Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toxic but Drank: Gustatory Aversive Compounds Induce Post-ingestional Malaise in Harnessed Honeybees

Background Deterrent substances produced by plants are relevant due to their potential toxicity. The fact that most of these substances have an unpalatable taste for humans and other mammals contrasts with the fact that honeybees do not reject them in the range of concentrations in which these compounds are present in flower nectars. Here we asked whether honeybees detect and ingest deterrent substances and whether these substances are really toxic to them. Results We show that pairing aversive substances with an odor retards learning of this odor when it is subsequently paired with sucrose. Harnessed honeybees in the laboratory ingest without reluctance a considerable volume (20 µl) of various aversive substances, even if some of them induce significant post-ingestional mortality. These substances do not seem, therefore, to be unpalatable to harnessed bees but induce a malaise-like state that in some cases results in death. Consistently with this finding, bees learning that one odor is associated with sugar, and experiencing in a subsequent phase that the sugar was paired with 20 µl of an aversive substance (devaluation phase), respond less than control bees to the odor and the sugar. Such stimulus devaluation can be accounted for by the malaise-like state induced by the aversive substances. Conclusion Our results indicate that substances that taste bitter to humans as well as concentrated saline solutions base their aversive effect on the physiological consequences that their ingestion generates in harnessed bees rather than on an unpalatable taste. This conclusion is only valid for harnessed bees in the laboratory as freely-moving bees might react differently to aversive compounds could actively reject aversive substances. Our results open a new possibility to study conditioned taste aversion based on post-ingestional malaise and thus broaden the spectrum of aversive learning protocols available in honeybees.
Effects of repetitive TMS on visually evoked potentials and EEG in the anaesthetized cat: dependence on stimulus frequency and train duration

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to alter cortical excitability that lasts beyond the duration of rTMS application itself. High‐frequency rTMS leads primarily to facilitation, whereas low‐frequency rTMS leads to inhibition of the treated cortex. However, the contribution of rTMS train duration is less clear. In this study, we investigated the effects of nine different rTMS protocols, including low and high frequencies, as well as short and long applications (1, 3 and 10 Hz applied for 1, 5 and 20 min), on visual cortex excitability in anaesthetized and paralysed cats by means of visual evoked potential (VEP) and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Our results show that 10 Hz rTMS applied for 1 and 5 min significantly enhanced early VEP amplitudes, while 1 and 3 Hz rTMS applied for 5 and 20 min significantly reduced them. No significant changes were found after 1 and 3 Hz rTMS applied for only 1 min, and 10 Hz rTMS applied for 20 min. EEG activity was only transiently (<20 s) affected, with increased delta activity after 1 and 3 Hz rTMS applied for 1 or 5 min. These findings indicate that the effects of rTMS on cortical excitability depend on the combination of stimulus frequency and duration (or total number of stimuli): short high‐frequency trains seem to be more effective than longer trains, and low‐frequency rTMS requires longer applications. Changes in the spectral composition of the EEG were not correlated to changes in VEP size.
Creativity: a reaffirmation of its place in early childhood education

At a time when early years educators feel under increasing pressure from the government to adopt more formal approaches to learning, this article sets out to reaffirm the importance of developing each child's creative capacity to the full. The point is made that through the application of creative capacity a vital dimension of human intelligence is demonstrated. It is argued that creative growth is too often hampered by misunderstandings that continue to distort the relationship between creativity and education. Issues that are vital to the development of understanding about the nature of creativity are made explicit and the conditions most likely to promote creative thought and action are identified. In the interest of clarity the term ‘early years’ will be applied to children between the ages of three and eight in diverse educational settings.
A simple approach for minimal jitter in Ethernet for real-time control communication

The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for cheap and deterministic control communication using Ethernet. A half-duplex Ethernet network populated with a small/medium number of Media Access Controllers (MACs) is used for timed real-time communication. Data packages are sent at well defined times to avoid collisions. Collisions mainly occur due to jitter of the transmitter system, so that arbitration (similar to CANopen) is necessary. The Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) scheme is used. This paper analyzes and investigates how the backoff time affects the performance of the Carrier Sense Multiple Access protocol with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) in a basic Media Access Controller (MAC), in terms of data arrival characteristics, i.e jitter and delay. We propose to assign different minimal backoff times for each of the CSMA/CD controller units to minimize packet collisions. Simulated tests show the advantage of our approach over a standard CSMA/CD setting.
Effective bandwidths for multiclass Markov fluids and other ATM sources

