Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Manipulation of Pace within Endurance Sport

In any athletic event, the ability to appropriately distribute energy is essential to prevent premature fatigue prior to the completion of the event. In sport science literature this is termed “pacing. ” Within the past decade, research aiming to better understand the underlying mechanisms influencing the selection of an athlete's pacing during exercise has dramatically increased. It is suggested that pacing is a combination of anticipation, knowledge of the end-point, prior experience and sensory feedback. In order to better understand the role each of these factors have in the regulation of pace, studies have often manipulated various conditions known to influence performance such as the feedback provided to participants, the starting strategy or environmental conditions. As with all research there are several factors that should be considered in the interpretation of results from these studies. Thus, this review aims at discussing the pacing literature examining the manipulation of: (i) energy expenditure and pacing strategies, (ii) kinematics or biomechanics, (iii) exercise environment, and (iv) fatigue development.
Risk and Return in High-Frequency Trading

We study performance and competition among firms engaging in high-frequency trading (HFT). We construct measures of latency and find that differences in relative latency account for large differences in HFT firms’ trading performance. HFT firms that improve their latency rank due to colocation upgrades see improved trading performance. The stronger performance associated with speed comes through both the short-lived information channel and the risk management channel, and speed is useful for various strategies, including market making and cross-market arbitrage. We find empirical support for many predictions regarding relative latency competition.
Feasibility study for optical BAN

To examine the practical potential of an optical body area network (BAN) technique, a feasibility study was conducted of optical data transmission through a human hand using diffusely scattered light. The data transmission of 170 mm distance in a human hand was accomplished to show the possibility of the data transmission from the wrist to the fingertips in an adult hand. The frequency bandwidth for data transmission was restricted by the effect of strong scattering inside body tissues. In experiments using a human hand, the bandwidth was measured to be 2.80 GHz. The feasibility of BAN using diffusely scattered light in the body was verified through these analyses.
Distribution of CD163-positive cell and MHC class II-positive cell in the normal equine uveal tract

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the uveal tract participate in ocular immunity including immune homeostasis and the pathogenesis of uveitis. In horses, although uveitis is the most common ocular disorder, little is known about ocular immunity, such as the distribution of APCs. In this study, we investigated the distribution of CD163-positive and MHC II-positive cells in the normal equine uveal tract using an immunofluorescence technique. Eleven eyes from 10 Thoroughbred horses aged 1 to 24 years old were used. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using the primary antibodies CD163, MHC class II (MHC II) and CD20. To demonstrate the site of their greatest distribution, positive cells were manually counted in 3 different parts of the uveal tract (ciliary body, iris and choroid), and their average number was assessed by statistical analysis. The distribution of pleomorphic CD163- and MHC II-expressed cells was detected throughout the equine uveal tract, but no CD20-expressed cells were detected. The statistical analysis demonstrated the distribution of CD163- and MHC II-positive cells focusing on the ciliary body. These results demonstrated that the ciliary body is the largest site of their distribution in the normal equine uveal tract, and the ciliary body is considered to play important roles in uveal and/or ocular immune homeostasis. The data provided in this study will help further understanding of equine ocular immunity in the normal state and might be beneficial for understanding of mechanisms of ocular disorders, such as equine uveitis.
On global properties of passivity based control of the inverted pendulum

The problem of stabilization of the inverted pendulum on a cart is considered. The proposed technique is based on the passivity of the inverted pendulum and reflects its global properties. The new feedback regulators provide that any solution of the closed loop system, except for initial conditions lying on some 2-dimensional manifold, will be in any neighbourhood of the unstable equilibrium with zero displacement of the cart.
The Small GTPase RhoB Regulates TNFα Signaling in Endothelial Cells

The inflammatory response of endothelial cells triggered by cytokines such as TNFα and IL1β plays a pivotal role in innate immunity. Upon pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation, endothelial cells produce chemokines and cytokines that attract and activate leukocytes, and express high levels of leukocyte adhesion molecules. This process is mediated by intracellular signaling cascades triggered by activation of e.g. the TNFα receptor (TNFR) that lead to the activation of the NFκB transcription factor and of MAP kinases, which in turn activate inflammatory gene transcription. We found that the small GTPase RhoB was strongly and rapidly upregulated in primary human endothelial cells by TNFα, IL1β and LPS. We subsequently investigated the role of RhoB in the regulation of TNFR signaling in endothelial cells by silencing RhoB expression with siRNA. We provide evidence that the TNFα-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase is strongly dependent on RhoB, but not on RhoA, while JNK activation is regulated by both RhoB and RhoA. Consistent with the important role of p38 MAP kinase in inflammation, we demonstrate that loss of RhoB impairs TNFα-induced ICAM-1 expression and reduces cell production of IL6 and IL8. In addition, we show that RhoB silencing alters the intracellular traffic of TNFα after endocytosis. Since RhoB is a known regulator of the intracellular traffic of membrane receptors, our data suggest that RhoB controls TNFα signaling through the regulation of the TNFR traffic.
Housing valuations: no bubble apparent

