Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Source Rocks and Oils in Indonesia

Abstract Source rocks in the hydrocarbon productive basins in Indonesia can be classified as lacustrine, fluvio-deltaic and marine. Lacustrine source rocks are the most productive, and have sourced most of the oil in Central Sumatra, some of the oil in the Sunda Basin and also possibly oil in the West Natuna Basin. Fluvial-deltaic source rocks are the most common and widely dispersed and have sourced oil in the majority of foreland (back-arc) basins of Western Indonesia. Marine source rocks probably occur in Eastern Indonesia, but are poorly documented. However, they may have sourced oil in the Salawati Basin and eastern Sulawesi. Positively identified producing source rocks are all Tertiary in age, although Pre-Tertiary (Permian/Jurassic) rocks are suspected to source oil in the Bintuni and Bula (Seram) Basins and are also a possible source in eastern Sulawesi and the Banggai-Sula area east of Sulawesi. Crude oils in Indonesia can also be characterized as lacustrine, fluvio-deltaic and marine based on a range of geochemical parameters, including pyrolysis-gas chromatography on the oils asphaltene fraction and GC-MS biomarker data. Lacustrine oils sourced from non-marine algae are generally low-medium gravity, waxy, low sulfur oils and often contain unusually high concentrations of C30 4-methyl steranes. Marine oils derived from marine algae are low-medium gravity, low wax, medium-high sulfur oils and contain C27-C29 diasteranes and steranes in relatively high concentrations compared to other oil types. Fluvio-deltaic oils derived from higher plant, terrestrial organic matter are medium-high gravity, waxy, low sulfur oils. They contain abundant higher plant resin derived C30 alkanes and low concentrations of steranes which are dominated by C29 diasteranes and steranes.
A dual-frequency patch antenna with monopolar radiation pattern

Concentrically shorted patch microstrip antennas have the unique feature that their fundamental mode has a monopolar-like radiation pattern (omnidirectional with Eθ polarization and the maximum in the horizon) [1–2]. This is contrary to conventional patch antennas whose fundamental mode has a broadside radiation pattern. Initially the fundamental monopolar mode was achieved with circular geometries [2], but later it was demonstrated that can be excited in non-circular patches shorted in the center [3]. More recently, great efforts have been made on achieving miniaturized patch antennas with the monopolar radiation pattern. Good results have been reported by using patches composed of metamaterial cells [4–5].
Solar and Lighting Transmission through Complex Fenestration Systems of Office Buildings in a Warm and Dry Climate of Chile

Overheating, glare, and high-energy demand are recurrent problems in office buildings in Santiago, Chile (33°27'S; 70°42'W) during cooling periods. Santiago climate is warm and dry, with high solar radiation and temperature during most of the year. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the thermal and daylighting performance of office buildings transparent facades composed of three different complex fenestration systems (CFS). Each CFS contains a different external shading device (ESD): (1) external roller, (2) vertical undulated and perforated screens, and (3) tilted undulated and perforated screens. The study was carried out by in situ monitoring in three office buildings in Santiago, Chile. Buildings were selected from a database of 103 buildings, representing those constructed between 2005 and 2011 in the city. The monitoring consisted of measuring the short wave solar and daylighting transmission through fenestration systemsby means of pyranometers and luxometers, respectively. This paper shows measurements that were carried out during summer period. A good performance is observed in a building with the external roller system. This system—applied to a northwest facade—shows a regular and high solar and daylighting control of incoming solar radiation. The other two ESD systems evidence a general good performance. However, some deficiencies at certain times of the day were detected, suggesting a non-appropriated design.
Distributed Uplink Power Control for Optimal SIR Assignment in Cellular Data Networks

