Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increased risk of dialysis and end-stage renal disease among HIV patients in Denmark compared with the background population.

BACKGROUND HIV patients have increased risk of impaired renal function. We aimed to estimate the incidence of any renal replacement therapy (aRRT) and start of chronic renal replacement therapy (cRRT) among HIV patients compared with population controls. METHODS In a nationwide, population-based cohort study we analysed incidence rates (IR), incidence rate ratios (IRR) and risk factors for aRRT and cRRT among HIV patients compared with an age- and gender-matched population control cohort using Poisson regression. RESULTS We identified 5300 HIV patients and 53 000 population controls. The IRs per 10 000 person-years of aRRT and cRRT among HIV patients were 15.9 (95% CI: 12.5-20.1) and 4.4 (95% CI: 2.8-6.9), respectively. The IRR was 4.7 (95% CI: 3.5-6.2) for aRRT and 3.6 (95% CI: 2.2-6.0) for cRRT compared with population controls. Risk of aRRT was increased during the first year after HIV diagnosis [IRR 3.5 (95% CI: 1.5-8.1)], after a diagnosis of AIDS [IRR 2.3 (95% CI: 1.3-3.9)], in intravenous drug users [IRR 6.0 (95% CI: 2.9-12.2)] and in patients with hypertension [IRR 7.0 (95% CI: 3.7-13.2)]. Factors associated with increased risk of cRRT were hypertension [IRR 20 (95% CI: 6.8-61)] and baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min pr. 1.73 m(2) [IRR 7.8 (95% CI: 1.2-50)]. Exposure to tenofovir and/or atazanavir was not associated with risk of aRRT or cRRT. CONCLUSIONS The risk of aRRT is increased more than 4-fold and the risk of cRRT is increased more than 3-fold in HIV patients in Denmark compared with the background population. We found no association between exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir or the combination of the two and risk of aRRT or cRRT.
Internet-Based One-Way-Mirror Supervision for Advanced Psychotherapy Training

This article describes a technological setup and model for Internet-based one-way-mirror supervision, called Remote Live Supervision (RLS). RLS improves the availability of distance-based advanced psychotherapy training by permitting a supervisee to receive “live” supervision from a supervisor in a distant location, in real time during a psychotherapy session. The benefits and limitations of “cybersupervision” (Gilbert & Maxwell, 2011) are discussed, with special consideration given to supervision process, ethics, privacy, and security. Directions for future research are discussed.
There is more than one way to skin a G matrix

Because of its importance in directing evolutionary trajectories, there has been considerable interest in comparing variation among genetic variance–covariance (G) matrices. Numerous statistical approaches have been suggested but no general analysis of the relationship among these methods has previously been published. In this study, we used data from a half‐sib experiment and simulations to explore the results of applying eight tests (T method, modified Mantel test, Bartlett’s test, Flury hierarchy, jackknife‐manova, jackknife‐eigenvalue test, random skewers, selection skewers). Whereas a randomization approach produced acceptable estimates, those from a bootstrap were typically unacceptable and we recommend randomization as the preferred method. All methods except the jackknife‐eigenvalue test gave similar results although a fine‐scale analysis suggested that the former group can be subdivided into two or possibly three groups, hierarchical tests, skewers and the rest (jackknife‐manova, modified Mantel, T method, probably Bartlett’s). An advantage of the jackknife methods is that they permit tests of association with other factors, such as in this case, temperature and sex. We recommend applying all the tests described in this article, with the exception of the T method, and provide R functions for this purpose.
Optical interactions in the junction of a scanning tunneling microscope.

Surface bias voltages induced on a scanning-tunneling-microscope junction illuminated with laser radiation are spatially measured for both metal and semiconductor samples. A surface photovoltage of \ensuremath{\sim}0.3 eV is observed for Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7), with large reductions in the vicinity of surface (subsurface) defects having midgap states. These reductions, attributed to a change in the recombination rate, have a typical surface screening distance of 15--25 \AA{}. A small, atomically varying signal of 3--5 mV is observed on both metal and semiconductor samples and demonstrated to arise not from variation in photovoltage but from spatial variations in rectification efficiency.
A role for neutral sphingomyelinase activation in the inhibition of LPS action by phospholipid oxidation products Published, JLR Papers in Press, June 14, 2006.

