Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conditional Random Fields for XML Trees

We present Conditional Random Fields (XCRFs), a framework for building conditional models to label XML data. XCRFs are Conditional Random Fields over unranked trees (where every node has an unbounded number of children). The maximal cliques of the graph are triangles consisting of a node and two adjacent children. We equip XCRFs with efficient dynamic programming algorithms for inference and parameter estimation. We experiment XCRFs on tree labeling tasks for structured information extraction and schema matching. Experimental results show that labeling with XCRFs is suitable for these problems.
Is bacterial vaginosis a sexually transmitted infection?

Objectives: To determine whether the risk factors associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) are consistent with it being a sexually transmitted infection (STI) by comparing the characteristics of women with BV with those of women with infections recognised as being sexually and non-sexually transmitted. Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted among female patients presenting for diagnosis at a genitourinary medicine clinic in Sheffield between January 1996 and September 1998. Demographic and behavioural characteristics were reported from patient records and a standardised questionnaire was administered. Risk factor models for BV, two STIs, and two non-STIs were compiled using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 8989 females under 45 years eligible for analysis, the prevalence of BV was 12.9%. Risk factors associated with BV included some in common with gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis and some that were not associated with these two STIs. Risk factors common to BV and the STIs included having had more than one sexual partner in the past 3 months, having a history of a bacterial STI, being of black Caribbean ethnicity, and living in a deprived area. However, BV had a contrasting age profile, being most prevalent among those over the age of 30. BV was also more common in those who were divorced. Conclusions: BV is associated with some factors related to the acquisition of gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis. However, infection is not only determined by those factors and therefore factors other than sexual activity may be important in the development of the condition.
Understanding the Modeling Skill Shift in Engineering: The Impace of Self-Efficacy, Epistemology, and Metacognition

A focus of engineering education is to prepare future engineers with problem solving, design and modeling skills. In engineering education, the former two skill areas have received copious attention making their way into the ABET criteria. Modeling, a representation containing the essential structure of an event in the real world, is a fundamental function of engineering, and an important academic skill that students develop during their undergraduate education. Yet modeling process remains under-investigated, particularly in engineering, even though there is an increasing emphasis on modeling in engineering schools (Frey 2003). Research on modeling requires multiple perspectives, that of cognition, affect, and knowledge expansion. In this dissertation, the relationship between engineering modeling skill and students' cognitive backgrounds including self-efficacy, epistemic beliefs and metacognition is investigated using model-eliciting activities (MEAs). The impact of each cognitive construct on change in modeling skills was measured using a growth curve model at the sophomore level, and ordinary least squares regression at the senior level. Findings suggest that self-efficacy, through its direct and indirect (moderation or interaction term with time) impact, influences the growth of modeling abilities of an engineering student. When sophomore and senior modeling abilities are compared, the difference can be explained by varying self-efficacy levels. Epistemology influences modeling skill development such that the more sophisticated the student beliefs are, the higher the level of modeling ability students can attain, after controlling for the effects of conceptual learning, gender and GPA. This suggests that development of modeling ability may be constrained by the naivete of one's personal epistemology. Finally, metacognition, or 'thinking about thinking', has an impact on the development of modeling strategies of students, when the impacts of four metacognitive dimensions are considered: awareness, planning, cognitive strategy and self-checking. Students who are better at self-checking show higher growth in their modeling abilities over the course of a year, compared to students who are less proficient at self-checking. The growth is moderated by the cognitive strategy and planning skills of the student. Therefore, inherent metacognitive abilities of students can positively affect the growth of modeling ability.
Triclosan in a North Texas wastewater treatment plant and the influent and effluent of an experimental constructed wetland

The antimicrobial triclosan was analyzed in unfiltered samples from influent, effluent, and receiving stream and before and after a pilot‐scale constructed wetland at a North Texas municipal wastewater treatment plant. Triclosan concentrations were reduced by 97 to 99% by the activated sludge treatment plant. Effluent concentrations were further reduced by passage through the constructed wetland, but receiving stream concentrations were not statistically significantly different from effluent concentrations. Effluent concentrations of triclosan were seasonal with highest concentrations occurring during the summer months. The effluent‐dominated receiving stream maximum concentrations during summer months were below reported algal no‐observed‐effect concentrations based on biomass and growth rate but exceeded concentrations reported to cause shifts in algal community structure.
Maternal Mortality at Federal Medical Centre Yola, Adamawa State: A Five-Year Review

