Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Greatwall is essential to prevent mitotic collapse after nuclear envelope breakdown in mammals

Significance Nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) leads to the exposure of nuclear structures to cytoplasmic activities. Greatwall is a kinase able to inhibit PP2A phosphatases that counteract Cdk-dependent phosphorylation required for mitosis. Here we show that Greatwall, an essential protein in mammals, is exported to the cytoplasm in a Cdk-dependent manner before NEB, thus protecting mitotic phosphates from phosphatase activity. Greatwall is a protein kinase involved in the inhibition of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A)-B55 complexes to maintain the mitotic state. Although its biochemical activity has been deeply characterized in Xenopus, its specific relevance during the progression of mitosis is not fully understood. By using a conditional knockout of the mouse ortholog, Mastl, we show here that mammalian Greatwall is essential for mouse embryonic development and cell cycle progression. Yet, Greatwall-null cells enter into mitosis with normal kinetics. However, these cells display mitotic collapse after nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) characterized by defective chromosome condensation and prometaphase arrest. Intriguingly, Greatwall is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in a CRM1-dependent manner before NEB. This export occurs after the nuclear import of cyclin B–Cdk1 complexes, requires the kinase activity of Greatwall, and is mediated by Cdk-, but not Polo-like kinase 1-dependent phosphorylation. The mitotic collapse observed in Greatwall-deficient cells is partially rescued after concomitant depletion of B55 regulatory subunits, which are mostly cytoplasmic before NEB. These data suggest that Greatwall is an essential protein in mammals required to prevent mitotic collapse after NEB.
The Quest for Musical Genres: Do the Experts and the Wisdom of Crowds Agree?

This paper presents some findings around musical genres. The main goal is to analyse whether there is any agreement between a group of experts and a community, when defining a set of genres and their relationships. For this purpose, three different experiments are conducted using two datasets: the MP3.com expert taxonomy, and last.fm tags at artist level. The experimental results show a clear agreement for some components of the taxonomy (Blues, HipHop), whilst in other cases (e.g. Rock) there is no correlations. Interestingly enough, the same results are found in the MIREX2007 results for audio genre classification task. Therefore, a multi–faceted approach for musical genre using expert based classifications, dynamic associations derived from the wisdom of crowds, and content–based analysis can improve genre classification, as well as other relevant MIR tasks such as music similarity or music recommendation.
The immunological basis of endotoxin-induced tumor regression. Requirement for a pre-existing state of concomitant anti-tumor immunity

It was shown that of four syngeneic, murine tumors investigated, only those that evoked the generation of a state of concomitant anti-tumor immunity were susceptible to endotoxin-induced regression. Moreover, the temporal relationship between the generation of concomitant immunity and the onset of susceptibility to endotoxin-induced regression points to the likely possibility that tumor regression depends on the preceding acquisition of the specifically-sensitized, effector T cells that express concomitant immunity. It is suggested that endotoxin-induced hemorrhagic necrosis which invariably precedes tumor regression serves to create conditions inside the tumor that are conducive to the entry and the functioning of effector T cells. It is also suggested that tumor necrosis factor causes hemorrhagic necrosis rather than tumor regression.
Risk in Trusted Decentralized Communications

Risk is associated with almost every activity that is undertaken on a daily life. Risk associated with Trust, Security and Privacy. Risk is associated with transactions, businesses, information systems, environments, networks, partnerships, etc. Generally speaking, risk signifies the likelihood of financial losses, human casualties, business destruction and environmental damages. Risk indicator gives early warning to the party involved and helps avoid deserters. Until now, risk has been discussed extensively in the areas of investment, finance, health, environment, daily life activities and engineering. However, there is no systematic study of risk in Decentralised communication, which involves e-business, computer networks and service oriented environment. In this paper, we define risk associated with trusted communication in e-business and e-transactions; provide risk indicator calculations and basic application areas.
Inhibition of the Cardiac Angiogenic Response to Surgical FGF-2 Therapy in a Swine Endothelial Dysfunction Model

