Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Top-Down Approach to Lexical Acquisition and Segmentation

A major objection to top-down accounts of lexical recognition has been that they are incompatible with an account of acquisition, it being argued that bottom-up segmentation must precede lexical acquisition. We counter this objection by presenting a top-down account of lexical acquisition. This is made possible by the adoption of a flexible criterion as to what may constitute a lexical item during acquisition, this being justified by the extensive evidence of children’s undersegmentation. Advantages of the top-down account offered over the bottom-up alternatives are that it presents a unified account of the acquisition of a lexicon and segmentation abilities, and is wholly driven by the requirements of comprehension. The approach described has been incorporated into an integrated model of acquisition processes, the incremental learning of which captures the gradual nature of child language development.
Development and Disorders of Neurocognitive Systems for Oral Language and Reading

There are four goals of this article. First, a tentative neurocognitive model of oral language and reading is outlined. Second, our recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (fMRI) on the development of oral language and reading are briefly reviewed with reference to this neurocognitive model. Third, brain-imaging research on dyslexia is discussed in light of the neurocognitive model. Fourth, research on the plasticity of neural systems and the implication of this plasticity for studying normative development and disorders is presented.
A comparison connection assignment for diagnosis of multiprocessor systems

A comparison method for diagnosis of multiprocessor systems is introduced. Given a system of n units modeled by a linear graph, problems of finding the minimum number of comparison edges required for fault detection and fault location are solved by the use of a covering algorithm. The bounds for the number of comparison edges, the number of necessary comparisons and test cycles in fault detection and fault location in systems with n units are determined and an algorithm for an optimal comparison connection assignment is given. Simplicity and ease of implementation make the described method applicable for fault detection and location in multiprocessor systems.
A Concrete Model Considering The Load History Applied To Centrally Loaded Columns Under Fire Attack

The description is given of a model for concrete in compression at elevated temperature that incorporates elastic, plastic and creep strains as functions of the temperature and stress history. The plastic strain and the creep strain depend on the stress history and the stiffness of the model depends on the load level during fire exposure. The proposed model is an updated version of a model presented earlier by one of the author [I]. Fifteen fire resistance tests have been performed on reinforced concrete columns centrally loaded under various heating, loading and restraint conditions. From the test results, it can be concluded that the strength of columns during fire is irrelevant to the restraint of elongation, and that the sustained load about 0.15 load level leads to a higher residual strength than the unloaded condition does. A comparison is given between experimental results and computed results. The calculations were performed either with the proposed Schneider concrete model or with the EC4 concrete model. The proposed model is closer to experimental values than the EC4 model when considering longitudinal displacements as well as axial restraint forces.
Effects of buccal corridors on smile esthetics in Japanese.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the amount of buccal corridor has no influence on smile evaluations of Japanese orthodontists and dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS One photograph of a smiling female, displaying first molar to first molar, was constructed. Buccal corridors were modified digitally in 5% increments, from 0% to 25% buccal corridor compared with the inner commissural width. Using a visual analog scale (VAS), 32 Japanese orthodontists and 55 Japanese dental students rated the attractiveness of six smiles with altered buccal corridors. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to compare the distributions of the median scores between the male and female raters for each of the rater groups. Differences in the median esthetic scores were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. We used 15% VAS difference to determine the clinical significance of the esthetic scores. RESULTS There was no significant difference in judging the effects of buccal corridors on the smile attractiveness between the male and female raters for both the orthodontists and dental students. There were significant differences in the median esthetic scores for both the orthodontists and dental students. The median esthetic score decreased to become clinically significant from 10% to 25% buccal corridor for both the orthodontists and dental students. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis was rejected. Both the orthodontists and dental students preferred broader smiles to medium or narrow smiles.
Vulnerability and Physical, Cognitive, and Behavioral Impairment

This article begins by considering how current models of vulnerability do not adequately capture situations arising from physical, cognitive and behavioral impairment. Using specific examples and prior studies, three dimensions – ability to remediate, duration, and stability of the underlying challenge – are suggested to enhance our understanding of situations that lead to vulnerability. As these dimensions are explored, four categories are proposed for such situations: Straightforward Resolvable, Complex Resolvable, Straightforward Unresolvable, and Complex, Dynamic Unresolvable. These categories are leveraged in the discussion of the embodied consumer to develop propositions related to the likelihood someone will experience vulnerability in a given situation. We also address how the experienced vulnerability of one person ripples outward to create secondary vulnerability in his/her social network. After using these categories to understand how various impairments may lead to vulnerability, we then focus closely on how specific physical, cognitive and behavioral impairments limit market choice and market flexibility. Normative market expectations regarding the body and its cognitive capacity present fertile ground for exploring consumer agency and how actors relate to one another in the market. Theoretical propositions, as well as broader areas of inquiry, are developed to help identify areas for future research.
DISASTER-RELATED POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS IN POLICE OFFICERS: A FIELD STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF DEBRIEFING

