Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ADDITIONAL STUDIES ON THE TRANSFERRINS OF CORD SERUM AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Serum transferrins have been examined in 392 samples from full-term infants and from premature infants at various stages of growth. The characteristic transferrin pattern of the infants by starch gel electrophoresis contained a single prominent iron-binding component accompanied by 4 faint, slower migrating components. An additional faint component was present in the sera of infants heterozygous for a transferrin variant. The faint components migrated slightly more rapidly than the corresponding components in the stepwise pattern produced by the action of neuraminidase in removing sialic acid from transferrin. The interpretation is presented that the faint components may represent the absence of multi-unit carbohydrate prosthetic groups on the transferrin molecule in the infant. A similar interpretation is possible for the slow migrating transferrins of cerebrospinal fluid.
The Effects of Perceived Parenting and Family Functioning on Adult Attachment: A Sample of Japanese University Students

Parenting styles and family functioning have been proved individually to make an important contribution to the development of adult attachment styles. However, few studies have attempted to clarify how these two factors influence adult attachment styles when taken into account simultaneously. In order to examine the relationship between adult at- tachment, perceived parenting, and family functioning, data derived from 1,141 males (29.6%) and 2,709 females (70.4%) were analyzed in the present study. The results indicated that perceived parenting predicted adult attachment and family functioning, while family functioning failed to significantly predict adult attachment. The present study also highlighted the fact that paternal and maternal parenting played equally important roles in shaping adult attachment styles of off- spring.
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity.

BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a global concern, but diverse physical activity measures in use prevent international comparisons. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed as an instrument for cross-national monitoring of physical activity and inactivity. METHODS Between 1997 and 1998, an International Consensus Group developed four long and four short forms of the IPAQ instruments (administered by telephone interview or self-administration, with two alternate reference periods, either the "last 7 d" or a "usual week" of recalled physical activity). During 2000, 14 centers from 12 countries collected reliability and/or validity data on at least two of the eight IPAQ instruments. Test-retest repeatability was assessed within the same week. Concurrent (inter-method) validity was assessed at the same administration, and criterion IPAQ validity was assessed against the CSA (now MTI) accelerometer. Spearman's correlation coefficients are reported, based on the total reported physical activity. RESULTS Overall, the IPAQ questionnaires produced repeatable data (Spearman's rho clustered around 0.8), with comparable data from short and long forms. Criterion validity had a median rho of about 0.30, which was comparable to most other self-report validation studies. The "usual week" and "last 7 d" reference periods performed similarly, and the reliability of telephone administration was similar to the self-administered mode. CONCLUSIONS The IPAQ instruments have acceptable measurement properties, at least as good as other established self-reports. Considering the diverse samples in this study, IPAQ has reasonable measurement properties for monitoring population levels of physical activity among 18- to 65-yr-old adults in diverse settings. The short IPAQ form "last 7 d recall" is recommended for national monitoring and the long form for research requiring more detailed assessment.
THE HANDICAP PRINCIPLE IN SEXUAL SELECTION

The theory of the selection of epigamic color, structure and behavior was originally due to Darwin (1874) and was later elaborated by Fisher (1930) and by O'Donald (1962, 1963, 1967). It is well known and is discussed below. An alternative account of this type of sexual selection has been suggested recently by Zahavi (1975). The kernel of his idea is as follows. Suppose that in a certain species of animal the females are cryptically colored, while the males may be either cryptic or conspicuous; the argument will apply as well to structure or behavior as to coloration. Conspicuous males are assumed to survive less well than cryptic males; if this were not so, natural selection would suffice to explain the evolution of conspicuousness. Conspicuous males are thus the less fit, at least in terms of survival. But those conspicuous males which survive to reproduce despite this additional mortality must be, in other respects, extraordinarily fit. This fitness "in other respects" will be inherited without prejudice by their daughters and may be sufficient to counterbalance the lessened fitness of their male offspring. If this happens, then females will tend to evolve a preference to mate with conspicuous males, since those females which produce the most fit offspring will be favorably selected. The attraction of Zahavi's idea is its internal consistency and in particular the neatness with which the principal difficulty of sexual selection is revealed to be its motive force. However, it is by no means self-evident that selection can act in this way, and the proposed mechanism has been severely criticised by Maynard Smith (1976), who was unable to find any combination of fitnesses and gene frequencies for which the handicap principle would produce effective sexual selection in the absence of the Fisher effect. Because Zahavi's idea would be of considerable interest if it could be shown to be feasible, the purpose of the present paper is a more extensive account of the behavior of models which incorporate the handicap principle. First, conditions that the handicap principle should be effective during the first generation of selection are obtained analytically. Secondly, the results of this analysis are compared with the results of computer simulation.
A Research of the Effect of Attitude, Achievement, and Gender on Mathematic Education.

