Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The VTR project: architecture and CAD for FPGAs from verilog to routing

To facilitate the development of future FPGA architectures and CAD tools -- both embedded programmable fabrics and pure-play FPGAs -- there is a need for a large scale, publicly available software suite that can synthesize circuits into easily-described hypothetical FPGA architectures. These circuits should be captured at the HDL level, or higher, and pass through logical and physical synthesis. Such a tool must provide detailed modelling of area, performance and energy to enable architecture exploration. As software flows themselves evolve to permit design capture at ever higher levels of abstraction, this downstream full-implementation flow will always be required. This paper describes the current status and new release of an ongoing effort to create such a flow - the 'Verilog to Routing' (VTR) project, which is a broad collaboration of researchers. There are three core tools: ODIN II for Verilog Elaboration and front-end hard-block synthesis, ABC for logic synthesis, and VPR for physical synthesis and analysis. ODIN II now has a simulation capability to help verify that its output is correct, as well as specialized synthesis at the elaboration step for multipliers and memories. ABC is used to optimize the 'soft' logic of the FPGA. The VPR-based packing, placement and routing is now fully timing-driven (the previous release was not) and includes new capability to target complex logic blocks. In addition we have added a set of four large benchmark circuits to a suite of previously-released Verilog HDL circuits. Finally, we illustrate the use of the new flow by using it to help architect a floating-point unit in an FPGA, and contrast it with a prior, much longer effort that was required to do the same thing.
2010-12 Networks and collective action

Given a social network, we are interested in the pr oblem of measuring the influence of a group of agents to lead the society to adopt their b havior. Motivated by the description of terrorist movements, we provide a markovian dyna mic l model for non-symmetric societies, which takes into account two special fea tur s: the hard core terrorist group cannot be influenced, and the remaining agents may ch nge from active to non-active and vice versa during the process. In this setting, we interpret the absorption time of the model, which measures how quickly the terrorist mov ement achieve the support of all society, as a group measure of power. In some sense , our model generalizes the classical approach of DeGroot to consensus formation.
Comparison of serum sodium and potassium levels in patients with senile cataract and age-matched individuals without cataract

Aim: The study was to analyze mean serum sodium and potassium levels in cataract patients and age-matched individuals without cataract. Methods and Materials: It was a prospective case-control study. Individuals more than 50 years of age who attended our ophthalmic center in the year 2007-2010 were grouped into those having cataract and those without cataract. Mean serum sodium and potassium levels in the cataract groups were calculated and compared with the control group. Statistical software SPSS14 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Mean serum sodium levels in cataract group was 135.1 meqv/l and 133 meqv/l in the control group. Mean potassium was 3.96 meqv/l in the case study group and 3.97 meqv/l in controls. Mean sodium levels among cases were significantly higher than control group. No difference was seen in the PSC group and control. The difference in mean potassium among the two groups was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Diets with high sodium contents are a risk factor for senile cataract formation and dietary modifications can possibly reduce the rate of progression cataract.
The effect of quantization and Coulomb friction on the stability of haptic rendering

Rendering stiff virtual objects remains a core challenge in the field of haptics. A study of this problem is presented, which relates the maximum achievable object stiffness to the elements of the control loop. In particular, we examine how the sampling rate and quantization of position measurements interact with the inertia, natural viscous, and Coulomb damping of the haptic device. The resulting stability criterion generalizes previously known conditions. Simulations and experimental results support the theoretical analysis based on the passivity and describing function approaches.
Site-Specific Disease Potential of Individual Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes in Pediatric Invasive Disease, Acute Otitis Media and Acute Conjunctivitis

Background: Recent studies have shown that some Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes possess a higher potential to cause invasive disease than others. However, it is unknown whether disease potential for specific serotypes is similar for mucosal disease. Our objective was to assess the disease potential of individual S. pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), acute otitis media (AOM) and acute conjunctivitis (AC) in children. Methods: Serotypes of pneumococcal isolates from children with IPD, AOM and AC were compared with those carried by healthy children aged <3 years. All children resided in the same area and were studied during the same period. Odds ratios for disease were calculated for each diagnosis following multivariate analysis, including gender, age, ethnic group, previous antibiotic treatment and year variability. Results: A total of 5500 isolates were collected: 189 from blood or cerebrospinal fluid, 3200 from middle ear fluid, 348 from conjunctiva and 1763 from nasopharynx of healthy children. A significant positive association with IPD was demonstrated for serotypes 1, 5 and 12F; with AOM for serotypes 1, 3, 5, 12F, 19A and 19F; and with AC for serotype 3 and nontypeable S. pneumoniae. A significant negative association with IPD was demonstrated for nontypeable S. pneumoniae and with AOM for serotypes 6A, 6B, 15A and nontypeable S. pneumoniae. Conclusions: Our results reflect the importance of the polysaccharide capsule in site-specific disease potential and provide useful information regarding disease potential of nonvaccine serotypes shown to be involved in carriage replacement after vaccination with the 7-valent conjugate vaccine.
Antagonistic Impedance Control for Pneumatically Actuated Robot Joints

