Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of compressed sensing on classification of bearing faults with entropic features

The ability of automatically determining the underlying fault type in-situ for a roller element bearing is highly desired in machine condition monitoring applications nowadays. In this paper, we classify roller element fault types under a compressed sensing framework. Firstly, vibration signals of roller element bearings are acquired in the time domain and resampled with a random Bernoulli matrix to emulate the compressed sensing mechanism. Sample entropy based features are then computed for both the normalized raw vibration signals and the reconstructed compressed sensed signals. Classification performance using Support Vector Machine (SVM) shows slight per formance degradation with significant reduction of the bandwidth requirement.
Grey scale and power Doppler sonographic changes induced by intra-articular steroid injection treatment

Objective: To investigate the ability of high resolution grey scale sonography (GSS) and power Doppler sonography (PDS) to assess short term soft tissue changes induced by intra-articular steroid injection in the small joints of patients with chronic synovitis. Methods: 20 patients with clinically active synovitis of a small joint unresponsive to systemic drug treatment underwent a sonographic guided intralesional injection with triamcinolone acetonide. Clinical examinations were carried out by a trained rheumatologist. GSS and PDS examinations were performed independently by two examiners unaware of the results of the clinical examination. Joint cavity widening and power Doppler signal were evaluated and graded on a semiquantitative scale ranging from 1 to 4. Clinical and sonographic follow up examinations were carried out 2 weeks after the injection with triamcinolone acetonide. Results: All intra-articular injections were successfully carried out and documented under sonographic guidance. In 19/20 patients, baseline sonographic examinations clearly detected morphological and perfusional signs of synovitis. At follow up examinations, clinical and sonographic scores had improved significantly. Conclusion: GSS and PDS appear to be a useful adjunctive tool for assessing short term soft tissue changes induced by intra-articular injection treatment with triamcinolone acetonide in small joints of patients with chronic arthritis.
Exercise increases average longevity of female rats despite increased food intake and no growth retardation.

In previous studies, male rats given access to voluntary running wheels showed improved survival. Because the male runners did not increase food intake, it was not clear whether their improvement in average longevity was due to decreased availability of energy for cell proliferation and growth or to another effect of exercise. In this study, female rats, which increase their food intake in response to wheel running, were used to determine whether exercise can increase longevity when availability of energy for cell proliferation and growth is not decreased. At age 5 mo, the female voluntary wheel runners were running 9173 +/- 3640 m/day (mean +/- SD); running distance declined to 965 +/- 483 m/d by age 34 mo. From 5 mo to 10 mo of age, the runners ate approximately 37% more than the sedentary rats. Thereafter, the runners ate approximately 20% more. The runners and sedentary rats attained similar peak body weights. However, the runners gained weight more rapidly, attaining steady state by 11 mo; the sedentary rats' weights did not plateau until approximately 15 mo. The runners had a significant prolongation of average longevity without an increase in maximal life span. The sedentary rats' average age at death was 924 +/- 155 days (mean +/- SD; range, 619-1263 d) compared to 1009 +/- 132 days (range, 693-1259 d) for the runners, p < . 001. These results show that exercise improves average longevity of rats independent of decreased availability of energy for cell proliferation and growth. They also provide evidence that an increase in food intake is not harmful when balanced by an increase in energy expenditure.
Effective Connectivity Analysis of the Brain Network in Drivers during Actual Driving Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Driving a vehicle is a complex activity that requires high-level brain functions. This study aimed to assess the change in effective connectivity (EC) between the prefrontal cortex (PFC), motor-related areas (MA) and vision-related areas (VA) in the brain network among the resting, simple-driving and car-following states. Twelve young male right-handed adults were recruited to participate in an actual driving experiment. The brain delta [HbO2] signals were continuously recorded using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) instruments. The conditional Granger causality (GC) analysis, which is a data-driven method that can explore the causal interactions among different brain areas, was performed to evaluate the EC. The results demonstrated that the hemodynamic activity level of the brain increased with an increase in the cognitive workload. The connection strength among PFC, MA and VA increased from the resting state to the simple-driving state, whereas the connection strength relatively decreased during the car-following task. The PFC in EC appeared as the causal target, while the MA and VA appeared as the causal sources. However, l-MA turned into causal targets with the subtask of car-following. These findings indicate that the hemodynamic activity level of the cerebral cortex increases linearly with increasing cognitive workload. The EC of the brain network can be strengthened by a cognitive workload, but also can be weakened by a superfluous cognitive workload such as driving with subtasks.
A Validated Method for Dense Non-rigid 3D Face Registration