SUMMARY Eight and 18 months after police oAcers had responded to a civilian plane crash, we assessed symptomatology in 46 debriefed and 59 non-debriefed oAcers, using structured clinical interviews. The two groups did not diAer in recalled preevent or postevent distress. Eight months postdisaster, debriefed and non-debriefed oAcers did not diverge significantly on post-traumatic stress symptomatology. Eighteen months postdisaster, however, those who had undergone debriefing exhibited significantly more disaster-related hyperarousal symptoms. We discuss research findings on post-traumatic stress and debriefing, and make some recommendations for crisis intervention following trauma and for further research on the topic. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Stress Med., 14: 143‐148, 1998.
Hygiene, dirt and the shaping of a new man among the early Zionist halutzim

Personal hygiene has pride of place in two of the most important scholarly conceptualizations of the modern body: that of Norbert Elias and that of Michel Foucault. This article analyzes hygienic practices among early Zionist ideological workers – halutzim (lit. ‘pioneers’). Contrary to the image of the healthy and vigorous manual worker, physicians lamented the disregard for hygiene among the halutzim – a behavior which they attributed to the latter’s ignorance and indifference to matters of health. The halutzim, on their part, construed their hygienic misbehavior as signifying proletarization. However, a close examination of the practices of halutzim, and the meanings they attached to them, reveals a complex and contextual repertoire. As I argue through the case study of the halutzim, rather than a mere instance of discipline (Foucualt) or self-control (Elias), hygiene was a cultural repertoire which was open for appropriation and re-signification in various ways and for various purposes.
A Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis was undertaken, including 66 studies, to determine the relationship between father involvement and the educational outcomes of urban school children. Statistical analyses were done to determine the overall impact and specific components of father involvement. The possible differing effects of paternal involvement by race were also examined. The results indicate that the association between father involvement and the educational outcomes of youth overall is significant statistically. Paternal involvement, as a whole, yielded effect sizes of usually just under . 2 of a standard deviation unit. The positive effects of father involvement held for both White and minority children.
Performance of young people with Down syndrome on the Leiter-R and British picture vocabulary scales.

BACKGROUND The British picture vocabulary scales (BPVS-II) and the Leiter international performance scales (Leiter-R), both restandardised in 1997, are often used in experimental studies to match individuals with intellectual impairment. Both provide a brief measure of mental age, and cover a wide ability range using a simple format. The BPVS-II assesses verbal comprehension and the Leiter nonverbal abilities. The issue is which to choose. People with Down syndrome (DS), for example, have particular problems in language and so the BPVS may provide an underestimation of ability. METHOD The present study investigated this by comparing the performance of 46 young people with DS (21 females, 25 males, mean age 19 years 10 months) on the BPVS-II (verbal mental age - VMA) and the Leiter-R brief IQ (nonverbal mental age - NVMA). RESULTS Contrary to expectations VMAs were significantly higher than NVMAs (6 years 6 months and 5 years 2 months, respectively). There was a significant correlation of 0.61 between the VMA and NVMA, and both discriminated participants at all levels of ability. However, the Leiter-R brief IQ scores provided poor discrimination at the bottom end of the IQ range (IQ 36). CONCLUSION Both the BPVS-II and the Leiter-R provide mental age equivalent scores that are useful for plotting developmental progress, although absolute mental ages may differ.
Advancing a Police Science

Data analysis can lead to innovative ways to address some of the most pressing criminal justice problems. Data collection and measurement, for example, supported the implementation of several successful crime-reduction strategies in recent decades. Ideally, data collection, measurement, and analysis could help police agencies develop evidence-based tenets of personnel management and planning as well as address problems of recruitment and retention. Police administrative data on these topics, however, have many problems, including incompleteness and inaccuracies. This article examines the extent of these as evident in a recent survey of large police agencies regarding personnel experiences and practices. It summarizes the issues that must be addressed for data analysis to yield insights on personnel issues.
Predictors of High-Risk Sexual Behavior Among Gay Men and Men Who Have Sex With Men

ABSTRACT This study of 576 gay men and men who have sex with men examined the predictive value of peer norms, self-efficacy, stigma, social support, age, and recreational drug use on high-risk sexual behavior that enables human immunodeficiency virus transmission. A bivariate analysis found each of these factors significant. A discriminant function analysis revealed that significant predictors of high-risk sexual behavior included low self-efficacy and low outcome expectancy with regard to successfully using a condom, disclosing infection status, and negotiating safer sex and low peer norms for safer sex. Counseling implications for this population are discussed.
The Allure of Sexism

