Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How does rainfall become runoff? A combined tracer and runoff transfer function approach

Hydrographs are an enticing focus for hydrologic research: they are readily available hydrological data that integrate the variety of terrestrial runoff generation processes and upstream routing. Notwithstanding, new techniques to glean information from the hydrograph are lacking. After early approaches of graphically separating streamflow components, hydrograph separations in the past two decades have focused on tracers as a more objective means to separate the storm hydrograph. These tracer‐based methods provide process‐based information; however, their implicit assumptions limit their applicability and explanatory power. We present a new method for isotope hydrograph separation that integrates the instantaneous unit hydrograph and embraces the temporal variability of rainfall isotopic composition (one of the largest impediments to the standard use of isotopes as tracers). Our model computes transfer functions for event water and preevent water calculated from a time‐variable event water fraction. The transfer function hydrograph separation model (TRANSEP) provides coupled but constrained representations of transport and hydraulic transfer functions, overcoming limitations of other models. We illustrate the utility of TRANSEP by applying it to two rainfall events from a 17 ha catchment at Maimai in New Zealand, where 18O, rainfall, and runoff data were sampled with a high temporal resolution. We explore which runoff and tracer transfer function (exponential piston flow, gamma distribution, or two parallel linear reservoirs) gave the best results for the proposed model structure and for the example data set. Uncertainty analysis was used to determine if the parameters were identifiable and if the information available for applying TRANSEP was sufficient. The results of the best performing transfer function are considered in detail to identify model performance, illustrate individual event characteristics, and interpret runoff processes in the catchment.
An investigation of latitudinal transitions in the SuperDARN Doppler spectral width parameter at different magnetic local times

Abstract. Latitudinal transitions from low to high Doppler spectral width in backscatter measured by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) are now routinely used as proxies for the polar cap boundary (PCB) in the cusp-region ionosphere. In this paper we perform a statistical study of the nature of similar spectral width transitions at other magnetic local times (MLTs). This analysis illustrates that these latitudinal spectral width transitions exist at all magnetic local times, and that the latitude, gradient, and amplitude of the transitions vary systematically with MLT. In particular, the probability of a transition occurring at any latitude, identified independently in each MLT sector, is continuous with MLT from the cusp, through the morning sector, to the nightside. This suggests that the transition represents the PCB, as this is known to be what it represents in the cusp region. However, the picture in the afternoon sector (12:00-18:00 MLT) is more complex with no clearly preferred transition latitudes. Key words. Ionosphere (ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions; instruments and techniques). Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers.)
Pediatric critical care nurses' knowledge of cardiac dysrhythmias.

OBJECTIVE To describe pediatric critical care nurses' knowledge of dysrhythmias in critically ill pediatric patients and relate this knowledge level to certain demographic variables (education, nursing experience, certification, supplemental training, area of employment and geographic region of residence). DESIGN A descriptive survey. SETTING American Association of Critical-Care Nurses' 19 geographic regions of the United States. PARTICIPANTS Of 1000 questionnaires mailed to pediatric critical care nurses who were members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses in 1991, 356 responses were received (a response rate of 36%). INTERVENTION A criterion-referenced, self-administered test regarding pediatric dysrhythmias and a demographic sheet randomly mailed to 1000 pediatric critical care nurses. Test results were analyzed and compared with demographic variables. RESULTS The mean total test score was 66%. Significantly higher total test scores and selected subtest scores were demonstrated in relationship to the following variables: increased age; certification in pediatric advanced life support, advanced cardiac life support or adult critical care; increased years of adult critical care experience; advanced dysrhythmia courses and dysrhythmia self-study; and perceived knowledge level above that of the advanced beginner. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric critical care nurses' overall knowledge of dysrhythmias was low. Knowledge strengths included recognition of basic and life-threatening dysrhythmias and calculation of basic ECG measurements. Knowledge deficits included importance of sinus bradycardia in the neonate, appropriate intervention for life-threatening dysrhythmias and calculation of an irregular heart rate. These deficits should be considered when planning continuing education programs for pediatric critical care nurses.
When are Swing options bang-bang and how to use it

In this paper we investigate a class of swing options with firm constraints in view of the modeling of supply agreements. We show, for a fully general payoff process, that the premium, solution to a stochastic control problem, is concave and piecewise affine as a function of the global constraints of the contract. The existence of bang-bang optimal controls is established for a set of constraints which generates by affinity the whole premium function. When the payoff process is driven by an underlying Markov process, we propose a quantization based recursive backward procedure to price these contracts. A priori error bounds are established, uniformly with respect to the global constraints.
Use of coercive measures in mental health practice and its impact on outcome: a critical review

