Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can Overeating Induce a Conditioned Taste Avoidance in Previously Restricted Rats?

While feeding is rewarding, the feeling of satiation has been theorized to be aversive under certain conditions. Using a food-restriction model of overeating developed in our laboratory the results presented here suggest that overeating, and the resulting experience of satiation, is capable of supporting a conditioned taste avoidance. Rats had either ad lib (n=8) or restricted (n=24) food access (receiving 50% of the food eaten by ad lib fed rats) for 8 days. All rats were then given 24 hr access to a 0.1% saccharin solution, and two groups of food-restricted rats were given access to either 100% of the food eaten by the ad lib rats, or ad lib food access. This cycle was given once in Experiment 1 and three times (with 4 days between cycles) in Experiment 2. Rats were then returned to their previous feeding schedules for 1 day before being placed on ad lib food access until feeding was approximately equal for all groups. Rats were then tested for saccharin consumption in a twobottle choice test of saccharin and water. Rats that were overeating at the time of the one-bottle saccharin acquisition trial(s) were expected to experience a change in internal state as a result of the influx in calories and associate this with the novel saccharin solution. This change in state should result in an avoidance of the saccharin at the two-bottle test. In Experiment 1, at the two-bottle test, the restricted-ad lib feeding rats (those that overate) showed reduced saccharin consumption compared to the ad lib control rats, although these results were not significant. In Experiment 2, after three acquisition trials, the restricted-ad lib feeding group showed significantly reduced saccharin consumption compared to all other
Big dams and salmon evolution: changes in thermal regimes and their potential evolutionary consequences

Dams designed for hydropower and other purposes alter the environments of many economically important fishes, including Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We estimated that dams on the Rogue River, the Willamette River, the Cowlitz River, and Fall Creek decreased water temperatures during summer and increased water temperatures during fall and winter. These thermal changes undoubtedly impact the behavior, physiology, and life histories of Chinook salmon. For example, relatively high temperatures during the fall and winter should speed growth and development, leading to early emergence of fry. Evolutionary theory provides tools to predict selective pressures and genetic responses caused by this environmental warming. Here, we illustrate this point by conducting a sensitivity analysis of the fitness consequences of thermal changes caused by dams, mediated by the thermal sensitivity of embryonic development. Based on our model, we predict Chinook salmon likely suffered a decrease in mean fitness after the construction of a dam in the Rogue River. Nevertheless, these demographic impacts might have resulted in strong selection for compensatory strategies, such as delayed spawning by adults or slowed development by embryos. Because the thermal effects of dams vary throughout the year, we predict dams impacted late spawners more than early spawners. Similar analyses could shed light on the evolutionary consequences of other environmental perturbations and their interactions.
Reflection Stereo - Novel Monocular Stereo using a Transparent Plate -

This paper proposes a simple and novel singlecamera depth estimation method using images reflected by a single transparent parallel planar plate. The transparent plate reflects and transmits the incident light on its surface. The transmitted light is then reflected on the rear-surface and is transmitted again to the air through the surface. These two light paths create an overlapped image that comprises two shifted images. The overlapped image is considered as a stereo image obtained from a narrow baseline stereo. The constraint of these stereo images is presented. The distance to the object can be derived by finding correspondences on the constraint lines using the autocorrelation function of the overlapped image. This paper presents experimental results obtained using an actual system with a transparent acrylic plate.
The psychosocial context of pregnancy smoking and quitting in the Millennium Cohort Study

Background: Although pregnancy is a time when women have increased motivation to quit smoking, approximately half of female smokers persist in smoking throughout their pregnancies. Persistent pregnancy smokers are known to be more nicotine dependent and to have greater sociodemographic disadvantage. Less is known about the psychosocial context of persistent pregnancy smokers and factors that distinguish them from pregnancy quitters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted within the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Participants were 18 225 women, including 13.3% quitters, 12% light smokers and 8% heavy smokers. Data were collected when the infants were 9 months old. Maternal psychosocial problems were assessed in three domains: interpersonal, adaptive functioning and health-related behaviours. Results: In general, psychosocial problems in all domains increased across the pregnancy smoking continuum (non-smoker, quitter, light smoker, heavy smoker). All three psychosocial domains added incremental utility to prediction of pregnancy smoking status, after adjustment for sociodemographic risk. Conclusion: Problems in multiple psychosocial domains systematically distinguish women along a pregnancy smoking gradient, with heavy smokers having the most problematic psychosocial context. This subgroup of pregnant smokers is unlikely to be able to benefit from usual-care antenatal cessation interventions, which rely on women’s capacity for self-initiation, self-control and social resources. Consideration should be given to tiered interventions that provide more intensive and targeted interventions to pregnant women unable to quit with usual care.
Three-dimensional kinematics of competitive and recreational cyclists across different workloads during cycling

