Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who Licenses Out Patents and Why? Lessons from a Business Survey

The increasing importance of licensing for innovation is supported by ample anecdotal evidence. However, statistics on this topic are scarce. The OECD, together with the European Patent Office and the University of Tokyo, carried out a business survey on the licensing-out of patents. The goal was to investigate the intensity of licensing to affiliated and non-affiliated companies, its evolution, the characteristics, motivations and obstacles met by companies doing or willing to license. The target population was patent holders: 600 European firms and 1 600 Japanese firms responded to the survey, in the second half of 2007. The results show that patent licensing is widespread among patenting firms: around one company in five in Europe licenses patents to non-affiliated partners, whereas more than one in four does so in Japan. The relationship between size of the firm and probability to license out is U-shaped: small firms and large firms are more likely to license out their patented inventions. In Europe, SMEs have more difficulties to license out their patents than large firms. The major barrier to licensing out patent markets is informational (identifying partners). Finally, we also find that more than one third of young European firms (born after 2000) deem patents as quite or very important to convince private investors and venture capitalists to provide them with funds. Qui licencie des brevets et pourquoi? : Enseignements d'une enquete L’importance accrue des licences de brevets pour l’innovation est attestee par nombre d’anecdotes. Cependant, les statistiques sur ce domaine sont rares. L’OCDE, en partenariat avec l’Office europeen des brevets et l’Universite de Tokyo, a conduit une enquete sur les licences de brevets. L’objectif etait de mesurer l’intensite de l’activite de licence avec les entreprises affiliees et non-affiliees (independantes), son evolution, ses caracteristiques, ses motivations et les obstacles rencontres par les entreprises qui souhaitent licencier. La population couverte comprend les titulaires de brevet: 600 entreprises europeennes et 1 600 entreprises japonaises ont repondu a l’enquete, conduite dans la seconde moitie de 2007. Les reponses montrent que les licences de brevets sont tres courantes parmi les entreprises titulaires de brevets: environ une entreprise sur cinq en Europe, et plus d’une sur quatre au Japon, licencient des brevets a des partenaires independants. La relation entre taille de l’entreprise et probabilite de licencier est en forme de U: les petites entreprises et les grandes ont une plus grande propension a licencier leurs brevets. En Europe, les petites et moyennes entreprises rencontrent plus d’obstacles que les grandes lorsqu’elles souhaitent licencier. Le principal obstacle a la licence est d’ordre informationnel: identifier des partenaires. Finalement, on trouve aussi qu’un tiers des entreprises europeennes nees apres 2000 estiment que les brevets sont plutot ou tres importants pour convaincre les investisseurs et capital risqueurs de leur fournir des fonds.
Should internet service providers fear peer-assisted content distribution?

Recently, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have emerged as an attractive solution to enable large-scale content distribution without requiring major infrastructure investments. While such P2P solutions appear highly beneficial for content providers and end-users, there seems to be a growing concern among Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that now need to support the distribution cost. In this work, we explore the potential impact of future P2P file delivery mechanisms as seen from three different perspectives: i) the content provider, ii) the ISPs, and iii) individual content consumers. Using a diverse set of measurements including Bit-Torrent tracker logs and payload packet traces collected at the edge of a 20,000 user access network, we quantify the impact of peer-assisted file delivery on end-user experience and resource consumption. We further compare it with the performance expected from traditional distribution mechanisms based on large server farms and Content Distribution Networks (CDNs). While existing P2P content distribution solutions may provide significant benefits for content providers and end-consumers in terms of cost and performance, our results demonstrate that they have an adverse impact on ISPs' costs by shifting the associated capacity requirements from the content providers and CDNs to the ISPs themselves. Further, we highlight how simple "locality-aware" P2P delivery solutions can significantly alleviate the induced cost at the ISPs, while providing an overall performance that approximates that of a perfect world-wide caching infrastructure.
Regularization tools for binary interactions

We first discuss two-body and chain regularization methods for direct N-body simulations on HARP-2 and GRAPE-6. The former is used for accurate integration of perturbed binaries and hierarchies, whereas the latter deals with strong interactions involving binaries. Combined with a powerful stability criterion for hierarchical systems, this versatile treatment provides an efficient way of studying all dynamical processes in globular clusters containing a realistic population of primordial binaries. These algorithms are also ideal for modelling a variety of astrophysical effects, such as averaging over Kozai cycles, tidal circularization, spin-orbit coupling and stellar collisions, where well-defined elements are used to describe near-singular solutions. We also describe a new time-transformed leapfrog scheme which has been developed to deal with black-hole binaries in galactic centres. This formulation is valid for large mass ratios and dominant two-body motions in a compact subsystem can be treated accurately in the post-Newtonian approximation. This method has been combined with the existing regularization algorithms into a new simulation code NBODY 7. Some preliminary results of a test problem illustrating possible applications are presented.
Macroeconomic stability, governance and growth: empirical lessons from the post-communist transition