Recent studies in math education focus on differences between behaviors and performances of male and female students. In this study, achievement and attitudes of middle school students to math were described in terms of gender and grade differences. The aim of this study is to determine whether any differences exist between female and male students' attitudes and successes of middle school toward mathematics. This research was designed as a descriptive research. Students (6 th , 7 th , and 8 th grades) were registered to "Attitude Survey toward Mathematics". This survey is consisted of two parts. In the first part, there are demographic questions. The second part is 5-Likert type survey which is intended to learn students' attitudes toward mathematics. Secondly, in order to determine students' achievements from mathematics, their grades and their state exam results were used. Because of the possibility of differentiation in teachers' evaluation criteria and their objectivity on students' successes, both students' scores from state exam and their course grades were included to the analysis.The findings of this research indicate that attitude of the students toward mathematics and achievement scores in Mathematics have a significant difference in terms of their gender and grade levels. Female students performed more positive attitudes than male students toward Mathematics and female students had higher grades than male students. th , 7 th , and 8 th grades, attitude and success toward Math
Biological markers as a predictor for response and prognosis of unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with irinotecan and cisplatin.

BACKGROUND Previously we reported that immunohistochemical examination of p53, bcl-2, glutathione S-transferase-pi (GST-pi), thymidylate synthase (TS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in biopsy samples was a useful method for predicting clinical outcome of gastric cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Here, we investigated if these biological markers can predict chemoresponse and survival of unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with irinotecan and cisplatin. METHODS The subjects were 55 unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with irinotecan (70 mg/m(2), Days 1 and 15) and cisplatin (80 mg/m(2), Day 1). Expression of p53, bcl-2, VEGF was examined immunohistochemically in biopsy samples. RESULTS The overall response rate and the median survival time were 55% (30/55) and 321 days, respectively. Thirty patients with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma survived longer than 25 patients with diffuse-type (median survival time: 446, 259 days, P = 0.013). The favorable phenotypes for chemoresponse were p53-negative, bcl-2-negative and VEGF-positive, which were in accordance with previous findings. The response rate was significantly correlated with the total number of these favorable phenotypes (P = 0.043). The 39 patients having 2 or 3 favorable phenotypes (p53-negative, bcl-2-negative and VEGF-positive) survived longer than the remaining 16 patients (median survival time: 444, 259 days, P = 0.021). In the Cox model, the number of the favorable phenotypes showed a tendency to correlate with survival after adjustment for potentially prognostic factors such as histological type or performance status (P = 0.070). CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical examination of biological markers may be useful in predicting the clinical outcome of unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with irinotecan and cisplatin.
On the Real and Apparent Positions of Moving Objects in Special Relativity: The Rockets-and-String and Pole-and-Barn Paradoxes Revisited and a New Paradox

The distinction between the real positions of moving objects in a single reference frame and the apparent positions of objects at rest in one inertial frame and viewed from another, as predicted by the space-time Lorentz Transformations, is discussed. It is found that in the Rockets-and-String paradox the string remains unstressed and does not break and that the pole in the Barn-and-Pole paradox never actually fits into the barn. The close relationship of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction and the relativity of simultaneity of Special Relativity is pointed out and an associated paradox, in which causality is apparently violated, is noted.
Action Planning in Sequential Skills: Relations to Music Performance

The hypothesis that planning music-like sequential actions involves anticipating their auditory effects was investigated in a series of experiments. Participants with varying levels of musical experience responded to each of four colour-patch stimuli by producing a unique sequence of three taps on three vertically aligned keys. Each tap triggered a tone in most experimental conditions. Response–effect (key-to-tone) mapping was either compatible—taps on the top, middle, and bottom keys triggered high, medium, and low pitched tones, respectively—or incompatible—key-to-tone mapping was scrambled, reversed, or neutral (taps on different keys triggered the same tone). The results suggest that action planning was faster with compatible than with incompatible mappings (and faster than with no tones). Furthermore, the size of this compatibility effect grew with increasing musical experience, which suggests that improvements in auditory imagery ability that typically accompany musical training may augment the role of anticipatory auditory-effect representations during planning.
Detection of eQTL modules mediated by activity levels of transcription factors

