Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Careless Responding and Acquiescence Response Bias Can Influence Construct Dimensionality

We investigated the effects that careless responding and acquiescence response bias have on analyses conducted to assess construct dimensionality. Using job satisfaction/dissatisfaction as the focal construct, we measured and controlled for careless responding and acquiescence bias in data obtained from an online survey of employees (N = 666) from different organizations and occupational groups. We found that the negative correlation between factors defined by job satisfaction and dissatisfaction items, respectively, was attenuated by careless responding and acquiescence bias, and was not significantly different from –1.0 when both were controlled. Moreover, the correlations between the two factors and measures of other constructs were similar when careless responding and acquiescence were controlled. These findings challenge recent research purporting to demonstrate that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are distinct constructs. Recommendations for future investigations of construct dimensionality are provided.
What Are Little Girls Made Of? A Study of Technology in the Early Years

Summary The models girls like to make are often assumed to be different from boys’. A comparison of children's own descriptions of their models shows that there is little difference between boys’ and girls’ choices. The suggestion is made that effort should be directed toward developing enabling strategies rather than different contexts for girls’ model making.
Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and cerebrovascular lesions

BackgroundRecent autopsy study showed a high incidence of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To assess the impact of cerebrovascular pathology in AD, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to study AD patients with and without cerebrovascular lesions.Materials and MethodsConventional and DTI scans were obtained from 10 patients with probable AD, 10 AD/V patients (probable AD with cerebrovascular lesions) and ten normal controls. Mean diffusivity (D) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values of some structures involved with AD pathology were measured.ResultsD value was higher in AD patients than in controls in hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus. In AD/V patients, increased D value was found in the same structures and also in the thalamus and basal ganglia compared to controls. There was a significant difference of D value between AD and AD/V patients. FA value reduced in the white matter of left inferior temporal gyrus and in the bilateral middle cingulate gyrus in patients with AD/V compared with controls. The MMSE (mini-mental state examination) score significantly correlated with FA value in the right hippocampus (r=0.639, P<0.019), in the right anterior cingulate gyrus (r=0.587, P<0.035) and in left parahippocampal gyrus (r=0.559, P<0.047). ConclusionCerebrovascular pathology had stronger impact on the D value than the AD pathology alone did. Elevated D value in thalamic and basal ganglia may contribute to cognitive decline in AD/V patients. Reduced FA values in AD/V patients may indicate that cerebrovascular pathology induced more severe white matter damage than the AD pathology alone did.
On the difference in the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 between deciduous and evergreen forests in the southeastern United States

The southeastern United States is experiencing a rapid regional increase in the ratio of pine to deciduous forest ecosystems at the same time it is experiencing changes in climate. This study is focused on exploring how these shifts will affect the carbon sink capacity of southeastern US forests, which we show here are among the strongest carbon sinks in the continental United States. Using eight‐year‐long eddy covariance records collected above a hardwood deciduous forest (HW) and a pine plantation (PP) co‐located in North Carolina, USA, we show that the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) was more variable in PP, contributing to variability in the difference in NEE between the two sites (ΔNEE) at a range of timescales, including the interannual timescale. Because the variability in evapotranspiration (ET) was nearly identical across the two sites over a range of timescales, the factors that determined the variability in ΔNEE were dominated by those that tend to decouple NEE from ET. One such factor was water use efficiency, which changed dramatically in response to drought and also tended to increase monotonically in nondrought years (P < 0.001 in PP). Factors that vary over seasonal timescales were strong determinants of the NEE in the HW site; however, seasonality was less important in the PP site, where significant amounts of carbon were assimilated outside of the active season, representing an important advantage of evergreen trees in warm, temperate climates. Additional variability in the fluxes at long‐time scales may be attributable to slowly evolving factors, including canopy structure and increases in dormant season air temperature. Taken together, study results suggest that the carbon sink in the southeastern United States may become more variable in the future, owing to a predicted increase in drought frequency and an increase in the fractional cover of southern pines.
RESEARCH: "Religious Experience and Emotion: Evidence for Distinctive Cognitive Neural Patterns"

Categorical comparisons of neuroimaging data suggest that religious experience is cognitively mediated. Cognition involves coordinated integration of large-scale networks. The aim of this study was to distinguish neural networks mediating religious experience. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to cerebral blood flow data of a Christian religious experience and a happy emotion. Differences in variance patterns (PCs) were assessed. The religious experience and the emotion were distinguished by PC9, a neural network that evidenced two forms of expression: One involved prefrontal structures, which participate in social-relational cognition and which were shown previously to correlate with the religious state. Another involved cortical areas important for emotion-related language processing, reward, and action preparation. The results suggest that an essential dimension of religious experience involves social-relational cognition, mediated by a specific neocortical network.
When Viruses Don’t Go Viral: The Importance of Host Phylogeographic Structure in the Spatial Spread of Arenaviruses

