Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
More (or less) than the sums of their parts? *Status, teams, and entrepreneurial outcomes

More (or less) than the Sums of their Parts? Status, Teams, and Entrepreneurial Outcomes (Under the direction of Howard E. Aldrich) Individuals from diverse status backgrounds pursue entrepreneurship, and approximately half of those who seek to start businesses--nascent entrepreneurs--form startup teams of two or more persons. Using data from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED), I examined how individual status characteristics influence group processes and entrepreneurial outcomes. I also studied how team status characteristics and group processes influence entrepreneurial outcomes. I found that status characteristics influenced the assistance team members provide to their startups. My results showed gender to be a significant status characteristic in that gender composition influenced assistance provisions, and secondly that men and women differed in perceptions of how status affected assistance provisions in their teams. I also found that the levels and types of assistance that team members provided to their startup teams reduced their odds of abandoning startup activities and increased their odds of establishing operational businesses or remaining active in entrepreneurship. However, I found little evidence that individual status, team diversity, or team relationships directly influenced startup outcomes for nascent entrepreneurs. I did find that average status of startup teams and close relationships among team members sometimes improved respondents’ entrepreneurial outcomes when team members provided assistance at high levels. Additionally, I found that the influence of individual status characteristics on
The NASA Astrophysics Data System: Overview

The NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service has become a key component of astronomical research. It provides bibliographic information daily, or near daily, to a majority of astronomical researchers worldwide. We describe the history of the development of the system and its current status. Urania (Boyce 1996), and the ADS role in the emerging electronic astronomical data environment are discussed. Astronomy is unique in that it already has a fully functional data resource, where several of the most important data sources exist on-line and inter-operate nearly seamlessly. The ADS and the Strasbourg Data Center (CDS; Genova et al. 2000) form the core of this resource. We show several examples of how to use the ADS, and we show how ADS use has increased as a function of time. Currently it is still increasing exponentially, with a doubling time for number of queries of 17 months. Using the ADS logs we make the first detailed model of how scientific journals are read as a function of time since publication. We find four distinct components. We directly compare the readership rate with the citation rate for scientific articles as a function of age. Citations generally follow reads, but there are some differences. The main journals of astronomy have differences in the ways they are read and cited. We discuss these from a number of different aspects. The impact of the ADS on astronomy can be calculated after making some simple assumptions. We find that the ADS increases the efficiency of astronomical research by 333 Full Time Equivalent (2000 hour) research years per year, and that the value of the early development of the ADS for astronomy, compared with waiting for mature technologies to be adopted, is 2332 FTE research years. A full technical description of the ADS is in three companion articles: Eichhorn et al. (2000), Accomazzi et al. (2000), and Grant et al. (2000). The ADS is available at http://adsabs.harvard. edu/.
Electronic Thesis and Dissertations Uc Berkeley

Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship. org/help_copyright. html#reuse This Too Shall Pass: Temporal Distance and the Regulation of Emotional Distress
AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is required for T cell priming and antiviral immunity

The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) AXL is induced in response to type I interferons (IFNs) and limits their production through a negative feedback loop. Enhanced production of type I IFNs in Axl-/-dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro have led to speculation that inhibition of AXL would promote antiviral responses. Notwithstanding, type I IFNs also exert potent immunosuppressive functions. Here we demonstrate that ablation of AXL enhances the susceptibility to infection by influenza A virus and West Nile virus. The increased type I IFN response in Axl-/- mice was associated with diminished DC maturation, reduced production of IL-1β, and defective antiviral T cell immunity. Blockade of type I IFN receptor or administration of IL-1β to Axl-/- mice restored the antiviral adaptive response and control of infection. Our results demonstrate that AXL is essential for limiting the immunosuppressive effects of type I IFNs and enabling the induction of protective antiviral adaptive immunity. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.12414. 001
BAliBASE 3.0: Latest developments of the multiple sequence alignment benchmark