MOTIVATION Studies of gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in different organisms have shown the existence of eQTL hot spots: each being a small segment of DNA sequence that harbors the eQTL of a large number of genes. Two questions of great interest about eQTL hot spots arise: (1) which gene within the hot spot is responsible for the linkages, i.e. which gene is the quantitative trait gene (QTG)? (2) How does a QTG affect the expression levels of many genes linked to it? Answers to the first question can be offered by available biological evidence or by statistical methods. The second question is harder to address. One simple situation is that the QTG encodes a transcription factor (TF), which regulates the expression of genes linked to it. However, previous results have shown that TFs are not overrepresented in the eQTL hot spots. In this article, we consider the scenario that the propagation of genetic perturbation from a QTG to other linked genes is mediated by the TF activity. We develop a procedure to detect the eQTL modules (eQTL hot spots together with linked genes) that are compatible with this scenario. RESULTS We first detect 27 eQTL modules from a yeast eQTL data, and estimate TF activity profiles using the method of Yu and Li (2005). Then likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) are conducted to find 760 relationships supporting the scenario of TF activity mediation: (DNA polymorphism --> cis-linked gene --> TF activity --> downstream linked gene). They are organized into 4 eQTL modules: an amino acid synthesis module featuring a cis-linked gene LEU2 and the mediating TF Leu3; a pheromone response module featuring a cis-linked gene GPA1 and the mediating TF Ste12; an energy-source control module featuring two cis-linked genes, GSY2 and HAP1, and the mediating TF Hap1; a mitotic exit module featuring four cis-linked genes, AMN1, CSH1, DEM1 and TOS1, and the mediating TF complex Ace2/Swi5. Gene Ontology is utilized to reveal interesting functional groups of the downstream genes in each module. AVAILABILITY Our methods are implemented in an R package: eqtl.TF, which includes source codes and relevant data. It can be freely downloaded at http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~sunwei/software.htm. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~sunwei/yeast_eQTL_TF/supplementary.pdf.
Management and prevention of post-transplant malignancies in kidney transplant recipients

The central issue in organ transplantation remains suppression of allograft rejection. Thus, the development of immunosuppressive drugs has been the key to successful allograft function. The increased immunosuppressive efficiency obtained in the last two decades in kidney transplantation dramatically reduced the incidence of acute rejection. However, the inevitable trade-off was an increased rate of post-transplant infections and malignancies. Since the incidence of cancer in immunosuppressed transplant recipients becomes greater over time, and the introduction of new immunosuppressive strategies are expected to extend significantly allograft survival, the problem might grow exponentially in the near future. Thus, cancer is becoming a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients otherwise successfully treated by organ transplantation. There are at least four distinct areas requiring consideration, which have a potentially serious impact on recipient outcome after transplantation: (i) the risk of transmitting a malignancy to the recipient within the donor organ; (ii) the problems of previously diagnosed and treated malignancy in the recipient; (iii) the prevention of de novo post-transplant malignant diseases and (iv) the management of these complex and often life-threatening clinical problems. In this scenario, the direct and indirect oncogenic potential of immunosuppressive therapy should be always carefully considered.
Regulatory Capture Revisited – Lessons from Economics of Corruption

Regulation is widely considered as the key issue in reforms of public service sectors. But it has been pointed early to the problem that regulatory capture could undermine the stated aims of the reforms. This paper reviews the concept and the literature of regulatory capture under the special focus of public service sectors. Although mentioning corruption as an important mean way of capture, these theories fall short in analysing corruption in detail. The paper thus widens the concept of regulatory capture by introducing recent insights from the economics of corruption. Above all, the black box of corrupt transactions is opened, enabling thereby to understand the channels through which capture occurs. Also, the analysis is extended to different types of corrupt relationships between the actors involved in regulatory processes. By doing so, the paper detects the weak points of regulation and presents some avenues for anti-capture policy measures. JEL: K42, L97, B52, D73
Decision-Making and Prepotent Response Inhibition Functions in Excessive Internet Users

