Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include cognitive impairment?

Neurocognitive impairment is considered a core component of schizophrenia and is increasingly under investigation as a potential treatment target. On average, cognitive impairment is severe to moderately severe compared with healthy controls, and almost all patients with schizophrenia demonstrate cognitive decrements compared with their expected level if they had not developed the illness. Compared with patients with affective disorders, cognitive impairment in schizophrenia appears earlier, is more severe, and tends to be more independent of clinical symptoms. While the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, description of schizophrenia includes several references to cognitive impairment, neither the diagnostic criteria nor the subtypology of schizophrenia include a requirement of cognitive impairment. We forward for consideration a proposal that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria include a specific criterion of "a level of cognitive functioning suggesting a consistent severe impairment and/or a significant decline from premorbid levels considering the patient's educational, familial, and socioeconomic background. " The inclusion of this criterion may increase the "point of rarity" with affective psychoses and may increase clinicians' awareness of cognitive impairment, potentially leading to more accurate prognosis and better treatment outcomes. Future research will need to address the validity of these possibilities. The reliable determination of cognitive impairment as part of a standard diagnostic evaluation may present challenges to diagnosticians with limited resources or insufficient expertise. Various cognitive assessment methods for clinicians, including brief assessments and interview-based assessments, are discussed. Given the current emphasis on the development of cognitive treatments, the evaluation of cognition in schizophrenia is an essential component of mental health education.
Turkey's Accession to the European Union: Debating the Most Difficult Enlargement Ever

This study focuses on the intricacies of Turkey's prospective membership in the European Union. It begins with a chronology of EU-Turkey relations and an account of the debate on the future of the European Union, which relates to Turkey's prospective E.U. membership. It then explores the strategic implications of Turkey's accession to the European Union and addresses recent developments on the issue, with an emphasis on the start of accession negotiations on Oct. 3, 2005. In conclusion, this study highlights the factors that may have an impact on the outcome of EU-Turkey accession negotiations in the coming years.
How incentives trickle down: Local use of a national bibliometric indicator system

The question of how the incentives of national performance-based research funding systems affect local management practices within the higher education sector has high empirical and theoretical importance, but has so far received limited attention. From a traditional organization theory perspective the Norwegian system represents a puzzle: it is of marginal economic importance and the external pressure to fully implement the system at local levels is weak. A loose coupling between the national system and the local implementation would therefore be expected. Yet, in many instances we document a quite tight coupling between system-level incentives and local practices. Based on a recent evaluation of the Norwegian model, which identifies a number of indirect mechanisms that contribute to the trickling down of incentives, this paper shows that traditional coupling perspectives are oversimplistic. A large variation across institutions, fields and departments is, however, also observed and possible explanations for this are discussed.
Assessment of online patient education materials from major ophthalmologic associations.

IMPORTANCE Patients are increasingly using the Internet to supplement finding medical information, which can be complex and requires a high level of reading comprehension. Online ophthalmologic materials from major ophthalmologic associations should be written at an appropriate reading level. OBJECTIVES To assess ophthalmologic online patient education materials (PEMs) on ophthalmologic association websites and to determine whether they are above the reading level recommended by the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Descriptive and correlational design. Patient education materials from major ophthalmology websites were downloaded from June 1, 2014, through June 30, 2014, and assessed for level of readability using 10 scales. The Flesch Reading Ease test, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook test, Coleman-Liau Index, Gunning Fog Index, New Fog Count, New Dale-Chall Readability Formula, FORCAST scale, Raygor Readability Estimate Graph, and Fry Readability Graph were used. Text from each article was pasted into Microsoft Word and analyzed using the software Readability Studio professional edition version 2012.1 for Windows. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Flesch Reading Ease score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grade, Coleman-Liau Index score, Gunning Fog Index score, New Fog Count, New Dale-Chall Readability Formula score, FORCAST score, Raygor Readability Estimate Graph score, and Fry Readability Graph score. RESULTS Three hundred thirty-nine online PEMs were assessed. The mean Flesch Reading Ease score was 40.7 (range, 17.0-51.0), which correlates with a difficult level of reading. The mean readability grade levels ranged as follows: 10.4 to 12.6 for the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level; 12.9 to 17.7 for the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook test; 11.4 to 15.8 for the Coleman-Liau Index; 12.4 to 18.7 for the Gunning Fog Index; 8.2 to 16.0 for the New Fog Count; 11.2 to 16.0 for the New Dale-Chall Readability Formula; 10.9 to 12.5 for the FORCAST scale; 11.0 to 17.0 for the Raygor Readability Estimate Graph; and 12.0 to 17.0 for the Fry Readability Graph. Analysis of variance demonstrated a significant difference (P < .001) between the websites for each reading scale. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Online PEMs on major ophthalmologic association websites are written well above the recommended reading level. Consideration should be given to revision of these materials to allow greater comprehension among a wider audience.
Serial Acquirer Bidding: An Empirical Test of the Learning Hypothesis

