Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search Theory and the Tender Offer Auction

Shareholders want corporate managers to maximize share values, but the managers have discretion over a range of business outcomes. This discretion exists because the costs to shareholders of observing manager behavior often exceed the gains and because contracts conditioning manager rewards only on corporate outcomes cannot ensure that share values will be maximized. ' Markets for corporate control and for managerial services may create incentives for managers better to satisfy shareholder preferences. Managers who do not could be displaced by takeovers, which are possible because shares of companies that are run suboptimally sell below "true" values (Manne). Also,
Retromuscular Sutured Incisional Hernia Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Open and Laparoscopic Approach

To compare the early and intermediate results of the open and laparoscopic tension-free repair of incisional hernia, 24 patients were randomized prospectively to undergo laparoscopic or open repair of incisional hernia with retromuscular placement of the prosthesis using transabdominal sutures for mesh fixation. All the procedures were completed as planned. The mean duration of surgery was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P=0.15). Time to oral solid food intake was longer in the open group (P=0.002). The analgesic requirement was lower in the laparoscopic group (P=0.05). One patient after open surgery and 2 in the laparoscopic group suffered postoperative complications (P=0.71). Postoperative stay was shorter in the laparoscopic group (P=0.006). No readmission or recurrence was registered within 6 months from surgery in either group. Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair, based on the Rives-Stoppa technique, is a safe, feasible alternative to open techniques. However, larger studies and long-term follow-up are required to further evaluate the true effectiveness of this operation.
Self-Affirmation Underlies Facebook Use

Social network sites, such as Facebook, have acquired an unprecedented following, yet it is unknown what makes them so attractive to users. Here we propose that these sites’ popularity can be understood through the fulfillment of ego needs. We use self-affirmation theory to hypothesize why and when people spend time on their online profiles. Study 1 shows that Facebook profiles are self-affirming in the sense of satisfying users’ need for self-worth and self-integrity. Study 2 shows that Facebook users gravitate toward their online profiles after receiving a blow to the ego, in an unconscious effort to repair their perceptions of self-worth. In addition to illuminating some of the psychological factors that underlie Facebook use, the results provide an important extension to self-affirmation theory by clarifying how self-affirmation operates in people’s everyday environments.
Mini‐invasive strategy in acute coronary syndromes: Direct coronary stenting using 5 Fr guiding catheters and transradial approach

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of direct coronary stenting in acute coronary syndromes using 5 Fr guiding catheters by transradial approach. A series of 119 patients with an acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, n = 55; acute myocardial infarction, n = 45; recent acute myocardial infarction, n = 19) explored by transradial approach and eligible for direct stenting were included. A large proportion of patients (52%) was treated during the procedure by platelet IIb/IIIa receptor blockade. Only Medtronic 5 Fr guiding catheters were used in this study. Direct coronary stenting was attempted in all 119 highly selected patients. Failure of direct stenting was observed in only five cases (3.9%) and the stent successfully retrieved in each case in the 5 Fr guiding catheter. In these five cases, balloon predilation was performed and then the stent implanted successfully. Different stents were used: ACS stent (54%), AVE stent (33%), Velocity stent (10%), Nir stent (3%), with diameter ranging from 2.5 to 4 mm. In four cases, the dilation was finally performed using 6 Fr guiding catheters because the backup of the 5 Fr catheter was considered to be too low (3%). No vascular access site complications occurred in this series of patients. We conclude that direct coronary stenting using transradial approach and 5 Fr guiding catheters yields excellent procedural success rate. In the setting of acute coronary syndromes requiring platelet IIb/IIIa receptor blockade or after failure of thrombolysis, this mini‐invasive strategy is very attractive because of the low risk of access site complications. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:340–343. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Market’s Assessment of the Probability of Meeting or Beating the Consensus

We investigate to what extent the market uses information that is predictive of whether earnings will meet or beat the analyst consensus forecast of earnings (MBE henceforth): measures of a firm’s incentives to engage in MBE behavior, measures of constraints on MBE, measures of past MBE practices by firm and industry, and other variables. Using the Mishkin test framework and Bonferroni-adjusted p-values, we document that of a total of 21 variables, the market inefficiently uses information in one difficulty measure and four other predictors, suggesting that strong empirically and theoretically grounded relationships concerning MBE behavior are more likely to be unraveled by the market. We further show that a portfolio based on the difference between the objective MBE probability and the market-assessed MBE probability generates significant abnormal returns. This return predictability is distinct from known sources of predictability and cannot be fully explained by arbitrage risk or transaction costs.
Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: a Political-Economy Framework

