Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tonogenesis and the Kickapoo Tonal System

One of the features that distinguish the Kickapoo language from the other closely related Algonquian languages is the existence of a tonal phenomenon whereby any syllable preceding a spirant is pronounced with a low pitch, except when the syllable falls within the domain of one of the sentence-level intonations (Voorhis 1967; 1974). The occurrence of low tone before spirants is especially interesting in the light of proposed universals of phonetic motivation for tones. The assumption that lexical tone is a reflex of an earlier segmental phenomenon is well established on the basis of work in Oriental (Chinese, Burmese, Vietnamese, and Thai, inter alia) and African (e.g., Hausa) languages. A comprehensive inventory of these tone-producing phenomena can be found in Hombert et al. (1979). They show that there are universal phonetic motivations for the development of low tone following voiced stops and breathy voiced stops and of high tone following voiceless stops. Conversely, there is little or no evidence that a postvocalic oral consonant has an appreciable effect on the pitch (and therefore tone) of the preceding vowel. However, there is ample evidence from several languages (Burmese, Lahu, Chinese, Kachari) that a postvocalic glottal stop has produced a rising tone on the preceding vowel and that a postvocalic glottal spirant /h/ has produced a falling tone on the preceding vowel (Chinese, Vietnamese). The development of carefully constructed phonetic explanations of the origin of these tonal phenomena further allows a contrary hypothesis to be formed, namely, that certain phonetic environments cannot normally be productive of a given tonal phenomenon. Thus, Hombert et al. (1979) write: "We have reviewed what we consider to be promising phonetic explanations for well-attested tonal sound patterns e.g. tone originating from the effects of prevocalic stop consonants or postvocalic glottal consonants, and tone rarely or never originating from the influence of postvocalic nonglottal consonants or from vowel height" [emphasis mine]. The italicized portion of this statement seems to conflict with the facts of Kickapoo, in which low tone occurs before all three spirants-/0/, /s/, and /h/.
Characterization and in vitro studies of the anticancer effect of oxidized carbon nanotubes functionalized with betulinic acid

Among the array of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes have shown great potential as drug carriers in the field of nanomedicine, owing to their attractive physicochemical structure, which facilitates functionalization of therapeutic molecules onto their external walls or being encapsulated inside the tubes. The aim of this preliminary study was to formulate betulinic acid (BA), a poorly water-soluble drug, in oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) for enhanced delivery efficiency into cancer cells with reduced cytotoxicity. The synthesized MWCNT-BA nanocomposite was characterized using ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques. The loading of BA in MWCNT-COOH nanocarrier was estimated to be about 14.5%–14.8% (w/w), as determined by ultraviolet-visible and thermogravimetric analysis. Fourier transform infrared study shows that the peaks of the resulting MWCNT-BA nanocomposite correlate to the characteristic functional groups of BA and MWCNT-COOH. The powder X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the tubular structures of MWCNT-COOH were not affected by the drug loading mechanism of BA. The release profiles demonstrated that approximately 98% of BA could be released within 22 hours by phosphate-buffered saline solution at pH 7.4 compared with about 22% within 24 hours at pH 4.8. The biocompatibility studies revealed that MWCNT-BA at concentrations <50μg/mL expressed no cytotoxicity effects for mouse embryo fibroblast cells after 72 hours of treatment. The anticancer activity of MWCNT-BA was observed to be more sensitive to human lung cancer cell line when compared with human liver cancer cell line, with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 2.7 and 11. 0μg/mL, respectively. Our findings form a fundamental platform for further investigation of the MWCNT-BA formulation against different types of cancer cells.
THE QUEST FOR PERFECTION: AVOIDING GUILT OR AVOIDING SHAME?

The cognitive style of perfectionists is noted together with the emotional and behavioral outcome of their irrational thinking patterns. Perfectionism in narcissism is viewed as an attempt to avoid shame and humiliation for not living up to an archaic grandiose view of the self. In contrast, neurotic perfectionism is an attempt to avoid guilt for not living up to the demands of a harsh, internalized, and differentiated superego.
The Nielsen-Thurston classification of mapping classes is determined by TQFT

For each fixed n>=2 we show how the Nielsen-Thurston classification of mapping classes for a closed surface of genus g>=2 is determined by the sequence of quantum SU(n) representations, when one considers all levels. That this is the case is a consequence of our asymptotic faithfulness property. We here provide explicit conditions on the image under these representations, which determines the Nielsen-Thurston type of any mapping class.
7 Neural and Behavioral Indicators of Integration Processes across Sentence Boundaries

