Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The hemodynamic effects of dobutamine infusion in the chronically instrumented newborn piglet.

OBJECTIVE To determine the systemic, pulmonary, mesenteric, and renal hemodynamic effects of short and prolonged infusions of dobutamine. DESIGN Prospective randomized unblinded study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Thirteen newborn (1-3 days old) piglets. INTERVENTIONS Piglets were instrumented and studied 48 hrs later. Fifteen-minute infusions of dobutamine at 5, 10, 20 and 50 microg/ kg x min were randomly given with 15-min rests between the doses. After a 1-hr hiatus, a dose of 10 microg/kg x min was continuously administered for 2 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, cardiac index (thermodilution), and superior mesenteric and renal artery flows were measured. Vascular resistance values were calculated. MAIN RESULTS Fifteen-minute infusions: Dobutamine dose-dependently increased cardiac index with tachycardia but not stroke volume (from 187 +/- 43 to 238 +/- 51 mL/kg x min at baseline and 50 microg/ kg x min, respectively, p < .05; values expressed as mean +/- SD). Systemic, but not pulmonary, vascular resistance decreased, resulting in a significant decrease in systemic to pulmonary arterial pressure ratio (from 3.8 +/- 0.8 at baseline to 3.2 +/- 1.0 at 50 microg/ kg x min). Superior mesenteric and renal flows were not affected. Two-hour infusion at 10 microg/kg x min: Cardiac index progressively increased from 173 +/- 34 to 240 +/- 58 mL/kg x min at baseline and 120 mins, respectively, (p < .05). The initial tachycardia was transient, and stroke volume was significantly increased at 60 mins and thereafter. Although systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance values fell simultaneously, systemic to pulmonary arterial pressure ratio decreased significantly to 3.4 +/- 0.9 at 120 mins from 3.9 +/- 0.7 at baseline. Superior mesenteric and renal artery flows increased significantly with vasodilation after 60 mins. CONCLUSIONS Short infusions of dobutamine dose-dependently increase cardiac output due to tachycardia, without significant effect on mesenteric and renal blood flows. Prolonged infusion of dobutamine at 10 microg/kg x min progressively increases cardiac output and stroke volume with transient tachycardia, and increases mesenteric and renal blood flows. Caution is required in the treatment of critically ill neonates with dobutamine, which could also reduce systemic to pulmonary arterial pressure ratio.
A Consumer View of Computer Generated versus Traditional Assessment Reports

This study compared reports written following a traditional format with those generated by a computerised report writer (COMA). A traditional report and a COMA report were written for three children; a child with Down Syndrome, a child with autism and a child with speech and/or language impairment. In total there were six reports. A questionnaire was used to determine the subjects' ratings of the individualisation and the clarity for both report types. The Total Design Method (Dillman, 1983) was followed for questionnaire design and to ensure a high response rate. Completed questionnaires were received from 51.7% of parents (n = 31), 66.7% (n = 40) of special education teachers and 66.7% (n = 40) of speech-language pathologists. The COMA reports were found to be significantly “clearer” (p<.0001) and significantly more “individualised” (p<.0001) than matched traditional reports. COMA reports were preferred to traditional reports by 80.6% of parents, 92.5% of special education teachers and 77.5% of speech-l.
Teachers' Perceptions of Professional Standards: Their Importance and Ease of Implementation

Accreditation of teacher education programs by professional organizations, such as National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)/Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), was developed to meet two key goals: (a) to monitor teacher accountability for student learning, and (b) to monitor the quality of teacher preparation among institutions of higher education. Accreditation has been controversial from its inception through to present day. Among the consistent criticisms of education accreditation systems is the fact that there is limited empirical evidence to support the stated professional standards, such as those required by NCATE/CEC. It is surprising that there is little empirical evidence documenting the validation of professional standards, even by professional classroom educators. In the present study the authors explored a pilot study of the perspectives of special educators regarding both the importance and ease of implementation of the CEC/NCATE Professional Standards. The authors presented each standard in 2 Likert scales: one on which the rater assigned a rating of importance of the standard and another on which the rater chose a rating of the ease of implementation of the standard. Results indicated that although many teachers found the NCATE/CEC Professional Standards to be of high importance, they found many standards difficult to implement.
Electrophysiology of Coronary Reperfusion: A Mechanism for Reperfusion Arrhythmias