This paper solves the joint power control and SIR assignment problem through distributed algorithms in the uplink of multi-cellular wireless networks. The 1993 Foschini-Miljanic distributed power control can attain a given fixed and feasible SIR target. In data networks, however, SIR needs to be jointly optimized with transmit powers in wireless data networks. In the vast research literature since the mid-1990s, solutions to this joint optimization problem are either distributed but suboptimal, or optimal but centralized. For convex formulations of this problem, we report a distributed and optimal algorithm. The main issue that has been the research bottleneck is the complicated, coupled constraint set, and we resolve it through a re-parametrization via the left Perron Frobenius eigenvectors, followed by development of a locally computable ascent direction. A key step is a new characterization of the feasible SIR region in terms of the loads on the base stations, and an indication of the potential interference from mobile stations, which we term spillage. Based on this load-spillage characterization, we first develop a distributed algorithm that can achieve any Pareto-optimal SIR assignment, then a distributed algorithm that picks out a particular Pareto-optimal SIR assignment and the associated powers through utility maximization. Extensions to power-constrained and interference-constrained cases are carried out. The algorithms are theoretically sound and practically implementable: we present convergence and optimality proofs as well as simulations using 3GPP network and path loss models.
Radio signatures of a fast coronal mass ejection development on November 6, 1997

The Oporto radiospectrograph and the Nancay radioheliograph recorded a radio event on November 6, 1997, closely related in time with a flare on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) active region 8100. At the beginning of the event the radio sources are located on a rather small volume in the vicinity of the flare site. In a timescale of only a few minutes the radio emission sites spread over a large volume in the corona, covering a range of 100° in heliolatitude. During the period of the radio event the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) observed an extremely fast coronal mass ejection (CME), with a velocity around 2000 km s -1 . This CME presents the particularity of having a fast lateral expansion, giving it a shape reminiscent of a coat hanger. There is a very good association between the latitudinal extent and time development of the CME seen by LASCO and the radio sources recorded by the radio instruments.
Effects of leachate on geotechnical characteristics of sandy clay soil

Leachate is a hazardous liquid that poses negative impacts if leaks out into environments such as soil and ground water systems. The impact of leachate on the downgraded quality in terms of chemical characteristic is more concern rather than the physical or mechanical aspect. The effect of leachate on mechanical behaviour of contaminated soil is not well established and should be investigated. This paper presents the preliminary results of the effects of leachate on the Atterberg limit, compaction and shear strength of leachate-contaminated soil. The contaminated soil samples were prepared by mixing the leachate at ratiosbetween 0% and 20% leachate contents with soil samples. Base soil used was residual soil originated from granitic rock and classified as sandy clay soil (CS). Its specific gravity ranged between 2.5 and 2.64 with clay minerals of kaolinite, muscovite and quartz. The field strength of the studied soil ranged between 156 and 207 kN/m2. The effects of leachate on the Atterberg limit clearly indicated by the decrease in liquid and plastic limit values with the increase in the leachate content. Compaction tests on leachate-contaminated soil caused the dropped in maximum dry density, ρdry and increased in optimum moisture content, wopt when the amount of leachate was increased between 0% and 20%. The results suggested that leachate contamination capable to modify some geotechnical properties of the studied residual soils.Leachate is a hazardous liquid that poses negative impacts if leaks out into environments such as soil and ground water systems. The impact of leachate on the downgraded quality in terms of chemical characteristic is more concern rather than the physical or mechanical aspect. The effect of leachate on mechanical behaviour of contaminated soil is not well established and should be investigated. This paper presents the preliminary results of the effects of leachate on the Atterberg limit, compaction and shear strength of leachate-contaminated soil. The contaminated soil samples were prepared by mixing the leachate at ratiosbetween 0% and 20% leachate contents with soil samples. Base soil used was residual soil originated from granitic rock and classified as sandy clay soil (CS). Its specific gravity ranged between 2.5 and 2.64 with clay minerals of kaolinite, muscovite and quartz. The field strength of the studied soil ranged between 156 and 207 kN/m2. The effects of leachate on the Atterberg limit clearly .
Crystal structure of human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO‐D) catalyzes the fifth step in the heme biosynthetic pathway, converting uroporphyrinogen to coproporphyrinogen by decarboxylating the four acetate side chains of the substrate. This activity is essential in all organisms, and subnormal activity of URO‐D leads to the most common form of porphyria in humans, porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). We have determined the crystal structure of recombinant human URO‐D at 1.60 Å resolution. The 40.8 kDa protein is comprised of a single domain containing a (β/α)8‐barrel with a deep active site cleft formed by loops at the C‐terminal ends of the barrel strands. Many conserved residues cluster at this cleft, including the invariant side chains of Arg37, Arg41 and His339, which probably function in substrate binding, and Asp86, Tyr164 and Ser219, which may function in either binding or catalysis. URO‐D is a dimer in solution (Kd = 0.1 μM), and this dimer also appears to be formed in the crystal. Assembly of the dimer juxtaposes the active site clefts of the monomers, suggesting a functionally important interaction between the catalytic centers.
Siberian wetlands: Where a sink is a source