Background—Discrepancy exists between the potent effects of therapeutic angiogenesis in laboratory animals and the marginal results observed in patients with advanced coronary artery disease. In vitro and small animal data suggest that angiogenesis may depend on locally available nitric oxide (NO), but the impact of endothelial dysfunction on therapeutic angiogenesis in the myocardium has been unclear. We compared the effects of clinically applicable angiogenesis methods in swine in which endothelial dysfunction was experimentally induced to that observed in normal swine. Methods and Results—Miniswine were fed either a regular (N=13) or hypercholesterolemic diet (N=13) for 20 weeks. Hypercholesterolemic swine showed coronary endothelial dysfunction on videomicroscopy. Animals from both groups received 100 &mgr;g of perivascular sustained-release fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 in the lateral myocardial territory, previously made ischemic by placement of an ameroid constrictor around the circumflex artery. After 4 weeks of FGF-2 therapy, lateral myocardial perfusion was significantly lower in hypercholesterolemic than in normocholesterolemic swine, both at rest and during pacing (0.44±0.04 versus 0.81±0.15 mL/min/g at rest, respectively; P =0.006; and 0.50±0.06 versus 0.71±0.10 mL/min/g during pacing; P =0.02). Hypercholesterolemic swine showed no net increase in perfusion from FGF-2 treatment. Endothelial cell density and FGF receptor-1 expression were significantly lower in the lateral territory of hypercholesterolemic versus normocholesterolemic animals. Conclusions—The cardiac angiogenic response to FGF-2 treatment using clinically applicable methods was markedly inhibited in hypercholesterolemic swine with coronary endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggest that coronary endothelial dysfunction is major obstacle to the efficacy of clinical angiogenesis protocols and constitutes a target toward making angiogenesis more effective in patients with advanced coronary disease.
Immunopathology and Infectious Diseases IL-10 – Producing Regulatory B 10 Cells Ameliorate Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Suppressing Th 17 Cell Generation

From the Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology* and the Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing; the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing; the Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; and the National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
Variation in Bacterial ATP Level and Proton Motive Force Due to Adhesion to a Solid Surface

ABSTRACT Bacterial adhesion to natural and man-made surfaces can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the system at hand. Of vital importance is how the process of adhesion affects the bacterial metabolic activity. If activity is enhanced, this may help the cells colonize the surface, whereas if activity is reduced, it may inhibit colonization. Here, we report a study demonstrating that adhesion of both Escherichia coli and Bacillus brevis onto a glass surface resulted in enhanced metabolic activity, assessed through ATP measurements. Specifically, ATP levels were found to increase two to five times upon adhesion compared to ATP levels in corresponding planktonic cells. To explain this effect on ATP levels, we propose the hypothesis that bacteria can take advantage of a link between cellular bioenergetics (proton motive force and ATP formation) and the physiochemical charge regulation effect, which occurs as a surface containing ionizable functional groups (e.g., the bacterial cell surface) approaches another surface. As the bacterium approaches the surface, the charge regulation effect causes the charge and pH at the cell surface to vary as a function of separation distance. With negatively charged surfaces, this results in a decrease in pH at the cell surface, which enhances the proton motive force and ATP concentration. Calculations demonstrated that a change in pH across the cell membrane of only 0.2 to 0.5 units is sufficient to achieve the observed ATP increases. Similarly, the hypothesis indicates that positively charged surfaces will decrease metabolic activity, and results from studies of positively charged surfaces support this finding.
Rapid Publication In Situ Microdialysis in Bone Tissue Stimulation of Prostaglandin E 2 Release by Weight-bearing Mechanical Loading

In this study we describe, to our knowledge, the first experiment using the microdialysis technique for studying the release of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) in the proximal tibia metaphysis secondary to mechanical loading. Nine healthy females, six in the loading group and three controls, mean age 34 6 2 (years 6 SEM), participated. A standard microdialysis catheter was inserted into the tibia metaphyseal bone under local anesthesia. Samplings were done every 15 min under a 2-h equilibration period. Thereafter, heel-drops (one impact per second) with as hard impact of the heels into the floor as possible, were done for 5 min by the subjects in the loading group. The control group performed no exercise. Sampling continued after this for another 2-h period. Basal levels of PGE 2 in the proximal tibial metaphysis were determined to a mean of 45 6 10 pg/ml (mean 6 SEM, n 5 6). The major finding was a 2.5–3.5-fold increase in the release of PGE 2 after mechanical loading. The increase was statistically significant ( P , 0.05 compared with basal levels) 1 h after the mechanical loading and persisted for the rest of the experimental period. No major alterations were observed in the control group. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that in situ microdialysis is a useful method for studying the PGE 2 production in human bone. Furthermore, a rapid and significant increase in PGE 2 levels was noticed in response to dynamic mechanical loading. ( J. Clin. Invest. 1996. 98:2446–2449.)
The Impact of Variable Phytoplankton Stoichiometry on Projections of Primary Production, Food Quality, and Carbon Uptake in the Global Ocean

