Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic Resolutions Based on 18S rRNA Genes: A Case Study of Subclass Copepoda

Biodiversity studies are commonly conducted using 18S rRNA genes. In this study, we compared the inter-species divergence of variable regions (V1–9) within the copepod 18S rRNA gene, and tested their taxonomic resolutions at different taxonomic levels. Our results indicate that the 18S rRNA gene is a good molecular marker for the study of copepod biodiversity, and our conclusions are as follows: 1) 18S rRNA genes are highly conserved intra-species (intra-species similarities are close to 100%); and could aid in species-level analyses, but with some limitations; 2) nearly-whole-length sequences and some partial regions (around V2, V4, and V9) of the 18S rRNA gene can be used to discriminate between samples at both the family and order levels (with a success rate of about 80%); 3) compared with other regions, V9 has a higher resolution at the genus level (with an identification success rate of about 80%); and 4) V7 is most divergent in length, and would be a good candidate marker for the phylogenetic study of Acartia species. This study also evaluated the correlation between similarity thresholds and the accuracy of using nuclear 18S rRNA genes for the classification of organisms in the subclass Copepoda. We suggest that sample identification accuracy should be considered when a molecular sequence divergence threshold is used for taxonomic identification, and that the lowest similarity threshold should be determined based on a pre-designated level of acceptable accuracy.
Child trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa : continuation of slavery by other means

This paper explored the nexus between child trafficking and African history of extraction namely slave trade and colonialism. We noted among other things that child trafficking is a continuation of slavery by subtle means in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Again, the survival of such a social vice in SSA is traceable to weak institutional framework (Police and legal system) and prevalent illiteracy and increasing poverty in the region engendered by colonialism. We also argued that child trafficking is an intractable problem because some people see the trade inevitable for their survival. Thus they establish secrete networks for the free flow of children for trade within and across the SSA. The paper recommends an overall institutional reform in various countries within the region with the aim of strengthening the regional legal system and encouraging regional police cooperation to dictate and tackle this new network of slave trader in SSA.
Increasing customers' loyalty in a skiing resort: The contribution of place attachment and service quality

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is three‐fold: first, to propose a model for measuring service quality in a skiing resort; second, to investigate the contribution of place attachment on the prediction of customers' loyalty, and third, to examine the influence of service quality on the development of place attachment.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 264 (n=264) recreational skiers participated in the study, and filled the two‐dimensional place attachment questionnaire and a service quality questionnaire, which was based on Brady and Cronin's three‐dimensional service quality model (physical environment quality, interaction quality, outcome quality). Findings – The results of the study indicate that skiers' loyalty was significantly predicted by both the place attachment dimensions (place identity and place dependence). Furthermore, place attachment was significantly predicted by the interaction and physical environment service quality dimensions.Research limitations/implications – The research w.
Changes in Fos expression in the rat brain after unilateral lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei

Activity of the immediate early gene c‐fos was compared across hemispheres in rats with unilateral anterior thalamic lesions. Fos protein was quantified after rats performed a spatial working memory test in the radial‐arm maze, a task that is sensitive to bilateral lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei. Unilateral anterior thalamic lesions produced evidence of a widespread hippocampal hypoactivity, as there were significant reductions in Fos counts in a range of regions within the ipsilateral hippocampal formation (rostral CA1, rostral dentate gyrus, ‘dorsal’ hippocampus, presubiculum and postsubiculum). A decrease in Fos levels was also found in the rostral and caudal retrosplenial cortex but not in the parahippocampal cortices or anterior cingulate cortices. The Fos changes seem most closely linked to sites that are also required for successful task performance, supporting the notion that the anterior thalamus, retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus form key components of an interdependent neuronal network involved in spatial mnemonic processing.
Start up firm vs . incumbent company in high-technology industries : Does R & D war exist ?

