Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Algebraic Countermeasure to Enhance the Improved Summation Generator with 2-Bit Memory

Recently proposed algebraic attack has been shown to be very effective on several stream ciphers. In this paper, we have investigated the resistance of PingPong family of stream ciphers against algebraic attacks. This stream cipher was proposed in 2008 to enhance the security of the improved summation generator. In particular, we focus on the PingPong-128 stream cipher’s resistance against algebraic attack in this paper. In our analysis, it is found that an algebraic attack on PingPong family of stream ciphers require much more operations compare to the exhaustive key search on the internal state of the LFSRs. It will be shown that due to the irregular and mutual clock controlling in PingPong stream cipher the degree of the generated equation tends to grow up with each successive clock which in turn increases the overall complexity of an algebraic attack. Along with the PingPong-128 stream cipher the other instances of PingPong family stream ciphers are also investigated against the algebraic attack. Our analysis shows that, PingPong family stream ciphers are highly resistant against the algebraic attack due to their mutual and irregular clocking function.
Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714 A.D. Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 ± 0.5

The region of Bhutan is thought to be the only segment of the Himalayas not having experienced a major earthquake over the past half millennium. A proposed explanation for this apparent seismic gap is partial accommodation of the India‐Asia convergence further south across the Shillong Plateau, yet the seismic behavior of the Himalayan megathrust in Bhutan is unknown. Here we present historical documents from the region reporting on an earthquake in 1714 A.D. and geological evidence of surface rupture to constrain the latest large event in this area. We compute various earthquake scenarios using empirical scaling relationships relating magnitude with intensity, source location and rupture geometry. Our results constrain the 1714 A.D. earthquake to have ruptured the megathrust in Bhutan, most likely during a M7.5–8.5 event. This finding reclassifies the apparent seismic gap to a former information gap and implies that the entire Himalayan arc has a high level of earthquake potential.
One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: a clinical study of background and associated factors

The objective of this study was to investigate the background and associated factors in a representative group of young males with Asperger syndrome (AS) presenting at a specialized autism clinic. One hundred males aged 5 years 6 months to 24 years 6 months, with a mean age of 11 years 4 months (SD 3y 10mo), who had a clinical diagnosis of AS were included in the study. An in‐depth review of their medical records and neuropsychological test data was performed. There was a high rate (51%) of non‐verbal learning disability (defined as Verbal IQ more than 15 points higher than Performance IQ), but otherwise there was little or no support for the notion of right‐hemisphere brain dysfunction being at the core of the syndrome. There was a very high rate of close relatives with autism spectrum problems, but also high rates of prenatal and perinatal problems, including prematurity and postmaturity. In comparison with general population data, those with AS very often had a combination of genetic and prenatal and perinatal risk factors. Non‐verbal learning disability test results applied in about half the group. There was a subgroup of individuals with AS who had macrocephalus. However, there was no support for an association of AS with low body mass index.
Global Prevalence of Elder Abuse: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression.

OBJECTIVE Elder abuse is increasingly recognised as a global public health and social problem. There has been limited inter-study comparison of the prevalence and risk factors for elder abuse. This study aimed to estimate the pooled and subtype prevalence of elder abuse worldwide and identify significant associated risk factors. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis and meta-regression of 34 population-based and 17 non-population-based studies. RESULTS The pooled prevalences of elder abuse were 10.0% (95% confidence interval, 5.2%-18.6%) and 34.3% (95% confidence interval, 22.9%-47.8%) in population-based studies and third party- or caregiver-reported studies, respectively. Being in a marital relationship was found to be a significant moderator using random-effects model. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed that third parties or caregivers were more likely to report abuse than older abused adults. Subgroup analyses showed that females and those resident in non-western countries were more likely to be abused. Emotional abuse was the most prevalent elder abuse subtype and financial abuse was less commonly reported by third parties or caregivers. Heterogeneity in the prevalence was due to the high proportion of married older adults in the sample. Subgroup analysis showed that cultural factors, subtypes of abuse, and gender also contributed to heterogeneity in the pooled prevalence of elder abuse.
Smoking Prevalence Increases following Canterbury Earthquakes