Deformable surface fitting methods have been widely used to establish dense correspondence across different 3D objects of the same class. Dense correspondence is a critical step in constructing morphable face models for face recognition. In this paper a mainstream method for constructing dense correspondences is evaluated on 912 3D face scans from the Face Recognition Grand Challenge FRGC V1 database. A number of modifications to the standard deformable surface approach are introduced to overcome limitations identified in the evaluation. Proposed modifications include multi-resolution fitting, adaptive correspondence search range and enforcing symmetry constraints. The modified deformable surface approach is validated on the 912 FRGC 3D face scans and is shown to overcome limitations of the standard approach which resulted in gross fitting errors. The modified approach halves the rms fitting error with 98% of points within 0.5mm of their true position compared to 67% with the standard approach.
Parallelizing the Divide and Conquer Algorithm for the SymmetricTridiagonal Eigenvalue Problem on Distributed Memory Architectures

We present a new parallel implementation of a divide and conquer algorithm for computing the spectral decomposition of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix on distributed memory architectures. The implementation we develop di ers from other implementations in that we use a two dimensional block cyclic distribution of the data, we use the Lowner theorem approach to compute orthogonal eigenvectors, and we introduce permutations before the back transformation of each rank-one update in order to make good This work supported in part by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp. for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC05-96OR2246 and by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract DAAL03-91-C-0047, administered by the Army Research O ce. Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, England (ftisseur@ma.man.ac.uk, http://www.ma.man.ac.uk/~ftisseur/). Department of Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1301, USA and Mathematical Sciences Section, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (dongarra@cs.utk.edu, http://www.cs.utk.edu/~dongarra).
Tribological behaviour of rice husk reinforced polymer matrix composite

The composite materials constitute a significant portion of engineering materials ranging from every day product like door windows to sophisticated product like aircraft and space application. The biggest advantages of use of composite materials are due to their high strength, low weight apart from other properties like good corrosion resistance, low densities, low thermal conductivities & electrical conductivities, absorption of energy in shock and vibration and finally aesthetic color effect. The material design can be tailor made to specific application and properties requirements. Thus, the composite material offers wide business opportunity in all sectors of industries Environmental awareness today motivating the researchers, worldwide on the studies of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite and cost effective option to synthetic fiber reinforced composites. The availability of natural fibers and ease of manufacturing have tempted researchers to try locally available inexpensive fibers and to study their feasibility of reinforcement purposes and to what extent they satisfy the required specifications of good reinforced polymer composite for different applications. With low cost and high specific mechanical properties, natural fiber represents a good renewable and biodegradable alternative to the most common synthetic reinforcement, i.e. glass fiber. Despite the interest and environmental appeal of natural fibers, there use is limited to non bearing applications, due to their lower strength compared with synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composite. The stiffness and strength shortcomings of bio composites can be overcome by structural configurations and better arrangement in a sense of placing the fibers in specific locations for highest strength performance. Accordingly extensive studies on preparation and properties of polymer matrix composite (PMC) replacing the synthetic fiber with natural fiber like Jute, Sisal, Pineapple, Bamboo, Kenaf and Bagasse etc were carried out. These plant fibers have many advantages over glass fiber or carbon fiber like renewable, environmental friendly, low cost, lightweight and high specific mechanical performance.
Role of Maternal Autologous Neutralizing Antibody in Selective Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Escape Variants

ABSTRACT Perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is characterized by acquisition of a homogeneous viral quasispecies, yet the selective factors responsible for this genetic bottleneck are unclear. We examined the role of maternal autologous neutralizing antibody (aNAB) in selective transmission of HIV-1 escape variants to infants. Maternal sera from 38 infected mothers at the time of delivery were assayed for autologous neutralizing antibody activity against maternal time-of-delivery HIV-1 isolates in vitro. Maternal sera were also tested for cross-neutralization of infected-infant-first-positive-time-point viral isolates. Heteroduplex and DNA sequence analyses were then performed to identify the initial infecting virus as a neutralization-sensitive or escape HIV-1 variant. In utero transmitters (n = 14) were significantly less likely to have aNAB to their own HIV-1 strains at delivery than nontransmitting mothers (n = 17, 14.3% versus 76.5%, P = 0.003). Cross-neutralization assays of infected-infant-first-positive-time-point HIV-1 isolates indicated that while 14/21 HIV-1-infected infant first positive time point isolates were resistant to their own mother's aNAB, no infant isolate was inherently resistant to antibody neutralization by all sera tested. Furthermore, both heteroduplex (n = 21) and phylogenetic (n = 9) analyses showed that selective perinatal transmission and/or outgrowth of maternal autologous neutralization escape HIV-1 variants occurs in utero and intrapartum. These data indicate that maternal autologous neutralizing antibody can exert powerful protective and selective effects in perinatal HIV-1 transmission and therefore has important implications for vaccine development.
RECENT ADVANCES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE THE CURRENT STATUS OF SMALL BOWEL TRANSPLANTATION IN THE UK AND INTERNATIONALLY

