Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of a novel collaboration engineering method for learning design: A case study

Collaborative case studies and computer-supported collaborative learning ( CSCL) play an important role in the modern education environment. A number of researchers have given significant attention to learning design in order to improve the satisfaction of collaborative learning. Although collaboration engineering ( CE) is a mature method widely used for collaboration design, there is limited research as to whether CE is useful for learning design, in particular, case studies. Therefore, in this paper, we designed a contrastive case study in two small classes of a Chinese university. In the first part, we encouraged a teacher to use CE tools to design a learning process. Since Chinese students had limited access to CE platforms, we used our special tool-the Discussion Platform as the main CE tool. A total of 40 students and a teacher collaborated in our first experiment and were asked to complete a survey upon completion of the interviews. In our comparison study, the teacher gave the same task to another 31 students, yet omitted the use of CE tools to design the learning process. In this paper, we compare the results obtained and determine the advantage that CE methods have on learning effectiveness and student satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Heterogeneity among Peer-Rejected Boys: Subtypes and Stabilities.

Cluster analysis was used to identify subtypes among 98 peer-rejected 5–7-year-old boys. Repeated sociometric nominations obtained over a 1-year interval permitted examination of the relation between rejection subtype and sociometric stability. Results revealed that 48% of these rejected boys were aggressive, impulsive, disruptive, and noncooperative as well as not involved in mutual liking. A smaller number (13%) were socially shy, perceived themselves to be negatively regarded by their peers, and were uninvolved in mutual liking. Two other subtypes, accounting for 39% of these boys, did not seem especially deviant. These behavioral characteristics generally typified the four rejection subtypes 1 year later. 66% of the nonaggressive subtypes changed sociometric classification (i.e., became average or popular) after a year, whereas only 42% of the aggressive-rejected children did so, suggesting that peer rejection that involves aggression is more stable than rejection that does not.
Assessment of the diagnoses of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in a Danish hospital information system.

BACKGROUND Our aim was to estimate the completeness-that is, whether all patients were included in the system-and the validity-that is, whether the diagnostic criteria were fulfilled for the patients registered-of the diagnoses of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in a Danish hospital system. METHODS Information in a regional hospital system, in the County of North Jutland, Denmark, was compared with hospital records and information in a pathology system. RESULTS The analysis of the completeness included 143 patients with Crohn's disease and 285 patients with ulcerative colitis. The completeness of the regional hospital system using the pathology system as a reference standard was 94% for both diseases. The analysis of the validity included 281 patients registered as having Crohn's disease and 506 patients registered as having ulcerative colitis. The validity of the two diagnoses was 97% and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The regional hospital system showed few misclassifications of the diagnoses of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Thus the nationwide hospital system (based on the regional hospital systems) may provide a unique study base for future research.
Protectin D1 Is Generated in Asthma and Dampens Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness1

Protectins are newly identified natural chemical mediators that counter leukocyte activation to promote resolution of inflammation. In this study, we provide the first evidence for protectin D1 (PD1, 10R,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid) formation from docosahexaenoic acid in human asthma in vivo and PD1 counterregulatory actions in allergic airway inflammation. PD1 and 17S-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid were present in exhaled breath condensates from healthy subjects. Of interest, levels of PD1 were significantly lower in exhaled breath condensates from subjects with asthma exacerbations. PD1 was also present in extracts of murine lungs from both control animals and those sensitized and aerosol challenged with allergen. When PD1 was administered before aeroallergen challenge, airway eosinophil and T lymphocyte recruitment were decreased, as were airway mucus, levels of specific proinflammatory mediators, including IL-13, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and PGD2, and airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine. Of interest, PD1 treatment after aeroallergen challenge markedly accelerated the resolution of airway inflammation. Together, these findings provide evidence for endogenous PD1 as a pivotal counterregulatory signal in allergic airway inflammation and point to new therapeutic strategies for modulating inflammation in asthmatic lung.
Experimental canine parvovirus infection in dogs.