Previous studies from our laboratory and others presented evidence that oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) and oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in endothelial cells. Using synthetic derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamine, we now demonstrate that phospholipid oxidation products containing α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids are the most active inhibitors we examined. 5-Keto-6-octendioic acid ester of 2-phosphatidylcholine (KOdiA-PC) was 500-fold more inhibitory than OxPAPC, being active in the nanomolar range. Our studies in human aortic endothelial cells identify one important mechanism of the inhibitory response as involving the activation of neutral sphingomyelinase. There is evidence that Toll-like receptor-4 and other members of the LPS receptor complex must be colocalized to the caveolar/lipid raft region of the cell, where sphingomyelin is enriched, for effective LPS signaling. Previous work from our laboratory suggested that OxPAPC could disrupt this caveolar fraction. These studies present evidence that OxPAPC activates sphingomyelinase, increasing the levels of 16:0, 22:0, and 24:0 ceramide and that the neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW4869 reduces the inhibitory effect of OxPAPC and KOdiA-PC. We also show that cell-permeant C6 ceramide, like OxPAPC, causes the inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 synthesis and alters caveolin distribution similar to OxPAPC. Together, these data identify a new pathway by which oxidized phospholipids inhibit LPS action involving the activation of neutral sphingomyelinase, resulting in a change in caveolin distribution. Furthermore, we identify specific oxidized phospholipids responsible for this inhibition.
Motor reorganization in acquired hemidystonia

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with H215O positron emission tomography in 5 patients with acquired hemidystonia (AHD) due to structural lesions of the basal ganglia or posterior thalamus contralateral to the dystonic limb. Patients were scanned at rest and when performing paced joystick movements in freely chosen directions with the dystonic and then the unaffected arm. Findings were compared with those of 5 age‐matched controls performing joystick movements with the right arm. At rest, there was decreased activity in ventroanterior thalamus, posterior thalamus, angular gyrus ipsilateral to the lesion, and bilateral frontoorbital cortex. At a similar level of significance, increased resting activity was found in lentiform nucleus, hippocampus, and anterior insula contralateral to the lesion. Using the affected arm, AHD cases showed significant overactivity of contralateral prefrontal, lateral premotor cortex, rostral supplementary motor area, anterior cingulate area 32, bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and insula, mesial parietal cortex, and ipsilateral cerebellum. There was similar frontal overactivity when the unaffected arm performed the joystick movements, though SMC and insula overactivity was contralateral rather than bilateral. The associated frontal overactivity on movement is consistent with acquired dystonia being a syndrome of thalamofrontal disinhibition due to structural disruption of basal ganglia inhibitory control. Our findings also suggest that cortical activation during movement of the unaffected limb is abnormal in acquired hemidystonia.
Value-added defect testing techniques

In the transition from micrometer to nanometer technologies, many things have changed, but customer demands for low defects-per-million (DPM) failure rates have not. Modern electronic and mechanical systems contain an ever-increasing number of semiconductor components with each component containing ever-increasing gate counts per chip. With traditional quality levels, the reliability of these systems can degrade severely. Therefore, system providers must dramatically improve the reliability of each component to maintain system reliability at all levels. This article describes advanced design-for-manufacturability (DFM) test methods that target defect coverage, yield learning, and cost. The authors argue that testing can be useful for more than filtering chips. It can directly help target test pattern provide DFM tools and reduce overall costs.
Effects of Visual Activity Schedules on Independent Classroom Transitions for Students with Autism

