Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HALDANE'S RULE: A DEFENSE OF THE MEIOTIC DRIVE THEORY

of genetic modifiers of Segregation Distorter (SD) in laboratory populations. Genetics 91:339-357. MAsoN, G. F. 1967. Genetic studies on mutations in species A and B ofthe Anopheles gambiaecomplex. Genet Res. 10:205-217. MAcNAIR,M. R, AND Q. J. CuMBES. 1989. The genetic architecture ofinterspecific variation in Mimulus. Genetics 122:211-222. MULLER, H. J. 1942. Isolating mechanisms, evolution, and temperature. BioI. Symp. 6:71-125. ORR, H. A. 1989. Genetics of sterility in hybrids between two subspecies of Drosophila. Evolution 43:180-189. ORR, H. A. , AND J. A. CoYNE. 1989. The genetics of postzygotic isolation in the Drosophila virilisgroup. Genetics 121:527-537. PAlTERSON, J. T. , AND W. S. STONE. 1949. The relationship of novamexicana to the other member of the virilisgroup. Univ. of Texas Pub. 4920: 717. PAlTERSON, J. T. , W. S. STONE, AND A. B. GRIFFEN. 1942. Genetic and cytological analysis ofthe virilis species group. Univ. ofTexas Pub. 4228:162-200. RAJ, K. S. 1963. A comparative study of mosquito karyotypes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 56:160-169. READ, A. R. , AND S. NEE. 1991. Is Haldane's rule significant? Evolution 45: 1707-1709. RIsHIKESH, N. 1959. Chromosome behavior during spermatogenesis of Anopheles stephensi. Cytologia 24:447-458. SPENCE, J. R. 1990. Introgressive hybridization in Heteroptera: The example of Limnoporus Stal (Gerridae) species in western Canada. Can. J. Zool. 68:1771-1782. SPURWAY, H. 1953. Genetics of specific and subspecific differences in European newts. Symp. Soc. Exp. BioI. 7:200-237. TEMIN, R G. , AND M. MARTHAS. 1984. Factors in-
Simultaneous Form Perception and Serial Letter Recognition in a Case of Letter-by-letter Reading

Abstract This paper examines the performance of a letter-by-letter reader, PD, on tests which involve the perception of words and letter-strings under tachistoscopic presentation conditions. Unlike the patients recently reported by Bub, Black, and Howell (1989) and Reuter-Lorenz and Brunn (1990), PD shows no evidence of processing the letters of a word in an “ends-in” fashion. Instead, letters appear to be recognised serially from left to right. Furthermore, PD does not show an advantage of words over pseudowords when asked to report the letters from briefly presented letter-strings. In addition, unlike control subjects, he does not show a word superiority effect in same/different judgements about two simultaneously presented letter-strings (Friedrich, Walker, & Posner, 1985). A final experiment reveals that his ability to recognise letters under sequential processing conditions is relatively unimpaired, as is his ability to match letters on the basis of physical features with simultaneous presentation. I.
The effects of alcoholism on auditory evoked potentials during sleep

Normal aging is associated with a reduction in the probability that an auditory stimulus will evoke a K‐complex during sleep. Additional concomitants of aging are a reduction in the amplitude of the K‐complex‐related N550, an augmentation of the P2 component and the appearance of a long‐lasting positivity (LLP) in the auditory evoked potential. Normal aging is also associated with a dramatic reduction in slow wave sleep (SWS) and a reduction in the volume of cortical gray matter, particularly in the frontal and prefrontal regions of the brain. As in aging, alcoholism is associated with reductions in both cortical gray matter and SWS. It can, therefore, be hypothesized that alcoholics would show similar evoked potential changes to those seen in aging. To test this hypothesis, we studied seven middle‐aged abstinent long‐term alcoholics and eight age‐matched normal controls. Each subject spent one night in the laboratory. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from six midline scalp sites and auditory stimuli were presented during stage 2 non‐rapid eye movement sleep. N550 amplitude in the K‐complex average was lower in the alcoholics as compared with controls as was the likelihood of K‐complex production. No differences were noted in either amplitude or latency of the P2 or N350 components, and both groups displayed a prominent LLP potential. The pattern of reduced K‐complex production and N550 amplitude in alcoholics as compared with age‐matched controls is consistent with an hypothesized association between atrophy of the frontal lobes and reductions in SWS and K‐complexes. The finding also suggests that the evoked K‐complex may be a relatively simple measure of the effect of alcoholism on EEG during sleep.
An analytic approach to number counts of weak-lensing peak detections

