Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent Trends in Survival From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States

Background— Despite intensive efforts over many years, the United States has made limited progress in improving rates of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Recently, national organizations, such as the American Heart Association, have focused on promoting bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, use of automated external defibrillators, and other performance improvement efforts. Methods and Results— Using the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), a prospective clinical registry, we identified 70 027 U.S. patients who experienced an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest between October 2005 and December 2012. Using multilevel Poisson regression, we examined temporal trends in risk-adjusted survival. After adjusting for patient and cardiac arrest characteristics, risk-adjusted rates of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival increased from 5.7% in the reference period of 2005 to 2006 to 7.2% in 2008 (adjusted risk ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.43; P<0.001). Survival improved more modestly to 8.3% in 2012 (adjusted risk ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–1.70; P<0.001). This improvement in survival occurred in both shockable and nonshockable arrest rhythms (P for interaction=0.22) and was also accompanied by better neurological outcomes among survivors (P for trend=0.01). Improved survival was attributable to both higher rates of prehospital survival, where risk-adjusted rates increased from 14.3% in 2005 to 2006 to 20.8% in 2012 (P for trend<0.001), and in-hospital survival (P for trend=0.015). Rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use modestly increased during the study period and partly accounted for prehospital survival trends. Conclusions— Data drawn from a large subset of U.S communities suggest that rates of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have improved among sites participating in a performance improvement registry.
The Impact of HLA and KIR Ligand Mismatching on Unrelated Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Korean Adult Patients

Background The impact of HLA and KIR ligand mismatching on the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains unclear. Previous reports have identified considerable ethnic differences in the impact of HLA and KIR ligand mismatches, as well as KIR ligand status, on HSCT; however, to date, no data has been acquired in Korean adult patients. Methods We investigated the association of high-resolution HLA matching on five loci (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1), KIR ligand mismatching, and KIR ligand status on the outcome of allogeneic HSCT from unrelated donors in 154 Korean adult patients treated at Seoul National University Hospital. Results In a multivariate analysis, less than 9/10 allelic matches in five HLA loci was an independent risk factor for acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (grade II to IV) (P=0.019, odds ratio [OR]=2.7). In addition, HLA-A allele mismatching was increasingly prevalent in patients with acute GVHD compared to patients without (61.9% vs. 34.5%, P=0.06). For KIR ligand status, the patient and donor combination of both C1/C1 ligands showed better event-free and overall survival than combinations with C2 ligand patients or donors (P=0.048, P=0.034, respectively) by log-rank test. Conclusions Korean adult transplant patients with less than 9 of 10 HLA allele matches in the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and DQB1 loci have a higher likelihood of developing acute GVHD (grade II to IV). Impact of KIR ligand status on clinical outcome should be further studied in a larger patient population.
New Saurorhynchus (Actinopterygii: Saurichthyidae) material from the Early Jurassic of Alberta, Canada

Saurichthyidae are a family of elongate, piscivorous actinopterygian fishes with a stratigraphic range extending from the late Permian to the Middle Jurassic. There are four recognized Early Jurassic species, all from Europe and all referred to the genus Saurorhynchus. Only a single non-European Jurassic occurrence has been reported, a partial Saurorhynchus skull from the Fernie Formation of western Alberta, Canada. Here, we evaluate the Saurorhynchus material from Canada, including a new skull from Ya Ha Tinda, Alberta, and a fragmentary mandible from Canyon Creek, Alberta. All diagnostic Canadian Saurorhynchus specimens are consistent with the European species Saurorhynchus acutus, on the basis of external narial morphology and reduced dermal ornamentation. Saurorhynchus acutus was present in the Toarcian of western North America from the tenuicostatum Zone to the late serpentinum – early bifrons Zone, similar to the stratigraphic range documented in Europe. The absence of divergence between eastern Pan.
Fouling of an anion exchange chromatography operation in a monoclonal antibody process: Visualization and kinetic studies

