Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ar I as a tracer of ionization evolution

We present a study of Ar abundances in 15 damped Ly systems (DLAs) in the redshift interval 2:3 z 3:4. The sample includes 4 UVES/VLT measurements of Ari column densities presented here for the first time, together with 6 mea- surements and 5 upper/lower limits collected from the literature (UVES/VLT and HIRES/Keck observations). The majority of DLAs show significant underabundances of Ar relative to other -capture elements with common nucleosynthetic origin. We show that neither dust depletion nor intervening H ii regions inside DLAs oer a viable justification to these underabundances. A natural explanation is found in the framework of photoionization models of Hi regions embedded in an ionizing continuum with varying spectral distribution. At z 2:5 the observed Ar deficiencies are large, (Ar/)' 0:6= 0:8 dex, suggestive of a hard, QSO-dominated spectrum. At z> 3 the deficiencies are instead small, suggestive of a soft, stellar-type spectrum, though more data are needed to generalize this high-z result. Should the change of Ar abundances with redshift be governed by the evo- lution of the UV stellar emission internal to DLAs, a synchronization of the star formation in DLAs would be required, with a strong stellar emission at z> 3, but weak at z 3. The former requirement is consistent with the modest evolution of DLAs abundances and the lack of Ly and H emissions associated with DLAs. The latter requirement is consistent with the observed evolution of Siiv/Civ ratios in the IGM, the claims of high escape fraction of UV photons from Ly-break galaxies at z> 3, and the recent finding that the He ii re-ionization seems to occur between z 3: 4a ndz 3. Comparison with results from local interstellar studies indicates that Ar abundances can be used to trace the evolution of the ionization history of the universe down to z= 0, where (Ar/) 0:2 dex. We predict a rise of Ar abundances in the redshift range from z' 2: 3t oz= 0, at the epoch at which the metagalactic field of galaxies overcomes that of quasars.
”Pengaruh Likuiditas, Leverage, dan Dividen Terhadap Price Earning Ratio Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di BEI Periode 2009-2010”

Perkembangan harga saham di pasar modal merupakan salah satu faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan oleh para investor dalam mengambil kebijakan melakukan analisis di pasar modal. Investor dalam mengambil keputusan berinvestasi pada saham sangat mengharapkan keuntungan dimasa yang akan datang. Dalam mengambil kebijakan untuk melakukan investasi para investor menggunakan analisis fundamental. Salah satu analisis fundamental yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan penilaian saham adalah price earning ratio (PER). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis apakah terdapat pengaruh antara likuiditas, leverage, dan dividen terhadap price earning ratio (PER) pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Sebanyak 94 perusahaan diambil sebagai sampel dari tahun 2009 - 2010. Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa variabel DPR berpengaruh signifikan terhadap PER. Sedangkan variabel CR dan DER tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap PER. Pengujian secara simultan variabel CR, DER, dan DPR berpengaruh signifikan terhadap PER. Bagi investor yang hendak melakukan kegiatan investasi di pasar modal disarankan perlu untuk memperhatikan variabel – variabel diatas terutama variabel yang memberikan pengaruh besar terhadap price earnings ratio (PER) yaitu dividend payout ratio (DPR). Kata Kunci : price earnings ratio (PER), current ratio (CR), debt to equity ratio (DER), dividend payout ratio (DPR)
Using Analysts' Forecasts to Measure Properties of Analysts' Information Environment

This paper presents a model that relates properties of the analysts' information environment to the properties of their forecasts. First, we express forecast dispersion and error in the mean forecast in terms of analyst uncertainty and consensus (that is, the degree to which analysts share a common belief). Second, we reverse the relations to show how uncertainty and consensus can be measured by combining forecast dispersion, error in the mean forecast, and the number of forecasts. Third, we show that the quality of common and private information available to analysts can be measured using these same observable variables. The relations we present are intuitive and easily applied in empirical studies.
Changes in the Prevalence of Rheumatic Diseases in Shantou, China, in the Past Three Decades: A COPCORD Study

