Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Confirmatory factor analysis on separability of planning and insight constructs

This study aimed to investigate the separability of planning, a form of noninsight problem solving, from insight problem solving by means of using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The relationships of these two types of problem-solving tasks with meta-cognitive awareness were also assessed. Participants performed a set of planning tasks, a set of insight tasks and a self-report inventory on metacognitive ability. The CFA results revealed that planning and insight problem solving were closely related constructs and were not clearly separable. Model comparisons indicated that the fit of the alternative one-factor model was slightly better than the fit of the two-factor model. The correlational results showed that both planning task performance and insight problem-solving performance had no correlations with the metacognitive knowledge or the metacognitive regulation components of the metacognitive awareness inventory.
Toward computing the capacity region of degraded broadcast channel

Recently, computing the capacity region of the degraded broadcast channel (DBC) was showed as a nonconvex optimization problem by Calvo et al [6]. There seems to be no efficient method to solve in polynomial time due to the lack of convexity. In other nonconvex optimization problem, however, Kumar et al showed that Arimoto-Blahut type algorithm converges to the global optimum when some conditions hold [12]. In this paper, we present Arimoto-Blahut type algorithm toward computing the capacity region of the DBC. By using Kumar's method, we prove the global convergence of the algorithm when some conditions hold and derive an expression for its convergence rate.
Ternary complexes of vanadium(IV) with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) and ditetrazolium chlorides (DTC)

Complex formation and liquid-liquid extraction have been studied for ternary complexes of vanadium(IV) with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) and ditetrazolium chlorides (DTC) in a water-chloroform medium. The specific ditetrazolium compounds investigated were i) 3,3′-(4,4′-biphenylene)-bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium) chloride (Neotetrazolium chloride, NTC); ii) 3,3′-(3,3′-dimetoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)-bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium) chloride (Blue Tetrazolium chloride, BTC); and iii) 3,3′-(3,3′-dimetoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)-bis[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium] chloride (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium chloride, NBT). Molar absorptivity coefficients and the composition of the complexes have been calculated. Association constants (β) have also been obtained for the interactions between the vanadium(IV) — PAR anionic chelates [VO(PAR)2]2− (I) and [VO(OH)2(PAR)2]4− (II), and ditetrazolium cations (DT2+). Some special features of NBT as an extraction-spectrophotometric reagent for vanadium(IV) have been discussed. Unlike NTC and BTC which form complexes with both I and II, NBT associates only with II. The pH interval for complete extraction of (NBT2+)2[VO(OH)2(PAR)2] is broader and allows work at lower pH values the other ion-associates of V(IV,V)-PAR that were studied. NBT is -therefore the appropriate reagent both for direct V(IV) determination and for V(IV)/V(V) separation. Some additional characteristics for the V(IV)-PAR-NBT-water-chloroform system have been determined: extraction constant, distribution constant, recovery factor, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Beer’s law is valid up to 1.4 μg mL−1 vanadium(IV) with molar absorptivity coefficient of 3.55×104 L mol−1 cm−1 at λmax=559 nm.
Leadership styles of entrepreneurial women in eastern China: Characteristics and differences

A number of studies have recently been conducted on entrepreneurship of women. In one study the researchers found that gender had an impact on entrepreneurial activity (Mueller & Conway Dat-On, 2008) and the characteristics of entrepreneurial women per se became the focus of research. In our empirical research we explored the characteristics of, and differences among, the leadership style of a sample of 225 entrepreneurial women from Zhejiang Province and Shanghai in eastern China. We found that the majority of these women adopted an achievement-oriented style of leadership, that is, a style consisting of high initiating structure and high consideration. We found differences in the consideration leadership style of the women according to the type of enterprise in which they were working; in addition there were differences in both initiating structure and consideration leadership styles of the women entrepreneurs according to the length of time that the enterprise in which the women were working had been established.
Heat transfer in steady-periodic flows over heated microwires

Effects of Reynolds number (Re), nondimensional drive frequency (Srp) and amplitude of yoscillations in the flow on the heat transfer coefficient and its frequency response characteristics for oscillatory flows over a micro wire are presented here. Time-averaged Nusselt numbers (Nu) at the stagnation point and averaged over the cylinder are calculated for Re = 10, 30 and 50, . 001 < Srp < 1. , and oscillation amplitudes, Vp, of 0.1 and 0.2 (for Re = 50). We used a formulation that allows decomposition of the flow into mean and periodic components, and used finite-element simulations to solve for the mean flow over the cylinder. Periodic component of the flow contributes to an artificial body force in the Navier-Stokes equation. According to our simulations, time-averaged Nusselt numbers are not strongly affected by oscillations. Largest increase in the time-averaged average Nu is only 3% larger than its unforced value. Nusselt oscillations have multiple modes and we used Fourier Transform to identify each mode and calculate its corresponding amplitude. The mode for which the frequency is twice as much as the driving frequency is the dominant mode for Srp up to 0.1 for all Reynolds numbers studied here. For larger drive frequencies, the second mode dies off; for Re = 30 and 50 amplitude of the first mode at the drive frequency takes over. For large drive frequencies (Srp~1) all modes tend to diminish.
The Injury of Serotonin on Intestinal Epithelium Cell Renewal of Weaned Diarrhoea Mice