Benevolent sexism functions to uphold gender inequality by expressing caring and reverent attitudes exclusively toward women. Do these subjective benefits lure women to endorse benevolent sexism? We tested this by examining whether women’s psychological entitlement was associated with concurrent levels of benevolent sexism and longitudinal changes in benevolent sexism over 1 year in a national panel sample (N = 4421 New Zealanders). As predicted, latent variable interaction analyses indicated that women higher in psychological entitlement more strongly endorsed benevolent sexism and increasingly endorsed benevolent sexism over the year. Men’s psychological entitlement was more weakly associated with benevolent sexism concurrently and unrelated to changes in benevolent sexism across time. These findings provide the first evidence that the benefits of benevolent sexism are central to women’s adoption and endorsement of sexist attitudes toward their own gender—attitudes which contribute more broadly to the maintenance of gender inequality.
Placement Restrictiveness and Educational Achievement Among Emancipated Foster Youth

Objective: To investigate the relationship between measures of placement restrictiveness and educational achievement for a sample of emancipated foster youth. Method: Information was collected on 171 foster adolescents in Illinois. The permanency plan for each ward was independent living. Three methods were used to calculate the cumulative restrictiveness levels of various living arrangements while in placement. Follow-up information on educational progress was collected at age 21. Results: Two thirds of the youths in less restrictive placements attended postsecondary education, compared to one third who were placed in highly restrictive settings. Overall, nearly 85% of the enrollees in postsecondary education or training programs came from placements rated as low in restrictiveness. Conclusions: Placements rated as low in restrictiveness such as foster family homes and transitional apartments are probably the most effective settings in which to prepare foster wards for independence. Overall, the most useful method for calculating restrictiveness was the Predominant Placement Type formula.
The effect of self-regulation instruction on the performance achievement, musical self-efficacy, and practicing of advanced wind players

This study is an investigation of the effect of self-regulation instruction on collegiate wind players’ performance achievement, practice behavior, and self-efficacy. Volunteers (N = 28) were randomly assigned to an experimental condition that included either (a) instruction in the application of practice strategies (slowing, repetition, whole-part-whole, chaining) or (b) instruction in self-regulation principles (concentration, goal-selection, planning, self-evaluation, rest/reflective activity) in addition to the aforementioned strategies. The instruction was delivered via videos across 5 days and consisted of narrative descriptions and aural/visual models of each approach. Recordings of pre-test performances, 20 minutes of practice, and post-test performances were collected at days 1 and 5. Participants provided ratings of self-efficacy beliefs at days 1 and 5. Both groups made significant gains in performance achievement at each day. Those who received the self-regulation instruction made significantly greater gains in performance achievement on day 5 than those in the other group when controlling for gains made on day 1, and chose nuanced (dynamics, articulation, interpretation, etc.) as opposed to basic (e.g. notes, rhythms) musical objectives in their practice sessions with significantly greater frequency.
Neural convergence and divergence in the mammalian cerebral cortex: From experimental neuroanatomy to functional neuroimaging

A development essential for understanding the neural basis of complex behavior and cognition is the description, during the last quarter of the twentieth century, of detailed patterns of neuronal circuitry in the mammalian cerebral cortex. This effort established that sensory pathways exhibit successive levels of convergence, from the early sensory cortices to sensory‐specific and multisensory association cortices, culminating in maximally integrative regions. It was also established that this convergence is reciprocated by successive levels of divergence, from the maximally integrative areas all the way back to the early sensory cortices. This article first provides a brief historical review of these neuroanatomical findings, which were relevant to the study of brain and mind–behavior relationships and to the proposal of heuristic anatomofunctional frameworks. In a second part, the article reviews new evidence that has accumulated from studies of functional neuroimaging, employing both univariate and multivariate analyses, as well as electrophysiology, in humans and other mammals, that the integration of information across the auditory, visual, and somatosensory–motor modalities proceeds in a content‐rich manner. Behaviorally and cognitively relevant information is extracted from and conserved across the different modalities, both in higher order association cortices and in early sensory cortices. Such stimulus‐specific information is plausibly relayed along the neuroanatomical pathways alluded to above. The evidence reviewed here suggests the need for further in‐depth exploration of the intricate connectivity of the mammalian cerebral cortex in experimental neuroanatomical studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4097–4111, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring woman university physics students ‘doing gender’ and ‘doing physics’

