Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Landscapes of Diversity: A Local Political Ecology of Livelihood Diversification in South-Western Niger

The landscapes created by livelihood diversification in rural Africa result from human activity, from biophysical processes, and from their interrelations. The paper explores these interrelationships through analysis of ‘productive bricolage’ -the ways in which rural people in one of Africa’s most disadvantaged countries have constructed a livelihood system that is a response to local constraints and opportunities, and to broader patterns of income-generating possibilities. Zarma farmers in south-west Niger inhabit a region where the political economy has helped fuel economic migration and a partial withdrawal from agriculture, and has significantly altered social relationships and labour patterns in and between households. Zarma responses to these conditions include income diversification, and these activities are expressed in their fields and their farms, as well as in their economic and locational choices. Attempts to build bridges between the concerns of a geographically aware ‘local political ecology’, concerned with these patterns of livelihood dynamics and resource use, and the new cultural geography of landscape must continue to pay attention to material practices enacted through human agency. Social and environmental change is a fluid, non-linear, and dynamic process in drylands that are marginal to the globalized economic system.
On the Placement Delivery Array Design for Centralized Coded Caching Scheme

Caching is a promising solution to satisfy the ever-increasing demands for the multi-media traffics. In caching networks, coded caching is a recently proposed technique that achieves significant performance gains over the uncoded caching schemes. However, to implement the coded caching schemes, each file has to be split into <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$F$ </tex-math></inline-formula> packets, which usually increases exponentially with the number of users <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Thus, designing caching schemes that decrease the order of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$F$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is meaningful for practical implementations. In this paper, by reviewing the Ali-Niesen caching scheme, the placement delivery array (PDA) design problem is first formulated to characterize the placement issue and the delivery issue with a single array. Moreover, we show that, through designing appropriate PDA, new centralized coded caching schemes can be discovered. Second, it is shown that the Ali-Niesen scheme corresponds to a special class of PDA, which realizes the best coding gain with the least <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$F$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Third, we present a new construction of PDA for the centralized coded caching system, wherein the cache size <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at each user (identical cache size is assumed at all users) and the number of files <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> satisfies <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M/N=1/q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${(q-1)}/{q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is an integer, such that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q\geq 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The new construction can decrease the required <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$F$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from the order <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(e^{K\cdot (({M}/{N})\ln ({N}/{M}) +(1-({M}/{N}))\ln ~(N/(N-M))})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of Ali-Niesen scheme to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(e^{K\cdot ({M}/{N})\ln \! \,({N}/\! {M})})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(e^{K\cdot (1-({M}/\! {N}))\ln \! \,(N/(N-M))})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively, while the coding gain loss is only 1.
Event‐related potential activity in the basal ganglia differentiates rewards from nonrewards: Response to commentary

We recently demonstrated that the feedback negativity may be better understood as a reward‐related positivity that is absent on nonreward trials, and source localization revealed that this reward response may reflect activity in the striatum. In a commentary on our report, Cohen et al. argue against this latter finding, claiming it is unlikely that the striatum contributes to the scalp‐recorded event‐related potential. We disagree with the line of reasoning presented by Cohen et al., and we respond here to each of their points. Based on all the available evidence, we argue that the striatum is a plausible generator of a reward‐related response observed at the scalp, and this possibility warrants further investigation. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does teachers’ negotiation of personal cases in an interactive cyber forum contribute to their professional learning?

In this article, we explore an interactive learning process in a digital forum that focused on personal cases drawn from student teachers’ classroom experience. To this end, we combined theoretical and methodological frameworks of knowledge‐based and discourse‐analytic perspectives that enabled us to uncover evidence showing what the students may have learnt and how this process of learning unfolded. Following Shulman’s categories of knowledge, a priori content analysis highlighted the contents of the learning process. In addition, the four‐world analysis focused on the interactional dimensions of the forum. The first analysis revealed lack of references to theory and intensive investment in the interpersonal domain (context knowledge category). The second analysis foregrounded the discursive construction of two collectives of student teachers: the experienced and the inexperienced whose verbal behavior echoed the tense co‐existence of new teachers and old timers. The implications of these findings for teacher education programs are presented at the end of the article.
A PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM FOR AN INTERNATIONAL‐LEVEL TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETE

This study outlined the development, implementation, and evaluation of an intervention strategy that was designed to improve the technical skill and performance of an international-level pole vaulter. Intervention, in the form of a prompting and shaping procedure, consisted of breaking a photoelectric beam with the hands at the moment of take-off. The height of the beam was gradually increased until the vaulter reached maximum arm extension at take-off. Increase in arm extension was matched by an increase in bar height clearance.
Phospholipase Activities in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Acanthamoeba

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba infections remain incompletely understood. Phospholipases are known to cleave phospholipids, suggesting their possible involvement in the host cell plasma membrane disruption leading to host cell penetration and lysis. The aims of the present study were to determine phospholipase activities in Acanthamoeba and to determine their roles in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Using an encephalitis isolate (T1 genotype), a keratitis isolate (T4 genotype), and an environmental isolate (T7 genotype), we demonstrated that Acanthamoeba exhibited phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and phospholipase D (PLD) activities in a spectrophotometry-based assay. Interestingly, the encephalitis isolates of Acanthamoeba exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared with the keratitis isolates, but the environmental isolates exhibited the highest phospholipase activities. Moreover, Acanthamoeba isolates exhibited higher PLD activities compared with the PLA(2). Acanthamoeba exhibited optimal phospholipase activities at 37℃ and at neutral pH indicating their physiological relevance. The functional role of phospholipases was determined by in vitro assays using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. We observed that a PLD-specific inhibitor, i.e., compound 48/80, partially inhibited Acanthamoeba encephalitis isolate cytotoxicity of the host cells, while PLA(2)-specific inhibitor, i.e., cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, had no effect on parasite-mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity. Overall, the T7 exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared to the T4. In contract, the T7 exhibited minimal binding to, or cytotoxicity of, HBMEC.
Extended Family Living Among Older People in Six Latin American Countries

This study examined and compared demographic and urban/rural residence underpinnings to people 60 and over living in an extended family household in six Latin American countries. Household samples of the World Fertility Survey gathered in the middle 1970s were used as was a combination of crosstabular and logit techniques. We found that in contrast to Western countries a majority of the elderly population lived in extended family households. This was more likely in the Dominican Republic than in Colombia Costa Rica Panama or Peru which was in turn more likely than in Mexico. However such differences were most apparent among the married not the unmarried. In all countries unmarried people were more likely to live in extended family households than were married people. Among unmarried elderly the likelihood was greater for women than for men. Contrary to initial expectations neither urban/rural residence nor age among the elderly themselves tended to be important. (EXCERPT)
Embodied Knowing in Online Environments

In higher education, the conventional design of educational programs emphasises imparting knowledge and skills, in line with traditional Western epistemology. This emphasis is particularly evident in the design and implementation of many undergraduate programs in which bodies of knowledge and skills are decontextualised from the practices to which they belong. In contrast, the notion of knowledge as foundational and absolute has been extensively challenged. A transformation and pluralisation has occurred: knowledge has come to be seen as situated and localized into various ‘knowledges’, and the status of the body has taken on renewed significance in epistemological debates. Rather than thinking of knowledge as transcending the body, the embodiment of knowledge has become a key factor in understanding the nature of knowledge and what it means to know. In this paper, we adopt a phenomenological perspective in exploring the notion of embodied knowing as it relates to higher education programs and, more specifically, the ways in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) are used in these programs.
German acquisitions in Poland: an empirical study on integration management and integration success

This study investigates the effects of integration change on the integration success of German acquisitions in Poland. It is argued that the degree of integration change has a positive impact on two success measures, namely, economic growth and efficient co-operation, in the acquisition target. It is further argued that process transparency, participation and positive reinforcement are moderators in this relationship between degree of integration change and integration success. Hypotheses are tested on 521 Polish employees from twenty-nine German acquisitions made in Poland between 1991 and 1999. The results show that there was a positive relationship between degree of integration change and integration success as expected and that only process transparency emerged as a significant moderator of this relationship. Consequences for post-acquisition management after German acquisitions in Poland and limitations of the study are discussed.
“I Am Just an Ordinary Person …”: Spiritual Reminiscence in Older People with Memory Loss