Diarrhoea is a common cause of death in children and weaned animals. Recent research has found that serotonin (5-HT) in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in regulating growth and the maintenance of mucosa, which protect against diarrhoea. To determine the influence of 5-HT on intestinal epithelium cell renewal under weaned stress diarrhoea, a weaned-stress diarrhoea mouse model was established with senna infusion (15 mL/Kg) via intragastric administration and stress restraint (SR). Mice with an increase in 5-HT were induced by intraperitoneal injection with citalopram hydrobromide (CH, 10 mg/Kg). The results demonstrated that compared with the control animals, diarrhoea appeared in weaned stress mice and the 5-HT content in the small intestine was significantly increased (P<0.05). Further, the caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis in the small intestine were significantly increased, but the VH (villus height), V/C (villus height /crypt depth), and PCNA-positive rate significantly decreased. Compared with the control animals, CH increased the intestinal 5-HT content, caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but decreased the VH and V/C. Compared with both control and weaned stress animals, weaned stress animals that were pre-treated with CH showed higher 5-HT concentrations, positive caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but lower VH, V/C and PCNA-positive rate. In vitro, a low concentration of 5-HT inhibit, IEC-6 cell line apoptosis but a higher concentration of 5-HT promoted it. Therefore, weaned stress diarrhoea mice were accompanied by a 5-HT increase in the small intestine and vice versa, and the increase in 5-HT induced by CH caused diarrhoea. In brief, 5-HT and diarrhoea slowed the intestinal epithelium cell renewal and injured the abortion function and mucosal barrier by decreasing VH, V/C and proliferation and increasing epithelium cell apoptosis.
The effects of simultaneous learning and performance goals on performance: An inductive exploration

This study was the first to examine the simultaneous use of multiple learning and performance goals on single task performance. We report the results of two studies (one study used self-set goals; the other study used assigned goals) to examine the effects of the concurrent pursuit of proximal and distal learning and performance goals. The first study was correlational in nature and the second used an experimental manipulation. In both we found a negative curvilinear relationship between total goal difficulty and performance. We discovered that an intermediate level of total goal difficulty was optimal. The results were also tied to self-efficacy and task strategies where additional curvilinear relationships were found. These results expand goal-setting theory and suggest new research directions. Our study has implications for managers who want to find the best combination of goals for their employees.
Neural circuits look forward

A fundamental step in linking the activity of individual neurons to circuits and animal behavior is to identify their patterns of connectivity. Traditional methods in electrophysiology and microscopy, although powerful, are limited to addressing only a neuron's immediate neighbors (1). A further limitation of these methods is that this can be addressed only in a piecemeal manner, whereby just a few of a neuron's many synaptic connections can be probed in a given experiment. Determining the larger network connectivity of individual neurons within the intact brain requires transsynaptic tracers. Advances in virology and molecular genetics have improved our ability to target a single neuron and to trace its inputs (2), but what is missing from this toolbox is a reliable method to trace a neuron's output. In a remarkable study in PNAS, Beier et al. present a virus-based anterograde tracer, which targets genetically selected neurons and unambiguously maps the mono- and polysynaptic outputs with relatively low cytotoxicity to the circuit it is tracing (3).
Sliding Mode Control Based on Self-Recurrent Wavelet Neural Network for Five-link Biped Robot

In this paper, we propose the intelligent control of biped robot system with unknown model uncertainty. In our proposed control system, we employ the sliding mode control (SMC) for stable walking control of biped robot and the error compensation controller for the approximation error of self-recurrent wavelet neural network (SRWNN) which is used to estimate unknown model uncertainty of the biped robot system and nonlinear system parameters. Also, the adaptive laws for all weights of SRWNN are induced from the Lyapunov stability theorem, which are used to guarantee the stability of control system. Finally, we carry out computer simulations based on the 5-link biped robot model for the effectiveness of the proposed control system
Children' and adolescents’ stereotypes of tattooed people as delinquent

