Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Goal-Directed Bayesian Framework for Categorization

Categorization is a fundamental ability for efficient behavioral control. It allows organisms to remember the correct responses to categorical cues and not for every stimulus encountered (hence eluding computational cost or complexity), and to generalize appropriate responses to novel stimuli dependant on category assignment. Assuming the brain performs Bayesian inference, based on a generative model of the external world and future goals, we propose a computational model of categorization in which important properties emerge. These properties comprise the ability to infer latent causes of sensory experience, a hierarchical organization of latent causes, and an explicit inclusion of context and action representations. Crucially, these aspects derive from considering the environmental statistics that are relevant to achieve goals, and from the fundamental Bayesian principle that any generative model should be preferred over alternative models based on an accuracy-complexity trade-off. Our account is a step toward elucidating computational principles of categorization and its role within the Bayesian brain hypothesis.
Automated Essay Scoring for Swedish

We present the first system developed for automated grading of high school essays written in Swedish. The system uses standard text quality indicators and is able to compare vocabulary and grammar to large reference corpora of blog posts and newspaper articles. The system is evaluated on a corpus of 1 702 essays, each graded independently by the student’s own teacher and also in a blind re-grading process by another teacher. We show that our system’s performance is fair, given the low agreement between the two human graders, and furthermore show how it could improve efficiency in a practical setting where one seeks to identify incorrectly graded essays.
Targeting of an Intestinal Apical Endosomal Protein to Endosomes in Nonpolarized Cells

Polarized cells such as epithelial cells and neurons have distinct endosomal compartments associated with different plasma membrane domains. The endosomes of the neuronal cell body and the basolateral cytoplasm of epithelial cells are thought to perform cellular “housekeeping” functions such as the uptake of nutrients and metabolites, while the endosomes in the apical cytoplasm or axons are thought to be specialized for the sorting and transcytosis of cell type–specific ligands and receptors. However, it is not known if nonpolarized cells such as fibroblasts contain a specialized endosomal compartment analogous to the specialized endosomes found in neurons and epithelia. We have expressed a protein that is normally found in the apical early endosomes of developing intestinal epithelial cells in normal rat kidney fibroblasts. This apical endosomal marker, called endotubin, is targeted to early endosomes in transfected fibroblasts, and is present in peripheral as well as perinuclear endosomes. The peripheral endosomes that contain endotubin appear to exclude transferrin, fluid phase markers, and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, although in the perinuclear region colocalization of endotubin and these markers is present. In addition, endotubin positive structures do not tubulate in response to brefeldin A and instead redistribute to a diffuse perinuclear location. Since this endosomal compartment has many of the characteristics of an apical or axonal endosomal compartment, our results indicate that nonpolarized cells also contain a specialized early endosomal compartment.
CEO Compensation and Bank Mergers

Recent bank mergers generally did not improve relative operating performance or produce positive abnormal returns to acquiring bank shareholders. We examine the relationship between mergers and CEO compensation during 1986-1995, a period marked by overcapacity and frequent mergers. We find that mergers have a net positive effect on compensation, mainly via the effect of size on compensation. Compensation generally increases even if mergers cause the acquiring bank's stock price to decline, as is typical after a merger announcement. The form of compensation affects merger decisions, since CEOs with more stock-based wealth or compensation were less likely to make an acquisition.
Evaluating musical software using conceptual metaphors

An open challenge for interaction designers is to find ways of designing software to enhance the ability of novices to perform tasks that normally require specialized domain expertise. This challenge is particularly demanding in areas such as music analysis, where complex, abstract, domain-specific concepts and notations occur. One promising theoretical foundation for this work involves the identification of conceptual metaphors and image schemas, found by analyzing discourse. This kind of analysis has already been applied, with some success, both to musical concepts and, separately, to user interface design. The present work appears to be the first to combine these hitherto distinct bodies of research, with the aim of devising a general method for improving user interfaces for music. Some areas where this may require extensions to existing method are noted. This paper presents the results of an exploratory evaluation of Harmony Space, a tool for playing, analysing and learning about harmony. The evaluation uses conceptual metaphors and image schemas elicited from the dialogues of experienced musicians discussing the harmonic progressions in a piece of music. Examples of where the user interface supports the conceptual metaphors, and where support could be improved, are discussed. The potential use of audio output to support conceptual metaphors and image schemas is considered.
Explicit expanders and the Ramanujan conjectures

Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Widespread distribution of proteorhodopsins in freshwater and brackish ecosystems

Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva. nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
Optical flow estimation as distributed optimization problem - an aVLSI implementation

I present a new focal-plane analog VLSI sensor that estimates optical flow in two visual dimensions. The chip significantly improves previous approaches both with respect to the applied model of optical flow estimation as well as the actual hardware implementation. Its distributed computational architecture consists of an array of locally connected motion units that collectively solve for the unique optimal optical flow estimate. The novel gradient-based motion model assumes visual motion to be translational, smooth and biased. The model guarantees that the estimation problem is computationally well-posed regardless of the visual input. Model parameters can be globally adjusted, leading to a rich output behavior. Varying the smoothness strength, for example, can provide a continuous spectrum of motion estimates, ranging from normal to global optical flow. Unlike approaches that rely on the explicit matching of brightness edges in space or time, the applied gradient-based model assures spatiotemporal continuity on visual information. The non-linear coupling of the individual motion units improves the resulting optical flow estimate because it reduces spatial smoothing across large velocity differences. Extended measurements of a 30x30 array prototype sensor under real-world conditions demonstrate the validity of the model and the robustness and functionality of the implementation. index: visual motion perception, 2-D optical flow, constraint optimization, gradient descent, aVLSI, analog network, collective computation, neuromorphic, feedback, nonlinear smoothing, non-linear bias
Chylothorax due to enlarged tuberculous lymph nodes

A 37-year-old man was evaluated for a 2-month history of fever, cough and weight loss. He was diagnosed with AIDS 3 years ago, had a recent CD4 cells count of 199 /μL and was receiving antiretroviral therapy. Physical examination revealed decreased breath sounds and dullness to percussion on the left base. Chest radiograph showed a moderate sized left pleural effusion. …
Dynamically Consistent Noise Infusion and Partially Synthetic Data as Confidentiality Protection Measures for Related Time Series

The Census Bureau's Quarterly Workforce Indicators (QWI) provide detailed quarterly statistics on employment measures such as worker and job flows, tabulated by worker characteristics in various combinations. The data are released for several levels of NAICS industries and geography, the lowest aggregation of the latter being counties. Disclosure avoidance methods are required to protect the information about individuals and businesses that contribute to the underlying data. The QWI disclosure avoidance mechanism we describe here relies heavily on the use of noise infusion through a permanent multiplicative noise distortion factor, used for magnitudes, counts, differences and ratios. There is minimal suppression and no complementary suppressions. To our knowledge, the release in 2003 of the QWI was the first large-scale use of noise infusion in any official statistical product. We show that the released statistics are analytically valid along several critical dimensions { measures are unbiased and time series properties are preserved. We provide an analysis of the degree to which confidentiality is protected. Furthermore, we show how the judicious use of synthetic data, injected into the tabulation process, can completely eliminate suppressions, maintain analytical validity, and increase the protection of the underlying confidential data.
Top-down signals in visual selective attention

This thesis describes experimental work on the brain mechanisms underlying human visual selective attention, with a focus on top-down activity changes in visual cortex. Using a combination of methods, the experiments addressed related questions concerning the functional significance and putative origins of such activity modulations due to selective attention. More specifically, the experiment described in Chapter 2 shows with TMS-elicited phosphenes that anticipatory selective attention can change excitability of visual cortex in a spatially-specific manner, even when thalamic gating of afferent input is ruled out. The behavioural and fMRI experiments described in Chapter 3 indicate that top-down influences of selective attention are not limited to enhancements of visual target processing, but may also involve anticipatory processes that minimize the impact of visual distractor stimuli. Chapters 4-6 then address questions about potential origins of such top-down activity modulations in visual cortex, using concurrent TMS-fMRI and psychophysics. These experiments show that TMS applied to the right human frontal eye field can causally influence visual cortex activity in a spatially-specific manner (Chapter 4), which has direct functional consequences for visual perception (Chapter 5), and is reliably different from that caused by TMS to the right intra-parietal sulcus (Chapter 6). The data presented in this thesis indicate that visual selective attention may involve top-down signals that bias visual processing towards behaviourally relevant stimuli, at the expense of distracting information present in the scene. Moreover, the experiments provide causal evidence in the human brain that distinct top-down signals can originate in anatomical feedback loops from frontal or parietal areas, and that such regions may have different functional influences on visual processing. These findings provide neural confirmation for some theoretical proposals in the literature on visual selective attention, and they introduce and corroborate new methods that might be of considerable utility for addressing such mechanisms directly.
Gypsum as a soil amendment to enhance water quality by reducing soluble phosphorus concentrations

