Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When and how often should worked examples be given to students? New results and a summary of the current state of research

Our work explores the assistance dilemma: when should instruction provide or withhold assistance? In three separate but very similar studies, we have investigated whether worked examples, a high-assistance approach, studied in conjunction with tutored problems to be solved, a mid-level assistance approach, can lead to better learning. Contrary to prior results with untutored problem solving, a low-assistance approach, we found that worked examples alternating with isomorphic tutored problems did not produce more learning gains than tutored problems alone. On the other hand, the examples group across the three studies learned more efficiently than the tutored-alone group; the students spent 21% less time learning the same amount of material. Practically, if these results were to scale across a 20-week course, students could save 4 weeks of time ‐ yet learn just as much. Scientifically, we provide an analysis of a key dimension of assistance: when and how often should problem solutions be given to students versus elicited from them? Our studies, in conjunction with past studies, suggest that on this exampleproblem dimension mid-level assistance may lead to better learning than either lower or higher level assistance. While representing a step toward resolving the assistance dilemma for this dimension, more studies are required to confirm that mid-level assistance is best and further analysis is needed to develop predictive theory for what combinations of assistance yield the most effective and efficient learning.
Apologising for Srebrenica: the declaration of the Serbian parliament, the European Union and the politics of compromise

In March 2010, the Serbian parliament adopted a declaration on Srebrenica as a formal apology for the 1995 genocide committed by the Bosnian Serb Army and paramilitary units of Serbia's Ministry of Internal Affairs. The compromises necessary to pass the declaration – along with the opinions expressed in the parliamentary debate – show that this event was not a turning point in Serbia's process of confronting the past, but a confirmation of the country's deep ideological and political divisions. The declaration's principal aim was to satisfy the European Union's expectations and bolster Serbia's project of seeking EU membership. The EU's conditionality policy has thus been effective in achieving official gestures of atonement like the Srebrenica Declaration. However, the EU's approach also diverts from the long-term domestic process of value transformation and the building of a civic public culture to a narrow focus on short-term instrumental measures aimed foremost at satisfying external demands.
Interpersonal Perception: A Social Relations Analysis

Seven basic research questions in interpersonal perception are posed concerning issues of consensus, assimilation, reciprocity, accuracy, congruence, assumed similarity and self—other agreement. All questions can be addressed at the individual level, and three at the dyadic level. It is shown how the Social Relations Model can be used to answer the questions.
A DNAzyme that walks processively and autonomously along a one-dimensional track.

Herein, we report a DNA nanodevice that autonomously and processively moves along a DNA track. The motion mechanism of this DNA device is reminiscent of that of singleheaded myosins I, a family of cellular protein motors. The DNA device contains a DNA enzyme (DNAzyme) that constantly extracts chemical energy from its substrate molecules (RNA) and uses this energy to fuel the motion of the DNA device. Nanomachines have potential applications in smart materials, sensors, and optoelectronic devices. Many approaches have been explored to develop such nanomachines. By taking advantage of a rich body of knowledge of DNA biophysics, various DNA nanomachines have been rationally designed and built based on conformational changes. The motions include opening/closure, extension/contraction, and rotation. More complex nanomechanical devices, such as walkers and gears, have also been demonstrated. However, such devices need human intervention for each step of their motions. The DNA structures change only once when the conditions of the solution are changed or a DNA strand is added. These DNA devices are in sharp contrast with cellular protein motors and manmade machines at the macroscale, both of which can continuously work without human interference. An autonomous DNA motor has recently been reported—here we refer to “autonomous” as being selfcontained and not requiring human interference or other external active components such as protein enzymes. The motor performs an extremely simple motion: open and close. In a related, autonomous system, a DNA fragment could be continuously translocated along one direction by natural proteins (a combination of a DNA ligase and two restriction endonucleases). Logically, we wondered if it is possible to construct a more sophisticated, self-contained autonomous motor that could constantly walk or rotate. Herein, we demonstrate that such a machine is feasible. The walking mechanism of the new system integrates DNAzyme activity and a strand-displacement strategy (Figure 1). The system consists of a walker and a track: The walker is a 10–23 DNAzyme, E, which is a DNA molecule that can cleave RNA with sequence specificity (Figure 1A).
‘What you look like is such a big factor’: Girls’ own reflections about the appearance culture in an all-girls’ school