A fundamental characteristic of a text is that its sentences are not unrelated but cohere. To understand a text, a reader must therefore cognitively establish specific relations between a new statement and the previously read text. The coherence between sentences can be established by different kinds of integration processes: anaphora resolution, memory processes that resonate for words with related meanings (O’Brien, Rizzella, Albrecht, & Halleran, 1998), and more effortful inference processes that are driven by a search for meaning (Graesser, Singer, & Trabasso, 1994). These processes may work at different levels of a text representation (cf. van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983; Fletcher, 1994). Anaphora resolution may occur at a linguistic level creating argument overlap (Kintsch & van Dijk, 1978), resonance processes may be strongly memorybased, and the more effortful inference processes may occur at the situational level, as suggested by Schmalhofer, McDaniel, and Keefe (2002). Readers process a text sequentially word by word. We can thus investigate how the proposed integration processes unfold at one word or another or at two subsequent words (e.g., a noun followed by a verb) that reference a proposition. Such two-word combinations may also be employed in verification tasks (cf. Griesel, Friese, & Schmalhofer, 2003). So far, research on word-level effects across sentence boundaries is relatively sparse. In one example of “on-line” word comprehension research, Van Berkum, Zwitserlood, Haagort, and Brown (2003) investigated when and how listeners bring the knowledge from the prior discourse to bear on the processing of the final word in a new sentence. They presented sentences like Jane told the brother that he was exceptionally slow and measured ERPs on the
Characterization of Two Putative Protein Translocation Components in the Apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum

ABSTRACT Protein trafficking to the stroma of the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum requires translocation across several membranes. To further elucidate the mechanisms responsible, we investigated two proteins: P. falciparum Tic22 (PfTic22), a putative component of the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane; and PfsDer1-1, one of two homologues of the P. falciparum symbiont-derived Der1 (sDer1) protein, a putative component of an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) complex in the periplastid membrane. We constructed parasites expressing hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PfTic22 and PfsDer1-1 under the control of their endogenous promoters using the 3′ replacement strategy. We show that both PfTic22-HA and PfsDer1-1-HA are expressed predominantly during the trophozoite stage of the asexual replication cycle, which corresponds to the most dynamic stages of apicoplast activity. Although both proteins localize to the periphery of the apicoplast, PfTic22-HA is a membrane-associated protein while PfsDer1-1-HA is an integral membrane protein. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PfsDer1-1 is one of two Der1 paralogues predicted to localize to the apicoplast in P. falciparum and that it has orthologues in diatom algae, supporting the chromalveolate hypothesis. These observations are consistent with putative roles for PfTic22 and PfsDer1-1 in protein translocation into the apicoplast of P. falciparum.
Communications of the Association for Information Systems a Systematic Mapping of Factors Affecting Accuracy of Software Development Effort Estimation a Systematic Mapping of Factors Affecting Accuracy of Software Development Effort Estimation a Systematic Mapping of Factors Affecting Accuracy of So

Software projects often do not meet their scheduling and budgeting targets. Inaccurate estimates are often responsible for this mismatch. This study investigates extant research on factors that affect accuracy of software development effort estimation. The purpose is to synthesize existing knowledge, propose directions for future research, and improve estimation accuracy in practice. A systematic mapping study (a comprehensive review of existing research) is conducted to identify such factors and their impact on estimation accuracy. Thirty-two factors assigned to four categories (estimation process, estimator's characteristics, project to be estimated, and external context) are identified in a variety of research studies. Although the significant impact of several factors has been shown, results are limited by the lack of insight into the extent of these impacts. Our results imply a shift in research focus and design to gather more in-depth insights. Moreover, our results emphasize the need to argue for specific design decisions to enable a better understanding of possible influences of the study design on the credibility of the results. For software developers, our results provide a useful map to check the assumptions that undergird their estimates, to build comprehensive experience databases, and to adequately staff design projects.
Pronoun resolution in Italian: The role of grammatical gender and context

The aim of this self-paced reading study was to investigate the role of grammatical and context-based gender in assigning an antecedent to a pronoun where the antecedent is an epicene or a bigender noun. In Italian, epicene nouns (e.g., vittima, victim) have grammatical gender, whereas bigender nouns (e.g., assistente, assistant) do not have grammatical gender but instead acquire it from the context in which they occur. We devised three different types of context: incongruent contexts (i.e., contexts containing a gender bias that differed from the grammatical gender of the epicene), congruent contexts (i.e., contexts where the gender bias and grammatical gender coincided), and neutral contexts. In the case of epicenes, pronoun resolution was driven by grammatical gender; in the case of bigenders it was driven by the gender assigned by context. The results are discussed in the light of current models of anaphor resolution.
Low-power fixed-width array multipliers

A fixed-width multiplier using the left-to-right algorithm for partial-product reduction is presented. The high-speed feature offered by this design is used to trade for low power. In one design, the proposed multiplier not only owns 8% speed improvement but also gains 14% power and 13% area reduction. When applying the voltage scaling to balance the speed, the power reduction is increased to 29%.
reportRenal cancer associated with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome : a case report and review of the literature

