Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morbidity differences by occupational class among men in seven European countries: an application of the Erikson-Goldthorpe social class scheme.

BACKGROUND This paper describes morbidity differences according to occupational class among men from France, Switzerland, (West) Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden. METHODS Data were obtained from national health interview surveys or similar surveys between 1986 and 1992. Four morbidity indicators were included. For each country, individual-level data on occupation were recorded according to one standard occupational class scheme: the Erikson-Goldthorpe social class scheme. To describe the pattern of morbidity by occupational class, odds ratios (OR) were calculated for each class using the average of the population as a reference. The size of morbidity differences was summarized by the OR of two broad hierarchical classes. All OR were age-adjusted. RESULTS For all countries, a lower than average prevalence of morbidity was found for higher and lower administrators and professionals as well as for routine nonmanual workers, whereas a higher than average prevalence was found for skilled and unskilled manual workers and agricultural workers. Self-employed men were in general healthier than the average population. The relative health of farmers differed between countries. The morbidity difference between manual workers and the class of administrators and professionals was approximately equally large in all countries. Consistently larger inequality estimates, with no or slightly overlapping confidence intervals, were only found for Sweden in comparison with Germany. CONCLUSIONS Thanks to the use of a common social class scheme in each country, a high degree of comparability was achieved. The results suggest that morbidity differences according to occupational class among men are very similar between different European countries.
Light energy transmission and Vickers hardness ratio of bulk-fill resin based composites at different thicknesses cured by a dual-wave or a single-wave light curing unit.

PURPOSE To quantify light energy transmission through two bulk-fill resin-based composites and to measure the top to bottom surface Vickers hardness ratio (VHratio) of samples of various incremental thicknesses, using either a single-wave or dual-wave light curing unit (LCU). METHODS Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TECBF) and SonicFill (SF) were studied. Using MARC-RC, the irradiance delivered to the top surface of the samples 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm thick (n= 5 for each thickness) was adjusted to 800 mW/cm2 for 20 seconds (16 J/cm2) using either a single-wave, Bluephase or a dual-wave, Bluephase G2 LCUs. Light energy transmission through to the bottom surface of the specimens was measured at real time using MARC-RC. The Vickers hardness (VH) was determined using Vickers micro hardness tester and the VHratio was calculated. Data were analyzed using a general linear model in Minitab 16; α= 0.05. RESULTS TECBF was more translucent than SF (P< 0.05). The mean VHratio was higher than 80% in 2, 3 and 4 mm increment thickness for both materials (except for 4 mm TECBF when cured with the dual-wave Bluephase G2). SF showed significantly higher VH ratio than TECBF at all different thickness levels (P< 0.05), except at the 2 mm level (P> 0.05). TECBF showed significantly greater VH ratio when cured with the single-wave Bluephase than when using the dual-wave Bluephase G2 (P< 0.05). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The transmission of light energy through to the bottom surface and the VHratio are material dependent. Although TECBF is more translucent than SF, it showed lower VHratio compared to SF when cured with dual-wave Bluephase G2.
ASYMPTOTIC OPTIMIZATION OF A NONLINEAR HYBRID SYSTEM GOVERNED BY A MARKOV DECISION PROCESS

We consider in this paper a continuous time stochastic hybrid control system with finite time horizon. The objective is to minimize a nonlinear function of the state trajectory. The state evolves according to a nonlinear dynamics. The parameters of the dynamics of the system may change at discrete times l , l = 0, 1, . , according to a controlled Markov chain which has finite state and action spaces. Under the assumption that is a small parameter, we justify an averaging procedure allowing us to establish that our problem can be approximated by the solution of some deterministic optimal control problem.
Effects of Local Anesthetics on Articular Cartilage

Background: Recent basic science studies have demonstrated local anesthetic chondrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro in both human and animal cartilage. Clinically, chondrolysis associated with the use of intra-articular local anesthetic pain pumps has been described by several groups. This has raised concern regarding the clinical use of intra-articular local anesthetics. Methods: The authors undertook a review of the current orthopaedic literature on local anesthetic chondrotoxicity and its potential relationship to clinical chondrolysis. Results: Local anesthetics such as bupivacaine, lidocaine, and ropivacaine are chondotroxic to human articular cartilage in vitro, although ropivacaine is less so. The evidence suggests that there is a greater risk for chondrolysis with a longer exposure to a higher concentration of local anesthetic, such as with a pain pump, than with a single injection. However, late cellular and metabolic changes are seen after even a single injection of bupivacaine in animal models, and the loss of an intact cartilage matrix also leads to more extensive chondrocyte death. Some studies suggest that additives and the pH of the local anesthetic solution may also play a role in chondrotoxicity. Conclusion: Intra-articular local anesthetics should be used with caution, especially continuous infusions of bupivacaine and lidocaine at high concentrations in joints with compromised cartilage. The consequences of a single intra-articular injection of local anesthetic remains unclear and requires further investigation. Clinical Relevance: Intra-articular use of local anesthetics may have lasting detrimental effects on human articular cartilage and chondrocytes, although the clinical relationship between local anesthetic exposure and chondrolysis requires further study.
Membership Claims and Requests: Conversation-Level Newcomer Socialization Strategies in Online Groups