Many emerging infections are RNA virus spillovers from animal reservoirs. Reservoir identification is necessary for predicting the geographic extent of infection risk, but rarely are taxonomic levels below the animal species considered as reservoir, and only key circumstances in nature and methodology allow intrinsic virus-host associations to be distinguished from simple geographic (co-)isolation. We sampled and genetically characterized in detail a contact zone of two subtaxa of the rodent Mastomys natalensis in Tanzania. We find two distinct arenaviruses, Gairo and Morogoro virus, each spatially confined to a single M. natalensis subtaxon, only co-occurring at the contact zone’s centre. Inter-subtaxon hybridization at this centre and a continuum of quality habitat for M. natalensis show that both viruses have the ecological opportunity to spread into the other substaxon’s range, but do not, strongly suggesting host-intrinsic barriers. Such barriers could explain why human cases of another M. natalensis-borne arenavirus, Lassa virus, are limited to West Africa.
Convergent and Predictive Validity of Implicit and Explicit Anxiety Measures as a Function of Specificity Similarity and Content Similarity

In the present study we applied a validation strategy for implicit measures like the IAT, which complements multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analyses. As the measurement method (implicit vs. explicit) and underlying representation format (associative vs. propositional) are often confounded, the validation of implicit measures has to go beyond MTMM analysis and requires substantive theoretical models. In the present study (N = 133), we employed such a model (Hofmann, Gschwendner, Nosek, & Schmitt, 2005) and investigated two moderator constructs in the realm of anxiety: specificity similarity and content similarity. In the first session, different general and specific anxiety measures were administered, among them an Implicit Association Test (IAT) general anxiety, an IAT-spider anxiety, and an IAT that assesses speech anxiety. In the second session, participants had to deliver a speech and behavioral indicators of speech anxiety were measured. Results showed that (a) implicit and explicit anxiety measures cor.
Decaf Resistance

The author reconnects resistance in production to its radical roots. Current literature suggests that resistance in the liberal workplaces of late capitalism has gone underground, becoming mostly evident in unofficial, offstage practices such as cynicism, parody, and humor. The author argues this resistance is too often a decaf resistance. This is a resistance without the cost of radically changing the economy of enjoyment, which ties us to our master. The author argues that resistance, as a real act, which suspends and changes the constellation of power relations, has a cost that cannot be accounted for in advance. To understand this cost, we need an ethics, which the author calls, following Lacan, the Ethics of the Real.
Coping with Accidentally Killing Another Person: A Case Study Approach.

The purpose of this study was to interview persons who had accidentally killed another person in order to explore factors that had helped these individuals cope with the ensuing stress. Ten in-depth case studies were developed for this research; brief summaries of each case are presented. The study results are supportive of previous studies of stress and reinforce the important role family members, friends, and the community play in helping traumatized persons manage stress.
New Strategies in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Moving to an Entirely Oral, Chemotherapy-Free Upfront Management Approach

Incorporation of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) into the management paradigms of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has markedly improved outcomes. Significant progress occurred in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of APL. ATO, in contrast with ATRA, is capable of eradicating the APL-initiating cells and can result in cure. Preclinical and clinical data confirmed the synergy of ATO and ATRA, and the ATRA–ATO combination was proved noninferior to a standard ATRA–chemotherapy regimen in patients with non–high-risk APL. Oral formulations of arsenic exhibited excellent activity in advanced clinical testing and their combinations with ATRA offer an opportunity for a completely oral, chemotherapy-free regimen for curing APL. Nonetheless, significant challenges remain. Reducing early death due to bleeding complications is an important area of unmet need. Data suggest that delays in initiation of ATRA upon suspecting APL continue to occur in the community and contribute to early mortality. Questions remain about the optimal place and schedule of arsenic in the therapeutic sequence and the role of the oral formulations. Refining the role of minimal residual disease in directing treatment decisions is important. Development of novel targeted agents to treat relapsed disease requires deeper understanding of the secondary resistance mechanisms to ATRA and ATO. Clin Cancer Res; 20(19); 4985–93. ©2014 AACR.
Increased Dispersion of Repolarization Time Determined by Monophasic Action Potentials in Two Patients with Familial Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation

Increased Dispersion of RT in Familial Idiopathic VF. Introduction: The role of increased dispersion of repolarization in the genesis of torsades de pointes in patients with long QT syndrome has been clarified, but its role in the genesis of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) is not yet known. To investigate the pathogenesis of VF, we recorded monophasic action potentials (MAPs) from two siblings (48‐ and 36‐year‐old males) with familial idiopathic VF.
The Waning of the Mediterranean, 1550–1870: A Geohistorical Approach

Bursa. All these similarities, perceptions, and real or imagined networks were transferred to twentieth-century post-war and post-colonial international debates, and they dictate the way researchers think about the whole history of the so-called Mediterranean. Simply put, the nineteenth century is a past too recent to forget. Furthermore, it is also due to this configuration of thought that the Mediterranean starts to function as a metaphor for mutual understanding, as a metaphor of transfer (hence Columbus [! ] got his place among the texts of Passages) or as a simple metaphor of travel (Ibn Battuta in Crossings) or as a metaphor for migration and ‘uprooted geography’ and finally, as a metaphor for peace. The question remains whether understanding the sea as a sum of sub-waters offers a possibility for deconstructing the metaphorical usage of the Mediterranean, and if this possibility should be used at all. Nonetheless, the otherwise charming and politically correct way of serving the cause of peace and mutual tolerance does not permit thinkers to mix up histories. Having said this, Chambers’ theoretical inventions are worth thinking about over and over again and I also recommend as bedside reading Mediterranean Passages, which did its job well: it connects different pasts in one literary network.
Neuropathology of Cognitively Normal Elderly

Despite general agreement about the boundaries of Alzheimer disease (AD), establishing a maximum limit for Alzheimer-type pathology in cognitively intact individuals might aid in defining more precisely the point at which Alzheimer pathology becomes clinically relevant. In this study, we examined the neuropathological changes in the brains of 39 longitudinally followed, cognitively normal elderly individuals (24 women, 15 men; age range 74–95, median 85 years). Neuropathological changes of the Alzheimer type were quantified by determining neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) staging by the method of Braak and Braak and by quantification of the abundance of diffuse, cored, and neuritic plaque burden using the scheme developed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease (CERAD). Vascular, Lewy body, and argyrophilic grain pathology were also assessed. We found 34 subjects (87%) with a Braak stage <IV; 32 subjects (82%) with less than moderate numbers of cored plaques and 37 subjects (95%) with less than moderate numbers of tau-positive neuritic plaques. Many subjects had moderate or frequent diffuse plaques (n = 19, 49%). By the National Institute on Aging-Reagan Institute (NIA-RI) criteria, none of our cases met criteria for high “likelihood” of AD. Four met NIA-RI criteria for intermediate “likelihood. ” Seven cases met CERAD criteria for possible AD. Nineteen met Khachaturian criteria for AD. Only 1 subject had neocortical Lewy bodies. Small, old infarcts were common, but no subjects had more than 2 of these and none had a single large infarction. Thus, the majority of individuals who are cognitively normal near the time of their death have minimal amounts of tau-positive neuritic pathology (Braak stage <IV and neuritic plaques <6 per ×100 field in the most affected neocortical region). The few subjects with more severe AD pathology can be expected based on incidence rates of AD in the very elderly.
Sex Differences in Reconciliation and Post‐Conflict Anxiety in Bonnet Macaques

Rates of reconciliation vary widely between different types of opponents, and post-conflict anxiety has been proposed to mediate individual variation in reconciliation rates. We investigated the form and function of reconciliation in a wild, provisioned group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) with the prediction that sex differences in post-conflict anxiety would be associated with sex differences in conciliatory tendency. Individuals in the study group had a conciliatory tendency of 29.3%. Victims avoided their former opponents at a higher rate following aggression than during matched-control samples, and reconciliation decreased the rate of avoidance. Although victims showed a higher rate of anxiety-related behavior than did aggressors, anxiety-related behavior was elevated after aggression and reduced following reconciliation in both victims and aggressors. Female-female opponents showed higher rates of anxiety-related behavior before reconciliation than they did following unreconciled aggression. In contrast, male-male and female-male opponents showed increased anxiety-related behavior following aggression regardless of the occurrence of reconciliation. Moreover, female-female opponents had a higher conciliatory tendency than did female-male opponents. The elevated post-conflict anxiety shown by female-female opponents before reconciliation, along with their high conciliatory tendency, suggests that post-conflict anxiety promotes reconciliation. In sum, the sex differences in post-conflict behavior found in this study support the hypothesis that variation in post-conflict anxiety mediates differential rates of reconciliation.
Application Criteria of Enteral Nutrition in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa: Correlation Between Clinical and Psychological Data in a" Lifesaving" Treatment.