Multiple sequence alignment is one of the cornerstones of modern molecular biology. It is used to identify conserved motifs, to determine protein domains, in 2D/3D structure prediction by homology and in evolutionary studies. Recently, high‐throughput technologies such as genome sequencing and structural proteomics have lead to an explosion in the amount of sequence and structure information available. In response, several new multiple alignment methods have been developed that improve both the efficiency and the quality of protein alignments. Consequently, the benchmarks used to evaluate and compare these methods must also evolve. We present here the latest release of the most widely used multiple alignment benchmark, BAliBASE, which provides high quality, manually refined, reference alignments based on 3D structural superpositions. Version 3.0 of BAliBASE includes new, more challenging test cases, representing the real problems encountered when aligning large sets of complex sequences. Using a novel, semiautomatic update protocol, the number of protein families in the benchmark has been increased and representative test cases are now available that cover most of the protein fold space. The total number of proteins in BAliBASE has also been significantly increased from 1444 to 6255 sequences. In addition, full‐length sequences are now provided for all test cases, which represent difficult cases for both global and local alignment programs. Finally, the BAliBASE Web site (http://www‐bio3d‐igbmc.u‐strasbg.fr/balibase) has been completely redesigned to provide a more user‐friendly, interactive interface for the visualization of the BAliBASE reference alignments and the associated annotations. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Xylosylphosphotransferase of Cryptococcus neoformans Acts in Protein O-Glycan Synthesis*

Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is an AIDS-defining illness caused by the opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. This organism possesses an elaborate polysaccharide capsule that is unique among pathogenic fungi, and the glycobiology of C. neoformans has been a focus of research in the field. The capsule and other cellular glycans and glycoconjugates have been described, but the machinery responsible for their synthesis remains largely unexplored. We recently discovered Xpt1p, an enzyme with the unexpected activity of generating a xylose-phosphate-mannose linkage. We now demonstrate that this novel activity is conserved throughout the C. neoformans species complex, localized to the Golgi apparatus, and functions in the O-glycosylation of proteins. We also present the first survey of O-glycans from C. neoformans.
Nonconscious Idea Generation

The recognition of the correct solution to a problem after a period when one is not actively searching for an answer is well documented. However, previous research has focused on problems an individual has not yet resolved. We presented a scenario in which 125 participants believed that they had completed a task and so had no reason to seek further solutions. To their surprise, after a period of distraction, we resumed the testing session. This novel method was combined with accurate recording of both response content and timing. The results from the second session displayed a remarkable similarity to those from the first, including an initial burst of ideas, allowing the inference that, even in the absence of a reason to seek solutions, a process of nonconscious idea generation might be operating.
Behavioral variation in Tullock contests

We conduct an experiment to uncover the reasons behind the typically large behavioral variation and low explanatory power of Nash equilibrium observed in Tullock contests. In our standard contest treatment, only 7% of choices are consistent with Nash equilibrium which is in line with the literature and roughly what random (uniform) choice would predict (6.25%). We consider a large class of social, risk and some other non-standard preferences and show that heterogeneity in preferences cannot explain these results. We then systematically vary the complexity of both components of Nash behaviour: (I) the difficulty to form correct beliefs and (II) the difficulty to formulate best responses. In treatments where both the difficulty of forming correct beliefs and of formulating best responses is reduced behavioural variation decreases substantially and the explanatory behaviour of Nash equilibrium increases dramatically (explaining 65% of choices with a further 20% being close to NE). Our results show that bounded rationality rather than heterogeneity in preferences is the reason behind the huge behavioral variation typically observed in Tullock contests.
Trends of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emissions in Beijing during 2002-2013

Abstract. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) play a critical role in the photochemical production of ozone (O3) and organic aerosols. Obtaining an accurate understanding on temporal trends of NMHC emissions is essential for predicting air quality changes and evaluating the effectiveness of current control measures. In this study, we evaluated temporal trends of anthropogenic NMHC emissions during August in Beijing based on ambient measurements during selected summer periods at an urban site in Beijing from 2002 to 2013. In the contrast to the results from the most recent inventory (Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China, MEIC), which reported that anthropogenic NMHC emissions during August increased by 28% from 2004 to 2012, whereas mixing ratios of NMHCs measured at this urban site decreased by 37% during the same time period. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to these NMHC measurements for source apportionment. The results showed that the relative contributions of vehicular exhaust and gasoline evaporation to measured NMHC concentrations decreased by 66% during August from 2004 to 2012, comparable to the relative decline of 67% for transportation-related NMHC emissions reported by the MEIC inventory. This finding indicates that the implementation of stricter emissions standards for new vehicles and specific control measures for in-use vehicles has been effective for reducing transportation-related NMHC emissions. In addition, the PMF results suggested that there were no significant temporal changes in NMHC concentrations from solvent use and industry during August from 2004 to 2012, in contrast with the rapid rate of increase (8.8% yr−1) reported by the MEIC inventory. To re-evaluate the NMHC emissions trends for solvent use and industry, annual variations in NMHC / NOx ratios were compared between ambient measurements at the PKU site and the MEIC inventory. In contrast to the significant rise in NMHC / NOx ratios from the MEIC inventory, the measured NMHC / NOx ratios declined by 14% during August from 2005 to 2012. The inferred NMHC / NOx ratios based on PMF results exhibited a comparable decline of 11% to measured ratios. These results indicate that the increase rate for NMHC emissions from solvent use and industry in Beijing might be overestimated in the current inventory; therefore, additional research is necessary to verify the NMHC emission trends for this source.
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization Anatomy of the Credit Score