High school is a key venue for the development and expression of body image concerns in adolescent girls. Researchers have begun to investigate the role of school-based ‘appearance cultures’ in magnifying the body image concerns of students. To date, however, no research has examined girls’ experience as participants within these cultures, and thus the opportunity to learn how girls account for the development and maintenance of these cultures has been missed. In interviews with nine girls attending an all-girls’ school, the existence of a strong ‘appearance culture’ in the school was identified as a major influence on the body image concerns of students. Girls talked about the ways in which appearance-focused conversations, dieting, and weight monitoring occurred as part of the everyday interaction with friends and peers at school. They also identified many ways in which their school attempted to address body image concerns, although these attempts were often portrayed as ineffective, if not counter-productive. These findings suggest that attempts to address the body image concerns of students will need to be sensitive to the lived reality of appearance cultures within schools.
Trafficking in children in West and Central Africa

Trafficking of children between various African countries shot to prominence in April 2001 as a result of media reports that a ship carrying 'slave children', the Etireno, had gone missing after being refused permission to land at Libreville in Gabon. When the ship eventually docked in Cotonou in Benin, the port it had first sailed from, some journalists reported that no slaves were found on board. There were 43 trafficked children on the boat, not chained or visibly enslaved. They were accompanied by adults who initially claimed to be relatives, but who, after leaving the boat, did their best to disappear from view. Many of the children remained so intimidated that they did not dare recount the truth about where they came from to social workers at the shelters they were taken to, run by Terre des Hommes and others. This article highlights media portrayal of trafficking in children in West and Central Africa, explains why girls are more likely to be trafficked, and discusses some counter-trafficking initiatives undertaken by a range of institutions.
Augmenting the theory of planned behaviour: Motivation to provide practical assistance and emotional support to parents

Abstract Surveys indicate that the highest proportion of people receiving informal care are parents (Green, 1988), yet a literature search showed that psychological studies of motivation to care for parents are limited. The present study utilised an augmented model of the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1985) including measures of anticipated regret and carer self-concept, to examine individuals' motivations to provide practical assistance and emotional support to their parents. Intention to provide emotional support was predicted by the theory of planned behaviour constructs, while intention to provide practical assistance was predicted by subjective norm and perceived behavioural control but not by attitude. Anticipated regret substantially improved prediction of both types of behavioural intention. These findings indicate that providing practical assistance and emotional support are motivated behaviours, governed by both rational and emotional factors, suggesting that future research may benefit from adopting a broader perspective based upon social psychological theory
Anti‐cancer stem cell activity of a hedgehog inhibitor GANT61 in estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer cells

Estradiol (E2) increases not only the cell growth but also the cancer stem cell (CSC) proportion in estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer cells. It has been suggested that the non‐canonical hedgehog (Hh) pathway activated by E2 plays an important role in the regulation of CSC proportion in ER‐positive breast cancer cells. We studied anti‐CSC activity of a non‐canonical Hh inhibitor GANT61 in ER‐positive breast cancer cells. Effects of GANT61 on the cell growth, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and CSC proportion were investigated in four ER‐positive breast cancer cell lines. CSC proportion was measured using either the mammosphere assay or CD44/CD24 assay. Expression levels of pivotal molecules in the Hh pathway were measured. Combined effects of GANT61 with antiestrogens on the anti‐cell growth and anti‐CSC activities were investigated. E2 significantly increased the cell growth and CSC proportion in all ER‐positive cell lines. E2 increased the expression levels of glioma‐associated oncogene (GLI) 1 and/or GLI2. GANT61 decreased the cell growth in association with a G1‐S cell cycle retardation and increased apoptosis. GANT61 decreased the E2‐induced CSC proportion measured by the mammosphere assay in all cell lines. Antiestrogens also decreased the E2‐induced cell growth and CSC proportion. Combined treatments of GANT61 with antiestrogens additively enhanced anti‐cell growth and/or anti‐CSC activities in some ER‐positive cell lines. In conclusion, the non‐canonical Hh inhibitor GANT61 inhibited not only the cell growth but also the CSC proportion increased by E2 in ER‐positive breast cancer cells. GANT61 enhanced anti‐cell growth and/or anti‐CSC activities of antiestrogens in ER‐positive cell lines.
JARID2 Is Involved in Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Lung and Colon Cancer Cell Lines

Histone methylation plays a crucial role in various biological and pathological processes including cancer development. In this study, we discovered that JARID2, an interacting component of Polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) that catalyzes methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27), was involved in Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-ß)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A549 lung cancer cell line and HT29 colon cancer cell line. The expression of JARID2 was increased during TGF-ß-induced EMT of these cell lines and knockdown of JARID2 inhibited TGF-ß-induced morphological conversion of the cells associated with EMT. JARID2 knockdown itself had no effect in the expression of EMT-related genes but antagonized TGF-ß-dependent expression changes of EMT-related genes such as CDH1, ZEB family and microRNA-200 family. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that JARID2 was implicated in TGF-ß-induced transcriptional repression of CDH1 and microRNA-200 family genes through the regulation of histone H3 methylation and EZH2 occupancies on their regulatory regions. Our study demonstrated a novel role of JARID2 protein, which may control PRC2 recruitment and histone methylation during TGF-ß-induced EMT of lung and colon cancer cell lines.
Differences in holistic processing do not explain cultural differences in the recognition of facial expression