This study aimed to clarify changes in the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Shantou, China, in the past 3 decades and validate whether stair-climbing is a risk factor for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The World Health Organization-International League Against Rheumatism Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD) protocol was implemented. In all, 2337 adults living in buildings without elevators and 1719 adults living in buildings with elevators were surveyed. The prevalence of rheumatic pain at any site and in the knee was 15.7% and 10.2%, respectively; both types of pain had a significantly higher incidence in residents of buildings without elevators than was reported by people who lived in buildings with elevators (14.9% vs. 10.6% and 11.32% vs. 8.82%, respectively) (both P < 0.0001). The prevalence of rheumatic pain in the neck, lumbar spine, shoulder, elbow, and foot was 5.6%, 4.5%, 3.1%, 1.4%, and 1.8%, respectively; these findings were similar to the data from the 1987 rural survey, but were somewhat lower than data reported in the urban and suburban surveys of the 1990s, with the exception of neck and lumbar pain. The prevalence of KOA, gout, and fibromyalgia was 7.10%, 1.08%, and 0.07%, respectively, and their prevalence increased significantly compared with those in previous studies from the 20th century. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (0.35%) or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (0.31%) compared to that reported in prior surveys. The prevalence of KOA was higher in for residents of buildings without elevators than that in those who had access to elevators (16–64 years, 5.89% vs. 3.95%, P = 0.004; 16->85 years, 7.64% vs. 6.26%, P = 0.162). The prevalence of RA and AS remained stable, whereas that of KOA, gout, and fibromyalgia has increased significantly in Shantou, China, during the past 3 decades. Stair-climbing might be an important risk factor for knee pain and KOA.
Short-Term Analysis of Food Tolerance and Quality of Life after Laparoscopic Greater Curvature Plication

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare short-term outcomes [food tolerance scores (FTS) and quality of life] after three types of restrictive bariatric surgery: laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), laparoscopic greater curvature plication (LGCP), and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Materials and Methods From January 2012 to December 2013, all patients that underwent primary surgery were included in one of the LAGB, LGCP, or LSG groups. These three groups were then compared with respect to FTS, gastrointestinal quality of life indices (GIQLI), and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Questionnaires were sent to all patients both pre- and post-operatively. Results A total of 85 patients (LAGB=45, LGCP=22, and LSG=18) returned the questionnaires in full, and these patients constituted the study cohort. The cohort was predominately female (n=73, 85.9%). Mean percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) values after LAGB, LGCP, and LSG were 65.4±27.0%, 65.6±25.2%, and 82.7±21.7%, respectively (p=0.044). Mean postoperative FTSs and improvements in total GIQLIs after LAGB, LGCP, and LSG were 15.96, 20.95, and 21.33 and -3.40, 6.68, and 18.78, respectively (p<0.05). All procedures produced improvements in the three SF-36 domain scores. Subgroup analysis revealed significant differences between the three procedures in terms of improvements in general health and emotional well-being. Conclusion LGCP is safe and effective at achieving significant weight loss. In terms of food tolerance and GI quality of life, LGCP was found to be comparable to gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy.
Comparison in Measuring Effectiveness of Momentum and Contrarian Trading Strategy in Indonesian Stock Exchange

This working paper wants to explore the effectiveness of momentum or contrarian strategy in Indonesian Stock Exchange using different methods in measuring the performance. The point of momentum or contrarian strategy is selecting winner (stocks with highest gain) or loser stock (stocks with highest loss) and then buy or sell it depend on the research result. This research using three methods in measuring performance used to select winner and loser stock. The first method is using cross section relative return, the second method is using cross section relative return plus risk component (return divided by standard deviation), and the third method is using historical relative return instead of cross section. The result is that, all of those three methods prove that momentum strategy is effectively applicable for winner stock, so in the next period winner stock will continue to make profit, while for loser stock, it is more effective to use contrarian strategy because in the next period, loser stock will rebound and make profit after suffering from high loss.
Essential Role of Cyclophilin A for Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Virus Production and Possible Link to Polyprotein Cleavage Kinetics

