Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drug-Induced Hypoglycemia: A Systematic Review

Context: Drug-induced hypoglycemia is a significant adverse effect that may cause important morbidity. Objective: The aim of the study was to systematically review the literature for drugs reported to cause hypoglycemia and assess the quality of evidence and strength of association supporting this causal link. Data Sources: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS) and the drug information system Micromedex through November 2007 and sought additional references from experts. Study Selection: Studies were eligible if they reported hypoglycemia as a side effect of a drug not used to treat hyperglycemia, regardless of their design, language, size, or follow-up duration. We excluded hypoglycemia caused by industrial exposures, nonpharmacological chemical exposures, alcohol, herbs, nutritional supplements, and in vitro and animal studies. Data Extraction: Reviewers extracted study characteristics and methodological quality and, when possible, data to estimate the odds of de.
Activation of RNase L is dependent on OAS3 expression during infection with diverse human viruses

Significance RNase L, an antiviral enzyme activated during infection, degrades viral and cellular RNAs, inhibits protein synthesis, and restricts the replication and spread of diverse viruses. RNase L activation depends on 2′,5′-oligoadenylates synthesized by different oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs), i.e., OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3. OASs are induced by interferon and are activated by viral dsRNA. It has been unclear which of these OAS proteins is necessary and/or sufficient to activate RNase L during viral infections. We show that OAS3, but not OAS1 or OAS2, is required to activate RNase L and to restrict the replication of four different human viruses. These findings suggest that OAS3 may provide a target for antiviral therapies and that OAS1 and OAS2 may have alternative roles. The 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase (OAS)–RNase L system is an IFN-induced antiviral pathway. RNase L activity depends on 2-5A, synthesized by OAS. Although all three enzymatically active OAS proteins in humans—OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3—synthesize 2-5A upon binding dsRNA, it is unclear which are responsible for RNase L activation during viral infection. We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) technology to engineer human A549-derived cell lines in which each of the OAS genes or RNase L is knocked out. Upon transfection with poly(rI):poly(rC), a synthetic surrogate for viral dsRNA, or infection with each of four viruses from different groups (West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, influenza virus, or vaccinia virus), OAS1-KO and OAS2-KO cells synthesized amounts of 2-5A similar to those synthesized in parental wild-type cells, causing RNase L activation as assessed by rRNA degradation. In contrast, OAS3-KO cells synthesized minimal 2-5A, and rRNA remained intact, similar to infected RNase L-KO cells. All four viruses replicated to higher titers in OAS3-KO or RNase L-KO A549 cells than in parental, OAS1-KO, or OAS2-KO cells, demonstrating the antiviral effects of OAS3. OAS3 displayed a higher affinity for dsRNA in intact cells than either OAS1 or OAS2, consistent with its dominant role in RNase L activation. Finally, the requirement for OAS3 as the major OAS isoform responsible for RNase L activation was not restricted to A549 cells, because OAS3-KO cells derived from two other human cell lines also were deficient in RNase L activation.
Zoantharians (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) Associated with Cold-Water Corals in the Azores Region: New Species and Associations in the Deep Sea

Zoantharians are a group of cnidarians that are often found in association with marine invertebrates, including corals, in shallow and deep-sea environments. However, little is known about deep-sea zoantharian taxonomy, specificity and nature of their associations with their coral hosts. In this study, analyses of molecular data (mtDNA COI, 16S and 12S rDNA) coupled with ecological and morphological characteristics were used to examine zoantharian specimens associated with cold-water corals at depths between 110 and 800 m from seamounts and island slopes in the Azores region. The zoantharians examined were found living in association with stylasterids, antipatharians and octocorals. From the collected specimens, four new species were identified: (1) Epizoanthus martinsae sp. n. associated with the antipatharian Leiopathes sp. ; (2) Parazoanthus aliceae sp. n. associated with the stylasterid Errina dabneyi (Pourtales, 1871); (3) Zibrowius alberti sp. n. associated with octocorals of the family Primnoidae (Paracalyptrophora josephinae (Lindstrom, 1877)) and the family Plexauridae (Dentomuricea aff. meteor Grasshoff, 1977); (4) Hurlizoanthus hirondelleae sp. n. associated with the primnoid octocoral Candidella imbricata (Johnson, 1862). In addition, based on newly collected material, morphological and molecular data and phylogenic reconstruction, the zoantharian Isozoanthus primnoidus Carreiro-Silva, Braga-Henriques, Sampaio, de Matos, Porteiro & Ocana, 2011, associated with the primnoid octocoral Callogorgia verticillata (Pallas, 1766), was reclassified of as Zibrowius primnoidus comb. nov. The zoantharians, Z. primnoidus comb. nov., Z. alberti sp. n. and H. hirondelleae sp. n. associated with octocorals showed evidence of a parasitic relationship, where the zoantharian progressively eliminates gorgonian tissue and uses the gorgonian axis for structure and support, and coral sclerites for protection. In contrast, the zoantharian P. aliceae sp. n. associated with the stylasterid E. dabneyi and the zoantharian E. martinsae sp. n. associated with the antipatharian Leiopathes sp. , appear to use the coral host only as support with no visible damage to the host. The monophyly of octocoral-associated zoantharians suggests that substrate specificity is tightly linked to the evolution of zoantharians.
Is ouabain an authentic endogenous mammalian substance derived from the adrenal?