Introduction: Excessive Internet use (EIU), also described as Internet addiction or pathological Internet use, has already become a serious social problem around the world. Some researchers consider EIU as a kind of behavioral addiction. However, there are few experimental studies on the cognitive functions of excessive Internet users (EIUers) and limited data are available to compare EIU with other addictive behaviors, such as drug abuse and pathological gambling. Methods: In this study, we examined EIUers' functions of decision-making and prepotent response inhibition. Two groups of participants, EIUers and controls, were compared on these two functions by using a Gambling Task and a Go/no-go Task, respectively. Results: Compared with controls, EIUers selected significantly less net decks in the Gambling Task (P =.007). Furthermore, the EIUers made progress in selecting strategy, but more slowly than did the control group (EIUers, chunk 3 > chunk 1, P<.001; controls, chunk 2 > chunk P<.001; controls, chunk 2 > chunk 1, P<.001). Interestingly, EIUers' accuracy during the no-go condition was significantly higher than that of controls (P=.018). Conclusion: These results showed some similarities and dissimilarities between EIU and other addictive behaviors such as drug abuse and pathological gambling. The findings from the Gambling Task indicated that EIUers have deficits in decision-making function, which are characterized by a strategy learning lag rather than an inability to learn from task contingencies. EIUers' better performance in the Go/no-go Task suggested some dissociation between mechanisms of decision-making and those of prepotent response inhibition. However, EIUers could hardly suppress their excessive online behaviors in real life. Their ability of inhibition still needs to be further studied with more specific assessments.
Equilibrium Real Exchange Rates in Central Europe ’ s Transition Economies : How Far is Heaven ?

The purpose of this paper is to study the equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) in 5 CEE transition economies, namely the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. In so doing, we combine the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) approach developed by Williamson (1994) with the behavioural equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach advocated by Clark and MacDonald (1998). Our analysis is based on the theoretical model proposed by Montiel (1999) which defines internal balance in terms of the relative price of nontradables and determines external balance in terms of net foreign assets. The empirical part of the paper consists in estimating a VAR-based 3-equation cointegration system. Long-term equilibrium values for relative prices are determined by using relative productivity and private consumption, while the current account, representing external balance, is linked to terms of trade and openness ([X+M]/GDP). In order to derive the ERER and then to compute total misalignment, we finally substitute the long-run values for external and internal balances in the simultaneously estimated cointegration relationship connecting the RER with relative prices and the current account. Results show that the gap between observed real exchange rate developments and the path of the equilibrium real exchange rate differs substantially among the 5 transition countries. 1 1 MODEM, University of Paris X, 200, avenue de la République, 92001-Nanterre, France, Tel: ++33 1 40 97 59 75, Fax: ++33 1 40 97 77 84, E-mail: Balazs.Egert@u-paris10.fr
Social Networking Sites: Their Users and Social Implications - A Longitudinal Study

The rapid adoption of social networking sites (SNSs) raises important questions about the social implications of such usage. Drawing on unique longitudinal data, surveying a representative sample of Norwegian online users (N = 2,000, age 15–75 years) in 3 annual waves (2008, 2009, and 2010), this study found a significantly higher score among SNS users in comparison to nonusers in 3 out of 4 social capital dimensions: face-to-face interactions, number of acquaintances, and bridging capital. However, SNS-users, and in particular males, reported more loneliness than nonusers. Furthermore, cluster analyses identified 5 distinct types of SNS users: Sporadics, Lurkers, Socializers, Debaters, and Advanced. Results indicate that Socializers report higher levels of social capital compared to other user types. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromosome 3 intratumor heterogeneity in uveal melanoma.

PURPOSE To investigate the presence of focal or diffuse heterogeneity of monosomy 3 in uveal melanoma, by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). METHODS Direct interphase FISH in a series of 151 uveal melanomas revealed 82 tumors with loss of chromosome 3. Tumors with monosomy 3 were suspected to be heterogeneous if there were low percentages of monosomy 3, triploid clones, inconsistencies between FISH on centromere 3 and the long arm of chromosome 3, or discrepancies between fine-needle-aspiration biopsies (FNABs) and the main tumor. These tumors (n=16), all choroidal melanomas, were selected and analyzed for intratumor heterogeneity by using FISH on paraffin-embedded tissue sections. RESULTS Different sections of each tumor were evaluated with FISH: 6 tumors showed monosomy 3 in the same percentage throughout the tumor, and 10 showed multiple clones with different percentages of monosomy 3. However, these tumors did not show focal heterogeneity with respect to chromosome 3 status, and differences in monosomy 3 distribution between the base and apex of the tumor could not be identified. CONCLUSIONS Although a small number of uveal melanomas show heterogeneity for chromosome 3, it does not affect survival. In the presence of triploid clones, the loss of chromosome 3 is more difficult to interpret. In general, tumor biopsies in uveal melanoma provide an accurate prediction of the patient's prognosis.