Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BUDGETARY CONTROL AND ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

In spite of the widespread use of budgets for control of organization activities, relatively little is known about how budgets influence behavior. Furthermore, the interaction of budgets with other means of influencing human behavior has remained largely unexplored. This research explores the interaction and relationships of one source of control, organization structure, with another source of control, budgets. Data gathered from twenty-five organizations are analyzed to explore some of the interrelationships between organization structure and the use of budgets by managers. Data collected by mailed questionnaires were factor analyzed to provide measures of budget-related behavior that could be related to measures of organization structure and context that were collected in field interviews. The analysis of these data indicates clear relationships between organization structure and the use and effects of budgets and provides insight into several complex relationships suggested by other field and a priori research on control in organizations. The findings of this study are consistent with those organizational studies which have concluded that the structure of organizations can be viewed as contingent upon environment and organization characteristics such as size, technology, and dependence (the extent to which an organization is autonomous in relationships with other organizations) (see Woodward [1965], Burns and Stalker [1961], Lawrence and Lorsch [1967], and Pugh, Hickson, Hinings, and Turner [1969]). Budget-related behavior is found to be contingent upon various aspects of organization structure such as centraliza
Duopoly Ownership and Local Informational Programming on Broadcast Television: Before–After Comparisons

This study examines the relationship between duopoly ownership structure and the supply of local news and public affairs programming in the local television market. The results show that both duopoly stations and non-duopoly stations significantly increased their local news programming from 1997 to 2003. The increases were attributable to the top four stations in each market. In addition, stations did not increase their efforts in local public affairs programming after becoming duopolies. The study also found that there was no significant difference in the amount of local news or local public affairs programming aired by duopoly and non-duopoly stations.
Spatial Variability in Nitrification Rates and Ammonia-Oxidizing Microbial Communities in the Agriculturally Impacted Elkhorn Slough Estuary, California

ABSTRACT Ammonia oxidation—the microbial oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and the first step in nitrification—plays a central role in nitrogen cycling in coastal and estuarine systems. Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the connection between this biogeochemical process and the diversity and abundance of the mediating microbial community. In this study, we measured nutrient fluxes and rates of sediment nitrification in conjunction with the diversity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing betaproteobacteria (β-AOB). Sediments were examined from four sites in Elkhorn Slough, a small agriculturally impacted coastal California estuary that opens into Monterey Bay. Using an intact sediment core flowthrough incubation system, we observed significant correlations among NO3 −, NO2 −, NH4 +, and PO4 3+ fluxes, indicating a tight coupling of sediment biogeochemical processes. 15N-based measurements of nitrification rates revealed higher rates at the less impacted, lower-nutrient sites than at the more heavily impacted, nutrient-rich sites. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed that β-AOB amoA (encoding ammonia monooxygenase subunit A) gene copies outnumbered AOA amoA gene copies by factors ranging from 2- to 236-fold across the four sites. Sites with high nitrification rates primarily contained marine/estuarine Nitrosospira-like bacterial amoA sequences and phylogenetically diverse archaeal amoA sequences. Sites with low nitrification rates were dominated by estuarine Nitrosomonas-like amoA sequences and archaeal amoA sequences similar to those previously described in soils. This is the first report measuring AOA and β-AOB amoA abundance in conjunction with 15N-based nitrification rates in estuary sediments.
Reconsidering the role of brainstorming in the marketing of technology-driven innovation

Establishing a perfect link between technology-driven innovation and user needs exploration has long been a controversial issue. This is particularly true and important in the era that technology development itself can no longer guarantee the creation of new markets. How to determine the potential of a new technology for which no market yet exists, therefore, becomes a vital but challenging task. The current study put its emphasis on designing a user-centric approach for product innovation based on lead user method, and on examining whether such an approach is helpful in maximising the success rate of technology innovation as well as the potential for market launch. A pilot project of designing mobile and internet products and applications derived by the proposed approach was conducted to scrutinise the feasibility and plausibility of this approach. The role of brainstorming in the marketing of technology-driven innovation is especially reconsidered and highlighted. Findings and suggestions are provided a.
The Market for Borrowing Stock

To short a stock, an arbitrageur must first borrow it. This paper describes the market for borrowing and lending U.S. equities, with an emphasis on the conditions generating and sustaining short sales constraints. Eighteen months (4/2000-9/2001) of daily data provided by a large institutional lending intermediary establish a rich set of facts on loan supply ("shortability"), loan fees ("specialness"), and loan recalls. The data suggests that while loan market specials and recall are rare on average, the incidence of these short sales constraints is increasing in the divergence of opinion among investors. An implication is that beyond some threshold, investor optimism itself can limit arbitrage via the loan market mechanism.
Durable Goods: An Explanation for Their Slow Adjustment

