Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time course of striatal DeltaFosB-like immunoreactivity and prodynorphin mRNA levels after discontinuation of chronic dopaminomimetic treatment

DFosB-like proteins are particularly stable transcription factors that accumulate in the brain in response to chronic perturbations. In this study we have compared the time-course of striatal FosB/DFosB-like immunoreactivity and prodynorphin mRNA expression after discontinuation of chronic cocaine treatment to intact rats and chronic L-DOPA treatment to unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats. The animals were killed between 3 h and 16 days after the last drug injection. In both treatment paradigms, the druginduced FosB/DFosB immunoreactivity remained significantly elevated in the caudate putamen even at the longest withdrawal period examined. The concomitant upregulation of prodynorphin mRNA, a target of DFosB, paralleled the time-course of DFosB-like immunoreactivity in the 6-OHDA-lesion/L-DOPA model, but was more transient in animals treated with cocaine. These results suggest that DFosB-like proteins have exceptional in vivo stability. In the dopamine-denervated striatum, these proteins may exert sustained effects on the expression of their target genes long after discontinuation of L-DOPA pharmacotherapy.
Saliva transport to the distal esophagus

Objective. During esophageal acid clearance, saliva should reach the most distal esophagus. The mechanisms responsible for saliva transport are not completely understood but it is assumed that normal peristalsis plays a significant role. The aim of this study was to assess the role of esophageal peristalsis and gravity in saliva transport to the distal esophagus. Material and methods. Esophageal transit and presence times of a 2-ml bolus of radiolabeled artificial saliva were assessed using concurrent scintigraphy and manometry in 10 healthy volunteers in the upright and supine positions before and after disruption of esophageal motility with sildenafil (50 mg). Results. With normal peristalsis, there was no difference in saliva transit to the distal esophagus between supine and upright positions 3.9 (1.5– > 60.0) versus 3.3 s (1.3–8.3). Low amplitude contractions did not affect saliva transit but the disappearance of contractions after sildenafil was associated with prolonged saliva transit in supine position 7.4 (1.0– > 60.0). Saliva presence time was significantly prolonged in both the upright and supine positions by esophageal dysmotility. Conclusions. Saliva transport to the distal esophagus does not require complete normal peristalsis or gravity and mainly depends on an efficient pharyngeal pump. However, subjects in supine position with severe esophageal dysmotility might have both impaired volume clearance and delayed saliva transport, leading to abnormal acid clearance and esophagitis.
The behavioral repertoire of the gastric mill in the crab, Cancer pagurus: an in situ endoscopic and electrophysiological examination

Simultaneous endoscopic and electrophysiological recordings were used to observe the behavior of the gastric mill complex while recording the motor output of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) in intact crabs. In the crab STG, many pattern-generating neurons are able to fire in several distinct rhythmic motor patterns. Specifically, many neurons can switch between firing in time with the rapid pyloric rhythm to firing in time with the slower gastric mill rhythm (Weimann et al., 1991). We now correlate behaviorally relevant movements of the gastric mill with some of the modifications of neuronal firing patterns previously characterized using in vitro STG preparations. The intracellular and extracellular recordings from the intact crab are largely indistinguishable from those obtained from in vitro preparations. For the first time, we describe the movements that result as neurons switch their activity patterns associated with activation of the gastric mill rhythm. Extracellular stimulation and intracellular depolarization of individual motor neurons is used to determine the relationship between frequency of firing and movement in behaving animals.
Acute Hypervitaminosis A in Guinea Pigs. I. Effects on Acid Hydrolases.∗