This paper addresses the question of what determines a poor credit score. We compare estimated credit scores with measures of impulsivity, time preference, risk attitude, and trustworthiness, in an effort to determine the preferences that underlie credit behavior. Data is collected using an incentivized decision-making lab experiment, together with financial and psychological surveys. Credit scores are estimated using an online FICO credit score estimator based on survey data supplied by the participants. Preferences are assessed using a survey measure of impulsivity, with experimental measures of time and risk preferences , as well as trustworthiness. Controlling for income differences, we find that the credit score is correlated with measures of impulsivity, time preference, and trustworthiness.
PPARγ and MEK Interactions in Cancer

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) exerts multiple functions in determination of cell fate, tissue metabolism, and host immunity. Two synthetic PPARγ ligands (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) were approved for the therapy of type-2 diabetes mellitus and are expected to serve as novel cures for inflammatory diseases and cancer. However, PPARγ and its ligands exhibit a janus-face behaviour as tumor modulators in various systems, resulting in either tumor suppression or tumor promotion. This may be in part due to signaling crosstalk to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. The genomic activity of PPARγ is modulated, in addition to ligand binding, by phosphorylation of a serine residue by MAPKs, such as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases-1/2 (ERK-1/2), or by nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization through the ERK activators MAPK kinases-1/2 (MEK-1/2). PPARγ ligands themselves activate the ERK cascade through nongenomic and often PPARγ-independent signaling. In the current review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and physiological implications of the crosstalk of PPARγ with MEK-ERK signaling and its potential as a novel drug target for cancer therapy in patients.
Implications of horizontal and vertical pathogen transmission for honey bee epidemiology

The degree to which a disease evolves to be virulent depends, in part, on whether the pathogen is transmitted horizontally or vertically. Eusocial insect colonies present a special case since the fitness of the pathogen depends not only on the ability to infect and spread between individuals within a colony, but also on the ability to spread to new individuals in other colonies. In honey bees, intercolony transmission of pathogens occurs horizontally (by drifting or robbing) and vertically (through swarming). Vertical transmission is likely the most important route of pathogen infection of new colonies. Theory predicts that this should generally select for benign host-parasite relation- ships. Indeed, most honey bee diseases exhibit low virulence. The only major exception is American foulbrood (AFB). In light of current ideas in evolutionary epidemiology, we discuss the implica- tions of horizontal and vertical pathogen transmission for virulence of AFB and other honey bee diseases.
The Robot Engineer

We described preliminary work on designing a “robot engineer”. Somewhat similar to the idea of a robot scientist, the robot engineer is a closed-loop system that designs tools for a robot, and even complete robots, that are tested in simulation, manufactured and realised using 3D printing. The artefact is then evaluated on real-world tasks, feeding back to the original design. The system builds on ILP techniques originally developed for learning tool use by a robot. These are extended with methods for transforming the functional specification produced by the ILP system into a design that is suitable for manufacture.
A new method for reducing the storage requirements of numerical simulation data

This paper introduces a new method for reducing the storage requirements of numerical simulation data. The novelty of the method consists in delimiting and extracting user-defined regions of interest within the simulation results and then only saving the minimum information required for the later reconstruction of those regions. The method is proved reliable through two different test cases, a finite element and a finite volume problem. The results are discussed based on their accuracy, and future areas of investigation are outlined.
Detection of Copy Number Alterations in Metastatic Melanoma by a DNA Fluorescence In situ Hybridization Probe Panel and Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization: A Southwest Oncology Group Study (S9431)