We apply an analytic method to predict peak counts in weak-lensing surveys. It is based on the theory of Gaussian random fields and suitable to quantify the level of detections caused by chance projections of large-scale structures as well as the shape and shot noise contributed by the background galaxies. A simple analytical recipe is given to compute the signal-to-noise distribution of those detections. We compare our method to peak counts obtained from numerical ray-tracing simulations and find good agreement at the expected level. The number of peak detections depends substantially on the shape and size of the filter applied to the gravitational shear field. We confirm that weak-lensing peak counts are dominated by spurious detections up to signal-to-noise ratios of 3-5 and that most filters yield only a few detections per square degree above this level, while a filter optimised for suppressing large-scale structure noise returns up to an order of magnitude more. Galaxy shape noise and noise from large-scale structures cannot be treated as two independent components since the two contributions add in a non-trivial way.
Relations between Agreeableness and perceived support in family relationships: Why nice people are not always supportive

Do more agreeable individuals perceive more support, and are they perceived as more supportive, across all family relationships or only within specific relationships? In a study of 256 Dutch two-parent families with two adolescents, we examine whether links between Agreeableness and support are generalised across relationships or occur within specific relationships. Social Relations Model analyses showed that individuals who perceive their family members as more agreeable perceive more support from family members across relationships. Also, individuals who are perceived as more agreeable are perceived as more supportive across relationships, except for mothers. In addition, individuals who perceive specific family members as more agreeable perceive these specific members as more supportive. However, individuals who are perceived as more agreeable perceive more support only within specific relationships. Thus, agreeable family members are supportive across relationships, but agreeable family members perceive support only within specific relationships.
Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 Genes in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Bos grunniens and Lowland Bos taurus

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) play a pivotal role in regulating cellular hypoxic response. In this study, we cloned and characterized the genes encoding IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 to improve the current knowledge on their roles in highland Bos grunniens (Yak). We also compared their expression levels in the liver and kidney tissues between yaks and lowland cattle. We obtained full-length 465 bp IGF-1 and 792 bp IGFBP-1, encoding 154 amino acids (AA) IGF-1, and 263 AA IGFBP-1 protein, respectively using reverse transcriptase-polyerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology. Analysis of their corresponding amino acid sequences showed a high identity between B. grunniens and lowland mammals. Moreover, the two genes were proved to be widely distributed in the examined tissues through expression pattern analysis. Real-time PCR results revealed that IGF-1 expression was higher in the liver and kidney tissues in B. grunniens than in Bos taurus (p<0.05). The IGFBP-1 gene was expressed at a higher level in the liver (p<0.05) of B. taurus than B. grunniens, but it has a similar expression level in the kidneys of the two species. These results indicated that upregulated IGF-1 and downregulated IGFBP-1 are associated with hypoxia adaptive response in B. grunniens.
The relationship between coping, self-esteem and health on outdoor walking ability among older adults in Norway

ABSTRACT Walking is an essential component of outdoor mobility, and recognised as one of the best forms of physical activity for older adults. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between socio-demographic factors, coping resources, self-esteem and health status with the outdoor walking ability of people aged 55–79 years living in the community. The hypothesis is that there is a positive association between outdoor walking ability and coping, self-esteem and health status. A nationally-representative sample of 3,069 women and men answered questions regarding socio-demographic attributes, coping resources, self-esteem, health status and outdoor walking ability. The mean age of the respondents was 65.6 years. Around one-half of the sample were women, and around one-half were aged 65 or more years. One-third (32.3%) of the sample were married or cohabiting. Regarding outdoor walking ability, only 0.7 per cent of the respondents were not able to walk at all, and 80.8 per cent could walk at least one kilometre without a pause. Binary logistic multivariate regression analyses showed that those who had good outdoor walking ability (one kilometre or more) were significantly younger than those who did not, and that they were predominantly men, partnered or married, not in paid work, experienced significantly little pain, had better self-reported health and higher perceived coping.
Hydrological effects and nutrient losses of forest plantation establishment on tropical rainforest land in Sabah , Malaysia