Early socialization experiences have a long-term impact on newcomers’ satisfaction, performance, and intention to stay in a group. We know that newcomers proactively shape their own socialization, but we know little about the behavioral tactics they employ, or how the words they choose affect their acceptance by the group. The present article highlights three common conversational strategies of newcomers to online groups: (a) group-based membership claims, in which newcomers describe initial participation in the group; (b) identity-based membership claims, in which they describe their similarity to the group’s focal social category; and (c) information requests, in which they ask for help. Using machine learning to identify these conversational strategies automatically in 12,000 newcomers’ messages to approximately 100 online groups, we find that they are correlated with increased group responsiveness. We follow this analysis with two controlled field experiments to demonstrate that when individuals attest to previous group participation and make specific requests for information, community responsiveness increases, but claims of shared identity with the group have no impact.
Reasons for Participating in a Serious Leisure Career: Comparison of Canadian and U.S. Masters Swimmers

For Canadian and United States Masters swimmers we examined how career contingencies (age, sex, familial status, and stage of swimming experience) were linked to benefits derived (personal and social rewards - importance of reasons for participation) from their pursuit of this serious leisure sport career. From questionnaire data on convenience samples of Masters swimmers, Canadian (337) and U.S. (363), we identified reasons for adult participation in competitive swimming, measured the relative importance of reasons, and ascertained whether the relative importance of reasons varied by age, sex, familial roles, or swimming experience. A factor analysis of 25 reason statements extracted six factors (sociability, achievement, fitness, skill development, enjoyment, and tension release). A series of regression models specified which career contingency variables were linked to each reason and whether differences existed across samples. In sum, Canadian and U.S. swimmers generally endorsed similar reasons for participation. U.S. swimmers assigned greater importance than Canadians to achievement, fitness, and tension release. For the career contingencies: fitness, sociability, and enjoyment were important to females; all ages viewed fitness, achievement, skill development and sociability as important; and stage of swimming experience was linked to relative importance assigned to skill development and achievement.
An Analysis of Processor-Memory Interconnection Networks

An interference analysis of the interconnection networks (IN's) for tightly coupled multiprocessors is presented in this correspondence. The interconnections considered are crossbars and delta networks. Two situations are examined: when a memory module is equally likely to be addressed by a processor and when a processor has a favorite memory. It is shown that for a higher rate of favorite requests, the delta networks perform close to a crossbar.
Automatic medical disease treatment system using datamining

In our proposed system is identifying reliable information in the medical domain stand as building blocks for a healthcare system that is up-to-date with the latest discoveries. By using the tools such as NLP, ML techniques. In this research, focus on diseases and treatment information, and the relation that exists between these two entities. The main goal of this research is to identify the disease name with the symptoms specified and extract the sentence from the article and get the Relation that exists between Disease-Treatment and classify the information into cure, prevent, side effect to the user.This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document.
No Pain Is Sane After All: A Foucauldian Analysis of Masculinities and Men¿s Experiences in Rugby

In this article we present research that used Foucauldian theorizing to examine the articulations between masculinities and men’s rugby union experiences of pain, fear, and pleasure. Data was collected via semistructured interviews with 14 New Zealand men of diverse rugby backgrounds. Results suggested that although rugby provided an influential discursive space for the negotiation of masculinities, these negotiations did not result in the simple (re)production of dominating discourses of masculinity. This finding supports the judgment that sport does not consistently or unambiguously produce culturally dominant conceptions of masculinities. The interview accounts revealed, nevertheless, that the games of truth surrounding rugby and masculinities were not played in an equitable manner. This finding helps justify concern about the social significance of popular heavy-contact sports and gendering processes. A strategy of resistance based on the resurrection of marginalized knowledges is discussed.
Electronic Chromoendoscopy : Potentials and Limits

