Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Traditions in the Social-Psychological Analysis of Race Relations

In examining the history of the social-psychological involvement in the analysis of race relations, two recurrent themes, first noted by Blumer in 1958, are evident in the literature. The first is that research paradigms which were popular in the field . of social psychology as a whole were reflected in subsequent empirical approaches in the intergroup relations area. This is evident in the predominance of racial and ethnic attitude studies during the 1940s and 1950s when social psychologists of all persuasions were preoccupied with attitudes. The second theme evident from even a brief perusal of the literature is that psychologists chose as topics for study those events which were then of local or national importance. During World War 11, we therefore saw a number of studies concerned with attitudes toward the Germans and Japanese and studies focusing on interracial contact experiences in the military. The 1954 Supreme Court decision ordering the desegregation of the nation's schools helped to stimulate a large body of research assessing the impact of desegregation, especially in educational settings. The urban revolts of the 1960s were followed by studies attempting to determine their causes. Current public concern with school desegregation and busing are also reflected in a large number of studies dealing with these topics. This chapter does not attempt to present a representative sampling of the bibliography of intergroup relations. It is too vast. Excellent works of this sdrt have been made available in pieces by Allport (1954), Blumer (1958), Harding et al. (1969), I. Katz (1970), and in several articles in a
Synergistic effect of synthetic conjugated linoleic acid & non fat milk on fat deposition & lipid metabolism in mice.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces fat deposition in the body, but the mechanism of action is not clear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of CLA on body fat metabolism. Since milk fat is the best natural source of dietary CLA, intervention of non-fat milk constituents on CLA treatment was also investigated. METHODS Diets containing CLA (1%) with or without skim milk powder (SMP) was fed to male Swiss albino mice for 60 days. Adipose depots weight, faecal fat and the activities of selected enzymes of lipid metabolism were determined. RESULTS The mice on CLA and CLA+SMP diets gained weight similar to those on control diet, despite higher feed intake in the former two groups. Total fat pad mass was significantly (P<0.05) less in CLA group than in control group, and inclusion of SMP in the diet enhanced the fat reducing effect of CLA. Adiposity index was also less on CLA and CLA+SMP diets than on control diet, and CLA+SMP was more efficacious in reducing adiposity index. The weight of liver and spleen was increased by CLA, and this effect was eliminated by inclusion of SMP in the diet. The fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in liver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue decreased substantially on CLA and CLA+SMP diets compared to that on control diet. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary data show that dietary CLA reduces body fat mass by decreasing fatty acid biosynthesis, and the effect is enhanced by inclusion of SMP in the diet.
Coincidence or conspiracy? Whiteness, policy and the persistence of the Black/White achievement gap

Adopting an approach shaped by critical race theory (CRT) the paper proposes a radical analysis of the nature of race inequality in the English educational system. Focusing on the relative achievements of White school leavers and their Black (African Caribbean) peers, it is argued that long standing Black/White inequalities have been obscured by a disproportionate focus on students in receipt of free school meals (FSMs). Simultaneously the media increasingly present Whites as race victims, re‐centring the interests of White people in popular discourse, while government announcements create a false image of dramatic improvements in minority achievement through a form of “gap talk” that disguises the deep‐seated and persistent nature of race inequality. The paper concludes by reviewing the key elements that define the current situation and notes that they fit the essential characteristics used in law to identify the operation of a conspiracy. It is argued that conceiving the racism that saturates the system in terms of a conspiracy has a number of advantages, not least the insight it provides into the workings of “Whiteness” as a fundamental driver of social policy.
Structure of the Achilles tendon at the insertion on the calcaneal tuberosity