In specific pathogen-free dogs, clinical signs of experimental canine parvovirus infection were mild, inconsistent and transient. Clinical signs were more pronounced in conventionally-raised dogs, but the severe disease reported in field cases was not reproduced in either group. A pronounced plasma viremia occurred on the 2nd to 4th day post-infection (d.p.i.) in dogs challenged oronasally. Antibody was detectable on the 5th d.p.i. Marked pyrexia was rare, but a significant temperature rise usually coincided with the appearance of antibody and the cessation of viremia. Significant lymphopenia, but not leukopenia, occurred on the 3rd to 7th d.p.i. Virus could be readily isolated from fecal matter on the 3rd to 8th d.p.i. ; a few dogs continued to shed virus for up to 12 days. In dogs challenged parenterally, the onset of elevated temperatures, viral shed and antibody production occurred 24-48 hours sooner. Convalescent dogs were no longer contagious for susceptible contact animals 25 days or longer after challenge, although infectious virus persisted in feces for more than 6 months at room temperature. Active giardiasis seemed to exacerbate the clinical syndrome, although treatment with corticosteroids or anti-thymocyte serum did not.
Automatic Single Tree Detection in Plantations using UAV-based Photogrammetric Point clouds

For reasons of documentation, management and certification there is a high interest in efficient inventories of palm plantations on the single plant level. Recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology facilitate spatial and temporal flexible acquisition of high resolution 3D data. Common single tree detection approaches are based on Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite or Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data. However, VHR data is often limited to clouds and does commonly not allow for height measurements. VHR and in particualar ALS data are characterized by high relatively high acquisition costs. Sperlich et al. (2013) already demonstrated the high potential of UAV-based photogrammetric point clouds for single tree detection using pouring algorithms. This approach was adjusted and improved for an application on palm plantation. The 9.4ha test site on Tarawa, Kiribati, comprised densely scattered growing palms, as well as abundant undergrowth and trees. Using a standard consumer grade camera mounted on an octocopter two flight campaigns at 70m and 100m altitude were performed to evaluate the effect Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) and image overlap. To avoid comission errors and improve the terrain interpolation the point clouds were classified based on the geometric characteristics of the classes, i.e. (1) palm, (2) other vegetation (3) and ground. The mapping accuracy amounts for 86.1 % for the entire study area and 98.2 % for dense growing palm stands. We conclude that this flexible and automatic approach has high capabilities for operational use.
Interactive fault localization techniques in a spreadsheet environment

End-user programmers develop more software than any other group of programmers, using software authoring devices such as multimedia simulation builders, e-mail filtering editors, by-demonstration macro builders, and spreadsheet environments. Despite this, there has been only a little research on finding ways to help these programmers with the dependability of the software they create. We have been working to address this problem in several ways, one of which includes supporting end-user debugging activities through interactive fault localization techniques. This paper investigates fault localization techniques in the spreadsheet domain, the most common type of end-user programming environment. We investigate a technique previously described in the research literature and two new techniques. We present the results of an empirical study to examine the impact of two individual factors on the effectiveness of fault localization techniques. Our results reveal several insights into the contributions such techniques can make to the end-user debugging process and highlight key issues of interest to researchers and practitioners who may design and evaluate future fault localization techniques.
Mycophenolic Acid and Mycophenolic Acid Glucuronide Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients: Effect of Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus Comedication

Determinants of the wide interindividual variability of the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in 21 stable pediatric liver transplant recipients were investigated in relation to the kinetics of the drug's major phenolic glucuronide metabolite (MPAG), cyclosporin (CsA), or tacrolimus (Tac) co-medication and liver and renal function. Trough concentrations (C0) most reliably predicted the area under the curve (AUC) of 0–7 hours MPA plasma concentrations (r2 = 0.650). Co-medication with CsA demanded higher MPA mofetil (MMF) doses to achieve equivalent trough levels than Tac (362 vs. 178 mg per mg/L, P = 0.004). Median MPA C0 (range) was significantly lower during CsA co-therapy when corrected for MMF dose (2.8 vs. 5.6 mg MPA/L for Tac, P = 0.006). The AUC of MPAG was correspondingly higher during CsA co-medication (229 vs. 94 mg/L/h for Tac, P = 0.012) with the MPA-to-MPAG ratio at C0 correspondingly lower (0.10 vs. 0.14, respectively, P = 0.04). This suggested contrasting effects of CsA and Tac on MPA glucuronidation or its excretion and enterohepatic recirculation. MPAG AUC was correlated to body weight and creatinine clearance. Children with elevated aspartate transaminase (AST; but with no evidence of rejection on liver biopsy, n = 7) had significantly lower MPA trough levels compared with those in whom AST was normal (0. 77 vs. 1.76 mg/L, P = 0.05), but there was no difference in the MMF dose per body weight. Examination of the MPA profiles in these subjects showed significantly lower MPA concentrations from 120 minutes after dose until the end of the 7-hour profile and suggest an accelerated clearance or decreased enterohepatic recirculation.
A Hierarchical Generative Model for Overcomplete Topographic Representations in Natural Images