Using panel data for the period 1989-2006 we revisit the empirics of economic growth in the context of the post-communist transition. We pay particular attention to the mechanisms of causation and to the potential endogeneity of the macroeconomic stability indicators considered to be important in the existing literature. Carefully employing a variety of econometric techniques we consistently find that macroeconomic instability is bad for economic growth. We find some evidence that institutions of governance are important for economic growth through their influence on the macroeconomic environment. That is, good institutions are conducive to macroeconomic stability which in turn positively impacts upon economic growth. We also find, in contrast with other work, that investments in education have had a strong positive impact on growth in transition while other 'standard' economic growth determinants remain less important. These findings are shown to be robust to a variety of econometric approaches, specifications and time spans.
Envy, Gratitude, and Well-Being Among Guatemalan Adolescents With Scarce Economic Resources

Adolescents’ social and emotional lives reflect and inform their well-being. Yet, we know little about how social emotions, like gratitude and envy, are expressed in social relationships and shape well-being among adolescents living outside of wealthy, minority world settings. In many parts of the world, including Guatemala, poverty and economic hardship are among the most common challenges of adolescents. In an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design, Study 1 explored how Guatemalan youth living with scarce resources experience and respond to gratitude and envy. Interviews with 22 Guatemalan adolescents (Mean age = 14.55 years, SD = .74, 59% girls) about their experiences with envy and gratitude were coded based on Auerbach and Silverstein’s (2003) approach. Findings revealed that envy ignited anger and rifts in close relationships with friends and family. Conversely, gratitude was rooted in reciprocity and often motivated youth to act kindly on another’s behalf. In Study 2, adolescents (N = 64, Mean age = 14.15, SD = 1.05, 55% girls) completed locally adapted measures of envy, gratitude, and life satisfaction. A multiple regression analysis revealed that envy was associated with lower and gratitude with higher life satisfaction, consistent with studies in other cultural contexts. In sum, the use of locally developed measures of the social emotions envy and gratitude revealed the expected relations with well-being, negative for envy and positive for gratitude. For Guatemalan youth facing daily hardships, discouraging envy and fostering gratitude may help to boost well-being and nurture positive close relationships.
Self-physical rehabilitation system using the microsoft kinect

In this paper, We present a Self-Physical Rehabilitation System (SPRS) that assists patients to rehab correctly at home by themselves without physical therapists for solving the problem of access to medical service. SPRS uses KINECT to detect movement of patient's body while doing self-rehab and processing of data from motion detection of patients by KINECT to determine accuracy of gesture. This software that allows patients to exercises with 9 gestures of balance physical therapies which are Hip extension, Side Leg raise, Knee flexion, Hip flexion, Plantar flexion, Tandem walk, Side walk, Chair Stands, and Timed Up &Go. The results show SPRS allows patients rehab correctly with a slight error that better than exercise without assisted by software.
Timing of right parietal and frontal cortex activity in visuo-spatial perception: a TMS study in normal individuals

In a recent study we showed that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with train duration of 400 ms over right frontal and right posterior parietal cortices gives rise to transitory contralateral visuo-spatial neglect in normal subjects. In the present experiment we investigated whether using single-pulse TMS it is possible to obtain information about the timing of cortical activity related to spatial cognition. Nine healthy subjects performed in baseline condition and during TMS a tachistoscopic task, requiring a forced-choice estimation of the length of the two segments of prebisected horizontal lines. Single-pulse TMS was triggered at various time intervals (150 ms, 225 ms, 300 ms) after visual stimulus onset with a focal coil over P6 and F4 (according to 10/20 EEG system). Relative transitory rightward bias was observed only when parietal TMS was delivered 150 ms after visual stimulus presentation. Frontal stimulation induced no effect on visuo-spatial perception with the time intervals explored.
European Conference on Information Systems ( ECIS ) Summer 10-6-2011 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR RESOURCE-EFFICIENCY IN SERVER ROOMS AND DATA CENTERS

This paper conceptualizes a hybrid package of products and services which ensures the energy efficient planning, realization and operation of IT infrastructure. It follows the well-established procedure model of product-service systems engineering and pursues a qualitative research approach that is based on two industry workshops with more than 60 participants from science and practice and on semi-structured interviews with 8 experts. Based on the findings from the interviews and the workshops, customer requirements to the hybrid package are described, a product model is developed and evaluated. Finally, an application scenario is derived.
Influence of Influenza A Infection on Capsaicin-Induced Responses in Murine Airways