Summary Acute hypervitaminosis A was induced in guinea pigs by oral administration of Vit. A. This treatment caused much of the activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin to become unsedimentable at 15,000 g in homogenates prepared in 0.25M sucrose. Lysosome-rich fractions of hypervitaminotic livers released beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin more readily into the incubation medium in vitro than did control fractions. These events were accompanied by increases of serum beta-glucuronidase, and are compatible with a direct effect of excess Vit. A on lysosomes.
The cost-effectiveness of supportive periodontal care for patients with chronic periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the evidence for effectiveness of supportive periodontal care (SPC) provided in specialist care and general practice for patients with chronic periodontitis; to construct a model for the cost effectiveness of SPC. SEARCH STRATEGY Electronic database searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS were performed with hand searching of relevant journals and Workshops of Periodontology. SELECTION CRITERIA SPC for patients with chronic periodontitis, at least 12 months follow-up and clinical attachment level as a primary outcome. RESULTS Three articles addressed the question (Nyman et al. 1975, Axelsson & Lindhe 1981, Cortellini et al. 1994): Deltas CAL for patients undergoing "specialist" SPC were 0.1 mm (2 years), 0.2 mm (6 years) and -0.01 mm (3 years) respectively. In generalist care the Deltas CAL during SPC were -2.2, -1.8 and -2.8 mm. Differences between specialist and generalist SPC were an extra 20.59 tooth years and 3.95 mm attachment loss for generalist SPC. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were an extra 288 euros for one tooth year or an extra 1503 euros/1 mm reduction in loss of attachment for SPC delivered in specialist care. CONCLUSION SPC delivered in specialist as compared with general practice will result in greater stability of clinical attachment but this will be achieved at relatively greater cost.
Phase I Safety and Immunogenicity Evaluation of MVA-CMDR, a Multigenic, Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara-HIV-1 Vaccine Candidate

Background We conducted a Phase I randomized, dose-escalation, route-comparison trial of MVA-CMDR, a candidate HIV-1 vaccine based on a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara viral vector expressing HIV-1 genes env/gag/pol. The HIV sequences were derived from circulating recombinant form CRF01_AE, which predominates in Thailand. The objective was to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of MVA-CMDR in human volunteers in the US and Thailand. Methodology/Principal Findings MVA-CMDR or placebo was administered intra-muscularly (IM; 107 or 108 pfu) or intradermally (ID; 106 or 107 pfu) at months 0, 1 and 3, to 48 healthy volunteers at low risk for HIV-1 infection. Twelve volunteers in each dosage group were randomized to receive MVA-CMDR or placebo (10∶2). Volunteers were actively monitored for local and systemic reactogenicity and adverse events post vaccination. Cellular immunogenicity was assessed by a validated IFNγ Elispot assay, an intracellular cytokine staining assay, lymphocyte proliferation and a 51Cr-release assay. Humoral immunogenicity was assessed by ADCC for gp120 and binding antibody ELISAs for gp120 and p24. MVA-CMDR was safe and well tolerated with no vaccine related serious adverse events. Cell-mediated immune responses were: (i) moderate in magnitude (median IFNγ Elispot of 78 SFC/106 PBMC at 108 pfu IM), but high in response rate (70% 51Cr-release positive; 90% Elispot positive; 100% ICS positive, at 108 pfu IM); (ii) predominantly HIV Env-specific CD4+ T cells, with a high proliferative capacity and durable for at least 6 months (100% LPA response rate by the IM route); (iv) dose- and route-dependent with 108 pfu IM being the most immunogenic treatment. Binding antibodies against gp120 and p24 were detectable in all vaccination groups with ADCC capacity detectable at the highest dose (40% positive at 108 pfu IM). Conclusions/Significance MVA-CMDR delivered both intramuscularly and intradermally was safe, well-tolerated and elicited durable cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00376090
Adhesion Receptor Sialoadhesin (Siglec-1) Counterreceptor for the Macrophage Cutting Edge: CD43 Functions as a T Cell

