Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ethical Reasoning Observed: a longitudinal study of nursing students

All nursing courses in the UK include ethics in the curriculum, although there is considerable variation in the content of ethics courses and the teaching methods used to assist the acquisition of ethical reasoning. The effectiveness of ethics courses continues to be disputed, even when the perceptions and needs of students are taken into account in their design. This longitudinal study, carried out in the UK, but with implications for nurse education in other developed countries, explored the ethical understanding of nursing students and changes in their understanding and approaches to practice over their four years of training (1995-1999). The data collection tools were a questionnaire originally piloted prior to the 1995 study, from which the present study developed, and five vignettes describing ethical dilemmas in health care also piloted in 1995. Students’ thinking progressed as they became more mature as individuals and professionals, although this progress was not necessarily in the direction of greater certainty. Suggestions are made to help nurse educators to maximize the effectiveness of ethics courses in transmitting the skills of ethical reasoning.
The Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Empirical Studies

VI Zusammenfassung . VII 1 Theoretical and Empirical Background . 1 1.1 Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder . 1 1.2 Criticism of NPD . 4 1.3 Research Agenda . 6 2 Studie 1: Komorbiditäten . 13 3 Study 2: Self-esteem . 14 4 Study 3: Shame . 15 5 Study 4: Empathy . 16 6 Study 5: Stability . 17 7 General Discussion . 18 7.1 Integration of the results . 18 Study 1: Comorbidities . 18 Study 2: Self-esteem . 20 Study 3: Shame-proneness . 21 Study 4: Empathy . 22 Study 5: Stability . 23 7.3 Integrating the results into DSM-5. 24 7.3 Strengths and limits of the study . 25 7.6 Summary and conclusion . 29 References . 31 Curriculum vitae . 70 Publikationsliste . 71 Selbständigkeitserklärung . 75
Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Is Expressed on Mature CD83+ Dendritic Cells and Is Up-Regulated by IL-1β1

Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM), a 70-kDa costimulatory molecule that mediates CD28-independent proliferation of T cells and IFN-γ production, has been identified on human T cells, immature thymocytes, and a subset of B cells. We have found that SLAM is expressed on mature but not immature dendritic cells (DC). However, the SLAM-associated protein, is missing in DC. SLAM surface expression is strongly up-regulated by IL-1β. Addition of IL-1β to the DC maturation mixture also increases the stimulatory properties of DC. These findings provide a new marker for DC maturation and help to explain two areas of DC biology. First, SLAM is a receptor for the measles virus, previously shown to infect DC. Second, SLAM could possibly contribute to the enhanced immunostimulatory functions of DC that are observed following the addition of IL-1.
Dissociable Effects of Sry and Sex Chromosome Complement on Activity, Feeding and Anxiety-Related Behaviours in Mice

Whilst gonadal hormones can substantially influence sexual differentiation of the brain, recent findings have suggested that sex-linked genes may also directly influence neurodevelopment. Here we used the well-established murine ‘four core genotype’ (FCG) model on a gonadally-intact, outbred genetic background to characterise the contribution of Sry-dependent effects (i.e. those arising from the expression of the Y-linked Sry gene in the brain, or from hormonal sequelae of gonadal Sry expression) and direct effects of sex-linked genes other than Sry (‘sex chromosome complement’ effects) to sexually dimorphic mouse behavioural phenotypes. Over a 24 hour period, XX and XY gonadally female mice (lacking Sry) exhibited greater horizontal locomotor activity and reduced food consumption per unit bodyweight than XX and XY gonadally male mice (possessing Sry); in two behavioural tests (the elevated plus and zero mazes) XX and XY gonadally female mice showed evidence for increased anxiety-related behaviours relative to XX and XY gonadally male mice. Exploratory correlational analyses indicated that these Sry-dependent effects could not be simply explained by brain expression of the gene, nor by circulating testosterone levels. We also noted a sex chromosome complement effect on food (but not water) consumption whereby XY mice consumed more over a 24hr period than XX mice, and a sex chromosome complement effect in a third test of anxiety-related behaviour, the light-dark box. The present data suggest that: i) the male-specific factor Sry may influence activity and feeding behaviours in mice, and ii) dissociable feeding and anxiety-related murine phenotypes may be differentially modulated by Sry and by other sex-linked genes. Our results may have relevance for understanding the molecular underpinnings of sexually dimorphic behavioural phenotypes in healthy men and women, and in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome constitutions.
The emergence of hyper-altruistic behaviour in conflictual situations

