Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bootstrap, Review, Decode: Using Out-of-Domain Textual Data to Improve Image Captioning

We propose a novel way of using out-of-domain textual data to enhance the performance of existing image captioning systems. We evaluate this learning approach on a newly designed model that uses - and improves upon - building blocks from state-of-the-art methods. This model starts from detecting visual concepts present in an image which are then fed to a reviewer-decoder architecture with an attention mechanism. Unlike previous approaches that encode visual concepts using word embeddings, we instead suggest using regional image features which capture more intrinsic information. The main benefit of this architecture is that it synthesizes meaningful thought vectors that capture salient image properties and then applies a soft attentive decoder to decode the thought vectors and generate image captions. We evaluate our model on both Microsoft COCO and Flickr30K datasets and demonstrate that this model combined with our bootstrap learning method can largely improve performance and help the model to generate more accurate and diverse captions.
Gene therapy for neurological disease

Significant advances have been made in the last 20 years in understanding the basic biology of the normal nervous system and in elucidating molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurological disease. This progress has generated, for the first time, a realistic possibility of treating what have historically been common and tragically untreatable diseases of the nervous system. In particular, therapeutic delivery of genes to the degenerating, injured or developmentally-deficient nervous system offers the potential to prevent cell death, induce new growth and restore function. Clinical trials of gene therapy are beginning to move forward in several neurological disorders. We have thereby begun the transition to molecular-based medicine which has the potential to alter the landscape and prognosis of neurological disease.
Spin-dependent forces on trapped ions for phase-stable quantum gates and entangled states of spin and motion.

Favored schemes for trapped-ion quantum logic gates use bichromatic laser fields to couple internal qubit states with external motion through a "spin-dependent force. " We introduce a new degree of freedom in this coupling that reduces its sensitivity to phase decoherence. We demonstrate bichromatic spin-dependent forces on a single trapped 111Cd+ ion, and show that phase coherence of the resulting entangled states of spin and motion depends critically upon the spectral arrangement of the optical fields. This applies directly to the operation of entangling gates on multiple ions.
Sequential importance sampling for low-probability and high-dimensional SRAM yield analysis

In this paper, a significant acceleration of estimating low-failure rate in a high-dimensional SRAM yield analysis is achieved using sequential importance sampling. The proposed method systematically, autonomously, and adaptively explores failure region of interest, whereas all previous works needed to resort to brute-force search. Elimination of brute-force search and adaptive trial distribution significantly improves the efficiency of failure-rate estimation of hitherto unsolved high-dimensional cases wherein a lot of variation sources including threshold voltages, channel-length, carrier mobility, etc. are simultaneously considered. The proposed method is applicable to wide range of Monte Carlo simulation analyses dealing with high-dimensional problem of rare events. In SRAM yield estimation example, we achieved 106 times acceleration compared to a standard Monte Carlo simulation for a failure probability of 3 × 10−9 in a six-dimensional problem. The example of 24-dimensional analysis on which other methods are ineffective is also presented.
Crystal structure of the 25 kDa subunit of human cleavage factor Im

Cleavage factor Im is an essential component of the pre-messenger RNA 3′-end processing machinery in higher eukaryotes, participating in both the polyadenylation and cleavage steps. Cleavage factor Im is an oligomer composed of a small 25 kDa subunit (CF Im25) and a variable larger subunit of either 59, 68 or 72 kDa. The small subunit also interacts with RNA, poly(A) polymerase, and the nuclear poly(A)-binding protein. These protein–protein interactions are thought to be facilitated by the Nudix domain of CF Im25, a hydrolase motif with a characteristic α/β/α fold and a conserved catalytic sequence or Nudix box. We present here the crystal structures of human CF Im25 in its free and diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) bound forms at 1.85 and 1.80 Å, respectively. CF Im25 crystallizes as a dimer and presents the classical Nudix fold. Results from crystallographic and biochemical experiments suggest that CF Im25 makes use of its Nudix fold to bind but not hydrolyze ATP and Ap4A. The complex and apo protein structures provide insight into the active oligomeric state of CF Im and suggest a possible role of nucleotide binding in either the polyadenylation and/or cleavage steps of pre-messenger RNA 3′-end processing.
Quantitative texture analysis in two-dimensional echocardiography: application to the diagnosis of experimental myocardial contusion.

