Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How School Social and Physical Environments Relate to Autonomous Motivation in Physical Education: The Mediating Role of Need Satisfaction

Based on the self-determination theory, this study investigated the mediating role of the satisfaction of the three psychological needs (need for competence, relatedness and autonomy) in the relation between need support from the physical education (PE) teacher and autonomous motivation to engage in PE and between the physical school environment and autonomous motivation to engage in PE. Data were collected from 2418 6th grade children. Analyses were performed using bootstrapping. The results showed that perceptions of competence and autonomy mediated the relation between need support from the PE teacher and autonomous motivation. Moreover, the perception of autonomy also mediated the relation between the physical school environment and autonomous motivation. These findings suggest that not only the PE teacher but also the physical school environment is able to promote autonomous motivation by satisfying the need for autonomy.
Unmasking disease-specific cerebral blood flow abnormalities: mood challenge in patients with remitted unipolar depression.

OBJECTIVE Remitted major depressive disorder is a vulnerable clinical state, suggesting persistence of an underlying disease diathesis between episodes. To investigate neural correlates of such risk and to identify potential depression trait markers, euthymic unipolar patients in remission, acutely depressed patients, and never-depressed volunteers were studied before and after transient sad mood challenge. METHOD Common and differential changes in regional blood flow among the groups relative to the baseline state were examined with [(15)O]H(2)O positron emission tomography after provocation of sadness with autobiographical memory scripts. RESULTS Mood provocation in both depressed groups resulted in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) decreases in medial orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann's area 10/11, which were absent in the healthy group. In the remitted group, mood provocation produced a unique rCBF decrease in pregenual anterior cingulate 24a. The main effects in healthy subjects, an rCBF increase in subgenual cingulate Brodmann's area 25 and a decrease in right prefrontal cortex Brodmann's area 9, were not present in the depressed groups. CONCLUSIONS Mood challenge in unipolar euthymic patients in full remission unmasks an apparent depression trait marker. The pattern of acute CBF changes is distinct from that seen in euthymic healthy volunteers and mirrors the untreated depressed state seen during a major depressive episode and the pattern of change seen in depressed patients. These findings suggest that disease-specific modifications of pathways mediating transient mood changes are present in unipolar depression independent of clinical illness status. These findings have implications for understanding the vulnerability of remitted patients for illness relapse.
Perfectionism in Mathematically Gifted and Typical Czech Students

The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990) was administered to 219 youth in the Czech Republic. The sample was composed of both mathematically gifted and typical students. As previously found in U.S. samples, two distinct orthogonal constructs of perfectionism were identified, indicating that healthy and unhealthy perfectionism are not opposite poles on a single continuum but, instead, are independent constructs. In this sample, perfectionism was more problematic among the typical than among the gifted students. The relationship between perfectionism and parent-reported adjustment problems and psychosomatic conditions was fairly weak. Asthma was related to parental pressures, and depression was related to concerns over making mistakes; but the magnitude of the relationship was quite modest. The strongest and most consistent result was found in migraine headaches, with the migraines negatively related to high personal standards and a healthy pursuit of excellence.
The Neural Substrate of Prior Information in Perceptual Decision Making: A Model-Based Analysis

Prior information biases the decision process: actions consistent with prior information are executed swiftly, whereas actions inconsistent with prior information are executed slowly. How is this bias implemented in the brain? To address this question we conducted an experiment in which people had to decide quickly whether a cloud of dots moved coherently to the left or to the right. Cues provided probabilistic information about the upcoming stimulus. Behavioral data were analyzed with the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA) model, confirming that people used the cue to bias their decisions. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data showed that presentation of the cue differentially activated orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, and the putamen. Directional cues selectively activated the contralateral putamen. The fMRI analysis yielded results only when the LBA bias parameter was included as a covariate, highlighting the practical benefits of formal modeling. Our results suggest that the human brain uses prior information by increasing cortico-striatal activation to selectively disinhibit preferred responses.
Are Racial Stereotypes Really Fading? The Princeton Trilogy Revisited

In this article, the authors identify three methodological short-comings of the classic Princeton trilogy studies: (a) ambiguity of the instructions given to respondents, (b) no assessment of respondents' level of prejudice, and (c) use of an outdated list of adjectives. These shortcomings are addressed in the authors' assessment of the stereotype and personal beliefs of a sample of University of Wisconsin students. In contrast to the commonly espoused fading stereotype proposition, data suggest that there exists a consistent and negative contemporary stereotype of Blacks. Comparing the data from the Princeton trilogy studies with those of the present study, the authors conclude that the Princeton trilogy studies actually measured respondents' personal beliefs, not (as typically assumed) their knowledge of the Black stereotype. Consistent with Devine's model, high- and low-prejudiced individuals did not differ in their knowledge of the stereotype of Blacks but diverged sharply in their endorsement of the stereotype.
Rethinking energy efficiency models of cellular networks with embodied energy

