Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age-of-Acquisition, Word Frequency, and Neighborhood Density Effects on Spoken Word Recognition by Children and Adults

This study assessed how lexical factors associated with vocabulary growth influence spoken word recognition by preschoolers, elementary-school children, and adults. Word frequency effects in gating and word repetition tasks were minimal, whereas age-of-acquisition and neighborhood density effects were found for all listeners. For word repetition, children displayed more of an advantage for the recognition of early-acquired items from sparse vs dense neighborhoods than did adults; adults showed a greater advantage for the recognition of later-acquired items. Regression analyses revealed that the recognition of early-acquired items from sparse neighborhoods contributed to phonological awareness among individual children. In turn, phonological awareness, receptive vocabulary, and verbal short-term memory contributed to word reading. These findings are discussed in terms of recent proposals about the level of processing at which neighborhood density exerts either facilitatory or inhibitory effects. The development of phonological awareness and early reading skill is also discussed.
Recipients' Perceptions of Support Attempts and Attributions for Support Attempts that Fail

We asked 151 people with multiple sclerosis (MS) to describe support attempts that they found especially helpful and unhelpful. These data were compared with findings from prior investigations of bereaved individuals and cancer patients. Across the three samples, expressions of concern, love and understanding were regarded as most helpful. The chronically ill identified two categories as unhelpful: minimization (e.g. challenging the seriousness or existence of the disease) and maximization (e.g. catastrophizing the disease or being overly protective). We propose that support providers assess disease state in a simplistic manner, via physical appearances. The MS respondents were also asked to make attributions for the unhelpful support attempts. Although many of these actions seemed harsh and unsettling, recipients interpreted them benignly. These benign attributions seem to indicate that patients feel vulnerable and, hence, are loath to criticize members of their support network.
“Mi Hija Vale Dos Personas”: Latino Immigrant Parents' Perspectives About Their Children's Bilingualism

Abstract This paper presents the voices of 16 Latino immigrant parents whose children were upper elementary students in a bilingual education class in the southwestern United States. In interviews that focused on their children's language learning and usage, the parents spoke of a commitment to a better life for their children. All believed that English proficiency and bilingualism were keys to social and economic advancement and that speaking Spanish represented an essential tie to familial and cultural roots, and all demonstrated awareness and involvement in their children's education and language use. Many parents had begun to notice subtle signs of Spanish erosion and resistance, despite the fact that Spanish was the home language of all. To counteract the social and political forces drawing their children away from bilingualism, the parents were using a variety of strategies although most of them worked long hours simply to survive, and thus, had little free time. This study urges that educators take the time to listen and learn how parents are able and willing to assist their children.
On Voluntary and Repeatable Partnerships under No Information Flow

We investigate the range of payoffs which are achieved by voluntary and repeatable partnerships under no information flow. In each period, players without a partner are randomly matched and have an option to form a partnership on meeting a new opponent. A partnership forms and continues only by mutual agreement. Actions are observed only by partners and a player starts with a null history once a partnership terminates. We show that any payoff vector that is feasible and Pareto dominates the payoff vector without a partner is sustainable under sufficiently low probabilities to form a new partnership. Therefore the options to form and to terminate a partnership help the players achieve non-myopic equilibria, even though personalized punishments are impossible. The equilibrium payoff sequences display a generalized “starting small” property. An extension to n population is straightforward and adding preplay negotiations still leads to a folk theorem.
New Model for Predicting Surgical Feeding Tube Placement in Patients With an Acute Stroke Event