This letter presents a novel joint torque-based impedance controller for antagonistically driven flexible joints actuated by pneumatic cylinders and compares it with the current state of the art. The work targets on transferring soft-robotics control concepts from classical motor-gear-torque sensor setups to pneumatic systems, with the goal of achieving similar performance levels in comparison to this well established technology. A detailed flexible joint model is derived that incorporates the pneumatic and mechanical dynamics of the proposed antagonistic design. This model is used for analyzing model-based control approaches, which in turn are based on reduced order dynamics. The tendon-based joint level impedance controller enables the simultaneous adjustment of closed-loop stiffness and damping. The proposed scheme shows good simulation results for both, position tracking and compliance performance, respectively. Experimentally, an angular position tracking of 7 Hz could be achieved. Also, stable rigid contacts could be established at considerable impact speed.
Risk Factors for Early Discontinuation of Breastfeeding in Iranian Mothers

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors that reduce the rate of breastfeeding among Iranian women in the first six months after delivery. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 542 mothers with infants less than six months old who came to Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran, for vaccination follow up, from 2012 to 2014. Trained examiners filled a predesigned questionnaire including information about breastfeeding and factors that may affect the mode of infant feeding. The results were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Out of 542 breastfeeding infants 53.2% were female; the average birth weight was 3217 ± 40 gr and 57.7% were first born. The age of mothers was from 17 to 43 years with the average of 27.7 ± 4.9. Among mothers 58.1% had a high school diploma or less education and 41.9% had higher education. The rate of cesarean section was 62.2%. The rate of breastfeeding showed a reducing trend from the first month after birth to the sixth month: 91.7% of mothers reported breastfeeding in the first month which was reduced to 70.1% in the sixth month. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression analysis showed the risk factors reducing the rate of breastfeeding as follow: use of pacifier (P < 0.000, OR = 3.695, CI95% = 2.460 - 5.553), cesarean section delivery (p < 0.000, OR = 2.717, CI95% = 1.690 - 4.369), lack of breastfeeding training (P = 0.004, OR = 2.347, CI95% = 1.354 - 4.063), and mothers’ higher education (P = 0.029, OR = 1.614, CI95% = 1.014 - 2.569). Conclusion: Use of pacifiers, cesarean section, lack of breastfeeding training, and mothers’ higher education were the risk factors for reduced breastfeeding among Iranian mothers.
The Insight ToolKit image registration framework

Publicly available scientific resources help establish evaluation standards, provide a platform for teaching and improve reproducibility. Version 4 of the Insight ToolKit (ITK4) seeks to establish new standards in publicly available image registration methodology. ITK4 makes several advances in comparison to previous versions of ITK. ITK4 supports both multivariate images and objective functions; it also unifies high-dimensional (deformation field) and low-dimensional (affine) transformations with metrics that are reusable across transform types and with composite transforms that allow arbitrary series of geometric mappings to be chained together seamlessly. Metrics and optimizers take advantage of multi-core resources, when available. Furthermore, ITK4 reduces the parameter optimization burden via principled heuristics that automatically set scaling across disparate parameter types (rotations vs. translations). A related approach also constrains steps sizes for gradient-based optimizers. The result is that tuning for different metrics and/or image pairs is rarely necessary allowing the researcher to more easily focus on design/comparison of registration strategies. In total, the ITK4 contribution is intended as a structure to support reproducible research practices, will provide a more extensive foundation against which to evaluate new work in image registration and also enable application level programmers a broad suite of tools on which to build. Finally, we contextualize this work with a reference registration evaluation study with application to pediatric brain labeling.1
An atlas of 2.4 to 4.1 $\mu$m ISO/SWS spectra of early-type stars

We present an atlas of spectra of O- and B-type stars, obtained with the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) during the Post-Helium program of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). This program is aimed at extending the Morgan & Keenan classication scheme into the near-infrared. Later type stars will be discussed in a separate publication. The observations consist of 57 SWS Post-Helium spectra from 2.4 to 4.1 m, supplemented with 10 spectra acquired during the nominal mission with a similar observational setting. For B-type stars, this sample provides ample spectral coverage in terms of subtype and luminosity class. For O-type stars, the ISO sample is coarse and therefore is complemented with 8 UKIRT L 0 -band observations. In terms of the presence of diagnostic lines, the L 0 -band is likely the most promising of the near-infrared atmospheric windows for the study of the physical properties of B stars. Specically, this wavelength interval contains the Br ,P f, and other Pfund lines which are probes of spectral type, luminosity class and mass loss. Here, we present simple empirical methods based on the lines present in the 2.4 to 4.1 m interval that allow the determination of i) the spectral type of B dwarfs and giants to within two subtypes; ii) the luminosity class of B stars to within two classes; iii) the mass-loss rate of O stars and B supergiants to within 0.25 dex.
Cross sections for 11–14-eV e-H2 resonant collisions: Vibrational excitation

