Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Science Studies Has Never Been Critical of Science

Research in Science and Technology Studies (STS) tends to presume that intellectual and political radicalism go hand in hand. One would therefore expect that the most intellectually radical movement in the field relates critically to its social conditions. However, this is not the case, as demonstrated by the trajectory of the Parisian School of STS spearheaded by Michel Callon and Bruno Latour. Their position, “actor-network theory,” turns out to be little more than a strategic adaptation to the democratization of expertise and the decline of the strong nation-state in France over the past 25 years. This article provides a prehistory of this client-driven, contract-based research culture in U.S. sociology of the 1960s, followed by specific features of French philosophical and political culture that have bred the distinctive tenets of actor-network theory. Insofar as actor-network theory has become the main paradigm for contemporary STS research, it reflects a field that dodges normative commitments in order to maintain a user-friendly presence.
Self-esteem and body image of Turkish adolescent girls

The aim in this study was to examine the relationship between self-esteem and body image in female adolescents who are athletes or nonathletes. Adolescent girls ( N = 477) between the ages of 12 and 14 participated in the research in Izmir, Turkey. The self-esteem survey developed by Coopersmith (1967) and the Body Cathexis Scale developed by Secord and Jourard (1953) were used in the study. The findings obtained show that there is a significantly stronger relationship between self-esteem and body image in the athletic adolescent girls compared with the sedentary girls ( p < 0.05).
STP Best Practices for Evaluating Clinical Pathology in Pharmaceutical Recovery Studies

The Society of Toxicologic Pathology formed a working group in collaboration with the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology to provide recommendations for the appropriate inclusion of clinical pathology evaluation in recovery arms of nonclinical toxicity studies but not on when to perform recovery studies. Evaluation of the recovery of clinical pathology findings is not required routinely but provides useful information on risk assessment in nonclinical toxicity studies and is recommended when the ability of the organ to recover is uncertain. The study design generally requires inclusion of concurrent controls to separate procedure-related changes from test article–related changes, but return of clinical pathology values toward baseline may be sufficient in some cases. Evaluation of either a select or full panel of standard hematology, coagulation, and serum and urine chemistry biomarkers can be scientifically justified. It is also acceptable to redesignate dosing phase animals to the recovery phase or vice versa to optimize data interpretation. Assessment of delayed toxicity during the recovery phase is not required but may be appropriate in development programs with unique concerns. Evaluation of the recovery of clinical pathology data for vaccine development is required and, for efficacy markers, is recommended if it furthers pharmacologic understanding.
Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania.

OBJECTIVE Case series and follow-up studies suggest that clozapine may have mood-stabilizing properties in addition to antipsychotic action in patients with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, and bipolar I disorder, but the generalizability of these findings is limited. This article describes a randomized, open study of clozapine add-on therapy versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. METHOD Thirty-eight patients meeting the DSM-IV criteria for schizoaffective or bipolar disorder that was deemed treatment-resistant were randomly assigned to clozapine add-on treatment (N = 19) or treatment as usual (no clozapine) (N = 19) and followed up for 1 year. Patients received monthly ratings on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression scale, Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, and a 40-item side effect checklist. Differences between treatment groups were assessed according to a pattern-mix random-regression model. An additional analysis compared group differences in rating scale scores against relative time in the study. RESULTS Significant between-group differences were found in scores on all rating scales except the Hamilton depression scale. Total medication use over 1 year significantly decreased in the clozapine group. No significant differences between groups in somatic complaints were noted. The subjects with nonpsychotic bipolar I disorder who received clozapine showed a degree of improvement similar to that of the entire clozapine-treated group. Clozapine dose was significantly higher for the patients with schizoaffective illness than for those with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support clozapine's independent mood-stabilizing property. They demonstrate that clozapine use was associated with significant clinical improvement relative to treatment as usual.
A Mechanistic Account of theMirror Effect for Word Frequency : A Computational of Remember-ow Judgments in a Continuous Recognition Paradigm