• There does not appear to be a major misalignment in house values in the United States and the euro area. Recent central bank action in both the United Kingdom and Australia suggests rising valuation concerns. While in the United Kingdom, the economy’s structural changes over the last five years should attenuate somewhat this concern (hence a gradual interest rate response), in Australia the housing cycle is seen as the central driver of the domestic economic cycle and thereby monetary policy.
Large-Scale Parallel Visualization of Particle Datasets using Point Sprites

Massive particle-based datasets can be efficiently rendered using point sprites. Among other advantages, the method is efficient in its use of memory, preserves the dynamic range of the simulations, and provides excellent image quality. Preliminary results of large-scale parallel rendering of particle data sets using point sprites are presented in this poster. Performance and scalability are evaluated on a GPU-based computer cluster using datasets of up to 3200 particles at resolutions of up to 6144x3072 pixels.
Shadow detection in colour high‐resolution satellite images

Image shadow segmentation has become a major issue in satellite remote sensing because of the recent commercial availability of high‐resolution images. Detecting shadows is important for successfully carrying out applications such as change detection, land monitoring, object recognition, scene reconstruction, colour correction, etc. This paper presents a simple and effective procedure to segment shadow regions on high‐resolution colour satellite images. The method applies a region growing process on a specific band (namely, the c 3 component of the c 1 c 2 c 3 colour space). To gain in robustness and precision, the region expansion also imposes a restriction on the saturation and intensity values of the shadow pixels, as well as on their edge gradients. The proposed method has been successfully tested on QuickBird images acquired under different lighting conditions and covering both urban and rural areas.
A NEW SCORE FUNCTION FOR JOINT EVALUATION OF MULTIPLEF0 HYPOTHESES

This article is concerned with the estimation of the fundamental frequencies of the quasiharmonic sources in polyphonic signals for the case that the number of sources is known. We propose a new method for jointly evaluating multiple F0 hypotheses based on three physical principles: harmonicity, spectral smoothness and synchronous amplitude evolution within a single source. Given the observed spectrum a set of F0 candidates is listed and for any hypothetical combination among the candidates the corresponding hypothetical partial sequences are derived. Hypothetical partial sequences are then evaluated using a score function formulating the guiding principles in mathematical forms. The algorithm has been tested on a large collection of arti cially mixed polyphonic samples and the encouraging results demonstrate the competitive performance of the proposed method.
Intracellular accumulation and reduced sarcolemmal expression of dysferlin in limb–girdle muscular dystrophies

Dysferlin has recently been identified as a novel gene involved in limb–girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) and its allelic disease, Miyoshi myopathy. The predicted structure of dysferlin suggests that it is a transmembrane protein possibly involved in membrane fusion. Thus, unlike previously identified structural proteins in muscular dystrophy, dysferlin is likely involved in a novel pathogenic mechanism for this disease. In this study, we have analyzed the expression of dysferlin in skeletal muscle of patients with disruptions in the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex and patients with a clinical diagnosis of LGMD2B or Miyoshi myopathy. We show expression of dysferlin at the sarcolemma in normal muscle and reduced sarcolemmal expression along with accumulation of intracellular staining in dystrophic muscle. Electron microscopy in Miyoshi myopathy biopsies suggests that the cytoplasmic staining could be a result of the abundance of intracellular vesicles. Our results indicate that dysferlin expression is perturbed in LGMD and that both mutations in the dysferlin gene and disruption of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex can lead to the accumulation of dysferlin within the cytoplasm. Ann Neurol 2000;48:902–912
A CALCULATION OF THE FULL NEUTRINO PHASE SPACE IN COLD + HOT DARK MATTER MODELS

This paper presents a general-relativistic N-body technique for evolving the phase space distribution of massive neutrinos in linear perturbation theory. The method provides a much more accurate sampling of the neutrino phase space for the HDM initial conditions of N-body simulations in a cold+hot dark matter universe than previous work. Instead of directly sampling the phase space at the end of the linear era, we first compute the evolution of the metric perturbations by numerically integrating the coupled, linearized Einstein, Boltzmann, and fluid equations for all particle species. We then sample the phase space shortly after neutrino decoupling at redshift z=10^9 when the distribution is Fermi-Dirac. To follow the trajectory of each neutrino, we subsequently integrate the geodesic equations for each neutrino in the perturbed background spacetime from z=10^9 to z=13.55, using the linearized metric found in the previous calculation to eliminate discreteness noise. The positions and momenta resulting from this integration represent a fair sample of the full neutrino phase space and can be used as HDM initial conditions for N-body simulations of nonlinear structure evolution in this model. A total of 21 million neutrino particles are used in a 100 Mpc box, with Omega_cdm=0.65, Omega_hdm=0.30, Omega_baryon=0.05, and Hubble constant H_0=50. We find that correlations develop in the neutrino densities and momenta which are absent when only the zeroth-order Fermi-Dirac distribution is considered.
Automatic code generation from a UML model to IEC 61131-3 and system configuration tools