The demand for public services and physical infrastructure in developing countries is growing steadily as populations increase, and as expectations of achieving better standards of living are raised by national development plans and international assistance programmes. Local services and infrastructure not only contribute to social welfare but also enhance the productivity of labour, allow markets to work more effectively, and create opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship (World Bank, 1975; USAID, 1982). But in many developing countries local services and infrastructure are either provided by central governments ineffectively and inefficiently, or by community organizations and private businesses only sporadically (Moris, 1976; Ayubi, 1982; Harris, 1983). Local institutions often lack the incentives, adequate funds, technical expertise, and management capacity to provide services. Thus in many developing countries there are few services of any kind in areas outside of the national capital (Rondinelli and Ruddle, 1978). Furthermore, the maintenance of physical infrastructure that does exist is notoriously poor in developing countries, and as a result services and facilities deteriorate quickly (Tendler, 1979). The World Bank reports that roads it financed during the 1960s and 1970s are deteriorating so fast that many will be unusable before the borrowing countries can repay the loans for their construction. The cost of needed road maintenance in developing countries is now approaching US$40 billion (Roth, 1987b). The problems of providing and maintaining public services and infrastructure have brought increasing calls for decentralization and
Occupational exposure of UK adults to extremely low frequency magnetic fields

Background: Occupational exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) in the UK general population is poorly documented. Aims: To assess levels of occupational exposure to ELF MF in the UK and evaluate the use of a rigid job-exposure matrix (JEM) to assign exposures to subjects in the UK Adult Brain Tumour Study (UKABTS). Methods: Personal ELF MF measurements were carried out. Exposure traces were divided into occupational, travel and elsewhere periods, under differing exposure metrics. Exposure was classified by Standard Occupational Classification (2000), Standard Industrial Classification (1997), and a combined occupation-industry classification. Statistical analyses (mixed effects model) determined the contribution of occupational exposure to the 24 h cumulative exposure and the contribution of occupation and industry to total variance. Results: Data were obtained from 317 individuals, comprising UKABTS subjects (n = 192), occupational proxies for UKABTS subjects (n = 101) and “interest” readings (n = 24). 236 individuals provided occupational data covering 117 different occupations. Average exposure was significantly higher at work than at home. Elevated average occupational exposure was found for welding trades, printers, telephonists and filing and other records assistants. The discrimination of a rigid JEM based on occupation can be improved by linking the classification with industry and by the use of contextual information. Conclusions: This report substantially expands information on adult exposure to ELF MF in the UK. The accuracy of exposure assessments based solely on job codes is improved by linking with either industry code or contextual knowledge of equipment and of power lines or substations in the work environment.
Customer orientation, engagement, and developing positive emotional labor

Frontline employees must deal on a daily basis with emotionally demanding customer interactions. Such interactions, when coupled with organizational directives to focus upon exemplary customer service, can prompt employees to express feelings and emotions that are not genuine. Such ‘surface acting' has been found to create stress in frontline personnel, but an understanding of how this negative aspect of emotional labor may be minimized is lacking in the services literature. How a frontline employee's individual attributes might interact with a service work context to build deep, as opposed to surface, acting is the current focus. Applying job demands–resources theory, this study investigates how a frontline employee's customer orientation helps to develop positive work engagement, even in the face of contextual demands. Engagement is then linked positively to the beneficial behavior of deep acting which, in contrast to surface acting, has been identified as a less stressful form of emotional labor.
The Hand of Corporate Management in Capital Allocations: Patterns of Investment in Multi- and Single-Business Firms

One of Chandler's basic insights was that the new organizational structures adopted after the 1920s reflected a specialization of the roles of business and corporate managers. Business managers coordinated functions and corporate managers allocated resources. This article studies the impact of corporate management on capital allocation decisions by comparing investment behavior in multi- and single-business companies. Using a new taxonomy to control for the quality of each business unit, we analyze a cross-sectional sample of U.S. companies and identify a number of empirical regularities that highlight the allocative decisions of corporate management. In particular, we find that, when dealing with cash-needy businesses, multi-business firms invest more intensively in those that are less profitable. We find no evidence that this subsidy results in a higher success rate in making those businesses profitable over time. We suggest a number of explanations for this empirical pattern. Copyright 2010 The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved. , Oxford University Press.
Up-or-Out Contracts: A Signaling Perspective

