Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender Difference in 2-Year Mortality and Immunological Response to ART in an HIV-Infected Chinese Population, 2006–2008

Background Since it was initiated in 2002, the China Free Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Program has been progressing from an emergency response to a standardized treatment and care system. As of December 31, 2009, a total of 81,880 patients in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and special municipalities received free ART. Gender differences, however, in mortality and immunological response to ART in this cohort have never been described. Objective To understand whether women and men who enrolled in the China National Free ART Program responded equally well to the treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis of the national free ART databases from June 2006–December 2008 was performed. HIV-infected subjects who were 18 years or older, ART naïve at baseline, and on a 3TC regimen enrolled in the program from June 1 to December 31, 2006, were included in this study, then followed up to 2 years. Results Among 3457 enrolled subjects who met the inclusion criteria, 59.2% were male and 40.8% female. The majority of the subjects were 19–44 years old (77%) and married (72%). Over the full 24 months of follow-up, the mortality rate was 19.0% in males and 11.4% in females (p = 0.0014). Males on therapy for 3–24 months were more likely to die than females (HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.04–2.06, p = 0.0307) after adjusting for baseline characteristics. Compared to men, women had higher CD4+ counts over time after initiating ART (p<0.0001). Conclusions Our study showed that women had an overall lower mortality and higher CD4+ counts than men in response to ART treatment, which may be attributed to adherence, biological factors, social, cultural and economic reasons. Further study is needed to explore these factors that might contribute to the gender differences in mortality and immunological response to ART.
Chest pathology identification using deep feature selection with non-medical training

We demonstrate the feasibility of detecting pathology in chest X-rays using deep learning approaches based on non-medical learning. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) learn higher level image representations. In this work, we explore the features extracted from layers of the CNN along with a set of classical features, including GIST and bag-of-words. We show results of classification using each feature set as well as fusing among the features. Finally, we perform feature selection on the collection of features to show the most informative feature set for the task. Results of 0.78–0.95 AUC for various pathologies are shown on a data-set of more than 600 radiographs. This study shows the strength and robustness of the CNN features. We conclude that deep learning with large-scale non- medical image databases may be a good substitute, or addition to domain-specific representations which are yet to be available for general medical image recognition tasks.
Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Effect Modification by Breast Cancer Subtypes and Effective Periods in Life

Physical activity (PA) has been inversely associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk. However, it is unclear how and in which life periods PA may be effective to reduce breast cancer risk. Moreover, the evidence is still not judged as ‘convincing’ as there is some heterogeneity among study results. Most studies regarded breast cancer as a single disease, at best separated by menopausal status. Yet, breast cancers are heterogeneous and likely have different etiologies. Therefore, we analyzed the association of PA with different breast cancer subtypes in 3,414 postmenopausal cases and 6,569 controls from a case-control study on breast cancer conducted 2002-2005 in Germany (MARIE study). PA in the age periods 30-49 and 50+ years was assessed, including leisure-time PA (sports, cycling, walking) and non-recreational PA (occupational and household activities). There was a significant protective effect of leisure-time PA for ER+/PR+ carcinomas (adjusted odds ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval: 0.60, 0.85; trend P = 0.0001), but no effect for ER-/PR- carcinomas. Moreover, looking at physical activity pattern over time, the effect of PA after menopause on reducing breast cancer risk was more pronounced than the effect of PA before menopause. Overall, effects of PA were independent from adult weight gain, body mass index, and energy intake. These findings suggest that leisure-time PA after menopause may reduce postmenopausal breast cancer risk at least in part via hormonal pathways and not solely by changing body composition. Inactive postmenopausal women should be encouraged to become physically active even later in life. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(12):3402–10)
Why vision is important to how we navigate

Place cells are a fundamental component of the rodent navigational system. One intriguing implication of place cells is that humans, by extension, have “map‐like” (or GPS‐like) knowledge that we use to represent space. Here, we review both behavioral and neural studies of human navigation, suggesting that how we process visual information forms a critical component of how we represent space. These include cellular and brain systems devoted to coding visual information during navigation in addition to a location coding system similar to that described in rodents. Together, these findings suggest that while it is highly useful to think of our navigation system involving internal “maps,” we should not neglect the importance of high‐resolution visual representations to how we navigate space. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of COD/NH4+-N and Influent pH on the Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification by Using a Sequencing Batch Reactor

