Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using context and semantic resources for cross-domain word Segmentation

Chinese word Segmentation (CWS) plays a fundamental role in Chinese language processing, because almost all Chinese language processing tasks are assumed to work with segmented input. After active research for many years, most of reports from evaluation tasks always give impressive results. But most of them are limited to testing corpora on specific area. Once used on another different domain, the accuracy will plummet. Thus, the domain-adaptive word segmentation is introduced into Bakeoffs. In this paper, we propose a new joint decoding strategy that combines the character-based and word-based conditional random field model, which takes the part-of-speech of words in dictionary as important features in a segment path. Moreover, according to the characteristics of the cross-domain segmentation, context information is reasonably used to guide CWS. Besides, because there are similar contexts among synonyms, semantic information can be used to recall some out-of-vocabularies (OOVs). This method is proven to be effective through several experiments on the simplified Chinese test data from SIGHAN Bakeoff 2010. Except for the domain of literature, the F-scores are higher than the best performance of the corresponding open test. In addition, the rate of OOV recall reaches 70.7%, 84.3%, 79.0% and 86.2%, respectively.
Olfactory perceptual learning requires action of noradrenaline in the olfactory bulb: comparison with olfactory associative learning

Noradrenaline contributes to olfactory-guided behaviors but its role in olfactory learning during adulthood is poorly documented. We investigated its implication in olfactory associative and perceptual learning using local infusion of mixed α1-β adrenergic receptor antagonist (labetalol) in the adult mouse olfactory bulb. We reported that associative learning, as opposed to perceptual learning, was not affected by labetalol infusions in the olfactory bulb. Accordingly, this treatment during associative learning did not affect the survival of bulbar adult-born neurons. Altogether, our results suggest that the noradrenergic system plays different parts in specific olfactory learning tasks and their neurogenic correlates.
Evidence that use of the ITIL framework is effective

The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is a framework outlining best practice in ICT Service Management. To date, ITIL is the only comprehensive, non-proprietary, publicly available guideline for ICT Service Management (Pink Elephant, 2002). Although the OGC claims that the use of ITIL improves Customer Satisfaction and Service Quality, this was not proved to date but rather inferred. The aim of the research project was to ascertain if a direct correlation exists between customer satisfaction and the use of ITIL. Of secondary concern was to determine if Customer Satisfaction is an indication of effective service provision. Our research site was a large service unit of ICT in a provincial government in South Africa during 2002/3.
Differential Modulation of Changes in Hippocampal–Septal Synaptic Excitability by the Amygdala as a Function of Either Elemental or Contextual Fear Conditioning in Mice

Recent data obtained using a classic fear conditioning paradigm showed a dissociation between the retention of associations relative to contextual information (dependent on the hippocampal formation) and the retention of elemental associations (dependent on the amygdala). Furthermore, it was reported that conditioned emotional responses (CERs) could be dissociated from the recollection of the learning experience (declarative memory) in humans and from modifications of the hippocampal–septal excitability in animals. Our aim was to determine whether these two systems (“behavioral expression” system and “factual memory” system) interact by examining the consequences of amygdalar lesions (1) on the modifications of hippocampal–septal excitability and (2) on the behavioral expression of fear (freezing) resulting from an aversive conditioning during reexposure to conditional stimuli (CSs). During conditioning, to modulate the predictive nature of the context and of a discrete stimulus (tone) on the unconditional stimulus (US) occurrence, the phasic discrete CS was paired with the US or randomly distributed with regard to the US. After the lesion, the CER was dramatically reduced during reexposure to the CSs, whatever the type of acquisition. However, the changes in hippocampal–septal excitability persisted but were altered. For controls, a decrease in septal excitability was observed during reexposure to the conditioning context only for the “unpaired group” (predictive context case). Conversely, among lesioned subjects this decrease was observed in the “paired group” (predictive discrete CS case), whereas this decrease was significantly reduced in the unpaired group with respect to the matched control group. The amplitude and the direction of these modifications suggest a differential modulation of hippocampal–septal excitability by the amygdala to amplify the contribution of the more predictive association signaling the occurrence of the aversive event.
The Proper Place for External Motivations for Sport and Why They Need Not Subvert Its Internal Goods

ABSTRACT A major theme in both of Bill Morgan’s single-author books is that contemporary sport has become corrupted by an increasing emphasis on external goals, in particular money-making, at the expense of its internal values. My goal in this paper is not to contest Morgan’s contention that we need to protect the internal values of the practice of sport. It is, rather, to further analyze the concept of sport’s internal values and their relationship with its external values. First, a naive view, which I have elsewhere called ‘sporting exceptionalism’, denies that sport is a fit subject for moral evaluation in the first place, so any talk of its internal value is misplaced. Second, in recent years libertarian philosophers of sport have advanced more sophisticated arguments that sport’s moral worth arises largely or even solely from the voluntary agreements between participants, rather than any intrinsic value. For Morgan’s critique of instrumental approaches to sport to succeed, we must present a cogent response to this libertarian perspective. Third, it would be Utopian to deny any place at all to extrinsic motivations in the practice of sport. Instead, we need to discuss how much of a role motivations like the pursuit of money, fame, and entertainment can play in sport without diminishing the practice’s internal values. It is to this third issue that the lion’s share of this paper is devoted.
Incidence of brain tumours in two English counties: a population based study

