Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On probabilistic inference in relational conditional logics

The principle of maximum entropy has proven to be a powerful approach for commonsense reasoning in probabilistic conditional logics on propositional languages. Due to this principle, reasoning is performed based on the unique model of a knowledge base that has maximum entropy. This kind of model-based inference fulﬁlls many desirable properties for inductive inference mechanisms and is usually the best choice for reasoning from an information theoretical point of view. However, the expressive power of propositional formalisms for probabilistic reasoning is limited and in the past few years many proposals have been given for probabilistic reasoning in relational settings. It seems to be a common view that in order to interpret probabilistic ﬁrst-order sentences, either a statistical approach that counts (tuples of) individuals has to be used, or the knowledge base has to be grounded to make a possible worlds semantics applicable, for a subjective interpretation of probabilities. Most of these proposals of the second type rely on extensions of traditional probabilistic models like Bayes nets or Markov networks whereas there are only few works on ﬁrst-order extensions of probabilistic conditional logic. Here, we take an approach of lifting maximum entropy methods to the relational case by employing a relational version of probabilistic conditional logic. First, we propose two diﬀerent semantics and model theories for interpreting ﬁrst-order probabilistic conditional logic. We address the problems of ambiguity that are raised by the diﬀerence between subjective and statistical views, and develop a comprehensive list of desirable properties for inductive model-based probabilistic inference in relational frameworks. Finally, by applying the principle of maximum entropy in the two diﬀerent semantical frameworks, we obtain inference operators that fulﬁll these properties and turn out to be reasonable choices for reasoning in ﬁrst-order probabilistic conditional logic.
Entrepreneurial Personality: A Configurational Approach

Entrepreneurial personality research can be said to be at crossroads as researchers are unable to formulate an approach that has predictive and explanatory powers. The developments in personality research have prompted entrepreneurial personality researchers to suggest a model that is capable of explaining the structure and processes of entrepreneurial personality. The configurational model suggested in this paper draws upon the trait dynamics and the Cognitive-Affective Personality System theory of personality reflecting the features of a total system view of entrepreneurial personality that clearly differentiates the patterns of entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial behaviours. Trait theory and the Cognitive-Affective Personality System theory variables delve into the deeper psychological processes to identify the basic structure and the processes of entrepreneurial personality. The configurational dynamics espouse the general pattern of entrepreneurial personality in an interactive and mediating relation among the intra-individual structures including the situation. The configurational dynamics further identify and differentiate the specific entrepreneurial personality constructs that researchers and practitioners frequently refer to.
The tubulin code: Molecular components, readout mechanisms, and functions

Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are dynamically assembled from α/β-tubulin heterodimers. The primary sequence and structure of the tubulin proteins and, consequently, the properties and architecture of microtubules are highly conserved in eukaryotes. Despite this conservation, tubulin is subject to heterogeneity that is generated in two ways: by the expression of different tubulin isotypes and by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Identifying the mechanisms that generate and control tubulin heterogeneity and how this heterogeneity affects microtubule function are long-standing goals in the field. Recent work on tubulin PTMs has shed light on how these modifications could contribute to a “tubulin code” that coordinates the complex functions of microtubules in cells.
Identifying partners and sustenance of stable, effective coalitions

Agent-based systems in real-world applications interact in an open world with other agents or human beings. Our goal is to design behavioral strategies that take advantage of cooperation possibilities to promote stable cooperation in a group of self-interested agents and is capable of negating exploitative behavior. That reciprocal cooperation is a viable strategy to promote cooperation and shun exploitative behavior has been demonstrated in our prior work [1]. In this paper we have broadened the scope of applicability of reciprocity behavior by incorporating the following realistic constraints:
Automatic essay grading using text categorization techniques

Several standard text-categorization techniques were applied to the problem of automated essay grading. Bayesian independence classi(cid:12)ers and k-nearest-neighbor classi(cid:12)ers were trained to assign scores to manually-graded essays. These scores were combined with several other summary text measures using linear regression. The classi(cid:12)ers and regression equations were then applied to a new set of essays. The classi(cid:12)ers worked very well. The agreement between the automated grader and the (cid:12)nal manual grade was as good as the agreement between human graders.
Dynamic fuzzy rule weight optimization for a Fuzzy Based Single-Stroke Character Recognizer