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of visual activity schedules on the behaviour of four students with moderate autism during transitions within a self-contained classroom. Generalisation measures included pre-tests and post-tests with novel stimuli and novel visual activity schedule pictures. This A-B-A-B withdrawal design study replicated and expanded parts of a study by MacDuff, Krantz, and McClannahan and another by Bryan and Gast. Students were trained to use visual activity schedules using the system of least prompts. Results indicated that, in the presence of visual activity schedules, all participants increased independence during transitions. Pre-test/post-test data revealed generalisation of visual activity schedules with novel stimuli and novel visual activity schedule pictures across participants. Implications for practitioners and for future research are discussed.
Jalape~ No | a Compiler-supported Java Tm Virtual Machine for Servers

In this paper, we give an overview of the Jalape~ no Java Virtual Machine (JVM) research project at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. The goal of Jalape~ no is to expand the frontier of JVM technologies for server machines. As reported in the paper, several of the design and implementation decisions in Jalape~ no depend heavily on compiler support. Two noteworthy features of the Jalape~ no JVM are as follows. First, the Jalape~ no JVM takes a compile-only approach to program execution. Instead of providing both an interpreter and a JIT compiler as in other JVMs, bytecodes are always translated to machine code before they are executed. Second, the Jalape~ no JVM is itself implemented in Java! This design choice brings with it several advantages as well as technical challenges. The Jalape~ no project was initiated in January 1998 and is work-in-progress. This paper summarizes our design decisions and early experiences in working towards our goal of building a high-performance JVM for SMP server machines.
Brief exploration of short and mid-term timeout effects on basketball scoring according to situational variables

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the effects of timeouts on Basketball teams' performance differences, as measured by points scored by the team that calls a timeout and points scored by the opponent team according to game location, the quality of the opponent and the game quarter. Sixty games were analysed using the play-by-play game-related statistics from the Asociación de Clubes de Baloncesto (ACB) League in Spain (2009–2010 season). For each timeout, the points scored in the previous and post 3, 5 and 10 ball possessions were registered for the teams that called the timeout and for the opponents (n=436 and n=427, n=322 and n=319, n=112 and n=110 for 3, 5 and 10 ball possessions, respectively). For the teams that called the timeout, the results reflected positive effects on points scored, with increases of 1.59, 2.10 and 2.29 points during the period within the third, fifth and tenth timeout ball possessions. For the teams that have not called the timeout, the results identified timeout negative effects in points scored, during the period within the third and fifth ball possessions (decreases in points scored of 1.59 and 1.77, respectively). Unexpectedly, the situational variables had little or no effects on points scored, which opens up this important topic for further studies and discussion.
Distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the rat spinal cord, with a note on the spinocervical tract

To evaluate whether the organization of glutamatergic fibers systems in the lumbar cord is also evident at other spinal levels, we examined the immunocytochemical distribution of vesicle glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1, VGLUT2) at several different levels of the rat spinal cord. We also examined the expression of VGLUTs in an ascending sensory pathway, the spinocervical tract, and colocalization of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2. Mainly small VGLUT2‐immunoreactive varicosities occurred at relatively high densities in most areas, with the highest density in laminae I–II. VGLUT1 immunolabeling, including small and medium‐sized to large varicosities, was more differentiated, with the highest density in the deep dorsal horn and in certain nuclei such as the internal basilar nucleus, the central cervical nucleus, and the column of Clarke. Lamina I and IIo displayed a moderate density of small VGLUT1 varicosities at all spinal levels, although in the spinal enlargements a uniform density of such varicosities was evident throughout laminae I–II in the medial half of the dorsal horn. Corticospinal tract axons displayed VGLUT1, indicating that the corticospinal tract is an important source of small VGLUT1 varicosities. VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 were cocontained in small numbers of varicosities in laminae III–IV and IX. Anterogradely labeled spinocervical tract terminals in the lateral cervical nucleus were VGLUT2 immunoreactive. In conclusion, the principal distribution patterns of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are essentially similar throughout the rostrocaudal extension of the spinal cord. The mediolateral differences in VGLUT1 distribution in laminae I–II suggest dual origins of VGLUT1‐immunoreactive varicosities in this region. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:683–701, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empowerment in the New Age: A Motivational Study of Auto-biographical Life Stories