We postulated that the analysis of regional image texture in two-dimensional (2D) echocardiograms would be an accurate method to differentiate normal from abnormal myocardial structure. We tested this hypothesis with quantitative texture measures to study the regional, spatial distribution of echo amplitudes in 2D echocardiograms performed before and immediately after blunt left chest trauma was induced in six anesthetized dogs. After trauma the contused region of myocardium appeared brighter and exhibited an altered myocardial texture. By use of a set quantitative texture measures, we found no significant differences in pretrauma images when normal regions were compared with regions to be contused. Also, we found no difference when we compared the normal regions in each animal in pretrauma vs posttrauma images. Twelve measures, however, differentiated normal from contused regions within the posttrauma images (p values ranged from .0057 to .0001 by multivariate analysis of variance). These texture measures were capable of differentiating normal from abnormal tissue only when texture along the azimuthal (lateral) direction was calculated. We conclude that regions of myocardial contusion exhibit visibly altered local echo-amplitude patterns (altered image texture) and that these image texture alterations may be quantified with digital image analysis techniques. These findings suggest that quantitative texture calculations may be a useful approach to ultrasound tissue characterization.
A layered approach for dutch large vocabulary continuous speech recognition

In this paper we investigate whether a layered architecture that has already proven its value for small tasks, works for a system with large lexica (400k words) and language models (5-grams) as well. The architecture was designed to decouple phone and word recognition which allows for the integration of more complex linguistic components, especially at the sub-word level. It was tested on the Dutch language which - with its large variety of accents and rich morphology - is ideally suited to benefit from this integration. The results reveal that the architecture is already competitive to an all-in-one approach in which acoustic models, language models and lexicon are all applied simultaneously. Candidates for further improvement to the system based on a conditional phone confusion model are suggested.
Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice

A new model of consumer behavior is developed using a hybrid of cognitive psychology and microeconomics. The development of the model starts with the mental coding of combinations of gains and losses using the prospect theory value function. Then the evaluation of purchases is modeled using the new concept of “transaction utility. ” The household budgeting process is also incorporated to complete the characterization of mental accounting. Several implications to marketing, particularly in the area of pricing, are developed. This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 4, Issue 3, pages 199--214, in 1985.
Microbial Metabolomics

Microbial metabolomics constitutes an integrated component of systems biology. By studying the complete set of metabolites within a microorganism and monitoring the global outcome of interactions between its development processes and the environment, metabolomics can potentially provide a more accurate snap shot of the actual physiological state of the cell. Recent advancement of technologies and post-genomic developments enable the study and analysis of metabolome. This unique contribution resulted in many scientific disciplines incorporating metabolomics as one of their “omics” platforms. This review focuses on metabolomics in microorganisms and utilizes selected topics to illustrate its impact on the understanding of systems microbiology.
Polyphenolic Extracts of Edible Flowers Incorporated onto Atelocollagen Matrices and Their Effect on Cell Viability

The phenolic extract of chives flowers (Allium schoenoprasum, Liliaceae), introduced Sage (Salvia pratensis, Lamiaceae), European elderberry (Sambucus nigra, Caprifoliaceae) and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale, Asteraceae) were characterised by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and incorporated in different concentrations onto atelocollagen thin films. In order to assess the biological impact of these phenolic compounds on cell viability, human immortalised non-tumorigenic keratinocyte cell line was seeded on the thin films and cell proliferation was determined by using an MTT assay. In addition, their antimicrobial activity was estimated by using an agar diffusion test. Data indicated the concomitance between cell viability and concentration of polyphenols. These findings suggest that these phenolic-endowed atelocollagen films might be suitable for tissue engineering applications, on account of the combined activity of polyphenols and collagen.
Discriminative training of a phoneme confusion model for a dynamic lexicon in ASR

To enhance the recognition lexicon, it is important to be able to add pronunciation variants while keeping the confusability introduced by the extra phonemic variation low. However, this confusability is not easily correlated with the ASR performance, as it is an inherent phenomenon of speech. This paper proposes a method to construct a multiple pronunciation lexicon with a high discriminability. To do so, a phoneme confusion model is used to expand the phonemic search space of pronunciation variants during ASR decoding and a discriminative framework is adopted for the training of the weights of the phoneme confu-sions. For the parameter estimation, two training algorithms are implemented, the perceptron and the CRF model, using ﬁnite state transducers. Experiments on English data were conducted using a large state-of-the-art ASR system of continuous speech.
Exploring End User Programming Needs in Home Automation