At the microeconomic level, durable purchases are often discontinuous and relatively large. This feature has the potential to explain why aggregate expenditure on durables responds only slowly (relative to the frictionless permanent income model) to wealth and other aggregate innovations. In this paper I develop new results on the problem of dynamic aggregation of stochastically heterogeneous units, which help to characterize the connection between microeconomic behavior and aggregate dynamics in the presence of nonconvex adjustment costs. Using these results and splitting postwar U.S. aggregate durable purchases into different subcategories and time periods, I provide further support for the view that lumpy microeconomic purchases play an important role in explaining the time-series behavior of aggregate expenditure on durable goods.
Effects of Authoritative Guidance Availability and Audit Committee Effectiveness on Auditors' Judgments in an Auditor‐Client Negotiation Context

In this paper, we present the results of an experiment that investigates the effects of two contextual features—the availability of authoritative guidance and the effectiveness of the client's audit committee—on auditors' perceived outcome of auditor‐client negotiations concerning an audit adjustment that affects the client's ability to meet analysts' forecasts. Results show that auditors' perceived negotiation outcome is jointly influenced by authoritative guidance availability and audit committee effectiveness. Specifically, authoritative guidance availability has a greater effect on auditors' perceived negotiation outcome in the absence of an effective audit committee than in its presence. We also find that concessionary moves by the client increase auditors' propensity to concede to the client's preferred position.
Criteria for good assessment: Consensus statement and recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference

In this article, we outline criteria for good assessment that include: (1) validity or coherence, (2) reproducibility or consistency, (3) equivalence, (4) feasibility, (5) educational effect, (6) catalytic effect, and (7) acceptability. Many of the criteria have been described before and we continue to support their importance here. However, we place particular emphasis on the catalytic effect of the assessment, which is whether the assessment provides results and feedback in a fashion that creates, enhances, and supports education. These criteria do not apply equally well to all situations. Consequently, we discuss how the purpose of the test (summative versus formative) and the perspectives of stakeholders (examinees, patients, teachers-educational institutions, healthcare system, and regulators) influence the importance of the criteria. Finally, we offer a series of practice points as well as next steps that should be taken with the criteria. Specifically, we recommend that the criteria be expanded or modified to take account of: (1) the perspectives of patients and the public, (2) the intimate relationship between assessment, feedback, and continued learning, (3) systems of assessment, and (4) accreditation systems.
Energy-efficient self-organization for wireless sensor networks: a fully distributed approach

In this paper, we utilize clustering to organize wireless sensors into an energy-efficient hierarchy. We take a fully distributed approach to energy-efficient clustering and propose an expellant self-organization (ESO) scheme that uses expellant election to achieve local energy efficiency. As a distributed scheme using only local information, ESO achieves comparable performance in terms of effective lifetime and data/energy ratio compared with native LEACH that relies on another routing algorithm to access global information. An exponential data correlation model is also introduced to simulate the variation extent of the data aggregation effect.
Drivers of long-term savings behavior from the consumers’ perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to delineate the impact of social context and savings attitudes on consumers’ self-reported long-term savings and discuss how these drivers can be influenced to increase an individual’s savings rate. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was conducted among 993 German savers. A structural equation model quantified the influence of the social context and an individual’s attitudes on long-term savings behavior, as stated by consumers. Findings – Both social context constructs – subjective norms and relationship quality – exert a significant influence on the savings attitudes of perceived anxiety and perceived importance, which in turn significantly affect long-term savings. Furthermore, the results of a mediation analysis indicated that the social context only has an indirect effect on long-term savings. Research limitations/implications – The study was conducted in Germany only. Therefore, the results may not apply across cultures. In addition, the salient be.
Transition from conventional to alternative agriculture in Pakistan: The role of green manures in substituting for inorganic N fertilizers in a rice-wheat farming system

Nitrogen, a vitally important plant nutrient, is subject to various losses that affect its efficiency. We tested prilled urea (PU), urea supergranules (USG), green manures (GM) and farmyard manure (FYM) in a rice-wheat cropping system to determine which were the most efficient and economical N sources. The maximum rice growth, yield and N-uptake occurred with USG and with GM (Sesbania rostrata) plus PU. Incorporation of GM saved 60 kg N/ha. On the following wheat crop, GM (S. aculeata) plus PU and FYM plus PU had the highest residual effect on the number of tillers per m 2 , and straw and grain yield. An increase in N recovery efficiency occurred with combined use of PUand organic Igreen manures compared with PU alone. In areas where USG is costly or unavailable and FYM is scarce, green manures can be a cheap N source that allows small-scale farmers to get sustainable yields in a rice-wheat rotation .
Assessing Asset Purchases within the ECB’s Securities Markets Programme