The continuous increase in energy consumption by cellular networks requires rethinking their energy efficiency. Current research indicates that one third of operating energy could be saved by reducing the transmission power of base stations. However, this approach requires the introduction of a range of additional equipment containing more embodied energy - consumed by all processes associated with the production of equipment. This problem is addressed first in this article. Furthermore, a new cellular network energy efficiency model with embodied energy is proposed, and optimization between the number of cells and their coverage is investigated. Contrary to previous works, we have found that embodied energy accounts for a significant proportion of total energy consumption and cannot be neglected. The simulation results confirm an important trade-off between operating and embodied energies, which can provide some practical guidelines for designing energy-efficient cellular access networks. The new model considering embodied energy is not limited to just cellular networks, but to other telecommunications, such as wireless local area networks and wired networks.
Is Midlife Occupational Physical Activity Related to Disability in Old Age? The SNAC-Kungsholmen Study

Objectives Leisure-time physical activity (PA) has been established to be related to more years lived without disability. However, less is known about the relationship between occupational PA and disability in old age. The aim of the study was 1) to investigate whether midlife occupational PA is related to late-life disability, and 2) to test the hypothesis that the association differs according to the occupational categories of blue and white collar work. Methods The study population was derived from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, and consisted of a random sample of 1804 subjects aged 72 and above. The association of occupational PA during the longest held occupation with disability in old age was determined using logistic regression. Results There was no significant relationship between occupational PA and disability in personal or instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) after controlling for demographic and health-related factors. However, in stratified analyses moderate levels of occupational PA was associated with a lower odds ratio of dependency in personal ADL amongst white collar workers, compared to low level of occupational PA (OR = 0.34 95% C1 0.12–0.98). Conclusions Moderate levels of midlife occupational PA were associated with a decreased risk of personal ADL disability in old age among white collar workers, but not among blue collar workers. Our results highlight the importance of encouraging white collar workers to engage in physical activity during or outside work hours.
Integrating metabolic pathways in post-exercise recovery of white muscle.

Purine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP), creatine, phosphocreatine, lactate, pyruvate and glycogen were measured in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) white muscle following exercise to exhaustion. Estimates of intracellular pH permitted calculation of free concentrations of nucleotides ([nucleotide]f) required for most models of control of energy metabolism. Creatine charge, [PCr]/([PCr]+[Cr]), fell from 0.49 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 0.08 +/- 0.02 with exercise but recovered completely by the first sample (2 h). Although [ATP] declined to 24% of resting levels and recovered very slowly, RATP, [ATP]/([ATP]+[ADP]f+[AMP]f), and energy charge, EC, ([ATP]+0.5[ADP]f)/([ATP]+[ADP]f+[AMP]f), recovered as quickly as creatine charge. Changes in [IMP] mirrored those in [ATP], suggesting that AMP deaminase is responsible for maintaining RATP and EC. Recovery of carbon status was much slower than recovery of energy status. Lactate increased from 4 mumol g-1 at rest to 40 mumol g-1 at exhaustion and did not recover for more than 8 h. Glycogen depletion and resynthesis followed a similar time course. During the early stages of recovery, calculated [ADP]f declined by more than 10-fold relative to the resting values. The resulting high [ATP]/[ADP]f ratios may limit the rate at which white muscle mitochondria can produce ATP to fuel glycogenesis in situ. It is postulated that the high [ATP]/[ADP]f ratios are required to drive pyruvate kinase in the reverse direction for glyconeogenesis in recovery.
Methods applied in cost-effectiveness models for treatment strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their use in Health Technology Assessments: a systematic review of the literature from 2008 to 2013

Abstract Objective: To identify and compare health-economic models that were developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and their use within Health Technology Assessments (HTAs). Methods: In total, six commonly used databases were searched for articles published between October 2008 and January 2013, using a protocolized search strategy and inclusion criteria. The websites of HTA organizations in nine countries, and proceedings from five relevant conferences, were also reviewed. The identified new health-economic models were qualitatively assessed using six criteria that were developed based on technical components, and characteristics related to the disease or the treatments being assessed. Finally, the number of times the models were applied within HTA reports, published literature, and/or major conferences was determined. Results: Thirteen new models were identified and reviewed in depth. Most of these were based on identical key data sources, and applied a similar model structure, either using Markov modeling or microsimulation techniques. The UKPDS equations and panel regressions were frequently used to estimate the occurrence of diabetes-related complications and the probability of developing risk factors in the long term. The qualitative assessment demonstrated that the CARDIFF, Sheffield T2DM and ECHO T2DM models seem technically equipped to appropriately assess the long-term health-economic consequences of chronic treatments for patients with T2DM. It was observed that the CORE model is the most widely described in literature and conferences, and the most often applied model within HTA submissions, followed by the CARDIFF and UKPDS models. Conclusion: This research provides an overview of T2DM models that were developed between 2008 and January 2013. The outcomes of the qualitative assessments, combined with frequent use in local reimbursement decisions, prove the applicability of the CORE, CARDIFF and UKPDS models to address decision problems related to the long-term clinical and economic consequences of new and existing T2DM treatments.
Media Uses and Acculturation Among Chinese Immigrants in the USA

