Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photoevaporation of Clumps in Photodissociation Regions

We present the results of an investigation of the effects of far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation (6.0 eV < hν < 13.6 eV) from hot early-type OB stars on clumps in star-forming molecular clouds. Clumps in FUV-illuminated regions (or photodissociation regions [PDRs]) undergo external heating and photodissociation as they are exposed to the FUV field, resulting in a loss of cold, molecular clump mass as it is converted to warm atomic gas. The heating, if rapid, creates strong photoevaporative mass flows off the clump surfaces and drives shocks into the clumps, compressing them to high densities. The clumps lose mass on relatively short timescales. The evolution of an individual clump is found to be sensitive to three dimensionless parameters: ηc0, the ratio of the initial column density of the clump to the column N0 ~ 1021 cm-2 of a warm FUV-heated surface region; ν, the ratio of the sound speed in the heated surface to that in the cold clump material; and tFUV/tc, the ratio of the "turn-on time" tFUV of the heating flux on a clump to its initial sound crossing time tc. The evolution also depends on whether a confining interclump medium exists or whether the interclump region has negligible pressure, as is the case for turbulence-generated clumps. In this paper, we use spherical one-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic models as well as approximate analytical models to study the dependence of clump photoevaporation on the physical parameters of the clump and to derive the dynamical evolution, mass-loss rates, and photoevaporative timescales of a clump for a variety of astrophysical situations. Turbulent clumps evolve so that their column densities are equal to a critical value determined by the local FUV field and typically have short photoevaporation timescales, ~104-105 yr for a 1 M☉ clump in a typical star-forming region (ηc0 = 10, ν = 10). Clumps with insufficient magnetic pressure support and in strong FUV fields may be driven to collapse by the compressional effect of converging shock waves. We also estimate the rocket effect on photoevaporating clumps and find that it is significant only for the smallest clumps, with sizes much less than the extent of the PDR itself. Clumps that are confined by an interclump medium may either get completely photoevaporated or preserve a shielded core with a warm, dissociated, protective shell that absorbs the incident FUV flux. We compare our results with observations of some well-studied PDRs: the Orion Bar, M17 SW, NGC 2023, and the Rosette Nebula. The data are consistent with both interpretations of clump origin, turbulence, and pressure confinement, with a slight indication for favoring the turbulent model for clumps over pressure-confined clumps.
How the shadow of the future might promote cooperation

It has been suggested that the expectation of repeated (versus single) interaction might promote cooperation in social dilemmas. One key question is whether the anticipation of repeated interaction may promote cooperation in those with prosocial orientations, with individualistic orientations, or both. We advance the argument that repeated interaction may be perceived in terms of opportunities for punishing noncooperation and rewarding cooperation (reciprocity), and that such “contingencies” should have a relatively greater impact on individualists’ motivations to cooperate. Consistent with hypotheses, we found evidence for the idea that the mere anticipation of repeated (versus single-trial) interaction promoted cooperation, but more so in those who pursue primarily individualistic, self-interested goals than those who are more prone to pursue prosocial goals.
Improving Fine-Grained Visual Classification using Pairwise Confusion

Fine-Grained Visual Classification (FGVC) datasets contain small sample sizes, along with significant intra-class variation and inter-class similarity. While prior work has addressed intra-class variation using localization and segmentation techniques, the inter-class similarity may also affect feature learning and reduce classification performance. In this work, we address this problem using a novel optimization procedure for the end-to-end neural network training on FGVC tasks. This procedure, called Pairwise Confusion (PC) attempts to learn features with greater generalization, thereby preventing overfitting. This regularization during training is accomplished by intentionally introducing confusion in the activations. With PC regularization, we obtain state-of-the-art performance on six of the most widely-used FGVC datasets and demonstrate improved localization ability. PC is easy to implement, does not need excessive hyperparameter tuning during training, and does not add significant overhead during test time
Characterizing the Structure and Phase Transformation of Poly(ethylene Oxide)–Urea Complexes Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was employed to characterize the structure and α→β phase transformation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)–urea complexes. While the THz responses of α- and β-form complexes are both originated from hydrogen bonding interactions, they possess different THz absorption bands. The α-form PEO–urea complex shows two bands at 1.12 and 1.24 THz, which are vibration modes due to the hydrogen bonding among urea and between PEO and urea, respectively; the β-form PEO–urea complex shows a band at 1.48 THz, which is a vibration mode due to the hydrogen bonding among urea. A polarized THz-TDS study demonstrates that the urea–urea hydrogen bonding direction rotates 90° during the β→α transformation process. This study reveals the great potential of THz-TDS for investigating polymer–small molecule complexes.
HER-2 Expression in Brain Metastases from Colorectal Cancer and Corresponding Primary Tumors: A Case Cohort Series

