Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Preference for Remembering: Acknowledging an Answer With Finnish Ai Nii(n) (“Oh That's Right”)

This article identifies a phenomenon called “the preference for remembering. ” This is conversationalists’ orientation to their epistemic responsibilities to remember and to take into account things from the past that are relevant to the here-and-now interactional moment. The focus is on the Finnish particle cluster ai nii(n) (“oh that's right”) that a speaker may use when they hear their recipient's answer to their question. Through ai nii(n), the speaker claims that she actually already had independent access to the information requested—but did not remember it until hearing the answer. The article will show that these claims of only-now-remembering are used as accounts for asking (what turn out to be) inapposite questions.
Visual Discrimination of Shape by Humans

Reaction times to tachistoscopic exposure and a card-sorting task are the two methods by which visual discrimination of shape is studied. The results of experiments using both methods tally, i.e. the order of difficulty of the following shapes was: (1) (easiest) circle vs. triangle; (2) circle vs. square; (3) square vs. triangle; (4) (most difficult) triangle vs. diamond. These results are compared with those obtained by Sutherland, using octopus, and it is concluded that it should be possible to establish to what extent the system of visual analysis in humans differs from that postulated for both octopus and rat.
Short‐Term Variability of Measures of Physical Function in Older People

Self reported physical function was assessed in telephone interviews approximately 3 weeks apart for a sample of 193 persons aged 69 or older. Three measures of physical function were used: a modified Activities of Daily Living scale, three items proposed by Rosow and Breslau, and five items from among those used by Nagi. Agreement between first and second interviews was very good; most subjects reported no impairment in function at either interview. Among those who reported some impairment, the degree of limitation within the specific activities reported as limited and the total number of activities with any degree of limitation agreed exactly for most and within one level for almost all subjects. There was no evidence to suggest that age or cognitive impairment affected the variability of the responses, and reported declines and improvements in function were about equally common.
Implication of Research on Teacher Belief

The implications of research on teacher belief for the nature of teaching and teacher education are discussed. In addition, ignored or minimally addressed issues that could provide avenues for future research are raised. Teacher belief is defined broadly as tacit, often unconsciously held assumptions about students, classrooms, and the academic material to be taught. After summarizing the heterogeneous research on teacher belief, I point out that we lack direct evidence concerning the processes that effect change in teacher belief. However, we can assume that they are similar to those needed to effect conceptual change in other kinds of personal belief. This leads to a discussion of research on conceptual change and its relevance to teacher education. I next suggest that the need for an elaborate personal belief system among teachers arises out of the many uncertainties endemic to classroom teaching: In a landscape without bearings, teachers create and internalize their own maps. The need for a personal b.
The nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating mothers of good socio-economic status in Cambridge, UK: some implications for recommended daily allowances of minor nutrients

1. Forty-two mothers from social classes I, I1 and IIInon-manual and twenty-one from social classes IIImanual (M), IV and V were studied longitudinally. The mean daily nutrient intakes in months 4–9 of pregnancy, months 2– 4 of lactation and 3 and 6 months post-lactation are presented and are compared with the UK and the US recommended daily allowances (RDA). 2. The quality of the diets (nutrients per 4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) was found to be better than that of other adult female populations studied in the UK, except for a group of dietitians. 3. The mean daily intakes of nutrients for which there are UK RDA were almost all greater than 100% of the RDA. The exceptions were iron, which in the manual group (social classes IIIM, IV and V) was 85% of the RDA in pregnancy and 75% post-lactation, and vitamin D. 4. Among the nutrients for which there are US, but not UK RDA, only phosphorus and vitamin B,, intakes were greater than 100% of the RDA in both groups at all stages of the study. Intakes of other nutrients were below the RDA: pantothenate 7G91, vitamin B, zinc, vitamin E and copper 40–72, folate 21–44, and biotin < 20% of the RDA. 5. The bases of the RDA for adult women were examined; for most nutrients the information is limited. It was concluded that the RDA for magnesium, vitamin E and pantothenate are probably higher than necessary and that deficiency is unlikely; that zinc, copper, vitamin B, and folate are probably ‘marginal’ nutrients for ‘at risk’ groups; and that information on biotin is insufficient even roughly to assess the dietary requirement.
Changes in Recognition Memory over Time: An ERP Investigation into Vocabulary Learning