This study investigates innovation production in the context of non-cooperative models of game theory where Gans and Stern (2000) establish that the interaction between R&D expenditures of venturebacked firms and R&D intensity of incumbent companies is strategic substitute when license mechanism exists. Using two data sets on US venture-backed start up companies and incumbent companies, this study aims to provide empirical evidence for Gans and Stern (2000)’s finding with a sample that consist of 31 incumbent companies and 7,471 financing transactions received by venturebacked start up firms over the period of 1979-1997 at the aggregate level, the industry level and the firm level. First, we find evidence that support the strategic substitutes theory at all level. Our results are very weak but statistically significant different from zero. Second, our results show that the internal dimension of technology opportunity dominates other variables in R&D decision making process at all level. Third, contrast with Gans and Stern (2000)’ prediction, we find there are relationships (in linear and non-monotonicity) between R&D expenditures of incumbent companies and R&D expenditures of venture-backed start up firms at the aggregate level. Fourth, consistent to the established perfect capital market theory of Miller and Modigliani, we find that cash dividend does not affect R&D intensity at the aggregate level (in linear and non-monotonicity) and the industry level when we run regression which both dependent variable and control variables are at level. Fifth, other traditional control variables in R&D studies are statistically significant from zero at the conventional level with mixed signs at the aggregate level and the industry level. Finally, at the firm level, we find that the internal dimension of technology opportunity and R&D intensity of all competitors in the industry have an important role in the R&D decision making of an incumbent company. Acknowledgements: I thank my supervisor, Joshua Gans, for his encouragement, many helpful suggestions and invaluable comments. This study has benefited enourmously from suggestions and comments of Bruce Grundy. Special thanks to Joe Hirschberg for an extensive discussion on statistical methods. The author, however, bears sole responsibility for any errors. Financial support from QUE project at Department of Accounting, The University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia is gratefully acknowledged. * Setio Anggoro Dewo is a PhD student at Melbourne Business School, The University of Melbourne, Australia. Email address: s.dewo@pgrad.unimelb. edu.au. Address: 200 Leicester Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053 Australia. Phone: 61-3-9349-8182. Fax: 61-3-9386-7135
On the Behaviour of Commodity Prices

This paper applies the standard rational expectations competitive storage model to the study of thirteen commodities. It explains the skewness, and the existence of rare but violent explosions in prices, coupled with a high degree of price autocorrelation in more normal times. A central feature of the model is the explicit recognition of the fact that it is impossible for the market as a whole to carry negative inventories, and this introduces an essential non-linearity which carries through into non-linearity of the predicted commodity price series. For most of the thirteen commodity prices, the behaviour of prices from one year to the next conforms to the predictions of the theory about conditional expectations and conditional variances. However, given the non-linearity both of the model and of the actual prices, such conformity is not enough to ensure that the theory yields a complete account of the data. In particular, the analysis does not yield a fully satisfactory explanation for the high autocorrelation observed in the data.
CONSTRAINTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STELLAR MASS AND HALO MASS AT LOW AND HIGH REDSHIFT

We use a statistical approach to determine the relationship between the stellar masses of galaxies and the masses of the dark matter halos in which they reside. We obtain a parameterized stellar-to-halo mass (SHM) relation by populating halos and subhalos in an N-body simulation with galaxies and requiring that the observed stellar mass function be reproduced. We find good agreement with constraints from galaxy–galaxy lensing and predictions of semi-analytic models. Using this mapping, and the positions of the halos and subhalos obtained from the simulation, we find that our model predictions for the galaxy two-point correlation function (CF) as a function of stellar mass are in excellent agreement with the observed clustering properties in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at z = 0. We show that the clustering data do not provide additional strong constraints on the SHM function and conclude that our model can therefore predict clustering as a function of stellar mass. We compute the conditional mass function, which yields the average number of galaxies with stellar masses in the range m ± dm/2 that reside in a halo of mass M. We study the redshift dependence of the SHM relation and show that, for low-mass halos, the SHM ratio is lower at higher redshift. The derived SHM relation is used to predict the stellar mass dependent galaxy CF and bias at high redshift. Our model predicts that not only are massive galaxies more biased than low-mass galaxies at all redshifts, but also the bias increases more rapidly with increasing redshift for massive galaxies than for low-mass ones. We present convenient fitting functions for the SHM relation as a function of redshift, the conditional mass function, and the bias as a function of stellar mass and redshift.
Induction of neutrophil degranulation by S100A9 via a MAPK‐dependent mechanism

S100A9 is a proinflammatory protein, expressed abundantly in the cytosol of neutrophils and monocytes. High extracellular S100A9 concentrations have been correlated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, as well as with phagocyte extravasation. This study tested the hypothesis that S100A9 induces degranulation in human neutrophils. S100A9 was found to up‐regulate the surface expression of CD35 and CD66b, proteins contained in secretory vesicles and specific/gelatinase granules, respectively. In addition, gelatinase and albumin, stored, respectively, in specific/gelatinase granules and secretory vesicles, were detected in the supernatants of neutrophils stimulated with S100A9. In contrast, stimulation with S100A9 had no effect on CD63 expression or MPO secretion, two proteins contained in azurophilic granules. S100A9 induced the phosphorylation of the MAPKs, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK. Inhibition of p38 and JNK but not ERK1/2, with specific inhibitors (SB203580, JNKII, and PD98059, respectively), blocked neutrophil degranulation induced by S100A9. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis and clearly indicate that S100A9 induces the degranulation of secretory and specific/gelatinase granules but not of azurophilic granules in a process involving p38 and JNK and further support its classification as a DAMP.
Ontogenetic Variation in the Thermal Biology of Yarrow's Spiny Lizard, Sceloporus jarrovii