Findings on the twisting structure and insertional location of the AT on the calcaneal tuberosity are inconsistent. Therefore, to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying insertional Achilles tendinopathy, clarification of the anatomy of the twisting structure and location of the AT insertion onto the calcaneal tuberosity is important. The purpose of this study was to reveal the twisted structure of the AT and the location of its insertion onto the calcaneal tuberosity using Japanese cadavers. The study was conducted using 132 legs from 74 cadavers (mean age at death, 78.3 ± 11.1 years; 87 sides from men, 45 from women). Only soleus (Sol) attached to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity was classified as least twist (Type I), both the lateral head of the gastrocnemius (LG) and Sol attached to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity were classified as moderate twist (Type II), and only LG attached to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity was classified as extreme twist (Type III). The Achilles tendon insertion onto the calcaneal tuberosity was classified as a superior, middle or inferior facet. Twist structure was Type I (least) in 31 legs (24%), Type II (moderate) in 87 legs (67%), and Type III (extreme) in 12 legs (9%). A comparison between males and females revealed that among men, 20 legs (24%) were Type I, 57 legs (67%) Type II, and eight legs (9%) Type III. Among women, 11 legs (24%) were Type I, 30 legs (67%) Type II, and four legs (9%) Type III. No significant differences were apparent between sexes. The fascicles of the Achilles tendon attach mainly in the middle facet. Anterior fibers of the Achilles tendon, where insertional Achilles tendinopathy is most likely, are Sol in Type I, LG and Sol in Type II, and LG only in Type III. This suggests the possibility that a different strain is produced in the anterior fibers of the Achilles tendon (calcaneal side) where insertional Achilles tendinopathy is most likely to occur in each type. We look forward to elucidating the mechanisms generating insertional Achilles tendinopathy in future biomedical studies based on the present results.
Vulnerability to Work-Related Posttraumatic Stress: Family and Organizational Influences

Protective and emergency services officers (e.g., police officers, firer fighters) can experience critical incidents capable of eliciting acute and chronic post-traumatic stress reactions repeatedly over the course of careers that can span decades. The fact that such studies reveal considerable diversity in traumatic stress outcomes, even among officers who faced the same event, makes it pertinent to explain this diversity, however. Many factors can be implicated in explaining this diversity.
Treatment Integrity Assessment: How Estimates of Adherence, Quality, and Exposure Influence Interpretation of Implementation

The assessment of treatment integrity is important for determining the effectiveness of an intervention. Treatment integrity, a multidimensional construct, can be evaluated in two ways: by session or component. In this study, adherence, quality, and exposure data are estimated using permanent product data from implementation of the PAX Good Behavior Game to demonstrate how varied assessment of treatment integrity can influence interpretation of implementation. Implications for implementers and school-based decisions are discussed.
Freire and a Feminist Pedagogy of Difference

In this article, Kathleen Weiler presents a feminist critique that challenges traditional Western knowledge systems. As an educator, Weiler is interested in the implications of this critique for both the theory and practice of education. She begins with a discussion of the liberatory pedagogy of Paulo Freire and the profound importance of his work. She then questions Freire's assumption of a single kind of experience of oppression and his abstract goals for liberation. A feminist pedagogy, she claims, offers a more complex vision of liberatory pedagogy. Weiler traces the growth of feminist epistemology from the early consciousnessraising groups to current women's studies programs. She identifies three ways that a feminist pedagogy, while reflecting critically on Freire's ideas, also builds on and enriches his pedagogy: in its questioning of the role and authority of the teacher; in its recognition of the importance of personal experience as a source of knowledge; and in its exploration of the perspectives.
Multimedia Computer-Based Instruction to Teach Students With Moderate Intellectual Disabilities to Use a Debit Card to Make Purchases

This study investigated the effectiveness of a multimedia program (interactive computer program, video captions, and still photographs) to teach 3 students with moderate intellectual disabilities to make purchases using a debit card and an automated payment machine (APM). A multiple probe design across participants was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the multimedia program. All instructional sessions occurred through simulations using video captions and still photographs replicating operation of the APM. Generalization of skills was assessed through purchasing at community stores. Results indicate that the multimedia program alone was effective in teaching generalized operation of APMs with a debit card.
Swedish and Lithuanian employed women's subjective well‐being

National differences in subjective well-being (SWB) and relationships between SWB and socio-demographic factors were investigated in samples of middle-aged employed Swedish (N = 316) and Lithuanian (N = 308) women. The results showed that the Swedish women scored significantly higher on each SWB component than their counterparts in Lithuania, except in extrinsic job satisfaction. For the Swedish sample, the largest mean differences between different socio-demographic groups were found for global life satisfaction between married/co-habiting and single women and between women who had at least one child and those without children. For the Lithuanian sample, the largest differences in all SWB components were found between women characterized by high or low education/income. (Less)
The Persistent Gender Earnings Gap in Colombia, 1994-2006

This paper surveys gender wage gaps in Colombia from 1994 to 2006, using matching comparisons to examine the extent to which individuals with similar human capital characteristics earn different wages. Three sub-periods are considered: 1994-1998; 2000-2001; and 2002- 2006. The gaps dropped from the first to the second period but remained almost unchanged between the second and the third. The gender wage gap remains largely unexplained after controlling for different combinations of socio-demographics and job-related characteristics, reaching between 13 and 23 percent of average female wages. That gap is lower at the middle of the wage distributions than the extremes, possibly due to a gender-equalizing effect of the minimum wage. Moreover, the gap is more pronounced for low-productivity workers and those who need flexibility to participate in labor markets. This suggests that policy interventions in the form of labor market regulations may have little impact on reducing gender wage gaps.
Queue pair IP: a hybrid architecture for system area networks