To gain insight into the mechanisms of reperfusion arrhythmias, we studied ventricular automaticity and conduction characteristics in 35 dogs during 10 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion and subsequent reperfusion. The frequency of ectopic activity reached a maximum within the first 6–8 minutes after LAD occlusion and then declined, leading to an ectopia-free quiescent period. The arrhythmias after occlusion were marked by prolonged ischemic zone conduction times as measured from local bipolar plunge electrodes while marked fractionation of electrical activity was recorded from specially constructed composite epicardial electrodes. The quiescent period was characterized by a loss of marked fractionation of electrical activity from composite recordings and a progressive decrease or complete loss of electrogram amplitude from plunge electrodes. Reperfusion was characterized by a rapid improvement in both the ischemia-induced conduction delay and amplitude on the local bipolar electrogram. However, the composite electrode recorded a return of the marked fractionation of electrical activity associated with a return of arrhythmias.Ventricular automaticity druing reperfusion (50.6 ± 6.0 beats/min) was assessed in five dogs with complete atrioventricular block and was not significantly different from control preocclusive automaticity (47.6 ± 5.8 beats/min). In addition, reperfusion at a heart rate of 220 beats/min was associated with increased frequency and severity of arrhythmias compared with those at a heart rate of 150 beats/min.We conclude that the early ischemic arrhythmias result from conduction slowing through the ischemic zone establishing reentrant pathways, while the quiescent period is a manifestation of further conduction suppression so that reentrant pathways become blocked. Reperfusion of this electrically unresponsive tissue results in a nonhomogenuous improvement in conduction that transiently restores the conditions necessary for reentry.
Ras GTPases Modulate Morphogenesis, Sporulation and Cellulase Gene Expression in the Cellulolytic Fungus Trichoderma reesei

Background The model cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina) is capable of responding to environmental cues to compete for nutrients in its natural saprophytic habitat despite its genome encodes fewer degradative enzymes. Efficient signalling pathways in perception and interpretation of environmental signals are indispensable in this process. Ras GTPases represent a kind of critical signal proteins involved in signal transduction and regulation of gene expression. In T. reesei the genome contains two Ras subfamily small GTPases TrRas1 and TrRas2 homologous to Ras1 and Ras2 from S. cerevisiae, but their functions remain unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we have investigated the roles of GTPases TrRas1 and TrRas2 during fungal morphogenesis and cellulase gene expression. We show that both TrRas1 and TrRas2 play important roles in some cellular processes such as polarized apical growth, hyphal branch formation, sporulation and cAMP level adjustment, while TrRas1 is more dominant in these processes. Strikingly, we find that TrRas2 is involved in modulation of cellulase gene expression. Deletion of TrRas2 results in considerably decreased transcription of cellulolytic genes upon growth on cellulose. Although the strain carrying a constitutively activated TrRas2G16V allele exhibits increased cellulase gene transcription, the cbh1 and cbh2 expression in this mutant still strictly depends on cellulose, indicating TrRas2 does not directly mediate the transmission of the cellulose signal. In addition, our data suggest that the effect of TrRas2 on cellulase gene is exerted through regulation of transcript abundance of cellulase transcription factors such as Xyr1, but the influence is independent of cAMP signalling pathway. Conclusions/Significance Together, these findings elucidate the functions for Ras signalling of T. reesei in cellular morphogenesis, especially in cellulase gene expression, which contribute to deciphering the powerful competitive ability of plant cell wall degrading fungi in nature.
Investigation of Stressful Experiences, Self-Evaluations, and Self-Standards as Predictors of Sexual Activity During Early Adolescence