a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to treat synthetic wastewater when dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and temperature were 0.5-1.0mg/L, and 30±1¿ respectively. Effect of COD/NH4+-N and influent pH on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) were investigated. The results indicated that removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), COD and total nitrogen (TN) were higher than 90%, respectively, when influent NH4+-N, COD/NH4+ and influent pH were 35-45mg/L, 12, 7.0-8.0 under 7 hours of aeration time and 1 hour of idle time, respectively. Therefore, the SBR has obviously achieved simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.
Current Emotion Research in Cognitive Neuroscience: Linking Enhancing and Impairing Effects of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can have both enhancing and impairing effects on various cognitive processes, from lower (e.g., perceptual) to higher level (e.g., mnemonic and executive) processes. The present article discusses emerging brain imaging evidence linking these opposing effects of emotion, which points to overlapping and dissociable neural systems involving both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms. The link between the enhancing and impairing effects is also discussed in a clinical context, with a focus on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where these opposing effects tend to co-occur, are exacerbated, and are detrimental. Overall, the present review highlights the need to consider together enhancing and impairing effects of emotion on cognition in studies investigating emotion–cognition interactions.
Geochemical fluid characteristics and main achievements about tracer tests at Soultz-sous-Forêts (France).

Three wells drilled at a depth of about 5,000 m in the granite (T close to 200°C) will constitute the heat exchanger for electricity generation in the site of Soultz-sous-Forets. After several hydraulic stimulation operations carried out in these wells in order to improve the well injectivity and the quality of inter-well connections, a five month fluid circulation test was conducted in 2005 between the injection well GPK-3 and the production wells GPK-2 and GPK-4, in the framework of the construction of the Scientific Pilot Plant of the European HDR Program, initiated in 2001. A tracer test using fluorescein and a geochemical fluid monitoring accompanied this operation. This paper presents the major results obtained during these works and summarizes the main characteristics of the native geothermal fluids (reservoir brine and gases) which can be drawn up in 2006, in terms of geochemistry (chemical and isotopic composition, fluid origin, reservoir temperature, water-rock-gas interaction processes) and circulation (natural fluid convection flux, existence of more permeable areas and different circulation paths in the heat exchanger, fluid velocities).
Pnma-BN: Another Boron Nitride Polymorph with Interesting Physical Properties

Structural, mechanical, electronic properties, and stability of boron nitride (BN) in Pnma structure were studied using first-principles calculations by Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) plane-wave code, and the calculations were performed with the local density approximation and generalized gradient approximation in the form of Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof. This BN, called Pnma-BN, contains four boron atoms and four nitrogen atoms buckled through sp3-hybridized bonds in an orthorhombic symmetry unit cell with Space group of Pnma. Pnma-BN is energetically stable, mechanically stable, and dynamically stable at ambient pressure and high pressure. The calculated Pugh ratio and Poisson’s ratio revealed that Pnma-BN is brittle, and Pnma-BN is found to turn brittle to ductile (~94 GPa) in this pressure range. It shows a higher mechanical anisotropy in Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and the universal elastic anisotropy index AU. Band structure calculations indicate that Pnma-BN is an insulator with indirect band gap of 7.18 eV. The most extraordinary thing is that the band gap increases first and then decreases with the increase of pressure from 0 to 60 GPa, and from 60 to 100 GPa, the band gap increases first and then decreases again.
How Muslim women living in Britain construct their identities in relation to the dominant (British) culture

Building upon past research this study aimed to identify the different cultural factors that play a part in the everyday lives of British Muslim women in Britain, in order to gain an insight into how they maintain their own cultural identity, whilst integrating into the Western society. In order to collect the data, six semi structured interviews were carried out with British Muslim women living in Britain between the ages of 18-26. Thematic analysis was utilized in order to analyse the data. Three themes emerged from the data set: 1. Cultural expectations (with the subthemes: A. Family honour B. Stereotypes C. Dress D. Mate selection). 2. Gender inequality. 3. Balancing cultures. From this research and literature review, it can be suggested that Muslim communities embedded in Western societies are entangled in complex multifaceted debates concerning their self construal and culture. Limitations and implications of the research are discussed.
Impact on Posttransplant Vaccination Concurrent Allorecognition Has a Limited

Transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells with or without immunocompetent lymphocytes has proved a successful strategy in the treatment of hematological malignancies. We have recently shown that this approach can also cure mouse prostate cancer, provided that it is combined with tumor-speciﬁc vaccination. Whether the response to alloantigens acts by providing helper function to enhance vaccine-speciﬁc responses or in other ways impinges onvaccine immunogenicity remains to be clariﬁed, and this question is of clinical relevance. In this study, we have addressed this issue by comparing the immunogenicity of dendritic cells pulsed with a peptide derived from a tumor/viral model Ag in recipients of donor cells either syngeneic to the host or differing for either Y-encoded or multiple minor H antigens. We report that vaccination elicits comparable proliferation and differentiation of peptide-speciﬁc CD8 + T cells despite concurrent expansion and differentiation of minor H antigen-speciﬁc IFN- g effector T cells. Depletion of alloreactive CD4 + T cells reduced alloreactivity but not vaccine-induced CD8 + T cell priming, suggesting that alloresponses do not provide helper functions in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Vaccine-mediated T cell priming was also preserved in the case of multiple minor H antigen disparities, prone to graft-versus-host disease. Thus, in the context of nonmyeloablative allotransplantation aimed at restoring an effective tumor-speciﬁc T cell repertoire, minor H antigen-speciﬁc T cells do not interfere with vaccine-induced T cell priming, supporting the notion that posttransplant vaccination is a valuable strategy to boost tumor and pathogen-speciﬁc protective immunity. The Journal
Classification oriented semi-supervised band selection for hyperspectral images