The principal aim of the study was to determine the influence of influenza A virus infection on capsaicin-induced relaxation responses in mouse isolated tracheal segments and clarify the underlying mechanisms. Anesthetized mice were intranasally inoculated with influenza A/PR-8/34 virus (VIRUS) or vehicle (SHAM), and 4 days later tracheal segments were harvested for isometric tension recording and biochemical and histologic analyses. Capsaicin induced dose-dependent relaxation responses in carbachol-contracted SHAM trachea (e.g., 10 μM capsaicin produced 66 ± 4% relaxation; n = 11), which were significantly inhibited by capsazepine [transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) antagonist], (2S,3S)-3-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy}-2-phenylpiperidine hydrochloride (L-733,060) [neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist], indomethacin [cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor], and the combination of 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid (AH6809) and 7-[5α-([1S,1α(Z)-biphenyl]-4-ylmethoxy)-2β-(4-morpholinyl)-3-oxocyclopentyl]-4-heptenoic acid, calcium salt, hydrate (AH23848) [E-prostanoid (EP)2 and EP4 receptor antagonists, respectively], indicating that capsaicin-induced relaxation involved the TRPV1-mediated release of substance P (SP), activation of epithelial NK1 receptors, and production of COX products capable of activating relaxant EP2/EP4 receptors. Consistent with this postulate, capsaicin-induced relaxation was associated with the significant release of SP and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from mouse tracheal segments. As expected, influenza A virus infection was associated with widespread disruption of the tracheal epithelium. Tracheal segments from VIRUS mice responded weakly to capsaicin (7 ± 3% relaxation) and were 25-fold less responsive to SP than tracheas from SHAM mice. In contrast, relaxation responses to exogenous PGE2 and the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline were not inhibited in VIRUS trachea. Virus infection was associated with impaired capsaicin-induced release of PGE2, but the release of SP was not affected. In summary, influenza A virus infection profoundly inhibits capsaicin- and SP-induced relaxation responses, most likely by inhibiting the production of PGE2.
Faldaprevir for the Treatment of Hepatitis C

The current treatments for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection are combinations of direct-acting antivirals, and faldaprevir is one of the new generation of HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors. At the end of 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor simeprevir and the HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir. Simeprevir or sofosbuvir in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin are available for clinical use. Faldaprevir, another HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor that also has fewer adverse events than telaprevir or boceprevir, is under development. Of interest, faldaprevir in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, and interferon-free treatment with faldaprevir in combination with deleobuvir plus ribavirin provides high sustained virological response rates for HCV genotype 1 infection. The aim of this article is to review these data concerning faldaprevir. Faldaprevir in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment appears to be associated with fewer adverse events than telaprevir or boceprevir in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, and may be one of the therapeutic options for treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype 1. The interferon-free combination of faldaprevir and deleobuvir with ribavirin was effective for HCV genotype 1 infection and may hold promise for interferon-ineligible and interferon-intolerant patients.
TNF-alpha modulation for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month pilot study.

CONTEXT Current pharmacologic treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) do not prevent long-term clinical deterioration. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of a biologic TNF-alpha inhibitor, etanercept was given by perispinal extrathecal administration for the treatment of AD. METHODS This was a prospective, single-center, open-label, pilot (proof-of-concept) study, in which 15 patients with mild-to-severe AD were treated for 6 months. We administered etanercept, 25-50 mg, once weekly by perispinal administration. Main outcome measures included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), and the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB). RESULTS The average age of our patient population was 76.7. The mean baseline MMSE was 18.2 (n = 15); the mean baseline ADAS-Cog was 20.8 (n = 11); and the mean baseline SIB was 62.5 (n = 5). There was significant improvement with treatment, as measured by all of the primary efficacy variables, through 6 months: MMSE increased by 2.13 -/+ 2.23, ADAS-Cog improved (decreased) by 5.48 -/+ 5.08, and SIB increased by 16.6 -/+ 14.52. CONCLUSION An increasing amount of basic science and clinical evidence implicates inflammatory processes and resulting glial activation in the pathogenesis of AD. This small, open-label pilot study suggests that inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha may hold promise as a potential approach to AD treatment. Further study in randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials is merited.
Learning Feature Dependencies for Noise Correction in Biomedical Prediction