Background: The North Eastern region of Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) in the world, and most of these deaths are preventable. Culture, religion and customs that prevent access to care contribute immensely to these deaths. Aim: To review and document the MMR. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of all maternal deaths recorded at the Federal Medical Centre Yola (FMCY). The case notes of all cases of maternal deaths from January 2007 to December 2011 were retrieved and relevant data obtained and analyzed. The age, parity, literacy level, booking status, causes of maternal deaths, were analysed. Data were presented in tables and percentages, using SPSS version 16(Chicago, USA 2006). Results: There were 54 maternal deaths among the 8497 deliveries, giving an overall MMR of 636 per 100,000 deliveries. Thirty three folders (33) folders were retrieved and 28 had complete information for analysis. The mean (SD) age and parity were 28.2 (6.2) and 3.4 (2.0), respectively. Most deaths (9/28; 32.1%) were in the age group of 20-24 years. Multiparae (14/28; 50%) constituted the largest parity group. Majority (16/28; 57.1) were non-literates, 16/28 (57.1%) were of Hausa/Fulani extraction and 12/28 (42.9%) were unbooked. The leading causes of maternal mortality were preeclampsia/eclampsia (9/28; 32.1%), obstetric hemorrhage (8/28; 28.6%) and severe anemia (3/28; 10.7%). All those who died of preeclampsia/eclampsia were Hausa/Fulani. Most (14/28; 50%) deaths occurred within 24 h of admission. Majority of the deaths were Muslims (χ2 = 15.108, P = <0.001). Ethnicity had no significant influence on maternal death (χ2 = 15.550, P = 0.21). Conclusion: In conclusion, the MMR in FMCY is higher than the national average. The fact that most deaths occurred within 24 h of admission suggests that many of the patients delayed reaching the referring center for a variety of reasons. Preventive measures should focus on this delay, which is usually beyond the reach of the hospital. Measures to reduce preventable hospital deaths should also be put in place.
Self-annealing behavior and rapid thermal processing of light induced plated copper fingers on silicon solar cells

Light-induced plating presents a potentially lower-cost alternative to screen-printed Ag for silicon solar cell metallization. This paper presents results of experiments that investigated the effects of bias current density and post-plating rapid thermal processing (RTP) on plated Cu finger microstructure and texture. It is shown that the Cu, if not annealed after plating, self-anneals with time resulting in grain growth and increased (200) to (111) grain texture which is associated with increased tensile stress. The rate of self-annealing is much faster with high plating current densities. Post-plating RTP annealing enables fast annealing and stable Cu fingers with a low ratio of (200) to (111) grain texture. These findings have important implications for plated finger adhesion and highlight the importance of annealing after plating for reliable Cu plated metallization.
Care Leavers’ Experiences of Transition and Turning Points: Findings from a Biographical Narrative Study

This paper reports on the findings of a PhD research project that set out to explore how young people leaving out of home care experienced and made sense of their transition to adulthood. Using the Biographical Narrative Interpretative Method, in-depth accounts were collected and analysed for eight care leavers. The data suggest that in addition to care leavers living their lives as a series of biographical events, their ‘care career’, they also experience changes in the way they make sense of their lives which form a ‘subjective pathway’. Influenced by the literature on resilience, the research had anticipated that ‘turning point’ events would play a significant role in the young people’s subjective pathways. But the findings show a more gradual, phased shifting of subjectivity. It is suggested that legislation, policy, services and care practices need to facilitate this more drawn out ‘subjective pathway’. Attachment, resilience and humanistic social psychology are proposed as useful theoretical underpinnings for that work.
Characterization of amino acid transport in the dairy strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides CNRZ 1273

Aims: To identify and characterize amino acid transport in Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Methods and Results: The transport of labelled amino acids was measured in whole cells of Leuc. mesenteroides CNRZ 1273. Systems were operative under physiological conditions of growth, energy dependent and differed from peptide transport. Some of the systems were shared by several amino acids. Kinetic analysis indicated the presence of three transport systems with very high (VH), high (H) and low affinity (H) for the 11 amino acids studied. The Kt values (µmol l−1) ranged from 0·088 to 0·815 (VH), 6–390 (H) and 320–4500 (L) and the Vmax values [nmol s−1 (g dry weight)−1] from 0·015 to 0·8 (VH), 15–95 (H) and 90–470 (L). Conclusions: The study showed the presence of three transport systems in Leuc. mesenteroides for all amino acids tested, some of them being shared by several amino acids. Significance and Impact of the Study. The findings are discussed with reference to the growth of Leuc. mesenteroides in milk as pure or in mixed‐strain culture with Lactococcus lactis.
13 C of organic matter transported from the leaves to the roots in Eucalyptus delegatensis : short-term variations and relation to respired CO 2