A firm will typically gather information concerning its own workers that is not available to other potential employers, while other firms will attempt to reduce this information asymmetry by observing the actions of the initial employer. I argue that this process can be important in environments characterized by up-or-out contracts in that the retention decision can serve as a signal of productivity. The article investigates this argument in an environment where up-or-out contracts are employed because they provide workers with an incentive to accumulate general human capital and where learning takes place in a diffuse fashion.
Factors that Influence Students' Desires to Attend Higher Education

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influenced students' decision about higher education. Through working with students and M a t Rosa Parks High School, an urban high school with predominately African American students, the research team, of one faculty member and six graduate students, was able to gain information about how student come to their decision about college. The study was a descriptive study that used qualitative methods. Over a two-year period, the research team focused on various aspects within the school. The data that was collected was through questionnaires, writing prompts, focus group interviews, and administrative interviews. This allowed researchers to gain a better understanding of students and the elements that assist or hinder their advancement into college. There were six main reasons that student did not continue their education. Socioeconomic status, cultural and social capital, family structure and expectations, financial reasons and the general organization of the high school offered some insight as to why students did not attend college. During the interviews it was also determined that the expectations between the administration and staffand those of the students were dissimilar. After the research was coded and analyzed it was determke that the main reasons students did not go onto college were because of the lack of guidance support and the lack of general college knowledge. Many students from this school lacked the basic information about college expectations and college application procedures. While students did have the predisposition and desire to attend institutions of higher education, they often did not know how to get there.
Explaining the intentions to share and reuse knowledge in the context of IT service operations

Purpose – Aims to provide an understanding on IS/IT professionals' intentions to share and reuse knowledge in the context of information technology service operations.Design/methodology/approach – The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is applied for examining IS/IT professionals' intention to share and reuse knowledge. The data were collected from working IS/IT professionals using an online survey, and partial least squares was used for analyzing the data.Findings – The results from this study indicate that the theory of planned behavior is an adequate model for investigating behavioral intentions of knowledge sharing and reuse in the context of information technology service operations. All direct determinants of intention to share knowledge, except subjective norm regarding information technology service operations knowledge sharing, and intention to reuse knowledge were significant.Research limitations/implications – This paper is one of the first to attempt to study both knowledge sharing and knowledge.
Behind the market stage where real societies exist ‐ part II: The role of moral norms

This two‐part article is an attempt to clarify the social conditions upon which the viability and efficiency of the market system rest. It strives to show that the ‘embeddedness’ thesis, that is, an explanation based upon the existence of long‐run personal ties involving the use of reputation mechanisms among transactors, cannot fully elucidate the question as to how the problem of trust is solved in market societies. As explained in Part I, there are difficulties of both theoretical and empirical/historical kinds and these explain why the ‘market order’ needs to be sustained by private and public order institutions. In Part 11, the role of generalised morality in backing or supplementing such institutions is discussed in the light of game theory, and particular emphasis is put on the ability of moral norms to sustain honest behaviour by generating the right kind of preferences and establishing trust. The vexed problem of the dynamics of norm emergence and erosion is then addressed with a view to showing .
Quality of web‐based information on inflammatory bowel diseases

Background: The Internet is the largest source of health information and is widely used by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. As information is largely unregulated, our objective was to evaluate the quality, readability, accuracy, and accessibility of the information concerning IBD available on the World Wide Web. Methods: The phrases “inflammatory bowel disease,” “Crohn's disease,” and “Ulcerative Colitis” were entered separately as search terms into the 6 most commonly used search engines. Sites were categorized as institutional, pharmaceutical, nonpharmaceutical commercial sites, charitable, support, or alternative medicine. Websites were evaluated for content quality using the validated DISCERN rating instrument. Readability was graded by the Flesch Reading Ease and the Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level score. Results: Of the 76 websites evaluated by DISCERN, 43% of the sites were rated as excellent to good and 57% as fair to poor. Alternative medicine sites scored significant lower (P > 0.05) than institutional, pharmaceutical, and nonpharmaceutical commercial sites. There was no relation between a rating score and the position of a website on the search engine ranking. The median Flesch Reading Ease Score was 41.65 (range, 2.6‐77.7) and 11.85 (range, 6.2‐21.1) for the Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level. Conclusions: The quality of websites containing information on IBD varies widely. Most of the online material available is too difficult to comprehend for a substantial portion of the patient population, and good quality information may be beyond reach of the average information seeker. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009
ON SOME FINE-GRAINED QUESTIONS IN ALGORITHMS AND COMPLEXITY