The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of the own-race advantage in facial expression perception. In Experiment 1, we investigated Western Caucasian and Chinese participants’ perception and categorization of facial expressions of six basic emotions that included two pairs of confusable expressions (fear and surprise; anger and disgust). People were slightly better at identifying facial expressions posed by own-race members (mainly in anger and disgust). In Experiment 2, we asked whether the own-race advantage was due to differences in the holistic processing of facial expressions. Participants viewed composite faces in which the upper part of one expression was combined with the lower part of a different expression. The upper and lower parts of the composite faces were either aligned or misaligned. Both Chinese and Caucasian participants were better at identifying the facial expressions from the misaligned images, showing interference on recognizing the parts of the expressions created by holistic perception of the aligned composite images. However, this interference from holistic processing was equivalent across expressions of own-race and other-race faces in both groups of participants. Whilst the own-race advantage in recognizing facial expressions does seem to reflect the confusability of certain emotions, it cannot be explained by differences in holistic processing.
Gender Association of Musical Instruments and Preferences of Fourth-Grade Students for Selected Instruments

The purpose of this study was fourfold: (a) to measure possible changes in gender association of musical instruments from earlier research, (b) to estimate current preferences of fourth-grade students for selected instruments, (c) to gain an understanding of reasons expressed by students for preferring certain instruments and not others, and (d) to compare students' perceptions of their peers' preferences to the actual choices their peers made. Findings indicate the magnitude of gender associations has lessened; however, such associations are still noticeably present. Instrument positions on the masculine-feminine continuum remain relatively stable. The majority of the fourth-grade subjects preferred drums, saxophone, or flute, followed in descending order by clarinet, trumpet, violin, trombone, and cello. “Quality of sound” was a primary reason cited for wanting to play an instrument; “too difficult to play” was a primary reason for not wanting to play an instrument. Children's perceptions of their peers' preferences bore a moderate relationship to what their peers actually chose, with girls more accurate in predicting preferences of boys than vice versa.
Interleukin 2 upregulates expression of its receptor on a T cell clone

Stimulation of a class II-restricted, antigen-specific T cell clone with interleukin 2 (IL-2) resulted in substantial increases in both cell surface IL-2 receptor (IL-2-R) and cytoplasmic IL-2-R messenger RNA (mRNA), whereas no increase was observed for cell-surface expression of Thy-1 and L3T4 antigens, and only a modest increase in Thy-1 mRNA was observed. These experiments demonstrate that, after initial acquisition of the IL-2-R, IL-2 as well as antigen is able to directly upregulate both the level of IL-2-R mRNA and cell surface IL-2- R molecules.
Seductive Behavior of Mothers of Toddlers: Occurrence, Correlates, and Family Origins

SROUFE, L. ALAN, and WARD, MARY J. Seductive Behavior of Mothers of Toddlers: Occurrence, Correlates, and Family Origins. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1980, 51, 1222-1229. As part of a longitudinal study of lower-SES mothers and children through the first 5 years of life, measures of limit setting and control in a toy cleanup situation were developed. Of particular interest were a group of techniques including certain forms of sensual physical contact, sensual teasing, promises of affection, and maternal requests for affection. This category of behavior was reliably coded. In a sample of 173 mothers, 16 (9.25%) exhibited 1 or more of these behaviors. Several findings suggested a distinction between this seductive behavior and warmth or affection: (1) the behavior was directed almost exclusively to males (15 of 16); (2) it was associated with significantly more physical punishment and threats of punishment; (3) it was not related to cooperation, encouragement, or emotional support; and (4) in general, in both this context and a tool-problem situation, these 16 mothers were rated as less supportive and less effective in guiding their children than other mothers in the total sample, other mothers of boys, or mothers showing affection. Independent interviews with 36 mothers, including 8 mothers exhibiting seductive behavior, revealed clearly different family histories. The developmental implications of this pattern of maternal behavior are discussed.
Language mixing and learning strategy