Purpose. Tattoos traditionally have been associated with criminality. This study investigates the possibility that children and adolescents may be more likely to associate tattooed than non-tattooed individuals with delinquent attributes. Method. Children aged 6 to 16 years were presented with a series of illustrations of three men (one of whom was tattooed), and in each case were requested to decide which individual best fitted a negative (delinquent), positive (prosocial) or neutral description. Results. Participants revealed a strong bias to associate the tattooed individuals with the negative attributes, but little tendency to associate them with the positive or neutral attributes. There was some evidence of an increase in the bias during middle childhood. Conclusions. Children appear to acquire by at least age 6 strong negative stereotypes of persons with tattoos. This has implications for children's performance as witnesses in certain contexts; it also indicates that young people electing to obtain tattoos are aware of the criminal stigma attached to this form of body marking. Language: en
A Multilevel Analysis of the Risk of Household Burglary in the City of Tianjin, China

This study applies the integrated, multilevel framework developed in the West to explain variation in the risk of household burglary within the city of Tianjin, China. The analytic framework consists of three sets of determinants: household variables, neighbourhood structural factors, and neighbourhood social control processes. The selection of variables is guided by routine activities/lifestyle theories and the social disorganization perspective, adapted to reflect features of urban China. The results of multilevel regression modeling reveal that indicators of target attractiveness (household income) and guardianship (length of residence and somebody home ) exhibit the predicted effects on the risk of household burglary. Similarly, the effects of two of the neighbourhood process variables-collective efficacy and public control-conform to theoretical expectations and findings in Western research. The results for the neighbourhood structural factors are inconsistent with those widely reported in the West. These analyses demonstrate the applicability of elements of Western criminological theory to contemporary urban China but also reveal important differences in the ecological dynamics of crime across contexts.
Thermochronometry Reveals Headward Propagation of Erosion in an Alpine Landscape

Glacial troughs in New Zealand mountains developed by propagation of erosion up valleys. Glacial erosion of mountain ranges produces spectacular alpine landscapes and, by linking climate with tectonics, influences a broad array of geophysical phenomena. Although the resultant landforms are easily identified, the timing and spatial pattern of topographic adjustment to Pleistocene glaciations remain poorly known. We investigated topographic evolution in the archetypal glacial landscape of Fiordland, New Zealand, using (U-Th)/He thermochronometry. We find that erosion during the past 2 million years removed the entire pre-Pleistocene landscape and fundamentally reshaped the topography. Erosion focused on steep valley segments and propagated from trunk valleys toward the heads of drainage basins, a behavior expected if subglacial erosion rate depends on ice sliding velocity. The Fiordland landscape illustrates complex effects of climate on Earth’s surface morphology.
Enrichment and Cultivation of Microorganisms from Sediment from the Slope of the Peru Trench (ODP Site 1230)

The deep biosphere is estimated to hold a significant percentage of the Earth’s prokaryotic biomass; however, little is known about the organisms in this environment. Here, we describe investigations of the diversity of microorganisms enriched from surface and subsurface sediment collected during Leg 201 of the Ocean Drilling Program at Site 1230 on the slope of the Peru Trench. This site contains methane hydrates, high levels of organic matter, and high direct cell counts, all of which indicate the potential for thriving microbial populations. To investigate these populations, we examined prokaryotes in samples from seafloor to 258 meters below seafloor (mbsf) using both cultivation and molecular methods. From seafloor samples, we cultivated isolates representing the genera Photobacterium, Shewanella, and Halomonas. The population found in an enrichment cultivated at low temperatures, 0.67 mbsf, contained many cell morphologies and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) signatures, but this population, except for a Vibrio sp. , was difficult to separate and grow as pure cultures. Most isolates produced extracellular lytic enzymes that were active at low temperatures. Methanogens have been expected to play a large role in the creation of methane hydrates in the sediment; therefore, we also attempted to enrich for psychrophilic methanogens. No methane was found above background levels in anaerobic enrichments incubated for 2 yr, nor was any 16S ribosomal DNA detected following amplification using archaeal primers with DNA extracted from these incubated cultures. These results illus1Biddle, J.F. , House, C.H. , and Brenchley, J.E. , 2005. Enrichment and cultivation of microorganisms from sediment from the slope of the Peru Trench (ODP Site 1230). In Jørgensen, B.B. , D’Hondt, S.L. , and Miller, D.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 201, 1–19 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www-odp.tamu. edu/ publications/201_SR/VOLUME/ CHAPTERS/107.PDF>. [Cited YYYYMM-DD] 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA. Correspondence author: jenbiddle@psu.edu 3Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA. Initial receipt: 22 July 2004 Acceptance: 6 January 2005 Web publication: 14 June 2005 Ms 201SR-107 J.F. BIDDLE ET AL. ENRICHMENT AND CULTIVATION OF MICROORGANISMS 2 trate the need for further extensive microbiological studies in order to understand the biogeochemistry of this important subseafloor environment.
Dynamic state estimation based on Poisson spike trains—towards a theory of optimal encoding