Sialoadhesin (Siglec-1) is a macrophage-restricted sialic acid-binding receptor that mediates interactions with hemopoietic cells, including lymphocytes. In this study, we identify sialoadhesin counterreceptors on T lymphocytes. Several major glycoproteins (85, 130, 240 kDa) were precipitated by sialoadhesin-Fc fusion proteins from a murine T cell line (TK-1). Binding of sialoadhesin to these glycoproteins was sialic acid dependent and was abolished by mutation of a critical residue (R97A) of the sialic acid binding site in the membrane distal Ig-like domain of sialoadhesin. The 130- and 240-kDa sialoadhesin-binding glycoproteins were identiﬁed as the sialomucins CD43 and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (CD162), respectively. CD43 expressed in COS cells supported increased binding to immobilized sialoadhesin. Finally, sialoadhesin bound different glycoforms of CD43 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, including unbranched (core 1) and branched (core 2) O -linked glycans, that are normally found on CD43 in resting and activated T cells, respectively. These results identify CD43 as a T cell counterreceptor for sialoadhesin and suggest that in addition to its anti-adhesive role CD43 may promote cell-cell interactions. The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 166: 3637–3640.
Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide population-based study

Background Little is known about the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa outside clinical settings. We report the incidence, prevalence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa using for the first time a nationwide study design. Method To assess the incidence and natural course and outcomes of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa among women from the general population, women (n=2881) from the 1975–79 birth cohorts of Finnish twins were screened for lifetime eating disorders using a two-stage procedure consisting of a questionnaire screen and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Clinical recovery was defined as 1-year abstinence from bingeing and purging combined with a body mass index (BMI) ⩾19 kg/m2. Results The lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa was 2.3%; 76% of the women suffered from its purging subtype and 24% from the non-purging subtype. The incidence rate of bulimia nervosa was 300/100000 person-years at the peak age of incidence, 16–20 years, and 150/100000 at 10–24 years. The 5-year clinical recovery rate was 55.0%. Less than a third of the cases had been detected by health-care professionals; detection did not influence outcome. After clinical recovery from bulimia nervosa, the mean levels of residual psychological symptoms gradually decreased over time but many women continued to experience significantly more body image problems and psychosomatic symptoms than never-ill women. Conclusions Few women with bulimia nervosa are recognized in health-care settings. Symptoms of bulimia are relatively long-standing, and recovery is gradual. Many clinically recovered women experience residual psychological symptoms after attaining abstinence from bingeing and purging.
Tagless staged interpreters for typed languages

Multi-stage programming languages provide a convenient notation for explicitly staging programs. Staging a definitional interpreter for a domain specific language is one way of deriving an implementation that is both readable and efficient. In an untyped setting, staging an interpreter "removes a complete layer of interpretive overhead", just like partial evaluation. In a typed setting however, Hindley-Milner type systems do not allow us to exploit typing information in the language being interpreted. In practice, this can mean a slowdown cost by a factor of three or mor.Previously, both type specialization and tag elimination were applied to this problem. In this paper we propose an alternative approach, namely, expressing the definitional interpreter in a dependently typed programming language. We report on our experience with the issues that arise in writing such an interpreter and in designing such a language. To demonstrate the soundness of combining staging and dependent types in a general sense, we formalize our language (called Meta-D) and prove its type safety. To formalize Meta-D, we extend Shao, Saha, Trifonov and Papaspyrou's λH language to a multi-level setting. Building on λH allows us to demonstrate type safety in a setting where the type language contains all the calculus of inductive constructions, but without having to repeat the work needed for establishing the soundness of that system.
Embolism in acute middle cerebral artery stenosis