Although coercive measures have always been part of the psychiatric armamentarium, the ethical dilemma between the use of a “therapeutic” coercion and the loss of patients' dignity is one of the major controversial issues in mental health research and practice. The aims of the present review are to explore the existing literature on predictors of use of coercive measures and to explore the relationship between coercive measures and patient outcome. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, PsychyINFO, Scopus, Web of Knowledge and the Cochrane Database. In all selected papers, references were cross-checked to identify other possible eligible papers. The use of coercive measures was predicted by patients' clinical and socio-demographic features, staff characteristics and ward-related factors. Coercive measures have only a limited impact on patients' clinical and social outcome. At the current level of knowledge, coercion is still a controversial issue in mental health practice. Only few studies with a solid methodology have been carried out. Large multicenter and rigorous studies, with long-term follow-ups, are highly needed.
Differential physiological changes following internet exposure in higher and lower problematic internet users

Problematic internet use (PIU) has been suggested as in need of further research with a view to being included as a disorder in future Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, but lack of knowledge about the impact of internet cessation on physiological function remains a major gap in knowledge and a barrier to PIU classification. One hundred and forty-four participants were assessed for physiological (blood pressure and heart rate) and psychological (mood and state anxiety) function before and after an internet session. Individuals also completed a psychometric examination relating to their usage of the internet, as well as their levels of depression and trait anxiety. Individuals who identified themselves as having PIU displayed increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure, as well as reduced mood and increased state of anxiety, following cessation of internet session. There were no such changes in individuals with no self-reported PIU. These changes were independent of levels of depression and trait anxiety. These changes after cessation of internet use are similar to those seen in individuals who have ceased using sedative or opiate drugs, and suggest PIU deserves further investigation and serious consideration as a disorder.
Production of Functional High-protein Beverage Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Korean Traditional Fermented Food

The aim of this study was to manufacture functional high protein fermented beverage, using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and Lactobacillus plantarum DK211 isolated from kimchi, and to evaluate the physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of the resulting product. The fermented whey beverage (FWB) was formulated with whey protein concentrate 80 (WPC 80), skim milk powder, and sucrose; and fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum DK211 as single, or mixed with Lactococcus lactis R704, a commercial starter culture. The pH, titratable acidity, and viable cell counts during fermentation and storage were evaluated. It was found that the mixed culture showed faster acid development than the single culture. The resulting FWB had high protein (9%) and low fat content (0.2%). Increased viscosity, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were observed after fermentation. A viable cell count of 109 CFU/mL in FWB was achieved within 10 h fermentation, and it remained throughout storage at 15℃ for 28 d. Sensory analysis was also conducted, and compared to that of a commercial protein drink. The sensory scores of FWB were similar to those of the commercial protein drink in most attributes, except sourness. The sourness was highly related with the high lactic acid content produced during fermentation. The results showed that WPC and vegetable origin lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi might be used for the development of a high protein fermented beverage, with improved functionality and organoleptic properties.
Real-Time Hierarchical Resource Allocation

This paper presents a model that distinguishes between decentralized information processing and decentralized decision making in organizations; it shows that decentralized decision making can be advantageous due to computational delay, even in the absence of communication costs. The key feature of the model, which makes this result possible, is that decisions in a stochastic control problem are calculated in real time by boundedly rational members of an adminstration staff. The decision problem is to allocate resources in a changing environment. We consider a class of hierarchical procedures in which information about cost functions flow down and are disaggregated by the hierarchy. Nodes of the hierarchy correspond not to a single person but to decision-making units within which there may be decentralized information processing. The lower tiers of multitier hierarchies can allocate resources quickly within small groups, while higher tiers are still able to exploit gains from trade between the groups (although on the basis of older informations).
Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Babirusa, Babyrousa babyrussa (Suidae)

The distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the babirusa were studied immunohistochemically using the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex method. Thirteen types of gut endocrine cells were detected; they were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), glucagon, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), methionine–enkephalin–Arg6–Gly7–Leu8 (MENK8), motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Cells that were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin and glucagon were found in all portions of the gastrointestinal tract. MENK8‐immunoreactive cells were observed in the stomach and small intestine. Gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the pyloric region and duodenum. PYY‐immunoreactive cells were found in the small and large intestine. Cells immunoreactive for motilin, CCK, GIP, and secretin were observed in the proximal small intestine and those immunoreactive for neurotensin were found only in the ileum. Although the distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of babirusa was similar to those reported for pig, restricted distribution of several endocrine cells, gastrin, BPP, MENK8, motilin, CCK, GIP, secretin and neurotensin and wider distribution of glucagon and PYY were observed in the babirusa. The unexpected presence of MENK8 in all glandular regions of the stomach and PYY in the small intestine was also noted. The distribution of gut endocrine cells might be related to the regulatory characteristics of the babirusa digestive tract.
A morphological adaptation? The prevalence of enlarged external occipital protuberance in young adults

Enthesophytes are bony projections that arise from the sites of ligament, tendon or joint capsule attachment to a bone. They are seen rarely in radiographic findings in young adults, as these bony adaptations are assumed to develop slowly over time. However, in recent years, the presence of an enlarged external occipital protuberance (EEOP) has been observed frequently in radiographs of relatively young patients at the clinic of the lead author. Accordingly, the aim of this project was to assess the prevalence of an EEOP in a young adult population. Analysis involved a retrospective analysis of 218 lateral cervical radiographic studies of 18–30‐year‐old participants. Group A (n = 108; males = 45, females = 63) consisted of asymptomatic university students, while Group B (n = 110; males = 50, females = 60) were an age‐matched mildly symptomatic, non‐student population. The external occipital protuberance (EOP) size was defined as the distance from the most superior point of the EOP (origin) to a point on the EOP that is most distal from the skull. To avoid ambiguity, the threshold for recording the size of an EOP was set at 5 mm, and an EOP was classified as enlarged if it exceeded 10 mm. Reliability testing was also undertaken. Results indicated that an EEOP was present in 41% of the total population, with 10% of all participants presenting with an EOP ≥ 20 mm. An EEOP was significantly more common in males (67.4%) than in females (20.3%), with the mean EEOP size for the combined male population (15 ± 7 mm) being significantly larger (P < 0.001) than for females (10 ± 4 mm). The longest EEOP in the male population was 35.7 mm, while in the female population it was 25.5 mm. Additionally, the mean EEOP size for Group A (14 ± 7 mm) was also significantly greater (P = 0.006) than that recorded for Group B (12 ± 6 mm). This study identified that an EEOP is a condition that is prevalent in the populations tested. The age of the populations, and the prevalence of EEOP, suggest that biomechanical drivers for this phenomenon may be the main reason for this condition in these populations.
Mindfulness Training for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities

Background Learning Disabilities (LD) are neurobiological disorders affecting the ability to acquire, organize, retain, understand and use information1. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by cognitive impairments and developmentally inappropriate or excessive behaviour2, frequently co-occurs with LD. Students with LD and ADHD often experience academic difficulties, social problems, and mental health issues. Traditional psychosocial treatments are often viewed as stigmatizing for adolescents, and pharmacological treatments are associated with negative side effects for some youth. There is a need for alternative interventions targeting the behavioural, social and mental health difficulties of youth with LD and ADHD.
The Relationship Between Valence, Task Difficulty, and the COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphism in Disengagement Processes

The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism (rs4680) moderates dopamine degradation in the prefrontal cortex. It has been shown that the Met allele is associated with an increased reactivity to negative stimuli. With regard to the tonic-phasic dopamine model it is hypothesized that this increased reactivity to negative stimuli derives from deficient disengagement from negative stimuli. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether this increased reactivity is reflected in prolonged disengagement from negative pictures. We used a novel forced spatial disengagement task in combination with eye tracking. This paradigm allows for varying task difficulty. Interestingly, contrary to our hypothesis, we found increased disengagement latencies for negative pictures in homozygous Val allele carriers compared to heterozygous participants. This effect was only seen in task conditions demanding less cognitive resources (prosaccade condition). We suggest that the COMT effect on emotional.
3D object comparison based on shape descriptors

Due to the recent improvements of 3D digitalisation, the number of 3D models available on the web is growing more and more, and there is an increasing demand for tools supporting the automatic search for 3D objects in digital archives. Existing methods for 3D shape retrieval roughly filter shape information and are mainly based on reasoning at the geometric level. In this paper, we discuss the advantages of approaching the shape matching problem through 3D graph descriptors, which describe the shape as a configuration of relevant subparts. In our approach, shapes are compared using a graph matching technique able to identify the most similar object portions. In particular, we investigate the properties of these descriptors and of our matching method in the CAD context.
Stress, Type-A, Coping, and Psychological and Physical Symptoms: A Multi-Sample Test of Alternative Models