This paper investigates the relationship between language mixing and learning strategy in one English-Italian bilingual child between 1;10 and 2;2. (Mean Length of Utterance in words 1.1−2.0). The first 200 multiword combinations in each language were searched for occurrences of mixing broadly defined as any utterance or conversation including elements from both languages. An asymmetrical pattern was found where language mixing was low overall and unidirectional, only English words were used in Italian contexts. In order to assess the learning strategy adopted by the child, all of the multiword utterances were further analyzed for level of lexical specificity following the criteria in Lieven, Pine and Baldwin (1997). The results showed a high proportion of frozen utterances and limited creativity in the range of constructed utterances. The comparison of these findings to those reported for another bilingual child raised in similar input conditions (Vihman, 1999) revealed a discrepancy between the two children, both in the level of mixing, and in the extent to which they relied on input patterns. Implications of these results for the relationship between mixing, learning strategies, and theoretical models of acquisition are discussed.
Association between serum anti-Müllerian hormone level and ovarian response to mild stimulation in normoovulatory women and anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective To evaluate the correlation between serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and ovarian response to mild stimulation in normoovulatory women and anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods Seventy-four cycles of mild stimulation (clomiphene citrate+gonadotropin followed by timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination) performed in normoovulatory women (57 cycles) and anovulatory women with PCOS (17 cycles). Ovarian sensitivity was defined by the number of mature follicles (≥14 mm) on triggering day per 100 IU of gonadotropin. A correlation between ovarian sensitivity and the baseline serum AMH level (absolute or multiples of the median [MoM] value for each corresponding age) was calculated. Correlation between ovarian response and serum AMH level was evaluated. Results Ovarian sensitivity to mild stimulation was positively correlated with absolute serum AMH (r=0.535, p<0.001) or AMH-MoM value (r=0.390, p=0.003) in normoovulatory women, but this correlation was not observed in anovulatory women with PCOS (r=0.105, p>0.05, r=-0.265, p>0.05, respectively). Conclusion Ovarian response to mild stimulation is possibly predicted by the serum AMH level in normoovulatory women, but not in anovulatory women with PCOS.
Rational Choice or Sacred Contagion? “Rationality”, “Non-rationality” and Religion

Drawing from the utilitarian tradition of economics to propose the leanest formal theoretical models for sociology, “rational choice theory” rejects the Durkheimian interest in society as a reality transcendent of the individual in favour of a revitalization of individualist and rationalist conceptualizations of social order. This theory has, arguably, had one of its strongest substantive applications within the sociology of religion, though Durkheim's focus on the idea that religion is an elementary part of the collective constitution of societies is rejected in favour of the view that religion is just one of many products that can be consumed by individuals as they seek to satisfy their self-interests. In this paper, the fundamentally non-social character of the rational choice approach is examined. Through an examination of the difficulties surrounding the notion of “rationality” and the residual category of the “non-rational” in rational choice models, it will be suggested that it is a reassessment of the Durkheimian tradition rather than a revival of rationalistic utilitarianism that provides a more valuable theoretical direction for the future development of the sociology of religion.
Weaning from mechanical ventilation: Feature extraction from a statistical signal processing viewpoint

Clinicians' decision for mechanical aid discontinuation is a challenging task that involves a complete knowledge of a great number of clinical parameters, as well as its evolution in time. Respiratory pattern variability appears as a useful extubation readiness indicator, and thus can be used as an informative feature in a statistical pattern recognition framework. Reliable assessment of this variability involves a set of signal processing techniques that should be carefully evaluated for statistical validity. This paper evaluates different variability extraction techniques aimed to build a Bayesian classifier for weaning readiness decision. As a conclusion, Sample Entropy is selected as the best performance extraction method. By calculating it over tidal volume signals, and with mean respiratory rates as additional input patterns, a 2D Bayesian classifier is constructed with principal component analysis selection. The obtained misclassification probability (Pe = 0.2141) is acceptable if compared with performance of single feature classifiers.
Learning conditions for non‐formal and informal workplace learning

Purpose – The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the presence of learning conditions for non‐formal and informal workplace learning in relation to the characteristics of the employee and the organisation he or she works for.Design/methodology/approach – The questionnaire developed by Clauwaert and Van Bree on learning conditions was administered to 1,162 employees of 31 different organisations. An explorative factor analysis was performed to reduce the number of variables and to look for underlying constructs in the data. Second, a series of analyses of variance were calculated in order to be able to compare the factors in different kinds of groups of employees.Findings – The authors concluded that for the five learning conditions that were identified in this research, different kinds of groups of employees have different chances for non‐formal and informal learning. These learning conditions are “feedback and knowledge acquisition”, “new learning approach and communication tools”, “being co.
Riding the Bubble with Convex Incentives

Several empirical studies challenge the premise that sophisticated investors, namely hedge funds, should help correct mispricing. We rationalize this evidence within a dynamic model that accounts for hedge fund convex incentives. In response to these incentives, risk-averse hedge fund managers with superior information might optimally overweight an overvalued asset with positive risk premium to beat a risk-less benchmark, even when they expect overpricing to fall in the short term. To secure outperformance, managers become reluctant to sell enough of a negative risk premium asset. This distortion can increase with managers' information advantage over other market participants and exacerbate equilibrium mispricing.