Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of thermal acclimation on power production during swimming. I. In vivo stimulation and length change pattern of scup red muscle.

Ectothermal animals are able to locomote in a kinematically similar manner over a wide range of temperatures. It has long been recognized that there can be a significant reduction in the power output of muscle during swimming at low temperatures because of the reduced steady-state (i.e. constant activation and shortening velocity) power-generating capabilities of muscle. However, an additional reduction in power involves the interplay between the non-steady-state contractile properties of the muscles (i.e. the rates of activation and relaxation) and the in vivo stimulation and length change pattern the muscle undergoes during locomotion. In particular, it has been found that isolated scup (Stenotomus chrysops) red muscle working under in vivo stimulus and length change conditions (measured in warm-acclimated scup swimming at low temperatures) generates very little power for swimming. Even though the relaxation of the muscle has slowed greatly, warm-acclimated fish swim with the same tail-beat frequencies and the same stimulus duty cycles at cold temperatures, thereby not affording the slow-relaxing muscle any extra time to relax. We hypothesize that considerable improvement in the power output of the red muscle at low temperatures could be achieved if cold acclimation resulted in either a faster muscle relaxation rate or in the muscle being given more time to relax (e.g. by shortening the stimulus duration or reducing the tail-beat frequency). We test these hypotheses in this paper and the accompanying paper. Scup were acclimated to 10 degrees C (cold-acclimated) and 20 degrees C (warm-acclimated) for at least 6 weeks. Electromyograms (EMGs) and high-speed cine films were taken of fish swimming steadily at 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C. At 10 degrees C, we found that, although there were no differences in tail-beat frequency, muscle strain or stimulation phase between acclimation groups, cold-acclimated scup had EMG duty cycles approximately 20 % shorter than warm-acclimated scup. In contrast at 20 degrees C, there was no difference between acclimation groups in EMG duty cycle, nor in any other muscle length change or stimulation parameter. Thus, in response to cold acclimation, there appears to be a reduction in EMG duty cycle at low swimming temperatures that is probably due to an alteration in the operation of the pattern generator. This novel acclimation probably improves muscle power output at low temperatures compared with that of warm-acclimated fish, an expectation we test in the accompanying paper using the work-loop technique.
Livelihood Outcomes of Migration for Poor People

Understanding poverty and poor people’s livelihoods, sustainable or not, has become an important focus within international development literatures and policy debates. A livelihoods approach understands poverty as more than just insufficient income. The Sustainable Livelihoods approach favoured by DFID defines livelihoods as ‘the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living’ (Carney 1998: 213). Meanwhile, broader understandings of livelihoods stress the active seeking of livelihoods as ‘the tactical and strategic behaviour of impoverished people’ (Whitehead 2002: 576), such that livelihoods are ‘the diverse ways in which people make a living and build their worlds’ (Whitehead 2002: 577). In the absence of a fully developed cash economy or social contract, or where there is inadequate social protection provided by the state, this framework seeks above all to describe and analyse how groups of people pool their resources and diversify their activities in order to reduce risk, co-insure one another, and manage the investment and distribution of resources to ensure individual well-being in the present and foreseeable future. It refers to all productive activity undertaken by a social group or by individuals, their portfolio of activities, including (and perhaps especially) those that are nonformal in nature. These ‘social groups’ are understood in the literature to be micro units or households, and broadly refer to nuclear, fluid, and extended households. Better management of households is likely to be associated with better well being of members (Whitehead 2002).
Herbig Ae/Be Stars in the Magellanic Bridge

We have found Herbig Ae/Be star candidates in the western region of the Magellanic Bridge. Using the near-infrared camera SIRIUS and the 1.4 m telescope IRSF, we surveyed ~3.0° × 1.3° (24° ≲ α ≲ 36°, -75.0° ≲ δ ≲ -73.7°) in the J, H, and Ks bands. On the basis of colors and magnitudes, about 200 Herbig Ae/Be star candidates are selected. Considering the contaminations by miscellaneous sources, such as foreground stars and early-type dwarfs in the Magellanic Bridge, we estimate that about 80 (≈40%) of the candidates are likely to be Herbig Ae/Be stars. We also found one concentration of the candidates at the young star cluster NGC 796, strongly suggesting the existence of pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars in the Magellanic Bridge. This is the first detection of PMS star candidates in the Magellanic Bridge, and if they are genuine PMS stars, this could be direct evidence of recent star formation. However, the estimate of the number of Herbig Ae/Be stars depends on the fraction of classical Be stars, and thus a more precise determination of the Be star fraction or observations to differentiate between the Herbig Ae/Be stars and classical Be stars are required.
Exploring the Dance of Early Childhood Educational Leadership

