Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for competing sexual-asexually typified generic names in Sordariomycetes (except Diaporthales, Hypocreales, and Magnaporthales)

With the advance to one scientific name for each fungal species, the generic names in the class Sordariomycetes typified by sexual and asexual morphs are evaluated based on their type species to determine if they compete with each other for use or protection. Recommendations are made for which of the competing generic names should be used based on criteria such as priority, number of potential names changes, and frequency of use. Some recommendations for well-known genera include Arthrinium over Apiospora, Colletotrichum over Glomerella, Menispora over Zignoëlla, Microdochium over Monographella, Nigrospora over Khuskia, and Plectosphaerella over Plectosporium. All competing generic names are listed in a table of recommended names along with the required action. If priority is not accorded to sexually typified generic names after 2017, only four names would require formal protection: Chaetosphaerella over Oedemium, Diatrype over Libertella, Microdochium over Monographella, and Phaeoacremonium over Romellia and Togninia. Concerning species in the recommended genera, one replacement name (Xylaria benjaminii nom. nov.) is introduced, and the following new combinations are made: Arthrinium sinense, Chloridium caesium, C. chloroconium, C. gonytrichii, Corollospora marina, C. parvula, C. ramulosa, Juncigena fruticosae, Melanospora simplex, Seimatosporium massarina, Sporoschisma daemonoropis, S. taitense, Torpedospora mangrovei, Xylaria penicilliopsis, and X. termiticola combs. nov.
Chinese Syntactic and Typological Properties Based on Dependency Syntactic Treebanks

Chinese Syntactic and Typological Properties Based on Dependency Syntactic Treebanks This paper offers a quantitative analysis of the syntactic and typological properties of Chinese based on five Chinese dependency treebanks. The study shows that mean dependency distance of Chinese is 2.84; 40-50% dependencies are between non-adjacent words; Chinese is a mixed language with a governor-final and SV-VO-AdjN preference; the mean dependency distance of governor-initial dependencies is greater than that of governor-final ones. Methodologically, the paper adopts five treebanks with different text genres and annotation schemes as a resource to study syntactic features of a language. This method avoids corpus influences on results so that the conclusions can be more reliable and robust. If suitable treebanks are available, it will be an easy task to apply our method to other languages. In this way, the method has a broad theoretical and cross-linguistic perspective.
Activation and coherence in memory processes: Revisiting the Parallel Distributed Processing approach to retrieval

Connectionist models based on activation spreading and attractor dynamics are functionally limited by representational and processing flexibility constraints, the 'feature binding problem' and the need to balance accurately activation and inhibition. We suggest an alternative approach, in which network units are characterized by two variables: activation and phase. Whereas activation evolves according to a 'classical' connectionist rule, the phase variable is characterized by a chaotic evolution. We present a model of memory retrieval with reference to the paradigmatic McClelland's 1981 'Jets and Sharks' model. The model solves the 'multiple reinstantiation problem', i.e. the problem of retrieval of multiple items with overlapping features, implied by its classical predecessor. In our network, multiple pattern reinstantiation in terms of activation spreading is disambiguate through selective and differential coherence patterns. The system flexibly represents pattern similarity and feature relationships by means of graded and intermittent synchrony. The domain-general implications of this approach for connectionist 'interactive activation models' and its neurophysiological plausibility are discussed.
Could Suicide Terrorists Actually Be Suicidal?

For years, it has been widely agreed on that suicide terrorists are not suicidal individuals, and that behaviorally, they are more similar to noble soldiers who are willing to sacrifice themselves for a cause. However, upon closer examination, it appears that the foundation of this conventional wisdom is extraordinarily shaky. There are many reasons to think that both event-based and psychological risk factors for suicide may drive the behavior of suicide terrorists. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that more than 75 individual suicide terrorists have exhibited these classic suicidal traits. Given the power that the stigma of suicide may have to deter future suicide terrorists, it is critical that governments, scholars, and practitioners examine this issue once again.
A Distributed CDMA Medium Access Control for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

In this paper, UW-MAC, a distributed Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol tailored for UnderWater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASNs), is proposed. It is a transmitter-based Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) scheme that incorporates a novel closed-loop distributed algorithm to set the optimal transmit power and code length. UW-MAC aims at achieving three objectives, i.e., guarantee high network throughput, low channel access delay, and low energy consumption. Experiments show that UW-MAC outperforms existing MAC protocols tuned for the underwater environment under different architecture scenarios and simulation settings.
Combustion characteristics of water-insoluble elemental and organic carbon in size selected ambient aerosol particles