SUMMARY One of the greatest challenges to people diagnosed with dementia is their search for meaning leading to the development of effective coping strategies as their memory loss and confusion progresses. The challenge for carers is to learn ways of entering the world of people who have difficulties communicating and have behaviour problems, assisting them to communicate more effectively by responding to their interests and needs, and listening to their emotions expressed in various ways. Strategies are being developed for supporting and affirming personhood in those people who are often isolated and withdrawn from even their closest friends and relatives. Spiritual reminiscence work is one way of helping older people with memory loss find meaning in their lives as they cope with the day to day difficulties of memory loss and prepare for death. This paper will present the results from indepth interviews from 16 participants in a larger study exploring memory loss and spiritual reminiscence. Themes arising from the data analysis revolve around notions of relationships, loneliness, family and attendance at worship.
Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness, Psychosocial Dysfunction and Suffering in ESSENCE

Background. The acronym ESSENCE (Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations) highlights that children seeking clinical treatment are often multiply impaired, thus requiring treatment from several specialties. The aim was to map and relate, on a population level, ESSENCE to two salient predictors of health and adaptation to adversities, namely, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness and also to dysfunction and suffering. Methods. Participants were twins (N = 1892) aged 9 or 12 whose parents were interviewed with the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Comorbidities inventory (A-TAC), and the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (J-TCI). The A-TAC was first used to discern four ESSENCE-related screening diagnoses: autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, and developmental coordination disorder; second, to quantify dysfunction and suffering in important social areas. Results. ESSENCE symptoms were continuously and categorically associated with deficiency in Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness and higher ratings of dysfunction and suffering. The impact of ESSENCE symptoms on these measures of mental health was found in a milder form in about 16% of all children and in a severe form in about 2%. Conclusion. Therapeutic interventions focusing on Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness might provide a novel method for child psychiatry in its approach to ESSENCE.
Presidential Campaign Announcements: A Third-Party Variant

In this essay, I argue through analysis of the genre of campaign announcements that third-party presidential candidates have rhetorical norms of their own that address their unique challenges as political outsiders. Specifically, I contend that their announcements are a variant of the announcement genre and are warranted by the recurring situational barriers, perceived strategic constraints, and overall purposes for minor-party presidential campaigns. In addition to offering an alternative theory of third-party announcements based on analysis of over 40 such statements, I provide three case studies—including statements by Progressive Henry Wallace, Independent Eugene McCarthy, and Reform Party nominee Patrick Buchanan—to demonstrate this variant of the genre. Finally, I conclude by discussing the implications of this study for understanding third-party rhetoric.
GABAA receptor deficits predict recovery in patients with disorders of consciousness: A preliminary multimodal [11C]Flumazenil PET and fMRI study

Disorders of consciousness (DoC)—that is, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state and minimally conscious state—are debilitating conditions for which no reliable markers of consciousness recovery have yet been identified. Evidence points to the GABAergic system being altered in DoC, making it a potential target as such a marker.
How to Read Less: Better Machine Assisted Reading Methods for Systematic Literature Reviews

Context: Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are the primary method for aggregating and synthesizing evidence in evidence-based software engineering. Primary study selection is a critical and time-consuming SLR step in which reviewers use titles, abstracts, or even full texts to evaluate thousands of studies to find the dozens of them that are relevant to the research questions. Objective: We seek to reduce the effort of primary study selection in SLRs with machine assisted reading techniques. Method: In this paper we explore and refactor the state-of-the-art machine assisted reading techniques from both evidence-based medicine and legal electronic discovery to support SLRs. By refactoring those methods, we discovered FASTREAD, which is a new state-of-the-art in machine assisted primary studies for SLRs. Tested on two data sets generated from existing SLRs of Hall, Wahono, et al., FASTREAD outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods. Results: Using FASTREAD, it is possible to find 90% of the studies found by standard manual methods, but after only reading less than 10% of the candidate studies. Conclusions: With the help of FASTREAD, conducting an SLR is much more efficient and less difficult. Software Engineering researchers now have no excuse: they should conduct SLRs.
Adenovirus 36, adiposity, and bone strength in late‐adolescent females

Adenovirus 36 (Ad36) is the only adenovirus to date that has been linked with obesity in humans. Our previous studies in late‐adolescent females suggest that excess weight in the form of fat mass is associated with lower cortical bone strength. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between Ad36‐specific antibodies, adiposity, and bone strength in our sample of late‐adolescent females. A cross‐sectional study of 115 females aged 18 to 19 years was performed. Participants were classified according to adiposity by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (body fat percentage as normal‐fat [ < 32% body fat; n = 93] or high‐fat [ ≥ 32% body fat; n = 22]), and according to the presence of Ad36‐specific neutralizing antibodies. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography measured bone parameters at the 4% (trabecular bone) and 20% (cortical bone) site, and muscle cross‐sectional area (MCSA) at the 66% site, from the distal metaphyses of the radius and the tibia. Bone strength was determined from volumetric bone mineral density and bone geometry to calculate bone strength index (BSI; trabecular site) and polar strength–strain index (SSI; cortical site). After adjustment for MCSA and limb length, radial SSI was lower in Ad36+ versus Ad36– subjects from the high‐fat group (p < 0.03), but not the normal‐fat group. No significant differences were observed between groups in tibial SSI or BSI. These data support an association of adiposity and cortical bone strength at the radius with the presence of neutralizing antibodies to Ad36 in late‐adolescent females. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Social integration of handicapped and nonhandicapped preschoolers