In this paper we propose a hierarchical generative model based on sparse coding and analysis of topographic energy dependencies. We further formulate the basic sparse coding into a hierarchical fashion by defining a higher-order topography on the coefficients of nearby basis functions. An algorithm for learning overcomplete topographic basis functions is derived from a direct approximation to the data likelihood. The basis functions learned by the algorithm demonstrate the topographic organization and the emergence of phase-and shift-invariant features - the similar properties of visual complex cells. Moreover, the proposed model yields overcomplete representations. We apply the model to the problem of image denoising. This task suits the model well since Gaussian additive noise is explicitly included in the model. The simulation results suggest that the proposed method outperforms conventional denoising algorithms. Our model is promising in a wide range of fields, such as signal processing and pattern recognition.
The Effects of Circumcision on the Penis Microbiome

Background Circumcision is associated with significant reductions in HIV, HSV-2 and HPV infections among men and significant reductions in bacterial vaginosis among their female partners. Methodology/Principal Findings We assessed the penile (coronal sulci) microbiota in 12 HIV-negative Ugandan men before and after circumcision. Microbiota were characterized using sequence-tagged 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing targeting the V3–V4 hypervariable regions. Taxonomic classification was performed using the RDP Naïve Bayesian Classifier. Among the 42 unique bacterial families identified, Pseudomonadaceae and Oxalobactericeae were the most abundant irrespective of circumcision status. Circumcision was associated with a significant change in the overall microbiota (PerMANOVA p = 0.007) and with a significant decrease in putative anaerobic bacterial families (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test p = 0.014). Specifically, two families—Clostridiales Family XI (p = 0.006) and Prevotellaceae (p = 0.006)—were uniquely abundant before circumcision. Within these families we identified a number of anaerobic genera previously associated with bacterial vaginosis including: Anaerococcus spp. , Finegoldia spp. , Peptoniphilus spp. , and Prevotella spp. Conclusions/Significance The anoxic microenvironment of the subpreputial space may support pro-inflammatory anaerobes that can activate Langerhans cells to present HIV to CD4 cells in draining lymph nodes. Thus, the reduction in putative anaerobic bacteria after circumcision may play a role in protection from HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Prior hormetic priming is costly under environmental mismatch

It is increasingly recognized that hormetic environmental priming of stress responses can improve resilience to later life stress exposure. However, such phenotypic adjustments may be costly, particularly if the subsequent environment does not match that to which the adjustment was made. Here, we show that hormetic priming to mild heat stress in early life increases survival only when heat stress is again experienced in adulthood; it reduces survival if the stressor is not encountered again. That such costs can occur explains both why the stress response system is not maintained in an upregulated state and why the hormetic adjustment of responses has evolved.
The Impact of HIV on Maternal Morbidity in the Pre-HAART Era in Uganda

Objective. To compare maternal morbidity in HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women. Methods. Major maternal morbidity (severe febrile illness, illnesses requiring hospital admissions, surgical revisions, or illnesses resulting in death) was measured prospectively in a cohort of HIV-infected and uninfected women followed from 36 weeks of pregnancy to 6 weeks after delivery. Odds ratios of major morbidity and associated factors were examined using logistic regression. Results. Major morbidity was observed in 46/129 (36%) and 104/390 (27%) of the HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women, respectively, who remained in followup. In the multivariable analysis, major morbidity was independently associated with HIV infection, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.7 (1.1 to 2.7), nulliparity (AOR 2.0 (1.3 to 3.0)), and lack of, or minimal, formal education (AOR 2.1 (1.1 to 3.8)). Conclusions. HIV was associated with a 70% increase in the odds of major maternal morbidity in these Ugandan mothers.
Beliefs and behaviours of kindergarten teachers

Summary This study examines relationships between the cognitive styles of kindergarten teachers and their tendency to endorse or manifest a child‐centred vs a teacher‐structured approach to kindergarten. Subjects were 51 kindergarten teachers who completed self‐report instruments assessing cognitive style, teaching ideology, classroom behaviour, and occupational stress. An outside rater observed each classroom for two hours, recording the frequencies of two kinds of teacher behaviour: verbal interactions, and ‘mapping’ data indicating the positions of teacher and students within the classroom. Teachers’ self‐reported beliefs and behaviours were strongly consistent with outside raters’ observations. In addition, a cluster of observed classroom behaviours was associated with a child: centred ideology: working and communicating with individuals or with small groups of children rather than with large groups; and using few negative comments. Teachers who endorsed and exhibited these child‐centred behaviours te.
Contribuicao da percepcao haptica no controle postural de criancas