Home automation faces the challenge of providing ubiquitous, unobtrusive services while empowering users with approachable configuration interfaces. These interfaces need to provide sufficient expressiveness to support complex automation, and notations need to be devised that enable less tech-savvy users to express such scenarios. Rule-based and process-oriented paradigms have emerged as opposing ends of the spectrum; however, their underlying concepts have not been studied comparatively. We report on a contextual inquiry study in which we collected qualitative data from 18 participants in 12 households on the current potential and acceptance of home automation, as well as explored the respective benefits and drawbacks of these two notation paradigms for end users. Results show that rule-based notations are sufficient for simple automation tasks but not flexible enough for more complex use cases. The resulting insights can inform the design of interfaces for smart homes to enable usable real-world home automation for end users.
Ultrasonic scanning for pallet part grading

Sorting and grading of wooden pallet parts are key factors for pallet manufacturing quality and pallet durability. The feasibility of ultrasonic scanning for defect detection in pallet manufacturing is examined in this report. Scanning was conducted by two pressure-contact rolling transducers in a pitch-catch arrangement. Pallet part deckboards were fed through the transducers and data were collected, stored, and processed with software written in the LabViewTM environment. Defects were characterized on the basis of time of flight, pulse energy, and pulse duration of the received ultrasonic signals. Values of the ultrasonic parameters changed rapidly in the region of defects. This relative change of parameter values with respect to values for clear wood can be used to locate, identify, and quantify various pallet part degrades. Results demonstrate that real-time, on-line inspection of wooden pallet parts is possible by ultrasonic scanning.
The Maka femur and its bearing on the antiquity of human walking: applying contemporary concepts of morphogenesis to the human fossil record.

MAK-VP-1/1, a proximal femur recovered from the Maka Sands (ca. 3.4 mya) of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and attributed to Australopithecus afarensis, is described in detail. It represents the oldest skeletal evidence of locomotion in this species, and is analyzed from a morphogenetic perspective. X-ray, CT, and metric data are evaluated, using a variety of methods including discriminant function. The specimen indicates that the hip joint of A. afarensis was remarkably like that of modern humans, and that the dramatic muscle allocation shifts which distinguish living humans and African apes were already present in a highly derived form in this species. Its anatomy provides no indication of any form of locomotion save habitual terrestrial bipedality, which very probably differed only trivially from that of modern humans.
A hardware-efficient programmable two-band controller for PFC rectifiers with ripple cancellation circuits

This paper introduces a hardware-efficient controller for rectifiers with power factor correction (PFC) that feature circuits for cancellation of the output voltage ripple at two times the line frequency. It provides simultaneous and independent regulation of the ripple amplitudes and dc voltage values for both the PFC stage and the cancellation circuit, allowing for the tradeoff management between the overall system volume and its efficiency. Unlike previous solutions, the controller does not require costly components for obtaining information about the output current, converter parameters, or phase and frequency of the voltage ripple. These advantages are obtained through the hardware sharing and use of a novel two-band compensator. The effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated on a 45 W programmable-output flyback based PFC rectifier prototype with a buck-boost based ripple cancellation circuit. The results demonstrated achieves a 1% ripple for the full range of operating conditions with maximum of 90% ripple reduction while utilizing a 500uF output capacitor for PFC, providing high power factor and low harmonic distortion.
Optimal allocation of resources in response to shading and neighbours in the heteroblastic species, Acacia implexa.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heteroblasty is an encompassing term referring to ontogenetic changes in the plant shoot. A shaded environment is known to affect the process of heteroblastic development; however, it is not known whether crowded or high density growing conditions can also alter heteroblasty. Compound leaves of the shade-intolerant Acacia implexa allocate less biomass per unit photosynthetic area than transitional leaves or phyllodes and it is hypothesized that this trait will convey an advantage in a crowded environment. Compound leaves also have larger photosynthetic capture area - a trait known to be advantageous in shade. This studied tested the hypothesis that more compound leaves will be developed under shade and crowded environments. Furthermore, this species should undergo optimal allocation of biomass to shoots and roots given shaded and crowded environments. METHODS A full factorial design of irradiance (high and low) and density levels (high, medium and low) on three populations sourced from varying rainfall regions (high, medium and low) was established under controlled glasshouse conditions. Traits measured include the number of nodes expressing a compound leaf, biomass allocation to shoots and roots, and growth traits. Key Results A higher number of nodes expressed a compound leaf under low irradiance and in high density treatments; however, there were no significant interactions across treatments. Phenotypes strongly associated with the shade avoidance syndrome were developed under low irradiance; however, this was not observed under high density. There was no significant difference in relative growth rates across light treatments, but growth was significantly slower in a crowded environment. Conclusions Heteroblastic development in Acacia can be altered by shade and crowded environments. In this experiment, light was clearly the most limiting factor to growth in a shaded environment; however, in a crowded environment there were additional limiting resources to growth.
Identification and isolation of a major cell surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii

Radioiodination of rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii obtained from an in vitro culture demonstrated the presence of a major surface glycoprotein (gp120). The glycoprotein was of the high mannose type. It exhibited adherence properties similar to those observed in the intact organism. Under nonreducing conditions, it existed as an aggregate with a molecular weight in excess of 2 x 10(6). Surface aggregating behavior and adherent quality prevented isolation of the glycoprotein by conventional methods. The glycoprotein was purified by chromatography on hydroxyapatite in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate under reducing conditions.
Investigation analog task of parents' attributions for child behaviors;

This study evaluated a novel analog task to assess how parents' beliefs of whether children acted intentionally were related to the potential of physical child abuse. The analog task utilized eye-tracking technology to assess attributions without responses being influenced by conscious processing, addressing prior limitations in attribution and child maltreatment research. Comparisons were expected to show that parents who more commonly make the attribution that children act intentionally will have higher child abuse potential. Twenty-six parents (7 fathers and 19 mothers) of a child at least 9 years old or younger were recruited to participate in a study examining new ways of assessing parenting. Participants were asked to read passages on a computer while eye movements were monitored; to complete self-report measures that assessed attributions; to answer culpability scenarios; and to complete the Parent Intentionality Annoyance-Attribution scale (PIAA) that assessed child abuse potential, Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2 (AAPI-2), Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), and Parent Intentionality Annoyance-Punishment scale (PIAP). Results indicated no significant correlations between the scores obtained from the analog task and the self-report version of the identical scenarios. However, marginal correlations were found between the second pass and total time scores of the analog task with the other self-report measure of intentionality attributions (PIAA). Significant correlations were found between self-reported discipline approaches (PIAP) and second pass and total time scores on the analog task. However, the other child abuse risk measures (CAPI and AAPI-2) were not significantly correlated with scores on the analog task, despite the fact that the PIAP was associated with these measures. These results are consistent with prior research that parents who rate children's behavior as more intentional are more likely to choose more severe punishments. The connection between child abuse potential and attributions was assessed without conscious-processing biases, suggesting that using eye-tracking technology as an analog task can facilitate measuring constructs that are difficult to accurately measure using self-report. The lack of association with the self-report scenarios and two of the abuse risk measures highlight the potential differences between implicit and explicit measures of child abuse potential.
The role of the anterior cingulate cortex in emotional response inhibition

Although the involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in emotional response inhibition is well established, there are several outstanding issues about the nature of this involvement that are not well understood. The present study aimed to examine the precise contribution of the ACC to emotion‐modulated response inhibition by capitalizing on fine temporal resolution of the event‐related potentials (ERPs) and the recent advances in source localization. To this end, participants (N = 30) performed an indirect affective Go/Nogo task (i.e., unrelated to the emotional content of stimulation) that required the inhibition of a motor response to three types of visual stimuli: arousing negative (A−), neutral (N), and arousing positive (A+). Behavioral data revealed that participants made more commission errors to A+ than to N and A−. Electrophysiological data showed that a specific region of the ACC at the intersection of its dorsal and rostral subdivisions was significantly involved in the interaction between emotional processing and motor inhibition. Specifically, activity reflecting this interaction was observed in the P3 (but not in the N2) time range, and was greater during the inhibition of responses to A+ than to N and A−. Additionally, regression analyses showed that inhibition‐related activity within this ACC region was associated with the emotional content of the stimuli (its activity increased as stimulus valence was more positive), and also with behavioral performance (both with reaction times and commission errors). The present results provide additional data for understanding how, when, and where emotion interacts with response inhibition within the ACC. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2147–2160, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.