Ocean biogeochemical models are integral components of Earth system models used to project the evolution of the ocean carbon sink, as well as potential changes in the physical and chemical environment of marine ecosystems. In such models the stoichiometry of phytoplankton C:N:P is typically fixed at the Redfield ratio. The observed stoichiometry of phytoplankton, however, has been shown to considerably vary from Redfield values due to plasticity in the expression of phytoplankton cell structures with different elemental compositions. The intrinsic structure of fixed C:N:P models therefore has the potential to bias projections of the marine response to climate change. We assess the importance of variable stoichiometry on 21st century projections of net primary production, food quality, and ocean carbon uptake using the recently developed Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies Quota (PISCES‐QUOTA) ocean biogeochemistry model. The model simulates variable phytoplankton C:N:P stoichiometry and was run under historical and business‐as‐usual scenario forcing from 1850 to 2100. PISCES‐QUOTA projects similar 21st century global net primary production decline (7.7%) to current generation fixed stoichiometry models. Global phytoplankton N and P content or food quality is projected to decline by 1.2% and 6.4% over the 21st century, respectively. The largest reductions in food quality are in the oligotrophic subtropical gyres and Arctic Ocean where declines by the end of the century can exceed 20%. Using the change in the carbon export efficiency in PISCES‐QUOTA, we estimate that fixed stoichiometry models may be underestimating 21st century cumulative ocean carbon uptake by 0.5–3.5% (2.0–15.1 PgC).
Short Article: Why do the Effects of Delaying Reinforcement in Animals and Delaying Feedback in Humans Differ? A Working-Memory Analysis

Animal research has shown that reinforcement is substantially less effective when it is delayed, but in studies of human motor learning delays in providing feedback typically have much less effect. One possible explanation is that in human research participants know the response to be learned and can thus focus on it during the delay; that is not the case in experiments on animals. We tested this hypothesis using a task in which participants had minimal information on what movement was correct and found that, as in animal experiments, participants learned only when feedback was immediate. A second experiment confirmed that the effects of the delay depended on how many responses had to be held in working memory: the greater the memory load, the poorer the learning. The results point to the importance of activity during a delay on learning; implications for the teaching of motor skills are discussed.
SDSS J0806+2006 and SDSS J1353+1138: Two New Gravitationally Lensed Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We report the discoveries of two two-image gravitationally lensed quasars selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: SDSS J0806+2006 at zs = 1.540 and SDSS J1353+1138 at zs = 1.629 with image separations of Δθ = 1. ″40 and Δθ = 1. ″41, respectively. Spectroscopic and optical/near-infrared imaging follow-up observations show that the quasar images have identical redshifts and possess extended objects between the images that are likely to be lens galaxies at zl ≃ 0.6 in SDSS J0806+2006 and zl ≃ 0.3 in SDSS J1353+1138. The field of SDSS J0806+2006 contains several nearby galaxies that may significantly perturb the system, and SDSS J1353+1138 has an extra component near its Einstein ring that is probably a foreground star. Simple mass models with reasonable parameters reproduce the quasar positions and fluxes of both systems.
Role of fluorine‐18 fluoro‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan in the evaluation and follow‐up of patients with low‐grade lymphomas

Fluorine‐18 fluoro‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) scanning has excellent sensitivity and specificity for staging non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, but to the authors' knowledge few studies to date have evaluated FDG‐PET in low‐grade lymphomas only.
Two-stage study of lung cancer risk modification by a functional variant in the 3′-untranslated region of SMAD5 based on the bone morphogenetic protein pathway

Increasing evidence supports a key role for the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in lung vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Genetic variations in BMP genes have been found to be correlated with cancer risk. In particular, the mutation in the 3′-untranslated region of BMPs may significantly affect gene function, leading to cancer susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to determine whether genetic variations in the components of the BMP family are associated with lung cancer risk. A total of 314 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in 18 genes, which are considered to either compose or regulate BMPs, and their association with lung cancer risk was evaluated in a two-stage case-control study with 4,680 cases and controls. A consistently significant association of SMAD5 rs12719482 with elevated lung cancer risk was observed in the three types of sources of populations (adjusted additive model in the combined population: Odds ratio=1.32, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–1.51). The lung cancer risk statistically significantly increased with the increasing number of variant alleles of SMAD5 rs12719482 in a dose-dependent pattern (P for trend=4.9×10−5). Consistent evidence was identified for a significant interaction between the rs12719482 and cigarette smoking, performed as either a continuous or discrete variable. These findings indicated that SMAD5 rs12719482 may be a possible candidate marker for susceptibility to lung cancer in the Chinese population.
Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase C Is Required For Acute Activation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator by Protein Kinase A*