R. Celiberto,* R. K. Janev, J. M. Wadehra, and A. Laricchiuta Department of Water Engineering and Chemistry, Polytechnic of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia Physics Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA Institute of Inorganic Methodologies and Plasmas, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy ! Received 23 April 2007; revised manuscript received 27 October 2007; published 18 January 2008"
Appropriateness of emergency department visits in a Turkish university hospital.

AIM To determine the patterns and appropriateness of patients' use of a university hospital emergency department. METHODS During a 14-day period in November 1998, we collected demographic and socio-economic data, reasons for preferring emergency department care, and patient visit data from consecutive patients visiting our tertiary-care university hospital emergency department. The principle investigator reviewed the study information forms and classified visits according to the classification of Afilalo into three categories: category I--emergent emergency department visits; category II--needing evaluation within 6 hours, either in emergency department or elsewhere; or category III--needing evaluation after more than 6 hours. Three emergency medicine residency-trained physicians determined the appropriateness of emergency department evaluation. Patients in the categories II and III were retrospectively reclassified as appropriate or inappropriate, according to availability of care at the outpatient facility at the hour of initial emergency department presentation. RESULTS Complete data were collected from 1,155 (96.2%) of 1,201 patients visiting our emergency department during the study period. There were 69% (n=795) appropriate of visits. The mean stay at emergency department of inappropriate users lasted 66 min. The main reasons of inappropriate users to prefer emergency department care were its proximity, satisfaction with care, worsening symptoms, and unavailability of care in a regular clinic. CONCLUSION Although inappropriate emergency department usage was high, these patients had relatively short emergency department stays. The impact on emergency department resource utilization and "over-crowding" by these patients may not be as great as commonly perceived.
Vision for Mobile Robot Navigation: A Survey

Surveys the developments of the last 20 years in the area of vision for mobile robot navigation. Two major components of the paper deal with indoor navigation and outdoor navigation. For each component, we have further subdivided our treatment of the subject on the basis of structured and unstructured environments. For indoor robots in structured environments, we have dealt separately with the cases of geometrical and topological models of space. For unstructured environments, we have discussed the cases of navigation using optical flows, using methods from the appearance-based paradigm, and by recognition of specific objects in the environment.
Towards Compositional Domain Specific Languages

The deployment of Domain Speciﬁc Languages (DSL) and in particular Domain Spe-ciﬁc Modeling Languages (DSML) is becoming more and more prominent in variousdomains. In order to cope with the complexity of the realization of DSLs, common andwell-established methods of software engineering such as modularization and reuseneed to be adapted and applied for DSLs. This has already been noted in [2] when theemerging DSL era was still closely akin to compiler theory.As stated in this work, compositionality of DSLs can take place at several dimen-sions. Various contributions in thisﬁeldofongoingresearch reﬂectthisandonlyabriefoverview is given below. One form of DSL composition is the syntactic embeddingsuch as embedding DSLs in GPLs as described in [3,4]. In [5] a family of DSMLs areused for the generation of web information systems. There the composition is carriedout via the joint usage of several languages each with their own artifacts and hence nosyntactic embedding. Other contributions in the area consider the composition of themodels expressed in DSLs as a constructive model transformation [1] and examine theeffects of DSL composition at the infrastructure level [9] (e.g., syntax aware editorsetc.). The DSL framework and workbench MontiCore [7,8,10,11] was designed andrealized particularly with respect to compositionality at various dimensions [6,12]. Compositionality is of special interest if models of different modeling paradigms- and hence expressed in different languages - need to be combined while at the sametime retaining their speciﬁc semantics. Whenever the different modeling paradigms areintegrated, it can be observed that each paradigm is equipped with its own modelinglanguageandthatthereforesuchaparadigmintegrationisalwaysalsoamodellanguagecomposition. This holds for the composition of structural and behavioral languages aswell as for the composition of languages with synchronous or real-time communicationand event triggered asynchronous models, etc. In the following the dimensions of suchcompositions are discussed in more detail.
Efficient CORDIC Algorithms and Architectures for Low Area and High Throughput Implementation