Background. A magnitude 7.1 earthquake hit Canterbury in September 2010. This earthquake and associated aftershocks took the lives of 185 people and drastically changed residents' living, working, and social conditions. Aim. To explore the impact of the earthquakes on smoking status and levels of tobacco consumption in the residents of Christchurch. Methods. Semistructured interviews were carried out in two city malls and the central bus exchange 15 months after the first earthquake. A total of 1001 people were interviewed. Results. In August 2010, prior to any earthquake, 409 (41%) participants had never smoked, 273 (27%) were currently smoking, and 316 (32%) were ex-smokers. Since the September 2010 earthquake, 76 (24%) of the 316 ex-smokers had smoked at least one cigarette and 29 (38.2%) had smoked more than 100 cigarettes. Of the 273 participants who were current smokers in August 2010, 93 (34.1%) had increased consumption following the earthquake, 94 (34.4%) had not changed, and 86 (31.5%) had decreased their consumption. 53 (57%) of the 93 people whose consumption increased reported that the earthquake and subsequent lifestyle changes as a reason to increase smoking. Conclusion. 24% of ex-smokers resumed smoking following the earthquake, resulting in increased smoking prevalence. Tobacco consumption levels increased in around one-third of current smokers.
Possible modulation by male sex hormone of Th1/Th2 function in protection against Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection in mice.

Zhang, Z. -H. , Chen, L. , Saito, S. , Kanagawa, O. , and Sendo, F. 2000. Possible modulation by male sex hormone of Th1/Th2 function in protection against Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection in mice. Experimental Parasitology 96, 121-129. We examined the mortality, survival time, and parasitemia in interferon gamma receptor (IFN-gamma R)-deficient (IFN-gamma R(-/-)) and IL-4-deficient (IL-4(-/-)) mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi AS and compared them with the wild type counterparts (IFN-gamma R(+/+) and IL-4(+/+), respectively). (1) Mortality was higher and survival time was shorter in males of both IFN-gamma R(-/-) and IL-4(-/-) mice infected with P. chabaudi AS, compared with their wild type counterparts, whereas such a difference was not observed in female mice. (2) These differences between males and females were not observed when male mice were castrated; however, female castration had no effect on the data. (3) The rate of parasitemia in both male and female IFN-gamma R(-/-) and IL-4(-/-) mice was higher at some points during the observation than in the wild type counterparts. (4) These results on susceptibility vs resistance to P. chabaudi AS infection can be explained partially by the levels of expression of Th1/Th2 cytokine and chemokine mRNAs in the spleen cells of the infected mice. These results suggest that male sex hormones modulate the function of Th1/Th2 cells and that these T cells counteract the activity of these hormones in protection against P. chabaudi AS infection in mice.
Bosentan reduces pulmonary artery pressure in high altitude residents.

UNLABELLED Endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays a critical role in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of high altitude pulmonary arterial hypertension (HAPH). METHODS Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was measured by echocardiography in permanent residents of the Kyrgyz Republic (3200-4000 m above sea level) both before and 3 h after a single oral dose of ET receptor antagonist, bosentan (125 mg). Plasma ET-1 levels were measured by ELISA assay. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples and the frequency of -3a and -4a alleles of the ET-1 gene determined by PCR. RESULTS Plasma ET-1 in HAPH highlanders was significantly higher than in healthy subjects (7.05±2.35 vs. 4.65±1.65 pg/ml, p<0.002). After the treatment with 125 mg bosentan, systolic PAP decreased from 46±1.9 to 37±2.2 mm Hg (p<0.01), and pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) increased from 0.086±0.001 to 0.098±0.001 sec (p<0.001). The frequency of the -4a allele was significantly higher in HAPH patients compared to healthy highlanders (0.43 vs. 0.3, χ(2)=4.3, p=0.03). CONCLUSION Increased ET-1 levels play an important role in development of HAPH.
Anticancer effect of silibinin on the xenograft model using MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells

Purpose The aim of this study is to know whether silibinin has an anticancer effect on triple negative breast cancer xenograft model using MDA-MB-468 cells. Methods To establish the xenograft model, we injected the MDA-MB-468 cells into female Balb/c-nude mice. After establishing a xenograft model, oral silibinin was administered to the tested mice in the way of 200 mg/kg for 45 days. The difference of mean tumor volume between silibinin fed mice and control mice was analyzed. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation in MDA-MB-468 cells was analyzed by Western blotting. The expression of VEGF, COX-2, and MMP-9 genes in tumor tissue was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results In the xenograft model using MDA-MB-468 cells, we found that oral administration of silibinin significantly suppressed the tumor volume (silibinin treated mice vs. control mice; 230.3 ± 61.6 mm3 vs. 435.7 ± 93.5 mm3, P < 0.001). The phosphorylation of EGFR in MDA-MB-468 cells was inhibited by treatment with 50 µg/mL of silibinin. In real time-PCR analysis of tumor tissue obtained from sacrificed mice, the gene expression of MMP-9, VEGF, and COX-2 was 51.8%-80% smaller in silibinin group than that of control group and we can also verify the similar result using Western blotting analysis. Conclusion We verified that silibinin had anticancer effect on xenograft model of MDA-MB-468 cells in the way of preventing the phosphorylation of EGFR and eventually suppressed the production of COX-2, VEGF, and MMP-9 expression. Finally, the tumor volume of xenograft models was decreased after administration of Silibinin.
A comparison of artificial ventilation and spontaneous respiration with particular reference to ventilation-bloodflow relationships.

IT was suggested by Lucas and Milne (1955) that artificial ventilation by intermittent positive pressure (I.P.P.) is "inefficient" in that a larger ventilation is required to maintain the gaseous composition of the arterial blood than that required during spontaneous breathing. It has also been suggested by Howell and Peckett (1957) and by Butler and Smith (1957) that the distribution of air within the lungs is abnormal during I.P.P. We have investigated certain aspects of pulmonary physiology during spontaneous and artificial ventilation. Our main aims have been to determine, first, to what extent the altered distribution of ventilation within the lungs produces a "deadspace effect" due to the relative overventilation of some parts of the lungs: and, secondly, to what extent the altered distribution causes a "shunt effect" due to the relative underventilation of parts of the lungs. We have made use of the "ideal" alveolar air concept and the analysis of ventilation-bloodflow relationships described by Riley and Cournand (1949).
Integrated Fault Estimation and Accommodation Design for Discrete-Time Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Systems With Actuator Faults

This paper addresses the problem of integrated robust fault estimation (FE) and accommodation for discrete-time Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems. First, a multiconstrained reduced-order FE observer (RFEO) is proposed to achieve FE for discrete-time T-S fuzzy models with actuator faults. Based on the RFEO, a new fault estimator is constructed. Then, using the information of online FE, a new approach for fault accommodation based on fuzzy-dynamic output feedback is designed to compensate for the effect of faults by stabilizing the closed-loop systems. Moreover, the RFEO and the dynamic output feedback fault-tolerant controller are designed separately, such that their design parameters can be calculated readily. Simulation results are presented to illustrate our contributions.
SimultaneousQuantificationby Double Rocket and B in Blood Spotted on FilterPaper Immunoelectrophoresisof ApolipoproteinsA-I