Theoretical and empirical organizational stress research typically focuses on some combination of stress, personality factors, coping, and symptoms of ill health. Though these factors are typically considered important, there is considerable disagreement regarding the underlying process by which they are interrelated. This article discusses and empirically evaluates seven alternative conceptual models specifying the interrelationships among stress, personality (in this case, Type-A behavior pattern), coping, and psychological and physical symptoms, using data from 1468 adults in four occupations. Results generally support three models which incorporate linear effects and fail to support four models which incorporate nonlinear, i.e., interactive, effects. Implications for research are discussed.
Sparse representation models and applications to bioinformatics

Microarrays and new sequencing techniques offer a high throughput platform to study the whole genome with the unprecedented capability of measuring millions of genomic features on a single essay. This massive parallel measurement power has an enormous potential for research in Biology and Medicine with the ultimate objective of identifying and learning the biological processes occurring in different organisms and diseases. Existing model learning methods are severely limited by the reduced number of samples that are usually available compared to the measurements. We propose that sparse signal representations can model these biological signals and we develop the analytical tools to accurately extract the relevant information. We exploit the underlying sparseness of the biological model to overcome some of the problems associated with analyzing these massive datasets. This work demonstrates the potential benefits of this approach by studying three different problems involving microarray data. The first problem concerns the supervised design with a limited amount of training samples of a classification procedure to predict tumor progression. We propose a greedy search strategy to select a sparse feature subset with a block diagonal covariance matrix structure to build a linear discriminant analysis model for tumor prognosis. The second problem deals with the detection of copy number alterations. We develop a maximally xiii sparse representation for these copy number alterations, and a sparse Bayesian learning approach is optimized to detect these alterations from noisy microarray observations. The third problem involves finding genetic determinants of gene expression. In this case, we propose a linear regression model with a sparse Bayesian prior on the large matrix of the regression coefficients relating genome alterations to transcription levels.
Identity and Discursive Practice: Doing Gender on the Football Pitch

Sport is a highly potent site for the construction of masculine identity and, as the dominant sport in many countries, it is football that is especially linked to masculinity, national and local identities. Consequently, the increasing number of women entering the field of football comprises a direct threat to masculine identity, creating a significant site of gender conflict. Based upon the proposition that identity is constructed and enacted in talk, this article presents an analysis of an `everyday' discursive practice within football: the routine refusal of appeals to the referee. Using recordings of male referees during both men's and women's matches, the discursive function of this routine practice, its gendered deployment in the collaborative construction and non-collaborative undermining of salient identity categorizations, and the deployment of alternative categories is explored.
Task uncertainty and communication during nursing shift handovers.

AIMS We explore variations in handover duration and communication in nursing units. We hypothesize that duration per patient is higher in units facing high task uncertainty. We expect both topics and functions of communication to vary depending on task uncertainty. BACKGROUND Handovers are changing in modern healthcare organizations, where standardized procedures are increasingly advocated for efficiency and reliability reasons. However, redesign of handover should take environmental contingencies of different clinical unit types into account. An important contingency in institutions is task uncertainty, which may affect how communicative routines like handover are accomplished. METHOD Nurse unit managers of 80 care units in 18 hospitals were interviewed in 2008 about topics and functions of handover communication and duration in their unit. Interviews were content-analysed. Clinical units were classified into a theory-based typology (unit type) that gradually increases on task uncertainty. Quantitative analyses were performed. FINDINGS Unit type affected resource allocation. Unit types facing higher uncertainty had higher handover duration per patient. As expected, unit type also affected communication content. Clinical units facing higher uncertainty discussed fewer topics, discussing treatment and care and organization of work less frequently. Finally, unit type affected functions of handover: sharing emotions was less often mentioned in unit types facing higher uncertainty. CONCLUSION Task uncertainty and its relationship with functions and topics of handover should be taken into account during the design of handover procedures.
Comparative study of the posterior red nucleus in baboons and gibbons

The posterior red nucleus (PRN) was studied in two species of primates by the technique of retrograde degeneration of rubrospinal cells following transection of the spinal cord at different levels. The form of the PRN was reconstructed for both a quadruped monkey (baboon) and an anthropoid with erect posture (gibbon). The PRN contains polymorphic cells characterized by their very chromophilic and granular NIssl substance. These neurons vary in diameter from 25 μm to 70 μm. Some of them give rise to the rubrospinal tract.