Situations where people have to decide between hurting themselves or another person are at the core of many individual and global conflicts. Yet little is known about how people behave when facing these situations in the lab. Here we report a large (N = 2.379) experiment in which participants could either take x dollars from another anonymous participant or give y dollars to the same participant. Depending on the experimental treatments, participants were also allowed to exit the game without making any decision, but paying a cost c ≥ 0. Across different protocols and parameter specifications, we found three major results: (i) when exiting is allowed and costless, subjects tend to exit the game; (ii) females are more likely than males to exit the game, but only when the cost of the exit is small; (iii) when exiting is not allowed, altruistic actions are more common than predicted by the dominant economic models. In particular, about one sixth of the subjects show hyper-altruistic tendencies, that is, they prefer giving y rather than taking x > y. In doing so, our findings shed light on human decision-making in conflictual situations and suggest that economic models should be revised in order to take into account hyper-altruistic behaviour.
New Methods for the P300 Visual Speller

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI ’s) enable us to infer intentional control signals from brain activity. The Visual Speller is a BCI based on event related potentials (ERP ’s) in the electroencephalogram, such as the P300 (a positive deflection in the EEG about 300 ms after a rarely occuring stimulus). In the classical paradigm one trial (i.e. prediction of one symbol) consists of successive highlightings of one or more symbol(s) on a visual grid presented to the subject. The stimulus events in which the symbol of interest was highlighted will result in an enhanced ERP. This ERP, being stronger than the ERP’s elicited by non-target stimulus events, can be used for prediction of the letter the subject was focussing on using some machine learning algorithm, for example the support vector machine. The more symbols are highlighted simultaneously the faster the speller could potentially work. A stimulus code that uses few events per trial (and thus shows many symbols at once) is called dense. The tradeoff against code density is that the signal to noise ratio becomes worse with increasing stimulus frequency: the P300 signal is reported to be strongest when the target symbol frequency is lowest. The stimulus code in which only one symbol per stimulus event is presented, is a maximally sparse code. It has been proposed that high bitrates of information transfer in a visual speller can best be achieved with sparse stimulus codes. However sparse codes have long trial durations. In order to improve the information transfer rate, we tried to use denser stimulus codes that present fewer stimulus events per trial. To investigate the effect of stimulus type on classification accuracy and the interdependence of stimulus code and type, we explored new stimulus types including ones exploiting recent findings in neuropsychology, such as change blindness and isoluminant color motion. We show that, using appropriate stimuli, denser codes, and hence fewer stimulus events, yield sufficient classification accuracy to achieve competitive bitrates.
A new time-frequency method for EEG artifacts removing

Previous studies have proved the reliability of using EEG signal as a biometric modality. Nowadays, some portable EEG recording systems are emerged as the peripheral devices to allow people use their EEG to play computer games or control toys, and it was also demonstrated that the single-channel EEG signals recorded by the portable equipment can be used for personal identification. However, unlike multi-electrodes devices for medical use, this kind of portable device will amplify noises introducing by power line interference, poor connection of electrode and eyeball movements. So the key point becomes how to effectively remove artifacts and maximally preserve neural activity to reduce adverse effects on EEG identification system. In this paper, a new time-frequency EEG artifacts removing method is proposed. Experimental results show the better performance of the proposed one comparing with the common used EEMD-ICA method.
Attitudes Toward Cheating Before and After the Implementation of a Modified Honor Code: A Case Study

A sample of students from a private, multicampus, midsize university completed 2 copies of Gardner and Melvin's (1988) Attitudes Toward Cheating Scale a semester before the implementation of a modified honor code. The authors instructed students to complete 1 copy of the scale according to their own opinions and the other copy according to what they thought would be the opinion of a "typical college professor. " During the following semester when the honor code went into effect, the authors recruited a second sample of 1st-year students and asked them to complete the 2 scales in the same manner. Although both samples of students reported attitudes toward cheating that were significantly more tolerant than the attitudes they ascribed to professors, scores were virtually identical for both samples. The authors speculate that variables associated with how the honor code was implemented, together with certain demographic characteristics of the institution, mediated the results obtained.
Gender-specific determinants of blood pressure elevation in Angolan adults