In this paper a dynamic fuzzy rule weighting method (DFW) combined with evolutionary optimization are presented for the formerly published Fuzzy Based Single-Stroke Character Recognizer (FUBAR) method. With the introduced rule weighting technique the consequent parts of the if.then. rules are calculated similarly to the original FUBAR method, but a dynamic fuzzy rule weight Wn([0,1]) described as a fuzzy set is applied to it in On·1/Wn(On) form, where On is the output of the rule. The membership functions of DFW-s are determined by bacterial evolutionary algorithm. The paper compares the results of the proposed new algorithm with other (formerly published) FUBAR algorithms and also with other commercial and academic single-stroke recognizers in terms of recognition accuracy and computational resources needed.
The Impact of Galaxy Formation on the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect of Galaxy Clusters

We study the effects of galaxy formation on the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) observable-mass relations using high-resolution cosmological simulations. The simulations of 11 individual clusters spanning a decade in mass are performed with the shock-capturing Eulerian adaptive mesh refinement N-body+gasdynamics ART code. To assess the impact of galaxy formation, we compare two sets of simulations performed in an adiabatic regime (without galaxy formation) with those with several physical processes critical to various aspects of galaxy formation: radiative cooling, star formation, stellar feedback, and metal enrichment. We show that a SZE signal integrated to a sufficiently large fraction of cluster volume correlates strongly with its enclosed mass, independent of details of gas physics and the dynamical state of the cluster. The slope and redshift evolution of the SZE flux-mass relation are also insensitive to processes of galaxy formation and are well characterized by a simple self-similar cluster model. Its normalization, on the other hand, is significantly affected by gas cooling and associated star formation. Our simulations show that inclusion of these processes suppresses the normalization by ≈30%-40%. The effect is due to a decrease in gas mass fraction, which is offset slightly by an increase in gas-mass-weighted temperature. Gas cooling and star formation also cause an increase in total mass and modify the normalization by a few percent. Finally, we compare the results of our simulations to recent observations of the SZE scaling relations obtained using 36 OVRO/BIMA SZE + Chandra X-ray observations. The comparison highlights the importance of galaxy formation in theoretical modeling of clusters and shows that the current generation of simulations produces clusters with gross properties quite similar to their observed counterparts.
Anemia and Micronutrient Status of Women of Childbearing Age and Children 6–59 Months in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Little is known about the micronutrient status of women and children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is critical for the design of effective nutrition interventions. We recruited 744 mother-child pairs from South Kivu (SK) and Kongo Central (KC). We determined hemoglobin (Hb), serum zinc, vitamin B12, folate, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), retinol binding protein (RBP), C-reactive protein, and α-1 acid glycoprotein concentrations. Anemia prevalence was determined using Hb adjusted for altitude alone and Hb adjusted for both altitude and ethnicity. Anemia prevalence was lower after Hb adjustment for altitude and ethnicity, compared to only altitude, among women (6% vs. 17% in SK; 10% vs. 32% in KC), children 6–23 months (26% vs. 59% in SK; 25% vs. 42% in KC), and children 24–59 months (14% vs. 35% in SK; 23% vs. 44% in KC), respectively. Iron deficiency was seemingly higher with sTfR as compared to inflammation-adjusted ferritin among women (18% vs. 4% in SK; 21% vs. 5% in KC), children 6–23 months (51% vs. 14% in SK; 74% vs. 10% in KC), and children 24–59 months (23% vs. 4% in SK; 58% vs. 1% in KC). Regardless of indicator, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) never exceeded 3% in women. In children, IDA reached almost 20% when sTfR was used but was only 10% with ferritin. Folate, B12, and vitamin A (RBP) deficiencies were all very low (<5%); RBP was 10% in children. The prevalence of anemia was unexpectedly low. Inflammation-adjusted zinc deficiency was high among women (52% in SK; 58% in KC), children 6–23 months (23% in SK; 20% in KC), and children 24–59 months (25% in SK; 27% in KC). The rate of biochemical zinc deficiency among Congolese women and children requires attention.
A cortical–subcortical syntax pathway linking Broca's area and the striatum