Background and Purpose— The need for surgical feeding tube placement after acute stroke can be uncertain and associated with further morbidity. Methods— Retrospective data were recorded and compared across patients with acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. We identified all feeding tubes placed as percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. A prediction score for PEG tube placement was developed separately for patients with acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage using logistic regression models of variables known by 24 hours from admission. Results— Of 407 patients included, 51 (12.5%) underwent PEG tube placement (25 acute ischemic stroke and 26 intracerebral hemorrhage). The odds of a patient with acute ischemic stroke with PEG score ≥3 of getting a PEG are greater than those with PEG score <3 (odds ratio, 15.68; 95% confidence interval, 4.55–54.01). The odds of a patient with intracerebral hemorrhage with PEG score ≥3 of getting a PEG are greater than those with PEG score <3 (odds ratio, 12.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.54–101.29). Conclusions— The PEG score, comprised by variables known within the first day of admission, may be a powerful predictor of PEG placement in patients with acute stroke.
A Simple Approach to Design Recursive Digital Differentiators and Integrators

In this paper, a simple approach is proposed to design recursive digital differentiators and integrators by applying the concept of time-constant analysis. The time-constant combined with the magnitude response describes the system behavior of a digital differentiator and an integrator. Further, new recursive digital differentiator and integrator designs of first-order systems are also obtained for more accurate or comparable magnitude responses as compared to the existing designs of higher-order systems over wideband. These designs are more suitable for control systems and signal processing applications.
Psychometric properties of measures of behavioral inhibition with preschool-age children: Implications for assessment of children at risk for ADHD

Measures of behavioral inhibition offer promise in research with young children with ADHD. This study investigated the factorial validity, ecological validity, and temporal reliability of five performance-based measures of behavioral inhibition in a sample of 70 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor that accounted for 45% of the variance in the analysis. This factor was found to significantly correlate with teacher ratings of aggression and inattention and was found to differentiate both between sexes and between older and younger children. Several individual measures of behavioral inhibition demonstrated statistically significant correlations with teacher ratings of aggression and inattention. Adequate 1-to 2-week test-retest reliability was demonstrated for only two measures. Some limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.
Combined Posttransplant Prophylactic IVIg/Anti-CD 20/Plasmapheresis in Kidney Recipients With Preformed Donor-Specific Antibodies: A Pilot Study

Background. This study assesses the immunologic, functional, and histologic course of kidney recipients with preformed donor-specific alloantibodies (DSA) receiving deceased donor kidneys according to two prophylactic strategies that have been sequentially applied posttransplant. Methods. The first strategy combined posttransplant quadritherapy/intravenous immunoglobulin (group 1, n=36) and the second added to the above protocol anti-CD20/plasmapheresis (group 2, n=18). All patients had a concomitant evaluation of glomerular filtration rate, protocol biopsies, and DSA mean intensity of fluorescence (MFI) at 3 month and 1 year posttransplant. Results. Peak and day-0 class-I or II DSAmax-MFI were similar in both groups. The rate of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) was similar in both groups (19.6% vs. 16.6%, respectively). At 1 year posttransplant, group 2 was characterized by lower microcirculation inflammation lesions (glomerulitis+capilaritis score of 1.8±0.2 vs. 2.7±0.2, respectively, P=0.03), a lower rate of transplant glomerulopathy (7% vs. 38%, P=0.02), and a lower rate of chronic AMR (41.3% vs. 13.3%, respectively, P=0.03). The decline in DSA-MFI from day 0 to 1 year was 44%±13% in group 1 compared with 80%±8% in group 2 (P=0.02). Finally, the 1-year glomerular filtration rate was 43±16 vs. 54±16 mL/min/1.73 m2 in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P=0.04). Conclusion. This study raises the possibility that a more intensive day 0 prophylactic immunosuppressive strategy combining intravenous immunoglobulin/anti-CD20/plasmapheresis in this high-risk population, despite similar rates of early acute clinical humoral rejection, is associated with significant differences in long-term function and chronic AMR rate. Future prospective randomized studies are needed to assess the best strategies to be applied in light of the pretransplant immunologic risk stratification.
Before Student Teaching: How Undergraduate Students in Early Childhood Teacher Preparation Programs Describe Their Early Classroom-Based Experience