BACKGROUND Data and research increasingly point to multiple factors in the genesis of eating-behavior disorders, but the lack of a clear etiological definition prevents a unique therapeutic or prognostic approach from being defined. Therapeutic approaches, as well as scientific research, have separately analyzed the psychological aspects and the clinical-nutrition aspects without integrating the variables or correlating clinical and psychological data. This work has several goals because it aims at considering the problem from the 2 different perspectives. Psychological and clinical variables are analyzed both separately and together in order to assess (a) the minimal criteria to define a cure as "lifesaving" and submit a patient to artificial nutrition; (b) the kind of implementation artificial nutrition should follow; (c) which indicators of the efficacy of artificial nutrition must be taken into account; (d) the results in nutrition terms that may be obtained during the follow-up; (e) if artificial nutrition may be used as a therapeutic tool; (f) if there are any psychological effects after artificial nutrition; (g) if there are any effects due to the patients' age; and (h) the correlation between the psychological profile of a patient and the acceptance of the nutrition treatment. METHODS Several psychological and pharmacologic variables, together with clinical and anthropometric data and blood chemical values, were all considered. CONCLUSIONS Besides defining minimal criteria for a "lifesaving" cure and proposing 2 ad hoc scales for the assessment of patients' subjective willingness toward feeding and for the objective measurement of feeding itself, clinical data and correlations with psychological data evidenced the importance of artificial nutrition and specifically of enteral nutrition as a therapeutic tool, allowing us to define the modalities of implementation of enteral nutrition. Results show that, because enteral nutrition did not deteriorate the psychological state of the patients, and was found to be accepted more positively than feeding orally in the most critical initial phase, it should be included in the therapy.
Assessing Students' Understanding of Macroevolution: Concerns regarding the validity of the MUM

In a recent article, Nadelson and Southerland (2010. Development and preliminary evaluation of the Measure of Understanding of Macroevolution: Introducing the MUM. The Journal of Experimental Education, 78, 151–190) reported on their development of a multiple-choice concept inventory intended to assess college students' understanding of macroevolutionary concepts, the Measure of Understanding Macroevolution (MUM). Given that the only existing evolution inventories assess understanding of natural selection, a microevolutionary concept, a valid assessment of students' understanding of macroevolution would be a welcome and necessary addition to the field of science education. Although the conceptual framework underlying Nadelson and Southerland's test is promising, we believe the test has serious shortcomings with respect to validity evidence for the construct being tested. We argue and provide evidence that these problems are serious enough that the MUM should not be used in its current form to measure students' understanding of macroevolution.
Practical Considerations in Applying Theory: How Can We Narrow the Gap between Sports Science and Professional Practice in Sports Nutrition?

INTRODUCTION The importance of nutrition in sport has been reported since the ancient Olympians and its role in improving both health and sports performance has widespread acceptance. However, beliefs and knowledge can be extremely variable and it is not uncommon to find athletes following nutritional strategies that bear little resemblance to scientific evidence. It is perhaps difficult to understand why nutritional science is sometimes shunned in sport and even harder to rectify this situation. Drawing from my own experiences, I will attempt to explore some of the factors which I believe contribute to this less-than-ideal scenario within our sporting society.
Profile of anti-IL-5 mAb mepolizumab in the treatment of severe refractory asthma and hypereosinophilic diseases

Asthma is a complex disorder frequently associated with a poor symptom control, concomitant morbidity, mortality, and significant health care costs due to lack of compliance or inadequate therapeutic options. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic disorders, and in the latest years has become a definite target for treatment. Besides asthma, other hypereosinophilic disorders include the hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, sinonasal polyposis, COPD with eosinophilic airway inflammation, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis. The introduction of mepolizumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to IL-5, may represent a useful therapeutic option to control exacerbations and improve asthma-related quality of life in a subgroup of patients with persistent airway eosinophilia and moderate to severe asthma. Several studies carried out in recent years allow, at present, a careful patient selection for appropriate individualized treatment in severe asthma. Further research is anyway needed in order to better understand the pathogenetic mechanisms of asthma and to find new biomarkers. The high costs of biological agents as compared with standard drugs may be largely offset by increased clinical efficacy and good safety profile in selected patients.