New measurements of field saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil moisture, rain intensity, surface runoff and erosion are presented with earlier published data on soil physical properties, stream water quality and runoff and dissolved nutrient losses from a paired catchment experiment in Sabah, Malaysia. The catchment experiment compared crawler tractor extraction and burning (normal practice, catchment W5) versus manual extraction and no burning (W4). Another catchment where secondary vegetation after forest fire was cleared and burned before planting was also studied (W1 + 2). Two separate control catchments were also included; one was for rainforest (W6) and the other comprised secondary vegetation (W3). Although hydraulic conductivity was reduced in clay soils at 20 and 40 cm depths under tractor tracks, the decrease was less drastic than for steady-state infiltrability on both clay and sand topsoils, since control topsoils (0-20 cm) were well aggregated in contrast to more compact subsoils with higher clay content. Topsoils were close to saturation at all times, also after treatments, but control forest surface runoffin slopes (excluding valley bottom) comprised only 2.9% of rainfall in a wet year. Except for just after burning, clear-felling did not increase slope surface runoff on undisturbed clay topsoils, and surface erosion was not increased, except for the erosion of ash after burning. On tractor tracks, extensive surface runoff caused surface and gully erosion. Elevated concentrations of suspended sediment in stormflow in W5 were back to pretreatment levels within 2 years. Under manual extraction suspended particulate loss was approximately half, most of which emanated from sediments activated by increasing stream runoff. Dissolved nutrient losses from catchment W5 in kilograms per hectare were 39.9 (N), 1.3 (P), 189 (K), 27 (Ca) and 16 (Mg) in the 33 months during and after treatments; these amounts were equivalent to between 10 and 185% of the removal in the harvest. For the 'minimum disturbance' of W4, the increased nutrient loss was halved, except for Ca. Burning of residues in Wl + 2 and W5 increased dissolved losses dramatically over a short period. 0022-1694/96/$15.00 © 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved SSDI 0022-1694(95)02757-2 130 A. Maimer / Journal of Hydrology 174 (1996) 129-148 The bulk of soil water was concluded to move quickly as troughflow in topsoil. Hence, 'bypassing' of retention possibilities in the largest pores with small specific surfaces led to large dissolved nutrient stream losses in this humid tropical environment, even without soil disturbance and extensive surface runoff.
Who enjoys listening to sad music and why

although people generally avoid negative emotional experiences in general, they often enjoy sadness portrayed in music and other arts. The present study investigated what kinds of subjective emotional experiences are induced in listeners by sad music, and whether the tendency to enjoy sad music is associated with particular personality traits. One hundred forty-eight participants listened to 16 music excerpts and rated their emotional responses. As expected, sadness was the most salient emotion experienced in response to sad excerpts. However, other more positive and complex emotions such as nostalgia, peacefulness, and wonder were also evident. Furthermore, two personality traits – Openness to Experience and Empathy – were associated with liking for sad music and with the intensity of emotional responses induced by sad music, suggesting that aesthetic appreciation and empathetic engagement play a role in the enjoyment of sad music.
How Do they Manage?

This article presents the findings from a review of literature on leadership in early childhood (EC). It identifies a paucity of research, despite a high potential for leadership activity in the early childhood field. It concludes that there is a clear need to identify what effective leadership practice is in terms of processes and outcomes within this field. It also concludes that theoretically based studies that allow different models and characteristics to be empirically tested are long overdue. The serious lack of leadership training is also highlighted by the literature review, which means that many early childhood managers could be significantly under-prepared for their role.
Marital Noncohabitation: Separation Does Not Make the Heart Grow Fonder.

There are a variety of situations which arise such that husbands and wives live in separate households temporarily or permanently for reasons other than marital discord. Such living arrangements may have far-reaching implications and perhaps the most important question is whether living apart from ones spouse leads to divorce. The percentage of currently married persons living apart in the US is highest for ages 18-24 and for blacks. The 2 most common identifiable reasons for husbands and wives not living together are military service and incarceration. The authors found that those living apart from their spouses in 1976 were nearly twice as likely to experience a marital dissolution within 3 years as were persons cohabiting with their spouses. (authors)
Wnt signaling can repress thrombospondin-1 expression in colonic tumorigenesis

The induction of new blood vessels is critical to the pathogenesis of colon cancer, and inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has proven to be an effective approach to the treatment of this malignancy. Another potential therapeutic strategy would utilize endogenous anti-angiogenic molecules such as thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). However, the regulation of TSP-1 expression in colon cancer is poorly understood. Our results demonstrate that TSP-1 is strongly expressed in normal colonic epithelial cells. However, loss of TSP-1 was observed in early colonic adenomas and it became undetectable in invasive colon cancers. Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells repressed TSP-1 gene expression, and inhibition of Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells reversed this repression. Although mutant K-ras also inhibited the TSP-1 promoter in intestinal epithelial cells, silencing of mutant K-ras in colon cancer cells with an activated Wnt pathway did not upregulate TSP-1 expression. Collectively, these findings suggest that activation of the Wnt pathway rather than K-ras plays a more important role in the downregulation of TSP-1 observed in colon cancer.
Helping Characteristics of Self-Help and Support Groups

