Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incongruence as an explanation for the negative mental health effects of unemployment: Meta-analytic evidence.

The present paper is concerned with the effects of incongruence between a person's level of employment commitment (measured with scales of work involvement, Protestant work ethic or similar concepts) and his or her current employment situation (employed or not employed). We hypothesize that this kind of incongruence (a) is a typical characteristic of the unemployment situation and (b) is systematically associated with diminished well-being and mental health. Meta-analyses of empirical data endorse both hypotheses. (a) Employed people show only marginally stronger levels of employment commitment than unemployed people (d = 0.11, equivalent to r = .05). Both groups are characterized by high mean levels of employment commitment. Therefore, unemployed people are in an incongruent situation, while employed people are not. (b) Incongruent levels of employment commitment, that is, high levels among the unemployed and low levels among the employed, are significantly associated with psychological distress (mixed symptoms of distress: r = .19; depression: r = .19; anxiety: r = .14; subjective well-being/life satisfaction: r = .13; self-esteem: r = .08). In sum, available cross-sectional data clearly endorse the incongruence model. Meta-analyses of longitudinal data, although based on small sample sizes, are also consistent with the model.
Microtubule behavior during guidance of pioneer neuron growth cones in situ

The growth of an axon toward its target results from the reorganization of the cytoskeleton in response to environmental guidance cues. Recently developed imaging technology makes it possible to address the effect of such cues on the neural cytoskeleton directly. Although high resolution studies can be carried out on neurons in vitro, these circumstances do not recreate the complexity of the natural environment. We report here on the arrangement and dynamics of microtubules in live neurons pathfinding in response to natural guidance cues in situ using the embryonic grasshopper limb fillet preparation. A rich microtubule network was present within the body of the growth cone and normally extended into the distal growth cone margin. Complex microtubule loops often formed transiently within the growth cone. Branches both with and without microtubules were regularly observed. Microtubules did not extend into filopodia. During growth cone steering events in response to identified guidance cues, microtubule behaviour could be monitored. In turns towards guidepost cells, microtubules selectively invaded branches derived from filopodia that had contacted the guidepost cell. At limb segment boundaries, microtubules displayed a variety of behaviors, including selective branch invasion, and also invasion of multiple branches followed by selective retention in branches oriented in the correct direction. Microtubule invasion of multiple branches also was seen in growth cones migrating on intrasegmental epithelium. Both selective invasion and selective retention generate asymmetrical microtubule arrangements within the growth cone, and may play a key role in growth cone steering events.
Ancestral capture of syncytin-Car1, a fusogenic endogenous retroviral envelope gene involved in placentation and conserved in Carnivora

Syncytins are envelope protein genes of retroviral origin that have been captured for a function in placentation. Two such genes have already been identified in simians, two distinct, unrelated genes have been identified in Muridae, and a fifth gene has been identified in the rabbit. Here, we searched for similar genes in the Laurasiatheria clade, which diverged from Euarchontoglires—primates, rodents, and lagomorphs—shortly after mammalian radiation (100 Mya). In silico search for envelope protein genes with full-coding capacity within the dog and cat genomes identified several candidate genes, with one common to both species that displayed placenta-specific expression, which was revealed by RT-PCR analysis of a large panel of tissues. This gene belongs to a degenerate endogenous retroviral element, with precise proviral integration at a site common to dog and cat. Cloning of the gene for an ex vivo pseudotype assay showed fusogenicity on both dog and cat cells. In situ hybridization on placenta sections from both species showed specific expression at the level of the invasive fetal villi within the placental junctional zone, where trophoblast cells fuse into a syncytiotrophoblast layer to form the maternofetal interface. Finally, we show that the gene is conserved among a series of 26 Carnivora representatives, with evidence for purifying selection and conservation of fusogenic activity. The gene is not found in the Pholidota order and, therefore, it was captured before Carnivora radiation, between 60 and 85 Mya. This gene is the oldest syncytin gene identified to date, and it is the first in a new major clade of eutherian mammals.
Antidepressant use in a nationally representative sample of community‐dwelling US Latinos with and without depressive and anxiety disorders