We assess the yield impact of asset purchases within the ECB’s Securities Markets Programme in five euro area sovereign bond markets during 2010-11. Identification is non-trivial and based on time series panel data regression on predetermined purchases and control covariates. In addition to large and economically significant announcement effects, we find an average impact at the five year maturity per e1 bn of bond purchases of approximately -1 to -2 bps (Italy), -3 bps (Ireland), -4 to -6 bps (Spain), -6 to -9 bps (Portugal), and up to -17 to -21 bps (Greece). The impact depends on market size and a default risk signal, and is approximately -3 basis points at a five-year maturity for purchases of 1/1000 of the respective debt market. Bond yield volatility is lower on intervention days for most SMP countries, due to less extreme movements occurring when the Eurosystem is active as a buyer. A dynamic specification points to both transitory and longer-lived effects from purchases. JEL Classification: C32, G12
The Australian Greens: carving out space in a two-party system

During the Australian Greens' first two decades of existence, electoral support for the party grew, and it was rewarded with ever-increasing numbers of its representatives occupying seats in Australian parliaments. The bases of electoral support for the Australian Greens are analysed, and its prospects in a two-party dominant system are considered. While the Australian Greens may never transcend small party status, the nature and source of its electoral support, combined with certain features of the institutional setting, provide it with a basis for a relatively enduring institutional and electoral presence.
Thermal resistance analysis by numerical method for power device packaging

Thermal resistance is a key thermal parameter to determine the junction temperature of the electronic device and give reference to further thermal design in complex applications both for manufacturer and user. In this paper, junction to case resistance(RθJC) measurement of power device in TO3P package is provided with ANSYS finite element analysis model under two different boundary conditions. The method and model in simulation employed in this analysis is verified by correlating with the value in the datasheet of real package device. Consequently, the validated method was used to investigate the influence of power load, case temperature, material parameter and die size on RθJC. It is found that RθJC has positive correlation with the heating power and case temperature because of the negative relation between temperature and the thermal conductivity of silicon. Besides, RθJC of TO3P package is more sensitive to the change of thermal conductivity of die attach than that of epoxy mould compound. It also reveals that TO3P package is more suitable for packaging large chips in terms of reducing RθJC.
Establishment and application of performance measure indicators for universities

Purpose – To promote university education quality, performance measure indicators (PMIs) must be established. These indicators ensure the maintenance of university operating standards, encourage individual universities to work on inadequacies, and promote university competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – A literature analysis was conducted and European, American and Taiwanese education evaluation indicators were used to develop the PMIs. Data were collected from the following sources: US‐MBNAQ; US News & World Report; two renowned US education journals; UK University Committee Reports; UK‐CVCP/UGC; three renowned UK education evaluation newspapers, opinions from the Ministry of Education and submissions from scholars in Australia and Taiwan. A total of 13 scholars were invited to participate in the literature review and analysis, which employed Delphi methods.Findings – These indicators included 18 measurement dimensions, and 78 PMIs were develope.
The Effect of Model Risk on the Valuation of Barrier Options

The payoffs of exotic options (e.g., up‐and‐out call options) are dependent on the time‐path of asset prices rather than the price of the asset at a fixed point in time. The authors of this article compare various models for calibrating volatility surfaces in order to price up‐and‐out call options.
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORM IN THE UK AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

It is often assumed in the literature on public management reforms that radical changes in values, work and organization have occurred or are under way. In this paper our aim is to raise questions about this account. Focusing on three services in the UK, each dominated by organized professions – health care, housing, and social services – significant variations in the effectiveness of reforms are noted. The available research also suggests that these outcomes have been inversely proportional to the efforts expended on introducing new management practices. The most radical changes have been in housing, where, paradoxically, successive UK governments focused least attention. By contrast, in health and social services, management restructuring has been less effective, despite the greater resources devoted to it. This variation is attributed to professional values and institutions, against which reforms were directed, and the extent to which different groups became locked either into strategies of resistance or accommodation.
Aluminium deposition in liver and kidney following acute intravenous administration of aluminium chloride or citrate in conscious rats