Abstract Although the link between sagittal plane motion and exercise intensity has been highlighted, no study assessed if different workloads lead to changes in three-dimensional cycling kinematics. This study compared three-dimensional joint and segment kinematics between competitive and recreational road cyclists across different workloads. Twenty-four road male cyclists (12 competitive and 12 recreational) underwent an incremental workload test to determine aerobic peak power output. In a following session, cyclists performed four trials at sub-maximal workloads (65, 75, 85 and 95% of their aerobic peak power output) at 90 rpm of pedalling cadence. Mean hip adduction, thigh rotation, shank rotation, pelvis inclination (latero-lateral and anterior–posterior), spine inclination and rotation were computed at the power section of the crank cycle (12 o'clock to 6 o'clock crank positions) using three-dimensional kinematics. Greater lateral spine inclination (p < .01, 5–16%, effect sizes = 0.09–0.25) and larger spine rotation (p < .01, 16–29%, effect sizes = 0.31–0.70) were observed for recreational cyclists than competitive cyclists across workload trials. No differences in segment and joint angles were observed from changes in workload with significant individual effects on spine inclination (p < .01). No workload effects were found in segment angles but differences, although small, existed when comparing competitive road to recreational cyclists. When conducting assessment of joint and segment motions, workload between 65 and 95% of individual cyclists’ peak power output could be used.
Double Binds and the Reproductive and Mothering Experiences of HIV-Positive Women

In spite of the increasing number of young women infected with HIV in the United States, little is known about the reproductive and mothering experiences of these women. The purpose of the grounded-theory research discussed in this article was to describe the reproductive and mothering experiences of HIV-positive women. Twenty HIV-positive women participated in 31 in-depth interviews. The grounded-theory method was used for data analysis. A communication pattern known in the psychiatric literature as a double bind was discovered to be a basic social psychological problem that affected the women’s experiences with reproduction and mothering. An understanding of the power and influence of these double binds permits health care professionals to plan patient-centered programs and to individualize care specifically for HIV-positive women.
An Investigation of the Possible Mechanisms of Change in Supportive-expressive Therapy for Depressed/Anxious Adolsecents

The present research explores a promising therapy – Supportive Expressive Therapy (SET; Luborsky, 1984) – for adolescents with mood and/or anxiety disorders. It has been proposed that therapist expressive techniques (e.g., challenges and interpretations) and client interpersonal mastery (i.e., self-understanding and self-control in relationships) are two elements central to the success of SET (Luborsky, 1984; Grenyer & Luborsky, 1996). The current thesis employs a microprocess approach to examine expressive techniques and interpersonal mastery as potential mechanisms of change in SET. The study first provides preliminary evidence that SET is effective in helping adolescents suffering from internalizing disorders. Clients (N = 10) reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety post-therapy. The body of the study then focuses on two research questions pertaining to the microprocesses occurring during SET. First, employing graphical and statistical analyses, the study investigates the notion that SET helps clients develop greater interpersonal mastery. Ten clients’ levels of interpersonal mastery were assessed at four points throughout therapy to determine whether clients demonstrated higher levels of interpersonal mastery over time. Secondly, this dissertation explores the impact of therapist expressive statements on clients' narratives, using a lag sequential analysis. Clients' statements were examined to determine whether higher levels of interpersonal mastery were exhibited following higher-level expressive techniques versus other therapist statements (i.e., supportive statements). Statistical analyses pertaining to the first research question did not reveal significant changes in interpersonal mastery over the course of therapy. However, graphical analyses suggested specific patterns of gains in interpersonal mastery during SET. With respect to the second research question, results demonstrated therapists employed significantly more higher-level expressive techniques in the later stages of SET, in accordance with the guidelines provided in SET manuals. Lag sequential analyses did not, however, provide substantial evidence of gains in interpersonal mastery following higher-level therapist techniques. Despite a lack of evidence supporting a general link between higher-level techniques and increased client mastery, exploratory analyses suggested change-focused expressive statements were linked to fewer client statements reflecting low interpersonal mastery. Future research should examine (1) change-focused statements as potentially important variables fostering improvement, and (2) moderators of client responses to higher-level techniques. %%%%PhD
Effects of Soccer Training on Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness during a Soccer Season in Female Elite Young Athletes: A Prospective Cohort Study