This study employs a uses and gratifications approach to examine media consumption and acculturation among Chinese immigrants in Silicon Valley in the USA. It finds that the immigrants' use of the media - both English and Chinese - gratifies, to varying degrees, such acculturation needs as English skills and information and knowledge of the host society. However, the availability of Chinese-language media and a unique set of sociodemographic variables combine to hamper the impact of English media use on the immigrants' acculturation.
Cytotoxic Sesquiterpene Lactones from Aerial Parts of Xanthium sibiricum

Abstract Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum led to the isolation of four new xanthanolide-type sesquiterpene lactones, including two xanthanolide dimers, pungiolide D (1) and pungiolide E (2), and two xanthanolide monomers, 8-epi-xanthatin-1α,5α-epoxide (3) and 1β-hydroxyl-5α-chloro-8-epi-xanthatin (4), together with four known compounds, pungiolide A (5), 8-epi-xanthatin-1β,5β-epoxide (6), xanthatin (7), and 11α,13-dihydro-8-epi-xanthatin (8). The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis. Pungiolide D (1) displayed an unusual structure featuring a 5/5/6-fused tricyclic system in the unit B. Compound 4 was shown to be a rare sesquiterpene lactone containing halogen, and its absolute configuration was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The evaluation of the cytotoxic activities of the isolated new compounds against the SNU387 liver and A-549 lung human cancer cell lines showed that compound 4 possessed significant in vitro cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.1 µM against SNU387 liver cells.
Interaction of Azospirillum and Rhizobium Strains Leading to Inhibition of Nodulation

Rhizobium-Azospirillum interactions during establishment of Rhizobium-clover symbiosis were studied. When mixed cultures of Azospirillum and Rhizobium trifolii strains were simultaneously inoculated onto clover plants, no nodulation by R. trifolii was observed. R. trifolii ANU1030, which nodulated clover plants without attacking root hairs, i.e., does not cause root hair curling (Hac−), did not show inhibition of nodulation when inoculated together with Azospirillum strains. Isolation of bacteria from surface-sterilized roots showed that azospirilla could be isolated both from within root segments and from nodules. Inhibition of nodulation could be mimicked by the addition of auxins to the plant growth medium.
Novel switched capacitor direct digital converters for variable reluctance sensors

Novel, simple and accurate Direct Digital Converters suitable for variable reluctance sensors are presented in this paper. These sensors have two inductors that vary in a push-pull manner with-respect-to the measurand. It is known that a small linear range can be obtained by taking the difference between the values of the sensor inductances. The proposed digital readout circuits accept the sensor inductances having non-linear characteristics, and provide a linear digital output directly proportional to the measurand, which is linear for the entire sensor range. The converters work on the principle of voltage-to-time based conversion and possess many advantages. Prototypes have been built and tested with a typical differential inductive sensor arrangement with a nominal value of 10mH. Output was linear for the full range of input and the worst-case error was less than 0.2%.
Understanding the Self‐Initiated Expatriate: A Review and Directions for Future Research

The study of self‐initiated expatriates (SIEs) has gained pace in the last decade, focusing on these individuals, their motivations, their behaviours and their relevance to the global workforce. Published works produced between 1996 and 2011 are reviewed. A thematic analysis indicates that key topics of focus in current research cover: characteristics of the self‐initiated and their work‐related experiences and management; comparative studies of company‐backed versus self‐initiated expatriation and the self‐initiated as global talent flow. This paper identifies a need for clarification of the construct of SIEs, expands on the theoretical perspectives used to examine SIEs and offers a framework to facilitate coherence in the direction of future research and the application of knowledge to practice in this field of study.
Molecular divergence between Gryllus rubens and Gryllus texensis, sister species of field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