Abstract. Combustion of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) contained in ambient aerosol matter was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). To ease identification of the particles of interest and to avoid or at least reduce interaction with simultaneously sampled inorganic oxides and salts, the approach used in this work differed in two ways from commonly applied procedures. First, rather than using a mixture of particles of vastly different sizes, as in PM10 or PM2.5, aerosol matter was collected in a 5-stage impactor. Second, the water soluble fraction of the collected matter was removed prior to analysis. Diesel soot particles, which appeared in the well-known form of chain-type aggregates, constituted the major fraction of EC. In contrast, OC containing particles were observed in a variety of shapes, including a sizable amount of bioaerosol matter appearing mostly in the size range above about 1 µm. During heating in ambient air for 1h, diesel soot particles were found to be stable up to 470°C, but complete combustion occurred in a narrow temperature interval between about 480 and 510°C. After diesel soot combustion, minute quantities of "ash" were observed in the form of aggregated tiny particles with sizes less than 10 nm. These particles could be due to elemental or oxidic contaminants of diesel soot. Combustion of OC was observed over a wide range of temperatures, from well below 200°C to at least 500°C. Incompletely burnt bioaerosol matter was still found after heating to 600°C. The results imply that the EC fraction in aerosol matter can be overestimated significantly if the contribution of OC to a thermogram is not well separated.
Growth-promoting Sphingomonas paucimobilis ZJSH1 associated with Dendrobium officinale through phytohormone production and nitrogen fixation

Growth‐promoting Sphingomonas paucimobilis ZJSH1, associated with Dendrobium officinale, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, was characterized. At 90 days post‐inoculation, strain ZJSH1 significantly promoted the growth of D. officinale seedlings, with increases of stems by 8.6% and fresh weight by 7.5%. Interestingly, the polysaccharide content extracted from the inoculated seedlings was 0.6% higher than that of the control. Similar growth promotion was observed with the transplants inoculated with strain ZJSH1. The mechanism of growth promotion was attributed to a combination of phytohormones and nitrogen fixation. Strain ZJSH1 was found using the Kjeldahl method to have a nitrogen fixation activity of 1.15 mg l−1, which was confirmed by sequencing of the nifH gene. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, strain ZJSH1 was found to produce various phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA), indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), Zeatin and abscisic acid (ABA). The growth curve showed that strain ZJSH1 grew well in the seedlings, especially in the roots. Accordingly, much higher contents of SA, ABA, IAA and c‐ZR were detected in the inoculated seedlings, which may play roles as both phytohormones and ‘Systemic Acquired Resistance’ drivers. Nitrogen fixation and secretion of plant growth regulators (SA, IAA, Zeatin and ABA) endow S. paucimobilis ZJSH1 with growth‐promoting properties, which provides a potential for application in the commercial growth of D. officinale.
A Discourse of “Abnormality”: Exploring Discussions of People Living in Australia With Deafness or Hearing Loss

Adopting a social constructionist framework, the authors conducted a synthetic discourse analysis to explore how people living in Australia with deafness construct their experience of deafness. An online forum facilitated access and communication between the lead author and 24 widely dispersed and linguistically diverse forum contributors. The authors discuss the productive and restrictive effects of the emergent discourse of deafness as abnormal and the rhetorical strategies mobilized in people’s accounts: fitting in, acceptance as permission to be different, and the need to prove normality. Using these strategies was productive in that the forum respondents were enabled to reposition deafness as a positive, socially valued identity position. However, the need to manage deafness was reproduced as an individual concern, disallowing any exploration of how deafness could be reconstructed as socially valued. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the deafness as abnormal discourse.
Embodying neoliberalism: thoughts and responses to critics

(an answer to Jamie Peck, Nick Theodore, Stephen Collier, Daniel Goldstein, Johanna Bockman, Don Kalb and Bob Jessop who contributed to the debate on neoliberalism in Social Anthropology vol. 20 (1,2,3), vol. 21 (1), cfr below)
Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016

The number of cancer survivors continues to increase because of both advances in early detection and treatment and the aging and growth of the population. For the public health community to better serve these survivors, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute collaborate to estimate the number of current and future cancer survivors using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries. In addition, current treatment patterns for the most prevalent cancer types are presented based on information in the National Cancer Data Base and treatment‐related side effects are briefly described. More than 15.5 million Americans with a history of cancer were alive on January 1, 2016, and this number is projected to reach more than 20 million by January 1, 2026. The 3 most prevalent cancers are prostate (3,306,760), colon and rectum (724,690), and melanoma (614,460) among males and breast (3,560,570), uterine corpus (757,190), and colon and rectum (727,350) among females. More than one‐half (56%) of survivors were diagnosed within the past 10 years, and almost one‐half (47%) are aged 70 years or older. People with a history of cancer have unique medical and psychosocial needs that require proactive assessment and management by primary care providers. Although there are a growing number of tools that can assist patients, caregivers, and clinicians in navigating the various phases of cancer survivorship, further evidence‐based resources are needed to optimize care. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:271‐289. © 2016 American Cancer Society
Narrative History and Theory