Recent academic studies indicate that acquirers' cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) decline from deal to deal in acquisition programs. Does this pattern suggest hubristic CEO behaviors are significant enough to influence average CAR patterns during acquisition programs? An alternative explanation is CEO learning. This study therefore tests for learning using successive acquisitions of large U.S. public targets undertaken by U.S. acquirers. A dynamic framework reveals that both rational and hubristic CEOs take on average investor reactions to their previous deals into account and adjust their bidding behavior accordingly. These results are consistent with a learning hypothesis.
Using SeaWiFS Measurements to Evaluate Radiometric Stability of Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites at Top of Atmosphere

The Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) data from 1997 to 2001 are adopted to monitor the radiometric stability of six pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICSs) at the top of atmosphere (TOA). Cloud-free and homogeneous observations of the spectral TOA reflectance ρTOA at eight SeaWiFS channels over these sites are fitted to the Ross-Li bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model, and the time series of BRDF-normalized spectral TOA reflectance RTOA is presented and analyzed afterward. Overall, good stability during the evaluated period is exhibited as more than half of the derived trends are statistically insignificant, whereas root mean square (RMS) of the BRDF modeling residuals reveal spectral dependence of the PICSs' stability at TOA, i.e., the uncertainty of RTOA appears to be larger at shortwave visible (SV) channels (~2.5%) compared with that of red/NIR bands (~1%). In addition, the early mission data adopted in our study shows favorable reliability thus is recommended to be applied for similar purposes.
Winning the War and the Relationships: Preparing Military Officers for Negotiations With Non-Combatants

Abstract : Current operations in Iraq and Afghanistan involving counterinsurgency, peace-keeping, stability and support missions and nation building have increased interest in cross-cultural negotiation skills as a central component of military leadership. This report develops a conceptual framework capturing the unique characteristics of negotiations between military personnel and local civilians that can guide the design of negotiation training programs for officers preparing to deploy. Interviews were conducted with 20 Lieutenants and 16 Captains who returned from deployments to Iraq. Content analysis indicated that negotiations with civilians focused largely on rebuilding projects, security, and civil affairs issues. Key challenges reported by officers included 1) the need to negotiate and mediate in the face of sectarian loyalties, 2) ethical dilemmas, 3) the development of work arrangements in the face of conflicting cultural values and behavioral norms, 4) negotiating in the face of threat and determining the appropriate use of power, 5) emotional self-regulation, and 6) adaptive response to a wide range of conflicting responsibilities. Iraqi negotiation techniques appeared consistent with non-Western cultural expectations of the goals and tactics of negotiation.
Benchmarking the E-Government Bulldozer: Beyond Measuring the Tread Marks

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of international benchmarking studies as drivers for e-government development. Design/methodology/approach – The paper shows that after reviewing 44 published e-government benchmarking reports (2000-2006) and evaluating their validity and acceptance in academic and practitioners' literature, the paper systematically compares and contrasts ten established international e-government benchmarking methodologies. The comparative analysis is conducted utilizing a proposed conceptual framework (CMBP), which specifically assesses the context, methodology, type of benchmarking and social paradigmatic tendency of each of the reports studied. Findings – The paper finds that regardless of the methodology adopted-international e-government benchmarking does have an imperative role in driving e-government development, only when the exercise is accompanied with a long-term iterative adaptation and reform mechanism. Originality/value – The framework proposed in this paper provides public administrators with a valuable conceptual lens for understanding the value of each benchmarking study to better assess its applicability in driving development of their e-government initiative. The paper also contributes to the limited body of academic literature investigating e-government benchmarking and proposes a methodical framework for understanding the role of international benchmarking reports in e-government development.
Forward Exchange Rate Puzzle: Joining the Missing Pieces in the Rand-US Dollar Exchange Market

Abstract The Unbiased forward rate hypothesis (UFRH) stipulates that the forward rates should be a perfect predictor for the future spot rates. A number of studies conducted in order to test the UFRH and foreign market efficiency, have come to the conclusion that the hypothesis does not hold. This phenomenon is dubbed as the UFRH puzzle. A number of studies that reject the UFRH have made use of ordinary least square methods and support a linear adjustment between spot and forward exchange rates. This paper establishes that the use of a linear model in testing the UFRH can lead to a misspecification problem if indeed there is a nonlinear adjustment between the forward and spot exchange rates. In order to overcome the problem of model misspecification, this paper applies the nonlinear method of the class of the Smooth Transition Regression (STR) model in assessing the relationship between the rand-US dollar future spot and forward exchange rates. With the aid of a series of diagnostic tests, the paper shows that there is indeed a nonlinear adjustment process between the rand-US dollar spot and forward exchange rates and that there exists a regime in the STR model where the UFRH eventually holds.
Demystifying Mobile Web Browsing under Multiple Protocols