An agile software development approach for embedded systems has been transferred to automation and process control. With using UML 1.4, an approach was developed, which allows to generate IEC 61131-3 code from an UML-model and to import it into soft-PLCs, automatically. The generated IEC 61131 code consists of ST and SFC. Besides, the system architecture is part of the UML-model, which bridges the gap between hard and software engineering. This approach was evaluated by using a sorting machine and by automation experts. The work is embedded in a development of UML for process automation and usability test of UML with automation engineers.
You Either Have It or You Don’t: First Year Engineering Students’ Experiences of Belongingness

development and speciﬁc the pre-professional identities of engineering undergradu-ates non- graduation. Science Education with a joint appointment in Bioengineering. Her research focuses on the interactions between student motivation and their learning experiences. Her projects involve the study of student perceptions, beliefs and attitudes towards becoming engineers and scientists, and their problem solving processes. Other projects in the Benson group include effects of student-centered active learning, self-regulated learning, and incorporating engineering into secondary science and mathematics classrooms. Her education includes a B.S. in Bioengineering from the University of Vermont, and M.S. and Ph.D. in Bioengineering from Clemson University. His research focuses on the interactions between engineering cultures, student motivation, and their learning experiences. His projects involve the study of student perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes towards becoming engineers, their problem-solving processes, and cultural ﬁt. His education includes a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering in and in and and This research paper investigates first-year engineering students’ perceptions of belongingness in engineering. Interviews with 23 students about their fit, belonging, and similarities in engineering informed our analysis of the ways in which first-year engineering students describe belonging in engineering. We found that students responded to questions about belongingness in three ways: through their personal attributes, interests, and emotions. Additionally, we found that students described these attributes, interests, and emotions as characteristics that they either did or did not have. These fixed characteristics did not allow for student change or growth. Together, our results inform ways that students evaluate their belongingness in engineering, as well as ways in which educators can help their students feel like they belong.
Quantification of Epithelial Cell Differentiation in Mammary Glands and Carcinomas from DMBA- and MNU-Exposed Rats

Rat mammary carcinogenesis models have been used extensively to study breast cancer initiation, progression, prevention, and intervention. Nevertheless, quantitative molecular data on epithelial cell differentiation in mammary glands of untreated and carcinogen-exposed rats is limited. Here, we describe the characterization of rat mammary epithelial cells (RMECs) by multicolor flow cytometry using antibodies against cell surface proteins CD24, CD29, CD31, CD45, CD49f, CD61, Peanut Lectin, and Thy-1, intracellular proteins CK14, CK19, and FAK, along with phalloidin and Hoechst staining. We identified the luminal and basal/myoepithelial populations and actively dividing RMECs. In inbred rats susceptible to mammary carcinoma development, we quantified the changes in differentiation of the RMEC populations at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after exposure to mammary carcinogens DMBA and MNU. DMBA exposure did not alter the percentage of basal or luminal cells, but upregulated CD49f (Integrin α6) expression and increased cell cycle activity. MNU exposure resulted in a temporary disruption of the luminal/basal ratio and no CD49f upregulation. When comparing DMBA- or MNU-induced mammary carcinomas, the RMEC differentiation profiles are indistinguishable. The carcinomas compared with mammary glands from untreated rats, showed upregulation of CD29 (Integrin β1) and CD49f expression, increased FAK (focal adhesion kinase) activation especially in the CD29hi population, and decreased CD61 (Integrin β3) expression. This study provides quantitative insight into the protein expression phenotypes underlying RMEC differentiation. The results highlight distinct RMEC differentiation etiologies of DMBA and MNU exposure, while the resulting carcinomas have similar RMEC differentiation profiles. The methodology and data will enhance rat mammary carcinogenesis models in the study of the role of epithelial cell differentiation in breast cancer.
Double‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the frontal eye field facilitates triggering of memory‐guided saccades