We propose a SAN architecture called Queue Pair IP (QPIP) that combines the interface from industry proposals for low overhead, high bandwidth networks, e.g. Infiniband, with the well established inter-network protocol suite. We evaluate how effectively the queue pair abstraction enables inter-network protocol offload We develop a prototype QPIP system that implements basic queue pair operations over a subset of TCP, UDP and IPv6 protocols using a programmable network adapter. We assess this prototype in terms of basic application performance, underlying processing costs, and a network storage application. With modest hardware support, QPIP can perform as well as traditional inter-network protocol implementations at a fraction of the host CPU overhead. With hardware support equivalent to Infiniband, QPIP would achieve similar performance targets.
Balancing Novelty and Salience: Adaptive Learning to Rank Entities for Timeline Summarization of High-impact Events

Long-running, high-impact events such as the Boston Marathon bombing often develop through many stages and involve a large number of entities in their unfolding. Timeline summarization of an event by key sentences eases story digestion, but does not distinguish between what a user remembers and what she might want to re-check. In this work, we present a novel approach for timeline summarization of high-impact events, which uses entities instead of sentences for summarizing the event at each individual point in time. Such entity summaries can serve as both (1) important memory cues in a retrospective event consideration and (2) pointers for personalized event exploration. In order to automatically create such summaries, it is crucial to identify the "right" entities for inclusion. We propose to learn a ranking function for entities, with a dynamically adapted trade-off between the in-document salience of entities and the informativeness of entities across documents, i.e., the level of new information associated with an entity for a time point under consideration. Furthermore, for capturing collective attention for an entity we use an innovative soft labeling approach based on Wikipedia. Our experiments on a real large news datasets confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Supporting communication development in the early years: A practitioner’s perspective

This research study set out to explore the education practitioner’s role in promoting communication development in early years classrooms. The study was undertaken in the combined nursery and reception early years unit of a small primary school using an ethnographic approach. Qualitative data was collected through 18 three-hour visits to the setting, using a mixture of observations, conversations and reflective notes, followed by a semi-structured interview with the teacher who was the subject of the case study. Analysis of the data revealed a multi-layered approach to communication that involved children, staff and parents. The participant interview revealed the depth of the teacher’s commitment to developing the children’s communication. The interview data suggested that this commitment came from the teacher’s own experiences of parenting and being valued and supported by her peers to help each child develop his or her communication skills effectively. The teacher was invited to reflect on the study’s findings, and they are presented in the article.
An Examination of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among College Students

This study examines characteristics (i.e., prevalence, method, age of onset, frequency) of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and associated risk factors in a college student sample. Results revealed 11.68% admitted to engaging in NSSI at least once and no significant gender difference in occurrence of NSSI. Even in this college sample, those who self-injure differed substantially from non-self-injurers with regard to emotion regulation, but were not found to differ significantly on either early attachment or childhood trauma and abuse. Importance of understanding NSSI as an emerging behavior among college students is discussed.
A Study of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying

This study aims to find out the differences in the bullying experience between boys and girls in different perspectives and to find out the predictive power of cognitive, social and environmental factors on students’ bully and victim tendencies. At last, through this research, this study aims to gain a synthetic perspective on bully phenomenon by considering various aspects in order to provide a theoretical and empirical reference for preventing and intervening bullying problem. The sample size of students used in the analysis was 405 (271 boys and 134 girls) between 12 and 14 years. They were in seventh and eighth grade at two middle schools in Mokpo Korea. 306 caregivers of the students participated in the survey. As the results of this study, there was no difference in perpetrating bullying or being bullied between boys and girls. Most students and bullies attribute the reason of bullying to the victims’ eye-catching characteristics or social skill problems. On the other hand, most victims did not know reason of bullying. Social support, self-concept, attributional style, and cultural beliefs could predict bully tendency and victim tendency. Above all, the most important factor, that relates to bully and victim tendency, is perceived social supports, especially parental supports. Parents concerning about their child can be most strongest prevention of students bullying problems.
Neural networks for localized approximation