A theoretical account of the mirror effect for word frequency and of dissociations in the pattern of responding Remember vs. Know (R vs. K) for lowand high-freqnency words was tested both empirically and computationally by comlmring predicted with observed data theory in 3 experiments. The SAC (Source of Activation Confusion) theory of memory makes the novel prediction of more K responses for highthan for low-freqnency words, for both old and new items. Two experiments used a continuous presentation and judgment paradigm that presented words up to 10 times. The computer simulation closely modeled the pattern of results, fitting new Know and Remember patterns of responding at each level of experimental presentation and for both levels of word frequency for each participant. Experiment 3 required list discrimination after each R response (Group 1) or after an R or K response (Group 2). List accuracy was better following R responses. All experiments were modeled using the same parameter values.
A comparison between oral chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Abstract The prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM), a major subtype of grade IV glioma, is rather poor nowadays. The efficiency of chemotherapy serving as the adjunct to radiotherapy (RT) for treating GBM is still controversial. In this study, we aim to investigate the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with newly diagnosed GBM received RT plus chemotherapy or with RT alone. Literatures were searched from the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library between January 2001 and June 2015. Study selection was conducted based on the following criteria: randomized clinical trial (RCT) of adjuvant RT plus chemotherapy versus RT alone; studies comparing OS and/or PFS; and studies including cases medically confirmed of newly diagnosed GBM. Five RCTs (1655 patients) were eligible in this study. The meta-analysis showed a significant improvement in OS of patients treated with RT plus oral chemotherapy compared with that of RT alone (hazard ratio 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.56–0.88, P = .002). Adjuvant chemotherapy confers a survival benefit in patients newly diagnosed with GBM.
Effect of materialism and environmental knowledge on environmental consciousness among high school students: A study conducted in Istanbul province

As a result of increased industrial production and individual consumption after the industrial revolution, environmental degradation became a growing global concern. Especially when we consider the fact that young people of today will be decision makers in the future, their attitudes and behavior towards the environment will doubtlessly have great influence on natural resources and their sustainability in the future. This study explores the effect of environmental knowledge and materialism values of high school students on environmental consciousness. Subsequently, it is explored whether there is a differentiation in materialism, environmental knowledge and environmental consciousness according to gender and pre-school knowledge level of the students. The convenience sampling method, multiple regression analysis and t-test were applied to the data obtained from the sample of 1011 12 th grade students in Istanbul. The outcomes of the study shows that environmental knowledge and materialism variables are meaningful in explaining environmental consciousness.
Androgyny and Attachment Security: Two Related Models of Optimal Personality

Three studies explored similarities between attachment style typologies and sex role typologies. Both are defined by pairs of dimensions: self model and other model (attachment styles); masculinity, or agency, and femininity, or communion (sex role orientations). Results indicate that although there are conceptual and empirical similarities between self model and masculinity (two operationalizations of "agency") and between other model and femininity (two operationalizations of "communion '9, the sex role renditions of agency and communion are more closely related to gender than are the attachment style renditions. The authors argue that attachment style dimensions and the personality ideal they help to define-attachment security-are closer than masculinity and femininity to what sex role researchers may have had in mind when they proposed the concept of psychological androgyny. Attachment security is, roughly speaking, androgyny minus the elements of power; aggression, and emotional vulnerability that are inadvertently retained when agency and communion are defined in terms of gender-linked traits.
Childbearing and Dissolution of the Second Marriage.

The relationship between childbearing and dissolution of the 2nd marriage among white women was examined using 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households data and a probability sample of 713 non-Hispanic white women aged 19 and older who have been married 2 or more times whose 2nd marriage occurred between 1965 and 1988 and who were age 39 or younger at their 2nd marriage. Life table analysis determined the probability of dissolving the 2nd marriage and then the probability of giving birth in the 2nd marriage was examined. A multivariate analysis with logistic regression included 1) a variable indicating whether the woman had an intermarital birth and 2) another variable indicating whether the woman entered the 2nd marriage with a child under age 6. Women who gave birth in the 2nd marriage had a significantly reduced probability of dissolution while childbearing prior to remarriage was linked to a significantly increased risk of dissolution in the first 5 years of the 2nd marriage. About 29% of the remarried women were likely to end their 2nd marriage within 5 years of remarriage. At 10 years about half of the remarriages were likely to dissolve. Dissolution of the 2nd marriage was highest in the first few years of remarriage and remained relatively high during the 6th through 10th years of remarriage. In the 2nd marriage about one third of the women were likely to give birth within 2 years of remarriage. By 6 years approximately three fifths of the women might give birth. About half of the women who gave birth in the 2nd marriage did so within 18 months of remarrying; this increased to 80% at 3 years and only about 5% at 5 or 6 years. Another analysis examined 1037 observations at the 6th through 19th years of remarriage. Giving birth in the 2nd marriage was associated with a reduction in dissolution in the 6th through 19th years of remarriage. Giving birth prior to remarriage had no significant association with dissolution in the 6th through 10th year of remarriage. The results suggest that bringing school-age children into a new marriage is linked to an increased risk of dissolution.
PERCEPTIONS OF POWER: A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Upper level college students in the United States ( N = 28) were presented with vignettes describing a manager as possessing either (a) high coercive and reward power, or (b) low coercive and reward power. The manipulation of these two power bases had a significant impact on all five of French and Raven’s (1959) power bases (i.e., referent, coercive, expert, legitimate, and reward). Moreover, population effect size estimates (eta-squares) were noticeably large, ranging from . 17 to . 68. These findings are interpreted utilizing a cognitive perspective, and expanding the construct of cognitive structures to the realm of social power.
Soluble form of amyloid precursor protein regulates proliferation of progenitors in the adult subventricular zone