Abstract Background: Hypertension affects African–American adults more than any other ethnic group in the US. However, some of the black populations living outside Africa are well adapted to food and lifestyle. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics underlying the gender-specific determinants of BP and the risk of hypertension in public-sector workers living in Angola. Materials and methods: 609 volunteers (48% men) were included in this cross-sectional and descriptive study. Demographic, socioeconomic and life style data were collected during an interview. Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured, along with some anthropometric and clinical variables. Results: The prevalence of hypertension is 45.2% without difference between genders. Obesity was more prevalent in women (29.2% vs. 8.9%, p < 0.05). The age-related increment in SBP is higher in women (14.2 ± 1.1 vs 9.5 ± 1.3 mmHg/decade, p < 0.05). In men, age, BMI, cholesterol and LDLc/HDLc explained 21, 4, 2.5 and 2.9% of SBP variability, respectively. In women, age, BMI and HC explain 27, 2 and 1% of SBP variability, respectively. The risk for hypertension is 5 × high among men aged ≥45 years, and 3.5× in those having BMI ≥25. Women aged 45 years or older have 8 × risk of hypertension and 2× the risk by having BMI ≥25. Conclusions: We found that advanced age (≥45) and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25) are the main risk factors for hypertension in adults from Angola. However, our data suggest that age and BMI may have different influence on increasing BP in men and women.
When Is Empowerment Effective? The Role of Leader-Leader Exchange in Empowering Leadership, Cynicism, and Time Theft

Applying arguments from social exchange theory, we theoretically derive and empirically test a multilevel model that informs theory on leadership, cynicism, and deviant withdrawal. Namely, we examine the moderating effect of the upward exchange relationship of a leader on empowering leadership behaviors as they affect subordinate psychological empowerment, cynicism, and time theft. In a sample of 161 employees across 37 direct supervisors, empowering leadership was associated with reduced employee cynicism both directly and indirectly through employee psychological empowerment. The positive relationship between empowering leadership and employee psychological empowerment, however, was significant only when the leader enjoyed a high-quality relationship with his or her own boss. In turn, cynicism was associated with increased time theft, suggesting that employees may reciprocate frustrating experiences by withdrawing in minor, yet impactful and deviant, ways in efforts to balance their exchange with the organization.
The Magic of Tacit Coordination: Can Skill Break the Spell?

The current research examines the effect of feeling skillful on tacit coordination behavior in a lottery selection task. In two experiments participants were asked to choose between one of two lotteries, where one lottery had a larger prize than the other. We manipulated the relevance of skill and examined how one’s feelings of skillfulness affect coordination. In the first experiment we selected participants based on their high reported knowledge in soccer and in the second we induced them with a feeling of high skillfulness. We found that when outcomes rely on skill, skillful decision makers tend to choose the high prize lottery excessively, are more likely to ignore their expectations about others' choices, and fail to coordinate. However, when outcomes are randomly determined, decision makers' behavior is not predicted by their skillfulness assessment and is more in line with the equilibrium behavior. We discuss implications and directions for further research.
Change in Health-Related Quality of Life among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at Primary Health Care Settings in South Africa: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge in South Africa. However, little attention is paid to the impact of health related quality of life (HRQL) among TB patients at the beginning and at the end of TB treatment. This study assesses factors associated with HRQL among tuberculosis patients in three high risk provinces in South Africa. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted at primary health care settings. Patients completed the HRQL social functioning (SF)-12 health survey. Comparison of Physical Health Summary Score (PCS) and Mental Health Summary Score (MCS) was assessed at 6 months after treatment. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to examine the factors associated with changes in HRQL. Results In all patients, after 6 months of treatment there was a significant improvement in HRQL with the biggest increase in the PCS. A higher educational qualification had a strong significant positive effect on the mental HRQL. Psychological distress showed a significant negative association with physical and mental HRQL after six months. Permanent residence showed a significant positive association with mental HRQL among TB patients compared to those living in shack/traditional dwellings. Rating ones health as being good and fair/poor was significantly associated with poor physical HRQL. Twenty drinks or more in the past month had a significant negative effect on the physical HRQL. Conclusion The findings suggest that programmes targeted at improving TB treatment success should have specific interventions for patients with low educational background, impoverished households/communities and those with hazardous or harmful alcohol use.
Exploring and Explaining Patterns of Adaptation and Selection in Corporate Environmental Strategy in the USA

While the societal salience of environmental issues appears to have risen substantially in recent years, relatively little is known regarding how environmental responsiveness has evolved over time within business in general, or within particular private sector organizations. In this study we seek to address this deficit by exploring the evolving pattern of environmental strategy within a large sample of US companies over the period 1997 to 2006. Based on evolutionary theories of selection and adaptation as well as Burgelman’s strategic change processes, we characterize the pattern of evolving responses to natural environmental issues, distinguish between changes in the overall attention paid to environmental issues that are attributable to the forces of adaptation and selection, and examine the distinctive characteristics of those organizations that have exhibited the most dramatic improvements in their environmental strategy. Our findings indicate that while there is widespread inertia in respect of environmental responsiveness within our sample of companies, those companies that have achieved significant improvements in their environmental strategies do so as a result of a combination of autonomous and induced change processes. Such companies have often recently appointed a new CEO, are relatively strongly engaged in research and development, and have strong prior achievements in environmental strategy.
A Reliability Generalization Study of the Self-Description Questionnaire