With the popularity of mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, users prefer visiting Web pages on mobile devices. Meanwhile, HTTP(S) plays as the major protocol to deliver Web contents, and has served the Web well for more than 15 years. However, as the Web pages grow increasingly complex to provide more content and functionality, the shortcomings and inflexibility of HTTP become more and more urgent to solve, e.g., the sluggish page load, insecure content, redundant transfer, etc. SPDY and HTTP/2 are promoted to solve the shortcomings and inflexibilities of HTTP/1.x. We are interested in how Web pages perform on smartphones with different protocols, including HTTP, HTTPS, SPDY, and HTTP/2. In this paper, we divide our experiments into two parts. First, in order to simplify our analysis, we develop our own HTTP client ignoring complicated process in real browsers to fetch synthetic Web pages with pre-specified object sizes and object numbers with different protocols, respectively. Meanwhile, we emulate different network conditions between client and server using Traffic Control. In order to test with real browsers, we clone Alexa top 200 websites, which have the corresponding mobile version, into our local host. Meanwhile, we control mobile Chrome browser to load those Web pages with different protocols and emulate different network conditions using Traffic Control. We identify how Web page characteristics and network conditions affect Web performance on smartphones for each protocol. We also conduct experiments on a low-end device to observe if a less powerful processor could affect Web page performance for each protocol.
Determinants of entry strategies of U.S. companies into Russia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Executive Summary This study advances and tests determinants of entry strategies of U.S. companies to Eastern Europe, as well as factors that determine the satisfaction of these companies with their economic performance in this area. Using survey data and a multivariable research design, the study adds new knowledge and supports previous findings. It reports that the entry mode of U.S. companies into these countries is determined by the following variables, ranked from most to least important: market potential, company activity, level of competition, and year of market entry. It also reports that the satis-faction of U.S. companies doing business in these countries is decided by the following variables, ranked from most to least important: economic-performance outlook, level of competition, number of competitors, market potential, year of entry, and business activity. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Understanding the ‘retail revolution’ in urban China: a survey of retail formats in Beijing

Retailing in Chinese cities has experienced rapid changes in the reform era. One of the most visible changes in the urban retail landscape has been the emergence and growth of new retail formats. Using Beijing as a case study, this paper examines the evolution of retail formats in Chinese cities. The paper investigates the impacts of the changing external environment, especially the shift in government policies, on the structure of retail formats. It argues that to understand the rapid restructuring of retail formats in Chinese cities one needs to take into account the factors such as political, economic and social-cultural environment, and perhaps more importantly, regulatory changes. The consequences and implications of observed retail changes are discussed.
A Multivariate Logit Analysis of the Outcomes of Arbitration Decisions in British Columbia

A major conclusion drawn from this study is that bivariate estimates of the probability of management or union wins in grievance arbitration cases can be seriously in error as a result of the failure of these estimates to adjust for the effects of variables not included in the bivariate comparison. In this analysis of 1,815 arbitration cases occurring in British Columbia in the 1982 to 1985 period, bias is identified in the bivariate estimates of the probability of management wins by industry and issue. In addition, from application of a multivariate logit model, the study estimates the effect on arbitration outcome of industry, union size, union arbitration proneness, issue, arbitration experience, union occupation, and year. Similarities to and differences from the findings of previous studies are identified.
Cell death induced by the Fas/Fas ligand pathway and its role in pathology

Engagement of the cell death surface receptor Fas by Fas ligand (FasL) results in apoptotic cell death, mediated by caspase activation. Cell death mediated via Fas/FasL interaction is important for homeostasis of cells in the immune system and for maintaining immune‐privileged sites in the body. Killing via the Fas/FasL pathway also constitutes an important pathway of killing for cytotoxic T cells. Fas ligand is induced in activated T cells, resulting in activation‐induced cell death by the Fas/FasL pathway. Recently it has been shown that the Fas receptor can also be up‐regulated following a lesion to the cell, particularly that induced by DNA‐damaging agents. This can then result in killing of the cell by a Fas/FasL‐dependent pathway. Up‐regulation of Fas receptor following DNA damage appears to be p53 dependent.
Working with Conflict: Skills and Strategies for Action