Although it seems intuitive to assume that recognition memory fades over time when information is not reinforced, some aspects of word learning may benefit from a period of consolidation. In the present study, event-related potentials (ERP) were used to examine changes in recognition memory responses to familiar and newly learned (novel) words over time. Native English speakers were taught novel words associated with English translations, and subsequently performed a Recognition Memory task in which they made old/new decisions in response to both words (trained word vs. untrained word), and novel words (trained novel word vs. untrained novel word). The Recognition task was performed 45 minutes after training (Day 1) and then repeated the following day (Day 2) with no additional training session in between. For familiar words, the late parietal old/new effect distinguished old from new items on both Day 1 and Day 2, although response to trained items was significantly weaker on Day 2. For novel words, the LPC again distinguished old from new items on both days, but the effect became significantly larger on Day 2. These data suggest that while recognition memory for familiar items may fade over time, recognition of novel items, conscious recollection in particular may benefit from a period of consolidation.
Synergistic stimulation of human monocytes and dendritic cells by Toll‐like receptor 4 and NOD1‐ and NOD2‐activating agonists

Muropeptides are degradation products of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) sensed by nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, members of a recently discovered family of pattern recognition molecules (PRM). One of these muropeptides, muramyl dipeptide (MDP) mediates cell signaling by NOD2, exerts adjuvant activity and synergizes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce pro‐inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, few and contradictory results exist about the stimulatory capacity of NOD1 agonists. Thus, the ability of NOD1 (MurNAc‐L‐Ala‐γ‐D‐Glu‐meso‐diaminopimelic acid, MtriDAP) and NOD2 (MurNAc‐L‐Ala‐D‐isoGln, MDP; MurNAc‐L‐Ala‐γ‐D‐Glu‐L‐Lys, MtriLYS) agonists to activate primary human myeloid cells was examined. We show that both CD14+ monocytes and CD1a+ immature dendritic cells (DC) express NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA. Stimulation of primary human monocytes and DC with highly purified muropeptides (MtriDAP, MDP and MtriLYS) induces release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. We reveal here that NOD1 as well as NOD2 agonists act cooperatively with LPS to stimulate the release of both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in these myeloid cell subsets. Finally, we report that NOD1 as well as NOD2 agonists synergize with sub‐active doses of LPS to induce DC maturation, demonstrating that NOD agonists act cooperatively with molecules sensed by Toll‐like receptor 4 to instruct the onset of adaptive immune responses.
$NP/CLP$ Equivalence: A Phenomenon Hidden Among Sparsity Models for Information Processing

It is proved in this paper that to every underdetermined linear system $Ax=b$ there corresponds a constant $p(A,b)>0$ such that every solution to the $l_p$-norm minimization problem also solves the $l_0$-norm minimization problem whenever $0<p<p(A,b)$. This phenomenon is named $NP/CLP$ equivalence.
Epidemiological profile of hospitalized patients with TB at a referral hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE To determine the epidemiological profile of inpatients at a TB referral hospital. METHODS This was a descriptive, retrospective study of the medical charts of patients with TB hospitalized at the Hospital Estadual Santa Maria (HESM), in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between January of 2002 and December of 2003. Data were collected using a standardized form. RESULTS Of the 451 patients included in the study, 313 (69.4%) had been referred to the HESM from health care clinics, and 302 (67.0%) were male. Most of the patients were in the 30-59 year age bracket, 443 (98.2%) lived in the greater metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, and 298 (66.1%) lived in the city of Rio de Janeiro itself. The most common reason for hospitalization was poor health status (in 237, 52.5%). The most common comorbidity was AIDS (in 137, 30.4%). The most common signs and symptoms at admission were weight loss, fever and productive cough. Sputum smear microscopy was positive in 122 (71.0%) of the patients presenting with productive cough at admission. Of the 212 patients being retreated, 156 (73.6%) reported noncompliance with previous treatment. Regarding the outcome, 273 (65.8%) of the patients were referred to municipal health care centers, 83 (18.4%) died, 44 (9.8%) were cured, and 27 (6%) were discharged against medical advice. CONCLUSIONS Providing hospitals specializing in TB is relevant for TB control, especially in metropolitan regions. In addition to taking biosafety measures, these hospitals must be prepared to treat patients with TB-related comorbidities and social problems. This study has resulted in improvements at the HESM.
Dose Reconstruction for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Radiation Exposures: Use in Epidemiological Studies

Abstract Stovall, M. , Weathers, R. , Kasper, C. , Smith, S. A. , Travis, L. , Ron, E. and Kleinerman, R. Dose Reconstruction for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Radiation Exposures: Use in Epidemiological Studies. Radiat. Res. 166, 141–157 (2006). This paper describes methods developed specifically for reconstructing individual organ- and tissue-absorbed dose of radiation from past exposures from medical treatments and procedures for use in epidemiological studies. These methods have evolved over the past three decades and have been applied to a variety of medical exposures including external-beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy for malignant and benign diseases as well as diagnostic examinations. The methods used for estimating absorbed dose to organs in and outside the defined treatment volume generally require archival data collection, abstraction and review, and phantom measurements to simulate past exposure conditions. Three techniques are used to estimate doses from radiation therapy: (1) calculation in three-dimensional mathematical computer models using an extensive database of out-of-beam doses measured in tissue-equivalent materials, (2) measurement in anthropomorphic phantoms constructed of tissue-equivalent material, and (3) calculation using a three-dimensional treatment-planning computer. For diagnostic exposures, doses are estimated from published data and software based on Monte Carlo techniques. We describe and compare these methods of dose estimation and discuss uncertainties in estimated organ doses and potential for future improvement. Seven epidemiological studies are discussed to illustrate the methods.
Volunteer's Dilemma