Combinatorial syntax has been shown to be underpinned by cortical key regions such as Broca's area and temporal cortices, and by subcortical structures such as the striatum. The cortical regions are connected via several cortico‐to‐cortical tracts impacting syntactic processing (e.g., the arcuate) but it remains unclear whether and how the striatum can be integrated into this cortex‐centered syntax network. Here, we used a systematic stepwise approach to investigate the existence and syntactic function of an additional deep Broca‐striatum pathway. We first asked 15 healthy controls and 12 patients with frontal/striatal lesions to perform three syntax tests. The results obtained were subjected to voxel‐based lesion‐symptom mapping (VLSM) to provide an anatomo‐functional approximation of the pathway. The significant VLSM clusters were then overlapped with the probability maps of four cortico‐cortical language tracts generated for 12 healthy participants (arcuate, extreme capsule fiber system, uncinate, aslant), including a probabilistic Broca‐striatum tract. Finally, we carried out quantitative analyses of the relationship between the lesion load along the tracts and syntactic processing, by calculating tract‐lesion overlap for each patient and analyzing the correlation with syntactic data. Our findings revealed a Broca‐striatum tract linking BA45 with the left caudate head and overlapping with VLSM voxel clusters relating to complex syntax. The lesion load values for this tract were correlated with complex syntax scores, whereas no such correlation was observed for the other tracts. These results extend current syntax‐network models, by adding a deep “Broca‐caudate pathway,” and are consistent with functional accounts of frontostriatal circuits. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2270–2283, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring the infrared/radio correlation at high redshift

We have analysed the 24-μm properties of a radio-selected sample in the Subaru-XMM-Newton Deep Field in order to explore the behaviour of the far-infrared/radio (FIR/radio) relation at high redshifts. Statistically, the correlation is described by q 24 , the ratio between the observed flux densities at 24 μm and 1.4 GHz, respectively. Using 24-μm data results in considerably more scatter in the correlation than previous work using data at 60-70 μm. Nevertheless, we do observe a steady correlation as a function of redshift, up to z ≈ 3.5, suggesting its validity back to primeval times. We find q 24 = 0.30 ± 0.56 for the observed and q 24 = 0.71 ± 0.47 for the k-corrected radio sample, based on sources with 300 μJy mJy. The rest-frame U - B colours of the expected radio-excess population have a redder distribution than those that follow the correlation. This is therefore a promising way to select obscured type 2 AGN, with a radio-loud nature, missed by deep X-ray observations. Spectroscopic follow-up of these sources is required to fully test this method.
Evidence of systematic errors in SCIAMACHY-observed CO 2 due to aerosols

Abstract. SCIAMACHY CO2 measurements show a large variability in total column CO2 over the Sahara desert of up to 10%, which is not anticipated from in situ measurements and cannot be explained by results of atmospheric models. Comparisons with colocated aerosol measurements by TOMS and MISR over the Sahara indicate that the seasonal variation of SCIAMACHY-observed CO2 strongly resembles seasonal variations of windblown dust. Correlation coefficients of monthly datasets of colocated MISR aerosol optical depth and SCIAMACHY CO2 vary between 0.6 and 0.8, indicating that about half of the CO2 variance is explained by aerosol optical depth. Radiative transfer model calculations confirm the role of dust and can explain the size of the errors. Sensitivity tests suggest that the remaining variance may largely be explained by variations in the vertical distribution of dust. Further calculations for a few typical aerosol classes and a broad range of atmospheric conditions show that the impact of aerosols on SCIAMACHY retrieved CO2 is by far the largest over the Sahara, but may also reach significant levels elsewhere. Over the continents, aerosols lead mostly to overestimated CO2 columns with the exception of biomass burning plumes and dark coniferous forests. Inverse modelling calculations confirm that aerosol correction of SCIAMACHY CO2 measurements is needed to derive meaningful source and sink estimates. Methods for correcting aerosol-induced errors exist, but so far mainly on the basis of theoretical considerations. As demonstrated by this study, SCIAMACHY may contribute to a verification of such methods using real data.
Transformational school leadership as a key factor for teachers’ job attitudes during their first year in the profession

Teacher attrition is a global concern that is particularly prevalent among beginning teachers. Teachers’ intrinsic motivation to teach, affective organisational commitment and job satisfaction are considered job attitudes that stop them from dropping out of the profession. This study explores the interplay between factors at the school level (i.e. transformational leadership of the principal, professional collegial support) and the teacher level (i.e. self-efficacy) influencing these job attitudes. A sample of 292 first-year primary-school teachers participated. The results of the path analysis demonstrated that transformational leadership of the principal is directly related to teachers’ job attitudes in a positive way. Moreover, transformational leadership of the principal is also indirectly related to these attitudes, via both professional collegial support and teachers’ self-efficacy. Implications for the supportive role of the principal in the teachers’ first year in the profession are discussed.
Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a self-expanding prosthesis.