Classroom-based experiences, alternatively known as practica, are an integral component of undergraduate teacher preparation programs, which provide students essential opportunities to apply knowledge in practice. Though much is known about student teaching, much less is known about students’ earlier classroom-based experiences. This qualitative study explores how early childhood care and education students describe their early classroom-based experience. Thirty-four students enrolled in a teacher preparation program participated in interviews, submitted journals, and responded to survey questions about their early classroom-based experience. Results are presented in terms of how students talk about their experiences—belonging or not belonging in the classroom—and what students talk about when discussing their experiences, including communication, support, freedom, new learning, and “the children. ” These themes are discussed in terms of students’ experiences in the classroom and implications for undergraduate teacher preparation in early childhood education.
Prediction of Long‐Term Outcome by Measurement of Serum Concentration of Cardiac Troponins in Critically Ill Dogs with Systemic Inflammation

Background Myocardial injury, detected by cardiac troponin I and T (cTnI and cTnT), has been associated with long‐term death in the noncardiac human intensive care unit (ICU). Hypothesis Presence of myocardial injury predicts 1‐year case fatality in critically ill dogs with systemic inflammation. Animals Thirty‐eight dogs with evidence of systemic inflammation and no primary cardiac disease. Methods Prospective cohort study. In dogs admitted to the ICU with evidence of systemic inflammation, blood samples were obtained at ICU admission for measurement of cTnI and cTnT, and cTnI was measured once daily during ICU hospitalization. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to examine prognostic capacity of admission cTnI, admission cTnT, and peak cTnI concentrations. Results One‐year case fatality rate was 47% (18/38 dogs). Admission cTnI concentrations were (median [range]) 0.48 [0.004–141.50] ng/mL, and peak cTnI concentrations were 1.21 [0.021–141.50] ng/mL. Admission cTnT concentrations were 15 [<13–3744] ng/L. For each marker, non‐survivors had significantly higher concentrations than survivors (P = .0082–.038). ROC analyses revealed areas under curves [95% CI] of 0.707 [0.537–0.843] for peak cTnI and 0.739 [0.571–0.867] for admission cTnT, respectively. At the optimal cut‐off, concentrations were 1.17 ng/mL (peak cTnI) and 23 ng/L (admission cTnT), sensitivities were 72% and 72%, and specificities were 70% and 80%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance While peak cTnI and admission cTnT are significantly related to 1‐year case fatality in critically ill dogs with systemic inflammation, low sensitivities and specificities prevent their prediction of long‐term outcome in individual patients. Troponins might play a role in identification of dogs at long‐term risk of death.
The co-application of hypoxic preconditioning and postconditioning abolishes their own protective effect on systolic function in human myocardium.

BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postconditioning (POC) are well documented to trigger cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the effect oftheir both co-application remains unclear in human heart. The present study sought to assessthe co-application of IPC and POC on fragments of human myocardium in vitro. METHODS Muscular trabeculae of the human right atrial were electrically driven in the organbath and subjected to simulated I/R injury - hypoxia/re-oxygenation injury in vitro. To achieveIPC of trabeculae the single brief hypoxia period preceded the applied lethal hypoxia, and to achieve POC triple brief hypoxia periods followed the lethal hypoxia. Additional muscular trabeculae were exposed only to the hypoxic stimulation (Control) or were subjected to the non-hypoxic stimulation (Sham). 10 μM norepinephrine (NE) application ended every experiment to assess viability of trabeculae. The contraction force of the myocardium assessed as a maximal amplitude of systolic peak (%Amax) was obtained during the whole experiment's period. RESULTS Co-application of IPC and POC resulted in decrease in %Amax during the re-oxygentaionperiod and after NE application, as compared to Control (30.35 ± 2.25 vs. 41.89 ± 2.25, 56.26 ± 7.73 vs. 65.98 ± 5.39, respectively). This was in contrary to the effects observed when IPC and POC were applied separately. CONCLUSIONS The co-application of IPC and POC abolishes the cardioprotection of either intervention alone against simulated I/R injury in fragments of the human right heart atria.
Children's credibility on camera: the influence of age and production factors