* Acknowledgements * Preface * PART I: ANALYSIS * 1. Understanding Conflict - Towards a Conceptual Framework * Making sense of conflict * Conflict and Violence are different things * Causes of conflict * Addressing conflicts * Conflicts: To manage, resolve or transform? * Theories about different approaches to intervention in conflict * Violence is more than behaviour * Attitudes and Values in relation to violence * Violence and Nonviolence as ways of bringing about change * Peace as a process * How is it best to start? * 2. Tools for Conflict Analysis * What is conflict analysis? * Stages * Timeline * Mapping * Stages * Timeline * Mapping * ABC Triangle * The Onion: Needs, Interests and Positions * The Conflict Tree * Force-Field Analysis * Pillars * Pyramid: Three-level Triangle * 3. Critical Issues * Power * Culture * Identity * Gender * Rights * PART II: STRATEGY * 4. Building Strategies to Address Conflict * Visions: Building and Sharing * Multi-level Triangles * Mapping for Entry Points * The Grid: Ideas for Work on Conflict * The Wheel: Integration of Work to Build Sustainable Peace * Aid and Conflict * Impact Mapping: Tracing the Impact of Aid and Development Programmes on * Conflict * The Strategy Circle * 5. Influencing Policy: Bringing Your Own Organization with You * The Values Tree * Spectrum of Strategic Options * Checklist for Programming * Assessing Organizational Capacity * The Radar Chart * Helping Individuals to Change * PART III: ACTION * 6. Intervening Directly in Conflict * Nonviolence as an Approach to Conflict Intervention * Preparing for Intervention * Awareness-raising and Mobilization for Change * Prevention * Maintaining a Presence * Enabling a Settlement * 7. Addressing the Consequences * Post-war Reconstruction: Combining Physical and Social Aspects * Psychological Reconstruction: Helping Individuals to Deal with the Past * Social Reconstruction: Building Relationships * 8. Working on the Social Fabric * Education for Peace and Justice * Participation of People in Decision-making * Good Governance * PART IV: LEARNING * 9. Evaluation * Evaluating Working with Conflict * The Evaluation Wheel * Impact Assessment * Indicators * Key Issues in Evaluation * 10. And Find Out More? * Organizations * Resources * Appendices * Glossary * Index
Asset sales and firm strategy: an analysis of divestitures by UK companies

This paper examines the financial causes and consequences of the decision to sell-off non-financial assets as part of a new or ongoing restructuring programme by UK non-financial companies between 1993 and 2000. We report that asset sales follow a period of declining operating returns and tend to occur in diversified companies with high levels of financial leverage. Stock prices respond positively to asset sale announcements. This arises due to improvements in operating returns and a decline in financial leverage and corporate diversification subsequent to the disposal. Our findings suggest that asset sales represent an effective operational response to a firm's poor financial condition. However, we also find that a manager's decision to sell assets is strongly influenced by the explicit threats to their control from lenders and competition from product, labour and takeover markets.
La construction sociale du « problème » intergénérationnel

Cet article interroge l’engouement actuel pour la question intergenerationnelle dans l’espace public. A travers le foisonnement de discours et de pratiques se rapportant a cette question, on assiste a une problematisation des relations entre generations sous une forme inedite. En effet, «le probleme intergenerationnel» se presente par le biais de sa resolution, autrement dit par le biais de la promotion de l’action intergenerationnelle concue comme «remede» a la possible rupture du lien entre les âges dans une societe confrontee au vieillissement de la population.
Sumoylation is important for stability, subcellular localization, and transcriptional activity of SALL4, an essential stem cell transcription factor.

Sumoylation is important for stability, subcellular localization, and transcriptional activity of SALL4, an essential stem cell transcription factor. Feikun Yang, Yixin Yao, Yongping Jiang, Luo Lu, Yupo Ma, and Wei Dai PAGE 38605: Fig. 5B did not conform with the JBC policy that figures assembled from separate images should indicate the borders between the images. This figure has been corrected. This correction does not change the results or the conclusions of this work. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY VOL. 291, NO. 1, p. 428, January 1, 2016 © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Published in the U.S.A.
Consensus Control of Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Time-Varying State Constraints

In this paper, we present a novel adaptive consensus algorithm for a class of nonlinear multiagent systems with time-varying asymmetric state constraints. As such, our contribution is a step forward beyond the usual consensus stabilization result to show that the states of the agents remain within a user defined, time-varying bound. To prove our new results, the original multiagent system is transformed into a new one. Stabilization and consensus of transformed states are sufficient to ensure the consensus of the original networked agents without violatingof the predefined asymmetric time-varying state constraints. A single neural network (NN), whose weights are tuned online, is used in our design to approximate the unknown functions in the agent’s dynamics. To account for the NN approximation residual, reconstruction error, and external disturbances, a robust term is introduced into the approximating system equation. Additionally in our design, each agent only exchanges the information with its neighbor agents, and thus the proposed consensus algorithm is decentralized. The theoretical results are proved via Lyapunov synthesis. Finally, simulations are performed on a nonlinear multiagent system to illustrate the performance of our consensus design scheme.