A greenhouse gas inventory can for some ecosystems be based solely on the net CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and the export of dissolved organic carbon. In contrast, the global warming effect may be more complex in ecosystems where other greenhouse gases such as CH4 or N2O have significant exchanges with the atmosphere. Through micrometeorological landscape‐scale measurements from the largest wetlands on Earth in West Siberia we show that CH4 has a stronger effect than CO2 on the greenhouse gas budget in terms of radiative forcing on the atmosphere. Direct measurements of the CO2 and CH4 exchange during the summer of 1999 show that these wetland ecosystems, on average, acted as net sinks of carbon of 0.5 g C m−2 day−1 but large net sources of CH4. Given the high Global Warming Potential of CH4, the Siberian wetlands are an important source of radiative forcing, even in comparison to anthropogenic emissions.
Antiretroviral drug concentrations in semen of HIV-1 infected men

Because semen is a major vehicle for the sexual transmission of HIV-1, control of viral replication within the sanctuary of the male genital tract should be a goal of antiretroviral therapy. Local immune responses, virus specific factors, and the degree of viral and cellular trafficking all appear to be important in controlling viral replication and evolution. However, the most important factor influencing viral replication and evolution within the male genital tract may be the disposition of antiretroviral agents into genital tissues and fluids. This review proposes possible mechanisms of antiretroviral distribution into the male genital tract by using other sanctuary barriers; such as the placenta, renal tubules, and blood-brain barrier; as models. In addition, this review summarises recent clinical studies regarding the disposition of currently available antiretroviral drugs into the seminal plasma and discusses some of the difficulties in interpreting drug concentration in the genital tract.
Three-dimensional S wave velocity structure and Vp/Vs ratios in the New Madrid Seismic Zone

A three-dimensional S wave velocity model for the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) has been developed using nonlinear travel time tomography. The inversion utilized 5544 S wave arrival times from 720 earthquakes recorded by digital, three-component stations deployed in the NMSZ over the time period 1989 through 1992. We imaged S wave velocity anomalies ranging from −5% to +8% relative to the starting one-dimensional velocity model. Lowest S wave velocities are found south of Ridgley, Tennessee, in an area characterized by a high earthquake swarm rate and shallower than normal hypocenters. Two centers of higher than average S wave velocity are located west of the Mississippi river, north of Caruthersville, Missouri. The S wave model is similar to a P wave velocity model generated using the same earthquake data set. The similarity in ray coverage in both the P and S wave solutions allowed calculation of Vp/Vs ratios. Most of the seismicity in the NW trending central arm of the NMSZ is associated with normal Vp/Vs values that border regions with high Vp/Vs. North of Ridgely, high Vp/Vs values are associated with higher than average compressional and shear wave velocities and are interpreted to be due to mafic intrusions along the axis and edges of the Reelfoot rift. SE of Ridgley, the end of the central arm coincides with high Vp/Vs values that are due to a significant shear wave low-velocity zone and are interpreted to be the result of highly fractured and fluid saturated crust.
Network management challenges for next generation networks