The objectives of this study were to (i) describe soccer training (e.g., volume, types), anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness and (ii) compute associations between soccer training data and relative changes of anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness during a soccer season in female elite young athletes. Seasonal training (i.e., day-to-day training volume/types) as well as variations in anthropometry (e.g., body height/mass), body composition (e.g., lean body/fat mass), and physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength/power, speed, balance) were collected from 17 female elite young soccer players (15.3 ± 0.5 years) over the training periods (i.e., preparation, competition, transition) of a soccer season that resulted in the German championship title in under-17 female soccer. Training volume/types, anthropometrics, body composition, and physical fitness significantly varied over a soccer season. During the two preparation periods, higher volumes in resistance and endurance training were performed (2.00 ≤ d ≤ 18.15; p < 0.05), while higher sprint and tactical training volumes were applied during the two competition periods (2.22 ≤ d ≤ 11.18; p < 0.05). Body height and lean body mass increased over the season (2.50 ≤ d ≤ 3.39; p < 0.01). In terms of physical fitness, significant performance improvements were found over the soccer season in measures of balance, endurance, and sport-specific performance (2.52 ≤ d ≤ 3.95; p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistically significant changes were observed for measures of muscle power/endurance, speed, and change-of-direction speed. Of note, variables of muscle strength (i.e., leg extensors) significantly decreased (d = 2.39; p < 0.01) over the entire season. Our period-specific sub-analyses revealed significant performance improvements during the first round of the season for measures of muscle power/endurance, and balance (0.89 ≤ d ≤ 4.01; p < 0.05). Moreover, change-of-direction speed significantly declined after the first round of the season, i.e., transition period (d = 2.83; p < 0.01). Additionally, significant medium-to-large associations were observed between training and anthropometrics/body composition/physical fitness (−0.541 ≤ r ≤ 0.505). Soccer training and/or growth/maturation contributed to significant variations in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness outcomes throughout the different training periods over the course of a soccer season in female elite young soccer players. However, changes in components of fitness were inconsistent (e.g., power, speed, strength). Thus, training volume and/or types should be carefully considered in order to develop power-, speed- or strength-related fitness measures more efficiently throughout the soccer season.
Factors Affecting Faculty Web Portal Usability

The study investigated the factors that might significantly affect web portal usability. Results of the study were intended to serve as inputs for faculty web portal development of the University of the East-Manila. Descriptive statistics utilized questionnaire data from 82 faculty members. The data showed that most of the respondents were relatively young, were Master’s degree holders, were skilled in using the computer and the internet, had internet access at home, and were committed to using the web portal. Respondents perceived that the different web portal design-related factors were moderately evident in the existing faculty web portal. Multiple regression analysis showed that information content as a web portal design-related factor was the only significant predictor of web portal usability. Thus, the null hypothesis stating that faculty-related and web portal design-related factors do not significantly affect faculty web portal usability is accepted except Information Content. The study also discussed the guidelines for web portal developers, as well as the limitations and implications of the study for future research.
National Heart Institute Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry

Objective: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) represent the acute life threatening phase of coronary artery disease [1] , registries and surveys have the potential to define the 'gaps' between evidence and practice as well as implementation of guidelines [2] . Aim of the Work: To assess the application of a newly designed registry among Egyptian patients with ACS and to compare the results with those of other international registries. Methods: The study included 401 patients having acute coronary syndrome admitted to the National Heart Institute CCU over 6 months from January 2007 to June 2007 that were subjected to full history & clinical examination, 12 leads, ECG, and echocardiography. Patients were classified according to the ECG at presentation into ACS with ST elevation, ACS Abbreviations: ACS = Acute Coronary Syndrome NHI = National Heart Institute HTN = Hypertension DM = Diabetes Mellitus ER = Emergency Room MI = Myocardial infraction CABG = Coronary artery Bypass Graft. PCI = Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. CCS = Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classification RBBB = Right Bundle Branch Block ABP = Arterial Blood Pressure. MR = Mitral Regurgitation VSD = Ventricular Septal Defect. TR = Tricuspid Regurgitation LV EF = Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. LVEDD = Left ventricular end diastolic diameter LVESD = Left ventricular end systolic diameter FS = Fraction shortening SV = Stroke volume EDV = End diastolic volume ESV = End systolic volume CHF = Congestive Heart Failure. LVH = Left ventricular Hypertrophy. IHD = Ischemic Heart Disease Correspondence to: Dr. Wael El Kilany, Cardiology Department, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, E-mail: wael.kilany@gmail.com without ST Elevation, and ACS with undetermined ECG changes. Patients were managed according to the ACC/AHA guidelines 2004 for STEMI & update 2002 for unstable angina and NSTEMI, In hospital MACE; death, re-infarction, target vessel revascularization and rrhythmias were assessed. Results: ACS with ST elevation was the most common presentation (59.1 %), age of our study population ranges from 18 to 88 years old (54.5 ± 11.9 years). Most of patients were males (79%), smoking was the most significant risk factor (61 %) followed by Hypertension (55%). The main presenting symptom was typical anginal chest pain (91.5%). Coronary angiography was performed in 40% of our study population with higher incidence among patients who had ACS with undetermined ECG changes (44.12%), however reperfusion by PCI was undertaken in a higher percentage of patients with ACS with ST elevation (30.38%). In patients diagnosed as STEMI (267 patients), 65.5% of the patients received thrombolysis “Streptokinase”, while 12.4% were referred for primary PCI. Heart failure was the most prevalent in hospital complication, Atrial fibrillation was the most common occurring arrhythmia. Conclusions: Smoking & hypertension are significant risk factors among Egyptian patients. The use of invasive strategy was restricted to the most critical patients; this was because of financial causes.
Consumers' perceptions about food quality attributes and their incidence in argentinean organic choices