This article deals with outcomes of self-help and support groups, based on the relationships between the groups’ helping characteristics (i.e., instilling hope, caring and concern) and two variables: participants’subjective well-being and general satisfaction with the group. It was hypothesized that the contribution of the helping characteristics to the participants’subjective well-being would be mediated by the extent of their overall satisfaction with the group. The study also compared 12-step self-help groups to other support groups. The research sample consisted of 117 participants belonging to 11 groups meeting in Israel. The results supported the mediation hypothesis. Comparison of the 12-step groups and the other support groups revealed that 12-step group members were far more satisfied with the group and gave higher evaluations for most of the helping characteristics. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Recovery Effects of a 180 mT Static Magnetic Field on Bone Mineral Density of Osteoporotic Lumbar Vertebrae in Ovariectomized Rats

The effects of a moderate-intensity static magnetic field (SMF) on osteoporosis of the lumbar vertebrae were studied in ovariectomized rats. A small disc magnet (maximum magnetic flux density 180 mT) was implanted to the right side of spinous process of the third lumbar vertebra. Female rats in the growth stage (10 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups: (i) ovariectomized and implanted with a disc magnet (SMF); (ii) ovariectomized and implanted with a nonmagnetized disc (sham); (iii) ovariectomized alone (OVX) and (vi) intact, nonoperated cage control (CTL). The blood serum 17-β-estradiol (E2) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay, and the bone mineral density (BMD) values of the femurs and the lumbar vertebrae were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The E2 concentrations were statistically significantly lower for all three operated groups than those of the CTL group at the 6th week. Although there was no statistical significant difference in the E2 concentrations between the SMF-exposed and sham-exposed groups, the BMD values of the lumbar vertebrae proximal to the SMF-exposed area statistically significantly increased in the SMF-exposed group than in the sham-exposed group. These results suggest that the SMF increased the BMD values of osteoporotic lumbar vertebrae in the ovariectomized rats.
Robust quantized H∞ control for network control systems with Markovian jumps and time delays

This paper deals with the quantized H∞ control problem for uncertain networked control system with Markovian jumps and time delays. In the study, networkinduced delays and limited communication capacity due to signal quantization are both taken into consideration. The system contains time delays and Markovian jumps with partially known transition probabilities. By linear inequality approach, a sufficient condition is derived for the resulting closed-loop system to be stochastically stable with a prescribed H∞ performance level. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed design method.
Cyclic Prefix Based Enhanced Data Recovery in OFDM

In this correspondence, we show how the cyclic prefix (CP) can be used to enhance the performance of an orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver. Specifically, we show how an OFDM symbol transmitted over a block fading channel can be blindly detected using the output symbol and associated CP. The algorithm boils down to a nonlinear relationship involving the input and output data only that can be used to search for the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimate of the input. This relationship becomes much simpler for constant modulus (CM) data. We also propose iterative methods to reduce the computational complexity involved in the ML search of the input for CM data.
Do Children Who Read More Books Know “What is Good Writing” Better than Children Who Read Less? A Comparison between Grade Levels and SES Groups

We investigated how SES, grade level, and book reading experiences are related to children's writing self-efficacy as well as to their knowledge of “good writing” and “writing difficulties. ” The sample included 199 middle- high (HSES) and low (LSES) SES children (63 second graders, 67 fourth graders, and 69 sixth graders). Gender and SES (low and high) were approximately equally represented. Children were recruited from two elementary schools, one in a low SES neighborhood and the other in a middle-high SES neighborhood. Writing knowledge was elicited by two open-ended questions and self-efficacy by a 10-item questionnaire. Children's book reading experiences were measured using the Title Recognition Test (TRT). Results showed that, across both SES groups, children's grade level was the most important predictor of their knowledge of “good writing” and “writing difficulties” and also of their writing self-efficacy, followed by the children's book reading experiences. HSES school children gained more writing knowledge as a function of grade level than did the LSES school children. An important and surprising finding was that children's knowledge of “good writing” and “writing difficulties” was explained by their book reading experiences only in the LSES group and not in the HSES group. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.
Promoting Family Empowerment Through Multiple Roles

SUMMARY A guiding principle in the system of care philosophy for meeting the needs of children with serious emotional problems and their families is that the families “should be full participants in all aspects of the planning and delivery of services” (Stroul & Friedman, 1996, p. 9). Family members, both individually and as representatives of family organizations, are participating in systems of care in a number of vital roles. Friesen and Stephens (1998) delineated six of these roles, and summarized related practice and research. In this paper we expand and continue their discussion of multiple roles, adding a seventh with elaboration of the role of family members as educators and trainers, separating that from the role of service provider. The following roles are reviewed: family members as context; targets for change and recipients of service; partners in the treatment process; service providers; educators and trainers of professionals, students, and other family members; advocates and policymakers; and evaluators and researchers. Recognition of these expanded family roles may help service providers be better prepared to work collaboratively with families and family organizations, and to become aware of the accomplishments that may be achieved through such collaboration.