Background: Antidepressant drugs are among the most widely prescribed drugs in the United States; however, little is known about their use among major ethnic minority groups. Method: Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES) data were analyzed to calculate nationally representative estimates of Latino and non‐Latino White adults antidepressant use. Setting: The 48 coterminous United States was the setting. Participants: Household residents aged 18 years and older (N=9,250). Main outcome: Past year antidepressant use. Results: Compared to non‐Latino Whites, few Latinos, primarily Mexican Americans, with 12‐month depressive and/or anxiety disorders reported past year antidepressant use. Mexican Americans (OR=0.48; 95%CI=0.30–0.77) had significantly lower odds of use compared to non‐Latino Whites, which were largely unaffected by factors associated with access to care. Over half of antidepressant use was by respondents not meeting 12‐month criteria for depressive or anxiety disorders. Lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders explained another 21% of past year antidepressant use, leaving another 31% of drug use unexplained. Discussion: We found a disparity in antidepressant use for Mexican Americans compared to non‐Latino Whites that was not accounted for by differences in need and factors associated with access to care. About one third of antidepressant use was by respondents not meeting criteria for depressive or anxiety disorders. Our findings underscore the importance of disaggregating Latino ethnic groups. Additional work is needed to understand the medical and economic value of antidepressant use beyond their primary clinical targets. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Muscle Sarcoplasmic and Myofibrillar Protein Hydrolysis Caused by Lactobacillus plantarum

ABSTRACT Strains of Lactobacillus plantarum originally isolated from sausages were screened for proteinase and aminopeptidase activities toward synthetic substrates; on the basis of that screening,L. plantarum CRL 681 was selected for further assays on muscle proteins. The activities of whole cells, cell extracts (CE), and a combination of both on sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein extracts were determined by protein, peptide, and free-amino-acid analyses. Proteinase from whole cells initiated the hydrolysis of sarcoplasmic proteins. The addition of CE intensified the proteolysis. Whole cells generated hydrophilic peptides from both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins. Other peptides of a hydrophobic nature resulted from the combination of whole cells and CE. The action of both enzymatic sources on myofibrillar proteins caused maximal increases in lysine, arginine, and leucine, while the action of those on sarcoplasmic proteins mainly released alanine. In general, pronounced hydrolysis of muscle proteins required enzyme activities from whole cells in addition to those supplied by CE.
From Scientific Management to Social Justice...and Back Again? Pedagogical Shifts in the Study and Practice of Educational Leadership, 10(21)

This article presents an historical overview of pedagogical orientations of school leadership in the United States, and then considers issues facing contemporary educational leaders in this context. Our survey begins with a consideration of the early influence of Frederick Taylor and ends in the present day, a time when the fields of practice and scholarship in educational leadership collectively stand at a critical, yet not unprecedented, crossroad—the intersection of social justice and scientific management.
Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Transplanted Onto the Heart Surface Achieve Therapeutic Myocardial Repair Despite Immunologic Responses in Rats

Background Transplantation of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is a promising treatment for heart failure. We have shown that epicardial placement of cell sheets markedly increases donor cell survival and augments therapeutic effects compared with the current methods. Although immune rejection of intramyocardially injected allogeneic MSCs have been suggested, allogeneic MSCs transplanted on the heart surface (virtual space) may undergo different courses. This study aimed to elucidate immunologic response against epicardially placed allogeneic MSCs, rejection or acceptance of these cells, and their therapeutic effects for heart failure. Methods and Results At 4 weeks after coronary artery ligation, Lewis rats underwent epicardial placement of MSC sheets from syngeneic Lewis or allogeneic Fischer 344 rats or sham treatment. At days 3 and 10 after treatment, similar ratios (≈50% and 30%, respectively) of grafted MSCs survived on the heart surface in both MSC sheet groups. By day 28, survival of syngeneic MSCs was substantially reduced (8.9%); survival of allogeneic MSCs was more extensively reduced (0.2%), suggesting allorejection. Correspondingly, allogeneic MSCs were found to have evoked an immunologic response, albeit low level, as characterized by accumulation of CD4+ T cells and upregulation of interleukin 6. Despite this alloimmune response, the allogeneic MSC sheet achieved myocardial upregulation of reparative factors, enhanced repair of the failing myocardium, and improved cardiac function to the equivalent degree observed for the syngeneic MSC sheet. Conclusions Allogeneic MSCs placed on the heart surface evoked an immunologic response; however, this allowed sufficient early phase donor cell survival to induce equivalent therapeutic benefits to syngeneic MSCs. Further development of this approach toward clinical application is warranted.
Amyloidogenic Processing of Human Amyloid Precursor Protein in Hippocampal Neurons Devoid of Cathepsin D*

