Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mycophenolate mofetil: a review of its use in the management of solid organ transplantation.

UNLABELLED Mycophenolate mofetil is the morpholinoethyl ester prodrug of mycophenolic acid, an uncompetitive reversible inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo purine synthesis, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. As an antimetabolite immunosuppressant, mycophenolate mofetil has been evaluated for the prevention and treatment of acute rejection of a variety of solid organ allografts. It is generally added to post-transplant therapy regimens in place of azathioprine, and in conjunction with cyclosporin and corticosteroids. In large, randomised controlled trials in renal and cardiac transplant recipients, mycophenolate mofetil has shown significant efficacy in reducing the incidence of acute rejection compared with azathioprine in the first year after transplantation. Whereas patient and graft survival rates are improved with mycophenolate mofetil in cardiac transplantation, significant benefits for patient or graft survival have not been demonstrated in clinical trials in renal transplant patients. Mycophenolate mofetil does, however, appear to reduce the incidence of renal graft loss due to rejection. Mycophenolate mofetil has been shown to reverse ongoing acute rejection episodes in heart, kidney and liver transplant patients, and to improve graft function when used to treat chronic lung or heart graft vasculopathy. The efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil immunosuppression appears to allow sparing of other immunosuppressive agents, particularly cyclosporin and corticosteroids, in selected patients. The main adverse effects associated with oral mycophenolate mofetil are GI events, haematological toxicity (especially leucocytopenia) and an increased incidence of some types of infections relative to placebo. Lower dosages (2 g/day) are generally better tolerated than higher dosages (3 g/day). Although mycophenolate mofetil carries a high acquisition cost relative to azathioprine, when other direct costs of treatment of organ transplant patients are considered, it appears to be a cost-effective alternative, at least during the first post-transplant year. CONCLUSIONS The benefits in terms of a reduction in the morbidity associated with acute organ allograft rejection indicate that mycophenolate mofetil should be considered as part of a primary therapy regimen in renal and cardiac transplant recipients, and as a treatment for reversal of acute refractory rejection in these patients. Further study is required to confirm its benefits in the transplantation of other solid organs.
The Genetic History of Peruvian Quechua‐Lamistas and Chankas: Uniparental DNA Patterns among Autochthonous Amazonian and Andean Populations

This study focuses on the genetic history of the Quechua‐Lamistas, inhabitants of the Lamas Province in the San Martin Department, Peru, who speak their own distinct variety of the Quechua family of languages. It has been suggested that different pre‐Columbian ethnic groups from the Peruvian Amazonia, like the Motilones or “shaven heads”, assimilated the Quechua language and then formed the current native population of Lamas. However, many Quechua‐Lamistas claim to be direct descendants of the Chankas, a famous pre‐Columbian indigenous group that escaped from Inca rule in the Andes. To investigate the Quechua‐Lamistas and Chankas’ ancestries, we compared uniparental genetic profiles (17 STRs of Q‐M3 Y‐chromosome and mtDNA complete control region haplotypes) among autochthonous Amazonian and Andean populations from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. The phylogeographic and population genetic analyses indicate a fairly heterogeneous ancestry for the Quechua‐Lamistas, while they are closely related to their neighbours who speak Amazonian languages, presenting no direct relationships with populations from the region where the ancient Chankas lived. On the other hand, the genetic profiles of self‐identified Chanka descendants living in Andahuaylas (located in the Apurimac Department, Peru, in the Central Andes) were closely related to those living in Huancavelica and the assumed Chanka Confederation area before the Inca expansion.
The Arabidopsis nox Mutant Lacking Carotene Hydroxylase Activity Reveals a Critical Role for Xanthophylls in Photosystem I Biogenesis[C][W]