Post-photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation might alter the isotopic signal imprinted on organic matter (OM) during primary carbon fixation by Rubisco. To characterise the influence of post-photosynthetic processes, we investigated the effect of starch storage and remobilisation on the stable carbon isotope signature (δ13C) of different carbon pools in the Eucalyptus delegatensis R. T. Baker leaf and the potential carbon isotope fractionation associated with phloem transport and respiration. Twig phloem exudate and leaf water-soluble OM showed diel variations in δ13C of up to 2.5 and 2‰, respectively, with 13C enrichment during the night and depletion during the day. Damped diel variation was also evident in bulk lipids of the leaf and in the leaf wax fraction. δ13C of nocturnal phloem exudate OM corresponded with the δ13C of carbon released from starch. There was no change in δ13C of phloem carbon along the trunk. CO2 emitted from trunks and roots was 13C enriched compared with the potential organic substrate, and depleted compared with soil-emitted CO2. The results are consistent with transitory starch accumulation and remobilisation governing the diel rhythm of δ13C in phloem-transported OM and fragmentation fractionation occurring during respiration. When using δ13C of OM or CO2 for assessing ecosystem processes or plant reactions towards environmental constraints, post-photosynthetic discrimination should be considered. Additional keywords: fragmentation fractionation, phloem transported organic matter, post-photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination, starch.
The Aesthetic or Multiple Aesthetics?

Kenneth Aigen has written in defence of beauty. Given the sparse treatment of this theme in music therapy theory so far, this is a welcome addition to the literature. 1 find his defence of beauty rich in content. 1 also find contradictory claims in it. My response will be to outline some of the problems I see in his article, while I also hope to be able to demonstrate that I have found his discussion stimulating. I consider Aigen's argument to be part of a current reformulation of music therapy theory, and I think we should acknowledge that to change our ways of thinking is not only hard work; it is hard. Sometimes we go too far, sometimes we don't go far enough, sometimes we fall back to old ways of thinking, and sometimes we simply get lost. Contradictory claims are only to be expected then, even though Aigen's article as well as my response are coloured by the wish to move beyond them. While Aigen argues for the role of "the aesthetic" in music therapy theory, I have previously argued that we need to acknowledge "multiple aesthetics. " This idea and the related idea that artistic creation and aesthetic experience are woven into the lives and practices of individuals and groups are integrated into the term aesthetic practices (Stige, 1998). Aigen labels my 1998-article as "critique from a postmodern multicultural perspective. " This sounds quite sophisticated, so maybe I should be flattered, but 1 don't know if the label fits. In the article that Aigen refers to 1 do not present my ideas as neither postmodern nor multicultural. In later writings I have developed my thinking on music therapy and aesthetics (Stige, 2002, 2003, 2006) in ways that are not referred to in Aigen's article. I have explicitly explained that 1 consider my position to be late modern rather than postmodern and that the culture-centred focus 1 take goes beyond the request for multicultural music therapy. Be that as it may. One of the things to clarify here is that the term "postmodern multicultural" by many will be read as equivalent to "relativistic," and this is not necessarily the position that I support. Aigen focuses his discussion of my 1998article in the following way: "Stige asserts that the general criteria used in the music therapy literature for distinguishing between
Interactive Effects of Parental Personality and Child Temperament with Parenting and Family Cohesion

SYNOPSIS Objective. This study examined the main and interactive effects of parental personality and (mother reported) child temperament on reported parenting behavior and family cohesion in Singaporean families. Design. A community sample of families (n = 268) was involved in this one-year longitudinal study. Both parents described themselves on the Big Five personality traits, their parenting behavior, and perceptions of family cohesion. Mothers rated their children’s temperament characteristics. The outcome variables, and their changes over time, were predicted over the 1-year period. Results. Maternal reported child temperament moderated the links between specific parental personality traits and parenting behaviors (e.g., low effortful control children evoked lower levels of positive support from high neuroticism fathers). Similar interactions appeared to influence family cohesiveness. Conclusions. In some instances, child temperament assumes a moderating role on the association between parental personality and parenting behaviors (and family cohesiveness).
Sarcopenia and Hearing Loss in Older Koreans: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010

Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is becoming a more significant issue as geriatric population increases. Sarcopenia in older people is known to have a diverse health problem in various circumstances in recent studies. We assessed whether the decrease in muscle mass is related to ARHI. We used the 2010 data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to examine the associations between sarcopenia and ARHI. A total number of participants was 1,622 including 746 males and 876 females aged 60 years or older. Muscle mass was assessed as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and hearing loss was defined as the pure-tone averages (PTA) of test frequencies 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz at a threshold of 40 dB or higher in worse hearing side of the ear. Among 1,622 participants, 298 men and 256 women had hearing loss. Appendicular muscle mass (ASM), expressed as kg, was categorized in tertiles. In female population, after adjusting for age, smoking, drinking, amount of exercise, total body fat, education level, income level, and tinnitus, the odds ratio (OR) for hearing loss was 1.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92–2.68) in the middle tertile and 1.79 (1.03–3.08) in the lowest tertile, compared with the highest tertile. P for trend in this model was 0.036. Controlling further for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and three types of noise exposure did not change the association. Larger muscle mass is associated with lower prevalence of hearing loss in elderly Korean females.
DNA Genome Size Affects the Stability of the Adenovirus Virion