It is said that lakes are born to die. As soon as a lake basin is formed, either slowly by glacial action as for the Great Lakes or rapidly by the New Madrid earthquake for Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, in 1811 to 1812 (USGS 2012), it fills with water. It then begins to accumulate sediments and nutrients, including phosphorus (P), that increase productivity. This ultimately results in the lake basin filling with sediments and organic materials. The Maumee River drainage basin (area of 21,050 km2 [8,132 mi2]) on the western edge of Lake Erie occurs primarily in Ohio but also includes parts of Indiana and Michigan (figure 1). The basin has high agricultural productivity, with approximately 80% of the land devoted to row crop corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). The Maumee River drains into the shallow western basin of Lake Erie and contributes most of the sediment and one-third of soluble P that enters Lake Erie. Runoff from agricultural fields often contains excessive P that impacts water bodies in a process called cultural eutrophication (National Academy of Sciences 1969). Beginning in the 1950s, Lake Erie was strongly affected by cultural eutrophication (Verduin 1969). In the 1960s…
Dynamics and Mechanical Stability of the Developing Dorsoventral Organizer of the Wing Imaginal Disc

Shaping the primordia during development relies on forces and mechanisms able to control cell segregation. In the imaginal discs of Drosophila the cellular populations that will give rise to the dorsal and ventral parts on the wing blade are segregated and do not intermingle. A cellular population that becomes specified by the boundary of the dorsal and ventral cellular domains, the so-called organizer, controls this process. In this paper we study the dynamics and stability of the dorsal-ventral organizer of the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila as cell proliferation advances. Our approach is based on a vertex model to perform in silico experiments that are fully dynamical and take into account the available experimental data such as: cell packing properties, orientation of the cellular divisions, response upon membrane ablation, and robustness to mechanical perturbations induced by fast growing clones. Our results shed light on the complex interplay between the cytoskeleton mechanics, the cell cycle, the cell growth, and the cellular interactions in order to shape the dorsal-ventral organizer as a robust source of positional information and a lineage controller. Specifically, we elucidate the necessary and sufficient ingredients that enforce its functionality: distinctive mechanical properties, including increased tension, longer cell cycle duration, and a cleavage criterion that satisfies the Hertwig rule. Our results provide novel insights into the developmental mechanisms that drive the dynamics of the DV organizer and set a definition of the so-called Notch fence model in quantitative terms.
Numerical Simulation of Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging in Shock-Layer Flows

Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) images of nitric oxide in hypersonic flow over a wedge and a hemisphere are compared with a theoretical PLIF model. The theoretical PLIF images are based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models including a perfect-gas model and a nonequilibrium chemistry model. Two-dimensional maps of the flow parameters generated by the CFD are used to predict the theoretical PLIF images, including the effects of collisional quenching. We find good agreement between the model and the experimental measurements. We explain how this method of computational flow imaging can be useful for designing experiments.
Memory-Efficient Segment-Based Packet-Combining Schemes in Face of Deadlines

In this paper, we consider segment-based hard-decision packet-combining schemes. The schemes presented here are memory-efficient and easy to implement, and some of them approach the performance of majority-voting schemes without having the same memory requirements. One particularly interesting scheme combines segment-based transmission with Luby-type erasure codes.
Is There an Association between Traumatic Dental Injury and Social Capital, Binge Drinking and Socioeconomic Indicators among Schoolchildren?

Objectives Traumatic dental injury is defined as trauma caused by forces on a tooth with variable extent and severity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of traumatic dental injury and its association with overjet, lip protection, sex, socioeconomic status, social capital and binge drinking among 12-year-old students. Research Design and Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 633 12-year-old students. Data were collected through a clinical exam and self-administered questionnaires. Socioeconomic status was determined based on mother’s schooling and household income. The Social Capital Questionnaire for Adolescent Students and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) were used to measure social capital and binge drinking, respectively. Results The prevalence of traumatic dental injury was 29.9% (176/588). Traumatic dental injury was more prevalent among male adolescents (p = 0.010), those with overjet greater than 5 mm (p < 0.001) and those with inadequate lip protection (p < 0.001). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, overjet [OR = 3.80 (95% CI: 2.235–6.466), p < 0.0001], inadequate lip protection [OR = 5.585 (95% CI: 3.654–8.535), p < 0.0001] and binge drinking [OR = 1.93 (95% CI: 1.21–3.06), p = 0.005] remained significantly associated with traumatic dental injury. Conclusions The present findings suggest that a high level of total social capital and trust are not associated with TDI in adolescents, unlike binge drinking. The effects of social and behavioral factors on TDI are not well elucidated. Therefore, further research involving other populations and a longitudinal design is recommended.
Bile-induced secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 4 Pathophysiological implications in type 2 diabetes ? 5 6 7