Fouling of chromatographic resins over their operational lifetimes can be a significant problem for commercial bioseparations. In this article, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), batch uptake experiments, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and small‐scale column studies were applied to characterize a case study where fouling had been observed during process development. The fouling was found to occur on an anion exchange (AEX) polishing step following a protein A affinity capture step in a process for the purification of a monoclonal antibody. Fouled resin samples analyzed by SEM and batch uptake experiments indicated that after successive batch cycles, significant blockage of the pores at the resin surface occurred, thereby decreasing the protein uptake rate. Further studies were performed using CLSM to allow temporal and spatial measurements of protein adsorption within the resin, for clean, partially fouled and extensively fouled resin samples. These samples were packed within a miniaturized flowcell and challenged with fluorescently labeled albumin that enabled in situ measurements. The results indicated that the foulant has a significant impact on the kinetics of adsorption, severely decreasing the protein uptake rate, but only results in a minimal decrease in saturation capacity. The impact of the foulant on the kinetics of adsorption was further investigated by loading BSA onto fouled resin over an extended range of flow rates. By decreasing the flow rate during BSA loading, the capacity of the resin was recovered. These data support the hypothesis that the foulant is located on the particle surface, only penetrating the particle to a limited degree. The increased understanding into the nature of the fouling can help in the continued process development of this industrial example. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110:2425–2435. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of Kinesiotaping and Subacromial Corticosteroid Injection in Shoulder Impingement Syndrome

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate whether kinesiotaping or subacromial corticosteroid injection provides additional benefit when used with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. DesignPatients with shoulder impingement syndrome were divided into 3 groups as follows: NSAID group (n = 33), kinesiotaping group (kinesiotaping + NSAID) (n = 33), and injection group (subacromial corticosteroid injection + NSAID) (n = 33). Outcome measures including visual analog scale, shoulder ranges of motion, Shoulder Disability Questionnaire, and University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA) scale were evaluated before and after the treatment (fourth week). ResultsA total of 99 patients (21 male and 78 female patients) were enrolled in this study. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of the groups (except for body mass index and visual analog scale at night, both P = 0.05) were similar between the groups (all P > 0.05). Clinical parameters were found to have improved in the 3 groups (all P < 0.001). While the kinesiotaping and injection groups showed similar improvements (all P > 0.05), each group had better outcome than did the NSAID group as regards pain (activity visual analog scale), ranges of motion, and Shoulder Disability Questionnaire and UCLA scale scores (all P < 0.05). ConclusionsAddition of kinesiotaping or subacromial corticosteroid injection to NSAID treatment seems to have better/similar effectiveness in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Therefore, kinesiotaping might serve as an alternative treatment in case (injection of) corticosteroids are contraindicated. To Claim CME Credits:Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry. org/JournalCME CME Objectives:Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Delineate appropriate treatment options for shoulder impingement syndrome; (2) Identify treatment benefits of kinesiotaping and corticosteroid injections in shoulder impingement syndrome; and (3) Incorporate kinesiotaping and corticosteroid injections into the treatment plan for patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Level:Advanced Accreditation:The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this activity for amaximumof 1.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Locking of El Nino's Peak Time to the End of the Calendar Year in the Delayed Oscillator Picture of ENSO

El Nino events owe their name to their tendency to be locked to the seasonal cycle. A simple explanation is proposed here for the locking of the peak of ENSO's basin-scale warming to the end of the calendar year. The explanation is based on incorporating a seasonally varying coupled ocean-atmosphere instability strength into the delayed oscillator mechanism for the ENSO cycle. It is shown that the seasonally varying amplification of the Rossby and Kelvin ocean waves by the coupled instability forces the events to peak when this amplification is at its minimum strength, at the end of the calendar year. The mechanism is demonstrated using a simple delayed oscillator model and is further analyzed using the Cane-Zebiak model. Being based on the oversimplified delayed oscillator paradigm of ENSO, the proposed mechanism cannot be expected to fully explain the locking of observed events to the end of the year. However, the wave dynamics perspective it offers to approaching the ENSO phase-locking problem may serve as a first step toward a fuller explanation based on more realistic models and additional data analysis.
Numerical Study on the Effect of Gender on the Airflow Characteristics inside the Nasal Cavity

Understanding the properties of airflow in the nasal cavity is very important in determining the nasal physiology and in diagnosis of various anomalies associated with the nose. This numerical study presents the characteristic flow features inside a female nasal cavity in comparison with the male models developed by other researchers. The study is based on the numerical model obtained from computed tomographic data of a healthy Malaysian subject. A steady state Reynold Averaged Navier-Stokes and continuity equations was solved for both inspiratory and expiratory phase with flow rates of 7.5, 10 and 15 L/min for laminar case and 20, 30 and 40 L/min studies were simulated for turbulent boundary conditions. The differences observed in the flow parameters can be attributed to the anatomical variations that exist between the male and female nasal cavity. It was found that the female models were slightly smaller in length when compared to the male models. The nasal valve region was located about 2.0 cm, 1.65 cm and 2.5 cm from the anterior tip of nose. The value of maximum velocity obtained for the three female models are 3.17, 2.68, and 2.23 m/s respectively as against 4.2 m/s for similar flow rate obtained for the male model. The values of pressure drop for female cases were lower than the male models in the literature. In general, the female model displayed lower values of pressure drop when compared with the male models.
Randomized Load Balancing for Tree-structured