Ouabain has recently been reported to be an endogenous mammalian substance released by the adrenal cortex and present in normal plasma. We have attempted to confirm and extend this observation. Using a ouabain radioimmunoassay developed in this laboratory, we fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) normal human plasma from healthy volunteers to determine the presence of ouabain immunoreactivity and compare this immunoreactivity with authentic ouabain. In most subjects no ouabain immunoreactivity that coeluted with authentic ouabain was observed. Some subjects had ouabain-immunoreactive material present at low levels, but it was largely attributable to cross-reactivity with diverse substances found not to be ouabain. Similar results were obtained after analysis of plasma collected from 10 patients entering a medical intensive care unit. Studies of serum-free medium conditioned by bovine adrenocortical cells showed some ouabain immunoreactivity. To determine whether this material might be a steroid product of cholesterol side-chain cleavage, we performed chemical blockade of steroidogenesis, which effectively suppressed progesterone production by these cells but had no consistent effect on ouabain immunoreactivity in this medium. Stimulation of steroidogenesis with 22-R-OH-cholesterol in bovine adrenocortical cells did not produce any increase in the ouabain immunoreactivity present in conditioned medium. Subsequent HPLC studies of ouabain immunoreactivity in bovine adrenocortical cell-conditioned medium indicated that authentic ouabain did not account for most of the ouabain immunoreactivity in serum-free medium. Studies with bovine adrenocortical cells incubated in a minimal salt and glucose medium indicated a small peak of immunoreactivity that may correspond to authentic ouabain. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sensitivity and specificity of a recombinant transmembrane glycoprotein (rgp21)-spiked western immunoblot for serological confirmation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and type II infections

Serum specimens (n = 2,712) obtained from individuals residing in diverse geographic regions and categorized as seropositive (n = 122), seroindeterminate (n = 523), or seronegative (n = 2,067) for human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection in accordance with U.S. Public Health Service guidelines were retested by recombinant transmembrane protein (rgp21)-spiked Western immunoblotting. Of the 122 HTLV-positive specimens, those from 85 of 85 (100%) U.S. blood donors, 2 of 2 (100%) Brazilians, 1 of 2 (50%) Indonesians, 14 of 14 (100%) Solomon Islanders, and 18 of 19 (95%) Papua New Guineans reacted with rgp21, yielding an overall sensitivity of 98% (120 of 122). Specimens from individuals whose infections were confirmed to be HTLV type I or HTLV type II by the polymerase chain reaction assay reacted equally well with rgp21. Of the 523 HTLV-indeterminate specimens, those from 21 of 379 (5.5%) U.S. blood donors, 3 of 6 (50%) Brazilians, 10 of 23 (44%) Ugandans, 8 of 49 (16%) Indonesians, 4 of 36 (11%) Solomon Islanders, and 5 of 30 (17%) Papua New Guineans reacted with rgp21. None of these 51 specimens reacted with native gp46 and/or gp61/68 in a radioimmunoprecipitation assay, suggesting a false-positive reaction (9.75%). Of the 2,067 HTLV-negative specimens, 12 reacted with rgp21, yielding a false-positivity rate of 0.6%. These data indicate that while detection of rgp21 is highly sensitive, it can yield false-positive results. Thus, specimens exhibiting reactivity with rgp21 in the absence of reactivity with native gp46 and/or gp61/68 by Western blot should be tested further by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay to verify HTLV type I or type II infection.
Protein Profiling in Brain Tumors Using Mass Spectrometry

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to perform a preliminary assessment of protein patterns in primary brain tumors using a direct-tissue mass spectrometric technique to profile and map biomolecules. Experimental Design: We examined 20 prospectively collected, snap-frozen normal brain and brain tumor specimens using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS), and compared peptide and protein expression in primary brain tumor and nontumor brain tissues. Results: MS can be used to identify protein expression patterns in human brain tissue and tumor specimens. The mass spectral patterns can reliably identify glial neoplasms of similar histological grade and differentiate them from tumors of different histological grades as well as from nontumor brain tissues. Initial bioinformatics cluster analysis algorithms classified tumor and nontumor tissues into similar groups comparable with their histological grade. Conclusions: We describe a novel tool for the analysis of protein expression patterns in human glial neoplasms. Initial results demonstrate that MALDI-MS technology can significantly aid in the process of unraveling and understanding the molecular complexities of gliomas. MALDI-MS accurately and reliably identified normal and neoplastic tissues, and could be used to discriminate between tumors of increasing grades.
Effect of Run Training and Cold-Water Immersion on Subsequent Cycle Training Quality in High-Performance Triathletes