Generally, current network management technologies follow two approaches: ITU-Ts recommendations for telecommunication management network (TMN) and IETF's Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) that favors IP networks. The applications based on these approaches are specifically targeted at a variety of independent networks including the standard public switched telephone network (PSTN), the public switched data network (PSDN), the public land mobile network (PLMN), and the wireless local area network (WLAN), etc., all of which will be integrated into a single IP-based infrastructure referred to as next generation networks (NGN) in the near future. The services, network architectures and traffic pattern in NGN will dramatically differ from the current networks. The heterogeneity and complexity of NGN bring a number of challenges to its network management. In this paper, we first introduce the current network management approaches and describe some deficiencies of current solutions. Then, the network management challenges in NGN are presented and discussed. Finally, some emerging approaches towards network management in NGN are illustrated
Tectonic Evolution of the Seram Trough, Indonesia

Abstract The Seram Trough is located in the northern part of the Banda Arc-Australian collision zone in eastern Indonesia and is currently the site of contraction between the Bird's Head and Seram. It has been interpreted as a subduction trench, an intracontinental thrust zone and foredeep, and a zone of strike-slip faulting. Recently acquired 2D seismic lines help interpret its tectonic evolution. Folding in the Early Pliocene formed an anticlinorium between Misool and the Onin Peninsula of Irian Jaya. A newly recognised Pliocene angular unconformity truncates sediments as old as Middle Jurassic and is an ancient topographic surface with significant relief. It was later folded and now dips south towards the trough where it is covered by up to 3 km of sediments. Initial tilting of the unconformity surface was accompanied by deposition of a transgressive sequence which can be traced into the trough. This is overlain by two sequences which prograde towards the trough. These show progressive rotation of the unconformity surface, gravitational displacement of sediments into the trough, and thrusting which continues to the present day. Contraction occurred in the trough from the Early Pliocene and is younger than the previously suggested Late Miocene age. Thrust faults in the trough deform sediments deposited above the unconformity and detach at the unconformity surface. On Seram thrust faults repeat Mesozoic-Miocene sequences and probably detach at their contact with metamorphic basement. The detachment surface must cut through the Mesozoic-Miocene sequence between Seram and the trough. This work suggests the Seram Trough is not a subduction trench but a foredeep produced in response to loading by the developing fold and thrust belt of Seram, with an associated peripheral bulge to the north. The Seram Trough is interpreted to be a very young zone of thrusting within the Australian continental margin.
Simple surrogate models to determine total accessibility duration of low Earth orbit sunsynchronous satellites

Short and infrequent access events are inherent characteristics of low Earth orbit sunsynchronous satellites. Furthermore, for such satellites, distribution pattern of access events varies significantly in time. Thus, determination of the metric of total accessibility duration in a given time interval has been a challenge in the field of low Earth orbit satellite systems engineering. In this article, for zero and conventional non-zero minimum elevation angles, surrogate models were developed to determine total accessibility duration of low Earth orbit satellites, based on orbital altitude of the satellite and latitude of the ground segment. For this purpose, concept of repeatability cycle was employed to achieve total accessibility duration in a time-independent manner. Then, a perturbative propagation model was presented to determine pattern of accessibility events and quantify total accessibility duration metric. In order to account for non-zero minimum elevation angles, two distinct approaches were adopted. In the first approach, four modification factors were introduced to modify the surrogate model for zero elevation angle to account for conventional non-zero minimum elevation angles. In the second approach, a dedicated surrogate model was developed to directly determine total accessibility duration for conventional non-zero minimum elevation angles. Numerous examples are examined to verify fidelity of our two proposed approaches. Due to their simplicity, the surrogate models given in this article eliminate the need for professional staff to determine metric of total accessibility duration. The advantage is that considerable saving in required initial staff cost and schedule can be realized, especially in early mission design phases.
Can interannual land surface signal be discerned in composite AVHRR data