This paper presents two area-efficient algorithms and their architectures based on CORDIC. While the first algorithm eliminates ROM and requires only low-complexity barrel shifters, the second eliminates barrel shifters completely. As a consequence, both the algorithms consume approximately 50% area in comparison with other CORDIC designs. Further, the proposed algorithms are applicable to the entire range of angles. The FPGA implementations consume approximately 8% LUTs of a Xilinx Spartan XC2S200E device and have a slice-delay product of about 3. Convergence proofs for the algorithms are presented. Experimental comparisons with prior CORDIC designs confirm the efficacy of the proposed designs.
Metabolic responses to sulfur dioxide in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): photosynthetic tissues and berries

Research on sulfur metabolism in plants has historically been undertaken within the context of industrial pollution. Resolution of the problem of sulfur pollution has led to sulfur deficiency in many soils. Key questions remain concerning how different plant organs deal with reactive and potentially toxic sulfur metabolites. In this review, we discuss sulfur dioxide/sulfite assimilation in grape berries in relation to gene expression and quality traits, features that remain significant to the food industry. We consider the intrinsic metabolism of sulfite and its consequences for fruit biology and postharvest physiology, comparing the different responses in fruit and leaves. We also highlight inconsistencies in what is considered the “ambient” environmental or industrial exposures to SO2. We discuss these findings in relation to the persistent threat to the table grape industry that intergovernmental agencies will revoke the industry’s exemption to the worldwide ban on the use of SO2 for preservation of fresh foods. Transcriptome profiling studies on fruit suggest that added value may accrue from effects of SO2 fumigation on the expression of genes encoding components involved in processes that underpin traits related to customer satisfaction, particularly in table grapes, where SO2 fumigation may extend for several months.
SLC22A1-ABCB1 Haplotype Profiles Predict Imatinib Pharmacokinetics in Asian Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Objective This study aimed to explore the influence of SLC22A1, PXR, ABCG2, ABCB1 and CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphisms on imatinib mesylate (IM) pharmacokinetics in Asian patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Patients and Methods Healthy subjects belonging to three Asian populations (Chinese, Malay, Indian; n = 70 each) and CML patients (n = 38) were enrolled in a prospective pharmacogenetics study. Imatinib trough (C0h) and clearance (CL) were determined in the patients at steady state. Haplowalk method was applied to infer the haplotypes and generalized linear model (GLM) to estimate haplotypic effects on IM pharmacokinetics. Association of haplotype copy numbers with IM pharmacokinetics was defined by Mann-Whitney U test. Results Global haplotype score statistics revealed a SLC22A1 sub-haplotypic region encompassing three polymorphisms (rs3798168, rs628031 and IVS7+850C>T), to be significantly associated with IM clearance (p = 0.013). Haplotype-specific GLM estimated that the haplotypes AGT and CGC were both associated with 22% decrease in clearance compared to CAC [CL (*10−2 L/hr/mg): CAC vs AGT: 4.03 vs 3.16, p = 0.017; CAC vs CGC: 4.03 vs 3.15, p = 0.017]. Patients harboring 2 copies of AGT or CGC haplotypes had 33.4% lower clearance and 50% higher C0h than patients carrying 0 or 1 copy [CL (*10−2 L/hr/mg): 2.19 vs 3.29, p = 0.026; C0h (*10−6 1/ml): 4.76 vs 3.17, p = 0.013, respectively]. Further subgroup analysis revealed SLC22A1 and ABCB1 haplotypic combinations to be significantly associated with clearance and C0h (p = 0.002 and 0.009, respectively). Conclusion This exploratory study suggests that SLC22A1-ABCB1 haplotypes may influence IM pharmacokinetics in Asian CML patients.
Individual boldness is linked to protective shell shape in aquatic snails

The existence of consistent individual differences in behaviour (‘animal personality’) has been well documented in recent years. However, how such individual variation in behaviour is maintained over evolutionary time is an ongoing conundrum. A well-studied axis of animal personality is individual variation along a bold–shy continuum, where individuals differ consistently in their propensity to take risks. A predation-risk cost to boldness is often assumed, but also that the reproductive benefits associated with boldness lead to equivalent fitness outcomes between bold and shy individuals over a lifetime. However, an alternative or complementary explanation may be that bold individuals phenotypically compensate for their risky lifestyle to reduce predation costs, for instance by investing in more pronounced morphological defences. Here, we investigate the ‘phenotypic compensation’ hypothesis, i.e. that bold individuals exhibit more pronounced anti-predator defences than shy individuals, by relating shell shape in the aquatic snail Radix balthica to an index of individual boldness. Our analyses find a strong relationship between risk-taking propensity and shell shape in this species, with bolder individuals exhibiting a more defended shell shape than shy individuals. We suggest that this supports the ‘phenotypic compensation’ hypothesis and sheds light on a previously poorly studied mechanism to promote the maintenance of personality variation among animals.