The purpose of the present study was to assess the contribution of haptic perception while using an anchor system (Mauerberg-deCastro, 2002) during a postural control task. The task consisted of children--ages five, six and seven years old--walking blindfolded on a balance beam. The children manipulated the anchor system, consisting of two flexible cables with attached loads resting on the floor. We assessed developmental influence on postural control strategies and on haptic perception. Ninety children participated in this study (30 5-year-olds, 30 6-year-olds, and 30 7-year-olds). Children in each age group were randomly assigned to either a control task (no anchors), or to one of the two experimental tasks (i.e., the anchor system at loads of either 125g or 500g). Each participant performed six trials. The results indicated that the 7-year-old group improved postural control while using the anchor system. The 5- and 6- year-old groups deteriorated in performance while using the anchor system. We concluded that haptic perception has developmental constraints when postural perturbations require exploratory non-visual strategies.
Streamline‐based simulation of carbon dioxide storage in a North Sea aquifer

We model carbon dioxide (CO2) storage into a deep North Sea aquifer using streamline‐based simulation. We assume incompressible flow of liquid‐like CO2 and aqueous phases. We simulate dissolution of CO2 and a rate‐limited precipitation reaction. Advective transport and reactions are solved along streamlines, while dispersion and flow due to gravity segregation of the phases are solved on the underlying grid. Geological storage is modeled on a one million cell model. The distribution of CO2 after injection is dominated by advective transport due to multiphase flow, and CO2 moves preferentially through high‐permeability channels. Without reaction the regional groundwater flow causes the CO2 to continue to migrate until it reaches residual saturation, where it continues, slowly, to dissolve. Precipitation leads to a decrease in porosity and permeability, while CO2 is stored in the solid phase. The storage efficiency is low, around 2%, because of aquifer heterogeneity.
Exploring the Impact of Restrictive Default Privacy Settings on the Privacy Calculus on Social Network sites

Research about self-disclosure on social network sites (SNS) is based on the assumption that all entered personal information is publicly available by default. Literature lacks empirical insights on how restrictive default privacy settings influence the privacy calculus and the self-disclosure on SNS. To gain empirical insight we analyzed how the perception of users regarding the benefits and privacy costs of self-disclosure on SNS changes by making users aware of restrictive default privacy settings. The results of our exploratory study using Facebook show that making users aware of restrictive default privacy settings significantly changes the perceived benefit of relationship maintenance and the perceived privacy costs of privacy concerns and the likelihood of a privacy violation.
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women after hormone therapy.

To the Editor: Dr Chlebowski and colleagues, in their follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), showed an increase in breast cancer mortality for women randomized to estrogen plus progestin compared with placebo of 1.3 per 10 000 women per year. Also, longer follow-up data on de novo hormone therapy users in the trial confirmed no increased risk of breast cancer incidence. The WHI commenced in the 1990s and ceased in 2002, and the risks and benefits described relate to a regimen of hormone therapy rarely used in the United States in 2010. Lower doses, different estrogens and progestins, and different regimens are now more commonly prescribed. As Dr Bach points out in the accompanying Editorial, more evidence is needed, but on outcomes related to newer regimens.
Effect of Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Rice Lines on Mortality and Feeding Behavior of Rice Stem Borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Abstract Ten transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Bt rice, Oryza sativa L. , lines with different Bt genes (two Cry1Ac lines, three Cry2A lines, and five Cry9C lines) derived from the same variety Minghui 63 were evaluated in both the laboratory and the field. Bioassays were conducted by using the first instars of two main rice lepidopteran insect species: yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker). All transgenic lines exhibited high toxicity to these two rice borers. Field evaluation results also showed that all transgenic lines were highly insect resistant with both natural infestation and manual infestation of the neonate larvae of S. incertulas compared with the nontransformed Minghui63. Bt protein concentrations in leaves of 10 transgenic rice lines were estimated by the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cry9C gene had the highest expression level, next was cry2A gene, and the cry1Ac gene expressed at the lowest level. The feeding behavior of 7-d-old Asiatic rice borer to three classes of Bt transgenic rice lines also was detected by using rice culm cuttings. The results showed that 7-d-old larvae of Asiatic rice borer have the capacity to distinguish Bt and non-Bt culm cuttings and preferentially fed on non-Bt cuttings. When only Bt culm cuttings with three classes of different Bt proteins (Cry1Ac, Cry2A, and Cry9C) were fed, significant distribution difference of 7-d-old Asiatic rice borer in culm cuttings of different Bt proteins also was found. In the current study, we evaluate different Bt genes in the same rice variety in both the laboratory and the field, and also tested feeding behavior of rice insect to these Bt rice. These data are valuable for the further development of two-toxin Bt rice and establishment of appropriate insect resistance management in the future.