The ability to make repeated measurements of the changing Earth's surface is the principal advantage of satellite remote sensing. To realize its potential, it is necessary that true surface changes be isolated in the satellite signal from other effects which also influence the signal. In this study, we explore the magnitude of such effects in composite NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) images with a pixel spacing of 1 km. A compositing procedure is frequently used in the preparation of data sets for land biosphere studies to minimize the effect of clouds. However, the composite images contain residual artifacts which make it difficult to compare measurements at various times. We have employed a 4-year (1993–1996) AVHRR data set from NOAA 11 and 14 covering the Canadian landmass and corrected these data for the influence of the remaining clouds (full pixel or subpixel), atmospheric attenuation, and bidirectional reflectance. We have found that such corrections are essential for studies of interannual variations. The magnitude of the interannual signal varied with the AVHRR channel, land cover type, and satellite sensor but it was reduced by a factor of 2 to 8 between top of the atmosphere and the normalized surface reflectance. The remaining variations consisted of true interannual signal and the residual noise in the data (including sensor calibration) which was not removed by the correction process. Assuming that barren or sparsely vegetated land in northern Canada has not changed over the 4-year period, the mean residual uncertainty in surface reflectance of the selected sites was 0.012 for AVHRR channel 1, 0.042 for channel 2, and 0.068 for the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). These values decreased to 0.011, 0.024 and 0.038, respectively, when excluding 1994 data because their atmospheric and bidirectional corrections were hampered by high solar zenith angles (mean values above 55° in all 1994 composite periods). The errors could be further reduced by more refined corrections for bidirectional and atmospheric effects. The impact of the uncertainty of channel 1 and 2 measurements is also significantly diminished by using ratio indices such as the NDVI. It is concluded that interannual variability exceeding 0.015–0.038 in NDVI (averaged over multiple pixels) can be detected for similar data sets and conditions, provided that sensor calibration does not introduce additional errors. Since such errors can be large for some conditions and applications, the importance of accurate sensor calibration cannot be overemphasized.
Contribution palynostratigraphique (dinokystes, pollen et spores) à la connaissance de la mer de Champlain: coupe de Saint-Césaire, Québec

High-resolution continental (pollen and spores) and marine (dinoflagellate cysts) microfloral records were obtained from a section consisting of about 0.5 m of glaciolacustrine and 2.5 m of Champlain Sea deposits at the Saint-Cesaire site. The pollen and spore assemblages indicate the existence of a regional open vegetation of shrub tundra to forest tundra. Fluctuations in the percentages of Picea and shrub and herb taxa are related to regional afforestation and paleogeographical evolution of the basin. The Champlain Sea sediments contain an abundant dinocyst flora dominated by Operculodinium centrocarpum, Brigantedinium spp. , and Algidasphaeridium? minutum, which indicate cold Arctic conditions in surface waters. Fluctuations in concentration (102–104∙cm−3) and relative abundance of dinocyst species are attributed to changes in dinoflagellate productivity and paleoceanographic conditions, notably paleosalinity. Morphological variations of Operculodinium centrocarpum and Algidasphaeridium? minutum led to .
Can we resolve 3D density heterogeneity in the lower mantle?

We reexamine the possibility of resolving 3D density structure in the mantle, by performing test inversions using a dataset of well constrained degree 2 splitting coefficients. We show that degree 2 in Vs and Vp can be resolved, and confirm that dlnVs/dlnVp > 2.5 at depths >2000km, indicating a chemical component to large scale heterogeneity. Models with ρ positively correlated with Vs in the deepest mantle fit the data at least as well as those in which density and velocities are anti‐correlated. However, some rough bounds on dlnρ/dlnVs can be inferred. Models obtained from geodynamic considerations are acceptable, in contrast to models with large negative (<−0.3) or positive (>0.6) dlnρ/dlnVs throughout the lower mantle. The most robust feature is a marked increase in dlnρ/dlnVs at the top of the lower mantle reaching a maximum around 1500 km.