. A total of 1209 NCAA Division I collegiate athletes from five northeastern universities in the USA completed a baseline ImPACT test. ImPACT, a computerised neuropsychological test battery, was administered during an athlete’s pre-season. Results: Female athletes performed significantly better than male athletes on baseline verbal memory scores (p = 0.001), while male athletes performed significantly better than female athletes on baseline visual memory scores (p = 0.001). Female athletes endorsed a significant number of mild baseline symptoms as compared to male athletes. Conclusions: Male and female athletes exhibit differences on baseline neuropsychological test performance and concussion symptoms.
Calming the ‘perfect ethical storm’: a virtue-based approach to research ethics

Abstract Particular ethical tensions and dilemmas emerge when conducting qualitative educational research. This is further compounded where the predominant approach to research ethics is underscored by a dominant principalism which construes ethical rules as both universal and absolute. This article focuses on the ‘perfect ethical storm’ which is arguably created when ethnographic design, covert observation and practitioner research collide. Drawing on a doctoral study into therapeutic education, this analysis shows how such research may be ethically feasible when the qualitative researcher adopts a more flexible approach to research ethics based on Aristotelian notions of virtue. In this article, I also demonstrate how the field diary can be a valuable tool in enabling the qualitative researcher to develop certain dispositions, notably reflexivity, which are central to becoming a virtuous researcher.
Kyoto: An Integrated System for Specific Domain WSD

This document describes the preliminary release of the integrated Kyoto system for specific domain WSD. The system uses concept miners (Tybots) to extract domain-related terms and produces a domain-related thesaurus, followed by knowledge-based WSD based on wordnet graphs (UKB). The resulting system can be applied to any language with a lexical knowledge base, and is based on publicly available software and resources. Our participation in Semeval task #17 focused on producing running systems for all languages in the task, and we attained good results in all except Chinese. Due to the pressure of the time-constraints in the competition, the system is still under development, and we expect results to improve in the near future.