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein of unknown physiological function. Its soluble secreted form (sAPP) shows similarities with growth factors and increases the in vitro proliferation of embryonic neural stem cells. As neurogenesis is an ongoing process in the adult mammalian brain, we have investigated a role for sAPP in adult neurogenesis. We show that the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle, the largest neurogenic area of the adult brain, is a major sAPP binding site and that binding occurs on progenitor cells expressing the EGF receptor. These EGF-responsive cells can be cultured as neurospheres (NS). In vitro, EGF provokes soluble APP (sAPP) secretion by NS and anti-APP antibodies antagonize the EGF-induced NS proliferation. In vivo, sAPP infusions increase the number of EGF-responsive progenitors through their increased proliferation. Conversely, blocking sAPP secretion or downregulating APP synthesis decreases the proliferation of EGF-responsive cells, which leads to a reduction of the pool of progenitors. These results reveal a new function for sAPP as a regulator of SVZ progenitor proliferation in the adult central nervous system.
The potential influence of morphology on the evolutionary divergence of an acoustic signal

The evolution of acoustic behaviour and that of the morphological traits mediating its production are often coupled. Lack of variation in the underlying morphology of signalling traits has the potential to constrain signal evolution. This relationship is particularly likely in field crickets, where males produce acoustic advertisement signals to attract females by stridulating with specialized structures on their forewings. In this study, we characterize the size and geometric shape of the forewings of males from six allopatric populations of the black field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus) known to have divergent advertisement calls. We sample from each of these populations using both wild‐caught and common‐garden‐reared cohorts, allowing us to test for multivariate relationships between wing morphology and call structure. We show that the allometry of shape has diverged across populations. However, there was a surprisingly small amount of covariation between wing shape and call structure within populations. Given the importance of male size for sexual selection in crickets, the divergence we observe among populations has the potential to influence the evolution of advertisement calls in this species.
Emotion Recognition In The Wild Challenge 2014: Baseline, Data and Protocol

The Second Emotion Recognition In The Wild Challenge (EmotiW) 2014 consists of an audio-video based emotion classification challenge, which mimics the real-world conditions. Traditionally, emotion recognition has been performed on data captured in constrained lab-controlled like environment. While this data was a good starting point, such lab controlled data poorly represents the environment and conditions faced in real-world situations. With the exponential increase in the number of video clips being uploaded online, it is worthwhile to explore the performance of emotion recognition methods that work `in the wild'. The goal of this Grand Challenge is to carry forward the common platform defined during EmotiW 2013, for evaluation of emotion recognition methods in real-world conditions. The database in the 2014 challenge is the Acted Facial Expression In Wild (AFEW) 4.0, which has been collected from movies showing close-to-real-world conditions. The paper describes the data partitions, the baseline method and the experimental protocol.
Patriotism, multiculturalism and belonging: political discourse and the teaching of history

This paper examines the British Labour government's developing political discourse on patriotism, citizenship and multiculturalism since 1997, particularly following the 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States and the 2005 London bombings. It focuses on the speeches of key government figures, notably Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, and on the ways in which they apply their ideas to the teaching of history and citizenship in schools. It contrasts a broadly cosmopolitan rhetoric about Britain and its role in the world with a narrower focus on British history and “British values”. It considers concerns about the radicalisation of Muslim youth and how such concerns are related to a discourse about separation and communication, applied to minorities in general, and to Muslims and to Muslim women in particular. Political discourse is contextualised within the race relations legislation of the period. The author reflects on challenges that arise when history is harnessed in a project to promote national unity. It suggests that history teaching needs to be reframed, so as to recognize that students are not only citizens of a nation‐state but are also emergent cosmopolitan citizens living in an age of globalization and universal human rights.
Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals.