A conflict game simulating social traps in which a collective good can be provided by a volunteer is discussed and some solution concepts are analyzed. There is a greater incentive for “free riding” than for the production of the collective good at the cost of the volunteer. However, if everybody defects, all players will lose. Such a result is frequently produced by “diffusion of responsibility” as described by Darley and Latané (1968). In contrast to other social traps, a dominant strategy does not exist. Also, the mixed-equilibrium strategy yields very low payoffs. The expected gain is not greater than the payoff achieved by the nonequilibrium maximum strategy. Superrationality might be a way out of the trap. However, this concept lacks the desirable equilibrium property. Only in the free communication version of the game can a definitive answer to the question of a rational strategy be given.
Spatial discourse and navigation: an analysis of route directions in the city of Venice

We report four studies in which we investigated the production of spatial discourse designed to help people move around in unfamiliar environments. In Study 1, descriptions of three routes were collected from residents of the city of Venice. Analysis of the descriptions revealed the variety of ways used to describe each route. Typical features of route directions were found, in particular the uneven distribution of the landmarks mentioned, which tended to concentrate at critical points where an orientation problem had to be solved. Study 2 used individual protocols to construct more abstract (‘skeletal’) descriptions, reflecting the essentials needed for navigation. New subjects selected those units of information they judged necessary and sufficient to guide a person travelling along the routes. The contents of the skeletal descriptions were very similar, whether they were established by people familiar with Venice or complete strangers, suggesting that people can judge the relevance of information in route directions, regardless of their knowledge of the environment described. Study 3 showed that the ratings of the communicative value of the original individual protocols also resulted in very similar responses from familiar and unfamiliar judges. Finally, Study 4 assessed the value of individual descriptions for assisting navigation by testing the navigational performance elicited by these descriptions. Subjects unfamiliar with the city of Venice were given skeletal descriptions or descriptions which had been rated ‘good’ or ‘poor’ in the previous study. Navigation with good descriptions gave significantly lower error scores than navigation with poor descriptions, and skeletal descriptions gave scores similar to those of good descriptions. Poor descriptions also resulted in more errors from subjects who tended to use a survey perspective than from subjects expressing a preference for visual memories of landmarks. We suggest that the efficiency of route directions as navigational aids depends not only on their intrinsic characteristics but also on the mode of processing adopted by the users. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obstacles to Reducing AIDS among African Americans

The major obstacles to sustaining mobilization efforts are objective conditions, attitudes toward sexuality, perceptions of substance abuse and HIV/AIDS, and conflicting policy views. Organizational responses to the epidemic occur within circumstances ofperceived oppression, neglect, competing and conflicting agendas, and religious conservatism. Suspicion, often dismissed by public health officials and community-based outreach workers, neutralizes programmatic activities. Popular reactionsfocus on debates about conspiracy theories, fear of racist stigmatization, anda pervasive sense that only marginal groups are affected. Ambivalence hampers prevention and treatment. Public health education is still not sufficiently penetrating African American neighborhoods. Efforts have not been systematic or continous. Many are top-down actions organized by professional elites aimed at their constituencies rather than neighborhoods. Addicts and their sex partners have not been sufficiently empowered or persuaded in large numbers to change their vulnerable actions. Unfortunately the crisis has not waned.
Efficacy and Safety of Opioids for the Prevention of Etomidate-Induced Myoclonus: A Meta-Analysis

Etomidate is a widely used hypnotic drug for induction of general anesthesia and sedation, especially in elderly patients and hemodynamically unstable patients. Myoclonus, however, is the most prominent problem during induction of anesthesia with etomidate. Many agents have been used to prevent it and opioid is one of them. This meta-analysis was to evaluate effects of opioids pretreatment for preventing etomidate-induced myoclonus. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases and published studies in English updated to September 2015. Randomized controlled trials of opioids versus placebo/control in patients were included. We evaluated the prophylactic effect of opioids on etomidate-induced myoclonus. All statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.2 software. Nine randomized controlled trials involving 604 participants were included. The results indicated that compared with placebo/control, opioids allow more patients to experience no myoclonic movements after etomidate injection [risk ratio (RR) 2.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75–4.37, P < 0.0001]. The numbers of patients with mild myoclonus [(RR) 0.53, 95% (CI) 0.36–0.78, P = 0.001], moderate myoclonus [(RR) 0.36, 95% (CI) 0.23–0.55, P < 0.00001], and severe myoclonus [(RR) 0.20, 95% (CI) 0.08–0.52, P = 0.0009] after etomidate injection were significantly decreased with the pretreatment of opioids. This meta-analysis suggests that pretreatment with opioids before injecting etomidate was effective for preventing etomidate-induced myoclonus and can reduce the intensity of myoclonus without any adverse effects.
A Psychometric Study of the College Self-Efficacy Inventory