A nox mutant of Arabidopsis, devoid of xanthophylls, was reduced in photosystem I function due to enhanced protein turnover and impaired translation of the PsaA/PsaB messengers. These findings imply that xanthophylls, besides their role in light harvesting and photoprotection, are also needed for photosystem I core translation and stability and are thus indispensable for autotrophic growth. Carotenes, and their oxygenated derivatives xanthophylls, are essential components of the photosynthetic apparatus. They contribute to the assembly of photosynthetic complexes and participate in light absorption and chloroplast photoprotection. Here, we studied the role of xanthophylls, as distinct from that of carotenes, by characterizing a no xanthophylls (nox) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, which was obtained by combining mutations targeting the four carotenoid hydroxylase genes. nox plants retained α- and β-carotenes but were devoid in xanthophylls. The phenotype included depletion of light-harvesting complex (LHC) subunits and impairment of nonphotochemical quenching, two effects consistent with the location of xanthophylls in photosystem II antenna, but also a decreased efficiency of photosynthetic electron transfer, photosensitivity, and lethality in soil. Biochemical analysis revealed that the nox mutant was specifically depleted in photosystem I function due to a severe deficiency in PsaA/B subunits. While the stationary level of psaA/B transcripts showed no major differences between genotypes, the stability of newly synthesized PsaA/B proteins was decreased and translation of psaA/B mRNA was impaired in nox with respect to wild-type plants. We conclude that xanthophylls, besides their role in photoprotection and LHC assembly, are also needed for photosystem I core translation and stability, thus making these compounds indispensable for autotrophic growth.
THE BEHAVIORAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FRILL AND HORN MORPHOLOGY IN CERATOPSIAN DINOSAURS

The Ceratopsia, or horned dinosaurs, present a remarkable array of skull shapes (Lull, 1933). As in hadrosaurs (Lull and Wright, 1942), different species of ceratopsians have been recognized largely on the basis of cranial characters. Whether these were biological species in the modern sense (Mayr, 1969) is questionable (again as in hadrosaurs; Dodson, 1974), but even if only a single species per genus is valid and some of the currently recognized genera are ultimately shown to be conspecific, ceratopsians still show considerable cranial diversity (Fig. 1). Colbert (1948, 1961) was puzzled by this diversity: "Why should some ceratopsians have a single nasal horn, while others have large brow horns in addition to the nasal horn? Why should the horns be straight in some and curved in others? Why should the frill be solid in some and perforated in others, and why should the frill be so variously decorated with spikes and scallops and knobs? " (Colbert, 1961: 176). He compared the situation in ceratopsians with that seen in extant African bovids, and suggested that the shape of horns and frills was less important than their presence-s-that the various cranial types were independently-evolved, but more or less equally satisfactory, solutions to the same problem. For Colbert, this problem was resisting predators. Recent studies (Geist, 1966, 1971; Schaffer and Reed, 1972), however, have demonstrated that the chief function of
Problemas emocionais e comportamentais em jovens: Relações com o temperamento, as estratégias de coping e de regulação emocional e a identificação de expressões faciais

With the main purpose of studying the relationships between temperament, coping and emotional regulation strategies with emotional and behavioral problems, a sample of 230 pre-adolescents was studied, 118 males and 112 females, mean age of 11 years old (SD= 0.81), in the 5th and 6th school grades. Results have shown sex differences in affiliation (temperament dimension), in the frequency and efficacy of active and acting-out coping strategies, and in behavior problems and prosocial behavior. Effortful control, negative affectivity and negative emotional regulation were found to be common predictor factors of the different types of difficulties. The results were, in general, according to as expected and were discussed, based on the literature, theoretical models and taking into account their implications to assessment, prevention and intervention on emotional and behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence.
Requirements for Hirano Body Formation

