Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Women Lawyers before the Supreme Court of Canada

Abstract. Recent work by Szmer, Sarver, and Kaheny (2010) exploring US Supreme Court decision making has suggested that lawyer gender might play a role in influencing judicial voting behaviour. Specifically, while women lawyers were not revealed to have a more difficult time winning cases before the US Supreme Court, the study did suggest they face a tougher challenge in gaining support from the more conservative justices on that bench. Here, we test whether women lawyers face similar challenges before the SCC. Our findings do not reveal any disadvantage for litigation teams with larger proportions of women and, in most instances, such teams have an advantage. Specifically, in our model of civil rights and liberties votes, litigation team gender had no bearing on individual SCC justice decisions. However, in a pooled model of all issues combined and in separate models of criminal and economic votes, SCC justices were more likely to side with litigation teams with larger proportions of women lawyers. Résumé. Une étude récente de Szmer, Sarver et Kaheny (2010) explore la manière dont la Cour suprême des États-Unis prend ses décisions, suggérant que le sexe des avocats pourrait avoir une influence sur le comportement décisionnel des juges. Plus spécifiquement, bien que les avocates n'aient pas plus de difficulté que leurs collègues masculins à gagner leurs procès à la Cour suprême des États-Unis, l'étude suggère que leur plus grand défi est d'obtenir le soutien des juges plus traditionnels de cette cour. Dans le présent article, nous cherchons à déterminer si les avocates canadiennes font face à un défi semblable à la Cour suprême du Canada. Les résultats de notre étude ne révèlent aucun désavantage pour les équipes d'avocats comprenant plus de femmes et dans la plupart des cas, ces équipes bénéficient même d'un avantage. Plus précisement, dans notre modèle décisionnel en matière de droits et libertés civiles, le sexe des membres des équipes d'avocats n'avait aucune incidence sur les décisions individuelles des juges de la Cour suprême du Canada. Cependant, dans un modèle commun réunissant tous les types de dossiers et dans des modèles séparés pour les décisions sur des dossiers criminels et financiers, les juges de la Cour suprême du Canada étaient plus enclins à prendre parti pour des équipes comportant une plus grande proportion d'avocates.
Pre-Devolutionary Funding for Poverty Law in the United States

ABSTRACT This paper examines the funding of civil legal services for the poor in the U.S. from 1985 to 1990, prior to a fundamental change in legal services regulations and appropriations that occurred in 1996. While federal funding for legal services was a rather uniform distribution to states by poverty population, states varied in terms of their financial support for legal services. This paper explores the sources of that variation. Using a pooled cross sectional time series model, I find that states with liberal political cultures and liberal citizen public opinion spent more for legal services, even when taking into consideration states' economic conditions, the amount of federal spending within the state, caseloads, and the level of private contributions in the state.
Culture and Self: Are There Within-Culture Differences in Self Between Metropolitan Areas and Regional Cities?

Although differences in self-conception across cultures have been well researched, regional differences within a culture have escaped attention. The present study examined individual, relational, and collective selves, which capture people’s conceptions of themselves in relation to their goals, significant others, and in groups, comparing Australians and Japanese participants living in regional cities and metropolitan areas. Culture, gender, and urbanism were found to be related to individual, relational, and collective selves, respectively. Australians emphasized individual self more than Japanese, women stressed relational self more than men, and residents in regional cities regarded collective self as more important than their counterparts in metropolitan areas. These findings provide support for the tripartite division of the self and suggest a need to construct a culture theory that links self and societal processes.
The public health nursing role in elder neglect in assisted living facilities.

OBJECTIVE Assisted living facilities (ALFs) are a highly unregulated segment of health care serving a large group of vulnerable elders. The purpose of this study was to examine the scope of neglect and neglect-related outcomes in ALFs and to determine whether citations given by state inspectors for certain institutional practices and staff inadequacies were associated with neglect. DESIGN AND SAMPLE Exploratory descriptive. Citations given during routine inspections and narrative reports of complaint investigations written by Arizona state surveyors in 165 ALFs. MEASURES Database that included citations and allegations for the selected facilities. RESULTS Neglect was related to numerous poor outcomes, including injury, emergency department visits, and relocation. Citations related to staff attitudes and inappropriate staffing were associated with more neglect. Data suggest that facilities with citations with enforcement actions had less neglect. CONCLUSIONS Public health nurses working with older adults residing in ALFs and working in communities that have ALFS need to be aware of the problem of neglect and its related outcomes and their role in public policy and education. Public health nurses working as facility inspectors need to be sensitive to the relationship of institutional practices and staff inadequacies and neglect.
The rational emotions of FC København: a lesson on generating profit in professional soccer