Abstract We assess the degree of sequence divergence in the maternally inherited mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (CytB) genes between two sister species of field crickets, Gryllus rubens Scudder, 1902 and Gryllus texensis Cade and Otte, 2000. We analyzed 1460 base pairs from 10 individuals of each species; individuals were sampled from areas of both allopatry and sympatry. Overall average pairwise mitochondrial sequence divergence between species was 1.4% ± 0.1% (mean ± SD); however, there was almost an order of magnitude more divergence in COI (2.59% ± 2.25%) than in CytB (0.35% ± 0.24%). Gryllus texensis appears to harbor a much greater level of genetic variation than does G. rubens. Phylogenetic trees constructed from these sequences show reasonable separation of species; however, sequences are not reciprocally monophyletic. Gene tree polyphyly may reflect recent species-level divergence and (or) interspecific gene flow. The pattern of sequence divergence and genetic variation in these taxa is consistent with allopatric or peripatric speciation in Pleistocene glacial refugia in the southeastern (G. rubens ancestral lineage) and southcentral United States (G. texensis ancestral lineage). Résumé Nous évaluons le degré de divergence des séquences dans les gènes mitochondriaux d'origine maternelle, cytochrome c oxydase I (COI) et cytochrome b (CytB), chez les espèces soeurs de grillons des champs Gryllus rubens Scudder, 1902 et Gryllus texensis Cade et Otte, 2000. Nous avons analysé 1460 paires de bases chez 10 individus de chaque espèce, prélevés dans des zones d'allopatrie et de sympatrie. La divergence globale des séquences mitochondriales, paire par paire, entre les espèces est de 1,4 % ± 0,1 % (moyenne ± ET); cependant, la divergence de COI (2,59 % ± 2,25 %) est d'un ordre de grandeur plus importante que celle de CytB (0,35 % ± 0,24 %). Gryllus texensis semble posséder un niveau beaucoup plus élevé de variation génétique que G. rubens. Les arbres phylogénétiques élaborés à partir de ces séquences montrent une séparation adéquate des espèces, mais les séquences ne sont pas réciproquement monophylétiques. La polyphylie des arbres génétiques peut indiquer une divergence récente au niveau des espèces et (ou) un flux génétique interspécifique. Les patrons de divergence des séquences et de variation génétique chez ces taxons sont compatibles avec une spéciation allopatrique ou péripatrique dans les refuges glaciaires du pléistocène dans le sud-est (lignée ancestrale de G. rubens) et le centre-sud (lignée ancestrale de G. texensis) des États-Unis. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
The effects of communication modality on *presence, cognitive load and retention in Second Life

This thesis reports findings from a study (N = 60) of the impact of three communication modalities (voice only, text only, and voice and text simultaneously) on cognitive load, as measured by subjective reports of mental effort; on learning, as measured by tests of recall and retention; and on perceptions of presence as measured by a Presence Questionnaire (Witmer & Singer, 2005). Based on the results of prior empirical research, it is hypothesized that retention scores will be higher for voice participants and voice-and-text participants than for text-only participants; that cognitive load will be lower for voice participants and higher for text conditions; that voice will contribute to greater perceptions to presence; and that higher perceptions of presence will not correlate with deeper learning. Study results indicate that communication modality significantly effected cognitive load (F (2, 54) = 4.58, p = . 01) and retention (F (2, 54) = 3.53, p = . 04), and that experience with and time spent in the virtual environment had significant effects on measures of cognitive load, retention, and presence: Significant between-subjects effects were found for cognitive load and time (p = .23), for retention and time (p = .21), and for retention and experience (p = .03).
National HIV incidence measures--new insights into the South African epidemic.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Currently South Africa does not have national HIV incidence data based on laboratory testing of blood specimens. The 2005 South African national HIV household survey was analysed to generate national incidence estimates stratified by age, sex, race, province and locality type, to compare the HIV incidence and HIV prevalence profiles by sex, and to examine the relationship between HIV prevalence, HIV incidence and associated risk factors. METHOD The detection of recent infections was performed on confirmed HIV-positive samples, using the BED capture enzyme immunoassay optimised for dried blood spot (DBS) specimens. BED HIV incidence calculations applied adjustment procedures that were recently revised and approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for subtype C blood specimens. RESULTS HIV incidence in the study population aged 2 years and older was 1.4% per year, with 571,000 new HIV infections estimated for 2005. An HIV incidence rate of 2.4% was recorded for the age group 15-49 years. The incidence of HIV among females peaked in the 20-29-year age group at 5.6%, more than six times the incidence found in 20-29-year-old males (0.9%). Among youth aged 15-24 years, females account for 90% of the recent HIV infections. Non-condom use among youth, current pregnancy and widowhood were the socio-behavioural factors associated with the highest HIV incidence rates. CONCLUSIONS The HIV incidence estimates reflect the underlying transmission dynamics that are currently at work in South Africa. The findings suggest that the current prevention campaigns are not having the desired impact, particularly among young women.
The Validation Process of the SILL: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

This study examined the validity of the SILL by performing a confirmatory factor analysis among 914 university students learning English in Korea. The results showed that all the fit indices including chi-square, RMSEA, CFI, and NFI used to test Oxford’s two construct and six construct taxonomy of the SILL provided unacceptable fit to the data. These results might be in part due to the large number of the participants and in part due to the high correlations among the constructs. Implications of these findings were discussed, followed by future study areas to shed further light on the SILL and language learning strategies.