Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of beta glucan on MTX induced testicular damage in rats

Abstract We investigated the histopathological effects of methotrexate (MTX), a chemotherapeutic agent, and beta glucan (BG), an antioxidant, on rat testis. We used four groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats: MTX, MTX + BG, BG, and control. The MTX group was exposed to a single dose of MTX on the first day of experiment. The MTX + BG group was exposed to a single dose of MTX and BG on the first day of experiment followed by BG for 4 additional days. The BG group was exposed to BG for 5 days. The control group was given saline for 5 days. On day five, all animals were sacrificed and testicular tissue was evaluated for histopathology and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay (TUNEL) was used to detect apoptosis. The apoptotic index (AI) and testicular damage increased in the MTX group compared to the other three groups. Histopathology was reduced in the MTX + BG group compared to the MTX group. Seminiferous tubule diameter was reduced in the MTX group compared to the BG group; we found no difference between control and BG groups. The thickness of th e germinal epithelium was reduced in the MTX group compared to the other groups. We found no difference in testicular weight among the groups. We compared body weight before and after the experiment; weights in the MTX and MTX + BG groups were significantly reduced compared to controls. In the control groups, we found a statistically significant increase in body weight, whereas there was no change in the BG group. We found that MTX causes deleterious effects on testicular tissue and that beta glucan may be protective.
Social Category Diversity Promotes Premeeting Elaboration: The Role of Relationship Focus

A purported downside of social category diversity is decreased relationship focus i.e., one’s focus on establishing a positive social bond with a coworker. However, we argue that this lack of relationship focus serves as a central mechanism that improves information processing even prior to interaction and, ultimately, decision-making performance in diverse settings. We introduce the construct of premeeting elaboration i.e., the extent to which individuals consider their own and others’ perspectives in the anticipation of an interaction and explore its link with social category diversity and relationship focus. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that when disagreement occurs, social category diversity increases premeeting elaboration, with relationship focus as a central causal mechanism. Experiment 3 shows that premeeting elaboration has important implications for performance: disagreeing dyads with social category diversity elaborate more prior to meeting and, as a result, perform better on a decision-making task than those with social category homogeneity. We discuss the value of studying early-stage interaction and propose a reconsideration of the “downside” of social category diversity.
Latent modal preferences: behavioral mixture models with longitudinal data

Modality styles are defined as behavioral predispositions characterized by a certain mode or set of modes that an individual habitually uses. They are reflective of higher-level orientations, or lifestyles, that are hypothesized to influence all dimensions of an individual’s travel and activity behavior. The objectives of this paper are to understand and quantify different modality styles, and to show how the modality styles construct can be operationalized within the context of traditional travel demand models. We employ the six-week MOBIDRIVE travel diary and estimate behavioral mixture models in which the modality style provides a behavioral rationale to the way in which unobserved heterogeneity is specified in the travel model. Our analysis consists of two stages: First, we explore the presence and types of modality styles suggested by the data through the means of a descriptive analysis. Next, we develop a model that captures the influence of modality styles on two dimensions of an individual’s travel behavior: mode choice for work tours and mode choice for non-work tours. The modality styles are specified as latent classes; heterogeneity across modality styles include both the modes considered (choice set) and the values of taste parameters. The modality style of an individual then influences all of his/her mode choice decisions for work-tours and non-work tours. In addition, error components capture unobserved correlation between alternatives and across mode choice decisions made by the same individual. Our results from both stages indicate the presence of “quasi-unimodal auto” individuals who display a strong bias for using the automobile and “multimodal” individuals who exhibit variation in their modal preferences. Multimodal behavior is further distinguished by those whose auto use is minimal at best (termed “multimodal green”) and those who display significant auto use (“multimodal all”). These three modality styles comprise roughly equal segments within the sample population. The behavioral mixtures model provides a better fit to the data than other modeling approaches, such as random parameters. Moreover, by providing a behavioral underpinning to unobserved heterogeneity, it provides a richer and more robust framework for interpretation and policy analysis.
A hierarchy navigation framework: supporting scalable interactive exploration over large databases

Modern computer applications from business decision support to scientific data analysis use visualization techniques. However, visual exploration tools do not scale well for large data sets due to screen clutter. Visualization tools have thus been extended to support hierarchical views of the data, with support for focusing and drilling-down using interactive brushes. We now investigate how best to couple such a near real-time responsive visualization tool with database support. For this, we have developed a tree labeling method, called MinMax tree, that allows the movement of the on-line recursive processing of visual user interactions on hierarchical data sets into an off-line precomputation step. Using MinMax tree we map the recursive processing at the interface level to two dimensional range queries that can be answered efficiently using spatial indexes. We also employ caching and prefetching at the client side to cope with the real-time response requirements. The techniques have been incorporated into XmdvTool, a free software package for multi-variate data visualization and exploration. Our experimental results show 70% to 80% reduction in response time latency even with limited system resources.
Metacognitive dimensions of adolescents' intellectual collaboration