Stressful experiences, self-evaluations, and self-standards associated with multiple contexts of development (i.e., school, family, sports/athletics) were investigated as predictors of initiation of sexual activity during the transition to adolescence. A sample of 134 seventh and eighth graders was followed as part of a 4-wave, 2-year longitudinal study. Survival analysis was used to examine measures at Time 1 as predictors of the timing of initiation of sexual activity. Reports of greater stressful experiences and less favorable self-evaluations associated with school as well as weaker self-standards associated with family were significant predictors of less time to initiation of sexual activity. For sports/athletics, however, reports of more positive self-evaluations predicted less time to initiation. Results of mediational analyses indicated that self-evaluations for the school context partially mediated the linkage that stressful experiences relating to this context exhibited with initiation of sexual activity.
Missing discourses: concepts of joy and happiness in disability

This paper analyses a series of representations of disability and rehabilitation taken from research and policy settings in Australia. The purpose of the analysis is to (a) identify the presence or absence of discourses of happiness and joy in the contexts analysed and (b) to analyse the various treatments and interpretations of happiness and joy that are present. Through this analysis we show that while official professional and public discourses on disability and rehabilitation exhibit predominantly negative discursive patterns and features (i.e. aspirations to achieve ‘normality’ and a negative lexicon, such as disability, coping, rehabilitation, burden, abnormality, etc.) there are many other potentially positive and empowering discursive and narrative patterns and features that remain hidden beneath negatively oriented ways of seeing, being, acting and describing in academic, policy and practice settings. We argue that policy‐makers and academics alike need to be sensitive to the dynamics of discourse when constructing research and developing policy.
Using the literature to evaluate diagnostic tests: amylase or lipase for diagnosing acute pancreatitis?

Summary table of references First author/date Study design Patient populationDiagnostic criteria forpancreatitis Results Conclusion Clave, 1995 [17] Prospective caseseries384 patients, 60 withacute pancreatitis,remaining patientswith other abdominaldiseasesClinical presentationand hospital courseand the elimination ofany other cause ofabdominal pain;some patients alsoreceived conﬁrmationby sonogram, CT,laparotomy, ornecropsy Diagnostic thresholdswere serum amylase 180 U/L or urineamylase 900 U/L Diagnostic efﬁciencywas 95% forserum amylase,lipase, isoamylase,and urine amylase,but 80% forphospholipase A(PLA), anotherpancreatic enzyme.No diagnosticadvantage seen foramylase, lipase,isoamylase, orurine amylasecompared to eachother; PLA notrecommended.Gumaste, 1992 [16] Prospective study 29 patients withimaging-proven acutepancreatitis ofalcoholic etiology 202 patients, with adaily alcoholIn the pancreatitisgroup, imagingstudies (CTscanning) conﬁrmedthe diagnosis ofacute pancreatitisSensitivity andspeciﬁcity wascalculated based onserum levels of 3times the normallevel.Lipase was superiorfor diagnosingacute alcoholicpancreatitis.consumption of 150 g. were used asa comparison; thesepatients wereexcluded if theypresented withabdominal pain, hada history of bloodurea nitrogen, or ahistory of pancreatitis Lipase:- Sensitivity 100%- Speciﬁcity 100% Serum Amylase:- Sensitivity 55%- Speciﬁcity 100% 16 healthy males withno history of alcoholabuse were thecontrol subjectsSmith, 2005 [27] Retrospective chartreview8,937 patients (320with acutepancreatitis; 13 withchronic pancreatitis;remaining patientswith other abdominaldiseases); of the 320patients with acutepancreatitis, valuesfor both serumamylase and serumlipase were availablefor 207 (64.7%)CT or ultrasoundconﬁrmationDiagnostic thresholdswere 114 U/L forserum amylase and 208 U/L for serumlipase. Serum amylase- Sensitivity 78.7%- Speciﬁcity 92.6% Serum lipase:- Sensitivity 90.3%- Speciﬁcity 93%Serum lipase andserum amylasewere similar, withserum lipase beingslightly moreaccurate in termsof both sensitivityand speciﬁcity. Chase, 1996 [23] Retrospective chartreview306 patients (123 male,183 female) admittedwith acute abdominalpainClinical history andevidence fromroentgenograms,ultrasound, CT,endoscopy, and/orsurgical explorationFor admission levels upper limit of normalfor serum amylase 110 U/L and serumlipase 208 U/L.Both tests wereaccurate indiagnosing acutepancreatitis. Lipase:- Sensitivity 92%- Speciﬁcity 87% Serum amylase:- Sensitivity 93%- Sensitivity 87%
Response Options and Presentation Format as Contributors to Conditional Reasoning