SUMMARY. An experiment was conducted to examine whether the use of different camera shots-medium or close-up-affected the way in which child witnesses were perceived by adult raters. School children were video-recorded describing an event in which they had participated, and students rated the children s perceived credibility on a number of scales. Type of shot used did not influence perceived credibility in a consistent manner, although it did influence some aspects of a child's credibility when the child's age and/or sex was taken into account. Children seen in medium shot were judged more honest than children seen in close-up. Age of the child was the most influential factor, with older children generally perceived as more credible than younger children; this effect was particularly noticeable for girls and children seen in medium shot. The relevance of the current study for the testimony of child witnesses is discussed in the light of current and proposed legal reforms.
Adaptive step length bacterial foraging algorithm

A novel adaptive step length bacterial foraging algorithm (ASBF) for high-dimensional function optimization is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm have some main advantages on traditional bacterial foraging algorithm such as adaptive step length and a new tumble method to overcome trapping in local optima. The algorithm has been evaluate on standard high-dimensional benchmark functions and compared with improved PSO and Genetic algorithms respectively. The simulation results have demonstrated fast convergence ability and improved optimization accuracy of ASBF.
A simple and precise method for measuring HDL-cholesterol subfractions by a single precipitation followed by homogenous HDL-cholesterol assay Published, JLR Papers in Press, January 27, 2008.

HDL consists of two major subfractions, HDL2 and HDL3. This paper describes a simple method for assaying HDL subspecies by combining a single precipitation with a direct high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) assay. A precipitation reagent (0.06 ml) containing 1,071 U/ml heparin, 500 mmol/l MnCl2, and 12 mg/ml dextran sulfate was added to a serum (0.3 ml). The sample was incubated and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. HDL3-C was measured by a homogenous HDL-C assay in the supernatant, and HDL2-C was estimated by subtracting the HDL3-C from the direct HDL-C. The HDL3-C and HDL2-C values determined by the precipitation method were identical to those determined by ultracentrifugation, and there were excellent correlations between the methods in the measurements of HDL3-C and HDL2-C (r = 0.933 and 0.978, respectively; n = 102). The two methods also proved to be highly correlated in the measurement of apolipoprotein A-I and A-II in HDL subfractions. The HDL-C subfractions determined by ultracentrifugation were more closely associated with the homogenous HDL-C assay than with the total cholesterol assay, especially in the hypertriglyceridemic samples. Our method is far simpler and more precise than the classical dual precipitation method for HDL-C subfractions, and it can be easily performed in a routine chemical laboratory
A practical liquidity-sensitive automated market maker

Current automated market makers over binary events suffer from two problems that make them impractical. First, they are unable to adapt to liquidity, so trades cause prices to move the same amount in both thick and thin markets. Second, under normal circumstances, the market maker runs at a deficit. In this paper, we construct a market maker that is both sensitive to liquidity and can run at a profit. Our market maker has bounded loss for any initial level of liquidity and, as the initial level of liquidity approaches zero, worst-case loss approaches zero. For any level of initial liquidity we can establish a boundary in market state space such that, if the market terminates within that boundary, the market maker books a profit regardless of the realized outcome. Furthermore, we provide guidance as to how our market maker can be implemented over very large event spaces through a novel cost-function-based sampling method
Effect of Pharmacological Interventions on the Fronto-Cingulo-Parietal Cognitive Control Network in Psychiatric Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Systematic Review of fMRI Studies