I am a narrative historian. By narrative, I mean the telling of a story to explain and analyze events and human agency in order to increase understanding. As a narrative historian, I have not made extensive use of theory in my analysis of past events. In fact, in the past I consistently rejected theory, considering it more of a hindrance than a help. The historian Geoffrey Roberts stated, “History is frequently labelled an idiographical discipline as opposed to a nomothetic one, that is, a discipline whose knowledge objects are particular, individual, and specific rather than classes of phenomena which are abstracted and subsumed in generalisations about trends, patterns and causal determinations. ” In this vein, it was my view—as Peter Burke noted—that history examines particulars and “attend to concrete detail,” while theory attends to “general rules and screen[s] out the exceptions. ”
Differentiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Multifaceted effects of miR‐148a on tumor growth and phenotype and liver fibrosis

The death rate from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing, and liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Most patients with HCC have underlying liver cirrhosis and compromised liver function, limiting treatment options. Cirrhosis is associated with cell dedifferentiation and expansion of hepatocholangiolar progenitor cells. We identified a microRNA signature associated with HCC and hepatocytic differentiation of progenitor cells. We further identified miR‐148a as an inducer of hepatocytic differentiation that is down‐regulated in HCC. MiR‐148a‐mimetic treatment in vivo suppressed tumor growth, reduced tumor malignancy and liver fibrosis, and prevented tumor development. These effects were associated with an increased differentiated phenotype and mediated by IκB kinase alpha/NUMB/NOTCH signaling. Conclusion: miR‐148a is an inhibitor of the IκB kinase alpha/NUMB/NOTCH pathway and an inducer of hepatocytic differentiation that when deregulated promotes HCC initiation and progression. Differentiation‐targeted therapy may be a promising strategy to treat and prevent HCC. (Hepatology 2016;63:864–879)
Fuzzy Differences-in-Differences

In many applications of the differences-in-differences (DID) method, the treatment increases more in the treatment group, but some units are also treated in the control group. In such fuzzy designs, a popular estimator of treatment effects is the DID of the outcome divided by the DID of the treatment, or OLS and 2SLS regressions with time and group fixed effects estimating weighted averages of this ratio across groups. We start by showing that when the treatment also increases in the control group, this ratio estimates a causal effect only if treatment effects are homogenous in the two groups. Even when the distribution of treatment is stable, it requires that the effect of time be the same on all counterfactual outcomes. As this assumption is not always applicable, we propose two alternative estimators. The first estimator relies on a generalization of common trends assumptions to fuzzy designs, while the second extends the changes-in-changes estimator of Athey & Imbens (2006). When the distribution of treatment changes in the control group, treatment effects are partially identified. Finally, we prove that our estimators are asymptotically normal and use them to revisit applied papers using fuzzy designs.
New Targeted Therapies for Thyroid Cancer

The increasing incidence of thyroid cancer is associated with a higher number of advanced disease characterized by the loss of cancer differentiation and metastatic spread. The knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer has made possible the development of new therapeutic drugs able to blockade the oncogenic kinases (BRAF V600E, RET/PTC) or signaling kinases [vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR)] involved in cellular growth and proliferation. Some clinical trials have been conducted showing the ability of targeted therapies (sorafenib, sunitinib, axitinib, imanitib, vandetanib, pazopanib, gefitinib) in stabilizing the course of the disease. Until now, however, no consensus guidelines have been established for patient selection and more data on toxicities and side effects are needed to be collected.
Unexpected brain-language relationships in aphasia: Evidence from transcortical sensory aphasia associated with frontal lobe lesions

The syndrome of transcortical sensory aphasia (TCSA) is usually associated with extraperisylvian lesions of the left hemisphere that involve either posterior cortical regions (temporal-occipital cortex and inferior parietal cortex) or subcortical structures (thalamus). In exceptional cases, TCSA occurs in association with anterior perisylvian lesions involving the left Broca's area and its adjoining regions. This unconventional brain–language relationship is intriguing, because it contradicts the tenets of traditional aphasiology. This article reviews the extant literature of TCSA cases with frontal lesions. In the second section, the author assesses new cases of TCSA with frontal lesions in a two-part study. In Study 1 the issue of whether the language profile of TCSA with frontal lesions fits well with the diagnostic criteria of TCSA was investigated by comparing the language scores of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) in three groups of TCSA: Group 1: eight patients with posterior hemispheric damage; Group 2: seven patients with anterior hemispheric damage; and Group 3: four patients with anterior plus posterior hemispheric damage. Group comparisons failed to reveal statistically significant differences in demographic data and in nearly all WAB subtests. In Study 2, the pattern of language deficits was further investigated in three patients with TCSA and frontal lesions using cognitive neuropsychologycal investigations. Patients' performance is discussed taking into account recent advances in the functional anatomy of language processing systems and in the interindividual differences in the organisation of language networks.
TENSE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