The present study examines whether students’ inability to solve conditional reasoning problems, shown in previous studies, is at least partially attributable to having to choose among logically incorrect response options. In two experiments, students evaluated conclusions to conditional reasoning problems where one of several response options was either the standard, Sometimes true, or the more logically appropriate, Could be true. Decision accuracy was related to the logical appropriateness of the response options available. This relationship was replicated across different problem types and formats.
Sequential Regulation of DOCK2 Dynamics by Two Phospholipids During Neutrophil Chemotaxis

During chemotaxis, activation of the small guanosine triphosphatase Rac is spatially regulated to organize the extension of membrane protrusions in the direction of migration. In neutrophils, Rac activation is primarily mediated by DOCK2, an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Upon stimulation, we found that DOCK2 rapidly translocated to the plasma membrane in a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate–dependent manner. However, subsequent accumulation of DOCK2 at the leading edge required phospholipase D–mediated synthesis of phosphatidic acid, which stabilized DOCK2 there by means of interaction with a polybasic amino acid cluster, resulting in increased local actin polymerization. When this interaction was blocked, neutrophils failed to form leading edges properly and exhibited defects in chemotaxis. Thus, intracellular DOCK2 dynamics are sequentially regulated by distinct phospholipids to localize Rac activation during neutrophil chemotaxis.
Children's Astronomy: Implications for Curriculum Developments at Key Stage 1 and the Future of Infant Science in England and Wales.

Experience suggests that few areas of science could claim to capture the interest, curiosity and imagination of young children as much as astronomy does, few are more relevant and fundamental to their everyday lives, and few are more stimulating, motivating and fun. Infant and primary astronomy is concerned with more, however, than teaching concepts and process skills or about learning facts and figures. It is certainly more than simply knowing about the periodic changes associated with how the Earth, Sun and Moon move with respect to one another. It is about the nature of science and ‘scientific’ thought. It is about human achievement. It is about feelings and emotions; our relationships with each other and our relationships with nature. It is about the many important aspects of time, cycles and change. From this standpoint, radical changes to the early years astronomy component of a recently introduced and twice revised national science curriculum operating in all maintained schools throughout England a.
Isothermal dust models of Herschel-ATLAS galaxies