Metacognitive Dimensions of Adolescents’ Intellectual Collaboration Nicole Zillmer Children's interaction with peers supports cognitive development in numerous ways. The claim investigated in the present study is that these benefits include support at a metacognitive level that children provide one another, specifically in the form of meta-level speech aimed at regulating the other's behavior. This proposition originates in Vygotsky's views of a bi-directional zone of proximal development between peers with resulting transfer from inter-mental to intra-mental planes. Sixty-four 7th graders participated in the study. Students who shared a position on a social issue engaged in electronic dialogs with a succession of pairs who held an opposing position. In one condition (Stay), students worked with the identical same-side partner over six twiceweekly dialog sessions. In the other condition (Switch), students worked with a new same-side partner at each session. Students experienced both conditions, half of them first the Stay condition and then, discussing a new topic, the Switch condition. Condition order was reversed for the other half of participants. Students engaged in more frequent meta-talk in the Stay than the Switch condition; Stay conversations contained more frequent regulatory utterances than Switch conversations and a greater proportion of planning statements. Electronic dialogs produced in the Stay condition contained a higher proportion of meta-talk than those produced in the Switch condition; however, differences favoring the Stay condition in direct counterargument use were found at only one of two data collection points. On the whole, differences suggest that collaborators scaffolded one another’s meta-level development through regulatory conversation that evolved over time as collaborators developed their relationships, and that, for Stay pairs, this evolving shared regulatory talk extended to the electronic discourse. There was no consistent evidence, however, that this success extended to argument strategies on the discourse task.
Self-Reported History of Sexual Coercion and Rape Negatively Impacts Resilience to Suicide Among Women Students

A substantial literature has documented that sexual abuse relates to suicidal behaviors but relatively less is known about resilience to suicide, especially cognitive deterrents to suicide. The present study investigated the effects of a history of sexual victimization on reasons for living. Female participants (N = 138; M age = 24.4 years; SD = 7.3 years; range = 18 to 53 years; 79% Caucasian) completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) and the Reasons for Living (RFL) Inventory. According to SES responses, participants were classified into 5 mutually exclusive groups: no victimization, sexual contact, sexual coercion, attempted rape, and rape. Analyses of variance showed that degree of sexual victimization had a significant effect on the RFL Total scale and 2 subscales (Survival and Coping Beliefs; Moral Objections). The general pattern was that mean RFL scores in the no victimization group were significantly higher than the mean scores in the sexual coercion and rape groups. An implication is that having a history of sexual victimization, especially sexual coercion and rape, limits one's later reasons for not committing suicide. Bolstering these modifiable deterrents to suicide should be part of suicide prevention efforts among at-risk women.
ACUTE ETHANOL EXPOSURE PRIOR TO THERMAL INJURY RESULTS IN DECREASED T‐CELL RESPONSES MEDIATED IN PART BY INCREASED PRODUCTION OF IL‐6

Previous studies by our laboratory have demonstrated that acute ethanol exposure prior to thermal injury results in suppression of cellular immune responses when compared with thermal injury alone. Ethanol exposure and burn injury are independently known to result in elevated IL-6, a cytokine with potent immunosuppressive properties. Therefore, we examined the role of IL-6 in the immune dysfunction in mice following a 15% body surface area scald (or sham) injury combined with acute ethanol (or vehicle) treatment. At 24 h post-injury, we observed slightly suppressed splenocyte proliferative responses and elevated circulating IL-6 (149 ± 15 pg/mL) in mice receiving burn alone compared with those receiving sham injury (31 ± 7 pg/mL). In contrast, burn + ethanol treated mice showed a profound suppression of splenocyte proliferation (20% of control) and significantly elevated circulating IL-6 levels (738 ± 218 pg/mL). The suppressed splenocyte proliferative response was found to be macrophage dependent. Furthermore, IL-6 production was significantly elevated (p < .05) in splenic macrophage cultures from burn + ethanol mice (159 ± 6 pg/mL) when compared with burn alone (109 ± 10 pg/mL). Treatment of the splenocyte cultures from burn + ethanol mice with an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody resulted in partial restoration of splenocyte proliferation. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the immune dysfunction observed in ethanol-exposed, thermally injured mice is mediated in part by elevated levels of IL-6.
Children's everyday deception and performance on false-belief tasks