Correspondence to: Dr S J Middleton, Unit E7, Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; stephen.middleton@ addenbrookes.nhs. uk _________________________ S mall intestinal transplantation should now be routinely considered for patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition (PN). Although technically possible for a century, and attempted in humans for more than 40 years, immunological graft intolerance presented an impenetrable barrier to successful engraftment until the development of the powerful calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressive agents in the late 1970s. Their subsequent clinical use over the past 17 years has transformed small intestinal transplantation from a position of predictable failure to predominant success and routine clinical reality for a select group of patients One year graft survivals for solid organs are now excellent and have been improving steadily since the introduction of ciclosporin to routine clinical practice in the early 1980s. 4 In contrast, survival values for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve although are now comparable with those for lung, and the latest published values for one year survival approximate those for liver and kidney (table 1) Why then has progress with intestinal transplantation been so much more difficult?
Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of tuberculous meningitis

Purpose of review Tuberculous meningitis is a devastating infection that is hard to diagnose and treat. We have reviewed tuberculous meningitis original research published within the past 18 months, selecting studies which we consider have most advanced knowledge. Recent findings We review advances in diagnostic methods, anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, and the common complications of tuberculous meningitis. New commercial molecular diagnostic tests, such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF, have an important role in tuberculous meningitis diagnosis, but as with all other available tests, they lack sensitivity and cannot rule out the disease. Recent trials and pharmacokinetic studies have advanced understanding of the best anti-tuberculosis drug regimens for tuberculous meningitis, although optimal doses and duration remain uncertain, especially for young children. Good outcomes depend upon the careful management of the common complications (brain infarcts, tuberculomas, hydrocephalus and hyponatraemia) and controlling intracranial pressure. New tools, such as point-of-care ultrasound, may assist in the management, especially in the assessment of intravascular volume and raised intracranial pressure. Summary Disability-free survival from tuberculous meningitis depends upon rapid diagnosis, starting anti-tuberculosis drugs before the onset of coma and managing complications. Progress is slow and threatened by emerging drug-resistant bacteria, but new drugs and diagnostic technologies offer hope to future patients.
T lymphocyte dependence of the antibody response to ‘T lymphocyte independent type 2’ antigens

With regard to their capacity for antibody induction, antigens can be classified as either T lymphocyte dependent (TD) or as T lymphocyte independent (TI). 1 In the immune response to TD antigens, T lymphocyte help to B lymphocytes is essential for the regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation, production of immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin class switching, rescue of B lymphocytes from apoptotic death, germinal centre formation, and generation of B lymphocyte memory.2 In contrast to TD antigens, TI antigens induce antibody production without the help of T lymphocytes. TI antigens can be further divided into TI type 1 antigens (TI-1), which are polyclonal B lymphocyte activators (e.g. lipopolysaccharides), and TI type 2 (TI-2) antigens. TI-2 antigens are able to directly stimulate B lymphocytes. However, the antibody response to TI-2 antigens is somehow influenced by T lymphocytes.3 TI-2 antigens do not induce immunological memory and antibodies to TI-2 antigens in humans only develop after the age of 2 years.4,5 Generally, TI-2 antigens are antigens that consist of repetitive biochemical structures such as polymeric protein antigens, trinitrophenyl-ficoll (TNP-ficoll), and dinitrophenyl-ficoll (DNP-ficoll). A clinically important group among the TI-2 antigens are the bacterial capsular polysaccharides.6 Capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis are responsible for the bacterial virulence and antibodies to capsular polysaccharides provide protection against invasive infections with these bacteria.7 The delay in antibody formation to encapsulated bacteria renders infants and young children highly susceptible to infections with encapsulated bacteria, especially from the ages of 4 to 6 months on, when the placentally derived maternal IgG is metabolized.5 Therefore, children younger than 2 years of age are more at risk for invasive infections caused by encapsulated micro-organisms.8 Children with a persisting defect in the production of antibodies specific for pneumococcal capsular antigens after this age have the so-called ‘specific antibody deficiency with normal immunoglobulins’ (SADNI). They suffer from recurrent pneumococcal infections, although their immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin subclass levels and responses to protein antigens are normal.9–12 It is estimated that 5–10% of the children referred for evaluation of recurrent infections have SADNI and it is therefore highly important to understand the immunological background of the antibody formation against TI-2 antigens.13 In this review we will summarize the current understanding of how T lymphocytes modulate the antibody response against TI-2 antigens.
Visual event recognition in videos by learning from web data