In this paper, we study the performance of a ran-domized algorithm for balancing load across a mul-tiprocessor executing a dynamic irregular task tree. Speciically, we show that the time taken to explore a task tree is likely to be within a small constant factor of an inherent lower bound for the tree instance. Our model permits arbitrary task times and overlap between computation and load balance, and thus extends earlier work which assumed xed cost tasks and used a bulk synchronous style in which the system alternated between distinct computing and load balancing steps. Our analysis is supported by experiments with application codes, demonstrating that the eeciency is high enough to make this method practical.
Speaker verification through large vocabulary continuous speech recognition

The authors present a study of a speaker verification system for telephone data based on large-vocabulary speech recognition. After describing the recognition engine, they give details of the verification algorithm and draw comparisons with other systems. The system has been tested on a test set taken from the Switchboard corpus of conversational telephone speech, and they present results showing how performance varies with length of test utterance, and whether or not the training data has been transcribed. The dominant factor in performance appears to be channel or handset mismatch between training and testing data.
Unbiased Learning-to-Rank with Biased Feedback

Implicit feedback (e.g., clicks, dwell times, etc.) is an abundant source of data in human-interactive systems. While implicit feedback has many advantages (e.g., it is inexpensive to collect, user centric, and timely), its inherent biases are a key obstacle to its effective use. For example, position bias in search rankings strongly influences how many clicks a result receives, so that directly using click data as a training signal in Learning-to-Rank (LTR) methods yields sub-optimal results. To overcome this bias problem, we present a counterfactual inference framework that provides the theoretical basis for unbiased LTR via Empirical Risk Minimization despite biased data. Using this framework, we derive a Propensity-Weighted Ranking SVM for discriminative learning from implicit feedback, where click models take the role of the propensity estimator. In contrast to most conventional approaches to de-biasing the data using click models, this allows training of ranking functions even in settings where queries do not repeat. Beyond the theoretical support, we show empirically that the proposed learning method is highly effective in dealing with biases, that it is robust to noise and propensity model misspecification, and that it scales efficiently. We also demonstrate the real-world applicability of our approach on an operational search engine, where it substantially improves retrieval performance.
Environmental sustainability assessment of the primary school catering sector

Current food production and consumption practices are depleting natural resources and polluting ecosystems at a rate that is unsustainable and are one of the main causes of anthropogenic climate change. If this trend does not change, externalities of food production will be exacerbated in future decades due to population growth and increasing living standards. A shift towards low impact diets has been proposed as part of the solution. The public food sector offers tremendous potential for influencing such a shift; however currently in the UK this potential is only partially exploited as national guidelines for public food procurement avoid promoting the adoption of low impact menus. This doctoral research aims at addressing this shortfall by creating a procedure for the design of low impact primary school menus. This is informed by a life-cycle based tool (the Environmental Assessment Tool of School meals, EATS) that enables catering companies and local authorities to self-assess the environmental impact of a meal in terms of its carbon and water footprint, with the purpose of identifying hotspot meals and comparing alternatives in the design of new menus. The data underlying EATS includes the results of a meta-analysis of the existing literature on the carbon footprint of 110 food products commonly used in the preparation of primary school meals in the UK. To validate EATS, a statistical analysis of the underlying data was performed, feedback from its potential users was collected, three case study analyses were developed, and the results provided were compared with existing studies.
Comparative Study of Fibrillar Collagen Arrangement in the Corneas of Primates and Other Mammals

This study is a comparative study of the relationship between corneal structure, morphology, and function in a range of mammalian species. X‐ray scattering patterns were gathered at regular spatial intervals over the excised cornea (and in most cases also the scleral rim) of humans, marmosets, horses, cows, pigs, rabbits, and mice. All patterns were analyzed to produce quantitative information regarding the predominant orientation of fibrillar collagen throughout the tissue. The predominant direction of corneal collagen varies between mammals. This variation is not related to the size, shape, or thickness of the cornea or the frequency with which the animal blinks. A relationship does, however, appear to exist between corneal collagen arrangement and visual acuity. An excess of collagen directed toward one or both sets of opposing rectus muscles is a feature of animals that have an intermediate to high level of visual acuity. There is a significant variation in the arrangement of corneal collagen between different mammalian species. This finding may be related to differences in the frequency of action and the forces generated by the various extraocular muscles during eye movement and image fixation. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient Market Hypothesis in Contemporary Applications: A Systematic Review on Theoretical Models, Experimental Validation, And Practical Application