However, in order to answer this question, it turns out that a number of other more important questions must be considered, such äs the nature of deixis. Thus, in a broader sense, because of the interaction with other facets of the grammar of English, this question turns out to be much more important. It is also important in another sense, namely that it forces the linguist to sharpen bis concept of linguistic argumentation. A priori, there are at least two reasons why one might think was is in the past tense in (1): the first is because it has past time reference: the second is because it follows a main clause verb in the past tense. One of the main aims of this paper is to show how, for English, one can come up with clearcut arguments in favor of the second of these suggestions and against the first. This paper concentrates almost exclusively on data from English, although in a few places I have included data from Bussian, which provides interesting contrasts to Bnglish precisely in the use of tense in indirect speech. This typological contrast of English and Bussian does, of course, introduce a typological dimension to the investigation, but I would emphasize that this paper does not claim to be a general typology of tense in indirect speech across the world's languages, nor to exhaust the possibilities that are found across the world's languages with respect to this phenomenon. Its aim is rather
The cognitive distortions of child molesters are in need of treatment

Abstract This paper forms the second part of a debate led by Marshall, Marshall, and Kingston (2011) regarding the need to address so-called cognitive distortions in sexual offender treatment. In their paper, Marshall et al. argue that so-called cognitive distortions may not necessarily require intense and focused attention or challenge throughout treatment. In evaluating Marshall et al.'s arguments, we highlight some inherent differences in how both Marshall et al. and ourselves choose to define the term “cognitive distortion”. We surmise that these key definitional differences appear to account for many of the issues that we “debate”. In particular, for example, Marshall et al. focus their arguments regarding cognitive distortions more explicitly upon excuses, denial and minimisations, whereas we choose to focus upon schemas and higher-order belief structures. Thus, we argue that the broadness and vagueness of the term “cognitive distortion” can lend itself to quite different interpretations and research foci. We offer some alternative views to Marshall et al.'s position and advocate the consideration of cognitions with an aetiological role in offending. We conclude with some suggestions for future research and treatment.
Newborn length of stay, health care utilization, and the effect of Minnesota legislation.

OBJECTIVE To describe newborn length of stay, postdischarge follow-up, and health care utilization in the context of Minnesota's early discharge legislation. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective study using claims data from a large managed care organization. PARTICIPANTS Term newborns born from January 1995 through February 1999 (N = 22 944). OUTCOME MEASURES Newborn length of stay, home or clinic visits within 1 week of discharge (early follow-up), immunizations completed by age 3 months, readmissions within 1 month of discharge, and urgent care or emergency department visits within 2 months of discharge. RESULTS After enactment of Minnesota's early discharge legislation in 1996, the percentage of newborns with short stays (0-1 days after vaginal birth or 2-3 days after cesarean birth) decreased from 52% to 16% for vaginally born infants and from 87% to 63% for cesarean-born infants (P =.001). Although the legislation mandated coverage for home visits after short stays, only 12.4% of short-stay newborns had early home visits. Overall, 50% of infants had early home or clinic follow-up; compared with those who did not receive early follow-up, these infants were more likely to have complete immunizations (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.14), urgent care or emergency department visits (adjusted OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.07-1.39), and readmissions (adjusted OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 2.02-3.08). CONCLUSIONS Although implementation of Minnesota's early discharge legislation corresponded with significantly increased lengths of stay, very few short-stay infants received the postdischarge care for which coverage was mandated. Our findings indicate, however, that infants at higher risk for adverse outcomes were appropriately identified to receive early follow-up.
Merlin/NF-2 mediates contact inhibition of growth by suppressing recruitment of Rac to the plasma membrane

Introduction of activated p21-activated kinase (PAK) is sufficient to release primary endothelial cells from contact inhibition of growth. Confluent cells display deficient activation of PAK and translocation of Rac to the plasma membrane at matrix adhesions. Targeting Rac to the plasma membrane rescues these cells from contact inhibition. PAK's ability to release human umbilical vein endothelial cells from contact inhibition is blocked by an unphosphorylatable form of its target Merlin, suggesting that PAK promotes mitogenesis by phosphorylating, and thus inactivating, Merlin. Merlin mutants, which are presumed to exert a dominant-negative effect, enable recruitment of Rac to matrix adhesions and promote mitogenesis in confluent cells. Small interference RNA–mediated knockdown of Merlin exerts the same effects. Dominant-negative Rac blocks PAK-mediated release from contact inhibition, implying that PAK functions upstream of Rac in this signaling pathway. These results provide a framework for understanding the tumor suppressor function of Merlin and indicate that Merlin mediates contact inhibition of growth by suppressing recruitment of Rac to matrix adhesions.