Precancers and early cancers are often subtle and can pose a challenge to gastroenterologists attempting to visualize them using standard white light endoscopy. The use of dye solutions aids the diagnosis of early gastrointestinal cancers; however, the constant use of dye solutions is cumbersome, and the solution often hinders observation by pooling in lesion depressions or ulcerations. To overcome this weakness, newer endoscopes have been developed that allow for “electronic chromoendoscopy” The term electronic chromoendoscopy refers to endoscopic imaging technologies that provide detailed contrast enhancement of the mucosal surface and blood vessels. Electronic chromoendoscopy technologies include narrow-band imaging (NBI), i-scans, and flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE).
An investigation of possibilities and limitations of ‘education borrowing’ in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago

This doctoral research investigates possibilities and limitations of 'education borrowing' in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago in the midst of competing objectives of improving quality in secondary education, encouragement of 'sharing' by the international community and the impulses towards the 'centre'. Two types of 'borrowing' are identified. The first involves 'horizontal borrowing', in which countries borrow from each other in the manner suggested by UNESCO and Commonwealth Secretariat policy documents. The second involves 'vertical borrowing' in which states are influenced by policies from the 'centre', usually countries of powerful significance due to relationships with the metropole or in the bid to raise achievement. The thesis analyzes literature on both types of 'education borrowing' and identifies policies encouraging 'horizontal borrowing' by the international community. Fieldwork was undertaken to identify pulses of foreign influence and innovation for policies in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. 50 interviews and 87 hours of observation for the purpose of triangulation took place between January - November 2007. Respondents include teachers, heads of departments, senior school managers, policymakers, local academics and members of regional and international institutions. Mathematics curricula and teaching were selected as the focus for examining policy. Drawing on the policy review and fieldwork data, patterns of policy 'borrowing' in the Caribbean are uncovered and considerations for policymakers are noted. There are two main findings: 1) Despite encouragement by UNESCO and Commonwealth Secretariat policy documents, there was no evidence of 'horizontal borrowing' between Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago and 2) Possibilities for cross-national attraction were limited due to the overriding attention paid to the global 'centre' for 'vertical borrowing' rather than concern for regional growth and cohesion. There appear to be three tenets of limitations to 'horizontal borrowing': 1) Island policymakers look internationally for innovation, thereby rejecting policies advocating 'borrowing' from each other; 2) Sharing is not part of the island histories and cultures; and 3) Forces of tradition bind existing teaching and education values. Although some of the implications of this thesis may be valuable in other contexts, the findings cannot be extrapolated to the whole of the Caribbean, to other small states or to developing countries in general. As states are often treated similarly in policies advocating 'horizontal borrowing', more analysis is needed to unpack patterns of influence, dynamics of change and the needs of under-researched countries.
Sailing Through Troubled Waters: Palestinian Christians in the Holy Land

For many people the names “Arab Christians” and “Palestinian Christians” seem to be oxymoronic. Christianity was, however, born in the Middle East, in a little town called Bethlehem. This article explores the ways in which Palestinian Christians, a minority group in both Palestine and Israel, relate to both Jews and Muslims in Palestine and Israel. Though there is no covert persecution of Palestinian Christians, they face the same trials as other Arabs and Muslims in Palestine, due to the current policies and actions of the Israeli government and to the current “war on terrorism. ” In fact, Christians in Palestine become easy targets for both those enraged by and supportive of the US declaration of war. At the same time, they offer the world an example of healthy Christian–Muslim relations. Perhaps too, Palestinian Christians can be the bridge between the Jewish and Muslim communities in the Holy Land.
Automatic landing on aircraft carrier by visual servoing

The landing on carrier is a very difficult task even for trained pilots. This paper presents a method to land automatically using aircraft sensors and three visual features inspired by visual cues used by pilots. These features whose link with the aircraft state is established, are introduced in a control scheme using a linearized aircraft model. The control law demonstrates a large convergence domain using simulated visual features and a 3D tracker applied on synthetic images.
Second language fluency: speaking style or proficiency? Correcting measures of second language fluency for first language behavior