Nancy L. Peterson, PhD Associate Professor Department of Special Education University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas AS MAINSTREAMING and integrated programs have gained greater popularity as alternative approaches to early intervention, researchers have begun to examine the social dynamics among handicapped and nonhandicapped children in integrated settings. To what extent the physical integration of such preschoolers in one classroom results in actual social integration has been of concern.
Dynamic hyperinflation with bronchoconstriction: differences between obese and nonobese women with asthma.

RATIONALE Symptoms and respiratory function tests may be difficult to assess and interpret in obese patients with asthma, particularly if the asthma is severe. It is unclear whether the dynamic changes that occur during bronchoconstriction differ between obese versus nonobese patients with asthma. OBJECTIVES To explore whether the changes in airway caliber and lung volumes that occur with acute bronchoconstriction are different in obese and nonobese patients with asthma and whether any differences contribute to the quality and intensity of symptoms. METHODS Thirty female patients with asthma were studied. Spirometry, lung volume measurements, and dyspnea scores were obtained before and immediately after bronchoconstriction induced by methacholine, aiming to provoke a reduction in FEV1 of 30%. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Body mass index was independently associated with changes in lung volume after adjustment for baseline airway caliber and hyperresponsiveness. Increases in functional residual capacity and decreases in inspiratory capacity were significantly greater in obese participants (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Changes in respiratory function, notably dynamic hyperinflation, are greater in obese individuals with bronchoconstriction. This may potentially alter the perception and assessment of asthma severity in obese patients with asthma.
Mothers' strategies in handling the prematurely born infant: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION Family, especially mother, is faced with numerous challenges by experiencing a premature birth. Since knowing about mother's efforts regarding prematurely born infant helps us in our comprehensive understanding of the impact of this incident on the family system and its performance. The present study was carried out to explore the mothers' strategies regarding prematurely born infant. METHODS In a conventional qualitative content analysis, data was collected through purposive sampling by semi-structured deep interviews with 18 mothers who had prematurely born infant during 2012-2013 in the teaching hospitals of the north and northwest of Iran. All the interviews were recorded, typed, and finally analyzed. RESULTS Data analysis resulted in the extraction of categories of "asking for help, elevating capacity and reducing personal responsibilities and commitments". These categories were revealed in mothers respectively by the different sub-categories of "religious appeal and relying on beliefs, seeking information from the treatment and caring team, participating in infant's care, companionship and support of family and friends","focusing on positive thinking and imagination, patience and strength " and "ignoring some routine affairs and reducing role-related activities and duties". CONCLUSION Considering the uniqueness of the mother's role in responding to the needs of infants, healthcare system should consider mothers as real target in the intervention strategies in order to promote health and quality of life, so maybe this way, the burden of care and management of critical situations caused by a premature birth on the mother can be reduced.
Convergent extension movements in growth plate chondrocytes require gpi-anchored cell surface proteins

Proteins that are localized to the cell surface via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchors have been proposed to regulate cell signaling and cell adhesion events involved in tissue patterning. Conditional deletion of Piga, which encodes the catalytic subunit of an essential enzyme in the gpi-biosynthetic pathway, in the lateral plate mesoderm results in normally patterned limbs that display chondrodysplasia. Analysis of mutant and mosaic Piga cartilage revealed two independent cell autonomous defects. First, loss of Piga function interferes with signal reception by chondrocytes as evidenced by delayed maturation. Second, the proliferative chondrocytes, although present, fail to flatten and arrange into columns. We present evidence that the abnormal organization of mutant proliferative chondrocytes results from errors in cell intercalation. Collectively, our data suggest that the distinct morphological features of the proliferative chondrocytes result from a convergent extension-like process that is regulated independently of chondrocyte maturation.