Objective: To investigate the frequency of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis in a series of nonselected patients and the coexistence of microembolic signals with stenosis. Methods: MCA stenosis was sought by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in 387 patients admitted consecutively with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease within the first 48 hours of the onset of symptoms and again at 6 months. TCD monitoring for microembolic signals was performed on all patients with MCA stenosis. Results: MCA stenoses were found in 29 patients (7%), although in only 20 patients (5%) was the stenosis symptomatic. Microembolic signals were detected in five of 14 symptomatic stenoses (36%) monitored at the acute phase, but none were found in the chronic phase or in asymptomatic stenosis. Despite one third of symptomatic patients having had a further source of emboli, microembolic signals were detected only distally to the MCA stenosis. In the symptomatic group, 25% of stenoses had completely disappeared 6 months after stroke. Microembolic signal detection at the acute phase was associated with the subsequent disappearance of the stenosis. Conclusions: The frequency of symptomatic MCA stenosis in acute ischemic stroke was 5% in the population studied. Many stenoses are transient, and microembolic signals are often detectable at the poststenotic segment in the acute phase. The origin of at least 25% of symptomatic acute MCA stenoses may be embolic rather than atherosclerotic.
Survey on Log-Normally Distributed Market-Technical Trend Data

In this survey, a short introduction of the recent discovery of log-normally-distributed market-technical trend data will be given. The results of the statistical evaluation of typical market-technical trend variables will be presented. It will be shown that the log-normal assumption fits better to empirical trend data than to daily returns of stock prices. This enables one to mathematically evaluate trading systems depending on such variables. In this manner, a basic approach to an anti-cyclic trading system will be given as an example.
Graphical Estimators From Probability Plots With Right-Censored Data

Probability plots are popular graphical tools used by reliability engineers and other practitioners for assessing parametric distributional assumptions. They are particularly well suited for location-scale families or those that can be transformed to such families. When the plot indicates a reasonable conformity to the assumed family, it is common to estimate the underlying location and scale parameters by fitting a line through the plot. This quick-and-easy method is especially useful with censored data. Indeed, the current version of a popular statistical software package uses this as the default estimation method. In this article we investigate the properties of graphical estimators with multiply right-censored data and compare their performance with that of maximum likelihood estimators. Large-sample results on consistency, asymptotic normality, and asymptotic variance expressions are obtained. Small-sample properties are studied through simulation for selected distributions and censoring patterns. The results presented in this article extend the work of Nair (1984) to right-censored data.
DRB and DCCB: Efficient and Robust Dynamic Broadcast for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Deterministic, timer-based broadcast schemes not only guarantee full reachability over an idealistic lossless MAC layer, they also stand out for their robustness against node failure as well as more general changes in the network topology. This paper proposes the first broadcast schemes in this class which provably perform within a factor of the optimal efficiency (in terms of number of rebroadcasts). To the best of our knowledge no other deterministic timer-based scheme possesses this property. NS-2 simulations employing the 802.11b MAC protocol confirm our analysis. The factor can be estimated to be quite small. Novel to the proposed schemes is also their hybrid backbone consisting of a given, static dominating set (DS) and a dynamically computed set of connecting nodes. As an additional contribution, this paper studies the trade-off of timer settings (and thus latency) against the number of rebroadcasts, as well as the robustness of the proposed algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, no prior study of these issues in the context of broadcast exists.
Arabidopsis and Maize RidA Proteins Preempt Reactive Enamine/Imine Damage to Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plastids[C][W][OPEN]