1 Plasma, urinary, liver and kidney cell aluminium (Al) levels were monitored in the rat, 1h after intravenous administration of 29630 nmol (800 μg) Al as either Al chloride or as Al citrate (Al chloride plus excess sodium citrate). Al levels were measured in plasma, urine and liver by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Liver and kidney Al content was measured at the cellular and subcellular level by electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA). 2 Urinary excretion of Al was significantly higher (P < 0.01), when Al was given as the citrate than as the chloride. After 1h, plasma Al levels were significantly lower in the Al citrate group than the Al chloride group (59 ± 3.7 vs 877 ± 214 nmol ml-1, respectively; P< 0.01). 3 Al concentrations were significantly higher in the livers of rats receiving Al chloride (818 ± 252 nmol g-1 wet weight; P < 0.05), than in either control or Al citrate groups (122 ± 41 and 107 ± 26 nmol g-1 wet weight, respectively). Al concentrations derived from EPXMA measurements were in agreement with AAS values for the three groups, with significantly higher Al concentra tions in the Al chloride group (1.7 ± 0.4 nmol mg-1 dry weight; P < 0.05) than in the control or Al citrate groups, where Al was not detectable. EPXMA analysis showed that Al was distributed in all liver organelles analysed (cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, ER) and was not preferentially taken up by any one organelle in Al chloride treated rats. 4 Significant amounts of Al were found in cytoplasm and mitochondria of proximal tubule cells of rats given Al citrate (0.64 ± 0.15 and 0.80 ± 0.11 nmol mg-1 dry weight, respectively), but not in nuclei or lysosomes of these cells. Al levels were not detectable in control kid neys, in proximal tubule cells after Al chloride adminis tration or distal tubule cells after either Al treatment.
Comparing Network Centrality Measures as Tools for Identifying Key Concepts in Complex Networks: A Case of Wikipedia

: Network centralities are amongst the most important measures for tracking and locating crucial nodes in a network. In this paper, we propose a general approach for identifying the most suitable centrality measure for detecting key concepts in a semantic or linguistic network. We experiment with seven network centrality measures (degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, eigenvector centrality, current-flow betweenness centrality, current-flow closeness centrality and communicability centrality). For the purpose of evaluation, we compare the original Wikipedia hyperlink network with a constructed concept network. The obtained results indicate that all seven used measures have good potential for identifying key terms, and that degree centrality achieves the best score. A good score is also obtained for current-flow betweenness centrality and current-flow closeness centrality.
Detection of extracellular phosphatase activity at the single‐cell level by enzyme‐labeled fluorescence and flow cytometry: The importance of time kinetics in ELFA labeling

ELF97 phosphate (ELF‐P) is a useful compound for assessing the phosphorus‐related status of planktonic aquatic populations. The technique has been successfully applied to phytoplankton and more recently to heterotrophic prokaryotes in both freshwater and marine samples. We have used a recently developed protocol that enables the detection by flow cytometry of ELF alcohol (ELFA), the product of ELF‐P hydrolysis. This protocol allows for identification of the fraction of cells able to express phosphatase activity (i.e., ELFA‐labeled). This protocol is also very valuable in the study of time kinetics in this ELFA‐labeling. The percentage of ELFA‐labeled cells, the relative median ELFA fluorescence per cell, and the absolute ELFA fluorescence were determined in both freshwater (lake) and marine samples. The incubation time necessary to reach a stable percentage of active cells with maximal fluorescence intensity varied widely among samples. We highlight very subtle but important problems of discrimination between active and nonactive cells and of estimation of per‐cell activity and we underline the importance of studying time kinetics of ELFA‐labeling to determine the appropriate incubation time and thus making sample comparisons more relevant. Working on time kinetics of ELFA‐labeling is promising for phosphomonoester hydrolysis rate determination at single cell level. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Search and the Labour Market

This article surveys some of the contributions of search theory to understanding labour markets. Search theory assumes that trading does not occur in perfectly competitive markets, but rather that frictions exist in the trading process. By making this assumption, search theory is able to explain several aspects of labour market behaviour that are difficult to understand from the perspective of a perfectly competitive labour market.
A peripheral nervous system actin‐binding protein regulates neurite outgrowth

Difference cloning has identified a Villin‐like mRNA transcript expressed selectively in peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons. Pervin, the encoded 820‐amino acid protein, has 60% identity with Villin and is the rat homologue of Advillin. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that Pervin and actin interact in vivo. Transfection of COS‐7 epithelial cell lines demonstrates colocalization of epitope‐tagged Pervin with green fluorescent protein‐actin and results in an increase in process formation. This effect is abolished when the putative actin‐bundling headpiece of Pervin is deleted. Biolistic transfection of primary cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons also results in increased neurite outgrowth with FLAG‐tagged Pervin. Deletion of the actin‐bundling headpiece inhibits normal neurite growth. These data suggest that Pervin may play a significant role in regulating process outgrowth in peripheral neurons through a mechanism that involves the activity of an actin‐bundling domain.