Introduction: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is a rare genodermatosis characterized by hair follicle hamartomas, renal tumors and spontaneous pneumothorax. We present the case of a patient with pulmonary cysts and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. She had typical skin lesions, and was found to have a hybrid oncocytoma which was
Multidimensional Binary Search for Contextual Decision-Making

We consider a multidimensional search problem that is motivated by questions in contextual decision-making, such as dynamic pricing and personalized medicine. Nature selects a state from a d-dimensional unit ball and then generates a sequence of d-dimensional directions. We are given access to the directions, but not access to the state. After receiving a direction, we have to guess the value of the dot product between the state and the direction. Our goal is to minimize the number of times when our guess is more than ε away from the true answer. We construct a polynomial time algorithm that we call Projected Volume achieving regret O(dlog(d/ε)), which is optimal up to a logd factor. The algorithm combines a volume cutting strategy with a new geometric technique that we call cylindrification.
Book Review: The Dynamic Assessment of Cognitive Modifiability

Some readers have been in the field long enough to remember the stir caused by Reuven Feuerstein (1979) with The Dynamic Assessment of Retarded Performers: The Learning Potential Assessment Device. Theory, Instruments and Techniques. Even if missed, it is likely that most professionals have read about Feuerstein’s ideas (often in a paragraph or two) in texts on intellectual assessment or much more extensively in articles and texts about his theories of structural cognitive modifiability and mediated learning experience, the Learning Potential Assessment Device (Feuerstein, Rand, Haywood, Kyram, & Hoffman, 1995), and the cognitive intervention program entitled Instrumental Enrichment (Feuerstein, Hoffman, Rand, & Miller, 1980). Many test developers, theorists, and intervention specialists have interacted with Feuerstein in this country and at his research institute in Jerusalem, Israel, some of them learning his approaches in depth—as has the second author of this review. A number of these professionals have gone on to develop their own ideas and approaches that differ from those of Feuerstein. Whatever the reaction to these ideas, however, Feuerstein always seems to trigger deeper thinking—perhaps because of his stance at one end of a continuum regarding assessment of intelligence. It is a good idea, then, to read and reflect on the second edition of this text, slightly renamed The Dynamic Assessment of Cognitive Modifiability—for the revisions are in part a response to issues that arose since the first book regarding the rationale and best practices for measuring intelligence. The authors of the second edition inform the reader that they changed the title to focus on the key concept of cognitive modifiability as it relates to dynamic assessment (DA) and the measure of intelligence. Feuerstein and colleagues stated in the foreword,
Prefrontal hypoactivation and recovery in insomnia.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Although subjective complaints about daytime cognitive functioning are an essential symptom of chronic insomnia, abnormalities in functional brain activation have not previously been investigated. This study was designed to investigate functional brain activation differences as a possible result of chronic insomnia, and the reversibility of these differences after nonmedicated sleep therapy. DESIGN Insomniacs and carefully matched controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning during the performance of a category and a letter fluency task. Insomniacs were randomly assigned to either a 6-week period of nonpharmacological sleep therapy or a wait list period, after which fMRI scanning was repeated using parallel tasks. Task-related brain activation and number of generated words were considered as outcome measures. SETTING The outpatient sleep clinic of the VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; fMRI was performed at the Department of Radiology. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one patients suffering from chronic insomnia and 12 matched controls. INTERVENTIONS Nonpharmacological sleep therapy for 6 weeks, consisting of cognitive behavioral therapy, body temperature and bright light interventions, sleep hygiene, and physical activity counseling. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS Compared to controls, insomnia patients showed hypoactivation of the medial and inferior prefrontal cortical areas (Brodmann Area 9, 44-45), which recovered after sleep therapy but not after a wait list period. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia interferes in a reversible fashion with activation of the prefrontal cortical system during daytime task performance.
A Sustainable Development Framework for a Landscape of Dispersed Historic Settlement