βA4-Amyloid peptide, the main component of the amyloid plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytical processing. Several lines of evidence suggest a direct role for cathepsin D, the major endosomal/lysosomal aspartic endopeptidase, in βA4-amyloid peptide generation. Here we tested this hypothesis using primary cultures of hippocampal neurons derived from cathepsin D-deficient (knock out) mice and expressing wild-type human APP and two clinical APP variants via recombinant Semliki Forest virus. We demonstrate APP secretory processing, production of carboxyl-terminal amyloid fragments, and secretion of the βA4-amyloid peptide in the complete absence of cathepsin D. The results rule out cathepsin D as a critical component of α-, β-, or γ-secretase and therefore as a primary target for drugs aimed at decreasing the βA4-amyloid peptide burden in Alzheimer's disease.
Job Burnout in Probation and Parole

Data are presented from a sample of almost 1000 probation and parole workers concerning job burnout, as measured by one currently accepted indicator. The problem was not as extensive as some popular accounts have implied, but a sizable proportion of the sample did report experiencing the difficulty. Findings on the levels of burnout at different seniority levels suggest that burnout is worst for employees past their initial period of employment and lowest for the newly hired and for the most experienced. Intervention implications based on this preliminary analysis include attention to consciousness raising, orientation program development, and utilization of more experienced probation officers as mentors.
Parametric Decay Instabilities in the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating Beams at ASDEX Upgrade

In this Thesis we explore parametric decay instabilities (PDIs) in the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) beams at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. PDIs are nonlinear phenomena leading to decay of a strong quasi-monochromatic pump wave to two daughter waves once the amplitude of the pump wave exceeds a threshold determined by the interaction strength between the three waves. Due to their reliance on large wave amplitudes, PDIs are found in applications involving high-power wave heating, for instance in connection with ECRH of the plasmas at ASDEX Upgrade to temperatures relevant for fusion of hydrogen isotopes (∼ 100 MK) by means millimeter-waves generated by gyrotron sources. Conservation of energy in the three-wave process underlying PDIs requires the daughter waves excited by the instability to have a different frequency from the pump wave used to excite them. This is a serious issue, as the ECRH beams at ASDEX Upgrade contain up to 1 MW of power, while the millimeter-wave diagnostics used to determine the plasma properties accept powers in the range of μW or lower. Even the conversion of a minuscule part of the ECRH power to millimeter-waves in the frequency range outside the protective filters around the ECRH frequency can thus have disastrous consequences for the millimeter-wave diagnostics, and this problem will be further amplified in a fusion power plant, which will rely heavily on millimeter-wave diagnostics due to their relative resistance to neutron damage. A further concern is that current theories suggest that a non-negligible part of the ECRH power can be converted to power in the daughter wave modes under certain circumstances, resulting in different heating and current drive characteristics than those expected from linear ECRH theories, potentially jeopardizing more than the just the diagnostics of a fusion power plant. The studies at ASDEX Upgrade described in this work have been devised to assess the actual impact of PDIs in ECRH beams under fusion-relevant conditions, to avoid the abovementioned deleterious effects, as well as to explore the possibility of utilizing such PDIs in novel diagnostic schemes. Our approach has been both theoretical and experimental in nature. We provide a detailed description of the theory behind PDIs, deriving some new and number of known results. With the developed theory and the ASDEX Upgrade ECRH system, we proceed to investigate PDIs experimentally. Our focus is on PDIs near the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) and its second-harmonic. The PDIs near the UHR occur in connection with injection of 105 GHz radiation for collective Thomson scattering (CTS). Using analog modulation of the ECRH power, a sweep of the toroidal magnetic field strength, and the ASDEX Upgrade CTS system, we
Efficient free-form surface representation with application in orthodontics

Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry concerned with the study of growth of the craniofacial complex. The detection and correction of malocclusion and other dental abnormalities is one of the most important and critical phases of orthodontic diagnosis. This paper introduces a system that can assist in automatic orthodontics diagnosis. The system can be used to classify skeletal and dental malocclusion from a limited number of measurements. This system is not intended to deal with several cases but is aimed at cases more likely to be encountered in epidemiological studies. Prior to the measurement of the orthodontics parameters, the position of the teeth in the jaw model must be detected. A new free-form surface representation is adopted for the efficient and accurate segmentation and separation of teeth from a scanned jaw model. THe new representation encodes the curvature and surface normal information into a 2D image. Image segmentation tools are then sued to extract structures of high/low curvature. By iteratively removing these structures, individual teeth surfaces are obtained.
The relationship between training and organizational commitment: A study in the health care field

This study examines the relationship between employee attitudes toward training and feelings of organizational commitment among a sample of 337 registered nurses from five hospitals. Using social exchange theory as a framework for investigating the relationship, the researcher found that perceived access to training, social support for training, motivation to learn, and perceived benefits of training are positively related to organizational commitment. Using a three-component model of organizational commitment, the strongest relationships appear with the affective form of commitment. The relationship between perceived access to training opportunities and the affective form of organizational commitment is moderated by job satisfaction but not job involvement. The findings are discussed for their theoretical and practical application to HRD, for the management of HRD in health care settings, and for researchers interested in outcomes of HRD.
Smoking rates and attitudes to smoking among medical students: a 2009 survey at the Nagoya University School of Medicine.