The authors show the existence of effective bandwidths for multiclass Markov fluids and other types of sources that are used to model ATM traffic. More precisely, it is shown that when such sources share a buffer with deterministic service rate, a constraint on the tail of the buffer occupancy distribution is a linear constraint on the number of sources. That is, for a small loss probability one can assume that each source transmits at a fixed rate called its effective bandwidth. When traffic parameters are known, effective bandwidths can be calculated and may be used to obtain a circuit-switched style call acceptance and routing algorithm for ATM networks. The important feature of the effective bandwidth of a source is that it is a characteristic of that source and the acceptable loss probability only. Thus, the effective bandwidth of a source does not depend on the number of sources sharing the buffer or the model parameters of other types of sources sharing the buffer. >
Women's preferences for facial masculinity are not related to their hormonal status

Although widely cited as strong evidence that sexual selection has shaped human facial attractiveness judgments, evidence that preferences for masculine characteristics in men's faces are related to women's hormonal status is equivocal and controversial. Consequently, we conducted the largest ever longitudinal study of women's preferences for facial masculinity (N=584). Analyses showed no evidence that preferences for facial masculinity were related to changes in women's salivary steroid hormone levels. Furthermore, both within-subject and between-subject comparisons showed no evidence that oral contraceptive use decreased masculinity preferences. However, women generally preferred masculinized over feminized versions of men's faces, particularly when assessing men's attractiveness for short-term, rather than long-term, relationships. Our results do not support the hypothesized link between women's preferences for facial masculinity and their hormonal status.
Diffusion coefficient and shear viscosity of rigid water models

We report the diffusion coefficient and viscosity of popular rigid water models: two non-polarizable ones (SPC/E with three sites, and TIP4P/2005 with four sites) and a polarizable one (Dang–Chang, four sites). We exploit the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the system size (Yeh and Hummer 2004 J. Phys. Chem. B 108 15873) to obtain the size-independent value. This also provides an estimate of the viscosity of all water models, which we compare to the Green–Kubo result. In all cases, a good agreement is found. The TIP4P/2005 model is in better agreement with the experimental data for both diffusion and viscosity. The SPC/E and Dang–Chang models overestimate the diffusion coefficient and underestimate the viscosity.
Dairy intensification in developing countries: effects of market quality on farm-level feeding and breeding practices

Smallholder dairy production represents a promising income generating activity for poor farmers in the developing world. Because of the perishable nature of milk, marketing arrangements for collection, distribution and sale are important for enhanced livelihoods in the smallholder dairy sector. In this study we examined the relationship between market quality and basic feeding and breeding practices at farm level. We define market quality as the attractiveness and reliability of procurement channels and associated input supply arrangements. We took as our study countries, India with its well-developed smallholder dairy sector, and Ethiopia where the smallholder dairy industry has remained relatively undeveloped despite decades of development effort. We conducted village surveys among producer groups in 90 villages across three States in India and two Regions in Ethiopia. Producer groups were stratified according to three levels of market quality – high, medium and low. Data showed that diet composition was relatively similar in India and Ethiopia with crop residues forming the major share of the diet. Concentrate feeding tended to be more prominent in high market quality sites. Herd composition changed with market quality with more dairy (exotic) cross-bred animals in high market quality sites in both India and Ethiopia. Cross-bred animals were generally more prominent in India than Ethiopia. Herd performance within breed did not change a great deal along the market quality gradient. Parameters such as calving interval and milk yield were relatively insensitive to market quality. Insemination of cross-bred cows was predominantly by artificial insemination (AI) in India and accounted for around half of cross-bred cow inseminations in Ethiopia. Data on perceptions of change over the last decade indicated that per herd and per cow productivity are both increasing in high market quality sites with a more mixed picture in medium and low-quality sites. Similarly dairy-derived income is on the increase in high market quality sites. This is accompanied by a strong increase in stall feeding at the expense of grazing. The study indicates that the first constraint to intensification of dairy production in Ethiopia is the genetic quality of the herd. There is less scope for improved AI provision in India since the cross-bred herd is mainly serviced by AI already. However, as for Ethiopia, there is considerable scope for closing yield gaps in India through improved feed use and supply. Results strongly show that well-developed markets with good procurement arrangements are key for sustainable dairy intensification.
The construction of cultural values and beliefs in Chinese language textbooks: A critical discourse analysis

This article examines the discourses of cultural values and beliefs constructed in Chinese language textbooks currently used for primary school students nationwide in China. By applying story grammar analysis in the framework of critical discourse analysis, the article critically investigates how the discourses are constructed and what ideological forces are manifested in the textbooks. More specifically, it analyses how story grammar and textual devices are manipulated in the construction of selected versions of cultural values and beliefs for the child reader. Further, it explores how the discourses position the child reader to read through the ways that the discourses are constructed, and concludes that the discourses serve the interests of the government and its cultural elites, but not the interests of the child reader.
Sources and Types of Social Support that Influence Engagement in HIV Care among Latinos and African Americans

