Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring Emergent Organizational Properties

This article presents a theoretical rationale and empirical evidence regarding the validity of scores obtained from two competing approaches to operationalizing scale items to measure emergent organizational properties. The authors consider whether items in scales intended to measure organizational properties should prompt survey takers to provide self- or group-referent responses. To achieve this, the general question of how items should be worded is studied through the specific case of the measurement of perceived collective efficacy, a perceptual variable referring to the beliefs of group members regarding their conjoint capability. Structural equation modeling results indicate that intergroup variability in goal attainment is explained well when organizational members are asked questions focused on group processes and outcomes. Aggregated perceptions of self-capability, on the other hand, do little to explain variability among groups in goal attainment. The results are important for the development of scales in future studies of emergent organizational properties.
Iron Transport Systems in Neisseria meningitidis

SUMMARY Acquisition of iron and iron complexes has long been recognized as a major determinant in the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis. In this review, high-affinity iron uptake systems, which allow meningococci to utilize the human host proteins transferrin, lactoferrin, hemoglobin, and haptoglobin-hemoglobin as sources of essential iron, are described. Classic features of bacterial iron transport systems, such as regulation by the iron-responsive repressor Fur and TonB-dependent transport activity, are discussed, as well as more specific features of meningococcal iron transport. Our current understanding of how N. meningitidis acquires iron from the human host and the vaccine potentials of various components of these iron transport systems are also reviewed.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the absence of a classical delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Severe paralytic disease correlates with the presence of interleukin 2 receptor-positive cells infiltrating the central nervous system

One characteristic of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in all species is the presence of a considerable leukocyte infiltrate in the central nervous system (CNS). By adoptive transfer of EAE into irradiated or nonirradiated Lewis strain rats we now show that the bulk (greater than 90%) of infiltrating cells in the CNS are superfluous to the induction of disease, as lethally irradiated recipients, despite having very few infiltrating cells in the CNS, acquire severe paralytic EAE. The reduction in the level of infiltration in irradiated recipients is selective, however, as both irradiated and nonirradiated diseased animals have very similar numbers of cells expressing IL-2-R. Disease in irradiated recipient animals is associated with substantial submeningeal hemorrhage in the spinal cord and brain stem and similar hemorrhages are found in recipients rendered leukopenic with cytotoxic drugs. Clinical signs of disease and hemorrhage are preventable, however, by administration to the recipient rats of mAbs specific for the CD4 antigen. Classic delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are transferable with the same cells that produce EAE in both irradiated and nonirradiated recipient rats, but such transfer of DTH is observed only in nonirradiated recipient animals and not in irradiated rats. Collectively, the findings reported herein support the conclusion that the paralysis characteristic of acute EAE is mediated by the direct action of very small numbers of activated CD4+ lymphocytes that infiltrate the CNS and produce their effects by inducing vascular damage. The findings are not consistent with reports that the lesions in EAE are produced by a classic DTH reaction.
Which way the wind blows: democracy promotion and international actors in Serbia

This article seeks to fill an empirical void in the discourse on democracy promotion (DP) with a case study of democracy promotion assistance to Serbia since 1991. Before 2000, political decisions by the US government to hasten the end of the Milošević regime elevated democracy promotion from a secondary consideration during a wartime humanitarian crisis to primary importance, and overall American resource commitments to democracy promotion sectors overtook European funding. The end of the Milošević regime in October 2000 marked the fundamental alteration of the rationale for democracy promotion assistance: international donors virtually flooded Serbia with money to seize a perceived window of opportunity to boost efforts at democratization of the new order. Serbia's democratization became less of a priority for the US government after 9/11. The tasks of political stabilization and integration of Serbia into the European Union (EU) returned European funding to prominence, alongside a few private US foundations. The central observation is that funding priorities within democracy promotion differ from year to year, sometimes dramatically and often for reasons unrelated to the evolving context in Serbia itself, while the overall amount of external democracy promotion funding to Serbia as a gradually democratizing non-EU state is decreasing. Nevertheless, this unstable ground also yielded useful innovation, such as the Balkan Trust for Democracy, a successful trans-Atlantic public private partnership to fund locally driven democracy promotion.
Increased Global and Local Efficiency of Human Brain Anatomical Networks Detected with FLAIR-DTI Compared to Non-FLAIR-DTI

Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI), the only non-invasive technique for probing human brain white matter structures in vivo, has been widely used in both fundamental studies and clinical applications. Many studies have utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography approaches to explore the topological properties of human brain anatomical networks by using the single tensor model, the basic model to quantify DTI indices and tractography. However, the conventional DTI technique does not take into account contamination by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which has been known to affect the estimated DTI measures and tractography in the single tensor model. Previous studies have shown that the Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) technique can suppress the contribution of the CSF to the DW-MRI signal. We acquired DTI datasets from twenty-two subjects using both FLAIR-DTI and conventional DTI (non-FLAIR-DTI) techniques, constructed brain anatomical networks using deterministic tractography, and compared the topological properties of the anatomical networks derived from the two types of DTI techniques. Although the brain anatomical networks derived from both types of DTI datasets showed small-world properties, we found that the brain anatomical networks derived from the FLAIR-DTI showed significantly increased global and local network efficiency compared with those derived from the conventional DTI. The increases in the network regional topological properties derived from the FLAIR-DTI technique were observed in CSF-filled regions, including the postcentral gyrus, periventricular regions, inferior frontal and temporal gyri, and regions in the visual cortex. Because brain anatomical networks derived from conventional DTI datasets with tractography have been widely used in many studies, our findings may have important implications for studying human brain anatomical networks derived from DW-MRI data and tractography.
An Ensemble Method to Predict Student Performance in an Online Math Learning Environment

The number of e-learning platforms and blended learning environments is continuously increasing and has sparked a lot of research around improvements of educational processes. Here, the ability to accurately predict student performance plays a vital role. Previous studies commonly focused on the construction of predictors tailored to a formal course. In this paper we relax this constraint, leveraging domain knowledge and combining a knowledge graph representation with activity scopes based on sets of didactically feasible learning objectives. Specialized scope classiﬁers are then combined to an ensemble to robustly predict student performance on learning objectives independently of the student’s individual learning setting. The ﬁnal ensemble’s accuracy trumps any single classiﬁer tested.
Fear of School Violence and the Ameliorative Effects of Student Social Capital

Abstract Data from the Canadian National Survey of Children and Youth are employed in order to investigate hypotheses regarding the relationships between students' social connections and their feelings of vulnerability to criminal danger. The analysis is preceded by a review of the research relating to school fear and social capital. Findings point to the importance of the social capital inhered in the students' relationship with parents, friends, and teachers as well as their own personality characteristics. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the broader theoretical and policy implications which emerge from this analysis.
Culture, Human Energy, and Self-Actualization: a Sociological Offering To Humanistic Psychology

I have long felt the crippling impact of disciplinary boundaries. Being both a sociologist and a humanist is an especially uneasy combination. Since sociology tends to have a grossly underestimated conception of human potential, I often seek intellectual refuge in humanistic psychology. There, however, I often feel like an alien intruder. The basic sociological paradigm (which I accept) tells me that culture is an extraordinarily potent shaper of human character But many humanistic psychologists (Maslow included) tell me that to self-actualize is to step outside one's culture and its shaping influence. How, then, can I intellectually honor that which is fully human, yet do so as a sociologist? My solution is to try to insinuate some room for a sociological perspective into humanistic psychology while still retaining the latter's vision of human potential. In this article I focus on some qualities of metamotivation and metapathology as products of particular kinds of culture. Specifically, I look at high and low human energy states and their linkages to different cultural commitments.
A Review of Bayesian Networks and Structure Learning

This article reviews the topic of Bayesian networks. A Bayesian network is a factorisation of a probability distribution along a directed acyclic graph. The relation between graphical d-separation and independence is described. A short article by Arthur Cayley (1853) [7] is discussed, which laid ideas later used in Bayesian networks: factorisation, the noisy `or' gate, applications of algebraic geometry to Bayesian networks. The ideas behind Pearl's intervention calculus when the DAG represents a causal dependence structure; the relation between the work of Cayley and Pearl is commented on. Most of the discussion is about structure learning, outlining the two main approaches; search and score versus constraint based. Constraint based algorithms often rely on the assumption of faithfulness, that the data to which the algorithm is applied is generated from distributions satisfying a faithfulness assumption where graphical d- separation and independence are equivalent. The article presents some considerations for constraint based algorithms based on recent data analysis, indicating a variety of situations where the faithfulness assumption does not hold.
Salinomycin: A new paradigm in cancer therapy

