Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-Standard Inferences in Description Logics : The Story So Far

Description logics (DLs) are a successful family of logic-based knowledge representation formalisms that can be used to represent the terminological knowledge of an application domain in a structured and formally well-founded way. DL systems provide their users with inference procedures that allow to reason about the represented knowledge. Standard inference problems (such as the subsumption and the instance problem) are now well-understood. Their computational properties (such as decidability and complexity) have been investigated in detail, and modern DL systems are equipped with highly optimized implementations of these inference procedures, which—in spite of their high worst-case complexity—perform quite well in practice. In applications of DL systems it has turned out that building and maintaining large DL knowledge bases can be further facilitated by procedures for other, nonstandard inference problem, such as computing the least common subsumer and the most specific concept, and rewriting and matching of concepts. While the research concerning these non-standard inferences is not as mature as the one for the standard inferences, it has now reached a point where it makes sense to motivate these inferences within a uniform application framework, give an overview of the results obtained so far, describe the remaining open problems, and give perspectives for future research in this direction.
Iterative Copy-Move Forgery Detection Based on a New Interest Point Detector

In this paper, we propose a novel copy-move forgery detection scheme that can accurately localize duplicated regions with a reasonable computational cost. To this end, a new interest point detector is proposed utilizing the advantages of both block-based and traditional keypoint-based methods. The detected keypoints adaptively cover the entire image, even low contrast regions, based on a uniqueness metric. Moreover, a new filtering algorithm is employed, which can effectively prune the falsely matched regions. Considering the new interest point detector, an iterative improvement strategy is proposed. The whole procedure is iterated along with adjusting the keypoints density based on the achieved information. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art methods using two public benchmark databases.
"Big Yellow Taxi": The Erosion of Personal Privacy within Social Media

Existing constructs for privacy concerns and behaviours do not adequately model deviations between user attitudes and stated user behaviours. While a number of studies have examined supposed deviations from rationality by online users, the true explanations for these stated behaviours may lie in factors not previously addressed in privacy concern constructs. A group of researchers at Pace University created an online survey of privacy attitudes for social media user and our preliminary findings have significant implications for the study of online privacy management. Many studies referenced below have inferred positive correlations among security knowledge, privacy attitude, and privacy intentions. This is not the case for social media, and the reasons underlying this apparent divergence from rationality require closer examination and point us in future directions for privacy research.
Characterization of bone perfusion by dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in the Dunkin–Hartley guinea pig model of advanced osteoarthritis

This study characterizes changes in subchondral bone circulation in OA and examines relationships to bone structure and cartilage degeneration in Dunkin–Hartley guinea pigs. We have used dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) and PET, with pharmacokinetic modeling, to characterize subchondral bone perfusion. Assessments are made of perfusion kinetics and vascular permeability by MRI, and blood volume and flow, and radionuclide incorporation into bone, by PET. These parameters are compared to cartilage lesion severity and bone histomorphometry. Assessments of intraosseous thrombi are made morphologically. Prolonged signal enhancement during the clearance phase of MRI correlated with OA severity and suggested venous stasis. Vascular permeability was not increased indicating that transvascular migration of contrast agent was not responsible for signal enhancement. Intraosseous thrombi were not observed. Decreased perfusion associated with severe OA was confirmed by PET and was associated with reduced radionuclide incorporation and osteoporosis. MRI and PET can be used to characterize kinetic parameters of circulation in OA and correlate them with subchondral bone metabolism of interest to the pathophysiology of OA. The significance of these observations may lie in alterations induced in the expression of cytokines by OA osteoblasts that are related to bone remodeling and cartilage breakdown. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:? –? , 2015.
Ventricular myocytes are not terminally differentiated in the adult mammalian heart.

Primary cultures of various cell types contain dividing and nondividing cells.1 2 However, nondividing cells can rest in the G phase and reenter the cell cycle on stimulation3 4 5 or become terminally differentiated and die without dividing.6 This third category of cells is not dormant in G and cannot reenter the cell cycle.6 For example, such a phenomenon is present in vivo at the tip of the villi of the small intestine,7 in the auditory hair cells of the ear,8 and in the upper layers of the epidermis.9 In contrast, hepatocytes in vivo are in a G state,10 11 12 and after partial hepatectomy or severe injury, liver regeneration is accomplished by proliferation of mature hepatocytes as well as biliary epithelial cells and fenestrated endothelial cells.12 The reconstitution of liver mass is not dependent on a reserve of stem cells, which condition regeneration of bone marrow13 and skin.14 Multipotential cells have also been identified in the central nervous system, but their ability to grow, differentiate, and ultimately survive has been problematic.15 In skeletal muscle, satellite cells can be stimulated to proliferate and develop into mature myocytes, representing an additional form of tissue regeneration.16 17 18 These mechanisms of cellular growth have not been considered possible in adult cardiac myocytes, and the concept was advanced that no proliferation of ventricular muscle cells occurs once cell division has ceased, shortly after birth in the mammalian heart.19 The dogma was introduced that adult cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated cells and, therefore, cannot be recalled into the cell cycle.20 21 These cells are not in G, cannot be triggered into the proliferative phase, but can perform their physiological functions, undergo cellular hypertrophy, and …
Por que Dilma de novo? Uma análise exploratória do Estudo Eleitoral Brasileiro de 2014