In second language (L2) research and testing, measures of oral fluency are used as diagnostics for proficiency. However, fluency is also determined by personality or speaking style, raising the question to what extent L2 fluency measures are valid indicators of L2 proficiency. In this study, we obtained a measure of L2 (Dutch) proficiency (vocabulary knowledge), L2 fluency measures, and fluency measures that were corrected for first language behavior from the same group of Turkish and English native speakers (N = 51). For most measures of fluency, except for silent pause duration, both the corrected and the uncorrected measures significantly predicted L2 proficiency. For syllable duration, the corrected measure was a stronger predictor of L2 proficiency than was the uncorrected measure. We conclude that for L2 research purposes, as well as for some types of L2 testing, it is useful to obtain corrected measures of syllable duration to measure L2-specific fluency.
Time course of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) abnormality in human stroke

Diffusion-weighted MRI can rapidly detect acute cerebral ischemic injury as hyperintense signal changes, reflecting a decline in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water through brain parenchyma, whereas ADC is elevated in the chronic stage because of increased extracellular water content. To determine the time course of these ADC changes, we analyzed 157 diffusion-weighted MRI studies performed at varying time points from the initial ischemic event from 101 patients. Data were expressed as the relative ADC (rADC), the ratio of lesion to control regions of interest. We observed two phases in the time course of rADC changes in acute human stroke: a significant (p < 0.005) reduction in rADC lasting for at least 96 hours from stroke onset (mean, 58.3% of control; SEM, 1.47) and an increasing trend from reduction to pseudonormalization to elevation of rADC values at later subacute to chronic time points (≥7 days). We suggest that the persistent reduction of rADC within the first four days may reflect ongoing or progressive cytotoxic edema to a greater degree than extracellular edema and cell lysis.
The Role of Parents and Family Members in ART Treatment Adherence: Evidence From Thailand

High levels of treatment adherence are crucial for the success of expanding antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment programs everywhere. Augmenting adherence through treatment supporters is one promising strategy. Most discussions focus on peers, especially members of persons with HIV/AIDS (PHA) groups, for this purpose. Far less attention is given to family members and especially older age parents. Yet ART recipients often live with or nearby parents and other family members who are highly motivated to ensure the treatment’s success. This study examines the extent that family members, especially parents, assist adherence in Thailand. Results indicate that most adult ART patients live with family members and more than half live with or in the same locality as a parent. Family members, including parents, commonly remind ART patients to take medications, especially if coresident. Moreover, parents often remind patients to get resupplies and sometimes accompany them to appointments. Clearly close family members, including parents, should be explicitly incorporated into adherence augmentation programs and provided adequate information to facilitate their role as long-term adherence partners, not only in Thailand but wherever ART recipients are closely linked to family members through living and caregiving arrangements.
Knowledge hiding in organizations

Summary Despite the efforts to enhance knowledge transfer in organizations, success has been elusive. It is becoming clear that in many instances employees are unwilling to share their knowledge even when organizational practices are designed to facilitate transfer. Consequently, this paper develops and investigates a novel construct, knowledge hiding. We establish that knowledge hiding exists, we distinguish knowledge hiding from related concepts (knowledge hoarding and knowledge sharing), and we develop a multidimensional measure of this construct. We also identify several predictors of knowledge hiding in organizations. The results of three studies, using different methods, suggest that knowledge hiding is comprised of three related factors: evasive hiding, rationalized hiding, and playing dumb. Each of these hiding behaviors is predicted by distrust, yet each also has a different set of interpersonal and organizational predictors. We draw implications for future research on knowledge management. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Categorical Speech Processing in Broca's Area: An fMRI Study Using Multivariate Pattern-Based Analysis

Although much effort has been directed toward understanding the neural basis of speech processing, the neural processes involved in the categorical perception of speech have been relatively less studied, and many questions remain open. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we probed the cortical regions mediating categorical speech perception using an advanced brain-mapping technique, whole-brain multivariate pattern-based analysis (MVPA). Normal healthy human subjects (native English speakers) were scanned while they listened to 10 consonant–vowel syllables along the /ba/–/da/ continuum. Outside of the scanner, individuals' own category boundaries were measured to divide the fMRI data into /ba/ and /da/ conditions per subject. The whole-brain MVPA revealed that Broca's area and the left pre-supplementary motor area evoked distinct neural activity patterns between the two perceptual categories (/ba/ vs /da/). Broca's area was also found when the same analysis was applied to another dataset (Raizada and Poldrack, 2007), which previously yielded the supramarginal gyrus using a univariate adaptation–fMRI paradigm. The consistent MVPA findings from two independent datasets strongly indicate that Broca's area participates in categorical speech perception, with a possible role of translating speech signals into articulatory codes. The difference in results between univariate and multivariate pattern-based analyses of the same data suggest that processes in different cortical areas along the dorsal speech perception stream are distributed on different spatial scales.