Climate change is rapidly altering the way current species interact with their environment to satisfy life-history demands. In areas anticipated to experience extreme warming, rising temperatures are expected to diminish population growth, due either to environmental degradation, or the inability to tolerate novel temperature regimes. Determining how at risk ectotherms, and lizards in particular, are to changes in climate traditionally emphasizes the thermal ecology and thermal sensitivity of physiology of adult members of a population. In this study, we reveal ontogenetic differences in thermal physiological and ecological traits that have been used to anticipate how ectotherms will respond to climate change. We show that the thermal biological traits of juvenile Yarrow’s Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus jarrovii) differ from the published estimates of the same traits for adult lizards. Juvenile S. jarrovii differ in their optimal performance temperature, field field-active body temperature, and critical thermal temperatures compared to adult S. jarrovii. Within juvenile S. jarrovii, males and females exhibit differences in field-active body temperature and desiccation tolerance. Given the observed age- and sex-related variation in thermal physiology, we argue that not including physiological differences in thermal biology throughout ontogeny may lead to misinterpretation of patterns of ecological or evolutionary change due to climate warming. Further characterizing the potential for ontogenetic changes in thermal biology would be useful for a more precise and accurate estimation of the role of thermal physiology in mediating population persistence in warmer environments.
On Snow Avalanche Flow Regimes: Inferences from Observations and Measurements

Mixed dry-snow avalanches are commonly thought to consist of a dense core and a dilute suspension layer, even though observations and measurements from Canada and Russia have long indicated the presence of an intermediate-density layer ("light flow" or "saltation layer"). We summarize field observations and measurements from Norway and Switzerland, both from spontaneous events and from avalanches released at the test sites Ryggfonn and Vall ´ ee de la Sionne. Deposition patterns, high- frequency impact pressure records and radar measurements show that a substantial mass fraction of mixed dry-snow avalanches is flowing in this "fluidized" regime, par- ticularly the head. Based on mechanical considerations, we suggest close correspon- dence with the grain-inertia regime observed in granular flows; however, the role that the interstitial air plays in avalanches is not clarified at present. Distinguishing between three avalanche flow regimes instead of only two may have important consequences in hazard mapping and the design of protection measures.
Getting into the Minds of Pairs of Liars and Truth Tellers: An Examination of Their Strategies~!2010-04-16~!2010-05-12~!2010-06-24~!

We examined the strategies used by 20 pairs of liars and 20 pairs of truth tellers when they were given the opportunity to prepare themselves for an interview in which they would be questioned about their whereabouts during a given period of time. More lying than truth telling pairs prepared themselves for the interviews. The truth tellers and liars who did prepare themselves used different verbal strategies but the same nonverbal strategies. Regarding verbal strategies, truth tellers were predominantly concerned with telling everything they could remember. In contrast, liars thought of answers they could give to possible questions but also decided to be vague so that they would not contradict each other. Regarding nonverbal strategies, both truth tellers and liars tried to suppress nervous behaviours. These findings explain why truth tellers are typically more detailed than liars but also why liars are typically equally consistent as truth tellers, at least when answering questions they have anticipated. Implications for interview techniques to detect deceit are discussed.
Post Walrasian macroeconomics : beyond the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model

Part I. Where We Are in Macro and How We Got There: 1. Stories from the haunted vault: notes on a century of macroeconomics 2. Post Walrasian macroeconomics: some historic links 3. The DSGE model and the post Walrasian alternative in historical perspective 4. Who is post Walrasian man? Part II. Edging Away from the DSGE Model: 5. Social interactions and macroeconomics 6. Macroeconomics and model uncertainty 7. Restricted perceptions equilibria and learning in macroeconomics 8. Not more so: some concepts outside the DSGE framework Part III. Leaping Away from the DSGE Model: 9. Agent-based computational modeling and macroeconomics 10. Multi-agent systems macro: a prospectus 11. Agent-based financial markets: matching stylized facts with style Part IV. Doing More Good than Harm: Roles of Business and Government in Critical Infrastructure Protection: 12. Characteristics of resilient systems and organizations 13. Networks and interdependencies 14. Public - private risk-sharing: the case of terrorism risk coverage 15. Learning from experience: drawing correct analogies? Letting the data guide theory 16. The past as the future: the Marshallian approach to post Walrasian macro 17. Old world econometrics and New World theory 18. Four entrenched notions post Walrasians should avoid 19. Confronting the economic model with the data 20. Extracting information from the data: a European view on empirical macro Part V. Policy Implications: 21. Economic policy in the presence of coordination problems 22. Monetary policy and the limitations of economic knowledge.
Radiotherapy and the Tumor Stroma: The Importance of Dose and Fractionation