BACKGROUND We compared transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR), using a self-expanding transcatheter aortic-valve bioprosthesis, with surgical aortic-valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis and an increased risk of death during surgery. METHODS We recruited patients with severe aortic stenosis who were at increased surgical risk as determined by the heart team at each study center. Risk assessment included the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predictor Risk of Mortality estimate and consideration of other key risk factors. Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to TAVR with the self-expanding transcatheter valve (TAVR group) or to surgical aortic-valve replacement (surgical group). The primary end point was the rate of death from any cause at 1 year, evaluated with the use of both noninferiority and superiority testing. RESULTS A total of 795 patients underwent randomization at 45 centers in the United States. In the as-treated analysis, the rate of death from any cause at 1 year was significantly lower in the TAVR group than in the surgical group (14.2% vs. 19.1%), with an absolute reduction in risk of 4.9 percentage points (upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval, -0.4; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P = 0.04 for superiority). The results were similar in the intention-to-treat analysis. In a hierarchical testing procedure, TAVR was noninferior with respect to echocardiographic indexes of valve stenosis, functional status, and quality of life. Exploratory analyses suggested a reduction in the rate of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and no increase in the risk of stroke. CONCLUSIONS In patients with severe aortic stenosis who are at increased surgical risk, TAVR with a self-expanding transcatheter aortic-valve bioprosthesis was associated with a significantly higher rate of survival at 1 year than surgical aortic-valve replacement. (Funded by Medtronic; U.S. CoreValve High Risk Study ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01240902.).
Holy Spirit's Support to University Students in their Existential Challenging Life: A Case of University of Nairobi, Kenya

University life presents both opportunities and challenges for students to exercise freedom, vital dynamism in authentic interpersonal relationship, academic maturity and intended integral development. During the university years, however, students have to grapple with and encounter diverse rather negative existential challenges. The present scenario in our universities revealed, for instance, through the mass media brings to awareness unfortunate situations such as the “culture of death” competing almost equally with the “culture of life” where being killed or even committing suicide in the campus is no big deal such that people seem to have a fatigue of it which is an extremely disturbing scenario. Dehumanizing factors tend to overwhelm them which are either ignored or handled inadequately even by the administrators. Life among university students is thus threatened by such and other powerful malevolent forces which should not be allowed to continue unchecked thereby triggering the study. Another empowering benevolent force is called for to counter the above provoking the present study to seek and examine the role of the Holy Spirit in counteracting such forces with the ubiquitous benevolent life-force in view of productive university years and even after. Data was collectedguided by Boffs’ mediation theory and Conzelmann et al., redaction criticism theory through not only experiential knowledge but also via interviews and questionnaires and then analyzed thematically. Purposive sampling was used to select the University of Nairobi for practical purposes. The study’s outcome, however, is open to other universities within and outside Kenya since ours is a case study in design. The challenges faced by contemporary university students are innumerable and diverse. Consequently, the study examines identity crises and deaths among university students as springboard to other social, financial and academic challenges in future studies.
International Evidence on the Value of Corporate Diversification

The valuation effect of diversification is examined for large samples of firms in Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom for 1992 and 1994. We find no significant diversification discount in Germany, but a significant diversification discount of 10 percent in Japan and 15 percent in the U.K. Concentrated ownership in the hands of insiders enhances the valuation effect of diversification in Germany, but not in Japan or the U.K. For Japan, only firms with strong links to an industrial group have a diversification discount. These findings suggest that international differences in corporate governance affect the impact of diversification on shareholder wealth. Copyright The American Finance Association 1999.
Investigation into New Zealand early childhood teachers’ perspectives on spirituality and wairua in teaching

Abstract The New Zealand early childhood Te Whāriki Curriculum’s vision statement draws attention to the responsibility teachers have to create environments in which children can develop holistically; including spiritually. This paper outlines the findings from a small qualitative research project that explored teachers’ perspectives on their understanding of spirituality and ‘wairua’ and the role they have in fostering these aspects in children’s development. Participants were in agreement that the concept of wairua and spiritualty are interwoven with both being about the spirit, soul, inner being, heart, the sum of who you are. Participants were in agreement that fostering this aspect of a child’s development was part of a teacher’s responsibility. All respondents identified implications for their practice which included having environments that were inviting, stress free, engaging and filled with natural resources. The study highlighted that their initial teacher education programmes failed to cover these aspects in spirituality in any depth.
Characterization of Bacterial Communities Associated with Deep-Sea Corals on Gulf of Alaska Seamounts

ABSTRACT Although microbes associated with shallow-water corals have been reported, deepwater coral microbes are poorly characterized. A cultivation-independent analysis of Alaskan seamount octocoral microflora showed that Proteobacteria (classes Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria), Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria dominate and vary in abundance. More sampling is needed to understand the basis and significance of this variation.