The primary hurdle in the treatment of cancer is acquisition of resistance by the tumor cells toward multiple drugs and selectively targeting the cancer stem cells. This problem was overcome by the chemotherapeutic property of recently discovered drug salinomycin. Exact mechanism of action of salinomycin is not yet known, but there are multiple pathways by which salinomycin inhibits tumor growth. Salinomycin decreases the expression of adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter in multidrug resistance cells and interferes with Akt signaling pathway, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, and Notch pathways of cancer progression. Salinomycin selectively targets cancer stem cells. The potential of salinomycin to eliminate both cancer stem cells and therapy-resistant cancer cells may characterize the compound as a novel and an efficient chemotherapeutic drug.
Vinorelbine – a clinical review

37 Hochster H (1994) A multicenter Phase II study of navelbine (NVB) and doxorubicin (DOX) as first line chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer. Pr Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 13: Abstract 203 Jehl F, Quoix E, Leveque D, Pauli G, Breillout F, Krikorian A and Monteil H (1991 Pharmacokinetics and preliminary metabolic fate of navelbine in humans as determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Cancer Res47:
WHO OPPOSES IMMIGRATION?

Abstract Are the predictors of anti-immigration attitudes consistent across countries with diverse immigration histories and policies? We hypothesize that the key predictors of opposition to immigration are indeed relatively consistent across industrial nations. We test this hypothesis with two surveys using probability samples of German citizens. We then compare our findings with those obtained in recent studies of immigration opinions in Europe generally, and in two of the world's leading immigration-receiving nations: Canada and the United States. Striking similarities emerge in the findings across structural, demographic, contact, economic, political, personality, and threat predictors. Opposition to immigration is routinely found strongest among the older and less-educated segments of the population who live in areas with anti-immigration norms and little contact with immigrants. Anti-immigration attitudes also correlate with political conservatism and alienation, economic deprivation, and especially with authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and perceived collective threat.
But our citizenship is in heaven: a proposal for the future study of Christian citizenship in the global south

For a field whose continual points of departure have been such Christian themes as belonging responsibility, and stewardship, and whose current conceptual framing prioritizes transnational processes and globalization's cultural complexities, astoundingly little has been written in citizenship studies about global Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity. In critical response, this article addresses how scholars of citizenship might begin to think about global Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity and, more importantly, about the formation of Christian citizenship in the global south: in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Using the Guatemalan context as a case study, this article proposes a new way of thinking about contemporary formations of Christian citizenship. The article follows the work of Michel Foucault to see Christian citizenship as a political rationality for millions of believers at everyday levels of action and practice.
On the Edge of Anarchy: Locke, Consent, and the Limits of Society

This book completes A. John Simmons's exploration and development of Lockean moral and political philosophy, a project begun in The Lockean Theory of Rights (Princeton paperback edition, 1994). Here Simmons discusses the Lockean view of the nature of, grounds for, and limits on political relations between persons.Originally published in 1993.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Payoff Levels, Loss Avoidance, and Equilibrium Selection in Games with Multiple Equilibria: An Experimental Study

Game theorists typically assume that changing a game's payoff levels - by adding the same constant to, or subtracting it from, all payoffs - should not affect behavior. Although this invariance is an implication of the theory when payoffs mirror expected utilities, it is an empirical question when “payoffs” are actually money amounts. Loss avoidance is a phenomenon where payoff‐level changes matter when they change the signs of payoffs: gains become losses or vice versa. We report the results of a human‐subjects experiment designed to test for two types of loss avoidance: certain‐loss avoidance (avoiding a strategy leading to a sure loss, in favor of an alternative that might lead to a gain) and possible‐loss avoidance (avoiding a strategy leading to a possible loss, in favor of an alternative that leads to a sure gain). Subjects in the experiment play three versions of Stag Hunt, which are identical up to the level of payoffs, under a variety of treatments. We find strong evidence of behavior consistent with certain‐loss avoidance in the experiment. We also find evidence of possible‐loss avoidance, although weaker than that for certain‐loss avoidance. Our results carry implications for theorists modeling real‐life situations with game theory and for experimenters attempting to test theory and interpret observed behavior in terms of theory.
Predictors of Job Satisfaction Among Active Duty and Reserve/Guard Personnel in the U.S. Military