We propose a visual event recognition framework for consumer domain videos by leveraging a large amount of loosely labeled web videos (e.g., from YouTube). First, we propose a new aligned space-time pyramid matching method to measure the distances between two video clips, where each video clip is divided into space-time volumes over multiple levels. We calculate the pair-wise distances between any two volumes and further integrate the information from different volumes with Integer-flow Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) to explicitly align the volumes. Second, we propose a new cross-domain learning method in order to 1) fuse the information from multiple pyramid levels and features (i.e., space-time feature and static SIFT feature) and 2) cope with the considerable variation in feature distributions between videos from two domains (i.e., web domain and consumer domain). For each pyramid level and each type of local features, we train a set of SVM classifiers based on the combined training set from two domains using multiple base kernels of different kernel types and parameters, which are fused with equal weights to obtain an average classifier. Finally, we propose a cross-domain learning method, referred to as Adaptive Multiple Kernel Learning (A-MKL), to learn an adapted classifier based on multiple base kernels and the prelearned average classifiers by minimizing both the structural risk functional and the mismatch between data distributions from two domains. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework that requires only a small number of labeled consumer videos by leveraging web data.
Securing the Deluge network programming system

A number of multi-hop, wireless, network programming systems have emerged for sensor network retasking but none of these systems support a cryptographically-strong, public-key-based system for source authentication and integrity verification. The traditional technique for authenticating a program binary, namely a digital signature of the program hash, is poorly suited to resource-contrained sensor nodes. Our solution to the secure programming problem leverages authenticated streams, is consistent with the limited resources of a typical sensor node, and can be used to secure existing network programming systems. Under our scheme, a program binary consists of several code and data segments that are mapped to a series of messages for transmission over the network. An advertisement, consisting of the program name, version number, and a hash of the very first message, is digitally signed and transmitted first. The advertisement authenticates the first message, which in turn contains a hash of the second message. Similarly, the second message contains a hash of the third message, and so on, binding each message to the one logically preceding it in the series through the hash chain. We augmented the Deluge network programming system with our protocol and evaluated the resulting system performance
Local song elements indicate local genotypes and predict physiological condition in song sparrows Melospiza melodia

Geographical variation in birdsong is taxonomically widespread and behaviourally salient, with females often preferring local over non-local song. However, the benefits associated with this preference remain poorly understood. One potential explanation is that song may reflect a male's place of origin and thus allow females to obtain genes well adapted to the local environment. We studied naturally occurring variation in the degree to which the elements of a male's song repertoire matched those of the local population (‘syllable sharing’) in migratory song sparrows (Melospiza melodia melodia). Syllable sharing was correlated with genetic similarity to the local population, suggesting that song reflects population of origin. Males sharing more syllables also had larger testosterone-dependent traits, fewer blood-borne parasites and reduced indicators of stress. Our findings are consistent with locally good genes models. Alternatively, immigrants' condition may suffer due to unfamiliarity with the breeding site or inability to match song elements during territorial interactions. Females preferring ‘local-sounding’ males may thus obtain genetic and/or direct benefits for their offspring.
Numerical studies on effect of axial pressure in friction stir welding

A fully coupled thermomechanical model of friction stir welding (FSW) is developed in the current research to investigate the effect of the axial pressure on the material behaviours and temperature distributions in the FSW process. Results indicate that the axial pressure is a key factor for the successful FSW. Insufficient or excessive axial pressure leads to the failure of FSW. The material flows at the advancing side and the retreating side are different, which can be fitted well with the experimental observations. The material flows in the direction of the thickness become more obvious when the axial pressure is increased. The maximum temperature and plastic contribution to the temperature field in FSW can be both increased with the increase in the axial pressure.
Fungal endophytes in five medicinal plant species from Kudremukh Range, Western Ghats of India

Eighteen species of endophytic fungi were isolated from bark, stem and leaf segments of five medicinal plant species growing within the Kudremukh range in the Western Ghats of India. The dominant endophytic fungal species isolated from these plant species were Curvularia clavata, C. lunata, C. pallescens and Fusarium oxysporum. The highest species richness as well as frequency of colonization of endophytic fungi was found in the leaf segments, rather than the stem and bark segments, of the host plant species. The greatest number of endophytic fungal species were found within Callicarpa tomentosa (11 species), whereas Lobelia nicotinifolia harbored the lowest number of fungal endophytes (5 species). This study provides evidence that fungal endophytes are host and tissue specific. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)