O artigo propoe uma analise exploratoria acerca dos determinantes do voto para presidente nos dois turnos de 2014, com base nos resultados do Estudo Eleitoral Brasileiro (ESEB). A partir dos achados mais relevantes da ampla literatura recente sobre o tema, esbocamos um modelo geral de explicacao do voto para presidente, com 15 variaveis que cobrem explicacoes contextuais, sociodemograficas, de avaliacao retrospectiva/prospectiva, sociotropica/egotropica e de identidade politica. As variaveis foram inseridas em um modelo logistico multinomial, no primeiro turno (voto em Dilma, Aecio ou Marina), e em um modelo binario no segundo turno (voto em Dilma ou Aecio). Os resultados apontam o carater retrospectivo do comportamento do eleitor na ultima eleicao presidencial: a avaliacao em relacao a gestao de Dilma Rousseff se mostrou um otimo preditor do voto, em ambos os turnos. O julgamento sobre o desempenho do governo esteve dissociado, no entanto, da avaliacao sobre a situacao economica do pais, sugerindo que a percepcao sobre outras politicas publicas deve ter impulsionado a avaliacao positiva da gestao. A identificacao partidaria se confirmou como importante atalho cognitivo, o Bolsa Familia teve efeitos significativos apenas no segundo turno e as variaveis sociodemograficas se mostraram pouco relevantes. O carater retrospectivo do comportamento do eleitor, recompensando ou punindo o candidato do governo a partir da analise de seu desempenho, mostra-se um fator mais complexo do que se supunha, na medida em que nao se restringe a avaliacao do cenario economico ou a participacao direta nos programas de transferencia de renda.
Self-Protection for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks have recently been suggested for many surveillance applications such as object monitoring, path protection, or area coverage. Since the sensors themselves are important and critical objects in the network, a natural question is whether they need certain level of protection, so as to resist the attacks targeting on them directly. If this is necessary, then who should provide this protection, and how it can be achieved? We refer to the above problem as self-protection, as we believe the sensors themselves are the best (and often the only) candidate to provide such protection. In this papel; we for the jirst time present a formal study on the selfprotection problem in wireless sensor networks. We show that, if we simply focus on the quality ofjield or object covering, the sensors might not necessarily be self-protected, which in turn makes the system vulnerable. We then investigate dzreerent forms of self-pmtections, and show that the problems are generally NP-complete. We develop eficient approximation algorithms for centrally-controlled sensors. We then extend the algorithms to filly distributed implementation, and introduce a smart sleep-scheduling algorithm that minimize the energy consumption.
The Drugs-Crime Relationship: An Analytical Framework

The relationship between drug use and criminal behavior has been of primary interest to researchers and practitioners for most of this century. As such, it is the purpose of this article to examine the historical underpinnings of current perceptions and to suggest an organizational paradigm for interpreting current drugs-crime literature. An overview of the literature and issues suggests that there is strong empirical evidence of the statistical overlap between drug using and criminal behavior. Further, drug use is seen as increasing and sustaining criminal behavior. However, a wide body of research suggests that drug use and crime have a complex recursive nature to their relationship, and that drug use, in spite of a long history of public perceptions, cannot be viewed as a direct and simple cause of crime. A review of subcultural, role, and ecological theory suggests that drug use and crime may emerge from the same etiological variables and become an integral part of a street-drug-using lifestyle and subculture. Radical theory argues that the drugs/crime relationship is created by social policy that makes drugs illegal. It is argued that this perspective fails to recognize the complexity of the drugs/crime relationship. The existing research suggests the need for increasing treatment availability and increasing economic opportunities within the framework of a careful review of drug policy and enforcement.
Factors Affecting Phosphorous in Groundwater in an Alluvial Valley Aquifer: Implications for Best Management Practices