Current theory and experimental research suggests that children's discovery of false beliefs at around 4 years of age allows the development of intentional deception. Anecdotal evidence of earlier lies has been dismissed with the argument that they may be ‘blind’ learned strategies rather than genuine deception. This paper presents two studies of everyday deception in comparison with false-belief task performance in young children. Study 1, a longitudinal study of 24 children, shows that the variety and incidence of everyday deceptions reported by mothers did not relate to success or failure on a battery of false-belief tasks, either between different children or over time in the same children. In Study 2 the deceptions of a 21/2-year-old child over a 6-month period were shown to be varied, flexible, context appropriate and too complex to be ‘blind’ learned strategies. It is argued that children's deceptive skills develop from pragmatic need and situational exigencies rather than from conceptual developments; they may learn to lie in the same way as they learn to speak.
Social-Cognitive Processing and Biases in Children with Nonverbal Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between hostile attribution bias and social-emotional functioning in children with nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD). A subset of the data collected by Tanya Galway, a University of Toronto doctoral student, was examined. Sixteen children with NLD and sixteen normally achieving controls between the ages of 9 and 16 were given the Social Problem Solving Measure (Galway, 2007) to examine hostile attribution bias, and parents and teachers of the children completed the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001) to examine social-emotional functioning. Children with NLD were rated higher than normally achieving peers, by both parent and teacher informants, on the anxious/depressed, withdrawn/depressed, internalizing, aggressive and externalizing scales. Parents of children with NLD rated their children higher than teachers on these scales. Children with NLD differed from normally achieving peers on a measure of hostile attribution bias more frequently endorsing that a story character was being mean. Group differences in hostile attribution bias were accounted for by individual differences in depression and aggression, but not by individual differences in anxiety.
A Qualitative Experiment

This article presents a hybrid methodological technique that fuses elements of experimental design with qualitative strategies to explore mediated communication. Called the “qualitative experiment,” this strategy uses focus groups and in-depth interviews within randomized stimulus conditions typically associated with experimental research. This mixed methods research draws on the advantages of qualitative inquiry to better understand meaning construction and gain a more holistic reading of response differences between varied groupings of mediated content.
PATTERNS OF EXPRESSION OF KERATIN 19 AS DETECTED WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN BREAST TISSUES AND TUMOURS

The monoclonal antibodies BA 16 and BA 17 directed to different epitopes on human keratin 19 have been tested for their reaction with normal breast and with benign and malignant breast lesions and associated tissue. In Western blots of gel‐separated extracts of fibroadenomas, malignant tumours or normal mammary epithelial cells, the antibodies reacted with only one component of 40 kd molecular weight. Immunoperoxidase staining of sections of normal breast tissues showed all basal cells and a few luminal cells to be unstained by the antibodies. The distribution of the unstained (keratin 19−) luminal cells in the mammary tree is consistent with that of cells with the proliferative potential to give rise to the growth of terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) seen at pregnancy. A total of 42 benign and 141 malignant lesions were stained with the antibodies, and a clear difference in staining pattern was seen between the benign and malignant tumours. All but 3 of the benign lesions showed a heterogeneous staining pattern with 5–50% unstained cells. In contrast, the cancer cells in 106/116 invasive primary tumours and in all 21 metastatic lesions examined showed a homogeneously positive reaction with antibodies BA16 and BA17: the malignant cells in 4 cases of Paget's disease also showed homogeneously positive staining with the antibody. In the malignant tumours, the observed homogeneity in expression of keratin 19 was confined to the malignant cells; tumour‐associated normal tissue and benign proliferative lesions contained keratin 19−cells. Seven pure in situ tumours were examined and 5 showed the homogeneous pattern of staining characteristic of invasive tumours while 2 contained a high number of keratin 19− cells. A general model is presented to explain the presence of keratin 19− cells in benign proliferation and the dominance of keratin 19− cells in invasive carcinoma.
Heterogeneous base distribution in mitochondrial DNA of Neurospora crassa

The mitochondrial DNA of Neurospora crassa has a heterogeneous intramolecular base distribution. A contiguous piece, representing at least 30% of the total genome, has a G+C content that is 6% lower than the overall G+C content of the DNA. The genes for both ribosomal RNAs are contained in the remaining, relatively G+C rich, part of the genome.
Morality in Interactions: On the Display of Moral Behavior by Leaders and Employees