Abstract Rowsell, GJ, Reaburn, P, Toone, R, Smith, M, Coutts, AJ. Effect of run training and cold-water immersion on subsequent cycle training quality in high-performance triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 28(6): 1664–1672, 2014—The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of cold-water immersion (CWI) on physiological, psychological, and biochemical markers of recovery and subsequent cycling performance after intensive run training. Seven high-performance male triathletes (age: 28.6 ± 7.1 years; cycling V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak: 73.4 ± 10.2 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed 2 trials in a randomized crossover design consisting of 7 × 5-minute running intervals at 105% of individual anaerobic threshold followed by either CWI (10 ± 0.5° C) or thermoneutral water immersion (TNI; 34 ± 0.5° C). Subjects immersed their legs in water 5 times for 60 seconds with 60-second passive rest between each immersion. Nine hours after immersion, inflammatory and muscle damage markers, and perceived recovery measures were obtained before the subjects completed a 5-minute maximal cycling test followed by a high-quality cycling interval training set (6 × 5-minute intervals). Power output, heart rate, blood lactate (La), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded during the cycling time-trial and interval set. Performance was enhanced (change, ±90% confidence limits) in the CWI condition during the cycling interval training set (power output [W·kg −1], 2.1 ± 1.7%, La [mmol·L−1], 18 ± 18.1%, La:RPE, 19.8 ± 17.5%). However, there was an unclear effect of CWI on 5-minute maximal cycling time-trial performance, and there was no significant influence on perceptual measures of fatigue/recovery, despite small to moderate effects. The effect of CWI on the biochemical markers was mostly unclear, however, there was a substantial effect for interleukin-10 (20 ± 13.4%). These results suggest that compared with TNI, CWI may be effective for enhancing cycling interval training performance after intensive interval-running training.
A study of saccadic eye movement dynamics in volleyball: comparison between athletes and non-athletes.

AIM Visual search strategy in sports may influence performance. Thus it is interesting to investigate oculo-motor behavior of athletes and its possible impingement upon sport training and coaching. The differences in fixations and saccadic eye movements between expert volleyball players and novice subjects was studied, by carrying out a precise analysis of gaze shifts during the observation of a standard game situation. METHODS Fifteen professional athletes and fifteen non athletes watched at a volleyball filmed sequence in which a setter receives a pass tossed from the coach and sets it forward or backward. Then, the number and duration of fixations to specific interest areas (IAs) were counted. In addition, the sequences of saccades from each IA to the others were analyzed. RESULTS The results showed that expert players performed fewer fixations of longer duration and spent more time looking first at the initial pass trajectory and then at the setter's hands, disregarding the ball trajectory. The non athletes, instead, followed the whole course of the ball, before and after the hands touch. CONCLUSION These findings support the interpretation that experts volleyball players extract more task-relevant information from each fixation than do less skilled athletes, and that player's proficiency influences the strategy used in the treatment of visual information.
Structural and functional plasticity specific to musical training with wind instruments

Numerous neuroimaging studies have shown structural and functional changes resulting from musical training. Among these studies, changes in primary sensory areas are mostly related to motor functions. In this study, we looked for some similar functional and structural changes in other functional modalities, such as somatosensory function, by examining the effects of musical training with wind instruments. We found significant changes in two aspects of neuroplasticity, cortical thickness, and resting-state neuronal networks. A group of subjects with several years of continuous musical training and who are currently playing in university wind ensembles showed differences in cortical thickness in lip- and tongue-related brain areas vs. non-music playing subjects. Cortical thickness in lip-related brain areas was significantly thicker and that in tongue-related areas was significantly thinner in the music playing group compared with that in the non-music playing group. Association analysis of lip-related areas in the music playing group showed that the increase in cortical thickness was caused by musical training. In addition, seed-based correlation analysis showed differential activation in the precentral gyrus and supplementary motor areas (SMA) between the music and non-music playing groups. These results suggest that high-intensity training with specific musical instruments could induce structural changes in related anatomical areas and could also generate a new functional neuronal network in the brain.
A 1 GS/s 10b 18.9 mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC With Background Timing Skew Calibration