Abstract: Many streams in the US are impaired because of high Soluble Reactive Phosphorous (SRP) contributions from agriculture.However, the drivers of ecological processes that lead to SRP loss in baseflow from groundwater are not sufficiently understood to design effective Best Management Practices (BMPs). In this paper, we examine how soil temperature and water table depth influence the SRP concentration in sgroundwater for a dairy farm in a valley bottom in the Catskills (NY, USA ). Measured SRP concentrations in groundwater and baseflow were greater during the fall, when soil temperatures are warmer, than during winterand spring . The observed concentrations were within the bounds predicted by temperatures using groundwater the Arrhenius equation, except during fall, when concentrations above these predictions. These elevated rose concentrations were likely caused by mineralization and consequent accumulation of phosphorous (P) in summer. In addition, SRP concentrations were greater in near-stream areas, where water tables where higher. In short, SRP concentrations are dependent on temperature, demonstrating the importance of understanding the underlying mechanism of
Psychological Correlates of Support for Compromise: A Polling Study of Jewish-Israeli Attitudes toward Solutions to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Ethnonational conflicts and civil wars are a prominent feature of the postCold-War world. Many believe that such conflicts are potentially the most destabilizing force in the present era (Ross & Rothman, 1999). Ethnonational conflicts are associated with major human rights abuses and loss of life, as well as massive refugee flows and other disruptions. Severe cases of ethnopolitical violence are found all over the world, including Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tibet, Indonesia, and
Assessing Agreement between Multiple Raters with Missing Rating Information, Applied to Breast Cancer Tumour Grading

Background We consider the problem of assessing inter-rater agreement when there are missing data and a large number of raters. Previous studies have shown only ‘moderate’ agreement between pathologists in grading breast cancer tumour specimens. We analyse a large but incomplete data-set consisting of 24177 grades, on a discrete 1–3 scale, provided by 732 pathologists for 52 samples. Methodology/Principal Findings We review existing methods for analysing inter-rater agreement for multiple raters and demonstrate two further methods. Firstly, we examine a simple non-chance-corrected agreement score based on the observed proportion of agreements with the consensus for each sample, which makes no allowance for missing data. Secondly, treating grades as lying on a continuous scale representing tumour severity, we use a Bayesian latent trait method to model cumulative probabilities of assigning grade values as functions of the severity and clarity of the tumour and of rater-specific parameters representing boundaries between grades 1–2 and 2–3. We simulate from the fitted model to estimate, for each rater, the probability of agreement with the majority. Both methods suggest that there are differences between raters in terms of rating behaviour, most often caused by consistent over- or under-estimation of the grade boundaries, and also considerable variability in the distribution of grades assigned to many individual samples. The Bayesian model addresses the tendency of the agreement score to be biased upwards for raters who, by chance, see a relatively ‘easy’ set of samples. Conclusions/Significance Latent trait models can be adapted to provide novel information about the nature of inter-rater agreement when the number of raters is large and there are missing data. In this large study there is substantial variability between pathologists and uncertainty in the identity of the ‘true’ grade of many of the breast cancer tumours, a fact often ignored in clinical studies.
Utilization of coir fibre as an asphalt modifier

The influence of added coir (coconut) fibre of various lengths (from 2.5 mm to 10 mm) and dosages (up to 8 wt%) on the rheological properties of Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) and Trinidad Petroleum Bitumen (TPB) was evaluated by measuring changes in the phase angle, δ (measure of the elasticity) and the complex modulus, G* (measure of the degree of stiffness). Results indicated that for both TLA and TPB, the highest values of G* (stiffest) and the lowest values of δ (most elastic) were observed for blends containing 2.5-mm coir fibre lengths for added coir concentrations of 6% and 8%, respectively. When compared to the unmodified TLA, the addition of 6 wt% of 2.5-mm coir fibre resulted in the largest significant increase in G* (7.3 times) as well as a significant decrease in δ (from 49.3° to 19.8°), representing a significant stiffening and increased elasticity of the modified blend. For TPB, the optimum concentration of added coir fibre occurred after the addition of 6 wt% of the 2.5-mm coir fibre, which resulted in the largest significant increase in G* of 5.4 times (stiffening) as well as a significant decrease in δ from 86.2° to 47.4° (increased elasticity as the material transformed from an almost viscous liquid to a semi-elastic solid) when compared to the unmodified pure TPB. The utilization of coir fibre for the rheological enhancement of Trinidad asphaltic materials can also provide an environmentally attractive option for solving the waste disposal issues associated with the dumping of waste coconut husk.
Closure of patent ductus arteriosus with oversized Amplatzer occluder in a patient with pulmonary hypertension

Diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus is rare in adulthood. Closure of ductus is difficult when diagnosed at an adult age due to the development of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial disease that generally occurs. Closure of the ductus might be contraindicated, as it may lead to deterioration of the pulmonary arterial perfusion or to a pulmonary hypertensive crisis. In addition, another risk associated with percutaneous closure for these patients is the risk of embolism of the asymmetrically shaped device to the systemic circulation. We present in this manuscript a case with patent ductus arteriosus diagnosed at an adult age that underwent successful closure by the percutaneous method. During closure, an oversized Amplatzer duct occluder device was used to reduce the risk of device embolism.
An Adaptive Exchange Algorithm for Sampling From Distributions With Intractable Normalizing Constants

Sampling from the posterior distribution for a model whose normalizing constant is intractable is a long-standing problem in statistical research. We propose a new algorithm, adaptive auxiliary variable exchange algorithm, or, in short, adaptive exchange (AEX) algorithm, to tackle this problem. The new algorithm can be viewed as a MCMC extension of the exchange algorithm, which generates auxiliary variables via an importance sampling procedure from a Markov chain running in parallel. The convergence of the algorithm is established under mild conditions. Compared to the exchange algorithm, the new algorithm removes the requirement that the auxiliary variables must be drawn using a perfect sampler, and thus can be applied to many models for which the perfect sampler is not available or very expensive. Compared to the approximate exchange algorithms, such as the double Metropolis-Hastings sampler, the new algorithm overcomes their theoretical difficulty in convergence. The new algorithm is tested on the spatial autologistic and autonormal models. The numerical results indicate that the new algorithm is particularly useful for the problems for which the underlying system is strongly dependent. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Mixing and transport by ciliary carpets: a numerical study

Abstract We use a three-dimensional computational model to study the fluid transport and mixing due to the beating of an infinite array of cilia. In accord with recent experiments, we observe two distinct regions: a fluid transport region above the cilia and a fluid mixing region below the cilia tip. The metachronal wave due to phase differences between neighbouring cilia is known to enhance the fluid transport above the ciliary tip. In this work, we show that the metachronal wave also enhances the mixing rates in the sub-ciliary region, often simultaneously with the flow rate enhancement. Our results suggest that this simultaneous enhancement in transport and mixing is due to an enhancement in shear flow. As the flow above the cilia increases, the shear rate in the fluid increases and this shear enhances stretching, which is an essential ingredient for mixing. Estimates of the mixing time scale indicate that, compared to diffusion, the mixing due to the cilia beat may be significant and sometimes dominates chemical diffusion.
Customer Targeting: A Neural Network Approach Guided by Genetic Algorithms

One of the key problems in database marketing is the identification and profiling of households that are most likely to be interested in a particular product or service. Principal component analysis (PCA) of customer background information followed by logistic regression analysis of response behavior is commonly used by database marketers. In this paper, we propose a new approach that uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) guided by genetic algorithms (GAs) to target households. We show that the resulting selection rule is more accurate and more parsimonious than the PCA/logit rule when the manager has a clear decision criterion. Under vague decision criteria, the new procedure loses its advantage in interpretability, but is still more accurate than PCA/logit in targeting households.
Commentary on Sclerostin Deficiency Is Linked to Altered Bone Composition

Bone strength depends on three key variables: (1) bone mass; (2) distribution of mass (architecture—trabecular thickness and connectivity, cortical thickness and porosity—bony dimensions, and bone geometry); and (3) bone material properties (collagen properties, mineralization, and microcracks). Overarching these three key properties is bone turnover, which has been shown to affect all three key variables. The increased fracture propensity in osteoporosis is primarily linked to loss of bone mass and accompanying loss of cancellous bone structure and cortical thinning. Therefore, diseases leading to improved bone architecture and increases in cancellous bone mass and cortical thickness should theoretically reduce fracture risk. Different high bone mass diseases, however, affect fracture propensity differently. Although van Buchem disease and sclerosteosis are not associated with fracture, even after major trauma, osteopetrosis and pycnodysostosis are associated with increased fracture risk. The data emerging from the analyses of bonematerial properties in the different osteosclerotic diseases highlight the significant impact of bone material properties on bone strength. Results from Hassler and colleagues, published in this issue of JBMR show that bone mineralization kinetics are retarded in sclerostin deficiency, resulting in lower matrix mineralization, increased proteoglycan content, and crystals of lower maturity/crystallinity. The authors acknowledge that these changes “may well be a result of the high rates of bone formation with ongoing bone resorption in sclerostin deficiency rather than a specific effect of sclerostin on bone composition. ”However, their findings clearly show that the specific alterations in bone composition and high bone mass lead to increased bone strength in these mice and human subjects.