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and therefore their replication completely depends on host cell factors. In case of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a positive-strand RNA virus that in the majority of infections establishes persistence, cyclophilins are considered to play an important role in RNA replication. Subsequent to the observation that cyclosporines, known to sequester cyclophilins by direct binding, profoundly block HCV replication in cultured human hepatoma cells, conflicting results were obtained as to the particular cyclophilin (Cyp) required for viral RNA replication and the underlying possible mode of action. By using a set of cell lines with stable knock-down of CypA or CypB, we demonstrate in the present work that replication of subgenomic HCV replicons of different genotypes is reduced by CypA depletion up to 1,000-fold whereas knock-down of CypB had no effect. Inhibition of replication was rescued by over-expression of wild type CypA, but not by a mutant lacking isomerase activity. Replication of JFH1-derived full length genomes was even more sensitive to CypA depletion as compared to subgenomic replicons and virus production was completely blocked. These results argue that CypA may target an additional viral factor outside of the minimal replicase contributing to RNA amplification and assembly, presumably nonstructural protein 2. By selecting for resistance against the cyclosporine analogue DEBIO-025 that targets CypA in a dose-dependent manner, we identified two mutations (V2440A and V2440L) close to the cleavage site between nonstructural protein 5A and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in nonstructural protein 5B that slow down cleavage kinetics at this site and reduce CypA dependence of viral replication. Further amino acid substitutions at the same cleavage site accelerating processing increase CypA dependence. Our results thus identify an unexpected correlation between HCV polyprotein processing and CypA dependence of HCV replication.
Contrasting Supersymmetry and Universal Extra Dimensions at Colliders

We contrast the experimental signatures of low energy supersymmetry and the model of Universal Extra Dimensions and discuss various methods for their discrimination at hadron and lepton colliders. We study the discovery reach of hadron colliders for level 2 Kaluza-Klein modes, which would indicate the presence of extra dimensions. We also investigate the possibility to differentiate the spins of the superpartners and KK modes by means of the asymmetry method of Barr. We then review the methods for discriminating between the two scenarios at a high energy linear collider such as CLIC. We consider the processes of Kaluza-Klein muon pair production in universal extra dimensions in parallel to smuon pair production in supersymmetry. We find that the angular distributions of the final state muons, the energy spectrum of the radiative return photon and the total cross-section measurement are powerful discriminators between the two models.
Toward Model Based Trajectory Tracking of Underwater Robotic Vehicles: Theory and Simulation

A new and distinct cultivar of Gerbera plant named 'Tercedi', as illustrated and described, characterized by its semi-double type, bright yellow ray florets which are a solid yellow color throughout, yellowish green disc before flowering of the individual disc florets, very little anthocyanin coloration at the base of the peduncle and the petiole, with a plant height of 35 cm excluding flowers, and an overall flower diameter of 115 mm.
Concerted removal of the Erb1–Ytm1 complex in ribosome biogenesis relies on an elaborate interface

The complicated process of eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis involves about 200 assembly factors that transiently associate with the nascent pre-ribosome in a spatiotemporally ordered way. During the early steps of 60S subunit formation, several proteins, collectively called A3 cluster factors, participate in the removal of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) from 27SA3 pre-rRNA. Among these factors is the conserved hetero-trimeric Nop7–Erb1–Ytm1 complex (or human Pes1–Bop1–Wdr12), which is removed from the evolving pre-60S particle by the AAA ATPase Rea1 to allow progression in the pathway. Here, we clarify how Ytm1 and Erb1 interact, which has implications for the release mechanism of both factors from the pre-ribosome. Biochemical studies show that Ytm1 and Erb1 bind each other via their ß-propeller domains. The crystal structure of the Erb1–Ytm1 heterodimer determined at 2. 67Å resolution reveals an extended interaction surface between the propellers in a rarely observed binding mode. Structure-based mutations in the interface that impair the Erb1–Ytm1 interaction do not support growth, with specific defects in 60S subunit synthesis. Under these mutant conditions, it becomes clear that an intact Erb1–Ytm1 complex is required for 60S maturation and that loss of this stable interaction prevents ribosome production.
A statistical examination of the evolution and properties of libre software