Neurons in the nervous system convey information to higher brain regions by the generation of spike trains. An important question in the field of computational neuroscience is how these sensory neurons encode environmental information in a way which may be simply analyzed by subsequent systems. Many aspects of the form and function of the nervous system have been understood using the concepts of optimal population coding. Most studies, however, have neglected the aspect of temporal coding. Here we address this shortcoming through a filtering theory of inhomogeneous Poisson processes. We derive exact relations for the minimal mean squared error of the optimal Bayesian filter and, by optimizing the encoder, obtain optimal codes for populations of neurons. We also show that a class of non-Markovian, smooth stimuli are amenable to the same treatment, and provide results for the filtering and prediction error which hold for a general class of stochastic processes. This sets a sound mathematical framework for a population coding theory that takes temporal aspects into account. It also formalizes a number of studies which discussed temporal aspects of coding using time-window paradigms, by stating them in terms of correlation times and firing rates. We propose that this kind of analysis allows for a systematic study of temporal coding and will bring further insights into the nature of the neural code.
Mirrors and Metaphors: Contemporary Narratives of the Wolf in Minnesota

This article serves as a case study of how contemporary residents of the Upper Great Lakes states debate the ethics and meanings of living with wolves. An overview of the challenges facing Minnesota wolf management is provided, and the results of a Q-methodology study are presented. The study revealed three primary factors, or shared belief systems, about wolf management in Minnesota. The idealist perspective tells a redemption story of sin and atonement, the institutional perspective endorses scientific management and rationality and the localist perspective promises justice, respect and acknowledgement for its champions. The factors are interpreted as narratives or latent myths that provide a set of tacit directions to its adherents about understanding the complexities of living among carnivores. The intricacies and unique logic of each of the three factors are discussed, and themes of consensus and disagreement are briefly highlighted.
Cultural orientations and historical changes as predictors of parenting behaviour

This study addresses the stability and variability of patterns of parenting in three cultural environments that can be assumed to differ with respect to their cultural models. German middleclass families can be assumed to follow primarily independent socialisation goals, Cameroonian Nso farmers can be assumed to follow primarily interdependent socialisation goals, and Costa Rican families can be assumed to follow an autonomous relational orientation. Parenting patterns of mothers interacting with their 3-month-old babies were assessed at two points in time, being 4 to 6 years apart. The data confirm the predicted cultural differences in style of parenting, which proved to be stable across the covered time span. We also predicted changes in parenting styles that should be oriented to a more independent cultural model across the cultural samples. Our data confirm this hypothesis, although the changes are differentially represented in the three samples, with the Cameroonian Nso sample expressing no significant changes and the German middle-class sample representing the most pronounced changes. The data are interpreted as documenting linkages between parenting and macrolevel societal changes.
Identification of COPD Patients’ Health Status Using an Intelligent System in the CHRONIOUS Wearable Platform

The CHRONIOUS system offers an integrated platform aiming at the effective management and real-time assessment of the health status of the patient suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). An intelligent system is developed for the analysis and the real-time evaluation of patient's condition. A hybrid classifier has been implemented on a personal digital assistant, combining a support vector machine, a random forest, and a rule-based system to provide a more advanced categorization scheme for the early and in real-time characterization of a COPD episode. This is followed by a severity estimation algorithm which classifies the identified pathological situation in different levels and triggers an alerting mechanism to provide an informative and instructive message/advice to the patient and the clinical supervisor. The system has been validated using data collected from 30 patients that have been annotated by experts indicating 1) the severity level of the current patient's health status, and 2) the COPD disease level of the recruited patients according to the GOLD guidelines. The achieved characterization accuracy has been found 94%.
Whither the Roots? Achieving Conceptual Depth in Psychology of Religion

Should psychology of religion undergo a disciplinary renaissance and, if so, what might it look like? In this paper we explore that question by discussing the benefits of a better grounding of the field within mid-level theories from general psychology that provide it with greater conceptual depth. Such discussion will focus on three already existing and variously productive lines of research as case studies: attribution processes, attachment styles, and religious coping. These case studies represent lines of research at three developmental stages: 1) infancy, with little visible return but with signs of promise (attribution), 2) adolescence, with dividends already yielded but also with promise not yet fully realized (attachment), and 3) maturity, where a fruitful harvest has already been experienced but yet without decline (coping). Regardless of developmental position, it is argued that research in psychology of religion will be enhanced to the extent that it achieves conceptual depth by being framed in terms of mid-level theories.
Becoming Biliterate, Young Children Learning Different Writing Systems

Six children and their families were involved in th e research study and all the children, living in Lond , were five years of age at the beginning of the year long study. Languages spoken by the children and their families included Latin American Spanish, Arabic, Cantonese, Mandarin, Hakka and English and the children were learning to write in English, Spanish , Chinese and Arabic in a variety of learning context s.