There is an increasing consumers' concern for food safety and quality and, at the same time, there has been a significant market increment in differentiated or high value products consumption, including organic products. The lack of empirical research in Argentina regarding consumers' awareness of food safety brought our attention. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyse consumers' perceptions about the risk and quality attributes of food consumption; and to evaluate the incidence of these factors when buying organic products in Argentina. The Lancaster model (1966) provided the theoretical basis for the use of products attributes and characteristics to analyse the incidence of these attributes in consumers' choices. The data used in this study derives from a food consumption survey on organic and non-organic consumers conducted in Buenos Aires City, Argentina, in April 2005. According to consumers' perceptions, 67% were worried about their health, 79% take care in meals, 57% perceived the high risk of hormones and pesticides in food content and 91% of consumers are used to reading labels before or during their purchase. A Logit Binomial Regression Model was applied to explore which factors affected organic food consumption. The results yielded by this model suggest that the consumers with higher educational level, who eat healthy food, and consider food control organisms "inefficient" are more likely to buy organic products. A high percentage of consumers read and trust label information in Argentina. This has interesting policy implications to promote differentiated and high value products, and to reduce information asymmetries.
Functional constraints in the evolution of brain circuits

Regardless of major anatomical and neurodevelopmental differences, the vertebrate isocortex shows a remarkably well-conserved organization. In the isocortex, reciprocal connections between excitatory and inhibitory neurons are distributed across multiple layers, encompassing modular, dynamical and recurrent functional networks during information processing. These dynamical brain networks are often organized in neuronal assemblies interacting through rhythmic phase relationships. Accordingly, these oscillatory interactions are observed across multiple brain scale levels, and they are associated with several sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. Most notably, oscillatory interactions are also found in the complete spectrum of vertebrates. Yet, it is unknown why this functional organization is so well conserved in evolution. In this perspective, we propose some ideas about how functional requirements of the isocortex can account for the evolutionary stability observed in microcircuits across vertebrates. We argue that isocortex architectures represent canonical microcircuits resulting from: (i) the early selection of neuronal architectures based on the oscillatory excitatory-inhibitory balance, which lead to the implementation of compartmentalized oscillations and (ii) the subsequent emergence of inferential coding strategies (predictive coding), which are able to expand computational capacities. We also argue that these functional constraints may be the result of several advantages that oscillatory activity contributes to brain network processes, such as information transmission and code reliability. In this manner, similarities in mesoscale brain circuitry and input-output organization between different vertebrate groups may reflect evolutionary constraints imposed by these functional requirements, which may or may not be traceable to a common ancestor.
The Degree of Certainty System in Written Spanish in Mexico

THE DEGREE OF CERTAINTY SYSTEM IN WRITTEN SPANISH IN MEXICO by Jaseleen Ruggles Advisor: Professor Ricardo Otheguy Practitioners in threat assessment have considered direct threats as being high-level threats of future violence (O’Toole 2000: 9), but empirical studies testing the predictive validity of direct threats have contradicted this intuition (Dietz, Matthews, Martell et al. 1991; Smith 2006). Studies that include analyses of the deployment of English verbal roots (such as kill, hurt, etc.) have failed to show significant correlations between lexical choices and the occurrence of realized outcomes (Dietz, Matthews, Martell et al. 1991; Scalora, Baumgartner, Zimmerman et al. 2002a: 1360; Scalora, Baumgartner, Zimmerman 2002b: 46, Smith 2006). This analysis focused on inflectional affixes, rather than on lexical stems and aimed to uncover how formal choices made in specific acts of language use could predict the likelihood of realization of violent acts. Offender writings containing verb forms under study were collected from 201 crime scenes. A total of 169 were cases of single homicide.