OBJECTIVE To define the incidence of brain tumours in Devon and Cornwall and to discover which case finding methods are the most fruitful. To examine what happens to patients after the diagnosis of a brain tumour. METHODS The primary method of case ascertainment was a review of all CT with contrast and MRI of the head performed on the population of Devon and Cornwall between 1 April 1992 and 31 March 1997. Secondary sources included registrations with the South and West Cancer Intelligence Unit and a search for all patients either admitted to hospital with a brain tumour or operated on for a brain tumour during the same period. RESULTS 16 923 scans were reviewed of which 8774 (52%) were normal. The scan review found 2483 incident intracranial tumours, of which 861 were metastases. Secondary sources of case ascertainment disclosed 46 further cases. Cases were missed by the scan review mainly for technical reasons and only three patients were found who were diagnosed by non-imaging methods. The incidence of primary intracranial tumours standardised to the population of England and Wales was higher than any previously reported (21.04 (17.18–25.62)/100 000 person-years). Overall, 21% of cases were not admitted to hospital. The categories least likely to be admitted were those with sellar and cranial nerve tumours. Those not admitted to hospital were significantly older than those who were. CONCLUSION One fifth of patients are not admitted to hospital after the diagnosis of a brain tumour and incidence studies must use case finding methods which will capture these cases. An audit of imaging results provides almost complete case ascertainment. This study shows that the incidence of primary brain tumours is considerably higher than previously thought. Official figures from the cancer intelligence units significantly underestimate brain tumour incidence, especially for benign tumours.
Charge sharing clock scheme for high efficiency double charge pump circuit

A charge sharing clock scheme is proposed to feed a 5-stage double charge pump circuit. By reusing the charges in charging or discharging the parasitic capacitance during the pumping process, dynamic power loss is able to be reduced by nearly a half. Under 1V supply, simulation results show a maximum 10% efficiency increase, and the ripple noise is also reduced by a half comparing to the conventional charge pumps.
Collagen cross-linking using rose bengal and green light to increase corneal stiffness.

PURPOSE Photochemical cross-linking of corneal collagen is an evolving treatment for keratoconus and other ectatic disorders. We evaluated collagen cross-linking by rose bengal plus green light (RGX) in rabbit eyes and investigated factors important for clinical application. METHODS Rose bengal (RB, 0.1%) was applied to deepithelialized corneas of enucleated rabbit eyes for 2 minutes. The diffusion distance of RB into the stroma was measured by fluorescence microscopy on frozen sections. RB-stained corneas were exposed to green (532-nm) light for 3.3 to 9.9 minutes (50-150 J/cm(2)). Changes in the absorption spectrum during the irradiation were recorded. Corneal stiffness was measured by uniaxial tensiometry. The spatial distribution of the stromal elastic modulus was assessed by Brillouin microscopy. Viable keratocytes were counted on H&E-stained sections 24 hours posttreatment. RESULTS RB penetrated approximately 100 μm into the corneal stroma and absorbed >90% of the incident green light. RGX (150 J/cm(2)) increased stromal stiffness by 3.8-fold. The elastic modulus increased in the anterior approximately 120 μm of stroma. RB was partially photobleached during the 2-minute irradiation, but reapplication of RB blocked light transmission by >70%. Spectral measurements suggested that RGX initiated cross-linking by an oxygen-dependent mechanism. RGX did not decrease keratocyte viability. CONCLUSIONS RGX significantly increases cornea stiffness in a rapid treatment (≅12 minutes total time), does not cause toxicity to keratocytes and may be used to stiffen corneas thinner than 400 μm. Thus, RGX may provide an attractive approach to inhibit progression of keratoconus and other ectatic disorders.
Modern education and literary traditions: a comparative view on the development of modern Uyghur and Tibetan literature