The presence of noise or errors in the stated feature values of biomedical data can lead to incorrect prediction. We introduce a Bayesian Network-based Noise Correction framework named BN-NC. After data preprocessing, a Bayesian Network (BN) is learned to capture the feature dependencies. Using the BN to predict each feature in turn, BN-NC estimates a feature’s error rate as the deviation between its predicted and stated values in the training data, and allocates the appropriate uncertainty to its subsequent findings during prediction. BN-NC automatically generates a probabilistic rule to explain BN prediction on the class variable using the feature values in its Markov blanket, and this is reapplied as necessary to explain the noise correction on those features. Using three real-life benchmark biomedical data sets (on HIV-1 drug resistance prediction and leukemia subtype classification), we demonstrate that BN-NC (1) accurately detects the errors in biomedical feature values, (2) automatically corrects for the errors to maintain higher prediction accuracy over competing methods including Decision Trees, Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines, and (3) generates probabilistic rules that concisely explain the prediction and noise correction decisions. In addition to achieving more robust biomedical prediction in the presence of feature noise, by highlighting erroneous features and explaining their corrections, BN-NC provides medical researchers with high utility insights to biomedical data not found in other methods.
Anthropological Cybernetic Model of Demography of the Island of Hvar

Intentions of the present investigation were to apply a cybernetic model in description of demography on the island of Hvar for a time period from year 1800 till now. The basic idea of the model applied in this anthropological study (LOPI) is that the rate of reproduction is given by the non-linear controller: Y2/Te(1-(Y3/G)). Constant G represents an environmental carrying capacity of a community with respect to the cohort of older people (no longer a part of the pool of reproductive inhabitants; Y3) sharing limited survival resources. The proportional constant 1/Te connected with the pool of reproductive inhabitants (Y2) correspond to the reproduction maximum. The consistency of the model is evaluated through comparison between model data and census. The LOPI model describes incredibly well the demography of the island of Hvar from the year 1800 till 1940. After year 1950 there were more inhabitants on the island then the model would predict. This fact is connected with changes in the migration or also in the increased carrying capacity (G). On the basis LOPI model, population dynamic oscillates in its development. The example of the island of Hvar has proved that population reaches a maximal number of inhabitants every 200 years. The oscillation of population dynamics is influenced by the migration processes. The mere fact that oscillating population size is connected to population genetics and probably also to sociocultural factors suggests that a cybernetics demographic model can be a guide in the holistic anthropological approach.
Dysconnectivity in the Frontoparietal Attention Network in Schizophrenia

Cognitive impairment is common in patients with schizophrenia, and even those with relatively preserved function perform worse than healthy volunteers (HVs) on attentional tasks. This is consistent with the hypothesis that connectivity – in the frontoparietal network (FPN) activated during attention – is disrupted in schizophrenia. We examined attentional effects on connectivity in the FPN, in schizophrenia, using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Twenty-three HVs and 19 first-episode schizophrenia patients were scanned during a simple visual change test, known to activate the FPN, in which attention was monitored and directed with an orthogonal flicker-detection task. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of evoked responses was used to assess effective connectivity – and its modulation by changes in the attended stimulus dimension – in the following network: higher visual area; temporoparietal junction (TPJ); intraparietal sulcus (IPS); dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The final MEG analysis included 18 HVs and 14 schizophrenia patients. While all participants were able to maintain attention, HVs responded slightly, but non-significantly, more accurately than schizophrenia patients. HVs, but not schizophrenia patients, exhibited greater cortical responses to attended visual changes. Bayesian model comparison revealed that a DCM with attention dependent changes in both top-down and bottom-up connections best explained responses by patients with schizophrenia, while in HVs the best model required only bottom-up changes. Quantitative comparison of connectivity estimates revealed a significant group difference in changes in the right IPS-TPJ connection: schizophrenia patients showed relative reductions in connectivity during attended stimulus changes. Crucially, this reduction predicted lower intelligence. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that functional dysconnections in the FPN contribute to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
Concurrent Dual  $K/Ka$-Band T/R/Calibration Switch Module With Quasi-Elliptic Dual-Bandpass Frequency Response Implementing Metamaterial Transmission Line and Negative Resistance

A novel dual-band transmit/receive (T/R) switch module with an integrated calibration path, hereafter a T/R/Calibration switch module, is developed for dual K/Ka-band array systems, especially digital beam-forming antenna array system, using 0.18- μm BiCMOS technology. A unique quasi-elliptic dual-bandpass frequency response is achieved in its reception and calibration paths with the use of a composite right/left-handed metamaterial transmission line structure coupled with the Colpitts-style negative-resistance generation circuit. The proposed T/R/Calibration switch module architecture provides a self-calibration for both transmission and reception from the farthest end of an array transceiver excluding antennas, thereby offering an accurate calibration function for the synthetic aperture radar consequently. The newly proposed T/R/Calibration switch topology enhances the opportunity of standalone operation of multi-band array transceivers by the integrated self-calibration capability, while still fulfilling the low-noise and high-power needed for the transceivers for reception and transmission via bidirectional low-noise amplifier/power amplifier, respectively.