The use of reliability generalization methodology promises to, among other things, inform researchers about the importance of reporting reliability coefficients and their use in result interpretation. This study presents results from a reliability generalization study of the Self-Description Questionnaire (SDQ). The average score reliabilities produced by the instrument as well as sample and instrument characteristics that may affect those reliabilities are presented. Results varied somewhat across the three SDQ instruments and their various subscales, but internal consistency estimates were generally strong for the SDQ.
Profil miskonsepsi siswa smp kelas viii pada materi getaran, gelombang, dan bunyi

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan profil miskonsepsi yang dimiliki oleh siswa SMP Negeri 1 Miri Sragen kelas VIII pada materi Getaran, Gelombang, dan Bunyi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Miri Sragen Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013. Sampel dalam penelitian sejumlah 62 siswa dari 161 siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Miri. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah sampel acak bertujuan. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan tes tertulis, wawancara guru fisika, dan wawancara siswa. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik statistik deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Miri Sragen Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013 teridentifikasi memiliki miskonsepsi pada materi Getaran, Gelombang, dan Bunyi. Profil miskonsepsi yang dimiliki siswa dengan prosentase lebih dari 30 % adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Siswa menganggap bahwa nada bunyi dapat berubah jika benda dipukul lebih keras (72,58 %); (2) Siswa menganggap bahwa ultrasonik merupakan bunyi (suara) yang sangat keras (56,45 %); (3) Siswa menganggap bahwa kelajuan rambat bunyi hanya dipengaruhi oleh medium (56,45 %); (4) Siswa menganggap bahwa kecepatan partikel tetap, tetapi kecepatan gelombang berubah-ubah selama gelombang menjalar pada tali (46,77 %); (5) Siswa menganggap bahwa pada medium yang sama, semakin besar amplitudo maka laju rambat gelombang semakin besar (45,16 %); (6) Siswa menganggap bahwa pada proses terjadinya petir, kilat cahaya terjadi lebih dahulu (43,55 %); (7) Siswa menganggap bahwa selama menjalar dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain, gelombang akan memindahkan partikel (40,32 %); (8) Siswa menganggap bahwa gelombang bunyi termasuk jenis gelombang transversal (40,32 %); (9) Siswa menganggap bahwa ketika frekuensi ditingkatkan, maka panjang gelombang memanjang dan kecepatan gelombang tetap (33,87 %); (10) Siswa menganggap bahwa pada saat memainkan alat musik tiup seruling, yang bergetar adalah serulingnya (30,64 %); (11) Siswa menganggap bahwa resonansi terjadi pada benda yang memiliki amplitudo sama (30,64 %). Kata kunci: miskonsepsi, soal, Getaran, Gelombang, Bunyi, SMP
The burden of preserved ejection fraction heart failure in a real-world Swedish patient population

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate resource use and associated costs in patients with a diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HF-PEF) in Sweden. Methods: This retrospective study identified real-world patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis code for heart failure (I50) for the period between July 1, 2005 and December 31, 2006 from electronic medical records of primary care centers in Uppsala County Council, and in the Swedish patient registry data. Patients were categorized as having HF-PEF (left ventricle ejection fraction [LVEF] > 50%) during the index period. The study assessed medication utilization, outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and associated healthcare costs, as well as the incidence rates and time to all-cause and heart failure mortality following the index period. Results: The study included 137 HF-PEF patients with a mean age of 77.1 (SD = 9.1) years. Over 50% of HF-PEF patients were female and hypertensive. Nearly all patients received ≥1 medication post-index. Patients had an average of 1.5 heart failure related hospitalizations per follow-up year. The average annual per patient cost for the management of a HF-PEF patient was found in Sweden to be Swedish Krona (SEK) 108,246 (EURO [EUR] 11,344). Hospitalizations contributed to more than 80% of the total cost. All-cause mortality over the 18-month study period was 25.5%, and more than 50% of these deaths occurred within 1 year of index. Limitations: Due to the limitations of registry data, it is not possible to confirm the HF diagnosis, and therefore the accuracy of registry records must be assumed. Other factors such as short follow-up time, the study-mandated LVEF assessment, and a lack of drug duration data may also have an impact on the study results. Conclusions: All-cause mortality was high in the HF-PEF population, with more than half of patients dying within 1 year of study follow-up. Study results also indicate that 60% of HF-PEF patients have ≥1 hospitalization during follow-up. Hospitalizations, especially heart failure related admissions, represent a substantial proportion of the total healthcare burden of patients with HF-PEF in Sweden.