Brain metastases (BM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) are a rare but increasing event. Surgical resection of oligometastatic disease, including BM, may produce a survival benefit in selected patients. Previous studies described the HER-2 expression patterns in CRC patients, but its prognostic role still remains controversial. Information on the HER-2 expression in BM from CRC is currently lacking. Among the over 500 patients treated at our Department of Neurosurgery in the last 13 years (1999–2012), we identified a cohort of 50 consecutive CRC patients resected for BM. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed using electronic hospital charts and surgical notes. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples were retrieved and histologically reviewed. HER-2 status was assessed on 4-μm sections by HerceptTest™, and scored by two pathologists according to gastric cancer HER-2 status guidelines. In score 2+ cases HER-2 gene copy number was analyzed by FISH, performed using the PathVysion HER-2 DNA Probe Kit. Median age at time of BM resection was 65 years (35–82); most patients were males (60%) with a good performance status. The majority of the BM were single (74%) and sited in the supratentorial area (64%); 2–4 lesions were diagnosed in 9 patients (18%), and >4 in 3 patients (6%). The rate of HER-2 positivity (defined as IHC score 3+ or IHC score 2+ and FISH gene amplification) was 8.1% for the primary CRC tumors and 12% for their corresponding BM. The concordance rate between primary tumors and matched BM was 89%. Median overall survival after neurosurgery was 6.5 months for HER-2 IHC score 0 vs. 4.6 months for HER-2 IHC score 1+/2+/3+; the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01, Log-rank test). HER-2 positivity of our case cohort was low but comparable to literature. Concordance rate of HER-2 expression between BM and corresponding primary tumors is high and similar to those reported for breast and gastric cancers. Our data suggest a potential negative prognostic value of HER-2 expression in brain lesions from CRC.
Accuracy Improvement of PLIC-VOF Volume-Tracking Method Using the Equation of Surface Normal Vector

The PLIC/SN method that combines the second-order volume tracking method (PLIC-VOF) with the equation of surface normal (SN) vector was recently proposed (M. Sun, “Volume Tracking of Subgrid Particles,” International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 66, No. 12, 2011, pp. 1530-1554). The method is able to track the motion of a subgrid particle, but the accuracy is not as good as expected on high resolution grids for vortical flows. In this paper, a simple unsplit multidimensional advection algorithm is coupled with the equation of SN vector. The advection algorithm is formulated as the finite volume method, so that it can be used readily for both structured and unstructured grids while maintaining the exact mass conservation. The new method improves the accuracy significantly for high resolution grids. In the well-known test of the time-resolved vortex problem of T = 2, the circular interface is resolved with an accuracy better than ever using the equation of SN vector.
Improving Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency through Alteration of Amino Acid Transport Processes1[OPEN]

Pea plants with altered amino acid transport processes produce higher seed yields and use nitrogen (N) more efficiently than wild-type plants in N-poor and N-rich soils. Improving the efficiency of nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization in plants could potentially increase crop yields while reducing N fertilization and, subsequently, environmental pollution. Within most plants, N is transported primarily as amino acids. In this study, pea (Pisum sativum) plants overexpressing AMINO ACID PERMEASE1 (AAP1) were used to determine if and how genetic manipulation of amino acid transport from source to sink affects plant N use efficiency. The modified plants were grown under low, moderate, or high N fertilization regimes. The results showed that, independent of the N nutrition, the engineered plants allocate more N via the vasculature to the shoot and seeds and produce more biomass and higher seed yields than wild-type plants. Dependent on the amount of N supplied, the AAP1-overexpressing plants displayed improved N uptake or utilization efficiency, or a combination of the two. They also showed significantly increased N use efficiency in N-deficient as well as in N-rich soils and, impressively, required half the amount of N to produce as many fruits and seeds as control plants. Together, these data support that engineering N allocation from source to sink presents an effective strategy to produce crop plants with improved productivity as well as N use efficiency in a range of N environments.
Identification of candidate genes associated with triple negative breast cancer

When triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are analyzed by gene expression profiling different subclasses are identified, at least one characterized by genes related to immune signaling mechanisms supporting the role of these genes in the cancers. In an earlier study we observed differences in TNBC cell lines with respect to their expression of the cytokine IL32. Our analyses showed that certain cell lines expressed higher levels of the cytokine compared to others. Because TNBC are heterogeneous and immune-related genes appear to play a pivotal role in these cancers, we chose to examine the transcriptomes of the different cell lines based on IL32 expression. We performed group analyses of TNBC cell lines demonstrating high IL32 compared to low IL32 levels and identified IL32, GATA3, MYBL1, ETS1, PTX3 and TMEM158 as differentially associated with a subpopulation of TNBC. The six candidate genes were validated experimental and in different patient datasets. The genes distinguished a subset of TNBC from other TNBC, and TNBC from normal, luminal A, luminal B, and HER2 patient samples. The current project serves as a preliminary study in which we outline the discovery and validation of our list of six candidate genes.
IP3 receptor/Ca2+ channel: from discovery to new signaling concepts

Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger that induces the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The IP3 receptor (IP3R) was discovered as a developmentally regulated glyco‐phosphoprotein, P400, that was missing in strains of mutant mice. IP3R can allosterically and dynamically change its form in a reversible manner. The crystal structures of the IP3‐binding core and N‐terminal suppressor sequence of IP3R have been identified. An IP3 indicator (known as IP3R‐based IP3 sensor) was developed from the IP3‐binding core. The IP3‐binding core’s affinity to IP3 is very similar among the three isoforms of IP3R; instead, the N‐terminal IP3 binding suppressor region is responsible for isoform‐specific IP3‐binding affinity tuning. Various pathways for the trafficking of IP3R have been identified; for example, the ER forms a meshwork upon which IP3R moves by lateral diffusion, and vesicular ER subcompartments containing IP3R move rapidly along microtubles using a kinesin motor. Furthermore, IP3R mRNA within mRNA granules also moves along microtubules. IP3Rs are involved in exocrine secretion. ERp44 works as a redox sensor in the ER and regulates IP3R1 activity. IP3 has been found to release Ca2+, but it also releases IRBIT (IP3R‐binding protein released with IP3). IRBIT is a pseudo‐ligand for IP3 that regulates the frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ oscillations through IP3R. IRBIT binds to pancreas‐type Na, bicarbonate co‐transporter 1, which is important for acid‐base balance. The presence of many kinds of binding partners, like homer, protein 4.1N, huntingtin‐associated protein‐1A, protein phosphatases (PPI and PP2A), RACK1, ankyrin, chromogranin, carbonic anhydrase‐related protein, IRBIT, Na,K‐ATPase, and ERp44, suggest that IP3Rs form a macro signal complex and function as a center for signaling cascades. The structure of IP3R1, as revealed by cryoelectron microscopy, fits closely with these molecules.
A SON decision-making framework for intelligent management in 5G mobile networks

The 5th Generation (5G) mobile system is envisioned to become more complicated and heterogeneous to meet the radical Key Performance Indicators specified in ITU-R IMT-2020. It imposes a great challenge on today's manual and semi-automated network management in 3G/4G systems. Taking advantage of cutting-edge technologies in the area of Artificial Intelligence and Self-Organized Network (SON), the concept of intelligent network management provides an effective solution and therefore attracts the attention of 5G research community. In this paper, a SON decision-making framework is proposed to provide a possible method to realize intelligent management for the upcoming 5G networks. Two complementary decision-making approaches, namely Rule-based and Machine Learning-based intelligence, their interactions, and lifecycle management of intelligence slices are presented. Moreover, the setup of a wireless network test-bed, as well as some experimental results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework, are illustrated.
Study on Genetic Variation of Microsatellite and Their Association with Mastitis Occurrence in Crossbred Cattle

In present study, the polymorphism at five microsatellite loci BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were investigated for finding their association with the somatic cell counts (SCC) in crossbred cattle. Total 130 animals were tested using california mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) to screen animals for mastitis. Total 83 alleles were found in all five microsatellites where 23 alleles (9 in BM302, 3 in BM4505, 2 in BMS2684, 8 in CYP21 and 1 in DIK20) were differing significantly in case-control animals. Total number of genotypes for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 148, out of which 11 were differing significantly in case-control animals. The allele size ranges for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 146 bp to 166 bp, 212 bp to 252 bp, 82 bp to 108 bp, 180 bp to 228 bp and 164 bp to 196 bp, respectively. The polymorphism information content/heterozygosity/allelic diversity for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 0.88/0.92/0.89, 0.91/0.53/0.91, 0.81/0.56/0.82, 0.91/0.65/0.92 and 0.82/0.60/0.84. The genotypes ‘146/158’, ‘148/156’, ‘148/158’, ‘150/164’, ‘152/164’, and ‘152/166’ at BM302, ‘238/238’ at BM4505, ‘186/186’ and ‘196/196’ at CYP21 and ‘174/186’ and ‘180/192’ were differing significantly in case-control animals. It revealed that the information observed in the present study was valuable and it may be helpful for improving mastitis resistance in crossbred cattle.
Best Laid Plans: How Community College Student Success Courses Work