This article explores what it can mean to be a woman physics student. A case study approach is used to explore how five women who are studying physics at a Swedish university simultaneously negotiate their doing of physics and their doing of gender. By conceptualising both gender and learning as aspects of identity formation, the analysis of the interviews with the five women offers insights into the nuances and complexities of how women relate to the gendered disciplinary culture of physics. This contrasts how research on gender and physics education has been predominantly concerned with comparisons of female and male students' attitudes and/or achievements. Furthermore, the analysis brings to the fore how it is not just the masculine connotations of physics that shape the experiences of the five women, but also the expectations on female physics students.
Short Forms of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition

Short forms of the Stanford-Binet were evaluated with a sample of 150 low-achieving students. The pattern of short-form validity coefficients was similar for students with different Entry Levels, for males and females, and Whites and Blacks. A four-sub-test short form (Vocabulary-Quantitative-Pattern Analyses-Memory for Sentences) and the six-subtest short form recommended by the Stanford-Binet's authors (the four-subtest short form plus Bead Memory and Compehension) obtained the highest (and similar) validity coefficients. The four-subtest short form was recommended over the six because it requires less time to adminster. The two-subtest short forms were not recommended.
A survey of security issues in mobile ad hoc and sensor networks

Security in mobile ad hoc networks is difficult to achieve, notably because of the vulnerability of wireless links, the limited physical protection of nodes, the dynamically changing topology, the absence of a certification authority, and the lack of a centralized monitoring or management point. Earlier studies on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) aimed at proposing protocols for some fundamental problems, such as routing, and tried to cope with the challenges imposed by the new environment. These protocols, however, fully trust all nodes and do not consider the security aspect. They are consequently vulnerable to attacks and misbehavior. More recent studies focused on security problems in MANETs, and proposed mechanisms to secure protocols and applications. This article surveys these studies. It presents and discusses several security problems along with the currently proposed solutions (as of July 2005) at different network layers of MANETs. Security issues involved in this article include routing and data forwarding, medium access, key management and intrusion detection systems (IDSs). This survey also includes an overview of security in a particular type of MANET, namely, wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
LIVER X RECEPTOR IS A KEY REGULATOR OF CYTOKINE RELEASE IN HUMAN MONOCYTES

Aberrant regulation of innate immune responses and uncontrolled cytokine bursts are hallmarks of sepsis and endotoxemia. Activation of the nuclear liver X receptor (LXR) was recently demonstrated to suppress inflammatory genes. Our aim was to investigate the expression of LXR in human monocytes under normal and endotoxemic conditions and to study the influence of LXR activation on endotoxin-induced cytokine synthesis and release. Adherent human monocytes or whole blood were pretreated with a synthetic LXR agonist (3-{3-[(2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-(2,2-diphenyl-ethyl)-amino]-propoxy}-phenyl)-acetic acid) and subsequently challenged with LPS (from Escherichia coli) or peptidoglycan (from Staphylococcus aureus). Cytokine release was assessed by a Multiplex antibody bead kit, and cytokine mRNA levels were measured by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We found that LXR&agr; mRNA was up-regulated in CD14+ monocytes in LPS-challenged blood, whereas LXR&bgr; mRNA was not altered. Addition of 3-{3-[(2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-(2,2-diphenyl-ethyl)-amino]-propoxy}-phenyl)-acetic acid to monocytes suppressed the LPS-induced release of IL-1&bgr;, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, TNF-&agr;, macrophage inflammatory protein 1&agr;, macrophage inflammatory protein 1&bgr;, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Surprisingly, an accompanying decrease in cytokine mRNA accumulation was not observed. The suppressed cytokine release could not be explained by a diminished transport of mRNA out of the nucleus or a decreased secretion of cytokines. We propose that LXR is a key regulator of cytokine release in LPS-challenged human monocytes, possibly by interfering with translational events.ABBREVIATIONS -LXR-liver X receptor; RXR-retinoid X receptor; PPAR-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; ABC-ATP-binding cassette transporter; PepG-peptidoglycan; MCP-monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP-macrophage inflammatory protein; GW3965-3-{3-[(2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-(2,2-diphenyl-ethyl)-amino]-propoxy}-phenyl)-acetic acid; RT-PCR-reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: a confirmatory factor analysis

Six alternative structural models of individualism–collectivism are reviewed and empirically compared in a confirmatory factor analysis of questionnaire data from an Australian student sample (N = 340). Central to the debate about the structure of this broad social attitude are the issues of (1) polarity (are individualism and collectivism bipolar opposites, or orthogonal factors? ) and (2) dimensionality (are individualism and collectivism themselves higher‐order constructs subsuming several more specific factors and, if so, what are they? ). The data from this Australian sample support a model that represents individualism and collectivism as a higher‐order bipolar factor hierarchically subsuming several bipolar reference‐group‐specific individualisms and collectivisms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.