In this study, we examined psychological, demographic, and physical predictors of job satisfaction among military personnel across the Armed Forces. Data were collected from 24,881 members of the Active Duty and Reserve/Guard components. Overall, military job satisfaction was higher among Reserve/Guard personnel than among those on Active Duty. Separate regression models for the 2 components revealed generally similar predictors of job satisfaction. The 2 strongest predictors were the perception of a relatively high level of job pressure experienced by military personnel and the belief that the biggest problem in one's life was the result of job-related issues (such as a supervisor) rather than nonjob issues (such as health or family). Findings suggest areas in which the military can intervene to increase the satisfaction of personnel and presumably their likelihood of remaining in the military. Because considerable job pressure may be inherent in the nature of the military mission, attention should be given to ensuring that personnel learn and use effective coping skills to manage stressors.
Two lck transcripts containing different 5' untranslated regions are present in T cells

p56lck is a new member of the src family of cellular tyrosine protein kinases. It is expressed constitutively at a low level in normal T cells and at an elevated level in the LSTRA and Thy19 Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced thymoma cell lines. It is possible that the expression of p56lck at an elevated level contributes to the transformation of these thymoma cells. The structure of the mRNAs encoding p56lck was examined by using an RNase protection assay. Both a chimeric lck mRNA containing the 5' untranslated region of Moloney virus mRNA and a normal lck mRNA were found in Thy19 and LSTRA cells. The chimeric lck transcript was 4- to 10-fold more abundant than the normal transcript. Transcription arising from a viral promoter is therefore responsible for the elevated levels of lck mRNA in these two cell lines. Surprisingly, uninfected murine T cells were also found to contain lck transcripts with differing 5' untranslated regions. One species of mRNA was colinear with the region of the chromosome just upstream of the initiation codon for p56lck. The other appeared to arise through splicing of an unidentified 5' untranslated exon to a sometimes cryptic splice acceptor just upstream of the region encoding p56lck. These data suggest that lck is expressed through the use of at least two different promoters. The promoters could be subject to different forms of regulation.
Introduction, comprehensive approach, and vision for the future

The aim of this introduction is to provide the reader with the keys to understanding the context of the research papers published in this special issue on emotions and decision-making in sports. Recent work on emotions and decision-making in psychology is first contrasted with historical views on the topic, and the claim is made that the sports domain is an ideal environment for the development of the field. After introducing the articles, we outline a comprehensive approach for future research that would take advantage of theoretical and methodological developments. Specifically, at the theoretical level we show how sports could benefit from integrating theories from mainstream psychology, and at the methodological level we detail the possibilities offered by cognitive neuroscience to increase what is known about the processes at the core of the emotion and decision-making relationship.
DNA‐fragmentation and expression of apoptosis‐related proteins in experimentally denervated and reinnervated rat facial muscle

Muscle fibres may undergo apoptotic cell death in several neuromuscular disorders such as denervated muscle fibres in spinal muscular atrophies. We investigated DNA‐fragmentation (in situ by the TUNEL‐method) and expression of apoptosis‐associated proteins in experimentally denervated and reinnervated rat facial muscle up to 24 weeks after surgery to evaluate the rate and time lapse of apoptotic muscle fibre loss. While denervated muscle displayed constantly high rates of DNA‐fragmentation, denervated and immediately reinnervated muscle showed a distinct decrease of primarily elevated DNA‐cleavage, finally resembling rates of normal controls. Denervated muscle fibres revealed strong immunoreactivity of the anti‐apoptotic proteins bcl‐2 and bcl‐xL, and the pro‐apoptotic factor bax. In reinnervated muscle fibres, only bcl‐2 was constantly up‐regulated while bcl‐xL and bax diminished after the 7th week. The present findings indicate that denervation may prompt muscle fibres to activate an intrinsic ‘suicide’ programme to undergo apoptosis. High levels of bcl‐2 after denervation may sustain cell survival until reinnervation, e.g. after accidental nerve damage or in neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, increasing levels of bcl‐2 are able to neutralize high apoptosis‐promoting bax levels. Interventions modifying DNA‐fragmentation and the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins may lead to new therapeutic concepts in denervating disorders of muscle in the absence of other primary therapies.
The Jewish Roots and Routes of Anthropology

Does anthropology have "a Jewish problem"? Let us not be deceived by the fact that Mary Douglas's "The Abominations of Leviticus" is part of the contemporary canon of mainstream anthropology, or that Barbara Myerhoff's work has inspired and moved innovative scholars in anthropological folklore. Large numbers of American anthropologists come from Jewish families, yet very few have done any research or writing on Jews (Dominguez 1993:621-622).