ABSTRACT Hirano bodies are paracrystalline F-actin-rich structures associated with diverse conditions, including neurodegeneration and aging. Generation of model Hirano bodies using altered forms of Dictyostelium 34-kDa actin-bundling protein allows studies of their physiological function and mechanism of formation. We describe a novel 34-kDa protein mutant, E60K, with a point mutation within the inhibitory domain of the 34-kDa protein. Expression of E60K in Dictyostelium induces the formation of model Hirano bodies. The E60K protein has activated actin binding and is calcium regulated, unlike other forms of the 34-kDa protein that induce Hirano bodies and that have activated actin binding but lack calcium regulation. Actin filaments in the presence of E60K in vitro show enhanced resistance to disassembly induced by latrunculin B. Actin filaments in model Hirano bodies are also protected from latrunculin-induced depolymerization. We used nocodazole and blebbistatin to probe the role of the microtubules and myosin II, respectively, in the formation of model Hirano bodies. In the presence of these inhibitors, model Hirano bodies can form but are smaller than controls at early times of formation. The ultrastructure of model Hirano bodies did not reveal any major difference in structure and organization in the presence of inhibitors. In summary, these results support the conclusion that formation of model Hirano bodies is promoted by gain-of-function actin filament bundling, which enhances actin filament stabilization. Microtubules and myosin II contribute to but are not required for formation of model Hirano bodies.
Salivary testosterone and cortisol in rugby players: correlation with psychological overtraining items

Background: A psychocomportemental questionnaire has been devised by the consensus group of the Société Française de Médecine du Sport to characterise and quantify, using a list of functional and psychocomportemental signs, a state of “staleness”, for which no biological indicator is unanimously recognised. Objectives: To determine the relation between this diagnostic method and two hormones (cortisol and testosterone) often used as indicators of a state of fitness or staleness. Methods: The subjects were young rugby players. They were asked to complete the overtraining questionnaire and gave three saliva samples (at 8 am, 11 am, and 5 pm) during a rest day. Concentrations of cortisol and testosterone in the saliva were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: A preferential relation was found between the questionnaire score and testosterone concentration but not between the questionnaire score and cortisol concentration. Conclusions: The questionnaire may be a useful tool for screening subjects at risk of overtraining. Testosterone concentration is influenced by tiredness, and is therefore a valid marker of tiredness.
Heritability of Clot Formation

The development of occlusive arterial and venous disease is contingent on the formation of a fibrin mesh that occurs following tissue damage and activation of the coagulation system. Clinical evidence indicates that fibrin structure and function are important determinants of cardiovascular risk, and the difference between clots formed from plasma and from purified fibrinogen highlights the importance of plasma factors in determining final clot structure. Twin, family, and case-control studies indicate there is a significant genetic contribution to variance in coagulation and fibrinolytic factors that may influence clot structure. Additionally, studies indicate a smaller but significant genetic contribution to fibrin structure, with a larger component provided by the environmental contribution. Future studies of the influence of post-translational modifications to fibrin(ogen) and other factors involved in clot formation may provide important insights into thrombotic disease mechanisms.
ASSOCIATION OF GENETIC DIVERGENCE WITH HETEROSIS, COMBINING ABILITY AND MEAN VALUE FOR QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN POPCORN (ZEA MAYS VAR. EVERTA)

The study was aimed to analyze the genetic diversity among popcorn inbred lines using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA profiling and to associate it with heterosis, specific combining ability and mean values of hybrids for quantitative traits viz., days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, seed index, grain yield per plant, dry fodder yield per plant and popping expansion obtained in diallel study. The highest heterosis was observed for grain yield (99.16%) followed by dry fodder yield (96.57%). Fifteen polymorphic RAPD primers were used for polymerase chain reaction amplification. In dendrogram, most of the genotypes were clustered in a single cluster except I-07-35-7-3 which grouped in another cluster. The estimate of genetic diversity varies from 0.49 to 0.86. Correlation coefficients (r) ranged from -0.472 to 0.295. These correlations were extremely low or non-significant for all the quantitative traits. The results depicted that RAPD technique was efficient in detecting polymorphism in popcorn populations. Genetic diversity showed no significant association with all parameters of hybrid performance for days to maturity, plant height and seed index.
Dehydroabietic acid

The title compound [systematic name: (1R,4aS,10aR)-7-isopropyl-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid], C20H28O2, has been isolated from disproportionated rosin which is obtained by isomerizing gum rosin with a Pd-C catalyst. Two crystallographically independent molecules exist in the asymmetric unit. In each molecule, there are three six-membered rings, which adopt planar, half-chair and chair conformations. The two cyclohexane rings form a trans ring junction with the two methyl groups in axial positions. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables

Abstract We outline a framework for causal inference in settings where assignment to a binary treatment is ignorable, but compliance with the assignment is not perfect so that the receipt of treatment is nonignorable. To address the problems associated with comparing subjects by the ignorable assignment—an “intention-to-treat analysis”—we make use of instrumental variables, which have long been used by economists in the context of regression models with constant treatment effects. We show that the instrumental variables (IV) estimand can be embedded within the Rubin Causal Model (RCM) and that under some simple and easily interpretable assumptions, the IV estimand is the average causal effect for a subgroup of units, the compliers. Without these assumptions, the IV estimand is simply the ratio of intention-to-treat causal estimands with no interpretation as an average causal effect. The advantages of embedding the IV approach in the RCM are that it clarifies the nature of critical assumptions needed for a.
A Nonlinear Model for Relativistic Electrons at Positive Temperature

We study the relativistic electron-positron field at positive temperature in the Hartree–Fock approximation. We consider both the case with and without exchange terms, and investigate the existence and properties of minimizers. Our approach is non-perturbative in the sense that the relevant electron subspace is determined in a self-consistent way. The present work is an extension of previous work by Hainzl, Lewin, Sere and Solovej where the case of zero temperature was considered.
Prevalence of 2 toxin gene of Clostridium perfringens type A from diarrhoeic dogs

References ANDERSON, M. L. , ANDRIANARIVO, A. G. & CONRAD, P. A. (2000) Neosporosis in cattle. Animal Reproductive Science 2,417-431 BERGERON, N. , FECTEAU, G. , PARE, J., MARTINEAU, R. & VILLENEUVE, A. (2000) Vertical and horizontal transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy herds in Quebec. Canadian Veterinary Journal 41, 464-467 CHAFFIN, M. K. , WALKER, M. A. , MCARTHUR, N. H. , PERRIS, E. E. & MATTHEWS, N. S. (1997) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of normal neonatal foals. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 38, 102111 CHANG, K. H. & HAN, M. H. (1998) MRI of CNS parasitic diseases. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 8,297-307 COLEY, S. C. , JAGER, H. R. , SZYDLO, R. M. & GOLDMAN, J. M. (1999) CT and MRI manifestations of central nervous system infection following allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Clinical Radiology 54,390-397 CUTLER, T. J., MACKAY, R. J. & TANHAUSER, S. M. (1999) Experimental challenge of horses with characterized S neurona sporocysts. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Veterinary Medical Forum, American College ofVeterinary Internal Medicine, June 10 to 13, 1999. Eds D. C. Sellon, M. R. Paradis. p 696 FAYER, R. , MAYHEW, I. G. & BAIRD, J. D. (1990) Epidemiology of equine
The Yeast Ras/Cyclic AMP Pathway Induces Invasive Growth by Suppressing the Cellular Stress Response

ABSTRACT Haploid yeast cells are capable of invading agar when grown on rich media. Cells of the Σ1278b genetic background manifest this property, whereas other laboratory strains are incapable of invasive growth. We show that disruption of the RAS2 gene in the Σ1278b background significantly reduces invasive growth but that expression of a constitutively active Ras2p (Ras2Val19p) in this strain has a minimal effect on its invasiveness. On the other hand, expression of Ras2Val19p in another laboratory strain, SP1, rendered it invasive. These results suggest that a hyperactive Ras2 pathway induces invasive growth and that this pathway might be overactive in the Σ1278b genetic background. Indeed, cells of the Σ1278b are defective in the induction of stress-responsive genes, while theirGcn4 target genes are constitutively transcribed. This pattern of gene expression was previously shown to be associated with an active Ras/cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway. We show that suppression of stress-related genes in Σ1278b cells is a result of their inability to activate transcription through the stress response element (STRE). Disruption of RAS2, which abolished invasiveness, induced an increase in STRE activity. Further, in the SP1 genetic background, disruption of either the MSN2/4 genes (encoding activators of STRE) or the yAP-1 gene was sufficient to restore invasive growth inras2Δ cells. We conclude that Ras2-mediated suppression of the stress response is sufficient to induce invasiveness. Accordingly, the fact that the stress response is suppressed in Σ1278b background explains its invasiveness. It seems that invasiveness is a phenotype related to unregulated growth and is therefore manifested by cells harboring an overactive Ras/cAMP cascade. In this respect, invasiveness in yeast is reminiscent of the property of ras-transformed fibroblasts to invade soft agar.
Changes in ventromedial prefrontal and insular cortex support the development of metamemory from childhood into adolescence