This article contributes to the ongoing debate about the motivational goals of New Age practices and beliefs by looking at descriptions of auto-biographical life events. Narratives from New Age, Catholic, and non-religious participants (N = 163) were analysed according to agency and communion types of motivations. New Age respondents were found to have a higher frequency for agency and a lower frequency for communion themes than the other groups, with particular stress on forms of self-referential magical empowerment. This study provides further evidence for the existence of a particular motivational-cognitive pattern in the New Age: holistic individualism. The pattern associates individualistic motivations with a highly abstract holistic style of thinking and sets the New Age individual apart from religious and non-religious people.
Pre-managerial Business Education: A role for role-plays?

Can we add real value to our teaching through a strategic employment of the role-played study exercise? This article examines the question with concentration on the integration of role-play studies into the undergraduate business curriculum. The article aims to provide a better understanding of what role-playing means (of equal value to the non-subject specialist) and to evaluate the pay-offs and pit-falls of this 'active' approach to teaching and learning. A key outcome is the establishment of advice and guidance on how to run successful exercises. The author contends that those with limited or zero management experience can benefit significantly from a unique perspective on management challenges and from simulating aspects of human interaction and decision-making in organisational settings. Employed within a business curriculum, role-plays are promoted as a bona fide teaching option and as a way to prepare participants for the real world. Bringing issues and concepts off the pages of student textbooks, role-plays can, under certain conditions, let students learn, practice, succeed and fail, all in a supportive environment.
Effect of beta-glucuronidase inhibitor on azoxymethane-induced colonic carcinogenesis in rats.

In this study of the role of microfloral beta-glucuronidase in colonic carcinogenesis, the effect of beta-glucuronidase inhibitor was evaluated. Starting at 5 weeks of age, male Donryu rats were fed either a semisynthetic diet or the same diet containing 0.1% beta-glucuronidase inhibitor as N-cyclohexyl-5-O-acetyl-2,4-O-p-methoxybenzylidene) -D-glucaro-1-amide-6,3-lactone (C-GAL). All animals were given s.c. injections of 7.4 mg azoxymethane (AOM) per kg body weight once a week for 11 weeks and followed for an additional 20 weeks. Most animals receiving the colonic carcinogen developed tumors in the colon, and a few also developed tumors in the small intestine. However, the number of tumors in the large intestine of the rats given C-GAL at the same time as AOM was significantly lower than in the control rats, especially in the proximal half of the colon, but those given C-GAL after AOM treatment had almost the same number of colon tumors as did the controls. It is concluded that, since bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity in the feces of rats given 0.1% C-GAL was significantly inhibited, intestinal microfloral beta-glucuronidase may play an important role in colonic carcinogenesis caused by AOM.
Antigenic analysis of SAT 2 serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from Zimbabwe using monoclonal antibodies

Summary This paper compares strains of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype SAT (South African Territories) 2 viruses isolated from Zimbabwe and other African countries using monoclonal antibodies (MAb). A sandwich-ELISA was used to examine the relative binding of anti-SAT 2 MAb to the various viruses. The MAb-binding profiles of viruses isolated from field samples were compared using hierarchical cluster analysis. Viruses were obtained from game animals, mainly African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) which is the natural host and reservoir for SAT serotypes in Africa, and from cattle showing clinical signs of FMD, as well as from animals suspected of carrying the virus subclinically. Some isolates have been adapted for use as vaccine strains. The results showed that most of the Zimbabwe isolates collected between 1989 and 1992 were an antigenically closely-related group. Although differences were observed between Zimbabwe isolates collected between 1989 and 1992 and those collected in 1987, there was no correlation with the different MAb binding patterns within the 1987 group and the epidemiological information received from the field. Similar profiles were observed for many SAT 2 viruses, including viruses isolated over a 50-year period and from geographically distant areas. This indicates an inherent stability in antigenic profiles of SAT 2 viruses. The MAb panel was capable of assessing antigenic variation, since very different profiles were obtained for some isolates. The work also allowed comparison and characterization of anti-type SAT 2 MAb from different laboratories. The findings are discussed with reference to selection of vaccine strains.
The Semantic Basis of Control in English