This paper proposes a new framework of band selection for object classification in hyperspectral images. Different from traditional approaches where the selected bands are shared from all classes, in this work, different subsets of bands are selected for different class pairs. Without prior knowledge of spectral database, we estimate the spectral characteristic of objects with the labeled and unlabeled samples, benefiting from the concept of semi-supervised learning. Under the assumption of Gaussian mixture model (GMM), the vectors of mean values and covariance matrices for each class are estimated. The separabilities for all pairs of classes are thus calculated on each band. The bands with the highest separabilities are then selected. To validate our band selection result, support vector machine (SVM) is employed using a strategy of one against one (OAO). Experiments are conducted on a real data set of hyper-spectral image, and the results can validate our algorithm.
Mixed spectral AKNS hierarchy from linear isospectral problem and its exact solutions

Abstract In this paper, the AKNS isospectral problem and its corresponding time evolution are generalized by embedding three coefficient functions. Starting from the generalizedAKNS isospectral problem, a mixed spectralAKNS hierarchy with variable coefficients is derived. Thanks to the selectivity of these coefficient functions, the mixed spectral AKNS hierarchy contains not only isospectral equations but also nonisospectral equations. Based on a systematic analysis of the related direct and inverse scattering problems, exact solutions of the mixed spectral AKNS hierarchy are obtained through the inverse scattering transformation. In the case of reflectionless potentials, the obtained exact solutions are reduced to n-soliton solutions. This paper shows that the AKNS spectral problem being nonisospectral is not a necessary condition to construct a nonisospectral AKNS hierarchy and that the inverse scattering transformation can be used for solving some other variable-coefficient mixed hierarchies of isospectral equations and nonisospectral equations.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MECHANISMS OF THE LIGHTNING STROKE

Abstract The writer's earlier paper on the mechanism of the cloud-to-ground lightning stroke was based on classical observational data. The report on the last 10 years' observations of strokes from Monte San Salvatore by Berger and Vogelsanger using improved instrumentation calls for a reassessment of the theory and makes possible a tentative extension to the intracloud stroke mechanisms. The salient new findings from Monte San Salvatore are summarized. The theory of the writer is then considered in terms of the observations. The theory in general is confirmed by these observations and certain more hypothetical conjectures are confirmed by the greater detail available in the new observations. No serious contradictions appear requiring alteration of the theory. Probably the most significant new observations deal with the nature of the positive leader strokes which had not previously been observed in detail. These, together with the very important 1964 observations of Brook and Kitagawa on intracloud stroke.
Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Physico-Chemical Properties of Corn Stover (Zea mays L.) Biochar and Feasibility for Carbon Capture and Energy Balance

This study examined the influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar characteristics and evaluated its suitability for carbon capture and energy production. Biochar was produced from corn stover using slow pyrolysis at 300, 400 and 500°C and 2 hrs holding time. The experimental biochars were characterized by elemental analysis, BET, FTIR, TGA/DTA, NMR (C-13). Higher heating value (HHV) of feedstock and biochars was measured using bomb calorimeter. Results show that carbon content of corn stover biochar increased from 45.5% to 64.5%, with increasing pyrolysis temperatures. A decrease in H:C and O:C ratios as well as volatile matter, coupled with increase in the concentration of aromatic carbon in the biochar as determined by FTIR and NMR (C-13) demonstrates a higher biochar carbon stability at 500°C. It was estimated that corn stover pyrolysed at 500°C could provide of 10.12 MJ/kg thermal energy. Pyrolysis is therefore a potential technology with its carbon-negative, energy positive and soil amendment benefits thus creating win- win scenario.
Certified PUP: Abuse in Authenticode Code Signing