Ionizing radiation is a non-specific but highly effective way to kill malignant cells. However, tumor recurrence sustained by a minor fraction of surviving tumor cells is a commonplace phenomenon caused by the activation of both cancer cell intrinsic resistance mechanisms, and also extrinsic intermediaries of therapy resistance, represented by non-malignant cells and structural components of the tumor stroma. The improved accuracy offered by advanced radiotherapy (RT)-technology permits reduced volume of healthy tissue in the irradiated field, and has been triggering an increase in the prescription of high-dose oligo-fractionated regimens in the clinics. Given the remarkable clinical success of high-dose RT and the current therapeutic shift occurring in the field, in this review we revise the existing knowledge on the effects that different radiation regimens exert on the different compartments of the tumor microenvironment, and highlight the importance of anti-tumor immunity and other tumor cell extrinsic mechanisms influencing therapeutic responses to high-dose radiation.
Do Analysts Under-React to Bad News and Over-React to Good News?

Easterwood and Nutt (1999) show that analysts under-react to bad news in past earnings changes (or forecast errors) but over-react to good news in past earnings (or forecast errors) consistent with analysts exhibiting systematic optimism. We find that their results are sensitive to the cutoff used to define outliers. More specifically, when we define outliers as observations with the absolute value of earnings-related variables exceeding 100% of stock price, we obtain results similar to those reported in their study. However, when we define (and exclude) outliers as observations with the absolute value of earnings-related variables exceeding 20% of stock price, we find evidence of under-reaction to the information in past earnings and forecast errors. However, the under-reaction to bad news is not significantly greater (in magnitude) than the average under-reaction. Furthermore, we find some evidence of overreaction to good news in past earnings changes but no evidence of overreaction to the information in past forecast errors. With a 5% cutoff, there is no evidence of over-reaction to good news in past earnings changes or forecast errors. Furthermore, there is no evidence of over or under-reaction to the information in past returns. The last result suggests that the evidence of under-reaction to the information in past returns observed in previous studies may have been overstated. Overall, our results cast doubt on the hypothesis that analysts exhibit systematic optimism with respect to past information.
RISK SHARING AND INCENTIVES IN THE DECOLLECTIVIZATION OF AGRICULTURE

In many countries, collective agrarian reform agriculture has decollectivized through th e subdivision, or parcellation, of large-scale farms into multiple sm all holdings. While parcellation can provide an escape from a low-eff ort-low-income equilibrium in the collective, it exposes individuals to empirically-significant risk. Analysis of institutional choice in agriculture shows that parcellation is a suboptimal resolution of the incentive-risk-sharing tradeoff. As an alternative, the paper propos es partial decollectivization which combines incentives and risk shar ing in a way consistent with static productivity and long-term agrari an reform goals. Copyright 1987 by Royal Economic Society.
FLYPAPER EFFECT: FENOMENA SERIAL WAKTU DAN LINTAS KABUPATEN KOTA DI JAWA TIMUR 2003-2013

The aims of local autonomy is to achieve local independence funding, so the interference of the central government decrease. Local governments have funding source from the own region revenues (PAD), which is used to finance expenditures and development. Regency or municipalities funding sources not only their PAD. Local governments also get help from central government transfers such block grant aid or transfer fund (DAU). In the course of the central government transfers actually become a disincentive for increased regional funding. Regions become more dependent on central government transfers rather than optimize their own revenues (PAD). There are has indications of asymmetric behavior in response to the transfer of central government. Region revenues ( PAD) and the transfer fund (DAU) from central government is generally positive effect on the regional expenditure (BD). Results for the time series test indicates that occurred flypaper effect, indicated by DAU more significant influence on regional expenditure of the influence of the PAD. Regency or manucipalities in East Java generally done flypaper effect, BD response was greater from DAU components. Key words : region revenues, transfer fund, regional expenditure
The Statistical Mechanics of Black Hole Thermodynamics

Although we have convincing evidence that a black hole bears an entropy proportional to its surface (horizon) area, the ``statistical mechanical'' explanation of this entropy remains unknown. Two basic questions in this connection are: what is the microscopic origin of the entropy, and why does the law of entropy increase continue to hold when the horizon entropy is included? After a review of some of the difficulties in answering these questions, I propose an explanation of the law of entropy increase which comes near to a proof in the context of the ``semi-classical'' approximation, and which also provides a proof in full quantum gravity under the assumption that the latter fulfills certain natural expectations, like the existence of a conserved energy definable at infinity. This explanation seems to require a fundamental spacetime discreteness in order for the entropy to be consistently finite, and I recall briefly some of the ideas for what the discreteness might be. If such ideas are right, then our knowledge of the horizon entropy will allow us to ``count the atoms of spacetime''.