Executive function deficits, such as working memory, decision-making, and attention problems, are a common feature of several psychiatric disorders for which no satisfactory treatment exists. Here, we transdiagnostically investigate the effects of pharmacological interventions (other than methylphenidate) on the fronto-cingulo-parietal cognitive control network, in order to identify functional brain markers for future procognitive pharmacological interventions. Twenty-nine manuscripts investigated the effect of pharmacological treatment on executive function-related brain correlates in psychotic disorders (n = 11), depression (n = 4), bipolar disorder (n = 4), ADHD (n = 4), OCD (n = 2), smoking dependence (n = 2), alcohol dependence (n = 1), and pathological gambling (n = 1). In terms of impact on the fronto-cingulo-parietal network, the preliminary evidence for catechol-O-methyl-transferase inhibitors, nicotinic receptor agonists, and atomoxetine was relatively consistent, the data for atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsants moderate, and interpretation of the data for antidepressants was hampered by the employed study designs. Increased activity in task-relevant areas and decreased activity in task-irrelevant areas were the most common transdiagnostic effects of pharmacological treatment. These markers showed good positive and moderate negative predictive value. It is concluded that fronto-cingulo-parietal activity changes can serve as a marker for future procognitive interventions. Future recommendations include the use of randomized double-blind designs and selective cholinergic and glutamatergic compounds.
Prevalence of Parental Misconceptions About Antibiotic Use

BACKGROUND: Differences in antibiotic knowledge and attitudes between parents of Medicaid-insured and commercially insured children have been previously reported. It is unknown whether understanding has improved and whether previously identified differences persist. METHODS: A total of 1500 Massachusetts parents with a child <6 years old insured by a Medicaid managed care or commercial health plan were surveyed in spring 2013. We examined antibiotic-related knowledge and attitudes by using χ2 tests. Multivariable modeling was used to assess current sociodemographic predictors of knowledge and evaluate changes in predictors from a similar survey in 2000. RESULTS: Medicaid-insured parents in 2013 (n = 345) were younger, were less likely to be white, and had less education than those commercially insured (n = 353), P < . 01. Fewer Medicaid-insured parents answered questions correctly except for one related to bronchitis, for which there was no difference (15% Medicaid vs 16% commercial, P < .66). More parents understood that green nasal discharge did not require antibiotics in 2013 compared with 2000, but this increase was smaller among Medicaid-insured (32% vs 22% P = .02) than commercially insured (49% vs 23%, P < .01) parents. Medicaid-insured parents were more likely to request unnecessary antibiotics in 2013 (P < .01). Multivariable models for predictors of knowledge or attitudes demonstrated complex relationships between insurance status and sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Misconceptions about antibiotic use persist and continue to be more prevalent among parents of Medicaid-insured children. Improvement in understanding has been more pronounced in more advantaged populations. Tailored efforts for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations remain warranted to decrease parental drivers of unnecessary antibiotic prescribing.
Affect Intensity: An Individual Difference Response to Advertising Appeals

The Affect Intensity Measurement (AIM) scale assesses the strength of the emotions with which individuals respond to an affect-laden stimulus. This study investigated the extent to which individual differences in affect intensity influence the message recipient's responses to emotional advertising appeals. In two experiments high affect intensity individuals, compared with those who scored low on the AIM scale, (1) manifested significantly stronger emotional responses to the emotional advertising, appeal and (2) showed no differences in emotional response intensity when exposed to a nonemotional appeal. Both negative and positive emotions mediated the influence of affect intensity on attitude formation. Copyright 1995 by the University of Chicago.
Cystathionine accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A cysteine-dependent strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its prototrophic revertants accumulated cystathionine in cells. The cystathionine accumulation was caused by a single mutation having a high incidence of gene conversion. The mutation was designated cys3 and was shown to cause loss of gamma-cystathionase activity. Cysteine dependence of the initial strain was determined by two linked and interacting mutations, cys3 and cys1 . Since cys1 mutations cause a loss of serine acetyltransferase activity, our observation led to the conclusion that S. cerevisiae synthesizes cysteine by sulfhydrylation of serine with hydrogen sulfide and by cleavage of cystathionine which is synthesized from serine and homocysteine.