We describe double rocket immunoelectrophoresis for simultaneous quantification of apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) and B (apo B) in blood on filter paper. The apolipoproteins from blood spots on filter paper were eluted with detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-1 00). The eluates were subjected to electrophoresis on agarose gel containing antisera against both apolipoproteins. Withinand betweenassay CVs for apo B/A-I ratios were <5.5% and 7.2%, respectively. The ape B/A-I ratio was influenced by length and temperature of storage. In results for 121 venous blood samples, the ape B/A-I ratios in dried blood spots correlated well with those in serum (r = 0.92) and correlated somewhat with the ratios for low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum (r = 0.87). Of these specimens, 68 were from patients with known familial hypercholesterolemia, all of whom had an ape B/A-I ratio >0.90. We think this method will be of value for detecting familial hypercholesterolemia and possibly familial hyperapobetaand hypoalphalipoproteinemia.
The comparative energetics and growth strategies of sympatric Antarctic and subantarctic fur seal pups at Îles Crozet

SUMMARY The period of maternal dependence is a time during which mammalian infants must optimise both their growth and the development of behavioural skills in order to successfully meet the demands of independent living. The rate and duration of maternal provisioning, post-weaning food availability and climatic conditions are all factors likely to influence the growth strategies of infants. While numerous studies have documented differences in growth strategies at high taxonomic levels, few have investigated those of closely related species inhabiting similar environments. The present study examined the body composition, metabolism and indices of physiological development in pups of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) and subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis), congeneric species with different weaning ages (4 months and 10 months, respectively), during their overlap in lactation at a sympatric breeding site in the Iles Crozet. Body lipid reserves in pre-moult pups were significantly greater (t28=2.73, P<0.01) in subantarctic (26%) than Antarctic fur seals (22%). Antarctic fur seal pups, however, had significantly higher (t26=3.82, P<0.001) in-air resting metabolic rates (RMR; 17.1±0.6 ml O2 kg-1 min-1) than subantarctic fur seal pups (14.1±0.5 ml O2 kg-1 min-1). While in-water standard metabolic rate (SMR; 22.9±2.5 ml O2 kg-1 min-1) was greater than in-air RMR for Antarctic fur seal pups (t9=2.59, P<0.03), there were no significant differences between in-air RMR and in-water SMR for subantarctic fur seal pups (t12=0.82, P>0.4), although this is unlikely to reflect a greater ability for pre-moult pups of the latter species to thermoregulate in water. Pup daily energy expenditure was also significantly greater (t27=2.36, P<0.03) in Antarctic fur seals (638±33 kJ kg-1 day-1) than in subantarctic fur seals (533±33 kJ kg-1 day-1), which corroborates observations that pups of the former species spend considerably more time actively learning to swim and dive. Consistent with this observation is the finding that blood oxygen storage capacity was significantly greater (t9=2.81, P<0.03) in Antarctic (11.5%) than subantarctic fur seal (8.9%) pups. These results suggest that, compared with subantarctic fur seals, Antarctic fur seal pups adopt a strategy of faster lean growth and physiological development, coupled with greater amounts of metabolically expensive behavioural activity, in order to acquire the necessary foraging skills in time for their younger weaning age.
Effect of production locations, methods of cultivation and containers on storability of summer groundnut*

The storage experiment was carried out to know the effect of production locations, method of cultivation and containers on seed quality and storability of summer groundnut. Among the production locations, seeds produced at Bagalkot recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters than Dharwad. The seed germination recorded after nine months of storage was 60.9 and 53.5 per cent at Bagalkot and Dharwad respectively. Among the methods of cultivation, seeds produced under polythene mulching recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters than that of BBF method. Among the containers, seeds stored under polylined gunny bag recorded significantly higher seed quality parameters than that of HDPE and gunny bag. The seed stored in polylined gunny bag recorded 64.5 per cent and 1027 vigour index after nine months of storage as against 40.8 per cent and 546 respectively in gunny bag and 44.5 and 60 per cent in HDPE bag.
Soils and Geomorphology in the Oregon Cascades: A Comparative Study of Illinoian-Aged and Wisconsin-Aged Moraines