We prove that feedforward artificial neural networks with a single hidden layer and an ideal sigmoidal response function cannot provide localized approximation in a Euclidean space of dimension higher than one. We also show that networks with two hidden layers can be designed to provide localized approximation. Since wavelet bases are most effective for local approximation, we give a discussion of the implementation of spline wavelets using multilayered networks where the response function is a sigmoidal function of order at least two.
A digital beamformer for high-frequency annular arrays

Digital transmit and receive beamformers for a 45-MHz, 7-element annular array are described. The transmit beamformer produces 0- to 80-Vpp monocycle pulses with a timing error of less than /spl plusmn/125 ps. Up to four adjustable transmit focal zones can be selected. The dynamic receive beamformer uses a variable frequency sampling technique in which the frequency of analog-to-digital conversion on each channel is adjusted as the signals are received. The variable frequency clock signals required to trigger analog-to-digital conversion are obtained using a pair of high-frequency field-programmable gate arrays and a precision quartz oscillator. The gate arrays are also used to sum the digitized signals. A maximum receive beamformer timing error of less than /spl plusmn/900 ps was obtained on each channel. The performance of the combined transmit and receive beamformer was tested by imaging wire phantoms. Images of CD-1 mice were also generated. The system produced images with a dynamic range of 60 dB.
Threshold effects in catchment storm response and the occurrence and magnitude of flood events: implications for flood frequency

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the effects of selected catchment storage thresholds upon runoff behaviour, and specifically their impact upon flood frequency. The analysis is carried out with the use of a stochastic rainfall model, incorporating rainfall variability at intra-event, inter-event and seasonal timescales, as well as infrequent summer tropical cyclones, coupled with deterministic rainfall-runoff models that incorporate runoff generation by both saturation excess and subsurface stormflow mechanisms. Changing runoff generation mechanisms (i.e. from subsurface flow to surface runoff) associated with a given threshold (i.e. saturation storage capacity) is shown to be manifested in the flood frequency curve as a break in slope. It is observed that the inclusion of infrequent summer storm events increases the temporal frequency occurrence and magnitude of surface runoff events, in this way contributing to steeper flood frequency curves, and an additional break in the slope of the flood frequency curve. The results of this study highlight the importance of thresholds on flood frequency, and provide insights into the complex interactions between rainfall variability and threshold nonlinearities in the rainfall-runoff process, which are shown to have a significant impact on the resulting flood frequency curves.
Malaria Parasite Density Estimation using Actual and Assumed White Blood Cells Count in Children in Eastern Sudan.

BACKGROUND Estimating malaria parasite count is needed for estimating the severity of the disease and during the follow-up. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine the malaria parasite density among children using actual white blood cell (WBC) and the assumed WBC counts (8.0 × 10(9)/l). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at New Halfa Hospital, Sudan. WBC count and count of asexual malaria parasite were performed on blood films. RESULTS One hundred and three children were enrolled. The mean (SD) WBCs was 6.2 (2.9) cells × 10(9)/l. The geometric mean (SD) of the parasite count using the assumed WBCs (8.0 × 10(9)/l cells/μl) was significantly higher than that estimated using the actual WBC count [7345.76 (31,038.56) vs. 5965 (28,061.57) rings/μl,p = 0.042]. CONCLUSION Malaria parasitemia based on assumed (8.0 × 10(9)/) WBCs is higher than parasitemia based on actual WBCs.
Relationships Between Type of Acquisition, The Autonomy Given to the Acquired Firm, and Acquisition Success: An Empirical Analysis

This study examines the degree of autonomy provided by acquiring companies to the management of acquired firms in the managing of post-acquisition operations as well as the relationships between such autonomy and the perceived success of the acquisition. Results show that in unrelated acquisitions the extent of autonomy is significantly greater than in related acquisition. Also, autonomy is positively associated with superior performance in unrelated acquisitions, but the relationship is not significant in related acquisitions. Implications for future research and management practice are discussed.
Effects of Local Director Markets on Corporate Boards

This study explores the effects of local director labor markets on the board structure of nearby firms. We examine whether firms are able to attract more independent directors to their boards when a larger pool of prospective directors (officers and directors of other firms, financial institutions and universities) is located near the firm’s headquarters. Empirically, firms close to large pools of prospective directors have more independent boards and more independent directors with executive expertise. Proximity to local pools of prospective directors with specialized expertise – academic, legal, financial, or technological – is associated with greater representation of such directors on corporate board. Further, firms located close to academic institutions attract more directors with advanced degrees. In a similar spirit, firms are able to hire more independent directors whose past experience matches the firm’s growth options if a larger local pool of such directors is available. Finally, we use our findings on director labor market determinants of board composition to reexamine the relation between board independence and firm value.