How and why does software evolve? This question has been under study since almost 40 years ago, and it is still a subject of controversy. In the seventies, Meir M. Lehman formulated the laws of software evolution, a first attempt to characterize the dynamics of the evolution of software. With the raise of the libre (free / open source) software development phenomenon, some cases that do not fulfill those laws have appeared. Are Lehman's laws valid in the case of libre software development? Is it possible to design an universal theory for software evolution? And if it is, how? This thesis is a large-scale empirical and statistical approach to analyze the properties and evolution of libre software, using publicly available data sources, hence enabling repeatability of the results and third parties verification, fundamental aspects of any empirical study. The main results are that a small subset of basic size metrics are enough to characterize a software system, software systems are self-similar, and software evolution is a short range correlated (short memory) process.
HEPGAME and the Simplification of Expressions

Advances in high energy physics have created the need to increase computational capacity. Project HEPGAME was composed to address this challenge. One of the issues is that numerical integration of expressions of current interest have millions of terms and takes weeks to compute. We have investigated ways to simplify these expressions, using Horner schemes and common subexpression elimination. Our approach applies MCTS, a search procedure that has been successful in AI. We use it to find near-optimal Horner schemes. Although MCTS finds better solutions, this approach gives rise to two further challenges. (1) MCTS (with UCT) introduces a constant, $C_p$ that governs the balance between exploration and exploitation. This constant has to be tuned manually. (2) There should be more guided exploration at the bottom of the tree, since the current approach reduces the quality of the solution towards the end of the expression. We investigate NMCS (Nested Monte Carlo Search) to address both issues, but find that NMCS is computationally unfeasible for our problem. Then, we modify the MCTS formula by introducing a dynamic exploration-exploitation parameter $T$ that decreases linearly with the iteration number. Consequently, we provide a performance analysis. We observe that a variable $C_p$ solves our domain: it yields more exploration at the bottom and as a result the tuning problem has been simplified. The region in $C_p$ for which good values are found is increased by more than a tenfold. This result encourages us to continue our research to solve other prominent problems in High Energy Physics.
Why Graduates Can ’ t Find Jobs in a Soaring Economy : Rent-Seeking Migration of College-Educated Young Workers in China

This paper studies the impact of regional inequality on the spatial distribution of college-educated young workers in China. Since the labor market is spatially segmented, secure jobs in large cities come with economic rents in terms of better compensations and access to high-quality local public services. The marketized reform of the socialist college placement system in 1997 has paved the way for educated young workers to seek these economic rents through migration. Based upon evidence from China 2000 census and 2005 placement information of a college, We argue that competitive rent-seeking incentives not only lead to talent relocation to China’s rich coastal cities, but also contribute to high graduate unemployment rate and heavy investment in post-graduate education. ∗Tao Li is assistant professor at School of Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China (litao@post.harvard.edu). I want to thank Yao Yang, Zhu Tao, and seminar participants in Fudan and Zhejiang University for comments.
Protein Interactions and Regulation of EscA in Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