The American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 1 PERSPECTIVES 2 3 Bile-induced secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 4 Pathophysiological implications in type 2 diabetes? 5 6 7 Filip K. Knop, MD PhD 8 9 10 Diabetes Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, 11 University of Copenhagen, Denmark 12 13 14 15 Running title 16 Bile-induced secretion of GLP-1 17 18 19 20 Correspondence and reprint requests to 21 Dr. Filip K. Knop, MD PhD 22 Head of Diabetes Research Division 23 Department of Internal Medicine F 24 Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen 25 Niels Andersens Vej 65 26 DK-2900 Hellerup 27 Denmark 28 29 Tel: +45 2683 0161 30 Fax: +45 3977 7661 31 E-mail: filipknop@dadlnet.dk 32 33 34 35 Key terms 36 Bile, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), type 2 diabetes mellitus 37 38 39 Word counts 40 Abstract: 146; Main text: 2,192 41 42 Disclosures 43 None 44 45 Articles in PresS. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (April 27, 2010). doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00137. 2010
The rising prevalence of prescription opioid injection and its association with hepatitis C incidence among street-drug users.

AIMS To examine trends in prescription opioid (PO) injection and to assess its association with hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroconversion among injection drug users (IDUs). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Montreal, Canada. PARTICIPANTS HCV-negative IDUs at baseline, reporting injection in the past month. MEASUREMENTS Semi-annual visits included HCV antibody testing and an interview-administered questionnaire assessing risk behaviours. HCV incidence rate was calculated using the person-time method. Time-updated Cox regression models were conducted to examine predictors of HCV incidence. FINDINGS The proportion of IDUs reporting PO injection increased from 21% to 75% between 2004 and 2009 (P < 0.001). Of the 246 participants (81.6% male; mean age 34.5 years; mean follow-up time 23 months), 83 seroconverted to HCV [incidence rate: 17.9 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval (CI) 14.3, 22.1]. Compared to non-PO injectors, PO injectors were more likely to become infected [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 1.87; 95%CI:1.16, 3.03]. An effect modification was also found: PO injectors who did not inject heroin were more likely to become infected (AHR: 2.88; 95%CI: 1.52, 5.45) whereas no association was found for participants using both drugs (AHR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.61, 2.30). Other independent predictors of HCV incidence were: cocaine injection, recent incarceration and >30 injections per month. CONCLUSIONS Prescription opioid injectors who do not inject heroin are at greater risk for HCV seroconversion than are those injecting both heroin and prescription opioids. Important differences in age, behaviour and social context suggest a need for targeted outreach strategies to this population.
Distinct Monocyte Gene-Expression Profiles in Autoimmune Diabetes

OBJECTIVE—There is evidence that monocytes of patients with type 1 diabetes show proinflammatory activation and disturbed migration/adhesion, but the evidence is inconsistent. Our hypothesis is that monocytes are distinctly activated/disturbed in different subforms of autoimmune diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied patterns of inflammatory gene expression in monocytes of patients with type 1 diabetes (juvenile onset, n = 30; adult onset, n = 30) and latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA) (n = 30) (controls subjects, n = 49; type 2 diabetic patients, n = 30) using quantitative PCR. We tested 25 selected genes: 12 genes detected in a prestudy via whole-genome analyses plus an additional 13 genes identified as part of a monocyte inflammatory signature previously reported. RESULTS—We identified two distinct monocyte gene expression clusters in autoimmune diabetes. One cluster (comprising 12 proinflammatory cytokine/compound genes with a putative key gene PDE4B) was detected in 60% of LADA and 28% of adult-onset type 1 diabetic patients but in only 10% of juvenile-onset type 1 diabetic patients. A second cluster (comprising 10 chemotaxis, adhesion, motility, and metabolism genes) was detected in 43% of juvenile-onset type 1 diabetic and 33% of LADA patients but in only 9% of adult-onset type 1 diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS—Subgroups of type 1 diabetic patients show an abnormal monocyte gene expression with two profiles, supporting a concept of heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes only partly overlapping with the presently known diagnostic categories.