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to determine whether dispersed historic settlement can accommodate sustainable rural communities. While the main focus is on rural planning policies in England, there are references to sustainable development policies in areas of dispersed settlement in selected European countries. Some of the inherent contradictions inherent in the recent move towards fostering sustainable rural communities in UK planning practice are explored. Dispersed historic settlement as a cultural phenomenon worthy of protection and enhancement is reflected upon. Prospects for enhancing rural planning policies in the UK are explored and a framework is outlined for identifying criteria for sustainable rural communities that might inform rural planning policies, with particular reference to dispersed historic settlement. Pointers are offered towards improving rural planning policies in the UK.
HDAC4 Degradation Mediates HDAC Inhibition‐Induced Protective Effects Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression through remodeling of chromatin structures. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this event remain unknown. In this study, we sought to examine whether HDAC inhibition‐mediated protective effects involved HDAC4 sumoylation, degradation, and the proteasome pathway. Isolated neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes (NMVM) and H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were subjected to 48 h of hypoxia (H) (1% O2) and 2 h of reoxygenation (R). Treatment of cardiomyocytes with trichostatin A (TSA) attenuated H/R‐elicited injury, as indicated by a reduction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, an increase in cell viability, and decrease in apoptotic positive cardiomyocytes. MG132, a potent proteasome pathway inhibitor, abrogated TSA‐induced protective effects, which was associated with the accumulation of ubiquitinated HDAC4. NMVM transduced with adenoviral HDAC4 led to an exaggeration of H/R‐induced injury. TSA treatment resulted in a decrease in HDAC4 in cardiomyocytes infected with adenoviral HDAC4, and HDAC4‐induced injury was attenuated by TSA. HDAC inhibition resulted in a significant reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyoblasts exposed to H/R, which was attenuated by blockade of the proteasome pathway. Cardiomyoblasts carrying wild type and sumoylation mutation (K559R) were established to examine effects of HDAC4 sumoylation and ubiquitination on H/R injury. Disruption of HDAC4 sumoylation brought about HDAC4 accumulation and impairment of HDAC4 ubiquitination in association with enhanced susceptibility of cardiomyoblasts to H/R. Taken together, these results demonstrated that HDAC inhibition stimulates proteasome dependent degradation of HDAC4, which is associated with HDAC4 sumoylation to induce these protective effects. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 1321–1331, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
β Oscillation during Slow Wave Sleep and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Electroencephalogram of a Transgenic Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease

Study objectives To search for early abnormalities in electroencephalogram (EEG) during sleep which may precede motor symptoms in a transgenic mouse model of hereditary neurodegenerative Huntington’s disease (HD). Design In the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of HD, rhythmic brain activity in EEG recordings was monitored longitudinally and across vigilance states through the onset and progression of disease. Measurements and results Mice with chronic electrode implants were recorded monthly over wake-sleep cycles (4 hours), beginning at 9–11 weeks (presymptomatic period) through 6–7 months (symptomatic period). Recording data revealed a unique β rhythm (20–35 Hz), present only in R6/1 transgenic mice, which evolves in close parallel with the disease. In addition, there was an unusual relationship between this β oscillation and vigilance states: while nearly absent during the active waking state, the β oscillation appeared with drowsiness and during slow wave sleep (SWS) and, interestingly, strengthened rather than dissipating when the brain returned to an activated state during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Conclusions In addition to providing a new in vivo biomarker and insight into Huntington's disease pathophysiology, this serendipitous observation opens a window onto the rarely explored neurophysiology of the cortico-basal ganglia circuit during SWS and REM sleep.
Is There a Difference? Exploring Male and Female Correctional Officers' Definition of and Response to Conflict Situations

Abstract Although the use of force in corrections is a topic of interest, little is known about the factors that influence correctional officers' decisions. In particular, very little is known about similarities and differences between male and female correctional officers in their definitions of and responses to conflict situations. Interviews were conducted with 192 officers at a large southwestern jail. Using a realistic vignette of an inmate disobeying a direct order, 96 female and 96 male officers were asked about their perceptions in defining and responding to conflict. Results indicate that male and female officers react to conflict situations in a similar manner, although it appears that the inmate's sex is a salient factor in the officers' decision on how to resolve conflict.
Alcoholic Myelopathy and Nutritional Deficiency

A patient with chronic alcoholism presented with myelopathy and low serum folate and cobalamin levels. A 42-year-old alcoholic man had gait disturbance for 4 months. A neurological examination revealed marked spasticity with increased deep tendon reflexes and extensor plantar responses of the lower limbs. His cobalamin level was decreased and his serum folate level was particularly low. His plasma ammonia level was not increased. Abstinence and folic acid and cobalamin supplementation stopped the progression of his neurological deficits. This case indicates that nutritional deficiency should be monitored closely in patients with chronic alcoholism who present with myelopathy.
Co-constructing a Sense of Community at Work: The Emergence of Community in Coworking Spaces

As more individuals are working remotely, many feel increasingly isolated and socially adrift. To address this challenge, many independent workers are choosing to work in coworking spaces – shared spaces where individuals do their own work but in the presence of others with the express purpose of being part of a community. In this qualitative, single case study, we analyze how members of a coworking space work together to co-construct a sense of community through their day-to-day interactions in the space. We apply a relational constructionist lens to unpack the processes of ‘community work’ as an interactive, agentic process. We identify three types of collective actions, or interacts, that contribute to a sense of community: endorsing, encountering, and engaging. These interacts represent different forms of community work that members interactively accomplish to maintain a desired community experience. The rapidly growing coworking movement offers insights, as uncovered in this study, on how to integrate a sense of community into the world of work.