Significance Metamemory monitoring, or the ability to introspect about the accuracy of our memories, improves during childhood and is intimately connected with learning because it limits memory errors and can promote additional information gathering or review. However, the neural changes underlying this development and its relevance for general intellectual development are largely unknown. We assessed 7- to 15-year-old children on multiple occasions and showed continued longitudinal improvements in introspection on memory accuracy into adolescence. We demonstrated that introspection ability contributes to longitudinal changes in children’s general intelligence and identified specific patterns of developmental changes in brain anatomy that predicted improvements in metamemory monitoring. This research highlights the mechanisms supporting metamemory development and their critical role for learning. Metamemory monitoring, or the ability to introspect on the accuracy of one’s memories, improves considerably during childhood, but the underlying neural changes and implications for intellectual development are largely unknown. The present study examined whether cortical changes in key brain areas hypothesized to support metacognition contribute to the development of metamemory monitoring from late childhood into early adolescence. Metamemory monitoring was assessed among 7- to 12-y-old children (n = 145) and adults (n = 31). Children returned for up to two additional assessments at 8 to 14 y of age (n = 120) and at 9 to 15 y of age (n = 107) (n = 347 longitudinal scans). Results showed that metamemory monitoring continues to improve from childhood into adolescence. More pronounced cortical thinning in the anterior insula and a greater increase in the thickness of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex over the three assessment points predicted these improvements. Thus, performance benefits are linked to the unique patterns of regional cortical change during development. Metamemory monitoring at the first time point predicted intelligence at the third time point and vice versa, suggesting parallel development of these abilities and their reciprocal influence. Together, these results provide insights into the neuroanatomical correlates supporting the development of the capacity to self-reflect, and highlight the role of this capacity for general intellectual development.
Effects of Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fiber Content on Intake, Digestibility, and Chewing Activity in Fattening Heifer Fed Total Mixed Ration

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) content in total mixed ration (TMR) on dry matter intake, digestibility, and chewing activity in fattening Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) heifers. The experiment was designed as a replicated 3×3 Latin square using 12 heifers. Fattening heifers were offered one of three diets [high (T1), medium (T2), and low (T3) peNDF] obtained by different mixing times (3, 10, and 25 min) for the same TMR feed. The peNDF content of TMR was determined by multiplying the proportion of dry matter retained by a 1.18 mm-screen in a Penn State Particle Separator by the dietary NDF content. The peNDF1.18 content was 30.36%, 29.20%, and 27.50% for the T1, T2, and T3 diets, respectively (p<0.05). Dry matter intake was not affected by peNDF content in TMR. Total weight gain in T1 group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in T2 and T3 groups. However, weight gain did not differ between T2 and T3 groups. The feed conversion ratio decreased with an increase in the peNDF content (T1: 12.18, T2: 14.17, and T3: 14.01 g/g). An increase in the peNDF content of TMR was associated with a linear increase in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber (p<0.05). Also, an increase in peNDF content of the TMR resulted in a linear increase in the number of chews in eating and ruminating (p<0.05), and consequently in the number of total chews (p<0.05). These results indicate that peNDF content affects digestibility and chewing activity. Consequently, the peNDF content of TMR should be considered for improving feed efficiency, digestibility, body weight gain, and performance in fattening heifers.