Catena approaches to soil chronosequence studies in the Oregon Cascades are lacking in the literature. Here we compare pedogenesis with slope position on two different aged moraines. The younger Suttle Lake moraine (11 to 20 ka B.P.) contains a sequence of pyroclastic teprhas overlying glacial till and subsequently a series of buried soils. The older Jack Creek moraine (120 to 200 ka B.P.) is predominantly uniform in its parent material, glacial till. Both moraines show evidence of upslope erosion and down-slope deposition, being more active on the younger Suttle Lake moraine. Major differences in soil properties between the two moraines are associated with texture. Pyroclastic parent material is much coarser, with textures of sand and gravel, while older glacial till parent material typically displays a texture of loamy sand. Percent organic matter is higher in the finer glacial till. Harden's Profile Development Index values (i.e., PDI) were used to compare B-horizons of similar glacial till parent material. The PDI is of limited use in this study due to volcanism and glaciations producing alternating layers of parent material. However, B-horizons of similar parent material did obtain higher values on the older Jack Creek moraine. The index was also useful in identifying a much older buried B-horizon at the toeslope of the Suttle Lake moraine, possibly comparable to that of pre-Bull Lake-aged deposits in the Rocky Mountains. The use of soils as relative age indicators is cautioned for future work in the Oregon Cascades due to the complexity associated with an active volcanic landscape.
Contributions of Depressive Mood and Circulating Inflammatory Markers to Coronary Heart Disease in Healthy European Men: The Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME)

Background—Data on the possible association between depressive disorders and inflammatory markers are scarce and inconsistent. We investigated whether subjects with depressive mood had higher levels of a wide range of inflammatory markers involved in coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and examined the contribution of these inflammatory markers and depressive mood to CHD outcome. Methods and Results—We built a nested case-referent study within the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME) study of healthy middle-aged men from Belfast and France. We considered the baseline plasma sample from 335 future cases (angina pectoris, nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary death) and 670 matched controls (2 controls per case). Depressive mood characterized men whose baseline depression score (13-item modification of the Welsh depression subscale) was in the fourth quartile (mean score, 5.75; range, 4 to 12). On average, men with depressive mood had 46%, 16%, and 10% higher C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels, respectively, independently of case-control status, social characteristics, and classic cardiovascular risk factors; no statistical difference was found for fibrinogen. The odds ratios of depressive mood for CHD were 1.35 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.73) in univariate analysis and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.04 to 2.15) after adjustment for social characteristics and classic cardiovascular risk factors. The latter odds ratio remained unchanged when each inflammatory marker was added separately, and in this analysis, each inflammatory marker contributed significantly to CHD event risk. Conclusions—These data support an association of depressive mood with inflammatory markers and suggest that depressive mood is related to CHD even after adjustment for these inflammatory markers.
Heads and tails: 30 million years of the Afar plume

Abstract Primitive recent mafic lavas from the Main Ethiopian Rift provide insight into the structure, composition and long-term history of the Afar plume. Modern rift basalts are mildly alkalic in composition, and were derived by moderate degrees of melting of fertile peridotite at depths corresponding to the base of the modern lithosphere (c.100 km). They are typically more silica-undersaturated than Oligocene lavas from the Ethiopia-Yemen continental flood basalt province, indicating derivation by generally smaller degrees of melting than were prevalent during the onset of plume head activity in this region. Major and trace element differences between the Oligocene and modern suites can be interpreted in terms of melting processes, including melt-induced binary mixing of melts from the Afar plume and those from three mantle end-member compositions (the convecting upper mantle and two enriched mantle sources). The Afar plume composition itself has remained essentially constant over the past 30 million years, indicating that the plume is a long-lived feature of the mantle. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of mafic lavas derived from the Afar plume support a modified single plume model in which multiple plume stems rise from a common large plume originating at great depth in the mantle (i.e. the South African superplume).