Objective: Beyond understanding whether first-year student success interventions in community colleges are effective—for which there is mixed evidence in the literature—this study’s purpose was to uncover how they work to realize observed outcomes, including at times unanticipated undesirable outcomes. Method: This qualitative multiple case study used cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) to unpack interactions and tensions among programmatic-level features and individual-level experiences and actions. We conducted classroom observation, document analysis, and interviews with instructors and students in four student success courses across diverse contexts. Results: Regardless of particular designs and course emphases, we found in all cases a blurring of activity elements, wherein learning tools and learning goals were often coterminous, or instructors effectively took on the role of learning tools themselves, in the form of object lessons and mediators, for instance. Courses had a distinctive character as rehearsal for college that simultaneously created a welcoming peer environment but an uncertain learning and assessment environment. Contributions: Because of their nature as metacourses—college courses about college-going—success courses’ means and ends ultimately may be functionally inseparable, thus helping to explain their continual evolution and contested roles. Whereas such courses are typically justified as means to teach college skills, we found this utilitarian rationale to be insufficient to describe the experiential dimensions of social learning that participants reported. Instead, we found these courses reveal how college-going is an emergent social literacy, one that a single course is insufficient to fully realize.
The Right Ear Advantage in Response to Levels of Linguistic Complexity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

The Right Ear Advantage in Response to Levels of Linguistic Complexity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Elizabeth Hyatt Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science The right ear advantage (REA) phenomenon has been utilized in clinical and research settings to study auditory processing disorders and linguistic lateralization. Previous research has established that the REA is not reliable in its measures within or between individuals. This is likely due to the influence of other variables, such as neuromaturation and attention. One variable that has not been studied in depth in this context is linguistic complexity. It was hypothesized that stimulus conditions with levels of linguistic complexity would elicit corresponding levels of temporal lobe activity. Understanding and controlling the variables that affect the REA will increase the reliability of the measure. Twenty right handed, neurotypical individuals aged 18-29 participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that identified the regions and the extent of activation involved in listening to dichotic syllables, words, and sentences. Three durations of speech babble corresponding to the mean duration of the syllables, words, and sentences were used as control stimuli. Participants listened to dichotic stimuli and reported the stimulus they heard best during an fMRI scan. Reaction time (RT), ear preference, and fMRI data were recorded simultaneously and analyzed post hoc. Behavioral results showed that words had the shortest RTs and the greatest REA; syllables and sentences were similar to each other for both measures. Significant main effects were found in brain regions known to be involved in cognitive control of attention and linguistic processing. Words were associated with significant activation differences for ear preferences and minimal frontal lobe involvement for right ear preference. Syllables caused the least activity in the frontal lobe regions and less voxel activity in the temporal lobes than syllable-length babble. Sentences had the greatest voxel activity in the frontal and temporal lobe regions. It was concluded that words would best reflect the REA in clinical and experimental designs. Words had minimal involvement of frontal lobe regions indicating minimal cognitive control of attention and the largest discrepancies in activation patterns between right and left ear preferences that showed less cognitive power to process right ear stimuli in a dichotic listening situation.
Utility of functioning in predicting costs of care for patients with mood and anxiety disorders: a prospective cohort study

Development of payment systems for mental health services has been hindered by limited evidence for the utility of diagnosis or symptoms in predicting costs of care. We investigated the utility of functioning information in predicting costs for patients with mood and anxiety disorders. This was a prospective cohort study involving 102 adult patients attending a tertiary referral specialist clinic for mood and anxiety disorders. The main outcome was total costs, calculated by applying unit costs to healthcare use data. After adjusting for covariates, a significant total costs association was yielded for functioning (e&bgr;=1.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.03), but not depressive symptom severity or anxiety symptom severity. When we accounted for the correlations between the main independent variables by constructing an abridged functioning metric, a significant total costs association was again yielded for functioning (e&bgr;=1.04; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.09), but not symptom severity. The utility of functioning in predicting costs for patients with mood and anxiety disorders was supported. Functioning information could be useful within mental health payment systems.