Recent research has tried to understand moral behavior in the workplace mainly from an intra-personal perspective, blaming ethical failures on the person’s moral character, moral development or moral identity, or on isolated aspects of the situation. In doing so, little attention has been paid to the interplay between the person and the interpersonal context in which this behavior takes place. Thus, an important angle for investigating the question why good people do bad things has yet remained unexplored.In this thesis I present four chapters that illustrate this interpersonal influence in the context of ethical behavior within organizations – I discuss how leaders and followers influence each other’s moral behavior, how the organization’s moral norms influence employees moral decisions especially when they identify strongly with the organization, how follower moral awareness influences the effects of ethical leadership on the employee’s deviant behavior, and how demographic differences between leaders and followers influences the effect moral leadership has on employee performance.Together these chapters aim to increase understanding of the importance of factors in the interpersonal for moral decision making by individuals.
Theoretical Frameworks for Studying Female Marriage Migrants

Transnational marriages account for a significant proportion of family-based immigration to North America. An increasing number of immigrant men are choosing to marry women from their countries of origin, and an increasing number of nonimmigrant men are choosing to marry women from other countries. Existing studies on the experiences of foreign brides entering North America have highlighted their vulnerability to spousal maltreatment, including unique forms of immigration abuse (e.g., threats of deportation). Their vulnerability to maltreatment has been attributed to the gender-insensitive nature of family immigration policies, the women's lack of awareness of their rights and immigration status, and their husbands' cultural beliefs about women's roles. This article describes three interrelated theoretical frameworks that can inform further research, practice, and policy development related to female marriage migrants. The frameworks draw on cross-cultural models of gender-based violence, seminal work on the psychology of women, and international human rights research.
Familial occurrence of bipolar disorder - review

Since the very origin of Emil Kraepelin’s concept of recurrent psychoses the knowledge concerning affective disorders has developed significantly. Nowadays bipolar disorder is a separate disease and it is still not sure if we deal with a single illness or with many ones resembling each other. Basing on clinical course, four types of bipolar disorders are presently distinguished. They differ significantly and have tendency to familial occurrence. This familial occurrence may be sometimes a key to better and quicker diagnosing of disturbances occurring in children and adolescents. Atypical symptoms of bipolar disorder in the young are rather a rule than an exception. Symptoms leading to diagnosing of ADHD or conduct disorder may be early forms of affective disturbances. Even if not, their over incidental co-occurrence should lead psychiatrists to monitor any signs of affective disorder. The additional fact is that diagnosis of bipolar disorder is usually given between 16-25thyear of life. Therefore it is very important to know, as precisely as possible, the family history of any psychiatric disturbances. Data show that cases of bipolar disorder but also other mood disturbances and drug or alcohol abuse, conduct disorder, attention deficiency hyperkinetic disorder, personality disturbances, anxiety disturbances including panic ones, should be perceived as bipolar spectrum disorder. In this review of literature we analyze subtypes of bipolar disorder, comorbidity, clinical connections and familial correlations.
Critical exponents of the three dimensional diluted Ising model

We study the phase diagram of the site-diluted Ising model in a wide dilution range, through Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling techniques. Our results for the critical exponents and universal cumulants turn out to be dilution independent, but only after a proper infinite volume extrapolation, taking into account the leading corrections-to-scaling terms.
From Research Settings to Parents

Despite research that has documented the types of services that are being used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), researchers have yet to determine how intervention-related knowledge spreads to parents. In the current study, we sought to clarify the impact of parent social networks on intervention use in 244 parents of a child with ASD by examining the following: (a) Do social-network variables predict the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) or non-EBPs? (b) Do social-network variables predict parent satisfaction with service use? and (c) Who are the referral sources of EBPs and non-EBPs? Results indicated that social-network variables predict parents’ EBP use and non-EBP use beyond income, education, and child ASD symptom severity. In addition, recommendations to EBPs and non-EBPs came from distinct referral sources. The results have implications for both the active provision of basic social-network support and psychoeducation at the onset of ASD diagnosis and the use of social networks to more effectively disseminate best-practice information on a larger scale.
The Role of Mentoring in the Success of Women Leaders of Color in Higher Education

While numerous scholars have investigated the role of mentoring in the success of women of color in faculty positions, few have examined how mentoring affects the development of women leaders of color in higher education. Using qualitative data gathered from interviews with women leaders of color at Hispanic-serving institution, this study presents findings from cross-case studies to provide insights into perceptions of mentoring and various types of mentorship across the different levels within the organization. Supported by the empirical data, this paper challenges traditional notions of mentoring and advocates for a more critical approach to mentoring to reflect the multidimensionality of the mentoring process and explores how mentoring can be used as a strategy to facilitate institutional change.