Our intent here,in the face of a persistent tradition of studying control in purely syntactic terms,is to reiterate the fundamental importance of semantics in the control problem, and to articulate some of the semantic factors more precisely than has heretofore been possible. After presenting familiar obstacles to a theory of control based on syntactic binding,we make a threeway distinction between 'unique control' (usually called OBLIGATORY CONTROL),'free control', and 'nearly free control' (the last two falling under traditional NONOBLIGATORY CONTROL). We show that in a very large class of cases of unique control,the controlled VP denotes an action and the controller is the character who has the onus for that action. This analysis is applied to four major classes of control verbs and their nominals,as well as a class of adjectives,showing that semantic role reliably identifies the controller,and syntactic position does not. Through a formalization in terms of CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE,we begin to be able to explain much of control directly from the lexical decomposition of the matrix verb. Several classes of exceptions to the conditions on unique control are treated as cases of coercion,in which extra conventionalized semantic material is added that is not present in syntax. *
Energy Opportunities from Lignocellulosic Biomass for a Biorefinery Case Study

This work presents some energy considerations concerning a biorefinery case study that has been carried out by the CRB/CIRIAF of the University of Perugia. The biorefinery is the case study of the BIT3G project, a national funded research project, and it uses the lignocellulosic biomass that is available in the territory as input materials for biochemical purposes, such as cardoon and carthamus . The whole plant is composed of several sections: the cardoon and carthamus seed milling, the oil refinement facilities, and the production section of some high quality biochemicals, i.e., bio-oils and fatty acids. The main goal of the research is to demonstrate energy autonomy of the latter section of the biorefinery, while only recovering energy from the residues resulting from the collection of the biomass. To this aim, this work presents the quantification of the energy requirements to be supplied to the considered biorefinery section, the mass flow, and the energy and chemical characterization of the biomass. Afterwards, some sustainability strategies have been qualitatively investigated in order to identify the best one to be used in this case study; the combined heat and power (CHP) technology. Two scenarios have been defined and presented: the first with 6 MWt thermal input and 1.2 MWe electrical power as an output and the second with 9 MWt thermal input and 1.8 MWe electrical power as an output. The first scenario showed that 11,000 tons of residual biomass could ensure the annual production of about 34,000 MWht, equal to about the 72% of the requirements, and about 9600 MWhe, equal to approximately 60% of the electricity demand. The second scenario showed that 18,000 tons of the residual biomass could ensure the total annual production of about 56,000 MWht, corresponding to more than 100% of the requirements, and about 14,400 MWhe, equal to approximately 90% of the electricity demand. In addition, the CO 2 emissions from the energy valorization section have been quantified and the possibility of re-using the CO 2 flow in order to produce methane is described.
Perinatal transmission of SHIV‐SF162P3 in Macaca nemestrina

Abstract: We developed a SHIV/macaque model of transmission from infected dams to their infants. Ten pregnant dams were infected intravenously with 100 MID50 of macaque‐titered SHIV‐SF162P3 during the second trimester. Nine infants were born; the seven surviving beyond day of birth suckled for 6 months. Four of nine infants were infected (transmission rate = 44.4%), with one infection in utero, and three intrapartum and/or immediately post‐birth via suckling. Varying levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies were transplacentally transferred to infants. Passive antibodies were detected in plasma on the day of birth and persisted for 5 weeks. Infants infected at or after birth controlled acute and post‐acute viremia. Exposure to maternal SHIV‐SF162P3 during birth and suckling in the presence of autologous maternal neutralizing antibodies may have affected transmission or pathogenesis in the infants. This transmission model can allow investigation of key parameters involved in perinatal transmission of HIV.