Protein kinase A (PKA) stimulates Cl secretion by activating the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a tightly regulated Cl− channel in the apical membrane of many secretory epithelia. The CFTR channel is also modulated by protein kinase C (PKC), but the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we present evidence that PKA-mediated phosphorylation alone is not a sufficient stimulus to open the CFTR chloride channel in the presence of MgATP; constitutive PKC phosphorylation is essential for acute activation of CFTR by PKA. When patches were excised from transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, CFTR responses to PKA became progressively smaller with time and eventually disappeared. This decline in PKA responsiveness did not occur in the presence of exogenous PKC and was reversed by the addition of PKC to channels that had become refractory to PKA. PKC enhanced PKA stimulation of open probability without increasing the number of functional channels. Short-term pretreatment of cells with the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine (1 μM) reduced the channel activity that could be elicited by forskolin in cell-attached patches. Moreover, in whole cell patches, acute stimulation of CFTR currents by chlorophenylthio-cAMP was abolished by two chemically unrelated PKC inhibitors, although an abrupt, partial activation was observed after a delay of >15 min. Modulation by PKC was most pronounced when basal PKC phosphorylation was reduced by briefly preincubating cells with chelerythrine. Constitutive PKC phosphorylation in unstimulated cells permits the maximum elevation of open probability by PKA to reach a level that is ∼60% of that attained during in vitro exposure to both kinases. Differences in basal PKC activity may contribute to the variable cAMP responsiveness of CFTR channels in different cell types.
Asset Prices and Exchange Rates

This paper develops a simple two-country, two-good model, in which the real exchange rate, stock and bond prices are jointly determined. The model predicts that stock market prices are correlated internationally even though their dividend processes are independent, providing a theoretical argument in favor of financial contagion. The foreign exchange market serves as a propagation channel from one stock market to the other. The model identifies interconnections between stock, bond and foreign exchange markets and characterizes their joint dynamics as a three-factor model. Contemporaneous responses of each market to changes in the factors are shown to have unambiguous signs. These implications enjoy strong empirical support. Estimation of various versions of the model reveals that most of the signs predicted by the model indeed obtain in the data, and the point estimates are in line with the implications of our theory. Furthermore, the uncovered interest rate parity relationship has a risk premium in our model, shown to be volatile. We also derive agents? portfolio holdings and identify economic environments under which they exhibit a home bias, and demonstrate that an international CAPM obtaining in our model has two additional factors.
Host cell factor requirement for hepatitis C virus enzyme maturation

The cellular chaperone, HSP90, is identified here as an essential factor for the activity of NS2/3 protease of hepatitis C virus. The cleavage activity of NS2/3 protease synthesized in reticulocyte lysate is ATP-dependent, as evidenced by ATP depletion experiments and inhibition with nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs. Geldanamycin and radicicol, ATP-competitive inhibitors of the chaperone HSP90, also inhibit the cleavage of in vitro-synthesized NS2/3. Furthermore, these HSP90 inhibitors prevent NS2/3 cleavage when the protease is expressed in mammalian cells. The physical association of NS2/3 with HSP90 is demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. Thus, by way of a chaperone/folding activity, an HSP90-containing complex is required for maturation of the polyprotein that encodes the enzymes essential for hepatitis C virus replication.
The Effect of Teaching Games of Understanding as a Coaching Instruction Had on Adjust, Cover and Heart Rate among Malaysian and Indian Junior Hockey Players

The field hockey coaching process across both Malaysia and India favours a traditional, coach-centred approach of mastering technical skills in terms of game play parameters, fitness, intensity, and load training, whereas a tactical- and player-centred pedagogical approach still takes a backseat. On the other hand, the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) model offers tactical-cognitive instruction and is gaining international recognition for its ability to produce intelligent players via a problem-solving approach in game play. Therefore, the purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate the effect of TGfU compared to skill mastery instruction, termed as Skill Drill Technical (SDT), among Malaysian and Indian elite junior hockey players in term of the game play attributes of adjust and cover in 5 vs. 5 small-sided game play and game play intensity via heart rate (HR) at different points of game play. A total of n = 60 players with an average age of 15 ± 1.03 was selected via simple random sampling from both countries involved in this study and assigned equally to groups, with 15 per group for TGfU and for SDT across Malaysia and India. Gathered data were analysed using the ANOVA and ANCOVA techniques. Findings indicated that there were no significant differences for adjust in 5 vs. 5 game play between TGfU and SDT across Malaysia and India after the intervention. For cover, there was significant improvement for Malaysian players using the TGfU model compared to SDT. In contrast, there was no significant difference between these two models among the Indian players after the intervention. There was significant difference between these two models in terms of warm-up HR across the two countries, and HR was higher via TGfU. For HR immediately after the 5 vs. 5 game play intervention and HR after three minutes’ recovery, Indian players with TGfU recorded a higher and significant difference compared to SDT. However, findings indicated no significant difference between these two instruction types among Malaysians, although TGfU proved to have higher HR intensity. Therefore, these findings reiterated that TGfU is a useful approach for game play to enhance intensity and cardiac output. In conclusion, for TGfU to be more relevant to the coaching environment, future research should link game play and physiological parameters. TGfU should able to overcome the barriers of tradition and cultural background that may hinder its momentum