Professional team sports clubs in Scandinavia and Europe operate in a complex combination of rational economic logic and emotional irrational behaviour. With a few exceptions most clubs favour winning over profit, thus producing a range of severe financial problems as a direct consequence. This essay investigates this fact and deals with Danish soccer, its financial problems, as well as the conditions determining the financial instability of the majority of the clubs. Employing a theoretical framework that enables me to describe the financially unstable clubs as well as the financial best performers in the sports business, I explain why only a few clubs are capable of combining economic gain with sporting success. The Danish soccer club FC København is chosen to be the case and turning point in this study, as it serves as a counter example illustrating how profit and championships can actually be combined in certain logic of ‘rational emotionality’. The ‘extremity’ of the case in this respect serves as a way to expose the general rules of commercial sports.
Insulin Resistance Syndrome and Alzheimer Disease: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Insulin plays a key role in cognition and other aspects of normal brain function. Insulin resistance induces chronic peripheral insulin elevations, reduces insulin activity, and reduces brain insulin levels. The insulin resistance syndrome and associated conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, are associated with age-related memory impairment and Alzheimer disease. Our work has focused on potential mechanisms through which this association is forged, including the effects of peripheral hyperinsulinemia on memory, inflammation, and regulation of the β-amyloid peptide. We have shown that raising plasma insulin to levels that characterize patients with insulin resistance invokes synchronous increases in levels of β-amyloid and inflammatory agents. These convergent effects may impair memory and induce AD pathology. Therapeutic strategies focused on preventing or correcting insulin abnormalities may thus benefit adults with age-related memory impairment and AD.
Application of the travel cost method to estimate the economic value of cultural goods: Blockbuster art exhibitions

In recent years a growing number of studies have started to apply non-market valuation methods to estimate the economic value of cultural goods. The majority of these studies use stated preference techniques, such as the contingent valuation method. This study discusses the application of the travel cost method to estimate the economic value of a specific type of cultural good: special exhibitions. The empirical work focuses on the touring exhibition the ‘Ages of Mankind’, one of the first and most representative examples of a blockbuster art exhibition in Spain. This is the first time, as far as we know, that this method has been applied to a large temporary exhibition and is one of the few applications of this method in the valuation of cultural goods.
The anatomy of the pericardial space: a study in cadavers and patients.

Within the pericardial cavity around the great vessels and the heart are several recesses and sinuses [1 , 2]. Knowledge of the anatomic details of these recesses is helpful in the interpretation of CT scans because peticardial effusions or cysts within them can simulate mediastinal or intracardiac lesions [3, 4, 5]. We studied the gross anatomy of the pericardial space on transverse and sagittal sections of cadavers and analyzed the appearance of the space on CT scans of 16 patients with pericardiaJ effusion.
Pengaruh Pengawasan DPRD, Pengendalian Internal, Dan Peran Auditor Internal Terhadap Good Governance (Studi Empiris Pada Pemerintah Kota Solok)

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence: (1) To provide empirical evidence that influenced the parliament oversight of good governance. (2) In order to provide empirical evidence that internal controls will affect the creation of good governance. (3) In order to provide empirical evidence that the role of auditors affecting good governance. This study considered the causative research. The study population was Unit (SKPD) Solok City. The selection of samples with total sampling technique. Data processing technique used is multiple regression. The results of this study show that: (1) Oversight Council have a significant positive impact on good governance. (2) Internal controls have a significant positive impact on good governance. (3) The role of the internal auditor does not have a significant and negative impact on good governance. Keywords: Monitoring Council, internal control, internal audit role, good governance
Differential expression of Fc receptors for IgG by monocytes and granulocytes from neonates and adults

The immature neonatal immune system is thought to result in increased risk of infection. Receptors for the Fc moiety of IgG (FcγR) are important in antibody‐mediated clearance of microbes by granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages. As an approach to understanding their role in neonatal life, we have compared the constitutive expression of the three Fc receptors—FcγRI (CD64), FcγRII (CD32) and FcγRIII (CD16)—by neonatal and adult blood monocytes and granulocytes using quantitative immunofluorescence by flow cytometry. Our results confirm that there is a small subpopulation of FcγRII‐positive monocytes in adult blood, and furthermore show that this is absent or at a low percentage in cord blood samples. However, the main population of cord blood monocytes expresses low, but significantly higher levels of FcγRIII than adult monocytes. No differences were seen in the quantitative expression of FcγRI and FcγRII. Neonatal granulocytes expressed significantly higher levels of both FcγRI and FcγRII but significantly lower levels of FcγRIII. The data are discussed in terms of the possible role of cytokines and susceptibility to infection.
Emerging Australian Education Markets: A Discrete Choice Model of Taiwanese and Indonesian Student Intended Study Destination