ABSTRACT In 1949, illiteracy among both Uyghurs and Tibetans was similar to that throughout China and estimated as higher than 90%. Since then, the rate of illiteracy in Xinjiang has shrunk considerably, while in Tibet it has remained the highest in China. This gap can explain the difference between the small volume of literature published annually in Tibet and the extensive literature that appears yearly in Xinjiang. A major reason for the high literacy rate and the emergence of a thriving modern literature in Xinjiang is the system of modern education that developed in the region at the start of the twentieth century. In contrast, in Tibet, the religious conservatism of the Buddhist elite prevented the introduction of modern education in order to retain local cultures. The comparison of the influences of modern education on the creation of literary traditions allows us to examine the continuity of Uyghur and Tibetan cultures in the context of contemporary China.
Memory performance in Brazilian school-age children

purpose of the present study was to investigate different memory systems among children of different school ages. Ninety children who attend schools within the Rio de Janeiro municipality school system, ages 6 to 10 years, were studied. The study excluded children with learning disabilities. All children underwent a neuropsychological evaluation. A two-way analysis of variance revealed significant gender differences in the free delay episodic memory. Age differences were found for the free delay episodic memory and recognition on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) as well as the recall of the Rey Figure. Semantic memory correlated with Semantic Verbal Fluency. Working Memory as measured by Digit Span subtest of the WISC correlated with the first list learning of the RAVLT. Overall, study results indicated a lower performance among 6-year-old children and gender differences in children 8 and 10 years of age. Data are consistent with the literature and show a distinction in the evolution of different memory systems throughout life.
Lithofacies Identification and Multivariate Analysis of Groundwater Chemistry in Coastal Aquifers in Koko Area of the Western Niger Delta

Understanding aquifer lithofacies and depth of occurrence, and what factors influence its quality and chemistry are of paramount importance to the management of groundwater resource. Subsurface lithofacies distribution was characterized by resistivity and validated with available subsurface geology. Resistivity values varied from less than 100 Ωm to above 1000 Ωm. Lithofacies identified includes clay, clayey sand, sand and peat. Shallow unconfined and confined aquifers occurred at depths ranging from 0 to 12 m and 18 to 63 m, respectively. Geochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used for the determination of quality and groundwater evolution. Groundwater types depicted by Piper plots were Ca3+, Cl− and Na+, Cl−, which was characterized by low dissolved ions, slightly acidic and Fe2+. The dominant variables influencing groundwater quality as returned by PCA were organic pollution resulting from swampy depositional environment, anthropogenic effects resulting from septic and leachates from haphazard dumpsites mixing with groundwater from diffuse sources. In addition, the weathering and dissolution of aquifer sediments rich in feldspar and clay minerals have considerable impact on groundwater quality. CA depicted two distinct types of groundwater that are significantly comparable to those obtained from Piper plots.
Facilitating social development with play groups in early childhood settings

Facilitmtimg Social Davlop— nt With Play Group# in Early Childhood Setting# by Janet A. Butz Dr. William C. Healey, Excunination Committee Chair Professor of Special Education University of Nevada, Las Vegas This study investigated the efficacy of using facilitated and nonfacilitated play groups as an intervention for facilitating the social interactive behaviors of young children with and without disabilities. Sixteen students aged four to five years from a communitybased preschool on a university campus participated in the study. The facilitated play group was assigned a facilitator who was trained to encourage the social and play interactions among the children using the guided participation strategies adapted from the Integrated Play Groups Resource Manual (Wolfberg & Schuler, 1992). The nonfacilitated play group was assigned the same adult whose only role was to monitor the children. Each eight-child
A Stochastic View of Spliceosome Assembly and Recycling in the Nucleus

How splicing factors are recruited to nascent transcripts in the nucleus in order to assemble spliceosomes on newly synthesised pre-mRNAs is unknown. To address this question, we compared the intranuclear trafficking kinetics of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNP) and non-snRNP proteins in the presence and absence of splicing activity. Photobleaching experiments clearly show that spliceosomal proteins move continuously throughout the entire nucleus independently of ongoing transcription or splicing. Using quantitative experimental data, a mathematical model was applied for spliceosome assembly and recycling in the nucleus. The model assumes that splicing proteins move by Brownian diffusion and interact stochastically with binding sites located at different subnuclear compartments. Inhibition of splicing, which reduces the number of pre-mRNA binding sites available for spliceosome assembly, was modeled as a decrease in the on-rate binding constant in the nucleoplasm. Simulation of microscopy experiments before and after splicing inhibition yielded results consistent with the experimental observations. Taken together, our data argue against the view that spliceosomal components are stored in nuclear speckles until a signal triggers their recruitment to nascent transcripts. Rather, the results suggest that splicing proteins are constantly diffusing throughout the entire nucleus and collide randomly and transiently with pre-mRNAs.
Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 the Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Gentiana Lawrencei Var. Farreri (gentianaceae) and Comparative Analysis with Its Congeneric Species