The study investigated the influence of double‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) on memory‐guided saccade triggering. Double pulses with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 35, 50, 65 or 80 ms were applied over the right frontal eye field (FEF) and as control over the occipital cortex. A significant dTMS effect was found exclusively for contralateral saccades; latency of memory‐guided saccades was reduced after FEF stimulation with an ISI of 50 ms compared to latency without stimulation. This effect proved to be specific for the ISI of 50 ms over the FEF because control stimulation with the same ISI over the occipital cortex had no significant effect on latency of memory‐guided saccades. The results of our study showed that, by using an appropriate ISI, dTMS is able to facilitate contralateral saccade triggering by stimulating the FEF. This suggests that TMS interferes specifically with saccade triggering mechanisms, probably by acting on presaccadic neurons of the FEF.
Time management: skills to learn and put into practice

PurposeThe knowledge society determines a work scenario in which it is essential to manage time efficiently; a non-innate skill that should be learned at the university. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachThis research analyzes the attitude, habits and time management of the Economics and Business students of the UPV/EHU, in order to propose/design/specific activities for its achievement. Through a self-administered questionnaire, the sample data are obtained, which are analyzed at a descriptive and multivariate level.FindingsThe decisive factor is not the amount of time available but the management that is made of it. In general, students pay attention to short-term planning and lack habits and attitudes in the long term.Practical implicationsUnaware of the advantages of a correct use of time, students do not develop skills such as self-organization, prioritization of objectives and activities, etc., which is why the intervention of the educational system is necessary in order to develop this skill.Originality/valueThis study focuses on the importance of developing skills, beyond the strictly technical, essential in professional performance regardless of the function assigned in the organizational chart/organization. It is about assessing time management as an integral part of higher education, competence expressed on paper, but not developed in practice. The originality and novelty of this research consists of defining new dimensions of time management and proposing some specific actions to be implemented to get a better time management.
Pallidal stimulation for Parkinsonism: Improved brain activation during sequence learning

We used 15O‐labeled water and positron emission tomography to assess the effect of deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus on motor sequence learning in Parkinson's disease. Seven right‐handed patients were scanned on and off stimulation while they were performing a motor sequence learning task and a kinematically matched motor execution reference task. The scans were performed after a 12‐hour medication washout. Stimulation parameters were adjusted for maximal motor improvement; experimental task parameters were held constant across stimulation conditions. Internal globus pallidus stimulation improved motor ratings by 37% (p < 0.01). During the sequence learning task, stimulation improved performance as measured by several correct anticipatory movements (p < 0.01) and by verbal report (p < 0.001). Concurrent positron emission tomography imaging during learning demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) increases in brain activation with stimulation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilaterally in premotor cortex, and in posterior parietal and occipital association areas. Stimulation did not affect the activity of these regions during the performance of the motor execution reference task. These findings suggest that internal globus pallidus deep brain stimulation can enhance the activity of prefrontal cortico‐striato‐pallidothalamic loops and related transcortical pathways. Improved sequence learning with stimulation may be directly related to these functional changes.
Dutch vowel production by Spanish learners: duration and spectral features

In this paper we present a study on Dutch vowel production by Spanish learners that was carried out within the framework of our research on Computer Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT). The aim of this study was to obtain detailed information on production of Dutch vowels by Spanish learners, which can be employed to develop effective CAPT programs for this specific target group. We collected speech from learners with varying proficiency levels (A1 - B2 of the CEFR), which was transcribed, segmented and acoustically analyzed. We present data on the frequency of pronunciation errors and on detailed analyses of duration and acoustic properties of the vocalic realizations. The results indicate that Spanish learners of Dutch have difficulties in realizing several Dutch vowel contrasts and that they differ from native speakers in the way they employ duration and spectral properties to realize these contrasts. We discuss these results in relation to those of previous studies on Dutch vowel perception by Spanish listeners and relate them to current theories on speech learning. Index Terms: L2 phonology acquisition, language learning, Computer Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT)
Welfare of animals kept for fur production

7. Page 211. The following text is inserted immediately after the end of the first sentence on this page: « The working group drafted the report, which was then edited and amended by the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. The Scientific Committee is solely responsible for the final text, including the conclusions and recommendations and the members of the working group may therefore not necessarily agree with all parts of the report. »
Financial Intermediation, Loanable Funds, and The Real Sector

We study an incentive model of financial intermediation in which firms as well as intermediaries are capital constrained. We analyze how the distribution of wealth across firms, intermediaries, and uninformed investors affects investment, interest rates, and the intensity of monitoring. We show that all forms of capital tightening (a credit crunch, a collateral squeeze, or a savings squeeze) hit poorly capitalized firms the hardest, but that interest rate effects and the intensity of monitoring will depend on relative changes in the various components of capital. The predictions of the model are broadly consistent with the lending patterns observed during the recent financial crises.