Australia is among the leading exporters of higher education services, behind the US and the UK, for English-based instruction. During the past decade, Australia has experienced significant growth in international student numbers, and currently has a substantial share of the East Asian student market. Most of this growth has occurred in the higher education sector. It is important for the Australian higher education sector, in the face of growing competition and reduced government funding, to identify new markets. This study isolates factors that influence the choice of Australia as a preferred destination for international students in emerging regional markets. This paper uses data obtained from a survey of students in Indonesia and Taiwan to estimate a US/Australia and rest of world/Australia discrete destination choice model. This model identifies key factors that determine country choice.
Industrial Diversity, Trade Patterns, and Productivity Convergence

Recent developments in economic integration show rather diverse patterns of integration into the world economy. Some countries are remaining in the low-tech industries whereas other countries succeed in becoming competitive also in high-tech industries. In this paper we postulate that positioning oneself at the lower end in the spectrum of high-tech industries is more favourable to a country's long-term development than aiming at the upper end of low-tech industries. We argue that countries which specialize in the lower end of the medium-high-tech activities are rewarded by faster productivity increases also in the upper end of the high-tech industries. In contrast, early specialization in medium-low-tech branches yields positive spillovers mainly in the low-tech sector, which is not promotive to catching-up in high-tech industries. We sketch a theoretical outline of this idea and present econometric results including four aggregate manufacturing branches and 37 countries. In the econometric analysis we also include trade and FDI variables.
Broken Down by Work and Sex: How Our Health Declines

Self-reported health status (SRHS) is an imperfect measure of non-fatal health, but allows examination of how health status varies over the life course. Although women have lower mortality than men, they report worse health status up to age 65. The SRHS of both men and women deteriorates with age. There are strong gradients, so that at age 20, men in the bottom quartile already report worse health than do men in the top quartile at age 50. In the bottom quartile of income, SRHS declines more rapidly with age, but only until retirement age. These facts motivate a study of the role of work, particularly manual work, in health decline with age. The Grossman capital-stock model of health assumes a technology in which money and time can effect complete health repair. As a result, declines in health status are driven, not by the rate of deterioration of the health stock, but by the rate of increase of the rate of deterioration. We argue that such a technology is implausible, and we show that people in manual occupations have worse SRHS and more rapidly declining SRHS, even with a comprehensive set of controls for income and education. We also find that much of the differences in SRHS across the income distribution is driven by health-related absence from the labor-force, which is a mechanism running from health to income, not the reverse.
Modular arithmetic decision procedure with auto-correction mechanism

In this paper we present an efficient decision procedure which can deal with modulo equivalence based on Horner-Expansion-Diagram (HED) as a canonical decision diagram [1] in order to prove the equivalence of an AND-INVERTER-GRAPH (AIG) representation as the implementation against a polynomial expression over Z2n as the specification. In other words, even if the implemented polynomials are different in representation, we are able to automatically check their equivalence to the given AIG under modulo equivalence. Furthermore, if the two models are not equivalent, our decision procedure is able to automatically correct the AIG according to the specification. This decision procedure can be used as a theory for SMT solvers targeting non-linear arithmetic circuits. We evaluate our approach on several large arithmetic circuits thereby showing performance benefits of many orders of magnitude than widely accepted industrial techniques.
Taxation and the Consumption of Household Time

The impact of taxation on the allocation of time within households to market work, home production, and child care is empirically examined using cross-section data on a sample of two-earner families. Taxes are found to have little effect on the two-earner family's allocation of time, compared with other factors, such as the number and ages of children in the family.
Bacterial endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba sp.

Gimenez staining of presumably axenic Acanthamoeba sp. , strain HN-3, showed rod-shaped cytoplasmic inclusions. Electron microscopy of thin sections of the amebae showed these to be bacilli which measured 1.3 to 3.3 microns by 0.22 to 0.33 micron. Their cell envelopes were those typical of gram-negative bacteria, surrounded by an electron-translucent area that stains with ruthenium red, suggesting the presence of a capsule. The bacilli grew and reproduced in the cytoplasm of both trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba sp. There was no evidence of a surrounding phagosomal or phagolysosomal membrane. They were retained by the ameba both during encystment and excystment. All attempts to isolate the endosymbionts in embryonated eggs and/or standard bacteriological media failed; and they persisted within the amebae for 1 to 6 mo despite temperature shocking or constant treatment of cultures with penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, polymyxin B, ampicillin, isoniazid, rifampicin, or gentamycin at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-3) M.
THE EQUALIZING EFFECT OF WIVES' EARNINGS ON INEQUALITIES IN EARNINGS AMONG HOUSEHOLDS