This paper presents a time-interleaved (TI) SAR ADC which enables background timing skew calibration without a separate timing reference channel and enhances the conversion speed of each SAR channel. The proposed ADC incorporates a flash ADC operating at the full sampling rate of the TI ADC. The flash ADC output is multiplexed to resolve MSBs of the SAR channels. Because the full-speed flash ADC does not suffer from timing skew errors, the flash ADC output is also used as a timing reference to estimate the timing skew of the TI SAR ADCs. A prototype ADC is designed and fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. After background timing skew calibration, 51.4 dB SNDR, 59.1 dB SFDR, and ±1.0 LSB INL/DNL are achieved at 1 GS/s with a Nyquist rate input signal. The power consumption is 18.9 mW from a 1.0 V supply, which corresponds to 62.3 fJ/step FoM.
Should Women Move Like Men? The Construction of Gender and Difference in Research on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

This article investigates constructions of gender and difference in biomedical research on anterior cruciate ligament injuries. This injury is of interest because evidence shows a higher risk among females in some sports and there is extensive research on this topic. The analysis examined consensus statements from 6 anterior cruciate ligament research retreats spanning 11 years. The initial mission of the retreats was to examine factors related to a possible gender bias in incidence. Over time there was increasing emphasis on explaining the mechanisms of the injury and injury prevention. Conceptualizations of gender were multifaceted and as research evolved showed a tendency to move away from essentialist and categorical constructions. The discussion suggests that the location of this research in a broader agenda of injury prevention helped to distance it from a narrow focus on gender difference and provided the context for increasingly nuanced conceptualizations of gender.
Interpreting the Mismatch Negativity

The widely accepted "memory-mismatch" interpretation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related brain potential (ERP) suggests that an MMN is elicited when an acoustic event deviates from a memory record describing the immediate history of the sound sequence. The first variant of the memory-mismatch theory suggested that the memory underlying MMN generation was a strong auditory sensory memory trace, which encoded the repetitive standard sound. This "trace-mismatch" explanation of MMN has been primarily based on results obtained in the auditory oddball paradigm. However, in recent years, MMN has been observed in stimulus paradigms containing no frequently repeating sound. We now suggest a different variant of the memory-mismatch interpretation of MMN in order to provide a unified explanation of all MMN phenomena. The regularity-violation explanation of MMN assumes that the memory records retaining the history of auditory stimulation are regularity representations. These representations encode rules extracted from the regular intersound relationships, which are mapped to the concrete sound sequence by finely detailed auditory sensory information. Auditory events are compared with temporally aligned predictions drawn from the regularity representations (predictive models) and the observable MMN response reflects a process updating the representations of those detected regularities whose prediction was mismatched by the acoustic input. It is further suggested that the auditory deviance detection system serves to organize sound in the brain: The predictive models maintained by the MMN-generating process provide the basis of temporal grouping, a crucial step in the formation of auditory
Thinking critically about critical thinking in the community college classroom: An examination of the beliefs of exemplary instructors

BOUTON, DEBORAH THIGPEN. Thinking Critically about Critical Thinking in the Community College Classroom: An Examination of the Beliefs of Exemplary Instructors. (Under the direction of Carol E. Kasworm.) The purpose of this study is to explore how exemplary community college instructors describe their beliefs about critical thinking and how they attempt to foster its development in their students. Situated in both constructivist learning theory and theories of action, the study examines how participants make meaning of critical thinking, and how their beliefs are reflected in their teaching practices. In this multiple case study, the author employs semistructured interviews, videotaped class observations, and course documents to provide insight into the perceptions and experiences of exemplary instructors. Through a cross-case analysis of data, the author delineates elements of common understanding about teaching for critical thinking. This research demonstrates that the relationship between an instructor‟s ability to articulate her understanding of critical thinking and her capacity to teach for critical thinking is not as straightforward as some research would suggest. The tacit understandings that these exemplary instructors bring to the classroom provides a valuable framework for their teaching practice. There are commonalities in how participants conceptualize critical thinking, even though their understandings tend to be a product of personal learning and practice rather than adherence to a particular theoretical perspective. The common elements in how they understand critical thinking include the ability to: 1) see underlying connections in seemingly disparate subjects; 2) value multiple perspectives; 3) exercise prudent skepticism; and, 4) articulate and defend a position with credible evidence. The educational goals that these instructors establish for students show remarkable similarities, in that they reflect the understandings these instructors articulate about the nature of critical thinking. Participants want their students to expand their worldview, question assumptions, articulate defensible positions, and construct a personal understanding of the content. Instructors believe that they can best foster these skills by assuming a facilitative role. Not only do these instructors talk about the importance of critical thinking in the classroom, they put their beliefs into practice. That is, their teaching practices reflect the values they espouse. Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking in the Community College Classroom: An Examination of the Beliefs of Exemplary Instructors by Deborah Thigpen Bouton A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education Higher Education Administration Raleigh, NC