In recent years, a new “fine-grained” theory of computational hardness has been developed, based on “fine-grained reductions” that focus on exact running times for problems. Mimicking NP-hardness, the approach is to (1) select a key problem X that for some function t , is conjectured to not be solvable by any O(t(n)1 ") time algorithm for " > 0, and (2) reduce X in a fine-grained way to many important problems, thus giving tight conditional time lower bounds for them. This approach has led to the discovery of many meaningful relationships between problems, and to equivalence
PERSISTENT DEFICITS AND THE MARKET VALUE OF GOVERNMENT DEBT

This paper investigates whether postwar Canadian public financial policy satisfies a borrowing constraint. Direct tests of the present-value relation suggested by this constraint shed light on the sustainability of current policy. We examine monthly data on Canadian federal government finances using tests for cointegration. The finding is that the joint behavior of real debt and real surpluses is inconsistent with intertemporal budget balance for the government. One interpretation of this finding is that the government is systematically paying real returns to bondholders by issuing further debt. Alternatively, bondholders may expect the government to finance future interest payments from a source other than primary surpluses, e.g. the sale of physical assets. Copyright 1991 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Labour migration from Pakistan to the Middle East and its impact on the domestic economy: part I

This three-part report is concerned with the results and methodology of the International Migration Project which was designed to analyze the costs and benefits of labor migration from Pakistan to the Middle East. The fieldwork for the project was carried out in 1979-1980 and involved interviews with over 15000 migrant workers and their families. In Part 1 an attempt is made to determine the total number and occupational profile of Pakistani emigrants in the Middle East to analyze the impact of labor migration on various sectors of the Pakistani economy and to examine the flow of remittances. In Part 2 a cost-benefit analysis of labor migration is presented. The methodological aspects of the study including details of the sample design and fieldwork are described in Part 3.
The Impact of Different Social-Policy Frameworks on Social Inequalities among Women in the European Union: The Labour-Market Participation of Mothers

This paper addresses the issue of whether, in addition to the well-known “motherhood penalty” in employment, there is also an “education penalty” for mothers with lower levels of education. It also asks whether work–family conciliating policies play a role in determining the characteristics and the extent of these different penalties in EU countries. The authors find that the selection of women in employment by education is largely unaffected by motherhood. Only in a few countries is there an additional penalty for low-educated mothers. The most effective policy to enable both mothers in general and low-educated mothers to remain in paid work appears to be generous provision of childcare services for children under three years. Contrary to the authors’ own hypothesis and the findings presented in most of the relevant literature, there is no evidence that “too long” parental leave has a negative effect on employment, whereas the data confirm that “too short” leave may be disincentivizing. Following the application of various controls, the authors conclude that policies are part of a more complex institutional and cultural framework of options and constraints that shape the labour-market participation of mothers.
Discounting Human Lives

The future costs of regulatory programs to protect human health are routinely discounted, but the lives they save in the future are not. To shed light on the public's attitude toward the discounting of human lives, researchers at Resources for the Future asked 2,600 individuals to choose between one hypothetical program that would save lives immediately and another that would save lives in 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 years. From the responses, they inferred the number of lives that must be saved in the future to make people as content as saving one life today, compared this implicit discount rate to the respondents' discount rate for money, and identified several factors that affect discount rates for human lives.
Test of a Stock Valuation Model

A MODEL DESIGNED to explain price differences among common stocks must build upon the working rules of professional investors and the theories of academic analysts and cannot avoid a troublesome dependence on expectations. Our stock valuation model is no exception. And so our tests of it are also tests of working rules and theories and of how well expectations can be estimated. Though the current study has its origin in earlier work [2], the tests we plan have only begun. Therefore, this paper is a discussion of the model and an indication of plans for testing rather than a full report of results. The first section deals with the model and its use in testing a theory of risk. To avoid the disdainful criticism that we offer only promises, some results are included in the second section of the paper. The third section discusses the variables. Our plans are described in the final section.