ABSTRACT Since the 1970s, inequalities in earnings among men have risen in many countries. In the same period, married women's labour force participation has increased. This may affect inequality in household earnings in three ways, related to (a) the degree of inequality in women's earnings, (b) the share of women's earnings of total household earnings, and (c) the correlation of wife's and husband's earnings. Using Annual Norwegian Labour Force Surveys 1974–2004, with added register data on earnings, we find an equalizing effect of wives' earnings over time. Empirical analysis and simulations of hypothetical developments in household earnings inequality show that women's labour supply is the main explanation for these trends.
MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer-Based Middle Ear Microphone

The design, implementation, and characterization of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive accelerometer-based middle ear microphone are presented in this paper. The microphone is intended for middle ear hearing aids as well as future fully implantable cochlear prosthesis. Human temporal bones acoustic response characterization results are used to derive the accelerometer design requirements. The prototype accelerometer is fabricated in a commercial silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MEMS process. The sensor occupies a sensing area of 1 mm × 1 mm with a chip area of 2 mm × 2.4 mm and is interfaced with a custom-designed low-noise electronic IC chip over a flexible substrate. The packaged sensor unit occupies an area of 2.5 mm × 6.2 mm with a weight of 25 mg. The sensor unit attached to umbo can detect a sound pressure level (SPL) of 60 dB at 500 Hz, 35 dB at 2 kHz, and 57 dB at 8 kHz. An improved sound detection limit of 34-dB SPL at 150 Hz and 24-dB SPL at 500 Hz can be expected by employing start-of-the-art MEMS fabrication technology, which results in an articulation index of approximately 0.76. Further micro/nanofabrication technology advancement is needed to enhance the microphone sensitivity for improved understanding of normal conversational speech.
Time dispersion characterization for UWB mobile radio channels between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz

In this paper, a characterization of the UWB mobile radio channel time dispersion is presented. The results provided were obtained from a measurement campaign carried out in a typical indoor office scenario in the band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Time dispersion metrics as delay spread, coherence bandwidth, delay interval and delay window, in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions are provided.
Between migration and cross-border mobility: return for development and Europeanization among Moldavian immigrants

This paper links migration, cross-border mobility and return for development, in terms of citizenship, identity and approach to Europeanization. Taking into account the global changes in Moldova, the paper examines the perceptions of migration/mobility, return and identity of the Moldovans engaged in emigration in the countries of the European Union (EU). Using a multi-discipline approach and an in-depth qualitative interview technique, this article analyses from a transnational perspective how migration/mobility and return can support social change and development in Moldova and argues that people who cross EU borders, and who live through the experience of emigration, acquire a pro-European mentality.
Earnings Supplementation as a Means to Reintegrate the Unemployed

This paper presents evidence from two randomized experiments testing the use of financial incentives to ecourage labour market participation. The Self-Sufficiency Project shows that supplementing earnings from low-paying, full-time jobs can increase employment among single-parents who are long-term welfare recipients, can raise their earnings and incomes, and may entail little net increase in government transfers net of taxes. In the Earnings Supplement Project, however, the offer to partially compensate unemployment insurance recipients who returned to work quickly and experienced earnings losses had no impact on the labour force behaviour of repeat users of UI and only a small and short-lived impact with displaced workers. The paper includes a discussion of the issues that need to be addressed in trying to stimulate work effort using financial incentives and concludes with some lessons drawn from the research findings.
Hypostatic modifiers cause variation in degree of copper tolerance in Mimulus guttatus

Previous research into copper tolerance in the monkey flower Mimulus guttatus has found that: (i) it is primarily determined by a single dominant gene; and (ii) there is variation between tolerant plants that has been ascribed to ‘modifiers’. Modifiers can be either nonspecific, which act additively on both tolerant (T) and nontolerant (NT) genotypes, or specific, which act only on the tolerant genotype, and are thus hypostatic to the tolerance locus. We show here that there are hypostatic modifiers of tolerance in this species. Two selection lines that differ in degree of tolerance (and thus in the presence of putative modifiers) were crossed to a single NT plant. The F1s were selfed to produce F2s that segregated 3:1 T:NT. NT F2 individuals were crossed to a single homozygous T plant of low tolerance. The families differed in tolerance, showing that the NT F2 individuals differed in genes that only have an effect on tolerance phenotype in the presence of the tolerance gene. F3 individuals from F2s of contrasting phenotype were crossed to a second tester tolerant plant, and these F3s also varied, confirming the presence of the specific modifiers. There was no evidence of the segregation that would suggest a single modifier gene, but there is evidence from the F2s of at least one additive, nonspecific modifier in addition to the specific modifiers.