The change in HIV from acute to chronic disease due to the introduction of HAART in the mid-1990s increased the importance of its successful management and imposed substantial lifestyle adjustments on HIV-positive people and their support networks. Few studies have examined the sources and types of social support and the areas of care relevant for engagement in HIV treatment among HIV-positive Latinos and African Americans. This paper reports the results of 24 semi-structured in-depth interviews that were conducted with HIV-positive African American and Latino women and men who have sex with men. Formal networks were found to be more critical for engagement in HIV-specific medical care; specifically, study participants relied primarily on health care providers for support in accessing and maintaining illness-specific care. In contrast, informal networks (family and friends) were crucial for other general subsistence care, such as emotional, household-related, and financial support.
The Analysis of Tendency of Transition from Collectivism to Individualism in China

This essay introduces Individualism and Collectivism dimension of a culture and the differences between the two patterns, indicating possible factors promoting the shift from collectivism to individualism, and describes as well as analyses the current changes in China in different fields and tendency of China to transfer from collectivism to individualism. Key words: Collectivism; Individualism; Post-80s Generation in China Resume: Cet essai introduit la dimension de l’individualisme et du collectivisme d'une culture et les differences entre ces deux modeles en indiquant les facteurs possibles de promouvoir le passage du collectivisme a l'individualisme, decrit et analyse les changements actuels en Chine dans de differents domaines et la tendance de la transition du collectivisme a l'individualisme. Mots-cles : collectivisme ; individualisme ; la generation post-80 en Chine
Therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors and thiopurines are among the most important classes of medications utilized in the clinical management of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. A significant proportion of patients loses response to these agents or develops adverse effects during the course of the treatment. Monitoring of drug levels and anti-drug antibodies (for TNF-α inhibitors) and metabolite levels (for thiopurines) can provide valuable insight into the possible etiology of unfavorable outcomes and allow for an appropriate management strategy for these patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the clinical implications of therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors and thiopurines.
Cytokine production in synovial tissue of mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA)

The kinetics of cytokine production in arthritic limbs of mice with CIA was determined by using modified immunohistochemical techniques. Tissue cryostat sections of undecalcified whole paws were analysed for the presence of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5 interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), transforming growth factor‐beta 2 (TGF‐β2) and TGF‐β3. Locally produced TNF‐α, IL‐6 and TGF‐β2 were observed within the lining layer, sublining and pannus at all stages of disease. The staining of TNF‐α was particularly intense at the cartilage–pannus junction. In contrast to the monokines, IFN‐γ and TGF‐β3 were only expressed in scattered cells within the deeper layers of the synovia. Interestingly, IFN‐γ was not present in the late phase of CIA, despite the continued presence of TNF‐α and IL‐6 in the pannus. Production of IL‐2, IL‐4 or IL‐5 was not detected in any joint. The observed pattern of a relative paucity of T cell‐derived cytokines and an abundance of monokines during the late phase of T cell‐dependent CIA indicates that the synovial cytokine pattern previously described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is fully compatible with a pathogenic role of T cells. The temporal as well as spatial dissociation between expression of T cell‐derived cytokines and monokines indicates that T cell‐independent mechanisms may also be of importance in the triggering of monokine production during arthritis.
Dark alleys and blind bends: testing the language of learning

This article presents a revised version of the author’s Samuel Messick Memorial lecture in 2003. Messick’s emphasis on consequential validity is used to identify some of the negative effects of current practices as they affect the quality of students’ learning and motivation. It suggests that there have been many ‘dark alleys’ in which poorly understood assessment technologies have been used thoughtlessly or have been located on ‘blind bends’ in which a lack of sufficient preparation and knowledge has resulted in assessment practices that are dangerous and, potentially, very damaging to learners. In the light of these problems the article argues for a more constructive approach to assessment. Taking the particular context of language learning, the article describes a new assessment tool, The Effective Lifelong Learning Inventory (ELLI), which has a very different purpose: the identification of an individual’s power to learn. It argues the need to replace the conventional lexicon of testing with a focus on key learning dimensions such as confidence, collaboration, critical curiosity and creativity - the feelings and dispositions that are argued to be central to learning.
Ambiguity and Uncertainty in International Organizations: A History of Debating IMF Conditionality