Financial markets are fundamental to the stable development of the socioeconomic landscape. This study focuses on the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) positing that financial markets reflect all available information. The importance of studying EMH lies in assessing its feasibility in contemporary society and trying to make markets become "efficient". This paper reviews the theoretical models of EMH, explores statistical validation methods, and investigates leveraging machine learning for stock price prediction. Those findings suggest that while the feasibility of EMH in today's society may be reduced, its theoretical framework and derivative formulas still hold reference value. Furthermore, when utilizing machine learning for stock price prediction, it is essential to consider subjective human factors, such as irrational behavior. In conclusion, this research highlights the diminished feasibility of EMH in modern society, underscores the continued improvements of its theory and formulas, and emphasizes the significance of considering subjective human factors in utilizing machine learning for stock price prediction.
ATF5 Is a Highly Abundant Liver-Enriched Transcription Factor that Cooperates with Constitutive Androstane Receptor in the Transactivation of CYP2B6: Implications in Hepatic Stress Responses

Activating transcription factor (ATF) 5 is a member of the ATF/cAMP response element-binding protein family, which has been associated with differentiation, proliferation, and survival in several tissues and cell types. However, its role in the liver has not yet been investigated. We show herein that ATF5 is a highly abundant liver-enriched transcription factor (LETF) whose expression declines in correlation with the level of dedifferentiation in cultured human hepatocytes and cell lines. Re-expression of ATF5 in human HepG2 cells by adenoviral transduction resulted in a marked selective up-regulation of CYP2B6. Moreover, adenoviral cotransfection of ATF5 and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) caused an additive increase in CYP2B6 mRNA. These results were confirmed in cultured human hepatocytes, where the cooperation of ATF5 and CAR not only increased CYP2B6 basal expression but also enhanced the induced levels after phenobarbital or 6-(4-chloropheny-l)-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime (CITCO). Comparative sequence analysis of ATF5 and ATF4, its closest homolog, showed a large conservation of the mRNA 5′-untranslated region organization, suggesting that ATF5 might be up-regulated by stress responses through a very similar translational mechanism. To investigate this possibility, we induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by means of amino acid limitation or selective chemicals, and assessed the time course response of ATF5 and CYP2B6. We found a post-transcriptional up-regulation of ATF5 and a parallel induction of CYP2B6 mRNA. Our findings uncover a new LETF coupled to the differentiated hepatic phenotype that cooperates with CAR in the regulation of drug-metabolizing CYP2B6 in the liver. Moreover, ATF5 and its target gene CYP2B6 are induced under different stress conditions, suggesting a new potential mechanism to adapt hepatic cytochrome P450 expression to diverse endobiotic/xenobiotic harmful stress.
Estimates of the relative abundance of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) in the Northeast Atlantic from 1987 to 2015 indicate no long-term trends

North Atlantic Sightings Surveys (NASS) and associated surveys, covering a large but variable portion of the North Atlantic, were conducted in 1987, 1989, 1995, 2001, 2007 and 2015. Previous estimates of long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) abundance, derived using conventional distance sampling (CDS), are not directly comparable to one another because of differing survey coverage, field methods and, in the case of the 1989 NASS, different survey timing. CDS was used to develop indices of relative abundance to determine if pilot whale abundance has changed over the 28-year period from 1987 to 2015. The varying spatial coverage of the surveys is accommodated by delineating common regions that were covered by: i) all 6 surveys, and ii) the 3 largest surveys (1989, 1995, and 2007). These “Index Regions” were divided into East and West subregions, and post-stratification was used to obtain abundance estimates for these index areas only. Estimates are provided using the sightings from the combined platforms for surveys that used double platforms or the primary platform only.Total abundance in the Index Regions, uncorrected for perception or availability biases, ranged from 54,264 (CV=0.48) in 2001 to 253,109 (CV=0.43) in 2015. There was no significant trend in the numbers of individuals or groups in either the 6 or 3 Survey Index Regions, and no consistent trend over the period. Power analyses indicate that negative annual growth rates of -3% to -5% would have been detectible over the entire period. The Index Regions comprise only a portion of the summer range of the species and changes in annual distribution clearly affect the results. Operational changes to the surveys, particularly in defining pilot whale groups, may also have introduced biases. Recommendations for future monitoring of the long-finned pilot whale population are provided.