THIS PAPER REPORTS ON the emerging findings of the first year of an inquiry-based professional development program called Educational Leadership in Early Childhood Settings (ELECS). The program was funded by the then Early Childhood Policy and Strategic Projects Division of the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria, Australia) and delivered under the auspices of the Bastow Institute of Educational Leadership. The intent of the program was to support early childhood educational leaders to mentor early childhood educators in the implementation of the Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework (VEYLDF). The paper interweaves some of the initial data drawn from the program evaluations through a review of the early childhood leadership literature. The paper includes examples of participant understandings of themselves as educational leaders and demonstrates how their involvement in the program informed their leadership in relation to the VEYLDF. The paper concludes with a discussion of the outcomes of the program in terms of the participants' changing perceptions of early childhood leadership.
Inhibition by oxonic acid of gastrointestinal toxicity of 5-fluorouracil without loss of its antitumor activity in rats.

The possibility of decreasing the gastrointestinal (GI) toxic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the digestive tract such as its injury of cells and induction of diarrhea, without reducing its antitumor activity, was investigated in rats. Oxonic acid was found to inhibit the phosphorylation of 5-FU to 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate catalyzed by pyrimidine phosphoribosyl-transferase in a different manner from allopurinol in cell-free extracts and intact cells in vitro. On p.o. administration of 5-FU (2 mg/kg) and a potent inhibitor of 5-FU degradation to Yoshida sarcoma-bearing rats, oxonic acid (10 mg/kg) was found to inhibit the formation of 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate from 5-FU and its subsequent incorporation into the RNA fractions of small and large intestine but not of tumor and bone marrow tissues. This selective inhibition of 5-FU phosphorylation in the GI tract was due to the much higher concentrations of oxonic acid in GI tissues than in other tissues and the blood. On p.o. administration with the 5-FU derivative, UFT, which is a combined form of 1 M tegafur and 4 M uracil and usually administered p.o. to cancer patients in Japan, oxonic acid (10-50 mg/kg) markedly reduced injury of GI tissues and/or severe diarrhea without influencing the antitumor effect of UFT. These findings suggest that coadministration of oxonic acid suppresses the GI toxicity of 5-FU and its derivatives without affecting their antitumor activity and thus prolongs the life span of cancer-bearing rats.
A New Privacy Paradox: Young People and Privacy on Social Network Sites

There is a widespread impression that younger people are less concerned with privacy than older people. For example, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg justified changing default privacy settings to allow everyone to see and search for names, gender, city and other information by saying “Privacy is no longer a social norm”. We address this question and test it using a representative sample from Britain based on the Oxford Internet Survey (OxIS). Contrary to conventional wisdom, OxIS shows a negative relationship between age and privacy; young people are actually more likely to have taken action to protect their privacy than older people. Privacy online is a strong social norm. We develop a sociological theory of privacy that accounts for the fact of youth concern. The new privacy paradox is that these sites have become so embedded in the social lives of users that they must disclose information on them despite the fact that these sites do not provide adequate privacy controls.
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 contributes to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart.

BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to collagen degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix after myocardial infarction; however, their role in myocardial dysfunction immediately after ischemia and reperfusion is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured the release of MMPs into the coronary effluent of isolated, perfused rat hearts during aerobic perfusion and reperfusion after ischemia. Aerobically perfused control hearts expressed pro-MMP-2 and MMP-2, as well as an unidentified 75-kDa gelatinase. These enzymes were also detected in the coronary effluent. After 20 minutes of global no-flow ischemia, there was a marked increase in pro-MMP-2 in the coronary effluent that peaked within the first minute of reperfusion. The release of pro-MMP-2 into the coronary effluent during reperfusion was enhanced with increasing duration of ischemia and correlated negatively with the recovery of mechanical function during reperfusion (r(2)=0.99). MMP-2 antibody (1.5 to 15 microg/mL) and the inhibitors of MMPs doxycycline (10 to 100 micromol/L) and o-phenanthroline (3 to 100 micromol/L) improved whereas MMP-2 worsened the recovery of mechanical function during reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS These results show that acute release of MMP-2 during reperfusion after ischemia contributes to cardiac mechanical dysfunction. The inhibition of MMPs may be a novel pharmacological strategy for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Sequential Pattern Mining Based Test Case Regeneration