How do international organizations deal with the persistent challenge of uncertainty? The most intuitive answer is through regulation. Yet, rules are not always the best solution in times of uncertainty or in dealing with complex and diverse problems. More ambiguous policies that leave room for interpretation, can often be more functional for an international organization (IO); moreover, ambiguities can also be a source of power—and are therefore often a subject of conflict among institutional actors. Focusing on the case of International Monetary Fund conditionality policy, this article provides several key insights into IO practices. It provides an account of the different forms that ambiguity can take in international organizations and develops an explanation for why institutional ambiguities appear and persist. Looking inside the IO black box, the study examines how interests, institutional culture, and legitimacy concerns shape actors’ support for ambiguity, and how these preferences combine with broader structural factors to produce a predisposition toward institutional ambiguity. Finally, this article points toward certain implications of organizations’ tendency toward ambiguity, suggesting that this may play an important role in enabling institutional expansion.
Training Effective Performance in Stressful Situations: Three Approaches and Implications for Combat Training

Training effective task performance in stressful situations requires that the following conditions be met: (a) Trainees should be exposed to and familiarized with stressors characteristic of the criterion situation; such stressors should be introduced into the training process in a manner that (b) prevents the build-up of anxiety and (c) minimizes interference with acquisition of skills that the training is designed to promote. These requirements present an incongruence, requiring approaches to training that are specially designed to circumvent it. Research on three such approaches is reviewed in this article: Graduated-intensity training seeks to reconcile the three requirements by exposing trainees to stressors that intensify gradually. Phased training deals with skills acquisition and exposure to stressors in separate phases of the training process. Customized training seeks to heighten trainees' familiarity with criterion stressors while minimizing their deleterious effects by adjusting stressor inten.
Methods for Human Demographic Inference Using Haplotype Patterns From Genomewide Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Data

We propose a novel approximate-likelihood method to fit demographic models to human genomewide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. We divide the genome into windows of constant genetic map width and then tabulate the number of distinct haplotypes and the frequency of the most common haplotype for each window. We summarize the data by the genomewide joint distribution of these two statistics—termed the HCN statistic. Coalescent simulations are used to generate the expected HCN statistic for different demographic parameters. The HCN statistic provides additional information for disentangling complex demography beyond statistics based on single-SNP frequencies. Application of our method to simulated data shows it can reliably infer parameters from growth and bottleneck models, even in the presence of recombination hotspots when properly modeled. We also examined how practical problems with genomewide data sets, such as errors in the genetic map, haplotype phase uncertainty, and SNP ascertainment bias, affect our method. Several modifications of our method served to make it robust to these problems. We have applied our method to data collected by Perlegen Sciences and find evidence for a severe population size reduction in northwestern Europe starting 32,500–47,500 years ago.
Psychometric Properties of a Career Exploratory Outcome Expectations Measure

Social cognitive career theory and research are advanced by increasing attention to career outcome expectations and by applying this theory earlier in the life span. This article offers the career exploratory outcome expectations construct as a means of applying the more general construct of career outcome expectations during the childhood period and introduces the psychometric characteristics of the Career Exploratory Outcome Expectations Scale (CEOES). Employing data from 446 fifth graders and item response theory (IRT), the CEOES presents a one-dimensional structure with a four-category Likert-type response scale. Favorable results of person- and item-separation reliability were found and the scale appears to perform equally well for both genders. The CEOES also demonstrated concurrent validity through positive associations with established self-efficacy measures. The CEOES constitutes a useful measure to study aspects of career outcome expectations in childhood, and psychometric findings affirm its use in the career assessment literature.
NTT-NII Statistical Machine Translation for NTCIR-10 PatentMT

This paper describes details of the NTT-NII system in NTCIR10 PatentMT task. The system is an extension of the NTTUT system in NTCIR-9 by: a new English dependency parser (for EJ task), a syntactic rule-based pre-ordering (for JE task), a syntax-based post-ordering (for JE task). Our system ranked 1st in EJ subtask both in automatic and subjective evaluation, and was the best SMT system in JE subtask.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Perspectives of participants involved in the identification and treatment process

There is a need to study possible explanations for the increasing numbers of children being diagnosed as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) within the past decade. The following is a qualitative examination of the perspectives and understandings about AD/HD which are held by individuals who are regularly involved in the process of identifying and/or treating children for this commonly accepted disorder. An examination of the data revealed incongruencies in participants' understanding of the etiology of AD/HD. I suggest that these incongruencies have the potentiality to contribute to the increased numbers of students identified as AD/HD while teachers seek solutions in their struggle to educate these children.