Researchers and educators continue to try to understand and predict premature post-secondary institutional departure. According to social cognitive theory, self-efficacy beliefs are the gateway to understanding why individuals initiate behavior, the effort they expend in engaging in behavior, and their persistence in the face of obstacles. College self-efficacy (belief in one's ability to successfully engage in college-related behaviors) is a construct that may serve to further our understanding of college persistence and performance. The present study was conducted to more fully describe the construct of college self-efficacy as measured by the College Self-Efficacy Inventory (CSEI). specifically, we explored the factor structure and concurrent and predictive validity of scores on the CSEI. Results suggest that college self-efficacy, as measured by the CSEI, is a useful construct that may be of interest to researchers studying academic and career-related outcomes.
Romancing the Gop

Despite the increasing involvement of interest groups and social movement organizations in the American political system over the past few decades, only recently has some attention been given to understanding how their activities affect political parties. To investigate the relationship between parties and groups, I examine the interactions between the Christian Coalition and the Republican Party. Relying on 17 interviews with national Republican and Christian Coalition officials, and a mail survey of 423 Republican county chairs, I argue that the Christian Coalition has used electoral mobilization and policy expertise more than financial clout to influence the party. These results have important ramifications for the relationship between groups and political parties.
Bilateral Idiopathic Adrenal Hyperplasia: Genetics and Beyond

Abstract Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia currently accounts for up to 2 thirds of cases of primary aldosteronism. As such, it represents a major opportunity for targeted medical management as opposed to unilateral surgically correctable forms of the disease. Although the majority of cases of primary aldosteronism are sporadic, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia may occur in the context of familial hyperaldosteronism where it is associated with specific germline mutations. Over the past 5 years, impressive progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic basis underlying primary aldosteronism, allowing us to identify and characterize new familial forms of the disease and to understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of aldosterone producing adenoma. In contrast, our knowledge of the genetic contribution to the development of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, and in a larger context, to renin and aldosterone levels in the general population, is still poor. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the genetics of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and addresses some open questions to be addressed by future research. In particular, genome-wide association studies in large populations may provide clues to understanding the genetic susceptibility underlying the development of primary aldosteronism.
Are You Crying or Laughing? Emotion Recognition Deficits After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract To date there has been little research concerning the neuropsychological mechanisms of emotion perception deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI), although such deficits are well documented. This paper considers two major issues. First, are emotion-processing deficits found regardless of the media of presentation? In a recent study examining this issue, adults with severe TBI were found to have particular problems identifying emotions from conversational tone, as well as difficulties when presented with still photographs and audiovisual dynamic displays (videoed vignettes). They were relatively normal when asked to classify emotions on the basis of moving visual displays without sound. This may reflect the fact that the parietal cortices, important for processing movement, are relatively unscathed in TBI. The second issue concerns whether emotion recognition is facilitated by empathic emotional responses and whether these are diminished in people with TBI. Evidence is presented for a relation between subjective reports of diminished emotional experience and emotion recognition accuracy. Finally, preliminary data suggests that people with TBI may fail to have empathic reactions when asked to passively view emotional expressions.
Trauma-Informed Care in the Massachusetts Child Trauma Project

Child maltreatment is a serious public health concern, and its detrimental effects can be compounded by traumatic experiences associated with the child welfare (CW) system. Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a promising strategy for addressing traumatized children’s needs, but research on the impact of TIC in CW is limited. This study examines initial findings of the Massachusetts Child Trauma Project, a statewide TIC initiative in the CW system and mental health network. After 1 year of implementation, Trauma-Informed Leadership Teams in CW offices emerged as key structures for TIC systems integration, and mental health providers’ participation in evidence-based treatment (EBT) learning collaboratives was linked to improvements in trauma-informed individual and agency practices. After approximately 6 months of EBT treatment, children had fewer posttraumatic symptoms and behavior problems compared to baseline. Barriers to TIC that emerged included scarce resources for trauma-related work in the CW agency and few mental providers providing EBTs to young children. Future research might explore variations in TIC across service system components as well as the potential for differential effects across EBT models disseminated through TIC.