We use galaxies from the Herschel-ATLAS (H-ATLAS) survey, and a suite of ancillary simulations based on an isothermal dust model, to study our ability to determine the effective dust temperature, luminosity and emissivity index of 250 μm selected galaxies in the local Universe (z < 0.5). As well as simple far-infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting of individual galaxies based on χ2 minimization, we attempt to derive the best global isothermal properties of 13 826 galaxies with reliable optical counterparts and spectroscopic redshifts. Using our simulations, we highlight the fact that applying traditional SED fitting techniques to noisy observational data in the Herschel Space Observatory bands introduces artificial anti-correlation between derived values of dust temperature and emissivity index. This is true even for galaxies with the most robust statistical detections in our sample, making the results of such fitting difficult to interpret. We apply a method to determine the best-fitting global values of isothermal effective temperature and emissivity index for z < 0.5 galaxies in H-ATLAS, deriving Teff = 22.3 ± 0.1 K and β = 1.98 ± 0.02 (or Teff = 23.5 ± 0.1 K and β = 1.82 ± 0.02 if we attempt to correct for bias by assuming that Teff and βeff are independent and normally distributed). We use our technique to test for an evolving emissivity index, finding only weak evidence. The median dust luminosity of our sample is log10(Ldust/L⊙) = 10.72 ± 0.05, which (unlike Teff) shows little dependence on the choice of β used in our analysis, including whether it is variable or fixed. In addition, we use a further suite of simulations based on a fixed emissivity index isothermal model to emphasize the importance of the H-ATLAS PACS data for deriving dust temperatures at these redshifts, even though they are considerably less sensitive than the SPIRE data. Finally, we show that the majority of galaxies detected by H-ATLAS are normal star-forming galaxies, though with a substantial minority (∼31 per cent) falling in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy category.
Heterogeneous Domain Adaptation Using Manifold Alignment

We propose a manifold alignment based approach for heterogeneous domain adaptation. A key aspect of this approach is to construct mappings to link different feature spaces in order to transfer knowledge across domains. The new approach can reuse labeled data from multiple source domains in a target domain even in the case when the input domains do not share any common features or instances. As a pre-processing step, our approach can also be combined with existing domain adaptation approaches to learn a common feature space for all input domains. This paper extends existing manifold alignment approaches by making use of labels rather than correspondences to align the manifolds. This extension significantly broadens the application scope of manifold alignment, since the correspondence relationship required by existing alignment approaches is hard to obtain in many applications.
INVITED ESSAY: Mysticism, Creativity, and Psychoanalysis: Learning From Marion Milner

The article explores the relationship between mysticism and creativity from a psychoanalytic perspective. First, it first surveys prominent psychoanalytic perspectives on mysticism and creativity, situating British psychoanalyst Marion Milner among them. Milner suggests that the same psychological processes are involved in both creative expression and mystical experiences. A state of paradox, affirming both I and not-I, self and no-self, is at the core of mysticism. Similarly, for Milner the paradox of creativity is to break down the barrier of space between self and other while maintaining it. Second, the idea that mystics and artists share a common basic experience is investigated. In both mystical and creative states one finds elements of joy, union, ecstasy, absorption, loss of self-consciousness, and loss of sense of time. Milner's discussion in turn revolves around the I-not-I distinction. She posits that mysticism is one dimension of the creative process-in contrast to the pure oceanic feeling of the mystic, the creative process is constituted by the oceanic state in cyclic oscillation with the surface mind, actively used with the intent to produce something. Third, the relevance of mysticism and creativity for mental health is explored. For Milner, both creativity and mystical experiences are psychologically beneficial in that they undo the overfixed separation self and other caused by the tyranny of the conscious mind. Yet neither mysticism nor creative expression alone, in her view, can heal an underlying lack of sense of self.
The Effects of Divorce and Maternal Employment on the Home Environments of Preschool Children.

MACKINNON, CAROL E. ; BRODY, GENE H. ; and STONEMAN, ZOLINDA. The Effects of Divorce and Maternal Employment on the Home Environments of Preschool Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1982, 53, 1392-1399. The present study examined the home environments of children whose mothers were married/working, married/nonworking, or divorced/working. The sample consisted of 60 families, with children from 3 to 6 years of age. The HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) Inventory was administered to assess the amount of cognitive and social stimulation in the children's homes. The home environments of children from divorced/working homes were found to be less cognitively and socially stimulating than those of married homes. The degree of sex typing in the children's rooms was assessed, using the Rheingold and Cook Checklist. The toys and furnishings provided for children by their parents, families, and friends were found to be different for boys and girls. Additionally, children from the married/working and divorced/working homes had slightly less sex-typed rooms than did children from married/nonworking homes. Results were discussed in relation to literature in the area.