Automated test generation for object-oriented programs is an essential and yet a difficult task. Many automated test generation approaches produce test cases entirely from the program under test, without considering useful information from already created test cases. This paper presents an approach to regenerate test cases via exploiting frequently-used method call sequences from test repository. Particularly, for an object-oriented program under test, a sequential pattern mining strategy is employed to obtain frequent subsequences of method invocations as sequential patterns from corresponding test repository, and then a GA-based test case regeneration strategy is used to produce new test cases on the basis of the sequential patterns. A prototype called SPM-RGN is developed and is applied to generate test cases for actual Java programs. Empirical results show that SPM-RGN can achieve 47.5%, 11.2% and 4.5% higher branch coverage than three existing automated test generators. Besides, SPM-RGN produces 85.1%, 28.1% and 27.4% shorter test cases than those test generators. Therefore, the test cases generated by SPM-RGN are more effective and easier to understand.
Brugada Electrocardiogram Pattern Induced by Cannabis

no apparent cardiovascular disease had iLVM with shortening of the circumferential and longitudinal fibers as an expression of the deterioration in systolic function, and an increase in left ventricular diastolic pressure as an expression of diastolic dysfunction. These findings were independent of family history of cardiovascular RF, blood pressure, or anthropometric variables. The persistence of increased LVM in the group with iLVM when adjustments were made for different covariables indicates an inadequate response. The reduction in S’ and Vcf in young people with iLVM is an important indication of a general abnormality of the myocardial fibers and is associated with lower afterload following similar preload when compared with the group with aLVM. This finding is indicative of inotropism. Although the absolute values of E/e’ in our study are within the normal range, the increase observed in individuals with iLVM would suggest a slight increase in ventricular filling pressure as an expression of early changes in diastolic function. Although the cross-sectional nature of the study makes it impossible to determine the risk of cardiovascular events in the population studied, the emerging phenotype of the individuals with iLVM is similar to that previously shown in adults, where it was associated with increased risk. These findings support the concept of an inadequate response in the development of iLVM, described here for the first time in young adults. Longitudinal studies are now required to assess the prognostic impact of this subclinical marker of compromised cardiac function in similar populations. Eduardo M. Escudero,* Oscar A. Pinilla, and Irene L. Ennis
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit: Pathogenesis and Response to Acute Throwing

Overhand throwing places high loads and stresses on the joints and tissues of the shoulder and arm. As a result, throwing athletes regularly demonstrate altered shoulder internal and external ranges of motion where internal rotation (IR) is decreased and external rotation is increased in the dominant arm when compared with the nondominant arm. This alteration can exist as a result of alterations to the bones (humeral retroversion), capsule (posterior thickening), or muscle (passive stiffness known as thixotropy). When the amount of IR or total arc of motion difference reaches a certain threshold (typically 20 or more degrees of IR or 8 degrees total arc difference), it is known as glenohumeral internal rotation deficit or total arc of motion deficit. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total arc of motion deficit can cause alterations in biomechanics such as scapular “wind-up” or alteration of glenohumeral joint kinematics, which can in turn lead to clinical findings of impingement and labral pathology. This study will review the causes of motion alteration, effects of altered motion on the throwing motion, provide definitions for the various types of rotation deficits, and how to evaluate and treat rotational deficits.
Globalization and international risk-sharing: do political and social factors matter more than economic integration?

We explore the impact of various forms of globalization upon international risk-sharing applying the KOF globalization indices. The empirical literature, so far, has only investigated economic and financial sides of globalization. By decomposing globalization into its economic, social and political aspects, we gauge the impact of these aspects on the extent of risk-sharing among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), European Monetary Union (EMU) and low and middle income (LMY) countries, obtaining unprecedented results that might shed a light on the open question about the role of globalization in risk-sharing. Our main finding is that noneconomic aspects of globalization are relevant in shaping risk-sharing opportunities. When non-economic aspects are taken into account, economic integration loses relevance, whereas social and political globalization improve risk-sharing. These remarkable unprecedented results entail new policy implications, particularly for EMU and OECD countries, and call for further investigation.
The Shape and Term Structure of the Index Option Smirk: Why Multifactor Stochastic Volatility Models Work so Well