Code signing is a solution to verify the integrity of software and its publisher's identity, but it can be abused by malware and potentially unwanted programs (PUP) to look benign. This work performs a systematic analysis of Windows Authenticode code signing abuse, evaluating the effectiveness of existing defenses by certification authorities. We identify a problematic scenario in Authenticode where timestamped signed malware successfully validates even after the revocation of their code signing certificate. We propose hard revocations as a solution. We build an infrastructure that automatically analyzes potentially malicious executables, selects those signed, clusters them into operations, determines if they are PUP or malware, and produces a certificate blacklist. We use our infrastructure to evaluate 356 K samples from 2006-2015. Our analysis shows that most signed samples are PUP (88%-95%) and that malware is not commonly signed (5%-12%). We observe PUP rapidly increasing over time in our corpus. We measure the effectiveness of CA defenses such as identity checks and revocation, finding that 99.8% of signed PUP and 37% of signed malware use CA-issued certificates and only 17% of malware certificates and 15% of PUP certificates have been revoked. We observe most revocations lack an accurate revocation reason. We analyze the code signing infrastructure of the 10 largest PUP operations exposing that they heavily use file and certificate polymorphism and that 7 of them have multiple certificates revoked. Our infrastructure also generates a certificate blacklist 9x larger than current ones.
August 22 , 2014 Shocks to Order Flow Volatility and Stock Returns

Shocks to Order Flow Volatility and Stock Returns In theoretical models, liquidity and order flow volatility are determined by the same exogenous parameters. Thus, shocks to the variability of order flow proxy for shocks to unobserved (true) liquidity. We show that shocks to order imbalance volatility predict stock returns in the cross-section, even after accounting for risk factors, firm characteristics known to influence returns, and other illiquidity proxies. The evidence indicates that such shocks are absorbed within one month in large, visible stocks, but take six months to be fully reflected in the prices of small, “neglected” stocks.
Deconstruction, 2d lattice super-Yang-Mills, and the dynamical lattice spacing

We study expectation values related to the dynamical lattice spacing that occurs in the recent 2d lattice super-Yang-Mills constructions of Cohen et al. [hep-lat/0307012]. The corresponding observable in the fully-quenched ensemble would appear to indicate a diﬃculty with the proposed continuum limit. However, we ﬁnd that the same observable in the phase-quenched ensemble takes a very diﬀerent, perhaps encouraging, average value. Unfortunately, we are not able to obtain results for the full theory, due to the nearly ﬂat distribution of the complex phase of the fermion determinant in the phase-quenched ensemble.
Non‐Newtonian rheology in suspension cell cultures significantly impacts bioreactor shear stress quantification

The fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering require large‐scale manufacturing of stem cells for both therapy and recombinant protein production, which is often achieved by culturing cells in stirred suspension bioreactors. The rheology of cell suspensions cultured in stirred suspension bioreactors is critical to cell growth and protein production, as elevated exposure to shear stress has been linked to changes in growth kinetics and genetic expression for many common cell types. Currently, little is understood on the rheology of cell suspensions cultured in stirred suspension bioreactors. In this study, we present the impact of three common cell culture parameters, serum content, cell presence, and culture age, on the rheology of a model cell line cultured in stirred suspension bioreactors. The results reveal that cultures containing cells, serum, or combinations thereof are highly shear thinning, whereas conditioned and unconditioned culture medium without serum are both Newtonian. Non‐Newtonian viscosity was modeled using a Sisko model, which provided insight on structural mechanisms driving the rheological behavior of these cell suspensions. A comparison of shear stress estimated by using Newtonian and Sisko relationships demonstrated that assuming Newtonian viscosity underpredicts both mean and maximum shear stress in stirred suspension bioreactors. Non‐Newtonian viscosity models reported maximum shear stresses exceeding those required to induce changes in genetic expression in common cell types, whereas Newtonian models did not. These findings indicate that traditional shear stress quantification of cell or serum suspensions is inadequate and that shear stress quantification methods based on non‐Newtonian viscosity must be developed to accurately quantify shear stress.
Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents

These perplexing conditions are the most prevalent psychological difficulties in young people and result in considerable impairment and distress, not only to the child but also to her or his family. Effective treatments exist, but unfortunately many of these interventions are either not known to the practicing professionals or not used by them. This volume aims to address this gap and to present these interventions in a clear and straightforward manner.
Childhood Cryptosporidiosis: A Case Report

Cryptosporidium has emerged as an important cause of diarrheal illness worldwide, especially amongst young children and patients with infectious or iatrogenic immune deficiencies. The authors describe a case of mild cryptosporidiosis in a well-nourished, immunocompetent, one-year-old child. Rapid clinical and parasitological improvement was observed after a 3-day course of nitazoxanide.
A new method for integrated end-to-end delay analysis in ATM networks

For admitting a hard real-time connection to an ATM network, it is required that the end-to-end delays of cells belonging to the connection meet their deadlines without violating the guarantees already provided to the currently active connections. There are two kinds of methods to analyze the end-to-end delay in an ATM network. A decomposed method analyzes the worst case delay for each switch and then computes the total delay as the sum of the delays at individual switches. On the other hand, an integrated method analyzes all the switches involved in an integrated manner and derives the total delay directly. In this paper, we present an efficient and effective integrated method to compute the end-to-end delay. We evaluate the network performance under different system parameters and we compare the performance of the proposed method with the conventional decomposed and other integrated methods [1], [3], [5]–[9].