ABSTRACT Replication-defective adenovirus (Ad) vectors can vary considerably in genome length, but whether this affects virion stability has not been investigated. Helper-dependent Ad vectors with a genome size of ∼30 kb were 100-fold more sensitive to heat inactivation than their parental helper virus (>36 kb), and increasing the genome size of the vector significantly improved heat stability. A similar relationship between genome size and stability existed for Ad with early region 1 deleted. Loss of infectivity was due to release of vertex proteins, followed by disintegration of the capsid. Thus, not only does the viral DNA encode all of the heritable information essential for virus replication, it also plays a critical role in maintaining capsid strength and integrity.
Early Neuronal and Glial Fate Restriction of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells

The question of how neurons and glial cells are generated during the development of the CNS has over time led to two alternative models: either neuroepithelial cells are capable of giving rise to neurons first and to glial cells at a later stage (switching model), or they are intrinsically committed to generate one or the other (segregating model). Using the developing diencephalon as a model and by selecting a subpopulation of ventricular cells, we analyzed both in vitro, using clonal analysis, and in vivo, using inducible Cre/loxP fate mapping, the fate of neuroepithelial and radial glial cells generated at different time points during embryonic development. We found that, during neurogenic periods [embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) to 12.5], proteolipid protein (plp)-expressing cells were lineage-restricted neuronal precursors, but later in embryogenesis, during gliogenic periods (E13.5 to early postnatal), plp-expressing cells were lineage-restricted glial precursors. In addition, we show that glial cells forming at E13.5 arise from a new pool of neuroepithelial progenitors distinct from neuronal progenitors cells, which lends support to the segregating model.
Beyond the four-fold model : acculturation, identifications and cultural practices in British adolescents

This thesis reports research which examined acculturation in British adolescents by investigating their identifications and cultural practices. In particular, it aimed to draw attention to the limitations of the currently dominant model of acculturation, and to present an alternative approach for informing research into the acculturation of adolescents. Study 1 used qualitative interview techniques to investigate identities and cultural practices in British Indian and Pakistani adolescents aged between 13 and 16 years of age. The results revealed that Britishness was understood in a number of ways, including cultural behaviours, multiculturalism, types of attachments and trust in institutions. The interplay between their British, ethnic and religious identities, and their cultural practices across different contexts, revealed that the adolescents were immersed in global networks, peer culture and cultural practices which were not restricted to binaries of national or ethnic cultures only. The results also revealed that the adolescents were strategically essentialising their identities, by using some cultural practices to authenticate identities in one context, but other practices to authenticate different identities in another context. Study 2 used the results from the first study to develop a questionnaire which aimed to investigate some of these findings quantitatively. The questionnaire was administered to 377 school children aged between 11 and 18 years old. Statistical analyses confirmed the context-dependency of the identifications and cultural practices of the adolescents found in Study 1. There were a number of ethnic group and religious group differences; for example, non-white adolescents held more salient ethnic and religious identities than white adolescents. The investigation into cultural practices also revealed that there were cultural mixings, suggesting that some of the processes involved in acculturation were not confined to minority individuals only. A comparison between the present study and more orthodox studies of acculturation reveal that there is a need to redefine acculturation in a way which does not essentialise and categorise adolescents into rigid 'orientations', but allows for new and emergent identities to be investigated and understood, as these are more in line with the multicultural and global networks in which British adolescents live.
ADAPTAÇÃO TRANSCULTURAL BRASIL-PORTUGAL DA ESCALA BRIEF COPE PARA ESTUDANTES DO ENSINO SUPERIOR

The aim of this study was to adapt the BriefCOPE Inventory for Portuguese-speaking university students. We evaluate the Portuguese BriefCOPE psychometrics qualities and estimated the BriefCOPE factorial invariance in Brazil and Portugal. The data collected from a sample of 1573 students of both nationalities did confirm the 14-factor structure of the BriefCOPE and showed both factorial, convergent and discriminant related validities. However, the factor model did not show invariance across countries indicating that the use of the Portuguese version of the BriefCOPE cannot be bailed for comparisons of scores of inter-countries' student coping. Key- words - coping; college students; evaluation; psychometrics.