For ethical and economic reasons, it is important to design animal experiments well, to analyze the data correctly, and to use the minimum number of animals necessary to achieve the scientific objectives---but not so few as to miss biologically important effects or require unnecessary repetition of experiments. Investigators are urged to consult a statistician at the design stage and are reminded that no experiment should ever be started without a clear idea of how the resulting data are to be analyzed. These guidelines are provided to help biomedical research workers perform their experiments efficiently and analyze their results so that they can extract all useful information from the resulting data. Among the topics discussed are the varying purposes of experiments (e.g., exploratory vs. confirmatory); the experimental unit; the necessity of recording full experimental details (e.g., species, sex, age, microbiological status, strain and source of animals, and husbandry conditions); assigning experimental units to treatments using randomization; other aspects of the experiment (e.g., timing of measurements); using formal experimental designs (e.g., completely randomized and randomized block); estimating the size of the experiment using power and sample size calculations; screening raw data for obvious errors; using the t-test or analysis of variance for parametric analysis; and effective design of graphical data.
The colour naming of emotional words

The study reported here used the Stroop test in order to distinguish individuals with a repressive ‘coping’ style from low and high anxious persons. The task required the colour naming of words relating to negative emotions. The three groups were identified by use of the Marlowe-Crowne scale of social desirability and the Spielberger Trait Anxiety scale. As predicted, the task clearly distinguished between repressors and the low anxious: repressors were severely retarded on this task while the low anxious showed no effect on performance. However, the distinction between repressors and the high anxious was less clear. The anxious group also showed a decrement in performance although it was considerably smaller than that produced by repressors. These results are discussed in terms of the implications for the applicability of the test as a measure of repressive coping style.
Do clinical trials conducted in India match its healthcare needs? An audit of the Clinical Trials Registry of India

Background: India continues to contribute disproportionately to the global burden of disease and public health research output from India is also known to be not commensurate with her healthcare needs. We carried out the present study to assess if clinical trials were in line with the health care needs of the country by auditing the clinical trials registry of India. Materials and Methods: All the clinical studies registered in CTRI between July 20, 2007 and December 31, 2015 were searched in the “Trial Search” section. The total number of studies, their phases of development, and therapeutic areas were assessed. Trials in each therapeutic area was compared with the disease burden (DALYs) in that area taken from Global Health Estimates [2014] Summary Tables of the WHO. The number of trials conducted per state in India was also compared with the population of that state [Census 2011]. Results: A total of 6474 studies were registered of which 3325 (51.4%) were clinical trials. The state of Maharashtra had the highest number trials [16.4%] followed by Karnataka ( 11.6%) and Tamil Nadu (10%). Populous states like Uttar Pradesh (5.3%) and Bihar (1.4%) had far fewer trials. The largest number of trials was in the area of cancer (16.4%), followed by diabetes (12.1%) and cardiovascular diseases (10.1%). Infectious and parasitic diseases had the highest DALYs (82,681) and ranked first in disease burden but accounted for only 5% of the total trials and ranked 7th according to number of trials. Cancer ranked first in the number of trials (16.4%), but ranked 6th based on DALYs. Conclusion: Clinical trials conducted in India are not in consonance with her health care needs. Strengthening the capacity for conducting trials in the populous states and the north-eastern part of the country is necessary to allow a more equitable selection of participants. The government should introduce policies to encourage new drug development in areas where needed the most.
Effects of implied action speed on estimation of event duration

Two experiments investigated the effect of manipulating the implied speed of an individual's actions on estimation of event duration. Experiment 1 requested duration estimates from eyewitnesses to a staged event. Three groups of subjects participated, and each was provided with different postevent information, which varied the implied speed of the individual that acted out the event. Results indicated that subjects who were led to believe the actor engaged in fast actions (e.g. running) generated significantly shorter duration estimates than those led to believe the speed of the actor was slow (e.g. the actor walked). Experiment 2 manipulated implied action speed by varying the commands given by a robber during a bank robbery. The marked sound track contained phrases such as 'hurry up', 'come on', 'now! ' which imply that the bank tellers, to whom the commands were directed, had a slow action speed. The unmarked sound track contained the same number of words as the marked tape, but they did not emphasize action speed. Both versions of the video had the same actual duration. Results indicated that subjects shown the marked video gave significantly longer duration estimates, than those shown the unmarked video. The results are discussed in terms of the reconstruction of event duration, and implications for assessing the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Language: en