Purpose: Gene copy number alteration (CNA) is common in malignant melanoma and is associated with tumor development and progression. The concordance between molecular cytogenetic techniques used to determine CNA has not been evaluated on a large set of loci in malignant melanoma. Experimental Design: A panel of 16 locus-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes located on eight chromosomes was used to identify CNA in touch preparations of frozen tissue samples from 19 patients with metastatic melanoma (SWOG-9431). A subset (n = 11) was analyzed using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of DNA isolated directly from touch-preparation slides. Results: By FISH, most samples showed loss near or at WISP3/6p21, CCND3/6q22, and CDKN2A/9p21 (>75% of samples tested). More than one third of CDKN2A/9p21 losses were biallelic. Gains of NEDD9/6p24, MET/7q31, and MYC/8q24 were common (57%, 47%, and 41%, respectively) and CNA events involving 9p21/7p12.3 and MET were frequently coincident, suggesting gain of the whole chromosome 7. Changes were confirmed by aCGH, which also uncovered many discreet regions of change, larger than a single BAC. Overlapping segments observed in >45% of samples included many of the loci analyzed in the FISH study, in addition to other WNT pathway members, and genes associated with TP53 pathways and DNA damage response, repair, and stability. Conclusions: This study outlines a set of CNAs at the gene and regional level, using FISH and aCGH, which may provide a benchmark for future studies and may be important in selection of individual therapy for patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
Language generation and personality: Two dimensions, two stages, two hemispheres?

We are interested in generating text in a way which helps convey the writer's personality. This has led us to consider be relationship between language production and personality from a Maman perspective. We already have data to be covered at the computational level (comparative corpus analysis). We consider that findings at the implementation level (cognitive neuroscience) will help guide architectural explorations at the algorithmic level (computational linguistics). This position statement indicates the data and processing hypotheses which we have arrived at, and suggests that neurocognitive results concerning hemispheric asymmetry may be particularly relevant. Copyright © 2004, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.
Non-linear control strategies for musculoskeletal robots

Recently, focus has shifted to more human-friendly robots, especially in the field of service or rehabilitation robotics, where research aims at bringing robots into increasingly unstructured environments. Here, humans still outperform robots in almost every aspect. One way towards this goal is to mimic more and more of the mechanisms of the human musculoskeletal system. These so called musculoskeletal robots incorporate compliant antagonistic actuation in a biologically inspired skeleton. Furthermore, complex joints like spherical joints and multi-articular muscles are realized. In the last decade impressive musculoskeletal robots have been developed, where the focus was mainly on constructing working prototypes. However, the field of controlling such robots has made very little progress, so far. Reasons for this are manifold, starting from unavailable sensor modalities, due to novel skeletal structures, to the difficulties in modeling the interaction of the muscles with the skeleton. In this work, (1) a generic model for the class of musculoskeletal robots was derived by extending standard models for robot dynamics, (2) several non-linear control strategies were developed and (3) a robotic arm was constructed to evaluate the novel control approaches. Non-linear controllers derived in this work include feedback linearization, which is also the main control technique used for tendon-driven robots and was therefore extended to be applied to the characteristics of musculoskeletal robots. Furthermore, a novel control law, based on Dynamic Surface Control (DSC), which is an extension to backstepping, was developed. In contrast to previously used techniques, the systematic approach of backstepping provides a method to obtain a cascade of controllers without neglecting the dynamics of the low-level control laws, hence providing provably stable closed-loop behavior. This scheme was further extended by adaptive neural network control to compensate for unmodeled dynamics such as friction. The dynamic model, incorporated by the different controllers utilizes a standard rigid body model of the skeleton which was extended to support spherical joints. In the presence of complex joint types and muscles that wrap around skeletal structures, analytic models of the mapping between the joint and the muscle space are extremely complex to obtain. To overcome this issue machine learning techniques were applied to attain the muscle kinematics. The different control laws were evaluated on a physical robotic platform which was specifically developed to cover the control challenges of the class of musculoskeletal robots. Hence it comprises a spherical shoulder joint and a revolute elbow joint. Actuation was realized by several uni-articular muscles and a bi-articular muscle spanning both joints. Results obtained on this platform show that it is possible to achieve stable closed-loop behavior, where the novel control laws developed in this work yield improved trajectory tracking performance, compared to existing approaches.