Plant RidA proteins protect an enzyme of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis from inactivation by hydrolyzing reactive pathway intermediates before they can damage the enzyme. RidA proteins are thus crucial for the efficient biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids in plants and provide an iconic example of the preemption of metabolite damage. RidA (for Reactive Intermediate Deaminase A) proteins are ubiquitous, yet their function in eukaryotes is unclear. It is known that deleting Salmonella enterica ridA causes Ser sensitivity and that S. enterica RidA and its homologs from other organisms hydrolyze the enamine/imine intermediates that Thr dehydratase forms from Ser or Thr. In S. enterica, the Ser-derived enamine/imine inactivates a branched-chain aminotransferase; RidA prevents this damage. Arabidopsis thaliana and maize (Zea mays) have a RidA homolog that is predicted to be plastidial. Expression of either homolog complemented the Ser sensitivity of the S. enterica ridA mutant. The purified proteins hydrolyzed the enamines/imines formed by Thr dehydratase from Ser or Thr and protected the Arabidopsis plastidial branched-chain aminotransferase BCAT3 from inactivation by the Ser-derived enamine/imine. In vitro chloroplast import assays and in vivo localization of green fluorescent protein fusions showed that Arabidopsis RidA and Thr dehydratase are chloroplast targeted. Disrupting Arabidopsis RidA reduced root growth and raised the root and shoot levels of the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis intermediate 2-oxobutanoate; Ser treatment exacerbated these effects in roots. Supplying Ile reversed the root growth defect. These results indicate that plastidial RidA proteins can preempt damage to BCAT3 and Ile biosynthesis by hydrolyzing the Ser-derived enamine/imine product of Thr dehydratase.
Climatic impacts of land-use change due to crop yield increases and a universal carbon tax from a scenario model

Future land cover will have a significant impact on climate and is strongly influenced by the extent of agricultural land use. Differing assumptions of crop yield increase and carbon pricing mitigation strategies affect projected expansion of agricultural land in future scenarios. In the representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the carbon effectsoftheselandcoverchangesareincluded,althoughthebiogeophysicaleffectsarenot.Theafforestation in RCP4.5has importantbiogeophysical impactson climate,in addition to the land carbon changes, whichare directly related to the assumption of crop yield increase and the universal carbon tax. To investigate the biogeophysical climatic impact of combinations of agricultural crop yield increases and carbon pricing mitigation, five scenarios of land-use change based on RCP4.5 are used as inputs to an earth system model [Hadley Centre Global Environment Model, version 2‐Earth System (HadGEM2-ES)]. In the scenario with the greatest increase in agricultural land (as a result of no increase in crop yield and no climate mitigation) there is a significant 20.49K worldwide cooling by 2100 compared to a control scenario with no land-use change. Regional cooling is up to 22.2K annually in northeastern Asia. Including carbon feedbacks from the land-use change gives a small global cooling of 20.067K. This work shows that there are significant impacts frombiogeophysicalland-usechangescausedbyassumptionsofcropyieldandcarbonmitigation,whichmean that land carbon is not the whole story. It also elucidates the potential conflict between cooling from biogeophysical climate effects of land-use change and wider environmental aims.
Phase transition-induced band edge engineering of BiVO4 to split pure water under visible light

Significance Hydrogen has been recognized as one of the most promising energy carriers for the future, because it can generate enormous energy by clean combustion chemistry without any greenhouse gas emissions. Water splitting under visible light irradiation is an ideal route to cost-effective, large-scale, and sustainable hydrogen production, but it is challenging, because it requires a rare photocatalyst that carries a combination of suitable band gap energy, appropriate band positions, and photochemical stability. To create this rare photocatalyst, we engineered the band edges of BiVO4 by simultaneously substituting In3+ for Bi3+ and Mo6+ for V5+ in the host lattice of monoclinic BiVO4, which induced partial phase transformation from pure monoclinic BiVO4 to a mixture of monoclinic BiVO4 and tetragonal BiVO4. Through phase transition-induced band edge engineering by dual doping with In and Mo, a new greenish BiVO4 (Bi1-XInXV1-XMoXO4) is developed that has a larger band gap energy than the usual yellow scheelite monoclinic BiVO4 as well as a higher (more negative) conduction band than H+/H2 potential [0 VRHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) at pH 7]. Hence, it can extract H2 from pure water by visible light-driven overall water splitting without using any sacrificial reagents. The density functional theory calculation indicates that In3+/Mo6+ dual doping triggers partial phase transformation from pure monoclinic BiVO4 to a mixture of monoclinic BiVO4 and tetragonal BiVO4, which sequentially leads to unit cell volume growth, compressive lattice strain increase, conduction band edge uplift, and band gap widening.