Background. The chloroplast (cp) genome is useful in plant systematics, genetic diversity analysis, molecular identification and divergence dating. The genus Gentiana contains 362 species, but there are only two valuable complete cp genomes. The purpose of this study is to report the characterization of complete cp genome of G. lawrencei var. farreri, which is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Methods. Using high throughput sequencing technology, we got the complete nucleotide sequence of the G. lawrencei var. farreri cp genome. The comparison analysis including genome difference and gene divergence was performed with its congeneric species G. straminea. The simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and phylogenetics were studied as well. Results. The cp genome of G. lawrencei var. farreri is a circular molecule of 138,750 bp, containing a pair of 24,653 bp inverted repeats which are separated by small and large single-copy regions of 11,365 and 78,082 bp, respectively. The cp genome contains 130 known genes, including 85 protein coding genes (PCGs), eight ribosomal RNA genes and 37 tRNA genes. Comparative analyses indicated that G. lawrencei var. farreri is 10,241 bp shorter than its congeneric species G. straminea. Four large gaps were detected that are responsible for 85% of the total sequence loss. Further detailed analyses revealed that 10 PCGs were included in the four gaps that encode nine NADH dehydrogenase subunits. The cp gene content, order and orientation are similar to those of its congeneric species, but with some variation among the PCGs. Three genes, ndhB, ndhF and clpP, have high nonsynonymous to synonymous values. There are 34 SSRs in the G. lawrencei var. farreri cp genome, of which 25 are mononucleotide repeats: no dinucleotide repeats were detected. Comparison with the G. straminea cp genome indicated that five SSRs have length polymorphisms and 23 SSRs are species-specific. The phylogenetic analysis of 48 PCGs from 12 Gentianales taxa cp genomes clearly identified three clades, which indicated the potential of cp genomes in phylogenetics. Discussion. The ''missing'' sequence of G. lawrencei var. farreri mainly consistent of ndh genes which could be dispensable under chilling-stressed conditions in the QTP. The complete cp genome sequence of G. lawrencei var. farreri provides intragenic information that will contribute to genetic and phylogenetic research in the Gentianaceae.
New Herbig–Haro objects and giant outflows in Orion

We present the results of a photographic and CCD imaging survey for Herbig‐Haro (HH) objects in the L1630 and L1641 giant molecular clouds in Orion. The new HH flows were initially identified from a deep Ha film from the recently commissioned AAO/UKST Ha Survey of the southern sky. Our scanned Ha and broad-band R images highlight both the improved resolution of the Ha survey and the excellent contrast of the Ha flux with respect to the broad-band R. Comparative IVN survey images allow us to distinguish between emission and reflection nebulosity. Our CCD Ha ,[ S ii], continuum and I-band images confirm the presence of a parsec-scale HH flow associated with the Ori I-2 cometary globule, and several parsec-scale strings of HH emission centred on the L1641-N infrared cluster. Several smaller outflows display one-sided jets. Our results indicate that, for declinations south of 268 in L1641, parsec-scale flows appear to be the major force in the large-scale movement of optical dust and molecular gas.
Spatial Fingerprints of Community Structure in Human Interaction Network for an Extensive Set of Large-Scale Regions

Human interaction networks inferred from country-wide telephone activity recordings were recently used to redraw political maps by projecting their topological partitions into geographical space. The results showed remarkable spatial cohesiveness of the network communities and a significant overlap between the redrawn and the administrative borders. Here we present a similar analysis based on one of the most popular online social networks represented by the ties between more than 5.8 million of its geo-located users. The worldwide coverage of their measured activity allowed us to analyze the large-scale regional subgraphs of entire continents and an extensive set of examples for single countries. We present results for North and South America, Europe and Asia. In our analysis we used the well-established method of modularity clustering after an aggregation of the individual links into a weighted graph connecting equal-area geographical pixels. Our results show fingerprints of both of the opposing forces of dividing local conflicts and of uniting cross-cultural trends of globalization.
Changes in Symptoms of Problematic Eating Over 6 Months in Infants and Young Children

The purpose of this article is to describe changes in problematic eating symptoms across 6 months in children seen in an outpatient feeding clinic and explore child characteristics associated with symptom changes. Participants were 58 parents of children aged 6 months to 7 years of age who were seen in an outpatient feeding clinic. Parents completed an online survey at 3 time points: enrollment and 3 and 6 months later. The survey consisted of the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool (PediEAT) and a set of questions assessing demographic information, child's medical and feeding history, medical diagnoses, gastrointestinal function, and medications. Linear mixed modeling was used to examine changes in PediEAT total and subscale scores over time and explore associated child characteristics. The PediEAT total score significantly decreased over time with the greatest change in the Physiologic Symptoms subscale. Several child characteristics were associated with more severe symptoms of problematic feeding: older child age, more symptoms of constipation, and diagnoses of speech–language delay, developmental delay, food allergy, and/or genetic disorder. Parent report of child symptoms of problematic eating decreased across 6 months. Associations with child characteristics highlight the complexity of pediatric eating problems and the need for more research on potential factors influencing symptoms of eating problems.