State-of-the-art stochastic volatility models generate a "volatility smirk" that explains why out-of-the-money index puts have high prices relative to the Black-Scholes benchmark. These models also adequately explain how the volatility smirk moves up and down in response to changes in risk. However, the data indicate that the slope and the level of the smirk fluctuate largely independently. While single-factor stochastic volatility models can capture the slope of the smirk, they cannot explain such largely independent fluctuations in its level and slope over time. We propose to model these movements using a two-factor stochastic volatility model. Because the factors have distinct correlations with market returns, and because the weights of the factors vary over time, the model generates stochastic correlation between volatility and stock returns. Besides providing more flexible modeling of the time variation in the smirk, the model also provides more flexible modeling of the volatility term structure. Our empirical results indicate that the model improves on the benchmark Heston model by 24% in-sample and 23% out-of-sample. The better fit results from improvements in the modeling of the term structure dimension as well as the moneyness dimension.
Can Algorithm Diversity in Stream Cipher Implementation Thwart (Natural and) Malicious Faults?

Hardware implementations of stream and other ciphers are vulnerable to natural faults. Moreover, attackers can launch fault attacks on these implementations. Concurrent error detection is used as a countermeasure against natural and malicious faults. We propose an algorithm diversity (AD) to detect natural and malicious faults in stream ciphers. We compare AD with hardware, time, and information redundancies. Hardware redundancy has 100% hardware overhead, but is not secure against fault attacks. Time redundancy has lower hardware overhead, but is vulnerable to faults that are injected in both the computation and recomputation. Information redundancy techniques, such as parity, cannot detect an even number of faulty bits. Information redundancy techniques, such as robust code, have higher fault miss rate (FMR) with higher hardware overhead. If robust code is configured to have lower FMR than AD in certain attacker model, the hardware overhead is excessively high. AD provides higher security compared to existing techniques. It enables a cost-effective tradeoff between security, performance overhead, and hardware overhead.
Investing for the Long-run in European Real Estate

We calculate optimal portfolio choices for a long-horizon, risk-averse investor who diversifies among European stocks, bonds, real estate, and cash, when excess asset returns are predictable. Simulations are performed for scenarios involving different risk aversion levels, horizons, and statistical models capturing predictability in risk premia. Importantly, under one of the scenarios, the investor takes into account the parameter uncertainty implied by the use of estimated coefficients to characterize predictability. We find that real estate ought to play a significant role in optimal portfolio choices, with weights between 12 and 44%. Under plausible assumptions, the welfare costs of either ignoring predictability or restricting portfolio choices to traditional financial assets only are found to be in the order of 150–300 basis points per year. These results are robust to changes in the benchmarks and in the statistical framework.
Predicting Women's and Men's Reactions to Geographic Separation: Relational Interdependence Matters

ABSTRACT Participant sex and a theorized correlate of biological sex, relational interdependence, were tested as relative predictors of the extent to which daters 1) missed and 2) used emotional support to cope when geographically separated from their dating partners. One hundred twenty-four daters completed multiple measures of missing and coping during their colleges' winter breaks. Results from regression analyses indicated that levels of missing and seeking emotional support differed as a function of biological sex. Further, relational interdependence was reliably associated with missing and seeking emotional support in theoretically consistent ways. Mediation analyses highlighted the importance of considering relational interdependence or other individual differences that covary with biological sex when studying close relationship phenomena.
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS?: AN INVESTIGATION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF NEUROPATHOLOGY

ABSTRACT Studies that seek to determine the etiology of schizophrenia through pathological images and morphological abnormalities of the brain have been conducted since the era of E. Kraepelin, and pioneers in neuropathology such as A. Alzheimer have also eagerly pursued such studies. However, there have been no disease-specific findings, and there was a brief era in which it was said that "schizophrenia is the graveyard of neuropathologists. " However, since the 1980s, neuroimaging studies with CT and MRI etc., have been used in many reports of cases of schizophrenia with abnormal brain morphology, thus generating renewed interest in developments within brain tissue and leading to new neuropathological studies. There are now many reports in which, in addition to morphological observations, cell distribution and the like are image-processed and statistically processed through computers. Due to methodological problems in making progress in the field of cerebral pathology, we have not yet been able to observe disease-specific findings, although there are several findings with high certainty. However, the neurodevelopmental hypothesis has been supported as being able to reasonably explain the accumulated findings of previous studies. At the same time, results of recent molecular-biological studies have revealed the risk genes for this disease, and because many of those genes are associated with functions related to nerve differentiation, development, and plasticity, there is growing interest in their correlations with cerebral pathology. We are now on the verge of uncovering the etiology of this disease by integrating cerebral neuroimaging, molecular genetics, and cerebral neuropathology. In that sense, neuropathological studies of this disease from new viewpoints have become essential.