Infections caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can lead to diarrhea with abdominal cramps and sometimes are complicated by severe hemolytic uremic syndrome. EHEC secretes effector proteins into host cells through a type III secretion system that is composed of proteins encoded by a chromosomal island, locus for the enterocyte effacement (LEE). EspA is the major component of the filamentous structure connecting the bacteria and the host's cells. Synthesis and secretion of EspA must be carefully controlled since the protein is prone to polymerize. CesAB, CesA2, and EscL have been identified as being able to interact with EspA. Furthermore, the intracellular level of EspA declines when cesAB, cesA2, and escL are individually deleted. Here, we report a LEE gene named l0033, which also affects the intracellular level of EspA. We renamed l0033 as escA since its counterpart in enteropathogenic E. coli has been recently described. Similar to CesAB, EscL, and CesA2, EscA interacts with EspA and enhances the protein stability of EspA. However, EscA is also able to interact with inner membrane-associated EscL, CesA2, and EscN, but not with cytoplasmic CesAB. In terms of gene organizations, escA locates in LEE3. Expression of EscA is faithfully regulated via Mpc, the first gene product of LEE3. Since Mpc is tightly regulated to low level, we suggest that EscA is highly synchronized and critical to the process of escorting EspA to its final destination.
Methods for division of road traffic network for distributed simulation performed on heterogeneous clusters

The computer simulation of road traffic is an important tool for control and analysis of road traffic networks. Due to their requirements for computation time (especially for large road traffic networks), many simulators of the road traffic has been adapted for distributed computing environment where combined power of multiple interconnected computers (nodes) is utilized. In this case, the road traffic network is divided into required number of sub-networks, whose simulation is then performed on particular nodes of the distributed computer. The distributed computer can be a homogenous (with nodes of the same computational power) or a heterogeneous cluster (with nodes of various powers). In this paper, we present two methods for road traffic network division for heterogeneous clusters. These methods consider the different computational powers of the particular nodes determined using a benchmark during the road traffic network division.
Greening of industry: an ecological economic appraisal of eco-innovations and eco-labelling

theory that was analytically tractable and logically complete on the other (Nelson and Winter, 1982). This analytical tractability and the associated ‘mathematicalisation’ of economic analysis can lead to what has been termed the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness" (GeorgescuRoegen, 1971:320). This is poignantly expressed by the mathematical economist and Nobel Laureate Wassily Leontieff: Econometricians fit algebraic functions of all possible shapes to essentially the same sets of data without being able to advance, in any perceptible way, a systematic understanding of the structure and operations of a real economic system (Leontieff, 1982:105) Although ‘mathematicalisation’ is not rejected, evolutionary economics attempts to characterise and thus to predict better the workings of a ‘real’ economic system, viz. Marshall’s “normal conditions of life in the modern age”. Evolutionary economics thus focuses not on comparative statics but rather on the forces that generate/hinder innovation and structural change, i.e. the dynamics of changing from one equilibrium to another. This section first documents the pioneering work of Nelson and Winter (Section 6.3.1) and then considers the different views on the rate of economic change in the evolutionary economics school (Section 6.3.2). 6.3. 1 The Nelson-Winter evolutionary models The Nelson-Winter models reject some of the ‘excess baggage’ of NC micro-economic modelling, including: “the global objective function, the well defined choice set, and the maximising choice rationalization of firms’ actions” (Nelson and Winter, 1982:14). The dynamics of firm innovations is conceptualised under the Nelson-Winter models as, at any given point in time, “governed by its current decision rules, which link its actions to various environmental stimuli” (Nelson et al, 1976:91). Whilst in orthodox NC theory the decision rules are assumed to be the consequence of maximisation, in evolutionary theory they are treated as simply reflecting the historically determined ‘routines’ that govern the actions of a firm. By ‘routines’ Nelson and Winter refer to: “all regular and predictable behavioural patterns of firms” (Nelson and Winter, 1982: 15). The ‘search’ for better production techniques and the ‘selection’ of firms by the market are then the two fundamental mechanisms of the NelsonWinter models. Nelson and Winter (1982) do recognise that there is corporate behaviour that is by nature “nonroutine” (1982:14). They acknowledge that innovation-selection and outcome-