Since smoking is implicated in many diseases, medical professionals are expected to contribute to the reduction of smoking rates in their practice. Medical students are also expected to learn the importance of practical measures against smoking. This study surveyed the smoking rates and attitudes to smoking among medical students of the Nagoya University School of Medicine. Out of 612 students in their 1st to 6th year in 2009, 31 students answered "yes" to the question "Did you smoke one or more cigarettes this past month? " and eight students did not respond. The maximum smoking rate was 6.4% (39/612). The respective rates of students to accept smoking by doctors, co-medical personnel, patients in general, and terminally ill patients were 50.8% in males and 38.9% in females, 51.3% in males and 41.6% in females, 41.4% in males and 23.0% in females, 80.5% in males and 84.1% in females. This survey demonstrated that though smoking rates among medical students were relatively low, many accepted smoking, especially for terminally ill patients.
Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in liver regeneration: role of mRNA stability

The rentry of hepatocytee and non‐parenchymal cells from the normal quiescent G0 phase into the cell cycle during liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy results in the discrete modulation of mRNA transcripts for many different genes. The modulation of steady‐state levels of tran‐scripts for genes involved in hepatocyte growth and replication during liver regeneration indicates that gene expression is regulated not only transcriptionally but also posttranscriptionally. In fact, posttran‐scriptional control appears to be the primary mechanism of regulating gene expression after the first 3 h after partial hepatectomy. Alteration in transcript stability is a key posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism used by the regenerating liver to modulate the steady‐state transcript levels of multiple genes. Even genes that are transcriptionally acti‐vated during liver regeneration exhibit posttranscriptional control at the level of transcript stability. Moreover, the abundance of mRNA binding proteins, as well as translational activity and rate of poly(A) tail removal, are modulated and appear to influence transcript stability during liver regeneration. However, alteration of transcript stability is not the sole posttranscriptional mechanism regulating steady‐state levels. Posttranscriptional control also occurs at the level of alternative splicing, stabilization of heterogeneous nuclear (hn) RNA, and hnRNA processing. Moreover, the role of nucleocytoplasmic transport of mature mRNA during liver regeneration is still undefined. Thus, during liver regeneration gene expression is regulated at multiple levels after the initial synthesis of hnRNA. By understanding the role of posttranscriptional mechanisms in regulating steady‐state transcript levels in an in vivo model of normal growth, we will begin to appreciate its role in the genesis of abnormal growth. —Kren, B. T. , Steer, C. J. Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in liver regeneration: role of mRNA stability. FASEB J. 10, 559‐573 (1996)
Knowledge Point Scientiﬁc presentation beyond the paper

By counting the pages of a paper a raw approximation of the amount of information it carries can be inferred. This in contrast to the accessibility of the contents itself, scientiﬁc knowledge structures are hidden in rhetoric and references to rhetoric in other papers. We can improve this by making the implicit knowledge explicit in new media using Knowledge Points. A Knowledge Point reﬂects the knowledge of a problem and is embedded in a network of other Knowledge Points. We question what the structure is of a Knowledge Point and the result of the analysis of two inﬂuential Artiﬁcial Intelligence articles and their interaction is used to describe a frame-like system. This system has the potential to query overview, track, and validate the status of problems. However, there are still unresolved issues concerning the valuation of a Knowledge Point, referencing, versions, and a lack of an interface. A brief glimpse of the future of scientiﬁc publishing is oﬀered by discussing de Waard’s suggestion to directly connect digital knowledge to existing knowledge instead of obstructing the information highway with simulations of paper.
Causes and Consequences of Skewed Sex Ratios

Slightly more males are born in the world than females. But because male mortality is usually greater, in old age groups there are many more women than men. The situation is particularly stark in the former Soviet Union, where male adult death rates are exceptionally high. In much of Asia, strong son preference has long informed unusually high female child mortality. And the impact of this on population sex ratios has been reinforced by the recent spread of sex-selective abortion. Especially in China, there is an unusually large number of boys relative to girls. Sex ratios are also skewed by migration, most notably male labor migration. Unbalanced sex ratios have many effects. Among other things, research has focused on the consequences of male outmigration for those who are left behind and on the implications of the coming heightened masculinity of young adult populations in Asia, e.g., with respect to marriage and crime.